bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vibrato
Authors: Toff Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vibrato is a measured fluctuation in the sound or tone effected by a change in air pressure. The effect is of pulsation or vibration, but because what we hear is not exactly what actually happens, it is not easy to define. For one thing, many people find it difficult if not impossible to distinguish the vibrato component from the tone as a whole. (This is actually a good sign, because the vibrato should be an integral, though not omnipresent, part of the sound.) There are three basic types of vibrato: pitch, intensity (dynamic), and timbre. In pitch vibrato, the pitch fluctuates both above and below the starting note; on A-440, for instance, it varies between 438 and 442 frequencies per second. (Some players, however, advise that the pitch should vary upward only, to avoid the impression of flatness. Also, the higher the pitch, the more brilliant the sound.) Intensity vibrato is a fluctuation in the dynamic level or strength of a note; as a practical matter, it is not totally separable from pitch vibrato. The combination of pitch vibrato and intensity vibrato result in timbre vibrato. The reason is that when the dynamic level of a tone changes, the overtone composition of the tone changes correspondingly; and it is the overtone composition that determines timbre.
Technique
Authors: Toff Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Technique is the control and coordination of all the muscular actions that flute playing comprises. While tone is the first prerequisite for good flute playing, technique, as the vehicle of melodic motion, is also of great importance. Louis Moyse sums this up well: “As a teacher, my main concern is to bring the adequate tools and devices to my pupils, namely-technique. One can have technique without music (all too often, unfortunately), but one cannot express the music without technique.”‘ Keeping in mind Moyse’s caveat regarding over-emphasis on technique-because it is a means to an end, not an end in itself-let’s examine the elements that make up the flutist’s technique.
Recordings
Authors: Toff Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The flutists of the late twentieth century enjoy a tremendous advantage over their predecessors of even a generation ago: access to recordings and recording technology. Recordings can give you new ideas of interpretation and can widen your knowledge of the repertoire. The availability of inexpensive and easy-tooperate home-recording equipment also enables the student to analyze his own performance and to track his progress.
The Baroque Era
Authors: Toff Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Manfred Bukofzer’s often-used chronology divides the baroque into three periods: early, I 580-1630; middle, 1630-80; and late, 1680-1730. In discussing flute literature, however, Bukofzer’s first two periods are largely irrelevant. The one-keyed flute was not even invented until the middle of his second period, and did not achieve prominence until nearly twenty years into the third. His colleague Jens Peter Larsen chose 1750, the year of J. S. Bach’s death, as a convenient endpoint. For purposes of discussing flute literature, I shall define the baroque era as that period corresponding with the exclusive prominence of the one-keyed flute, from approximately 1660 to 1760, though this definition is not without caveats: pre-1700 flute music is nearly nonexistent. The end of the era is particularly difficult to quantify, more so since the transformations of style occurring in the mid-eighteenth century were not consistent from nation to nation.
The Classic Era
Authors: Toff Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mid-eighteenth century was a period of transition for the flute and for music as a whole; It was a time of sweeping social change, as cities replaced courts and palaces as centers of musical activity. The professional composer began to depend on a larger public, through concert attendance and the purchase of sheet music, for financial livelihood. The rise of the orchestra and the pianoforte reversed the flute’s proportional roles in orchestra and chamber music. As with any transformation, the process was gradual; the contrasts of beginning and end are obvious, but setting chronological ends is more difficult.
The Modern Era
Authors: Toff Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The physical evolution of the flute since the turn of the twentieth century has had a direct effect on the music written for the flute ever since. Perhaps the most important factor is stability, for the absence of mechanical change is evidence of the Boehm system’s proven excellence and reliability. The stabilization of the flute mechanism has permitted all manner of experimentation with music for the instrument because composers are able to deal with a known quantity. In other ways, too, the histories of instrument and music are closely related. First, mechanization, which began with methods of manufacture, later influenced the musical employment of the flute. This is reflected not only in the high technical standards of the modern literature but also in such avant-garde techniques as key percussion. Second, just as there is international cross-fertilization in the flute manufacturing industry, there is cross-cultural interchange in musical composition and in music education. Third, composers’ interest in smaller and variable pitch intervals parallels manufacturers’ interest in microdimensions. Similarly, musical interest in tone and timbre is largely a result of flute makers’ earlier attention to this subject. And both groups are concerned with economy. Just as manufacturers aim to maximize production efficiency and cost effectiveness, composers have scaled down instrumental forces, resulting in a renaissance both of small chamber music and the use of the chamber orchestra for concerted accompaniment.
Morphology
Authors: Enk Gerrit J Van , Vries Lourens De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the following outline of Korowai word classes, each section discusses a word category that seems relevant to the grammar of Korowai. The word classes are first characterised by where and how they function in phrases and clauses and by the morphological categories they express. After this characterisation, derivational processes, if any, are discussed, followed by the inflectional aspects of that category.
Endocrine Control of Development
Authors: McNabb F M Anne , Scanes Colin G , Zeman Michal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A consideration of developmental endocrinology must take into account both the ontogeny of chemical control systems and the ways in which those systems affect other aspects of the organism’s development. Traditionally, endocrine control was considered to be exerted by hormones, the chemical messengers that are secreted into the bloodstream and distributed throughout the body. Hormones exert their effects on specific target tissues, which often are some distance away from the hormone source. Current endocrinology takes a much larger view of chemical control and includes not only control substances that are delivered to their target organs by the circulation but also paracrine factors (in which the chemical secretion diffuses short distances through extracellular fluids to its target organ) and autocrine factors (in which the chemical secretion affects the cell that produces it). Neuroendocrine secretions produced by neurons are part of both the endocrine and the nervous systems, and some neurotransmitter substances are chemically identical to some hormones.
Developmental Plasticity
Authors: Schew William A , Ricklefs Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As chicks grow from neonate to adult, they may encounter periods of food restriction that can affect their development. Poor feeding conditions can suppress normal growth and may even affect adult morphology (chapter 15). To maximize its survival, a chick should manage its resources so that tissue growth and maintenance can be supported adequately if there is variation in resource supply. Furthermore, the pattern of resource and energy management must be optimized within the context of time-dependent mortality and other mortality factors such as sibling competition. Thus, variation in food availability to a growing chick should select behavioral, morphological, and physiological adaptations that reduce the impact of poor feeding conditions on the chick’s survival. Developmental patterns, and the degree of plasticity in these patterns, should include such adaptations; furthermore, their study should engender a broader interpretation of growth and development as life history adaptations. In this chapter, we provide a framework for understanding certain variations in growth and development as adaptive responses to suboptimal feeding conditions, and we examine the developmental and physiological pathways that underlie these responses.
‘Che neading Uailroad Cakes Control
Authors: Kenny Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Franklin B. Gowen, the president of the Philadelphia & Reading Railroad, has aptly been described as “one of the great architects of industrial capitalism in America.”1 The rise of the Reading under Gowen’s presidency provides the essential background for understanding the reemergence of the Molly Maguires in the 1870s. In his struggle to win control of the Schuylkill anthracite industry, Gowen faced two main sources of opposition, independent coal operators and organized labor. By defeating the small operators, the trade union, and the Molly Maguires, he eventually secured control of the coal industry of the lower anthracite region for the Reading Railroad.
The Stamp of Peter Stuyvesant
Authors: Kammen Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some fifteen men tried to govern New Netherland and New York during the course of the seventeenth century. They were not, on the whole, an impressive lot. A considerable number, including Minuit, Van Twiller, Kieft, Lovelace in 1673, and Andros in 1680, were recalled in disgrace and required to defend themselves against charges of maladministration. Several of them, certainly, did serve as scapegoats for the sins of others or for circumstances beyond anyone’s control. But by and large, the early governors were not especially able. The exceptions were Stuyvesant, Nicolls, and Dongan. Stuyvesant ruled for seventeen years—the longest tenure of any governor in the history of colonial New York—and he most certainly left h1s stamp upon the province.
The Sins of The Body
Authors: Lankton Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Those who settled the Keweenaw and Isle Royale found more than copper, trees, water, and snow. With too frequent regularity, they found broken legs, fractured skulls, or crushed hands. They discovered floating bodies and frozen corpses. They had come to a new place but had not escaped old problems: contagious diseases and epidemics, mysterious fevers and influenza. They ate some bad meat and suffered gut aches and “a turn of the back door trot or ‘Dictionary’ [dysentery).” They creaked with rheumatism and lumbago. They endured venereal sores, impotence, piles, gout, and rotten teeth. They had complicated and deadly pregnancies, unwanted pregnacies, stillborn babies, and many dead infants and young children.
In the first decades of settlement the Lake Superior population was young. The mines wanted men in their prime years to tackle the arduous labor they offered, and women of child-bearing age accompanied the men. Relative youth, however, by no means protected the population from physical and emotional trauma, from illness, disease, and death. Threats to a person’s sense of comfort, security, and well-being were never far removed from everyday life.
Shattered Hopes and Broken Prospects
Authors: Lankton Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Those who joined the ranks of the earliest pioneers on Lake Superior risked life, limb, and security. At first, “beyond the boundaries appointed for the residence of man,” virtually no social safety net existed to catch the victims of misfortune. The tales of woe coming from the 1840s and early 1850s were particularly poignant, because sufferers endured so much while so alone in the wilderness.
The coming of more settlers, the pushing away of the wilderness, and the planting of villages did not bring an end to stories of agony and mourning. These stories in fact multiplied as the years passed and more men, women, and children took up lives on the Keweenaw or Isle Royale. It was axiomatic: the more people lived there, the more people were exposed to myriad sources of harm: physical, mental, social, and economic. But one thing was quite different: later settlers, when beset with troubles, weren’t so alone anymore.
This new industrial society, as it matured, knitted together means of coping with misfortune. It offered measures of protection and restoration to individuals and families jeopardized by all sorts of problems. These measures ran the gamut from simple acts of kindness, tendered from neighbor to neighbor; to charitable assistance provided by mutual aid societies, mining companies, and other groups; to government programs at the local and state level.
Intertidal Wetlands
Authors: Ruwa R K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intertidal wetlands (Fig. 5.1) are an ecotone or transitional zone between marine, estuarine and terrestrial ecosystems. The transitional nature of the environment from land to saltwater creates gradients or zones in which the species composition and ecological processes change (15,25,26). Ecotones often allow numerous species to coexist along resource or environmental stress gradients. Consequently, the intertidal zones of tropical regions are well endowed with numerous forms of marine life of different evolutionary origins. This rich biological diversity increases from sandy shores to rocky shores to mangrove and seagrass ecosystems. Various biotic and abiotic factors have been used to explain the presence, absence or abundance of species in the intertidal zone (25). The following attributes have significance to the uniqueness of the intertidal ecology in the East African region.
Rivers and Streams
Authors: Cooper Scott D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rivers and streams constitute a valuable resource for the people of East Africa. Rivers and streams are a major source of water for agricultural, industrial, and domestic use, produce fish, are important habitats for wildlife, and act as highways for commerce and trade. Rivers, streams, and their associated wetlands also harbor vectors of disease, and act as conduits for the disposal of waste generated by human beings. Population expansion and development projects have resulted in widespread land-use changes with far-reaching consequences for catchments and their drainage streams. Both direct use of, and indirect influences on, freshwater resources by human beings can result in the pollution of water making it unfit for domestic, agricultural, or industrial use. The management of riverine systems often requires balancing the goals of fish production, hydroelectric generation, wildlife habitat, drinking water, and irrigation use while controlling contamination and the spread of water-borne disease.
Arid and Semi-arid Ecosystems
Authors: Swift David M , Coughenour Michael B , Atsedu Menwyelet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ecology of the arid and semi-arid regions of East Africa is essentially the ecology of subsistence pastoralism. Pastoralists and their herds are ubiquitous in the drier parts of East Africa. Pastoralists need these areas for their survival and, in tum, significantly affect them. Pastoralists are participants in the dynamics of intact ecosystems in ways that agriculturists and most people living in moister ecosystems are not. Consequently, the ecology of arid ecosystems cannot be understood in isolation from an understanding of pastoral society and the management of their livestock. In tropical areas where annual precipitation is 600 millimeters or less, and is divided between two rainy seasons, crop agriculture is not possible. Nonetheless, these arid areas have been inhabited by people and their livestock for thousands of years. The result, in many cases, is a human-dominated ecosystem in which livestock have partially taken over the role of wildlife as consumers of grass and shrubs.
The Laser Stimulates the Emission of New Ideas (1960–1969)
Authors: Hecht Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eli Snitzer was not the only person distracted by the laser. Its invention was big news in 1960. Military planners and science-fiction fans saw it as the ray gun of their dreams, but engineers and physicists recognized it as the first optical oscillator, and the first practical source of coherent light. They immediately recognized its development as a milestone on the road to optical communications, although it was far from clear where the road was going.
Financial Incentives as a Cost-Control Mechanism in Managed Care
Authors: Rice Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the principal ways in which managed-care plans have attempted to control costs is through the use of financial incentives aimed at affecting physicians’ behavior. Although widespread, the practice is highly controversial. This chapter discusses the purpose of such incentives, indicates the types and their prevalence, summarizes previous research on their effects, examines how patients and doctors view physicians’ financial incentives, and discusses two key policy issues—disclosure of financial incentives and the regulation of these incentives.
Should the Law Prefer Nonprofits?
Authors: Bloche M Gregg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Overtly profit-seeking firms are powerful players in the American medical marketplace. Investor-owned hospital chains, which have been around since the late 1960s, were joined in the 1980s and 1990s by a new generation of for-profit health care financing vehicles, including publicly-traded HMOs and reorganized Blue Cross plans. The rise of this vibrant, for-profit health sector has become a subject of bitter debate.
Dimensions of Oral Narrative
Authors: Berman Laine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous two chapters we have begun to investigate some of the social, cultural, and political pressures that shape the macro-level contexts of Javanese women’s identity. We have explored the theories and expectations that heavily constrain how people speak in the Javanese language, and I have also discussed the ways in which society is stratified by the ideological forces of political control. In line with Mead’s 0934) theories on the self and community, all of these social constructions are taken to be language-based, whether they are located in the speech levels; styles of interacting; or the slogans, speeches, and mass media that make up public, power-laden discourses. As we have seen in chapter 2, many of these pressures to conform and to acquiesce are even heavier for Javanese women.
California & Theof Capital
Authors: Henderson George L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These essays on California’ s economy, culture, and literature between the 1880s and 1920s show how rural places were made over in the image of capital. The story told here is of the real and imaginary spaces that capital occupied, including its encounters with the realities and representations of race, gender, and class. Beginning with the geography and political economy of agrarian capitalism, Henderson moves on to examine the celebratory, if fretful, ruminations on economy in novels by Frank Norris, Mary Austin, and many other writers drawn to rural California before John Steinbeck redefined the scene in the 1930s.
Toward Rural Realism: Variable Capital, Variable Capitalists, and the Fictions of Capital
Authors: Henderson George L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is 1917 ... or 1893 ... or 1921. No matter. So long as we understand that the social relations of the wage have gripped California agriculture, let us venture a few simple abstractions. In the act and time of labor, the bodies of wage workers circulate capital and momentarily trap it. Waged laborers, as variable capitals/quasi-commodities in farm production, become temporarily joined to the productive capital of the farm on all sorts of scales. During select portions of the year, a single grower might purchase dozens of other people’s body-time, directing labor power toward sowing seeds, coordinating irrigation flow, thinning crops, climbing ladders, or picking fruit. Over an entire crop region, thousands of these bodies will repeat these acts in uncounted combination. They will become extensions of thousands of farm tools and machines, while tools and machines will become extensions of thousands of bodies. In a single year, throughout the San Joaquin Valley, Southern California, the Imperial Valley, legions of bodies will tramp the ground that feeds the roots; they will temporarily interrupt sunlight as they lean over and work their fingers through stems or vines to find ripe berries, harvest grapes, or cut asparagus. Sometime during the heat of the day, these legions will pause for some food and drink. A portion of agrarian capital will come to a halt.
Romancing the Sand: Earth-Capital and Desire in the Imperial Valley
Authors: Henderson George L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before the current era of water management in the American West reduced water flow at the mouth of the Colorado River to a trickle, there were two options for the river as it neared the end of its run: either proceed toward the Gulf of California or at the last minute reverse direction, swing north across its own delta, and plunge into a below-sea-level, exitless trough called the Salton Sink (Waters 1946; Kniffen 1931-32). Most often the river ran Gulf-ward, but periodically, under highwater conditions, it disgorged into the Sink, turning it into the inland Salton Sea. The last time of note that this happened was in 1905. This would not have been so much of a problem had not the American West’s largest private irrigation and land development venture to date been busy reclaiming the Salton Sink with Colorado River water in order to turn it into a vast inland, agricultural oasis, which the developers took to calling the Imperial Valley. Because of the flood, which required many months of Herculean effort to control and a sizable amount of capital from the Southern Pacific Railroad, the Imperial Valley became a lightning rod for debates over the ideals, practices, and intersections of capitalism and agrarianism as they were taking shape in the rural arid West.
Ernest Bloch
Authors: Prausnitz Frederik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the fall of 1919, Roger Sessions first cracked the mold. Three centuries of New England were his birthright and his burden; a privileged upbringing and a first-class education had turned a bright and musically alert boy into an accomplished young musician; but an enduring notion that, for all his keen musical imagination and for all his dutifully acquired theoretical skills, some essential ingredient of compositional craft still eluded him drove him outside the inherited background in search of help. He needed a teacher. And with that search, undertaken on his own and for a purpose defined by himself, he took his first step toward personal and artistic independence. He found what he was looking for in the person of a wonderfully charismatic European Jew, recently arrived in New York and just then on the verge of his own meteoric American career.