bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maternal attributions and expressed emotion as predictors of attendance at parent management training
Authors: Peters Sarah , Calam Rachel , Harrington Richard 
Published: March 2005

Background:  The effectiveness of parent management training (PMT) as a treatment for child behaviour problems is reduced by high attrition rates. One difficulty with engaging mothers is that, by definition, PMT is directed at the parent, yet many parents believe the cause of the problem lies within the child. Hence the model of therapy offered contradicts their understanding about the cause and nature of the problem. Moreover, the emotional consequence of holding child‐responsibility causal attributions is associated with high expressed emotion (EE), a known predictor of poor compliance with therapy in other child psychiatric disorders.Methods:  Seventy‐five consecutive referrals of mothers to a PMT programme were recruited. EE was assessed using the Camberwell Family Interview methodology. Spontaneous causal attributions about their child's problem behaviour were collected from the same interview material and independently coded using the Leeds Attributional Coding System. Attendance data at the PMT programme was collected following completion of programmes.Results:  Contrary to expectations, mothers who made child‐responsibility attributions and were highly critical about their child's behaviour were no more likely than non‐blaming, low EE parents to drop out prematurely from a course of PMT. However, expressing an understanding of their own role in managing their child's behaviour was predictive of attendance. Two factors were, however, more closely associated with greater attrition: having been offered a clinical diagnosis and being from a lower socio‐economic family.Conclusions:  Socio‐economic factors should be viewed as barriers to uptake of services and successful strategies for increasing engagement of families are likely to be economical rather than psychological. However, although the causal attributions mothers make about their child's behaviour did not predict whether they were likely to attend PMT, an exploratory analysis found evidence to suggest that successful engagement with PMT begins early in the referral process and that referring clinicians should ensure treatment options are aligned with diagnoses provided.
Prepulse inhibition of startle and its moderation by schizotypy and smoking
Authors: Evans Lisa H. , Gray Nicola S. , Snowden Robert J. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe influences of smoking status and schizotypy on prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle eyeblink response were assessed in 71 healthy volunteers, across a wide range of prepulse‐to‐pulse intervals (50–2020 ms). Multiple regression analyses revealed that nonsmoking participants high in cognitive disorganization showed reduced PPI between 50 and 260 ms, whereas at prepulse intervals of 80 and 140 ms individuals high in introvertive anhedonia had greater PPI compared to their low‐scoring counterparts. Moreover, there were positive associations in nonsmokers between introvertive anhedonia and latencies to onset and peak response. In contrast, for those individuals who smoked these associations were attenuated or abolished. The results suggest that PPI is altered differentially in psychosis‐prone populations who display different symptom profiles, and that these relationships are moderated by smoking status.
Food hygiene training in the UK: a time for change
Authors: Coleman Philip , Roberts Andy 
Published: March 2005

AbstractFood hygiene practices in industry have been the subject of much debate over recent years, and various studies have been undertaken which have focused upon the relationships between actual practices and the level of knowledge of caterers and their attitudes towards food safety. Food hygiene training is central to ensuring that food handlers are aware of the risks endemic to certain sectors of the industry and that they implement appropriate good hygiene practices in their workplace. This paper reflects upon some of the studies and issues concerning food hygiene training. Serious doubts are raised regarding current approaches to such training and its effectiveness in changing the behaviour or practices of food handlers and managers. New food safety legislation is due in the near future, but it would appear that food hygiene training requirements will remain as they are. Will this be a missed opportunity?
An integrated sensory study of selected chilled lasagne ready meals
Authors: Farley Heather Ann , Reed Zandra 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe research combined quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA) trained panel (n = 10) and consumer acceptance testing (n = 106) to better identify the sensory characteristics that were particularly influential in determining consumer choice of a range of eight chilled lasagne products. Significant differences were found between the samples, with potential for further sensory improvement. Three distinctive consumer segments were established, each with particular demographic characteristics and associated product preferences. External preference mapping confirmed that attributes pertaining to the quality of the meat sauce element, vegetable inclusion and cheese flavour had the greatest influence on consumer preferences. While not without some limitations, the study confirmed that an integrated research approach offered a more detailed explanation of consumer acceptance of chilled ready meals, to assist in better identifying and optimizing product development opportunities in the marketplace. There is scope for further study of more complex food products (such as ready meals) than has been the case in the past.
