bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Procedural Norms for Criminal Trials in Roman Antiquity
Authors: Herrmann Francis R 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The imperial codifications of the emperors Theodosius and Justinian in the fifth and sixth centuries confirmed the norms of much earlier centuries for the conduct of trials in Rome and its provinces. Roman norms provided important procedural safeguards for defendants. These included requirements that an accused party be given notice of specific charges, which the accuser had the burden of proving according to a high standard. The accused was to receive the opportunity to make a defense before an impartial fact-finder. If needed, an advocate could be provided. The trial was to be conducted expeditiously, in the place where the alleged crime was committed, and in public with witnesses present in person. The application of these norms to persons of higher social status may have varied from that of persons of lower social ranking.
Formulating Fair Trial Procedures in the Roman and Canon Law of the Late Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries
Authors: Herrmann Francis R 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
An abundance of canons appeared in the eleventh century. Many were collected by individual bishops and dealt with trial procedures. In the mid-twelfth century, Gratian, about whom little is known, undertook to put order in the proliferation. He produced a Concordance of Discordant Canons. While not an official collection of church law, the Decretum, as his work was commonly called, quickly assumed preeminent authority, becoming the object of study in the universities. Overlapping with Gratian’s canonical supremacy, a revival of Roman law was taking place after the rediscovery of the emperor Justinian’s Digest. It, too, was studied at the universities. Orders of procedure (ordines) appeared as guides for trials. The confluence of canonical and secular authority led to the formation of an Ius commune (common law) for the European continent.
Principles of Criminal Procedure in Inquisitorial Proceedings
Authors: Herrmann Francis R 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
At the end of the twelfth century, Pope Innocent III adopted a new method of trial procedure which had been emerging in northern Italy. Inquisitorial procedure, as opposed to the traditional accusatorial procedure, did not require an accuser to initiate a proceeding. A judge could do so, provided that specific preconditions were fulfilled. In 1215, the Fourth Lateran Council officially adopted inquisitorial procedure as an alternative to accusatorial trial procedure for the church. In doing so, the Council emphasized the maintenance of due process protections. In secular courts, perhaps under the influence of the revived Roman law, torture became more common. Therewith, the ius commune system corrupted, but never formally abandoned, a principle of “voluntariness” of confessions. In the canon law, a maxim that “no one is held to betray himself” appeared in the mid-thirteenth century, but the principle was limited to secrets of the heart. As to public crimes, a person might be held to answer questions under oath from a legitimate authority under certain conditions. A form of confrontation of witnesses continued in inquisitorial procedure , although examination was conducted separately from the parties. Jurists articulated a presumption of innocence.
Weaknesses of Defensive Safeguards in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries
Authors: Herrmann Francis R 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Our knowledge of how a jury trial was conducted in the mid-sixteenth century, and likely before then, depends principally on a general description of trial that Sir Thomas Smith offered in De republica anglorum. No trial narratives were kept officially. From the mid-sixteenth century forward, however, private individuals began to make unofficial records of particularly important trials. These accounts became known as the State Trials when they were collected and published in the eighteenth century. State trials were singular in that they typically dealt with persons and matters of public prominence. Nonetheless, because the trials were conducted according to common-law principles, the narratives offer illustrations of how accepted norms for common-law jury trial could impede a full defense. Defendants charged with felonies by indictment were typically denied the assistance of counsel, at least in the later Tudor and Stuart period. The accused complained of inadequate notice of charges against them, hindrances to preparing their defense and to confronting witnesses against them. They were unable to compel the presence of witnesses in their favor. In the latter part of the seventeenth century, the unreliability of verdicts in treason cases contributed to a perception that defensive safeguards needed to be increased, at least for treason defendants.
Colonial Esteem of Trial by Jury
Authors: Herrmann Francis R 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Through colonial charters issued by the crown, British colonists brought with them the common law of England and the authority to adapt it to their local needs. Colonists particularly cherished the right to trial by jury and the due process elements they understood to be attached to it, including the unanimous verdict of an impartial jury of the vicinity whose conscience was fully satisfied by the proof produced. In advance of England, some colonies began to allow counsel for defendants in all felony cases. By the later eighteenth century, the quantum of proof required for fully satisfying a jury’s conscience had begun to be described in terms of proof beyond reasonable doubt.
Colonial Fears of the Erosion of Right to Trial by Jury
Authors: Herrmann Francis R 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In the 1760s, tensions arose between the North American colonies and the crown largely centering over issues of taxation. Parliament passed or threatened to pass a series of statutes to control colonial recalcitrance. Among the acts were provisions for the transfer of treason cases arising in the colonies to trial in England. Colonists discerned that Parliament was undermining their jury-trial rights to which they believed themselves entitled under the common law. In the colonies, pamphlet literature protested vehemently against the British threats to remove trials to England. Franklin testified before parliament against the Stamp Act and its threat to jury trials. In the Britain, some parliamentarians argued that the colonial fears were justified. The threat to the jury added fuel to the colonial movement for independence.
Reinforcing Jury-Rights
Authors: Herrmann Francis R 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Seeking independence from England, American colonists met in Congress in 1776. The Congress requested states to draw up for themselves individual constitutions of government. After independence from England and after experiencing the inadequacy of the Articles of Confederation, a federal convention of the states proposed a new federal constitution. George Mason and others opposed the new constitution because it contained no Bill of Rights. In order to secure state ratification of the new constitution, James Madison promised he would support adding a Bill of Rights. Drawn largely from state bills of rights, Madison’s proposals, including procedural protections for defendants at trial, were finally ratified in 1791.
Epilogue
Authors: Herrmann Francis R 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
When a particular society chooses, or an authority imposes on it, procedural norms for criminal trials, those norms are not purely the product of a reasoning process independent of the cultural milieus in which the norms arise. Historical events, political and religious controversies, conflicting evaluations of class strata, shifting convictions about the inviolability of personal integrity, and the need to suppress crime influence which procedures a society or its governing authority deems appropriate. for determining the guilt or innocence of members accused of crime. Despite the influences of cultural and historical contingenies, however, the transcultural and transtemporal experience of generations indicates agreement upon certain core trial norms. These norms, most often now characterized as rights, continually reassert themselves whenever a society violates them or does not provide for the .
Predictors of 15-year transitions across living and care settings in a population of Swedish older adults
Authors: Gentili Susanna , Calderón-Larrañaga Amaia , Rizzuto Debora , Lee Gordon Adam , Agerholm Janne , Lennartsson Carin , Hedberg Rundgren Åsa , Fratiglioni Laura , Liborio Vetrano Davide 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Objective
We aimed to investigate the association of sociodemographic, clinical and functional characteristics with the volume of transitions and specific trajectories across living and care settings.

Methods
Using data from the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen study, we identified transitions across home (with or without social care), nursing homes, hospitals and postacute care facilities among 3021 adults aged 60+. Poisson and multistate models were used to investigate the association between sociodemographic, clinical and functional characteristics and both the overall volume and hazard ratios (HRs) of specific transitions.

Results
Over 15 years, 720 (23.8%) participants experienced between 5 and 10 transitions, and 816 (26.7%) experienced &gt;10 transitions across living and care settings. A higher number of transitions was observed in older participants with multimorbidity and slower walking speed. In contrast, cognitive impairment and disability were associated with a lower number of transitions. After hospital and postacute discharge, each additional year of age (HR range 1.06–1.08) and being a woman compared with being a man (HR range 1.35–4.38) increased the likelihood of discharge to home care. Multimorbidity (HR range 1.14–1.23) and slow gait speed (HR range 1.11–1.50) increased the risk of hospitalisation and home care after hospital discharge. Cognitive impairment raised the hazard of nursing home placement (HR range 1.99–2.15). Disability was associated with a higher hazard of nursing home placement after hospital discharge (HR range 2.57–3.07).

Conclusions
Accounting for older adults’ whole journey across living and care settings, we identified transition-specific predictors and potential triggers that could be timely leveraged to better tailor care to older adults’ needs.
Area Socioeconomic Inequality and Suicide Mortality: Contrasting Common Measures using National Violent Death Reporting System and Linked Administrative Data
Authors: Kalesnikava Viktoryia A , Kahsay Eskira , Zhong Chuwen , Spring Emma , Bagge Courtney , Burgard Sarah , Mezuk Briana , Clarke Philippa J 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Area economic inequality may underlie social disparities in suicide mortality (SM). Differences in measuring inequality contribute to variability across empirical evidence. We contrasted common income measures – absolute poverty, Gini inequality index, Index of Concentration at the Extremes (ICE) – and examined their associations with age- and sex-standardized SM across 1381 US counties. We used the 2006-2019 National Violent Death Reporting System linked to 2006-2010 administrative data on socioeconomic factors and a Bayesian spatial multilevel approach.
Compared to affluent areas, poorer areas had the highest relative risk (RR) of SM (ICE RR: 1.24, 95% Credible Interval (CI): 1.17 – 1.31 and absolute poverty RR: 1.33, CI: 1.25 – 1.41). Gini inequality was not linearly associated with SM. Cross-classifying Gini x ICE showed highest-risk areas had concentrated poverty (ICE) but varying Gini inequality. These high-risk poverty-segregated areas were more often medically underserved, had lower population density and high unemployment. African American or Indigenous suicide decedents often resided in high Gini inequality areas, while older, White decedents, with military backgrounds more often resided in lower Gini areas.
The choice of inequality measure can lead to varied conclusions about social disparities in SM. Comparative approach offers more nuanced understanding of underlying socioeconomic marginalization.
Implementation of a pharmacy technician–driven, technology-assisted final product verification program at a community teaching hospital
Authors: Dunston Bryanna M , Sohasky Steven A , Farwig Lindy M , Kulwicki Benjamin D 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Purpose
Technology-assisted final product verification (TAFPV) is a process whereby a licensed pharmacy technician validates the work of another using a technology such as barcode scanning. While similar to tech-check-tech (TCT), TAFPV requires that technology is utilized in the final verification process. As of 2024, 28 states allowed this practice. In October 2021, the Michigan Board of Pharmacy passed allowances for TAFPV to be conducted in the state. This report describes the implementation of a TAFPV program and its impact on pharmacy operations.

Summary
Following technology and site readiness assessments, a TAFPV program was implemented at a community teaching hospital. Three months post implementation, 4,193 filled medication orders were verified by validated pharmacy technicians (VPTs) with 100% accuracy. Fifty-seven dispensing errors were identified by VPTs upon verification. The median time from medication procurement to final verification for VPTs was 138 seconds (interquartile range [IQR], 53-465) compared to 218 (IQR, 39-736) for pharmacists (P = 0.01). The mean (SD) amount of time spent verifying medication orders daily was 4.57 (0.12) hours for VPTs and 4.53 (0.14) hours for pharmacists (P = 0.97).

Conclusion
Implementation of a TAFPV program improved inpatient pharmacy operational efficiencies while preserving medication safety. A future area of study includes measuring the impact of clinical services provided by pharmacists utilizing the reallocated time from the TAFPV program.
Validation of machine learning-assisted screening of PKC ligands: PKC binding affinity and activation
Authors: Maki Jumpei , Oshimura Asami , Shiotani Yudai , Yamanaka Maki , Okuda Sogen , Yanagita Ryo C , Kitani Shigeru , Igarashi Yasuhiro , Saito Yutaka , Sakakibara Yasubumi , Tsukano Chihiro , Irie Kazuhiro 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) is a family of serine/threonine kinases, and PKC ligands have the potential to be therapeutic seeds for cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, and human immunodeficiency virus infection. However, in addition to desired therapeutic effects, most PKC ligands also exhibit undesirable pro-inflammatory effects. The discovery of new scaffolds for PKC ligands is important for developing less inflammatory PKC ligands, such as bryostatins. We previously reported that machine learning combined with our knowledge of the pharmacophore yielded 15 PKC ligand candidates, but we did not evaluate their PKC binding affinities fully. In this paper, PKC binding affinities of four candidates were examined to assess their potential as PKC ligands and to validate machine learning-assisted screening. Although compound 3′ did not bind to PKC C1 domains, 1a, 2′, and 4a exhibited moderate PKC binding affinities, suggesting that machine learning-assisted screening is advantageous in identifying new PKC ligand scaffolds.
TPepRet: a deep learning model for characterizing T-cell receptors–antigen binding patterns
Authors: Wang Meng , Fan Wei , Wu Tianrui , Li Min 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Motivation
T-cell receptors (TCRs) elicit and mediate the adaptive immune response by recognizing antigenic peptides, a process pivotal for cancer immunotherapy, vaccine design, and autoimmune disease management. Understanding the intricate binding patterns between TCRs and peptides is critical for advancing these clinical applications. While several computational tools have been developed, they neglect the directional semantics inherent in sequence data, which are essential for accurately characterizing TCR-peptide interactions.

Results
To address this gap, we develop TPepRet, an innovative model that integrates subsequence mining with semantic integration capabilities. TPepRet combines the strengths of the Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit (BiGRU) network for capturing bidirectional sequence dependencies with the Large Language Model framework to analyze subsequences and global sequences comprehensively, which enables TPepRet to accurately decipher the semantic binding relationship between TCRs and peptides. We have evaluated TPepRet to a range of challenging scenarios, including performance benchmarking against other tools using diverse datasets, analysis of peptide binding preferences, characterization of T cells clonal expansion, identification of true binder in complex environments, assessment of key binding sites through alanine scanning, validation against expression rates from large-scale datasets, and ability to screen SARS-CoV-2 TCRs. The comprehensive results suggest that TPepRet outperforms existing tools. We believe TPepRet will become an effective tool for understanding TCR-peptide binding in clinical treatment.

Availability and implementation
The source code can be obtained from https://github.com/CSUBioGroup/TPepRet.git.
‘Intertwined worlds’: How religion as a cultural system shapes social workers’ motivation for policy engagement
Authors: Nouman Hani , Ravitz Ruth 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In an era of increasing social inequality, social workers are increasingly called upon to engage in policy shaping processes to advance social justice. In multicultural societies, this may include social workers whose cultural systems are often characterized by shared religious beliefs, values, and lifestyles. However, a significant knowledge gap exists regarding how these cultural systems influence social workers’ motivation for engagement in policy arenas. This article addresses this gap by conducting a qualitative study that included twenty-five in-depth interviews with religious social workers who were employed in public welfare agencies in localities with a large concentration of ultra-Orthodox communities in Israel. The research explores how their religious-cultural system influences their motivation for policy practice engagement, and it identifies ways that may increase this engagement. The findings reveal that cultural systems encompassing religious beliefs, cultural behaviours, and religious community affiliation shape social workers’ motivation regarding policy practice. Building on these insights, the study emphasizes that increasing engagement in policy practice in multicultural societies necessitates providing culturally contextualized knowledge, resources, and opportunities tailored to the unique backgrounds of social workers.
Exploring unintentional ‘carer harm’—Insights from family carers and professionals: An Irish case study
Authors: Donnelly Sarah , Milne Alisoun , O’Brien Marita , Dunne Nikki , O’Donnell Deirdre 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This article explores the poorly understood and under-researched topic of carer harm, where family carers experience harm from the person they are caring for. Nine narrative interviews were conducted with family carers of people living with dementia and autism, and two with professionals. Three focus groups were convened with professionals, including social workers, nurses, and advocacy organizations, with four to five participants in each (n = 14). Four key themes emerged: ‘Understanding Carer Harm’, ‘Stigma and Guilt’, ‘Types of Harm Experienced’, and ‘Expectations, Responses and Systems that Harm’. Conflicts existed for many professionals when balancing the needs, safety, and protection of all family members. We conclude that a range of intersecting enforceable legal rights would help to ensure that carers are better protected. These rights would include the right to an assessment of need for both the carer and the child or adult with care and support needs, as well as a statutory entitlement to services that the assessment identifies for both parties. Proactive support from a social worker could go some way to addressing the challenges, putting in place a range of supports that prevent harm, reduce risk, and meet the needs of all family members.
Commentary on “Is there an innate sense of number in the brain?” by Lorenzi, Kobylkov, and Vallortigara
Authors: Butterworth Brian 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Is there an innate sense of number? Lorenzi et al. (2025) argue that the ability to extract numerical information from the environment is vital for a wide range of species, suggesting “a likely common origin”. Studies in different species show that the neural mechanism for doing this—numerosity-selective neurons—can be found in animals with no opportunity to learn. This leaves open important questions: How do numerosity-selective neurons code for numerosities? Is the code the same in different species? How do the neurons participate in arithmetical operations?
Patient Determinants and Effects on Adherence of Adverse Drug Reactions to Tuberculosis Treatment: A Prospective Cohort Analysis
Authors: Tzelios Christine A , Malatesta Samantha , Carney Tara , White Laura F , Weber Sarah E , Thomson Sarah , Theron Danie , Myers Bronwyn , Parry Charles D H , Warren Robin M , Horsburgh C Robert , Farhat Maha R , Jacobson Karen R 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to tuberculosis (TB) medications make treatment completion challenging. We investigated the impact of alcohol, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and other patient determinants on ADRs and treatment adherence.

Methods
We administered monthly ADR questionnaires to participants with TB in Worcester, South Africa. Adherence was defined as the proportion of observed doses on days when directly observed therapy was attempted. We used regression modeling to identify associations between age, sex, HIV status, alcohol, and smoked substance use with ADRs and adherence.

Results
Of 286 participants, 70 (24.5%) had moderate alcohol use (phosphatidylethanol [PEth], 20–200 ng/mL), 81 (28.3%) had heavy alcohol use (PEth, &gt;200 ng/mL), and 81 (28.3%) had HIV. A total of 156 (54.5%) reported ≥1 ADR, with maximum severity of moderate (75.6%) or mild (22.4%). Alcohol use and HIV were not associated with ADRs. The presence of ≥1 comorbidity compared with none was associated with a 46% increase in the risk of ADRs (P = .01). Nearly 70% of participants had ≥80% adherence. Among participants with moderate or severe ADRs, HIV with CD4 count &lt;200 cells/µL compared with no HIV (rate ratio = 1.71, P = .01), moderate or severe alcohol use compared with low (rate ratio = 1.55, P = .01 and rate ratio = 1.69, P = .01), and smoked substance use compared with none (rate ratio = 1.37, P = .04) were associated with increased missed doses.

Conclusions
Half of participants on TB treatment experienced ADRs, but most remained adherent to treatment. Among participants with moderate or severe ADRs, those with poorly controlled HIV, alcohol use, or smoked substance use had lower adherence.