bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Locomotory behaviour and post-exercise physiology in relation to swimming speed, gait transition and metabolism in free-swimming smallmouth bass(Micropterus dolomieu)
Authors: Peake Stephan J. , Farrell Anthony P. 
Published: March 2004

SUMMARYWe examined swimming behaviour, gait recruitment and post-exercise muscle glycogen, muscle lactate, plasma lactate and oxygen consumption in smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu; 24–38 cm fork length) that voluntarily ascended a 25 m raceway against water velocities ranging from 40 to 120 cm s–1. Physiological parameters were referenced to additional measurements made following exhaustive exercise in a static tank and aerobic exercise in a swim tunnel. Maximum speeds maintained exclusively using a steady gait in the raceway ranged from 53.6 to 97.3 cm s–1 and scaled positively with fish length. Minimum swimming speeds maintained exclusively through recruitment of an unsteady gait were also positively correlated to fish length and ranged from 81.4 to 122.9 cm s–1. Fish switched between steady and unsteady swimming at intermediate speeds. Smallmouth bass always maintained a positive ground speed in the raceway; however, those that primarily swam using a steady gait to overcome low to moderate water velocities (20–50 cm s–1) maintained mean ground speeds of ∼20 cm s–1. By contrast, mean ground speeds of fish that primarily recruited an unsteady locomotory gait increased significantly with water velocity, which resulted in an inverse relationship between exercise intensity and duration. We interpret this behaviour as evidence that unsteady swimming was being fuelled by the limited supply of anaerobic substrates in the white muscle. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that unsteady swimming fish showed significantly lower muscle glycogen levels, higher lactate concentrations (muscle and plasma) and higher post-exercise oxygen consumption rates compared with fish that used a steady gait. The reduction in passage time achieved by fish using an unsteady gait allowed them to ascend the raceway with relatively minor post-exercise metabolic imbalances, relative to individuals chased to exhaustion.
Palladium Catalyzed Aerobic Dehydrogenation: From Alcohols to Indoles and Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Stoltz Brian M 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Catalytic aerobic dehydrogenation of organic substrates is going through a Renaissance. Recent advances in this area have led to the discovery of palladium-catalyzed alcohol dehydrogenations and oxidative hetero- and carbocyclizations. The development of asymmetric catalytic dehydrogenations is the latest advance in a long line of catalytic asymmetric oxidation reactions.
Formation of Luminescent CdTe–Silica Nanoparticles through an Inverse Microemulsion Technique
Authors: Selvan S Tamil , Li Chunliang , Ando Masanori , Murase Norio 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
CdTe quantum dots (QDs, 3–6 nmφ) were incorporated into silica nanoparticles (20–30 nmφ) by an inverse microemulsion technique. The transmission electron microscope image shows that the QDs are situated on the surface of silica particles. These QD-silica particles in solution exhibited a stable luminescence with at least the similar quantum efficiency (ca. 5%) as that of the initial colloidal solution over several weeks of storage. The particles taken out from the solution as a powder form showed the same quantum efficiency for a long time as well. This is because silica acts as an effective protective environment for the QDs.
Synthesis of Model Compound Containing an Indole Spiro-β-lactam Moiety with Vinylchloride in Chartellines
Authors: Nishikawa Toshio , Kajii Shigeo , Isobe Minoru 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
A model compound containing an indole β-lactam moiety bearing vinylchloride in chartellines was synthesized from the Mannich reaction of isatin imine with ketene silyl acetal, β-lactam formation of the resulting β-amino ester, and copper(I)-mediated coupling with (E)-α-chloro-β-iodostyrene.
An Improved Synthesis of Chacotriose
Authors: Lequart Vincent , Goethals Gérard , Banoub Joseph , Villa Pierre , Martin Patrick 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Glycosylation using the trichloroacetimidate method was investigated in order to synthetize chacotriose. In a continuation of previous studies we present here a shorter approach to the synthesis of chacotriose, α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→4)]-d-glucopyranose.
Synthesis of 3,3,6,6-Tetraaryl-1,2-Dioxanes via TiO2-catalyzed Photooxygenation of 1,1-Diarylethenes in the Presence of Mg(ClO4)2
Authors: Maeda Hajime , Miyamoto Hisayuki , Mizuno Kazuhiko 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Photooxygenation of methoxy-substituted 1,1-diarylethenes and 1,1,8,8-tetraaryl-1,7-octadienes catalyzed by titanium dioxide proceeded via photoinduced electron transfer to give 3,3,6,6-tetraaryl-1,2-dioxanes in high yields. The photooxygenation was remarkably accelerated by the addition of Mg(ClO4)2.
Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Variability in Taxi Drivers on Long Duty Schedules
Authors: Kobayashi Fumio , Watanabe Takemasa , Watanabe Misuzu , Akamatsu Yasuhiro , Tomita Teruyuki , Nakane Taisuke , Furui Hikari , Takeuchi Kiyomi , Okada Akiyoshi , Ohashi Rumi , Hayano Junichiro 
Published: March 2004

Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Variability in Taxi Drivers on Long Duty Schedules: Fumio KObayashi, et al. Department of Health and Psychosocial Medicine, Aichi Medical University School of MedicineObjectiveTo clarify the mechanisms of excessive risk of cardiovascular disease among taxi drivers, the effects of taxi driving with long work hours on taxi drivers' blood pressure and heart rate variability were examined.MethodsWe measured the physical activity level, ambulatory blood pressure, and Holter ECG in 34 healthy middleaged male taxi drivers over one work day and the two following non‐work days. The subjects worked for a 24‐h period starting at 07:00, then rested from work for 48 h. Ambulatory blood pressure was recorded automatically at 30‐min intervals over the 72‐h period. Holter ECG records were also kept for the 72 h, and temporal changes in the R‐R interval were analyzed by the complex demodulation method (COM). The amplitude of the high frequency (HF) components (central frequency 0.30 Hz), and the ratio of lowfrequency components (central frequency 0.09 Hz) to high‐frequency components (LlH) was calculated.ResultsBlood pressure during the work day was significantly higher than that during the non‐work days, with a stronger effect in the hypertensive subjects. There were no significant overall differences in heart rate variability between the work day and the non‐work days, but the temporal patterns of HF and UH on the work day revealed a potent effect of reversed‐phased circadian rhythm for work at night.ConclusionsLong duty taxi driving raises blood pressure and may increase cardiovascular risk as a result. The conflict between the circadian rhythms of autonomic nervous activity and work activity at night may also result in increased risk.
Effect of Acute Exposure to Loud Occupational Noise during Daytime on the Nocturnal Sleep Architecture, Heart Rate, and Cortisol Secretion in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Gitanjali Batmanabane , Ananth Ramachandran 
Published: March 2004

Effect of Acute Exposure to Loud Occupational Noise during Daytime on the Nocturnal Sleep Architecture, Heart Rate, and Cortisol Secretion in Healthy Volunteers: Batmanabane Gitanjali, et al. Department of Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), IndiaObjectivesNoise is one of the commonest physical stressors to which industrial workers are exposed. Many workers complain of symptoms associated with a non‐specific generalized stress response, including disturbed sleep. However, industrial workers may be exposed to more than one source of stress and it is not possible to completely attribute the disturbed nocturnal sleep and changes in heart rate to the effects of loud noise alone. This study was done to find out whether acute exposure of healthy individuals to loud occupational noise during the daytime would cause changes in their nocturnal sleep architecture, heart rate during sleep and serum cortisol levels.MethodsBaseline polysomnography was done on ten subjects who were exposed for eight hours either to continuous occupational background noise levels of >75dB(A), or a quiet environment. Sleep polysomnography was done on the night prior to and after exposure. Blood was collected for serum cortisol estimation at night prior to sleep and in the morning after waking up. Statistical analysis was done by repeated measures ANOVA with Tukey's post test.ResultsThe sleep efficiency was less than 80% and the total time spent in Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep, Slow Wave Sleep (SWS) and the REM onset latency were significantly decreased on the night after exposure to noise. There was a significant increase in stage shifts. The percentage fall in heart rate during sleep was decreased compared to the baseline values. The serum cortisol levels in the morning after exposure to noise was significantly increased.ConclusionWorkers exposed to loud background occupational noise react to the stress and show changes in nocturnal sleep architecture and heart rate which may be contributed to the exposure to noise.
Reflection and Absorption Techniques for Optical Characterization of Chemically Assembled Nanomaterials
Authors: Roy D. , Fendler J. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThis review discusses recent developments in the areas of fabrication, certain types of optical characterization, and applications of a selected class of chemically assembled nanomaterials, namely i) gold and silver nanoparticles deposited onto optically transparent glass substrates; ii) thiol‐functionalized self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs); iii) chemically stabilized gold and silver nanoparticles (monolayer protected clusters, MPCs); and iv) MPCs linked to metallic substrates and adsorbates. Six linear optical techniques for the characterization of these materials are discussed: transmission localized surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, T‐LSPR; propagating surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, P‐SPR; polarization‐selective Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy, PS‐FTIRRAS; polarization‐modulation Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy, PM‐FTIRRAS; surface‐enhanced infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy, SEIRRAS; and infrared ellipsometry. The review focuses particularly on providing a unified treatment of these six optical techniques by using a relatively simple stratified multilayer model.
Investigation of polymorphisms in the CREM gene in panic disorder
Authors: Hamilton Steven P. , Slager Susan L. , Mayo David , Heiman Gary A. , Klein Donald F. , Hodge Susan E. , Fyer Abby J. , Weissman Myrna M. , Knowles James A. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractClinical and animal studies suggest a role for pathways regulated by cyclic‐AMP in anxiety. Mouse gene deletion studies, our own linkage findings on chromosome 10, and a recently published genetic association study by Domschke et al. [2003: Am J Med Genet 117B:70–78] suggest that the cAMP responsive element modulator (CREM) may be involved in panic disorder. We have employed a family‐based design to investigate the role of DNA sequence variations in the gene for CREM in panic disorder. We have genotyped 613 individuals in 70 panic disorder pedigrees, as well as 42 parent/offspring triads. Subjects were genotyped at two informative single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and three polymorphic microsatellites in the CREM genomic region; and the data were analyzed for genetic association and linkage. Linkage analysis employing several diagnostic/genetic models produced a maximum lod score of 0.63 for SNP‐1, located in the 5′ UTR of CREM, under a dominant model with a broad diagnostic definition of panic disorder. Non‐parametric analysis, using the NPL statistic or FBAT, also did not support any linkage or association between the markers and panic disorder. All five markers (spanning 77 kb) used in the study showed modest, but significant linkage disequilibrium. Analysis of 2‐, 3‐, 4‐, or 5‐marker haplotypes using TRANSMIT failed to find any globally significant results; however, individual haplotypes containing a single allele of MS‐3 were nominally associated with panic disorder. These findings provide little additional evidence for a susceptibility locus for panic disorder either within the CREM gene or in a nearby region of chromosome 10p11 in our sample. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lack of evidence for an association between WNT2 and RELN polymorphisms and autism
Authors: Li Jun , Nguyen Loan , Gleason Christopher , Lotspeich Linda , Spiker Donna , Risch Neil , Myers Richard M. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAutism is a pervasive neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in language development and social interaction, as well as stereotypical, repetitive behaviors. The etiology of autism is largely unknown. Family and twin studies have provided compelling evidence for a strong genetic component in most idiopathic cases. Several recent candidate gene studies have suggested that alleles of WNT2 and the reelin gene (RELN), two genes involved in distinct aspects of neurodevelopment, confer greater susceptibility to autism. We screened WNT2 for DNA polymorphisms by sequencing all exons and adjacent intronic regions in 24 autistic patients, and identified not only the WNT2 variants reported previously (two common single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 5′ upstream region and the 3′ untranslated region (UTR), respectively), but also two new SNPs in its 3′ UTR. We genotyped all four WNT2 polymorphisms and a polymorphic trinucleotide repeat in the 5′ UTR of RELN in 107 families with multiple autistic children, and evaluated evidence for association between these variants and autism by the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT). Our results revealed no deviation from the null hypothesis of no association. Our interpretation of these findings is that it is unlikely that DNA variations in RELN and WNT2 play a significant role in the genetic predisposition to autism. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alleles of a reelin CGG repeat do not convey liability to autism in a sample from the CPEA network
Authors: Devlin Bernie , Bennett Pamela , Dawson Geraldine , Figlewicz Denise A. , Grigorenko Elena L. , McMahon William , Minshew Nancy , Pauls David , Smith Moyra , Spence M. Anne , Rodier Patricia M. , Stodgell Chris , Schellenberg Gerard D. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA recent study by Persico et al. [2001: Mol Psychiatry 6:150–159] suggests alleles of a CGG polymorphism, just 5′ of the reelin gene (RELN) initiator codon, confer liability for autism, especially alleles bearing 11 or more CGG repeats (long alleles). The association is consistent across both a case‐control and family‐based sample. We attempted to replicate their finding using a larger, independent family‐based sample from the NIH Collaborative Programs of Excellence in Autism (CPEA) Network. In our data, allele transmissions to individuals with autism versus unaffected individuals are unbiased, both when alleles are classified by repeat length and when they are classified into long/short categories. Because of the apparent linkage of autism to chromosome 7q, particularly related to the development of language, we also evaluate the relationship between Reelin alleles and the age at which autism subjects use their first word or first phrase. Neither is significantly associated with Reelin alleles. Our results are not consistent with a major role for Reelin alleles in liability to autism. Published 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic, developmental, and physical factors associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in patients with velocardiofacial syndrome
Authors: Gothelf Doron , Presburger Gadi , Levy Darya , Nahmani Ariela , Burg Merav , Berant Michael , Blieden Leonard C. , Finkelstein Yehuda , Frisch Amos , Apter Alan , Weizman Abrahahm 
Published: March 2004

AbstractVelocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS) is a relatively common developmental neuropsychiatric syndrome caused by a 22q11 microdeletion. There is an extensive variability in the phenotypic expression of this disease. The most common psychiatric disorder in VCFS is attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), affecting 35–55% of patients. This study investigated the association of familial, developmental, and physical factors with the occurrence of ADHD in 51 patients with nonfamilial VCFS. Twenty‐one patients (41.2%) were diagnosed with ADHD. There was a significantly greater prevalence of ADHD in the first‐degree relatives of the patients with ADHD than in those without (OR = 5.9, 95% CI = 1.6–22.1, P = 0.006). No differences were noted between the ADHD and non‐ADHD groups in mean Obstetric Complication Scale Score, gestational age, birth weight, age at first words, walking, and achieving bowel control. The two groups also had similar IQ scores (total, verbal, and performance) and had a similar average degree of severity of facial dysmorphism and cardiac and cleft anomalies. These findings indicate that ADHD in VCFS has a genetic contribution and the patients' VCFS‐related developmental factors and physical illnesses play a lesser role. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association between the glutathione S‐transferase M1 gene deletion and female methamphetamine abusers
Authors: Koizumi Hiroki , Hashimoto Kenji , Kumakiri Chikara , Shimizu Eiji , Sekine Yoshimoto , Ozaki Norio , Inada Toshiya , Harano Mutsuo , Komiyama Tokutaro , Yamada Mitsuhiko , Sora Ichiro , Ujike Hiroshi , Takei Nori , Iyo Masaomi 
Published: March 2004

AbstractSeveral lines of evidence suggest that increased generation of auto‐oxidized dopamine (DA) o‐quinone is associated with the neurotoxicity of methamphetamine (MAP) in the brain, and that, as a cellular defenses against DA‐derived quinines, glutathione S‐transferase (GST) detoxifies auto‐oxidized DA o‐quinone in the brain. Glutathione S‐transferase M1 (GSTM1) of the mu‐class of GSTs catalyzes reaction between glutathione and catecholamine o‐quinones under physiological conditions. This study was undertaken to investigate the role of the GSTM1 gene deletion polymorphism in the neuropathology of MAP abuse. One hundred fifty‐seven MAP abusers and 200 healthy comparison subjects were tested for a genetic polymorphism of GSTM1. The difference in the frequency of deletion (D)/non‐deletion (N) alleles between the female abusers and female controls was close to statistical significance (P = 0.071), although there was no statistical difference (P = 0.651) between male abusers and male controls. Furthermore, the number of female abusers with deletion alleles was significantly (P = 0.007, odds ratio: 2.77, 95% CI 1.30–5.89) higher than that of male abusers with deletion alleles. These findings suggest that GSTM1 gene deletion may contribute to a vulnerability to MAP abuse in female subjects, but not in male subjects. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modifier effects in autism at the MAO‐A and DBH loci
Authors: Jones Marshall B. , Palmour Roberta M. , Zwaigenbaum Lonnie , Szatmari Peter 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAutism is one of a group of pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) characterized by qualitative impairments in reciprocal social communication and by a preference for repetitive, stereotyped activities, interests, and behaviors. The disorder is caused in large part by genetic mechanisms, though no disease genes have yet been identified. The objective of this study was to investigate three markers, two in the DBH gene and one in the MAO‐A gene, for maternal or fetal modifier effects on level of functioning (IQ). At the same time, the possibility of maternal or fetal susceptibility effects was also examined. We assembled 67 affected sibpairs and 45 singletons and determined allele frequencies at the three markers among the affected children and first degree relatives. Sizeable and significant modifier effects were found at the MAO locus and, to a lesser extent, at the DBH locus. Susceptibility effects were also found but not without qualification. We conclude that maternal genotypes at the MAO‐A locus, and possibly at the DBH one, may modify IQ in children with autism through the intrauterine environment. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Study of heat shrinkability of crosslinked low‐density polyethylene/poly(ethylene vinyl acetate) blends
Authors: Khonakdar Hossein Ali , Morshedian J. , Eslami H. , Shokrollahi F. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractIn this study, the heat‐shrinkage property in polymer was induced by first compounding low‐density polyethylene/poly(ethylene vinyl acetate) (LDPE/EVA) blends with various amounts of peroxide in a twin‐screw extruder at about 130°C. The resulting granules were molded to shape and chemically crosslinked by compression molding. A process of heating–stretching–cooling was then performed on the samples while on a tensile machine. Shrinkability and effective parameters were also investigated using thermal mechanical analysis. The results showed that the gel fraction was higher for the sample of higher EVA content with the same amount of dicumyl peroxide (DCP). A decrease in the melting point and heat of fusion (ΔHf), as determined from DSC, was observed with an increase in the DCP content. Studies on the heat shrinkability of the samples showed that samples stretched above the melting point had a higher shrinkage temperature than those stretched around the crystal transition temperature. The results showed that by increasing the peroxide content, the shrinkage temperature was decreased. These could be attributed to the formation of new spherulites as well as changes in the amount and the size of crystals. Furthermore, in samples elongated at 120°C (above the melting point), the rate of stretching had no effect on the shrinkage temperature. The results showed that the extent of strain had no effect on the temperature of shrinkage, but rather on the ultimate shrinkage value. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 1389–1395, 2004