bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pilot study of patient satisfaction with nonfluorinated topical steroids compared with a topical immunomodulator in atopiform dermatitis
Authors: Burkhart Craig N. , Burkhart Craig G. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractBackground  There is clinical uncertainty concerning the effectiveness of the new topical immunomodulators vs. the conventional use of topical steroids for the treatment of atopic dermatitis.Objectives  To assess patient satisfaction with these two prescription topical remedies for atopic eczema.Methods  In an open‐label, 2‐week, comparative study, 10 patients demonstrating atopiform dermatitis were given tacrolimus and 0.1% hydrocortisone butyrate in a 70% oil‐in‐water base to apply to the eczema on opposite sides of the body. After 2 weeks of applying the agents twice daily to their respective sides of the body surface, the study subjects completed a 12‐question survey to assess their opinions of the two products.Results  There was a preference for the nonfluorinated topical steroid over tacrolimus in this cursory head‐to‐head study. There were no withdrawals from the study or side‐effects reported with either product.Conclusions  Trials of short duration with small numbers of patients do not adequately inform practitioners regarding the use of these topical remedies. However, the higher satisfaction of patients with 0.1% hydrocortisone buyrate in a 70% oil‐in‐water base over tacrolimus certainly warrants further investigation.
Cutaneous onchocercoma
Authors: Okulicz Jason F. , Stibich Adam S. , Elston Dirk M. , Schwartz Robert A. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractOnchocerciasis is a common, chronic multisystem disease with dermatologic, ocular, and systemic manifestations. Although the disease is endemic in Africa, Latin America, and Yemen, imported cases have been described in the United States. The causative organism, Onchocerca volvulus, is transmitted by the bite of a black fly of the genus Simulium. There are a number of cutaneous manifestations of the disease, including onchocercomas, which are subcutaneous bundles of worms. The antiparasitic agent ivermectin is the drug of choice for both prophylaxis and treatment of active disease.
Distance education is as effective as traditional education when teaching food safety§
Authors: Shanley Ellen L. , Thompson Colleen A. , Leuchner Lisa A. , Zhao Yanyun 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA food safety and sanitation course was developed and administered using two different educational methods: traditional classroom style and distance education via CD‐ROM and the Internet. A research project studied the differences between participants taking the distance education course and those taking the traditional course. Success of the participants was evaluated using several different measures: comparison of pre‐/post‐test, pass/fail of a United States nationally recognized food safety examination, and test score of the United States national food safety examination. Fifty individuals participated in the study: n = 22 in the traditional group and n = 28 in the distance education group. Data were analyzed using Statistical Power for the Social Sciences (SPSS). All participants took the nationally recognized food safety examination. Bivariate analyses revealed no significant association between the method of education and the national examination score. The data indicate that more highly educated people may choose a distance education course. Number of years employed in food service significantly influenced test scores among all participants. Distance participants who passed spent more time using the CD‐ROM (57% spent > 10 h) compared to those who failed (25% spent > 10 h). The audio and Internet components were more useful to those who passed. Participants who passed in both groups were more likely to list English as their primary language (100%). Of those who failed, 26% listed a language other than English as primary. Data indicate that distance education is a viable method of training food service professionals in food safety and sanitation. The Distance Education Course is available through the University of Connecticut and may be accessed at http://www.team.uconn.edu/foodsafety_course/index.htm. Distance education courses in food safety are available in English, Spanish, and Vietnamese. The project was funded in part by a United States Department of Agriculture Integrated Food Safety Grant.
