bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Supporting effective shared decision‐making in surgical context: Why framing of choices matters for high‐risk patients and clinicians
Authors: Ludwiczak Agata , Stephens Timothy J. , Prowle John , Pearse Rupert , Osman Magda 
Published: November 2023

AbstractAimIn the context of high‐risk surgery, shared decision‐making (SDM) is important. However, the effectiveness of SDM can be hindered by misalignment between patients and clinicians in their expectations of postoperative outcomes. This study investigated the extent and the effects of this misalignment, as well as its amenability to interventions that encourage perspective‐taking.MethodLay participants with a Charlson Comorbidity Index of ≥4 (representing patients) and surgeons and anaesthetists (representing doctors) were recruited. During an online experiment, subjects in both groups forecast their expectations regarding short‐term (0, 1 and 3 months after treatment) and long‐term (6, 9 and 12 months after treatment) outcomes of different treatment options for one of three hypothetical clinical scenarios – ischaemic heart disease, colorectal cancer or osteoarthritis of the hip – and then chose between surgical or non‐surgical treatment. Subjects in both groups were asked to consider the scenarios from their own perspective (Estimation task), and then to adopt the perspective of subjects in the other study group (Perspective task). The decisions of all participants (surgery vs. non‐surgical alternative) were analysed using binomial generalized linear mixed models.ResultsIn total, 55 lay participants and 54 doctors completed the online experiment. Systematic misalignment in expectations between high‐risk patients and doctors was observed, with patients expecting better surgical outcomes than clinicians. Patients forecast a significantly higher likelihood of engaging in normal activities in the long term (β = −1.09, standard error [SE] = 0.20, t = −5.38, p < 0.001), a lower likelihood of experiencing complications in the long term (β = 0.92, SE = 0.21, t = 4.45, p < 0.001) and a lower likelihood of experiencing depression in both the short term and the long term (β = 1.01, SE = 0.19, t = 5.38, p < 0.001), than did doctors. Compared with doctors, patients forecast higher estimates of experiencing complications in the short term when a non‐surgical alternative was selected (β = −0.91, SE = 0.26, t = −3.50, p = 0.003). Despite this misalignment, in both groups surgical treatment was strongly preferred (estimation task: 88.7% of doctors and 80% of patients; perspective task: 82.2% of doctors and 90.1% of patients).ConclusionWhen high‐risk surgery is discussed, a non‐surgical option may be viewed as ‘doing nothing’, hence reducing the sense of agency and control. This biases the decision‐making process, regardless of the expectations that doctors and patients might have about the outcomes of surgery. Therefore, to improve SDM and to increase the agency and control of patients regarding decisions about their care, we advocate framing the non‐surgical treatment options in a way that emphasizes action, agency and change.
Effects of Iconicity in Recognition Memory
Authors: Sidhu David M. , Khachatoorian Nareg , Vigliocco Gabriella 
Published: November 2023

AbstractIconicity refers to a resemblance between word form and meaning. Previous work has shown that iconic words are learned earlier and processed faster. Here, we examined whether iconic words are recognized better on a recognition memory task. We also manipulated the level at which items were encoded—with a focus on either their meaning or their form—in order to gain insight into the mechanism by which iconicity would affect memory. In comparison with non‐iconic words, iconic words were associated with a higher false alarm rate, a lower d’ score, and a lower response criterion in Experiment 1. We did not observe any interaction between iconicity and encoding condition. To test the generalizability of these findings, we examined effects of iconicity in a recognition memory megastudy across 3880 items. After controlling for a variety of lexical and semantic variables, iconicity was predictive of more hits and false alarms, and a lower response criterion in this dataset. In Experiment 2, we examined whether these effects were due to increased feelings of familiarity for iconic items by including a familiar versus recollect decision. This experiment replicated the overall results of Experiment 1 and found that participants were more likely to categorize words that they had seen before as familiar (vs. recollected) if they were iconic. Together, these results demonstrate that iconicity has an effect on memory. We discuss implications for theories of iconicity.
Event Knowledge in Large Language Models: The Gap Between the Impossible and the Unlikely
Authors: Kauf Carina , Ivanova Anna A. , Rambelli Giulia , Chersoni Emmanuele , She Jingyuan Selena , Chowdhury Zawad , Fedorenko Evelina , Lenci Alessandro 
Published: November 2023

AbstractWord co‐occurrence patterns in language corpora contain a surprising amount of conceptual knowledge. Large language models (LLMs), trained to predict words in context, leverage these patterns to achieve impressive performance on diverse semantic tasks requiring world knowledge. An important but understudied question about LLMs’ semantic abilities is whether they acquire generalized knowledge of common events. Here, we test whether five pretrained LLMs (from 2018's BERT to 2023's MPT) assign a higher likelihood to plausible descriptions of agent−patient interactions than to minimally different implausible versions of the same event. Using three curated sets of minimal sentence pairs (totaln= 1215), we found that pretrained LLMs possess substantial event knowledge, outperforming other distributional language models. In particular, they almost always assign a higher likelihood to possible versus impossible events (The teacher bought the laptopvs.The laptop bought the teacher). However, LLMs show less consistent preferences for likely versus unlikely events (The nanny tutored the boyvs.The boy tutored the nanny). In follow‐up analyses, we show that (i) LLM scores are driven by both plausibility and surface‐level sentence features, (ii) LLM scores generalize well across syntactic variants (active vs. passive constructions) but less well across semantic variants (synonymous sentences), (iii) some LLM errors mirror human judgment ambiguity, and (iv) sentence plausibility serves as an organizing dimension in internal LLM representations. Overall, our results show that important aspects of event knowledge naturally emerge from distributional linguistic patterns, but also highlight a gap between representations of possible/impossible and likely/unlikely events.
News for nature: Communicating biodiversity importance and conservation challenges in Guinea‐Bissau, West Africa, through local media and online platforms
Authors: Ferreira da Silva Maria Joana , Minhós Tania , Sampaio‐Dias Susana 
Published: November 2023

AbstractGuinea‐Bissau, an important regional biodiversity hotspot in West Africa, faces the challenge of raising awareness among the general public about the significance of natural resources for rural communities' survival and the need for biodiversity conservation. This knowledge gap hinders conservation efforts as initiatives are deemed irrelevant or unnecessary. A climate of political vulnerability, financial uncertainty and threats to media freedom are further obstacles to conservation biology. Researchers lack established communication platforms for academic dissemination. In this paper, we introduce the initiative News for Nature/PRIMACTION (2020–2022), which aimed to establish a communication channel between researchers and media agents. The project had two primary objectives: firstly, to raise awareness among the Guinea‐Bissau society about the importance of national biodiversity and conservation challenges; and secondly, to enhance the capacity of specific communicators and opinion makers. The project had several important outputs, including: i) a bi‐monthly newspaper section focused on “biodiversity conservation in Guinea‐Bissau”, ii) three radio‐theatre episodes performed by a well‐known group and broadcasted nationally, iii) one song composed and sung by famous musicians, with an introduction by Jane Goodall, and iv) a website providing technical resources for journalists covering biodiversity and conservation news. Collaborators mentioned the lack of logistical conditions for traveling in the country as a major impediment in reporting conservation‐related news. We emphasize the significance of establishing direct contact and articulation between researchers and local media to promote conservation research in West African countries. In countries where science communication and environmental education outreach are not well‐established, it is crucial to bridge the challenges faced by the communities in different regions of the same country. This is especially urgent in cases where such challenges are significant.
Does high‐normal blood pressure lead to excess cardiovascular disease events and deaths in Chinese people? A post‐hoc analysis of the 30‐year follow‐up of the Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study
Authors: Wang Haixu , He Siyao , Wang Jinping , An Yali , Wang Xuan , Li Guangwei , Sun Ningling , Gong Qiuhong ,   for the Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Outcome Study Group
Published: November 2023

AbstractAimWhether systolic/diastolic blood pressure (SBP/DBP) values of 130‐139/80‐89 mmHg should be defined as hypertension has been debated for decades. We aimed to characterize the effect of high‐normal BP on cardiovascular disease (CVD) events and deaths.MethodsIn total, 1726 individuals from the original Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study were enrolled, and divided into the normal BP group (SBP <130 mmHg and DBP <80 mmHg), high‐normal BP group (SBP 130‐139 mmHg and/or DBP 80‐89 mmHg) and hypertension group (SBP ≥140 mmHg and/or DBP ≥90 mmHg). CVD events and their components were assessed from 1986 to 2016.ResultsDuring the 30‐year follow‐up, the high‐normal BP group was not at higher risk for CVD events [hazard ratio (HR) 1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.84‐1.30, p = .68], coronary heart disease (HR 1.12, 95% CI 0.77‐1.63, p = .57), stroke (HR 1.05, 95% CI 0.82‐1.34, p = .71), or CVD deaths (HR 1.15, 95% CI 0.82‐1.60, p = .41) compared with the normal BP group, after adjusting for covariates. However, the hypertension group exhibited significantly increased cardiovascular risk (CVD events, HR 1.91, 95% CI 1.48‐2.46, p < .0001; coronary heart disease, HR 1.73, 95% CI 1.12‐2.67, p = .01; stroke, HR 1.90, 95% CI 1.43‐2.52, p < .0001; CVD deaths, HR 2.07, 95% CI 1.43‐3.01, p = .0001) than the normal BP group. Subgroup analyses showed that, regardless of the presence of diabetes, high‐normal BP did not increase CVD events compared with normal BP.ConclusionsThis post‐hoc study provided no evidence that the high‐normal BP increased cardiovascular risk in the Da Qing study population, suggesting that it was reasonable to continue to define hypertension at 140/90 mmHg in China.
Changes in courtship prior to oviposition in chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) and male preference for female body size
Authors: Seki Kyosuke , Ichimura Masaki , Ihara Nozomi , Makiguchi Yuya 
Published: November 2023

AbstractMale chum salmon display a courtship behaviour involving an actively “quivering” against female, which is essential for female orgasm. Because generally male prefer larger female, we determined whether the elements of quivering such as the number, the amplitude, and the distance are affected by female body size. Additionally, quivering changes towards oviposition; therefore, we also identified the essential time for the male to succeed in his courtship behaviour. We conducted two experiments to measure quivering parameters: (i) measuring the number and the amplitude of quivering by the acceleration data logger and (ii) measuring the distance between sexes during quivering by observation of recorded video. From the first experiment, there was no significant relationship between the ratio of female‐to‐male body lengths and the number and the amplitude of quivering, while an important relationship between the body length ratio and the distance between sexes from the second experiment. Therefore, we think the distance is more significant than the number or vigour of quivering for male choice, and males quiver more closely to a larger female to increase reproductive success. In addition, when the body length ratio of the sexes is 1.01, the distance during quivering is the shortest. So, there is a possibility that the reproduction of chum salmon is based on size‐assortative mating. And both experiments also showed that male quiver passively as spawning approaches. We suggest that males may not quiver actively for smooth mating as females spawning approaches.
Before and after: COVID‐19 impacts on dental students' well‐being, clinical competency and employment opportunities
Authors: Hill Eva Barron , Mastny‐Jensen Chevvy , Loch Carolina 
Published: November 2023

AbstractIntroductionThe onset of COVID‐19 challenged dental schools worldwide, impacting clinical training. In Australasia, New Zealand adopted a COVID‐19 ‘elimination strategy’, involving nationwide lockdowns that halted face‐to‐face education. The ‘elimination strategy’ adopted at the pandemic onset, which permitted return to ‘normal life’ in 2021, allowed the pandemic impacts and those related workforce transition to be teased out. This study aimed to evaluate perceived impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic on health and well‐being, clinical competency and employment opportunities of dental students.Materials and MethodsTwo surveys were distributed to final year dental students (n = 94; age range 20–35): one during their final semester and the second six months following graduation. Surveys included open and closed ended questions on participants' self‐perceived impacts of COVID‐19 on health and well‐being, clinical competency and employment opportunities. Average percentages were calculated and descriptive statistics performed.ResultsPre‐graduation, participants reported COVID‐19 negatively impacted their mental and social health. Slightly lower scores on all dimensions of health post‐graduation were likely due to transitioning to the workforce. Pre‐graduation, less than half of participants felt prepared to provide the full scope of dental treatment; post‐graduation most felt confident to do so. Most participants expected COVID‐19 would negatively impact employment opportunities for their cohort, despite all participants being employed when the second survey was conducted.ConclusionParticipants self‐rated health and clinical competency scores were lower post‐graduation when NZ returned to ‘normal life’, meaning lower scores were related to workforce transition. Dental schools need to be prepared to provide alternative forms of dental education and help mitigate mental health impacts of future major course disruptions.
Non‐random sampling measures the occurrence but not the strength of a textbook trophic cascade
Authors: MacNulty Daniel R. , Brice Elaine M. , Larsen Eric J. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractAlthough sampling the five tallest young aspen in a stand is useful for detecting the occurrence of any aspen recruitment, this technique overestimates the population response of aspen to wolf reintroduction. Our original conclusion that random sampling described a trophic cascade that was weaker than the one described by non‐random sampling is unchanged.
New trends in legal frameworks for purpose‐driven companies—The European way(s)
Authors: Ventura Livia 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe debate on corporate governance of business companies and the discussions on the concept of corporate purpose intensified. Looking at the role of law in ensuring that businesses profit from creating benefits and not from creating detriments, it is worth distinguishing between interventions designed to incentivise the former (e.g., mandatory rules on sustainability disclosure or new dual‐purpose companies) and disincentivise the latter (tort or recent supply chain due diligence laws). Nevertheless, the existence of a grey area for activities that do not materialise in tort, or the violation of other mandatory rules cannot be denied and is probably where the reconceptualisation of fiduciary duties can mediate. New legal trends in these areas are mapped with a special focus on the European context and some comparative law considerations with respect to the United Kingdom and the United States. Finally, a suggestion for the future of European harmonisation on dual‐purpose companies will be offered.
Could motor blocks be a therapeutic option for treatment‐resistant functional dystonia? A case series of three patients
Authors: Garcin Béatrice , Cinquin Amaury , Degos Bertrand , Roze Emmanuel , Schnitzler Alexis 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe diagnosis of functional dystonia is challenging because it is difficult to distinguish functional dystonia from other types of dystonia. After diagnostic explanation, multidisciplinary care is recommended, but some patients are resistant to treatments. We used motor blocks in three patients with severe resistant functional dystonia of the upper limbs to test (i) whether joint contracture was present and (ii) whether motor blocks have a therapeutic effect on functional dystonia. Patient 1 showed a good and sustained therapeutic response, Patient 2 experienced a resolution of the dystonic posture that lasted for 10 days, and Patient 3 experienced no effect. Motor blocks may be a useful therapeutic option in chronic treatment‐resistant functional dystonia. The treatment effect might be achieved through the experience of normal positioning and functioning of the limb.
Lenalidomide in the treatment of anti‐myelin‐associated glycoprotein neuropathy: A phase 1 study to identify the maximum tolerated dose
Authors: Stino Amro M. , Bumma Naresh , Smith Rachel , Davalos Long , Allen Jeff , Ye Jing Christine , Pianko Matthew , Campagnaro Erica , Fierro Cassandra , Awad Abdelrahman , Murdock Ben , Pietrzak Maciej , Loszanski Gerard , Kline David M. , Efebera Yvonne , Elsheikh Bakri 
Published: November 2023

AbstractBackgroundAnti‐myelin‐associated glycoprotein (MAG) neuropathy is a debilitating demyelinating polyneuropathy with no approved therapies. Our primary objective was to ascertain lenalidomide safety and maximum tolerated dose (MTD) in anti‐MAG neuropathy.MethodsThis phase 1b, open‐label, single‐arm, dose‐finding trial was conducted from 2019 through 2022. The original design included a dose‐escalation/extension phase followed by a dose‐expansion phase. Three doses of lenalidomide were evaluated: 10, 15, and 25 mg. The main outcome was the MTD.ResultsEleven patients enrolled (10 men), with a mean age of 67.6 years (SD = 6.18, range 58–77 years) and mean disease duration of 8.5 years (SD = 10.9, range 1–40 years). The study terminated early due to higher‐than‐expected non‐dose‐limiting toxicity venous thromboembolism (VTE) events. The calculated MTD was 25 mg (posterior mean of toxicity probability was 0.01 with a 95% credible interval of 0.00, 0.06), but a recommended phase 2 dose of 15 mg was advised. For secondary exploratory outcomes, only EQ‐5D (−0.95, 95% CI −1.81 to −0.09) and total IgM (−162 mg/dL, 95% CI −298 to −26) showed signs of improvement by month 12.ConclusionsLenalidomide was associated with higher‐than‐expected VTE events in anti‐MAG neuropathy patients, despite a calculated MTD of 25 mg. A recommended phase 2 dose of 15 mg was advised. Lenalidomide did not improve disability or impairment at 12 months, although this study was not powered for efficacy. The risks of long term lenalidomide may outweigh benefit for patients with anti‐MAG neuropathy. Any future efficacy study should address VTE risk, as current myeloma guidelines appear inadequate.Trial RegistrationLenalidomide in Anti‐MAG Neuropathy: Phase 1b Study, ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03701711, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03701711. First submitted October 10, 2018. First patient enrolled in January 2019.
Effect of short‐ versus long‐term serum glucose levels on early ischemic water homeostasis and functional outcome in patients with large vessel occlusion stroke
Authors: Klapproth Susan , Meyer Lukas , Kniep Helge , Bechstein Matthias , Kyselyova Anna , Hanning Uta , Schön Gerhard , Rimmele Leander , Fiehler Jens , Broocks Gabriel 
Published: November 2023

AbstractBackground and purposeIn ischemic stroke, the impact of short‐ versus long‐term blood glucose level (BGL) on early lesion pathophysiology and functional outcome has not been assessed. The purpose of this study was to directly compare the effect of long‐term blood glucose (glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c]) versus serum BGL on early edema formation and functional outcome.MethodsAnterior circulation ischemic stroke patients who underwent mechanical thrombectomy after multimodal computed tomography (CT) on admission were analyzed. Endpoints were early ischemic cerebral edema, measured by quantitative net water uptake (NWU) on initial CT and functional independence at Day 90.ResultsA total of 345 patients were included. Patients with functional independence had significantly lower baseline NWU (3.1% vs. 8.3%; p < 0.001) and lower BGL (113 vs. 123 mg/dL; p < 0.001) than those without functional independence, while HbA1c levels did not differ significantly (5.7% vs. 5.8%; p = 0.15). A significant association was found for NWU and BGL (ß = 0.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.006–0.03; p = 0.002), but not for HbA1c and NWU (ß = −0.16, 95% CI −0.53–0.21; p = 0.39). Mediation analysis showed that 67% of the effect of BGL on functional outcome was mediated by early edema formation.ConclusionAggravated early edema and worse functional outcome was associated with elevated short‐term serum BGL, but not with HbA1c levels. Hence, the link between short‐term BGL and early edema development might be used as a target for adjuvant therapy in patients with ischemic stroke.
Validation and psychometric properties of a brief measure of parental attributions in a sample from Spain
Authors: Halty Lucía , Halty Amaia , Gismero Elena , Caperos Jose Manuel 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe parental attribution measure (PAM) is an instrument that assesses the attributions made by parents regarding their children's behavior, for both clinical and community samples. This research has aimed at evaluating the psychometric properties of the PAM in a community sample in Spain. Data were analyzed from several samples of fathers and mothers (N1 = 253; N2 = 458, N3 = 711) who reported on their attributions and level of parental stress on the one hand and on their children's emotional insensitivity traits and behavioral problems on the other. The results did not support the original structure proposed but a unidimensional structure consisting of nine items with good psychometric properties and factorial invariance. The 9‐item PAM exhibited a positive relationship with callous unemotional traits and behavioral problems in children and with parental stress. This study provides important new insights into the psychometric properties of the PAM in a Spanish sample. It represents a significant advance, since so far there have been no other instruments to use in assessing parental attributions about their children's behavioral problems in Spanish. In short, this research is intended to evaluate the psychometric properties of the PAM in a sample of a community in Spain. The results supported a unidimensional structure composed of a 9‐item instrument with good psychometric properties and factorial invariance.