bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Theoretical Investigation of the Donor Ability of [M(R,R′timdt)2] Dithiolene Complexes towards Molecular Diiodine (M = Ni, Pd, Pt; R,R′timdt = Formally Monoreduced Disubstituted Imidazolidine‐2,4,5‐trithione)
Authors: Aragoni M. Carla , Arca Massimiliano , Demartin Francesco , Devillanova Francesco A. , Lelj Francesco , Isaia Francesco , Lippolis Vito , Mancini Annalisa , Pala Luca , Verani Gaetano 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe σ‐type charge‐transfer (CT) interaction between [M(R,R′timdt)2] donors (M = Ni, Pd, Pt; R,R′timdt = formally monoreduced disubstituted imidazolidine‐2,4,5‐trithione) and diiodine has been thoroughly investigated by a large set of theoretical calculations at different levels of theory (HF, pure and hybrid‐DFT with different functionals and basis sets) on I2 (and for the sake of comparison on IBr and Br2), on the model donor dithiolene complexes [M(H2timdt)2], and on the adducts [M(H2timdt)2]·I2 (M = Ni, Pd, Pt). The computations have accounted for the ability of adducts to assume different stoichiometries and to make up polymeric networks based on sulfur−iodine contacts, as in the case of [Ni(Me,iPr‐timdt)2]·I2, which was also characterised by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. In addition, the strength of the donor−acceptor interaction has been evaluated through the calculated vibrational features of the model adducts, compared with the experimental FT‐Raman spectra recorded on the adducts between [M(Et2timdt)2] and [M(Me,iPr‐timdt)2] (M = Ni, Pd, Pt) and diiodine. The frontier‐orbital composition, the NBO‐charge distribution and bond orders indicate a medium‐weak donor ability for the dithiolene donors, which depends only slightly on the nature of the central metal ion, and decreases on passing from M = Ni to M = Pd and Pt, in agreement with the values of the experimental frequencies of the FT‐Raman‐active I−I stretching vibrations in the adducts [M(Et2timdt)2]·2I2 (M = Ni, Pd, Pt). The ZPE‐ and CP BSSE‐corrected binding energy for [Ni(H2timdt)2]·I2 has been evaluated as −11 kcal/mol. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Intermolecular Interactions between Chelate Rings and Phenyl Rings in Square‐Planar Copper(II) Complexes
Authors: Tomić Zoran D. , Novaković Sladjana B. , Zarić Snežana D. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractAnalysis of the geometrical parameters in crystal structures of square‐planar copper(II) complexes from the CSD shows that the short noncovalent copper(II)−phenyl carbon distances are a consequence of the interaction between the phenyl ring and the chelate ring with delocalized π‐bonds. The data show a correlation between the distances between the centers of the chelate and phenyl rings and the copper(II)−carbon distances, as well as a mutual slipped‐parallel orientation of the phenyl and chelate rings. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
An Ni4 Single‐Molecule Magnet: Synthesis, Structure and Low‐Temperature Magnetic Behavior
Authors: Moragues‐Cánovas María , Helliwell Madeleine , Ricard Louis , Rivière Éric , Wernsdorfer Wolfgang , Brechin Euan , Mallah Talal 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe reaction of Ni(NO3)2·6H2O with H3thme (trihydroxymethylethane) in the presence of NaOMe leads to a tetranuclear Ni4 complex with a cubane‐like structure. Intramolecular ferromagnetic interactions [J = 10 cm−1 based on H = −J(S1·S2 + S1·S3 + S1·S4 + S2·S3 + S2·S4 + S3·S4)] lead to an S = 4 ground state stabilized by 40 cm−1 from the first S = 3 excited state. Magnetization vs. field studies at different temperatures above 2 K suggest the presence of an axial magnetic anisotropy. Single‐crystal magnetization measurements show a single‐molecule‐magnetic behavior below T = 0.5 K with fast relaxation of the magnetization due to resonant quantum tunneling. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Analysis of cellular interference for MC‐CDMA and its impact on channel estimation
