bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Military Exercises and Network Effects
Authors: Galambos Kevin 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Between 1980 and 2016, the percentage of states that partnered in a multinational military exercise (MME) increased twenty-fold. What explains this proliferation? Existing studies focus on the role of major powers and polarity but fail to explain exercises without great powers or the continuous growth of MME participation. I conceptualize patterns of exercises among all members of the international system as networks. Inferential network analysis shows that higher-order effects like popularity, transitivity, and memory increase the probability that states cooperate militarily. Countries with many connections have institutional knowledge and prestige to attract partners. Multinational coalitions form where mutual friends increase trust and create positive feedback. Past cooperation lowers the costs of future partnerships. Empirical analysis shows that the evolving network structure of MMEs is an emergent property driven by these interdependent processes, and that traditional explanations for security cooperation like great powers and alliances decrease in influence over time.
Evaluation of a thermoregulatory intravascular catheter in critically ill burns patients
Authors: Brown Amy , McGovern Christopher , Davidson Marie , Boyle Rachael , Farnham Derek David Truong , Paton Lia 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Patients with severe burns are at high risk of thermoregulatory failure. Yet, there is a lack of consensus regarding the optimum approach to temperature dysregulation in patients with severe burns. Intravascular temperature management catheters may offer a superior method of temperature control, but robust data are lacking. In this article, we describe our experience in using a thermoregulatory catheter for temperature management in a tertiary referral burns center. We conducted a single-center, prospective evaluation of the use of a thermoregulatory intravenous catheter system (Thermogard XP®) in critically injured burns patients admitted to our intensive care unit over an 18-month period. Ten patients had a total of 12 catheters inserted. Patient temperatures were maintained between a median low of 36.9 °C and a median high of 38.4 °C while in the intensive care unit. If patients were transferred to theater, the median temperature change was −0.15 °C (interquartile range [IQR] −0.3, 0) if TBSA was ≤50% and −1.45 °C (IQR −2.05, −0.975) if &gt;50%. No surgical procedures were terminated due to intraoperative hypothermia. On return from theater, 72.2% of patients were normothermic with a median temperature of 36.8 °C. Thirty percent of patients developed a thrombotic complication. Overall, the device appeared reliable in achieving and maintaining normothermia for critically ill burns patients manifesting temperature dysregulation. It may also be of benefit to patients expected to show temperature fluctuations during operative procedures. Further research is needed to define whether this represents an improvement over current practice and investigate the thrombus risk associated with such devices.
The Political Ecology of Climate Remedies in Latin America and the Caribbean: Comparing Compliance between National and Inter-American Litigation
Authors: Auz Juan 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe climate crisis will continue to affect human and natural systems across Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Undoubtedly, this jeopardizes entire communities’ enjoyment of human rights. In that context, the Inter-American Human Rights System (IAHRS) is expected to respond, particularly since its organs have jurisdiction to order remedies over most LAC countries, provided they determine a rights violation. Despite the growing number of domestic human rights-based climate cases in the region, the organs of the IAHRS have yet to adjudicate and order remedies in a case concerning the climate crisis. Against this backdrop, this article inquires how to understand climate remedies from a political ecology perspective to capture the LAC climate litigation experience. Additionally, the article asks what the challenges of implementing such remedies may be. To answer these questions, first, it compares the remedial approaches of domestic courts in six finally decided climate-related cases with those of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR) in ‘anti-extractivist’ cases. Second, it applies a political ecology lens to understand the elements that might hinder the implementation of the identified remedies. The article argues that the socioeconomic cost for States largely determines remedial compliance in domestic climate litigation and the IACtHR’s anti-extractivist litigation. Ultimately, the aim is to anticipate the future of climate remedies and their effectiveness at the IACtHR based on present climate litigation in LAC.
Giant intrapulmonary solitary fibrous tumor with signs of malignancy
Authors: Marcinkevičiūtė Kristina , Jagelavičius Žymantas , Žurauskas Edvardas , Janilionis Ričardas 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) is an extremely rare mesenchymal neoplasm usually detected in the pleura, which generally follows a benign course. The localization inside lung parenchyma has more rarely been reported. We present a case of a 51-year-old male with a dry cough, dyspnea, chest pain, and increased perspiration. Radiological images revealed a giant circumscribed mass on the right side of the chest. A transbronchial cryobiopsy of the lung was performed and revealed an SFT. The right upper lobectomy through lateral thoracotomy was performed. The pathological examination confirmed an SFT with a central zone of necrosis that is a sign of malignancy. At a 2-year follow-up, the patient is free of symptoms and with no evidence of recurrence. Although the intrapulmonary localization of an SFT is a rare entity, we should be aware of it as a potential malignant pulmonary neoplasm.
Cystic Fibrosis Carrier States Are Associated With More Severe Cases of Bronchiectasis
Authors: Miller Aaron C , Harris Logan M , Winthrop Kevin L , Cavanaugh Joseph E , Abou Alaiwa Mahmoud H , Hornick Douglas B , Stoltz David A , Polgreen Philip M 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Background
People with cystic fibrosis (CF) are at increased risk for bronchiectasis, and several reports suggest that CF carriers may also be at higher risk for developing bronchiectasis. The purpose of this study was to determine if CF carriers are at risk for more severe courses or complications of bronchiectasis.

Methods
Using MarketScan data (2001–2021), we built a cohort consisting of 105 CF carriers with bronchiectasis and 300 083 controls with bronchiectasis but without a CF carrier diagnosis. We evaluated if CF carriers were more likely to be hospitalized for bronchiectasis. In addition, we examined if CF carriers were more likely to be infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa or nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) or to have filled more antibiotic prescriptions. We considered regression models for incident and rate outcomes that controlled for age, sex, smoking status, and comorbidities.

Results
The odds of hospitalization were almost 2.4 times higher (95% CI, 1.116–5.255) for CF carriers with bronchiectasis when compared with non–CF carriers with bronchiectasis. The estimated odds of being diagnosed with a Pseudomonas infection for CF carriers vs noncarriers was about 4.2 times higher (95% CI, 2.417–7.551) and 5.4 times higher (95% CI, 3.398–8.804) for being diagnosed with NTM. The rate of distinct antibiotic fill dates was estimated to be 2 times higher for carriers as compared with controls (95% CI, 1.735–2.333), and the rate ratio for the total number of days of antibiotics supplied was estimated as 2.8 (95% CI, 2.290–3.442).

Conclusions
CF carriers with bronchiectasis required more hospitalizations and more frequent administration of antibiotics as compared with noncarriers. Given that CF carriers were also more likely to be diagnosed with Pseudomonas and NTM infections, CF carriers with bronchiectasis may have a phenotype more resembling CF-related bronchiectasis than non-CF bronchiectasis.
What is Isorhythm?
Authors: Bent Margaret 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThis chapter interrogates the term isorhythm (= ‘equal rhythm’) and traces its origin and application in early twentieth-century musicology, arguing that it has been misapplied to musical phenomena that are either not equal, or where the identity is not confined to rhythm. These common usages distort the historiography of the motet and imply more uniformity than is justified by the rich range of techniques and strategies encountered. Permutations of color and talea and different tenor manipulations yield much more variety than common text-book definitions of ‘the isorhythmic motet’. It is proposed that the term be dropped, although ‘isorhythm’ remains a valid descriptive term of more limited application. The chapter is a very slightly adapted version of a previously published paper on the history and limitations of the modern term; a preamble takes account of recent work by Lawrence Earp and Anna Zayaruznaya.
Machaut’s Motet 10 and its Interconnections
Authors: Bent Margaret 
Published: January 2024

AbstractLike Chapters 5, 10 and 14, the present chapter too complements a textual study by Kevin Brownlee. Considerations of pitch, cadencing potential, number and symmetry again condition the melodic choice of a tenor chant excerpt, also chosen for words to suit the upper-voice texts. Tenor melodic motives are integrated into the upper voices, and the tenor rhythms made to reflect theirs. A long-term syncopation creates interesting cross-rhythms, as does a tension between perfect and imperfect mensurations in the reduced section. Interplay between melodic and rhythmic motives and key words (here especially ‘fire’ and ‘death’) yield a subtle leitmotivic word painting, also making use of extremes of range, low for death, high for loyalty. Words connoting repetition or recollection are musically punned, structurally and by repeats; recapitulation is a powerful form-building element. Links and affinities to other motets are explored.
The Yoxford Credo
Authors: Bent Margaret 
Published: January 2024

AbstractContinuing from Chapter 22, this chapter analyses an equally resourceful Credo in the same set of flyleaves, which uses strategies more often associated with motets, and stands apart from both the simpler and more complex contemporary Mass settings of Old Hall. It combines equal-length paired upper-voice segments with non-coincident mensural transformation and successive diminution in the lower parts, which have three pairs of statements in the unprecedented overall proportions 12:8: 6:4: 3:2, reflected in the punning tenor label ‘Omni tempore’ (through all time). Structural features include ingenious palindromes. Obvious structural coincidences are avoided, apparently in order to increase the climactic effect of the Amen.
Mayshuet and theDeo gratiasMotets in the Old Hall Manuscript
Authors: Bent Margaret 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe Old Hall manuscript ended with two Deo gratias motets; these evidently also ended a younger fragmentary royal choirbook partly copied from it (RC), which enables completion of one of the motets, Post missarum sollennia, whose text is closely related to an older French motet. The other motet, Are post libamina, is ascribed to ‘Mayshuet’, whose identity is investigated in the light of a statement within the text that it was composed by a distinguished Frenchman and adapted by him to Latin to accommodate English tastes. Identity of this composer with Matheus de Sancto Johanne is rejected, and other possible candidates are cautiously explored.
Old Hall, the Agincourt Motets, and Dunstaple
Authors: Bent Margaret 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThis chapter revisits the dating and motets of the Old Hall manuscript, whose leading composer, Leonel Power, was in the chapel of Thomas, Duke of Clarence, next in line to the throne of his brother Henry V, the composer ‘Roy Henry’. The manuscript was evidently prepared for Clarence’s chapel c. 1413–15, before it migrated to Henry’s composer–chaplains who added their own compositions, c. 1415 and 1419, including motets with topical reference from around the time of Agincourt. Chroniclers recount the English military victory in 1416 and Henry’s provisions for his chapel liturgy. Some texts cited at precisely this time appear to refer to known motets by Dunstaple. Other early datings and recent attributions for his works are evaluated, together with new findings on his biography and association with the Duke of Bedford, for whose chapel in turn a fragmentary royal choirbook may have been destined.
The Motets of Johannes Ciconia
Authors: Bent Margaret 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThis chapter is a previously unpublished overview of Ciconia’s motets, going considerably beyond the introduction to the 1984 edition. We are almost entirely dependent on the compiler of the manuscript Bologna Q15 for his splendid body of motets, which were there subjected to notational revision (weakening their evident Italian genesis) and the addition of contratenor parts. Musical and textual analysis attempts to shed light on this complex transmission. The case for his authorship of two opera dubia is found to be weakened by codicological analysis. The date and destination of his two-part motet O Petre Christi discipule is weighed in the light of varying views.
Two Tales of the Death of God
Authors: LeDrew Stephen 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Across the Western world, churches are emptying out and closing their doors, and more and more people are rejecting organized religion. This book addresses the causes of this decline in belief and participation in religious activities by examining two rival explanations. The first is the Enlightenment myth, which states that religious belief becomes less tenable as it is gradually replaced by a scientific worldview. This is the view promoted by a group of intellectuals known as the “new atheists” (represented most famously by evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins), who in the early 2000s captured the imagination of young skeptics and ignited a movement for secularism by arguing that religion is the source of most of our social ills. Their view of religion as the antithesis of modern science is closely connected to ideological theories of social progress that work to justify social inequalities. After critiquing this ideological take on religion, a better alternative is presented: the sociological theory of secularization, which states that religious decline is a result of socioeconomic development that has produced greater overall well-being and equality and shifting moral values that lead people to view religious ethics as a relic of a bygone era. The evidence on secularization suggests that only by working to achieve greater security and equality for all can we counter power and influence of organized religion.
A Truthful Myth
Authors: LeDrew Stephen 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The secularization thesis, in its most basic form, states that as societies modernize, religious belief, and the importance of religion in public life, declines. This theory was self-evident to many social scientists of the mid- to late twentieth century, but in the late twentieth century the Islamic Revolution and the Christian Right’s ascent to political power threw the secularization thesis into question. Eventually a new orthodox view arose that sees the secularization thesis as an ideology (rather than an empirical scientific theory) that reflects a belief in Western cultural superiority. This chapter charts the development of the debate about secularization and the current status of the theory.
The Long, Slow Death of God
Authors: LeDrew Stephen 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the evidence for secularization, including both major sub-theses: privatization (the separation of church and state) and disaffiliation (a growth in the number of people who claim no religious affiliation). It argues that the apparent resurgence of religion in the public sphere is a distraction from the reality that religion hold less influence over public institutions than ever before. In terms of religious affiliation, there has been a significant increase in recent decades in the number of people who say they don’t believe in God or claim no religious affiliation, and a steep decline in participation in religious services and activities. The evidence indicates that we are in a period of significant secularization of the Western world.
The Stigma Trap
Authors: Sharone Ofer 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This book shows how the unemployment stigma renders all workers, including workers who are highly experienced and hold advanced degrees from elite universities, precarious and vulnerable to being trapped in long-term unemployment. Stigma is an invisible but ubiquitous force that is powerful enough to erase the significance of past educational and professional achievements. Drawing on interviews with workers, recruiters, and career coaches this book analyzes the ways that the unemployment stigma distorts how employers view jobseekers. But it is not only employers. The same stigma of unemployment can rear its head when an unemployed worker tries to network with former colleagues, receive support from a coach, or even turn to a close friend or a spouse. With stigma reflected back from all directions it can be internalized and appear when one looks in the mirror. For anyone who has directly experienced unemployment, or knows someone who has, this book will be eye opening. It shows the subtle and profound ways that the unemployment stigma sets a trap that is difficult to escape. It also provides a sociological approach to supporting unemployed workers, and to countering this stigma and the institutions that underlie it.
Networking and Feeling Like Beggars and Used-Car Salesmen
Authors: Sharone Ofer 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Unemployed jobseekers focus on networking as a key strategy but often encounter the same stigma held by recruiters when they reach out to former colleagues or new ties. In this chapter we hear from MIT alums who are enthusiastic about helping other graduates of their university, but if they learn that these fellow alums are unemployed they respond with the same stigma that we heard from recruiters in Chapter 2. Long-term unemployed jobseekers use two striking metaphors to describe their networking experiences. Some discuss feeling like a beggar seeking a handout, while others talk of feeling like a used-car salesperson who must appear confident and mask any doubts. Over time, the repeated encountering of stigma, and the experience of feeling like a beggar or an inauthentic salesperson leads to a reduction in networking and consequently further diminishes the likelihood of escaping the trap of long-term unemployment.
The Stigma Inside
Authors: Sharone Ofer 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The stigma reflected back from all directions tends to be internalized and leads to feelings of shame, challenged identities, and growing anxiety. In addition, the labor market experiences of unemployed jobseekers lead to self-doubts about their value as professionals, and the growing financial crisis results in undermining of identities as parents and providers, and even as self-sufficient adults. Moreover, most jobseekers experience ever intensifying anxiety over the growing gap in their resumes. Feelings of shame, the undermining of key identities, and rising anxiety together mean that negative emotions are all but an inevitable consequence of long-term unemployment; yet, in this chapter we also hear recruiters explain that any hint of negative feelings from an applicant means they are excluded from consideration. In short, unemployed jobseekers are trapped by stigmas, and then further trapped by experiencing negative emotions in response to such stigmas.
Beyond Participatory Inclusion
Authors: Bagg Samuel Ely 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Following the chapter on responsive representation, this chapter examines the other version of collective self-rule with the greatest practical influence: the ideal of “participatory inclusion.” Its core claim is that genuine self-rule requires including more people, more directly and deliberatively, in more decisions—preferably in small-scale contexts. The chapter traces how theorists developed this ideal in response to widely acknowledged failures of responsive representation, before exploring how it motivates a wide range of practical reforms—beginning in the mid-twentieth century and continuing into the present. It then considers the limitations of this paradigm. In short, it claims, practices of participatory inclusion can make advances on the margins, but their ability to address the most important democratic challenges is limited by their focus on decision-making processes rather than underlying power asymmetries. In particular, practices that are formally neutral, oriented towards specific decision nodes, individualizing, and collaborative in spirit offer too many opportunities for co-optation by elites, relative to more oppositional, partisan, group-based forms of collective action. Finally, the chapter addresses more abstract and idealized versions of collective self-rule, such as deliberative systems theory and recent accounts of political equality. By retreating from the narrow agenda implied by their forebears, it concludes, these accounts move in the right direction, but they have yet to articulate a compelling alternative agenda. The ideal of resisting state capture provides such an agenda, and can be understood as filling in the practical demands of these more abstract versions of collective self-rule.
What Is State Capture?
Authors: Bagg Samuel Ely 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins to articulate the core ideal defended in the book: democracy as resisting state capture. This ideal conceives democracy as a set of practices that help to promote the public interest by protecting public power from capture at the hands of any group. The aim of this chapter is to elaborate the core concept of “state capture,” and it begins by examining its relationship to other key terms such as democracy and the public interest, before exploring the very diverse range of forms state capture can take. Defined as the use of public power to pursue private interests at the expense of the public, the concept of state capture is an umbrella term encompassing problems as diverse as regulatory capture, corruption, clientelism, authoritarianism, oligarchy, and racial caste systems, and the chapter draws from historical and social scientific research on all of these phenomena. It then situates these particular literatures within the broader framework provided by two recent comprehensive theories of political economy, both of which demonstrate how pervasive state capture by a narrow elite characterized nearly all state-based societies in human history. Where these theories emphasize the progress achieved by liberal democratic societies in this regard, however, this chapter also stresses the significance of certain forms of capture that persist and even intensify in those societies. Engaging extensively with empirical research, it devotes special attention to two forms of capture that are especially severe and pervasive across all modern democracies: those benefiting categorically advantaged groups and wealthy elites.