bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cloud effects on the radiation budget based on ISCCP data (1991 to 1995)
Authors: Raschke E. , Ohmura A. , Rossow W. B. , Carlson B. E. , Zhang Y.‐C. , Stubenrauch C. , Kottek M. , Wild M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractConsistent and validated data sets of satellite‐borne radiances and of a large variety of products describing the characteristics of terrestrial cloud and radiation fields have been produced within the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) covering the years 1983 through to 2003. A subset (annual and seasonal averages of the 5 year period 1991 to 1995) is used in this paper to discuss in greater detail the effect of clouds on the radiation fields at the upper and lower boundary of the atmosphere and in particular on the loss and gain (vertical divergence) of radiant energy by the atmosphere itself. Although this subset covers the effects of the Pinatubo eruption (June 1991) and of the strong El Niño event in 1992–93, which indeed caused ‘anomalies in the average aerosol and cloud fields in the tropics and subtropics’. However, our regional averages of the radiation budget at the top of the atmosphere and at ground over a period of 5 years should be within 2–5 W m−2 of longer term averages.We find very interesting spatial patterns in the global distributions of all quantities, which can be explained in part by various cloud field characteristics and by the continental surface characteristics. Most are known from similar studies with radiation budget measurements. Possibly for the first time, we show global fields of the vertical flux divergence of solar and terrestrial radiation within the atmosphere and of the effects of clouds. Both polar regions, various portions of China and the areas of persistent subtropical maritime stratocumulus fields over the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and of cloud fields associated with the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) offer specific features for further analyses.This ISCCP data set seems to underestimate the absorption of solar radiation in the tropical and subtropical atmosphere by about 10 to 20 W m−2. There is a disagreement of about 30 W m−2 in global averages of the gain and loss of solar and terrestrial radiation in the atmosphere between this and two other independent data sets, which needs thorough investigation, since such data are required to validate the radiation budgets within circulation and climate models and for other climate studies. Such an assessment of radiation budget data is now under way within the auspices of the World Climate Research Programme. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Pc 4 photodynamic therapy of U87‐derived human glioma in the nude rat
Authors: George John E. , Ahmad Yusra , Varghai Davood , Li Xiaolin , Berlin Jeffrey , Jackowe David , Jungermann Marc , Wolfe Michael S. , Lilge Lothar , Totonchi Ali , Morris Rachel L. , Peterson Allyn , Lust W. David , Kenney Malcolm E. , Hoppel Charles L. , Sun Jiayang , Oleinick Nancy L. , Dean David 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesAs a potential therapy for malignant glioma, we tested the phthalocyanine photosensitizer Pc 4 for: (1) rapid clearance from the vasculature, (2) specificity for glioma, and (3) tumoricidal photosensitizing capability.Study Design/Materials and MethodsParenchymal injection of U87 cells into athymic rat brains (N = 100) was followed after 12 days by tail vein injection of 0.5 mg/kg Pc 4. After 1 day, the tumor was illuminated with either 5 (N = 11) or 30 (N = 16) J/cm2 red light at 672 nm. Sacrifice was 1 day later. The brains from these 27 animals underwent H&E (necrosis) and TUNEL assay (apoptosis) histology. Pc 4 concentration of explanted brains and tumors (N = 16), and all blood samples (N = 52) were determined by HPLC‐MS 1 day post Pc 4 administration.ResultsTumor‐specific apoptosis was almost uniformly seen; however, necrosis was found mostly in the high‐light‐dose group. Pc 4 concentration in bulk tumor averaged 3.8 times greater than in normal brain.ConclusionsThese results warrant expanding this pre‐clinical study to seek effective baseline Pc 4 drug‐ and light‐doses and infusion‐to‐photoirradiation timing that would be necessary for a Pc 4‐mediated PDT clinical trial for glioma patients. Lasers Surg. Med. 36:383–389, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterisation of sulphoxides by atmospheric pressure ionisation mass spectrometry
Authors: Wright Patricia , Alex Alexander , Gibson Drew , Jones Russell , Macrae Paul 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn observation that a series of proprietary compounds containing a methyl thiophenyl group all underwent metabolic S‐oxidation, and that the product ion spectra of the resulting S‐oxides showed methyl radical loss under low‐energy atmospheric pressure ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (API‐MS/MS) conditions, has led to an investigation of the fragmentation of commercially available sulphoxides. The phenyl methyl sulphoxides studied do lose methyl radicals under MS/MS conditions on triple quadrupole mass spectrometers. In addition, the phenyl sulphoxides, with simple substituents other than a methyl group, also showed a tendency to lose the substituent as a radical. It was concluded that radical loss from these simple sulphoxides was characteristic of S‐oxidation of these molecules. Radical losses, such as those reported here, are used in‐house to distinguish S‐oxidation from N‐ and C‐oxidation in metabolism studies. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Comparison of Results of Extensor Tendon Repair Followed by Early Controlled Mobilisation Versus Static Immobilisation
Authors: Chow J. A. , Dovelle S. , Thomes L. J. , Ho P. K. , Saldana J. 
Published: June 2005

