bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Enlightenment
Authors: Gay Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To compare the American with the European Enlightenment is a risky business, not because they have nothing in common­ they have in fact a great deal in common-but because they are not of the same logical order. The Enlightenment was a great revolution in man’s style of thinking that came to dominate the Western world in the eighteenth century. It was composed of the interplay among ideas and events, inventions and expectations; its raw materials were the triumph of Newtonian science, striking improvements in industrial and agricultural techniques, a widespread loss of religious fervor and a corresponding rise of “reasonable” religion, an ever bolder play of the critical spirit among the old mysteries of church and state which had for centuries escaped criticism, a new sense of confidence in man’s power over his worldly destiny. The philosophes in many areas, including the British colonies in America, articulated and organized these developments into a coherent philosophy and made it into a set of demands, a full-fledged political program.
Immigration
Authors: Higham John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the late 177o’s a well-to-do French farmer who had settled in the Hudson River Valley posed a question that has fascinated every subsequent generation and reverberated through American history. “What then is the American, this new man?” asked Hector St. John de Crevecoeur in writing an affectionate sketch of his adopted country. Crevecoeur’s answer elaborated a claim already advanced by another recent arrival from Europe, Tom Paine. Paine’s famous revolutionary pamphlet, Common Sense (1776), was the first stentorian call for independence from Britain. It declared, and Crevecoeur heartily agreed, that the Americans are not transplanted Englishmen. They are an inter­ mixture of many European peoples, a nation of immigrants.
The Negro since Freedom
Authors: Franklin John Hope 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It has often been remarked that the history of the Negro in the United States is, in many ways, unique in world history. Those who make this assertion point out that in no other country of the world has such a large and distinctive Negro minority persisted for such a long period of time. Indeed, with the exception of Nigeria, which became independent only in 1960, Negroes are in no other state as numerous as they are in the United States. To advance further their argument that Negro Americans are unique they point to the fact that in no other country of the world has the position of the Negro been so clearly defined in law and custom. It should be pointed out, of course, that in few countries of the world is there such preoccupation with racial desegregation of the various elements of the population. Only in the United States is a Negro regarded as any person having a known trace of “Negro blood” in his veins-no matter how far back it was acquired.
World War I
Authors: Mayer Arno J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In July-August 1914, Europe’s statesmen faced the decision for war against a background of grave internal tensions and dis­ orders, in some instances bordering on civil war. Parliamentary government was on trial, in Britain over Ulster and the strike threat of the Triple Industrial Alliance, in France over the draft law and the income tax, and in Italy over economic and social reform. Germany’s semi parliamentary system floundered because, except for the far-right conservatives and nationalists, the major parties of the Second Empire pressed for the end of Prussia’s three-class franchise and the institution of cabinet responsibility to the Reichstag. The power elite of both halves of the Dual Monarchy was confronted by explosive nationality unrest which itself was an expression of mounting political, economic, and social dysfunctions. In tsarist Russia, meanwhile, the counterfeit Fourth Duma was in no position to blunt the challenge of militant workers and of restless national minorities.
The Test of Comparison
Authors: woodward C Vann 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Nations, like individuals, are slow in adjusting their mental habits to the processes of aging. Patterns of thought, expectation, and self-image are normally fixed in youth and tend to persist past the age to which they are appropriate. So it has been with “the first new nation,” now quite an old nation comparatively speaking. America grew up among the numerous New World offspring of the family of western European parent nations. Most of the latter were fairly young as nations themselves in that age of discovery, exploration, and colonization in which the new generation of offspring was born and brought up. The Americans went through a prolonged period of subordination and dependency as colonies, a period nearly as long as that of adult independence has been. Formal acknowledgment of independence only marked the start of a new stage in the long struggle to establish real national autonomy and identity.
Culturally Appropriate Buildings
Authors: Davis Howard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter we looked primarily at process-at innovative techniques and initiatives, at different scales, that allow buildings to be carefully and individually shaped. Such techniques do not by themselves guarantee that the content of the built result is culturally appropriate. The quotes from Pevsner, Norberg-Schulz, and Tanizaki in chapter 4 were poetic expressions of the idea that the building culture—and the architecture within it—reinforce the larger culture of which they are a part. Although in modern society, this intimate relationship exists, and our buildings do represent our culture, the nature of our commodity culture does not allow for necessary connections between people and their own pasts, the places where they live, and larger communities. Buildings that foster such connections are not the norm.
Research On the Vulnerable Sick
Authors: Brody Baruch A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We are in the midst of a reconceptualization of the concept of justice in research. The older conceptualization, the protective conception, emphasized the protection of vulnerable subjects from being used without their consent and from being exploited in excessively risky research. The newer conceptualization, the balancing conception, incorporates access to the benefits of research as an additional demand of justice. As a result, justice in research is now seen as demanding a proper balance of access to the benefits of research with protection from unconsented use and from exploitation.
Antecedents of the Praetorship
Authors: Brennan T Corey 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
From the very beginning of the Republic, the Romans were faced with the difficult question of how to meet increasingly demanding administrative needs without giving imperium and regal auspicia to too many men. The introduction of a new praetor in 366 to serve as a colleague of the consuls was just one in a series of attempts to solve this problem. This magistracy has to be counted a success. But to create it, the Romans had to put a bold new construction on the regal power. The praetor was to hold imperium which was defined as of the same nature as the consuls’, but minus, “lesser,” in relation to theirs.
The Spains, 218-122
Authors: Brennan T Corey 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The year 197 is a landmark for this study. The number of praetors increased from four to six, and the two Spains were added to the traditional praetorian provinciae of the urban and peregrine jurisdictions, and Sardinia and Sicily. This decision brought to an end the string of nonmagistrates endowed with special imperium whom the Senate had sent as commanders to Spain since 218, the very start of Roman involvement in this area.It is impossible to examine the creation and development of the new provinciae of Hispania Ulterior and Citerior without some discussion of these privati (7.1.1-6). Their special commands provide precedents for a range of later practices, in the Spains and beyond.
General Developments in the Praetorship, 165-122
Authors: Brennan T Corey 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I examine the Senate’s decision not to annex one territory (Cyrene) in 154, and the addition of the new praetorian provinciae of “Macedonia” and “Africa” in 146, and “Asia” following a bequest of Attal us III in 133 (9.1.1-5). I post pone the question of the consular campaigns in Gallia Transalpina in the years 125-121 and the foundation, soon afterward, of Narbo Martius-steps which some have argued constitute the foundation of a new Roman provincia-to 10.2.3. What follows (9.2.1-2) is a brief discussion of the creation of a new praetorian provincia in the city-the quaestio repetundarum-in 122 B.C.
An Invocation
Authors: Yu Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Let us start with a map. Unfold like a painted fan a mercator projection, a view from high above the earth encompassing the Pacific Ocean, with Asia on the left and the Americas on the right. The arc of the Pacific Rim sweeps from the blotch of Australia to Indonesia and Southeast Asia, up the coast of China past the Korean peninsula and Japan, around Alaska and down the West Coast of Canada and the United States, tailing off to the tip of South America. Imagine the map as a parchment through which to relive the past, a chart to trace the stories of people as they move about, leaving a trail of dotted lines that follow them from place to place. The story of these people is one of movement, and like a travel-worn atlas that shows the scrawled markings of roads taken and places seen, this map will show journeys and tell stories of how people came to see things previously unseen, how they tried to understand what they saw, and how they often kept going somewhere farther in order to understand what they had just seen. Place-names coalesce on this imaginary map, given meaning within and connected to the lives of our travelers. Guangdong Province in southern China, Japan, Hawaii, Seattle, San Francisco, Stockton, Los Angeles, Butte, Tule Lake, Iowa City, Nashville, and, on the extreme edge of our map, Chicago.
Speech at the Olympus Theater
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“I’m about to be dragged down the good road,” I said in 1887 when I assumed the presidency of the Literary Circle, and today I’m obliged to say that during the past year I was not the captain at the head of his company, but the recruit enlisted in the ranks of men with smooth brows and strong hearts. Happily, far from futilely marching around a pole like the character from popular legend, we marched toward the realms of light and glimpsed the land where storms are born.
Catholic Education
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Let’s get a map of Lima and mark in red the buildings occupied by religious orders, the way doctors mark on the world map the places infected by an epidemic. We’ll see that we are threatened by an irresistible inundation of priests. Fathers of the Sacred Hearts, Redeemers, Salesians, Jesuits, and Barefoot Brothers, all of them are setting up or preparing to set up schools. Even our ancient, moribund convents are trying to get face-lifts and come back to life to incorporate themselves as teaching institutions.
Our judges
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Mariano Amezaga was not only a sincere and virile writer but a lawyer of proverbial honesty, a true character in the best sense of the word. If a malicious litigant tried to get him to take on some innocuous case, Amezaga would discourage him gently: “Friend, since there’s no merit to your case, I won’t represent you.” If the cause seemed just, he would take the case, but most of the time it turned out that they would n’t pay his fee. Maybe in the tumult of forensic give-and-take the litigant would say to him roguishly, “Doctor, sir, to tell the truth, I just learned from the reverend father N.N. that you have published a book attacking the dogma of our holy religion; and I, as a good Catholic, cannot continue to hire a heretic as my lawyer.”
Our Mother
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Situated at one end of the Continent, fused to the Pyrenees the way the appendix adheres to the trunk, Spain lives breathing in the digestive exhalations of the French stomach. Germany smells like gun powder, England like coal, the United States like oil and printer’s ink, but Spain smells of mold, incense, and fried olive oil. What was its penultimate king? A satyr born of the union of a tabula rasa and a cretinoid. Alphonso XII died young, undermined by his pathological ancestral stock and his vices, but he had time to marry twice and to leave an heir who conjoined in his veins the rancid aqueous humor of the Borbonnes and the pale red cells of the Austrians.
Antipoliticians (1907)
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In addition to the existence in Lima of publications that openly call themselves antipolitical, conferences and meetings of an antipolitical nature are beginning to be held, as for example the one celebrated in this city on May 19. Ten years ago, a meeting like this would not have been possible, for lack of both a public and speakers. Today it is possible because workers groups have produced conscious individuals who are eager to bring light to the minds of their comrades, and because even the most ignorant are beginning to sense that there is light beyond the subterranean dark ness where they vegetate and die.
Revolution
Authors: Prada Manuel González , Fornoff Frederick H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The life and death of societies obey a determinism as inflexible as the germination of a seed or the crystallization of a salt. If sociologists had been able to enunciate laws similar to those formulated by the astronomers, we would now be able to announce revolutions the way we fix the date of an eclipse or a full moon. Everything follows the law. But in this universal determinism in which innumerable unknown forces act, are we capable of measuring the human factor? If we can promote germination and impede crystallization, shoul dn’t we be able to influence the development of events or phenomena related to collectivities? “Social forces,” says Engels, “work the same as those of nature, blindly, violently, destructively, as long as we don’t understand them or know how to use them.”
A Year in California
Authors: Gorriti Juana Manuela 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One day, very late in the afternoon, tired, sick, and freezing cold, I was pushing my horse to reach the underground sanctuary of Uchusuma; it was in the middle of a long and difficult journey eighteen leagues in length, the most dangerous stretch of road between Bolivia and Tacna.
I had already left Mauri and the steep mountains surrounding it behind and was galloping across the dry plains, regularly swept by cold north winds and covered with bogs. These plains are bordered by a group of rocky outcroppings, made by an old cataclysm, at the center of which is the entrance to the cave, the only shelter for the traveler in those frozen barren lands.
All of a sudden, through the gusts of wind that were making it so difficult to see, I spotted a bright object shining among the small pebbles on the road.
Immunologic and Molecular Techniques
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Immunologic and molecular techniques have had major impact on hematopathological diagnosis. The diagnosis and classification of the malignant lymphomas has evolved from an essentially morphologic descriptive level in the 1960s to the immunophenotypic level in the 1970s and to the genotypic level in the 1980s and 1990s. Immunologic and molecular techniques are routinely applied to the diagnosis of lymph node biopsies. The development of monoclonal antibody technology has vastly expanded the availability of diagnostic reagents for the recognition of lymphoid differentiation antigens (Kishimoto et al, 1997). The development of monoclonal antibodies suitable for immunohistochemical studies on deparaffinized sections has broadened the applicability of immunophenotypic studies to routinely processed tissue and permitted the use of archival material (Perkins and l\jeldsberg, 1993). Similarly, the development of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for amplifying small sequences of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has permitted molecular studies on DNA extracted from routinely processed paraffin embedded tissue (Mies, 1994). The diagnostic techniques reviewed in this chapter are an adjunct to histopathologic diagnosis and no one of these techniques can be considered a “gold standard” for hematopathologic diagnosis. The information gleaned from these techniques must be integrated with the histopathologic and clinical findings.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cause a complex disorder resulting in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The lymph nodes are an important site of HIV replication and of the pathophysiologic events leading to immunodeficiency. The lymph nodes are also a major site of involvement of the opportunistic infections and neoplasms which characterize the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
Peripheral B Cell Neoplasms: IV. Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma, Burkitt’s Lymphoma, and Burkitt-Like Lymphoma
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma, Burkitt’s lymphoma, and Burkitt-like lymphoma are tumors of transformed B lymphocytes. These are aggressive B cell lymphomas which are classified as intermediate to high grade in the WF. They are characterized by aggressive clinical course with potential curability with combination chemotherapy.
Peripheral T Cell and NK Cell Neoplasms: Ill. Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphomas
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The anaplastic large cell lymphomas include anaplastic large cell lymphoma (CD30 +) of T and null cell types, primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma, and anaplastic large cell lymphoma, Hodgkin’s-like. Anaplastic large cell lymphomas of B cell type are considered with the diffuse large B cell lymphomas in Chapter 18.
Myeloproliferative Disorders and Mastocytosis
Authors: Strauchen James A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Myeloproliferative disorders which may involve the lymph node include granulocytic sarcoma (extramedullary myeloid cell tumor or chloroma), plasmacytoid monocytic proliferation (plasmacytoid T cell lymphoma), and the chronic myeloproliferative diseases, including chronic granulocytic leukemia and myeloid metaplasia-myelofibrosis. Mastocytosis, which is related to the myeloproliferative disorders, is also considered in this chapter.
Toward A Rich Man’s Fight
Authors: Blair William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When Allen T. Caperton of Virginia urged his fellow senators to throw the wealthy men who had paid for substitutes into the army, he knew the matter interested people beyond the Senate chambers. Representatives at that session of December 29, 1863, understood the need to placate soldiers who complained that the poor man fought a rich man’s war. Military fortunes had declined. Food shortages and inflation wracked the home front, hurting morale and stimulating absenteeism from the army. A few days before Caperton spoke, Congress had ended substitution. Now, members planned a further assault against the rich who were sitting out the war. Caperton proposed that Congress pass a bill voiding arrangements with substitutes as a New Year’s present for the soldiers. On January 5, 1864, President Davis signed the legislation that placed into the ranks the men who had purchased these exemptions. Momentum had swung toward turning the war into more of a rich man’s fight.
The Life of a Graduate Student
Authors: Bloom Dale F , Karp Jonathan D , Cohen Nicholas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What is the world of the budding scientist like? For students in their first few years of training who are not working in the lab or field, life is not totally different from that of an undergraduate. Students attend classes, spend hours in the library gathering articles for papers that they have to write, work on problem sets, study for exams. They are challenged to think more deeply, carefully, and creatively than they were when they were undergraduates, however, and memorization is not emphasized. They likely spend a few hours each week attending seminars and journal clubs. Characteristically, they take knowledge very seriously and aresearching for questions that they want to devote themselves to in later years. Students who are also expected to participate in research during these years may start out by working on simple projects or by helping more advanced researchers; temporarily assisting others is a good way to learn techniques and scientific thinking, and students who work long and hard at this may have their efforts re warded by middle authorship on the published studies. Students do not really have to know much about a field to physically start researching at a “cookbook” level. Many are actually unaware of the meaning of their work until they later fill in the gaps in their knowledge.
Diagnostic Pathology of Parasitic Infections with Clinical Correlations
Authors: Gutierrez Yezid 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book provides a comprehensive reference and diagnostic aid to the practicing pathologist or infectious disease specialist encountering a parasite in an examined tissue sample. Organized by phylogenetic group, the text facilitates diagnosis by discussing common characteristics and patterns of different parasites, and misleading artifacts that resemble parasites in tissue. This second edition includes molecular biology and immunologic aspects, and a more in-depth discussion of syndromes more prevalent due to increased world travel, immigration and the AIDS epidemic.
Social Support: Its Present Significance for Psychiatric Epidemiology
Authors: Henderson A Scott 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to examine the present state of knowledge about social support as a determinant of mental health. Evidence is presented that what has been measured in most studies is probably not a valid estimate of the actual social environment; it is instead the subject’s personal perception of this. It may be that it is the internal representation of the social environment rather than its true state that has a protective effect on mental health.
Physiological Correlates of Stress, Adversity, and Psychopathology
Authors: Frank Ellen , Karp Jordan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the available data on physiological correlates of stress, adversity, and psychopathology. It is in the development of depressive illness and posttraumatic stress disorder that life stress has been most strongly implicated. Thus it is not surprising that most of the literature we were able to locate relevant to the question of what the physiological correlates of stress and psychopathology might be focuses on these two disorders.
Adversity, Stress, and Psychopathology: A Psychiatric Genetic Perspective
Authors: Kendler Kenneth S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
How can the discipline of psychiatric genetics improve our understanding of the interrelationship between adversity, stress, and psychopathology? One logical way to begin addressing this question is to review possible mechanisms whereby genetic factors can interact with environmental factors to influence vulnerability to psychiatric illness (see Kendler & Eaves, 1986, for a more complete discussion of this topic).