bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound biomicroscopy of globes from young adult pigs
Authors: Bartholomew L. R. , Pang D. X. , Sam D. A. , Cavender J. C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine anterior chamber ocular measurements of adult porcine globes without histologic fixation by use of ultrasound biomicroscopy scanning.

Sample Population
25 porcine globes obtained at an abattoir.

Procedure
Globes were packed on ice for transport. In the laboratory, globes were trimmed, rinsed with antibiotic solution, secured on a single gauze-fold in a latex holder, then were ultrasonogrammed unreformed. Ultrasound biomicroscopy scanning was done, using a 50-MHz transducer, 17-mm cup, and 2% methyl cellulose.

Results
Average young adult pig external ocular measurements were: nasal-temporal corneal diameter, 16.61mm; superior-inferior corneal diameter, 14.00 mm; nasal-temporal globe diameter, 25.48 mm; superior-inferior globe diameter, 24.48 mm; and axial length 21.64 mm. Ultrasound biomicroscopy anterior chamber measurements were: iris sulcus, 30.45°; ciliary sulcus, 18.89°; central corneal thickness, 0.98 mm; corneal thickness at limbus, 1.19 mm; central iris thickness, 0.58 mm; iris tip to ciliary apex, 1.73 mm; iris tip to iris sulcus origin, 3.83 mm; iris tip to ciliary sulcus origin, 2.98 mm; anterior chamber depth from iris tip to cornea, 2.21 mm; central anterior chamber depth, 2.47 mm; ciliary process mid-thickness, 0.65 mm; ciliary process apex to origin of iris sulcus, 2.32 mm; ciliary process apex to origin of ciliary sulcus, 1.34 mm; zonular bundle diameter, 0.10 mm; and interzonular bundle space, 0.11 mm.

Conclusions
Anatomic anterior chamber measurements and relations in porcine globes can be used to describe trauma, confirm existence of lesions, and help explain theory.

Clinical Relevance
Ultrasound biomicroscopy is a clinical decision aid facilitating noninvasive anatomic or pathologic description without histologic fixation. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:942–948)
Comparison of the PK(15)- and WEHI 164 (clone 13)-based bioassays for detection of porcine tumor necrosis factor
Authors: Boury Nancy Maroushek , Stabel Thomas J. , Kehrli Marcus , Taylor Michael 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine relative sensitivities of the PK(15)- and WEHI 164(13)-based bioassays for detection of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF).

Sample Population
Recombinant human, murine, and porcine TNF, and serum from pigs given endotoxin IV.

Procedure
Two cell lines were used as targets for recombinant human, murine, and porcine TNF cytotoxicity bioassays. Pigs were given sublethal doses of endotoxin to obtain serum samples containing high activity of porcine TNF. Serum TNF activity was tested, using both cell lines. Viable cells were detected by addition of dimethylthiazol diphenyltetrazolium bromide after 18 to 20 hours’ incubation with samples containing TNF.

Results
The 2 cell lines tested had different sensitivities to human, murine, and porcine TNF. Compared with WEHI 164(13) cells, PK(15) cells were 50 times less sensitive to murine TNF and 15 times less sensitive to human TNF. However, PK(15) cells were 4 times more sensitive to recombinant porcine TNF and 15 times more sensitive to porcine serum containing TNF.

Conclusions
The PK(15) cell line was more sensitive to porcine TNF-mediated lysis than was the WEHI 164(13) cell line. The PK(15)-based TNF bioassay will be especially useful for study of infectious disease processes in swine, particularly where low activity of TNF exists. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1115–1119)
Effects of intravenous administration of sodium hyaluronate on carpal joints in exercising horses after arthroscopic surgery and osteochondral fragmentation
Authors: Kawcak C. E. , Frisbie D. D. , Trotter G. W. , McIlwraith C. W. , Gillette S. M. , Powers B. E. , Walton R. M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the effects of arthroscopic surgery, osteochondral fragmentation, and treatment with IV administered hyaluronate on histologic, histochemical, and biochemical measurements within the carpal joints of horses.

