bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epistemology and Inquiry: the Primacy of Practice
Authors: Hookway Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Epistemology, like ethics, studies part of our evaluative practice. We can provisionally characterize this practice by saying that it regulates our attempts to avoid error and arrive at accurate representations of reality, or perhaps by saying that it guides our search for knowledge of ourselves and of our surroundings. This characterization is provisional because part of our task here is to identify just what this practice regulates and to describe the vocabulary it should use in making these evaluations. It is also provisional because the evaluations we make use of in regulating this practice are not all epistemic: we can be concerned with whether particular beliefs are interesting or important, about whether methods of inquiry are ethical, about whether it would benefit us to believe some proposition for which we lack evidence, and so on.
Epistemic Finitude and the Framework of Inference
Authors: Grayling A C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sit at an outdoor cafe table in a busy city square and watch people crossing streets, buying newspapers, locating and entering buildings, catching buses, checking the time, tying shoelaces, meeting acquaintances. Watch them for an hour, or for that matter five minutes, because it takes scarcely any time to reacquaint oneself, if reacquaintance were necessary, with a very familiar but signal fact, namely, that ordinarily competent human beings manifest a high level of success in navigating their environment, dealing with what they encounter in it, making appropriate judgements about it, rapidly correcting mistakes if such occur, and generally giving every evidence of acting with a large measure of rationality on the basis of largely true beliefs, or at least powerfully successful theories, about their spatiotemporal environment and how to deal with it.
The Cult of the Martyrs (1945-1947)
Authors: Mevius Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As presented in Chapter 5, the basic content of the MKP’s national policy was established in 1945. There were two chief aspects to the national line. First, the MKP presented itself as the party of Hungarian national interests. The previous chapters make it clear that the MKP continued this line throughout the coalition years. It supported national policies in domestic and foreign affairs whenever possible, that is, when they did not conflict with Soviet interests, and used national rhetoric to attack political opponents. Secondly, the party presented itself as heir to Hungary’s national traditions, and appropriated national Hungarian symbols. This part of the party’s national policy also continued after 1945.
The Cominform and the Nationalist Errors of the MKP (1947—1949)
Authors: Mevius Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ‘national line’ of the Hungarian and other Eastern European communist parties had been established in 1941 by the Comintern, on Stalin’s instructions, to aid the parties in their struggle against the Germans. Partially to facilitate this policy, the Comintern was abolished in , which, it was hoped, would help the defence against the charge of being ‘agents of Moscow’. The ‘national line’ continued to be applied after the war, when it was a necessary accompaniment to the gradual, parliamentary route to power.
Conclusion
Authors: Mevius Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Returning to Szeged and once again marvelling at the Heroes’ Gate, it is now possible to answer some of the questions it raised. Demolishing the monument would not have done anything to improve the reputation of the MKP. Its destruction would have been interpreted as an act of revenge against the crushing of the revolution, and therefore would have pointed at the continuity with 1919 that the party was trying to downplay. Better then to render the ghosts of the past harmless by covering up the offensive murals and leaving the Gate as a memorial to the dead of the First World War.
Bletchley
Authors: Briggs ASa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bletchley Park, to which Roy moved in April 1944 was a place of secrets, granted great publicity only almost half a century later. It was a site of national importance in the history of Intelligence. Yet the secrecy which had once protected it almost destroyed it, and at the beginning of the 1990s it was in danger of being converted into a housing estate. It was at Bletchley Park, then in its prime, that I got to know Roy. I had preceded him there by two years, neither of us arriving there directly from our universities, Oxford in his case, Cambridge in mine. The Park, surrounding an ugly and pretentious would-be country house, was conveniently located half-way between the two universities, and was then accessible by rail to both. At its peak around 10000 people worked there, all pledged to secrecy.
Backbencher
Authors: Watkins Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the summer of 1959 I was 26 years old and had just started to work for the Sunday Express. My duties were ill-defined. I was not an ordinary reporter. I was, I suppose, a very junior feature writer. Clearly, however, I was not as junior as all that: in my very first week on the paper, without previous journalistic experience of any kind, I had been required to write the political ‘Crossbencher’ column, then in its silver age, because the regular author of the column,Wilfred Sendall, was on holiday, and the editor of the paper, John Junor, had forgotten about his short absence. I would go down to the House of Commons on Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday afternoons and was more or less Sendall’s deputy, continuing to write the column in his absence until I took it over completely in 1963.
