bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brain mitochondria contain aquaporin water channels: evidence for the expression of a short AQP9 isoform in the inner mitochondrial membrane
Authors: Amiry‐Moghaddam Mahmood , Lindland Heidi , Zelenin Sergey , Roberg Bjørg Å. , Gundersen Brigitta B. , Petersen Petur , Rinvik Eric , Torgner Ingeborg A. , Ottersen Ole P. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTAquaporins are a family of water channels found in animals, plants, and microorganisms. A subfamily of aquaporins, the aquaglyceroporins, are permeable for water as well as certain solutes such as glycerol, lactate, and urea. Here we show that the brain contains two isoforms of AQP9—an aquaglyceroporin with a particularly broad substrate specificity—and that the more prevalent of these isoforms is expressed in brain mitochondria. The mitochondrial AQP9 isoform is detected as an ∼25 kDa band in immunoblots. This isoform is likely to correspond to a new AQP9 mRNA that is obtained by alternative splicing and has a shorter ORF than the liver isoform. Subfractionation experiments and high‐resolution immunogold analyses revealed that this novel AQP9 isoform is enriched in mitochondrial inner membranes. AQP9 immunopositive mitochondria occurred in astrocytes throughout the brain and in a subpopulation of neurons in the substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area, and arcuate nucleus. In the latter structures, the AQP9 immunopositive mitochondria were located in neurons that were also immunopositive for tyrosine hydroxylase, as demonstrated by double labeling immunogold electron microscopy. Our findings suggest that mitochondrial AQP9 is a hallmark of astrocytes and midbrain dopaminergic neurons. In physiological conditions, the flux of lactate and other metabolites through AQP9 may confer an advantage by allowing the mitochondria to adjust to the metabolic status of the extramitochondrial cytoplasm. We hypothesize that the complement of mitochondrial AQP9 in dopaminergic neurons may relate to the vulnerability of these neurons in Parkinson's disease. Amiry‐Moghaddam, M., Lindland, H., Zelenin, S., Roberg, B. A., Gundersen, B. B., Petersen, P., Rinvik, R., Torgner, I. A., Ottersen, O. P. Brain mitochondria contain aquaporin water channels: evidence for the expression of a short AQP9 isoform in the inner mitochondrial membrane. FASEB J. 19, 1459–1467 (2005)
Human HIF‐3α4 is a dominant‐negative regulator of HIF‐1 and is down‐regulated in renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Maynard Mindy A. , Evans Andrew J. , Hosomi Tomoko , Hara Shuntaro , Jewett Michael A. S. , Ohh Michael 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTA universal response to changes in cellular oxygen tension is governed by a family of heterodimeric transcription factors called hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF). Tumor hypoxia, as well as various cancer‐causing mutations, has been shown to elevate the level of HIF‐1α, signifying a critical role of the HIF pathway in cancer development. The recently identified third member of the human HIF‐α family, HIF‐3α, produces multiple splice variants that contain extra DNA binding elements and protein‐protein interaction motifs not found in HIF‐1α or HIF‐2α. Here we report the molecular cloning of the alternatively spliced human HIF‐3α variant HIF‐3α4 and show that it attenuates the ability of HIF‐1 to bind hypoxia‐responsive elements located within the enhancer/promoter of HIF target genes. The overexpression of HIF‐3α4 suppresses the transcriptional activity of HIF‐1 and siRNAmediated knockdown of the endogenous HIF‐3α4 increases transcription by hypoxia‐inducible genes. HIF‐3α4 itself is oxygen‐regulated, suggesting a novel feedback mechanism of controlling HIF‐1 activity. Furthermore, the expression of HIF‐3α4 is dramatically down‐regulated in the majority of primary renal carcinomas. These results demonstrate an important dominant‐negative regulation of HIF‐1‐mediated gene transcription by HIF‐3α4 in vivo and underscore its potential significance in renal epithelial oncogenesis. Maynard, M. A., Evans, A. J., Hosomi, T., Hara, S., Jewett, M. A. S., Ohh, M. Human HIF‐3α4 is a dominant‐negative regulator of HIF‐1 and is down‐regulated in renal cell carcinoma. FASEB J. 19, 1396–1406 (2005)
The constancy of the internal environment: proteins in plasma
Authors: Rothman Stephen 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTThe simple fact that there are normal concentrations of various proteins and peptides in blood has broad and surprising implications for how these molecules are released into and removed from the bloodstream by the cells of the body. If, as widely accepted, vesicle transport mechanisms such as exocytosis and endocytosis account for these events, then complex, presently unknown and seemingly unlikely mechanisms must exist to coordinate the rates of separate transport processes. The basis for this conclusion as well as the sole alternative method of transport, movement across permeable membranes, are discussed. Rothman, S. The constancy of the internal environment: proteins in plasma. FASEB J. 19, 1383–1388 (2005)
Motivation and Maternal Presence during Induction of Anesthesia
Authors: Caldwell-Andrews Alison A. , Kain Zeev N. , Mayes Linda C. , Kerns Robert D. , Ng Derek 
Published: August 2005

