bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bacteriologie and pathologic studies of hepatic lesions in sheep
Authors: Scanlan Charles M. , Edwards John F. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
At an abattoir, lesion specimens from 140 condemned sheep livers were collected for bacteriologie culture and for pathologic examination. Grossly, 23 lesions were abscesses; from 9 of which, Fusobacterium necrophorum biovar A (3 in pure culture and 6 in mixed culture) was isolated and from 14 of which, biovar B (6 in pure culture and 8 in mixed culture) was isolated. Escherichia coli was the predominant facultative anaerobic bacterium and Clostridium perfringens was the predominant obligate anaerobic bacterium isolated from the 14 lesions with mixed bacterial infection. Histologically, these lesions had a core of coagulation necrosis, encircled by a zone of necrotic phagocytic cells and bacteria with cellular characteristics of F necrophorum biovars A or B, and a connective tissue capsule.
Of the 117 lesions without F necrophorum, 49 were culture-positive (for other organisms) and 69 were culturenegative. These 117 lesions were fibrous and were smaller than the 23 abscesses. A variety of gram-positive and gram-negative facultative anaerobic and obligate anaerobic bacteria was isolated from the culture-positive lesions, but always in low numbers. Eleven culture-negative and 18 culture-positive lesions were examined and had histologic characteristics of parasite-induced granulomas, with numerous eosinophils and epithelioid giant cells.
Results of the study indicated that the histologic appearance of ovine hepatic lesions with F necrophorum was similar to bovine liver abscesses caused by F necrophorum, but unlike bovine liver abscesses, F necrophorum biovar B was isolated more frequently than was biovar A and often in pure culture. Most of the lesions in the condemned livers were parasite-induced granulomas.
Correlation between drug and metabolite concentrations in plasma and anesthetic action of ketamine in swine
Authors: Löscher Wolfgang , Ganter Martin , Fassbender Christian P. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Pharmacokinetic variables and metabolism of im and iv administered ketamine (15 mg/kg of body weight) were determined in 8 swine (2 adult sows and 6 young pigs). After im administration, maximal plasma concentration was rapidly reached, but peak concentration varied considerably, although comparison with iv data for the same swine indicated that the drug was almost completely absorbed from the musculature. After iv administration, ketamine kinetics followed a 3-term exponential decrease, indicating rapid initial distribution of the drug to highly vascular tissues including the brain, followed by redistribution into less vascular tissues, and elimination. Redistribution and elimination phases, with similar kinetics as those observed in the iv experiment, also were determined in the im experiment. After both routes of administration, onset of anesthesia was rapid, and most swine recovered consciousness during the phase of redistribution, indicating that anesthesia is terminated by redistribution of drug from the brain into other tissues, whereas metabolism and excretion are less important for duration of anesthesia induced by ketamine. The time during which the swine resumed a lateral position (sleep time) was positively correlated with plasma ketamine concentration at onset of lateral recumbency, as well as with the area under the plasma concentration-time curve. The minimal plasma ketamine concentration for induction of immobilization was about 2 μg/ml. In adult sows, ketamine induced profound analgesia, which was not obtained in young pigs; this difference in potency could not be related to pharmacokinetic differences between young and adult swine. With respect to metabolism of ketamine in swine, the major metabolite in plasma was norketamine (metabolite I), whereas a second metabolite (metabolite II) was detected only in low concentrations. Elimination half-life of ketamine was about 2 hours after either im or iv administration.
Reference ranges and the influence of age and sex on hematologic and serum biochemical values in donkeys (Equus asinus)
Authors: Zinkl Joseph G. , Mae Doni , Merida Pedro Guzman , Farver Thomas B. , Humble Joseph A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Hematologic and serum biochemical values were determined in blood samples from 217 donkeys (Equus asinus). Donkeys were classified on the basis of size, sex, age, and whether they were domestic or feral. Parametric (mean ± 2 sd) and nonparametric (2.5th to 97.5th percentile) reference ranges were calculated for each analyte.
