bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histopathological survey of diseases and pathogens present in redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus (Von Martens), cultured in Ecuador
Authors: Romero X , Jiménez R 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA histopathological survey of commercial farms in Ecuador culturing redclaw crayfish, Cherax quadricarinatus (Von Martens), revealed the presence of different viral, bacterial and non‐infectious pathologies. A total of 536 animals from 27 different farms were analysed during a 3‐year period; 25, 154 and 357 specimens in 1995, 1996 and 1997, respectively. From the total sampled, a virus referred to as Cherax quadricarinatus bacilliform virus (CqBV) had a prevalence of 44% in animals examined during 1996 and 33% in 1997. A rickettsia‐like organism (RLO) was detected in five specimens sampled from three different farms in 1995. This RLO was detected in 36 and 12% of samples analysed in 1996 and 1997, respectively, and was the infectious agent most frequently associated with mortalities above 60%. Co‐infection by CqBV and the RLO was observed in 18 and 3% of the crayfish examined in 1997 and 1998, respectively. Five specimens out of 25 examined presented no sign of an infectious agent during 1995. The proportion of specimens testing negative by histopathology to known or suspected infectious agents was 25 and 32% in 1996 and 1997, respectively. Although different infectious agents were present in cultured crayfish, farms in general had overall survivals higher than 50% in most ponds. Other conditions observed included an intracellular prokaryotic organism, iron granules in the R and F cells of the hepatopancreas, different species of epibionts on the surface of the gills and body, and two cases of haemocytic enteritis. Two cases of serious mortality in different farms were associated with the presence of Cowdry type A inclusions, pyknosis, karyorrhexis and haemocytic infiltration in the stomach hypodermis and the antennal gland.
Anorexia and anxiety in advanced malignancy: the relative problem
Authors: Hawkins C. 
Published: March 2003

Background and aims Anorexia is frequently reported by patients with advanced malignancy and can be a source of considerable distress. This study was designed to quantify the anxiety related to anorexia in both patients and their relatives. Predisposing factors were also evaluated. A questionnaire was used to quantify anorexia in 145 patients with advanced malignancy and to examine demographic and disease factors associated with anorexia. Anxiety consequent to anorexia was also evaluated for patients and their relatives.Results Anorexia amongst patients was reported by 115 patients (79%) and 83/101 (82%) of their relatives. Anorexia was found to be associated with upper gastrointestinal malignancy, metastatic disease and short estimated prognosis. Only 41 anorectic patients (36%) reported anxiety as a consequence of their anorexia compared with 72 (87%) of their relatives. Certain patient groups (younger age and community location) were more likely to report anxiety related to anorexia.Conclusions The potential influence of anxiety on management decisions is discussed. The frequency of anxiety reported amongst relatives may reflect an unmet need. This may be an area for improving practice.
Diet in a group of 18‐month‐old children in South West England, and comparison with the results of a national survey
Authors: Cowin I. , Emmett P. ,   and the ALSPAC study team
Published: March 2003

ObjectiveTo investigate the normal range of nutrient intakes and food consumption patterns in 18‐month‐old children.Subjects1026 children resident in South West England, forming part of the Children in Focus (CIF) research cohort.MethodsDiet was assessed using a 3‐day unweighed dietary record. Nutrient and food intakes were compared with the dietary reference values and with the results of a British survey of preschool children – the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS).ResultsIntakes of energy and nearly all nutrients were significantly higher in boys than in girls. Intakes of energy were slightly above the estimated average requirements. For most nutrients the mean and median intakes were well above the Reference Nutrient Intakes (RNI). The exceptions were vitamin D, iron and zinc. Nutrient intakes in CIF were very similar to those in the NDNS except for carotene, calcium, vitamin D and iodine, where intakes were considerably higher in CIF, and sugar intake which was lower in CIF. Intakes of most foods were similar in the two surveys. However, consumption of milk, yoghurt and fromage frais and baby foods was higher in CIF, intakes of most fruit and vegetables was somewhat higher, and intakes of savoury snacks and sugar confectionery were lower. In addition, there were differences between the two groups in the types of meat and meat products consumed.ConclusionsThese children are unlikely to be deficient in any nutrients, with the possible exceptions of iron, zinc and vitamin D. The use of vitamin D supplements and the inclusion of iron‐ and zinc‐rich foods in the diets of preschool children should be encouraged. These data will be important in assessing the influence of early diet on subsequent health and development.
