bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Childhood adversity, parental vulnerability and disorder: examining inter‐generational transmission of risk
Authors: Bifulco A. , Moran P.M. , Ball C. , Jacobs C. , Baines R. , Bunn A. , Cavagin J. 
Published: March 2003

Background: An investigation of intergenerational factors associated with psychiatric disorder in late adolescence/early adulthood was undertaken to differentiate influences from maternal disorder, maternal poor psychosocial functioning and poor parenting, on offspring.Method: The sample comprised an intensively studied series of 276 mother–offspring pairs in a relatively deprived inner‐city London area with high rates of lone parenthood and socio‐economic disadvantage. The paired sample was collected over two time periods: first a consecutively screened series of mothers and offspring in 1985–90 (n = 172 pairs) and second a ‘vulnerable’ series of mothers and offspring in 1995–99 (n=104 pairs). The vulnerable mothers were selected for poor interpersonal functioning and/or low self‐esteem and the consecutive series were used for comparison. Rates of childhood adversity and disorder in the offspring were examined in the two groups. Maternal characteristics including psychosocial vulnerability and depression were then examined in relation to risk transmission.Results: Offspring of vulnerable mothers had a fourfold higher rate of yearly disorder than those in the comparison series (43% vs. 11%, p<.001). They were twice as likely as those in the comparison series to have experienced childhood adversity comprising either severe neglect, physical or sexual abuse before age 17. Physical abuse, in particular, perpetrated either by mother or father/surrogate father was significantly raised in the vulnerable group. Analysis of the combined series showed that maternal vulnerability and neglect/abuse of offspring provided the best model for offspring disorder. Maternal history of depression had no direct effect on offspring disorder; its effects were entirely mediated by offspring neglect/abuse. Maternal childhood adversity also had no direct effect.Conclusions: Results are discussed in relation to psychosocial models of risk transmission for disorder. Maternal poor psychosocial functioning needs to be identified as a factor requiring intervention in order to stem escalation of risk across generations.
The rhythm of the heart in the blink of an eye: Emotion‐modulated startle magnitude covaries with heart rate variability
Authors: Ruiz‐Padial Elisabeth , Sollers John J. , Vila Jaime , Thayer Julian F. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractEmotion‐modulated startle is a robust phenomenon that has been demonstrated in a wide range of experimental situations. Similarly, heart rate variability (HRV) has been associated with a diverse range of processes including affective and attentional regulation. The present study sought to examine the relationship between these two important measures of affective behavior. Ninety female participants viewed pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant pictures while exposed to acoustic startle stimuli. The eyeblink startle was recorded both during the affective foregrounds and during intertrial intervals. HRV was assessed during a resting baseline and relationships between HRV and startle magnitudes examined. Results indicated that resting HRV was inversely related to startle magnitude during both intertrial intervals and affective foregrounds. In addition, the participants with the highest HRV showed the most differentiated emotion‐modulated startle effects, whereas those with the lowest HRV, compared to those with the highest HRV, showed significantly potentiated startle to neutral foregrounds and marginally potentiated startle to pleasant foregrounds. The findings are consistent with models that posit that prefrontal cortical activity modulates subcortical motivation circuits. These results have important implications for the use of startle probe methodology and for HRV in the study of emotional regulation and dysregulation.
The New History of the Russian Peasantry
Authors: Cox Terry 
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:Stephen Frank, Crime, Cultural Conflict and Justice in Rural Russia, 1856–1914Judith Pallot, Land Reform in Russia 1906–1917: Peasant Responses to Stolypin’s Project of Rural TransformationYanni Kotsonis, Making Peasants Backward: Agricultural Cooperatives and the Agrarian Question in Russia, 1861–1914David Moon, The Russian Peasantry 1600–1930: The World the Peasants MadeJudith Pallot (ed.), Transforming Peasants: Society, State and the Peasantry, 1861–1930Since the end of the 1970s, there has been an upsurge in writing on the Russian peasantry during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and some of the most recent examples are discussed here. The work is characterized by its richness of new information and an extension of scholarship into new aspects of peasant economy, society and culture of the period. Much of this new work avoids detailed theorizing, presenting itself as a more grounded and complex understanding than provided by earlier, ‘ideologically driven’ Marxist and neo–populist approaches, while at the same time drawing on concepts introduced by J.C. Scott and others. This essay offers an account of this body of research and explores its implications for an understanding of the period in terms of class analysis and capitalist development.
On the Role of Futures Trading in Spot Market Fluctuations: Perpetrator of Volatility or Victim of Regret?
Authors: Darrat Ali F. , Rahman Shafiqur , Zhong Maosen 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe examine the role of index futures trading in spot market volatility. We use the exponential generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (EGARCH) approach to measure volatility, analyze causality and feedback relations between volatilities in the spot and futures markets, and test various hypotheses in the context of a multivariate model that incorporates other macrostate variables. Our empirical results suggest index futures trading may not be blamed for the observed volatility in the spot market. Rather, we find stronger and more consistent support for the alternative posture that volatility in the futures market is an outgrowth of a turbulent cash market. We use the regret (cognitive dissonance) theory to explain our results.
The Effect of Credit Risk on Bank and Bank Holding Company Bond Yields: Evidence from the Post‐FDICIA Period
Authors: Jagtiani Julapa , Kaufman George , Lemieux Catharine 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn this article we examine whether the federal safety net is viewed by the market as being extended beyond de jure deposits to other bank debt and even the debt of bank holding companies (BHCs). We extend previous research by focusing on the post‐FDICIA period and by examining the risk‐return relation of bonds issued directly by banks, not BHCs. Our results provide evidence that both bank and BHC bonds are priced by the secondary market in relation to their underlying credit risk, particularly for less capitalized issuers, suggesting that proposals requiring banks to issue subordinated debt may enhance market monitoring and discipline and be useful in supplementing regulatory discipline.
The Costs of Issuing Preferred Stock
Authors: Bajaj Mukesh , Mazumdar Sumon C. , Sarin Atulya 
Published: March 2003

AbstractU.S. firms commonly use preferred stocks to raise external capital. Yet this hybrid security's issuance costs and offer yields have not been previously examined in a systematic manner. We analyze a sample of 3,042 U.S. preferred stocks issued between 1980 and 1999. We find that convertible issues, which are riskier than straight issues, entail higher gross spreads and other direct expenses. Scale, credit rating, and industry effects influence gross spreads and issuance costs. We also compare preferred stocks yields with various bellwether bond yields. Our results support the tax‐based argument that suggests that yields on preferred stocks should be lower than comparable risky bonds.
Implications of Social Security Reform on Interest Rates: Theory and Evidence
Authors: Elder Erick , Holland Larry 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis article investigates the potential effect that Social Security reform may have on bond and equity returns. We specifically focus on the effect of proposals to shift a portion of the investment of the U.S. Social Security Trust Fund to the equities market. Models are developed to demonstrate the relationship between returns and both the relative size of the Social Security Trust Fund and the portfolio allocation of the Trust Fund. Using these two models, we then show that interest rates will increase from either a decrease in the size of the Social Security Trust Fund or a shifting in the investment mix from bonds to equities. We derive an adjustment factor that relates the magnitude of change in interest rates from either source and use this adjustment factor in conjunction with estimates of the relationship between government debt and interest rates to forecast the potential effect on interest rates from shifting part of the Trust Fund to the equity market. The estimates herein suggest that investing some of the Social Security funds in equities is not a painless cure‐all for the Social Security system and may even have some adverse effects in terms of income transfers from American taxpayers to foreign bondholders.
