bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychopathoiogy and alcohol consumption among treatment‐seeking alcoholics: a prospective study
Authors: TÓMASSON KRISTINN , VAGLUM PER 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe association between psychopathology and alcohol consumption was studied in a nation‐wide representative sample of inpatient alcoholics (n = 245) who were examined at intake and 15 months later. As regards baseline observations men and women with antisocial personality disorder or cognitive impairment had consumed more alcohol in the month prior to admission than those not so affected. In contrast, men with panic disorder drank less compared with those not so affected. The prognosis for men consuming more than the median amount of alcohol was worse than that of women. However, after controlling for psychiatric distress and alcohol consumption at baseline, the prognosis of women was worse. Women but not men who had stopped drinking had a higher degree of psychiatric distress at follow‐up compared with those still drinking at a low level. Regarding the prognostic significance of psychiatric disorders at baseline, among men panic disorder predicted continued drinking. Psychiatric distress and alcohol consumption at baseline interacted in the prediction of alcohol consumption at follow‐up. The study highlights the importance of a thorough assessment of psychopathology and course of drinking when evaluating the outcome of alcoholism treatment.
Acute subjective and physiological responses to smoking in adolescents
Authors: Corrigall William A. , Zack Martin , Eissenberg Tom , Belsito Laura , Scher Risa 
Published: March 2003

Aims. To determine the topography of cigarette smoking and the subjective and physiological effects of abstinence and nicotine in adolescents who smoke on a daily versus a non‐daily basis.

Design. Repeated measures experiment, non‐blinded, involving a single test session.

Setting. Human psychopharmacology laboratory.

Participants. Twenty‐one daily and 21 non‐daily adolescent cigarette smokers (21 females; 21 males; age 13‐18 years) with life‐time use greater than 10 cigarettes, responding to radio and print advertisements.

Intervention. Overnight abstinence from cigarettes followed by smoking of a single cigarette furnished by the participant at test.

Measurements. The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence, saliva nicotine and cotinine, expired air carbon monoxide (CO), heart rate (HR), self‐report scales and smoking topography. Most measurements were performed before and after smoking.

Findings. Saliva nicotine, CO and HR increased, and self‐reported intention and desire to smoke decreased, after smoking (

p < 0.001). Fagerstrom scores indicated greater dependence and desire to smoke in daily than in non‐daily smokers. HR increased substantially over pre‐smoking levels in both groups. Puff topography did not differ between the groups, although collectively these participants appeared to take smaller and more puffs than adult smokers tested under similar conditions.

Conclusion. This study provides initial evidence that adolescent cigarette smokers self‐administer physiologically active doses of nicotine very early in their smoking careers. Nicotine dependence in adolescents appears to be a function of the current frequency of cigarette use, and subjective‐behavioral consequences of abstinence and smoking are evident even in non‐daily smokers.
The relationship between suicide and heroin overdose among methadone maintenance patients in Sydney, Australia
Authors: Darke Shane , Ross Joanne 
Published: March 2003

Aims. To examine the relationship between attempted suicide and non‐fatal heroin overdose among methadone maintenance patients.

Design. Cross‐sectional survey.

Setting. Sydney, Australia.

Participants. Two hundred and twenty‐three methadone maintenance patients.

Findings. Forty per cent of participants reported a history of at least one suicide attempt. Females were significantly more likely than males to have attempted suicide (50% vs. 31%), and to have done so on more than one occasion (28% vs. 15%). There was a large difference between males and females in the onset of attempted suicide. Females reported an initial attempt, on average, 6 years earlier than males (18.3 vs. 24.7 years), and were significantly more likely than males to have attempted suicide prior to the onset of heroin use (69% vs. 11%). While heroin overdose was common among the sample (66%), the most common methods employed for suicide attempts were overdose of a non‐opioid drug (21%) and slitting of wrists (20%). A deliberate heroin overdose as a means of attempted suicide was reported by 10% of participants. Heroin overdoses appeared overwhelmingly to be accidental. Ninety‐two per cent of those who had overdosed reported that their most recent overdose was accidental.

