bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Identity Problem for Realist Structuralism II: A Reply to Shapiro
Authors: Keränen Jukka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his Philosophy of Mathematics: Structure and Ontology, Stewart Shapiro gave what is perhaps the most comprehensive presentation of realist structuralism to date. In my ‘The Identity Problem for Realist Structuralism’, I argued that any theory with the same general shape as that of Shapiro’s will either fail to present a tenable account of mathematical ontology or else must betray the very motivations from which it stems. While the argument in that paper was intended to criticize realist structuralism in general, Shapiro is right to identify his theory as a primary target and in ‘Structure and Identity’, Chapter 5 in this volume, he comes to its defense. Shapiro’s paper has two parts, the first being a reply to certain criticisms by Jonathan Kastin, the second being a reply to me. In this paper, I will give a detailed reaction to the latter. I will argue that Shapiro has not yet provided a satisfactory solution to the ‘identity problem’ for places in structures. In fact, I will conclude by suggesting that any form of realism is either open to the identity problem or else faces the well-known Benacerrafian problem of ‘multiple reductions’ in a new guise.
The Governance of Identity
Authors: Shapiro Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My exchange with Jukka Keränen exemplifies the long tradition of using the thoughtful objections from opponents as an opportunity to clarify, further articulate, and correct philosophical views. ‘Structure and Identity’, Chapter 5 in this volume, changes and extends aspects of the ante rem structuralism developed inmy (1997). Keränen’s ‘The Identity Problem for Realist Structuralism’ (2001) and ‘The Identity Problem for Realist Structuralism II: A Reply to Shapiro’ Chapter 6 in this volume, constitute an advance in the articulation of his metaphysical views from their public origin in his 1999 APA paper. At some point, he and I may realize that we are talking at cross-purposes, or we may end up with a clash of brute intuitions, and will agree to disagree. But we are not there yet.
Our Knowledge of Mathematical Objects
Authors: Fine Kit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have recently been attempting to provide a new approach to the philosophy of mathematics, which I call ‘proceduralism’ or ‘procedural postulationism’. It shares with traditional forms of postulationism, advocated by Hilbert (1930) and Poincare´ (1952), the belief that the existence of mathematical objects and the truth of mathematical pro- positions are to be seen as the product of postulation. But it takes a very different view of what postulation is. For it takes the postulates from which mathematics is derived to be imperatival, rather than indicative, in form; what are postulated are not propositions true in a given mathematical domain, but procedures for the construction of that domain.
The Assessment Sensitivity of Knowledge Attributions
Authors: MacFarlane John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent years have seen an explosion of interest in the semantics of knowledge-attributing sentences, not just among epistemologists but among philosophers of language seeking a general understanding of linguistic context sensitivity. Despite all this critical attention, however, we are as far from consensus as ever. If we have learned anything, it is that each of the standard views—invariantism, contextualism, and sen- sitive invariantism—has its Achilles heel: a residuum of facts about our use of knowledge attributions that it can explain only with special pleading. This is not surprising if, as I will argue, there is a grain of truth in each of these views.
Nietzschean ‘Animal Psychology’ versus Kantian Ethics
Authors: Risse Mathias 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Characterizing the Genealogy as an exercise in ‘animal psychology’ (GM III, 20), Nietzsche pays tribute to the extraordinary cultural impact of the biological sciences, in particular physiology and evolutionary biology, in the second half of the nineteenth century. While much of his mature thinking applies physiological considerations to traditional philosophical problems, he is especially eager to explain in this manner the development of Christian morality and of what he took to be theories derived from it (Kantian ethics and utilitarianism), as well as the development of the kind of person persuaded by such morality.
Ressentiment, Value, and Self-Vindication: Making Sense of Nietzsche’s Slave Revolt
Authors: Wallace R Jay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In its broad outlines the account of the origin of modern morality that Nietzsche offers in the ﬁrst essay of his Genealogy (GM) is reasonably clear. The account begins with the postulation of two different schemes of value, organized around the pairs of opposites good/bad and good/evil, which are associated respectively with the contrasting personality types of the noble and the slave. Characteristic of the slavish personality structure are the negative affects of hatred and ressentiment, which, deprived of a natural outlet, become pent up and fester within the psyche of the powerless until reaching “monstrous and uncanny proportions” (GM, I.7). The slave revolt begins when these sentiments “become creative and give birth to values” (GM, I.10), initiating an historical process through which the universalistic, Christianized values of good and evil largely come to supplant the aristocratic values of good and bad.
Nietzsche and Moral Objectivity: The Development of Nietzsche’s Metaethics
Authors: Clark Maudemarie , Dudrick David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essay begins from the uncontroversial assumption that Nietzsche holds certain ethical or moral values and expresses them in his work. Its question is whether his philosophy allows him to claim objectivity for these values. Many have thought that his metaethical position prohibits him from doing so, that it entails, in Brian Leiter’s words, a denial that “there is any objective vindication for his [or any other] evaluative position.” As Leiter notes, this is “the most familiar reading outside the secondary literature on Nietzsche,” shared by such thinkers as Max Weber and Alasdair MacIntyre (Leiter 2002: 146). We will reconstruct the development of Nietzsche’s metaethical position in order to show that this widely shared view is mistaken.
Ivory Coast: The Supremacy of French
Authors: Knutsen Anne Moseng 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Ivory Coast borders Liberia and Guinea in the west, Mali and Burkina Faso in the north, Ghana in the east, and the North Atlantic Ocean in the south. The country has two main topographical zones: the savannah in the north and the forest zone in the south. According to the latest census (1998), the population is 15 million inhabitants, of which 78 per cent are located in the forest zone of the south. The population is mostly Muslim (39 per cent) or Christian (30 per cent). Although Yamoussoukro is the formal capital, Abidjan is the commercial and administrative centre of the country, with 3 million inhabitants. Other important cities are Bouaké, Korhogo, Daloa, Gagnoa, and San Pedro. The Ivory Coast was a French colony from 1893 to 1960, when it became La République de Côte d’Ivoire. The country is among the world’s largest producers and exporters of coffee and cocoa and by maintaining close ties with France and encouraging foreign investments, the Ivory Coast has developed into one of the most prosperous states in sub-Saharan Africa. However, since the death of the nation’s founder Félix Houphouët-Boigny in 1993, the country has faced increasingly severe ethno-political problems, which have resulted in a division of the country into a government-held south and a rebel-held north.
Cameroon: Official Bilingualism in a Multilingual State
Authors: Biloa Edmond , Echu George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cameroon is a linguistic melting pot and contains over 250 languages from three of the four linguistic phyla attested on the continent. However, none of Cameroon’s many autochthonous languages is spoken by a majority in the country and most of its languages have relatively small populations of speakers. As a result of colonization, English and French are the official languages of Cameroon and a policy of official bilingualism is enshrined in the state constitution. Consequently, English and French are the languages: (a) of the state (that is, all administrative documents have to be written in either French or English, or both), (b) of business, (c) of public and private education, (d) of the print media, (e) of radio and television, (f ) of administration,
Kenya: Language and the Search for a Coherent National Identity
Authors: Githiora Chege 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kenya is only forty-three years old as an independent, republican nation-state. It is a plural society that encompasses within its boundaries a diverse population of ethnic nations. Contemporary Kenya, like other nations of Africa, is engaged in a search for cohesion, unity, and a collective identity as a modern nation. This quest shapes its general policy of cultural and linguistic pluralism that recognizes the rights of all languages and cultures of the communities found within state boundaries. In this type of situation, language plays a central role in defining or mediating the ongoing formations and expressions of social identity. Individuals have complex multiple identities, involving region, language, socio-economic class, gender, and political and economic factors as well as religious and ethnic ones. Kenyan ‘national’ identity is necessarily a recent phenomenon because the idea of ‘Kenya’ as a country is a modern construction, invented purely by European imperial and colonial interests. Forged from at least forty-two different ethno-linguistic groups, their members have retained strongly grounded, localized identities which primarily are defined in terms of language, but also through claims to specific physical spaces, external community linkages, economic roles and practices – all within new boundaries and altered ways of life.
Zambia: ‘One Zambia, One Nation, Many Languages’
Authors: Marten Lutz , Kula Nancy C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter aims to give the reader an idea of the linguistic situation in Zambia, and how language relates to national identity in the Zambian context. Zambia lies in the heart of central Africa and shares borders with the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) to the north, with Tanzania, Malawi, and Mozambique in the east, with Zimbabwe, Botswana, and Namibia in the south, and with Angola in the west. Zambia has no direct access to the sea, but the Zambezi, one of Africa’s largest rivers, runs through Zambia for about 1,000 kilometres. Zambia also lies in the centre of the Bantu-speaking area. Historically, Bantu languages became widely spoken in sub-Saharan Africa from around 300 BC, and present-day Zambia’s Bantu languages are the result of several linguistic developments which introduced the languages spoken today through gradual processes of migration, language contact, and language shift over the last two millennia. From the late nineteenth century onwards, different European languages were introduced into what is now Zambia through missionary activities, in particular in education, and through colonial governance as a British colony. As a legacy of this period, English plays an important role in the current language situation, a role which was affirmed after independence in 1964, when English became the official language. After the change from a one-party system to multiparty democracy in 1991, emphasis has shifted towards the promotion of Zambia’s seven national languages, Bemba, Nyanja, Tonga, Lozi, Lunda, Luvale, and Kaonde, and contemporary Zambia is an explicit example of a multilingual country.
Instrumental Rationality versus Practical Reason: Desires, Ends, and Commitment
Authors: Pauer-Studer Herlinde 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Amartya Sen has repeatedly criticized the standard interpretation of the “rational economic man.” His criticism is directed especially against the assumptions that the only goal of a rational person is to maximize his or her own welfare (understood in a self-centered sense) and that the reasons for the choices a person makes are merely dependent on the person’s own goals, more precisely: her self-centered goals.
Theories of Team Agency
Authors: Gold Natalie , Sugden Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In decision theory, it is almost universally presupposed that agency is invested in individuals: each person acts on her own preferences and beliefs. A person’s preferences may take account of the effects of her actions on other people; she may, for example, be altruistic or have an aversion to inequality. Still, these are her preferences, and she chooses what she most prefers. Opposing this orthodoxy is a small body of literature which allows teams of individuals to count as agents, and which seeks to identify distinctive modes of team reasoning that are used by individuals as members of teams.
Rational Choice: Discipline, Brand Name, and Substance
Authors: Sen Amartya 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is wonderful to read this collection of engaging essays. I am most grateful to Fabienne Peter and Hans Bernhard Schmid for stewarding this book. They led the project right from the pioneering idea of an interchange of this kind to this happy moment when the collective work is all done and the book is about to be published. They planned the program of research, selected authors and topics, arranged a lively workshop on this subject at St Gallen in May 2004, placed a subset of papers from this collection for publication in the journal Economics and Philosophy , edited the volume, and wrote an elegant and helpful introduction to it.
The English Renaissance Stage
Authors: Turner Henry S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Drawing on entirely new evidence, The English Renaissance Stage: Geometry, Poetics, and the Practical Spatial Arts 1580-1630 examines the history of English dramatic form and its relationship to the mathematics, technology, and early scientific thought during the Renaissance period. The book demonstrates how practical modes of thinking that were typical of the sixteenth century resulted in new genres of plays and a new vocabulary for problems of poetic representation. In the epistemological moment the book recovers, we find new ideas about form and language that would become central to Renaissance literary discourse; in this same moment, too, we find new ways of thinking about the relationship between theory and practice that are typical of modernity, new attitudes towards spatial representation, and a new interest in both poetics and mathematics as distinctive ways of producing knowledge about the world. By emphasizing the importance of theatrical performance, the book engages with continuing debates over the cultural function of the early modern stage and with scholarship on the status of modern authorship. When we consider playwrights in relation to the theatre rather than the printed book, they appear less as 'authors' than as figures whose social position and epistemological presuppositions were very similar to the craftsmen, surveyors, and engineers who began to flourish during the sixteenth century and whose mathematical knowledge made them increasingly sought after by men of wealth and power.
Empedocles on Colour and Colour Vision
Authors: Ierodiakonou Katerina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Empedocles is among the first ancient philosophers, if not the very first, not only to use colour terms as adjectives characterizing the way things present themselves to us, such as ‘white’ of white milk (31 B 33 DK: λáλá λευκóν),, but also to refer to colours as items whose explanation forms a crucial part of a proper explanation of the world of experience. One basic fact which one cannot overlook about the objects of experience is that they are coloured, and another crucial fact is that they conspicuously differ from each other in particular in the way they are coloured. The surviving textual evidence about earlier philosophers who seem to have concerned themselves with colours is unfortunately so meagre that it proves extremely difficult to get a clear sense of what they think about this topic. But since Empedocles in many instances already seems to have relied on earlier thought about the matter, we shall occasionally have the chance, while trying to reconstruct his colour theory, also to comment on the little information available about the first recorded views on colour.
Authenticating Aristotle’s Protrepticus
Authors: Hutchinson D S , Johnson Monte Ransome 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the gold rush of the 1860s, scholars went prospecting for fragments of the lost works of Aristotle, and in 1869 a crucial discovery was announced: Iamblichus of Chalcis, it seems, had quoted from Aristotle’s Protrepticus, using it and other books as sources when compiling his own Protrepticus. Scholars rushed in to mine that later text.
Virtue, Reason, and Principle
Authors: Wallace R Jay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A common strategy unites much that philosophers have written about the virtues. The strategy can be traced back at least to Aristotle, who suggested that human beings have a characteristic function or activity (rational activity of soul), and that the virtues are traits of character which enable humans to perform this kind of activity excellently or well.¹ The defining feature of this approach is that it treats the virtues as functional concepts, to be both identified and justified by reference to some independent goal or end which they enable people to attain (human flourishing, rational perfection, participation in practices, ‘narrative unity’ in a life).
Paradoxes of Irrationality
Authors: Lepore Ernie , Ludwig Kirk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea of an irrational action, belief, intention, inference, or emotion is paradoxical. For the irrational is not merely the non-rational, which lies outside the ambit of the rational; irrationality is a failure within the house of reason. When Hobbes says only man has ‘the privilege of absurdity’ he suggests that only a rational creature can be irrational. Irrationality is a mental process or state-a rational process or state-gone wrong. How can this be? The paradox of irrationality is not as simple as the seeming paradox in the concept of an unsuccessful joke, or of a bad piece of art.
Rashi’s View of the Open Future: Indeterminateness and Bivalence
Authors: Hirsch Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The notion of indeterminateness has figured in three familiar contexts: the open future, vagueness, and quantum physics. Typical philosophical treatments of indeterminateness involve denying some principles of straight logic. In this chapter I explore a position of Rashi in which a belief in indeterminateness is combined with adherence to all of straight logic, including the principle of bivalence.
General Facts, Physical Necessity, and the Metaphysics of Time
Authors: Forrest Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I assume that we accept, perhaps reluctantly, general facts, that is states of affairs corresponding to universal generalizations. I then argue that, without any addition, this ontology provides us with physical necessities, and moreover with various grades of physical necessity, including the strongest grade, which I call absolute physical necessity. In addition there are consequences for our understanding of time. For this account, which I call the Mortmain Theory, provides a defence of No Futurism against an otherwise serious objection due to David Armstrong. In addition the Mortmain theory enables me to argue against the ‘‘Parmenidean’’ or Block Universe position that future and past are both real.
The Relation between General and Particular: Entailment vs. Supervenience
Authors: Bricker Phillip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I say (with many others): the world is a thing, the biggest thing, the mereological sum (or aggregate) of all things. Truth is determined by the distribution of fundamental, or perfectly natural, properties and relations over the parts of this biggest thing. For want of a better name, call this the thing theory. Some say instead: the world is a fact, the most inclusive fact, the conjunction (also mereological sum) of all the facts. Truth is determined by (some sort of) correspondence to the facts. Call this, following Armstrong, factualism.
Epistemicism and Semantic Plasticity
Authors: Hawthorne John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I shall endeavor in this essay to make vivid a kind of puzzle that arises when Timothy Williamson’s epistemicist machinery is applied to borderline cases of (a) personhood and (b) semantic properties. My aim will be to raise some concerns about his development of the epistemicist view, and then to explore an alternative way of thinking about epistemicism. What follows is very much a progress report on unfinished business, but I hope there is enough progress to warrant the report.
Beautiful Evils
Authors: Hudson Hud 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let ‘E’ be a proposition that precisely describes the amount, the intensity, and the distribution of all the so-called ‘natural evil’ consisting in the suffering of non-person animals that has ever occurred in the history of our universe. Let ‘G’ be a proposition that asserts the necessary existence of an essentially omnipotent, essentially omniscient, essentially perfectly good being.
The Meaning of ‘Public’ in ‘Public Health’
Authors: Dawson Angus , Verweij Marcel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Public health’ is a contested concept. It is presented and used in a variety of ways by public health practitioners, researchers and commentators. In this chapter we aim to do two things. The first is to outline and review existing definitions of ‘public health’ and offer brief comments on some of these proposed accounts. However, we will not offer and defend an alternative definition. Instead our second aim will be to focus on what might be meant by the term ‘public’ in an account of ‘public health’. We suggest that there are two key elements that can be identified. We will distinguish them, and discuss each in turn.
Living With the Selfish Gene
Authors: Dawkins Marian Stamp 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I haven’t lived with the author of The Selfish Gene for nearly twenty-five years but I have lived in close and constant contact with the book itself since before it was published. Its words and figures of speech are thrown at me almost daily from student essays. The questions it raises are the driving force behind the most successful tutorials and the sound of pennies dropping as each new generation of students takes in the extraordinary implications of what the book is saying, is as loud now as it ever was. The Selfish Gene seems to occupy a unique place in biological writing. Some books, like Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, herald a new age and have a huge impact on the way people think at the time but thereafter are read mainly for historical interest.
An Eye on the Core: Dawkins and Sociobiology
Authors: Segerstråle Ullica 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Sociobiology’ is a term that triggers different reactions in different people. For some, sociobiology simply denotes a field devoted to research in animal social behavior, a new integrative discipline that emerged during the second part of the twentieth century. For others, because of its perceived implications for humans, this term is fraught with political connotations: genetic determinism, political conservatism, racism, and sexism. As a result, many researchers, especially those in would-be ‘human sociobiology’ are avoiding the term, calling themselves instead behavioral ecologists, evolutionary psychologists, Darwinian anthropologists, and what have you. For a third, more militant group, sociobiology is indeed a new discipline—a new scientific way of looking at behavior, maybe even a new world view, mobilizable against all kinds of obfuscation.