bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A lumped mass numerical model for cellular materials deformed by impact
Authors: Tu Z. H. , Lim C. T. , Shim V. P. W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWhen impacted by a relatively rigid body, cellular materials undergo severe deformation and extensive material failure. However, such behaviour may not be well described using traditional numerical approaches such as the finite element method. This paper presents a lumped mass numerical model which can accommodate high degrees of deformation and material failure. The essence of this model is to discretize a block of material into contiguous element volumes, each represented by a mass point. Interactions between a node and its neighbours are accounted for by defining ‘connections’ that represent their interfaces which transmit stresses. Strains at a node are calculated from the co‐ordinates of the surrounding nodes; these also determine the stresses on the interfaces. The governing equations for the entire solution domain are then converted into a system of equations of motion with nodal positions as unknowns. Failure criteria and possible combinations of ‘connection’ breakage are incorporated to model the occurrence of damage. A practical contact algorithm is also developed to describe the contact interactions between cellular materials and rigid bodies. Simulations for normal and oblique impacts of rigid rectangular, cylindrical and wedge‐tipped impactors on crushable foam blocks are presented to substantiate the validity of the model. The generally good correlation between the numerical and experimental results demonstrates that the proposed numerical approach is able to model the impact response of the crushable foam. However, some limitations in modelling crack propagation in oblique impacts by a rigid impactor on foam blocks are observed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frequency‐domain analysis of time‐integration methods for semidiscrete finite element equations—part I: Parabolic problems
Authors: Muǧan Ata , Hulbert Gregory M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTime‐integration methods for semidiscrete equations emanating from parabolic differential equations are analysed in the frequency domain. The discrete‐time transfer functions of three popular methods are derived, and subsequently the forced response characteristics of single modes are studied in the frequency domain. To enable consistent comparison of the frequency responses of different algorithms, three characteristic numbers are identified. Frequency responses and L2‐norms of the phase and magnitude errors are compared for the three time‐integration algorithms. The examples demonstrate that frequency‐domain analysis provides substantial insight into the time‐domain properties of time‐integration algorithms. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A fixed‐mesh finite element thermally coupled flow formulation for the numerical analysis of melting processes
Authors: Cruchaga Marcela A. , Celentano Diego J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the framework of the finite element method, a temperature‐based thermally coupled flow formulation including phase‐change effects is proposed to study melting processes. The governing equations of the problem, written in terms of its primitive variables, are solved using a generalized streamline operator technique that enables the use of equal interpolation functions for the unknowns: velocity, pressure and temperature. Moreover, a unique fixed finite element mesh is used to avoid the difficulties related to moving meshes. This methodology is applied and assessed in the numerical analysis of a benchmark problem known as the melting process of gallium in a differentially heated recipient using distinct geometric aspect ratios. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The performance of spheroidal infinite elements
Authors: Astley R. J. , Coyette J.‐P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA number of spheroidal and ellipsoidal infinite elements have been proposed for the solution of unbounded wave problems in the frequency domain, i.e solutions of the Helmholtz equation. These elements are widely believed to be more effective than conventional spherical infinite elements in cases where the radiating or scattering object is slender or flat and can therefore be closely enclosed by a spheroidal or an ellipsoidal surface. The validity of this statement is investigated in the current article. The radial order which is required for an accurate solution is shown to depend strongly not only upon the type of element that is used, but also on the aspect ratio of the bounding spheroid and the non‐dimensional wave number. The nature of this dependence can partially be explained by comparing the non‐oscillatory component of simple source solutions to the terms available in the trial solution of spheroidal elements. Numerical studies are also presented to demonstrate the rates at which convergence can be achieved, in practice, by unconjugated‐(‘Burnett’) and conjugated (‘Astley‐Leis’)‐type elements. It will be shown that neither formulation is entirely satisfactory at high frequencies and high aspect ratios. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy and momentum conserving elastodynamics of a non‐linear brick‐type mixed finite shell element
Authors: Miehe Christian , Schröder Jörg 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe paper presents aspects of the finite element formulation of momentum and energy conserving algorithms for the non‐linear dynamic analysis of shell‐like structures. The key contribution is a detailed analysis of the implementation of a Simó–Tarnow‐type conservation scheme in a recently developed new mixed finite shell element. This continuum‐based shell element provides a well‐defined interface to strain‐driven constitutive stress updates algorithms. It is based on the classic brick‐type trilinear displacement element and is equipped with specific gradient‐type enhanced strain modes and shell‐typical assumed strain modifications. The excellent performance of the proposed dynamic shell formulation with respect to conservation properties and numerical stability behaviour is demonstrated by means of three representative numerical examples of elastodynamics which exhibit complex free motions of flexible structures undergoing large strains and large rigid‐body motions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New ways to bind a fragmented workforce into a cultural community
Authors: Cairncross Frances 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA strong culture benefits a company in many ways, but today's instability and speed of business, along with
geographical dispersion of staff, make it difficult to instill and maintain the company's basic mission.Most companies spend much more time and money on talking to their customers than to their staff. Yet, if a
company cannot communicate its values to its employees, how can it expect to sell them to its customers?One answer is to create a corporate culture, not from the top, but among overlapping, small units to which
people can feel they belong. With the proper links among such communities—and appropriately using technology
to maintain them—a corporate culture can become a real competitive advantage. © 2002 Harvard
Business School Publishing Corporation.
