bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Volume and Routing of Late-Glacial Runoff from the Southern Laurentide Ice Sheet
Authors: Teller James T. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMelting of the Laurentide Ice Sheet during the last deglaciation added large volumes of water to many rivers and lakes of North America and to the world's oceans. The volume and routing of this meltwater not only helped shape the land's surface but also played a role in the evolution of late-glacial climate. A computerized model was prepared to quantify meltwater generation from seven drainage areas along the southern side of the Laurentide Ice Sheet at 500-yr time slices between 14,000 and 8000 yr B.P. Nearly all waters reaching the oceans flowed through the St. Lawrence, Hudson, or Mississippi River valleys. Discharge through the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico during late-glacial time varied by more than a factor of 5, ranging between 17,400 m3 sec−1 (550 km3 yr−1) and 98,200 m3 sec−1 (3200 km3 yr−1). Discharge entering the North Atlantic Ocean through the St. Lawrence and Hudson valleys ranged between 20,300 m3 sec−1 (640 km3 yr−1) and 65,300 m3 sec−1 (2060 km3 yr−1), with very abrupt, twofold changes at about 11,000, 10,000, and 9500 yr B.P. as a result of the rerouting of water from the Lake Agassiz basin. As the areal extent and mass of the Laurentide Ice Sheet diminished, the total volume of meltwater plus runoff due to precipitation from its southern side declined from 3800 km3 yr−1 at about 14,000 yr B.P. to 2100 to 2600 km3 yr−1 between 11,500 and 8000 yr B.P. No meltwater entered the Gulf of Mexico after 9500 yr B.P. After the demise of the ice sheet over Hudson Bay about 8000 yr B.P., the modern continental drainage network was established and flows through the St. Lawrence declined to modern values of about 320 km3 yr−1.
Filtering of Milankovitch Cycles by Earth's Geography
Authors: Short David A. , Mengel John G. , Crowley Thomas J. , Hyde William T. , North Gerald R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractEarth's land-sea distribution modifies the temperature response to orbitally induced perturbations of the seasonal insolation. We examine this modification in the frequency domain by generating 800,000-yr time series of maximum summer temperature in selected regions with a linear, two-dimensional, seasonal energy balance climate model. Previous studies have demonstrated that this model has a sensitivity comparable to general circulation models for the seasonal temperature response to orbital forcing on land. Although the observed response in the geologic record is sometimes significantly different than modeled here (differences attributable to model limitations and feedbacks involving the ocean-atmosphere-cryosphere system), there are several results of significance: (1) in mid-latitude land areas the orbital signal is translated linearly into a large (>10°C) seasonal temperature response; (2) although the modeled seasonal response to orbital forcing on Antarctica is 6°C, the annual mean temperature effect (<2°C) is only about one-fifth that inferred from the Vostok ice core, and primarily restricted to periods near 41,000 yr; (3) equatorial regions have the richest spectrum of temperature response, with a 3000-yr phase shift in the precession response, plus some power near periods of 10,000–12,000 yr, 41,000 yr, 100,000 yr, and 400,000 yr. Peaks at 10,000–12,000 yr and 100,000 and 400,000 yr result from the twice-yearly passage of the sun across the equator. The complex model response in equatorial regions has some resemblance to geologic time series from this region. The amplification of model response over equatorial land masses at the 100,000-yr period may explain some of the observed large variance in this band in geologic records, especially in pre-Pleistocene records from times of little or no global ice volume.
Stable Isotope Ratios of Carbon in Phytoliths as a Quantitative Method of Monitoring Vegetation and Climate Change
Authors: Kelly Eugene F. , Amundson Ronald G. , Marino Bruno D. , Deniro Michael J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe13C/12C ratios of occluded carbon within opal phytoliths from the northern Great Plains show potential as a basis for paleoclimatic reconstruction. A significant correlation exists between the carbon isotopic composition of a host plant and that of the organic matter in its phytoliths. The13C/12C ratios for phytoliths from surface layers of soils along climatic gradients reflect the current proportions of C3and C4plants. Variations in the δ13C values of phytoliths with soil depth are caused by a variety of processes: burial of soil surface by dust, bioturbation, and possible illuviation by percolating water. Also, contributions of phytoliths by dust and roots have unknown isotopic effects. The δ13C values of phytoliths from soils increase with decreasing14C age, suggesting that the proportion of C4plants in this region has increased during the Holocene. Phytoliths of apparent mid-Holocene age suggest exclusive dominance by C4plants which agrees with paleoclimatic interpretations of an arid middle Holocene climate.
