bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Counting family support
Authors: Tilbury Clare 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACTPreventative family support approaches are positioned as central to child welfare policy reforms aiming to address the problems of relying upon investigation and out‐of‐home care as the main modes of intervention. Extensive claims are made for family support but relatively little is known about its scope, processes and impact. This study examines the provision of family support in one jurisdiction. A census‐type survey of family support services in one Australian state was conducted using a performance measurement framework in which inputs, outputs, processes and outcomes were measured. Family support services constituted a minor part of child welfare expenditure. They provided a narrow range of service types, and most families received short duration, low intensity services. Workers had difficulty identifying the specific child and family needs that were met by services. For family support to be a genuinely alternative response to concerns about the care of children, it must be capable of making an observable difference in the lives of families experiencing serious difficulties. The collection of aggregate performance data on family support would assist in understanding the nature and outcomes of service provision, as well as ensure family support is ‘counted’ in measurement‐orientated policy and budget processes.
Research Review: Child and family support services with minority ethnic families: what can we learn from research?
Authors: Chand Ashok , Thoburn June 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACTThis paper considers some of the available published research on family support services for minority ethnic families. In addressing this aspect of social work with minority ethnic families, we seek to make a contribution to the knowledge base of practitioners. The paper begins with an overview of what is known about family support services for particular minority ethnic groups, before exploring three specific areas: family centres, a home visiting service, and family group conferences. The paper finally examines what research says about the qualities sought in social workers by minority ethnic parents.
Fission‐track evidence for late Oligocene and mid‐Miocene activity along the North Anatolian Fault in south‐western Thrace
Authors: Zattin Massimiliano , Okay Aral I , Cavazza William 
Published: April 2005

AbstractApatite fission‐track (FT) analyses of sandstone samples collected across the trace of the Ganos segment of the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) in south‐western Thrace (Turkey) indicate that a significant structural discontinuity was in existence at least by the latest Oligocene. Such discontinuity had a complex kinematic history, as exhumation south of it occurred during the latest Oligocene and north of it during the mid‐Miocene. Our data imply that early Pliocene westward propagation of the NAF in the Marmara region followed a pre‐existing structural discontinuity; such discontinuity could be related to the development of the Intra‐Pontide Suture, marking the terminal closure of the Intra‐Pontide Ocean during the Oligocene.
A review of the Irish crustal structure and signatures from the Caledonian and Variscan Orogenies
Authors: Landes Michael , Ritter J. R. R. , Readman P. W. , O'Reilly B. M. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis paper reviews the complex crustal and upper‐mantle seismic velocity structure of Ireland and surrounding seas. Data from 11 seismic refraction profiles reveal that onshore Ireland mean crustal velocities range between 6.25 and 6.5 km s−1 with crustal thickness of 28.5–32 km. Superimposed on a three‐layer crust, the sedimentary layer has a thickness of approximately 6–8 km at the southern coastline, but only 3–4 km in the vicinity of the Shannon Estuary in western Ireland. The lateral heterogeneity of the upper‐crustal layer is pervasive throughout Ireland, with velocities of 5.7–6.2 km s−1 and a layer thickness of 3–10 km. A low‐velocity zone is found in the south‐east which is interpreted as the buried south‐western extension of the Leinster Granite. The mid‐crustal layer (6.3–6.7 km s−1) is between 8 and 16 km thick. Significant changes occur in the vicinity of the Shannon Estuary, around the location of the Iapetus Suture Zone. The lower crust is fairly uniform with velocities of 6.8–7.2 km s−1 and a thickness of approximately 8–10 km except towards the south of Ireland where the Moho appears as a transition zone. Offshore Ireland, a two‐layer crust with a thickness of 24–26 km beneath the North Celtic Sea Basin and only 14–15 km beneath the Rockall Trough prevails.
Is there evidence for magmatic underplating beneath the Oslo Rift?
Authors: Ebbing Jörg , Afework Yohannes , Olesen Odleiv , Nordgulen Øystein 
Published: April 2005