For all donkeys, 26 of 46 analytes significantly departed from gaussian distribution. Serum lactate dehydrogenase activity in miniature donkeys was higher than that in other donkeys. Differential leukocyte counts in feral donkeys differed from those in other types in ways that suggested that the former had smaller parasite loads or experienced greater stress. Erythrocyte, lymphocyte, and platelet counts and fibrinogen, glucose, inorganic phosphorus, and potassium concentrations decreased with age. Eosinophil counts, mean corpuscular volume, and plasma protein, serum protein, and serum globulin concentrations increased with age. Female donkeys had significantly (P < 0.05) higher mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and leukocyte and neutrophil counts than did male donkeys. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin increased with age, and females had higher values than did males of all age groups. An interaction between age and sex was observed for alkaline phosphatase activity, with a trend for decreased activity with age.
Plasmid profiles of six species of Campylobacter from human beings, swine, and sheep
Authors: Boosinger Timothy R. , Blevins Willard T. , Heron James V. , Sunter Janet L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Twenty-four isolates representing 6 species of Campylobacter were screened for plasmids. A large plasmid with an approximate molecular weight of 38 Mdal was detected in 5 C jejuni isolates originally recovered from diarrheic human beings, in one isolate of C coli recovered from diarrheic pigs, and in 1 isolate of C sputorum ssp mucosalis and 2 isolates of C hyointestinalis recovered from pigs with proliferative enteritis. One isolate of C coli and 1 isolate of C hyointestinalis contained an additional smaller plasmid with an approximate molecular weight of 1.6 Mdal; this plasmid was partially mapped by restriction endonuclease digestion. Fifteen Campylobacter isolates contained no detectable plasmids: 2 C coli, 2 C sputorum ssp mucosalis, 2 C fecalis, 1 C fetus ssp fetus, and 8 C hyointestinalis isolates. In summary, 37.5% of the Campylobacter isolates contained a 38-Mdal plasmid, with 8% having both 38 Mdal and 1.6-Mdal plasmids; 62.5% contained no detectable plasmids.
Polysulfated glycosaminoglycan accelerates net synthesis of collagen and glycosaminoglycans by arthritic equine cartilage tissues and chondrocytes
Authors: Glade Michael J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Low molecular weight polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (psgag) stimulated net collagen and glycosaminoglycan synthesis by normal and arthritic equine fetlock cartilage tissues in organ culture. Arthritic tissues were more sensitive to psgag stimulation. The rates of cartilage-specific type-II collagen and chondroitin sulfate-rich glycosaminoglycan synthesis by confluent chondrocyte cell cultures obtained from normal and arthritic equine cartilage tissues were increased by 25 and 50 mg of psgag/ml. Cells from arthritic cartilage were also more sensitive to the presence of psgag. In addition, concentrations of psgag (25 and 50 mg/ml) approximate to those in synovial fluid after intra-articular injection of 250 mg of psgag inhibited the rate of collagen and glycosaminoglycan degradation in cell culture. These findings suggest that psgag may have a role in the healing of mild cartilage degeneration by encouraging the production of replacement hyaline matrix materials, while delaying their subsequent degradation. In contrast, growth of cell cultures was inhibited by psgag, suggesting that these compounds may fail to stimulate chondrocyte replication, a prerequisite for tissue regeneration. Nonetheless, these observations provide direct evidence of a truly chondroprotective role for low molecular weight psgag in the treatment of equine degenerative joint disease.
Adverse immune reactions and the pathogenesis of Ostertagia ostertagi infections in calves
Authors: Wiggin C. J. , Gibbs H. C. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The possible development of type-1 hypersensitivity reactions in the abomasal mucosa caused by soluble L3 products of Ostertagia ostertagi was studied in 4-month-old calves sensitized by repeated exposure to L3 over a 50-day period followed by anthelmintic treatment. Four groups each of 4 calves were used. Group 1 served as nonsensitized controls and group 2 as sensitized controls, group 3 was challenge exposed at 2-week intervals beginning at week 10 with a soluble L3 product (oag), and group 4 was challenge exposed at 2-week intervals with an oral dose of L3, followed by anthelmintic treatment 3 days later. All calves infected with L3 became sensitized, as indicated by a positive reaction to an intradermal skin test. However, a passive cutaneous anaphylaxis was only partly effective in indicating the presence of homocytotropic antibody in the infected calves. Sensitized calves had significantly (P < 0.05) higher eosinophil counts and plasma pepsinogen values for the entire 14 weeks than uninfected controls. Globule leukocyte and mast cell counts from the abomasal mucosa were also significantly (P < 0.05) higher.
