bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Olfactory receptor expressed in ganglia of the autonomic nervous system
Authors: Weber Martina , Pehl Ulrich , Breer Heinz , Strotmann Jörg 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCertain members of the olfactory receptor superfamily appear to be expressed not only in chemosensory neurons of the nasal epithelium. Analyzing the transgenic mouse line MOL2.3‐IGITL, the olfactory receptor subtype MOL2.3 was found to be expressed in distinct subpopulations of cells within a cranial, a cervical as well as within a thoracic ganglion. By means of coexpressed markers, the axonal processes of MOL2.3 expressing cells could be visualized and thus the target tissues innervated by these ganglionic neurons identified. Stained fibers, but no stained cell bodies were visible in distinct head regions, notably in the lateral nasal gland and in the so‐called Harderian gland; staining was also observed on distinct segments of blood vessels, especially within the tongue. In the thoracic region, the heart and a small segment of the aorta as well as a distinct population of lung alveoli were labeled by incoming blue fibers. Expression of MOL2.3 in cells of the autonomic nervous system supports the idea that at least some of the multiple olfactory receptor types serve functions others than odorant detection. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of endogenous β‐hydroxybutyrate on glucose metabolism in the diabetic rabbit brain: A 13C‐magnetic resonance spectroscopy study of [U‐13C]glucose metabolites
Authors: Lapidot A. , Haber S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe neurological consequences of diabetes mellitus have recently been receiving greater attention in both clinical and experimental settings. The deleterious effect of hyperglycemia and altered oxidative substrate availability on the diabetic brain is the subject of many studies. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of the altered metabolic environment, namely, hyperglycemia and hyperketonemia, on glucose metabolism in the diabetic brain. More specifically, we examined the effect of diabetes on the glucose flux via the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and pyruvate carboxylase (PC) pathways and subsequent metabolism in the tricarboxylic acid cycles in neurons and glia. To this end, [U‐13C]glucose was infused into the circulation of alloxan‐induced diabetic young adult rabbits, and the [13C]glucose metabolites were subsequently studied in brain extracts by 13C‐NMR. Significantly elevated brain glucose levels were found. In the hyperketonemic rabbits, elevated cerebral levels of β‐hydroxybutyrate (β‐HBA) were found. Alterations in the labeling patterns of glutamine in the hyperketonemic group lead to the conclusion that the elevated β‐HBA levels inhibit glucose metabolism, mostly in glia. This results in accumulation of glucose in the diabetic brain. In addition, altered levels of glutamine, glutamate, and GABA were also attributed to the effect of β‐HBA on brain metabolism. The possible role of these metabolic perturbations in causing neurological damage remains to be investigated. J. Neurosci. Res. 64:207–216, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural dynamics of oligodendrocyte lysis by perforin in culture: Relevance to multiple sclerosis
Authors: Zeine Rana , Cammer Wendy , Barbarese Elisa , Liu Chau‐Ching , Raine Cedric S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe mechanism by which oligodendrocytes are depleted from active lesions in multiple sclerosis (MS) is not clear but many reports implicate a cytolytic process. The most applied animal model for MS, chronic relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), has been established in inbred strains of mice, especially SJL and PL. Studies on oligodendrocytes from these strains in vitro have been hampered to date by an inability to grow these cells from mouse CNS tissue. We report here a successful method to culture SJL mouse oligodendrocytes and have analyzed lysis of these cells in vitro mediated by the pore‐forming protein, perforin, a candidate effector molecule in inflammatory demyelination. Cultures were exposed to murine perforin, 36–72 hemolytic U, for up to 2.5 hr and examined using the oligodendrocyte phenotypic markers O4, galactocerebroside and myelin basic protein (MBP), in addition to a membrane dye (DiI) and a marker of necrosis, propidium iodide, (PI). Cultures were imaged chronologically by phase contrast, immunofluorescence, digital, light and electron microscopy. Findings showed that the majority of oligodendrocytes were killed within 60–90 min via pore expansion and ultimately, membrane disruption. The structural features of the cellular damage comprised swelling of the cell body, fenestration and fragmentation of membranes and processes, cytoplasmic vacuolation and breakdown of the nuclear envelope. Astrocytes in the same system were relatively resistant to cell lysis. The above patterns of oligodendrocyte damage in SJL oligodendrocytes were reminiscent of patterns in the MS lesion, leaving us to conclude that perforin may play an important role in the human disease. J. Neurosci. Res. 64:380–391, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tau and HMW tau phosphorylation and compartmentalization in apoptotic neuronal PC12 cells
