bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CRITICAL NOTES ON PLATO'S POLITEIA, X
Authors:   Slings
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis paper is the tenth and last instalment of a series of notes intended as a companion to the new Oxford Classical Text of the Politeia (Platonis Rempvblicam recognovit brevique adnotatione critica instruxit S.R. Slings, Oxonii 2003). The following passages are treated: 596b10-12, 598e5-599a1, 602c1-3, 602d3, 605a3-4, 605c3, 606c2-3, 607c6, 608e5, 610a4, 610b1-2, 610e3, 610e9, 611c4, 612e8-621d5 (reconstruction of D, one of the three primary MSS), 617e8, 618c4-8, 619c1, 621b6-7, 621b8.
CATULLUS 2 AND 3: A PROGRAMMATIC PAIR OF SAPPHIC EPIGRAMS?
Authors:   Ingleheart
Published: November 2003

AbstractStarting from a broad ancient definition of 'epigrams' which includes poems which are not in elegiacs, and Martial's use of Catullus 2 (written in hendecasyllables) as a model for his own epigrams (Mart. 4.14.13-4), my paper examines epigrammatic features in Catullus 2 and 3, as well as other literary affinities that can be traced in these poems. AP 7.195 and 196 (by Meleager) are important epigrammatic models for Catullus 2, and I identify major correspondences and differences between these poems, before considering another important model for Catullus 2: Sappho fr. 1. From examination of Sapphic features in Catullus 2 and 2b, my paper moves to Catullus 3, and explores its affinities with Greek epigram (in particular the epitaphs found in AP 7 and Hellenistic curse poetry). In the final section of the paper, working from Martial's references to Catullus' passer and Catullus' use of Sappho fr. 1 in Catullus 2, I consider Catullus 2 as the opening poem of a Catullan collection, and the implications that this has for our interpretation of his poetry.
MARTIAL, HERKULES UND DOMITIAN: BÜSTEN, STATUETTEN UND STATUEN IM EPIGRAMMATON LIBER NONUS
Authors: Lorenz Sven 
Published: November 2003

AbstractMartial's epigrams 9.43 and 44 on a statuette of Hercules owned by the patron Novius Vindex (also mentioned in Statius Silv. 4.6) have usually been read as historical documents which tell us something about Martial's relationship with Statius and about patronage in the age of Domitian. In the Epigrammaton liber nonus, however, there are two more pairs of epigrams and three single poems which, like 9.43 and 44, talk of statues or statuettes (9. ep. ; 23/24; 50; 64/65; 101). These poems on contemporary and ancient works of art play an important role in the arrangement of the book in that they divide the liber into sections which thematically differ from each other. In these sections Martial presents and contrasts different qualities of his epigrammatic oeuvre and shows how even the lowest genre of poetry can serve as panegyric literature for the sublime emperor Domitian. It has become common practice to dissect the Epigrammaton libri into individual pieces and to use them as mines of information about life in antiquity in general and about Martial's life in particular. We should not, however, neglect the context of Martial's epigrams: the Epigrammaton libri.
Analyzing International Economic Negotiations: Towards a Synthesis of Approaches
Authors:   Landau
Published: November 2003

AbstractEconomic negotiations have unique structural characteristics and deserve special scrutiny. These attributes entail the institutional frameworks in which issues are placed and the actors involved. Economic negotiations can be conducted at bilateral, regional or multilateral levels. They are not one-shot exercises, so countries can play off multilateral options when they have better bilateral or regional alternatives and vice versa. Economic negotiations are often networked into other negotiations to constitute an intricate and interlinked pattern of relations. They also can become complex in terms of the number of agents involved in the process and the multiple levels of interaction. Finally, they have specific structural configurations of their own.
Symmetry and Asymmetry in International Negotiations
Authors:   Landau,   Pfetsch
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe properties of symmetry and asymmetry among negotiating partners can influence the process and outcomes of a negotiation in four major ways. First, they describe the relative potential strengths and power of the negotiating parties and, as such, not only indicate differences and similarities that exist between the negotiating partners, but also determine the process. Second, even asymmetric parties seek to find equality through the process of negotiation. A third form of symmetry and asymmetry is manifest when a third party is engaged to mediate the negotiation process. A third manifestation concerns the symmetry of instruments to be used in negotiations. Finally, the outcome of the negotiation process expresses utility perceptions by both parties. Thus the idea of symmetry/asymmetry and the perception, there of, can be found in all stages of the negotiation process.
Negotiating North American Free Trade
Authors:   Tomlin,   Cameron
Published: November 2003

