bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Secondary stress responses to acute handling in striped bass (Morons saxatilis) and hybrid striped bass (Morons chrysops × Morons saxatilis)
Authors: Reubush Kimberly J. , Heath Alan G. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To test the hypothesis that, compared with pure striped bass, hybrid striped bass have reduced secondary physiologic responses to handling stress. A secondary objective was to determine whether not feeding fish for a 3-day period affected responses.

Animals
Hatchery-reared adult striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and adult hybrids of striped bass with white bass (M chrysops), with mean length of 27.9 cm and mean weight of 487 g.

Procedure
Fed and 3-day nonfed fish, in groups of 6, were held in dip nets above water for 3 minutes. Severity of response to handling was determined by measuring plasma glucose and chloride and blood lactic acid, sodium, and potassium concentrations. Terminal samples were taken from fish before handling (control), immediately after handling, and after 12, 24, and 48 hours of recovery.

Results
Striped bass were hyperglycemic and lactacidemic after stress and for 12 to 48 hours afterward, whereas glucose and lactic acid values in hybrids were essentially unchanged. Blood sodium and chloride concentrations of hybrids decreased after stress, then returned to control values within 24 hours. Striped bass, however, had a greater decrease in values for these electrolytes and failed to recover in 48 hours. Blood potassium concentration remained unchanged in all test groups. Nonfeeding for 3 days before handling did not appear to affect stress response in striped bass or hybrids.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Striped bass have an appreciably greater response to acute handling stresses, such as those that may be experienced in hatcheries and experimental laboratories, than do hybrid bass. Thus, pure striped bass require more care in handling. The usual practice of not feeding before handling does not affect physiologic responses. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1451–1456)
Frequency of supernumerary teeth in a dolichocephalic canine breed, the Greyhound
Authors: Dole Robert S. , Spurgeon Thomas L. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To determine the frequency of supernumerary teeth in Greyhounds.

Animals
55 Greyhounds obtained anonymously from a variety of breeders.

Procedure
Greyhounds were examined for the presence of supernumerary teeth.

Results
Supernumerary teeth were present in 20 of 55 (36.4%) Greyhounds surveyed.

Conclusions
Location of supernumerary teeth, usually first premolars, is not random, but favors occurrence in the upper arcade. Occurrence of supernumerary teeth did not favor the left or right side.

Clinical Relevance
Because an increasing number of veterinary anatomy textbooks use Greyhounds as typical examples, it is important to note the high frequency of supernumerary teeth. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:16–17)
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for canine α1-protease inhibitor
Authors: Melgarejo T. , Williams D. A. , Asem E. K. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To develop and validate an ELISA for quantifying α1-protease inhibitor (α1-PI) in serum and fecal extracts.

Procedure
Affinity-purified rabbit origin canine α1-PI antibodies were biotinylated and, after addition of streptavidin-horseradish peroxidase, were used as the labeled complex in a noncompetitive immunoassay. The α1-PI standards were made from purified serum canine α1-PI diluted in phosphate-buffered saline solution containing 5% newborn calf serum and 0.01% thimerosal. This assay was validated by determining linearity, recovery of added α1-PI, detection limit, and intra- and interassay precision. Control range for serum and fecal α1-PI concentration was determined for samples from 25 healthy pet dogs.

Results
The standard curve was linear between 5 and 50 ng/ml. Curves plotted after serial dilution of serum also were linear and ran parallel to the standard curve. Between- and within-assay coefficients of variation were 9.1 and 8.7%, respectively. The accuracy of the assay was tested by measuring the recovery of α1-PI added to serum and fecal extracts and ranged from 93 to 111%. The reference range of fecal α1-PI concentration was 0.023 to 5.67 (mean ± SD, 2.0 ± 1.82) μg/g and of seruma α1-PI was 0.901 to 1.96 (1.42 ± 0.32) g/L.

Conclusions
This ELISA had high precision, accuracy, and reproducibility for quantification of canine α1-PI concentration in serum and fecal extracts.

