bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic Analysis Of The Evolution Of A Mutualism: Leonardoxa (Caesalpiniaceae) And Its Associated Ants
Authors: McKey Doyle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two notorious disciplines in biology seem to be lurching toward each other, groping for mutual understanding and even fusion into a more powerful version of evolutionary biology. The two disciplines are cladistics and adaptationist theory.... The two fields obviously need each other. The current estrangement between adaptationist theory and ‘pure’ cladistics (which tends to focus on character patterns rather than on evolutionary processes) finds its metaphor in a Greek explanation of sex. Plato believed that each male and female once formed a perfect hermaphroditic whole, but through some misunderstanding (nb!) were sundered into different, individually sterile genders. As such they are condemned to wander, miserably seeking their complementary half. I would ... advise cladists and adaptationists to give up, join up, and procreate.
Cavity Structure And Function In The Tuberous Rubiaceae
Authors: Jebb Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The epiphytic rubiaceous ant-plants are currently classified into a subtribe of the Hydnophytinae comprising six closely related genera: Hydnophytum Jack, Myrmecodia Jack, Myrmephytum Becc., Myrmedoma Becc., Squamellaria Becc., and Anthorrhiza Huxley & Jebb (Huxley 1981; Jebb 1985; Huxley and Jebb 1990). The group is confined to the Far-eastern tropics, and is most diverse in New Guinea (Fig. 24. 1). In all species of these genera the hypocotyl of the seedling swells to form a tuber which always becomes chambered and is usually inhabited by ants (Forbes 1880; Treub 1883, 1888). Parts of the chambers are smooth and impervious while areas with ‘warts’ are absorptive (Miehe 1911; Spanner 1939; Janzen 1974c; Huxley 1978). Comparatively little has been done on the morphology and architecture of the cavities (Beccari 1884-1886; Spanner 1938; Huxley 1976, 1978). The taxonomic and evolutionary implications of the cavity structure, gross plant morphology, and ant occupation are outlined here. The lack of material for Myrmephytum and Myrmedoma has meant that the tuber structure of these genera remains unknown, although predictions about their organization are made in the light of current knowledge.
Seed Harvesting By Ants In Australia
Authors: Andersen Alan N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Seed harvesting by ants refers to the removal and subsequent consumption of seeds (i.e. seed predation), as distinct from the dispersal of seeds possessing an ant-attracting appendage (i.e. myrmecochory). Outside Australia, seed harvesting is primarily a phenomenon of arid regions. The seeds of ephemeral plants represent a valuable food source in desert environments, which typically support large populations of granivores, mostly rodents, birds, and ants (Mares and Rosenzweig 1978; Brown et al. 1979; Abramsky 1983). The ants are primarily species of the myrmicine genera Pogonomyrmex, Messor, Veromessor, Monomorium and Pheidole, and, although strictly they are not specialist granivores (Bohart and Knowlton 1953; Brown et al. 1979), seeds nevertheless constitute a major portion of their diets. Foraging by these ants can have a marked impact on seed densities and distributions (Reichman 1979) and consequently on the community structure of desert plants (Inouye et al. 1980). Most of these ant species are confined to deserts, and harvester ants are often absent altogether from other habitats (e.g. Brown et al. 1975). Harvester ants can be prominent in seasonally arid habitats, such as in mediterranean California (Hobbs 1985), tropical Mexico (Carrol and Risch 1984), and African savannahs (Levieux 1983), but there are no records of them being important in temperate habitats anywhere in America, Europe, or Africa.
Cannibalism and trophic eggs in subsocial and eusocial insects
Authors: Crespi Bernard J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eusocial insects are characterized by the presence of reproductive division of labour, such that some individuals forego or reduce personal reproduction to help rear the offspring of others, usually kin (Wilson 1971; Michener 1974). Among Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps) and Isoptera (termites), eusociality also involves cooperative brood care and generation overlap, whereas among Homo- ptera (aphids) and polyembryonic wasps (family Encyrtidae) more or less sterile juvenile ‘soldier’ morphs defend their habitat and the individuals therein against predation or usurpation (Aoki 1977, 1987; Cruz 1981). Subsocial insects exhibit only brood care, defined here as behaviour beyond oviposition, primarily feeding, defense or both, that increases offspring survivorship.
Cannibalism Among Non-Human Primates
Authors: Hiraiwa-Hasegawa Mariko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reports of intraspecific killing and cannibalism among non-human primates, both from wild populations and captive groups (Angst and Thommen 1977; Goodall 1986; Hausfater and Hrdy 1984), were originally thought to be abnormal behaviour resulting from factors such as overcrowding or changes in the social environment (e.g. Curtin and Dolhinow 1978; Boggess 1979). More recently, primatologists have sought adaptive explanations of intraspecific killing, especially infanticide (Hrdy 1979; Hausfater and Hrdy 1984).
