bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time trends of childhood cancer mortality rates: A report from the childhood cancer registry of piedmont, Italy, 1971–1998
Authors: Zuccolo Luisa , Pastore Guido , Maule Milena , Gregori Dario , Terracini Benedetto , Merletti Franco , Magnani Corrado 
Published: August 2004

AbstractTime changes in mortality rates can be used to suggest future trends in the prognosis of childhood cancer. Estimates provided from recent studies led to divergent previsions of future trends. In this study we used data from the population‐based Childhood Cancer Registry of Piedmont (CCRP) in order to measure the decrease in mortality. The study included 1,060 deaths in the period 1971–1998. Analyses were carried out using Poisson regression models and considered separately the total tumours, acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and tumours of the central nervous system (CNS). We observed a progressive decline in the mortality rates: for all tumours the estimated annual percentage change was −3.6% (P < 0.05), for ALL it was −5.2%, (P < 0.05) and for CNS tumours it was −3.8% (P < 0.05). The statistical test for effect modification due to age at death was not significant. For all cancer types, the Poisson model fits the data well, corresponding to an exponential decrease of mortality rates and leading to the conclusion that current therapies, despite their proven effectiveness, are not sufficient to cure all cases of childhood cancer. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2004;43:788–791. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Physical and cognitive‐behavioral activities used in the home management of sickle pain: A daily diary study in children and adolescents
Authors: Dampier Carlton , Ely Elizabeth , Eggleston Barry , Brodecki Darcy , O'Neal Patricia 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBackgroundThere is little information documenting the use of cognitive‐behavioral and physical pain relieving activities by children and adolescents for management of pain related to sickle cell disease (SCD).MethodsThirty‐seven subjects (aged 6–21 years) used a daily self‐report pain diary for 6 months to 3 years to report their home pain experience and its pharmacologic and non‐pharmacologic management.ResultsA total of 514 vaso‐occlusive pain episodes (2,592 days) were reported. Cognitive‐behavioral or physical pain management activities were used alone on 7.5% of these pain days, and with analgesics on 77%. Female gender (P = 0.003) and increasing pain intensity (P = 0.04) were associated with an increased number of activities used. Increasing pain intensity was also associated with usage of several specific activities.ConclusionsPatients and families frequently used cognitive‐behavioral and physical activities in addition to oral analgesics to treat sickle cell‐related pain at home, and may benefit from additional training and support. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis database of murine R1 embryonic stem cells
Authors: Elliott Steven T. , Crider David G. , Garham Christopher P. , Boheler Kenneth R. , Van Eyk Jennifer E. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractEmbryonic stem (ES) cell lines represent a population of undifferentiated pluripotent cells capable of multilineage differentiation in vitro. Although very useful for studying developmental processes, human ES cell lines have also been suggested as a potential and unlimited source for cellular transplantation and the treatment of human disease. The proteomic basis of embryonic stemness (pluripotentiality and multilineage differentiation) and the transitions that lead to specific cell lineages however, remain to be defined. As an important first step in defining these processes, we have performed a proteomic analysis of undifferentiated mouse R1 ES cell lines using pH 3–10, 4–7 and 6–11 two‐dimensional electrophoresis gels, matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization and tandem mass spectrometry. Of the 700 gel spots analyzed, 241 distinct protein species were identified corresponding to 218 unique proteins, with a significant proportion functionally related to protein expression.
Studies on peptide acetylation for stable‐isotope labeling after 1‐D PAGE separation in quantitative proteomics
Authors: Yu Yanling , Cui Jiefeng , Wang Xiaoyan , Liu Yinkun , Yang Pengyuan 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAcetylation is a single labeling process to label peptides in control and experimental samples universally, and is independent of amino acid composition or post‐translational modification. Here, we propose a new strategy especially useful to quantify either hydrophobic or extremely acidic and basic proteins involved in acetylation of tryptic peptides after sodium dodecyl sulfate polyarcylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) separation. We studied some essential parameters of acetylation labeling reactions in either in‐solution tryptic peptides or in‐gel digested extracts systematically. We have found that the acetylation efficiency varies markedly on account of different reactive systems, and demonstrated that stable isotope labeling can be steadily obtained with in‐gel digested peptides under optimized conditions. We use this protocol to quantify some proteins of two kinds of hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, non‐metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma cells, Hep3B, and metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma cells, MHCC97‐H. The experimental results provide positive evidence for the potential application of an acetylation labeling strategy in quantitative proteomics, and an efficient way for global proteome quantification.
