bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Ball Derek 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
A wide range of discussions in philosophy, popular politics, and everyday life—discussions about the nature of art, knowledge, marriage, disease, personhood, freedom, gender, and much else—turn in some sense on matters of definition. This chapter introduces three key claims about such definitional disputes. The first is Conservatism about Practice: that the way we engage in discussions of this kind makes sense, and is not in general confused or in need of wholesale revision. The second is Meaning Sameness: that discussions about matters of definition do not typically involve change in meaning, and parties to such discussions typically mean the same by their words, even when they disagree. The third is Temporal Externalism: that what happens in the future can play a role in determining the meanings of our words and the contents of our mental states in the present. The chapter develops these claims by discussing some key ideas from the era of ordinary language philosophy, including Malcolm’s account of knowledge ascriptions, Gricean pragmatics, and Ambrose and Lazerowitz’s metalinguistic account of philosophical claims. The chapter concludes by critiquing Henry Jackman’s defencse of temporal externalism.
Stipulation Reconsidered: Temporal Externalism
Authors: Ball Derek 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter develops and defends the temporal externalist account of definitional disputes. It begins by developing an account of stipulation that is designed to make sense of Quinean cases in which an attempted stipulation is abandoned after further investigation. It is shown that the resulting notion of definition—covert implicit definition—offers a promising account of definitional disputes, because it puts us in a position to charitably interpret thinkers across their changes in view. It isshow further shown that the resulting view is not committed to an objectionable notion of analyticity.
Freedom and Immorality
Authors: Guyer Paul 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the debate over freedom of the will triggered by J. A. H. Ulrich’s 1788 objection that Kant’s identification of morality with rationality left no room for evil yet imputable or responsible action. C. C. E. Schmid, C. L. Reinhold, and Kant himself all attempted to answer this objection with some form of a distinction between reason as the source of the moral law and will as the power to choose whether or not to abide by the moral law. Kant provided his version of the answer in part one of the Religion, first published as a journal article in 1792, and then with part two of the four-part book published in 1793. Part two relies heavily on the principle that “ought implies can,” thus that if we ought to comply with the moral law we must be free to do so even if, or rather though, we have all apparently previously chosen evil. Kant complicated this clear-cut position in the Metaphysics of Morals, however, when he argued against Reinhold that freedom could not be defined simply as the power to choose between morality and immorality; this insistence is linked to his view that it is only our power to be moral rather than immoral that makes the fact of our freedom known to us.
Kantian Constructivism II
Authors: Guyer Paul 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
These students of Rawls have tried to develop versions of what Sharon Street calls comprehensive constructivism or constructivism all the way down that do not begin with any apparently normative premises but just from an apparently descriptive, non-normative conception of the person, rational agent, or rationality as such. Thomas Nagel argues for the “possibility of altruism” on the basis of a conception of persons identifying equally with later stages of themselves but in the same way with stages in the lives of others. Christine Korsgaard argues that rational agency rather than mere impulse could be explained only by acting on universally valid reasons. Adrian Piper argues, in a way reminiscent of the German idealist interpretation of Kant, that the “structure of the self” depends upon principles of rationality, but adds that immorality typically takes the form of “pseudo-rationality,” that is, the attempt to preserve the appearance of rationality. Onora O’Neill argues that rationality itself is the demand for interpersonally acceptable inquiry, so this model naturally applies to practical rationality as well. Finally, Barbara Herman returns to a more Rawlsian and indeed more Kantian approach in describing what she calls the “moral habitat” as the product of construction but not attempting to derive moral principles, in some form of constructivism “all the way down,” from a supposedly descriptive conception of personhood, agency, or rationality itself.
Mad Poets
Authors: Pegg Mark Gregory 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter notes how penitential culture now defined much of the early medieval West by the beginning of the eighth century. It explores the new understanding of what it means to be human, to be Christian, and to be judged by God and His servants. The chapter looks into the differences and similarities between the experiences and beliefs of the East Roman and Islamic worlds. Even though the British Isles and the Arabian peninsula were equally crisscrossed by songlines, the resemblances of these regions, such as their understanding of the holy, had disappeared by 700. The chapter tackles the practice of worship during the years 597-735.
Uncle, What Troubles You?
Authors: Pegg Mark Gregory 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers the notions of renaissance, revolution, and reformation rampant during the Middle Ages. The early penitential culture shifted into an overwhelmingly confessional and autobiographical period after the broader phenomenon of the imitation of Christ affecting how ordinary Christians understood themselves, holiness, and their existence in the world. The chapter acknowledges the irony of finding individuality and sense of self by copying the life of an individual life. Additionally, the confessional distinctiveness of people in Latin Christendom was equally determined by the efforts of popes, preachers, poets, and kings. The chapter mentions the correlation between confessional society and a persecuting society.
Love Moves the Sun and All the Other Stars
Authors: Pegg Mark Gregory 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains that the autobiographical sense of self became commonplace amongst laypeople throughout Latin Christendom by the beginning of the fourteenth century. Latin Christendom now encompassed the entire world of the past, present, and future when the sense of time and space covered all individuals who had ever lived and would live. The violent and cruel persecution of heretics and Jews (as heretics) was fundamental in creating a distinctly Western sense of self. The chapter notes how love was where the divine and human most met. It also references the pilgrim through hell, purgatory, and heaven depicted by Dante Alighieri the poet.
Introduction
Authors: Meissner Christopher M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Until Homo sapiens goes extinct, globalization will continue. Trading is a uniquely human activity, and humans have been doing it since they emerged as a species. The gains from trade motivate humans to engage in international exchange. Similar gains are available from trade in financial assets and when people are allowed to move across borders. Once integrated, economic choices in one place affect other economies so that globalization brings interdependence. Over time, economies have cooperated but have also acted in adversarial ways. This chapter explores how these forces that determine how integration has evolved, focusing mainly on the years since 1820.
The Great Specialization
Authors: Meissner Christopher M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
What did countries trade and with whom between 1850 and 1914? In the early and mid-19th century, trade costs began to decline. Over time tariffs declined, transportation improved, communication times fell, and many other trade costs fell. As trade costs declined, the result was greater integration and a rising share of output was now traded. Across long distances, prices on commodities converged. Many countries specialized in producing goods that intensively used their abundant factor endowments. This led in some cases to a convergence in income. Did trade raise economic growth and promote convergence everywhere? No. Asia, and other places outside of Europe and North America, were once self-reliant on manufacturing but now became commodity producers. This led to the great Divergence. Japan was an exception.
The Bretton Woods System
Authors: Meissner Christopher M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Did the Bretton Woods system generate international financial stability, seal its fate, or both? What was the role of the dollar as the key international currency? The Bretton Woods system reestablished fixed exchange rates with central role for the US dollar as the key reserve currency. The system attempted to balance international integration and policy independence. International capital controls were imposed. The deflationary pressures of adjustment to deficits under fixed-exchange-rate systems were disdained. Adjustment under the Bretton Woods system was challenging or impossible. Leaders had hoped that an international organization like the International Monetary Fund would promote cooperation, but the IMF was largely ineffective. The system that resulted placed the US dollar at the center of the global financial system, producing many unanticipated consequences. By 1971 the dollar had to be devalued, and the system had met its demise.
The International Economy since 2000
Authors: Meissner Christopher M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Between 1988 and 2007, the level of globalization and integration continued to grow rapidly. Some referred to this dizzying rise as “hyper-globalization.” Levels of integration had broken historical records. The return of globalization was driven by lower communication costs and a continued push to lower trade barriers. Offshoring pushed global trade to unprecedented levels. At the same time, the entry of a quickly modernizing China presented new challenges and opportunities. Economic growth continued apace, dramatically lowering rates of poverty, but many countries experienced rising income inequality. In addition, large trade imbalances alerted the world to potential weaknesses in the global economy. The Global Financial Crisis that began in 2007 and 2008 once again changed the course of evolution of the global economy. What prospects does the international economy hold after a taste of “hyper-globalization”?
Access to dermatologic care and provider impact on hidradenitis suppurativa care: global survey insights
Authors: Rinderknecht Fatuma-Ayaan B. , Naik Haley B. 
Published: January 2024