How companies are responding to post‐9/11 workplace values
Authors: Williams Sandra L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLast September, the world watched in horror as tragedy struck innocent individuals who were simply going to
work. When planes piloted by terrorists crashed into American symbols of commerce and national defense in New
York and Washington, D.C., the American worker was shocked out of complacency about the sense of stability,
security, and community that had traditionally been found in the workplace. Issues of physical safety and
security came to the forefront of workplace concerns, and individuals began coping with new business
conditions, such as longer travel times.No one knows what the full impact of the tragedies of September 11 will be on the psyche of the American
worker or the productivity of the workplace. But as the impact of terrorism is absorbed, it is obvious that
interpersonal relations in workplaces around the country are undergoing substantial long‐term changes.
Many individuals are rethinking the meaning and purpose of their work, as well as the support they derive from
their fellow co‐workers. And evidence shows that the terrorist attacks were a shock that accelerated a
change in workplace perspective that was already underway. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals,
Inc.
Quantal analysis of the late phase of long‐term potentiation (LTP) in the guinea pig hippocampal slices: Sharp microelectrode recordings
Authors: Kleschevnikov Alexander M. , Kuhnt Ulrich , Voronin Leon L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPreviously a predominant increase in the quantal content (m) with a smaller increase in quantal amplitude (v) has been revealed during the early (<1 h) phase of LTP (LTP1) in CA1 hippocampus. Our aim was to perform quantal analysis of the late (>2 h) phase of LTP (LTP2) with use of sharp microelectrode recordings. Only the cases with a high level of LTP (189–465%) were taken for the analysis (5 out of 91 inputs). The coefficient of variation of the response amplitude and the number of failures decreased, whereas m and to a lesser extend v increased after the tetanus. All changes were similar for LTP1 and LTP2, but the LTP magnitudes correlated differently with the initial m and the post‐tetanic changes of paired‐pulse facilitation. The results are compatible with the view of predominantly presynaptic LTP expression during both phases, but suggest mechanistic differences between the LTP1 and LTP2 expression mechanisms. The major suggested LTP1 mechanism is an increased probability of neurotransmitter release (Pr). LTP2 mechanisms could be related to mixed pre‐ and postsynaptic rearrangements, including: (i) increase of Pr; (ii) addition of new transmission zones; (iii) stronger synchronization of the neurotransmitter release; (iv) growth of new synapses. Independent of the underlying mechanisms, our data suggest only a small (if any) increase in the number of postsynaptic receptors per one transmission site.
Nitric oxide and cortico‐striato‐pallidal motor circuitry: Quantitative EEG analysis of surface and depth recordings
Authors: Ferraro Giuseppe , Sardo Pierangelo , Di Giovanni Giuseppe , Galati Salvatore , La Grutta Vittorio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRats treated with i.p. 7‐NI showed a significant increase in cortical higher frequency EEG bands, associated with a corresponding and significant decrease in delta band activity. In the striatum, reduced levels of NO induced an increase in the low frequency band, and a decrease at higher frequencies. Pallidal depth recordings showed modifications to several frequency bands, similar to those found in the cortex. Although 7‐NI was administered at increasing doses (from 40 to 70 mg kg–1), it was not possible to demonstrate a relationship between modified band activities and the dose of 7‐NI. As suggested indirectly by the quantitative EEG data reported in this study, NO plays a fundamental role in the modulation of several neurotransmitters that are functionally involved in the cortico‐striato‐pallidal interactions. In fact, striatal NO seems to integrate cortical‐glutamatergic and nigral‐dopaminergic inputs and to modulate the efferent pathway toward the globus pallidus.
