bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Right to Education Act”: Examining Elementary Schools of Tuensang District, Nagaland, Northeast India
Authors: Longkumer Watimongba , Langstieh Mebarisuk 
Published: February 2024

The "Right to Education Act" (RTE) is a crucial policy addressing elementary education challenges. Enshrined under Article 21A of the Indian Constitution, the RTE Act mandates free and compulsory education for children aged 6 to 14 years, making it a fundamental right. Despite its progressive intentions, the RTE Act faces several challenges in its implementation. Equitable access, inadequate infrastructure, shortage of teachers, quality of education and financial constraints are prevalent issues. Addressing these challenges requires concerted efforts from the government, civil society, and stakeholders. It involves increasing investments in education, improving the quality of teacher education and training, enhancing infrastructure facilities, and strengthening monitoring mechanisms. While the RTE Act represents a significant step towards ensuring universal access to quality elementary education in India, its practical implementation requires overcoming various challenges and addressing systemic issues to realize the vision of inclusive and equitable education for children.
A survey was conducted employing a purposive sampling technique, covering (n=15) Government and (n=10) Private elementary schools in Tuensang District, Nagaland, Northeast India. The primary emphasis is to examine the school infrastructure, a key provision under the "Right to Education Act". The study employed a close-ended questionnaire on key school informants. The results show a significant lag in the school infrastructure, underscoring several concerns for school authorities and SMCs in ensuring a 'child-friendly' space for effective learning outcomes. Based on the findings, suggestive measures and implications for intervention approaches are discussed to navigate the gaps and challenges. The study emphasizes the need for increased attention, prioritization, and inclusivity in elementary education to maximize its positive impact on children's development and future outcomes
Influence of Seasonal Variations on Population Dynamics of Phyto-Parasitic Nematodes in Soil and Roots of Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in Otari, Rivers State, Nigeria
Authors: Green Ekine Emmanuel , Oluchi Ezenwaka Chinonye 
Published: February 2024

Weather instability affects nematode proliferation in soil, affecting plant growth. Identifying endemic species and favourable seasons can guide farmers in cultivating crops during specific seasons, minimizing infections and improving yield. A survey to evaluate the influence of seasonal disparity on plant parasitic nematodes population in soil and roots of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) was carried out during dry and rainy seasons in Otari, Abua/Odual Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria. Five bell pepper cultivated fields were randomly selected and a total of 300 soil samples were collected and assayed for soil nematodes. The soil samples were collected using a soil auger at 0-15 cm depth, and roots were collected by the use of sterilized kitchen knife simultaneously for the isolation of nematode. The modified sieve plate method was employed for the extraction of nematodes. Nematode identification was carried out using a pictorial key. A total of 2,220 nematodes from 11 genera were reported in this study, among which 1,290 (58.1%) were recovered during the rainy season while the dry season showed 930 (41.9%) nematodes. Nematode population vary significantly between seasons in soil (P = .13) and roots of bell pepper (P = 3.90), with Heterodera species having higher density (1.44 and 1.03) during the rainy and dry seasons respectively in the soil. High density of Meloidogyne (0.97) was recorded during the rainy season and Radopholus spp (1.40) during the dry season in the root of bell pepper plant. The study showed that seasonal variations impacted on nematode population abundance in fields, establishing that nematodes are responsive to every unsteady condition of the soil environment resulting from seasonal disparity, and only species who adapt rapidly survive. Farmers should increase crop cultivation during the rainy season to boost yield, as nematodes population decline as rainfall increases.
Assessing the Tolerance of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Progenies to the Black Pod Disease Caused by Phytophthora megakarya Bras. and Griff.
