bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Congenital and childhood-onset myotonic dystrophy
Authors: Die-Smulders Christine de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy has been known as a clinical entity since the beginning of the twentieth century (Batten and Gibb 1909; Steinert 1909). Although an increased frequency of neonatal loss and mental retardation was noted in the younger generations of families (Fleischer 1918), it was not until 1960 that the severe congenital form was recognized as a presentation of myotonic dystrophy (Vanier 1960). In the following years several case reports and a large series of congenitally affected patients were published (Dodge et al. 1965; Calderon 1966; Pruzanski 1966; Gordon and Hilson 1967; Watters and Williams 1967; Harper and Dyken 1972; Dyken and Harper 1973; Zellweger and Ionanescu 1973; Aicardi et al. 1974; Harper 1975a,b). It was observed that the congenital type occurred almost only in the offspring of affected mothers (Harper and Dyken 1972; Dyken and Harper 1973).
Survival analysis and the credit-granting decision
Authors: Narain B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Credit-scoring systems have traditionally been built on cases which are classified into a number of states (usually two, goods and bads). Associated with each case are a number of measures or predictors (e.g. age, occupation. repayment history of previous loans, etc). The predictor variables are grouped into bands. for example, the variable ‘residential status could be grouped into the three bands ‘owner. ‘tenant ‘. and ‘others. An indicator variable (0, 1) is created for each band. The problem is now to construct a weighted sum of the indicator variables such that this sum or score distinguishes good from bad cases. Methods used to solve this problem include discriminant analysis, multiple regression analysis. and iterative techniques which maximize some ‘information function. More recently experts systems and decision trees have also come into the picture. Clearly the ability to predict which individuals from a set of applicants are likely to be bad is of great value. However, when a case is classified as bad no regard is taken of the length of time the account has been on the books. I think we would all agree that there is a relationship between the probability of an account being classified as bad and the time that the account has been on the books. In this chapter an attempt is made to model the ‘time taken for an account to be classified as bad. I suspect that we would be more interested in identifying those accounts that make a significant number of payments before being classified as bad. What is classified as significant will depend on a number of factors, for example, interest rates, type of loan. cost of administering each account. etc. We will use the methods of Survival Analysis to try and construct this model.
A history of psychogeriatric services
Authors: Snowdon John , Arie Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fifty years ago there were no local comprehensive old age psychiatry services anywhere in the world—at least, none that we know of. In mental hospitals there were, however, wards in which all or most of the inpatients were elderly. The number of psychiatric hospital beds in the United Kingdom (UK) occupied by elderly patients reached a peak in the mid-1950s (Cooper, 1991). In 1955, in the United States (US), 1.4 per cent of those aged 75 years or more were accommodated in state or county mental hospitals (Eisdorfer, 1977). Most older psychiatric inpatients were in long-stay wards and had little contact with psychiatrists. Elderly mentally ill people tended to be accorded low priority within psychiatry. There had been little research devoted specifically to the epidemiology and treatment of mental disorders in old age, and management tended to be custodial rather than assertive.
Problem-Solving Treatment for Anxiety and Depression
Authors: Mynors-Wallis Dr Laurence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Problem-solving treatment is a well researched, practical psychological intervention. The treatment is very much a here and now treatment, focusing on current difficulties and setting future goals. It does not dwell on past relationships and past mistakes. Patients are helped to gain a sense of mastery over their difficulties. There is good evidence to support the use of problem-solving in treatment of patients with depression, emotional disorders, and after episodes of deliberate self-harm. Problem-solving has been developed as a brief, feasible, psychological treatment that can be delivered by non-specialists. Much of the evidence supporting the use of problem-solving treatment has been undertaken in primary care. This definitive guide provides a 'hands-on' manual to assist potential therapists in understanding the background and rationale for problem-solving. The first chapter of the book provides a brief description of the theory which lead to the development of problem-solving treatment. The research trials underpinning the effectiveness of treatment are discussed in chapter two. Chapters three to seven provide a detailed manual for potential therapists. The structure of problem-solving is set out supported by many relevant clinical examples. Detailed advice is given as to how to structure a course of problem-solving. Case examples of how problem-solving develops over a course of treatment are set out. Advice for would-be practitioners as to how best to deliver problem-solving and also guidance as to potential pitfalls are given. Chapter eight sets out the content of a two day course suitable for teaching problem-solving.
Prevention of migraine: beta blockers and amine agonists: efficacy
Authors: Diener H -C , Limmroth V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Migraine is one of the most frequent neurological disorders, affecting up to 15% of the general population. Patients with frequent migraine attacks require not only management of individual episodes, but also prophylactic treatment. Beta-blockers, flunarizine, and valporic acid have been established as first-line agents for the prophylaxis of migraine attacks. Among the beta-blockers propranolol and metoprolol are best documented and hence deserve preferential use. On the other hand, it appears that other beta-blockers, perhaps with the exception of those with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity, can be equally effective. Uncertainties regarding the relative merits of various treatment modalities are largely caused by lack of adherence to specific requirements for clinical trials on migraine prophylaxis.
Mechanisms of the antinociceptive effect of subcutaneous BOTOX®: inhibition of peripheral and central nociceptive processing
Authors: Cui M , Aoki K R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A; BOTOX®) has been used for the treatment of conditions involving excessive muscle contractions, as well as painful pathological conditions such as low back pain, headache, myofascial pain, and migraine. Our group has demonstrated that subcutaneous (SC) BOTOX® inhibits inflammatory pain in the rat formalin model, suggesting a direct action on sensory neurones. However, direct evidence that BOTOX® produces pain relief by inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters from sensory neurones in an animal model of pain is lacking. The present study was therefore designed to investigate this possibility using the rat formalin model, examining the effects of BOTOX® on (1) formalin induced glutamate release, (2) the pattern of formalin-induced Fos-like immunoreactivity, and (3) formalin-induced activation of wide dynamic range (WDR) neurones in the dorsal horn.
Morphine
Authors: Glare Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Morphine is the main pharmacologically active constituent of opium, the resin derived from the dried juice of the opium poppy, Papaver sominferum. Morphine was first introduced into clinical practice more than 200 years ago. Its effects are mediated by activating opioid receptors, mainly within the central nervous system (CNS). Globally morphine remains the strong opioid of choice for moderate-to-severe pain. Other strong opioids are generally used when morphine is not readily available or the patient has intolerable adverse effects with morphine. The WHO has placed morphine on its Essential Drugs List.
Oxycodone
Authors: Davis Mellar P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oxycodone (14-hydroxy-7,8-di-hydrocodeinone) is a semisynthetic thebaine derivative that has been in clinical use since 1917. Oxycodone was originally formulated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents. In 1981 oxycodone became available in the USA as a single agent and, by 1996, a sustained-release (SR) double matrix product became commercially available. The total dose of oxycodone was limited by the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug in the original formulation and, as a result, oxycodone classified as a step II or weak opioid. The availability of immediate release oxycodone without a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug lead to its use for severe pain as a potent opioid without dose limitations, and the SR added form further convenience and improved compliance.
Patient controlled analgesia
Authors: Davis Mellar P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Opioids are frequently prescribed at too low a dose by physicians and given at less than adequate intervals by nursing staff. There are usually two reasons for inadequate dosing by healthcare professionals. The first concerns addiction and the second a misunderstanding of analgesic tolerance, which ‘justifies’ inadequate dosing. The fear of opioid toxicity particularly respiratory depression, leads nurses to prolong dosing intervals. The development of patient controlled analgesia (PCA) has greatly improved the knowledge of appropriate opioid dosing strategies in patients. PCA was first used in obstetrics in the 1960s and became extensively utilized for postoperative pain in the 1980s.
Foretelling Communicating the Prognosis
Authors: Butow Phyllis , Hagerty Rebecca , Tattersall Martin , Stockler Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Estimating how long people have to live is hard. Talking to them about it is harder. The purpose of this chapter is to help clinicians better communicate their prognoses to those affected. Knowing ‘how long you’ve got’ is important. Appreciating the uncertainty of any forecast is equally important. An individual’s life expectancy is dramatically shortened by advanced cancer. Knowing this can help them make the most of what remains. It reduces their risk of having unnecessary and potentially harmful treatments under false pretences and gives them a chance (and an imperative) to get their affairs in order, make peace, and attend to their significant others.
Breast Cancer
Authors: Efficace Fabio , Biganzoli Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Breast cancer ranks first amongst cancers affecting women throughout the world. More than 1,050,000 new breast cancer cases occur worldwide annually, with nearly 580,000 occurring in developed countries. In most developed countries, 5-year survival rates are higher than 70 per cent. A greater percentage of patients are being diagnosed when curative approaches are still possible. However, approximately 10 per cent of newly diagnosed patients will present with metastatic disease and an additional 50–75 per cent will eventually relapse. The treatment for metastatic dis- ease, in spite of clinical responses to the various standard therapies (hormonal, chemotherapeutic, biological agents or their combination), is generally palliative and median survival is approximately 2 years.
Rings and Fields
Authors: Ellis Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rings and Fields provides an accessible introduction to rings and fields that will give the reader an appreciation of the power of algebraic techniques to handle diverse and difficult problems. A review of the prerequisite mathematics is given at the start of the book. Dr Ellis presents his ideas clearly and practically. Rather than presenting theory in abstract terms, chapters begin by introducing a problem and then go on to develop the necessary algebraic techniques for its solution in a purposeful, lucid manner, using concrete mathematical and non-mathematical examples. Although prior knowledge of group theory is unnecessary to understand the rest of the book, for those interested there is a chapter which states the axiom for a group and proves the group theoretic results needed in Galois theory.
Multiplicative Functions
Authors: Rose H E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The function method is a powerful tool in some branches of number theory. Suppose we are given a property R of the positive integers, and suppose we can define a function r which represents R, then we can apply algebraic or analytic techniques to r in the hope of characterizing R. For instance. a positive integer is a square if and only if it has an odd number of divisors, and we can derive this property using the function τ which counts the number of divisors of an integer. In this chapter we shall discuss a class of functions, called the multiplicative functions, which preserve products in certain cases; they arise naturally from divisibility.
Nonlinear waves in elastic crystals with a microstructure
Authors: Maugin Gerard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the classical theory of nonlinear elasticity, nonlinearity is either geometrical (introduced through finite strains) or physical (through, for example, a nonconvex elasticity potential in terms of strains; see Chapters 8 and 10). In contrast, we now focus our attention on the case of elastic crystals where the essential nonlinearity is related to a microstructure. More particularly, in view of the physical systems examined in Chapters 3, 5 and 6, we consider microstructures that are either rotating or precessing. This includes the ferroelectric crystals equipped with a molecular group, ferromagnetic crystals with magnetic-spin precession, and elastic polar crystals such as those appropriately described by micropolar elasticity.
Products of Groups
Authors: Amberg Bernhard , Franciosi Silvana , Giovanni Francesco De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Groups that are the product of two subgroups are of particular interest to group theorists. In what way is the structure of the product related to that of its subgroups? This monograph gives the first detailed account of the most important results that have been found about groups of this form over the past 35 years. Although the emphasis is on infinite groups, some relevant theorems about finite products of groups are also proved. The material presented will be of interest for research students and specialists in group theory. In particular, it can be used in seminars or to supplement a general group theory course. A special chapter on conjugacy and splitting theorems obtained by means of the cohomology of groups has never appeared in book form and should be of independent interest.
Introduction
Authors: Hogger Christopher John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first priority of this course must be to explain the logical basis of “logic programming”. To omit this would be to omit the reason why logic programming has any significance at all. We shall need this basis in many of the Themes which lie ahead, not only to understand the formalism in its unadulterated form but also to assess certain features of its less virtuous, but eminently more popular, relation-the Prolog programming language. Our logical foundation will equip us to say, for instance, what logic programs can or cannot express or compute-in short, what they mean. Besides looking at semantical and other theoretical matters, however, we shall also comment when appropriate upon the practical significance of the topics under discussion.
Lambda Calculi
Authors: Hankin Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
BL Presents a fresh perspective on the role of calculus in computer science In contrast to other books on this topic, which have all been written by logicians, this book is written from the computer science perspective. The lambda calculus lies at the foundation of computer science and here Hankin emphasizes the practical relevance of the theory behind it. Final year undergraduates and graduate students will find this text useful in their studies and as a stepping stone towards more specialist literature.
Machine Intelligence 14
Authors: Furukawa K , Michie D , Muggleton S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Machine Intelligence 14 contains material presented at the Anglo-Janpanese workshop of Novemver 1993 held at the Hitachi Research Laboratory. It marks the 70th birthday of Donald Michie, the founder of the series. The contents is divided into the following subjects: complex decision taking, inductive logic programming, applied machine learning, dynamic control, and computational learning theory. Applications include controlling a steel mill, discovery of protein structural constraints, and qualitative control for dynamic systems.
Anatomy and functional morphology of the Appendicularia
Authors: Fenaux R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Appendicularians are free-swimming pelagic tunicates with a trunk and chordate tail, found in all oceans, though most species are warmwater forms. Whilst the majority are found in the euphotic zone, an increasing number of mesopelagic and even bathypelagic species have been described recently. Most are only a few millimetres long, (including the tail), but some may be much larger, up to 8-9 cm. All appendicularians in the three families (Oikopleuridae, Fritillariidae, and Kowalevskiidae) secrete and inhabit a most complicated mucilaginous filtering house with many chambers and two levels of filters (Chapter 6). In the subfamily Bathochordaeinae, where tail length may be up to 70 mm, the house is remarkably large, more than 1 min diameter (Barham, 1979; Hamner and Robison, 1992). Although in the Fritillariidae, the house was long described as a small filtration system that the animal does not inhabit, Flood (1994) has recently shown that fritillariid houses are homologous to those of the oikopleurids (Chapter 7). Fol’s description and drawing of the house of Kowalevskiidae have recently been shown to be inaccurate, by observations from manned submersibles (Chapter 6). The house is secreted by regions of special secretory epithelia on the trunk, the oikoplasts (section 2.3.1.7 and Chapter 6). The Appendicularia are thus very different in organization to the Thaliacea, and do not show alternation of generations, nor, as adults, (unlike any other tunicate) do they have an external cellulosic tunic. Instead, a glycocalyx consisting of chondronic mucopolysaccharides (Korner, 1952) covers the outer epithelium (if this is present, see p. 33). The first good descriptions of general anatomy are from Fol (1872); detailed anatomy and histology can be found in Salensky (1903, 1904a-c), Ihle (1906), Martini (1909a,b), Vernieres (1933), Lohmann (1933) and Bogoraze and Tuzet (1969a, 1974).
Feeding and energetics of Thaliacea
Authors: Madin L P , Deibel D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pelagic tunicates are true filter feeders. While copepods and other crustaceans are now known to have complex behavioural mechanisms for detecting, entraining, and grasping food particles, tunicates actually pass seawater through a mucous sieve and ingest the retained particles. The feeding mechanisms of the Thaliacea can be interpreted as a series of modifications of the ascidian branchial basket (Madin, 1990). However, there are distinct differences in the feeding mechanisms of thaliaceans and appendicularians, and care must be used when attempting to generalize rates among them. The rates at which thaliaceans remove particles from the water when they filter feed are determined by a variety of methods. There is still some confusion in the literature over the exact meaning of ‘filtration rate’ and ‘clearance rate’ as applied to zooplankton. The following definitions of Omori and Ikeda (1984) will be used here: filtration rate refers to the total volume of water passing the filter apparatus per unit time; dearance rate refers to the volume of water from which particles are completely removed. The two are equal only if all suspended particles are removed with 100% efficiency. Experiments which measure the depletion of food particles from the surrounding water or their accumulation in the gut are properly determinations of clearance rate, because they calculate the apparent volume of water from which a certain class of particles has been removed. Measurements or calculations that determine the total volume of water pumped through a filter without regard to particle content are properly filtration rates. Because most feeding measurements are of clearance rate, this term will chiefly be used in this chapter.
The parasites and predators of Thaliacea
Authors: Harbison G R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is intended to provide an overview of organisms that have been found to interact “1-Vith thaliaceans. Since so many species parasitize or feed on thaliaceans, the bulk of this paper will consist of lists, and I will limit my comments, except to point out areas where my own observations supplement or contradict reports in the literature. At the outset, I would like to stress that the distinctions between predators and parasites are somewhat arbitrary, particularly for the smaller invertebrate metazoans. As Laval (1980) noted for hyperiid amphipods, such distinctions are largely based on the size of the predator: if it is small relative to its prey, the relationship appears parasitic. It should be remembered that most thaliaceans are relatively large and slow moving, so that their defences against predation, if they exist, are likely to be subtle. Gelatinous zooplankton in general, and Thaliacea in particular, are similar to terrestrial plants. It is relatively easy for organisms to feed on them, but they have tissues that are low in nutritive value per unit weight. Gelatinous zooplankton are difficult to identify in gut content studies, since they are so easily degraded into unrecognizability. Thus, in most such studies, crustaceans, which have indigestible exoskeletons, are easily identified, while the much more digestible gelatinous organisms are overlooked, or classified as ‘digested remains’. Because of this bias, it is generally thought that Thaliacea and other gelatinous zooplankton are not suitable sources of food to most marine organisms. I hope that the data presented here, together with recent reviews on medusivorous fishes by Ates (1988) and Arai (1988) will finally lay that misconception to rest. Luminous bacteria are obligate parasites of species of Pyrosoma. The brief literature on this association has been reviewed by Monniot (1990).
Benefits of mate choice
Authors: Møller Anders Pape , Gregersen Jens 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Female barn swallows exert a strong selection pressure on the males because of their mate preferences. Females thus form one of the main selective pressures which cause the evolution of the tail streamers of the males. How can so strong a preference for a single morphological character have evolved? Several solutions to this puzzle have been put forward (see section 5.2). These include random genetic drift, sensory bias in the female sensory system, and an initial mating advantage of good genes. Mate preferences are the basis for the action of one of the modes of sexual selection, namely mate choice, and several models of mate choice make specific predictions concerning the relationship between male secondary sexual characters and the mate preference. The Fisher process assumes coevolution of the female preference and the male character, but similar arguments can also be raised for the handicap process. A female mate preference can be considered a trait which may change as a result of drift and selection. The genetic basis for a mate preference can only be elucidated by testing the preference of both mothers and daughters repeatedly under controlled conditions.