bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES IN THE BIOLOGY OF METALS
Authors: Hammett Frederick S. , Wallace Vilma L. 
Published: June 2004

Our study of the effect of the lead ion on the development of the chick embryo has brought out the following facts:
1. Gross growth is retarded.
2. Somite growth is retarded to a degree greater than that exhibited by body length and width.
3. The head and optic anlagen are regions of particular sensitivity. Their differential development is markedly inhibited.
From the purely biological point of view these results are in line with the findings of Child (10) and his school as to the sensitivity of the head end of rapidly growing organisms to harmful influences, and with those of Stockard (11) as to the peculiar sensitivity of the optic anlagen.
It is almost too well known to need repetition that the head region and the somites of embryos are specific areas of intense growth by increase in cell number. Therefore, turning from the general to the particular, the differential retardation of these regions which is caused by lead, is evidence justifying the conclusion that it is areas of rapid growth by cell proliferation which are selectively inhibited by this metallic ion.
STUDIES ON THE BACTERIOPHAGE OF D'HERELLE
Authors: Muckenfuss Ralph S. 
Published: June 2004

1. Each bacteriophage is a specific antigen.
2. The antibodies against the bacteriophage are independent of those against the bacterial substrate used in preparing the phage.
3. The reaction of neutralization is closely analogous to that of the neutralization of toxin by antitoxin.
4. The serum of mice experimentally infected with mouse typhoid (M.T.) did not become capable of neutralizing phages acting on the infecting organism.
5. The use of the reaction of neutralization of bacteriophage in the diagnosis of disease as proposed by Sonnenschein seems impractical.
STUDIES ON THE BACTERIOPHAGE OF D'HERELLE
Authors: Muckenfuss Ralph S. 
Published: June 2004

1. The phenomenon of phage production by one bacterial culture for another of different sort has been reproduced experimentally.
2. This phenomenon results from phage carried with the culture, and not from the spontaneous appearance of phage in a culture previously free from it.
3. Animals immunized against the lysogenic bacteria may develop antibodies that neutralize the phage carried.
4. The development of neutralizing antibodies on immunization with a bacterial culture is evidence of the presence of bacteriophage in the culture.
5. The failure of such antibodies to appear on immunization with bacteria does not necessarily indicate that bacteriophage is not present.
VARIANTS OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI; THEIR RELATION TO TYPE-SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE, VIRULENCE, AND TOXIN
Authors: Todd E. W. , Lancefield R. C. 
Published: June 2004

Hemolytic streptococci, when freshly isolated from pathogenic lesions, form characteristic matt colonies and contain the type-specific substance M.
Two varieties of matt cultures, equally rich in type-specific substance, can be distinguished by the virulence of the organisms for mice: (1) the matt virulent variety, (2) the matt attenuated variety.
The matt forms of hemolytic streptococci can be degraded to a third variety which forms glossy colonies and is always relatively avirulent. This is accomplished by prolonged cultivation on artificial media, by selection of colonies or by cultivation in homologous anti-M serum. In the process of degradation the cocci lose the major part of their type-specific substance but complete disappearance of type-specific substance rarely occurs.
The glossy variant form, when fully degraded, is highly stable; but glossy cultures which have retained some type-specific substance can occasionally be reverted to the original matt form.
Toxic filtrates from matt and glossy cultures are approximately equal in skin reactivity.
No relationship appears to exist between virulence and toxigenicity.
ANTIGENIC DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MATT HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI AND THEIR GLOSSY VARIANTS
Authors: Lancefield R. C. , Todd E. W. 
Published: June 2004

The matt and the glossy forms of four strains of hemolytic streptococci were used to immunize rabbits.
Precipitin tests showed that rabbit sera prepared against matt organisms, whether virulent or avirulent for mice, contained type-specific antibody while sera prepared against completely degraded glossy organisms contained no type-specific antibody.
Type-specific antibody was removed from the sera by absorption with homologous matt organisms but was unaffected by absorption with homologous glossy organisms.
Passive protection experiments on mice showed that anti-matt sera were protective and anti-glossy sera non-protective against infection with homologous virulent organisms.
Vaccination of mice with matt organisms rendered them immune to subsequent infection with homologous virulent cultures; but vaccination with glossy organisms established no active immunity.
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE IMMUNITY TO PNEUMOCOCCUS INFECTION INDUCED IN RABBITS BY IMMUNIZATION WITH R PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Tillett William S. 
Published: June 2004

1. Rabbits, vaccinated by repeated intravenous injections of suspensions of heat-killed R pneumococci, acquire a marked degree of active immunity to infection with the virulent S forms of Pneumococcus Types I and II. Previously (1) it was shown that the immunization of rabbits with R cells induces active resistance to Type III infection. This immunity is effective when the infecting organisms are injected either intravenously, intraperitoneally, or intradermally.
2. Whole citrated blood or serum of rabbits immunized with R pneumococci, under the experimental conditions described, is capable of passively protecting normal rabbits against Type I and Type III infection. Whole blood appears to be more effective than an equivalent amount of serum.
3. Passive protection of mice by the use of whole blood or serum of the immune rabbits has been entirely ineffectual. This is in striking contrast to the results obtained with type-specific immune serum.
4. This form of acquired resistance to pneumococcus infection, elicited by R organisms which are devoid of type specificity, and exemplified in animals whose sera possess no demonstrable type-specific antibodies, has many characteristics strongly suggesting that the underlying mechanism differs from that concerned in type-specific immunity.
ACID-BASE COMPOSITION OF PANCREATIC JUICE AND BILE
Authors: Gamble James L. , McIver Monroe A. ,   With the Assistance of Pauline Marsh and Maurice M. Tolman.
Published: June 2004

Pancreatic juice contains fixed base at approximately the concentration found in the blood plasma. Chloride ion is present in concentrations varying from one-fourth to one-half the fixed base value and the remainder of the acid equivalence is composed of bicarbonate ion. Fixed base being a nearly stationary factor, variation of bicarbonate and thereby of alkalinity is referable to change in the concentration of chloride ion.
In bile, as delivered by the liver, both the fixed base and chloride ion values correspond closely with their respective concentrations in blood plasma. In gall bladder bile, however, the concentration of fixed base is, roughly, double that in hepatic duct bile, and chloride ion has been almost entirely removed.
From these data it may be inferred that loss of digestive secretions entering the duodenum will, in the absence of replacement of the materials contained, cause dehydration of the blood plasma and reduction of the plasma bicarbonate.
STUDIES IN EXPERIMENTAL EXTRACORPOREAL THROMBOSIS
Authors: Johnson Walter R. , Shionoya Takuji , Rowntree Leonard G. 
Published: June 2004

In experimental obstructive jaundice in rabbits, thrombosis is definitely delayed in the extracorporeal loop. White thrombi are laid down at the normal rate in many instances; in others there is a delay in deposition of platelets, while in still others cauliflower-like masses of platelets are rapidly deposited and tend to slow or even stop the blood stream before much fibrin is apparent. Fibrin deposits and formation of the red thrombus usually appear late in the experiment and often only at the ends of the collodion tubes. In vigorous animals, the thrombi rarely tend to obstruct and usually cease growing when they have made up the difference between the lumen of the glass tube and of the collodion tube. On the other hand, if the animal's general condition is poor and its circulation depressed, red thrombus forms more rapidly and tends to encroach progressively on the lumen until obstruction takes place. Even in such cases circulation through the loop persists for periods much longer than in the normal animal. Judging from the gross appearance of the thrombus the quantity and quality of fibrin seem deficient.
Single injections of bile salts yield pictures similar to those seen in experimental obstructive jaundice. White thrombi are deposited but obstruction of the lumen is delayed because of inadequate formation of fibrin. The continuous intravenous injection of bile salts resulted in a progressive increase of the clotting time and in the level of bile acids of the blood. The state of the extracorporeal loop was likewise similar in many respects to that seen in obstructive jaundice. There was, however, a definite decrease in the size and numbers of white thrombi deposited on the collodion membrane.
From the evidence presented it is obvious that the processes of blood coagulation and of thrombosis in the extracorporeal loop are definitely delayed in experimental obstructive jaundice and in animals that have received intravenous injections of bile salts. No attempt is made to explain the changes found in jaundice on the basis of the increased levels of bile acids in the blood although these experiments would indicate that such a possibility has not been ruled out.
THE PRODUCTION OF EXPERIMENTAL TYPHOID FEVER IN THE GUINEA PIG WITH AN IN VIVO PREPARED TOXIC FILTRATE OF B. TYPHOSUS
Authors: Harris William H. , Larimore Ogilvie M. 
Published: June 2004

When the typhoid bacillus is injected into the peritoneal cavity of guinea pigs acute peritonitis and death are produced. The character of the exudate is variable as to the elements present but is usually of a serous type with slight clouding due to the presence of polymorphonuclear neutrophils, mononuclear cells and bacteria. When the Berkefeld filtrate of this exudative material is inoculated into normal guinea pigs either subcutaneously, intraperitoneally or intracardially, the character of response obtained on the part of the host is quite at variance with that produced by the inoculation of the living typhoid bacillus. A febrile reaction and marked leucopenia, as a rule, are persistent and are accentuated after each injection the latter often reaching below 1000 cells per c. mm. There is a loss of weight of a variable extent in all animals and in some the emaciation is extreme. The animals were given four such inoculations and all succumbed in from 2 to 4 weeks. The intracardiac route produces death more quickly and the reactions are more clear-cut when this route is employed. At autopsy a general tumefaction and congestion of the lymphoid structures more especially of the abdominal cavity are found. Peyer's patches and the solitary follicles of the intestinal tract are likewise involved and in some of the patches slight ulceration is noted; occasionally, there occur extreme ulceration and necrosis of the patch. The spleen is enlarged and usually softened. Microscopically, marked endothelial cell proliferation is noted especially in the lymphoid structures and in many instances the phagocytic cells of Mallory are found. These cells include within their cytoplasm elements of the surrounding structures. In the spleen there are present congestion, and hemorrhages with many "shadow" red blood cells. Phagocytosis of the red cells by the endothelial cells is present. In the liver, areas of focal necrosis are found and phagocytic cells are seen. In the animals inoculated subcutaneously, localized degenerative changes are observed especially in the muscular structures.
From these results it can be seen that the reactions and injury of the animal body by the toxic filtrate employed, are quite similar to the changes produced by the specific toxin in human typhoid fever.
CALCIUM AND INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS IN THE BLOOD OF RABBITS
Authors: Brown Wade H. ,   With the Collaboration of Marion Howard.
Published: June 2004

A series of experiments was carried out for the purpose of determining whether a light environment comprising radiations of comparatively long wave-length and only a small amount of energy was capable of affecting the chemical equilibrium of the blood as indicated by the calcium and inorganic phosphorus content of the blood of normal rabbits. A study was made of effects produced by prolonged exposure to fixed environmental conditions (neon light and darkness) as compared with a varying environment of diffuse, filtered sunlight and by a change from one environment to another.
It was found that the chemical equilibrium of the blood was definitely affected by the conditions employed and that the effects produced could be correlated with differences in organic constitution on the one hand, and on the other, with certain differences in the functional activity of the same animals, involving nutrition and growth and the proliferative activity of hair follicles.
STUDIES ON THE SENSITIZING PROPERTIES OF THE BACTERIOPHAGE
Authors: Jungeblut Claus W. , Schultz Edwin W. 
Published: June 2004

1. Marked specific contractions of the uterine horns of guinea pigs, actively sensitized, to phage-lysed Flexner bacilli or to colon bacilli, lysed by the same bacteriophage, occurred on testing either series for anaphylaxis with the homologous phage lysates. These reactions, however, were not due to an antigenic function of the bacteriophage itself, because no reaction whatsoever occurred when the same bacteriophage, propagated on the heterologous organisms, was substituted in the anaphylactic test.
2. Specific uterine reactions of marked intensity were obtained in guinea pigs, actively sensitized to intact or autolyzed Flexner or colon bacilli, respectively, by testing either series for anaphylaxis with homologous, phage-free bacterial antigens.
3. No reaction occurred by testing the uterine strips of animals, sensitized to intact or autolyzed bacilli (either Flexner or coli), for anaphylaxis with homologous phage lysates and, vice versa, there was no contraction of uterine strips sensitized to phage lysates upon contact with homologous bacterial autolysates.
4. The observations made in this paper suggest that a new and immunologically distinct antigenic complex arises from the bacterial protein after lysis of the organisms by the bacteriophage.
A CHEMICAL AND PATHOLOGIC STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF COPPER ON THE LIVER
Authors: Flinn Frederick B. , VonGlahn William C. 
Published: June 2004

From the above studies the following conclusions have been reached:
1. That copper or its compounds used does not cause the deposition of pigment in the livers of rabbits, guinea pigs or rats. Neither does it produce a cirrhosis in these animals.
2. That spontaneous deposition of pigment occurs frequently in the livers of normal rabbits on the usual laboratory diet.
3. That the feeding of a diet of carrots exclusively will produce pigment deposition in the livers of rabbits, in every way identical with that ascribed to copper.
4. That the pigment deposited in the livers of rabbits is probably of exogenous origin.
THE GERMICIDAL AND HEMOLYTIC ACTION OF α-BROM SOAPS
Authors: Eggerth Arnold H. 
Published: June 2004

1. The soaps of the α-brom fatty acids are usually more germicidal than the unsubstituted soaps. Only when B. typhosus was the test organism was there no increase in germicidal action.
2. For any test organism, germicidal action of the brominated soaps increases rapidly with increasing molecular weight up to a certain point, then diminishes. This is likewise true of the hemolytic titer. The point of maximal germicidal action varies with the different species of tests organisms. In the series studied, brominated soaps of 12 and 14 carbon atoms were most germicidal for the Gram-negative organisms, while soaps of 16 and 18 carbon atoms were most germicidal for Gram-positive organisms.
3. The brominated soaps are, in general, more active in acid that in neutral or alkaline reactions. The reasons for this have been discussed in a previous paper, in which a similar phenomenon with unsubstituted soaps was observed.
4. For certain organisms, the brominated soaps are among the most rapid and potent germicides known.
THE CHEMICAL NATURE OF THE SUBSTANCES REQUIRED FOR CELL MULTIPLICATION
Authors: Baker Lillian E. 
Published: June 2004

1. It has been shown that the ash of liver, hemoglobin, and glutathione each exerts a very slight beneficial effect on the growth of sarcomatous fibroblasts of the rat, or on the condition of their cells when cultivated in a synthetic medium.
2. The addition of all three of these substances, or of only glutathione and hemoglobin, to a mixture of casein digest, glycocoll, and nucleic acid gives a medium in which sarcomatous fibroblasts of the rat proliferate for a considerable time as rapidly as in embryo juice.
3. The mixture is not as adequate a nutritive medium as embryo juice, for after a time dead cells are found surrounding the central fragment of the culture, and after several passages the growth becomes thinner.
4. The hypothesis is suggested that glutathione and hemoglobin may function not only by regulating the respiration and oxidation-reduction reactions within the cell, but also by regulating the oxidation-reduction potential of the medium.
5. It is suggested that the failure to obtain growth of fibroblasts in mixtures of amino acids or of the products of complete acid hydrolysis of proteins is in part due to the absence of glutathione, and that this substance is not synthetized by fibroblasts.
6. The growth of normal fibroblasts of the rat is also increased by the addition of the above mentioned substances to a synthetic medium.
STUDIES ON IMMUNOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS AMONG THE PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Sugg John Y. , Neill James M. 
Published: June 2004

The paper reports evidence of an immunological relationship between one variety of Saccharomyces ceremsise and the Type II variety of Diplococcus pneumonix (Pneumococcus). The most convincing data consisted of the reactions of the Type II bacteria with potent antiyeast serum which agglutinated, and protected mice against these pneumococci as well as the average antiserum obtained by immunization of rabbits with Type II bacteria themselves. The reactivity of the antiyeast serum is strictly specific to the Type II variety of Pneumococcus in the sense that it is entirely devoid of antibodies reactive with Type I or III. The results of absorption experiments with both the antiyeast (rabbit) serum and the anti-Type II (horse) serum were the same as those usually obtained in analogous experiments with immunologically related, but not identical, kinds of bacteria.
The immunological relationship of the yeast and the Type II pneumococcus is apparently based upon S-anti-S reactions. It represents an example of heterogenetic specificity which is of particular interest because of the wide genetic separation of the pathogenic schizomycete and the saprophytic ascomycete.
Data on the individual irregularity in the yeast-agglutinating capacity of serum from non-immunized or "normal" rabbits are presented as experimental facts.
ANAPHYLAXIS WITH THE TYPE-SPECIFIC CARBOHYDRATES OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Avery Oswald T. , Tillett William S. 
Published: June 2004

1. The type-specific carbohydrates (haptens) of Pneumococcus Types I, II and III, when isolated in protein-free form, are devoid of the property of inducing active anaphylactic sensitization in guinea pigs.
2. The bacterial carbohydrates of Pneumococcus, of which the Type II and Type III substances are nitrogen-free, produce rapid and fatal anaphylactic shock in guinea pigs passively sensitized with the precipitating serum of rabbits immunized with pneumococci of the homologous type; the reactions induced are type-specific.
3. In contrast to the positive results with immune rabbit serum, there is a complete absence of anaphylactic response to pneumococcus carbohydrate in guinea pigs passively sensitized with antipneumococcus horse serum.
BIOMETRY OF CALCIUM, INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS, CHOLESTEROL, AND LIPOID PHOSPHORUS IN THE BLOOD OF RABBITS
Authors: Harnes Alvin R. 
Published: June 2004

A series of determinations of inorganic phosphorus, calcium, cholesterol, and lecithin were made on a group of 10 animals living in the laboratory from Oct. 27, 1927, to May 17, 1928. A marked difference in both the trend and absolute values was noted in animals living in the laboratory when compared with the values obtained for animals living out-of-doors. With animals living in the open, the trend of variation for calcium was found to be the same. However, animals living in the laboratory maintained a higher level over the same period of time. The inorganic phosphorus and lecithin both showed a marked decrease and both maintained a lower level than was found in animals just received from the dealer. The cholesterol content of whole blood exhibited a similar trend in both groups of animals. However, it was found that animals living in the laboratory maintained a lower level than animals living out-of-doors.
The mean value for calcium was found to be 15.7 ±0.05, for inorganic phosphorus 4.65 ±0.05 mg. per 100 cc. of blood serum, and for cholesterol 58.2 ±0.39 and lecithin 118.4 ±1.13 mg. per 100 cc. of whole blood.
The coefficients of correlation having the highest degree of mathematical significance were obtained from the mean values for individual animals.
THE RELATION OF FREQUENCY TO THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ULTRA-HIGH FREQUENCY CURRENTS
Authors: Christie Ronald V. , Loomis Alfred L. 
Published: June 2004

1. Biological effects of electromagnetic waves emitted by a vacuum tube oscillator have been studied at frequencis ranging from 8,300,000 to 158,000,000 cycles per second (1.9 to 38 meters wave-length).
2. The effects produced on animals can be fully explained on the basis of the heat generated by high frequency currents which are induced in them.
3. No evidence was obtained to support the theory that certain wave-lengths have a specific action on living cells.
4. At frequencies below 50,000,000 cycles, the effect of these radiations on animals is proportionate to the intensity of the electro-magnetic field. As the frequency is increased beyond this point, the amount of induced current is diminished and the apparent lethality of the radiation is decreased. This can be explained by changes occurring in the dielectric properties of tissues at low wave-lengths.