bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in residual risk of transfusion‐transmitted viral infections in France between 1992 and 2000
Authors: Pillonel Josiane , Laperche Syria , Saura Christine , Desenclos Jean‐Claude , Couroucé Anne‐Marie ,   the Transfusion‐Transmissible Agents Working Group of the French Society of Blood Transfusion
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND : Monitoring trends in residual risks of transfusion‐transmitted viral infections (HIV, HTLV, HBV, and HCV) is important to assess improvements in blood safety. In France, theses trends were analyzed between 1992 and 2000. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : As risk is predominantly associated with the window period, residual risks were estimated by multiplying incidence rates by the durations of the window periods. Incidence rates were calculated from the data collected by the blood transfusion centers belonging to the Transfusion‐Transmissible Agents Working Group, which currently collects more than 50 percent of the 2.5 million blood samples donated each year in France. RESULTS : Trend analysis showed a significant decrease in residual risks for HCV (p = 0.01) and HBV (p < 0.001). Although residual risks decreased for HIV and HTLV, the trends were not significant. In 1998 through 2000, residual risks were estimated to be 1 in 470,000 donations for HBV, 1 in 860,000 for HCV, 1 in 1,370,000 for HIV, nil for HTLV, and 1 in 250,000 for the four viruses combined. CONCLUSION S: In France, the current risk of a blood recipient becoming infected with a retrovirus or a hepatitis virus is extremely low. The implementation of NAT in July 2001 is predicted to reduce the residual risk to 1 in 2,700,000 donations for HIV and 1 in 8,300,000 for HCV.
Polymerized human Hb use in acute chest syndrome: a case report
Authors: Lanzkron Sophie , Moliterno Alison R. , Norris Edward J. , Gould Steven A. , Segal Jodi , Nuermberger Eric L. , Ness Paul M. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: Acute chest syndrome (ACS) is a complication of sickle cell disease that can cause significant morbidity. Transfusion therapy has been shown to significantly increase oxygenation in patients with ACS and RBC exchange is considered the standard of care in patients at high risk of respiratory failure. CASE REPORT: A patient with ACS and several high‐risk features, including thrombocytopenia, profound anemia, bilateral pulmonary infiltrates, staphylococcal sepsis, and pulmonary embolism is presented. The patient refused transfusion on religious grounds and received 12 units of human polymerized Hb solution (poly SFH‐P injection, PolyHeme, Northfield Laboratories) over the course of 13 days. The patient's respiratory status improved and she was discharged home without receiving RBC transfusions. CONCLUSION: This is the first reported case that describes the use of PolyHeme in a patient with sickle cell disease, ACS, and sepsis. This therapy is thought to have been lifesaving for this patient.
Treatment for the decline of ionized calcium levels during peripheral blood progenitor cell harvesting
Authors: Kishimoto Masahiro , Ohto Hitoshi , Shikama Yayoi , Kikuta Atsushi , Kimijima Izo , Takenoshita Seiichi 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND : ACD‐A solution containing sodium citrate and citric acid is used as an anticoagulant agent during peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) harvesting, and in rare cases can cause fatal citrate intoxication. The aim of this study was to establish effective methods for stabilizing ionized calcium (ICa) levels during PBPC harvesting. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : ICa was measured during 46 apheresis procedures conducted in 26 patients. Four patients in four procedures were infused with calcium gluconate solution before PBPC harvesting; three patients in six procedures were infused with calcium gluconate when symptoms of citrate intoxication appeared; and four patients in five procedures received a continuous infusion. Five patients in five procedures took an isotonic sports drink containing calcium when hypocalcemic symptoms appeared. The ICa level, blood pressure, and pulse rate were measured. RESULTS