Authors: Ebaiarrey Herman Ebai , Ngonkeu Eddy Léonard Mangapche , Djoah Yves Thierry , Efombagn Ives Bruno Mousseni 
Published: February 2024

The cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is a cash crop of great economic importance to some cocoa-growing countries. However, diseases and pests, including black pod disease caused by Phytophthora megakarya, can cause yield losses of up to 100% if no phytosanitary treatment is applied. Thus, the aim of the present study is to evaluate the tolerance of five cocoa hybrids developed by IRAD (PA107*SNK614, IMC67*SNK109, SCA12*SNK16, IMC67*SNK64 and T79/501*SNK64) against black pod disease in relation to the parent clones. Mature pods (approximately 5 months old) were harvested and used to assess black pod tolerance using the Iwaro Detached Pod Test (DPT-SM). Means were separated using the general linear model (GLM) and ranked using the Student Newman-Keuls multiple comparison test (SNK). ANOVA showed a significant difference at P=0.01 on tolerance between hybrids and P=0.001 on tolerance between hybrids and clonal groups. 40% of the hybrids tested were more tolerant than all the clonal groups. The IMC clonal group was the most tolerant of the six clonal groups tested and ranked third overall between hybrids and clonal groups tested. Although the tolerance score varied between hybrids of clones PA107*SNK614 was the most tolerant (0.79) and T75/501*SNK 64 being least tolerant (2.00), all of these hybrids of clones possesses real potential to the tolerant to the black pod disease.
On the Structure of Nonastannide Clusters in Liquid and Solid State
Authors: Rosdahl Jan , Fässler Thomas F. , Kloo Lars 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe nonastannide clusters have been investigated usingEXAFS, NMR and Raman spectroscopy as well as quantum chemical calculations explicitly considering a model cationic field and solid‐state statistics. NMR spectroscopic andEXAFS results are basically identical to those previously published and consistent with a fluctional model of the cluster. The quantum chemical calculations show that there is no significant difference in energy between the two model geometries, C4v and D3h, and that the vibrational frequencies are very low, clearly indicating that the cluster is expected to be fluctional. The solid‐state statistics show that both model geometries can be used to describe all known nonastannide structures with reasonable success, illustrating that the classification of the nonastannide clusters in terms of specific symmetries is entirely arbitrary. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Graphic Data Analysis and Complex Formation Curves as Modelling and Optimization Tools in Potentiometric and Voltammetric Speciation Studies of a Pb(TAPSO)x(OH)y System
Authors: Machado Carina M. M. , Cukrowski Ignacy , Soares Helena M. V. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe formation of complex species between lead and TAPSO, a commercialized biological buffer, was evidenced and discussed. Formation constants of Pb(TAPSO)x(OH)y system have been studied by direct current polarography and by glass electrode potentiometry at fixed total–ligand and total–metal concentration ratio and varied pH, at 25.0 °C and ionic strength set to 0.1 M KNO3. The graphic analysis revealed to be a very powerful tool in the prediction and refinement operations of Pb–(TAPSO)x(OH)y system. The proposed final model for this system is: PbL, PbL2, PbL2(OH) and PbL2(OH)2, with stability constants values, as log β, of 3.7±0.1, 6.6±0.1, 12.9±0.1 and 17.8±0.1, respectively.
Scaffold mesh size affects the osteoblastic differentiation of seeded marrow stromal cells cultured in a flow perfusion bioreactor
Authors: Holtorf Heidi L. , Datta Néha , Jansen John A. , Mikos Antonios G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn this study, we cultured marrow stromal cells on titanium fiber meshes in a flow perfusion bioreactor and examined the effect of altering scaffold mesh size on cell behavior in an effort to develop a bone tissue construct composed of a scaffold, osteogenic cells, and extracellular matrix. Scaffolds of differing mesh size, that is, distance between fibers, were created by altering the diameter of the mesh fibers (20 or 40 μm) while maintaining a constant porosity. These scaffolds had a porosity of 80% and mesh sizes of 65 μm (20‐μm fibers) or 119 μm (40‐μm fibers). Cell/scaffold constructs were grown in static culture or under flow for up to 16 days and assayed for osteoblastic differentiation. Cellularity was higher at early time points and Ca2+ deposition was higher at later time points for flow constructs over static controls. The 20‐μm mesh had reduced cellularity in static culture. Under flow conditions, mass transport limitations are mitigated allowing uniform cell growth throughout the scaffold, and there was no difference in cellularity between mesh types. There was greater alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, osteopontin levels, and calcium under flow at 8 days for the 40‐μm mesh compared to the 20‐μm mesh. However, by day 16, the trend was reversed, suggesting the time course of differentiation was dependent on scaffold mesh size under flow conditions. However, this dependence was not linear with respect to time; larger mesh size was conducive to early osteoblast differentiation while smaller mesh size was conducive to later differentiation and matrix deposition. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2005
