bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Question of Pornography and Sexual Violence: Moving Beyond Cause and Effect
Authors: Cameron Deborah , Frazer Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is to be done about pornography? Whenever feminists raise this question – and they have raised it insistently, on both sides of the Atlantic – one particular issue can be counted on to dominate discussion. That issue is: does pornography actually have significant effects in terms of causing violent and misogynistic behaviour? Can we, in other words, establish a firm relationship between the sphere of representation where pornography is located, and the sphere of action in which specific individuals harm other individuals? Any feminist who objects to pornography is immediately challenged to demonstrate such a causal relationship; anyone who doubts that the relationship exists is under pressure to concede that pornography is not a problem. The entire agenda for debate is drawn up in terms of this question.
Against the Male Flood: Censorship, Pornography and Equality
Authors: Dworkin Andrea 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Censorship is a real thing, not an abstract idea or a word that can be used to mean anything at all. In ancient Rome, a censor was a magistrate who took the census (a count of the male population and an evaluation of property for the purpose of taxation done every fifth year), assessed taxes, and inspected morals and conduct. His power over conduct came from his power to tax. For instance, in 403 B.C., the censors Camillus and Postimius heavily fined elderly bachelors for not marrying. The power to tax, then as now, was the power to destroy. The censor, using the police and judicial powers of the state, regulated social behaviour.
Innovating with Information Technology
Authors: Lockett Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Information technology is becoming recognized as an important business weapon. As well as traditional data processing applications designed to increase business efficiency through cost-reduction, information technology is being used to improve effectiveness, for example, through improved information for decision-making and faster speed of response to the customer. More radically, IT can be a key component in doing business in new ways and even transforming a business or sector. It is clear that while developing IT systems is a necessary condition for success in such cases, it is by no means sufficient. The question, therefore, is how new products, services, processes, and ways of working involving IT can be managed to obtain business benefits. Today the availability and cost of information technology are not the major constraints on its effective application in business. The potential applications of information technology which can be cost justified and are technically feasible far exceed the capability of organizations to exploit these opportunities.
An Organizational Approach to IS Strategy-Making
Authors: Earl Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many IS executives strategic information systems planning (SISP) continues to be a critical issue (Niederman et al. 1991). It is also reportedly the top IS concern of chief executives (Moynihan 1990). At the same time it is almost axiomatic that information systems management be based on SISP (Synott and Gruber 1982). Furthermore, as investment in information technology has been promoted to both support business strategy or create strategic options (Earl 1988; Henderson and Venkatraman 1989), an ‘industry’ of SISP has grown as IT manufacturers and management consultants have developed methodologies and techniques. Thus SISP appears to be a rich and important activity for researchers. The literature recommends that SISP target the following areas: aligning investment in IS with business goals; exploiting IT for competitive advantage; directing efficient and effective management of IS resources; developing technology policies and architectures.
Relationships Between Strategy and Business Process Reengineering: Evidence From Case Studies
Authors: Earl Michael J , Sampler, Jeffrey L , Short James E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not unusual for management research to lag behind management practice; in some ways it is inevitable. Business Process Reengineering (BPR), it is claimed, was pioneered in a few large corporations in the 1980s (Hammer and Champy 1993). It was first described and explained at the turn of the decade ( Davenport and Short 1990; Hammer 1990) and since then an evolving stream of research has been reported (Caron et al. 1994; Davenport and Stoddard 1994; Grover et al. 1994). This paper reports results from case-study research on relationships between BPR, business strategy planning, and information systems (IS) planning. These questions are particularly relevant due to the rapid escalation in the size and scope of reengineering projects. Our work has been guided by the following questions: How have business process reengineering initiatives evolved in organizations? How has planning for BPR been integrated with strategic business planning? And with IS planning? Is there evidence that the character, scope, and size of BPR projects depends on the degree of integration between BPR, strategic business planning, and IS planning? To what extent has the degree of planning integration between BPR, strategic business planning, and IS affected change management policies and practices in firms undergoing BPR? In approaching these questions we have surfaced a number of definitions of business process reengineering.
Discretion in a Behavioral Perspective: The Case of a Public Housing Eviction Board
Authors: Lempert Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discretion that law grants may be examined as a quality of rules, as a quality of behavior, or as a sense that people have of their freedom to act.1 Thus legal rules give discretion, people exercise discretion, and individuals contemplating or reflecting on action may feel as if their actions are or were discretionary. Discretion as a quality of rules is a topic much mooted by legal philosophers and lawyers writing from an analytic perspective (Hart and Sacks 1958; Rosenberg 1970-1; Greenawalt 1975; Dworkin 1977b; Post 1984; Fletcher 1984; Barak 1989). Discretion in its other two senses is more appropriately studied by social scientists. While the phenomenology oflegal discretion has received little empirical attention, discretionary behavior has been the focus of considerable research by social scientists and empirically oriented lawyers studying the legal system. (See, e.g., Goldstein 1960; Schubert 1963; Sudnow 1965; Skolnick 1966; Davis 1969; Alschuler 1975; Heumann 1978; Kagan 1978; Emerson 1983; Hawkins 1984; Pepinsky 1984.)
Under a Cloud: November and December 1983
Authors: Greer Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Shadow was cast across the supergrass system as 1983 drew to a close. In November William Skelly retracted his evidence against ten suspects, and the trial of R. v. Connolly and others ended in the acquittal of all seven of the fourteen defendants charged on the uncorroborated evidence of INLA supergrass Jackie Grimley, with the rest convicted on guilty pleas or confessions. On 19 December all five accused in the Morgan trial were also found not guilty. John Patrick Grimley was born in 1943 in Craigavon, County Armagh, and had his first brush with the law at the age of 14, when he was convicted of burgling a bacon factory. Having served a probation order, he reoffended in each of the following two years and spent periods in a training-school, from which he escaped, and then in borstal. Soon afterwards he faked a suicide attempt and was committed to a mental hospital for six months. In 1961 or 1962, at the age of 18 or 19, Grimley joined the Irish Guards regiment of the British army and a year later allegedly again faked an attempted suicide, was discharged, and got married. In 1963 he joined another British army regiment, the Royal Irish Fusiliers, using his brother ‘s name but, a year later, was again discharged after yet another faked suicide attempt. In 1970 or 1971, he served yet another year in the army, this time with the Pioneer Corps, but was discharged when his dishonesty concerning his previous enlistments was discovered. In 1972, having left the army, Grimley was soon in trouble with the police in London for theft.
Decline: 1984
Authors: Greer Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 12 January 1984 the conviction of RUC Special Branch sergeant Charles McCormick, secured largely on the evidence of IRA informer Anthony O ‘Doherty, was quashed on appeal.1 The North ern Ireland Court of Appeal held that Mr Justice Murray, the trial judge, had been wrong to conclude that the evidence independent of O ‘Doherty ‘s testimony reached the high corroborative standard he himself deemed necessary.2 On 22 August it was announced that O ‘Doherty would be released by exercise of the royal prerogative, after having served only five years of an eighteen-year sentence on fifty-seven terrorist charges. Commenting upon his release, the Northern Ireland Office said that his sentence had been reduced as a reward for having supplied information which had led to the break-up of dozens of IRA units.3 Although he was given a new identity, and a weekly wage, in another part of the United Kingdom, within a fortnight he had returned to his familiar haunts in the Ballymena area and was last seen in 1989, which suggests that, unusually, the IRA had no intention of punishing him.4
Redressing Judicial Wrongs
Authors: Olowofoyeku Abimbola A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The common law seeks to implement the principle of redress for wrongs, exemplified by the maxim ubi jus ibi remedium, and as explained by Holt CJ in the above quotation. However, the doctrine of judicial immunity represents a formidable impediment to those seeking redress for the reparation of injuries occasioned by judicial defendants. For example, in the American case of Christensen v. Ward, where a number of judges were sued in respect of decisions in tax cases involving the plaintiff, the court in dismissing the claim made this pronouncement:
Introduction
Authors: Smith Russell G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The General Medical Council1 was created by the Medical Act 1858, which, in the words of the Council’s former President, Lord Walton of Detchant, established ‘a formal Medical Register, so as to enable the public to identify those who were acceptably qualified as opposed to the one in three then thought to be practising v,1.thout qualifications’ (Walton 1983: 5). In addition to jurisdiction over publication of the National Pharmacopoeia, which was transferred to the British Pharmacopoeia Commission on I march 1970 (see Stacey 1992b: 24), the Council achieved its purpose in two primary ways. On the one hand, it determined, by the setting of educational standards, those names which should be permitted to be placed upon the Register, and, on the other, those names which should not be permitted to remain upon the Register, a function originally described as disciplinary or penal but now referred to by the less value-judgmental expression ‘professional conduct’.
Jurisdiction
Authors: Smith Russell G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the way in which the GMC’s professional conduct jurisdiction developed, both legislatively and procedurally, and how the extent of the jurisdiction has been judicially interpreted and defined. Accounts of the period preceding the introduction of the Medical Act 1858 have been provided by a number of writers (Bullock 1929; Poynter 1958; Pyke-Lees 1958; Cohen 1966; Varlaam 1978; Stacey 1992b), and it is generally accepted that the legislation which was finally achieved was not altogether satisfactory, a situation arising out of the need to satisfy so many competing interests at the same time. In the words of Cooke: ‘The Council had started with many difficulties and disadvantages-ill-defined powers, harsh differences of opinion on its functions and duties, and a general feeling that it was an unsatisfactory compromise’ (1972: 820).
Survey of Cases
Authors: Smith Russell G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a general survey of professional conduct cases dealt with by the GMC between 1858 and 1990. The data are derived from the GMC’s minutes, which were read and indexed in their entirety. In conducting the present research, an attempt was made to identify and compile a dossier for every identifiable practitioner in respect of whom allegations of misconduct, in the most general sense, were made. Thus, it was possible to compile a list of cases which involved proceedings under the GivIC’s various disciplinary and quasi-disciplinary powers. Full particulars of these cases are set out in the author’s doctoral dissertation (R. G. Smith 1990).
Sanctions—General Considerations
Authors: Smith Russell G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most visible and highly contentious aspects of the GMC’s professional-conduct jurisdiction concerns the manner in which cases of misconduct are disposed of and sanctions applied to practitioners. The principles of justice which were outlined in the first chapter require that Committees should seek to apply the relevant criteria justifying the imposition of particular sanctions in a consistent and coherent manner and without regard to irrelevant or prejudicial influences. Committees should have before them an adequate range of sanctions to deal with the wide variety of situations which can arise, and, once sanctions are imposed, provision should be made for the efficient monitoring of the practitioner’s behaviour so as to ensure compliance with the terms of the direction given. Where practitioners’ names have been erased from the Medical Register, the rules governing the restoration of their names should operate, and be seen to operate, fairly and consistently and with an appreciation of the purposes for which the direction was first given.
Dispute by Silence
Authors: Mann F A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to section 1 (1) of the Arbitration Act 1975 a party to an international arbitration agreement, if sued in respect of any matter agreed to be referred, may apply to the court for a stay of the proceedings and the court ‘shall’ order a stay, ‘unless satisfied ... that there is not in fact any dispute between the parties with regard to the matter agreed to be referred’. These words are not part of the New York Convention to which the Act of 1975 purported to give effect. They stem from section 8 of the Arbitration (Foreign Awards) Act 1930 which amended section 1 (1) of the Arbitration Clauses (Protocol) Act 1924, and are due to the Mackinnon Committee’s report of 1927 (Cmd. 2817) which in paragraph 43 recommended an amendment of the Act of 1924 in order to enable the court to refuse a stay where there was no evidence of a dispute to be settled by arbitration.
The Problem of the Policeman’s Pay—The German Approach
Authors: Mann F A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The decision of the Court of Appeal in Metropolitan Police District Receiver v. Croydon Corporation, to which Professor Gower shortly referred at the end of a recent Note, will no doubt be discussed by a greater expert in the field than this writer. The latter merely desires to draw attention to the curious fact that a problem which might be expected to have been settled long ago is at this very moment the subject-matter of intensive discussion not only in this country, but also in Germany, where according to section 616 of the Civil Code the employer is under a duty, for a period of six weeks, to continue to pay remuneration to an employee who, as a result of an accident, is incapacitated.
Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 and the Conflict of Laws
Authors: Mann F A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Notwithstanding three recent contributions on the relationship of statutes and the conflict of laws, the even more recent Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 which received the Royal Assent on 26 October 1977, and came into force on 1 February 1978, renders it necessary to revert to the subject. The Act provides for limitations upon the power to exclude liability for breach of contract, breach of duty, or negligence, and includes two provisions bearing upon the conflict of laws and inviting comment. Section 27, in so far as relevant for present purposes, reads as follows
Contempt of Court in the House of Lords and the European Court of Human Rights
Authors: Mann F A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
However uncertain its definition and scope may be in some respects, contempt of court is undoubtedly one of the great contributions the common law has made to the civilized behaviour of a large part of the world beyond the continent of Europe where the institution is unknown. In particular it is important for what follows to remember that, as Lord Reid said in Att.-Gen. v. Times Newspapers Ltd. [1974] AC 273, 300 (the Sunday Times case), ‘there has long been and there still is in this country a strong and generally held feeling that trial by newspaper is wrong and should be prevented’.
On the American ‘Foreign Sovereign Compulsion’ Defence
Authors: Mann F A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN 1980 both Britain and France enacted legislation designed to provide safeguards against the well-known exorbitant jurisdiction claimed by the United States of America in respect of trading activities carried on outside, but having (or alleged to have) ‘effects’ within the United States. In Britain it was the Protection of Trading Interests Act 1980 which came into force on 20 March 1980 and replaced the Shipping Contracts and Commercial Documents Act 1964. In France Act No. 80-538 came into force on 16 July 1980 and, apparently, supplements an Act on 28 July 1968. The Statutes of both countries aim at, inter alia, preventing the disclosure of information and documents to foreign authorities and courts and provide for penalties in the event of any breach of the statutory prohibitions. One of the legislator’s reasons no doubt was the belief that in cases in which the law of the United States requires the production of documents the decision of the Supreme Court in Societe Internationale v. Rogers would govern and, therefore, the existence of penal sanctions would furnish an effective defence against unjustifiable requests for documents.
The Effect in England of the Compulsory Acquisition by a Foreign State of the Shares in a Foreign Company
Authors: Mann F A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN Williams and Humbert Ltd. v. W. & H. Trade Marks (Jersey) Ltd., Rumasa S.A. v. Multinvest (U.K.) Ltd., [1986] 2 WLR 24, the House of Lords, in a speech delivered by Lord Templeman and concurred in by Lord Scarman, Lord Bridge of Harwich, Lord Brandon of Oakbrook, and (probably) Lord Mackay of Clash fern, appears to decide that if Spain ‘compulsorily acquires’ all the shares in a Spanish company there is no legal principle that would prevent the company, represented by its new directors, from recovering its English assets.
The Extremism of American Extraterritorial Jurisdiction
Authors: Mann F A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN Consolidated Goldfields plc v. Minorco S.A. the United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit,2 rendered a decision which, it may confidently be asserted, will come as a shock and surprise to the commercial world outside the United States. For many years one has been aware of excesses of international jurisdiction, by means of which the United States has interfered with the conduct by foreign nations of their commercial policies. There were, it is true, in recent years a few indications of a more reasonable approach by both the legislature and the courts, so that some hope for reduced tension arose in many quarters. But now so extreme a development has taken place that a revival of much controversy is likely to occur.
White Students on Trial
Authors: Lobban Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was not just the ideas of black radicals that the state wanted to police and prosecute in the 1970s. White radicals could also pose a threat to the ideological status quo. It was in this context, and at the same time that the black student leaders of SASO were being tried, that the white student leaders of NUSAS were put on trial for their ideas and acts.1 If there were similarities in the two trials, there were also significant differences. NUSAS presented an altogether different problem from SASO. Where black consciousness was a cohesive oppositional ideology followed both by black organizations and their members, there was no ‘white’ counter-ideology which constituted a threat to the state. Most English¬ speaking university students may have been liberal, but they were not radical, and their humanitarian ideas could hardly be branded as intrinsically revolutionary.
1976: New Dangers, New Responses
Authors: Lobban Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘On Wednesday, 16 June 1976, Soweto erupted.’ The day when thousands of Soweto schoolchildren marched to protest against the government’s policy of making Afrikaans a medium of instruction for blacks in secondary schools was a watershed in South African history. It was ‘the day that never ended’, the day signalling the start of mass protest that the white state would never fully control. What began as a protest march against the compulsory use of Afrikaans in secondary schools soon turned into a revolt, after police shot at the children, and killed 13-year-old Hector Pieterson. It was a revolt that would spread from the youth to the workers, and from Soweto to townships all over South Africa. By August, the students were organizing worker stay-aways; by then, the revolt had spread to eighty other black communities. The level of violence against state institutions was unprecedented: on 16 June, two white officials of the West Rand Administration Board were beaten to death, and thereafter government offices, police stations, schools, and beer halls were all systematically burned down. After eighteen months of near insurrection, government authority in the townships had collapsed, and a new genera-ion of radical activists had injected renewed vigour into the struggle against apartheid.
Basic Laws as a Surrogate Bill of Rights: The Case of Israel
Authors: Kretzmer David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Israel was for a long time regarded as one of the few countries which, like the United Kingdom, had neither a formal constitution nor a bill of rights. The 1948 Declaration of Independence announced that the new state’s constitution would be drawn up by an elected constituent assembly. After its election, however, the Assembly transformed itself into the Knesset, Israel’s Parliament, and adoption of the constitution was delayed. Under a Knesset resolution of 1950 it was decided that the state’s formal constitution would be drawn up on the basis of a series of basic laws. Pursuant to this resolution, basic laws were enacted, covering virtually all aspects of Israel’s system of government. But until 1992 a basic law on civil liberties or human rights was not included among them.
Making a Will
Authors: Finch Janet , Hayes Lynn , Mason Jennifer , Masson Judith , Wallis Lorraine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we focus on will-making as a process. We also begin to draw on data from our own sample of 800 wills, comparing them with other studies where relevant. First, we discuss the legal regulation of will-making, not in terms of the content of the will (which we covered in chapter 2) but in terms of the form which a will must take and the process through which it must be drawn up. Second, we consider how far will-making can be considered as a ‘planning’ process from the testator’s perspective. Third, we discuss the social and economic context of will-making, posing the questions: who makes a will, and under what life circumstances are wills made? Finally, we complete our overview of will-making as a process by discussing how estates are administered after a death, and we outline some evidence about testators’ wishes concerning this part of the process.