bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uji Efektivitas Formulasi Gel Ekstrak Etanol Daun Tembelekan (Lantana Camara L.) Asal Wangi-Wangi Sulawesi Tenggara Terhadap Luka Bakar pada Kelinci (Oryctolagus Cuniculus)
Authors: Arifin Arfiani , Tahirah Tahirah , Ninsi Riska 
Published: January 2024

Tembelekan leaves (Lantana camara L.) are a plant that includes flavonoid chemicals, saponins, and tannins that have antimicrobial properties, allowing them to be used in gel formulations. This study's objectives were to analyze the physical quality of the gel preparation of the ethanol extract of tembelekan leaves (Lantana camara L.) and to determine the concentration of the ethanol extract of tembelekan leaves that had the greatest effect on healing rabbit burns (Oryctolagus cuniculus). The leaves of tembelekan (Lantana camara L.) are extracted using the maceration process with 96% ethanol as the solvent. The gel formulation utilized several extract concentrations, including 10%, 15%, and 20%, as well as a base gel without extract as a negative control and Bioplacenton® gel as a positive control. The results of this study reveal that the organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, and adhesion tests indicate that the ethanol extract gel of tembelekan leaves meets the physical quality requirements. Statistic test revealed that the ethanol extract gel formulation of tembelekan leaves with a concentration of 20% for 18 days had the greatest effect on the healing of burns in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus).
Keywords: Gel, Tembelekan Leaf (Lantana camara L.), Burns, rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Abstrak
Daun tembelekan (Lantana camara L.) merupakan tumbuhan yang memiliki kandungan senyawa flavanoid, saponin dan tanin yang memiliki aktivitas salah satunya sebagai antimikroba sehingga dapat diaplikasikan pada sediaan gel. Tujuan dilakukan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi mutu fisik sediaan gel ekstrak etanol daun tembelekan (Lantana camara L.) dan menentukan konsentrasi ekstrak etanol daun tembelekan yang memberikan efek tertinggi terhadap penyembuhan luka bakar pada kelinci (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Metode penelitian meliputi ekstraksi daun tembelekan (Lantana camara L.) secara maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol 96%. Formulasi gel menggunakan variasi konsentrasi ekstrak yang berbeda-bedayaitu 10%, 15%, 20%, basis gel tanpa ekstrak sebagai control negatif dan gel Bioplacenton® sebagai control positif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa gel ekstrak etanol daun tembelekan memenuhi mutu fisik meliputi uji organoleptik, uji homogenitas, uji pH, uji daya sebar dan uji daya lekat. Analisis uji statistik menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun tembelekan dalam bentuk sediaan gel yang memberikan efek tertinggi terhadap penyembuhan luka bakar pada kelinci (Oryctolagus cuniculus) adalah formula gel ekstrak etanol daun tembelekan dengan konsentrasi 20% selama 18 hari.
Kata Kunci: Gel, DaunTembelekan (Lantana camara L.), Luka Bakar, kelinci (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Aktivitas Antibakteri Kokristal Sefiksim-Nikotinamida Menggunakan Agar Diffusion dan Broth Dilution Test
Authors: Abdullah Abulkhair , Sibadu Muhammad Subhan A. , Mutmainnah Mutmainnah 
Published: January 2024

Cefixime has been formulated in cocrystal form with nicotinamide (coformer). SEF-NIK cocrystals were prepared at a mole ratio of 1:1 using a liquid-assisted grinding method. The cocrystals were characterized using DSC, FTIR, SEM, and PXRD. The characterization results showed that cocrystals were formed between cefixime and nicotinamide. The results of the solubility test, dissolution rate and permeability of the SEF-NIK cocrystal showed a significant increase compared to pure cefixime. Based on these results, the SEF-NIK cocrystal was continued for pharmacodynamic studies with in vitro antibacterial activity studies. This study aims to determine the effect of cocrystallization techniques on the antibacterial activity of cefixime. The test was carried out using two methods, namely the Agar Diffusion Test and the Broth Dilution Test. The results showed that cocrystallization of cefixime with nicotinamide did not inhibit its effectiveness against Escherichia coli bacteria, but its effectiveness was better than pure cefixime. In the agar diffusion method, the inhibition zones of cefixime and SEF-NIK cocrystals against Escherichia coli bacteria were 6.2 mm and 8.6 mm, respectively. On the fifth day of the broth dilution test method, the OD values of Escherichia coli bacteria in the cefixime and SEF-NIK cocrystals were 1.330 and 1.064, respectively.