: ICa declined rapidly from the preapheresis level of 1.081(±0.092) m
M
to 0.937(±0.081) m
M
(13.3%, p
<
0.0001) 10 minutes after the start of apheresis and continued to decline until the completion of the procedure. When patients received a continuous infusion of calcium during apheresis, ICa was relatively stabilized. ICa significantly rose (6.1 ± 3.6%, p
< 0.02) within 2 to 5 minutes after oral intake of an isotonic sports drink containing calcium and was maintained within normal range for 31 to 55 minutes. CONCLUSION : An isotonic sports drink containing calcium has a quick stabilizing and a longer maintenance effect on ICa. Thus, we recommend the intake of an isotonic sports drink containing calcium as the easiest and best method for preventing hypocalcemia during apheresis.
Comparison of two leukapheresis programs for computerized collection of blood progenitor cells on a new cell separator
Authors: Schwella N. , Movassaghi K. , Scheding S. , Ahrens N. , Salama A. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND : Peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPCs) can be collected on various cell separators. Two leukapheresis programs (LP‐MNC and LP‐PBSC‐Lym) were evaluated for computerized collection of PBPCs on a new cell separator. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : Leukapheresis assisted by the LP‐MNC or LP‐PBSC‐Lym software was performed for the harvesting of PBPCs in 52 oncology patients after chemotherapy plus G–CSF treatment and in 18 healthy subjects after G–CSF mobilization alone. RESULTS : A total of 38 components from 33 donors via LP‐MNC and 43 components from 37 donors via LP‐PBSC‐Lym were collected with a median of one (range, one to two) standard‐volume leukapheresis procedures (9.2‐13.3 L) per donor. There were no significant differences between the two groups concerning median counts of WBCs, CD34+ cells, CD34+ cell yields per harvest, and CD34+ cell yields of cumulative harvests. The blood cell counts after leukapheresis revealed that the LP‐MNC resulted in significantly higher platelet loss than LP‐PBSC‐Lym (p = 0.024): 35.9 percent (range, 19.2%‐66.1%) versus 29.7 percent (11.6%‐52.3%). Regarding the CD34+ cell collection efficiency, the LP‐MNC program was significantly better than the LP‐PBSC‐Lym program (p < 0.001): 77.5 percent (range, 35.5%‐98.9%) versus 58.3 percent (range, 20.4%‐98.9%). However, concentrates collected by the LP‐PBSC‐Lym program had significantly higher percentages of MNCs (p < 0.001) and CD34+ cells (p = 0.028) than harvests with the LP‐MNC program: 90 percent (range, 69%‐99%) versus 70 percent (range, 35%‐98%) and 1.2 percent (range, 0.2%‐7.3%) versus 0.7 percent (range, 0.2%‐6.0%), respectively. No leukapheresis‐related serious adverse events were seen, and time for hematopoietic engraftment was equivalent to data published in the literature. CONCLUSION : The LP‐MNC program shows a significantly better CD34+ cell collection efficiency than the LP‐PBSC‐Lym program. However, collections with the LP‐MNC program result in PBPC components with a lower MNC and CD34+ cell concentrations and a higher apheresis‐related loss of patient's platelets.
How Real Is the Reality in Documentary Film?
Authors: Shapiro Ann‐Louise 
Published: March 2003

