bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ownership of Mine‐Tunnel Discharge
Authors: Parry W.T. , Forster Craig B. , Solomon D. Kip , James Laurence P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWater discharging from numerous tunnels constructed during mining in the Wasatch Mountains near Salt Lake City, Utah, flows into nearby creeks. Disputes over ownership of water feeding the creeks have resulted in extensive litigation. In the course of a legal dispute over ownership of outflow from the Kentucky‐Utah (K‐U) Tunnel we evaluated the patterns and rates of ground water flow using an integrated study of the geology, chemistry, isotopes, and chlorofluorohydrocarbon (CFC) composition of the water. A sequence of sedimentary rocks with a range of hydraulic conductivity values has been folded, faulted, intruded by igneous rocks, and then eroded to create the rough topography of the Wasatch Mountains. The similarity of composition among tunnel discharge, springs, and base flow in the creek indicates that the creek is fed by ground water circulating in local, shallow flow systems. Results of numerical simulations of ground water flow indicate that the K‐U Tunnel likely intercepts ground water that, in the absence of the tunnel, would ultimately flow in the subsurface to Big Cottonwood Creek. CFC and tritium contents of the water indicate flow weighted average ground water travel times range from four to 23 years and support our conclusion that water discharging from the tunnel is moving within a shallow ground water flow system. Despite sparse data, the scientific understanding was deemed sufficient for the judge to rule that owners of the surface water also own the tunnel discharge because, in the absence of the tunnel, this water would supply the stream.
Generating Two‐Dimensional Fields of Autocorrelated, Normally Distributed Parameters by the Matrix Decomposition Technique
Authors: El‐Kadi Aly I. , Williams Stan A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis paper introduces a computer program that uses matrix decomposition to generate two‐dimensional fields of normally or log‐normally distributed parameters (e.g., hydraulic conductivity). The input data for the program consists of a set of x, y‐coordinate locations, and parameters representing the statistical distribution of the parameter of interest. The program computes the covariance matrix for the set of locations and decomposes the matrix into a lower‐triangular matrix. The decomposed matrix is then used to estimate a set of values for the parameter of interest. A seed number that changes automatically is incorporated into the program to generate different realizations of the parameter.
Estimating Ground Water Flux into Large Lakes: Application in the Hamilton Harbor, Western Lake Ontario
Authors: Harvey F. Edwin , Rudolph David L. , Frape Shaun K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractOver the last two decades, there has been a growing recognition of the importance of evaluating ground water's contribution to lakes. As a result, a number of techniques have been developed for measuring hydraulic properties across lake bottoms, primarily in the littoral zone. However, for larger, deeper lakes such as the Great Lakes these techniques are impractical in the profundal zone. As a result, many water balance calculations in these settings omit the ground water component altogether owing to the difficulties encountered in making the necessary hydraulic observations across the deeper lake bottom sediments.In this study, a methodology is developed for determining the flux into large, deep lakes using a combination of existing and recently developed techniques. The methodology is applied to the Hamilton Harbor, a natural bay at the western end of Lake Ontario, to estimate the ground water contribution to the harbor's water budget. Hydraulic gradients were monitored in 37 piezometers within the harbor during 1993 and 1994. Calculated hydraulic gradients, along with sediment hydraulic conductivities measured or estimated using a number of techniques, are used to estimate ground water flux to the harbor through Thiessen polygon weighting.Measured hydraulic gradients ranged from −0.333 to 0.430, the majority being upward indicating ground water discharge conditions. Gradients were varied across the harbor and increased in magnitude closer to shore. The total ground water contribution to the harbor was estimated to be 2.1 × 107 m3/yr. Compared with other hydrological components, ground water was slightly larger than the yearly precipitation input, and approximately 8 % of the total surface inflows to the harbor, and 2 % of the total surface outflow through the Burlington ship canal, which connects the harbor to Lake Ontario.The computed ground water flux suggests that despite the fact that ground water flux to large lakes may typically be a smaller input than surface water inputs, it is still a significant component of the overall water budget and should not be automatically omitted from water balance calculations.
