bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Osteitis fibrosa, osteomalacia, and mixed bone lesions
Authors: Felsenfeld Arnold J , Torres Armando 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To fully comprehend renal osteodystrophy today, it is important to appreciate its long and interesting history. Because the primary focus of this chapter is not a historical review, it is necessary to provide a selective, personal perspective of historical studies. It should also be emphasized that until the late 1960s, descriptions of renal osteodystrophy were in patients who had never received dialysis and thus were not exposed to potential modifying factors such as aluminum or increased calcium delivery during dialysis. Aluminum exposure produced a form of osteomalacia not previously observed in the azotemic patient and the improved calcium balance produced by dialysis may have modified the bone disease either directly by increasing serum calcium or indirectly by the suppression of parathyroid hormone (PTH).
Medical therapy in pre-dialysis chronic renal failure
Authors: Coen Giorgio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Renal osteodystrophy is an alteration of bone tissue from the structural, functional, and metabolic point of view, generally reaching its maximum expression in the patient on maintenance dialysis. However, it is commonly known that the metabolic disturbances leading to bone lesions start early in the course of chronic renal failure and in some cases they may reach their full manifestation in end-stage renal failure, already before the start of dialysis. Therefore there is a wide possibility of preventive intervention and also of treatment, in the conservative stage of chronic renal failure (CRF). Prevention and treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism and of renal osteodystrophy may probably have the advantage of saving the patient later, under dialysis treatment, from severe forms of the disease, and avoiding the need of parathyroidectomy. However, several aspects of the most appropriate preventive treatment are still open to debate.
The supply-side effects of tobacco-control policies
Authors: Jacobs Rowena , Gale H Frederick , Capehart Thomas C , Zhang Ping , Jha Prabhat 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines whether tobacco-control policies will have a detrimental effect on countries’ economies, in particular on employment, and examines the impact of supply-side interventions. For the majority of countries, even stringent tobacco-control policies will have either a minimal impact or no net impact on total employment, as money that would formerly have been spent on tobacco tends to be spent on other goods and services. However, for a handful of tobacco-exporting countries that are not diversified, falling demand for tobacco would result in job losses, although such transitions would be gradual. Supply-side policies, such as price supports and quotas, provide incentives to grow tobacco, but their net impact on retail price, and hence consumption, is small. Given high demand and the presence of alternative suppliers, policies such as crop diversification or buy-outs are largely ineffective in reducing the supply of tobacco or its consumption. Nevertheless diversification, placed within broader rural development programs, can help meet the transition costs of the poorest farmers. Ultimately, the most effective supply-side policy may be to focus on reducing the demand for tobacco, and to allow supply to respond to slow changes in demand.
The design, administration, and potential revenue of tobacco excises
Authors: Sunley Emil M , Yurek.Ji Ayda , Chaloupka Frank J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the design and administration of tobacco excise taxes. With respect to design, the issues reviewed here include the choice of tobacco products to excise, the treatment of imports, and the choice of specific taxes (based on quantity) versus ad valorem taxes (based on value). We also briefly discuss the impact of smuggling on tax revenues. With respect to tax administration, the issues discussed here include the use of registration and licensing to facilitate administration, bonding, physical control of tobacco products, and the use of tax stamps. Finally, the revenue-generating potential of higher cigarette taxes is examined. Using data on tax revenues, tax rates, and prices, we calculate that an increase in cigarette taxes of 10% globally would raise cigarette tax revenues by nearly 7%, with relatively larger increases in revenues in high-income countries and smaller, but sizable, increases in revenues in low-income and middle-income countries.
The Healing Arts
Authors: Downie R S , Calman Kenneth C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medicine and the arts have in common a concern for all aspects of people’s lives. This delightful anthology celebrates the many ways in which they interact. Robin Downie has mixed together a rich concoction of poems, stories, prose extracts, music, paintings, and drawings which illustrate the fundamental issues of birth, life, and death. From reviews of the hardback edition The best presents are often those you want to buy for yourself and part with only grudgingly. The Healing Arts falls headlong into this class. New Scientist This book is really much better than any anthology has a right to be… remarkably handsome: large format, good paper, spacious layouts, colour plates, and photographs… but the most striking aspect is the quality and variety of the selected items, and the way in which they flow and are mutually reinforcing’ Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London ‘a splendid anthology … Downie’s anthology is interesting, varied … and fun to dip into’ The Lancet Here’s some cultural diversion for anyone on the mend from the surgeon’s knife or fighting illness, or indeed for the hypochondriac. Read Betjeman on nurses, Larkin on ambulances, and C S Lewis on grief. And more in the same vein’ Focus … a delightful collection of poetry, essay, and musical score, punctuated by carefully selected drawings and paintings. It is undoubtedly a delightful gift for almost anyone in medicine, and a goodly number outside the profession. British Journal of Anaesthesia He has compiled a beautiful and inspiring collection of poems, drawings, paintings, cartoons, music and excerpts from books and journals to give pleasure, to heal and inform, and to “stretch the imagination, deepen the sympathy and enrich perspectives” … It superbly fulfills Downie’s goal of bringing pleasure, stretching the imagination, and deepening sympathy. I strongly recommend it to those of you who value the arts and have some association with the medical profession. The Medical Humanities Review This book is a gem which will have wide appeal…. It breaks new ground in using art, prose and poetry to explore interactions between medicine and the arts. Journal of Medical Ethics
Last Things
Authors: Downie R S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The themes of death, dying, and mourning have inspired the greatest art. There is so much material that it was convenient to organize it into three sections: attitudes to death, suffering and dying, funerals and mourning. The variety of attitudes and the range of feelings involved are a reflection of the inescapability of these events for us all. It must be noted, however, that our reactions to death are not always sad or despairing; humour of all kinds can be provoked by death. Indeed, that is one way in which the fear of death can be overcome. But the richness, the complexity, and the simplicity of the passages must be allowed to speak for themselves.
Evidence-based prognosis of vascular dementia: survival and rate of cognitive decline
Authors: Chui Helena Chang , Mack Wendy , Varpetian Arousiak , Mungas Dan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, the literature review was based on a systematic Medline search for the period 1985–2000. Key words included dementia, vascular dementia, multi-infarct dementia, mortality, morbidity, cognition, survival, neuropsychology, longitudinal, hypertension, diabetes, and vascular risk factors.
Histopathology
Authors: Munoz David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The original concept of multi-infarct dementia was easy to grasp; infarcts resulted in the loss of cerebral tissue, which either because of its critical location or sheer accretion of subclinical deficits led to the clinical manifestations of dementia. However, evidence has progressively accumulated indicating that vascular lesions can damage the brain without producing infarcts.
Genetics of vascular dementia
Authors: Markus Hugh S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several rare Mendelian traits arising from a single gene defect have been described in which stroke and vascular dementia are prominent features. These diagnoses should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any young patient presenting with vascular dementia, or a middle-aged adult who lacks the usual risk factors, particularly in the presence of a family history of early onset stroke or dementia.
Neuropsychological differentiation of Alzheimer’s disease and vascular dementia
Authors: Sachdev Perminder S , Looi Jeffrey C L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The diagnosis of dementia depends on the demonstration of decline in a number of cognitive domains from baseline levels of functioning. What differentiates AD from VaD clinically is the nature of onset and progression of these deficits, the pattern of cognitive impairment, and evidence from history and neuroimaging of the presence of cerebrovascular disease considered to be of etiological significance.
Tooth wear: aetiology, prevention, clinical implication
Authors: Shaw Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tooth wear is a relatively common problem and the source of many patient complaints. It is not a new phenomenon, but has received more attention in recent years. The type of tooth wear, its distribution, prevalence, and aetiology varies widely across populations and age ranges. However, the recent emphasis on tooth wear and its prevention is probably due to a combination of factors; we have an ageing population with increasing life expectancy, who remain dentate for longer, and who have greater expectations of dental care. At the other end of the age range, there is a cohort of young people who, possibly because of lifestyle factors, experience quite extensive tooth wear.
Oral health promotion and policy
Authors: Sheiham Aubrey , Watt Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oral diseases are important public health problems. They are very prevalent and their impact on both society and the individual are significant. Pain, disability, and handicap from oral diseases are common, and the costs of treatment are a major burden to health care systems (Table 15.1). The causes of dental diseases are known and the conditions are largely preventable. On the basis of those criteria, oral and dental diseases are a public health problem. Furthermore, inequalities in oral health are a problem; disadvantaged and socially excluded population groups suffer higher rates of disease than their more affluent contemporaries. The move towards an evidence-based approach to treatment and prevention has highlighted the limitations of conventional dental health education. Those limitations and the expansion of concepts on health promotion has lead to a wider recognition that there is a need to adopt a more progressive approach to prevention.
