bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chronic cortisol exposure promotes the development of a GABAergic phenotype in the primate hippocampus
Authors: McMillan Pamela J. , Wilkinson Charles W. , Greenup Lynne , Raskind Murray A. , Peskind Elaine R. , Leverenz James B. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractGlucocorticoids regulate plasticity and survival of hippocampal neurons. Aberrant exposure to this steroid hormone can result in neurodegeneration, perhaps secondary to disruption of calcium homeostasis. Calbindin, a calcium‐binding protein that buffers excess calcium, may protect against neurodegeneration resulting from overabundance of intracellular calcium. In this study, we examined whether chronic treatment (1 year) with cortisol enhances hippocampal calbindin expression in primates. Calbindin is a marker for inhibitory neurons and the dentate gyrus is known to adopt an inhibitory phenotype in response to extreme conditions such as seizures. Thus, we hypothesized that chronic cortisol exposure may also promote a GABAergic phenotype. Therefore, we examined the expression of the GABA‐synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase. The expression of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor, which is responsive to glucocorticoids, was also examined. Our results demonstrate significant increases in calbindin, glutamic acid decarboxylase and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor in several regions of the primate hippocampus, including the dentate gyrus and CA3, in response to chronic cortisol exposure. These results suggest that chronic cortisol exposure may shift the balance towards a GABAergic phenotype, perhaps as part of a compensatory feedback mechanism to dampen the initial excitatory effects of glucocorticoids in the hippocampus.
Characterization of subpopulations of neurons producing melanin‐concentrating hormone in the rat ventral diencephalon
Authors: Cvetkovic Vesna , Brischoux Frédéric , Jacquemard Claude , Fellmann Dominique , Griffond Bernadette , Risold Pierre‐Yves 
Published: November 2004

AbstractNeurons producing melanin‐concentrating hormone (MCH) are involved in a large array of functions. Some of these functions may be mediated by specific subpopulations. One such subpopulation was characterized by the expression of the neurokinin 3 receptor and the ‘cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript’ (CART) peptide, while another expresses neither one of these two molecules. MCH+/CART+ axons were traced throughout the brain and showed a strikingly different pattern of distribution than that of MCH+/CART– axons. Particularly, many MCH+/CART+ axons are observed in the telencephalon, while MCH+/CART– projections are mostly directed toward the brainstem. Calbindin, a protein involved in calcium homeostasis, has been largely used in many structures of the brain for the identification of neuronal phenotypes. However, few MCH neurons were labeled for this protein. On the other hand, neurons producing the peptides hypocretins (Hcrt), and codistributed with the MCH neurons, were all labeled for calbindin. Thus, at least two subpopulations of MCH neurons can be distinguished on the basis of neuronal phenotypes and connections. These neurons may be involved in distinct circuitry and in distinct functions.
Ambulatory combined pH, bile and manometric monitoring of the oesophagus in asymptomatic healthy volunteers
Authors: Freedman Jacob , Lindqvist Madeleine , Melcher Anders , Granström Lars , Näslund Erik 
Published: November 2004

SummaryBackground:  With the development of sophisticated equipment ambulatory studies of oesophageal motor function, pH and bilirubin have gained in popularity. The aim of the study was to present reference values for combined 24 h pH, bilirubin and manometric measurements of the oesophagus.Methods:  Twenty‐six (15 male) healthy volunteers without symptoms of gastro‐oesophageal reflux underwent a 24‐h ambulatory oesophageal combined three‐channel pressure, acid and bilirubin detection.Results:  The subjects were studied for a median of 20 h (16–22). The median per cent time with pH < 4 for the whole measured time was 3·1 (0·8–14; 5 and 95 percentiles). Bile was detected for a median of 0·05% (0·0–8·5; 5 and 95 percentiles) of the time. Eighty‐one per cent of the contractions were peristaltic, 55% of which were complete. Of these, 53% had a pressure over 30 mmHg at all three pressure points, giving an efficient peristalsis in a median of 29% (13–46; 5 and 95 percentiles) of all registered contractile patterns. No difference between the genders could be observed.Conclusions:  This study provides normative data for ambulatory oesophageal manometry, pH and bilirubin studies that can be used for comparing with patients with disease.
Aerobic and functional capacity in a group of healthy women: reference values and repeatability
Authors: Wisén Anita G. M. , Wohlfart Björn 
Published: November 2004

