bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accumulation of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes in association with lack of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor
Authors: Yamazaki Ken‐ichi , Shimada Shin‐ichiro , Kato‐Nagaoka Noriko , Soga Hiroyuki , Itoh Tsunetoshi , Nanno Masanobu 
Published: March 2005

AbstractImmunoglobulin A (IgA) is transported by the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) through epithelial cells of the gut, the airways, the tear and salivary glands, and the lactating mammary gland, and IgA accumulates in serum and the intestinal lamina propria of pIgR‐deficient (pIgR–/–) mice. Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) increased in number and Thy‐1+CD8αβ+TCRαβ+ IEL preferentially expanded in the small intestine (SI) of pIgR–/– mice. Cytotoxic activity of SI‐IEL was comparable in pIgR+/+ and pIgR–/– mice. Accumulation and cytotoxic activity of SI‐IEL was attenuated in germ‐free pIgR–/– mice. Furthermore, Thy‐1+CD8αβ+ IEL did not expand in pIgR–/–TCRβδ–/– mice compared with TCRβδ–/– mice, and SI‐IEL from pIgR–/–TCRβδ–/– mice as well as TCRβδ–/– mice expressed perforin and granzyme B mRNA and serine esterase. The proliferative status of SI‐IEL from pIgR+/+ and pIgR–/– mice was similar, but adoptive transfer experiment showed that SI‐IEL from pIgR–/– mice might have a stronger tendency to migrate into the intestinal epithelia than those from pIgR+/+ mice. These results demonstrate that the accumulation of Thy‐1+CD8αβ+TCRαβ+ IEL in pIgR–/– mice triggered by intestinal microorganisms needed the expression of functional TCR and might be caused by lymphocyte migration into the intestinal epithelia.
Ab‐initio Powder Structure Determination of Dichloro[1,2‐ethanediylbis(iminomethylene)bis(phosphonato)]trizinc Dihydrate
Authors: Bestaoui Naima , Bakhmutova‐Albert Ekaterina V. , Vega Rodriguez Ana , Llavona Ricardo , Clearfield Abraham 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe reaction of zinc chloride with 1,2‐ethanediylbis(iminomethylene)bis(phosphonic acid) in acidic conditions yieldeddichloro[1,2‐ethanediylbis(iminomethylene)bis(phosphona‐to)]trizinc dihydrate, Zn3Cl2(HO3PCH2NHCH2CH2NHCH2‐PO3H)2·2 H2O which crystallizes in the monoclinic system and space group P21/n, with the unit cell parameters a = 9.94316(4), b = 10.44577(5), c = 24.3240(1) Å, β = 90.003(1)°, and Z = 4. The crystal structure was determined ab initio from its powder pattern using the programs EXPO and GSAS. The zinc atoms are in tetrahedral environment and form 16‐membered rings with the phosphonate groups. The structure is clearly different from that of the corresponding Cd complex in that the Cd is sixfold coordinated and of different ligand to metal ratio. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
A simulation and prediction of agricultural irrigation on groundwater in well irrigation area of the piedmont of Mt. Taihang, North China
Authors: Mao Xuesen , Jia Jinsheng , Liu Changming , Hou Zhimin 
Published: March 2005

AbstractDeclining groundwater levels caused by irrigation is the main problem for agricultural development in Northern China. Due to both economics and increased population, surface water has become almost non‐existent and groundwater is the only water resource left. Currently the groundwater is declining at a rate between 50 and 100 cm per year. Sustainable development in Northern China requires effective management of the groundwater resources. In this study, the effect of future irrigation patterns on the decline of the groundwater table is examined with the aid of MODFLOW. MODFLOW was calibrated for five observation wells in the county. The calibrated model fitted the observed data well over a 7‐year period. The simulated results showed that the groundwater decline would be decreased, and perhaps halted, by decreasing the use of irrigation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression and characterisation of recombinant human CD48 and isolation of a human anti‐CD48 monoclonal antibody by phage display
