bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Progressing a spectrum model for defining non‐melancholic depression
Authors: Parker G. , Malhi G. , Mitchell P. , Wilhelm K. , Austin M.‐P. , Crawford J. , Hadzi‐Pavlovic D. 
Published: January 2005

Objective:  To further develop a ‘spectrum model’ for non‐melancholic disorders that encompasses underlying personality styles and clinical patterning.Method:  In a sample of patients with non‐melancholic depression, we studied four personality constructs influencing risk to depression, assessing associational strength and specificity between personality scores and symptom and coping response patterns.Results:  Analyses refined four personality dimensions (anxious worrying, irritability, social inhibition, and self‐centredness) for testing the model. For all dimensions, personality style was specifically linked with a mirroring ‘coping’ response. Quantification of specific links allowed development of a spectrum model for the non‐melancholic depressive disorders in which underpinning personality style showed some specific links with the clinical ‘pattern’ of symptoms and coping repertoires.Conclusion:  The model has the capacity to assist clinical assessment, identify aetiological personality influences and allow specific treatment effects for the heterogeneous non‐melancholic depressive disorders to be determined.
Structural and functional models of depression: from sub‐types to substrates
Authors: Malhi G. S. , Parker G. B. , Greenwood J. 
Published: January 2005

Objective:  To present a functional model of depression facilitating research and clinical understanding.Method:  The authors conducted a systematic literature search and reviewed articles pertaining to the neurochemistry and pathophysiology of depressive disorders, focusing on the contribution made by the principal monoamines to three differing depressive structural sub‐types (i.e. psychotic, melancholic and non‐melancholic).Results:  We suggest that the three structural depressive subtypes appear functionally underpinned by differential contributions of serotonergic, noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurotransmitters, so influencing phenotypic distinction (our structural model) and allowing an aetiological model to be derived with treatment specificity implications.Conclusion:  The functional model logically iterates with the structural model of depression and provides a useful framework for conceptualizing the depressive disorders. This model provides a logic for distinguishing between principal depressive subtypes, pursuing their functional underpinnings and explaining treatment differential effects across the three sub‐types.
Growth in the ostrich (Struthio camelus var. domesticus)
Authors: COOPER Ross G. 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTThe use of the ostrich as a livestock animal necessitates an understanding of its ability to utilize specific nutrient requirements if efficient growth is to be realized. Male ostriches may have to be raised separately as they grow faster; they require higher protein diets and are more efficient feed converters for longer periods than female ostriches. Male ostriches exhibit slightly faster maturation rates than female ostriches. The corresponding age at which maximum growth is attained is 181 days for male ostriches and 199 days for female ostriches. The growth curve of ostriches is sigmoid and asymptotic. Body mass reached in 1 year is approximately 104 kg. The metabolic age of ostriches at hatching is approximately 13.7 days. Feed conversion has an impact on growth. The ostrich chick (aged <2 months) has a high feed conversion to body mass ratio of 2:1, which requires very accurate and careful management of chick nutrition.
Interval mapping of growth quantitative trait loci in Japanese Black beef cattle using microsatellite DNA markers and half‐sib regression analysis
Authors: MALAU‐ADULI Aduli Enoch Othniel , NIIBAYASHI Tomomi , KOJIMA Takatoshi , OSHIMA Kazunaga , MIZOGUCHI Yasushi , KOMATSU Masanori 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTA confirmatory scan for the regions of bovine chromosome 1 segregating the quantitative trait loci (QTL) influencing birthweight, weaning weight, yearling weight, and preweaning and postweaning average daily gains was performed by genotyping half‐sib progeny of four Japanese Black sires using microsatellite DNA markers. Data were analyzed by generating an F‐statistic every 1 cM on a linkage map by the regression of phenotype on the probabilities of inheriting an allele from the sire after adjusting for the fixed effects of sire, sex, parity and season of birth as well as age as a covariate. Permutation tests at chromosome‐wide significance thresholds were carried out over 10 000 iterations. A significant QTL for birthweight at 114 cM was detected in the sire 2 family. This identification of a birthweight QTL in Japanese Black cattle may be useful for the implementation of marker‐assisted selection.
