bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘You can't not go with the technological flow, can you?’ Constructing ‘ICT’ and ‘teaching and learning’
Authors: Dale R. , Robertson S. , Shortis T. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis paper seeks to show how ‘policy’, ‘management’ and ‘information and communications technology’ (ICT) were constructed for schools in England between 2000 and 2003 and to discuss some effects of these constructions on teaching and learning in the institutions involved in the InterActive Education Project. It argues that their contribution collectively constituted ‘ICT’ as a particular kind and form of challenge for schools, and that recognising the nature of this constitution is crucial to understanding the relationship between ICT and teaching and learning. Informed by an abductive methodology, this paper draws on analyses of policy documents and interviews with the head teachers of the educational institutions taking part in the InterActive Education Project to show how the possibilities and opportunities of using ICT were shaped by those constructions. It suggests that the main policy framing ICT in education over the period in question, the National Grid for Learning, had the provision of hardware and infrastructure as its main target, but offered little advice on how they might be used. This constituted the core of the management problem of ICT for schools. The final section of the paper outlines some of the mechanisms through which schools addressed these issues and discusses some possible implications for what counts as ‘teaching and learning’ with ‘ICT’.
APPLICATIONS OF LYNDON HOMOMORPHISM THEOREMS TO THE THEORY OF MINIMAL MODELS
Authors: SUCHENEK MAREK A. 
Published: November 2004

This paper contains, among others, a concise proof (proof 6.2) of the following fact (theorem 2.7): For every ∀∪Neg-theory Σ and every positive sentence φ, [Formula: see text] It is demonstrated in this paper (corollary 5.2) that the necessary and sufficient condition for φ, guaranteeing the truthfulness of the above equivalence for every Σ⊆∀, is that φ is equivalent to a sentence which does not contain in a scope of negation an occurrence of a relation symbol other than the equality symbol. The proofs have been constructed using classical model-theoretic tools, thus supporting the thesis that classical logic is adequate for expressing and investigating non-monotonic reasoning patterns.
LEARNING LEARNING SETS IN NEURAL NETWORKS
Authors: Peretto Pierre 
Published: November 2004

Learning sets are experiments in which animals use their past practical experience to improve their behaviors, in particular to yield convenient responses to unknown situations. We propose a neural network architecture which reproduces this generalization process. The model rests on three main ideas: — the same motor coding networks are used as input networks in the learning stage and as output networks in the retrieving phase; — the core of the system is made up of a number of randomly generated feedforward pathways, — a simple Hebbian learning rule selects among the pathways those which fit the environment. According to this mechanism, learning can be considered as a Darwinian selection process.
A ONE-LAYER FEEDBACK ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK WITH A BAYESIAN LEARNING RULE
Authors: Lansner Anders , Ekeberg Örjan 
Published: November 2004

A probabilistic artificial neural network is presented. It is of a one-layer, feedback-coupled type with graded units. The learning rule is derived from Bayes's rule. Learning is regarded as collecting statistics and recall as a statistical inference process. Units correspond to events and connections come out as compatibility coefficients in a logarithmic combination rule. The input to a unit via connections from other active units affects the a posteriori belief in the event in question. The new model is compared to an earlier binary model with respect to storage capacity, noise tolerance, etc. in a content addressable memory (CAM) task. The new model is a real time network and some results on the reaction time for associative recall are given. The scaling of learning and relaxation operations is considered together with issues related to representation of information in one-layer artificial neural networks. An extension with complex units is discussed.
COLD FUSION IN CONDENSED MATTER: IS A THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION IN TERMS OF USUAL SOLID STATE PHYSICS POSSIBLE?
Authors: SCHOMMERS W. , POLITIS C. 
Published: November 2004