AbstractNegotiators for powerful, self-reliant states tend to be less responsive to weak states relative to domestic constituents, while negotiators for states entangled in ties of asymmetric interdependence with more powerful states tend to be more responsive to the demands of powerful states than to the demands of domestic constituents. Asymmetrical power does not necessarily lead to asymmetrical results, however, because negotiators in weaker states may, nevertheless, have more attractive non-agreement alternatives and a longer shadow of the future. Negotiators with attractive non-agreement alternatives will be more willing to put agreement at risk by withholding concessions in the negotiation process. Centralized and vertical institutions are often a bargaining liability precisely because weak states tend to be less responsive to domestic constituents, whereas divided government can be a major asset. These propositions are demonstrated through an analysis and reconstruction of the North American Free Trade negotiation process.
The OECD Agreement to Criminalize Bribery: A Negotiation Analytic Perspective
Authors:   Metcalfe
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis article examines a negotiation under the auspices of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) on a Convention Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions. We view the OECD negotiation as the culmination of 20 years of US diplomatic pressure. The investigation provides a detailed description of the Bribery Convention in terms of negotiators' preferences. To accomplish this we structure the talks within a negotiation analytic framework specifying parties, issues, resolutions, preferences, and reservation values. Preference data for the ten largest OECD exporters are presented. This permits the outcome to be described in quantitative terms. Pushing the analysis forward, we assess the impact on the negotiation process of the addition of a highly divisive issue. The divisive issue splits the parties into two coalitions, threatens deadlock, and is left unresolved until the final hours of the negotiation, setting up a game of Chicken. This study offers lessons for the management of future international economic negotiations. Complex multiparty negotiations can benefit from small teams of facilitators focused on designing and managing the negotiation process.
Hydropolitics: Grounds for Despair, Reasons for Hope
Authors:   Elhance
Published: November 2003

AbstractAs the competition over transboundary water resources to satisfy growing societal needs intensifies, hydropolitics in international river basins is demanding increasing attention from the international community. Third parties are being asked to play important roles in facilitating and supporting negotiations, and helping to develop and sustain bilateral and multilateral agreements aimed at cooperative development and sharing of water across international borders. This article highlights the great complexity of hydropolitics in international basins, as well as the constraints and opportunities embodied in all negotiations for sharing the multiple-use potential of transboundary water resources. The hope is that a sophisticated and context-sensitive understanding of hydropolitics on the part of mediators and negotiators, and national and international decision makers, can help tackle the challenges that lie ahead in this highly complex arena of international relations more effectively.
Negotiated Resolution of the Jordan-Israel Water Conflict
Authors:   Haddadin
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis article reviews and analyzes the process associated with the water conflict between Jordan and Israel. It starts with the attempts made by the United States between 1953 and 1955 to work out a Unified Plan (The Johnston Plan) for the development of the Jordan Valley. The Plan was expected to forge tacit cooperation in the utilization of the Jordan River waters among Israel and the Arab riparian parties (then at a state of war with Israel). The efforts culminated in an agreement on the technical side, but approval on the political side was postponed and never materialized. The article then turns to the direct negotiations between Jordan and Israel. This process was conducted through the Middle East Peace Process which was launched in Madrid in 1991. The article focuses only on the water negotiations while reviewing the bilateral negotiations and the basis of the resolution over water. The negotiated resolution of 1994 is compared with Johnston's Unified Plan of 1955, with further attention to the status of the implementation of the water agreement since 1994.
The Process of Negotiation Over International Water Disputes:The Case of the Nile Basin
Authors:   Alemu,   Dinar
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe political aspects of the consultation process on the Nile issues are used to demonstrate the dynamic nature of a negotiating process and to explain its possible outcomes. By looking at the dynamics of the process, and by investigating the underlying causes for drawbacks and successes of the process over time, characteristic features of the Nile case are identified. Two approaches, the Strategic Management Process (SMP) and Political Accounting System (PAS), are applied that allow a quantitative perspective on the process. In relative terms, both SMP and PAS analyses suggest that there is more disagreement among the riparians on water allocation and out-of-basin transfer of Nile water issues, and more agreement on regional cooperation. The results also suggest that there is an increasing trend of disagreement on water allocation over time. As suggested in the analysis and based on the observed trends, it is apparent that in the short-run, and given that all other factors/conditions remain constant, the Nile negotiation/consultation process is not progressing towards regional consensus/agreement on the three major Nile issues.
Media Coverage of International Negotiation: A Taxonomy of Levels and Effects
Authors:   Gilboa
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis article offers an analytical framework to investigate levels of media coverage and effective international negotiation. The framework includes three theoretical models based on the degree to which officials and negotiators allow diplomatic negotiations to be exposed to the media and public opinion. In the secret diplomacy model, the media and the public are totally excluded from negotiations, while in closed-door diplomacy they are partially excluded. In the open diplomacy model, negotiations are much more open to the media and coverage is more extensive. The framework helps to explore fundamental theoretical and professional implications of each model for government officials and negotiators, journalists and public opinion. This article demonstrates the analytical usefulness of the models through applications to various examples and case studies of significant contemporary diplomatic processes.
International Institutions and Janus Faces: The Influence of International Institutions on Central Negotiators within Two-Level Games
Authors:   Mitchell
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis study addresses two interrelated questions. First, how can we expand the utility of the two-level model by developing the international level of the game, and second, how can this new conceptualization of the two-level game improve our understanding of how chief negotiators create a negotiation strategy? To address these questions, it will be explained how a state formulates its international strategy by taking into account that states participate in international institutions and are bound by their own domestic politics. Specifically, the relationship between chief executive, that executive's perception of bargaining strength relative to the legislature and alliance membership will be framed in a two-level game. By utilizing a two-level model, it will be possible to construct a series of hypotheses that explain, which strategy the chief executive will use at the outset of a negotiation. The hypotheses will be tested by examining the strategies chosen by four heads of state (Francois Mitterrand, George Bush, Margaret Thatcher and Helmut Kohl) towards the Iraqi government in the days after Iraq's invasion of Kuwait. Overall, this study is meant to be a ``first-cut'' at explaining the choice of strategy during negotiations and addressing the deficiencies of the two-level model.
Track Two Diplomacy and Regional Security in the Middle East
Authors:   Kaye
Published: November 2003

AbstractOver the past decade former, and sometimes current, adversaries in the Middle East increasingly have been engaged in unofficial multilateral regional security dialogues, a form of track two diplomacy. Despite the proliferation of such dialogues, we know very little about them. This article reviews the nature and content of a variety of track two security dialogues among Arabs and Israelis and evaluates the impact of such activities. What have such dialogues accomplished to date, and what are their limitations? By what standards should we measure success and failure? How can such dialogues be improved in the Middle East and other conflictual regions? The article suggests that those who expect track two to lead to major policy shifts in track one (the official negotiating process) will be disappointed and perceive such dialogues as a failure. However, if we evaluate track two based on what the process itself produces, both in terms of changing regional perceptions among its participants and impacting regional security policy in an incremental fashion, we are more likely to see its value. In this sense, the research supports arguments made by other students of negotiation who suggest that outcomes are not always the sole objective or the appropriate measure of success for international negotiations; the negotiation process itself also has value. Despite problems and limitations, track two diplomacy has proved an important mechanism in building regional understanding and knowledge in the arms control and regional security realm. Such diplomacy could also be applied to other issues and regions during the lengthy process of building peace among adversaries.
Diplomacy as Independent and Dependent Variable
Authors:   Steiner
Published: November 2003

AbstractA distinction between diplomacy as independent variable, impacting upon other developments, and diplomacy as dependent variable, adapting to other causes, is employed to underpin focused case analysis of negotiation between states. To dramatize diplomacy as dependent variable, it is hypothesized that allies with convergent interests would find negotiations between themselves more difficult when domestic constraints such as political ideology and pressure group activity intrude. To highlight diplomacy as independent variable, it is hypothesized that adversaries with divergent interests employ diplomatic statecraft to reduce the chances of war in periods of confrontation. Using a relatively small case sample, this study confirms these hypotheses, but reveals similarities as well as differences between the case categories. It is argued that the focused case approach is a fruitful way to yield much-needed generalizations about diplomatic statecraft.
Negotiating Gender and Authority in Northern Syria
Authors:   Doerre
Published: November 2003

AbstractInsights from Pruitt's dual-concern model are applied to explore the negotiation of authority across cultures through gender-specific behavior within the intercultural setting of an American archaeological excavation in northern Syria. The annually recurring temporary communities created by archaeological excavations in the Middle East offer an intriguing site for the analysis of the negotiation of social authority in the workplace. American volunteers, both male and female, participate in archaeological excavations as the immediate supervisors of the local Syrian work crew. These archaeological ``tourists'' generally lack any familiarity with the local language and culture and must rely on their own strategies for managing relations with the Arab work crews. This article examines the daily interactions between the volunteers and workers, focusing specifically on the role of gender in these interactions. Pruitt's model helps to explain why women are generally more successful than men as social actors within this worksite. The rigorous use of the word ``negotiate'' helps in understanding these social interactions more clearly.
Negotiation Theory and the Development of Identity
Authors:   Pruitt
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis issue of International Negotiation examines how negotiation theory can be used to understand the development of people's identity, especially their political identity. All of the articles in the issue involve ``negotiation'' if it is defined broadly as a process aimed at reconciling conflicting desires or viewpoints. The development of group (collective) identity and individual political identity is explored, and the contribution of negotiation theory to understanding identity development is investigated. Overall, these articles present a challenge to negotiation theory: to develop itself in directions that will be useful for understanding how identities are negotiated. Crucial gaps in this theory are considered.
Negotiation and Identity: Implications for Negotiation Theory
Authors:   Druckman
Published: November 2003

AbstractContributions from the literature on social identity for negotiation theory are discussed in terms of three dimensions of identity. One dimension refers to a dynamic process of negotiating identities. Just as the process of negotiating over divergent interests is influenced by the parties' identities, the identities are shaped by the way that process is conducted. Another dimension refers to the durability of identities, which are shown to have implications for the negotiating flexibility of representatives and their constituents. A third dimension concerns the spread of identities in a population, which are shown to influence the credibility of negotiating commitments, the role played by domestic politics in international negotiation, and the willingness of national representatives to enter into regional or global agreements. These dimensions are used as a framework for comparative research on national identities. Building on Mezran's analysis (article in this issue) of four north African countries, an illustrative application of the framework demonstrates how the research might be implemented.
Conflict Resolution or Transformation? An Analysis of the South African and Mozambican Political Settlements
Authors:   Lloyd
Published: November 2003

AbstractHow much conflict must be resolved for a political settlement and its implementation to be successful? This article argues that a political settlement must satisfy the combatants' expectations regarding the resolution of the causes of the conflict. How deeply do these causes need to be resolved for the parties to be satisfied? To answer this question two concepts are introduced: the immediate and underlying causes of a conflict. Immediate causes (grievances) are specific, concrete policies that provoke some subset of a state's population to rebel against the government. Underlying causes are diverging interests that led to the introduction of these policies that caused the grievances. This article examines the political settlements in South Africa and Mozambique that terminated armed hostilities, overcame the conflict, and opened the door to normal politics. The research indicates that in both cases the political settlement satisfactorily resolved the immediate causes of the conflict. There was greater dissatisfaction in South Africa because the political settlement did not resolve the underlying causes of the conflict. A major reason for this dissatisfaction was that although the electoral outcome gave the ANC strong popular support, the political settlement limited its ability to grapple with root causes. In Mozambique, fears of reigniting another protracted armed confrontation and the close electoral outcome dissuaded either side from addressing the underlying causes of the conflict.
Multiparty Mediation in Tajikistan: The 1997 Peace Agreement
Authors:   Iji
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis article uses the successful international mediation of the Tajikistan conflict as a case study to show how the presence of multiple mediators can contribute to effective mediation of internal conflicts, especially when the external parties cooperate with each other. After examining the course of the Tajik negotiations leading up to the 1997 peace agreement, the article discusses the roles played by state and non-state mediators in the peace process, particularly Russia, Iran, and other regional powers, as well as the UN and the unofficial dialogue organized under the framework of the Dartmouth Conference. To provide structure for the analysis, the concept of the three roles of a mediator – communication, formulation, and manipulation – is employed. The article argues that multiparty mediation can create unique incentives for conflict management not available through a single mediator.
External Stakeholder Impacts on Third-Party Interventions in Resolving Malignant Conflicts: The Case of a Failed Third-Party Intervention in Cyprus
Authors:   Yiu,   Saner
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis article focuses on the potentially positive and negative impact that multiple and competing external stakeholders (influential foreign powers, supranational institutions, intergovernmental organizations and NGOs from various countries) can have on official and non-official third-party peace building initiatives. The example examined in this article describes a Swiss NGO-initiated intercommunal project in Cyprus. It analyzes the failure of this confidence-building project by looking at the role of external (and to a lesser degree, internal) stakeholders in the intervention. The article is descriptive and narrative due to the fact that access to confidential information of key stakeholder governments and institutions remains limited. The aim of the authors is to use this field experience in Cyprus to further develop the theory and practice of third-party intervention into persistent and malignant conflicts characterized by interference from multiple external stakeholders.