bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring exhaled nitric oxide in infants during tidal breathing: Methodological issues
Authors: Franklin Peter J. , Turner Stephen W. , Mutch Raewyn C. , Stick Stephen M. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractExhaled nitric oxide (FENO) may provide a tool for identifying infants at risk of developing allergic disease in childhood. In infants there is no standardized collection technique; however, the easiest method is to measure FENO during tidal breathing. In this study we investigated various methodological issues for tidal breathing (TB) FENO in infants. These included the effect of ambient NO, oral or nasal breathing, sedation, and tidal expiratory flow. Furthermore, we compared TB FENO in 88 infants with and without wheeze. Ambient NO greater than 5 ppb significantly affected FENO. There was no significant difference between NO levels measured during either oral or nasal breathing; however, there was a significant difference between levels collected from infants before and after sedation (P < 0.001). Tidal breathing FENO decreased with increasing tidal flows (P < 0.001) and increased with age (P = 0.002). There was no significant difference in mixed expired NO between healthy and wheezy children, but children with doctor‐diagnosed eczema had significantly raised levels (P = 0.014). There seem to be important methodological limitations for measuring FENO in infants during TB. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004; 37:24–30. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transition programs in cystic fibrosis centers: Perceptions of team members
Authors: Flume Patrick A. , Taylor Lloyd A. , Anderson Deborah L. , Gray Sue , Turner David 
Published: December 2003

AbstractWe previously surveyed cystic fibrosis (CF) center directors and adult patients with CF to assess their perceptions regarding transition from a pediatric to an adult setting. An important finding in those studies was a lack of standard programs for transfer of young adults with CF from pediatric to adult care settings. Patients with CF typically receive care from clinics utilizing a multidisciplinary approach, suggesting that every member of the CF team can impact the transition process. Our purpose in this study was to gain an appreciation for various team members' perspectives on transition. An Internet survey was offered to all CF centers across the country to be completed by team members, excluding physicians. We received 291 completed surveys, nearly half completed by nurses, but our respondents included social workers, nutritionists, respiratory therapists, and a few team members with other training. Nearly half of the respondents work for both pediatric and adult teams. The majority of respondents (71.8%) reported that their adult patients receive care from an internist in a separate adult program, but nearly 20% reported that a pediatrician follows their adult patients. A minority thought that age (37.4% of respondents), marriage (16.2%), and pregnancy (27.1%) were criteria for transfer, though most (86.2%) suggested that patients should be transferred by age 21 years. Criteria precluding transfer included patient/family resistance (45%), disease severity (34%), and developmental delay (31.3%). It was uncommon (11.4%) for an introduction to the concept of transition at the time of diagnosis. Over one‐half of patients did not meet the adult team until time of transfer. Team members' perceptions of patients' concerns were similar to what we had previously measured in physicians, again far greater than what we have measured in patients themselves. In many ways, what we have measured here in team members reflects what we have reported by physicians, demonstrating slow development of standard transition programs and an overestimate of patients' concerns regarding transition. These differences may impede the successful transition of patients into an adult program. It is clear from this study that team members have an interest in and opinions on transition, and are likely play a vital role in the transition process. Standard programs of transition should be developed, and team members should be engaged in that process. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004; 37:4–7. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hering‐Breuer reflex and sleep state in the preterm infant