The Poisson equation with local nonregular similarities
Authors: Yakhot Alexander , Yosibash Zohar 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMoffatt and Duffy [1] have shown that the solution to the Poisson equation, defined on rectangular domains, includes a local similarity term of the form: r2log(r)cos(2θ). The latter means that the second (and higher) derivative of the solution with respect to r is singular at r = 0. Standard high‐order numerical schemes require the existence of high‐order derivatives of the solution. Thus, for the case considered by Moffatt and Duffy, the high‐order finite‐difference schemes loose their high‐order convergence due to the nonregularity at r = 0. In this article, a simple method is outlined to regain the high‐order accuracy of these schemes, without the need of any modification in the scheme's algorithm. This is a significant consideration when one wants to use a given finite‐difference computer code for problems with local nonregular similarity solutions. Numerical examples using the modified scheme in conjunction with a sixth‐order finite difference approximation are provided. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 17:336–346, 2001
High‐resolution monotone schemes based on quasi‐characteristics technique
Authors: Kwak Do Young , Levin Mikhail P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this article, we consider a new technique that allows us to overcome the well‐known restriction of Godunov's theorem. According to Godunov's theorem, a second‐order explicit monotone scheme does not exist. The techniques in the construction of high‐resolution schemes with monotone properties near the discontinuities of the solution lie in choosing of one of two high‐resolution numerical solutions computed on different stencils. The criterion for choosing the final solution is proposed. Results of numerical tests that compare with the exact solution and with the numerical solution obtained by the first‐order monotone scheme are presented. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 17: 262–276, 2001
Thematic analysis of the experience of making a decision to place a family member with Alzheimer's disease in a special care unit¶
Authors: Butcher Howard Karl , Holkup Patricia A. , Park Myonghwa , Maas Meridean 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to provide an in‐depth description of the experience of making the decision to place a family member in a special care unit among a diverse sample of family caregivers. To achieve purposive maximum variation of the sample, the sample of 30 family caregivers was chosen from an original study of 256 family caregivers. The sample was randomly stratified according to ethnicity, gender, and relationship to the care receiver. Three independent researchers used Luborsky's method of thematic analysis to analyze the interviews. After mutual consensus, 1565 themes (descriptive statements) were identified and synthesized into 21 topics. The topics were then synthesized into four patterns describing the decision‐making experience: moving toward the unavoidable decision, struggling with the decision, seeking reassurance, and remaining connected. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Res Nurs Health 24:470–480, 2001
Using measures of agreement to develop a taxonomy of passivity in dementia
Authors: Antonakos Cathy L. , Colling Kathleen B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA comprehensive taxonomy categorizing passive behaviors in people with dementia was developed and revised through the use of expert raters. The taxonomy was first derived from the synthesis of 15 empirical studies that addressed this phenomenon, then was rated by an expert panel of six nurse‐scientists with expertise in dementia and neuroscience research. This article describes the application of two measures of agreement, multiple rater kappa and proportion of agreement for multiple raters, calculated using Stata and SPSS, to evaluate and revise the taxonomy. The method proved useful for estimating the content validity of the taxonomy and provided evidence of stronger agreement among raters for the revised and final forms of the taxonomy. Nurse researchers will find this methodology to be an efficient, practical approach to applying measures of agreement for a variety of purposes, including taxonomy development. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Res Nurs Health 24:336–343, 2001
Designing effective nursing interventions
Authors: Conn Vicki S. , Rantz Marilyn J. , Wipke‐Tevis Deidre D. , Maas Meridean L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to present issues scientists must consider to design effective experimental interventions. The efforts of nurse‐researchers to test diverse interventions are consistent with the central role of interventions for the nursing discipline. Despite the importance of interventions, limited literature has addressed the actual design of these interventions. Many experimental interventions lack content validity, and others are inadequate to affect outcomes. Eight issues to consider in the development of interventions are discussed, including the conceptual basis of the intervention, descriptive research linking key concepts to the proposed outcome, previous intervention literature testing similar or related interventions, the intervention target, intervention specificity/generality, single or bundled interventions, intervention delivery, and intervention dose. Strategies are recommended for designing effective experimental interventions. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Res Nurs Health 24:433–442, 2001
Estimating age and season of death of pronghorn antelope (Antilocapra americana Ord) by means of tooth eruption and wear
