bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
152 The Effect of a Multi-Enzyme Containing Xylanase, β-Glucanase, Protease and Amylase Added to a High-Fiber Corn-Based Diet in Comparison to a Conventional Diet, on the Growth Performance of Weaned Pigs
Authors: Vinyeta-Punti Ester , Tactacan Glenmer , Kumar Arun , Velayudhan Deepak E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of a multi-enzyme complex on growth performance in weaned pigs fed a wheat-barley-rye-based diet containing fiber-rich by-products and with a low level of highly digestible protein and energy ingredients. Two experimental runs were performed, each with 96 (DE x DL) × Pi pigs [24–26 days of age; 8.0 ± 0.06 kg initial body weight (BW)] assigned to two treatments in 24 pens per run (4 pigs/pen, 2 males and 2 females; 12 pens/treatment/run) in a randomized block design. Pigs were allocated to treatment on the day of weaning. Treatments comprised: 1) a nutritionally adequate wheat-barley-rye-soybean meal-based diet with added wheat bran and rapeseed meal, containing 750 FTU/kg of a commercial Buttiauxella sp. phytase (ALT), and 2) the same diet supplemented with a multi-enzyme containing 4,000 U/kg xylanase, 200 U/kg β-glucanase, 2,000 U/kg protease and 100 U/kg amylase (ALT+multi-enzymes). Diets were formulated in two phases (Pre-starter, d 0–14; starter, d 15–42) and fed ad libitum as pelleted diets for 42 days. The analyzed content of crude fiber and neutral detergent fiber in ALT diets were, respectively, 4.0% and 11.5% in pre-starter, and 4.2% and 14.8% in starter phase. Body weight was measured at the start and end of each phase, feed intake was determined weekly. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA using IBM SPSS 21 including run as a random effect. During pre-starter phase, average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) were greater in pigs fed ALT+multi-enzymes vs. ALT, by 8.4% (232 vs 214 g/day) and 6.7% (300 vs. 281 g/day), respectively, although this was not statistically significant (Table 1). During starter phase, pigs fed ALT+multi-enzymes exhibited increased ADG vs. ALT (+35 g/day or 5.5%; P &lt; 0.05). For the overall period (d 0 to 42), pigs fed ALT+multi-enzyme were, on average, 1.3 kg heavier than pigs fed ALT (P &lt; 0.05), ADG was increased by +32 g/day (4.4%; P &lt; 0.05) and FCR tended (P = 0.07) to be reduced (1.48 vs 1.44). Total feed costs per kg BW gain, exclusive of the cost of the enzymes, tended to be reduced in ALT+multi-enzymes vs. ALT, (-0.014 USD/kg BW gain, overall; P = 0.09). These results demonstrate that the multi-enzyme supplemented on top of phytase improved growth performance. Given the established mode of action of the individual enzymes, this may have been mediated by enhanced digestibility and utilization of nutrients in the ALT diet. In conclusion, supplementing a high-fiber mixed diet containing by-products and low inclusion of highly digestible energy and protein ingredients with a multi-enzyme complex improved growth performance in weaned pigs and led to economic benefit.
317 Awardee Talk: Functional Roles of Phytase and Xylanase for Nursery Pigs and Broiler Chickens
Authors: Moita Vitor Hugo C , Kim Sung Woo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective of this research was to investigate the functional roles of phytase and xylanase in nursery pigs and broiler chickens. These enzymes have been widely studied and have shown consistent results improving nutrient digestibility and growth performance. However, recent studies have raised the hypothesis that phytase and xylanase could also have potential effects on intestinal and bone health, and intestinal microbiota. The first study studied at the effects of a bacterial 6-phytase on nutrient digestibility and retention of nursery and growing pigs. The results showed that supplementing a bacterial 6-phytase in pig diets can be a potential alternative for reducing high levels of inorganic phosphorus sources while still increasing the digestibility and utilization of phosphorus by the animals. The second study investigated the efficacy and optimal level of a bacterial 6-phytase supplemented beyond traditional dose levels on bone and intestinal health, nutrient digestibility, and growth performance of nursery pigs. The results revealed that the supplementation of the bacterial 6-phytase enhanced bone health, nutrient digestibility, and growth performance in nursery pigs. The third study aimed to determine the effects of phytase supplementation on the intestinal microbiota and morphology, bone health, nutrient digestibility, and growth performance of broiler chickens. The results showed that phytase supplementation had potential benefits on the microbiota by reducing potential harmful bacteria and increasing beneficial bacteria. Additionally, phytase had positive effects on bone health, intestinal morphology, and nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens. The fourth study examined the functional roles of xylanase on the intestinal health and growth performance of nursery pigs. The results showed that xylanase supplementation had beneficial effects on intestinal health by reducing the digesta viscosity, the relative abundance of potentially harmful bacteria, and the oxidative stress in the jejunal mucosa. All of these factors collectively reflected in improvements on the intestinal morphology, nutrient digestibility, and growth performance of nursery pigs. In conclusion, the results of these studies reaffirmed the benefits of phytase and xylanase related to nutrient digestibility and growth performance in nursery pigs and broiler chickens, as well as showed potential benefits on intestinal health and microbiota of the animals. Supplementing these enzymes could also contribute to a reduction in feed costs and environmental concerns associated with a poor hydrolysis and breakdown of antinutritional factors in animal diets.
