bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural and functional constraints on ethnic minority individuals in Britain
Authors: Hutnik Nimmi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I arrive at Heathrow (it is October 1982) and the woman who clears away my polystyrene cups and plastic tray is of Indian origin, hair tightly pulled back in the traditional juda, awkwardly dressed in trousers and an apron. Her eyes light up when I address her in Hindi. Outside, in the cold damp October air, there are buses waiting to take me-into London? to Oxford? to Southampton? The men in the drivers’ seats are also Indian. They, too, respond warmly when I say, ‘Oxford ke liye, ek ticket de dijiye’ (‘Please give me a ticket for Oxford’).
Ethnic identification, ethnic preference, and self-esteem
Authors: Hutnik Nimmi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most fundamental facets of social identity is the individual’s identification with and preference for his/her ethnic group. For most people the development of this identification and preference is a simple process: there is little conflict in seeing oneself as French, Swedish, or British if one belongs to the majority group in each of these countries. However, for the ethnic minority individual the process of developing identification and preference for one’s own group is complicated by the fact that the group suffers inferior status relative to the majority group. Not all black and coloured children, for instance, identify with or prefer their own group. Rather, some of them seem to internalize white values about their group, namely, that their group is in some way inferior and they identify with and prefer the white group rather than their own. Observations of this unusual pattern of identification and preference led psychologists to believe that it must result in deleterious consequences for the individual’s level of self-esteem.
The salience, centrality, and valence of ethnicity
Authors: Hutnik Nimmi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In discussing the psychological consequences of ethnic minority group membership, Kurt Lewin (1935) pointed out that the characteristics of a social situation might cause some aspects of the person to become so salient as to determine the individual’s responses to the situation. Later, researchers have explicitly manipulated group membership salience and measured the effect on various social behaviours. Festinger (1950a) found that Catholics and Jews tended to vote for the person identified as a member of their group in a situation where the religious affiliation of the candidates was made known to them and they were required to elect a club officer. Lambert et al. (1960) demonstrated an increase in tolerance for pain when membership feelings of Christians versus Jews were made salient. Subsequently, social psychologists have developed an interest in implicitly manipulated group salience.
Styles of cultural adaptation
Authors: Hutnik Nimmi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although inter-cultural exchanges are by no means a new phenomenon, the increasing ease with which people are able to travel across cultural boundaries has made cross-cultural contact the subject of much debate. Early models describing the experience of travelling, or sojourning, concentrated on the more unpleasant aspects of cross-cultural contact. A major early influence was Stonequist (1937) who, drawing upon the work of Park (1928), published a book, The marginal man, in which he envisaged immigrants as people caught between two cultures and feeling at home in neither. In 1960, Oberg introduced the notion of culture shock, in which entrance into a new culture is seen as a confusing and disorienting experience. About the same time (i.e. the late 1950s), the notion of the U-curve of adjustment was introduced. This model suggested that crosscultural sojourners progress through three main phases: an initial state of elation and optimism; a second stage of frustration, confusion, and depression; and a third in which there is a gradual increment in confidence and satisfaction with the new society (Coelho 1958; Deutsch and Won 1963). These early models were characterized by the notion that travelling produced a state of mental disorientation similar to that found in clinical subjects (Furnham and Bochner 1986).
Products, persons, and periods: historiometric analyses of compositional creativity
Authors: Simonton Dean Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anyone well versed in the European music tradition must have some acquaintance with such compositions as the Missa Papae Marcelli, the Brandenburg Concerti, Eine kleine Nach,tmusik, Tristan und Isolde, La Mer, Das Lied von der Erde, and Le Sacre du Printemps. Such persons would also show some familiarity with the composers responsible for these masterpieces: Palestrina, Bach, Mozart, Wagner, Mahler, Debussy, and Stravinsky. And, finally, these well-educated individuals will have some awareness of the musical periods in which these composers conceived their works, whether the Renaissance, Baroque, Classical, Romantic, Post-Romantic, Impressionist, or Modern eras. Moreover, musicologists devote considerable amount of time to discussing these and other products, persons, and periods in order to discern the nature of composition, the basis for a composer’s achievements, or the changes in musical style. Yet these three entities are not merely of interest to musicologists. Psychologists, too, can learn a great deal about musical creativity by a careful examination of the compositions, the composers, and the compositional eras that define the European music tradition.