Another take on the matrix: Interactionism
Authors: Brehm Sharon Stephens 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis response to C.R. Snyder and T.R. Elliott's article, “Twenty‐First Century Graduate Education in Clinical Psychology: A Four Level Matrix Model” (this issue), focuses on the importance of three types of interactions: between mind and body, humans and machines, and individuals and groups. It is proposed that the clinical psychology training programs of the future will need to ensure that their students are well versed in the relevance of these interactions for understanding human behavior and developing effective treatments. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Twenty‐first century education: Toward greater emphasis on context—social, economic, and educational
Authors: Peterson Roger L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn calling for a greater emphasis on the social, economic, and educational contexts, the discussion presented in this article is generally supportive of C.R. Snyder and T.R. Elliott's (this issue) vision of 21st century graduate education in clinical psychology. Attention is directed toward the asocial nature of professional psychology, a brief analysis of the influence of economics on the development of clinical psychology education, and the American Psychological Association's accreditation process as it shapes professional psychology education. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Encouraging use of seasonal climate forecasts by farmers
Authors: McCrea Rod , Dalgleish Len , Coventry Will 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWhat encourages use of seasonal climate forecasts? Considerable effort is being applied in developing seasonal climate forecasts and demonstrating the potential benefits available to farmers from using seasonal climate forecasts. This study examines three factors underlying the use of seasonal climate forecasts by farmers: the level of forecast understanding by farmers, the format presentation of the forecasts, and the attitude of farmers towards the usefulness of forecasts as indicators of future rainfall. Using judgement analysis, the use of forecasts in cropping decisions was determined for 73 Australian farmers. Then a moderated regression analysis was used to predict forecast use from the three underlying factors. The study found that a good understanding of the forecast was more important than the forecast format in predicting its use. However, this main effect of good understanding on higher use was qualified by a three‐way interaction, such that good understanding was only associated with higher use when farmers had a favourable attitude toward the usefulness of seasonal climate forecasts and the forecasts were presented in a frequency format. Thus, the study found all three factors were important in predicting the use of seasonal climate forecasts by farmers. However, relatively little is known about farmer attitudes toward the usefulness of seasonal climate forecasts and how these attitudes arise, and further research is recommended in these areas. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
The kinetics of reaction of copper with substituted benzyl bromides in dipolar aprotic solvents
Authors: Egorov Anatoly M. , Matyukhova Svetlana A. , Anisimov Alexander V. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe reaction of copper with benzyl bromides in dipolar aprotic solvents has been studied. There are no linear or other simple relations between ε, 1/ε, Y, P, n, and the rate of reaction. The activity of the solvent is determined by donor number (DN) in reaction under consideration. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of the reaction of copper with benzyl bromide in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) have been clarified. Hammett plots of log (k/k°) vs. the substituent constant σ gave good correlations (ρ = 0.18, Sρ = 0.02, r = 0.961 in dimethyl sulfoxide and ρ = 0.21, Sρ = 0.02, r = 0.947 in dimethylacetamide (DMAA)). The structure of the organic group has little effect on the rate of reaction of benzyl bromide with copper. The Hammett ρ value also depends on DN. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 37: 496–501, 2005
Absence of previously reported variants in the SCNA (G88C and G209A), NR4A2 (T291D and T245G) and the DJ‐1 (T497C) genes in familial Parkinson's disease from the GenePD study
Authors: Karamohamed Samer , Golbe L.I. , Mark M.H. , Lazzarini A.M. , Suchowersky O. , Labelle N. , Guttman Mark , Currie L.J. , Wooten G.F. , Stacy M. , Saint‐Hilaire M. , Feldman R.G. , Liu J. , Shoemaker C.M. , Wilk J.B. , DeStefano A.L. , Latourelle J.C. , Xu G. , Watts R. , Growdon J. , Lew M. , Waters C. , Vieregge P. , Pramstaller P.P. , Klein C. , Racette B.A. , Perlmutter J.S. , Parsian A. , Singer Carlos , Montgomery E. , Baker K. , Gusella J.F. , Herbert A. , Myers R.H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractParkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder in which relatives of the probands are affected approximately 4 times as frequently as relatives of control subjects. Several genes have been implicated as genetic risk factors for PD. We investigated the presence of six reported genetic variations in the SCNA, NR4A2, and DJ‐1 genes in 292 cases of familial Parkinson's disease from the GenePD study. None of the variants were found in the GenePD families. Our results suggest that other variants or genes account for the familial risk of PD within the GenePD study. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Activity‐dependent influences are greater for fibers in rat medial gastrocnemius than tibialis anterior muscle
