bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Silencing of the PTEN tumor‐suppressor gene in anaplastic thyroid cancer
Authors: Frisk Tony , Foukakis Theodoris , Dwight Trisha , Lundberg Jonas , Höög Anders , Wallin Göran , Eng Charis , Zedenius Jan , Larsson Catharina 
Published: October 2002

AbstractGermline mutations in the tumor‐suppressor gene PTEN (MMAC1, TEP1) are found in Cowden syndrome, which predisposes to hamartomas, breast cancer, trichilemmomas, and thyroid tumors of follicular epithelium. PTEN has also been found to be somatically deleted, mutated, and/or silenced in various sporadically occurring cancers such as glioblastoma, breast cancer, kidney cancer, malignant melanoma, and endometrial cancer. Loss or reduction of PTEN protein expression as well as inappropriate subcellular compartmentalization is seen in non‐medullary thyroid cancers. However, although allelic loss of the PTEN locus in 10q23.3 is frequently seen, this is not coupled with mutations in the PTEN gene. To approach further the frequency and mechanism behind PTEN silencing, we screened a panel of 87 sporadic thyroid tumors for PTEN mRNA expression, including 14 anaplastic carcinomas, 37 follicular carcinomas, 21 atypical adenomas, and 15 ordinary adenomas. Complete loss of PTEN mRNA expression was evident in six of the tumors, including four anaplastic carcinomas, one widely invasive carcinoma, and one ordinary adenoma. The transcriptional silencing of PTEN was significantly associated with the anaplastic subtype, suggesting that PTEN is involved in the carcinogenesis of highly malignant or late‐stage thyroid cancers, whereas this particular mechanism appears to be of minor importance in differentiated follicular thyroid tumors. No association was observed between the expression, loss of heterozygosity, and mutation status in the 33 cases in which these parameters were compared. This indicates that PTEN silencing is a result of a wide variety of epigenetic and/or structural silencing mechanisms rather than a consequence of structural biallelic inactivation of the classical type. Furthermore, the high rate of alterations in the 10q23 region might indicate the presence of an as‐yet unknown tumor‐suppressor gene with an important role in the development of thyroid tumors. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new allele of Gli3 and a new mutation, circletail (Crc), resulting from a single transgenic experiment
Authors: Rachel Rivka A. , Wellington Sandra J. , Warburton Dorothy , Mason Carol A. , Beermann Friedrich 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSummary: While generating transgenic lines, transgene‐linked mutations can occur, which are caused by an insertional mutation at a given locus. More rarely, mutations unlinked to the transgene insertion site are observed. In the process of generating a mouse overexpressing the enzyme tyrosinase, we have obtained one transgenic line that appears to carry a semidominant insertional mutation at the Gli3 (extra toes) locus, characterized by polydactyly and skeletal malformations. Additionally, the transgenic line contained a second mutation, Crc (circletail), which appears to be unlinked to the transgene insertion site. Heterozygous Crc mice are incompletely penetrant for a circled‐tail phenotype, while all homozygous Crc/Crc mice die at birth of a severe neural tube defect (craniorachischisis). Anatomical evidence from a Crc/Crc; Gli3/+ fetus indicates that these two genes may interact. genesis 33:55–61, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic screen for modifiers of the rough eye phenotype resulting from overexpression of the notch antagonist hairless in drosophila
Authors: Schreiber Simone L. , Preiss Anette , Nagel Anja C. , Wech Irmgard , Maier Dieter 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSummary: Hairless was identified as antagonist in the Notch signaling pathway based on genetic interactions. Molecularly, Hairless inhibits Notch target gene activation by directly binding to the Notch signal transducer Su(H). Additional functional domains apart from the Su(H) binding domain, however, suggest additional roles for the Hairless protein. To further our understanding of Hairless functions, we have performed a genetic screen for modifiers of a rough eye phenotype caused by overexpression of Hairless during eye development. A number of enhancers were identified that comprise mutations in components of Notch‐ and EGFR‐signaling pathways, some unknown genes and the gene rugose. Mutant alleles of rugose display manifold genetic interactions with mutants in Notch and EGFR signaling pathway components. Accordingly, the rugose eye phenotype is rescued by Hairless and enhanced by Delta. Molecularly, interactions might occur at the protein level because rugose appears not to be a direct transcriptional target of Notch. genesis 33:141–152, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cre‐mediated recombination in rhombic lip derivatives
