bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Compliance With Guidelines for the Medical Care of First Urinary Tract Infections in Infants: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Cohen Adam L. , Rivara Frederick P. , Davis Robert , Christakis Dimitri A. 
Published: June 2005

Background. No population-based studies have examined the degree to which practice parameters are followed for urinary tract infections in infants.Objective. To describe the medical care of children in their first year of life after a first urinary tract infection.Methods. Using Washington State Medicaid data, we conducted a retrospective cohort study of children with a urinary tract infection during their first year of life to determine how many of these children received recommended care based on the most recent guidelines from the American Academy of Pediatrics. Recommended care included timely anatomic imaging, timely imaging for reflux, and adequate antimicrobial prophylaxis. Multivariate logistic-regression models were used to evaluate if hospitalization for first urinary tract infection, young age at time of diagnosis, gender, race, primary language of parents, having a managed care plan, and rural location of household residence were associated with recommended care.Results. Less than half of all children diagnosed with a urinary tract infection in their first year of life received the recommended medical care. Children who were hospitalized for their first urinary tract infection were significantly more likely than children who were not hospitalized to receive anatomic imaging (relative risk [RR]: 1.38; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.20–1.57) and imaging for reflux (RR: 1.62; 95% CI: 1.34–1.90).Conclusions. There is poor compliance with guideline-recommended care for first urinary tract infections in infants in a Medicaid population. Given the trend toward increased outpatient management of urinary tract infections, increased attention to outpatient imaging may be warranted.
Risk Factors Associated With Latent Tuberculosis Infection in Mexican American Children
Authors: Young Janine , O'Connor Mary E. 
Published: June 2005

Objectives. To determine risk factors that are associated with the presence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in Mexican American children.Methods. In this prospective cohort study, we administered tuberculin skin tests (TSTs) and a tuberculosis (TB) risk factor questionnaire to children who were aged 1 to 18 years in immigrant families at a Denver inner-city community health center and elementary school–based health center. Information requested on the questionnaire included child demographics, child and parent birth location, Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination, and a history and the duration of child and family travel to and visitors from countries where TB is endemic. TST results were read at 48 to 72 hours and were interpreted as positive at 5- and 10-mm induration, depending on risk factor history. All participants received $5 coupons on return for TST reading.Results. Of 584 children enrolled, 96% returned for TST evaluation, median age was 4 years, 48.6% were male, 98.5% were Latino, 66.3% were born in the United States, and 33% were born in Mexico. Overall, 12.4% of children had positive TSTs. For all children in the study, a positive TST was associated with birth in Mexico and no BCG received (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 15.7; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.5–165.2), birth in Mexico and received BCG (adjusted OR: 29; 95% CI: 12.7–66.1), birth in the United States and received BCG (adjusted OR: 9.1; 95% CI: 2.4–34.1), and child travel to Mexico (adjusted OR: 2.8;95% CI: 1.5–5.4). Risk factors for having a positive TST in the 387 children who were born in the United States were travel to Mexico (unable to calculate the OR because all had traveled to Mexico), older age (median: 6 years; adjusted OR: 1.2/year; 95% CI: 1.02–1.40), and a history of BCG vaccination (adjusted OR: 8.2; 95% CI: 2.0–34.0). For the 195 children who were born in Mexico, logistic regression of the following variables showed that none of the variables remained in the model: child age, gender, BCG status, family travel to Mexico, visitors to the United States, child travel to Mexico, years lived in Mexico, and years since BCG.Conclusions. In a population of primarily Mexican American children, those who were born in the United States had an increased risk for developing LTBI when they had a history of BCG vaccination or had traveled to Mexico. For children who were born in Mexico, we were unable to identify additional risk factors for the presence of LTBI, besides their birth in Mexico. Incentives for return for TST reading, such as grocery coupons, are highly effective.
High Prevalence of Congenital Trypanosoma cruzi Infection and Family Clustering in Salta, Argentina
Authors: Negrette Olga Sánchez , Mora María Celia , Basombrío Miguel Ángel 
Published: June 2005