Three consecutive (1993, 1995, 1997) surveys of food intake, nutritional attitudes and knowledge, and lifestyle in 1000 French children, aged 9–11 years
Authors: Bellisle F. , Rolland‐Cachera M.‐F. ,   the Kellogg Scientific Advisory Committee ‘Child and Nutrition’
Published: March 2003

Background & Aims The lifestyle of children in developed societies is susceptible to rapid changes and these may affect the nutritional status of children. Reduced physical activity and changes in diet have been proposed as contributing factors to the growth in childhood overweight and obesity. The aim of this study was to assess trends in the food‐related behaviour and markers of activity/inactivity in French 9–11‐year‐old children.Methods Three successive surveys (1993, 1995, 1997) were carried out in samples of 1000 French children, aged 9–11 years. Sociodemographic, anthropometric and food‐related parameters were obtained for each child, using standardized questionnaire administered by trained interviewers.Results Previous‐day reports of food intake by the child revealed a strong persistence of the traditional French meal structure. Breakfast was eaten by 97% of children. Over the three surveys, an increasing percentage of reported breakfasts contained at least one dairy food, one cereal food, and one fruit or juice (from 11% to 17%). Almost all children had lunch, which occurred at the school cafeteria for one‐third of the subjects. The afternoon snack, a traditional meal for French children, was consumed by 86–88% of the samples. Almost all children had dinner (99%), most often at home and in the company of all family members (73–87%). Lunches and dinners were composed of several courses presented in succession, as is usual in France. The foods most preferred by the children were often rich in sugar and/or fat (fried potatoes, ice cream, nut spread, chocolate, cake, etc.). The children could list ‘healthy foods’ competently. They also demonstrated knowledge of terms used in nutrition (e.g. calories, fats) and were aware of possible links between intake of certain substances and disease. In families of higher socio‐economic strata (income, education of parents) more time was devoted to sports by the children.Over the three surveys, linear trends indicated more exercise time per week and less television viewing. A high risk of obesity was likely in very sedentary children whose proportion (33%) was stable over the 1993–1997 period.Conclusions In general the traditional French pattern of eating persisted among these children. Although there were signs of movement towards a more complete breakfast, less television and more exercise in active children, a substantial proportion of children engaged in no sports activity outside school hours. Maintaining appropriate weight is therefore difficult in view of the plentiful supply of food available to children. Inactive children are at high risk of obesity and should be encouraged to adopt a more active lifestyle
An ethnic comparison of eating attitudes and associated body image concerns in adolescent South African schoolgirls
Authors: Caradas A. A. , Lambert E. V. , Charlton K. E. 
Published: March 2003

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to investigate whether differences exist in eating attitudes and body shape concerns amongst adolescent schoolgirls representing South Africa’s ethnically and culturally diverse population currently undergoing epidemiological transition.MethodA questionnaire survey, including the Eating Attitudes Test, Body Shape Questionnaire and a Body Silhouette Chart, was administered to 228 South African schoolgirls (60 black, 83 mixed race and 85 white) aged 15–18 years from five secondary schools in the greater Cape Town area.ResultsBlack girls had significantly higher mean BMI values (24.1 (3.3)) than either white (21.9 (3.0)) or mixed race girls (22.1 (3.7)) (P < 0.05). Controlling for differences in BMI, white subjects scored significantly higher on the Body Shape Questionnaire than did mixed race or black subjects, whereas no ethnic differences were found for Eating Attitude Test scores. A comparable percentage (mean=18.8%) of black, mixed race and white girls had scores indicative of eating disorder pathology on the Eating Attitudes Test, while a higher percentage of white, compared to mixed race and black, girls had abnormal scores on the Body Shape Questionnaire (33%, 26% and 20%, respectively; P < 0.05). The ideal body size desired by white girls was significantly smaller than that of the mixed race or black samples. Dissatisfaction with present body size was significantly higher in white, compared to black or mixed race girls (P < 0.001).ConclusionThese findings suggest that the prevalence of abnormal eating attitudes is equally common in South African schoolgirls from different ethnic backgrounds. White girls exhibit greater body image concerns and body image dissatisfaction than mixed race or black individuals. These findings reinforce the notion that eating disorders are culture‐reactive rather than culture‐bound phenomena and provide insight into the extent of eating‐related problems and body image issues in developing societies.
‘Change to cup’: an audit to determine parental awareness and practices in changing from bottle to cup
Authors: Avery A. , Baxter A. 
Published: March 2003

BackgroundIt is recommended that infants from the age of 6 months should be introduced to drinking from a cup and the use of a bottle should be actively discouraged after the age of 1 year. The number of young children using a feeder bottle after the age of 1 year is not known but it is recognized by health professionals as a ‘growing’ concern.AimsTo obtain local information about the number of children using a bottle past the age of 1 year, what fluids were being offered and to assess parental awareness about when a cup can be introduced.MethodsThe study data was collected by questionnaire from 407 parents between June 1998 and January 1999. Socially disadvantaged groups were targetted for the sample group as well as care being taken to include a representative ethnic population.ResultsNinety‐nine per cent of the study infants were below the age of 2 years, with the age range being 12–28 months. Thirty per cent were using only a cup/beaker, 8% of infants still used a bottle only, and 62% used both a bottle and a cup. Drinks/food other than milk and water had been offered from the bottle by 47% of respondents. More than 60% of the parents thought that the age at which the use of a bottle should be discontinued was older than that recommended. Only 18% thought a cup/beaker could be introduced as early as 6 months.ConclusionThe results show that there is a need to actively encourage the use of a cup at an earlier age and to discourage the inappropriate and extended use of a feeder bottle. Barriers to change need to be addressed.
Dietary interventions in Finland, Norway and Sweden: nutrition policies and strategies
Authors: Roos G. , Lean M. , Anderson A. 
Published: March 2003

AimsTo describe the organization and implementation of nutrition policies, and examine intervention strategies for dietary change in three Scandinavian countries.MethodsDescriptions of nutrition policies and dietary intervention strategies are based on published nutrition policy research and reports.ResultsAll countries studied have adopted formal nutrition policies. Norway issued its first white paper in 1976, the Finnish National Nutrition Council published an action plan in 1989, and the Swedish Government issued an official action plan in 1995. Norway has a centralized National Nutrition Council with a permanent administration whereas the responsibilities and administration are more spread out between several authorities and groups in Finland and Sweden. Amongst the dietary intervention strategies employed, a Norwegian nutrition campaign, symbol labelling of foods in Sweden, the community‐based North Karelia Project in Finland, and mass catering in Finland and Sweden have been selected as potentially transferable.ConclusionsPolicy documents serve as guidelines for activities and assist in achieving dietary targets. A responsible administrative body with advice from a standing expert committee is valuable for implementation. Guidelines, recommendations or voluntary labelling standards can be incentives to product development and changes to food production. Regional demonstration projects may also encourage action and collaboration.
Socioeconomic differences in food purchasing behaviour and suggested implications for diet‐related health promotion
Authors: Turrell G. , Hewitt B. , Patterson C. , Oldenburg B. , Gould T. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground  The relationship between socioeconomic position (SEP) and diet has been examined mainly on the basis of food and nutrient intake. As a complement to this work, we focused on the socioeconomic patterning of food purchasing, as many educational dietary messages emphasize behaviours such as food choice when shopping. Also, the type of food people buy influences the quality of their nutrient intake.Methods  A probability sample of households in Brisbane City, Australia (n = 1003, 66.4% response rate). Data were collected using face‐to‐face interviews. SEP was measured using education, occupation and household income. Food purchasing was examined on the basis of grocery items (including meat and chicken) and fruit and vegetables.Results  Significant associations were found between each socioeconomic indicator and food purchasing. Persons from socioeconomically disadvantaged backgrounds were less likely to purchase grocery foods that were comparatively high in fibre and low in fat, salt and sugar. The least educated, those employed in blue‐collar (manual) occupations and residents of low income households purchased fewer types of fruit and vegetables, and less regularly, than their higher status counterparts.Conclusions  Health promotion efforts aimed at narrowing socioeconomic differences in food purchasing need to be designed and implemented with an understanding of, and a sensitivity to, the barriers to nutritional improvement that difficult life circumstances can impose.
Review of methods used to estimate non‐milk extrinsic sugars
Authors: Kelly S. A. M. , Moynihan P. J. , Rugg‐Gunn A. J. , Summerbell C. D. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground  Those sugars in foods, which are potentially damaging to dental health, were classified by the Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy (COMA) as non‐milk extrinsic sugars (NMES). The NMES include sugars outside the cellular structure of a food, excluding the sugars naturally present in milk and milk products. The NMES should contribute no more than 10% of energy intake (Department of Health, 1991). A number of studies have been published where NMES content of foods has been estimated. The purpose of this study was to carry out a comprehensive literature review using a methodical search strategy in order to identify the different methods that have been used for NMES estimation.Methods  Databases searched were MEDLINE, EMBASE, Health‐CD and Health Management Information Consortium (HMIC) (as sources of UK government and other official publications).Results  In total, 32 publications were found in which NMES values were reported and five different methods to estimate NMES were identified. No published method provided sufficient information to clearly differentiate between methods and inadequate detail was given to support replication of any of the methods. Of these five methods, The Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (MAFF) have published three different descriptions of methods of NMES estimation used in UK national dietary surveys published since 1989. However, one method has been described consistently in the National Diet and Nutrition surveys published since 1994.Conclusions  A single, uniform approach to the estimation of NMES for application in nutritional surveys is essential for cross‐comparison between surveys. The results show that there is a clear need for one standardized approach for the estimation of NMES in foods.
‘As required’ neuroleptics: Have these drugs a place in the management of challenging behaviour in intellectual disability?
Authors: Bouras N. , Suresh T. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe present study examined the prescription pattern and usage of ‘as required’ neuroleptics (PRNs) in the management of challenging behaviours in people with intellectual disability in a hospital setting. The prescription cards and drug administration records of residents were scrutinized to see how many of them were prescribed PRNs and how many had actually received these drugs during the previous 3 months. The results were compared in the following groups: (1) males and females; (2) the behavioural and nonbehavioural sectors; (3) intensive treatment wards (ITWs) for severe challenging behaviour which had a better staff:resident ratio than the rest of the behavioural wards; and (4) those prescribed PRNs together with the daily administration of neuroleptics and those without. It was found that more females used PRNs and that the prescription rate was higher in the behavioural sector. A better staff:resident ratio did not bring about any reduction in the usage of PRNs. The use of these drugs was not influenced by whether PRNs were prescribed along with regular neuroleptics or not. Further research is required to delineate the precise role of PRNs for challenging behaviours in this population, and to determine if PRNs can be used along with other modes of therapeutic interventions, instead of administering neuroleptics on a regular basis for this indication.
Sexual abuse in children and adolescents with intellectual disability
Authors: Balogh R. , Bretherton K. , Whibley S. , Berney T. , Graham S. , Richold P. , Worsley C. , Firth H. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe present authors conducted a study of the occurrence of victimization and the perpetration of sexual abuse among 43 in‐patients with intellectual disability aged between 9 and 21 years who were admitted to a child and adolescent psychiatric in‐patient department over a period of 5 years. A retrospective case‐note review was employed that explored the nature and severity of abuse in relation to the age, gender and level of disability. The prevalence of abuse or abusive behaviour, i.e. 14% of 300 admissions, did not change over time. In 13 out of the 43 cases, the issue of sexual abuse was identified after admission. Victimization alone occurred in 21 cases, perpetration alone in six cases, and both victimization and perpetration in 16 cases. Fifty per cent of the victims had been abused by a member of their close or extended family. Most cases (62%) were adolescents. There was only one instance of a victim being abused by a female. However, there were five girls who were perpetrators, all of whom had previously been victims. By contrast, 11 out of the 17 male perpetrators had been victims. Despite difficulties of disclosure, it was possible to establish that severely disabled patients had suffered sexual abuse. The present data support theories which (1) recognize gender differences in sexual abuse patterns and (2) have a developmental perspective, incorporating the influence of adolescence.
Association between perceived social support and strain, and positive and negative outcome for adults with mild intellectual disability
Authors: Lunsky Y. , Benson B. A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSocial strain has been identified as a trigger for both depression and physical health problems, but has not been well researched in people with intellectual disability (ID). The present study contrasted the effects of social support with social strain on depressive symptoms, somatic complaints and quality of life over time in adults with mild ID. The level of social support explained a significant proportion of variance in quality of life 6 months later, but not depressive symptoms or somatic complaints. In contrast, the level of social strain accounted for a significant proportion of variance in depressive symptoms and somatic complaints 6 months later, but not quality of life. The results suggest that interpersonal relationships can be both positively and negatively associated with physical and mental health for people with ID.
Mental disorder in adults with intellectual disability. 1: Prevalence of functional psychiatric illness among a community‐based population aged between 16 and 64 years
Authors: Deb, S. , Thomas M. , Bright C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe reported prevalence of psychiatric illness among adults with intellectual disability (ID) varies widely between 10 and 39%; however, many methodological problems exist. The aims of the present study were to establish the prevalence of functional psychiatric illness among adults with ID who live in the community, in order to compare the overall rate and types of psychiatric illness between the population with ID and the general population without ID, and to establish the risk factors associated with psychiatric illness in adults with ID. The study was done in two stages. In the first part, a trained psychiatrist interviewed 101 randomly selected adults with ID and their carers using the Mini Psychiatric Assessment Schedule for adults with Developmental Disability (Mini PAS‐ADD) to screen for psychiatric caseness. Out of these 101 adults, 90 had sufficient communicative abilities that made the administration of Mini PAS‐ADD possible. A second trained psychiatrist interviewed 19 out of the 20 adults who were diagnosed as psychiatric cases according to the initial Mini PAS‐ADD interview. This psychiatrist interviewed patients and their carers in line with the full PAS‐ADD interview. The second psychiatrist was blind to the initial diagnoses made according to the Mini PAS‐ADD questionnaire. A final psychiatric diagnosis was made according to International Classification of Diseases – 10th Revision (ICD‐10) criteria. Some 14.4% (95% confidence interval = 7.4–21.4%) of the cohort had a psychiatric diagnosis according to ICD‐10 criteria: 4.4% had schizophrenia, 2.2% depressive disorder, 2.2% generalized anxiety disorder, 4.4% phobic disorder and 1% delusional disorder. The overall rate of functional psychiatric illness (point prevalence) was similar to that found in the general population (16%). However, the rates of schizophrenic illness and phobic disorder were significantly higher in the study cohort compared with those in the general population (0.4% and 1.1%, respectively). Increasing age and the presence of physical disability were significantly associated with the occurrence of psychiatric illness. Out of the 11 remaining adults with severe ID, two (18%) had a diagnosis of a psychiatric illness (one mania and one anxiety disorder) according to the Diagnostic Assessment for the Severely Handicapped (DASH) questionnaire.