bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychogeriatric services: trends in Latin America
Authors: Tamai Sergio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the end of the last century the proportion of the population older than 65 approximated or exceeded the 10 per cent level - i.e. slightly below those attained in Canada and the United - in only five countries: Argentina, Barbados, Cuba, Martinique and Uruguay (Pan American Health Organization, 1997).
The role of psychogeriatric services in long-term residential care settings
Authors: Snowdon John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are considerable differences in long-term residential care arrangements between different parts of the world. and there have been variations over time. The percentage of people who live to be old and disabled has dramatically increased, but to an extent that varies between countries. For example, the percentage of people aged over 80 years in Kenya, Egypt and the Philippines was under 0.25 per cent in 1980, but was expected to double in twenty years or so, while already in 1980 in France, the United Kingdom (UK), West Germany and Sweden about 2.5 per cent were aged over 80 years (Selby and Schechter, 1982). Some countries have devoted considerable resources to provision of long-term accommodation and services for disabled older persons, but the World Health
Prophylactic treatment and course of the disease in headache associated with sexual activity
Authors: Frese A , Frese K , Schwaag S , Rahmann A , Husstedt, I -W , Evers S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the 1970s, attention has been drawn to a benign form of headache appearing during sexual activity. In their landmark papers, Paulson and Klawans and Lance distinguished three different types of headache associated with sexual activity (HSA), which are regarded as idiopathic. The International Headache Society (IHS) classifies HSA under ‘miscellaneous headaches unassociated with structural lesions’ ( diagnosis 4.6.1-4.6.3) and differentiates three subtypes. Type 1 is a dull ache in the head and neck that intensifies as sexual excitement increases. Type 2, also called the explosive subtype, is the most frequent type accounting for 69% of the first 70 published cases of HSA. Its intensity and sudden onset makes the exclusion of a subarachnoid hemorrhage necessary. Type 3 is a postural headache resembling the one caused by low cerebrospinal fluid pressure. This headache develops after coitus.
Nonlinear Lattices
Authors: Scott Alwyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hitherto we have considered nonlinear partial differential equations, in which both the time and space coordinates are continuous independent variables. In the present chapter, we take the spatial variable to be a lattice of points, so the objects of study are sets of nonlinear ordinary differential equations, with time remaining a continuous independent variable. Such problems have a venerable place in the history of nonlinear wave studies, going back at least to the 1939 investigation by Frenkel and Kontorova of plastic deformations in crystals that led them to a spatially discrete version of the sine-Gordon equation [60].
Perturbation Theory
Authors: Scott Alwyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapters of this book, we have considered a number of exact solutions for nonlinear dynamic equations. These include the famous solitons, of course, and N-soliton formulas, but other sorts of traveling-waves have been examined, including those on lattices and nonlinear diffusion systems. That such solutions exist is an important fact, involving a shift in paradigm that has overtaken the fields of applied science since the 1970s.
Living with a Long-Term Illness
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All long-term illnesses, whatever their diagnosis, have much in common. The difficulties and challenges that come with illness, and the strategies to overcome them, are shared by most patients. Managing an illness effectively and tackling the difficulties it causes can greatly improve how you feel and your quality of life. This book identifies the challenges posed by illness and suggests a wide variety of ways in which you might meet them. Key to this is the idea of becoming expert in managing your own illness and learning how best to deal with it. The authors accept that you know more than them about how you experience it, so that rather than telling you what to do, they offer a tool box from which you may pick the strategies that best suit you. The two authors, one a person with a long-term illness and one a doctor, combine their expertise and experience to offer a practical and comprehensive guide along your own unique journey. If you have a long-term illness, or if you care for someone who does, then this is a book for you.
Managing Fatigue
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fatigue is one of the most common symptoms of many long-term illnesses. It can range from just getting tired more easily than normal to a feeling of total exhaustion after not doing much. It can reduce your activities and take the edge off your pleasure in what you do manage. As this is probably one of the three or four symptoms that most reduces quality of life, it seems reasonable to start a discussion of managing specific problems with this one. Although we cannot suggest a ‘magic bullet’ of a drug that will eliminate fatigue, we can suggest ways of managing it. If you tire easily and have a very limited amount of energy, then it is very important to manage what energy you do have in the best way so that you are able to do more without becoming exhausted. There are various techniques that really do help.
Eating Well and Wisely
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Good food, and the pleasure and nourishment you can get from it, should be part of your self-management plan. If you are feeling unwell or tired, it can be all too easy to neglect yourself, going for the easiest options in meals and eating at odd hours, but a good, varied diet is important for health. Maintain or get back into the habit of having meals at consistent, normal times—breakfast, lunch and supper. Some people feel better if they do not go too long between meals. If you are one of them, then including small, healthy snacks between meals can be a good idea.
