bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pre-Swing Era Big Bands and Jazz Composing and Arranging
Authors: Maher James T , Sultanof Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The American dance band has often mirrored its rich past while moving forward as a vital part of cross-cultural exchanges. In the post-World War I era its commonplace popular song repertoire was first reshaped by “symphonic” orchestrations, then was transformed by the creative scoring of young arrangers, black and white alike, audaciously probing the future. Immediately after the war it surfaced as a show business commodity with an underpinning of historical changes in dancing, broadcasting, recording, and filmmaking. Quickly, its publicitypro and copushed it into the celebrity world, where it deployed its exciting and musically turbulent other self: jazz (which in after-hours jamming, and later in public performances, often subverted segregation, as the musician-writer Rex Stewart has observed). In Europe in the early nineteenth century, the first celebrity dance orchestra emerged during the Congress of Vienna (1812-22). At that time violinist Joseph Launer started a dance orchestra, creating a historic “book” of his own music. Soon, Lanner had four orchestras meeting the demand for his music in ballrooms, beer gardens, concert rooms, and private mansions.
Swing Era Big Bands and Jazz Composing and Arranging
Authors: Harrison Max 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fallowing the Depression, the early 1930s seemed a bad time for jazz. Yet music’s unfolding cannot be subsumed in cultural, still less social, history, and recordings-our sole reliable witnesses-prove that the language of jazz continued to develop. What happened in the 1930s was built on the 1920s, the achievements of that decade being consolidated and synthesized, then germinating further innovations. These became known as swing.
In the jazz of the 1930s there was no specifically “new movement.” There seldom is; yet people prefer fantasy to fact, and hence various dates have been accepted as marking the start of this swing music. The most plausible remains August 21, 1935, the day of a spectacularly successful performance from Benny Goodman’s dejected band at a ballroom in Los Angeles. Yet by then swing was almost old, and a less improbable candidate is the now-forgotten Casa Loma Orchestra, which from 1930 recorded in a style that seemed new to jazz. Played with extraordinary impetus, “Maniac’s Ball” (Brunswick) is representative, and tension is increased relentlessly through each idea being slightly more propulsive than the last. Gene Gifford, the band’s chief arranger, was preoccupied not with melody or color but with almost
Pianists of the 1940s and 1950s
Authors: Katz Dick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In any art form, it is important to remember that as changes occur, there is much overlapping. Eras do not define themselves with precision. Significant changes tend to happen gradually, and even though stylistic breakthroughs seem initially revolutionary, the passage of time confirms the fact that true innovation is built solidly on the past.
The years between 1940 and 1960 saw jazz piano styles undergo an amazing transformation.
The three acknowledged masters in 1940 were Earl “Fatha” Hines, Teddy Wilson, and, of course, Art Tatum. Hines, it is agreed by most, is the true source of most “modern” jazz piano. Wilson, originally a Hines disciple, was probably the most popular and imitated pianist in the thirties and into the forties. Tatum is still considered by many the greatest of all time, truly in a class by himself.
These jazz icons continued to flourish at a high creative level well into the postbebop era. Their collective greatness transcended and endured all manner of trends and stylistic innovations, and they individually profoundly influenced the future masters of the music.
Jazz in Europe: The Real World Music ... or the Full Circle
Authors: Zwerin Mike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When you date the arrival of jazz in Europe depends on what you mean by jazz and how you define arrive.
To begin with, it grew out of a combination of European and African influences, harmony and rhythm respectively. Appropriate instruments (brass saxhorns as well as saxophones) were invented in the nineteenth century by the Belgian Adolphe Sax. About half of the roots can be considered European. It was brewed in America by African Americans, and it matured in mixed blood there. Eventually, it came full circle and bounced back to Europe full of vim and vigor. So where are we, and what next?
Americans taught the Europeans how to play it. Once they learned, they distilled and added to it until they felt that they no longer needed Americans hanging around taking their gigs. From the reverse angle, Americans no longer particularly wanted to hang around Europe either. As Europe grew richer it became more expensive; there were more taxes, and they were harder to avoid. And the home playing field began to level out for African Americans.
Players preferred not to uproot their families and make their children learn French or Swedish or whatever.
The Clarinet in Jazz
Authors: Ullman Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first jazz record, the Original Dixieland Jazz Band’s “Livery Stable Blues,” announced in 1917 a new kind of music but also, startlingly, a new kind of clarinet playing, heard in the forthright, repeated squeal, a high E flat, by clarinetist Larry Shields. Shields’s thin, abrasive tone sounds like a wild cry as it carries above the rest of the band. On the “Dixieland Jass Band One-Step,” he flings out high notes before him, letting them sag in pitch in a manner that might have been plaintive but for the insistently upbeat style of the band. His two-bar breaks include the whinnying sounds and brash glissandos heard repeatedly in early jazz. Those high notes, pushed out dramatically, are inevitable if he is going to be heard, but his vibrato-laden tone is not. It is indicative of a New Orleans style of clarinet playing, which frequently took the instrument’s sound in a direction radically different from the classical tradition.