Equilibrium Price Dispersion in the Insurance Market
Authors: Hun Seog S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe consider price dispersion under nonsequential consumer search when a finite number of firms exists. We assume that firms have the same production technology. We find that single‐price equilibrium exists only when it is the highest possible price (monopoly price). Price dispersion is possible in equilibrium only when firms use mixed strategies. We also find that increased competition may increase price dispersion and the intensity of consumer search while reducing the expected profits of firms. The number of firms in the long run is increasing regarding expected market demand and decreasing regarding production cost and entry cost. We reinterpret some empirical observations reported in the literature.
Ex Ante Costs of Violating Absolute Priority in Bankruptcy
Authors: Bebchuk Lucian Arye 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTA basic question for the design of bankruptcy law concerns whether value should be divided in accordance with absolute priority. Research done in the past decade has suggested that deviations from absolute priority have beneficial ex ante effects. In contrast, this paper shows that ex post deviations from absolute priority also have negative effects on ex ante decisions taken by shareholders. Such deviations aggravate the moral hazard problem with respect to project choice‐increasing the equityholders incentive to favor risky projects‐as well as with respect to borrowing and dividend decisions.
Limited Arbitrage in Equity Markets
Authors: Mitchell Mark , Pulvino Todd , Stafford Erik 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTWe examine 82 situations where the market value of a company is less than its subsidiary. These situations imply arbitrage opportunities, providing an ideal setting to study the risks and market frictions that prevent arbitrageurs from immediately forcing prices to fundamental values. For 30 percent of the sample, the link between the parent and its subsidiary is severed before the relative value discrepancy is corrected. Furthermore, returns to a specialized arbitrageur would be 50 percent larger if the path to convergence was smooth rather than as observed. Uncertainty about the distribution of returns and characteristics of the risks limits arbitrage.
Managerial Opportunism? Evidence from Directors' and Officers' Insurance Purchases
Authors: Chalmers John M. R. , Dann Larry Y. , Harford Jarrad 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTWe analyze a sample of 72 IPO firms that went public between 1992 and 1996 for which we have detailed proprietary information about the amount and cost of D&O liability insurance. If managers of IPO firms are exploiting superior inside information, we hypothesize that the amount of insurance coverage chosen will be related to the post‐offering performance of the issuing firm's shares. Consistent with the hypothesis, we find a significant negative relation between the three‐year post‐IPO stock price performance and the insurance coverage purchased in conjunction with the IPO. One plausible interpretation is that, like insider securities transactions, D&O insurance decisions reveal opportunistic behavior by managers. This provides some motivation to argue that disclosure of the details of D&O insurance decisions, as is required in some other countries, is valuable.
Equilibrium Pricing and Optimal Hedging in Electricity Forward Markets
Authors: Bessembinder Hendrik , Lemmon Michael L. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTSpot power prices are volatile and since electricity cannot be economically stored, familiar arbitrage‐based methods are not applicable for pricing power derivative contracts. This paper presents an equilibrium model implying that the forward power price is a downward biased predictor of the future spot price if expected power demand is low and demand risk is moderate. However, the equilibrium forward premium increases when either expected demand or demand variance is high, because of positive skewness in the spot power price distribution. Preliminary empirical evidence indicates that the premium in forward power prices is greatest during the summer months.
Rational Asset Prices
Authors: Constantinides George M. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThe mean, covariability, and predictability of the return of different classes of financial assets challenge the rational economic model for an explanation. The unconditional mean aggregate equity premium is almost seven percent per year and remains high after adjusting downwards the sample mean premium by introducing prior beliefs about the stationarity of the price–dividend ratio and the (non)forecastability of the long‐term dividend growth and price—dividend ratio. Recognition that idiosyncratic income shocks are uninsurable and concentrated in recessions contributes toward an explanation. Also borrowing constraints over the investors' life cycle that shift the stock market risk to the saving middle‐aged consumers contribute toward an explanation.
Telling from Discrete Data Whether the Underlying Continuous‐Time Model Is a Diffusion
Authors: Aït‐Sahalia Yacine 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTCan discretely sampled financial data help us decide which continuous‐time models are sensible? Diffusion processes are characterized by the continuity of their sample paths. This cannot be verified from the discrete sample path: Even if the underlying path were continuous, data sampled at discrete times will always appear as a succession of jumps. Instead, I rely on the transition density to determine whether the discontinuities observed are the result of the discreteness of sampling, or rather evidence of genuine jump dynamics for the underlying continuous‐time process. I then focus on the implications of this approach for option pricing models.
Organization of the Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Glycoprotein into Membrane Microdomains Occurs Independently of Intracellular Viral Components
Authors: Brown Erica L. , Lyles Douglas S. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT
The glycoprotein (G protein) of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is primarily organized in plasma membranes of infected cells into membrane microdomains with diameters of 100 to 150 nm, with smaller amounts organized into microdomains of larger sizes. This organization has been observed in areas of the infected-cell plasma membrane that are outside of virus budding sites as well as in the envelopes of budding virions. These observations raise the question of whether the intracellular virion components play a role in organizing the G protein into membrane microdomains. Immunogold-labeling electron microscopy was used to analyze the distribution of the G protein in arbitrarily chosen areas of plasma membranes of transfected cells that expressed the G protein in the absence of other viral components. Similar to the results with virus-infected cells, the G protein was organized predominantly into membrane microdomains with diameters of approximately 100 to 150 nm. These results indicate that internal virion components are not required to concentrate the G protein into membrane microdomains with a density similar to that of virus envelopes. To determine if interactions between the G protein cytoplasmic domain and internal virion components were required to create a virus budding site, cells infected with recombinant VSVs encoding truncation mutations of the G protein cytoplasmic domain were analyzed by immunogold-labeling electron microscopy. Deletion of the cytoplasmic domain of the G protein did not alter its partitioning into the 100- to 150-nm microdomains, nor did it affect the incorporation of the G protein into virus envelopes. These data support a model for virus assembly in which the G protein has the inherent property of partitioning into membrane microdomains that then serve as the sites of assembly of internal virion components.
Cytoskeletal Requirements for Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) RNA Synthesis in the HCV Replicon Cell Culture System
Authors: Bost Anne G. , Venable Daryl , Liu Lifei , Heinz Beverly A. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTHepatitis C virus (HCV) induces microtubule aggregates in infected hepatocytes. To determine if cytoskeletal elements are important for HCV RNA synthesis, we examined the effect of cytoskeleton inhibitors on HCV replicon transcription in Huh7 cells. The data demonstrate that HCV replication complex-mediated RNA synthesis requires microtubule and actin polymerization.
Susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis is independent of the Bw4 and Bw6 epitopes of HLA‐B27 alleles
Authors: Armas J.B. , Gonzalez S. , Martinez‐Borra J. , Laranjeira F. , Ribeiro E. , Correia J. , Ferreira M.L. , Toste M. , López‐Vazquez A. , López‐Larrea C. 
Published: March 2003

We have characterized HLA‐B27 alleles in a sample of the population from the Azores (n=46) with the aim of investigating the contribution of different subtypes to ankylosing spondylitis (AS). The study was carried out using PCR‐SSOP and in some samples genomic sequencing was conducted. Some significant new finding have arisen from this study. First, B*2705,B*2702,B*2703,B*2707 and B*2708 alleles were found to be represented in this population. The polymorphism of B27 alleles found in a sample of the population from the Azores is higher than the Caucasian groups described. B*2703 and B*2707 have not previously been described to be represented in Caucasians and this could indicate admixtures with different populations of the world. In addition, the B*2708 allele was found to be associated with AS in a large family from the Azores. This association has not been previously reported in either ethnic group and needs to be confirmed in other population studies. This is of considerable interest since has only been described as a rare subtype underrepresented in the British population and has not been previously found to be associated with AS. B*2708 carries the sequence specifying the Bw6 epitope in contrast to most B27 alleles which carry a Bw4 sequence. Differences in this region (residues 77–83) can alter the F‐pocket and affect T‐cell recognition. The importance that these molecular changes can play in the pathogenesis of AS is discussed.
“Thus far, O Portuguese, it is granted to you to glimpse into the future and to know the exploits that await your stout‐hearted compatriots on the ocean that, thanks is now no longer unknown”. The Lusiads (L. Camoes)
Different gene loci within the HLA‐DR and TNF regions are independently associated with susceptibility and severity in Spanish rheumatoid arthritis patients
Authors: Hajeer A.H. , Dababneh A. , Makki R.F. , Thomson W. , Poulton K. , González‐Gay M.A. , García‐Porrúa C. , Mattey D.L. , Ollier W.E.R. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:The aim of this study was to investigate whether polymorphisms in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and HLA‐DRB1 gene regions are independently associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in a population from Lugo region of northwestern Spain. RA patients (n=179) attending hospital outpatient clinics in Lugo, northwestern Spain and matched controls (n=145) were recruited. RA susceptibility in this population was predominantly associated with DRB1*0401, while erosive disease was associated with HLA‐DRB1*0101 and DRB1*04. The increase in DRB1*04 was accounted for by an increase in DRB1*0404 and *0405 but not *0401 frequencies. In contrast, *0401 frequency was significantly increased in seropositive patients. The rheumatoid arthiritis shared epitope (SE) was associated with increased risk for seropositive and erosive disease and this appeared to operate in a dose‐dependent manner. Logistic regression analyses revealed that the TNF microsatellite markers TNFc1 and b3 were associated with RA independently of DRB1*04 and the SE. Carriage of a TNF c1 allele provided an increased risk of RA in SE‐negative and SE‐heterozygous individuals. TNFc1 and TNFb3 were not associated with erosive or seropositive disease. In contrast, TNF a2 was significantly associated with erosive disease which was independent of DRB1*04 and the SE. Further studies will be needed to establish why (TNFc1) polymorphism seemingly associated with low TNFα production, is a risk factor for RA.
Identification of a new HLA‐DRB4 allele (DRB4*01033) by PCR‐SSP and direct sequencing
Authors: Palou E. , Nogués N. , Gil J. , Ribera A. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:In this report, we describe the identification of a novel DRB4*01 allele, DRB4*01033, found in two Spanish Caucasian individuals. The new allele was detected during routine HLA typing by an unusual pattern of amplification obtained by polymerase chain reaction using sequence‐specific primers (PCR‐SSP) that did not match with any of the previously described DRB4 alleles. In order to establish the polymorphism responsible for this pattern exons 2 and 3 of the DRB4 locus were amplified and directly sequenced. The new DRB4*01 allele is identical to DRB4*0103101 except for a single nucleotide substitution in codon 78 (TAC→TAT). This nucleotide change does not cause an amino acid change as both triplets code for a tyrosine ( Note).
Isolation and analysis of gas bubbles in the cavities of Azolla leaves
Authors: Uheda Eiji , Kitoh Shunji , Dohmaru Takaaki , Shiomi Nobuyuki 
Published: March 2003

A procedure has been developed for the isolation of gas bubbles from the cavities of leaves of Azolla rubra. Mature leaves of exponentially growing Azolla plants were carefully cut under water with a razor blade. The gas bubbles in the cavities were driven out by a stream of water running from a glass capillary and collected in another capillary that was filled with distilled water. This allowed the collection of a sufficient number of gas bubbles for analysis. The concentration of oxygen in the gas obtained was slightly lower than that in the external air. The diffusion of external 15N2 into the gas bubbles was low. The concentration of 15N2 in gas bubbles was only 2% of that of the external air even after incubation of Azolla plants in 15N2 in light or in darkness for 20 h.The method described here for isolation and analysis of gas bubbles should permit further studies of the properties of the gas bubbles in the cavities of Azolla leaves.