Developing understandings of mind
Authors: Wellman Henry M , Lagattuta Kristin H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Humans are social creatures: we raise and are raised by others, live in family groups, co-operate, compete, and communicate. We not only live socially, we think socially. In particular, we develop numerous conceptions about people, about relationships, about groups, social institutions, conventions, manners and morals. The claim behind research on ‘theory of mind’ is that certain core understandings organize and enable this array of developing social perceptions, conceptions and beliefs. In particular, the claim is that our everyday understanding of persons is fundamentally mentalistic; we think of people in terms of their mental states—their beliefs, desires, hopes, goals, and inner feelings. Consequently, an everyday mentalism is ubiquitous and crucial to our understanding of the social world. Consider the following: you want to make someone happy, so you give her something she wants; you want an object that someone else also wants, so you deceive him into believing it is unavailable; you know something that others do not, so you tell them. These themes—wanting, pleasing, deceiving, informing—provide the fabric of everyday life, as well as that of great fiction and drama, and manifest our everyday understanding of persons as desiring, believing, emoting fellow beings.
Do chimpanzees use their gestures to instruct each other?
Authors: Povinelli Daniel J , O’Neill Daniela K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several years ago, we asked ourselves the following question: when chimpanzees coordinate their activities to achieve what on the surface appears to be a common goal, is this co-operation mediated by an understanding of each other’s mental states? In this chapter, we offer our preliminary answer to this question-a question that remains undeniably important in efforts to reconstruct the evolution of social understanding.
The brain control of feeding and reward
Authors: Rolls Edmund T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter and Chapter 7 we consider the rewards relevant to drives such as eating and drinking. In these cases there are internal signals which indicate that there is a need for food or water. The food or water are rewards, in that the organism will work to obtain the food or water. The signals that make the food or water rewarding originate internally. In the case of hunger, the internal signals reflect the state of energy balance, reflecting stimuli such as plasma glucose and gastric distension. In the case of thirst, the internal signals reflect the volumes of the cellular and extracellular fluids. In both cases the hunger and thirst operate to maintain the constancy of the internal milieu. The signals operate to alter the reward value which food or water has for the hungry or thirsty organism. The reward signals are conveyed primarily by the taste, smell, and sight of food or water. In this chapter we will consider where in information processing in these sensory systems the sensory stimulation produced by food (or, similarly, water) is decoded not just as a physical stimulus, but is coded in terms of its reward value. An important aspect of brain organization is that these two aspects of information processing are kept separate, at least in primates including humans. Another important aspect of brain organization for these types of reward is that the learning of which visual stimuli are food or water, or are associated with food or water, takes places in specialized parts for the brain for this type of learning. This learning takes place in the brain after analysis of what the stimulus is.
Brain mechanisms for thirst
Authors: Rolls Edmund T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we consider the rewards relevant to thirst and drinking. In the case of thirst there are internal signals which indicate that there is a need for water. The water is a reward, in that the organism will work to obtain the water. The signals that make the water rewarding originate internally. In the case of thirst, the internal signals reflect the volumes of the cellular and extracellular fluid. Thirst and drinking operate to maintain the constancy of the internal milieu. The internal signals operate to alter the reward value which water has for the thirsty organism. The reward signals are conveyed primarily by the taste and sight of water. In this chapter, we will consider where in information processing in these sensory systems the sensory stimulation produced by water is decoded not just as a physical stimulus, but is coded in terms of its reward value. An important aspect of brain organization is that these two aspects of information processing are kept separate, at least in primates including humans. Another important aspect of brain organization for this type of reward is that the learning of which visual stimuli are water, or are associated with water, takes place in specialized parts for the brain for this type of learning, which take place after analysis of what the stimulus is.
Reward, punishment, and emotion in brain design
Authors: Rolls Edmund T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We now confront the fundamental issue of why we, and other animals, are built to use rewards and punishments to guide or determine our behaviour. Why are we built to have emotions, as well as motivational states? Is there any reasonable alternative around which evolution could have built complex animals? In Section 10.2 I outline several types of brain design, with differing degrees of complexity, and suggest that evolution can operate with only some of these types of design.
A simple design principle is to incorporate mechanisms for taxes into the design of organisms. Taxes consist at their simplest of orientation towards stimuli in the environment, for example the bending of a plant towards light which results in maximum light collection by its photosynthetic surfaces. (When just turning rather than locomotion is possible, such responses are called tropisms.) With locomotion possible, as in animals, taxes include movements towards sources of nutrient, and movements away from hazards such as very high temperatures.
Global environment
Authors: McMichael Anthony J , Butler, Colin D , Ahern Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Earth’s biophysical environment constitutes the basic “goods and services” upon which our existence depends (Costanza et al. 1997, Daily 1997). Although societies within a given environment have, through the millennia, learnt how to conserve natural resources, these environmental assets have often been taken for granted; the tendency being to exploit natural resources to increase the carrying capacity of the environment. This scale of exploitation has increased exponentially over the past two centuries, as human numbers have expanded and as the material land energy-intensity of economic activity has increased (Diamond 1997, Redman 1999, UNPDDESA 2001). Some of the longer-term consequences for human health are expected to be commensurately more serious.