To compare the functional results of early controlled mobilisation and static immobilisation following repair of extensor tendons, we conducted a comparative study between two centres. In one, a consecutive series of tenorrhaphy patients was treated post-operatively by the dynamic splinting technique. In the other, a consecutive group was treated by static splinting. All patients treated by dynamic splinting were graded excellent within six weeks following surgery; no tendon ruptures occurred and no secondary corrective tendon surgery was required. After static splinting, 40% were graded excellent, 31% good, 29% fair, and none poor; six fingers treated by static splintage subsequently required tenolysis. Following surgical repair of extensor tendons of the hand, patients treated by early controlled motion regain better flexion function in terms of grip strength and pulp-to-palm distance. Dynamic splinting is a more effective technique than static splinting in the prevention of extensor lag.
Obstetrical Brachial Plexus Lesions
Authors: GILBERT A. , WHITAKER I. 
Published: June 2005

The renewal of interest in brachial plexus surgery has been led by the success of microsurgical techniques in other peripheral nerve repairs. The results in adults remain poor, but in obstetrical palsy the regenerative capacity of babies allows for dramatic recovery after nerve repair or reconstruction. Obstetrical brachial plexus injuries represent a unique group with similar aetiology, age and prognosis.
Restoration of Pinch in Ulnar Nerve Palsy by Transfer of Split Extensor Digiti Minimi and Extensor Indicis
Authors: ROBINSON D. , AGHASI M. K. , HALPERIN N. 
Published: June 2005

Subcutaneous transfer of the ulnar slip of the extensor digiti minimi (EDM) to the adductor tubercle across the dorsum of the hand restores pinch, and index finger abduction is reproduced by re-routing extensor indicis proprius around the thumb extensor tendons. Six patients with post-traumatic ulnar palsy have been treated by this method with a minimum follow-up period of 40 months. Pinch was improved from an average of 5% to 40–50% of the normal side, and index abduction to 30–40%. There was no donor morbidity.
Kienböck’s Disease—The Influence of Arthrosis on Ulnar Variance Measurements
Authors: Kristensen S. S. , Søballe K. 
Published: June 2005

The individual difference in ulnar variance measurements between diseased and unaffected wrists in 38 patients with unilateral Kienhöck’s disease was determined and related to the degree of arthrosis in the affected wrists. In patients without arthrosis there was no difference in measurements. With increasing arthrosis there was a progressive increase of patients with individual difference in ulnar variance measurements: up to 50% in those with severe arthrosis. Where a difference in ulnar variance was encountered, the wrist with Kienböck’s disease represented the more negative value in 90%. It is concluded that over-representation of the so-called “ulnar minus variant” in Kienböck’s disease is based on osteo-arthritic changes in the wrist, resulting in a pseudo-lengthening of the distal radius, and that this is therefore a consequence of the disease. The “ulnar minus variant” seems to have no hearing on the cause of Kienböck’s disease.
Incontinentia Pigmenti (Bloch-Sulzberger Syndrome) Manifesting as Painful Periungual and Subungual Tumours
Authors: ADENIRAN A. , TOWNSEND P. L. G. , PEACHEY R. D. G. 
Published: June 2005