Authors: Hand Ivan L. , Noble Lawrence , Wilks Michelle , Towler Edith , Kim MaeHee , Yoon Jing J. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe aim of this study was to determine the effect of sleep state on the Hering‐Breuer inflation reflex in the preterm infant. Seventeen nonintubated, premature infants, ranging in birth weight from 980–2,440 g with postconceptual ages of 30–36 weeks, were studied. In each infant, pulmonary function testing, including the Hering‐Breuer inflation reflex, was obtained using the SensorMedics 2600 during active and quiet sleep states in supine position. The strength of the Hering‐Breuer inflation reflex was quantified by the measurement of the percent prolongation of expiration after an occluded breath. Sleep states were categorized by the criteria of Prechtl. There was a significant difference in Hering‐Breuer activity in active (REM) vs. quiet (non‐REM) sleep, with a consistently stronger reflex in the active sleep state. The mean percent prolongation of expiration was 419% in active sleep vs. 87% in quiet sleep. Analysis of the data, using a paired t‐test, revealed a mean difference of 331 ± 185% between active and quiet sleep (P = 0.000). In conclusion, significant differences in the strength of the Hering‐Breuer inflation reflex occur in relation to sleep state, and may explain the variability of the reflex described in previous studies. Measurement of the Hering‐Breuer inflation reflex may be affected by pulmonary stretch receptors as well as chest wall afferents in the preterm infant. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004; 37:61–64. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increasing adherence to cystic fibrosis treatment: A systematic review of behavioral techniques
Authors: Bernard Rebecca S. , Cohen Lindsey L. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractCystic fibrosis is a fatal chronic illness that primarily affects the respiratory and pancreatic systems. Treatment includes daily medications, enzyme and vitamin supplements, a high‐calorie diet, and airway clearance sessions (e.g., chest physiotherapy, exercise). Although this regimen is essential to longevity, families have difficulty adhering to the multiple treatment components. Adherence is especially problematic with diet, chest physiotherapy, and exercise. Studies utilizing behavioral techniques to increase adherence to cystic fibrosis treatment components have been conducted with varying results. In this paper, a critical review of these treatment studies and suggestions for future work are presented. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004; 37:8–16. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lung function in children with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Cazzato Salvatore , Bernardi Filippo , Salardi Silvana , Tassinari Davide , Corsini Ilaria , Ragni Luca , Cicognani Alessandro , Cacciari Emanuele 
Published: December 2003

AbstractA cross‐sectional study design was undertaken to assess pulmonary function in children with insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), and to establish if there is any relationship with diabetic factors and complications. Thirty‐eight children (10 ± 1.8 years) with IDDM and without clinical or radiological evidence of lung involvement, and 41 healthy age‐matched reference subjects, underwent a pulmonary function study. Thirteen (34%) of 38 subjects with IDDM were studied at the onset of their disease. Adjusted values expressed as SD score of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1), and the transfer factor for carbon monoxide (TLCO) were found to be significantly lower than in controls (−0.54 ± 0.87 vs. 0.40 ± 1.10, P = 0.0008; −0.11 ± 0.96 vs. 0.52 ± 1.07, P = 0.01; −1.60 ± 1.07 vs. −0.57 ± 1.28, P = 0.001, respectively). These differences also existed in the group investigated at onset of diabetes. Residual volume (RV) and RV/total lung capacity ratio (RV/TLC) were significantly higher in the whole group of patients with IDDM than in controls (−0.20 ± 0.83 vs. −0.80 ± 0.88, P = 0.003; and 26 ± 6.2 vs. 21 ± 5.0, P = 0.0002, respectively). Seventeen patients (45%) had abnormal pulmonary function (SD score, less than −1.64): 16 subjects had reduced TLCO, 4 had reduced FVC, and in 3 of the 17, both functional indices were abnormal. There was no significant relationship between pulmonary function indices and diabetic factors or complications. The only significant association was between abnormal TLCO and females (P = 0.03), suggesting that sex may be a predisposing factor for the development of pulmonary complications. This study supports the view that the lung is functionally involved in children with IDDM early on in the course of the disease. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004; 37:17–23. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Respiratory symptoms and lung function in relation to atopy in children born preterm
Authors: Siltanen Mirjami , Savilahti Erkki , Pohjavuori Maija , Kajosaari Merja 
Published: December 2003

