bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and stability of linear and star polymers containing [C60] fullerene
Authors: Pantazis Dimitris , Pispas Stergios , Hadjichristidis Nikos 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLinear and symmetric star block copolymers of styrene and isoprene containing [C60] fullerene were synthesized by anionic polymerization and appropriate linking postpolymerization chemistry. In all block copolymers, the C60 was connected to the terminal polyisoprene (PI) block. The composition of the copolymers was kept constant (∼30% wt PI), whereas the molecular weight of the diblock chains was varied. The polymers were characterized with a number of techniques, including size exclusion chromatography, membrane osmometry, and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The combined characterization results showed that the synthetic procedures followed led to well‐defined materials. However, degradation of the fractionated star‐shaped copolymers was observed after storage for 2 months at 4 °C, whereas the nonfractionated material was stable. To further elucidate the reasons for this degradation, we prepared and studied a four‐arm star copolymer with the polystyrene part connected to C60 and a six‐arm star homopolymer of styrene. These polymers as well as linear copolymers end‐capped, through N<, with C60 were stable. Possible reasons are discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 2494–2507, 2001
Inclusion complexes of α‐cyclodextrin and (AB)n block copolymers
Authors: Olson Kirk , Chen Yiyan , Baker Gregory L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCyclodextrins thread onto polymer chains to form inclusion complexes, especially when the polymer is hydrophobic relative to the solvent. Selective threading might occur when the polymer architecture contains both hydrophobic and hydrophilic segments. α‐Cyclodextrin formed crystalline inclusion complexes with (AB)n microblock copolymers, where the A block was a linear alkyl segment containing a single double bond and the B block was an exact length segment of poly(ethylene oxide). The complexes were isolated and characterized by solution and solid‐state NMR, X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. Each method confirmed complex formation and showed that the physical properties of the complexes were distinct from those of its individual components. The X‐ray data were consistent with known inclusion complexes having a channel or column crystal structure. The stoichiometry of the complex formation, 2.3 α‐cyclodextrin rings per polymer repeat unit, was determined by NMR analysis of the complexes and from an analysis of the inclusion complex yields. The data suggest that the inclusion complex stoichiometry is defined by the increasing insolubility of the polymer–cyclodextrin complex. Solid‐state NMR data were consistent with a preference for threading onto hydrophobic segments of the (AB)n polymer. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 2731–2739, 2001
Synthesis and properties of poly(arylene ether)s bearing sulfonic acid groups on pendant phenyl rings
Authors: Miyatake Kenji , Hay Allan S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTwo kinds of new aromatic poly(arylene ether)s containing sulfonic acid groups were synthesized. Polymer 1 composed of tetraphenylphenylene ether and perfluorobiphenylene units was sulfonated with chlorosulfonic acid. Sulfonation took place only at the para position of the pendant phenyl rings. The average degree of sulfonation per repeating unit (m) was controlled from 1 to 4. Sulfonated polymer 2 with m = 3 was soluble in methanol and dimethyl sulfoxide and swelled in water. Incorporating bis(3,5‐dimethylphenyl)sulfone moieties into the sulfonated polymer imparts less methanol affinity. Polymers 4 with 30–65 mol % tetrakis(sulfophenyl)phenylene ether units has high decomposition temperatures above 300 °C, hydrophilicity, and good hydrolytic stability. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3211–3217, 2001
Probing the molecular interactions in the diffusion of water through epoxy and epoxy–bismaleimide networks
Authors: Musto Pellegrino , Ragosta Giuseppe , Scarinzi Gennaro , Mascia Leno 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFourier transform infrared spectroscopy in the near‐infrared (NIR) frequency range was used to investigate the molecular interactions occurring between absorbed water molecules and networks based on a tetrafunctional epoxy resin. One of these networks was a typical formulation containing 4,4′‐diamino diphenylsulfone as a hardener, and the other was a modified resin containing 4,4′‐bismaleimide‐diphenylmethane (BMI) as a coreactive monomer. Molecular spectroscopy analysis confirmed the existence of mobile water localized into network defects (microvoids) that did not interact with the networks and water molecules bound to