Documentary film, in the words of Bill Nichols, is one of the “discourses of sobriety” that include science, economics, politics, and history—discourses that claim to describe the “real,” to tell the truth. Yet documentary film, in more obvious ways than does history, straddles the categories of fact and fiction, art and document, entertainment and knowledge. And the visual languages with which it operates have quite different effects than does the written text. In the following interview conducted during the winter of 1997, historian Ann‐Louise Shapiro raises questions about genre—the relationship of form to content and meaning—with documentary filmmaker Jill Godmilow.In order to explore the possibilities and constraints of non‐fiction film as a medium for representing history, Godmilow was asked: What are the strategies and techniques by which documentary films make meaning? In representing historical events, how does a non‐fiction filmmaker think about accuracy? authenticity? invention? What are the criteria you have in mind when you call a film like The Wonderful, Horrible Life of Leni Riefenstahl“dishonest”? How does the tension between making art and making history affect documentary filmmaking? Should documentary filmmakers think of themselves, in the phrase of Ken Burns, as “tribal storytellers”? What kind of historical consciousness is produced by documentary film?
Overt Employment Discrimination by Multinational Firms: Cultural and Economic Influences in a Developing Country
Authors: Lawler John J. , Bae Johngseok 
Published: March 2003

An issue that has been explored only to a limited extent is the role that multinational firms might play in promoting or inhibiting employment discrimination based on gender in developing countries. This study focuses on this issue within the context of Thailand, a country that, until quite recently, had one of the world's fastest growing economies, driven to a large extent through investment by foreign multinational firms. The approach we take is to analyze the determinants of the inclusion of explicit gender restrictions in job announcements by both multinationals and Thai‐owned firms. Some job announcements restrict jobs to male or to female applicants, and some are silent on the issue of gender. Others specifically invite both male and female applicants. There are no laws in Thailand restricting gender‐based discrimination nor requiring “equal opportunity” language on the part of private employers.The analysis examines the relationship of the cultural characteristics of the firm's home country, along with economic growth in the host country, with the likelihood of various gender‐based restrictions being placed in job announcements. We employ widely used measures of national culture developed by Hofstede.Empirical results demonstrate relationships between discrimination and certain of Hofstede's cultural dimensions. Economic growth was not found to have an impact on discrimination. Control variables in the study include dummy variables to control for occupation and the industry of the employee firm.
Is There Private Information in the FX Market? The Tokyo Experiment
Authors: Ito Takatoshi , Lyons Richard K. , Melvin Michael T. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTWe provide evidence of private information in the foreign exchange market. The evidence comes from the introduction of trading in Tokyo over the lunch hour. Lunch‐return variance doubles with the introduction of trading, which cannot be due to public information since the flow of public information did not change with the trading rules. We then exploit microstructure theory to discriminate between the two alternatives: private information and mispricing. Four key results support the predictions of private‐information models. Three of these involve changes in the intraday volatility U‐shape. The fourth is that opening trade causes mispricing's share in variance to fall.
Global Stock Markets in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Jorion Philippe , Goetzmann William N. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractLong‐term estimates of expected return on equities are typically derived from U.S. data only. There are reasons to suspect that these estimates are subject to survivorship, as the United States is arguably the most successful capitalist system in the world. We collect a database of capital appreciation indexes for 39 markets going back to the 1920s. For 1921 to 1996, U.S. equities had the highest real return of all countries, at 4.3 percent, versus a median of 0.8 percent for other countries. The high equity premium obtained for U.S. equities appears to be the exception rather than the rule.
International Evidence on the Value of Corporate Diversification
Authors: Lins Karl , Servaes Henri 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThe valuation effect of diversification is examined for large samples of firms in Germany, Japan, and the United Kingdom for 1992 and 1994. We find no significant diversification discount in Germany, but a significant diversification discount of 10 percent in Japan and 15 percent in the U.K. Concentrated ownership in the hands of insiders enhances the valuation effect of diversification in Germany, but not in Japan or the U.K. For Japan, only firms with strong links to an industrial group have a diversification discount. These findings suggest that international differences in corporate governance affect the impact of diversification on shareholder wealth.
Should Investors Avoid All Actively Managed Mutual Funds? A Study in Bayesian Performance Evaluation
Authors: Baks Klaas P. , Metrick Andrew , Wachter Jessica 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThis paper analyzes mutual‐fund performance from an investor's perspective. We study the portfolio‐choice problem for a mean‐variance investor choosing among a risk‐free asset, index funds, and actively managed mutual funds. To solve this problem, we employ a Bayesian method of performance evaluation; a key innovation in our approach is the development of a flexible set of prior beliefs about managerial skill. We then apply our methodology to a sample of 1,437 mutual funds. We find that some extremely skeptical prior beliefs nevertheless lead to economically significant allocations to active managers.
Evaluation of Lidar and Medium Scale Photogrammetry for Detecting Soft‐Cliff Coastal Change
Authors: Adams James , Chandler Jim 
Published: March 2003