Authors: Wei Jiewei , Chin David Y , Catzel Dallia , Pera Natasha , Mahler Stephen M 
Published: March 2005

AbstractHuman CD48, a membrane‐bound, glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)‐linked glycoprotein, is a potential tumour target for the treatment of leukaemias and lymphomas. CD48 is expressed on T‐ and B‐cells, however <5% of CD34+ progenitor cells express CD48. A truncated, 45 kDa soluble form of the full length CD48 was expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, and was shown to consist of a broad range of charge isoforms, with the most abundant isoforms between pI 4.5 and 5.0. The truncated form of CD48 was shown to bind to antibodies raised against native, GPI‐linked CD48 by surface plasmon resonance analysis. A synthetic, human, scFv immunoglobulin gene library was screened against recombinant CD48 by phage display, and an scFv antibody fragment, (designated N2A) was isolated after four rounds of biopanning. N2A was reassembled as a human IgG1 human monoclonal antibody, expressed in CHO cells and the binding of IgG1‐N2A to recombinant CD48 was confirmed by surface plasmon resonance. Flow cytometry studies of IgG1‐N2A binding to Raji cells showed the specificity of N2A for GPI‐linked CD48 was conserved, and presents the potential for IgG1‐N2A as a lead antibody candidate for the treatment of white blood cell malignancies. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Ion chromatographic analysis of amines, alkanolamines, and associated anions in concrete
Authors: Page Mary M. , Page Christopher L. , Shaw Stuart J. , Sawada Shohei 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIn order to assess the effectiveness of applying penetrating corrosion inhibitors to the surface of reinforced concrete, it is necessary to devise accurate methods for their detection and quantification. In this paper, methods for ion chromatographic analysis of a variety of amines, alkanolamines, and associated anions, which may be used as corrosion inhibitors for steel reinforcement in concrete, are described. By careful adjustment of the conditions for analysis, these inhibitors were readily identified and quantified in concrete/cement pore solutions or digests. Characterisation of the cationic inhibitors, ethanolamine, quaternary methylammonium, dimethylethanolamine, cyclohexylamine, guanidine, and arginine, and the anionic inhibitors, nitrite, molybdate, acetate, benzoate, and azelate, was carried out conductimetrically. To enhance the sensitivity of detection, amperometry was used for the analysis of triethanolamine and low concentrations of ethanolamine. Ion chromatography was also used as a means of obtaining a distribution profile of the concentrations of inhibitor ions present throughout a concrete structure.
Enantiomeric resolution of new aromatase inhibitors by liquid chromatography on cellulose chiral stationary phases
Authors: Danel Cécile , Foulon Catherine , Park Chang , Yous Saïd , Bonte Jean‐Paul , Vaccher Claude 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAnalytical HPLC methods using derivatized cellulose chiral stationary phases were developed for the direct enantioseparation of substituted [1‐(imidazo‐1‐yl)‐1‐phenylmethyl)]‐benzothiazolinone and benzoxazolinone derivatives with one chiral center. Those analogues of fadrozole constitute new potent nonsteroidal inhibitors of aromatase (P450 arom). The separations were made using normal phase methodology with a mobile phase consisting of n‐hexane‐alcohol (ethanol, 1‐propanol, or 2‐propanol) in various proportions, and a silica‐based cellulose tris‐3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate (Chiralcel OD‐H), or tris‐methylbenzoate (Chiralcel OJ). The effects of concentration of various aliphatic alcohols in the mobile phase were studied. A better separation was achieved on cellulose carbamate phase compared with the cellulose ester phase. The effects of structural features of the solutes along with the temperature of the column on the discrimination between the enantiomers were examined. Baseline separation (R s > 1.5) was easily obtained in many cases.
Multiple folding mechanisms of protein ubiquitin
Authors: Zhang Jian , Qin Meng , Wang Wei 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBased on the Cα Go‐type model, the folding kinetics and mechanisms of protein ubiquitin with mixed α/β topology are studied by molecular dynamics simulations. The relaxation kinetics shows that there are three phases, namely the major phase, the intermediate phase and the slowest minor phase. The existence of these three phases are relevant to the phenomenon found in experiments. According to our simulations, the folding at high temperatures around the folding transition temperature Tf is of a two‐state process, and the folding nucleus is consisted of contacts between the front end of α‐helix and the turn4. The folding at low temperature (∼ T = 0.8) is also studied, where an A‐state like structure is found lying on the major folding pathway. The appearance of this structure is related to the stability of the first part (residue 1–51) of protein ubiquitin. As the temperature decreases, the formation of secondary structures, tertiary structures and collapse of the protein are found to be decoupled gradually and the folding mechanism changes from the nucleation–condensation to the diffusion–collision. This feature indicates a unifying common folding mechanism for proteins. The intermediate phase is also studied and is found to represent a folding process via a long‐lived intermediate state which is stabilized by strong interactions between the β1 and the β5 strand. These strong interactions are important for the function of protein ubiquitin as a molecular chaperone. Thus the intermediate phase is assumed as a byproduct of the requirement of protein function. In addition, the validity of the current Go‐model is also investigated, and a lower limited temperature for protein ubiquitin Tlimit = 0.8 is proposed. At temperatures higher than this value, the kinetic traps due to glass dynamics cannot be significantly populated and the intermediate states can be reliably identified although there is slight chevron rollover in the folding rates. At temperature lower than Tlimit, however, the traps due to glass dynamics become dominant and may be mistaken for real intermediate states. This limitation of valid temperature range prevents us to reveal the burst phase intermediate in the major folding phase since it might only be stabilized at temperatures lower than Tlimit, according to experiments. Our works show that caution must be taken when studying low‐temperature intermediate states by using the Cα Go‐models. Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combining prediction of secondary structure and solvent accessibility in proteins
Authors: Adamczak Rafał , Porollo Aleksey , Meller Jarosław 
Published: March 2005

AbstractOwing to the use of evolutionary information and advanced machine learning protocols, secondary structures of amino acid residues in proteins can be predicted from the primary sequence with more than 75% per‐residue accuracy for the 3‐state (i.e., helix, β‐strand, and coil) classification problem. In this work we investigate whether further progress may be achieved by incorporating the relative solvent accessibility (RSA) of an amino acid residue as a fingerprint of the overall topology of the protein. Toward that goal, we developed a novel method for secondary structure prediction that uses predicted RSA in addition to attributes derived from evolutionary profiles. Our general approach follows the 2‐stage protocol of Rost and Sander, with a number of Elman‐type recurrent neural networks (NNs) combined into a consensus predictor. The RSA is predicted using our recently developed regression‐based method that provides real‐valued RSA, with the overall correlation coefficients between the actual and predicted RSA of about 0.66 in rigorous tests on independent control sets. Using the predicted RSA, we were able to improve the performance of our secondary structure prediction by up to 1.4% and achieved the overall per‐residue accuracy between 77.0% and 78.4% for the 3‐state classification problem on different control sets comprising, together, 603 proteins without homology to proteins included in the training. The effects of including solvent accessibility depend on the quality of RSA prediction. In the limit of perfect prediction (i.e., when using the actual RSA values derived from known protein structures), the accuracy of secondary structure prediction increases by up to 4%. We also observed that projecting real‐valued RSA into 2 discrete classes with the commonly used threshold of 25% RSA decreases the classification accuracy for secondary structure prediction. While the level of improvement of secondary structure prediction may be different for prediction protocols that implicitly account for RSA in other ways, we conclude that an increase in the 3‐state classification accuracy may be achieved when combining RSA with a state‐of‐the‐art protocol utilizing evolutionary profiles. The new method is available through a Web server at http://sable.cchmc.org. Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electron ionization mass spectral studies of bridgehead 7,7‐dimethylnorbornane‐based β‐amino alcohols
