bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Relevance of Malthus for the Study of Mortality Today: Long-Run Influences on Health, Mortality, Labour Force Participation, and Population Growth
Authors: Fogel Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Research during the past two decades has produced significant advances in the description and explanation of the secular decline in mortality. My assigned task in this chapter is to reconsider Malthus 's theory of mortality on the basis of these findings and to assess what aspects of his theory might remain relevant to policy-makers in both rich and poor countries. In the course of this chapter I will argue that the secular decline in mortality, which began during the eighteenth century, is still in progress and will probably continue for another century or more. The evolutionary perspective presented in this chapter focuses not only on the environment, which from the standpoint of human health and prosperity has become much more favourable than it was in Malthus 's time, but also on changes in human physiology over the past three centuries which affect both economic and biomedical processes. A great deal of emphasis is placed on the interconnectedness of events and processes over the life cycle and, by implication, between generations.
American Marriage Formation in the 1980s: How Important was Women’s Economic Independence?
Authors: Oppenheimer Valerie Kincade , Lew Vivian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A dramatic rise in the timing of US marriages has been occurring during the past twenty years (Espenshade 1985; Rodgers and Thornton 1985). Between 1970 and 1990 the proportion of 25-year-old women who had never married rose from 14 to 42 per cent; in the 1980s alone, the rise was from 29 to 42 per cent. The prevalence of non-marriage may also be growing, though it is still too soon to determine by how much; but the proportion of 30-year-old women who were still single increased from only 6.6 per cent in 1970 to 11.7 per cent in 1980 and then to 19 per cent in 1990 (US Bureau of the Census 1991, Table B). Probably the most widely accepted explanation of these trends attributes them to women’s greater reluctance to marry because of their growing economic independence.1 That economic independence is thought to be due, first, to women’s increasing employment and, second, for some groups of women, to the presumed greater availability of welfare benefits. This theme is variously elaborated by economists and sociologists, feminists, and right-wing conservatives alike.
Women’s Roles and Women’s Poverty
Authors: Mclanahan Sara S , Casper, Lynne M , Sorensen Annemette 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Women’s roles have changed dramatically over the past several decades. Whereas in the early 1950s women in Western industrialized countries devoted most of their adult Hves to domestic work and child-rearing activities, today more and more women are pursuing careers outside the home and combining home production with market work. Similarly, whereas in the early 1950s most women married and stayed married to the same partner for their entire life, today women are delaying marriage, cohabiting, divorcing, and changing partners more frequently. (See Lesthaeghe in this volume for a detailed description of these changes and the forces that underlie them.)
India Economic Development and Social Opportunity
Authors: Dréze Jean , Sen Amartya 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An analysis of endemic deprivation in India and of the role of public action in addressing that problem. The analysis is based on a broad view of economic development, focusing on human well-being and `social opportunity' rather than on the standard indicators of economic growth. India's success in reducing endemic deprivation since Independence has been quite limited. Recent diagnoses of this failure of policy have concentrated on the counterproductive role of government regulation, and on the need for economic incentives to accelerate the growth of the economy. This book argues that an assessment of India's failure to eliminate basic deprivations has to go beyond this limited focus, and to take note of the role played in that failure by inadequate public involvement in the provision of basic education, health care, social security, and related fields, Even the fostering of fast and participatory economic growth requires some basic social change, which is not addressed by liberalization and economic incentives. The authors also discuss the historical antecedents of these political and social neglects, including the distortion of policy priorities arising from inequalities of political power. Following on from this, the book considers the scope for public action to address these earlier biases and achieve a transformation of policy priorities. The introductory chapter presents the motivation, focus, and approach of the book. Chapter 2 discusses the respective roles of the market mechanism and government action in economic development and discusses the particular role of public involvement in the fields of health and education. In chapters 3 and 4, international comparisons of development experiences are brought to bear on the diagnosis of India's successes and failures. These two chapters also discuss the lessons to be learnt from the contrasting development experiences of different states within India, with particular attention to Kerala's outstanding success in social fields. Chapter 5 considers the role of public action and political organization in promoting social opportunities. Attention is drawn, in particular, to the part played by widespread illiteracy in suppressing that process and perpetuating social inequalities. The issue of basic education is further examined in chapter 6, which includes a critical assessment of public policy in this field. Chapter 7 discusses the specific problem on gender inequality, and the role of women's agency in the expansion of social opportunities for both women and men. The concluding chapter consolidates the argument and discusses the policy implication of the analyses presented. A statistical appendix presents a comparative picture of India and other developing countries, and also the comparative performance of different states within India.
