bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Challenges of Human Relations in Ethnographic Enquiry: Examples frorn Arctic and Subarctic Fieldwork
Authors: Beaudry Nicole 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once a journey is designed, equipped, and put in process, a new factor enters and takes over. A trip, a safari, an exploration, is an entity, different from all other journeys. It has personality, temperament, individuality, uniqueness. A journey is a per son in itself; no two are alike. And all plans, safeguards, policing and coercion are fruitless. We find after years of struggle that we do not take a trip; a trip takes us. John Steinbeck’s wonderfully witty and judicious remark could easily apply to most of my field experiences and probably to those of many other researchers. Although it is seldom stated clearly in our writings, fieldworkers in any of the social sciences frequently need to alter their research plans at the last minute. These changes are felt to be beyond their command. Despite belief in the value of our scientific goals, despite painstaking preparations and appropriate behavior, the fact that both researcher and research objects are human beings cannot be dismissed. When human beings of different cultural backgrounds are brought together, their inter action proves difficult to predict.
Chasing Shadows in the Field: An Epilogue
Authors: Barz Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The goal of the year-long colloquium series sponsored by the graduate program in ethnomusicology at Brown University from which the majority of these essays emerged was to shift the focus of recent writing, research, and teaching in the discipline of ethnomusicology away from issues of representation toward matters of experience. The essays in Shadows in the Field suggest that a major paradigm shift in ethnomusicological thought has occurred, embracing a “new fieldwork,” as Titon suggests, that focuses more on the “doing” and “knowing” of fieldwork than on the representing of fieldwork. Each author in this volume identifies a need to enter into a dialogue with historical colleagues-both in and out of the field-but they all nevertheless respond to a call to acknowledge their individual being-ness in contemporary fieldwork. Ultimately, what ethnomusicologists do in the field is not totally separable from what they do out of the field, yet much of the focus in ethnomusicological writing and teaching until now has centered around analyses and ethnographic representations of musical cultures instead of on the rather personal world of the understanding, experience, knowing, and doing of fieldwork.
Fair and Warmer: Control of the Thermal Environment
Authors: Fitch James Marston , Bobenhausen William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The thermal habitat of human metabolism is established by the play of solar radiation upon the surfaces that surround us and the oceans of air in which we are submerged. But this same solar radiation contains also those wave-lengths of energy that we call visible light, and hence establishes simultaneously our luminous environment. The temperature, movement, and humidity of the atmosphere of course operate on our metabolic function and must consequently be reckoned as integral factors of our thermal environment. But the oxygen of the atmosphere is also a chemical prerequisite of metabolism. Hence human beings exist in coextensive environments—thermal, atmospheric, and radiational—and any manipulation of one causes repercussions in the others.
“Oh, Say, Can You See …“: Control of the Luminous Environment
Authors: Fitch James Marston , Bobenhausen William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all the sensory means of perceiving the qualities and dimensions of the real world, the visual is by far the most comprehensive. Psychologists estimate that, for adults, as much as 90 percent of all information about the external world comes in the form of visually perceived data. Because, as Edward Hall says, “the optic nerve contains roughly eighteen times as many neurons as the cochlear nerve, we may assume that it transmits at least that much more information … the eyes may be as much as a thousand times as effective as the ears in sweeping up information.”2
The Integration of Environmental Control Systems
Authors: Fitch James Marston , Bobenhausen William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The optimal control of all environmental factors within a given building, in the interests of the persons and processes housed in that building, is today technically more feasible and socially more imperative than ever before. Yet by and large, contemporary architecture does not succeed in discharging this task. The reasons for this failure are to be found in many different domains. There is, first of all, the architect’s difficulty in formulating the program—in conceptualizing the exact behavioral topography that the building is supposed to elicit and support. Even when this part of the task is properly done, the architect faces the task of effectuating it—of reconciling the many contradictory requirements of the various control systems that must be employed. Thus a problem in acoustics may render more difficult an optimal solution of the illumination system. Or a mandatory requirement for ease of access or exit may complicate the design of wintertime weatherstripping and thermal insulation. Or some local condition, such as an earthquake or hurricane hazard, may dictate a structural system that is far from ideal for the plan suggested by the program. Finally, almost all buildings are expected to satisfy the often divergent environmental requirements of the people and the processes they shelter.
Prospects for the Democratic Esthetic
Authors: Fitch James Marston , Bobenhausen William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pace of technological change that is being experienced in architecture is worldwide and profound, but it is fundamentally no different from that which invests other fields of activity, such as medicine or agriculture or art. Originally the pace seemed more rapid in the United States than elsewhere, but this is largely due to the historic process we loosely term the scientific technological revolution flowering here earlier and more extensively than elsewhere. But currently, on the international front, initiatives in other countries—particularly in Europe and Scandinavia—bear watching.