Lidar and photogrammetry have both been evaluated for detecting shortterm coastal change using the Black Ven mudslide, Dorset as a case study. A lidar‐generated digital elevation model (DEM) was obtained and initially compared with a DEM generated using available 1:7500 scale aerial photography and automated digital photogrammetry. The quality of these two data sets was assessed using a third DEM, derived using a total station and conventional ground survey methods. The vertical accuracies (rms error) of the lidar and photogrammetry were 0.26m and 0.43m respectively, although both data sets displayed a tendency to generate heights slightly lower than the elevation of the terrain surface. The quality of the two data sets was then assessed with respect to local slope angle. The accuracy of photogrammetrically derived elevations varied with slope and more so than in the case of lidarFrom these basic tests, lidar has proved to be more accurate than photogrammetry for soft‐cliff. monitoring. Further research is required to establish whether this trend is applicable to other data sets and specifically for photogrammetric data acquired using larger scale imagery
Drug Testing in the Public Sector: An Interpretation Grounded in Rosenbloom's Competing‐Perspectives Model
Authors: Knowles Eddie Ade , Riccucci Norma M. 
Published: March 2003

In the last few decades, drug testing has become a major policy issue in the workplace, with a host of actors competing to promote their own needs and interests. Employers, for example, seek ways to combat the use and abuse of illegal substances by employees. At the same time, unions and their employees legitimately seek to limit overly intrusive or unfair methods of testing. The courts have also been major players in the policy arena of drug testing, as witnessed by the surfeit of case law setting parameters around what is and is not legal and constitutional in terms of drug testing.In an effort to move the drug‐testing debate forward, this article examines the competing interests in drug testing, interests that ultimately frustrate the courts, policy makers, employees, and their unions from reaching a consensus on the use of drug tests in the public sector. To systematically examine this issue, Rosenbloom's competing‐perspectives model of public administration is applied. The article concludes with policy recommendations for public managers.
Goal Displacement: Assessing the Motivation for Organizational Cheating
Authors: Bohte John , Meier Kenneth J. 
Published: March 2003

A major problem in assessing bureaucratic performance is the difficulty in judging the final social outcomes stemming from the work of public agencies. As a result, public agencies are frequently evaluated based on the outputs they produce. Agency outputs (such as, criminal cases solved, inspections) are easier to measure than the actual contributions agencies make to social outcomes (such as, preventing workplace discrimination, protecting the environment). When agency performance is evaluated in terms of numerical outputs, bureaucrats have an incentive to maximize outputs, regardless of whether maximizing outputs is the preferred strategy for achieving desired social outcomes (a form of goal displacement). This incentive to maximize outputs may lead to organizational cheating, in which public agencies purposely manipulate output levels to portray their work in the best light possible.This study examines the problems of goal displacement and organizational cheating in Texas public schools. Specifically, we examine the degree to which school districts cheat to manipulate student pass rates on standardized exams. School districts “cheat” by liberally exempting certain students from these exams in hopes of raising overall district pass rates. Scarce institutional resources and extreme task demands are associated with cheating. From a management perspective, this study demonstrates the problems in implementing performance standards. From an academic perspective, it provides the first theory about when and why organizations cheat.
Exploring the Origins of the American Administrative State: Recent Writings on the Ambiguous Legacy of Alexander Hamilton
Authors: White, Jr. Richard D. 
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed:Arnold A. Rogow, A Fatal Friendship: Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr.John Steele Gordon, Hamilton's Blessing: The Extraordinary Life and Times of Our National Debt.Peter McNamara, Political Economy and Statesmanship: Smith, Hamilton, and the Foundation of the Commercial Republic.
The Public Administration Doctoral Dissertation Reexamined: An Evaluation of the Dissertations of 1998
Authors: Cleary Robert E. 
Published: March 2003