Medical knowledge
Authors: Ghosh Jayati 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medical knowledge, central to the improvement of health, comprises a wide variety of elements, from the understanding of health risks, through the impact of preventive, diagnostic, curative, and palliative procedures, to the effect of different delivery systems for medical technologies. All these forms of knowledge are subject not only to public (government and non-profit organization) and commercial involvement, but often also to direct community interest in the form of “traditional” knowledge.
The Monte-Carlo method for the transport equations
Authors: Lapeyre B , Pardoux É , Sentis R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we present the Monte-Carlo methods for the linear transport equations of the type described in Chapter 2. We shall first describe the principle of the two methods, known on the one hand as the ‘adjoint Monte-Carlo method’, which is based on the interpretation of the transport equation as a ‘retrograde Kolmogorov type’ equation (that is, we adopt viewpoint A of Section 2.6) and on the other hand ‘direct Monte-Carlo method’, which is based on the interpretation of the transport equation as a ‘Fokker-Planck type’ equation (viewpoint B). We shall then state convergence results for these methods, which follow easily from the results of Chapter 2, and from the law of large numbers.
Recent Developments In Brain Imaging Research In Stuttering
Authors: Nil Luc F De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since the formulation of the cerebral dominance theory (Orton 1928), researchers have speculated about potential involvement of aberrant neural processes in the onset and development of stuttering. Much of the earlier research into the nature of these hypothesized brain processes was based largely on the use of behavioural observations and electromyographical measures. Relevant observations included the relative slowness of laryngeal, respiratory, and articulatory reaction times in stuttering individuals (Bakker and Brutten 1989; Watson et al. 1991; Van Lieshout et al. 1993), the effects of auditory delayed feedback on the speech fluency of non-stuttering and stuttering speakers (Harrington 1987; Fukawa et al. 1988; Kalinowski et al. 1996), differences in dichotic listening and dual task interference performance between stuttering and non-stuttering speakers
Physiologic Development Of Speech Production
Authors: Moore Christopher A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The emergence of speech production in infants signifies the attainment of a broad range of developmental capacities, including, among others, cognitive, perceptual, social, linguistic, and physiologic proficiencies. Among these areas of speech development, perhaps physiologic development remains least described and understood, primarily for reasons of experimental challenge; achieving experimental control and maintaining accurate physiologic measures in a toddler obviously present a host of difficulties. Unfortunately, this lack of uniformity in our understanding of the essential capacities underlying speech development precludes a complete model of communicative development. Moreover, most theoretical approaches are then forced to posit specific, though empirically unsupported, assumptions regarding the motor infrastructure upon which developing speech is built.
Stuttering And Internal Models For Sensorimotor Control: A Theoretical Perspective To Generate Testable Hypotheses
Authors: Max Ludo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stuttering is characterized by disruptions in speech motor behavior (repeated or prolonged articulatory and phonatory actions) that result in sound and syllable repetitions, audible and inaudible sound prolongations, and broken words. The importance of this fact, that moments of stuttering are associated with disruptions in motor behavior, cannot be overemphasized. Clearly, the association itself does not warrant the conclusion that stuttering is a speech motor disorder, because the process may have broken down at a pre-motor level. Nevertheless, it does indicate that any role played by cognitive-linguistic or psychological-emotional processes in either the distal (related to etiology) or proximal (related to individual moments of stuttering) causes of stuttering requires an explanation of how disruptions in those processes would result in the articulatory and phonatory repetitive movements and fixed postures observed during stuttering.
The evolution of signal form
Authors: Smith John Maynard , Harper David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far, we have had rather little to say about the form of signals. In Chapter 2, we were concerned primarily with the cost of producing a signal, and the relation between the cost and reliability of the signal, but its form was ignored. In contrast, the form of an index, discussed in Chapter 3, is crucial, since an index only works if its intensity is causally tied to the quality being signalled. But many signals are not indices; we now turn to various ideas that have been proposed to explain their form.
Cigarette science: Addiction by design
Authors: Fowles Jeff , Shusterman Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The addictive property of cigarettes is widely attributed to the presence of the naturally occurring nicotine alkaloid in tobacco (U.S. Surgeon General 1988; U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse 2000). Signs of addiction to nicotine can be seen in a matter of days following initiation of smoking (Charlton et al. 2000), and addiction is firmly established by one year of smoking (RCP 2000). However, although the physiological and biochemical impacts of nicotine on the central and peripheral nervous systems have been extensively studied and reviewed (U.S. Surgeon General 1988), the process of addiction to tobacco is still not entirely understood.
