bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HORMONAL INFLUENCES ON MAMMARY TUMORS OF THE RAT
Authors: Huggins Charles , Torralba Yolanda , Mainzer Klaus 
Published: June 2004

A transplanted mammary fibroadenoma was found to grow in 95 per cent of intact adult female rats and the increment of tumor weights was progressive and logarithmic.
The growth of the tumor was retarded by ovariectomy and still more when this was combined with adrenalectomy. In ovariectomized rats the growth of the tumor was stimulated by phenolic estrogens, this increase being enhanced when progesterone was added.
In these responses to hormonal changes the mammary gland and the tumor resembled each other. Yet there are many differences between the growth of the fibroadenoma and that of the mammary gland. In contrast to the progressive growth which occurred in intact adult females there was a prolonged period of indolent growth of transplants in hypophysectomized rats; but after many weeks active growth began and the tumors eventually reached large size. During the period of quiescent growth the tumor was cytologically atrophic but after the growth spurt had started the microscopic appearance of the fibroadenoma resembled that of tumors growing in normal adult females. The mammary gland remained atrophic during both the slow and the accelerated phases of tumor growth, and so too with the other secondary sex expressions.
In hypophysectomized rats estrone and progesterone, when combined, stimulated the growth of the tumor, and this growth was accelerated by the additional administration of lactogenic or growth hormones. None of these hormones, separately, stimulated the growth of the tumor.
In ovariectomized rats other differences were demonstrated between the growth of the mammary gland and the fibroadenoma. Progesterone, injected alone, accelerated the growth of the tumor but not that of the mammary glands. The administration of phenolic estrogens exerted a biphasic effect on the growth of the tumor whilst that on the breast of its hosts was monophasic. With progressively increasing doses of these phenols there occurred primarily an augmentation of the rate of growth of the tumor until a peak was achieved; an increase of the dose above the optimal amount depressed the growth of the tumor. The stage of depression of growth was not observed in the mammary glands of these tumor-bearing rats.
Many steroids which induced gestational changes in the mammary gland accelerated the growth of the tumor. Among these were estrone and progesterone in combination and 17α-ethinyl-19-nor-testosterone administered alone. But gestational changes developed in the mammary gland of rats treated with 4-androstene-3α,17ß-diol, without growth of the tumor.
The evidence which we have presented proves that the mammary fibroadenoma tested had some of the functional properties of a normal mammary gland, and neoplastic traits as well. In its response to hormones it had characteristics which set it apart from all other endocrine targets of the rat.
EFFECT OF THE LEVEL AND TYPE OF DIETARY FAT ON THE METABOLISM OF CHOLESTEROL AND BETA LIPOPROTEINS IN THE CEBUS MONKEY
Authors: Portman Oscar W. , Hegsted D. Mark , Stare Fredrick J. , Bruno Dorothy , Murphy Robert , Sinisterra Leonardo 
Published: June 2004

A study was carried out to determine the effect of the level and type of dietary fat on the concentration of cholesterol and beta lipoproteins in the sera of Cebus monkeys. Three groups of monkeys were fed isocaloric diets containing a fixed ratio of alpha protein and cholesterol to calories but with different amounts of corn oil and sucrose. Corn oil provided 10, 32, and 45 per cent of the calories in the three diets, and the level of sucrose was varied inversely. After 8 weeks the serum cholesterol and Sf 12 to 100 beta lipoprotein concentrations were significantly greater in the medium and high fat groups. When corn oil was decreased from 45 to 10 per cent of dietary calories and sucrose was increased, the serum cholesterol fell in all cases, and when the reverse change was made, the concentration of serum cholesterol increased.
Variation in dietary sucrose had no specific effect. Substitution of starch for sucrose with diets otherwise constant did not cause significant change in the concentration of serum cholesterol.
When monkeys fed corn oil diets at any of three levels were changed to hydrogenated cottonseed oil diets at the same level, the serum cholesterol and Sf 12 to 100 beta lipoproteins rose. However, hydrogenated cottonseed oil had no greater hypercholesteremic effect than did corn oil in the absence of dietary cholesterol. Diets containing lard with cholesterol also produced strikingly greater serum lipide responses than did diets based on corn oil and cholesterol. Hydrogenated cottonseed oil had a greater hypercholesteremic effect than an unhydrogenated cottonseed oil from the same lot.
Preliminary studies indicated that the saturated fats (hydrogenated cottonseed oil) produced the most striking elevation of serum cholesterol values (above controls fed corn oil) when casein was the dietary protein.
ALTERATIONS IN SERUM GLOBULINS DURING THE FORMATION AND RESORPTION OF AMYLOID IN RABBITS
Authors: Richter Goetz W. 
Published: June 2004

