bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A benchmark study of data normalisation methods for PTR-TOF-MS exhaled breath metabolomics
Authors: Roquencourt Camille , Lamy Elodie , Bardin Emmanuelle , Devillier Philippe , Grassin-Delyle Stanislas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Volatilomics is the branch of metabolomics dedicated to the analysis of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath for medical diagnostic or therapeutic monitoring purposes. Real-time mass spectrometry (MS) technologies such as proton transfer reaction (PTR) MS are commonly used, and data normalisation is an important step to discard unwanted variation from non-biological sources, as batch effects and loss of sensitivity over time may be observed. As normalisation methods for real-time breath analysis have been poorly investigated, we aimed to benchmark known metabolomic data normalisation methods and apply them to PTR-MS data analysis. We compared seven normalisation methods, five statistically based and two using multiple standard metabolites, on two datasets from clinical trials for COVID-19 diagnosis in patients from the emergency department or intensive care unit. We evaluated different means of feature selection to select the standard metabolites, as well as the use of multiple repeat measurements of ambient air to train the normalisation methods. We show that the normalisation tools can correct for time-dependent drift. The methods that provided the best corrections for both cohorts were probabilistic quotient normalisation and normalisation using optimal selection of multiple internal standards. Normalisation also improved the diagnostic performance of the machine learning models, significantly increasing sensitivity, specificity and area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the diagnosis of COVID-19. Our results highlight the importance of adding an appropriate normalisation step during the processing of PTR-MS data, which allows significant improvements in the predictive performance of statistical models.

Clinical trials: VOC-COVID-Diag (EudraCT 2020-A02682-37); RECORDS trial (EudraCT 2020-000296-21).
Study on spatiotemporal changes and influencing factors of frozen soil moisture during freeze-thaw period under different ecological construction measures in the loess plateau of China
Authors: Cheng Shengdong , Wu Heng , Wu Qinqin , Ke Ganggang , Liu Hangyu , Zhou Xin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The climatic conditions and soil characteristics of the Loess Plateau in China make it have a unique freeze–thaw process and the distribution of soil unfrozen water. In order to elucidate the spatio-temporal variation of soil unfrozen water during freeze–thaw period and its influencing factors under different ecological construction measures, The spatial and temporal variation of soil unfrozen moisture and its main influencing factors in five different ecological plots in the Loess Plateau during freeze–thaw period were studied by combining field monitoring and indoor calculation. The results showed that: (1) the spatiotemporal changes of unfrozen water content in soil were different under different vegetation restoration methods. The variation of unfrozen water content in fallow land was the largest at 20cm depth, while the variation in surface 10cm was the largest in the other four plots. (2) The average unfrozen water content of soil in the representative soil layer can be estimated more accurately, and the best representative soil layer in the five sample plots is concentrated in 20–30 cm. (3) During seasonal freeze–thaw period, the main controlling environmental factors of unfrozen water content are air temperature and surface temperature. The results can provide reference for soil protection and water resources management in northwest China, especially in the Loess Plateau.
Core–shell Cu1−x
NCo3−y
/a-CuFeCo antiperovskite as high-performance anode for Li-ion batteries
Authors: Hossain Sk Mujaffar , Kumar Nikhil , Debnath Bharati , Ogale Satishchandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Currently, there is an emergent interest in the antiperovskite family of materials in the context of energy applications in view of their distinct and peculiar set of structural and electronic properties. This work examines the surface-modified antiperovskite nitride CuNCo3 as a high-performance anode material for Li-ion storage devices. The antiperovskite CuNCo3 was prepared by the hydrothermal method followed by calcination in the NH3 atmosphere. An amorphous layer on the surface of CuNCo3 (Cu1−x
NCo3−y
/a-CuFeCo) was also fabricated to enhance its performance as an anode material for Li-ion batteries. The surface-modified Cu1−x
NCo3−y
/a-CuFeCo material was noted to deliver an extraordinarily high reversible capacity of ∼1150 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A g−1, whereas the CuNCo3 showed a reversible capacity of ∼408 mAh g−1 at the same current density. The initial capacity of Cu1−x
NCo3−y
/a-CuFeCo exhibited excellent retention (>62%) even after 350 cycles. A ∼6 nm thin amorphous layer around the surface of pure CuNCo3 helped almost double the specific capacity as compared to the pure CuNCo3 due to the presence of a multi-redox center for Li-ion to react and also concomitantly improved electrical conductivity property. The cyclic stability of the Cu1−x
NCo3−y
/a-CuFeCo material at a higher current density (0.5 and 1.0 A g−1) was also noticeable. This work opens up new materials routes and promising processing strategies to develop high reversible capacity anodes for alkali ion batteries.