Mapping the quantitative trait loci (QTL) for body shape and conformation measurements on BTA1 in Japanese Black cattle
Authors: MALAU‐ADULI Aduli Enoch Othniel , NIIBAYASHI Tomomi , KOJIMA Takatoshi , OSHIMA Kazunaga , MIZOGUCHI Yasushi , KOMATSU Masanori 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTThe detection and mapping of segregating quantitative trait loci (QTL) that influence withers height, hip height, hip width, body length, chest width, chest depth, shoulder width, lumbar width, thurl width, pin bone width, rump length, cannon circumference, chest girth, abdominal width and abdominal girth at weaning was conducted on chromosomal regions of bovine chromosome one. The QTL analysis was performed by genotyping half‐sib progeny of five Japanese Black sires using microsatellite DNA markers. Probability coefficients of inheriting allele 1 or 2 from the sire at specific chromosomal locations were computed. The phenotypic data of progeny were regressed on these probability coefficients in a within‐common‐parent regression analysis using a linear model that included fixed effects of sex, parity and season of birth, as well as age as a covariate. F‐statistics were calculated every 1 cM on a linkage map. Permutation tests of 10 000 iterations were conducted to obtain chromosome‐wide significance thresholds. A significant QTL for chest width was detected at 91 cM in family 3. The detection of this QTL boosts the prospects of implementing marker‐assisted selection for body conformation traits in Japanese Black beef cattle.
Effect of ethanol on nitrate and nitrite reduction and methanogenesis in the ruminal microbiota
Authors: YOSHII Takahiro , ASANUMA Narito , HINO Tsuneo 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTThe effect of ethanol on nitrate and nitrite reduction was examined by conducting in vitro experiments with mixed ruminal microbes. The addition of ethanol to cultures of mixed ruminal microbes stimulated nitrate reduction, and, to a greater extent, nitrite reduction, which resulted in a decrease in nitrite accumulation. However, known nitrate‐reducing ruminal bacteria, such as Selenomonas ruminantium, Veillonella parvula and Wolinella succinogenes, were unable to utilize ethanol directly as an electron donor for nitrate reduction. No nitrate‐reducing bacterium capable of utilizing ethanol was found in the rumen of goats. However, when mixed ethanol‐utilizing, hydrogen gas (H2)‐producing bacteria (Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens) were added to the culture of the mixed nitrate‐reducing bacteria described above, nitrate and nitrite reduction was observed. These results suggest that the nitrate‐reducing bacteria utilized the H2 that was produced from ethanol oxidation by the ethanol‐utilizing bacteria as an electron donor. It is conceivable that the stimulation of nitrate and nitrite reduction by ethanol, observed in the culture of mixed ruminal microbes, was a result of electron transfer from ethanol to nitrate, and nitrite through H2, that is, ‘interspecies hydrogen transfer’ from ethanol‐metabolizing bacteria to nitrate‐reducing bacteria. Thus, the addition of ethanol to high‐nitrate diets may be effective for preventing nitrate poisoning. Furthermore, methane production was reduced to less than one‐third by the addition of mixed nitrate‐reducing bacteria to the co‐culture of mixed methanogens with mixed ethanol‐utilizing bacteria incubated in a medium containing ethanol and nitrate. Therefore, the addition of ethanol and nitrate may decrease methanogenesis without suppressing overall fermentation in the rumen.
Estimation of daily urinary potassium excretion using urinary creatinine as an index substance in prepartum dairy cows
Authors: ASAI Hideki , HAYASHI Noboru , TAKAI Naoharu , YOSHIMURA Yoshihisa , NAKAMURA Yutaka , YOKOTA Hiroomi , KITA Kazumi 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTIn the present study, the daily excretion of potassium (K) in urine (urinary K(UK)) was estimated from a 6 h urine sample using urinary creatinine (UC) as the index substance. All urine was collected from six pregnant Holstein cows at 6 h intervals for 24 h on 3 days of the 4th, 2nd and final week before the expected date of parturition. In total, 72 6 h urine samples were obtained. Daily UC excretion (mg/day per kg bodyweight (BW)) was almost the same for the three sampling days. Daily UC excretion varied among cows from 22.1 to 24.3 mg/day per kg BW with a mean of 22.8 mg/day per kg BW with no significant difference. Thus, daily UC excretion was confirmed to be constant throughout the prepartum period with no differences among individuals. The concentration ratios of K to creatinine ((UK mg/dL)/(UC mg/dL) (UK/UC)) correlated strongly to the hourly K excretions (mg/h per kg BW) (r = 0.952, P < 0.01) in the 6 h urine samples. The differences in the UK/UC ratio between sampling periods were not significant within each cow. Therefore, daily UK excretion (mg/day) can be estimated using the equation: daily UK excretion (mg/day) = daily UC excretion (mg/day per kg BW) × BW (kg) × 6 h urine sample UK/UC, where daily UC excretion can be a given value.