Ground Penetrating Radar Imaging of an Aquifer During a Pumping Test
Authors: Endres Anthony L. , Clement William P. , Rudolph David L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe have imaged the temporal and spatial response of an unconfined aquifer during a pumping test using ground penetrating radar (GPR) profiling. In particular, we have observed the transient behavior of the reflection generated by the water content variation occurring in the transition zone between the overlying residually saturated material and the water saturated capillary fringe below. The progressive arrival time delay of this reflection was measured and used to infer its drawdown that occurred during the pumping test. We also observed several other phenomena on the GPR profiles that are related to drainage: (1) the development of a series of diffractions indicating localized irregularities in water saturation and (2) the velocity pull‐up of stratigraphic reflections due to increased electromagnetic (EM) wave velocity in the overlying section.Comparing the GPR profiling data and piezometer measurements, we have observed that the drawdown of the transition zone reflection is smaller and delayed relative to the measured hydraulic head drawdown. From the combined GPR and piezometer data, we have inferred that a 0.20 m increase in the combined thickness of the transition zone and capillary fringe occurred before the drawdown of the GPR transition zone reflection commenced. Once achieved, this 0.20 m increased thickness remained for the duration of the pumping test. Using the distance‐drawdown relationship obtained from GPR profiling, we have estimated the drained water volume due to the downward movement of the transition zone. The results of our analysis account for only a fraction of the pumping well production, approximately 45% on the first day and about 25% on the second day. Of the various reasons examined to explain this result, we have concluded that it is likely that the behavior of the GPR reflection originating from the transition zone is representative of the shallower, less saturated portion of the transition zone and undetected drainage is occurring in the deeper, more saturated portion of the transition zone.
Change in Field Turbidity and Trace Element Concentrations During Well Purging
Authors: Gibs Jacob , Szabo Zoltan , Ivahnenko Tamara , Wilde Franceska D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractVarious physical and chemical properties were monitored sequentially in the field during well purging as indicators of stabilization of the composition of the water in the well. Turbidity was monitored on site during purging of oxic water from three wells with screened intervals open to an unconfined aquifer system in the Coastal Plain of southern New Jersey to determine if stabilization of turbidity is a reliable indicator of the optimum purge time required to collect unbiased trace element samples. Concurrent split (one filtered, one unfiltered) samples collected during purging of the wells were analyzed for concentrations of trace elements so that the relationships between trace element concentrations and turbidity could be compared.Turbidity correlated with the whole water recoverable (WWR) concentration of trace element species, such as iron (Fe), aluminum (Al), and manganese (Mn) in the oxic ground water. Turbidity appeared to be independent of other field‐measured characteristics of water such as conductivity, pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen. The WWR concentration of lead and copper, considered to be hydrophobic, correlated significantly with the sum of the WWR concentration of Fe, Al, and Mn. High values of field‐measured turbidity were a key indicator of an overestimate of ambient hydrophobic trace element WWR concentrations. Stabilization of turbidity was a better indicator of stable, unfiltered trace element concentrations than were the other commonly measured field characteristics. At one well, turbidity was a better indicator of stable, filtered trace element concentrations than the other commonly measured field characteristics. As analytical methods for trace elements improve resulting in smaller MRLs (method reporting levels) and better precision, turbidity of ground water at values of less than 10 NTU (nepheiometric turbidity units) will become important in interpreting the significance of both unfiltered and filtered sample results.
