bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consideration of the mechanism of styrene/ethylene copolymerization with half‐titanocene catalysts
Authors: Yokota Kiyohiko , Kohsaka Tsuneaki , Ito Kazuhiko , Ishihara Nobuhide 
Published: September 2005

AbstractStyrene/ethylene copolymerization was performed by Longo et al. with the use of a cyclopentadienyltitanium trichloride (CpTiCl3)/methylaluminoxane (MAO) system with various aluminum/titanium ratios and various monomer compositions. The obtained polymer consisted of a mixture of an ethylene–styrene pseudorandom copolymer, polyethylene, and poly(styrene‐block‐ethylene) with a syndiospecific styrene–styrene unit (SPS‐b‐PE). In this work, from the whole polymer obtained with the CpTiCl3/MAO catalyst system, the SPS‐b‐PE copolymer was separated with the temperature rising elution fractionation method, and the structure was specified by 13C NMR. The polymer obtained from the trivalent titanium catalyst, which was thought to be the active species of syndiotactic polystyrene, included both a styrene–styrene sequence and a styrene–ethylene–ethylene–styrene sequence. However, neither the styrene–ethylene–styrene sequence nor the long chain of polyethylene was included. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 5041–5048, 2005
Multimodal luminescence spectra of ion‐implanted silica
Authors: Fitting H.‐J. , Salh Roushdey , Barfels T. , Schmidt B. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThermally oxidized SiO2 layers have been implanted by oxygen and sulfur ions up to an atomic dopant fraction of about 4 at%. The cathodoluminescence spectra of these ion implanted layers show besides the characteristic bands an identical sharp and intensive multimodal structure in the green up to near IR region. The energy step differences of the luminescence sublevels in average amount to 120 meV and indicate vibronic transitions in terms of a configuration coordinate potential model. A most probable candidate for these spectra are O2– interstitial molecules, as we could demonstrate by respective configuration coordinate data. These assumptions are contrary to photonic crystal models for the multimodal spectra as well as to models of quantum size effects, both discussed recently in literature. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electronic structure of the active site with two configurations of azurin
Authors: Sugiyama Ayumu , Sugimori Kimikazu , Shuku Tomofumi , Nakamura Taichi , Saito Hiroaki , Nagao Hidemi , Kawabe Hiroyuki , Nishikawa Kiyoshi 
Published: September 2005

AbstractWe present two cluster models of the active site of azurin. These models are determined by two stable configurations during our molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. In MD simulation, we find two stable configurations connected by the “jump motion” of Met121. One configuration is similar to the crystal structure by X‐ray analysis, and the other is not the same. We perform density functional calculations for these two models and investigate physical properties such as total energy, singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO), and spin density for each model. We find the difference in the shape of SOMO each other. We also estimate the reduction potential for each model and discuss the reduction potential and solvent effect of each model in relation to the electron transfer, which is one of the functionality of azurin. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Application invariants: Design by Contract augmented with deployment correctness logic
Authors: Savidis Anthony 
Published: September 2005

AbstractDesign by Contract is a method for the development of robust object‐oriented software, introducing class invariants as conditions corresponding to the design axioms that should be satisfied by every valid instance of a class. Additionally, the method states formally the way client programs should correctly utilize supplier classes, so that the composition of correct programs may be accomplished. However, the contextual correctness of supplier instances within client programs, only reflected in the client‐specific semantics for supplier‐class deployment, cannot be expressed through Design by Contract. For instance, supplier instances satisfying the supplier class invariant may not constitute plausible supplier instances in the context of a particular client program. In this context, we introduce application invariants as an extension to Design by Contract, for hosting the contextual‐correctness logic for supplier instances, as conditionally defined by client programs. This allows stronger validation of supplier instances, through the dynamic encapsulation of client‐specific acceptance filtering, enabling more intensive defect detection. Application invariants are implemented in the context of client classes as methods utilizing correctness condition expressions, are dynamically hosted within supplier instances, while always called by supplier instances when the basic supplier‐class invariant test is performed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DETERMINANT EXPRESSIONS FOR HYPERELLIPTIC FUNCTIONS
Authors: ÔNISHI YOSHIHIRO 
Published: September 2005

AbstractIn this paper we give an elegant generalization of the formula of Frobenius–Stickelberger from elliptic curve theory to all hyperelliptic curves. A formula of Kiepert type is also obtained by a limiting process from this generalization. In the appendix a determinant expression of D. G. Cantor is also derived.
Brain anatomy in non-affected parents of autistic probands: a MRI study
Authors: PALMEN SASKIA J. M. C. , HULSHOFF POL HILLEKE E. , KEMNER CHANTAL , SCHNACK HUGO G. , SITSKOORN MARGRIET M. , APPELS MELANIE C. M. , KAHN RENÉ S. , VAN ENGELAND HERMAN 
Published: September 2005

