bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Britain and German Unification, 1989/90
Authors: Kettenacker Lothar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The final verdict on Britain’s stance towards German unification will have to wait at least another twenty years until the release of HM official documents. However, this does not mean that until then we are reduced to making more or less intelligent guesses. For once the diplomatic process and the decisive position taken by the American Bush administration have been studied in detail by two aides of the president’s national security advisers.’ Their study will be unsurpassed for some time to come, not least because they draw on a vast array and variety of official documents, including Russian records. It is most telling that the only superpower left should also have been the first to direct our understanding of the momentous historical events of 1989/90. In addition, a great number of the German Chancellery’s documents pertaining to unification have already been published in one massive volume which constitutes an important source. It was, after all, the Chancellery, not the German Foreign Office, that was in charge of German-German affairs. One name which crops up again and again as the author of important minutes and memoranda is Horst Teltschik, Chancellor Helmut Kohl’s trusted civil servant and witness to most of his confidential talks. There is general agreement amongst historians that his diaries are the most candid and reliable source of information about the day-to-day business. He was behind all moves to accelerate the process of unification which so worried the British and German Foreign Ministries.
The American Dimension: Britain, Germany, and the Reinforcement of US Hegemony in Europe in the 1990s
Authors: Ingimundarson Valur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Henry Luce, the publisher of Time-Life, proclaimed the dawning of the American Century in 1941, he did not only foresee the defeat of Germany and Japan in World War II but also the political and economic predominance of the United States in the post-war period. True, his characterization lost much of its glow and force in the 1970s and 1980s, when the United States witnessed the erosion of its political credibility due to the Vietnam War and its competitive advantage in many economic areas at the expense of Japan and Germany. But with the millennium approaching, it is impossible to deny that the United States has consolidated its global leadership position. Dire prognoses of US decline—some sort of ‘imperial overstretch’ —and a retreat into isolation have been silenced by a rejuvenated economy and vigorous and, at times, aggressive diplomacy. This development was by no means apparent in 1990—1. Apart from the Gulf War, the United States was a reluctant world power, and the economic recession at home spurred calls for introspection and a domestic agenda. The Bush Administration certainly played a key role in German reunification, but it did not want to become engaged in the Yugoslav crisis or to end the strategic uncertainty following the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe. The Americans were, in other words, slow to spell out their precise role in a European post-cold war setting. Towards the end of the 1990s the picture was much clearer: the United States had not only reaffirmed its status as an economic superpower but has also reinforced its political and military hegemony in Europe.
NATO or WEU? Security Policy since 1990
Authors: Kirchner Emil J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Changes in threat perceptions since 1990, and growing concerns about military and non-military aspects of security provoke questions over the extent to which NATO can or should remain the dominant security provider of the western world. It also raises the question about the extent to which the Western European Union (WEU), either alone or in conjunction with the European Union, can or should be responsible for security. Debate about these questions not only takes place in the US, Britain, France, and Germany, where divided opinions prevail within and between countries; it is also discussed in the Russian Federation where the questions of enlargement of NATO and WEU remain particularly controversial. After all, the eastern enlargement of NATO in March 1999 to include Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic was viewed with great dismay in Moscow. Moreover, NATO’s bombing of Serbia and Serbian positions in Kosovo which began shortly afterwards on 24 March and lasted until 10 June led to the most severe crisis in Russian-NATO relations since the end of the cold war.
Social Cleavages and Political Change
Authors: Manza Jeff , Brooks Clem 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What Social Groups Support Which Political Party, And How That Support Has Changed Over Time, Are Central Questions In The Sociology Of Political Behaviour. This Study Provides The First Systematic Book-Length Reassessment And Restatement Of The Sociological Approach To American Politics In More Than 20 Years. It Challenges Widespread Arguments That The Importance Of Social Cleavages Have Declined Precipitously In Recent Years In The Face Of Post-Industrial Social And Economic Changes. The Book Reconceptualizes The Concept Of Social Cleavages And Focus On Four Major Cleavages In American Society: Class, Religion, Gender, And Race, Arguing A That A Number Of Important Changes In The Alignments Of The Groups Making Up These Four Cleavages Have Occurred. The Book Examines The Implications Of These Changes For The Democratic And Republican Parties. The Findings Of The Book Are Examined In Light Of The Central Dilemmas Facing The Two Major Parties In The Contemporary Political Environment.
Party Coalitions
Authors: Manza Jeff , Brooks Clem 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the debates about the state of American political parties-and the nature of party decline and renewal-have centered on questions about the organizational capacities of the parties and their ability to carry out partisan policy goals once in government. In this chapter, by contrast, we extend our analyses of social cleavages to consider how cleavages shape the two major parties electoral coalitions, and also where the votes that put parties (and their candidates) in office in the first place come from. A number of commentators have argued that the social bases of party coalitions have changed in ways that have significantly influenced their policy agendas. The growing gender gap, for example, has led to discussions of a possible ‘feminization’ of the Democratic Party. The widely used ‘Reagan Democrat’ label is based on the idea that since 1980 Republican presidential candidates are receiving a growing proportion of their votes from white, working-class voters. Others have asserted that the growing importance of educated middle-class voters has encouraged the Democrats to abandon their traditional focus on public policies aimed at the working and lower middle classes in favor of a policy agenda that addresses the interests of the educated middle class. The growing influence of the Christian Right agenda in the Republican Party is often attributed to their growing numbers at the ballot box. Virtually all commentators on race and politics have noted that the increasing importance of black votes to Democratic candidates makes Democratic politicians reluctant to abandon a strong civil rights platform.
Conclusions: The Political Culture of Russian ‘Democrats’ and Russian Politics
Authors: Lukin Alexander 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Awareness of the differences between Soviet political culture and the ‘democratic’ subculture is important for understanding political developments in Russia after 1991. Despite the later arguments of some less fortunate ‘democrats’ that the ‘democratic’ movement as a whole did not come to power in Russia, an objective analysis would suggest that politicians who shared ‘democratic’ beliefs partially ruled the Russian republic from the election of the Russian parliament in spring 1991, and almost solely from early 1992 for a period of about one year. During the latter period ‘democratic’ activists and their supporters not only controlled the most important federal institutions, but also held sway in the country’s three most populous cities (Moscow, St Petersburg, and Ekaterinburg).
Political Communication between Political Elites and Mass Publics The Role of Belief Systems
Authors: Thomassen Jacques 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The (implicit) assumption of many empirical studies of political representation is that ‘congruence between the preferences of citizens and the actions of policymakers constitutes a major claim and goal of liberal democracy’ (Huber and Powell 1994: 292). Empirical research offers ample evidence that from this perspective liberal democracy in most countries is far from perfect. In many instances the policy views of the members of parliament do not reflect the views of their citizens.
The Language of Politics A Study of Elite and Mass Understandings of Ideological Terminology in the United States and the Netherlands
Authors: Herrera Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of mass-elite relationships in this volume is pursued from a variety of approaches and through the use of a unique combination of survey data. While we are all interested in these linkages, this chapter takes a different look at those couplings by examining the nature of political discourse between the mass public and their representatives. Rather than focus on the positions held by mass and elite on a variety of political issues, this chapter inspects the abilities of the public and the political elite in the United States and the Netherlands to communicate with each other using a shared under standing of political language. To the extent that open and well-understood communication between mass and elite facilitates political representation, this contribution might be seen as a first step in the study of mass-elite communication patterns.
Greece: Between ‘Henosis’ and Decentralization
Authors: Loughlin John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Greece became part of the Ottoman Empire, along with the rest of the Balkan peninsula, in the fifteenth century and lived under Turkish rule for some four centuries (Legg and Roberts 1997). After the uprising that started in 1821 against Turkish occupation, they were the first of all the Balkan peoples to win partial liberation, with the London Protocol of 7 May 1832, which recognized the independence of a new Greek state, though only for part of Greece. The newly independent Greek state established a centralized government along the lines of the French Napoleonic state. Before and after Greek independence there was a division among nationalists as to whether the new state should adopt the institutions of western states (modernizers) or whether it should return to the institutions of Byzantine Greece (traditionalists). In the end, both had their wishes to some extent. Greece adopted the institutions and administration of representative democracy well before many western states did so. However, these institutions were informed by the culture and mentality of the Ottoman period and its political culture owed much to the practices of dientelism and patronage that had developed during that period. Thus, the Greek political system has been marked by the concentration of power at the centre and a less than satisfactory system of public administration. The question of modern Greece’s national identity, and whether the country is ‘western’ or ‘non-western’ has never been finally resolved and still affects the nature and practice of democracy in the country.
The Committed Observer of a Janus-Faced Century: Peter Pulzer on Liberalism, Anti Semitism, and Democracy
Authors: Tewes Henning 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Valedictory lectures are rare occasions. Most academics give inaugural lectures when they take up a professorial chair, and leave quietly when the time has come. The idea of a scholar reflecting back on his or her career and life, however, is in many respects an appealing one. This is especially true if the professional career is as distinguished and the personal history as unusual as they are in the case of Peter Pulzer.
