bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ATTEMPTS TO REPRODUCE RHEUMATIC FEVER IN ANIMALS
Authors: Gross Louis , Loewe Leo , Eliasoph Benjamin 
Published: June 2004

Experiments have been described in which we attempted to reproduce in animals the lesions characteristic of rheumatic fever in the human. A large number of animals representing 7 species was employed. Among other materials, streptococci isolated in pure culture from the blood of rheumatic patients (proved to be so by biopsy or by autopsy) as well as whole blood, plasma, serum, pericardial, pleural and hydrocele fluid, filtrates from tonsils, subcutaneous nodules, lymph nodes, and nasopharyngeal washings obtained from such patients were used in a variety of combinations and with a number of procedures calculated to predispose the animal to the disease.
A discussion is given of the criteria whose fulfillment is essential for the establishment of the experimental production of rheumatic disease in animals.
Judged by these criteria, we have failed to reproduce the disease. This conclusion, we believe, holds true for all the work thus far reported in the literature.
ON THE RELATION OF BACTERIA TO SO-CALLED "CHEMICAL PNEUMONIA"
Authors: Koontz A. R. , Allen M. S. 
Published: June 2004

The question of a causal relation of the bacteria in gassed lungs to the pneumonia present cannot be regarded as decided. It may be said that:
1. The appearance of gassed lungs with pneumonia is very similar to the pneumonia of known bacterial origin.
2. In a few cases the type of pneumonia found coincides with the reported cases of so-called "chemical pneumonia," which is characterized by a preponderance of epithelial cells in the exudate.
3. Gassed lungs are not sterile but show highly varying numbers of bacteria.
4. The bacteria are not intracellular and are not present in large numbers in the majority of cases.
The arguments for and against a causal relationship between the bacteria and the pneumonia may be summed up as follows:
1. Against a Causal Relationship
a. The early appearance of pneumonia after gassing.
b. The occurrence of pneumonia with very small numbers of bacteria present.
c. The fact that very few bacteria are engulfed by leucocytes in gassed lungs, whereas large numbers are present in the non-gassed pneumonias and are conspicuously intracellular.
2. In Favor of a Causal Relationship
a. The presence of bacteria in any numbers.
b. The picture of broncho-pneumonia presented is similar to broncho-pneumonia of known bacterial origin.
c. Pneumonias characterized by large numbers of epithelial cells in the exudate (so-called "chemical pneumonia") occur in animals that were never gassed or subjected to other irritating substances in any way.
THE ROÔLE OF CARBOHYDRATES IN BIOLOGICAL OXIDATIONS AND REDUCTIONS. EXPERIMENTS WITH PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Dubos René 
Published: June 2004

The reducing power of plain broth cultures of Pneumococcus is largely dependent upon the presence in the medium at the time when the reduction test is performed of certain metabolites.
The washed cells of Pneumococcus are able to reduce the various indicators of oxidation-reduction potentials in the presence of glucose. The relative velocity of reduction of these indicators is determined by the number of cells used in the test, the concentration of the dyes, and their position in the oxidation reduction scale.
Oxidized thiol compounds (glutathione, cystine, oxidized thioglycollic acid) are likewise rapidly reduced by glucose in the presence of washed cells of Pneumococcus.
This Pneumococcus-glucose system is able to form peroxide under aerobic conditions. Those substances which form peroxide in the presence of Pneumococcus cells are also the ones which Cole found to be active in changing hemoglobin into methemoglobin under the same conditions.
The power of washed cells of Pneumococcus to reduce methylene blue in the presence of glucose is dependent on at least 2 constituents: one which can be readily removed from the cell by washing. Sugar-free meat infusion will function instead of it. The other is inactivated more slowly by the process of washing and is destroyed by 10 minutes heating at 55°C.
The interreaction between the glucose and the cell seems to result in a fundamental reaction in which one molecule of glucose becomes able to reduce rapidly one molecule of methylene blue. The existence of side-reactions often obscures this ratio.
The significance of these observations is considered in relation to the nature and mechanism of the "activation" of metabolites, the preparation of synthetic media, the phenomena of growth, and the meaning of the expression "reducing power of a bacterial culture."
EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Parker Julia T. 
Published: June 2004

1. Anti-pneumotoxic sera prepared in rabbits or horses by immunization with sterile filtrates of the pneumotoxin, under certain conditions protect against the pneumonia caused by the intratracheal injections of mixtures of living pneumococci and toxic autolysates.
2. The protection against the development of pneumonia is heterologous, at least as regards Type I, Type II, viz.: an anti-autolysate serum prepared by the immunization with a pneumotoxin from one type of pneumococcus will prevent the development of pneumonia caused by the injection of pneumococci and autolysate from another type.
3. Certain anti-pneumococcus horse sera used in the treatment of pneumonia in man, either contain no heterologous pneumonia-preventing antibodies or slight amounts only. These sera, however, protect against the pneumonia produced by injections of pneumococci and pneumotoxin of the homologous strain, the degree of protection depending on the amount of specific protective substances such sera contain.
4. Anti-pneumotoxic sera produced in rabbits or horses by the injection of sterile Berkefeld filtrates of the toxic autolysates contain no pneumococcus specific protective substances.
STUDIES ON INFLAMMATION
Authors: Menkin Valy 
Published: June 2004

Trypan blue injected into normal subcutaneous tissue passes rapidly to the regional lymphatic node and is found in lymph drawn from its efferent lymphatic.
When the dye is injected into the normal peritoneal cavity it rapidly appears in the lymph of the retrosternal lymphatics and stains deeply the retrosternal lymphatic nodes.
Trypan blue injected into the site of inflammation in the subcutaneous tissue or in the peritoneal cavity is fixed in the inflamed area and fails to reach the regional lymphatic nodes.
If an inflammatory reaction has been produced in the dermis or in the subcutaneous tissue, trypan blue injected into the circulating blood enters the site of inflammation and is fixed so that the tissues are deeply stained.
A STUDY OF PNEUMONIA IN A RURAL AREA IN SOUTHERN ALABAMA
Authors: Smillie W. G. , Caldwell E. L. 
Published: June 2004

1. Pneumococcus Type IV of low virulence was the prevailing organism in fifty-eight cases of pneumonia studied in southern Alabama. Fixed types of pneumococci were not common.
2. Pneumoma was more prevalent in children from 5 to 15 years of age than in adults. As a rule, the disease ran a mild course.
3. Most of the cases of pneumonia gave a definite history of an acute cold antedating the attack of pneumonia by a period of 5 to 8 days. Exposure alone did not seem to predispose to pneumonia, but those with an acute cold who were exposed to chilling of the body surface frequently developed pneumonia.
4. There were seven "family epidemics" of pneumonia. In each instance there was a family epidemic of colds antedating the pneumonia. The pneumococcus was found in large numbers in the nasopharynx of those suffering from colds as well as in the pneumonia patients.
5. The epidemiology of pneumonia in the pioneer days of American history has many points in common with the epidemiology of pneumonia in a rural isolated area in southern Alabama today. This suggests that the crowded conditions and frequent contacts of modern city life have built up a community resistance to avirulent strains of pneumococci.
STUDIES ON THE DISSOCIATION OF THE HOG CHOLERA BACILLUS
Authors: Li C. P. 
Published: June 2004

When the "normal" MS form of hog cholera bacillus was grown for 3 weeks in broth and subsequently plated in semi-solid media, 2 variant forms appeared, a motile rough (MR) form and a nonmotile smooth (NS) form. The NS form subsequently gave rise to a third variant, namely, the nonmotile rough (NR) form.
It is evident from the observations reported that in the case of the hog cholera bacillus the simple S and R conception of microbic dissociation is inadequate to account for the several variant forms. It appears necessary to combine the S and R with the H and O or the flagellar and somatic antigen conception to account for the phenomenon.
The dissociation is represented by the following diagram:
See PDF for Structure
RELATION OF VACCINAL IMMUNITY TO THE PERSISTENCE OF THE VIRUS IN RABBITS
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Long Perrin H. 
Published: June 2004

1. By means of cataphoresis vaccine virus can be obtained from suspensions of tissue which are inactive by the usual tests of animal inoculation.
2. Active virus can be obtained by cataphoresis from the tissues of rabbits long recovered from the effects of cutaneous vaccination.
3. Evidence is brought forward which suggests that immunity in a virus disease, such as vaccinia, may be linked with the persistence in the body of living virus.
THE LESIONS IN THE SKELETAL MUSCLES IN EXPERIMENTAL SCORBUTUS
Authors: Dalldorf Gilbert 
Published: June 2004

