bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Questions of Equity
Authors: Kessler-Harris Alice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the spring of 2000, the Republican congressional leadership proposed, and Congress unanimously passed, a revision of the nation’s Social Security code that lifted restrictions on earnings for people under the age of seventy. The new law allowed every contributor over the age of sixty-five to receive a full old age pension regardless of whether he or she continued to earn wages. Exuberant praise and congratulatory public comments greeted this expansion of benefits in one of the country’s most beloved social programs. This, said the New York Times, “is one of those exceptional government initiatives that hardly anyone faults publicly,” and it quoted a reigning lobbyist to the effect that it was “good labor policy, good social policy and good economic policy.”1 The twenty-two-billion-dollar price tag, commentators noted with satisfaction, would be recouped after barely a decade—offset by a technical change that rescinded higher benefits to those between sixtyfive and seventy who remained in the workforce. This bill was not about money; it was about a new consensus, forged during a time of labor shortages, to encourage the elderly to stay at work longer. Yet it cogently invoked a concept of fairness that no one involved in the original Social Security Act would have recognized.
What’s Fair?
Authors: Kessler-Harris Alice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
American political mythology boasts a fairly well known story about the inclusion of sex as a protected category in the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Title VII of that act forbids discrimination in employment on the grounds of race, creed, color, or national origin as well as sex. It is the only provision of the original act to incorporate the word sex. Popular lore holds that sex was added to this title of the bill as something of a joke.1 And in fact there is significant evidence that Howard Smith, chair of the powerful House Rules Committee, a Virginia Democrat, and an ardent segregationist, believed that adding sex would discourage some members of the Congress from voting for civil rights for African Americans. Smith “really wanted to kill the civil rights bill,” recalled Assistant Secretary of Labor Esther Peterson.2 Adding sex would focus attention on what he believed was a ridiculous effort to alter long-standing habits of mind with regard to racial beliefs.
Laying the Foundation for Federal Family Planning Policy the Eisenhower-Kennedy Years
Authors: Critchlow Donald T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the immediate aftermath of the Second world War, a global war from which the United States emerged as the predommant world power, most Americans felt a heady confidence m their future as a nation. There were those, however, who remamed less sangume about the future. A new enemy threatened humanity: rampant population growth. The fundamental cause of war, these people held, lay in a Malthusian paradox: as civilization advances, population grows at a geometric rate and eventually outdistances food supplies and natural resources. The consequence is famine, war, and death. While the exact population of the world remained unknown in 1945 (demography itself was a much less exact science at the time), it was apparent that many nations, especially in Asia and Africa, suffered from a population cnsis. The Second World war proved all too clearly the consequences of what happens when nations experience food and natural resource shortages and the lack of livmg space to support the1r populations. That there was a circularity to this reasonmg-the last war proved that there was a population crisis, and a population cnsis led to world conflict-did little to dissuade these neo-Malthusians from predicting an impending population explosion that would inevitably create the conditions for global political, social, and economic instability. To make the world safe for American democracy, global population needed to be controlled. American know-how and technology were needed to avert another war.
Implementing the Policy Revolution Under Johnson and Nixon
Authors: Critchlow Donald T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Johnson administration made family planning integral to the Great Society’s War on Poverty. The election of Richard Nixon to the presidency in 1968 cast doubt on the prospects of federally supported family plannmg services under a Republican admm1stration. But Nixon proved to be even more enthusiastic about family plannmg, believmg that it offered a long-term solution to the perceived welfare problem, rismg social e&gt;.l)enditures, and the higher incidence of out-of-wedlock births.
The Backlash Roman Catholics, Contraceptives, Abortion, and Sterilization
Authors: Critchlow Donald T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1968, the year Richard M. Nixon won the presidency, opposition to federal family planning came mostly from those groups sympathetic to the Great Society. Tll!S is to say that the Roman Catholic Church hierarchy supported Johnson’s War on Poverty, and for this reason it remamed hesitant to condemn outright federal support of family plannmg programs. Thus, the bishops took a position that insisted that federal family programs should be “noncoercive” by informing clients about various contraceptive methods, including the rhythm method. Similarly, the African-American community, particularly nationalists and Black Muslims, accused federal family planning programs of being “genocidal” but generally accepted, albeit critically, federal social programs. Finally, a growing number of feminists, while demanding the right of women to control their bodies through contraception and abortion, criticized federal family pro-grams as population control programs that targeted poor women and mmorities without attacking the underlying social causes of poverty.
Contesting the Policy Terrain After Roe: From Reagan to Clinton
Authors: Critchlow Donald T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“‘f7ollowmg the Bucharest conference, Rockefeller returned to the £ United States with a new vision regarding the meaning of family planning policy. In pursumg this new outlook, he sought to broaden the meanmg of population control to include econom1c development and bettermg the condition of women m developmg and developed nations of the world. Under Rockefeller, the Population Council underwent dramatic changes in personnel and set a new agenda in international family planning. This involved withdra,. wing from active involvement in family planning policy within the United States.
Sustaining and Serving the Community: Building Institutions for Social and Spiritual Welfare
Authors: Horton James Oliver , Horton Lois E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the French traveler Alexis de Tocqueville toured the United States in the 1830s, he reported on those things he believed distinguished Americans from the French and from other Europeans. American society, he observed, was characterized by a multiplicity of associations formed for myriad purposes by people of every station. “Wherever at the head of some new undertaking you see the government in France, or a man of rank in England, in the United States you will be sure to find an association.” Tocqueville was describing white American citizens primarily, but his remarks captured the mood and strategy of African Americans emerging from bondage every bit as accurately. Throughout the late-eighteenth and into the nineteenth centuries black Americans joined together to address their common problems. Associations varied in their specific purposes, but each was aimed at promoting the welfare and survival of its members and the civil rights and freedom of African Americans generally.
The Growth of the Antebellum Antislavery Movement
Authors: Horton James Oliver , Horton Lois E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
African Americans had witnessed many ominous developments during the 1820s, including congressional compromises with slavery’s power that brought the admission of Missouri to the Union as a slave state, the racial limits to Jacksonian democracy, and the violent attacks on Cincinnati’s black community that forced many to flee the city and led some to seek safety in Canada. As slavery expanded and the importance of slave products increased, slaveholders seemed surer of their political power. When the Supreme Court ruled in 1823 that South Carolina’s Negro Seaman’s Law was unconstitutional, the state refused to accept the contention that, as one South Carolinian paraphrased it, “South Carolina possesses no right to enact laws, guarding against the corruption and con sequent insubordination of her slaves.” Such state laws created special hazards for free black sailors, as throughout the Deep South they were either confined to their ships or incarcerated for the duration of their stay in port.
Introduction
Authors: Carson Anne , Shaw Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The long siege of Troy, a city on the coast of Asia Minor, is one of the major events in the world of Greek myth. The first surviving work of Greek literature, the Iliad of Homer, is largely concerned with it. The Iliad itself is about an event in the ninth year of that siege, a quarrel in the Greek camp between Agamemnon, the leader of the Greek rulers, and Achilles, their best warrior, that leads to Achilles’ withdrawal. This in tum leads to a series of events that end with the death of the Trojans’ best warrior, Hector. But in the course of that story, Homer tells us much of the earlier history of the war and reveals that after Hector’s death Troy’s fall will inevitably follow.
The Murder of the Institutionalized Patients
Authors: Barnett Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Nazi Germany, a selection process took place on both sides of the barbed wire. In the concentration camps, prisoners were graded like livestock. Those who were healthy and strong were put to work. All who were ill, too old, too young, weak, and not useful were “disposed of,” “eliminated,” “erased.” In Nazi Germany, there were many euphemisms for murder.
The War
Authors: Barnett Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
War Has Been Used to extenuate any number of moral lapses, and not just for soldiers. War’s hardships drive individuals into private retreat, where they become less concerned with the moral relevance of their lives than with simple survival. Their governments expect them to sacrifice. Food, fuel, and clothing may be rationed; civil liberties may be restricted or abolished. In the larger interests of the nation at war, territory previously private is claimed, and those who protest are spurned as traitors.
Volksschullehrerinnen: Bavarian Women Defining Themselves Through Their Profession
Authors: Schneider Joanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
only proper profession for a woman is at all times that of wife and mother. She should bear children and educate them (within the confines of the house). For her family she should given freely of herself from the heart of her feeling and loving soul. She should nurture and cultivate decorum, morality, fear of God and joy of life.
Engineers in Wilhelmian Germany:. Professionalization, Deprofessionalization, and the Development of Nonacademic Technical Education
Authors: Gispen Kees 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
American engineers, in the words of Robert Perrucci and Joel Gerstl,are a “profession without community.” This apt phrase applies to German engineers as well. Like their American counterparts, German engineers have always lacked the corporate solidarity one typically associates with the professions. In both the United States and Germany, moreover, changes and diversity in engineering education have been major influences in preventing the emergence of a professional community.
Femininity as a Vocation: Gender and Class Conflict in the Professionalization of German Social Work
Authors: Hong Young Sun 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1899, for the first time ever, the “Girls’ and Women’s Groups for Social Work” in Berlin offered a twelve-month course for women interested in making a career of social work. Although at the end of the nineteenth century the idea of giving middle-class women formal education in social work was still very new, social work training by 1914 had been institutionalized in the form of female social work professional schools (soziale Frauenschulen) in several big cities because of the support of bourgeois feminists and charity reformers.
The Pursuit of the Common Good
Authors: Smith Jeffery A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Life In Eighteenth-Century America Was Radically Reordered By new wealth and by a new, more participatory kind of politics. By the eve of the Revolution, white colonists had what was evidently the highest average income in the world and a rising gross economic output that was already approximately 40 percent of Britain ‘s. 1 The gains were not evenly distributed, however. Gaps between the social classes were widening, particularly in northern cities where mansions were being built for the rich while almshouses and workhouses were being constructed for a growing population of the poor. In the early 1770s, the top 5 percent of taxpayers in Boston and Philadelphia held about half of the taxable assets in their communities.
Making the Republican Citizen
Authors: Smith Jeffery A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During The Revolutionary Era, Americans Were Self-consciously moving toward a national political system they called a republic. The federal Constitution, moreover, guaranteed each state a “Republican form of government.” The term “republic” could be defined negatively as a government without monarchical rule, and positively as a political system in which voters would, as Madison expressed it, select wise representatives to “refine and enlarge the public views” with a voice which may be “more consonant to the public good, than if pronounced by the people themselves convened for the purpose.” 1 The “first object” of such a government, Madison said in the Federalist, should be “the protection of different and unequal faculties of acquiring property.”
Conclusion: Finding the Future
Authors: Smith Jeffery A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Benjamin Franklin Bache Died A Month After Reaching Twenty nine years of age. His archrival in the journalistic debate over the future of the United States, John Fenno, succumbed to yellow fever four days later. Fenno had served Hamilton and the Federalist program for national stability and prosperity. Bache, like his grandfather, was among those Enlightenment egalitarians who promoted the idea of a magnanimous moral core for the American republic which associated virtue with utility and reason with a passion for justice.
Compositional Mapping of the Microstructure of Materials
Authors: Newbury D E , Marinenko R B , Myklebust, R L , Bright D S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent developments in electron probe microanalysis and secondary ion mass spectrometry techniques enable the analyst to prepare compositional maps of the microstructure of materials. The technique of compositional mapping involves performing a complete quantitative analysis at each beam location in the imaged field of view on the specimen. A digital image processor is used to view the resultant compositional maps in the form of images in which the gray or color scale is related directly to the concentrations of the elemental constituents that are present in the specimen. The images directly convey the sense of the spatial distribution and compositional interrelationships of the elemental constituents in the microstructure. The images are supported at every picture element by numerical values of the concentrations, as well as data on the statistical precision of the measurement. The combination of images and conventional numerical concentration data provides a powerful tool for microstructural analysis.
Processing Images and Selecting Regions of Interest
Authors: Bright D S , Newbury D E , Marinenko, R B , Steel, E B , Myklebust R L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past decade, the development of laboratory computers has made possible the application of digital imaging techniques to a wide variety of photon, electron, and ion microscopes. Characterization of the microstructure of materials by these microscopy techniques can provide information on morphology, crystal structure, and elemental or molecular chemistry on a spatial scale ranging from micrometers to nanometers. Traditionally, image information from these microscopes was recorded exclusively by analog means such as film. The added dimension of digital imaging, where the image is recorded directly as digitized arrays of signals derived from detectors or is digitized from previously recorded analog images, gives the microscopist/analyst access to a powerful and wide-ranging suite of tools for the acquisition, enhancement, and interpretation of information derived from the microscope. Many of these tools were impractical or impossible in the realm of analog image manipulation. A second burst of development in the digital imaging field is now taking place with the advent of “computer-aided microscopy.” Computer-aided microscopy augments conventional digital imaging techniques with algorithms adapted from various fields of computer science. The aim of this approach is to develop tools that can function automatically to carry out image-analysis tasks that are too complex or time consuming to permit conventional interpretation by direct viewing of the image on a screen.
Image Analysis of the Microstructure of Materials
Authors: Russ J C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Image analysis is broadly defined as extracting a few (useful) numerical values from an image. The source of the image in the applications of interest here is generally a microscope of some kind discussed already in this book (light, electron, acoustic, etc.), but even unconventional images (e.g., electron diffraction patterns, as in Chapter 6) can be used. Images of this sort contain a great amount of information. One measure of this is the fact that they typically require from 50 kilobytes to several megabytes of computer storage to hold the brightness values of each pixel (picture element). Extracting the desired information from this mass is not easy. Even as sophisticated and powerful a computer as the human visual system cannot always accomplish it without aid. The computers used in most image-analysis systems are far less powerful, but with appropriate programming, and some guidance by a human who is knowledgeable about the material and how the image was obtained, they can often be used to obtain the desired result.
Double Agency as a Test Case
Authors: Hunsinger George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The deferred question may now be taken up of Barth’s possible rejoinder to the charge of incoherence in his presentation of divine sovereignty and human freedom. What could Barth possibly say that might rescue his conceptuality from logical collapse? How can he avoid the consequences of disrelation, and therefore finally of dualism, that seem to be so obviously entailed by his conception of the divine otherness? Moreover, how can he avoid the consequences of determinism, and therefore finally of monism, that seem to be so obviously entailed by his conception of the divine omnipotence? Don’t the conceptions of otherness and omnipotence entailed by his notion of asymmetry render impossible the intimacy and integrity he posits in his account of fellowship as the goal of vocation? Conversely, don’t the notions of intimacy and integrity require him to abandon his notion of asymmetry, if the viability of fellowship as he conceives it is to be sustained? Three points above all are to be developed in reply to such questions.
Conclusion: Christ the Center
Authors: Hunsinger George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Realism and rationalism have emerged from this study as the foundational motifs of Barth’s theology. As the motifs which govern truth as correspondence and truth as coherence, they provide faith with various methods by which to derive, test, and explicate its basic doctrinal beliefs. Realism provides a method of reading scripture which allows for analogical reference, both intratextually and extratextually.
Lesser Syria’s Dominance, 1974-1988
Authors: Pipes Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While all Arabic-speaking residents of Greater Syria have been affected by the division of Greater Syria and had some role in the Pan-Syrian quest, Lesser Syrians have almost always been at the center of this effort. Alexandretta was claimed by Syria only; Sunnis in Lebanon wanted to reintegrate with Syria; the SSNP focused on Lebanese union with Syria; Palestinian Arabs looked primarily to the north; ‘Abdallah hoped to sit on a throne in Damascus; Iraqi leaders dreamed of a Fertile Crescent union with Lesser Syria; and so forth. Lesser Syria’s centrality results from many factors.
Changes In Lesser Syria
Authors: Pipes Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In part, he did so because of changes on the ground. On the one hand, Asad came to power in 1970 and imposed, for the first time since independence in 1946, a strong, durable, and stable government on Syria. This then reopened the way to pursue the long-dormant goal of a united Syria. On the other hand, neighboring states turned inward. Lebanon experienced a complete breakdown of order; Egypt signed a peace treaty with Israel and dropped out of the inter-Arab arena; Iraq became wholly consumed by war with Iran; and the oilexporting countries lost power as their revenues declined. Internal conflicts plagued the PLO. As Asad’s rivals became preoccupied with other matters, the field opened to Syrian aggrandizement.
Numerical Methods of Transonic Flow Computation
Authors: Ramm Heinrich J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
However much value analytical methods like the local linearization may have for the solution of certain transonic flow problems (see Sec. 5.1.1), their limitations become obvious when it is realized that they cannot describe the flow through a shock wave where the velocity is discontinuous and the acceleration is singular. This is because the requirements of such linearizations, namely, that either velocity or acceleration be constant, are at variance with these shock characteristics.
Transonic Wind Tunnel Testing
Authors: Ramm Heinrich J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the preceding chapters it has become obvious that a purely theoretical treatment of most transonic problems is not possible, at least today. For a reasonable assurance of the accuracy of the theoretical results, comparisons with test data are still a necessity. Data for this purpose may be obtained from free-flight tests or from wind tunnel tests. Both kinds of tests have their limitations.
Free-flight tests may be quite accurate; however, their cost precludes the taking of large series of data. On the other hand, wind tunnel data may be obtained in large numbers at a reasonably low cost. However, they have two major sources of errors. First, it is impossible to create a transonic flow field matching exactly that of a free-flying object.