bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Circulation weather types and cloud‐to‐ground flash density over the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Tomás Clemente , de Pablo Fernando , Rivas Soriano Luis 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBased on the use of an objective classification method for the general atmospheric circulation observed over the Iberian Peninsula for the 1990–98 period, we have characterized the daily circulation by means of a set of indices associated with the direction and vorticity of the geostrophic flow.We analyse the synoptic characteristics of the types of circulation obtained, gaining statistical information about the most frequent basic situations for the annual and seasonal periods. We show how the anticyclone situation (A) predominates in winter, spring and autumn, whereas in summer the most frequent weather corresponds to pure easterly weather (E) followed by cyclonic weather (C).We report the findings of a comparative study between the frequencies of the daily values of the dominant types of circulation and the corresponding daily values of the number of cloud‐to‐ground flashes over the Iberian Peninsula between 1992 and 1994. Each synoptic situation is described by a set of characteristics that explains the development of the convective processes. A high degree of correspondence was obtained, especially for the months between May and October, in which major storm activity occurs (Pearson correlation coefficient: 0.76). All the results show that convective processes, which generate storm activity, can be appropriately explained in terms of the variability of a small number of general synoptic situations. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
The surface wind field during winter smog nights in Christchurch and coastal Canterbury, New Zealand
Authors: Kossmann Meinolf , Sturman Andrew 
Published: January 2004

AbstractIn Christchurch and other Canterbury towns on the east coast of New Zealand's South Island, poor dispersion conditions and high emissions of particulate matter and carbon monoxide regularly lead to the build‐up of smog during anticyclonic weather conditions in wintertime. This study analyses surface wind fields during smog nights using data collected during the Christchurch Air Pollution Study 2000 (CAPS2000). Westerly land breezes and drainage winds from the foothills of the Southern Alps and the Canterbury Plains are evident in all coastal Canterbury towns, but local terrain features often complicate the wind fields. This holds particularly for Christchurch, where Banks Peninsula causes flow splitting of both the drainage winds on the Canterbury Plains and any superimposed larger scale winds. Furthermore, stagnation of airflow over Christchurch is often caused by the convergence of localized southeasterly drainage winds down the western part of the Banks Peninsula (Port Hills) with the regional‐scale northwesterly drainage winds from the Canterbury Plains. Results illustrate the interaction of cold air drainage over Christchurch, although the unusually high frequency of synoptic‐scale easterly winds during the study period appeared to reduce the effects of both these sources of cold air drainage on air pollution concentrations. The effects of topographically induced flow splitting and non‐stationary drainage wind convergence on urban air pollution dispersion identified here have not previously been studied in detail internationally and should receive greater attention in the future. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
Over one century of rainfall and temperature observations in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Authors: Conway Declan , Mould Colin , Bewket Woldeamlak 
Published: January 2004

AbstractA detailed historical reconstruction and analysis is presented of the longest record of climate observations for Ethiopia, from 1898 to 2002 in Addis Ababa. Prior to 1951 the record comprises rainfall and minimum and maximum temperatures recorded in different locations by different observers. The rainfall series is complete except for 1899 and 1900, but the temperature series are very incomplete. Using documentary evidence, we attempt as far as is possible to establish the origins of all the pre‐1951 observations. Rainfall observations originate from at least six different sites. After establishment of an Ethiopian meteorological department in 1951 the records are complete and, to our understanding, originate from the same location, the Addis Ababa Observatory (AAO). A revised rainfall series for 1898–1950 is derived using observations from sites with the longest records.The minimum and maximum temperature records show evidence of statistically significant inhomogeneities. Homogeneity tests on the full rainfall record (the revised series plus AAO) show it is reliable, with evidence of minor but not statistically significant breaks in the record before establishment of the AAO. Some, but not all, breaks can be accounted for using the historical information. Analysis of the records shows increasing trends in annual minimum and maximum temperatures from 1951 to 2002 (0.4 °C/decade and 0.2 °C/decade, respectively). There is little trend in rainfall from 1901–50, 1951–2002 and 1901–2002, dry years do not correspond with known drought years elsewhere in Ethiopia, and interannual variability is poorly correlated with another long rainfall series in Ethiopia (Gore), Blue Nile river flows and the southern oscillation index. This suggests strongly that the record for Addis Ababa should not be used as a proxy for conditions in Ethiopia, particularly the more drought‐prone areas to the north and east. We conclude that the temperature series are suspect but that the full rainfall record is useful for analysis of long‐term rainfall conditions in Addis Ababa. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society
The monoamine reuptake inhibitor BTS 74 398 fails to evoke established dyskinesia but does not synergise with levodopa in MPTP‐treated primates
Authors: Hansard Matthew J. , Smith Lance A. , Jackson Michael J. , Cheetham Sharon C. , Jenner Peter 
Published: January 2004

AbstractLong‐term treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) with levodopa (L‐dopa) induces dyskinesia that, once established, is provoked by each dose of L‐dopa or a dopamine (DA) agonist. In contrast, monoamine reuptake inhibitors may reverse motor deficits in 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)‐treated primates without provoking established involuntary movements. We now examine whether the potent monoamine reuptake blocker BTS 74 398 induces established dyskinesia in MPTP‐treated common marmosets primed previously with L‐dopa and whether co‐administration of BTS 74 398 with L‐dopa potentiates motor behaviour and dyskinesia induced by acute L‐dopa treatment. Administration of BTS 74 398 (2.5, 5.0, or 10.0 mg/kg, p.o.) in MPTP‐treated common marmosets increased locomotor activity and reduced motor disability in a dose‐related manner but did not provoke involuntary movements. BTS 74 398 (2.5, 5.0, or 10.0 mg/kg p.o.) co‐administered with a threshold dose of L‐dopa (2.5 mg/kg p.o.) did not evoke a motor response or induce dyskinesia. Similarly, concomitant administration of BTS 74 398 (5.0 mg/kg p.o.) with a submaximal L‐dopa dose (12.5 mg/kg p.o.) did not potentiate the motor response produced by L‐dopa alone and there was no alteration in the dyskinesia provoked by L‐dopa challenge. BTS 74 398 reverses motor abnormalities in MPTP‐treated marmosets without evoking established dyskinesia but no additive improvement occurs when administered in combination with L‐dopa. The lack of synergy with L‐dopa may suggest different sites of drug action. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Cortical motor activation in akinetic schizophrenic patients: A pilot functional MRI study
Authors: Payoux Pierre , Boulanouar Kader , Sarramon Christine , Fabre Nelly , Descombes Sylvie , Galitsky Monique , Thalamas Claire , Brefel‐Courbon Christine , Sabatini Umberto , Manelfe Claude , Chollet François , Schmitt Laurent , Rascol Olivier 
Published: January 2004

AbstractAkinesia is associated with supplementary motor area (SMA) dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. We looked for a similar association in patients with schizophrenia. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we compared motor activation in 6 akinetic neuroleptic‐treated schizophrenic patients and 6 normal subjects. Schizophrenic patients had a defective activation in the SMA, left primary sensorimotor cortex, bilateral lateral premotor and inferior parietal cortices, whereas the right primary sensorimotor cortex and a mesial frontal area were hyperactive. SMA was hypoactive in akinetic schizophrenic patients, emphasizing the role of this area in motor slowness. Other abnormal signals likely reflect schizophrenia‐related abnormal intracortical connections. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Quetiapine improves psychotic symptoms and cognition in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Juncos Jorge L. , Roberts Vicki J. , Evatt Marian L. , Jewart Rita D. , Wood Colleen D. , Potter Larry S. , Jou Hann‐Chang , Yeung Paul P. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractTwenty‐nine elderly patients who failed treatment with clozapine, risperidone, or olanzapine entered this 24‐week, single‐center, open‐label trial to assess the efficacy of quetiapine (12.5–400 mg/day) for psychosis in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Psychiatric, motor, and cognitive assessments were administered at baseline and at periodic intervals for 24 weeks. These included the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) and tests of intellectual functioning, attention, and memory. Repeated measures statistical analysis was used to assess change from baseline. The results revealed significant improvements in the 24‐week BPRS total score and NPI psychosis subscale scores, with no decline in UPDRS total or motor subscale scores. There was also significant improvement in recall scores on cognitive measures. These results indicate that quetiapine may treat psychotic symptoms and improve cognition without worsening motor function in patients with PD, suggesting that quetiapine is an effective and well‐tolerated antipsychotic in this population. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
DNA sequence analysis of monoamine oxidase B gene coding and promoter regions in Parkinson's disease cases and unrelated controls
Authors: Costa‐Mallen Paola , Afsharinejad Zahra , Kelada Samir N. , Costa Lucio G. , Franklin Gary M. , Swanson Phillip D. , Longstreth W.T. , Viernes Hannah‐Malia A. , Farin Federico M. , Smith‐Weller Terri , Checkoway Harvey 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe allele G of the intron 13 G/A polymorphism of the monoamine oxidase B gene (MAO‐B) has been associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) in several studies. Apart from a potential direct effect on splicing processes, the association of this intronic polymorphism with PD is due possibly to linkage disequilibrium with other mutations in the coding or promoter regions of the gene. We addressed this latter hypothesis by determining the DNA sequence of the entire MAO‐B coding region comprising 15 exons and partial intronic sequences flanking each exon, in 33 cases with idiopathic PD and 38 unrelated controls. The promoter region of MAO‐B gene up to base −1,369 from ATG (start point of mRNA translation) was also sequenced to identify variants with potential functional effects on gene transcription. In the promoter region, a new polymorphism consisting of a C to T single base change was detected in position −1,114 from ATG, with an allelic frequency of 3.5%, but it was not associated with PD risk. No commonly occurring (>10%) polymorphisms were found in the exons or the intronic sequences flanking the exons, although several rare variants were detected in the coding and promoter regions. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Comparison of dementia with Lewy bodies to Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease with dementia
Authors: Noe Enrique , Marder Karen , Bell Karen L. , Jacobs Diane M. , Manly Jennifer J. , Stern Yaakov 
Published: January 2004

AbstractWe compared the clinical and neuropsychological pattern of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease with dementia (PD‐d). Sixteen patients clinically diagnosed with DLB were compared with two groups of patients with PD‐d (n = 15) and AD (n = 16) matched for level of dementia. Isolated cognitive impairment was the most common form of presentation in AD (93.8%) and DLB (31.3%) groups, while parkinsonism was in 100% of PD‐d subjects. Psychoses associated with cognitive impairment at the beginning of the disease were more frequent in DLB patients (31.3%) than in AD (6.3%) and PD‐d (0%) groups. There were no significant differences in Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale motor‐subscale scores between DLB and PD‐d patients. DLB and PD‐d patients performed significantly worse on attentional functions and better on memory tests than AD. DLB patients also showed lower scores than AD subjects on visual memory, visuoperceptive, and visuoconstructive tests. No significant differences were found between PD‐d group and DLB subjects on any neuropsychological test. We were unable to find any differences in cognitive tasks between PD‐d and DLB subjects. Clinical features and neuropsychological deficiencies of DLB (attentional, visuoperceptive, and visuoconstructive deficits) and PD (attentional deficits) compared to AD (amnesic syndrome) can contribute to accurate identification of these entities and to the understanding of the neuropathological and neurochemical substrate underlying these diseases. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Spatial patterns of α‐synuclein positive glial cytoplasmic inclusions in multiple system atrophy
Authors: Armstrong Richard A. , Lantos Peter L. , Cairns Nigel J. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractIn cases of multiple system atrophy (MSA), glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCI) were distributed randomly or present in large diffuse clusters (>1,600 μm in diameter) in most areas studied. These spatial patterns contrast with those reported for filamentous neuronal inclusions in the tauopathies and α‐synucleinopathies. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Michael J. Fox and his Parkinson's disease
Authors: Kempster Peter A. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractMichael J. Fox was a popular and successful film and television comic actor who developed Parkinson's disease at the age of 29 years. His recently published book, Lucky Man, structured around the story of his Parkinson's disease, is an amusing, briskly paced yet introspective memoir that covers the first 40 years of his life. Although quite anecdotal, it contains interesting observations on the preclinical phase of the disorder, evolution of motor fluctuations, and tactics for pharmacological treatment. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Adverse effects of dopamine potentiation by long‐term treatment with selegiline
Authors: Hollán Susan , Vécsei László , Magyar Kálmán 
Published: January 2004

AbstractA patient with triosephosphate isomerase (TPI) deficiency exhibited worsening of abnormal involuntary movements of the dystonic type and developed psychiatric symptoms while on selegiline. When selegiline was stopped after 9 years of treatment, abnormal involuntary movements improved to pretreatment level and psychiatric behaviour returned to normal. Monoamine oxidase‐B platelet activity was low in this patient. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Parkinsonism in Ontario: Comorbidity associated with hospitalization in a large cohort
Authors: Guttman Mark , Slaughter Pamela M. , Theriault Marc‐Erick , DeBoer Donald P. , Naylor C. David 
Published: January 2004

AbstractTo study comorbidity in patients with Parkinsonism (PKM), relative hospitalization rates from 1994 to 1999 for 15,304 cases were compared with 30,608 controls. After correction for differential survival, the rates were higher for cases compared to controls for aspiration pneumonia (6.34; 95% confidence interval [CI], 5.23, 7.93), affective psychosis (2.71; 95% CI, 2.13, 3.32), hip fractures (2.56; 95% CI, 2.35, 2.76), other urinary tract disorders including infections (2.5; 95% CI, 2.17, 2.86), septicemia (2.39; 95% CI, 2.02, 2.85) and fluid and electrolyte disorders (2.27; 95% CI, 1.93,2.66). The rates for cardiac, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular disease were similar. Preventive measures and aggressive management of these conditions as outpatients may reduce the rates of hospitalization and improve the morbidity and mortality of PKM. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Surgery in Tourette syndrome
Authors: Temel Yasin , Visser‐Vandewalle Veerle 
Published: January 2004

AbstractTourette syndrome (TS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder with onset in early childhood. It is characterized by tics and often accompanied by disturbances in behavior, such as obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD). In most cases, the disorder is self‐limited or can be treated by medication or behavioral therapy. In a small percentage, however, symptoms are intractable to any conservative treatment. Since 1955, various attempts have been made to treat these patients through neurosurgical procedures. The target sites have been diverse and include the frontal lobe (prefrontal lobotomy and bimedial frontal leucotomy), the limbic system (limbic leucotomy and anterior cingulotomy), the thalamus, and the cerebellum. Combined approaches have also been tried such as anterior cingulotomies plus infrathalamic lesions. The results have often been unsatisfactory or major side effects have occurred, such as hemiplegia or dystonia. Our review of the literature from 1960 until 2003 revealed 21 reports and 3 descriptions in textbooks covering about 65 patients in total who had undergone ablative procedures for intractable TS, the first being reported in 1962. In 1999, deep brain stimulation (DBS) was introduced as a new approach for intractable TS. To date, 3 patients have been reported who underwent bilateral thalamic stimulation, with promising results on tics and obsessive‐compulsive symptoms. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Impaired modulation of the vestibulo‐ocular reflex in Huntington's disease
Authors: Fielding Joanne , Georgiou‐Karistianis Nellie , Bradshaw John , Millist Lynette , Churchyard Andrew , Chiu Edmond , White Owen 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe vestibulo‐ocular reflex (VOR) stabilizes gaze during movement, in conjunction with other afferent information: visual, proprioceptive, and somaesthetic. The reflex can either be augmented or suppressed, depending on visual requirements, and undergoes long‐term adaptation to compensate for physical changes in the subject. Importantly, over relatively short periods of time, the VOR should function consistently under the same circumstances. This study examines VOR function in patients with Huntington's disease (HD), with a view to investigating cortical influences on the reflex. Horizontal eye movements were recorded in 9 patients with HD and 7 normal subjects, using the scleral search coil technique, in response to high frequency, unpredictable head rotations imposed manually. To establish base VOR function, recordings were made in darkness, without instruction, before and after wearing ×2 magnifying lenses for a period of 2 hours to adapt the reflex. Recordings were also made before adaptation, while fixating a stationary visual target (VOR augmentation), and while fixating a target moving with the head (VOR suppression). Although results suggest that the VOR is preserved in HD, with relatively normal gain values and appropriate augmentation and suppression of the reflex with visual input, patients were unable to adapt the VOR to altered visual conditions. This represents a novel finding in HD and suggests that cortical structures compromised in HD exert influences on the long‐term adaptation of the VOR. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Clarification: Pathogenic role of glial cells in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Przedborski Serge 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe original article to which this Clarification refers was published in the February 2003 issue of Movement Disorders (Teismann P, Tieu K, Cohen O, Choi DK, Wu dC, Marks D, Vila M, Jackson‐Lewis V, Przedborski S. Pathogenic role of glial cells in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2003;18:121–129.). © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
It's a double knock‐out! The quaking mouse is a spontaneous deletion of parkin and parkin co‐regulated gene (PACRG)
Authors: Lockhart Paul J. , O'Farrell Casey A. , Farrer Matthew J. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractMutations in the parkin gene (PRKN) are the commonest cause of juvenile and early‐onset parkinsonism. However, the pathogenic mechanism by which loss of parkin protein results in degeneration of dopaminergic neurons remains elusive. Animal models provide a useful tool for the study of development and disease, and the recent production of transgenic fly and mouse parkin deficient models allows investigation of the molecular role of parkin in dopamine regulation and nigrostriatal function. We have identified the mouse mutant Quaking as a spontaneously occurring PRKN knockout. The quaking mutation is a deletion of approximately 1.17 Mb of mouse chromosome 17, resulting in the deletion of the entire promoter and first five coding exons of PRKN In addition, the recently described Parkin Co‐Regulated Gene (PACRG) is completely deleted. Homozygous Quaking mice show a complete loss of PRKN and PACRG mRNA and protein. These mice will constitute a useful additional model for studies of the molecular role of parkin and PACRG in neurodegeneration. © 2003 Movement Disorder Society
Dynamic reallocation of capacity in logically fully‐connected networks
Authors: Chiera B. A. , Krieg M. R. , Parrott J. W. , Taylor P. G. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractWe study the benefits that can be realised when capacity reallocation schemes are implemented in telecommunications networks. Our basic model consists of a (possibly sparse) physical network above which is overlaid a logically fully‐connected network. This is achieved by reserving capacity on the physical links for exclusive use by each origin–destination pair. If the capacity allocated to the origin–destination pairs is fixed, then such a network is likely to produce poor performance due to restriction of multiplexing opportunities. However, this effect can be largely negated by employing a capacity reallocation scheme, where capacity is moved in a dynamic fashion to areas where congestion is occurring. For such a scheme to be scalable, it is essential that it be distributed in nature. In this paper, we present three distributed, dynamic capacity reallocation schemes and compare their performance using a simulation model. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast Uzawa algorithms for solving non‐symmetric stabilized saddle point problems
Authors: Cao Zhi‐Hao 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBramble et al. (Math. Comput. (2000); 69 (230) : 667–689) discussed the Uzawa type algorithms for iteratively solving nonsymmetric stable saddle point problems. In this paper, we consider the Uzawa type algorithms for iteratively solving generalized saddle point problems. Our main concern is how to accelerate the convergence of the inexact Uzawa type algorithms. The contributions of the paper are that a new non‐linear Uzawa type algorithm is presented and its convergence is analysed. Applications to Navier–Stokes equations by mixed finite element discretization with an unstable pair of approximation spaces, i.e. Q1‐P0 pair of approximation spaces, are discussed and the results of the numerical experiments of applying our new algorithm are presented. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.