223 Impact of Bump Feeding in Late Gestation on Reproductive Performance and Body Weight and Body Condition at Pre- and Post-Farrowing and at Weaning in Hyper Prolific Gilts
Authors: Blanco Patricia , Huerta Isaac , Montoro Jordi Camp , Shevchenko Serhii , Magallón Pablo , Ros Maria , Lopez Adrian , Calderon Diaz Julia A , Molina Jose Antonio , Vier Carine M , Sala Rúben , Herrero Juan Manuel , Orlando Uislei A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The study aimed to quantify the effect of increasing the feeding level during late gestation on reproductive performance, body weight (BW) and body condition (BC) at pre- and post-farrowing and at weaning in gilts. A total of 815 PIC Camborough X54 gilts were individually weighed at day 90 of gestation and assigned to two feeding levels in a randomized complete block design. Gilts received either 2.3 kg/d [4.95 Mcal/d of net energy (NE) and 11.5 g/d of standard ileal digestible lysine (SID Lys); CONTROL] or 3.1 kg/d (6.67 Mcal/d of NE and 15.5 g/d of SID Lys; BUMP) from 90 d until farrowing. Gilts were housed in group pens during gestation and feed was provided using a feed box setting. Feed contained 2.15 Mcal/kg of NE and 5 g/kg of SID Lys. Caliper information was individually collected at day 90 of gestation to assess BC. Caliper and BW measurements were collected pre-farrowing and at weaning and their difference was calculated. Additionally, post-farrowing 48 h BW was predicted using the following equation: Gilt 48h post-farrow BW = -20.81 + (0.98 × pre-farrow BW). Total born (TB), born alive (BA), stillborn (SB), and mummified (MM) were collected for each gilt at farrowing, and their percentage per litter was calculated and used for analysis. Data were analyzed using a general linear model considering gilt as the experimental unit. The model included treatment as fixed effect and gilt as random effect. Caliper or BW at 90 days of gestation were considered as covariable for BW and BC analysis, respectively. Alpha for determination of significance was 0.05 and trend were identified at 0.10. BUMP gilts were 7.5 and 7.4 kg heavier than CONTROL gilts at pre- and post-farrowing, respectively (P &lt; 0.001; Table 1). The BW at weaning did not differ between treatments (P = 0.32); however, BUMP gilts lost 6.3 kg BW more than CONTROL gilts (P &lt; 0.001; Table 1) during the lactation period. Regarding BC, caliper at pre-farrow was 0.3 units greater for BUMP gilts compared with CONTROL gilts (P &lt; 0.001; Table 1). No differences were observed in caliper loss during the lactation period and at weaning between treatments (P &gt; 0.05; Table 1). The BUMP gilts tended to have 0.5 more TB compared with CONTROL gilts (P = 0.054; Table 1). Nevertheless, TB is related to the early gestation period and embryo survivability. No differences were observed in BA, SB and MM between treatments (P &gt; 0.05; Table 1). In summary, increasing the feeding level by 0.9 kg/d in late gestation resulted in increased gilt weight and caliper at pre-farrow, and greater weight loss during the lactation period. Although reproductive performance traits were not altered by treatments, these will be followed in subsequent parities.
224 Average Daily Feed Intake in Previous Lactations is Associated with Subsequent Reproductive Performance in Sows
Authors: Magallón Pablo , Wilson-Wells Danielle , Ros Maria , Lopez Adrian , Blanco Patricia , Sala Rúben , Shevchenko Serhii , Lara José Manuel , Fernández Pilar , Van De Stroet Denise , Calderon Diaz Julia A , Montoro Jordi Camp , Huerta Isaac 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of average daily feed intake (ADFI) in previous lactations on subsequent reproductive performance in multiparous sows. Data for this study were collected from 2017 to 2022 at Grangenia, a 2,800 L03 PIC sows farrow-to-wean commercial multiplier from Grupo Kerbest and integrated with Grupo UVESA. The farm is located in Ávila, Spain. In total, data on ADFI during lactation and litter size traits were available for 10,425 sows. Born alive (BA), stillborn (SB) and mummified (MM) piglets were expressed both as total numbers and as percentage from total born (TB) piglets. Sow parity was classified as parity 2, 3, 4 and 5+. Data were analyzed using linear mixed models in R v4.1.2. For all traits, initial models included ADFI for the immediate previous parity as a linear and quadratic predictor. ADFI ranged from 1.3 to 9.6 kg/day. Linear mixed models revealed that ADFI in the previous lactation had a positive linear association (P &lt; 0.001, Table 1) with all studied traits except with BA % and SB % where a quadratic association (P &lt; 0.001) was also observed (quadratic slope = 0.018 ± 0.0044 and - 0.016 ± 0.0051, respectively). Results indicate that on average, sows in the lower ADFI limit would have 2.1 TB, 1.6 BA, 0.13 SB and 0.16 MM less when compared with sows in the upper ADFI limit across all parities. The BA % decreased and SB% increased when ADFI in the previous parity was between 4.5 and 6 kg across all parities. Under the conditions of this study, increasing ADFI in the previous lactation improved subsequent reproductive performance across all parities. It is likely that this effect was at least partly mediated through the greater number of follicles with optimal preovulatory size, luteinizing hormone secretion, ovulation rates, and embryo mortality, although this requires further investigation. A limitation of this study was that it was not possible to elucidate if the observed effect of ADFI in the previous parity was mediated through greater amino acid and/or energy intake due to the observational nature of this study. Nonetheless, our results highlight the importance of optimal sow nutritional management during the lactation period for improved lifetime reproductive performance.
220 Impact of Bump Feeding During Late Gestation on Reproductive Performance of Over-Conditioned Sows
Authors: Anderson Brooke , Rosero David S , Canavate Sergio , Leiva Samuel F , Vier Carine M , Hidalgo Hugo , Diaz Julia A Calderon , Lu Ning , Orlando Uislei A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the effect of bump-feeding during late gestation on reproductive performance of multiparous over-conditioned sows. A total of 220 PIC Camborough sows were assigned to one of three feeding levels in a completely randomized design. Caliper was individually collected at d 90 of gestation from a larger group of sows to assess body condition, and only sows from parity 1+ and considered over-conditioned by the sow caliper were selected for the study. Sows were equally balanced by parity (P1 and P2 as young, and P3+ as mature) when allocated to treatments. All sows were fed a common gestation diet containing 3.20 Mcal of metabolizable energy (ME) per kg and 0.56% standardized ileal digestible lysine, but feed drop-boxes were adjusted to different feeding levels according to treatment. Treatments consisted of 5.09 Mcal of ME/d (1.59 kg/d; CONTROL), 6.54 Mcal of ME/d (2.04 kg/d; 0.45kg-BUMP), or 8.00 Mcal of ME/d (2.49 kg/d; 0.90kg-BUMP); and fed to sows from d 90 of gestation until they were moved to the farrowing room. Sows were housed in crates during gestation. Sow body weight (BW) and caliper measurements were collected at pre-farrowing and weaning, and their difference was calculated. Additionally, post-farrowing 48h BW was predicted using the following equation: 48h post-farrow BW = -20.81 + (0.98 × pre-farrow BW). Total born, born alive (BA), stillborn (SB), and mummified were collected for each sow at farrowing. Individual piglet BW were recorded at birth, at cross-foster, and at weaning. Data were analyzed using a generalized linear model considering sow as the experimental unit. Models included treatment, parity group, and their interaction as fixed effects. Covariates were included if they were statistically significant and improved model fit. There was no treatment by parity group interaction for any response criteria. There was no evidence for differences between treatments for caliper at d 90 of gestation, caliper pre-farrow, caliper at weaning, or caliper change between d 90 to pre-farrow and pre-farrow to weaning (P &gt;0.10; Table 1). Sows that received 0.90 kg-BUMP were marginally heavier at farrow than CONTROL sows (P &lt; 0.10), with those receiving 0.45 kg-BUMP intermediate. CONTROL sows lost less BW during lactation compared with 0.45kg-BUMP sows (P &lt; 0.05), with 0.90 kg-BUMP sows intermediate. Sows receiving 0.45kg-BUMP from d90 of gestation to farrowing had greater percentage BA piglets and decreased percentage SB compared with sows receiving 0.90 kg-BUMP (P &lt; 0.05), with CONTROL sows intermediate. There was no evidence (P &gt;0.10) for treatment differences for piglet birth weight, litter and piglet BW gain, or percentage weaned piglets. In summary, increasing the feeding level for over-conditioned sows during late gestation did not impact sow reproductive or litter performances.