Background:
Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is an understudied disease, and current HS studies have focused on participants already connected to dermatologic care.

Objective:
We surveyed participants in online HS support communities to gain a comprehensive understanding of how provider type impacts HS disease management and the issues individuals with HS face when accessing care.

Methods:
From June 13 to June 30, 2021, we administered an anonymous cross-sectional online survey to HS Facebook support group participants who had a self-confirmed diagnosis of HS. Survey items assessed respondent demographics, primary HS provider, and barriers to HS care and pain management. Descriptive analyses are presented.

Results:
The survey was viewed 5,168 times and 1,040 surveys met eligibility criteria (20.1%). Survey participants were 97% female and 72% White. Seventy-two percentage resided in the United States and 22% in Europe. Forty-seven percentage reported having a dermatologist as their primary HS provider, 38% reported a nondermatologist, and 15% reported no HS provider. We found that Asian race, full-time employment, private health insurance, and urban setting were each associated with higher rates of having a dermatologist as a primary HS provider. However, 43.7% of those with a dermatologist reported biologic use, as compared with 14.5% with nondermatologist HS providers. Our cohort was notably more severely impacted by comorbid diseases; 55.9% of our cohort had anxiety, 53.6% had depression, and 50.7% had obesity. Overall, 74.2% of our cohort reported experiencing stigma while accessing care for their HS.

Limitations:
Participant recruitment via social media platform facilitates recruitment of individuals across the spectrum of healthcare access, but may introduce selection bias and favor well-resourced areas. Self-reported data may be subject to recall bias.

Conclusion:
Our study provides unique insights into the characteristics and experiences of individuals with HS across the spectrum of health care access.
SOFA and APACHE II scoring systems for predicting outcome of neurological patients admitted in a tertiary hospital intensive care unit
Authors: Shahi Sumit , Paneru Hem , Ojha Rajeev , Karn Ragesh , Rajbhandari Reema , Gajurel Bikram Prasad 
Published: January 2024

Background:
The field of neurology encompasses the study and treatment of disorders that affect the nervous system, and patients with neurological conditions often require specialized care, particularly in the ICU. Predictive scoring systems are measures of disease severity used to predict patient outcomes. The aim of this study was to compare the discriminative power of commonly used scoring systems, namely the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) and acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II (APACHE II) in the ICU of a tertiary care hospital.

Methods:
This retrospective study included patients with neurological disorders in the ICUs of Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital from 1 January 2022 to 31 December 2022.

Results:
A total of 153 patients were included. The mean age of the patients was 54.76 ± 17.32 years with higher male predominance (60.78%). Ischaemic stroke was the most common neurological disorder. There were 58 patients (37.9%) who required mechanical ventilation and all-cause mortality was 20.9%. The mean SOFA score was significantly higher (P=0.002) in survivors, whereas the mean APACHE II did not show a significant difference (P=0.238). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed the area of curve (AUC) of SOFA score was 0.765 and of APACHE II was 0.722.

Conclusions:
SOFA score had comparatively higher discriminative power than APACHE II. Assessment of the performance of scoring systems in a specific ICU setting improves the sensitivity and applicability of the model to these settings.
KAT5 Acetylates Human Chromatin Protein PC4 to promote DNA Repair
Authors: Sikder Sweta , Agrawal Aayushi , Singh Siddharth , Peraman Ramalingam , Ravichandran Viswanathan , Kundu Tapas K. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractHuman positive coactivator 4 (PC4), is a highly abundant non-histone chromatin protein involved in diverse cellular processes, including transcription regulation, genome organization, DNA repair, etc. The majority of PC4 exists in a phosphorylated state in cells, which impinges its acetylation by p300 and thereby inhibits its double-stranded DNA binding ability and transcriptional co-activator function. Recently, we have shown that PC4 interacts with linker histone H1 in its phosphorylated state, and this interaction is important for PC4- mediated chromatin compaction. PC4 was also found to be an activator of non-homologous end joining and DSB repair activity. Knockdown of PC4 causes drastic decompaction and enhanced autophagy in the cells. Mechanistically, in the absence of PC4, the genome becomes highly vulnerable to DNA damage with an altered epigenetic landscape. Here, we report that other than p300, PC4 also gets acetylated by DNA repair facilitating lysine acetyltransferase KAT5 (Tip60), at K80 residue when the cells are subjected to DNA damage. The vulnerability of DNA in PC4 devoid cells could be substantially reduced by reintroducing wild-type PC4 to the cells but not the mutant PC4 (K80R PC4), defective in KAT5-mediated acetylation. Presumably, KAT5-mediated acetylation of PC4 at K80 residue facilitates the DNA repair machinery at the damage site and thus contributes to DNA damage repair, a process that could be of high significance both in cancer and in aging.
Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals recruitment of the M2-like CCL8highmacrophages in Lewis lung carcinoma-bearing mice following hypofractionated radiotherapy
Authors: Yang Haonan , Lei Zheng , He Jiang , Zhang Lu , Lai Tangmin , Zhou Liu , Wang Nuohan , Tang Zheng , Sui Jiangdong , Wu Yongzhong 
Published: January 2024

AbstractTumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a crucial factor in reprogramming the tumor microenvironment following radiotherapy. The mechanisms underlying this process remain to be elucidated. Here, we seek to investigate the effects of hypofractionated radiotherapy on macrophages dynamics in a subcutaneous Lewis lung carcinoma murine model. Utilizing single-cell RNA sequencing, we identified a distinct M2-like population of macrophages with high Ccl8 expression level post-hypofractionated radiotherapy. Remarkbly, hypofractionated radiotherapy promoted CCL8highmacrophages infiltration and reprogrammed them by upregulating immunosuppressive genes and downregulating antigen-presenting genes, leading to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Further, we demonstrated that hypofractionated radiotherapy amplified the CCL signaling pathway, enhancing the pro-tumorigenic functions of CCL8highmacrophages and promoting macrophages recruitment. The combination therapy of hypofractionated radiotherapy with the CCL signal inhibitor Bindarit was effective in reducing M2 macrophages infiltration and extending the duration of local tumor control. This research highlights the potential of targeting TAMs and introduces a novel combination to improve the efficacy of hypofractionated radiotherapy.
WITHDRAWN: Oncogenic KRASG12Dextrinsically induces an immunosuppressive microenvironment in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Lasse-Opsahl Emily , Baliira Rachael , Barravecchia Ivana , McLintock Elyse , Lee Jennifer M. , Ferris Sarah F. , Espinoza Carlos E. , Hinshaw Rachael , Cavanaugh Sophia , Robotti Marzia , Brown Kristee , Donahue Katelyn , Abdelmalak Kristena Y. , Galban Craig J. , Frankel Timothy L. , Zhang Yaqing , di Magliano Marina Pasca , Galban Stefanie 
Published: January 2024

Withdrawal StatementThis manuscript has been withdrawn by the authors due to a dispute over co-first authorship that is currently being arbitrated by the medical school at our institution. Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as reference for the project. Upon completion of the arbitration process, we will take steps to revert the current withdrawn status. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding author.
Analytical Validation of NeXT Personal®, an Ultra-sensitive Personalized Circulating Tumor DNA Assay
Authors: Northcott Josette , Bartha Gabor , Harris Jason , Li Conan , Navarro Fabio C. P. , Pyke Rachel Marty , Hong Manqing , Zhang Qi , Ma Shuyuan , Chen Tina X. , Lai Janet , Udar Nitin , Saldivar Juan-Sebastian , Ayash Erin , Anderson Joshua , Li Jiang , Cui Tiange , Le Tu , Chow Ruthie , Velasco Randy , Mallo Chris , Santiago Rose , Bruce Robert C. , Goodman Laurie J. , Chen Yi , Norton Dan , Chen Richard O. , Lyle John M. 
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACTWe describe the analytical validation of NeXT Personal®, an ultra-sensitive, tumor-informed circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) assay for detecting residual disease, monitoring therapy response, and detecting recurrence in patients diagnosed with solid tumor cancers. NeXT Personal uses whole genome sequencing of tumor and matched normal samples combined with advanced analytics to accurately identify up to ∼1,800 somatic variants specific to the patient’s tumor. A personalized panel is created, targeting these variants and then used to sequence cell-free DNA extracted from patient plasma samples for ultra-sensitive detection of ctDNA.The NeXT Personal analytical validation is based on panels designed from tumor and matched normal samples from two cell lines, and from 123 patients across nine cancer types. Analytical measurements demonstrated a detection threshold of 1.67 parts per million (PPM) with a limit of detection at 95% (LOD95) of 3.45 PPM. NeXT Personal showed linearity over a range of 0.8 to 300,000 PPM (Pearson correlation coefficient= 0.9998). Precision varied from a coefficient of variation of 12.8% to 3.6% over a range of 25 to 25,000 PPM. The assay targets 99.9% specificity, with this validation study measuring 100% specificity andin silicomethods giving us a confidence interval of 99.92 to 100%.In summary, this study demonstrates NeXT Personal as an ultra-sensitive, highly quantitative and robust ctDNA assay that can be used to detect residual disease, monitor treatment response, and detect recurrence in patients.
Proteomic Insights into Biology of Bipolar Disorder: Implications for Health Complexity and Mortality
Authors: Ziani Paola Rampelotto , Antônio de Bastiani Marco , Alves Pietra Paiva , Henrique da Rosa Pedro , Schons Tainá , Mezzomo Giovana , Scotton Ellen , Kapczinski Flávio , Rosa Adriane R 
Published: January 2024

AbstractBipolar disorder (BD) is a debilitating condition associated with a high prevalence of medical comorbidities and premature mortality. This is the first study to explore, through high-throughput-omics combined with bioinformatics, molecular signatures, pathways, and main medical diseases related to different stages of BD. Blood samples from BD patients (n=10) classified into high (BD+) or poor functioning (BD-), based on functional and cognitive status, and healthy controls (n=5) were analyzed using mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis. Bioinformatics was performed to detect biological processes, pathways, and diseases related to BD. Eight proteins exclusively characterized the molecular profile of patients with BD+ compared to HC, while 26 altered proteins were observed in the BD-group. These altered proteins were mainly enriched in biological processes related to lipid metabolism, complement system and coagulation cascade, and cardiovascular diseases; all these changes were more prominent in the BD-group. These findings may represent systemic alterations that occur with the progression of the illness and a possible link between BD and medical comorbidities. Such comprehensive understanding provides valuable insights for targeted interventions, addressing mental and physical health aspects in subjects with BD.