Animals
12 clinically normal horses, 2 to 7 years of age.

Procedure
Horses had an osteochondral fragment created at the distal aspect of the radiocarpal bone of 1 randomly chosen middle carpal joint to simulate osteochondral fragmentation. Horses were treated with 40 mg of hyaluronate or saline solution (placebo) intravenously once a week for 3 consecutive weeks (days 13, 20, and 27 after surgery). Treadmill exercise proceeded 5 days per week beginning 15 days, and ending 72 days, after surgery. Clinical evaluations were performed at the beginning and end of the study. Synovial fluid samples were obtained aseptically from both middle carpal joints on days 0, 13, 20, 27, 34, and 72 after surgery, and total protein, inflammatory cell, hyaluronate, glycosaminoglycan, and prostaglandin E2 concentrations were measured in each sample. All horses were euthanatized on day 72. Synovial membrane and articular cartilage were obtained for histologic evaluation. Articular cartilage samples were also obtained aseptically for determining glycosaminoglycan content and chondrocyte synthetic rate for glycosaminoglycans.

Results
Horses treated with hyaluronate intravenously had lower lameness scores (were less lame), significantly better synovial membrane histologic scores, and significantly lower concentrations of total protein and prostaglandin E2 within synovial fluid 72 days after surgery, compared with placebo-treated horses. Treatment with intravenously administered hyaluronate had no significant effects on glycosaminoglycan content, synthetic rate or morphologic scoring in articular cartilage, or other synovial fluid measurements.

Conclusion
Intravenously administered hyaluronate appears to alleviate signs of lameness by interacting with synoviocytes, and by decreasing production and release of inflammatory mediators. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1132–1140)
Isolation and expression of a porcine lactoferrin gene
Authors: Wang Shih-Rong , Lin Tsai-Yun , Chen Chi-Ming , Weng Chung-Nan 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To elucidate the spatial and temporal expression of a porcine lactoferrin (LTF) gene.

Animals
4 female and 4 male Large White pigs.

Procedures
We examined LTF expression in various organs excised from the pigs, using northern blot hybridization with a porcine LTF cDNA probe. Antibodies against porcine LTF were raised in rabbits and were used along with immunohistochemical staining to localize the LTF protein.

Results
High amounts of porcine LTF mRNA were detected in the secreting mammary gland and epididymis. This distribution is consistent with that of porcine LTF examined by immunohistochemistry. In female pigs, porcine LTF mRNA concentration increased remarkably in the ductal cells of the lactating mammary gland then significantly decreased at day 21 after parturition. Furthermore, specific staining for LTF was observed in the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract of female pigs, but not in the uterus, ovaries, spleen, kidneys, pancreas, muscles, heart, brain, lungs, or liver of postpartum female pigs, or in the testes of male pigs.

Conclusions
Gene expression of porcine LTF is closely related to lactation in the mammary gland. Distribution of LTF in the epididymis suggests that LTF may have a regulatory role in development of the reproductive tract of male pigs. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1152–1158)
Effects of postoperative peritoneal lavage on pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in horses after celiotomy
Authors: Easter J. Lane , Hague Brent A. , Brumbaugh Gordon W. , Nguyen John , Chaffin M. Keith , Honnas Clifford M. , Kemper Deborah L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the effect of peritoneal lavage on pharmacokinetics of gentamicin sulfate in healthy horses after experimental celiotomy.

Animals
13 clinically normal horses.

Procedure
Horses were randomly assigned to control or experimental groups. All horses received gentamicin (6.6 mg/kg of body weight, IV, q 24 h) before surgery, underwent experimental abdominal surgery, and had abdominal drains placed percutaneously. Horses of the experimental group received postoperative peritoneal lavage; horses of the control group did not receive peritoneal lavage. The day after surgery, 24 hours after the preoperative dose of gentamicin, a second dose of gentamicin was administered. Three and 15 hours after this second dose of gentamicin, horses of the experimental group received peritoneal lavage. Venous blood was obtained, for determination of concentration of gentamicin, immediately before and at specified intervals during the 24-hour period after the second dose of gentamicin.

