bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of Discrete Materials by Interface-Selective Sol-Gel Polymerization
Authors: Kim Youngbaek , Jung Eunsun , Yim Mison 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Self-hydrolyzing inorganic precursors underwent interface selective sol-gel polymerization at different interfaces between water and templates. This interface sol-gel polymerization was applied to fabricating discrete materials by encapsulating various materials with silica, titania, iron oxide and alumina.
A Convenient Method for Carbon Extension of Acetals and Aldehydes by the Use of Ketenedithioacetal and Nucleophiles
Authors: Ichikawa Junji , Saitoh Terunobu , Tada Tomoyuki , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
A convenient method for carbon extension of acetals and aldehydes has been established consisting of combining a ketenedithioacetal 1 and nucleophiles such as alkyl- and alkynylmetal, metal enolate, and hydride. Acetals and aldehydes react with 1 in the presence of TMSOTf, and the successive addition of nucleophiles affords the corresponding β-alkoxy and β-siloxy dithioacetals in good yields.
Kinetic energy corrections for slip‐stick behavior in brittle adhesives
Authors: Macon David J. , Anderson Gregory L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractFracture mechanics is the study of the failure of a body that contains a flaw. In the energy balance approach to fracture mechanics, contributions from the external work and elastic strain energy are accounted for, but rarely are corrections for the kinetic energy given. Under slip‐stick conditions, part of the external work is expended as kinetic energy. The magnitude of this kinetic energy depends upon the shape of the crack. A specimen with a blunt crack will fail at a high load, and the crack will catastrophically travel through the material until the kinetic energy is dissipated. Material with a sharp crack will fail at a lower load but will still be catastrophic in nature. In this work kinetic term is incorporated into the energy balance approach. This term accounts for the velocity of the moving crack and how far the crack travels before arresting. This correction makes the shape of the initiation crack irrelevant. When applied to data generated by tapered double cantilever beam specimens under slip‐stick conditions, the scatter in the measured critical strain energy release rate is significantly reduced. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 1821–1828, 2002
Mundane knowledge management and microlevel organizational learning: An ethological approach
Authors: Davenport Elisabeth 
Published: October 2002

AbstractKnowledge management is discussed in the context of “articulation” work, that is routine interactions in groups of local practice. In such situations, knowledge is largely acquired and maintained by learning from the appropriate behavior of others by means of “organizational ethology.” This phenomenon is described as “mundane knowledge management.” The concepts of mundane knowledge management and organizational ethnology are explored in a case study of a project to promote virtual enterprise formation. Evaluation of the project prototype, a platform for online cooperative work, suggests that unless design provides adequate social and technical cues for the work to hand, the mundane knowledge that sustains cooperative work may be compromised by ethological breakdown.
The bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of glucosamine hydrochloride and low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate after single and multiple doses to beagle dogs
Authors: Adebowale Abi , Du Jianpin , Liang Zhonming , Leslie James L. , Eddington Natalie D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjective—The purpose of this study was to determine the oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of a glucosamine (GL) and the disaccharides of chondroitin sulfate (CS) after single and multiple‐dosing of a GL/CS combination (CosaminR*, CosequinR*).Methods—Male beagle dogs (n= 8, 12 kg) received the following treatments: (1) IV GL (500 mg)/CS (400 mg), (2) p.o. GL (1500 mg)/CS (1200 mg), (3) p.o. GL (2000 mg)/CS (1600 mg), (4) p.o. GL (1500 mg)/CS (1200 mg) QD for days 1–7 and p.o. GL (3000 mg)/CS (2400 mg) from days 8 to 14. Blood samples were collected over 24 h and glucosamine and the disaccharides of chondroitin sulfate were determined. Pharmacokinetic analysis was performed on glucosamine and total chondroitin sulfate disaccharides and parameters were compared across treatments using ANOVA with post hoc analysis.Result—After the IV administration, glucosamine declined rapidly in a bi‐exponential fashion with a mean ( ± S.D.) eliminationt1/2of 0.52 (0.25) h. GL absorption was relatively fast (Cmax= 8.95 μg/ml, andTmax1.5 h after 