Improving Your Quality of Life
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we look at ways of making your life simpler or easier, so as to get the best from today. Improving the quality of your life today is a worth while aim. Making today better can also alleviate fears about tomorrow .Even if you believe that your health is not likely to improve, trying out some of the strategies we have suggested in this book may reduce some of your symptoms. Finding ways of overcoming some of the difficulties caused by your illness can improve the quality of your life. If you can feel that you are coping pretty well with what is happening now, you are more likely to feel more confident that you will cope with whatever tomorrow brings.
Getting Practical and Financial Assistance
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Getting practical assistance with the things in your daily life which you find difficult, painful, fatiguing or even plain impossible can make managing your illness easier and improve your quality of life. Just how much help you need or would like will obviously depend on your particular illness and your individual circumstances. It is easy enough to talk about getting help, but in reality it can often be difficult.
Ambulatory paediatrics
Authors: Lachman Peter , Isaza Fernando , Bucknall Jackie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of ‘ambulatory paediatrics’ evolved in the USA in the early 1960s. Heller (1994) described the development of paediatricians who could take an overview of children’s needs especially those who did not need admission. In this chapter we intend to break down the misconceptions of the terminology and to lead the reader into a clearer understanding of how a modern healthcare service can develop and how this can link into the services provided by the general practitioner.
Common infectious diseasesofchildhood
Authors: Hamaluba Mainga , Pollard Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The incidence, spectrum, and presentation of infections in childhood vary considerably with age as a result of immunological maturation, microbial exposure, and the ability of children of different ages to communicate their symptoms.Newborns are particularly susceptible to infections as a result of immunological inexperience and immaturity as well as exposure antenatally, to maternal blood-borne infections (e.g. cytomegalovirus, toxoplasmosis, and varicella) and perinatally, to microbes in the birth canal (e.g. HIV, group B streptococci, etc.).
Gastroenterology problems for primary care
Authors: Hyer Warren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been estimated that &gt;20% of all paediatric consultations are for gastrointestinal problems in childhood. This chapter willconcentrate on a practical approach to those problems mostlikely to present to general practice.Chronic abdominal pain is a common cause of parental concern, childhood morbidity, time off school, and hospital referral. Yet if a careful history and examination are performed, and if the nature of the symptoms are typical of functional abdominal pain, many referrals to hospital can be avoided and the child and parents reassured.
Autism for primary care
Authors: Gringras Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Children with early infantile autism were the offspring of highly organized, professional parents, cold and rational, who just happened to defrost long enough to produce a child Kanner Time, 25 July 1960Over the last 30 years there has been an explosion of research into the aetiology, prevalence, and treatment of autism. Increasing public interest and awareness over the last 10 years brings new challenges. With very little effort anyone can access hundreds and thousands of internet sites on autism. Many sites describe anecdotal case reports or non-peer-reviewed articles and parents often look to professionals to help them separate the wheat from the chaff. We have left behind damaging hypotheses from the fifties that suggested autism arose as a consequence of abnormal parenting, but despite recognizing a major genetic contribution, the causes of autism still remain poorly understood. Autistic spectrum disorders (ASD) affect at least 1 in 100 children (Baird et al 2006), and local services are struggling under the pressure of continuing new referrals.
Child health promotion programme
Authors: Simkiss Doug 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the late 1980s the British Paediatric Association set up a multidisciplinary working group chaired by David Hall to review routine health checks for young children. The report of this working party was published as a book in 1989. Health for all Children is now in its fourth edition and is the definitive text on these issues (Hall and Elliman 2003). Each new edition has seen a shift from a medical model of screening for disorders to an approach including health promotion, primary prevention, and active intervention for children at risk, whether for medical or social reasons. The fourth edition encompasses services to school age children, updating the Health needs of school aged children report (Polnay 1995).
Dextropropoxyphene
Authors: Glare Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dextropropoxyphene (DPP), known as propoxyphene in the USA, is a synthetic opioid analgesic of the diphenylpropylamine class and derived from the synthetic strong opioid methadone. DPP is a base, with a pKa of 6.3. As an analgesic, DPP is controversial. It is a widely used and popular painkiller that was taken by the Apollo XI astronauts to the moon. Recently, it has earned a poor reputation in some quarters as an over-prescribed, minimally effective and potentially dangerous analgesic and much has been made of its abuse in suicides. Despite this, DPP still has its advocates who hold that it is effective, well-tolerated and liked by patients.
