bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cerebellothalamocortical and pallidothalamocortical projections to the primary and supplementary motor cortical areas: A multiple tracing study in macaque monkeys
Authors: Rouiller Eric M. , Liang F. , Babalian A. , Moret V. , Wiesendanger M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe goal of the present study was to clarify whether the primary motor cortex (Ml) and the supplementary motor cortex (SMA) both receive, via the motor thalamus, input from cerebellar and basal ganglia output nuclei. This is the first investigation that explores the problem by direct comparison, in the same animal, of thalamic zones that (1) project to M1 and SMA and (2) receive cerebellar‐nuclear (CN) and pallidal (GP) afferents. These four zones were mapped in two monkeys by means of two retrograde tracers for M1 and SMA injections and of two anterograde tracers for CN and GP injections. All injections were performed under electrophysiological control (microstimulation and multiunit recordings). Injections in cortical areas were restricted to the hand/arm representation; in the SMA, the tracer deposit was within the “SMA‐proper” (or “area F3”) and did not include its rostral extension (“pre‐SMA” or “area F6”). It was found that zones of all four types formed a number of highly complex patches of labeling that were usually not confined to one cytoarchitectonically defined thalamic nucleus. The overlap of clusters of labeled terminals and perikarya was evaluated morphometrically (area measurements) on a number of coronal sections along the anteroposterior extent of the motor thalamus. In line with previous studies, the thalamic territories innervated by CN and GP afferents rarely overlapped. However, zones projecting to M1 and/or to SMA included thalamic regions receiving CN as well as GP projections, providing the first evidence of such overlap from individual animals. The present observations support the previous conclusion from this laboratory (based on transsynaptic labeling) that the SMA receives, apart from its strong pallidal transthalamic input, a CN transthalamic input. These present findings that both M1 and SMA are recipients of transthalamic inputs from GP and CN thus support the concept that a mixed subcortical input consisting of weighted contributions from cerebellum, basal ganglia, substantia nigra, and spinothalamic tract is directed to each functional component of the sensorimotor cortex. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correlating gamma‐aminobutyric acidergic circuits and sensory function in the electrosensory lateral line lobe of a gymnotiform fish
Authors: Maler Leonard , Mugnaini Enrico 
Published: January 2005

AbstractElectric fish generate an electric field, which they sense with cutaneous electroreceptors. Electroreceptors project topographically onto the medullary electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELL). The ELL of gymnotiform electric fish is divided into four segments specialized to detect different aspects of the electrosensory input; it is also laminated with separate laminae devoted to electroreceptive input, interneurons, projection neurons, and feedback input. We have utilized antisera to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) to map the distribution of GABAergic cells and fibers in the ELL of the gymnotiform fish, Apteronotus leptorhynchus.Six types of GABAergic interneurons are found in ELL: Type 2 granular cells (granular layer) project to pyramidal cells; polymorphic cells (pyramidal cell layer) project to the non‐GABAergic type 1 granular cells; ovoid cells (deep neuropil layer) project bilaterally upon basilar dendrites of pyramidal cells; multipolar cells (deep neuropil layer) project bilaterally, probably to dendrites and neurons within the deep neuropil layer; and neurons of the ventral molecular layer and stellate cells (molecular layer) project to apical dendrites of pyramidal cells. GABAergic bipolar cells in the nucleus praeminentialis, a rhombencephalic structure devoted to feedback in the electrosepsory system, project in relatively diffuse fashion to pyramidal cells.We hypothesize that the various GABAergic circuits of the ELL can be correlated with specific functions: type 2 granular cells with adaptation, size of receptive field center, and gain; polymorphic cells and type 1 granular cells with regulation of surround inhibition; ovoid cells with common mode rejection; and neurons of the ventral molecular layer with adaptive gain control. The feedback GABAergic input from bipolar cells of n. praeminentialis to pyramidal cells may be part of a searchlight mechanism similar to the one postulated for thalamocortical systems. © 1994, Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heterogeneity of GABAA receptor in goldfish retina
