bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Old Southern Democracy and Its Erosion, 1876 to 1965
Authors: Rae Nicol C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of our present-day conceptions of southern politics remain grounded in the era of the “Solid South,” the period between the end of Reconstruction and the Voting Rights act of 1965. During this time the Democratic party achieved such a degree of political dominance over the entire region that it became identified by both its followers and its opponents as the ‘‘party of the South” above all else. The virtual one-party system established by the Democrats in the former Confederate states, however, was not a dictatorial system in the sense of rule by a monolithic entity. Solidity behind the Democratic label was necessary for national politics, but that label covered a variety of political phenomena-factions, demagogues, violence, racism, populism, authoritarianism-that were truly unique to the South and seemed bizarre to nonsoutherners. This chapter sketches the origins and development of the Solid South, the operation of the system at its height, and the factors that led ultimately to its demise. The story has been told frequently and in much greater detail elsewhere, but it is reiterated here as a reminder of the nature of the pre-civil rights southern Democratic party in national politics relative to the southern Democratic party that succeeded it. We begin by retreating further back to the antebellum South to understand the nature of southern political culture and the reasons for the ascendancy of the Democratic party after the Civil War.
Stone Pine Seeds and Cones
Authors: Lanner Ronald M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On August 22, 1805, Captain William Clark discovered for science the nutcracker that was later to bear his name. The Lewis and Clark expedition was then in Lemhi Pass, in the Bitterroot Mountains bordering present-day Montana and Idaho. Clark wrote in his journal that day, “I saw today a Bird of the woodpecker kind which fed on Pine burs its bill and tale white the wings black every other part of a light brown, and about the size of a robin.” Nothing more was said of the pine, but the observation that the nutcracker was feeding on “burs” (cones) strongly suggests the bird was harvesting seeds of whitebark pine. Whitebarks still grow in Lemhi Pass, and several are old enough to have witnessed the captain’s journey.
Memories
Authors: Lanner Ronald M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How Do Nutcrackers Find Their Caches? Over the years many naturalists have been intrigued by the unhesitating way in which birds of both nutcracker species fly to the ground and unearth pine nuts with a few swipes of the bill, as if knowing exactly where to dig. Even snow is no deterrent. Claude Crocq has described how European Nutcrackers in the French Alps recover pine nuts by tunneling to caches concealed by more than a meter of snow. Their tunnels frequently curve beneath the snow, and while excavating, the completely submerged bird cannot see out (Figure 6.1). Yet more than three-fourths of 125 such galeries bore the tell-tale evidence of seed-coat fragments, attesting to the excavator’s success.
Other Arrangernents
Authors: Lanner Ronald M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When The Enlightened Czar Alexander II of the Russian Empire ordered “cedar-pines”-kedr-to be planted in Finland and Sweden in the 1860s, he had no idea that a century later they would nurture kedrovka, the pine nut-eating birds that liven autumn in Siberia. The 1860s had been years of famine in his western duchies, and the czar’s order was intended to provide long-lived trees that would bear nutritious nuts for many years as a hedge against future crop failures. Kedr nuts were an esteemed food and a source of cooking oil in Siberia, so it seemed only natural to spread this useful tree beyond its precincts. But in Finland the czar’s order was not taken seriously, and resulted mainly in the pro forma establishment of handsome pines for shade in parks, railway stations, and other public places. A seed had been planted, however, and a new tree was introduced into the country.
Building Ecosystems
Authors: Lanner Ronald M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Triggering Of Great Events By Slight force is a common theme in science. Thus very small amounts of a catalyst can allow a chemical reaction to go forth which would otherwise not occur. The amount of reactive matter greatly exceeds the bulk of the catalyst, which is itself unchanged by the reaction. In the realm of biochemistry an enzyme, which is a protein of very specific function and molecular structure, acts much like the catalyst in an inorganic chemical system, controlling the rate at which chemical reactions progress in a much greater mass of substrate. And at the level of the whole organism, hormones formed in the leaves or roots of a plant, and present in very low concentrations, are transported to sites where they stimulate growth or movement of relatively large masses of plant material.
The Odd Couple
Authors: Lanner Ronald M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Red Squirrels Are Small And Lively, forever running out on their aerial highways, making sprightly springing leaps between trees, loudly berating interlopers who enter their spiritedly defended little territories, comically playing the fool of the coniferous forest. Grizzly Bears are very large. They move on the ground with magisterial gait, sometimes plodding, sometimes pursuing in a burst of speed. They seldom vocalize loudly, and they roam over immense areas of wilderness. They play fearsome king to the squirrel’s jester. Yet these mammals of contrasting physique and behavior are linked by the chain of events set in motion by Clark’s Nutcracker. In brief, Red Squirrels hustle pine nuts for Grizzly Bears.
