bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Occurrence, distribution, and localisation of metals in cnidarians
Authors: Marshall Alan T. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe Cnidaria are simple organisms that have remarkable physiological features susceptible to microscopic investigation. As a group they produce cnidae, the most complex intracellular organelles known, form symbioses with a range of unicellular algae, contain mucocytes that account for a very substantial fraction of their body mass, and form complex skeletal structures of calcium carbonate. This review summarises contributions dealing with the distribution and localisation of metals of physiological and pathological importance within soft tissues and skeletons. Whilst there have been detailed studies of microscale metal distribution, using X‐ray microanalysis, in the stinging organelles or cnidocysts and in mucocytes, other cells such as symbiotic algae and the epithelial cells have received little attention. In the skeleton‐producing scleractinian corals X‐ray microanalysis has provided tenuous, but persistent, evidence of Ca associated with intracellular vesicles or granules in the skeletogenic epithelium, even though the investigations were technically limited. These observations may be germane to the intriguing and intransigent problem of the mechanism of coral calcification. Metal localisation in coral skeleton at the resolution of annual growth rings has been concerned with the validity of Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios as thermometers for paleoclimatic studies. It is not clear whether these ratios are influenced primarily by environmental or biological parameters. Microscale analyses by X‐ray microanalysis and ion microprobe indicate a much greater variability of metal ratios which suggests biological control of metal deposition. New data are provided on the elemental composition, measured by X‐ray microanalysis, of cells and cell compartments in the coral Galaxea fascicularis and zooxanthellae in the anemone Aiptasia sp. New information is also presented on changing Ca/Sr ratios at the skeletal interface in Galaxea fascicularis. Microsc. Res. Tech. 56:341–357, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Altered timing of the extracellular‐matrix‐mediated epithelial‐mesenchymal interaction that initiates mandibular skeletogenesis in three inbred strains of mice: Development, heterochrony, and evolutionary change in morphology
Authors: MacDonald Mary E. , Hall Brian K. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSubtle changes in embryonic development are a source of significant morphological alterations during evolution. The mammalian mandibular skeleton, which originates from the cranial neural crest, is a complex structure comprising several components that interact late in embryogenesis to produce a single functional unit. It provides a model system in which individual developmental events at the basis of population‐level evolutionary change can be investigated experimentally. Inbred mouse strains exhibit obvious morphological differences despite the relatively short time since their divergence from one another. Some of these differences can be traced to small changes in the timing of early developmental events such as the formation of the cellular condensations that initiate skeletogenesis. This paper examines an even earlier event for changes in timing, the epithelial‐mesenchymal interaction(s) required to initiate chondrogenesis of Meckel’s cartilage and osteogenesis of the dentary bone. Using three inbred strains of mice (CBA, C3H and C57) we found that, within each strain, cartilage and bone are induced at the same time and by the same (mandibular) epithelium, that chondrogenesis and osteogenesis are initiated by a matrix‐mediated epithelial‐mesenchymal interaction, and that timing of the interactions differs among the three inbred strains. These results are discussed with respect to the possible molecular basis of such temporal shifts in inductive interactions and how such studies can be used to shed light on heterochrony as a mechanism of evolutionary change in morphology. J. Exp. Zool. 291:258–273, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Muscle receptor organs do not mediate load compensation during body roll and defense response extensions in the crayfish Cherax destructor