The Trumpet in Jazz
Authors: Sandke Randy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Metal trumpets were known in Egypt as far back as the second millennium B.C., but it wasn’t until the early nineteenth century that the valved instrument, capable of playing a full chromatic scale, was invented. The cornet, a descendent of the military bugle, developed around the same time. Trumpets and cornets are made of brass and share the same range and technique, differing only in the diameter of their tubing: trumpets have a uniformly cylindrical bore until the flare of the bell, whereas cornets have a constantly expanding “conical” bore. This produces a generally brighter, more penetrating tone on the trumpet and a darker, more rounded tone on the cornet.
Toward the latter half of the nineteenth century the trumpet was the preferred instrument of symphony orchestras, where it played and continues to play a largely subservient role, while the cornet became the leading voice in wind bands. As such, the cornet developed more quickly as a solo instrument, capable of dazzling agility and expressiveness. This was the golden age of the cornet virtuoso as personified by J.B. Arban (author of the method book brass players still cut their teeth on) and Herbert L. Clarke, soloist of the Sousa band.
The Electric Guitar and Vibraphone in Jazz: Batteries Not Included
Authors: Tesser Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1950 the recordings of the George Shearing Quintet began to capture the attention of not only the demimonde of jazz hipsters but the larger sphere of American pop music as well. A British pianist raised on swing, Shearing now became a leading popularizer of bebop: his group hammered home bop’s angular intervals and tense chords, yet softened the blow with plush harmonization and cushiony textures.
But the “Shearing sound” relied as much on his then-unique combination of electric guitar and vibraphone, which replaced the standard-issue bebop horns-and which makes his band a perfect starting point for this discussion. What’s more, the band achieved its success in the early 1950s, the very middle of a century dominated by the spread of electricity to every aspect of our lives-and without electrical amplification, we’d have heard little from either the guitar or the vibes in jazz, since neither instrument on its own can generate enough dynamic force to challenge the presence of trumpets, saxophones, piano, and drums.
Still, amplification alone would not have equipped these instruments for jazz’s rigorous demands of expression and improvisation. Their success depends at least as much on sustain as it does on volume.
Jazz and Film and Television
Authors: Berg Chuck 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jazz and film, both artistic children of the twentieth century, are arguably America’s greatest gifts to world culture. Born and nurtured at the fringes of proper society, each has risen to attain respectability. After decades of being shunned by Eurocentric guardians of high culture, jazz and film are now deemed subjects worthy of serious study. With film screenings and jazz concerts at the White House and formal recognitions by Congress, these two prototypically American arts, with their melting-pot parentage and kinetic New World dynamism, speak passionately of diverse peoples seeking their destinies as individuals as well as groups. Indeed, when future historians look back to identify the mainsprings that drove the past millennium’s last centenary, jazz and movies will undoubtedly top the list of those phenomena best capturing the artistic and cultural vigor that was “the American Century.”
Although jazz and film (and film’s electronic offspring, television and video) have traveled along mostly parallel and therefore separate tracks, there are intersections where the two have met head on. These junctures are the subject of this essay. In mapping these crossroads, a largely chronological approach is employed. Still, as the intertwined tale of jazz and film unfolds, several recurring topics should be noted.
Jazz Clubs
Authors: Pelote Vincent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between the years 1890 and 1920 a great social upheaval took place in American culture. The old American ethic of hard work and emotional constraint was replaced with a new outlook that stressed pleasure and self-expression.
This shift led to the development of new institutions such as dance halls, cabarets, ritzy restaurants, and theaters. Less elegant forms of the aforementioned had already existed in New York’s unsavory tenderloin districts, the bohemian areas of San Francisco’s Barbary Coast, and black ghettos. Around the turn of the century, the white middle class adopted these institutions, imbued them with respectability, and integrated them into the mainstream of American culture. The nightclub grew out of these early dance halls and cabarets.
Nightclubs proliferated after World War I, taking the place of the larger, less intimate music halls. The lineage of the nightclub in America can be traced to the nineteenth-century, European-inspired cabarets. These large establishments, which were particularly prevalent in New York, featured elaborate entertainment with music. The nightclub as we recognize it today, with its atmosphere of intimacy, developed in the speakeasies that came to fruition during Prohibition.
