bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Did You Get There?
Authors: Stephenson Elise 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter 7 analyses women in international affairs’ pathways to senior leadership in the case agencies. This chapter concentrates on mapping women’s career paths and the factors considered at each step of the journey to international representation and leadership. It presents key insights around the most likely time when women leave the pipeline, and the core considerations for doing so. It becomes clear that both formal and informal institutions impact on women’s career trajectories, highlighting not just the time-lapse between institutional change and the desired result, but how some institutions resist change. This chapter therefore explores what women saw, heard, felt, and experienced on the world stage, to better understand the depth and nature of gender inequality in international affairs. Understanding the world through their eyes, gendered institutions travel with participants as they experience their deployments. Complex and multifaceted norms and rules at every turn affected women’s experiences, ultimately highlighting international affairs as reliant on multiple forms of gendered sacrifice across contexts.
Why Do Women Remain Underrepresented (and Unequal) in International Affairs?
Authors: Stephenson Elise 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter 8 collates the findings of the previous chapters on history, demographics, statistics, and experiences. Applying the intersectional feminist institutionalism (IFI) theory to these deeply international contexts, three core trends explaining women’s underrepresentation are found, including the legacy of history on the contemporary agencies; the complexity and duplication of gendered challenges; and the compounding effect of rules at different stages of women’s careers and posting cycles. Additionally, five of the most surprising and original findings from the research are explored. It becomes clear that complex institutions continue to exist in the face of a feminist turn in foreign policy, resulting in an environment teeming with gendered rules and norms of behaviour.
Conclusion
Authors: Stephenson Elise 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The conclusion summarises the big lessons learned and implications from the research for other contexts. The chapter reflects on where we go from here and final thoughts in terms of what—and how best—we can learn from women’s experience of international affairs to date. The book has gone beyond a look at a single case or even single context to deeply understand the lives, work, and ways in which gender and other hierarchies impact on women on the global stage. Women may no longer be severely underrepresented across most of the international affairs agencies studied. However, gendered norms continue to affect women’s representation and experiences, sometimes with devastating consequences in terms of career and personal development. Intersectional feminist institutionalist (IFI) theory demonstrates the deep pervasiveness of gendered (and other) challenges across international affairs—a field teeming with complex and multifaceted formal and informal rules that challenge women at every turn. Despite recent shifts in Australian foreign policy and an overall rise in women’s representation, gendered rules and norms continue to impact on women. This is a leading reason why women remain underrepresented and experience government differently.
Escape from Europe
Authors: Laursen Ole Birk 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores M. P. T. Acharya’s experiences of the rise of Nazism, the repercussions for the Indian diaspora in Berlin, and the decision to flee again. Acharya had applied for a passport to leave Berlin since the mid-1920s, but due to his long career as an anticolonial revolutionary, the British refused to grant him amnesty for his previous activities, especially during the First World War. However, in early 1934, he finally succeeded, and he and his wife, Magda Nachman, escaped to Zürich to stay with Nachman’s sister, eventually living secretly in exile in Zürich and Paris. The chapter unveils the difficulties of returning to India for exiled revolutionaries and the dangers of living underground.
Anarchy
Authors: Laursen Ole Birk 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter sheds light on the last years of M. P. T. Acharya’s life in Bombay during the early years of the Cold War. After Gandhi’s assassination, Gandhians abandoned the principles of pacifism, according to Acharya. Instead, Acharya found an outlet for his pacifism in French anarchist-pacifist periodicals, continued to connect with anarchists worldwide, and drew on this network for contributions when he and D. N. Wanchoo wanted to start a new anarchist publication in India. Poor health, poverty, and the tragic death of his wife, Magda Nachman, in February 1951 put an end to the project and, as the chapter makes clear, an end to India’s own anarchist periodical. Instead, Acharya challenged Lotvala’s individualist libertarianism and embraced the ‘near-anarchists’ around the Harijan group. As the chapter ultimately concludes, the key figures around the Harijan group and the Bhoodan movement, K. G. Mashruwala, Vinoba Bhave, and Maganbhai P. Desai, were approaching anarchism, partly through Acharya’s ideas, and Acharya found an Indian expression of anarchism through the periodical. The tragic death of Acharya in March 1954, the book concludes, also meant the death of anarchism in India.