Effect in sheep of dietary concentrate content on secretion of growth hormone, insulin and insulin‐like growth factor‐I after feeding
Authors: HAGINO Akihiko , INOMATA Eiji , SATO Takuya , OHTOMO Yasushi , SASAKI Yasuyuki , OBARA Yoshiaki 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTThis study was designed to examine the effects of the proportion of concentrate in the diet on the secretion of growth hormone (GH), insulin and insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) secretion and the GH‐releasing hormone (GHRH)‐induced GH response in adult sheep fed once daily. Dietary treatments were roughage and concentrate at ratios of 100:0 (0% concentrate diet), 60:40 (40% concentrate diet), and 20:80 (80% concentrate diet) on a dry matter basis. Mean plasma concentrations of GH before daily feeding (10.00–14.00 hours) were 11.4 ± 0.4, 10.1 ± 0.5 and 7.5 ± 0.3 ng/mL on the 0, 40 and 80% concentrate diet treatments, respectively. A significant decrease in plasma GH concentration was observed after daily feeding of any of the dietary treatments and these decreased levels were maintained for 8 h (0%), 12 h (40%) and 12 h (80%), respectively (P < 0.05). Plasma IGF‐I concentrations were significantly decreased 8–12 h and 4–16 h after the end of feeding compared with the prefeeding level in the 40 and 80% concentrate diet treatments, respectively (P < 0.05). GHRH injection brought an abrupt increase in the plasma GH concentrations, reaching a peak 10 min after each injection, but, after the meal, the peak plasma GH values for animals fed 40% (P < 0.05) and 80% (P < 0.01) concentrate diet were lower than that for roughage fed animals. The concentrate content of a diet affects the anterior pituitary function of sheep resulting in reduced baseline concentrations of GH and prolonged GH reduction after feeding once daily.
Spatiotemporal pattern of EphA4 gene expression in developing quail limb buds
Authors: ARISAWA Kenjiro , YAZAWA Shigenobu , EGUCHI June‐ichi , KAGAMI Hiroshi , ONO Tamao 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTMesenchymal cells in developing limb buds of tetrapods manifest position‐specific cell affinity, which is important in morphogenetic processes such as cell migration and cell condensation. The receptor tyrosine kinase EphA4 contributes to dynamic changes in position‐specific cell affinity, playing an important role in normal limb development. The aim of the present study was to characterize the pattern and regulation of EphA4 gene expression during quail embryogenesis. The distribution of EphA4 mRNA in embryos was determined by whole‐mount in situ hybridization. Expression of the EphA4 gene was not detected in the body wall before the protrusion of limb buds. EphA4 mRNA was first detected in the emerging limb buds at stage 18. As the limb buds became more distinct, EphA4 transcripts became confined to the distal tip and the base of these structures and extended into the flank. EphA4 gene expression was later detected in regions of cell condensation before undergoing gradual downregulation coincident with bone formation. Removal of part of the wing bud including the zone of polarizing activity from embryos at stage 21 resulted in loss of EphA4 gene expression. Signaling from the zone of polarizing activity appears important for EphA4 gene expression during limb development in quail embryos.
Methane emission from stored dairy manure slurry and slurry after digestion by methane digester
Authors: UMETSU Kazutaka , KIMURA Yoshiaki , TAKAHASHI Junichi , KISHIMOTO Tadashi , KOJIMA Takeshi , YOUNG Bruce 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTTo examine the effect of storage temperature on the emission of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) and on recovery of nutrients from raw dairy manure slurry (RS) and slurry digested in a methane digester (DS), both slurries were stored in closed 100 L steel tanks under psychrophilic conditions (5, 10, 15 and 20°C) for a 150 day period. As the storage temperature increased, total methane emission increased in both types of slurry. The amount of methane emitted per unit of volatile solids of the RS and DS was 0.19 L/g and 0.10 L/g, respectively. The respective carbon dioxide emissions were 0.20 L/g for RS and 0.12 L/g for DS at 20°C of storage temperature. At temperatures greater than 15°C, the methane concentration in the emitted gas remained more than 40% of the total gas. During the experimental period, in excess of 90% of the total Kjeldahl nitrogen in these slurries was recovered (91.4–93.7% for RS and 93.7–98.4% for DS) after storage, and ammonium nitrogen was recovered in excess of 100% (100.1–143.2% for RS and 106.7–143.2% for DS storage tanks) because of the mineralization of organic nitrogen in the influent. These results indicate that manure slurry characteristics and storage temperature have significant impacts on methane emission. It can be concluded that on typical farms located in northern Japan, methane emission from manure storage tanks during late fall, winter and early spring may be negligible, because of manure temperatures less than 10°C. During late spring, summer and early fall, methane emissions can be substantially reduced by using underground storage to maintain lower manure temperatures.