AbstractWe challenge some of the long‐standing beliefs related to the Permian Oslo Rift structure, often referred to as a case example/type locality for continental rifting. The crustal structure of the Oslo Rift was long presumed to be thinned Proterozoic crust overlying a Permian high‐density layer, interpreted as magmatic underplating. New data support an alternative view of the crustal structure in the Oslo Rift region. The Bouguer gravity high in the region shows a strong asymmetry: a steep, westward‐facing gradient to the west of the rift, and a much gentler eastern gradient. We present a 3D density model based on petrophysical and seismic information, which accounts for the Bouguer gravity high using an eastward extension of old Precambrian structures, without invoking a prominent magmatic underplated structure. Reactivation of old pre‐rift structures appears to be an important feature, affecting the evolution and location of the Permo‐Carboniferous Oslo Rift.
Fault‐related folds and along‐dip segmentation of breaching faults: syn‐diagenetic deformation in the south‐western Sirt basin, Libya
Authors: Fodor L. , Turki S. M. , Dalub H. , Al Gerbi A. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractField examples of fault‐related folds were observed in the south‐western margin of the Sirt basin, south‐central Libya. Single or paired (conjugate) monoclines, drape synclines, special drag faults can be put in a geometric and evolutionary model, which describes the propagation of basement faults to overlying sediments. At the first stage of evolution the propagating normal or oblique‐slip faults show segmentation along‐dip direction. Fault segments are separated by continuous, moderately to strongly bended horizons, which show different degrees of diagenesis than surrounding intervals. Fault‐related folding and faulting was coeval with lithification of certain carbonate levels. Their gradual cementation increased the rigidity of layers promoting discrete faulting and breaching of fault‐related folds. However, folding can be maintained up to the extent when layer dip approaches the dip of the propagating fault zone. This type of deformation can be characteristic for sequences consisted of lithified carbonates sandwiched between thicker marl/shale intervals.
Did postglacial catastrophic flooding trigger massive changes in the Black Sea gas hydrate reservoir?
Authors: Poort J. , Vassilev A. , Dimitrov L. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAfter the Last Glacial Maximum, the semi‐land‐locked Black Sea basin was flooded by warm water from the Mediterranean Sea. This major sea level rise and change of physical water properties had a large impact on the gas hydrate reservoir in the sediments below. Modelling of the regional response of the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) to the Black Sea flooding 7100 years ago shows that a strong effect of near‐bottom temperature increase pushes the gas hydrate reservoir to a large shrinking of 15–62% that may release up to 1.1–4.6 Gt of methane. This catastrophic scenario is, however, delayed because of the transient nature of the heat wave propagation. The large‐scale reduction of the GHSZ is only to take place within the next thousand years. At present, widespread hydrate dissociation is only expected to occur where there is a minimum water depth for hydrate stability.
Palaeoproterozoic evaporites in Fennoscandia: implications for seawater sulphate, the rise of atmospheric oxygen and local amplification of the δ13C excursion
Authors: Melezhik Victor A. , Fallick Anthony E. , Rychanchik Dmitry V. , Kuznetsov Anton B. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis paper addresses global oxygenation and establishment of a marine sulphate reservoir in the Palaeoproterozoic. We report syn‐depositional, marine, anhydrite‐containing pseudomorphs after Ca‐sulphates as widespread throughout the Tulomozero Formation in the SE Fennoscandian Shield, implying that surface waters were oxidized and a large SO marine reservoir was developed as early as 2100 Ma. The Ca‐sulphates and associated magnesite and halite precipitated syn‐depositionally from oxidized, evolved and modified seawater in coastal playa, sabkha and intertidal flat settings. 87Sr/86Sr and δ13C of associated 13C‐rich stromatolitic dolostones were environmentally controlled with the highest ratios occurring in playa and sabkha carbonates. The results imply that the Palaeoproterozoic δ13Ccarb excursion was amplified by 8‰ by local environmental factors and calls into question many observations of putative δ13C global signals reported previously from similar Palaeoproterozoic, evaporitic, dolostones. The local environmental amplification can explain a large regional and intercontinental δ13C discrepancy observed in synchronous carbonates.
Slip rates on the Helike Fault, Gulf of Corinth, Greece: new evidence from geoarchaeology
Authors: Koukouvelas Ioannis K. , Katsonopoulou Dora , Soter Steven , Xypolias Paraskevas 
Published: April 2005

