bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Short Internal Sequences Involved in Replication and Virion Accumulation in a Subviral RNA of
Turnip Crinkle Virus
Authors: Sun Xiaoping , Zhang Guohua , Simon Anne E. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT

cis
-acting sequences and structural elements in untranslated regions of viral genomes allow viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerases to correctly initiate and transcribe asymmetric levels of plus and minus strands during replication of plus-sense RNA viruses. Such elements include promoters, enhancers, and transcriptional repressors that may require interactions with distal RNA sequences for function. We previously determined that a non-sequence-specific hairpin (M1H) in the interior of a subviral RNA (satC) associated with
Turnip crinkle virus
is required for fitness and that its function might be to bridge flanking sequences (X. Sun and A. E. Simon, J. Virol. 77:7880-7889, 2003). To establish the importance of the flanking sequences in replication and satC-specific virion repression, segments on both sides of M1H were randomized and subjected to in vivo functional selection (in vivo SELEX). Analyses of winning (functional) sequences revealed three different conserved elements within the segments that could be specifically assigned roles in replication, virion repression, or both. One of these elements was also implicated in the molecular switch that releases the 3′ end from its interaction with the repressor hairpin H5, which is possibly involved in controlling the level of minus-strand synthesis.
Human Cytomegalovirus Tegument Protein pp71 Directs Long-Term Gene Expression from Quiescent Herpes Simplex Virus Genomes
Authors: Preston Chris M. , Nicholl Mary Jane 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT

The human cytomegalovirus tegument protein pp71 is important for transactivation of immediate-early (IE) gene expression and for the efficient initiation of virus replication. We have analyzed the properties of pp71 by assaying its effects on gene expression from the genome of
in
1312, a herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) mutant devoid of functional VP16, ICP0, and ICP4. Upon infection of human fibroblasts,
in
1312-derived viruses are repressed and retained in a quiescent state, but the presence of pp71 prevented the quiescent state from being attained. Reporter gene cassettes cloned into the
in
1312 genome, in addition to the endogenous IE promoters, remained active for at least 12 days postinfection, and infected cells were viable and morphologically normal. Cells expressing pp71 remained responsive to the HSV-1 transactivating factors VP16 and ICP4 and to trichostatin A. The C-terminal 61 amino acids, but not the LACSD motif, were required for pp71 activity. In addition to preventing attainment of quiescence, pp71 was able to disrupt the quiescent state of
in
1312 derivatives and promote the resumption of viral gene expression after a lag of approximately 3 days. The results extend the functional analysis of pp71 and suggest a degree of similarity with the HSV-1 IE protein ICP0. The ability to provoke slow reactivation of quiescent genomes, in conjunction with cell survival, represents a novel property for a viral structural protein.
Viral Transport of DNA Damage That Mimics a Stalled Replication Fork
Authors: Jurvansuu Jaana , Raj Kenneth , Stasiak Andrzej , Beard Peter 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT

Adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2) infection incites cells to arrest with 4N DNA content or die if the p53 pathway is defective. This arrest depends on AAV2 DNA, which is single stranded with inverted terminal repeats that serve as primers during viral DNA replication. Here, we show that AAV2 DNA triggers damage signaling that resembles the response to an aberrant cellular DNA replication fork. UV treatment of AAV2 enhances the G
2
arrest by generating intrastrand DNA cross-links which persist in infected cells, disrupting viral DNA replication and maintaining the viral DNA in the single-stranded form. In cells, such DNA accumulates into nuclear foci with a signaling apparatus that involves DNA polymerase delta, ATR, TopBP1, RPA, and the Rad9/Rad1/Hus1 complex but not ATM or NBS1. Focus formation and damage signaling strictly depend on ATR and Chk1 functions. Activation of the Chk1 effector kinase leads to the virus-induced G
2
arrest. AAV2 provides a novel way to study the cellular response to abnormal DNA replication without damaging cellular DNA. By using the AAV2 system, we show that in human cells activation of phosphorylation of Chk1 depends on TopBP1 and that it is a prerequisite for the appearance of DNA damage foci.
Nonhepatic Cell Lines HeLa and 293 Support Efficient Replication of the Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 2a Subgenomic Replicon
Authors: Kato Takanobu , Date Tomoko , Miyamoto Michiko , Zhao Zijiang , Mizokami Masashi , Wakita Takaji 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTThe hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 2a subgenomic replicon can replicate in two human non-hepatocyte-derived cell lines, HeLa and 293, with in vitro-transcribed replicon RNA. Sequencing analysis revealed that mutations in HCV-derived regions were not essential for replication in these cells, as some clones displayed no mutations.
Evolutionary Spread and Recombination of Porcine Endogenous Retroviruses in the
Suiformes
Authors: Niebert Marcus , Tönjes Ralf R. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT

Different
Suiformes
with increasing phylogenetic distance to the common pig (
Sus scrofa
) were assayed for the presence of porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERV) in general (
pol
gene), while the distribution of long terminal repeat (LTR) types (with or without repeats in U3) and
env
genes (classes A, B, and C) were determined in detail. PERV was not detectable in the most distantly related species, while classes PERV-A and PERV-B are present in
Suiformes
originating in the Pliocene epoch, and class PERV-C was detectable only in
S. scrofa
and in closely related species originating in the Holocene epoch. This distribution pattern of PERV classes is in line with our previous study on the age of PERV (45) and suggests an African origin of about 7.5 million years ago (MYA) and a gradual spread of PERV through the
Suiformes
. It seems likely that PERV-C originated more recently (1.5 to 3.5 MYA) by recombination with a homologue of unknown descent, while the origin of the repeatless LTR was a separate event approximately 3.5 MYA.
Natural Killer Cells Utilize both Perforin and Gamma Interferon To Regulate Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection in the Spleen and Liver
Authors: Loh Joy , Chu Dortha T. , O'Guin Andrew K. , Yokoyama Wayne M. , Virgin Herbert W. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTNatural killer (NK) cells are critical for innate regulation of the acute phase of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection and have been reported to utilize perforin (Pfp)- and gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-dependent effector mechanisms in an organ-specific manner to regulate MCMV infection in the spleen and liver. In this study, we further examined the roles of NK cells, Pfp, and IFN-γ in innate immunity to MCMV infection. With the recently described NK cell-deficient (NKD) mouse, we confirmed previous findings that NK cells, but not NKT cells, are required for control of the acute phase of MCMV infection in spleen and liver cells. Interestingly, we found that Pfp and IFN-γ are each important for regulating MCMV replication in both the spleen and the liver. Moreover, NK cells can regulate MCMV infection in the spleens and livers of Pfp−/−mice in a Pfp-independent manner and can use an IFN-γ-independent mechanism to control MCMV infection in IFN-γ−/−mice. Thus, contrary to previous reports, NK cells utilize both Pfp and IFN-γ to control MCMV infection in the spleen and liver.
Improved Enzootic Nasal Tumor Virus Pseudotype Packaging Cell Lines Reveal Virus Entry Requirements in Addition to the Primary Receptor Hyal2
Authors: Van Hoeven Neal S. , Miller A. Dusty 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT
Enzootic nasal tumor virus (ENTV) and jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) are closely related retroviruses that cause epithelial cancers of the respiratory tract in sheep and goats. Both viruses use the glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored cell surface protein hyaluronidase 2 (Hyal2) as a receptor for cell entry, and entry is mediated by the envelope (Env) proteins encoded by these viruses. Retroviral vectors bearing JSRV Env can transduce cells from a wide range of species, with the exception of rodent cells. Because of the low titer of vectors bearing ENTV Env, it has been difficult to determine the tropism of ENTV vectors, which appeared to transduce cells from sheep and humans only. Here we have developed high-titer ENTV packaging cells and confirm that ENTV has a restricted host range compared to that of JSRV. Most cells that are not transduced by JSRV or ENTV vectors can be made susceptible following expression of human Hyal2 on the cells. However, five rat cell lines from different rat strains and different tissues that were engineered to express human Hyal2 were still only poorly infected by ENTV vectors, even though the ENTV Env protein could bind well to human Hyal2 expressed on four of these cell lines. These results indicate the possibility of a coreceptor requirement for these viruses.
A brief history of the development of mannequin simulators for clinical education and training
Authors: Cooper J B , Taqueti V R 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Simulation for medical and healthcare applications, although still in a relatively nascent stage of development, already has a history that can inform the process of further research and dissemination. The development of mannequin simulators used for education, training, and research is reviewed, tracing the motivations, evolution to commercial availability, and efforts toward assessment of efficacy of those for teaching cardiopulmonary resuscitation, cardiology skills, anaesthesia clinical skills, and crisis management. A brief overview of procedural simulators and part-task trainers is also presented, contrasting the two domains and suggesting that a thorough history of the 20+ types of simulator technologies would provide a useful overview and perspective. There has been relatively little cross fertilisation of ideas and methods between the two simulator domains. Enhanced interaction between investigators and integration of simulation technologies would be beneficial for the dissemination of the concepts and their applications.
The effect of inflammation on the generation of plasma DNA from dead and dying cells in the peritoneum
Authors: Jiang Ning , Pisetsky David S 
Published: December 2004

AbstractTo assess the effects of inflammation on the generation of circulating DNA from dead and dying cells, plasma DNA levels were determined in BALB/c mice, administered apoptotic or necrotic Jurkat cells following induction of peritonitis by treatment with thioglycollate (TG), peptone (PT), or sodium periodate (NaIO4). In mice receiving TG or NaIO4, plasma DNA levels following intraperitoneal administration of Jurkat cells were significantly reduced compared with controls, whereas they were not affected in mice receiving PT. To determine the basis of these differences, the cellular composition of peritoneal fluids prior to the administration of the dead cells was analyzed. Among agents tested, TG administration led to the largest increase in cells, both neutrophils and monocytes. As shown by flow cytometry, the exudates contained apoptotic neutrophils and macrophages, with the highest levels in the TG-induced exudates. Analysis of DNA and caspase 3 in the fluids also showed differences. TG exudates showed increases in DNA and capase 3, while NaIO4-induced exudates had an increase only in DNA. Fluid from PT-treated mice did not have increases in DNA or caspase 3. Together, these results indicate that prior inflammation can affect the generation of blood DNA from apoptotic or necrotic cells, although this effect may vary depending on the composition of the exudates with respect to cells as well as DNA.
Slc11a1-mediated resistance toSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium andLeishmania donovaniinfections does not require functional inducible nitric oxide synthase or phagocyte oxidase activity
Authors: White Jacqueline K , Mastroeni Pietro , Popoff Jean-François , Evans Carlton A W , Blackwell Jenefer M 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSolute carrier family 11a member 1 (Slc11a1; formerly natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1) encodes a late endosomal/lysosomal protein/divalent cation transporter, which regulates iron homeostasis in macrophages. During macrophage activation, Slc11a1 exerts pleiotropic effects on gene regulation and function, including generation of nitric oxide (NO) via inducible NO synthase (iNOS; encoded by Nos2A) and of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) via the phagocyte oxidase complex. As NO and ROI have potent antimicrobial activity in macrophages, it was assumed that their activities would contribute to Slc11a1-regulated innate resistance to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Leishmania donovani. By intercrossing mice with gene disruptions at Nos2A and Cybb (encoding gp91phox, the heavy chain subunit of cytochrome b-245 and an essential component of phagocyte NADPH oxidase) onto equivalent Slc11a1 wild-type and mutant genetic backgrounds, we demonstrate that neither iNOS nor gp91phox activity is required for Slc11a1-mediated innate resistance to either infection. Functional gp91phox and iNOS are required to control S. enterica serovar Typhimurium in non-Slc11a1-regulated phases of infection. For L. donovani, an organ-specific requirement for iNOS to clear parasites from the spleen was observed at 50 days post-infection, but neither iNOS nor gp91phox influenced late-phase infection in the liver. This contrasted with Leishmania major infection, which caused rapid lesion growth and death in iNOS knockout mice and some exacerbation of disease with gp91phox deficiency. This highlights the adaptive differences in tissue and cellular tropisms between L. donovani and L. major and the different genes and mechanisms that regulate visceral versus cutaneous forms of the disease.
Welfare state effects on social capital and informal solidarity in the European Union: evidence from the 1999/2000 European Values Study
Authors: Oorschot Wim van , Arts Wil , Halman Loek 
Published: December 2004

English
This article tests whether state-organised solidarity substitutes social capital and informal solidarity, based on recent data from the European Values Study. At country level, we find that welfare spending has a reinforcing effect on social capital and a negative substitution effect on informal solidarity. At the individual level, there is also evidence for a substitution effect, since informal solidarity is lower among people who live in countries that spend more on social protection. In addition, there is evidence of a ‘national burden’ effect, since informal solidarity is lower among people who live in countries with an older population, with higher unemployment, and with a higher percentage of immigrants.
Frequency of Infective Endocarditis Among Infants and Children With Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia
Authors: Valente Anne Marie , Jain Rajiv , Scheurer Mark , Fowler Vance G. , Corey G. Ralph , Bengur A. Resai , Sanders Stephen , Li Jennifer S. 
Published: December 2004

Purpose. The prevalence of infective endocarditis (IE) among children with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (SAB) is unknown. The objective of this study was to determine prospectively the prevalence of IE among pediatric patients with SAB in a large tertiary care center.
Methods. Between July 1998 and June 2001, all children who developed SAB whose parent/guardian signed informed consent underwent echocardiography. Clinical and follow-up results were collected prospectively. Endocarditis was classified according to the modified Duke criteria.
Results. Fifty-one children developed SAB during the study interval. Definite (6 patients [11.8%]) or possible (4 patients [7.8%]) IE was present in 10 of 51 (20%) children with SAB. Most children (73%) developed bacteremia as a consequence of an infected intravascular device. Children with underlying congenital heart disease had a significantly higher prevalence of definite or possible IE, compared with those with structurally normal hearts (53% vs 3%). All patients with definite IE had multiple positive blood cultures. Mortality was high among patients with and without IE (40% vs 12%).
Conclusions. In this study, the prevalence of definite IE among children with SAB was ∼12% and was frequently associated with congenital heart disease and multiple positive blood cultures. The mortality for children with SAB and definite or possible S aureus IE is high.
The Suzuki Coupling of Aryl Chlorides under Microwave Heating
Authors: Bedford Robin B. , Butts Craig P. , Hurst Timothy E. , Lidström Pelle 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSimple, inexpensive catalysts formed in situ from tricyclohexylphosphine and palladium acetate or a phosphite‐based palladacycle show unprecedented activity in the Suzuki coupling of deactivated, non‐activated and activated aryl chloride substrates under microwave heating.
An N‐C‐N Pincer Palladium Complex as an Efficient Catalyst Precursor for the Heck Reaction
Authors: Takenaka Kazuhiro , Uozumi Yasuhiro 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe Heck reaction of iodobenzene and methyl acrylate took place smoothly in NMP at 140 °C in the presence of 1 mol ppb of the pincer palladium complex [4‐tert‐butyl‐2,6‐bis{(3R,7aS)‐2‐phenylhexahydro‐1H‐pyrrolo[1,2‐c]imidazole‐1‐on‐3‐yl}phenyl]chloropalladium to give methyl cinnamate which corresponds to 520×106 TON and 6500/sec TOF.
N‐Arylation of Benzimidazole with Arylboronate, Boroxine and Boronic Acids. Acceleration with an Optimal Amount of Water
Authors: Nishiura Katsutoshi , Urawa Yoshio , Soda Shigeru 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe coupling of benzimidazole 1 with arylboronate, boroxine, and boronic acids is accelerated efficiently by the addition of an optimal amount of water. This coupling reaction proceeds in nearly quantitative yield at 30 °C under an atmosphere of air within 24 hours. Under these conditions, the reaction tolerates both electron‐donating and electron‐withdrawing substituents at the ortho‐, meta, or para‐positions of the phenylboronic acid.
Application of solid‐phase concentration‐dependent HSDM to the acid dye adsorption system
Authors: Lee Vinci K. C. , Porter John F. , McKay Gordon , Mathews Alexander P. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe fixed‐bed adsorption of acid dyes onto granular activated carbon (Chemviron Filtrasorb 400) has been studied using a homogeneous surface diffusion model (HSDM). The model incorporates the external boundary layer mass transport and homogeneous diffusion inside the particle. A new orthogonal collocation method has been developed and used to solve the diffusion equations. This orthogonal collocation gives a faster solution method compared with the numerical Crank–Nicolson method. The surface diffusivity has been determined by an optimization procedure with minimization of sum of the error squared. The equilibrium relationship between the liquid‐phase concentration and the solid‐phase concentration has been described by the Redlich–Peterson isotherm. A solid‐phase concentration‐dependent surface diffusivity was introduced. The Darken model with the Redlich–Peterson isotherm was found to be a suitable correlation model for the adsorption of the acid dyes on carbon. The magnitude of the averaged Ds0 of each dye is in the order of AR114 > AB80 > AY117, which implies that, under the same solid‐phase concentration gradient, the rate of mass transport diffusion is higher in AR114 than that in AB80 and AY117. This phenomenon may be explained by the different mobilities of the dye molecules present in the solution by the different arrangements of two sulfonic acid groups in the dye structures. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 323‐332, 2005
Ocular phenotypes of three genetic variants of Bardet–Biedl syndrome
Authors: Héon Elise , Westall Carol , Carmi Rivka , Elbedour Khalil , Panton Carole , MacKeen Leslie , Stone Edwin M. , Sheffield Val C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBardet–Biedl syndrome is a genetically heterogeneous multisystem disorder that causes severe visual impairment. Retinitis pigmentosa (RP), hypogonadism, digit and renal anomalies, obesity, and a variable degree of mental retardation characterize the disorder. Eight different loci have been identified on 2q31(BBS5), 3p13 (BBS3), 4q27 (BBS7), 11q13 (BBS1), 14q32 (BBS8), 15q22.3 (BBS4), 16q21 (BBS2), and 20p12 (BBS6). The ocular manifestations of Bardet–Biedl syndrome include an early and severe rod‐cone dystrophy causing legal blindness in the second decade. Features of systemic phenotypic variability were proposed to distinguish patients mapped to either the BBS2, BBS3, or BBS4 loci but no phenotype–genotype correlation has been established for the ocular phenotype. We studied the three original families used for the identification of BBS2, BBS3, and BBS4 loci to define the ocular phenotypes of patients (n = 34) and obligate carriers (n = 32) using clinical examination and electroretinography (ERG). RP was severe and early in all cases. Myopia was associated with BBS3 and BBS4, but not BBS2. One patient with Bardet–Biedl syndrome also had iris and chorioretinal colobomata, features suggestive of Biemond syndrome. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stilbene‐Based Inhibitors of Estrone Sulfatase with a Dual Mode of Action in Human Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Walter Georg , Liebl Renate , von Angerer Erwin 
Published: December 2004

AbstractEstrone sulfate (E1S) is an endogenous prodrug that delivers estrone and, subsequently, estradiol to target cells, after hydrolysis by the enzyme estrone sulfatase, which is active in various tissues including hormone‐dependent breast cancer. Blockade of this enzyme should reduce the estrogen level in breast cancer cells and prevent hormonal growth stimulation. In this study, a number of sulfamoyloxy‐substituted stilbenes with side chains that guarantee antiestrogenic activity were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of estrone sulfatase. They inhibited this enzyme in human MDA‐MB 231 breast cancer cells, with IC50 values in the submicromolar range. The effects of both the free hydroxy derivatives and the sulfamates on gene activation were determined in transfected MCF‐7/2a breast cancer cells stimulated either with estradiol or with estrone sulfate. The analysis of data revealed a dual mode of action of the majority of compounds. They blocked gene expression by inhibition of estrone sulfatase and by antiestrogenic action. This pharmacological profile was also observed in assays on antiproliferative activity. The most potent derivative 8g inhibited the growth of wild‐type human MCF‐7 cells with an IC50 value of 13 nM.