bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Migration in a Scandinavian Welfare State: The Recent Danish Experience
Authors: Pedersen Peder J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The share of people in Denmark who are immigrants or descendants of immigrants is close to the average European level. By 2004 the share of immigrants and refugees and descendants of immigrants and refugees, including people who have become Danish citizens, was 8.2 per cent of the total population. The postwar history of migration in Denmark falls into a number of phases each with specific characteristics. The early postwar period was characterized by net migration of Danish citizens, mainly to Australia and Canada. The background was a fairly high level of unemployment until the late 1950s compared with the full employment experience of most other Western European countries, cf. Pedersen (1996a). From the late 1950s to the first round of oil price shocks in 1974, the Danish labour market was characterized by full employment, close to a situation of excess demand for labour. The net migration of Danish citizens was at a low level. At the same time, guest workers came in mainly from Yugoslavia and Turkey.
Genetic Linguistics
Authors: Greenberg Joseph H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book collects Joseph Greenberg’s most important writings on the genetic classification of the world’s languages. Fifty years ago Joseph Greenberg put forward the now widely accepted classification of African languages. This book charts the progress of his subsequent work on language classification in Oceania, the Americas, and Eurasia,in which he proposed the language families Indo-Pacific, Amerind and Eurasiatic. It shows how he established and deployed three fundamental principles: that the most reliable evidence for genetic classification is the pairing of sound and meaning; that nonlinguistic evidence, such as skin colour or cultural traits, should be excluded from the analysis; and that the vocabulary and inflections of a very large number of languages should be simultaneously compared.The volume includes Joseph Greenberg’s substantive contributions to the debate his work provoked and concludes with his writings on the links between genetic linguistics and human history. William Croft’s introduction focuses on the substance and the development of Professor Greenberg’s thought and research within the context of the discussion they stimulated. He also includes a bibliography of scholarly reactions to and developments of Joseph Greenberg’s work and a comprehensive bibliography of his publications in books and journals.
Genetic Relationship Among Languages*
Authors: Greenberg Joseph H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The establishment of valid hypotheses concerning genetic relationships among languages is a necessary preliminary to the systematic reconstruction of their historical development. The appropriate techniques cannot be applied to languages chosen at random but only if preliminary investigation has already indicated the likelihood of the success of such an enterprise. Correct hypotheses of relationship are also of very real significance to the archaeologist, the physical anthropologist, the ethnologist, and the culture historian, even in those instances in which systematic linguistic reconstruction has not yet begun and may, indeed, in our present state of descriptive knowledge be of only limited feasibility.
The General Classification of Central and South American Languages*
Authors: Greenberg Joseph H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The classification of Central and South American languages set forth in the appendix [§4.1-Ed.] to this paper is provisional in some respects. The eight families listed are to be considered branches of a more inclusive stock which probably includes also all the remaining American languages except Na-Dene and Eskimauan. Among the groups listed here only Otomanguean, which has not yet been thoroughly investigated by the writer, is considered at all not likely to belong to this great family.t The problem of the classification of American languages becomes, therefore, for the most part a vast problem in the subgrouping of this single dominant family. It follows that, if this view proves correct, it will not be sufficient merely to show that a certain set of languages are related in order to prove that they form a stock.
The Principles of Genetic Linguistic Classification*
Authors: Greenberg Joseph H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My purpose in this chapter is to discuss genetic classification; but I hope that the discussion will also help to explain and justify a deviation from what has become virtually a compulsory practice among American Indianists: the use of sound correspondence tables and asterisked reconstructed forms. In proceeding in this manner, this volume will resemble my first published classificational work, namely, that on African languages (Greenberg 1963). In that study I did not use a single asterisk or a single table representing a reconstructed sound system; and although I made occasional reference to particularly striking sound correspondences, these figured in no essential way as part of my method.
On Lumping and Splitting In Linguistics And Biology*
Authors: Greenberg Joseph H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a preliminary and purposely vague characterization of the opposition between lumping and splitting, a currently popular terminology in a number of fields, we may say that in all instances we have to deal with classification of a set of objects which have some common defining feature, e.g. being a language, being a species, etc. Lumping, then, is a tendency to classify into relatively few groups, each with a relatively large membership, while splitting is a tendency to distinguish many groups each with a relatively small membership. The two major fields in which this terminology is used are biological taxonomy and linguistic ‘genetic’ classification into families, each of which consists of a group of languages whose resemblances are to be explained by differential development from a common original, the heart of Darwinian biological evolution as opposed to varying versions of creationism.
