bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STRONG SEPARATIONS FOR THE BOOLEAN HIERARCHY OVER RP
Authors: BRUSCHI DANILO , JOSEPH DEBORAH , YOUNG PAUL 
Published: November 2004

Recently, boolean hierarchies over NP and over RP (denoted BH and RBH respectively) have been introduced in complexity theory. They have proved particularly useful in carefully classifying natural problems which are not finely classified using more standard time and space complexity classes. In this paper we are particularly interested in the structural properties of these hierarchies and in relationships among various boolean hierarchies. Establishing the most significant relationships between BH, RBH, and other complexity classes would imply solving some of the major open problems in complexity theory. To date the only significant relations known are: [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and RBH⊆BH. Essentially nothing is known about the fine structure of BH or of RBH. In [5] an oracle X is constructed for which both BHx and RBHx have an infinite number of proper levels. Further each level of RBH is properly contained in the corresponding level of BH, and RBH is properly contained in PP. In this paper we further explore these constructions. We prove that some of these separations are “strong” separations. That is, they can be witnessed by sets that cannot be “approximated” by sets in the smaller class: the separating sets are immune to sets from the smaller class. Specifically, we prove that the separations between RBH, BPP, PP and each level of BH, can be witnessed by immune sets.
A NEW METHOD FOR MAPPING OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS ONTO NEURAL NETWORKS
Authors: Peterson Carsten , Söderberg Bo 
Published: November 2004

A novel modified method for obtaining approximate solutions to difficult optimization problems within the neural network paradigm is presented. We consider the graph partition and the travelling salesman problems. The key new ingredient is a reduction of solution space by one dimension by using graded neurons, thereby avoiding the destructive redundancy that has plagued these problems when using straightforward neural network techniques. This approach maps the problems onto Potts glass rather than spin glass theories. A systematic prescription is given for estimating the phase transition temperatures in advance, which facilitates the choice of optimal parameters. This analysis, which is performed for both serial and synchronous updating of the mean field theory equations, makes it possible to consistently avoid chaotic behavior. When exploring this new technique numerically we find the results very encouraging; the quality of the solutions are in parity with those obtained by using optimally tuned simulated annealing heuristics. Our numerical study, which for TSP extends to 200-city problems, exhibits an impressive level of parameter insensitivity.
Effects of Acupuncture on Tissue-Oxygenation of the Rat Brain
Authors: Chen Gregory S. , Erdmann Wilhelm 
Published: November 2004

Acupuncture has been claimed to be effective in restoring consciousness in some comatose patients. Possible mechanisms to explain alleged acupuncture-induced arousal may include vasodilatory effects caused by sympathetic stimulation which leads to an augmentation of cerebral microcirculation and thereby improves oxygen supply to the brain tissue. Experiments were performed in ten albino rats (Wistar) employing PO 2 microelectrodes which were inserted into the cortex of the animals through small burholes. Brain tissue PO 2 was continuously recorded before, during, and after acupuncture. Stimulation of certain acupuncture loci (Go-26) resulted in immediate increase of PO 2 in the frontal cortex of the rat brain. This effect was reproducible. The effect was comparable to that obtained with increase of inspiratory CO 2 known to induce arterial vasodilatation and thus capillary perfusion pressure. The effect was more significant as compared to tissue PO 2 increases obtained after increase of inspiratory oxygen concentration from 21% to 100%. It appears that acupuncture causes an increase of brain tissue perfusion which may be, at least in part, responsible for arousal of unconscious patients. Dilatation of cerebral vascular vessels and improvement of autoregulation in the brain by acupuncture stimulation may also explain the effectiveness of acupuncture in the treatment of migraine headache.
The Clinical Response of 328 Private Patients to Acupuncture Therapy
Authors: Shifman Alan C. 
Published: November 2004