Novel polymorphism of the canine dopamine receptor D4 gene intron II region
Authors: NARA Hidetoshi , INOUE‐MURAYAMA Miho , KOSHIMURA Akiko , SUGIYAMA Akinori , MURAYAMA Yuichi , MAEJIMA Masami , UEDA Yuko , ITO Hideyuki , RANDI Ettore , KIM Heui‐Soo , HA Ji‐Hong , KITAGAWA Hitoshi , TAKEUCHI Yukari , MORI Yuji , IWASAKI Toshiroh , MORITA Mitsuo , ÔTA Katuaki , ITO Shin’ichi 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTVarious dog breeds are remarkably different from each other not only in their sizes and shapes but also in behavioral traits, suggesting that some of these characteristics are under genetic control. However, little is known about genes related to behavioral traits in canine species. In humans, it has been reported that the dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4) includes polymorphism at several regions that relate to personality or psychiatric disorders. In an earlier study by the authors of the present study, the polymorphisms in canine DRD4 exon III and exon I regions were reported. In the present study, a novel polymorphism in canine DRD4 intron II was found based on a 17 base pair insertion/deletion, and the two alleles detected were named P (shorter allele) and Q (longer allele). The allelic distribution in 28 breeds of dog, including a total of 1114 unrelated individuals, were then investigated. Both P and Q alleles were detected in most of the breeds investigated; however, the frequencies of P and Q differed greatly between breeds. With respect to classification based on breed origin, P and Q alleles were frequent in Occidental and Oriental breeds, respectively. Furthermore, two subspecies of wolves, the ancestors of dogs, were analyzed for the comparison of allele frequencies with dogs, and the P allele was predominant in both European and Chinese wolves.
Borrelia burgdorferi, Host-Derived Proteases, and the Blood-Brain Barrier
Authors: Grab Dennis J. , Perides George , Dumler J. Stephen , Kim Kee Jun , Park Jinho , Kim Yuri V. , Nikolskaia Olga , Choi Kyoung Seong , Stins Monique F. , Kim Kwang Sik 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTNeurological manifestations of Lyme disease in humans are attributed in part to penetration of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and invasion of the central nervous system (CNS) byBorrelia burgdorferi. However, how the spirochetes cross the BBB remains an unresolved issue. We examined the traversal ofB. burgdorferiacross the human BBB and systemic endothelial cell barriers using in vitro model systems constructed of human brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMEC) and EA.hy 926, a human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) line grown on Costar Transwell inserts. These studies showed thatB. burgdorferidifferentially crosses human BMEC and HUVEC and that the human BMEC form a barrier to traversal. During the transmigration by the spirochetes, it was found that the integrity of the endothelial cell monolayers was maintained, as assessed by transendothelial electrical resistance measurements at the end of the experimental period, and thatB. burgdorferiappeared to bind human BMEC by their tips near or at cell borders, suggesting a paracellular route of transmigration. Importantly, traversal ofB. burgdorferiacross human BMEC induces the expression of plasminogen activators, plasminogen activator receptors, and matrix metalloproteinases. Thus, the fibrinolytic system linked by an activation cascade may lead to focal and transient degradation of tight junction proteins that allowsB. burgdorferito invade the CNS.