Voyager and Galileo
Authors: Rothery David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not easy to get to Jupiter and even harder to reach the planets beyond. Apart from the hazards posed by the risk of collision and radiation damage, the distances are very great and the journey times involved are so long that the spacecraft must be relied upon to continue to function and stay in radio communication with Earth for several years. As table 3.1 shows, Saturn is about twice as far away as Jupiter, and Uranus is twice as far again. It took Pioneer-10 almost two years to reach Jupiter. Bearing in mind that a spacecraft has to fight the Sun’s gravity all the way, at the same initial speed it would normally take considerably more than four times as long to reach Uranus. This is a long time to wait for results, especially as a mission is typically in the prelaunch planning stage for several years beforehand. To send a spacecraft on such a long journey to a single distant planet also entails significant risk that it will break down on the way, making the whole mission virtually a washout. By a stroke of immense good fortune, the Voyager spacecraft were able to minimize these problems by visiting several planets in turn while still reaching their final targets faster than if they had been sent by a more direct route.
Active Worlds
Authors: Rothery David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Four satellites are regarded as active in this book: Io and Europa (Jupiter), Enceladus (Saturn), and Triton (Neptune). The occurrence of present-day activity on Europa and Enceladus can be disputed, but there is no doubt whatsoever in the case of Io. 7.1 10 Unlike the other satellites discussed in this book, Io does not have an icy surface (except for a sprinkling of sulfur dioxide frost). Its density and size are intermediate between those of the Moon and Mars, and in most respects it can be regarded as a terrestrial planet that happens to be in orbit around Jupiter. Jupiter’s influence is manifested by the elevated temperature in the inner part of the protojovian nebula that seems to have prevented a substantial amount of ice from accreting onto Io. Tidal heating caused by orbital resonance with Europa keeps Io’s interior hotter than it would otherwise now be in a rocky body of this size.
“So, That Explains It ”
Authors: Kimmel Michael S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There’s a famous cartoon of two babies, a boy and a girl, standing together. They’re both holding open their diapers and peering down at their genitals. The caption reads, “So, that explains the difference in our salaries.” The cartoon adopts a popular idea about the theories of Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis. Freud believed that the anatomical differences between males and females led them toward different personalities, that sex did determine temperament. However, he did not believe that such differences were programmed into males and females at birth. On the contrary, Freud saw his work as challenging those who held that the body contained all the information it needed at birth to become an adult man or woman. He believed that the, observed differences between women and men were traceable to our different experiences from infancy onward, especially in the ways we were treated in our families.
Of Embryos and Worms and Very Old Men The Developmental Genetics of Senescence and Lifespan
Authors: Clark William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A major question that troubles those who think deeply about the evolutionary origins of senescence and death is the biological basis for the tremendous variability in maximum lifespan seen between species living in the same environmental niche. Why do some species live so much longer than others? How could such differences have arisen in the first place? Maximum lifespan will certainly be affected to some extent by variability in the rate at which senescence results in death, either through accident or collapse ofinternal systems, once it sets in. But perhaps more important, variability in maximum lifespan seems to reflect the variability in the time after birth before individual members of a given species reach reproductive maturity. Evidence gathered across a wide range of species suggests that truly “serious” senescence is delayed until at least the beginning of the reproductive period.
Human Genetic Diseases That Mimic the Aging Process
Authors: Clark William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The search for genes that might be involved in the human aging process—human senescence—was given a major push forward with the publication, in 1978, of a landmark study by George Martin entitled “Genetic Syndromes in Man with Potential Relevance to the Pathobiology of Aging.” His analysis of the existing medical and scientific literature had suggested that as many as 7000 human genes might be involved in the degenerative processes associated with aging, but he concluded that probably no more than seventy, and perhaps as few as seven, of these genes controlled processes in the body that have a major impact on senescence. He excluded from consideration genes encoding specific diseases that might cause death either early or late in life; although death is clearly the endpoint of senescence, Martin .
Cycling to Senescence
Authors: Clark William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few discoveries have rocked the generally staid world of gerontology research quite like the pronouncement of Leonard Hay¬ flick and Paul Moorehead in their 1961 paper, “The Serial Cultivation of Human Diploid Cell Strains.” It had been dogma for nearly fifty years that cells removed from the body would grow virtually forever in vitro. This directed the attention of everyone interested in aging away from the cell itself and toward factors within the body that caused otherwise immortal cells to age and die. But Hayflick and Moorehead showed otherwise. And they provided convincing evidence that the aging of cells in vitro—replicative senescence, as it came to be called was a reasonably good reflection of cellular aging in vivo.
Replicative Immortality Cancer and Aging
Authors: Clark William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although by no means restricted to the old, cancer is a dis¬ ease we ordinarily associate with aging and senescence, and to a large extent this correlation is valid. For males over thirty in the United States, cancer is second only to heart attack as a cause of death in all age groups. Cancer is actually the leading disease cause of death in women between forty and sixty, but once past menopause, the incidence of cardiovascular disease increases in women, and heart attacks then exceed cancer as a cause of death in both sexes. As an age associated idiopathic disease, cancer is very much a part of the normal process of senescence. Unquestionably, as advances in medicine and public health in this century have increased average lifespan, the pro¬ portion of deaths from cancer has increased. This is not because the frequency of cancer has increased in the population, but because other causes of death (obviously excluding cardiovascular disease) have been brought under control, unmasking an underlying association of cancer.