An efficient 3D IC partitioning approach using satin bowerbird optimization for reduced TSV count and improved heat dissipation
Authors: Roy Sharadindu , Banerjee Siddhartha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Net list partitioning achieves paramount importance in the physical architecture design step of Three Dimensional (3D) Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. The performance of all subsequent steps like floor layout, placement, pin assignment, and routing in the physical architecture design of the VLSI circuit are heavily affected by the outcomes of partitioning steps. Wire length between gates is reduced by 3D Integrated Circuit (IC) due to compact footprint as well as vertical inter connections among dies. This reduced wire length in turns responsible for less energy consumption and reduced connection delays. In this paper, Satin Bowerbird Optimization (SBO) is applied to solve 3D IC partitioning challenges. The suggested 3D IC partitioning technique is aimed at reducing the number of Through Silicon Vias (TSV) and measurements have also been taken to reduce heat dissipation. The presence of a significant amount of TSVs expands the chip area. 3D ICs have considerably greater densities of power because of advances in the technology and a vastly increased variety of components with high frequency. The heat generated by the used power has an impact on the performance and dependability of the chip. In this experiment, SBO is used as a multi-objective optimization method to achieve two objectives simultaneously - TSV count minimization and heat dissipation reduction. The performance of the suggested SBO - based approach is assessed utilizing the Giga Scale Research Center (GSRC) benchmark circuits. The applicability of the suggested technique is judged by comparing the outcomes with thermal-aware multilevel hyper-graph partitioning method. The findings of the comparison reveal that the suggested technique outperforms the thermal-aware multilevel hyper-graph partitioning approach by lowering the number of TSV count, maximum area requirement, and power density by 16.99%, 9.94% and 29.10% respectively. The performance of the experiment is also compared with existing Simulated Annealing and Tabu search based techniques. In both cases, the proposed method achieves better result by lowering TSV by 26.03% and 27.31%, and reducing area by 6.59% and 6.59%, respectively.
Application of composite material models to determine the Young’s modulus of the grid pattern of partially infilled 3D printed samples
Authors: Tognana Sebastián , Pomarico Micaela , Montecinos Susana , Salgueiro Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Additive manufacturing makes it possible to fabricate samples with partial internal infill. This type of sample has a different Young’s modulus than a completely filled sample. In this work, the dependence of the apparent Young’s modulus of samples manufactured by 3D printing on the infill percentage has been experimentally determined, for a given pattern and using a non-destructive technique. Young’s modulus was assumed as an apparent modulus and values were found between 3.39 GPa for the sample with 100% infill and 1.32 GPa for the sample with 20% infill. In particular, a non-linear variation of the apparent Young’s modulus was observed. The specific Young’s modulus presents a minimum for an intermediate infill percentage. The use of a model of composite materials was proposed, as a first approach to determine the apparent Young’s modulus of the parts. The mixture law, the Halpin-Tsai equation generalized by Kerner, a model of foams and the Mori Tanaka method were applied to the dependence of the apparent Young’s modulus on the infill percentage, giving all, except the mixture law, acceptable results. The advantage of applying each model was discussed. This type of analysis would allow a fast semi-empirical approach of the apparent Young’s modulus in partially filled samples with a grid pattern.
Graph machine learning framework for depicting wavefunction on interface
Authors: Wu Ao , Liu Li , Wang Zifeng , Pan Shurong , Huang Jiangxue , Huang Qijun , He Jin , Wang Hao , Chang Sheng 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The wavefunction, as the basic hypothesis of quantum mechanics, describes the motion of particles and plays a pivotal role in determining physical properties at the atomic scale. However, its conventional acquisition method, such as density functional theory, requires a considerable amount of calculation, which brings numerous problems to wide application. Here, we propose an algorithmic framework based on graph neural network to machine-learn the wavefunction of electrons. This framework primarily generates atomic features containing information about chemical environment and geometric structure and subsequently constructs a scalable distribution map. For the first time, the visualization of wavefunction of interface is realized by machine learning methods, bypassing complex calculation and obscure comprehension. In this way, we vividly illustrate quantum mechanics, which can inspire theoretical exploration. As an intriguing case to verify the ability of our method, a novel quantum confinement phenomenon on interfaces based on graphene nanoribbon is uncovered. We believe that the versatility of this framework paves the way for swiftly linking quantum physics and atom-level structures.
Does rehabilitation work?
Authors: Ebrahim Shah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rehabilitation is ‘about the tertiary response to insult or disease’ (Goodwill and Chamberlain 1988), and thus is concerned with the prevention of complications of disease. The effects and complications of stroke are discussed in Chapter 12, but rehabilitation is about more than just prevention of complications. It is concerned with reablement-the restoration to former rights, and resettlement—the use of new or prosthetic environments. The World Health Organization defines rehabilitation as: ‘the combined and coordinated use of medical, social, educational and vocational measures for training or retraining the individual to the highest possible level of functional ability’. Using this definition a case could be made for everyone, sick or well, receiving their share of ‘rehabilitation’.
