bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unravelling the effects of sequential presentation in culprit‐present lineups
Authors: Memon Amina , Gabbert Fiona 
Published: September 2003

AbstractIt is well established that sequential presentation of faces in an eyewitness situation can reduce false identification rates. The effect of a sequential presentation on the probability of accurately identifying a culprit when present in a lineup is less clear. The current study examined the efficacy of the sequential procedure in culprit present lineups approximating the real life condition where a person's appearance has changed between the time they were seen and the identification. Young (17–33 years) and older (58–80 years) witnesses viewed a video of a crime and then engaged in some filler tasks. Later they viewed a culprit‐present lineup presented in a simultaneous or sequential format. Some witnesses viewed lineups in which target appearance (hairstyle) had changed and some where it had not. Sequential testing was associated with fewer choices (hits and foil choices) as compared to simultaneous testing. A change of appearance lowered hit rates in sequential test conditions among young adults. Finally, participants in sequential conditions were more likely to report that they expected the target to be present in the lineup. We advise policy makers not to advocate sequential testing until we have a full understanding of the conditions under which the sequential‐superiority effect may be observed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Highly Stable, New Electrochromic Polymer: Poly(1,4‐bis(2‐(3′,4′‐ethylenedioxy) thienyl)‐2‐methoxy‐5‐2″‐ethylhexyloxybenzene)
Authors: Sonmez G. , Meng H. , Zhang Q. , Wudl F. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractA highly stable new electrochromic polymer, poly(1,4‐bis(2‐(3′,4′‐ethylenedioxy)thienyl)‐2‐methoxy‐5‐2″‐ethylhexyloxybenzene) (P(BEDOT‐MEHB)) was synthesized and its electrochemical and electrochromic properties are reported. P(BEDOT‐MEHB) showed a very well defined electrochemistry with a relatively low oxidation potential of the monomer at + 0.44 V versus Ag/Ag+, E1/2 at – 0.35 V versus Ag/Ag+ and stability to long‐term switching up to 5000 cycles. A high level of stability to over‐oxidation has also been observed as this material shows limited degradation of its electroactivity at potentials 1.4 V above its half‐wave potential. Spectroelectrochemistry showed that the absorbance of the π–π* transition in the neutral state is blue‐shifted compared to PEDOT, displaying a maximum at 538 nm (onset at 640 nm), thus giving an almost colorless, highly transparent oxidized polymer with a bandgap of 1.95 eV. Different colors observed at different oxidation levels and strong absorption in the near‐IR make this polymer a good candidate for several applications.
Nanocomposite Electrolytes with Fumed Silica and Hectorite Clay Networks: Passive versus Active Fillers
Authors: Walls H.J. , Riley M.W. , Singhal R.R. , Spontak R.J. , Fedkiw P.S. , Khan S.A. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe use of nanocomposites constitutes a versatile and robust approach in the development of novel electrolytes with tailored electrochemical and mechanical characteristics. In this study, we examine the morphology, rheology, and ion‐transport properties of two types of nanocomposite electrolyte gels, one consisting of branched silica nanoparticles and the other composed of hectorite clay. In the first system with hydrophobic (fumed) silica, oligomers of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), and lithium salt, the silica acts as a passive filler and does not participate in ion transport. The electrochemical properties are controlled by the salt–PEO electrolyte, allowing for ionic conductivities greater than 10–3S cm–1at ambient temperature. At sufficiently high concentrations, the silica forms an elastic gel possessing a large open network structure that provides for unimpeded ion mobility. In the second system composed of lithium‐exchanged hectorite filler, the nanoscale platelets serve as the anion. This active filler yields ionic conductivities in excess of 10–4S cm–1and lithium transference numbers approaching unity. Similar to fumed silica, the hectorite clay also forms an elastic gel network. However, the morphologies of the two systems are distinctively different both in terms of network structure and characteristic length scale. These morphological differences manifest themselves in different rheological responses with regard to gel modulus and yield stress.
High‐Performance, Monolithic Polyaniline Electrochemical Actuators
Authors: Sansiñena J.‐M. , Gao J. , Wang H.‐L. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractNew polyaniline (PANI) asymmetric membranes were fabricated using a phase‐inversion technique with hexane as the coagulation bath. These membranes exhibit a dense structure with macrovoids distributed asymmetrically throughout the cross‐section. A stress–strain study demonstrated that the Young's modulus (1.421 GPa) and strain at break (7.6 %) of the new PANI asymmetric membranes prepared from hexane are approximately 12 and 4 times higher, respectively, than the values reported previously for the PANI integrally skinned asymmetric membranes (ISAMs) (123 MPa Young's modulus and 1.8 % strain at break). Furthermore, monolithic electrochemical actuators based on a single PANI asymmetric membrane were constructed, and a bending movement of up to 20 Hz was experimentally recorded in a hydrochloric acid aqueous solution. A lifetime of over 329 500 cycles was determined for these actuators at a ± 2° angular displacement (5 Hz). The lifetime is limited by a bending fatigue that creates a transversal crack on the PANI membrane at the air–water interface. Control over the actuator movement is also manifested by the linear dependences of the bending angle on the charge and of the angular velocity on the current. These relationships are independent of both the kind of applied electric signal and the frequency used.
Assembly of Photopolymerizable Discotic Molecules on an Aligned Polyimide Layer Surface to Form a Negative Retardation Film with an Oblique Optical Axis
Authors: Ge J.J. , Hong S.‐C. , Tang B.Y. , Li C.Y. , Zhang D. , Bai F. , Mansdorf B. , Harris F.W. , Yang D. , Shen Y.‐R. , Cheng S.Z.D. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractUltraviolet (UV) polymerizable discotic liquid‐crystalline (DLC) molecules (2,3,6,7,10,11‐hexakis(4′‐acryloy‐m‐alkyloxybenzoyoxy)triphenylene [HAHBT‐m, where m was the number of methylene units, and here m = 6 (HAHBT‐6)]) were assembled to form a negative retardation film with an oblique optical axis on a specifically designed rubbing‐aligned polyimide layer surface [6FDA‐11CBBP (where 11 is the number of methylene units in the side chains)]. The side chains of this polyimide were terminated by cyanobiphenyl groups. Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and optical second harmonic generation results showed that rubbing caused a surface structural re‐arrangement in the alignment layer resulting in a negative pre‐tilt angle (θs) of –8.5° (which was in the direction opposite to the rubbing direction). The molecular topology at the rubbed surface was governed by a stable fold‐like bent structure of the cyanobiphenyl side chains, in which the CN groups preferentially pointed down towards the surface. When the DLC molecules were deposited onto the alignment surface and polymerized via UV irradiation to generate a new optical film, an oblique optical axis with an average tilt angle of –18.6° with respect to the film normal was detected using ellipsometric measurements. This tilted optical axis was developed by the DLC molecules being wedged on top of the cyanobiphenyl groups when in the bent conformation. Furthermore, the tilt angle difference between the θs at the alignment surface and at the air interface of the DLC molecules was attributed to a splay deformation of the DLC molecules along the film surface normal. Optical modeling has also confirmed our experimental observations.
Block Copolymer Surface Reconstuction: A Reversible Route to Nanoporous Films
Authors: Xu T. , Stevens J. , Villa J.A. , Goldbach J.T. , Guarini K.W. , Black C.T. , Hawker C.J. , Russell T.P. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThin films of block copolymers have been used as templates and scaffolds for the fabrication of arrays of nanostructured materials. In general, a chemical modification of the film or the removal of one of the components by photodegradative methods is required to produce a nanoporous film that serves as a template or scaffold. Here, however, the preferential interaction of one of the components with a solvent is shown to produce a reconstruction of the block copolymer film that, upon drying, leads to the generation of a nanoporous template. The area density of the pores is identical to that of the original copolymer thin film. Since no chemical reactions occurr, the process is fully reversible. Upon heating the copolymer film above its glass‐transition temperature, mobility is imparted to the copolymer and the original copolymer film with oriented domains is recovered. The film reconstruction significantly simplifies the generation of nanoporous templates.
Synthesis of New Europium Complexes and Their Application in Electroluminescent Devices
Authors: Sun P.P. , Duan J.P. , Lih J.J. , Cheng C.H. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractSeveral substituted phenanthrolines (L = pyrazino[2,3‐f][1,10]phenanthroline (PyPhen), 2‐methylpyrazino[2,3‐f][1,10]phenanthroline (MPP), dipyrido[3,2‐a:2′,3′‐c]phenazine (DPPz), 11‐methyldipyrido[3,2‐a:2′,3′‐c]phenazine (MDPz), 11,12‐dimethyldipyrido[3,2‐a:2′,3′‐c]phenazine (DDPz), and benzo[i]dipyrido[3,2‐a:2,3‐c]phenazine (BDPz)) were successfully prepared and europium complexes Eu(TTA)3L (Eu‐L) based on these ligands were synthesized from EuCl3, 2‐thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTA) and L in good yields. Irradiation at the absorption band between 320–390 nm of all these europium complexes, except Eu‐BDPz, in solution or in the solid state leads to the emission of a sharp red band at ∼ 612 nm, a characteristic Eu3+ emission due to the transition 5D0 → 7F2. No emission from the ligands was found. The result indicates that complete energy transfer from the ligand to the center Eu3+ ion occurs for these europium complexes. In contrast, the photoluminescence spectrum of Eu‐BDPz exhibits a strong emission at around 550 nm from the coordinated BDPz ligand and a weak emission at 612 nm from the central europium ion. Incomplete energy transfer from the ligand to the central Eu3+ ion was observed for the first time. Several electroluminescent devices (A–I) using Eu‐PyPhen, Eu‐MPP, Eu‐DPPz, and Eu‐DDPz as dopant emitters with the device configuration: TPD or NPB (50 nm)/Eu:CBP (1.7–7 %, 30 nm)/BCP (20–30 nm)/Alq (25–35 nm) (where TPD: 4,4′‐bis[N‐(p‐tolyl)‐N‐phenylamino]biphenyl; NPB: 4,4′‐bis[1‐naphthylphenylamino]biphenyl; CBP: 4,4′‐N,N′‐dicarbazole biphenyl; BCP: 2,9‐dimethyl‐4,7‐diphenyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline; Alq: tris[8‐hydroxyquinoline]aluminum) were fabricated. Some of these devices emit saturated red light and are the only europium complex‐based devices that show a brightness of more than 1000 cd m–2.
Functionalization of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Film by Pulsed Plasma Deposition of Maleic Anhydride
Authors: Hu J. , Yin C. , Mao H.‐Q. , Tamada K. , Knoll W. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractPoly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) films have been functionalized with carboxyl groups by pulsed plasma polymerization of maleic anhydride (MA). The preserved anhydride groups of MA were converted to carboxyl groups by subsequent hydrolysis. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to determine the chemical composition of the deposited MA plasma polymers. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) observations visually confirmed the coverage of the PET surface with plasma polymers after water treatment of the processed PET substrate, and the functionality in the XPS spectra of samples before and after water treatment indicated the persistence of functional groups and the good adhesion of the deposited layers on the PET substrate. In accordance with FTIR and XPS results, the density of carboxyl groups increased with decreasing plasma duty cycle. Compared with the pristine PET substrate, a higher roughness was observed on the modified PET surface by AFM. The roughness decreased sharply with decreasing plasma duty cycle.
Photoreplicated Anisotropic Liquid‐Crystalline Lenses for Aberration Control and Dual‐Layer Readout of Optical Discs
Authors: Stapert H.R. , del Valle S. , Verstegen E.J.K. , van der Zande B.M.I. , Lub J. , Stallinga S. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis work describes the functional characterization of novel photoreplicated anisotropic lenses obtained from molds with different curvatures. These lenses were prepared by the photopolymerization of mixtures of a reactive liquid‐crystalline bisacrylate and non‐reactive derivatives of liquid‐crystalline cyanobiphenyl. The phase diagrams, the polymerization kinetics as a function of temperature, and the birefringence as a function of temperature for various mixtures were determined. For the fabrication of lenses, the average liquid‐crystal (LC) director of the mixtures has to be aligned in a single direction. Photoalignment and rubbing techniques were investigated to create a monodomain of the reactive material. Finally, optimal mixtures were used for the fabrication of anisotropic lenses. Aberrations were below 20 mλ root mean square (rms), which makes these LC lenses interesting for application in light paths, for example, as spherical aberration correction devices for dual‐ (or multiple‐) layer optical storage.
Structural and Spectroscopic Studies on Mesoporous Tantalum Oxide–Sodium Fulleride Composites with Conducting Fulleride Columns in the Pores
Authors: Skadtchenko B.O. , Trudeau M. , Schurko R.W. , Willans M.J. , Antonelli D. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractMesoporous tantalum oxide–sodium fulleride composites were synthesized by solution impregnation and characterized by elemental analysis, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption–desorption, X‐ray electron photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometry, variable‐temperature electron transport measurements, and solid‐state 13C and 23Na NMR spectroscopy. The room temperature conductivity pattern as a function of sodium reduction level displayed a minimum at n = 3.0 and a maximum at n = 4.5, where n is the formal charge on the fulleride. The variable‐temperature conductivity measurements demonstrated that the n = 0.5 and n = 4.5 materials were semiconductors. Solid‐state 23Na NMR spectroscopy of the n = 0.5 composite exhibited three Na environments in the composites: two associated with the tantalum oxide walls and a third associated with the fulleride. The n = 3.0 and n = 4.5 materials showed a large build‐up of Na ions in the wall with no visible Na resonances associated with the fulleride, suggesting a structure in which the fulleride units exist as naked anions in one‐dimensional chains surrounded first by a layer of Na ions and then by a layer of mesoporous tantalum oxide. Solid‐state 13C NMR experiments showed more than one fulleride species in both the n = 0.5 and the n = 4.5 composites, as well as pure C60 in the n = 0.5 material, but almost exclusively C603– in the n = 3.0 material. The retention of carbon throughout reduction suggests that polymerization may have occurred, however this could not be verified by 13C NMR spectroscopy, because the region where sp3 fullerene resonances normally appear was obscured by solvent peaks.
Optimizing DNA yield from buccal swabs in the elderly: Attempts to promote buccal cell growth in culture
Authors: Vandenbergh David J. , Anthony Kate , Whitfield Keith E. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractParticipation in genetic studies is often limited by a volunteer's reluctance to donate blood samples. We wished to determine if alternate, less painful, methods to venipuncture could be used to collect cells to provide DNA for genotyping, and whether the cells could be grown in culture for extraction of DNA. Volunteers in the study were comprised of two groups. Nine individuals from a university campus were recruited to provide samples for initial experiments. A second group of 710 twins and singletons from North Carolina and of African‐American descent were a part of an ongoing study of age‐related traits and participated in collection of buccal swabs via the mail. A protocol was generated that maximizes the recovery of DNA from buccal swabs, which are easier to handle than saline rinses. The DNA recovered is stable over several years, allowing genotype tests at a future date. Attempts to encourage growth of buccal epithelial cells recovered from swabs in tissue culture proved unsuccessful. Buccal swabs work well for the collection of DNA, especially from nonclinic‐based volunteers, and can be sent via the mail to the laboratory for DNA extraction. Thus, an inexpensive and efficient method exists for genetic studies of population‐based samples. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 15:637–642, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Attention‐Deficit hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) and fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in a college sample: An exploratory study
Authors: Burton C. , Stevenson J.C. , Williams D.C. , Everson P.M. , Mahoney E.R. , Trimble J.E. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractDepartures from normal development can be partly assessed by measuring fluctuating asymmetry (FA), that is, differences from perfect symmetry in traits that display bilateral symmetry. Attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD), one of the most common psychiatric conditions, is diagnosed if there are developmentally inappropriate levels of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. The objective here is to measure whether AD/HD behaviors positively correlate with FA in head, hands, and fingerprints of a sample of college students (n = 176, 57 male, 119 female) not selected for AD/HD. FA was measured as the absolute value of the difference between right and left sides divided by group mean trait size. Average FAs (mean, SE) were lowest for finger lengths (e.g., male, 3rd, 0.011 ± 0.001; female, 3rd, 0.012 ± 0.001) and highest for digit ridge counts (e.g., male, 5th, 0.075 ± 0.007; female, 2nd, 0.069 ± 0.005). Average FAs were similar between the sexes and only one facial measure and the facial index (summed FAs) differed significantly between the sexes (F > M). The scores for measures of the adult AD/HD behavioral assessment instrument, the Wender Utah Rating Scale (WURS) were high overall in this sample and males exhibited higher rates of symptoms than females. A Rasch measurement model analysis of individual responses to the WURS produced a true interval score for each person that is a measure of individual “AD/HDness.” FA indices were then regressed on Rasch scores. A univariate analysis of all the variables demonstrated a significant interaction of sex. Hand, Dermatoglyphic, Face, and Total Indices were then regressed by sex on the Rasch values of “AD/HDness.” Only in males was there a trend for the Dermatoglyphic Index (F1,55 = 3.627, P = 0.062) and Total Index (F1,55 = 3.811, P = 0.056) to increase as AD/HDness increases. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 15:601–619, 2003.© 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Male/female weight of internal organs: Examination across multiple populations
Authors: Spencer Richard P. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractFor internal organ weights in the 50th percentile, the male/female weight relationship was examined by use of autopsy data in eight populations. Values were closely coupled (P < 0.001), so that male organ weight could be expressed as a linear function of the corresponding female organ. A variant, in a reported population from India, was noted. The concept of “allometric mass exponent” was also applied to relating male/female organ weights, with close agreement. To examine if findings correlated with height and weight of the whole body, male height was expressed as a function of the female value in each population. There was close agreement. Correlation was also noted when male body weight was given as a function of female body weight. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 15:643–646, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assortative mating by body height and BMI: Finnish Twins and their spouses
Authors: Silventoinen Karri , Kaprio Jaakko , Lahelma Eero , Viken Richard J. , Rose Richard J. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractAssortative mating by body height and weight is well established in various populations, but its causal mechanisms remain poorly understood. We analyzed the effect of phenotypic assortment and social homogamy on spousal correlations for body height and body mass index (BMI, kg/m2). Our data derived from a questionnaire administered to the adult Finnish Twin Cohort in 1990 (response rate 77%) yielding results from 922 monozygotic and 1,697 dizygotic adult twin pairs who reported information about their body height and weight and that of their spouses. Assortative mating was evident for body height and BMI. For body height, the effects of social homogamy (0.24 in men and 0.29 in women) and phenotypic assortment (0.27 and 0.28, respectively) were about the same. For BMI, the effect of social homogamy was stronger (0.31 in men and 0.28 in women) than the effect of phenotypic assortment (0.13 in both men and women). When assortative mating was taken into account, shared environmental factors had no effect on phenotypic variation in body height or BMI. Our results show that assortative mating needs to be considered in population genetic studies of body height and weight. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 15:620–627, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantifying trabecular orientation in the pelvic cancellous bone of modern humans, chimpanzees, and the Kebara 2 Neanderthal
Authors: Martinón‐Torres María 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe adaptive nature of bone lies in its ability to respond to the environment by conforming and reshaping itself constantly to accommodate life‐time stresses experienced throughout daily activities. In order to keep strains within the bone as uniform and isotropic as possible, the trabecular orientation is determined by forces acting on the bone through adaptive remodeling. Hence, the preserved structure of bones may contain direct information about the forces they may have undergone. Some authors (Correnti [1952], Atti Acc Naz Lincei 12:518–523, [1955] Riv Antrop 42:289–336; Macchiarelli et al. [1999] J Hum Evol 36:211–232, [2001] Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press) have described in detail the trabecular systems of the hip bone in different primate species and have identified a gait‐related system above the acetabulum with substantial differences across species (Macchiarelli et al. [1999]; Rook et al. [1999] Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:8875–8879). The aim of this study was to quantify trabecular orientation above the acetabulum to test the hypothesis that hominoid biomechanical behavior is recorded in the cancellous bone. The pelvic bones of 23 archaeological adult modern humans (12 females, 11 males), 20 adult Pan troglodytes (10 females, 10 males), and one adult male Neanderthal were radiographed and digitized. Fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) of the regions of interest in the corpus of the ilium were performed, with the angular distribution of the trabeculae quantified. All species displayed a constant and periodic orthogonal arrangement in the trabeculae with differences in the pattern of dominance between the arcades oriented along the 0° or the 90° axes. The variation in the FFT spectrum between species is discussed in the light of distinctive biomechanical features. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 15:647–661, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.