bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A survey of introductory and advanced programming courses
Authors: Dam Andries van , Strauss Charles M. , McGowan Clement , Morse Jean 
Published: July 2004

In the process of establishing equitable and practical computer time allocations for our computer science courses this fall, we compared our seemingly high request with standards in other universities. Twenty-three private and state universities were chosen for the comparison and a questionnaire (appendix 1) was designed to elicit information about large introductory programming courses and more specialized systems programming/software engineering courses.
The scope of the 25 item questionnaire covers course organization (size of class, number of meetings a week), course content (proficiency expected, languages used, size of programs written), and course budget (computer dollar allocation/ student, equipment and operating system used).
The problems facing computer science education in developing nations
Authors: Robertson Edward L. 
Published: July 2004

Computer applications and computer science education for developing nations have received little attention in developed countries, largely because we are naturally interested in first putting our own house in order. This paper is first intended to call attention to the problems of developing nations. It surveys the ways in which developing nations need computing and computer science, and how computer science education can help satisfy these needs. The goals and problems of computer science education are then discussed.
One of the gravest problems of a computer science department in a developing nation is isolation—from technology and research, from professional contacts, from advice. Contacts with departments in developed nations will alleviate, if not solve, this problem at little expense to us. This is not a formal “twinning”, requiring funds which are presently hard to fund, but an informal assistance.
A practicum - seminar in structured programming
Authors: Ellis Clarence A. 
Published: July 2004

This paper describes a practicum-seminar course which the author taught at the University of Colorado during the spring and summer of 1974. This course contained a number of salient features which made it an interesting experiment and a unique learning experience for all involved. The broad goals of the seminar were:
a) to introduce participants to system design and software engineering techniques and to provide practical experience in the use of these techniques;
b) to design and implement a flexible, human oriented student registration and scheduling system.
This paper presents background and discussion of the project and the seminar. A class syllabus is given showing topics which were covered, and advantages and disadvantages of this type of educational experience are discussed.
The challenge of human resources staffing and utilization in industrial computing - part 1
Authors: Kornbluh Marvin , McCartin William , Schneider Richard G. , Dyba Jerome 
Published: July 2004

Marvin Kornbluh
Industry today is looking for creative systems analysts and programmers who can develop physical systems on the basis of sound business judgement rather than merely increasing the level of sophistication. They need “entrepeneurs” - those who know how to work effectively with hardware and software suppliers, know how to harness and direct the creative systems people, know how to be communications catalysts in giving advice and counsel to systems users, and know how to establish and maintain sensible budgets and project control systems.
How these types of EDP personnel can be developed by the application of sound management principles to the establishment of “custom-built” educational and training programs that emphasize both the operations of the organization as well as the technical aspects of data processing will be discussed.
William McCartin
The nature of computer technology in a manufacturing environment and the resulting demand for extensive computer education and professional knowledge will be outlined. A company's response to this demand as it was influenced by technical and budgetary considerations is described. The current and future educational requirements necessary to successful implementation of computerized industrial applications, manufacturing process control, and factory automation is considered.
Richard G. Schneider
Computer-related careers in banking will be discussed. Personnel are needed who can specialize in such areas as computer operations efficiency, hardware performance measurement, systems software support and development, the use of management science techniques, data base development and systems support, and application systems development in programming. They must understand the technical aspects of their fields and communicate effectively to their technical and corporate management, with coordination of all the efforts involved in a large scale, 24 hour, 7 day week operation.
Motivating freshmen engineering students
Authors: DeLorm R. T. , Smith T. C. 
Published: July 2004

In an effort to lower the rate of attrition of Engineering students, during the early years of their education, the University of Nebraska - Lincoln has instituted a series of two freshman engineering courses which are designed to motivate and retain these students. A description of each of these courses and the motivating factors of each are discussed. Creative plots and conceptual engineering design projects are used as a means of holding interest and teaching the basic engineering skills.
Surveys taken over a number of years have shown an increase in the retention of engineering students since these courses were instituted. These surveys are discussed.
The challenge of human resources staffing and utilization in industrial computing - part 2
Authors: Walston Claude , Coady Ed , Hasenei Ken 
Published: July 2004

Claude Walston
An analysis of staffing needs to the computer industry itself is considered. The general organizational and functional structure is described, then needs within this area for computer science graduates is considered. Needs now exist in a number of major areas, especially research, system architecture, system software design, program product design, and internal operational data processing support. The type of qualifications this industry hopes to find in computer science graduates is presented.
Ed Coady
The Social Security Administration “allegedly” has the largest computer installation under one roof in the world. Thirty-seven distinct computer systems are available, comprising an integrated marriage of multi-vendor equipment. Eleven hundred programmers (called computer specialists) and eight hundred operations specialists make up the teams that program and operate these systems.
The recruiting, selecting, and training of personnel directly associated with the computer systems is discussed. The importance of this function is of high and continuing interest and includes involvement by the top management executives at Social Security Administration. This presentation will cover the experiences and future needs for the education of computer personnel.
IDBUG
Authors: Drasch Frederick J. , Bowen Richard A. 
Published: July 2004

The construction of a reliable computer program requires, in part, a means of verification of its component parts prior to their integration into the overall system. The verification process may consist of building a test harness to exercise or exhaustively test a procedure. This technique is known as dynamic testing. In practice, the application of dynamic testing requires the coding of a special harness for each procedure. This consumes valuable programming time, as much as 50% of the total effort (FAIR78). It is also restrictive because the test harness cannot be easily modified to test aspects of a program which it was not originally designed to test.
We have built a facility called IDBUG that reduces the programming effort required to employ dynamic testing by automating the construction of the test harness. Additionally, it provides an interactive test environment which permits more flexible testing. This paper describes IDBUG and discusses our experience in its application to maintenance tasks in a commercial environment. Nyone of the ideas put forth here will be especially novel; dynamic testing as a software testing tool has been in use for some time. What we hope to do is illustrate the beneficial aspects of a particular application of dynamic testing. It is argued that testing should play a more limited role in assuring the reliability of software in light of techniques such as structured coding, top-down design, proof of correctness, etc. (McG075). While it is true that eventually the “art of computer programming” will become the “science of producing correct programs”, we believe that more emphasis must be placed on interim solutions to aid in the construction of reliable software. We present IDBUG as such a solution.
Software quality assurance tools
Authors: Fischer Kurt F. 
Published: July 2004

The objective of software quality assurance (QA) is to assure sufficient planning, reporting, and control to affect the development of software products which meet their contractual requirements. To implement this objective, eight QA functions can be identified:
1. Initial quality planning
2. Development of software standards and procedures
3. Development of quality assurance tools
4. Conduct of audits and reviews
5. Inspection and surveillance of formal tests
6. Configuration verifications
7. Management of the discrepancy reporting system
8. Retention of QA records
The purpose of this paper is to document experiences gained in the use of selected QA tools that perform some of the above functions, to discuss lessons learned, and to suggest future needs.
Responding to MIL-S-52779
Authors: Southworth Richard N. 
Published: July 2004

The art and science of computer software development is still changing considerably from year to year, and therefore lacks the established control mechanisms of hardware production programs. Also, because most software is produced in a one-time development program it does not lend itself to the established discrepancy detection and correction techniques used in hardware production programs. Consequently, the software QA program must providethe methodology to detect a deficiency the first time it occurs and effect corrective action.
MIL-S-52779: “Software Quality Assurance Program Requirements,” has provided a much needed impetus for software development contractors to develop software QA techniques. But much remains to be done. As the state of the art advances MIL-S-52779 should be revised accordingly. In this paper the author responds to the present form of the specification, suggests some revisions and additions and briefly discusses a set of QA procedures that should be responsive (fully compliant) with MIL-S-52779.
Reusing software developments
Authors: Goldberg Allen 
Published: July 2004

Software development environments of the future will be characterized by extensive
reuse
of previous work. This paper addresses the issue of
reusability
in the context in which design is achieved by the transformational development of formal specifications into efficient implementations. It explores how an implementation of a modified specification can be realized by
replaying
the transformational derivation of the original and modifying it as required by changes made to the specification. Our approach is to structure derivations using the notion of tactics, and
record derivation histories as an execution trace of the application of tactics
. One key idea is that tactics are compositional: higher level tactics are constructed from more rudimentary using defined control primitives. This is similar to the approach used in LCF[12] and NuPRL[1, 8].