Clinical Relevance
Specific ELISA for α1-PI may be a useful test for the diagnosis of protein-losing enteropathy in dogs, and as such, will facilitate further characterization and better understanding of this canine disorder. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:127–130)
Antipyrine pharmacokinetics and urinary excretion in female horses
Authors: Dyke T. M. , Sams R. A. , Hinchcliff K. W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To measure renal clearance of antipyrine and urinary excretion of antipyrine (AP) metabolites in horses by use of validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods.

Animals
8 Standardbred mares.

Procedure
HPLC methods for measurement of AP in equine plasma and AP and its metabolites in equine urine were validated. Antipyrine (20 mg/kg of body weight) was administered IV, and blood samples and urine specimens were collected over 24 hours.

Results
Median plasma clearance of AP in horses was 6.2 ml/min/kg, of which < 2% could be attributed to renal clearance. Urinary excretion of AP and its metabolites over 24 hours accounted for < 22% of the AP dose administered. The major metabolite of AP in urine was 4-hydroxyantipyrine.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Use of the proven validated methods for measuring AP and its metabolites indicated that AP has minimal renal clearance in horses, suggesting that plasma clearance of AP reflects hepatic clearance. Combined with AP metabolite data, the pharmacokinetics of AP may be useful for assessment of hepatic cytochrome P450 activity in horses. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:280–285)
Long-term consequences of experimental desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon in adult horses
Authors: Becker C. K. , Savelberg H. H. C. M. , Buchner H. H. F. , Barneveld A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate clinical and biomechanical consequences of desmotomy of the accessory ligament (AL) of the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) of equine forelimbs and determine whether this procedure is a viable treatment for chronic desmitis of the AL-DDFT.

Animals
6 adult Standardbred trotters.

Procedure
Biomechanical recordings obtained before and 6 months after desmotomy were compared. Walk and trot joint angles, ground reaction forces, peak joint moments, and tendon forces were assessed.

Results
Within 10 days after surgery, all horses were sound at a trot. Swelling, increased carpal flexion in the terminal stance phase, and incidental stumbling at the beginning of exercise were observed. Flexion angle in the carpal joints was significantly increased at the end of the stance phase. Peak moments around the distal interphalangeal joint and forces in the DDFT and AL-DDFT were decreased. Metacarpophalangeal joint angles, peak metacarpophalangeal joint moments, and peak loading of the suspensory ligament and the superficial digital flexor tendon were unchanged.

Conclusion
6 months after desmotomy, AL-DDFT strain was reduced without causing changes in joint angles or increasing tendon loads or joint moments that could be considered hazardous for the horses.

Clinical Relevance
Changes in locomotion that remained 6 months after AL-DDFT desmotomy would be acceptable for horses with chronic desmitis if conservative treatment failed. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:347–351)
Production and characterization of canine osteosarcoma cell lines that induce transplantable tumors in nude mice
Authors: Nieves Mary Ann , Vahle John , Ackermann Mark , Howard Monica , Dietz Allan B. , Carpenter Susan L. , Cheville Norman 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To produce and characterize cell lines from canine primary appendicular osteosarcomas that induce transplantable tumors in athymic nude mice.

Animals
57 six- to 8-week-old female athymic nude mice.

Procedure
Canine primary appendicular osteosarcoma tumors were harvested and cell lines were produced. Canine osteosarcoma (COSCA)-Toby (COSCA-T; 10 mice), COSCA-Princess (COSCA-Pr; 16) or canine osteosarcoma D-17 (ATCC CCL-183; 31) cells were injected into the proximal portion of the left tibia of nude mice to evaluate tumor production from each cell line; the right tibia served as the control. Tibial measurements were taken on alternating days to evaluate tumor growth during a 6-month period. Student's t-tests were used to determine whether size of the proximal portion of the left and right tibias differed significantly during the observation period.

Results
88% of mice receiving COSCA-Pr and 50% of mice receiving COSCA-T cells developed a tumor at the injection site by 9 days after implantation. The D-17 cells induced tumors in 50% of injected tibias; however, tumors were not detected for 79 days. Tumors generated from COSCA-Pr and COSCA-T cells in nude mice were histologically similar to the canine tumor from which they were developed.