Know Your Country
Authors: Byala Sara 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter Three maps several mid-century advertisement campaigns that served to enmesh the Coke business in Africa and co-brand Africa at the same time. This chapter explores the strength of Coca-Cola marketing by highlighting little known marketing campaigns, including Birds of Africa, Know Your Country, and more. It makes the case that these campaigns served to spread product and goodwill while branding the very continent of Africa itself, both for internal and, later, external audiences. Further, this chapter shows how this marketing was inexorably tied to waning settler colonialism and the endurance of the apartheid regime.
Parthian–Armenian language contact and its historical context
Authors: Meyer Robin 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Given the data already available from the research conducted in the 19th and 20th centuries, and with the insights gained in this study, this chapter asks how the linguistic and sociohistorical specifics of the Parthian-Armenian contact situation are best evaluated. It suggests that all data is best explained as the result of a Parthian superstrate shift: the Parthian ruling class in Armenian adopted Armenian as their main means of communication, and in so doing created a Parthianized prestige variant of Armenian. In this context, a polyphasic contact model is proposed. Multiple comparanda for these proposals are discussed: the superstrate shift of Norman French speakers in post-Conquest Britain; and, for the syntactic influence of Iranian languages on their neighbours, the cases of Old Aramaic and Northeastern Neo-Aramaic, both of which show signs of contact-induced alignment change
Introduction
Authors: Véliz Carissa 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The introduction makes a case for why ethics is important when thinking about privacy, and it sets out the structure and main themes of the book. This book is intended to contribute to a better understanding of privacy—what it is, what is at stake in its loss, and how it relates to other rights and values. As it is being written, data protection laws are being proposed in numerous countries; corporations, think tanks, and NGOs, among others, are developing ethical codes regulating the handling of personal information; the use of big data is growing in research, marketing, and politics. The choices made about privacy today and in the coming years will shape the history of humanity for decades to come. Decisions and public policy about privacy will influence how courts work, how political campaigns are run, the relationship between people and corporations, the power that governments may wield, the use of surveillance, the advancement of medicine, the individual and collective risks that society is exposed to, and, not least, whether people’s rights are respected during their daily lives.
The Value of Surveillance
Authors: Véliz Carissa 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Part of what makes privacy a philosophically interesting topic is that its opposite, surveillance, is also valuable. Surveillance is “the focused, systematic and routine attention to personal details for the purposes of influence, management, protection or direction” (Lyon 2007, 14). If privacy were valuable and surveillance were not, there wouldn’t be ethical dilemmas regarding privacy. It’s only because we can derive benefits from surveillance and exposure that privacy is constantly put into question. This chapter suggests that surveillance as transparency and publicity can support trustworthiness, accountability, safety, informed decisions, research advancements, convenience, equality and justice, connectedness, and economic gain.
Introduction, Motivation, and Methods
Authors: Wolff Jonathan , de-Shalit Avner 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins by raising the book’s main question: what makes some cities attractive to people who think of themselves as progressive, liberal, and egalitarians, and what makes some cities less attractive to such people? In other words, what makes a city (more of) a city of equals? It then explains why this is an interesting question and how equality in the city differs from equality in the state. Finally, the authors explain the method—combining philosophical reasoning with interviews with city dwellers—which the authors adopted in pursuit of their theory of what makes a city a city of equals.
Writing systems
Authors: Sato Yutaka , Cho Sungdai 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 introduces the history of writing in Korean and Japanese, which involves borrowing of the Chinese script and syntax and development of different writing systems more suitable to the morphosyntax and phonology of the two languages. Several methods of adapting Chinese characters to write texts (e.g., by changing word order and adding auxiliary elements to mark grammatical functions) were attempted by Koreans and shared with Japanese. The Japanese developed syllabic phonographic scripts, i.e., Hiragana and Katakana, by the 10th century by simplifying Chinese characters and established a writing system in which both the Chinese and phonographic characters are used. The Koreans stayed closer to the authentic Chinese writing until they invented an alphabetic phonographic script Hangŭl in the 15th century, which allowed Korean texts to fully represent Korean morphosyntax and phonology. In principle, Korean texts are written solely in Hangŭl without mixing Chinese characters today.
Nominalization
Authors: Sato Yutaka , Cho Sungdai 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Nominalization is a process of changing a verb or an adjective into a noun. Chapter 9 focuses on complement clauses with nominalizers. Complement clauses with two Korean nominalizers -kiand -(u)mand complement clauses with kes(a complementizer) are compared in regard to their syntactic structure, the morphological case of their subject (whether or not a genitive case is possible in place of a nominative case), and the presence or absence of a tense morpheme. Japanese nominalizers no, koto, and tokoroare compared regarding the semantic type of verbs that take them. All the Japanese nominalizers allow genitive subjects and only one of the Korean nominalizers, i.e., -(u)m, allows genitive subjects. An issue regarding genitive subjects and analyses proposed to account for the relevant phenomena, e.g., the D-licensing approach, are referred to at the end of this chapter.
Definition: What and When
Authors: Ball Derek 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces a puzzle about definition: why can’t we always resolve definitional disputes by simply stipulating what we will mean? After introducing a number of traditional distinctions associated with the idea of definition, including the distinctions between nominal and real definitions and between descriptive and stipulative definitions, itI is argued that any adequate account of what is going on in definitional disputes will need to explain how it is possible for people to use a word with the same meaning despite deep differences in their views, and itI is shown that some familiar views of meaning can’t be applied in many cases because they would make false predictions about what evidence bears on our claims. In conclusionde by discussing Tyler Burge’s account of definitional disputes is discussed.
International Investment, 1820–1914
Authors: Meissner Christopher M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Did global international capital markets promote economic development in the first wave of globalization, or did they promote instability and financial crises? After 1850, international financial integration rose as investors from leading European countries looked abroad for high returns. Capital followed migrants and was also attracted by resource discoveries. Borrowing countries tended to invest in infrastructure and other forms of capital that boosted wages and economic growth.
Inter-Dependence and Instability in the Classical Gold-Standard Era
Authors: Meissner Christopher M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Did the classical gold-standard era witness economic stability? Financial flows benefitted from the stability of exchange rates under the classical gold standard. The leading countries successfully managed the gold standard. These economies possessed credibility and cooperation which enabled the smooth functioning of the gold standard. The gold standard often imposed tough policy choices on countries, and was typically more dysfunctional in the so-called periphery. In many cases, these countries were unable to maintain their commitments to the gold standard. They could not credibly commit to taking the actions required by trade and financial imbalances. In these cases, capital flows, the gold standard, and weak institutions combined to heighten the chance of a financial crisis of which there were many prior to 1914.
World War I and Its Legacy (Prologue to the Great Depression)
Authors: Meissner Christopher M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The 1920s laid the foundation for the Great Depression. The Treaty of Versailles and the peace settlement after World War I imposed an excessive and politically unpalatable level of debt on Germany. Between 1922 and 1924, Germany’s hyperinflation created uncertainty and drove the economy to collapse. By the late 1920s, international stability had been achieved as many counties rejoined the gold standard and international trade and capital flows accelerated. The gold standard was now a “gold-exchange standard” meaning countries backed their currencies with international reserves. Capital flows were “recycled” through Europe and back to the United States. A fragile and fraught international economic environment prevailed. The credit boom of the 1920s, along with a number of institutional and economics weaknesses, heightened the chances of global financial crisis. The crisis began in 1928, after the Federal Reserve raised interest rates.
The Great Depression
Authors: Meissner Christopher M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The Great Depression remains the most severe international financial crisis in the history of the global economy. The rise in interest rates in 1928 started the Great Depression. The Depression was so deep due to a multitude of factors, including a lack of credibility and cooperation, the trade war, uncertainty, debt deflation, and stick wages. The Depression was prolonged as nations dithered on how to achieve stability and economic recovery. Especially hard hit were the countries that maintained the gold standard. Going off the gold standard promoted recovery by boosting exports, raising employment and investment, and raising the price level. The Great Depression generated many lessons, but many countries continue to suffer from Great Depression–style crises.
Association of Work Stress With Anxiety and Depression Among Adults in Wuhan, China
Authors: Tao Yueqing , Zhang Haozhe , Chen Zhaomin , Huang Xuezan , Wang Dongming , Li Whenzhen 
Published: January 2024

Objective
This study aimed to explore the relationship of work stress with anxiety and depression and the mediation of job satisfaction.

Methods
We conducted a survey among gas station workers in Wuhan, China. Multivariate and bootstrap mediating analyses were conducted.

Results
The rate of effort-reward imbalance, overcommitment (OC), anxiety, and depression were 22.9%, 29.2%, 20.1%, and 19.9%. Work stress was positively associated with anxiety (β = 0.213 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.156–0.270] for logarithmic effort-reward ratio [LgERR] and β = 0.563 [95% CI, 0.505–0.621] for OC) and depression (β = 0.291 [95% CI, 0.227–0.356] for LgERR and β = 0.417 [95% CI, 0.351–0.483] for OC). The mediation of job satisfaction from LgERR and OC to anxiety and depression were 14.93%, 9.05%, 24.34%, and 19.85%.

Conclusions
We should concern the anxiety and depression, and work stress status of workers and improve the situation by improving job satisfaction.
On-Duty Resting Heart Rate Variability at the Fire Station Is Related to Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Physical Activity Levels in Firefighters
Authors: Marcel-Millet Philémon , Gendron Philippe 
Published: January 2024

Objective
The aim of the study is to measure the association between the physical activity (PA) levels and cardiorespiratory fitness on the firefighters’ cardiac autonomic function at rest at the fire station.

Methods
Anthropometry, heart rate variability, fitness, and PA levels were assessed at the fire station in 98 career Québec male firefighters.

Results
Partial correlations, adjusted for age, waist circumference, and perceived stress revealed that heart rate and several heart rate variability indices were significantly correlated to estimated maximal oxygen consumption and to high-intensity PA but not to moderate-intensity PA.

Conclusions
These results suggest that both cardiorespiratory fitness and high-intensity physical training are related to the cardiac autonomic function of firefighters. Therefore, fire department should promote PA programs to improve physical fitness among firefighters.
The role of sleep disturbance in reduced accuracy on a divided attention task among patients with fibromyalgia
Authors: Wilson Jenna M. , Meints Samantha M. , Edwards Robert R. , Yamin Jolin B. , Moore David J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Introduction:
Patients with fibromyalgia show impaired cognitive performance compared with healthy, pain-free controls. Sleep disturbance, anxiety, and depression are highly prevalent among patients with fibromyalgia, and each is associated with impaired cognitive performance. Yet, limited work has explored whether psychosocial factors contribute to group differences in cognitive performance.

Objectives:
This secondary data analysis investigated differences in cognitive performance between patients with fibromyalgia and healthy controls, and whether psychosocial factors accounted for these differences.

Methods:
Adults with fibromyalgia (N = 24) and healthy, pain-free controls (N = 26) completed 2 cognitive tasks and the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System sleep disturbance, anxiety, and depression short forms. Independent samples t tests were used to test for differences in cognitive performance between patients with fibromyalgia and healthy controls. Pearson correlations were conducted to examine associations between psychosocial factors and cognitive performance. Psychosocial factors significantly related to cognitive performance were explored as potential mediators of group differences in cognitive performance.

Results:
Patients with fibromyalgia demonstrated poorer accuracy for divided attention compared with healthy controls, and sleep disturbance mediated this group difference. On the attentional switching task, healthy controls showed a greater switch-cost for accuracy compared with patients with fibromyalgia, but there was no group difference in reaction time. Anxiety and depression were not related to cognitive performance.

Conclusion:
We found that patients with fibromyalgia reported greater sleep disturbance and, in turn, had poorer accuracy on the divided attention task. Sleep disturbance is modifiable with behavioral interventions, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, and may be a target for improving sleep quality and cognitive performance among patients with fibromyalgia.
Home Is Not Always Where the Sleep Is: Effect of Home Call on Sleep, Burnout, and Surgeon Well-Being
Authors: Coleman Jamie J , Robinson Caitlin K , von Hippel William , Lawless Ryan A , McMasters Kelly M , Cohen Mitchell J 
Published: January 2024

BACKGROUND:
In-house calls contribute to loss of sleep and surgeon burnout. Although acknowledged to have an opportunity cost, home call is often considered less onerous, with minimal effects on sleep and burnout. We hypothesized home call would result in impaired sleep and increased burnout in acute care surgeons.

STUDY DESIGN:
Data from 224 acute care surgeons were collected for 6 months. Participants wore a physiological tracking device and responded to daily surveys. The Maslach Burnout Inventory was administered at the beginning and end of the study. Within-participant analyses were conducted to compare sleep, feelings of restedness, and burnout as a function of home call.

RESULTS:
One hundred seventy-one surgeons took 3,313 home calls, 52.5% were associated with getting called and 38.5% resulted in a return to the hospital. Home call without calls was associated with 3 minutes of sleep loss (p < 0.01), home call with 1 or more call resulted in a further 14 minutes of sleep loss (p < 0.0001), and home call with a return to the hospital led to an additional 70 minutes of sleep loss (p < 0.0001). All variations of home call resulted in decreased feelings of restedness (p < 0.0001) and increased feelings of daily burnout (p < 0.0001, Fig. 1).

CONCLUSIONS:
Home call is deleterious to sleep and burnout. Even home call without calls or returns to the hospital is associated with burnout. Internal assessments locally should incorporate frequency of calls and returns to the hospital when creating call schedules. Repeated nights of home call can result in cumulative sleep debt, with adverse effects on health and well-being.