Keywords: cefixime, liquid-assisted grinding, antibacterial activity

Abstrak
Sefiksim telah berhasil dibuat dalam bentuk kokristal dengan nikotinamida (koformer). Kokristal SEF-NIK dibuat dengan perbandingan mol 1:1 menggunakan metode liquid-assisted grinding­. Kokristal dikarakterisasi menggunakan DSC, FTIR, SEM, dan PXRD. Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan bahwa terbentuk kokristal antara sefiksim dan nikotinamida. Hasil uji kelarutan, laju disolusi, dan permeabilitas kokristal SEF-NIK menunjukkan peningkatan yang signifikan dibandingkan dengan sefiksim murni. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut, kokristal SEF-NIK dilanjutkan ke tahap uji farmakodinamik yakni uji aktivitas antibakteri secara in vitro. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari teknik kokristalisasi terhadap aktvitas antibakteri sefiksim. Pengujian dilakukan menggunakan dua metode yakni Agar Diffusion Method (difusi agar) dan Broth Dilution Method (dilusi cair). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kokristalisasi sefiksim dengan nikotinamida tidak menghambat efektivitasnya terhadap bakteri Escherichia coli, akan tetapi efektivitasnya lebih baik dibandingkan sefiksim murni. Pada metode difusi agar, zona hambat sefiksim terhadap bakteri Escherichia coli sebesar 6,2 mm sedangkan kokristal SEF-NIK lebih besar yakni 8,6 mm. Pada metode dilusi cair, hasil pengukuran OD bakteri Escherichia coli hari kelima pada sefiksim sebesar 1,330 sedangkan pada kokristal SEF-NIK sebesar 1,064.
Kata Kunci: sefiksim, liquid-assisted grinding, aktivitas antibakteri
Global Refugee Policy: The Case for a Development Oriented Strategy
Authors: Refuge Editor  
Published: January 2024

Global Refugee Policy: the Case for a Development Oriented Strategy", a public issues paper of The Population Council (a John D. Rockefeller III, in- dependent non-profit organization in- stituted in 1952) prepared by Charles Keely with Patricia Elwell, proposes a shift in focus from relief and resettlement to development. The study is divided to four parts: (1) a discussion of the inter- national definition of a refugee; (2) an overview of their numbers, location and origin; (3) a sketch of the international response to refugees; and (4) conclu* sions arising from these discussions. The central issue is dealt with in the first sec- tion, and the historical background isrelegated to the third section.
Evaluating Economic Outcomes: Single-Use Aspirin vs. Aspirin-Clopidogrel in Ischemic Stroke Patients Based on Barthel Index Scores
Authors: Yosmar Rahmi , Febiana Dian , Fitria Najmiatul 
Published: January 2024

Ischemic stroke is a catastrophic disease that causes large costs in Indonesia. The high prevalence of stroke results in increased morbidity and mortality rates, which will impact the socioeconomic status of stroke patients. Cost Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) is a method in pharmaco-economics that aims to make decisions regarding the rational choice of therapy and evaluate the economic impact on ischemic stroke patients. This study aims to determine the Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) value of antiplatelet therapy in the aspirin-clopidogrel combination group and the single aspirin group in ischemic stroke patients treated at the Regional General Hospital. Dr. M. Djamil Padang. The clinical parameter observed was the Barthel Index (BI) value. This research is a descriptive study with retrospective data collection using medical record data and the Hospital Management Information System (SIMRS) at RSUD Dr. M.Djamil Padang. The cost data shows the total direct medical costs incurred in treating ischemic stroke. Based on the results obtained, the Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) value is IDR (-) 401,302. 71 per 1% increase. In this study it can be concluded that the aspirin-clopidogrel combination has better cost effectiveness than aspirin alone.
Inhibition of Edible Plant Torch Ginger (Etlingera elatior (Jack) R. M. Sm.) against α-Glucosidase and α-Amylase
Authors: Syafni Nova , Fakhriadi Athallah , Nofrizal Nofrizal , Ismed Friardi , Putra Deddi Prima 
Published: January 2024