Conclusions. Attempted suicide presents a major clinical problem to staff at drug treatment programmes, but one distinct from heroin overdose. While both overdose and suicide present increasing clinical problems, they are separate problems, and require different responses.
A comparison of different methods for estimating the prevalence of problematic drug misuse in Great Britain
Authors: Frischer Martin , Hickman Mathew , Kraus Ludwig , Mariani Fabio , Wiessing Lucas 
Published: March 2003

Aims. The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) has produced methodological guidelines for national drug prevalence estimation. This paper pilots the methods to estimate prevalence for Great Britain and provides a commentary on the methods and resulting estimates.

Design. Three types of methodology were used to estimate prevalence: (a) the multiple indicator (MI) method, (b) multipliers applied to (i) drug‐treatment records (ii) HIV estimates and (iii) mortality statistics and (c) the British/Scottish Crime Surveys.

Setting. England, Scotland and Wales.

Participants. Aggregated data on people recorded on databases and respondents in household surveys.

Measurements. Prevalence estimates of different forms of problematic drug use.

Findings. The estimates are 161 133 (range: 120 850‐241 700) for people at risk of mortality due to drug overdose; 161 000‐169 000 for people who have ever injected drugs; 202 000 (range: 162 000‐244 000) problem opiate users and 268 000 problem drug users (all types).

Conclusions. The multiple indicator method offers a comprehensive approach to estimating the prevalence of problematic drug use in the United Kingdom. Simple multiplier methods and household surveys also provide a range of estimates corresponding to different types of drug use in the United Kingdom. The current study suggests that previous national estimates of 100 000‐200 000 were conservative. The new estimate of 161 000‐266 000 should enable a more focused response. For further development of this method, reliable and timely estimates of anchor points are required for specific geographical areas such as cities or Drug Action Teams (DAT), as well as routine aggregation of drug indicators for these areas.
Episodic heavy drinking in four Nordic countries: a comparative survey
Authors: Mäkelä Pia , Fonager Kirsten , Hibell Björn , Nordlund Sturla , Sabroe Svend , Simpura Jussi 
Published: March 2003

Aims. The purpose of this study was to compare the phenomenon of episodic heavy drinking (binge drinking) and its different indicators in the Nordic countries.

Design. A comparative survey of four Nordic countries.

Setting. Telephone interviews in Denmark, 1997; Finland, 1996; Norway, 1996; and Sweden 1996‐97.

Participants. Random samples of men and women aged 19‐71 years.

Measurements. Episodic heavy drinking was measured by the frequency of subjective intoxication, of drinking six or more drinks at a time (6+), and of negative consequences (mainly hangover symptoms). Additionally, annual consumption and measures of intake per occasion were used.

Findings. Annual consumption, overall frequency of drinking and frequency of drinking 6+ were highest in Denmark and lowest in Norway. Frequency of subjectively defined intoxication was highest in Finland. There it was clearly higher than the frequency of drinking 6+, whereas in Denmark the contrary was observed. Finnish and Norwegian men and Danish women reported the largest quantities drunk per occasion. Results on 6+ frequency and the prevalence of negative consequences, with annual consumption held constant, suggest that Danes have the least concentrated drinking pattern. With annual consumption held constant, Norwegians report as high a frequency of intoxication, as do Finns.

Conclusions. The relations between subjective and more objective measures of episodic heavy drinking vary considerably between the Nordic countries. The results suggest that the definition, acceptability and experience of intoxication vary even when a set of relatively homogeneous countries are compared.
Induced mood and persistence at gaming
Authors: Hills Adelma M. , Hill Sandi , Mamone Natalie , Dickerson Mark 
Published: March 2003

Aims. Using the affect infusion model (AIM), this study aimed to assess the impact of prior mood on gaming persistence in regular and non‐regular gamblers (assumed to be motivated and heuristic decision‐makers, respectively).

Design, measures and setting. A 2 × 3 experimental design in a laboratory setting employed factors of gambler type (regular, non‐regular) and prior mood (happy, neutral, depressed). Measures were number of trials played on a gambling game, and mood ratings (post‐mood induction, during and after play).