Authors: Lin Zheng‐Shi , Yazulla Stephen 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe possibility of GABAA receptor heterogeneity in goldfish retina was studied with immunocytochemical and biochemical approaches: (1) immunoblotted membrane particulates of goldfish retina with mAb 62‐3G1; (2) immunoprecipitation of the detergent‐solubilized membrane proteins with mAb 62‐3G1 followed by the receptor binding assay; (3) photoaffinity labeling of the membrane particulates with 3H‐flunitrazepam (FNZ) and visualization of the labeled receptors by SDS‐PAGE and fluorography; (4) dry autoradiography of 3H‐muscimol and 3H‐FNZ binding sites on frozen sections. Immunoblots showed that 62‐3G1 reacted with 55–57.5 kDa Mr polypeptides, similar to the muscimol‐binding subunit of the receptor complex in bovine brain; while 3H‐FNZ photoaffinity labeled the 52.5 kDa and 41–43 kDa Mr polypeptides. Immunoprecipitated receptors bound only 3H‐muscimol, not 3H‐FNZ. An attempt to precipitate the 3H‐FNZ photolabeled polypeptides failed. Dry autoradiography showed 3H‐PNZ binding only in the inner plexiform layer (IPL); the binding was enhanced with γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and blocked by clonazepam. In contrast, 3H‐muscimol was bound in both the outer plexiform layer (OPL) and IPL, similar to that observed with 62‐3G1 immunocytochemistry. We suggest that there are two subtypes of GABAA receptor in the goldfish retina: (1) GABAA receptors that are not linked to a benzodiazepine (BZD) receptor are located in the OPL and at amacrine‐to‐amacrine and amacrine‐to‐ganglion cell synapses in the IPL and are recognized by 62‐3G1; (2) GABAA receptors that are linked to a BZD receptor are located only in the IPL, largely at amacrine‐to‐bipolar cell synapses and are not recognized by mAb 62‐3G1. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Innervation of laryngeal nerve paraganglia: An anterograde tracing and immunohistochemical study in the rat
Authors: Dahlqvist Å. , Neuhuber W. L. , Forsgren S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCarotid body‐like organs, paraganglia, frequently occur in the superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves. The paraganglia are supplied with a rich innervation of unknown origin. In the present study, the origin of the innervation of the paraganglia of the rat was studied with two different techniques. One approach was anterograde tracing of wheat‐germ agglutinin‐horseradish peroxidase after injection into the nodose and jugular ganglia of the vagus and the superior cervical ganglion. The other approach was immunohistochemical staining for neuropeptides after excision of the superior cervical ganglion, or vagotomy. Antisera against neuropeptide Y, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and calcitonin gene‐related peptide were utilized. Both the tracing method and calcitonin gene‐related peptide immunohistochemistry after vagotomy showed that the paraganglia receive sensory innervation from the vagal ganglia. No labeling was detected in the paraganglia after injection of wheat‐germ agglutinin‐horseradish peroxidase in the superior cervical ganglion. Excision of this ganglion did not lead to a decrease in the neuropeptide‐Y innervation in the paraganglia, but most of this innervation in the surrounding blood vessels disappeared. The observations show that the superior cervical ganglion does not contribute to the innervation in the paraganglia and that the neuropeptide‐Y innervation of the blood vessels originates from the superior cervical ganglion whereas that of the paraganglia has another origin, most likely local ganglionic cells. The results also suggest that the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide innervation in the paraganglia arises from local ganglionic cells. The two approaches complemented each other in mapping the afferent and efferent nerve supply of the paraganglia. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Corticothalamic connections of auditory‐related areas of the temporal lobe in the rhesus monkey