Tobacco in Africa: More than a health threat
Authors: Saloojee Yussuf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tobacco control has not been assigned a high status as a public health concern in most of sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Social and economic factors are therefore the main determinants of tobacco use on the continent. Urbanization, increased literacy, the entry of women into the workforce and higher disposable incomes are among factors facilitating the adoption of consumer patterns similar to those in higher-income countries, including increased cigarette smoking.
Tobacco use and risk of oral cancer
Authors: Zheng Tongzhang , Boyle Peter , Zhang Bing , Zhang Yawei , Owens Patricia H , Lan Qing , Wise John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Epidemiological studies from various populations have consistently shown that tobacco smoking (including filter- and non-filter cigarettes, cigars, and pipe tobacco) increases oral cancer risk. In sum, these results indicate that: ever-smokers experience an increased risk; current smokers have a higher risk than ex-smokers; those who started smoking at younger ages have a higher risk than those that started at later ages; risk increases with amount of cigarettes smoked per day, duration of smoking, and lifetime pack-years of smoking; smokers of filter cigarettes have lower risk than smokers of unfiltered cigarettes. Epidemiological studies have also shown that other factors may also contribute to the effect of smoking on oral cancer risk. For example, alcohol consumption dramatically increases the effect of tobacco smoking on the risk of oral cancer. Similarly, xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes, involved in the metabolism of tobacco carcinogens, have a significant impact on the relationship between tobacco smoking and oral cancer risk. Overall, based on very conservative estimates, about 46% of the cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx in men and 11% in women are attributable to smoking worldwide, with considerable variation by location (Parkin etal. 2000).
Tobacco and pancreas cancer
Authors: Maisonneuve Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The risk of pancreatic cancer increases rapidly with age, with 80% of the cases being diagnosed after age 60. Pancreatic cancer has been predominantly a male disease, presumably because of past differences in smoking habits, but the sex ratio decreases with increasing age. Blacks are 50% more likely to contract pancreatic cancer than whites (Coughlin et al. 2000). The cause for this racial difference is poorly understood. There is little evidence to suggest that blacks smoke more than white, but suggestive evidence that there are racial differences in the ability to degrade carcinogens contained within tobacco smoke (Richie et al. 1997).
Genes, nicotine addiction, smoking behaviour, and cancer
Authors: Murphy Michael , Johnstone, Elaine C , Walton Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most frustrating mistakes to be made is to be right for the wrong reasons. RA Fisher made many seminal contributions to statistical genetics. His instincts did not entirely mislead him in relation to smoking and (lung) cancer risk but have probably contributed to stunting the growth of behavioural genetic research. The resurgent interest in the relationship between genetic influences, smoking behaviour, and cancer has required both the laying of Fisher’s ghost (that some of the same genes determine both smoking behaviour and cancer risk) and depended on the recognition of the addictive principle, nicotine, lying at the heart of much tobacco use (Swan 1999a, 1999b). The story has unfolded since the 1950s, in fits and starts at first but more smoothly recently.
Introduction
Authors: Pelcé Pierre , Brujić Jasna , Costier Laurent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many natural shapes are designed during their growth. Thus, if their rigidity is high enough their final state reflects the different mechanisms responsible for their development. Two classes arise: the first one corresponds to a state where the shape mimics the inhomogeneities of the matter of the given object. In this case the growth is mainly controlled by the structure of the object itself, independent of the state of the surrounding medium. The second one is more ornamented and results from growth instabilities of regular shapes. In the latter case the constituent matter can be homogeneous and isotropic. However, if shape heterogeneities occur, which are merely triggered by fluctuations in the surrounding media, they are amplified by the growth dynamics.
Simple growth forms
Authors: Pelcé Pierre , Brujić Jasna , Costier Laurent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to equations (1.2) and (1.12) in paragraph 1.4, and (1.9) in paragraph 1.5 the velocity field w of a Newtonian and incompressible viscous fluid satisfies the Navier–Stokes equation. In specific cases such as a polymer flow we can take into account a small slipping velocity. In the case of an interface between two immiscible moving fluids we will assume that the velocities of the fluids on both sides of the interface are equal and equal to the velocity of the interface itself.
Towards morphogenesis
Authors: Pelcé Pierre , Brujić Jasna , Costier Laurent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The patterns in growth presented in this book can be united into a single class, the dynamics of curved fronts (Pelcé 1986), or fingered growth (Kessler et al. 1988). They only constitute one class of growth patterns which exist in nature, but it is the class which is certainly the most interesting in terms of the richness of their growth forms. These ornamented patterns, resulting from instabilities which in general associate a transport phenomenon with interfacial dynamics, are shown in the table below.