bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Breastfeeding Rates in the United States by Characteristics of the Child, Mother, or Family: The 2002 National Immunization Survey
Authors: Li Ruowei , Darling Natalie , Maurice Emmanuel , Barker Lawrence , Grummer-Strawn Laurence M. 
Published: December 2004

Objective. In the third quarter of 2001, the National Immunization Survey (NIS) began collecting data on the initiation and duration of breastfeeding and whether it was the exclusive method of infant feeding. Using the data from the 2002 NIS, this study estimates breastfeeding rates in the United States by characteristics of the child, mother, or family.Methods. The NIS uses random-digit dialing to survey households nationwide with children 19 to 35 months old about vaccinations and then validates the information through a mail survey of the health care providers who gave the vaccinations. In 2002, ∼3500 households from the NIS were randomized to 1 of the 3 rotating topical modules that covered breastfeeding.Results. More than two thirds (71.4%) of the children had ever been breastfed. At 3 months, 42.5% of infants were exclusively breastfed, and 51.5% were breastfed to some extent. At 6 months, these rates dropped to 13.3% and 35.1%, respectively. At 1 year, 16.1% of infants were receiving some breast milk. Non-Hispanic black children had the lowest breastfeeding rates. Breastfeeding rates also varied by participation in day care or the Women, Infants, and Children program, socioeconomic status, and geographic area of residence.Conclusions. Although the rate of breastfeeding initiation in the United States is near the national goal of 75%, at 6 and 12 months postpartum the rates of breastfeeding duration are still considerably below the national goals of 50% and 25%, respectively. In addition, rates of exclusive breastfeeding are low. Strenuous public health efforts are needed to improve breastfeeding behaviors, particularly among non-Hispanic black women and socioeconomically disadvantaged groups.
Myelomeningocele, Temperament Patterns, and Parental Perceptions
Authors: Vachha Behroze , Adams Richard 
Published: December 2004

