bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The mycorrhizal dependence of subordinates determines the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant diversity
Authors: Urcelay Carlos , Díaz Sandra 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIt is widely recognized that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) influence plant community structure. Several studies in the past few years have focused on the effect of AMF on plant diversity, showing contradictory results. On the basis of studies carried out in grasslands, it has been proposed that these results may not be in conflict but rather depend on mycorrhizal dependence of dominant and subordinate species in the plant community. Here, we propose a simple conceptual model to explain the effect of AMF on plant diversity and dominance hierarchy. Our model suggests that the effect of AMF on plant diversity can be explained mainly by mycorrhizal dependence of subordinates. It also gives predictions for a wider range of community types, and helps in identifying the systems in which empirical data are most critically needed.
Serial analysis of ribosomal sequence tags (SARST): a high‐throughput method for profiling complex microbial communities
Authors: Neufeld Josh D. , Yu Zhongtang , Lam Wan , Mohn William W. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryTwo decades of culture‐independent studies have confirmed that microbial communities represent the most complex and concentrated pool of phylogenetic diversity on the planet. There remains a need for innovative molecular tools that can further our knowledge of microbial diversity and its functional implications. We present the method and application of serial analysis of ribosomal sequence tags (SARST) as a novel tool for elucidating complex microbial communities, such as those found in soils and sediments. Serial analysis of ribosomal sequence tags uses a series of enzymatic reactions to amplify and ligate ribosomal sequence tags (RSTs) from bacterial small subunit rRNA gene (SSU rDNA) V1‐regions into concatemers that are cloned and sequenced. This approach offers a significant increase in throughput over traditional SSU rDNA clone libraries, as up to 20 RSTs are obtained from each sequencing reaction. To test SARST and measure the bias associated with this approach, RST libraries were prepared from a defined mixture of pure cultures and from duplicate arctic soil DNA samples. The actual RST distribution reflected the theoretical composition of the original defined mixture. Data from duplicate soil libraries (1345 and 1217 RSTs, with 525 and 505 unique RSTs, respectively) indicated that replication provides a strongly correlated RST profile (r2 = 0.80) and division‐level distribution of RSTs (r2 = 0.99). Using sequence data from abundant soil RSTs, we designed specific primers that successfully amplified a larger portion of the SSU rDNA for further phylogenetic analysis. These results suggest that SARST is a powerful approach for reproducible high‐throughput profiling of microbial diversity amenable to medical, industrial or environmental microbiology applications.
Genomic polymorphism in symbiotic populations of Photobacterium leiognathi
Authors: Dunlap Paul V. , Jiemjit Anchalee , Ast Jennifer C. , Pearce Meghan M. , Marques Ryan R. , Lavilla‐Pitogo Celia R. 
Published: December 2004

Summary Photobacterium leiognathi forms a bioluminescent symbiosis with leiognathid fishes, colonizing the internal light organ of the fish and providing its host with light used in bioluminescence displays. Strains symbiotic with different species of the fish exhibit substantial phenotypic differences in symbiosis and in culture, including differences in 2‐D PAGE protein patterns and profiles of indigenous plasmids. To determine if such differences might reflect a genetically based symbiont‐strain/host‐species specificity, we profiled the genomes of P. leiognathi strains from leiognathid fishes using PFGE. Individual strains from 10 species of leiognathid fishes exhibited substantial genomic polymorphism, with no obvious similarity among strains; these strains were nonetheless identified as P. leiognathi by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Profiling of multiple strains from individual host specimens revealed an oligoclonal structure to the symbiont populations; typically one or two genomotypes dominated each population. However, analysis of multiple strains from multiple specimens of the same host species, to determine if the same strain types consistently colonize a host species, demonstrated substantial heterogeneity, with the same genomotype only rarely observed among the symbiont populations of different specimens of the same host species. Colonization of the leiognathid light organ to initiate the symbiosis therefore is likely to be oliogoclonal, and specificity of the P. leiognathi/leiognathid fish symbiosis apparently is maintained at the bacterial species level rather than at the level of individual, genomotypically defined strain types.
Design of 16S rRNA‐targeted oligonucleotide probes for detecting cultured and uncultured archaeal lineages in high‐temperature environments
Authors: Nercessian Olivier , Prokofeva Maria , Lebedinski Alexander , L’Haridon Stéphane , Cary Craig , Prieur Daniel , Jeanthon Christian 
Published: December 2004