1500 mg dose) and the mean bioavailability of glucosamine after single dosing was approximately 12%. The extent of absorption of chondroitin sulfate as indicated by the meanCmax(21.5 μg/ml) and mean AUC (187 μg/ml h) of total disaccharides after dosing (1600 mg) provides evidence that chondroitin sulfate is absorbed orally. The bioavailability of CS ranged from 4.8 to 5.0% after single dosing and 200–278% upon multiple dosing.Conclusion—The results of this study show that both glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate (measured as total disaccharides) are bioavailable after oral dosing. In addition, the low molecular weight chondroitin sulfate used in this study displays significant accumulation upon multiple dosing. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of particle–particle shearing on the bioleaching of sulfide minerals
Authors: Chong N. , Karamanev D. G. , Margaritis A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe biological leaching of sulfide minerals, used for the production of gold, copper, zinc, cobalt, and other metals, is very often carried out in slurry bioreactors, where the shearing between sulfide particles is intensive. In order to be able to improve the efficiency of the bioleaching, it is of significant importance to know the effect of particle shearing on the rate of leaching. The recently proposed concept of ore immobilization allowed us to study the effect of particle shearing on the rate of sulfide (pyrite) leaching by Thiobacillus ferrooxidans. Using this concept, we designed two very similar bioreactors, the main difference between which was the presence and absence of particle–particle shearing. It was shown that when the oxygen mass transfer was not the rate‐limiting step, the rate of bioleaching in the frictionless bioreactor was 2.5 times higher than that in a bioreactor with particle friction (shearing). The concentration of free suspended cells in the frictionless bioreactor was by orders of magnitude lower than that in the frictional bioreactor, which showed that particle friction strongly reduces the microbial attachment to sulfide surface, which, in turn, reduces the rate of bioleaching. Surprisingly, it was found that formation of a layer of insoluble iron salts on the surface of sulfide particles is much slower under shearless conditions than in the presence of particle–particle shearing. This was explained by the effect of particle friction on liquid–solid mass transfer rate. The results of this study show that reduction of the particle friction during bioleaching of sulfide minerals can bring important advantages not only by increasing significantly the bioleaching rate, but also by increasing the rate of gas–liquid oxygen mass transfer, reducing the formation of iron precipitates and reducing the energy consumption. One of the efficient methods for reduction of particle friction is ore immobilization in a porous matrix. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 80: 349–357, 2002.
A Phase II trial of topotecan and gemcitabine in patients with previously treated, advanced nonsmall cell lung carcinoma
Authors: Rinaldi David A. , Lormand Nancy A. , Brierre Joseph E. , Cole James L. , Barnes Brian C. , Mills Glen , Yadlapati Siva , Felicia Fontenot M. , Buller Eric J. , Rainey John M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDMultiple trials have been performed to evaluate second‐line clinical chemotherapy in patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). However, no single agent or combination has demonstrated superior activity.METHODSPatients with advanced NSCLC who had aready received one chemotherapeutic regimen were treated with topotecan (0.75 mg/m2 over 30 minutes, Days 1–5) and gemcitabine (400 mg/m2 over 30 minutes, Days 1 and 5) every 21 days.RESULTSOf 35 patients who were treated, 4 (11%) achieved a partial responses and 8 (23%) hadstable disease for at least four courses of treatment. The response rate for patients with refractory disease (progressing during frontline chemotherapy) was 18% (3 of 17) with 18% having stable disease for at least four courses of treatment. The median survival of the entire group was 7 months (range, 1.5–44 months) and 20% (7 of 35) of patients were alive 1 year from the initiation of topotecan and gemcitabine treatment. Patients with refractory disease had a median survival of 4½ months, with 6‐month and 1‐year survival rates of 47% and 18%, respectively. During Course 1, five patients (14%) developed Grade IV neutropenia and three patients (9%) developed Grade IV thrombocytopenia. Nonhematologic toxicity was relatively mild, with one patient developing Grade III side effects (fatigue) and eight patients (23%) developing Grade II nonhematologic side effects.CONCLUSIONSThe combination of topotecan and gemcitabine demonstrated antitumor activity with a modest side effect profile in patients with advanced, previously treated NSCLC. Cancer 2002;95:1274–8. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10806