Objective. Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas’ disease, is transmitted mainly by insect vectors, but congenital and transfusion-borne infections occasionally occur. The factors that are involved in transmission from mother to offspring are not well understood. The objective of this study was to study the presence of T cruzi infection in children who were born to infected mothers and in the children's siblings to evaluate the epidemiologic risk factors associated with congenital transmission of Chagas' disease.
Methods. Congenital T cruzi infection was studied in 340 children who were born to chronically infected mothers in Salta, Argentina. Infection was detected in 31 children, who were selected for additional study as infected index cases (IIC). Of the 309 noninfected children, 31 were taken as noninfected index cases (NIIC). We compared the prevalence of congenital T cruzi transmission in the remaining siblings of the IIC and NIIC. Data and blood samples were collected in house-to-house visits. Diagnosis of infection was established mainly by serologic methods, indirect hemmagglutination, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Results. The prevalence was 31.4% (32 of 102 children) for IIC siblings, whereas no infected siblings were found in families with NIIC (0 of 112). Clustering of congenital infection was found in 14 families, in which &gt;1 child was infected. Second-generation congenital transmission (from grandmother to mother to newborn) was established in 4 families. The association among low weight at birth, prematurity, and congenital transmission was highly significant. An important observation was the absence of pathologic findings in a high proportion of infected children. The detection of asymptomatic infections was a consequence of population screening, as opposed to hospital-based diagnosis, for which symptomatic cases predominate. Congenital transmission was associated with the geographic origin of mothers: women from areas where insect vectors proliferate were less likely to give birth to infected offspring than women from areas under active vector control.
Conclusions. Siblings of an infant infected with T cruzi are at high risk for infection themselves and, even in the absence of symptoms, should also be screened for infection. The findings of family clustering of infection and of second-generation congenital infection in vector-free areas suggest that new modalities of transmission, other than classic vector-borne spread, may occur both in endemic and in nonendemic areas.
Influences of Parenting Practices on the Risk of Having a Chance to Try Cannabis
Authors: Chen Chuan-Yu , Storr Carla L. , Anthony James C. 
Published: June 2005

Background. Parenting practices have been linked with an array of adolescent health-compromising behaviors, but little is known about their possible long-lasting effects. In this study, we estimate the extent to which parental monitoring, parental involvement and reinforcement, and coercive parental discipline during primary school might exert a durable influence on the risk of transitioning into an early stage of youthful cannabis involvement, ie, the first chance to try cannabis.Methods. Data were from a prospective study of first-graders who entered an urban public school system in the middle 1980s. Parenting was assessed in fourth grade, and cannabis experiences were evaluated during periodic assessments from middle childhood through young adulthood.Results. The estimated risk of the first chance to try cannabis peaked around 16 to 18 years of age. Lower parental involvement and reinforcement and higher coercive parental discipline were associated modestly with a greater risk of cannabis exposure opportunity through the years of adolescence and into early adulthood (parental involvement and reinforcement: adjusted relative risk: 1.4; 95% confidence interval: 1.1–1.7; parental discipline: adjusted relative risk: 1.3; 95% confidence interval: 1.1–1.5); the estimated impact of parental monitoring was less durable.Conclusions. Early-onset cannabis involvement can be hazardous. Certain parenting practices in the mid-primary school years may have a durable impact, perhaps helping to shield youths from having a chance to try cannabis throughout adolescence and into young adulthood.
Probability of Coincident Vaccination in the 24 or 48 Hours Preceding Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Death in Australia
Authors: Brotherton Julia M.L. , Hull Brynley P. , Hayen Andrew , Gidding Heather F. , Burgess Margaret A. 
Published: June 2005

Objective. Vaccination does not cause sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). However, SIDS peaks at 2 months of age, when vaccination encounters are frequent. There are no published estimates using population data on age of death and immunization coverage to indicate to practitioners how often coincident vaccination may occur by chance. This study aimed to determine the probability that an Australian infant who has died of SIDS was vaccinated in the days before death.Methods. An analytical study of population death data and immunization coverage was conducted for Australian children who were born between April 1, 2002, and March 31, 2003. Also evaluated were Australian children who were registered as dying of SIDS between 1997 and 2001. The main outcomes measured were distribution of SIDS deaths by age and distribution of immunization coverage by age.Results. The probability of recent vaccination and SIDS coinciding varied by age and day of the week of death. The overall estimated probability of vaccination within the last 24 hours for a child who has died of SIDS in Australia is estimated as 1.3%. In the last 48 hours, it is 2.6%. With the average number of SIDS deaths for the period 1997–2001 equal to 130 cases per year, we estimated that a case of SIDS will occur when vaccination was given in the last 24 hours in 1.7 cases per year and within 48 hours in 3.5 cases.Conclusions. Although coincident vaccination and SIDS should not be a frequent problem, it can be expected to occur at least annually in Australia by chance alone. The probabilities of vaccination by age estimated in this study can also be applied to estimate the probability of a vaccination encounter for children who have experienced any unusual medical condition or death, when these occurrences are known to be unrelated to vaccination.
Changes in Neurodevelopmental Outcomes at 18 to 22 Months' Corrected Age Among Infants of Less Than 25 Weeks' Gestational Age Born in 1993–1999
Authors: Hintz Susan R. , Kendrick Douglas E. , Vohr Betty R. , Poole W. Kenneth , Higgins Rosemary D. ,   for the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network
Published: June 2005