Authors: García Martínez Antonio , Teso Vilar Enrique , García Fraile Amelia , Martínez‐Álvarez Roberto , de la Moya Cerero Santiago , Martínez‐Ruiz Paloma 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe electron ionization (EI) mass spectra of some new bridgehead 7,7‐dimethylnorbornane‐based β‐amino alcohols have been studied and their fragmentation patterns compared with those of isomeric 3,3‐dimethyl derivatives described by us previously. The dimethyl substitution at C7 results in a significant complication of the spectra, although all compounds show a C1–C2 bond cleavage with charge location at the nitrogen atom that leads to the base peak. Thus, two main fragmentation patterns dominated by cyclopentenylimmonium or methyleneimmonium ions are described depending on the position of the amino group in the norbornane framework (C1 or C2, respectively), as well as other secondary routes that can explain the appearance of the less noticeable fragments. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of volatile basic components in tobacco by headspace liquid‐phase microextraction coupled to matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization with Fourier transform mass spectrometry
Authors: Sun Shihao , Cheng Zhihong , Xie Jianping , Zhang Jianxun , Liao Yuanxi , Wang Haoyang , Guo Yinlong 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA method incorporating headspace liquid‐phase microextraction (HS‐LPME) coupled to matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) with Fourier transform mass spectrometry (FTMS) was established to analyze volatile basic components in tobacco. The sample preparation volume for MALDI‐MS was compatible with the volume of the solvent microdrop in the HS‐LPME procedure. The pH and the polarity of the solvent for HS‐LPME were adjusted by choice of the MALDI matrix and matrix additive. Based on the elemental composition and tandem mass spectrometry information, 25 volatile nitrogenous compounds in tobacco were detected and identified. The approach is fast and sensitive, and has the potential for automation for high‐throughput analysis. This approach offers an alternative method for analysis of trace volatile organic compounds in complex samples. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When a pigmy acts as a giant: the role of the Italian representatives in the Brussels Constitutional Convention
Authors: Fabbrini Sergio 
Published: March 2005

SummaryThe Italian representatives in the Brussels Constitutional Convention played a greater role than expected. The Italians, who many thought would be destined to a role as pigmies in the Convention because of ideological differences and the personal mistrust they carried from their domestic arena, acted mostly as giants in the contributions they provided to the final text. The representatives of both the government and the opposition identified a series of points upon which they agreed and which were introduced in the final document. These positions, although not federalist, were much more advanced than those described as ‘intergovernmental’ or ‘confederal’. There were many reasons for this. The deliberative method adopted in the Convention probably helped this convergence. Certainly, the Italians wanted to keep open the dialogue with the main EU member-states at a moment when the war with Iraq was undermining it, and the Italian representatives in the Convention shared a pro-European attitude, while this attitude was being called into question in the domestic arena by the Berlusconi government.
The Analysis Of Income Satisfaction With An Application To Family Equivalence Scales
Authors: Van Praag Bernard 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines income satisfaction based on empirical results derived from German and British data. It is shown that the results derived from the financial-satisfaction question and those from the income-evaluation question developed by Van Praag and Kapteyn are nearly identical. These results are used to define family equivalence scales. The preference-drift phenomenon is also discussed.
The Influence Of The Reference Group On Our Norms
Authors: Van Praag Bernard 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter examines the premise that in addition to lifetime experiences, an individual’s reference group will have an impact on his or her norms and behaviour. Two cases are considered. In the first case, the person’s reference group is known, such as people of the same age, education and job type. In the second case, the person’s reference group is not known beforehand, and the reference group is estimated based on the person’s norms on income. The reference group is described by a social-filter model, which assigns much weight to persons who are ‘nearby’ and less to those ‘far away’, socially speaking.
Constraints and Pressures
Authors: Hills John 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe previous chapter suggests that progress has been made in tackling some of the problems outlined earlier in the book. However, the pressures on social spending and on distribution do not stand still, and the constraints and pressures under which policy operates may change in the coming years. This chapter examines whether economic growth eases or worsens the pressures on public finances. It looks at the biggest source of pressure on spending, the ageing population, particularly pressures on spending on pensions. The final section discusses a different kind of constraint, particularly relevant to the strategies pursued since 1997, resulting from the spread of different kinds of means-testing, and asks whether we are reaching the limits to that kind of approach.