The lipophilic opioids: fentanyl, alfentanil, sufentanil and remifentanil
Authors: Hall Tony , Hardy Janet R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fentanyl, alfentanil, sufentanil and remifentanil are synthetic opioid analgesics with high affinity for the mu opioid receptor. They have been widely adopted into anesthetic practice for various surgical procedures, for example, in cardiac surgery, and for long-term analgesia and sedation. As anesthetic agents they are generally administered by the intravenous route, although other routes of administration (epidural, intrathecal, transdermal, transmucosal, sublingual and subcutaneous) are used widely.
Diamorphine
Authors: Hardy Janet R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diamorphine (di-acetyl morphine, heroin) is a semisynthetic derivative of morphine. It is not an active drug in its own right, but a pro-drug or opioid delivery system. The active metabolites, 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-AM) and morphine are responsible for the analgesic effects of the drug. Diamorphine was first produced commercially in the late 1890s as a treatment for a variety of respiratory conditions, including dyspnea, pharyngitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, asthma and tuberculosis. It was marketed by the Bayer Company under the trade name ‘heroin’. It was also recommended as a remedy for morphine dependence. In 1924 it was banned from medicinal use in the USA when its potential for abuse and addiction was recognized.
Opioids equianalgesia: dynamics and kinetics
Authors: Davis Mellar P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the past two decades knowledge about opioid pharmacology has dramatically increased, which has altered our understanding of opioid–receptor interactions. The development of genetic studies with antisense mapping and cloning have improved our understanding of opioid pharmacokinetics, receptor gene expression, gene polymorphisms and individual differences in opioid responses. Such differences are influenced by opioid metabolism and receptor genetics. A better understanding of opioid pharmacology from published clinical experience apart from laboratory studies has improved prescribing guidelines. Opioid titration, rescue and around the clock dosing principles are founded on clinical experience, rather than the present day understanding of opioid receptor physiology.
Spinal opioids in cancer pain
Authors: Davis Mellar P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The initial use of spinal opioid infusions for cancer pain was reported in 1979. Intraspinal drug administration routes are either intrathecal or epidural. Some consider spinal drug infusions as the fourth step in the World Health Organization analgesic ladder. Spinal opioid strategies are based upon the theory that the action of opioids is regionally confined to the dorsal horn. This action is thought to be a means of improving analgesia and reducing toxicity, which improves the therapeutic index of opioids. The advantages to spinal opioids compared with spinal anesthetics for pain control is the lack of motor and sensory deficits with spinal opioids, which are dose limiting to spinal anesthetics.
Foreseeing Formulating an Accurate Prognosis
Authors: Lamont Elizabeth B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Physicians are routinely asked to make estimates of patient survival often through the question, ‘doc, how long do I have to live?’ In responding to such a question, physicians engage in at least two often separate tasks, (1) they must formulate a prognosis, or make a mental calculation of the patient’s expected survival, and (2) they must communicate the prognosis to the inquiring individual. These survival estimates, or prognoses, that physicians formulate and then communicate are important to both physicians and patients in all phases of a patient’s life because they guide both medical and non-medical decisions.
Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Koch Moritz , Weitz Jürgen , Büchler Markus W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth most common type of cancer in the USA and usually occurs at the age of 65 to 75 years, but younger patients can also be affected by this disease. Ductal adenocarcinoma is the predominant histopathologic tumour type and accounts for more than 85 per cent of all malignant tumours of the pancreas. Pancreatic ductal cancer has the poorest prognosis among all gastrointestinal cancers. The often late clinical presentation and the very aggressive tumour biology are mainly responsible for the poor outcome. At the time of diagnosis, more than 80 per cent of pancreatic cancer patients present with an advanced tumour stage due to local invasive infiltration or distant metastasis.
Hepatoma
Authors: Ng Kelvin K , Poon Ronnie T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hepatoma, also known as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), is a common malignant disease in the world with a fulminant disease course, low resectability rate, high recurrence after hepatic resection and liver transplantation, poor response to systemic treatment and hence grave prognosis (Figure 15.1). It is the most common primary liver malignancy and ranks fifth in the overall frequency of malignancies in the world, with a global annual incidence of about one million new patients.
Brain Secondaries
Authors: Broadbent Andrew , Hruby George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In adults, brain metastases are about 10 times more frequent than primary brain tumours1 and when appropriately managed are the direct cause of death in only 30–50 per cent of those affected. They are detected either through the staging process, or more commonly following investigation of symptoms such as headache or focal weakness.Numerically, lung, breast, renal cell and colon cancers account for the majority of brain metastases.