Origins
Authors: Lanner Ronald M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Near The Hamlet Of El Chico, In The Mexican state of Hidalgo, a range of heavily wooded hills is crowned by the rocky peak of La Muela-the Molar. If you let yourself down a steep slope, slick with recent rains and densely grown with towering oyamel firs, you will reach in the barranca below La Muela a tumbling clearwater brook. Here, at an elevation of 8,600 feet, the boulder-strewn banks are dominated by groves of white pines with long, slender, blue-green needles, evenly spaced tiers of horizontal limbs, and trunks clothed in furrowed gray bark. Clusters of cylindrical cones, emerald-green in their final summer, hang from branch tips, beads of aromatic resin congealed on their scales. Trunks of the larger pines and firs are encrusted with blue-gray lichens and studded with corsages of red-flowered bromeliads. Their massive lower limbs bear thickly layered sphagnum in which ferns root, forming von Humboldt’s forest piled upon forest. The pines are Mexican white pines, Pinus ayacahuite, and local farmers call this place “La Ayacahuite.” Take away the epiphytes, especially the bromeliads, and this could be an Adirondack haunt or a canyon bottom in northern Idaho. Places like it can be found in several other central and southern Mexican states, and in Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras, where the elevation is high, the soils deep and moist, the air cool.
Other Paths in Cognitive Science
Authors: Dodwell Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of the five strands in cognitive science, I give the most attention to experimental psychology, not just because I know it more intimately but because historically it has been dominant. Not only was it “first in the field,” but many of its basic ideas initiated and informed the development of the other four. In examining these four remaining strands, little more than a series of sketches is possible. I shall outline the core assumptions, history, methods, and findings of each, providing landmarks and signposts rather than maps of the territory. All these topics are discussed in much greater detail, but from the same point of view, in another place.
Modern science has been dependent for its development, even in some cases for its very emergence, on new instruments and technologies such as the microscope and telescope. Nowhere is this dependence more evident than in neuroscience, one of the hottest areas of research of the late twentieth century. Neuroscience encompasses the study of all life systems of such complexity as to require neural tissue—sets of functionally interconnected neurons (nerve cells)—to “work”; that is, to live, grow, reproduce, and behave.
Introduction
Authors: Vogel Joseph Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Economics is a rhetorical enterprise. This is the central message of a seminal article that appeared in the economics literature several years ago. Its author, Donald McCloskey, argued that economists persuade not by the weight of the evidence but by the appeal of their words. However, McCloskey does not advocate a “more evidence, better science” approach. Instead, he argues that the scientific method is often unattainable for social phenomena. According to McCloskey, economists should not prostrate themselves over the trappings of science; any rhetorical device, scientific or otherwise, will move the discussion forward.
Genesteaders
Authors: Vogel Joseph Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us suppose that governments around the world legislate ownership over genetic information. Under the proposed law, those who conserve genetic information would become the residual claimants to the royalties. Because conservation does not just mean letting the habitats be, the policy will re­ quire managers. Several issues quickly emerge. The first is one of desirability. It boils down to this: How many people really want the job of genetic­ information management? Economists will step in and claim this as their turf. They will see the question as of one of “elasticity,” where elasticity is defined as the percentage change in quantity divided by a percentage change in price. In this case, what percentage of genetic-information managers will offer their services for what percentage of expected royalties? Such a calculation would be a mechanical exercise if the data existed; but the data do not exist. What’s an economist to do? The answer: assume. The economist could assume that the labor response to royalties will be similar to the labor response to, say, the gold rush in the Amazon for which the data do exist.
Conclusion: Ten Principles for Conserving Genetic Information
Authors: Vogel Joseph Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The late Al Eichner, one of my professors in graduate school, edited a volume of essays entitled Why Economics Is Not Yet a Science. A summary of the essays appeared in Nature, and the summary itself triggered a backlash by neoclassical economists. In the same journal, Partha Dasgupta and Frank Hahn of the University of Cambridge chastised not just Eichner but Nature for printing such “nonsense”!1 With fear of similar reprisal, I now take Eichner’s reasoning one step further: economics not only is “not yet a science,” but is a false science. Like a false prophet, a false science can take you exactly where you do not want to go. It is false for basically three reasons: By not incorporating, by ignoring, and by suppressing, economists have helped transport us into a greenhouse world, where genetic information is expunged and hundreds of millions starve.
1968: The Competing Pasts of Nixon and Humphrey
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More so than in any other campaign in recent times, the contest in the general election of 1968 turned on the personal pasts of the three men who sought the office. Two of the three, Nixon and Humphrey, seemed so comparable on the issues that it was difficult for most voters to distinguish the promises of one from another. The outcome of this election hinged not so much on what the candidates promised but on how the electorate came to perceive what each had done and been throughout a lifetime of public service. This, in turn, forced the candidates to reconcile the public’s sense of their pasts with the sense the candidates themselves were trying to sculpt and their opponents were trying to destroy. Consequently, the “old” Nixon competed with the “new” Nixon; Humphrey, “the apologist for Johnson’s policies in Vietnam,” competed with Humphrey, “the veteran social reformer,” and the George Wallace who pledged to effect fundamental change in Washington clashed with the George Wallace who as governor seemed to have effected little change in Alabama. Just how successful the candidates would be in molding a vision of the future from selected elements in their pasts was then a decisive question in 1968.
1980: “I’m Qualified To Be President and You’re Not”
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Massachusetts Senator Edward Kennedy, youngest brother of John and Robert Kennedy, had every reason to believe in late 1979 that the Democratic nomination was his for the asking. After all, during every presidential contest since the death of his brother Robert, the press had proposed Teddy as prospective nominee, if not heir apparent. As important, in early October 1979, when party regulars were asking themselves the key question about the upcoming election—can this candidate win?—Gallup polls showed that Jimmy Carter’s approval rating had reached an all-time low of 29%. Gallup also reported that polled Democrats favored Teddy two to one as the party’s nominee.
Still, the spectre of assassination must surely have shadowed any discussion of Edward Kennedy’s presidential candidacy, and the horror of such a possibility must have given pause to those who might otherwise have freely encouraged Kennedy to run. But one other event from Kennedy’s past may also have played a part in his decision-making calculus. For the question remained whether or not—and to what extent—the public had forgotten or at least forgiven Kennedy for his actions of nearly ten years ago, when late on the night of July 18, 1969, a car he was driving plunged off a bridge on Chappaquiddick Island, resulting in the death of a young political aide, Mary Jo Kopechne, who was with him in the car.
1992: Taxes and Trust
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neither crime, furlough policies, or the death penalty played a major role in George Bush’s first term. Nor did water pollution. The campaign run on Willie Horton, a “revolving door” prison policy, and the pollutants in Boston Harbor had, in other words, failed to forecast Bush’s presidency. Although exit polls showed that most did not believe he would deliver on it, voters did remember the statement Bush repeated most often in the campaign of 1988: “Read my lips. No new taxes.” When, bowing to fiscal reality and political pressure, Reagan’s presumed heir reneged on that promise and the economy proved persistently sluggish, the incumbent entered the 1992 primaries as a hobbled candidate, vulnerable to the issues of taxes and trust.
The state of the nation and the sentiments of voters in January 1992 were not foreseen by the big-name Democrats, including 1988 contenders Rev. Jesse Jackson and Tennessee’s Senator Al Gore. For public reasons that varied and private motives that included the presumption that the incumbent was unbeatable, one major Democratic leader after another decided in Spring 1991 not to make the run in 1992. What they did not know but history would show was the ephemeral nature of Bush’s 90% approval ratings in the wake of the 100-hour Gulf War against Saddam Hussein. That fleeting period of popularity occurred when the president responded with force to Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait.
The Japanese System in the Golden Age
Authors: Tabb William K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Whenever an economy or a sector of an economy adapts itself to a change in its data in the way which traditional theory describes, whenever, that is, an economy reacts to an increase in population by simply adding the new brains and hands to the working force in the existing employments, or an industry reacts to a protective duty by expansion within its existing practice or to a fall in its demand by a contraction within its existing practice, we shall speak of adaptive response.
Markers, Developmental Processes, and Schizophrenia
Authors: Cornblatt Barbara A , Dworkin Robert H , Wolf Lorraine E , Erlenmeyer-Kimling L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clinical, self-report, and experimental studies have converged to implicate attention in the biology of schizophrenia. Clinically, impaired attention has consistently been described as a prominent characteristic of schizophrenia in the literature, beginning with the early descriptions of Kraepelin ( 1919). Phenomenologically, schizophrenic patients have described a distressing inability to focus on information in the environment (e.g., Freedman & Chapman, 1973).
Behavioral Research in Childhood Autism
Authors: Sigman Marian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of behavioral research in childhood autism parallels the history of developmental psychopathology. Efforts to understand autism have depended on the discovery of developmental concepts and principles of experimental design. For example, the characteristics of autistic children could not be identified until researchers realized the necessity of comparison groups matched on developmental level. The first purpose of this chapter is to elucidate some of the advances made in the discipline of developmental psychopathology as applied to questions about childhood autism.