Conclusion
New osteosarcoma cell lines that can reliably and rapidly induce transplantable tumors in nude mice were developed.

Clinical Relevance
Use of cell lines will allow evaluation of new treatments of canine primary appendicular osteosarcoma in a nude mouse model. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:359–362)
Development and testing of a unique strain of Pasteurella haemolytica for use in studies on colonization of the respiratory tract of cattle
Authors: Briggs Robert E. , Frank Glynn H. , Zehr Emilie S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To develop a unique strain of Pasteurella haemolytica, selectable from nasopharyngeal respiratory tract secretions, that retains the ability to efficiently colonize the respiratory tract of calves.

Animals
26 calves that each weighed approximately 200 kg.

Procedure
Rifampicin-resistant mutants of P haemolytica were developed and tested for in vitro growth rate and leukotoxin production. After instillation into the tonsils of calves, an isolate that was efficient at colonizing was selected and transformed, using electroporation, with a 4.2-kilobase (kb) plasmid encoding for streptomycin resistance. This isolate was instilled into the tonsils of 4 of 14 commingled calves to examine transmission of organisms. Nasal secretion and tonsil wash specimens were collected, cultured, and examined for P haemolytica. Serum antibody concentration was measured by means of indirect hemagglutination.

Results
Selected P haemolytica organisms colonized the tonsils and nasal passages for more than 2 weeks. Exposed calves and contact calves shed the organism, which was recovered from specimens of nasal secretions and tonsil washes. The 4.2-kb plasmid was lost during in vivo colonization.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
The selected rifampicin-resistant P haemolytica organism colonized tonsils and nasal passages in a manner similar to the wild-type organisms. Selective media suppressed other bacterial flora to the extent that a single colony-forming unit was detectable from 200 μl of specimen, a 100-fold improvement in detection sensitivity. The selectable strain spread rapidly among commingled calves. A 4.2-kb plasmid marker was unstable when P haemolytica replicated in vivo. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:426–430)
Effect of dietary supplementation with fructo-oligosaccharides on fecal flora of healthy cats
Authors: Sparkes A. H. , Papasouliotis K. , Sunvold G. , Werrett G. , Gruffydd-Jones E. A. , Egan K. , Gruffydd-Jones T. J. , Reinhart G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To investigate changes in the fecal flora of healthy cats after dietary supplementation with fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS).

Animals
12 healthy, barrier-maintained, specific-pathogen-free-derived adult cats.

Procedure
Fresh fecal samples for quantitative and qualitative bacteriologic examination were collected from each cat after ingestion of a replete dry (basal) diet for a minimum of 8 weeks. The diet was then supplemented with 0.75% FOS, and another fecal sample was collected after 12 weeks.

Results
Mean ± SD fecal aerobic, anaerobic, and total bacterial counts (log10 colony-forming units per gram of feces [CFU/g]) did not differ significantly between diets (8.3 ± 0.8, 9.2 ± 0.6, 9.4 ± 0.4, respectively, for the basal diet; and 8.4 ± 0.8, 9.7 ± 0.7, and 9.8 ± 0.7, respectively, for the FOS diet), although there was a trend for higher numbers of anaerobes and total bacteria associated with the FOS diet. Members of the genus Bacteroides, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli, lactobacilli, and Plesiomonas shigeloides were the most prevalent bacteria isolated. Compared with samples from cats fed basal diet, there was a trend for increased mean counts of lactobacilli (P = 0.02) and Bacteroides spp (P = 0.05) after FOS supplementation, and a trend for decreased mean numbers of Escherichia coli (P = 0.03) and Clostridium perfringens (P = 0.08) to be associated with the FOS diet. Supplementation of FOS resulted in a median 164-fold increase in numbers of lactobacilli, 13.2-fold increase in Bacteroides spp, 98% reduction in numbers of C perfringens, and 75% reduction in numbers of E coli.

Conclusions
Supplementation of the diet with FOS resulted in alteration of the fecal flora of cats. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:436–440)
Clinical and microbiological effects of controlled-release local delivery of minocycline on periodontitis in dogs
Authors: Hayashi Kazuhiko , Takada Kazuko , Hirasawa Masatomo 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the clinical and microbiological efficacy of minocycline in a subgingival local delivery system as an adjunct to tooth scaling and root planing in dogs with periodontal disease.

Animals
Nine 4- to 7-year-old Beagles with periodontitis.

Procedure
After scaling of teeth and root planing, 2 treatment and 1 or 2 control sites were selected for each dog: treated sites (n = 18) received minocycline hydrochloride periodontal formulation and control sites (n = 12) received ointment base (no minocycline). Gingival crevicular fluid was collected at a baseline (prior to treatment) and at week 4. Clinical and microbiological effects were evaluated and compared among sites.

Results
In minocycline-treated sites, clinical indices were significantly decreased at week 4, compared with those at baseline. Minocycline-treated sites were associated with a significant decrease in gingival crevicular fluid, probing depth, and bleeding on probing values, compared with those for control sites at week 4. Compared with that for control sites, total bacteria count in periodontal pockets of minocycline-treated sites had an obvious tendency to decrease by week 4. Proportions of Porphyromonas and Fusobacterium spp were significantly decreased at week 4, compared with proportions at control sites and with pretreatment (baseline) values.

Conclusions
When used as an adjunct to tooth scaling and root planing, minocycline periodontal formulation stimulated favorable clinical and antimicrobial responses. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:464–467)
Cardiovascular effects of the α2-adrenergic receptor agonist medetomidine in clinically normal cats anesthetized with isoflurane
Authors: Golden A. L. , Bright J. M. , Daniel G. B. , Fefee D. , Schmidt D. , Harvey R. C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To assess the cardiovascular effects of the α2-adrenergic receptor agonist medetomidine in healthy cats anesthetized with 2% isoflurane.

Animals
11 clinically normal cats.

Procedure
Cats were anesthetized with isoflurane, and catheters were inserted for measurement of aortic, left ventricular, and right atrial pressures. For data collection, end-tidal isoflurane concentration was reduced to 2%, and end-tidal CO2 was maintained at 35 to 40 mm of Hg by use of positive-pressure ventilation. After measurement of baseline data, medetomidine (0.01 mg/kg of body weight, IM) was administered and data were collected continuously for 75 minutes. At the end of data collection, incisions were closed and cats were allowed to recover from anesthesia.

Results
Medetomidine significantly increased mean arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance. The increase in mean arterial pressure was maximal at 17.8 ± 7 minutes after medetomidine administration. Medetomidine also increased left ventricular peak systolic pressure, left ventricular end diastolic pressure, and right atrial pressure. Medetomidine significantly decreased heart rate and mean aortic flow.

Conclusions
The low dosage of medetomidine (0.01 mg/kg, IM) promoted severe vasoconstriction in isoflurane-anesthetized cats, and resulted in sustained increases in left ventricular preload and afterload. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:509–513)
Diagnostic value of full-mouth radiography in dogs
Authors: Verstraete Frank J. Μ. , Kass Philip H. , Terpak Cheryl H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the diagnostic value of full-mouth radiography in dogs.

Sample Population
Prospective series of 226 dogs referred for dental treatment without previous full-mouth radiographic views being available.

Procedure
In a prospective nested case-control analysis of multiple outcomes in a hospital cohort of dogs presented for dental treatment, full-mouth radiographic views were obtained prior to oral examination and charting. After treatment, clinical and radiographic findings were compared, with reference to presenting problems, main clinical findings, additional information obtained from the radiographs, and unexpected radiographic findings. The importance of the radiographic findings in therapeutic decision-making was assessed.

Results
The main clinical findings were radiographically confirmed in all dogs. Selected presenting problems and main clinical findings yielded significantly increased odds ratios for a variety of other conditions, either expected or unexpected. Radiographs of teeth without clinical lesions yielded incidental or clinically important findings in 41.7 and 27.8% of dogs, respectively, and were considered of no clinical value in 30.5%. Radiographs of teeth with clinical lesions merely confirmed the findings in 24.3% of dogs, yielded additional or clinically essential information in 50.0 and 22.6%, respectively, and were considered of no value in 3.1%. Older dogs derived more benefit from full-mouth radiography than did younger dogs. Incidental findings were more common in larger dogs.

Clinical Relevance
Diagnostic yield of full-mouth radiography in new canine patients referred for dental treatment is high, and the routine use of such radiographs is justifiable. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:686-691)
Anti-inflammatory benefits of tilmicosin in calves with Pasteurella haemolytica-infected lungs
Authors: Chin A. C. , Morck D. W. , Merrill J. K. , Ceri H. , Olson Μ. E. , Read R. R. , Dick P. , Buret A. G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To determine whether tilmicosin alters neutrophil infiltration or function, induces neutrophil apoptosis, and affects accumulation of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in lungs of calves experimentally infected with Pasteurella haemolytica.

Animals
12 weight-ranked Holstein calves.

Procedure
Calves were given 25% propylene glycol vehicle (n = 5) or tilmicosin (10 mg/kg of body weight; n = 6) subcutaneously, 18 hours and 15 minutes before intratracheal infection with 2 × 108 P haemolytica organisms. Two unmanipulated calves served as controls in some experiments. Rectal temperatures were recorded 15 minutes before, and at 3- hour intervals after infection for 24 hours. Samples obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage performed 3 and 24 hours after infection were used to assess colonization by P haemolytica, and neutrophil infiltration. Neutrophil phagocytosis of P haemolytica, membrane leakage as determined by trypan blue exclusion, oxidative function as determined by nitro blue tetrazolium reduction, and apoptosis, using electron microscopy and DNA fragmentation ELISA, were determined. Soluble TNF-α and LTB4 were measured from supernatants from bronchoalveolar lavage samples, using ELISA.

Results
Treatment with tilmicosin resulted in significant (P< 0.05) clearance of P haemolytica and neutrophil apoptosis at 3 hours, and decreased concentration of LTB4 at 24 hours. Rectal temperatures, neutrophil infiltration, phagocytosis, oxidative functions, membrane leakage, and soluble TNF-α concentrations were not significantly affected by tilmicosin.

Conclusion
Tilmicosin effectively controlled P haemolytica infection, induced neutrophil apoptosis, reduced pulmonary inflammation, and did not affect neutrophil infiltration or function.

Clinical Relevance
By inducing neutrophil apoptosis, tilmicosin prevents further amplification of inflammatory injury in P haemolytica-infected lungs. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:765-771)
Serum-free culture of Pasteurella haemolytica optimized for leukotoxin production
Authors: Sun Yude , Clinkenbeard Kenneth D. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To screen supernatants of Pasteurella haemolytica cultures grown in 4 serum-free culture media for maximal leukotoxin (LKT) production and minimal protein concentration as an optimal source of LKT for purification.

Sample Population
One strain of P haemolytica biotype A serotype 1 originally isolated from the pneumonic lung of a calf.

Procedure
Pasteurella haemolytica was grown in brain-heart infusion (BHI) broth, yeast-tryptone broth, RPMI-1640 medium, and McCoy's modified 5A medium. Culture biomass and protein concentration, LKT activity, and LKT concentration in culture supernatants were measured. Effects of media pH and supplementation with metal cations and glucose on growth rate of P haemolytica and culture supernatant parameters were evaluated.

Results
Pasteurella haemolytica cultivated in BHI broth or RPMI-1640 medium containing 0.1M phosphate (pH 6.8) produced the highest concentrations of LKT. Supplementation of RPMI-1640 medium with 0.36 mM FeCl3 or 1.0 mM MgSO4 further increased specific activity of LKT in culture supernatant, but addition of 1 % glucose did not enhance LKT production. Leukotoxin production in MgSO4-supplemented RPMI-1640 medium was comparable to that in serum protein-supplemented medium.

Conclusions
Although BHI broth was superior to RPMI-1640 medium for P haemolytica growth and LKT production, the higher protein concentration and lower LKT specific activity made BHI broth a less desirable medium, compared with RPMI-1640 medium. Growth rate and LKT production with minimal protein content was optimal in pH 6.8 phosphate-buffered MgSO4-supplemented RPMI-1640 medium. This medium can serve as a source of culture supernatant for purification of LKT. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:851–855)