bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonal and spatial variations in major and trace elements in a regulated boreal river (Esse River) affected by acid sulphate soils
Authors: Roos Marcus , Åström Mats 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIn coastal areas of Finland, extensive artificial drainage of Holocene sulphide‐bearing marine and lacustrine sediments has resulted in development of acid sulphate (AS) soils (pH 2.5–4.5) over an estimated area of approximately 3000 km2. During heavy rains and snow melting, these soils are flushed resulting in discharge of acidic and metal‐rich waters that strongly affect small streams. However, the total and precise effects in the important and large rivers are not well understood. In this study, the impact of AS soil occurrence and hydrological changes on water quality was determined in an important regulated boreal river (Esse River) having a catchment area of 2054 km2 partially covered with AS soil (39 km2). Water samples, collected at five sites along the river during four carefully selected events, were analysed for pH, total organic carbon, conductivity and the following elements/anions: Al, Ba, Br, Ca, Cd, Cl−, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, NO, Rb, Sc, Si, SO, Sr, Th, Y and Zn. There is a clear spatial correlation between AS soil occurrence and elevated element concentrations in the river water, especially when the conditions change from dry/warm (summer) to wet/cool (autumn). During the rains in autumn these soils are extensively flushed and concentrations of Co, La, Zn, Y, Mn and Al are increased between three and nine times towards the outlet. The buffering capacity of the river was, however, high enough to prevent a detrimental drop in pH. Another intriguing feature is substantially elevated concentrations of several potentially toxic metals (Cr, Cd, Cu) in the middle reaches in winter when the river is ice‐covered. Since no external source for this was found, we suggest an internal source operating by an as yet unknown mechanism. During baseflow in summer, the concentrations of several solutes reach minimum concentrations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative analysis of glacial and nival streamflow regimes with implications for lotic habitat quantity and fish species richness
Authors: Fleming Sean W. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractGrowing interest in the differential responses of glacial and nival rivers to climatic forcing, and in ecological distinctions between the two streamflow regimes, suggests the need for a better comparative understanding of how the annual hydrologic cycle differs with presence or absence of catchment glacial cover. In this study, timing and magnitude characteristics of the average annual hydrographs of five glacierized and four nival catchments in the southwestern Canadian subarctic are empirically identified and compared. Likely effects upon fish habitat are qualitatively assessed, and net fisheries potential is tentatively investigated using taxa richness data. The chief hydrological conclusions at P < 0.05 using Kolmogorov–Smirnov and empirical orthogonal function analyses are: (1) catchment glacial cover results in freshets that are longer, larger, and peak later than those experienced by the nival regime; (2) the winter baseflows of glacial rivers are also much higher on a unit‐catchment‐area basis; and (3) basin scale and degree of catchment glacial cover are of comparable importance in determining the magnitude of the annual hydrologic cycle. These differences arise from the greater availability, both in volume and over time, of meltwater in glacial catchments, which in part reflects the consistently negative alpine glacial mass balances observed both in the present study area and globally under historical climatic warming. Such regime distinctions result in increased spawning season and winter aquatic habitat availability, which may in turn offset negative habitat characteristics previously identified for glacial river ecosystems. While previous studies have suggested that glacial influences tend to decrease macroinvertebrate diversity and increase salmon populations, preliminary analysis of available fish species presence/absence data from the current study area tentatively appears to suggest similar or, perhaps, slightly higher fish taxa richness relative to nival streams; in all three cases, however, catchment lake cover may play a key hydroecological modifying role. The results strongly confirm and extend existing understanding of glacial–nival regime differences with respect to both streamflow and fisheries ecology, and raise new questions for future research. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Topical therapy for control of bacteria in the burn wound
Authors: Moncrief John A. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe concept of burn wound sepsis and the demonstration of the avascular nature of the burn wound paved the way for the development of effective antibacterial therapy of the burn wound. Many agents have been tried, but the most effective are those with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, lack of developing resistance, low toxicity, and active penetration of the wound. The resultant lowering of mortality and improvement in patient care have dramatically altered the prognosis of burn injury. The primary drugs in use today, their advantages and limitations, and the pathophysiology of the burn wound and burn wound sepsis are presented.
Closure of the Burn Wound
Authors: Sørensen Bent 
Published: April 2005

AbstractClosure of the burn wound is the ultimate goal of treatment of burns. Closure can be achieved by spontaneous epithelialization or by grafting. Based on analyses of our series from the Burns Unit in Copenhagen from 1962–1971 (2,460 patients with acute burns) and from 1972–1975 (660 patients with acute burns), the exposure method of burn wound treatment produced the best results in cases of partial‐thickness burns, and this same method usually gave the best results in cases of deep burns seen up to 14 days postburn. Furthermore, our studies show that surgical excision is permissible at the earliest possible time after the burn accident (during the shock phase) in both small and very extensive burns. In cases of deep partial‐thickness burns, the cosmetically best results are achieved by tangential excision. The question as to when surgical intervention should take place, whether acutely in the shock phase or 14 days postburn, so as to yield the best results in terms of lowest mortality and morbidity, and best cosmetic results, cannot be answered on the basis of our series at this moment. In order to solve this important problem, we have set up a randomized, controlled trial which started on May 1, 1976.
