bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
God’s Deliverance
Authors: Stowell Daniel W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Black Christians in Civil War America shared with their white brethren a strong belief in God’s providential intervention in human affairs. For northern and southern black evangelicals, the central fact of the war was the deliverance of four million black men, women, and children from the bonds of slavery. The central actor in this drama was God. The results of the war demonstrated His care for His children in bondage and His condemnation of slavery and its beneficiaries. The northern people and northern armies were simply instruments in God’s hands to carry out His judgment. As such, however, northerners clearly demonstrated their greater righteousness in comparison to southerners.
One Nation under God? Efforts toward Sectional Reunion
Authors: Stowell Daniel W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No other issue reflected so well the divergence of the Confederate and northern visions of religious reconstruction as the question of denominational reunion. In no area was southern identity more pronounced. Georgia and Tennessee Baptists, Methodists, and Presbyterians vehemently rejected any plans for reunion with their counterparts in the North. The sectional rancor of the postwar period might seem unavoidable, but for the example of other den9minations: northern and southern Episcopalians quickly healed the de facto breach in their organization; even the Cumberland Presbyterians were able to restore their national unity in 1866. Yet each of the three largest evangelical denominations remained bitterly divided in the aftermath of the war.
Introduction
Authors: Viola Lynne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Collectivization was a violent and bloody clash between two cultures at fatal variance with one another. It was a campaign of domination and destruction, which aimed at nothing less than the internal colonization of the peasantry. Stalinist state building required a “tribute” (grain and other agricultural produce) from the peasantry in order to fill the state’s granaries for export and to feed the cities and the Red army-in short, to fulfill the endless demands of primitive socialist accumulation.
On the Sly: Everyday Forms of Resistance in the Collective Farm, 1930 and Beyond
Authors: Viola Lynne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the end of 1930, peasant resistance began to enter into a new stage of activity. Peasant resistance-by definition, kulak resistance-operated under the official rubric of tikhaia sapa. Translated idiomatically as “on the sly,” tikhaia sapa literally means a quiet or stealthful undermining or weakening of foundations.
An Examination Of Jensen’s Theory Concerning Educability, Heritability And Population Differences
Authors: Biesheuvel S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is difficult, within the confines of a symposium, to deal effectively with Prof. Jensen’s view that the difference in performance of white and black Americans at school and in intelligence tests must be ascribed more to genetic than to environmental factors. There is obviously no time to evaluate the vast amount of re search material he has reviewed in support of his hypothesis. (Symposiasts were supplied with a 385 page manuscript and a summary of its contents).1 The best one can do is to comment on the principal arguments put forward in the summary.
Intelligence, IQ, And Race
Authors: Montagu Ashley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is “intelligence”? The answer most people would give to that question would be, “What IQ tests measure.” But as we shall see, IQ tests, whatever their proponents may claim, do not measure intelligence. The truth is that no one really knows what the structure of intelligence is, and therefore there cannot be anything even approximating a quantitative measure of intelligence, this abstraction of abstractions, that IQ tests purport to quantify. What is quite clear, except to IQ testers, is that many conditions enter into the making of the capabilities we call intelligence, and that without taking these factors into consideration such tests are quite valueless in providing a measure of “intelligence.”
On Creeping Jensenism
Authors: Brace C Loring , Livingstone Frank B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Concern about the meaning of the physical differences between human populations dates back to before the dawn of written history, but it did not really become a major issue until the Renaissance, when the revolution in ocean-going transportation brought large numbers of diverse people physically face to face. The superior technology of the Europeans enabled them to coerce and exploit the peoples encountered, many of whom were forcibly uprooted and relocated as slaves. While one could argue that this was one of the most extraordinary examples of barbarism in the annals of “civilization,” it was justified at the time, not so much on the basis of race, but because the people being enslaved were “heathens.”
Race And IQ: The Genetic Background
Authors: Bodmer W F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This essay is a review of the meanings of race and IQ, and the approaches for determining the extent to which IQ is inherited. The first question to consider is “What is race?” and then one must demonstrate how one can study the biological inheritance of mental ability as measured by IQ tests. These two aspects of genetics form the main underlying theme for this essay.
