bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microsatellites for the slugs Deroceras reticulatum and Arion intermedius
Authors: Brookes R. C. , Barker J. H. A. , Bohan D. A. , Glen D. M. , Karp A. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractMicrosatellites were developed for two pest slug species: self‐fertilizing Arion intermedius and outcrossing Deroceras reticulatum. Six microsatellites from each species were tested on individuals collected from within and between arable fields. The 39 individuals analysed per species had 3–9 and 7–26 alleles per microsatellite for A. intermedius and D. reticulatum, respectively. Gene diversity,

[1 − Σpi2], ranged from 0.19 to 0.75 and 0.74 to 0.95, respectively.
Polymorphic microsatellite DNA markers in black grouse (Tetrao tetrix)
Authors: Piertney Stuart B. , Höglund Jacob 
Published: April 2005

AbstractTen GATA microsatellite DNA markers were isolated and characterized from black grouse (Tetrao tetrix) using an enrichment cloning procedure. High levels of heterozygosity (mean HO = 0.74 ± 0.026), and a large number of alleles (range = 5–16) were resolved in 70 individuals, indicating these markers will be useful for examining parentage, inbreeding and population structure in black grouse. No evidence for linkage disequilibrium or the presence of null alleles was found.
A Systematic Proteomic Study of Seed Filling in Soybean. Establishment of High-Resolution Two-Dimensional Reference Maps, Expression Profiles, and an Interactive Proteome Database
Authors: Hajduch Martin , Ganapathy Ashwin , Stein Joel W. , Thelen Jay J. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
A high-throughput proteomic approach was employed to determine the expression profile and identity of hundreds of proteins during seed filling in soybean (Glycine max) cv Maverick. Soybean seed proteins were analyzed at 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 weeks after flowering using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. This led to the establishment of high-resolution proteome reference maps, expression profiles of 679 spots, and corresponding matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry spectra for each spot. Database searching with these spectra resulted in the identification of 422 proteins representing 216 nonredundant proteins. These proteins were classified into 14 major functional categories. Proteins involved in metabolism, protein destination and storage, metabolite transport, and disease/defense were the most abundant. For each functional category, a composite expression profile is presented to gain insight into legume seed physiology and the general regulation of proteins associated with each functional class. Using this approach, an overall decrease in metabolism-related proteins versus an increase in proteins associated with destination and storage was observed during seed filling. The accumulation of unknown proteins, sucrose transport and cleavage enzymes, cysteine and methionine biosynthesis enzymes, 14-3-3-like proteins, lipoxygenases, storage proteins, and allergenic proteins during seed filling is also discussed. A user-intuitive database (http://oilseedproteomics.missouri.edu) was developed to access these data for soybean and other oilseeds currently being investigated.
An analysis of recent accounting and auditing failures in the United States on US accounting and auditing in China
Authors: Hwang Dennis B.K. , Blair Staley A. 
Published: April 2005

PurposeSeeks to analyze the impact of recent accounting and auditing failures in the USA on US accounting and auditing in China, focusing on the practice ofguanxi– the networks of informal relationships and exchanges of favors that dominate all business and social activities in Chinese societies.Design/methodology/approachExamines Chinese culture and uses historical precedents and parallels with Japanese culture to predict potential accounting and auditing problems.FindingsDetermines thatguanxihas the potential to undermine the high standards of auditor independence, audit quality, and ethical behavior to which auditors must adhere.Research limitations/implicationsThe review of Chinese culture and list of historical precedents is not exhaustive, and the standards are all US, which perhaps limits its usefulness elsewhere.Practical implicationsA very useful source of information on Chinese business behavior as it impacts accountants and auditors.Originality/valueEnables policy makers and professional accountants to anticipate and predict howguanximay threaten the progress made in improving financial management and reporting, and may undermine auditor independence, audit quality, and the quality of financial reporting.
Fraud risk assessments and auditors’ professional skepticism
Authors: Payne Elizabeth A. , Ramsay Robert J. 
Published: April 2005

