bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Serial Verb Constructions in Khwe (Central-Khoisan)
Authors: Kilian-Hatz Christa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Khwe is one of about forty Khoisan languages which are characterized as ‘click languages of Southern Africa’. According to Vossen and Güldemann (2000: 102), the Khoisan grouping may be subdivided into five branches: the Non-Khoe languages, the Khoe languages (better known under the term Central-Khoisan languages), the undetermined Kwadi, and finally the two isolates Hadza and Sandawe in East Africa. The language Khwe belongs to the western Kalahari subgroup of the Central-Khoisan languages. There are about 8,000 speakers of Khwe, mainly living in the Caprivi strip in northeast Namibia. Some also live in the adjoining border parts of Botswana, Zambia, and Angola. Khwe has three dialect variants. The migrations during the Liberation War of Nambia in the 1980s are now causing a strong tendency for all three dialects to merge together.
Thai Serial Verbs: Cohesion and Culture
Authors: Diller A V N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thai is a verb-loving language. Informal domestic communication frequently consists of a series of verbs: ‘Peel give eat.’ ‘Tell finish not have.’ ‘Go. Hurry exit go buy return come finish peel pass.’ (‘Peel the oranges for the guests.’ ‘I already told you, there aren’t any.’ ‘Then hurry off and buy some. When you get back, peel them —get on with it.’) This chapter focuses on a particular category of multiverb concatenations. In the conversation above, for example, this is seen in the sequenceo’:k’ pay su’: klap’: ‘exit go buy return come’.
Introduction
Authors: Lillehammer Hallvard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Frank Ramsey’s brief publishing career lasted for eight years from 1922 to his death in 1930 at the age of 26.1 During this time Ramsey produced ground-breaking work in philosophy as well as mathematics and economics. The chapters in the present volume testify to the lasting significance of Ramsey’s work in each of these disciplines, with an emphasis on Ramsey’s ideas in the core philosophical areas of logic, metaphysics, and the philosophy of mind of belief in his 1927 paper ‘ Facts and Propositions’. In this paper Ramsey writes (somewhat cryptically) that ‘any set of actions for whose utility p is a necessary and sufficient condition might be called a belief that p, and so would be true if p, i.e. if they are useful’ ( p. 40). As understood by Dokic and Engel, Ramsey’s Principle has an apparently troubling consequence.
What is Squiggle? Ramsey on Wittgenstein’s Theory of Judgement
Authors: Sullivan Peterm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the age of 20, and fresh from his undergraduate studies in mathematics, Ramsey set about writing what would be his first substantial publication, his 1923 Critical Notice of Wittgenstein’s Tractatus ( hereafter TLP ). It is hard for modern students of that book, who negotiate its obscurities with generations of previous commentary to serve as guides, to appreciate the task Ramsey confronted; and, to the extent that one can appreciate it, it is hard not to feel intimidated by the brilliance of his success. His Critical Notice made Ramsey the first of Wittgenstein’s interpreters.1 In my view it makes him, still, the best.
Was Pragmatism the Successor to Idealism?
Authors: Pinkard Terry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the story of Hegel’s relation to the development of analytical philosophy is well known, the story of the relation between pragmatism and Hegelian idealism is a more ambiguous tale. Bertrand Russell and G. E. Moore staked out their new program in analytical philosophy in firm opposition to what they (mistakenly) thought of as ‘Hegelianism’. However, the pragmatists had different reactions. Like Russell, John Dewey began his philosophical career as a Hegelian, but William James apparently despised what he at least understood to be Hegelianism, and C. S. Peirce both reacted against and at the same time developed the themes found in both James and the idealists. Whatever their differences over the value of idealism, however, the pragmatists all agreed that they had gone beyond Hegelian (and Kantian) idealism, having transformed it into something more defensible or having defeated it by virtue of the pragmatist approach to issues of the meaning of experience, truth, and the status of natural science in the theory of knowledge.
Virtue As The Sole Intrinsic Good In Plato’S Early Dialogues
Authors: Senn Scott J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All acknowledge that in Plato’s Apology and Crito Socrates makes remarkably bold claims about the power of virtue. These appear prima facie to express views dissonant not only with common sense but with opinions Socrates seems to express elsewhere in Plato’s early dialogues.1 This latter dissonance is a hurdle to be overcome not just by scholars who believe Socrates has no settled view about virtue’s nature, let alone its exact powers, but also by those who accept the widespread interpretation according to which virtue for Socrates is practical wisdom or some such facility for acting correctly. This interpretative problem and its solution are the focus of the present paper.