Sarcocystis neuronaMerozoites Express a Family of Immunogenic Surface Antigens That Are Orthologues of theToxoplasma gondiiSurface Antigens (SAGs) and SAG-Related Sequences
Authors: Howe Daniel K. , Gaji Rajshekhar Y. , Mroz-Barrett Meaghan , Gubbels Marc-Jan , Striepen Boris , Stamper Shelby 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTSarcocystis neuronais a member of the Apicomplexa that causes myelitis and encephalitis in horses but normally cycles between the opossum and small mammals. Analysis of anS. neuronaexpressed sequence tag (EST) database revealed four paralogous proteins that exhibit clear homology to the family of surface antigens (SAGs) and SAG-related sequences ofToxoplasma gondii. The primary peptide sequences of theS. neuronaproteins are consistent with the two-domain structure that has been described for theT. gondiiSAGs, and each was predicted to have an amino-terminal signal peptide and a carboxyl-terminal glycolipid anchor addition site, suggesting surface localization. All four proteins were confirmed to be membrane associated and displayed on the surface ofS. neuronamerozoites. Due to their surface localization and homology toT. gondiisurface antigens, theseS. neuronaproteins were designated SnSAG1, SnSAG2, SnSAG3, and SnSAG4. Consistent with their homology, the SnSAGs elicited a robust immune response in infected and immunized animals, and their conserved structure further suggests that the SnSAGs similarly serve as adhesins for attachment to host cells. Whether theS. neuronaSAG family is as extensive as theT. gondiiSAG family remains unresolved, but it is probable that additional SnSAGs will be revealed as moreS. neuronaESTs are generated. The existence of an SnSAG family inS. neuronaindicates that expression of multiple related surface antigens is not unique to the ubiquitous organismT. gondii. Instead, theSAGgene family is a common trait that presumably has an essential, conserved function(s).
Temporal Expression of Enteropathogenic
Escherichia coli
Virulence Genes in an In Vitro Model of Infection
Authors: Leverton Laura Q. , Kaper James B. 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACT

The hallmark of enteropathogenic
Escherichia coli
(EPEC) infection is the ability of EPEC to cause attaching and effacing (A/E) lesions on intestinal epithelium. This event is reproducible in in vitro tissue culture models of infection. We used real-time PCR to measure transcription from several locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) operons (LEE1 to LEE5) and from
bfp
during a 5-h infection of HEp-2 cells with EPEC. We found that after the initial formation of A/E lesions, which occurs as early as 5 min postinfection, EPEC continues to increase transcription from LEE3 to LEE5 as well as from
bfp
. These levels are maximized by 3 h postinfection and remain constant throughout the course of infection. This increase in transcription from LEE3 to LEE5 occurs when LEE1 (
ler
) transcription is decreasing. EspA, EspB, intimin, Tir, and bundle-forming pilus expression is detectable during the entire 5-h infection. These results indicate that the EPEC genes involved in localized and intimate adherence are continually expressed after the initial stages of A/E lesion formation on host cells.
Expression of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II and CD80 by Gingival Epithelial Cells Induces Activation of CD4+T Cells in Response to Bacterial Challenge
Authors: Matsuyama Takashi , Kawai Toshihisa , Izumi Yuichi , Taubman Martin A 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTHLA-DR (major histocompatibility complex [MHC] class II) is often expressed by epithelial cells in gingival tissues with periodontal disease but not by cells in healthy gingival tissues. Confocal microscopic analyses revealed that gingival epithelial cells (GEC) from tissue with periodontal disease express both HLA-DR and B7-1 (CD80) costimulatory molecules. Rat GEC lines were established to elucidate the possible role of MHC class II and B7-1 expression by GEC. Stimulation of a rat GEC line with gamma interferon (IFN-γ) induced the expression of MHC class II, whereas the cell line constitutively expressed B7-1 costimulatory molecules as determined by reverse transcription-PCR and flow cytometry.Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitansOmp29-specific CD4+Th1 clone cells proliferated in response to pretreatment of GEC with fixedA. actinomycetemcomitansand IFN-γ. However, the Th1 cells did not respond to pretreatment of GEC with the bacteria alone or IFN-γ alone. The activation of Th1 clone cells induced by the GEC was inhibited by antibody to MHC class II or by CTLA4 immunoglobulin (CTLA4-Ig). Lymph node T cells did not demonstrate superantigen activity toA. actinomycetemcomitans, although both lymph node T cells and Th1 clone cells were sensitive to superantigen activity of staphylococcal enterotoxin A as cultured in the presence of IFN-γ-treated GEC. These results suggested that GEC can take up bacterial antigen and consequently process and present the bacterial antigen to CD4+T cells by MHC class II in conjunction with B7 costimulation. GEC appeared to play a role in the adaptive immune response by stimulating antigen-specific CD4+T cells.