Authors: Fünfschilling Ursula , Reichardt Louis F. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSummary: To study the development of the cerebellum, we generated a transgenic mouse line Tg(mα6‐cre)B1LFR that expresses CRE recombinase under the GABAA receptor α6 subunit promoter. In this line, recombination of an R26R reporter allele occurred postnatally in granule cells of the cerebellum and dorsal cochlear nucleus, as well as in a subset of precerebellar nuclei in the brainstem. All neurons in which recombination occurred originated during embryogenesis from the rhombic lip. This might be explained by a very early specification event at the rhombic lip that primes cells derived from this structure to express the transgene during neuronal maturation. As no recombination occurred in the inferior olive, it may be derived from a distinct subset of precursors at the rhombic lip. No recombination occurred in any of the interneurons in the cerebellum (stellate cells, basket cells, and Golgi cells), consistent with the hypothesis that they are not derived from the same embryonic tissue as the granule cells. genesis 33:160–169, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
National survey to assess current practices in the diagnosis and management of young people with dementia
Authors: Cordery Rebecca , Harvey Richard , Frost Christopher , Rossor Martin 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundThe Royal College of Psychiatrists has recommended that old age psychiatrists may be best placed to take responsibility for service provision for younger people with dementia. There are concerns however, that if referral between specialists, particularly neurologists and old age psychiatrists, is incomplete, patients may be under investigated or inappropriately followed up.ObjectivesWe have assessed the current level of referral between these specialists, how each investigates their patients and details of follow up care.MethodWe conducted a postal survey of all consultant neurologists and consultant old age psychiatrists in the UK with an overall response rate of 64%.Results and ConclusionsThe ideal of full collaboration between old age psychiatrists and neurologists is not achieved. Young patients may be under investigated if managed solely by an old age psychiatrist and may not receive adequate follow up services if managed solely by a neurologist. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does the presence of anxiety affect the validity of a screening test for depression in the elderly?
Authors: Sinoff Gary , Ore Liora , Zlotogorsky David , Tamir Ada 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIntroductionDepression in the elderly is frequently detected by screening instruments and often accompanied by anxiety. We set out to study if anxiety will affect the ability to detect depression by a screening instrument.ObjectiveTo validate the short Zung depression rating scale in Israeli elderly and to study the affect of anxiety on its validity.DesignThe short Zung was validated against a psychiatric evaluation, in a geriatric inpatient and outpatient service. The overall validity was determined, as well as for subgroups of sufferers and non‐sufferers of anxiety.SettingAn urban geriatric service in Israel.Patients150 medical inpatients and outpatients, aged 70 years and older.MeasuresPsychiatric evaluation of modified Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM‐IV as criterion standard for anxiety and depression and short Zung instrument for depression.ResultsBy criterion validity, 60% suffered from depression. The overall validity of the short Zung was high (sensitivity 71.1%, specificity 88.3%, PPV 90.1%, NPV 67.1%). The validity for those not suffering from anxiety was good (sensitivity 71.1%, specificity 90.2%, PPV 84.4%, NPV 80.7%). In those with anxiety, sensitivity, specificty and PPV were high (71.2%, 77.8%, 94.9% respectively), although the specificity was less than in non‐suffers. However major difference was in the NPV rate being much lower (31.8%).ConclusionThe short Zung, an easily administered instrument for detecting depression, is also valid in the Israeli elderly. However, anxiety limits the usefulness of this instrument in correctly ruling out depression. The clinician must be aware, therefore, that those suffering from anxiety may score negatively for depression on a screening instrument, such as the short Zung. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Care management, dementia care and specialist mental health services: an evaluation
Authors: Challis David , von Abendorff Richard , Brown Pamela , Chesterman John , Hughes Jane 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate a model of intensive case management for people with dementia based in a community‐based mental health service for older people.MethodQuasi‐experimental design. Individuals in one community team setting received case management and were compared with those in a similar team without such a service. Fortythree matched pairs were identified. Eligible older people and their carers were interviewed at uptake and again at 6 and 12 months.ResultsThe impact of the scheme upon placement occurred in the second year at the end of which 51% of the experimental group remained at home compared with 33% of the comparison group. For the experimental group significant improvements in the social contacts of older people were noted; a decrease in the stress of their carers was observed, together with a reduction in their input to the care of the client; and there were significant improvements on ratings of overall need reduction, aspects of daily living and level of risk. Differences between the two groups based on service receipt showed higher costs for the experimental group.DiscussionThe benefits to older people and their carers confirms previous findings that the most effective case management interventions are those targeted on a highly specific client group. Issues which influence the cost‐effectiveness of intensive case management are discussed. The benefits of locating this service within a specialist mental health team are explored in the context of current initiatives to promote greater service integration between health and social services. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Previous stroke but not vascular risk factors are associated with depression in a cognitively impaired older Korean population
Authors: Kim Jae‐Min , Stewart Robert , Shin Il‐Seon , Yoon Jin‐Sang 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundDepression is frequently associated with dementia and mild cognitive impairment. Cerebrovascular disease may be an important aetiological factor for depression in the context of cognitive impairment but has received little investigation in population‐based research.ObjectivesTo investigate the association between vascular disease/risk and depression in an older Korean population with cognitive impairment.MethodsThe sample consisted of 341 persons, drawn from a community study in Kwangju, South Korea, all aged 65 or over and with scores of 24 or below on the Korean version of the Mini‐Mental State Examination. Depression (Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression), vascular disease/risk (interview, examination and blood tests), and disablement were ascertained.ResultsPrevious stroke was associated with depression (Odds Ratio 3.4, 95% Confidence Intervals 1.6–7.4). This association was weaker in the presence of more severe cognitive impairment and higher levels of dependency. No associations were found between depression and any other measures of vascular risk.ConclusionsIn the absence of previous stroke, a role of vascular disease/risk was not supported in the aetiology late‐life depression. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Different activation dynamics in multiple neural systems during simulated driving
Authors: Calhoun Vince D. , Pekar James J. , McGinty Vince B. , Adali Tulay , Watson Todd D. , Pearlson Godfrey D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDriving is a complex behavior that recruits multiple cognitive elements. We report on an imaging study of simulated driving that reveals multiple neural systems, each of which have different activation dynamics. The neural correlates of driving behavior are identified with fMRI and their modulation with speed is investigated. We decompose the activation into interpretable pieces using a novel, generally applicable approach, based upon independent component analysis. Some regions turn on or off, others exhibit a gradual decay, and yet others turn on transiently when starting or stopping driving. Signal in the anterior cingulate cortex, an area often associated with error monitoring and inhibition, decreases exponentially with a rate proportional to driving speed, whereas decreases in frontoparietal regions, implicated in vigilance, correlate with speed. Increases in cerebellar and occipital areas, presumably related to complex visuomotor integration, are activated during driving but not associated with driving speed. Hum. Brain Mapping 16:158–167, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correspondence of event‐related potential tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging during language processing
Authors: Vitacco Deborah , Brandeis Daniel , Pascual‐Marqui Roberto , Martin Ernst 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCombining event‐related potentials (ERP) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) may provide sufficient temporal and spatial resolution to clarify the functional connectivity of neural processes, provided both methods represent the same neural networks. The current study investigates the statistical correspondence of ERP tomography and fMRI within the common activity volume and time range in a complex visual language task. The results demonstrate that both methods represent similar neural networks within the bilateral occipital gyrus, lingual gyrus, precuneus and middle frontal gyrus, and the left inferior and superior parietal lobe, middle and superior temporal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, superior frontal gyrus and precentral gyrus. The mean correspondence of both methods over subjects was significant. On an individual basis, only half of the subjects showed significantly corresponding activity patterns, suggesting that a one‐to‐one correspondence between individual fMRI activation patterns and ERP source tomographies integrated over microstates cannot be assumed in all cases. Hum. Brain Mapping 17:4–12, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heteroatoms and substituent effects: The importance of heteroatom hyperconjugation
Authors: King James F. , Li Manqing , Cheng Allan Z. , Dave Vinod 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe have found that the specific rate of α‐sulfonyl carbanion formation in a β‐substituted sulfone shows a sizable dependence on the HCαCβX torsion angle. Defining kN = (kexch)X/(kexch)model (where the model has X = H or an alkyl group) we observed for a collection of β‐alkoxy sulfones (X = OR) acceptable agreement with the expression log kN = a + b cos2 θ (where a = 1.70 and b = 2.62). Extension to other β‐substituents (X = RS, R2N, and R3N+) yields the same pattern, with the last showing very large dependence of kN on the torsion angle (b = 6.3). These observations are ascribed to the presence (in addition to the inductive and field effects) of negative hyperconjugation responsible for accelerations of 1000‐fold and more, deriving from donation of the incipient negative charge on carbon into the σ*CX orbital in the transition state. These observations reflect, and at the same time underline, the importance of the low‐lying antibonding orbitals present in heteroatomic molecules. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:397–405, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10067
Synthesis of highly reactive organosulfur compounds
Authors: Okazaki Renji , Goto Kei 
Published: October 2002

AbstractApplication of novel bowl‐type and dendrimer‐type steric protection groups to the first synthesis of stable aromatic S‐nitrosothiols is described. These compounds showed remarkable thermal stability whereas they easily reacted with appropriate reagents. X‐ray crystallographic analysis established their structures, where the CSNO linkage adopts only the syn conformation. Synthesis of a stable sulfenic acid by taking advantage of the bowl‐type substituent is also delineated. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:414–418, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10068
Chalcogenuranyl dications bearing unusual bonds and charges
Authors: Furukawa Naomichi , Sato Soichi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA sulfuranyl dication was first prepared from the corresponding tetravalent bis(2,2′‐biphenylylene)sulfurane via initial formation of the corresponding hexavalent‐persulfurane. The structure of this new dication was found to have a tetracoordinated form as determined by X‐ray crystallographic analysis as well as by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Similarly, selenurane and tellurane dication species were also detected by 1H, 13C, 77Se, and 125Te NMR spectroscopy. These chalcogenuranyl dications are the isoelectronic analogues of phosphonium salts and silanes. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:406–413, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10089
Defects in G1‐S cell cycle control in head and neck cancer: A review
Authors: Michalides Rob J. A. M. , van de Brekel Michiel , Balm Fons 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTumors gradually develop as a result of a multistep acquisition of genetic alterations and ultimately emerge as selflsh, intruding and metastatic cells. The genetic defects associated with the process of tumor progression affect control of proliferation, programmed cell death, cell aging, angiogenesis, escape from immune control and metastasis. Fundamental cancer research over the last thirty years has revealed a multitude of genetic alterations which specify more or less separate steps in tumor development and which are collectively responsible for the process of tumor progression. The genes affected play in normal cells a crucial role in control over cell duplication and the interaction between cells, and between cells and their direct surrounding. This is illustrated on control during the G1/S phase of the cell cycle by its ultimate regulators: cyclins and cyclin dependent kinases. These proteins not only control the transition through the G1/S phase of the cell cycle, but also serve as mediators of the interaction between cells, and between cells and their surrounding. Defaults in the regulation of these proteins are associated with tumor progression, and, therefore, serve as targets for therapy. Defaults in those genes are found in various tumor types, although some of those prevail in particular tumor types. In this review emphasis is given to the defaults that occur in head and neck cancer. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Palatal adhesion: The treatment of unilateral palatal paralysis after high vagus nerve injury
Authors: Netterville James L. , Fortune Scott , Stanziale Steve , Billante Cheryl R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundResection of skull base tumors commonly necessitates intraoperative sacrifice of lower cranial nerves at the level of the jugular foramen. Sequelae of unilateral vagus nerve loss include ipsilateral laryngeal paralysis, ipsilateral palatal and pharyngeal paralysis, and velopharyngeal incompetence (VPI) marked by hypernasal speech and nasopharyngeal reflux of liquids during swallowing.MethodsPalatal adhesion (PA), a procedure whereby the unilaterally paralyzed palate is attached to the posterior pharyngeal wall, decreases the size of the velopharyngeal port and minimizes the symptoms. This study assessed the outcome of PA in 31 patients with VPI secondary to proximal vagus nerve injury.ResultsPA decreased postoperative nasality in 96% of patients. Nasopharyngeal reflux was significantly improved in 83%. Three patients (11%) had minor wound breakdown postoperatively, all of which healed completely with conservative management.ConclusionPA offers a favorable result with minimal concomitant morbidity and is recommended for patients with VPI secondary to unilateral proximal vagus nerve paralysis. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 721–730, 2002
Computers in delivery of ergonomic technology for safety in the workplace: ErgoRisk©, an example
Authors: Kumar Shrawan 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe computer is one of the essential tools in the delivery of ergonomic technology for achieving optimized safety at work. This article rationalizes the rightful place of computers in the hierarchy of ergonomics. Clearly, science and knowledge have the central place from which the technology flows. Harnessing discrete bits of technology into effective techniques lends us the ability to practice and apply ergonomic technology for safety. One of the most versatile and powerful media for application of these technologies is the computer. In an application sense, the computer acts as a funnel. Complex signals, involved functional relationship, and sophisticated processing using complex physiological, biomechanical, and cognitive models are systematically and accurately executed through the medium of the computer. Examples are presented to illustrate these arguments. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Changes in protein kinase C (PKC) activity, isozyme translocation, and GAP‐43 phosphorylation in the rat hippocampal formation after a single‐trial contextual fear conditioning paradigm
Authors: Young Elizabeth , Cesena Teresa , Meiri Karina F. , Perrone‐Bizzozero Nora I. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe hippocampus plays an important role in spatial learning and memory. However, the biochemical alterations that subserve this function remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, rats were subjected to a single‐trial contextual fear conditioning (CFC) paradigm; the activation of different protein kinase C (PKC) subtypes and the levels and phosphorylation of the plasticity‐associated protein GAP‐43 were assayed in the hippocampus at varying times after training. We observed a rapid activation of hippocampal PKC (15 min through 24 h), with differential translocation of the PKC isotypes studied. At early times after CFC (15–90 min), PKCα and PKCγ translocated to the membrane, while PKCβII and PKCϵ moved more transiently (15 to 30 min) to the cytosol. These PKC isotypes returned to the membrane at later time points after CFC. Correlating with these changes in PKC translocation and activity, there was an early decrease in GAP‐43 phosphorylation followed by a more sustained increase from 1.5‐72 h. GAP‐43 protein levels were also increased after 3 h, and these levels remained elevated for at least 72 h. These changes in PKC and GAP‐43 were specific to the CFC trained animals and no changes were seen in animals exposed to the same stimuli in a non‐associative fashion. Comparison of translocation of different PKC isotypes with the changes in GAP‐43 phosphorylation suggested that PKCβII and PKCϵ may mediate both the early changes in the phosphorylation of this protein and the increases in GAP‐43 expression at later times after CFC. Hippocampus 2002;12:457–464. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.