bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Astonishing Leap From Traits to Genes
Authors: Barondes Samuel H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Emil Kraepelin expressed the view that manic depressive insanity was due to “hereditary taint,” he had no way of foreseeing that the specific factors-the genes-that transmit this vulnerability might some day be identified. To Kraepelin, heredity was simply another way of saying that the disorder ran in families, and that he suspected that this trend was caused by nature rather than nurture. Yet in 1865, long before Kraepelin himself began laying the clinical groundwork for a study of the role of genes in mood disorders, the fundamental rules of heredity that would eventually guide this work had already been put forward. They had been discovered over the course of just a few years by an Augustinian rponk, Gregor Mendel, working in his monastery garden in Brno (now in the Czech Republic), and later shown to apply as much to human beings as to plants. The most important of these Mendelian rules is that some inherited properties-such as the colors of the flowers in Mendel’s garden or certain human diseases-can be thought of as being controlled by a single unit, which Mendel referred to as an “element of the germinal cell,” and to which in 1909 the Danish biologist Wilhelm Johannsen gave the “ gene”.
“Better Than Well”. Some Trouble With Michael
Authors: Barondes Samuel H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several years ago, and more than a decade after his son Jerry’s manic episode, Michael decided to go to his family doctor for a checkup. Mainly interested in a routine .examination, he was also concerned that he wasn’t feeling as spunky as he used to. Though still in his fifties, Michael felt that his productivity had begun to slip and that he seemed to be having less fun. Could there be something wrong? Nothing alarming turned up at the checkup, but Michael wasn’t satisfied. He wondered if there was a treatment for his waning zest for living.
Correspondence Theories and Their Implications for Judgment Under Stress
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
l now briefly describe several research programs that focus their efforts on attempting to understand the correspondence between person’ s judgments and empirical events. l also indicate the potential usefulness of these research programs for the study of the effects of stress on judgment within the correspondence metatheory. Signal Detection Theory (SDT) had its origins in Broadbent’ s (1957, 1958) theory of attention, in which he postulated that a sensory input must first pass through a selective filter and a channel of limited capacity before detection. Differences in the level of attention given to a stimulus could lead an observer to set the decision criterion higher or lower for determining whether a stimulus is present. That is, a less attentive person would set the decision criterion higher before saying the stimulus is present, a more attentive person would set the decision criterion lower. Broadbent’ s work led to a landmark book titled Decision and Stress in 1971. The reason the word “decision” appeared in the title was because Broadbent required his subjects to decide between the presence and absence of a stimulus. And that led to the theory of signal detection (Green & Swets, 1966/1974; Swets, 1973).
Conclusion
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Current theories of the effects of “stress” on judgment (or other behavior) are unsatisfactory for a number of reasons: Many are impossible to falsify, and they all have an escape route for negative results. And the escape route is always the same; it lies in the expansion, contraction, or other revision in the definitions of stress. Revisions are not objectionable in themselves; indeed, one is offered here. But these are generally open ended, largely because of the recourse to subjective expressions of stress. That is, for purely psychological theories, we only know when and if “stress” occurs if the subject tells us that it has or has not. If that conclusion is correct, then it is imperative to develop a falsifiable theory of the phenomena of interest without the baggage of the term “stress” or the “perception of stress.” That will require independent definitions and determination of both environmental and subjective conditions, and, we can hope, contributions from neuroscience.
Appendix: Literature Review
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Note: In what follows the term “stress” is used in the loose sense in which it has been traditionally used colloquially and in the stress literature. Progress in the field of stress research is marked by a clear division of three literatures (indicated also in a history provided by Appley & Turnbull, 1986). One literature is oriented toward the clinical/personality/social psychology of the effects of stress on cognition and other processes, exemplified by the persistent work of Lazarus, Janis, and others. A second literature is oriented toward ergonomics, or human factors psychology, exemplified by the work of Hockey, Hamilton, and Hancock among others. As might be expected, the former is dominated by theory, research, and generalizations that are broader in scope, less precise in terminology and measurement, less experimental and more psychological test related than the latter. Both literatures are voluminous, but the former has far more popular appeal than the latter. Also, as might be expected, the two literatures exist in almost perfect isolation; cross-citations are almost nonexistent. The second, human factors literature, does have some links with the third, psychophysiological literature, but none to the fourth, the judgment and decision making literature.