It is the attempt of this study to determine the efficacy of response to acupuncture at 24 hours, one week, and three week intervals at the end of a series of treatments in 328 patients. Treated for a variety of disorders, approximately 60% had satisfactory responses of up to 3 weeks duration. The 328 patients were classified into 13 categories of problem disorders; headaches, cevical pain, lumbar pain without radiaiton, lumbar pain with readiation, isolated sciatica, parathoracic pain, knee pain, elbow pain, shoulder pain, generalized musculoskeletal pains (rheumatism), neurological disorders, and a general miscellaneous category. The problem disorders were then arranged into etiolgical categories. In general for each problem disorder, except for neurological, the average response ranged in the 60-65% range at the third week interval.
Psychiatric Training and Therapies in Ayurved
Authors: Dube K.C. , Kumar Aditya , Dube Sanjay 
Published: November 2004

This paper describes the selection and training procedures, ethical codes, metaphysical theoreis and principles of psychiatric treatments in Ayurved. Three treatment approaches for psychological disorders are: (i) Ministered therapies (psychotherapies), (ii) Performance therapies (rituals), (iii) Auto therapies. Other forms of therapies mentioned are herbal, physical and natural. Treatments were administered with benediction. Man was treated as a whole with a psychosomatic approach. Ayurved is still a living science, though much of its knowledge has passed into oblivion. Resurrection of the lost treasure is advocated if the objective of 'Health for All by 2000 A.D.' is to be achieved for countries like India.
The Embryotoxic and Immunodepressive Effects of Gossypol
Authors: Sein G.M. , Phil M. 
Published: November 2004

The effects of gossypol acetic on pregnancy, embryofoetal development and on some selected parameters of immunological response in mice were studied. Daily intragastric administration of gossypol (50 or 75 mg/kg/day) during day 1-15 of gestation in mice produced a dose-dependent embroyocidal effect (37.8% and 94.5% respectively) of non-viable foetuses. There was a significant reduction in foetal bodyweight when pregnant mice were treated with gossypol, although no foetal abnormalities were observed. Lymphocyte transformation induced by mitogen concanavalin A, was not inhibited by pretreatment with gossypol (25, 50 or 75 mg/kg/day) for 10 weeks. However, both plaque-forming cells to sheep red blood cell immunisation and the total spleen cell population were significantly depressed by higher doses (50 or 75 mg/kg/day) of gossypol. The results of the present study indicate that gossypol is not teratogenic, but exerts embryocidal and a selective depression humoral immune response at high dose levels (50 or 75 mg/kg/day). It is not clear, whether the dose-dependent embryocidal and/or immunodepressive effects of gossypol are mediated by the parent compound or its metabolites, or whether these findings have any clinical relevance.
Effects of Hachimijiogan, Tokishakuyakusan and Keishibukuryogan on Progesterone Secretions by Corpus Luteum
Authors: Usuki Satoshi 
Published: November 2004

The 27-day-old received 20 IU of PMS subcutaneously, and 56 hours later, 40 IU of hCG to induce superovulated ovaries. Seven days after the hCG treatment, the ovaries were resected and incubated or perifused with an extract Hachimijiogan (T-7), Tokishakuyakusan (TJ-23) or Keishibukuryogan (TJ-25). Progesterone in media was assayed by radioimmunoassay. In the incubation study, TJ-23 showed no remarkable effect. In the perifusion study, TJ-23 or TJ-25 augmented progesterone levels, whereas TJ-7 revealed no effect. These results suggest that TJ-23 or TJ-25 stimulates the corpus luteum to secrete progesterone.
INVARIANTS OF LINKS AND CRITICAL POINTS OF THE CHERN-SIMON PATH INTEGRALS
Authors: SMOLIN LEE 
Published: November 2004

A method is given for evaluating the functional integrals of Chern-Simon field theories to first nontrivial order. The basis of this method is a background independent regularization which allows the factors associated with twists of the framing of loops to be computed. To first order, Witten’s result connecting the Jones polynomial to expectation values of the Chern-Simon theory is reproduced. Additionally, a method for constructing solutions to the classical field equations of the theory is described, and it is shown that a static solution to Einstein’s equations (in Ashtekar’s form) may be associated with every such solution.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE MAGNETIC IMPURITIES ON THE HTS CRITICAL TEMPERATURE
Authors: Ya. SHAPIRO B. 
Published: November 2004