Stratigraphy and Chronology of Late Pleistocene Reefs in the Southern Cook Islands, South Pacific
Authors: Woodroffe Colin D. , Short Stephen A. , Stoddart David R. , Spencer Tom , Harmon Russell S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe Makatea Islands in the southern Cook Islands consist of a degraded volcanic core surrounded by emergent “makatea” limestones. While much of this reefal limestone is of Tertiary age, the seawardmost reefs are late Pleistocene. Last-interglacial reefs (oxygen isotope substage 5e) identified by U-series dating reach 12.2 m on Atiu (mean age of three samples 126,000 ± 5000 yr B.P.), 9.8 m on Mitiaro (mean age of five samples 119,000 ± 3000 yr B.P.), 10.0–12.7 m on Mauke (mean age of four samples 128,000 + 5000, −4,000 yr B.P.), and 14.5–20.0 m on Mangaia (mean age of four samples 115,000 ± 7000 yr B.P.). On Atiu, Mauke, and Mitiaro a lower reef unit has been identified, and is separated from the overlying substage 5e reef by a sharp discontinuity, often with a crust of coralline algae. U-series dating from Atiu and Mauke indicates that this is a stage 7 reef formed in the penultimate interglaciation. The Makatea Islands have emerged as a result of flexure of the lithosphere in response to loading by the Pleistocene volcanic island of Rarotonga. Isolated outcrops of makatea limestone on Rarotonga reach 3.5 m and are probably of substage 5e age. Elastic and viscoelastic models of lithospheric flexure predict that much of the compensatory movement should occur shortly after the emplacement of the load. However, the age and elevation of late Quaternary reefs on the southern Cook Islands, where a Pleistocene volcanic island has loaded relatively old ocean floor (>80 myr), indicate that differential uplift has been continuing over the last 250,000 yr.
Late Quaternary Fluvial Sedimentation in the Voidomatis Basin, Epirus, Northwest Greece
Authors: Lewin John , Macklin Mark G. , Woodward Jamie C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDetailed morpho- and lithostratigraphic investigations, allied with radiometric dating, in the Voidomatis basin, Epirus, northwest Greece, have identified four Quaternary terraced alluvial fills that range from middle Pleistocene to historic in age. Major-periods of alluviation during the late Quaternary were associated with valley glaciation (ca. 26,000–20,000 yr B.P.) and subsequent deglaciation (ca. 20,000–15,000 yr B.P.) in the Pindus Mountains during Late Würmian times, and more recently linked to overgrazing sometime before the 11th century AD. The late Quaternary alluvial stratigraphy of the Voidomatis River is more complex than the “Older Fill” and “Younger Fill” model outlined previously, and it is suggested that these terms should no longer form the basis for defining alluvial stratigraphic units in the Mediterranean Basin.
POROUS EUROPE: EUROPEAN CITIES IN GLOBAL URBAN ARENAS
Authors: TAYLOR PETER J. , DERUDDER BEN 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT The notion that there is a European ‘system of cities’ or ‘urban hierarchy’ has been an attractive idea, since it appears to provide a coherent subset of cities to study within a regional context. Under conditions of contemporary globalisation, however, the spatial order of European cities can only be properly understood as a ‘porous Europe’. That is, it is impossible to sensibly discuss European intercity relations separate from an encompassing world city network. This paper therefore analyses 88 European cities in the context of a global urban analysis of 234 cities around the world. The main conclusion is that leading European world cities are specifically distinguished through their forming of global urban arenas. They should therefore not be thought of as being un‐European, but as a special kind of world city that is highly cosmopolitan in its intercity relations.
The hepatitis C virus genotype and subtype frequency in hepatitis C virus RNA‐positive, hepatitis C virus antibody‐negative blood donors identified in the nucleic acid test screening program in Poland
Authors: Brojer E. , Gronowska A. , Medyńska J. , Grabarczyk P. , Mikulska M. , Łȩtowska M , Kryczka W. , Gietka A. 
