bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Locus control regions
Authors: Grosveld Frank , Fraser Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nucleosome is the basic repeat structure of chromatin and individual nucleosomes are joined by a short region of linker DNA. Histone H1 associates with the linker DNA at the border of the nucleosomc. In the presence of HJ the nucleosomes are compacted to form the 30 nm fibre visible in the electron microscope (Thoma et al. 1977). Non-histone proteins are thought to organize the 30 nm fibre into higher order structures. When depleted of histones, metaphase chromosomes show loops of DNA attached to a central protein scaffold (Laemmli et al. 1977). Chromatin, therefore, appears to be organized into discrete domains where each domain is a 30—100 kb loop attached at their base to a nuclear scaffold (Gasser and Laemmli 1987). One of the major proteins attached to the scaffold is topoisomerase II (Gasser and Laemmli 1987), which suggests that torsional stress induced during transcription or replication may be released at the base of the loops.
Homology-dependent gene silencing in transgenic plants and related phenomena in other eukaryotes
Authors: Matzke Marjori A , Matzke Antonius J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Higher eukaryotic genomes contain substantial amounts of repetitive DNA. What limitations, if any, are placed on the quantity and distribution of repetitive sequences and do these parameters in tum influence gene expression? Some contend that non-genie repeated DNA sequences, which constitute ca. 30 per cent of mammalian genomes and 15—90 per cent of flowering plant genomes, are mostly non-functional ‘junk’ (John and Miklos 1988), while others suggest that they have essential structural and/or regulatory roles (Davidson and Britten 1979; Smyth 1991; see Chapter 13). In plants large disparities in DNA content arise primarily from differences in the repetitive fraction, as reflected in recent findings showing that even though DNA amounts can vary greatly in closely related species, gene composition and gene order remain relatively constant (synteny). This is particularly striking in the cereals (Moore et al. 1993). For example, the genetic linkage maps of rice and wheat are remarkably conserved, even though they differ 30-fold in DNA content (Kurata et al. 1994). These findings have prompted the remark that ‘rice is wheat without the repeats’ (G. Moore, quoted in Cherfas 1994). Noteworthy synteny has also been observed in related mammals (O’Brien and Graves 1991). Despite arguments to the contrary (John and Miklos 1988), it is difficult to abandon the notion that at least some of this repetitive DNA, particularly those sequences that are species specific, contributes to the differential regulation of a ‘generic’ protein-coding genome.
Ecological factors influencing the colony cycle of Polistes wasps
Authors: Yamane Sôichi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The genus Polistes is a large cosmopolitan group of the subfamily Polistinae comprising over 200 known species (Reeve 1991; Carpenter this volume). The species have adapted to a wide range of environments from tropical to cold temperate climates. Wasps of this genus build uncovered, single-combed nests which are suspended by a narrow petiole. The nests are small with generally fewer than 250 cells (Reeve 1991). The social biology of this group is one of the major lines of sociobiological research in insects.
Homing in paper-wasps
Authors: Ugolini Alberto , Cannicci Stefano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In flying hymenopterans, the majority of studies have concerned observations or experiments held within the insects’ known territory, or their home range (internal homing), and most of this research has focused on the problem of nest location and identification on return from foraging flights (immediate orientation) (see Wehner 1981).
Behavioural screening and the evolution of polygyny in paper-wasps
Authors: Gervet Jacques , Charlotte Anstett Marie , Kjellberg Finn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How altruistic characters, i.e. characters costly to the individual and benefiting another could evolve was a neglected problem until thirty years ago when Hamilton (1964a, b) introduced the inclusive fitness idea. A gene, present in an individual, can increase in frequency in the next generation if it induces its bearer to help other individuals bearing the same gene. The transposition of this idea at the level of individuals (whose behaviour can be observed) led to the inclusive fitness concept for individuals: in the reproductive output of an individual should be included its own offspring but also the increase it may cause in production of offspring by other, related, individuals, thereby increasing transmission of genes identical to its own. The application of inclusive fitness to a number of situations has greatly enhanced our understanding of species’ natural history.
The early evolution of the Bivalvia
Authors: Cope John C W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Classification of the Bivalvia has proved contentious for well over a century, and new classifications at high taxonomic level are still produced regularly. But in a group of organisms, represented today by tens of thousands of species and with an excellent fossil record, why should taxonomy at higher levels cause such problems? The answer is readily available. On the one hand, zoologists have traditionally used structures of the soft parts, in particular the gill grade (e.g. Fischer, 1880-87; Pelseneer, 1889, 1891, 1906, 1911; Ridewood, 1903), the degree of fusion of the mantle margins (Linnaeus, 1758; Cuvier, 1797), or condition of the foot (Gray, 1821; Lankester, 1883), but also stomach type (Purchon, 1958, 1959), or labial palp development (Stasek, 1963), to draw up their higher level taxa. On the other hand, palaeontologists, deprived of knowledge of these structures, save in fossil forms closely related to extant taxa, have used characters of the shell such as dentition (e.g. Dall, 1889; Neumayr, 1883; Bernard, 1898), or shell structures which can indicate soft part anatomy such as muscle scars (e.g. Phillippi, 1853; Zittel, 1881-85) or ligament type, together with phylogenetic links indicated by the fossil record (e.g. Neumayr, 1891; Douville, 1913).
Evolutionary processes
Authors: Majerus Michael E N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our Earth is 4.5 billion years old. Latest evidence suggests that life developed on Earth at least 3.8 billion years ago. By the passage of hereditary material, from parent to progeny, generation upon generation, and as a result of changes in and mixing of this material, there are now thought to be over 30000000 species sharing the planet with us. They range from single-celled microbes to blue whales and giant redwoods.
Melanism in the Lepidoptera
Authors: Majerus Michael E N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prominence given in biological texts to industrial melanism, and the case of the peppered moth in particular, has tended to eclipse the fact that the majority of British Lepidoptera that now have melanic forms, already had melanic forms prior to the industrial revolution. This must include dark forms which are distributed in and around industrial areas and far beyond in the direction of the prevailing smoke-drift. In some widely distributed species this frequently leads to dines. It is found in cryptic night-flying Heterocera only. Inheritance of melanic forms is usually dominant, less frequently multifactorial or polygenic; more rarely the character has no dominance. In Britain it is recessive in a few instances only.
New phylogenies: an introductory look at the coalescent
Authors: Harding Rosalind M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It must be a reasonable assumption that anyone interested in this book will be well acquainted with phylogenies, though not necessarily with population genetics. A special kind of phylogeny that has recently come to prominence is a gene tree, which is a phylogeny constructed from DNA sequences, and of particular interest are gene trees not for sets of different taxa, but for samples of individuals from an interbreeding population. The coalescent is a population genetic model for the neutral evolution of gene trees (Griffiths 1980; Kingman 1982a,b; Tavaré 1984; Donnelly and Tavaré 1995), also known as gene genealogies (Tajima 1983; Hudson 1990) or allelic genealogies (Takahata 1993). This model is both powerful and efficient and has the following advantages. First, the coalescent is more powerful than diffusion theory formulations based on effective population size for modelling a range of demographic histories, such as those defining variable, expanding, and subdivided population size. Secondly, coalescent models can be used to simulate, and estimate from, gene trees, which provide information for stronger inferences on demographic history than summarizing statistics of DNA sequence data. Thirdly, the coalescent is more efficient than branching processes for simulating a wide variety of conditions in both mutation and demography.
A microevolutionary link between phylogenies and comparative data
Authors: Martins Emilia P , Hansen Thomas F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Usually, interspecific or ‘comparative’ data are expected to be similar to one another because the species from which the data are measured have been evolving together for some period of evolutionary time (for example Felsenstein 1985; Harvey and Pagel 1991). We term this similarity due to common ancestry the ‘phylogenetic correlation’, referring also to an expected relationship between interspecific trait variation and the phylogeny along which the measured species evolved. In this chapter we discuss how the extent and pattern of phylogenetic correlation depends not only on the phylogeny of the species but also on the microevolutionary processes underlying genetic and phenotypic change. As microevolution can differ among characters or among clades of organisms, explicit determination of the microevolutionary processes underlying the assumptions and statistical models of any phylogenetic method can be one of the most difficult, yet important, aspects of conducting interspecific analyses. An awareness of these underlying processes can also provide us with an exciting new set of opportunities for the use of phylogenies in inferring microevolutionary process from comparative data.
How he Environment Helps to Build the Brain
Authors: Damasio Antonio R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Professor Colin Blakemore, PhD, ScD, FRS, studied medicine at the University of Cambridge and completed his PhD in Physiological Optics at the University of California, Berkeley, in 1968. After teaching at Cambridge for eleven years, he was appointed Waynflete Professor of Physiology at the University of Oxford in 1979 and has held the post ever since. Professor Blakemore is also Director of both the Medical Research Council and the McDonnell-Pew Centres for Cognitive Neuroscience in Oxford and is President of the British Association for the Advancement of Science for 1997-98. During 1995-96 he was Regents’ Visiting Professor at the University of California, Davis. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1992 and has been the recipient of numerous prizes and medals from medical and scientific institutions throughout the world. Professor Blakemore is a frequent broadcaster on radio (he delivered the BBC’s Reith Lectures in 1976) and television; he presented a 13-part television series on the mind and brain, The Mind Machine, in 1988. In addition to his many academic publications, he has written several books on the brain for the general public, including Mechanics of the Mind, for which he was awarded the Phi Beta Kappa Award in Science, and The Mind Machine. He is one of Britain’s most influential communicators of science.
Toxins in the Environment and Human Brain Disease
Authors: Marsden David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Professor David Marsden, DSc, FRCP, FRS, is Professor of Clinical Neurology and Director of the MRC Human Movement and Balance Unit at the National Hospitals for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square in London, where he began his career in 1968 as Senior House Physician after qualifying at St Thomas’s Hospital. In 1972 he was appointed Professor of Neurology at King’s College Hospital, a post which he held for fifteen years. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1983 and has served on its Council. He is the author of numerous publications on human movement disorders and motor physiology, fields in which he is among the world’s leading experts.The brain is the basis of the mind. The ability to walk on two legs, freeing the hands for the manipulation of tools, to articulate so as to produce speech, which allows structured communication, and to introspect and so communicate our thoughts are remarkable human attributes. All depend upon the exquisite function of the human brain, which we can see operating in life.
The information available from NMR
Authors: Gadian David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we describe the type of information that NMR can provide about living systems, concentrating on its role in the study of tissue bio-chemistry and physiology. If we consider the division of NMR into MRI and MRS, the chapter can be divided into two parts - the information available from the water signal, and the information available from everything else. What is perhaps surprising is how useful the water signal is proving to be, not just for distinguishing different structures within the body, but also for probing normal and abnormal physiology.
Physiological magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Gadian David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most widespread use of magnetic resonance is in diagnostic radiology; it is the imaging method of choice for examination of disorders of the central nervous system, and is increasingly used for the investigation of diseases in other organ systems (Stark and Bradley 1992; Edelman and Warach 1993). The technique provides excellent contrast and spatial resolution (Fig. 4.1), particularly for the limbs and head, which are least susceptible to motion artefacts. Developments in instrumentation, pulse sequences, and contrast enhancement are generating continued improvements in the diagnostic capability of MRI, and there is every reason to believe that there will be many further improvements in the coming years.
Condensation
Authors: Collie John G , Eng F R S F , John R , Phil Thome D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Condensation is defined as the removal of heat from a system in such a manner that vapour is converted into liquid. This may happen when vapour is cooled sufficiently below the saturation temperature to induce the nucleation of droplets. Such nucleation may occur homogeneously within the vapour or heterogeneously on entrained particulate matter, for example, within the low-pressure stages of a large steam turbine (Gardner 1963-64). Heterogeneous nucleation may also occur on the walls of the system, particularly if these are cooled as in the case of a surface condenser. In this latter case there are two forms of heterogeneous condensation, drop-wise and film-wise, corresponding to the analogous cases in evaporation, of nucleate boiling and film boiling. Film-wise condensation occurs on a cooled surface which is easily wetted.
Properties of MBPC Algorithms
Authors: De Nicolao G , Scattolini R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper deals with the stability properties of predictive control with terminal constraints on the output and input variables. Specifically, in predictive control with terminal constraints on the controlled variable is forced to match a reference value over a given intraval at the end of the pred1ct1on horizon, while the control variable is allowed to have a restricted number of projected control variations. Both the classical receding horizon approach, where only the first projected control increment _is applied, and the so-called intervalwise receding horizon strategy, where a number of future control increments are effectively applied, are considered. A preliminary investigation of the robustness properties of receding horizon control is performed by exploiting its strict relations with infinite horizon Linear Quadratic control.
Modelling and Robustness
Authors: Karny M , Halouskova A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Probabilistic interpretation of identification results is very helpful in systematic preliminary analysis of the expected closed loop behaviour. This admits to tune para.meters determining control law applied in on-line phase. The essence of the methodology is outlined in the paper and key theoretical as well as implementation aspects are discussed. The approach is independent of the particular model and/or design methodology. Its feasible application has been, however, elaborated for the Gaussian controlled autoregressive-regressive models (ARX) and designs which lead to linear control laws.