Induction of Mycobacterium avium proteins upon infection of human macrophages
Authors: Brunori Lara , Giannoni Federico , Bini Luca , Liberatori Sabrina , Frota Cristiane , Jenner Peter , Thoresen Ove Fredrik , Orefici Graziella , Fattorini Lanfranco 
Published: August 2004

AbstractInduction of Mycobacterium avium proteins labelled with [35S]methionine and mRNAs upon infection of the human macrophage cell line THP‐1 was investigated by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry and reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), respectively. M. avium overexpressed proteins within the macrophages that are involved in fatty acids metabolism (FadE2, FixA), cell wall synthesis (KasA), and protein synthesis (EF‐tu). The correlation of differential protein and mRNA expression varied between good and no correlation. Overall, these four proteins may be involved in the adaptation and survival of M. avium within human macrophages.
Diverse proteomic alterations in gastric adenocarcinoma
Authors: He Qing‐Ye , Cheung Yim Hing , Leung Suet Yi , Yuen Siu Tsan , Chu Kent‐Man , Chiu Jen‐Fu 
Published: August 2004

AbstractGastric adenocarcinoma is one of the most common cancers in Asian countries including China. Although its incidence rates in the West are lower than that in Asia, gastric cancer is still a major health problem worldwide, being second only to lung cancers in the number of deaths it causes. Helicobacter pylori infection has been identified as the major pathogen, but the detailed pathogenesis of gastric carcinoma remains elusive. Due to the lack of suitable and specific biomarkers for early detection, most cases of the disease are diagnosed at late stages and the survival rate is low. In this study, we used a proteomic approach to globally analyze the protein profiles of paired surgical specimens of primary gastric adenocarcinoma and nontumor mucosa aiming at identifying specific disease‐associated proteins as potential clinical biomarkers and for carcinogenetic study. Compared to nontumor tissues, multiple protein alterations were found in tumor tissues. Some of these alterations involve variations in the expression of cytoskeleton proteins, including an increase in cytokeratin 8 and tropomyosin isoform and a decrease in cytokeratin 20. Co‐up‐regulations of heat‐shock proteins and glycolytic enzymes were observed in tumor tissues, indicating self‐protective efforts of cells and the growing energy requirement during malignant transformation. Diverse regulations also occurred with proteins involved in cell proliferation and differentiation, such as GMP reductase 2 and creatine kinase B, and proteins bearing potential tumor suppressor activities, including prohibitin and selenium binding protein 1. More interestingly, a human stomach‐specific protein, 18 kDa antrum mucosa protein, was found to be dramatically under‐expressed in cancer tissues, implicating a possible special pathological role for this protein in gastric carcinogenesis. Further comprehensive evaluation by globally considering the altered factors may result in the discovery of a biomarker index for effective assessment of the disease and may provide in‐depth information for better understanding the pathogenesis of gastric cancer.
The serum proteome of Equus caballus
Authors: Miller Ingrid , Friedlein Arno , Tsangaris George , Maris Antony , Fountoulakis Michael , Gemeiner Manfred 
Published: August 2004

AbstractWe constructed a reference two‐dimensional protein map for horse (Equus caballus) serum. The serum proteins were separated by two‐dimensional electrophoresis (2‐DE); 29 different gene products were identified. Proteins represented by 25 spots/spot groups were identified by tandem nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry (MS), four by matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time‐of‐flight (TOF) MS and one was sequenced by TOF‐TOF technology. The identities of four proteins were deduced by similarity to the human plasma protein database. In selected cases, i.e. the immunoglobulins, immunoblotting with specific antibodies provided additional information about the respective proteins. Albumin was detected as the full‐length protein and as fragments of various sizes. Spots representing products of different mass and charge were also detected for α1‐antitrypsin, haptoglobin and transthyretin. Thus, despite the fact that the Equus caballus genome is incompletely characterizated, we were able to identify almost all moderate to high abundance proteins stained in the serum 2‐DE pattern.
A novel proteomic coculture model of prostate cancer cell growth
Authors: Dvorzhinski Dmitri , Thalasila Anu , Thomas Paul E. , Nelson Deirdre , Li Hong , White Eileen , DiPaola Robert S. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractChemotherapy and androgen ablation therapy are only temporarily effective against prostate cancer, and current studies are ongoing to test agents that target proteins responsible for autocrine and paracrine stimulated growth. Given limitations of current laboratory models to test the effect of these agents on cell growth and protein targets, we developed a coculture model that can distinguish paracrine stimulated growth and effects on proteins. We found that LNCaP prostate cancer cells and an immortalized rat prostate cell line transfected to overexpress the antiapoptotic resistance protein Bcl‐2 were stimulated to grow (>2‐fold increase, p < 0.01) through autocrine effects from additional cells in an upper chamber of our system. Using a proteomic approach with a two‐dimensional differential in gel electrophoresis method to increase fidelity, four proteins were found to increase after autocrine induced growth stimulation. These proteins were all identified by mass spectrometry as enzymes in the glycolytic pathway, validating the ability of this system to detect both clonogenic growth and the effect on proteins. These data, therefore, demonstrate a novel coculture model for further study of agents that target proteins in pathways of paracrine or autocrine stimulated cell growth.