A 25-year-old lady presented with painful periungual tumours which were associated with lytic changes of underlying terminal phalanges. She had been previously treated as a case of chronic paronychia but the problem recurred. She was subsequently diagnosed as a case of Incontinentia pigmenti which is a rare genodermatosis with mixed ectodermal and mesodermal polydysplasias, onchychodystrophy being a very rare manifestation. She was treated by excision of painful finger lesions, but there is no specific treatment for the underlying condition.
The Distal Ligamentous Complex of the Scaphoid and the Scapho-Lunate Ligament. An Anatomic, Histological and Biomechanical study
Authors: BOABIGHI A. , KUHLMANN J. N. , KENESI C. 
Published: June 2005

22 fresh cadaver specimens have been examined to study the anatomy, histology and biomechanical features of the ligaments of the proximal and distal poles of the scaphoid. The biomechanical study was carried out by two methods: an analytical one on an Instron machine, and a global one in situ. The different experiments show the predominant role of the distal ligamentous complex of the scaphoid over the scapho-lunate ligament. This contrasts with the generally accepted concept and modifies the management of lateral carpal instability.
Experience of the Early Use of Technetium 99 Bone Scintigraphy in Wrist Injury
Authors: SHEWRING D. J. , SAVAGE R. , THOMAS G. 
Published: June 2005

In a retrospective study, patients with suspected scaphoid fracture had an average of three sets of scaphoid radiographs prior to scintigraphy. Scans were performed an average of 3 months after injury and many were inconclusive because of disuse changes. A prospective analysis of early scintigraphy in 35 cases over 18 months was carried out. Scans were performed at an average of 15.5 days after injury in selected cases. Patients had an average of 1.28 sets of negative radiographs prior to scanning. There were no false negative scans and in 13 with focal uptake a wrist fracture was demonstrated. Diffuse uptake was thought to be indicative of ligamentous damage or reflex sympathetic dystrophy. Early scintigraphy was found to be a sensitive, reliable and cost-effective examination in cases of suspected significant wrist injury.
Simultaneous Scaphoid and Distal Radial Fractures
Authors: HOVE L. M. 
Published: June 2005

Simultaneous fractures of the distal radius and scaphoid are uncommon. In a prospective 3-year study we registered 2,330 distal radial fractures and 390 scaphoid fractures, and 12 were combined. Ten of these had high energy trauma; six were styloid fractures, four Colles’ fractures, one was a greenstick fracture and one Salter–Harris Type 2 epiphyseal fracture. All but one of the 12 scaphoid fractures were stable and healed without problems, and one was a trans-scaphoid, trans-styloid peri-lunate fracture-dislocation. The study supports the opinion that the distal radial fracture constitutes the principal injury that determines the outcome and hence the treatment. If the scaphoid fracture is unstable or dislocated, we recommend internal fixation of the scaphoid. Only a small proportion of these injuries represent a more serious disruption with carpal instability.
Nerve Repair: Correlation of Restitution of Functional Sensibility with Specific Cognitive Capacities
Authors: ROSÉN B. , LUNDBORG G. , DAHLIN L. B. , HOLMBERG J. , KARLSON B. 
Published: June 2005

To test the hypothesis that cognitive capacity is correlated with the outcome of functional sensibility after nerve repair, 19 patients were evaluated 2 to 5 years after median or ulnar nerve repair at the distal forearm level. The sensory evaluation included tests for functional sensibility as well as assessments addressing perception thresholds for touch/pressure and vibration. Psychometric tests for cognitive capacity were also carried out. Multiple regression analysis, correcting for the effect of age and the ability to perceive touch/vibration, was used to investigate the relationship between functional sensibility and cognitive capacity, and to determine which of the tested central nervous factors had the greatest influence on the outcome of recovery of functional sensibility. On a ranking list of such factors verbal learning and visuo-spatial logic capacity were the most important ones, indicating significant correlations with functional sensibility. It is concluded that cognitive capacity factors may play an important role for the functional outcome following nerve repair and that variations in such factors may help to explain the variability in the outcome of nerve repair.
Arthrodesis of the Trapeziometacarpal Joint
Authors: CHAMAY A. , PIAGET-MOREROD F. 
Published: June 2005

Over a 10-year period, 32 trapeziometacarpal (TM) joint fusions were performed in 29 patients, and reviewed. Pin fixation with tension band wiring was used in 14 cases, screws in eight cases, a plate in six cases, K-wires in three cases and staple fixation in one case. None was bone grafted. Splinting was applied for 4 to 5 weeks. There were four cases of delayed union (more than 2 months) and four cases of non-union requiring re-operation (12.5%). The average follow-up was 6 years and 7 months. Grip (26.5 kg) and pinch (4.9 kg) strength were respectively 7% and 18% less than the normal contralateral side. In bilateral osteoarthritis, grip and pinch were stronger than the contralateral side. Joint angulations measured on X-ray films showed for the peritrapezial joint an 18° arc in flexion-extension (a reduction of 64% compared to the contralateral side) and 11° of arc in abduction-adduction (a reduction of 72%). MP joint mobility increased in extension (160%), in flexion (23%), in abduction (120%), in adduction (157%). Despite the marked decrease in motion, subjective functional complaints were minimal. 78.1% of the patients were fully satisfied, 15.6% partly satisfied, and 6.3% dissatisfied. Pain was absent in 50% of the cases and very mild in 40.7%. Three patients complained of discomfort. Eight patients were noted to have osteoarthritic changes in the scaphotrapezial joint.
Theory and Application of Dipolar Ferrite Modes
Authors: Steier William H. , Coleman Paul D. 
Published: June 2005

Experimental verification at X and K band of theoretical calculations on the magnetodynamic resonant modes of a ferrite rod between parallel conducting sheets is reported. Critically coupled mode Q's as high as 1100 have been measured.
The characteristic equation includes propagation effects and dipolar coupling between electron spins. Mode charts for the symmetric modes are displayed for biasing fields from 3 to 20 koe and for frequencies from 4 to 50 kMc for both Ferramic R-1 and polycrystalline YIG.
The modes have been experimentally observed in the ranges of 10 and 20 kMc. Comparison of theoretical and experimental data is made in these bands for both R-1 and YIG. The variation of the observed loaded Q with biasing magnetic field is described.
The advantages that these modes possess over the magnetostatic modes for microwave engineering applications are pointed out. These include: (a) relatively high Q, (b) ability to critically couple, and (c) sample size is comparable to the wavelength.
Fast Switching by Domain Walls in Ferrites
Authors: Wiechec Walter , Kelley Clinton M. 
Published: June 2005

Experimental evidence indicates that small grain size is associated with faster domain wall switching in ferrite cores. It has been shown by H. Amar that small grain size contributed an additional energy to the wall energy density σω. Incorporation of this energy into the power equation H · (dM/dt) = λHe2 reveals that the loss coefficient decreases more than σω increases, and, therefore, faster switching results.
A qualitative explanation is given for faster switching by domain walls in magnetic materials. The significant variables in the switching coefficient equation are “d,” Tc, K, and α. Experimental data show that the switching coefficient is lowered by decreasing values of the first three variables. Considerably faster switching is predicted when similar cores with grain sizes less than 1 μ are made.
Double Pump Degenerate Ferrite Amplifier
Authors: Gottlieb Peter 
Published: June 2005

A theoretical discussion of the possibilities for the design of a parametric amplifier using a pump frequency lower than the signal frequency (but higher than one half the signal frequency) is given. In particular, a detailed mechanism for the operation of a ferrite amplifier with such properties is described. The amplifieroperation is similar to that used by Bloom and Chang for a diode amplifier with cubic nonlinearity. Hogan,Jepsen, and Vartanian have proposed a ferrite device to serve the same purpose as the present amplifier;however, their scheme is quite different, and a detailed comparison is given in this paper.
The main feature of the present amplifier is a doubling of the pump frequency to obtain an effective pump frequency which is larger than the signal frequency. The whole amplifier requires four resonances:the pump frequency, twice the pump frequency, the signal frequency, and twice pump minus signal (idle). The most efficient assignment of the modes uses cavity resonances for the signal and pump, and then uses either cavity or ferrite resonances for the other frequencies.
Since the pump doubling is a result of nonlinear mixing, the efficiency of doubling will be greater for larger pump fields. This is limited in practice by the onset of saturation in the ferrite. For pump fields close to saturation the required pump field is calculated to be five to ten times larger than that required to produce the same gain in an ordinary three resonance amplifier.
A Necessary Factor for Heat Treatment of the Permalloys in a Magnetic Field
Authors: Nesbitt E. A. , Heidenreich R. D. , Williams A. J. 
Published: June 2005