What makes a good doctoral dissertation in public administration? Analysis of abstracts of 168 public administration doctoral dissertations included in Dissertation Abstracts 1998, on the basis of criteria first developed to analyze the PA dissertations of 1981, indicates material progress in the use of the doctoral dissertation as a research tool to educate students and to advance the field of public administration.The 1998 dissertations showed substantial improvements in quality over those in Dissertation Abstracts 1990, almost as much improvement as those studies showed over the projects of 1981. Compared to 1990, a substantially higher percentage of the 1998 dissertations set out to conduct basic research and to report on the findings. In addition, more doctoral students are using rigorous research designs that involve attention to causal relationships.
Collective Action Cascades: An Informational Rationale for the Power in Numbers
Authors: Lohmann Susanne 
Published: March 2003

Self‐interested individuals pursue their goals rationally taking into account the constraints imposed by their environment and best‐responding to the strategic behavior of other individuals: when applied to collective action, economic theory predicts undersupply.Meanwhile, the behavior of masses of people is described as excitable, emotional, irrational, suggestible, hypnotic, disorderly, and unpredictable: in practice, it seems, collective action is oversupplied, and erratically so. The contagious and volatile dynamics of collective action appear to defy rationalization.I conceptualize a social movement as a dynamic informational cascade. Turbulencies emerge endogenously from rational individual behavior. Disorderly mass behavior is a by‐product of a powerful decentralized mechanism of information aggregation.
Agents, Stakeholders and Corporate Governance in Russian Firms
Authors: Buck Filatotchev Wright Trevor, Igor, Mike 
Published: March 2003

This paper considers some developments within Russian privatized industrial firms 1992–94 through the lens of Stakeholder‐Agency Theory (SAT). Although it has its own shortcomings and weaknesses, SAT, unlike the traditional financial version of Agency Theory, at least contemplates the possibility of a transitional period during which enterprise governance structures can evolve.It is by now widely recognised that in the middle of deep economic crisis, the Russian economy is too volatile for longitudinal studies of formally structured samples of firms over a period of time. In any case, SAT is at a stage of development that has not yet yielded detailed predictions for scientific testing. Yet surveys of recently privatized firms in Russia do provide empirical data away from the origins of SAT, and it is argued that this fresh data suggests new research propositions that can hopefully lead to more theoretical refinement and ultimately testing. At the very least, SAT can be used as a heuristic device, capable of providing a way of looking at complex Russian developments in a structured way.A process of Russian privatization through management–employee buy‐outs involving giveaway distributions of shares has secured the compliance of the two main groups of enterprise stakeholders who could have prevented the withdrawal of the State from the governance of industrial enterprises, but has not yet produced a form of corporate governance structure that is likely to survive in the long term without State protection.In the longer term, international competitiveness can only be secured in Russia through investment in new products and processes, and the inadequacies of managers and other employees as sources of investable funds mean that incumbents must generate a more welcoming climate for outside investors. Even after such a short period since privatization and in the middle of a deep economic crisis, some enterprises are already favouring more efficient governance structures in a way consistent with SAT.
Durkheim and the Limits of Corporate Culture: Whose Culture? Which Durkheim
Authors: Starkey Ken 
Published: March 2003

Recent years have seen a resurgence of interest in Durkheimian perspectives on management. P. Dahler‐Larsen uses such a perspective to critique theories of corporate culture. He is particularly critical of corporate culture’s claim that the locus of morality can exist in organizations.This, he argues, is inimical to Durkheim’s view of morality as a societal phenomenon. This paper argues that this criticism of corporate culture is limited on two counts. First, it is limited in its failure to deal with those proponents of corporate culture who are themselves critical of culture as a form of ideological control. Secondly, it is based on only one of several possible readings of Durkheim. In his later work, Durkheim analyses the construction and destruction of social solidarities.A Durkheimian reading of organizational culture and the related phenomenon of the learning organization allows us to develop a view of management and organization in which culture is conceived as a heterogeneous rather than homogeneous.