Indonesia's diabetes cases were in the top ten list globally, with 90% of the patients being type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). An approach for screening the local edible plants is made for managing or treating T2DM by inhibiting α-glucosidase and α-amylase enzymes. Results showed that inflorescence of Etlingera elatior inhibition toward both enzymes. TLC-autography and IC50 value of fractions from E. elatior were used to identify the potential fractions and possible compounds for the activity. The non-polar fraction was spotted in the active substances based on TLC-autography. Then, the targeted compounds were separated by column chromatography to obtain stigmasterol as one of the active compounds. The IC50 values of total extract, n-hexane, EtOAc, BuOH, and isolated compound against α-glucosidase were 16.0, 7.5, 13.5, 9.7, and 2.0 ppm, respectively. The IC50 values for α-amylase inhibition were respectively 88.6, 48.6, 23.2, 29.1, and 27.5 ppm. The positive control (acarbose) against α-glucosidase and amylase exhibited IC50 values of 153.2 and 12.3 ppm. The inhibition of E. elatior against the two enzymes could be an alternative to delay carbohydrate absorption.
Studi Literatur: Berpikir Kreatif dalam Pemecahan Masalah Matematika
Authors: Setiawan Windi , Juniati Dwi , Khabibah Siti 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Problem-solving is the mental activity of each individual to find solutions to their problems. Problem-solving has become the heart of mathematics. Through problem-solving, students are required to think about the appropriate steps in obtaining a solution. One type of thinking is creative thinking. Creative thinking is the mental activity of each individual in solving problems by producing various kinds of new solutions. Creative thinking is an important part of problem-solving because it requires students to look at problems from different points of view. This article is the result of a literature study by reviewing several scientific articles published in accredited national journals. The article is studied in more depth, analyzed, and concluded. The results of this research show that creative thinking exists in solving mathematical problems. Through problem-solving activities, students can be trained to think creatively to be used to face challenges in future life.

Keywords: thinking, creative thinking, problem solving

Abstrak
Pemecahan masalah adalah aktivitas mental setiap individu guna menemukan solusi pada masalah yang dihadapi. Pemecahan masalah telah menjadi jantungnya matematika. Melalui pemecahan masalah, siswa dituntut untuk berpikir untuk berpikir tentang langkah-langkah yang tepat dalam memperoleh solusinya. Salah satu jenis berpikir adalah berpikir kreatif. Berpikir kreatif adalah aktivitas mental setiap individu dalam memecahkan masalah dengan menghasilkan berbagai macam solusi baru. Berpikir kreatif menjadi bagian penting dalam pemecahan masalah karena menuntut siswa untuk memandang persoalan berdasarkan sudut pandang yang berbeda. Artikel ini merupakan hasil studi literatur dengan mengkaji beberapa artikel ilmiah yang telah terpublikasi pada jurnal nasional terakreditasi. Artikel tersebut dikaji lebih mendalam, dianalisis, dan disimpulkan. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa berpikir kreatif ada dalam pemecahan masalah matematika. Melalui kegiatan pemecahan masalah siswa dapat dilatih untuk berpikir kreatif sehingga nantinya dapat digunakan dalam menghadapi tantangan di kehidupan yang akan datang.
Kata Kunci: berpikir, berpikir kreatif, pemecahan masalah
Effects of a Total Motion Release (TMR®) Protocol for the Single Leg Squat on Asymmetrical Movement Patterns
Authors: Martonick Nickolai JP , McGowan Craig P , Baker Russell T , Larkins Lindsay W , Seegmiller Jeff G , Bailey Joshua P 
Published: January 2024

BACKGROUND Improving single leg squat (SLS) movement symmetry may benefit rehabilitation protocols. The Total Motion Release® (TMR®) protocol has been theorized to evaluate and improve patient-perceived movement asymmetries. HYPOTHESIS/PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether perceived asymmetries identified by a TMR® scoring protocol were related to biomechanical asymmetries and whether improving perceived asymmetries influenced movement mechanics. It was hypothesized that participants with perceived asymmetries would also present with biomechanical asymmetries. A secondary hypothesis was that participants would reduce their perceived asymmetries after performing the TMR® protocol and subsequently have greater biomechanical symmetry. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive Cohort (Laboratory Study). METHODS Twenty participants (10 female, 10 male) with self-identified bilateral differences of 10 points or greater on the TMR® scoring scale were recruited for the study. The non-preferred side was defined as the side that scored higher. 3Dimensional motion capture was used to bilaterally assess baseline SLS depth as well as hip, knee, and ankle kinematics and kinetics. For the TMR® protocol, sets of 10 SLSs were performed on the preferred leg until their perceived asymmetries were resolved (i.e., both sides scored equally), or four sets had been completed. Kinematics and kinetics were collected immediately after the intervention and after a 10-minute rest period. RESULTS Participants had biomechanical asymmetries at baseline for knee flexion, ankle flexion, and knee moments. Following the intervention, participants had reduced TMR® scores on the non-preferred leg, and this coincided with increased knee joint moments on that side. Although perceived asymmetries were resolved after the intervention, kinematic and kinetic asymmetries at the knee and ankle were still present. CONCLUSIONS A TMR® intervention could benefit rehabilitation protocols by reducing factors of dysfunction and increasing the ability of patients to load the non-preferred knee. Further investigations are necessary to elucidate the importance of asymmetrical movement patterns. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3b
Reliability of the EasyAngle® for Assessing Hip Range of Motion in Healthy Children
Authors: Duffy Elana , Wells Maria , Miller Alan , Tondra Megan , Doty Antonette 
Published: January 2024

