bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non-Deterministic Description of Wood Radio Frequency Vacuum Drying
Authors: Elustondo D. , Koumoutsakos A. , Avramidis S. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
A numerical method is proposed to predict the stochastic dispersion of data that unavoidably occurs
in a real drying process. The method is based on the use of discrete frequency distribution
curves to predict a random variation on some parameters of the process and is applied to the case
of radio frequency vacuum (RFV) drying of wood. Experimental data of RFV drying of western
hemlock timbers were used to obtain the numeric values of the stochastic parameters and their
standard deviation. A mathematical model was designed to simulate the final moisture content
dispersion on hypothetical examples. Results were quantified using three indices: average, range
and standard deviation.
Molecular Identity of Species and Isolates of Internal Pore Fungi Antrodia spp. and Oligoporus placenta
Authors: Schmidt O. , Moreth U. 
Published: September 2004

Summary

Antrodia vaillantii (DC.: Fr.) Ryv., A. serialis (Fr.) Donk, A. sinuosa (Fr.) P. Karsten, A. xantha (Fr.: Fr.) Ryv. and Oligoporus placenta (Fr.) Gilb.& Ryv. form a group of internal brown-rot fungi (‘Porenschwämme’), which are associated with decay of coniferous woodwork in buildings and timber in ground contact. The fungi have similar occurrence, biology, fruit bodies and mycelia. Their nomenclature has a confusing history and is still not uniform. For a better understanding of the domestic pore fungi and for a reliable species differentiation and identification of isolates, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. Isolates from decayed wood and from culture collections were used. The ITS sequences characteristic of A. vaillantii, A. serialis,A. sinuosa, A. xantha and O. placenta were obtained and deposited in the international databases. The ITS size ranges from 636 to 668 bp. Intraspecific variation was low. A dendrogram was performed for the phylogenetic relationship. Some isolates obtained mislabelled were named correctly according to the ITS sequence. The sequences contribute to our collection of ITS data from internal wood decay fungi made to characterize fungi in culture.
Nanoparticles for the Controlled Release of Fungicides in Wood: Soil Jar Studies Using G.Trabeum and T. Versicolor Wood Decay Fungi
Authors: Liu Y. , Laks P. , Heiden P. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
Nanoparticles containing a fungicide, tebuconazole or chlorothalonil, were prepared as aqueous dispersions to treat sapwood of southern yellow pine (SYP) and birch using conventional pressure treatment methods. The maximum amount of active ingredient (a.i.) delivered into wood was ca. 2 kg a.i./m3 wood with tebuconazole-containing and 1.6 kg a.i/m3 wood with chlorothalonil-containing nanoparticles. Nanoparticles were prepared using polyvinylpyridine (PVPy) and polyvinylpyridine-co-styrene with 10% styrene (PVPy-10%-Sty) and with 30% styrene (PVPy-30%-Sty) as matrices. Soil jar tests were performed where nanoparticle-treated SYP was exposed to Gloeophyllum trabeum for 16 weeks and nanoparticle-treated birch was exposed to T. versicolor for 12 weeks. Following exposure to G. trabeum, SYP lost ca. 5% of its mass when treated with tebuconazole-containing nanoparticles (PVPy, PVPy-10%-Sty, PVPy-30%-Sty) with a tebuconazole content of ca. 0.5 kg a.i./m3 SYP. Similar results were obtained with chlorothalonil-treated SYP (0.5 kg a.i./m3) with PVPy-10%-Sty and PVPy-30%-Sty. Birch exposed to T. versicolor lost ca. 5% mass when tebuconazole (in PVPy and PVPy-30%-Sty) was ca. 0.5 kg a.i./m3, while similar results were found with chlorothalonil (PVPy, PVPy-10%-Sty, PVPy-30%-Sty) only at a biocide content of ca. 1.6 kg/m3 wood.
A Density Functional Theory Study of Coniferyl Alcohol Intermonomeric Cross Linkages in Lignin - Three-Dimensional Structures, Stabilities and the Thermodynamic Control Hypothesis
Authors: Durbeej B. , Eriksson L.A. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
Density functional theory methods are utilized to investigate structural features and stabilities of the most common lignin dimerization products. It is found that intra-molecular hydrogen bonding acts as a stabilizing force in the lowest-energy conformer(s) of several different dimeric lignin structures. Furthermore, the calculations show that the hypothesis of thermodynamic control of monolignol dimerization accounts for some of the results obtained in experimental studies aimed at determining the ratios of intermonomeric linkages. A quantitative correlation between experimentally observed ratios and calculated relative energies cannot, however, be pointed out.
Inhomogeneities in the Chemical Structure of Spruce Lignin
Authors: Önnerud H. , Gellerstedt G. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
Thioacidolysis, periodate oxidation and size exclusion chromatography (SEC) were used for the analysis of spruce lignin samples. The standard thioacidolysis method was modified by including a pre-swelling of the lignocellulosic sample before the reaction, and this gave a higher yield of monomer products. Middle lamella and compression wood lignin was found to contain a larger amount of oligomers after thioacidolysis than normal wood lignin. Analysis by thioacidolysis of a thermomechanical pulp (TMP) revealed that approximately 10% of the β-O-4 structures in the lignin were cleaved due to the mechanical grinding effect. From kraft pulp, the mixture of thioacidolysis products contains a major fraction having a considerably larger molecular mass than the products from spruce wood and TMP. The structure of this material is still unknown.
Application of ESR Spectroscopy in Bleaching Studies
Authors: Cardona-Barrau D. , Matéo C. , Lachenal D. , Chirat C. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
In this study several pulp components were characterized by ESR spectroscopy. Free radicals present in the pulp lignin gave a well-defined signal, and the residual lignin content during a bleaching sequence could be followed using this technique. Organic radicals on the pulp carbohydrates were also detected and could be related to the formation of chromophore structures in pulp. Further, ESR spectroscopy made it possible to characterize several transition metal ions in pulp. Special attention was paid to metal retention and the impact of a sodium borohydride treatment, and the formation and evolution of complexes between metal ions and pulp components was scrutinized.
Ozone Bleaching of Atmospheric Acetic Acid Hardwood Pulp from Betula platyphylla var. japonica Hara
Authors: Kishimoto T. , Tsuji H. , Uraki Y. , Sano Y. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
Atmospheric acetic acid pulp from Japanese white birch was bleached with 1–5% ozone with and without intermediate mild alkaline extraction. Concentrated acetic acid was a more effective bleaching media than water. Mild alkaline extraction of ozone-prebleached pulp was found to be very effective in delignification of the pulp and did not have any undesirable effects on pulp properties. A sufficiently delignified acetic acid pulp was obtained with multi-stage ozone bleaching in Z1Z2Z3 or Z1EZ2EZ3 bleaching sequence with a total ozone consumption of 2.17% on oven-dry pulp. The pulp from a Z1EZ2EZ3 sequence still contained 3.51% acetyl groups, which was 75% of the original amount of acetyl groups in unbleached acetic acid pulp.
Relationship Between Growth Stress, Mechanical-Physical Properties and Proportion of Fibre with Gelatinous Layer in Chestnut (Castanea Sativa Mill.)
Authors: Clair B. , Ruelle J. , Thibaut B. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
A range of mechanical and physical properties were determined for 96 specimens of chestnut wood and for wood types ranging from compression to tension wood; tests included (1) growth stress, (2) longitudinal Young's modulus in green and air-dried states (3) shrinkage in longitudinal and tangential directions. Anatomical observations permitted determination of the proportion of fibres with a gelatinous layer. The influence of these atypical fibres on macroscopic wood properties is examined and discussed. A basic model is proposed to determine their properties in theoretically isolated conditions.
Selected Properties of Parallel Strand Lumber Made from Southern Pine and Yellow-Poplar
Authors: Liu Y. , Lee A.W.C. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
This study was conducted to explore basic physical and mechanical properties of parallel strand lumber (PSL) made exclusively from southern pine and yellow-poplar, respectively, and to examine their relationships using statistical analysis. Small specimens were prepared from commercial southern pine PSL and yellow-poplar PSL billets and tested for specific gravity, moisture content, dimensional stability, bending properties, shear strength and compressive strength. Results indicate average specific gravity of southern pine PSL is higher than that of yellow-poplar PSL, while their average moisture content and dimensional stability are very similar. Southern pine PSL has higher average modulus of elasticity but lower average modulus of rupture than yellow-poplar PSL. While average longitudinal shear strength does not exhibit differences between southern pine PSL and yellow-poplar PSL, average compressive strength of southern pine PSL is higher than that of yellow-poplar PSL. There are positive correlations among modulus of elasticity, modulus of rupture and specific gravity. PSL improves some properties of solid wood from which PSL is made.