Is a Friend in Need a Friend Indeed? Inclusion and Exclusion in Mutual Insurance Networks in Southern Ghana
Authors: Goldstein Markus , de Janvry Alain , Sadoulet Elisabeth 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The factors that determine inclusion and exclusion from mutual insurance schemes in Ghana are investigated. Personal relations within the household, social status, and connections within the community are important for receiving transfers in times of shortage. Outside the household, membership in major lineage, secular organisations, fostering history, and anticipated land inheritance matter in receiving assistance.
Books from the past:an e‐books project at Culturenet Cymru
Authors: Haarhoff Leith 
Published: March 2005

PurposeTo describe the open‐source solution developed by Culturenet Cymru, for the Welsh Books Council, for presenting digitised books and other printed material online.Design/methodology/approachThe challenges faced in the implementation of a pilot e‐book collection of nine out‐of‐print books is described.FindingsThe adoption of a number of international standards for the presentation, coding, conversion, metadata and searching of texts have resulted in a working pilot project.Practical implicationsIt is hoped that many publicly funded bodies such as libraries and archives will make use of the system. A small collection of e‐books may be of some use, but it is the ability to search for, and access, e‐books across distributed collections which will provide real educational benefit.Originality/valueCulturenet Cymru hopes to play a role in co‐ordinating the adoption of common standards for text digitisation in Wales.
Data manipulation in an XML‐based digital image library
Authors: Chang Naicheng 
Published: March 2005

PurposeTo help to clarify the role of XML tools and standards in supporting transition and migration towards a fully XML‐based environment for managing access to information.Design/methodology/approachThe Ching Digital Image Library, built on a three‐tier architecture, is used as a source of examples to illustrate a number of methods of data manipulation for presentation processing. An SQL relational database is implemented in the data tier and Microsoft Internet Information Server (IIS) is used to manage processes and sessions in the middle tier. Extensible Markup Language (XML) is used in the data tier to represent offers and in the presentation tiers to represent screen displays that can be manipulated using the XML Document Object Model (DOM), XML Data Islands, and XSL (eXtensible Stylesheet Language), before being delivered to the web browser as HTML.FindingsIt is demonstrated that, although XML itself is not a database, the XML family provides many, though not all, of the components found in databases. XML coupled with a database gives greater power than the sum of the parts in a web application.Originality/valueThis paper is a digital image library case study with practical generic tutorial elements about the role and function of XML in modern database‐backed web sites.
The barriers to customer responsive supply chain management
Authors: Storey John , Emberson Caroline , Reade David 
Published: March 2005

PurposeIt has been suggested that “customer responsive supply‐chain management” and “agile supply‐chain management” are necessary for the new competitive conditions. However, there is an enormous gap between the idealised prescription and actual practice. The aim of this paper is to examine, in some detail, the factors that can help to explain this mismatch between rhetoric and reality.Design/methodology/approachTo do so, it focuses on a “best‐case” situation – the retailer Marks and Spencer and its relations with its clothing suppliers. This company has traditionally been renowned, among other things, for the sophistication of its supply‐chain activities. The research reported here is based on detailed interviews with suppliers and buyers.FindingsThe research reveals that the tenets of the customer responsive supply‐chain management model are technically feasible. But, the study also finds that even under circumstances where there is evidence that it works well, and produces valued outcomes, it remains vulnerable to erosion because of a number of institutional factors.Research limitations/implicationsThe research presents a number of challenges to conventional thinking about collaborative relationships. The paper suggests the need for further work on the competing priorities between collaborative inter‐organisational working on the one hand, and competing corporate strategies and ingrained routines on the other.Practical implicationsPractitioners can derive many lessons from this research – most notably it identifies the nature of the barriers and forearms supply‐chain innovators with details of the dynamics that can so easily thwart their best efforts.Originality/valueThe paper explains the mismatch between rhetonic and reality in buyer‐seller relationships.