Culinary arts and meal science – a new scientific research discipline*
Authors: Gustafsson Inga‐Britt 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA new scientific research discipline has been accepted at the Department of Restaurant and Culinary Arts at Örebro University. The subject area definition of Culinary Arts and Meal Science, as opposed to Culinary Science, was chosen. This is because Culinary Arts places great emphasis on practical skills, aiming to combine these with science as well as with working methods with an artistic content. Thus its scientific approach is a multidisciplinary one, joint efforts with other sciences being necessary, for instance by maintaining a scientifically varied tutorship. Research areas such as ethnology, sociology, anthropology, business economics, nutrition, domestic science and public health all constitute adjacent branches. These areas treat the meal from various aspects, which are examined in this paper. During the course of our educational endeavours at the department, we studied the meal from a five‐aspect viewpoint with the following main elements: the room, the meeting, the product, the atmosphere and the management control system, which also constitute the framework within which we formulate our issues and questions. First, this five‐aspect approach is a constructive and all‐inclusive aid for those who plan and produce meals, especially in restaurants – all with the ultimate aim to achieve maximum satisfaction among the guests in different meal situations. If, then, the guest/diner evaluates the meal with something like these five aspects in mind is the subject of our research! At present, seven PhD students have been admitted to the postgraduate course in Culinary Arts and Meal Science. These students will study the meal, or certain parts of it, and the importance of the various components are presented from a number of perspectives.
Prevention of food worker transmission of foodborne pathogens: risk assessment and evaluation of effective hygiene intervention strategies
Authors: Michaels Barry , Keller Cheryll , Blevins Matthew , Paoli Greg , Ruthman Todd , Todd Ewen , Griffith Christopher J. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe infected food handler can be responsible for the transmission of infectious intestinal diseases (IID) caused by foodborne pathogens. It is believed that personal hygiene practices with varying levels of complexity can help prevent foodborne pathogens from entering the food chain. Overall, it has been difficult to reach a consensus among stakeholders on precisely which intervention measures should be employed in food handling environments to effectively reduce IID rates. Through a study of over 300 reports of outbreaks attributed to ill or asymptomatic food handlers, hazards and contributory factors responsible for foodborne illness outbreaks were identified. With the use of the risk analysis software platforms of Analytica®, @Risk, and GoldSim®, models were created to explore measures of hygiene effectiveness. Through the use of appropriate models, results of various personal hygiene intervention measures were explored for the development of preventive management strategies, designed to improve food‐handling practices at various levels of the food chain. These included exclusion of ill food handlers, vaccination for hepatitis A virus, handwashing combined with drying, wearing of gloves, and use of instant hand sanitizers and fingernail brushes. This was accomplished by modeling pathogen transfer and transmission routes from food handler via foods, beverages and common contact surfaces using GoldSim® and Monte Carlo simulations. A lottery model was also created to understand risk as an interrelated overlapping extremes driven system, comprised of the three components of hygiene frequency, efficacy and cross‐contamination. Data gaps were identified with respect to areas where considerable variability and uncertainty exists in order to establish research priorities.
Influence of tobacco smoking on periodontal bone height. Long‐term observations and a hypothesis
Authors: Bergström Jan 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAim:  The aim of the investigation was to estimate the magnitude of the long‐term influence of chronic smoking on the periodontal bone height.Methods:  The study population included 19 continuous smokers, 28 former smokers and 44 non‐smokers in the age range 20–60 years at baseline. The participants were examined at two points in time with an interval of 10 years. The height of the periodontal bone was determined from bite‐wing radiographs of the first and second premolars of the maxilla and the mandible and measured from the cemento‐enamel junction (CEJ) to the periodontal bone crest (PBC) mesially and distally to the preselected teeth.Results:  The mean (SD) CEJ–PBC distance at baseline was 1.82 (1.01) mm for smokers, 1.65 (0.81) mm for former smokers, and 1.16 (0.59) mm for non‐smokers (p=0.016). The mean (SD) 10‐year bone height reduction was 0.74 (0.59) mm for smokers as against 0.26 (0.31) mm for former smokers and 0.27 (0.29) mm for non‐smokers. Controlling for age and baseline bone height level, the magnitude of the reduction was significantly dependent of smoking (p=0.000). The widening gap between smokers and non‐smokers over time suggested that the bone height reduction of smokers took place at an accelerated rate.Conclusion:  On the basis of the observations it is hypothesized that smoking induces an acceleration of the periodontal bone height reduction rate and that smoking cessation results in a return towards non‐smoker rate.
