bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of a mouth rinse containing phenolic compounds on plaque formation and developing gingivitis
Authors: Sekino Satoshi , Ramberg Per 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBackground: The clinical effect of Listerine®, a mouth rinse containing a mixture of phenolic compounds, is ascribed to its bactericidal properties. However, phenolic compounds are also known to interfere with the inflammatory process.Objective: The purpose of this clinical trial was to evaluate the effect of regular mouth rinsing with Listerine®on plaque and gingivitis during a 2‐week period of no mechanical oral hygiene.Material and Methods: Twenty‐one subjects were recruited for the study. On Day 0 of each 2‐week experimental period, the participants were told to abstain from all mechanical plaque‐control measures but to rinse twice a day with 10 ml of the assigned solution (test: Listerine®, positive control:0.1% chlorhexidine (CHX), negative control: saline) for 60 s. Each experimental period was preceded by a 2‐week period including oral hygiene instruction, scaling and professional mechanical tooth cleaning. Examinations included assessments of plaque and gingivitis (Days 0 and 14), sampling of plaque and collection of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) (Days 0, 7 and 14). From the supragingival plaque samples, six different morphotypes of bacteria were counted using dark‐field microscopy. The GCF collected was analysed with respect to the content of lactoferrin and albumin.Results: During the experimental periods, it was observed that significantly less plaque formed and less gingivitis developed when the participants rinsed with the Listerine® mouthwash than with saline solution. However, significantly more plaque formed during the Listerine® than during the CHX rinse period, while there was no significant difference in the development of gingival bleeding between the Listerine® and the CHX rinse regimens. Significantly smaller proportions of motile rods and fusiforms were found in the List and CHX groups than in the control (Ctrl) group. The increase of the lactoferrin/albumin ratio in the List group was significantly smaller than that in the Ctrl group but significantly larger than in the CHX group.Conclusion: It was suggested that the effect of Listerine® on gingivitis is more pronounced than on plaque formation. This indicates that the phenolic compound may have anti‐inflammatory effects.
Use of the Vector™ scaling unit in supportive periodontal therapy: a subjective patient evaluation
Authors: Hoffman A. , Marshall R. I. , Bartold P. M. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBackground: Patient discomfort is one reason for poor compliance with supportive periodontal therapy (SPT). The aim of this study was to compare the levels of discomfort during SPT, using the Vector™ system and treatment with a conventional ultrasonic scaler.Methods: Forty‐six patients with an SPT programme were debrided using both the Vector™ system and a conventional piezo‐electric scaler (Sirona™) in a split mouth design. A visual analogue scale was used to evaluate of pain scores upon completion of treatment. A verbal response scale(VRS) was used to assess discomfort, vibration and noise associated with the scaling system, as well as the volume and taste of the coolant used by these systems.Results: Patients instrumented with the Vector™ system experienced approximately half the amount of pain compared with the conventional ultrasonic scaling system. The VRS showed that the Vector™ system caused less discomfort than the conventional ultrasonic scaling system when assessed for pain, vibration, noise and volume of coolant. These findings were all statistically significant. There was, however, no statistically significant difference between the two systems when assessed for taste.Conclusion: During SPT the Vector™ system caused reduced discomforting sensations compared with conventional methods and may be useful in improving compliance with SPT programmes.
Oral findings and periodontal status in children, adolescents and young adults suffering from renal failure
Authors: Davidovich E. , Schwarz Z. , Davidovitch M. , Eidelman E. , Bimstein E. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAim: Describe the oral condition of chronic renal failure and healthy subjects, and the relationship between oral variables, chronic renal failure (CRF) conditions, and their treatment.Materials and Methods: Four renal failure groups: chronic renal disease (n=22); undergoing dialysis (n=22); after dialysis and transplant (n=21); and after transplant (n=32), and a healthy control (n=38) were examined. Caries, enamel hypoplasia, pulp obliteration, plaque index, gingival bleeding, recession, overgrowth and index, probing depths, attachment loss, renal treatments and their relations with the oral variables were analysed.Results: The renal failure groups had higher gingival index (GI) and bleeding, probing depths, attachment loss, hypoplasia and obliteration and less caries, than the control. Plaque was higher in the dialysis and pre‐dialysis (PD) groups. Overgrowth was evident after transplant. The PD group showed lower GI than other renal groups. Dialysis duration and end‐stage renal failure significantly correlated with gingivitis, probing depth, attachment loss and enamel hypoplasia. Immuran® correlated positively with probing depth, gingival recession and attachment loss. Normiten® and Nifedipine® had positive correlations with gingival overgrowth.Conclusions: CRF patients are characterized by pulp obliteration, gingival and periodontal diseases. Duration of end stage renal failure and type of systemic treatment have a significant influence on the oral condition.