Background The use of digital goniometry has emerged as a viable alternative to universal goniometry for assessing hip range of motion (ROM). However, few studies have assessed the use of digital goniometry in pediatric populations and there are a limited number of studies that investigate any one device. The EasyAngle® is a digital goniometer that may be beneficial for use in pediatric settings as it requires only one hand to operate the device. Purpose The purposes of this study were 1) to establish the intrarater and interrater reliability of the EasyAngle® digital goniometer in measuring hip joint ROM in healthy elementary school-aged children, and 2) to establish preliminary normative reference values for each year of age using the EasyAngle® for hip joint ROM in healthy elementary school-aged children. Study Design Descriptive Laboratory Study Methods Passive hip ROM (flexion, abduction, extension, internal rotation, external rotation) was measured on each leg of healthy participants using the EasyAngle®. A total of 40 hip joints were measured. Two blinded raters conducted three trials of each hip motion on both legs. Intrarater and interrater reliability of the recorded hip range of motion were calculated using intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) (3,1). Results Twenty healthy children were measured (age 5-10, mean = 7.40 years old, SD = 1.37, 9 males, 11 females). Mean hip ROM was reported by age. Intrarater and interrater reliability were good to excellent for all hip ROM measurements (0.81-0.97 intra rater; 0.77- 0.91 interrater). Hip flexion had the strongest intrarater (0.96, 0.97) and interrater reliability (0.91). Intrarater reliability was lowest for hip abduction for Rater 1 and hip extension for Rater 2. Interrater reliability was lowest for hip external rotation (0.78) Conclusion The EasyAngle® is a reliable tool for assessing hip range of motion in healthy children ages 5-10. Normative hip ROM values using the EasyAngle® are available to clinicians. Level of Evidence Level 3- Reliability study
A One Session Gait Retraining Protocol with Metronome Augmentation Increases Cadence in Novice and Recreational Runners
Authors: Huber Angie , Verhoff Dave 
Published: January 2024

Background Running is a common leisure physical activity that carries a risk for running related injury (RRI). Non-experienced runners are more likely to sustain RRIs. One form of gait retraining focuses on increasing cadence to improve running biomechanics related to RRI. Protocols for increasing cadence must be pragmatic to be implemented into clinical practice. Hypothesis/Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine if a pragmatic protocol including one instructional session, followed by independent gait retraining with metronome augmentation resulted in increased cadence and altered biomechanics in novice and recreational runners. Study Design Randomized Controlled Trial Methods Thirty-three novice or recreational adult runners completed a 12 Minute Cooper Run on an indoor track. Variables measured during the 12 Minute Cooper Run included distance, rate of perceived exertion (RPE), heart rate (HR), and 3-D biomechanics using inertial measurement units (IMUs). After baseline testing, the intervention group received instruction and five minutes of gait retraining at a cadence set 5-10% higher than baseline with metronome augmentation (Pro Metronome- Tempo, Beat; by Xiao Yixiang). They then ran two to three times a week for two weeks up to 30 minutes per session with the metronome set at the new cadence. After two weeks, repeat testing using the same protocol was completed. A Mann-Whitney U test analyzed differences between groups. Results Cadence at one minute (p = 0.037) and average cadence over the entire run (p=0.002) increased in the intervention group only with a large effect size (Cohens d = 0.837). No other group differences were found. Conclusion A pragmatic gait retraining protocol with metronome augmentation including one instructional and four to six independent sessions over a two-week duration increased cadence without negative effects on HR, RPE, distance. Biomechanics did not change with this intervention. Further research with pragmatic gait retraining protocols that increase cadence are needed with larger sample sizes, repeated measures over time, across runners of various abilities and experience levels. Level of Evidence Level 2
Hubungan Kebiasaan Konsumsi Makanan Tinggi Natrium dan Kalium Dengan Tekanan Darah Pada Usia Lanjut
Authors: Octarini Deasy Lia , Meikawati Wulandari , Purwanti Indri Astuti 
Published: January 2024