AbstractPalaeoseismological and archaeological analysis of a trench enabled us to estimate the Holocene slip rates on the East Helike Fault, flanking the south‐western Gulf of Corinth. We recognized two major fault strands within the trench: the ‘north fault’ controls a succession of three colluvial wedges and the deposition of a 2.7 m thick sedimentary sequence. The ‘south fault’ controls the deposition of a 2.9‐m thick brownish‐red colluvium. Based on colluvial stratigraphy, radiocarbon dating of the sediments suggests that the slip rate was c. 0.3 mm yr−1 from 10 250 to c. 1400 bp, when it increased dramatically to c. 2.0 mm yr−1 after a strong earthquake event near 1400 bp. The faster slip rate evidently increased the sedimentation rate.
Denudation of the Côte d'Ivoire‐Ghana transform continental margin from apatite fission tracks
Authors: Bigot‐Cormier Florence , Basile Christophe , Poupeau Gérard , Bouillin Jean‐Pierre , Labrin Erika 
Published: April 2005

AbstractApatite fission track analysis of samples from the shoulder (marginal ridge) of the Côte d'Ivoire‐Ghana transform continental margin reveal a cooling of the margin between 85 and 65 Ma for the central and eastern parts of the ridge. All samples were heated in situ during sedimentary burial with a temperature >120 °C, except for two samples located in the eastern part which were heated between 105 and 120 °C. For the first time, age/depth diagram along a transform margin shows a shape involving erosion starting at the bottom of the continental slope, then stepping backwards towards the edge of the slope. This retrogressive erosion can result from the deepening of the lithospheric plate sliding along the transform margin, from thick continental crust to thin continental crust, and finally to oceanic crust. This process could be at the origin of the shoulder uplift by flexural response to the important crustal discharge (>2 km).
Bacterial diversity in the bacterioneuston (sea surface microlayer): the bacterioneuston through the looking glass
Authors: Franklin Mark P. , McDonald Ian R. , Bourne David G. , Owens Nicholas J. P. , Upstill‐Goddard Robert C. , Murrell J. Colin 
Published: April 2005

SummaryThe bacterioneuston is defined as the community of bacteria present within the neuston or sea surface microlayer. Bacteria within this layer were sampled using a membrane filter technique and bacterial diversity was compared with that in the underlying pelagic coastal seawater using molecular ecological techniques. 16S rRNA gene libraries of ≈ 500 clones were constructed from both bacterioneuston and the pelagic water samples and representative clones from each library were sequenced for comparison of bacterial diversity. The bacterioneuston was found to have a significantly lower bacterial diversity than the pelagic seawater, with only nine clone types (ecotaxa) as opposed to 46 ecotaxa in the pelagic seawater library. Surprisingly, the bacterioneuston clone library was dominated by 16S rRNA gene sequences affiliated to two groups of organisms, Vibrio spp. which accounted for over 68% of clones and Pseudoalteromonas spp. accounting for 21% of the library. The dominance of these two 16S rRNA gene sequence types within the bacterioneuston clone library was confirmed in a subsequent gene probing experiment. 16S rRNA gene probes specific for these groups of bacteria were designed and used to probe new libraries of 1000 clones from both the bacterioneuston and pelagic seawater DNA samples. This revealed that 57% of clones from the bacterioneuston library hybridized to a Vibrio sp.‐specific 16S rRNA gene probe and 32% hybridized to a Pseudoalteromonas sp.‐specific 16S rRNA gene probe. In contrast, the pelagic seawater library resulted in only 13% and 8% of 16S rRNA gene clones hybridizing to the Vibrio sp. and Pseudoalteromonas sp. probes respectively. Results from this study suggest that the bacterioneuston contains a distinct population of bacteria and warrants further detailed study at the molecular level.
Effect of humic material on the bacterioplankton community composition in boreal lakes and mesocosms
Authors: Haukka Kaisa , Heikkinen Erika , Kairesalo Timo , Karjalainen Heli , Sivonen Kaarina 
Published: April 2005

