bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moral Residues
Authors: Greenspan P S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Guilt came into my argument in part I in two connected roles: in its primary form, following action, in response to a contrary-to-duty obligation to feel some appropriate emotion, and in anticipatory form, in advance of action, as the emotional strut of the motivational force of moral “ought.” I have maintained that the two roles allow the emotion to serve as a kind of substitute for action in cases of dilemma. It is by no means an adequate substitute in moral terms but is enough to answer metaethical worries about the sense in which both of the oughts in conflict can be practical. The motivational role of the emotion also serves to justify it as a sometimes problematic after-the-fact reaction-an affective residue of moral failure that persists even when failure is unavoidable. My treatment of dilemmas as cases in which guilt is warranted for all alternatives is essentially a modification of Williams’s claim that their practical resolution leaves a moral “remainder,” not itself a feeling but marked by moral feelings of regret, along with other ways of acknowledging that the act the agent has to perform is still wrong. However, along with most philosophers, Williams has little to say about guilt.
More Changes
Authors: Furman C Sue 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a woman nears menopause, declining estrogen levels can cause irregular menstrual periods, hot flashes, “crawly skin,” visual problems, migraines, hair loss, moustache growth, incontinence, as well as a number of other peculiar physical symptoms. What causes estrogen to support so many of a woman’s body functions for 30 or 40 years and then leave them in the lurch? One controversial proposal posits that women are living far in excess of the number of years that nature intended and are thus outliving their reproductive potential. The physiological data have not yet been completely untangled, but certain facts are known.
The Silent Epidemic
Authors: Furman C Sue 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is difficult to ignore menopause symptoms like hot flashes and vaginal dryness, but osteoporosis, one of the more serious consequences of menopause, often proceeds unnoticed for years. Unfonunately, what you don’t feel can bun you. Osteoporosis accelerates the gradual rate of bone loss that is normal as one ages. This silent disease eats away at bones, leaving them porous, brittle, and very fragile. The bone that is left is normal, but sometimes there is not enough of it to maintain the integrity of the skeleton and suppon the body’s weight.
Looking Ahead
Authors: Furman C Sue 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is unfortunate that research concerning women’s health issues has been sadly neglected for a long time. For obvious reasons, programs designed to study breast and ovarian cancer have concentrated on women volun-teers. However, clinical trials designed by the NIH to study many other diseases and therapies often failed to include enough women. In 1990, the General Accounting Office (GOA) of the federal government issued a report that criticized this shortcoming. The GOA report opened the door to greater awareness of the deficiencies in women’s health care and was one of many positive steps that propelled the cause of women’s health issues into the limelight.
Aphasia
Authors: Benson D Frank , Ardila Alfredo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this volume the authors combine two clinically-oriented approaches to language disorder. The clinical aspects of aphasia syndromes are stressed but the authors also review assessment techniques, linguistic analyses, problems of aphasia classification, and frequently occuring related disorders such as alexia, agraphia and acalculia. In addition, commonly encountered speech disorders, neurobehavioral and psychiatric problems commonly associated with apasia, and the language characteristics of aging and dementia reviewed. A neural basis is proposed for aphasia and related problems. