bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk of colorectal cancer in ulcerative colitis in India
Authors: VENKATARAMAN SUBRAMANIAN , MOHAN VIVEK , RAMAKRISHNA BALAKRISHNAN S , PETER SHAJAN , CHACKO ASHOK , CHANDY GEORGE , KURIAN GEORGE , KURIAN SUSY , MATHAN MINNIE , MATHAN VADAKKENADAYIL I , PATRA SUSAMA , PULIMOOD ANNA , ROLSTON DAVID DK 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBackground:  The risk for colorectal cancer (CRC) in ulcerative colitis (UC) in India is not known.Method:  Retrospective cohort from a tertiary level hospital in South India. Analysis of archived records of all patients with UC who underwent colonoscopy and segmental biopsies over the last 25 years. Incidence densities and risk of developing high grade dysplasia or CRC was calculated and chi‐squared test was performed for risk factors of interest.Results:  Complete records were available for 532 patients, 336 (63.2%) male. The mean (± SEM) duration of illness was 6.04 ± 0.29 years. In total, 234 patients (44%) had pancolitis, 121 (22.7%) had left‐sided colitis and 177 (33.3%) had proctitis or proctosigmoiditis. Overall, five (0.94%) patients developed carcinoma and one (0.19%) patient had high grade dysplasia. The incidence density and risk of developing either CRC or high grade dysplasia was zero in the first 10 years of disease. In those with disease duration of 10–20 years, incidence density was 2.34 per 1000 person years’ duration (PYD) for all patients with colitis and 4.5 per 1000 PYD for patients with pancolitis alone. This corresponded to risks of 2.3% and 4.4%, respectively. For those with disease duration longer than 20 years, incidence density was 2.73 per 1000 PYD for all patients and 4.9 per 1000 PYD for patients with pancolitis. This corresponded to risks of 5.8% and 10.2%, respectively. Duration of disease beyond 10 years and extent of colitis were the only risk factors significantly associated with CRC.Conclusions:  The risk of developing CRC is Indian patients with UC is lower than that reported from the West. Strategies for cancer surveillance in Indian patients with UC need to be tailored accordingly.
Segmental colonoscopic biopsies in the differentiation of ileocolic tuberculosis from Crohn's disease
Authors: PULIMOOD ANNA B , PETER SHAJAN , RAMAKRISHNA BS , CHACKO ASHOK , JEYAMANI R , JEYASEELAN L , KURIAN GEORGE 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBackground and Aim:  The differentiation between Crohn's disease (CD) and tuberculosis (TB) of the intestine can be difficult in areas where both diseases occur. The present study examined histological criteria that would enable the diagnosis in mucosal biopsies.Methods:  Colonoscopic biopsies from 33 patients with TB and 31 patients with CD were examined for several specific histological features and their distribution.Results:  The salient distinguishing features of TB were granulomas larger than 400 µm in maximum dimension, more than four sites of granulomatous inflammation per site, caseation, a band of epithelioid histiocytes in ulcer bases and location of granulomas in the caecum. The salient features of CD were granulomas not showing any of the above features, focally enhanced colitis, pericryptal granulomatous inflammation, and the presence of architectural alteration/activity/chronic inflammation/deep ulceration at sites that did not show granulomatous response in the same or adjacent segments. Although granulomas in CD were distributed throughout the colon, they were more frequent in the rectosigmoid than in TB. All biopsies from endoscopically abnormal sites did not show distinguishing features of TB or CD, emphasizing the need for multiple biopsies. There was an accrual in the number of diagnoses made with increasing numbers of biopsies from rectum to ileum.Conclusions:  Histology of mucosal biopsies can aid in the differentiation of TB from CD, but multiple biopsies from different colonic segments are important for complete evaluation.
Human parvovirus B19 infection in patients with chronic hepatitis B or hepatitis C infection
Authors: HSU TSAI‐CHING , CHEN TZY‐YEN , LIN MING‐CHENG , TZANG BOR‐SHOW , TSAY GREGORY J 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Parvovirus B19 has been reported to be detected in the sera of patients with acute or chronic hepatitis. The prevalence and clinical significance of B19 DNA in serum samples from patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection were investigated.Methods:  Serum samples from 54 patients with HBV infection, 51 with HCV infection and 53 normal controls were examined for anti‐B19 antibodies and B19 DNA by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Southern blotting and direct nucleotide sequencing, respectively.Results:  Anti‐B19 IgM and IgG antibodies were detected in 19 (35.2%) and 46 (85.2%) of 54 serum samples from patients with HBV infection, and eight (15.7%) and 36 (70.6%) of 51 serum samples from patients with HCV infection. B19 DNA was detected in serum samples of 20 (37%) of 54 patients with HBV infection and 12 (23.5%) of 51 patients with HCV infection, but not in 53 serum samples from normal controls. The occurrence of liver dysfunction was not affected by B19 infection in patients with HBV and HCV infection (P > 0.05). All of the 20 serum samples with B19 DNA from patients with chronic HBV infection and all of the 12 serum samples with B19 DNA from patients with chronic HCV infection exhibited TW‐3 subtype and TW‐9 subtype, respectively. The variant subtypes of B19 were found to be distinctive in patients with HBV or HCV infection.Conclusions:  These data revealed that human parvovirus B19 infection was frequently found in patients with chronic HBV or HCV infection. The variant genotypes were present in patients with different chronic hepatitis. The coinfection of B19 with HBV or HCV did not increase the frequency of liver dysfunction in patients with chronic hepatitis. Long‐term longitudinal studies are required to determine the natural course of parvovirus B19 infection and whether its coinfection affects the natural history of chronic hepatitis B or hepatitis C.
LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY: AN AUDIT OF OUR TRAINING PROGRAMME
Authors: Lim Swee Ho , Salleh Ibrahim , Poh Beow Kiong , Tay Khoon Hean 
Published: April 2005

Background:  Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a commonly performed procedure in general surgical practice but it also has an inherently steep learning curve. The training of surgeons in this procedure presents a challenge to teaching hospitals, which essentially have to strike a balance between effective training and safety of the patient. The present study aims first to assess the safety of the structured training programme for this procedure at the Department of Surgery, Changi General Hospital, Singapore. Secondly, it seeks to audit the conversion and bile duct injury rates among the laparoscopic cholecystectomies performed by the department, and the factors which influence these.Methods:  Notes of all patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the department over an 18‐month period were reviewed retrospectively and the relevant data prospectively collected. Demographics, as well as details of cases of conversion to open operation and of bile duct injury were identified and the reasons for each recorded.Results:  A total of 443 patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the 18‐month period. The most common indication for surgery was biliary colic/dyspepsia (61.4%), followed by cholecystitis, cholangitis, pancreatitis and common bile duct stone. The overall conversion rate was 11.5%. Three hundred and fifty‐five patients were operated on by consultant surgeons, while 88 were by registrars who had been through the structured training programme. There was no statistically significant difference found in the conversion rates between these two groups (P = 0.284). Twenty‐two of the 268 female (8.2%) patients had conversion to open operation, while 29 of the 175 male patients (16.6%) underwent conversion (P = 0.007). Amongst cases of cholecystitis and cholangitis, the conversion rate for patients operated on within 7 days of onset of symptoms was 35%, while those operated on 8 or more days later had a conversion rate of 29.7% (P = 0.639). There was a solitary case of bile duct injury among the 443 cases, equating to a bile duct injury rate of 0.23%.Conclusion:  A structured training programme involving stepwise progression of training, with close supervision by consultant surgeons and a built‐in system of audit can effectively train junior surgeons in laparoscopic cholecystectomy without exposing patients to undue risks.
The use of physical restraints on paediatric intensive care units
Authors: OFOEGBU BIBIAN N. , PLAYFOR STEPHEN DEREK 
Published: April 2005

SummaryBackground : Physical restraints are used in critical care units in an attempt to reduce the risk of treatment interference. Their use remains controversial and there are concerns regarding the effectiveness and safety of restraint techniques. There are few data available on the prevalence of physical restraint use in Paediatric Intensive Care Units (PICU) in the UK and we have therefore conducted a cross‐sectional survey to define current clinical practice.Methods : A postal questionnaire was sent to all UK PICU with questions on the use of physical restraint techniques, including the use of splints across the joints of limbs and of securing limbs to the bed. Consent issues were also addressed.Results : Of those units responding 68% reported that physical restraint techniques were used within those units. Ten units (36% of those responding) reported the use of manual holding of patients, 16 units (57% of those responding) reported the use of splints across the joints of limbs, three units reported the use of swaddling as a restraint technique while one unit secured limbs of patients to the bed. None of the units obtained written consent prior to the use of physical restraints and 53% obtained verbal consent.Conclusions : Physical restraint is a commonly used technique on PICU in the UK. There is considerable variation in clinical practice and current clinical guidelines which are available do not deal specifically with children. Prospective randomized trials would be necessary to fully investigate the role of physical restraints amongst critically ill children.
Women's Gendered Identities and the Restructuring of Rural Alberta
Authors: Heather Barbara , Skillen Lynn , Young Jennifer , Vladicka Theresa 
Published: April 2005

AbstractResearch conducted in rural Alberta from 200–2001 captured women's accounts of their lives after restructuring in the health and agriculture sectors during the 1990s. Thirty‐four public health nurses, home care nurses, and farm women from three Alberta health regions were interviewed individually and in focus groups which covered five Alberta health regions. The women reported that restructuring had affected their decisions, their organization of paid and unpaid work, and the quality of their lives. Rural women perceived themselves as caregivers and organizers in their homes and communities. As well, they saw themselves as key figures in the fight to save the farms and the communities in which they lived. While accepting the expectations of rural women, they also expressed frustration and anger over the endless and largely unrecognized, work that resulted. The conflicts between paid and unpaid work, and between the fight to preserve the well‐being of the community and their own well‐being, became particularly clear among the farm women who also worked as nurses. Their sense of themselves as farm women, nurses, and as good community members, led to decisions that in many cases affected their physical and mental health; but they knew that if they did not contribute, they risked losing the way of life they valued. While patriarchal power inherent in social structures has been well documented, we argue theoretical explanations that incorporate the power of agency to place women in situations where they have little choice in the reproduction of their own oppression have not been sufficiently recognized in the literature.
Defining Folklore: Mestizo and Indigenous Identities on the Move
Authors: MENDOZA ZOILA S. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract –This article analyses how the performance of folkloric music and dance defines and redefines ethnic/racial distinctions and identities in the Andes. It focuses on the promotional activities of urban‐based institutions in Cusco called instituciones culturales, particularly how these activities have shaped folkloric performance. The article calls attention to the continuing importance of race as a central category of social differentiation, showing how folkloric performances embody ethnic/racial identities.
Representing the state? School and teacher in post‐Sendero Peru⋆
Authors: Wilson Fiona 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe school and the teacher give rise to different images and sets of meaning. Locating schools is a technique of government and teachers are supposed to act as mediators between state and society. But teachers are also local intellectuals and have actively engaged in discourses of dissent and challenges to the state. This article explores the changing identity, situation and representation of provincial schoolteachers in post‐conflict Andean Peru. It draws on material from Tarma province to debate the extent to which the former racist “social order”, upheld by school and teacher, has been destabilised and superseded.
Nationalism and democratic construction: the origins of Argentina and Uruguay's political cultures in comparative perspective
Authors: Spektorowski Alberto 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe article focuses on the different effects the formation of national identity had on the development of political democracy in Uruguay and Argentina. Uruguay's process of state building after the civil wars relied on political consensus regarding the rules of the game: the concept of political democracy became an integral part of Uruguay's collective identity. In Argentina, political elites after the civil wars divided on the question of national identity and the substance of political democracy. Uruguay's political identity as apartidocracia[rule by parties] is not a guarantee against authoritarianism, but the country's democratic political culture is resilient, permeating even the armed forces. In Argentina, the exclusionist character of the political process invites authoritarianism, whether of the liberal or populist‐democratic variety. This article focuses, first, on the different models of collective identity that developed after independence; second, on the distinct roles played by the two hegemonic parties in each nation ‐ the Colorados under Batlle and the Radicals under Yrigoyen; and finally, on the authoritarian periods both countries experienced in the 1930s.
Carlos Saúl Menem: variations on the theme of populism
Authors: Szusterman Celia 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe labels neopopulist and/or neoliberal have been attached to Latin American political leaders in an effort to understand the post‐transition to democracy experiences. This article examines the appropriateness of such labels in the Argentine context in the 1990s. It is argued that describing Carlos Menem as either neopopulist or neoliberal obscures rather than illuminates the vicissitudes along the path to establishing the institutions of liberal democracy, a commitment the Argentine electorate made in 1983. An old‐style populist at heart, Menem's pragmatic embrace of the neoliberal zeitgeist can only be understood in the context of the social, political and economic upheavals of the 1980s in Argentina.
The rise and fall and rise of populism in Venezuela
Authors: Davilaa Luis Ricardo 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe article seeks to outline the main elements through which a populist political order was built in Venezuela. It will be done, first by looking at the golden years a of Venezuelan populism (1945–1948). It will be argued that the constitution of populist politics meant: an appeal to the people, the articulation of new social relations and constitution of new political identities. Then it will turn to the latter Pérez and Caldera showing the basic schemes of their governments. They sought to reconstitute politics and reshape political identities in a new populist way. The arrival of Chávez at power and the first months of his government are also analysed.
Culturing identities, the state, and national consciousness in late nineteenth‐century western Guatemala1⋆
Authors: Watanabe John M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis paper examines the procedural culture that shaped ethnic and national identities in late nineteenth‐century western Guatemala. Rooted in face‐to‐face encounters between departmentaljefes políticos(departmental governors) and local Maya communities, this procedural culture emerged from routines of governance such as annual municipal inspections, ethnic struggles for municipal control, and local efforts to title community lands that led Maya and state officials to develop contrasting understandings of each other and their relations. Far from precipitating a national identity of mutual belonging, state formation here intensified the racism and political violence that would rend Guatemala during the century to come.
The Chilean presidential elections of 1999–2000 and democratic consolidation
Authors: Angell Alan , Pollack Benny 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis article examines the campaign and the outcome of the presidential elections held in 1999–2000 in Chile. It argues that the election marks a crucial phase in the consolidation of democracy in Chile. It can be seen as the first “normal” election since the return to democracy in 1990. It was unusually competitive and the result was in doubt until the second round vote. The election was notable for its emphasis on the future. Issues of the past were largely ignored ‐ as was the position of General Pinochet in London. The campaign of the Right was based upon an above‐party appeal while that of the ruling coalition relied on the traditional weight of parties in Chile. The result can be seen as an endorsement of the policies of the Concertacion government, but it also represented a resurgence of the Right. The victorious candidate, Ricardo Lagos, has stressed his commitment to social justice and to equity ‐ but he faces the problem of a governing coalition with internal differences still to be resolved, and a Right better placed to be a formidable opposition.
A decade of electoral democracy: continuity, change and crisis in Paraguay⋆
Authors: Lambert Peter 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIn 1989 President Stroessner was overthrown after almost 35 years in power. This led to a process of transition over the following decade which included elections at presidential, congressional, and municipal levels, as well as a democratic constitution, which guaranteed full political and civil liberties. However, the transition has been complicated by the continued prominence of the same political and military forces that supported Stroessner, and that have proved reluctant to withdraw from power. As a result, instead of representing a complete break with an authoritarian past, the transition has combined elements of continuity and change. This has led to a conservative and faltering transition, characterised by frequent political crises and the lack of socio‐economic reform. This article analyses the major structural and institutional obstacles to the consolidation of democracy in Paraguay. It then brings the reader up to date, by examining the events of 1998/1999, a period in which Paraguay's transition came under the greatest threat, and which revealed both its greatest strengths and weaknesses.
Patronage and empowerment in the central Amazon
Authors: Hoefle Scott William 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe shift from modern to post‐modern politics in the Central Amazon is critically evaluated. While considerable empowerment of previously marginalised. Amerindians, rubber tapers and frontier peasants has occurred, patronage networks remain top down in their decision‐making process, significant horizontal political mobilisation between different social actors has not emerged and grassroots political organisation has been stymied by authoritarian politics at the state level. Consequently, as empowerment is supposed to lie at the heart of building sustainable livelihoods in the Amazon, by this line of logic, the future of the region would seem to be seriously compromised.
Rights to land and resources in Argentina's Alerces National Park
Authors: Aagesen David 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAlerces National Park, created in 1937 to protect temperate forest ecosystems in Argentina's southern Andes, contains 42 families within its borders. Grazing is the principal livelihood strategy of most park inhabitants. Domesticated animals, however, are not compatible with the conservation objectives of park authorities, who are promoting tourism as a sustainable alternative to livestock. Park inhabitants are less enthusiastic about tourism. They lack a meaningful role in negotiating rights to land and resources, and they have been marginalised from conservation planning. This could be alleviated by titling parts of Alerces National Park to park inhabitants and providing them with shared management responsibilities.
Does the Market Value Financial Expertise on Audit Committees of Boards of Directors?
Authors: DEFOND MARK L. , HANN REBECCA N. , HU XUESONG 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACTWe examine three‐day cumulative abnormal returns around the announcement of 702 newly appointed outside directors assigned to audit committees during a period before implementation of the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act (SOX). Motivated by the SOX requirement that public companies disclose whether they have a financial expert on their audit committee, we test whether the market reacts favorably to the appointment of directors with financial expertise to the audit committee. In addition, because it is controversial whether SOX should define financial experts narrowly to include primarily accounting financial experts (as initially proposed) or more broadly to include nonaccounting financial experts (as ultimately passed), we separately examine appointments of each type of expert. We find a positive market reaction to the appointment of accounting financial experts assigned to audit committees but no reaction to nonaccounting financial experts assigned to audit committees, consistent with accounting‐based financial skills, but not broader financial skills, improving the audit committee's ability to ensure high‐quality financial reporting. In addition, we find that this positive reaction is concentrated among firms with relatively strong corporate governance, consistent with accounting financial expertise complementing strong governance, possibly because strong governance helps channel the expertise toward enhancing shareholder value. Together, these findings are consistent with financial expertise on audit committees improving corporate governance but only when both the expert and the appointing firm possess characteristics that facilitate the effective use of the expertise.