bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Stochastic Variability Associated with ENSO and the Role of the MJO
Authors: Batstone Crispian , Hendon Harry H. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
To shed light onto the possible role of stochastic forcing of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the characteristics of observed tropical atmospheric variability that is statistically uncoupled from slowly evolving sea surface temperature (SST) are diagnosed. The Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) is shown to be the dominant mode of variability within these uncoupled or “stochastic” components. The dominance of the MJO is important because the MJO generates oceanic Kelvin waves and perturbs SST in the equatorial Pacific that may feed back onto the El Niño–Southern Oscillation. The seasonality present in the uncoupled zonal stress (maximum in austral summer), which reflects the seasonality of MJO activity, is also transmitted to the eastern Pacific thermocline variability by these Kelvin waves. Hence, the MJO component of the uncoupled stress could plausibly contribute to the observed phase locking of ENSO to the seasonal cycle.
During an El Niño event, maximum uncoupled zonal stress variance shifts eastward from the western Pacific along with the coupled surface westerly wind and warm SST anomalies. The MJO accounts for less than half of this low-frequency behavior of the uncoupled stress but accounts for nearly two-thirds of the resultant thermocline variability. The uncoupled zonal stress also exhibits weak, westerly anomalies in the western Pacific some 8–10 months prior to El Niño, which is mostly accounted for by the low-frequency (period ≫ 50 days) behavior of the MJO. This low-frequency behavior possibly explains why observed El Niño variability is recovered when weakly damped models are forced with similar estimates of observed stochastic zonal stress.
A Comparison of Total Precipitable Water between Reanalyses and NVAP
Authors: Sudradjat Arief , Ferraro Ralph R. , Fiorino Michael 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study compares monthly total precipitable water (TPW) from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Water Vapor Project (NVAP) and reanalyses of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) (R-1), NCEP–Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP-II) (R-2), and the 40-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40) from January 1988 through December 1999. Based on the means, NVAP exhibits systematic wetter land regions relative to the other datasets reflecting differences in their analyses due to paucity in radiosonde observations. ERA-40 is wetter in the atmospheric convergence zones than the U.S. reanalyses and NVAP ranges in between. Differences in the annual cycle between the reanalyses (especially R-2) and NVAP are also noticeable over the tropical oceans. Analyses on the interannual variabilities show that the ENSO-related spatial pattern in ERA-40 follows more coherently that of NVAP than those of the U.S. reanalyses. The 1997/98 El Niño’s effect on TPW is shown to be strongest only in NVAP, R-1, and ERA-40 during the period of study. All the datasets show TPW decreases in the Tropics following the 1991 Mt. Pinatubo eruption. By subtracting SST-estimated TPW from the datasets, only NVAP and ERA-40 can well represent the spatial pattern of convergence and/or moist-air advection zones in the Tropics. Even though all the datasets are viable for water cycle and climate analyses with discrepancies (wetness and dryness) to be aware of, this study has found that NVAP and ERA-40 perform better than the U.S. reanalyses during the 12-yr period.
Home-Centred Working Class Parents' Attitudes Towards their Sons' Education and Careers
Authors: Toomey Derek M. 
Published: June 2005

Working class parents' attitudes to their sons' education and future occupations are examined to see if there are variations in line with the embourgeoisement thesis. Parents' aspirations for their sons are higher and their involvement in their sons' education stronger amongst those with a high expenditure on housing, the home and consumer durables, holding constant the `middle classness' of their own backgrounds. Those with higher expenditure of this kind are also more likely to be socially isolated and home-centred in their leisure activities and to evidence greater overlapping of conjugal roles. The more socially isolated and home-centred parents have higher aspirations for their children and greater involvement in their children's education; the involvement of the father in his children's education appears to be particularly important. The more socially isolated, home-centred parents are also more likely to vote Conservative. The scholastic achievement of the child is the most influential determinant of parental aspirations. The evidence is that the above patterns are not the result of the middle-classness of the parents' home backgrounds, education or work histories. Two interpretations are considered: firstly that these middle class patterns of behaviour are the result of the influence of middle class people, such as the boys' teachers; and secondly that they result from the advantageous effects upon the boys' scholastic achievement of the home environments to be found amongst home-centred families. The two explanations are not regarded as mutually exclusive.
Students and University Teachers: A Case Study of Informal Student Pressures
Authors: Campbell Hilary 
Published: June 2005

In the university of `Kamakura' in a developing country, the university teachers officially hold the main power. Nevertheless students successfully exert many informal pressures on them. These pressures (and the compromises in which they result) are of two main kinds. First, there are those by groups (a lecture class, a seminar group, or a group of examinees). Second there are pressures and compromises which involve individual students and staff. These sometimes result in a long-term relationship between individual staff and students similar to a patron-client relationship. The main spheres in which these individual student pressures operate are consultation about the student's academic work and future career, financial and administrative problems, and formal appointments of students as personal research assistants. Both sides benefit from the relationship, but the main gains and the main pressures are on the side of the student. This analysis parallels work on other types of complex organization elsewhere and has implications for research on British universities where it is possible that similar patterns may be found.
Path Analysis: Supplementary Procedures
Authors: Hope Keith 
Published: June 2005