“Look Ma, the Real Aunt Jemima!” Consuming Identities under Capitalism
Authors: Witt Doris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 27 April 1989, the Chicago-based Quaker Oats Company announced plans to update its Aunt Jemima trademark for the 1990s. The two-page news release begins as follows: Aunt Jemima, one of America’s oldest packaged food trademarks and a symbol of quality breakfast products for 100 years, will be given a new look this year. The facial appearance is unchanged. Noticeably different, however, is a new, stylish, grey- streaked hairdo, and her headband has been removed. Other changes include cosmetic touches such as a different style of collar and the addition of earrings.
Emotion in Music
Authors: Harré Rom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though the word “emotion” is a late entrant into the English language, nevertheless it is already multivocal in its uses, not least among psychologists. Broadly speaking, there are two main ways of using the word, and so two main fields of studies of the emotional life of people and animals. Particularly in the United States, in both lay and professional discourse, “emotion” is taken to be a bodily condition, either a feeling (for example an abdominal tension), or—for some biologically oriented psychologists—a physiological state (for example a rise in the state of excitation of some part of the nervous system) (Izard 1977). However, this way of locating emotion sidelines most of what is important in the emotionality of human beings and animals, namely, the expressive function of the displays and feelings we label with such phrases as “being angry,” “feeling elated,” “raging at someone,” “envious of someone’s success,” and so on. From this point of view, an emotion display is an expression of a complex judgment, and, at the same time, is often the performance of a social act (Stearns and Stearns 1988). Both the biological and the discursive points of view allow that emotions can be both inherited and learned, though the bio logically oriented students of emotion tend to pay little attention to the huge cultural variations in the repertoires and occasioned uses of emotion displays
Emotion and Emotions in Theatre Dance
Authors: Sparshott Francis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theatre dance is an art of the theatre, and there is a common aesthetic of theatre arts. Drama, dance, opera, mime, theatrical displays, and performance arts generally share a common space, the stage, and a common destiny, presentation to an audience. The arts overlap and blend: whatever shares that space and that destiny belongs to a powerfully unifying reality, theatricality. What is specific to dance (on some interpretations, in some ideologies) is submerged in and may be overwhelmed by the unifying culture of the theatre. That is the first thing to bear in mind.
The topic of emotion in theatre arts sends us back to Plato ‘s supposed thesis in Book X of his Republic, that theatre threatens morality by putting emotion where rationality should be. But Plato was referring to the specific genre of tragedy, and the use of that genre as a medium for moral instruction, and his contention was that the conditions of presentation make the audience respond emotionally to what is before them-rather than think about the psychological and social realities involved-and portray the characters as behaving emotionally rather than dealing with the realities of their situation. The objection is not to emotion, in the sense of strong feeling about one ‘s situation, but to emotionality, in the sense of indulging one ‘s inner feelings without close relation to the situation in which one acts. If one wants to consider Plato ‘s views on emotion in theatre arts, one should not ignore the extended discussion in his Laws, where civic ceremonies involving dance movement symbolize
Toward a Poetics of Emotion
Authors: Peer Willie Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the great interest in the reception of art and media in recent years, little attention has been paid to the way in which narrative fictions, whether high or low, address the emotions of readers, listeners, and viewers. Instead, emphasis is generally placed on hermeneutics. Interpretation of what is loosely called the meaning of the work has preoccupied attention in the humanities. New interpretations, often called symptomatic readings, of what are generically identified as “texts” are still the order of the day in liberal arts journals. And even what some in cultural studies call “recodings,” and what some feminists call “readings against the grain,” focus on the putative interpretive activities of certain groups of readers, listeners, and viewers. What is not studied in any fine-grained way is how works engage the emotions of the audience. What I wish to deal with in this article is how we might go about doing just that.
It is not my contention that, in principle, hermeneutics is illegitimate. Rather, I think that our research into the arts should be supplemented by considering their relation to the emotions, especially if we are interested in audience reception. Moreover, the present moment is particularly propitious in this respect, since recent research into the emotions over the last two decades in fields like psychology and philosophy have made the possibility of interrogating the relation of art to the emotions feasible with a heretofore un imagined level of precision.
Introduction: Purpose and Plan
Authors: Polednak Anthony P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sociology is concerned with the development of various social institutions. The British historian and economist R.H. Tawney noted that “every generation regards as natural the institutions to which it is accustomed.” In the history of blacks in America, the relevant institutions are slavery (the South’s self-proclaimed “peculiar institution”), postemancipation legalized segregation, and post-civil-rights-era de facto segregation. The archaeologist V.G. Childe (1892-1957), who traced the prehistoric record of human social-technological “revolutions” (including the “urban revolution”), observed that social traditions are shaped by individuals and communities, and the “institutions of oppression” are “not fixed and immutable” (Childe, 1951).