The transfer mechanism of holes in the 123 compounds between chains and layers by optical transverse boson mode is introduced. The critical temperature as a function of the magnetic impurity concentrations both in the planes and in the chains is obtained. The critical temperature is determined by the difference of the concentrations in the chains and in the planes. The dependence strongly differs from the usual Abrikosov-Gor'kov behaviour. The results are correct for any layered structure with two different types of layers.
OBSERVATION OF NOISE INDUCED THERMAL VOLTAGES AND NON-UNIFORM CURRENT TRANSPORT EFFECTS IN A GaAs-AlGaAs HETEROJUNCTION IN STRONG MAGNETIC FIELDS
Authors: REEDTZ G. MARULLO , BOELLA G. , RINAUDO G. 
Published: November 2004

The dc voltage between two probes of a GaAs-AlGaAs heterojunction has shown zero-current oscillations as a function of the magnetic field B with a 1/B period close to the electron density determined from the Hall plateaus. A similar effect was observed when using an ac current. Combining the ac current data corresponding to opposite polarities of B we were able to separate two contributions similar in behaviour to the different components of the thermopower tensor. If thermal gradients are present, the current distribution in the two-dimensional channel of the heterojunction must be highly inhomogeneous. Further evidence in this direction is given.
A RAMAN SPECTROSCOPIC STUDY OF BARIUM COPPER OXIDE
Authors: LOO B.H. , BURNS D.H. , ROLIN T.D. 
Published: November 2004

Various physical treatments of BaCuO 2 samples result in irreversible changes in its Raman spectrum. The prominent peaks at 576 and 628 cm −1 in the spectra of sintered pellets of BaCuO 2 disappear upon further annealing in air or oxygen or upon mere regrinding of the pellets. Further annealing in air, oxygen, or vacuum does not restore these peaks. Similar but less intense peaks reappear upon exposure of pellets to laboratory environment for several weeks, but these broaden and disappear upon further exposure. These spectral characteristics contrast with those observed in Y123 Raman spectrum. It is concluded that the peaks at 582 cm −1 and 636 cm −1 in the spectra of sintered pellets of Y123 are not due to the presence of BaCuO 2.
THE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF RESISTANCE AND CRITICAL CURRENT IN GRANULAR YBa2Cu3Ox SUPERCONDUCTING FILMS
Authors: ŠTRBÍK V. , BEŇAČKA Š. , GAŽI Š. , CHROMIK Š. , LEVÁRSKY J. , SITH J. 
Published: November 2004

Temperature dependence of resistance R(T) and critical transport current I c (T) was measured for high-Tc YBa 2 Cu 3 O x granular thin films prepared by vacuum co-evaporation. The results are interpreted in terms of superconductor-constriction-superconductor (ScS) or superconductor-normal metal-superconductor (SNS) models, shown to be more adequate than the superconductor-insulator-superconductor (SIS) one. The films with nearly the same superconducting phase transition can exhibit both metallic (dR/dT>0) or semiconductor (dR/dT<0) behavior at T>Tcon. This is ascribed to intragranular defects which are shunted below T con .
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DECISION MAKING ALGORITHMS IN IMAGES MODELED BY GAUSSIAN MARKOV RANDOM FIELDS
Authors: PALUBINSKAS GINTAUTAS 
Published: November 2004