The first purpose of this paper is to indicate the circumstances in which path coefficients may be accepted as adequate guides to the relative importance of anterior (causal) variables in a path analysis. It is shown that weights in a regression equation may be regarded as indicators of importance, in the sense of determinants of proportions of variance, if the (projection of the) variate defined by the equation coincides with a principal component of the anterior variables. The second purpose of the paper is to illustrate the usefulness of employing generalized multiple regression (analysis by canonical correlations) as an aid in the interpretation of a path diagram. The discussion is illustrated by reference to the path analysis which appears in `Ability and Achievement' by Professor 0. Dudley Duncan.
The Language of Colonial Urbanization
Authors: King Anthony D. 
Published: June 2005

Ethnosemantics has been described as the study of vocabulary as a guide to the way in which members of a particular culture divide up their universe. Making a selective use of the ethnosemantic approach, the paper examines the relationship between language (nomenclature), social organization and physical-spatial urban form. The particular sphere in which this relationship is investigated is provided by the colonial third culture. By examining the etymology of thirty four key items in the terminological system of the colonial urban settlement and of colonial urbanization in India, insights are gained, not only into the `urban universe' of the colonial community and into the origins of the still-existing physical-spatial urban forms into which this was translated, but also into the structure of social, economic and political relationships which such forms reflect.The ethnosemantic approach to the study of the colonial city is suggested as a useful heuristic device, both for the contribution it makes towards understanding selected aspects of `urbanism', as also for the insights it gives into policy-relevant issues of urban redevelopment. The approach has relevance for urban analysis in other cultural settings.
Lower Class Attitudes to Property: Aspects of the Counter-Ideology
Authors: Moorhouse H. F. , Chamberlain C. W. 
Published: June 2005

This paper discusses recent speculation concerning the normative bond which ties the lower class to the present structure of British society. It focuses on the assertions by some theorists that the normative opposition which can arise `spontaneously' within the lower class is inherently limited in scope, and that any future class based movements of a radical kind depend on the action of agencies `external' to the lower class. Some preliminary results are presented from a recent survey of council tenants in Barking, East London, some of whom were on rent strike. This evidence reveals the existence of attitudes `deviant' to dominant values concerning the ownership and rights of property. In conclusion, the nature of lower class normative opposition is reasessed and it is suggested that the lower class are not as conceptually restricted as is often suggested, and that future possibilities of radical action do not necessarily depend on the activities of the Labour Party or trade unions.
How Teachers Perceive First-Year Schoolchildren: Sex and Ethnic Differences
Authors: Ingleby J. D. , Cooper Elizabeth 
Published: June 2005

A survey was conducted on the categories considered relevant by teachers when judging first-year schoolchildren. Six rating scales were derived and applied to 180 English children in a multi-racial urban area, yielding data on perceived differences between ethnic groups and between boys and girls. Changes occurring during the school year were recorded, and the structure of the scales was analysed using `repertory grid' techniques. Results suggest that the rating technique developed gives reliable and sensitive measures, but that teachers' judgements are highly global; two-thirds of the total variance in them was accounted for by a single Principal Component. Sex differences diminished over the first year, but ethnic ones did not, while ethnic differences in a school for educationally subnormal children were the reverse of those found in normal schools.
Social Enquiries in the People's Republic of China
Authors: Siu-Lun Wong 
Published: June 2005

After a period of vigorous growth in the 1930S and 1940s, sociology as an academic discipline in China ceased to exist soon after the establishment of the People's Republic. During a brief period of free expression in 1957, some of the former sociologists sought a place for sociology within the framework of socialism. Their attempt failed as they tried to link the revival of sociology with the political vision of creating an effective opposition party of intellectuals. Though professional and institutional sociology does not exist, other forms of social inquiry are carried out in contemporary China. The first area of research involves some former sociologists and anthropologists in the study of national minorities and emigrant Chinese communities. The second area includes social and historical studies of four institutions—the family, the factory, the village, and the communes-which have been conducted as part of a popular campaign to instil revolutionary consciousness among the masses. The third area consists of the survey research carried out mainly by party cadres to formulate, implement, and evaluate policies. These forms of social inquiry are mainly shaped by the political pre-occupations in contemporary Chinese society, namely, the `contradictions' of `rightist conservatism and leftist adventurism', `democracy and centralism', and `redness and expertness'. The demise of professional sociology also testifies to the shaky institutional roots that the group of western-trained intellectuals had in modem China.
Social Class and Linguistic Choice
Authors: Edwards A. D. 
Published: June 2005

The speech of eleven-year old children, in socially contrasted groups, was analysed across a range of communicative tasks. The analysis was directed by three questions. What social class indicators appeared in their speech? How did these relate to social class differences found in comparable research, and to those expected on the basis of Bernstein's theory of socio-linguistic codes? Given the wide social range within the sample, consistent group differences might have been expected. On most of the `traditional' measures, these did not appear. There were differences on the measures most directly related to the `planning principles' said to underly restricted and elaborated codes. A main conclusion of the research is the extreme difficulty of defining linguistic `realizations' of social difference, and so `translating a sociological language into a linguistic language'.
History and Sociology: An Analysis Of Weber's The City
Authors: Spencer Martin E. 
Published: June 2005

There is a tension between History and Sociology in which the historian tends to focus on the concrete historical reality while the sociologist focuses on increasingly abstract models. This tension is resolved in historical sociology where implicit sociological paradigms are derived from and applied to concrete historical reality. In his study The City Weber practices a true historical sociology in contradistinction to the formal theoretical sociology developed in his Economy and Society. In The City Weber develops implicit sociological paradigms of the group, power, and the relation between economics and politics that are nowhere to be found in his formal theoretical sociology, and that indeed, in some instances, contradict the latter. In The City Weber also utilizes an historical paradigm that resolves the tension between History and Sociology by way of a dialectic in which the sociological paradigm becomes a pure heuristic which is negated at the moment when the historical sociologist returns to the contemplation of the concrete historical reality.
Difference in clinical features between Japanese and German patients with refractory anemia in myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: Matsuda Akira , Germing Ulrich , Jinnai Itsuro , Misumi Motohiro , Kuendgen Andrea , Knipp Sabine , Aivado Manuel , Iwanaga Masako , Miyazaki Yasushi , Tsushima Hideki , Sakai Mari , Bessho Masami , Tomonaga Masao 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSeveral reports indicate that there might be differences in clinical features between Asian and Western myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) cases. We analyzed refractory anemia (RA) in French-American-British (FAB) classification cases diagnosed in Japan and Germany to perform a more exact comparison between Asian and Western MDS types. In the first step, we analyzed agreement of morphologic diagnosis between Japanese and German hematologists. Blood and bone marrow slides of 129 patients diagnosed with FAB-RA, FAB-RA with ringed sideroblasts (RARS), or aplastic anemia were selected randomly and evaluated separately by each group. The agreements of diagnoses according to FAB and World Health Organization (WHO) classifications were 98.4% and 83.8%, respectively. Second, we compared clinical features between 131 Japanese and 597 German patients with FAB-RA. Japanese patients were significantly younger than German patients. Japanese patients had more severe cytopenias. However, prognosis of Japanese patients was significantly more favorable than that of German patients. Japanese patients had a significantly lower cumulative risk of acute leukemia evolution than did German patients. Frequency of WHO-RA in Japanese patients with FAB-RA was significantly higher than that in German patients. In conclusion, our results indicate that the clinical features of Japanese patients with FAB-RA differ from those of German patients.
In vivo aspirin supplementation inhibits nitric oxide consumption by human platelets
Authors: Williams P. Claire , Coffey Marcus J. , Coles Barbara , Sanchez Stephanie , Morrow Jason D. , Cockcroft John R. , Lewis Malcolm J. , O'Donnell Valerie B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAntiplatelet therapies improve endothelial function in atherosclerosis, suggesting that platelets regulate vascular nitric oxide (NO) bioactivity in vivo. Herein, washed platelets consumed NO on activation in an aspirin-sensitive manner, and aspirin enhanced platelet NO responses in vitro. To examine whether in vivo aspirin can inhibit platelet NO consumption, a double-blind placebo-controlled study was conducted. After a 2-week nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)–free period, healthy men were randomly assigned and administered aspirin (75 mg/d orally) or identical placebo for 14 days, then crossed over to the opposite arm. Following in vivo aspirin, NO consumption by platelets was inhibited 91%. Rate of onset and recovery following aspirin withdrawal was consistent with cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1) inhibition. In a small substudy, NO consumption by platelets from postmenopausal women was faster in hypercholesterolemics and less sensitive to aspirin (ie, 39% versus 76% inhibition for hypercholesterolemics or normocholesterolemics, respectively). However, 150 mg aspirin/day increased inhibition of NO consumption by platelets of hypercholesterolemics to 80%. Comparisons of platelet COX-1 or -2 expression and urinary 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 excretion suggested that aspirin was less able to block platelet activation in vivo in hypercholesterolemia. In conclusion, aspirin inhibits NO consumption by platelets from healthy subjects, but its beneficial effects on NO bioactivity may be compromised in some hypercholesterolemic patients.
ZAP-70 is a novel conditional heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) client: inhibition of Hsp90 leads to ZAP-70 degradation, apoptosis, and impaired signaling in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Castro Januario E. , Prada Carlos E. , Loria Olivier , Kamal Adeela , Chen Liguang , Burrows Francis J. , Kipps Thomas J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe zeta-associated protein of 70 kDa (ZAP-70) is expressed in patients with aggressive chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). We found that ZAP-70+ CLL cells expressed activated heat-shock protein 90 (Hsp90) with high binding affinity for Hsp90 inhibitors, such as 17-allyl-amino-demethoxy-geldanamycin (17-AAG), whereas normal lymphocytes or ZAP-70- CLL cells expressed nonactivated Hsp90. Activated Hsp90 bound and stabilized ZAP-70, which behaved like an Hsp90 client protein only in CLL cells. Treatment with Hsp90 inhibitors such as 17-AAG and 17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-DMAG) induced ZAP-70 degradation and apoptosis in CLL cells but not in T cells, and also impaired B-cell receptor signaling in leukemia cells. Transduction of ZAP-70- CLL cells with an adenovirus encoding ZAP-70 activated Hsp90 and specifically rendered the leukemia cells sensitive to 17-AAG. These data indicate that Hsp90 is necessary for ZAP-70 expression and activity; that ZAP-70 is unique among Hsp90 clients, in that its chaperone-dependency is conditional on the cell type in which it is expressed; and also that ZAP-70 is required for cell survival and signaling in CLL. Additionally, ZAP-70 expression in CLL cells confers markedly heightened sensitivity to 17-AAG or 17-DMAG, suggesting that these or other Hsp90 inhibitors could be valuable therapeutically in patients with aggressive CLL. (Blood. 2005;106:2506-2512)
Reduced frequency of FOXP3+ CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease
Authors: Zorn Emmanuel , Kim Haesook T. , Lee Stephanie J. , Floyd Blair H. , Litsa Despina , Arumugarajah Sankari , Bellucci Roberto , Alyea Edwin P. , Antin Joseph H. , Soiffer Robert J. , Ritz Jerome 
Published: June 2005

AbstractChronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is a major complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation but the immune mechanisms leading to the diverse clinical manifestations of cGVHD remain unknown. In this study, we examined regulatory T cells (Tregs) in 57 transplant recipients (30 with cGVHD and 27 without active cGVHD) and 26 healthy donors. Phenotypic studies demonstrated decreased frequency of CD4+CD25+ T cells in patients with cGVHD compared with patients without cGVHD (P &lt; .001) and healthy individuals (P &lt; .001). Gene expression of Treg transcription factor FOXP3 was reduced in cGVHD patients compared with patients without cGVHD (P = .009) or healthy donors (P = .01). T-cell receptor excision circle (TREC) assays for the evaluation of thymus activity revealed fewer TRECs in both transplant groups compared with healthy donors (P &lt; .001 and P = .02, respectively) although no difference was observed between patients with or without cGVHD (P = .13). When tested in functional assays, Tregs from both patient cohorts and healthy individuals mediated equivalent levels of suppression. Collectively, these studies indicate that patients with active cGVHD have reduced frequencies of Tregs but the function of these cells remains normal. These findings support the development of new strategies to increase the number of Tregs following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation to prevent or correct cGVHD. (Blood. 2005; 106:2903-2911)
Aggregometry detects platelet hyperreactivity in healthy individuals
Authors: Yee Donald L. , Sun Carol W. , Bergeron Angela L. , Dong Jing-fei , Bray Paul F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAggregometry is widely used to assess platelet function, but its use in identifying platelet hyperreactivity is poorly defined. We studied platelet aggregation in 359 healthy individuals using the agonists adenosine diphosphate (ADP), epinephrine, collagen, collagen-related peptide, and ristocetin. We also assessed the reproducibility of these assays in 27 subjects by studying them repeatedly on at least 4 separate occasions. Healthy subjects exhibited considerable interindividual variability in aggregation response to agonists, especially at concentrations lower than those typically used in clinical laboratories. For each agonist tested at these submaximal concentrations, a small proportion of individuals demonstrated an unusually robust aggregation response. Subjects who exhibited such in vitro hyperreactivity to one agonist tended to demonstrate a similar response to others, suggesting that hyperreactivity is a global characteristic of platelets. Epinephrine and collagen-related peptide were especially reliable and efficient in detecting hyperreactivity. For epinephrine, excellent reproducibility persisted for up to 3 years, and hyperreactivity was associated with female sex and higher fibrinogen levels (P &lt; .02). We recommend these assays as appropriate candidates for future studies requiring accurate assessment of increased platelet reactivity. These include clinical studies to improve risk assessment for arterial thrombosis, as well as genetic studies to establish determinants of the hyperreactive platelet phenotype.