bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polytherapy With Antiepileptic Drugs
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most patients with more than one unprovoked seizure require prophylactic antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. In these patients, a single AED should be started; treatment with a single agent is referred to as monotherapy. Choice of the ﬁrst AED needs to be tailored to the patient and should be based on seizure type or epilepsy syndrome, drug side-effect proﬁle, age and gender of the patient, and, ﬁnally, comorbidities and comedications in the patient. Most AEDs should be introduced at low doses with gradual increases in dosage, depending upon the urgency of the situation to establish an effective and tolerable regimen.
Antiepileptic Drugs in Patients With Preexisting Psychiatric Problems or Learning Disabilities
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although most people with epilepsy lead normal lives, neurobehavioral problems are found in a large proportion of patients. Higher rates of psychopathology are observed in people with epilepsy relative to the general population, to other neurological control groups, and to people with chronic non-neurological disorders. This largely reﬂects the effect of uncontrolled epilepsy and the underlying brain injury, which predispose patients to depression, anxiety, and other psychiatric symptoms. In particular, increased psychopathology is common in patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Depression is the most frequent type of psychiatric disorder identiﬁed in patients with epilepsy, with prevalence of up to more than 50% in some studies (Mendez et al., 1986).
Antiepileptic Drugs in Patients With Neuropathic Pain Syndromes
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neuropathic pain is deﬁned as pain caused by dysfunction or a primary lesion in the central or peripheral nervous system. Examples of neuro-pathic pain syndromes include postherpetic neuralgia, painful diabetic neuropathy, central poststroke pain syndrome, trigeminal neuralgia, and HIV infection−associated neuralgia. Patients have described either dull, throbbing, burning, or lancinating pain with these conditions (Vinik, 2005; Zaremba et al., 2006). These pains are often paroxysmal, especially trigeminal neuralgia.
New Antiepileptic Drugs in Development
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Approximately 10 new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) have entered the clinical arena since 1993. Some of these drugs offer advantages in terms of favorable pharmacokinetics and lower potential for drug interaction compared with older AEDs. Others have little in the way of pharmacokinetic advantage but have a different spectrum of side effects and idiosyncratic effects. However, despite the introduction of a large number of new AEDs, there is no evidence epilepsy is more readily controlled than in the past. By and large, it is the rare patient who failed an older drug and became seizure free with a newer medication; indeed, the few comparative studies completed to date suggest that none of the new agents are any more effective than phenytoin, carbamazepine, or valproate.
Quieta Movere Interpretative Change in a Codified System
Authors: Zimmermann Reinhard , Jansen Nils 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The present essay has been prompted by the recent renunciation of the maxim error iuris non excusat in the law of restitution of a number of common-law jurisdictions and mixed legal systems. Ever since Lord Ellenborough’s ill-considered decision in Bilbie v Lumley a plaintiff has been denied recovery of a transfer which he had made as a result of a mistake of law.
Introduction
Authors: Swedberg Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
about the rationalization of entrepreneurship that Drucker talks about. Drucker, himself, for example has suggested that in order for there to be 'systematic innovation', the leadership in a firm should be on the outlook for things such as the following: the unexpected; incongruities between what is and what 'ought' to be; changes in market structures and industry structures; new knowledge; demographic changes; and changes in perceptions, mood and meaning (Drucker [1985] 1993: 35ff.).
Diagnosis
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Watson Christine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Provided they are integrated with an individual understanding of the client, diagnosis and broad conceptualizations of borderline personality disorder can assist understanding and treatment. Two pragmatic conceptualizations of borderline personality disorder are provided followed by the formal DSM-IV criteria on which clinical diagnosis is typically established. Beck, Freeman and associates (1990, pp. 186-187) name three core cognitive schema which have been shown to be stable over time (Arntz, Dietzel and Dreessen 1999): “The world is dangerous and malevolent”, “I am powerless and vulnerable” and “I am inherently unacceptable” and describe how these schema interface, Some persons who view the world as a dangerous, malevolent place believe that they can rely on their own strengths and abilities in dealing with the threats it presents.
Comorbidity
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Watson Christine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The high comorbidity with Axis I and II diagnoses and the unclear relationship with affective disorders lead to legitimate concerns about the validity of the diagnosis. Whilst these concerns are important and worthy of further research, it is critical that they do not distract from the need to treat people living with considerable morbidity. those people meeting diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder, 22% had a diagnosis of alcohol abuse and dependence and 50% had a lifetime history of drug problems. A majority of people meeting diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder also meet diagnostic criteria for another personality disorder (paranoid personality disorder -30%, dependent personality disorder 51%, avoidant personality disorder 43%, antisocial personality disorder 23%, histrionic personality disorder 15%, narcissistic personality disorder 16%) (Zanarini, Frankenberg, Dubo et al. 1998).
Prescribing in the acute situation
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Watson Christine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If a dient can manage a crisis without external pharmacological assistance, this will greatly enhance their self-capacity and confidence for future crises. If this is not possible, the pragmatic use of minimal doses can de-escalate a crisis and stabilize the situation. The evidence base to recommend what medications to use is limited but sufficient for Soloff (2000) to state “The empiric literature supports the use of low-dose neuroleptics for the acute management of global symptom severity”, a position supported by The American Psychiatric Association (2001) guidelines. Some people believe benzodiazepines to be contra-indicated in this dient group because of their capacity to reinforce further crises, possible disinhibiting effect and potential for addiction. To use medication because of inadequate resources to provide psychosocial interventions is short of best practice.
Cognitive behavioural strategies
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Watson Christine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Work using behavioural chain analysis, cognitive inferences and core beliefs/schemas can be found in standard cognitive behavioural texts, as can information on impulse control, tension/distress reduction and self-soothing. However, it is probably best to use texts which are focused on people meeting diagnostk criteria for borderline personality disorder, because of the modifications required for this group (Beck et al. 1990; Layden, Newman, Freeman and Morse 1993; Linehan 1993a; Linehan 1993b; Young 1994). There are also many popular psychology books available for clients and relatives/friends using these principles. DBT skills training is well manualized for clinicians with many handouts for clients. DBT skills training is divided into two areas: acceptance skills and change skills. The acceptance skills are mindfulness skills and distress tolerance skills. Mindfulness skills (including observing and describing behaviours, thoughts and feelings) develop capacity for concentration and focusing the mind on the task in hand. Observing and describing assists with self reflection and provides important data for chain analysis. Observing distress can decrease impulsivity and invites the concept that distress can pass without action.
Clinician values and feelings
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Watson Christine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Clinician values significantly impact on service provided. Success of treatment is partly dependent on clinicians coping with their own feelings in reaction to the client. People meeting diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder do not fit into psychiatric services very well. These services generally deal with either: (a) psychotic patients whose distress is not easy to empathize with, and for whom clinicians are happy to take responsibility, or (b) clients with other Axis l diagnoses who are insightful, cooperative, and respectful. People meeting diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder are difficult to understand, often disagree with clinicians’ advice, and lead to great staff suffering. The residua] meaning of the term ‘Borderline’ may be that these clients are between services.
Values And Valuation In The Measurement Of Hrqol
Authors: Kind Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Value is intrinsic to all human activity in the sense that we strive to accumulate those things that give us satisfaction or pleasure and to avoid exposure to those that cause us distress or pain. The mechanisms that produce this state of affairs are complex, and shaped by diverse factors in our physical and social environment including our developmental experience. Whilst it is true that we lack an internal ‘currency ‘ with which to quantify the magnitude of any value, we nevertheless recognize that some things are of greater importance (have higher value) than others. In as much as our actions reflect our underlying preferences it could be said that they are ultimately expressions of our private values. Health is generally a highly valued attribute that has a significant impact on our capacity to engage in activities
Cognitive Grammar: An overview
Authors: Taylor John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cognitive Grammar is driven by the idea that language is essentially and inherently symbolic in nature. Linguistic expressions symbolize, or stand for, conceptualizations. I shall refer to this basic assumption as the symbolic thesis. Although not uncontroversial (I consider some of the more contentious issues in Chapter 4), the symbolic thesis actually amounts to little more than the claim that language is in essence a means for relating sound and meaning.
Phonological structure in Cognitive Grammar
Authors: Taylor John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As I explained in Chapter 2, there are only three objects of study in Cognitive Grammar: phonological structures, semantic structures, and symbolic structures, which relate a phonological structure and a semantic structure. Although our main focus must go to describing a language’s symbolic resources, we need to bear in mind that phonology and semantics possess a certain degree of autonomy vis-à-vis symbolic associations (section 3.4.2). The phonological structure of a complex expression does not consist simply in the alignment of the phonological structures contributed by each of the component symbolic units. Phonology has its own principles of organization, which may operate independently of the semantic structures that an expression symbolizes.