In this work the performance and computer time requirements of 15 classifiers are compared in images modeled by two-dimensional Gaussian Markov random fields which are represented by a causal autoregressive model of the second order. The per-pixel classifier and the object classifier directly or indirectly utilizing spectral-spatial characteristies of images are among them. The probability of misclassification (PMC) calculated analytically and experimentally on modeled data was used as a measure of a classifier performance. The influence of such factors as the object size and form, the inadequacy of a classifier and data models, the accuracy of spatial correlation estimation on the PMC is investigated. The following main results are obtained. The performance of object classifiers is much better than that of per-pixel classifiers. The PMC of object classifiers decreases rapidly with the increase of the size of an object. The performance of object classifiers indirectly incorporating spatial characteristics of an object (OCIND) and that of object classifiers directly incorporating spatial characteristics (OCDIR) is similar for the linear decision rule. The performance of OCDIR is much better than that of OCIND for the quadratic decision rule. Computationally, averaging object classifiers are fastest, next are OCIND and finally OCDIR. The cross-shaped object classifier is better and faster than the square-shaped object classifier for the same number of pixels.
AN INTELLIGENT IMAGE-BASED COMPUTER-AIDED EDUCATION SYSTEM: THE PROTOTYPE BIRDS
Authors: DAVID AMOS ABAYOMI , THIERY ODILE , CREHANGE MARION 
Published: November 2004

The authors have studied how to integrate concepts from other fields such as psychology and imagery into Computer-Aided Education (CAE) using Artificial Intelligence (AI). It is believed that images (graphic or real) may play an important role in learning. However, if images are not to be used only for illustration, it is necessary to employ concepts like those of AI. In this paper, the application of AI concepts in an image-based CAE system is developed and the prototype BIRDS is briefly presented. The concepts presented here include the pedagogical and psychological aspects of learning, and the importance of images in learning, both as pedagogical objects, and as means for obtaining psychological information about a learner. A student model, defined by the authors, is developed, and its components, construction and use are explained.
Season's Greetings: Two 'Īd Poems by Ibn Quzmān
Authors: Farrin Raymond 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIn this article I analyze two of Ibn Quzmān's'Īd al-Adhā zajal s in terms of theme, structure, and import. I show that the poems are carefully constructed wholes, through which the poet subtly mocks his patron while obligating him to give up a ram. I furthermore demonstrate that these super ficially simple and lighthearted zajals have multiple layers of meaning, and that fundamentally they contain — of particular relevance to the ruling elites in twelfth-century al-Andalus — sharp social criticism about the practice of religion.
Engaging the Rhetoric of Spiritual Warfare: The Public Face of Aladura in Diaspora
Authors: Adogame Afe 
Published: November 2004