AbstractRespiratory morbidity is a major health problem among children. The aim of this study was to compare the background of respiratory problems of children born preterm with that of children born full‐term, with special reference to atopy. The study comprised two cohorts of 10‐year‐old children: a group of 72 children born preterm with birth weights of less than 1,501 g, and a group of 65 children born full‐term with birth weights of over 2,500 g. Histories of respiratory and atopic symptoms, and of risk factors for atopy, were collected with a questionnaire. Predisposition to atopy was verified by skin‐prick testing and by measuring serum total and antigen‐specific IgEs. Lung function was evaluated by spirometry testing. Children born preterm had significantly more wheezing. In them, the lifetime prevalence of wheezing was 43%, vs. 17% in children born full‐term (P = 0.001; odds ratio, 3.71; 95% confidence interval, 1.67–8.25). In the full‐term group, wheezing was associated with atopy: 64% of wheezers were atopic; in the preterm group, 23% of wheezers were atopic (difference between groups, P = 0.024). Children born preterm expired significantly lower spirometry values of forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1), FEV1/FVC ratio, forced expiratory flow after 50% of vital capacity has been exhaled (FEF50), and forced expiratory flow during middle half of FVC (FEF25–75). In the preterm group, wheezing, asthma, and low gestational age, but not atopy, were significantly associated with lower lung function values. Wheezers of the preterm group who still wheezed at age 10 were significantly more often atopic than those who no longer wheezed (62% vs. 9%, P = 0.006). In conclusion, we demonstrated a significant difference between groups in the association of atopy with respiratory problems. However, although atopy was not associated with a lifetime prevalence of respiratory symptoms in prematurely born children, an atopic predisposition in them was found to associate with persistence of wheezing. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004; 37:43–49. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sleep desaturation: Comparison of two oximeters
Authors: Trang Ha , Boureghda Souham , Leske Vivian 
Published: December 2003

AbstractOxygen saturation is measured by pulse oximetry during sleep studies. Body movements and peripheral vasoconstriction related to respiratory events may interfere with measurements by conventional oximeters. Our objective was to compare the detection rate of sleep desaturations by two oximeters, one of which used new motion‐resistant technology. We studied 34 children (median age, 13 years; range, 3–18) with suspected sleep‐disordered breathing. During polysomnography, oxygen saturation was measured by two oximeters set on fast mode: the motion‐resistant Radical oximeter (2‐sec averaging), and the conventional Nellcor N‐200 oximeter (2–3‐sec averaging). Respiratory events were identified based on airflow signal. The numbers of respiratory event‐related desaturations ≥3% or ≥5% detected by each oximeter were determined. Valid desaturations were defined using the Nellcor plethysmographic waveform and the Radical signal‐quality data. Hypoxemic respiratory events were those with associated valid desaturation. In total, 1,278 respiratory events were identified and pooled. Basal oxygen saturation measured just before event onset was not different between oximeters (Radical: 98%; range, 84–100; Nellcor: 97%; range, 86–100; P = ns). However, the Radical detected a greater number of valid desaturations than did the Nellcor for any level of desaturation (respectively, N = 651 and 476 desaturations ≥3%, P < 0.001; and N = 232 and 146 desaturations ≥5%, P = 0.01). Consequently, for each patient, the number of hypoxemic respiratory events per hour of sleep was greater using the Radical than using the Nellcor (P = 0.002, and P = 0.021, for desaturation ≥3% and ≥5%, respectively). In conclusion, standardized oximeter settings are required to achieve more accurate assessments of hypoxemia in children with sleep‐disordered breathing. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2004; 37:76–80. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biotransformation of atrazine in transgenic tobacco cell culture expressing human P450
Authors: Bode Maren , Stöbe Petra , Thiede Brigitte , Schuphan Ingolf , Schmidt Burkhard 
Published: December 2003

AbstractPlant cell cultures in which the appropriate P450 cDNA is introduced are expected to metabolise certain pesticides in large quantities. Two species of human P450 (CYP1A1 and CYP1A2) were introduced into tobacco cells (Nicotiana tabacum L) by Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation. The transgenic plant cell cultures were selected by combination of kanamycin‐resistance, 7‐ethoxycoumarin O‐de‐ethylase activity, PCR and Western blot analysis. For metabolism studies, 14C‐labelled atrazine was used as a model substance. The metabolites de‐ethylatrazine and de‐isopropylatrazine were found in the control culture as well as in the transgenic culture, whereas the non‐phytotoxic metabolite de‐ethyl‐de‐isopropylatrazine was found only in the transgenic cell cultures. The results showed that both foreign enzymes CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 catalyse N‐dealkylation of atrazine. However, CYP1A2 exhibited a higher conversion rate than CYP1A1. In a time‐course study the enzyme CYP1A2 catalysed predominantly N‐de‐ethylation followed by de‐isopropylation. The extent of metabolism was considerably higher than in non‐transformed cell cultures. The transgenic cell cultures can therefore be suitable tools for the production of large quantities of primary oxidised pesticide metabolites. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Multiple origins for black‐grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds) target‐site‐based resistance to herbicides inhibiting acetyl‐CoA carboxylase