Assessment of protein spot components applying correspondence analysis for peptide mass fingerprint data
Authors: Krah Alexander , Wessel Ralf , Pleißner Klaus‐Peter 
Published: August 2004

AbstractProteins separated by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐DE) may be distributed over several spots. Otherwise, one spot may contain more than one component. The same protein occurring in several spots supposedly represents differently modified protein species that might be of biological relevance. Identification of spots with peptide mass fingerprinting and database searching leads only to the detection of the major spot components. If a spot also contains additional minor protein components, quantitation of spots with protein staining techniques or antibody detection becomes misleading. In order to find spots containing minor components we applied correspondence analysis, a multivariate data exploration method, to peptide mass fingerprint data. Correspondence analysis using peak lists revealed groups of spots containing the same protein with their characteristic mass‐to‐charge ratio (m/z) values. In order to detect different protein spot components an interactive threshold setting and removal of m/z values with subsequent recalculation of the correspondence analysis using our software tool CorrAn are performed. The usefulness of this methodical approach was shown by a data set of peptide mass fingerprints of 284 spots of Helicobacter pylori 26695 separated by 2‐DE.
Low virulent strains of Candida albicans: Unravelling the antigens for a future vaccine
Authors: Fernández‐Arenas Elena , Molero Gloria , Nombela César , Diez‐Orejas Rosalía , Gil Concha 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSeveral low virulent Candida albicans mutant strains: CM1613 (deleted in the Mitogen Activated Protein (MAP) Kinase MKC1), CNC13 (deleted in the MAP‐kinase HOG1) and the morphological mutant 92' were used as vaccines employing a murine model of systemic candidiasis. In this vaccination trial, only the CNC13 strain was able to induce protection against a subsequent infection with a lethal dose of the wild‐type strain. The protection induced by CNC13 vaccinated animals resulted in 60–70% percent of survival. These results demonstrate that collaboration between cellular and humoral responses, induced by the CNC13 mutant, elicited a long lasting and effective protection. Using a proteomic approach (two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by Western blotting), twenty‐five C. albicans immunogenic proteins were detected and identified by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization and/or tandem mass spectrometry. We were able to define an antibody pattern in the sera from the nonvaccinating strains (92' and CM1613), which was different from the profile detected in the sera from surviving animals (vaccinated with the CNC13 mutant). The utility of this proteomic approach has allowed us to identify antigens that induce protective IgG2a antibody isotype in the sera from vaccinated animals: enolase (Eno1p), pyruvate kinase (Cdc19p), pyruvate decarboxylase (Pdc11p), a component from the 40S ribosomal subunit (Bel1p), triosephosphate isomerase (Tpi1p), DL‐glycerol phosphatase (Rhr2p), fructose‐bisphosphate aldolase (Fba1p) and two new protective antigens: IMP dehydrogenase (Imh3p), and acetyl‐CoA synthetase (Acs2p). The antigenic proteins that promote protective antibodies described in this work are excellent candidates for a future fungal vaccine; their heterologous expression and vaccine design is currently underway.