Authors: Auer Gunther , Sand Stephan , Dammann Armin , Kaiser Stefan 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWe address the downlink of a cellular multi‐carrier CDMA (MC‐CDMA) system taking into account channel estimation. The system performance in presence of a synchronization mismatch between two interfering base stations (BS) is analyzed in the way that a mobile terminal receives the perfectly synchronized signal from the desired BS as well as the signal from one interfering BS with a synchronization offset. It is demonstrated through simulations that spreading and cell specific random subcarrier interleaving effectively decorrelates the interfering signal, independent of the synchronization offset. Furthermore, the robustness of the channel estimator to cellular interference is examined. Copyright © 2004 AEI
Efficient synchronization and power control processes for up‐link multicarrier systems based on MC‐CDMA technique
Authors: Legouable Rodolphe , Callonnec Denis , Hélard Maryline 
Published: May 2004

AbstractIn this paper, a new synchronization and power control process for up‐link (UL) multicarrier systems based on MC‐CDMA technique is presented. The main challenge for multicarrier systems is the time synchronization of several users who transmit data on the same OFDM symbol by using OFDMA or MC‐CDMA techniques. The aim of the UL synchronization process is to apply a global and unique fast fourier transform (FFT) to determine the data information of all users at the base station (BS). In order to allow this unique operation, estimation and correction of all the propagation delays between each user and the BS are required. This paper presents the principles of this ranging method based on the MC‐CDMA technique and the new algorithm processed at the reception side. This new algorithm is based on the differential demodulation technique and is compared to classical correlation methods applied either in the frequency or in the temporal domain in terms of performance and complexity. Copyright © 2004 AEI
Plasmid‐based short‐hairpin RNA interference in the chicken embryo
Authors: Chesnutt Catherine , Niswander Lee 
Published: May 2004

AbstractSummary: The chicken neural tube serves as an ideal model for new techniques to alter gene expression. We show that short‐hairpin RNA delivered by a plasmid vector can effectively knock down expression of both exogenous and endogenous genes in the chicken neural tube. We also assay the effects of short‐hairpin RNA on the interferon response and find no difference between electroporation of a control plasmid and a short‐hairpin RNA plasmid. genesis 39:73–78, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ectopic activation of Dpp signalling in the male Drosophila germline inhibits germ cell differentiation
Authors: Bunt Stephanie M. , Hime Gary R. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe mechanisms that control differentiation of stem cells to specialised cell types probably include factors intrinsic to stem cells as well as extrinsic factors produced by the microenvironment of the stem cell niche. The Drosophila male germline is renewed from a population of stem cells located in the apical tip of the adult testis. The morphological relationship between germline stem cells and their surrounding somatic cells is well understood but the factors that regulate stem cell proliferation and differentiation are still being uncovered. This study examined the effect of stimulating Dpp signalling directly in male germ cells. Ectopic Dpp or Activin signalling resulted in overproliferation of both stem cell‐like and spermatogonial‐like cells in the apical region of the testis. A third cell population that expressed stem cell markers was seen to proliferate in the distal testis when Dpp signalling was either stimulated or repressed in germline stem cells. genesis 39:84–93, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improved generation of C57BL/6J mouse embryonic stem cells in a defined serum‐free media
