bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examination of selected synthesis and room‐temperature storage parameters for wood adhesive‐type urea–formaldehyde resins by 13C‐NMR spectroscopy. IV
Authors: Kim Moon G. , Wan Hui , No Byung Y. , Nieh World L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTypical particleboard wood‐adhesive urea–formaldehyde (UF) resins, synthesized with formaldehyde/first urea (F/U1) mol ratios of 1.80, 2.10, and 2.40 and the second urea added to an overall F/U ratio of 1.15, in weak alkaline pH, were allowed to stand at room temperature over a period of 50 days. 13C‐NMR of time samples taken over the storage period showed gradual migration of hydroxymethyl groups from the polymeric first‐urea components to the monomeric second‐urea components and also an advancing degree of polymerization of resins by forming methylene and methylene ether groups involving the second urea. These phenomena that varied with the F/U1 mol ratios used in the resin syntheses due to the varying polymer branching structures resulted in the first step of resin synthesis. Varying viscosity decreases and increases of the resins also occurred. Due to these chemical and physical changes, the particleboards that bonded with the sampled resins showed varying bond strength and formaldehyde‐emission values, indicating process optimizations possible to improve bonding and formaldehyde‐emission performances. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 1155–1169, 2001
Correlation between molecular structure, free volume, and physical properties of a wide range of main chain thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers
Authors: Hsieh Tsung‐Tang , Tiu Carlos , Simon George P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPhysical phenomena such as glass transition temperatures, melting points, and relaxational behavior have been determined for a wide range of thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers (TLCPs) and polycarbonate (PC). Damping intensities of rigid TLCPs during glass transition are greater than those of semirigid and semiflexible TLCPs. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy was also employed to evaluate free volume parameters of polymers. In general, the positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) free volume parameters show that all TLCPs have much smaller, fewer free volume sites compared with PC. Correlations were found between PALS free volume parameters and glass transition temperature, dynamic mechanical damping strength, and bulk density where greater free volume parameters corresponded to higher glass transition temperatures, greater damping strength, and lower density. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 2252–2267, 2001
Dynamics and evolution of structure in fiber extrusion
Authors: Shimizu Jiro , Kikutani Takeshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper gives a review of scientific advances in the understanding of the mechanism of fiber structure development in the high‐speed melt spinning process. Research in this field has been active since the late 1970s. Particular attention is paid to the molecular orientation and orientation‐induced crystallization occurring in the high‐speed spinning process of poly(ethylene terephthalate), polyamides, and some other types of polymers. Characteristics of crystalline morphology developed in the spin line and evolution of structural variation in the cross‐section of the fiber are also discussed. On‐line measurement of the spin line revealed that fiber structure development is accompanied with neck‐like deformation. Detailed behavior of the neck‐like deformation such as diameter profile, necking temperature, and necking draw ratio are presented, and the relation between the neck‐like deformation and the structure development is also discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 539–558, 2002
The conservation of unionid mussels in Louisiana rivers: diversity, assemblage composition and substrate use
Authors: Brown Kenneth M. , Banks Patrick D. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract1. To aid in their conservation, unionid mussel assemblages were surveyed in three relatively unstudied rivers in south‐eastern Louisiana.2. Although total species richness varied among rivers, species diversity (as estimated both by Shannon‐Weaver H′ and rank‐abundance curves) was fairly similar.3. Assemblage composition varied among the rivers, with the West Pearl River having the most dissimilar group of species. The endangered inflated heel splitter, Potamilus inflatus, was found only in the lower Amite River.4. The most common species had size distributions skewed towards larger individuals, but small individuals were collected (including the inflated heel splitter), indicating successful recruitment.5. Mussels were more common in silt than in sand or gravel, perhaps because fine sediments are more stable through time in these river systems.6. The greatest threat to these assemblages is gravel mining in the upper reaches of the rivers. At the present time only rivers with endangered species, or that have been declared scenic rivers, have any protection from gravel mining. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extracting macroscopic information from Web links
Authors: Thelwall Mike 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMuch has been written about the potential and pitfalls of macroscopic Web‐based link analysis, yet there have been no studies that have provided clear statistical evidence that any of the proposed calculations can produce results over large areas of the Web that correlate with phenomena external to the Internet. This article attempts to provide such evidence through an evaluation of Ingwersen's (1998) proposed external Web Impact Factor (WIF) for the original use of the Web: the interlinking of academic research. In particular, it studies the case of the relationship between academic hyperlinks and research activity for universities in Britain, a country chosen for its variety of institutions and the existence of an official government rating exercise for research. After reviewing the numerous reasons why link counts may be unreliable, it demonstrates that four different WIFs do, in fact, correlate with the conventional academic research measures. The WIF delivering the greatest correlation with research rankings was the ratio of Web pages with links pointing at research‐based pages to faculty numbers. The scarcity of links to electronic academic papers in the data set suggests that, in contrast to citation analysis, this WIF is measuring the reputations of universities and their scholars, rather than the quality of their publications.