Participants and intervention. Sixty regular and 60 non‐regular gamblers (all male students) were assigned randomly to watch a video inducing one of the three mood conditions. They were then given AUD$10.00 to gamble in a computerized card‐cutting game.

Findings. AIM predictions were supported: prior mood did not affect gaming persistence for regular gamblers, but non‐regulars showed reduced persistence across happy, neutral and depressed moods. After‐play mood ratings were related to winnings for regulars, and losing regulars were significantly more unhappy after‐play compared to during‐play, and compared to both their winning counterparts and non‐regulars. Mood and winnings were unrelated for non‐regulars, with little during‐ to after‐play mood change.

Conclusions. The findings speak to depression as a causal factor in addictive gambling. Depressed mood did not enhance persistence in regular gamblers, but rather failed to have the inhibitory effect observed in non‐regular gamblers. Evidence of mood changes during gambling was obtained, although multiple measures (self‐report, physiological indicators, anticipated states) of both affective valence and arousal are advocated for future studies.
Is calculating pack‐years retrospectively a valid method to estimate life‐time tobacco smoking? A comparison between prospectively calculated pack‐years and retrospectively calculated pack‐years
Authors: Bernaards Claire M. , Twisk Jos W. R. , Snel Jan , Van Mechelen Willem , Kemper Han C. G. 
Published: March 2003

Aims. To investigate the relative validity of retrospectively calculated pack‐years (py‐retro) by comparing py‐retro with prospectively calculated pack‐years (py‐pro).

Design. A 23‐year ongoing cohort study (1977‐2000).

Participants. One hundred and fifty‐four males and females, 13 years old in 1977 and 36 years old in 2000.

Setting. Amsterdam, the Netherlands.

Measurements. To calculate py‐pro, current smoking and quitting efforts were investigated nine times in a period of 23 years with the help of an interview or a questionnaire. At the age of 36, subjects filled out a comprehensive questionnaire about their smoking history, to calculate py‐retro. Individual differences between py‐pro and py‐retro were calculated. In addition, Cohen's kappa was calculated after categorising py‐pro and py‐retro into three groups.

Findings. (1) Py‐retro does not under‐ or overestimate life‐time tobacco smoking. (2) The relative validity of py‐retro was moderate due to large individual differences between py‐pro and py‐retro. (3) The individual differences between py‐pro and py‐retro became larger, the higher the number of pack‐years. (4) Mean difference (and 95% limits of agreement) between py‐pro and py‐retro was ‐0.039 (‐5.23, 5.32) when average pack‐years was <5.2 and ‐1.17 (‐10.00, 14.65) when pack‐years ≥5.2. 5. Cohen's kappa between categorized py‐pro and py‐retro was 0.79.

Conclusions. Future researchers in the field of smoking should be aware of the moderate relative validity of py‐retro. Categorizing py‐retro into smoking groups results in a misclassification error that is smaller than the quantitative error in continuous py‐retro, but goes together with a loss of information.
The use of brief interventions adapted from motivational interviewing across behavioral domains: a systematic review
Authors: Dunn Chris , Deroo Lisa , Rivara Frederick P. 
Published: March 2003

Aims. To examine the effectiveness of brief behavioral interventions adapting the principles and techniques of Motivational Interviewing (MI) to four behavioral domains: substance abuse, smoking, HIV risk and diet/exercise.

Design. We conducted a systematic review of 29 randomized trials of MI interventions. Data on methodological quality were extracted and tabulated. Between‐group behavior change effect sizes and confidence intervals were calculated for each study.

Findings. Due to varying intervention time lengths, targeted problem behaviors, settings and interventionists' backgrounds and skill levels, outcomes were not combined meta‐analytically. Sixty per cent of the 29 studies yielded at least one significant behavior change effect size. No significant association between length of follow‐up time and magnitude of effect sizes was found across studies. There was substantial evidence that MI is an effective substance abuse intervention method when used by clinicians who are non‐specialists in substance abuse treatment, particularly when enhancing entry to and engagement in more intensive substance abuse treatment treatment‐as‐usual. Data were inadequate to judge the effect of MI in the other domains. Client attribute‐treatment interactions were understudied and the sparse and inconsistent findings revealed little about the mechanism by which MI works or for whom it works best.