Studies for possible immunomodulation revealed that lymphocyte counts decreased between every 2-week challenge-exposure period for groups-3 and -4 calves. A transient depression of blood lymphocyte (bl) responses to phytohemagglutinin (pha), a T-cell mitogen, was observed over the first 8 weeks in the infected calves. Increases in bl responses to oag were also observed. Differences were not observed in bl responses to pokeweed mitogen, a T- and B-cell mitogen. Blood lymphocyte responses to pha in group-3 calves were low following the initial challenge exposure with oag. The sensitized calf lymphocytes did not have suppressive activity on the response of control calf lymphocytes to pha. Differences were not observed in lymphocyte responses to pha in a suppressive assay done on abomasal lymph node lymphocytes. Increases in abomasal lymph node mass and lymphocyte responses to pha, pokeweed mitogen, and oag were observed in all sensitized calves. Histologic examination of abomasal lymph node sections from challenge exposed calves revealed increased mitotic activity in germinal centers. Plasma pepsinogen values in groups 3 and 4 increased between each challenge exposure, which further suggested that type-1 hypersensitivity reactions had occurred in the abomasal mucosa, resulting in increased permeability and leakage of macromolecules.
Serum and tissue cage fluid concentrations of ciprofloxacin after oral administration of the drug to healthy dogs
Authors: Walker Robert D. , Stein Gary E. , Hauptman Joseph G. , MacDonald Kathleen H. , Budsberg Steven C. , Rosser Edward J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Ciprofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antimicrobial agent, was administered orally to 4 healthy dogs at dosage of approximately 11 and 23 mg/kg of body weight, every 12 hours for 4 days, with a 4-week interval between dosing regimens. Serum and tissue cage fluid (tcf) concentrations of ciprofloxacin were measured after the first and seventh dose of each dosing regimen. The peak concentration was greatest in the serum after multiple doses of 23 mg/kg (mean ± sem; 5.68 ± 0.54 μg/ml) and least in the tcf after a single dose of 11 mg/kg (0.43 ± 0.54 μg/ml). The time to peak concentration was not influenced by multiple dosing or drug dose, but was longer for tcf (6.41 ± 0.52 hour) than for serum (1.53 ± 0.52 hour). Accumulation of ciprofloxacin was reflected by the area under the concentration curve from 0 to 12 hours after administration (AUC0→12). The AUC0→12 was greatest in the serum after multiple doses of 23 mg/kg (31.95 ± 1.90 μg·h/ml) and least in the tcf after a single dose of 11 mg/kg (3.87 ± 1.90 μg·h/ml). The elimination half-life was not influenced by multiple dosing or dose concentration, but was greater for tcf (14.59 ± 1.91 hours) than for serum (5.14 ± 1.91 hours). The percentage of tcf penetration (AUCTCF/AUCserum ) was greater after multiple doses (95.76 ± 6.79%) than after a single dose (55.55 ± 6.79%) and was not different between doses of 11 and 23 mg/kg. Both dosing regimens of ciprofloxacin resulted in continuous serum and tcf concentrations > 90% of the minimal inhibitory concentration for the aerobic and facultative anaerobic clinical isolates tested, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Antigenic assay for protein C determination in horses
Authors: Welles Elizabeth G. , Prasse Keith W. , Duncan Alexander , Morris Michael J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
An antigenic assay was developed for determination of protein C in horses. Protein C, a natural, vitamin K-dependent anticoagulant component in blood, was isolated from equine plasma, a specific antibody was produced in goats, and a rocket electroimmunophoresis assay was established. Tests were performed to verify the identity of the isolated protein C and to determine the purity of the antibody. Protein C antigen was measured in plasma from 34 clinically normal horses, and values were compared with amidolytic function values. The mean (± sd) values for the 2 test methods were similar (antigen content, 104.5 ± 13.8%; amidolytic activity, 104.6 ± 17.5%), but the correlation coefficient was 0.1. Four horses given Na coumarin had markedly decreased plasma protein C amidolytic activity and minimal decrease in protein C antigen content.