Authors: Shelton Shirley B. , Johnson Gail V.W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the Alzheimer disease brain, the microtubule‐associated protein tau is hyperphosphorylated. There is also evidence that apoptotic‐like processes may contribute to the neuronal loss in AD. In an apoptotic model that involves replating neuronal PC12 cells without serum and nerve growth factor (NGF), tau was hyperphosphorylated. During replating, however, neurites are removed. Here, differentiated cells were maintained in serum‐free media before growth factor removal, thus maintaining neuritic processes during the apoptotic process and allowing for evaluation of neuritic changes. Tau phosphorylation, evaluated by immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry, was compared with various measures of cell death. Compared with control, NGF‐deprived cells exhibited gradual and consistent increases of lactate dehydrogenase release over a 5‐day period and a peak of caspase‐3 activity at Day 2 after NGF removal. Nuclear staining demonstrated chromatin condensation in NGF‐deprived cells. Apoptotic cells had thickened, tortuous, and shortened neuritic processes compared with control cells. Immunoblotting showed an increase in both tau and high molecular weight (HMW) tau phosphorylation during the apoptotic process. Immunoreactivity of both tau isoforms shifted from the detergent insoluble cytoskeleton to the detergent soluble compartment in the apoptotic cells. The microtubule binding of both tau isoforms from apoptotic cells also was impaired. Immunoblotting of purified plasma membrane showed preferential association of HMW tau with the plasma membrane during apoptosis. Also, plasma membrane‐associated HMW tau was more phosphorylated during apoptosis. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated increased tau phosphorylation in most apoptotic cells, especially in the neurites. Tau was, however, dephosphorylated cells in the last stages of apoptosis. J. Neurosci. Res. 66:203–213, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Job satisfaction and teamwork: the role of supervisor support
Authors: Griffin Mark A. , Patterson Malcolm G. , West Michael A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe link between teamwork and job satisfaction was investigated in a sample of 48 manufacturing companies comprising 4708 employees. Two separate research questions were addressed. First, it was proposed that supervisor support would be a weaker source of job satisfaction in companies with higher levels of teamworking. Multilevel analysis indicated that the extent of teamwork at the company level of analysis moderated the relationship between individual perceptions of supervisor support and job satisfaction. Second, it was proposed that the extent of teamwork would be positively related to perceptions of job autonomy but negatively related to perceptions of supervisor support. Further, it was proposed that the link between teamwork and job autonomy would be explained by job enrichment practices associated with teamwork. Analyses of aggregated company data supported these propositions and provided evidence for a complex mediational path between teamwork and job satisfaction. Implications for implementing teamwork in organizations are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From knowledge accumulation to accommodation: cycles of collective cognition in work groups
Authors: Gibson Cristina B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA framework for collective cognition in the workplace is developed to provide guidance to groups, their leaders, and researchers interested in understanding and improving cognitive processes. First, phases of the process and elements essential at each phase are identified based on prior research. Next, a series of catalysts are proposed which help bring about potential movement through the phases. Propositions regarding these catalysts are suggested to demonstrate the verifiability of the framework and guide future research and practice. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discriminating among organizational politics, justice, and support
Authors: Andrews Martha C. , Kacmar K. Michele 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe discriminant validity of perceptions of organizational politics, organizational support, and procedural and distributive justice was examined as the distinctions between these variables have been blurred in past research. Results from a sample of 418 full‐time employees provided evidence of discriminant validity for these variables. First, structural equation modelling was used to isolate the best structural representation of these four variables. Then, six theoretically relevant predictors (i.e., leader–member exchange, centralization, formalization, co‐worker cooperation, role conflict, and locus of control) were examined in an effort to provide further conceptual separation. Five of the six antecedents distinguished among politics, justice, and support. Suggestions for additional research that can shed light on the distinctions and similarities of these variables are offered based on the results of this study. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationships between tropical cyclone attributes and precipitation totals: considerations of scale
Authors: Konrad Charles E. , Meaux Melanie F. , Meaux David A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this study, a heavy rain climatology is constructed that relates precipitation totals estimated over a range of spatial scales (i.e. circular regions from 2500 to 500 000 km2) to tropical cyclone attributes. To carry this out, an automated algorithm is developed that identifies 2 day precipitation totals across the Cooperative Observer Network and estimates the greatest precipitation amounts over each spatial scale for all events from 1950 through to 1996. These maximum mean precipitation amounts are related to the tropical cyclone attributes of strength, size, and speed of movement. The resulting relationships are found to vary significantly according to the scale of precipitation. Precipitation amounts over the largest scales are most highly associated with the size of tropical cyclones, and precipitation amounts over the smallest scales are most highly connected with the speed of movement of the tropical cyclones. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Late Quaternary sea‐surface conditions at DSDP Hole 594 in the southwest Pacific Ocean based on dinoflagellate cyst assemblages