Developing Self-Confidence through Positive Thinking
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is your self-confidence already soaring? Then you needn’t read this chapter. (The best maxim is: If it’s working well, don’t tinker with it!) Those of you who wish to continue, gather round with those singers who do, from time to time, suffer from self-doubt. Explaining self-confidence is almost unnecessary. In some singers it is visible for all to see, so obvious that it is very nearly tangible-in the waythey look, walk, and talk, what they say, and even the very thoughts they think. But did you ever think of confidence in the following way? Confidence is the assuredness that comes from feeling equal to the task you are about to complete, an assuredness usually characterized by unshakable belief in yourself and your ability. In practical singers’ terms, it is the serenity of knowing that even your worst four bars are going to be pretty good. You probably know some who fit this description. Their selfbelief is truly unalterable, and their egos resist the severest misfortunes. They appear very resilient, bouncing back like a rubber ball-the harder it’s hit, the quicker it bounces back. Remember Muhammad Ali? “I’m the greatest,” he kept saying. He carried this aura around with him, and in the end, even his opponents believed that he was indeed the greatest. The same with Tiger Woods’s golf performance in 1997: “I was in between a Band a C[in my playing].
Distractions
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the key areas of concentration and focus control is that of dealing with all distractions in the performance, along with adapting to what is happening and refocusing while under pressure. This skill is probably the one that separates the singers at the top from all the others. If you have confidence in your ability to deal appropriately with distractions, by all means skip this chapter. If not, read on. As with other mental skills, the vital skill of controlling distractions must be practiced regularly if you are to perform well consistently. Holding your focus even wh8n distracted and refocusing when necessary are essential performance skills. When what you are doing is the same as what you are thinking, you have the right focus.
The Coach’s and/or Accompanist’s Place in Singers’ Audition, Competition, and Performance Work
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In public singing performances such as auditions, competitions, or recital work there are two possibilities with regard to the pianist: Either your coach is also your accompanist or your coach is not your accompanist. The first situation usually makes your work easier. The coach/accompanist is well aware of your musical habits and also your weaknesses. He or she will be able to aid your performance immeasurably by both anticipating the former and hiding the latter, when either action is necessary for the good of the performance. Neither your strengths nor your weaknesses will come as a surprise to the coach/accompanist. You can rely on a good coach’s thorough knowledge of your skills.
Mutations in CIS-Acting Transcriptional Regulatory Elements
Authors: Semenza Gregg L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This and subsequent chapters of Part Two will focus on human diseases that are caused by abnormal structure and/or function of the cis-acting DNA sequences or trans-acting protein factors that represent the two major components of transcriptional systems. Part Two will differ from Part One by the introduction of clinical data into the discussion. In order to provide a resource for further exploration, the description of each clinical condition will include the relevant catalogue (MIM) number in the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM™) database, which can be accessed at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, via the World Wide Web. A less up-to-date hard copy of MIM is also available (McKusick, 1994). The discussion of transcriptional pathophysiology begins with a description of the less common mechanism by which transcription is de ranged, mutations within cis-acting DNA sequences that represent transcription factor binding sites. Binding site mutations may represent a less common cause of transcriptional derangement because of the cooperative nature of DNA binding in which protein-protein interactions between factors binding at adjacent sites (either directly or via interactions with common coactivators) may stabilize DNA binding. Under these circumstances a point mutation might decrease the affinity of a transcription factor for its cognate nucleotide sequence so that the factor could no longer bind to the isolated DNA sequence in vitro, yet might still be capable of binding in vivo.
Mutations in Genes Encoding Transcription Factors: The Nuclear Receptor Superfamily
Authors: Semenza Gregg L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapters 5 through 14, mutations that affect the structure and/or function of specific transcription factors and result in human disease will be described. As in the previous chapter, the intent is not to catalogue all known mutations but rather to provide examples that illustrate principles of molecular pathophysiology that will be applicable to the ever expanding list of such conditions that is being reported in the molecular biology and clinical literature. In contrast to the mutations in cis-acting elements, the mutations in trans-acting factors affect the structure of the protein product of a gene. In the text, gene symbols will be indicated by italicized letters (all capitalized for human genes, first letter only for mouse genes), whereas the protein product of a gene will be indicated by unitalicized capital letters (for both human and mouse proteins). Missense mutations result in substitution of one amino acid for another and will be designated in the text using the single-letter code for amino acids (see Table 5.1). For example, the mutation C23S (due to a TGT AGT transversion) would result in substitution of serine for cysteine at residue 23 of the protein. Nonsense mutations result in premature termination of translation, which is designated by an X. Thus, the mutation C23X (due to a TGT TGA transversion) would result in translation of a truncated polypeptide containing only 22 amino acid residues.