Ceremony
Authors: Olsen Christopher J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If neighborhoods were the sine qua non of Mississippi politics, then election day was its defining moment. When considered from a ritualistic perspective, the acts of voting and running for office take on deeper significance as social and cultural events. Besides a way to settle the issue of winners and losers, elections were frequent and inclusive ceremonies that submitted a man’s personal reputation to the approval of his peers. The context of honor and communal manhood made them especially charged events in which candidates sought validation and the public support of friends and neighbors. To voters, this open, only semi-secret, process offered the chance to demonstrate friendship, loyalty, or gratitude; and its rituals incorporated the understanding of honor, fidelity, and duty that always mitigated American egalitarianism and masculine competitiveness. Of course, elections were only one of many public occasions that brought men together and—like court day or the militia muster—helped unify the ruling caste, test the loyalty of newcomers, and reaffirm camaraderie among old friends.
Wonders of Numbers
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If we actually received messages from the stars, what would we do with them? Who were the five strangest mathematicians in history? What are the ten most interesting numbers? Who is the Number King? Jam-packed with thought-provoking mathematical mysteries, puzzles, and games--as well as the answers to all of the above questions--Wonders of Numbers will enchant even the most left-brained of readers. Hosted by the quirky Dr. Googol--who resides on an island in Sri Lanka and occasionally collaborates with Clifford Pickover--Wonders of Numbers focuses on creativity and the delight of discovery. Here is a potpourri of common and unusual number theory problems of varying difficulty--each presented in brief chapters that convey to readers the essence of the problem rather than the extraneous, convoluted history of it. Want to know about undulating numbers? Turn to Chapter 53 and in just a few pages you'll have a quick challenge. Interested in Fibonacci numbers? Turn to Chapter 74 for the same. Peppered throughout with illustrations that clarify many of the problems, Wonders of Numbers also includes fascinating "math gossip." How would we use numbers to communicate with aliens? Check out Chapter 31. What are the five saddest mathematical scandals? You'll find them in Chapter 35. Did you know that there is a Numerical Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder? There is, and it's in Chapter 46. Indeed, each chapter in Wonders of Numbers is a paradox and a mystery. From the beautiful formula of India's most famous mathematician to the Leviathan number so big it makes a trillion look small, Dr. Googol's witty, disarming, and straightforward approach to numbers will entice students, educators, and scientists alike to pick up a pencil and work a problem.
Adie’S Syndrome
Authors: Bruyn George W , Gooddy William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William John Adie was born in Geelong, Australia, on 31 October 1886. His education at the Flinders School there was cut short at the early age of 13 years, because of his father’s death in 1899. He had to help in the dire situation of the family, soon finding a job as errand boy in an office. His employer was quite satisfied by William’s efficient work and, struck by the young boy’s quick intelligence, paid for evening courses of further education, and young Adie passed the final exam of the secondary “school” in 1905. Soon he found employment as practice assistant with the local general practitioner, Dr. Arthur South. The work inspired him to become a physician. Goddess Fortuna smiled upon him a second time: his uncle, a brother of his late father, in Boston, gave him £19 for a one-way trip from Melbourne to England, promising financial help in the first years of study.
Beyond Massive Retaliation
Authors: Freedman Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As secretary of state, Dean Acheson had used the sudden end to the U.S. atomic monopoly in August 1949, when the first Soviet test was detected, to initiate a reappraisal of security policy. One outcome was the development of thermonuclear weapons in order to maintain superiority for as long as possible; another, adopted after the start of the Korean War, was a sustained rearmament program to reduce dependence upon this superiority before its inevitable loss. The Eisenhower administration criticized this stance as unnecessarily expensive in its reliance on conventional forces and constraining in its reluctance to exploit America’s prime strategic asset. This was summed up by the stalemate in Korea, where self-imposed limitations left the Americans fighting in a framework that played to the communists’ advantages. In a famous speech of January 1954 Dulles asserted, ‘‘The way to deter aggression is for the free community to be willing and able to respond vigorously at places and with means of its own choosing.’’1 America’s means of choice appeared to be ‘‘massive retaliatory power’’ (hence the policy’s label of ‘‘massive retaliation’’). To its critics, the obvious flaw lay in the excessive dependence placed on the credibility of U.S. nuclear threats, even as it declined when the Soviet Union acquired its own massive retaliatory power. Prominent among the policy’s critics was Acheson, who denounced it as an ‘‘Orwellian attempt to persuade the country that it got stronger by getting weaker,’’ charging that it would preclude the United States from making a forceful response to local aggression.2
The Coalition between the Followers of Ahmed R1za and the Activists
Authors: Şükrü Hanioğlu M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the new central committee members were devoting their efforts to a quixotic coup attempt, Ahmed R1za’s followers and the activists were trying to strengthen their union and enjoying a relatively tranquil period. Although a source close to Sabahaddin Bey claims that members of this coalition had shown interest in taking part in the stillborn coup d’état,1 other relevant sources and documents reveal that the coalition had not established meaningful relations with the “majority” of the congress.