A model for cold fusion in condensed matter is proposed (cold fusion of deuterons in palladium). It is assumed that the palladium-deuterium system forms an alloy, i.e., it is assumed that Pd ions as well as d+ ions are embedded in an uniform background of negative charge (conduction electrons). The model is based on an interaction potential for deuterons in solid palladium which has been estimated by means of a theoretical picture well known in the physics of liquids. On the basis of this potential the essential experimental results of Fleischmann and Pons, and Jones et al. can be explained qualitatively. In particular, the following effects are possible: 1. Cold fusion in condensed matter can take place. 2. The observed energy should be larger than that given by the fusion reactions. 3. Hitherto unknown nuclear processes must not be postulated as reported by Fleischmann and Pons. 4. The deuterons are mobile. 5. The deuterons can form close-packed clusters, and in principle a fusion reaction can take place within such a cluster. 6. Not only 3He should be produced in Pd but possibly 4He too. From our theoretical picture, it can be concluded that experimental results will be strongly dependent on the condition of the materials used in the experiments. This can possibly explain that only a part of experiments could show up cold fusion. A well defined condition (lattice defects, different phases, impurities, etc.) of the materials is probably the most critical point in connection with the observation of cold fusion in condensed matter. The effect should also be influenced by lattice dilatations. Experiments with other materials instead of palladium (e.g. vanadium, titanium, lanthanide metals, and different alloys) should be probably more informative.
BEING AND BECOMING AT THE MICROSCOPIC LEVEL
Authors: SCHOMMERS W. 
Published: November 2004

The laws of classical mechanics and quantum theory do not distinguish between the past and the future. But a lot of phenomena tell us that the "arrow of time" points only in one direction. For example, in biology we discover evolutionary processes leading to diversification and increasing complexity; it is a typical feature of such evolutionary processes that "forward" in time is possible but "backward" in time is impossible. At what level can phenomena like these be described? There is another problem in connection with time: within usual quantum theory, space-coordinates and time are not symmetrical to each other, which is in contrast to the basic results of special theory of relativity. In usual quantum theory coordinates are operators and play the role of statistical quantities; time however does not behave statistically and remains a simple parameter when we go from classical to quantum mechanics. For this reason there is no uncertainty relation for the time and energy within usual quantum theory which would agree in its physical content with that for the coordinates and momenta. The purpose of this paper is to show, on the basis of new aspects, that both one-sidedness of time and its uncertainty are charateristics at the fundamental level of quantum theory. We have extended usual quantum theory on the basis of space-time arguments. In this connection a time-operator appeared and there is in general temporal asymmetry at the microscopic level. The picture might be important in the description of phenomena with an "arrow of time", i.e., processes which belong to the physics of becoming. Furthermore, we have derived an uncertainty relation for the energy and time which agrees in its physical content with the uncertainty relation for the momentum and the coordinate; this relation is different from that of usual quantum theory. Within the frame of this physical picture all the concepts (diversity, natural selection, mutation), which are presently used in connection with the evolution of biological systems, are already established at the quantum mechanical level and, therefore, our theoretical picture might also be the foundation for the explanation of the phenomena at the biological (macro-molecular) level.
PERCOLATION IN SUPERCONDUCTING CUPRATES: RESISTIVITY AND CRITICAL CURRENTS
Authors: HALBRITTER J. 
Published: November 2004

Weak links in metallic cuprates yield complicated percolative conduction networks enhancing the intrinsic resistivity ρi(T) = αiT + ρi0L to: [Formula: see text] with ρb describing the weak links and a geometrical factor p ≥ 1. In most cases "single crystals" and "epitaxial" films show insulating intragrain weak links yielding p ≈ 3 and Σρb ≪ ρi(100 K ), like good sintered YBa 2 Cu 3 O x. Rarely are the intrinsic values αi ≈ 0.5 μΩ cm/K and ρi(100 K ) ≈ 50 μΩ cm observed. In the superconducting state the intrinsic resistivity pi(T) vanishes and then the critical transport current density jc (B, T) is given by the superconducting aspects of conducting weak links: [Formula: see text] Here, jCJ (jCG) stands for Josephson junctions at intergrain (intragrain) weak links and jCP for pinning. ps(B, T) stands for current path systems changing with B-field and temperature. jCJ and jCG depend crucially on the care in preparation and alignment of the [Formula: see text]-planes, where the current flows, but values jCJ (0.77 K ) ≈ 103 A/cm 2 and jCG (0.77 K ) ≈ 105 A/cm 2 seem typical. Weak links are related to planar defects where large and small angle grain boundaries are dominant. jCP is shadowed by jCJ and jCG but jCP ≈ 106 A/cm 2 are inferred from experiment. The time-, temperature-, B-field- and voltage-dependencies of the current in — and in the transition to — the superconducting state are analyzed. Evidence is presented for arrays of microbridges being "electrically" the planar defects. These microbridges are typical superconductor-normal-conductor-superconductor (S-N-S) junctions, where pair tunneling is reduced by factors 10–103 as compared to single particle, normal tunneling. The reduced pair tunneling is due to normal conductors coating cuprates being related to O-disorder and the tetragonal phase, which also occur by radiation damage. The time and voltage dependence implies rapid flux motion or flux creep along the planar defects causing noise and rf residual losses.
DYNAMICS IN DICKE MODEL
Authors: KADANTSEVA E.P. , CHMIELOWSKI W. , SHUMOVSKY A.S. 
Published: November 2004