Intuitions about declining marginal utility
Authors: Greene Joshua , Baron Jonathan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn two studies, subjects judged the desirability of distributions of life expectancy or money. Their judgments showed declining marginal utility. That is, they were less sensitive to changes at the high end of each scale. Subjects also made utility ratings of the outcomes of individuals. And they made ratings of the distributions when these were described in terms of utility ratings rather than goods (years or dollars). The judgments of utility ratings showed equivalent declining marginal utility, even though they were based on utilities that themselves declined marginally. People extend their intuition about declining marginal utility to utility itself, as if utility had utility that declined marginally. In one experiment, a similar result was found with gambles: people are risk averse for utility as well as for money. We argue that this is an overextension of a reasonable heuristic and that this heuristic may account for one classic objection to utilitarian distributions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relative contribution of residential and occupational magnetic field exposure over twenty‐four hours among people living close to and far from a power line
Authors: Forssén Ulla M. , Ahlbom Anders , Feychting Maria 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study sought to estimate the relative contribution of exposure to 50 Hz magnetic fields experienced at home, at work/school, or elsewhere to the total exposure over 24 hr. Personal exposure meters were carried by 97 adults and children in the Stockholm area. About half of the subjects lived close (< 50 m) to a transmission line and half far (> 100 m) away. Spot measurements and calculations for the residential exposure were also made. For subjects living < 50 m from the line, the exposure at home contributed about 80% of the total magnetic field exposure, measured in μT‐hours. Adults living far away experienced only 38% of the total exposure at home, but children still received 55%. Subjects with low time‐weighted average (TWA) exposure both at home and at work spent 84% of their time in fields < 0.1 μT, and those with high TWA at both locations spent 69% of their time in fields ≥ 0.2 μT. This contrast was diluted if only exposure at one location was considered. For spot measurements and calculations of the residential exposure, both sensitivity and specificity was good. However, the intermediate field exposure category (0.1–0.19 μT) showed poor correlation to the 24 hr personal measurements. Bioelectromagnetics 23:239–244, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Experiments on the effects of a continuous 16.7 Hz magnetic field on melatonin secretion, core body temperature, and heart rates in humans
Authors: Griefahn Barbara , Künemund Christa , Blaszkewicz Meinolf , Golka Klaus , Mehnert Peter , Degen Gisela 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe present study investigated the hypothesis that a strong extremely low frequency magnetic field partially suppresses the synthesis of melatonin and subsequently elevates the core body temperature. Seven healthy young men (16–22 years) took part in a control and in an exposure session. Three men experienced first the control and then the exposure session, four men experienced the sessions in reverse order. Control sessions were performed as constant routines, where the participants spent 24 hour periods continuously in bed while air temperature was 18°C, illumination less than 30 lux, and the sound pressure level 50 dBA. The exposure sessions differed from that protocol only between 6 pm and 2 am when a strong extremely low frequency magnetic field was continuously applied (16.7 Hz, 0.2 mT). Assuming that the participants were unable to perceive the field consciously, they were blind against the actual condition. Salivary melatonin levels were determined hourly; body core temperatures and heart rates were registered continuously throughout. Neither of these parameters revealed alterations that can be related to the influence of the magnetic field. The present results, taken together with other investigations using that particular field, lead to the hypothesis that the effects most likely, occur, only after repetitive exposures to intermittent fields. Bioelectromagnetics 22:581–588, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Methyl CpG‐binding proteins and transcriptional repression*
Authors: Wade Paul A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSince its discovery, methylation of DNA in mammalian cells has been correlated with transcriptional repression and with specialized chromatin structures. Recently, considerable progress has been reported in the identification of protein factors with a highly conserved DNA interaction surface, termed the methyl CpG‐binding domain or MBD. A subset has been biochemically linked to histone deacetylases, suggesting a molecular mechanism for the functional properties of methylated DNA. Despite several obvious attractions, the connection between MBD proteins and histone deacetylases fails to explain all the existing data. In fact, the biochemistry and DNA‐binding properties of most MBD family members have not been adequately described and considerable evidence exists for alternative mechanisms in the repression of methylated loci. Null mutations have been generated in mice for several MBD family members, the phenotypes of the mutant animals raise important questions regarding the functions of the MBD family. Here, I review the biochemistry, DNA‐binding properties, and genetics of the MBD proteins that are linked to transcriptional repression, namely, MeCP2, MBD1, MBD2, and MBD3. Several models to account for the functional properties of methylated DNA are presented. BioEssays 23:1131–1137, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The molecular machinery for lysosome biogenesis*
Authors: Mullins Chris , Bonifacino Juan S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe lysosome serves as a site for delivery of materials targeted for removal from the eukaryotic cell. The mechanisms underlying the biogenesis of this organelle are currently the subject of renewed interest due to advances in our understanding of the protein sorting machinery. Genetic model systems such as yeast and Drosophila have been instrumental in identifying both protein and lipid components of this machinery. Importantly, many of these components, as well as the processes in which they are involved, are proving conserved in mammals. Other recently identified components, however, appear to be unique to higher eukaryotes. BioEssays 23:333–343, 2001. Published 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cancer: the evolved consequence of a destabilized genome
Authors: Anderson Garth R. , Stoler Daniel L. , Brenner Bruce M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe genome is a stable repository of vastly intricate genetic information developed over eons of evolution; this information is replicated at the highest fidelity and expressed within each cell at the highest selectivity. Non‐leukemia cancers break this standard; the intricate genetic information qualitatively and progressively deteriorates, resulting in a somatic Darwinian free‐for‐all. In a process lasting several years, a genomically heterogeneous population replicates from a single cell that originally lost the ability to preserve its genomic integrity. Cells selected for their abilities to proliferate and spread, while evading host defenses, inexorably expand their numbers. The clinical consequences of this become severe, as the genomically diverse cell population that evolves contains members that can evade most therapeutic approaches aimed at “the tumor cell”. BioEssays 23:1037–1046, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
NMR solution structure of the isolated Apo Pin1 WW domain: Comparison to the x‐ray crystal structures of Pin1
Authors: Kowalski Jennifer A. , Liu Kai , Kelly Jeffery W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe NMR solution structure of the isolated Apo Pin1 WW domain (6–39) reveals that it adopts a twisted three‐stranded antiparallel β‐sheet conformation, very similar to the structure exhibited by the crystal of this domain in the context of the two domain Pin1 protein. While the B factors in the apo x‐ray crystal structure indicate that loop 1 and loop 2 are conformationally well defined, the solution NMR data suggest that loop 1 is quite flexible, at least in the absence of the ligand. The NMR chemical shift and nuclear Overhauser effect pattern exhibited by the 6–39 Pin1 WW domain has proven to be diagnostic for demonstrating that single site variants of this domain adopt a normally folded structure. Knowledge of this type is critical before embarking on time‐consuming kinetic and thermodynamic studies required for a detailed understanding of β‐sheet folding. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopolymers 63: 111–121, 2002
Significance of location of enzymes on their release during microbial cell disruption
Authors: Balasundaram B. , Pandit A.B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe release kinetics of the enzyme invertase and alcohol dehydrogenase from yeast and penicillin acylase from E. coli during disruption using various techniques has been investigated. The disruption techniques used were sonication, high‐pressure homogenization, and hydrodynamic cavitation. The first‐order‐release kinetics was applied for the determination of release rate of these enzymes and total soluble proteins. Location factor (LF) values were calculated using these release rates. The location of the enzymes as given by the values of location factor coincided well with those reported in the literature. Varying values of location factor for the same enzyme by different disruption techniques gave some indications about the selectivity of release of a target enzyme by different disruption techniques. Varying values of location factor for the same enzyme with the use of a particular equipment or disruption technique at different conditions reveals the degree to which the cell is disrupted. Few plausible applications of this location factor concept have been predicted and these speculations have been examined. This location factor concept has been used for monitoring the heat‐induced translocation of ADH and location of penicillin acylase during the growth period of E. coli cells. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 75: 607–614, 2001.
Metabolic flux modeling of detoxification of acetic acid by Ralstonia eutropha at slightly alkaline pH levels
Authors: Yu Jian , Wang Jianping 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRalstonia eutropha grows on and produces polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) from fermentation acids. Acetic acid, one major organic acid from acidogenesis of organic wastes, has an inhibitory effect on the bacterium at slightly alkaline pH (6 g HAc/L at pH 8). The tolerance of R. eutropha to acetate, however, was increased significantly up to 15 g/L at the slightly alkaline pH level with high cell mass concentration. A metabolic cell model with five fluxes is proposed to depict the detoxification mechanism including mass transfer and acetyl‐CoA formation of acetic acid and the formation of three final metabolic products, polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), active biomass, and CO2. The fluxes were measured under different conditions such as cell mass concentration, acetic acid concentration, and medium composition. The experimental results indicate that the acetate detoxification by high cell mass concentration is attributed to the increased fluxes at high extracellular acetate concentrations. The fluxes could be doubled to reduce and hence detoxify the accumulated intracellular acetate anions. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 73: 458–464, 2001.