The Ascendancy Of The Mercian Kings
Authors: Stenton F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fifty years which ended with the resignation of Ine in 726 interrupt the general course of English history. During the first three-quarters of the seventh century the English kingdoms south of the Humber had been tending to develop into a primitive form of confederacy under a common overlord. The supremacies of Edwin, Oswald, and Oswiu of Northumbria foreshadowed a kingdom of all England, and only an unsuccessful battle prevented Wulfhere ofMercia from bringing Northumbria under an overlordship which was already effective throughout the south. For the next half-century no English king was able to establish more than a local ascendancy. There was, much fighting in this period. Individual provinces passed by war from one king to another, the younger members of a dynasty occasionally rose against its head, and the entertainment of exiles was a fertile source of trouble.
Youth in the Third Reich
Authors: Peukert Detlev 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the twelve years of the Nazi state three separate age groups passed through adolescence, that is the years between the fourteenth and eighteenth birthdays. Each group had its own distinctive experiences. Those whose adolescence fell in the years 1933-6 had already had important, formative experiences before the Nazi seizure of power. They were in the front line for incorporation into the Hitler Youth and the so-called Volksgemeinschaft (racial community) of the Third Reich. They had also experienced the economic crisis of the early 1930s and were therefore quite receptive to the benefits offered by the rearmament programme (particularly after 1935-6), as well as to the ideas of Fuhrer staat (leadership state), with its promise of an end to ‘party squabbles’, and of the ‘restoration of national greatness’.
Social Outcasts in the Third Reich
Authors: Noakes Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all Nazi atrocities, the extermination of the Jews has, rightly, commanded the most attention from historians and the general public. But this understandable preoccupation with the horrors ofNazi anti-Semitism has led people to overlook the fact that the Jews formed only one, albeit the major, target in a broad campaign directed against a variety of groups who were considered to be ‘alien to the community’ (gemeinschaftsfremd), and who often were defined in biological terms. Only recently have historians begun to focus their attention on this hitherto neglected sphere of Nazi policy and action.
Dynamic of Destruction
Authors: Kramer Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 26 August 1914 the world-famous university library in the Belgian town of Louvain was looted and destroyed by German troops. The international community reacted in horror - ‘Holocaust at Louvain’ proclaimed the Daily Mail - and the behaviour of the Germans at Louvain came to be seen as the beginning of a different style of war, without the rules that had governed military conflict up to that point - a more total war, in which enemy civilians and their entire culture were now ‘legitimate’ targets. Yet the destruction at Louvain was simply one symbolic moment in a wider wave of cultural destruction and mass killing that swept Europe in the era of the First World War. Using a wide range of examples and eye-witness accounts from across Europe at this time, award-winning historian Alan Kramer paints a picture of an entire continent plunging into a chilling new world of mass mobilization, total warfare, and the celebration of nationalist or ethnic violence - often directed expressly at the enemy’s civilian population.
Local Bolshevism
Authors: Bailey Lt.-Col. F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Bolsheviks in Tashkent were cut off (except by wireless) from the outer world; in February or March 1919, however, General Dutov, who held the railway north of Tashkent, was forced to retire and the line was opened up giving communication with Moscow. The authorities in Moscow were becoming alarmed at events in Turkestan. In these early days of the revolution, in out of the way parts of the country, there was not much opportunity of finding efficient leaders, and the early revolutionaries in Turkestan were men of little education or capability.
On To Bokhara
Authors: Bailey Lt.-Col. F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MY plan of action in Bokhara was as follows: I had secret letters from Noyev to two people in Bokhara, one was a Russian named Tisyachnikov, and the other to a rich Sart, Arif Khoja. I wished that only one person should know who I was, and that this secret should be kept so that I could continue to keep in touch with the counter-espionage and Cheka people of Kagan. I wished to establish contact with Tisyachnikov or Arif Khoja and through one of these to obtain an interview with the Amir. The Amir spoke French, having been in the Corps de Page, at the Tsar’s Court. I was told that it was not impossible to attend at an audience and I thought that ifl could manage this, a word in French to the Amir, which would not have been understood by anyone present, might have led to a more private interview. I hoped to start with Tisyachnikov and only use Arif Khoja as a second string ifTisyachnikov happened not to be there or for any reason could not help. The essential thing was that onlyone man should know about me. Apart from danger to myself, should the Bolsheviks learn who I really was, there was the safety of Noyev who had given me these most dangerous letters.
In the Beginning
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although some of the earliest civilizations had rules about diet, and the curative virtues of different foods, the study of nutrition arguably began late in the sixth century BC. It was about this time that the Greek philosophers first pondered such fundamental issues as what happens to food during digestion, and how the tissues of the body are assembled. Chief among these scholars was probably Alcmaeon, a member of the Pythagorean school in Croton, a Greek colony in the south of Italy. He laid it down that good health could be achieved and maintained only through an equilibrium between what went in and what came out, and that an imbalance, reflected by obesity or emaciation, led to disease.
Paradigm Postponed: the Tardy Arrival of Vitamins
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It may have been Jonathan Pereira who first articulated doubts about the doctrine of Liebig and his successors in Germany that proteins, carbohydrates, and fats – ‘the dietetic trinity’ – afforded (allowing for minerals) all the nutrition that the human frame demanded. Pereira was born in London in 1804, the scion of a respected Sephardic family. He served an apprenticeship in pharmacy and surgery, acquired a broad knowledge of chemistry, lectured on the subject and on materia medica at the London Hospital, and published three influential books while continuing to work as a surgeon. In the last of these, A Treatise on Food and Diet, he questioned Liebig’s dogma and enunciated his own principles of nutrition, including especially the absolute need for a varied diet, which must include both vegetables and fruit. Pereira might have taken his conclusions further, had he not died prematurely in 1853.
The Quarry Run to Earth
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The physicist Max Planck, who discovered that radiation travels in packets, which he called quanta, and thereby shattered the smug perfection of classical physics, is remembered also for a much-quoted utterance. New concepts in science, he reflected, gain acceptance not when the sceptical majority is at last won over by the evidence, but when they die off and are replaced by a new generation whose opinions have not yet hardened. This is really only a half-truth, but certainly scepticism is deeply embedded in the scientific process. A departure, therefore, that threatens to overturn the prevailing intellectual structure of a field of knowledge – what the philosopher Thomas Kuhn termed ‘a paradigm shift’ – must pass through the fire of doubt, even hostility, before it can supplant the accepted wisdom.
Finding a Proper Place For Human Rights
Authors: Parekh Bhikhu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The language of human rights is increasingly acquiring the status of a universally understood and accepted mode of moral communication. Violations of human rights in any part of the world are widely denounced, vigorously investigated by journalists, and used to embarrass and shame governments including those that systematically ignore them in practice and sometimes do not even see their point. Oppressed and marginalized groups turn to them in the firm belief that this is the most effective way to draw attention to their grievances and seek their redress.
The New Global Slave Trade
Authors: Koh Harold Hongju 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was in the Codrington Library of All Souls, Oxford, that I sat six years ago, thinking about the origins of the modern international human rights movement. In researching that subject, I became fascinated by the work of such nineteenth- century activists as Henri Dunant of the International Committee of the Red Cross, Christian peace activists, such as America’s William Ladd and Elihu Burritt, who promoted public international arbitration and permanent international criminal courts, and most of all by William Wilberforce of the British and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society.
Displacement in Zion
Authors: Rose Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One news item, out of the stream of disturbing news that pours daily out of Israel–Palestine, particularly caught my eye in these past weeks. It was the story of Maayan Yaday and her husband who were hauling their packing cases into their new home in the tiny settlement of Nezer Hazani just as Ariel Sharon was making his announcement that he was planning to make Gaza ‘Jew free’. Five years ago, Maayan Yaday had been Croatian and a Catholic, but with a fervour made all the more intense by Sharon’s ‘betrayal’, she insisted that this was her land: Israel and not Palestine: ‘Now I am a Jew,’ she stated, ‘I understand that this is our land.’ What struck me in this story was not, however, the somewhat surreal nature of that claim, but the misplaced energy with which she defended it.
Sleepiness
Authors: Horne Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 1, I mentioned that the cortex is unable to switch off and rest to any marked extent, outside sleep. On the other hand, many brain structures below the cortex, largely controlling vital body functions and common to all mammals, continue to function fairly normally throughout sleep, as in wakefulness. Unlike the cortex, most if not all of these areas seem neither to sleep nor to need it, even though they may influence sleep in one way or another. They tell us little about the purpose of sleep—but rather, how it is regulated.
chapter XXI
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT was a bright moonlight night. Not thinking it likely that we should obtain any more sleep, I determined to start at once, and take advantage of the weather. Desiring Radford and Osman, who had been aroused by the reports of my revolver, to saddle the horses, we set off in the direction of Sileh Zela, a town which contains 3000 houses, and a barracks which will hold at a pinch 1500 soldiers.
Sileh Zela stands in the centre of a natural basin, the hills which form its sides being at a distance of six or seven miles from the town. A small rising ground near the principal street is occupied by the ruins of an old citadel. A stream runs through the heart of the city. The soil in the neighbourhood is very rich; corn abounds throughout the district. The inhabitants do not seem to have suffered from the famine which a few years ago so depopulated the Angora district.