bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unconscious Detection of Implicit Expectancies
Authors: Rose Michael , Haider Hilde , Büchel Christian 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
The detection of unexpected events is a fundamental process of learning. Theories of cognitive control and previous imaging results indicate a prominent role of the prefrontal cortex in the evaluation of the congruency between expected and actual outcome. In most cases, this attributed function is based on results where the person is consciously aware of the discrepancy. In this functional magnetic imaging (fMRI) study, we examined violations of predicted outcomes that did not enter conscious awareness. Two groups were trained with nearly identical material and the effects of new stimuli were assessed after learning. For the first group, the material was arranged with a hidden regularity. In this incidental learning situation, volunteers acquired implicit knowledge about structural response regularities as was demonstrated by an increase in reaction time when introducing new stimuli that violated the learned relations. To differentiate the detection process of stimuli that deviate from learned expectations from more un-specific effects generated by novel, unfamiliar stimuli, the second group was trained with rearranged material without a hidden regularity. No behavioral effects were found for the introduction of new stimuli in the group without implicit learning. Comparing the two groups, specific fMRI effects concerning the violation of implicitly learned expectations were found in the ventral prefrontal cortex and in the medial-temporal lobe.
In accord with theories of learning, the results show a direct influence of the detection of prediction errors on the neuronal activity in learning related structures even in the absence of conscious knowledge about the predictions or their violations.
Nuancing Augustine's Hermeneutical Jew: Allegory and Actual Jews in the Bishop's Sermons
Authors: Harkins Franklin 
Published: May 2005

AbstractBy investigating Augustine's preaching on the Jews, this paper seeks to nuance recent scholarship that maintains that the bishop's doctrine of the Jews took shape not in the context of his daily interactions with real Jews in Hippo Regius but rather against the backdrop of various aspects of his theology. A consideration of Augustine's homiletic corpus reveals a biblically-constructed and theologically-crafted "hermeneutical Jew." At the same time, however, Augustine the preacher also repeatedly refers to actual Jews in his late antique North African context. After reviewing the basic historical and historiographical evidence for Jews in ancient North Africa, it is here argued that it is precisely for actual Jews and their potential proselytes that Augustine spins the hermeneutically-crafted Jew (indeed, several of them) out of his allegorical interpretation of various biblical stories.
Multiple pathways of amino terminal processing produce two truncated variants of RANTES/CCL5
Authors: Lim Jean K , Burns Jennifer M , Lu Wuyuan , DeVico Anthony L 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe CC chemokine regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES)/CC chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5) is expressed by macrophages, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, and T cells during a wide variety of immune responses. Post-translational proteolysis is expected to play an important role in regulating such broad-based expression; however, the rates and modes of RANTES processing by primary cell systems remain poorly understood. Here, we show that peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) secrete RANTES as an intact molecule that is subject to three post-translational processing pathways. One occurs in the presence of serum or plasma and rapidly generates a RANTES variant lacking two N-terminal residues (3–68 RANTES). Such processing is mainly attributable to soluble CD26. A second pathway, which is evident in the absence of serum or plasma, generates 3–68 RANTES in concert with the expression of cell-surface CD26. The third pathway is unique and generates a novel variant lacking three N-terminal residues (4–68 RANTES). This variant binds CC chemokine receptor 5, exhibits reduced chemotactic and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-suppressive activity compared with 1–68 and 3–68 RANTES, and is generated by an unidentified enzyme associated with monocytes and neutrophils. Overall, these results indicate that the production of RANTES by primary cells is regulated by multiple processing pathways which produce two variants with different functional properties. Such findings have important implications for understanding the immunological and HIV-suppressive activities of native RANTES.
Degradation of low density polyethylene during transformation and ageing
Authors: Zámorský Z. , Tomis F. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractResults of an investigation of the influence of processing conditions on the structure of branched polyethylene are presented. Under extreme conditions of processing the polymer was found to undergo changes of the molecular weight distribution, and small quantities of oxygen are bound in the form of carbonyl groups. These chemical changes act as active centers at weathering.
A new type of falling‐body viscometer for measuring the effect of pressure on the viscosity of deoxyribonucleic acid solutions
Authors: Uchida Y. , Ali Sabz , McAtee J. L. , Claesson St. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe effect of pressure on the viscosity of DNA solutions was measured using a new type of falling‐body viscometer. The viscometer is made of transparent plexiglass which allows to observe visually the fall‐time of the plummet. The viscometer was calibrated using glycerol solutions in water. A few examples of the results obtained with DNA solutions are described.
Design of conducting redox polymers: A polythiophene‐Ru(bipy)3;n⊕Hybrid Material
Authors: Zhu S. Sherry , Swager Timothy M. 
Published: May 2005

The thiophene‐substituted Ru(L) complex shown in the Figure was synthesized and found to undergo polymerization when electrochemically oxidized. The electrochemical characteristics of the resultant polythiophene‐Ru(L) hybrid material were found to be a composite of those displayed by isolated Ru centers and the polymer prepared from the metal‐free ligand. This represents a promising approach to novel redox conductors. magnified image
Extrusion, thermoforming and stretch‐blow‐molding of polypropylene
Authors: Winkel E. , Gross H. , Masberg U. , Wortberg J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe increasing significance of polypropylene for packing materials is leading to a more widespread use of this semi‐crystalline thermoplastic as film, vacuum‐formed packagings and blow moldings. This paper deals both with the extrusion of semi‐finished ware (film/sheet) and with the biaxial stretching, thermoforming and stretch blow molding of PP. It begins with the influence of cooling on the crystallization and the structure, taking into account various nucleation possibilities. It was found that regranulated scrap as a nucleation additive with PP homopolymer can lead to a fine, spherulitic structure of high crystallinity, which is of particular significance for its use as thermoformed sheet. The relationship between crystallinity or density and mechanical properties was not clear provided there was an influence of defects (e.g. in the spherulite border in the case of a coarse structure). What proved to be dependent on this was both an increase and a decrease in the modulus of elasticity with rising density.With the biaxial stretching of the sheet of PP homopolymer and copolymer in a stretching frame, there were marked differences in the overall properties of the stretched sheets as far as the mechanical strength data were concerned. Whereas, in the case of the copolymer, the stress at break and modulus of elasticity could only be raised slightly, in the case of the homopolymer, increases in Young's modulus of 100% and more were achieved.With biaxial stretching, only a small influence on the cooling rate was noticeable, and yet the effect of the thermal history from the extrusion was particularly marked during the subsequent thermoforming process. There, a coarse structure led to poorer product properties, it is impossible to compensate this by varying the forming temperature or the mold temperature. The forming temperature nevertheless proved to be the decisive parameter for the quality of the molding; as the forming temperature rises, there is a major increase in the molding accuracy of the radii and in the gloss. The thermal shrinkage drops. We can conclude from this that polypropylene should be formed just below its melt point.With the aid of theoretical observations, the cooling and conditioning phase for a PP stretch‐blowing process are explained “out of first heat”, which was realized and examined in a machine concept—8‐stage machine. With cycle times of approximately 15 s, it was possible to manufacture 1 1 bottles with a crystallinity of 40–45%.
Photoswitch based on bacteriorhodopsin Langmuir–Blodgett films
Authors: Wang Jian Ping , Li Jin Ru , De Tao Pei , Li Xing Chang , Jiang Long 
Published: May 2005

AbstractLangmuir–Blodgett (LB) films of bacteriorhodopsin (bR) without addition of lipids were deposited on indium tin oxide (ITO) conductive electrodes. A sandwich photocell with a juction structure of ITO/bR/electrolyte/ITO has been constructed in which the bR LB film was put into contact directly with an aqueous electrolyte immobilized in an agar gel. Under visible light irradiation a transient photocurrent due to a change in light intensity can be observedl showing the property of vision‐imitative material. It can be used as a multiple optical switch, since it gives positive and negative transient photocurrnts during application and removal of light irradiation respectively and has a photoresponse repeatedly in the same direction when the light intensity increases or decreases stepwise. A photoalarm consisting of the bR photocell and an amplifier was set up by utilizing the switching function of the bR LB film.
Episodic nocturnal wanderings responsive to anticonvulsant drug therapy
Authors: Pedley Timothy A. , Guilleminault Christian 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSix patients between the ages of 17 and 32 years presented with unusual sleep‐walking episodes characterized by screaming or unintelligible vocalizations; complex, often violent automatisms; and ambulation. Two or more attacks could occur in a single night and were most common in the early morning hours. Family and personal histories did not show epilepsy, psychiatric disorders, or (with 1 exception) previous somnambulism. Electrographic investigation revealed that all patients had normal waking‐sleep cycles but that 4 of them had epileptiform abnormalities on their electroencephalograms. All patients were treated with either phenytoin or carbamazepine, with cessation of the abnormal nocturnal behavior during follow‐up periods ranging from 9 to 48 months. This syndrome appears to be distinct from more typical non–rapid eye movement dyssomnias and suggests an atypical form of epilepsy.
Neonatal endotoxin encephalopathy
Authors: Gilles F. H. , Averill D. R. , Kerr C. S. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractTelencephalic white matter of the neonatal kitten frequently contained diffuse astrogliosis or focal necrosis (sometimes including the thalamus and the caudate) following a single intraperitoneal injection of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. No evidence for a disseminated intravascular coagulopathy was found. Telencephalic lesions in neonatal monkey and rabbit were also hemorrhagic. Enhanced karyorrhexis of glial nuclei was present in the telencephalic white matter of the neonatal rat. In the kitten, a delay in the generation of macrophages and hypertrophic astrocytes occurs following transient neonatal endotoxemia. Marked weight loss and temperature fluctuation are prominent systemic effects. Large hemispheric cavitary lesions are not accompanied by obvious neurological deficits in the kitten.
Absence of tonic electromyographic activity during sleep in normal and spastic nonmimetic skeletal muscles in man
Authors: Tauber Edward S. , Coleman Ms Richard M. , Weitzman Elliot D. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAn electromyographic study of nonmimetic skeletal muscles was carried out in 8 normal adults and 4 patients with spastic hemiparesis during all stages of sleep for a total of 21 nights. All normal subjects showed absence of tonic electromyographic activity in all nonmimetic skeletal muscles in all stages of sleep. Also, during quiet, relaxed wakefulness, tonic muscle discharges disappeared in the normal subjects. Three patients with upper motor neuron spasticity demonstrated results during sleep similar to those obtained in the normal subjects. In the fourth patient, tonic muscle discharges persisted into stage 2 non‐REM sleep, disappeared within 30 to 240 seconds following the onset of stage 2 sleep, and were absent during stages 3 and 4 sleep and REM sleep.
Altered synaptic organization in facial nucleus following facial nerve regeneration: An electrophysiological study in man
Authors: Bratzlavsky Marc , Eecken Henri Vander 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSeven patients with postfacial palsy contracture and mass contractions were investigated electrophysiologically. In 3 patients the early blink reflex showed an unusually high amplitude, which can be attributed to enhanced excitability of facial motor neurons. In 5 patients the early blink reflex had acquired a crossed character. It is assumed that changes in organization of the facial nucleus contribute to the altered function of reinnervated facial muscles.