Authors: Patullo Blair W. , Faulkes Zen , Macmillan David L. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIt has been proposed that the abdominal muscle receptor organ (MRO) of decapod crustaceans acts in a sensory feedback loop to compensate for external load. There is not yet unequivocal evidence of MRO activity during slow abdominal extension in intact animals, however. This raises the possibility that MRO involvement in load compensation is context‐dependent. We recorded from MRO tonic stretch receptors (SRs) in freely behaving crayfish (Cherax destructor) during abdominal extension occurring during two different behaviors: body roll and the defense response. Abdominal extensions are similar in many respects in both behaviors, although defense response extensions are more rapid. In both situations, SR activity typically ceased when the abdominal extension commenced, even if the joint of the SR being monitored was mechanically prevented from extending by a block. Since extensor motor neuron activity increased when the abdomen was prevented from extending, we concluded that the load compensation occurring in these behaviors was not mediated by the MROs. J. Exp. Zool. 290:783–790, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamics of Epstein‐Barr virus DNA levels in serum during EBV‐associated disease
Authors: Berger Christoph , Day Philip , Meier Gabriela , Zingg Walter , Bossart Walter , Nadal David 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
A real‐time polymerase chain reaction assay for quantitation of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) DNA in serum was developed. This assay detected EBV DNA in 24 (89%) of 27 sera from patients with infectious mononucleosis, but only in 9 (18%) of 51 sera from EBV carriers (P < 0.001) and in none of the sera from 32 EBV‐seronegative individuals. EBV DNA levels were higher in sera from infectious mononucleosis (median 8,000, range 1833–150,069 copies/ml) than from carriers (median < 2, range < 2–2980; P < 0.001). In sera of 36 children with infectious mononucleosis followed prospectively, EBV DNA levels correlated inversely with the duration of symptoms. Among 18 children with tumors including Hodgkin's disease (n = 7), non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (n = 6), Burkitt's lymphoma (n = 1), lymphoproliferative disorder (n = 4), and osteosarcoma (n = 1), EBV DNA was detected in serum from those 9 (100%) expressing EBV in the tumor (Hodgkin's disease, 3; non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma, 2; lymphoproliferative disorder, 4), the levels peaking at diagnosis and correlating with disease activity. Quantitation of EBV DNA in serum may offer a simple means of monitoring patients at risk of EBV‐associated lymphoproliferation. J. Med. Virol. 64:505–512, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cryoglobulinemia in Japanese patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection: Host genetic and virological study
Authors: Nagasaka Atsushi , Takahashi Tomoya , Sasaki Tsuyoshi , Takimoto Kyoko , Miyashita Kencho , Nakamura Michio , Wakahama Osamu , Nishikawa Shuji , Higuchi Akifumi 
Published: October 2004

AbstractEssential cryoglobulinemia is associated closely with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The mechanism responsible for occurrence of the disease is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate pathogenetic roles of HCV in cryoglobulinemia. One hundred sixty‐seven consecutive patients with HCV were studied clinically by HCV grouping, HCV RNA levels, GBV‐C/HGV, HCV quasispecies (target region was hypervariable region‐1) and HLA polymorphism. The quasispecies in cryoprecipitate were compared with those in supernatant. The results of HLA polymorphism of patients with cryoglobulinemia were compared with those without cryoglobulinemia and healthy controls. The frequency of HCV‐related cryoglobulinemia was 71 of 167 (42.5%). Patients with cirrhosis (36 of 63, 57.1%) had cryoglobulinemia more frequently than those with chronic hepatitis (35 of 104, 33.7%, P < 0.01). No significant differences were not found between the two groups (patients with and without cryoglobulinemia) in age, gender, HCV grouping, HCV RNA level and frequency of GBV‐C/HGV. HCV was found quantitatively and clonally more frequently in the cryoprecipitate than in the supernatant. HLA polymorphism presented no significant differences among three groups. The stage of liver disease is one of pathogenetic factors. The greater the presence of HCV quasispecies in cryoprecipitate than in the supernatant indicates that various antigen presentations play an important role in the formation of cryoglobulin, whereas HLA typing dose not seem to contribute to the development of cryoglobulinemia. J. Med. Virol. 65:52–57, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Plasma concentrations of sVCAM‐1 and severity of dengue infections
Authors: Murgue Bernadette , Cassar Olivier , Deparis Xavier 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAdhesion molecules are essential for the immune response. They are involved in the regulation of cell‐to‐cell contact, thereby enabling leukocytes to communicate. Circulating forms of adhesion molecules are found in the serum of healthy individuals. Raised levels have been associated with disease severity in HCV and other infections and thus appear to be good markers of endothelial damage. The levels of soluble Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule‐1 (sVCAM‐1) and of sP and sL‐selectin in the plasma of children hospitalised for dengue in French Polynesia were monitored. Studies from the 1996/1997 dengue‐2 outbreak, showed that levels of sVCAM‐1 increase steadily during the febrile period, peak on day 7, and then decline relatively rapidly. Disregarding the time frame within the febrile period, sVCAM‐1 levels were always higher compared to controls. There was a significant association between sVCAM‐1 levels and dengue haemorrhagic fever, a severe manifestation of dengue virus infection characterised by plasma leakage. No association was apparent between sVCAM‐1 levels and primary vs. secondary dengue virus infections. Levels of sP‐selectin and sL‐selectin were significantly higher in primary compared with secondary infection but were not different in patients presenting with plasma leakage. Lastly, sVCAM‐1 levels were significantly higher in an outbreak of severe disease in 1989/1990 (dengue‐3) when compared to a non‐severe outbreak in 1988/1989 (dengue‐1) and a mild outbreak in 1996/1997 (dengue‐2). The results suggested that levels of sVCAM‐1 production might prove to be a useful marker in the management of severe dengue. J. Med. Virol. 65:97–104, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of high‐risk HPV types by the hybrid capture 2 test
Authors: Terry George , Ho Linda , Londesborough Philip , Cuzick Jack , Mielzynska‐Lohnas Iwona , Lorincz Attila 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA hybrid capture test that can be used to detect at least 13 high‐risk HPV types (referred to collectively as HPV‐HR) in cervical scrapes (Hybrid Capture 2 probe set B, HC2‐B) was evaluated. The HC2‐B test is accurate and highly reproducible and the results obtained show excellent agreement with those obtained by a multiplexed type‐specific polymerase chain reaction (mts‐PCR). An additional assay to identify a subset of HPV‐HR types may improve specificity without compromising sensitivity in HC2‐B positive specimens with a test result close to the cut‐off value given by 1 pg/ml HPV DNA. J. Med. Virol. 65:155–162, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reduced prevalence of serum antibodies against adeno‐associated virus type 2 in patients with adult T‐cell leukaemia lymphoma
Authors: Walz Christian M. , Nakamura Minoru , Fukunaga Toshihiko , Jasiewicz Yvonne , Edler Lutz , Schlehofer Jörg R. , Tanaka Yuetsu 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSeroepidemiological studies have shown previously that cancer patients are less likely to have antibodies against the tumour suppressive adeno‐associated virus (AAV) than control groups. To examine the influence of AAV infection on the development of adult T‐cell leukaemia lymphoma (ATLL), an endemic disease in Southern Japan that is caused by infection with the human T‐cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV‐I), the prevalence of serum antibodies to AAV type 2 (AAV‐2) was tested in healthy HTLV‐I carriers (n = 39) and patients with ATLL (n = 31). The results showed a significant difference in AAV‐2 seropositivity between the two groups: Only 29% of the ATLL patients had IgG antibodies against AAV‐2, whereas 84.6% of the healthy HTLV‐I carriers were seropositive. Analysis of total serum IgG and antibodies against the Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) EBNA1 antigen showed that the lack of AAV antibodies in patients was not due to an ATLL‐associated immune deficiency. The lower level of AAV‐2 seropositivity in ATLL‐patients may indicate that AAV‐2 antibody‐positive HTLV‐I carriers might be less likely to develop ATLL or that loss of AAV‐2 antibodies may parallel the development of disease. J. Med. Virol. 65:185–189, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hepatitis B virus concentrations in serum determined by sensitive quantitative assays in patients with established chronic hepatitis delta virus infection
Authors: Sakugawa Hiroshi , Nakasone Hiroki , Nakayoshi Tomofumi , Kawakami Yuko , Yamashiro Tsuyoshi , Maeshiro Tatsuji , Kinjo Fukunori , Saito Atsushi , Zukeran Hiroki 
Published: October 2004