Plotinus On The Unity And Identity Of Changing Particulars
Authors: Relvies Pauliina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the rapidly growing research on numerous philosophical aspects of Plotinus, very little has been said about his account of the sensible universe, and especially of its entities, ordinary particulars. Following the rhetorical scorn of many passages where Plotinus compares the sensible with the intelligible, particulars are often treated by scholars as unimportant images of real beings, the forms, or-in the case of living beings-troublesome carriers of more worthy beings, namely souls.1 The present enquiry will try to show that the oversight has been considerable, and that despite Plotinus’ commitment to a kind of unreality of what Aristotle, for instance, thought of as reality, he has a thoughtful account of sensible particulars. This account is based on Platonic intuitions about the profound ontological difference between forms and particulars. Plotinus’ own contribution, I shall argue, is centred around the question ‘What is it to be a thing in time?’
What we Disagree about when we Disagree about Ontology
Authors: Cian Cian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There was once a land inhabited by many tribes. For a long time, each of the tribes was isolated from all the rest. When they finally made contact, all were amazed to discover how similar they were to one another. All of them spoke languages with exactly the same syntax-that of English. Never theless, it soon became clear that there were systematic behavioral differences among the tribes. These differences were reflected in the tribes peoples’ reactions to: The Special Composition Question: Under what circumstances do several things compose something? or its more explicit variant: Under what circumstances is there an object having each of several things as parts, every part of which shares a part with one of them? It turned out that, while each tribe had taken it for granted that the answer to this question was completely obvious and unproblematic, different answers to this question were current among the different tribes.
A Chronology And Calendar Of Documents Relating To The London Book Trade 1641-1700
Authors: Mckenzie D F , Bell Maureen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Chronology and Calendar of Documents relating to the London Book Trade 1641-1700 presents abstracts of documents relating to the book trade and book production between 1641 and 1700. It brings together in one sequence edited abstracts of entries referring to named books, printers, and booksellers selected from the manuscripts of the Stationers' Company Court Books; all references to printing, publishing, bookselling, and the book trade occurring in major historical printed sources (Calendar of State Papers Domestic; the Journals of the Houses of Lords and Commons; Reports of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts) ; and entries for contemporary pamphlets. The labour records of the printing and bookselling trades probably represent the fullest account of any work force in early modern England and the printed products of the trade survive in such great numbers that they enable us to examine them for evidence not only of who made and sold them but also of how they were made. These volumes constitute a reference work of importance not only for literature specialists, bibliographers, and historians of book production but also for economic, social, and political historians. Not only do they bring together records from a variety of separate printed sources, thereby making explicit their interconnections, but also they make accessible some less well-known manuscript sources, notably from the Stationers' Company archives. Most importantly the Chronology and Calendar extends the earlier work of Arber, Greg, and Jackson on the earlier seventeenth century. As a chronological sequence the volumes meet the need for a preliminary narrative history of the trade in the later seventeenth century; and the provision of title, name, and topic indexes renders this an indispensable reference tool for research into the social, political, and economic contexts of the book trade, its personnel, and its printed output.
Affect, Value, and Objectivity
Authors: Poellner Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this essay I want to explore four propositions about the relation between values, affectivity, and objectivity, all of which can be found in Nietzsche’s thinking about the nature of value. At least two of them—(2) and (3)— are sometimes thought to be incompatible with each other. The propositions are: (1) Our fundamental mode of acquaintance with many values is through certain kinds of complex affective states, namely emotions. (2) Many values with which we are acquainted in this way are in a qualified sense objective— labelled here ‘phenomenally objective’. (3) Values are essentially dependent on emotions and other affective states, such as hedonic bodily sensations. A world without such states would also be a world without value.
Global Spectacle: An English Masque at Constantinople
Authors: Ravelhofer Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the time of Moses a famous mimic, named Hamám, mimicked all his miracles before Pharaoh, to the great pleasure of the Pharaohites, but to Moses’s anger. One day Moses, not being able to bear it any longer, prayed unto the Lord that he should punish this mimicking fellow. The Lord spake then to Moses, and said to him: ‘It is you, my Speaker, that he is imitating, who are my prophet; what you say is truth and not error, therefore I am rather pleased with his imitation, which is a true and good one, for which I have destined to him Paradise.’ It is on the ground of this legend that it is decided in many books that the faith of the imitator is a true one.
Sierra Leone: Krio and the Quest for National Integration
Authors: Akíntúndé Oyètádé B , Luke Victor Fashole 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Republic of Sierra Leone is a smaller country in size, population, and the number of its languages than many other countries on the West African coast such as Ghana, Ivory Coast, and Nigeria. A particularly interesting phenomenon is however present in the configuration of the languages present and used in the country, and how language links up the general population. Though there are two proportionately large indigenous languages spoken in the country, Temne and Mende, it is found that the language which has spread and serves as a universal lingua franca known by as much as 95 per cent of the population of Sierra Leone is in fact an Englishbased creole known as Krio, which is the mother tongue of a much smaller group of speakers primarily located in and near the capital city Freetown. This chapter examines the growing significance of Krio in Sierra Leone and how it originally developed as a contact language among different groups of resettled emancipated slaves and other indigenous inhabitants of the Freetown area. The implications of the growth of Krio for national language policy and the position of English as the official language are examined, as well as the existence of ambivalent and changing attitudes towards the Krio language. Section 7.2 begins with a brief historical outline of the emergence of Sierra Leone and its special population in Freetown. Section 7.3 then provides an overview of the variety of different languages present in the country and their role in everyday life in Sierra Leone. Section 7.4 focuses heavily on both the Krio people and their language during the colonial period and after independence, and how Krio has come to spread as a common, inter-ethnic language among almost all of the population of Sierra Leone. Section 7.5 concludes the chapter with a re-examination of the issues surrounding language and national identity in the country and whether and how national language(s) might be planned for Sierra Leone.
Ambiguity and Transport: Reflections on the Proem to Parmenides ʾ Poem
Authors: Miller Mitchell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let me begin by distinguishing an ultimate and a proximate task for these reflections. The ultimate task, a perennial one for students of Greek philosophy, is to understand just what Parmenides lays open for thinking and speaking when, in the so-called Truth-section of his poem, fragments 2 through 8.
Pyrrhonian Scepticism and the Search for Truth
Authors: perin Casey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two passages at the outset of Sextus Empiricus’ Outlines of Pyrrhonism raise fundamental issues about Pyrrhonian Scepticism as a way of life: The Sceptical way of life is at least in part a life of philosophical investigation, and it differs in this respect from the way of life exemplified by the philosophical dogmatist.
Normativity and the Will
Authors: Wallace R Jay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Normativity and the Will collects fourteen important _ papers on moral psychology and practical reason by R. Jay _ Wallace, one of the leading philosophers currently working_ in these areas. The papers explore the interpenetration of normative and _ psychological issues in a series of debates that lie at the heart of moral philosophy. Part I, Reason, Desire, and the_ Will, discusses the nexus linking normativity to motivation, including the relations between desire and reasons, the role of normative considerations in explanations of action, and_ the normative commitments involved in willing an end (such_ as the requirement to adopt the necessary means). Part II,_ Responsibility, Identification, and Emotion, looks at _ questions about the rational capacities presupposed by accountable agency and the psychic factors that both inhibit and enable identification with what we do. It includes an interpretation of the Nietzschean claim that ressentiment is among the sources of modern moral consciousness. Part III,_ Morality and Other Normative Domains, addresses the _ structure of moral reasons and moral motivation, and the _ relations between moral demands and other normative domains (including especially the requirements of living a _ meaningful human life). _ _Wallace’s treatments of these topics are at once _ sophisticated and engaging. Taken together, they constitute an advertisement for a distinctive way of pursuing issues in moral psychology and the theory of practical reason. The _ book articulates and defends a unified framework for _ thinking about those issues, while offering sustained _ critical discussions of other influential approaches (by _ philosophers such as Korsgaard, McDowell, Nietzsche, Raz, Scanlon, and Williams). It should be of interest to every _ serious student of moral philosophy.
Truth and Meaning
Authors: Lepore Ernie , Ludwig Kirk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is conceded by most philosophers of language, and recently by some linguists, that a satisfactory theory of meaning must give an account of how the meanings of sentences depend upon the meanings of words. Unless such an account could be supplied for a particular language, it is argued, there would be no explaining the fact that we can learn the language: no explaining the fact that, on mastering a finite vocabulary and a finitely stated set of rules, we are prepared to produce and to understand any of a potential infinitude of sentences. I do not dispute these vague claims, in which I sense more than a kernel of truth.
First Person Authority
Authors: Lepore Ernie , Ludwig Kirk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When a speaker avers that he has a belief, hope, desire or intention, there is a presumption that he is not mistaken, a presumption that does not attach to his ascriptions of similar mental states to others. Why should there be this asymmetry between attributions of attitudes to our present selves and attributions of the same attitudes to other selves? What accounts for the authority accorded first person present tense claims of this sort, and denied second or third person claims? The point may be made, and the question asked, in the modality either of language or of epistemology.
an Alternative Framework for Public Health Ethics
Authors: Jennings Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ah, I see now! Rambert exclaimed. ‘You’ll soon be talking about the interests of the general public. But public welfare is merely the sum total of the private welfares of each of us.’ The doctor seemed abruptly to come out of a dream. ‘Oh, come!’ he said. ‘There’s that, but there’s much more to it than that In order to reduce disease and promote health, public health must be an agent of change— behavioral change among individuals and institutional change in societies. Change is never politically easy, or morally straightforward.
What’s the matter with memes?
Authors: Aunger Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I’m old enough to be one of the first generation of people brought to the ‘gene’s-eye-view’ of biology by reading The Selfish Gene. It changed my outlook on life and has had a profound influence on my subsequent thinking. This transformative experience has been reproduced in many thousands of readers over the past thirty years. Oddly enough, for someone who has studied memes, I don’t remember being particularly taken with the final chapter, ‘The Long Reach of the Gene’, at the time. What transported me then was the profound general outlook the book provided on why social interactions work the way they do. My professional concerns with the meme concept, introduced by Dawkins in that last chapter, came later, when I became interested in understanding cultural change.
The Meaning of ‘Ought’
Authors: Wedgwood Ralph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What does the word ‘ought’ mean? Strictly speaking, this is an empirical question, about the meaning of a word in English. Such empirical semantic questions should ideally be answered on the basis of extensive empirical evidence about the use of the word by native speakers of English.
As a philosopher, I am primarily interested, not in empirical questions about the meanings of words, but in the nature of the concepts that those words can be used to express— especially when those concepts are central to certain branches of philosophy, as the concepts expressed by ‘ought’ are central to ethics and to the theory of rational choice and rational belief. Still, it is often easiest to approach the task of giving an account of the nature of certain concepts by studying the meanings of the words that can express those concepts. This is why I shall try here to outline an account of the meaning of ‘ought’.
I shall try to argue that this account of ‘ought’ can deal adequately with some of the empirical linguistic data; but I shall not be able to undertake a sufficiently thorough investigation to be in a position to claim that my account deals adequately with all the linguistic data that need to be accounted for, nor that it deals better with the data than any alternative account. In particular, although I shall argue that the word ‘ought’ can express a large number of systematically related concepts (so that whenever the word ‘ought’ is used, the linguistic context must determine which of these concepts this occurrence of ‘ought’ expresses), I shall not be in a position to argue that my account of ‘ought’ captures all the concepts that the word can express.
Introduction to the Special Issue on the Web as Corpus
Authors: Kilgarriff Adam , Grefenstette Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The web is immense, free and available by mouse-click. It contains hundreds of billions of words of text and can be used for all manner of language research. The simplest language use is spell checking. Is it speculater or speculator? Google gives 67 for the former (usefully suggesting the latter might have been intended) and 82,000 for the latter. Question answered. Language scientists and technologists are increasingly turning to it as a source of language data, because it is so big, because it is the only available source for the type of language they are interested in, or simply because it is free and instantly available. The mode of work has increased dramatically from a standing start seven years ago with the web being used as a data source in a wide range of research activities: the papers in the Special Issue form a sample of the best of it. This introduction aims to survey the activities and explore recurring themes.
Equivalence in Bilingual Dictionaries
Authors: Duval Alain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All lexicographical reference books, such as monolingual dictionaries, bilingual dictionaries, multilingual glossaries or encyclopaedias, aim at creating bridges between what users know and what users do not know. Their goal is to show that there is equivalence between the entry word in the headword list from which the search starts and the body of the entry. In monolingual dictionaries, the entry is always presented in the same pattern: a superordinate points to the broad semantic field and a specifier provides the meaning refinements which are typical of the headword and which enable users to distinguish it from all other hyponyms. In encyclopaedias, the article gives elements of information about the portion of the real world to which the headword applies. The sum total of these elements aims at bringing a certain level of culture. Thus, in the article Europe, users will find indications on the geographical position of the continent, on the political entities which it is made of, on history, on economy, on demography etc. Here too, equivalence is achieved with varying degrees of precision. However, since the aim is no longer to provide distinctions between several possible hyponyms (Africa/America/Asia/Europe), the notion of sufficient number of elements is replaced by the notion of necessary number of elements, depending on the size of the work and the cultural level one wishes to provide. In bilingual dictionaries, the role of translations is to provide target-language equivalents of the source-language headword. Users consider translations as synonyms of the headword in a foreign language. They believe that it is always possible to translate, and that it should not pose any problem. Indeed, the role of languages is to describe reality, which is intuitively thought to be the same for everyone. Therefore, equivalents should necessarily exist.