The Use of Principal Component Analysis for Interpreting Ground Water Hydrographs
Authors: Winter T.C. , Mallory S.E. , Allen T.R. , Rosenberry D.O. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPrincipal component analysis was used to define patterns in water table hydrographs at four small, lake‐watershed research sites in the United States. The analysis provided insights into (1) characteristics of ground water recharge in different parts of the watersheds; (2) the effect of seepage from lakes on water table fluctuations; and (3) the effect of differences in geologic properties on water table fluctuations. At two sites where all of the water table wells were completed in permeable deposits, glacial out‐wash in Minnesota and dune sand in Nebraska, the patterns of water table fluctuation primarily reflected timing and magnitude of recharge. The water table had more frequent and wider ranges in fluctuations where it was shallow compared with where it was deep. At two sites where the water table wells were completed in sand or till, a glaciated mountain valley in New Hampshire and stagnation moraine in North Dakota, the patterns of water table fluctuations were strongly related to the type of geologic unit in which the wells are completed. Furthermore, at the New Hampshire site, the patterns of water table fluctuations were clearly different for wells completed in sand downgradient of a lake compared with those completed in sandy terraces on a mountain‐side. The study indicates that principal component analysis would be particularly useful for summarizing large data sets for the purpose of selecting index wells for long‐term monitoring, which would greatly reduce the cost of monitoring programs.
Deterministic and Stochastic Modeling of Aquifer Stratigraphy, South Carolina
Authors: Miller Russell B. , Castle James W. , Temples Tom J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDeterministic and stochastic methods of three‐dimensional hydrogeologic modeling are applied to characterization of contaminated Eocene aquifers at the Savannah River Site, South Carolina. The results address several important issues, including the use of multiple types of data in creating high‐resolution aquifer models and the application of sequence‐stratigraphic constraints. Specific procedures used include defining grid architecture stratigraphically, upscaling, modeling lithologic properties, and creating multiple equiprobable realizations of aquifer stratigraphy. An important question answered by the study is how to incorporate gamma‐ray borehole‐geophysical data in areas of anomalous log response, which occurs commonly in aquifers and confining units of the Atlantic Coastal Plain and other areas. To overcome this problem, gamma‐ray models were conditioned to grain‐size and lithofacies realizations. The investigation contributes to identifying potential pathways for downward migration of contaminants, which have been detected in confined aquifers at the modeling site.The approach followed in this investigation produces quantitative, stratigraphically constrained, geocellular models that incorporate multiple types of data from borehole‐geophysical logs and continuous cores. The use of core‐based stochastic realizations in conditioning deterministic models provides the advantage of incorporating lithologic information based on direct observations of cores rather than using only indirect measurements from geophysical logs. The high resolution of the models is demonstrated by the representation of thin, discontinuous clay beds that act as local barriers to flow. The models are effective in depicting the contrasts in geometry and heterogeneity between sheet‐like nearshore‐transgressive sands and laterally discontinuous sands of complex shoreline environments.
Dispersivity Estimates from a Tracer Experiment in a Sandy Aquifer
Authors: Mallants Dirk , Espino Armando , Van Hoorick Marijke , Feyen Jan , Vandenberghe Noel , Loy Walter 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe success or failure of transport models in predicting the migration of a contaminant plume in ground water depends to a large extent on the quality of flow and transport parameters used. In this study, we investigate the spatial variability in the tracer velocity and dispersivity in a shallow sandy aquifer in northern Belgium. Based on hydraulic conductivity measurements on cores sampled along a vertical profile, the aquifer was found to be mildly heterogeneous, i.e., with the variance of the log‐transformed conductivity K, ω2 InK, equal to 0.22. By means of a natural gradient tracer experiment, transport of a chloride tracer was investigated in a three‐dimensional network of multilevel point samplers (MLS). Least squares fitting of a two‐dimensional transport model to the individual breakthrough curves resulted in an average longitudinal dispersivity that was 10 times larger than the transverse dispersivity. The results further showed the existence of a dispersion‐scale effect whereby the depth‐averaged longitudinal dispersivity increases with increasing travel distance. The average longitudinal dispersivity corresponding to a travel distance of 10 m was equal to 0.2 m. We finally show that theoretical expressions for the macroscopic dispersivity tensor, which require input on hydraulic conductivity heterogeneity, could be used here to approximate the observed dispersive behavior. These conceptually simple models are useful to estimate macroscopic dispersivities when no tracer data are available.