Adjunctive benefits of systemic amoxicillin and metronidazole in non‐surgical treatment of generalized aggressive periodontitis: a randomized placebo‐controlled clinical trial
Authors: Guerrero Adrian , Griffiths Gareth S. , Nibali Luigi , Suvan Jean , Moles David R. , Laurell Lars , Tonetti Maurizio S. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBackground: The objective of this study was to assess the adjunctive clinical effect of the administration of systemic amoxicillin and metronidazole in the non‐surgical treatment of generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAP).Methods: Forty‐one systemically healthy subjects with GAP were included in this 6‐month double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, randomized clinical trial. Patients received a course of full‐mouth non‐surgical periodontal treatment delivered over a 24 h period using machine‐driven and hand instruments. Test subjects received an adjunctive course of systemic antibiotic consisting of 500 mg amoxicillin and 500 mg metronidazole three times a day for 7 days. Clinical parameters were collected at baseline, and at 2 and 6 months post‐treatment.Results: In both the test and the placebo groups, all clinical parameters improved at 2 and 6 months. In deep pockets (7 mm), the test treatment resulted in an additional 1.4 mm (95% confidence interval 0.8, 2.0 mm) in full‐mouth probing pocket depth (PPD) reduction and 1 mm (0.7, 1.3 mm) of life cumulative attachment loss (LCAL) gain at 6 months. In moderate pockets (4–6 mm), the adjunctive benefit was smaller in magnitude: PPD reduction was 0.4 mm (0.1, 0.7 mm) and LCAL gain was 0.5 mm (0.2, 0.8 mm). In addition, the 6‐month data showed LCAL gains 2 mm at 25% of sites in test patients compared with 16% in placebo (p=0.028). Similarly, PPD reductions of 2 mm or more were observed in 30% of sites in test and 21% of sites in placebo patients. Seventy‐four percent of pockets with PPD 5 mm at baseline were 4 mm or shallower at 6 months in the test group. This compared with 54% in the placebo group (p=0.008). Disease progression at 6 months was observed at 1.5% of test and 3.3% of sites in test and placebo, respectively (p=0.072).Conclusions: These data indicate that a 7‐day adjunctive course of systemic metronidazole and amoxicillin significantly improved the short‐term clinical outcomes of full‐mouth non‐surgical periodontal debridement in subjects with GAP.
Effects of Tempol, a membrane‐permeable radical scavenger, in a rodent model periodontitis
Authors: Di Paola Rosanna , Mazzon Emanuela , Zito Daniele , Maiere Daniele , Britti Domenico , Genovese Tiziana , Cuzzocrea Salvatore 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBackground: Recent studies have demonstrated that Tempol (4‐hydroxy‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxyl), a cell membrane‐permeable radical scavenger, exerts protective effects in various models of inflammation and shock. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a pivotal role in the induction of genes involved in physiological processes as well as in the response to inflammation.Aim: We have investigated the effect of Tempol in a rat model of periodontitis.Materials and Methods: Periodontitis was induced in rats by placing a 2/0 braided silk ligature around the lower left first molar. At day 8, the gingivomucosal tissue encircling the mandibular first molar was removed for evaluation of neutrophils infiltration, tissue permeability, nitrotyrosine formation, poly‐(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) activation, radiography and histology.Results and conclusions: Legation significantly induced an increased neutrophil infiltration and a positive staining for nitrotyrosine formation and PARP activation. Ligation significantly increased Evans blue extravasation in gingivomucosal tissue and alveolar bone erosion as evaluated by radiography analysis. Intraperitonial injection of Tempol (10 mg/kg daily for 8 days) significantly decreased all of the parameters of inflammation as described above. This suggests that antioxidant therapies, which interfere with ROS, may be of benefit in the treatment of periodontitis.
