bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mental Health Policy and Aging
Authors: Bartels Stephen J , Dums Aricca R , Shea Dennis G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The number of older adults with major psychiatric illnesses will more than double over the coming three decades as the baby boomer cohort ages, increasing from an estimated 7 to 15 million individuals (Jeste et al., 1999). The needs of this rapidly growing population have been neglected in the public policy debate on how best to organize and finance mental health services. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the major issues pertaining to mental health policy and aging including the following: (]) the prevalence and impact of geriatric mental disorders; (2) service use and costs associated with mental disorders in older persons; (3) the mental health service delivery system for older adults; (4) financing geriatric mental health services; (5) the impact of federal regulatory initiatives; and (6) future policy directions and challenges.
Mental Health Informatics
Authors: Hanson Ardis , Levin Bruce Lubotsky 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The second half of the twentieth century was marked by striking changes in the way people live, work, and communicate with each other. The twenty-first century brings minimal change to a new era of continuing fiscal constraints and advanced technologies. Although telecommunications has an important and prominent role in society, in knowledge exchange, and in commerce, it is in the field of public health practice that the most remarkable opportunities, as well as challenges, have emerged. The growth of information, the development of communication technology, and the evolving infrastructures to support technology have contributed to dramatic changes in the methods of managing information and its application to improve the quality of health care and health systems performance through new approaches for the delivery of health services.
Dynamic Complexity of Wing Form in Bats: Implications for Flight Performance
Authors: Swartz Sharon M , Bishop Kristin , Aguirre Maryem-Fama Ismael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many decades, students of animal flight have taken advantage of the body of engineering theory used to design fixed-wing aircraft. Here, we review important ways in which bat wings and bat flight violate the assumptions of this body of theory, and we identify features of bat wing morphology and kinematics that may be of particular importance for flight performance. In particular, the complexity and heterogeneity of the mechanical properties of wing membrane skin and the low material and structural stiffness of wing bones result in wings that deform extensively under aerodynamic loading in ways not seen in aircraft engineered by humans.
INTRODUCTION
Biologists have long used aircraft aerodynamics to estimate lift and drag forces encountered by wings, aspects of flight energetics, and limits of flight performance, particularly regarding speed and maneuverability. Here, we examine how well the wings of bats meet the assumptions of conventional aerodynamic theory, and try to identify those areas where such theory can be effectively employed to understand bat flight, as well as those for which conventional aerodynamic theory poorly models bat flight. Aerodynamic principles suited to large fixed-wing aircraft have been applied to bat flight largely because of the lack of more appropriate theory; the mechanics and aerodynamics of small, flexible, flapping wings has traditionally been beyond the scope of fluid mechanics. Recent technological, computational, and theoretical advances, however, have dramatically changed the field of fluid dynamics. As a consequence, biologists can gain considerable new insight into bat flight and its morphological basis. We may be able to better identify the most functionally significant features of wing morphology and flight kinematics, and more accurately estimate the mechanics and energetics of flight. This will enable us to draw more realistic and informative comparisons among taxa that differ in wing shape, body size, etc. One important first step
Causes and Consequences of Genetic Structure in the Greater Horseshoe Bat, Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
Authors: Rossiter Stephen J , Jones Gareth , Ransome Roger D , Barratt Elizabeth M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social organization plays a fundamental role in determining the apportionment of genetic variation in animal populations. Genetic structure may, in turn, have far-reaching consequences for individual fitness and behavior. A review of long-term studies of the greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum) shows that population structure is shaped by a combination of breeding behavior, dispersal, and population history. Strong female philopatry and polygyny might be expected to produce genetic drift among colonies. The absence of strong differentiation among most colonies is probably explained by common ancestry, as well as contemporary gene exchange via male dispersal, extra-colony copulation, and occasional inter-colony transfer of females. In contrast, where they do occur, genetic differentiation and differences in genetic variability between isolated populations probably reflect the species’ colonization history, and also point to reduced gene flow over greater distances. Although females breed with males originating from both within and outside their own colony, relatedness and Hardy–Weinberg analyses indicate that neither active inbreeding nor outbreeding occurs. Nevertheless, offspring with higher mean d 2 values, a measure of outbreeding based on microsatellite allele divergence within the individual, were more likely to survive to adulthood, indicating that outbreeding is important for individual fitness. Within the colony, significant relatedness structure, coupled with elevated relatedness among matrilineal kin, may provide suitable conditions for the evolution of kin-selected behavior. Indeed, radiotracking showed that female kin preferentially share foraging sites and nightroosts. Such associations may result from long-term maternal tutoring, rather than short-term kin-directed cooperation.
Flexibility and Specificity in the Roosting Ecology of the Lesser Long-Eared Bat, Nyctophilus geoffroyi: A Common and Widespread Australian Species
Authors: Lumsden Linda F , Bennett Andrew F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An increasing body of literature suggests that tree-cavity roosting bats are selective in their use of roosts. By comparing aspects of roosting ecology for which there is a high level of specificity with those where roost use appears more flexible, we may gain a better understanding of the key influences on roost selection. Here we review eight studies on the roosting ecology of the lesser long-eared bat, Nyctophilus geoffroyi, a common and widespread vespertilionid in Australia. Nyctophilus geoffroyi is flexible in the distribution of roost sites, with roosts occurring in urban, rural, and a wide range of natural environments. While predominantly roosting in tree cavities, individuals (especially males) also use other natural and artificial roost sites. Tree roosts include a range of forms and orientations, but roosts located under bark and in fissures are common, frequently with a northerly orientation. A strong preference is shown by both sexes for roosts in dead trees, and entrance dimensions of roosts are consistently narrow (2.5–2.8 cm). Males predominantly roost solitarily, while females form larger colonies, especially while breeding. In some studies, females displayed a significant preference for roosts in larger trees, especially for maternity roosts, but this pattern was not consistent in all areas. In all studies, individuals shifted roosts frequently (every 1–2 days), and these roosts occurred within restricted areas. We suggest that key influences on roosting ecology for this species are the thermal requirements of roosts, the risk of predation, social organization within populations, and the pattern of roost availability in the landscape.
How Did Life Arise? The Way To RNA
Authors: de Duve Christian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The details of the life-generating pathway still elude us and may do so for a long time. But they are not hidden in total darkness. First, we have a pretty good idea of what the starting and ending points were. The former consists almost certainly of the amino acids and other organic materials that arise spontaneously in various parts of the cosmos. To believe otherwise would stretch the boundaries of likelihood excessively, considering the close chemical kinships that exist between those substances and biological constituents and considering their apparent ubiquity. As to the ending point, it is represented by the common ancestor of the whole living world, most likely, as we have seen, a primitive bacterium already endowed with all the basic properties that characterize present-day life. We know the beginning and the end.
How Did Life Arise? The Birth of Cells
Authors: de Duve Christian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cellular life depends on a number of fundamental properties that must have been achieved, albeit in primitive fashion, already in the first protocells. What is needed, in the first place, is a boundary, obligatorily endowed with the ability to exchange matter, energy, and information with the outside. In addition, cells must be capable of growing within the confines of their boundary and of multiplying by division.
The Visible Revolution
Authors: de Duve Christian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It would thus seem, barring new evidence to the contrary, that eukaryotic life remained unicellular during many hundreds of millions of years. It did not stay still, however, but fanned out into an extraordinarily rich spread of branches that have given rise to the vast group of organisms formerly classified as protophytes (pro-plants) and protozoa (pro-animals) and now grouped together under the single name of protists. Details of this ramification are beginning to be known, thanks to comparative sequencmg.
Becoming Human
Authors: de Duve Christian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The human twig detached from the primate branch about six million years ago. The last ancestor we share with another existing primate probably resembled a chimpanzee, our nearest extant relative. Evolution from this ancestor favored erect walking, manual skill, and a number of other traits that are clearly evident when humans and apes are compared. Most impressive is the development of the brain, which took place at a staggering speed. After having taken some 600 million years to reach a volume on the order of 450 cm in our simian ancestors, the size of the hominoid brain went through an astonishingly rapid phase of expansion, virtually jumping to three times this value in little more than two million years. On the evolutionary time scale, such a rate of change is no less than dazzling. It illustrates in a remarkable way how fast vertical evolution may rush when given the opportunity. Note, however, that the rate of change still would have been hardly noticeable on a human time scale, amounting, on average, to a volume increase of about ten cubic millimeters-no more than a pin’s head-per generation.
Reshaping Life
Authors: de Duve Christian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This typical example of media hype has, less than 25 years later, come close to reality. What the slow and laborious process of evolution has been doing for nearly four billion years, by letting natural selection screen off, among myriad random mutations, the rare variants that happened to fit some local environmental conditions, can now be accomplished almost at will and almost in no time by a human-led engineering procedure that chooses and creates a particular genetic combination to fit a set of pre­ determined conditions. There is still a big element of uncertainty in this newly gained mastery over life because of technological hazards and of limitations in our predictive abilities. But the tools are available, wrestled from nature by human ingenuity, and now mass-produced for anyone with the required know-how to use.
Are We Alone?
Authors: de Duve Christian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than 2,000 years ago, the Roman poet and philosopher Lucretius reasoned that ours cannot be the only inhabited world. “Confess you must,” he wrote in his De Rerum Natura, “that other worlds exist in other regions of the sky, and different tribes of men, kinds of wild beasts.” For agreeing with Lucretius, the Dominican friar Giordano Bruno paid with his life in 1600, burned at the stake on a Roman piazza, by order of the Inquisition.
The Advance Effects of Anger
Authors: Golden Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is it you experience when you feel anger? Maybe you think of times when you were upset, annoyed, furious, enraged, or irritated. But anger is more complex than these words imply. Anger is an emotion, but it also affects your physical state, your thoughts, and your behavior, though you may not always be consciously aware of it. Understanding the experience of anger will provide you insight into the role anger may play in your life and that of your child.
Certain of these reactions typically accompany acute (intense, short lived) anger. Other reactions, such as sleep difficulties, digestive problems, cynicism, and loss of faith may occur with the development of chronic (long-lived) anger. Here are some of the adverse ways anger can impact us.
Okay, I’m Ready to Talk About It
Authors: Golden Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes specific communication skills that will encourage your child to self-reflect and lead her to value using words to express her feelings. In addition, it provides specific guidelines to help your child constructively communicate anger. These skills focus initially on helping your child look inward to better determine what she wants to communicate.
Every relationship we have is very much influenced by the quality of our communication with the other person. We nurture a healthy connection when we communicate with others in ways that foster freedom to express thoughts and feelings, support open self-reflection and growth, promote healthy self-acceptance, and encourage candid dialogue.
Acceptance and Forgiveness
Authors: Golden Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anytime you help your child reflect on anger, you help her practice .flacceptance and forgiveness. By helping your child increase awareness of her needs, hopes, expectations, and conclusions, and of the range of emotions surrounding anger, you assist her in moving past the provoking event, beyond anger and resentment. Similarly, you teach your child acceptance and forgiveness when you help her develop realistic expectations and appraisals. Finally, you teach her acceptance and forgiveness when you encourage her to identify and practice new ways to meet her needs.
Responding to Escalating Anger
Authors: Golden Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on strategies to help diffuse your child’s anger, especially when it begins to physically escalate out of control. Perhaps the most challenging aspect of anger management for most parents is responding to these more severe expressions of anger.
It is extremely uncomfortable to witness any child expressing anger through tantrums or physical aggression. His raised voice, angry facial expression, or aggression toward people or objects may very quickly activate your own child logic, invoking your automatic thoughts and feelings surrounding anger and the expression of anger. You may experience a range of emotions and thoughts that include hurt, frustration, rejection, a sense of inadequacy, self-doubt, and anger. This is a moment when you will feel tested.
Beloved Enemy A Cripple in the Crippled City
Authors: Kriegel Leonard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Speak of me as I am, nothing extenuate,” pleads Othello. Moments before he takes his own life, Othello addresses the Venetian ambassadors, hoping to make them privy to his agony. Othello does not seek to excuse the murder of Desdemona. He asks only that, when they speak of the horror they have witnessed, the ambassadors speak also of the rage that led him to kill the woman he passionately loved. That a murderer on the verge of taking his life believes so self-serving a request to be justified is as good an illustration of the Yiddish term chutzpah as I know. Yet it is also the sort of behavior that must strike those of us who were born and bred in New York City as neither surprising nor atypical. Acting as if he himself were to the outer boroughs born, Othello seeks what all true New Yorkers seek—not understanding but vindication. He has no interest in justifying the murder of his wife (he believes that the act has guaranteed his eternal damnation) but wants those who will judge him to recognize just what it was that led him to kill that which he most loved in the world.
Probing Accommodations Testing,Testing, and Retesting the (Dis)abled
Authors: O’Brien Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tollifson’s story about her trip to the Department of Motor Vehicles (DMV) in Illinois leaves the reader with questions about testing. These questions do not involve disputing the DMV’s role in testing, however. The federal, state, and local governments must set standards for people safely to operate all types of equipment and to conduct a myriad of services without endangering anyone relying on these services.
A Look to the Future
Authors: hanski Ilkka , Ehrlich Paul R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The diversity of the living world is so huge that I “knowledge of everything” will not be attained. We might develop a theory of everything, in some sense that we do not attempt to define here, but complete knowledge of the evolving living world is not an option. The reasons are simple. First, human beings have not been, are not, and will not be observing, recording, ananalyzing everything of significance in every part of the globe. Even if we narrowed our focus to just a single species, or even a single small population, the goal would not be attainable. Second, the living world is in a state of perpetual ecological and evolutionary change. That not everything worth knowing for population biology, and for humanity, will ever be known keeps scientists busy-the excitement of making new discoveries will always be there. At the same time, though knowing more of checkerspot butterflies and the other parts of the living world always raises new questions, one hopes that the broad picture of how the world works will become increasingly sharp and accurate. We have every reason to believe that this will occur.
How Do Animals Find Stored Food? Strong Inference by Testing Alternative Hypotheses
Authors: Jenkins Stephen H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1964, John Platt published a famously provocative article in the journal Science in which he developed a blueprint for success in science called strong inference and used molecular biology and high-energy physics to illustrate rapid progress through the systematic use of this process. According to Platt, strong inference is a process in which multiple alternative hypotheses are proposed to answer a question, and then experiments are designed to discriminate clearly among contrasting predictions of these hypotheses.
Why Do We Age? Levels of Causation as Complementary Explanations
Authors: Jenkins Stephen H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In January 2002, a team of biologists in Lawrence Done hower’s laboratory at the Baylor College of Medicine in Waco, Texas, reported a surprising chance discovery in their colony of mice used as a model system to study cellular and molecular processes of cancer. A protein called p53 is a major focus of their work. This is a tumor-suppressor protein, which can forestall cancer by blocking cell division or causing the death of primordial cancer cells.
Community Interventions and HIV/AIDS: Affecting the Community Context
Authors: Trickett Edison J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the AIDS epidemic drew national attention in the United States, the dominant (though by no means exclusive) scientific response mirrored the “normal science” (Kuhn, 1970) paradigm of the time. Within psychology, the paradigm was reflected in what Sarason (1981) called the “acultural, asocial, and ahistorical” study of the individual. Epistemologically, it reflected the positivistic tradition characteristic of the history of psychology. This focus and epistemology has had its successes, and much is now known about how individually based interventions can be crafted to affect individual attitudes and self-reported sexual risk behaviors (Valdiserri, Ogden, & McCray, 2003; van Empelen, Kok, van Kesteren, van den Borne, Bos, & Schaalma, 2003).
Multiple Pathways to Community-Level Impacts in HIV Prevention: Implications for Conceptualization, Implementation, and Evaluation of Interventions
Authors: Yoshikawa Hirokazu , Wilson Patrick A , Peterson John L , Shinn & Marybeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, researchers, community-based organizations, activists, and policy makers have called increasingly for community-level change in HIV prevention. Behavioral interventions to prevent HIV infection in the United States, particularly those evaluated by researchers, were most commonly directed toward the individual or small-group levels of behavior change in the 1980s and early 1990s. The two most glaring shortcomings of this approach have been pointed out many times: neglect of efforts to change contextual and structural influences on HIV infection, and lack of attention to culturally specific influences omitted from most individual level theories of behavior change (Diaz, 1998; Friedman, Des Jarlais, & Ward, 1994; Hays & Peterson, 1994; Ickovics & Yoshikawa, 1998; Kelly, 1999; National Institutes of Health [NIH] Consensus Panel, 1997; Sobo, 1995; Trickett, this volume). More importantly, these shortcomings limited evidence-based efforts to bring about community-level reductions in HIV infection. In the past decade, funding agencies, researchers, and activists have engaged in multiple efforts to implement and evaluate community level HIV prevention across the United States with populations such as injection drug users (IDUs), men who have sex with men (MSM), women, and youth. These interventions have been based on theories that bring much needed extraindividual levels of analysis—whether at the social network, organizational, or community levels—to the behavioral science base of HIV prevention.
The Diversity of Complexity
Authors: Schlichting Carl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Holmes was of course not referring to biological complexity, but this phrase distills the sense of amazement shared when we are confronted with yet another of life’s labyrinthine contrivances to increase the likelihood of survival and reproduction. However, as strange and complicated as life is, it also exhibits order and regularity, and it is the job of evolutionary biologists to discover common underlying patterns and discern how they can be modified to generate diversity. The chapters that comprise this book confront some of the intricacies and dilemmas of investigating the complexity and integration of organisms in the modern world.