AbstractOne of the most striking examples of African indigenous religious creativity is the Aladura, a group of churches that emerged in Western Nigeria from the 1920s and 1930s. They are so called because of their penchant for prayer, healing, prophecy, exorcism, trances, visions and dreams. The Aladura made inroads into the European religious landscape in the late 1960s and have continued to grow in numbers. This paper examines their historical development, belief patterns and their appropriation of rituals in diaspora. Aladura's public image, particularly in the European media, has been somewhat controversial. Drawing insights from Great Britain, Italy and Germany, especially relating to the recent 'Thames Torso' ritual murder in Great Britain, the transnational sexual labour trafficking in Italy and Germany and their alleged connections with some Aladura churches, the paper shows how media sensationalizing of such allegations further serves to heighten public apprehension of Aladura. An insufficient grasp of Aladura religious worldview and their strong emphasis on ritual re-enactments may often continue to attract public misrepresentation and diabolization.
The Influence of Ocean Convection Patterns on High-Latitude Climate Projections
Authors: Schaeffer M. , Selten F. M. , Opsteegh J. D. , Goosse H. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
The mean state and variability of deep convection in the ocean influence the North Atlantic climate. Using an ensemble experiment with a coupled atmosphere–ocean–sea ice model, it is shown that cooling and subdued warming areas can occur over the North Atlantic Ocean and adjacent landmasses under global warming. Different “present-day” convection patterns in the Greenland–Iceland–Norway (GIN) Sea result in different future surface-air temperature changes. At higher latitudes, the more effective positive sea ice feedback increases the likelihood of changes in convection causing a regional cooling that is larger than the warming brought about by the enhanced greenhouse effect. The modeled freshening of deep ocean layers in the North Atlantic in a time period preceding a reorganization of GIN Sea convection is consistent with recent observations. Low-frequency internal variability in the ocean model has relatively little impact on the response patterns.
The Signature of the Annular Modes in the Tropical Troposphere
Authors: Thompson David W. J. , Lorenz David J. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
The extratropical annular modes are coupled with a distinct pattern of climate anomalies that spans the circulation of the tropical troposphere. The signature of the annular modes in the tropical troposphere exhibits a high degree of equatorial symmetry. It is associated with upper-tropospheric zonal wind anomalies centered about the equator, midtropospheric temperature anomalies located ∼20°N and 20°S, and opposing mean meridional circulation anomalies that span the subtropics of both hemispheres. The linkages between the annular modes and the tropical circulation are only evident during the cold season months, and are most robust in association with the Northern Hemisphere annular mode (NAM).
The coupling between the annular modes and the circulation of the tropical troposphere is consistent with forcing by waves originating at extratropical latitudes. Both annular modes are characterized by anomalies in the eddy momentum flux convergence at tropical latitudes that act to reinforce the changes in the tropical wind and temperature fields. The most pronounced tropical anomalies lag indices of the annular modes by ∼2 weeks and are found over the eastern tropical Pacific, where climatological westerlies permit extratropical waves to propagate into the deep Tropics. The linkages between the NAM and the tropical tropospheric circulation are most pronounced during the cold phase of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation cycle.
The recent trend in the NAM is linearly congruent with a ∼0.1-K cooling of the tropical troposphere over the past two decades during the Northern Hemisphere winter season.
Controlling the Proportion of Falsely Rejected Hypotheses when Conducting Multiple Tests with Climatological Data
Authors: Ventura Valérie , Paciorek Christopher J. , Risbey James S. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe analysis of climatological data often involves statistical significance testing at many locations. While the field significance approach determines if a field as a whole is significant, a multiple testing procedure determines which particular tests are significant. Many such procedures are available, most of which control, for every test, the probability of detecting significance that does not really exist. The aim of this paper is to introduce the novel “false discovery rate” approach, which controls the false rejections in a more meaningful way. Specifically, it controls a priori the expected proportion of falsely rejected tests out of all rejected tests; additionally, the test results are more easily interpretable. The paper also investigates the best way to apply a false discovery rate (FDR) approach to spatially correlated data, which are common in climatology. The most straightforward method for controlling the FDR makes an assumption of independence between tests, while other FDR-controlling methods make less stringent assumptions. In a simulation study involving data with correlation structure similar to that of a real climatological dataset, the simple FDR method does control the proportion of falsely rejected hypotheses despite the violation of assumptions, while a more complicated method involves more computation with little gain in detecting alternative hypotheses. A very general method that makes no assumptions controls the proportion of falsely rejected hypotheses but at the cost of detecting few alternative hypotheses. Despite its unrealistic assumption, based on the simulation results, the authors suggest the use of the straightforward FDR-controlling method and provide a simple modification that increases the power to detect alternative hypotheses.
An Observed Trend in Central South American Precipitation
Authors: Liebmann Brant , Vera Carolina S. , Carvalho Leila M. V. , Camilloni Inés A. , Hoerling Martin P. , Allured Dave , Barros Vicente R. , Báez Julián , Bidegain Mario 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Seasonal linear trends of precipitation from South American station data, which have been averaged onto grids, are examined, with emphasis on the central continent. In the period 1976–99, the largest trend south of 20°S occurs during the January–March season, is positive, and is centered over southern Brazil. From 1948 to 1975 the trend is also positive, but with less than half the slope. The trend is not due to a systematic change in the timing of the rainy season, which almost always starts before January and usually ends after March, but rather results from an increase in the percent of rainy days, and an increase in the rainy day average. The dynamic causes of the trend are not obvious. It does not appear to be accounted for by an increase in synoptic wave activity in the region. The precipitation trend is related to a positive sea surface temperature trend in the nearby Atlantic Ocean, but apparently not causally. The trend in the Atlantic seems to result from a decrease in mechanical stirring and coastal upwelling associated with a decrease in the strength of the western edge of the circulation associated with the South Atlantic high.