Infection patterns in chronic and aggressive periodontitis
Authors: Picolos Doros K. , Lerche‐Sehm Julia , Abron Armin , Fine James B. , Papapanou Panos N. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBackground: We revisited the postulate that localized aggressive periodontitis (LAP) patients have robust serum antibody (ab) responses to periodontal pathogens while patients with generalized aggressive periodontitis (GAP) show weak responses. We also studied ab responses in localized chronic (LCP) and generalized chronic periodontitis (GCP).Methods: Fifty‐seven patients (14–74 years, 25% male, 70% Hispanic, 26% African American) were studied (15 LAP, 19 GAP, 11 LCP, 12 GCP patients). Three plaque samples/subject were analysed with respect to 15 species, and serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) responses to the same bacteria were determined. Ab responses were expressed as log‐transformed titres, and “infection ratios”, i.e., log‐transformed ratios of ab titre over the subject‐based mean bacterial load for the homologous species.Results: The results failed to corroborate the postulate that LAG patients have robust responses to infecting agents while GAP subjects exhibit weak responses. This held true for ab to “red complex”, “orange complex”, and health‐associated species, and for both titres and infection ratios. Similarly, no differences were found between ab titres or infection ratios in chronic and aggressive periodontitis, or their extent‐based subdivisions.Conclusions: A distinction between the two principal categories of the current periodontitis classification cannot be established by the study of infection patterns.
Imbalance between soluble tumour necrosis factor receptors type 1 and 2 in chronic periodontitis
Authors: Ikezawa Ikuyo , Tai Hideaki , Shimada Yasuko , Komatsu Yasutaka , Galicia Johnah C. , Yoshie Hiromasa 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBackground: Soluble types of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptors type 1 and 2 modulate the TNF‐α‐mediated inflammatory responses in chronic periodontitis (CP).Objectives: This study investigated the levels of TNF‐α, soluble TNF receptor type 1 and 2 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum of healthy subjects and CP patients.Materials and Methods: Thirty‐eight sera and 73 GCF samples were collected from 16 healthy subjects and 22 CP patients. GCF was collected from probing pocket depth (PPD)3 mm sites of healthy subjects, PPD3, 4–6 and 7 mm sites of CP patients. The levels of TNF‐α, soluble TNF receptor type 1 and 2 in the serum and GCF were quantified by enzyme‐linked immunosorbant assay.Results: The total amounts of TNF‐α, soluble TNF receptor type 1 and 2 in GCF significantly elevated with increasing PPD in both site‐based (p<0.05) and subject‐based (p<0.05) analyses. However, their levels progressively diverged as the pocket depths increased, with the soluble TNF receptor type 2 level being comparatively lower than type 1. On the other hand, soluble TNF receptor type 2/type 1 ratios in GCF decreased as the severity of periodontitis increased (p<0.0001).Conclusion: The imbalance between soluble TNF receptor type 1 and 2 levels in GCF could be related to CP severity.
Application of Fluorescent Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism for Comparison of Human and Animal Isolates of
Yersinia enterocolitica
Authors: Fearnley Catherine , On Stephen L. W. , Kokotovic Branko , Manning Georgina , Cheasty Tom , Newell Diane G. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACT

An amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) method, developed to genotype
Yersinia enterocolitica
, has been used to investigate 70 representative strains isolated from humans, pigs, sheep, and cattle in the United Kingdom. AFLP primarily distinguished
Y. enterocolitica
strains according to their biotype, with strains dividing into two distinct clusters: cluster A, comprising largely the putatively pathogenic biotypes (BT2 to -4), and cluster B, comprising the putatively nonpathogenic biotype 1A strains and a single BT1B isolate. Within these two clusters, subclusters formed largely on the basis of serotype. However, AFLP profiles also allowed differentiation of strains within these serotype-related subclusters, indicating the high discriminatory power of the technique for
Y. enterocolitica
. Investigation of the relationship between strain AFLP profile and host confirmed that pigs are, and provides further proof that sheep may be, potential sources of human infection with putatively pathogenic strains. However, the results suggest that some strains causing human disease do not come from veterinary sources identifiable at this time. The distribution of some BT1A isolates within cluster A raises questions about the relationship between virulence potential and biotype.
