bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors
Authors: Gupta Kirti , Dey Pranab , Vashisht Rakesh 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe histopathologic features of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) have been well described. There have been limited studies on the cytologic features of MPNST. In this present study, we have retrospectively reviewed eight histopathology confirmed cases of MPNST over a 5‐year period. Detailed cytomorphlogical analysis of these cases was carried out individually by two observers. On cytology, these cases were diagnosed as benign spindle‐cell tumor (two), spindle‐cell tumor possibly benign (one), spindle‐cell tumor possibly malignant (one), malignant spindle‐cell tumor (two), spindle‐cell tumor, and neural origin (two). The cardinal cytomorphologic features were loosely cohesive clusters and fascicular arrangement of spindle cells with rounded ends. The kinking of nuclei was not a conspicuous finding. Fibrillary background was noted in two of the cases. Nuclear pleomorphism was ranged from mild to moderate degree. One case exhibited extensive intranuclear pseudoinclusions. Mitotic figures (including atypical forms) were present in almost all the cases. Possibly a constellation of cytologic features such as clusters of short and long fascicles of cells admixed with dissociated spindle cells of round‐ended nuclei and prominent nucleoli on myxoid or fibrillary background and frequent mitosis may be helpful in diagnosis of MPNSTs. The cytomorphologic features along with clinical correlation are necessary to increase the diagnostic accuracy of MPNST on aspiration cytology. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:1–4. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unsuspected systemic amyloidosis diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration of the salivary gland: Case report
Authors: Giorgadze Tamar , Baloch Zubair W. , Thaler Erica R. , Gupta Prabodh K. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAmyloidosis of the head and neck region may represent a local amyloidoma or a manifestation of systemic disease. Involvement of major salivary glands by either primary or secondary forms of amyloidosis is very rare. We describe a case of systemic amyloidosis that initially presented as submandibular gland mass and was diagnosed by fine‐needle aspiration (FNA). A 69‐year‐old male presented with submandibular mass. His past medical history was significant for left forearm melanoma that was excised 6 years ago and tricuspid valve endocarditis after valvular replacement 3 months prior to FNA of the submandibular gland. The patient had no symptoms or clinical and laboratory data suggestive of amyloidosis. FNA specimen showed salivary gland tissue and abundant amorphous material, which stained positive for amyloid with Congo red stain and showed typical birefringence when examined by polarized microscopy. Further workup of the patient revealed generalized amyloidosis with multiorgan involvement by the disease. This case demonstrates that FNA can be a useful technique in the diagnosis of unsuspected amyloidosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:57–59. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histiocytes containing immunoglobulin crystals in the urine of a patient with IgA κ plasmacytoma of the bladder
Authors: Miller Dylan V. , McClure Rebecca F. , Crawford Barbara G. , Zeldenrust Steven R. , Leibovich Bradley C. , Sebo Thomas J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractExfoliative cytology specimens from patients with plasma cell dyscrasias are rarely diagnostic, though there are reports of neoplastic plasma cells observed in pleural fluid and urine. Immunoglobulin concretions or crystals associated with neoplastic plasma cell populations have been well described. These crystals may be found within plasma cell nuclei or cytoplasm, extracellularly, or within cells of histiocytic lineage where they are presumably derived by phagocytosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of immunoglobulin crystals within histiocytes in the urine of a patient with plasmacytoma. A 61‐year‐old male underwent routine cystoscopy and urine collection to evaluate hematuria. The bladder biopsy demonstrated IgA κ‐producing plasmacytoma. Urine cytopsin preparations did not contain plasma cells, but there were histiocytic cells with degenerative nuclei and eccentrically located cytoplasmic spherical refractile hyaline crystals thought to be immunoglobulin crystals. This was supported by immunocytochemical staining. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;31:48–51. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zebrafish neuropilins are differentially expressed and interact with vascular endothelial growth factor during embryonic vascular development
Authors: Martyn Ulrike , Schulte‐Merker Stefan 
Published: June 2004

AbstractNeuropilin1 (Nrp1) and Neuropilin2 (Nrp2) are nonkinase vascular endothelial growth factor receptors (VEGFR) identified in several vertebrates, which function as coreceptors for the receptor tyrosine kinases VEGFR1 and VEGFR2. We identified four zebrafish nrp genes, nrp1a, nrp1b, nrp2a, and nrp2b, and characterized their function in vascular development. We show that all nrp genes display distinct expression patterns and that nrp1a and nrp1b are expressed in the dorsal aorta, while nrp2a and nrp2b transcripts could be detected in the region of the posterior cardinal vein. Knockdown of nrp1a, nrp1b, and nrp2a resulted in improper arteriovenous connections and irregular intersegmental vessel patterning, indicating that these Nrps function in the same process. Nrp2b knockdown also caused vessel malformations and a pericardial defect. In addition, we provide evidence that the newly identified Nrps synergistically interact with VEGF in vivo. Taken together, our results show that, in zebrafish, all four neuropilins are involved in VEGF‐mediated vessel development. Developmental Dynamics 231:33–42, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bmp7 mediates early signaling events during induction of chick epidermal organs
Authors: Harris Matthew P. , Linkhart Barbara L. , Fallon John F. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe induction and specification of a large number of vertebrate organs require reciprocal signaling between an epithelium and subjacent mesenchyme. In the formation of integumentary organs, the initial inductive signaling events leading to the formation of the organ primordia stem from the mesenchyme. However, the epithelium must have the capacity to respond to these signals. We demonstrate that bone morphogenetic protein 7 (Bmp7) is an early molecular marker for epidermal organ development during development of feathers and scales of the chick. Bmp7 is expressed broadly in the preplacode epidermis and subsequently becomes localized to the forming placodes of feathers and scales. An examination of Bmp7 expression in the scaleless mutant chicken integument indicates that Bmp7 expression in the epidermis is associated with the ability to form epidermal organs. We show that BMP7 function is necessary for the formation of epidermal placodes in both feather and scale forming epidermis. In addition, precocious expression of Bmp7 in the metatarsal epidermis of the Silkie mutant or treatment of the metatarsus with ectopic BMP7 protein results in feather development from scale forming integument. From these data, we propose that Bmp7 is necessary and sufficient, in a developmental context, to mediate the competence of an epithelium to respond to inductive signals from the underlying mesenchyme to form epidermal organs in the chick. We propose that regulation of Bmp7 in localized areas of the embryonic epidermis facilitates the development of regional formation of integumentary organs. Developmental Dynamics 231:22–32, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of VE‐cadherin in zebrafish embryos: A new tool to evaluate vascular development
Authors: Larson Jon D. , Wadman Shannon A. , Chen Eleanor , Kerley Lesa , Clark Karl J. , Eide Mark , Lippert Sarah , Nasevicius Aidas , Ekker Stephen C. , Hackett Perry B. , Essner Jeffrey J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe have identified the zebrafish homologue of VE‐cadherin and documented its expression in the developing vascular system. The zebrafish VE‐cadherin gene is specifically expressed in the vascular endothelial cell lineage beginning with the differentiation and migration of angioblasts and persists throughout vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and endocardium development. Staining zebrafish embryos by whole‐mount in situ hybridization with the VE‐cadherin probe provides a method to screen embryos for vascular defects. To illustrate this utility, we used VE‐cadherin expression to demonstrate a conservation of vascular endothelial growth factor‐A (VEGF‐A) function. The morpholino antisense oligonucleotide knockdown of VEGF‐A function in zebrafish embryos results in a loss of angiogenic blood vessels, as indicated by the lack of VE‐cadherin expression in the intersegmental vasculature. This loss can be restored in embryos supplemented with either zebrafish or human VEGF‐A, the latter indicating that genes crucial to angiogenesis have highly conserved functional activities in vertebrates. Developmental Dynamics 231:204–213, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ectopic expression of Hoxd10 in thoracic spinal segments induces motoneurons with a lumbosacral molecular profile and axon projections to the limb
Authors: Shah Veeral , Drill Emily , Lance‐Jones Cynthia 
Published: June 2004

AbstractHox genes encode anterior–posterior identity during central nervous system development. Few studies have examined Hox gene function at lumbosacral (LS) levels of the spinal cord, where there is extensive information on normal development. Hoxd10 is expressed at high levels in the embryonic LS cord but not the thoracic cord. To test the hypothesis that restricted expression of Hoxd10 contributes to the attainment of an LS identity, and specifically an LS motoneuron identity, Hoxd10 was ectopically expressed in thoracic segments in chick embryos by means of in ovo electroporation. Regional motoneuron identity was assessed after the normal period of motoneuron differentiation. Subsets of motoneurons in transfected thoracic segments developed a molecular profile normally shown by LS motoneurons, including Lim 1 and RALDH2 expression. In addition, motoneurons in posterior thoracic segments showed novel axon projections to two muscles in the anterodorsal limb, the sartorius and anterior iliotibialis muscles. At thoracic levels, we also found a decrease in motoneuron numbers and a reduction in gonad size. These last findings suggest that early and high levels of Hox expression impeded motoneuron development and neural–mesodermal interactions. Despite these adverse effects, our data indicate that Hoxd10 expression is sufficient to induce LS motoneuron identity and axon trajectories characteristic of motoneurons in the LS region. Developmental Dynamics 231:43–56, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Embryonic development of folate binding protein‐1 (Folbp1) knockout mice: Effects of the chemical form, dose, and timing of maternal folate supplementation
Authors: Spiegelstein Ofer , Mitchell Laura E. , Merriweather Michelle Y. , Wicker Ned J. , Zhang Qiang , Lammer Edward J. , Finnell Richard H. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractInactivation of folate binding protein‐1 (Folbp1) adversely impacts murine embryonic development, as nullizygous embryos (Folbp1‐/‐) die in utero. Administration of folinic acid (N5‐formyl‐tetrahydrofolate) to Folbp1‐deficient dams before and throughout gestation rescues the majority of embryos from premature death; however, a portion of surviving embryos develop structural malformations, including neural tube defects. We examined whether maternal supplementation with L‐N5‐methyl‐tetrahydrofolate (L‐5M‐THF) has superior protective effects on embryonic development of Folbp1‐/‐ fetuses compared with L‐N5‐formyl‐tetrahydrofolate (L‐5F‐THF). We also examined the critical period during gestation when folate supplementation is most beneficial to the developing Folbp1‐/‐ embryos. Folbp1‐/‐ pups presented with a range of malformations involving the neural tube, craniofacies, eyes, and abdominal wall. The frequencies of these malformations decreased with increasing folate dose, regardless of the form used. There was no additional benefit provided by L‐5M‐THF compared with L‐5F‐THF. Despite rescuing the phenotype in Folbp1‐/‐ embryos, no significant elevation of Folbp1‐/‐ maternal folate levels was observed with supplementation. Developmental Dynamics 231:221–231, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression and roles of connective tissue growth factor in Meckel's cartilage development
Authors: Shimo Tsuyoshi , Kanyama Manabu , Wu Changshan , Sugito Hiroki , Billings Paul C. , Abrams William R. , Rosenbloom Joel , Iwamoto Masahiro , Pacifici Maurizio , Koyama Eiki 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMeckel's cartilage is a prominent feature of the developing mandible, but its formation and roles remain unclear. Because connective tissue growth factor (CTGF, CCN2) regulates formation of other cartilages, we asked whether it is expressed and what roles it may have in developing mouse Meckel's cartilage. Indeed, CTGF was strongly expressed in anterior, central, and posterior regions of embryonic day (E) 12 condensing Meckel's mesenchyme. Expression decreased in E15 newly differentiated chondrocytes but surged again in E18 hypertrophic chondrocytes located in anterior region and most‐rostral half of central region. These cells were part of growth plate‐like structures with zones of maturation resembling those in a developing long bone and expressed such characteristic genes as Indian hedgehog (Ihh), collagen X, MMP‐9, and vascular endothelial growth factor. At each stage examined perichondrial tissues also expressed CTGF. To analyze CTGF roles, mesenchymal cells isolated from E10 first branchial arches were tested for interaction and responses to recombinant CTGF (rCTGF). The cells readily formed aggregates in suspension culture and interacted with substrate‐bound rCTGF, but neither event occurred in the presence of CTGF neutralizing antibodies. In good agreement, rCTGF treatment of micromass cultures stimulated both expression of condensation‐associated macromolecules (fibronectin and tenascin‐C) and chondrocyte differentiation. Expression of these molecules and CTGF itself was markedly up‐regulated by treatment with transforming growth factor‐β1, a chondrogenic factor. In conclusion, CTGF is expressed in highly dynamic manners in developing Meckel's cartilage where it may influence multiple events, including chondrogenic cell differentiation and chondrocyte maturation. CTGF may aid chondrogenesis by acting down‐stream of transforming growth factor‐β and stimulating cell–cell interactions and expression of condensation‐associated genes. Developmental Dynamics 231:136–147, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
TRAF6‐dependent NF‐kB transcriptional activity during mouse development
Authors: Dickson Kathleen M. , Bhakar Asha L. , Barker Philip A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractNuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐kB) transcriptional activity is induced by numerous stimuli. To identify tissues exhibiting NF‐kB transcriptional activity during development, we analyzed transgenic reporter mice that express β‐galactosidase from an NF‐kB–responsive element. We report that NF‐kB activation is widespread and present in numerous epithelial structures and within vasculature. Several regions of the developing central nervous system, including the roof plate and floor plate of the midbrain, show prominent NF‐kB activation. To assess the role of the TRAF6 adaptor protein in developmental NF‐kB activity, we analyzed NF‐kB activation in reporter mice rendered null for TRAF6. Deletion of TRAF6 resulted in the loss of NF‐kB activity in epithelia, in vasculature, and in roof and floor plate but had no effect on NF‐kB activity developing telencephalon, choroid plexus, cochlear canal, and thymus. These data indicate that NF‐kB transcriptional activity is present in a broad range of structures during development and that TRAF6 plays a critical role mediating developmental NF‐kB activation in many but not all tissues. Developmental Dynamics 231:122–127, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bidirectional inhibitory interactions between the embryonic chicken metanephros and lumbosacral nerves in vitro
Authors: Silver Lee , Qiang Liang , Loudon Robert , Gallo Gianluca 
Published: June 2004

AbstractDuring chicken embryonic development the metanephros forms from the uretic duct at embryonic day (E) 7. As the metanephric tissue develops between E7 and E10, it comes into close apposition with lumbosacral nerves. Coculturing of metanephric and nerve explants demonstrated that the Schwann cells of the sciatic nerve inhibit the migration of metanephric cells in a contact‐dependent manner. Conversely, metanephric cells inhibit dorsal root ganglion axon extension in a contact‐dependent manner. However, metanephric cells are not inhibited by contact with growth cones or axons. Dorsal root ganglion growth cones become sensitive to the inhibitory signals on the surfaces of metanephric cells around E8, a time when the metanephros is expanding into the territory occupied by nerves in vivo. These observations demonstrate inhibitory bidirectional tissue–tissue interactions in vitro and provide a novel model system for the study of contact‐based guidance of both neuronal and non‐neuronal cell migration. Developmental Dynamics 231:190–198, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Entire mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is present in preimplantation mouse embryos
Authors: Wang Yingchun , Wang Fangfei , Sun Tong , Trostinskaia Anna , Wygle Dana , Puscheck Elizabeth , Rappolee Daniel A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractTo understand how mitogenic signals are transduced into the trophoblasts in preimplantation embryos, the expression of mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway molecules was tested. We used immunocytochemical means and reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction to test whether MAPK pathway molecule gene products exist at the protein and phosphoprotein level in the zygote and the RNA level in the egg and zygote. In addition, all antibodies detected the correct‐sized major band in Westerns of placental cell lines representing the most prevalent cell type in preimplantation embryos. A majority of mRNA transcripts of MAPK pathway genes were detected in unfertilized eggs, and all were expressed in the zygote. We found that the MAPK pathway protein set consisting of the following gene products was present: FRS2α, GRB2, GAB1, SOS1, Ha‐ras, Raf1/RafB, MEK1,2,5, MAPK/ERK1,2, MAPK/ERK5, and RSK1,2,3 (see abbreviations). These proteins were detected in trophoblasts in embryonic day (E) 3.5 embryos when they could mediate mitogenic fibroblast growth factor signals from the embryo or colony stimulating factor‐1 signals from the uterus. The phosphorylation state and position of the phosphoproteins in the cells suggested that they might function in mediating mitogenic signals. Interestingly, a subtle transition from maternal MAPK function to zygotic function was suggested by the localization for three MAPK pathway enzymes between E2.5 and E3.5, Raf1 phospho is largely cell membrane‐localized at E2.5 and E3.5, and MEK1,2 phospho accumulates in the nucleus on E2.5 and E3.5. However, MAPK phospho shifts from nuclear accumulation at E2.5 to cytoplasmic accumulation at E3.5. This finding is similar to the cytoplasmic MAPK phospho localization reported in fibroblast growth factor signaling fields in postimplantation embryos (Corson et al. [2003] Development 130:4527–4537). This spatial and temporal expression study lays a foundation to plan and analyze perturbation studies aimed at understanding the role of the major mitogenic pathway in preimplantation mouse embryos. Developmental Dynamics 231:72–87, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nogo and Nogo‐66 receptor in human and chick: Implications for development and regeneration
Authors: O'Neill Paul , Whalley Katherine , Ferretti Patrizia 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAntibodies to the myelin protein Nogo increase axonal regrowth after central nervous system injury. We have investigated whether Nogo expression contributes to loss of regenerative potential during development by using chick embryos, which regenerate their spinal cord until embryonic day (E) 13, when myelination begins. We show that Nogo‐A and the Nogo receptor (NgR) are developmentally regulated both in chick and human embryos, are first detected at developmental stages when the chick spinal cord regenerates, and are not down‐regulated after injury at permissive stages for regeneration. Therefore, expression of Nogo‐A and NgR in pre‐E13 chick spinal cords is not sufficient to inhibit regeneration. Nogo‐A expression in the chick early embryo is primarily observed in axons, whereas NgR is mainly located on neuronal cell bodies, both in spinal cord and eye, and in striated muscle including the heart. With the onset of myelination, there is down‐regulation of Nogo‐A expression in neurons. Therefore, loss of regenerative potential might be linked to changes in its cellular localization. The possibility that only Nogo expressed in mature oligodendrocytes can exercise inhibitory effects would reconcile the lack of inhibition we observe in developing chick spinal cords before the onset of myelination with evidence from other laboratories on the inhibitory effects of Nogo in mature central nervous system. The distinctive and complementary patterns of Nogo‐A and NgR expression and their conservation throughout evolution support the view that Nogo signaling represents a key pathway in nervous system and striated muscle development. Its putative role in target innervation and establishment of neural circuitry is discussed. Developmental Dynamics 231:109–121, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification and embryonic expression of a new AP‐2 transcription factor, AP‐2ϵ
Authors: Wang Hao‐Ven , Vaupel Kristina , Buettner Reinhard , Bosserhoff Anja‐Katrin , Moser Markus 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAP‐2 proteins comprise a family of highly related transcription factors, which are expressed during mouse embryogenesis in a variety of ectodermal, neuroectodermal, and mesenchymal tissues. AP‐2 transcription factors were shown to be involved in morphogenesis of craniofacial, urogenital, neural crest‐derived, and placental tissues. By means of a partial cDNA fragment identified during an expressed sequence tag search for AP‐2 genes, we identified a fifth, previously unknown AP‐2–related gene, AP‐2ϵ. AP‐2ϵ encodes an open reading frame of 434 amino acids, which reveals the typical modular structure of AP‐2 transcription factors with highly conserved C‐terminal DNA binding and dimerization domains. Although the N‐terminally localized activation domain is less homologous, position and identity of amino acids essential for transcriptional transactivation are conserved. Reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction analyses of murine embryos revealed AP‐2ϵ expression from gestational stage embryonic day 7.5 throughout all later embryonic stages until birth. Whole‐mount in situ hybridization using a specific AP‐2ϵ cDNA fragment demonstrated that during embryogenesis, expression of AP‐2ϵ is mainly restricted to neural tissue, especially the midbrain, hindbrain, and olfactory bulb. This expression pattern was confirmed by immunohistochemistry with an AP‐2ϵ–specific antiserum. By using this antiserum, we could further localize AP‐2ϵ expression in a hypothalamic nucleus and the neuroepithelium of the vomeronasal organ, suggesting an important function of AP‐2ϵ for the development of the olfactory system. Developmental Dynamics 231:128–135, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.