bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitors are associated with kidney benefits at all degrees of albuminuria: A retrospective cohort study of adults with diabetes
Authors: Fujita Kaden K. , Ye Feng , Collister David , Klarenbach Scott , Campbell David J. T. , Chew Derek S. , Quinn Amity E. , Ronksley Paul , Lau Darren 
Published: November 2023

AbstractAimTo estimate the real‐world effectiveness of sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) versus dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors (DPP4is) at reducing loss of kidney function and adverse kidney events in adults with varying levels of albuminuria.Materials and MethodsIn this retrospective cohort study using administrative data, we matched new SGLT2i users 1:2 to DPP4i users on diabetes therapy, chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage, albuminuria and time‐conditional propensity score. Albuminuria was defined by spot urine albumin or equivalent as mild, moderate or severe. Linear regression was used to model the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and Poisson regression for a composite kidney outcome (> 40% loss of eGFR, kidney replacement therapy or death from kidney causes) and all‐cause mortality.ResultsSGLT2i users (n = 19 238, median age 57.9 years, female 40.9%) had mostly nil/mild albuminuria (70.7%). SGLT2is were associated with a 1.36 (95% CI 0.98‐1.74) mL/min/1.73m2 (P < .001) acute (≤ 60 days) decline in eGFR, relative to DPP4is. Thereafter, SGLT2is were associated with 1.04 (95% CI 0.93‐1.15) mL/min/1.73m2 (P < .001) less annual eGFR loss. SGLT2i users had fewer adverse kidney outcomes (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 0.58 [0.47‐0.71]; P < .001), but not all‐cause mortality (IRR 0.82 [0.66‐1.01]; P = .06). Outcomes were similar considering only those with nil/mild albuminuria.ConclusionsSGLT2is may prevent eGFR decline and reduce the risk of adverse kidney events in adults with diabetes and nil or non‐severe albuminuria.
Association of five diet scores with severe NAFLD incidence: A prospective study from UK Biobank
Authors: Petermann‐Rocha Fanny , Carrasco‐Marin Fernanda , Boonpor Jirapitcha , Parra‐Soto Solange , Shannon Oliver , Malcomson Fiona , Phillips Nathan , Jain Mahek , Deo Salil , Livingstone Katherine M. , Dingle Sara E. , Mathers John C. , Forrest Ewan , Ho Frederick K. , Pell Jill P. , Celis‐Morales Carlos 
Published: November 2023

AbstractAimThis study aimed to contrast the associations of five common diet scores with severe non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) incidence.Materials and MethodsIn total, 162 999 UK Biobank participants were included in this prospective population‐based study. Five international diet scores were included: the 14‐Item Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS‐14), the Recommended Food Score (RFS), the Healthy Diet Indicator (HDI), the Mediterranean Diet Score and the Mediterranean‐DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay score. As each score has different measurements and scales, all scores were standardized and categorized into quartiles. Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for confounder factors investigated associations between the standardized quartiles and severe NAFLD incidence.ResultsOver a median follow‐up of 10.2 years, 1370 participants were diagnosed with severe NAFLD. When the analyses were fully adjusted, participants in quartile 4 using the MEDAS‐14 and RFS scores, as well as those in quartiles 2 and 3 using the HDI score, had a significantly lower risk of severe incident NAFLD compared with those in quartile 1. The lowest risk was observed in quartile 4 for the MEDAS‐14 score [hazard ratio (HR): 0.76 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.62‐0.94)] and the RFS score [HR: 0.82 (95% CI: 0.69‐0.96)] and as well as in quartile 2 in the HDI score [HR: 0.80 (95% CI: 0.70‐0.91)].ConclusionMEDAS‐14, RFS and HDI scores were the strongest diet score predictors of severe NAFLD. A healthy diet might protect against NAFLD development irrespective of the specific approach used to assess diet. However, following these score recommendations could represent optimal dietary approaches to mitigate NAFLD risk.