Is Early Intervention Effective? Some Studies Of Early Education In Familial And Extra-Familial Settings
Authors: Bronjenbrenner Urie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Does early intervention have any enduring effects? The 196o’s saw the widespread adoption in this country programs of early education aimed at counteracting the effects of poveny on human development. Although some of these programs produced dramatic results during the first few months of operation, the question of long-term impact has remained unaswered for lack of extended follow-up data. Recently, however, research results have become available which shed some light on five questions of considerable scientific and social import:
How Heritability Misleads About Race’
Authors: Block Ned 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Bell Curve’s main argument for black genetic inferiority in IQ depends for its persuasive force on conceptual confusions that have been tacitly accepted to some degree even by many of the book’s sharpest critics. The book contains two lines of thought. One, which I will accept for present purposes, is: that IQ tests substantially measure “general intelligence,” that IQ is socially important, and that IQ is sixty percent heritable within whites. (I’ll explain heritability below.) The second main line of thought-which I will be contesting-is theargument for genetic inferiority of American blacks.
August, 1862—June, 1863
Authors: Burgess Lauren Cook 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By mid-1862, the Civil War had been underway for fourteen months. High battlefield casualties at Shiloh in the spring were a shock to the North, and high hopes for the success of Maj. Gen. George B. McClellan’s Peninsular Campaign against Richmond had been crushed. Resounding military success seemed to elude Federal armies, leaving prospects for saving the Union in doubt. It was apparent that if the Rebellion was to be supperssed and the Union saved, more resources must bethrown into the fray.
July. 1863—December. 1863
Authors: Burgess Lauren Cook 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over two years of war had passed and the outlook for ultimate defeat o/Southern armies was still dim. Union military victories were few, and each battle seemed more grim and costly than the last. But resolve in the North had hardened. No cost in human life was too dear to reunify the country and to accomplish a new purpose, the freeing of millions of enslaved African Americans. President Lincoln called for 300,000 more volunteers, and when recruiting became more difficult, a draft was imposed in July, 1863. The Emancipation Proclamation, in effect since January, represented a shift in the North’s war aims and made possible a new resource of fighting men. By mid-1863 the War Department was actively involved in recruiting U.S. Colored Troops, who wouldeventuallynumber 178,975. Over two million U.S. soldiers, sailors, and marines would serve by the war’s end.
Introduction: Critical Issues in the Assessment of Delirium
Authors: Portenoy Russell k. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Delirium is a prevalent disorder in populations with progressive disease. Although it may occur at any time, the prevalence of delirium rises in the setting of advanced disease and is common in patients near death. As it evolves, delirium may signal a new and serious medical complication, contribute to intercurrent problems (for example, by worsening dehydration), markedly impair the functioning and comfort of the patient, and increase the family’s distress.
Introduction: Anorexia: An Evolving Understanding
Authors: Rruera Eduardo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anorexia is a frequent and devastating symptom in patients with advanced cancer. It occurs more frequently in patients having solid participating tumors than in those having hematological malignancies and in patients with severe depression. During the early 1980s, anorexia was suspected to be one of the main mechanisms for cancer-induced malnutrition. Tumor by-products were considered responsible for anorexia and decreased food intake, which resulted in progressive weight loss. This belief prompted a number of clinical trials of aggressive enteral and parental nutrition in cancer patients. These studies were overwhelmingly disappointing. Aggressive nutrition treatment was found to have no significant impact on survival, response to antineoplastic therapy, or toxicity of antineoplastic treatments, and it had only minimal effects on the overall nutritional status of cancer patients.
Prevalence and Pathophysiology of Cancer Cachexia
Authors: Ma Grace , Alexander H Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The word “cachexia,” descriptive of emaciative disease states, comes from the Greek words “kakos” meaning bad, and “hexis,” meaning condition. Cancer cachexia is a complex metabolic syndrome characterized clinically by progressive, involuntary weight loss, which, if left unchecked, can ultimately lead to death of the host. The precise mechanism by which a cancer-bearing patient develops anorexia leading to body compositional changes associated with a severely malnourished state remains largely unknown. This syndrome represents an array of nutritional abnormalities found in a majority of cancer patients at some point in their illness, and includes the clinical features associated with the progressive growth of a cancer, including abnormalities of carbohydrate, fat, protein, and energy metabolism.
Introduction: Defining the Unit of Care: Who Are We Supporting and How?
Authors: Higginson Irene J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At its outset, hospice and palliative care considered the patient and family as the unit of care.1 It took care from beyond the narrow attention of patients isolated from their family situation and considered the needs of those close to them and of professionals. An important aspiration of hospices was to create a family-like atmosphere. But when we talk of family or caregiver, who do we mean? Is it a lay caregiver such as a spouse, daughter, parent, neighbor? Or do we mean a professional caregiver, from one or more of the many professional backgrounds who may be involved? There are also the volunteers, who are trained and supported by professionals and often fall between formal and lay systems of care. The term “caregiver” is generally taken to mean significant-other person(s); these include family, friends, and professional staff and volunteers. But the term can be misleading. Does a caregiver need to be actively giving care to be included in this definition? Clearly not. An important family member or friend may be more severely disabled than the patient-this can occur in instances when a “caregiver” has a chronic health problem. And as our society changes in structure, so, too, do the caregivers, both professional and lay, change. Cartwright has described the increased role of nurses, rather than family doctors, in the care of patients at home. As our society lives to older ages and becomes more mobile, lay care-givers are more commonly sons, daughters, nieces and nephews in their late fifties and sixties. Families are scattered over wide distances. Or the caregiver is a neighbor, friend, or person running supported housing.
Care of the Cancer Patient: Response of Family and Staff
Authors: Loscalzo Matthew J , Zabora James R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People with a chronic illness are both encircled by and are connected to interacting systems best conceptualized as three concentric circles. The patient, the family, and the social network form three systems that are simultaneously interdependent with fluid and permeable boundaries. These three systems influence and are influenced by each other. The degree of influence is determined by the current situation and normal drive to maintain, a sense of equilibrium. Threats to the survival of any system cause disequilibrium, and as a result, a reflexive effort is initiated to regain homeostasis and stability.
Pharmacologic Management of Pediatric Cancer Pain
Authors: Collins John J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Report of the Consensus Conference on the Management of Pain in Childhood Cancer1 established guidelines in the United States for the assessment and management of disease-related and treatment-related cancer pain. More recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) initiated the global application of the principles of pain management and palliative care for children with cancer. In so doing, WHO established these principles as a required standard of care. The pharmacologic approach to the management of pediatric cancer pain is an important modality of pain control that is often used in conjunction with therapies directed at the control of the underlying cancer (e.g., surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy) and with non-pharmacological approaches to pain management (e.g., relaxation exercises, guided imagery, and hypnotherapy).
Introduction: Bone Pain: Defining the Need for New Approaches
Authors: Pereira Jose 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bone is the most common site of tumor metastasis, and bone pain is the most prevalent type of chronic pain reported by patients with metastatic solid tumors. There are numerous therapeutic options for bone pain, including primary treatments and diverse analgesic approaches. Together, these interventions offer the clinician and patient a varied menu from which to select treatments that may optimize comfort and function, and minimize patient burden and cost. Unfortunately, very little is known about the development of pain in association with bone metastases, and the lack of empirical information constrains rational decision making. With limited data, it is difficult to develop therapeutic guidelines for available interventions, and even more difficult to identify the need for new approaches to manage refractory cases. The challenges inherent in this process become clear in highlighting some of the unresolved questions about the phenomenon of bone pain.
Where is the Truth?: Secrets and Lies in the Doctor-Patient Relationship
Authors: Korsch Barbara M , Harding Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We used to write prescriptions in Latin because we thought the power of the doctor was greater if the patient did not know too much about the medication. When we began translating prescriptions into English in the 1960s, I realized that we were demystifying medicine in a way similar to the way religion was demystified during the Reformation four centuries ago. Until the sixteenth century, religious services were conducted in Latin and the parishioners could not understand much of what was said. So just as the early clergy exercised a great deal of power, physicians today have increased power when they withhold information from their patients.
When Your Child is Sick
Authors: Korsch Barbara M , Harding Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sound familiar? Many adults have similar thoughts, but they’re too embarrassed to express them. When you decide to take your child to the pediatrician, you must consider some special issues. The child patient needs to be the focus of the planning as well as the visit. It is hardly ever the child’s idea to go to the doctor and children are outspoken and honest in letting you know that. Listen carefully to your child. Sometimes you will hear fears and misconceptions about the medical visit that you may be able to dispel.
Beethoven
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most recent research on this hard-to-pin-down concerto suggests that Beethoven wrote it in 1795 and played it in Vienna on 18 December that year at a concert organized by his teacher, Joseph Haydn, for the primary purpose of presenting three of the symphonies Haydn had composed for his recent visit to London. It is also likely that Beethoven considerably revised the work before its publication by the Viennese firm of T. Mollo & Co. in 1801. The dedication is to Princess Barbara Odescalchi, nee Countess Babette von Keglevics, a gifted amateur who took piano lessons from Beethoven; this Concerto is one of four piano compositions inscribed to her.
Berg
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Berg began work on his Violin Concerto at the end of April 1935; he had it ready in short score by mid-July (that is, with the instrumentation indicated but not fully written out) and in full score on 11 August. After private run-throughs with the pianist Rita Kurzmann in New York (for an audience that included Mischa Elman and Leopold Godowsky) and in Vienna, Louis Krasner, who had commissioned the work, gave the first performance on 19 April 1936 in Barcelona at the opening concert of that year’s International Society for Contemporary Music Festival.
Britten
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Edward Benjamin Britten was born at Lowestoft, Suffolk, England on Saint Cecilia’s Day, 22 November 1913, and died at Aldeburgh Suffolk, on 4 December 1976. On 12 June 1976 he had been created Lord Britten of Aldeburgh in the Queen’s Birthday Honours, the first musician to be elevated to the peerage. Many members of the musical community felt that this distinction was rather devalued when the composer of Jesus Christ Superstar and Phantom of the Opera was similarly made a life peer in the New Year’s Honours of 1997.
Carter
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Carter’s music is difficult but always rewarding to play, and it is very difficult to read (mainly because our notation is designed for music whose flow is more predictable and whose rhythm is not so independent of beat). Because the detail in it is prodigiously abundant as well as fine, it can also be difficult to hear, but my experience has always been that even when one of his works is new to me and I do not follow all (or even most of) the detail, it is overwhelming in its dramatic sweep. Carter is one of the few composers whose music reaches white heat. Demanding and sensuous, pure and theatrical, Carter’s music involves head and heart, passion and fun, the long line and delicious detail, and it provides some of the richest of listening pleasures.
Copland
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Drawing on material he had sketched fairly fully between December 1945 and February 1946, Copland began his Clarinet Concerto, commissioned by Benny Goodman, while on a lecture tour of Latin America in the fall of 1947. He interrupted work on it because a request from Republic Pictures for a score for Lewis Milestone’s The Red Pony was “too good to turn down,” and then wrote Four Piano Blues, finally coming back to the Concerto in August 1948 after his summer teaching stint at Tanglewood. The first performance, on 6 November 1950, was a broadcast by Benny Goodman with Fritz Reiner and the NBC Symphony; the first public concert performance was given on 28 November 1950 by Ralph Mclane, with Eugene Ormandy conducting the Philadelphia Orchestra. The score is dedicated to Goodman.
Korngold
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the urging of the great Polish violinist Bronislaw Huberman and drawing on material from his film scores for Anthony Adverse and Another Dawn (both 1936), The Prince and the Pauper (1937), and Juarez (1939), Korngold composed his Violin Concerto in the summer of 1945, completing the orchestration that October. The first performance was given on 15 February 1947 by Jascha Heifetz with Vladimir Golschmann and the Saint Louis Symphony. The work is dedicated to Alma Mahler-Werfel.
Ligeti
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the urging of the great Polish violinist Bronislaw Huberman and drawing on material from his film scores for Anthony Adverse and Another Dawn (both 1936), The Prince and the Pauper (1937), and Juarez (1939), Korngold composed his Violin Concerto in the summer of 1945, completing the orchestration that October. The first performance was given on 15 February 1947 by Jascha Heifetz with Vladimir Golschmann and the Saint Louis Symphony. The work is dedicated to Alma Mahler-Werfel.
Martin
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is possible to imagine this Concerto as the outcome of a liaison of Stravinsky with Ravel. “I set out to display the musical qualities of the various soloists in the wind and brass groups as well as their virtuosity,” Martin wrote, “and so I made the music brilliant and technically difficult. But I also tried to make the most of the characters of sonority and expression of the seven instruments, which differ so greatly in the manner of producing sound and in their mechanism.” Both the virtuosic element and the conversational manner lead to an engagingly playful, sportive music. This work comes from a time when the writing of concertos particularly interested Martin: the Petite Symphonie concertante for harp, harpsichord, piano, and two string orchestras dates from 1945, the Violin Concerto from 1951, and the Harpsichord Concerto from 1952.
Schuman
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Schuman composed his Violin Concerto on commission from Samuel Dushkin, for whom Stravinsky had written his Violin Concerto and Duo Concertant, and whose “deeply perceptive musical insight” is acknowledged in the original version of the present score. Schuman began the Concerto in the spring of 1946, interrupted it in order to compose Night Journey, a dance score for Martha Graham, and completed it on 13 July 1947. The plan was for Dushkin to give the first performance with Serge Koussevitzky and the Boston Symphony. For reasons not now retrievable, Koussevitzky did not schedule the Concerto in his two remaining Boston seasons; in the event, then, it was not Dushkin who gave the first performance but baac Stern, and with Charles Munch conducting the Boston Symphony.