bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How did the Pain get to Take Over My Life?
Authors: Lee John , Brook Suzanne , Daniel Clare 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some people who have long-term pain can identify exactly when their pain started; others say that it just gradually crept up on them and seemed to start for no apparent reason. Whatever the reason, everyone tries their hardest to make it go away. Some of the things that people try can be helpful initially but in the long term they can lose their effect and eventually become more unhelpful than helpful. At these times people often think it is their fault that treatments and therapies do not work but as you will have already read, pain changes the longer you have had it and the approach to managing and treating your pain needs to change too.
What Different Types of Professionals Could Help?
Authors: Lee John , Brook Suzanne , Daniel Clare 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many different types of healthcare professionals (HCPs) involved in helping people with pain. Most specialize in one area of treatment or management. To help you make informed choices about your own healthcare, it is important that you know what they do, what they can offer you and what you can expect from them. For those with long-term pain, these HCPs will try to reduce your pain but no one will be able to offer a 100 per cent guarantee of a cure.
Communication
Authors: Lee John , Brook Suzanne , Daniel Clare 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Communication is used to convey something to other people. It can be: verbal—when we communicate using our voices and speech, and non-verbal—when we communicate using our bodies and facial expressions. Communication is important because it helps us to tell others so many different things such as how we are feeling, what we are thinking, what our needs are, what we would like other people to do to help us, or what we would like to do.
What is the Role of Exercise and Movement?
Authors: Lee John , Brook Suzanne , Daniel Clare 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many people with pain are unsure whether they should exercise or not. It can be hard to know whether to keep going and push into the pain, or stop doing anything that makes the pain worse and rest until it settles. This is confusing and people can find themselves in a cycle of decreasing fitness and increasing pain; on days of less pain it is tempting to do more and on days of more pain it is tempting to do less and rest. However, both of these alternatives can have knock-on effects that can make the pain worse over time.
How much Activity can I do?
Authors: Lee John , Brook Suzanne , Daniel Clare 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a result of long-term pain many people change the way they do things. But, as time goes by, one can begin to feel that it is impossible to do anything to change. On better days when the pain is at a tolerable level, it is tempting to do jobs or exercise that were put off when the pain was bad. On days when the pain is worse than the day before, it is tempting to do less and rest more. This is a common pattern of activity for long-term pain sufferers. Good days are a time of particular confusion, because it is easy to do more, resulting in a flare-up in pain later that day or the next. People often rest during a fl are-up, but this can result in weaker muscles and a drop in fitness. A vicious cycle thus develops between getting things done and managing the pain.
A General History Of Criminal Cartels
Authors: O’Kane Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the UK’s Office of Fair Trading (‘OFT’), a cartel is simply ‘an agreement between businesses not to compete with each other’.1 This agreement not to compete can include bidding for contracts as well as cooperating on levels of supply or production and degree of market share. However, the area where most ‘non-compete’ or cartel agreements are reached is in relation to price levels. In a normal competitive market, economic theory dictates that a price level offered by competitor A will always tend to be undercut by competitor B who will, by doing
Inhaler devices
Authors: Currie Graeme P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A variety of different types of inhaler devices can be used to deliver different drugs to the lung. Some patients find difficulty in using hand-held inhaler devices properly. Even when used correctly, a substantial proportion of drug often is deposited in the mouth, throat, or vocal cords, with only a small amount reaching the lungs. Doctors, nurses, and pharmacists should ensure that patients use their inhaler correctly at the time of prescription.
