bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dried waste activated sludge as biosorbents for metal removal: adsorptive characterization and prevention of organic leaching
Authors: Chen J Paul , Lie Desmond , Wang Lin , Wu Shunnian , Zhang Beiping 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDried waste activated sludge was used for copper removal from simulated waste water in this study. Unconditioned activated sludge (UAS) bound up to 35 mg Cu g−1, although there was significant leaching of organic material. Organic and copper leaching from the UAS increased significantly as the pH was reduced. Immobilization of UAS by sodium and calcium alginate was utilized in order to overcome the leaching problems, but reduced the adsorption capacity. Based on metal removal and organic leaching, calcium alginate‐conditioned UAS (CACAS) was found to be the most suitable sorbent for copper removal. Kinetic experiments showed that copper removal by both sodium alginate‐conditioned UAS (SACAS) and CACAS was faster than that by activated carbons, but slower than most of the other biosorbents described in the literature. FTIR spectroscopy identified a number of atomic groupings and structures in UAS relevant to copper adsorption. It suggested that hydrogen ions are replaced with copper ions. The Freundlich equation fitted the experimental isotherms better than the Langmuir equation. A computational model based on adsorption isotherm, external mass transfer and diffusion processes successfully described the kinetics of copper ion removal and suggested that the biosorption kinetics was controlled by mass transfer.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Software agents for bioprocess monitoring and control
Authors: Davidsson Paul , Wernstedt Fredrik 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe argue for the appropriateness of using software agents for the monitoring and control of bioprocesses. Different approaches to the design of individual agents as well as complete multi‐agent systems are discussed. This is followed by a brief discussion of a number of successful agent‐based monitoring and control applications from different domains. We conclude by discussing the advantages and disadvantages of agent technology for monitoring and control of bioprocesses.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Decolourisation of aqueous dyes by sequential oxidation treatment with ozone and Fenton's reagent
Authors: Hassan M Mahbubul , Hawkyard Christopher J 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCombined oxidation with ozone and Fenton's reagent (‘Fentozone’ process) for decolourisation of aqueous dyes was studied and compared with traditional Fenton's reagent. Although the ‘Fentozone’ process was found to be effective at a wide range of pH values, the maximum colour removal was achieved at pH 4. The effect of pre‐ozonation on colour removal efficiency of aqueous dyestuffs in the subsequent treatment with Fenton's reagent was investigated. The reaction kinetics using water‐soluble acid and reactive dyes were also studied. Our experimental results show that pre‐ozonation can considerably accelerate decomposition of dyestuffs in the subsequent treatment with Fenton's reagent. Different concentrations of ferrous sulfate were used to investigate their influences on the removal of colour. The rate of reaction increased with increasing doses of ferrous sulfate.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Prenatal sonographic diagnosis of Neu‐Laxova syndrome
Authors: Durr‐e‐Sabih  , Khan Ali N. , Sabih Zahida 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe report the sonographic diagnosis of Neu‐Laxova syndrome in a fetus at 27 weeks' menstrual age. The parents were first cousins. Sonography revealed microcephaly, a sloping forehead, exophthalmos, a small thorax and abdomen, hypoplastic lungs, syndactyly, hyperextended knees, polyhydramnios, a small placenta, and intrauterine growth restriction. The long bones were normal. The calvaria was hyperechoic and associated with shadowing, obscuring any intracranial abnormalities. This sonographic finding was presumed to represent calvarial calcification, not previously described with this syndrome. We believe that Neu‐Laxova syndrome can be reliably diagnosed prenatally by demonstrating the sonographic features described, although other conditions with similar sonographic features need to be considered in the differential diagnosis. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 29:531–534, 2001.
Menstrual age–dependent systematic error in sonographic fetal weight estimation: A mathematical model
Authors: Mongelli Max , Biswas Arjit 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPurposeWe used computer modeling techniques to evaluate the accuracy of different types of sonographic formulas for estimating fetal weight across the full range of clinically important menstrual ages.MethodsInput data for the computer modeling techniques were derived from published British standards for normal distributions of sonographic biometric growth parameters and their correlation coefficients; these standards had been derived from fetal populations whose ages were determined using sonography. The accuracy of each of 10 formulas for estimating fetal weight was calculated by comparing the weight estimates obtained with these formulas in simulated populations with the weight estimates expected from birth weight data, from 24 weeks’ menstrual age to term. Preterm weights were estimated by interpolation from term birth weights using sonographic growth curves. With an ideal formula, the median weight estimates at term should not differ from the population birth weight median.ResultsThe simulated output sonographic values closely matched those of the original population. The accuracy of the fetal weight estimation differed by menstrual age and between various formulas. Most methods tended to overestimate fetal weight at term. Shepard’s formula progressively overestimated weights from about 2% at 32 weeks to more than 15% at term. The accuracy of Combs’s and Shinozuka’s volumetric formulas varied least by menstrual age. Hadlock’s formula underestimated preterm fetal weight by up to 7% and overestimated fetal weight at term by up to 5%.ConclusionsThe accuracy of sonographic fetal weight estimation based on volumetric formulas is more consistent across menstrual ages than are other methods. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:139–144, 2002; DOI 10.1002/jcu.10051
Clinical efficacy of prostate cancer detection using power doppler imaging in American and Japanese men
Authors: Okihara Koji , Miki Tsuneharu , Joseph Babaian R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study was to compare the detection rates of tumor vascular flow as measured by power Doppler imaging (PDI) in 2 populations and to determine whether PDI can reduce the number of unnecessary prostate biopsies in men with serum prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) concentrations less than 10.1 ng/ml.MethodsThe patient populations were Japanese (group 1) and American (group 2) men with either serum PSA concentrations of 4.1–10.0 ng/ml or abnormal findings on digital rectal examination (DRE) plus PSA concentrations less than 4.1 ng/ml. We compared the overall diagnostic accuracy of DRE, gray‐scale transrectal sonography (TRUS), and PDI between the 2 groups.ResultsIn total, 275 men were studied, 154 in group 1 and 121 in group 2. Cancer was identified in 27% of men in group 1 and in 60% of group 2. Men with cancer in both groups differed significantly in age, peripheral zone volume, and mean number of positive biopsy cores. The sensitivity and specificity of PDI in group 2 were significantly inferior to those in group 1. The negative predictive value (NPV) of PDI was significantly higher for group 1 than for group 2. The NPV of PDI in group 1 was equivalent to that for the combination of DRE and TRUS, whereas the NPV for PDI in group 2 was significantly inferior to that of DRE and TRUS.ConclusionsTumor vascularity could be detected by PDI more effectively in Japanese men with cancer than in American men with cancer. We hypothesize that this difference was a result of larger cancer volumes and smaller prostates in the Japanese men. PDI did not provide any performance advantage over DRE and TRUS in avoiding unnecessary biopsies. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:213–221, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/jcu.10054
Color Doppler sonography for preoperative diagnosis of an aneurysm of the ileal branch of the superior mesenteric artery
Authors: Chiu Han‐Mo , Wang Hsiu‐Po , Lin Ming‐Tsan , Lee Yi‐Chia , Wu Ming‐Shiang , Lin Jaw‐Town 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAneurysms of the superior mesenteric artery are uncommon, and aneurysms of its branches occur even less frequently. We report the case of a 60‐year‐old man with an aneurysm of the ileal branch of the superior mesenteric artery whose initial symptom was abdominal pain. Gray‐scale and color Doppler sonography provided noninvasive, accurate preoperative identification of the aneurysm despite its uncommon location, a small branch of the superior mesenteric artery. CT and conventional and magnetic resonance angiography confirmed the sonographic diagnosis. The aneurysm was resected successfully, and the patient's postoperative course was uneventful. Although angiography is required for a definitive diagnosis and for surgical planning, sonography is a useful tool for preoperative evaluation and diagnosis of such aneurysms. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:308–311, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/jcu.10070
Health‐based environmental indicators: approaches, potential and limitations
Authors: Vassilev Zdravko P. , Robson Mark G. , Kaplan Marjorie B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe concept of indicators has long been applied for describing the trends and dynamics in both the environment and in human health. In recent years, significant effort has been devoted to estimating the negative impacts of the environment on human health, as well as to developing integrated metrics for the evaluation of the adverse health outcomes attributable to environmental exposures. The health‐based environmental indicators (HBEIs) are measures designed to describe the status of human health with direct reference to the environmental conditions. Important potentials and limitations of the most promising approaches for developing HBEIs are examined from both a national and New Jersey prospective. The strengths and applicability of the health‐based environmental measures are discussed with respect to the complex nature of the host–environment interactions and the scientific uncertainty about the environmental causation of diseases. It is concluded that the health‐based environmental indicators are only supplemental tools for understanding of the relationship between environment and public health and do not provide solutions for the problems that might be encountered. Nevertheless, they can be efficiently used for improved environmental management and policy decisions. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wildlife as sentinels for human health hazards: a review of study designs
Authors: Rabinowitz Peter M. , Cullen Mark R. , Lake Heather R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA systematic search of the peer‐reviewed biomedical literature was performed for original studies linking environmental hazards with health effects in wild animal populations. Some 104 original studies were identified in the BIOSIS and Medline databases since 1966 and classified in terms of study design. A marked increase in published studies has occurred over the past decade, examining a wide range of hazards and outcomes. Most analytic studies were ecologic or cross‐sectional in nature. All cross‐sectional studies sampled subjects on the basis of exposure, using a reference population for the selection of controls. Studies of wild animal populations may hold unique advantages for toxicant hazard identification, yet the current range of study designs appears restricted. Increased use of study approaches such as sampling based on outcome, intra‐population comparisons, as well as cohort and case‐control designs may improve hazard identification and priority setting for confirmatory toxicologic and human studies of effects seen in wildlife. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
cAMP pathway in podocytes
Authors: Endlich Nicole , Endlich Karlhans 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPodocytes possess receptors for a variety of hormones. The following receptors whose stimulation results in increased cAMP levels have been detected in podocytes: adrenergic β2 receptor, dopamine D1 receptor, prostaglandin IP and EP4 receptors, and parathyroid hormone (PTH)/PTH‐related protein (PTHrP) receptor. Besides activating protein kinase A, increased levels of cAMP depolarize podocytes via opening of chloride channels. Relatively little is known about the impact of the cAMP pathway on podocyte function. Results obtained in a limited number of studies indicate that cAMP in podocytes may regulate cell morphology, actin assembly, and matrix production. In addition, cAMP seems to attenuate the action of hormones, which activate the Ca2+/protein kinase C pathway. Effects of the cAMP pathway on further aspects of podocyte biology, such as contractility, phosphorylation state of slit membrane‐associated proteins, glomerular permeability, cell cycle control, and synthesis of reactive oxygen species can be anticipated from studies on other cell types and from studies on isolated glomeruli. In summary, the data available indicate that the cAMP pathway affects several aspects of podocyte biology in an overall glomerulo‐protective manner. Microsc. Res. Tech. 57:228–231, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunohistochemical distribution of enkephalin, substance P, and somatostatin in the brainstem of the leopard frog, Rana pipiens
Authors: Stuesse Sherry L. , Adli Durriyyah S.H. , Cruce William L.R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe brainstems of frogs contain many of the neurochemicals that are found in mammals. However, the clustering of nuclei near the ventricles makes it difficult to distinguish individual cell groups. We addressed this problem by combining immunohistochemistry with tract tracing and an analysis of cell morphology to localize neuropeptides within the brainstem of Rana pipiens. We injected a retrograde tracer, Fluoro‐Gold, into the spinal cord, and, in the same frog, processed adjacent sections for immunohistochemical location of antibodies to the neuropeptides enkephalin (ENK), substance P (SP), and somatostatin (SOM). SOM+ cells were more widespread than cells containing immunoreactivity (ir) to the other substances. Most reticular nuclei in frog brainstem contained ir to at least one of these chemicals. Cells with SOM ir were found in nucleus (n.) reticularis pontis oralis, n. reticularis magnocellularis, n. reticularis paragigantocellularis, n. reticularis dorsalis, the optic tectum, n. interpeduncularis, and n. solitarius. ENK‐containing cell bodies were found in n. reticularis pontis oralis, n. reticularis dorsalis, the nucleus of the solitary tract, and the tectum. The midbrain contained most of the SP+ cells. Six nonreticular nuclei (griseum centrale rhombencephali, n. isthmi, n. profundus mesencephali, n. interpeduncularis, torus semicircularis laminaris, and the tectum) contained ir to one or more of the substances but did not project to the spinal cord. The descending tract of V, and the rubrospinal, reticulospinal, and solitary tracts contained all three peptides as did the n. profundus mesencephali, n. isthmi, and specific tectal layers. Because the distribution of neurochemicals within the frog brainstem is similar to that of amniotes, our results emphasize the large amount of conservation of structure, biochemistry, and possibly function that has occurred in the brainstem, and especially in the phylogenetically old reticular formation. Microsc. Res. Tech. 54:229–245, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Generating new marine cell lines and transgenic species—conference summary
Authors: Wise John Pierce , Winn Richard N. , Renfro J. Larry 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMarine species offer a tremendous diversity of life histories, physiologies, genetics, behaviors, and biologies, reflecting myriad adaptations to the water environment. Historically, marine vertebrates, particularly fish, have played significant roles in a wide range of disciplines, including environmental toxicology, genetics, developmental biology, and physiology, among others. Much still remains to be learned from these animals, and there is a growing need for new marine models. Models for expression of marine animal genes have been limited to heterologous expression systems. While there is still a great deal to gain from heterologous expression systems, the interactions of genes with one another can best be determined in homologous expression systems where appropriate interactions are possible. This has become particularly important with the development of functional genomics in marine models. These homologous gene expression systems will be key to the use of functional genomics for marine animal molecular physiology and toxicology. J. Exp. Zool. 292:217–220, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cold acclimation induces proliferation of sarcoplasmic reticulum without increase in Ca2+‐ATPase activity in white axial muscle of striped bass (Morone saxatilis)
Authors: Riemenschneider William K. , Sidell Bruce D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effects of acclimation of striped bass to cold (5°C) and warm (25°C) temperatures upon ultrastructural features of white axial skeletal muscle are quantified. Surface density of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) increased by almost 30%, and SR volume density increased by about 20% during cold acclimation. Proliferation of SR suggests an increase in available SR surface for re‐sequestration of Ca2+ and a decrease in diffusion path length for Ca2+ during cold acclimation. Average cross‐sectional areas and cross‐sectional perimeters of myofibrils situated in the center of muscle fibers decreased during cold acclimation by approximately 20% and 11%, respectively. Additionally, average major and minor axes of ellipses fit to central myofibrillar cross‐sections decreased by approximately 12% and 8%, respectively, during cold acclimation. These measurements define a decrease in average myofibrillar diameter and suggest a decrease in diffusion path length for Ca2+ to and from myofibrillar activation sites. Measurements of peripheral myofibrils that had elongated profiles in cross‐sections indicate that maximum profile length of these myofibrils decreases by about 17%. Peripheral myofibrils may break up into smaller myofibrils with more rounded cross‐sectional profiles during cold acclimation. SR Ca2+‐ATPase of white axial muscle was also measured in unfractionated homogenates and in crude SR‐enriched subcellular fractions from cold‐ and warm‐acclimated striped bass. No difference in SR Ca2+‐ATPase activity per g wet weight was observed between cold‐ and warm‐acclimated animals. Lack of increase in SR Ca2+‐ATPase per g wet weight, despite a significant proliferation of SR, probably results in a decrease in average Ca2+‐ATPase pump density within the SR membrane during cold acclimation. Thus, compensation for decreased diffusion coefficient of Ca2+ during cold acclimation appears due to the combined effects of proliferation of SR surface density and a decrease in average myofibrillar diameter. J. Exp. Zool. 292:231–240, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression and biological effect of urodele fibroblast growth factor 1: Relationship to limb regeneration
Authors: Dungan Kathleen M. , Wei Timothy Y. , Nace Jackie D. , Poulin Matthew L. , Chiu Ing‐Ming , Lang James C. , Tassava Roy A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFibroblast growth factors (FGFs) have been previously implicated in urodele limb regeneration. Here, we examined expression of FGF‐1 by blastema cells and neurons and investigated its involvement in wound epithelial formation and function and in the trophic effect of nerves. Neurons innervating the limb and blastema cells in vivo and in vitro expressed the FGF‐1 gene. The peptide was present in blastemas in vivo. Wound epithelium thickened when recombinant newt FGF‐1 was provided on heparin‐coated beads, demonstrating that the FGF‐1 was biologically active and that the wound epithelium is a possible target tissue of FGF. FGF‐1 did not stimulate accessory limb formation. FGF‐1 was as effective as 10% fetal bovine serum in maintaining proliferative activity of blastema cells in vitro but was unable to maintain growth of denervated, nerve‐dependent stage blastemas when provided on beads or by injection. FGF‐1 had a strong stimulating effect on blastema cell accumulation and proliferation of limbs inserted into the body cavity that were devoid of an apical epithelial cap (AEC). These results show that FGF‐1 can signal wound epithelium cap formation and/or function and can stimulate mesenchyme accumulation/proliferation in the absence of the AEC but that FGF‐1 is not directly involved in the neural effect on blastema growth. J. Exp. Zool. 292:540–554, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transport physiology of the urinary bladder in teleosts: A suitable model for renal urea handling?
Authors: McDonald M. Danielle , Walsh Patrick J. , Wood Chris M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe transport physiology of the urinary bladder of both the freshwater rainbow trout (Oncorhychus mykiss) and the marine gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta) was characterized with respect to urea, and the suitability of the urinary bladder as a model for renal urea handling was investigated. Through the use of the in vitro urinary bladder sac preparation urea handling was characterized under control conditions and in the presence of pharmacological agents traditionally used to characterize urea transport such as urea analogues (thiourea, acetamide), urea transport blockers (phloretin, amiloride), and hormonal stimulation (arginine vasotocin; AVT). Na+‐dependence and temperature sensitivity were also investigated. Under control conditions, the in vitro trout bladder behaved as in vivo, demonstrating significant net reabsorption of Na+, Cl–, water, glucose, and urea. Bladder urea reabsorption was not affected by pharmacological agents and, in contrast to renal urea reabsorption, was not correlated to Na+. However, the trout bladder showed a threefold greater urea permeability compared to artificial lipid bilayers, a prolonged phase transition with a lowered Ea between 5°C and 14°C, and differential handling of urea and analogues, all suggesting the presence of a urea transport mechanism. The in vitro toadfish bladder did not behave as in vivo, showing significant net reabsorption of Na+ but not of Cl–, urea, or water. As in the trout bladder, pharmacological agents were ineffective. The toadfish bladder showed no differential transport of urea and analogues, consistent with a low permeability storage organ and intermittent urination. Our results, therefore, suggest the possibility of a urea transport mechanism in the urinary bladder of the rainbow trout but not the gulf toadfish. While the bladders may not be suitable models for renal urea handling, the habit of intermittent urination by ureotelic tetrapods and toadfish seems to have selected for a low permeability storage function in the urinary bladder. J. Exp. Zool. 292:604–617, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.