bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Speciation of Organic Aerosols in the Tropical Mid-Pacific and Their Relationship to Light Scattering
Authors: Crahan Kathleen K. , Hegg Dean A. , Covert David S. , Jonsson Haflidi , Reid Jeffrey S. , Khelif Djamal , Brooks Barbara J. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAlthough the importance of the aerosol contribution to the global radiative budget has been recognized, the forcings of aerosols in general, and specifically the role of the organic component in these forcings, still contain large uncertainties. In an attempt to better understand the relationship between the background forcings of aerosols and their chemical speciation, marine air samples were collected off the windward coast of Oahu, Hawaii, during the Rough Evaporation Duct project (RED) using filters mounted on both the Twin Otter aircraft and the Floating Instrument Platform (FLIP) research platform. Laboratory analysis revealed a total of 17 species, including 4 carboxylic acids and 2 carbohydrates that accounted for 74% ± 20% of the mass gain observed on the shipboard filters, suggesting a possible significant unresolved organic component. The results were correlated with in situ measurements of particle light scattering (σsp) at 550 nm and with aerosol hygroscopicities. Principal component analysis revealed a small but ubiquitous pollution component affecting the σsp and aerosol hygroscopicity of the remote marine air. The Princeton Organic-Electrolyte Model (POEM) was used to predict the growth factor of the aerosols based upon the chemical composition. This output, coupled with measured aerosol size distributions, was used to attempt to reproduce the observed σsp. It was found that while the POEM model was able to reproduce the expected trends when the organic component of the aerosol was varied, due to large uncertainties especially in the aerosol sizing measurements, the σsp predicted by the POEM model was consistently higher than observed.
Relative Importance of Northern Hemisphere Circulation Modes in Predicting Regional Climate Change
Authors: Rauthe Monika , Paeth Heiko 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
The Northern Hemisphere annular mode (NAM), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and Aleutian low (AL) are known to be the most prominent components of Northern Hemisphere (NH) near-surface climate variability. In a tremendous number of studies, the impact of these circulation features on regional climate has been demonstrated. More recently, research has gone into the connection between the NAO and NAM and into the physical meaning of the latter. However, the relevance of those circulation modes for climatological issues may also be inferred from another nondynamical point of view: their statistical relationship to various climate parameters. This study comprises two steps: 1) qualifying and quantifying the relative importance of NH circulation modes with respect to twentieth-century near-surface temperature and precipitation, using stepwise multiple regression with cross validation; and 2) using predictor–predictand relationships to access the contributions of each circulation mode to regional climate change in the middle of the twenty-first century, given multimodel predictions of the circulation modes' responses to increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) and sulfate aerosol (SUL) concentrations.
Altogether, the NAM, NAO, and AL account locally for up to 75% of the total interannual temperature and rainfall variability over NH continents. Over the major part of the NH, the NAM appears to be the most important predictor. In some parts of the North Atlantic, temperature and rainfall are more closely linked to the NAO, while the North Pacific is clearly dominated by the AL dynamics. In general, the NAO and AL have a more regionally confined influence.
Climate change experiments mostly predict an intensification of the NAM and AL under GHG+SUL forcing, while the NAO response is much less consistent with different models and generally undergoes no long-term changes. This leads to substantial contributions to temperature and rainfall anomalies, especially over the NH landmasses. Temperature changes amount to ±1 K over large parts of Russia, North America, and the North Pacific. The major precipitation changes occur over the North Pacific, the North Atlantic, and Scandinavia. This circulation-induced contribution accounts for a considerable part of total expected change in these regions. Given its distinct trend, the NAM plays the main role, except over the Pacific Ocean and North America, where the AL is driving regional climate anomalies. Thus, whether physically relevant or not, the NAM is an appropriate statistical indicator of NH regional climate change.
Varied Expressions of the Hemispheric Circulation Observed in Association with Contrasting Polarities of Prescribed Patterns of Variability*
Authors: Quadrelli R. , Wallace J. M. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
The low-frequency (&gt;5 day period) variability observed within four different subsets of the climatology (H1, L1, H2, and L2) as defined by the high and low index polarities of the two leading principal components (PCs) of the sea level pressure field is compared, with emphasis on distinctive flow configurations and teleconnection patterns. The analysis is based on wintertime 500-hPa height, sea level pressure, and 1000–500-hPa thickness fields derived from the NCEP–NCAR reanalyses for the period of record, 1958–99.
“Spaghetti diagrams” display specified contours for ensembles of individual 10-day mean charts extracted from the four different subsets of the climatology. In L1, 10-day mean maps (weak zonal flow at latitudes ∼55°N) exhibit larger undulations in the barotropic component of the flow than those in H1, implying larger particle displacements and deeper penetration of Arctic air masses, particularly into Europe and the eastern United States. Maps in H2 and L2, separated in accordance with the Pacific–North American (PNA)-like second mode, exhibit quite different kinds of planetary wave patterns. The L2 subset (characterized by a retracted Pacific jet) exhibits greater variability over the Gulf of Alaska and over northern Europe.
Cold air outbreaks in Europe occur more frequently in L1 than H1, and over western North America, they occur more frequently in L2 than H2. The cold anomalies associated with low polarities of both PCs are observed more frequently than expected based on linear correlation; within the individual subsets of the climatology there are suggestions of multiple circulation regimes; teleconnection patterns for the subsets of the climatology are also discernibly different. These results constitute evidence of nonnormal or nonlinear behavior of 5- and 10-day mean fields and provide indications of how the intraseasonal variability depends on the mean state of the flow in which it is embedded.
Annual Variation of Midlatitude Precipitation
Authors: Chen Tsing-Chang , Huang Wan-Ru , Takle Eugene S. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Annual variation of midlatitude precipitation and its maintenance through divergent water vapor flux were explored by the use of hydrological variables from three reanalyses [(NCEP–NCAR, ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA), and Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS-1)] and two global precipitation datasets [Climate Prediction Center (CPC) Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP) and Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP)]. Two annual variation patterns of midlatitude precipitation were identified:Tropical–midlatitude precipitation contrast: Midlatitude precipitation along storm tracks over the oceans attains its maximum in winter and its minimum in summer opposite to that over the tropical continents.Land–ocean precipitation contrast: The annual precipitation variation between the oceans and the continent masses exhibits a pronounced seesaw.The annual variation of precipitation along storm tracks of both hemispheres follows that of the convergence of transient water vapor flux. On the other hand, the land–ocean precipitation contrast in the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes is primarily maintained by the annual seesaw between the divergence of stationary water vapor flux over the western oceans and the convergence of this water vapor flux over the eastern oceans during winter. The pattern is reversed during the summer. This divergence–convergence exchange of stationary water vapor flux is coupled with the annual evolution of upper-level ridges over continents and troughs over the oceans.
Biogeochemical and Biophysical Responses of the Land Surface to a Sustained Thermohaline Circulation Weakening
Authors: Higgins Paul A. T. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Biotic responses to climate change may constitute significant feedbacks to the climate system by altering biogeochemistry (e.g., carbon storage) or biophysics (i.e., albedo, evapotranspiration, and roughness length) at the land surface. Accurate projection of future climate change depends on proper accounting of these biological feedbacks. Similarly, projections of future climate change must include the potential for nonlinear responses such as thermohaline circulation (THC) weakening, which is increasingly evident in paleoclimate reconstructions and model experiments. This article uses offline simulations with the Integrated Biosphere Simulator (IBIS) to determine long-term biophysical and biogeochemical responses to climate patterns generated by the third Hadley Centre Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere General Circulation Model (HadCM3) under forced THC weakening. Total land surface carbon storage decreases by 0.5% in response to THC weakening, suggesting that the biogeochemical response would not constitute a significant climate feedback under this climate change scenario. In contrast, large regional and local changes in leaf area index (LAI) suggest that biophysical responses may constitute significant feedbacks to at least local and regional climate. Indeed, the LAI responses do lead to changes in midday direct and diffuse beam albedo over large regions of the land surface. As a result, there are large local and regional changes in the land surface's capacity to absorb solar radiation. Changes in energy partitioning between sensible and latent heat fluxes also occur. However, the change in latent heat flux from the land surface is primarily attributable to changes in precipitation that occur under forced THC weakening and not a result of the subsequent changes in vegetation.
Regional Model Simulations of Marine Boundary Layer Clouds over the Southeast Pacific off South America. Part II: Sensitivity Experiments*
Authors: Wang Yuqing , Xu Haiming , Xie Shang-Ping 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
The sensitivity of a regional climate model to physical parameterizations and model resolution is investigated in terms of its simulation of boundary layer stratocumulus (SCu) clouds over the southeast Pacific. Specifically, the physical schemes being tested include shallow cumulus convection, subgrid vertical mixing, cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC), and drizzle.
As described in Part I, the model with standard settings captures the major features of the boundary layer in the region, including a well-mixed marine boundary layer, a capping temperature inversion, SCu clouds, and the boundary layer regime transition from the well-mixed layer near the coast of South America to a decoupled cloud layer over warmer water to the west. Turning off the shallow cumulus parameterization results in a dramatic increase in the simulated SCu clouds while the boundary layer structure becomes unrealistic, losing the decoupled regime over warm water. With reduced penetrative mixing at the top of shallow cumuli, the simulated SCu clouds are somewhat increased while the boundary layer structure remained largely unchanged. Reducing the CDNC increases the size of cloud droplets and reduces the cloud albedo but has little effect on the vertical structure of the boundary layer and clouds. Allowing more drizzle decreases boundary layer clouds considerably. It is also shown that the simulated depth of the boundary layer and its decoupling is highly sensitive to the model horizontal and vertical resolutions. Insufficient horizontal or vertical resolutions produce a temperature inversion and cloud layer too close to the sea surface, a typical problem for global general circulation models.
Implications of these results for global and regional modeling of boundary layer clouds and the areas that need more attention in future model development are discussed.
Observations of the Temporal Evolution and Spatial Structure of the Gap Flow in the Wipp Valley on 2 and 3 October 1999
Authors: Weissmann Martin D. , Mayr G. J. , Banta R. M. , Gohm A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe investigation of gap flow in the Wipp Valley (GAP project) is one of the objectives of the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP). The valley runs south–north across the Brenner Pass, from Italy to Austria. The pass is the lowest one of the main Alpine ridge and is therefore a favorable location for a gap flow, which is called foehn. Based on the extensive dataset of MAP, this study gives a detailed analysis of foehn on 2 and 3 October 1999 [intensive observation period 5 (IOP 5)]. The foehn event began as a gap flow that was separated from midlevel winds by a strong temperature inversion during the night of 1–2 October 1999. On the next night (2– 3 October) the inversion dissipated, and the gap flow was combined with strong midlevel cross-ridge flow on 3 October 1999. This study shows that the existence of a temperature inversion above the gap flow has a crucial impact on the flow structure. Another emphasis of the study was the investigation of the small-scale flow structure downstream of the gap. Jumplike features and regions with flow reversals, which were interpreted as “rollers” (reversed rotors), could be observed in the Wipp Valley. A jet layer with a wavy structure indicated a gravity wave in the southern part of the valley. In the northern part the flow showed strong asymmetry with wind speeds nearly twice as strong on the eastern side as on the western one.
Effect of Methamphetamine on Cognition and Repetitive Motor Behavior of Mice Deficient for Dopamine D2 and D3 Receptors
Authors: GLICKSTEIN SARA B. , SCHMAUSS CLAUDIA 
Published: November 2004

Abstract: Mice deficient for dopamine D2 and D3 receptors exhibit blunted D1‐receptor responses to agonist stimulation. This blunted D1‐receptor activity is prominent in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and results in a significantly impaired performance of the mutants in a test for spatial working memory. A single dose of methamphetamine (METH; 5 mg/kg i.p.), however, elicits a long‐lasting increase in agonist‐stimulated D1 receptor activity in the mPFC. In D2 mutants, this increase reaches wild‐type levels, and the working memory of METH‐treated mutants is completely rescued. In D3 mutants, however, the METH‐induced increase in D1‐receptor activity remains below wild‐type levels and does not result in improved working memory performance.D2 and D3 mutants also differ in their locomotor responses to METH. Repeated administration of this drug (5 mg/kg administered three times at 2‐h intervals) leads to a transition from horizontal hyperlocomotion to excessive orofacial stereotypy (taffy pulling) only in wild type and D3 mutants. In both genotypes, this transition is accompanied by a change in the relative ratios of striatal neuronal activation in two neurochemically distinct compartments, with striosomal neuronal activation exceeding that of the striatal matrix during stereotypy. Both the stereotypic response to METH and the associated predominant activation of neurons located in striosomes require D2‐receptor expression. These studies indicate a differential requirement for D1‐ and D2‐like receptor activation in mediating the effects of METH on cognitive and motor function.
Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Resected Adenocarcinoma of the Esophagus, Gastro-Esophageal Junction, and Cardia: Phase II Trial (E8296) of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group
Authors: Armanios Mary , Xu Ronghui , Forastiere Arlene A. , Haller Daniel G. , Kugler John W. , Benson Al B. 
Published: November 2004

Purpose To evaluate the effect of postoperative paclitaxel and cisplatin on 2-year survival in patients with completely resected adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus, gastro-esophageal (GE) junction, and cardia. Patients and Methods We conducted a multicenter phase II trial. Patients had pathologically staged T2 node-positive to T3-4, any node status adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus, GE junction, or gastric cardia with negative margins (R0). Treatment consisted of four cycles of paclitaxel 175 mg/m2 intravenously (IV) over 3 hours followed by cisplatin 75 mg/m2 IV every 21 days. A positive outcome was considered to be an improvement in 2-year survival rate by ≥ 20% compared to historic controls. Results Fifty-nine patients were recruited from 20 centers. Of 55 eligible patients, 49 (89%) had lymph node involvement. Forty-six patients (84%) completed all four cycles. Of the total 59 patients, 31 (56%) developed grade 3 or 4 toxicity with leukopenia/neutropenia, nausea/vomiting, and metabolic toxicities were most common. The median follow-up for surviving patients was 4 years. At 2 years, 33 patients were alive and 22 were dead, with a survival rate of 60% (95% CI, 46% to 73%; one-sided P = .0008 compared with the historic controls). Conclusion Our data suggest that adjuvant paclitaxel and cisplatin may improve survival in R0 resected patients with locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the distal esophagus, GE junction, and cardia. These results warrant further testing in randomized trials.
Prevalence of KIT Expression in Human Tumors
Authors: Went Philip Th. , Dirnhofer Stephan , Bundi Marcel , Mirlacher Martina , Schraml Peter , Mangialaio Sara , Dimitrijevic Sasa , Kononen Juha , Lugli Alessandro , Simon Ronald , Sauter Guido 
Published: November 2004

Purpose KIT is a target for imatinib mesylate (Gleevec; Novartis Pharma, Basel, Switzerland). Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) express KIT and respond favorably to imatinib therapy. To determine other tumors in which such a molecular targeted therapy might be indicated, we investigated KIT expression in different human tumor types. Because recent studies in GISTs suggest that KIT-activating mutations predict response to imatinib therapy, we also sequenced a subset of positive tumors. Materials and Methods More than 3,000 tumors from more than 120 different tumor categories were analyzed by immunohistochemistry in a tissue microarray format. Seven commercially available anti-KIT antibodies were initially evaluated. The antibody A4502 (DAKO) was selected for analysis because of a high frequency of positivity in GIST and low staining background in other tissues. To determine the frequency of KIT mutations in various tumor types, the exons 2, 8, 9, 11, 13, and 17 (where mutations previously were reported) were sequenced in 36 tumors with strong KIT expression. Results KIT positivity was detected in 28 of 28 GISTs (100%), 42 of 50 seminomas (84%), 34 of 52 adenoid-cystic carcinomas (65%), 14 of 39 malignant melanomas (35%), and eight of 47 large-cell carcinomas of the lung (17%), as well as in 47 additional tumor types. KIT mutations were found in six of 12 analyzed GISTs, but only in one of 24 other tumors. Conclusion The results suggest that KIT expression occurs infrequently in most tumor types and that, with the exception of GISTs, KIT gene mutations are rare in immunohistochemically KIT-positive tumors.
Immunologic and Clinical Outcomes of Vaccination With a Multiepitope Melanoma Peptide Vaccine Plus Low-Dose Interleukin-2 Administered Either Concurrently or on a Delayed Schedule
Authors: Slingluff Craig L. , Petroni Gina R. , Yamshchikov Galina V. , Hibbitts Sarah , Grosh William W. , Chianese-Bullock Kimberly A. , Bissonette Eric A. , Barnd Donna L. , Deacon Donna H. , Patterson James W. , Parekh Jayashree , Neese Patrice Y. , Woodson Elizabeth M.H. , Wiernasz Catherine J. , Merrill Priscilla 
Published: November 2004

PurposeA phase II trial was performed to test whether systemic low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) augments T-cell immune responses to a multipeptide melanoma vaccine. Forty patients with resected stage IIB-IV melanoma were randomly assigned to vaccination with four gp100- and tyrosinase-derived peptides restricted by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) -A1, HLA-A2, and HLA-A3, and a tetanus helper peptide plus IL-2 administered daily either beginning day 7 (group 1), or beginning day 28 (group 2).Patients and MethodsT-cell responses were assessed by an interferon gamma ELIspot assay in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and in a lymph node draining a vaccination site (sentinel immunized node [SIN]). Patients were followed for disease-free and overall survival.ResultsT-cell responses to the melanoma peptides were observed in 37% of PBL and 38% of SINs in group 1, and in 53% of PBL and 83% of SINs in group 2. The magnitude of T-cell response was higher in group 2. The tyrosinase peptides DAEKSDICTDEY and YMDGTMSQV were more immunogenic than the gp100 peptides YLEPGPVTA and ALLAVGATK. T-cell responses were detected in the SINs more frequently, and with higher magnitude, than responses in the PBL. Disease-free survival estimates at 2 years were 39% (95% CI, 18% to 61%) for group 1, and 50% (95% CI, 28% to 72%) for group 2 (P = .32).ConclusionThe results of this study support the safety and immunogenicity of a vaccine composed of four peptides derived from gp100 and tyrosinase. The low-dose IL-2 regimen used for group 1 paradoxically diminishes the magnitude and frequency of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to these peptides.
Aggressive behavior in children's dolls' house play
Authors: Tallandini Maria A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe present study addressed the question of whether there are gender and age differences in aggressive behavior when it is studied as the spontaneous expression of mental contents and not as the result of immediate social interaction. This study also investigated whether aggression, in terms of mental content, is related to temperamental aspects. Aggressive behaviors were examined in make‐believe play, in relation to age, gender, and temperament in a near‐ecological context, i.e., the Dolls' House Play. The participants, 55 boys and 47 girls, subdivided into three age levels (4 years–4 years and 6 months; 5–6 years; and 7 years and 6 months–8 years and 6 months) were requested to represent what happens in their family 1) during Mealtimes; 2) at Bedtime; 3) on the Saddest day; and 4) the Happiest day; their Dolls' House Play was then recorded. Children's temperaments were measured with the TABC‐Teachers' form [Martin, The Temperament Assessment Battery for Children, Brandon, VT: Clinical Psychology Publishing, 1998]. Data analysis was conducted considering aggressive behaviors in their distinct expressions—physical, verbal, direct, and indirect. Results revealed no statistical differences between boys and girls when all aggressive behaviors were compounded. However, when the distinct types of aggressiveness were considered, boys presented statistically higher levels of physical aggression than girls did. Moreover, boys and girls reacted with different types of aggression in the different emotional contexts created by the four episodes. Few age differences were observed. Surprisingly, there was a significantly greater presence of indirect verbal aggressiveness in younger children. With respect to temperament, a higher level of negative emotivity was significantly linked to a greater degree of aggressive behaviors in some of the episodes. In conclusion, this paper confirms gender differences in the type of aggressive behavior children display even in the absence of any immediate social interaction, which might itself trigger aggression. Aggr. Behav. 30:504–519, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.