Authors: Pandya Deepak N. , Rosene Douglas L. , Doolittle Andrew M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCorticothalamic connections of auditory areas of the superior temporal regions (STR) were investigated in the rhesus monkey. These connections are organized according to the recently described architectonic parcellation of the STR. The core line regions of the supratemporal plane (STP) project to the medial geniculate nucleus (MGN). All regions except the primary auditory area also have projections to additional thalamic nuclei. The rostral STP has strong connections with the caudal part of the ventral subdivision (MGv) of MGN as well as with medial pulvinar (PM). In contrast the primary auditory areaprojects mainly to rostral MGv. The caudalmost STP projects mainly to the dorsal subdivision (MGd) and to the magnocellular subdivision (MGmc) as well as to the PM and the lateral (PL) and oral (PO) pulvinar, nucleus limitans (Li), and mediodorsal (MD) nucleus. The belt line regions of the superior temporal gyrus (STG) project mainly to the pulvinar but also have projections to MGd and MGmc. Specifically, rostral STG projects to the caudal part of PM, to MGmc, and to the suprageniculate (SG) nucleus, whereas caudal STG projects to the rostral part of PM and to PL, PO, MGd, MGmc, SG‐Li and MD nuclei. The root line areas in the circular sulcus of the Sylvian fissure project mainly to MGmc but also to MGd, PM, and SG‐Li nuclei. These connections originate mainly from neurons in cortical layer VI, with some from layer Vb. It is suggested that these connections may be involved in different aspects of auditory information processing. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estrogen‐inducible neurotensin immunoreactivity in the preoptic area of the female rat
Authors: Alexander Mark J. , Leeman Susan E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractNeurotensin (NT) neurons in the rat preoptic area are implicated in female‐specific regulation of reproduction. Estrogen markedly increases expression of mRNA encoding the neurotensin/neuromedin N (NT/N) precursor in several cell groups of the preoptic area, including the anteroventral periventricular nucleus, periventricular preoptic nucleus, and medial preoptic nucleus. In the present study, immunohistochemistry was performed on tissue from ovariectomized females with or without estradiol treatment to test the hypothesis that increased levels of NT accompany hormonal induction of NT/N mRNA in these cell groups. Since colchicine treatment is required for visualization of NT‐immunoreactive cell bodies, an additional objective of this study was to determine whether colchicine alters expression of NT/N mRNA in this area. Estradiol caused a pronounced increase in the number of NT‐immunoreactive cell bodies in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus, as well as adjacent parts of the periventricular preoptic nucleus and medial preoptic nucleus. In the absence of colchicine, estradiol increased the number of NT‐immunoreactive fibers in these same regions. Surprisingly, NT‐immunoreactive cell bodies with intense staining were abundant in certain parts of the medial preoptic nucleus regardless of hormonal condition. NT‐immunoreactive cell bodies were also numerous in certain regions where NT/N mRNA‐expressing cells are scarce, and in two of these regions, the median preoptic nucleus and vascular organ of the lamina terminalis, estradiol substantially reduced the number of immunoreactive cell bodies. Treatment of ovariectomized females with colchicine induced expression of NT/N mRNA in the same regions where NT‐immunoreactive cell bodies were unexpectedly numerous, thus providing a compelling explanation for the discordant distributions of the mRNA and peptide. Together with previous findings, the present results indicate that increased levels of NT accompany hormonal induction of NT/N mRNA in the anteroventral periventricular nucleus, as well as adjacent parts of the periventricular preoptic nucleus and medial preoptic nucleus. In other regions of the preoptic area, colchicine‐inducible expression of NT/N mRNA confounds assessment of hormonal influences on NT synthesis. Multiple populations of neurons capable of NT synthesis can be distinguished in the rostral preoptic area on the basis of differential responsiveness to estrogen or colchicine, thereby providing additional evidence for functional heterogeneity among NT‐synthesizing neurons in this region. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A topographically organized gamma‐aminobutyric acid projection from the ventral pallidum to the nucleus accumbens in the rat