Authors: Cheng Jun , Dutra Amalia , Takesono Aya , Garrett‐Beal Lisa , Schwartzberg Pamela L. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractSummary: C57BL/6 is a well‐characterized mouse strain that is used extensively for immunological and neurological research. The establishment of C57BL/6 ES cell lines has facilitated the study of gene‐altered mice in a pure genetic background—however, relatively few such lines exist. Using a defined media supplement, knockout serum replacement (KSR) with knockout DMEM (KSR‐KDMEM), we find that we can readily establish ES cell lines from blastocysts of C57BL/6J mice. Six lines were established, all of which were karyotypically normal and could be maintained in the undifferentiated state on mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) feeders. One line was further tested and found to be karyotypically stable and germline competent, both prior to manipulation and after gene targeting. For this cell line, efficiencies of cell cloning and chimera generation were greater when maintained in KSR‐KDMEM. Our work suggests that the use of defined serum‐free media may facilitate the generation of ES cells from inbred mouse strains. genesis 39:100–104, 2004. Published 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lentivirally generated eGFP‐transgenic rats allow efficient cell tracking in vivo
Authors: van den Brandt Jens , Wang Dapeng , Kwon Soon‐Hwan , Heinkelein Martin , Reichardt Holger M. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractHere we describe the efficient generation of eGFP‐transgenic rats using a lentiviral approach. Analysis of the founder generation demonstrated that 46% of the offspring had stably integrated the provirus into the genome and of those 92% expressed eGFP in all blood‐derived leukocytes. In contrast to their offspring, all founder rats were mosaic with regard to eGFP‐expression, suggesting delayed viral transduction after injection. The expression level of eGFP in the F1 generation is influenced by and segregates with the site of proviral integration. Interestingly, a single copy of the transgene is sufficient for reliable detection by flow cytometry, irrespective of the leukocyte subtype analyzed. Adoptive transfer of purified CD4+ T‐lymphocytes from transgenic rats and subsequent reisolation from various organs further demonstrated that expression of the lentiviral transgene is maintained in a foreign host and therefore allows for efficient tracking of transferred cells. Taken together, lentivirally generated eGFP‐transgenic rats are a powerful tool for various applications in immunology and presumably also many other fields. genesis 39:94–99, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New Nonhydrolyzable Mimetics of Sialyl Lewis X and Their Binding Affinity to P‐Selectin
Authors: Carrel Frédéric , Giraud Sylvain , Spertini Olivier , Vogel Pierre 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWittig olefination of (2S,3R,5S,6R)‐5‐(acetyloxy)‐tetrahydro‐6‐[(methoxymethoxy)methyl]‐3‐(phenylthio)‐ 2H‐pyran‐2‐acetaldehyde ((+)‐10) with {2‐[(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)‐tetrahydro‐3,4,5‐tris(methoxymethoxy)‐6‐methyl‐ 2H‐pyran‐2‐yl]ethyl}triphenylphosphonium iodide ((−)‐11) gave a (Z)‐alkene derivative (+)‐12 that was converted into (αR,2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)‐tetrahydro‐α,3‐dihydroxy‐2‐(hydroxymethyl)‐5‐(phenylthio)‐6‐{(2Z)‐4‐[(2S,3S,4R,5S,6S)‐tetrahydro‐3,4,5‐trihydroxy‐6‐methyl‐2H‐pyran‐2‐yl]but‐2‐enyl}2H‐pyran‐4‐acetic acid (8), (αR,2R,3S,4R,6S)‐tetrahydro‐α,3‐dihydroxy‐2‐(hydroxymethyl)‐6‐{4‐[(2S,3S,4R,5S,6S)‐tetrahydro‐3,4,5‐trihydroxy‐6‐methyl‐2H‐pyran‐2‐yl]butyl}‐2H‐pyran‐4‐acetic acid (9), and simpler analogues without the hydroxyacetic side chain such as (2S,3S,4R,5S,6S)‐tetrahydro‐6‐methyl‐2‐{(2Z)‐4‐[(2S,3R,5S,6R)‐tetrahydro‐5‐hydroxy‐6‐(hydroxymethyl)‐3‐(phenylthio)‐2H‐pyran‐2‐yl]but‐2‐enyl}‐2H‐pyran‐3,4,5‐triol (30), (2S,3S,4R,5S,6S)‐tetrahydro‐6‐methyl‐2‐{[(2S,5S,6R)‐tetrahydro‐5‐hydroxy‐6‐(hydroxymethyl)‐2H‐pyran‐2‐yl]butyl}‐2H‐pyran‐3,4,5‐ triol ((−)‐41) and (2S,3S,4R,5S,6S)‐tetrahydro‐6‐methyl‐2‐{(2Z/E))‐4‐[(2R,5S,6R)‐tetrahydro‐5‐hydroxy‐6‐(hydroxymethyl)‐2H‐pyran‐2‐yl]but‐2‐enyl}‐2H‐pyran‐3,4,5‐triol (43). The key intermediates (+)‐10 and (−)‐11 were derived from isolevoglucosenone and from L‐fucose, respectively. The following IC50 values were measured in a ELISA test for the affinities of sialyl Lewis x tetrasaccharide, 8, 9, 30, (−)‐41, and 43 toward P‐selectin: 0.7, 2.5–2.8, 7.3–8.0, 5.3–5.9, 5.0–5.2, and 3.4–4.1 mM, respectively.