Reducing the risk of recurrent stroke
Authors: Ebrahim Shah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To be of use to doctors, information from trials must be generalizable to as many potential patients as possible. This is usually achieved by two means: a large trial, and few restrictions to trial entry. A major problem in many trials of secondary prevention is that they are too small, and if negative run the risk of falsely accepting the null hypothesis (a type II error). Or, in other words, thinking that the difference observed between treated and untreated groups is due to chance. Furthermore, trials should use defined criteria and blind assessment of recurrence to avoid diagnostic and ascertainment bias. Although recurrence rates do not appear to vary with time since onset of the initial stroke, it is sensible to compare recurrence rates over at least one year, and preferably for two to three years. First and subsequent recurrences should be analysed separately to avoid ‘double counting’ of events. Finally, not all stroke recurrences are equally damaging yet most of the published trials treat them as if they were. An indicator of final dis ability (such as functional ability, walking, etc.) used as a trial outcome would help clinicians weigh the true benefits of preventing recurrences.
The genitourinary system
Authors: Peters A M , Myers M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron of which there are two types: cortical and juxtamedullary. Cortical nephrons are relatively short, with loops of Henle that extend into the medulla only as far as the outer medulla. Juxtamedullary nephrons, which comprise about 15% of the total nephron population, have long loops of Henle extending into the medulla almost as far as the papilla. The nephron starts at the glomerulus and finishes at the distal collecting tubule. Blood is carried into the glomerulus by the afferent arteriole and away from it by the efferent arteriole. Between the afferent and efferent arterioles is the glomerular papillary network, which is situated within Bowman’s capsule, and through which filtration occurs to form the glomerular filtrate. The efferent arteriole then supplies blood to a second capillary network.
Exercises
Authors: Peters A M , Myers M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During continuous infusion of bromosulphtha lein (BSP) at a rate of 1200 mg/min, the steady-state arterial concentration was 1 mg/ml and the hepatic venous BSP concentration was 0.2 mg/ml; what was liver blood flow? (Assume no extrahepatic uptake of BSP). A patient with a cardiac output of 5600 ml/min and a pulse rate of 70/min has a left ventricular ejection fraction of 0.64. What are the left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes? Following injection of a labelled intravascular tracer, cerebral blood volume was found to be 75 ml; if cerebral blood flow was 250 ml/min, what was the mean cerebral vascular transit time? The area under an arterial fluorine-18 time concentration curve, recorded in a cerebral region of interest up to 10 min after bolus intravenous injection of fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), was 15 MBq•ml-1-min.
Disorders of the mother-inf ant relationship
Authors: Brockington Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just as adjustment to pregnancy, and the emerging relationship with the fetus, are important prepartum psychological processes, so the growth of the mother-infant relationship is a vital part of postpartum development. In popular parlance this is often called ‘bonding’ -a good short word. Scientists, however, dislike it, because it has become linked to the idea of an all-or-none relationship, fully established in the first few hours of life.
Postpartum mental illness and the family
Authors: Brockington Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rituals. The term ‘couvade’ was first introduced by Tylor in 1865190, from the word couver (to brood or hatch). It refers to a custom observed among many races from ancient times, in which the father of a new-born child lies in bed for a certain period, e.g. a month, eating prescribed foods, abstaining from work and the use of weapons, nursing the new-born, and tended by his wife as if he were ill, while she, the newly delivered mother, carries on her usual occupation. According to Licht121,
Setting the standards of surgical practice
Authors: Greig J D , Quick Clive R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Standards in surgery are both consciously and unconsciously part of everyday surgical practice. Standards of access to care, waiting times to consultation and to elective operation are regularly debated in the media and are subject to much angst within government. Indeed, an excessive amount of attention is given to these subjects, with far less attention to the vital matters of the management of emergency admissions, the quality and outcome of operations, and the calibre of perioperative care.
Principles of anaesthesia and intraoperative onitoring
Authors: Smith Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some form of anaesthesia is required for almost every surgical procedure. Whatever method is chosen, it should cause minimal stress to the patient and allow normal physiology to be maintained The choice of technique lies between anaesthetizing part of the body (regional anaesthesia) and the whole body (general anaesthesia). Methods other than general anaesthesia may be supplemented with intravenous sedation.
