bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nationalized Politics
Authors: Carson Jamie L. , Sievert Joel , Williamson Ryan D. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Politics and elections in the United States have become increasingly nationalized. Voters now seem more concerned with which of the two national parties will be in power across all levels of government rather than which candidate will represent them individually. The phenomenon has reached levels unseen since the 19th century, when the strong linkage between presidential and subnational voting was a result of electoral institutions in use. With the adoption of Progressive Era reforms such as the Australian ballot and the direct primary, elections became far less nationalized throughout the first half of the 1900s, which allowed for an increased role for incumbency and more candidate-centered congressional elections. The recent resurgence of nationalization, however, is typically viewed as a function of decisions made by voters. Although we are beginning to see the effects of increased nationalization in several respects, we still do not have a firm grasp of the factors that may be contributing to nationalization in the modern era, nor do we fully understand its consequences. In seeking to shed light on this important topic, this book investigates how nationalization has influenced elections across different political eras, leveraging historical variation in nationalization by analyzing congressional elections from 1840 to 2020. By examining nearly two centuries of elections, this study exploits considerable differences in nationalization, polarization, competition, rules, candidate behavior, voter preferences, and partisan advantage via the incumbency advantage. This book is the first to study such a wide swath of elections history in such a comprehensive fashion.
Introduction
Authors: Dynner Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter lays out the theoretical foundation for the current study, invoking postcolonial, Diaspora, and cultural resistance theories to illuminate how Hasidic leaders—much like other Diaspora and colonized groups—resisted and subverted state “civilizing” projects and new, enticing varieties of Jewish secularism by means of a vibrant traditionalism. The state’s contradictory policy of coercive acculturation amid ongoing discrimination inadvertently strengthened Hasidic leaders, who proceeded to institutionalize and mobilize devotional Torah education on a such a scale that it fueled a late Hasidic revival. As the Hasidic yeshiva began to displace the Hasidic court and Hasidic leaders began to be known more for scholarship and teaching than magic and miracle-working, Hasidism was transformed into a more intellectualist endeavor.
Weathering the Crisis
Authors: Dynner Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the first decades of the twentieth century, many Hasidic leaders feared for the movement’s future, as enticing secularist Jewish movements began to thrive and the First World War destroyed Hasidic communities. Yet secularist Jewish successes and widespread physical devastation did not cause an insurmountable crisis. Often, these challenges proved more galvanizing than demoralizing, pushing Hasidic leaders to dramatically reconceive their school systems and philanthropical and political support networks. During the war and its immediate aftermath, Hasidic leaders began to revamp the traditionalist primary school (heder), establish elite men’s yeshivas, and sponsor an unprecedented traditionalist female school network, Bais Yaakov, founded by Sarah Schenirer. Many of these institutions incorporated secular education and progressive educational methods. These innovative responses to crisis laid the groundwork for a Hasidic pedagogical revolution and wholesale revival.
Against Aguda
Authors: Dynner Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Critics charged that Hasidic party politics was taking on a life of its own, to the detriment of Torah study. Even Aguda-affiliated rebbes signaled ambivalence by promoting expressly apolitical study fellowships for their most serious young scholars. More damningly, prominent detractors from party politics like the Bobover and Lubavitcher rebbes found that they could usually achieve their main objectives—especially the promotion and protection of Torah education—in the manner of the old-style intercessor (shtadlan) and without resorting to the kinds of compromises associated with party politics. Their continuation of “politics without party politics” is illustrated through the well-documented Lubavitcher triumph over Zionists in the town of Glubok.
Hasidism during the Holocaust
Authors: Dynner Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the Nazi invasion of Poland, the main Hasidic priority was to rescue those considered to be human repositories of Torah knowledge—rebbes, rabbis, advanced yeshiva students, and to a lesser extent Bais Yaakov students and teachers—by helping them flee to neutral Lithuania and thence to Shanghai and other locales outside of Europe. Those Hasidim who remained behind were easily victimized in the ensuing Holocaust. Some succumbed to the brutal conditions, some collaborated, some hid, and some fought as partisans. Yet a number of Hasidic men and women organized clandestine Torah study groups in ghettos across Nazi-occupied Poland, symbolically repudiating a Western culture whose murderous potential had been fully exposed. The latter group sustained Polish Hasidism’s pedagogical revival amid the most extreme conditions.
Karl Gottlieb Freudenberg’s Erinnerungen aus dem Leben eines alten Organisten and Bach Reception in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Stinson Russell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores what the autobiography of the organist Karl Gottlieb G. Freudenberg tells us about the reception of Bach’s music during the nineteenth century. In these memoirs, Freudenberg discusses various free and chorale-based organ works by Bach as well as the composer’s St. Matthew Passion. He relates how Beethoven thought of Bach not as a “brook” but an “ocean,” how Freudenberg allowed Felix Mendelssohn access to an unpublished Bach prelude and fugue (BWV 533) against the wishes of Mendelssohn’s (antisemitic) teacher, how Freudenberg’s performance of a particular organ chorale (BWV 759) so amused Franz Liszt, and how Freudenberg played Bach’s harmonization of the chorale “Was mein Gott will, das g’scheh allzeit” (“What my God wants, may it always happen”) at the funeral of the young son of his colleague Johann Theodor Mosewius. Freudenberg was one of the most ardent Bach champions of the era.
Influencing a Polarized Congress
Authors: Brock Clare R. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 8 summarizes the key insights: party polarization, combined with reduced congressional capacity for information gathering, has resulted in an increase in lobbying toward Congress. Interest groups now provide not only informational subsidies but also negotiation subsidies for members and their staffs. The expanded role for lobbyists in policymaking, combined with the increasingly fraught political environment in Washington, has broadened the gulf of influence between rich and poor interest groups and their ability to take a seat at the table, with implications for interest group advocacy broadly, as well as for agricultural policy specifically. This chapter concludes with a discussion of the possible substantive policy implications resulting from the shifts in interest group strategy and power. Lobbying has always favored the rich, powerful, and strong; it does so now more than ever.
A Critique of Current Doctrine
Authors: Gordley James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before the nineteenth century, the common lawyers thought not in terms of contract but in terms of writs, such as covenant and assumpsit. Covenant required a promise under seal. Assumpsit required consideration. Bargains had consideration, but so did other promises such as those of a parent to give money to a couple after their marriage, or promises to look after and return an object gratuitously loaned or bailed. In the nineteenth century, consideration was defined as bargain. The bargained-for-detriment formula for consideration was devised to explain, albeit artificially, why the promises just mentioned were bargains. When that explanation proved inadequate, the doctrine of promissory reliance was devised, in part, to explain why they were enforceable. As we will see, it cannot do so. Nevertheless, the common law still explains the enforceability of promises in terms of bargained-for detriment and promissory reliance, in part, paradoxically, because these doctrines have been applied in commercial transactions to promote fairness in exchange.
Compensation for Harm Suffered and Lost Gain
Authors: Gordley James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conventional rule is that a party in breach is liable in principle for the other party’s expectation interest. Nevertheless, in principle, a party in breach should be liable for the consequences of risks which that party was compensated to bear. That amount may coincide with the amount of the expectation damages. For example, a seller is compensated for the risk of losing out if the market price rises, and must compensate the buyer, in the event of breach, for the difference between the market and contract price. But sometimes the two do not coincide. This principle explains the element of truth in the distinction between the recovery of direct and indirect damages, and in the rule that limits recovery to damages foreseeable at the time that the contract was made. It explains why specific performance is granted when a performance is unique. It supports the doctrine of substantial performance and undermines the perfect tender rule. The amount of damages may be difficult to estimate, and, in that event, courts have awarded the cost of performance, enforced a liquidated damages clause, or granted specific performance.
Answering Moral Skepticism
Authors: Kagan Shelly 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book examines a variety of arguments that might be thought to support skepticism about the existence of morality, and it explains how these arguments can be answered by those who believe in objective moral truths. The focus throughout is on discussing questions that frequently trouble thoughtful and reflective individuals, including questions like the following: Does the prevalence of moral disagreement make it reasonable to conclude that there aren’t really any moral facts at all? Is morality simply relative to particular societies and times? What could objective moral facts possibly be like? If there were moral facts, how could we ever come to know anything about them? Shouldn’t belief in the theory of evolution undermine our confidence that our moral intuitions reliably reveal moral truths? Would moral facts ever actually explain anything at all? Can morality really have the motivating and rational force we normally take it to have? How can one possibly find a place for objective moral values in a scientific worldview? The book explores plausible answers to questions like these and it thus aims to show why the belief in objective morality remains an intellectually reasonable one.
What Would Morality Need to Be?
Authors: Kagan Shelly 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Moral skeptics deny the existence of objective morality, and all thoughtful individuals at least sometimes wonder if there really can be such a thing. But what would it take for there to be something worthy of the name “morality”? What would it take for moral facts to be objective? This chapter introduces a variety of different features that one might want to build into the “job description” for morality. This is important to do because people disagree about what morality would need to be like. Since skeptical arguments focus on particular features of morality—claiming either that nothing can really have the given feature in question or that it is more plausible to conclude that nothing actually does have the given feature—both skeptics and moral realists need a view about what morality would need to be.
Nihilism
Authors: Kagan Shelly 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nihilists hold that although moral sentences do indeed make claims about purported moral facts, there are no such facts, so all such claims are false. (This should not be confused with the quite different view that all acts are morally permissible.) This chapter lays out the basic nihilist position, and distinguishes between abolitionist versions of nihilism, which hold that we should abandon moral talk, and revisionist versions, which suggest retaining moral language but changing what we use such language to do. The chapter also considers whether the burden of proof falls on nihilists or on moral realists, who posit facts of a sort denied by nihilists.
Noncognitivism
Authors: Kagan Shelly 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Noncognitivists hold that what we ordinarily take to be moral claims are not, in fact, genuine assertions at all, but rather are used to do a different linguistic job. This chapter explains what these other linguistic jobs might be. In particular, we might use moral “claims” to express our attitudes of approval and disapproval, or to give commands. Arguments for noncognitivism are briefly surveyed, and the key point of contention between cognitivists and noncognitivists is identified. The chapter ends by noting some potential difficulties for noncognitivism.
Disagreement
Authors: Kagan Shelly 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One common argument for moral skepticism appeals to the prevalence of moral disagreement. It holds that the best explanation for the widespread disagreement about moral facts is that there simply are no such facts, so there is nothing to constrain our beliefs. This chapter explores this skeptical argument and notes mechanisms capable of leading to moral disagreement that would nonetheless be compatible with accepting moral realism. The chapter also questions whether the principle underlying the argument from disagreement can be reasonably maintained, given the many other philosophical subjects which also display disagreement, including metaethics itself. The chapter concludes by asking whether a variant of the argument—one which turns on whether moral disagreement is in principle eliminable—does any better.
Evolution
Authors: Kagan Shelly 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the common charge that since our intuitions and moral emotions are shaped by evolutionary processes, and since evolution cares only about reproduction and the propagation of genes, not morality per se, there is no good reason to think our intuitions reliably represent any genuine moral facts, even if there were such things. Different versions of the argument are considered, and it is suggested that an appeal to a common ground strategy may be able to explain the requisite connection between evolutionary advantage and moral truth. The chapter also examines the charge that our moral intuitions inevitably display a troubling path dependence arising from our evolutionary ancestry.
Motivation
Authors: Kagan Shelly 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to motive internalism, moral beliefs are capable of motivating those who accept them. Yet according to the Humean theory of motivation, motivation itself is only possible when the agent has a relevant desire. Noncognitivists argue that this shows that so-called moral beliefs are not genuine beliefs at all, but rather are desires. Accordingly, moral realists have to either reject motive internalism, reject the Humean theory of motivation, or reject the implicit assumption that no belief can be a desire as well. The prospects for each alternative are considered.
Simple Realism
Authors: Kagan Shelly 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Simple realists posit the existence of basic, irreducible normative properties. This position strikes many moral skeptics as unacceptable, but it is difficult to spell out what exactly the problem is supposed to be. One possibility is that a basic normative property—such as the property of being a reason, or providing rational support—would need to be a nonnatural one, and some may find the idea of a nonnatural property scientifically unacceptable. Others think that the idea of irreducible normative properties should be rejected because such properties would be unlike other properties with which we are familiar. This chapter examines these objections.
Moral Articulation
Authors: Congdon Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book explores the historical development of new moral concepts, an activity the author labels “moral articulation.” Starting from examples of new moral language developed in the twentieth century, like ‘sexual harassment’, ‘genocide’, ‘racism’, and ‘hate speech’, this book asks: are we simply naming moral realities that already existed, fully formed and intact, prior to their expression in language? Or do changes in our concepts and language sometimes reshape the objects they bring to light? Moral Articulation outlines an ethical framework that allows us to embrace a version of the latter, transformative view without sacrificing notions of moral truth, objectivity, and knowledge. The result is a variation of moral realism that is sensitive to deep historical changes in morality. The book presents a view of moral value as extending beyond what we are presently able to put into words, urging that new developments in moral language often begin in dissonant experiences of conceptual and discursive breakdown. Resisting a tendency in contemporary ethics to start with situations and dilemmas whose descriptions are already given, this book argues that the struggle to piece together a discursively articulate picture of a situation in the first place is an ethical task in its own right. The result is a thoroughly historical yet objective picture of ethics that emphasizes the role of language in prompting moral change in our life-form. It draws inspiration from Aristotelian, Hegelian, Wittgensteinian, and liberatory praxis-inspired philosophy, as well as from Charles Taylor and Iris Murdoch.
The Hip-Hopification of Education and its Evaluation
Authors: BREIS (Student of Life Ltd)  
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to highlight the need to challenge and disrupt teaching practices that no longer serve us in an ever-changing complex contemporary life. It explores how the Hip-Hopification of education sees a meeting of works where Hip Hop ‘signs in’ and enters education. Storytelling is featured strongly and sits at the centre of my Hip Hop Literacy program, which aims to make learning more fun and provide an understanding of Hip Hop, whilst simultaneously improving literacy skills. It also help us further understand and equip our young people for the future. This chapter shares outstanding students’ verses that expose their vulnerability, writing skill, and knowledge of self. I also share how I practice evaluation.
Untangling Earphones
Authors: Lonie Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores different positions in the ‘evaluation structures’ that can affect much participatory music practice. The ‘tangled earphones’ of the title refers separately to funders of music interventions, the organisations and practitioners that deliver music programmes, and the participants themselves. Reflecting on research cases from over fifteen years of work in this field, this chapter aims to ‘untangle’ some of the points of contradiction that can lead to uncritical and substandard evaluation practices. Themes of control, agency, and power in impact evaluation design and practices are addressed. The discussion proposes that, if applied uncritically, these practices may have the opposite effect of the intended positive impacts of participatory music projects (i.e., ‘unvoicing’, diminished agency, and increased alienation). The chapter concludes with a set of considerations to enable researchers and practitioners to develop approaches to evaluation that are more critical and reflective. Through this process of collective ‘untangling’ we aim to listen more clearly to the various voices represented in participatory music and understand where these voices may need greater or lesser amplification when exploring and presenting the impact of such interventions.
Evaluating Well-Being Outcomes of the Social Enterprise Noise Solution
Authors: Glenister Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The paper aims to demonstrate how technology can be applied to solve commonly held problems faced by arts organisations in demonstrating outcomes of their work, while also potentially improving them. Noise Solution delivers one-on-one music technology mentoring with youth, often referred by external agencies because they are at a point of crisis. The intention being to improve well-being. Self Determination Theory (Deci and Ryan, 2000) or SDT is used as a lens with which to inform the design of both mentoring and a bespoke social media ‘like’ platform facilitating the sharing of highlights and video reflections of each young person’s mentoring experiences, weekly, and securely with their identified stakeholders. Each young person’s feed also facilitates the capture and analysis of quantitative well-being data, using the Shortened Warwick and Edinburgh Well-being Scale (SWEMWBS, Warwick Medical, 2021). A sample of n224 bivariate sets of SWEMWBS data was collected from these feeds and statistically analysed using T test and Cohen’s effect calculations. Results from the data return a statistical significance of P.0001, with a high range of change (.50). The combination of mentoring, capturing, and sharing of highlights with stakeholders may contribute to fulfilling basic psychological needs identified in SDT.
Who is Heard and Who Gets to Belong in Hip Hop?
Authors: Rantakallio Inka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses the impact and evaluation of four initiatives that have sought to enhance the inclusion of women and non-binary practitioners in the Finnish Hip Hop music scene: (1) the D.R.E.A.M.G.I.R.L.S. group, (2) Matriarkaatti (Matriarchy) multimedia platform, (3) Hip Hop feminist anthology Kuka kuuluu?, and (4) Monsp bootcamps and mixtapes. The four examples provided women and non-binary people identifiable access opportunities to practice live performance and/or studio work and to create counterstory to the hegemonic white male narrative in Finnish Hip Hop. The chapter argues that these projects functioned as ‘counterspaces’ that challenge stereotypes and norms and help develop alternative communities and narratives, and a sense of belonging through validating the participants’ experiences as minorities. Theoretically, the chapter builds on critical whiteness studies and intersectional Hip Hop feminist theory in analysing gender and race as intersecting identities and whiteness and patriarchy as systems of power. The chapter’s evaluation of impact is based first and foremost on the perspectives of those who participated in these projects, and second on the response of other music industry stakeholders. More generally, the chapter calls attention to factors that contribute to inclusion and exclusion of women and marginalized people in Hip Hop and popular music scenes.
Model
Authors: Washington Anne L. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe second stage in the prediction supply chain is creating an authentic representation. Prediction depends on models to structure relationships between events, ideas, objects, and concepts. Models, training data, ideals are all ways to advise algorithms and coax them toward predictive outcomes. Both models and advice express a preferred optimal state. Building a predictive model reflects reality as much as it attempts to change reality. Photographic images raise awareness of the impact of history on machine learning models. An example from public health illustrates the difference between modeling a theory of the problem or a theory of a solution. This chapter encourages questioning ideals, considering outliers in training data, and forming credible narratives based on principles of justice and validity.