Latar belakang: Tekanan darah tinggi masih menjadi penyebab utama kematian di seluruh dunia salah satunya Indonesia. Jawa Tengah menempati proporsi terbesar dari seluruh Penyakit Tidak Menular sebesar 57,10%. Manusia usia lanjut (lansia) merupakan kelompok usia yang rawan terkena penyakit darah tinggi. Konsumsi Natrium berlebih menyebabkan pembengkakan dalam dinding arteriol yang dapat meningkatkan tekanan darah. Bersamaan dengan pengurangan konsumsi asupan Natrium, peningkatan asupan Kalium terbukti dapat menurunkan tekanan darah. Metode: Jenis penelitian adalah observasional analitik dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi penelitian yaitu seluruh lansia di Poli Penyakit Dalam Rumah Sakit Islam Sultan Agung Semarang sebanyak 48 orang. Sampel yang digunakan adalah seluruh jumlah populasi dengan teknik quota sampling. Variabel bebas kebiasaan konsumsi makanan tinggi Natrium dan kebiasaan konsumsi makanan tinggi Kalium. Variabel terikat tekanan darah. Analisis data menggunakan uji chi square Hasil: sebagian besar berusia 45- 59 tahun (66,7%), berjenis kelamin perempuan (60,4%), pekerjaan sebagai ibu rumah tangga (27,1%), jarang mengkonsumsi makanan tinggi Natrium (58,3%), jarang mengkonsumsi makanan tinggi Kalium (60,4%),%), Tekanan darah responden sebagian besar hipertensi (70,8%), ada hubungan kebiasaan konsumsi makanan tinggi Natrium dengan tekanan darah (p=0,002) dan ada hubungan kebiasaan konsumsi makanan tinggi Kalium dengan tekanan darah(p=0,003). Kesimpulan: Ada hubungan kebiasaan konsumsi makanan tinggi Natrium dan kebiasaan konsumsi makanan tinggi Kalium dengan tekanan darah.
Comparison between the Computer Curriculum in public schools in the Kurdistan Region, Iraq and Jordan
Authors: Bakr Mustafa Saber , Omar Hassan Begard 
Published: January 2024

This study aims to analyze and compare three computer curriculum Text books, which are the information technology book for the seventh grade in the Kurdistan region, the computer book for the first intermediate grade in Iraq, and the computer book for the seventh grade in Jordan, in order to know which fields in the books have the greatest space and importance, and the areas that It has the least space and importance. To achieve the objectives of this research, all the topics in the three books have been analyzed.
The research community consists of three books (Information Technology/Kurdistan Region, Computer/Iraq, and Computer/Jordan). To implement the objectives of the research and collect information, the classification form was used as a research tool consisting of 175 sections, and after the issuance of the validity and reliability of the research tool, this form was divided into 100 experts in the field of computer in universities and governmental and non-governmental institutes in the Kurdistan Region, as well as education teachers in basic public schools. After taking the opinions of experts, analyzing them and emptying the research tools, statistical formulas were used, such as (percentage, arithmetic mean), the most important results of the study were presented.
Sharia Financial Inclusion to Build Economic Resilience of Micro Small Enterprises During COVID-19
Authors: Fikrotus Salma Dzikrina , Nuryartono Nunung , Purwanto Budi 
Published: January 2024

Micro and Small Enterprises own a huge role in contributing to economic growth and employment in Indonesia. In 2018 MSMEs absorbed 112 million workers in Indonesia with a market share of 95 percent and also contributed 57 percent of GDP. Yet, during the spread of COVID-19, the government forced to establish new regulations that impact the management and growth of Micro and Small Enterprises. Financial Inclusion and the role of Sharia Micro Financial Institution are demanded to keep maintaining the endurance of MSE. This study would like to analyze the role of financial inclusion in the access to Micro and Small Enterprises to the sharia micro financial institution. Adopting the method in this study used a descriptive qualitative approach, with content analysis techniques and library research, concluded that the optimization of Baitul Maal and Baitul Tamwil in BMT made it a micro-financial institution that could play an important role during the crisis due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Research that done by reviewing texts, documents, or books to retrieve conclusions based on the context of its use . The results of the research show that among the solutions are : (1) Strengthening the Role of Baitul Maal (Social Finance) through optimizing Zakat, Infak, Sadaqah, and waqaf money. (2) Strengthening the Role of Baitul Tamwil through the Qardhul Hasan Covenant.