The CPU at Work: The Preparation and Execution of the Young Turk Revolution of 1908
Authors: Şükrü Hanioğlu M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reorganization of the CPU created an effective Young Turk committee that adopted activist tactics and aimed at revolution. The leaders of the CPU set about creating a network of branches and correspondents that would enable them to spread extensive propaganda. Their success at this endeavor prompted them to take the second and final step: preparation for a revolution. Scholars have traditionally attributed the CPU’s rapid success in carrying out a revolution in the summer of 1908 to the Hamidian regime’s unpreparedness and to the fact that the palace was caught by surprise. Although these factors undoubtedly did play a role in the CPU’s triumph, the Young Turk Revolution of 1908 cannot be fully understood without an examination of the CPU’s own efforts to prepare it. This chapter will discuss these efforts. It will not, however, attempt to provide an evaluation of the revolution and its consequences as a whole.
A Sampling of Theoretical, Methodological, and Policy Issues in Marriage Education: Implications for Family Psychology
Authors: Markman Howard J , Kline Galena H , Rea Jacqueline G , Piper, Samantha Simms , Stanley Scott M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The above quote is from a recent article about the possibilities that relationship and marriage education classes offered in Oklahoma can foster economic stability by helping people have healthier relationships and marriages. There is growing national consensus from both liberals and conservatives that children who grow up in stable and healthy families do better in terms of economic and social well-being and that relationship and marriage education programs are one way to help people have healthier relationships and marriages. Yet discussions of education approaches to helping couples are relatively new to the field of family psychology. Thus, our goal in this chapter is to review some of the major theoretical and methodological issues in the areas of preventing poor marital/relational outcomes and promoting healthy relationships and marriages through education programs.
Fathers in African American Families:The Importance of Social and Cultural Context
Authors: Wilson Melvin N , Chambers, Anthony L , Woods LaKeesha N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A family is influenced and facilitated by the opportunities and constraints of its social context. In order to ensure its own existence, a family adapts available resources to normal and abnormal transitional and crisis stress events. Family resources involve the ability of family members to contribute tangible help, such as material support, income, child care, and household maintenance, and nontangible aid, such as expressive interaction, emotional support, instruction, and social training and regulation. An important but not well-understood aspect of family life is the role that fathers play in the performance of familial activities and duties. In addition, fathers’ involvement in family life is greatly influenced by the cultural context in which the family resides.
Wharton’s “Others”
Authors: Bauer Dale M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since the rise of Women’s Studies and feminist theory, scholars have been continually revising their critical interests ill Edith Wharton, one of the few twentieth-century female American authors canonized by the 1970s. Crucial to these reassessments has been the assumption that Wharton celebrated women’s sexuality and power. R. W B. Lewis’s Pulitzer Prize winning biography (1975) establishes Wharton as the consummate professional author, while Shari Benstock (1994) enshrines Wharton for her prominence as a female modernist. In 1977, Cynthia Griffin Wolff established Wharton as a self-fashioned (“anti-Romantic realist”) artist, and Amy Kaplan (1988) cemented the interest in Wharton’s “profession of authorship” by analyzing her major fictions as participating in the “construction of realism.” In 1980, Elizabeth Ammons published her landmark study of Wharton’s fiction. Other Wharton critics have followed through on the assumption that sexuality shapes the ground upon which the reader can find Edith Wharton’s “argument with America” (Ammons), her “brave new politics” (Bauer), her “ethnography of manners” (Bentley), her “sexual education” (Erlich), her “inner circle” of friends (Goodman), her preoccupation with “shame” (Raphael), her “anxious power” (Singley and Sweeney), her exploration of women’s social and sexual power (Tichi), and her mythic “underworld” (Waid).
Motion Verbs as Functional Heads
Authors: Cardinaletti Anna , Giusti Giuliana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In (1), the verb following the motion verb is infinitive. In (2), it is inflected for mood (indicative), for tense (present), and for agreement (3rd person singular). We call (1) the “infinitival construction” and (2) the “inflected construction.” In this chapter, we show that the status of the motion verb is different in the two constructions and, in particular, that the motion verb in the inflected construction is a functional element, much like an auxiliary. We provide examples with the motion verb iri only, but all the properties we discuss hold for viniri and passari as well. We start by considering the connecting element a, which turns out to be different in the two constructions from both the synchronic and the diachronic point of view. We show that, although a in the inflected construction is derived from the Latin coordinative conjunction AC, this construction cannot be considered a coordination. In the rest of the chapter, we compare the motion verb in the inflected construction with auxiliary verbs and show that they behave alike with respect to a number of properties typical of functional elements.
