bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fine‐mapping of the intestinal receptor locus for enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli F4ac on porcine chromosome 13
Authors: Python P. , Jörg H. , Neuenschwander S. , Hagger C. , Stricker C. , Bürgi E. , Bertschinger H. U. , Stranzinger G. , Vögeli P. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe aim of this study was to refine the localization of the receptor locus for fimbriae F4ac. Small intestinal enterocyte preparations from 187 pigs were phenotyped by an in vitro adhesion test using two strains of Escherichia coli representing the variants F4ab and F4ac. The three‐generation pedigree comprised eight founders, 18 F1 and 174 F2 animals, for a total of 200 pigs available for the linkage analysis. Results of the adhesion tests on 171 F2 pigs slaughtered at 8 weeks of age show that 23.5% of the pigs were adhesive for F4ab and non‐adhesive for F4ac (phenotype F4abR+/F4acR–; R means receptor). Pigs of this phenotype were characterized by a weak adhesion receptor for F4ab. No pigs were found expressing only F4acR and lacking F4abR. Receptors for F4ab and F4ac (F4abR+/F4acR+) were expressed by 54.5% of the pigs. Animals of this phenotype strongly bound both F4ab and F4ac E. coli. In the segregation study, the serum transferrin (TF) gene and 10 microsatellites on chromosome 13 were linked with F4acR (recombination fractions (θ) between 0.00 and 0.11 and lod score values (Z) between 11.4 and 40.4). The 11‐point analysis indicates the F4acR locus was located in the interval S0068‐Sw1030 close to S0075 and Sw225, with recombination fractions (θ) of 0.05 between F4acR and S0068, 0.04 with Sw1030, and 0.00 with S0075 and Sw225.The lack of pigs displaying the F4abR–/F4acR+ phenotype and the presence of two phenotypes for F4abR (a strong receptor present in phenotype F4abR+/F4acR+ and a weak receptor in phenotype F4abR+/F4acR–) led us to conclude that the receptor for F4ac binds F4ab bacteria as well, and that it is controlled by one gene localized between S0068 and Sw1030 on chromosome 13.
Putative in silico mapping of DNA sequences to livestock genome maps using SSLP flanking sequences
Authors: Farber C. R. , Medrano J. F. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIn this study, an in silico approach was developed to identify homologies existing between livestock microsatellite flanking sequences and GenBank nucleotide sequences. Initially, 1955 bovine, 1570 porcine and 1121 chicken microsatellites were downloaded and the flanking sequences were compared with the nr and dbEST databases of GenBank. A total of 74 bovine, 44 porcine and 37 chicken microsatellite flanking sequences passed our criteria and had at least one significant match to human genomic sequence, genes/expressed sequence tags (ESTs) or both. GenBank annotation and BLAT searches of the UCSC human genome assembly revealed that 38 bovine, 13 porcine and 17 chicken microsatellite flanking sequences were highly similar to known human genes. Map locations were available for 67 bovine, 44 porcine and 21 chicken microsatellite flanking sequences, providing useful links in the comparative maps of humans and livestock. In support of our approach, 112 alignments with both microsatellite and match mapping information were located in the expected chromosomal regions based on previously reported syntenic relationships. The development of this in silico mapping approach has significantly increased the number of genes and EST sequences anchored to the bovine, porcine and chicken genome maps and the number of links in various human–livestock comparative maps.
Comparative mapping of a region on chromosome 10 containing QTL for reproduction in swine1
Authors: Nonneman D. J. , Rohrer G. A. 
Published: March 2003

SummarySeveral quantitative trait loci (QTL) for important reproductive traits (age of puberty, ovulation rate, nipple number and plasma FSH) have been identified on the long arm of porcine chromosome 10. Bi‐directional chromosome painting has shown that this region is homologous to human chromosome 10p. Because few microsatellite or type I markers have been placed on SSC10, we wanted to increase the density of known ESTs mapped in this region of the porcine genome. Genes were chosen for their position on human chromosome 10, sequence availability from the TIGR pig gene indices, and their potential as a candidate gene. The PCR primers were designed to amplify across introns or 3′‐UTR to maximize single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery. Parents of the mapping population (one sire and seven dams) were amplified and sequenced to find informative markers. The SNPs were genotyped using primer extension and mass spectrometry. These amplification products were also used to probe a BAC library (RPCI‐44, Roswell Park Cancer Institute) for positive clones and screened for microsatellites. Six genes from human chromosome 10p (AKR1C2, PRKCQ, ITIH2, ATP5C1, PIP5K2A and GAD2) were mapped in the MARC swine mapping population. Gene order was conserved within these markers from centromere to telomere of porcine chromosome 10q, as compared with human chromosome 10p. Four of these genes (PIP5K2A, ITIH2, GAD2 and AKR1C2), which map under QTL, are potential candidate genes. Identification of porcine homologues near important QTL and development of a comparative map for this chromosome will allow further fine‐ mapping and positional cloning of candidate genes affecting reproductive traits.
Polymorphism at the ovine β3‐adrenergic receptor locus: associations with birth weight, growth rate, carcass composition and cold survival
Authors: Forrest R. H. , Hickford J. G. H. , Hogan A. , Frampton C. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe β3‐adrenergic receptors (ADRB3s) are predominantly found on the surface of adipocytes and are the major mediators of the lipolytic and thermogenic effects of high catecholamine concentrations. Polymerase chain reaction–single strand conformational polymorphism (PCR–SSCP) analysis of part of the ovine β3‐adrenergic receptor gene (ADRB3) intron was used to screen 12 large Merino half‐sib families for sequence variation. Six different alleles that segregated in a Mendelian fashion were observed. The genetic basis for the allelic differences were identified by sequencing the ADRB3 (coding and non‐coding regions) from animals that were homozygous for each of the alleles. Five sire lines (two Merino × Merino, two Merino × Coopworth, one Dorset Down × Coopworth) provided phenotypic and genotypic data used to ascertain the effects of allelic variation at the ADRB3 locus on birth weight, weaning weight, growth rate (up until weaning), carcass composition at 63 days post‐weaning and cold survival. Statistical analyses within each half‐sib family showed that in some sire lines (S13, S15, and S17) the inheritance of a particular allele was associated with increased birth weights and/or increased growth rates up until weaning. The inheritance of a particular sire allele was associated with fatter carcasses in sire line S16. Chi‐squared analysis revealed the association of the E allele with cold survival and the D allele with cold‐related mortality in sire line S14. Such associations support the hypothesis that ADRB3s are involved in energy homeostasis. With more research, the variation detected at the ADRB3 locus may assist in the genetic selection for desirable animal production traits.
Genetic diversity and relationships of indigenous Kenyan camel (Camelus dromedarius) populations: implications for their classification
Authors: Mburu D. N. , Ochieng J. W. , Kuria S. G. , Jianlin H. , Kaufmann B. , Rege J. E. O. , Hanotte O. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe genetic diversity and relationships amongst the dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) populations are poorly documented. Four recognized Kenyan dromedary breeds (Somali, Turkana, Rendille, Gabbra) and dromedary from Pakistan and the Arabian Peninsula (Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates) were studied using 14 microsatellite loci. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Kenyan dromedaries are distinct from Arabian and Pakistani populations. Expected heterozygosity and allelic diversity values indicate that Kenyan dromedaries are less diverse than non‐Kenyan populations. With the exception of the Somali population, the Kenyan dromedaries are poorly differentiated (average FST=0.009), with only one to two loci separating the Gabbra, Rendille and Turkana populations studied (P < 0.05). Individual assignments were performed using the maximum likelihood method. A correct breed assignment of only 39–48% was observed for the Kenyan dromedaries, using an allocation stringency of a log of the odds ratio >2. Our results do not support the present classification of the indigenous Kenyan dromedary into four distinct breeds based on socio‐geographical criteria. Instead, our results point to just two separate genetic entities, the Somali and a group including the Gabbra, Rendille and Turkana populations.
Physical mapping of the brain and ovarian aromatase genes in the Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, by fluorescence in situ hybridization
Authors: Harvey S. C. , Kwon J. Y. , Penman D. J. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryCytochrome P450‐aromatase enzyme (CYP19), which catalyses the conversion of androgens to oestrogens, is critical in ovarian differentiation and hence in the sex differentiation pathways of non‐mammalian vertebrates. As in other fish species, distinct ovarian and brain aromatase genes have been identified in the Nile Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. Here we demonstrate by in situ hybridization that the two aromatase genes of this species are present on different chromosomes and that neither are located on the sex chromosomes. Hence, the aromatase genes are not the primary sex determination genes in O. niloticus.
Effect of altered gastric emptying and gastrointestinal motility on metformin absorption
Authors: Marathe, Punit H. , Wen Yandong , Norton Jean , Greene Douglas S. , Barbhaiya Rashmi H. , Wilding Ian R. 
Published: March 2003

Aims
The purpose of this in vivo human study was to assess the effect of altered gastric emptying and gastrointestinal motility on the absorption of metformin in healthy subjects.
Methods
An open‐label, three treatment, three period crossover study was conducted in 11 healthy volunteers. Each subject received 550 mg metformin hydrochloride in solution alone; 5 min after a 10 mg i.v. dose of metoclopramide; and 30 min after a 30 mg oral dose of propantheline. Metformin solution was radiolabeled by the addition of 99mTc‐DTPA. The gastrointestinal transit of the solution was monitored by gamma scintigraphy and the pharmacokinetic data were correlated with the scintigraphic findings.
Results
Scintigraphic data indicated that pretreatment with metoclopramide decreased gastric emptying time and increased gastrointestinal motility while pretreatment with propantheline had the opposite effect. The systemic disposition of metformin was not altered by pretreatment with metoclopramide and propantheline, as judged by unchanged renal clearance and elimination half‐life of metformin. Extent of metformin absorption was essentially unchanged after pretreatment with metoclopramide. However, AUC(0,∞) and % UR (percent dose excreted unchanged in urine) generally increased with increase in gastric emptying time and small intestinal transit times. GI overlay plots showed that the absorption phase of metformin plasma profile always coincided with gastric emptying and the beginning of decline of metformin plasma concentrations was usually associated with the colon arrival. Only in cases where the intestinal transit was drastically prolonged by propantheline pretreatment, was a decline in plasma levels observed prior to colon arrival.
Conclusions
Metformin is primarily absorbed from the small intestine. The extent of metformin absorption is improved when the gastrointestinal motility is slowed. These findings have significant implications in the design of a metformin modified release dosage form.
Sudden unexpected death in infants under 3 months of age and vaccination status – a case‐control study
Authors: Jonville‐Béra Annie‐Pierre , Autret‐Leca Elisabeth , Barbeillon Florence , Paris‐Llado Josepha ,   the French Reference Centers for SIDS
Published: March 2003

Aims  To determine whether DTPP+Hib vaccination (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis +/− haemophilus) increased the risk of sudden unexpected death (SUD) in children under 3 months of age.Methods  We conducted a multicentre case‐control study in the 28 French ‘SIDS Centers’. Case selection was based on death labelled sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) of an infant aged between 30 and 90 days. Three living controls were selected, matched for sex, gestational age and born immediately after the victim in the same maternity unit.Results  We identified 114 cases of SUD aged between 30 and 90 days and 341 live controls matched for age and sex and born in the same maternity unit as the case. DTPP±Hib immunization did not increase the risk of SUD (OR 1.08) (95% CI 0.49, 2.36) in children under 3 months of age when adjusted for sleeping position, illness in the week before death, maternal tobacco consumption, birth weight, type of mattress, breastfeeding and sex. However, low birth‐weight (6.53 [2.29, 18.9]), multiple birth (5.1 [1.76, 15.13]), no breastfeeding (1.77 [1.1, 2.85]), prone sleeping position (9.8 [5, 8, 18, 9]), soft mattress (3.26 [1.69, 6.29]), recent illness (3.44 [1.84, 6.41]) and parental smoking (1.74 [1.2, 2.96]) were confirmed as risk factors in early SIDS.Conclusions  DTPP±Hib immunization is not a risk factor for early SUD. In this population, we found the same risk factors as described for SIDS.
Die Kralle der Hauskatze (Felis catus) – eine Formenanalyse
Authors: Vollmerhaus B. , Roos H. 
Published: March 2003

The claw of the domestic cat (Felis catus) – analysis of its shapeThe feline claws in the forepaw and hind paw are very different in shape. An objective method of comparison will be described. The differences in function and the factors with regard to the shape are discussed.
Konstruktionsprinzipien an der Vorder‐ und Hinterpfote der Hauskatze (Felis catus). 1. Mitteilung: Skelett
Authors: Roos H. , Vollmerhaus B. 
Published: March 2003

Principles of construction in the forepaw and hindpaw of the domestic cat (Felis catus). Part I: skeletonThe differences in the skeleton of the forepaw and hindpaw of the domestic cat are an expression of a highly specialized, functional adaption: The mesaxonic forepaw with abducable first digit is used for running as well as for catching and climbing. The paraxonic hindpaw becomes, particularly through the arched construction of the metacarpus, a long and strong caulking tool both in sprinting and climbing up. The discussion focuses on evolutionary considerations. Moreover, common points and differences in the skeleton of the forepaw and hindpaw of the domestic cat and their importance are summarized and briefly compared with the situation in the dog.
Konstruktionsprinzipien an der Vorder‐ und Hinterpfote der Hauskatze (Felis catus). 2. Mitteilung: Gelenke
Authors: Vollmerhaus B. , Roos H. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryPrinciples of construction in the forepaw and hindpaw of the domestic cat (Felis catus). Part II: ArticulationsAccording to form and range of mobility the joints of the cat’s paw (articulationes manus et pedis) are adjusted to two basic functions: as far as they are used for walking in the different gaits they show components in the sagittal plane that particularly correspond to the digitigrade dog. With regard to cat‐specific behaviour, i.e. climbing and catching, specific characteristics of the joints for movements in the R‐plane (rotation) and A‐plane (abduction/adduction) can be distinguished. For this reason highly specialized types of articulations occur in cat’s paw that are unique compared to other mammals and that mostly have not been described yet. In this context, like in the skeleton (see first communication), function‐adapted divergences can also be found between the joints of the forepaw and hindpaw of the cat.
Comparison of Localization of the Neurokinin 1 Receptor with AMPA‐type Glutamate Receptors in the Rat Spinal Cord
Authors: Nazli M. , Morris R. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryWith the cloning of the α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isaxole propionic acid (AMPA)‐type receptor subunits, it is now possible to localize these receptor subunits in the spinal cord. Comparison of the neurokinin 1 receptor distribution with that of non‐N‐methyl‐
d‐aspartate glutamate receptor subunits (GluR1–4), considered to be AMPA‐type, was investigated in rat spinal cord by immunocytochemical methods. Different patterns of immunolabelling were observed with the antibodies to the GluR1, GluR2/3 and GluR4 subunits in the lumbar spinal cord. Immunolabelling with antibodies to both GluR1 and GluR2/3 revealed intensive staining in the dorsal horn, while staining for GluR2/3 and GluR4 was dense in the motor neurons of the ventral horn. These results suggest that in the rat spinal cord AMPA‐type receptors vary their composition according to the region where they are expressed. Neurokinin‐1‐receptor‐expressing neurons in the dorsal horn do not appear to express the GluR4 subunit, however, whether they express the GluR1, GluR2/3 receptors subunits could not be determined.
Morphological, Histochemical and Morphometric Study of the Myotomal Muscle Tissue of the Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg 1887: Serrasalminae, Characidae, Teleostei)
Authors: Dal Pai V. , Dal Pai‐Silva M. , Carvalho E. D. , Fujihara C. Y. , Gregório E. A. , Curi P. R. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryHistochemical, ultrastructural and morphometric methods were used to study growth patterns of red, pink and white muscle fibres and their relation to body weight and total length in the fast‐growing freshwater fish Piaractus mesopotamicus Holmberg. The correlations amongst body weight, body length and diameter of red, pink and white fibres were low. From 10–15 to 40–50 cm, body weight increased 102.7 times, while the diameter of each type of fibre increased by factors of 0.94, 0.74 and 0.70, respectively. Muscle fibres revealed different morphological and histochemical stages of maturation. The frequencies of < 20 µm fibres of red, pink and white muscle tissue in the youngest and oldest classes were 64.5 and 11.0, 38.2 and 7.7 and 24.0 and 1.4%, respectively. In 30–40 cm fish, the frequency of < 20 µm fibres in the red and pink tissue was 24.5 and 25.5%, while in the white tissue it was 11.5%. During sexual maturity (40–50 cm), the recruitment of < 20 µm fibres in white muscle was 1.4%. Muscle fibres of this species showed continuous growth by both hyperplastic and hypertrophic mechanisms, and hyperplasia was particularly active in the juvenile phase.
Arterial Vascularization of the Uropygial Glands (Gl. uropygialis) in geese (Anser anser) and ducks (Anas platyrhynches)
Authors: Aslan K. , Ozcan S. , Kurtul I. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIn the present study, arterial vascularization of the uropygial glands (Gl. uropygialis) of 10 adult geese (Anser anser) and 10 adult ducks (Anas platyrhynches) were studied. Takilon was injected into the median coccygeal arteries of six specimens from each species, and Latex (a natural rubber with ammonia) into those of four specimens. Takilon‐injected specimens were corrosion casted, and arteries nourishing the gland were revealed via dissection. Vascularization of the uropygial glands of both the goose and the duck was observed to be the right (a. gl. uropygii dextra), left (a. gl. uropygi sinistra) and ventral (a. gl. uropygi ventralis) glandular uropygial arteries, arising from the median coccygeal (a. coccygea media) artery. Both the right and left glandular uropygial arteries were observed, divided into four branches as follows; muscular ramus (ramus muscularis), medial ramus (ramus medialis), ventral ramus (ramus ventralis) and lateral ramus (ramus lateralis). Of these, as the lateral, medial and ventral branches feed the gland, the muscular branch provides blood for the lateral coccygeal (m. coccygealis lateralis) and levator coccygeal (m. levator coccygealis) muscles, and the skin. Among the arteries mentioned above, anastomosis between the first and the second branches of the right ventral uropygial arteries in the five geese and five ducks was found.
Computed Tomography of Normal Cranioencephalic Structures in Two Horses
Authors: Arencibia A. , Vázquez J. M. , Rivero M. , Latorre R. , Sandoval J. A. , Vilar J. M. , Ramírez J. A. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe purpose of this investigation was to define the anatomy of the cranioencephalic structures in horses using computed tomography (CT). Tranverse images of two isolated equine cadaver heads were obtained using a Toshiba 600 HQ (third‐generation equipment TCT). CT images were compared to corresponding frozen cross‐sections of the cadaver head. Relevant anatomical structures were identified and labelled at each level. The resulting images provided excellent anatomic detail of the structures of the central nervous system and associated formations. Annotated CT images from this study are intended as a reference for clinical CT imaging studies of the equine head.
Morphological Study of Metaphase‐Specific Apoptosis in MRL Mouse Testis
Authors: Kon Y. , Endoh D. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryApoptosis of male germ cells is a complex phenomenon in many animal species. Understanding its mechanisms could be useful in the diagnosis and therapy of male infertility. To examine the differences of distribution of apoptosis among mouse strains, the terminal transferase‐mediated nick end labelling (TUNEL) method was employed. In the testes of MRL mice, many TUNEL‐positive cells were identified at the metaphases of meiotic spermatocytes. Morphometrical analysis revealed that metaphase‐specific apoptosis occurred at the region between secondary spermatocytes and step 1 spermatids in stage XII seminiferous tubules. In the investigation of the developing first‐wave of seminiferous tubules, there were some metaphases showing apoptotic morphology prior to becoming secondary spermatocytes. Details of the apoptotic structure revealed by electron microscopy showed that cellular arrest occurred after the beginning of the M phase of the cell cycle. These results suggested that metaphase‐specific apoptosis in the testis of the MRL mouse strain took place at least at the first meiotic division, perhaps showing the spindle assembly checkpoint of the cell cycle.
The Vascular Bed in the Rabbit Ear: Microangiography and Scanning Electron Microscopy of Vascular Corrosion Casts
Authors: Ninomiya H. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe vascular bed of the rabbit ear has been studied with light microscopy, microangiography and scanning electron microscopy of resin casts in a series of 20 ears. The major arteries supplying the ear were the central and rostral auricular branches of the caudal auricular artery. The caudal auricular branch was not observed, except as a small vessel supplying the rostral auricular base. The central auricular branch supplied blood to most of the auricular integument and was surrounded by capillaries extended from those supplying the skin. The periarterial capillaries formed a fine, compact network in the tunica media and were closely related to the central auricular branch. Evidence is presented suggesting that this vascular mechanism has a counter‐current heat‐exchange function for regulating body temperature. The artery had the well‐developed internal elastic lamina and intimal cushions that regulate blood flow at the branching sites. A number of arteriovenous anastomoses were also observed between arterioles and venules, particularly in marginal regions of the ear. The intimal cushions and arteriovenous anastomoses might play an additional role in thermoregulation by regulating local blood flow in the ear.