Background
The authors developed a measure to determine whether maternal motivation to be present during induction (Motivation for Parental Presence during Induction of Anesthesia [MPPIA]) is related to children's anxiety during the induction process.

Methods
Mothers and children (aged 2-12 yr) undergoing outpatient, elective surgery and general anesthesia were enrolled in this study (n = 289 dyads). Items to assess motivation for parental presence during induction were selected by experts in anesthesiology, psychology, and child development; mothers completed the resulting 14-item measure as well as assessments of anxiety and coping style. Children's anxiety and compliance was assessed during induction of anesthesia. Factor analysis was performed, and maternal motivation was then examined against children's anxiety during induction of anesthesia.

Results
Factor analysis resulted in four scales with a total variance of 72.3%: MPPIA-Desire, MPPIA-Hesitancy, MPPIA-Anxiety, and MPPIA-Preparation. Analysis supported the reliability (0.89-0.94) and validity of the MPPIA. The authors found that mothers with high MPPIA-Desire and low MPPIA-Hesitancy had children with significantly higher anxiety (P < 0.0001) during induction of anesthesia, as compared with mothers with low MPPIA-Desire and MPPIA-Hesitancy. The authors also found that highly motivated mothers reported significantly higher levels of anxiety (P = 0.007).

Conclusion
Clinicians should be aware that many mothers who have a high desire to be present in the operating room are very anxious and that their children are likely to exhibit high anxiety levels during induction of anesthesia.
Effect of Lateral Positioning on Upper Airway Size and Morphology in Sedated Children
Authors: Litman Ronald S. , Wake Nicole , Chan Lai-Ming Lisa , McDonough Joseph M. , Sin Sanghun , Mahboubi Soroosh , Arens Raanan 
Published: August 2005

Background
Lateral positioning decreases upper airway obstruction in paralyzed, anesthetized adults and in individuals with sleep apnea during sleep. The authors hypothesized that lateral positioning increases upper airway cross-sectional area and total upper airway volume when compared with the supine position in sedated, spontaneously breathing children.

Methods
Children aged 2-12 yr requiring magnetic resonance imaging examination of the head or neck region using deep sedation with propofol were studied. Exclusion criteria included any type of anatomical or neurologic entity that could influence upper airway shape or size. T1 axial scans of the upper airway were obtained in the supine and lateral positions, with the head and neck axes maintained neutral. Using software based on fuzzy connectedness segmentation (3D-VIEWNIX; Medical Imaging Processing Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA), the magnetic resonance images were processed and segmented to render a three-dimensional reconstruction of the upper airway. Total airway volumes and cross-sectional areas were computed between the nasal vomer and the vocal cords. Two-way paired t tests were used to compare airway sizes between supine and lateral positions.

Results
Sixteen of 17 children analyzed had increases in upper airway total volume. The total airway volume (mean +/- SD) was 6.0 +/- 2.9 ml in the supine position and 8.7 +/- 2.5 ml in the lateral position (P < 0.001). All noncartilaginous areas of the upper airway increased in area in the lateral compared with the supine position. The region between the tip of the epiglottis and vocal cords demonstrated the greatest relative percent change.

Conclusions
The upper airway of a sedated, spontaneously breathing child widens in the lateral position. The region between the tip of the epiglottis and the vocal cords demonstrates the greatest relative percent increase in size.
Desflurane Enhances Reactivity during the Use of the Laryngeal Mask Airway
Authors: Arain Shahbaz R. , Shankar Hariharan , Ebert Thomas J. 
Published: August 2005

Background
Desflurane and sevoflurane have markedly different pungencies. The tested hypothesis was that patients breathing equivalent concentrations of desflurane or sevoflurane through a laryngeal mask airway (LMA) would have similar responses.

Methods
After institutional review board approval and informed consent were obtained, 60 patients were enrolled and given intravenous midazolam (14 microg/kg) and fentanyl (1 microg/kg) 5 min before induction of anesthesia. The LMA was inserted at loss of consciousness after 2 mg/kg propofol. When spontaneous breathing returned, a randomly assigned volatile anesthetic was started at an inspired concentration of either 1.8% sevoflurane or 6% desflurane at a fresh gas flow of 6 l/min in air:oxygen (50:50). After 5 min, a controlled movement of the LMA took place. Three minutes later, the inspiratory anesthetic concentration was changed to either 3.6% sevoflurane or 12% desflurane for 3 min. A blinded observer recorded movements and airway events during the start of anesthetic, LMA movement, deepening of the anesthetic, and emergence before LMA removal.

Results
There were no differences at anesthetic start and LMA movement. Desflurane titration to 12% increased heart rate, increased mean arterial blood pressure, and initiated frequent coughing (53% vs. 0% sevoflurane) and body movements (47% vs. 0% sevoflurane). During emergence, there was a twofold greater incidence of coughing and a fivefold increase in breath holding in the desflurane group.

Conclusions
When airway responses to sevoflurane and desflurane were compared in elective surgical patients breathing through an LMA, there were significantly more adverse responses with desflurane at 12% concentrations and during emergence.
Xenon Acts by Inhibition of Non–N -methyl-d-aspartate Receptor–mediated Glutamatergic Neurotransmission in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Nagele Peter , Metz Laura B. , Crowder C Michael 
Published: August 2005

Background
Electrophysiologic experiments in rodents have found that nitrous oxide and xenon inhibit N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptors. These findings led to the hypothesis that xenon and nitrous oxide along with ketamine form a class of anesthetics with the identical mechanism, NMDA receptor antagonism. Here, the authors ask in Caenorhabditis elegans whether xenon, like nitrous oxide, acts by a NMDA receptor-mediated mechanism.

Methods
Xenon:oxygen mixtures were delivered into sealed chambers until the desired concentration was achieved. The effects of xenon on various behaviors were measured on wild-type and mutant C. elegans strains.

Results
With an EC50 of 15-20 vol% depending on behavioral endpoint, xenon altered C. elegans locomotion in a manner indistinguishable from that of mutants in glutamatergic transmission. Xenon reduced the frequency and duration of backward locomotion without altering its speed or other behaviors tested. Mutation of glr-1, encoding a non-NMDA glutamate receptor subunit, abolished the behavioral effects of xenon; however, mutation of nmr-1, which encodes the pore-forming subunit of an NMDA glutamate receptor previously shown to be required for nitrous oxide action, did not significantly alter xenon response. Transformation of the glr-1 mutant with the wild-type glr-1 gene partially restored xenon sensitivity, confirming that glr-1 was necessary for the full action of xenon.

Conclusions
Xenon acts in C. elegans to alter locomotion through a mechanism requiring the non-NMDA glutamate receptor encoded by glr-1. Unlike for the action of nitrous oxide in C. elegans, the NMDA receptor encoded by nmr-1 is not essential for sensitivity to xenon.
Pulmonary Aspiration
Authors: Beck-Schimmer Beatrice , Rosenberger Dorothea S. , Neff Simona B. , Jamnicki Marina , Suter Dominik , Fuhrer Thomas , Schwendener Reto , Booy Christa , Reyes Livia , Pasch Thomas , Schimmer Ralph C. 
Published: August 2005

Background
Acute lung injury caused by gastric aspiration is a frequent occurrence in unconscious patients. Acute respiratory distress syndrome in association with gastric aspiration carries a mortality of up to 30% and accounts for up to 20% of deaths associated with anesthesia. Although the clinical condition is well known, knowledge about the exact inflammatory mechanisms is still incomplete. This study was performed to define the role of alveolar macrophages in this inflammatory response. In addition, potentially modifying effects of intratracheally applied nuclear factor kappaB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate were investigated.

Methods
Rat alveolar macrophages were depleted by intratracheal administration of clodronate liposomes, and lung injury was evaluated 6 h after instillation of 0.1N hydrochloric acid. In a second set of experiments, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate was intratracheally instilled 3 h after hydrochloric acid application, and injury parameters were determined.

Results
Depletion of alveolar macrophages resulted in decreased production of inflammatory mediators in acid aspiration (23-80% reduction of messenger RNA or protein of inflammatory mediators; P < 0.05) and consequently also in diminished neutrophil recruitment (36% fewer neutrophils; P < 0.01). Treatment with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate was highly effective in decreasing neutrophil recruitment (66%; P < 0.01) and vascular permeability (80%; P < 0.001).

Conclusions
These data suggest that alveolar macrophages play an essential role in the inflammatory response of acid-induced lung injury. For the first time, attenuation of acid-induced lung injury with an inhibitor, applied after the onset of injury, is shown.
Thiopental-induced Apoptosis in Lymphocytes Is Independent of CD95 Activation
Authors: Keel Marius , Mica Ladislav , Stover John , Stocker Reto , Trentz Otmar , Härter Luc 
Published: August 2005

Background
Barbiturate coma is used in patients with traumatic brain injury whenever increases in intracranial pressure remain unresponsive to less aggressive therapeutic regimens. However, barbiturate-mediated neuroprotection correlates with lymphopenia, which increases the risk of infection. The mechanisms by which barbiturates lead to lymphopenia remain to be determined.

Methods
Freshly isolated human lymphocytes and Jurkat cells were incubated with the barbiturate thiopental for 24 and 48 h. Apoptosis was measured by fluorescein isothiocyanate-Annexin and propidium iodide staining, rhodamine 123 staining, and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling method. Caspase-3 activity was detected by Western blot and substrate cleavage assay.

Results
Thiopental dose-dependently (5-500 microg/ml) increased apoptosis in Jurkat cells from basal levels (4.4 +/- 1.9%) to 29.7 +/- 2.8% after 24 h and 39.7 +/- 3.2% after 48 h, whereas in lymphocytes, thiopental-induced necrosis was observed. Parallel to apoptosis, thiopental dose-dependently increased caspase-3-like activity in Jurkat cells. However, the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk (20 microm) only marginally reduced thiopental-induced (250 microg/ml) apoptosis in Jurkat cells (20.2 +/- 2.5 to 17.2 +/- 2.5%) and necrosis in lymphocytes (39.2 +/- 7.5 to 30.7 +/- 14%). In contrast, anti-CD95-induced apoptosis in Jurkat cells (27.0 +/- 2.0%) was completely blocked by z-VAD-fmk (8.1 +/- 1.8%). Neither expression of CD95 on Jurkat cells nor pretreatment with a neutralizing anti-CD95 antibody influenced thiopental-induced apoptosis, indicating that thiopental induces apoptosis independently of the CD95 system. The nuclear factor kappaB inhibitor gliotoxin accelerated both thiopental- and CD95-mediated apoptosis, indicating a mutual control mechanism of thiopental- and CD95-induced apoptosis.

Conclusions
Thiopental directly induces cell death in lymphocytes and Jurkat cells by a CD95-independent mechanism.
Chronobiology of Subarachnoid Fentanyl for Labor Analgesia
Authors: Pan Peter H. , Lee Sherman , Harris Lynne 
Published: August 2005

Background
Chronobiology studies the recurrent biologic rhythms that directly affect how an organism interacts with its environment and how its environment affects the organism. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the time of administration influences the analgesic duration of the commonly used subarachnoid fentanyl for labor analgesia.

Methods
After institutional review board approval and informed consent were obtained, 77 healthy nulliparous women in active labor requesting neuraxial analgesia were assigned to one of two groups, based on the time of combined spinal-epidural analgesia placement: the day group, for the time period from 12:00 to 18:00, and the night group, for the period from 20:00 to 02:00. Combined spinal-epidural analgesia was performed with 20 microg subarachnoid fentanyl. An epidural catheter was inserted but not dosed until patients requested further analgesia. Dynamic data were recorded at 5-min intervals for 20 min initially and then every 15 min. The analgesic duration was defined as the time from subarachnoid fentanyl injection to the time the patient requested further analgesia.

Results
Seventy evaluable patients completed the study, with 35 per group. Patient demographics, visual analog pain scale scores, and labor characteristics were similar between groups, but the duration (mean +/- SD) for subarachnoid fentanyl labor analgesia was 92 +/- 34 min for the day group and 67 +/- 21 min for the night group (P < 0.001).

Conclusions
The results indicate that chronobiology of subarachnoid fentanyl plays a significant role of up to 27% difference in labor analgesic duration between the two administration time periods studied. Chronobiology should be incorporated in future comparative studies or analysis of previous studies on subarachnoid fentanyl.
Nerve Stimulator–guided Paravertebral Blockade Combined with Sevoflurane Sedation versus General Anesthesia with Systemic Analgesia for Postherniorrhaphy Pain Relief in Children
Authors: Naja Zouheir M. , Raf Martin , El Rajab Mariam , Ziade Fouad M. , Al Tannir Mohamad A. , Lönnqvist Per Arne 
Published: August 2005

Background
Improvement of the duration of postoperative analgesia is desirable in children undergoing inguinal hernia repair.

Methods
Fifty children aged 5-12 yr were prospectively randomized to receive either paravertebral nerve blockade or general anesthesia (sevoflurane-fentanyl-nitrous oxide-oxygen) combined with standardized postoperative systemic analgesia, both combined with light sevoflurane anesthesia, for inguinal hernia repair.

Results
Mean pain scores were significantly lower in paravertebral nerve blockade patients compared with patients treated with systemic analgesia during the entire 48-h observational period (P < 0.05). Analgesic consumption was significantly higher in the systemic analgesia group (88%) compared with the paravertebral nerve blockade group (32%) (P < 0.001). Parental satisfaction was significantly higher (80 vs. 48%; P < 0.05) and same-day discharge was possible in a higher proportion of patients in the paravertebral blockade group (80% vs. 52%; P < 0.05).

Conclusions
Paravertebral nerve blockade was associated with improved postoperative pain relief; reduced analgesic consumption, and faster hospital discharge compared with a systemic analgesia protocol in children undergoing herniorrhaphy.
Development and Preliminary Validation of the Questionnaire on Pediatric Gastrointestinal Symptoms to Assess Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Caplan Arlene , Walker Lynn , Rasquin Andrée 
Published: August 2005

Objective:The aim of this study was to develop a questionnaire assessing symptoms associated with pediatric functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) and to provide preliminary evidence for its validity and reliability in a tertiary care setting.Methods:The Questionnaire on Pediatric Gastrointestinal Symptoms (QPGS) was designed as both a parent report and child self‐report measure based on the pediatric Rome II criteria for FGIDs. It was constructed in English, translated into French, and pilot tested in both languages. Initial validation was performed using the French version. Participants were 315 consecutive new patients aged 4 to 18, and their parents, presenting to a gastroenterology clinic and classified as having a functional problem. Content validity, item discrimination capacity, and reliability (parent‐child concordance and temporal stability) were examined.Results:Analyses of parent and child reports indicated that all items were pertinent and variably distributed. Although children were reliable reporters, up to 42% of parents did not know about their children's gastrointestinal functioning. As many as 60% of parents of children 10 to 18 could not respond to questions about defecation and subjective symptoms. Concordance was generally fair to good, with Kappas and intraclass correlations of 0.40 to 0.70 on most items. Test‐retest reliability was moderate to good for the majority of items.Conclusion:This study supports the content validity of the QPGS. Form A is a reliable measure for parents of children 4 to 9 years old, but the child self‐report Form C appears to be more reliable for 10 to 18 year olds.
Antroduodenal Motility and Feeding Outcome among Neonatal Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Survivors
Authors: Jadcherla Sudarshan R , Berseth Carol Lynn 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTObjectives:Feeding difficulties are common among survivors of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). In this study, we characterized antroduodenal motor patterns and feeding outcomes among 10 ECMO survivors.Methods:Intestinal motor patterns were recorded in 10 ECMO survivors within 48 hours of the initiation of enteral feeding. Subsequent feeding outcomes were tracked until discharge. We compared the motor patterns of infants achieving full oral feedings by 1 month postnatal age with those who did not achieve full oral feedings by 1 month postnatal age.Results:In infants failing to achieve full oral feedings, duodenal clusters occupied less of the total record (P < 0.05), and clusters had significantly lower amplitude (P < 0.05) than were seen in successful infants. Infants failing to achieve full oral feedings had greater time spent in motor quiescence (P < 0.05) than successful infants. Neither group had migrating motor complexes during fasting or mature duodenal motor responses to feeding. At discharge, six infants with feeding failure were more likely to require tube feeding, and the hospital stay was 3.6 times longer. Intracranial abnormalities were detected by computed tomography scan in five of six infants with feeding failure.Conclusions:Early intestinal dysmotility in infants surviving ECMO is associated with later feeding difficulties and prolonged hospitalization.