Developmental Psychopathology: Concepts and Prospects
Authors: Rutter Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the last two decades, developmental psychopathology research concepts and strategies have increasingly come to the fore as it has become evident that traditional approaches in both psychiatry and psy-chology have been limited in their ability to tackle certain key questions and because the prevailing major theories did not take account of many crucial features of development and of psychopathology (Cicchetti, 1989; Rutter, 1993a, in press-a; Rutter & Rutter, 1993; Sroufe & Rutter, 1984). Thus, much psychiatric research has been based on outdated disease concepts that have assumed single causes operating in a direct, one-step fashion.
Neuropsychological Aspects of Schizophrenia
Authors: Goldman Robert S , Axelrod Bradley N , Taylor Stephen F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic psychiatric disorder characterized by disruption in affective, cognitive, and social domains that results in generally poor ability to maintain adaptive functioning in the community. This disorder usually manifests itself between the ages of 18 and 25. It has a lifetime prevalence ranging from 0.5% to 1.0% of the population (American Psychiatric Association, 1994), with no apparent gender discrepancy. The current diagnostic formulation of schizophrenia emphasizes a core set of symptoms. Individuals with schizophrenia have abnormalities in perception, usually in the form of auditory hallucinations. Delusional ideation often characterizes the disturbed thought content in these individuals, while abnormalities in form of thought are seen in such symptoms as loosening of associations, tangential speech, thought blocking, and neurologistic speech. Additional characteristics can include flattened or inappropriate affect, lack of motivation, poor social interaction, as well as idiosyncratic mannerisms and behaviors.
Are We Not Men?
Authors: Harper Phillip Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1995, popular anxieties about black masculinity became evident in public reactions to the conclusion of the OJ Simpson trial and the Million Man March on Washington. The nation’s divided response to the OJ verdict, together with the controversy surrounding Louis Farrakhan’s call to black men to come together for a “day of atonement” brought issues of race and gender to the forefront of national debate. In his timely and incisive book Are We Not Men?, Phillip Brian Harper explores issues of race and representation and shows that ideas about black masculinity have always played a troubled role both in the formation of African-American identity and in the mass media at large. What is at stake when a picture of OJ Simpson is darkened on the cover of Time magazine? Why is AIDS still seen as a white gay disease when a quarter of deaths from AIDS from 1981-1991 were among black males? Using examples from a variety of cultural contexts, ranging from sports and pop music to literature and television, Harper investigates these questions in an effort to show the ways in which narrow definitions of black manhood have failed to acknowledge real differences within the African-American community--to grave social and political effect. He examines recent phenomena, such as reactions to ABC anchorman Max Robinson’s AIDS-related death and Magic Johnson’s HIV status, as well as the homophobia and chauvinism of the Black Arts movement of the ‘60s and ‘70s, the construction of black “crossover” identity from Motown and Diana Ross to Run-DMC and MTV and the way that “street” authenticity is incorporated into Michael Jackson’s choreography. He unravels the gender politics behind the “passing” novels of the Harlem Renaissance, scrutinizes black masculinity as seen through the eyes of the white protagonist of the 1961 autobiographical narrative Black Like Me and explores early representations of African Americans on television shows like “Julia” and “Room 222.” Upholding the recent success of drag performer RuPaul, who demonstrates the limits of traditional notions of black masculinity by openly defying them, Harper suggests that popular culture is able to transcend its own representations and points to a future in which “black male” is no longer a homogenizing term. An original, far-reaching and ultimately humane work of cultural criticism, Harper’s book argues convincingly that there are no innocent texts, and forces us to reexamine the culture that surrounds us. Are We Not Men? will find a wide audience among those interested in American and African-American cultural studies, gender studies and gay/lesbian studies.
Algebraic and Differential Topology of Robust Stability
Authors: Jonckheere Edmond A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book, two seemingly unrelated fields - algebraic topology and robust control - are brought together. The book develops algebraic/differential topology proceeding from an easily motivated control engineering problem, showing the relevance of advanced topological concepts and reconstructing the fundamental concepts of algebraic/differential topology from an application-oriented point of view. It is suitable for graduate students in engineering and/or applied mathematics, and academic researchers.
K-Theory Of Robust Stabilization
Authors: Jonckheere Edmond A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, rather than mapping the uncertainty to the return difference matrix as we did in the previous chapter, we map the uncertainty to the return difference operator. To make it simple, assume that the system is open-loop stable and time-invariant. The crucial point is the equivalence between closed-loop stability and invertibility of the Toeplitz operator induced by the return difference, I+TLΔ. Mapping into an appropriate space of operators immediately leads to the so-called topological K-theory, which is probably the most significant development that has occurred in algebraic topology after 1960.