bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gene expression
Authors: Parada Luis , Elbi Cem , Dundr Miroslav , Misteli Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gene expression has traditionally been studied by biochemical, molecular, and genetic approaches, rather than cell biological methods. Recent advances in microscopy techniques and microscope equipment, probe generation, and the availability of virtually any sequence in the genome as the result of sequencing efforts have made cell biological investigation of gene expression and genome organization a desirable and feasible undertaking (1, 2). The cell biological study of gene expression almost invariably involves microscopy methods. It is now possible to routinely and reliably localize nuclear proteins, entire chromosomes, specific gene loci, as well as unspliced pre-mRNA and spliced mRNA in chemically-fixed cells. Combination of these methods and application of image analysis software provide powerful approaches to the cell biological study of gene expression.
Transport across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum
Authors: Römisch Karin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes cell-free experimental systems designed to monitor both protein translocation across the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and the subsequent fates of the translocated proteins. The cell fractions for the assays described here are derived from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These assays can therefore be performed with membranes or cytosol from mutant yeast strains, and thus allow the assessment of the roles of specific genes in translocation across the ER membrane in addition to the biochemical manipulations that are possible in all cell-free systems. Similar experimental systems based on mammalian microsomes and cytosol have been described elsewhere (1, 2).
Redox Hydrogel-Based Electrochemical Biosensors
Authors: Heller Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Redox hydrogel-based sensors are a subgroup of mediator-based sensors. Unlike their older cousins, the diffusional mediator-based sensors, their electron trans-port mediating redox centers are polymer-bound. When the resulting redox polymers are crosslinked on electrodes, they become insoluble, but swell in water to form redox hydrogels (1-4). These hydrogels can be as soft as Jell-0, or as tough as leather, depending on the extent of their crosslinking (1, 5). Upon hydration and swelling, the mobility of their segments is increased.
Screen-Printing Methods For Biosensor Production
Authors: Zhang Xian-En 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Conventional enzyme electrodes use bulky electrochemical devices as transducers, such as the oxygen electrode and hydrogen electrode. Applications of the sensors are attractive but their market development is slow and limited due to the fact that these sensors, either electrodes or enzyme membranes, are made expensively and need frequent calibration and regular maintenance. In addition, the interferences from variation in oxygen tension or unspecific electro-active substances are also problems. Therefore, cheaper, more reliable and friendly biosensors are required to promote exploitation of the market. This had not been realized until the invention of the mediated enzyme electrode and introduction of screen-printing technology.
Cloning
Authors: Clarke John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A clone is a population of cells which are descended from a single parental cell. Clones may be derived from continuous cell lines or from primary cultures, but in either case the purpose of cloning is the same: to minimize the degree of genetic and phenotypic variation within a cell population. This is done by isolating a single cell under suitable conditions and then allowing it to multiply to produce a large enough number of cells for the required purpose.
Cytokine receptor signalling pathways: PC-specific phospholipase C and sphingomyelinases
Authors: Schütze Stefan , KrÖnke Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cytokines constitute a category of regulatory polypeptides that include lyrnpho-kines, interleukins, and interferons. They play vital roles as mediators of inter cellular communication within the immune system. The two hallmarks of cytokine function are the marked pleiotrophy and redundancy of biological activities. That is, one cytokine may exert many different activities on different cell types, and many of the cytokines display overlapping biologicai activities. The redundancy of cytokine activities may be based on the utilization of shared key components ,of intracellular signalling pathways. Receptor-mediated signalling pathways are generally initiated by the binding of intracellular proteins to the cytosolic domains of the receptors. These receptor-associated proteins either function as adaptor proteins for the recruitment of other signalling proteins or are themselves enzymes, e.g. kinases, phosphatases, proteases, or lipases.
Conditional and fixed cytokine gene modifications in transgenic and mutant mice
Authors: Kassiotis* George , Pasparakis Manolis , Kollias* George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many years, transgenic mice have served as fine tools in the dissection and understanding of complex biological phenomena. Studies on gene function in multifactorial and multicellular systems have benefited most, because they often require experimental settings which faithfully stimulate the in vivo situation. As additional technological advances become accessible to a growing number of investigators, these offer the opportunity to inactivate or modify endogenous genes in the mouse and provide new possibilities for research. In general, perturbation of gene expression in transgenic systems often leads to measurable alterations in the physiology of the animal and important functional implications come to light.