Objective. Description of temperament profiles of children has largely been reported in typically developing populations. Children undergo individualized assessments of achievement (developmental/academic) and receive individualized interventions. In contrast, their individual behavioral styles are not evaluated as completely, if at all. For children with developmental disabilities, description of temperament characteristics can provide better understanding of the already complex child. This study describes temperament characteristics in a group of children with myelomeningocele and shunted hydrocephalus (MM/SH).
Methods. A consecutive cohort study with historical control group measuring temperament characteristics was conducted at a tertiary-level, university affiliated, interdisciplinary spina bifida program. Analysis includes group comparisons. Primary caregivers of 46 children (age range: 5–12 years) with MM/SH completed age-appropriate Carey Temperament Scales questionnaires as a component of a larger developmental study. The Carey Temperament Scales comprise a series of behavioral rating instruments that assess 9 temperament characteristics: activity, adaptability, approach-withdrawal, mood, intensity, attention/persistence, distractibility, sensory threshold, and rhythmicity/predictability. The Carey questionnaires used in this study were (1) the Behavioral Style Questionnaire for children aged 5 to 7 years and (2) the Middle Childhood Temperament Questionnaire for those aged 8 to 12 years. Both questionnaires assess the same temperament characteristics; the contexts within which items were rated were designed to better reflect developmental levels. Children were excluded when there were comorbid diagnoses of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or mental retardation.
Results. One-sample normal tests (Bonferroni corrected) revealed that children within the MM/SH group differed significantly from the standardized population in 5 dimensions: (1) adaptability (less adaptable), (2) approach/withdrawal (poor first approach/greater withdrawal), (3) distractibility (more distractible), (4) attention/persistence (less attentive/persistent), and (5) predictability/rhythm (less predictable). Caregiver perceptions of having a difficult-to-manage child were significantly correlated with negative mood, more intensity of response, and less adaptability.
Conclusions. Temperament profiles previously described in typically developing populations (eg, “easy” or “difficult child”) were not prominent profiles in this group of children with MM/SH. A constellation of temperament characteristics not commonly recognized may place these children at risk for being contributors to and recipients of misunderstandings of social cues and have implications for successful learning within academic, home/community, and medical settings.
Mechanisms for microparticle dispersion in a jet in crossflow
Authors: Campolo Marina , Salvetti Maria Vittoria , Soldati Alfredo 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe dispersion produced by a jet injecting microparticles in a cross stream is controlled by the interaction between dispersed species and large‐scale time‐dependent flow structures populating the transverse jet. These structures span over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales and are not equally effective in advecting and dispersing species. In many environmental and industrial applications, the species advected by the jet stream are expected to undergo rapid and homogeneous dilution away from the injection point. Preferential accumulation of particles into specific flow regions may have consequences on the overall industrial process. For instance, nonuniform particle distribution can severely downgrade the efficiency of postcombustion devices. In this work, we address the problem of identifying which of the flow structures in a jet in crossflow controls dispersion mechanisms of inertial particles, focusing specifically on the issue of their preferential distribution. The flow field produced by the transverse jet is calculated using a finite‐volume solver of Navier–Stokes equations and the dispersion of particles is computed using a Lagrangian approach. We investigate the behavior of particles of different sizes, examining 5 orders of magnitude of their inertial parameter—the particle timescale. The analysis of dispersion shows that particle distribution is not uniform and is dominated by specific flow structures. Examining the distribution of the different particles in connection with particle timescale and flow structure evolution, it is found that shear layer vortices initially control dispersion and segregation processes, whereas counterrotating vortices entrain and trap particles in the lee side of the jet. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 28–43, 2005
Association study between brain‐derived neurotrophic factor gene polymorphisms and methamphetamine abusers in Japan
Authors: Itoh Kanako , Hashimoto Kenji , Shimizu Eiji , Sekine Yoshimoto , Ozaki Norio , Inada Toshiya , Harano Mutsuo , Iwata Nakao , Komiyama Tokutaro , Yamada Mitsuhiko , Sora Ichiro , Nakata Kenji , Ujike Hiroshi , Iyo Masaomi 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSeveral lines of evidence suggest that genetic factors might contribute to drug abuse vulnerability. Recent genomic scans for association demonstrated that the brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene was associated with drug abuse vulnerability. In this study, we analyzed association of two BDNF gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 132C > T (C270T named formerly) in the noncoding region of exon V and 196G > A (val66met) in the coding region of exon XIIIA, with methamphetamine (MAP) abuse in Japan. No significant differences were found in the frequency of the genotype or allele in these two SNPs between MAP abusers and controls (132C > T in exon V: genotype, P = 0.586, allele, P = 0.594; 196G > A (val66met) in exon XIIIA: genotype, P = 0.889, allele, P = 0.713). Furthermore, there was no difference between clinical parameters (e.g., prognosis psychosis, spontaneous relapse, or poly‐substance abuse) and the two SNPs of BDNF gene. These results suggest that the two SNPs (132C > T in exon V and 196G>A (val66met) in exon XIIIA) of the BDNF gene may not be associated with Japanese MAP abusers. This article contains supplementary material, which may be viewed at the American Journal of Medical Genetics website at http://www.interscience.wiley.com/jpages/0148‐7299:1/suppmat/index.html. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Demographic parameters and events in wild moustached Tamarins (Saguinus mystax)
Authors: Löttker Petra , Huck Maren , Heymann Eckhard W. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis paper examines demographic events in the context of population structure and genetic relationships in groups of wild moustached tamarins (Saguinus mystax). We used a combination of long‐term behavioral observations and genetic data from a total of eight groups from a population in northeastern Peruvian Amazonia. The mean group size was 6.0 (range=4–9), including 2.5 adult males and 1.8 adult females. Within‐group relatedness was generally high (r=0.3), and most nonbreeding individuals were either natal or closely related to the respective same‐sex breeder. The mean annual persistence of adults in the groups was 70% and 68% for males and females, respectively, and the reproductive tenure of one breeding pair lasted for at least 6 years. Migrations predominantly occurred after stability‐disrupting events such as the immigration of new individuals and/or the loss of breeding individuals, or when groups were rather large. Migrations of both breeding and nonbreeding males and females occurred. Our results show that the hypothesis of Ferrari and Lopes Ferrari [Folia Primatologica 52:132–147, 1989] that tamarins live in smaller and less stable groups with lower relatedness compared to marmosets does not generally hold true. In contrast, we found that tamarin groups can consist of predominantly related individuals, and are stable as well. It is also apparent that a single demographic event can produce a chain of subsequent complex demographic changes. Am. J. Primatol. 64:425–449, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of low molecular weight heparin (dalteparin) and fondaparinux (Arixtra®) on human osteoblasts in vitro
Authors: Handschin A E , Trentz O A , Hoerstrup S P , Kock H J , Wanner G A , Trentz O 
Published: December 2004