Birmingham
Authors: Hattersley Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relationship—intense if not passionate, loyal while it lasted—began inauspiciously. On his first visit to Birmingham, Roy Jenkins, like so many visitors to the city, lost his way. Arthur Jenkins— President of the Welsh miners’ union, member of the Labour Party’s National Executive, and Member of Parliament for Pontypool—supported Crossman at one of his public meetings and young Roy, on holiday from Abersychan Secondary School, went along with his father for the experience and the ride.
A Young Home Secretary
Authors: Allen Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Roy Jenkins’s first period of office as Home Secretary lasted less than two years—from 23 December 1965 to 29 November1967. Short as it was, it is not too much to say that it had a marked and lasting effect on the country ’s culture and social values. Many politicians would have been content to have achieved as much in a lifetime. The Home Office has never been an easy department, and had hardly covered itself in glory under Roy’s two predecessors, Henry Brooke and Frank Soskice. I had known Roy’s father when I worked with Clement Attlee during the war, and had taken an interest in following Roy’s career. I was not alone in looking to the appointment of this young reforming Home Secretary as giving hope for better things to come.
‘The Welsh Wrecker’
Authors: Marquand David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1970 election was a watershed in British history. It was also a watershed in the hitherto smoothly ascending career path of Roy Jenkins. It ushered in a period of economic crisis and political polarization, unprecedented since the end of the Second World War. Jenkins faced testing challenges and agonizing choices, which were to sweep him from the political moorings he had occupied for a quarter of a century. To remain true to himself and his beliefs, he had to slough off his old political skin, and grow a new one. He had to unlearn many of the habits and assumptions he had taken for granted for nearly a quarter of a century. Not least, he had to break away from the Labour Party, into which he had been born and in which he had spent his political life.
A Life in Caricature
Authors: Baker Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is entirely appropriate that there should be one chapter in this book on the cartoons of Roy Jenkins. Writing in 1992 in a collection of cartoons about Europe, Roy had written, High quality political cartoons have an ability to summon up a mood or a situation with an economy and a vividness which very few paragraphs of prose can match. They also age well. Some jokes can make just as big an impact today as they did 30 or even 60 years ago. That is one reason why a leavening of cartoons, some photographs are necessary as well, makes much the best mixture in illustrated volumes of biography or autobiography.
President of the European Commission
Authors: Tickell Crispin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For Roy Jenkins his presidency of the European Commission from January 1977 to January 1981 was at once the culmination of his European career, the end of his ambition to be a Labour Prime Minister, the opportunity for a major international success, and a time of frustration and eventual disappointment. I was his Chef de Cabinet, or chief of staff, throughout. The role of the Cabinet in most European systems of administration is much more than that of any private office in Britain (as I found from previous experience as private secretary to three British ministers). In Brussels the Cabinet is the prime interface between politics and administration, and is accountable only to the President. It takes the broad view, gives advice on policy, writes many of its own briefs and speeches, often instructs the administration, works directly with the Cabinets
The European Achievement
Authors: Tugendhat Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How many divisions has the Pope?’, Stalin once famously asked. The President of the European Commission’s position in relation to heads of state and government is somewhat analogous to that of the Pontiff vis-à-vis the great powers in the past, but much weaker as he lacks their 2,000 years of history and the mantle of the Almighty. He is entirely dependent in his dealings with them on his own strength of personality and intellectual fire-power. Only three presidents have overcome this handicap:Walter Hallstein, Roy Jenkins, and Jacques Delors. There is, however, a great difference between them. Hallstein and Delors were operating within the framework of a set of objectives agreed by heads of state and government. In an important sense they were the instruments of the Member States’ collective will and the architects of their design. They also each came from a country
Oxford’s Chancellor
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Roy Jenkins’s 1979 Dimbleby Lecture, and the Limehouse Declaration of 1981, were greeted with great interest in Oxford, and perhaps especially in Balliol. In 1963, when I joined Balliol as a young don, I found a college with a mainly Labour SCR and a mildly Conservative JCR. By the end of the 1970s, when I had become Master, the JCR was home to many a Trotskyist and most of the SCR had lost patience with the Labour Party. No one was comfortable with Thatcherite conservatism, and by a number of the dons the creation of the SDP was warmly welcomed.