SummaryIn order to facilitate the evaluation of archaeal community diversity and distribution in high‐temperature environments, 14 16S rRNA oligonucleotide probes were designed. Adequate hybridization and wash conditions of the probes encompassing most known hyperthermophilic Archaea, members of the orders Thermococcales, Desulfurococcales and Sulfolobales, of the families Methanocaldococcaceae, Pyrodictiaceae and Thermoproteaceae, of the genera Archaeoglobus, Methanopyrus and Ignicoccus, and of the as yet uncultured lineages Korarchaeota, Crenarchaeota marine group I, deep‐sea hydrothermal vent euryarchaeotic group 2 (DHVE 2), and deep‐sea hydrothermal vent euryarchaeotic group 8 (DHVE 8) were determined by dot‐blot hybridization from target and non‐target reference organisms and environmental clones. The oligonucleotide probes were also used to evaluate the archaeal community composition in nine deep‐sea hydrothermal vent samples. All probes, except those targeting members of Sulfolobales, Thermoproteaceae, Pyrodictiaceae and Korarchaeota, gave positive hybridization signals when hybridized against 16S rDNA amplification products obtained from hydrothermal DNA extracts. The results confirmed the widespread occurrence of Thermococcales, Desulfurococcales, Methanocaldococcaceae and Archaeoglobus in deep‐sea hydrothermal vents, and extended the known ecological habitats of uncultured lineages. Despite their wide coverage, the probes were unable to resolve the archaeal communities associated with hydrothermally influenced sediments, suggesting that these samples may contain novel lineages. This suite of oligonucleotide probes may represent an efficient tool for rapid qualitative and quantitative characterization of archaeal communities. Their application would help to provide new insights in the future into the composition, distribution and abundance of Archaea in high‐temperature environments.
Passive Current Redistribution in the Heart
Authors: GIROUARD STEVE , IDEKER RAYMOND 
Published: December 2004

Passive Stimulation of Myocardium. Introduction: Electrical stimuli produce a spatial distribution of voltage across the heart. We hypothesized that the potential difference between tissue near a stimulating electrode and a remote site could cause sufficient current to flow through a highly conductive wire connecting the two sites to directly stimulate the remote tissue. Methods and Results: In six open chest pigs, we inserted a catheter with right ventricular (RV) and superior vena cava (SVC) coil electrodes. A wire was placed with one end contacting the epicardium 10 ± 2 mm away from the RV electrode and the other end on left ventricular (LV) epicardium 56 ± 14 mm from the RV end of the wire. Stimuli of 10 to 100 V were delivered to the RV and SVC electrodes. Potentials were recorded from two 252–electrode arrays placed over the RV and LV ends of the passive wire. The current induced in the wire was measured. A minimum stimulus of 15 ± 6 V was needed between RV SVC electrodes to not only pace the RV but also to pace the LV through the passive wire as detected by the electrode array recordings. Current in the wire varied linearly with RV‐SVC stimulus strength. Conclusion: Coupling RV and LV epicardium with a passive wire while stimulating the RV endocardium induced sufficient current in the wire to synchronously pace the LV.
Cyclotron Radiation from a Hot Plasma
Authors: Drummond W. E. , Rosenbluth M. N. 
Published: December 2004