Jacobinism Redefined: Second Empire Municipalism and the Emergence of Republican Citizenship
Authors: Hazareesingh Sudhir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a commonplace among political and intellectual historians that the principles of modern French citizenship were fashioned by the democratic and republican state-initially by the Revolution of 1789 and later in more substantive form by the Third Republic (1875-1940). An analogous point is sometimes made through the assertion that, unlike in Britain and Germany, where the nation preceded the state, in France it was the state which pre ceded (and thus created) the nation. Modern France thus appears as the archetype of the ‘statist’ political community, in which public institutions whether Napoleonic, Bourbon, Orleanist, or republican-consistently played a defining role in articulating the principles which held together the political community.
The History of Human Rights in Germany
Authors: Southern David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of the twentieth century was characterized by what has been called the struggle between empirical and liberal democracy on one hand, and totalitarian messianic democracy on the other. The contrast goes back to the French Revolution, when ideology entered into politics in the form of the reconstruction of society from top to bottom on an ideal basis. One philosophy regards politics as ‘a contrivance of human wisdom to provide for human wants’ (Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), 88) and seeks to reconcile the inherently conflicting claims of the individual and those of the community without postulating some overall conflict-free system. The other sees politics as having some absolute purpose, namely, the collective and compulsory pursuit and attainment of an ideal order in which the claims of the individual and the claims of the community converge. The one espouses diversity and is relativist; the other seeks unanimity and is absolutist. The loftiness of their aims justified the idealists in the use of coercion to achieve them, so that, in Dostoevsky’s phrase, beginning in a theory of total liberty they ended in a theory of total despotism.
Fiddlers on the Roof: Some Thoughts on a Special Relationship
Authors: Schoenbaum David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like the terrified horses of Picasso’s Guernica, Chagall’s fiddlers on the roof are among the most familiar and evocative icons of our time. In a century equally notable for Jewish achievement and calamity, the visibility and success of Jewish violinists from Central Europe, Russia, even Odessa alone, lead almost automatically to speculation about a special relationship between Jews and the violin. In fact, the relationship is neither new nor self-evident. But the tangle of legend, nostalgia, and truth that historians have learnt to call the master narrative, has made it seductively easy to assume that it was both.
Introduction: State Capacity in East Asia
Authors: Brødsgaard Kjeld Erik , Young Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is often assumed, not least by governments themselves, that the main task facing governments in East Asia is to maintain economic growth and development. But things are not really that simple. Economic development is, by definition, a process of change, and the very success of most of the East Asian countries in achieving economic growth—for, despite the financial problems of the late 1990s, the development of these countries over the last 50 years remains an impressive achievement-presents them with the more complex challenge of coping with rapid social, economic, and political changes in ways that can continue their success in this century.
A key issue in this process is the nature of the state and its relationship to society. Scholars of the state, and indeed politicians and administrators, have been asking what kinds of organization, what institutions, what patterns of interaction between state and society, can enhance a state’s capacity to cope with the challenges facing nation-states today. While many studies of state capacity in Asia focus mainly on economic activity, we believe that the sources, and uses, of state capacity are much broader than that. If the answers to questions about state capacity are to be of any use, they must be grounded on a solid understanding of the forces that shape states, and the actual processes of social interaction through which these forces take effect. The chapters in this volume use a variety of approaches to contribute to this understanding, studying states and state formation in East Asia.
International Migration in Post-Cold War International Relations
Authors: Miller Mark]. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dramatic upheavals that have roiled global politics in the late twentieth century have inspired scholarly inquiry germane to the question of prospects for cooperative management of international migration in the future. This literature is extensive, inconclusive, and rarely deals directly with international migration, thereby prolonging a puzzling tradition of neglect of the subject matter by students of international relations and world politics. Nevertheless, this literature sheds important light on phenomena and issues that will shape future cooperative management of international migration.
The Incremental Transformation of the Danish Legislative Elite: The Party System as Prime Mover
Authors: Pedersen Mogens N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A parliament was introduced into Danish politics in 1849. Before that time, royal absolutism had allowed only a limited—and controlled—’popular’ participation, and no traditions for representative bodies existed. But since that year, the Folketing has met continually, its activity only briefly interrupted during World War II. Long lines of newcomer-politicians have entered Parliament for their respective parties and have served for a short time or for an extended period. Some moved in and out of the parliamentary ‘career’, others were—or succeeded in being—more faithful servants. A few spent a lifetime in the legislature—the all-time record being fifty years of service. Many put their mark on Danish politics. Their names are still remembered, and their marble bust, a painting, or another memorial may still remind today’s citizens of their existence. Many more have, however, left very few traces apart from their name and scattered pieces of biographical information. But data exist for each and everyone, at least enough to make it possible to trace the development and slow transformation of the collective profile of the Folketing over almost 150 years.
From Political Amateur to Professional Politician and Expert Representative: Parliamentary Recruitment in Finland since 1863
Authors: Ruostetsaari Ilkka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several studies concerning political leaders have indicated that changes in social and economic circumstances caused by industrialization have simultaneously effected the social background and characteristics of political decision-makers. Moreover, different kinds of electoral systems and gradual democratization of the franchise have been seen to cause changes in political leadership (Matthews 1954: 18, 42–3).Thus, the aim of the present study is to find out whether different kinds of changes concerning political, social, and economic development are also reflected in the composition of the Finnish parliamentary elite. We can presume that the effects of variations concerning franchise and electoral system are most strikingly seen when the whole system of representation of the people changes suddenly (Noponen 1964: 18–19). In Finland, preconditions for comparison are excellent because of a dramatic change: by a parliamentary reform in 1906, Finland moved directly from a four-chamber assembly (the Diet) representing the estates-which was the last of its kind in Europe—to themost modern unicameral Parliament in Europe elected by a universal and equal suffrage.
Approaches to invertebrate surveys: posing the questions
Authors: New T R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are several distinct levels for focus in practical conservation and invertebrate surveys. The questions posed may differ substantially both be¬ tween and within each level, and on whether the invertebrates are direct targets for conservation or tools for broader environmental assessment in setting priorities among sites or assemblages. The precise questions addressed must be posed clearly in the planning phase of a study, and examples of these are noted below. In general, the steps needed to organize surveys encompass a sequence from formulating clear objectives to responsible dissemination of results and deposition of the data and specimens accumulated. These are summarized in Table 2.1 (Danks 1996).
Assessing use of sampling methods
Authors: New T R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The methods described, or alluded to, in the previous chapters exemplify the great variety of active or passive techniques available to extract invertebrates from natural habitats, and many of the difficulties of quantification or of relying on any single method to provide definitive information. Most groups of invertebrates can thus be collected or sampled more formally by several different methods, and a broad summary (Table 5.1) can act as an initial guide in selecting those of use for a given target group. The innumerable modifications of the methods are eloquent testimony to the difficulties involved, and to the problems of trying to make adequate comparison between different surveys or habitats even when similar methods are used throughout. The methods discussed, used with care, do not destroy the habitats in which they sample, although there are occasional exceptions.
Processing and interpreting invertebrate samples
Authors: New T R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gaining consistent and reliable samples of invertebrates is the first stage in the process of detecting the presence of particular taxa or of interpreting the diversity and ecology of invertebrate assemblages, and many of the subsequent stages pose even greater problems, both in ensuring reliability and in the costs involved. Indeed, simply gaining the samples commonly may be among the cheaper phases of an invertebrate survey. However, some sampling exercises, such as offshore benthic sampling involving ship time over extended periods and utilizing expensive gear, tend to have much higher costs than others (Kingston and Riddle 1984). But, for any field surveys, the costs are clearly wasted unless the material is interpreted and used effectively.
Banach algebras with an involution
Authors: Dales H G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is an additional algebraic operation on an algebra that we have not so far considered for Banach algebras; this is the operation of taking an involution, as defined in 1.10.2. Indeed, we briefly discussed *-algebras in §1.10. We shall now consider Banach and other topological algebras which have an involution.
Geometric Integration
Authors: Sanz-Serna J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“The last decade has seen such a deluge of papers on the numerical solution of the initial value problems for ordinary differential equations that it is quite impracticable to list, far less to summarize, all the contributions.” These are the opening words of J. D. Lambert’s paper [54] in the State of the Art 1976 Conference Proceedings. In spite of such a disclaimer, the paper succeeds in presenting, in less than fifty large-print pages, a unified view of all that, at the time of its writing, was known on numerical initial-value problems (IVP) for ordinary differential equations (ODEs). Ten years later, the subject was just too big and although the State of the Art 1986 Conference [50] featured three ODE speakers (J.D. Lambert, A.R. Curtis and G. Wanner), their combined contributions are very far from surveying all the numerical ODE field.