the networks through hydrogen‐bonding interactions. In the BMI‐containing system, the fraction of bound water decreased significantly with respect to the unmodified epoxy resin. This was a relevant result because the bound water was primarily responsible for the plasticization of the network and for the consequent worsening of mechanical performance. Water diffusion was investigated with gravimetric sorption measurements and time‐resolved Fourier transform NIR spectroscopy measurements. These showed that the presence of BMI decreased the water uptake at equilibrium, enhanced the diffusivity, and reduced the activation energy for diffusion. A dual‐mode model for diffusion was found to be suitable for accurately describing the mass‐transport process in both investigated systems. The results of the model simulations allowed us to estimate the ratio of free and bound water, which was in good agreement with that obtained from the spectroscopic analysis. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 922–938, 2002
Pulsed electrostatic fields (ETG) to reduce hair loss in women undergoing chemotherapy for breast carcinoma: A pilot study
Authors: Benjamin Benji , Ziginskas Danute , Harman John , Meakin Timothy 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAims: To determine whether specific pulsed electrostatic fields, or electrotrichogenesis (ETG), could potentially prevent or reduce hair loss in patients undergoing adjuvant cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5‐fluorouracil (CMF) chemotherapy for breast cancer.Methods: Thirteen women were followed during their adjuvant ETG and chemotherapy treatment to determine the efficacy of ETG. All patients were treated for 12 min, twice weekly with a pulsed electrostatic field. Quantitative hair loss was measured by photographic assessment, and manual hair count. Quality of life assessment was conducted at the end of the study.Results: Twelve out of 13 participants had good hair retention throughout the chemotherapy period and afterwards. There were no reported side effects attributable to ETG.Conclusions: This study shows encouraging results in an area where no other appropriate treatment is available Reducing alopecia, secondary to chemotherapy has the potential to increase CMF treatment compliance, enhance patient self‐esteem, and improve overall quality of life during this stressful period Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Primary bronchopulmonary leiomyosarcoma of the left main bronchus in a child presenting with wheezing and atelectasis of the left lung
Authors: Lai Dong‐Shang , Lue Ko‐Huang , Su Jang‐Ming , Chang Han 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPrimary lung tumors are rare in children, and primary bronchopulmonary leiomyosarcomas are very rare in children, with only 10 cases reported in the English‐language literature. We report on the eleventh case of primary bronchopulmonary leiomyosarcoma in a child, and it is the first case in Taiwan, and also in Asia. In addition, this is the second case of this tumor arising in the left main bronchus. Before the present case, there were only 2 cases of this tumor in the main bronchus: one was in the right main‐stem bronchus, and the other in the left‐stem main bronchus. Ours is the second case showing pleural effusion. Chest roentgenogram and bronchoscopy are helpful in the diagnosis of primary bronchopulmonary tumors, but a definitive diagnosis can only be made by biopsy. The tumor is potentially curable if total excision is possible; irradiation has little therapeutic value, and early excision offers the only hope of cure. The child is alive and well 19 months after pneumonectomy, without having received radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:318‐321. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the human kallikrein 10 (KLK10) gene and their association with prostate, breast, testicular, and ovarian cancers
Authors: Bharaj Bhupinder B. , Luo Liu‐Ying , Jung Klaus , Stephan Carsten , Diamandis Eleftherios P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundThe KLK10 gene (also known as the normal epithelial cell‐specific 1 gene) is a member of the expanded human kallikrein gene family. Recently, it has been reported that KLK10 is a tumor suppressor gene and that its expression is downregulated in various forms of cancer and cancer cell lines. KLK10 is also upregulated in ovarian cancer. We thus hypothesized that the KLK10 gene may be a target for mutations in various cancers.MethodsWe sequenced the five coding exons of the KLK10 gene using genomic DNA from various tumors, normal tissues, and blood, by PCR amplification and automated sequencing.ResultsIn none of the tumor‐derived DNAs, we identified somatic mutations that could inactivate this gene. However, we identified a prevalent germline single nucleotide variation at codon 50 (exon 3) of this gene [GCC (alanine) to