In their Geneva paper, Trubnikov and Kudryavtsev calculated the cyclotron radiation from a hot plasma. In doing this, the assumption was made that the individual particles radiated as though they were in a vacuum. We have investigated this approximation by calculating the absorption length directly from the Boltzmann equation, and we find that indeed this assumption is correct whenever (ωp/ωe)2 ≪ m2, where m is the harmonic number of the radiation in question, ωp is the plasma frequency, and ωe is the cyclotron frequency. For a contained plasma, the left hand side of this inequality is of the order of magnitude of one, and thus the inequality is well satisfied for the dominant radiation from a plasma at high temperature.
The angular independence of the absorption coefficient has been calculated, and this together with a more careful examination of the mechanism of thermonuclear energy transfer to the electrons, leads to a modification of the results presented by Trubnikov and Kudryavtsev at Geneva. In addition, it is shown that by the use of reflectors the critical size can be reduced by two orders of magnitude.
Interpretation of Luminous Phenomena Observed in Electromagnetic Shock Tubes
Authors: Cloupeau M. 
Published: December 2004

A series of experiments with electromagnetically driven shock waves in various gases have shown that the luminous emission observed along the tube should often be interpreted as being due to direct ionization produced by the driver discharge and not to thermal ionization produced by the shock wave. The experiments also show that for high Mach numbers obtained at low initial pressures (of the order of 1 mm Hg), the shock front and the front of the discharge plasma jet (contact front) practically coincide. Thus, in contradiction with the conclusions reached by Kolb, Griem, and others, the state of the luminous gas following ths shock front cannot be calculated by the Rankine-Hugoniot equations from the velocity of the front.
The results presented have been obtained by spectrographic investigation of the light emitted along a special H-shaped glass tube in which the gas between one of the electrode pairs is initially different from that filling the rest of the tube.
Tail Shock Problem
Authors: Meyer R. E. 
Published: December 2004

Attention is drawn to unresolved difficulties concerning the mechanism of tail shock formation behind bodies of revolution at supersonic and hypersonic flight speeds. In the limit of infinite Reynolds number, the flow near the neck of the wake is assumed to approach a locally conical field with vertex at the point on the axis where the shock starts. A detailed treatment is given for the case where the flow downstream of the shock is axial and of large Mach number M, so that the semivertex angle τ of the shock is small, but Mτ is not, and the shock is not weak. The problem then involves a small entropy parameter, and a uniform first-order approximation with respect to it is obtained. This may be the first purely analytical treatment of a conical shock that is not weak.
The gas is found to suffer a precompression, upstream of the shock, such that the density vanishes at the inner boundary of the stream. It is shown that this result must be expected to be independent of all but the one assumption that the gas impinges on the axis at a nonzero angle. Accordingly, tail shock formation in two-dimensional and axially symmetrical flows must be expected to differ in significant, still unknown ways.
Magnetohydrodynamic Flow in a Shock Tube
Authors: Mitchner M. 
Published: December 2004

The effect of a transverse magnetic field on the motion of a perfectly conducting fluid in a shock tube is examined. A generalized form of the Riemann invariant for the continuous motion of such a fluid is combined with the conservation equations for a magnetohydrodynamic shock to obtain an exact description of the fluid motion in a shock tube in terms of arbitrary initial conditions. The fluids are assumed to have constant specific heat ratios.
Qualitatively, the effect of the magnetic field is equivalent to that of a pressure, but quantitatively the effect is always greater than merely the hydrodynamic pressure equivalent of the appropriate Maxwell stress. A magnetic field in the high-pressure region alone can produce shocks having Mach numbers for typical laboratory conditions, of the order of hundreds, and in general is in agreement with available experimental results. A magnetic field in the low-pressure region results in weaker, but higher velocity shocks.
Traveling Wave Interaction and Wave Growth in a Dense Plasma
Authors: Messerle Hugo K. 
Published: December 2004

