bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spectrum analysis of diaphragmatic global electromyograms in cattle, with special regard to appropriate strategy for detection of fatigue
Authors: Desmecht Daniel J-M. , Linden Annick S. , Close Roland P. , Michaux Charles L. , Lekeux Pierre M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Although the respiratory tract of healthy and diseased cattle has been intensively studied during the past few years, only a few attempts to detect dysfunctions of bovine inspiratory muscles have been reported. Such technique would be useful in assessing the possibility of inspiratory muscle fatigue in the context of ventilatory failure. Fatigue in skeletal muscle is associated with characteristic changes in the electromyographic power spectrum. Power spectral analysis was therefore applied to cattle diaphragmatic electromyograms (emgdi) to precisely determine the exact influence of motion and ecg artifacts, describe its basic frequency content, and extract a spectral index capable of providing an accurate warning of fatigue.
The emgdi was recorded via intramuscularly placed fishhook electrodes in 5 healthy young bulls during resting and stimulated respiration. The emgdi and egc signals were analyzed by use of power spectral density analysis after band-pass filtering (20 to 1,800 Hz). The emgdi spectrum was concentrated in the band width 20 to 530 Hz. Electrode motion artifacts were absent, and it was always possible to find an electrode pair giving ecg-free emgdi. Of the 12 power and frequency values used to quantitate the spectrum, the most stable was the centroid frequency. It was reproducible within and between calves and was only minimally altered by changing inspiratory load.
Though the clinical relevance of fatigue in the respiratory musculature in case of ventilatory failure is currently unknown, the method described here constitutes a possible approach to detection of such phenomenon in cattle.
Microvascular thrombosis associated with onset of acute laminitis in ponies
Authors: Weiss Douglas J. , Geor Raymond J. , Johnston Gary , Trent Ava M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The hypothesis that equine laminitis is caused by thrombosis of vessels in the laminar corium (dermis) was investigated. Hemostatic alterations were evaluated by determining platelet count, platelet survival, platelet adhesiveness to vascular subendothelium, activated clotting time, and whole blood recalcification time. Thrombosis of vessels in the hoof wall was evaluated by scintigraphic studies of the hoof wall after administration of indium-111 (111In)-labeled platelets, contrast arteriography, and histologic examination. Platelet count remained constant before and at the onset of lameness; however, survival of 111In-labeled platelets was shortened. Scintigraphy of affected feet revealed accumulation of 111In-labeled platelets distal to the coronary band. Arteriography of disarticulated saline-perfused feet revealed marked reduction in blood supply to affected hooves. Histologic examination of the laminar dermis disclosed variable numbers of microthrombi in dermal veins of affected feet from 3 of 4 ponies with laminitis. Whole blood recalcification time was shortened at 8 hours after administration of carbohydrate and was prolonged at the onset of laminitis. Activated clotting time was prolonged at 32 hours after carbohydrate administration and at the onset of lameness. Plasma endotoxin-like activity was detected in 1 of 4 affected ponies. These data confirm that microvascular thrombosis existed at the onset of lameness in ponies with carbohydrate-induced laminitis and indicate that systemic coagulopathy may have preceded development of thrombosis.
Caudal analgesia induced by epidural or subarachnoid administration of detomidine hydrochloride solution in mares
Authors: Skarda Roman T. , Muir William W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Seven adult mares were used to determine the analgesic, cns, and cardiopulmonary effects of detomidine hydrochloride solution after epidural or subarachnoid administration, using both regimens in random sequence. At least 1 week elapsed between experiments.
A 17-gauge Huber point (Tuohy) directional needle was used to place a catheter with stylet into either the epidural space at the first coccygeal interspace or the subarachnoid space at the lumbosacral intervertebral junction. Catheters were advanced so that the tips lay at the caudal sacral (S5 to S4) epidural space or at the midsacral (S3 to S2) subarachnoid space. Position of the catheter was confirmed radiographically. A 1% solution of detomidine HCl was injected into the epidural catheter at a dosage of 60 µg/kg of body weight, and was expanded to a 10-ml volume with sterile water to induce selective caudal epidural analgesia (cea). A dose of 30 µg of detomidine HCl/kg expanded to a 3-ml volume with spinal fluid was injected into the subarachnoid catheter to induce caudal subarachnoid analgesia (csa). Analgesia was determined by lack of sensory perception to electrical stimulation (avoidance threshold > 40 V, 0.5-ms duration) at the perineal dermatomes and no response to superficial and deep muscular pinprick stimulation at the pelvic limb and lumbar and thoracic dermatomes. Maximal cea and csa extended from the coccyx to spinal cord segments T15 and T14 at 10 to 25 minutes after epidural and subarachnoid drug administrations in 2 mares. Analgesia at the perineal area lasted longer after epidural than after subarachnoid administration (142.8 ± 28.8 minutes vs 127.1 ± 27.7 minutes). All mares remained standing. Both cea and csa induced marked sedation, moderate ataxia, minimal cardiopulmonary depression, increased frequency of second-degree atrioventricular heart block, and renal diuresis. All treatments resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) decreased heart rate, respiratory rate, systemic arterial blood pressure, pcv, and plasma total solids concentration. To the contrary, arterial carbon dioxide tension, plasma bicarbonate, and standard base excess concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) increased. Arterial oxygen tension, pH, and rectal temperature did not change significantly from baseline values.
Results indicate that use of detomidine for cea and csa in mares probably induces local spinal and cns effects, marked sedation, moderate ataxia, mild cardiopulmonary depression, and renal diuresis.
Ultrasonography of the umbilical structures in clinically normal calves
Authors: Watson Elizabeth , Mahaffey Mary B. , Crowell Wayne , Selcer B. A. , Morris Debra D. , Seginak Lucy 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The umbilical stalk, vein, and arteries, urachal region, and urinary bladder of 9 healthy Holstein calves were scanned ultrasonographically at weekly intervals from 1 day to 3 weeks of age. Four additional calves of representative ages, 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks, and 3 weeks were euthanatized after ultrasonographic evaluation of the umbilical structures. Umbilical structures from these 4 calves were dissected, photographed, and examined histologically to ensure normalcy. These gross specimens were correlated with the ultrasonographic images and compared with serial ultrasonograms of 9 calves. The ultrasonographic scanning technique and the appearance of normal umbilical stalk, arteries, and vein, and urachus in calves were different from those described for foals. The umbilical vein of calves was scanned from the umbilical stalk to the liver along the right abdominal wall. Two veins, which merged within the body wall, were identified within the stalk. Umbilical arteries were not found within the umbilical stalk; they ended abruptly near the apex of the urinary bladder. A urachal remnant was not identified in any of the calves.
A range of normal values for measurement of the umbilical stalk, umbilical arteries, and umbilical vein at 3 sites was determined. The described ultrasonographic appearance and measurements of the normal Holstein calf umbilicus may be used as a reference for evaluation of calves with internal umbilical abnormalities.
Application of an enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique for determination of caffeine elimination kinetics as a test of liver function in clinically normal dogs
Authors: Golden Dennis L. , Spano Joseph S. , Wilson Robert C. , DeGraves Fred J. , Whatley Elizabeth M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A commercially available automated enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique (emit) was used to determine serum caffeine concentration after oral and iv administrations of caffeine at dosage of 5 mg/kg of body weight to 12 clinically normal dogs. Dogs were allotted to 2 groups of 6 dogs each; 1 group initially received caffeine orally and the other received caffeine iv. After 72 hours, caffeine administration was repeated in all dogs in the alternate manner. Serum samples were obtained at multiple intervals over 24 hours to determine distribution and elimination kinetics. Analysis of the drug concentration-time data indicated iv elimination half-life (t½) of 6.39 ± 1.87 hours, volume of distribution at steady state of 685.3 ± 132.2 ml/kg, total body clearance of 1.31 ± 0.38 ml/min/kg, absorption t½ of 1.02 ± 0.68 hour, oral elimination t½ of 6.53 ± 2.72 hours, lag time after oral administration of 0.0614 ± 0.0661 hour, highest measured concentration of 5.29 ± 1.17 μg/ml, time to peak concentration of 2.74 ± 1.30 hours, and bioavailability of 99.4 ± 19.4%. Data from 6 dogs best fit a 1-compartment open model and those from 6 other dogs best fit a 2-compartment open model. On the basis of data from the 6 dogs that best fit a 2-compartment model, t½ of distribution was 0.58 ± 0.72 hour. Data for oral administration best fit a single absorption phase and a single elimination phase.
The increased availability and simplicity of the emit offers an opportunity to study the application of caffeine elimination for clinical evaluation of dogs with liver disease. Data obtained from this study allow determination of t½ and clearance to be simplified by obtaining samples 4 and 8 hours after oral or iv administrations and establishes canine reference values for elimination kinetics of caffeine administered at dosage of 5 mg/kg and assayed by use of the emit.
Cytologic characterization of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid collected through an endotracheal tube in cats
Authors: Hawkins Eleanor C. , Kennedy-Stoskopf Suzanne , Levy Julie , Meuten Donald J. , Cullins Laura , DeNicola Dennis , Tompkins Wayne A. F. , Tompkins Mary B. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed through an endotracheal tube in 34 specific-pathogen-free cats to determine expected values for bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytologic analysis, using this method of collection. Saline solution for lavage was instilled in 3 separate aliquots at a volume of 5 ml/kg of body weight each. Analysis of sequential aliquots was performed to investigate the differences in cell counts among the 3 fractions. The effect of combining aliquots, including or omitting the first fraction, was evaluated to determine whether all aliquots could be combined for analysis without substantially affecting results.
The total number of nucleated cells retrieved from each cat ranged from 0.9 to 31.1 × 106. Most of these cells were macrophages (78 ± 15%, mean ± sd) and eosinophils (16 ± 14%). The first aliquot had the greatest number of epithelial cells, and the lowest total nucleated cell count and relative and absolute eosinophil counts. Differences among aliquots also were identified for relative and absolute macrophage counts, relative and absolute neutrophil counts, and absolute lymphocyte count. Statistically significant differences were found for many of the cell counts when values from the combination of the second and third aliquots were compared with values from the combination of all 3 aliquots. Magnitude of the differences was small, and these differences were not believed to be of practical consequence.
Influence of estrous cycle stage on adhesion of Streptococcus zooepidemicus to equine endometrium
Authors: Ferreira-Dias Graça , Nequin Lynn G. , King Sheryl S. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Equine endometria representative of Kenney's categories I, II, and III were incubated in vitro with phosphate buffer, Streptococcus pneumoniae, or S zooepidemicus. Endometrial tissues from mares in estrus and diestrus were first categorized according to Kenney's classification, then were tested for adherence of S pneumoniae and S zooepidemicus to the epithelia. Bacteria were not observed when the endometrial tissue was incubated with phosphate buffer or S pneumoniae. There was no statistical difference in attachment of S zooepidemicus to endometrial tissue from mares in estrus or diestrus if endometrial classification was ignored. However, bacterial attachment was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher in category III endometrium during estrus.
Sensory nerve conduction velocity of the caudal cutaneous sural and medial cutaneous antebrachial nerves of adult horses
Authors: Whalen L. R. , Wheeler D. W. , LeCouteur R. A. , Yovich J. V. , Boggie L. C. , Grandy J. L. , Kainer R. A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Maximal conduction velocities of compound action potentials evoked by stimuli of 2 times threshold in the caudal cutaneous sural (ccsn) and medial cutaneous antebrachial (mcan) nerves were determined by averaging potentials evoked and recorded through percutaneous needle electrodes. Mean maximal conduction velocities of compound action potentials were: ccsn = 61.3 ± 2.0 meters/second (m/s) and mcan = 56.4 ± 2.8 m/s. To confirm accuracy of our percutaneous recordings, compound action potentials were recorded through bipolar chlorided silver electrodes from the exposed surfaces of fascicles of the ccsn and the mcan. The maximal conduction velocities of these potentials were in agreement with the conduction velocities of compound action potentials that were evoked and recorded through percutaneous needle electrodes. The specificity of stimulating and recording sites was verified by recording before and after section of the nerves. Stimuli from 3 to 5 times threshold evoked a second, longer latency, compound action potential that consisted of a variable number of components in the ccsn and mcan. The configurations and conduction velocities of the shorter latency potentials were the same as those of the single compound action potentials evoked by stimuli of 2 times threshold. Mean conduction velocities of the longer latency potentials were: ccsn = 24.4 ± 2.6 m/s and mcan = 24.5 ± 2.2 m/s. Needle electrode and direct stimulation of either the ccsn or the mcan at 3 to 5 times threshold failed to evoke contractions of limb muscles. Therefore, action potentials that contributed to the evoked compound potentials recorded in these horses arose, most likely, from afferent nerve fibers.
Sensory nerve conduction velocity of the dorsal penile nerves of bulls
Authors: Mysinger P. W. , Wolfe D. F. , Redding R. W. , Hudson R. S. , Purohit R. C. , Steiss J. E. , Wright J. C. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Mean conduction velocity of sensory axons of the dorsal penile nerves of clinically normal bulls was determined by recording action potentials evoked by cutaneous stimulation. Locations of stimulating and recording electrodes were standardized. Overall mean ± sd conduction velocity was 55.1 ± 5.1 m/s. Mean ± sd velocity recorded from the distal electrode was 53.3 ± 4.9 m/s; velocity recorded from the middle electrode was 55.3 ± 5.0 m/s; and velocity recorded from the proximal electrode was 56.7 ± 5.1 m/s. Differences among means were not significant Four bulls had mean conduction velocities of 54.0 m/s and 48.4 m/s before and 3 weeks after castration, respectively.
Comparison of measured and calculated values for colloid osmotic pressure in hospitalized animals
Authors: Brown Scott Alan , Dusza Kimberly , Boehmer Jennifer 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A relation exists between colloid osmotic pressure (π) and serum total protein concentration; equations describing this relation have been used to determine a calculated value for π. However, the relation between total protein concentration and π is altered by the method used to measure protein and by changes in the ratio of concentrations of albumin (A) to globulin (G). We developed nomograms for estimating π from A and G concentrations, using samples obtained from clinically normal animals and compared the accuracy of these nomograms with that of previously described equations relating π to total protein concentration. For comparison, serum samples from canine (n = 106), equine (n = 79), feline (n = 24), and bovine (n = 27) patients admitted to the University of Georgia Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital were used. Results indicated that nomograms based on protein concentration estimated by a refractometer generally were the least reliable. Although predictive nomograms, using total protein concentration determined by the biuret method, provided better results for serum samples, there was considerable variation between measured and calculated values for π in all species studied. Calculated values for π derived from A and G concentrations were most closely related to measured values for π dogs, horses, and cats. However, calculated values for π differed from measured values by as much as 5 mm of Hg for some samples by each of the methods of estimation. These results indicate that, although calculated values for π may be most accurate when variations in the A-to-G ratio are accounted for in the nomogram, none of the calculation methods provided a consistently accurate estimate of π. For clinical patients, π based on these nomograms cannot replace direct measurement.
Host factors affecting seroprevalence of bluetongue virus infections of cattle
Authors: Ward Michael P. , Carpenter Tim E. , Osburn Bennie I. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Results of testing of 19,731 samples from a serologic survey of cattle with bluetongue virus (btv) infections in Australia were analyzed for association between age, species, or sex and test result. Bivariate analysis indicated that all 3 host factors were associated with test result. After adjusting for confounding caused by the location of each animal in the study (high, moderate, and low btv prevalence regions), cattle ≥ 4 years old had an odds ratio of 4.33 (95% confidence interval, 3.99, 4.71) for a positive test result, compared with that for cattle < 2 years old. Cattle 2 to 4 years had an odds ratio of 2.28 (2.14, 2.54), compared with cattle < 2 years old. Bos taurus cattle had an odds ratio of 1.76 (1.63, 2.05) of a positive test result, compared with crossbred cattle, and B indicus cattle had an odds ratio of 1.20 (1.09, 1.33), compared with crossbred cattle. Sexually intact (+) male cattle were found to have an odds ratio of 3.13 (2.66, 3.49) for a positive test result, compared with castrated male (−) cattle, and female cattle were found to have an odds ratio of 1.38 (1.29, 1.48), compared with male (−) cattle.