Abstract

Background
The prolonged administration of heparin for prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism has been associated with a risk of heparin-induced osteoporosis. Fondaparinux is a new antithrombotic drug that specifically inhibits factor Xa. Because of the known interactions of other antithrombotic agents with bone remodelling, the effects of fondaparinux on human osteoblasts were analysed in vitro.

Methods
Primary human osteoblast cell cultures were incubated with either the low molecular weight heparin dalteparin at concentrations of 30, 300 and 900 µg/ml or with fondaparinux at concentrations of 25, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 µg/ml. Cellular proliferation rate and protein synthesis were measured. Expression of genes encoding osteocalcin, collagen type I and alkaline phosphatase was examined by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction.

Results
Incubation with dalteparin led to a significant, dose-dependent inhibition of osteoblast proliferation, inhibition of protein synthesis, and inhibited expression of phenotype markers (osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase genes) after 3 and 7 days. No inhibitory effects were observed in the fondaparinux-treated cells.

Conclusion
Fondaparinux did not inhibit osteoblast proliferation in vitro and may reduce the risk of heparin-induced osteoporosis associated with long-term heparin administration.
Randomized clinical trial assessing impact of a lightweight or heavyweight mesh on chronic pain after inguinal hernia repair
Authors: O'Dwyer P J , Kingsnorth A N , Molloy R G , Small P K , Lammers B , Horeyseck G 
Published: December 2004

Abstract

Background
Severe chronic pain is a long-term problem that may occur after inguinal hernia repair. The aim of this randomized study was to compare pain of any severity at 12 months after inguinal hernia repair with a partially absorbable lightweight mesh (LW group) or with a non-absorbable heavyweight mesh (HW group).

Methods
Patients were assessed for pain at 1, 3 and 12 months by questionnaire, and were examined clinically at 12 months.

Results
Some 321 patients were included in an intention-to-treat analysis, 162 in the LW group and 159 in the HW group. At 12 months, significantly fewer patients in the LW group than in the HW group had pain of any severity: 39·5 versus 51·6 per cent (difference—12·1 (95 per cent confidence interval—23·1 to—1·0) per cent; P = 0·033). The recurrence rate was higher in the LW group (5·6 versus 0·4 per cent; P = 0·037). Five of eight recurrences in LW group were associated with a single participating centre.

Conclusion
Use of lightweight mesh was associated with less chronic pain but an increase in hernia recurrence after inguinal hernia repair. The latter may be related to technical factors associated with fixation of such meshes rather than any inherent defect in the mesh.
Randomized clinical trial of open versus laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the treatment of acute cholecystitis
Authors: Johansson M , Thune A , Nelvin L , Stiernstam M , Westman B , Lundell L 
Published: December 2004

Abstract

Background
The aim of this prospective trial was to determine whether surgical approach (open versus laparoscopic) had an impact on morbidity and postoperative recovery after cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis.

Methods
Seventy patients who met the criteria for acute cholecystitis were randomized to open or laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The type of operation was unknown to the patient and all hospital staff involved in the postoperative care.

Results
The two groups were similar with respect to demographic and clinical characteristics. There were no significant differences in rate of postoperative complications, pain score at discharge and sick leave. In eight patients a laparoscopic procedure was converted to open cholecystectomy. Median operating time was 90 (range 30–155) and 80 (range 50–170) min in the laparoscopic and open groups respectively (P = 0·040). The direct medical costs were equivalent in the two groups. Although median postoperative hospital stay was 2 days in each group, it was significantly shorter in the laparoscopic group (P = 0·011).