Conclusion. To determine more effectively how well MI works in domains other than substance abuse and for whom it works best in all domains, researchers should study MI with risk behaviors other than substance abuse, while examining both interactions and the theoretical components of MI.
Exploring the relationship between alcohol consumption and non‐fatal or fatal stroke: a systematic review
Authors: Mazzaglia Giampiero , Britton Annie R. , Altmann Daniel R. , Chenet Laurent 
Published: March 2003

Objective. Alcohol consumption has been reported to have both beneficial and harmful effects on stroke occurrence. Several studies have demonstrated a significant association with heavy drinking, but the evidence linking light‐to‐moderate alcohol consumption still remains unclear. This study, using a systematic review of the published literature, aimed to explore the dose‐response relationship between alcohol and stroke, the effect of irregular drinking and the effect of beverage types on the risk of stroke.

Methods. A structured search for English‐language published literature since 1966 was made using several electronic databases. This was supplemented using a hand search of references in review articles and additional searches on key authors. From the 153 eligible articles, 41 studies were selected according to study design, categorization of the exposure and outcome measures.

Findings. An association between recent alcohol use and stroke was consistently reported. There was also some evidence for a linear positive association for haemorrhagic stroke and alcohol consumption. Inconsistent results emerged on the

J‐shaped relationship between alcohol and ischaemic stroke, and the association between alcohol and non‐fatal or fatal stroke combined. The importance of the pattern of drinking was also demonstrated, indicating a higher risk for irregular drinkers.

Conclusions. There is insufficient evidence to conclude that light‐to‐moderate alcohol drinking and wine intake have beneficial effects on stroke occurrence. On the contrary, findings from this review suggest the opportunity for a primary prevention regarding heavy drinking and binge drinking. More information regarding the risk of stroke associated with irregular alcohol drinking, and the joint effects of alcohol with other risk factors, would clarify the complex interaction between alcohol and stroke.
Overdoses among cocaine users in Brazil
Authors: Mesquita Fábio , Kral Alex , Reingold Arthur , Haddad Ilham , Sanches Marta , Turienzo Giselda , Piconez Daniela , Araujo Paula , Bueno Regina 
Published: March 2003

Aims. A survey of cocaine users was undertaken to study (i) the frequency of reported drug overdoses among cocaine users; and (ii) the frequency of witnessing drug overdoses in the same population.

Design and setting. A cross‐sectional study as part of the World Health Organization (WHO) Multi‐city Study among injecting drug users (IDUs), phase II, was conducted in Santos Metropolitan Region, State of São Paulo, Brazil, in 1999.

Participants. Three hundred and ninety‐six exclusive users of cocaine in the Santos Metropolitan Region, São Paulo State, Brazil were surveyed concerning their past experience with drug overdoses.

Findings. Eighty (20%) of the cocaine users reported having experienced one or more overdoses, and 50% reported that they knew one or more other cocaine users who had died of an overdose. On multivariate analysis, being female and having spent time in jail were associated with an increased likelihood of having had one or more overdoses.

Conclusion. Cocaine overdoses are an important and under‐recognized health problem in the Santos Metropolitan Region, and possibly in other areas of Brazil.
Lack of effects of ethanol pretreatment on the abuse liability of nitrous oxide in light and moderate drinkers
Authors: Walker Diana J. , Zacny James P. 
Published: March 2003

Aims. To determine effects of ethanol‐use history and ethanol pretreatment on abuse liability of nitrous oxide (N

2O).

Design. Placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, cross‐over design evaluating effects of N

2O, 0% (100% O

2, placebo) and 30% (in O

2), in the presence of three doses of ethanol: 0 g/kg (placebo), 0.35 g/kg and 0.7 g/kg.

Setting. Subjects sat in a reclining chair in a hospital laboratory.