Authors: Marret Fabienne , de Vernal Anne , Benderra Ferial , Harland Rex 
Published: August 2002

AbstractInvestigation of organic‐walled dinoflagellate cyst distribution in 118 surface sediments from the Southern Ocean documents the relatively high diversity of cyst taxa (46 species) and distinct cyst assemblages in relation to surface water masses and temperature gradient. The Antarctic Water is characterised by the dominance of Selenopemphix antarctica accompanied by Brigantedinium spp. and Impagidinium pallidum. The Subantarctic Water association consists mainly of Nematosphaeropsis labyrinthus, Impagidinium paradoxum and Impagidinium sphaericum, whereas the Subtropical Water association is dominated by Operculodinium centrocarpum and Spiniferites membranaceus.Multivariate analyses (non‐metric multidimensional scaling) demonstrate the relationships with sea‐surface conditions and enable the application of the best analogue method on the Southern Ocean dinoflagellate cyst data base for reconstructing past sea‐surface conditions. The dinoflagellate cyst record from DSDP 594 (45°31.41'S, 174°56.88'E; 1204 m, southern margin of the Chatham Rise) shows important fluctuations in species composition from glacial to interglacial over the last 140 000 yr. Reconstruction of winter and summer SSTs reveals much lower temperature than present by 6 to 10 °C during marine oxygen isotope stages 6, 4 and 2, and higher temperature by 2–3 °C during substage 5e. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Picosecond transient resonance Raman study on the excited‐state conformational dynamics of a highly ruffled nickel porphyrin
Authors: Jeong Dae Hong , Kim Dongho , Cho Dae Won , Jeoung Sae Chae 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPicosecond to nanosecond transient resonance Raman spectroscopy was applied to track down the excited‐state conformational excursions of NiIIT(t‐Bu)P [nickel(II) 5,10,15,20‐tetra‐tert‐butylporphyrin] in various solvents with different dielectric properties. From the resonance Raman spectra of NiIIT(t‐Bu)P obtained by picosecond pulse photoexcitation, the α4‐type conformer was suggested to be dominant in the 1(d,d) excited state at the initial stage of deactivation processes (∼3 ps). However, only one conformer of αβαβ type was found to persist on the nanosecond time‐scale. We also observed that the initial formation of the 1(d,d) excited state of NiIIT(t‐Bu)P from the 1(π,π*) excited state is independent of the solvent, but the subsequent decay of the 1(d,d) to the ground state is strongly solvent dependent. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temperature‐dependent Raman study of taurine single crystal
Authors: Lima R. J. C. , Freire P. T. C. , Sasaki J. M. , Melo F. E. A. , Mendes Filho J. , Moreira R. L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPolarized Raman spectra of an oriented taurine single crystal were studied at temperatures ranging from 7 to 300 K. The results show that several bands present a linewidth increase characteristic of anharmonic effects, and that the band related to the CSH torsional mode splits at low temperatures. An abrupt wavenumber jump of an external mode was associated with a phase transition undergone by the crystal between 250 and 260 K on cooling. A calorimetric investigation over the temperature range 173–308 K confirmed the existence of a first‐order phase transition (at 251 K, on cooling), with a temperature hysteresis of 21 K. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Visible and UV‐resonance Raman spectroscopy of model peptides
Authors: Schweitzer‐Stenner Reinhard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe review various visible and UV‐resonance Raman experiments on model peptides such as N‐methylacetamide and di‐ and triglycine which are aimed at exploring the structure and dynamics of these molecules. Whereas visible Raman spectroscopy probes the electronic ground state, the UV Raman technique is utilized additionally to obtain structural information about excited electronic states. This research is aimed at obtaining a spectroscopically determined force field, which can be transferred to polypeptides and proteins. We further argue that the capability of vibrational spectroscopy to probe the structure of peptides and proteins can be significantly improved by combining computational and spectroscopic studies on appropriate model peptides to calibrate wavenumbers and intensities of Raman and IR bands for the quantitative determination of structural parameters such as the dihedral angles. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Creative strategic thinking and the analytical process: critical factors for strategic success
Authors: Hussey David 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article looks at the
Interrelationship of analysis and creative thinking, which are two of the five factors previously identified as critical for strategic success.
Shows how a deficiency of either factor can lead to defective strategies.
Suggests that analysis is not always objective, and that it can be heavily influenced by behavioural considerations.
Examines other issues in analysis and the role of techniques.

Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Business strategies for entrepreneurial small firms
Authors: Anderson Alistair R. , Atkins Martin H. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract
This paper addresses the issue of the nature and context of business strategies in entrepreneurial small firms.
It examines a number of existing models of strategic planning and suggests that they cannot adequately cope with environmental uncertainty.
Developing the idea that effective strategy formation is processual in a stochastic environment, the paper proposes four alternative high‐level approaches (Meta strategies) entrepreneurial firms might use to cope with uncertainty.
