bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neurobiology of Sleep
Authors: Aldrich Michaels. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the brain’s involvement in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness was suspected at least as early as the 5th century BC (see Chap. 1), the neurobiologic basis for sleep was a mystery until the 20th century. Research studies and clinical studies over the past several decades have shown that sleep is not simply the result of diminished function of waking systems. Rather, it is the consequence of an active process requiring appropriate interactions of a number of brainstem and cerebral systems. In general terms, the waking state is associated with high activity of monoaminergic and cholinergic projection systems; the non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep state is associated with low activity of monoaminergic and cholinergic systems; and the rapid eye movement (REM) sleep state is associated with low monoaminergic activity and high cholinergic activity.
Chronobiology
Authors: Aldrich Michaels. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ability to regulate physiologic functions rhythmically is a phylogenetically ancient adaptation to the change in environment that accompanies the earth’s rotation, and circadian rhythms have been identified in almost all organisms from unicellular algae to primates. Although circadian rhythms of physiologic functions have been recognized since ancient times, for much of human history it was thought that this rhythmicity represented a passive response to environmental changes induced primarily by the rising and setting of the sun.
Ontogeny of Sleep
Authors: Aldrich Michaels. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although sleep researchers have been interested for centuries in the development of the sleep state and its differentiation from wakefulness, little information about sleep patterns early in life could be obtained until the mid 20th century. Before that time, few tools were available to study prenatal sleep, and infants born 2013 months prematurely rarely survived. After the discovery of the electroencephalo gram (EEG), however, Lindsley, using monitors placed on the maternal abdomen, recorded fetal cardiac and cerebral electrical activity in 1942, and in 1951 Hughes and colleagues performed systematic EEG studies in infants born pre maturely.
Approach to the Patient
Authors: Aldrich Michaels. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sleep medicine has probably been part of medical practice since the time of the first shamans and healers. Democritus (420 BC) in ancient Greece recognized that sleep disturbance is often a sign of ill health or disease. For example, he viewed insomnia as a consequence of a poor diet and day time sleepiness as a symptom of physical illness. In the Middle Ages, it was recognized that sleep could affect disorders such as asthma and epilepsy, and in the 17th-century, Thomas Willis described insomnia, nightmares, and restless legs in his work, The Practice of Physick.
Sleepiness and Sleep Deprivation
Authors: Aldrich Michaels. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The overwhelming desire for sleep, the cognitive and perceptual disturbances, and the altered judgment that accompany sleep deprivation (all shown in Chekhov’s story excerpted above) have been recognized for centuries. Soldiers suffer severe sleep deprivation during military campaigns; the military science of sleep logistics balances the cost of man-hours lost to sleep against the beneficial effects of sleep on performance and morale. 1 Sleep deprivation is often a technique of torture and interrogation. Physicians, particularly those in training, generally lose a great deal of sleep.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Authors: Aldrich Michaels. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The recognition that obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disorder with disabling symptoms and substantial associated morbidity and mortality has had a profound impact on the field of sleep medicine. For most sleep specialists, sleep apnea is the principal diagnosis in at least two-thirds of their patients, and without sleep apnea, sleep medicine as a field probably would not exist. Few comparable situations exist in other fields of medicine. The development of mechanical ventilators, which led to the development of critical care medicine as a discipline, was a technological development, rather than a clinical one. The effect of tobacco smoking on pulmonary medicine is perhaps similar but the increase in lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has occurred over nearly a century, whereas OSA was almost unrecognized as recently as 1964.
Electronic processes in polyacetylene (PA)
Authors: Pope Martin , Swenberg Charlese E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the publication of the first edition (Pope and Swenberg 1982), the main activity on the theoretical front in the polyacetylenes has been the following: a verification of some of the main features of the Su et al. (1982) electronphonon-based soliton theories; an integration of soliton dynamics with those of polarons; the measurement of the lifetimes and kinetics of these quasiparticles; the inclusion of electron-electron interactions as an important partner to the electron-phonon interactions as the basis for a more complete theory of the quasi-particles and energy levels in t-PA; and finally the resolution of the question of whether the lowest optically excited state in t-PA is an exciton or a valence band-to-conduction band transition. The predominant evidence favors the formation of an overall neutral state with charge-transfer character following optical excitation to the first allowed electronic state. This tendency is maintained in the other polymers to be discussed, and is extended to some degree to higher excited states as well.
Electronic processes in polysilane (PS)
Authors: Pope Martin , Swenberg Charlese E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In addition to the conjugated aromatic Jr-bonded organic compounds that constitute almost the entire group that possesses semiconducting properties, there is a sparsely populated group that depends on delocalized a-bonding. The dominant members of this group are the polysilanes, in which the backbone is composed of catenated silicon atoms that form a linear chain.
Poverty, Crime, and Criminal Justice
Authors: Karmen Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Criminology is the scientific study of criminal laws, crimes, offenders, victims, the operations of the criminal justice system, and the social reaction to the problem of law breaking. As a research-oriented enterprise, criminology can contribute to two issues of importance to philosophers and legal scholars. First, it can cast light on the role that poverty plays in the generation of criminal activity. Second, it can document how poor people are treated by the legal system. Needless to say, the concept of poverty is neither straightforward nor easily operationalized. There is the unmistakably abject, absolute poverty of marginal members of society, who are homeless, hungry, shivering from the cold, and suffering physically from ill health with limited medical and dental care. But there is also the possibility of relative deprivation, a state of dissatisfaction triggered by routine exclusion from the material comforts and social privileges enjoyed and taken for granted by the fortunate. This compulsory doing-without outrages some members of the lower class (but not all) and is recognized as a stubbornly persistent injustice in an otherwise affluent society by some observers and critics, but
Exercise
Authors: Koehn Cheryl , Palmer Taysha , Esdaile John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Physical fitness plays a critical role in maintaining, or gaining back, optimal health—especially when living with a chronic condition like RA. The benefits of being fit touch every part of our lives—our overall energy level, sleep patterns, psychological and emotional well-being, and relationships. Except when you are experiencing severe or sharp joint pain and noticeable swelling, exercise should be a regular part of your day. The latest research shows that physical conditioning exercise can improve your fitness level without aggravating your RA or causing a flare of symptoms. So whether you have mild, moderate, or severe disease, exercise is an important part of your plan. However, it is important to understand that the type and intensity of exercise may need to be regulated, depending on your disease activity.
Diet, Nutrition, and Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Authors: Koehn Cheryl , Palmer Taysha , Esdaile John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Your PLAN TO WIN would not be complete without considering the role of diet and nutrition. A healthy diet will help you maintain ideal body weight and prevent undue stress on weight-bearing joints; provide your body with adequate energy stores; help support your immune system to fight common illnesses such as colds and flu; and maintain adequate levels of nutrients in your body. There is unanimity among rheumatologists, GPs, and registered dieticians/ nutritionists that a nutritionally sound diet delivers health benefits for people with RA. Much is known about the relationship between RA and diet, but few health care practitioners treating the disease pay attention to this area.
Missed Opportunities
Authors: Attig Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We sometimes miss or abstain from ceremonies of separation. At other times we omit them altogether and do nothing to memorialize those who have died. We go on without pausing to take our leave and thus miss the opportunity to remember and pay tribute. We miss the comfort and support ceremonies give us as we feel and express our hurt. And so we lose the chance to take vital first steps toward loving in separation. Sometimes we miss out on the benefits of ceremonies inadvertently. Sadness and the ending of the life of someone we all care about bring us together. But we also find ourselves in the middle of rare and welcome reunions. We may spend most or all of our time catching up on the details of our own lives and may be so glad to see one another that we keep the death and the life now ended in the background. We may prefer a happy focus to a sad one. Or the momentum of the event may distract us from remembering.
Fragile and Fleeting Memories
Authors: Attig Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Married to Alonzo for less than a year, Latitia was expecting her first child. Unable to afford prenatal services, she knew enough to take good care of herself during pregnancy. Nothing suggested the baby might be in trouble. Her labor came earlier than she expected, but she assumed she had miscalculated the date of conception. When Zo drove her to the emergency room, they took her promptly to delivery. She first sensed that there was serious trouble from the looks on the others’ faces as she delivered. She knew it when she heard no cries from her baby and they covered it and rushed it to another room with no explanation. She quickly became desperate for answers. “What happened? Whats wrong with my baby? Why won’t anyone tell me anything?” It didn’t help that the doctors first approached Zo in the hallway. When she heard him cry out, she nearly leapt to her feet and was restrained by a nurse and her own physical weakness and pain.
Resilience
Authors: Attig Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a toddler, Fredricka was diagnosed with leukemia. Begun early in Freddie’s teens, a film called Permission to Die was to deal with how she and her family lived with chronic illness. But soon Freddie is diagnosed with a more aggressive form of leukemia. Likely a result of her treatments, it is expected to end her life. Freddie is determined to live well as long as her body allows. She has a quick wit and an impish sense of humor. She jokes with her doctors and a counselor. She laughs with and enjoys the company of friends and schoolmates. She struggles to learn the violin and joins the school orchestra. She decorates her room with some of her own creations. Freddie enjoys a special candor and closeness with her mother. She worries about what will become of her, a widow, when she dies. She is relieved when her mother remarries toward the end of the filming: her mother and older brother will not be left alone. Freddie uses the uncertainty of her prognosis to ground hope to the very end. Wise beyond her years, she dismisses remarks from peers that she is courageous.
Searching
Authors: Attig Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My wife, Betty, remembers how her father, who died in 1990, used to lie beneath a tree with his head in his hands or on a root. He would look above, through the leaves, and ponder the open sky. It was as if he were seeking and finding a sense of connection with an encompassing reality. He didn’t fully understand it, but he felt embraced by it. Sometimes Betty would join him silently and sense the comforting connection herself. Betty remembers experiencing that same feeling when she was in church with her maternal grandmother, Nain. From where they sat, they could see a large, round, stained-glass window in the front of the church that depicted Jesus with lambs. Along the aisle next to them was another stained glass image of Jesus with little children. The church was filled with joyful sounds, friends, and fellowship. She felt safe there, not alone with her Nain. She felt as if they and the others were held and supported by something larger, a friendly, benevolent force. She still experiences this comfortable, uplifting, nourishing feeling in some places of worship.
Criteria and Judgment
Authors: Cavell Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If not at the beginning of Wittgenstein’s later philosophy, since what starts philosophy is no more to be known at the outset than how to make an end of it; and if not at the opening of Philosophical Investigations, since its opening is not to be confused with the starting of the philosophy it expresses, and since the terms in which that opening might be under stood can hardly be given along with the opening itself; and if we ac knowledge from the commencement, anyway leave open at the opening, that the way this work is written is internal to what it teaches.
Criteria and Skepticism
Authors: Cavell Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
But if Wittgenstein’s notion of a criterion is to be understood against the ordinary or official use of the word “criterion”, then what is the source of the view (which I am calling the Malcolm-Albritton view) that Wittgenstein’s criteria are meant to establish the existence of something with certainty? And what is the relation of these views? As was said, the Mal colm-Albritton view takes Wittgenstein to be writing in response to the threat of skepticism, for it is in the face of skeptical doubt that it is worth making, or possible or necessary to make, such claims for criteria. The relation between this notion and Wittgenstein’s is that Wittgenstein’s is indeed also meant in answer to some skeptical surmise, in response to some human possibility of error.
Natural and Conventional
Authors: Cavell Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have said something about what kind of problem the problem of our knowledge of other minds may be. I was just saying something about the consequences of finding such knowledge to fail altogether, i.e., the consequences of withholding our concepts of life and mind altogether. Earlier I said something about the specific kinds of circumstance or possibility which may prevent us from being certain that another really is in the state he is manifesting, viz., circumstances in which he or she may be feigning, rehearsing, etc., circumstances the description of which requires that we retain the concept in question.
An Absence of Morality
Authors: Cavell Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The suggestion that Stevenson’s Ethics and Language is controlled by an underlying concept, or lack of the concept, of morality may seem to those to whom Stevenson’s analysis has been convincing to beg the very question on which he has over and over claimed to maintain scrupulous neutrality and scientific detachment. It is, presumably, from commitment to this neutrality that Stevenson says: “Any statement about any matter of fact which any speaker considers likely to alter attitudes may be adduced as a reason for or against an ethical judgment” (p. 114). This is cardinal to the direction his analysis takes, and his examples will be accepted as ones concerning morality as long as that principle seems acceptable.
Does Body Size Optimization Alter the Allometries for Production and Life History Traits?
Authors: Kozlowski Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Julian Huxley’s [15] work on morphological allometries was later extended to life history traits [3, 6, 22, 28]. Calder [6] calls attention to three meanings of allometry: (i) as changes in proportions consequent to changes in body size, and related to design constraints; (ii) as size relationships observed along time scales of phylogeny; or (iii) as size relationships occurring in ontogeny (in growth and development). Natural selection can shape allometries in the third sense, and must obey allometries in the first sense. Phylogeny and this withinspecies evolution determine interspecific allometries, that is, allometries in the second sense.
Scaling and Self-Similarity in Species Distributions: Implications for Extinction, Species Richness, Abundance, and Range
Authors: Harte John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Species-area relationships (SARs) describe the dependence of the number of species found in a censused patch of habitat on the area of that patch. The most commonly discussed form of an SAR is the power-law form: S(A) = cAz, (1) where Sis the number of species found in an area A, and c and z (the SAR exponent) are constants. Because the parameters in this or other (nonpowerlaw) forms of the SAR generally differ across taxonomic categories, they are usually expressed for specific taxa such as plants or birds or butterflies. They may also differ from one type of habitat to another, from true islands of different area to different size patches arbitrarily delineated within a continental biome, and across widely disparate spatial scales.
Picturing the Human
Authors: Antonaccio Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Iris Murdoch has long been known as one of the most deeply insightful and morally passionate novelists of our time. This attention has often eclipsed Murdoch’s sophisticated and influential work as a philosopher, which has had a wide-ranging impact on thinkers in moral philosophy as well as religious ethics and political theory. Yet it has never been the subject of a book-length study in its own right. Picturing the Human seeks to fill this gap. In this groundbreaking book, author Maria Antonaccio presents the first systematic and comprehensive treatment of Murdoch’s moral philosophy. Unlike literary critical studies of her novels, it offers a general philosophical framework for assessing Murdoch’s thought as a whole. Antonaccio also suggests a new interpretive method for reading Murdoch’s philosophy and outlines the significance of her thought in the context of current debates in ethics. This vital study will appeal to those interested in moral philosophy, religious ethics, and literary criticism, and grants those who have long loved Murdoch’s novels a closer look at her remarkable philosophy.
Holy Concord Within Sacred Walls
Authors: Reardon Colleen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume examines musical culture both inside and outside seventeenth-century Sienese convents. In contrast to earlier studies of Italian convent music, this book draws upon archival sources to reconstruct an ecclesiastical culture that celebrated music internally and shared music freely with the community outside convent walls. Colleen Reardon argues that cloistered women in Siena enjoyed a significant degree of freedom to engage in musical pursuits. The nuns produced a remarkable body of work including motets, lamentations, theatrical plays and even an opera. As a result, the convent became an important cultural centre in Siena that enjoyed the support and encouragement of its clergy and lay community.
Divas in the Convent
Authors: Reardon Colleen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the biographies given a separate entry in Ugurgieri Azzolini’s compendium of the famous men and women of his native city is one devoted to an unnamed woman of uncommon devotion who lived at the turn of the fifteenth century. The author relates that this ardent young nun sought to better herself spiritually in any way possible, and so upon hearing of the holy life led by the friars at the Osservanza, she dressed herself as a man and fled from her convent to the monastery. After living there in an exquisitely pious manner for some time after making her profession, her gender finally came to light, and she was taken back to live in a cloistered community of nuns. This “rare and incredible example” of saintly life, according to Ugurgieri Azzolini, should come as no surprise to one who has read the biograhies of S. Eugenia, S. Eufrasia, S. Marina, and S. Eufrosina, who also lived disguised as men in monastic communities (Doc. 17).
Socrates’ Gods and the Daimonion
Authors: Brickhouse Thomas C , Smith Nicholas D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Could Socrates’ attitude towards traditional myths have been what landed him in court? The first two specifications of the legal charge against Socrates were that he “did not believe in the gods the state believes in” and that he “invented new divinities.” The proper interpretation of these accusations has long been a matter of scholarly debate, but most scholars have claimed that these charges hide the real concern of the prosecutors, which, in their view, was political rather than religious. Because this view falls apart, as we argue in Brickhouse and Smith 1994, ch. 5, it seems reasonable to look for a genuinely religious motive behind the plainly religious accusations.
Comparing the Effects of Stimulant and Non-Stimulant Agents on Catecholamine Function: Implications for Theories of ADHD
Authors: Pliszka Steven R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The catecholamines norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA) have been hypothesized to be involved in a number of psychiatric disorders, primarily because a wide range of psychotropic medications affect these neurotransmitters. Previous chapters have reviewed the anatomy and physiology of these pathways, as well as their extensive roles in cognition, motor behavior, and mood.
Inalienable Rights
Authors: McConnell Terrance 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book explains what inalienable rights are and how they restrict the behavior of their possessors. McConnell develops compelling arguments to support the inalienability of the right to life, the right of conscience, and a competent person's right not to have medical treatment administered without consent. Yet, surprisingly, he argues that the inalienability of the right to life does not entail that voluntary euthanasia or assisted suicide are wrong. This distinctive defense of inalienable rights will appeal to medical ethicists and other applied ethicists, political theorists, and philosophers of law.
Assisted Suicide and the Inalienable Right to Life
Authors: McConnell Terrance 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Assisted suicide occurs when one person aids another in bringing about her own death. Typically, the one rendering the assistance provides the would-be suicide with the knowledge and/or the means necessary to end her own life. In principle, anyone might provide another with such assistance. In our society, physician-assisted suicide is the practice most commonly debated. An example of this practice is when a physician writes a prescription for barbiturates and tells the patient what constitutes a fatal overdose. Dr. Jack Kevorkian, the best-known practitioner of physician-assisted suicide, provides individuals with a device that enables them to inhale carbon monoxide, thereby bringing about rapid death.