A Biographer’s Tale
Authors: Adonis Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Roy Jenkins’s Asquith was the first political biography I read, stuck in boarding school at the age of 15 during the ‘winter of discontent’. I remember the vivid excitement, awe, and sense of drama at the unfolding story, and my admiration in equal measure for Asquith and Jenkins. The date I recall precisely, because I reached the last chapter and Asquith’s condemnation of the General Strike, his last political act, just as the campaign of strikes and union intimidation paralysed Britain in the spring of 1979. It seemed to me at the time that this marked the final destruction of Asquith’s liberal idealism and I was puzzled by Jenkins’s continuing allegiance to the Labour Party. My admiration was for his combination of the statesman and the biographer, re-creating so brilliantly the classical age of British parliamentary politics. I immediately went on to read Mr Balfour’s Poodle, Jenkins’s account of the struggle between Asquith’s government and the reactionary House of Lords, and immersed myself in political history.
St Albans in the Later Middle Ages
Authors: Clark James G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In medieval England St Albans was a byword for the older monastic order. For Londoners like Geoffrey Chaucer there could have been no more familiar Benedictines. But even those beyond the capital could not have failed to recognize a name connected not only with the country ‘s own protomartyr but also, across the centuries, with countless prelates, scholars, and (even) books; it was a measure of the monastery ‘s fame that many popular works of the period—Alexander Nequam ‘s Denaturis rerum, Mandeville ‘s Travels—circulated with spurious St Albans credentials of their own.² The reasons for the abbey ‘s pre-eminence were rooted in the distant past.
Walsingham, History, and Literature
Authors: Clark James G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thomas Walsingham was formed by the currents of educational reform and religious revival, and by the wider cultural and social changes, which reshaped St Albans in the second half of the fourteenth century. Like the monastic authors of a much earlier era, he cultivated a degree of anonymity and never wrote in detail about himself or the course of his own career. But on the rare occasions that he did refer to his own experiences, he acknowledged the debt he owed to his monastic contemporaries and to the atmosphere of learning, teaching, and scholarly enquiry which they had stimulated at St Albans.¹ Walsingham was directly affected by the educational programme of Abbot de la Mare.
Outer Limits, Choral Space
Authors: Martin Richard P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Theatre of Dionysus as an arena for citizenship was every bit as politicized as the assembly area on the Pnyx, a few hundred yards from spectators’ seats on the slope of the Acropolis, or as the agora, on the other side of the hill. The similarities among these public performance venues, and the implications of their overlaps, have over the past three decades occupied critics of Athenian tragedy and comedy, as part of a much-needed larger effort to reimagine the cultural negotiations and contextualized meanings that one-time, live performance enabled. Froma Zeitlin’s work has been central in revitalizing the study of Greek drama along these lines. It is a pleasure to be able to offer this brief paradramatic paper as a token of the gratitude I owe for her deep personal generosity and unmatched scholarly inspiration during our years together at Princeton (1981-99).
Antifascism and Memory in East Germany
Authors: Mclellan Josie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AntiFascism and Memory in East Germany is a book about remembering and about forgetting, about war, and about the peace which eventually followed. In the unlikely setting of the German Democratic Republic (GDR), the Spanish Civil War became the subject of a debate which both predated and outlasted the Cold War, involving historians, veterans, politicains, censors, artists, writers, and Church activists. Examining these multiple memories and interpretations of Spain casts new and unexpected light on the legacy of the Spanish Civil War, and the relationship between history and memory under state socialism. The ruling Socialist Unity Party made full use of the antifascist legacy as legitimation for a non-democratic state. But despite dogged attempts at control and censorship, the state was unable to silence competing voices. All over East Germany, International Brigade veterans preserved their version of events - in letters to each other, in communications with the party, in discussions with friends and family around the kitchen table, and in memoirs written for the 'desk drawer'. For younger East Germans, the war retained an undeniably romantic aura. From their perspective, Spain was a far-away land to which they were forbidden to travel, the stuff of camp-fire singalongs and fantasies of adventure. This book dissects the relationship between state-sponsored history, the lobbying of veterans, cultural interpretations of war, and the memory traces left behind by marginalised or politically oppositional groups and individuals. It is a cultural history of memory under state socialism, a social history of veteran groups and their relationship with the state, and a political history of communist culture. Above all, it is the story of how post-war Europeans came to terms with the heavy burden of their pre-war past.
Belief in God
Authors: Mawson T J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Belief in God answers two questions: What, if anything, is it that Jews, Christians, and Muslims are agreeing about when they join in claiming that there is a God? and What, if any, prospects are there for rationally defending or attacking this claim? A highly accessible and engaging introduction to the philosophy of religion, this book offers full coverage of the key issues, from ideas about God ‘s nature and character to arguments for and against his existence. Author T. J. Mawson makes striking new claims and defends or attacks established positions in original ways. His conversational style, lively wit, and enlightening examples make Belief in God simultaneously instructive, thought-provoking, and enjoyable to read.