These stress the notion of evolution as a direction rather than a series of staged events. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The PSE model: entry into emerging markets
Authors: Pehrsson Anders 
Published: August 2002

Abstract
This article presents a new international market entry model—the PSE model.
The model comprises three interrelated components that reflect premises external and internal to the firm: perceived barriers to entry (P), strategy competence (S) and entry strategy (E).
Propositions about the nature of the linkages between the model components are examined.
The model and its linkages are illustrated using Ericsson's entry into the emerging market of mobile telephony systems in the United States.
The application of the model enhances our understanding of entry into international emerging markets.
Practical suggestions in the application of the model are presented.
Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
12‐Lipoxygenase activity in the muscle tissue of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and its prevention by antioxidants
Authors: Saeed Suhur , Howell Nazlin K 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLipoxygenase was prepared from Atlantic mackerel muscle using differential centrifugation, ammonium sulphate precipitation and gel permeation (phenyl Sephadex G‐50) column chromatography. The crude lipoxygenase enzyme preparation was characterised by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE), which showed two prominent bands with molecular weights of 119 and 125 kDa. Fractions collected from the chromatography column were tested for enzyme activity by reacting with arachidonic acid and determining the production of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12‐HETE) using reverse phase HPLC and GC–MS. The 12‐HETE peak was absent from the fresh arachidonic acid control sample and from arachidonic acid treated with heat‐inactivated lipoxygenase. Esculetin, a known inhibitor of lipoxygenase, inhibited the production of 12‐HETE from the reaction of lipoxygenase with arachidonic acid, thus confirming that the enzyme was lipoxygenase. The HETE peak was partially reduced in the presence of antioxidants, namely synthetic butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and natural antioxidants vitamins C and E. The presence of lipoxygenase in Atlantic mackerel muscle indicates the possibility that the lipid oxidation mechanism is initiated enzymatically in chilled and frozen stored fillets of mackerel and that this oxidative deterioration could be inhibited by antioxidants (BHT, vitamins C and E) which are used widely in the food industry.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Statistical validation of sensory data: a study on wine
Authors: Carlucci Angela , Monteleone Erminio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA methodological procedure involving an appropriate statistical validation of sensory data was defined in order to describe the typical sensory profile of a young red wine (Aglianico) destined to aging. A trained panel of eight assessors rated the intensity of nine attributes on 16 products. Sensory data were submitted to statistical validation using a procedure organised in three main steps, namely fixed and mixed models of analysis of variance (ANOVA) and data standardisation. Results of the fixed ANOVA model computed on raw data showed significant differences between the products for all the attributes except cherry aroma and pungent mouthfeel. However, the results showed inconsistency between assessors. For many attributes, interaction effects were found. When individual differences between assessors were minimised or eliminated using scaled data, results of the fixed and mixed models showed no significant differences (p ≤ 0.05) amongst the products for any of the sensory attributes. Therefore the differences amongst the products before data handling and before applying the mixed model of ANOVA were due to the assessors' variability. The results after statistical validation showed that the wines are very similar and that all the attributes used to describe the sensory characteristics of the products can be considered, at a qualitative and a quantitative level, as typical descriptors of the Aglianico wine destined to aging.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of processing and storage on walnut (Juglans regia L) tannins
Authors: Sze‐Tao Kar Wai Clara , Schrimpf Julie E , Teuber Suzanne S , Roux Kenneth H , Sathe Shridhar K 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWalnut tannins were maximally extracted with absolute methanol and an extraction time of 60 min. Storage (21 days at 25 °C) significantly reduced (20–40% reduction) the assayable tannin content in walnuts. The ranges of tannin content in freshly cracked inshell and shelled walnuts were respectively 372–1095 and 363–667 mg catechin equivalent per 100 g dry weight. The assayable tannin content in inshell and shelled walnuts was 10–20% higher when the particle size was reduced from 2‐ to 8‐mesh. Using 0.5 as compared to 2% (w/v) vanillin as colour development reagent yielded 15–20% higher assayable tannin contents. The assay colour development reached a maximum after 20 min of incubation at 25 °C. Roasting (204 °C for 5 min) caused a small (14%) but significant reduction in assayable tannins. Soaking in aqueous alkali solutions was more effective (44–100% reduction) than soaking in aqueous acid solutions (6–76% reduction) in decreasing the assayable tannin content in walnuts. Microwave heating in distilled deionised water resulted in 93–98% reduction in walnut assayable tannins. Blanching at 100 °C for 2 min was as effective as alkali soaking in significantly reducing the amount of extractable walnut tannins (98% reduction). The tannin content in blanched walnuts was positively related to astringency scores (r  = 0.92).© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry