bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
K
Authors: Sacks David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
King’s Peace The treaty drawn up in 386 or 387 B.c. between SPARTA and the Persian king Artaxerxes II, sometimes known as the Peace of Antalcidas (from the name of a Spartan ambassador). This treaty ended recent Spartan-Persian hostilities in the CORINTHIAN WAR and severed PERSIA’S alliance with Sparta’s enemies, ATHENS, CORINTH, BOEOTIA, and ARGOS. But the notorious aspect of the treaty was Sparta’s renunciation of its former claim to protect the Greek cities of IONIA and of other parts of ASIA MINOR. The King’s Peace ceded the Greek cities of Asia Minor and CYPRUS back to the Persian king, even though these cities had been liberated by the Greeks after the PERSIAN WARS.
The Expression Of The Emotions In Man And Animals
Authors: Darwin Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why do dogs wag their tails and cats purr? Why do we get embarrassed, and why does embarrassment make us blush? Why do we frown when we're disappointed? These any many other questions about the emotional life of humans and animals are answered in this remarkable book. The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals was an immediate best-seller when it was first published in 1872 and still provides the point of departure for research into emotion and facial expression. In his study of infants and children (including delightful observations of his own baby's smiles and pouts), of the insane, of painting and sculpture, of cats and dogs and monkeys, and of the ways that people in different cultures express their feelings, Darwin's insights have not been surpassed by modern science. This definitive edition contains a substantial new Introduction and Afterword by Paul Ekman. Ekman also provides commentaries that use the latest scientific knowledge to elaborate, support, and occasionally challenge Darwin's study. When it originally appeared, this was the first scientific book to contain photographic reproductions. For this edition, Ekman has returned to Darwin's original notes in order to produce, for the first time, a corrected, authoritative text illustrated by drawings and photographs positioned exactly as its author intended. The Expression of Emotion in Man and Animals reminds us that, in addition to being the nineteenth century's most influential thinker, Darwin was also a writer of consummate skill. Beautifully and profusely illustrated, and filled with insights that immediately ring true, this new edition promises to delight and enthrall a new generation of readers.
Welfare As We Knew It
Authors: Noble Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book explains why the U.S. welfare state does less than other Western welfare states to help people in need. Combining a state-of-the-art account of recent research on how political institutions, class politics, and racial divisions shape public policy with a close analysis of four periods of welfare state expansion and contraction, Noble shows how deeply-rooted structural, institutional, and organizational factors limit the possibilities for change, and suggests what social reformers might do about it.
Soils and Soil Biota
Authors: Ransom Michel D , Rice Charles W , Todd Timothy C , Wehmueller William A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Soils are an integral part of the tallgrass prairie ecosystem. Jenny (1941) suggested that soil formation results from multiple factors: climate, organisms, topography, and parent material, all interacting over time. In the tallgrass prairie-soils ecosystem, the prairie vegetation has exerted great influence on soil formation, but the physical and chemical properties of soil also affect the kinds, amount, and spatial distribution of the vegetation. The relationships between soils and the biota of the prairie are extremely complex The soil biota in tallgrass prairie represents a diversity of genetic and physiological traits. Although the aboveground flora and fauna often characterize the prairie, the biomass of the soil biota can be of the same order of magnitude as the visible portion of the prairie (Paul et al. 1979). This invisible prairie is responsible for much of the energy flow and nutrient cycling (Chapters 13 and 14, this volume) in the prairie and contributes to the development of soils. Although some soil organisms use sunlight or inorganic substrates to obtain energy, a vast majority of the soil biota are heterotrophs, using organic compounds to obtain their energy. Photosynthetically fixed C produced by plants decomposes, supporting the microbial community. The ecology and diversity of the soil biota of tallgrass prairie remain relatively unexplored despite its importance in decomposition and nutrient cycling (Clark and Paul 1970; Seastedt et al. 1988a; Seastedt and Hayes 1988).
A Landscape Perspective of Patterns and Processes in Tallgrass Prairie
Authors: Briggs John M , Nellis M Duane , Geoffrey Clarence L Turner , Su M Henebry Haiping 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In earlier chapters, landscape position was identified as an important characteristic for understanding many of the spatial and temporal patterns measured at Konza Prairie. For example, annual spring burning consistently increases total aboveground net primary production (ANPP) only in low-lands sites (Chapter 12, this volume). In addition, landscape position may affect the movement and availability of nutrients (Chapter 13, this volume). This chapter will focus on broader issues in landscape ecology, specifically, how a landscape-level perspective can help evaluate the relationship between ecosystem patterns and processes in tallgrass prairie.
African American
Authors: Leeming David , Page Jake 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The myths of African Americans have generally reflected the condition of blacks in America, first as slaves and then as people rejected by the melting pot. The Africans brought to America as slaves naturally brought religious traditions with them, and they also tended to reinterpret the rituals, myths, and other religious traditions of their owners to fit their own needs and their own heritage.
Asian American
Authors: Leeming David , Page Jake 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The few American-based folktales and hero legends of Asian Americans were reactions to conditions faced by Chinese laborers on the western railroads in the nineteenth century. Both these tales and those imported, as most were, directly from the Old World served to remind the immigrants of old values in the face of new temptations and dis tractions. New tales focused on issues such as the difficulty in keeping the young from losing their Asian identity in the depraved and unruly atmosphere of the early West.
Introduction
Authors: Bao Zhiming 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is a study on the internal structure of tone. It addresses two issues that are at the center of research in nonlinear phonology: (1) the internal structure of phonological elements, such as segments and tones; and (2) the overall structure of phonological representation. The book deals with the geometry of tone and how it fits into the geometry of laryngeal features. It also addresses the relation ship between tone and other autosegments, particularly syllable structure. In this chapter, I sketch in general terms the theoretical results of this study.
The Mid Tone
Authors: Bao Zhiming 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The formal status of the mid tone has received some attention in the literature of autosegmental phonology, particularly in connection with the concerns of under specification theories. The idea is that if tones are specified with features such as [upper] and [raised], then these features should behave like other, non tonal features, which may be left unspecified in underlying representation. The unspecified feature values are then filled by default rules (cf. Kiparsky l 982a,b). Since tones are defined by the features, the default values define the default tone. In this chapter, I explore this empirical issue.
The Role of the Amygdala in Primate Social Cognition
Authors: Emery Nathan J , Amaral David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Studying the neural basis of primate social cognition is a relatively recent enterprise which has been facilitated by expansive growths in the fields of neuroscience and primatology (Brothers, 1990). A major focus of this research in nonhuman and human primates has been the amygdaloid complex, a prominent telencephalic region located in the anteromedial temporal lobe. In this chapter, we briefly review the anatomical connectivity of the primate amygdaloid complex and initial studies which looked at the effect of amygdala lesions on social behavior in monkeys. We then propose a hypothesis of amygdala function based on its anatomy that specifically addresses how the amygdala might interpret social information (such as facial expressions) and initiate appropriate behavioral responses. We then apply this hypothesis to the everyday behaviors of a macaque monkey, in the neuroethological tradition, and discuss the importance of the amygdala to these behaviors.
The amygdaloid complex is a heterogeneous region located just anterior to the hippocampus in the medial temporal lobe. The use of the term “amygdaloid complex” emphasizes that this region is composed of a group of at least 13 nuclei and cortical areas. Each of these major subdivisions is typically further partitioned into two or more subdivisions. Having said this, we will use the terms “amygdaloid complex” and “amygdala” synonymously in this chapter. It is beyond the scope of this chapter to provide a detailed review of the cytoarchitectonic organization and intrinsic and extrinsic connectivity of the primate amygdala. A summary of this type can be found in Amaral et al. (1992). Rather, we provide an overview of the features of amygdala neuroanatomy that are relevant to our proposal concerning its role in social cognition.
A Low-Cost Approach To PCR
Authors: Harris Eva 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique used to replicate specific pieces of DNA millions of times, which permits the detection and analysis of minute amounts of nucleic acids. Since its introduction in the late 1980s, this technique has been applied not only in molecular biology research but also in fields as diverse as anthropology, phylogeny, and forensics. However, despite the large impact of PCR, many of its applications remain within the confines of research and the academic environment. Now, in A Low-Cost Approach to PCR: Appropriate Transfer of Biomolecular Techniques, Dr. Eva Harris makes this elegantly simple technique more accessible to researchers, physicians, and laboratory workers throughout the world. She provides a description of the theoretical basis of the technique, the practical details of the method, and the philosophy behind the technology transfer program that she developed over the last ten years. The book serves as a guide for potential users in developing countries and for scientists in developed countries who may wish to work abroad. In addition, the low-cost approach outlined in this book can be useful for high school, undergraduate, or continuing education programs in the United States. While the specific applications of PCR outlined in the book are immediately useful to the study of infectious diseases, the approach presented can be generalized to a number of other technologies and situations. The book will help laboratories in many areas of the world generate information on site for use by physicians, epidemiologists, public health workers, and health policy professionals to develop new strategies for disease control.
Generalizations In Navajo
Authors: Fernald Theodore B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essay investigates the interaction of generic quantification with the interpretations of nominals and predicates in Navajo and in English. For the first time, evidence is presented of a distinction between individual- and stage-level predicates in Navajo. Kratzer’s (1988) Prohibition against Vacuous Quantification and de Hoop and de Swart’s (1989) Plurality Condition on adverbs of quantification are two leading explanations of the well-formedness of generics. Data considered here require contextual information to be added to the restrictions of quantifiers and they require the Plurality Condition to be extended to the nuclear scope in addition to the restriction of a quantifier.
Letters To Robert Goffin (May 7 And July 19, 1944)
Authors: Armstrong Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapters 6 and 7 are discussed here together. Chapter 7, The “Goffin Notebooks,” is a memoir that Armstrong wrote sometime between July 4, 1943, and July 3, 1944. He wrote it for the Belgian Robert Goffin to use in his biography of Armstrong, which would later be published in English as Horn of Plenty. Armstrong wrote the letters in chapter 6 to Goffin while in the middle of the project.
The “Goffin Notebooks” (CA. 1944)
Authors: Armstrong Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Armstrong organizes the Goffin notebooks by year, covering the period 1918-1931, but within each section he ranges somewhat freely outside of the designated year. His marriage to Lil is placed in a section headed “1923,” but the wedding took place February 5, 1924. Armstrong probably made an error when he headed a second section “1923,” for the events that follow, including Oliver’s tour and Armstrong’s departure for Henderson’s band in New York, happened in 1924. He has numbered the notebooks I, 2, 3, and 5. Notebook 3 ends with the year 1926, with Armstrong at the pinnacle of his Chicago years, and notebook 5 begins with the year 1928, with Armstrong and friends scrambling for a job-” ‘Things gotten so ‘Tough with us until I 5¢ (Fifteen cents) looked like $15.00 (Fifteen dollars)”-and in the middle of a story about a car that was not covered earlier. Thus, even though Armstrong mentions “four books of stories” in his letter to Goffin, it seems likely that a fifth notebook (numbered “4”), covering 1926 and 1927, has been lost.
Letter To Leonard Feather (September 18, 1941)
Authors: Armstrong Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Leonard Feather was one of many writers with whom Armstrong established mutually beneficial relationships. In this letter, Armstrong asks Feather to relay a request for some written arrangements of recent recordings he has made, since he has experienced the common twentieth-century phenomenon of audiences demanding to hear in person what they have grown accustomed to through recordings. Though other jazz musicians resented such demands, Armstrong happily obliged.
Comparative Arabic Syntax
Authors: Benmamoun Elabbas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces key empirical issues that arise in the context of tense, negation, and agreement in Arabic dialect’&gt; (Moroccan Arabic, MA; Standard Arabic, SA; Egyptian Arabic, EA) and their theoretical implications for current conceptions of the syntax of functional categories. In section 1.1, I lay out the main empirical generalizations that any analysis, regardless of its theoretical assumptions, must deal with. In section 1.2, I discuss the theoretical issues that arise within the minimalist framework as we try to deal with these empirical generalizations.
Negation in Standard Arabic
Authors: Benmamoun Elabbas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I focus on sentential negation in Standard Arabic. The same analysis that I applied to sentential negation in the modern Arabic dialects will be extended to sentential negation in Standard Arabic. Morphologically, there are five main sentential negatives.1 These are laa, lam, lan, laysa, and maa. These negatives can be divided into two groups: laa and its variants, lam, lan, and laysa, on one hand, and maa, on the other. The variants of laa can in turn be divided according to their inflections, lam and Ian inflect for tense but not agreement while laysa inflects for agreement but not tense. laa inflects for neither tense nor agreement. The fact that there are multiple realizations of sentential negation in Standard Arabic makes this dialect appear radically different from the modem colloquial dialects analyzed in chapter 5. I shall argue that this difference is superficial. On close inspection, it will emerge that there are only two negatives in Standard Arabic—namely, laa and maa. The other three negatives, lam, lan, and laysa, are all inflected variants of laa.
Role of Neuroplosticity in Functional Recovery After Stroke
Authors: Nudo Randolph J , BarBay Scott , Kleim Jeffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clinical stroke is frequently characterized by hemiparesis immediately after the ischemic event and by substantial functional recovery over the ensuing weeks to months. While the most dramatic recovery occurs within the first 30 days after stroke, in many cases of severe stroke recovery can be protracted, reaching a plateau at 6 months or more after injury (Duncan & Lai, 1997; Wade et al., 1985). In these cases, recovery is usually more limited, and chronic impairments are common. The phenomenon of motor recovery after stroke, its underlying causes, and therapeutic techniques for modifying the extent and time course of recovery have been under intense investigation for well over a century. However, many of the most fundamental questions about motor recovery after stroke remain unanswered. While several studies have shown that stroke patients improve during rehabilitative therapy, for example, it has been much more difficult to demonstrate the efficacy of rehabilitation over and above what might be expected to occur spontaneously. Further, the superiority of one type of exercise program over others has not been adequately established.
Reorganization of Motor Function in Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Carr L J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cerebral palsy is a descriptive term for the persistent disorder of movement or posture secondary to nonprogressive pathology of the immature brain. The Etiology and outcome of cerebral palsy are diverse. The functional motor outcome cannot be simply predicted by the size and site of the central nervous system (CNS) lesion (Bouza et al., 1994; Kotlarek et al., 1981; Wiklund & Uvebrant, 1991); other factors including additional functional impairments are also important. There is clinical evidence that the outcome is strongly influenced by the age at which the damage occurred; it is generally better when damage is sustained early in development. This has been attributed to the plasticity of the developing CNS and its ability to reorganize. This chapter will discuss the current evidence of such plasticity in children and young adults with cerebral palsy. Some key clinical and neurophysiological studies will be reviewed. Data will be presented to support the view that reorganization of descending motor pathways may occur in humans following early damage and that this reorganization may be functionally significant.
Anne Hutchinson (1591-1643)
Authors: Lewis M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Born Anne Marbury in 1591, in Alford, England, Anne Hutchin son was educated at home, where she had the benefit of her clergyman father’s library. At twenty-one she married William Hutchinson, a successful Alford merchant. They had fifteen children together. In 1634, the Hutchinsons emigrated with a group of fellow Puritans, following their minister, Rev. John Cotton, to Massachusetts Bay Colony in New England.
Phillis Wheatley (1753-1784)
Authors: Scruggs Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Born in West Africa, the person to be named Phillis Wheatley was enslaved as a child and sold in Boston in 1761. Her purchaser, John Wheatley, intended her to be a domestic servant to help his wife Susanna. However, because Phillis showed great intellectual precocity, Susanna Wheatley educated her and fostered her talent. With the rest of the family, she became a member of Boston’s Old South Church. Having demonstrated her poetic abilities, Phillis Wheatley was sent by her owners to England in 1773 to further her literary career.
Mercy Otis Warren (1728-1814)
Authors: Geiger Marianne B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Born in Barnstable, Massachusetts, on September 14, 1728, Mercy Otis Warren was not formally schooled, despite the middle-class trappings of her family. She learned from her brother fames’s tutors and was relatively well educated by the time of her marriage in November 1754 to fames Warren, who became a leader within Massachusetts Revolutionary circles. The couple had five sons.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902)
Authors: Miroff Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Elizabeth Cady was born in Johnstown, New York, in 1815. Educated at fohnstown Academy and at the Troy Female Seminary (now the Emma Willard School) in Troy, New York, she married abolitionist Henry Stanton in 1840. When in that year she and Quaker lecturer Lucretia Mott were outraged by the exclusion of female delegates from the floor of the World Anti-Slavery Convention in London, they decided to call for a women’s rights convention.
Alice Paul (1885-1977)
Authors: Lunardini Christine A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Born into a Quaker family in Moorestown, New Jersey, Alice Paul was reared in the intellectual tradition of her parents, William and Tacie Parry Paul. She attended Swarthmore College, and after graduation went to the New York School of Philanthropy (a school of social work) in 1905 on a fellowship from the College Settlement Association. For the next few years she was a social worker; during this time she cultivated her interest in women’s rights.
Margaret Mead (1901-1978)
Authors: Rosenberg Rosalind 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Margaret Mead was born on December 16, 1901, in Philadelphia. Her mother, Emily Fogg Mead, was a feminist as well as an academic. After a year at DePauw University in Indiana, Margaret Mead transferred to Barnard College in New York City in 1920. There, her chief mentor was anthropologist Ruth Benedict. Mead earned two degrees at Columbia, an M.A. in psychology (1924) and a Ph.D. in anthropology (1929). She married sociologist Luther Cressman in 1923.
Helen Gahagan Douglas (1900-1980)
Authors: Scobie Ingrid Winther 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Helen Gahagan Douglas was born November 15, 1900, to Lillian Rose Mussen Gahagan and Walter Hamer Gahagan II, a wealthy New York civil engineer. Douglas attended the Berkeley Institute in Brooklyn and the Capon School in Northhampton, Massachusetts, before entering Barnard College in 1920.
New Media and American Politics
Authors: Davis Richard , Owen Diana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
New Media and American Politics is the first book to examine the effect on modern politics of the new media, which include talk radio, tabloid journalism, television talk shows, entertainment media, and computer networks. Davis and Owen discuss the new media’s cultural environment, audience, and content, before going on to evaluate its impact on everything from elections to policy making to the old media itself.
A physics of semantics?
Authors: Kauffman Stuart A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Each Of The Chapters of Investigations broaches new territory. Each is tentative and incomplete, pointing but not fully adequate. Yet, I persistently hope, it is better to light one candle against ... what? the darkness? the veil beyond which we have had no framework of questions before? There are grounds, reasoned about by the best of philosophers and scientists of the past several centuries, to doubt a physics of semantics. We are on shaky ground. Yet when the first hard frost comes, when the birches have been swung, their crimson leaves scattered carelessly, when crystals splint shallow ponds and old egrets stand dark watch the coming dawn, long-legged, knowing how winter is thin, when the first phase transition of water to ice forms slight solidity across meadow streams, small creatures of flesh and concepttiptoe gingerly to some far side where, perhaps, something new is to be found.