bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beauty’s Apostle
Authors: Baker Thomas N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shortly into the New Year’s season of 1828, Connecticut’s once-ballyhooed bard James Gates Percival spied yet another fair-haired boy on America’s poetic firmament. “You have a new star in your horizon, N. P. Willis, Esq.,” he ribbed a friend back in Boston, “and I presume your wise men of the East have gone to worship Jest or no, this observation was apt. Since its publication the previous October, Sketches, a thin volume of the twenty-two-year-old poet’s Romantic verse, had sold well, generating considerable enthusiasm around New England and as far south as Athens, Georgia. Fans particularly esteemed the volume’s lyrical revisions of biblical episodes (written over the signature “Roy”), several of which had already won monetary prizes for their affecting imagery and refined religious sentiments. Chiefly on the merits of these “Scriptural Sketches,” Henry Ware Jr. of the Unitarian Christian Examiner now pronounced “Roy,” though still a learner, a “poet, one who thinks, feels, and writes for himself, with a quiet and delicate beauty, and occasional touches of deep pathos which give most encouraging promises of future eminence.” So respected was Ware’s judgment around New England that soon Willis was, to his own happy amazement, “deluged with notifications to be present at new places” and “treated with attention by the Governor, Solicitor-General, Attorney General n+ 500 others.
The Cultural Life Of Capital Punishment: Responsibility And Representation In Dead Man Walking And Last Dance
Authors: sarat Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For death must be somewhere in a society; if it is no longer (or less intensely) in religion, it must be elsewhere; perhaps in this image which produces Death while trying to preserve life. Our own death is indeed unimaginable, and whenever we make the attempt to imagine it we can perceive that we really survive as spectators. Every death agony expresses a certain truth. Hence the insatiable curiosity that drove spectators to the scaffold to witness the spectacle of sufferings truly endured; there one could decipher crime and innocence, the past and the future, the here below and the eternal. It was a moment of truth that all the spectators questioned: each word, each cry, the duration of the agony, the resisting body, the life that clung desperately to it, all this constituted a sign.
Microspora
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Microspora is a large Phylum, containing about 120 genera, that belongs to the kingdom Archetista (Sprague et al.1992). All the genera of Microspora are obligatory intracellular organisms; most species are parasites of invertebrates, a few of vertebrates, and even fewer of humans. Zoologically, Microspora is characterized by (1) the presence of minute spores; (2) the existence in the spores of an apparatus to extrude the infective stage into cells; (3) the presence of one or two abutted nuclei; (4) the presence of 70s ribosomes; and (5) at least one chitinous layer of the wall of the spores. It has been suggested that Microspora may belong to the fungi, but there are not sufficient data to support this assumption (Muller, 1997). Microspora is divided into two Classes; one of these, the Microsporea, contains the order Microsporida, which includes all the genera and species affecting humans (Corliss, 1994). Microsporida has two groups: one in which the spores are formed individually in the cell, the Apansporoblastina, the other in which spores develop in packages within vesicles or membranes, the Pansporoblastina. Species belonging to both groups are known to occur in humans.
Free-Living Amebae
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The amebae parasitizing humans belong to two phyla of the kingdom Protozoa. (1) the phylum Percolozoa, comprising primitive organisms some of which may be ameboflagellates that form transitory flagella, lacking a Golgi apparatus, with mitochondria or hydrogenosomes and peroxisomes, and (2) the phylum Rhizopoda, characterized by having pseudopodia for locomotion and feeding, mitochondria generally with tubular cristae, and a free-living existence for most species (Corliss, 1994). Further subdivisions of these two phyla are shown below to illustrate their interrelationships and only because of the importance of these organisms in human medicine.
Oxyurida-Enterobius Vermicularisenterobiasis Or Oxyuriasis
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The family Oxyuridae, has the order Oxyurida, which contains two genera with parasitic species in humans: Enterobius and Syphacia. The most important species is E. vermicularis, referred to commonly as pinworm because of the characteristic needle-like posterior end of the female. Another species, E. gregorii, was characterized on the basis of minute morphologic differences of the spicule (part of the copulatory organ of the male) (Hugot, 1983; Hugot, Tourte Schaefer, 1985). However, careful study has shown that the differences in the spicules are due to differences in the worm’s age (Hasegawa et al. 1998). Enterobius occurs in every place where it has been searched for, always in coinfections (sympatrically) with E. vermicularis (Ashford et al. 1988; Chittenden, Ashford, 1987; Hasegawa, Kinjo, 1996). The genus Syphacia is parasitic in mice; in only one case, worms and eggs of S. obvelata were recovered from a child in the Philippines (Riley, 1919).
Investing in IT to Enable Change
Authors: Lucas Henry C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Management may invest in IT to change a process, or to change the entire organization. Some changes happen by accident, whereas in other instances they are planned. Planned changes may affect just one work group, for example, a department adopts a project management package or decides to use groupware to coordinate its activities. In other instances, the technology has an impact on the structure and operations of the organization as a whole. In this chapter, we look at examples of investments in technology that are associated with major structural changes in organizations.
Implications for the IT Investment Decision
Authors: Lucas Henry C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At this point I hope this book has presented sufficient evidence to establish that: there is value from investing in information technology; each type of investment has a potentially different opportunity for a payoff, and for some applications, we may not be able to show a quantitative return; the process of moving from the investment to an actual IT initiative is filtered by conversion effectiveness; there have been widely varying degrees of success in developing applications from IT investments.
Regional Patterns And Bilingualism
Authors: Brown Cecil H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes regional patterns of lexical acculturation. As discussed in chapter 1, Voegelin and Hymes ‘s (1953) comparative study of nine Amerindian languages suggests that languages of Latin America have tended to borrow European terms for introduced items, whereas languages of non-Hispanic North America have tended to coin terms and only very occasionally have borrowed European labels. Similarly, Bright (1960a) reports that Indian languages of Hispanic California have heavily borrowed (Spanish) te1ms for introduced domesticated animals, whereas languages of non-Hispanic (northern) California have typically produced native terms for these creatures.
Casting and Harvesting the Nets
Authors: Cole Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even amid the confusion of earlier efforts to respond to the Japanese challenge, organizational learning was taking place. Managerial leaders came to realize the much larger scope of the quality challenge after their initial denial and early feeble responses proved ineffective and motivational programs based on individual improvement proved insufficient. Quality improvement by management exhortation and directive did not work. Crosby ‘s approach stalled after a few years. Yet all these failures laid the foundation for questioning the strategic policy beliefs, preferences, and ultimately practices that hindered a more thoroughgoing response to the Japanese quality challenge. Gradually, an emergent institutional infrastructure linking managers within and across firms and industries speeded the flow of information about the nature and methodology of quality improvement. The sharing of trial-and-error experiences built up valuable assets that could be applied in different firms and industries.
Introduction
Authors: Matoesian Gregory M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the William Kennedy Smith rape trial, I heard legal-media commentators assess the defense and prosecution’s examination of witnesses with expressions such as “scored some points,” “did some damage,” “tore her apart,” “ripped her to shreds,” “hammered the witness,” “demolished the witness,” “didn’t shake her story,” “devastating examination,” “hasn’t put a glove on her,” to mention but a few. In this book, I raise something fundamental relative to these assessments. How are such anecdotal impressions or vernacular glosses of trial practice generated? Where do such interpretations come from? This book focuses on the linguistic devices and cultural presuppositions that attorneys and other courtroom participants use to foster an impression of “scoring some points” and to create a sense of “devastatingness.” I investigate how language use, or discourse, constitutes legal realities in the social construction of rape’s legal facticity. A central premise of the book is that language is not the mere passive vehicle for the imposition or transmission of law but actually constitutes and transforms evidence, facts, and rules into relevant objects of legal knowledge.
Rhythms of Domination and the Gender of Inconsistency
Authors: Matoesian Gregory M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Diane Sawyer’s posttrial interview with Patricia Bowman, the interviewer’s question underscored an inconsistency between the victim’s statement that she had no sexual interest in the defendant, on one hand, and the fact that she went to his home, walked on the beach, and exchanged kisses with him, on the other. The victim’s claim, as Sawyer suggests, does not “fit the logic” of sexual indifference characteristic of friendly or “innocent” encounters. To claim otherwise, to claim that the interaction between Bowman and Smith was friendly and nothing more, is simply not rational—not credible—and thus raises a reasonable doubt. Indeed, in the trial the defense attorney imposed precisely this form of logic on the victim’s actions and emotions during the rape incident to generate glaring inconsistencies in her account and thereby to gain an acquittal for his client.
Production Media and lntertextual Authority in Reported Speech
Authors: Matoesian Gregory M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As chapter 4 demonstrated, trial discourse rests on a theory of intertextuality, decontextualizing speech from one speech event and recontextualizing it in a new one, to constitute its evidentiary and epistemological field. I examined how courtroom participants mobilized reported speech to shape evidence in testimony, project a particular social identity for themselves and for each other, and naturalize their discursive authority. In this chapter, I shift my focus. I examine intertextuality and linguistic ideology in a special type of trial discourse: the dynamic yet covert relationship between the reporting context and electronically mediated reported speech. I analyze how audiotapes of police statements are first contextualized and then inserted into the current stream of cross-examination to create inconsistency in the witness’s speech. I explore how this intertextual practice mobilizes an evaluative, hierarchical ordering of recipient footings to accomplish strategic interactional tasks in the trial and how these practices are implicated in the cultural and discursive construction of affect—the verbal and nonverbal display of emotion. Following Goffman, I hope to show that when courtroom participants contextualize the tape, they align the recipients and genres of reported speech within a configuration of distinct interactional footings. Going beyond Goffman, I not only describe the complex participation frames embedded in intertextual discourse; I also reveal how social power is naturalized within those frames. Although Goffman delineates the recipient footings in talk, he never explains how these may be related to forms of discursive power.
Types of Systems and Models
Authors: Ackoff Russell L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whatever one considers systems to be, thesre are obviously different ways of classifying them. They can be classified in many different ways, for example, by size, by discipline (physical, chemical, biological, psychological, and so on), by location, and by function. The choice of a classification scheme depends on how one intends to use it. For my purposes-examining the consequences of mismatching systems and the way we think about them-the critical classifying variable is purpose, and purpose can only exist where there is choice, and choice is of either means or ends, that is, desired outcomes. An entity is purposeful if it can select both means and ends in two or more environments.
Means Planning: How to Get There
Authors: Ackoff Russell L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Idealized design produces the vision of the organization and its behavior currently most desired. The gaps between what the organization is and is now doing and where it wants to be and to be doing, as revealed by its idealized redesign, constitute the problems to be solved independently by means planning. Therefore, the first step in means planning is to identify these gaps. Means planning determines how the gaps are to be closed or reduced. In architecture, this corresponds to preparation of working drawings once an acceptable design of the building has been prepared. These drawings constitute a set of instructions that enable a contractor to build the building. It makes possible realization of the vision or the closest possible approximation to it. Means planning is the preparation of the design’s “working drawings,” which provide the instructions required to close or reduce the gaps.
Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Obeng Samuel Gyasi , Adegbija Efurosibina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the nature of the relationship between language and ethnic identity in sub-Saharan Africa. First, we examine the correlation be tween language and ethnic identity before colonial rule. Second, we investigate the interplay between language and ethnic identity during colonial rule. Third, we examine the period after colonial rule, paying attention to such issues as language in education, prejudices and stereotypes, language in the mass media and in religion, and how language and ethnic identity are pertinent to the important question of the selection of national languages in densely multilingual sub-Saharan African countries.
Ventral (Yolk Sac) Hematopoiesis in the Mouse
Authors: Yoder Mervin C , Palis James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hematopoiesis is the dynamic process whereby all formed elements of the blood arise from the multipotent precursor cells produced by hematopoietic stem cells. While hematopoiesis in the adult occurs primarily within the medullary cavity of bone, several other tissues, including yolk sac, liver, and spleen, serve as primary sites of hematopoiesis during mammalian embryogenesis (Tavassoli, 1991; Zon, 1995). The first blood cells in the mouse embryo arise between embryonic day 7 and 8 (E7-E8) in the yolk sac (Barker, 1968; Haar and Ackerman, 1971; Moore and Metcalf, 1970; Russell, 1979).
Hemoglobin Switching
Authors: Stamatoyannopoulos George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hemoglobin switching has stimulated the interest of biologists and physicians for several reasons. First, it was the first developmental system to be investigated at the protein level in any species. The chemical difference between adult and fetal hemoglobin was first realized during the nineteenth century, when methods for measuring the hemoglobin concentration in blood started to be developed; it was then found that fetal hemoglobin was resistant to alkali denaturation but adult hemoglobin was not.
Microenvironmental Cell Populations Essential for the Support of Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Authors: Charbord Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The description in mammals of different sequential sites of hematopoiesis during ontogeny has suggested that certain “microenvironmental” cells within the sites played key roles for hematopoietic stem cell emergence, proliferation and commitment toward a lineage, or “determination.” The sequence of sites may be summarized as follows: yolk sac, aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region and, finally, spleen, bone marrow, and thymus.
Agreement, Predication, and Pronouns in the History of Portuguese
Authors: Galves Charlotte 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The recent history of Portuguese provides an interesting case of change from one grammar, Classical Portuguese (henceforth ClP), to two grammars, Modem European Portuguese and Brazilian Portuguese (henceforth, respectively, EP and BP). This chapter aims to describe and analyze, in the framework of the Minimalist Program (Chomsky 1995b), the basic aspects of this double change, which give interesting evidence of the deep correlation existing in grammars between the licensing of subjects and the licensing of clitics and weak pronouns (“deficient” pronouns in the sense of Cardinaletti and Starke 1994). Although this correlation clearly appears in many analyses of various pronominal systems, it has received little theoretical status. Here I will argue that it derives from the fact that both deficient pronouns licensing and predication relations are dependent on the parametrization of languages with respect to Agr, which will be considered not as a category, in accordance with Chomsky (1995b), but as a feature.
Developmental and Perinatal Neuropathology
Authors: Nelson James S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Terminology, Conventions, And Definitions The prenatal period is divided into two phases: an embryonic phase that extends from conception to the end of the eighth postovulatory week and a subsequent fetal phase that ends at birth. The embryonic phase is characterized by the appearance of a large number of new morpholgic features involving the nervous system and other organs. The fetal phase is distinguished by an emphasis on the structural and physiological refinement of these features. Criteria used for assessing embryonic development include morphologic staging, estimates of prenatal age, and body measurements such as the biparietal diameter and the greatest body length. Currently, staging criteria are available only for the embryonic phase. This phase comprises 23 Carnegie stages. As noted, the stages are based on morpholgic features and do not correspond exactly to estimates of prenatal age or body measurements. The staging procedure takes into account the normal variation in the rate at which morphologic features develop. Consequently, all embryos within a given stage have reached the same degree of morphologic development, but their prenatal ages may differ by several days. Postovulatory age or its closely related counterpart, postfertilizational age, in the embryonic phase may be obtained by assigning the embryo to a Carnegie stage and referring to a table that coordinates the approximate relationship between stage and age. The length of the embryo as determined by ultrasonography may also be used to estimate postovulatory age. In clinical practice prenatal age is frequently estimated by assuming fertilization occurred 2 weeks after the first day of the last menstrual period. The accuracy of this type of estimate can be enhanced by measuring initial serum levels of the beta subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin. In the fetal phase, age may be estimated by using the menstrual dates as mentioned above. More precise values can be obtained by determining body measurements such as greatest body length or biparietal diameter directly or by ultrasonography and reference to tables correlating these meaurements with fetal age.
Pituitary Tumors and Related Lesions
Authors: Scheithauer Bernd W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With rare exception (Colohan et al., 1986) the pituitary, a compound epithelial and neuroectodermal gland, resides in the sella turcica, a specialized portion of the sphenoid bone. Despite its uniform appearance at the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) level, the anterior lobe consists of three zones, including a central mucoid wedge and lateral components termed acidophilic wings. The term mucoid refers to the abundance of basophilic, periodic acid–Schiff (PAS)-positive cells engaged in adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and thyrotropin (TSH)-producing cells. Gonadotropic follicle cells engaged in stimulating and luteinizing hormone (FSHLH) production are also basophilic but are widely distributed. The posterior lobe also contains ACTH cells scattered or clustered among the axons. The finding is termed basophil invasion and increases with age. The lateral wings contain mainly growth hormone (GH) and, to a lesser extent, prolactin (PRL)-producing cells. When sufficiently granulated, both GH and PRL cells stain positively with such acidic dyes as eosin, phloxine, and Orange-G. The cystic intermediate lobe remnants of Rathke’s cleft are lined by cuboidal-to-columnar, ciliated, mucin-producing, or granulated adenohypophyseal cells. A posteriorly incomplete sleeve of anterior pituitary tissue, the pars tuberalis, extends upward along the pituitary stalk; the majority of cells at this location are Acthor gonadotropin-producing. In this location, squamous metaplasia of secretory cells is commonly seen (Asa et al., 1983).
Bad Examples: Transgression and Progress in Language and Gender Studies
Authors: Bucholtz Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For much of its existence, language and gender research has had an uneasy relation ship with feminist theory. Following an initial flurry of interest in linguistic approaches at the beginning of the second wave of feminism in the late 1960s and early 1970s, feminist theory retained its concern with language but soon found less inspiration in linguistics than in surrounding disciplines such as philosophy and literary criticism. At the material level, this tension has been manifest in the disproportionately low representation of linguists, broadly defined, in women’s studies programs, conferences, and journals. At the intellectual level, the divide between the two enterprises has been evident until very recently in each field’s relative lack of influence on the development of the other.
The Display of (Gendered) Identities in Talk at Work
Authors: Tannen Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the course of my career analyzing interaction, I have found myself repeatedly returning to framing as the theoretical and methodological approach that sheds most light on what individuals are doing when they interact. In this chapter I suggest that the framing approach is also enlightening for understanding the relationship between language and gender. One of the chief crafters of the theoretical construct of framing, Erving Goffman (1974), wrote a key paper that has been overlooked by those concerned with language and gender: a 1977 essay entitled “The Arrangement Between the Sexes.” Though not focused on language per se (the focus on language did not appear in Goffman’ s work until later, with the articles collected in Forms of Talk [1981]), the 1977 essay provides a theoretical framework that is strikingly consonant (prescient, you might say) with the notion of gendered identity as display that is the theme of this volume.