Traveling wave interaction for one-dimensional flow is analyzed using small-perturbation theory. This permits a separate treatment of the two major fluctuations, i.e., the harmonic response due to the imposed magnetic wave and the transient response to natural disturbances in the presence of the magnetic wave.
No interaction takes place when both wave and plasma velocity are equal. The interaction increases as the relative velocity increases, and there are definite resonance peaks for the harmonic fluctuations at the relative sound speeds. The resonance is normally damped; however, the perturbation of the electrical parameters such as the electrical conductivity can have a destabilizing effect.
Transient disturbances which travel at the relative magneto acoustic speed are normally damped when moving along the wave. However, as the relative speed is raised, these disturbance waves can be made to grow. Stability criteria are established, defining regions of instability for the relative speed. It is shown that the electrical conductivity and the Hall factor are primarily responsible for instability due to their critical dependence on the fluctuating thermodynamic quantities in magnetohydrodynamic converters.
The Deukalion and Pyrrha Myth in Paul Celan and Christoph Ransmayr
Authors: Williams Scott G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis article examines the rewriting of Ovid's version of the Deukalion and Pyrrha myth by Paul Celan and Christoph Ransmayr. The myth relates how Jupiter destroys the world by deluge and how Deukalion and Pyrrha repopulate the earth. This myth of destruction and renewal finds resonance in the poetry of Celan and the novel Die letzte Welt by Ransmayr, one at the start of the literature of the post‐war years, the other closing the second half of the century. In the case of Celan, this article highlights a connection to the classical tradition little noticed in the critical literature. In turn, it also helps lift a corner of the veil on some of his enigmatic poetry. Ransmayr's version of the myth is embedded in his rewriting of Ovid's Metamorphoses. The analysis of that version also elucidates the sparse reference to the Holocaust in the novel. There are similar metaphoric responses to the myth in both contemporary writers. Furthermore, the critical response to both writers reflects the tumultuous relationship of German‐language literature and history since 1945.
Deutsche Schrift: The Demise and Rise of German Black Letter
Authors: Newton Gerald 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFrom 1464 to 1941 German printers had the choice of using Black Letter or roman‐face fonts. The preference generally was for Black Letter face when the text in question was intended for the German‐speaking market only, and roman‐face when the text was in Latin, French or other languages that preferred this face. However, these demarcations began to grow blurred towards the end of the eighteenth century, and during the nineteenth century the question of which type‐face to use became a strident issue, known as the ‘Frakturstreit’. The ‘Frakturstreit’ was, however, dismissed at the stroke of a pen in 1941, when Martin Bormann denounced German Black Letter as ‘Judenlettern’ and issued an order that only roman‐face was from then on to be used as the normal face for printing German‐language texts. Yet since that time of effective abolition, German Black Letter has slowly begun to reappear, helped considerably by the digitalisation of many of these fonts in the 1990s. It is the struggle, the demise and the reappearance that the present article seeks to address.
Journalists and the ‘Professional Ideal’ in Britain: the Institute of Journalists, 1884–1907*
Authors: Hampton Mark 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
This article examines the early history of the Institute of Journalists as a case study of occupational development in late Victorian and Edwardian Britain. It argues that disagreements over the putative meaning of ‘professional’ led to widespread belief that journalists’ interests were best served by organizing as a trade union rather than as a ‘professional organization’. Drawing on trade periodicals, memoirs and journalism handbooks, this article illustrates the complexities of the ‘professional ideal’ and underscores the ambiguous position of the ‘mental labourer’ in British society.
More than a great poster: Lord Kitchener and the image of the military hero
Authors: Surridge Keith 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Lord Kitchener was once a great legendary figure but the imagery and iconography used to create the legend is less well known. By using his papers and contemporary literature this article attempts to shed light on how Kitchener was regarded by his peers and the public. Instead of the wholesome English traits attributed to his predecessors, Kitchener's admirers and enemies described him as ‘oriental’, ‘teutonic’, devious, cruel, machine-like and efficient, which made him the ideal champion for a country undergoing a collective crisis of confidence before 1914. Thus Kitchener was, in many ways, a new kind of hero.
Protestation, Vow, Covenant and Engagement: swearing allegiance in the English Civil War
Authors: Vallance Edward 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
This article discusses four political tests imposed between 1641 and 1649. Using printed pamphlets and manuscript oath rolls, the article explores both the guidelines established by casuists and pamphleteers for swearing lawfully, and the responses of individual subscribers when confronted with conflicting demands for their political allegiance. In this way, the article demonstrates the importance of subscription returns as a source for political historians, as well as genealogists and demographic researchers. The article concludes that individuals often chose to equivocate or to refuse oaths, not because they found them politically unacceptable, but because they were afraid of forswearing themselves.
What difference did the vote make? Women in public and private life in Britain since 1918*
Authors: Thane Patricia M. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
This article looks at what has and has not changed in women's lives since they gained the vote. Women are still more prone to poverty than men, especially single mothers and older women, a fact which would have disappointed the suffragists, many of whom saw elimination of poverty as a priority and played a major role in bringing the Welfare State into being. Suffragists did not expect gender equality to follow quickly after getting the vote. They expected – and got – a long, hard struggle. The women's movement was stronger in the nineteen-twenties and thirties than it had ever been and led to an impressive number of legislative changes. Women's activism was more muted after the Second World War, but revived in the nineteen-fifties even before the great wave of feminism after 1968. The spate of legislation which resulted was comparable with that of the nineteen-twenties.
It is not enough to examine legislation. The greatest change in women's lives has been due to increased use of birth control from the late nineteenth century. From the nineteen-sixties the Pill has allowed women to delay starting families without sacrificing sexual relationships, and to establish themselves in a career. However, career opportunities for women remain limited, especially in the skilled trades, while divorce and the ‘long hours’ culture since the nineteen-eighties have made it more difficult for women to combine family and career. The historical record suggests that increased gender equality has been achieved only by campaigns, legislation and measures of positive discrimination, not by gradual persuasion.
FROM EXPERIENCE: Products Talking to People—Conversation Closes the Gap between Products and Consumers
Authors: Oppenheimer Aaron 
Published: December 2004

