bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE COLONY MORPHOLOGY OF TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: Smithburn Kenneth C. 
Published: June 2004

The colony topography of tubercle bacilli is significantly affected by altering the pH of the culture medium on which the organisms are grown. Under the conditions of these experiments, avian tubercle bacilli produce two variants, rough and smooth. The former are most numerous on the most acid medium used (pH 6.0); the smooth colonies are obtained over a broad range of pH.
Three colonial variants of bovine and human tubercle bacilli are described. Both mammalian types produce greater numbers of rough colonies at pH 6.0. The bovine type strains produce greatest numbers of smooth colonies in the pH range 6.4 to 6.8, and intermediate colonies on alkaline medium. The human type strains produce greatest numbers of smooth colonies at pH 6.4 and large numbers of intermediate colonies at pH 6.8 and pH 7.2.
Included among the avian and bovine strains studied are organisms of widely varying pathogenic properties. Virulent and attenuated strains of a given type produce similar colonial variants under similar environmental conditions.
A STUDY OF GENERALIZED VACCINIA IN THE CHICK EMBRYO
Authors: Buddingh G. J. 
Published: June 2004

1. Chick embryos infected by the chorio-allantoic route with a bacteria-free strain of vaccinia virus develop a general dissemination of the virus throughout the entire organism with the exception of the central nervous system.
2. Quantitative estimation of the distribution of the virus in the various organs of the infected chick by cutaneous inoculation on the rabbit skin offers no evidence for a heightened affinity of the virus for special tissues.
3. Histological study of the lesions in the various organs demonstrates the focal character of the lesions which apparently originate as perivascular infiltrations around the smaller blood vessels. No lesions could be demonstrated in the central nervous system proper.
4. In the earlier stages of the disease Guarnieri bodies are clearly demonstrable in the cells of the epidermis and the squamous epithelium of the buccal mucosa. Inclusion bodies closely resembling Guarnieri bodies are demonstrated in all the lesions occurring in the various other organs.
5. It was not possible to demonstrate conclusively the presence of Paschen bodies in the lesions of the internal organs by the Morosow method usually used for the demonstration of these bodies in the membranal lesion.
BLOOD PLASMA PROTEIN REGENERATION CONTROLLED BY DIET
Authors: McNaught J. B. , Scott V. C. , Woods F. M. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

When blood plasma proteins are depleted by bleeding, with return of washed red cells (plasmapheresis), it is possible to bring the dog to a steady state of low plasma protein in the circulation and a uniform plasma protein production on a basal diet. These dogs become test subjects by which the potency of various diet factors for plasma protein regeneration can be measured.
Plant and grain proteins are quite well utilized to form new plasma protein in these test dogs but soy bean meal probably should be rated at the head of this list. It is utilized with unexpected promptness and favors the production of albumin in contrast to other plant proteins which distinctly favor globulin production.
Long plasmapheresis periods on basal rations rich in grain proteins lower the resistance of these animals to infection.
Spleen, brain, and stomach when fed with the basal diet in these test dogs show less favorable potency ratios—10.2, 11.8, and 13.6 respectively. This means the grams of tissue protein which must be fed to produce 1 gm. of new plasma protein.
Fasting periods indicate that the dog can contribute only 4 to 6 gm. of plasma protein each week—an insignificant contribution presumably derived from the host's tissue proteins.
Infection and intoxication disturb the plasma protein production of these standardized dogs and may reduce the output of plasma proteins to very low levels in spite of considerable food intake. There may be a very sharp drop in the plasma protein level during the first day of intoxication (Dog 33-324).
Some of these observations may be of value in a study of clinical conditions associated with hypoproteinemia.
STUDIES ON PSEUDORABIES (INFECTIOUS BULBAR PARALYSIS, MAD ITCH
Authors: Hurst E. Weston 
Published: June 2004

In the monkey (M. mulatto) the virus of pseudorabies, pantropic in the rabbit, behaves as a strict neurotrope. Infection, usually fatal, readily follows intracerebral and intracisternal inoculation of rabbit virus, and often intrasciatic inoculation; the symptomatology of the ensuing disease is described. In a limited number of experiments no infection resulted from intradermal, intramuscular or intravenous inoculation. Nerve and glial cells are primarily attacked by the virus, but no cytological or other evidence of susceptibility of non-nervous tissue or of growth of virus outside the nervous system was obtained. Certain cortical areas, of which the principal are the pyriform area, cornu Ammonis, island of Reil, lower lip of the Sylvian fissure and basal surface of the frontal lobe, are affected far more severely than are other parts of the nervous axis; the reasons for this elective distribution of the most severe lesions, seen alike after intracerebral and intrasciatic inoculation and analogous perhaps to that in poliomyelitis and louping-ill, are not obvious. Other areas of the nervous system are relatively insusceptible to the action of the virus. Cases showing clinically only a febrile reaction without definite nervous symptoms may later exhibit marked residual lesions at the sites of election. The blood and cerebrospinal fluid play no apparent rôle in disseminating the virus, which, after intrasciatic inoculation, spreads upwards by the nervous path.
Some suggestion was received from the experiments that in monkeys possessed of immunity to B virus (Sabin and Wright, 1934) pseudorabic infection is less likely to prove fatal than in animals not so immune, but the observations made were insufficiently numerous to be of statistical value.
The sera of 6 out of 26 monkeys were found to contain antibodies neutralising B virus; these 6 monkeys were all included in one batch of 7 received at one time from the dealer.
THE EFFECTS OF ADRENALECTOMY AND HYPOPHYSECTOMY UPON EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES IN THE CAT
Authors: Long C. N. H. , Lukens F. D. W. 
Published: June 2004

1. The hypophysectomized cat shows an alleviation of the diabetes following pancreatectomy comparable to that previously demonstrated by others in the dog.
2. It is possible by various procedures to remove both adrenals and all the pancreas from cats. Such animals have survived for as long as 4 weeks without the use of insulin, the average survival being 18 days. Daily injections of cortical extract are necessary. By contrast, cats deprived of insulin by similar procedures but with adrenals intact survive only 4–5 days.
3. Adrenalectomized-depancreatized cats show as striking an alleviation of the diabetes as do those hypophysectomized and depancreatized. This is expressed by the markedly decreased glucose, nitrogen and acetone body excretion compared to that found in the depancreatized cat, as well as by the increased survival period.
4. Removal of epinephrine by denervation or demedullation of the adrenals does not protect against pancreatic diabetes in the cat.
5. The carbohydrate tolerance of depancreatized cats is not significantly increased by hypophysectomy or adrenalectomy.
The exceptions to this finding have all been in animals presenting varying degrees of spontaneous hypoglycemia.
6. It is our opinion that the effects of hypophysectomy or adrenalectomy upon pancreatic diabetes are due to diminution of the production of glucose and acetone bodies rather than to the resumption of normal carbohydrate utilization.
EXPERIMENTAL ENCEPHALITIS (ST. LOUIS TYPE) IN MICE WITH HIGH INBORN RESISTANCE
Authors: Webster Leslie T. , Clow Anna D. 
Published: June 2004

1. St. Louis encephalitis virus injected intracerebrally or intraperitoneally in maximum doses in resistant mice is distributed and is effective in a manner generally similar to that in susceptible mice. The minimum infecting dose is at least 1,000 times greater in resistant than susceptible mice and virus injected in the brain tends to remain at a relatively low titre, persist for a few days, and then disappear.
2. Virus dropped in the nares is demonstrable and progresses in the brains of resistant mice as in susceptible mice, but does not increase in titre beyond the 5th day, does not bring about fatal encephalitis, and persists for at least 4 weeks.
3. Lesions in the brains of resistant mice following nasal instillation of virus do not appear until the 8th day, reach a maximum at 40 days, and are still present, though resolving, at 3 months. The changes resemble those seen in the human disease and in other unnamed forms of encephalitis.
4. The quantity of virus drops 1,000-fold when recovered from resistant mice and becomes non-infective by the nasal route. Passage in susceptible mice promptly restores its full titre.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON ANTIBODY PURIFICATION
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Kendall Forrest E. 
Published: June 2004