Background. Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder with an estimated genetic origin of 90%. Previous studies have reported an increase in brain volume of approximately 5% in autistic subjects, especially in children. If this increase in brain volume is genetically determined, biological parents of autistic probands might be expected to show brain enlargement, or at least intracranial enlargement, as well. Identifying structural brain abnormalities under genetic control is of particular importance as these could represent endophenotypes of autism.Method. Using quantitative anatomic brain magnetic resonance imaging, volumes of intracranial, total brain, frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobe, cerebral and cortical gray and white matter, cerebellum, lateral ventricle, and third ventricle were measured in biological, non-affected parents of autistic probands (19 couples) and in healthy, closely matched control subjects (20 couples).Results. No significant differences were found between the parents of the autistic probands and healthy control couples in any of the brain volumes. Adding gender as a factor in a second analysis did not reveal a significant interaction effect of gender by group.Conclusions. The present sample of biological, non-affected parents of autistic probands did not show brain enlargements. As the intracranium is not enlarged, it is unlikely that the brain volumes of the parents of autistic probands have originally been enlarged and have been normalized. Thus, increased brain volume in autism might be caused by the interaction of paternal and maternal genes, possibly with an additional effect of environmental factors, or increased brain volumes might reflect phenotypes of autism.
Value of traditional foods in meeting macro- and micronutrient needs: the wild plant connection
Authors: Grivetti Louis E. , Ogle Britta M. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe importance of edible wild plants may be traced to antiquity but systematic studies are recent. Anthropologists, botanists, ecologists, food scientists, geographers, nutritionists, physicians and sociologists have investigated cultural aspects and nutrient composition of edible species. Important contributions to the diet from edible wild plants are well documented and numerous studies reveal roles played by ‘lesser-known’ species when meeting macro- and micronutrient needs of groups at risk, whether infants and children, pregnant and/or lactating women, or the elderly. The literature is vast and scattered but information on the macro- and micronutrient content of wild plants and their importance to the human diet appear in five kinds of publications: cultural works by social scientists, descriptions and inventories by botanists, dietary assessment studies by nutritionists, intervention programmes managed by epidemiologists and physicians, and composition data generally conducted by food scientists and chemists. Many macro- and micronutrient-dense wild species deserve greater attention but lack of adequate nutrient databases, whether by region or nation, limit educational efforts to improve diets in many Third World areas. Limited and uneven compositional data generally reflect factors of cost and personal interest in key nutrients. Whilst edible wild plants are regularly deprecated by policy makers and considered to be the ‘weeds of agriculture’, it would be tragic if this led to loss of ability to identify and consume these important available species.
The effect of calcium on iron absorption
Authors: Lynch Sean R 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe experimental and epidemiological evidence demonstrating that Ca inhibits Fe absorption was reviewed, with the objectives of estimating the potential impact of variations in Ca intake on dietary Fe bioavailability and of providing some guidelines for predicting the effects on Fe status of recent recommendations for higher dietary Ca intake. In animal models Ca salts reduced both haem- and non-haem-Fe absorption, the effect being dependent on the amount of Ca administered rather than the Ca:Fe molar ratio; dairy products had a variable effect; factors other than Ca may have been important. In single-meal human absorption studies, both haem- and non-haem-Fe absorption was inhibited by Ca supplements and by dairy products, the effect depending on the simultaneous presence of Ca and Fe in the lumen of the upper small intestine and also occurring when Ca and Fe were given in the fasting state. The quantitative effect, although dose dependent, was modified by the form in which Ca was administered and by other dietary constituents (such as phosphate, phytate and ascorbic acid) known to affect Fe bioavailability. The mechanism by which Ca influences Fe absorption has not been elucidated. The effects of factors that modulate Fe bioavailability are known to be exaggerated in single-meal studies, and measurements based on several meals are more likely to reflect the true nutritional impact. The results of most multiple-meal human studies suggest that Ca supplementation will have only a small effect on Fe absorption unless habitual Ca consumption is very low. Outcome analyses showed that Ca supplements had no effect on Fe status in infants fed Fe-fortified formula, lactating women, adolescent girls and adult men and women. However it should be noted that the subjects studied had adequate intakes of bioavailable Fe and, except in one study, had relatively high habitual Ca intakes. Although cross-sectional analyses in Europe have shown a significant inverse correlation between Ca intake (derived primarily from dairy foods) and Fe stores, the quantitative effect was relatively small. The general conclusion is that dietary Ca supplements are unlikely to have a biologically significant impact on Fe balance in Western societies unless Ca consumption is habitually very low; however, increased consumption of dairy products may have a small negative effect that could be functionally important in pregnancy if Fe supplements are not taken. It is uncertain whether the inverse relationship between consumption of dairy products and Fe status is due entirely to increased Ca intake; substitution of milk proteins for meat may also have negative effects on Fe balance.
Nutrition and neurodevelopment: mechanisms of developmental dysfunction and disease in later life
Authors: Dauncey M. J. , Bicknell R. J. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractNutrition plays a central role in linking the fields of developmental neurobiology and cognitive neuroscience. It has a profound impact on the development of brain structure and function and malnutrition can result in developmental dysfunction and disease in later life. A number of diseases, including schizophrenia, may be related to neurodevelopmental insults such as malnutrition, hypoxia, viruses orin uterodrug exposure. Some of the most significant findings on nutrition and neurodevelopment during the last three decades, and especially during the last few years, are discussed in this review. Attention is focused on the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms by which diet exerts its effects. Randomized intervention studies have revealed important effects of early nutrition on later cognitive development, and recent epidemiological findings show that both genetics and environment are risk factors for schizophrenia. Particularly important is the effect of early nutrition on development of the hippocampus, a brain structure important in establishing learning and memory, and hence for cognitive performance. A major aim of future research should be to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying nutritionally-induced impairment of neurodevelopment and specifically to determine the mechanisms by which early nutritional experience affects later cognitive performance. Key research objectives should include: (1) increased understanding of mechanisms underlying the normal processes of ageing and neurodegenerative disorders; (2) assessment of the role of susceptibility genes in modulating the effects of early nutrition on neurodevelopment; and (3) development of nutritional and pharmaceutical strategies for preventing and/or ameliorating the adverse effects of early malnutrition on long-term programming.
Real‐Time PCR Improves Detection of Trichomonas vaginalis Infection Compared With Culture Using Self‐Collected Vaginal swabs
Authors: Caliendo A. M. , Jordan J. A. , Green A. M. , Ingersoll J. , Diclemente R. J. , Wingood G. M. 
Published: September 2005

Objective. To compare a real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay with broth culture for the detection of Trichomonas vaginalis using self‐collected vaginal swabs.Methods. Self‐collected vaginal swabs were obtained from adolescent and young adult African‐American women participating in HIV‐1 prevention programs. T. vaginalis culture was performed using the InPouch TV System. Samples
for the real‐time PCR assay were collected using the BDProbeTec ET Culturette Direct Dry Swab system and tested in a laboratory‐developed assay which targeted a repeated sequence of the genome. Discrepant samples that were culture negative and positive in the real‐time PCR assay were tested in a confirmatory PCR which targeted a different region of the T. vaginalis genome, the18S ribosomal DNA gene.Results. Of the 524 specimens tested by both culture and real‐time PCR, 36 were culture positive and 54 were positive in the real‐time PCR assay; 16 of the 18 discrepant specimens were also positive in the confirmatory PCR assay. Using a
modified gold standard of positive by culture or positive in both PCR assays, the sensitivity of the real‐time PCR assay was 100% and the specificity was 99.6%, whereas culture had a sensitivity of 69.2% and a specificity of 100%.Conclusions. The real‐time PCR assay was sensitive and specific for the detection of T. vaginalis DNA from self‐collected vaginal swab specimens. The ability to use the BDProbeTec dry swab system for the real‐time PCR testing allowed for the detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and T. vaginalis from a single specimen.
Functional Hyperemia is Reduced in Skeletal Muscle of Aged Rats
Authors: HAMMER LEAH W. , BOEGEHOLD MATTHEW A. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTObjective: To test the hypothesis that active hyperemia is reduced in skeletal muscle of old rats due to a decreased bioavailability of prostanoids, which in turn is due to increased oxidative stress.Methods: The microvasculature of the spinotrapezius muscle of 3‐, 12‐, and 24‐month male Sprague‐Dawley rats was examined using in vivo videomicroscopy. Arteriolar diameter and centerline red cell velocity were measured in resting and contracting muscle. The effect of prostanoids was examined using indomethacin (10 μ M), and passive resting arteriolar diameters were determined using adenosine (100 μ M). Lipid peroxidation was assessed ex vivo by measuring tissue levels of malondialdehyde.Results: Arteriolar diameters and blood flow in resting muscle did not differ among the age groups, but increases in diameter and flow during muscle contraction in young rats were greater than in the two older age groups. Indomethacin did not affect resting arteriolar diameters and blood flow in 3‐ and 12‐month rats, but significantly decreased both parameters in 24‐month rats. Indomethacin had no effect on arteriolar diameter and blood flow responses during muscle contraction in any age group. Passive resting diameters of arterioles were significantly smaller in 12‐ and 24‐month rats than in 3‐month rats. Tissue levels of TBARS were not different among the three age groups.Conclusions: Arteriolar tone and blood flow in resting skeletal muscle of rats is not altered with age, whereas the increases in these variables that normally accompany muscle contraction are markedly impaired during aging. Neither cyclooxygenase metabolites nor lipid peroxidation appear to be involved in this impairment.
Association of angiotensin‐converting enzyme gene polymorphism with pregnancy‐induced hypertension
Authors: Kaur Rajpal , Jain Vanita , Khuller Madhu , Gupta Indu , Sherawat Badan Singh 
Published: September 2005

Background.  To investigate the potential association of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism and serum ACE activity with pregnancy‐induced hypertension (PIH).Methods.  The ACE genotype was identified and serum ACE activity was measured in 50 primigravidae with PIH and 50 normotensive primigravidae. These subjects were followed up to delivery and perinatal outcome noted.Results.  ACE DD genotype was found in 60% of subjects with PIH but only in 30% of normotensive subjects (P = 0.004). The odds ratio for developing hypertension in subjects with DD genotype was 3.5. The incidence of D allele of ACE gene was significantly higher in hypertensive subjects (0.74) than in normotensive subjects (0.56, P = 0.011). The odds ratio for developing hypertension in subjects with D allele was 2.24. However, the ACE genotype was similar in different categories of PIH and did not affect the perinatal outcome. The mean ACE activity in the hypertensive subjects (32.4 IU/l) and the normotensive subjects (23.7 IU/l) was similar (P = 0.092). The ACE activity did not differ significantly according to ACE genotype.Conclusions.  We noticed an excess of DD genotype and D allele in ACE gene in PIH. However, this polymorphism does not correlate with the severity of hypertension or perinatal outcome. Serum ACE levels do not correlate with the ACE gene polymorphism or the development of PIH.
Sexual behavior and activity in Chinese pregnant women
Authors: Fok Wing Yee , Chan Louis Yik‐Si , Yuen Pong Mo 
Published: September 2005

Objective.  To evaluate sexual activities, attitudes, and complications related to intercourse among Chinese pregnant women and to study their source of the information.Methods.  This was a prospective cross‐sectional study. Two hundred and ninety‐eight Chinese pregnant women were recruited. Pregnant women completed a self‐administered questionnaire anonymously. Their sexual experience and sexuality were analyzed and compared among trimesters. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the association of various factors with a number of outcomes concerning the sexuality in pregnancy.Results.  Ninety‐three percent of the pregnant women reported an overall reduction in their sexual activities during pregnancy. Among these activities, vaginal intercourse significantly decreased in the third trimester. Besides gestation, advanced maternal age and nulliparity were independent factors associated with the reduction of vaginal intercourse (P < 0.001). Moreover, over 60% of the women, as well as more than 40% of their partners, had reduction in sexual desire and enjoyment during pregnancy. Over 80% of the women and their partners worried about the adverse effects of sexual activity on the fetus. However, less than 12% of them experienced complications after coitus during pregnancy. Among them, only 9.4% discussed sexuality with their doctors and half of them raised up this topic by themselves.Conclusion.  Chinese pregnant women had less sexual activities and desire during pregnancy. Culture, inadequate knowledge, and excessive anxiety are likely the important factors for the marked reduction in sexuality in Chinese couples. Medical staffs should take a proactive role in providing more information to relieve their anxiety.
Behçet's disease and pregnancy
Authors: Jadaon Jim , Shushan Asher , Ezra Yossef , Sela Hen Y. , Ozcan Cuneyt , Rojansky Nathan 
Published: September 2005

Background.  Behçet's disease (BD) is a multisystem inflammatory chronic disorder, which is characterized by relapsing oral and genital ulceration and iridocyclitis. While being of unknown etiology, vasculitic changes of possible autoimmune origin are common to all involved organs, and thrombotic complications, which may adversely affect gestation, are frequently seen. Very little is known to date about the reciprocal influence of BD and pregnancy. We have undertaken to explore the mutual effect of BD and pregnancy with emphasis on maternal and fetal complications.Methods.  In this case–control study, we have evaluated pregnancies that occurred in women suffering from BD, who were treated in our institution during the last 25 years. All records were reviewed, and data were confirmed by a telephone interview and compared with a matched control group. To review the current knowledge, a Medline search together with a manual search of selected articles was performed.Results.  Thirty‐one Behçet's patients who had 135 pregnancies were studied. Remissions were significantly more frequent during both pregnancy and postpartum periods, while exacerbations were observed only in one‐sixth of the patients (P < 0.001). Pregnancy complications (P < 0.001), cesarean section (P < 0.001), and miscarriage (P < 0.02) rates, however, were significantly higher in the study group.Conclusions.  Our study suggests that pregnancy does not have a deleterious effect on the course of BD and may possibly ameliorate its course. However, it seems that BD may adversely affect pregnancy. The miscarriage rate was higher, and the pregnancy complications and cesarean section rates were significantly elevated.