TCC (serine)]. The GCC genotype was less prevalent in prostatic cancer patients in comparison to control subjects (P = 0.027) but no differences were seen with testicular, ovarian, and breast cancer. We also identified four genetic variations in exon 4, at codons106 [GGC (glycine) to GGA (glycine)], codon 112 [ACG (threonine) to ACC (threonine)], codon 141 [CTA (leucine) to CTG (leucine)], and at codon 149 [CCG (proline) to CTG (leucine)]. None of these variations was significantly different between normal subjects and cancer groups.ConclusionsWe found no evidence for somatic mutations of the KLK10 gene in cancers of the prostate, breast, ovary, and testis. The single nucleotide variation at codon 50 appears to be associated with prostate cancer risk. Prostate 51:35–41, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increased expression of lymphocyte‐derived cytokines in benign hyperplastic prostate tissue, identification of the producing cell types, and effect of differentially expressed cytokines on stromal cell proliferation
Authors: Kramer Gero , Steiner Georg E. , Handisurya Alessandra , Stix Ursula , Haitel Andrea , Knerer Birgit , Gessl Alois , Lee Chung , Marberger Michael 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDBenign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) frequently exhibit infiltration of CD4 +/CD45RO + memory‐T‐lymphocytes. Expression and impact of lymphocyte‐derived growth factors on prostatic stromal cell (PSC) growth were investigated.METHODSLymphokine synthesis in normal prostate tissues (n = 3), BPH‐tissues (n = 13), BPH‐derived T‐cells (n = 6), BPH‐derived epithelial cells (BPH‐EC) (n = 5), normal prostate‐derived (n = 3) and BPH‐derived stromal cell lines (BPH‐SC) (n = 6), and prostate cancer (CaP) lines (n = 3) was analyzed by RT‐PCR and Southern‐blotting. The effect of interleukin (IL)‐2, ‐4, ‐7, and interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) on normal and BPH‐SC growth was investigated by 3H‐thymidine incorporation assays.RESULTSAll BPH‐tissues and, to a lesser degree, normal prostates, expressed significant amounts of IFN‐γ mRNA. However, only BPH‐tissues contained IL‐2 and IL‐4 mRNA (ratio: 10:13). BPH‐T‐cell lines were heterogenous in composition and expressed significant amounts of IFN‐γ, IL‐2, and IL‐4 mRNA. Low level expression of these lymphokines was also observed in BPH‐EC, CaP lines, and PSC lines. IL‐2, ‐7 and IFN‐γ stimulated the proliferation of BPH‐PSC lines but not that of normal PSC, while IL‐4 inhibited BPH‐PSC growth.CONCLUSIONSChronic inflammation may induce an increased growth pattern of fibromuscular tissue in BPH similar to that of wound healing. Prostate 52: 43–58, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of differentially expressed genes in organ‐confined prostate cancer by gene expression array
Authors: Chetcuti Albert , Margan Sienna , Mann Stephen , Russell Peter , Handelsman David , Rogers John , Dong Qihan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDTo understand the molecular mechanisms underlying prostate cancer, we have utilized the gene expression array to search for genes whose expression is altered in this disease.METHODSRNA quality from manual microdissected tissue was compared with that from microselected tissue by electrophoresis. For array analysis, malignant and normal prostate epithelium was enriched using microselection technique from prostate cancer and the peripheral zone of a normal prostate. Identical array membrane was hybridized to labeled cancer and normal cDNA, respectively. The differentially expressed gene was further evaluated by RT‐PCR.RESULTSMicrodissection, but not microselection, causes visible degradation to RNA. Of the 588 genes on the membrane, 87 genes yielded significant signals. Based on a three fold difference relative to normal prostate tissue, 1 gene was overexpressed and 12 genes underexpressed in prostate cancer. Of them, five showed statistically significant reduction in mRNA levels in six prostate cancer specimens compared with seven normal prostate specimens. These five genes are glutathione S‐transferase M1 (GSTM1), monocyte chemotactic protein‐1 (MCP‐1), tumor necrosis factor‐α receptor‐1 (TNFR‐1), transforming growth factor beta3 (TGF‐β3), and inhibitor of DNA binding‐1 (ID‐1).CONCLUSIONSGST‐based metabolism, cytokine MCP‐1 and TNFR‐1, and TGF‐β3 signaling pathways, and some helix‐loop‐helix nuclear proteins could be potentially important in organ‐confined prostate cancer and deserve further investigation. Prostate 47:132–140, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel nonsecosteroidal vitamin D receptor modulator inhibits the growth of LNCaP xenograft tumors in athymic mice without increased serum calcium