Comparing fracture resistance on bovine incisors restored by tooth fragment reattachment versus direct composite restoration techniques
Authors: Aharonian Shiran , Schachter Andrea Dora , Masri Mahmoud , Tunis Tanya Sella , Blumer Sigalit , Brosh Tamar , Ratson Tal 
Published: November 2023

AbstractBackground/AimAnterior teeth are prone to traumatic dental injuries (TDIs). Although a number of techniques ranging from original tooth fragment reattachment (TFR) to direct composite restoration (DCR) can be used to restore uncomplicated crown fractures, there is no consensus on which method is best. The purpose of this study was to investigate the fracture resistance of bovine incisors restored by two different techniques (TFR and DCR) in three different fracture models.Materials and MethodsSixty extracted bovine lower incisors were randomly divided into three groups (n = 20). Angle, oblique, or transverse sections of all the teeth in a group were prepared by using a disk. The cut surfaces were scanned, and the cross‐sectional areas (CSA) of the enamel and dentin were measured. Half the teeth in each group were restored by DCR (n = 10) and the other half by TFR (n = 10). The forces required to fracture the restored teeth were then measured using a Universal testing machine, and the fracture modes were analyzed (cohesive, adhesive, or mixed).ResultsNo statistically significant differences between the TFR and DCR restorations were detected for total and enamel CSAs in any of the restoration shapes (p > .067). The fracture forces required to break DCR angle and transverse restorations were significantly greater than for the corresponding shapes restored with TFR (p < .033). However, the difference in the forces needed to fracture oblique section restorations by DCR or TFR was not statistically significant (p = .239), despite a similar trend (143.4 ± 51 N and 120.9 ± 25 N, respectively).ConclusionThis study revealed that a greater force is required to fracture teeth restored by the DCR than by the TFR technique, especially for a transverse section. This demonstrates that restoring a fractured tooth provides a superior outcome compared to reattaching the fractured fragment.
Effect of different materials for conventional and 3D‐printed models on the mechanical properties of ethylene‐vinyl acetate utilized for fabricating custom‐fit mouthguards
Authors: Rondón Airin Karelys Avendaño , Lozada Maribí Isomar Terán , Soares Priscilla Barbosa Ferreira , Raposo Luis Henrique Araujo , Soares Carlos José 
Published: November 2023

AbstractBackground/AimThe interaction between the ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA) with distinct materials utilized for obtaining dental models can affect the performance of resulting mouthguards. This study attempted to evaluate the effect of different materials for conventional (dental stone) or 3D‐printed (resin) models on EVA's physical and mechanical properties and surface characteristics.Material and MethodsEVA sheets (Bioart) were laminated over four model types: GIV, conventional Type IV dental stone model (Zhermak); ReG, resin‐reinforced Type IV dental stone model (Zero Stone); 3DnT, 3D resin printed model (Anycubic) without surface treatment; 3DT, 3D‐printed model (Anycubic) with water‐soluble gel (KY Jelly Lubricant, Johnson & Johnson) coating during post‐curing process. The EVA specimens were cut following the ISO 37‐II standard (n = 30). Shore A hardness was measured before and after plasticization on the contact (internal) or opposite (external) surfaces with the model. The breaking force (F, N), elongation (EL, mm), and ultimate tensile strength (UTS, MPa) were measured using a universal testing machine. Macro‐photography and scanning electron microscopy were adopted for classifying the EVA surface alteration. Data were analyzed by one‐way ANOVA with repeated measures, followed by Tukey's test (α = .05).ResultsPlasticization significantly decreased Shore A values for the tested EVA regardless of the model type (p < .001). Higher F, El, and UTS values were verified for the EVA with 3DT and GIV models compared to ReG and 3DnT (p < .001). 3DnT models resulted in severe surface alteration and a greater reduction of the mechanical properties of the EVA.ConclusionThe interaction of EVA with 3D resin‐printed models without surface treatment or resin‐reinforced Type IV dental stone models significantly affected the physical and mechanical properties of this material. The utilization of water‐soluble gel coating during the post‐curing process of 3D resin printed models improved the mechanical properties of the EVA, similarly when this material was plasticized over conventional Type IV dental stone model.
