bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Linguistic theory meets lexicography
Authors: Atkins B T Sue , Rundell Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the nature of the work they do, lexicographers are applied linguists. Yet many people working in the field have no formal training in linguistics. Does this matter? Our experience as editorial managers suggests that good lexicographers operate to a large extent on the basis of instinct, sound judgment, and accumulated expertise. A grounding in linguistic theory is not a prerequisite for being a proficient lexicographer – still less a guarantee of success in the field. But there are certain basic linguistic concepts which are invaluable in preparing people to analyse data and to produce concise, accurate dictionary entries. And as we noted earlier (§1.2.2), an awareness of linguistic theory can help lexicographers to do their jobs more effectively and with greater confidence.
A Case for Causal Republicanism?
Authors: Price Huw , Corry Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All philosophers. of every school, imagine that causation is one of the fundamental axioms or postulates of science, yet, oddly enough, in advanced sciences such as gravitational astronomy, the word ‘cause’ never occurs … The law of causality, I believe, like much that passes muster among philosophers, is a relic of a bygone age, surviving, like the monarchy, only because it is erroneously supposed to do no harm.
The Ideology of Context: Uses and Abuses of Context in the Historiography of Philosophy
Authors: Zarka Yves Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Methodological considerations are, as we know, often superficial and pointless. This is so when they are seen as a means of introducing us to the knowledge of a given subject-matter. They are superficial because they stand apart from what is being studied, and pointless because they are forgotten as soon as the serious business starts—that is, at the point where knowledge begins its work.
Plague and Paracelsianism
Authors: Kassell Lauren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An ignorant, audacious, illegal, bold, and wicked impostor; a quack. This is how the physicians described Forman during the two decades in which they failed to curtail his medical practice. They laughed at him, fined him, imprisoned him, sued him, and he thought they tried to murder him. What were they fighting about? He infringed on their privilege, challenged their authority, promoted his astrological methods, denounced their learned medicine, and administered remedies to thousands of people. I have charted Forman ‘s conflicts with the College of Physicians, from his perspective and theirs.
A Wholistic View of Bilingualism∗
Authors: Grosjean FrançOis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Only rarely do researchers working on the many facets of bilingualism take the opportunity to sit back from their on-going work and reflect on some fundamental issues regarding bilingualism and the bilingual person. Among the many issues that should be kept at the forefront of research, we find the following: (1) What do we mean when we use the terms “bilingual” and “bilin-gualism”? (2) Is the bilingual person the “sum” of two monolinguals or a specific speaker-hearer in his or her own right? (3) Can one adequately compare monolinguals and bilinguals, and if so, can one continue to do so with traditional procedures? (4) Can the linguistic tools and methods developed to study mono-linguals be used without reservation to study bilinguals? These are some of the questions I wish to raise as I examine the bilingual as a specific speaker-hearer. I will first discuss and criticize a particular view of bilingualism that has been prevalent in the field for decades; this I will term the monolingual (or fractional) view of bilingualism. I will then propose a different, much less accepted, view of bilingualism which I will name the bilingual (or wholistic) view.
Is There a Base-language Effect in Speech Production?∗
Authors: Grosjean FrançOis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter contains two main sections. The first, “The phonetics of code-switching”, is a reprint of a paper (Grosjean and Miller 1994) in which it is asked whether, when code-switches are produced, the phonetic momentum of the base language carries over into the guest language and hence affects the beginning of code-switches. How complete is a code-switch therefore? The second section, “The prosody of code-switching”, is a very short contribution that examines the base language effect on prosody. Here, a short pilot study which produced some interesting results is described (Grosjean and Soares 1986).
The Bilingualism and Biculturalism of the Deaf∗
Authors: Grosjean FrançOis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter contains three parts. In the first, what it means to be bilingual in sign language and the oral (majority) language is explained and similarities with hearing bilinguals and differences are discussed. The second part examines the biculturalism of Deaf people: like hearing biculturals, they take part, to varying degrees, in the life of two worlds (the Deaf world and the hearing world), they adapt their attitudes, behaviors, languages, etc., to both worlds, and they combine and blend aspects of the two. The decisional process they go through in choosing a cultural identity is then discussed and the diffculties met by some groups are examined. The chapter ends with a discussion of the Deaf child and why it is so important for him/her to be able to grow up bilingual in sign language and the oral language. The role of both languages is pointed out and it is argued that pursuing solely an oral approach puts the child at risk cognitively, linguistically, and personally.
Fin de Siècle Beirut
Authors: Hanssen Jens 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Postwar Beirut conjures up contradictory images of remarkable openness and inconceivable violence, of great antiquity and a bright future. The Lebanese capital stands for Arab cosmopolitanism and cultural effervescence but also for its tragedies of destruction. This book examines the historical formation of Beirut as a multiply contested Mediterranean city. Fin de Siècle Beirut is a landmark contribution to the growing literature in Ottoman studies, in Arab cultural history and on Mediterranean cities. Combining urban theory, particularly Henri Lefebvre's work on cities and capitalism, with postcolonial methodology, the central thesis of this book is that modern Beirut is the outcome of persistent social and intellectual struggles over the production of space. The city of Beirut was at once the product, the object, and the project of imperial and urban politics of difference: overlapping European, Ottoman, and municipal civilising missions competed in the political fields of administration, infrastructure, urban planning, public health, education, public morality, journalism, and architecture. Jens Hanssen offers a comprehensive, original account of the emergence of modern Beirut out of an economic shift away from Acre in the wake of the Napoleonic wars. He argues that the Ottoman government’s decision to heed calls for the creation of a new province around Beirut and grant it provincial capital status in 1888 paved the way for fundamental urban and regional reconfigurations long before colonial policies during the French Mandate period. This new Ottoman province came to constitute the territorial embodiment of regional self-determination for Arab nationalists in Beirut until the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire after World War I. Drawing on published and unpublished Ottoman government documents, Arabic sources, and European archival material, Hanssen's book traces the urban experience of modernity in the Ottoman Empire. The transformation of everyday life in late nineteenth-century Beirut and the concomitant policies of urban management is vividly set against the devastating civil war in Mount Lebanon and Damascus in 1860.
2
Authors: Brown Archie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the sixty years between the spring of 1922 when Stalin became General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and the spring of 1982, the Soviet Union had just three general secretaries—Stalin himself, Nikita Khrushchev, and Leonid Brezhnev. In the last three years, four men have held that office—Brezhnev in the last months of his eighteen-year reign, Yuriy Andropov, Konstantin Chernenko, and now I\1ikhail Gorbachev. If Gorbachev lives as long as any one of his five predecessors, he can expect to be still at the helm of the Soviet Communist Party and state at the beginning of the next millennium. For that and other reasons, the choice of Gorbachev is of exceptional significance for the Soviet Union and—given the country’s role in international affairs—for the rest of the world. There is every possibility that Gorbachev will in time become the most powerful Soviet leader since Khrushchev, though his political style is likely to be very different and his policies more carefully thought through.
Institutional Amphibiousness or Civil Society? The Origins and Development of Perestroika
Authors: Brown Archie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a school of thought which interprets transition from Communism as being a result of the development of civil society. In an important article, X.L. Ding questioned the validity of that interpretation in the context of political change in China.1 Indeed, with the principal exception of Poland, it is doubtful if the growth of civil society should be seen as a source of fundamental political change in the Communist world rather than as a consequence of it. The essence of civil society is the existence of autonomous associations and organizations neither created nor dominated by the state. It is thus at least as misleading to speak of civil society in the Soviet Union prior to perestroika as it has been to see such a development in China. As I noted some years ago:
Conditional-Assertion Theories of Conditionals
Authors: Lycan William G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some clever ass has said that ‘if ’ is the biggest word in the language, but I say it’s the most useless. Now under what circumstances is a conditional true? Even to raise this question is to depart from everyday attitudes. An affirmation of the form ‘if p then q’ is commonly felt less as an affirmation of a conditional than as a conditional affirmation of the consequent If, after we have made such an affirmation, the antecedent turns out true, then we consider ourselves committed to the consequent, and are ready to acknowledge error if it proves false. If on the other hand the antecedent turns out to have been false, our conditional affirmation is as if it had never been made.
Setting the Scene
Authors: Davies Wendy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is about northern Spain—so-called ‘Christian’ Spain—in the tenth century. This is not a period chosen by chance. The tenth century is particularly significant for the region: it is the time when suddenly, after centuries spattered with only fragments of source material, written texts become very plentiful and we begin to glimpse the working of local society; we can thereby look at rural relationships at the point when they were emerging from obscurity.
Gesmira, Recosinda, and Nuño Sarracíniz: Donation to Lay Persons
Authors: Davies Wendy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 950 Gesmira gave all her property in the villa called Torre to the lay couple Flaino and Brunildi, so that they could take her into their house and look after her, as well as taking care for her soul after her death. In 962 Recosinda gave half of her land in a villa in Ujo to the couple Taurelo and Principia, also lay, so that they could provide her with bedding and warmth. In 964 Nuño Sarracíniz gave property in Orbaneja and Villímar to the priest Iñigo so that he would look after him in infirmity and old age, as well as make sure that he was properly buried.1
Minimalism, Epistemicism, and Paradox
Authors: Armour-Garb Bradley , Beall JC 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paul Horwich’s Minimalism (1999) is familiar to many contemporary philosophers but one aspect of the theory has received little attention, namely, its stance on paradox—both soritical (vagueness) and semantic (Liar family). Horwich’s approach to soritical paradox is along so-called epistemic lines, an increasingly familiar approach due to recent work by Sorensen (1988) and Williamson (1994).
Minimalists about Truth Can (and Should) Be Epistemicists, and it Helps if They Are Revision Theorists too
Authors: Armour-Garb Bradley , Beall JC 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
But exactly which are the non-paradoxical instances of (1)? Which instances can we endorse? Some are unproblematic: the grounded propositions pose no problem in Thanks to Otaávio Bueno, Mark Colyvan, Daniel Nolan, Graham Priest, Roy Sorensen and Achille Varzi and to the audience at theUniversity of Otago for enjoyable discussions on this topic. Thanks to JC Beall and Brad Armour-Garb for their paper ‘‘Minimalism and the epistemic approach to paradox’’ [5], which raised many of the issues discussed here.
The Deflationist’s Axioms for Truth
Authors: Halbach Volker , Horsten Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this introduction we shall be very sketchy. We do not want to fatigue the reader by refuting in detail claims that have lost credibility a long time ago. For instance, we sketch only the arguments for the insuffciency of the T-sentences as axioms for truth. We will state some claims that seem central to deflationism as we understand it. Naturally there will be philosophers who disagree with our conception of deflationism. We believe, however, that many will agree that the deflationist has to subscribe to these claims.
Naive Truth and Sophisticated Logic
Authors: Weir Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to deflationists, there is no need to add any more metaphysical meat to the concept of truth. There is no need to view truth as a substantive property which sentences (or propositions) can have, a property which stands in need of theoretical explication in metaphysics. On the contrary, the concept of truth is metaphysically neutral. The minimal constraints placed on the concept by the Tarskian schema completely determine the meaning of the notion.
Discovery
Authors: Mallory J P , Adams D Q 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the first hurdles anyone encounters in studying a foreign language is learning a new vocabulary. Faced with a list of words in a foreign language, we instinctively scan it to see how many of the words may be like those of our own language. We can provide a practical example (Table 1.1) by surveying a list of very common words in English and their equivalents in Dutch, Czech, and Spanish.
The Physical World
Authors: Mallory J P , Adams D Q 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We begin our review of the reconstructed Indo-European world with a survey of the four elements—earth, fire, water, and air (though there is no evidence that this fourfold division of nature can be dated to Proto-Indo-European times itself ). Table 8.1 provides a summary view of the Indo-European lexicon that pertains to the solid world of the earth. It lists the PIE form, the reconstructed meaning, and representative examples drawn from Latin, New English (occasionally well-known forms from other Germanic languages), Greek, and Sanskrit to illustrate the phonological development of the proto-form.
Indo-European Fauna
Authors: Mallory J P , Adams D Q 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many attempts to fix the location of the Proto-Indo-European world have depended heavily on the reconstructed vocabulary that pertains to the environment, both floral and faunal. It is often reasoned that if the reconstructed environment is specific enough, it can either indicate where the Proto- Indo-Europeans once dwelled or at least exclude territories that are incompatible with the reconstructed vocabulary. The problem with utilizing such data is logically self-evident.
Family and Kinship
Authors: Mallory J P , Adams D Q 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Words for the two sexes are unevenly distributed with the majority associated with males. There are some distinctions in that when descendants of *wihxro´s (OIr fer ‘man, husband’, Lat vir ‘man, husband’, OE wer ‘man, husband’ [NE werewolf ], Lith vy´ras ‘man, husband’, Av v¯Ira- ‘man; person [as opposed to animals]’, Skt v¯Ira´- ‘hero; [eminent] man; husband’) and *hane´¯r (NWels neˆr ‘hero’, Umb ner- ‘chief’, Alb njer´I‘person’, Grk ane´¯r ‘man’, Arm ayr ‘man, person’, Phryg anar ‘man’, Luv annara/i- ‘forceful, virile’, Av nar- ‘man’, Skt na´r- ‘man, person’) are found in the same language, the former usually refers to ‘male, husband’ or the like while the latter sometimes may indicate a more honorific position such as a ‘hero’ or ‘chief’, though there is obviously a good deal of overlap. The former may derive from a word meaning ‘young’ (e.g. Toch A wir ‘young fresh’ or Alb ri ‘young’, if the latter is from *wrihxos &lt; *wihxros) while the latter indicates ‘power, strength’ (e.g. OIr nert ‘strength, power’, Lat nerio¯sus ‘Wrm’), and even ‘anger’ (OPrus nertien).
Speech and Sound
Authors: Mallory J P , Adams D Q 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a rich vocabulary pertaining to speech and sound that may be reconstructed to Proto-Indo-European. Below we briefly review the evidence, first of ‘speech’ in its more general aspect and then at higher registers, e.g. the language of poets, and finally in terms of the various sounds that might be emitted by either a human or animal. Because of the very nature of this latter semantic sphere, many roots or words will be by their very nature onomatopoeic and there will be frequent instances where it is simply impossible to determine whether the root in question was inherited, borrowed, or independently created.
A Philosophy of Gardens
Authors: Cooper David E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why do gardens matter so much and mean so much to people? That is the intriguing question to which David Cooper seeks an answer in this book. Given the enthusiasm for gardens in human civilization ancient and modern, Eastern and Western, it is surprising that the question has been so long neglected by modern philosophy. Now at last there is a philosophy of gardens. Not only is this a fascinating subject in its own right, it also provides a reminder that the subject-matter of aesthetics is broader than the fine arts; that ethics is not just about moral issues but about ‘the good life’; and that environmental philosophy should not focus only on ‘wilderness’ to the exclusion of the humanly shaped environment. David Cooper identifies garden appreciation as a special human phenomenon distinct from both from the appreciation of art and the appreciation of nature. He explores the importance of various ‘garden-practices’ and shows how not only gardening itself, but activities to which the garden especially lends itself, including social and meditative activities, contribute to the good life. And he distinguishes the many kinds of meanings that gardens may have, from representation of nature to emotional expression, from historical significance to symbolization of a spiritual relationship to the world. Building on the familiar observation that, among human beings’ creations, the garden is peculiarly dependent on the co-operation of nature, Cooper argues that the garden matters as an epiphany of an intimate co-dependence between human creative activity in the world and the ‘mystery’ that allows there to be a world for them at all. A Philosophy of Gardens will open up this subject to students and scholars of aesthetics, ethics, and cultural and environmental studies, and to anyone with a reflective interest in things horticultural.
Civilian Immunity in War: Its Grounds, Scope, and Weight
Authors: Primoratz Igor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The immunity of civilians, or non-combatants, from deadly violence in war is enjoined by the centrepiece of the jus in bello prong of just war theory, the principle of discrimination. It is also a central tenet in consequentialist accounts of the morality of war, for it provides an obvious way of limiting killing, mayhem, and destruction in war. Even pacifists have good reason to give serious consideration to the issue of civilian immunity. Elizabeth Anscombe famously charged pacifism with obliviousness to the moral difference between killing soldiers and killing civilians in war, and argued that this makes pacifists— not in intent, but in effect— complicit in the rampant scepticism regarding moral constraints on the ways of waging war:
Civilian Immunity in War: From Augustine to Vattel
Authors: Mckeogh Colm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two intellectual developments were important in the evolution of the principle of non-combatant immunity (PNCI). One was the abandonment by Grotius of the attempts since Augustine to justify killing in war by reference to guilt; this positive development opened the way to the modern PNCI. The second, which had a negative impact on the fate of civilians in war, was the development by Aquinas of what came to be called the principle of double effect. These two developments are in tension in that, as long as the excuse of double effect (or ‘indirect attack’) is admitted, the standard set by Augustine for the proper treatment of people in war has not yet been met.
War and the Protection of Property
Authors: Thompson Janna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cicero thought that pillage in moderation was acceptable providing it was done for the embellishment of the homeland and not out of personal greed. Grotius thought it was all right to lay waste the land and property of the enemy in reprisal or to discourage opposition.² Most of our contemporaries disagree. Most statements of just war theory insist that civilian property, as well as civilians themselves, should be protected in war. International conventions also rule out destruction or seizure of civilian property. The Hague Convention of 1907 prohibits the destruction or appropriation of private property and some kinds of state property— including schools, hospitals, and religious and cultural institutions. The Geneva Convention on Civilians of 1949 says that ‘any destruction of real or personal property belonging individually or collectively to private persons, or to the State, or other public authorities, or social or cooperative organisations, is prohibited, except where such destruction is rendered absolutely necessary by military operations’. The Hague Convention of 1954 specifically prohibits destruction or seizure of cultural property in war or occupation.
Entertainments
Authors: Bergonzi Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some time after it was published Greene decided that later editions of Stamboul Train would describe it as an ‘entertainment’. Then in 1936 he published A Gun for Sale, a novel that was specifically called ‘an entertainment’ on the title page, establishing a sub-genre of his own fiction. Eventually, when he was preparing the Collected Edition, Greene abandoned the distinction. The entertainments that he wrote in the late 1930s and 1940s were, indeed, not all that different from the books he regarded as novels, but they drew more directly on the conventions of popular fiction and allowed Greene to indulge his liking for melodrama. They were also very conscious of threatening historical forces. A Gun for Sale is a gripping thriller though of a very literary kind, full of quotations from, or allusions to, poems and plays. It opens with a murder and turns into a manhunt, with armed police in pursuit of an armed fugitive. Most of the novel takes place in darkness or fog.