Authors: Roy Roland R. , Zhong Hui , Siengthai Boonclaire , Edgerton V. Reggie 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSkeletal muscles are highly adaptive to changes in loading or activation. A model of neuromuscular inactivity (spinal cord isolation, SI) was used to determine the role of activity‐independent and ‐dependent neural influences on the size and myonuclei number in type‐identified fibers of a fast extensor (medial gastrocnemius, MG) and flexor (tibialis anterior, TA) rat muscle. Fibers were categorized based on myosin heavy chain isoform composition. Four days after SI, all fiber types tended to atrophy and lose myonuclei, with the percent loss of myonuclei being disproportionately less than the decrease in fiber size. At 60 days after SI, all fiber types in MG and the fastest fibers in TA were significantly smaller and had fewer myonuclei than control. The disproportionate amount of atrophy resulted in a smaller myonuclear domain. These effects were greater in MG than TA, indicating that activity‐dependent influences were greater in the extensor than flexor. The smaller myonuclear domains after a period of chronic inactivity suggest the presence of intrinsic mechanisms operating to maintain the genetic material necessary to recover from atrophic conditions. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Novel thermally stable poly(amine hydrazide)s and poly(amine‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole)s for luminescent and electrochromic materials
Authors: Liou Guey‐Sheng , Hsiao Sheng‐Huei , Su Tzy‐Hsiang 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe describe the preparation, characterization, and luminescence of four novel electrochromic aromatic poly(amine hydrazide)s containing main‐chain triphenylamine units with or without a para‐substituted N,N‐diphenylamino group on the pendent phenyl ring. These polymers were prepared from either 4,4′‐dicarboxy‐4″‐N,N‐diphenylaminotriphenylamine or 4,4′‐dicarboxytriphenylamine and the respective aromatic dihydrazide monomers via a direct phosphorylation polycondensation reaction. All the poly(amine hydrazide)s were amorphous and readily soluble in many common organic solvents and could be solution‐cast into transparent and flexible films with good mechanical properties. These poly(amine hydrazide)s exhibited strong ultraviolet–visible absorption bands at 346–348 nm in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP) solutions. Their photoluminescence spectra in NMP solutions or as cast films showed maximum bands around 508–544 and 448–487 nm in the green and blue region for the two series of polymers. The hole‐transporting and electrochromic properties were examined by electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical methods. All obtained poly(amine hydrazide)s and poly(amine‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole)s exhibited two reversible oxidation redox couples at 0.8 and 1.24 V vs. Ag/AgCl in acetonitrile solution and revealed excellent stability of electrochromic characteristics, changing color from original pale yellow to green and then to blue at electrode potentials of 0.87 and 1.24 V, respectively. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 3245–3256, 2005
Management of empyema in children
Authors: Jaffé Adam , Balfour‐Lynn Ian M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe incidence of empyema complicating community‐acquired pneumonia is increasing and causes significant childhood morbidity. Pneumococcal infection remains the most common isolated cause in developed countries, with Staphylococcus aureus the predominant pathogen in the developing world. Newer molecular techniques utilizing the polymerase chain reaction have led to an increase in identification of causative bacteria, previously not isolated by conventional culture techniques. This remains an important epidemiological tool, and may help in guiding correct antibiotic use in the future. There are many treatment options, however, and the care a child currently receives is dependent on local practice, which is largely determined by availability of medical personnel and their preferences. Although there are many reported case series comparing treatment options, only two randomized controlled studies exist to guide treatment in children. There is an urgent need for this to be addressed, particularly with the introduction of relatively new surgical techniques such as video‐assisted thorascopic surgery. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2005; 40:148–156. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Superficial Anastomosis on the Palm of the Hand between the Ulnar and Median Nerves
Authors: FERRARI G. P. , GILBERT A. 