NIR Absorbing Squaraines by Extension of the Conjugation with (Aminothiazolyl)ethenyl Groups
Authors: Meier Herbert , Petermann Ralf 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe bis{4‐{2‐[2‐(dialkylamino)thiazol‐5‐yl]ethenyl}‐2,6‐dihydroxyphenyl}squaraines 12a,b were synthesized from ethyl carbonochloridate (1) in six steps (Scheme). The donor–acceptor–donor systems 12a,b are dark blue dyes with absorption maxima in the NIR region, unless the measurements are performed in the presence of EtOH. In the latter case, the long‐wavelength band disappears, and the absorption in the UV region is strongly enhanced. The λmax values in CHCl3 and CHCl3/EtOH differ by more than 450 nm. The completely reversible effect can be rationalized by the reversible degradation of intramolecular H‐bonds and a consequent torsion between the acceptor and the donor moieties.
Rubescensins S and T: Seco‐ent‐Kaurane Diterpenoids from Isodon rubescens var. taihangensis
Authors: Han Quan‐Bin , Li Rong‐Tao , Zhang Ji‐Xia , Sun Han‐Dong 
Published: May 2004

AbstractTwo new diterpenoids, rubescensin S (=(1α,6β,14β)‐7α,20‐epoxy‐1,7,14‐trihydroxy‐16‐oxo‐15,16‐seco‐ent‐kauran‐6,15‐olide; 1) and rubescensin T (=(1α,6β,11β,20S)‐7α,20‐epoxy‐1,6,7‐trihydroxy‐20‐methoxy‐8,15‐seco‐ent‐kaur‐16‐en‐11,15‐olide; 2) were isolated from the Chinese medicinal herb Isodon rubescens var. taihangensis. Compound 1 possesses a unique, unprecedented 15,16‐seco‐ent‐kaurane skeleton. Both compounds exhibited cytotoxic activities against K562 human leukemia cells.
Four Novel Eremophilanolides from Ligularia sagitta
Authors: Li Lyi , Xu Li‐Wen , Wang Han‐Qing 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFour new eremophilanolides, isolated from Ligularia sagitta, were identified as (1β,3β,6β,8β,10β)‐6‐acetoxy‐3‐(angeloyloxy)‐1,10‐epoxy‐8‐hydroxyeremophil‐7(11)‐en‐8,12α‐olide (1), (1β,3β,6β,8β,10β)‐3‐(angeloyloxy)‐1,10‐epoxy‐6,8‐dihydroxyeremophil‐7(11)‐en‐8,12α‐olide (2), (1β,3β,6β,8β,10β)‐3‐(angeloyloxy)‐1,10‐epoxy‐8‐ethoxy‐6‐hydroxyeremophil‐7(11)‐en‐8,12α‐olide (3), and (1β,3β,8β,10β)‐3‐(angeloyloxy)‐1,10‐epoxy‐8‐hydroxyeremophil‐7(11)‐en‐8,12α‐olide (4). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including 2D‐NMR techniques and chemical transformations.
Iridoid and Phenylethyl Glycosides from Globularia sintenisii
Authors: Kırmızıbekmez Hasan , Çalış İhsan , Piacente Sonia , Pizza Cosimo 
Published: May 2004

AbstractA new iridoid glycoside, sintenoside (1) and two new phenylethyl glycosides, globusintenoside (=2‐(3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl‐O‐6‐O‐feruloyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→4)‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→3)‐4‐O‐caffeoyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside; 2) and 3′′′‐O‐methylcrenatoside (=1,2‐O‐[2‐(3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl)ethan‐1,2‐diyl]‐3‐O‐α‐L‐4‐O‐feruloyl‐rhamnopyranosyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranose; 3) were isolated from the underground parts of Globularia sintenisii, along with three known iridoid glycosides, lytanthosalin, globularin, catalpol, and six known phenylethyl glycosides, verbascoside, isoverbascoside, leucoscepthoside A, plantainoside C, martynoside, and isocrenatoside. The structure elucidation of the isolated compounds was performed by spectroscopic methods (MS and 1D and 2D NMR).
Model Studies towards the Synthesis of the Right‐Hand Part of Pederin
Authors: Rölle Thomas , Hoffmann Reinhard W. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractBicyclic acetal derivatives of the type 3 were prepared based either on a dihydroxyaldehyde 5 or an oxiranebutanal 6 (cf. Scheme 2). Lewis acid catalyzed reaction of the bicyclic acetal with allyltrimethylsilane introduces the side chain (as yet unfunctionalized) and sets the stereogenic centers at the tetrahydro‐2H‐pyran ring of the pederin moiety.
New Triterpenoidal Saponins Acylated with Monoterpenic Acid from Albizia adianthifolia
Authors: Haddad Mohamed , Miyamoto Tomofumi , Lacaille‐Dubois Marie‐Aleth 
Published: May 2004

AbstractFour new triterpenoidal saponins acylated with monoterpenic acid, i.e., adianthifoliosides C, D, E, and F (1–4), besides the two known julibroside III and the monodesmonoterpenyl elliptoside A, were isolated from the roots of Albizia adianthifolia. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR studies and mass spectrometry as 3‐O‐{O‐α‐L‐arabinopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐O‐β‐d‐fucopyranosyl‐(1→6)‐O‐[β‐d‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→2)]‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl}‐21‐O‐{(2E,6S)‐6‐{{4‐O‐[(2E,6S)‐2,6‐dimethyl‐6‐(β‐D‐quinovopyranosyloxy)octa‐2,7‐dienoyl]‐β‐d‐quinovopyranosyl}oxy}‐2‐(hydroxymethyl)‐6‐methylocta‐2,7‐dienoyl}acacic acid 28‐{O‐α‐L‐arabinofuranosyl‐(1→4)‐O‐[β‐d‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→3)]‐O‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl} ester (1), 21‐O‐{(2E,6S)‐6‐{{4‐O‐[(2E,6S)‐2,6‐dimethyl‐6‐(β‐d‐quinovopyranosyloxy)octa‐2,7‐dienoyl]‐β‐d‐quinovopyranosyl}oxy}‐2‐(hydroxymethyl)‐6‐methylocta‐2,7‐dienoyl}‐3‐O‐{O‐β‐D‐xylopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐O‐β‐d‐fucopyranosyl‐(1→6)‐2‐(acetylamino)‐2‐deoxy‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl}acacic acid 28‐{O‐α‐L‐arabinofuranosyl‐(1→4)‐O‐[β‐d‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→3)]‐O‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl} ester (2), 21‐O‐{(2E,6S)‐6‐{{3‐O‐[(2E,6S)‐2,6‐dimethyl‐6‐(β‐d‐quinovopyranosyloxy)octa‐2,7‐dienoyl]‐β‐d‐quinovopyranosyl}oxy}‐2,6‐dimethylocta‐2,7‐dienoyl}‐3‐O‐{O‐β‐D‐xylopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐O‐β‐d‐fucopyranosyl‐(1→6)‐2‐(acetylamino)‐2‐deoxy‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl}acacic acid 28‐{O‐α‐L‐arabinofuranosyl‐(1→4)‐O‐[β‐d‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→3)]‐O‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl} ester (3), and 3‐O‐{O‐α‐L‐arabinopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐O‐β‐d‐fucopyranosyl‐(1→6)‐O‐[β‐d‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→2)]‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl}‐21‐O‐{(2E,6S)‐2,6‐dimethyl‐6‐(β‐d‐quinovopyranosyloxy)octa‐2,7‐dienoyl}acacic acid 28‐{O‐α‐L‐arabinofuranosyl‐(1→4)‐O‐[β‐d‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→3)]‐O‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐β‐d‐glucopyranosyl} ester (4).
Hydrolytic Reaction of Plant Extracts to Generate Molecular Diversity: New Dammarane Glycosides from the Mild Acid Hydrolysate of Root Saponins of Panax notoginseng
Authors: Teng Rong‐Wei , Li Hai‐Zhou , Wang De‐Zu , Yang Chong‐Ren 
Published: May 2004

AbstractMolecular diversity was generated by hydrolyzing the crude root saponins of Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen under mild acidic condition (AcOH/EtOH 1 : 1). From the acid hydrolysate, five new dammarane glycosides, named notoginsenoside T1 (=(3β,6α,12β,20E,23RS)‐24,25‐epoxy‐6‐[(β‐D‐glucopyranosyl)oxy]‐dammar‐20(22)‐ene‐3,12,23‐triol; 1), notoginsenoside T2 (=(3β,6α,12β,20E,23RS)‐24,25‐epoxy‐6‐[(β‐D‐glucopyranosyl)oxy]‐23‐methoxydammar‐20(22)‐ene‐3,12‐diol; 2), notoginsenoside T3 (=(3β,6α,12β,20S)‐6‐[(β‐D‐glucopyranosyl)oxy]‐20‐ethoxydammar‐24‐ene‐3,12‐diol; 3), notoginsenoside T4 (=(3β,6α,12β,20S,22E,24RS)‐6‐[(β‐D‐glucopyranosyl)oxy]dammar‐22‐ene‐3,12,20,24,25‐pentol; 4), and notoginsenoside T5 (=(3β,6α,12β, 24E)‐6‐[(β‐D‐xylopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl)oxy]dammara‐20(21),24‐diene‐3,12‐diol; 5), were isolated, together with 15 known dammarane glycosides, and their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. Among the known compounds, ginsenosides Rg3 and Rh1 were isolated as major constituents, in addition to ginsenosides Rg5, Rh4, and a mixture of (20R)‐ and (20S)‐25‐hydroxyginsenoside Rh1, all of which were obtained from P. notoginseng for the first time.
SPARC and tumor growth: Where the seed meets the soil?
Authors: Framson Paul E. , Sage E. Helene 
Published: May 2004

AbstractMatricellular proteins mediate interactions between cells and their extracellular environment. This functional protein family includes several structurally unrelated members, such as SPARC, thrombospondin 1, tenascin C, and osteopontin, as well as some homologs of these proteins, such as thrombospondin 2 and tensascin X. SPARC, a prototypic matricellular protein, and its homolog hevin, have deadhesive effects on cultured cells and have been characterized as antiproliferative factors in some cellular contexts. Both proteins are produced at high levels in many types of cancers, especially by cells associated with tumor stroma and vasculature. In this Prospect article we summarize evidence for SPARC and hevin in the regulation of tumor cell growth, differentiation, and metastasis, and we propose that matricellular proteins such as these perform critical functions in desmoplastic responses of tumors that culminate in their dissemination and eventual colonization of other sites. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Application of mass spectrometry to the identification and quantification of histone post‐translational modifications
Authors: Freitas Michael A. , Sklenar Amy R. , Parthun Mark R. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe core histones are the primary protein component of chromatin, which is responsible for the packaging of eukaryotic DNA. The NH2‐terminal tail domains of the core histones are the sites of numerous post‐translational modifications that have been shown to play an important role in the regulation of chromatin structure. In this study, we discuss the recent application of modern analytical techniques to the study of histone modifications. Through the use of mass spectrometry, a large number of new sites of histone modification have been identified, many of which reside outside of the NH2‐terminal tail domains. In addition, techniques have been developed that allow mass spectrometry to be effective for the quantitation of histone post‐translational modifications. Hence, the use of mass spectrometry promises to dramatically alter our view of histone post‐translational modifications. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antennal sensilla of two parasitoid wasps: A comparative scanning electron microscopy study
Authors: Bleeker Maartje A.K. , Smid Hans M. , Van Aelst Adriaan C. , Van Loon Joop J.A. , Vet Louise E.M. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractTwo closely related parasitoid wasp species, Cotesia glomerata (L.) and Cotesia rubecula (Marshall) (Hymenoptera:Braconidae), are different in their associative learning of plant odors. To provide a solid basis for our research on the mechanisms that underlie this difference, we described the morphology of the antennal sensilla of these two species using scanning electron microscopy complemented with transmission electron microscopy. Female and male antennae of both species have the same six types of sensilla. We classified these sensilla as sensilla trichodea without pores, sensilla trichodea with a tip pore, sensilla trichodea with wall pores, sensilla coeloconica type I, sensilla coeloconica type II, and sensilla placodea. We conclude that the morphology, numbers, and distribution of the sensory receptors are highly similar in these two closely related wasp species. Differences between species and sexes occurred only in sensilla placodea numbers. C. rubecula has more sensilla placodea than C. glomerata and males of both species have a larger number and a higher density of sensilla placodea compared to females of the same species. Microsc. Res. Tech. 63:266–273, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.