1. Quantitative data are given on the effect of changes in hydrogen ion concentration and of salt solutions of high concentration on certain immune precipitates obtained at lower salt concentration.
2. Advantage is taken of the shift in reaction equilibrium brought about by the salt in the case of pneumococcus carbohydrate-anti-carbohydrate precipitates to enable the preparation, in a single step from unconcentrated serum, of antibody solutions in which up to 93 per cent of the total nitrogen is immune nitrogen. The method permits successive absorptions of a serum to be made with the same specific precipitate.
3. A modification of Felton's alkaline earth hydroxide dissociation procedure is proposed which yields highly purified antibody with precipitates which have been subjected to several successive salt dissociations.
ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION OF GUINEA PIGS WITH THE VIRUS OF EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
Authors: Cox Herald R. , Olitsky Peter K. 
Published: June 2004

An analysis of the preceding experiments discloses that antiviral bodies are demonstrable not at all or in small amounts in the sera of guinea pigs injected with a quantity of active virus not sufficient to induce immunity against the described intracerebral test for induced resistance. However, neutralizing bodies are found in immune animals, although in low concentration, and are regularly manifested when serum is added to low multiples of infective doses of virus under optimal conditions of time and temperature. Hyperimmune serum, on the other hand, reveals a distinct increase in the amount of antiviral bodies present.
Irrespective of the mode of procedure for revealing neutralizing bodies, there does not appear to be any notable difference in the content of such bodies in the serum of animals immunized with active virus or with formolized vaccine in which active virus could not be demonstrated. In other words, the antigenic complexes in active as well as in inactive virus produce similar degrees of antibody reaction. The formolization of virus tissue suspensions, therefore, can be considered as a process whereby the virus is inactivated but the antigenicity of the suspensions is preserved, as is also shown in the preceding paper of this series in tests on tissue immunity. In that article is described the remarkably high degree of tissue immunity which results from injections of inactive virus; now we demonstrate that this resistance is associated with a minimal degree of serum antibody.
Finally, the question may well be asked, if practically no antiviral bodies are demonstrable immediately or soon after mixing immune serum and virus, and are recognizable in a tenfold increase when functions of time and temperature are brought into play, whether the bodies are "neutralizing" or the phenomenon is due merely to aggregation of virus particles by the serum. From the recent work on the same virus and immune serum (9) by Merrill, there appears to be warrant for the belief in aggregation of virus particles which in turn diminishes the virus activity to the indicated degree.
CHANGES IN OUTLYING BONE MARROW ACCOMPANYING A LOCAL INCREASE OF TEMPERATURE WITHIN PHYSIOLOGICAL LIMITS
Authors: Huggins Charles , Blocksom B. H. 
Published: June 2004

A great difference exists in the adult bone marrow of central bones as compared with outlying bones of the mammalia and avia, the distal bones being at a great disadvantage from the standpoint of blood cell production. Several experimental procedures are reported by which this disadvantage is overcome and in consequence fatty marrow of outlying bones is replaced by red marrow occurring chiefly at the epiphyseal regions, unless a low oxygen stimulus is also provided when marrow of the diaphysis becomes involved. A common factor in all of the experiments was an elevation of temperature beyond that prevailing in these distal regions, and it is felt that the evidence warrants the opinion that the cause of improvement is thermal. In some experiments, blood cell formation was increasing while the heat was adversely affecting the testis. The experiments permit construction of a general theory of fat distribution in bone marrow.
In certain grafts of precartilage to other rats, normal differentiation into bone, cartilage, and marrow occurred, while in others cartilage and very small amounts of primitive marrow developed with slight, or no bone formation. Cartilage was always successfully engrafted.
The capacity to form sinusoids in bone marrow is determined by the nature of the tissue rather than by the ingrowing endothelium.
THE PROTECTIVE ACTION OF TYPE I ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERUM IN MICE
Authors: Goodner Kenneth , Horsfall Frank L. 
Published: June 2004

1. The addition of small amounts of cholesterol and of cephalin reduces markedly the protective action of antipneumococcus horse serum.
2. These lipids do not affect the protective action of antipneumococcus rabbit serum.
3. These findings may be explained (a)by the selective adsorption of lipid on the antigen-antibody complex, and (b) by certain lipid antagonisms.
4. The failure of large amounts of immune horse serum to protect mice against pneumococcus infection is explicable on the basis of selective participation of lipids dependent upon the species from which the antibody is derived.
5. The lipids modify the results of protection tests only through participation in the process of specific sensitization.
NITROGEN, POTASSIUM, SODIUM, AND CHLORINE METABOLISM IN RICKETS, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BILIARY FISTULA RICKETS IN PUPPIES
Authors: Heymann Walter 
Published: June 2004