Authors: Délye Christophe , Straub Cécile , Matéjicek Annick , Michel Séverine 
Published: December 2003

AbstractWe have investigated the process of evolution of target‐site‐based resistance to herbicides inhibiting acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACCase) in nine French populations of black‐grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds). To date, two different ACCase resistant alleles are known. One contains an isoleucine‐to‐leucine substitution at position 1781, the second contains an isoleucine‐to‐asparagine substitution at position 2041. Using phylogenetic analysis of ACCase sequences, we showed that 1781Leu ACCase alleles evolved from four independent origins in the nine black‐grass populations studied, while 2041Asn ACCase alleles evolved from six independent origins. No geographical structure of black‐grass populations was revealed. This implies that these populations, although geographically distant, are, or have until recently been, connected by gene flows. Comparison of biological data obtained from herbicide sensitivity bioassay and molecular data showed that distinct resistance mechanisms often exist in a single black‐grass population. Accumulation of different resistance mechanisms in a single plant was also demonstrated. We conclude that large‐scale evolution of resistance to herbicides in black‐grass is a complex phenomenon, resulting from the independent selection of various resistance mechanisms in local black‐grass populations undergoing contrasted herbicide and agronomical selection pressures, and connected by gene flows whose parameters remain to be determined. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Fate of the insecticide lambda‐cyhalothrin in ditch enclosures differing in vegetation density
Authors: Leistra Minze , Zweers Anton J , Warinton Jacqui S , Crum Steven JH , Hand Laurence H , Beltman Wim HJ , Maund Stephen J 
Published: December 2003

AbstractUse of the insecticide lambda‐cyhalothrin in agriculture may result in the contamination of water bodies, for example by spray drift. Therefore, the possible exposure of aquatic organisms to this insecticide needs to be evaluated. The exposure of the organisms may be reduced by the strong sorption of the insecticide to organic materials and its susceptibility to hydrolysis at the high pH values in the natural range. In experiments done in May and August, formulated lambda‐cyhalothrin was mixed with the water body of enclosures in experimental ditches containing a bottom layer and macrophytes (at different densities) or phytoplankton. Concentrations of lambda‐cyhalothrin in the water body and in the sediment layer, and contents in the plant compartment, were measured by gas‐liquid chromatography at various times up to 1 week after application. Various water quality parameters were also measured. Concentrations of lambda‐cyhalothrin decreased rapidly in the water column: 1 day after application, 24–40% of the dose remained in the water, and by 3 days it had declined to 1.8–6.5%. At the highest plant density, lambda‐cyhalothrin residue in the plant compartment reached a maximum of 50% of the dose after 1 day; at intermediate and low plant densities, this maximum was only 3–11% of the dose (after 1–2 days). The percentage of the insecticide in the ditch sediment was 12% or less of the dose and tended to be lower at higher plant densities. Alkaline hydrolysis in the water near the surface of macrophytes and phytoplankton is considered to be the main dissipation process for lambda‐cyhalothrin. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Persistence and residual activity of an organophosphate, pirimiphos‐methyl, and three IGRs, hexaflumuron, teflubenzuron and pyriproxyfen, against the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)
