bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early Years: Education
Authors: Toomer G J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Selden was born on 16 December 1584 at a cottage named ‘Lacies’ in Salvington, a hamlet in the parish of West Tarring, Sussex, and baptized in the parish church four days later. He was the eldest child and only surviving son of John Selden and his wife Margaret, née Baker. His father was a ‘yeoman’, i.e. a small landed property owner. His mother, however, came from a higher class: she was the only child and heir of Thomas Baker Esq. of nearby Rustington, who was supposed to be related to the well-known Baker family of Sissinghurst, Kent.
Early Works
Authors: Toomer G J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before examining in detail the earliest works written by Selden (up to and including Illustrations to Poly-Olbion of 1612), I offer two general observations. First, from the very beginning of his public appearance as an author, he carefully documented the authorities for almost every statement of fact, either in the text or more usually in the margin. While many earlier examples of such elaborate citation are known, it was very far from being standard scholarly practice at the time. On the other hand, the references given by Selden are not necessarily the places whence he first derived his information.
Writings on English Legal History
Authors: Toomer G J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we reflect that most of Selden’s scholarly work was connected with law (this is true, for instance, of all of his publications on Jewish topics), it is remarkable how few, and how slight, were those essays of his specific- ally on the history of English law. There is of course a great deal relevant to that topic in many other works of his, especially Titles of Honor, Historie of Tithes, Eadmer, and Mare Clausum, which reveal an expertise unrivalled in his own time and perhaps never surpassed; but only two of his published works, Fortescue and Dissertatio ad Fletam, are directly con- cerned with English law. To these we may add two slight treatises pub- lished only after his death, Original of Testaments and Intestates Goods.
The Historie of Tithes
Authors: Toomer G J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just as De Diis Syris introduced Selden’s name to the Republic of Letters, so his next work made him known in England outside the literary and legal circles in London to which his fame had hitherto been confined. The circumstances of its publication, and the events which followed, made it a turning point in his life. In contrast to De Diis Syris, which has long been completely obsolete, Historie of Tithes has never been replaced as a comprehensive treatment of its topic. Since it was a book which occasioned great controversy, some account of the background to that controversy is necessary.
Introduction
Authors: Gibson Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discovery of the square root of two is a capital event. The accumulation of plague-stricken corpses in the streets of Athens is not. According to Alain Badiou, this is the Platonic view. Badiou thinks Plato was right. For a mathematical discovery is testimony to the affirmative capacity of thought and, as such, of interest to the philosophical mind. The same can be conceded of Lucretius’ poetic response to the Athenian pestilence at the end of De Rerum Natura, for the same reason. But, though brute catastrophe may rightly concern the poet or scientist, or, if it is a political catastrophe, the political activist, it is of no concern to the philosopher.
The Break with Doxa: Murphy, Watt
Authors: Gibson Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Badiou has recently called for an end to talk of the ‘end of representation’ (CR, 85) and shown interest in novelists whose work is comparatively representational (Melville, Conrad, Faulkner). His aesthetic position has none the less always been closely linked to radical abstraction in art. Not surprisingly, then, he has nothing to say about Murphy or Beckett’s early realism, or Beckett’s turn away from realism after Murphy. This is one of the more striking lacunae in his narrative of Beckett’s career. There are very good reasons, however, for not neglecting Murphy here.
The Emergence of Distinctive Features
Authors: Mielke Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book makes a fundamental contribution to phonology, linguistic typology, and the nature of the human language faculty. Distinctive features in phonology distinguish one meaningful sound from another. Since the mid-twentieth century they have been seen as a set characterizing all possible phonological distinctions and as an integral part of Universal Grammar, the innate language faculty underlying successive versions of Chomskyan generative theory. The usefulness of distinctive features in phonological analysis is uncontroversial, but the supposition that features are innate and universal rather than learned and language-specific has never, until now, been systematically tested. In his pioneering account Jeff Mielke presents the results of a crosslinguistic survey of natural classes of distinctive features covering almost six hundred of the world's languages drawn from a variety of different families. He shows that no theory is able to characterize more than 71 per cent of classes, and further that current theories, deployed either singly or collectively, do not predict the range of classes that occur and recur. He reveals the existence of apparently unnatural classes in many languages. Even without these findings, he argues, there are reasons to doubt whether distinctive features are innate: for example, distinctive features used in signed languages are different from those in spoken languages, even though deafness is generally not hereditary. The author explains the grouping of sounds into classes and concludes by offering a unified account of what previously have been considered to be natural and unnatural classes. The data on which the analysis is based are freely available in a program downloadable from the publisher's web site.
The First Decade: Credibility, Identity, and Institutional ‘Fuzziness’
Authors: Dyson Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The story of the first decade of the euro centres on the European Central Bank (ECB), a new European institution whose challenge was to establish the credibility of a new currency, the euro, in the unpropitious setting of a ‘weak‘, incoherent, and potentially indecisive European polity and of ‘strong’, opaque, and potentially volatile financial markets.
Germany: A Crisis of Leadership in the Euro Area
Authors: Dyson Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
German elite and public opinion has continued to view the euro as a fundamentally political project: as an indispensable part of completing and making ‘irreversible’ European unification, not least around German leadership on the single market and economic stability. Despite the anxieties that it provoked, the euro was seen as securing vital, long-term national interests in a peaceful and prosperous Europe. The contentious issues in German debates about the euro were functional, spatial, and temporal. Functionally, the euro’s creation and operation had to be on terms that met fundamental, historically conditioned German concerns about firmly anchoring economic stability in Europe. This issue was delegated to the German Bundesbank, in which public opinion retained high confidence, and framed around the central Ordo liberal principles of price stability, central bank independence, and firm fiscal rules. Spatially, the euro had to comprise a ‘stability’ community of ‘convergent’ economies that shared core policy beliefs (especially in stability-oriented monetary and fiscal policies) and economic requirements (cyclically convergent). Finally, the launch of the euro had to take place at an ‘appropriate’ time in the integration project, at least in parallel with political union so that monetary union was also anchored in a ‘solidarity community’.
Ireland: The Outlier Inside
Authors: Hay Colin , Riihelinen Jari Matti , Smith, Nicola J , Watson Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ireland inhabits a unique position within the Euro Area. It is an outlier in almost every relevant respect, being the sole liberal market economy within the Euro Area, the most distant geographically of the Northern European members from the heart of the Euro Area, the most heavily dependent in terms of trade and investment on non-Euro Area economies (in particular the UK and the USA), and one of only three members that are not part of the continental land mass. Partly as a consequence, its business cycle (at least on entry) was not at all closely aligned with that of the core Euro Area economies, and, owing to its trade dependence on the Anglophone economies in particular, its economy was characterized by relatively low levels of intra-industry Euro-Area trade. On the face of it, it had less to gain from Euro-Area membership than other prospective participants in EMU. The relative size of the anticipated microeconomic advantages— principally, reduced transactions costs, more effective price signalling mechanisms and the elimination of exchange rate uncertainty with its Euro Area trading partners—was always likely to be less than for other member states. And, in macroeconomic terms, it arguably had much to lose— in adapting itself to a sub-optimal interest rate setting and to the loss of competitiveness in key export markets that might arise from an appreciating currency.
Baltic States: When Stability Culture is Not Enough1
Authors: Feldmann Magnus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In August 1991 the Baltic States re-emerged as independent after half a century. The reforms that lay ahead were daunting, as these three states had been fully integrated in the economic and political structures of the Soviet Union and had to build most of the institutions of an independent state from scratch. Many observers were sceptical about their prospects as independent states at the time. Within a few years most of these doubts had dissipated. In 2004 Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania joined both the EU and NATO, marking the culmination of their transformation and reintegration with the West.
Sweden: Stability without Europe1
Authors: Lindvall Johannes 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For more than three decades, ever since the collapse of the Bretton Woods system in 1971–3, Sweden has faced a strategic political and economic choice: to align its economic policies with the European core—represented by the ‘Snake’ (1972–9), the European Monetary System (1979–99), and the Euro Area (1999 onwards)—or to develop its own macroeconomic policy regime. Sweden made brief attempts to participate in both the Snake (in 1973–7) and the EMS (as a de facto member in 1991–2, when the krona was unilaterally pegged to the ecu). However, on both occasions the country ended up in economic crisis after a few years, and politicians abandoned the ‘European’ strategy in favour of other arrangements: a trade-weighted exchange-rate index (1977–91) and a floating exchange rate (1992 onwards).
Banking and Financial Market Regulation and Supervision
Authors: Macartney Huw , Moran Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A similar chapter in the volume which is the ancestor of the present one (Moran 2002) identified three critical entanglements that shaped the politics of finance and banking in the transition to the euro. Our chapter investigates how far they continue to be critical in the age of the euro itself. The first entanglement concerns the governance of financial markets. Despite great national and regional variations, there is a consistent pattern to governance over the last quarter of the century, at least in the markets of the advanced capitalist world. On the one hand, there was a sustained crisis of the dominant institutions of prudential regulation and supervision, manifested in a continuing series of regulatory failures. The upshot of that crisis was the dismantling of dominant institutions of self-regulation, and their replacement by specialized regulatory agencies of a legal, or quasi-legal, character. On the other hand, this spread of public control over regulation was counterbalanced by a radical shift in the governance of central banking: by the rise of central bank independence, which largely meant the insulation of key decisions— notably control of short-term interest rates—from the influences of majoritarian democracy. This tendency was part of the wider rise of non-majoritarian institutions in economic government (Thatcher 2005; Thatcher and Coen 2005).
Content, Context, and Composition
Authors: Pagin Peter , Pelletier Francis Jeffry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is traditional, at least since Grice, to make a distinction between what is called the literal meaning of an utterance and what is meant by that utterance. The former notion is sometimes thought of as “the dictionary meanings of words plus standard semantic effects of the syntactic rules” that were employed in the utterance. The latter notion is often thought of as the “all things considered” information that is conveyed by the utterance in the context it is used. The former is often said to be the “context independent meaning” or “the meaning that is constant across all contexts of use”. The latter is often called “what is conveyed in a context”. The former is sometimes called “the timeless meaning” or “the meaning-in-the-language” or ;“the meaning of the linguistic type of the utterance”. The latter is sometimes called “the meaning of the speech act being performed” or “the meaning of the token being uttered”.
A Little Sensitivity Goes a Long Way
Authors: Taylor Kenneth A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Insensitive Semantics, Cappelen and Lepore do several things and they do them with great rhetorical flourish. They distinguish radical from moderate contextualism. They argue that moderate contextualism collapses into radical contextualism. But radical contextualism, they claim, is a crazy and inconsistent doctrine. On the positive side, they defend the combination of semantic minimalism and speech act pluralism. In my estimation, hardly any of it succeeds. They’ve shown neither that moderate contextualism collapses into radical contextualism nor that radical contextualism is inconsistent. Their defense of semantic minimalism is unsuccessful. What they call speech act pluralism is either old news or false. But truth is not the sole virtue and falsity not the sole vice. There are interesting ways of being mistaken and uninteresting ways of being right. Cappelen and Lepore have the virtue of being mistaken in quite interesting ways, ways that help us see what is really at stake in a sometimes difficult to untangle thicket of argument. So despite the fact that I mostly disagree with their premises, their conclusions, and their arguments, I find myself considerably provoked by their book.
Charles Darwin
Authors: Desmond Adrian , Moore James , Browne Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Definitive, concise, and very interesting. From William Shakespeare to Winston Churchill, the Very Interesting People series provides authoritative bite-sized biographies of Britain’s most fascinating historical figures—people whose influence and importance have stood the test of time. Each book in the series is based upon the biographical entry from the world-famous Oxford Dictionary of National Biography.
Upbringing and education
Authors: Desmond Adrian , Moore James , Browne Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
naturalist, geologist, and originator of the theory of natural selection, was born on 12 February 1809 at The Mount, Shrewsbury, the fifth child and second son of Robert Waring Darwin (1766–1848), Shrewsbury’s principal physician, and Susannah Wedgwood (1765–1817). His sisters were Marianne, Caroline, Susan, and Emily Catherine, his brother Erasmus Alvey.
Early life and upbringing
Authors: Collinson Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Elizabeth I (1533–1603), queen of England and Ireland, was born between 3 and 4 o’clock on the afternoon of Sunday 7 September 1533 at Greenwich Palace, Kent, the only child of Henry VIII (1491– 1547), king of England and Ireland, and his second wife, Anne (c.1500–1536), queen of England, the second of three children of Thomas Boleyn, earl of Wiltshire and earl of Ormond (1476/7–1539), courtier and nobleman, of Blickling, Norfolk, and his wife, Elizabeth ( d . 1538).
A man of science and invention
Authors: Downes Kerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Architect, mathematician, and astronomer, was born at East Knoyle, Wiltshire, on 20 October 1632, the only surviving son of Christopher Wren DD (1589–1658), at that time rector of East Knoyle and later dean of Windsor, and his wife, Mary, the daughter of Richard Cox of Fonthill, Wiltshire. His paternal grandfather, Francis Wren (1553–1624), was a London mercer, but the family came from Durham and, they believed, origin- ally from Denmark. A previous child, born on 22 November 1631 and baptized Christopher, had died the same day; the antiquary John Aubrey’s confusion of the two persisted occasionally intolate twentieth-century literature.
The [ɚ] Suffix
Authors: Duanmu San 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historically, the [ɚ] suffix is related to the word [ɚ] ‘ son’ , which can also mean ‘ smallness’ . For this reason the suffix has been called the diminutive suffix. However, [ɚ] can also be added to adjectives (e.g. gao-gaor-de [kau-kaɚ-də] ‘ rather tall’ ) and some verbs (e.g. wanr [waɚ] ‘ to play’ ), which undergo the same merger process. Many Chinese dialects do not use it as much, and some (such as Shanghai) do not use it at all. Besides, the suffix does not always add a meaning of smallness, but is often a stylistic feature rather than a grammatical one. When people who are not from Beijing speak SC, they often do not use the [ɚ] suffix, which causes no problem in communication. The analysis of [ɚ]-coloured syllables is rather complicated and this chapter examines it in some detail.
Electoral Systems, Efficacy, and Voter Turnout1
Authors: Banducci Susan A , Karp Jeffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the least disputed conclusions to emanate from the research on electoral systems and turnout is that countries with proportional representation (PR) have higher voter turnout. Some estimate that PR systems have a turnout advantage as high as 12 percent (Franklin 1996). There is, however, disagreement over the mechanisms by which PR produces higher turnout. Some believe that PR helps to foster higher turnout by increasing a citizen’s perception that his or her vote matters in an election.
The shoals of diplomacy, 1646–1647
Authors: Morrill John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As this campaign progressed Cromwell’s conviction that he was flghting God’s cause became ever clearer to him. After the taking of Bletchingdon House in Oxford shire in April 1645 he told his colleagues on the committee of both kingdoms that ‘this was the mercy of God … God brought them to our hands when we looked not for them’ (Letters and Speeches, 1904, letter 25, 9 April 1645). After Langport he was even more emphatic: ‘thus you can see what the Lord hath wrought for us. Can any creature ascribe anything to itself ? Now can we give all the glory to God!’ But he added that when the ‘mercy’ of Langport be added to the ‘mercy’ of Naseby, then, ‘is it not to see the face of God?’ (ibid., 3.246–7, July 1645).
‘Herald of a new future’
Authors: Reynolds K D , Matthew H C G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and empress of India, was born on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace, London. She was the only legitimate child of the fourth son of King George III, Edward Augustus, duke of Kent (1767–1820), who in 1818 had abandoned Julie de St Laurent, his mistress of many years, in order to join his brothers in the attempt to provide an heir to the throne. His wife was a young widow: born Princess Victoire of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (1786–1861), she had married the prince of Leiningen, with whom she had two children, Prince Charles and Princess Feodore, before his death in 1814.
‘The burdens of majesty’
Authors: Reynolds K D , Matthew H C G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
King William IV survived for another month, before finally succumbing on 20 June 1837. Lord Conyngham (the lord chamberlain) and William Howley (the archbishop of Canterbury) were dispatched at once to Kensington Palace to bring the news to the new queen. Victoria was summoned from her bed by her mother at six in the morning to receive them, which she did ‘(only in my dressing gown), and alone’ (Girlhood, 1.196). That characteristic emphasis pointed to the total and immediate failure of the Kensington system as far as it concerned the ambitions of its progenitors: Conroy was immediately banished from the royal presence, and although the duchess was regularly called upon to attend her daughter in public, she was systematically excluded from all the new queen’s decisions and counsels.
Victoria and Albert
Authors: Reynolds K D , Matthew H C G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since marriage with a commoner was thought undesirable (though not, in Britain, illegal) the pool of Victoria’s possible spouses was restricted to the protestant princes of Germany, the Netherlands, and Scandinavia, and (a remote possibility) the Orthodox princes of Russia. A great dynastic marriage was unnecessary, even unwanted: by 1840 uniting disparate countries by marriage between their hereditary rulers was a thing of the past. Possible consorts had been suggested for her since she was a tiny child, among them her cousins Prince George of Cambridge and Prince George of Cumberland. King Leopold had long ago determined to promote another Coburg alliance—between Victoria and her cousin Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (1819–1861)— and had been supervising the education of his motherless nephew as a potential consort.
The quest for political stability
Authors: Reynolds K D , Matthew H C G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fall of the Melbourne government in 1841 was a personal and political blow to the queen. Under Melbourne she had developed from an isolated, quietly rebellious child into an eager, imperious young woman. She had thoroughly established her independence from her mother and her mother’s agents: by 1841 she was beginning to forgive the duchess of Kent for her childhood, and to establish a more amicable relationship with her.
Family and tragedy
Authors: Reynolds K D , Matthew H C G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While politics, government, and foreign aﬀairs dominated Victoria’s and Albert’s oﬃcial, but largely unobserved, life, the aﬀairs of their family dominated public perceptions of the royal couple. The public image of a domestic family enjoying bourgeois pursuits (albeit on a regal scale) belied the reality of the long periods of separation of the parents from their children, whose regular companions were tutors and governesses, as in most upper-class families. Victoria was not a cold, distant mother: like many mothers, she had mixed feelings towards her children.
Ending seclusion
Authors: Reynolds K D , Matthew H C G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Victoria was soon drawn back to foreign aﬀairs through the letters of her daughter Vicky: now crown princess of Germany, Vicky was an impotent witness to Bismarck ‘s policy of uniting Germany through ‘blood and iron ‘. With Albert ‘s dearest hopes and plans for a liberal Germany unravelling fast, the queen had to acknowledge that her initial vow to follow his wishes and policy in everything was impossible to fulfil: by 1880 the world he had known had been completely transformed, and Victoria was wise enough to know he would not have tolerated many of the inevitable changes,‘which might have done him harm’ (Darling Child, 239).