The Inda-Pacific hypothesis*
Authors: Greenberg Joseph H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The evidence presented here is intended to demonstrate that the bulk of non-Austronesian [non-AN] languages of Oceania from the Andaman Islands on the west in the Bay of Bengal to Tasmania in the southeast forms a single group of genetically related languages for which the name Indo-Pacific is proposed.The major exception to this generalization is constituted by the indigenous languages of Australia nearly all of which are generally accepted as related to each other. This Australian stock does not seem to align genetically with Indo-Pacific and is excluded from it, at least tentatively.
Does Altaic exist?*
Authors: Greenberg Joseph H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the writings of Clauson, and more recently Doerfer, it appears that most specialists in the Altaic languages no longer believe that the three groups of traditional Altaic, namely Turkic, Mongolian, and Tungusic, are related; their resemblances are to be attributed to borrowing, or in some cases to accident or sound symbolism. The term ‘traditional Altaic’ is here used purposely, that is, without reference to Korean, Japanese, or for that matter Uralic. This is not because I believe that the Altaic languages are genetically isolated. In fact, in my view (Greenberg 1987: 332), they belong to a much larger grouping, Eurasiatic, along with other languages besides those just mentioned above.
The Convergence of Eurasiatic and Nostratic*
Authors: Greenberg Joseph H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Greenberg (1987: 332) a linguistic stock named Eurasiatic is outlined with the following membership: 1. Inda-European; 2. Uralic-Yukaghir; 3. Altaic (Turkic, Mongolian, Tungusic); 4. Korean; 5. Japanese; 6. Ainu; 7. Gilyak; 8. Chukotian; 9. Eskaleut. Of these, 4-6, i.e. Korean, Japanese, and Ainu are stated as probably forming a subgroup. Since then in Greenberg (1990a, 1990b, and 1991), a series of Eurasiatic grammatical markers has been pro-posed. In addition Greenberg (1992) contains an extensive exposition of sixty-three grammatical items, which is intended as a preliminary version of one of the chapters of Greenberg (to appear) [Greenberg 2000-Ed.], which will present detailed evidence for this family.
Linguistic Typology And History: Review of Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time by Johanna Nichols*
Authors: Greenberg Joseph H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Linguistic Diversity in Space and Time is a book with a highly complex set of arguments and, to this reader at least, a frequently obscure style which hinders comprehension. Moreover, it is provided with no fewer than ninetysix tables, mostly with numerical entries regarding either the absolute or relative frequency of certain typological properties as distributed over various areas of the globe or the statistical significance of differences among such distributions. In addition there are twelve maps containing worldwide plots of the occurrence of the specific typological features on which Nichols has based her arguments. She deserves credit for being willing to attack such large-scale historical problems in linguistics at a time when neither historical nor broad-scale efforts are the fashion.
The Principle of Equality
Authors: Tridimas Takis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The notion of equality is closely linked to the idea of justice and has perhaps greater resonance than any other legal concept. The principle of equality operates at the moral, political and legal level. It was perceived as an attribute of human dignity and played a prominent role in the theories of leading political thinkers, such as Locke and Rousseau. As a legal principle, it is a product of the Enlightenment. It received express reference in the Declaration of Independence of the United States of 4 July 1776 and, subsequently, the Declaration of the Rights of Man of 1789.3 Equality of citizens before the law was the normative illustration of the rise of the bourgeoisie and was understood as the rejection of the inequalities of the ancien regime.4
The Rights of Defence
Authors: Tridimas Takis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Community legal order, the rights of defence, and more specifically, the right to a hearing, are judge-made rights. The EC Treaty itself does not provide for a general right to a hearing in administrative proceedings. It was developed by the case law to fill the gaps in Community legislation. As the Community administration began to acquire more powers, specific measures recognized the right in relation to certain areas. Its recognition has been coincidental and piecemeal. It has been provided for expressly, e.g. in competition, anti-dumping, and trademark proceedings, and more recently in proceedings for State aids. Now, the EU Charter on Fundamental Rights views the right to a hearing as an integral part of the right to good administration. Under Article 41,4 it includes ‘the right of every person to be heard before any individual measure which would affect him or her adversely is taken’ and, moreover, the right ‘to have access to his or her file, while respecting the legitimate interests of confidentiality and of professional and business secrecy’. This is the most comprehensive and far-reaching recognition of the right to be heard so far included in Community law.
Direct effect and Community acts
Authors: Arnull Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the extent to which direct effect may be produced by acts of the Community institutions. The discussion will focus on directives, since their capacity to confer rights on individuals has proved controversial and caused the Court of Justice particular difficulty. The following chapter looks in general terms at the reaction of the national courts to the case law of the Court of Justice on direct effect and primacy and considers the effect of the Constitutional Treaty in this area. Three types of binding act are described in Article 249 (ex 189) EC. The regulation is said to have general application, to be ‘binding in its entirety and directly applicable in all Member States’. It may be contrasted with the directive, which while being binding on the Member States as to the result to be achieved leaves to the national authorities ‘the choice of form and methods’. Thus, both the regulation and the directive are essentially normative in character, but they differ in the mechanism by which they achieve their objectives.
General principles of law and fundamental rights
Authors: Arnull Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The way in which the Court of Justice exercises its jurisdiction under the Treaties is profoundly influenced by the general principles of Community law, a body of unwritten principles used by the Court to supplement the Treaties and acts of the institutions. The development of general principles as a source of law represents one of the Court’s most remarkable and inspired initiatives, not only filling in the inevitable gaps which emerged in the Treaty framework but also ensuring that Community law reflects and is firmly rooted in the basic legal values of the Member States. The notion of ‘general principles of Community law’ is now mentioned in Article 6(2) TEU, but the textual justification in the EC Treaty for recourse to such principles was originally limited. There is no equivalent in the Conununity legal order of Article 38(1)(c) of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, which requires that court to apply ‘the general principles of law recognised by civilized nations’. None the less, there was some basis for thinking that the authors of the Treaty envisaged that the Court might sometimes look beyond its four corners in resolving disputes with which it was confronted. An express reference to general principles may be found in the second paragraph of Article 288 EC, according to which the non-contractual liability of the Community is to be determined in accordance with ‘the general principles common to the Jaws of the Member States’.
Towards citizenship
Authors: Arnull Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chapters of the EC Treaty on workers, establishment and services, and the legislation adopted under them, are far-reaching in their implications, conferring a wide range of rights on migrants. However, they are far from comprehensive in their coverage and it gradually became apparent that there were limits to and gaps in the Treaty framework which seemed inconsistent with the logic of free movement. The Court managed to compensate for some of them by a broad and flexible interpretation of the provisions of Part Three, Title III, of the Treaty. An example is the failure of Article 39 to make it clear whether the unemployed have a right to travel in search of work. It would seem odd to exclude such people from the benefit of the article: in a true common market, people should be able to travel to where the jobs are and conferring on individuals a right to do so would help to demonstrate in a concrete way the value to them of the Treaty project. None the less, the wording of Article 39 seems only to envisage movement by workers who have already secured employment in another Member State. However, in Antonisseu, the Court held that the free movement of workers ‘also entails the right for nationals of Member States to move freely within the territory of the other Member States and to stay there for the purposes of seeking employment.’ A Member State was entitled, the Court said, to require an unemployed national of another Member State to leave its territory ‘(subject to appeal) if he has not found employment there after six months, unless the person concerned provides evidence that he is continuing to seek employment and that he has genuine chances of being engaged’. Other limits and gaps have proved less amenable to that type of solution. The task of finding appropriate responses has been undertaken not just by the Court of Justice but also by the political institutions and the Member States themselves.
Judging Europe’s Judges
Authors: Arnull Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several of the preceding chapters have examined the evolution of the Court’s case law over time in particular fields. In this final chapter, that process of evolution takes centre stage and an attempt is made to set it in its wider legal and political context. For the purposes of the discussion, a number of broad phases in the Court’s case law are identified. The first runs from the entry into force of the EEC Treaty until the breakdown of the Luxembourg Compromise in the early 1980s. During this phase, the Council was handicapped by the need to reach a consensus before acting and the Court took a number of bold decisions which had the effect of ‘constitutionalizing’ the Cornrnunity and achieving some at least of the Treaty’s policy objectives not with­ standing the absence of much of the legislation it envisaged. The second phase runs from the transition in the early 1980s to qualified majority voting in the Council until the signature on 7 February 1992 of the TEU. This heralded the start of the third phase. The nature of the TEU and the unprecedented public debate which accompanied its ratification by the Member States produced a fundamental change in the political climate which affected all the institutions of the Community, including the Court of Justice. It will be suggested that the entry into force of the Treaty of Nice in February 2003 might in due course be seen as marking the beginning of a fourth phase.
Indo-European Perspectives
Authors: Penney J H W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book brings together new and original work by forty two of the world’s leading scholars of Indo-European comparative philology and linguistics from around the world. It shows the breadth and the continuing liveliness of enquiry in an area which over the last century and a half has opened many unique windows on the civilizations of the ancient world. The volume is a tribute to Anna Morpurgo Davies to mark her retirement as the Diebold Professor of Comparative Philology at the University of Oxford. The book’s six parts are concerned with the early history of Indo-European (Part I); language use, variation, and change in ancient Greece and Anatolia (Parts II and III); the Indo-European languages of Western Europe, including Latin, Welsh, and Anglo-Saxon (Part IV); the ancient Indo-Iranian and Tocharian languages (Part V); and the history of Indo-European linguistics (Part VI). Indo-European Perspectives will interest scholars and students of Indo-European philology, historical linguistics, classics, and the history of the ancient world.
Supply Chain Paradigms
Authors: Giannakis Mihalis , Croom Simon , Slack Nigel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Organizations do not exist in isolation. Any organization, whether a large corporation, public body, or small business aims to meet the needs of its various customers and stakeholders, will need resources in order to do this, and will acquire many of its materials, equipment, facilities, and supplies from other organizations. The performance of an organization is thus influenced to a greater or lesser degree by the actions of the organizations that make up the supply chain.
Knowledge: Questioning the Functional View
Authors: Alvesson Mats 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
TAKING ambiguity seriously into account encourages a slightly different understanding of knowledge than is promoted by conventional views. In this book this means a new theoretical frame work for thinking about knowledge and knowledge work. Ambiguities are the central consideration when addressing knowledge, the significance of knowledge in relationship to other elements, and results claimed to be contingent upon knowledge work. Knowledge-at least in the context of the business world and management studies-is normally treated as a functional re source, representing a ‘truth’ or at least something instrumentally useful on a particular subject, and/or a set of principles or techniques for dealing with material or social phenomena to produce the desired outcome. This view reflects somewhat dated ideas and calls for critical scrutiny.
Management and Organizational Control
Authors: Alvesson Mats 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WHAT is the role and significance of management in KIFs? One could argue that the conventional functions of management (planning, coordination, and control) and the general character is tics of managerial work are also relevant to understanding KIFs. KIFs are far from homogeneous in terms of management and organization; nevertheless, it is typically believed that management issues are different in most KIFs from those of many other firms. I reviewed some of the distinctive features of KIFs in Chapter 2. It can be added here that managers of PSFs inter viewed by L0wendahl (1997) claimed that models for the management of manufacturing companies are of limited, if any, relevance.
On Constitutions
Authors: Tomkins Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is concerned with public law in England, and before we go any further it is as well to say something about what this means and why it is important. The principal unit in which and through which political power is exercised is the State. This is more clearly the case in some parts of the world than it is in others. The State of Australia, for example, currently looks a lot more stable and secure than does the State of Afghanistan. Closer to home, States in Western Europe are changing with remarkable speed. Individual States have internal tensions, with claims for varying degrees of secession, autonomy, or independence (Spain and the Basque country, and the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland are but the most obvious, and bloody, examples). Equally, all States in Europe which are, or which aspire to be, members of the European Union are learning new ways of pooling or sharing aspects of their sovereignty (or power) with each other, and with a complex central European authority based in Brussels.
The Crown
Authors: Tomkins Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will consider the public law powers of the Crown. The analysis will be divided into ve sections. First, we shall consider the position of the monarch herself. Secondly, we shall discuss the institutions of central government — Prime Minister, Cabinet, civil service, and so forth. The following two sections then address questions of the nature and exercise of royal prerogative power, and of the compatibility of the prerogative with the constitutional doctrine of the rule of law. In the final section of the chapter we shall step back a little from the more detailed discussion of the preceding sections and consider the broader question of what problems are caused for modern public law by its continuing reliance on the power and authority of the Crown.
Legal Accountability
Authors: Tomkins Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like the previous chapter, this one is similarly concerned with questions of executive accountability. Here our concern is with the ways in which the courts may hold the government to account. The principal means by which this may occur is through a claim for judicial review, and the bulk of this chapter is taken up with an analysis of the strengths and limitations of the modern law of judicial review. In a claim for judicial review, the claimant asks the court to review the legality of some particular executive action. As we shall see, there are numerous grounds on which claimants may base such cases: these include arguments of illegality, irrationality, procedural impropriety, proportionality, and breach of human rights.