The long‐term clinical course of patients with cutaneous melanoma
Authors: Gamel John W. , George Stephen L. , Edwards Michael J. , Seigler Hilliard F. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe clinical course of cutaneous melanoma is associated with pathologic and clinical factors, such as thickness, ulceration, and location of tumor and gender of the patient. The authors used a parametric survival model that incorporated acuredfraction of patients to translate these factors into specific estimates of long‐term outcome.METHODSA cohort study was conducted of 5837 patients who were treated for localized cutaneous melanoma between 1978 and 1990 at the Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center. Of these, 495 patients were excluded because the survival status or one or more of the prognostic factors was unknown. Maximum follow‐up was 22 years. The primary outcome measures examined were cured fraction (probability of cure), median tumor specific survival (i.e., median time to death from tumor), and the probability of tumor‐related survival at fixed intervals after treatment.RESULTSFor an example of a class of patients with a relatively good prognosis, consider women with nonulcerated lesions measuring 0.5 mm thick on an extremity. The probability of cure (± standard error) for these patients was estimated at 80.8% ± 2.0%, and the median tumor specific survival was 10.0 years ± 0.8 years. This suggests that, in these patients, half of the deaths from melanoma will occur more than 10 years after treatment, barring death from other causes. Conversely, men with ulcerated lesions measuring 8.00 mm thick on the trunk have a relatively poor prognosis. The probability of cure for these patients was 16.8% ± 2.4%, and the median tumor specific survival was 2.7 years ± 0.2 years. Despite this poor initial prognosis, the conditional probability of cure increased to 90%; after 15 years of recurrence free survival.CONCLUSIONSParametric statistical analysis provides quantitative measures of long‐term survival. These measures show that late recurrence—longer than a decade after treatment—is to be expected in a significant portion of patients, although the probability of cure increases with progressively longer recurrence free survival. Cancer 2002;95:1286–93. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10813
The effect of retinoids on premalignant oral lesions
Authors: Gorsky Meir , Epstein Joel B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDRetinoids have been studied as chemopreventive treatment for patients with oropharyngeal carcinoma. Vitamin A modulates growth and differentiation of cells, and its deficiency enhances susceptibility to carcinogenesis. The chemopreventive mechanism of action of vitamin A is discussed, and a review of clinical results and side effects of the systemic use of vitamin A is included. The objective of the current report was to review the possible role of topical vitamin A and vitamin A derivatives in the management of patients with oral lesions with a risk of transformation to carcinoma.METHODS:A Medline search was conducted and references identified within the identified papers were also reviewed.RESULTSOnly four studies using topical vitamin A for patients with oral leukoplakia have been reported. A complete response was achieved in 10–27% of patients, and a partial response was achieved in 54–90% of patients; however, recurrence of leukoplakia was reported after withdrawing the medication in approximately 50% of patients. The side effects of the topical use were minimal.CONCLUSIONSAlthough the direct application of higher concentrations of retinoic acid results in suppression of oral leukoplakias only, its use in the treatment of patients with recurrent and persistent lesions may be justified for controlling lesions that otherwise may progress. Further controlled clinical studies are needed. Cancer 2002;95:1258–64. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10874
A generalized fault diagnosis method in dynamic analogue circuits