International Trade, Factor Movements, and the Environment
Authors: Rauscher Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Trade and the environment has become a major area of international political dispute. This study investigates the interdependencies between environmental policies and international trade policies. * Does liberalization of international goods and factor markets cause environmental disruption and welfare losses? * Will countries institute lax ecological regulations to favor their domestic producers? * Should trade restrictions be used for environmental reasons and can environmental policy instruments be used to achieve trade-related objectives? * Should there be what the author terms a `green GATT'? The approach is mainly theoretical, and uses traditional trade models like Hekscher--Ohlin as well as non-competitive models of the `new' trade theory and public choice. Some other important but often neglected aspects, such as trade in hazardous wastes and the foreign debt problem, with the possibility of debt-for-nature swaps, are also considered. Finally International Trade, Factor Movements, and the Environment addresses institutional issues on both national and international levels. The book will be essential reading for all international and environmental economists.
The History, Methodology, and Main Findings of the Matlab Project in Bangladesh
Authors: Aziz K M A , Mosley W Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Matlab population is the largest population under continuous surveillance in the world. The project was established in 1963 by the Pakistan-SEATO Cholera Research Laboratory (PSCRL), the predecessor of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B) for the purpose of field-testing cholera vaccines. The organization of the Matlab field operations was driven from the outset by rigid technical and ethical requirements for the implementation of prospective double-blind, controlled vaccine field trials. These high scientific standards have been applied to field operations in Matlab ever since.
Sexual Relations Between Migrating Populations (Vietnamese with Mexican and Anglo) and HIV/STD Infections in Southern California
Authors: Carrier Joseph , Nguyen Bang , Su Sammy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores findings from a one’year ethnosexual field investigation conducted in 1992 by the author and his Vietnamese American colleagues on the relationship between the sexual behaviours of men of Vietnamese origin with their Vietnamese, Mexican, and Anglo American sex partners and HIV/STD infections in the County of Orange, located in Southern California. It provides an excellent example of some consequences of the sexual mixing of migrating popu lations and illustrates how these findings might assist health educators formulate meaningful programmes for the prevention and control of HIV/STD infections.The chapter also presents historical ethnography on sexual behaviours in Vietnam, and surveys research findings of three limited studies of the sexual behaviours of Vietnamese Americans living in Los Angeles in 1988, in San Francisco in 1991, and in Orange County in the fall of 1992. Finally, a compari son will be made of the field research findings with the survey research findings to illustrate the limitations of survey research methodology in mapping out the sexual geography of populations like the Vietnamese where very little is known about their sexual behaviours.
The Bundesbank and Financial Markets
Authors: Franke Günter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Article 3 of the Bundesbank Act stipulates that the Bundesbank regulates the amount of money in circulation and of credit supplied to the economy, and arranges for the execution of payment transactions. Its goal is to safeguard the currency, meaning to safeguard the value of money. This assignment does not answer the question of the extent to which the Bundesbank is supposed to exert its influence on the management of financial intermediaries and the regulation of financial markets. A restrictive interpretation limits the duties of the central bank to deploying its array of monetary policy instruments to safeguard the value of money, trusting in the forces of free competition. It is expected that such forces will induce Financial intermediaries to manage their businesses prudently and effectively, inhibit trading in Financial instruments which cause more harm than good, and encourage the development of Financial instruments which are desirable for the economy as a whole, as well as the rules for trading them. The consequence is the evolution of efficient Financial markets which guarantee fair Financial contracts for all market participants.
Gender and Demographic Change: What Do We Know?
Authors: Mason Karen Oppenheim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews what is known about the relationship between gender systems and demographic change. The potential importance of society’s gender organization for demographic change (especially for change in fertility and mortality) has been recognized widely only since the early 1980s, when authors such as John Caldwell (1982) and Nancy Folbre (1983) first described how patriarchal family systems act to maintain high fertility. Although research on female employment and fertility stretches back into the early portion of the century, studies explicitly concerned with gender systems and their impact on demographic change are relatively new. Indeed, investigation of this topic is recent enough that we are only beginning to understand how to conduct high-quality research on it. Even less well understood than the impact of gender systems on demographic change is the equally important link between demographic change and shifts in gender relations that result in a more equal balance of power and well-being between women and men. In the interests of encouraging better research, this chapter discusses several reasons for the preliminary state of our knowledge as well as reviewing what we already know.