Smoking cessation increases gingival blood flow and gingival crevicular fluid
Authors: Morozumi Toshiya , Kubota Takehiko , Sato Tadashi , Okuda Kazuhiro , Yoshie Hiromasa 
Published: March 2004

AbstractObjectives: The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of smoking cessation on gingival blood flow (GBF) and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF).Material and Methods: Sixteen male smokers (aged 22–39 (25.3±4.0) years), with no clinical signs of periodontal and systemic diseases, were recruited. The experiment was performed before (baseline) and at 1, 3 and 5 days, and at 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks after smoking cessation. The status of smoking and smoking cessation was verified by exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) concentration, and by serum nicotine and cotinine concentrations. A laser Doppler flowmeter was used to record relative blood flow continuously, on three gingival sites of the left maxillary central incisor (mid‐labial aspect of the gingival margin and bilateral interdental papillae). The GCF was collected at the mesio‐ and disto‐labial aspects of the left maxillary central incisor and the volume was calculated by the Periotron 6000® system. The same measurements except for the GBF were performed on 11 non‐smoking controls (four females and seven males), aged 23–27 (24.4±1.2) years.Results: Eleven of 16 smokers successfully completed smoking cessation for 8 weeks. At 1 day after smoking cessation, there was a significantly lower CO concentration than at baseline (p<0.01). Also, nicotine and cotinine concentrations markedly decreased at the second measurement. The GBF rate of smokers was significantly higher at 3 days after smoking cessation compared to the baseline (p<0.01). While the GCF volume was significantly increased at 5 days after smoking cessation compared to the baseline (p<0.01), it was significantly lower than that of non‐smokers until 2 weeks after smoking cessation (p<0.01).Conclusion: The results show that the gingival microcirculation recovers to normal in the early stages of smoking cessation, which could activate the gingival tissues metabolism/remodeling, and contribute to periodontal health.
Modulation of clinical expression of plaque‐induced gingivitis
Authors: Tatakis Dimitris N. , Trombelli Leonardo 
Published: March 2004

AbstractObjectives: The purpose of this article is to provide the necessary background and rationale for the accompanying studies, which are ultimately aimed at identifying genetic and environmental factors determining gingivitis susceptibility.Materials and methods: The literature on factors reported to modify the clinical expression of gingivitis, i.e., factors that determine individual variability in gingival inflammatory response to plaque, is presented.Results: Clinical evidence suggests that the gingival inflammatory response to plaque accumulation may differ substantially among individuals. However, most of the available studies are of small scale and not purposely designed to address the issue. Systemic factors implicated in modulation of the clinical expression of gingivitis include metabolic, genetic, environmental and other factors. The significance of such factors in designing and conducting a large‐scale experimental gingivitis trial and means to account for them are discussed.Conclusion: Although several factors have been implicated, genetic or environmental factors underlying differences in gingivitis expression are not fully elucidated. The accompanying studies aim to identify and characterize, among participants in a specifically designed large‐scale experimental gingivitis trial, subjects that differ significantly in their gingival inflammatory response to plaque. This is the first step in an effort to determine genetic or environmental factors underlying such differences.
Modulation of clinical expression of plaque‐induced gingivitis
Authors: Trombelli Leonardo , Tatakis Dimitris N. , Scapoli Chiara , Bottega Sabrina , Orlandini Elisa , Tosi Marina 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAim: The aims of this study were to validate a randomized, split‐mouth, localized experimental gingivitis model and to identify subjects with different gingivitis susceptibility.Material and Methods: In each of 96 healthy subjects, one maxillary quadrant was randomly assigned as “test” (experimental gingivitis) and the contralateral quadrant as “control”. Plaque index (PlI), gingival index (GI), gingival crevicular fluid volume (GCF), and angulated bleeding score (AngBS) were recorded in both quadrants at days 0, 7, 14, and 21. Cumulative plaque exposure (CPE), i.e. PlI over time, was calculated. Day‐21 GCF was standardized according to CPE, and residuals of GCF on CPE were calculated. Two subpopulations were then defined, based on upper and lower quartiles of GCF‐residual distribution and were, respectively, identified as “high‐responder” (HR; n=24) and “low‐responder” (LR; n=24).Results: At test quadrants, all parameters significantly increased throughout the trial, while in control quadrants, PlI, GI, and AngBS remained low. Significant differences were noted between test and control quadrants on days 7, 14, and 21 for all parameters. Significant increases in GI, AngBS, and GCF were observed in test quadrants over the course of the study in both HR and LR groups. Significant differences were noted between HR and LR groups for all gingivitis parameters on day 21 in test quadrants, without any significant differences in PlI or CPE between the groups.Conclusions: We identified two subpopulations characterized by significant differences in clinical parameters of plaque‐induced gingival inflammation, despite similar amounts of plaque deposits and plaque accumulation rates.
Modulation of clinical expression of plaque‐induced gingivitis
Authors: Trombelli Leonardo , Scapoli Chiara , Orlandini Elisa , Tosi Marina , Bottega Sabrina , Tatakis Dimitris N. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAim: The aim of the present study was to characterize the subject‐based clinical behavior of the gingiva in response to a tooth‐cleaning regimen in two subpopulations, “high‐responder” (HR) and “low‐responder” (LR) groups, presenting a different inflammatory response to plaque accumulation.Material and Methods: The study population comprised of 96 systemically and periodontally healthy subjects, 46 males and 50 females, non‐smokers, enrolled in an experimental gingivitis trial. At completion of the experimental gingivitis period (day 21), all subjects were prescribed the same 21‐day treatment regimen of amine/stannous fluoride (AmF/SnF2)‐containing toothpaste and mouthrinse. Plaque index (PlI), gingival index (GI), gingival crevicular fluid volume (GCF), and angulated bleeding score (AngBS) were recorded on three selected teeth. Treatment efficacy was evaluated in the overall population as well as in HR and LR groups, separately.Results: A statistically significant decrease of PlI was observed after treatment (p<0.001), with PlI reversing to baseline levels. Changes in PlI revealed the same trend in both HR and LR groups, without differences between groups. Treatment also resulted in a significant decrease of all gingivitis parameters (p<0.001 for all comparisons). After treatment, GI, AngBS, and GCF were comparable with baseline condition. However, when the two groups were compared, day 42‐GCF was significantly higher in the HR group than the LR group.Conclusions: A treatment regimen based on mechanical plaque control supplemented with AmF/SnF2‐containing toothpaste and mouthrinse is effective in reducing plaque accumulation and re‐establishing healthy gingival conditions after experimentally induced gingivitis, even in subjects with different inflammatory response to plaque accumulation.
The effect of written information on pain experience during periodontal probing
Authors: Van Wijk Arjen J. , Duyx Michel P. M. A. , Hoogstraten Johan 
Published: March 2004

AbstractObjectives: To study the effect of providing written information prior to periodontal treatment on the pain experience during periodontal probing.Materials and Methods: Patients were randomly assigned to the experimental or control condition and had to read the accompanying information. Information was manipulated to enhance perceptions of control. Anticipated pain (Numerical Rating Scale, NRS), dental anxiety (short version of the Dental Anxiety Inventory, S‐DAI), and the Dental Control List were filled out before treatment; the McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ) and experienced pain (NRS) were filled out after treatment.Results: No significant differences were found in anticipated or experienced pain. However, the experimental condition evaluated treatment as less negative (MPQ‐evaluative scale, F(1,55)=11.56, p<0.001), and scored lower on most measures. Subjects experiencing a discrepancy between desire for control and felt control showed the highest anticipatory distress (S‐DAI, F(3,53)=6.32, p<0.001; anticipated pain, F(3,53)=3.28, p<0.03).Conclusion: Providing patients with written information prior to periodontal probing can alter the pain experience. Future research will be aimed at strengthening the impact of information.
Clinical and microbiological effects of subgingival administration of two active gels on persistent pockets of chronic periodontitis patients
Authors: Perinetti Giuseppe , Paolantonio Michele , Cordella Chiara , D'Ercole Simonetta , Serra Emanuela , Piccolomini Raffaele 
Published: March 2004

AbstractObjectives:The present controlled, single‐blind study was performed to assess and compare the clinical healing and the microbiological findings following repeated intrasulcular applications of 1% metronidazole or 1% chlorhexidine gels in persistent periodontal pockets previously treated by scaling and root planing (SRP).Material and Methods:Sixty‐three systemically healthy subjects, 25 males and 38 females (mean age 48.4±7.2 years), diagnosed for chronic periodontitis were enrolled in this study. They underwent SRP and received oral hygiene instructions (OHI). Three months later, at baseline, a single persistent pocket with a probing depth (PD) of 5–9 mm was chosen as the experimental site in each patient; the subjects were stratified into three matched experimental groups on the basis of the treatment to be performed, which consisted of the subgingival administration of 1% metronidazole gel (MG,n=19), 1% chlorhexidine gel (CG,n=20) or placebo gel (PG,n=24). The treatments consisted of four repeated administrations of subgingival gels, each separated by 7 days, starting at the baseline. Clinical assessment was performed at the baseline and at the 180‐day follow‐up, after the end of treatment. For microbiological evaluations, subgingival plaque was sampled from the experimental sites at baseline, prior to the first subgingival gel administration, and at 7, 15, 30 and 90 days after the end of the treatment (days 28, 36, 51 and 111 from baseline).Results:Plaque accumulation did not change significantly in all three groups. Bleeding on probing and clinical attachment levels reduced in the MGs and CGs only. PD was significantly reduced by the same amount in all experimental groups. In the MGs and CGs a remarkable reduction in the frequencies of detection of several periodontopathic micoorganisms was recorded after the treatment. The same was not seen for the PGs.Conclusions:Subgingival administration of MG or CG, both at 1%, may have a role in the management of persistent pockets during chronic periodontitis.
Resolution of bone defects of varying dimension and configuration in the marginal portion of the peri‐implant bone
Authors: Botticelli Daniele , Berglundh Tord , Lindhe Jan 
Published: March 2004

AbstractBackground: It was demonstrated that a marginal defect of about 1 mm between the bone wall and the metal surface after implant installation can heal with a high degree of bone fill and osseointegration.Objective: The aim of the present animal experiment was to study bone healing at implant sites with hard tissue defects of varying dimensions and configuration.Material and Methods: Four Labrador dogs were used. All mandibular premolars and first molars were extracted. After 3 months of healing, five experimental sites, two control (C1, C2) and three test (T1, T2, T3) sites, were identified. In all five sites, custom‐made implants with a sand‐blasted, large‐grit, acid‐etched (SLA) surface and with an outer dimension of 3.3×10 mm, were used. In site C1, traditional implant installation was performed. In site C2, the marginal 5 mm of the canal, prepared for the implant, was widened to 5.3 mm using a step‐drill. Thus, following the installation of the implant, a circumferential gap occurred between the bone tissue and the metal rod that was 5 mm deep and between 1 and 1.25 mm wide. In test site T1, the canal was widened to establish a marginal gap of 2–2.25 mm. In test sites T2 and T3, the marginal 5 mm of the canal was first widened to 5.3 mm (T2) or 7.3 mm (T3). The buccal bone wall opposite the defect was subsequently removed. Following the placement of a cover screw in sites C2, T1, T2, and T3, a resorbable membrane was placed over the defect. All implants were submerged. After 4 months of healing, block biopsies of each implant site were dissected and processed for ground sectioning.Results: The observations disclosed that four‐wall defects of different dimensions (1–2.25 mm wide) that occurred in the marginal portion of the recipient sites following implant installation were resolved during healing. Further, at sites where the buccal bone wall during defect preparation was intentionally removed, healing resulted in defect resolution at the mesial, distal, and lingual aspects. At the buccal aspects, healing was incomplete but the dimension of the defect was reduced by the limited amounts of new bone formation extending from the lateral and apical borders of the defect.Conclusion: Wide marginal defects may during healing be filled with bone. In such defects a high degree of osseointegration may occur to implants designed with an SLA surface.