PurposeTo examine whether planning‐stage fraud risk assessments and audit experience affect the level of professional skepticism displayed by auditors during fieldwork.Design/methodology/approachThe paper presents an experiment using professional auditors.FindingsOverall, auditors predisposed to low fraud risk assessments were less skeptical than those with no knowledge of fraud risk (control group). Also, as expected, auditors in the control group were less skeptical than those predisposed to moderate/high fraud risk assessments. Staff auditors were more skeptical than seniors. Senior auditors showed no differences in skepticism between the control group and high fraud risk assessment group.Research limitations/implicationsProfessional skepticism in this study is measured as the auditors’ assessment of client truthfulness. There is reasonable disagreement on the exact meaning of professional skepticism and some readers’ interpretation of the term may be different from the authors' own.Practical implicationsThe results suggest a need for audit firms to use ongoing training with regard to professional skepticism and the requirements of SAS No. 99, especially since skepticism appears to decline with increasing audit experience.Originality/valueThe study contributes to auditing literature in the areas of professional skepticism and fraud risk assessment. The overall experience result supports previous studies, but additional insight is gained as to differences in the experience/skepticism relationship at different levels of planning‐stage fraud risk.
A study of the staircase effect induced by material shrinkage in rapid prototyping
Authors: Wenbin Hong , Yong Tsui Lee , Haiqing Gong 
Published: April 2005

PurposeTo investigate the “staircase effect”, which is one of the most significant manifestations of part inaccuracy in liquid‐based rapid prototyping (RP) processes, on multi‐layer RP parts made using a thick layer deposition and photo‐curing process in a stepless rapid prototyping (SRP) system.Design/methodology/approachThe building of a five‐layer part is simulated layer by layer using a finite element method based on an incremental elastic model, to analyze the staircase effect due to shrinkage induced by polymerization and temperature variation. The influence of various factors such as layer thickness and intensity of incident UV light is studied. The results were verified experimentally.FindingsResults show that the staircase amount increases 20 percent and 300 percent with light intensity increasing from 65 to 145 mW/cm2 and layer thickness increasing from 0.2 to 2.0 mm, respectively. It is also found that the overall staircase is below 100 μm, which suggests that the SRP process improves surface quality greatly compared to other RP systems, and can provide enough accuracy for fabricating functional parts.Research limitations/implicationsThe results apply only to the material used in the work: an acrylate‐based photopolymer resin, C123, produced by Tianjin Chemical Co., China. Also, the thickness of the layers is fixed at 6 mm.Practical implicationsProvides a method to analyze the origin and amount of the staircase effect, upon which to better control the surface finish of RP parts. New materials and different layer thicknesses can be investigated using the same method.Originality/valueApart from the above practical implication, this paper establishes the parameters that influence the shrinkage of the material used in SRP.
Direct writing of chitosan scaffolds using a robotic system
Authors: Geng Li , Feng Wei , Hutmacher Dietmar W. , San Wong Yoke , Tong Loh Han , Fuh Jerry Y.H. 
Published: April 2005

PurposeThis paper aims to present a novel rapid prototyping (RP) fabrication methods and preliminary characterization for chitosan scaffolds.DesignA desktop rapid prototyping robot dispensing (RPBOD) system has been developed to fabricate scaffolds for tissue engineering (TE) applications. The system is a computer‐controlled four‐axis machine with a multiple‐dispenser head. Neutralization of the acetic acid by the sodium hydroxide results in a precipitate to form a gel‐like chitosan strand. The scaffold properties were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, porosity calculation and compression test. An example of fabrication of a freeform hydrogel scaffold is demonstrated. The required geometric data for the freeform scaffold were obtained from CT‐scan images and the dispensing path control data were converted form its volume model. The applications of the scaffolds are discussed based on its potential for TE.FindingsIt is shown that the RPBOD system can be interfaced with imaging techniques and computational modeling to produce scaffolds which can be customized in overall size and shape allowing tissue‐engineered grafts to be tailored to specific applications or even for individual patients.Research limitations/implicationsImportant challenges for further research are the incorporation of growth factors, as well as cell seeding into the 3D dispensing plotting materials. Improvements regarding the mechanical properties of the scaffolds are also necessary.Originality/valueOne of the important aspects of TE is the design scaffolds. For customized TE, it is essential to be able to fabricate 3D scaffolds of various geometric shapes, in order to repair tissue defects. RP or solid free‐form fabrication techniques hold great promise for designing 3D customized scaffolds; yet traditional cell‐seeding techniques may not provide enough cell mass for larger constructs. This paper presents a novel attempt to fabricate 3D scaffolds, using hydrogels which in the future can be combined with cells.
Application of rapid prototyping and tooling in customised airway management
Authors: Chiang W.M. , Lim C.S. , Chua C.K. , Lo P.L. , Eng C.T. 
Published: April 2005

PurposeTracheobronchial stents are commonly used in airway management as a form of palliation for obstruction. This form of therapy immediately relieves the patients from life‐threatening conditions and significantly improves their quality of life. In the cases of complex tracheobronchial obstruction, customised airway stents are required for effective palliation. In this work, an Airway Stent Customisation Protocol (ASCP) is introduced.Design/methodology/approachIt describes two variant routes that use a combination of rapid prototyping (RP) and rapid tooling (RT) techniques to fabricate customised airway stents in short lead times. The ASCP allows the stents to be tailored in terms of geometry, and distending strength. A brief comparison between the ASCP and other RP/RT manufacturing routes is also carried out.FindingsThe ability to customise airway stents in short lead times is important as it allows surgeons to swiftly treat life‐threatening conditions arising from tracheobronchial obstructions. It is shown that the ASCP is capable of providing relief to patients quickly. The application of RP and RT in the ASCP has not only allowed shorter response time to patients, but has also allowed the stents to be produced at a relatively low cost.Originality/valueTracheobronchial stents are commonly used in patients facing advanced stages of cancer. Focuses on a time and cost‐effective solution that is provided to improve their quality of life.
Future impacts of RFID on e‐supply chains in grocery retailing
Authors: Prater Edmund , Frazier Gregory V. , Reyes Pedro M. 
Published: April 2005

PurposeTo place the research on radio frequency identification (RFID) usage in supply chains within a specific business and market context; in this case, the grocery industry.Design/methodology/approachThis paper considers RFID research within the context of the grocery industry and outlines the market drivers that affect the way the grocery industry approaches RFID and also specific areas of research on RFID that should be undertaken to better provide the grocery industry with managerial insights into this technology's application.FindingsExamining market drivers that are leading to RFID implementation in the grocery industry, this paper provides a theoretical framework for future applied research on RFID implementation. Specifically, it develops a research framework that includes research using modeling techniques, RFID implementation and the impact of RFID on daily operational issues.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper focuses on the market drivers for RFID implementation. While it does address other areas that are related to research in this field, it is limited in its ability to go into detailed discussion of those areas. For example, while technology implementation and innovation diffusion issues are raised, they are detailed research domains of their own which can only be superficially addressed in the context of this paper.Practical implicationsThe paper provides a detailed framework of research areas that are of direct, practical importance to the grocery industry. This should encourage research into this area, for, as researchers provide insights into these issues, the grocery industry can immediately put the findings into practice.Originality/valueRFID has garnered a great deal of research interest. However, that research has primarily focused on RFID's impact on general supply chain issues, failing to place the discussion within a specific business domain. This is necessary because the strategic environment of any business impacts on the applicability of any technology.
Knowledge management – not rocket science
Authors: Call Dean 
Published: April 2005

PurposeTo provide a broad understanding of knowledge management and how to successfully implement knowledge management.Design/methodology/approachUsing a wide range of technical, business and knowledge management‐specific sources to explain the value and importance of knowledge management and the relative simplicity of the concept, the paper is divided into sections providing a definition of KM, how KM relates to technology, an overview of double‐loop learning, six steps to successful KM (plus one), and successful KM examples.FindingsProvides a thorough overview of KM and its building‐blocks, as well as providing examples that incorporate various degrees of technology.Originality/valueThis paper provides a unique view of knowledge management success by maintaining a totally agnostic approach and focusing on principles that will provide success regardless of technology or budget.
Catching the chameleon: understanding the elusive term “knowledge”
Authors: Assudani Rashmi H. 
Published: April 2005

PurposeTo examine the various discourses on “knowledge” and to understand what knowledge means – is it a process of leveraging resources, is it a resource, or is it both – a process and a resource? Further, the purpose of the paper is to propose a framework for knowledge management.Design/methodology/approachThe literature on “knowledge” is reviewed and “knowledge” is analyzed along the epistemological dimensions. The synthesis seeks to integrate the disparate ways in which “knowledge” has been conceptualized in the management literature.FindingsThe framework on knowledge management recognizes and establishes linkages between both attributes of knowledge – knowledge as a process and as a resource. It recognizes knowledge as an input resource (“knowledge of”), knowledge as an output resource (“knowledge from”), and knowledge as a process linking the “knowledge of” to the “knowledge from”.Practical implicationsA very useful source for practitioners and students interested in the field of knowledge management.Originality/valueThis paper is among the early works to organize the literature and to clarify the alternative thoughts that exist towards defining knowledge. The framework offers the literature in a very understandable and usable form for all those who are centrally or peripherally related to knowledge management.
The “soft” dimension of organizational knowledge transfer
Authors: Guzman Gustavo A.C. , Wilson John 
Published: April 2005

PurposeThis paper aims to advance a theoretical framework that integrates knowledge management, change management and “soft” issues, focussing on uncovering the nature of “soft” issues embedded in knowledge management and change management processes.Design/methodology/approachBoth empirical work (case study at an electronics contract manufacturing plant) and literature review were used in order to build the proposed theoretical framework.FindingsIt argues that the “soft” dimension assists in better understanding the process of organizational knowledge transfer. In this context, “soft” issues refers to the mutual understanding – of both sender and receiver units – of underlying assumptions, the role of macro‐institutional factors affecting firm level actions (the macro‐micro link) and interpretative aspects that permeate the process of organizational knowledge transfer, including knowledge management and change management issues.Practical implicationsGuidelines for managerial action were formulated in order to make explicit, be aware of and understand embedded “soft” issues. Presented guidelines represent an attempt to uncover the crucial “soft” issues that are usually overlooked by the conventional literature.Originality/valueThis paper offers an alternative framework for guiding both practical intervention and further research on knowledge management‐related issues. It contributes to a better understanding of the process of organizational knowledge transfer.
Public agencies and environmental risk
Authors: Mercer Doug , Leschine Thomas , Drew Christina H. , Griffith William , Nyerges Timothy 
Published: April 2005

PurposeTo derive from the environmental risk and knowledge management literatures a model that integrates organizational form, democratic vision and epistemological needs of public agencies responsible for addressing environmental risks. To analyze the knowledge management practices of the United States Department of Energy (USDOE) that is responsible for cleaning up landscapes contaminated by 50 years of plutonium production.Design/methodology/approachThe model was used as a framework for a case study analysis of the USDOE knowledge management practices.FindingsConceptual: a vision of democracy and an understanding of the type of knowledge process can facilitate organizational constancy. Organizational forms should be matched to knowledge process and democratic vision. Empirical: USDOE has behaved erratically in addressing environmental risks viewed through this model of knowledge management.Research limitations/implicationsThe model idealizes democratic visions, epistemological processes and organizational forms. Care should be taken in making predictions for the success or failure of an organizational approach based solely on this model.Practical implicationsPractically, the model aids scholars in making connections between knowledge management and public sector environmental risk management literatures; and provides managers with a systematic framework for relating democratic context knowledge production processes to particular organization forms. Use of this model particularly during agency restructuring may facilitate resolving environmental risks though improving organizational legitimacy, constancy, and knowledge generation capacity.Originality/valueThis is a first attempt at integrating two related but so‐far disconnected literatures (environmental risk management and knowledge management).
Nasal exposure to Staphylococcal enterotoxin enhances the development of allergic rhinitis in mice
Authors: Okano M. , Hattori H. , Yoshino T. , Sugata Y. , Yamamoto M. , Fujiwara T. , Satoskar A. A. , Satoskar A. R. , Nishizaki K. 
Published: April 2005

SummaryBackground
Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) appear to play a role in the pathogenesis of allergic disease. However, little is known whether the nasal exposure to SE affects the development of allergic rhinitis (AR).Objective
We sought to determine the in vivo effect of nasal exposure to SE on the development of AR using mouse model.Methods
BALB/c mice were intranasally sensitized with Schistosoma mansoni egg antigen (SmEA) in the presence or absence of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). Control mice were intranasally sensitized with either SEB or SmEA alone. The production of antigen‐specific antibodies including IgE, nasal eosinoplilia and cytokines by nasal mononuclear cells was compared among mice that had or had not received SEB treatment.Results
Nasal exposure to SEB enhanced the development of AR in SmEA‐sensitized mice, as manifested by SmEA‐specific IgE production, nasal eosinophilia, and IL‐4 and IL‐5 production by nasal mononuclear cells after Ag challenge. This treatment also elicited IFN‐γ production by SmEA‐primed cells. In addition, these mice produced SEB‐specific IgE whereas mice treated with SEB without SmEA sensitization did not produce SEB‐specific IgE or demonstrate nasal eosinophilia.Conclusion
These results suggest that the nasal exposure to SEB enhances susceptibility to AR although the exposure to SE solely does not induce AR.
Therapeutic effect of surfactant protein D in allergic inflammation of mite‐sensitized mice
Authors: Liu C.‐F. , Chen Y.‐L. , Shieh C.‐C. , Yu C.‐K. , Reid K. B. M. , Wang J.‐Y. 
Published: April 2005

SummaryBackground
Surfactant protein D (SP‐D) is involved in the innate immunity within the lung and may have important roles in modulating the inflammatory process of asthma.Objective
To examine the potential immunomodulating role of SP‐D on the allergic response in mice, and its interaction with the alveolar macrophages (AMs) during allergic inflammation.Methods
A recombinant 60 kDa fragment of human SP‐D (rfh SP‐D), Survanta, and budesonide were administrated, respectively, to Der p‐sensitive BALB/c mice before or after allergen challenge (AC). Total and differential cell counts, levels of cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids(BALFs), and levels of Der p‐specific IgE and IgG1 antibodies in sera, were assayed. The production of nitric oxide (NO), and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression, in AMs, were determined by ELISA and RT‐PCR, respectively.Results
Instillation of rfh SP‐D to sensitized mice 6 h after AC (therapeutic), but not 24 h before AC (preventive), markedly reduced infiltration of eosinophils, and also reduced levels of IL‐4, IL‐5, eotaxin, and TNF‐α but elevated levels of IFN‐γ in the BALF. These effects were comparable with those obtained with budesonide treatment, whereas Survanta did not have a suppressive effect, either before or after AC. There was significant inhibition of NO production in the rfh SP‐D pre‐treated AMs of allergen‐sensitized mice, but not in naïve mice.Conclusions
These results indicate that rfh SP‐D has a therapeutic effect on allergen‐induced bronchial inflammation, and that this might be because of its inhibitory effect on NO and TNF‐α production by AMs, and it thus prevents the development of T‐helper type 2 cytokine response.