bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anthropomorphizing AI in centaur teaming
Authors: Johnson James 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
How does anthropomorphizing AI affect human–machine collaboration in hybrid military operations? Chapter 2 turns to the problem of anthropomorphic tendencies in AI. It argues that until AI surpasses human intelligence, anthropomorphism will play a critical role in human–machine interactions in tactical operations, which depend on fast, cognitively parsimonious, and efficacious communication. Thus, understanding the various (social and cognitive) psychological mechanisms that undergird AI-anthropomorphism is crucial in determining the potential impact of military human-machine interactions. While the limitations of AI technology in human–machine interaction are well known, how the spontaneous tendency to anthropomorphize AI agents might affect the psychological (cognitive/behavioral) and motivational aspects of hybrid military operations have garnered far less attention. How does anthropomorphizing AI affect human–machine collaboration in hybrid military operations? This chapter identifies some potential epistemological, ontological, normative, and ethical consequences of humanizing algorithms—that is, the use of anthropomorphic language and discourse—for the conduct of war. It also considers the possible impact of the AI-anthropomorphism phenomenon on the inverse process of dehumanization.
Brinkmanship in algorithmic warfare
Authors: Johnson James 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
How might AI-enabled warfare effect human psychology during nuclear crises? Chapter 4 evokes Thomas Schelling’s theory of “threat that leaves something to chance” to consider how states can credibly signal resolve and compete under the shadow of a nuclear war. Schelling’s theory provides insight into how and why state actors may seek to manipulate risk to achieve competitive advantage in bargaining situations and how this contest of nerves, resolve, and credibility can lead states to stumble inadvertently into war. How might the dynamics of the age of AI affect Schelling’s theory? The chapter explores the implications of Schelling’s insights on crisis stability between nuclear-armed rivals in the age of AI-enabling technology and contextualizes them within the broader information ecosystem. It engages with interdisciplinary human psychology, behavioral science, and anthropological studies, offering fresh perspectives and insights on the “AI-nuclear dilemma”—the intersection of technological change, strategic thinking, and nuclear risk. The chapter concludes that the risks of nuclear-armed states leveraging Schelling’s “something to chance” in the digital era obviate any potential bargaining benefits in brinkmanship.
Definition and Dispute
Authors: Ball Derek 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Many of our deepest disagreements turn on matters of definition. Philosophers discuss the definitions of knowledge, art, truth, and freedom, and social and political questions about personhood, health and disease, marriage and gender are also commonly thought of as turning in part on definitions. This book contributes to our understanding of how we engage with questions and disagreements of this kind. It argues that disputes about matters of definition are not just about the meanings of words or our concepts, and they do not typically involve change of meaning. Instead, it develops a conception of definition on which engaging in an investigation or a discussion helps determine the meanings of our words without changing them; what is determined is the meaning our words had all along. This temporal externalist view—that what happens at the end of our investigation or discussion can play a role in determining what we meant and thought throughout—puts us in a position to see why typical ways we engage with questions of definition make sense, and are not confused or in need of revision. The book develops this style of view in unprecedented detail and shows how it helps make sense not only of definitional disputes, but also of disagreements about matters of taste (such as discussions of whether a particular food is delicious, or a certain film is funny.) Its defencse of temporal externalism includes powerful new criticisms of competing philosophical views about verbal dispute, metalinguistic negotiation, inconsistent concepts, conceptual engineering, and relativism.
CRUMPLED LEAF supports plastid OUTER ENVELOPE PROTEIN OF 80 KDA complex formation in Arabidopsis
Authors: Yoshimura Ryo , Minamikawa Syun , Suzuki Takamasa , Goto Kotaro , Latrasse David , Sicar Sanchari , Raynaud Cécile , Benhamed Moussa , Yoshioka Yasushi 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Embedded β-barrel proteins in the outer envelope membrane mediate most cellular trafficking between the cytoplasm and plastids. Although the TRANSLOCON AT THE OUTER ENVELOPE MEMBRANE OF CHLOROPLASTS 75-V (TOC75-V)/OUTER ENVELOPE PROTEIN OF 80 KDA (OEP80) complex has been implicated in the insertion and assembly of β-barrel proteins in the outer envelope membrane of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) chloroplasts, relatively little is known about this process. CRUMPLED LEAF (CRL) encodes a chloroplast outer envelope membrane-localized protein, and its loss-of-function mutation results in pleiotropic defects, including altered plant morphogenesis, growth retardation, suppression of plastid division, and spontaneous light intensity-dependent localized cell death. A suppressor screen conducted on mutagenized crl mutants revealed that a missense mutation in OEP80 suppresses the pleiotropic defects of crl. Furthermore, we found that OEP80 complex formation is compromised in crl. Additionally, we demonstrated that CRL interacts with OEP80 in vivo and that a portion of CRL is present at the same molecular weight as the OEP80 complex. Our results suggest that CRL interacts with OEP80 to facilitate its complex formation. CRL is involved in plastid protein import; therefore, the pleiotropic defects in crl are likely due to the combined effects of decreased plastid protein import and altered membrane integration of β-barrel proteins in the outer envelope membrane. This study sheds light on the mechanisms that allow β-barrel protein integration into the plastid outer envelope membrane and the importance of this finding for plant cellular processes.