SummaryTwenty‐five randomly selected, low or moderately fit and healthy women (22–44 years) rated their perceived physical capacity and performed an incremental cycle exercise test with respiratory gas analysis. The aerobic and functional capacity did not decrease with age. However, τo2 increased with age. The mean value of the perceived physical capacity was 10 metabolic equivalents and that of o2max 2075 ml min−1. The increasing anaerobic metabolism was determined at three points DX (where the rate of co2 increase just exceeds the rate of o2 increase), PX (where co2/o2 = 1·0) and PQ (where ventilation increase disproportionately in relation to co2). The mean o2 (% of o2max) at DX, PX and PQ were 1263 (63%), 1528 (73%) and 1620 (78%) ml min−1, respectively. The mean value of Δo2/ΔW was 10·2 ml min−1 W−1 while that of τo2 was 0·578 (age) + 15·6. Ten women performed a test and re‐test on two consecutive days, and eight of these performed another re‐test 4 weeks later. The repeatability was analysed and the variations were expressed as 2 SD of the differences between the tests. The variation was greater for the 4‐week re‐test than the day‐to‐day re‐test regarding o2max, o2 at DX, PX and PQ, Δo2/ΔW and HR. The variation in o2max, PX and Δo2/ΔW for the 4‐week re‐test was more than twice that of the previously reported 4‐week variation for men. The considerable variation, especially for 4‐week re‐testing for women should be considered when evaluating the effects of exercise and rehabilitation.
Determinants of hypertension and left ventricular function in end stage renal failure: a pilot study using cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Stewart Graham A. , Mark Patrick B. , Johnston Nicola , Foster John E. , Cowan Michael , Rodger R. Stuart C. , Dargie Henry J. , Jardine Alan G. 
Published: November 2004