Ownership and Community Interests in China’s Rural Enterprises
Authors: Young Susan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The pressing contrast between state and non-state performance in China’s economic reforms, against the background of the proposed wholesale dis-mantling of the state economy in the former socialist countries of Eastern Europe, made ownership reform an inescapable issue for China by the late 1980s. Unavoidably, much of the debate was informed by the stark progression in economic performance from state enterprises, which responded only sluggishly to reforms, to the dynamic rural collective enterprises, to the newly revived private sector, which showed the fastest growth of all. When all is said and done, the ongoing efforts to reform state enterprises have basically centred around the problem of how to make them behave as much like private enterprises as possible, without actually privatizing them.
China Deconstructs? The Future of the Chinese Empire-State in a Historical Perspective
Authors: Bøckman Harald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The bottom line of any assessment of the future development of China—be it economic, cultural, social, or political—is its survival in its present or some modified form. Only a dozen years ago, such a problematique would swiftly be relegated to the files of the oddities of futuristic research. Today, it is a theme that is being discussed as an important issue not only outside China, but also seriously—albeit reluctantly—within China as well.
Participant Observation in Demographic Research: Fieldwork Experiences in a Ghanaian Community
Authors: Geest Sjaak Van Der 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The anthropologist engaging in demographic research risks getting lost in a forest of paradoxes. Nowhere are intimate personal feelings—let us call them love and passion—and national public interests so closely interwined as in the birth of children. Movements in the dark come to light nine months later and become hard data for policy-makers. The birth of a child is both a matter for cold statistics and a subject of human emotion. The same can be said about the end of a person’s life. Death, the most devastating human experience one can think of, will eventually be transformed into demographic data. The shock of paradox reaches the level of absurdist theatre when the state attempts to break into the intimacy of lovers and publicly holds technical devices in front of them to persuade them to prevent the birth of another child.
Trade Shocks in Developing Countries
Authors: Collier Paul , Gunning Jan Willem 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Developing countries frequently experience trade shocks and the policy implications of this have been debated for decades.This important book is Volume 2 of a comparative study covering 23 countries, using a common methodology to estimate the effects of shocks. The conventional wisdom has been that private agents, in particular peasant farmers, could not be trusted to use windfalls wisely. This was, and continues to be, the main rationale for stabilising taxation of export crops. The convention was also that windfalls accruing to the public sector were a bane since governments had low savings rates. The evidence in this definitive study supports neither generalisation. Trade shocks typically lead to high savings rates, irrespective of whether they accrue to private producers or to the government. However, the case studies find substantial policy errors so that windfalls are often not translated efficiently into permanent income increases and indeed often lead to a reduction in output. The studies argue for a drastic revision of the case for government action in response to trade shocks. Volume 1 deals with Africa, Volume 2 with Asia and Latin America.
Sustainable Development in Mineral Economies
Authors: Auty Richard M , Mikesell Raymond E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The mineral economies comprise approximately one-fifth of developing countries. They face special problems in achieving sustainable development, and have as a group been less successful than resource-deficient neighbours. This book examines the apparent paradox, detailing the current problems facing the mineral economies and the future policies necessary to overcome these problems. Nine countries are studied: Botswana, Chile, Colombia, Indonesia, Jamaica, Namibia, Papua New Guinea, Peru, and Trinidad and Tobago. The authors argue that the key factor is not the sustainability of the mineral production that initially generates growth, but the maintenance of the economic and social conditions for sustaining that growth. They draw upon recent progress in environmental and natural resource accounting to show how this can be achieved, and also assess the socio-political factors that often constrain sustainable development.
Urban Political Science and the Challenge of Urban Governance
Authors: Stoker Gerry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The study of urban politics has been prone to some of the same cycles and trends as the wider field of political science (Stoker, 1998a). Fifty years ago—as in political science in general—the focus was on institutions. Urban politics was the study of city government: its legal competences and structure and its core actors—mayors, councillors, bureaucrats. The literature was often descriptive and generally concerned with examining semi-constitutional questions and administrative doctrines about the appropriateness of local autonomy or how best politicians could hold bureaucrats to account without undermining the distinctive contribution of each.