We derive an exact differential operator equation for the operator level populations. Upon averaging over the initial state of the system and applying a mean-field approximation, we reduce the operator equation to an equation for c-numbers. Particular cases of one-and two-photon processes are considered for which the equations are integrated in quadratures and the solutions are the Weierstrasse elliptic functions. The approach allows us to describe a periodic emission of an electromagnetic field in the perfect resonator that alternates with absorption of the field for arbitrary photon multiplication of the transition. Superradiative intensity have a specific asymmetry with respect to the time delay. It is shown that the system of two-level atoms is in the upper state for a longer time than in the lower state. Switching-on of detuning increases the time of collectivization. The results are in agreement with experiment.
A NOTE OF CAUTION ON COMBINING CERTAINTIES
Authors: NEAPOLITAN RICHARD E. 
Published: November 2004

In the case of expert systems, when premises from two different rules argue for the same conclusion, there exist a number of methods for combining the certainties in the conclusion, obtained from each premise individually, to yield a total certainty in the conclusion. When these certainties are interpreted as probability values, it is necessary in all these methods to make assumptions of independence concerning the premises and conclusion. It is proven here that there does not exist a procedure which yields, for all probability functions, meaningful bounds for the probability of the conclusion based on two premises in terms of the probabilities of the conclusion based on each premise individually. Additionally, it is proven that there does not even exist a procedure which yields, for all probability functions, meaningful bounds for the probability of the conclusion based on two premises in terms of the probabilities of all one- and two-member combinations of the premises and the conclusion. Finally, suggestions are made as to when to make assumptions of independence and when to take other alternatives.
TESTING ALGORITHMS AND PROGRAMS OF MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL PROCEDURES—NECESSARY ASSUMPTION OF BUILDING EXPERT SYSTEMS
Authors: TIIT ENE-MARGIT 
Published: November 2004

Sometimes programs, for multivariate statistical procedures are included into expert systems. The requirements of accuracy, exactness and reliability for such programs are very high. In this paper a new method for testing algorithms and programs of multivariate statistical procedures—the so-called “exact samples method” is introduced. The programs of simple linear regression analysis from four most popular standard packages are tested and compared with the help of the new method.
SHAPE TRANSFORMATION MODELS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN PATTERN RECOGNITION
Authors: LI Z.C. , TANG Y.Y. , BUI T.D. , SUEN C.Y. 
Published: November 2004