Tandemly duplicated MYB genes are functionally diverged in the regulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis in soybean
Authors: Ma Ruirui , Huang Wenxuan , Hu Quan , Tian Guo , An Jie , Fang Ting , Liu Jia , Hou Jingjing , Zhao Meixia , Sun Lianjun 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Gene duplications have long been recognized as a driving force in the evolution of genes, giving rise to novel functions. The soybean (Glycine max) genome is characterized by a large number of duplicated genes. However, the extent and mechanisms of functional divergence among these duplicated genes in soybean remain poorly understood. In this study, we revealed that 4 MYB genes (GmMYBA5, GmMYBA2, GmMYBA1, and Glyma.09g235000)—presumably generated by tandem duplication specifically in the Phaseoleae lineage—exhibited a stronger purifying selection in soybean compared to common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). To gain insights into the diverse functions of these tandemly duplicated MYB genes in anthocyanin biosynthesis, we examined the expression, transcriptional activity, induced metabolites, and evolutionary history of these 4 MYB genes. Our data revealed that Glyma.09g235000 is a pseudogene, while the remaining 3 MYB genes exhibit strong transcriptional activation activity, promoting anthocyanin biosynthesis in different soybean tissues. GmMYBA5, GmMYBA2, and GmMYBA1 induced anthocyanin accumulation by upregulating the expression of anthocyanin pathway-related genes. Notably, GmMYBA5 showed a lower capacity for gene induction compared to GmMYBA2 and GmMYBA1. Metabolomics analysis further demonstrated that GmMYBA5 induced distinct anthocyanin accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves and soybean hairy roots compared to GmMYBA2 and GmMYBA1, suggesting their functional divergence leading to the accumulation of different metabolites accumulation following gene duplication. Together, our data provide evidence of functional divergence within the MYB gene cluster following tandem duplication, which sheds light on the potential evolutionary directions of gene duplications during legume evolution.
Valsa mali PR1-like protein modulates an apple valine-glutamine protein to suppress JA signaling-mediated immunity
Authors: Han Pengliang , Wang Chengli , Li Fudong , Li Meilian , Nie Jiajun , Xu Ming , Feng Hao , Xu Liangsheng , Jiang Cong , Guan Qingmei , Huang Lili 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Apple Valsa canker (AVC) is a devastating disease of apple (Malus × domestica), caused by Valsa mali (Vm). The Cysteine-rich secretory protein, Antigen 5, and Pathogenesis-related protein 1 (CAP) superfamily protein PATHOGENESIS-RELATED PROTEIN 1-LIKE PROTEIN c (VmPR1c) plays an important role in the pathogenicity of Vm. However, the mechanisms through which it exerts its virulence function in Vm–apple interactions remain unclear. In this study, we identified an apple valine-glutamine (VQ)-motif-containing protein, MdVQ29, as a VmPR1c target protein. MdVQ29-overexpressing transgenic apple plants showed substantially enhanced AVC resistance as compared with the wild type. MdVQ29 interacted with the transcription factor MdWRKY23, which was further shown to bind to the promoter of the jasmonic acid (JA) signaling-related gene CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 (MdCOI1) and activate its expression to activate the JA signaling pathway. Disease evaluation in lesion areas on infected leaves showed that MdVQ29 positively modulated apple resistance in a MdWRKY23-dependent manner. Furthermore, MdVQ29 promoted the transcriptional activity of MdWRKY23 toward MdCOI1. In addition, VmPR1c suppressed the MdVQ29-enhanced transcriptional activation activity of MdWRKY23 by promoting the degradation of MdVQ29 and inhibiting MdVQ29 expression and the MdVQ29–MdWRKY23 interaction, thereby interfering with the JA signaling pathway and facilitating Vm infection. Overall, our results demonstrate that VmPR1c targets MdVQ29 to manipulate the JA signaling pathway to regulate immunity. Thus, this study provides an important theoretical basis and guidance for mining and utilizing disease-resistance genetic resources for genetically improving apples.
Air pollution benefits from reduced on-road activity due to COVID-19 in the United States
Authors: Arter Calvin A , Buonocore Jonathan J , Isakov Vlad , Pandey Gavendra , Arunachalam Saravanan 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