Published: June 2005

The communications between the median and ulnar innervated territories on the palm of the hand have been studied anatomically and microscopically. A communicating branch is well appreciated but its description has had little emphasis in anatomical or surgical literature. 50 cadaveric palms were dissected in both sexes and an anastomotic branch was found in 45 hands. In 43 of them it originated proximally from the ulnar nerve and proceeded distally to enter the third common digital nerve; in the other two hands it left the median nerve to reach the fourth common digital nerve. By microscopic dissection we have seen that the ulnar fibres of the anastomotic branch which join the median nerve may contribute to the sensory innervation of the radial half of the ring finger and ulnar side of the middle finger on its palmar surface. We have therefore described a cutaneous area on the palm where care must be taken to avoid surgical damage to this branch.
Nerve Conduction Studies after Treatment for Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Authors: SEROR P. 
Published: June 2005

125 cases of carpal tunnel syndrome confirmed electrophysiologically were the subject of longitudinal nerve conduction studies to assess spontaneous improvement and effect of treatment. 36 cases showed a slowly progressive deterioration which became stastistically significant only on lengthy follow-up; analysis of interval tests in these cases revealed that definite improvement or rapid worsening can occur in the interim. The 56 cases studied after local corticosteroid injections showed a statistically significant improvement at one month followed by an overall progressive return to the previous abnormal values in six to 12 months, indicating only slight and temporary alteration in the natural progression of the conduction deficit. The 33 cases which underwent surgical release of the median nerve were shown to have obvious and often rapid improvement, which was sustained for at least one year after surgery.
The Results of Secondary Microsurgical Repair of Radial Nerve in 33 Patients
Authors: KALLIO P. K. , VASTAMÄKI M. , SOLONEN K. A. 
Published: June 2005

33 patients with injuries to the radial nerve were reviewed, on average, 12.1 (5–20) years after secondary repair. 24 were male and nine female, with a mean age of 29.8 (7–54) years. Most of the nerve lesions were blunt (17) or sharp (14) injuries. Division was total in 24 cases and they were mostly injured at the upper arm level (21 cases). The average interval between injury and repair was 6.0 (1–19) months. The procedures used were fascicular grafting in 21 and direct suture in 12 cases. Motor and sensory recovery were evaluated quantitatively. Useful results were obtained in 65.0% and useless in 25.0%. Fascicular grafting restored a useful level of motor function in only 8/21 cases (38.1%). Pre-operative delay had a significant influence. Associated lesions proved to be the critical factor for restoration of radial nerve function.
Wear Patterns of the Articular Cartilage and Triangular Fibrocartilaginous Complex of the Wrist: A Cadaveric Study
Authors: JEFFRIES A. O. , CRAIGEN M. A. C. , STANLEY J. K. 
Published: June 2005

The incidence and patterns of degenerative changes within the radio-carpal joint were studied in 138 specimens of elderly cadaveric wrists. Articular cartilage wear of varying severity was seen on the distal radial and ulnar articular surfaces in 27% of cases and on the proximal row articular surfaces in 54%. Wear was most commonly seen on the radial styloid and corresponding area of the scaphoid. The triangular fibrocartilaginous complex (TFCC) was found to be degenerate or torn in 24%. Central degenerative perforation was commonly associated with articular cartilage wear on the ulnar head and the ulnar half of the lunate. No significant wear pattern was seen in those wrists with peripheral linear (i.e. traumatic) TFCC tears. Interosseous scapho-lunate and luno-triquetral ligament disruptions were found in less than 10%, suggesting that disruption of these ligaments is usually traumatic and not degenerative.