This paper presents linear and bilinear shape transformations including basic transformations, analyzes their geometric properties, and provides computer algorithms. The shape transformations can be used to simplify the recognition of Roman letters, Chinese characters and other pictorial patterns by normalizing their shapes to the standard forms. Important theoretical analyses have been performed to illustrate that the linear and bilinear transformations are applicable to computer recognition of digitized patterns. A number of pictorial examples have been computed to confirm the analyses and conclusions made.
The "Mansion" and the "Rubbish Mounds:" The Thousand and One Nights in Popular Arabic Tradition
Authors: Al-Musawi Muhsin 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe purpose of this reading is to assess specific tales in The Thousand and One Nights in the context of the Arabic narrative tradition. While the first sections argue the marginalization of such tales in mainstream criticism, the rest concentrates on the fluctuations in taste for narrative, the reasons behind the expressed fears of the guardians of religion and morality, and the suspicions that were behind the opposition to this kind of narrative. Only two tales are chosen to demonstrate the popular components in the collection, not only because they serve to bridge the gap between an accepted narrative that was admired and collected by the literati in certain periods, but mainly because they have the principal popular properties, as usually argued in current criticism of popular culture.
Equatorial Waves Including the Madden–Julian Oscillation in TRMM Rainfall and OLR Data
Authors: Cho Hye-Kyung , Bowman Kenneth P. , North Gerald R. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Four years of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and rainfall data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) are investigated to find the dominant large-scale wave modes in the Tropics. By using space– time cross-section analysis and spectral analysis, the longitudinal and latitudinal behaviors of the overall waves and the dominant waves are observed. Despite the noisy nature of precipitation data and the limited sampling by the TRMM satellite, pronounced peaks are found for Kelvin waves, n = 1 equatorial Rossby waves (ER), and mixed Rossby–gravity waves (MRG). Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and tropical depression (TD)-type disturbances are also detected. The seasonal evolution of these waves is investigated.
An appendix includes a study of sampling and aliasing errors due to the peculiar space–time sampling pattern of TRMM. It is shown that the waves detected in this study are not artifacts of these sampling features.
The results presented here are compared with previous studies. Consistency with their results gives confidence in the TRMM data for wave studies. The results from this study can be utilized for modeling and testing theories. Also, it may be useful for the future users of the TRMM data to understand the nature of the TRMM satellite sampling.
MANIFOLD-SPLITTING REGULARIZATION, SELF-LINKING, TWISTING, WRITHING NUMBERS OF SPACE-TIME RIBBONS and POLYAKOV’S PROOF OF FERMI-BOSE TRANSMUTATIONS
Authors: TZE CHIA-HSIUNG 
Published: November 2004

We present an alternative formulation of Polyakov’s regularization of Gauss’ integral formula for a single closed Feynman path. A key element in his proof of the D=3 fermi-bose transmutations induced by topological gauge fields, this regularization is linked here with the existence and properties of a nontrivial topological invariant for a closed space ribbon. This self-linking coefficient, an integer, is the sum of two differential characteristics of the ribbon, its twisting and writhing numbers. These invariants form the basis for a physical interpretation of our regularization. Their connection to Polyakov’s spinorization is discussed. We further generalize our construction to the self-linking, twisting and writhing of higher dimensional d=n (odd) submanifolds in D=(2n+1) space-time. Our comprehensive analysis intends to supplement Polyakov’s work as it identifies a natural path to its higher dimensional mathematical and physical generalizations. Combining the theorems of White on self-linking of manifolds and of Adams on nontrivial Hopf fibre bundles and the four composition-division algebras, we argue that besides Polyakov’s case where (d, D)=(1, 3) tied to complex numbers, the potentially interesting extensions are two chiral models with (d, D)=(3, 7) and (7, 15) uniquely linked to quaternions and octonions. In Memoriam Richard P. Feynman
CAN THE MINIMAL SUSY EXTENSION OF THE STANDARD MODEL BE RULED OUT BY CHARGINO PRODUCTION AT e+e− COLLIDERS?
Authors: LEIKE A. 
Published: November 2004

It is discussed how the parameters of gaugino mixing in the minimal supersymmetric extension of the Standard Model may be determined in future experiments, for example at LEP or SLC. If charginos are produced at LEP the gaugino mixing parameters can be measured for the case that the sneutrinos are very heavy or for the case that at least one sneutrino is lighter than the light chargino and the ratio of the vacuum expectation values of the two Higgs doublets is closed to 1. In this cases the model could be ruled out.
Y-BA-CU-O SUPERCONDUCTING CERAMICS
Authors: TIAN SHUNBAO , LI XIAOFEI , WEN TINGLIAN , LIN ZUXIANG , LI SHICHUN , YU HUIJUN 
Published: November 2004

