bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct Satellite Broadcasting
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One form of broadcasting that threatens to overcome national boundaries is high-powered direct broadcast satellites (DBS). DBS as a concept goes back to 1977, when a World Administrative Radio Conference (WARC), in a contentious meeting pitting the United States against the rest of the world, established the basic framework (Pool, 1991). At the time, European officials saw DBS as imminent. They regarded it as a wide-open field where no country had yet achieved technological dominance and where the potential existed to develop domestic electronic strength. It was also viewed as a way to establish the traditional national broadcast institutions in space, since DBS’s large power requirements permitted only a small number of channels, thus causing little disruption to the existing national systems. To achieve high-power beam required a small “footprint” of coverage; thus, the scarcity of channels in the sky would match the scarcity of channels on the ground.
Imperatives for the Twenty-first Century
Authors: Demb Ada , Neubauer F -Friedrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Corporate boards are under enormous pressure, and there is a clear need to improve the situation. We are convinced that progress will be made only when the issues are addressed from both short-term and long-term perspectives. In the short term, we have to improve the functioning and performance of boards today. For the long term, we need to define a governance approach that is more in line with the scale and complexity of corporate, governmental, and societal interdependence.
A Restrictive Theory of the Concept ‘‘Possible Parameter of Natural Language’’
Authors: Webelhuth Gert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Probably everybody who has had the opportunity to study a number of natural languages is struck by two apparently opposing features, how diverse they are on the one hand and how similar they are on the other. The following quotation from the nineteenth­ century philosopher, linguist, and Prussian statesman, Wilhelm v. Humboldt is characteristic of this ambivalence:’ To discover those “same principles” that all languages follow, Humboldt proposed a research program that often is viewed as marking the beginning of the science of general linguistics:2 I. It is notoriously difficult to understand exactly, let alone to translate, Humboldt’s writings. The reader should consider all translations as approximations. Here is the original: In the second half of the twentieth century, Humboldt’s program, having lain dormant for over a century, was revived by Noam Chomsky within the framework of Generative Grammar. Approaching language from the view­point of individual psychology,3 he also arrived at the conclusion that lan­guages are very similar and yet at the same time very different ( cf. Chomsky 1965, 27f). In light of the remarkable homogeneity of natural language.
The Syntax of Arguments and Sentence­ Internal Chain Formation in Germanic
Authors: Webelhuth Gert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we return to our analysis of the head­ complement relation. The reader will remember that some of the most important predictions of our theory derive from the overarching principle governing all saturation phenomena, the Saturation Condition: As was shown earlier, especially in Chapter l, this condition is both conceptually plausible and of great explanatory value in that it allows us to account for, in a unified manner, a number of empirically attested restrictions on what should count as a possible parameter of natural language. The principle is thus a very desirable one, and any counterevidence that it faces should be examined carefully for its validity.
Portugal
Authors: Noam Eli 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The telecommunications sector in Portugal reflects the country’s relative poverty and its struggle to catch up with the rest of Europe in industry and advanced services during a period of domestic turmoil. Although it has made much progress, it has not yet reached a level where the policy issues that affect most other Western European countries are part of the Portuguese agenda. Portugal is, however, affected by these issues in its procurement decisions.
Federalism, the Constitution, and American Political Theory
Authors: Redish Martin H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To say that the Supreme Court’s efforts to develop a principled, coherent approach to its role as the constitutional arbiter of interfederal disputes have been less than successful is surely a significant understatement. During the early and middle decades of this century, the Court moved from one extreme—substantial judicial intervention to protect state interests against federal encroachment—to the other—judicial reluctance to scrutinize federal accretion of powers that had for many years been deemed exclusive to the states.
Overview
Authors: Nishiguchi Toshihiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book discusses subcontracting1 in manufacturing industries, focusing on the description and analysis—both historical and contemporary—of the Japanese auto motive and electronics industries. It also offers a comparative analysis of different modes of subcontracting in advanced economies, with special reference to British–Japanese electronics subcontracting and the flexible manufacturing capabilities of automotive components suppliers in Japan, the United States, and Europe.
Issues in Skill Formation in Japanese Approaches to Automation
Authors: Cole Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As American manufacturing managers flocked to Japan in the late 1970s and early 1980s to visit factories and grasp the Holy Grail of Japanese success, they were paying particular attention to technology. The reports they sent home, however, often commented that the answer was not to be found in highly advanced technology. They rarely saw technology more advanced than in their own plants. The managers however, did, note that Japanese plants were extremely well laid out and staffed by seemingly well-motivated workers.
Introduction
Authors: Hannan Michael T , Carroll Glenn R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sociological and economic analyses of modern societies grant special significance to the corporate actors we call organizations. Modern economies, polities, and social structures are composed largely of organizations, such as business firms, government agencies, labor unions, political parties, and the networks of relations that connect them. Alterations in the structures of organizations and of their networks have far reaching consequences for the larger systems. Thus knowledge about the causes and consequences of organizational change is central to understanding the dynamics of modern economies, states, and societies.
Models and Modeling Strategy
Authors: Hannan Michael T , Carroll Glenn R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents and motivates the mathematical models we use to represent the theory when testing its implications empirically. Thus this chapter serves as a bridge between the qualitative theoretical arguments of the previous chapter and the quantitative empirical analyses in the chapters that follow. In order to place the models in context, we begin by sketching a pair of classical deterministic models of population growth. We then present the models in considerable detail. The final section discusses potential challenges to our interpretation of estimates of parameters of the models.
The Politics Of Smoking Regulation: Canada, France, The United States
Authors: Kagan Robert A , Vogel David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The answer depends on one’s vision of politics. If you expect democratic governments to take all effective measures to prevent disease and suffering, the continued availability of cigarettes would appear to represent a shocking and perverse example of interest-group politics, in which the economic and political power of the tobacco industry has subverted governmental pursuit of “the public interest.” If, on the other hand, you expect interest-group pressures to drive political action or you are skeptical about the capacity of government to change everyday habits, then it does seem remarkable that governments have made such extensive efforts to restrict the marketing and use of tobacco products.
The Fall of Big
Authors: Sherman Joe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since its creation in the 1920s as an amalgamation of such long forgotten auto companies as Oakland, Rainier, Ewing, and Carter Car with those still recognizable seventy-five years later-Oldsmobile, Pontiac, Cadillac, and Chevrolet-General Motors had made big cars. The problem with small cars was their lack of profit. The company’s recent history included a few footnotes dedicated to small cars, called “import fighters” and “contemporary cars,” and most recently “subcompacts,” yet until Saturn, GM never seemed to want to build a truly good small car. Making a quality small car was just as challenging as making big cars--even more so since the company had never been good at anything small, particularly small volume-but required commitment. Without that commitment, especially given the continuous improvement in quality of the competition in the 1980s, any attempt at a small car, no matter what it was called, was doomed from the outset.
A Nationwide Hit
Authors: Sherman Joe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In April 1992, in its annual auto issue, the buyer’s bible for millions, Consumer Reports, awarded Saturn its highest rating for mechanical reliability and claimed it was “a breakthrough for a car designed and built in the United States.” J. D. Powers, the rating people, soon ranked Saturn third in its “customer satisfaction” category, after Lexus and Infiniti, luxury cars made in Japan. Attending the huge auto show in New York, Ruth Ann Leach, a columnist for the Nashville Banner, praised Saturn’s low-key, real-people approach compared to the competition’s use of what she called “tart marketing.” Leach wrote, “Cleavage must sell cars; otherwise, why would so many car companies use cinched-in, pushed-up, bleached blonde babes to extol the virtues of automotive products?” She said she thought Saturn’s marketing appealed strongly to women.
Dynamic Categorial Grammar
Authors: Oehrle Richard T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the point of view adopted here, categorial grammar is a general framework for linguistic analysis which is based on the idea that the properties of a complex linguistic expression can be represented as the application of a function to appropriate arguments - namely, the properties of the expression’s component parts. Abstractly, then, categorial grammar has affinities with theories of functionality such as the A-calculus, with universal algebra, and with logic. The linguistic interest of this point of view derives from the fact that it provides an elegant framework in which to investigate what might be called the problem of generalized compositionality: the relation between the properties of a complex expression in a number of dimensions - such as syntax, interpretation, phonology - to the corresponding properties of the expression’s component parts and its mode of composition.
Made For An Undefined Future*
Authors: Goldstein Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“[W]e must never forget, that it is a constitution we are expounding.” So wrote Chief Justice John Marshall in 1819 for a unanimous Supreme Court in McCulloch v. Maryland What should be the impact of McCulloch’s “never forget” admonition on the opinion-writing task of the justices engaged in expounding the Constitution? What is it about that instrument that they should never forget, and why? What demands do the answers to this intertwined what-and-why question make on them? By what criteria, by what canons of style, should their The four chapters in this part examine some important constitutional law cases. The purpose is to provide a basis for assessing the adequacy of judicial opinions as communications about the Constitution. The emphasis is not on result but mother on communicative style. The focus is on the extent to which an opinion-whether unanimous, majority, concurring, or dissenting-is a coherent communication about the Constitution.
Had Understanding Been The Goal
Authors: Goldstein Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Another illustration of ambiguity infecting the work of the Court is to be found in its unanimous and apparently uncompromising opinion in Cooper v. Aaron.Here ambiguity was not employed, as in National League of Cities, to win the vote of a colleague. Rather it was used, as can be learned only by going outside the opinion, to win acceptance or at least to avoid further resistance from We the white People of Little Rock, Arkansas, who, encouraged and aided by state officials, had forcibly prevented the Little Rock School Board from carrying out its court-approved plan for a step-by-step elimination of racial segregation in its schools. After hearing the case in a special session in August 1958, the Supreme Court affirmed a court of appeals judgment to enforce what the Supreme Court described as the “plan for desegregation in compliance with the decision of this Court in Brown v. Board of Education,” which had declared racially segregated schools unconstitutional. By a 2 to 1 vote, the court of appeals had reversed a district court’s decision to suspend what both courts had described as the “plan of integration” for the public schools of Little Rock.
Decisions unexplained
Authors: Goldstein Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Court’s failure to communicate the constitutional requisites for relief from school segregation in Cooper Aaron may be but a reflection of the confusion that characterized its handling of the remedy question in the Brown v. Board of Education cases. In Brown I, the Court unequivocally established the principle that the use of race as the basis for the assignment of students in the public schools violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. It determined that the constitutional guarantee of equal protection of the laws could no longer be satisfied-as it could have been until then under Plessy v. Fergu-son-by separate and equal schools.2 “Separate educational facilities,” the Court said, “are inherently unequal.”3 It held that the plaintiffs-Oliver Brown of Topeka, Kansas; Harry Briggs, Jr., of Clarendon, South Carolina; Dorothy C. Davis of Prince Edward County, Virginia; Ethel Louise Belton of New Castle County, Delaware-and others similarly segregated “for whom the actions have been brought” were being “deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment.
Life Stories
Authors: Linde Charlotte 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a sociolinguistic study of how people create and exchange coherent oral life stories. Linde claims such stories serve a number of psychological and social purposes, including the development and expression of a sense of self and the solidification and definition of relationships and group memberships. Linde analyses a series of oral interviews with middle-class Americans who were asked to explain their choice of profession. She focuses on the means by which the speakers give coherence to their stories. The most basic level of coherence, she finds, comes from the structure of the narrative. The next level is that of causality and continuity. Linde identifies the ways in which speakers attempt to demonstrate an adequate chain of causation for their choice of profession and to explain apparent discontinuities. At the highest level, the stories are shaped by “coherence systems”—explanatory systems of assumptions about the world. Coherence systems used by Linde’s subjects include versions of Freudian and behavioural psychology, astrology, feminism and Catholic confessional practice. The most pervasive coherence systems, however, proves to be “common sense”: the set of beliefs which are assumed to be shared by any competent member of the culture. Common sense assumptions held by those interviewed include the belief that “You can be whatever you want to be,” subject only to personal—as opposed to economic or class—limitations, and that personal desire, rather than obligations, family ties or tradition, should determine professional choice. Linde points out the peculiarly American nature of these assumptions and examines their history within ourpopular culture. systems, including `common sense’ and its peculiarly American nature.
The Creation of Coherence in Life Stories: An Overview
Authors: Linde Charlotte 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to exist in the social world with a comfortable sense of being a good, socially proper, and stable person, an individual needs to have a coherent, acceptable, and constantly revised life story. This book describes the ways in which such life stories are created, negotiated, and exchanged. Life stories are of interest both for their own sake and because they can serve as a model for a unified linguistic analysis-one that moves from the level of the individual construction of sentences, through the form of narratives and the social negotiation of narratives, up to the social level of belief systems and their history, and finally to their effect on the construction of narratives. This work attempts a unified description of a particularly important discourse unit whose use constitutes a widespread social practice that has major consequences for the individual and for the group.
Developmental Milestones for Community Psychiatry
Authors: Breakey William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Home-based or community-based care for the mentally ill has been practiced on a small scale in Europe and America for centuries. As early as the thirteenth century, in Gheel, Belgium, mentally ill people were brought for healing to the shrine of St. Dymphna. Dymphna was an Irish princess who was martyred there, having fled from the incestuous advances of her father. A tradition developed, which has persisted until today, of caring for mentally ill people in the homes of people in the surrounding community. In seventeenth-century New England, also, patients were boarded in people’s homes in Massachusetts and Connecticut. In the modem era, state-sponsored arrangements for care of mental patients in families were instituted in Massachusetts in 1885 and in New York in 1935 (Caton, 1984). Nevertheless, these efforts were small in scale. For more than a century, the mentally ill were treated almost exclusively in institutions, and the main emphasis did not shift to community-based care until the latter half of the twentieth century.
The Political and Social Context of Modern Community Psychiatry
Authors: Sharfstein Steven S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of the many influences that shape psychiatric care in the community in the 1990s, political and related social forces are among the most powerful (Sedgwick, 1982). Politics emerges from the attitudes and values of society, and powerful people, both elected and unelected, influence the social environment in which the treatment encounter takes place. The saga of the treatment of the mentally ill in America over the past 150 years is a complex tale of successive cycles of reform with the pendulum swinging between social neglect and social concern, political inertia and political activism (Morrissey, Goldman, and Klerman, 1980). Underlying each era of reform is a particular political and social context; and with each successive wave, the old system of care becomes layered with the new.
Quantitative Methods in the•Evaluation of Community Mental Health Services
Authors: Thornicroft Graham , Bebbington Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A new challenge for clinicians and researchers at the end of the twentieth century is to measure accurately the effects of patient interventions and mental health care in order to decide the best and most cost-effective means of delivery. This chapter first summarizes the characteristics of adequate measures in the field of community mental health and then gives an overview of the most commonly used scales. The intention is to act as a guide to clinicians who wish to evaluate the outcomes of their work, and to provide researchers with an initial entry into the vast array of measures that are available. The emphasis is on scales used for evaluating adult psychiatric services in the community; other important specialist areas, such as assessment of cognitive impairment and abnormal movements, are covered elsewhere in more detailed texts (Wetzler, 1989; Thompson, 1989; Parry and Watts, 1989; Freeman and Tyrer, 1989; Israel et al., 1990). Two examples are provided of how evaluation instruments were used in studies of the effects of community-based psychiatric services.
The Mental Health System and the Law
Authors: Janofsky Jeffrey S , Law the 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps more than any other field within psychiatry, community psychiatry relates closely to the law and the courts in a number of ways. Public programs receive their mandate from legislated governmental policies, which are in turn strongly influenced by the actions of the courts. The care of psychiatric patients has traditionally been accepted as a public responsibility. Public laws are invoked to provide for psychiatric care, to regulate the manner in which it is provided, and to protect the interests and rights of those who receive care. The disturbed behavior of psychiatric patients may cause them to commit antisocial or criminal acts. Every modem country addresses these issues within its system of laws. This chapter deals with United States law in relation to the mentally ill, but it will be found that, while details may vary, at least within the English-speaking nations the underlying principles are similar everywhere.
Money Markets In Prewar Japan
Authors: Teranishi Juro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to analyze the operations and development of money markets during the prewar period in Japan, 1915 to 1930. The financial system of this period was plagued with serious problems related to information asymmetry and a lack of long-term capital. Consequently, the system was highly unstable, with chronic bank runs. It was difficult for money markets to fulfill their role as a device for adjusting liquidity, as a proper conduit of monetary policy, or as a source of information about the cost of short-term funds.
Gaining Bargaining Power
Authors: McMillan John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WHAT CAN game theory teach us about negotiating? Negotiation has an irreducible component that is pure art. The tricks of the trade are essential. But to some extent what goes on in negotiations can be analyzed scientifically: this is the purpose of game theory. Does it matter how you go about negotiating? Should you arrive at the negotiating table punctually or deliberately late? Should you call your opponent by given name or surname? Do national characteristics matter: should you negotiate differently with a Japanese than with an American? Does it matter what you wear? In what follows, we ignore the etiquette and the psychological aspects of negotiation; instead we focus on the fundamentals. The personality of the negotiators can affect the outcome, but in idiosyncratic ways that cannot be encapsulated by theory. In fact, testimony from experienced negotiators often discounts personality and emphasizes substance. A U.S. State Department report on for eignaffairs negotiators’ experiences, for instance, emphasizes substantive matters, such as the need for adequate expertise and information gathering, and downplays the role of the personality or culture of the negotiator. What is being negotiated is more important than who is doing the negotiating.