Authors: Churchill Lynn , Kalivas Peter W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAnatomical and electrophysiological studies have indicated that a reciprocal projection from the ventral pallidum back to the nucleus accumbens exists and has functional relevance. In this study, the topographical projection from the ventral pallidum to the nucleus accumbens was examined by using retrograde tracing with fluoro‐gold iontophoresed in subcompartments of the nucleus accumbens in rats combined with either in situ hybridization for glutamic acid decarboxylase and preproenkephalin mRNA or substance P immunoreactivity. Deposits made into the medial nucleus accumbens preferentially labeled neurons in the medial ventral pallidum, while deposits into the dorsolateral nucleus accumbens, at or lateral to the anterior commissure, labeled primarily cells in the dorsal and lateral ventral pallidum. A mediolateral to rostrocaudal topography was also observed, with the medial deposits preferentially labeling cells in rostral ventral pallidum and the lateral deposits resulting in retrogradely labeled cells in the ventral pallidum below the crossing of the posterior anterior commissure (subcommissural) as well as below the globus pallidus (sublenticular). The majority of cells retrogradely labeled with fluoro‐gold were double‐labeled for glutamic acid decarboxylase mRNA. In contrast, very few retrogradely labeled neurons in the ventral pallidurn were double labeled for mRNA for preproenkephalin. These data demonstrate a topographically organized projection from the ventral pallidum, to the nucleus accumbens that is primarily γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐ergic and reciprocal to the GABAergic projection from the nucleus accumbens to the ventral pallidum. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of GAT‐1, a high‐affinity gamma‐aminobutyric acid plasma membrane transporter in the rat retina
Authors: Brecha Nicholas C. , Weigmann Christine 
Published: January 2005

AbstractGamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) plasma membrane transporters influence synaptic transmission by high‐affinity, Na+‐dependent transport processes. The cDNA clone, GAT‐1, encodes a high‐affinity Na+‐ and Cl−‐dependent GABA plasma membrane transporter, which has kinetic and pharmacological properties similar to those of high‐affinity GABA uptake systems associated with neurons. The present study evaluates the distribution and cellular localization of this putative neuronal GABA transporter by RNA blot hybridization and in situ hybridization histochemistry in the rat retina. Northern blot hybridization analysis of total retinal and cerebellar RNA extracts demonstrated a single band of hybridization at 4.2 kilobases. GABA transporter mRNA is expressed by numerous cells that are distributed to the proximal inner nuclear layer and the ganglion cell layer and by a few cells located in the inner plexiform layer. Double label studies combining the retrograde transport of the fluorescent dye Fluorogold from the superior colliculus to identify ganglion cells and in situ hybridization histochemistry demonstrated that most GAT‐1 mRNA‐containing cells in the ganglion cell layer are displaced amacrine cells, although some ganglion cells containing GAT‐1 mRNA were visualized. In freshly dissociated retinal cell preparations, the GAT‐1 RNA signal is strong in neurons and weak to moderate in specialized glial cells called Müller cells. Müller cells were identified by both their morphology and the presence of the selective Müller cell marker cellular retinaldehyde‐binding protein. Only background labeling is seen with the sense GAT‐1 RNA probe in both tissue sections and dissociated retinal cell preparations. These findings demonstrate that GAT‐1 mRNA is expressed in both the retina and brain. In the retina, this transporter is predominantly localized to amacrine, displaced amacrine and interplexiform cells, and some ganglion cells. This transporter mRNA is also expressed by Müller cells but at a lower level than by neurons. These observations indicate that GABA transport by GAT‐1 plasma membrane transporters in the retina is mediated by both neurons and glia cells. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunocytochemical localization of L‐DOPA and dopamine in the brain of the chicken (Gallus domesticus)
Authors: Moons Lieve , van Gils Jelle , Ghijsels Els , Vandesande Frans 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA light microscopic immunocytochemical study, with antisera against dihydroxyphenylalanine (L‐DOPA) and dopamine (DA), revealed the dopaergic and dopaminergic systems in the brain of the chicken (Gallus domesticus). L‐DOPA‐ and DA‐immunoreactive (ir) elements are similarly distributed throughout the entire brain. Virtually all regions of the brain contained a dense innervation by L‐DOPA‐ and DA‐immunopositive varicose fibers. The neuronal cell bodies immunoreactive for the two monoamines were confined to more restricted regions, the hypothalamus, the midbrain and the brainstem. In the hypothalamus, DA‐ and L‐DOPA‐ir neurons were subdivided into a medial periventricular and a lateral group. The medial