Results
There were no differences in any of the pharmacokinetic values of gentamicin between horses of the control and experimental groups.

Conclusions
Peritoneal lavage had no effect on pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in healthy horses after abdominal surgery, in which localized nonseptic peritonitis was induced.

Clinical Relevance
Peritoneal lavage in horses with localized nonseptic peritonitis or for the prevention of intra-abdominal adhesions should not necessitate alteration of the dosage of gentamicin to maintain predictable serum concentrations. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1166–1170)
Metabolizable energy intake and sustained energy expenditure of Alaskan sled dogs during heavy exertion in the cold
Authors: Hinchcliff Kenneth W. , Reinhart Gregory A. , Burr John R. , Schreier Curt J. , Swenson Richard A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To measure energy expenditures of Alaskan sled dogs at rest and during racing under frigid conditions, using the doubly labeled water (DLW) technique.

Animals
18 fit Alaskan sled dogs.

Procedure
Energy expenditure was measured in 9 dogs during a 490-km sled dog race by use of the DLW technique, whereby dogs were administered water enriched with nonradioactive isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen. Energy intake was determined by dietary analysis. Changes in background abundance of the isotopes 2H and 18O were monitored in 5 dogs that did not receive isotope-enriched water.

Results
Dogs completed the 490-km race at an average speed of 7 km/h at ambient temperature of −35 to −10 C. Total energy expenditure, measured by the DLW technique, was 47,100 ± 5,900 kJ/d (4,400 ± 400 kJ·kg-0.75/d), and metabolizable energy intake was 44,600 kJ/d (4,100 kJ·kg-0.75/d) during the 70-hour race.

Conclusions
The sustained metabolic rate for these sled dogs during racing was extraordinarily high for a large mammal. This study validated use of the DLW technique in dogs with exceptionally high energy expenditure associated with prolonged exercise in the cold. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1457–1462)
Immunocytochemical differences in adenohypophyseal cells among adult Mongolian pony mares, stallions, and geldings
Authors: Tan J. H. , Nanbo Y. , Oikawa M. , Kiso Y. , Sasaki F. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To analyze the sex difference in 6 kinds of adenohypophyseal cells of Mongolian ponies and the effect of prepubertal orchidectomy on adenohypophyseal cells.

Sample Population
Pituitary glands collected from 15 adult Mongolian ponies, 5 to 10 years old: 5 stallions, 5 mares, and 5 geldings, orchidectomized between the ages of 1 and 2 years.

Procedure
Morphologic comparison of 6 kinds of adenohypophyseal cells among mares, stallions, and geldings was done, using immunocytochemistry and morphometry.

Results
A sex difference was evident in the percentage of somatotrophs, gonadotrophs (follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH] and luteinizing hormone [LH] cells), and lactotrophs in adult ponies: somatotrophs were more numerous (P = 0.0003) in stallions (approx 40%) than in mares (approx 25%), whereas FSH and LH cells and lactotrophs were more numerous (P = 0.0116, P = 0.0044, P = 0.0085, respectively) in mares (approx 10, 20, and 24%, respectively) than in stallions (approx 6, 15, and 15%, respectively). Prepubertal orchidectomy markedly reduced the proportion of somatotrophs (approx 28%; P = 0.0016) and increased that of lactotrophs (approx 22%; P = 0.0318) in geldings, compared with stallions. The LH cell area was larger in mares than stallions (P < 0.0001). Prepubertal orchidectomy increased FSH (P = 0.0005) and LH (P < 0.0001) cell areas in adult geldings, compared with stallions.

Conclusions
A sex difference exists in adenohypophyseal cells of adult ponies: somatotrophs are more abundant in stallions; FSH and LH cells and lactotrophs are more abundant in mares. Our data indicate that equine testes during postnatal life may stimulate development of GH cells while suppressing development of FSH and LH cells and lactotrophs. The effects of prepubertal orchidectomy on pony somatotrophs and lactotrophs differ greatly from effects on those cells in mice. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:262–266)
Genetic test for myophosphorylase deficiency in Charolais cattle
Authors: Bilstrom Jessica A. , Valberg Stephanie J. , Bernoco Domenico , Mickelson James R. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To develop a simple test for the determination of genetic susceptibility to myophosphorylase deficiency in Charolais cattle.

Animals
48 adult Charolais cattle and 233 calves from one herd and 3 Charolais cattle from 2 other herds. Sixty Piedmontese and 34 Saler cattle provided negative-control samples.

Procedure
Cattle were from a Charolais herd in which myophosphorylase deficiency was identified and 2 other herds in which cattle had signs compatible with the disease. Genomic DNA was isolated from heparinized blood samples. A segment of the myophosphorylase gene containing the mutation site was amplified by polymerase chain reaction assays, and the genotype (normal vs affected allele) was determined by using restriction enzyme and agarose gel electrophoretic analysis.

Results
The 3 myophosphorylase genotypes (homozygous normal, homozygous affected, and heterozygous) could be readily identified. Segregation of the affected allele could be determined in an extended pedigree, and all clinically affected cattle were homozygous for this allele. Determination of the distribution of normal and affected alleles in a large population did not indicate a strong selective advantage for heterozygous carriers in this herd. Heterozygotes were also identified in Charolais cattle from the 2 other herds.

Conclusions
Breeders of Charolais cattle can use this genetic test to perform marker-assisted selection and remove cattle with the mutant myophosphorylase allele from the breeding population. Alternatively, they could more accurately determine selective advantages and disadvantages for cattle with the affected allele.

Clinical Relevance
Development of this test enables rapid genetic screening of Charolais and related breeds of cattle for detection of the mutation responsible for myophosphorylase deficiency. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:267–270)
Biochemical and ribotypic comparison of Actinomyces pyogenes and A pyogenes-like organisms from liver abscesses, ruminal wall, and ruminal contents of cattle
Authors: Narayanan Sanjeevkumar , Nagaraja T. G. , Wallace Neil , Staats Jacque , Chengappa M. M. , Oberst R. D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To isolate Actinomyces pyogenes and A pyogenes-like (APL) organisms from the ruminal wall and ruminal contents of cattle and compare them with isolates from liver abscesses from the same animals, using ribosomal DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis or ribotyping.

Procedure
Specimens of liver abscesses, ruminal walls, and ruminal contents were collected from 59 cattle at slaughter. All β-hemolytic, pinpoint colonies that were gram positive, pleomorphic rod-shaped, and catalase negative, and that hydrolyzed casein and gelatin were presumptively identified as A pyogenes and were characterized biochemically, using an identification kit. The isolates that resembled A pyogenes but fermented mannitol or raffinose, or both, were called APL organisms. Isolates from the ruminal wall and ruminal contents were compared with liver abscess isolates from the same animal by use of ribotyping.

Results
Actinomyces pyogenes and APL organisms were isolated more frequently from the ruminal wall than from ruminal contents. Ruminal isolates of A pyogenes and APL had biochemical characteristics similar to those of the isolates from liver abscesses. Among 6 sets of isolates (4 A pyogenes and 2 APL), 2 isolates from liver abscesses had ribopatterns identical to the corresponding ruminal wall isolates. Also, the APL organisms isolated from the ruminal content matched with the corresponding liver abscess isolates for both sets of specimens tested.

Conclusions
The ruminal wall may be the niche for A pyogenes and APL organisms in the rumen. The genetic similarity, on the basis of ribotyping among isolates from liver abscesses, the ruminal wall, and ruminal contents of the same animal suggests that A pyogenes and APL organisms that cause liver abscesses originate from the rumen. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:271–276)
Effect of synovial membrane infection in vitro on equine synoviocytes and chondrocytes
Authors: Hardy J. , Bertone A. L. , Malemud C. J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the functional response of synovium to infection, and the influence of infected synovium on articular cartilage metabolism.

Sample Population
Synovium and articular cartilage explants from the midcarpal and tarsocrural joints of adult horses.

Procedure
For experiment 1, synovium explants were incubated as follows: control—incubation in standard medium, infected (I)—incubation with Staphylococcus aureus, and infected-filtered (IF)—incubation with medium collected from the infected group and filtered (0.22-μm filter). Daily collected medium was assayed for interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor, and hyaluronan (HA) concentrations. For experiment 2, cartilage explants were incubated as follows: control—incubation in standard medium, and IF—incubation in medium collected from infected synovium cultures and filtered. After 48 hours, explant proteoglycan synthesis and endogenous proteoglycan and glycosaminoglycan contents were determined.

Results
IL-1β and IL-6 values were significantly increased in synovium explants from the I and IF groups. Hyaluronan concentration was lower in I and IF groups. Proteoglycan synthesis and content, and total glycosaminoglycan and chondroitin sulfate concentrations, were significantly decreased in cartilage from the IF group.

Conclusions
Bacterial infection was associated with decreased HA concentration and increased mediator release. These effects were also observed despite elimination of bacteria. Exposure to sterile but previously infected medium decreased articular cartilage matrix synthesis and composition.

Clinical Relevance
Resident synovial cells may contribute appreciably to articular damage during bacterial infection in the absence of migrant inflammatory cells. This response is prolonged despite elimination of the bacteria. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:293–299)
Expression of c-kit and stem cell factor mRNA in liver specimens from healthy adult dogs
Authors: Morimoto Masahiro , Tsujimura Tohru , Kanakura Yuzuru , Kitamura Yukihiko , Matsuda Hiroshi 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine expression of c-kit and stem cell factor (SCF) mRNA in liver specimens from healthy adult dogs and to investigate whether differentiation of mast cells in the liver of dogs is supported by the c-kit receptor tyrosine kinase/SCF system.

Animals
3 healthy adult Beagles.

Procedure
The nucleic acid sequence of the canine c-kit fragment of the intracellular tyrosine kinase domain was determined. Magnitudes of c-kit and SCF mRNA expression in liver samples was determined by means of northern blot analysis, using probes based on canine sequences. To determine which cells were expressing c-kit and SCF mRNA, in situ hybridization was performed.

Results
Expression of c-kit and SCF mRNA in liver samples was weak but appreciable. In situ hybridization revealed that c-kit and SCF mRNA expression was restricted to mast cells and plasma cells, respectively.

Conclusion
Expression of SCF mRNA was detected in liver from healthy adult dogs. The c-kit receptor tyrosine kinase/SCF system may, possibly in combination with other growth factor and receptor systems, be involved in proliferation and differentiation of liver mast cells in dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:363–366)
Rapid spread of a unique strain of Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 among transported calves
Authors: Briggs Robert E. , Frank Glynn H. , Purdy Charles W. , Zehr Emilie S. , Loan Raymond W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the rate and mode of infectious spread of Pasteurella haemolytica among calves maintained under typical conditions during collection, transport, and the first month of feeding.

Animals
101 two- to five-month-old Angus-crossbred calves.

Procedure
Samples obtained from cattle prior to and after they were transported to a feedlot were used for isolation and characterization of P haemolytica. Samples were also obtained from additional calves, some of which were sick, and these calves were then commingled with the transported calves for 3 days. A strain of P haemolytica that contains a rare deletion of the 4.2-kilobase streptomycin- and sulfonamide-resistance plasmid was inoculated into both palatine tonsils of 12 calves. Nasal secretions were aspirated from the ventral nasal meatus. Tonsillar wash specimens were procured. Pasteurella haemolytica organisms were quantitatively cultured and identified on the basis of colony morphology and response to specific antisera. Plasmids were isolated by an alkaline lysis procedure and identified by agarose gel electrophoresis.

Results
A single plasmid profile was observed from P haemolytica isolated from samples obtained prior to shipment. Commingled calves were shedding P haemolytica containing each known plasmid profile. After shipment, samples contained P haemolytica isolates with each known plasmid profile. The plasmid profile of the unique P haemolytica isolate was recovered from all 12 inoculated calves and 10 other calves. Some calves simultaneously shed P haemolytica isolates with differing plasmid profiles.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 was horizontally transmitted among calves within days of commingling, which continued after calves were transported to a feedlot. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:401–405)