Conclusion
Cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis can be performed by either laparoscopic or open techniques without any major clinically relevant differences in postoperative outcome. Both techniques offer low morbidity and rapid postoperative recovery.
Electrical stimulation modulates IGF binding protein transcript levels in C2C12 myotubes
Authors: Bayol S. , Brownson C. , Loughna P. T. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractElectrical stimulation (ES) of skeletal muscle can produce changes in metabolic enzyme and contractile protein gene expression resulting in fast‐to‐slow phenotypic changes. The molecular mechanism by which ES induces changes in phenotype is not entirely understood but recent reports have demonstrated that the calcineurin/NF‐AT signalling pathway is involved. IGF‐1 is also capable of inducing changes in phenotype through the same calcineurin/NF‐AT pathway but little is known of the direct effect of ES on the IGF system. In this study, we examined the effects of ES on the expression of igf‐1, igf‐2 and the six igfbp genes in the C2C12 muscle cell line. Results showed that ES induced a change in phenotype that was accompanied by downregulation of igf‐2 and upregulation of igfbp‐4 mRNA levels. However, ES did not significantly alter the transcription of igf‐1, igfbp‐2, igfbp‐5 and igfbp‐6 genes. This study demonstrates that ES of muscle cells in vitro not only directly modulates the gene expression of contractile proteins but also modulates proteins that are part of the IGF regulatory system, in particular IGFBP‐4. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protein Unfolding and Refolding Under Force: Methodologies for Nanomechanics
Authors: Samorì Bruno , Zuccheri G. , Baschieri P. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAn increasing number of inter‐ and intramolecular interactions can nowadays be probed using single‐molecule manipulation techniques. Protein unfolding and refolding is the most representative—though complex—of these interactions. Herein, we review the main modes of performing a force unfolding experiment: the velocity clamp and the new force clamp mode. We also compare some of the physical aspects behind the two most frequently used single‐molecule manipulation instrumentations: optical tweezers and atomic force microscopes.
Cytological findings in a sample of peritoneal aspirate from a case of bile peritonitis
Authors: Gupta Raj K. , Johnston Peter S. , Naran Sarla , Lallu Sharda , Fauck Robert 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBile peritonitis (BP) is a rare and serious condition warranting urgent surgical intervention to prevent the high incidence of mortality. BP is ascribed to the leakage of bile into the peritoneal cavity usually due to a perforation of the gallbladder or common bile duct caused by stones or a trauma. The radiological studies are useful in suggesting the diagnosis. The cytological findings of BP have been reported rarely in the literature characterised by the presence of lakes of stringy bile material admixed with variable numbers of histiocytes, mesothelial cells, and some inflammatory cells. Recently, we have examined an aspirate sample of peritoneal fluid (PF) obtained under ultrasound guidance in a case of BP ascribed to the perforation of the gallbladder in a 19‐yr‐old female patient in which apart from occasional bile pigment‐laden macrophages admixed with a few mesothelial cells and inflammatory cells, numerous crystalline structures of varying shapes, sizes, and colour with birefringence along with some microspheroliths were found. At operation, the abdominal cavity showed a large amount of bile and the gallbladder specimen showed two perforations and gangrenous cholecystitis with numerous yellow‐brown somewhat friable stones. The foregoing findings in the aspirate appeared to be of interest because to the best of our knowledge, numerous crystalline structures along with the cytological features of BP have not been described in the English literature. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2005;32:35–37. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Herpes virus infection in peritoneal fluid: A case report and review of literature
Authors: Angel Andres , Jeffries Patricia , Valente Philip , Hospodar Elizabeth , Fowler Larry 
Published: December 2004