Authors: Lubinski Patrick M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAge and season of death information for prey animals at archaeological sites can address issues such as season of site occupation and prey hunting or harvesting strategies. Unfortunately, adequate reference information for estimating age and season is lacking for many wild species, including pronghorn antelope. To address this problem, new methods of scoring tooth eruption and wear have been developed and have been applied to a sample of over 500 pronghorn mandibles to obtain improved eruption and wear schedules. One implication of this study is that ‘age class discreteness’ is an unreliable method for demonstrating mass mortality of prey. This study provides a much larger comparative sample than previously available, although larger known‐age mandible samples are still needed for pronghorn and many other wild species. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quit blubbering: an examination of Nuu'chah'nulth (Nootkan) whale butchery
Authors: Monks Gregory G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractArchaeological research on North America's northwest coast has produced evidence of aboriginal whale use spanning the past 4000 years. The Toquaht Archaeological Project, on the west coast of Canada's Vancouver Island, recovered numerous whale skeletal elements, many of which show butchering marks. This paper examines these elements from the points of view of element frequency, and of type and location of butchering marks. The examination of these marks reveals the portions into which the whales were cut, the sequence of butchering events, the kinds of tools used, and the frequency with which these elements were transported onto the site. These observations are compared with other archaeological data, especially from the Ozette site in neighbouring Washington state, and with ethnographic records. The importance of a variety of whale products, not just blubber and the oil rendered from it, is emphasized. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two ‘Medical’ Cases from Medieval Oslo
Authors: Holck Per 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn Erratum has been published for this article in International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 15(2) 2005, 153–154.More than one century of archaeological excavations in Oslo has brought several thousand medieval skeletons to light. Many of these are silent witnesses of the health conditions in the Norwegian capital during the 12th–16th centuries. This paper presents a description of two cases of special interest. One is a tibia that shows traces of cut marks due to a severe osteomyelitis; the other one has a depression in the bregma area which has perforated the skull roof and led to an inflammation of the bone surface. Both cases are probably proofs of deliberate medical care and skill of a high professional standard at that time. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generalized sampled‐data hold functions for robust multivariable tracking and disturbance rejection
Authors: Werner Herbert 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA new design procedure for a multivariable sampled‐data output feedback controller with generalized hold function is proposed. The controller can be designed for different operating points simultaneously. The design of the hold function is carried out in two steps: first the closed‐loop discrete‐time behaviour is determined by choosing a suitable output injection gain; integral action is incorporated to guarantee zero steady‐state error. In a second step this discrete‐time behaviour is approximately realized by output feedback with generalized hold. Minimization of a quadratic performance index simultaneously for all operating points yields hold functions with good intersample behaviour. A practical design example and experimental results illustrate the proposed method. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The decentralization of primary health care delivery in Chile
Authors: Gideon Jasmine 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe article argues that during the 1980s the process of decentralization in Chile under the military government of General Pinochet shifted the delivery of primary health care to the municipal level. Despite the return to more democratic forms of government in 1990 the overall structure of local‐level service delivery has remained largely unchanged. The municipalities have retained responsibility for service delivery but resources remain centrally determined. In an attempt to enhance accessibility, choice and the responsiveness of the system to individual and local need, reform has been made to the financial transfer mechanisms and a new model of primary health care delivery has recently been introduced. However, problems of resourcing and implementation limit the effectiveness of some of the changes that have accompanied decentralization. Problems have resulted in primary health care delivery because administrative decentralization has not been accompanied by fiscal decentralization, nor effective political decentralization. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fiber‐forming blend polypropylene‐polyvinyl alcohol
Authors: Marcinčin Anton , Jurčišinová Zuzana , Borsig Eberhard , Krištofič Michal , Marcinčinová Tatiana 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe preparation of a fiber‐forming blend consisting of polypropylene and polyvinyl alcohol mixed with glycerol and with polypropylene grafted with maleic anhydride were studied. The physical and mechanical properties of blend fibers were also studied. The rheological measurements for semiquantitative evaluation of technological compatibility of the components and for processing the polymeric material in extruding and spinning process were carried out. The experimental results revealed the technological compatibility of the polypropylene‐polyvinyl alcohol blend in the presence of glycerol and polypropylene grafted with maleic anhydride. The colloidal structure of interface layer is assumed to be in a three‐ or four‐component system. The mixture of polyvinyl alcohol with glycerol allows for the preparation of well spun fiber‐forming polypropylene blends. Polypropylene‐polyvinyl alcohol blend fibers consisting of up to 20% polyvinyl alcohol with sufficient mechanical properties, higher porosity and significantly higher sorption of water than polypropylene fibers alone were prepared. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.