On-road transportation is one of the largest contributors to air pollution in the United States. The COVID-19 pandemic provided the unintended experiment of reduced on-road emissions’ impacts on air pollution due to lockdowns across the United States. Studies have quantified on-road transportation's impact on fine particulate matter (PM2.5)–attributable and ozone (O3)–attributable adverse health outcomes in the United States, and other studies have quantified air pollution–attributable health outcome reductions due to COVID-19-related lockdowns. We aim to quantify the PM2.5-attributable, O3-attributable, and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)–attributable adverse health outcomes from traffic emissions as well as the air pollution benefits due to reduced on-road activity during the pandemic in 2020. We estimate 79,400 (95% CI 46,100–121,000) premature mortalities each year due to on-road-attributable PM2.5, O3, and NO2. We further break down the impacts by pollutant and vehicle types (passenger [PAS] vs. freight [FRT] vehicles). We estimate PAS vehicles to be responsible for 63% of total impacts and FRT vehicles 37%. Nitrogen oxide (NOX) emissions from these vehicles are responsible for 78% of total impacts as it is a precursor for PM2.5 and O3. Utilizing annual vehicle miles traveled reductions in 2020, we estimate that 9,300 (5,500–14,000) deaths from air pollution were avoided in 2020 due to the state-specific reductions in on-road activity across the continental United States. By quantifying the air pollution public health benefits from lockdown-related reductions in on-road emissions, the results from this study stress the need for continued emission mitigation policies, like the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) recently proposed NOX standards for heavy-duty vehicles, to mitigate on-road transportation's public health impact.
Time to exercise caution? Project CARA and out-of-court responses to domestic abuse
Authors: Myhill Andy , Bartlett Andy 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Domestic abuse (DA) is a high-volume area of police work and the utility of criminal justice intervention has been questioned, especially in relation to cases perceived as low risk. This paper initiates debate on conditional cautions being used by some police forces as an alternative to a criminal charge. We highlight limitations of existing evaluations of the Cautioning Adult Relationship Abuse (CARA) intervention and potential unintended consequences of wider roll-out that remain untested. We suggest continuing to grow the evidence-base for behaviour change while addressing issues around implementation, with a greater emphasis on controlling and coercive behaviour.
An investigation of 60Co gamma radiation induced damage in N-channel MOSFETS at cryogenic temperature
Authors: Anjum Arshiya , Muddubasavanna Darshan , Nagaraj Pushpa , Akkanagowda Patel Gnana Prakash 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
N-channel depletion metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs) were irradiated with 60Co gamma radiation in the dose range of 100 krad to 6 Mrad at cryogenic (77 K) and room temperatures (300 K). The MOS devices irradiated at 77 K and 300 K were characterized at 77 K and 300 K respectively. The different electrical parameters of MOSFET such as threshold voltage (Vth), density of interface trapped charges (ΔNit), density of oxide trapped charges (ΔNot) and mobility of the charge carriers (μ) were studied as a function of total dose. A considerable increase in ΔNit and ΔNot and decrease in Vth was observed after irradiation. The 77 K irradiation results were then compared with 300 K irradiation results and found that the degradation in the electrical characteristics is more for the devices irradiated at 300 K.
Does cooperation with multiple actors diffuse the government’s responsibility in the implementation of COVID-19 measures?
Authors: Iseki Tatsuya , Shigemura Sohei , Ikeda Shun , Ishima Hideo 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
To manage the COVID-19 pandemic, the Japanese government has cooperated with multiple actors, such as experts, prefectural governments, and medical professionals, who generally attract limited attention in non-crisis times. While cooperation with such actors allows the central government to mobilize knowledge and utilize resources it does not have, such collaboration could diffuse the responsibility of COVID-19-related measures onto other actors. To empirically test this conjecture, we conducted an online survey experiment prior to the 2021 Japanese general election. It investigated whether the government’s cooperation with experts, prefectural governors, medical professionals, and the International Olympic Committee obscured its responsibility in the declaration of stay-at-home advisories, securing of beds, and conducting of the 2020 Summer Olympic Games. The results deliver no evidence that informing people of the influence of any actor diffused the government’s responsibility for the implementation of COVID-19-related measures. The findings of this study imply that the Japanese people held the national government accountable even during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Job Loss and Household Labor Supply Adjustments in Developing Countries: Evidence from Argentina
Authors: Ciaschi Matías , Neidhöfer Guido 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Using longitudinal data for Argentina, this paper estimates the labor supply reaction of spouses and children, as well as the interactions between them, following the job loss of their husband or father. The findings show that job loss by the household head has a positive and significant impact on the labor supply of other household members. However, it increases the likelihood of spouses to switch to informal and downgraded employment, and of children to drop out from education. While effects are stronger among vulnerable households, coverage of social security does not provide enough support in coping with unemployment shocks. Mothers’ labor participation, however, may allow their daughters to continue their education.
Group III secreted phospholipase A2‐driven lysophospholipid pathway protects against allergic asthma
Authors: Hamu‐Tanoue Asako , Takagi Koichi , Taketomi Yoshitaka , Miki Yoshimi , Nishito Yasumasa , Kano Kuniyuki , Aoki Junken , Matsuyama Takahiro , Kondo Kiyotaka , Dotake Yoichi , Matsuyama Hiromi , Machida Kentaro , Murakami Makoto , Inoue Hiromasa 
Published: January 2024

AbstractAsthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by recurrent episodes of airway obstruction, hyperresponsiveness, remodeling, and eosinophilia. Phospholipase A2s (PLA2s), which release fatty acids and lysophospholipids from membrane phospholipids, have been implicated in exacerbating asthma by generating pro‐asthmatic lipid mediators, but an understanding of the association between individual PLA2 subtypes and asthma is still incomplete. Here, we show that group III‐secreted PLA2 (sPLA2‐III) plays an ameliorating, rather than aggravating, role in asthma pathology. In both mouse and human lungs, sPLA2‐III was expressed in bronchial epithelial cells and decreased during the asthmatic response. In an ovalbumin (OVA)‐induced asthma model, Pla2g3−/− mice exhibited enhanced airway hyperresponsiveness, eosinophilia, OVA‐specific IgE production, and type 2 cytokine expression as compared to Pla2g3+/+ mice. Lipidomics analysis showed that the pulmonary levels of several lysophospholipids, including lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), were decreased in OVA‐challenged Pla2g3−/− mice relative to Pla2g3+/+ mice. LPA receptor 2 (LPA2) agonists suppressed thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) expression in bronchial epithelial cells and reversed airway hyperresponsiveness and eosinophilia in Pla2g3−/− mice, suggesting that sPLA2‐III negatively regulates allergen‐induced asthma at least by producing LPA. Thus, the activation of the sPLA2‐III‐LPA pathway may be a new therapeutic target for allergic asthma.
Crocus sativus L. produces anti-inflammatory effects and regulates the NLRP3–NF-κB pathway
Authors: Yang Liang , Xu Huanhua , Hong Qian , Xu Nuo , Zhang Yan , Tao Rui , Li Shuai , Zhang Zizheng , Geng Jiahao , Wang Zihan , Hu Huizi , Dong Yan , Chu Zhaoyi , Zheng Bin , Zhu Jinmiao , Geng Ming , Gao Yue 
Published: January 2024