Effects of Cell Structure on Water Sorption for Wood
Authors: Nakano T. 
Published: September 2004

SummaryContributions of the cell structure of wood to water sorption were examined using the chemical potential change induced by restrained swelling. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that this potential was proportional to the product of moisture content and the bulk modulus of the restraining region in the wood. The modulus of the restricting region, which was calculated from isotherm curves of wood powder and block samples by using the thermodynamically derived relationship, was near that obtained from the swelling strain and stress in the cross section for whole wood. These results demonstrated that S1 and S3 layers in the cell wall, where thin crystal threads called microfibrils are wound helically in the circumference, act to resist swelling so that the isotherm curve of the block sample was lower than that of wood powder.
Moisture Dynamics in Norway Spruce and Scots Pine during Outdoor Exposure in Relation to Different Surface Treatments and Handling Conditions
Authors: Elowson T. , Bergström M. , HämälÄinen M. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
Moisture dynamics in wood during weather exposure as affected by species, origin, production method and painting system were studied for nine years on 170 samples. The moisture content (MC, by dry base) was measured on 67 occasions. Principal component analysis was used for data reduction and pattern recognition. The investigation included two species; Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies L. (Karst)), and showed that the painting method affected the moisture dynamics most. In addition, species and type of wood were important factors, and for pine sapwood also the production method used had an influence on the moisture dynamics. Heartwood of pine had a stable development with low MC throughout the experimental time, regardless of surface treatment or handling method. The pine sapwood samples, on the other hand, had higher average MC and much faster dynamics. For painted and endsealed pine sapwood samples, the drying method was not significant for the MC dynamics, but water storage led to a higher and faster moisture uptake than for samples that were not water-stored. For untreated pine sapwood samples, air-drying led to the highest and fastest moisture uptake, but on the whole this group had unacceptably high moisture uptake. The spruce samples showed very different behaviour depending on whether they were surface treated or not. Painted and endsealed spruce led to two distinct groups, one with moisture dynamics similar to pine heartwood and one with very high moisture uptake and large spread more similar to pine sapwood. Most untreated spruce samples had moisture dynamics comparable to those of pine heartwood.
Post-Harvest Chemical Staining in Blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon R. Br.)
Authors: Barry K. M. , Davies N. W. , Mohammed C. L. , Beadle C. L. 
Published: September 2004

SummaryThis is the first report of post-harvest wood staining in blackwood (Acacia melanoxylonR. Br). In Tasmanian sawmills, an orange-brown stain commonly occurs upon cutting fresh blackwood. An investigation of the causal mechanism of stain development was completed using fresh flitches and stockpiled logs. Some fungi and bacteria were isolated from stained and unstained blackwood, but no species was consistently present in stained wood alone. Wood pH did not vary between stained and unstained wood, but there was some evidence of alterations in phenol composition. Blackwood extracts were analysed by HPLC and a minor phenolic compound was detected that was consistently found in stained samples and rarely in unstained. UV spectra indicated that this compound may be a quinone, but mass spectrometry data was inconclusive. Experiments with blackwood extracts showed that addition of oxygen (by means of H2O2treatment) increased absorbance in the “brown” wavelengths characteristic of stain. This supports the assumption that the stain is an oxidative chemical stain, as it develops quite rapidly from cut surfaces.
Albino Strains of Ophiostoma Species for Biological Control of Sapstaining Fungi
Authors: Held B. W. , Thwaites J. M. , Farrell R. L. , Blanchette R. A. 
Published: September 2004

SummaryAlbino strains ofOphiostoma floccosum,O. piceaeandO. pluriannulatumwere selected and screened for biological control of sapstaining fungi on New Zealand radiata pine (Pinus radiata). Albino strains were obtained through matings and single ascospore isolations from cultures of prevalent species in New Zealand. These strains do not synthesize the melanin-like hyphal pigments of common sapstaining fungi. Additional mating studies were also carried out to obtain isolates ofO. piceaeandO. floccosumthat lacked pigmented fruiting structures. Several albino isolates ofO. piceaewith colorless synnemata and isolates ofO. floccosumwith little to no synnemata were obtained. Biological control potential of the albino isolates was evaluated in the laboratory by challenging them on wood chips with fungi that cause extensive sapstain in pine,Leptographium procerum,Ophiostoma piliferumandSphaeropsis sapinea. Many albino isolates ofO. floccosum,O. piceaeandO. pluriannulatumwere effective in stopping the challenge fungi from staining wood chips and were fast growing and colorless when grown unchallenged on wood chips. Selected albino isolates ofO. pluriannulatumwere used in two field trials in New Zealand to control sapstain. Several strains were found to significantly reduce dark sapstain as compared to the untreated control logs.
A Method to Estimate Fibre Length Distribution in Conifers Based on Wood Samples from Increment Cores
Authors: Mörling T. , Luna S. Sjöstedt-de , Svensson I. , Fries A. , Ericsson T. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
We propose a method to estimate fibre length distribution in conifers based on wood samples from
increment cores processed by automatic optical fibre-analysers. Automatic fibre-analysers are unable
to distinguish: a) fibres from other tissues, “fines”, and b) cut from uncut fibres. However, our
proposed method can handle these problems if the type of distributions that fibre lengths and fines
follow is known. In our study the length distributions of fines and fibres were assumed to follow
truncated normal distributions, characterised by means and standard deviations of the two distributions.
Parameter estimates were obtained by the maximum likelihood method. Wood samples
from two 22-year-old Scots pine trees at breast height were used to evaluate the performance of
the method. From stem discs at 1.5 m, adjacent samples of 5 mm increment cores and wood pieces
were taken. The cores were trimmed 1 mm at each side and samples were, after maceration,
analysed in a Kajaani FiberLab 3.0. The results showed that the method works well and gives a
possibility to distinguish fine and fibre length distribution.
Surface Fractal Dimensionality and Hygroscopicity for Heated Wood
Authors: Nakano T. , Miyazaki J. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
The relationship between hygroscopicity and the microsurface of heated wood was examined using
the fractal surface dimensionality. The hygroscopicity of heated wood decreased with the increase
in heating temperature to 250°C, and then decreased again above 350°C after increasing up
to 350°C. This change corresponded to chemical changes in the wood, especially a reduction in hydroxyl
groups, up to 250°C, and to the temperature dependence of the fractal dimensionality calculated
from nitrogen gas adsorption above 250°C. The fractal dimensionality increased gradually
from 100 to 250°C, followed by a rapid increase above 250°C with a peak at 350°C, and leveled off
above 400°C. From the results, it is concluded that hygroscopicity of heated wood changes at
250°C and that it is dependent upon the chemical properties of wood below 250°C and upon the
surface complexity above 250°C.
Wettability of Heat-Treated Wood
Authors: Pétrissans M. , Gérardin P. , bakali I. El , Serraj M. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
The aim of this work was to study the wettability and chemical composition of heat-treated wood.
Heat treatment was performed at 240°C under inert atmosphere on four European wood species
(pine, spruce, beech and poplar). Contact angle measurements before and after treatment indicated
a significant increase in wood hydrophobicity. Advancing contact angles of a water drop were in
all cases systematically higher for heat-treated than for untreated wood. Chemical modifications
of wood after heat treatment were investigated using FTIR and 13C NMR analysis. FTIR spectra
indicated little structural change which could be attributed either to carbon-carbon double bond
formation or to adsorbed water. NMR spectra also revealed little chemical change except for the
degree of cellulose crystallinity which was considerably higher in heat-treated wood and could explain
the higher contact angles.
Effects of Thermal Conductivity Data on Accuracy of Modeling Heat Transfer in Wood
Authors: Olek W. , Weres J. , Guzenda R. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
Data sets of wood thermal properties differing in their complexity are presented and discussed. A
number of numerical experiments of the heat transfer in wood are performed, and the predicted
temperatures are compared to the experimental data obtained for European beech and Scots pine
wood. The analysis of similarity of the heat transfer model together with the different empirical
data of wood thermal properties to the results of the experiments showed that the lowest accuracy
of temperature prediction was obtained for the constant data. Application of advanced models of
the thermal conductivity required a large amount of input data and sometimes gave relatively low
accuracy in temperature prediction. Application of the thermal conductivity models developed by
the authors with the use of the Inverse Heat Transfer Problem approach produced the best temperature
prediction accuracy.
Detection of the Fracture Path under Tensile Loads through in situ Tests in an ESEM Chamber
Authors: Frühmann K. , Burgert I. , Stanzl-Tschegg S. E. 
Published: September 2004

Summary

In situ tensile tests parallel to the grain were carried out in an Environmental Scanning Electron
Microscope (ESEM) chamber on Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) samples. The ESEM-mode
combined with a cooling device allowed examination of the specimens at a moisture content
of 12% with unsputtered surfaces. By recording load-displacement curves and observing crack
propagation simultaneously, a detailed image of fracture progress and tissue interaction could be
described. Since these experiments required a sufficient specimen size and geometry, focus was
concentrated on the methodology.
Detection and Species Identification of Wood-Decaying Fungi by Hybridization of Immobilized Sequence-Specific Oligonucleotide Probes with PCR-Amplified Fungal Ribosomal DNA Internal Transcribed Spacers
Authors: Oh S. , Kamdem D. P. , Keathley D. E. , Han K.-H. 
Published: September 2004

SummaryWe developed an effective detection method for wood-decaying fungi by hybridization of immobilized Sequence-Specific Oligonucleotide Probes with florescent-labeled PCR-amplified fungal rDNA internal transcribed spacer sequences. This method takes advantage of both the sequence specificity of Southern blot hybridization and the sensitivity of the previously reported PCR-based fungal species identification methods. Bothin vitrocultured fungal strains and naturally decaying wood samples were used to demonstrate that this method is robust and practical for detection of incipient wood-decaying fungi. It can be a useful tool for microbial ecology, plant pathology, protection of wood products in service, preservation efforts for high-value furniture and wood-based art and DNA fingerprinting for tracking the source of contamination of wood decay fungi.
Analysis of Protein Expression along the Normal to Tension Wood Gradient in Eucalyptus gunnii
Authors: Plomion C. , Pionneau C. , Baillères H. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThis paper examines the contribution of various xylem proteins to wood formation inEucalyptus gunnii. Proteins were extracted from differentiating xylem harvested from a crooked tree, separated by high-resolution two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, visualised by silver nitrate staining and analysed with a computer-assisted system for single protein spot quantification. Growth strain measurements allowed xylem samples to be classified quantitatively from tension wood to normal wood. Regression of lignin content on growth strain showed that a decrease in lignin content corresponded to decreasing growth strain values,i.e., presence of tension wood. Out of the 140 studied protein spots, 12 were significantly associated with growth strain: 7 being less abundant in tension wood and 5 being more abundant in tension wood. A clustered-correlation analysis was performed to study protein expression simultaneously along the gradient of gravistimulated stressed xylem tissue. Proteins were found to form “expression clusters”.
Lignin Structures in Normal and Compression Wood. Evaluation by Thioacidolysis Using Ethanethiol and Methanethiol
Authors: Önnerud H. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
The chemical structure of lignin in normal and compression wood of spruce has been studied.
Thioacidolysis using both methanethiol and ethanethiol as nucleophiles was used for degradation.
The results showed that these nucleophiles work equally well in thioacidolysis, but that
methanethiol gives a somewhat higher yield than ethanethiol. In spruce compression wood, several
of the monomeric, dimeric and trimeric products were structurally elucidated using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the desulphurated thioacidolysis products. Some of the
oligomeric structures contained a p-hydroxyphenyl unit, but most of the material seemed to be
present in non-condensed β-O-4 structures. A catechol structure was found and the results also indicated
the presence of β-5 stilbene structures in native spruce lignin.