bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A systematic review of guided tissue regeneration for periodontal infrabony defects
Authors: Needleman Ian , Tucker Richard , Giedrys‐Leeper Elaine , Worthington Helen 
Published: March 2003

Objectives: To systematically review the evidence for efficacy of guided tissue regeneration (GTR) for infrabony defects.Background: The evidence for the efficacy of GTR has not yet been systematically appraised.Methods: We searched for randomised controlled trials of at least 12 months' follow‐up comparing GTR with open flap debridement (OFD). Data sources included electronic databases, hand‐searched journals and contact with experts. Screening, data abstraction and quality assessment were conducted independently by multiple reviewers. The primary outcome measure was gain in clinical attachment.Results: For attachment level change, the weighted mean difference between GTR alone and open flap debridement was 1.11 mm (95% CI: 0.63–1.59), chi‐square for heterogeneity 31.4 (9 df ), P < 0.001) and for GTR + bone substitutes was 1.25 mm (95% CI: 0.89–1.61, chi‐square for heterogeneity 0.01 (1 df), P = 0.91). The number of sites needed to treat (NNT) for GTR to achieve one extra site gaining 2 mm or more attachment over open flap debridement was 8 (95% CI: 4–33). Heterogeneity between studies was highly statistically significant for all principal comparisons and could not be explained satisfactorily by sensitivity analyses.Conclusions: Overall, GTR was more effective than OFD in improving attachment levels. However, there was marked variability between studies and general conclusions about the clinical benefit of GTR are limited by this heterogeneity. Future studies should aim to identify factors associated with achieving consistent benefits over open flap debridement. Open flap surgery should remain the control comparison in these studies.
UVA protection efficacy of sunscreens can be determined by thepersistent pigment darkening (PPD) method
Authors: Moyal Dominique , Chardon Alain , Kollias Nikiforos 
Published: March 2003

Background: The UVA‐induced Persistent Pigment Darkening (PPD) in vivo has been proposed as an end point for the evaluation of UVA protection.Aims:This study was designed to determine whether PPD can be used to correctly evaluate the in vivo effectiveness of UVA filters such as oxybenzone, avobenzone, ecamsule and zinc oxide concentrated and together with UVB filters.Methods: The UVA protection effectiveness of a number of commercial sunscreen products with either SPF 15 or SPF 30 was determined.Results: The UVA protection increased closely with the concentration of the UVA filters and was independent of UVB filters. The PPD method proved sensitive to all UVA filters irrespective of their range of absorbance within the UVA range.Conclusion: The results show PPD to be a stable end point inducible by all the UVA wavelengths, not affected by fluence rate, i.e. a reliable endogenous UVA dosimeter in the skin.
Effect of UV irradiation on type I collagen fibril formation in neutral collagen solutions
Authors: Menter Julian M. , Patta Abrienne M. , Sayre Robert M. , Dowdy John , Willis Isaac 
Published: March 2003