Published: December 2004

BACKGROUND: Since 2002, blood donors in Poland have been tested not only for hepatitis C virus antibodies (anti‐HCV) but also for HCV RNA or HCV core antigen. This screening program identifies asymptomatic, recently infected individuals with no anti‐HCV (in the “window period”). The aim of this study was to compare HCV genotype and subtype distribution in window‐period (wp) donors, anti‐HCV‐positive donors, and chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 2.37 milion donors were investigated for HCV RNA, and 340,000 for HCV core antigen. HCV genotypes and subtypes were investigated in 50 HCV RNA‐positive, anti‐HCV‐negative donors; in 70 anti‐HCV‐positive donors; and in 170 CHC patients. Re‐questioning of wp donors for probable risk factors was introduced.RESULTS: HCV RNA was detected in 50 donors of 2.71 million (1:54,200) anti‐HCV‐negative blood donations. Of these 50 donors, 36 percent exhibited Subtype 1b, whereas Subtypes 3a and 4c/d were identified in 40 and 14 percent, respectively. In anti‐HCV‐positive donors and CHC patients, the frequency of Subtype 1b was significantly higher (75.7 and 85.3%, respectively); in both groups the lower frequency of Subtypes 3a (14.3 and 10.6%, respectively) and 4c/d (4.3 and 1.2%, respectively) was found. The probable source of infection was identified in 9 wp donors.CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of wp donors is 18.5 per 1 million. The unexpected high frequency of Genotype 4 and Subtype 3a and the low frequency of Subtype 1b was observed in wp donors compared to anti‐HCV‐positive individuals. Additional epidemiologic questioning introduced after HCV RNA detection may help to identify infection source.
Recipients of blood from a donor with multiple HLA antibodies: a lookback study of transfusion‐related acute lung injury
Authors: Toy Pearl , Hollis‐Perry K.M. , Jun Jason , Nakagawa Mayumi 
Published: December 2004

BACKGROUND:  The effects of transfusion of HLA antibodies to patients with corresponding antigens are not well known.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  Records of patients who received blood from previous donations of a donor implicated in a case of transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI) were examined. The donor had multiple HLA antibodies reactive with 96 percent of HLA Class I antigens and 88 percent of HLA Class II antigens.RESULTS:  Among 103 patients (40 with a pretransfusion white blood cell [WBC] count of ≥3.5 × 109/L), 1 patient met criteria for TRALI and had clinical evidence for diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. Among the subset of 55 patients (17 with a pretransfusion WBC count of 3.5 × 109/L) with known HLA types, none developed TRALI even though 54 (98%) had one to five corresponding HLA antigens. In a subgroup of patients four of 62 patients with chest radiographs, developed new or worse bilateral infiltrates with implicated but not control units (p = 0.0625).CONCLUSION:  Transfusion of HLA antibodies from this donor to nonneutropenic patients did not cause TRALI, but there was a trend of an association with new or worse bilateral pulmonary infiltrates. Further research is needed to determine why transfusion of HLA antibodies to recipients with corresponding antigens causes TRALI in some cases and not in others.
Resolution of a serum sample mix‐up through the use of short tandem repeat DNA typing
Authors: Allen Robert W. , Pritchard Jane K. 
Published: December 2004

BACKGROUND:  A sample mix‐up occurred in a tissue procurement laboratory in which aliquots of serum from two tissue donors were accidentally mislabeled. The clues to the apparent mixup involved discrepant Hepatitus C test results. In an attempt to resolve the apparent mix up, DNA typing was performed using serum samples as a possible source of genomic DNA.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  Two hundred microliter aliquots of two reference sera and aliquots prepared from them were subjected to DNA extraction. PCR amplification of 9 STR loci was performed on the extracts and amplicons were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis.RESULTS:  About 1 µg/ml of DNA was recovered from all serum samples and was of sufficient quality to direct the amplification of most, if not all STR loci allowing the mislabeled specimens to be traced to the proper tissue donor.CONCLUSIONS:  Serum is a useful source of genomic DNA for STR analysis in situations in which such samples are the only source of DNA for testing. Interestingly, one of the tissue donors on life support and repeatedly receiving blood products, exhibited a mixed DNA profile indicative of the presence of DNA from multiple individuals in the bloodstream.