Authors: Polek Tara C. , Murthy Shalini , Blutt Sarah E. , Boehm Marcus F. , Zou Aihua , Weigel Nancy L. , Allegretto Elizabeth A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundWe recently reported on novel vitamin D receptor (VDR) modulators that are structurally distinct from the secosteroid 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), the endogenous activator of VDR. One of these compounds, LG190119, was tested for the ability to inhibit the growth of LNCaP human prostate cancer cell‐derived tumors in athymic mice.MethodsIn one study, athymic mice with established LNCaP xenograft tumors were dosed orally every day with LG190119 (3 or 10 mg/kg) or with a synthetic analog of 1,25(OH)2D3, EB1089 (1 μg/kg), for 15 days. In another study (“prevention mode”), oral administration (every other day) of 10 mg/kg LG190119 or a non‐hypercalcemic dose of 1,25(OH)2D3 (0.5 μg/kg) was initiated prior to tumor development and continued for 84 days. In both studies, tumor volumes, mouse weights, and serum calcium levels were measured.ResultsIn the established tumor study, LG190119 at each dose resulted in significant tumor growth inhibition without hypercalcemia at both 10 and 15 days. EB1089 treatment resulted in significant tumor growth inhibition only at Day 10 and resulted in hypercalcemia at Day 15. In the prevention‐mode study, LG190119 markedly slowed tumor growth without increased serum calcium in comparison with either vehicle or 1,25(OH)2D3 treatment (P < 0.001).ConclusionsLG190119 effectively inhibited LNCaP xenograft tumor growth without increased serum calcium levels or any other apparent side effects. Compounds of this class may represent promising new therapeutics for treatment of prostate cancer and other cancers with fewer undesirable side effects than currently used drugs. Prostate 49:224–233, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
DNA‐based genotyping techniques for the detection of point mutations associated with insecticide resistance in Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata
Authors: Clark J Marshall , Lee Si Hyeock , Kim Hyo Jeong , Yoon Kyong Sup , Zhang Aiguo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThree DNA‐based genotyping techniques, bi‐directional PCR amplification of specific allele (bi‐PASA), single‐stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) and minisequencing, have been developed and compared for the detection of the S291G (insensitive acetylcholinesterase) and L1014F (insensitive sodium channel) mutations associated with azinphos‐methyl and permethrin resistance, respectively, in the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata). Extraction of genomic DNA from individual neonates that were hatched from previously collected egg masses is the most efficient and reliable means to obtain suitable templates in terms of convenience, economy, speed and DNA quality. Bi‐PASA, employing two allele‐specific primers, appears to be the most efficient and rapid genotyping method for the simultaneous detection of both resistant/susceptible homozygous (SS, RR) and heterozygous (SR) alleles. Its resolution, however, is strongly dependent on the quality of template genomic DNA. SSCP also allows unambiguous genotyping, including the detection of heterozygous alleles, and is less dependent on template DNA quality, but requires a longer processing time. Minisequencing is amenable to a 96‐well microtiter plate format for the processing of a large number of samples and allows direct detection of resistant/susceptible homozygous alleles but is not as efficient as the PASA and SSCP in detecting heterozygous alleles. In considering the advantages and disadvantages of each technique, DNA‐based genotyping is best employed in combinations, with the bi‐PASA as the primary method and the SSCP and minisequencing as the secondary validating methods. These methods are rugged, rapid, cost‐effective and capable of resolving SS, RR and SR individuals. The availability of such DNA‐based genotyping techniques, using neonate genomic DNA as templates, will enable the precise monitoring of the resistant and susceptible allele frequencies, including those of heterozygote individuals, in field populations of L decemlineata.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
A review of seismic hazard description in US design codes and procedures
Authors: Beavers James E 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA review of seismic hazard description in United States design codes and procedures is presented in this paper. This review includes: history of seismic hazard maps; development and use of seismic hazard maps; and use and adoption of seismic building codes in the US. The review includes discussion of two paradigm shifts. The first paradigm shift occurred in the 1970s when seismic hazard was described as contour maps of probabilities of peak ground accelerations being exceeded. The second paradigm shift occurred in the 1990s and led to the development of a new concept for describing the use of seismic hazard maps in US seismic design codes.
