bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using diversity indices to measure changes in prey choice at the Shag River Mouth site, southern New Zealand
Authors: Nagaoka Lisa 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAs in the rest of Polynesia, human colonization of New Zealand marked the beginning of tremendous change for the native flora and fauna resulting in significant habitat destruction and numerous extinctions. The loss of numerous native vertebrates, especially economically important taxa such as moas and seals, must have greatly affected the foraging economy of southern New Zealand. The effect that declining abundances of native fauna had on subsistence can be understood through the use of foraging theory models. The prey choice model, in particular, can be used to examine how foragers choose the resources they exploit. From this model we can predict changes in the diet that occur with the loss of important resources. In this paper, I explore the use of diversity indices as one means of measuring these dietary changes. Richness and evenness measures of the faunal data from the Shag River Mouth site are used to evaluate predictions made by the prey choice model about changing diet breadth and foraging efficiency. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
At the threshold between governance and management: community‐based natural resource management in Southern Africa
Authors: Fortmann Louise , Roe Emery , van Eeten Michel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this article, we use the threshold‐based management framework to analyse and make policy recommendations for community‐based natural resource management (CBNRM). We introduce the concept, present two examples from Southern Africa, and lay out the fundamentals of the threshold‐based resource management approach. We then analyse the two cases using the framework to assess whether it can provide solutions to CBNRM implementation problems or whether the conditions characterizing many CBNRM sites would preclude use of the approach.We suspect that John Cohen, in whose memory we are dedicating this article, would have been very pleased with our focus on management and governance, but would have greatly regretted the pretensions of high theory some may read into our framework. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Decentralization, local governance and ‘recentralization’ in Africa
Authors: Wunsch James S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAlthough Many African states have pursued substantial decentralization reforms in the previous twenty years, many of these reforms are still experiencing problems in bringing about effective local governance. Often these problems grow from the difficulty in translating general reform initiatives into specific working arrangements at the local level that are effective in several key processes and operations. Specifically these include planning and capital investment, budgeting and fiscal management, personnel systems and management, and finance and revenue. A combination of central reluctance to relinquish authority in these key areas and the complexity of organizational redesign to support decentralization seem to explain these problems. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The fetal cerebellar vermis: normal development as shown by transvaginal ultrasound
Authors: Malinger G. , Ginath S. , Lerman‐Sagie T. , Watemberg N. , Lev D. , Glezerman M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the normal appearance and development of the fetal cerebellar vermis using mid‐sagittal planes obtained by transvaginal sonography.Subjects and MethodsA total of 101 fetuses were evaluated by transvaginal sonography between 21 and 39 weeks of gestation. The mid‐sagittal antero‐posterior and cranio‐caudal vermian diameters, circumference and surface area were measured and calculated. Nomograms were produced.ResultsThe vermis was observed in 96% of the cases and all the measurements were performed in 92%. The vermis grows in a linear fashion throughout pregnancy. The growth pattern correlates well with gestational age, biparietal diameter, head circumference and transverse cerebellar diameter.ConclusionTransvaginal sonography is a valuable tool in the study of the fetal vermis during the second half of pregnancy. Knowledge of its normal appearance may help identify developmental anomalies and enable accurate prenatal counseling. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis: does it alter outcome?
Authors: Thomas D. F. M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe prenatal detection of urinary tract anomalies is changing paediatric practice but in many areas the impact on clinical outcome remains difficult to quantify. However it is already apparent that termination of pregnancy has reduced the numbers of infants with lethal pulmonary hypoplasia and renal dsyplasia who would previously have been liveborn but destined to succumb as neonates. Similarly, referrals of major non lethal abnormalities such as bladder exstrophy are declining as parents increasingly opt for termination. Fetuses at greatest risk of early onset postnatal renal failure can now be identified with considerable accuracy on prenatal ultrasound. Termination, prompted by quality of life considerations, could result in reduced numbers of infants and young children requiring end stage renal failure treatment in the first few years of life. Pre natal detection of anomalies such as PUJ obstruction and reflux undoubtedly provides an opportunity to avert functional deterioration and minimise urinary infection. But the proportion of children who genuinely benefit has proved difficult to assess. The prenatal detection of mild dilatation is of doubtful benefit in all but a minority of cases. Clinically significant underlying pathology is rare yet this common prenatal finding often generates disproportionate parental anxiety. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of Joubert syndrome: a case report
Authors: Aslan Halil , Ulker Volkan , Gulcan E. Mahir , Numanoglu Ceyhun , Gul Ahmet , Agar Mehmet , Ark H. Cemal 
Published: August 2002

AbstractJoubert syndrome is a rare, autosomal recessive condition, first described by Joubert in 1969. We present a case of Joubert syndrome from a consanguineous family in which, apart from the cerebellar vermis agenesis, ventriculomegaly, bilateral postaxial polydactyly of hands and right foot and micropenis, episodes of fetal breathing pattern with an increased respiratory rate were also demonstrated by prenatal ultrasound scan. At birth the infant showed an odd face and bilateral fleshy nodules of the tongue. He had an abnormal breathing pattern of alternating tachypnea and apnea. Cranial MRI showed molar tooth sign, hydrocephalus and Dandy–Walker malformation. He had nystagmus, and electroretinography showed retinal dystrophy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multicenter epidemiologic and health services research on therapeutics in the HMO Research Network Center for Education and Research on therapeutics
Authors: Platt Richard , Davis Robert , Finkelstein Jonathan , Go Alan S. , Gurwitz Jerry H. , Roblin Douglas , Soumerai Stephen , Ross‐Degnan Dennis , Andrade Susan , Goodman Michael J. , Martinson Brian , Raebel Marsha A. , Smith David , Ulcickas‐Yood Marianne , Chan K. Arnold 
Published: August 2002

AbstractResearch and education programs in therapeutics that combine the data, organizational capabilities, and expertise of several managed care organizations working in concert can serve an important role when a single organization is not large enough to address a question of interest, when diversity in populations or delivery systems is required, and when it is necessary to establish consistency of results in different settings. Nine members of the HMO Research Network, a consortium of health maintenance organizations (HMOs) that perform public domain research, have formed a Center for Education and Research on Therapeutics (CERT), sponsored by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, to conduct multicenter research in therapeutics. The CERT uses a distributed organizational model with shared leadership, in which data reside at the originating organization until they are needed to support a specific study. Extraction of data from the host computer systems, and some manipulation of data, is typically accomplished through computer programs that are developed centrally, then modified for use at each site. For complex studies, pooled analysis files are created by a coordinating center, and then analysed by investigators throughout the HMOs. It is also possible to contact HMO members when necessary. This multicenter environment has several benefits, addressing: (1) a wide array of questions about the safety and effectiveness of therapeutics, (2) the impact of efforts to change clinicians' and patients' behavior, and (3) pharmacoeconomic and pharmacogenetic questions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of incidence and prevalence of Parkinson's disease in the elderly using pharmacy records
Authors: van de Vijver D. A. M. C. , Roos R. A. C. , Jansen P. A. F. , Porsius A. J. , de Boer A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPurposeWe determined the prevalence and incidence of Parkinson's disease among persons aged 55 years and older in pharmacy records.MethodsData came from the PHARMO database which includes information on drug dispensing for all residents of six Dutch cities. We selected all persons aged 55 years and older who had used antiparkinsonian drugs, and calculated a chance for having Parkinson's disease with use of a previously validated logistic regression model. We used a cut‐off of 0.5 (sensitivity 62%, positive predictive value 92%). Prevalence was estimated on the first Wednesday of October 1997, incidence on the first Wednesday of October 1993 until 1997. A patient was incident, if the first prescription for an antiparkinsonian drug was dispensed at least 180 days after entry into PHARMO. Prevalence and incidence were standardized to the Netherlands population of 1 January 1998. The prevalence was adjusted for the sensitivity and positive predictive value of the model.ResultsThe unadjusted prevalence (per 100 000) for those aged 55–64 years was 111, 65–74 years 598, 75–84 years 1551 and for persons aged 85 years and older 1847. The adjusted and standardized prevalence was 970 per 100 000 (95% confidence interval 869 to 1071). The incidence (per 100 000 person years) for persons aged 55–64 years was 12, 65–74 years 108, 75–84 years 257 and for persons aged 85 years and older 247. The standardized incidence was 109 per 100 000 person years (96 to 121).ConclusionsPrevalence and incidence were in range with the literature. Pharmacy records therefore seem to be a useful tool for continuous monitoring of incidence and prevalence of Parkinson's disease. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Construction of the Korea Elderly Pharmacoepidemiologic Cohort: drug utilization review of cephalosporins in geriatric inpatients
Authors: Park Byung Joo , Cho Yong Kyun , Kim Sun Ah 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe performed a cohort‐based pharmacoepidemiologic study in order to evaluate the pattern of cephalosporin prescriptions in elderly inpatients in Korea. The Korea Elderly Pharmacoepidemiologic Cohort was composed of a geriatric population of beneficiaries of the Korea Medical Insurance Corporation residing in Busan in 1993. The cohort consisted of 23 649 members, comprising 15 221 women (64.4%) and 8428 men (35.6%). The study population for drug utilization review consisted of those cohort members who were admitted into hospitals during the period January 1993 through December 1994. The number of hospitalized patients was 4262, comprising 2631 women (61.7%) and 1681 men (38.3%). The trend of cephalosporin prescriptions over the 2‐year period showed that the use of second and third generation cephalosporins increased relative to the use of first generation. The use of cephalosporins combined with other antibiotics was found to occur in 22.8% aminoglycosides (76.7%) and quinolones (17.1%) being the most common antibiotics combined with cephalosporins. Our result demonstrates an increase in the prescription of second and third generation cephalosporins in Korea, which has implications not only for the elderly population but also for the total population because of the impact on health care costs and the potential for the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of proportional reporting ratios (PRRs) for signal generation from spontaneous adverse drug reaction reports
Authors: Evans S. J. W. , Waller P. C. , Davis S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundThe process of generating ‘signals’ of possible unrecognized hazards from spontaneous adverse drug reaction reporting data has been likened to looking for a needle in a haystack. However, statistical approaches to the data have been underutilised.MethodsUsing the UK Yellow Card database, we have developed and evaluated a statistical aid to signal generation called a Proportional Reporting Ratio (PRR). The proportion of all reactions to a drug which are for a particular medical condition of interest is compared to the same proportion for all drugs in the database, in a 2 × 2 table. We investigated a group of newly‐marketed drugs using as minimum criteria for a signal, 3 or more cases, PRR at least 2, chi‐squared of at least 4.FindingsThe database was used to examine retrospectively 15 drugs newly‐marketed in the UK, with the highest levels of ADR reporting. The method identified 481 signals meeting the minimum criteria during the period 1996–8. Further evaluation of these showed that 70% were known adverse reactions, 13% were events which were likely to be related to the underlying disease and 17% were signals requiring further evaluation.ImplicationsProportional reporting ratios are a valuable aid to signal generation from spontaneous reporting data which are easy to calculate and interpret, and various refinements are possible. © Crown copyright 2001. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationary Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of the COOH and COONa groups and crosslink density of poly(acrylic acid)/montmorillonite superabsorbent composite on water absorbency
Authors: Wu Jihuai , Lin Jianming , Li Guoqing , Wei Congrong 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA novel poly(acrylic acid)/montmorillonite superabsorbent composite with a water absorbency of 1100 times its own weight was synthesized by the graft copolymerization of acrylic acid with a cross‐linking agent in the presence of montmorillonite ultrafine powder. The influence of the amount of crosslinker and montmorillonite on water absorbency has been investigated. It was found that a crosslinker concentration of 0.03 wt% and 30 wt% montmorillonite gave the best results. The collaborative absorbent effect of sodium carboxylate and carboxylic acid groups was superior to that of sodium carboxylate or carboxylic acid groups alone, and the composite with a ratio of about 2/3 for sodium carboxylate to carboxyl acid groups possessed the highest water absorbence.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Crosslinked chitosan membranes: characterization and study of dimethylhydrazine dehydration by pervaporation
Authors: Sridhar S , Susheela G , Reddy G Jayasimha , Khan A A 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCrosslinked chitosan membranes were synthesized using glutaraldehyde and characterized by infra‐red (IR) and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) spectroscopic methods. The membranes were applied for the pervaporation‐based dehydration of the highly hazardous and hypergolic unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine liquid propellant. The characterization techniques were an efficient tool in identifying polymer–liquid interaction sites and the separation mechanisms involved. The crosslinked polymer was found to have good potential for the separation of the aqueous azeotrope of the propellant (20 wt%) and its enrichment to >90% purity. An equilibrium sorption study examined the preferential affinity of the membrane amongst the two penetrating liquids. The pervaporation performance of the membrane was evaluated by varying the experimental parameters of feed composition, membrane thickness and permeate pressure, and found to be promising.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis, characterization and thermal properties of phenylene–disiloxane polymers obtained from catalytic cross‐dehydrocoupling polymerization of bis(dimethylsilyl)benzene isomers and water
Authors: Kawakita Takahiko , Oh Hyun‐Shik , Moon Jeong‐Yeol , Liu Yang , Imae Ichiro , Kawakami Yusuke 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPhenylene–disiloxane polymers were prepared from 1,4‐bis(dimethylsilyl)benzene and 1,3‐bis(dimethylsilyl)benzene with water in various ratios by catalytic cross‐dehydrocoupling polymerization. Each isomer showed almost equal reactivity in the polymerization as verified by the analysis of the composition by
1H NMR. Crystallinity observed in the polymer obtained from the 1,4‐isomer was removed by incorporating a small amount of 1,3‐isomer.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of 1,1′‐dibenzyl‐4,4′‐bipyridyl dichloride (DBD) on charge‐conduction process and photovoltaic response of a polypyrrole (PPy) thin‐film device
Authors: Roy M S , Manmeeta  , Jaiswal Pratibha , Sharma G D 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe present communication deals with analysing the effect of 1,1′‐dibenzyl‐4,4′‐bipyridyl dichloride (DBD) substitution at the N‐position of 2,5‐polypyrrole (PPy), on electrical, impedance and photovoltaic properties. The thin‐film device was fabricated by sandwiching DBD‐substituted PPy between indium tin oxide (ITO) and aluminium (Al) electrodes. The formation of a Schottky barrier with Al and ohmic contact with ITO are explained in terms of p‐type semiconducting behaviour of DBD‐substituted PPy. In the low‐voltage region, Ohm's law is followed, while in the high‐voltage region, a space‐charge‐limited conduction (SCLC) controlled by the exponential‐trap distribution was observed. DBD substitution causes shifting of the Fermi level towards the valence‐band edge and an increase in charge‐carrier mobility. A remarkable change in dark electrical conductivity of the order of five has been observed in DBD‐substituted PPy. The electrical and impedance measurements of an ITO/PPy:DBD/Al device confirms the formation of a Schottky barrier at the DBD‐substituted PPy/Al interface. Additionally, it can be modelled by a simple equivalent circuit of two resistance–capacitance (RC) elements in series representing the bulk and a junction‐region. At low frequency, the device capacitance follows a pronounced voltage dependence. From a detailed analysis of the J–V and C–V characteristics, the ionized acceptor concentration (Na), width of depletion layer (W) and potential barrier height (ϕb) have been evaluated. We observed a significant enhancement in photocurrent on DBD substitution. The increase in photocurrent is explained by the efficient charge separation induced by the intermolecular transfer of photo‐excited electrons from PPy to DBD. The substitution also causes a reduction in the trapping centres in the material.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Structural and physicochemical characterization of hemicelluloses isolated by alkaline peroxide from barley straw
Authors: Sun RunCang , Sun X F , Liu G Q , Fowler P , Tomkinson J 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSeven hemicellulosic preparations were obtained from barley straw by extraction with 1.5% H2O2 at pH 12.0 for 14 h at 45 °C with extractant to straw ratios of 10:1, 13:1, 15:1, 18:1, 20:1, 25:1 and 30:1. The respective yields of dissolved hemicelluloses were 28.4 wt%, 28.8 wt%, 29.7 wt%, 30.1 wt%, 30.6 wt%, 30.8 wt% and 30.8 wt% or dry barley straw, corresponding to release of 78.7%, 79.8%, 82.3%, 83.4%, 84.8%, 85.3% and 85.3% of the original hemicelluloses. The polymers were mainly composed of xylose, arabinose, glucose, galactose and 4‐O‐methyl‐D‐glucuronic acid (59.3–62.6%, 19.7–22.0%, 8.8–12.5%, 5.6–6.9% and 5.8–6.7%, respectively) and had weight‐average molecular weights of between 38 470 and 41 050 g mol−1.13 CNMR spectroscopy confirmed the results obtained by chemical methods, and showed that the hemicellulosic fraction was mostly by L‐arabino‐(4‐O‐methyl‐D‐glucurono)‐D‐xylan. More importantly, it was found that lignin provides some protection for the hemicelluloses in barley straw against attack by hydrogen peroxide.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Solar home system battery and charge regulator testing
Authors: Díaz Pablo , Lorenzo Eduardo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLaboratory testing procedures for solar home system batteries and charge regulators are proposed, as a follow up to the Universal Technical Standard for Solar Home Systems, presented in 1998. Procedures, definition and selection of instrumentation have paid particular attention to simplicity, in order to facilitate their application not only in sophisticated laboratories of industrialised countries, but also in local environments and laboratories of developing countries. On the other hand, test results from a measurement programme performed on 8 different batteries and 20 different charge regulators are presented and discussed. Finally, a review for up‐dating the technical standard is presented, based on field and laboratory experience. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of multi‐porphyrin arrays and study of their self‐assembly behaviour at the air–water interface
Authors: Foekema Jantien , Schenning Albertus P. H. J. , Vriezema Dennis M. , Benneker Franciscus B. G. , Nørgaard Kasper , Kroon Johannes K. M. , Bjørnholm Thomas , Feiters Martinus C. , Rowan Alan E. , Nolte Roeland J. M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA series of multi‐porphyrin arrays were synthesized and the self‐assembly behaviour of these compounds at the air–water interface was investigated by the Langmuir–Blodgett technique. It was found that as the overall area of the porphyrin molecules was increased, upon going from a mono‐ to bis‐ to a tetra‐ and then to hexaporphyrin species, the intermolecular stacking between the molecules also increases, resulting in more stable monolayers. In the case of the hexaporphyrin species the intermolecular interactions are so strong that monolayer formation is irreversible. All porphyrin monolayers can be transferred to a glass surface with good transfer ratios, leading to highly ordered porphyrin films in which the chromophores are arranged orthogonal to the glass surface. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical‐surface modification of polymers using atmospheric pressure nonequilibrium plasmas and comparisons with vacuum plasmas
Authors: Shenton M. J. , Stevens G. C. , Wright N. P. , Duan X. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe demonstrate that stable microwave‐coupled atmospheric pressure nonequilibrium plasmas (APNEPs) can be formed under a wide variety of gas and flow‐rate conditions. Furthermore, these plasmas can be effectively used to remove surface contamination and chemically modify polymer surfaces. These chemical changes, generally oxidation and crosslinking, enhance the surface properties of the materials such as surface energy. Comparisons between vacuum plasma and atmospheric plasma treatment strongly indicate that much of the vacuum‐plasma literature is pertinent to APNEP, thereby providing assistance with understanding the nature of APNEP‐induced reactions. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 95–109, 2002