Objective:
This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of petal and stamen extracts of saffron crocus (Crocus sativus) and explore the underlying mechanism.

Methods:
Local and systemic inflammation models were used to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of C. sativus. A xylene-induced inflammation model or lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation model was used in this study. C. sativus petal and stamen extracts were each administered to the mice in the xylene and LPS models by gavage for 14 d at 0.1 and 0.4 g/kg doses, respectively. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-1β in mouse serum. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was used to observe the pathological changes in the ear in the xylene-induced inflammation model and in the spleen in the LPS-induced inflammation model. NOD-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 (NLRP3) protein levels within the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway were assessed using western blotting. RAW264.7 cells were treated with LPS (5 μg/mL) and LPS + C. sativus (0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mg/mL) for 24 h, and a Cell Counting Kit-8 was used to measure cell proliferation. Changes in NLRP3 and NF-κB levels were evaluated by western blotting.

Results:
Petal and stamen extracts of C. sativus attenuated the anti-inflammatory effects in local or systemic inflammatory models and repaired pathological changes in the ear in the xylene-induced inflammation model and spleen in the LPS-induced inflammation model. These extracts also decreased the concentrations of TNF-α and IL-1β in the mouse serum in the LPS-induced inflammation model. C. sativus downregulated NLRP3 protein level through the NF-κB pathway and downregulated LC-3 and BECLIN1 in vivo and in vitro. Carbonyl Cyanide3-ChloroPhenylhydrazone (CCCP) weakened the effects of C. sativus on the NLRP3–NF-κB pathway.

Conclusion:

C. sativus has anti-inflammatory effects and regulates the NLRP3-NF-κB pathway.
Impact of segmented optical axial length on the performance of intraocular lens power calculation formulas
Authors: Goto So , Maeda Naoyuki , Ohnuma Kazuhiko , Lawu Tjundewo , Ogawa Keiko , Sugiyama Saori , Matsumaru Maki , Noda Toru 
Published: January 2024

Purpose:
To investigate the difference between the segmented axial length (AL) and the composite AL on a swept-source optical coherence tomography biometer and to evaluate the subsequent effects on artificial intelligence intraocular lens (IOL) power calculations: the Kane and Hill-RBF 3.0 formulas compared with established vergence formulas.

Setting:
National Hospital Organization, Tokyo Medical Center, Japan.

Design:
Retrospective case series.

Methods:
Consecutive patients undergoing cataract surgery with a single-piece IOL were reviewed. The prediction accuracy of the Barrett Universal II, Haigis, Hill-RBF 3.0, Hoffer Q, Holladay 1, Kane, and SRK/T formulas based on 2 ALs were compared for each formula. The heteroscedastic test was used with the SD of prediction errors as the endpoint for formula performance.

Results:
The study included 145 eyes of 145 patients. The segmented AL (24.83 ± 1.89) was significantly shorter than the composite AL (24.88 ± 1.96, P < .001). Bland-Altman analysis revealed a negative proportional bias for the differences between the segmented AL and the composite AL. The SD values obtained by Hoffer Q, Holladay 1, and SRK/T formulas based on the segmented AL (0.52 diopters [D], 0.54 D, and 0.50 D, respectively) were significantly lower than those based on the composite AL (0.57 D, 0.60 D, and 0.52 D, respectively, P < .01).

Conclusions:
The segmented ALs were longer in short eyes and shorter in long eyes than the composite ALs. The refractive accuracy can be improved in the Hoffer Q, Holladay 1, and SRK/T formulas by changing the composite ALs to the segmented ALs.
Safety Climate in the Utility Industry
Authors: Huang Yueng-hsiang , Lee Jin , Perry MacKenna , He Yimin , Tondokoro Tsukumi 
Published: January 2024

Objectives
This study aims to extend safety climate research by considering perceptions across the following three hierarchical levels within a workplace: (1) senior leaders/executives, (2) field leaders/supervisors, and (3) front-line employees.

Methods
We conducted a quantitative survey study at a US utility company where we collected data related to safety climate perceptions and employee-reported safety behaviors across the different levels of organizational hierarchy.

Results
The findings revealed the highest safety climate scores among senior leaders/executives, followed by field leaders/supervisors, and then employees, suggesting potential discrepancies between espoused and enacted safety values in the workplace.

Conclusions
These results suggest that supervisors and top managers may have different mental models of workplace safety compared with employees. Consequently, assessing perceptions at different organizational levels provides a fuller picture of safety in the workplace.