218 Simple Blending of Gestation and Lactation Diets During the Transition Period Minimizes Losses in Back Fat Depth Around Parturition for Primi and Multiparous Sows
Authors: Gregory Nicole , Huber Lee-Anne 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Fifty of each primiparous and multiparous sows were used to evaluate a blending feeding program using gestation and lactation diets during the transition period on sow back fat depth (BF), blood metabolites, and litter growth performance. Sows were randomly assigned to one of two feeding programs in a 2×2 factorial design (n = 25) from 104 ± 1 days of gestation: 1) a unique daily blend of standard gestation [0.58% standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine and 2419kcal/kg NE] and lactation diets (0.95% SID lysine and 2507kcal/kg NE) until day 5 after farrowing to meet estimated daily SID lysine and net energy requirements (NRC, 2012; TRAN) or 2) approximately 2 kg per day of a standard lactation diet until farrowing (CON). Upon farrowing, sows on the CON feeding program received step-up access to the lactation diet according to a feeding curve. Five days after farrowing, both groups received ad libitum access to the lactation diet until weaning (20.0 ± 0.3 days). Sow body weight (BW) and BFwere measured on day 104 and 110 of gestation (BW only), after farrowing, and at weaning. Fasted blood samples were collected from sows at farrowing and weaning. Litters were standardized to 13 ± 1 piglets and were not provided creep feed. During gestation, TRAN sows consumed more feed than CON sows, which was especially evident for multiparous sows (2.95 vs. 2.13 ± 0.08kg/d for TRAN vs. CON; interaction and main effect; P &lt; 0.05). During lactation, average daily feed intake was not influenced by feeding program but was greater for multi versus primiparous sows (5.98 vs. 4.20 ± 0.30kg; P &lt; 0.001). At all time points, BW was greater for multi versus primiparous sows, regardless of feeding program (P &lt; 0.05). During the gestation period, TRAN sows tended to have greater average daily gain (1.43 vs. 1.00±0.39kg/d; P=0.061) and had less back fat loss (-0.18 vs. -0.92 ± 0.37mm; P &lt; 0.05) versus CON sows, regardless of parity. Only after farrowing, TRAN sows had greater BW and BF than CON sows, regardless of parity (221.5 vs. 215.5 ± 4.1kg and 17.0 vs. 16.3 ± 0.4mm; P &lt; 0.05), but at weaning there were no feeding program-related differences in BW or BF. No feeding program-related differences were observed for litter characteristics, but litter birth weight and piglet BW at weaning were greater for multi versus primiparous sows (P&lt; 0.01). Only after farrowing, serum BHBA (11.9 vs. 19.4 ± 7.8mmol/L) and NEFA (0.34 vs. 0.56 ± 0.10mmol/L) concentrations were less and serum glucose concentrations (4.4 vs. 3.9 ± 0.2mmol/L) were greater for TRAN versus CON sows (P &lt; 0.05), regardless of parity. Therefore, a simple transition feeding program using standard gestation and lactation diets reduced energy mobilization by multi and primiparous sows in late gestation, with no impact on subsequent lactation performance.