Determinants of smoking in eight countries of the former Soviet Union: results from the Living Conditions, Lifestyles and Health Study
Authors: Pomerleau Joceline , Gilmore Anna , McKee Martin , Rose Richard , Haerpfer Christian W. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTAims  To provide accurate and timely data on the determinants of smoking in countries of the former Soviet Union in order to facilitate the development of effective tobacco control policies in the region. Such data are urgently needed given the absence of accurate comparative data in the region and the recent changes experienced.Design  Cross‐sectional surveys using standardized methods and representative samples of the adult population in eight former Soviet Union countries conducted as part of the EU–Copernicus Project Living Conditions, Lifestyle, and Health study.Setting  Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia and Ukraine.Participants  A total of 18 428 adults aged 18 plus; response rates 71–88%.Measurements  The association of smoking with demographic and socio‐economic factors was investigated using multiple logistic regression analyses, stratifying by gender.Findings  Age was a strong determinant of smoking in both genders, with elderly individuals being less likely to smoke. Men who were more socially disadvantaged (less educated, poorer economic situation and/or less social support) were more likely to smoke. In women, living in larger urban areas was the strongest predictor of smoking. Divorced, separated or widowed women were also more likely to smoke than married women. Muslim respondents smoked less frequently compared with other respondents.Conclusions  Smoking is a major public health issue in the FSU particularly affecting socially vulnerable men and young women living in urbanized areas. These high‐risk groups should be targeted in future smoking prevention and cessation strategies in the region.
The cost‐effectiveness of HIV preventive measures among injecting drug users in Svetlogorsk, Belarus
Authors: Kumaranayake Lilani , Vickerman Peter , Walker Damian , Samoshkin Syiatsaslav , Romantzov Vladimir , Emelyanova Zoya , Zviagin Victor , Watts Charlotte 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTAim  To undertake a cost‐effectiveness analysis of a harm reduction and HIV prevention project for injecting drug users (IDUs) in Eastern Europe. Economic evaluation methods were adapted to consider the effect of an 8‐month financing gap that negatively impacted on project implementation.Design  Financial and economic costs of implementing the intervention were analysed retrospectively. The data were also modelled to estimate the costs of a fully functioning project. Estimates of the intervention impact on sexual and drug injecting behaviour were obtained from existing pre‐ and post‐intervention behavioural surveys of IDUs. A dynamic mathematical model was used to translate these changes into estimates of HIV infections averted among IDUs and their sexual partners. Projections of the potential effect of the shortfall in funding on the impact and cost‐effectiveness of the intervention were made.Setting  Svetlogorsk, Belarus, where in 1997 the IDU HIV prevalence was 74%.Findings  The intervention averted 176 HIV infections (95% CI 60–270) with a cost‐effectiveness of $359 per HIV infection averted (95% CI $234–1054). Without the $2311 reduction (7%) in financing, the estimated cost‐effectiveness ratio of the project would have been 11% lower. The costing methods used to measure donated mass media can substantially influence cost and cost‐effectiveness estimates.Conclusions  Harm reduction activities among IDUs can be cost‐effective, even when IDU HIV prevalence and incidence is high. Relatively small shortfalls in funding reduce impact and cost‐effectiveness. Increased and consistent allocation of resources to harm reduction projects could significantly reduce the pace of the HIV epidemic in Eastern Europe.
Drinking patterns in mid‐adolescence and psychosocial outcomes in late adolescence and early adulthood
Authors: Wells J. Elisabeth , Horwood L. John , Fergusson David M. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTAims  To describe the pattern of drinking at age 16 and to relate this to outcomes at 16–21 years and 21–25 years across a number of psychosocial domains.Design  A prospective birth cohort study with annual follow‐up until age 16 then at 18, 21 and 25 years.Setting  Christchurch, New Zealand.Participants  Of 1265 subjects, 953 were interviewed at age 16.Measurements  Multiple measures of family background were collected from birth to 16 years. Alcohol consumption was measured in terms of frequency, usual or last quantity drunk and most drunk per occasion. Problems were also recorded. Questions about psychiatric symptoms enabled Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) criteria to be applied. Detailed reports on educational outcomes, employment, sexual behaviours and offending were collected.Findings  Four latent classes were required to describe drinking at age 16, but these appeared to lie along a single dimension which strongly predicted outcomes at ages 16–21 and 21–25 across all domains (alcohol‐related, substance dependence, mental health, education, sexual relationships and offending). After controlling for background and correlates only a small number of outcomes were still related consistently to drinking at age 16 over both periods: most alcohol‐related outcomes, the number of sexual partners and the extent of violent offending.Conclusions  Drinking at age 16 is a clear indicator of future life‐course over most domains in late adolescence and early adulthood. Many of these associations are due to other covariates. Outcomes specific to drinking at age 16 are alcohol outcomes, number of sexual partners and violence.