AbstractHerpetic infections in body cavity fluids are unusual and are rarely reported in the cytology literature. We report a case of a 74‐yr‐old woman who developed ascites after undergoing an elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy for biliary colic. Cytology of peritoneal fluid revealed changes in a herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection that was confirmed by immunocytological staining. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2005;32:44–46. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
p16INK4A is a surrogate biomarker for a subset of human papilloma virus‐associated dysplasias of the uterine cervix as determined on the Pap smear
Authors: Bose Shikha , Evans Helen , Lantzy Liz , Scharre Karen , Youssef Evette 
Published: December 2004

AbstractRecently, p16INK4A has been identified as a biomarker for human papilloma virus (HPV)‐induced dysplastic lesions of the cervix and it has been suggested that it may be a useful diagnostic aid for these lesions. This study therefore was performed to determine the utility of p16 expression in a series of Papanicolaou (Pap) smears collected in liquid medium and to determine its benefit, if any, over HPV testing. One hundred seven cases, including 23 negative cases, 34 with low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), 16 with high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), 29 with atypical squamous cells of uncertain significance (ASC‐US), and 5 cases with ASC suspicious for HSIL (ASC‐H), were evaluated for both p16 expression and HPV DNA. We observed p16 expression in only 36% of all cases with abnormal cytology (30/84) and in 40% of all cases associated with high‐risk HPV. The highest rate of positivity (80%) and the highest levels of expression (more than three to five positive cells/10× field) were seen in HSIL. Similar results were observed with ASC‐H cases. This suggests that in equivocal cases, p16 may be used for confirmation of the diagnosis. On the other hand, p16 positivity was noted in only 21% of LSIL and ASC‐US cases. This raises the interesting possibility, given that only a minority of LSIL cases progress on to higher‐grade lesions, that p16 might be useful for triaging these patients for closer follow‐up and/or further evaluation. Additional studies are required for confirmation. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2005;32:21–24. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration of renal angiomyolipoma: Cytological findings and diagnostic pitfalls in a series of five cases
Authors: Crapanzano John P. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDiagnosis of renal angiomyolipoma (AML) by fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) may be difficult because cytological and radiological findings sometimes overlap with renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and liposarcoma. Five FNAs of AMLs were studied. Epithelioid and spindle stromal cells were arranged in loosely cohesive clusters and singly. The chromatin was evenly distributed and bland. Occasionally nuclear atypia was identified. Nuclei were oval to elongated, nucleoli were inconspicuous or absent, naked nuclei were present in three specimens, and intranuclear inclusions were present in two specimens. The cytoplasm was delicate and sometimes finely vacuolated. Adipose tissue was observed in two specimens. Thick‐walled vessels, mitoses, and necrosis were absent. Corresponding surgical material showed typical features of AML. In FNA, bland chromatin and inconspicuous nucleoli distinguish renal AML from RCC and liposarcoma. Adipose tissue is not universally present. Cellular atypia in conjunction with overlapping radiological findings with RCC and liposarcoma are potential diagnostic pitfalls. Immunocytochemical (ICC) stains may elucidate the correct diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2005;32:53–57. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A New Organic‐Inorganic Hybrid Gallophosphate Prepared in the Presence of Glycine
Authors: Hasnaoui Mohammed Abdelkrim , Simon‐Masseron Angélique , Gramlich Volker , Patarin Joël , Bengueddach Abdelkader 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA new layered gallophosphate, Ga4P4O16(C2H5NO2)4, known as Mu‐32 has been synthesised hydrothermally using the amino acid glycine (H2NCH2CO2H) as an original template. Such a template has never been used before for the synthesis of microporous and phosphate‐based materials such as gallophosphates. The structure was determined by a single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction study and further characterised by scanning electron microscopy, elemental and thermal analyses and by 13C and 31P solid‐state NMR spectroscopy. The compound crystallises in the monoclinic space group P21/c with a = 9.177(2), b = 5.1540(10), c = 12.513(3) Å and β = 90.67(3)°. The inorganic layer is built up from four‐membered rings sharing T−O−T bonds. In addition to the nature of the template, the original properties of this new gallophosphate come from the coordination environment of the Ga which is only pentacoordinated with oxygen atoms and has strong bonds (Ga−O−C) between the organic template and the inorganic sheet. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)