217 Effect of Sow Feeder Design on Sow Body Weight, Litter Performance, and Feeder Cleaning Criteria
Authors: Rao Zhong-Xing , Coble Kyle , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During lactation, maximizing sow feed intake is critical to sustaining sow body weight (BW) and milk production for litter growth. Farrowing stall design can affect sow feed intake because a good feeder should minimize feed wastage and spoilage and improve sow feed intake by enhancing the accessibility of feed and matching the feed intake pattern of the sow. Therefore, the objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of feeder design on sow BW, litter performance, and feeder cleaning criteria during the summer. A total of 600 sows (Line 3, PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were conducted in 2 sequential groups with 300 sows per group. Five 60-stall farrowing rooms (15 stalls per row and 4 rows per room) with tunnel ventilation were used for each group. At approximately d 110 to 112 of gestation, sows were blocked by body condition score (BCS), parity, and offspring sire (Line 2 or Line 3 sires), then randomly allotted to 1 of 3 feeder designs: PVC tube feeder; Rotecna ball feeder (Rotecna, Agramunt, Spain); or SowMax rod feeder (Hog Slat, Newton Grove, NC) with 200 sows per feeder design. The 3 feeder designs were placed in one of 3 sequential stalls with the sequence (Rotecna, SowMax, then PVC tube) continued in each row in all rooms to balance for any environmental effects. After farrowing, sows had ad libitum access to lactation feed. For litter performance data, only piglets from sows bred to Line 2 boars were recorded (441 litters). Line 3 piglets were not included in litter performance data, but sows of these piglets were included in sow BW and feed disappearance data. After weaning, the time for cleaning each feeder design was recorded on a subsample of 67 feeders. There was no evidence of difference (P &gt; 0.05) in sow entry BW, exit BW, BW change, or litter performance among the different feeder designs (Table). However, sows using the SowMax feeders had decreased (P &lt; 0.05) total feed disappearance, average daily feed disappearance, and feed cost per kg of litter weight gain than those fed with the PVC tube feeders, with sows using the Rotecna feeders intermediate. There was a marginal difference (P &lt; 0.10) between feeder designs in cleaning time, with PVC tube feeders requiring less time than the Rotecna feeders; however, cleaning time varied greatly between the personnel doing the cleaning. In conclusion, using a SowMax feeder reduced feed disappearance with no effects on sow and litter performance compared with a PVC tube feeder.
206 Development and Validation of an Indigestible Protein Index to Investigate the Effects of Protein Content in Weaned Pigs: A Multivariate Approach
Authors: Babatunde Olufemi O , Rodrigues Lucas A , Htoo John K , Mendoza Maria S , Columbus Daniel A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Increased proteolytic fermentation may lead to negative effects on gastrointestinal health and function, which ultimately impact on performance. The objective was to develop and validate, by investigating performance and gut structure outcomes, an index of indigestible protein content (IDP) in weaned pigs. Ninety-four studies reporting growth performance [average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), gain: feed (GF), initial (IBW) and final body weight (FBW)] and duodenal histomorphometries [villus height (VH), crypt depth([CD), and villus height: crypt depth ratio (VCR)] variables of pigs fed different protein content (CP) and sources in the diet were included. Diets were recalculated using a common database to generate the IDP from each study. Studies were grouped by similarity in performance in two clusters (C1 and C2) by hierarchical clustering on principal components (HCPC). The effects of cluster were investigated. Quadratic response plateau (QRP) models were fitted to assess the interrelationships between ADG, ADFI, GF, VH, CD, and VCR with the dietary CP or calculated IDP content within cluster. Pigs from C2 had greater IBW (6.3 vs. 8.8 ± 0.2kg), FBW (10.2 vs. 17.2 ± 0.7kg), ADG (0.2 vs. 0.4 ± 0.0kg/d), and ADFI (0.3 vs. 0.6 ± 0.1kg/d) compared with C1 (P &lt; 0.05). There was no effect of cluster (P &gt; 0.05) on VH (405.5 vs. 405.5 ± 15.8μm), CD (232.5 vs. 220.7 ± 10.1μm), or VCR (1.9 vs. 2.0 ± 0.3μm). Pigs from C1 achieved break point (BP) and plateau (Pl) for VH (BP = 24.25%, Pl = 96.32μm; P &lt; 0.05) when fed increasing CP content and for ADG (BP = 2.32%, Pl = 0.28kg/d; P &lt; 0.05) and GF (BP = 2.18%, Pl = 0.83kg/kg; P &lt; 0.05) when fed increasing calculated IDP content. Pigs from C2 fed increasing content of calculated IDP achieved BP and Pl for ADG (BP = 3.04%, Pl = 0.54kg/d; P &lt; 0.05). Our findings suggest that calculated IDP might be a reliable index to investigate the effects of proteolytic fermentation on pig performance, particularly in the immediate post-weaning phase.