Background. Increased survival rates for extremely preterm, extremely low birth weight infants during the postsurfactant era have been reported, but data on changes in neurosensory and developmental impairments are sparse.Objective. To compare neuromotor and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 18 to 22 months' corrected age for infants of &lt;25 weeks' estimated gestational age (EGA) who were born in the 1990s.Methods. This was a multicenter, retrospective, comparative analysis of infants of &lt;25 weeks' EGA, with birth weights of 501 to 1000 g, born between January 1993 and June 1996 (epoch I) or between July 1996 and December 1999 (epoch II), in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network. Neurodevelopmental assessments were performed at 18 to 22 months' corrected age. Logistic-regression models were constructed to evaluate the independent risk of cerebral palsy, Mental Development Index of &lt;70, Psychomotor Development Index of &lt;70, and neurodevelopmental impairment.Results. A total of 366 patients in epoch I and 473 patients in epoch II were evaluated. Prenatal steroid use, cesarean section, surfactant treatment, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and severe retinopathy of prematurity were more likely in epoch II, whereas Apgar scores of &lt;5 at 5 minutes, patent ductus arteriosus, and severe intraventricular hemorrhage were more likely in epoch I. The prevalences of cerebral palsy, Psychomotor Development Index of &lt;70, and neurodevelopmental impairment were similar between epochs. The prevalences of Mental Development Index of &lt;70 were 40% for epoch I and 47% for epoch II. Regression analysis revealed that epoch II was an independent risk factor for Mental Developmental Index of &lt;70 (epoch I versus II: odds ratio: 0.63; 95% confidence interval: 0.45–0.87) but not for other outcomes.Conclusions. Early childhood neurodevelopmental outcomes among infants of &lt;25 weeks' EGA are not improving in the postsurfactant era, despite more aggressive perinatal and neonatal treatment. Later childhood follow-up assessment is needed to delineate trends in severe cognitive impairment in this extremely high-risk group.
Do Partners With Children Know About Firearms in Their Home? Evidence of a Gender Gap and Implications for Practitioners
Authors: Coyne-Beasley Tamera , Baccaglini Lorena , Johnson Renee M. , Webster Briana , Wiebe Douglas J. 
Published: June 2005

Objective. The gender gap describing the apparent differences in male and female reports of firearm-ownership and -storage habits has never been evaluated among individuals who live in the same household. Thus, the objective of this study was to examine the level of agreement on household firearms and storage practices among cohabiting partners.Methods. Data for this investigation came from follow-up telephone interviews of participants who underwent a randomized, controlled trial to test the effect of home-safety counseling, including firearm safety, on behavior change. Baseline interviews were conducted at a level 1 pediatric emergency department in North Carolina with adults who took a child or adolescent who was under his or her care to a pediatric emergency department. Follow-up interviews were conducted via telephone at 18 months after intervention with participants who reported household firearms at baseline. Participants then were asked whether their partners could be contacted for a separate telephone interview. The measured outcomes were number and type of household firearms and firearm-storage practices. The strength of agreement between partners' reported firearm-ownership and -storage practices was measured with the κ statistic.Results. Seventy-six partner–respondent pairs completed the study (62% response rate). Most initial respondents were white (89%), female (76%), and college graduates (52%); the median age was 37. There were no same-gender partners, and 91% reported that they were spouses. There was not perfect agreement among male and female partners with regard to the presence of household firearms. More men (80%) reported the presence of household firearms than did women (72%; κ = .64). The discordance between partner pairs regarding the number of household firearms and type was poor to fair (κ = .35 and .34, respectively). Although similar proportions of men and women reported storing any household firearms loaded (10%) and storing all household firearms locked up (63% men and 62% women), the κ values demonstrated only moderate agreement (κ = .56–.60). Most men (88%) and women (83%) reported that firearm storage was the husband's responsibility; 82% of men compared with 17% of women reported that they personally owned all of the firearms.Conclusions. A gender gap does exist in the reporting of firearm ownership with regard to the number and type of firearms owned. There are also differences in reported firearm-storage practices, which are likely related to the finding that men were reported to be the primary owner of firearms in most households as well as the person more commonly responsible for firearm storage. Firearm-safety counseling should include male partners in the history-taking process to improve knowledge about the presence and storage patterns of household firearms.
Pertussis in Adolescents and Adults: Should We Vaccinate?
Authors: Lee Grace M. , LeBaron Charles , Murphy Trudy V. , Lett Susan , Schauer Stephanie , Lieu Tracy A. 
Published: June 2005

Background. The incidence of reported pertussis among adolescents, adults, and young infants has increased sharply over the past decade. Combined acellular pertussis vaccines for adolescents and adults are available in Canada, Australia, and Germany and may soon be considered for use in the United States.Objective. To evaluate the potential health benefits, risks, and costs of a national pertussis vaccination program for adolescents and/or adults.Design, Setting, and Population. The projected health states and immunity levels associated with pertussis disease and vaccination were simulated with a Markov model. The following strategies were examined from the health care payer and societal perspectives: (1) no vaccination; (2) 1-time adolescent vaccination; (3) 1-time adult vaccination; (4) adult vaccination with boosters; (5) adolescent and adult vaccination with boosters; and (6) postpartum vaccination. Data on disease incidence, costs, outcomes, vaccine efficacy, and adverse events were based on published studies, recent unpublished clinical trials, and expert panel input.Main Outcome Measures. Cases prevented, adverse events, costs (in 2004 US dollars), cost per case prevented, and cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) saved.Results. One-time adolescent vaccination would prevent 30800 cases of pertussis (36% of projected cases) and would result in 91000 vaccine adverse events (67% local reactions). If pertussis vaccination cost $15 and vaccine coverage was 76%, then 1-time adolescent vaccination would cost $1100 per case prevented (or $1200 per case prevented) or $20000 per QALY (or $23000 per QALY) saved, from the societal (or health care payer) perspective. With a threshold of $50000 per QALY saved, the adolescent and adult vaccination with boosters strategy became potentially cost-effective from the societal perspective only if 2 conditions were met simultaneously, ie, (1) the disease incidence for adolescents and adults was ≥6 times higher than base-case assumptions and (2) the cost of vaccination was less than $10. Adult vaccination strategies were more costly and less effective than adolescent vaccination strategies. The results were sensitive to assumptions about disease incidence, vaccine efficacy, frequency of vaccine adverse events, and vaccine costs.Conclusions. Routine pertussis vaccination of adolescents results in net health benefits and may be relatively cost-effective.
Oestrogen does not affect the restoration of spermatogenesis in the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone-immunised adult rat
Authors: Meachem Sarah J , Robertson David M , Wreford Nigel G , McLachlan Robert I , Stanton Peter G 
Published: June 2005

Oestrogen is a metabolite of testosterone, but its role in spermatogenesis is ill-defined. Oestrogen may exert its effects on spermatogenesis, as oestrogen receptor (ER)-β has been localised to both germ and somatic cells. This study sought to establish whether the restoration of early germ cell numbers in spermatogenesis by high-dose exogenous testosterone was influenced by its metabolite, oestrogen. The ER antagonist (ICI 182780) was administered, at a dose known to impair oestrogen action in the male reproductive tract, during testosterone treatment of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-immunised rats, and germ cell numbers were determined. GnRH-immunised adult Sprague–Dawley rats (n=7–8 per group) received two doses of testosterone, either as a Silastic implant (24 cm (T24 cm)) or an injectable ester for 10 days alone or in combination with ICI 182780 (2 mg/kg, s.c. injection daily). Control rats received vehicle alone. Testes were perfusion-fixed and germ cells were quantified by the optical disector technique.
GnRH-immunisation reduced (P<0.001) both type A/ intermediate spermatogonial and type B spermatogonial/ preleptotene spermatocyte number (56% of control) and leptotene/zygotene spermatocyte number (63% of control). Pachytene spermatocyte and round spermatids were reduced to 12% and l% (P<0.01) of control respectively. Testosterone treatment did not increase type A/intermediate spermatogonial number compared with GnRH-immunised controls over the 10-day study period. Treatment with testosterone-esters increased type B spermatogonial/preleptotene spermatocytes and leptotene/zygotene spermatocyte numbers (both being ~83% of control, P<0.05), while T24 cm treatment did not significantly increase their numbers (~73% of control) compared with GnRH-immunised controls. Both treatments increased pachytene spermatocyte and round spermatid numbers to 55% and 8% of control respectively. Co-administration of ICI 182780 had no effect on any of these germ cell numbers. We conclude that oestrogen action plays no role in the short-term restoration of spermatogenesis by testosterone in the GnRH-immunised rat.
The Substrate Spectrum of Mandelate Racemase: Minimum Structural Requirements for Substrates and Substrate Model
Authors: Felfer Ulfried , Goriup Marian , Koegl Marion F. , Wagner Ulrike , Larissegger‐Schnell Barbara , Faber Kurt , Kroutil Wolfgang 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMandelate racemase (EC 5.1.2.2) is one of the few biochemically well‐characterized racemases. The remarkable stability of this cofactor‐independent enzyme and its broad substrate tolerance make it an ideal candidate for the racemization of non‐natural α‐hydroxycarboxylic acids under physiological reaction conditions to be applied in deracemization protocols in connection with a kinetic resolution step. This review summarizes all aspects of mandelate racemase relevant for the application of this enzyme in preparative‐scale biotransformations with special emphasis on its substrate tolerance. Collection and evaluation of substrate structure‐activity data led to a set of general guidelines, which were used as basis for the construction of a general substrate model, which allows a quick estimation of the expected activity for a given substrate.