Societal Governance: Levels, Modes, and Orders of Social–Political Interaction
Authors: Kooiman Jan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In today’s shared-power, no-one-in-charge, interdependent world, public problems and issues spill over organizational and institutional boundaries. Many people are affected by problems like global warming, AIDS, homelessness, drug abuse, crime, growing poverty among children, and teen pregnancy, but no one person, group or organization has the necessary power or authority to solve these problems. Instead, organizations and institutions must share objectives, resources, activities, power, or some of their authority in order to achieve collective gains or minimize losses.
Legal Repression of Extreme-Right Parties and Racial Discrimination*
Authors: Fennema Meindert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Natural rights were formulated for the first time as an authoritative political statement in the Declaration of Independence of the United States of America (1776): ‘We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights … ‘. In 1776 these rights still had to be elaborated in positive law. The founding fathers in general regarded slavery as a relic of the past and most of them found it repulsive. Yet some ten years later in Philadelphia, they wrote a Constitution that made it virtually impossible to outlaw it. It forbade Congress to interfere with the slave trade for twenty years to come and required putting down slave rebellions wherever they might occur. It denied slaves the right to sue in federal courts (Lazare 1998: 16). So the United States was slow indeed in the legal implementation of natural rights. It took some 200 years before these rights were fully applied to all African-Americans.
Ethnocentric Party Mobilization in Europe: the Importance of the Three Dimensional Approach
Authors: Eatwell Roger 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In recent years, a variety of ethnocentric parties have made notable electoral breakthroughs in Europe. Until recently the best known has been the Front National (FN), which in the late 1990s had the support of 15 per cent of French electors. In Italy, the ethno-regionalist Lega Nord (LN) has attracted more like 30 per cent in some areas; after losing support in the late 1990s, it has bounded back in the 2000 regional elections on a strongly anti-immigrant, anti globalization programme. Most dramatically of all, in Austria, the Freedom Party (FPO) won 27 per cent of the national vote in the 1999 elections, again on a strongly ethnocentric programme; in early 2000, the FPO formed a new coalition government with the conservative Austrian People’s Party. Other notable Western European parties which have achieved these levels of support nationally, or in significant localities, are the Norwegian Progress Party, with 15 per cent of the national vote in 1997, and the Flemish-Belgian Vlaams Blok (VB), which can poll approaching twice this in some areas.
Immigration and European Integration: New Opportunities for Transnational Political Mobilization?
Authors: Favell Adrian , Geddes Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we assess the extent to which EU responsibilities for free movement, immigration, and asylum lead to specifically transnational political action. For this to happen would be a novelty, because in the post-war period, control over immigration has been strictly the domain of nation-states, indeed a defining hallmark of national sovereignty: thus immigration policy has been a question struggled over predominantly at national level alone. Freer movement of persons is, however, a foundational tenet of European Union (EU) treaties, and in recent years the connection between free movement, on the one hand, and immigration and asylum, on the other, has led to the emergence of EU integration and co-operation in this field. The Amsterdam Treaty has now also created the scope for future EU level action against racist, ethnic, and religious based discrimination and raised questions about access to EU rights for legally resident non-EU nationals-’third country nationals’ (TCNs), of whom there are around 11 million in the 15 member states. We pay close attention to new patterns of political action by pro-migrant organizations and to the motivations, calculations, and alliance-building strategies of EU level institutional actors.
Infant Mortality in Nineteenth-century Italy: Interactions between Ecology and Society
Authors: Breschi Marco , Derosas, Renzo , Manfredini Matteo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
All past societies had to face the fundamental challenge of adapting to periods of scarcity, difficult climatic conditions, disease, and war. A study of demographic behaviour can reveal the ways in which such historical communities faced these challenges. It is not easy, however, to measure precisely the influence and interactions between economic, social, and ecological factors. Aggregate research can mask the heterogeneity of populations, but the introduction of control variables can rapidly produce samples that are too small to be statistically significant. Event history analysis offers a powerful tool to counter this problem, and as a consequence has recently become an interesting application in the field of historical demography.
Livelihoods, Diversification and Agrarian Change
Authors: Ellis Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book is about livelihoods, diversification, and the survival strategies of rural households in developing countries. Its key point of departure is that for many such households farming on its own does not provide a sufficient means of survival in rural areas. For this reason most rural households are found to depend on a diverse portfolio of activities and income sources amongst which crop and livestock production feature alongside many other contributions to family well being. Engagement in a diverse portfolio of activities also means nurturing the social networks of kin and community that enable such diversity to be secured and sustained.