Dunnock Behaviour and Social Evolution
Authors: Davies N B , Quinn David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At first sight just a small brown bird, the dunnock's unobtrusive appearance belies its extraordinary behaviour and mating patterns. In this book Nick Davies gives a full account of the mating systems of the dunnock or hedge sparrow, Prunella modularis, which include pairs, a male with two females, two males with one female, and several males with several females. Detailed observations, elegant field experiments, and DNA fingerprinting are combined to show how this variable social organization from selfish individuals competing to maximize their own reproductive success. Further experiments reveal how the cuckoo may thwart the dunnock's parental efforts. David Quinn's exquisite drawings provide a visual summary of the birds' behaviour. All students of ecology, evolution, and animal behaviour will want to be familiar with this work, which addresses the wider issues of the influence of ecology on mating systems and the evolutionary significance of conflict within and between species. This is the third volume in the Oxford Series in Ecology and Evolution, and the first in this series to tackly behavioural ecology. Nick Davies is a Lecturer in Zoology at the University of Cambridge and co-editor with J. R. Krebs of the leading text in the field, Behavioural ecology: an evolutionary approach.
Metastasis: secondary proliferation in distant organs
Authors: Tarin D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Metastatic spread of tumours from the site of primary growth to distant organs, where seedling tumours are formed by disseminated cells, is the most clinically important property of malignant tumours. It endows the community of tumour cells with the ability to survive surgical excision of the primary growth. Also, because metastases can themselves act as foci for further shedding and dissemination of tumour cells, this process forms the basis for both a geometric increase in the impact of the tumour on the host, and increasing difficulty in clinical management, because of the wide dispersal of the tumour burden. The magnitude of the effect of this phenomenon on human health can be appreciated by reference to the annual mortality statistics published by the Registrar General of England and Wales (1). Approximately one in three of the population die of the consequences of metastatic cancer, or are found to harbour asymptomatic metastatic tumour deposits at autopsy.
Invasion by stratified diffusion
Authors: Shigesada Nanako , Kawasaki Kohkichi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far, we have treated the movement of organisms as a diffusion process based on random walks. As we saw in Chapter 2, however, there are some species of birds, insects, plants and herding animals that expand their ranges not only by random movement into surrounding adjacent areas, but also by long-distance dispersal. When various modes of dispersal occur side by side within a species, Hengeveld (1989) proposed that such a dispersal process be called 'stratified diffusion' (but, in epidemiology, 'hierarchical diffusion' is in use as an alternative term).
Is it ancient or modern history that we can read in the genes?
Authors: Nichols Richard A , Beaumont Mark A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The impact of gene flow on the population structure of a species depends markedly on its population dynamics, and can also vary strikingly from locus to locus within the same individuals. The renaissance of the genealogical approach to population genetics has provided a series of simple and useful tools that enable us to use the distribution of allele frequencies to draw inferences about a species’ history and demography. In particular, comparisons between loci with different rates and types of mutation will be valuable in conservation planning. Conversely, they can provide insight into strategies for maintaining genetic variation.
Some of the familiar results of population genetics follow from very simple rules of genealogy construction. Besides providing a fresh perspective on these well-known results, the approach can be extended to new problems. In particular, we will address the interactions between gene flow and colonisation and growth. These interactions are important when individuals (or gametes) disperse into sparsely populated areas and especially during the colonisation of virgin territory.
Structural constraints on food web assembly
Authors: Warren Philip H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diversity can be quantified in many ways (Gaston 1994). Food webs are one representation of diversity which explicitly incorporates both taxonomic and functional aspects of community structure. Webs may be represented as binary structures, with links simply present or absent, or as ‘functional webs’ including information about energy flow or other measures of interaction strength. Most comparative analyses of food webs have utilised the former (e.g. Cohen 1978, Briand 1983, Pimm 1982, Pimm et al. 1991, Schoenly et al. 1991, Martinez 1992, Bengtsson, 1994; though see also Hairston and Hairston 1993).
Such data define the trophic ‘scaffolding’ of a community, representing interactions that are possible, or simply those that are most frequent (depending on the resolution of the data). Although just looking at the scaffolding provides limited information about the functional significance of each link, existence is a prerequisite for importance, and a connectance web defines the bounds of structure within which functionally important links must lie. Additionally, many of the factors determining the occurrence of a link will also be important in determining its strength (e.g. relative body size of predator and prey may both set limits to, and influence the frequency of, prey capture (e.g. Werner and Hall 1974, Kislalioglu and Gibson 1976)).
The use of stable isotopes to study the diets of plant-visiting bats
Authors: Fleming Theodore H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dietary analysis in bats has traditionally involved examination of stomach contents or faecal materials or the identification of plant materials (pollen, seeds) on the fur of animals or under feeding roosts. While they provide detailed information about what kinds of ‘prey’ bats are eating, these methods provide only a ‘snapshot’ of an animal’s diet and provide no long-term information about the general diets and trophic positions of plant-visiting bats. In this paper, I describe the application of stable isotope techniques to the study of the diets of plant-visiting bats. My colleagues and I have used carbon isotope analyses to determine whether CAM or C3 plants are the more important in the diets of Sonoran desert flower-visiting bats. Our results indicate that the nectarivorous bat Leptonycteris curasoae (Phyllostomidae) is a seasonal CAM specialist in mainland Mexico and a year-round CAM specialist in Baja California. Using this technique, we have discovered that the carnivorous bat Antrozous pallidus (Vespertilionidae) is also a legitimate pollinator of cactus and agave flowers in the deserts of the south-western United States. We have now begun to use carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes to study the relative importance of plant and insect tissue as sources of carbon and nitrogen in plant-visiting bats. We predict that, because of their ability to echolocate, phyllostomid bats obtain more of their nitrogen from non-plant sources than do non-echolocating pteropodid bats.
Abundance and habitat selection of foraging vespertilionid bats in Britain: a landscape-scale approach
Authors: Walsh Allyson L , Harris Stephen , Hutson A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Large-scale surveys of the habitats required by foraging bats have seldom been attempted, despite a clear need for quantitative information in order to develop realistic conservation strategies. Accordingly, a standardized survey method was developed for a large-scale analysis of bat abundance and habitat selection in the whole of Britain. This was the first such survey of its kind undertaken anywhere. A random stratified sample of 1-km squares was surveyed by a network of volunteers walking fixed transects with bat detectors. They also collected information on the habitat features present in each 1-km square. Data from 910 squares were examined to test whether landscape and local habitat features influence bat activity. Significant regional differences were demonstrated between seven major land-class groups. Lowest bat activity levels occurred in upland, marginal upland and intensively farmed arable areas of the north. Habitat selection results are presented for two contrasting land-class groups. In both of these, woodland habitats and habitats associated with water were actively selected, whilst arable land, stone walls, scrub and parkland plus all grassland categories were avoided. Logistic regression models were used to identify habitats of critical importance within the two land-class groups. A variety of habitats were important in the pastural landscape but only one, semi-natural broadleaved woodland, was of critical importance in the arable landscape. The value of landscape-scale surveys for providing information on habitat use and a baseline from which to model’ the potential effects of changes in land use is discussed.
C
Authors: Atkins P W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The charge density at a point in an atom, molecule, or solid is the charge per unit volume at each location. For a one-electron system it is equal to the square of the wave function at the point of interest multiplied by the electronic charge, - e. For a many-electron system, the total charge density is the sum of all the one-electron contributions. The product of the charge density at a location and the volume element dr is equal to the charge inside the volume element.
The atomic charge density (the charge per atom rather than the charge per unit volume) is often encountered. If the contribution of an atomic orbital to a molecular orbital is cA, then that orbital contributes - elcAl2 to the charge density on atom A if it is occupied by a single electron.
Crystal imperfection broadening and peak shape in the Rietveld method
Authors: Delhez Robert , Keijser Thomas H de , Langford J Ian , Louër Daniel , Mittemeijer, Eric J , Sonneveld Eduard J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Rietveld method requires a two-part starting model (see Chapter 1 and elsewhere), a structural model based on approximate atomic positions and a non-structural model which takes into account the contributions of individual line profiles in terms of analytical or other differentiable functions. Both must be considered in order to achieve an optimum representation of the observed pattern. The total intensity of Bragg reflections and, to a first approximation, their positions, are determined by the structural model, but the non-structural model, and hence the representation of diffraction lines, depends on the instrument used and on the microstructural and other properties of the sample. As is also explicitly noted in Chapters 7 and 9, structural imperfections should therefore be taken into account when considering the physical origin of line shapes. These imperfections can be diverse and include: the dimensions and morphology of coherently diffracting domains (crystallite-size effects), variation in interatomic distances due to internal stresses or non-stoichiometry, micro-twinning, stacking faults, dislocations, and other forms of atomic disorder. Microstructural features directly influence the shape of line profiles. The influence depends on the direction and magnitude of the diffraction vector.
Restraints and constraints in Rietveld refinement
Authors: Baerlocher Christian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the same year as Rietveld’s paper, ‘A Profile Refinement Method for Nuclear and Magnetic Structures’ appeared (Rietveld 1969), Meier and Villiger ( 1969) published an article, the German title of which could be translated as ‘A Distance Refinement Method for the Determination of Atomic Coordinates of Idealized Framework Structures’. The similarity is evident: both methods refine atomic coordinates by using a least-squares procedure. The only difference is the type of observation. Whereas the former uses diffraction data, the latter uses chemical or geometric observations in the form of known or expected interatomic distances. The distance least-squares program DLS-76 (Baerlocher et al. 1976) has been widely used for a variety of purposes: to calculate good starting parameters for structure refinement to screen structural models for unknown phases (e.g. Baur 1977; Meier et al. 1987), and to predict structural changes (e.g. under high pressure) in cases where diffraction data were unavailable (Dempsey and Strens 1976). Despite its simplistic approach, the results obtained are generally remarkably good.
Combined X-ray and neutron Rietveld refinement
Authors: Dreele Robert B Von 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As is noted in Chapter 1, a neutron or X-ray powder diffraction pattern can be modelled from descriptions of the crystal structure of the sample, both instrumental and sample contributions to peak broadening, intensity effects such as absorption and extinction, and a background contribution. Also noted is that a Rietveld (1969) refinement performs a least-squares minimization of the weighted differences between this calculated pattern and observed data by computing the shifts in the adjustable parameters for the model. Since the problem is non-linear, several cycles of least-squares refinement are needed to complete the minimization. However, because both the complex nature of the structure factors and much of the directional character of reciprocal space are lost in a powder diffraction experiment, there is a larger question of uniqueness for the result of a Rietveld refinement of a single powder pattern than for the result of a single crystal refinement.
Plasma Electrodynamics
Authors: Brambilla Marco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In principle, the phenomenological description of electromagnetic wave propagation in plasmas can be regarded as a chapter of the electrodynamics of material media. Plasmas differ from usual materials in several respects, however, which can be traced to the fact that all charge carriers are free. Hence the distinction between polarization and conduction current, which is of fundamental importance for non-ionized media, becomes irrelevant. On the other hand, the influence of the thermal motion of ions and electrons on the propagation of electromagnetic waves cannot always be neglected; as a consequence spatial dispersion, which is a rather exotic phenomenon in ordinary dielectrics or metals, plays an important role in plasmas. Finally, a magnetized plasma is anisotropic, but the resulting birefringence is of a different nature from that of typical crystals. In this chapter, therefore, we will introduce the electrodynamics of plasmas from a macroscopic, or phenomenological, point of view. We will limit ourselves to the case of linear wave propagation, although a plasma is, strictly speaking, a nonlinear medium. Nonlinear effects will be briefly considered in Chapter 11.
Elementary Plasma Kinetic Theory
Authors: Brambilla Marco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The basic equations for the description of h.f. waves in plasmas are Maxwell’s equations for the macroscopic fields, and the collisionless Vlasov kinetic equation for the particle distribution functions. In this section we will sketch the derivation of these equations. We will avoid many subtle questions arising in the details: our goal is only to clarify the concept of macroscopic fields which ignore the granular nature of free charges in the plasma and are determined only by the averaged collective response of ions and electrons, and to make plausible the validity of the equations which will be used in the next chapter to derive the dielectric tensor of the homogeneous hot plasma.
Basic Kinetic Theory
Authors: Bird G A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A gas flow would be completely described, in a classical sense, by listings of the position, velocity, and internal state of every molecule at a particular instant. The number of molecules in a real gas is so large that such a description is unthinkable, and we must resort to a statistical description in terms of probability distributions. A number of distinct velocity distribution functions are employed in kinetic theory and possible confusion may be avoided by a general review of the relationships between them.
Inelastic Collisions And Surface Interactions
Authors: Bird G A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As noted in Chapter 1, rotational energy is associated only with diatomic and polyatomic molecules that consist of two or more atoms. Furthermore, there is no rotation about axes with a small moment of inertia, such as the internuclear axis of diatomic molecules. The most realistic of the classical monatomic models is the point centre of force, and the obvious extension would be two or more point centres of force separated by fixed distances.
Characteristics of Dynamic Problems
Authors: Ishihara Kenji 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are a variety of problems where the behaviour of soils in dynamic loading is of concern, but because of diversity in the areas and complexity in the conditions under which dynamic loads are applied, it is not easy to establish a hierarchy in the discipline and to put all problems in a proper perspective. However some synthesized considerations may be afforded, if the dynamic problem type is classified in terms of the view point as distinguished from the static problem.
Science and Practice of Liquid-Liquid Extraction
Authors: Thornton John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This work presents an up-to-date account of some of the fundamental aspects of liquid-liquid extraction technology together with an account of extraction processes in a number of important industries. The work is divided into two parts. This volume is concerned with the thermodynamics of phase equilibria; mass transfer in liquid-liquid systems including the complicating role of interfacial turbulence; behaviour of liquid-liquid dispersions and the selection and design of countercurrent contactors for particular applications.