POU Domain Proteins
Authors: Semenza Gregg L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Homeodomain transcription factors play essential roles in controlling embryonic development in all animal species studied. Within the super family of homeodomain factors is the POU domain family, which was established on the basis of amino acid sequence homology between the transcription factors ;EITl/GHFl, OCTl, OCT2, and !JNC86 (hence the acronym POU, which is pronounced “pow”) (Herr et al., 1988). PITl/ GHF (Bodner et al., 1988; Ingraham et al., 1988) controls transcription of the growth hormone and other pituitary-specific genes, OCTl (Sturm et al., 1988) is ubiquitously expressed and activates transcription of histone H2B genes, OCT2 (Clerc et al., 1988; Ko et al., 1988) activates transcrip tion of immunoglobulin genes in B lymphocytes, and UNC86 (Finney et al., 1988) determines neuroblast fate in C.elegans. Subsequently, over two dozen POU domain-containing proteins have been identified in C. elegans, Drosophila, and mammals (Verrijzer and Van der Vliet, 1993). A new system of genetic nomenclature has been devised so that the PITl/ GHFl, OCTl, OCT2, and BRN4/OCT9 proteins are encoded by POU1F1, POU2F1, POU2F2, and POU3F4, respectively (reviewed by Ezzell, 1996). The defining characteristic of POU proteins is a bipartite DNA binding domain of 150 to 160 amino acids that consists of a 60-amino acid POU homeodomain (POUH0) located just carboxyl-terminal to a POU-specific domain (POU5) of 70 to 80 amino acids (Fig. 11.1). As described in Chapter 9, the homeodomain contains three a-helical regions so that helices 2 and 3 form a helix-turn-helix motif that is structurally similar to the DNA-binding domain of prokaryotic repressors, in which helix 3 contacts DNA in the major groove (Harrison and Aggar wal, 1990). The POU5 domain contains four a-helical regions so that hel ices 2 and 3 form a helix-turn-helix motif that is similar in its structure to the phage A repressor DNA-binding domain (Assa-Munt et al., 1993).
Somatic Cell Genetic Disease: Cancer
Authors: Semenza Gregg L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The molecular pathophysiology of carcinogenesis is based to a great ex tent on somatic mutation. Through a process of clonal selection, tumor cells accumulate mutations that increase their ability to proliferate. These mutations are of two general types: (1) activating mutations in growth promoting genes known as oncogenes and (2) inactivating mutations in growth-restricting genes known as tumor suppressor genes. The vast majority of these mutations occur within the tumor cells only, either spontaneously or in response to an environmental mutagen. In the case of the tumor suppressor genes, however, rare germline loss-of-function mutations can result in a hereditary predisposition to cancer, as de scribed for the WTl gene in the WAGR syndrome (see Chapter 6). In these cases, the affected individual is heterozygous for an inactivating mutation in all cells of the body. When a somatic mutation occurs on the second allele within a target cell, both alleles have been inactivated and the process of oncogenesis is initiated, in accordance with the “two hit” model originally proposed by Knudson (1971; Knudson et al., 1975). For these affected individuals, the risk of developing a cancer (such as Wilms tumor in patients heterozygous for deletion of WTl) is greatly increased, approaching 100% in some cases. In addition to an extremely high incidence of tumorigenesis, the tumors appear at an earlier age, are bilateral in paired organs, and multifocal.
Caribbean Constraints on Circulation Between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans Over the Past 40 Million Years
Authors: Draxler Andre W , Burke Kevin C , Cunningham Andrew D , Hine Albert C , Rosencrantz Eric , Duncan David S , Hallock Pamela , Robinson Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Openings and closings of those narrow passageways between neighboring oceans which are called straits by geographers and gateways by paleoceanographers have had a powerful influence on oceanic circulation and, therefore, on climate change over the past approximate 50 million years (see, e.g., Kennett, 1977; Lawver and Gahagan, this volume, chapter 10). The closing of the Panama passageway (also referred to as the Central American Seaway) by blocking the transport of oceanic waters between the low latitudes of the western North Atlantic and the eastern Pacific oceans and by strengthening interhemispheral oceanic transport from low to high latitudes in the Atlantic Ocean, has long been recognized to have strongly influenced both oceanic circulation and climatic change (see, e.g., Warren 1983).