Authors: Abo‐Elghar Gamal E , El‐Sheikh Anwar E , El‐Sayed Ferial M , El‐Maghraby Hamdi M , El‐Zun Hesham M 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThree insect growth regulators (IGR), the chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSI) teflubenzuron and hexaflumuron and the juvenile hormone mimic (JHM) pyriproxyfen, as well as the organophosphate (OP) pirimiphos‐methyl, were evaluated for their activity against the cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus (F), in cowpea seeds stored for up to 8 months post‐treatment. The initial activity data showed that, based on LC50 level, teflubenzuron had strong ovicidal activity (LC50 = 0.056 mg kg−1) followed by pirimiphos‐methyl (1.82 mg kg−1) and pyriproxyfen (91.9 mg kg−1). The residual activity data showed that none of the IGRs tested had strong activity when applied at 200 mg kg−1 in reducing the oviposition rates of C maculatus at various storage intervals up to 8 months post‐treatment. However, teflubenzuron reduced adult emergence (F1 progeny), achieving control ranging from 96.2% at 1 month to 94.3% at 8 months. Hexaflumuron showed a similar trend in its residual activity, ranging between 93.8% control at 1 month to 88.2% control at 8 months post‐treatment. However, pyriproxyfen was more active than the CSIs tested and caused complete suppression (100% control) of adult emergence at all storage intervals. Unlike the IGRs tested, pirimiphos‐methyl applied at 25 mg kg−1 was more effective in reducing oviposition rates of C maculatus up to 8 months post‐treatment. A strong reduction of adult emergence was also observed at various bimonthly intervals (98.6% control at 1 month to 91.6% control at 8 months post‐treatment). The persistence of hexaflumuron and pirimiphos‐methyl in cowpea seeds was also studied over a period of 8 months. The loss of hexaflumuron residue in treated cowpeas (200 mg kg−1) was very slow during the first month post‐treatment (4.43%). At the end of 8 months, the residue level had declined significantly to 46.4% of the initial applied rate. The loss of pirimiphos‐methyl residue in treated cowpeas (25 mg kg−1) was relatively high during the first month post‐treatment (36.7%) and increased to 81.6% after 8 months. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Characterization of the bound residues of the fungicide cyprodinil formed in plant cell suspension cultures of wheat
Authors: Sapp Melanie , Ertunç Tanya , Bringmann Inken , Schäffer Andreas , Schmidt Burkhard 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe non‐extractable residues of the fungicide cyprodinil formed in heterotrophic cell suspension cultures of wheat were studied by application of [2‐pyrimidyl‐14C] or [2‐pyrimidyl‐13C]cyprodinil. The main objective was to examine whether solid‐state and liquid 13CNMR spectroscopy can be used to examine plant bound residues of pesticides. For 14C experiments, wheat suspensions grown on glucose as carbon source were treated with 10 mg litre−1 of 14C‐cyprodinil. After incubation for 12 days, 20% of applied 14C was detected as non‐extractable residues. The cell debris were treated with 0.1 M HCl (reflux), 1.0 M HCl (reflux), buffer, or 2 M NaOH (50 °C); Björkman lignin and acidolysis lignin fractions were also prepared from the debris. Radioactivity liberated and solubilized by these procedures was examined by thin‐layer chromatography and high‐performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that cyprodinil and primary metabolites contributed to the fungicide's bound residues. Most of the residues (12% of applied 14C) remained associated with polar or polymeric/oligomeric endogenous cell materials in a stable manner. For the study with 13C‐cyprodinil, wheat suspensions were cultivated on 13C‐depleted glucose for four growth cycles, resulting in maximum 13C depletion of the natural cell components to about 0.10%. During the fourth cycle, 13C‐labelled cyprodinil was applied, and cells were incubated (12 days). Cell debris was prepared and examined by solid‐state 13CNMR spectroscopy. Debris was then treated as described above in the 14C experiment. Solubilized fractions were analyzed by liquid 13CNMR spectroscopy. However, none of the 13CNMR spectra recorded gave utilizable or unambiguous results, and all exhibited large inconsistencies, especially concerning the data from the conventional 14C experiment. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Alternative oxidase reduces the sensitivity of Mycosphaerella graminicola to QOI fungicides
Authors: Miguez Monica , Reeve Charlotte , Wood Paul M , Hollomon Derek W 
Published: December 2003

AbstractForty‐six (1.5%) of nearly 3000 isolates of Mycosphaerella graminicola assayed in vitro were resistant to the QOI fungicide azoxystrobin, but on sub‐culturing only ten remained resistant. Cross‐resistance extended to other QOIs, but varied between different isolates. In planta the resistant isolates were not well controlled, especially at lower azoxystrobin dose rates. Propyl gallate, an inhibitor of alternative oxidase, potentiated the activity of azoxystrobin in vitro so that resistance was no longer observed. The growth of resistant strains in the presence of azoxystrobin led to alternative oxidase activation. This increased flexibility in respiration allows resistant strains to survive in the presence of a QOI fungicide. Under these conditions, selection for target‐site mutations can occur. Using QOIs preventatively reduces the risk of resistance since the alternative oxidase cannot by itself generate all the energy needed for germination and early infection. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry