bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lost Opportunities
Authors: Sherman Joe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spring Hill deserved to be commended for trying to assert its will concerning the future high school and for celebrating 150 years of small-town history instead of simply giving in to the forces of bigness and growth buffeting it like a leaf in a storm. It helped that many of Spring Hill’s citizens were deeply rooted there, and that relative newcomers like Jones and Derryberry had taken the village to heart. Collectively, the townspeople seemed to want Spring Hill to have its own future, its own high school. They were proud of its history. The mayor and the aldermen had also committed the village to planning the future to some extent with zoning, subdivision regulations, and a sign ordinance to stem visual blight.
Changing of the Guard
Authors: Sherman Joe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That December I saw George Jones on several occasions. The mayor didn’t look good: drawn around the eyes, heavier around the middle, tired. Discount Builders Supply in Columbia had folded and he had taken on a sizable contracting job, overseeing the construction of a fifty-thousand-square-foot textile factory on the outskirts of the city for a local developer named Eugene Heller. That was in addition to the thirty to forty hours a week he was still putting in as mayor.
The Chairman
Authors: Sherman Joe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In late July 1991 I went to Detroit for a week. I had not spent much time there since my undergraduate days at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, forty miles farther west. Detroit had been on the road to ruin even then, but now, over twenty years later, it had no rival in America for the quality of those ruins. Square block after square block of ragged brick, sagging metal, tilting towers whose wondrous shapes would make an imaginative child smile and a retired autoworker cry were scattered here and there. Detroit was worse than it had been, yet also beautiful, or so it seemed to me, in an odd way. Its downtown, in particular, retained a certain grace. It was a forgotten, somewhat forlorn, but undeniably marvelous architectural monument to the decades that had opened the American Century, decades during which Detroit had been a power hub, its automotive factories belching smoke, its jobs luring immigrants, its swagger and industry epitomizing that high-octane blend of the utilitarian and the sublime that had washed over the roots of the American Century like a magic elixir. An elixir that had totally dried up during the century’s fourth quarter, leaving downtown Detroit to rot.
The Engineer
Authors: Sherman Joe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wearing a dark suit and looking at a low-slung red race car on display in the lobby of the design studio at the GM Tech Center in Warren, Michigan, Jay J. Wetzel, II, Saturn’s vice president of engineering, the guy who had first been stopped for speeding in a Saturn prototype in 1985, heard the security guard call his name and turned. Wetzel strolled in my direction, briefcase swinging from his hands, a grin flickering at the corners of his lips.
Prototypes
Authors: Sherman Joe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After lunch I followed Beth Miakinin’s bright red Pontiac Sunbird south a few miles to the Saturn Engineering and Preproduction Build Center in Madison Heights. After checking through security, which was tight because prototypes were pieced together here and new body styles given three dimensions in a business exceptionally paranoid about spies, Miakinin led me inside. She introduced me to Rick Youngblood, thirty-nine, a personality “A’’-type engineer wearing a striped shirt and glasses with little plastic protective skirts attached to the bows, and to Maurice Bobo, forty-two, a relaxed fellow with a beard who had worked with Jay Wetzel at Pontiac. Youngblood was the manufacturing team leader at the build center, and Bobo was team leader for product development. With their counterparts from the UAW, who were not in today, they managed the facility.
Feeling Cheated by Change
Authors: Sherman Joe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The next day was mild. The air smelled crisp and clean, the sky was light blue. Driving along Cleburne Road to the west of Saturn, on the mowed field to the other side of the road I saw round hay bales. They were on property once part of the Doctor Black Place. The Black family’s gravestones had been tossed around by the tornado of 1963. I recalled with a sudden awareness of time, which startled me, how I had stood up there four years ago, by the wind-scourged gravestone of Jane Black (“Then rise unchanged and be an angel still,” the faded inscription read), and looked across at yellow trucks, churning bulldozers, dusty drilling rigs. Now I saw a mile-long sprawl of building, a hundred acres under roof, a company believing it would survive the turmoil besetting its parent organization.
Learnability of Phrase Structure Grammars*
Authors: Fodor Janet Dean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gazdar, Klein, Pullum, and Sag (1985) made it very clear in the introductory chapter of their book on Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar that what they were about to present was a linguistic theory, not a psychological theory of language use or language learning. They were prepared to acknowledge that some relationship between the two might be forged: “since a given linguistic theory will make specific claims about the nature of languages, it may well in turn suggest specific kinds of psycholinguistic hypotheses.” But their estimate of actual progress to date in identifying and testing such hypotheses was quite glum.
Implementing Government Binding Theories
Authors: Stabler Edward P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Knowledge of Language Chomsky describes two major developments in the tradition of Government and Binding theories. The first is an emphasis on human knowledge of language, that is, on grammars and the structures they define, rather than on the set of grammatical sentences defined by the grammars. This emphasis brings the acquisition problem to a central position, since our hypotheses about human knowledge of language must be such as to allow for the acquisition of this knowledge.
Semantics, Knowledge, and NP Modification
Authors: Crain Stephen , Hamburger Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The goal of semantic theory is to provide a systematic account of the meanings of the well-formed expressions of natural language. This paper outlines a semantic theory of the workings of modifiers in English noun phrases. Our initial orientation is to pursue as far as possible a compositional, model-theoretic semantics that is independent of knowledge and psychological processing. However, we find phenomena that suggest modifications to compositionality and model theory and that require some clarification of the interaction of semantics with both knowledge and processing.
On the Development of Biologically Real Models of Human Linguistic Capacity
Authors: Kean Mary-Louise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A formal linguistic theory which accurately characterizes the average human being’s capacity to acquire and maintain knowledge of the language of his/her speech community is of necessity a biological theory, a theory of the functional structure of components of the human brain. Linguistic theories which attempt to characterize human linguistic capacity are, in this respect, no different from theories which attempt to characterize visual cognition. On this view, a formal linguistic theory must be both psychologically and biologically real. An elegant theory of language structure which comports neither with the exigencies of structural processing as carried out on-line by people nor the computational structure of human brain mechanisms may be of interest and importance for a host of reasons, but it is not a theory of human linguistic capacity.
Orthostatic Intolerance
Authors: Rowell Loring B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A goal of the previous chapters was to explain how neural and humoral mechanisms of vascular and cardiac control keep blood pressure from falling during orthostasis. The goal of this chapter is to amplify the discussion of essential adjustments to orthostasis by showing what happens when a particular part of the control system is either lost or malfunctioning. The cartoons in Figure 4-1 summarize both initial and long-term adjustments to orthostasis; they emphasize a time-dependent progression of centrifugal shifts in blood volume accompanied by falling central venous and arterial pressures. Despite the progressive neurally and humorally mediated corrections, they culminate in a failure of regulation called syncope. Normally, this sequence of adjustments occurs over many minutes during passive head-up tilt when muscles are relaxed. It takes longer during quiet standing because the tonically contracted postural muscles press against dependent veins, lessening their transmural pressure and, consequently, the volume they contain (Figure 1-14). In contrast, syncope may occur within seconds after patients with autonomic dysfunction stand up. Regardless of what the precipitating causes of syncope might have been, loss of consciousness due to inadequate cerebral perfusion is the end point.
American Victory, American Defeat
Authors: Mcpherson James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
EFFORTS TO EXPLAIN the causes of Confederate defeat in the Civil War have generated a great deal of controversy over the past century and a quarter. The debate began with the publication in 1866 of The Lost Cause by Richmond journalist Edward Pollard, who blamed Jefferson Davis. Numerous books and articles since then have addressed the issue explicitly in their titles, as did the anthology of essays first presented as lectures at Gettysburg College in 1958, Why the North Won the Civil War, and the volume published in 1986 co-authored by four historians, Why the South Lost the Civil War. Many other books suggest by their tides an answer to the question of why the Confederacy lost, including Frank Owsley’s State Rights in the Confederacy, Paul Escort’s After Secession: Jefferson Davis and the Failure of Southern Nationalism, and Grady McWhiney’s and Perry D. Jamieson's Attack and Die: Civil War Military Tactics and the Southern Heritage. Rare is the civil War historian who does not have something to say on this subject, at least implicity. Judging from the questions provoked by the essays in the present volume when they were delivered as lectures at Gettysburg College's annual Civil War Institute in June 1991, the subject remains as vital as ever.
Military Means, Political Ends: Strategy
Authors: Jones Archer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ANY ESTIMATE OF the role of strategy in the outcome of the Civil War would necessarily involve giving strategy a broad definition, one going beyond strictly military concerns to include such important and interrelated topics as diplomacy, economic mobilization, and finance. But to do this would make strategy too broad to provide a focused perspective on the war, one which would clearly illuminate the contribution of military strategy to victory and defeat. Nevertheless, military strategy has such a close relation to the war’s political objectives and concerns that any intelligible treatment must show its links to politics. Further, it is convenient to distinguish between military and political strategy by defining the former as military action designed to deplete the hostile military force and the latter as military action intended to produce a political result directly. Yet military and political strategy rarely have such clear-cut boundaries because most military actions have political effects. Thus northern and southern strategists had to consider the political effect of their military actions on not only the enemy but on the attitudes of foreign powers and the opinions of their own people, including the citizen soldiers. The attitude of the public had great importance in this War, the first large-scale, prolonged conflict between democratically organized countries in the age of mass circulation newspapers and widespread literacy.
Modern Community Psychiatry
Authors: Breakey William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Community psychiatry has evolved over half a century. Its central premises have changed, and its emphasis has shifted with changes in philosophy, perspective, and public policy. In the 1950s and 1960s the term community psychiatry was used to define a theory-driven approach that focused on the social psychology of groups and social networks, the function of these relationships in promoting health, and the collective rather than individualistic aspects of human experience. This view emphasized the place of the person in the community and the influence of the social environment on the development of the individual and his or her capacity to adapt and be healthy. From these ideas came the concepts of mental hygiene and preventive psychiatry, based on the public health premise that disorders can be prevented or chronicity avoided by creating a healthy environment and providing the correct early interventions. The target for intervention was the community, and community psychiatry sought to understand the role of the community itself in promoting and enhancing mental health. Consultation and education became central functions for the community psychiatrist who adopted this perspective, with the goal that the community and its members should act in more healthful ways, benefitting individuals and the community as a whole.
The Art and Science of Strategy
Authors: McMillan John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Man A Aersare continually making strategic decisions. As a manager, you think strategically whenever there are interactions between your decision and other people’s decisions: when, in order to decide what you should do, you must reason through how they are going to act or react. What are their aims? What options are open to them? In the light of your answers to these questions, what is the best way for you to act? Game theory provides a tool for thinking about how deals are shaped: a systematic way of thinking about questions of strategy. This book uses ideas from game theory to investigate decision-making in business organizations.
Playing Games as Games
Authors: McMillan John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Games In The technical sense of situations involving interdependent decisions can also be games in the everyday sense of the word. In this chapter we will see some games that work both as brainteasers and as introductions to some of the main ideas of game theory. The most effective way to learn game theory is to do it: for this reason, you should try to reason each of these games through before reading the solution that follows.
Organizing a Network of Subcontractors
Authors: McMillan John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In This Chapter we look at how firms set incentives for their subcontractors. This will serve to illustrate and summarize ideas of bargaining, contracting, and bidding from all of the previous chapters. Japanese industry is characterized by close and extensive links between manufacturers and their parts suppliers. According to the Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI), ‘‘Japanese manufacturing industry owes its competitive advantage and strength to its subcontracting structure.” A U.S. automobile executive estimates that about a quarter of the cost advantage of Japanese firms is due to the superior efficiency of their supplier networks.
The Social Bases of Industrial Innovation and Product Development
Authors: Maurice Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
International Comparisons and Societal Analysis The 1980s were characterized by a series of technological, economic, and social changes that called into question the Fordist Taylorian model of the firm and the mode of its relationship to the market, as well as how products themselves are designed and manufactured. As a result, it has become possible to put forward the notion that there has been a change in the paradigm of the firm, as well as a concomitant change in the technological paradigm.
Product Development Capability as a Strategic Weapon: Canon’s Experience in the Photolithographic Alignment Equipment Industry
Authors: Henderson Rebecca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of the semiconductor photolithographic alignment equipment industry is a history of failure. Established firms have been unable to master “architectural” innovation: innovation that changes the architecture of a product, or the relationship between its components, while leaving the bulk of component technology untouched (Henderson 1988; Henderson and Clark, 1990). Only one firm in the industry’s history has successfully introduced equipment in more than one generation of the technology: Canon, the Japanese multinational. The focus of this chapter is on Canon’s anomalous experience. As the ability to respond effectively to the introduction of architectural innovation becomes increasingly critical, the development of a richer understanding of the roots of Canon’s success has the potential to give us insight into a wide range of critical problems in the management of product development.
Introduction
Authors: Lystra Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If Each Age nourishes its private rites and rituals, no era more carefully sequestered the rites of male-female intimacy than the Victorian. In a time before scientific polls and surveys, a formidable barrier of silence surrounded the intimate relationships between middle-class men and women. In Victorian America, as in our own time, levels of intimacy were fixed by rules. Lovers shared certain experiences only with each other; witnesses would have contaminated their association, changing the confines of conversation and behavior. Total privacy was the foundation of romantic expression, and romantic relationships were guarded by a deliberate wall of secrecy.
Resource Partitioning and Foundings of Banking Cooperatives In Italy
Authors: Freeman John , Lomi Alessandro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study of the founding of Italian Rural Cooperative Banks is intended to contribute to the integration of ecological and institutional theories of organization. Specifically, we propose a model according to which institutional practices and expectations related to abstract principles and moral (or noneconomic) values materialize in concrete features of the organizational structure. These constrain the competitive behavior of the organizations assuming that form. These behavioral constraints produce immediate ecological consequences at the industry level in terms of niche width and resource partitioning, which have implications for the persistence (or change) of the original institutionalized practices. Following the law and economics literature (Jensen and Meckling, 1976a, 1979; Williamson, 1985; Hansmann, 1990) organizational forms, and hence organizational diversity, are conceptualized here in terms of alternative property rights arrangements chosen by organizational members to coordinate activities, mediate their personal interests, and resolve potential conflicts. As we explain in detail later, doing so has the advantage of defining the “unobservable blueprint” underlying the notion of organizational form (Hannan and Freeman, 1977) in terms of observable organizational characteristics.
Types of Japanese Factories Located Overseas
Authors: Kumon Hiroshi , Kamiyama Kunio , Itagaki Hiroshi , Kawamura Tetsuji 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we attempt to describe the Japanese transplants in terms of a number of patterns in each industrial sector, while focusing on the differences between companies within each of the industrial sectors: auto assembly, auto parts, consumer electronics, and semiconductors. In particular, we shall focus on differences in the application-adaptation balance of the twenty-three items of the hybrid model, as well as on differences and characteristics in the ways human and material elements are transferred in terms of the 4-Perspective Evaluation. By identifying the specific patterns of individual companies, we can better highlight the characteristics of each industrial sector from many angles. This approach will help us simultaneously to identify those patterns that apply to the Japanese corporations that are operating local production facilities in America (the subject of the next chapter) and to study the strong points and problems that each of these patterns implies. FACTORY TYPES IN THE AUTOMOTIVE ASSEMBLY INDUSTRY Here we pick six auto assembly plants and present their respective characteristics. In doing so, we will see that the strategies adopted by the parent companies in their advance into North America have shaped the patterns of each of these plants.
Universal Banking in The United States
Authors: Saunders Anthony , Walter Ingo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1933 and 1956, the United States sharply limited the kinds of securities, commercial, and insurance activities banks could engage in. These regulations remain in place despite profound changes in the economic environment, in the structure of the national and international financial markets, and in technology. This book evaluates the case for and against eliminating these barriers. The authors study the consequences of bank regulation in the US as it relates to competition in international financial markets. They examine universal banking systems in other countries, especially Germany, Switzerland, and the UK, and how they work. They then apply the lessons to US banking, paying particular attention to the benchmarks of stability, equity, efficiency, and competitiveness against which the performance of national financial systems should be measured. They propose a level playing field on which any number of forms of organization can grow in the financial services sector, in which universal banking is one of the permitted structures, and where regulation is linked to function.
Measures of Competitive Performance in Global Financial Markets
Authors: Saunders Anthony , Walter Ingo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is the evidence regarding loss of competitiveness, if any, and how defensible is it—both with respect to the performance of U.S. financial firms internationally and of foreign-based financial firms in the United States. In this chapter we survey various measures of relative competitive performance widely used in the financial services industry, and make an assessment of how U.S. financial institutions stack up against these competitive benchmarks when compared with those based in countries with fewer activity constraints.
The Risk of Nonbank Activities
Authors: Saunders Anthony , Walter Ingo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The decade of the 1980s was a traumatic time for U.S. banks. Major federal legislative initiatives, such as the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act (DIDMCA, 1980) and the Garn-St.Germain Act (1982), eroded bank-thrift barriers to competition while statewide initiatives, such as regional banking pacts, significantly reduced the importance of barriers to interstate banking that include the McFadden Act.
CH.CN SDM.N=F
Authors: Depuydt Leo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A construction that needs to be discussed here is CH.CN SDM.N=Fand its “sisters.” The compound verb form CH.CN SDM.N=Fconsists of two CH.CN SDM.N=Fforms. But its “sisters” show the two CH.CN SDM.N=Fforms to be of different sorts.
Classification of Languages
Authors: Lyovin Anatole V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why bother classifying languages? There are several reasons why it is advantageous to do so. First, without a meaningful way of classifying languages we would not have an efficient framework within which to compare and contrast the numerous languages of the world. Second, a meaningful classificatory system allows us not only to arrange languages very neatly in their “pigeonholes” or “sample cases” like butterflies, but perhaps also to discover something new that we did not know before.