Effects of leukocytes on brain metabolism in granulocytic brain edema
Authors: Fishman Robert A. , Sligar Kurt , Hake Randall B. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAn in vitro model has been used to study the effects of granulocytic leukocytes (WBC) on brain metabolism to elucidate the mechanism of the encephalopathy and cerebral edema of purulent meningitis and brain abscess. Single first rat cortical brain slices were incubated in normal medium or medium containing a membrane fraction of WBC prepared from rat peritoneal exudate cells induced by intraperitoneal glycogen. Membrane fraction caused “cytotoxic” brain edema with increased brain water, cellular swelling (decreased inulin space), increased intracellular sodium, and loss of intracellular potassium. The brain also showed increased glucose oxidation and lactate production associated with energy depletion demonstrated by decreases in phosphocreatine, adenosine triphosphate, and energy charge potential. The low glucose and high lactate of purulent cerebrospinal fluid reflect these changes in brain metabolism. The model of granulocytic brain edema was not affected by dexamethasone. The factors in WBC responsible for these changes were membrane bound, absent from the cytosol, and heat labile. The concentrations used are compatible with concentrations in pathological exudates. Toxic factors in pus alter the integrity of brain cell membranes and thus contribute to the encephalopathy and brain edema associated with purulent meningitis and brain abscess.
Levodopa‐Induced dopamine receptor hypersensitivity
Authors: Klawans Harold L. , Goetz Christopher , Nausieda Paul A. , Weiner William J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractChronic administration of levodopa with a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor to young guinea pigs resulted in increased behavioral response to levodopa itself as well as tod‐amphetamine and apomorphine. The chronic levodopa pretreatment resulted in a decreased threshold for stereotyped behavior for all three types of dopamine agonists. Our results suggest that chronic agonism with levodopa can produce postsynaptic dopaminergic hypersensitivity within the striatum. These experiments act as a model of levodopa‐induced dyskinesia in patients receiving long‐term levodopa therapy. The results reported here suggest that receptor site hypersensitivity may play a role in levodopa‐induced dyskinesias and that chronic levodopa (dopamine) agonism may itself be involved in the pathogenesis of this movement disorder.
Clinical features and ictal patterns in epileptic patients with EEG temporal lobe foci
Authors: King Don W. , Marsan Cosimo Ajmone 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe clinical features and subjective ictal phenomena in 270 epileptic patients with electrographic temporal lobe foci are reported. The ictal manifestations observed in 199 of these patients are described and compared with those in epileptic patients with extratemporal foci reported previously. Sixty‐four percent of the patients reported historical data of possible etiological importance, but one could be reasonably certain of the cause in only 27%. Eighty‐three percent of the patients reported auras, 80% exhibited localized motor activity, and 95% demonstrated automatic behavior. Compared to patients with extratemporal foci, the patients reported here had a higher incidence of visceral (41%), complex (52%), and olfactory‐gustatory (13%) auras and of automatic behavior. On the other hand, no ictal phenomenon was unique to patients with temporal localization. The data do not support the concept of an association between “temporal lobe epilepsy” and violence.
Prolactin‐Secreting pituitary tumors
Authors: Antunes J. Lobo , Housepian Edgar M. , Frantz Andrew G. , Holub Donald A. , Hui Robert M. , Carmel Peter W. , Quest Donald O. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractProlactin secretion was evaluated in 69 patients with pituitary tumors. Among the 47 who were seen prior to treatment, hyperprolactinemia was present in 37 (79%). Excluding patients with galactorrhea, hyperprolactinemia was present in 19 (70%) of those seen before treatment. There was little correlation between tumor size and level of serum prolactin. Both transspheoidal surgery and radiotherapy greatly reduced the hyperprolactinemia, but a more rapid decrease was achieved with microsurgical removal of the secreting adenoma.
Estimation of tyrosine by the attenuation of 4‐iodophenol enhanced chemiluminescence
Authors: Candy Thomas E. G. , Mantle David , Jones Peter 
Published: May 2005

AbstractTyrosine markedly attenuates the chemiluminescence output intensity from the 4‐iodophenol enhanced chemiluminescence assay system in a manner consistent with competition between the amino acid and luminol for the 4‐iodophenoxy radical. This effect provides the basis for a sensitive assay of tyrosine. Interference by the other amino acids has been assessed; major interference by cysteine can be removed by incubation with iodoacetic acid.
Amino acid composition analysis of minute amounts of cysteine‐containing proteins using 4‐(Aminosulfonyl)‐7‐fluoro‐2,1,3‐benzoxadiazole and 4‐fluoro‐7‐nitro‐2,1,3‐benzoxadiazole in combination with HPLC
Authors: Toyo'oka Toshimasa , Miyano Hiroshi , Imai Kazuhiro 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe simultaneous determination of amino acid composition including cysteine of egg albumin, a model protein containing a/s cysteine residue, is reported. All the thiol groups of the cysteine residue(s) of egg albumin were labelled with 4‐(aminosulfonyl)‐7‐fluoro‐2,1,3‐benzoxadiazole, a fluorogenic reagent for thiol groups. The labeled egg albumin was hydrolyzed in 6N HCl at 110°C for 24 h. The hydrolysate was lyophilized, derivatized with 4‐fluoro‐7‐nitro‐2,1,3‐benzoxadiazole, a fluorogenic reagent for amines, and subjected to HPLC. 18 derivatized amino acids including double labelled cysteine were separated within 90 min on a Nucleosil ODS column (150 mm × 4.6 mm i.d.; 5 μm), and detected at 530 nm (ex. 470 nm) in a range from 90 fmol (aspartic acid) to 1.3 pmol (cysteine) (S/N = 3). Composition ratios of amino acids of egg albumin were similar to theoretical values except for methionine, which would be destroyed under the present acid hydrolysis condition. Analytical methods for cysteine residues are reviewed, and the availability of fluorogenic reagents having the benzofurazan structure is also discussed.
Thin layer chromatography overlay technique in the analysis of the binding of the solubilized protoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki to an insect glycosphingolipid of known structure
Authors: Dennis R. D. , Wiegandt H. , Haustein D. , Knowles B. H. , Ellar D. J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe hypothesis tested was that a particular glycoconjugate(s) in the exposed cell‐surface membrane of susceptible insect cells acts as a receptor and/or modulator for the specific interaction with the protoxin/activated toxin of the δ‐endotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki. As candidates, the total neutral and acidic fraction glycolipids, and the isolated neutral glycosphingolipid components, were screened for binding activity by the thin layer chromatogram overlay technique. The main protoxin/activated toxin‐binding glycolipid in the neutral fraction (5B) had the structure: Gal(α1‐3)GalNAc(β1‐4)GlcNAc(β1‐3)Man(β1‐4)Glc(β1‐1)Cer. The main protoxin/activated toxin‐binding glycolipid in the acidic fraction was designated band 1, the structure of which is at present unknown. The possibility that the component 5B carbohydrate sequence may also function as a toxin‐binding site of relevant insect plasma membrane glycoproteins is discussed.
Efficient hplc separation of N‐p‐nitrophenylglycosylamines derived from complex oligosaccharide mixtures. Human orosomucoid as a model
Authors: Kurth Holger , Lehmann Jochen 
Published: May 2005

AbstractWith human orosomueoid as model compound, a new method was developed to separate neutral oligosaccharides as N‐p‐nitro‐phenylglycosylamines. Asialo orosomueoid was prepared by treatment with neuraminidase and purified by size exclusion HPLC on TSK 2000 SW. Oligosaccharides were isolated by reversed phase HPLC on Hamilton PRP‐1 after hydrazinolysis and re‐N‐acetylation. Glycosylamination was performed with p‐nitroaniline in DMSO‐formic acid‐water, where the whole mixture of oligosaccharide derivatives was isolated by reversed phase HPLC on Hamilton PRP‐1 and separated into single glycosylamines on Shandon Hypersil ODS. The purified glycosylamines could be methylated by a new rapid method with sodium hydroxide and methyl iodide in DMSO, isolation and purification were carried out on Hamilton PRP‐1 and Spherisorb ODS 2, respectively, as described for the glycosylamines. Preparative scale HPLC separations were performed on analytical columns using repetitive collection mode and automatic sample loading by means of a peristaltic pump operated by the HPLC controller. The purified glycosylamines can be used for sugar analyses or, after permethylation, for methylation analyses or related procedures.