Cytoklne regulation of endothelial cells
Authors: Allavena P , Bianchi G , Sironi M , Garlanda C , Vecchi A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Endothelial cells (EC) have long been considered a ‘passive’ lining of blood vessels, endowed with negative properties, the most important one being that of representing a non-thrombogenic substrate for blood. As such, EC were thought to participate in tissue reactions essentially as targets for injurious agents. The possibility of isolating and culturing EC from various tissues permitted study of their complex reactions to a variety of activating stimuli. EC have, in this way, emerged as active participants in many physiological and pathological processes. It is now evident that haemostasis, inflammatory reactions, and immunity in­volve close interactions between immunocompetent cells and vascular endo­thelium. In particular, the ontogeny and function of white blood cells require an intimate relationship with vascular EC. Cytokines are mediators of these complex bidirectional interactions between leucocytes and vascular elements (for a review see refs 1 and 2).
Blologlcal assays for haemopoletlc growth factors
Authors: de Wynter E A , Heyworth C M , Lord B I , Testa N G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to summarize in vitro standard assays used to investi­gate the myeloid growth factors interleukin-3 (IL-3), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G­CSF), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), and erythropoietin (Epo). Such methods are illustrated by experimental protocols using murine cells, and with selected examples using human bone-marrow cells.
Cytoklne production by indlvldual cells
Authors: Burke B , Lewis J S , Lewis C E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, fundamental problems have emerged in the analysis of cytokine production. Aspects of cytokine biology such as their overlapping biological effects, association with carrier proteins, competition with inhibitors, rapid induction, transient storage, and ability to bind to surface sites on producer cells, have meant that considerable care has to be taken in the selection of appropriate and meaningful techniques for their accurate detection.
Tight junction protein expression in early Xenopus development and protein interaction studies
Authors: Citi Sandra , D’Atri Fabio , Cordenonsi Michelangelo , Cardellini Pietro 
Published: November 2023

abstract
This chapter is divided into two sections. The first section describes protocols to produce eggs and embryos of Xenopus laevis to investigate the organization and composition of tight junctions (or other structures). The second part describes approaches to study interactions between tight junction (or other) proteins using recombinant proteins and lysates of cultured epithelial cells (from Xenopus or mammalian organisms), reticulocytes, and insect cells. Combining studies on protein expression in vivo with studies on protein interactions in vitro can help to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in tight junction biogenesis. The reader is referred to review articles (1–5) for a suitable introduction to the structure, function, and molecular composition of epithelial tight junctions.
Model systems for the investigation of implantation
Authors: Aplin John D , Lacey Helen , Chen Chie-Pein , Jones Carolyn J P , Kimber Susan J , Blissett Melanie J , Simón Carlos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Embryo implantation is fundamental to reproduction, yet we know little of its cellular and molecular mechanisms, especially in humans (1). The initial interaction of the human embryo is with luminal endometrial epithelial cells at the lining of the uterine cavity. These maternal cells appear to switch from a non-receptive to a receptive state about 6 days after ovulation (2). Following attachment of trophectoderm to the epithelial apical surface, intrusion is thought to occur, with transient adhesion to the lateral epithelial borders. This is followed by direct contact with, and then penetration of, the basement membrane. Within 1–2 days, the embryo becomes embedded fully in the stroma (3). Given the obvious ethical and practical difficulties in carrying out investigations in vivo, progress will depend on advances in methodology for investigation of cellular interactions in vitro.
Tasks for Ending
Authors: Walsh Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clinical intervention includes at least four phases—assessment, planning, intervention, and ending—and each phase has distinct tasks and areas of focus. The ending phase sometimes begins as early as the first session, particularly if the practitioner orients the client to an intervention strategy that utilizes concrete indicators of goal attainment. Even in those situations, however, attention to specific ending tasks may not begin until the practitioner perceives that the intervention is nearing completion. In fact, we can say that intervention includes both pretermination and termination activities. The former are activities addressed by the client and practitioner as the practitioner becomes aware of the approaching end and begins to focus the intervention in that direction. Termination activities emerge in the context of the practitioner and client discussing and agreeing on a specific ending strategy.