SummaryCardiovascular disease is the principal cause of mortality in patients with renal failure. Left ventricular (LV) abnormalities are adverse prognostic indicators for cardiovascular outcome. The aim of this study was to use cardiac magnetic resonance scanning (CMR) to define LV functional abnormalities in haemodialysis (HD) patients and clarify the determinants of blood pressure (BP) and the effect of anaemia in this population. We studied 44 HD patients and 11 controls with CMR performed following dialysis. Forty patients and 11 controls completed the study. LV mass (P<0·001) and estimated systemic vascular resistance (SVR) (P = 0·002) were significantly higher in the dialysis group compared to controls. LV ejection fraction (P = 0·002) and SV (P = 0·043) were lower than controls. In the HD patients, BP correlated significantly with cardiac output (CO; r = 0·569, P<0·001) and end diastolic volume (EDV; r = 0·565, P<0·001) but there was no correlation between BP and SVR (r = 0·201, P = 0·594). Haemoglobin was inversely correlated with both CO (r = −0·531, P<0·001) and EDV (r = −0·493, P = 0·001) and positively with SVR (r = 0·402, P = 0·009). HD patients had a higher LV mass and lower ejection fraction than controls. The relationship of BP with CO, but not SVR, supports the theory that a major determinant of BP is intravascular volume and CO rather than vascular resistance although there was a fixed increase in SVR in this population. Improved understanding of the mechanisms underlying increased SVR and improved control of CO and intravascular volume may allow better therapeutic strategies. CMR provides insights into the pathophysiology of hypertension and LV dysfunction in HD patients.
Jealousy and commitment: Perceived threat and the effect of relationship alternatives
Authors: Rydell Robert J. , McConnell Allen R. , Bringle Robert G. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractMost research on jealousy has focused on the correlation between one psychological factor and jealousy. In contrast, the current work examined how the link between relationship commitment and jealousy depends on the interplay of two situational factors: attractiveness of relationship alternatives and receiving threatening information about the self and the romantic relationship. In two studies, participants completed measures of relationship commitment for their current relationship and then received feedback that manipulated their perceptions of relationship alternatives (Study 1) or their perceptions of relationship compatibility (Study 2). Participants' jealousy was assessed by their responses to a mildly threatening relationship situation (Studies 1 and 2) and on a jealousy scale (Study 2). Study 1 showed that those in more committed relationships experienced greater jealousy when they were induced to consider having unattractive relationship alternatives. Study 2 showed that those with greater relationship commitment reported more jealousy when they received negative information about their relationship compatibility. Implications for how threat plays a causal role in experiencing jealousy are discussed.
The composition of attachment networks throughout the adult years
Authors: Doherty Nicole A. , Feeney Judith A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis study assessed the structure of adults' attachment networks, using a questionnaire measure of preferred attachment figures with a large sample of adults (N = 812) representing various ages and life situations. Two broad research questions were addressed. The first question concerned the variety of attachment figures reported by adults and the relative strength of attachment to each, including preferred (primary) attachment figures. The second question concerned the effects of normative life events on attachment networks and the nature of primary attachment figures in different life situations. Overall, the results supported the preeminent role of attachment relationships with romantic partners. However, relationships with mothers, fathers, siblings, children, and friends also met the strict criteria used to define full‐blown attachments; further, each of these targets constituted the primary attachment figure for some participants. The structure of the attachment network was related to variables such as age, relationship status, and parental status, attesting to the important role of normative life events. The results have theoretical and applied significance and are related to principles of attachment, caregiving, and socioemotional selectivity.
The enigma of altruistic lying: Perspective differences in what motivates and justifies lie telling within romantic relationships
Authors: Kaplar Mary E. , Gordon Anne K. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractLie tellers in intimate relationships often claim their lies were told to protect their partner. However, based on several converging theories (e.g., motivated reasoning, cognitive dissonance), we expected lie receivers to interpret lie tellers' motives less altruistically. We also made predictions regarding other variables on which we expected lie tellers' and lie receivers' perceptions to differ (e.g., justifications for the lie and responses to the lie, lie tellers' guilt, the temporal and situational context of the lies, perceptions of causality and blame). Participants wrote 2 autobiographical narratives, one from the perspective of lie teller and the other from the perspective of lie receiver. Participants also completed questionnaire items that mirrored the coding dimensions used in our content analyses of the narratives. As predicted, results indicated that the same participants, when occupying the role of lie teller as opposed to lie receiver, viewed their lies as more altruistically motivated, guilt inducing, spontaneous, justified by features of the situation, and provoked by the lie receiver. We discuss potential explanations for perspective differences in lying, the value of multiple perspectives when studying and evaluating lies, and the potential for an understanding of perspective differences to aid in conflict resolution.
The impact of suicidal ideation in preadolescence, adolescence, and young adulthood on psychosocial functioning and psychopathology in young adulthood
Authors: Steinhausen H.‐C. , Winkler Metzke C. W. 
Published: November 2004

