bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Tropical Convective Spectrum. Part I: Archetypal Vertical Structures
Authors: Boccippio Dennis J. , Petersen Walter A. , Cecil Daniel J. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
A taxonomy of tropical convective and stratiform vertical structures is constructed through cluster analysis of 3 yr of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) “warm-season” (surface temperature greater than 10°C) precipitation radar (PR) vertical profiles, their surface rainfall, and associated radar-based classifiers (convective/stratiform and brightband existence). Twenty-five archetypal profile types are identified, including nine convective types, eight stratiform types, two mixed types, and six anvil/fragment types (nonprecipitating anvils and sheared deep convective profiles). These profile types are then hierarchically clustered into 10 similar families, which can be further combined, providing an objective and physical reduction of the highly multivariate PR data space that retains vertical structure information. The taxonomy allows for description of any storm or local convective spectrum by the profile types or families. The analysis provides a quasi-independent corroboration of the TRMM 2A23 convective/stratiform classification. The global frequency of occurrence and contribution to rainfall for the profile types are presented, demonstrating primary rainfall contribution by midlevel glaciated convection (27%) and similar depth decaying/stratiform stages (28%–31%). Profiles of these types exhibit similar 37- and 85-GHz passive microwave brightness temperatures but differ greatly in their frequency of occurrence and mean rain rates, underscoring the importance to passive microwave rain retrieval of convective/stratiform discrimination by other means, such as polarization or texture techniques, or incorporation of lightning observations. Close correspondence is found between deep convective profile frequency and annualized lightning production, and pixel-level lightning occurrence likelihood directly tracks the estimated mean ice water path within profile types.
Impacts of the Aleutian–Icelandic Low Seesaw on Surface Climate during the Twentieth Century
Authors: Honda Meiji , Yamane Shozo , Nakamura Hisashi 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
An interannual seesaw between the intensities of the Icelandic and Aleutian lows and its impact on surface climate observed during the twentieth century are investigated. In a recent period from the late 1960s to the early 1990s, their seesaw relationship was particularly apparent in late winter. The associated anomalies in surface air temperature were significant in many regions over the extratropical Northern Hemisphere except in central portions of the continents. The seesaw also modified the ocean–atmosphere exchange of heat and moisture extensively over the North Atlantic and North Pacific by changing evaporation and precipitation. Since the seesaw formation was triggered by eastward propagation of stationary Rossby wave trains from the North Pacific into the North Atlantic, anomalous circulation over the North Pacific in January was identified as a good precursor for February surface air temperatures in the Euro–Atlantic sector during that period.
The seesaw relationship between the two lows underwent multidecadal modulations during the twentieth century. It was weak in the mid-1950s through the mid-1960s, while it was particularly strong during the preceding period from the 1920s to the 1940s with its impact on surface temperatures as extensive as in the recent period. Although it reached maturity in January, the precursory signal of the seesaw in that early period was also found in the North Pacific one month earlier, which suggests that the formation was through essentially the same mechanisms as in the recent period.
The Heat Balance of the Western Hemisphere Warm Pool
Authors: Enfield David B. , Lee Sang-ki 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The thermodynamic development of the Western Hemisphere warm pool and its four geographic subregions are analyzed. The subregional warm pools of the eastern North Pacific and equatorial Atlantic are best developed in the boreal spring, while in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean, the highest temperatures prevail during the early and late summer, respectively. For the defining isotherms chosen (≥27.5°, ≥28.0°, ≥28.5°C) the warm pool depths are similar to the mixed-layer depth (20–40 m) but are considerably less than the Indo–Pacific warm pool depth (50–60 m). The heat balance of the WHWP subregions is examined through two successive types of analysis: first by considering a changing volume (“bubble”) bounded by constant temperature wherein advective fluxes disappear and diffusive fluxes can be estimated as a residual, and second by considering a slab layer of constant dimensions with the bubble diffusion estimates as an additional input and the advective heat flux divergence as a residual output. From this sequential procedure it is possible to disqualify as being physically inconsistent four of seven surface heat flux climatologies: the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis (NCEP1) and the ECMWF 15-yr global reanalysis (ERA-15) because they yield a nonphysical diffusion of heat into the warm pools from their cooler surroundings, and the unconstrained da Silva and Southampton datasets because their estimated diffusion rates are inconsistent with the smaller rates of the better understood Indo–Pacific warm pool when the bubble analysis is applied to both regions. The remaining surface flux datasets of da Silva and Southampton (constrained) and Oberhuber have a much narrower range of slab surface warming (+25 ± 5 W m−2) associated with bubble residual estimates of total diffusion of –5 to –20 W m−2 (±5 W m−2) and total advective heat flux divergence of –2 to –14 W m−2 (±5 W m−2). The latter are independently confirmed by direct estimates using wind stress data and drifters for the Gulf of Mexico and eastern North Pacific subregions.
Urban Heat Island Assessment: Metadata Are Important
Authors: Peterson Thomas C. , Owen Timothy W. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Urban heat island (UHI) analyses for the conterminous United States were performed using three different forms of metadata: nightlights-derived metadata, map-based metadata, and gridded U.S. Census Bureau population metadata. The results indicated that metadata do matter. Whether a UHI signal was found depended on the metadata used. One of the reasons is that the UHI signal is very weak. For example, population was able to explain at most only a few percent of the variance in temperature between stations. The nightlights metadata tended to classify lower population stations as rural compared to map-based metadata while the map-based metadata urban stations had, on average, higher populations than urban nightlights. Analysis with gridded population metadata indicated that statistically significant urban heat islands could be found even when quite urban stations were classified as rural, indicating that the primary signal was coming from the relatively high population sites. If ∼30% of the highest population stations were removed from the analysis, no statistically significant urban heat island was detected. The implications of this work on U.S. climate change analyses is that, if the highest population stations are avoided (populations above 30 000 within 6 km), the analysis should not be expected to be contaminated by UHIs. However, comparison between U.S. Historical Climatology Network (HCN) time series from the full dataset and a subset excluding the high population sites indicated that the UHI contamination from the high population stations accounted for very little of the recent warming.
El Niño–La Niña Asymmetry in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Simulations*
Authors: An Soon-Il , Ham Yoo-Geun , Kug Jong-Seong , Jin Fei-Fei , Kang In-Sik 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The El Niño–La Niña asymmetry was estimated in the 10 different models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). Large differences in the “asymmetricity” (a variance-weighted skewness) of SST anomalies are found between models and observations. Most of the coupled models underestimate the nonlinearity and only a few exhibit the positively skewed SST anomalies over the tropical eastern Pacific as seen in the observation. A significant association between the nonlinear dynamical heating (NDH) and asymmetricity in the model–ENSO indices is found, inferring that asymmetricity is caused mainly by NDH. Among the 10 models, one coupled GCM simulates the asymmetricity of the tropical SST realistically, and its simulation manifests a strong relationship between the intensity and the propagating feature of ENSO—the strong ENSO events moving eastward and the weak ENSO events moving westward—which is consistent with the observation. Interestingly, the coupled general circulation models, of which the ocean model is based on the one used by Bryan and Cox, commonly showed the reasonably positive skewed ENSO.
The decadal changes in the skewness, variance, and NDH of the model-simulated ENSO are also observed. These three quantities over the tropical eastern Pacific are significantly correlated to each other, indicating that the decadal change in ENSO variability is closely related to the nonlinear process of ENSO. It is also found that these decadal changes in ENSO variability are related to the decadal variation in the tropical Pacific SST, implying that the decadal change in the El Niño–La Niña asymmetry could manifest itself as a rectified change in the background state.
The Energetics of Ocean Heat Transport
Authors: Gnanadesikan Anand , Slater Richard D. , Swathi P. S. , Vallis Geoffrey K. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
A number of recent papers have argued that the mechanical energy budget of the ocean places constraints on how the thermohaline circulation is driven. These papers have been used to argue that climate models, which do not specifically account for the energy of mixing, potentially miss a very important feedback on climate change. This paper reexamines the question of what energetic arguments can teach us about the climate system and concludes that the relationship between energetics and climate is not straightforward. By analyzing the buoyancy transport equation, it is demonstrated that the large-scale transport of heat within the ocean requires an energy source of around 0.2 TW to accomplish vertical transport and around 0.4 TW (resulting from cabbeling) to accomplish horizontal transport. Within two general circulation models, this energy is almost entirely supplied by surface winds. It is also shown that there is no necessary relationship between heat transport and mechanical energy supply.
Characteristics and Trends of River Discharge into Hudson, James, and Ungava Bays, 1964–2000
Authors: Déry Stephen J. , Stieglitz Marc , McKenna Edward C. , Wood Eric F. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The characteristics and trends of observed river discharge into the Hudson, James, and Ungava Bays (HJUBs) for the period 1964–2000 are investigated. Forty-two rivers with outlets into these bays contribute on average 714 km3 yr−1 [= 0.023 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1)] of freshwater to high-latitude oceans. For the system as a whole, discharge attains an annual peak of 4.2 km3 day−1 on average in mid-June, whereas the minimum of 0.68 km3 day−1 occurs on average during the last week of March. The Nelson River contributes as much as 34% of the daily discharge for the entire system during winter but diminishes in relative importance during spring and summer. Runoff rates per contributing area are highest (lowest) on the eastern (western) shores of the Hudson and James Bays. Linear trend analyses reveal decreasing discharge over the 37-yr period in 36 out of the 42 rivers. By 2000, the total annual freshwater discharge into HJUBs diminished by 96 km3 (−13%) from its value in 1964, equivalent to a reduction of 0.003 Sv. The annual peak discharge rate associated with snowmelt has advanced by 8 days between 1964 and 2000 and has diminished by 0.036 km3 day−1 in intensity. There is a direct correlation between the timing of peak spring discharge rates and the latitude of a river’s mouth; the spring freshet varies by 5 days for each degree of latitude. Continental snowmelt induces a seasonal pulse of freshwater from HJUBs that is tracked along its path into the Labrador Current. It is suggested that the annual upper-ocean salinity minimum observed on the inner Newfoundland Shelf can be explained by freshwater pulses composed of meltwater from three successive winter seasons in the river basins draining into HJUBs. A gradual salinization of the upper ocean during summer over the period 1966–94 on the inner Newfoundland Shelf is in accord with a decadal trend of a diminishing intensity in the continental meltwater pulses.
Multirater Agreement of Arthroscopic Grading of Knee Articular Cartilage
Authors: Marx Robert G. , Connor Jason , Lyman Stephen , Amendola Annunziato , Andrish Jack T. , Kaeding Christopher , McCarty Eric C. , Parker Richard D. , Wright Rick W. , Spindler Kurt P. 
Published: August 2005