Comparison of Parameter Estimation Design Criteria Using a Solute Transport Model with Matrix Diffusion
Authors: Nordqvist Rune 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThree criteria for the experimental design of parameter estimation are compared by using the criteria to develop sampling patterns for determining parameter values in one‐dimensional transport models. The models include advection, dispersion, and matrix diffusion, the latter being an important process for nuclear waste isolation. The effectiveness of various designs is assessed by studying expected errors of parameter estimates and correlation between parameters. The correlations and expected errors are computed using parameter sensitivities, and the results demonstrate that the choice of design criterion can make a significant difference in the expected estimation error of parameter values in sparse designs. The best overall choice is D‐optimality, which is a measure of the volume of the joint confidence ellipsoid of the parameter estimates. E‐optimality, which minimizes the longest axis of the confidence ellipsoid, gives somewhat similar results but is not as robust for all of the estimated parameters. It is also shown that approaches that consider parameter sensitivities, but not correlation between parameters, may result in inferior designs.
Estimating In‐Situ Monod Biodegradation Parameters Using a Novel Explicit Solution of a One‐Dimensional Contaminant Transport Equation
Authors: Goudar Chetan T. , Strevett Keith A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe present a novel, explicit closed form solution using the Lambert W function to a steady‐state one‐dimensional contaminant transport equation incorporating the Monod expression for biodegradation. This new solution overcomes some of the limitations associated with using the existing implicit solution and provides a simple method of describing biodegradation at contaminated sites using the Monod equation. The field‐scale applicability of this approach was tested using data on phenol and toluene biodegradation from previously published studies. A review of published Monod kinetic parameters for hydrocarbon biodegradation indicated that in most cases, the half saturation coefficient was lower than 5 mg/L, suggesting that the commonly used first‐order approximation is valid only at low substrate concentrations. While the Monod equation does not have this limitation and can usually provide an accurate description of biodegradation at contaminated sites, its nonlinear nature presents computational and parameter estimation difficulties compared with the linear and relatively simple first‐ and zero‐order approximations. The explicit closed form solution to the Monod equation presented in this study greatly simplifies its use and appears to be an attractive approach to describe contaminant biodegradation in the field.
Experimental Infection of White-Tailed Deer with
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
, Etiologic Agent of Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis
Authors: Tate Cynthia M. , Mead Daniel G. , Luttrell M. Page , Howerth Elizabeth W. , Dugan Vivien G. , Munderloh Ulrike G. , Davidson William R. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT

Serologic and molecular evidence of
Anaplasma phagocytophilum
has been demonstrated in white-tailed deer (WTD;
Odocoileus virginianus
), and deer are an important host for the tick vector
Ixodes scapularis
. In this study, we describe experimental infection of WTD with
A. phagocytophilum
. We inoculated four WTD with a human isolate of
A. phagocytophilum
propagated in tick cells. Two additional deer served as negative controls. All inoculated deer developed antibodies (titers, ≥64) to
A. phagocytophilum
, as determined by an indirect fluorescent antibody test, between 14 and 24 days postinfection [p.i.]), and two deer maintained reciprocal titers of ≥64 through the end of the 66-day study. Although morulae were not observed in granulocytes and
A. phagocytophilum
was not reisolated via tick cell culture of blood, 16S reverse transcriptase nested PCR (RT-nPCR) results indicated that
A. phagocytophilum
circulated in peripheral blood of three deer through at least 17 days p.i. and was present in two deer at 38 days p.i. Femoral bone marrow from one deer was RT-nPCR positive for
A. phagocytophilum
at 66 days p.i. There was no indication of clinical disease. These data confirm that WTD are susceptible to infection with a human isolate of
A. phagocytophilum
and verify that WTD produce detectable antibodies upon exposure to the organism. Because adults are the predominant life stage of
I. scapularis
found on deer and because adult
I. scapularis
ticks do not transmit
A. phagocytophilum
transovarially, it is unlikely that WTD are a significant source of
A. phagocytophilum
for immature ticks even though deer have a high probability of natural infection. However, the susceptibility and immunologic response of WTD to
A. phagocytophilum
render them suitable candidates as natural sentinels for this zoonotic tick-borne organism.