Objective:  The long‐term psychopathological outcome of suicidal ideation during adolescence in community samples is largely unknown. Data from the epidemiological and longitudinal Zurich Adolescent Psychology and Psychopathology Study (ZAPPS) allowed the testing of whether transient suicidal ideation in preadolescence or adolescence has the same impact on young adult psychopathology as enduring and concomitant suicidality in young adulthood.Method:  Using various questionnaires on psychosocial functioning and the structured Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), the following five groups were compared: preadolescent suicidal ideation only, adolescent suicidal ideation only, young adult suicidal ideation only, enduring suicidality and young adult controls matched by age and gender.Results:  The young adult and the enduring risk group were most abnormal in various domains of psychosocial functioning and psychopathology. Whereas these groups differed from controls and the adolescent suicidal risk group, the differentiation from the preadolescent risk group was much weaker.Conclusion:  There is a heightened risk of abnormal psychosocial and psychopathological functioning for young adult people with enduring and concomitant suicidal ideation and for those who experienced suicidal ideation in preadolescence.
Cognitive performance of male adolescents is lower than controls across psychiatric disorders: a population‐based study
Authors: Weiser M. , Reichenberg A. , Rabinowitz J. , Knobler H. Y. , Lubin G. , Yazvitzky R. , Nahon D. , Gur R. C. , Davidson M. 
Published: November 2004

Objective: Psychiatric patients, as well as humans or experimental animals with brain lesions, often concurrently manifest behavioral deviations and subtle cognitive impairments. This study tested the hypothesis that as a group, adolescents suffering from psychiatric disorders score worse on cognitive tests compared with controls.Method: As part of the assessment for eligibility to serve in the military, the entire, unselected population of 16–17‐year old male Israelis undergo cognitive testing and screening for psychopathology by the Draft Board. We retrieved the cognitive test scores of 19 075 adolescents who were assigned any psychiatric diagnosis, and compared them with the scores of 243 507 adolescents without psychiatric diagnoses.Results: Mean test scores of cases were significantly poorer then controls for all diagnostic groups, except for eating disorders. Effect sizes ranged from 0.3 to 1.6.Conclusion: As group, adolescent males with psychiatric disorders manifest at least subtle impairments in cognitive functioning.
Infant weight‐for‐length is positively associated with subsequent linear growth across four different populations
Authors: Dewey Kathryn G. , Hawck Mette G. , Brown Kenneth H. , Lartey Anna , Cohen Roberta J. , Peerson Janet M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractSeveral studies have documented that length gain often lags behind weight gain during infancy and early childhood, suggesting that linear growth is partly regulated by initial body mass or fatness. To investigate this hypothesis, we analysed data from four longitudinal studies on growth of infants in the first 12 months: (1) U.S. breast‐fed and formula‐fed infants (n = 89); (2) breast‐fed infants in Ghana (n = 190); (3) normal birthweight, breast‐fed infants in Honduras (n = 108); and (4) term, low‐birthweight breast‐fed infants in Honduras (n = 119). The dependent variable was length gain during each 3‐month interval (1– 4, 2–5, 3–6, 4–7, 5–8, 6–9, 7–10, 8–11 and 9–12 months). Three main independent variables were examined: initial weight‐for‐length z‐score (W/L), weight change during the prior 3 months, and initial skinfold thickness. Controlling for maternal height, infant sex, and initial length‐for‐age z‐score, length gain was positively correlated with initial W/L and prior weight change during all age intervals and with initial skinfold thickness at 3 and 4 months (r = 0.15–0.36; P < 0.01). There was no evidence of a threshold effect. These associations were evident in all four populations, in both boys and girls, and in breast‐fed and formula‐fed infants. The consistency of this relationship across studies supports the hypothesis that linear growth is partly regulated by initial body mass or fatness in infants.
Government funded breastfeeding peer support projects: implications for practice
Authors: Dykes Fiona 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIn 1999, the Government, Department of Health in England, UK established the Infant Feeding Initiative. As part of this initiative, 79 1‐year infant feeding projects were selected for funding. The funded projects specifically centred upon practice innovation and evaluation in relation to promoting breastfeeding and supporting breastfeeding women in socially excluded communities. The DH recently commissioned a comprehensive evaluation of the 79 projects (DH 2003). This paper focuses upon the evaluation of the 26 DH funded projects that specifically focused upon breastfeeding peer support schemes. The evaluation illuminated many of the challenges involved in implementing community based breastfeeding peer support schemes. Lessons learnt from the most effective projects in terms of: potential to increase breastfeeding initiation and continuation rates; uptake of the service; comprehensive evaluation; and sustainability are presented here, as a series of steps required for successful operationalization of breastfeeding peer support schemes. When these steps are followed, peer support schemes offer exciting prospects for supporting breastfeeding women and increasing breastfeeding initiation and continuation rates, while respecting diversity, ensuring inclusivity and stimulating community empowerment.
SS-Wrapper: a package of wrapper applications for similarity searches on Linux clusters
Authors: Wang Chunlin , Lefkowitz Elliot J 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Background
Large-scale sequence comparison is a powerful tool for biological inference in modern molecular biology. Comparing new sequences to those in annotated databases is a useful source of functional and structural information about these sequences. Using software such as the basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) or HMMPFAM to identify statistically significant matches between newly sequenced segments of genetic material and those in databases is an important task for most molecular biologists. Searching algorithms are intrinsically slow and data-intensive, especially in light of the rapid growth of biological sequence databases due to the emergence of high throughput DNA sequencing techniques. Thus, traditional bioinformatics tools are impractical on PCs and even on dedicated UNIX servers. To take advantage of larger databases and more reliable methods, high performance computation becomes necessary.