Metaphor: The Lakovian approach
Authors: Taylor John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Probably the one publication which has done more than any other to popularize the Cognitive Linguistics movement was Lakoff and Johnson’s short and very readable book, Metaphors We Live By (1980). Lakoff and Johnson made three principal claims. First, metaphor is ubiquitous in ordinary language—it cannot be dismissed as a mere figure of rhetoric, confined to certain literary genres. Secondly, the metaphors of ordinary language display a high degree of coherence and systematicity. Thirdly, metaphor is not just a manner of speaking, it is a mode of thought; the concepts that metaphorical expressions designate are themselves structured in terms of metaphor.
Jackendoff and Langacker on ‘go’
Authors: Taylor John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this and the next chapter I consider some alternative approaches to metaphor (perhaps I should say: some approaches to phenomena which are often regarded as matters of metaphor). These have put the emphasis, not on the construal of one domain in terms of another, but on cross-domain similarities, and on conceptual schemas that abstract what is common to different domains.
Buggery and Offences of Indecency
Authors: Laws Eleanor , Lees Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the years the offences of buggery, assault with intent to commit buggery, gross indecency, and procurement, have been the subject of review and gradual reform which has resulted in considerable limitation, in line with changes in public opinion. Most importantly, with the passing of the SOA 2000, homosexual acts in private between consenting adults over 16 no longer constituted an offence. The passing of the SOA 2003 repealed the offences featured in this chapter, and extinguished the offence of buggery. One effect of this has been the right of people previously subject to notification to be removed from the register upon application.
Offences Involving the Mentally Disordered
Authors: Laws Eleanor , Lees Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals principally with offences upon women. Mentally disordered males have in the past been provided with some protection (see paras 5.86 and 7.651), but not extensively so, until the SOA 2003 was passed.
The SOA 2003 consolidated the law and provided offences against both mentally disordered males and females.
Before the passing of the SOA 1956 (commencement date 1.1.1957) there were several statutes dealing with offences against the mentally disordered. In each there was a separate definition of individuals, currently described as mentally disordered. In the main, terms used are offensive to the modern reader.
Asymmetric Information and Joint Venture Performance: Theory and Evidence for Domestic and International Joint Ventures
Authors: Reuer Jeffrey J , Koza Mitchell P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The growing prevalence of joint ventures ( JVs) and other forms of interfirm collaboration has attracted the attention of many scholars from fields such as economics, international business, marketing, organization theory, sociology, and strategic management. These developments have translated into significant theoretical diversity in extant JV research, with identified motives for collaboration finding their roots in the various theoretical perspectives employed by these different fields. As just one indicator of this diversity, current strategy texts highlight more than a dozen reasons why firms might engage in interfirm collaboration (e.g., Hitt, Ireland and Hoskisson, 1997; cf., Koza and Lewin, 1998). The growing variety of theoretical perspectives on joint ventures raises significant questions regarding the complementary or competing nature of these perspectives, their relative explanatory power in different empirical settings, and the specific relationships between theories of joint ventures.
Preliminaries and Key Concepts
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No two languages are entirely the same, nor are they entirely different. It is as if there were a universal inventory of possible grammatical and lexical categories and each language makes a different set of choices from this inventory. As Franz Boas (a founding father of modern linguistics) put it, languages differ not in what one can say but in what kind of information must be stated: ‘grammar […] determines those aspects of each experience that must be expressed’ (Boas 1938: 132). One language may have a two-term gender system, while another has five genders and a third makes no gender distinctions at all in its grammar. Along similar lines, some languages have grammatical tense, and others do not.
How to Mark Information Source
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evidentials can be expressed in a variety of ways: with affixes, clitics or particles, or special verbal forms. §3.1 contains an overview of these morphosyntactic techniques. Markedness in evidentiality systems is addressed in §3.2. In that section we also look at default interpretations of formally unmarked or ‘evidentiality-neutral’ forms. This book is focused on evidential systems taken ‘to be a paradigmatic set of […] forms’ (Johanson 2003). But is evidentiality a grammaticalized information source-always expressed as one paradigmatic set of forms, and always one grammatical category? Evidentiality may not form a uniform category. Instead, evidential meanings could be ‘scattered’ all over the grammar. This is discussed in §3.3. And, as we will see in §3.4, a language can combine two or more evidentiality subsystems.
What are Evidentials Good for? Evidentiality, Cognition, and Cultural Knowledge
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In languages with evidentiality as part of grammar, marking one’s information source is a ‘must’. The concepts expressed by evidentials cover the ways in which information was obtained. They only marginally relate to truth, speaker’s responsibility, and reliability of information. To speakers of languages with obligatory evidentials, European languages appear lacking in precision, with statements being too vague, or too short. Speakers of European languages have an opposite impression, when confronted with attempts by Paiute, Yavapai, or Tariana Indians to express evidentials with lexical means: Indians’ ways of speaking sounds unpleasant, incredulous, and generally weird (see §9.2.3). What it is that makes evidentials so important for human communication, interaction, and cognition is the topic of §11.1. Speakers of languages with evidentials are highly aware of this grammatical category.
The ‘Not-a-Cat’ Syndrome: Can the International Human Rights Regime Accommodate Non-State Actors?
Authors: Alston* Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When one of my daughters was eighteen months old she deftly transcended her linguistic limitations by describing a rabbit, a mouse, or a kangaroo as a ‘not-a-cat’. In the arenas of international law and human rights an almost identical technique is pervasive. Civil society actors are described as non-governmental organizations. Terrorist groups or others threatening the state’s monopoly of power are delicately referred to as non-state actors. But so too are transnational corporations and multinational banks, despite their somewhat more benign influence. International institutions, including those which wield immense influence while disavowing all pretensions to exercise authority per se, such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, are classified either as non-state entities or as non-state actors.
France
Authors: Baycroft Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
France was made by France, and the fatal element of race seems to me to be completely secondary. She is the daughter of her freedom. Michelet, preface to the Histoire de France, 1869. France is often given as the archetypal model of the ‘civic’ nation-state, based upon a liberal, inclusive, voluntarist social contract of free citizens which arose out of the political thought of the Enlightenment. France was the country which gave birth to the Declaration of the Rights of Man, and which, after a prolonged struggle, later proclaimed democratic, ‘revolutionary’, and egalitarian principles as the foundation of the republican institutions which repressented the essence of the modern French nation.
Complement Clause Types in Pennsylvania German
Authors: Burridge Kate 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Pennsylvania German (PG) described here is the Canadian variety spoken by Mennonite Anabaptists of Swiss-German origin currently living in Water-loo County, Ontario. Since the 1870s, the Mennonites (more than any other Anabaptist group) have been experiencing continued factionalism and the result is a complex array of different splinter congregations. For convenience, they are usually divided into two groups: the Plain Folk and the Non-Plain Folk. The Plain Folk are religiously the most conservative. In Canada they are largely made up of Old Order Mennonites (12 per cent of the roughly 30,000 Swiss-German Mennonites in Ontario).
Depression, Inflammation, and the Moderating Role of Metformin: Results From the Midlife in the United States Study and Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging
Authors: Syed Sumaiyah U. , Cortez Jared I. , Wilson Stephanie J. 
Published: November 2023

ABSTRACT

Objective
Depression can promote inflammation and accelerate aging. Metformin, a widely prescribed antidiabetic, has shown promising preclinical evidence of aging-related health benefits, including decreased inflammation. The current study examined whether metformin usage buffers the association between depressive symptoms and inflammatory markers in two large samples of middle-aged and older, primarily White adults, and older Latino adults.

Methods
Data from the Midlife in the United States Study (N = 1255) and the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging (N = 1786) included information on medication use, depressive symptoms, and inflammatory markers, namely, interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α, and C-reactive protein (CRP). These data were merged into a harmonized sample, and the sample group variable was included in a three-way interaction for analysis.

Results
Specifically, in the Midlife in the United States Study sample, metformin buffered the association between depressive symptoms and CRP (b = −0.029, standard error [SE] = 0.013, p = .007) and IL-6 (b = 0.21, SE = 0.010, p = .046), whereas no significant association was found with tumor necrosis factor α. Metformin nonusers displayed higher depressive symptoms associated with elevated CRP (b = 0.01, SE = 0.003, p < .001) and IL-6 (b = 0.011, SE = 0.003, p < .001), whereas this association was not present among metformin users (p values > .068). Conversely, in the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging sample, metformin use did not show a significant protective link.

Conclusions
Results from mostly White, highly educated adults supported a mitigating role of metformin in ties between depression, a well-known behavioral risk factor, and inflammation, a key source of biological aging. However, the benefits did not extend to a large sample of older Mexican Americans. The findings reveal a hidden potential benefit of this therapeutic agent and raise important questions around its health equity.

Trial Registration
The study was preregistered on OSF (https://osf.io/c92vw/).