Electrophoretic evidence for a new type of counterion condensation
Authors: Popov Alexei , Hoagland David A. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractA systematic capillary electrophoresis study uncovered how polyelectrolyte effective charge density varies with backbone charge spacing and solvent dielectric constant. The study primarily focused on aliphatic ionenes, a special class of polyelectrolytes, which possess regularly spaced quaternary ammonium groups in the backbone. Complete ionization of functional units and good solvency in water or mixtures of water with lower dielectric constant solvents (methanol, acetonitrile) enabled continuous measurements of ionene effective charge density through the onset of counterion condensation. Ionenes with both uniform and alternating charge spacing were examined. As expected, effective charge density rose linearly with fixed charge density to a critical value, above which effective charge density remained constant. Deviating from expectation, the onset of condensation did not occur at a critical fixed charge density. Instead, condensation initiated at a constant critical Bjerrum length. The same onset condition was found for quaternized poly(vinyl pyridine)s. These experimental results suggest a new form of condensation, one driven by ion‐pairing of polyelectrolyte with counterions. In support of this hypothesis, the onset of condensation appeared to correlate with counterion size. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 3616–3627, 2004
Amphiphilic maleic acid‐containing alternating copolymers—1. Dissociation behavior and compositions
Authors: Sauvage E. , Amos D. A. , Antalek B. , Schroeder K. M. , Tan J. S. , Plucktaveesak N. , Colby R. H. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe dissociation of the two adjacent carboxylic acids in maleic acid‐containing copolymers is expected to differ from those of poly(acrylic acid) and poly(methacrylic acid) where the acids are separated by two carbons on the backbone. In this work, we have employed potentiometric titration and NMR spectroscopy to characterize the dissociation behavior and chemical compositions of several water‐soluble maleic acid‐containing copolymers. A distinct two‐step process corresponding to the dissociation of the two adjacent carboxylic acids is observed in aqueous CaCl2 (0.02 N) solution for copolymers of maleic acid and isobutylene, diisobutylene, and styrene. Such a two‐step ionization process is less recognizable, however, for the copolymers of maleic acid and linear alkenes ranging from n‐hexene to n‐octadecene. Nevertheless, the compositions of all copolymers, including the extent of neutralization and the ratio of the comonomer moieties, are estimated from the titration curves. The chemical composition derived from potentiometry and NMR spectroscopy for all copolymers are approximately 1 : 1 (maleic acid : comonomer). With the exception of the hydrophobically modified copolymer of isobutylene‐maleic acid, no obvious conformational transition was observed over the whole range of ionization for these hydrophobic maleic acid‐containing copolymers. This is related to the aggregated state of these copolymers in aqueous media. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 3571–3583, 2004
Synthesis and characterization of poly (styrene‐co‐vinyl phosphonate) ionomers
Authors: Wu Qi , Weiss R.A. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractPoly(styrene‐co‐diethyl vinylphosphonate) copolymers were synthesized by free radical copolymerization. The ester groups of the copolymers were hydrolyzed to phosphonic acid groups, and the sodium and zinc salts ionomers were obtained by neutralization. The structure and the thermal and viscoelastic properties of the copolymers and ionomers were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamic mechanical analysis, and small‐angle X‐ray scattering. The phosphonate ester lowered the glass transition temperature (Tg) of polystyrene. The free acid derivatives and metal phosphonates increased Tg and produced a rubbery plateau region in the viscoelastic properties due to the formation of a physical network. The acid and salt ionomers exhibited microphase‐separated morphologies and were thermorheologically complex. The phosphonic acid derivatives absorbed relatively little water, even for materials with ion‐exchange capacities greater than 1.0 mEq/g, and were not conductive, which made them unsuitable for application as proton exchange membranes. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 3628–3641, 2004
Evidence for occurrence of an organophosphate‐resistant type of acetylcholinesterase in strains of sea lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis Krøyer)
Authors: Fallang Anders , Ramsay Jennifer Mara , Sevatdal Sigmund , Burka John F , Jewess Philip , Hammell K Larry , Horsberg Tor E 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAcetylcholinesterase (AChE) is the target of a major pesticide family, the organophosphates, which were extensively used as control agents of sea lice on farmed salmonids in the early 1990s. From the mid‐1990s the organophosphates dichlorvos and azamethiphos were seriously compromised by the development of resistance. AChE insensitive to organophosphate chemotherapeutants has been identified as a major resistance mechanism in numerous arthropod species, and in this study, target‐site resistance was confirmed in the crustacean Lepeophtheirus salmonis Krøyer isolated from several fish‐farming areas in Norway and Canada. A bimolecular rate assay demonstrated the presence of two AChE enzymes with different sensitivities towards azamethiphos, one that was rapidly inactivated and one that was very slowly inactivated. To our knowledge this is the first report of target‐site resistance towards organophosphates in a third class of arthropods, the Crustacea. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Identification of the Rdl mutation in laboratory and field strains of the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)
Authors: Bass Chris , Schroeder Iris , Turberg Andreas , Field Linda M , Williamson Martin S 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn many insect species, resistance to cyclodiene insecticides is caused by amino acid substitutions at a single residue (A302) within the M2 transmembrane region of the γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor sub‐unit termed Rdl (resistance to dieldrin). These mutations (A302S and A302G) have also been shown to confer varying levels of cross‐resistance to fipronil, a phenylpyrazole insecticide with a similar mode of action to cyclodienes. To investigate the possible occurrence of these mutations in the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (Bouché), a 176‐bp fragment of the cat flea Rdl gene, encompassing the mutation site, was PCR amplified and sequenced from nine laboratory flea strains. The A302S mutation was found in eight of the nine strains analysed, although the relative frequency of the mutant allele varied between strains. Only one strain (R6) was found to be homozygous for the S302 allele in all the individuals tested, and this correlated with previous reports of low‐level fipronil resistance in this strain. A PCR‐based diagnostic assay, capable of screening individual fleas for this mutation, was developed and used to survey a range of fleas collected at random from veterinary clinics in the UK and USA. The A302S mutation was present at a high frequency in these domestic pet populations. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry