bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF SPONTANEOUS CONJUNCTIVAL FOLLICULOSIS OF RABBITS
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Syverton Jerome T. , Tyler Joseph R. 
Published: June 2004

Spontaneous conjunctival folliculosis is widespread among various species of rabbits. It exists in two forms: Type I, in which the lesions are localized and the disease is relatively inactive, and Type II, in which the follicles are closely distributed over the entire surface of the conjunctivae and the affection is more active and characterized by extensive inflammatory reactions. One type can be converted into the other either by experimental methods or by natural processes.
The disease can be transmitted from rabbit to rabbit by means of subconjunctival inoculation of suspensions of the affected tissues or by instillation of such material into the conjunctival sac, or even by mere contact of folliculosis animals with rabbits having smooth conjunctivae. It is plain that the disease is an infection.
The causal agent of the infection is not filtrable through Seitz discs that retain Serratia marcescens nor through Berkefeld V candles that permit the passage of this organism. Furthermore, the lesions of the spontaneous or of the experimental disease do not exhibit the cytotropic effects or the inclusion bodies suggestive of the action of an ultramicroscopic virus. They are characterized, on the other hand, by a persistent and progressive chronicity and show certain resemblances to the granulomata.
The evidence suggests that the spontaneous conjunctival folliculosis of rabbits is due to a microorganism—one having a low grade pathogenic action. In a paper shortly to be published, a bacterium capable of reproducing folliculosis in normal rabbits will be described.
THE ANTIGENIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PROTEUS X-19 AND TYPHUS RICKETTSIA
Authors: Castaneda M. Ruiz 
Published: June 2004

A soluble specific substance was isolated from Mexican typhus Rickettsia which gave, with Proteus X-19 antiserum and typhus human serum, the same precipitation reactions as the polysaccharides extracted from B. proteus OX-19.
The soluble specific substance extracted from Rickettsia and Proteus OX-19 is likely to be of a polysaccharide nature owing to the strong Molisch reactions obtained with such extracts, the heat stability and the negative protein reactions (biuret). Since, however, it still contains 7 per cent nitrogen, this is not certain. In the antigenic composition of both Proteus X-19 and typhus Rickettsia there is a common soluble specific factor which is responsible for the Weil-Felix reaction.
PATHOLOGIC HISTOLOGY OF THE SHWARTZMAN PHENOMENON WITH INTERPRETATIVE COMMENTS
Authors: Karsner Howard T. , Moritz Alan Richards 
Published: June 2004

The histological study of the reaction to injection of the preparatory factor of the Shwartzman phenomenon shows it to be an exudative inflammation, but furnishes no conclusive evidence as to whether or not the inflammation is conditioned by previous sensitization to substances contained in the bacterial filtrate.
The histological study of the local reaction which follows the intravenous injection of reacting or provocative factor shows exudative inflammation which differs from that due to the preparatory factor principally in the increased general severity and marked damage to blood vessels. The increased severity of reaction which follows the intravenous injection is probably due to concentration of the injurious agent at the site of inflammation determined by the preparatory local injection.
The exudative phenomena caused by the preparatory local injection are edema and infiltration of polymorphonuclear leucocytes and large mononuclear cells. Vascular injury is morphologically demonstrable in only a few of the sections, notably those from periarticular structures. The intravenous injection determines an increase in cellular infiltration, necrosis of exudate, phagocytosis of cell debris, destruction of vascular walls and hemorrhage. Healing is due to granulation, organization and cicatrization.
THE RESPIRATION MECHANISM OF PNEUMOCOCCUS. III
Authors: Sevag M. G. , Maiweg Lore 
Published: June 2004

From an examination of Tables I to III, and Figs. 1 to 4 and the consideration of various observations, the following facts are evident.
A virulent pneumococcus on being transformed into its-avirulent form consumes many times more oxygen than the parent organism; but this gain of activity is a temporary property. After a time it degenerates into a form which consumes very much less oxygen than either the virulent or the recently derived avirulent form. In a comparative study of the metabolic functions, and oxidation products of various virulent and avirulent pneumococci, these phenomena should receive consideration.
The change that takes place in the structure of the enzyme responsible for carbohydrate biosynthesis during the shift from the virulent to the avirulent form may be associated with the changes in the enzyme structure already demonstrated in connection with these metabolic studies.
THE FATE OF BCG AND ASSOCIATED CHANGES IN THE ORGANS OF RABBITS
Authors: Lurie Max B. 
Published: June 2004

For some time after intravenous inoculation into rabbits the BCG multiplies in various organs of the body. As with more virulent tubercle bacilli, the greater the primary deposition of bacilli the more rapid is their initial growth and the earlier is the beginning of their destruction. Destruction sets in synchronously with the development of definite hypersensitivity to tuberculin. With the smallest deposition destruction begins at once in the lung and liver without preliminary multiplication. However multiplication always takes place in the lymph nodes. It continues here and in the spleen at a time when other organs have acquired sufficient immunity to reduce the number of bacilli considerably. It is seen that the relative susceptibility of the lymphatic tissue is not due to such factors as drainage. Thus the local immunity acquired by the lymph nodes against the BCG is for a time less effective than that developed in the other organs. However by the end of the 4th week, simultaneously with the development of marked hypersensitivity to tuberculin, even these structures acquire sufficient immunity to bring about the all but complete annihilation of the bacilli. Isolated microorganisms persist in the lymph nodes even 14 months after inoculation. These bacilli do not acquire any added virulence because of their long residence in the body.
As observed with more virulent strains in previous studies, the growth of the bacilli is associated with a local accumulation of mononuclears into nodules and their multiplication by mitosis, the destruction of the bacilli with the formation of epithelioid and giant cell tubercles. These changes may be extensive and at times involve a large part of the lung and lymph nodes. The secondary invasion of the tubercles by polymorphonuclears, their death, exudation of serum and cells into the alveoli of the lung, and caseation in the lymph nodes occur simultaneously and are synchronous with the development of hypersensitiveness to tuberculin. At this time the presence in the tissues of numbers of bacilli that previously were innocuous to the cells is associated with caseation. It is noteworthy that both caseation and the tuberculin reaction are not elicited in an early stage of the disease, but in a later stage they are induced in response to smaller quantities of bacilli or tuberculin.
All the tuberculous changes, including the caseous foci in the lymph nodes, usually resolve completely by the end of the 2nd month after inoculation without leaving any fibrous scars, although perivascular accumulations of mononuclears may still remain. The few bacilli that persist in the lymph nodes after this period cause no tuberculous changes.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE FIBRINOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Garner R. L. , Tillett William S. 
Published: June 2004

The active fibrinolytic principle present in cultures of hemolytic streptococci can be isolated in stable form, and partially purified by the following methods:
1. Precipitation of culture filtrate with 3 volumes of 95 per cent ethyl alcohol.
2. Adsorption upon polyaluminum hydroxide B of Willstätter (5) followed by elution with M/10 sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.3.
Concentration can be best accomplished by vacuum dialysis (4) of either culture filtrates or preparations obtained by adsorption and elution.
The streptococcal fibrinolysin is characterized by the following properties:
1. It may resist heating to 100°C. for 60 minutes; variations in thermal resistance are described.
2. Partially purified preparations give positive tests for protein. Activity is rapidly and completely destroyed by trypsin or papain.
3. The active principle is demonstrable in dissolved fibrin even after 18 hours incubation.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON THE FIBRINOLYTIC ACTIVITY OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Garner R. L. , Tillett William S. 
Published: June 2004

The fibrinolysin of hemolytic streptococci exerts no hydrolytic action upon casein, gelatin, or peptone.
The action on solid human fibrin is characterized by a small and gradual increase in the amino nitrogen content of the solution.
The specific and special enzymatic action of fibrinolysin is contrasted with trypsin and with streptococcal peptase (4).
Solutions of human fibrinogen, after brief incubation with fibrinolysin, lose the capacity to form fibrin. Solutions of rabbit fibrinogen, on the other hand, retain the property of transformation into fibrin, even after prolonged exposure to fibrinolysin.
Qualitative tests, with solutions resulting from the action of streptococcal fibrinolysin on human fibrin, indicate that the end-product may be protein and that the degradation of the molecule is not great.
THE FATE OF AVIRULENT HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI INJECTED INTO THE SKIN OF NORMAL AND SENSITIZED RABBITS
Authors: Angevine D. Murray 
Published: June 2004

1. A relatively avirulent strain of hemolytic streptococci injected into the skin of normal rabbits seldom diminished and usually increased in number during the first 5 hours after inoculation but after 12 hours save in exceptional instances the organisms diminished rapidly and disappeared.
2. Hemolytic streptococci injected into the skin of normal rabbits passed rapidly from the site of injection to the regional lymph nodes from which they were recovered in considerable number within 15 minutes. Passage of bacteria from the skin of the abdomen to the inguinal lymph node was greatest within 2 hours after injection and gradually decreased so that few organisms were recovered from the lymph nodes after 7 hours.
3. Hemolytic streptococci that reached the inguinal lymph node passed in small numbers to the distal or iliac lymph node, but this passage save in exceptional instances of progressive infection was limited to a period within 1 hour after inoculation.
4. Avirulent hemolytic streptococci injected into the skin of normal animals penetrated into the blood; they were seldom recovered from the circulating blood but were more frequently found in the spleen.
5. When hemolytic streptococci were injected into the skin of sensitized rabbits they multiplied at the site of injection during the first 5 hours after inoculation and at corresponding time intervals a larger number of organisms were recovered from the sensitized than from normal control animals. Streptococci diminished and disappeared earlier from the skin of control than from that of sensitized rabbits.
6. Hemolytic streptococci injected into the skin of the flank of sensitized rabbits reached the inguinal lymph node in much smaller numbers than in normal rabbits, and this passage from the site of injection to the lymph node save in an occasional instance of progressive local infection ceased after the 1st hour. No streptococci passed from the inguinal to the iliac lymph nodes of sensitized animals and none were found in the blood or internal organs.
7. Histological examination showed that the inflammatory reaction following the injection of hemolytic streptococci into rabbits sensitized to this organism began sooner than in the normal animal; edema was more extensive and both polymorphonuclear leucocytes and large mononuclear cells appeared sooner. The lesion of a sensitized animal was more sharply circumscribed and there was necrosis of tissue, seldom seen in the normal animals.
8. In sensitized animals local injury with necrosis favors the multiplication of relatively avirulent streptococci at the site of entry and explains their survival at a time when they have disappeared in the controls.
9. In association with greater local injury and a more intense inflammatory reaction in the sensitized animal as compared with the normal streptococci are fixed at their site of entry; they pass to adjacent lymph nodes in much smaller number and fail to reach the blood and internal organs.
THE MATERNAL TRANSMISSION OF VACCINIAL IMMUNITY IN SWINE
Authors: Nelson John B. 
Published: June 2004

The protective substances produced by vaccinia virus in swine are transmitted repeatedly to the young by way of the colostrum of the sow. In 2 instances suckling immunity was demonstrable in the young of 6 successive farrowings which numbered 37 and 57 individuals, respectively.
The immunity acquired by suckling began to decline during the 2nd month and was practically negligible by the end of the 3rd month. Vaccinia virus introduced cutaneously during the first few days of life in the passively protected pigs exerted little or no immunizing effect.
THE SURVIVAL OF VARIETIES OF TYPHUS VIRUS IN MOUSE PASSAGE, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE VIRUS OF BRILL'S DISEASE
Authors: Savoor Sadashivarao R. , Velasco Roberto 
Published: June 2004

The experiments above described have confirmed the observations of Laigret and Jadin that the European human typhus virus cannot be maintained for more than two generations in mice by brain-peritoneum passage; whereas the murine Mexican variety can be carried on by this method in mice through at least eleven passage generations. The fact that within eleven passages there is no attenuation of the murine virus renders it likely that this agent can continue in mice, in an inapparent form, without material modification.
Brill's disease virus from three different isolations has behaved like the European type, a fact which strengthens the opinion previously expressed from this laboratory that Brill's disease represents an imported European strain of the classical European infection.
PROPERTIES OF THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF A CHICKEN TUMOR
Authors: MacFadyen Douglas A. 
Published: June 2004

1. Aqueous extracts of Chicken Tumor I cause a disintegration of yeast nucleic acid.
2. Two enzyme activities, a polynucleotidase and a phosphatase, are demonstrated.
3. These activities are distinguished by different reactions to an environment of hydrogen, different optima of hydrogen ion concentration, and different rates of activity.
4. Adsorption with aluminum hydroxide Type C removes substances inhibiting the polynucleotidase activity.
5. There is a rough proportionality between the polynucleotidase activity and the tumor-inducing power of different fractions of extracts of Chicken Tumor I.
6. There is a rough proportionality between the inhibition of polynucleotidase activity and the inhibition of the tumor agent.
7. The polynucleotidase activity of Chicken Tumor I is as great as that of spleen, slightly less than that of kidney and liver, but much greater than that of muscle. There are also qualitative differences.
THE ACCUMULATION OF IRON IN TUBERCULOUS AREAS
Authors: Menkin Valy 
Published: June 2004

Repeated intravenous injections of dilute ferric chloride solution in tuberculous rabbits markedly retard the development of the disease as evidenced both by a prolongation in the survival time and by comparison of lesions in control and experimental animals.
Partial immunity induced by first infection combined with ferric chloride administration enhances in reinfected animals even more strikingly the favorable effects of the iron salt. Some of the experimental animals were still alive and apparently well about 6 months after the death of the last of the controls which succumbed about 4 months after reinfection with virulent tubercle bacilli.
Factors that may perhaps account for the favorable effect of ferric chloride in experimental tuberculosis have been discussed.
THE PARTICIPATION OF SKIN LYMPHATICS IN REPAIR OF THE LESIONS DUE TO INCISIONS AND BURNS
Authors: McMaster Philip D. , Hudack Stephen S. 
Published: June 2004

With the aid of solutions of vital dyes the lymphatic capillaries in the ear of the mouse have been studied during the period of immediate reaction to injuries of various sorts and during the period of repair.
The behavior of lymphatics severed by incision differs greatly from that of the small blood vessels. Instead of closing they sometimes remain open for as long as 48 hours. Materials introduced into the wound pass directly into the lymphatics through their gaping ends, a fact which will explain why infection from incisions is predominantly along the lymphatics.
All around an injury the lymphatics are rendered abnormally permeable. So, too, are the blood vessels, a fact well recognized in the past. Twenty-four to 48 hours later, at a time when the blood vessels in the edematous tissue surrounding the injured area are still much more permeable than normal, the draining lymphatics allow far less to escape than usual. The possible reasons for this have been discussed. The lymphatics participate in the removal of fluid from the edematous tissue.
As repair after injury takes place severed lymphatics may reunite when as yet there are no functioning blood vessels. Later an active hyperplasia of the lymphatic channels occurs, an extraordinarily abundant plexus of minute lymph capillaries budding into the area under repair.
STUDIES ON MOUSE LEUKEMIA
Authors: Victor Joseph , Potter James S. 
Published: June 2004

1. Two highly inbred strains of mice of different genetic constitution (Storrs-Little and C58) were used in a study of the influence of hosts on metabolism of cells of transmissible lymphatic leukemia.
The experiments were carried out with leukemic cells of transmission Line I as well as with Line M-liver. About 50 per cent of the Storrs-Little mice were killed by each line of cells at this time, while 100 per cent of the C58 mice were killed.
2. The normal lymphoid tissues of the two strains of mice were significantly the same in regard to rates of oxygen consumption and both aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis.
3. Leukemic cells of Line I, growing in hosts of Strain Storrs-Little, gave significantly lower rates of aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis than when growing in hosts of Strain C58. Oxygen consumption was significantly higher. Leukemic cells of Line M-liver, growing in hosts of Strain Storrs-Little, gave significantly lower rates of aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis than when growing in Strain C58. Oxygen consumption was not significantly different.
4. After one to three passages through hosts of Strain Storrs-Little, the cell lines were returned to hosts of Strain C58, with immediate return to significantly the same metabolic rates originally given by each line in hosts of Strain C58.
5. These results lead to the more general conclusions that: (a) The genetic constitution of the host modifies the metabolism of the cell line. (b) The same host constitution may modify the metabolism of different cell lines in different ways. (c) Host constitution does not appear to modify the inherent constitution of the leukemic cells, but acts as a determining environmental factor on their metabolism.
A THERMOPRECIPITATION REACTION IN TRYPANOSOMA EQUIPERDUM INFECTION IN LABORATORY ANIMALS
Authors: Poindexter Hildrus A. 
Published: June 2004

There is a thermoprecipitinogenic substance in extracts of the spleen of rats, guinea pigs and rabbits infected with T. equiperdum. It does not appear to be within the body of the trypanosome itself.
Antibodies to this heat-resistant precipitable substance were found in the serum of infected animals.
The antibody strength seems to be relatively less in the serum of rats than in the other animals but the power of extracts from the spleen of infected rats appeared to be equivalent to the power of similar extracts of the other animals.
The antibody titer of the serum of rabbits was greater than in the case of the other two species investigated. This was shown not only by the reaction with the extracts of spleens of the same species, but also by the reaction with extracts of the spleens of similarly infected animals of other species.
A STUDY ON THE MECHANISM OF INVASIVENESS OF STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Dennis Emery Westervelt , Berberian Dicran 
Published: June 2004

1. Menkin's observations of the failure of inflammatory fixation in areas of acute inflammation due to Streptococcus haemolyticus have been confirmed.
2. The lack of inflammatory fixation in the presence of streptococci is not due to the passive nature of the streptococcus, but may be attributed to the production of (1) fibrinolytic, and (2) antifibrinogenic substances which dissolve the fibrin barrier, or prevent its formation, thus maintaining the patency of the lymphatics and capillaries and facilitating the dissemination of the organisms.
3. The production of fibrinolytic or antifibrinogenic substances, and the invasiveness of a given strain of streptococcus are correlative.
4. Both substances are relatively thermostable. Fibrinolysin is destroyed if held at 100°C. for 1 hour. The antifibrinogenic substance is weakened but is not destroyed under the same conditions.
5. There is evidence that both substances are antigenic, and exhibit some degree of type specificity.
6. The role of fibrinolysin and the antifibrinogenic factor in the invasion of the tissues by streptococci is discussed.
CHEMICAL STUDIES ON BACTERIAL AGGLUTINATION
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Kabat Elvin A. 
Published: June 2004

1. A method, conforming to the criteria of quantitative analytical chemistry, is described for the estimation of the agglutinin content of antisera. Examples are given of the application of the method to various antipneumococcus sera.
2. This new, absolute method is discussed with regard to its relation to the commonly used relative methods.