Northern Tanzania and Zanzibar
Authors: Dorrill J C , Kamukuru A T , Mgaya Y D , Risk M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The northern section of the Tanzanian coast includes the mainland areas of Tanga, Bagamoyo and Dar es Salaam as well as the oceanic island of Pemba and the continental island of Unguja (often mistakenly called Zanzibar, Fig. 6.1). Zanzibar is, in fact, the name of the state which is comprised of the two islands of Unguja and Pemba. The 200 m depth contour, which indicates the approximate edge of the continental shelf, lies between six and 40 km from the mainland coast. Pemba being an oceanic island is separated from the continental shelf by a 400 m deep channel. The mainland coast and the islands are surrounded by coastal fringing reefs and patch reefs. The mainland fringing reef is broken by bays and river estuaries.
The Maldives: A Nation of Atolls
Authors: Risk Michael J , Sluka Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Maldives are a double chain of islands in the Indian Ocean stretching for almost 1000 km south of Sri Lanka (74,75). There are more than 1200 islands (only 202 are inhabited), grouped into 19 atolls. The word atoll itself comes from Dhivehi, a Sinhalese dialect which is the language of the Maldives, and means an administrative district (4). The name Maldives is believed to have originated from the Sanskrit word malodheep, meaning garland, presumably from the appearance of the chain of islands from the deck of a ship. Marco Polo called the Maldives ‘the flower of the Indies’.
The Mascarene Islands
Authors: Nairn Odile , Cuet Pascale , Mangar Vijay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Mascarenes consist, from west to east, of Reunion, Mauritius and Rodrigues. The archipelago lies 800 km east of Madagascar between 21°07’ and 19°40’ south and 55°13’ and 63°30’ east (Fig. 12.1). The three islands of the archipelago consist of geologically and topographically distinct units with a narrow island shelf. Surface areas and highest points are 2512 km2 and 3069 m in Reunion, 1865 km2 and 905 m in Mauritius, and 110 km2 and 400 m in Rodrigues, respectively. The birth of the Mascarene islands through volcanic action (Box 12.1), and their separation from the African and Asian continents, as well as the distance between them, has led to a separate evolution and a high degree of endemism. The archipelago was first visited by Europeans in the 16th century but remained uninhabited until the 17th century. By the 18th century most of the terrestrial endemic animals had been decimated.
The Muse that Sings
Authors: McCutchan Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Muse That Sings is a unique behind-the-scenes look at both twentieth-century music and the nuts and bolts of creative work. Here, twenty-five of America's leading composers--from Adams to Zorn, from Bolcom to Vierk--talk candidly about their craft, their motivations, their difficulties, and how they how proceed from musical idea to finished composition. While focusing on the process and the stories behind specific works, the composers also touch on topics that will interest anyone involved in creative work. They discuss teachers and mentors, the task of revision, relationships with performers, and the ongoing struggle for a balance between freedom and discipline. They reveal sources of inspiration, artistic goals, and the often unexpected ways their musical ideas develop. Some describe personal tonal systems; others discuss the impact of computers and other electronic tools on their work; still others reflect philosophically on the inner impulses and outer influences that continue to drive them. While serious music has a reputation for being difficult and inaccessible, The Muse That Sings provides a powerful antidote. The composers in this book speak clearly and thoughtfully in response to key questions of concern to all readers interested in contemporary music. Each interview has been edited to stand alone as a concise meditation on muse and technique, and the book includes selected discographies as well as brief biographical sketches. Anyone with an interest in twentieth-century music or in the creative process will find this lively collection a valuable source of inspiration and insight.
Steve Rich
Authors: McCutchan Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
S (“)teve Reich received his formal music training at Juilliard with William Bergsma and Vincent Persichetti, and at Mills College with Lucia o Beno and Danus Milhaud, then went on to study non-Western music,,ij?0 cularly African drumming, Indonesian gamelan, and Hebrew cantillation. In 1966 he founded an ensemble to perform his music; Steve Reich and Musicians has since toured and recorded extensively for a broad audience. In 1997 Nonesuch released a ten-disc retrospective box set of Reich’s work, a rare event for a living composer still breaking new ground.
Claude Baker
Authors: McCutchan Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
∼1laude Baker grew up in Lenoir, North Carolina, and majored in ‘ music at East Carolina University. He studied composition with Samuel Adler and Warren Benson at the Eastman School of Music, Where he completed his doctoral studies. His music has been commissioned by the Louisville Orchestra, the St. Louis Symphony, and the National Symphony, among others.