Excitatory drive to spinal motoneurones is necessary for serotonin to modulate motoneurone excitability via 5‐HT2 receptors in humans
Authors: Henderson Tyler T. , Taylor Janet L. , Thorstensen Jacob R. , Kavanagh Justin J. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractSerotonin modulates corticospinal excitability, motoneurone firing rates and contractile strength via 5‐HT2 receptors. However, the effects of these receptors on cortical and motoneurone excitability during voluntary contractions have not been explored in humans. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate how 5‐HT2 antagonism affects corticospinal and motoneuronal excitability with and without descending drive to motoneurones. Twelve individuals (aged 24 ± 4 years) participated in a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossover study, whereby the 5‐HT2 antagonist cyproheptadine was administered. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was delivered to the motor cortex to produce motor evoked potentials (MEPs), and electrical stimulation at the cervicomedullary junction was used to generate cervicomedullary motor evoked potentials (CMEPs) in the biceps brachii at rest and during a range of submaximal elbow flexions. Evoked potentials were also obtained after a conditioning TMS pulse to produce conditioned MEPs and CMEPs (100 ms inter‐stimulus interval). 5‐HT2 antagonism reduced maximal torque (p < 0.001), and compared to placebo, reduced unconditioned MEP amplitude at rest (p = 0.003), conditioned MEP amplitude at rest (p = 0.033) and conditioned MEP amplitude during contractions (p = 0.020). 5‐HT2 antagonism also increased unconditioned CMEP amplitude during voluntary contractions (p = 0.041) but not at rest. Although 5‐HT2 antagonism increased long‐interval intracortical inhibition, net corticospinal excitability was unaffected during voluntary contractions. Given that spinal motoneurone excitability was only affected when descending drive to motoneurones was present, the current study indicates that excitatory drive is necessary for 5‐HT2 receptors to regulate motoneurone excitability but not intracortical circuits.
Project legitimacy: Towards a theoretical framework
Authors: Baba Sofiane , Brunet Maude 
Published: November 2023

AbstractScholars have greatly improved our understanding of legitimacy and legitimation processes in recent years. Focusing mainly on organizations and institutional fields, mainstream organizational legitimacy theories assume that organizations are permanent. In so doing, projects—viewed as temporary organizations—like those involving natural resources and infrastructure development projects have been overlooked. In this article, our initial argument posits that a significant temporal distinction underpins the contrast in legitimacy between stable and established organizations and projects. We then develop and discuss two spectra that differentiate the legitimacy of a project from the legitimacy of the organization endorsing the project. Building on these spectra, we then theorize four interplay processes between the legitimacy of projects and the legitimacy of organizations: project reinforcement/degradation and organizational reinforcement/degradation. Our findings pave the way for new and unexplored research avenues on the legitimacy of projects.
DNA and scale reading to identify repeat spawning in Atlantic salmon: Unique insights into patterns of iteroparity
Authors: Kaland Håvard , Harvey Alison Catherine , Skaala Øystein , Wennevik Vidar , Besnier Francois , Fjeldheim Per Tommy , Knutar Sofie , Andersen Kaja Christine , Glover Kevin Alan 
Published: November 2023

AbstractIteroparity represents an important but often overlooked component of life history in anadromous Atlantic salmon. Here, we combined individual DNA profiling and scale reading to identify repeat spawners among ~8000 adult salmon captured in a fish trap in the river Etne, Norway, in the period 2015–2019. Additionally, 171 outward migrating kelts were captured in the spring of 2018–2020 and identified using molecular methods to estimate weight loss since ascending the river to spawn. The overall frequency of repeat spawners identified using molecular methods and scale reading combined was 7% in females and 3% in males (5% in total). Most of these (83%) spent one full year reconditioning at sea before returning for their second spawning, with a larger body size compared with their size at first spawning, gaining on average 15.9 cm. A single female migrating back into the river for a fifth breeding season was also identified. On average, kelts lost 40% bodyweight in the river, and more female than male kelts were captured during outward migration. The date of arrival in the upstream fish trap was significantly but moderately correlated between maiden and second entry to the river for alternate and consecutive spawners. The estimated contribution from repeat spawners to the total number of eggs deposited in the river each year varied between 2% and 17% (average 12%). Molecular‐based methods marginally underestimated the number of repeat spawners compared with scale reading (5% vs 7%) likely due to a small number of returning spawners not being trapped and sampled. Differences between the methods were most evident when classifying the spawning strategy (alternate or consecutive‐year repeat spawners), where the scale method identified proportionally more consecutive‐year repeat spawners than the molecular method. This unique data set reveals previously unstudied components of this life history strategy and demonstrates the importance of repeat spawners in population recruitment.
Ecological disturbance reduces genomic diversity across an Alpine whitefish adaptive radiation
Authors: Frei David , Mwaiko Salome , Seehausen Ole , Feulner Philine G. D. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractGenomic diversity is associated with the adaptive potential of a population and thereby impacts the extinction risk of a species during environmental change. However, empirical data on genomic diversity of populations before environmental perturbations are rare and hence our understanding of the impact of perturbation on diversity is often limited. We here assess genomic diversity utilising whole‐genome resequencing data from all four species of the Lake Constance Alpine whitefish radiation. Our data covers a period of strong but transient anthropogenic environmental change and permits us to track changes in genomic diversity in all species over time. Genomic diversity became strongly reduced during the period of anthropogenic disturbance and has not recovered yet. The decrease in genomic diversity varies between 18% and 30%, depending on the species. Interspecific allele frequency differences of SNPs located in potentially ecologically relevant genes were homogenized over time. This suggests that in addition to the reduction of genome‐wide genetic variation, the differentiation that evolved in the process of adaptation to alternative ecologies between species might have been lost during the ecological disturbance. The erosion of substantial amounts of genomic variation within just a few generations in combination with the loss of potentially adaptive genomic differentiation, both of which had evolved over thousands of years, demonstrates the sensitivity of biodiversity in evolutionary young adaptive radiations towards environmental disturbance. Natural history collections, such as the one used for this study, are instrumental in the assessment of genomic consequences of anthropogenic environmental change. Historical samples enable us to document biodiversity loss against the shifting baseline syndrome and advance our understanding of the need for efficient biodiversity conservation on a global scale.
Evolutionary predictions for a parasite metapopulation: Modelling salmon louse resistance to pest controls in aquaculture
Authors: Coates Andrew , Robinson Nicholas A. , Dempster Tim , Johnsen Ingrid , Phillips Ben L. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractPests often evolve resistance to pest controls used in agriculture and aquaculture. The rate of pest adaptation is influenced by the type of control, the selective pressure it imposes, and the gene flow between farms. By understanding how these factors influence evolution at the metapopulation level, pest management strategies that prevent resistance from evolving can be developed. We developed a model for the metapopulation and evolutionary dynamics of the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis), which is a major parasite affecting salmon aquaculture. Different management scenarios were simulated across a network of salmon farms covering half of Norway, and their effects on louse epidemiology and evolution were investigated. We compared louse controls that differed in how they were deployed through time (discrete vs. continuous), how they impacted the louse life cycle, and in their overall efficacy. We adjusted the strength of selection imposed by treatments, the dominance effect of the resistant allele, and the geographic location at which resistance originated. Continuously acting strategies (e.g., louse‐resistant salmon) were generally more effective than discrete strategies at controlling lice, especially when they increased louse mortality during early developmental stages. However, effective strategies also risked imposing frequent and/or strong selection on lice, thus driving rapid adaptation. Resistant alleles were more likely to be lost through genetic drift when they were recessive, had a low‐fitness advantage, or originated in low‐farm‐density areas. The north‐flowing current along the Norwegian coastline dispersed resistant genes from south to north, and limited gene flow in the opposite direction. We demonstrate how evolutionary models can produce quantitative predictions over large spatial and temporal scales and for a range of pest control scenarios. Quantitative outputs can be translated into practical management decisions applied at a regional level to minimise the risk of resistance developing.
A review of three‐dimensional weight function methods for the analysis of various surface/corner crack problems
Authors: Xu Wu , Wu Xue‐Ren 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe stress intensity factor (SIF) is the foundation of fracture mechanics analysis. Accurate determination of SIFs is at the very heart of damage tolerance design and fatigue crack growth life prediction. The weight function method (WFM) is a powerful method for SIF‐determination involving complex load conditions. This article presents a review of the historical development over the past five decades and the current state‐of‐the‐art in three‐dimensional (3D) WFMs. The discussions are focused on the slice synthesis weight function method (SSWFM) and the point weight function method (PWFM). The powerfulness of the 3D WFMs is shown by a variety of examples with complex part‐through crack configurations under uni‐ and bi‐variant loadings. Solution accuracy is verified by comparisons of SIFs with various numerical methods. Use of the substitute geometry concept to expand the capability of 3D WFMs for solving real‐world engineering 3D crack problems is demonstrated. Some remaining challenges are briefly discussed.
Heat wave‐induced microbial thermal trait adaptation and its reversal in the Subarctic
Authors: Tájmel Dániel , Cruz‐Paredes Carla , Rousk Johannes 
Published: November 2023

AbstractClimate change predictions suggest that arctic and subarctic ecosystems will be particularly affected by rising temperatures and extreme weather events, including severe heat waves. Temperature is one of the most important environmental factors controlling and regulating microbial decomposition in soils; therefore, it is critical to understand its impact on soil microorganisms and their feedback to climate warming. We conducted a warming experiment in a subarctic birch forest in North Sweden to test the effects of summer heat waves on the thermal trait distributions that define the temperature dependences for microbial growth and respiration. We also determined the microbial temperature dependences 10 and 12 months after the heat wave simulation had ended to investigate the persistence of the thermal trait shifts. As a result of warming, the bacterial growth temperature dependence shifted to become warm‐adapted, with a similar trend for fungal growth. For respiration, there was no shift in the temperature dependence. The shifts in thermal traits were not accompanied by changes in α‐ or β‐diversity of the microbial community. Warming increased the fungal‐to‐bacterial growth ratio by 33% and decreased the microbial carbon use efficiency by 35%, and both these effects were caused by the reduction in moisture the warming treatments caused, while there was no evidence that substrate depletion had altered microbial processes. The warm‐shifted bacterial thermal traits were partially restored within one winter but only fully recovered to match ambient conditions after 1 year. To conclude, a summer heat wave in the Subarctic resulted in (i) shifts in microbial thermal trait distributions; (ii) lower microbial process rates caused by decreased moisture, not substrate depletion; and (iii) no detectable link between the microbial thermal trait shifts and community composition changes.
Local compositional change and regional stability across 3000 years of coral reef development
Authors: Staples Timothy L. , Pandolfi John M. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractAimMeasuring changes in ecological diversity over time is core to understanding and managing human impacts on natural systems. Observational data do not capture pre‐modern community states or multiple generations of long‐lived taxa, so interpretation of current diversity trends requires comparison with the past. We aimed to estimate diversity trends over long time periods in a series of fossil coral terraces.LocationHuon peninsula, Papua New Guinea.Time Period9817–6433 years before 1950 AD.Major Taxa StudiedThirty‐five genera of Sceleractinian coral.MethodsWe estimated trends in standing richness (α diversity) and turnover (temporal β diversity) in palaeoecological time series of fossil reef terraces. We compared taxonomic and functional group composition estimates of α diversity, using Hill numbers, and β diversity, measured both sequentially along each time series and to the earliest community.ResultsWe found regional‐scale trends of slowly increasing α diversity and directional turnover driven by increased evenness over time. These regional trends were averages of local‐scale trends in α and β diversity that were largely synchronous, even as coral composition diverged between spatial clusters. Our two β diversity estimates provided opposing, but complementary, reference frames to understand the magnitude and rate of compositional change in ecological time series.Main ConclusionsWe provide evidence that prior to strong anthropogenic influence, natural communities were experiencing directional diversity and compositional change. Our results provide a valuable perspective of diversity dynamics in the recent geological past, including how choices in the measurement of diversity can occlude and influence results.