bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An interaction of screen colour and lesson task in CAL
Authors: Clariana Roy B. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractColour is a common feature in computer‐aided learning (CAL), though the instructional effects of screen colour are not well understood. This investigation considers the effects of different CAL study tasks with feedback on posttest performance and on posttest memory of the lesson colour scheme. Graduate students (n=68) completed a computer‐based vocabulary lesson that included either multiple‐choice or constructed‐response study tasks with feedback. Each lesson section used a different colour theme, while the posttest did not use colour. The constructed‐response study task was a little more effective for posttest memory of lesson content but was substantially less effective for posttest memory of the lesson colour scheme. These results show a clear interaction of screen colour and lesson study task, a memory‐context effect. The practical and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Web site accessibility: what logo will we use today?
Authors: Witt Neil , McDermott Anne 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe Special Educational Needs and Disability Act has amended the Disability Discrimination Act and requires that students with a disability not be discriminated against or substantially disadvantaged by establishments of further and higher education.Academic web site developers must take steps to ensure that their sites fulfil this requirement, and guidance on compliance is provided by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Web Accessibility Initiative's (WAI) Web Content Accessibility Guidelines, which offer three levels for assessing accessibility. Tools which give developers feedback on their site are available, but following their recommendations alone will not guarantee SENDA compliance.An audit of UK academic web sites has shown discrepancies between the level of compliance that sites are claiming and that which has been achieved. This would seem to demonstrate that there is a misunderstanding of the requirements necessary to create accessible web sites.This problem is exacerbated by the academic sector's widespread reliance on software accessibility tools, the use of which tends to lead developers to rely on the tools’ quantitative approach when what is required is the inclusion and development of a more qualitative view which prioritises inclusive design from the outset.
Use of information technology and music learning in the search for quality education
Authors: Ho Wai‐chung 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis paper focuses on the paradigm shift in teaching that has resulted from the use of information technology (IT) and the ways in which IT in the curriculum enhances music learning in Hong Kong. In 1998 the government proposed a five‐year strategy plan, Information Technology for Quality Education, and since this time the Hong Kong education system has changed rapidly, with increasing demands on teachers to upgrade their technological skills and practices. Semi‐structured interviews concerning concepts of IT with 29 primary and secondary school teachers and their 543 students, held between February and August 2002, give situation‐specific insights into their views. The paper concludes that when IT is carefully planned, designed and integrated into good music practice in classrooms, it can support students’ motivation and enhance the quality of learning.
The role of cognitive style in educational computer conferencing
Authors: Cunningham‐Atkins Hilary , Powell Norman , Moore David , Hobbs Dave , Sharpe Simon 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis paper reports an investigation of the impact of students’ cognitive style on their effective use of educational text‐based computer‐mediated conferences. The research centres on an empirical study involving students from three courses run by the British Open University. Statistical analysis of the data does not suggest that cognitive style has a strong influence on student participation in the conference, but does suggest that, contrary to expectations, ‘imagers’ may send more messages to conferences than ‘verbalisers’. The data also suggest a possible link between certain cognitive styles and course completion, and that the interaction of different styles within a group, as described by Riding and Rayner's (1998) team roles, may have an indirect influence on task completion.
Computer conferencing with access to a ‘guest expert’ in the professional development of special educational needs coordinators
Authors: Wearmouth Janice , Smith Alice Paige , Soler Janet 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis article describes and outlines the implications of a one‐year case study of students’ use of the computer conferencing facility of a postgraduate module for special educational needs coordinators (SENCOs) at a distance‐learning institution. This facility incorporates a virtual space for a ‘guest expert’. The aim of the study was to inform future development of courses at a time when computer conferencing was just becoming widespread in the university concerned. Quantitative data associated with the volume and patterns of individual participation in the computer conference were collected as well as interview material from students, tutors and the ‘guest expert’. Findings from the study indicate that computer conferencing has the potential to facilitate the professional development of teachers as reflective practitioners and researchers. However, they also point to a number of barriers to student participation that must be addressed. These include access issues related to time constraints, unfamiliarity with the medium, and lack of confidence in expressing personal views in a public arena. A major conclusion drawn from this study is that it may be appropriate to consider future developments which incorporate the assumption that, in computer conferences of large professional development courses, students are much more likely to participate through reading rather than making personal contributions to conference discussions. This opens the possibility of reconceptualising the role of the ‘guest expert’ as two or more discussants with relevant expertise dialoguing with each other while students follow a threaded discussion and/or make personal contributions.
The value of adaptivity based on cognitive style: an empirical study
Authors: Triantafillou Evangelos , Pomportsis Andreas , Demetriadis Stavros , Georgiadou Elissavet 
Published: February 2004

AbstractAdaptive Hypermedia Systems can be developed to accommodate a variety of individual differences, including learning style and cognitive style. This study investigates the hypothesis that adaptive hypermedia accommodating cognitive styles can be beneficial for the observed learning outcomes. A prototype system, designed to be adapted to individual cognitive styles, was developed as a case study. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the prototype system, an empirical study was conducted. This paper presents the results of the summative evaluation of the system. Statistical analyses indicated that students in the experimental group performed significantly better than students in a control group. These findings indicate that student performance is mainly affected by adaptivity based on individual cognitive styles.
Black Mafia, Loggies and Going for the Stars: The Military Elite Revisited
Authors: Macdonald Keith 
Published: February 2004

The connection between a Public School education and the British Army officer corps has often been presented as an example of a self-perpetuating elite, with little by way of theoretical explanation. This paper aims to explicate these matters by reference to Bourdieu's concepts of habitus and field and to extend the empirical work of earlier studies by looking at the nature of army organization structure, the place of particular regiments within it, and the relative success of officers from different regiments in gaining promotion to general. Inter-regimental competition plays a key role in allowing the reproduction of privilege within the military, and testifies therefore to the importance of organizational structures. The shorthand conclusions of earlier studies that ‘the elite is maintained’ can be replaced by analysis and explanation, which suggest that the alignment of public school habitus and military field will ensure that (other things being equal) this state of affairs will be slow to change. The property assets of the upper middle class allow their offspring to acquire at public school the cultural assets that will enable them to succeed in a military career. This in turn give access to organizational assets and economic rewards that will enable them to provide the next generation with their cultural assets. ‘It's a way we have in the Army, ‘It's a way we have in the Navy, ‘It's a way we have in the Public Schools, Which nobody can deny!’ 1
Changing the epistemological and psychological subject: William James's psychology without borders
Authors: Janack Marianne 
Published: February 2004

Abstract:Why has James been relatively absent from the neopragmatist revival of the past twenty years? I argue that part of the reason is that his psychological projects seem to hold little promise for a socially and culturally progressive philosophical project, and that his concern with religious issues makes him seem like a religious apologist. Bringing together James's psychological writings with his philosophical writings shows these assumptions to be wrong. I offer a reading of “The Will to Believe” and The Principles of Psychology to support my position (a) that James's philosophical methodology and his psychological works lend themselves to a naturalized approach to philosophical inquiry, which both allows for a reshaping of traditional philosophical questions and offers a check on scientism, and (b) that, contrary to many commentators' claims, James is not defending religion against science but is instead using science to address epistemic and moral issues more broadly. I conclude with a discussion of the ways in which James's naturalism demands a reconsideration of the nature of philosophical inquiry, as well as a revised view of a scientific psychology that avoids scientism.
Balancing the evidence: incorporating the synthesis of qualitative data into systematic reviews
Authors: Pearson Alan 
Published: February 2004

AbstractTechniques for the systematic review of evidence of effectiveness are now well established. Health‐care professionals argue, however, for a need to recognise evidence of appropriateness and feasibility and for the development of methodologies to appraise and synthesise the results of qualitative research. This paper describes a participatory project designed to develop systems to systematically review qualitative evidence. The Qualitative Assessment and Review Instrument is described in detail, and a suite of programs designed to conduct comprehensive reviews of evidence for health‐care practice is outlined. As evidence‐based practice increases in sophistication, and its influence in health service delivery expands, the need for broadening the view of what constitutes legitimate evidence is advanced by clinicians and the approach described attempts to achieve a balance in evidence review that recognises the value of quantitative and qualitative evidence.
Bioinformatics: New Science–New Statistics?
Authors: Gilks Wally 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe new research field of bioinformatics is concerned with the collection, maintenance and processing of genomic information. Like statistical genetics, it provides computational techniques for unravelling the complex machinery of the genome, but it is distinct in emphasis and approach. As a relative newcomer to bioinformatics, statistician Wally Gilks sets out to convey his excitement about the subject and to explain the opportunities it presents to professional statisticians.
Shipman’s Statistical Legacy
Authors: Spiegelhalter David , Best Nicky 
Published: February 2004

AbstractHarold Shipman, who in January committed suicide in prison, has become notorious the world over as one of the most prolific serial killers of all time. His case has also seriously dented public confidence in doctors. David Spiegelhalter and Nicky Best explain how industrial quality control techniques could be adapted to signal when death rates among a doctor's patients are surprisingly high, and the tricky issues that would arise in implementing such a monitoring system.
Extreme Values in the Dock
Authors: Heffernan Janet , Tawn Jonathan 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
On 9th September 1980 the bulk carrier M. V. Derbyshire sank in the Pacific Ocean, around 350 miles south-east of Japan, when she was caught in Typhoon Orchid while transporting iron ore from Canada to Japan. All 44 people on board died. Janet Heffernan and Jonathan Tawn describe their involvement as statistical expert witnesses in the Investigation of the sinking and their experience of giving evidence in court, outlining their statistical analysis which provided new insight into the circumstances surrounding the loss of the ship.
Career Story: Pharmaceutical Statistician
Authors: Grieve Andy 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
Nobody could accuse the Royal Statistical Society's President Andy Grieve of looking for a quiet life. As well as being a consultant statistician for pharmaceuticals company Pfizer, he has for many years been heavily involved with the Society and Statisticians in the Pharmaceutical Industry. However, he claims to Helen Joyce that his early career was shaped by a fondness for “taking the easy option”.
Visualising Interaction Effects
Authors: Woodward Phil , Whitlock Mark 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
In drug discovery, statisticians often work with biologists and chemists to uncover relationships between the various chemical properties and the biological effects of compounds. The aim is to “design” drugs that have exactly the desired pharmaceutical effects. Phil Woodward and Mark Whitlock of Pfizer Global R&D show how a graph can uncover deeply hidden relationships and guide chemists in their efforts to find the next blockbuster drug.
Agricultural Data Quality
Authors: Neil Stuart 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
Since the late 19th century, the Agricultural Census has been an important source of data on land use and numbers of livestock and farm workers. It works well as a general source of large area results, but in late 2003, in response to customer demand to make data available at smaller geographical scales, the Welsh Assembly released a spreadsheet of results at the small area level from the 2002 Agricultural Census. In this case study, Stuart Neil discusses the issues of data quality that arose in compiling these data.
Budding of PPxY-Containing Rhabdoviruses Is Not Dependent on Host Proteins TGS101 and VPS4A
Authors: Irie Takashi , Licata Jillian M. , McGettigan James P. , Schnell Matthias J. , Harty Ronald N. 
Published: February 2004

ABSTRACT
Viral matrix proteins of several enveloped RNA viruses play important roles in virus assembly and budding and are by themselves able to bud from the cell surface in the form of lipid-enveloped, virus-like particles (VLPs). Three motifs (PT/SAP, PPxY, and YxxL) have been identified as late budding domains (L-domains) responsible for efficient budding. L-domains can functionally interact with cellular proteins involved in vacuolar sorting (VPS4A and TSG101) and endocytic pathways (Nedd4), suggesting involvement of these pathways in virus budding. Ebola virus VP40 has overlapping PTAP and PPEY motifs, which can functionally interact with TSG101 and Nedd4, respectively. As for vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), a PPPY motif within M protein can interact with Nedd4. In addition, M protein has a PSAP sequence downstream of the PPPY motif, but the function of PSAP in budding is not clear. In this study, we compared L-domain functions between Ebola virus and VSV by constructing a chimeric M protein (M40), in which the PPPY motif of VSV M is replaced by the L domains of VP40. The budding efficiency of M40 was 10-fold higher than that of wild-type (wt) M protein. Overexpression of a dominant negative mutant of VPS4A or depletion of cellular TSG101 reduced the budding of only M40-containing VLPs but not that of wt M VLPs or live VSV. These findings suggest that the PSAP motif of M protein is not critical for budding and that there are fundamental differences between PTAP-containing viruses (Ebola virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 1) and PPPY-containing viruses (VSV and rabies virus) regarding their dependence on specific host factors for efficient budding.
Neutralizing Antibodies and CD8
+
T Lymphocytes both Contribute to Immunity to Adenovirus Serotype 5 Vaccine Vectors
Authors: Sumida Shawn M. , Truitt Diana M. , Kishko Michael G. , Arthur Janelle C. , Jackson Shawn S. , Gorgone Darci A. , Lifton Michelle A. , Koudstaal Wouter , Pau Maria G. , Kostense Stefan , Havenga Menzo J. E. , Goudsmit Jaap , Letvin Norman L. , Barouch Dan H. 
Published: February 2004

ABSTRACT

The high prevalence of preexisting immunity to adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) in human populations will likely limit the immunogenicity and clinical utility of recombinant Ad5 vector-based vaccines for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and other pathogens. Ad5-specific neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are thought to contribute substantially to anti-Ad5 immunity, but the potential importance of Ad5-specific T lymphocytes in this setting has not been fully characterized. Here we assess the relative contributions of Ad5-specific humoral and cellular immune responses in blunting the immunogenicity of a rAd5-Env vaccine in mice. Adoptive transfer of Ad5-specific NAbs resulted in a dramatic abrogation of Env-specific immune responses following immunization with rAd5-Env. Interestingly, adoptive transfer of Ad5-specific CD8
+
T lymphocytes also resulted in a significant and durable suppression of rAd5-Env immunogenicity. These data demonstrate that NAbs and CD8
+
T lymphocytes both contribute to immunity to Ad5. Novel adenovirus vectors that are currently being developed to circumvent the problem of preexisting anti-Ad5 immunity should therefore be designed to evade both humoral and cellular Ad5-specific immune responses.
Binding to Decay-Accelerating Factor Is Not Required for Infection of Human Leukocyte Cell Lines by Enterovirus 70
Authors: Haddad Alain , Nokhbeh M. Reza , Alexander David A. , Dawe Sandra J. , Grisé Christine , Gulzar Naveed , Dimock Kenneth 
Published: February 2004

ABSTRACTEnterovirus 70 (EV70) is one of several human enteroviruses that exhibit a propensity for infecting the central nervous system (CNS). The mechanisms by which neurotropic enteroviruses gain access to and invade the CNS are poorly understood. One possibility is that circulating leukocytes become infected and carry neurotropic enteroviruses to the CNS. We examined the ability of EV70 to infect cell lines derived from lymphoid, myeloid, and monocytic lineages. Most leukocyte cell lines tested bound radiolabeled EV70 and were permissive for EV70 replication, suggesting that EV70, in contrast to other enteroviruses, has an in vitro tropism that includes lymphoid, monocytic, and myeloid cell lines. For some of the cell lines, virus binding and infection correlated with surface expression of decay-accelerating factor (DAF), an attachment protein for EV70 on HeLa cells. However, EV70 also adsorbed to and infected cell lines that expressed little or no DAF. In contrast to what was observed for HeLa cells, neither DAF-specific monoclonal antibodies nor phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C treatment inhibited EV70 binding to permissive leukocyte cell lines, and antibody blockade of DAF had little or no effect on EV70 replication. We also found that neither the human coxsackievirus-adenovirus receptor nor intercellular cell adhesion molecule 1, which mediate the entry of coxsackie B viruses and coxsackievirus A21, respectively, functions as a receptor for EV70. EV70 binding to all cell lines was sensitive to sialidase treatment and to inhibition of O glycosylation by benzylN-acetyl-α-d-galactosaminide. Taken together, these results suggest that a sialylated molecule(s) other than DAF serves as a receptor for EV70 on permissive human leukocyte cell lines.
Requirements for CEACAMs and Cholesterol during Murine Coronavirus Cell Entry
Authors: Thorp Edward B. , Gallagher Thomas M. 
Published: February 2004

ABSTRACTPrevious reports have documented that cholesterol supplementations increase cytopathic effects in tissue culture and also intensify in vivo pathogenicities during infection by the enveloped coronavirus murine hepatitis virus (MHV). To move toward a mechanistic understanding of these phenomena, we used growth media enriched with methyl-β-cyclodextrin or cholesterol to reduce or elevate cellular membrane sterols, respectively. Cholesterol depletions reduced plaque development 2- to 20-fold, depending on the infecting MHV strain, while supplementations increased susceptibility 2- to 10-fold. These various cholesterol levels had no effect on the binding of viral spike (S) proteins to cellular carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule (CEACAM) receptors, rather they correlated directly with S-protein-mediated membrane fusion activities. We considered whether cholesterol was indirectly involved in membrane fusion by condensing CEACAMs into “lipid raft” membrane microdomains, thereby creating opportunities for simultaneous binding of multiple S proteins that subsequently cooperate in the receptor-triggered membrane fusion process. However, the vast majority of CEACAMs were solubilized by cold Triton X-100 (TX-100), indicating their absence from lipid rafts. Furthermore, engineered CEACAMs appended to glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors partitioned with TX-100-resistant lipid rafts, but cells bearing these raft-associated CEACAMs were not hypersensitive to MHV infection. These findings argued against the importance of cholesterol-dependent CEACAM localizations into membrane microdomains for MHV entry, instead suggesting that cholesterol had a more direct role. Indeed, we found that cholesterol was required even for those rare S-mediated fusions taking place in the absence of CEACAMs. We conclude that cholesterol is an essential membrane fusion cofactor that can act with or without CEACAMs to promote MHV entry.
Interaction and Replication Activation of Genotype I and II Hepatitis Delta Antigens
Authors: Hsu Sheng-Chieh , Wu Jaw-Ching , Sheen I-Jane , Syu Wan-Jr 
Published: February 2004

ABSTRACT

The nucleotide sequences of hepatitis D viruses (HDV) vary 5 to 14% among isolates of the same genotype and 23 to 34% among different genotypes. The only viral-genome-encoded antigen, hepatitis delta antigen (HDAg), has two forms that differ in size. The small HDAg (HDAg-S)
trans
-activates viral replication, while the large form (HDAg-L) is essential for viral assembly. Previously, it has been shown that the packaging efficiency of HDAg-L is higher for genotype I than for genotype II. In this study, the question of whether other functional properties of the HDAgs are affected by genotype differences is addressed. By coexpression of the two antigens in HuH-7 cells followed by specific antibody precipitation, it was found that HDAgs of different origins interacted without genotypic discrimination. Moreover, in the presence of hepatitis B virus surface antigen, HDAg-S was incorporated into virion-like particles through interaction with HDAg-L without genotype restriction. As to the differences in replication activation of genotype I HDV RNA, all HDAg-S clones tested had some
trans
-activation activity, and this activity varied greatly among isolates. As to the support of HDV genotype II replication, only clones of HDAg-S from genotype II showed
trans
-activation activity, and this activity also varied among isolates. In conclusion, genotype has no effect on HDAg interaction and genotype per se only partly predicts how much the HDAg-S of an HDV isolate affects the replication of a second HDV isolate.