Pyruvate Fermentation by
Oenococcus oeni
and
Leuconostoc mesenteroides
and Role of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase in Anaerobic Fermentation
Authors: Wagner Nicole , Tran Quang Hon , Richter Hanno , Selzer Paul M. , Unden Gottfried 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACT

The heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria
Oenococcus oeni
and
Leuconostoc mesenteroides
are able to grow by fermentation of pyruvate as the carbon source (2 pyruvate → 1 lactate + 1 acetate + 1 CO
2
). The growth yields amount to 4.0 and 5.3 g (dry weight)/mol of pyruvate, respectively, suggesting formation of 0.5 mol ATP/mol pyruvate. Pyruvate is oxidatively decarboxylated by pyruvate dehydrogenase to acetyl coenzyme A, which is then converted to acetate, yielding 1 mol of ATP. For NADH reoxidation, one further pyruvate molecule is reduced to lactate. The enzymes of the pathway were present after growth on pyruvate, and genome analysis showed the presence of the corresponding structural genes. The bacteria contain, in addition, pyruvate oxidase activity which is induced under microoxic conditions. Other homo- or heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria showed only low pyruvate fermentation activity.
Identification of Novel
Salmonella enterica
Serovar Typhimurium DT104-Specific Prophage and Nonprophage Chromosomal Sequences among Serovar Typhimurium Isolates by Genomic Subtractive Hybridization
Authors: Hermans Armand P. H. M. , Abee Tjakko , Zwietering Marcel H. , Aarts Henk J. M. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACT

Genomic subtractive hybridization was performed between
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium LT2 and DT104 to search for novel
Salmonella
serovar Typhimurium DT104-specific sequences. The subtraction resulted mainly in the isolation of DNA fragments with sequence similarity to phages. Two fragments identified were associated with possible virulence factors. One fragment was identical to
irsA
of
Salmonella
serovar Typhimurium ATCC 14028, which is suggested to be involved in macrophage survival. The other fragment was homologous to HldD, an
Escherichia coli
O157:H7 lipopolysaccharide assembly-related protein. Five selected DNA fragments—
irsA
, the HldD homologue, and three fragments with sequence similarity to prophages—were tested for their presence in 17
Salmonella
serovar Typhimurium DT104 isolates and 27 non-DT104 isolates by PCR. All five selected DNA fragments were
Salmonella
serovar Typhimurium DT104 specific among the serovar Typhimurium isolates tested. These DNA fragments can be useful for better detection and typing of
Salmonella
serovar Typhimurium DT104.
Sheep May Not Be an Important Zoonotic Reservoir forCryptosporidiumandGiardiaParasites
Authors: Ryan Una M. , Bath Caroline , Robertson Ian , Read Carolyn , Elliot Aileen , Mcinnes Linda , Traub Rebecca , Besier Brown 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTLittle is known of the prevalence ofCryptosporidiumandGiardiaparasites in sheep and the genotypes that they harbor, although potentially sheep may contribute significantly to contamination of watersheds. In the present study, conducted in Western Australia, a total of 1,647 sheep fecal samples were screened for the presence ofCryptosporidiumandGiardiaspp. using microscopy, and a subset (n= 500) were screened by PCR and genotyped. Analysis revealed that although both parasites were detected in a high proportion of samples by PCR (44% and 26% forGiardiaandCryptosporidiumspp., respectively), with the exception of oneCryptosporidium hominisisolate, the majority of isolates genotyped are not commonly found in humans. These results suggest that the public health risk of sheep-derivedCryptosporidiumandGiardiaspp. in catchment areas and effluent may be overestimated and warrant further investigation.
A Second 5-Carboxyvanillate Decarboxylase Gene,
ligW2
, Is Important for Lignin-Related Biphenyl Catabolism in
Sphingomonas paucimobilis
SYK-6
Authors: Peng Xue , Masai Eiji , Kasai Daisuke , Miyauchi Keisuke , Katayama Yoshihiro , Fukuda Masao 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACT

A lignin-related biphenyl compound, 5,5′-dehydrodivanillate (DDVA), is degraded to 5-carboxyvanillate (5CVA) by the enzyme reactions catalyzed by DDVA
O
-demethylase (LigX),
meta
-cleavage oxygenase (LigZ), and
meta
-cleavage compound hydrolase (LigY) in
Sphingomonas paucimobilis
SYK-6. 5CVA is then transformed to vanillate by a nonoxidative 5CVA decarboxylase and is further degraded through the protocatechuate 4,5-cleavage pathway. A 5CVA decarboxylase gene,
ligW
, was isolated from SYK-6 (X. Peng, E. Masai, H. Kitayama, K. Harada, Y, Katayama, and M. Fukuda, Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
68:
4407-4415, 2002). However, disruption of
ligW
slightly affected the 5CVA decarboxylase activity and the growth rate on DDVA of the mutant, suggesting the presence of an alternative 5CVA decarboxylase gene. Here we isolated a second 5CVA decarboxylase gene,
ligW2
, which consists of a 1,050-bp open reading frame encoding a polypeptide with a molecular mass of 39,379 Da. The deduced amino acid sequence encoded by
ligW2
exhibits 37% identity with the sequence encoded by
ligW
. Based on a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the reaction product from 5CVA catalyzed by LigW2 in the presence of deuterium oxide, LigW2 was indicated to be a nonoxidative decarboxylase of 5CVA, like LigW. After disruption of
ligW2
, both the growth rate on DDVA and the 5CVA decarboxylase activity of the mutant were decreased to approximately 30% of the wild-type levels. The
ligW ligW2
double mutant lost both the ability to grow on DDVA and the 5CVA decarboxylase activity. These results indicate that both
ligW
and
ligW2
contribute to 5CVA degradation, although
ligW2
plays the more important role in the growth of SYK-6 cells on DDVA.
Facilitation of Expression and Purification of an Antimicrobial Peptide by Fusion with Baculoviral Polyhedrin in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Wei Quande , Kim Young Soo , Seo Jeong Hyun , Jang Woong Sik , Lee In Hee , Cha Hyung Joon 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACT

Several fusion strategies have been developed for the expression and purification of small antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in recombinant bacterial expression systems. However, some of these efforts have been limited by product toxicity to host cells, product proteolysis, low expression levels, poor recovery yields, and sometimes an absence of posttranslational modifications required for biological activity. For the present work, we investigated the use of the baculoviral polyhedrin (Polh) protein as a novel fusion partner for the production of a model AMP (halocidin 18-amino-acid subunit; Hal18) in
Escherichia coli
. The useful solubility properties of Polh as a fusion partner facilitated the expression of the Polh-Hal18 fusion protein (∼33.6 kDa) by forming insoluble inclusion bodies in
E. coli
which could easily be purified by inclusion body isolation and affinity purification using the fused hexahistidine tag. The recombinant Hal18 AMP (∼2 kDa) could then be cleaved with hydroxylamine from the fusion protein and easily recovered by simple dialysis and centrifugation. This was facilitated by the fact that Polh was soluble during the alkaline cleavage reaction but became insoluble during dialysis at a neutral pH. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography was used to further purify the separated recombinant Hal18, giving a final yield of 30% with >90% purity. Importantly, recombinant and synthetic Hal18 peptides showed nearly identical antimicrobial activities against
E. coli
and
Staphylococcus aureus
, which were used as representative gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, respectively. These results demonstrate that baculoviral Polh can provide an efficient and facile platform for the production or functional study of target AMPs.