Product design is a complex undertaking, requiring manufacturers to find a balance among business goals, regulatory guidelines, the requirements of the distributor and retailer, and consumer demand. Along the way, it is sometimes easy to forget that, in the end, an actual person will attempt to operate the product.Manufacturers are skilled at collecting and analyzing data about their customers and at using this information to formulate a “brand message”: those things a company wants to communicate to consumers, the expectations that should be set in the consumer's mind, and what feelings and associations consumers should take away from an interaction with the company and its products. But while this information may be useful in understanding demographic and economic aspects of consumers, it often does not help the manufacturer understand how the product and user should interact—how the product and user should “talk” to each other. Something is lost in translation as a product goes from being a conceptual instantiation of a brand to being an actual physical object that a consumer must communicate with and must manipulate. The result is an experience that reflects poorly on the product and the manufacturer.This article presents a framework for developing the interaction between user and product, using the metaphor of conversation between people. Human beings have developed a set of conversational rules and norms over the last few thousand years, and by leveraging these standards, manufacturers can create product interactions that provide a better experience to the consumer.
Moderate hypoxia suppresses exercise‐induced procoagulant changes
Authors: DeLoughery Thomas G. , Robertson Deborah G. , Smith Cristina A. , Sauer David 
Published: December 2004

SummaryHypoxia has been implicated as a stimulant of coagulation. As exertion is known to affect haemostasis, we sought to control for this by using a standardized protocol. Subjects were exercised both at room air and at 12% oxygen. Exercise produced an increase in procoagulant factors, which was reduced with hypoxic exercise. Room air exercise increased fibrinolytic markers. Hypoxic exercise did not affect the increase in tissue plasminogen activator, but decreased the increase in plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 expression. Thus, it appears that hypoxia may exert an antithrombotic effect by both damping exercise‐induced procoagulant changes and stimulating fibrinolysis.