Lagrange multipliers, penalty factors, and basis transformation
Authors: Mohr G A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapter energy-based finite elements were discussed, paying most attention to the displacement method as this appears to have become dominant in solids mechanics applications. Moreover stress-type elements can be obtained more directly by applying the Galerkin method directly to the governing differential equations (as is done in Section 17.6) whilst the main incentive for the use of hybrid and mixed elements is to increase interelement stress and/or displacement continuity and this can be accomplished more generally, in any physical application, with the use of the techniques to be discussed in this chapter. Indeed the penalty factor and Lagrange multiplier techniques form a linear minimization problem which is a special case of the use of such techniques in non-linear optimization. The latter ar&lt;: further discussed in Chapter 22 where many other useful relationships and applications to the finite element method are to be found.
lsoparametric mapping and its applications
Authors: Mohr G A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Isoparametric elements are defined as elements for which the equations required to define the element shape are identical to those used to define the displacement fields within the element. Comparing eqns (6.1) and (5.54) the constant strain triangle is thus an isoparametric element as the number of parameters needed to define the element shape (six: x1,y1,x2,y2,x3,y3) equals the number of parameters used to define the displacement field within the element (again, six: u1, v1, u2, v2, u3, v3). Further, the parameters correspond in type so that, for example, the six-freedom constant moment element described in Section .
Optimization techniques and applications
Authors: Mohr G A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The majority of the problems encountered in preceding chapters were linear whilst relatively economical solutions can be obtained for most of the nonlinear problems encountered, except perhaps when time dependency is also included, resulting in a ‘twice iterative’ situation. One of the most beneficial applications of the finite element method, however, is to the optimization of engineering systems and much remains to be done in this area. This chapter briefly outlines some optimization fundamentals, the classical Michell ‘constant strain’ principle, applications of linear programming in matrix structural analysis, non-linear optimization techniques, and finally summarizes some applications of optimization techniques in the finite element method.
What Is An Ultrasonic Motor?
Authors: Sashida Toshiiku , Kenjo Takashi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We shall first define the ultrasonic motor, then discuss some of the earlier researches which preceded the invention by Sashida. An ultrasonic motor is a type of actuator that uses mechanical vibrations in the ultrasonic range as its drive source. Human ears are capable of detecting sound waves from 50 Hz to 20 kHz. This is called the audible frequency range. Ultrasonic waves are sound waves or mechanical vibrations with frequencies above 20kHz. The use of ultrasonic waves is a direct outcome of using piezoelectric ceramics, which expand or contract in accordance with an applied electric field, as the vibrational source. In the ultrasonic motor, a voltage is applied to the piezoelectric ceramic element to generate alternating expansions and contractions, either in the ceramic body itself or in an attached metal piece. This will be discussed in Chapter 3. The magnitude of these oscillations is extremely small, of the order of 1 μm. In order to obtain a higher gain, the resonance effect of the ceramics in the ultrasonic range is utilized.
Non-Uniform Free Stream
Authors: Zdravkovich M M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most wind-tunnels and water channels a uniform low-turbulence free stream is produced in order to obtain reliable measurements. Such a uniform free stream, however, is not at all common in many engineering applications. For example, the wind is an atmospheric boundary layer and has ashear velocity profile. Other non-uniform velocity profiles may be found in tides and currents. Hence, all cylindrical structures submerged in winds, tides or currents are always exposed to a non-uniform free stream.
Z
Authors: Perrot Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Zeotrope—From the Greek (i-:w, to boil, and rpon11, evolution. Antonym of azeotrope, introduced by Swiytoslawski in 1945 to describe a solution whose boiling temperature, under constant pressure, evolves between an initial boiling point and a final boiling point. By extension, a mixture is called zeotropic when it is possible to separate its constituents by distillation. As a consequence, the temperature composition diagram does not show a composition corresponding to an extremum on the dew-point curve or on the boiling curve.
Two cylinders
Authors: Zdravkovich M M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two parallel circular cylinders placed close to each other have been employed in many areas of engineering, such as in aeronautical engineering (twin struts to support biplane wings), in hydronautical engineering (periscope and its guide), in space engineering (twin booster rockets), in civil engineering (twin chimney stacks and jetties), in offshore engineering (platform structural members), in electrical engineering (transmission lines), in chemical engineering (pipe racks), etc. However, despite the wide-spread applications, systematic investigations of flow around two cylinders started rather late in comparison with investigations into a single cylinder.
Second-order differential equations in the phase plane
Authors: Jordan D W , Smith P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Very few ordinary differential equations have exact solutions. This is not simply because ingenuity fails, but because the repertory of standard functions (polynomials, exp, sin, and so on) in terms of which solutions may be expressed is too limited to accommodate the variety of differential equations encountered in practice. Even if a solution can be found, the ‘formula’ is often too complicated to display clearly the principal features of the solution; this is particularly true of implicit solutions and of solutions which are in the form of integrals or infinite series. The qualitative study of differential equations is concerned with how to deduce important characteristics of the solutions of differential equations without actually solving them. In this Chapter we introduce a geometrical device, the phase plane, which is used extensively for obtaining directly from the differential equation such properties as equilibrium, periodicity, unlimited growth, stability, and so on. The classical pendulum problem shows how the phase plane may be used to reveal all the main features of the solutions of a particular differential equation.