Immunogenicity of Brucella-extracted and recombinant protein vaccines in CD-I and BALB/c mice
Authors: Pugh George W. , Tabatabai Louisa B. , Bricker Betsy J. , Mayfield John E. , Phillips Marshall , Zehr Emilie S. , Belzer Carol A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A study was conducted to determine whether subcomponent proteins (previously identified as BCSP20, BCSP31, and BCSP45, and the corresponding recombinant proteins rBCSP20, rBCSP31, and rBCSP45) that were recovered from the cell surface of Brucella abortus strain 19 were immunogenic and protective for mice when compared with Brucella cell surface protein (bcsp) and with a proteinase K-treated lipopolysaccharide (pklps) extracted from B abortus strain 2308. Protection was evaluated after challenge exposure with a virulent culture of B abortus strain 2308, using CD-I or BALB/c mice or both inoculated with vaccines of various combinations and concentrations, with and without pklps or bcsp. Protection was assessed by enumeration of splenic colony-forming units, reduced mean splenic weight relative to controls, and the relative serologic responses (immune response) in an elisa.
The general results indicate that bcsp, pklps, bcsp20, and bcsp31 are immunogenic or protective or both. Protectiveness was not observed for each of the recombinant proteins; however, results from the combined recombinant protein vaccine study suggest the immunogenicity of the recombinant proteins. The apparent immune-inducing properties of bcsp20 and bcsp31 are thought to be attributable to the presence of an immunogenic and protective bcsp fraction (possibly lipopolysaccharide) still associated. Serologic results support our conclusion that each of the recombinant protein vaccines did not induce a protective response comparable to that of bcsp or pklps, even when the subcomponents were combined.
Although the results suggest that the subcomponents of bcsp apparently induced partial protection, they are thought to be only a part of the antigens contained in bcsp that influence the serologic response. Our findings may serve as an experimental model to determine the mechanisms involved in the protective responses induced by Brucella antigens.
Breda virus (Toroviridae) infection and systemic antibody response in sentinel calves
Authors: Koopmans M. , Cremers H. , Woode G. , Horzinek M. C. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were established to detect Breda virus antigen in feces and homologous antibodies of the IgGl, IgM, and IgA isotypes in serum. With the aid of solid-phase immune-electron microscopy, torovirions in fecal material were observed. The course of natural infection was studied in 10 sentinel calves that had been obtained from different farms, and housed together at 1 week of age. They were separated from other cattle until the age of 10 months.
Up to the age of 4 months, all calves regularly excreted Breda virus in the feces. Irrespective of the existence of IgG1 isotype maternal antibodies, all calves had early IgM responses in serum, but lack of IgA seroconversion. In 7 calves, antibody titer decreased below detection, whereas 3 calves had an isotype switch, resulting in persistent IgG1 titer. After introduction into the dairy herd at 10 months of age, all calves had diarrhea, and shedding of Breda virus was observed in 8 of them. Seroconversion for all antibody isotypes was observed, indicating lack of mucosal memory. In contrast, coronavirus infection in the presence of maternal antibodies led to isotype switch in all calves but one, and a memory response was observed after introduction into the dairy herd.
Evaluation of ketoconazole and itraconazole for treatment of disseminated cryptococcosis in cats
Authors: Medleau Linda , Greene Craig E. , Rakich Pauline M. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
During the first part of a study, cats were inoculated with Cryptococcus neoformans via the following routes: intradermal, intranasal, iv, and intracisternal. Only use of the iv route of inoculation consistently induced disseminated cryptococcosis. In the second part of the study, disseminated cryptococcosis was experimentally induced in cats via iv inoculation of C neoformans. One month after inoculation, 3 cats were treated with ketoconazole (10 mg/kg of body weight/d) and 3 cats were treated with itraconazole (10 mg/kg/d) for 3 months. One of the ketoconzole-treated and 2 of the itraconazole-treated cats also had cryptococcosis of the cns when treatment was begun. During treatment, serum cryptococcal antigen titer progressively decreased in all cats. Abnormalities in cbc values or the serum biochemical profile were not found in any cat during treatment. However, all ketoconazole-treated cats became anorectic and lost weight. Side effects were not seen in itraconazole-treated cats. During the 3-month posttreatment observation period, all cats remained healthy. At necropsy, histologic evidence of cryptococcosis was not found in the 3 ketoconazole-treated cats or in 2 of the itraconazole-treated cats. In the third itraconazole-treated cat, cryptococcal organisms were found in the kidneys.