Nutrition and nutritional support in surgical practice
Authors: Gardiner K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The importance of artificial nutritional support for patients with critical illness has been demonstrated convincingly in many studies over the past 20 years. More recently there have been significant shifts in nutritional management with regard to nutrient composition, route of administration, and organization of delivery: There is increasing evidence that the enteral route of administration is often possible in critically ill patients and is associated with reduced complications and lower costs than parenteral nutrition. Enteral nutrition has been facilitated by technological improvements in access devices and equipment for nutrient delivery.
Surgical aspects of haematology
Authors: Baglin T P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is essential that all samples sent to the laboratory are identified correctly. In the case of samples sent for red cell compatibility testing, with a view to transfusion therapy, the need for correct labelling cannot be emphasized strongly enough. The majority of fatal transfusion reactions are the result of clerical errors (see below). All samples should be labelled with four points of identification: first name, surname, hospital number, date of birth. The destination for the result should be clearly indicated to prevent delays, and relevant clinical details indicated to assist interpretation of results and the need for further laboratory evaluation.
Abdominal surgical Emergencies
Authors: Whyman M , Thomas Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ‘acute abdomen’ is still one of the most common surgical emergencies. The skill required to look after patients with acute intra-abdominal disease is acquired by first recognizing the common diseases likely to be present and then understanding the pathological changes occurring in the acute phases of these disorders. Some acute conditions, such as leaking aneurysm, require immediate surgical correction; others require urgent surgery after a period of active resuscitation (e.g. perforation or strangulated hernia). A proportion can be managed conservatively with the intention of converting an emergency into an elective condition (e.g. acute cholecystitis or diverticulitis). This concept of ‘defusing’ an emergency situation wherever possible and allowing the disease to settle before carrying out elective surgery is important. The management of the acute abdomen still presents a challenge to every surgeon, primarily because of these differing priorities. Developing the skills of ‘timing’ is an essential component of training in emergency abdominal surgical care.
Arterial surgery and lower-limb amputations
Authors: Quick Clive R , Davies Alun 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arterial surgery is largely about treating ischaemia and actual or potential rupture of vessels. The main underlying problems are degenerative arterial diseases, obliterative arterial disease (usually atherosclerotic), and aneurysmal disease. In addition, acute arterial trauma may demand the skills of a vascular surgeon.
External hernias
Authors: Costa M L Da , Redmond H P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A hernia is defined as the protrusion of an organ or viscous, or part of one, through a defect in its containing cavity. This definition covers not only the common varieties of hernias (inguinal, femoral, incisional, umbilical), but also herniation of other organs, such as the brain through fascia! defects or foramina in the cranium with raised intracranial pressure.
The World—Things, Classes and Qualities
Authors: Cutting J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the major preoccupations of philosophers, probably the major, from Plato onwards, has been the nature of the distinction between individual things encountered in the world and our knowledge of the sort of thing that they are. The dichotomous terms used in the debate have varied in different epochs-particular/universal, nominalism/ realism, percept/concept, reference/sense. However, as Rorty (1980) has argued,1 the change in terminology largely reflects a different approach to the same problem.
Setting standards in practice
Authors: Johnson Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is only logical to define what it is one is aiming to achieve and set targets for this, before collecting data about performance and trying to interpret it. However, a large number of audits omit this stage altogether. This may not be as surprising as it seems. The language and the definitions involved in standard setting may seem cumbersome and confusing, and while we all tend to resent standards set by others, it is often difficult and time consuming to set our own. This chapter will explore the concept of ‘standard setting’ and how this can be achieved in practice.
Collecting and analysing data
Authors: Mant David , Yudkin Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All of the audits described in other chapters of this book require some collection and analysis of data. These tasks need special skills which are simple and well worth acquiring. They will not only save energy and resources, but will mean that the information obtained from reviewing the data is more likely to be an accurate reflection of what is happening in practice. Collecting and analysing data is a common cause of problems. It tends to generate large amounts of paper covered with figures which never quite add up.
Auditing teamwork
Authors: Munro Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the major themes of this book is that the delivery of most of the services in general practice depends on the contribution of members of different disciplines in the primary health care team, and that those involved in delivering the service should also be involved in auditing its quality. If this reveals areas in which the service could be improved, this may be related to the quality and effectiveness of the process of teamwork. This chapter will explore the audit of teamwork itself. The link between the quality of teamwork and the quality of the service provided has been documented more fully in industrial settings than in primary health care (Adair 1986).
The primary /secondary care interface
Authors: Coulter Angela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is now well established that general practitioners’ referral rates often vary widely: studies have demonstrated three-to four-fold variations between practices in the rate at which they refer patients to out-patient clinics, with individual general practitioners’ rates being even more variable (Wilkin and Dornan 1990). These variations are indicative of a lack of consensus about the appropriate use of specialist services. For this reason, many general practitioners have been interested in reviewing their performance in this important area, with a view to developing guidelines for referral. As we shall see, this task is far from straightforward.