Comparison of Five Repetitive-Sequence-Based PCR Typing Methods for Molecular Discrimination of
Salmonella
enterica
Isolates
Authors: Rasschaert G. , Houf K. , Imberechts H. , Grijspeerdt K. , De Zutter L. , Heyndrickx M. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT

Five repetitive-element PCR (rep-PCR) techniques [primer sets ERIC1R-ERIC2 and REP1R-REP2I and primers ERIC2, BOXA1R,
and (GTG)
5
] were evaluated for the discrimination of
Salmonella enterica
isolates at the serotype level. On the basis of number, even distribution over the whole fingerprint, and clarity of bands in the fingerprints, the enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) primer set and the (GTG)
5
primer
were chosen for use in the following experiments. For these two primer
sets, reproducibility was tested on different lysates of five selected
serotypes of
Salmonella
in the same PCR by using three
different PCR runs. Reproducibility was poor between different PCR runs
but high within the same PCR run. Furthermore, 80 different serotypes
and five isolates which were not typeable by serotyping were
fingerprinted. All strains were typeable by the ERIC primer set and the
(GTG)
5
primer and generated unique fingerprints, except for
some strains with incomplete antigenic codes. Finally, 55 genetically
different strains belonging to 10 serotypes were fingerprinted to
examine the genetic diversity of the rep-PCR within serotypes. This
experiment showed that one serotype did not always correlate to only
one ERIC or (GTG)
5
fingerprint but that the fingerprint
heterogeneity within a serotype was limited. In epidemiological
studies, ERIC- and/or (GTG)
5
-PCR can be used to limit the
number of strains that have to be serotyped. The reproducibility of
isolates in one PCR run, the discriminatory power, and the genetic
diversity (stability) of the fingerprint were similar for the Eric
primer set and the (GTG)
5
primer, so both are equally able
to discriminate
Salmonella
serotypes.
Genotype Distribution and Molecular Epidemiology of Hepatitis C Virus in Blood Donors from Southeast France
Authors: Cantaloube Jean-François , Gallian Pierre , Attoui Houssam , Biagini Philippe , De Micco Philippe , de Lamballerie Xavier 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT
The genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in blood donors from southeast France was tracked for a period of 13 years (1991 to 2003). Virus genomes from 321 samples were analyzed by amplification and sequencing of the NS5b and E1 regions. The most frequent genotypes were 1b (30.2%), 1a (27.7%), and 3a (22.4%). Although it was less common, genotype 2 was characterized by the presence of strains belonging to 11 different subtypes, including 5 that had never been characterized. Genotypes 1a, 1b, 3a, and 4a presented typical “epidemic” profiles, with a large number of isolates per subtype and short mean genetic distances between isolates. Type 2 isolates displayed a typical “endemic” profile, with a large number of subtypes and very few isolates in each subtype. The epidemiology of HCV infection in southeast France changed radically during the study period in relation to modifications in the etiology of infection. We observed the emergence of new epidemic subtypes (subtypes 1a and 3) linked to intravenous drug use and a decrease in the types linked to blood transfusion and nosocomial infection (epidemic subtype 1b and endemic type 2). Comparison of strains from blood donors with strains from a cohort of inpatients in the same region during 2001 and 2002 demonstrated for the first time that the monitoring of blood donors is a generally valid indicator of HCV epidemiology in terms of genotype distribution.