Efficacy and renal tolerability of ibuprofen vs. indomethacin in preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus
Authors: Fanos Vassilios , Benini Daniela , Verlato Giuseppe , Errico Gabriella , Cuzzolin Laura 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIndomethacin is commonly used for the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) but has renal failure as a main side‐effect. Ibuprofen seems to be efficient in closing the ductus with less side‐effects, but few studies are available in literature as regards its use in preterm infants. This study is a retrospective analysis of clinical data in order to compare the efficacy and the renal tolerability of ibuprofen and indomethacin administered to preterm infants with gestational age (GA) ≤30 weeks for the treatment of PDA. From our data, ibuprofen results pharmacologically as efficient as indomethacin and could be an alternative in prematures. About renal tolerability, our data confirm that non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs treatment could affect at least transiently renal function. Moreover, indomethacin could be more nephrotoxic compared with ibuprofen, as creatinine concentrations normalize more slowly in this group, although the mean difference between the two drugs was not significant as our population sample was small. Further studies are needed to assess whether ibuprofen is really less nephrotoxic than indomethacin, in particular by examining carefully the correlation between GA and ibuprofen administration.
Paternal age is positively linked to telomere length of children
Authors: Unryn Brad M. , Cook Linda S. , Riabowol Karl T. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryTelomere length is linked to age‐associated diseases, with shorter telomeres in blood associated with an increased probability of mortality from infection or heart disease. Little is known about how human telomere length is regulated despite convincing data from twins that telomere length is largely heritable, uniform in various tissues during development until birth and variable between individuals. As sperm cells show increasing telomere length with age, we investigated whether age of fathers at conception correlated with telomere length of their offspring. Telomere length in blood from 125 random subjects was shown to be positively associated with paternal age (+22 bp yr−1, 95% confidence interval 5.2–38.3, P = 0.010), and paternal age was calculated to affect telomere length by up to 20% of average telomere length per generation. Males lose telomeric sequence faster than females (31 bp yr−1, 17.6–43.8, P < 0.0001 vs. 14 bp yr−1, 3.5–24.8, P < 0.01) and the rate of telomere loss slows throughout the human lifespan. These data indicate that paternal age plays a role in the vertical transmission of telomere length and may contribute significantly to the variability of telomere length seen in the human population, particularly if effects are cumulative through generations.
Analysis of Epipolar Geometry in Linear Array Scanner Scenes
Authors: Habib Ayman F. , Morgan Michel , Jeong Soo , Kim Kyung‐Ok 
Published: March 2005

AbstractResampled imagery according to epipolar geometry, usually denoted as normalised imagery, is characterised by having conjugate points along the same row (or column). Such a characteristic makes normalised imagery an important prerequisite for many photogrammetric activities such as image matching, automatic aerial triangulation, automatic digital elevation model and orthophoto generation, and stereo viewing. The normalisation process requires having the input imagery in a digital format, which can be obtained by scanning analogue photographs or by direct use of digital cameras. To reduce the time gap between the data acquisition and product delivery, many small‐scale mapping projects now rely on digital cameras. Digital frame cameras still, in general, provide imagery with geometric resolution and ground coverage inferior to scanned images from analogue cameras. Linear array scanners (line cameras) have therefore emerged as a possible alternative to digital frame cameras, especially for high‐resolution space‐borne imaging, with performance comparable to that of analogue frame cameras.The normalisation process of frame images is a well‐established and straight forward procedure. On the other hand, the normalisation process of linear array scanner scenes is not as straightforward and is sometimes mysterious. For example, providers of space‐borne imagery furnish normalised line scanner imagery while the user community is not aware of the underlying process. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the epipolar geometry in linear array scanner scenes. Special emphasis is directed towards scanners moving with constant velocity and attitude since such a trajectory closely resembles the imaging geometry of the majority of current space‐borne scanners. The research presented highlights the factors affecting the shape of the resulting epipolar lines such as the stereo coverage configuration and the geometric specifications of the imaging system. In addition, the paper outlines a comparative analysis of the normalisation process for frame and line cameras. The presented concepts are verified through experimental results with synthetic data.
Lomborg and the Litany of Biodiversity Crisis: What the Peer‐Reviewed Literature Says
Authors: BINI LUIS MAURICIO , ALEXANDRE JOSÉ , DINIZ‐FILHO FELIZOLA , CARVALHO PRISCILLA , PINTO MIRIAM PLAZA , RANGEL THIAGO FERNANDO L. V. B. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract:
Lomborg's (2001) book has generated passionate discussion about the state of the global environment. We performed a bibliometric evaluation of the peer‐reviewed primary scientific literature to determine whether there is any consistent evidence that “things are getting better.” The global literature primarily reported negative impacts on biodiversity caused by human actions, although Europe appeared to be doing better than the rest of the world. These results cannot be explained by publication bias alone because rejection rates of papers indicating improvements in the environment would have to be unrealistically high to change our results. There were nonrandom distributions of papers showing environmental recovery in developed countries and for ecosystems not strongly subjected to conservation‐development conflicts. Although the literature did not paint a picture of universal gloom, the empirical evidence clearly showed growing environmental crises.
Effect of Indomethacin on the Hypercapnia-Associated Vasodilation of the Optic Nerve Head Vessels: An Experimental Study in Miniature Pigs
Authors: Petropoulos Ioannis K. , Pournaras Constantin J. 
Published: March 2005

<i>Purpose:</i> To evaluate whether prostaglandins are mediators of the hypercapnia-associated vasodilation of the optic nerve head vessels. <i>Methods:</i> We measured the PO<sub>2</sub> at intervascular areas of the optic disc in 9 anaesthetized miniature pigs using oxygen-sensitive microelectrodes placed at <50 µm from the optic disc. PO<sub>2</sub> was measured continuously under normoxia, hyperoxia (breathing of 100% O<sub>2</sub>), carbogen breathing (95% O<sub>2</sub>, 5% CO<sub>2</sub>), and hypercapnia (40% increase in inhaled CO<sub>2</sub>). Similar measurements under these conditions were also done after intravenous administration of the prostaglandin inhibitor indomethacin. <i>Results:</i> Before the injection of indomethacin, we observed a slight increase in the optic disc PO<sub>2</sub> during hypercapnia (ΔPO<sub>2</sub> = 2.0 ± 1.7 mm Hg; p < 0.001; n = 18) or hyperoxia (ΔPO<sub>2</sub> = 3.4 ± 1.6 mm Hg; p < 0.001; n = 23), but a much more important increase during carbogen breathing (ΔPO<sub>2</sub> = 12.0 ± 5.1 mm Hg; p < 0.001; n = 23). After the injection of indomethacin, the increase in the optic disc PO<sub>2</sub> was similar during hyperoxia (ΔPO<sub>2</sub> = 5.6 ± 2.2 mm Hg; p < 0.001; n = 9) or carbogen breathing (ΔPO<sub>2</sub> = 5.8 ± 3.2 mm Hg; p < 0.001; n = 9), while in hypercapnia the variation of the optic disc PO<sub>2</sub> was minimal (ΔPO<sub>2</sub> = 0.5 ± 1.9 mm Hg; p > 0.1; n = 6). <i>Conclusions:</i> Indomethacin inhibits the vasodilatory effect of increased systemic PaCO<sub>2</sub> on the optic nerve head vessels, leading to a similar moderate increase in the optic disc PO<sub>2</sub> during carbogen breathing as in hyperoxia. Indomethacin also inhibits the increase in the optic disc PO<sub>2</sub> seen during hypercapnia. Those results indicate that prostaglandins are mediators of the hypercapnia-associated vasodilation of the optic nerve head vessels.
In vitro Activity of Levofloxacin against Recent Gram-Negative Nosocomial Pathogens
Authors: Lanzafame Agata , Bonfiglio Giovanni , Santini Luca , Mattina Roberto 
Published: March 2005

The objective of our study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of levofloxacin in comparison with other antibiotics (coamoxiclav, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, meropenem, aztreonam, ciprofloxacin and netilmicin) against about 500 Gram-negative nosocomial microorganisms, isolated during 2003. The bactericidal activities (minimal bactericidal activity and killing curve) of levofloxacin and the other antibiotics were also evaluated. The results confirm the excellent in vitro activity of levofloxacin against multiresistant nosocomial Gram-negative pathogens, including the 73 extended spectrum β-lactamase producer strains (90% of <i>Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae</i> and <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> were inhibited at 0.5 mg/l). Of particular interest is its susceptibility and bactericidal activity against <i>Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</i> strains. In conclusion, due to the favorable pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the molecule, associated with its safety, levofloxacin may represent a valid therapeutic option in the treatment of severe Gram-negative nosocomial infections.
Variability of Drop Size Distributions: Time-Scale Dependence of the Variability and Its Effects on Rain Estimation
Authors: Lee Gyu Won , Zawadzki Isztar 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
A systematic and intensive analysis is performed on 5 yr of reliable disdrometric data (over 20 000 one-minute drop size distributions, DSDs) to investigate the variability of DSDs in the Montreal, Quebec, Canada, area. The scale dependence (climatological scale, day to day, within a day, between physical processes, and within a physical process) of the DSD variability and its effect on rainfall intensity R estimation from radar reflectivity Z are explored in terms of bias and random errors. Detail error distributions are also provided. The use of a climatological R–Z relationship for rainfall—affected by all of the DSDs’ variability—leads on average to a random error of 41% in instantaneous rain-rate estimation. This error decreases with integration time, but the decrease becomes less pronounced for integration times longer than 2 h. Daily accumulations computed with the climatological R–Z relationship have a bias of 28% because of the day-to-day DSD variability. However, when daily R–Z relationships are used, a random error of 32% in instantaneous rain rate is still present because of the DSD variability within a day. This illustrates that most of the variability of DSDs has its origin within a storm or between storms within a day. Physical processes leading to the formation of DSDs are then classified according to the vertical structure of radar data as measured by a UHF profiler collocated with the disdrometer. The DSD variability among different physical processes is larger than the day-to-day variability. A bias of 41% in rain accumulations is due to the DSD variability between physical processes. Accurate rain-rate estimation (∼7%) can be achieved only after the proper underlying physical process is identified and the associated R–Z relationship is used.
An Examination of Tropical and Extratropical Gust Factors and the Associated Wind Speed Histograms
Authors: Paulsen B. M. , Schroeder J. L. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
A gust factor, defined as the ratio between a peak wind gust and mean wind speed over a period of time, can be used along with other statistics to examine the structure of the wind. Gust factors are heavily dependent on upstream terrain conditions (roughness), but are also affected by transitional flow regimes (specifically, changes in terrain and the distance from the upstream terrain change to the measuring device), anemometer height, stability of the boundary layer, and, potentially, the presence of deep convection. Previous studies have yielded conflicting results regarding differences in gust factors that might exist between winds generated by tropical cyclones and those generated by extratropical systems. Using high-resolution wind speed data collected from both landfalling tropical cyclones and extratropical systems, two databases of wind characteristics were developed. Gust factors from tropical cyclone and extratropical winds were examined, summarized, and compared. Further analysis was conducted to examine and compare the characteristics of the associated tropical and extratropical wind speed histograms. As expected, the mean gust factor was found to increase with increasing upstream surface roughness. Some differences were observed between data from the tropical environment and the extratropical environment. Mean gust factors from the tropical regime were found to be higher than mean gust factors from the extratropical environment within each roughness regime and the wind speed histograms generated from data from the two environments indicated some differences.
Transformed Eulerian-Mean Theory. Part I: Nonquasigeostrophic Theory for Eddies on a Zonal-Mean Flow
Authors: Plumb R. Alan , Ferrari Raffaele 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
A theoretical formalism for nongeostrophic eddy transport in zonal-mean flows, using a transformed Eulerian-mean (TEM) approach in z coordinates, is discussed. By using Andrews and McIntyre’s coordinate-independent definition of the “quasi-Stokes streamfunction,” it is argued that the surface boundary condition can be dealt with more readily than when the widely used quasigeostrophic definition is adopted. Along with the “residual mean circulation,” the concept of “residual eddy flux” arises naturally within the TEM framework, and it is argued that it is this residual eddy flux, and not the “raw” eddy flux, that might reasonably be expected to be downgradient. This distinction is shown to be especially important for Ertel potential vorticity (PV). The authors show how a closed set of transformed mean equations can be generated, and how the eddy forcing appears in the TEM momentum equations. Under adiabatic conditions, the “eddy drag” is just proportional to the residual eddy flux of PV along the mean isopycnals; in the diabatic layer close to the surface, it is more complicated, but becomes very simple for small Rossby number (without any assumption of small isopycnal slope).
Love’s Labours Lost? Feminism, the Disabled People’s Movement and an Ethic of Care
Authors: Hughes Bill , McKie Linda , Hopkins Debra , Watson Nick 
Published: March 2005

The Disabled People’s Movement (DPM) and the Feminist Movement appeal to incompatible meanings of ‘care’. For the DPM the word ‘care’ is to be resisted. The emotional connotations implicit in the concept and experience of care inhibit the emancipatory project for independence and self-determination. Feminist theorists value the concept of care, and the emotional aspect of ‘caring about’ in ‘caring for’. Given that independence can be interpreted as an ideological distortion of ‘malestream’ public policy, feminists argue that it should be replaced by the concept of interdependence. Furthermore, feminists express concern that the DPM’s pragmatic solution to the problem of ‘care’ is a form of discursive alignment with ‘malestream’ public policy that constitutes both disabled people and women as ‘other’ subjects of modern welfare state economies. Drawing on the work of Irigaray, we propose that a post-feminist analysis of the constitution of the parties in the caring dyad can help to make the case for a mutually beneficial ethics of care. We support the feminist voice in disability studies, particularly its call for an embodied, experiential, emotional and political view of the caring relationship. We articulate a post-structuralist feminist critique of waste and want as the discursive terrain upon which both disabled people and women are constituted as marginalized subjects in caring relationships. Irigaray’s claim that women’s immersion in the pleasure of ‘the other’ marginalizes her from her embodied experience, dims her sense of self, and locates her and her caring practices in a liminal, abject space on the margins of phallocentric culture, ground this analysis. We claim that disabled people are similarly disembodied, and constituted as waste, and that their passionate fight for dispassionate goals might be working against their demands for a dignified and inclusive existence. Finally, we make a plea to disability activists and feminists to make common cause in the struggle for an ethics of care that is founded upon embodied interdependence.