Background Acute and chronic cartilage injury of the knee has an important impact on prognosis. The validity of the classification of such injuries is critical for prospective multicenter studies. The agreement among multiple surgeons at different institutions for articular cartilage lesions has not been established. Hypothesis Arthroscopic classification of articular cartilage lesions is reliable and reproducible and can be used for multicenter studies involving multiple surgeons. Study Design Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 1. Methods A total of 6 surgeons from 5 centers reviewed 31 videos of articular cartilage lesions. With grade 2 and grade 3 combined for the analysis, observed agreement ranged from 81% to 94%, and kappa ranged from 0.34 to 0.87. An additional 22 videos comprising grade 2 and grade 3 lesions were analyzed, and the observed agreement was 80%, with an overall kappa of 0.47. Conclusion Arthroscopic grading of articular cartilage lesions is reproducible among surgeons at different centers. Clinical Relevance Articular cartilage lesions can be reliably classified among surgeons at different sites. Such reliability is important for multicenter clinical research studies involving arthroscopic knee surgery.
Tendon-Bone Interface Motion in Transosseous Suture and Suture Anchor Rotator Cuff Repair Techniques
Authors: Ahmad Christopher S. , Stewart Andrew M. , Izquierdo Rolando , Bigliani Louis U. 
Published: August 2005

Background Although many studies involving rotator cuff repair fixation have focused on ultimate fixation strength and ability to restore the tendon's native footprint, no studies have characterized the stability of the repair with regard to motion between the tendon and repair site footprint. Hypothesis Suture anchor fixation for rotator cuff repair has greater interface motion between tendon and bone than does transosseous suture fixation. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Twelve fresh-frozen human cadaveric shoulders were tested in a custom device to position the shoulder in internal and external rotations with simulated supraspinatus muscle loading. Tendon motion relative to the insertional footprint on the greater tuberosity was determined optically using a digital camera rigidly connected to the humerus, with the humerus positioned at 60° of internal rotation and 60° of external rotation. Testing was performed for the intact tendon, a complete supraspinatus tear, a suture anchor repair, and a transosseous tunnel repair. Results Difference in tendon-bone interface motion when compared with the intact tendon was 7.14 ± 3.72 mm for the torn rotator cuff condition, 2.35 ± 1.26 mm for the suture anchor repair, and 0.02 ± 1.18 mm for the transosseous suture repair. The transosseous suture repair demonstrated significantly less motion when compared with the torn rotator cuff and suture anchor repair conditions (P <. 05). Conclusion Transosseous suture repair compared with suture anchor repair demonstrated superior tendon fixation with reduced motion at the tendon-to-tuberosity interface. Clinical Relevance Development of new fixation techniques for arthroscopic and open rotator cuff repairs should attempt to minimize interface motion of the tendon relative to the tuberosity.
Trochlear Contact Pressures after Anteromedialization of the Tibial Tubercle
Authors: Beck Paul R. , Thomas Andre L. , Farr Jack , Lewis Paul B. , Cole Brian J. 
Published: August 2005

Background Anteromedialization is recommended for cartilage restoration of patellofemoral defects, with the presumption that it decreases contact pressures across the trochlea. No study has evaluated pressures on the trochlear side of the patellofemoral joint after anteromedialization of the tibial tubercle. Hypothesis Anteromedialization of the tibial tubercle decreases contact pressure across the trochlea. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Ten cadaveric knees were tested by placing an electroresistive pressure sensor on the femoral side of the patellofemoral joint. A validated model of nonweightbearing resisted extension was simulated by loading the extensor mechanism at 89.1 N and 178.2 N. Knees were tested 3 times per load at 30°, 60°, 90°, and 105°. The center of force and pressure across the patellofemoral articulation were compared before and after a reproducible and consistent anteromedialization. Results The mean center of force shifted medially after anteromedialization at 89.1 N and 178.2 N. At 89.1 N, the mean total contact pressure decreased significantly (P <. 05) at all angles, and at 178.2 N, it decreased significantly at 30°, 60°, and 90° of knee flexion. The mean lateral trochlear contact pressure decreased significantly (P <. 05) at all flexion angles at both 89.1 N and 178.2 N. The mean central trochlear contact pressure decreased significantly (P <. 05) at 30° with the 89.1-N and 178.2-N loads but increased significantly (P <. 05) at 90° with the 89.1-N load. The mean medial trochlear contact pressure increased significantly (P <. 05) at all flexion angles at 89.1 N and 178.2 N. Conclusion Anteromedialization shifts the contact force to the medial trochlea and decreases the mean total contact pressure. Clinical Relevance Anteromedialization decreases the mean total contact pressure while shifting contact pressure toward the medial trochlea. This study suggests that anteromedialization is appropriate for unloading the lateral trochlea. However, this procedure appears to have minimal benefit on central chondral defects, and it may actually increase the load in patients with medial defects.
A survey of transcutaneous blood gas monitoring among European neonatal intensive care units
Authors: Rüdiger Mario , Töpfer Kerstin , Hammer Hannes , Schmalisch Gerd , Wauer Roland R 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Background
PCO2 and PO2 are important monitoring parameters in neonatal intensive care units (NICU). Compared to conventional blood gas measurements that cause significant blood loss in preterms, transcutaneous (tc) measurements allow continuous, non-invasive monitoring of blood gas levels. The aim of the study was to survey the usage and opinions among German speaking NICUs concerning tc blood gas monitoring.

Methods
A questionnaire was developed and sent to 56 head nurses of different NICUs in Germany, Switzerland and Austria.

Results
A completely answered questionnaire was obtained from 41 NICUs. In two of these units tc measurements are not performed. In most NICUs (77%), both PtcO2 and PtcCO2 are measured simultaneously. Most units change the sensors every 3 hours; however, the recommended temperature of 44°C is used in only 15% of units. In only 8% of units are arterial blood gases obtained to validate tc values. Large variations were found concerning the targeted level of oxygen saturation [median upper limit: 95% (range 80–100%); median lower limit: 86% (range 75–93%)] and PO2 [median upper limit: 70 mmHg (range 45–90 mmHg); median lower limit: 44 mmHg (range 30–60 mmHg)].

Conclusion
Our survey shows that the use of tc monitors remains widespread among German speaking NICUs, despite earlier data suggesting that their use had been abandoned in many NICUs worldwide. In addition, we suggest that the current method of monitoring oxygenation may not prevent hyperoxemia in preterm infants.
Inequalities in neighbourhood socioeconomic characteristics: potential evidence-base for neighbourhood health planning
Authors: Odoi Agricola , Wray Ron , Emo Marion , Birch Stephen , Hutchison Brian , Eyles John , Abernathy Tom 
Published: August 2005

Abstract

Background
Population health planning aims to improve the health of the entire population and to reduce health inequities among population groups. Socioeconomic factors are increasingly being recognized as major determinants of many aspects of health and causes of health inequities. Knowledge of socioeconomic characteristics of neighbourhoods is necessary to identify their unique health needs and enhance identification of socioeconomically disadvantaged populations. Careful integration of this knowledge into health planning activities is necessary to ensure that health planning and service provision are tailored to unique neighbourhood population health needs. In this study, we identify unique neighbourhood socioeconomic characteristics and classify the neighbourhoods based on these characteristics. Principal components analysis (PCA) of 18 socioeconomic variables was used to identify the principal components explaining most of the variation in socioeconomic characteristics across the neighbourhoods. Cluster analysis was used to classify neighbourhoods based on their socioeconomic characteristics.

Results
Results of the PCA and cluster analysis were similar but the latter were more objective and easier to interpret. Five neighbourhood types with distinguishing socioeconomic and demographic characteristics were identified. The methodology provides a more complete picture of the neighbourhood socioeconomic characteristics than when a single variable (e.g. income) is used to classify neighbourhoods.

Conclusion
Cluster analysis is useful for generating neighbourhood population socioeconomic and demographic characteristics that can be useful in guiding neighbourhood health planning and service provision. This study is the first of a series of studies designed to investigate health inequalities at the neighbourhood level with a view to providing evidence-base for health planners, service providers and policy makers to help address health inequity issues at the neighbourhood level. Subsequent studies will investigate inequalities in health outcomes both within and across the neighbourhood types identified in the current study.