Participants. Eight healthy light drinkers (one drink or less/week) and eight healthy moderate drinkers (seven or more drinks/week) with no history of drug dependence completed the study.

Intervention. On three sessions (1, 3, 5) subjects drank a beverage that contained one of the three ethanol doses, then sampled for 10 minute each 0% and 30% N

2O. During choice sessions (2, 4, 6), subjects received the same ethanol dose as in the previous session, then chose six times, once every 5 min, between 0% and 30% N

2O.

Measurements. Subjective (self‐reported) drug effects, reinforcing effects of N

2O as assessed by choice, and psychomotor effects were measured.

Findings. Choice of N

2O did not differ between light (mean = 3.4 choices) and moderate (mean = 3.2 choices) drinkers and was not influenced by ethanol dose (0 g/kg: 3.3 choices, 0.35 g/kg: 3.5 choices, 0.7 g/kg: 3.1 choices). Subjective effects of N

2O also did not depend on ethanol‐use history or ethanol dose. N

2O liking and desire to inhale the drug again were positively correlated with N

2O choice.

Conclusions. Ethanol pretreatment and ethanol‐use history had no effect on the abuse liability of N

2O as assessed in the present study.
Epidemiology of cigarette smoking in Pakistan
Authors: Nasir Khurram , Rehan N. 
Published: March 2003

Aims. To study the prevalence of smoking among Pakistani population with particular reference to regional differences and correlates of cigarette smoking.

Design. Cross‐sectional survey based on representative national sample.

Setting. Data collected through National Health Survey of Pakistan 1990‐94.

Participants. 13 104 individuals (6337 males and 6767 females), aged ≥ 8 years.

Outcome measures. Prevalence and correlates of smoking.

Findings. Based on weighted estimates, the overall prevalence of cigarette smoking was 14.2% (95% CI: 13.6‐14.8) in individuals aged ≥ 8 years and 19.4% (95% CI: 19.08‐19.72) among those aged ≥ 15 years. The highest prevalence was seen in the province of Sindh (16.1%) and the lowest in North Western Frontier Province (7.1%). Nearly a quarter of males (25.4%) were smokers while only 3.5% of females smoked (p < 0.001). The smoking was slightly more prevalent in urban areas (15.2%) compared to rural areas (13.7%). This pattern was consistent in all provinces except the province of Sindh. The highest prevalence of cigarettes smoking among males (48.6%) was seen in those aged 25‐44 years. After this age, there was a decline in smoking among males in Punjab and North Western Frontier Province, whereas the other two provinces, Sindh and Balochistan, did not show any such trend.

Conclusion. Smoking is common in Pakistan. There is no clear policy on tobacco control in Pakistan.
The influence of sensitivity to reward on reactivity to alcohol‐related cues
Authors: Kambouropoulos Nicolas , Staiger Petra K. 
Published: March 2003

Aims. To investigate the role of sensitivity to reward in mediating social drinkers' reactivity to alcohol cues.

Design. A standard cue‐reactivity paradigm was employed. Two groups of social drinkers (heavy and light) were assessed after exposure to the sight, smell and taste of a neutral cue (water) and then an alcohol cue (glass of beer).

Setting. Sessions were conducted in a laboratory based environment.

Participants. Twenty heavy (12 males, eight females) and 18 light social drinkers (seven males, 11 females) were recruited; mean age was 23.6 years.

Measurements. The Card Arranging Reward Responsivity Objective Test (CARROT), assessing behavioural reponsiveness to a monetary incentive; urge to drink; positive affect; and the BAS scales, assessing sensitivity to reward.

Findings. Heavy drinkers displayed a significant increase in responsivity to rewards (i.e. CARROT) and self‐reported urge to drink, but not positive affect, after exposure to alcohol. For the heavy drinkers, heightened sensitivity to reward (i.e. BAS scales) was significantly related to cue‐elicited urge to drink and positive affect.

Conclusion. The results are consistent with a conditioned appetitive motivational model of alcohol use and suggest that Gray's theory of personality may be of some benefit in explaining variation in reactivity responses.