Burns in childhood
Authors: Clarke A. Murray 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe treatment of the very common and very serious problem of burning accidents in children is discussed with special reference to differences which exist compared with adults. The problems of assessment and resuscitation and the importance of early skin coverage in lowering mortality, reducing morbidity, and providing a better cosmetic result are stated. The historical events which have led to the most important single factor in the care of the burned child, the control of infection, are also discussed. New developments which have taken place to diminish scars and to improve their appearance and to avoid deformities are outlined, together with new attitudes which are adopted towards the patient and his family in order to restore him to society as unscathed as possible.
Metabolic changes following thermal injury
Authors: Arturson M. Gösta S. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractPatients with extensive thermal injuries have a tremendous, long‐lasting increase in transcutaneous heat loss by increased evaporation, radiation, and convection. Their ability to regulate skin temperature and heat loss is limited, and the core‐skin insulation is inadequate. The corresponding posttraumatic metabolic response is a massive catabolic drive revealed as insulin insufficiency and increased release of catecholamines and glucagon. This stimulates lipolysis, proteolysis, substrate flow to the liver, and gluconeogenesis of amino acids. The increased heat production is related to an endogenous reset in metabolic activity and is further influenced by environmental conditions. Extensively burned patients cannot overcome the cold stress to which they are exposed by an increased functional heat insulation or by tolerating decreasing body temperature without reacting with a costly increase in heat production and without shivering. If the burn patients are permitted to control the heat supply from infrared heaters until they feel comfortable and all kinds of external environmental disturbances are eliminated, it is possible to reduce their metabolic rate to the normal value for the actual core temperature. The daily caloric requirements can be estimated and, in patients receiving a combined parenteral‐enteral dietary program and infrared heat, weight loss can be entirely avoided. Infrared radiation is a practical and inexpensive way of distributing energy from the environment to the patient, suitable also in disaster situations. The ambient air temperature can be kept comfortable with respect to the patient's airways and to the nursing staff.
Nutritional support of burn patients
Authors: Curreri P. William 
Published: April 2005

AbstractMajor thermal injury is characterized by a hypermetabolic response. Failure to provide burn patients with sufficient exogenous caloric and nitrogen intake results in pronounced weight loss, impaired wound healing, decreased host resistance to infection, and cellular dysfunction. Nutritional therapy should be directed at environmental control, prevention of infection, early wound closure, progressive physical activity, and the provision of sufficient exogenous calories and nitrogen to prevent unnecessary catabolic sequelae. During the past 10 years, new methods have emerged for providing better nutrition to severely burned patients. As a result, morbid complications of prolonged catabolism have been significantly reduced, and survival of patients with major thermal injury has been markedly enhanced.
A morphometric study of the effects of bile on the G cells of the antral mucosa of the dog
Authors: Oliveira Manuel C. , Azevedo Isabel 
Published: April 2005

AbstractGastrin cells of the antral mucosa of the dog were studied with electron microscopy and morphometric techniques before and after 1 hour of stimulation with bile. Control cells exhibited specific gastrin granules with a very electron‐dense core and some granules containing few or no secretory product. After 1 hour of bile stimulation, the volume density of the granular population was not different from the control, but the number of granules increased, their mean dimensions decreased, and the amount of secretory product was also significantly decreased. It is concluded that bile is an effective stimulus of gastrin secretion. Gastrin is released into the cytoplasm and there is some delay in the utilization of the granular membranes, so that an increase in the number of granules after continuous stimulation was observed. Under these conditions the mean diameter of the granular population is smaller than in control cells probably because there is a newly formed granular population which releases its secretory content under continuous stimulation before attaining the usual dimensions.
Evaluation of “Alkaline” reflux esophagitis after total gastrectomy in Henley and Roux‐en‐Y reconstructive procedures
Authors: Tonelli Francesco , Corazziari Enrico , Spinelli Francesco 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe occurrence of reflux esophagitis was evaluated in 2 groups of patients who had undergone total gastrectomy. In group 1 (4 patients) gastrointestinal continuity was restored by Henley's method of esophagojejunoduodenostomy, and in group 2 (4 patients) reconstruction was accomplished by Roux‐en‐Y esophagojejunostomy. Cineradiography, intraesophageal pH measurements, esophagoscopy, esophageal biopsies, and study of intestinal motility were performed. Alkaline esophageal reflux was observed only in group 2, and a high frequency of esophageal symptoms and esophagitis were found in this group. These results can be correlated with the different motor behavior in the jejunum used for reconstruction, occurring in the 2 groups of patients.