Vibration analysis of bridges under moving vehicles and trains: an overview
Authors: Au F T K , Cheng Y S , Cheung Y K 
Published: August 2002

AbstractVibration of bridges under moving vehicles and trains is of great theoretical and practical significance in civil engineering. In early studies, a moving‐force model was used where the inertia of the vehicle was small compared with that of the bridge, whereas a moving‐mass model was used where the inertia of the vehicle could not be neglected. During the last three decades, the interaction problem between moving vehicles and bridge structures has attracted much attention. The advent of high‐speed digital computers has made it possible to analyse the interaction problem with more sophisticated bridge and vehicle models. This paper presents an overview of the recent research work on vibration analysis of various types of bridges under the action of moving vehicles and trains. Some remarks are made on the modelling of bridges, vehicles and analysis methods.
Training for design of experiments using a catapult
Authors: Antony Jiju 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDesign of experiments (DOE) is a powerful approach for discovering a set of process (or design) variables which are most important to the process and then determine at what levels these variables must be kept to optimize the response (or quality characteristic) of interest. This paper presents two catapult experiments which can be easily taught to engineers and managers in organizations to train for design of experiments. The results of this experiment have been taken from a real live catapult experiment performed by a group of engineers in a company during the training program on DOE. The first experiment was conducted to separate out the key factors (or variables) from the trivial and the second experiment was carried out using the key factors to understand the nature of interactions among the key factors. The results of the experiment were analysed using simple but powerful graphical tools for rapid and easier understanding of the results to engineers with limited statistical competency. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric peptide mapping of high molecular weight glutenin subunits 1Bx7 and 1Dy10 in Cheyenne cultivar
Authors: Cozzolino Rosaria , Giorgi Sabrina Di , Fisichella Salvatore , Garozzo Domenico , Lafiandra Domenico , Palermo Angela 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study describes the verification of the cDNA‐deduced amino acid sequences of high molecular weight glutenin subunits 1Dy10 and 1Bx7 in Cheyenne cultivar by direct matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOFMS) analysis of their tryptic fragments omitting chromatographic pre‐separation. These polypeptides have a conserved structure consisting of a long central repetitive domain that prevents the application of conventional sequencing procedures such as Edman degradation. The published sequence of subunit 1Dy10 contains 7 Lys and 13 Arg residues; thus the production of 21 tryptic peptides is expected. The cDNA‐deduced sequence for 1Bx7 subunit includes 5 Lys and 15 Arg residues, but the presence of three Arg‐Pro bonds, which are normally not cleaved by trypsin, predicts only 19 tryptic peptides. Three different matrices (DHB, SA and HCCA) in combination with the most compatible sample preparation procedures were used in order to obtain the maximum 1Dy10 and 1Bx7 sequence coverage. MALDI analysis of the 1Dy10 tryptic digest resulted in the identification of all 21 expected peptides. In the case of 1Bx7 MALDI analysis resulted in the identification of 17 of the 19 expected peptides, giving a sequence coverage of 99.3%. These results were sufficient to rule out glycosylation of the 1Dy10 and 1Bx7 proteins and to assess the absence of any other post‐translational modification, to within the detection limits of the method. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.