AbstractTo clarify the correlation between hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in patients with established chronic hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection, sensitive HBV quantitative assays were used for the study. Thirty‐four consecutive patients with chronic liver disease who were positive for both hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to HDV (anti‐HDV), including 19 patients with chronic hepatitis, 8 patients with liver cirrhosis and 7 patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. All were negative for hepatitis Be antigen (HBeAg) and positive for antibody to HBeAg. HBV DNA was detected in 25 (73.5%) of the 34 patients using real‐time detection PCR, and the HBV DNA levels of these patients were significantly lower compared with HBeAg status and ALT level‐matched patients with chronic liver disease positive for HBsAg but negative for anti‐HDV. There was no correlation between serum HBV DNA and ALT levels among the 34 patients with chronic liver disease positive for anti‐HDV. Whereas serum ALT levels in anti‐HDV‐positive HBsAg carriers with HDV RNA were significantly higher than those without HDV RNA. Liver damage in patients with established chronic HDV infection may be caused mainly by ongoing HDV infection not by HBV replication. J. Med. Virol. 65:478–484, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Shift in predominating subtype of HCV from 1b to 3a in St. Petersburg mediated by increase in injecting drug use*
Authors: Kalinina O. , Norder H. , Vetrov T. , Zhdanov K. , Barzunova M. , Plotnikova V. , Mukomolov S. , Magnius L.O. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe genotypes of 149 HCV strains from St. Petersburg were determined by limited sequencing and phylogenetic analysis within the NS5B region. One hundred two strains derived from patients that attended infectious disease clinics, of whom 48 admitted injecting drug use, and 47 derived from dialysis patients. Subtype 3a was predominant in the patients from infectious disease clinics, both in patients that admitted injecting drug use (56%) and in those with unknown source of infection (46%). However, 89% of the strains from dialysis patients belonged to subtype 1b. Eleven of twelve characterised strains from recent cases of hepatitis C at these units were at phylogenetic analysis shown to be related to strains already circulating there, demonstrating that within the dialysis units nosocomial transmission is the most important route of HCV infection. The predominance of subtype 1b strains in dialysis patients indicates that these strains have been circulating for a long time in dialysis units. The predominance of subtype 3a also among patients who did not admit drug use and that their strains were intermixed with the strains from injecting drug users in the phylogenetic analysis shows that the increase in injecting drug use is the major factor that explains the recent spread of HCV in the St. Petersburg population. This supports the concept that injecting drug use remains the major route for HCV infection in developed countries and that the control of drug abuse is the most important measure to prevent its spread. J. Med. Virol. 65:517–524, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection and characterisation of swine hepatitis E virus in New Zealand
Authors: Garkavenko Olga , Obriadina Anna , Meng Jihong , Anderson David A. , Benard Helen J. , Schroeder Bryan A. , Khudyakov Yury E. , Fields Howard A. , Croxson Margaret C. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe objectives of the present study were to establish the presence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in New Zealand pigs, first by testing for HEV antibody in pig herds throughout New Zealand to measure the herd prevalence, then by attempting to amplify HEV genomic sequences by PCR. Antibody was measured by two independently designed ELISA serology tests. HEV RNA fragments were amplified by RT‐PCR of nucleic acid extracted from faeces of 10–12‐week‐old piglets using primers targeting ORF1, ORF2, and ORF2/3. PCR products were subject to phylogenetic analysis. Antibody to HEV was found throughout New Zealand pig herds as well as in the different age groups within the herds. Twenty herds from 22 tested were positive for HEV antibody (91% herd prevalence). Phylogenetic analysis of the amplified sequences placed this New Zealand strain of HEV closest to the human European strain It‐1 (AF 110390) and U.S. swine strain (AF 082843) with 88% and 83% similarity respectively in ORF1. It was concluded that HEV is widely distributed in the New Zealand pig population. Phylogenetic analysis shows that this is a new HEV strain, grouping most closely with the United States/European cluster, which includes HEV strains of both human and swine origin. J. Med. Virol. 65:525–529, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A‐549 is a suitable cell line for primary isolation of coxsackie B viruses