Polycrystalline Y-Ba-Cu-O superconducting materials have been studied. It was found that chemical composition and processing condition may play an important role in the final structure and superconducting properties. The density has been determined and compared with the calculated value according to the structure model reported by Bell Labs. The grain size and the morphology of the materials were observed by SEM.
DIODE CHARACTERISTICS OF YBa2Cu3O7/n- TYPE SILICON CONTACTS
Authors: HÄCKEL S. , DONEIT J. , PINKOWSKI A. , LORENZ W.J. 
Published: November 2004

The temperature dependences of diode characteristics were measured on high-T c -superconducting YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 (polycrystalline)/n-type silicon (monocrystalline) contacts using a common two-pole-technique at low frequencies. The non-superconducting p-type semiconductor YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6.5 (polycrystalline) served as a reference substance. The temperature coefficients of the diffusion voltage, the diffusion current and the saturation current were found to be finite at T>T c , but almost zero at T≤T c . At T=78 K , the diffusion voltage of the diode YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7/n-type silicon was about 200 mV lower as compared to that of the reference diode YBa 2 Cu 3 O 6.5/n-type silicon. The observed phenomena are explained in terms of different charge carrier behavior in the superconducting ceramics above and below T c .
GROWTH OF UNCRACKED BARIUM-SODIUM NIOBATE CRYSTALS
Authors: TSUKIOKA MASAYUKI , KUROIWA SHINICHIRO , TANOKURA YASUO , KOBAYASHI MICHIKO , SHIMAZU MASAZI , TSUTSUMI SADAO 
Published: November 2004

It is known that cracking occurs in Barium-Sodium Niobate, Ba 4 Na 2 Nb 10O30 (BNN), during Czochralski (cz) growth. This is due mainly to lattice distortions associated with the ferroelectric phase transition. We have studied the cz crystal growth condition for BNN without cracking, and found that high quality single crystals of BNN without cracking can be grown by using Gd-doped starting melt, i.e., Ba 4 Na 2 Nb 10O30-Ba3NaGdNb10O30 solid solution. In order to confirm the effect of Gd doping on the crystalline quality, Gd concentrations were measured by ICP for both the cz single crystal sample and the starting powder material. Gadlinium concentration in the as-grown crystal was about 0.195 mol %, nearly the same as that (2.0 mol %) in the starting material. Dielectric constant along c-axis, ε33, was measured at temperatures from 300 K to 870 K. The experimental result revealed that ε33 of the single crystal is about two times larger than that of BNN single crystal without Gd impurity in the temperature range from 300 K to 650 K.
A SYNTACTIC OMNI-FONT CHARACTER RECOGNITION SYSTEM
Authors: WOLBERG GEORGE 
Published: November 2004

This paper introduces a syntactic omni-font character recognition system. The "omni-font" attribute reflects the wide range of fonts that fall within the class of characters that can be recognized. This includes hand-printed characters as well. A structural pattern-matching approach is employed. Essentially, a set of loosely constrained rules specify pattern components and their interrelationships. The robustness of the system is derived from the orthogonal set of pattern descriptors, location functions, and the manner in which they are combined to exploit the topological structure of characters. By virtue of the new pattern description language, PDL, developed in this paper, the user may easily write rules to define new patterns for the system to recognize. The system also features scale-invariance and user-definable sensitivity to tilt orientation.
PARALLEL SPLIT-LEVEL RELAXATION
Authors: SAMAL ASHOK , HENDERSON TOM 
Published: November 2004

The goal of high level vision is to identify a set of regions in a given image. This has been called by various names: the scene labeling problem’, the consistent labeling problem2, the constraint satisfaction problem3, Waltz filtering4, the satisfying assignment problem5, etc. There are several approaches to solve this problem, including backtracking, graph matching and relaxation. A new method called split-level relaxation, which is based on discrete relaxation was proposed in Ref. 6. It takes care of multiple semantic constraints by considering each of them independently. The problem is known to be NP-complete, so it takes a long time to solve. With the advent of multiprocessors, it is now imperative to see if the problem can be solved faster in the average case. In this paper we give a framework for solving the scene analysis problem in a parallel processing environment, using split-level relaxation. Experiments done on a multiprocessor show that it is indeed advantageous to use multiprocessors to solve this problem.