Multivariate analysis of btv testing results was performed, using stepwise logistic regression. The most parsimonious model selected included age, species, and sex factors, and first-order interaction terms between these factors. This model was only able to be fit to data from cattle restricted to the high (> 25%) btv prevalence region. Odds ratios were found to increase with age for male (−) cattle of all species. Odds ratios were found to be greatest at 2 to 4 years of age for female cattle of all species and for B taurus and crossbred male (+) cattle.
Conjunctival microbial flora of clinically normal pigs
Authors: Davidson Harriet J. , Rogers Donna P. , Yeary Teresa J. , Stone Greg G. , Schoneweis David A. , Chengappa M. M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Conjunctival swab specimens from healthy pigs were cultured to determine normal microbial population. Four commercial swine operations were selected for study. Pigs of 4 age groups were tested: nursing pigs, nursery pigs, feeder pigs, and sows. Swab specimens were taken from the conjunctival sac of each pig. Bacterial, fungal, and mycoplasmal growth was determined separately. Chlamydia sp was detected by use of an elisa. Bacteria were recovered from 98% of specimens evaluated. α-Streptococcus sp (89%) was the most commonly recovered organism, followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis (39%) and Staphylococcus sp (39%). Mycoplasma sp was not detected in any of the specimens. Chlamydia sp was identified in 28% of all specimens evaluated. These results are similar to reports of normal conjunctival flora in other domestic animals.
Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay that uses the 41-kd flagellin as the antigen for detection of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi in cattle
Authors: Ji Benxiu , Thomas Chester B. , Collins Michael T. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
An elisa was developed to detect antibodies to the 41-kd flagellin (P41) of Borrelia burgdorferi in serum obtained from cattle. Absorption studies, immunoblot analysis, immunoelectron microscopy, and correlation of results of the P41 -elisa and the P39- elisa as well as measurement of the antibody to P41 in calves challenge-exposed with Borrelia theileri were used to assess the specificity of the P41-elisa. Antigens derived from Escherichia coli, Leptospira interrogans serovar hardjo, and B burgdorferi were used for absorption studies and immunoblot analysis. Antibodies to P41 of B burgdorferi cross-reacted with antigens of E coli, but were not cross-reactive with L hardjo. A value 3 SD higher than the mean of the negative-control population of cattle was defined as the minimum value (cutoff value) for a positive result by the P41-elisa. Use of this value for classification of test results reduced the predicted rate of false-positive results attributable to E coli cross-reactivity to 1%. Immunoblot analysis revealed that test-positive serum from cattle reacted mainly with 41-, 39-, 34-, and 31-kd proteins of B burgdorferi, as well as several smaller proteins. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that serum from cattle that was test-positive by the P41-elisa bound to the flagellin and outer membrane of B burgdorferi. Results of absorption studies, immunoblot analysis, and immunoelectron microscopy were correlated and indicated that serum from cattle that was test-positive by P41-elisa had stronger reactivity to B burgdorferi antigens than to antigens of E coli or L hardjo. The concentrations of antibodies measured by P41-elisa and P39-elisa testing were highly correlated (R2 = 0.78). Calves challenge-exposed with B theileri also had test-positive results by the P41-elisa as early as 2 weeks after exposure, but serum antibody concentrations decreased to prechallenge-exposure concentrations by 9 weeks after exposure. We concluded that the P41- elisa was useful as a screening method to detect B burgdorferi infections in cattle.