bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical growth and age at eruption of deciduous and permanent teeth in well‐nourished Indian girls from birth to 20 years
Authors: Kaur Balvinder , Singh Raghbir 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe results of a cross‐sectional anthropometric survey of 1,643 well‐nourished girls, from birth to 20 years, from the city of Delhi (India) are reported. The standardized measurements of body weight, height/crown–heel length, sitting height/crown–rump length, biacromial and bicristal diameters, head circumference, chest girth, upper arm girth, calf girth and skinfolds at biceps, triceps, and subscapular regions were taken for each subject. Medians fall between the 10th and 25th percentiles of National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) reference data for height and the 10th and 50th percentiles for weight. The mean height and weight of the present girls are above the national reference values given by Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). Means and standard deviations of the weight/height ratio and body mass index (BMI) are also presented. The height/weight ratio increases continuously with age to 18 years. The mean values of the BMI, however, decrease to 6 years, rising afterward to adulthood. Median ages of eruption of deciduous and permanent teeth are presented. The first deciduous tooth to emerge in present girls is mandibular I1 at 7.6 months. The sequence of emergence based on ascending median ages is I1, I2, M1, C, and M2 for both maxillary as well as mandibular deciduous teeth. The permanent set of dentition starts with the emergence of mandibular M1 at 5.75 years. Despite the rapid physical growth of American and British girls, the present girls are ahead in dental emergence and show earlier emergence of maxillary and mandibular permanent premolars, suggesting a genetic basis for the emergence of deciduous and permanent teeth. Partial correlation coefficients with age constant between height and the number of erupted deciduous and permanent teeth are positive and significant, reflecting an association, to some degree, with height and weight. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The analysis and identification of homologizer/moderator variables when the moderator is continuous: An illustration with anthropometric data
Authors: Allison David B. , Heshka Stanley , Pierson Richard N. , Wang Jack , Heymsfield Steven B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHuman biological data often contain homologizers, that is, variables which moderate the strength rather than the form of the relationship between two other variables. Current methods for the identification and analysis of continuous homologizer variables [Z] (variables which moderate the strength rather than the form of a relationship between other variables [X,Y]) recommend dividing the sample into subgroups on the basis of the homologizer variable (Z) and testing whether correlations (X,Y) are significantly different among subgroups. We propose an alternative strategy which avoids the use of subgroups and which offers greater power to detect homologizer effects. In addition, it allows the identification of homologizer effects in data sets where multiplicative as well as additive terms are included in the model. The proposed strategy is validated through Monte Carlo simulations and an example of its application to a set of anthropometric data is given. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Apolipoprotein polymorphisms and phenotypic variability in American Samoans: Preliminary data
Authors: Crews Douglas E. , Bindon James R. , Kamboh Mohammad I. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHuman apolipoprotein genetic variation is associated with phenotypic variability in body habitus and in lipid and glucose metabolism, interrelated aspects of human physiology. In this study, structural variation at the apolipoprotein E and H loci, documented for 67 residents of American Samoa, was investigated for associations with body habitus, plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin, pulse rate, and blood pressure. Compared to men with the common APO E*3 allele, those with APO E*2 had higher weight, percent trunk fat, ratio of subscapular to triceps skinfold, and larger subscapular, suprailiac, and medial calf skinfolds; men with the APO E*4 allele had lower weight, body mass index (BMI), upper arm circumference, estimated arm muscle circumference, and a smaller suprailiac skinfold. Such variability by apolipoprotein E types was not observed in Samoan women nor when men and women were combined for analysis with or without statistical control for sex. At the APO H locus, little difference in aspects of body habitus was observed between men carrying the most common APO H*2 allele and the less common APO H*1 allele. Percent trunk fat and the subscapular to triceps skinfold ratio tended to be larger in women with the APO H*1 allele. Plasma glucose and glycated hemoglobin were lower in Samoans with the APO E*2 and E*4 alleles, but higher in those with the APO H*1 allele. Blood pressure and pulse rate were lower and higher, respectively, in those with the APO E*4 allele. The observed associations differ from those observed in Caucasian, Japanese, and Hispanic samples, and support suggestions that associations between apolipoprotein polymorphisms and morphological measures vary across ethnic groups. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fertility and infertility in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Jenkins Carol 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFertility levels in selected populations of coastal and highland Madang Province of Papua New Guinea are analyzed from reproductive history data. Changing levels of fertility between 1964 and 1984 are examined using reconstructed censuses. Age‐specific infertility rates are calculated and evaluated with available data on rates of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) and contraceptive usage. These suggest that STD‐associated infertility may be a major factor underlying levels of fertility lower than expected. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Twice‐daily measurements of stature and body weight in two children and one adult
Authors: Kobayashi Masako , Togo Masami 
Published: June 2005

AbstractStature and body weight of two children, 12.5 and 9.3 years, and their mother were measured twice daily for 488 days, immediately after rising and just before bed. The time of the measurements was also recorded and diurnal changes during daytime and nighttime were estimated. Stature began to decrease instantaneously after rising. Therefore, morning measurements were made immediately after rising. Stature decreased during the day, and the mean daytime loss was 1.78 cm in the older child, 1.61 cm in the younger child, and 1.43 cm in the adult. Stature increased during sleep hours at night, and the mean nighttime gain was 1.79 cm, 1.63 cm, and 1.43 cm in each subject, respectively. Stature also increased after naps and a bath. Body weight decreased during sleep hours at night, and the mean nighttime loss was 0.46 kg, and 0.38 kg, and 0.36 kg in each subject, respectively. Diurnal changes were largest in the older child, while the ratios of changes (ΔST/ST, ΔWT/WT) were largest in the younger child whose growth rate was the greatest. In the children, the nighttime gain of stature was not as highly correlated with hours of sleep as in the adult. Diurnal change varies depending upon sleep hours and stage of growth. Rapid growth in stature of 1 cm in only three weeks was observed once in the younger child. During this period, diurnal change was smaller than the mean value over 488 days. In the older child, the growth rate decreased in both stature and weight about three months after menarche. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Body elemental composition of the neonate: New reference data
Authors: Ellis Kenneth J. , Shypailo Roman J. , Schanler Richard J. , Langston Claire 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe total body elemental content of seventeen neonates at postmortem was examined; deaths had occurred within 10 days of birth. Body weights ranged from 510 to 4,050 g at examination; gestational ages at birth ranged from 24 to 42 weeks. Nondestructive in situ procedures were used: 40K counting and delayed‐gamma neutron activation analysis. The total body content of K, Ca, P, Na, and Cl was measured and compared with estimates for the reference fetus model. Body elemental contents were significantly correlated with body weight (r = 0.92−0.98, P < 0.001). These data will be useful in determining postnatal nutritional needs. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The impact of energy intake and energy expenditure of activity on the familial transmission of adiposity in an indian population
Authors: Mitchell L. E. , Nirmala A. , Rice T. , Reddy P. Chengal , Rao D. C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe effect of current energy intake and energy expenditure of activity on the familial transmission of five adiposity phenotypes was assessed using data from 473 nuclear families from the Chittoor district of Andhra Pradesh, India. Three measures of fatness, body mass index, the sum of six skinfolds, and the sum of three trunk skinfolds, and two measures of fat patterning, the ratio of trunk to extremity subcutaneous fat and the ratio of the subscapular skinfold to the sum of the subscapular and suprailiac skinfolds, were analyzed. Maximum likelihood estimates of the transmissibility of each phenotype were obtained under a pseudopolygenic model, after adjusting for the effects of (1) age within sex, and (2) current energy intake, energy expenditure of activity, and age within sex. The transmissible variance component for each phenotype was less after adjustment for age and energy than after adjustment for age alone. This difference was greater for the three measures of fatness than it was for the fat patterning phenotypes. However, even after adjusting for the effects of age, energy intake and energy expenditure, there is evidence of a low to moderate, but significant, transmissible component, which accounts for 4–22% of the variance in each of the five phenotypes. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationships of motor performance of adult men to anthropometry: A multivariate analysis
Authors: Lefevre Johan , Dufour Anne‐Beatrice , Beunen Gaston , Claessens Albrecht L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRelationships between 12 anthropometric characteristics and motor performance, as measured by various fitness tests, were considered in a sample of 165 Flemish adults observed at age 30 years. In addition to a bivariate correlation study, a canonical correlation analysis was carried out. More than 72% of the variance was shared by the first three canonical variables. The first canonical variable can be explained as a general size function. Static and functional strength are clearly related to this function. The second canonical variable can be interpreted as a size‐fatness function. Nearly all motor tests are projected on the second composite, indicating that in adult men, subcutaneous fatness is negatively related to physical fitness. By means of a biplot of the first two canonical variables, interrelationships between body dimensions and motor performance are clarified. A combination of the first two functions seems to provide information about physique. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Population structure of the Island of Korcula, Croatia
Authors: Janicijevic B. , Roberts D. F. , Rudan P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSerogenetic data on 16 systems and migration data from birthplaces of parent and offspring, collected from 949 inhabitants of 8 vilages on the island of Korcula in the eastern Adriatic (Croatia), were analysed. Geographic distance is not a strong determinant of the population structure on the island. The pattern of the genetic variation now observed derives mainly from history and migration behavior. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Validity of anthropometric techniques for estimating percentage body fat in obese females before and after sizable weight loss
Authors: Seip Richard L. , Snead David , Weltman Arthur 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe validity of selected generalized (n = 7) and obese population‐specific (n = 2) skinfold and girth based anthropometric equations (using hydrostatic weighing as the criterion measure) was evaluated in 19 obese women before and after a mean body weight loss of 19.4 kg (percent body fat was reduced from 45.3% to 35.4%). For the present study, evaluation criteria of mean differences in percent body fat (%BF) of < 3%, r values > 0.70, and total error (T.E.) values of < 5% were selected. Only the equations that utilized girths as part of the prediction technique (Barrows and Snook, 1987; Jackson et al., 1980; Tran and Weltman, 1989; Weltman et al., 1988) resulted in mean differences in %BF of less than 3%, r values of > 0.70 and T.E. values of less than 5% in obese women before weight loss. After 19.4 kg of weight loss, all but three of the equations resulted in mean differences in %BF of less than 3%, r values of > 0.70 and T.E. values of less than 5%. The obese population‐specific equations of Barrows and Snook (1987) and Weltman et al. (1988) were not accurate predictors of body composition after weight loss as they resulted in mean differences of 4.5–7.0 %BF. Although some of the equations examined were valid predictors of %BF either before or after weight loss, only the Jackson et al. (1980) equations which utilized both skinfolds and hip girth, and the Tran and Weltman (1988) equation which utilized trunk girths, resulted in mean differences of < 3 %BF, r values > r = 0.70, and T.E. scores of < ± 5 %BF both before and after weight loss. It was concluded that the prediction techniques of Jackson et al. (1980) and Tran and Weltman (1989), which utilize girth measures as part of the prediction technique, may have clinical utility for estimating changes in %BF in obese females before and after sizable weight loss. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Birth weight and weight, stature, and body mass index at ages 6 and 14 years
Authors: Gofin Rosa , Adler Bella , Maddela Rolando 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTo analyze the effect of birth weight on weight, stature, and the Body Mass Index (BMI) at the ages of 6 and 14 years, 1,115 Jerusalem schoolchildren were studied. Correlations were low, but higher between birth and 6 years (range 0.10–0.31) than between birth and 14 years (range 0.04–0.20). The positive predictive values for the highest quartile of BMI at 6 and 14 years were 29.6 and 29.4% among boys, 31.4 and 33.0% among girls. They were highest for menstruating girls, 35.6 and 40.0%, respectively. These girls were already heavier at age 6 than other girls and bodys. Aanalysis of covariance showed that birth weight was consistently associated with weight, stature, and the BMI, while mother's origin, education and age, and the number of children in the family were not. Overall, the explained variance was low and decreased with age in both sexes. It was higher for stature than for weight, and was specially low for the BMI. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Obesity and upper body fat distribution in Mexican American children from families with a diabetic proband
Authors: Chakraborty Bandana M. , Mueller William H. , Joos Sandra K. , Hanis Craig L. , Barton Sara A. , Schull William J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractUpper and centralized body fat distribution is associated with non‐insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Few studies have focused on anthropometric characteristics of preadults from families in which there is a diabetic (NIDDM) proband. This study explores the prevalence of upper and centralized body fatness in Mexican American children from the Diabetes Alert study (1981–1983) in Starr County, Texas. Anthropometric data on 165 males and 224 females 9–19 years include measures of adiposity such as skinfold thicknesses and the body mass index (BMI), a measure of overweight. They show rates of obesity two to three times that of White children of comparable age and sex from National Health Surveys. In comparison with U.S. White subjects, Mexican American adults are shorter, have more adiposity and arm muscle mass and have sitting heights and body breadths at the mean of these dimensions for the U.S. population. Children from Diabetes Alert families show only marginal excess of severe obesity (> 95th percentile of BMI) when compared to the general population of children surveyed in Starr County schools. Girls from these families, but not boys, have excess fatness in the BMI compared to Mexican American children from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES); suprailiac skinfold thicknesses are also greater in children of the Diabetes Alert study than in HHANES children. From 1972 through 1982, Mexican American children in South Texas showed an increase in average stature, weight, and the BMI. These data together suggest that excessive obesity exists and may be increasing in children in populations at risk for NIDDM. The prevention of NIDDM in the Mexican American population may be more effective if educational and promotional interventions include the school aged population. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical use of the knee height measuring device to detect growth deficiency
Authors: Stallings Virginia A. , Cronk Christine E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAssessment of growth deficiency cannot usually be carried out until after 6 months of observation because errors associated with height measurement preclude use of shorter periods. In an effort to shorten this time period, the Knee Height Measuring Device (KHMD), a highly precise and reliable instrument and method for measuring child growth, was compared with height in detecting and clasifying growth in a group of healthy school children, and in a small group of children with Crohn disease known to be experiencing growth failure. Children were measured at 28 day intervals. Measurement error (me) (the standard deviation of the replicates for knee height, and technical error of measurement \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$$ \sqrt {\sum {{\rm d}^{\rm 2} {\rm /2n,}}} $$\end{document} for height) was used as the basis for detection and classification of growth. To estimate an error that might be typical in a clinical setting, the me from this study was doubled. Then to account for errors associated with both the first and second measurements used to compute growth rates, this value was doubled again. The me for knee height was 0.33 mm (SD = 0.22), yielding a minimum detectable growth of 1.32 mm, and the me for height was 2.7 mm, yielding a minimum detectable growth of 10.8 mm. Using 56 day knee height growth (mean 3.77 mm SD 1.43) more than 95% of growth rates for healthy children exceeded the minimum criterion, whereas for 56 day height growth (mean 8.7 mm, SD = 5.3), only about 28% of the growth rates for healthy children were greater than the criterion. Sensitivity and specificity for 56 day growth knee height and height growth were compared for classifying growth rates of the healthy children and children with Crohn disease using the me criteria. For knee height, a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 96% were achieved, whereas the sensitivity and specificity for 56 day height growth were 75% and 30% respectively. Parallel analyses comparing 56 day knee height with 6 month height velocity could not be carried including the children with Crohn disease. However, using the 5th centile from age and sex specific height velocity from Baumgartner et al. [Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 43:711–722, 1986], the expected number of healthy children in this sample (5.7%) were less than 5th centile. This would yield a specificity for 6 month height growth (94.2%) which is similar to that for 56 day knee height. It is concluded that measurement of knee height over 56 days may potentially be useful in shortening the time for clinical detection of growth deficiency. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crown size variability in the deciduous dentition of South Australian children
Authors: Farmer Victoria , Townsend Grant 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAlthough many studies of the permanent dentition have been published, there are still relatively few reports relating to variability within the deciduous dentition. The aim of this study was to provide a detailed description of crown size variability in the deciduous dentition of South Australian children. Dental impressions were obtained of 160 children, 3–6 years of age, and stone models constructed. Mesiodistal and buccolingual crown diameters were recorded from the dental models using a computerized data acquisition system. Several aspects of deciduous tooth size were studied, including variation within and between dental arches, sexual dimorphism, and correlations within and between crown diameters. Principal components analysis was used to summarize the inter‐correlated tooth size data and to facilitate the biological interpretation of common variability. The magnitude and pattern of mean values for deciduous tooth size were similar in South Australian children to published data for other Caucasian populations. Although mean values for tooth size were generally larger in boys than in girls, sexual dimorphism in deciduous tooth size was low. Correlation analyses indicated low to moderate associations for size between teeth in the same arch, with highest values between the molars. In both sexes there was a tendency for correlations between buccolingual dimensions to exceed those between mesiodistal dimensions. Although distinct morphogenetic fields have not been defined in the deciduous dentition, there appeared to be a gradient of decreasing size variability from anterior to posterior, with the second deciduous molar being particularly stable. The observed pattern of phenotypic variation appeared to be directly related to the relative length of the developmental period that tooth crowns spent in the soft tissue stage prior to calcification. Multivariate analyses confirmed some overall coordination for crown size of deciduous teeth, but also highlighted specific size patterning related to incisor, canine, and molar regions. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prediction of fat‐free mass in black and white pre‐adolescent and adolescent girls from anthropometry and impedance
Authors: Guo Shumei S. , Khoury Philip R. , Specker Bonny , Heubi James , Chumlea Wm. Cameron , Siervogel Roger M. , Morrison John A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAs an ancillary project of the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute's Growth and Health Study (NGHS), data of 31 black girls and 38 white girls, 10–16 years of age, were used to develop equations to predict fat‐free mass (FFM) from selected anthropometric dimensions and bioelectric impedance measures of resistance and reactance. Subjects were drawn from ongoing projects at the Children's Hospital Medical Center (CHMC) to obtain girls of both races from a wide range of body mass indices. FFM was estimated from measures of dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA). The resulting equations had a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.9 kg and a coefficient of variation (CV) of 4.9% for black girls using independent variables: stature divided by resistance squared (S2/R), thigh circumference, subscapular and suprailiac skinfold thicknesses. The corresponding values for white girls were 1.1 kg and 3.2% using independent variables: S2/R, arm circumference, weight, and reactance divided by resistance (R/Rc). In addition to cross‐validating the ethnic‐specific equations using PRESS statistics, the equation for white girls was also cross‐validated using an independent sample of 35 girls from the Fels Longitudinal Study selected to match the CHMC sample. The cross‐validation yielded a pure error of 2.4 kg FFM and a CV of 7%. The predicted values for FFM from the equations were used to calculate percentage of body fat in the CHMC sample and the pure errors for estimating percentage of body fat were 3% for blacks and 2% for whites. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.