bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On Sound Change and Challenges to Regularity
Authors: Campbell Lyle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Broadly speaking, this chapter is about reconstruction by the comparative method. More precisely, it concerns the regularity of sound change, that cornerstone which underlies our ability to recover linguistic history by the comparative method. Specifically, I examine the question “Is sound change regular ?,” addressing in particular some of the more sociocultural aspects of the issue. I discuss seven topics which have at times been presented as challenges to the hypothesis that sound change is regular: sound symbolism, onomatopoeia and affective/expressive symbolism, avoidance of homophony, morphologically conditioned phonological changes, areal linguistic borrowing, language death, and questions concerning the nature of change in so-called exotic speech communities. To anticipate the conclusion, I argue that these do not, in fact, present true exceptions to the regularity of sound change, but that it is important to take these issues into account in order to attain a full understanding of sound change in particular and of linguistic change in general.
The Sayings of the Desert Fathers
Authors: Burton-Christie Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Sayings of the Desert Fathers is among the most vital and engaging texts to emerge from the early Christian world. It was immensely popular among the early monks, who began at a relatively early date to collect and preserve the more memorable stories and sayings of their revered elders. The very qualities that guaranteed the preservation of these sayings also stimulated an abundant growth in the number and variety of collections and in the variations of sayings within those collections; because of this, the number and complexity of critical problems related to the Sayings is extraordinarily high.1 While we are still far from being able to resolve all of these problems satisfactorily, a careful exploration of some of the more important critical questions the Sayings presents to us will contribute greatly toward our understanding of the hermeneutic and the spirituality of the early monks.
The License Of Exile
Authors: Nixon Rob 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The twentieth-century displacement of persons has proved in scale, in frequency, and in the range of origins and destinations quite without equal in human history. Whether fleeing totalitarianism, international conflicts, ethnic feuds, or natural disasters, or simply gravitating toward the seeming promise of proliferating metropolises, more people in this century than any other are intimate with the traumas and possibilities accompanying the species’ expanded mobility. Any map that sought to register no more than the major upheavals would still be dense with crosshatching. Accordingly, Naipaul is far from alone among the century’s writers when he speaks of exile and the absence of community as “one of the great strands” in his work. Yet at least among writers in English, no one has gone to Naipaul’s lengths to cultivate such an emphatic link between the literary theme of exile and his personal history, nor has anyone so consistently played off that connection in the body of his or her work. He stands out, then, as the English-speaking writer who talks most about being afflicted-in John King’s keen phrase-by “an almost genetic sense of rootlessness, shipwreck as an ontological condition.”
Political Activity of Muslims in America
Authors: Johnson Steve A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Islam has become an American religion. Recent estimates of the number of Muslims in America range from 2 million to 8 million, with the most reliable 1986 estimate being approximately 4.7 million. The first major wave of Muslims emigrating from the Middle East to the United States began between 1875 and World War I. This was followed by second and third waves of immigration between the 1920s and World War II, and 1947 and the mid- 1960s, respectively. A recent study reports that “relative to the total number of all immigrants entering the U.S., the number of Muslim immigrants has nearly doubled over the last two decades “3 However, despite the growing number of Muslim immigrants attaining U.S. citizenship, and the fact that nearly 30 percent of all Muslims in the United States are indigenous American citizens, as a group Muslims remain essentially a political nonentity.
Da wa in the West
Authors: Poston Larry A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of missions in Islam is essentially subsumed under the Arabic word da’wa. This term comes from the root meaning “to call” or “to invite”; da’wa thus means “a call” or “an invitation” and, in specialized usage, “missionary activity” in the sense that the Muslim invites someone he considers a nonbeliever to submit to Allah.1 In the Qur’an this idea appears in such passages as Sura 16:125: “Call unto the way of thy Lord with wisdom and fair exhortation, and reason with them in the better way.” But the revelation suggests no specific methodological or strategic model, and consequently the actual working out of this command to “call” has taken a number of forms through Islamic history.
American Foreign Policy in the Middle East and Its Impact on the Identity of Arab Muslims in the United States
Authors: Haddad Yvonne Yazbeck 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Muslim identity in the United States has been influenced by the American environment in general and by individual and corporate experiences of immigrants in various American localities during the last hundred years; it is also conditioned by the distinctive self-perceptions that immigrants bring with them to the United States. This identity is clarified and molded daily by the treatment Muslims receive in their places of residence and employment, in the schools, and by the courts. It is altered and negotiated repeatedly as a result of the discrimination they experience as they deal with the images projected about them by the host society in literature, the movies, and the media.
Ethics and Professionalism in Documentary Film making
Authors: Aibel Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social scientists, journalists, photographers, film-makers, and others who study and report on human behavior constantly face numerous moral issues. However, outside of the social scientific community, few set time aside for serious exploration of the ethical dilemmas which confront them, and there is little formal or informal pressure for moral accountability. As professional humanists we are accountable, and we must make time for moral reflection. This essay explores an incident which occurred during the production of a film, A Country Auction,I coproduced and directed with Ben Levin, Chris Musello, and Jay Ruby. This particular incident was chosen because I believe it raises ethical issues that commonly face documentary film-makers.
Ethics and the Perception of Ethics in Autobiographical Film
Authors: Katz John Stuart , Katz Judith Milstein 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the early days of documentary, the ‘objectivity’ of the camera as a recording instrument has come into question with the widening recognition that the camera records differentially. This parallels a growing awareness in the social sciences that perception and interaction are themselves constructive (Berger and Luckman, 1967; Blumer, 1969; Bruner, 1957; Kelly, 1955). As these theorists tell us, we do not perceive an objective reality. Rather, we focus selectively on the virtually infinite aspects of our environment, interpret and evaluate what it is we see, and respond to our theories about what is happening, not events per se. In turn, others respond to our behavior, interpret what we mean by what we do and say, and respond not to us directly but to their own interpretations of our actions.
Zen and the Way of the Sword
Authors: King Winston L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Zen and the Way of the Sword goes to the heart of the samurai ethos by examining the traditional cult of the sword and its relationship to the beliefs and practices of Zen Buddhism. The sword, King demonstrates, was seen as the soul of the samurai, and swordmanship was both a fine art and a spiritual discipline, the practice of which could lead to superhuman concentration of mental and physical energy and absolute indifference in the face of death. King here presents a detailed analysis of how Zen meditation techniques helped the samurai achieve iron discipline of mind, body and emotion and how the Zen doctrine of the “Great Death” of the self harmonized with the warrior’s need to be ready for death at every moment. Surveying the origins and history of the warrior class and the ancient traditions of the sword and sword-making, King reveals how the surprising alliance between Zen and the Samurai came about, and how Zen rationalized its disregard of the ancient Buddhist tradition of non-violence. His conclusions raise important questions about the ethical status of Zen and its relation to society and shed new light on the values of Japanese culture.
Strange Power of Speech
Authors: Eilenberg Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eilenberg ‘s subject is the relationship between tropes of literary property and signification in the writings and literary politics of Wordsworth and Coleridge. She argues that a complex of ideas about property, propriety, and possession informs the images of literary authority, textual identity, and poetic figuration found in the two writers’ major work. During the period of their closest collaboration as well as at points later in their careers, Wordsworth and Coleridge took as their primary material the images of property and propriety upon which definitions of meaning and figuration have traditionally depended, grounding these images in writings about landed and spiritual property, material and intellectual theft, dispossession by banks and possession by demons. The writings and the politics generated by the literalization of such images can be read as allegorical of the structures and processes of signification. Each such gesture addresses in some way the fundamental question-who owns language, or who controls meaning? Eilenberg’s approach brings to bear a combination of deconstructive, psychoanalytic, and both new and literary historical methods to provide a deeper understanding of the relationship between two of the major figures of English Romanticism as well as fresh insight into what is at stake in the analogy between the verbal and the material or the literary and the economic.
“ Michael,” “Christabel,” and the Poetry of Possession
Authors: Eilenberg Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Literary history suggests a significant intertextual relation between Wordsworth’s “Michael” and Coleridge’s “Christabel,” two poems not ordinarily read together. “Michael” was written during the autumn of 1800 in order to provide a conclusion to the second volume of the 1800 Lyrical Ballads after Coleridge’s “Christabel,” earlier intended for that position of honor, was expelled from the volume.
Removals
Authors: Maddox Lucy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Removals addresses the relationship between the national debates on the establishment of a federal Indian policy in the first half of the nineteenth century and the simultaneous debates on the establishment of an unofficial policy governing the production of an American literature. Maddox rereads the work of writers including Herman Melville, Catherine Sedgewick, Lydia Maria Child, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Margaret Fuller, Henry David Thoreau, and Francis Parkman within the context of the public debates on `the Indian question' in order to illustrate the ways in which they respond to the political, social, and aesthetic issues raised by these debates.
Religion and the Mental Health of Women
Authors: Bridges Robert A , Spilka Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whether the religious heritage be Judeo-Christian, Islamic, Hindu, or Buddhist, its institutional forms have bound people into coherent social orders. To achieve this end, existing social, political, and economic structures have been sacralized and therefore legitimated. Among the most central of such considerations is the relationship between the sexes. For example, the perspectives of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, have been described as “uncompromisingly male monotheistic” (Gaba, 1987, p. 190). Power and authority are clearly vested in men: the position of women is secondary. This pattern also holds for Buddhism and Hinduism. With religious backing, the sexual stratification of society is pervasive and regarded as the natural state of affairs. The psychosocial ramifications of such systematic patterning have yet to be fully appreciated.
Religion and Sexual Adjustment
Authors: Shea John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Christianity has been unremittingly hostile to sex (Bullough, 1976). Since sexual behavior involves emotions that are sometimes profound, we might expect that such hostility would have harmful consequences for psychological stability. Evaluating the effects of religion on contemporary sexual behaviors is a relatively straightforward task, and it has been addressed by several research studies in this century. For instance, in Sexual Behaviour in the Human Male, Kinsey, Pomeroy, and Martin (1948) proposed that “there is nothing in the English-American social structure which has had more influence upon present day patterns of sexual behaviour than the religious backgrounds of that culture” (p. 465).
Religiosity, Depression, and Suicide
Authors: Stack Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The literature on the impact of religiosity on suicide and depression has pursued a number of recurrent themes. The social integration/regulation perspective of Durkheim (1966) has been the dominant theoretical link between religion and suicide; the sheer numbers of religious rituals and beliefs are seen as critical to suicide prevention (e.g., Stack, 1980; Kowalski, Faupel, & Starr, 1987). Others have contended that a few key aspects of religion may be enough to lower suicide risk (Stark, Doyle, & Rushing, 1983; Stack, 1983b); this is the religious commitment view. A relatively new “networks” approach explores factors such as the organizational aspects of religious bodies (hierarchical structure, primary group ties, and the like) in order to assess suicide risk (Pescosolido & Georgianna, 1989). This chapter reviews each of these theories and the empirical literature associated with them. It treats the special problem of religion and depression in a shorter section, and a conclusion provides a summary and suggestions for future research.
Religion and Rationality
Authors: Alcock James E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The recent conflict in the Persian Gulf exploited many products of modern scientific research and technology-computers, laser beams, ballistic missiles, “night vision” devices and satellites-for the waging of war. At the same time, leaders in Iraq, the United States, Great Britain, and other countries urged their peoples to appeal to a supernatural Being, to pray for victory and for peace. The computer and the chapel, the missile and the mosque: modern science and ancient theology employed together to the same end.
Religiosity, Meaning in Life, and Psychological Well-Being
Authors: Chamberlain Kerry , Zika Sheryl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Religion has frequently been considered to have a significant influence on mental health and psychological well-being, although the direction of this influence has often been debated (Bergin, Masters, & Richards, 1987; Bergin, Stinchfield, Gaskin, Masters, & Sullivan, 1988). Most recent research and reviews of the evidence suggest, however, that religiosity has a positive association with well-being and mental health.
Crime, Delinquency, and Religion
Authors: Bainbridge William Sims 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scholars debate the origins of the word religion, but it seems to have derived from the Latin religare, to bind or to tie back, from which we also get our word rely. Religion binds the individual to the society, subordinating personal wishes to collective demands. In King John, Shakespeare said, “It is religion that doth make vows kept,” implying we can rely upon the word of a religious person. Sociologists connect religion with regulation, suggesting that a chieffunction of the church is to control the thoughts and actions of its members. Through sermons, parables, and the example of religious leaders, a person is socialized to the norms and values of the society. Therefore, religion should be especially potent in preventing juvenile delinquency and adult crime.
Religious Diagnosis in Evaluations of Mental Health
Authors: Malony H Newton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Religious diagnosis has been a part of the evaluation of mental illness for many years. The address of Henry M. Hurd before the Ninth International Medical Congress in 1887 is but one example of this longstanding tradition. Hurd, the superintendent of Eastern Michigan Asylum, spoke to the gathered physicians on “The religious delusions of the insane.” He stated, “The predominant characteristics of religious sentiments being hope and fear-a hope of eternal reward and a fear of lasting punishment-it is evident that when these sentiments are deranged there must be morbid hope and morbid fear” (Hurd, 1888, p. 1).
Religious Ritual and Mental Health
Authors: Jacobs Janet L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cross-cultural study of religious ritual has typically been approached from a sociocultural perspective in which the rites of religious ceremonies are examined through the lens of functionalist theory. An exception to this approach is found in the work of Scheff (1979), who more than a decade ago initiated a debate on the emotional value of ritual from the standpoint of catharsis and the reduction of anxiety. According to Scheff, ritual allows for the recognition of emotional distress in a socially sanctioned milieu that provides secure boundaries in which to relive and experience emotional pain and suffering. This release of feeling reverses a tendency toward repression by facilitating the acknowledgment and expression of that which is painful, fearful, sad, or humiliating.
The Soul Of The American University
Authors: Marsden George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Only a century ago, almost all state universities held compulsory chapel services, and some required Sunday church attendance as well. In fact, state-sponsored chapel services were commonplace until the World War II era, and as late as the 1950s, it was not unusual for leading schools to refer to themselves as "Christian" institutions. Today, the once pervasive influence of religion in the intellectual and cultural life of America's preeminent colleges and universities has all but vanished. In The Soul of the American University, Marsden explores how, and why, these dramatic changes occurred. Far from a lament for a lost golden age when mainline Protestants ruled American education, The Soul of the American University offers a penetrating critique of that era, surveying the role of Protestantism in higher education from the founding of Harvard in the 1630s through the collapse of the WASP establishment in the 1960s. Marsden tells the stories of many of our pace-setting universities at defining moments in their histories, including Harvard, Yale, Princeton, the University of Michigan, Johns Hopkins, the University of California at Berkeley, and the University of Chicago. He recreates the religious feuds that accompanied Yale's transition from a flagship evangelical college to a university, and the dramatic debate over the place of religion in higher education between Harvard's President Charles Eliot and Princeton's President James McCosh. Marsden's analysis ranges from debates over Darwinism and higher critics of the Bible, to the roles of government and wealthy contributors, the impact of changing student mores, and even the religious functions of college football. He argues persuasively that the values of "liberalism" and "tolerance" that the establishment championed and used to marginalize Christian fundamentalism and Roman Catholicism eventually and perhaps inevitably led to its own disappearance from the educational milieu, as nonsectarian came to mean exclusively secular. While the largely voluntary disestablishment of religion may appear in many respects commendable, Marsden believes that it has nonetheless led to the infringement of the free exercise of religion in most of academic life. In effect, nonbelief has been established as the only valid academic perspective. In a provocative final chapter, Marsden spells out his own prescription for change, arguing that just as the academy has made room for feminist and multicultural perspectives, so should there be room once again for traditional religious viewpoints. A thoughtful blend of historical narrative and searching analysis, The Soul of the American University exemplifies what it advocates: that religious perspectives can provide a legitimate contribution to the highest level of scholarship.
The Obstacles to a Christian Presence
Authors: Marsden George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Protestantism’s New Initiatives Despite their resolve not to sound like fundamentalists, moderate and liberal Protestant church leaders of the 1920s, including some university administrators, were still concerned with the most general question raised by the fundamentalists. Where was the place for Christianity in modern higher education? From their own experience, mainline Protestant church leaders were acutely aware of the massive revolution that had taken place in education over the past forty years. By the mid-1920s, moreover, it was much more difficult to be sanguine about these changes than it had been even fifteen years earlier. Staid liberal Protestants had almost as much reason as fundamentalists to be alarmed about the flappers, the dance craze, jazz, the automobile, bobbed hair, short skirts, women smoking, and both sexes drinking to excess in defiance of the recent Protestant triumph in the enactment of Prohibition. The consumer economy had produced a youth culture with its own rules, language, entertainments, and mores. As high school education expanded, college attendance also took a sudden upswing. Undergraduate enrollments tripled from 1910 to 1930 so that by the latter date the equivalent of one in every eight eighteen to twenty-one years olds was in college.1 The burgeoning college campuses became leading loci for declarations of youthful independence.2 The most perplexing question was how to maintain some countervailing Christian influence at state universities. While all higher education was expanding, state education was growing at a faster rate than was private education and by 1930 was threatening to displace private education as the dominant force on the university scene.