SummaryThe bacterioplankton community composition in two Finnish forest lakes with different content of humic substances was studied by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing of the major bands. The same dominant bacterial phylotypes were detected in the bacterioplankton communities of clear‐water Lake Ahvenlammi and humic Lake Sammalisto. For 4 years, in every water layer, Actinobacteria was the dominant and Verrucomicrobia the second most common phylum. In the hypolimnion, other dominant phyla were also found. We set up a mesocosm experiment to assess the effect of a sudden load of allochthonous humus extract to the bacterioplankton community composition. Changes in the bacterial communities were followed in four control and four humus extract‐added mesocosms for 50 days. In the humic mesocosms the phylotypes of allochthonous Proteobacteria arriving with the humus extract were initially prevalent but disappeared during the first weeks. After this the Actinobacteria‐dominated communities resembled the bacterioplankton communities of the control mesocosms and Lake Ahvenlammi. Towards the end of the experiment the community patterns in all the mesocosms started to change slightly because of erratic occurrence of new proteobacterial phylotypes. Thus the effects of a sudden load of allochthonous humic material and bacteria to the bacterioplankton community composition were transient.
Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of encapsulated Escherichia coli isolated from blooms in two Australian lakes
Authors: Power Michelle L. , Littlefield‐Wyer Jane , Gordon David M. , Veal Duncan A. , Slade Martin B. 
Published: April 2005

Summary Escherichia coli has long been used as an indicator organism for water quality assessment. Recently there has been an accumulation of evidence that suggests some strains of this organism are able to proliferate in the environment, a characteristic that would detract from its utility as an indicator of faecal pollution. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of E. coli isolated from blooms in two Australian lakes, separated by a distance of approximately 200 km, identified that the blooms were dominated by three E. coli strains. A major phenotypic similarity among the three bloom strains was the presence of a group 1 capsule. Genetic characterization of a conserved region of the cps gene cluster, which encodes group 1 capsules, identified a high degree of genetic variation within the bloom isolates. This differs from previously described encapsulated E. coli strains which are highly conserved at the cps locus. The phenotypic or genotypic profiles of the bloom strains were not identified in 435 E. coli strains isolated from vertebrates. The occurrence of these encapsulated strains suggests that some E. coli have evolved a free‐living lifestyle and do not require a host in order to proliferate. The presence of the same three strains in bloom events in different geographical regions of a temperate climate, and at different times, indicates that free‐living E. coli strains are able to persist in these water reservoirs. This study provides further evidence of circumstances where caution is required in using E. coli as an indicator organism for water quality.
Genetic analysis of housekeeping genes reveals a deep‐sea ecotype of Alteromonas macleodii in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: López‐López Arantxa , Bartual Sergio G. , Stal Lucas , Onyshchenko Olga , Rodríguez‐Valera Francisco 
Published: April 2005

SummaryThe genetic diversity of 19 strains belonging to Alteromonas macleodii isolated from different geographic areas (Pacific and Indian Ocean, and different parts of the Mediterranean Sea) and at different depths (from the surface down to 3500 m) has been studied. Fragments of the 16S rRNA gene, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) between 16S and 23S rDNA genes, the gyrB and the rpoB genes, have been sequenced for each strain. Amplified fragment length polymorphisms were used to characterize similarity at the level of the whole genome. Most of the diversity reflected the existence of a cluster of strains isolated from deep Mediterranean waters and two isolates from the Black Sea. Particularly the isolates from the deep sites were consistently different from all the others indicating the existence of a specific ecotype adapted to these conditions. Amplification of gyrB gene and ITS directly from DNA retrieved from deep Mediterreanean waters and one Atlantic sample showed that presence of this deep‐sea ecotype is widespread and is not a product of culture bias. On the other hand, strains isolated from surface tropical waters showed a remarkable level of resemblance to the first isolate of this species obtained from Hawaii in 1972. The results indicate the existence of both lineages of global distribution and ecotypes adapted to specific conditions such as deep or more diluted (the Black Sea) waters.
Stereospecific effect of hexachlorocyclohexane on activity and structure of soil methanotrophic communities
Authors: Mertens Birgit , Boon Nico , Verstraete Willy 
Published: April 2005

SummaryIn the past decades, large amounts of non‐insecticidal hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers (α‐, β‐, δ‐ and ɛ‐HCH) have been dumped as side‐products of the insecticide γ‐HCH (lindane). This study investigates the effect of HCH isomers on methane oxidation, an important soil function performed by methanotrophic bacteria. Both activity and structure of the methanotrophic community were assessed, using methane oxidation assays and PCR‐DGGE (polymerase chain reaction‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) respectively. Methane oxidation assays with historically polluted soils revealed that on the long‐term methane oxidation was inhibited by HCH pollution. PCR‐DGGE and diversity analysis based on Lorenz curves showed that the type I methanotrophic community was less evenly distributed in historically HCH‐polluted soils compared with less polluted reference soils. Short‐term experiments with methane‐enriched consortia further demonstrated that only γ‐ and δ‐isomers inhibited methane oxidation. Type I methanotrophs of methane‐enriched microbial consortia that received γ‐ or δ‐HCH evolved towards higher species richness. Apparently, for historically HCH‐polluted soils, a narrow community remained after long‐term exposure while in case of short‐term exposures, methane‐enriched consortia were converted into less active, but richer communities when they were stressed by the presence of γ‐ or δ‐HCH. This work demonstrates the importance of incorporating all isomers and possible other side‐products in risk assessment studies of persistent organic pollutants and the use of structural analysis of type I methanotrophic communities as evaluating tool.
Links between ammonia oxidizer species composition, functional diversity and nitrification kinetics in grassland soils
Authors: Webster Gordon , Embley T. Martin , Freitag Thomas E. , Smith Zena , Prosser James I. 
Published: April 2005

SummaryMolecular approaches have revealed considerable diversity and uncultured novelty in natural prokaryotic populations, but not direct links between the new genotypes detected and ecosystem processes. Here we describe the influence of the structure of communities of ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria on nitrogen cycling in microcosms containing natural and managed grasslands and amended with artificial sheep urine, a major factor determining local ammonia concentrations in these environments. Nitrification kinetics were assessed by analysis of changes in urea, ammonia, nitrite and nitrate concentrations and ammonia oxidizer communities were characterized by analysis of 16S rRNA genes amplified from extracted DNA using ammonia oxidizer‐specific primers. In natural soils, ammonia oxidizer community structure determined the delay preceding nitrification, which depended on the relative abundance of two Nitrosospira clusters, termed 3a and 3b. In batch cultures, pure culture and enrichment culture representatives of Nitrosospira 3a were sensitive to high ammonia concentration, while Nitrosospira cluster 3b representatives and Nitrosomonas europaea were tolerant. Delays in nitrification occurred in natural soils dominated by Nitrosospira cluster 3a and resulted from the time required for growth of low concentrations of Nitrosospira cluster 3b. In microcosms dominated by Nitrosospira cluster 3b and Nitrosomonas, no substantial delays were observed. In managed soils, no delays in nitrification were detected, regardless of initial ammonia oxidizer community structure, most probably resulting from higher ammonia oxidizer cell concentrations. The data therefore demonstrate a direct link between bacterial community structure, physiological diversity and ecosystem function.