Authors: Otero J.R. , Folgueira L. , Trallero G. , Prieto C. , Maldonado S. , Babiano M.J. , Martinez‐Alonso I. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA common receptor for coxsackie B virus and adenovirus has been described recently in cells of human and murine origin. Since the established cell line A‐549 is suitable for adenoviruses, the potential use of A‐549 cells for the isolation of coxsackie B viruses from clinical samples was investigated. All throat swabs sent to the laboratory between April 1998 and June 1999 were inoculated onto monolayers of MRC‐5 and A‐549 cells in tubes, and the enterovirus isolates obtained were typed. From April to June 1999, A‐549 cells were compared prospectively to Buffalo green monkey (BGM) cells, considered as the most susceptible cell line for isolating coxsackie B viruses. Fifty‐six out of 171 enterovirus isolates (33%) displayed a cytopathic effect (CPE) in the A‐549 monolayer only, 48 isolates (28%) in the MRC‐5 monolayer only, and 67 isolates (39%) in both cell lines. Most isolates that showed CPE in A‐549 cells only (48 out of 56, 86%) were coxsackie B viruses, belonging to four different serotypes (B1, B2, B4, and B6). When BGM and A‐549 cells were inoculated in parallel, both recovered the same number of coxsackie B isolates (n = 20), and the CPE was noted on approximately the same day. In conclusion, growth in A‐549 but not MRC‐5 cells identified coxsackie B viruses in most cases. A‐549 was comparable to BGM for primary isolation of coxsackie B viruses. J. Med. Virol. 65:534–536, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epidemic of jungle yellow fever in Brazil, 2000: Implications of climatic alterations in disease spread
Authors: Vasconcelos P.F.C. , Costa Z.G. , Travassos da Rosa E.S. , Luna E. , Rodrigues S.G. , Barros V.L.R.S. , Dias J.P. , Monteiro H.A.O. , Oliva O.F.P. , Vasconcelos H.B. , Oliveira R.C. , Sousa M.R.S. , Barbosa Da Silva J. , Cruz A.C.R. , Martins E.C. , Travassos Da Rosa J.F.S. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSeventy‐seven human cases of sylvatic yellow fever were reported in Brazil during the period January–June 2000. The first cases were reported 1 week after New Year's day and originated at Chapada dos Veadeiros, a tourist canyon site in Goiás state, near Brasília, the Brazilian capital. The laboratory procedures used for diagnoses included serology with an IgM capture assay and plaque reduction neutralization test, virus isolation in suckling mice and C6/36 cells, and immunohistochemistry. All cases were diagnosed by at least two different laboratory procedures, with the exception of the first three fatal cases, which were diagnosed on the basis of clinical and epidemiological information. The cases were reported in eight Brazilian states as follows: Goiás with 64.9% (50 cases); Amazonas (1); Bahia (10); Distrito Federal (1); Mato Grosso (4); Minas Gerais (2); Pará (1); São Paulo (2); and Tocantins (6). Patient ages were within the following ranges: 13–74 years old (mean 34.3), 64 (84.4%) were male, especially agricultural workers (n = 30), but tourists (n = 11), carpenters (n = 4), fishermen (n = 4), students (n = 3), truck drivers (n = 3), and other people (n = 22) were also sickened. The case fatality rate was 50.6% (39/77). In Bahia state, a serologic survey that was carried out has suggested a symptomatic/asymptomatic coefficient of 1:4. Field studies developed in Distrito Federal, Goiás, and São Paulo states showed that Haemagogus janthinomys was the mosquito species associated with the transmission. A single strain was also obtained from Aedes scapularis in Bahia. Epizootic occurrence (monkey mortality) was observed in 49 municipalities mainly in Goiás state, where 40 municipalities made reports, 21 of which also diagnosed human cases. Data obtained by the National Institute of Meteorology in Brazil showed an increase in temperature and rain in December 1999 and the first 3 months of 2000 in Goiás and surrounding states, which perhaps has contributed to the intense and widespread transmission of the yellow fever virus. The relatively small number of cases probably reflects the extensive use of yellow fever 17D‐vaccine during the last 3 years, in which about 45 million doses were used. During the last months of 1999, 16 and 11 yellow fever cases were reported in Tocantins and Goiás states, respectively. It is noteworthy that the last reported autochthonous cases of sylvatic yellow fever in São Paulo and Bahia, both states outside the endemic/enzootic area, had occurred in 1953 and 1948, respectively. J. Med. Virol. 65:598–604, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.