Background: Collagens have the well‐known ability to spontaneously self‐associate to form fibrils at physiological temperature and neutral pH in vitro and in vivo. Because solar UV may photochemically alter collagen, the kinetics of fibril formation may be modified. Thus, we have begun a systematic study of the effect of various UV wavebands on fibril formation.Methods: Citrate‐soluble calf skin collagen (Elastin Products) was dissolved at 0.05% in 0.5 M HOAc, dialyzed over 2 days into two changes of 0.0327 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0 at 4 °C, and centrifuged at 48 000×g. Photolysis was carried out at 4 °C with either (a) UVC (UVG–11 lamp), (b) filtered solar‐simulating radiation (SSR) or UVA (SSR or UVL–21 lamp filtered with a 2.0 mm Schott WG 345 filter). Gelation was commenced by rapidly raising the temperature from 8 °C to 33 °C. Nucleation and growth were followed by turbidimetric measurements at 400 nm.Results: UVC radiation (0–17.3 J/cm2) resulted in a dose‐dependent decrease in the rate of fibril growth. Under these conditions, concomitant collagen cross‐linking and degradation occurred. Fibril nucleation, a prerequisite for growth, was rapid (threshold ∼ 2 min) and was not affected by UVC, UVA or SSR. SSR (0–1320 J/cm2) caused a small decrease in growth rate and in the degree of fibril formation. UVA radiation (0–1080 J/cm2) had a similar effect. “Direct” photochemical damage thus paralleled absorption via various collagen chromophores, with UVC>SSR∼UVA. The presence of riboflavin (RF) resulted in ground‐state interactions that markedly altered both nucleation and growth kinetics. Irradiation with 29.6 J/cm2 UVA in the presence of RF photosensitizer caused relatively minor additional changes in fibrillation kinetics.Conclusions: These results collectively indicate that fibril formation is markedly dependent on specific ground state interactions and relatively insensitive to nonspecific UV damage. On the other hand, fibrils thus formed from photochemically altered collagen may have altered structural properties that could have subtle but unfavorable effects on the local dermal milieu in vivo. Notwithstanding, the relative insensitivity of fibrillogenesis to non‐specific photochemical damage probably represents a favorable adaptation, overall, which tends to conserve the mechanical integrity of the skin.
Preventive effect of melatonin on the progression of α‐naphthylisothiocyanate‐induced acute liver injury in rats
Authors: Ohta Yoshiji , Kongo Mutsumi , Kishikawa Teruaki 
Published: March 2003

Abstract: The preventive effect of melatonin on the progression of α‐naphthylisothiocyanate (ANIT)‐induced acute liver injury with cholestasis was examined in rats treated once with the hepatotoxin [75 mg/kg body weight (BW), i.p.]. In rats treated with ANIT alone, liver injury with cholestasis occurred 24 hr after treatment and progressed at 48 hr, judging from the serum levels of hepatobiliary marker enzymes and components. Melatonin (10 or 100 mg/kg BW) was orally administered to the ANIT‐treated rats, 24 hr after the hepatotoxin treatment at which time hepatic injury had already developed. The administered indoleamine prevented the progression of liver cell damage rather than biliary cell damage more effectively at the higher dose than at the lower dose. In rats treated with ANIT alone, the serum and hepatic concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, an index of lipid peroxidation, and the hepatic activity of myeloperoxidase, an index of tissue neutrophil infiltration, increased 24 hr after treatment and further increased at 48 hr. In the liver of rats treated with ANIT alone, Cu,Zn‐superoxide dismutase activity decreased 24 hr after treatment and was further reduced at 48 hr, although there was no change in Mn‐superoxide dismutase activity. Catalase and Se‐glutathione peroxidase activities also decreased at 48 hr, while reduced glutathione concentrations remained increased at 24 and 48 hr. The melatonin administered to the ANIT‐treated rats attenuated the increases in serum and hepatic concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and the decreases in hepatic activities of Cu,Zn‐superoxide dismutase, catalase, and Se‐glutathione peroxidase found at 48 hr after the hepatotoxin treatment more effectively at the higher dose than at the lower dose; on the other hand, melatonin treatment had no effect on the increases in hepatic myeloperoxidase activity and reduced glutathione concentration found at 48 h. These results indicate that orally administered melatonin at pharmacological doses prevents the progression of ANIT‐induced acute liver injury, mainly liver cell damage, in rats, and suggest that the administered melatonin exerts these preventive effects through its direct and indirect antioxidant actions.
Sensorimotor control of knee stability. A review
Authors: Solomonow M. , Krogsgaard M. 
Published: March 2003

Traditionally, the concept of joint stability considered the displacement (or subluxation) of two bones relative to each other as the measurement index, and attributed the preservation of such stability in its physiologic range to the various ligaments associated with the joint. Although the ligaments are indeed the major restraints of any joint, the significant contribution of the musculature toward joint stability had been grossly overlooked or neglected until the last 15 years. The value and importance of muscular activity in that role becomes immediately apparent if one performs even a superficial functional comparison of muscles and ligaments. Ligaments are passive viscoelastic structures, whereas muscles are dynamic viscoelastic organs. The viscoelastic effects of the ligaments are activated and applied strictly upon the geometric and kinematic configuration of the joint traversing through its range of motion according to fixed force‐displacement relationships. The musculature, however, can apply passive viscoelastic effects to the joint when not active (passive tone) and variable dynamic viscoelastic effects when contracting under voluntary or reflexive control, and at any desirable point in the range of motion and in response to joint speed, external load, gravity, pain, and so forth, while executing the functional objective of the movement set by the individual. Preservation of joint stability cannot be ascribed to the ligaments alone, but should be considered as a synergistic function in which bones, joint capsules, ligaments, muscles, tendons, and sensory receptors and their spinal and cortical neural projects and connections function in harmony.The objective of this report is to first review the anatomy and physiology of the various mechanoreceptors and their neural pathways about the joint, and describe some of the current concepts of the reflex arcs elicited by such receptors, with special emphasis on biomechanical outcomes relative to stability. The role of the musculature in maintaining stability while controlling joint motion is then reviewed, with data obtained from experiments performed on humans and animals. Finally, some clinical findings from patients with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency using a brace that simulates the ligament–muscle functions is described.
Effects of montelukast on physical performance and exercise economy in adult asthmatics with exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction
Authors: Steinshamn S. , Sandsund M. , Sue‐Chu M. , Bjermer L. 
Published: March 2003

Leukotriene antagonists are effective in the treatment of exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction. Montelukast is a specific cysteinyl‐leukotriene receptor1 antagonist without known effects on the pulmonary vessels, which in theory should be advantageous with respect to gas exchange. In addition to lung function, we investigated the effects of montelukast on parameters of gas exchange and physical performance in 16 asthmatics with exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction in a double‐blind cross‐over placebo‐controlled study. Subjects were tested at an ambient temperature of −15°C with a tread mill exercise protocol consisting of consecutive workloads of 80% V'O2max (6 min), rest (4 min), 60% V'O2max (6 min) and step increments of exercise until exhaustion. Montelukast reduced the maximum post‐exercise fall in FEV1 (P < 0.01), improved the running time to exhaustion in 11 of 16 test subjects (one unchanged) (P = 0.03), and reduced the Borg score at exhaustion (P = 0.03) and the breathing frequency after 3 min at 60% V'O2max (P = 0.03). V'O2, V'CO2, minute ventilation, ventilatory equivalents, respiratory exchange ratio, heart rate and oxygen pulse were not significantly different after montelukast and placebo. We conclude that montelukast has a beneficial effect on physical performance in most adults with exercise‐induced asthma without any observed effect on gas‐exchange parameters.
Characterization of the physical properties of the stratum corneum by a new tactile sensor
Authors: Sakai Shingo , Sasai Shu , Endo Yoko , Matue Kohji , Tagami Hachiro , Inoue Shintaro 
Published: March 2003

Background/aims: The physical properties of the stratum corneum (SC) change with its water content, which is regulated by the presence of water solutes (natural moisturizing factors) and lipids in the SC, and are considered to be responsible for the induction of desquamation, skin surface roughness, and fine wrinkles. Recently a new type of tactile sensor developed for evaluating the physical properties of objects has been introduced as a simple, non‐invasive method to evaluate them; because the data obtained with this sensor have not yet been characterized in detail, we compared them with other physical parameters of the skin.Methods: A change in resonant frequency (Δf  ) was measured under various levels of pressure applied by a tactile sensor placed on the cheeks of 29 women. We also measured high‐frequency conductance that reflects the hydration state of the skin surface, water holding capacity of the SC, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), skin flexibility, skin elasticity, amino acid composition of the SC, and desquamation index of the SC at the same time, and evaluated the correlation between Δf and other physical parameters.Results: The correlation between Δf and high‐frequency conductance of the SC, and that between Δf and the water holding capacity of the SC were substantially high. Δf under high pressure was more closely correlated with the acidic amino acid ratio of the SC. Δf also showed a correlation with desquamation index for thickness of the SC as well as with skin elasticity, independent of the applied pressure.Conclusions: Because Δf determined with the tactile sensor correlated with other physical parameters specific to the properties of the SC, such as high frequency conductance of the SC, its water holding capacity, ratio of acidic amino acids, and the desquamation index for thickness, the physical properties of the SC may be adequately evaluated with the measurements of Δf.
Irregularity skin index (ISI): a tool to evaluate skin surface texture
Authors: Setaro Michele , Sparavigna Adele 
Published: March 2003

Background/aims: Irregularity of skin surface microtopography is difficult to evaluate in Euclidean geometry. Using a fast Fourier transform (FFT), it is possible to convert a space field into a frequency field and to obtain quantitative evaluation of this important feature of the skin. The aim of the present study was to test the applicability of a new parameter, derived from computer assisted FFT, to skin texture, in order to quantify its irregularity. This parameter has the additional advantage of being anisotropic.Method: The study was conducted on 50 female volunteers. Skin replicas were performed on a healthy area that was not chronically photo‐exposed. A new parameter, called “irregularity skin index” (ISI), was identified from FFT. The correlation with volunteers’ age was calculated.Results: ISI was calculated by FFT in two different directions (referred to the x and y axis of the diagram of the FFT and named, respectively, ISIωx and ISIωy). The irregularity skin indexes increased with age of the subjects, showing a correlation with age of r=0.47 (ISIωx) and r=0.51 (ISIωy).Conclusion: By showing a relatively good correlation with age, ISI seems to be a promising parameter for the study of ageing skin.
Repeatability of in vitro measurements of the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) by spectrophotometry with automatic sampling
Authors: Hoffmann K. , Kesners P. , Bader A. , Avermaete A. , Altmeyer P. , Gambichler T. 
Published: March 2003

Background/aims: Spectrophotometric assessment (in vitro) is the most established method for determining the ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) of textiles. Apart from stringent requirements for measurement precision, practical methods are required for the routine determination of the UPF. We report here spectrophotometric measurements of textiles using a newly developed autosampler. Measurement precision was evaluated under repeatable conditions.Methods: Fifteen different textiles were spectrophotometrically assessed for the determination of the UPF. Sample handling inside the spectrophotometer was performed with a computer‐controlled sampling device, capable of loading and unloading a textile sample from a magazine as well as rotating the sample perpendicular to the spectrometer beam. In order to evaluate the repeatability of measurements, one sample of each textile was assessed eight times under the same conditions in the same laboratory.Results: A mean percentage of the standard error of 1% [EUPF] was calculated for the UPF measurements. For UPFs >30, a significantly higher EUPF was found (r=0.78; P<0.001). EUV (3.9%) of ultraviolet A (UVA) transmission differed significantly from EUV (1.1%) of ultraviolet B (UVB) transmission (P<0.05).Conclusions: Though a slight decrease of repeatability was observed for UVA transmission measurements and UPFs higher than 30, our data indicate a high measurement precision under repeatable conditions. In conclusion, spectrophotometric measurements of textiles with the aid of the autosampler presented have been shown to be highly practical, time saving and precise.
Influence of age on the wrinkling capacities of skin
Authors: Batisse Dominique , Bazin Roland , Baldeweck Thérèse , Bernard Querleux  , Jean‐Luc Lévêque  
Published: March 2003

Background: Comparisons of clinical assessment with measurement of physical parameters are rare.Objective: To standardize the horizontal wrinkling of the skin in order to define a reference chart of the different wrinkling grades and to propose an interpretation of the clinical pattern in terms of skin layers thickness and mechanical parameters.Methods: A device allowing reproducible wrinkling of the skin was made. The skin folds created in this way were clinically assessed on women of different ages. Measurements of the mechanical properties of the skin were carried out by using a Torquemeter. Skin layers' thicknesses were measured by using in vivo Confocal Microscopy (CM) and Ultrasound Imaging (B mode).Results: Skin wrinkling grades increase versus age. Skin elasticity, extensibility and echogenicity decrease also versus age and the wrinkling grade. Wrinkling appears to be related to skin rigidification (for both stratum corneum and dermis) coupled to a certain weakening of the upper dermis (loss of echogenicity).Conclusion: This study points out the key role of the age‐related alterations of the upper dermis in skin wrinkling capacities.
The significance and management of periodontal lesions in HIV infection
Authors: Robinson PG 
Published: March 2003

It is now almost 20 years since we reported the existence of a previously unknown lesion, oral hairy leukoplakia, and its unexpected nature as the only human disease in which there is prolific replication of the gamma‐herpesvirus, Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). Since then, it has become clear that, in the HIV‐infected population, oral lesions are of particular significance. Their presence in individuals of unknown HIV serostatus is highly suggestive of HIV infection, while in people who are known to be HIV‐infected, the development of oral candidiasis or hairy leukoplakia – often the very first lesions to occur – indicates that the battle between HIV virion production and destruction of immunologically important cells on, versus replacement of those cells has shifted in favour of HIV. These observations have led to the almost universal inclusion of oral lesions in staging and classification schemes for HIV infection. Recently, lower frequencies of oral disease have been seen in those on HIV therapy, except that oral warts may become more common as the viral load falls and CD4 count rises.OBJECTIVES: To review the significance and management of periodontal lesions seen in HIV infection.DESIGN: Traditional review.RESULTS: HIV‐associated periodontal lesions may be categorised as unusual forms of gingivitis, necrotizing periodontal diseases and exacerbated periodontitis. These lesions are significant in the extent to which they mark the underlying HIV disease and have service planning implications. Only limited data are available to inform guidelines for the management of individual patients.CONCLUSIONS: Research of the effectiveness of interventions for HIV‐associated periodontal lesions is needed.
Bone mineral density of the mandible in ovariectomized rats: analyses using dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry and peripheral quantitative computed tomography
Authors: Kuroda S , Mukohyama H , Kondo H , Aoki K , Ohya K , Ohyama T , Kasugai S 
Published: March 2003

INTRODUCTION: Although previous studies have shown that maxillary molar extraction in ovariectomized (OVX) animals causes mandibular loss of bone, it is still questionable as to whether estrogen deficiency affects mandibles with functional occlusion. MATERIALS and METHODS: To answer this question, 13‐week‐old female Sprague–Dawley rats were bilaterally OVX or sham‐operated. After 109 days, the bone mineral density (BMD) of the femurs and mandibles was measured using dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT). RESULTS: In DEXA analysis, although the BMD of the total mandible of the OVX rats was similar to that of the sham‐operated rats, the BMD of the condylar region in the OVX rats had decreased by 12.5%. In pQCT analysis, decrease in trabecular BMD of the mandibular bone was detectable but low in the molar region (maximal 13%), whereas no difference was seen in cortical BMD. In the femurs, the trabecular bone prominently decreased in OVX rats (30% decrease in pQCT analysis) as previously reported. CONCLUSION: This study revealed regional differences in the mandibular bone decrease in OVX rats. Although the mechanism of low susceptibility of the mandible to estrogen‐deficient conditions remains unknown, it is likely that mechanical stress derived from functional occlusion is preventing bone loss in this pathological condition. Furthermore, this study demonstrated the advantage of pQCT in analyzing rat mandibular bone.