Lung Secondaries
Authors: Currow David , Sanderson Christine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Metastases to the lung are a frequent complication of malignancy, occurring in 10–20 per cent of epithelial cancers, 50–70 per cent of sarcomas involving extremity, chest wall, or head and neck, and in up to 90 per cent of those dying of osteosarcoma.2 The natural history of metastatic lung disease varies enormously.
Spinal Cord Compression
Authors: Janjan Nora , Mahajan Anita , Chang Eric L , Mccutcheon Ian , Lin Edward , Das Prajnan , Krishnan Sunil , Chow Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The issues related to the treatment of spinal cord compression from cancer present a paradigm for the treatment of all metastatic disease. The profound consequence of paralysis from spinal cord compression to the patient and their caregivers involves significant suffering and financial burden. Although by definition incurable, patients with metastatic disease benefit greatly from therapeutic strategies that prevent spinal cord compression, and that diagnose and treat spinal cord compression early to maintain functional status.
Initial segments
Authors: Kaye Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The saturation properties of nonstandard models of PA discussed in the last chapter shed a great deal of light on the structure of these models. In this chapter we will describe one of their most celebrated consequences: Harvey Friedman’s theorem that any countable nonstandard model of PA is isomorphic to a proper initial segment of itself. The proof of this theorem in turn follows from more general considerations about when a model M⊂=PA can be embedded onto an initial segment of another model N⊂=PA.
Optimal control II: Applications
Authors: Pinch Enid R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Pontryagin maximum principle is a useful necessary condition which we can now use to solve a range of control problems. We look first at the problem of controlling a linear system in a time-optimal manner. The truck problem (Example 4.2) is the simplest two-dimensional problem of this type. The general problem is dealt with in the next section. For the truck problem the control u = u(t) was subject to the constraint |u| ≤ K/m; in what follows the constraint has been normalized to |u| ≤ 1 but there is no loss of generality. As was explained earlier (in Example 4.1) we can also set ψ = −1 in any application of the Pontryagin theorem without loss of generality.
Patterns, waves and interfaces in excitable reaction-diffusion systems
Authors: Mimura Masayasu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nonlinear reaction-diffusion models have been used widely to describe various phenomena in neurobiology, biophysics, chemical physics, population genetics, mathematical ecology and in other fields. One of the most striking features is the formation of propagating and non-propagating patterns. Under some circumstances, the system develops into qualitatively different states so that internal layers of interfaces are observed. Such interfaces exhibit a variety of geometrical patterns such as rotating spiral patterns in the Belousov-Zhabotinski reagent (Winfree 1980), dendritic patterns in solidifications (Caginalp 1986), pigmentation patterns on shells (Meinhardt and Klinger 1985) and animal coat marking (Murray 1981).
Reduced equivariant Conley index and applications
Authors: Smoller J , Wasserman A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this article we sidestep the difficulties of defining and computing the Conley index of an isolated invariant set in an infinite-dimensional setting, by constructing a global Lyapunov-Schmidt reduction to a finite-dimensional space. This enables us to use the finite-dimensional version of the Conley Index Theory. In particular, we enrich this invariant by using the group structure, present from symmetry considerations, to obtain an equivariant Conley index. We use this equivariant Conley index to prove a general bifurcation theorem which is then applied to the symmetry-breaking problem for semilinear elliptic equations. (See the papers of Amann and Zehnder(1980), Chow and Lauterbach(1985), and Kielhofer(1988) for other ways of reducing to finite-dimensional problems in analogous situations.)
Bounds on two-terminal reliability
Authors: Shier Douglas R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As indicated in Section 2.5, the exact calculation of network reliability is #P-complete, meaning that an efficient method is unlikely to exist for carrying out this computation. Consequently, it is appropriate to discuss method for approximating network reliability. In particular, this chapter will discuss a number of methods for bounding the two-terminal reliability of a network. It will be useful to classify such bounds as either static or dynamic bounds. The lower-bound polynomials developed in Sections 3.3-3.4 are examples of dynamic bounds because they provide a sequence of approximations to the exact reliability. Section 4.1 surveys a variety of lower and upper bounds on reliability, while Sections 4.2-4.3 concentrate on bounds that derive from algebraic considerations. These algebraic bounds are dynamic estimates that are guaranteed to converge monotonically to the exact two-terminal reliability polynomial in a finite number of iterations. Moreover, the algebraic approach can be implemented to produce matched lower and upper bounds at each iteration. Thus at each step one can compute an interval guaranteed to contain the correct reliability value, and the width of this interval will progressively decrease. As a result, it is possible to monitor the interval of uncertainty and terminate the iterative process once the current interval is sufficiently small or the allocated computing resources have been expended.