Omnipotence, Omniscience, Eternality
Authors: Mawson T J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
God is the most powerful person there could be; he is omnipotent. The more powerful one is the more one can do, so one might suggest that we define an omnipotent being as a being who can do anything. This is a good starting point, but sadly we cannot rest completely content with this definition because there are questions over what exactly the word ‘anything’ should be taken to include. Consider these questions:
Perfect Freedom, Perfect Goodness, Necessity
Authors: Mawson T J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As with knowledge, Philosophers are not at all agreed about what freedom involves. Fortunately, as with knowledge, we do not need to know exactly what it involves to make some progress in understanding the traditional theistic claim that God is perfectly free. Most would agree that freedom requires or perhaps simply is the power to bring about what one wishes to bring about.1
The Problem of Evil
Authors: Mawson T J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I’m going to look at the argument against the existence of God, the Problem of Evil Why am I calling the Problem of Evil ‘the’ argument against the existence of God? Have I already covered some? Did you miss me doing so? Have you inadvertently skipped a chapter or two? Just as Kant divided arguments for the existence of God into three kinds: those that begin from determinate experience; those that begin from indeterminate experience; and those that begin from pure categories a priori, so one could divide all arguments against the existence of God into three kinds too: those that begin from determinate experience, which will be versions of the Problem of Evil, if evil is understood in a broad enough sense; those that begin from indeterminate experience, from the mere fact that there is a universe; and those that begin from pure categories a priori, i.e. those that seek to show that there is some incoherence in the concept of God.
Introduction
Authors: Caplan Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No one could accuse the Third Reich of being a topic neglected by historians, with something like 37,000 titles published so far, and still counting. But isn’t there a paradox here? On the one hand, few periods of human history, especially any as brief as this, can have been subjected to such intensive scrutiny, and on such a remarkably international scale. How can there possibly be anything new to be said about the twelve years of the Third Reich, or even the twenty-five years of National Socialism’s existence as a political movement? And on the other hand, surely there are few other periods of history on which the consensus view is so uniform, and so little divided by national loyalty.
Angelic Bodies, Demonic Bodies
Authors: Morfee Adrian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the many texts written in the last five years of his life Artaud continued to write about the issues at the heart of his 1920s writings. Over thousands of pages he insists, with an urgency surpassing anything to be found in the earlier work, that neither his body nor his self belongs to him. From his arrival at Rodez in 1943 to his death in 1948 he developed a rapidly mutating, fantastical theoretical framework to explain this sense of alienation. His body and self are said to be at the centre of an ontological war pitching Artaud against all reality, and they are stolen by his parents, by his past, by demons, by society. Most especially, he came to decide after a complex engagement with theology and theologically overseen philosophies of language, they are stolen by God, the arch- parasite who, to come into existence, must penetrate and possess Artaud’s body.
Building the database (2): the lexical unit
Authors: Atkins B T Sue , Rundell Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we guide you through the process of compiling entries for a monolingual database. The objective is to set out the lexicographic techniques needed for writing database entries, and to do this we need illustrative material. The language used to illustrate the practical points is English, but we hope that the techniques themselves may be adapted to fit the needs of any language.
Building the bilingual entry
Authors: Atkins B T Sue , Rundell Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we guide you through the process of compiling entries for a bilingual dictionary. An outline of what is covered is given in Figure 12.1. Our objective in this chapter is to explain the lexicographic techniques needed for writing bilingual entries, and to do this we need illustrative material. Like the database explained in Chapter 9, our source language in this exercise is English. Our target language, for illustrative purposes, is French.
Interchanging Interpretations: Conclusion
Authors: Müller Herta , Moníková Libuše , Hensel Kerstin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My examination of the works of Herta Muller, Libuse Monikova, and Kerstin Hensel has pursued three main concerns: I considered ways of approaching the texts which recognize their social and political context as well as their aesthetic qualities, and the places where these coincide. I analysed images of the body, looking at how it can be represented in language and how these images participate in wider political discourses about the body within the Eastern Bloc countries of Romania, Czechoslovakia, and the GDR. Finally, I examined the narrative strategies employed by the three authors, which derive from their representations of the body and attempt to portray alternative views of reality. My focus has been the figures of trauma, hysteria, and the grotesque: in the works of Muller, Monikova, and Hensel, they are direct or indirect responses to the experience of the Eastern Bloc countries, and confirm ‘DaB dies der Osten ist Was im Kopf nicht aufhort’.