Phalloarteriography in the diagnosis of erectile impotence
Authors: Michal V. , Pospíchal J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAn angiographic method has been developed for x‐ray visualization of the arteries supplying the cavernous bodies of the penis, namely, the internal iliac, internal pudendal, and penile artery and its branches (dorsal, deep, and bulbocavernous arteries). Under normal conditions the technique makes pulsations in both dorsal penile arteries palpable, and the flow rate of fluid into the cavernous bodies necessary to produce and maintain erection can be determined. The principle of the method involves artificial passive erection or semierection, during which we perform selective or semiselective arteriography of the bed supplied by the internal iliac artery, or retrograde arteriography by puncture of the dorsal artery of the penis.Thirty males complaining of more than 1 year of impotence (including 12 diabetics) were investigated, 29 by our standard technique and 1 by translumbar pelvic arteriography with retrograde arteriography of the dorsal penile artery. All patients showed severe stenosis or obliteration of the vessels supplying the cavernous bodies. There was agreement between absence of pulsation in the dorsal penile arteries and the angiographic findings. Flow rates necessary to produce erection varied from 45 to 160 ml/min, with a mean of 90 ml/min. For controls, angiographic studies were performed in 4 men with clearly psychogenic impotence, all of whom were found to have normal‐appearing arteries supplying the cavernous bodies.On the basis of these findings and previously reported histological investigations, we believe that most impotence is the symptomatic and functional result of arterial disease. The arteriographic technique described allows a precise anatomical diagnosis to be made, and can indicate surgical and microsurgical correction.
An experimental study of parietal cell vagotomy with further graduated denervation of the antrum
Authors: Boné Jørgen , Høst Viggo , Brandsborg Ole , Brandsborg Margrethe , Mikkelsen Kirsten , Amdrup Erik 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIn 4 groups of Heidenhain pouch (HP) dogs, the following operations were performed: (a) parietal cell vagotomy (PCV), (b) PCV with denervation of the proximal 2 cm of the antrum, (c) PCV with denervation of the proximal 4 cm of the antrum, and (d) PCV with denervation of the proximal 8 cm of the antrum. No significant differences in gastric emptying time, serum gastrin concentration, or HP acid secretion could be demonstrated between PCV and PCV with 2 cm denervation of the antrum. After 4 and 8 cm antral denervation, gastric stasis occurred, with significant increase in serum gastrin concentration and/or HP acid secretion. The study indicates that in dogs, preservation of the main terminal branches of the nerve of Latarjet is necessary to avoid severe disturbances in gastric emptying and motility.
Identification of bacteria in the bile by duodenal aspiration
Authors: Keighley M. R. B. , Burdon D. W. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractDuodenal aspirates were collected after cholecystokinin administration in 47 patients before biliary surgery. Viable counts of bacteria in the duodenum were compared with operative bile cultures. In 30 patients with sterile bile, the duodenal fluid frequently contained small numbers of oropharyngeal commensals, but bacterial colony counts were > 105 organisms/ml in only 5 patients (17%). In 17 patients with biliary sepsis, duodenal colony counts were > 105 in 15 (88%). Provided that the total number of organisms in the duodenum was > 105, the presence of bacteria in the bile was accurately detected in 85% of patients and the type of bacteria identified in 77% of patients.
Abies population dynamics simulated using a functional–structural tree model
Authors: Kubo Takuya , Kohyama Takashi 
Published: April 2005

AbstractA functional–structural model, PipeTree, based on Abies population data has been developed to reveal the interactions among processes at physiological, individual and population scales. Using field measurements obtained in a comprehensive series of research studies on subalpine Abies forest stands on Mt. Shimagare during the 1950s to 1980s, we designed the structural components and physiological process models for PipeTree. The results of the PipeTree simulation support the feasibility of using a functional–structural tree model to evaluate ecosystem performance at the stand level. PipeTree generates patterns similar to those in real subalpine forests, such as diameter–height relationships and time changes in basal area. After demonstrating the validity of the dynamics of a PipeTree population, we applied a sensitivity analysis under a productivity‐enhanced environment in which the maximum photosynthetic rate (Pmax) of PipeTree foliage was increased by 50% (caused, for example, by CO2 enrichment). The results of Pmax enhancement simulation show that the 50% increase in Pmax doubles the net primary production (NPP) in the PipeTree stand. These results suggest the importance of canopy structure in evaluating the function of terrestrial ecosystems.
Association of personality and work conditions with depressive symptoms
Authors: Jurado Dolores , Gurpegui Manuel , Moreno Obdulia , Fernández M. Carmen , Luna Juan D. , Gálvez Ramón 
Published: April 2005

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies have found a relationship between job-related stress and depressive symptoms in different occupational groups, and that personality may modify the risk of developing depressive symptoms. We aimed to examine the association of personality and other individual and work conditions with depressive symptoms.MethodsA sample of 498 teachers answered a questionnaire concerning individual and work characteristics, some job-related perceptions, and the wish to change jobs. Depressive symptoms were measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES-D) and personality was measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI-125).ResultsDepressive symptoms were associated with female gender, age, low job satisfaction, high job stress, the wish to change jobs, working at a public school, and with higher scores on harm avoidance and novelty seeking and lower scores on self-directedness.ConclusionsOur results underline the influence of personality traits on the development of depressive symptoms independently of other individual characteristics and the occupational context.
Current mental health in women with childhood sexual abuse who had outpatient psychotherapy
Authors: Peleikis Dawn E. , Mykletun Arnstein , Dahl Alv A. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractPurposeThis study from Norway examines mental health status of women with child sexual abuse (CSA) who formerly had outpatient psychotherapy for anxiety disorders and/or depression. The relative contributions of CSA and other family background risk factors (FBRF) to aspects of mental health status are also explored.SubjectsAt a mean of 5.1 years after outpatient psychotherapy, 56 female outpatients with CSA and 56 without CSA were personally examined by an independent female psychiatrist. Systematic information about current mental health and functioning was collected by structured interview and questionnaires.ResultsAmong women with CSA 95% had a mental disorder, 50% had PTSD, and mean global assessment of functioning (GAF) score was 61.8 ± 10.6. In contrast, 70% of women without CSA had a mental disorder, 14% had PTSD, and mean GAF 71.2 + 8.5. GAF and trauma scale scores were mainly determined by CSA, while FBRF mainly influenced the global psychopathology and dissociation scores.DiscussionWe have little knowledge on the mental health status at long-term in women with CSA who had psychotherapy. This study found their mental status to be rather poor, and worse than that of women without CSA who had psychotherapy for the same disorders. From the broad spectrum of mental disorders associated with CSA, this study concerns only women treated as outpatients for anxiety disorders and/or non-psychotic depressions.ConclusionWomen with CSA showed poor mental health at long-term follow-up after treatment. The fitness of the psychodynamic individual psychotherapy given, or to what extent treatment can remedy the consequences of such childhood adversities, is discussed.
A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of second generation antipsychotics in the treatment of mania
Authors: Jones R.M. , Thompson C. , Bitter I. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractSecond generation antipsychotic agents are increasingly used in the management of acute mania. A systematic review of the efficacy and safety of these agents, as both monotherapy and in combination with mood stabilisers, was performed to establish the evidence for their use. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were critically appraised in more detail than studies that presented lower levels of evidence such as case reports, case series and open label follow up studies. We found 11 RCTs reporting on patients treated with second generation antipsychotics for acute bipolar mania, of which three included randomisation between the second generation antipsychotic and placebo, and eight between a mood stabiliser combined with either the second generation antipsychotic or placebo. Data from non-randomised trials is also presented.
Multiplicity of different cell‐ and organ‐specific import routes for the NADPH‐protochlorophyllide oxidoreductases A and B in plastids of Arabidopsis seedlings
Authors: Kim Chanhong , Ham Hyemin , Apel Klaus 
Published: April 2005

SummaryThe NADPH‐dependent protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) oxidoreductase (POR) is a photoenzyme that requires light for its catalytic activity and uses Pchlide itself as a photoreceptor. In Arabidopsis there are three PORs denoted PORA, PORB and PORC. The PORA and PORB genes are strongly expressed early in seedling development. In contrast to PORB the import of PORA into plastids of cotyledons is substrate‐dependent and organ‐specific. These differences in the import reactions between PORA and PORB most likely are due to different import mechanisms that are responsible for the uptake of these proteins. The two major core constituents of the translocon of the outer plastid envelope, Toc159 and Toc34, have been implicated in the binding and recognition of precursors of nuclear‐encoded plastid proteins. Their involvement in conferring substrate dependency and organ specificity of PORA import was analyzed in intact Arabidopsis seedlings of wild type and the three mutants ppi3, ppi1 and ppi2 that are deficient in atToc34, atToc33, a closely related isoform of atToc34, and atToc159. Whereas none of these three Toc constituents is required for maintaining the organ specificity and substrate dependency of PORA import, atToc33 is indispensable for the import of PORB in cotyledons and true leaves suggesting that in these parts of the plant translocation of PORA and PORB occurs via two distinct import pathways. The analysis of PORA and PORB import into plastids of intact seedlings revealed an unexpected multiplicity of import routes that differed by their substrate, cell, tissue and organ specificities. This versatility of pathways for protein targeting to plastids suggests that in intact seedlings not only the constituents of the core complex of import channels but also other factors are involved in mediating the import of nuclear‐encoded plastid proteins.