Recently, we have been able to show that Perminvar (Ni-Fe-Co alloy) has an inhomogeneous structure and that this inhomogeneity is due to an impurity fault. Evidence was obtained that small amounts of oxygen as an impurity in Perminvar caused both the faulting and the heat treatment in a magnetic field. It was exceedingly difficult, however, to remove sufficient oxygen from this material to prevent heat treatment in a magnetic field. More conclusive experiments have now been done to demonstrate the effect of oxygen on the response to magnetic annealing in the nickel-iron alloys without cobalt (Permalloys). Magnetic torque curves on a single crystal of 63% Ni-35% Fe-2% Mo for two different heat treatments illustrate this point. When the crystal was purified in hydrogen and then was heat treated in a magnetic field, it did not respond. However, after a slightly oxidizing heat treatment (pot annealing at 1000°C for 16 hrs), it did respond to the field heat treatment by developing a uniaxial anisotropy of approximately 2000 ergs per cm3.
The intimate connection between the presence of impurity faults and the ability to respond to heat treatment in a magnetic field is shown by observations on single crystals of 68% Ni-31.9% Fe-0.1%Mg, which were grown for this purpose. The (100) surfaces of these crystals showed heavily and lightly faulted regions. The work on the Perminvars has shown that the heavily faulted areas contain more oxygen than the lightly faulted areas. The magnetic torque measurements on the 68% Ni alloy confirm this idea. The heavily faulted crystal had a uniaxial anisotropy of approximately 3000 ergs per cm3 while the lightly faulted crystal had a value of only 1000 ergs per cm3.
Promotion of Cubic Grain Growth in 3% Silicon Iron by Control of Annealing Atmosphere Composition
Authors: Kohler Dale 
Published: June 2005

Under certain special conditions of processing and annealing,silicon iron can be made to have cubic orientation. This phenomenon was first reported by Assmus et al.
The driving force for the growth of the cubic grains has been determined by several investigators to be surface energy. We have found that by controlling the concentration of impurities in the annealing atmosphere the growth of grains having the (100) plane parallel to the sheet surface can be greatly improved. Calculations of the surface energies in the body-centered system show that the surface energy of atomic planes are (110), (100) and (111) in order of ascending values. From this orientation dependency of the surface energy, there results a discrepancy between theory and the observed fact of (100) surface energy growth.
It is proposed that adsorption by the metal surface of atmosphere constituents in a very special manner can accomplish a change in relative surface energy so that the (100) plane becomes the lowest energy crystal plane.
Data on some atmosphere composition effects on transformation to cube texture of silicon iron 2 to 14 mils thick were obtained.
The degree of transformation was found to be closely related to the concentration of certain compounds that are added to the atmosphere. The degree of cube growth reaches a maximum at a certain small concentration of impurity.
These effects were studied in both metal and ceramic annealing tubes. With proper additives excellent cube growth can be obtained in either type annealing tube.
Community nurses’ talk of equality and the discursive constitution of selves
Authors: Aranda Kay 
Published: June 2005

Aim.  The aim of this paper is to explore how stories revealed the discursive constitution of particular selves and to consider the implications for future understandings of equality and practice.Background.  Equality has long been an objective of most Western healthcare systems, as enshrined in the principles of equal rights to access, treatment and care. Service users, however, continue to experience inequities, oppression and discrimination. These continuing inequalities have resulted in demands for nurses to tackle discrimination and oppression and promote equality in their practice.Methods.  Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 14 community nurse students and 14 practice teachers from two universities in England in 1998. Discourse analysis was used to interpret the narratives.Findings.  Community nurses were actively positioning themselves and were being positioned through dominant and competing discourses. Their narratives revealed stories of equality in health care that were contingent upon complex discursively constituted selves. They were found to take up, rework and in some cases subvert and reject dominant subject positions. The implications of these selves are considered in relation to the development of equality and practice.Conclusions.  Educationalists and practitioners need to engage with these discourses and diverse selves and begin to develop approaches which remain open to scrutiny and challenge so that specific and localized understandings of equality and practice can evolve.