Oxygen and COPD
Authors: Currie Graeme P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You are usually given oxygen if you are admitted to hospital with an exacerbation of COPD; this is usually delivered by way of a face mask or nasal cannula. ‘Short burst’ oxygen therapy (using oxygen from a cylinder for short periods of time at home) is thought to be of little benefit in relieving symptoms. However, it may occasionally be considered if you have severe, persistent, and disabling symptoms despite all other treatments.
Local Ownership
Authors: Pouligny Beatrice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea of ownership in development is hardly new, but since the mid-1990s local ownership and its variants have taken on particular prominence in the publications of bilateral and multilateral development agencies. Well-known examples provide reference points for ongoing debates. The Development Assistance Committee (DAC) of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), in its seminal 1996 statement ‘Shaping the 21st Century’, asserted that sustainable development ‘must be locally owned’ and that development cooperation has to be shifted to a partnership model, where donors’ programmes and activities operate within ‘locally owned development strategies’ (DAC, 1996). Donors should ‘respect and encourage strong local commitment, participation, capacity development and ownership’ (DAC, 1996: 14). The DAC linked these positions to a series of specific targets for poverty reduction, which formed the basis of the Millennium Development Goals adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2000.
Introduction
Authors: Hancké Bob 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Embarking on a doctorate requires, as a colleague of mine once said, a complete suspension of rationality. Think of it: you are required to write 80–100,000 words on a single topic, spread over five years or so, allow yourself, at an age when others with similar qualifications are reaching the top of the food chain, to be subjected to an examination by a group of people whose main goal that day consists of making your life dificult, and if all goes well, you are—assuming you find a job—earning between slightly and considerably less than a taxi driver in central London. Yet every year more people start doctoral studies than the previous year, and universities have started to take their Ph.D. training considerably more seriously. With few jobs and many candidates, the ability to train a young researcher well and make them write a good Ph.D. thesis has become a major pole of attraction for the best-qualified among them. And when good students go to good universities, good teachers want to be there as well.
Distinguishing Noun and Verb
Authors: Dixon R M W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Do all languages have distinct classes of noun and verb (let alone of adjective, discussed in the next chapter)? Some grammarians have suggested that they do not. Writing of Fijian, Milner (1956: 10) states that the language has ‘a great many words which can be used either as verbs or as nouns. All such words will be called bases.’ Every kind of lexeme is referred to just as a ‘base’ throughout his grammar, terms ‘noun’ and ‘verb’ not being used again.
Reason and Passion
Authors: Sachs Justice Albie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the voice of my judgments was my own, the intellectual well from which my thoughts were drawn was the same as that used by all my colleagues, namely, the Constitution. In one way or another all my colleagues on the Court had con- fronted and challenged the deep indignities and injustices that ?owed from apartheid. The Constitution was anti-racist to its core. Our generation were in fact the originators of its text. The Constitution itself presupposed the existence of an activist Constitutional Court engaged with finding principled and implementable responses to the deep problems of racism, sexism and inequality in our country. Its express language also invited us to locate ourselves within the mainstream of forward-looking international legal thought.
Laughing Matters
Authors: Sachs Justice Albie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All is very still and calm and without movement or voices or muscular activity. I am wrapped in complete darkness and tranquillity. If I am dead I am not aware of it, if I am alive I am not aware of it, I have no awareness at all, not of myself, or of my surroundings, not of anyone or of anything.
Applicability of Patient-Reported Outcome Measures to Aesthetic Medicine Patient Archetypes
Authors: Rauch Simonne , De Simone Patricia , Bertucci Vince 
Published: November 2023

BACKGROUND
Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are valuable in understanding patient motivations, setting expectations, and ensuring satisfaction. As the aesthetic industry expands globally, factors that motivate the treatment goals of the aesthetic patient reflect evolving social, cultural, and commercial influences.

OBJECTIVE
This article will assess the applicability of current PROMs used in aesthetic medicine to an increasingly diverse patient population and consider their ability to measure the underlying motives that drive different types of patients to pursue their specific goals.

METHODS
PubMed database was searched for studies using PROMs to evaluate the motivations and expectations of aesthetic patients.

RESULTS
Seven validated aesthetic PROM tools were reviewed against a backdrop of different patient segments as represented by the 4 patient archetypes: Positive Aging, Beautification, Correction, and Transformation. None of the tools could universally represent the individual motivations and expectations of all 4 patient archetypes.

CONCLUSION
There is a need for updated PROMs in aesthetics that are applicable to patients with different motivations or expected outcomes than the traditional rejuvenation patient. PROMs that help decode patient motivations and that are developed with more diverse patient involvement will help aesthetic clinicians better understand the goals and expectations of new patient segments.
Prevalence, distribution, and hepatic fibrosis burden of the different subtypes of steatotic liver disease in primary care settings
Authors: Lee Chul-min , Yoon Eileen L. , Kim Mimi , Kang Bo-Kyeong , Cho Seon , Nah Eun-Hee , Jun Dae Won 
Published: November 2023

Background and Aim:In relation to the new umbrella terminology for steatotic liver disease (SLD), we aimed to elucidate the prevalence, distribution, and clinical characteristics of the SLD subgroups in the primary care setting.Approach and Results:We retrospectively collected data from 2535 individuals who underwent magnetic resonance elastography and MRI proton density fat fraction during health checkups in 5 primary care health promotion clinics. We evaluated the presence of cardiometabolic risk factors according to predefined criteria and divided all the participants according to the new SLD classification. The prevalence of SLD was 39.13% in the total cohort, and 95.77% of the SLD cases had metabolic dysfunction (one or more cardiometabolic risk factors). The prevalence of metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) was 29.51%, with those of metabolic dysfunction and alcohol associated steatotic liver disease (MetALD) and alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) at 7.89% and 0.39%, respectively. According to the old criteria, the prevalence of NAFLD was 29.11%, and 95.80% of the NAFLD cases fulfilled the new criteria for MASLD. The distribution of SLD subtypes was highest for MASLD, at 75.40%, followed by MetALD at 20.06%, cryptogenic SLD at 3.33%, and ALD at 1.01%. The MetALD group had a significantly higher mean magnetic resonance elastography than the MASLD or ALD group.Conclusion:Almost all the patients with NAFLD met the new criteria for MASLD. The fibrosis burden of the MetALD group was higher than those of the MASLD and ALD groups.
Potential antipruritic neuronal targets of nalfurafine in the murine spinal dorsal horn
Authors: Honda Kotaro , Tominaga Mitsutoshi , Kusube Fumiya , Takamori Kenji 
Published: November 2023

Introduction:
Itch is an unpleasant sensation that evokes a scratching behavior which often damages the skin. Nalfurafine is a kappa opioid receptor (KOR) agonist known as an effective drug used to control the intractable itch. Mechanistically, the spinal cord is a target of nalfurafine, however, little is known about the specific sites important to the antipruritic effects of nalfurafine. Therefore, the aim of this study was an investigation to uncover the sites of action of nalfurafine in the spinal neuronal pathway of itch.

Materials and Methods:
To reveal the antipruritic action of nalfurafine in the murine spinal dorsal horn, we conducted in vivo electrophysiology, behavioral experiments, and high-sensitive in situ hybridization (ISH) using normal C57BL/6J mice.

Results:
Behavioral analyses indicated that intrathecal injection of nalfurafine reduced, but not entirely eliminated the gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP)-evoked scratching bouts. In vivo electrophysiological recordings revealed that nalfurafine administration suppressed chloroquine (CQ)-responsive dorsal horn neurons in 15.8% (3/19) of mice. In fact, only 1 of 3 nalfurafine-suppressed mice responded to GRP. ISH in 3 sections of the spinal cord showed that 24.8% (154/623) were double-positive for GRP and KOR and 13.6% (68/431) for GRP receptor (GRPR) and KOR in total KOR+ cells. Most KOR+ cells were negative for GRP and GRPR. Intrathecal injection of dynorphin-saporin did not change the number of scratching bouts caused by GRP. However, it reduced the number of scratching bouts evoked by intradermal injection of CQ.

Discussion:
In conclusion, our data suggest that nalfurafine targets both GRP+ KOR+ and GRPR+ KOR+ cells which are present in a 2:1 ratio and suppresses CQ-induced itch in the spinal dorsal horn. These findings suggest that GRP+ KOR- or GRPR+ KOR- cells may function as interneurons in the spinal neuronal pathway of itch.
Sleep Quality After Quetiapine Augmentation in Patients With Treatment-Resistant Depression and Personality Disorders
Authors: Moderie Christophe , King Jacob D. , Nuñez Nicolas , Comai Stefano , Gobbi Gabriella 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Purpose/Background
Quetiapine is a first-line augmenting agent for treatment-resistant depression (TRD) and is used off-label in insomnia. Quetiapine and its active metabolite norquetiapine act mostly on 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, H1, and D2 as antagonists and on 5-HT1A as partial agonists. Patients with TRD often have comorbid personality disorder (PD), and evidence suggests an association between sleep disturbance and recovery among patients with PD. Here, we aimed to evaluate the effects of quetiapine on sleep in TRD patients with and without PD (PD+/PD−).

Methods/Procedures
We reviewed health records of 38 patients with TRD (20 TRD/PD+) who had been treated with a pharmacotherapy regimen including quetiapine. Clinical outcomes were determined by comparing changes in sleep items of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale at the beginning (T0) and after 3 months of an unchanged treatment (T3).

Findings/Results
Patients with TRD/PD+ and TRD/PD− taking quetiapine showed significant improvement in sleep items from T0 to T3 (P < 0.001, η
p
2 ≥ 0.19). There was a significant personality × time interaction for sleep-maintenance insomnia (P = 0.006, η
p
2 = 0.23), with TRD/PD+ showing a greater improvement at T3 compared with TRD/PD− (P = 0.01). While exploring other sleep items, no personality × time interaction was found. In the TRD/PD− group, improvement in sleep items was associated with an overall improvement in depressive symptoms (r = 0.55, P = 0.02).

Implications/Conclusions
Quetiapine induced greater improvements in sleep-maintenance insomnia among TRD/PD+ patients than TRD/PD−. These findings suggest quetiapine could have a therapeutic role for insomnia in PD underscoring a distinct underlying neurobiological mechanism of sleep disturbance in people living with PD.
Clinical and phototrichogrammatic evaluation of estradiol replacement therapy on hair growth in postmenopausal Japanese women with female pattern hair loss: a pilot study
Authors: Endo Yujiro , Obayashi Yuko , Murakoshi Michiaki , Saito Juichiro , Ueki Rie 
Published: November 2023

Background:
Female pattern hair loss (FPHL) is known to present with characteristic pathological conditions, including reduced overall hair density. Female hormones affect hair condition; however, the detailed mechanism is unknown. Furthermore, research on the topic is complicated by the fact that senescent alopecia often occurs concurrently with FPHL. Therefore, we investigated the effect of estradiol, a female hormone, on hair growth by eliminating aging factors and objectively evaluating hair changes caused by female hormone replacement therapy (HRT).

Objective:
This study was conducted to elucidate the mechanism through which female hormones exert their effects on hair.

Methods:
The study included 11 female patients undergoing HRT who were evaluated before initiating HRT, 3 months after initiating HRT, and 6 months after initiating HRT. The thinning hair score, hair density, telogen hair rate, telogen plucking strength, hair growth rate, and hair thickness were measured and evaluated. Furthermore, hematological tests were performed to assess the general physical condition of the participants.

Results:
HRT increased the telogen hair rate (P = .010, paired t test) at 3 months, improved frontal hairline thinning score (P = .008, Wilcoxon test), and increased the plucking strength (P = .013, paired t test) at 6 months.

Limitations:
The limitation of this study included the relatively small sample size, inability to conduct further long-term tests because of participant burden, and lack of a control group.

Conclusion:
The results suggested that HRT improved the appearance of the frontal hairline. As few studies have analyzed the effects of female hormones on human hair, a novel finding of this study was the effects of estradiol on the plucking strength after excluding age as a factor. We believe that these findings will contribute to understanding FPHL and developing female hormone-related treatments.
AI-powered radiomics: revolutionizing detection of urologic malignancies
Authors: Gelikman David G. , Rais-Bahrami Soroush , Pinto Peter A. , Turkbey Baris 
Published: November 2023

Purpose of review
This review aims to highlight the integration of artificial intelligence-powered radiomics in urologic oncology, focusing on the diagnostic and prognostic advancements in the realm of managing prostate, kidney, and bladder cancers.

Recent findings
As artificial intelligence continues to shape the medical imaging landscape, its integration into the field of urologic oncology has led to impressive results. For prostate cancer diagnostics, machine learning has shown promise in refining clinically-significant lesion detection, with some success in deciphering ambiguous lesions on multiparametric MRI. For kidney cancer, radiomics has emerged as a valuable tool for better distinguishing between benign and malignant renal masses and predicting tumor behavior from CT or MRI scans. Meanwhile, in the arena of bladder cancer, there is a burgeoning emphasis on prediction of muscle invasive cancer and forecasting disease trajectory. However, many studies showing promise in these areas face challenges due to limited sample sizes and the need for broader external validation.

Summary
Radiomics integrated with artificial intelligence offers a pioneering approach to urologic oncology, ushering in an era of enhanced diagnostic precision and reduced invasiveness, guiding patient-tailored treatment plans. Researchers must embrace broader, multicentered endeavors to harness the full potential of this field.
Infective endocarditis of tricuspid valve following septic abortion: a case report
Authors: Baniya Abinash , Duwadee Prabin , K.C. Sujata , Shahi Manoj , Khan Amir , Rijal Yasoda , Gurung Bipana , Kurmi Ram N. 
Published: November 2023

Introduction:
Right-sided infective endocarditis (IE) in non-intravenous drug users is a rare finding. IE of the tricuspid valve is considered an important but uncommon complication in patients with a recent history of obstetric and gynecological procedures.

Case presentation:
We report a case of a 28-year-old female with IE of the tricuspid valve with a prior history of dilatation and curettage. The echocardiography revealed two mobile vegetation in the septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve with severe eccentric tricuspid regurgitation. Blood culture was positive for Staphylococcus aureus. The patient was started on intravenous (i.v.) antibiotics with supportive treatments and improved over the days.

Clinical discussion:
Infection can get access to the venous system via pelvic veins after the septic obstetric and gynecological procedure and subsequently to the right side of the heart. Different studies have highlighted the role of prophylactic antibiotics in significantly reducing post-abortal infections. In our patient, the disease was diagnosed on the basis of clinical, echocardiographic, and blood culture findings, and the patient responded well to i.v. antibiotics and supportive care under close monitoring in the coronary care unit.

Conclusion:
It is important for healthcare providers to be aware of the risk factors and symptoms associated with right-sided IE for early diagnosis and treatment. Appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis and adherence to sterile techniques can help to prevent IE.
Favorable outcome of a histiocytic sarcoma patient treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor: a case report
Authors: Nguyen Long Thanh , Pham Giang Hoang , Vu Phuong Thi , Yi Hyeon Gyu 
Published: November 2023

Introduction and Importance:
Histiocytic sarcoma (HS) is an extremely rare malignancy in which there has been no standard treatment approach. Some preclinical studies have provided rationales for the application of immunotherapy in advanced HS.

Case Presentation
The authors reported a case of a 61-year-old patient with metastatic HS who had a rapid progression on ifosfamide, carboplatin, and etoposide chemotherapy. The authors performed PD-L1 testing, which showed a strong positivity in 90% of tumor cells. The patient was then treated with pembrolizumab 200 mg every 3 weeks. He refused palliative radiotherapy. A dramatic response in all sites was recorded on the PET-CT scan after three cycles. He was maintained on pembrolizumab, reaching over 30 months without disease progression.

Clinical Discussion
Recent molecular data suggests there could be a role of immunotherapy in HS. In our patient, the disease was refractory to chemotherapy and pembrolizumab has been given based on the strong PD-L1 expression. Response to immunotherapy has also been recorded in several cases with malignant histiocytic neoplasm.

Conclusion
Immunotherapy might bring sustained disease remission in PD-L1 high expression HS and further studies evaluating the role of immune checkpoint inhibitor in this disease are warranted.