How the Heavens Go
Authors: Galilei Galileo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Legend has it that a young, ambitious, and at that moment frustrated mathematics professor climbed to the top of the bell tower in Pisa one day, perhaps in 1591, with a bag of ebony and lead balls. He had advertised to the university community at Pisa that he intended to disprove by experiment a doctrine originated by Aristotle almost two thousand years earlier: that objects fall at a rate proportional to their weight; a ten-pound ball would fall ten times faster than a one-pound ball. With a flourish the young professor signaled to the crowd of amused students and disapproving philosophy professors below, selected balls of the same material but with much different weights, and dropped them. Without air resistance (that is, in a vacuum), two balls of different weights (and made of any material) would have reached the ground at the same time. That did not happen in Pisa on that day in 1591, but Aristotle’s ancient principle was clearly violated anyway, and that, the young professor told his audience, was the lesson. The students cheered, and the philosophy professors were skeptical.
On the Dark Side
Authors: Mayer Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To the modern student, the term energy has a meaning that is almost self-evident. This meaning was far from clear, however, to scientists of the early nineteenth century. The many effects that would finally be unified by the concept of energy were still seen mostly as diverse phenomena. It was suspected that mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical, and magnetic effects had something in common, but the connections were incomplete and confused.
A Holy Undertaking
Authors: Joule James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
James Joule’s story may seem a little hard to believe. He lived near Manchester, England—in the scientific hinterland during much of Joule’s career—where his family operated a brewery, making ale and porter. He did some of his most important work in the early morning and evening, before and after a day at the brewery. He had no university education, and hardly any formal training at all in science. As a scientist he was, in every way, an amateur. Like Mayer, who was also an amateur as a physicist, Joule was ignored at first by the scientific establishment. Yet, despite his amateur status, isolation, and neglect, he managed to probe more deeply than anyone else at the time (the early and middle 1840s) the tantalizing mysteries of conversion processes. And (unlike Mayer) he did not suffer prolonged neglect. The story of Joule’s rapid progress, from dilettante to a position of eminence in British science, can hardly be imagined in today’s world of research factories and prolonged scientific apprenticeships.
A Force of Nature
Authors: Faraday Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The scientists in these chapters are a diverse group. One would look in vain to find particular aspects of their backgrounds or characters that guaranteed their success in science. Some were introverted and solitary, others extroverted and gregarious. Some were neurotic, while others were well adjusted. They could be friendly and agreeable, or unfriendly and contentious. Their marriages were usually happy, but some were disastrous. Their educations were both formal and informal. Some had mentors, others did not. Some founded schools to carry on their work, and others worked alone.
Molecules and Entropy
Authors: Boltzmann Ludwig 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Restlessness was the story of his life and work. Ludwig Boltzmann saw the physical world as a perpetually agitated molecular chaos; and, like the molecules, he never found rest himself. He moved from one academic post to another seven times during his career of almost forty years. The chronology goes like this: two years (1867–69) at the University of Vienna as an assistant professor; four years (1869–73) as an assistant professor of mathematical physics at the University of Graz; back to Vienna for three years (1873–76) as a professor of mathematics; to Graz again for fourteen years (1876–90) as a professor of experimental physics; four years (1890–94) as a professor of theoretical physics at the University of Munich; a second return to Vienna for four years (1894–1900), this time as a professor of theoretical physics; two years in Leipzig (1900–1902) as a professor of theoretical physics; and a third and final return to Vienna to succeed himself in the chair still unoccupied since his departure two years earlier.
iγ.ðψ=mψ
Authors: Dirac Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The story of Paul Dirac’s life reads like a dark psychological novel. During his childhood, adolescence, and early adulthood in Bristol, England, he was dominated by a misanthropic father. Charles Dirac had little use for social contacts, and he imposed his bleak outlook on his family. He taught French at the University of Bristol, and brought the French lessons into the home by forcing Paul to converse in French at the dinner table, while the rest of the family—Paul’s mother, Florence; his older brother, Reginald; and his younger sister, Beatrice— ate in the kitchen. The roots of this domestic disaster were deep: Charles Dirac himself suffered an unhappy childhood in Switzerland and had run away from home at age twenty. Paul did not reach that extremity, but he had no love for his father; when he became a Nobel laureate in 1933, he did not invite his father to attend the ceremony. When Charles Dirac died in 1936, Paul wrote to his wife, “I feel much freer now.”
Porosity and Permeability Modeling
Authors: Deutsch Clayton V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Petrophysical properties such as porosity and permeability are modeled within each facies and reservoir layer. Shale and non-net facies may be assigned arbitrary low values; however, the petrophysical properties within most facies must be assigned to reproduce the representative histogram, variogram, and correlation with related secondary variables. The Gaussian and indicator techniques introduced in Chapter 5 are used for this purpose. This chapter discusses practical considerations and implementation details.