Authors: Liu D. , Starzyk J. A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractFault diagnosis of analogue circuits is essential for analogue and mixed‐signal systems testing and maintenance. A new method is proposed in this paper for multiple fault diagnosis of linear analogue circuits in frequency domain. The Woodbury formula is applied to the modified nodal equation to construct the fault diagnosis equation, which relates the limited measured circuit responses with the multiple faults inside the circuit in a linear way. A recently developed ambiguity group locating technique is modified here to identify the faulty parameters directly. Computation cost is reduced compared to combinatorial search in traditional fault verification methods. Only one node is needed for voltage measurement, but multiple excitations on accessible nodes are required for fault identification. Parameter evaluation can provide the exact solution to the deviated values of faulty parameters. The faulty parameter deviations can have any finite values. Example circuits are provided to illustrate the proposed method. Two other methods for multiple analogue fault diagnosis sharing the same mechanism as the method proposed in this paper are also briefly described. The proposed method is extremely effective for the circuit with very limited accessible nodes and is also computationally efficient. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recovery from control plane failures in GMPLS‐controlled optical networks
Authors: Wu Jing , Montuno Delfin Y. , Mouftah Hussein T. , Wang Guoqiang , Dasylva Abel C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe health status of the control plane and the data plane of a GMPLS‐controlled optical network is independent in the physically separated control network implementation. In most control plane designs, besides the topology information, the entities of the routing protocol only record the number of available wavelengths on each link. However, the status of each wavelength is maintained by the entities of the signalling protocol. Without recovery ability of the signalling protocol CR‐LDP, a failure in the control plane will result in the permanent loss of the status information of wavelengths. A mechanism to recover the status information of the wavelengths is proposed. A downstream node maintains a label information database (LID) about assignable (free) labels in each incoming link. A copy of LID is redundantly stored in the upstream node as a label information mirror (LIM). A systematic procedure is proposed to synchronize the contents of a LIM and the corresponding LID. The initialization of a new LDP session with the enhanced recovery mechanism will guarantee the revival of the status information of wavelengths. It can recover multiple control channel failures, but it only applies to single node failure among any pair of adjacent nodes. © Crown copyright 2002. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation across an intergovernmental context: Issues raised through different perspectives on Even Start
Authors: Boser Susan 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAlthough the authorizing environment may dictate the nature and use of evaluations, state and locally conducted evaluation provides a distinct lens for understanding the conditions affecting program implementation and the outcomes of programs under study. The learning that transpires at the state and local government levels through evaluation can motivate stakeholders to use evaluation to influence the policy agenda.
Association mapping, using a mixture model for complex traits
Authors: Zhu Xiaofeng , Zhang ShuangLin , Zhao Hongyu , Cooper Richard S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAssociation mapping for complex diseases using unrelated individuals can be more powerful than family‐based analysis in many settings. In addition, this approach has major practical advantages, including greater efficiency in sample recruitment. Association mapping may lead to false‐positive findings, however, if population stratification is not properly considered. In this paper, we propose a method that makes it possible to infer the number of subpopulations by a mixture model, using a set of independent genetic markers and then testing the association between a genetic marker and a trait. The proposed method can be effectively applied in the analysis of both qualitative and quantitative traits. Extensive simulations demonstrate that the method is valid in the presence of a population structure. Genet. Epidemiol. 23:181–196, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cigarette smoking, use of other tobacco products and stomach cancer mortality in US adults: The Cancer Prevention Study II
Authors: Chao Ann , Thun Michael J. , Henley S. Jane , Jacobs Eric J. , McCullough Marjorie L. , Calle Eugenia E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCigarette smoking is associated with increased risk of stomach cancer in many studies but there are limited data on this relationship in women and on risk associated with use of tobacco products other than cigarettes. We examined stomach cancer death rates in relation to cigarette smoking in women and use of cigarette, cigar, pipe, or smokeless tobacco in men in a nationwide prospective mortality study in the United States (US). Cohort follow‐up from 1982–96 identified 996 and 509 stomach cancer deaths among 467,788 men and 588,053 women, respectively. Cox proportional hazards models were fitted to estimate rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) using non‐users of tobacco as the referent group. Multivariate‐adjusted RRs were the highest for men who currently smoked cigars (RR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.49–3.51) or cigarettes (RR = 2.16, 95% CI = 1.75–2.67) and both increased with smoking duration. Women who currently (RR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.18–1.88) or formerly (RR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.08–1.71) smoked cigarettes were at significantly increased risk, as were men who formerly smoked cigarettes (RR = 1.55, 95% CI = 1.28–1.88), or currently (RR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.40–2.35) or formerly (RR: 1.57, 95% CI = 1.22–2.03) used more than one type of tobacco. Men who reported a history of chronic indigestion or gastroduodenal ulcer had substantially higher mortality rates associated with current cigarette (RR = 3.45, 95% CI = 2.05–5.80) or cigar (RR = 8.93, 95% CI = 4.02–19.90) smoking, as did men who were current aspirin users. If causal, the estimated proportion of stomach cancer deaths attributable to tobacco use would be 28% in US men and 14% in women. We conclude that prolonged use of tobacco products is associated with increased stomach cancer mortality in men and women. The accumulated evidence from this and other studies support reconsidering stomach cancer as a tobacco‐related cancer. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pharmacological studies of RGTA11, a heparan sulfate mimetic polymer, efficient on muscle regeneration
Authors: Meddahi Anne , Brée Françoise , Papy‐Garcia Dulce , Gautron Jean , Barritault Denis , Caruelle Jean‐Pierre 
Published: October 2002

AbstractRGTA is a family of chemically modified polymers that have been engineered to mimic the properties of heparan sulfates towards heparin binding growth factors. In vivo, RGTA stimulated tissue repair and protection when injected at the site of an injury. These properties have been reported in various models, suggesting a potential interest for therapeutic uses as a general tissue repair agent. We have focused our interest on RGTA11, a dextran derivative that was shown to enhance, after a unique and local administration, muscle regeneration after total crushing. We first show that a single RGTA11 systemic administration can be as efficient as a local injection for stimulating muscle regeneration. Using an H3‐labeled RGTA11 we have measured some pharmacokinetic parameters. Distribution volume was 51.81 mL, clearance was about 2 mL/min, and half‐life was 94 min, giving a total elimination time of 11 h. We also demonstrate that RGTA11 remains detectable in the body only after tissue injury. It was detected by autoradiography in the crushed muscle just after injury and remained at least for a week. These results provide a rational explanation for the long lasting effect of a single local or systemic injection of RGTA. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 62: 525–531, 2002
A novel parallel algorithm for large‐scale Fock matrix construction with small locally distributed memory architectures: RT parallel algorithm
Authors: Takashima Hajime , Yamada So , Obara Shigeru , Kitamura Kunihiro , Inabata Shinjiro , Miyakawa Nobuaki , Tanabe Kazutoshi , Nagashima Umpei 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe developed a novel parallel algorithm for large‐scale Fock matrix calculation with small locally distributed memory architectures, and named it the “RT parallel algorithm.” The RT parallel algorithm actively involves the concept of integral screening, which is indispensable for reduction of computing times with large‐scale biological molecules. The primary characteristic of this algorithm is parallel efficiency, which is achieved by well‐balanced reduction of both communicating and computing volume. Only the density matrix data necessary for Fock matrix calculations are communicated, and the data once communicated are reutilized for calculations as many times as possible. The RT parallel algorithm is a scalable method because required memory volume does not depend on the number of basis functions. This algorithm automatically includes a partial summing technique that is indispensable for maintaining computing accuracy, and can also include some conventional methods to reduce calculation times. In our analysis, the RT parallel algorithm had better performance than other methods for massively parallel processors. The RT parallel algorithm is most suitable for massively parallel and distributed Fock matrix calculations for large‐scale biological molecules with more than thousands of basis functions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 23: 1337–1346, 2002