Given such a derivation history and a modified specification, the correspondence problem [21, 20] addresses how during replay a correspondence between program parts of the original and modified program is established.
Our approach uses a combination of name association, structural properties, and associating components to one another by intensional descriptions of objects defined in the transformations themselves.
An implementation of a rudimentary replay mechanism for our interactive development system is described. For example with the system we can first derive a program from a specification that computes some basic statistics such as mean, variance, frequency data, etc. The derivation is about 15 steps; it involves deriving an efficient means of computing frequency data, combining loops and selecting data structures. We can then modify the specification by adding the ability to compute the maximum or mode and replay the steps of the previous derivation.
Configuration editing, generation and test within working contexts
Authors: Kobialka Hans-Ulrich 
Published: July 2004

In a software development environment any progress is reflected in modifications of design documents. These changes must be attended by recording of versions in order to restore consistent states and to rebuild delivered systems for error detection. The introduction of versions implies the need for version selection mechanisms, to achieve the same degree of operability as known in versionless environments.
This paper introduces a version selection mechanism based on the notion of working contexts. Examples generated by the ADD document management system illustrate how editing, generation and test of configurations are eased using working contexts.
Language constructs for managing change in process-centered environments
Authors: Sutton Stanley M. , Heimbigner Dennis , Osterweil Leon J. 
Published: July 2004

Change is pervasive during software development, affecting objects, processes, and environments. In process centered environments, change management can be facilitated by software-process programming, which formalizes the representation of software products and processes using software-process programming languages (SPPLs). To fully realize this goal SPPLs should include constructs that specifically address the problems of change management. These problems include lack of representation of inter-object relationships, weak semantics for inter-object relationships, visibility of implementations, lack of formal representation of software processes, and reliance on programmers to manage change manually.
APPL/A is a prototype SPPL that addresses these problems. APPL/A is an extension to Ada.. The principal extensions include abstract, persistent relations with programmable implementations, relation attributes that may be composite and derived, triggers that react to relation operations, optionally-enforceable predicates on relations, and five composite statements with transaction-like capabilities.
APPL/A relations and triggers are especially important for the problems raised here. Relations enable inter-object relationships to be represented explicitly and derivation dependencies to be maintained automatically. Relation bodies can be programmed to implement alternative storage and computation strategies without affecting users of relation specifications. Triggers can react to changes in relations, automatically propagating data, invoking tools, and performing other change management tasks. Predicates and the transaction-like statements support change management in the face of evolving standards of consistency. Together, these features mitigate many of the problems that complicate change management in software processes and process-centered environments.
A query service for a software engineering database system
Authors: Tedjini Mohamed , Thomas Ian , Benoliel Guy , Gallo Fernando , Minot Régis 
Published: July 2004

The PCTE interfaces define a Public Tool Interface intended to serve as a basis for the construction of integrated software engineering environments (SEEs). The interfaces include Object Management System (OMS) services that manage the data repository of the environment. The OMS is based on a binary Entity-Relationship model.
This paper describes a query service constructed on the PCTE interfaces. Following a brief summary of the OMS features that are necessary to understand the paper, we describe the requirements and design objectives for a query service in an integrated SEE, the basic model for our solution, and then review the facilities of the service. The paper also contains a comparison with other work on queries on E-R and object-oriented databases.
The paper's conclusions indicate the differences that exist between requirements and characteristics for query services on SEE data repositories and those for other databases. It shows, for example, how assumptions about data availability and accessibility that are often made for query services are not appropriate for SEE data repositories.
Osteochondral Defects in the Human Knee
Authors: Guettler Joseph H. , Demetropoulos Constantine K. , Yang King H. , Jurist Kenneth A. 
Published: July 2004

Purpose To determine the influence of osteochondral defect size on defect rim stress concentration, peak rim stress, and load redistribution to adjacent cartilage over the weightbearing area of the medial and lateral femoral condyles in the human knee. Methods Eight fresh-frozen cadaveric knees were mounted at 30° of flexion in a materials testing machine. Digital electronic pressure sensors were placed in the medial and lateral compartments of the knee. Each intact knee was first loaded to 700 N and held for 5 seconds. Dynamic pressure readings were recorded throughout the loading and holding phases. Loading was repeated over circular osteochondral defects (5, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, and 20 mm) in the 30° weightbearing area of the medial and lateral femoral condyles. Results Stress concentration around the rims of defects 8 mm and smaller was not demonstrated, and pressure distribution in this size range was dominated by the menisci. For defects 10 mm and greater, distribution of peak pressures followed the rim of the defect with a mean distance from the rim of 2.2 mm on the medial condyle and 3.2 mm on the lateral condyle. An analysis of variance with Bonferroni correction revealed a statistically significant trend of increasing radius of peak pressure as defect size increased for defects from 10 to 20 mm (P = .0011). Peak rim pressure values did not increase significantly as defects were enlarged from 10 to 20 mm. Load redistribution during the holding phase was also observed. Conclusions Rim stress concentration was demonstrated for osteochondral defects 10 mm and greater in size. This altered load distribution has important implications relating to the long-term integrity of cartilage adjacent to osteochondral defects in the human knee. Although the decision to treat osteochondral lesions is certainly multifactorial, a size threshold of 10 mm, based on biomechanical data, may be a useful adjunct to guide clinical decision making.
Injury Patterns in Big Ten Conference Football
Authors: Albright John P. , Powell John W. , Martindale Al , Black Robert , Crowley Edward , Schmidt Paul , Monroe Jeff , Locy Doug , Aggler Tory , Davis W. R. , Salvaterra George , Miller Dennis , Helwig Dennis , Soboroff Stephen , Nivens Jim , Carpenter James , Kovan Jeff , Arndt Elizabeth , Sweeney Howard , Lombardo John , Sebastianelli Wayne J. , Krauss Michael , Landry Greg 
Published: July 2004

Background In 1998, the National Collegiate Athletic Association legislated a decrease in the number of scrimmages and full-contact practices allowed during the spring season. Hypothesis A significantly increased risk of injury faced by the same player during the spring versus fall practice sessions does exist, but the National Collegiate Athletic Association regulations will not have the intended effect of reducing injury rates to equal or below those of the fall practice sessions. Study Design Retrospectively analyzed, descriptive study of prospectively collected injury surveillance data followed by a prospective, controlled, repeated-measures study after the rule change. Methods Phase 1: the Big Ten Conference Sports Injury Surveillance System database was reviewed from spring 1992 through fall 1997 for all reportable injuries. Phase 2: a prospective investigation was instituted from spring 1998 through fall 2000. This protocol was modified to also document updated individual player position descriptions and string as well as exposures for the old fall and spring practice categories (scrimmages, full contact, and limited contact) and the new spring practice designations (full pads with and without tackling, helmets only, spring game, and other scrimmages). Results Phase 1: There were 3950 fall injuries and 1007 spring injuries, with 469 of the 1007 attributable to the “spring risk factor.” There was a statistically significant increase in injury rate in the spring (19.8) versus fall (10.6). Scrimmages (incidence density ratio = 2.4) and limited-contact practices (incidence density ratio = 2.5) showed more than twice the fall injury rate. Phase 2: There were 1502 fall injuries and 648 spring injuries, with 192 attributable to the spring risk factor. There was a 3-fold increase in injury rate in the spring (incidence density ratio = 3.2). Although the noncontact, helmets-only practices produced the lowest injury rates, the nonspring game scrimmages and the limited-contact practices defined as “practice with pads but without tackling” displayed the highest injury rates. In both spring and fall, nonplayers exhibited the highest injury rates for all string groups. Conclusions There was and still is a statistically significant increase in spring practice injury risk. The 1998 rule change resulted in an even greater increase in spring practice injury risk. If the goal is to minimize the number of spring practice injuries, it will be best accomplished by limiting the number of scrimmages and limited-contact sessions.
Differential regulation of actin stress fiber assembly and proplatelet formation by α2β1 integrin and GPVI in human megakaryocytes
Authors: Sabri Siham , Jandrot-Perrus Martine , Bertoglio Jacques , Farndale Richard W. , Mas Véronique Mansat-De , Debili Najet , Vainchenker William 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe actin cytoskeleton plays a major role in platelet function. In contrast, its precise role in the function of megakaryocytes (MKs) is less understood but may be important for a chemoattractive response and an efficient proplatelet formation. In the marrow microenvironment, mature MKs are in contact with the extracellular matrix, including fibrillar collagen type I. MKs express α2β1 integrin and the immunoglobulin superfamily member glycoprotein VI (GPVI), the main receptors for collagen. Using function-blocking antibodies or specific ligands, we investigated in primary human MKs how α2β1 integrin and GPVI regulate stress fiber formation, the primary actin structures needed for cell contraction. Stress fiber assembly requires synergistic activation of the MAPK/Erk1/2 pathway and the small guanosine triphosphatase Rho via its effector, Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase (ROCK). α2β1 integrin is crucial for stress fiber formation, whereas GPVI triggers rapid and sustained activation of the Erk1/2 pathway. Strikingly, after a longer adhesion time, proplatelet formation was significantly inhibited by the engagement of α2β1 integrin, not by GPVI, likely through the Rho/ROCK pathway. Thus, proplatelet formation in human MKs could be tightly regulated by differential interactions with their collagen receptors. We propose that this interaction with collagen prevents proplatelet formation within the marrow.