bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Searching for schizophrenia in ancient Greek and Roman literature: a systematic review
Authors: Evans K. , McGrath J. , Milns R. 
Published: May 2003

Objective: The aim of this study was to systematically examine ancient Roman and Greek texts to identify descriptions of schizophrenia and related disorders.Method: Material from Greek and Roman literature dating from the 5th Century BC to the beginning of the 2nd Century AD was systematically reviewed for symptoms of mental illness. DSM IV criteria were applied in order to identify material related to schizophrenia and related disorders.Results: The general public had an awareness of psychotic disorders, because the symptoms were described in works of fiction and in historical accounts of malingering. There were isolated instances of text related to psychotic symptoms in the residents of ancient Rome and Greece, but no written material describing a condition that would meet modern diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia.Conclusion: In contrast to many other psychiatric disorders that are represented in ancient Greek and Roman literature, there were no descriptions of individuals with schizophrenia in the material assessed in this review.
Cost‐effectiveness of the HIT programme in patients with schizophrenia and persistent auditory hallucinations
Authors: Stant A. D. , TenVergert E. M. , Groen H. , Jenner J. A. , Nienhuis F. J. , van de Willige G. , Wiersma D. 
Published: May 2003

Objective: To examine the cost‐effectiveness of Hallucination focused Integrative Treatment (HIT) in patients with schizophrenia and a history of persistent auditory hallucinations.Method: Costs, in and outside the health care sector, and outcomes were registered prospectively during a period of 18 months for patients who received the HIT programme and for patients in the care as usual (CAU) condition. The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) was used as main outcome measure in the cost‐effectiveness analysis. Bootstrap analyses provided additional information on the skewly distributed costs.Results: Mean costs per patient in the HIT group ($18 237) were lower than the mean costs per patient in the CAU group ($21 436). Results of the PANSS were slightly in favour of the HIT group.Conclusion: There appears to be no significant cost‐effectiveness advantage of the HIT programme over CAU. Additional analyses indicated that future application of the HIT programme will, in most cases, lead to a reduction of (non) medical costs.
Potentially malignant oral lesions in Northern Ireland: size (extent) matters
Authors: Napier SS , Cowan CG , Gregg TA , Stevenson M , Lamey P‐J , Toner PG 
Published: May 2003

OBJECTIVES: We examined clinical parameters of patients from Northern Ireland with potentially malignant lesions (PML) to determine association with development of intraoral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC).DESIGN: retrospective, cross‐sectional, population‐based, clinically validated, laboratory‐verified.SUBJECTS AND METHODS: All patients who had more than one incisional oral mucosal biopsy diagnosed from 1975–1991 were abstracted from a database of all PML and SCC and their clinical records and biopsies reviewed. Patients were excluded if there was prior/synchronous SCC or radiotherapy, frictional keratosis or lichen planus, missing clinical records/biopsy material or follow‐up of < 24 months. From the 50 suitable patients, gender, age, smoking status, site, clinical appearance and extent of lesion(s), treatment and year of diagnosis were recorded. Patients who developed SCC from PML were compared with those who did not.RESULTS: Squamous cell carcinoma occurred significantly more often in patients with single rather than multiple PML, those with ‘non‐homogenous’ PML and in patients diagnosed prior to 1980. In Cox's survival analysis, only the clinical extent was predictive of SCC.CONCLUSIONS: Of all the features considered in our series, size (extent) was the most important clinical factor in determining the risk of future SCC in PML, particularly when several adjacent anatomical sites were affected.
Long‐term results of octreotide‐therapy in severe dumping syndrome
Authors: Vecht J. , Lamers C. B. H. W. , Masclee A. A. M. 
Published: May 2003

OBJECTIVELittle is known about the long‐term results of octreotide therapy in dumping syndrome. We report the results of an open study including 20 patients with severe dumping symptoms after gastric surgery treated with octreotide between 1987 and 1997 at the Leiden University Medical Centre.DESIGNPatient selection was based on (1) the results of a dumping provocation test and (2) symptoms that were refractory to other therapeutic measures. At regular intervals the presence of dumping symptoms was evaluated together with measurement of body weight and faecal fat excretion.RESULTSMean follow‐up was 37 ± 9 months (range 1–107 months). Doses of octreotide ranged from 25 to 200 μg/day. Initial relief of symptoms was achieved in all subjects, but after three months of therapy symptom relief persisted in 80% of patients. Mean body weight increased by 2.4 ± 1.2 kg despite a significant increase in faecal fat excretion from 10 ± 2 g/24 h to 24 ± 3 g/24 h. Reasons for discontinuation of therapy were diminished efficacy in the longer term in 4 patients and side‐effects in 7 patients. Biliary complications were encountered in 3 patients.CONCLUSIONSSelf‐administration of octreotide proves an effective symptomatic treatment of severe dumping, even on the long‐term. Its use is frequently limited by the occurrence of side‐effects.
Quantitative growth hormone secretion and final adult height
Authors: Trainer P. J. , Palermo M. , Kirk J. M. W. , Fanciulli G. , Perry L. H. , Delitala G. , Besser G. M. 
Published: May 2003

OBJECTIVEThe relationship of quantitative GH secretion to height, growth velocity and puberty is complex and has been the subject of extensive study in children. This study was designed to relate quantitative GH secretion to final height.SUBJECTSTwenty tall (> 183 cm, 90th centile for adult height) and 20 short (< 166 cm, 10th centile) postpubertal men who had recently completed linear growth (age range 18–27 years).MEASUREMENTSGH dynamics were studied on four occasions; insulin (0.15 units/kg, iv)‐induced hypoglycaemia and GHRH (100 mg, iv) with and without the anticholinesterase, pyridostigmine (120 mg orally). Spontaneous nocturnal GH secretion was assessed by 20 minute sampling from 2100 h until 0600 h. GH was measured by IRMA. Analysis was by comparison of peak GH response and area under the curve (AUC). GH profiles were further analysed using the ‘pulsar’ programme.RESULTSThe mean height in the tall group was 187.7 cm (range 183–197) compared to 163.5 cm (range 160–166) for the short group. No difference existed between groups in the GH response to hypoglycaemia or GHRH with and without pyridostigmine. Area under the curve, pulse number, length and amplitude for spontaneous nocturnal GH secretion showed no significant difference between the tall and short subjects. Serum IGF‐I (mean 230.5 ± 15.4 vs. 230.6 ± 18.9 μg/l) did not differ between the groups.CONCLUSIONSQuantitative GH secretion does not appear to be an important determinant of final height in healthy individuals.
Communicating and judging the quality of qualitative research: the need for a new language
Authors: Fade S. A. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractBackground Traditionally UK dietitians have tended to take a more quantitative approach to research. Qualitative research which gives an in‐depth view of people's experiences and beliefs is also now being used to help answer some important dietetic research questions.Review A review of the limited number of qualitative research papers in the Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics 1990–2002 (nine papers in all), revealed a lack of specific discussion of the quality strategies commonly used in qualitative research. This could indicate a less than robust approach, but might also reflect a different perspective on quality, or simply the difficulties associated with disseminating qualitative research to a profession whose members lack familiarity with the language. The fact that qualitative research seems to be used rarely may also indicate a poor understanding of its role.Purpose of this paper This paper seeks to clarify the potential role of qualitative research and draws on previously published guidelines for demonstrating quality. It is hoped that this will offer dietitians a framework for carrying out qualitative research and a language for reporting it, as well acting as a stimulus for discussion.
The estimation of food portion sizes: a comparison between using descriptions of portion sizes and a photographic food atlas by children and adults
Authors: Frobisher C. , Maxwell S. M. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractBackground Food Photographs and standard portion sizes have been used with adults to assess portion size when recording dietary intake. The effectiveness of these methods may be reduced when memory/recall is required and children may have problems using these techniques.Methods Adults (47) and children (37) were recruited from amongst university personnel, their children and children's friends to assess portion sizes of nine self‐served amounts of selected food items using food photographs and standard descriptions of portion sizes. Portion sizes were estimated directly after self‐serving and three – 4 days later.Results Substantial differences in the estimate of portion sizes were observed for most foods regardless of the method used or the age of the subjects, median difference range: −52–100%. For children there were greater errors using both methods than for adults. Significant differences were found between the two methods of estimating weight. The food atlas provided higher median estimated weights for the majority of the food items. There were very few differences in the estimation of portion sizes between the two testing periods.Conclusion The findings would suggest that either an alternative method or a modification of the methods used here for estimating portion sizes in young subjects, for example standard food portion sizes for children of different ages such as those that are being developed by the Food Standards Agency, would be more appropriate.
Why do diabetic patients not attend appointments with their dietitian?
Authors: Spikmans F. J. M. , Brug J. , Doven M. M. B. , Kruizenga H. M. , Hofsteenge G. H. , Van Bokhorst‐van der Schueren M. A. E. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractPurpose Determining the prevalence of and possible reasons for nonattendance of diabetic nutritional care clinics.Methods Data were collected by means of a telephone survey and a review of patient records among 293 (166 attendees and 127 nonattendees) patients undergoing outpatient treatment at a university hospital. The t‐tests, chi‐square tests and logistic regression analysis were used to identify potential determinants of nonattendance. The theoretical framework was primarily based on the Health Belief Model.Results In univariate analysis, nonattendance at the clinic was associated with a number of factors such as not visiting other care givers, risk perceptions, body‐mass index, self‐rated health, health locus of control, satisfaction with the dietitian, feelings of obligation to attend, and beliefs about the effectiveness of the treatment. In multivariate analysis only health locus of control and obligation to attend the visit were significant predictors of attendance. A significant number of respondents further reported that they perceived their visits to the dietitian to be of little use.Conclusion One in three diabetic patients undergoing outpatient treatment skipped one or more visits to their dietitian. Patient education to improve attendance should focus primarily on convincing patients that they can contribute to their own health, and may stress the obligation the patients have when making an appointment with the dietitian.
A comparative study of the quantitative accuracy of three‐dimensional reconstructions of spinal cord from serial histological sections
Authors: Duerstock B. S. , Bajaj C. L. , Borgens R. B. 
Published: May 2003

SummaryWe evaluated the accuracy of estimating the volume of biological soft tissues from their three‐dimensional (3D) computer wireframe models, reconstructed from histological data sets obtained from guinea‐pig spinal cords. We compared quantification from two methods of three‐dimensional surface reconstruction to standard quantitative techniques, Cavalieri method employing planimetry and point counting and Geometric Best‐Fitting. This involved measuring a group of spinal cord segments and test objects to evaluate the accuracy of our novel quantification approaches. Once a quantitative methodology was standardized there was no statistical difference in volume measurement of spinal segments between quantification methods. We found that our 3D surface reconstructions’ ability to model precisely actual soft tissues provided an accurate volume quantification of complex anatomical structures as standard approaches of Cavalieri estimation and Geometric Best‐Fitting. Additionally, 3D reconstruction quantitatively interrogates and three‐dimensionally images spinal cord segments and obscured internal pathological features with approximately the same effort required for standard quantification alone.
Measurement of the laser pulse width on the microscope objective plane by modulated autocorrelation method
Authors: Cannone F. , Chirico G. , Baldini G. , Diaspro A. 
Published: May 2003

SummaryWe report on the construction details of a compact autocorrelator set‐up for the measurement of the width of infrared laser pulses at the focal plane of a microscope for two‐photon excitation fluorescence imaging. One of the novelties of the set‐up, which leads to an improved measurement accuracy, is the use of a modulation technique that is achieved by mounting one of the interferometer mirrors on a loudspeaker driven by a sinusoidal bias at low frequency. A non‐linear least‐square routine selects only that part of the fluorescence signal that is modulated at the same frequency as the loudspeaker bias. To further increase the accuracy, the laser pulse width is obtained from a series of measurements at different values of the modulation bias. The autocorrelator is a compact single bread‐board (10 × 20 cm); it is PC‐controlled both for the acquisition and the analysis of the data and can be coupled to different ports of the microscope. The increase in the pulse width measured for three different ports of the microscope is well accounted for by the group velocity dispersion and the glass thickness of the optics found along these paths.
Atomic vacancy‐induced friction on the graphite surface: observation by lateral force microscopy
Authors: Paredes J. I. , Martínez‐Alonso A. , Tascón J. M. D. 
Published: May 2003

SummaryLateral force microscopy has been employed to investigate the frictional behaviour of atomic vacancies on the graphite surface. Such a study was only made possible by the controlled expansion of originally single‐atom vacancies into multiatom vacancies, employing oxygen plasma etching for this purpose. Enhanced friction was observed on the vacancy regions compared with pristine areas of graphite, the origin of which is examined and discussed.
Association of right ventricular dysfunction and Cheyne–Stokes respiration in patients with chronic heart failure
Authors: Christ Michael , Grimm Wolfram , Rostig Sven , Klima Theresia , Fenske Hendrik , Becker Heinrich F. , Vogelmeier Claus , Maisch Bernhard 
Published: May 2003

SummaryCheyne–Stokes respiration (CSR) is present in up to 40% of patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) and is an independent risk factor for increased overall mortality. We examined whether CSR is associated with right ventricular (RV) dysfunction in CHF patients. Parameters of RV function were assessed by two‐dimensional echocardiography and tissue velocity imaging in 42 patients (aged 23–75 years) with a left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction below 40%. Respiratory polygraphy revealed CSR with an central apnea–hypopnea index (CAHI) >10 h−1 in 13 of the 42 patients (31%). Demographic characteristics did not differ among the patient groups. The velocity of the tricuspid annular systolic motion (TASM), a parameter reflecting systolic RV function, was significantly reduced in CHF patients with CSR (10.5 ± 2.3 cm s−1) compared with those without CSR (15.0 ± 5.1 cm s−1, P = 0.004), and was inversely associated with the CAHI (y = 15.2–0.2x; r = 0.46, P = 0.003). The RV dimensions were significantly increased and the fractional RV area changes significantly reduced in CHF patients with CSR (33 ± 17 versus 48 ± 20%; P = 0.04). Doppler parameters of pulmonary artery flow indicate higher pulmonary artery pressures in CSR patients compared with patients without CSR, which is also reflected by an increased RV free‐wall thickness in CSR patients (6.5 ± 1.1 vs. 5.3 ± 1.3 mm; P = 0.05). Parameters of systolic LV function, forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), and PaO2 and PaCO2 were not different among patients with or without CSR. In conclusion, CSR is associated with depressed systolic RV function and increased RV dimensions in CHF patients. Future studies will show whether optimized treatment of CSR will improve RV function.
Actigraphy suggests age‐related differences in napping and nocturnal sleep
Authors: Yoon In‐Young , Kripke Daniel F. , Youngstedt Shawn D. , Elliott Jeffrey A. 
Published: May 2003

SummaryThe aim of this study was to contrast the time distribution of out‐of‐bed napping in young and older adults through recordings of wrist activity, and to evaluate the correlates of napping with nocturnal sleep. Seventy‐three young adults between 18 and 32 years and 60 older adults between 60 and 75 years of age participated in the study. Subjects were selected for good general health and had few sleep complaints. They wore wrist‐activity monitors and kept daily sleep logs for 1 week. Automatic sleep scoring was edited by the authors, supplemented by sleep logs and illumination data as well as activity data. Napping episodes were modestly increased in older adults, but there was no difference in the daily duration of napping. Older adults napped more in the evening (especially within 2 h before bedtime), whereas young adults napped more in the afternoon. The older adults with evening naps (n = 31) showed earlier nocturnal wake‐up times and decreased nocturnal sleep duration compared with the older adults without evening naps (n = 29). There was no difference in nocturnal sleep between young adults with afternoon naps (n = 32) and without afternoon naps (n = 41). In determining the effects of napping on nocturnal sleep, timing of napping and age are important. Maintaining alertness during the evening (e.g. by bright light exposure or moderate exercise) would be a possible approach to delay wake‐up times in older adults.
Ocular and visual defects amongst people with intellectual disabilities participating in Special Olympics
Authors: Margaret Woodhouse J. , Adler Paul M. , Duignan Ann 
Published: May 2003

AbstractPurpose: To analyse data from vision screening of people with intellectual disabilities from the UK participating in Special Olympics during the National Summer Games in Cardiff 2001, in order to determine visual status and access to eye care.Methods: Athletes were invited to take part in vision screening, according to Special Olympics protocols.Results: Testability rates were high. Findings confirmed the high prevalence of eye and vision defects reported in other studies of people with intellectual disabilities. In particular, visual acuity was below normal for most athletes. Significant improvement to acuity could be achieved with spectacles although correction after full refraction did not always provide normal vision. Over 40% of athletes undergoing full refraction had below normal corrected acuity.Conclusions: Athletes with intellectual disabilities were no more likely to access eye care and have adequate spectacle correction than other people with intellectual disabilities. Optometrists and carers need to be aware of the high prevalence of defects and the importance of regular eye examinations in people with intellectual disabilities.
The repeatability and validity of dynamic retinoscopy in assessing the accommodative response
Authors: McClelland J. F. , Saunders K. J. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractDynamic retinoscopy (DR) is an objective technique that has been used successfully to examine accommodative function of non‐communicative patients. However, there are few studies examining its repeatability and validity. This paper addresses the repeatability and validity of a form of DR (a modified Nott technique), by comparing results to the Shin‐Nippon SRW‐5000 Autorefractor whose validity and repeatability have previously been demonstrated. Accommodative responses of 41 subjects (aged 6–43 years) were assessed using DR and the Shin‐Nippon SRW‐5000 Autorefractor. Three different target demands were used (10, 6 and 4 D). DR was shown to be repeatable for all target demands (paired t‐test, p > 0.05). The results demonstrated good agreement between the autorefractor and DR. The results of the present study suggest that DR is a repeatable and valid objective technique for assessing accommodative function.
Clinical and Electrophysiologic Predictors of Ventricular Tachyarrhythmia Recurrence in Patients with Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators
Authors: Gillis Anne M. , Sheldon Robert S. , Wyse D. George , Duff Henry J. , Cassidy Margaret R. , Mitchell L. Brent 
Published: May 2003

Introduction: Not all patients experience recurrent sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias after placement of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). We evaluated the clinical and electrophysiologic predictors of ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF) recurrence following ICD implantation.
Methods and Results: Consecutive patients

(n = 133)

underwent

4 ± 3

serial electrophysiologic studies (EPS) over

50 ± 26 months

following ICD implantation. Sustained VT/VF could always be induced during follow‐up EPS in 49 patients; sustained VT/VF was sometimes induced during follow‐up EPS in 47 patients; and sustained VT/VF could never be induced during follow‐up EPS in 37 patients. Spontaneous VT/VF requiring ICD therapy occurred in 107 patients during follow‐up. Patients with sustained VT/VF that was always inducible or sometimes inducible during follow‐up experienced more frequent episodes of VT/VF following ICD implant (20.5, 95% CI 12.7–33.0; and 17.8, 95% CI 11.3–28.1 episodes/patient respectively; vs 3.0, 95% CI 2.0–4.6 episodes/patient for patients with VT/VF never induced,

P < 0.001

). Inducibility of sustained VT/VF post‐ICD implant

(P < 0.001)

and sustained VT as the presenting arrhythmia

(P = 0.02)

were independent predictors of spontaneous VT/VF recurrence.
Conclusion: Reproducibly inducible VT/VF following ICD implantation predicts a high probability of VT/VF recurrence and identifies a cohort of patients who experience frequent episodes of VT/VF over time. Persistent noninducibility of sustained VT/VF identifies a group of patients who experience no or very few episodes of VT/VF recurrence.
(J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 14, pp. 492‐498, May 2003)