Changes in soil carbon with stand age – an evaluation of a modelling method with empirical data
Authors: Peltoniemi Mikko , Mäkipää Raisa , Liski Jari , Tamminen Pekka 
Published: December 2004

AbstractForest soils store a substantial amount of carbon, often more than the forest vegetation does. Estimates of the amount of soil carbon, and in particular estimates of changes in these amounts are still inaccurate. Measuring soil carbon is laborious, and measurements taken at a few statistically unrepresentative sites are difficult to scale to larger areas.We combined a simple dynamic model of soil carbon with litter production estimated on the basis of stand parameters, models of tree allometry and biomass turnover rates of different biomass components. This integrated method was used to simulate soil carbon as forest stands develop. The results were compared with measurements of soil carbon from 64 forest sites in southern Finland.Measured carbon stocks in the organic soil layer increased by an average of 4.7±1.4 g m−2 a−1 with increasing stand age and no significant changes were measured in the amount of carbon in mineral soil. Our integrated method indicated that soil carbon stocks declined to a minimum 20 years after clear‐cutting and the subsequent increase in the soil carbon stock (F/H − 1 m) was 5.8±1.0 g m−2 a−1 averaged over the period to next harvesting (∼125 years). Simulated soil carbon accumulation slowed down considerably in stands older than 50 years. The carbon stock measured (F/H − 1 m) for the study area averaged 6.8±2.5 kg m−2. The simulated carbon stock in soil was 7.0±0.6 kg m−2 on average.These tests of the validity of the integrated model suggest that this method is suitable for estimating the amount of carbon in soil and its changes on regional scales.
Purification and characterization of a new reovirus from the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis
Authors: Zhang S , Shi Z , Zhang J , Bonami J‐R 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA new reovirus was recently isolated from a freshwater crab, the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis, in China. The complete viral particles are 55 nm in diameter, icosahedral, non‐enveloped and have a mean buoyant density of 1.39 g cm−3 in CsCl gradient. The viral genome is composed of 12 pieces of dsRNA with an electrophoretic pattern of 3/4/2/3. This virus infects connective tissue of the gills, gut and hepatopancreas. Partial cDNA cloning and sequence analysis showed that the RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase is located in the first RNA segment. From its biochemical, ultrastructural and physicochemical properties, this virus is quite different from the genus Aquareovirus (Reoviridae). It may represent a new genus of Reoviridae, different from the other crab reoviruses, P and W2.
The effect of light on the settlement of the salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, on Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.
Authors: Browman H I , Boxaspen K , Kuhn P 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe salmon louse, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, is an ectoparasitic copepod that infests both wild and farmed salmonid fish. Salmon lice are a major disease problem in the farming of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and the possibility of salmon lice playing a role in the decline of wild anadromous stocks has also been raised. Lepeophtheirus salmonis can detect a range of stimuli (pressure/moving water, chemicals and light) in the external environment. However, the response thresholds to various stimuli, and the spatial and temporal scales over which they operate in the context of host location, are largely unknown. In this context, we attempted to determine whether salmon lice copepodids settle onto hosts more effectively, or at different locations on the fish's body, under different qualities of light. Lice settlement trials were conducted under three lighting conditions; L1: unpolarized under ultraviolet A (UVA)‐through visible; L2: unpolarized without UVA (control); L3: 100% linearly polarized without UVA. A dark control was also conducted. No statistically significant difference in lice settlement was found. While changes in light intensity are involved in host detection at spatial scales on the order of metres, the results presented here suggest that it is not the primary sensory modality underlying host location at smaller spatial scales (cm to mm).