1. Muscle degeneration was constantly found in the intercostal muscles of scorbutic guinea pigs.
2. It has likewise been found in the masseter and diaphragmatic muscles.
3. Exercise will produce an identical lesion in other skeletal muscles in scorbutic animals.
4. The lesions appear to be an intrinsic part of the scorbutic process.
5. It is suggested that the tenderness over muscles in scorbutic animals and in man may be due to this myopathy.
THE GERMICIDAL ACTION OF HYDROXY SOAPS
Authors: Eggerth Arnold H. 
Published: June 2004

1. The α-hydroxy soaps exhibit a high germicidal action toward certain organisms. As with other soaps, the germicidal action increases with molecular weight to a maximum, then diminishes. The pH effects the germicidal action as it does other soaps.
2. Certain α-hydroxy soaps give two distinct germicidal zones with Staphylococcus aureus.
3. The effect of the hydroxyl group in saturated soaps is to increase selective germicidal action; the effect of the hydroxyl group in an unsaturated soap is to diminish it.
4. The soaps offer a means of separating mixtures of organisms by selective germicidal action.
PROPERTIES OF THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF A CHICKEN TUMOR
Authors: Duran-Reynals F. , Murphy James B. 
Published: June 2004

Ground muscle from susceptible chickens fixes in vitro in a proportion of instances the agent of the filterable Chicken Tumor I, and in a lesser degree inactivates it, whereas the muscle from resistant animals such as rabbit and pigeon, is without effect. It is shown that the power of fixation of the chicken muscle is far greater than its inactivating properties.
Brain and liver from chicken, rabbit and pigeon seem devoid of any action on the agent.
The desiccated chicken muscle tissue shares the properties of the fresh organ; and the process of desiccation does not release the agent from the inactive or slightly active mixture of fresh muscle and filtrate.
ETIOLOGY OF OROYA FEVER
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo , Muller Henry R. , Tilden Evelyn B. , Tyler Joseph R. 
Published: June 2004

Experiments are reported on the effect upon the course of experimental verruga peruana in Macacus rhesus of the injection of (1) small quantities of rabbit immune serum simultaneously with living cultures, (2) one large dose of convalescent monkey serum 24 hours prior to inoculation, (3) a similar preliminary dose followed by three subsequent injections of the serum, (4) three large doses of convalescent serum, following the inoculation. The convalescent serum was found (1) to prevent the multiplication of Bartonella bacilliformis in the blood in most instances, and (2) to delay the development of the skin lesions for considerable periods, when given before inoculation. When the serum treatment was not begun until after the appearance of the skin lesions, it had no effect on the progress of the nodules, although the blood became free from Bartonella bacilliformis.
Since the severe effects of verruga peruana (Carrion's disease) are believed to be due to the multiplication of Bartonella bacilliformis within the blood, the injection of convalescent serum in cases of Carrion's disease in man would appear to offer promise.
A PARALYTIC DISEASE OF GUINEA PIGS DUE TO THE TUBERCLE BACILLUS
Authors: Shope Richard E. , Lewis Paul A. 
Published: June 2004

The experimental data collected during this study of a transmissible type of paralysis developing in tuberculous guinea pigs indicate the condition to be a true tuberculous meningitis. We have been able to rule out the possibility that it is due to a non-tuberculous infection of the central nervous system caused by Roemer's virus, or by an atypical herpes virus, or by some bacterium other than the tubercle bacillus. Roemer's virus and herpes could be eliminated from consideration when Berkefeld N filtrates of infectious brain emulsions proved incapable of reproducing the disease. Furthermore, rabbits could be infected as they cannot with Roemer's virus, and the disease elicited in rabbits bears no semblance to herpes encephalitis. No organism other than the tubercle bacillus could be obtained on culturing brain or brain emulsions from experimental cases, and no others were seen in examining fresh smear preparations from the central nervous system. In a modified Noguchi medium a tubercle bacillus possessing atypical staining properties was obtained. This organism was capable of producing the typical paralytic disease when injected intracerebrally into guinea pigs, and also generalized tuberculosis in animals inoculated subcutaneously with it.
Typical tuberde bacilli were readily demonstrable in sections of the meninges from animals with the disease, and culture of pieces of brain on Dorset's egg medium usually yielded a growth of tubercle bacilli. Only in the first of the experimental passages, on the other hand, was it possible to demonstrate acid-fast organisms in fresh smear preparations from the central nervous system. This fact and the attributes of the atypically staining organisms encountered in the cultures in Noguchi media will be considered more fully in a subsequent publication.
In view of the much discussed question of the filtrability of the tubercle bacillus our observations concerning the failure of this organism to pass a Berkefeld N filter are of interest. No animal in our series inoculated intracerebrally with brain emulsion from either a "spontaneous" or experimental case of tuberculous meningitis failed to develop meningitis, and that rather acutely, while no animal in our series injected with a Berkefeld filtrate of brain emulsion has developed tuberculous meningitis or any other form of tuberculosis. In connection with this observation it must be recalled that the organism was atypical in respect to its staining qualities at least.
THE CULTURAL AND STAINING REACTIONS OF A STRAIN OF THE TUBERCLE BACILLUS PRODUCING PARALYSIS IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Lewis Paul A. , Shope Richard E. 
Published: June 2004

When a strain of human tuberculosis was carried from guinea pig to guinea pig by intracerebral inoculation the bacillus of tuberculosis could be readily recovered in the semisolid "Leptospira" medium of Noguchi simply modified by the substitution of guinea pig for rabbit serum. Whether even this modification is required remains to be determined.
The tubercle bacillus in these cultures and possibly in the nervous tissue as well differed from the classical type in that it was less acid-fast and quite lacking in alcohol fastness. However, it retained the Gram stain as modified by Much. Staining reactions, as this culture of the tubercle bacillus shows, are not absolute qualities but are variable with conditions, a consideration which it may be important to recognize. Efforts to define these conditions more precisely are likely to be productive.
THE ANTIBODY-FORMATION BY POLYSACCHARIDS
Authors: Nishimura Shoji 
Published: June 2004

1. By complement fixation tests, it has been clearly demonstrated that the sera of rabbits immunized with inulin, soluble starch and dextrine contain specific antibodies.
2. All these immune sera gave a negative precipitation reaction.
3. The kind of dextrine which has a construction very near to starch has an antigenic property, but those in a state of further decomposition do not give rise to antibodies.
4. All the three kinds of polysaccharids have power to produce antibodies without any vehicle. Dextrine is the only one of the three that gives rise to immune bodies more readily when pig serum is added to it.
5. Regarded as antigens, inulin stood first and soluble starch and dextrine next in order.
6. All three kinds of polysaccharids that were employed gave a negative protein color reaction. All of them, however, contained nitrogen. It has been proved that the large portion of the nitrogen contained in the soluble starch is derived from its protein contents.
7. It is suggested that in the production of immune bodies by these three kinds of polysaccharids, proteins might play the part of the vehicle. This is, however, still to be determined.
THE EFFECTS OF CATHODE RAYS ON THE PROTEINS OF SERUM
Authors: Baker Lillian E. , Corey Robert B. 
Published: June 2004

The effects of cathode rays on the proteins of serum appear to be (1) denaturation of a large proportion of the albumin and globulin with the formation of products that are soluble at the pH of the serum; (2) the production of a tough and exceedingly insoluble substance on the window of the cell where most of the absorption of electrons occurs; (3) a slight hydrolytic cleavage of the protein molecule producing a small quantity of products having properties so near to those of the protein that they are precipitated by trichloracetic acid but are not removed by coagulation at the isoelectric point; (4) the production of a small amount of hydrolytic products not precipitated by trichloracetic acid; and (5) the formation of a small amount of ammonia, part of which at least is derived from the urea in the serum.
It is interesting to note that these changes are such as would bring about exactly those effects on fibroblasts which were observed when cultures were grown in serum which had been subjected to cathode ray irradiation. The proteins of serum have a retarding effect on the growth of fibroblasts. We might, therefore, expect their removal by denaturation and coagulation to result in the slightly larger growth which was observed. The production of SH groups in the denatured protein molecule would also tend to have a beneficial effect, as has been observed in experiments with denatured albumin. A concentration of protein split products equal to that in the irradiated sera has been observed to produce cells of characteristic appearance, full of cytoplasmic granulations and possessing long, active pseudopods, such as those noted in colonies cultivated in serum which had been subjected to cathode rays.
ANTIBODY AND AGGLUTININ IN PNEUMOCOCCUS PNEUMONIA
Authors: Lord Frederick T. , Nesche George E. 
Published: June 2004

1. Protective substances and agglutinins were not demonstrated in the blood of patients with pneumonia untreated with serum before the fall in the temperature by crisis or lysis.
2. Protective substances and agglutinins were frequently demonstrated in serum treated patients during the course of the disease.
3. Protective substances and agglutinins were usually present at the time of the temperature fall in patients untreated with serum and persisted for days or weeks thereafter.
4. Protective substances have an important bearing on the outcome. A large proportion of those with protection recover and a large proportion without it die.
5. Agglutinin and antibody may appear simultaneously or one may precede or be present without the other.
6. Tests for agglutinin are unreliable as a control of dosage of specific serum.
ETIOLOGY OF OROYA FEVER
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo , Muller Henry R. , Tilden Evelyn B. , Tyler Joseph R. 
Published: June 2004

In the experiments here reported, definite verruga lesions, in which the presence of Bartonella bacilliformis was established by culture or by passage to rhesus monkeys, were produced in a dog and in a donkey by inoculation of cultures or monkey passage strains. The reaction induced in these animals was entirely local, however; blood cultures were sterile. Histologically, the lesions produced were similar to those obtained in monkeys by inoculation of Bartonella bacilliformis, except for the presence of a marked polynuclear leucocytic exudate.
In another donkey a lesion histologically suggestive of verruga was produced, while in one donkey and a horse the results of inoculation were negative or indefinite.
The intravenous injection of a filtrate or of heat-killed cultures of Bartonella bacilliformis into two donkeys was followed by the appearance of large, soft, subcutaneous swellings, on various parts of the body, not resembling in any way verruga lesions.
DIFFERENTIATION OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI OF HUMAN AND OF DAIRY ORIGIN BY METHYLENE BLUE TOLERANCE AND FINAL ACIDITY
Authors: Avery Roy C. 
Published: June 2004

A grouping of 138 strains of hemolytic streptococci based on differences in dye-sensitiveness and in final hydrogen-ion concentration of cultures is presented. Three groups are distinguished; (1) human parasitic strains, defined by a final pH range of 5.2 to 5.0 and by failure to reduce methylene blue (1:5000) in milk, (2) bovine strains parasitic in the udder, characterized by a final pH range of 4.5 to 4.2 and by failure to reduce methylene blue (1:5000) in milk, (3) saprophytic strains, characterized by a final pH range of 4.5 to 4.2 and by ability to reduce methylene blue.
Methylene blue was bactericidal for the strains of hemolytic streptococci that fail to reduce it, but neither bacteriostatic nor bactericidal for the strains that caused its reduction.
THE FINAL RESPONSE OF THE SMALL CUTANEOUS VESSELS
Authors: Rous Peyton , Gilding H. P. 
Published: June 2004

A study of the blanchings (Bier's spots) which develop in human skin deprived of circulation has proved them referable to the same general causes that lead to ischemic patching of the skin of animals, and that they are conditioned by the same factors. Both are expressions of a secondary contraction of vessels that have become hyperirritable owing to an inadequate circulation. The contraction is favored by emptying the vessels, but it occurs pronouncedly even when there is a trickle through them of arterial blood. In the case of man the contractile impulse is sometimes so great as to overcome the maximum pressure that the vessels will support.
The significance of the observations is discussed.
CHEMO-IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON CONJUGATED CARBOHYDRATE-PROTEINS
Authors: Goebel Walther F. , Avery Oswald T. 
Published: June 2004

It has been demonstrated that many multiples of minimal doses of Bacillus typhosus reacting factors can be neutralized by specific immune sera.
The potency of a given serum can be conveniently titrated against increasing amounts of reacting factors.
If the immune serum is diluted or if the amount of the reacting factors is too large for a given amount of serum, there is obtained neutralization but only irregularly.
Normal and heterologous sera (therapeutic meningococcus and erysipelas horse sera) free of normal agglutinins or possessing normal agglutinins of a low titer (1:16) for Bacillus typhosus are not able to neutralize the reacting factors. There is obtained questionable neutralization with a serum possessing normal Bacillus typhosus agglutinins in dilution 1:64.
The titer of the neutralizing antibodies increases in the course of immunization.
Immune sera exercise a definite protection against the mortality induced by intravenous injection of Bacillus typhosus culture filtrates.