1. Rickets developed in three puppies deprived of vitamin D and sunlight since birth, in which, at the age of 6 to 7 weeks gall bladder fistula was established. The results of studies of their bones and of the calcium and phosphate metabolism have previously been published (2). Studies on the nitrogen, potassium, sodium, and chlorine metabolism, here presented, reveal that the metabolism was greatly interfered with as compared with that in three controls without gall bladder fistula rickets. This interference, together with an inhibited gain in weight, demonstrates that the pathogenesis of biliary, fistula rickets in puppies has to be considered distinctly different from infantile rickets as well as from rickets produced in rats.
2. The nitrogen, potassium, sodium, and chlorine metabolism was also studied in three rachitic and four healthy infants, and in eleven rachitic and six control rats. The balance of these substances, as well as their distribution in stool and urine, proved to be the same whether or not rickets was present.
3. The pathogenesis of biliary fistula rickets is discussed on the basis of these studies. The assumption has been made that deficiency in other vitamins than vitamin D might have a bearing upon the development of this disease. Further study with a view to possible elimination of these unspecific factors might lead to the experimental production by gall bladder fistula of a purely rachitic state.
4. The normal balance and distribution of nitrogen, potassium, sodium, and chlorine in the stool and urine of rachitic infants and rats are considered further evidence of the hypothetical nature of the so called absorption theory in infantile rickets.
A SKIN TEST FOR DETECTING GROUP C HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTION CAUSING EPIZOOTIC LYMPHADENITIS IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Moen Johannes K. 
Published: June 2004

1. A skin test with a crude bacterial extract prepared from group C (Lancefield) hemolytic streptococci was used as a means of detecting possible carriers of the streptococcus causing epizootic lymphadenitis in guinea pigs. A positive test similar to a positive tuberculin reaction was considered presumptive evidence of present or recent infection with this streptococcus.
2. 20 positive reactors were found in 330 supposedly normal guinea pigs.
3. 195 negatively reacting animals were used as a breeding stock which yielded 1,296 progeny over a period of 15 months. None of the breeding stock or their progeny showed evidence of spontaneous lymphadenitis. Skin tests of 100 of the progeny were all negative.
4. The use of this skin test as a means of obtaining guinea pig breeding stock free of the streptococcus causing spontaneous lymphadenitis is suggested.
AN ACQUIRED RESISTANCE OF GROWING ANIMALS TO CERTAIN NEUROTROPIC VIRUSES IN THE ABSENCE OF HUMORAL ANTIBODIES OR PREVIOUS EXPOSURE TO INFECTION
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Sabin Albert B. , Cox Herald R. 
Published: June 2004

1. As mice grow older they acquire a resistance to peripheral inoculation with the Indiana and New Jersey strains of vesicular stomatitis virus and to some extent also to Western equine encephalomyelitis virus, but little or none to the Eastern strain.
2. While some mice may become resistant as early as the 30th day of life, others may still be susceptible at 1 year of age.
3. This resistance is readily demonstrable when the inoculations are made by intranasal, subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, and intravenous routes, but not when the virus is injected directly into the brain.
4. The resistance is not related to previous exposure to infection or to the presence of specific or nonspecific antiviral bodies in the blood.
5. No difference in susceptibility to peripheral inoculation was found in young and old guinea pigs to pseudorabies virus, and in relatively young and old Macacus rhesus monkeys to poliomyelitis virus.
THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SWINE TO THE VIRUS OF HUMAN INFLUENZA
Authors: Shope Richard E. , Francis Thomas 
Published: June 2004

Swine inoculated intranasally with human influenza virus alone develop an ill defined, mild, and usually afebrile illness of short duration. At postmortem the anterior lobes of the lungs of such animals contain scant, scattered areas of lobular atelectasis. Transmission of the virus for 5 serial passages through two groups of swine failed noticeably to enhance its pathogenicity for this species. The disease produced in swine by infection with human influenza virus alone is indistinguishable clinically and pathologically from that caused by infection with swine influenza virus alone. Transmission of human influenza virus from swine to swine by contact succeeded in only one of four attempts.
Swine inoculated intranasally with a mixture of human influenza virus and H. influenzae suis usually develop a febrile, depressing illness similar to mild swine influenza. The pneumonia encountered in such animals at autopsy is similar to but less extensive than that seen in swine influenza. In some animals H. influenzae suis fails to become established and the disease then seen is identical with that caused by human influenza virus alone.
The human influenza virus recovered after 5 serial transfers in swine was immunologically the same as that with which the experiments were begun.
LIPIDS AND IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIONS
Authors: Horsfall Frank L. , Goodner Kenneth 
Published: June 2004

1. Complete lipid patterns of specific precipitates from horse and rabbit Type I antipneumococcus sera, as well as of the sera themselves, have been determined by gasometric micro methods.
2. The lipid patterns of horse and rabbit antisera are very similar, and as regards the phosphatide fractions are relatively identical.
3. The lipid patterns of specific precipitates from horse and rabbit antisera show one outstanding qualitative difference. The specific precipitate from horse antiserum contains an amino phosphatide, which is probably cephalin, while that from rabbit antiserum contains a non-amino phosphatide, which is thought to be lecithin.
EXPERIMENTAL NEPHRITIS IN RATS INDUCED BY INJECTION OF ANTI-KIDNEY SERUM
Authors: Smadel Joseph E. 
Published: June 2004

Nephritis can be induced in rats by the injection of anti-kidney sera obtained from rabbits immunized with suspensions of perfused rat kidney.
Anti-kidney sera, thus prepared, contain a number of antibodies capable, on injection into rats, of inducing a severe anaphylactoid reaction with general vascular manifestations that involve the kidney as well as other organs. These sera also contain a nephrotoxic agent that affects the kidney primarily.
The nephrotoxic effect is characterized clinically by severe persistent albuminuria with casts, and transient anasarca during the acute disease, but no significant hematuria occurs. When a severe anaphylactoid reaction is superimposed on the nephrotoxic injury, hematuria is an outstanding feature.
Nephrotoxin is demonstrable in vivo and is not related quantitatively to the precipitins in the anti-kidney serum against kidney extract. It is most readily obtained by immunization with kidney suspensions, but may occasionally appear after injections of other organ preparations; it does not result from immunization with erythrocytes or serum. Nephrotoxin is present in the globulin fraction of anti-kidney serum.
The nephrotoxic action of anti-kidney serum is easily removed by absorption with kidney cells or fat-free kidney tissue. Similar preparations of liver likewise remove it, but less readily. Neither kidney, liver, or brain lipids affect it, nor does absorption with red blood cells or serum.
Nephrotoxin appears to be an antibody that is relatively organ specific in its affinities. It differs from the more common antibodies involved in reverse anaphylaxis in one respect, at least: The animal rapidly becomes desensitized against the latter and fails to react, whereas desensitization to nephrotoxin is difficult to secure.
DOES THE GONADOTROPIC HORMONE INDUCE ANTIBODIES OR ANTIHORMONES?
Authors: Sulman Felix 
Published: June 2004

1. It is shown in 52 experiments upon rabbits that the purified gonadotropic hormone has no antigenic function—as an antigen or a haptene—either in the form of prolan derived from the urine of pregnant women or in the form of prosylan, derived from the blood of pregnant mares.
2. The experiments reported elsewhere which ascribe an antigenic structure to prolan, are due to confusion with the so called non-specific urine antigen (urine colloid).
3. Sera of rabbits which are abundant in prolan antihormone (Collip) also contain no antibodies against prolan. The antihormones against the gonadotropic substances must accordingly be considered as protective ferments (Abderhalden).
4. The employment of castrated animals has no influence upon the above results.
5. The lack of immunizingly effective components in pure prolan and prosylan (a) inhibits the possibility of serological diagnosis of pregnancy for the diagnostician; (b) protects the therapeutist against undesirable toxic and allergic secondary effects in intensive prolan treatment. The latter also is valid for pure prosylan preparations.
6. No prolan antibodies could be found in the blood of pregnant women in the 2nd and 4th month of pregnancy, or 1 day and 1 month postpartum.
7. Antihormone against prolan of human origin has no paralysing effect upon a prosylan preparation derived from the blood of pregnant mares (antex); there exists therefore a species specificity.