bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population structure of wild bananas, Musa balbisiana, in China determined by SSR fingerprinting and cpDNA PCR‐RFLP
Authors: GE X. J. , LIU M. H. , WANG W. K. , SCHAAL B. A. , CHIANG T. Y. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBoth demographic history and dispersal mechanisms influence the apportionment of genetic diversity among plant populations across geographical regions. In this study, phylogeography and population structure of wild banana, Musa balbisiana, one of the progenitors of cultivated bananas and plantains in China were investigated by an analysis of genetic diversity of simple sequence repeat (SSR) fingerprint markers and cpDNA PCR‐RFLP. A chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) genealogy of 21 haplotypes identified two major clades, which correspond to two geographical regions separated by the Beijiang and Xijiang rivers, suggesting a history of vicariance. Significant genetic differentiation was detected among populations with cpDNA markers, a result consistent with limited seed dispersal in wild banana mediated by foraging of rodents. Nuclear SSR data also revealed significant geographical structuring in banana populations. In western China, however, there was no detected phylogeograpahical pattern, possibly due to frequent pollen flow via fruit bats. In contrast, populations east of the Beijiang River and the population of Hainan Island, where long‐range soaring pollinators are absent, are genetically distinct. Colonization–extinction processes may have influenced the evolution of Musa populations, which have a metapopulation structure and are connected by migrating individuals. Effective gene flow via pollen, estimated from the nuclear SSR data, is 3.65 times greater than gene flow via seed, estimated from cpDNA data. Chloroplast and nuclear DNAs provide different insights into phylogeographical patterns of wild banana populations and, taken together, can inform conservation practices.
Genetic and ecological dynamics of species replacement in an arid‐land river system
Authors: MOYER G. R. , OSBORNE M. , TURNER T. F. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractMuseum records indicate that Hybognathus placitus was introduced into the Pecos River, New Mexico during the early 1960s. Approximately 10 years later, a congener, Hybognathus amarus, was extirpated from the system. We used microsatellite and mtDNA data, ecological data and modelling, and a computer simulation approach to reconstruct the history of invasion and species replacement. To identify the potential role of hybridization and introgression, we genetically screened H. amarus (n = 389) from the Rio Grande, New Mexico, and H. placitus (n = 424) from the Pecos River, New Mexico using four nuclear microsatellites and a partial fragment of the mtDNA ND4 gene. Assignment tests excluded hybridization as a primary factor in species replacement and suggested a role for interspecific competition. Genetic analyses showed that H. placitus were introduced into the Pecos River from at least two genetically distinct source populations in the Canadian and Red rivers, Oklahoma. Lotka–Volterra models of interspecific competition indicated that the number of founding individuals could have been as few as 20 for H. placitus to have competitively displaced H. amarus in the Pecos River in 10 to 15 generations. Observed differences of allele frequencies between source and founder populations indicated that between 32 and 115 H. placitus individuals founded the Pecos River. Genetic and ecological data suggest that interspecific competition could have led to species replacement in this arid‐land river system.
Selective sweeps and intercontinental migration in the cosmopolitan moss Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid.
Authors: McDANIEL STUART F. , SHAW A. JONATHAN 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe moss Ceratodon purpureus has long been used as a model system in plant development and physiology. However, the molecular population genetics of the species remains virtually unexplored. In this study, we used population genetic analyses of DNA sequence data from three unlinked loci (atpB‐rbcL spacer, adk, and phy2) to examine biogeographical patterns in a global sample of this species. The three loci differed significantly in mutation frequency spectra and implied population structure. Pairs of haplotypes from single populations were frequently more divergent than haplotypes sampled from widely disjunct populations. In the atpB‐rbcL spacer and adk samples, Australasian haplotypes were more closely related to Northern Hemisphere haplotypes than to haplotypes found in the equatorial regions. In contrast, the phy2 sample showed that the north and south temperate regions were genetically divergent, with the equatorial regions intermediate. Maximum‐likelihood estimates (MLE) of the rates of migration between the two hemispheres were significantly different for the two nuclear genes. The frequency spectra of mutations indicated that differences in implied population structure among the three loci resulted from directional selection on the chloroplast genome and on the chromosomal segment containing adk. Collectively, these data suggest that long‐distance migration within the Northern Hemisphere and Australasian regions is common (relative to the mutation rate) and that migration between these two regions, potentially via equatorial populations, is more frequent than migration among equatorial populations.
BAS1 and SOB7 act redundantly to modulate Arabidopsis photomorphogenesis via unique brassinosteroid inactivation mechanisms
Authors: Turk Edward M. , Fujioka Shozo , Seto Hideharu , Shimada Yukihisa , Takatsuto Suguru , Yoshida Shigeo , Wang Huachun , Torres Quetzal I. , Ward Jason M. , Murthy Girish , Zhang Jingyu , Walker John C. , Neff Michael M. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryActive brassinosteroids (BRs), such as brassinolide (BL) and castasterone (CS), are growth‐promoting plant hormones. An Arabidopsis cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP734A1, formerly CYP72B1), encoded by the BAS1 gene, inactivates BRs and modulates photomorphogenesis. BAS1 was identified as the overexpressed gene responsible for a dominant, BR‐deficient mutant, bas1‐D. This mutant was isolated in an activation‐tagged screen designed to identify redundant genes that might not be identified in classic loss‐of‐function screens. Here we report the isolation of a second activation‐tagged mutant with a BR‐deficient phenotype. The mutant phenotype is caused by the overexpression of SOB7 (CYP72C1), a homolog of BAS1. We generated single and double null‐mutants of BAS1 and SOB7 to test the hypothesis that these two genes act redundantly to modulate photomorphogenesis. BAS1 and SOB7 act redundantly with respect to light promotion of cotyledon expansion, repression of hypocotyl elongation and flowering time in addition to other phenotypes not regulated by light. We also provide biochemical evidence to suggest that BAS1 and SOB7 act redundantly to reduce the level of active BRs, but have unique mechanisms. Overexpression of SOB7 results in a dramatic reduction in endogenous CS levels, and although single null‐mutants of BAS1 and SOB7 have the same level of CS as the wild type, the double null‐mutant has twice the amount. Application of BL to overexpression lines of BAS1 or SOB7 results in enhanced metabolism of BL, though only BAS1 overexpression lines confer enhanced conversion to 26‐OHBL, suggesting that SOB7 and BAS1 convert BL and CS into unique products.
Comparative Study on Calretinin Immunoreactivity in Gerbil and Rat Retina
Authors: Hwang I. K. , Yoo K.‐Y. , Kim D. S. , Jung J. Y. , Shin M. C. , Seo K. , Kim K.‐S. , Kang T.‐C. , Won M. H. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryExpression of calretinin in retina has been ascribed to multiple biological and functional aspects in the visual system. In this study, we examined the distribution patterns of calretinin immunoreactivity in gerbil and rat retina. In the gerbil, calretinin immunoreactivity was present in bipolar and amacrine cells of the inner nuclear layer and in neurones of the ganglion cell layer. In the rat, amacrine and ganglion cells showed calretinin immunoreactivity, but bipolar cells did not contain calretinin immunoreactivity. In both species, calretinin immunoreactivity was absent in cones, cone bipolars, and horizontal cells. In conclusion, gerbil as well as rat has a rod‐dominant retina. The differences in calretinin expression between rat and gerbil require further investigations under various functional and developmental conditions.
Immunohistochemical Demonstration of Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Innervation in the Dog
Authors: Willenegger S. , Friess A. E. , Lang J. , Stoffel M. H. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryLow back pain is a common ailment in dogs, particularly in specific breeds such as the German shepherd dog. A number of structures such as facet joint capsules, ligaments, dorsal root ganglia, periosteum, vertebral endplates and meninges have been associated with this condition. Yet, in spite of all diagnostic efforts, the origin of pain remains obscure in a substantial proportion of all cases. A further structure often being involved in vertebral column disorders is the intervertebral disc. The presence of nerves, however, is a precondition for pain sensation and, consequently, structures lacking innervation can be left out of consideration as a cause for low back pain. Nerve fibres have been demonstrated at the periphery of the intervertebral disc in man, rabbit and rat. With regard to the dog, however, the extent of intervertebral disc innervation is still being disputed. The goal of the present study, therefore, was to substantiate and expand current knowledge of intervertebral disc innervation. Protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 was used for immunohistochemical examination of serial transversal and sagittal paraffin sections of lumbar discs from adult dogs. This general marker revealed nerve fibres to be confined to the periphery of the intervertebral discs. These results indicate that even limited pathological processes affecting the outer layers of the intervertebral disc are prone to cause low back pain.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission among high school students in Greece
Authors: Hadjichristodoulou Christos , VAsilogiannakopoulos Antonis , Spala Georgia , Mavrou Irini , Kolonia Virginia , Marinis Evangelos , Syriopoulou Vasiliki , Theodoridou Maria 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
: The aim of this study was to investigate the requirements and practical steps for screening of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) transmission among high school student populations in two regional high schools of central Greece. Case‐matched control populations from other regional schools were included.
Methods
: Case study of two indexed cases, 61 close contacts, 212 casual contacts and 369 controls were investigated. Detailed questionnaires, tuberculin‐skin test (PPD test), chest radiography, medical evaluation and DNA fingerprinting of sputum isolates were used.
Results
: In case A, three (1.97%) of 152 close and casual contacts developed tuberculosis, and a further 25 (16.4%) were classified as infected. In contrast, none of the 121 close or casual contacts investigated for Case B developed tuberculosis or were classified as infected. None of the control populations contained infected individuals. Contacts of case A had a much higher risk (3.08 < RR = 22.29 < 161.69, P < 0.001) of being infected than contacts of case B. Two different strains of MTB were found responsible for these outbreaks.
Conclusion
: There was a considerable difference in the infectivity of the two cases presumably due to environmental and clinical factors, although two different MTB strains were responsible. It is proposed that the extent of case investigation should be individualized with particular emphasis placed among close contacts.
Prevalence of obesity, binge eating, and night eating in a cross‐sectional field survey of 6‐year‐old children and their parents in a German urban population
Authors: Lamerz Andreas , Kuepper‐Nybelen Jutta , Bruning Nicole , Wehle Christine , Trost‐Brinkhues Gabriele , Brenner Hermann , Hebebrand Johannes , Herpertz‐Dahlmann Beate 
Published: March 2005

Background:  To assess the prevalence of obesity, obesity‐related binge eating, non‐obesity‐related binge eating, and night eating in five‐ to six‐year‐old children and to examine the impact of parental eating disturbances.Methods:  When 2020 children attended their obligatory health exam prior to school entry in the city of Aachen, Germany, 1979 parents (97.9%) filled out a questionnaire on their child's eating habits and weight development in a cross‐sectional survey. Anthropometric measurements were collected for all children in a standardized form.Results:  Episodes of binge eating were found in 2.0% of the children surveyed and night eating in 1.1%. There was a significant relationship between binge eating and obesity but not between night eating and the child's weight. Children's binge eating and night eating were strongly associated with eating disturbances on the part of their mothers (adjusted odds ratios [95% confidence intervals]: 6.1 [2.7–13.5] and 7.8 [2.1–29.4], respectively) and with a non‐German native language (adjusted odds ratios [95% confidence intervals]: 2.6 [1.2–5.5] and 11.6 [3.5–38.7], respectively).Conclusions:  In concurrence with studies on adulthood, binge eating is linked to obesity already in early childhood. Children of mothers with eating disorders and children of mothers with a non‐German native language are at increased risk of developing eating disorders themselves. Future studies should focus on obesity and eating disorders in early childhood; prevention programs should seek to target young children at risk as early as possible.
Practitioner Review: Cognitive rehabilitation for children with acquired brain injury
Authors: Limond Jenny , Leeke Rachel 
Published: March 2005

Background: The need to address acquired cognitive impairments is increasing in child populations seen across a range of settings. However, current clinical practice following brain injury in children does not necessarily incorporate the use of cognitive rehabilitation models or techniques. The aim of this paper is to review the literature in this area.Methods: All published interventions targeting the cognitive domains of attention, memory and/or executive function that could be identified were reviewed. Different cognitive rehabilitation techniques are briefly described and the clinical and research implications of the findings are discussed.Results: Eleven papers, involving 54 children and adolescents receiving intervention, were identified. This literature describes generalised cognitive rehabilitation programmes as well as more specific strategies targeting focal deficits.Conclusions: There is an absence of randomised controlled trials and a very limited number of studies using other methodological approaches, providing at this time no conclusive evidence for the efficacy of cognitive rehabilitation for children with acquired brain injury, but a clear need to address a range of methodological difficulties in this field of enquiry.
Digital close range photogrammetry for measurement of soil erosion
Authors: Rieke‐Zapp Dirk H. , Nearing Mark A. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractMany of the processes involved in soil erosion have dimensions on the millimetre scale. Modelling and quantification of such processes require information on soil surface topography with adequate resolution. The purpose of this study was to generate digital elevation models (DEMs) from soil surfaces with high spatial and temporal resolution. Digital photogrammetry was applied for measuring erosion rates on complex‐shaped soil surfaces under laboratory rainfall conditions. A total of 60 DEMs were generated, covering a planimetric area of 16 m2. The DEMs had a grid resolution of 3 mm. A vertical precision of approximately 1 mm was desired for DEM analysis. A consumer‐grade digital camera was used for image acquisition. The camera was calibrated using BLUH software. Homologous points in overlapping images were identified with least squares matching software. Irregularly spaced object coordinates were interpolated to a regular grid in a geographic information system. The resulting DEMs represented the soil surface well. A precision of 1·26 mm in the vertical was attained. The precision of DEM production was limited to camera calibration. Improvements of the setup presented could include the use of better control points and more advanced image matching strategies for identification of homologous points. The DEMs allowed for detailed analysis of soil surface evolution.
XXth International Congress of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing: part II
Authors: Aplin Paul 
Published: March 2005

AbstractReports from the XXth International Congress of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, held at the Istanbul Convention and Exhibition Centre (ICEC), Turkey, from 12th to 23rd July 2004, continue here with Technical Commission VII activities, including the formation for 2004–8 of two new Commissions concerned with remote sensing, TCs VII and VIII. Papers from the Congress are published in Volume XXXV of the International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences.
Floral Morphogenesis of Anemone rivularis Buch.‐Ham. ex DC. var. flore‐minore Maxim. (Ranunculaceae) with Special Emphasis on Androecium Developmental Sequence
Authors: CHANG Hong‐Li , REN Yi , LU An‐Min 
Published: March 2005

Abstract: The floral morphogenesis and androecium developmental sequence of Anemone rivularis Buch.‐Ham. ex DC. var. flore‐minore Maxim. were observed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and by means of histological methods in order to expand our knowledge of the morphogenesis and development of the floral organs of the Ranunculaceae. The initiation of the floral elements is a centripetal spiral and the direction of the spiral is clockwise or anti‐clockwise. However, the development of the androecium is highly unusual: in a longitudinal series of four stamens, the second stamen develops first from the inner to outer, then the third one, the fourth one and the first one in turn. The microsporogenesis and anther maturation follows the same developmental sequence. The tepals are different from the bracts and the stamens in both shape and size in the early developmental stage, but there is no difference between the stamens and carpels in the early developmental stage. Therefore, we established a spatio‐temporal process of the floral morphogenesis of A. rivularis var. flore‐minore and offer another meaning of the floral diversity patterns attributed to the level of the genus.(Managing editor: Wei WANG)
The Melting Layer: A Laboratory Investigation of Ice Particle Melt and Evaporation near 0°C
Authors: Oraltay R. G. , Hallett J. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Melting, freezing, and evaporation of individual and aggregates of snow crystals are simulated in the laboratory under controlled temperature, relative humidity, and air velocity. Crystals of selected habit are grown on a vertical filament and subsequently melted or evaporated in reverse flow, with the velocity adjusted for appropriate fall speed to reproduce conditions of the melting layer. Nonequilibrium conditions are simulated for larger melting ice particles surrounded by smaller drops at a temperature up to +5°C or growth of an ice crystal surrounded by freezing ice particles down to −5°C. Initial melting of well-defined faceted crystals, as individuals or in combination, occurs as a water layer &gt;10 μm thick. For larger (&gt;100 μm) crystals the water becomes sequestered by capillary forces as individual drops separated by water-free ice regions, often having quasiperiodic locations along needles, columns, or arms from evaporating dendrites. Drops are also located at intersections of aggregate crystals and dendrite branches, being responsible for the maximum of the radar scatter. The drops have a finite water–ice contact angle of 37°–80°, depending on ambient conditions. Capillary forces move water from high-curvature to low-curvature regions as melting continues. Toward the end of the melting process, the ice separating the drops becomes sufficiently thin to fracture under aerodynamic forces, and mixed-phase particles are shed. Otherwise ice-free drops are shed. The melting region and the mechanism for lowering the melting layer with an increasing precipitation rate are associated with smaller ice particle production capable of being lofted in weaker updrafts.
Wavelet Analysis of Variability, Teleconnectivity, and Predictability of the September–November East African Rainfall
Authors: Mwale Davison , Gan Thian Yew 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
By applying wavelet analysis and wavelet principal component analysis (WPCA) to individual wavelet-scale power and scale-averaged wavelet power, homogeneous zones of rainfall variability and predictability were objectively identified for September–November (SON) rainfall in East Africa (EA). Teleconnections between the SON rainfall and the Indian Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean sea surface temperatures (SST) were also established for the period 1950–97. Excluding the Great Rift Valley, located along the western boundaries of Tanzania and Uganda, and Mount Kilimanjaro in northeastern Tanzania, EA was found to exhibit a single leading mode of spatial and temporal variability. WPCA revealed that EA suffered a consistent decrease in the SON rainfall from 1962 to 1997, resulting in 12 droughts between 1965 and 1997. Using SST predictors identified in the April–June season from the Indian and South Atlantic Oceans, the prediction skill achieved for the SON (one-season lead time) season by the nonlinear model known as artificial neural network calibrated by a genetic algorithm (ANN-GA) was high [Pearson correlation ρ ranged between 0.65 and 0.9, Hansen–Kuipers (HK) scores ranged between 0.2 and 0.8, and root-mean-square errors (rmse) ranged between 0.4 and 0.75 of the standardized precipitation], but that achieved by the linear canonical correlation analysis model was relatively modest (ρ between 0.25 and 0.55, HK score between −0.05 and 0.3, and rmse between 0.4 and 1.2 of the standardized precipitation).