Simultaneous determination of ondansetron and tropisetron in human plasma using HPLC with UV detection
Authors: Bauer Steffen , Störmer Elke , Kaiser Rolf , Tremblay Pierre‐Benoit , Brockmöller Jürgen , Roots Ivar 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA rapid and sensitve HPLC method for the simultaneous quantitation of ondansetron and tropisetron, two serotonin (5‐HT) receptor antagonists frequently used in treatment and prevention of nausea and emesis, is described. The procedure involves liqid–liquid extraction of human plasma with dichloromethane coupled with reversed‐phase HPLC and UV detection. The lower limits of quantification (LOQ) were 0.62 ng/mL for ondansetron and 1.25 ng/mL or tropisetron. Intra‐ and inter‐assay coefficients of variation ranged from 1.5 to 7.5% and 5.3 to 13.7%, respectively. The sensitivity and precision were sufficient for determination of plasma concentrations after therapeutic administration of both drugs and the method can be used for the estimation of pharmacokinetic parameters. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pathways to industrial environmental improvement in the East Asian newly industrializing economies
Authors: Rock Michael T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAfter the adoption of ‘grow first clean up later’ environmental strategies, governments in the East Asian newly industrializing economies (NIEs) turned to environmental ‘clean‐up’ by enacting landmark environmental legislation, creating command and control environmental agencies and promulgating tough air and water emissions standards. Available evidence suggests there is wide variability in the performance of these new environmental regulatory agencies.Most attribute this variability to differences in ‘political will’. However, why have some governments among the East Asian NIEs been able to muster the ‘political will’ to impose duties on industrial polluters while others have not?This paper answers this question by summarizing a larger study (Rock, 2002) which examines the ‘politics of industrial pollution’ control in six East Asian NIEs. Each case study is based on extensive interviews, the collection of data on the effectiveness of pollution management policies, and the integration of both with the political economy literature on each economy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Fractal analysis of lumbar vertebral cancellous bone architecture
Authors: Feltrin G.P. , Macchi V. , Saccavini C. , Tosi E. , Dus C. , Fassina A. , Parenti A. , De Caro R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOsteoporosis is characterized by bone mineral density (BMD) decreasing and spongy bone rearrangement with consequent loss of elasticity and increased bone fragility. Quantitative computed tomography (QCT) quantifies bone mineral content but does not describe spongy architecture. Analysis of trabecular pattern may provide additional information to evaluate osteoporosis. The aim of this study was to determine whether the fractal analysis of the microradiography of lumbar vertebrae provides a reliable assessment of bone texture, which correlates with the BMD. The lumbar segment of the spine was removed from 22 cadavers with no history of back pain and examined with standard x‐ray, traditional tomography, and quantitative computed tomography to measure BMD. The fractal dimension, which quantifies the image fractal complexity, was calculated on microradiographs of axial sections of the fourth lumbar vertebra to determine its characteristic spongy network. The relationship between the values of the BMD and those of the fractal dimension was evaluated by linear regression and a statistically significant correlation (R = 0.96) was found. These findings suggest that the application of fractal analysis to radiological analyses can provide valuable information on the trabecular pattern of vertebrae. Thus, fractal dimensions of trabecular bone structure should be considered as a supplement to BMD evaluation in the assessment of osteoporosis. Clin. Anat. 6:414–417, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CO2 angiography
Authors: Huber Philip R. , Leimbach Mark E. , Lewis W. Lance , Marshall J. Jeffrey 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIodinated contrast agents are routinely used in procedures to diagnose and treat peripheral vascular disease. Despite the development of low‐osmolar contrast agents and premedication techniques, these agents are still associated with contrast‐induced nephropathy and allergic reactions in some individuals. To overcome these problems, carbon dioxide angiography has been developed as an alternative to standard iodinated contrast angiography in certain patient populations. The technology of digital subtraction angiography has greatly improved the image quality of CO2 angiography. Understanding the unique properties of CO2, the techniques for its use, and its associated limitations and complications will allow interventional cardiologists to expand their treatments of atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:398–403. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.