group starts at the level of the anterior commissure, in the ventral part of the nucleus periventricularis hypothalami, and continues in a more dorsal periventricular position caudally into the dorsal tuberal hypothalamic region. Densely labeled cerebrospinal fluid contacting cells can be observed in the paraventricular organ. The lateral group consists of immunopositive neurons loosely arranged in the lateral hypothalamic area and in the nucleus mamillaris lateralis. Most of the dopaminergic cell groups, identified in the hypothalamus of mammals, could be observed in the chicken, with the exception of the tuberoinfundibular group. The majority of L‐DOPA‐and DA‐ir perikarya is, however, situated in the mesencephalic tegmentum, in the area ventralis of Tsai and in the nucleus tegmenti pedunculo‐pontinus, pars compacta, the avian homologues of, respectively, the ventral tegmental area and the substantia nigra of mammals. In the pons, dense groups of cells are found in the locus coeruleus and in the nucleus subcoeruleus ventralis and dorsalis. A few labeled cells appear in and around the nucleus olivaris superior in the most caudal part of the metencephalic tegmentum. In the medulla oblongata, L‐DOPA‐ and DA‐ir cells can be seen at the level of the nucleus of the solitary tract and in a ventrolateral complex. A comparison with tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunocytochemistry revealed TH‐immunopositive neurons greatly outnumbering the cells exhibiting DA and L‐DOPA immunoreactivity. These results are discussed in relation to catecholaminergic systems previously reported in avian species and in the mammalian brain. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Visual system of the fossorial mole‐lemmings, Ellobius talpinus and Ellobius lutescens
Authors: Herbin M. , Repérant J. , Cooper H. M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractOcular regression in subterranean species has been shown to be associated with a number of alterations in the retina and in retinal pathways. In order to examine the consequences of eye reduction, the visual system was studied in two species of the murine genus, Ellobius, a specialized fossorial rodent. The axial length of the eye is only 2.2 mm in E. lutescens and 2.9 mm in E. talpinus. The mean soma size of ganglion cells in Nissl‐stained flatmounts is approximately 10 μm in E. lutescens and 12 μm in E. talpinus. The soma size distribution in both species appears unimodal and falls within a range‐of 6–17 μm in diameter. The topographic distribution of ganglion cells shows a weak centroperipheral gradient, and an area centralis cannot be distinguished. The total number of neurons in the ganglion cell layer in Nissl‐stained flat mounts is 12,000 in E. lutescens and 28,500 in E. talpinus and, following injection of retrograde tracers in the superior colliculus, is, respectively, 3,600 and 20,000. Based on the axial length and maximum ganglion cell density, the calculated retinal magnification factor (20–26 μm/degree) and spatial resolution (0.4–0.9 cycles/degree) of these minute eyes are extremely reduced. Retinofugal projections, demonstrated by autoradiography and horseradish peroxidase histochemistry, are similar to those in other rodents. The superior colliculus is well developed and receives a predominantly contralateral projection. Ganglion cells projecting to the contralateral colliculus are distributed over the entire retina, while cells that project ipsilaterally are restricted to the ventrotemporal region. The dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus has clearly defined binocular and monocular segments, including a partial segregation of regions receiving ipsilateral or contralateral retinal innervation. In addition, a localized region of label is observed medial to the geniculate nucleus. The retina also sends a bilateral projection to the suprachiasmatic nucleus; the intergeniculate leaflet; the pretectum; and the medial, lateral, and dorsal terminal nuclei of the accessory optic system. Sparse retinal projections were also seen in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the anterior thalamus, and the inferior colliculus. A substantial retinal projection is observed in the basal telencephalon, including the cortical amygdaloid region, the diagonal band of Broca, the olfactory tubercle, and the piriform cortex. The results suggest that the morphological constraints of reduced eye size are reflected in the retina by a generally homogeneous organization but that central visual projections are not substantially modified as in some more specialized, strictly subterranean rodents. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.