Comparison of pharmacokinetic variables for two injectable formulations of netobimin administered to calves
Authors: Lanusse Carlos E , Ranjan Sivaja , Prichard Roger K. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
In a 4 × 4 crossover-design study, pharmacokinetic variables of 2 injectable formulations of netobimin (trisamine salt solution and zwitterion suspension) were compared after sc administration in calves at dosage of 12.5 mg/kg of body weight. Netobimin parent drug was rapidly absorbed, being detected between 0.25 and 12 hours after treatment, with maximal plasma drug concentration (Cmax) values of 2.20 ± 1.03 μg/ml achieved at 0.75 ± 0.19 hour (trisamine) and 1.37 ± 0.59 μg/ml at 0.81 ± 0.18 hour (zwitterion). Netobimin area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) was 7.59 ± 3.11 μg·h/ml (trisamine) and 6.98 ± 1.60 μg·h/ml (zwitterion). Elimination half-life (t½β) was 2.59 ± 0.63 hours (trisamine) and 3.57 ± 1.45 hours (zwitterion).
Albendazole was not detected at any time. Albendazole sulfoxide was detected from 4 hours up to 20 hours (trisamine) and from 6 hours up to 24 hours (zwitterion) after administration of the drug. The Cmax values were 0.48 ± 0.16 μg/ml and 0.46 ± 0.26 μg/ml for trisamine and zwitterion formulations, respectively, achieved at time to peak drug concentration (Tmax) values of 9.50 ± 1.41 hours (trisamine) and 11.30 ± 1.04 hours (zwitterion). Albendazole sulfoxide AUC was 3.86 ± 1.04 μg·h/ml (trisamine) and 4.40 ± 3.24 μg·h/ml (zwitterion); t½β was 3.05 ± 0.75 hours (trisamine) and 3.90 ± 1.44 hours (zwitterion). Albendazole sulfone was detected from 4 (trisamine) or 6 hours (zwitterion) to 24 hours after treatment. The AUC was 6.98 ± 1.60 μg·h/ml (trisamine) and 10.51 ± 7.41 μg·h/ml (zwitterion); Cmax was 0.76 ± 0.21 μg/ml at Tmax of 12.00 ± 1.85 hours (trisamine) and 0.70 ± 0.24 μg/ml at Tmax of 12.50 ± 2.33 hours (zwitterion). Albendazole sulfone t½β was significantly (P < 0.05) longer for the zwitterion formulation (7.77 ± 4.72 hours) than for the trisamine salt (2.87 ± 0.61 hours). Albendazole sulfone AUC was higher than albendazole sulfoxide AUC, resulting in AUC ratio of 1.8 (trisamine) and 2.4 (zwitterion).
The 2 formulations were not significantly different in terms of AUC or Tmax for netobimin and albendazole sulfone, AUC for albendazole sulfoxide, or t½β for netobimin and albendazole sulfoxide. It was concluded that the 2 netobimin injectable formulations were bioequivalent. Experimental phase had a significant effect on the AUC and Cmax for albendazole sulfoxide and on the Cmax for netobimin. One possible explanation for the differences between phases could be induction of liver microsomal enzymes by netobimin and its metabolites, resulting in increased rate of metabolism during phase 2 of the study.
Changes in oscillatory potentials in the canine electroretinogram during dark adaptation
Authors: Sims Michael H. , Brooks Dennis E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Oscillatory potentials (op) and electroretinograms (erg) were recorded from clinically normal dogs after 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 minutes of dark adaptation. At the end of the adaptation period, op were characterized by 5 distinct positive peaks, 01 through 05, with mean latencies of 14.46, 20.24, 27.38, 35.31, and 44.85 ms, respectively, and with mean amplitudes ranging from 7.20 to 34.84 μV. After 60 minutes of dark adaptation, the erg had a mean a-wave latency of 12.03 ms and a mean b-wave amplitude of 109.29 μV. Peaks 03 and 04, which partially mask the summit of the b-wave, had mean latencies of 28.66 and 36.83 ms, respectively. The mean amplitude of the b-wave measured to the peak of 03 was 240.06 μV and 230.73 (μV when measured to peak 04. Changes in the op during dark adaptation consisted of significant (P < 0.05) increases in the latencies of 01, 02, and 03, and significant increases in the amplitudes of 01, 03, 04, and 05. Concurrent erg changes consisted of significant increases in the amplitudes of the a-wave and b-wave measured from 03 and 04, and significant increases in the latencies of peaks 03 and 04 on the b-wave.