bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unintentional Intravenous Infusion of Golytely in a 4-Year-Old Girl
Authors: Rivera Wilfredo , Velez Larissa I , Guzman Daniel D , Shepherd Greene 
Published: June 2004

OBJECTIVE: To report an accidental intravenous infusion of Golytely (polyethylene glycol and electrolyte solution; PEG-ELS) in a pediatric patient that did not result in systemic toxicity. CASE SUMMARY: A 4-year-old Hispanic girl presented to the emergency department after ingestion of approximately 24 tablets of 6-mercaptopurine (6-MP) 2 hours earlier. She vomited twice after receiving syrup of ipecac at home. Upon arrival, her vital signs were temperature 36.2 °C, heart rate 102 beats/min, respiratory rate 42 breaths/min, and blood pressure 115/67 mm Hg. Her physical examination was normal. The patient received activated charcoal 1 g/kg. Golytely administered through a nasogastric tube was ordered. Upon reevaluation, it was noted that the patient had received 391 mL of Golytely intravenously. The infusion was immediately stopped. There was no evidence of acidosis, renal failure, or ethylene glycol toxicity. She was admitted for observation and was discharged 36 hours later. DISCUSSION: As of April 29, 2004, accidental intravenous infusion of PEG-ELS has not been previously reported. Potential toxicity from Golytely is mainly related to the molecular weight of PEG in the formulation. PEG can theoretically be degraded to ethylene glycol. It is thus important to monitor acid—base status, renal function, and pulmonary function in these patients. CONCLUSIONS: When administered correctly, an infusion of PEG-ELS by nasogastric tube is a safe gastrointestinal decontamination technique used in toxicology; PEG-ELS is not indicated for intravenous administration. Protocols need to be implemented in the workplace to minimize errors in the delivery of treatment to patients. Fortunately, this patient did not have any toxicity from the intravenous infusion of Golytely.
Police Officers' Perceptions of Maps and Aerial Photographs
Authors: Canter Philip , Harries Keith 
Published: June 2004

With the increasing adoption of geographic information systems (GIS) by police departments and other law enforcement agencies around the world, the issue of how effectively maps and related media communicate information has become germane. In the police department, Baltimore County, Maryland, USA, a small sample survey of police officers was conducted in order to test the utility of alternative visualisations of crime data presented at varying geographic scales. The ultimate objective was to enhance understanding of the effectiveness of maps and aerial photographs commonly used in the context of various investigative, community, managerial, and other applications of GIS tools. Generally, representations containing richer detail were preferred over the conventional abstract linear maps that are usually the default in the context of GIS. Given this situation, faster microprocessors and cheap mass storage provide a rationale for making available maps and other imagery providing police department personnel with intensely rich visualisations of their environments. The underlying assumption is that richer images convey more information and ultimately result in better decision-making. This research was supported by a grant from the US Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice. Points of view are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the US Department of Justice. The authors contributed equally to the research.
Mechanism of the pressure induced reconstructive transformation of KCl from the NaCl type to the CsCl type structure
Authors: Zahn Dirk , Leoni Stefano 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The mechanism of the B1–B2 reconstructive phase transition in KCl is elucidated by a combination of geometric modeling and path sampling molecular dynamics simulations. Even for the limited size of the simulation system collective movements of the ions are found to be disfavored. Instead, the phase transition is observed to be initiated by a small nucleus, which grows in the course of the transition process. Both phases are separated by an interface exhibiting a B33 structure.
Metallic high-pressure modifications of main group elements
Authors: Schwarz Ulrich 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The high-pressure structural chemistry of main group elements in the metallic state is reviewed under consideration of more recent determinations of atomic arrangements with to some extend unexpected complexity. Following the concept of the pressure-coordination rule, the number of nearest neighbours is employed as a guiding quantity to reveal systematic trends. Violations of the rule will be mainly discussed in the light of electronic ground state changes upon compression.
Determination of Smoltification Status in Juvenile Migratory Rainbow Trout and Chinook Salmon in Minnesota
Authors: Negus Mary T. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The progress of smoltification was quantified with an enzyme assay (gill sodium-potassium-activated adenosine triphosphatase, or “Na+, K+-ATPase,” activity) in nonnative populations of migratory salmonines that are stocked or naturally spawned in Minnesota tributaries of Lake Superior. This information was needed to develop stocking strategies that would maximize imprinting at intended locations and to determine the causes and consequences of early emigration in stream-reared fish. Species and strains tested included (1) chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha during hatchery rearing and after stocking, (2) two strains of O. mykiss—steelhead (naturalized) and a Kamloops (hatchery) strain of migratory rainbow trout—during hatchery rearing and after stocking, and (3) stream-reared steelhead emigrants captured in smolt traps. The ATPase activity level that distinguished smolts from nonsmolts was 11 μmol Pi · (mg protein)−1 · h−1 for chinook salmon and 10 μmol Pi · (mg protein)−1 · h−1 for all groups of rainbow trout tested. Plots of ATPase activity against fork length, weight, and body depth indicated that 91% of chinook salmon and 100% of rainbow trout were stocked at sizes that exceeded a minimum size for smolting. Temperature appeared to influence smoltification of chinook salmon. Stocking into a river significantly increased ATPase activity levels of hatchery chinook salmon and Kamloops rainbow trout, but data were inconclusive for steelhead. Most stocked steelhead fry and naturally spawned steelhead that emigrated before age 2 were not smolts and may have emigrated as a result of natural exploratory movement. My results suggest that stocking all fish in May or June, controlling rearing and stocking temperatures of chinook salmon, and controlling the sizes attained by migratory rainbow trout in the hatchery may maximize in-stream smolting and future homing to desired locations.
Technological and Economic Interrelationships in Hawaii's Troll and Handline Fisheries
Authors: Sharma Khem R. , Pradhan Naresh C. , Leung Pingsun 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
This paper examines technological and economic interrelationships in Hawaii's troll and handline fisheries. A multiproduct dual revenue function was specified separately for the two fisheries to estimate own-price, cross-price, and effort elasticities of supply for selected species or groups of species. Various aspects of multiproduct cost structure were also analyzed with the information contained in the revenue function model. The null hypothesis of nonjointness in inputs was rejected for the troll fishery but not for the handline fishery. Thus, single-species management may be inappropriate for the former but appropriate for the latter. The acceptance of the input-output separability hypothesis in both fisheries suggests that management of the whole multispecies fishery, rather than regulation of a few key species, may be warranted. Own-price and cross-price elasticity estimates for the troll fishery suggest that the fishers' output supply decisions depend on prices and that pairs of individual species are either substitutes or complements in production. However, in the handline fishery, neither the individual species' own prices nor the prices of other species were found to affect the output supply decisions. Output supplies under both fisheries were positively affected by the effort level. Both fisheries were characterized by cost anticomplementarities, decreasing multiproduct economies of scale, and inelastic cost elasticities.
Active and Passive Management of the Recreational Fishery for Pacific Halibut off the U.S. West Coast
Authors: Williams Gregg H. , Blood Calvin L. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Since the 1970s, the recreational fishery for Pacific halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis off the West Coast of the United States (Washington, Oregon, and California) has grown substantially, thereby reducing the amount of halibut available to other users. A catch sharing plan (CSP) was developed in 1988 to allocate the available yield among recreational fishers, commercial fishers, and treaty Indian tribes. The CSP defines the share of the total available catch allocated to each group and further subdivisions within the groups. The most complex allocation is that for the recreational fishery, which is managed by the agencies of the three coastal states, the federal fisheries agency, and an international commission that has overall responsibility for the preservation of the species. Management tools for the recreational fishery include seasons, bag limits, closed areas, vessel licensing and registration, minimum length limits, and various levels of catch monitoring. Although the recreational fishery has been managed conservatively, catches often exceed catch limits, though not substantially. Further refinements to management will probably need to pursue new directions, as current management practices are performing as well as can be expected.
A Predictive Risk Model for Electroshock-Induced Mortality of the Endangered Cape Fear Shiner
Authors: Holliman F. Michael , Reynolds James B. , Kwak Thomas J. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
We evaluated the effects of a single electroshock on injury and mortality of hatchery-reared Cape Fear shiners Notropis mekistocholas (N = 517), an endangered cyprinid. Groups of 18-22 Cape Fear shiners were exposed to DC, 120-Hz pulsed DC (PDC), or 60-Hz PDC at voltage gradients of 1.1, 1.9, or 2.7 V/cm for 3 s. Mortality occurred only among fish exposed to 120-Hz PDC (25%) and DC (38%) applied at 2.7 V/cm. Because no mortality occurred in Cape Fear shiners exposed to 60-Hz PDC, this waveform was selected for further study of electroshock duration (3, 6, 12, 24, or 48 s) and voltage gradient (0.9, 1.6, or 2.3 V/cm). Most fish electroshocked in the experiments were immobilized (ceased swimming motion). No physical injury was detected by necropsy or radiography in any fish. Electroshock-induced mortality of Cape Fear shiners showed a strong multivariable relationship to voltage gradient, electroshock duration, and fish length. Fish subjected to 60-Hz PDC at 0.9 or 1.6 V/cm for 6 s experienced low mortality (&lt;10%). Our results demonstrate that Cape Fear shiners can be immobilized by 60-Hz PDC electroshock without injury or significant risk of mortality. We propose that electrofishing may be safely used to sample similar small cyprinids, imperiled or otherwise, when electrofishers select an appropriate waveform (DC pulsed at 60-Hz or less) and use it judiciously (minimal exposure at, or below, the immobilization threshold).
Estimating the Economic Impacts of a Trophy Largemouth Bass Fishery: Issues and Applications
Authors: Chen R. J. , Hunt K. M. , Ditton R. B. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
We sought to apply economic impact assessment methodology to better understand the local and state-level economic impacts associated with a trophy largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides fishery at Lake Fork, Texas. A sample of 848 anglers encountered during creel surveys were sent follow-up mail surveys and asked about their trip expenditures. Creel surveys indicated 74% of anglers were nonlocal state residents, 11% were residents of the three adjacent counties, 10% were from adjacent states, and 5% were other out-of-state anglers. An estimated 204,739 one-person, multiple-day fishing trips were made to Lake Fork between June 1, 1994, and May 31, 1995. We estimate that US$27,487,000 was spent on fishing trips during the study period: $15,783,000 in the local area, $10,637,000 elsewhere in Texas, and $1,067,000 out-of-state. Local residents spent the least per angler/trip ($44) and out-of-state anglers from nonbordering states spent the most per angler/trip ($474). Anglers residing outside of the local area (nonlocal residents and border state and other out-of-state residents) made about $14,540,000 (92%) of the total expenditures in the Lake Fork area. These direct expenditures for local goods and services generated an additional $4,019,871 in economic output, resulting in a total output of $18,559,871 and 367 full- and part-time jobs. The total value-added generated by this increased level of output was estimated at $9,355,999. The total output associated with the fishery at the state level was $9,585,057, and nonresident angler expenditures created 163 jobs in Texas. Besides showing the extent of positive economic impacts of nonlocal fishing activity, these results reveal the extent to which private sector stakeholders benefited from recreational fishing at Lake Fork.
Relative Survival and Growth of Triploid and Diploid Rainbow Trout in Two Idaho Reservoirs
Authors: Teuscher David M. , Schill Daniel J. , Megargle Douglas J. , Dillon Jeff C. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine whether triploid rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss grew faster or lived longer than diploid rainbow trout stocked in two southeastern Idaho reservoirs. In October 1996, triploid and diploid rainbow trout were differentially marked and stocked in equal proportions. Relative survival and growth rates were estimated by means of gill-net and electrofishing samples collected through October 2000. In both reservoirs, the relative survival rate (total catch) was significantly higher for triploid fish. The final catch ratios (triploid: diploid) were 1.4:1 and 1.9:1 in the Treasureton and Daniels reservoirs, respectively. We also observed ontogenetic differences in growth. At age 1, mean lengths and weights were similar for the triploid and diploid fish in each reservoir. During the second year, diploids weighed significantly more than triploids. The trend reversed as the diploid fish matured: age-3 and older triploids matched or exceeded diploid fish in length though not in weight. Our findings suggest that while managers considering the use of triploid rainbow trout for trophy management should not expect a consistent growth advantage, such use may extend the period that a specific plant of fish is susceptible to anglers.
Predation by Northern Pikeminnow on Hatchery and Wild Coho Salmon Smolts in the Chehalis River, Washington
Authors: Fresh Kurt L. , Schroder Steven L. , Carr Mark I. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
One explanation for the low smolt-to-adult survival rates of hatchery and wild coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch originating from the Chehalis River, Washington, is predation by northern pikeminnow Ptychocheilus oregonensis. To evaluate this hypothesis, we studied predation by northern pikeminnow on emigrating coho salmon smolts in the undammed, lower main-stem Chehalis River (river kilometers (rkm) 27-82) during Apr and May of 1988 and 1989. Where only wild coho salmon smolts were available, we estimated that northern pikeminnow ate 0.2% of the 1,100,000 wild coho salmon smolts migrating through this reach in 1989. In the reach where both hatchery and wild fish were present, northern pikeminnow ate about 0.9% of the hatchery and wild coho salmon available in this area in 1989. Thus, the total estimated loss of coho salmon smolts due to northern pikeminnow predation in the lower main-stem Chehalis River in 1989 was approximately 18,200 fish. This was about two orders of magnitude less than the loss that we predicted to occur if northern pikeminnow were primarily responsible for the low survival rates of coho salmon in this basin. Evidence suggested that most of the predation was occurring on hatchery origin fish below rkm 42. We conclude that northern pikeminnow were not responsible for the low survival rates of coho salmon smolts in the Chehalis River Basin, but they do have a more significant impact on the survival of hatchery-produced coho salmon than on the survival of wild coho salmon.
A Trap for Handling Adult Anadromous Salmonids at Lower Granite Dam on the Snake River, Washington
Authors: Harmon Jerrel R. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
During the winter of 1995 and spring of 1996, the trapping facility in the fish ladder at Lower Granite Dam on the Snake River was modified to create a system that permits processing large numbers of adult fish while minimizing stress caused by handling. This was accomplished primarily by incorporating a gravity-flow dewatering system into the trap. Adults passing up the fish ladder can be sampled randomly or with the use of diversion systems that sample for coded wire or passive integrated transponder tags. About 13% of the 1,060,059 adult Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. and steelhead O. mykiss that passed through the facility from 1996 through 2001 were diverted for various research collections and observations.
Estimation of Fishing Tournament Mortality and Its Sampling Variance
Authors: Wilde Gene R. , Pope Kevin L. , Strauss Richard E. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The mortality of fish captured in fishing tournaments has commonly been estimated incorrectly and, thus far, only one account has presented an estimate of the standard error or confidence interval for tournament-associated mortality. In this article we describe methods for estimating the initial, delayed, and total mortality of tournament-caught fish and provide formulae for estimating the sampling variances of these estimates. The absence of such estimates from previous studies may explain an observed lack of change in tournament-associated mortality between the 1980s and the 1990s. Our methods provide insight into the design of studies of tournament-associated mortality and suggest, for example, that many previous studies have held too few fish for observation and have greatly undersampled control fish. Improved study design and reporting should increase our understanding of the factors influencing tournament-associated mortality.
Responses to Gizzard Shad Recovery following Selective Treatment in Walker County Lake, Alabama, 1996-1999
Authors: Irwin Brian J. , DeVries Dennis R. , Kim Gene W. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Gizzard shad Dorosoma cepedianum is an important prey fish that is capable of influencing both the upper and lower trophic levels in aquatic systems. Contrary to our predictions, during the 4 years after a selective reduction of gizzard shad in Walker County State Fishing Lake (WCL), Alabama, the sport fish population structure did not decline as gizzard shad abundance rebounded. Adult gizzard shad catch rates in electrofishing transects (g/h) increased annually, and we saw a concomitant reduction of the WCL zooplankton community over the 4-year period. Limnetic larval gizzard shad density was highest in the second postreduction year and declined during the third and fourth years. In years when larval gizzard shad appeared in limnetic larval fish samples before larval white crappies Pomoxis annularis, larval white crappie densities were low. Conversely, the density of limnetic larval sunfishes Lepomis spp. was unrelated to that of larval gizzard shad, probably because of the protracted reproduction periods of the sunfishes. The combination of the density-dependent growth of juvenile gizzard shad and continual production of age-0 sunfishes provided abundant prey for largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides. Consequently, both the electrofishing catch rates and relative weights of largemouth bass remained high throughout the 4-year postreduction period, contrary to the a priori expectations that prompted the reduction. Although gizzard shad biomass increased markedly during the recovery period, a decline in the sport fishery was not apparent within the 4-year period of this study. Our findings suggest that the interval between treatments to reduce the gizzard shad population in WCL may be increased to more than 3 years, potentially saving time and personnel costs and providing an opportunity for positive public relations with respect to fish management in such a system.
An Evaluation of an Electronic Logbook as a More Accurate Method of Estimating Spatial Patterns of Trawling Effort and Bycatch in the Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery
Authors: Gallaway Benny J. , Cole John G. , Martin Larry R. , Nance James M. , Longnecker Michael 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Penaeid shrimp trawling effort in the Gulf of Mexico is not measured directly but is estimated from landings and interview data gathered by port agents of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). The total pounds landed from each trip are assigned to one or more of the 219 statistical area-depth zone cells for which a catch rate (pounds per nominal day fished or catch per unit effort (CPUE)) is also obtained. Each month, the total landings in pounds for each cell are divided by the CPUE of the cell to determine effort or days fished. These values are summed across all cells and months to provide an estimate of total effort. The accuracy of total effort estimates is directly proportional to the accuracy of the landings allocations and estimated CPUE values. It has been assumed that allocation errors are random and that directional bias is negligible. In a previous paper, we described an electronic logbook (ELB) that enables accurate measurement of the spatial patterns of fishing effort. Herein, we provide comparisons of actual areas fished, pounds landed, and catch rates as measured with ELBs to the corresponding estimates made by NMFS port agents. The results show that directional bias occurs and that CPUE is often underestimated. Based on 135 trip comparisons, midshelf effort in 2000 was greatly overestimated, whereas nearshore and deepwater effort was substantially underestimated. If our effort results are representative, present estimates of the bycatch of midshelf species may therefore be greatly overestimated, whereas the converse may be true for nearshore and deepwater species. We suggest that a cooperative program involving both NMFS and industry should be implemented based on ELB technology and the port agent network to obtain more precise and accurate estimates of shrimp trawling effort with minimal impact on the fishers.
Movement of Smallmouth Bass in Elkhorn Creek, Kentucky
Authors: VanArnum Christy J. Gunderson , Buynak Gerard L. , Ross Jeffrey R. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Movement patterns of 305–406-mm smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu were observed by use of radiotelemetry in main-stem Elkhorn Creek and the Kentucky River, Kentucky, in 2000 and 2001 to determine impacts of movement and homing ability on a special regulation area within the open-river system. Smallmouth bass are protected from harvest in main-stem Elkhorn Creek by a 305–406-mm protective slot limit, but can be harvested in the Kentucky River under a 305-mm minimum length limit. In 2000, 39 smallmouth bass radio-tagged in May and June after spawning were composed of migratory (69%) and sedentary (31%) groups, with 13% utilizing the Kentucky River. In 2001, 15 smallmouth bass radio-tagged in late March prior to spawning were year-round sedentary residents; 20% made limited movements out of their original capture pool. In addition, we displaced 15 smallmouth bass from Elkhorn Creek into the Kentucky River in March 2001 to observe and quantify homing; 60% of the fish returned to the creek from their displacement locations. Managers should consider movement patterns when developing special regulation areas, particularly as seasonal movements may affect the size and scope of the area necessary for adequate protection.