A marked increase of the serum beta globulins was found in rabbits developing amyloidosis as a result of prolonged treatment with ribonucleate administered by subcutaneous injections. Following cessation of treatment the beta globulin levels gradually returned to normal while the gamma globulin levels rose strikingly, the changes being accompanied by a resorption of amyloid from the spleen, and probably also from the kidneys. Electrophoretic studies provided some evidence that the increase in beta globulins which accompanied the development of amyloidosis resulted from the production of a globulin not normally present in rabbit serum. A protein or protein derivative that moved as a beta globulin when subjected to filter paper electrophoresis was excreted in substantial quantities in the urine of several amyloidotic rabbits, along with much smaller quantities of substances moving as albumin, alpha and gamma globulins.
Considered as a whole, the findings indicate a causal relationship between the abnormal production of circulating beta globulins and the deposition of amyloid in rabbits treated with ribonucleate. Hence it appears that a beta globulin may be directly involved in the formation of amyloid under the conditions of the experiments here reported.
SYNTHESIS OF SULFOMUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES IN THYROIDECTOMIZED RATS
Authors: Dziewiatkowski Dominic D. 
Published: June 2004

The thyroid glands of rats were made non-functional by a single dose of iodine-131 on the 1st day after birth or by surgical removal on the 28th day. The incorporation of sulfate-sulfur into the sulfomucopolysaccharides of skeletons and pelts was found to be significantly depressed by thyroidectomy. Daily supplements of 5 or 10 γ of L-thyroxine, started on the 28th day, increased the uptake of sulfur-35, although it did not reach normal in the 2 weeks of treatment.
Autoradiograms of sections of tibiae and pelts confirmed the analytical data. The findings suggest that the synthesis of sulfomucopolysaccharides is depressed in thyroidectomized rats.
STUDIES ON A SUBSTANCE THAT PROMOTES TUMOR HOMOGRAFT SURVIVAL (THE "ENHANCING SUBSTANCE")
Authors: Kandutsch A. A. , Reinert-Wenck U. 
Published: June 2004

Using the death of mice due to the growth of tumor homografts as an end point, the distribution and properties of a tumor homograft-promoting substance(s), the "enhancing substance," were studied.
Activity was most largely present in tumor and spleen tissues while that in the liver, kidney, and stomach was relatively slight.
Activity was widely distributed in fractions prepared from tumor. Although DNAP and crude RNAP fractions were active, activity could not be associated with either RNA or DNA. The fraction possessing the highest concentration of activity was a residue fraction which was insoluble in water or in dilute or strong saline solutions.
Extraction of lyophilized tumor with acetone or 3:1 alcohol:ether reduced, but did not eliminate, activity in the insoluble fraction. However, activity was completely lost after extraction with 80 per cent alcohol at room temperature.
Enhancing activity of a tumor fraction was irreversibly lost after exposure for 1 hour to a solution more acid than pH 5 or more alkaline than pH 9. Activity was completely lost after exposure to 50 per cent urea or 90 per cent phenol.
Activity was not altered by incubation with trypsin, hyaluronidase, DNAase or the receptor-destroying enzyme of V. cholerae, but it was decreased when trypsin or hyaluronidase was injected with the incubated tumor fraction.
Activity was rapidly destroyed by treatment with dilute solutions of sodium periodate at pH 7. Under similar conditions, treatment with KMnO4 resulted in less extensive destruction of activity while H2O2, K2Cr2O7, and NaIO4 previously inactivated by reaction with glucose had no apparent effect on activity.
These results are interpreted as indicating the presence of both carbohydrate and protein in the structure of the activity substance.
THE INFLUENCE OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC AND GROWTH HORMONES ON ANTIBODY FORMATION
Authors: Hayashida Tetsuo , Li Choh Hao 
Published: June 2004

The influence of pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and growth hormone (somatotropin, STH), singly and in combination, has been studied in normal, young adult rats, with respect to antibody formation against Fraction IA of Pasteurella pestis.
When ACTH was administered during the period of immunization, in a daily dose just sufficient to prevent body weight increase relative to the non-treated, immunized controls, serum antibody levels against the specific antigen employed were significantly depressed.
The administration of STH alone resulted in a marked increase in body weight. The increase in antibody level was not significant at the 5 per cent level when compared with the control values.
The same dosage of STH given simultaneously with ACTH maintained body weight at a level slightly above that of the controls, and resulted in an effective counteraction of the antibody depression produced by the latter hormone.
STUDIES ON BACTERIEMIA
Authors: Rogers David E. , Melly Marian Ann 
Published: June 2004

Intravenous injection of staphylococci produced a marked, transient granulocytopenia inrabbits. Leukopenia was rapidly followed by return of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to the peripheral blood, and normal circulating granulocyte levels were reestablished within 20 to 40 minutes.
Differential arterio-venous leukocyte studies showed that polymorphonuclear leukocytes were trapped within the pulmonary vascular bed and, less constantly, in the splanchnic viscera during the initial 10 to 20 minutes following the injection of staphylococci. Granulocytes were subsequently found in larger numbers in blood leaving the lungs and splanchnic tissues, suggesting that entrapped polymorphonuclear leukocytes rapidly reentered the blood stream. This sequence of changes in circulating granulocytes was not significantly altered by splenectomy or the administration of cortisone.
It has previously been shown that virtually all staphylococci in the blood stream are found within circulating polymorphonuclear leukocytes 10 to 40 minutes after the injection of culture (9). It is during this period that granulocytes return to the blood stream in large numbers.
These observations suggest that staphylococci are phagocyted by polymorphonuclear leucocytes temporarily sequestered in the lungs and splanchnic viscera. It appears probable that some sequestered granulocytes containing living staphylococci subsequently return to the circulation. Such intraleukocytic staphylococci are believed to play a role in the maintenance of bacteriemia.
THE RETENTION OF S35-LABELLED BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN IN NORMAL AND IMMUNIZED RABBIT LIVER TISSUE
Authors: Garvey Justine S. , Campbell Dan H. 
Published: June 2004

The S35-label of S35-BSA was detected in the liver tissue of rabbits to the extent of 0.02 per cent (10 µg or ≃ 1014 molecules) of the injected material at 140 days after injection.
The rate of loss of antigen at the termination of the experiment was of such an order that significant amounts would be expected to persist for at least several years.
Data are reported which extend the retention data previously reported on S35-labelled hemocyanin. They indicate that amounts of the order of 0.05 per cent (25 µg.) of antigen material persist at 330 days after injection.
All of the radioactivity of material retained in the liver tissue 6 weeks after injection was immunologically related to the original S35-BSA antigen.
Preliminary studies are reported which indicate that the retained antigen is bound to ribonucleic acid.
A new method is described for the isolation of p-azophenylsulfonate bovine serum albumin from tissue extracts by means of a Dowex 2 adsorbent.
AN UNUSUAL PROTEIN COMPONENT OF HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT IN THE SERUM OF CERTAIN PATIENTS WITH RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
Authors: Franklin E. C. , Holman H. R. , Müller-Eberhard H. J. , Kunkel H. G. 
Published: June 2004

In the sera of a number of patients with rheumatoid arthritis an unusual, high molecular weight protein component could be detected by direct ultracentrifuge analysis of whole serum. This material sedimented more rapidly than the normal 19 S component and reached concentrations up to 340 mg. per cent. Similar components were not observed in a limited control series.
The high molecular weight material was present in the γ-globulin fraction of serum and joint fluid. It had an S20,w of approximately 22 S and could be dissociated into 2 fractions, one of which had a sedimentation coefficient of approximately 19 S.
Evidence for a direct relationship between the 22 S component and the γ-globulin precipitation test was obtained. The latter reaction was found to occur in the presence of altered, aggregated γ globulin. Absorption of serum with altered γ globulin removed the 22 S component. There also appeared to be a connection with the sheep cell agglutination reaction and the latex fixation test. The 22 S fraction was always observed in sera giving the most positive tests. Procedures of density gradient and repeated preparative ultracentrifugation demonstrated that each of these reactions was caused by a high molecular weight fraction.
The relationship between the unusual protein complex and various 19 S γ-globulins and 19 S antibodies is discussed.
HOMOLOGOUS IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES OF OCULAR LENS
Authors: Halbert S. P. , Locatcher-Khorazo D. , Swick L. , Witmer R. , Seegal B. , Fitzgerald P. 
Published: June 2004

Five lens antigens of rabbits can induce antibodies homologously as evidenced by agar precipitin technics.
Cross-reactions of lenses of other species (organ specificity) may be due to similarity of varying numbers of these antigens.
Newborn and 26-day embryo rabbit lenses seem to have decreased concentrations of, or lack, one antigen present in adult rabbit lens.
Streptolysin "O" concentrates appear to act as an adjuvant for homologous lens immunization in rabbits.
HORMONAL INFLUENCES ON MAMMARY TUMORS OF THE RAT
Authors: Huggins Charles , Mainzer Klaus 
Published: June 2004

Many members of the androstane series profoundly retarded the growth of a transplanted benign mammary fibroadenoma of the rat; the restraint of tumor growth was in direct proportion to the amount of the administered compound until its maximal effect was achieved. Certain steroids closely related to the androstane inhibitors accelerated the growth of the tumor. These effects of divergent sort depend on the molecular structure of the steroid.
The molecular structure of androstane derivatives, which is of high significance in modifying the rate of growth of the benign mammary tumor, consists of multiple components. These include (a) the presence and number of ketone and hydroxyl groups in special orientation at specific sites, (b) the sites of dehydrogenation in the molecule, and (c) the presence, number, and state of hydrogenation of alkyl groups at designated molecular positions. These multiple factors determine whether androstane compounds will inhibit growth of the tumor, enhance it, or fail to influence its growth.
The androstane compounds which caused either the restraint or the promotion of tumor growth had the common property of inducing proliferation of the normal mammary epithelium.
Two mechanisms are involved in the restraint of growth of mammary fibroadenoma by androstane inhibitors. The primary effect is the abolition of action of phenolic estrogens and progesterone when dihydrotestosterone is administered concurrently, presumably through direct action at the tumor cell level A secondary contributory suppressive effect is the depression of ovarian activity, and consequently of the production of phenolic estrogens and progesterone, by these compounds.
Transplanted mammary fibroadenoma in the rat possesses neoplastic traits and also some growth properties of normal mammary epithelium; inhibition of these latter by hormonal methods commonly retarded the growth of the tumor. But in hypophysectomized rats dihydrotestosterone failed to inhibit the growth of a mammary fibroadenoma with unusually low hormonal dependence as determined by functional tests of its growth.
ON THE CONCENTRATION OF 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE IN MAMMALIAN ENTEROCHROMAFFIN CELLS AND ITS RELEASE BY RESERPINE
Authors: Benditt Earl P. , Wong Ruth L. 
Published: June 2004

The enterochromaffin cells of the guinea pig duodenum and 5-hydroxytryptamine incorporated into gelatin models gave, after formalin fixation, nearly identical reactions with methenamine silver, ferric-ferricyanide, and diazotized o-aminoazotoluene. Following formaldehyde fixation the indole reaction with p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde was negative in tissue enterochromaffin cells; similarly the indole reaction was negative after formaldehyde fixation of gelatin models.
In the duodenum of the guinea pig 5-hydroxytryptamine appears to be largely, if not entirely, contained in the enterochromaffin cells. Its intracellular concentration estimated from relative cell volume and assay of concentration in the whole tissue, was not less than 5 mg./gm. of cells, and as judged by the intensity of staining reaction may have been as high as 10 to 20 mg./gm. of cells.
Reserpine administered parenterally caused release of the chromogenic material of duodenal enterochromaffin cells and a parallel reduction in the amount of extractable 5-hydroxytryptamine.
THE ROLE OF VASOCONSTRICTION IN THE LOCAL SHWARTZMAN REACTION
Authors: Rall David P. , Kelly Margaret G. 
Published: June 2004

The local Shwartzman reaction was provoked in the skin of the ear, hind leg, and costovertebral angle of the rabbit, as well as in the ventral abdominal skin.
Certain adrenergic blocking drugs reduced the incidence of positive reactions when given prior to the provocative dose of bacterial polysaccharide.
Epinephrine and other vasoconstrictor drugs administered intradermally into the prepared skin site produced typical hemorrhagic-necrotic lesions when the usual intravenous injection of polysaccharide was omitted. This reaction could be blocked by adrenergic blocking drugs, but appeared to be augmented by heparin or nitrogen mustard.
A hypothesis has been developed to help explain the mechanism of the local Shwartzman reaction. Following the preparatory dose, tissue metabolic changes occur which lead to increased lactic acid production and render the area particularly susceptible to anoxia. Following the provocative dose, adrenergic vasoconstriction occurs. It is suggested that this vasoconstriction may be intensified at the prepared site by small residual amounts of the preparatory dose of polysaccharide which might potentiate the action of the epinephrine.
The anoxia initiated by the vasoconstriction is prolonged and intensified by the formation of intravascular thrombi around clumps of leucocytes and platelets. This anoxia, superimposed on the local metabolic changes, leads to the characteristic lesion of hemorrhage and necrosis. Thus a combination of factors, all of causal importance and largely due to known pharmacologic properties of bacterial lipopolysaccharide, occur in specific sequence to lead to the classic local Shwartzman reaction.
THE ENHANCING EFFECT OF MURINE HEPATITIS VIRUS ON THE CEREBRAL ACTIVITY OF PLEUROPNEUMONIA-LIKE ORGANISMS IN MICE
Authors: Nelson John B. 
Published: June 2004

Pleuropneumoma-like organisms (PPLO) of the catarrhal type were isolated from the brain of a Swiss mouse during the cranial passage of mouse hepatitis virus-MHV(C). Cranial injection of the PPLO alone in Swiss and Princeton weanlings was attended by a meagre growth of the organisms in the brain, with no pathologic change.
The growth of both catarrhal and conjunctival strains of PPLO in the brains of Swiss mice was greatly enhanced by the simultaneous injection of MHV(C). Rolling was not a characteristic sign prior to autopsy. Brain sections regularly showed a vigorous leukocytic response, commonly accompanied by the destruction of nerve cells in the anterior horns of the cerebrum. Injected in Princeton mice together with the virus, the organisms barely survived and were inactive. MHV(Pr) enhanced the growth and pathogenicity of PPLO in the brains of Princeton mice but failed to do so in Swiss.
The behavior of PPLO in the brain was likewise affected by the presence of agar, as earlier observed by Findlay et al. In comparison with the effect of MHV, the enhancement was reduced in rate in both strains of mice and was not accompanied by outward signs of nervous disorder. Hydrocephalus which often followed injection of the PPLO-agar mixture was also produced by agar-bouillon alone.
SOME PROPERTIES OF AN ESTERASE DERIVED FROM PREPARATIONS OF THE FIRST COMPONENT OF COMPLEMENT
Authors: Ratnoff Oscar D. , Lepow Irwin H. 
Published: June 2004

Studies on an esterase derived from partially purified preparations of the first component of complement are described. The esterase hydrolyzed certain synthetic amino acid esters, among which N-acetyl-L-tyrosine ethyl ester was most susceptible. This was hydrolyzed maximally between pH 7.5 and 8.2, and at 41°C. The esterase could not be identified with other previously described hydrolytic enzymes. An esterase with similar properties could also be eluted from antigen-antibody aggregates which had been treated with serum.
Human serum contained a heat-labile inhibitor of the esterase which could not be identified with any of the known components of complement. The esterase was also inhibited by certain reducing agents.
The experiments described support the early hypothesis that complement exerts its action enzymatically, but the physiological role of the esterase derived from preparations of complement is not yet clear.