Practitioner Reactions to Endings
Authors: Walsh Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 9, we focused on clients. Now we consider the range of reactions that practitioners experience as they end clinical relationships. All practitioners should develop habits of monitoring their reactions, both positive and negative. Doing so will maximize their chances to facilitate satisfactory closure for themselves and their clients and to build careers that feature professional satisfaction. Both personal and clinical factors influence practitioner reactions to endings.
Additional Ending Activities
Authors: Walsh Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thinking back over my process of writing this book, I am most grateful to the many practitioners who offered their stories, sometimes quite personal, of noteworthy clinical ending experiences. I accumulated more examples of clinical endings than I could neatly fit within the body of the book. Still, many of these examples provide useful ideas for ending activities from a variety of practice perspectives. My own “ending activity” consists of presenting some of these additional ending activities.
Volunteerism and Human Behavior Theory
Authors: Sherr Michael E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyzes volunteerism through the lens of eight different human behavior theories. From a strengths perspective, volunteerism provides an opportunity to consider these theories without advancing a view of individuals, groups, and communities as pathological or deviant. Instead, volunteerism encourages individual capacity building while simultaneously addressing community social problems. The vignettes from chapters 1 and 2 will illustrate how human behavior theories apply to volunteerism.
Mindfulness and Social Work
Authors: Hick Steven F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is widespread and growing interest in mindfulness within the social work profession. All helping professions, including psychology and medicine, are using mindfulness, but in many ways social work has engaged with it in unique ways. There are a range of books that detail mindfulness-based interventions, and one (Hick & Bien, 2008) that examines mindfulness and the therapeutic relationship. This is the first book on the topic of mindfulness with a specific social work focus. As we know, social work is much more than a profession doing individual and group therapy. Social workers, unlike other helping professions, practice at the community and policy levels as well. A generalist or structural practitioner might endeavor to practice at all three levels. This book therefore aims to explore how mindfulness might prove useful for social workers in relation to professional self (the inner dimension), client interventions (micro-practice), and community work (micro- and mezzo-practice).
Watching the Train: Mindfulness and Inner Dialogue in Therapist Skills Training
Authors: Parè David A , Richardson Brian , Tarragona Margarita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The quotes above are samples of reflections from student therapists on their experiences of attending to their inner dialogues in the midst of a therapeutic conversation. The task of directing their attention inwardly during a session reaps a rich range of reflections, from exasperation with conflicting impulses to delight at the discovery of what becomes visible when one slows down and attends to the moment at hand. Their comments capture some of the paradoxes and possibilities unveiled by mindful attention to therapeutic conversation.
Subjective Well-Being, Mindfulness, and the Social Work Workplace: Insight into Reciprocal Relationships
Authors: Graham Susan M , Graham John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The profession of social work operates within the context of multiple social levels—the individual, community, and institutional levels. Along with the complexity attached to practicing amid these multiple social levels, practitioners are presented with individual challenges and situations that have been shown to weigh negatively on the workplace and the individual practitioner. As a result, emphasis is placed on the negative repercussions and limitations of the work. Moving away from focusing on these limitations, we find it useful to unravel the interconnected and reciprocal relationship between mindfulness and subjective well-being (SWB), as these two concepts relate to the social work workplace and the profession in general. Social work practitioners could take on unique roles in their respective workplaces as leaders by adopting some of the promising characteristics associated with mindfulness and potentially improving overall individual and workplace SWB. Further- more, drawing on the role of social work practice in the present social environment, we seek to begin expanding the discourse related to SWB and mindfulness beyond the individual to encompass the community and institutional levels of society.
Integrating Affect Regulation with Mindfulness in Family Therapy
Authors: Katz Ellen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will discuss both theoretical and practice applications of mindfulness to family therapy from the perspective of affect regulation. I see affect regulation and mindfulness as overlapping concepts that can be used in family therapy and are implicitly central to family therapy even when not explicitly discussed and crafted into interventions. Before defining affect regulation and mindfulness, I will situate social work theoretically in the discussion. My aim in this chapter is to demonstrate how social work’s unique focus on the individual within both a family context and a larger societal context fits well with the use of mindfulness in family therapy.
NeuroFreq: a MATLAB Toolbox for Time-Frequency Analysis of M/EEG Data
Authors: Rawls Eric 
Published: November 2023

AbstractTime-frequency (TF) analysis of M/EEG data enables rich understanding of cortical dynamics underlying cognition, health, and disease. There are many algorithms for time-frequency decomposition of M/EEG neural data, but they are implemented in an inconsistent manner and most existing toolboxes either 1) contain only one or a few transforms, or 2) are not adapted to analyze multichannel, multitrial M/EEG data. This makes entry into time-frequency daunting for new practitioners and limits the ability of the community to flexibly compare the performance of multiple TF methods on M/EEG data. This paper introduces theNeuroFreqtoolbox for MATLAB, which includes multiple TF transformation algorithms that are implemented in a consistent fashion and produce consistent output. The toolbox includes TF decomposition algorithms of both linear and quadratic classes, utilities for resampling, averaging, and baseline correction of TF representations, and tools for visualizing and interacting with single-trial or averaged TF representations over multiple channels. This paper introduces these utilities, and applies them to synthetic and EEG data to demonstrate theNeuroFreqtoolbox.
Simultaneous multi-transient linear-combination modeling of MRS data improves uncertainty estimation
Authors: Zöllner Helge J. , Davies-Jenkins Christopher , Simicic Dunja , Tal Assaf , Sulam Jeremias , Oeltzschner Georg 
Published: November 2023

AbstractPurposeThe interest in applying and modeling dynamic MRS has recently grown. 2D modeling yields advantages for the precision of metabolite estimation in interrelated MRS data. However, it is unknown whether including all transients simultaneously in a 2D model without averaging (presuming a stable signal) performs similarly to 1D modeling of the averaged spectrum. Therefore, we systematically investigated the accuracy, precision, and uncertainty estimation of both described model approaches.MethodsMonte Carlo simulations of synthetic MRS data were used to compare the accuracy and uncertainty estimation of simultaneous 2D multi-transient LCM with 1D-LCM of the average. 2,500 datasets per condition with different noise representations of a 64-transient MRS experiment at 6 signal-to-noise levels for two separate spin systems (scyllo-inositol and GABA) were analyzed. Additional datasets with different levels of noise correlation were also analyzed. Modeling accuracy was assessed by determining the relative bias of the estimated amplitudes against the ground truth, and modeling precision was determined by standard deviations and Cramér-Rao Lower Bounds (CRLB).ResultsAmplitude estimates for 1D- and 2D-LCM agreed well and showed similar level of bias compared to the ground truth. Estimated CRLBs agreed well between both models and with ground truth CRLBs. For correlated noise the estimated CRLBs increased with the correlation strength for the 1D-LCM but remained stable for the 2D-LCM.ConclusionOur results indicate that the model performance of 2D multi-transient LCM is similar to averaged 1D-LCM. This validation on a simplified scenario serves as necessary basis for further applications of 2D modeling.
Distributed illusory figure-ground segmentation signatures across the dorsal and ventral streams
Authors: Arsenovic Ana , Ischebeck Anja , Zaretskaya Natalia 
Published: November 2023

AbstractVisual illusions give rise to percepts that are more complex than the incoming sensory information, thereby exposing the inferential nature of perception. Early visual cortex (EVC) can represent not only physical input, but also illusory content of perception. Specifically, much like in real shape perception, during perception of an illusory shape the topographic representation of the shape’s surface is enhanced, while the regions surrounding it are suppressed, reflecting the figure-ground segmentation mechanisms on the neural level. It remains unclear whether such topographically specific figure-ground segmentation signatures are present in higher topographic maps along the visual hierarchy. To test this, we measured brain activity of 30 healthy human participants using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). The participants performed a central fixation task while passively observing a surrounding configuration of four inducers, which either formed or did not form an illusory shape. Using an additional functional localizer scan we could identify voxels uniquely representing the illusory surface and the background in the EVC, posterior parietal topographic region IPS0/V7 and several other maps along the dorsal and ventral streams. Apart from the EVC, we found signatures of figure-ground segmentation in several topographic maps. Illusory surface enhancement was observed in IPS0/V7, but without background suppression. Ventral topographic maps VO1 and VO2 showed background suppression only. Finally, other extrastriate areas, V3a, V3b and hV4, displayed both surface enhancement and background suppression. Our results demonstrate that topographically specific illusory shape responses are distributed along multiple topographic maps beyond the EVC. Furthermore, they point to the difference in neural signatures of figure-ground segmentation at various hierarchical levels and along different processing streams, stressing the independence of the surface enhancement and background suppression mechanisms.