Results
We describe the implementation of SS-Wrapper (Similarity Search Wrapper), a package of wrapper applications that can parallelize similarity search applications on a Linux cluster. Our wrapper utilizes a query segmentation-search (QS-search) approach to parallelize sequence database search applications. It takes into consideration load balancing between each node on the cluster to maximize resource usage. QS-search is designed to wrap many different search tools, such as BLAST and HMMPFAM using the same interface. This implementation does not alter the original program, so newly obtained programs and program updates should be accommodated easily. Benchmark experiments using QS-search to optimize BLAST and HMMPFAM showed that QS-search accelerated the performance of these programs almost linearly in proportion to the number of CPUs used. We have also implemented a wrapper that utilizes a database segmentation approach (DS-BLAST) that provides a complementary solution for BLAST searches when the database is too large to fit into the memory of a single node.

Conclusions
Used together, QS-search and DS-BLAST provide a flexible solution to adapt sequential similarity searching applications in high performance computing environments. Their ease of use and their ability to wrap a variety of database search programs provide an analytical architecture to assist both the seasoned bioinformaticist and the wet-bench biologist.
Traumatic-event headaches
Authors: Haas David C 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Background
Chronic headaches from head trauma and whiplash injury are well-known and common, but chronic headaches from other sorts of physical traumas are not recognized.

Methods
Specific information was obtained from the medical records of 15 consecutive patients with chronic headaches related to physically injurious traumatic events that did not include either head trauma or whiplash injury. The events and the physical injuries produced by them were noted. The headaches' development, characteristics, duration, frequency, and accompaniments were recorded, as were the patients' use of pain-alleviative drugs. From this latter information, the headaches were classified by the diagnostic criteria of the International Headache Society as though they were naturally-occurring headaches. The presence of other post-traumatic symptoms and litigation were also recorded.

Results
The intervals between the events and the onset of the headaches resembled those between head traumas or whiplash injuries and their subsequent headaches. The headaches themselves were, as a group, similar to those after head trauma and whiplash injury. Thirteen of the patients had chronic tension-type headache, two had migraine. The sustained bodily injuries were trivial or unidentifiable in nine patients. Fabrication of symptoms for financial remuneration was not evident in these patients of whom seven were not even seeking payments of any kind.

Conclusions
This study suggests that these hitherto unrecognized post-traumatic headaches constitute a class of headaches characterized by a relation to traumatic events affecting the body but not including head or whiplash traumas. The bodily injuries per se can be discounted as the cause of the headaches. So can fabrication of symptoms for financial remuneration. Altered mental states, not systematically evaluated here, were a possible cause of the headaches. The overall resemblance of these headaches to the headaches after head or whiplash traumas implies that these latter two headache types may likewise not be products of structural injuries.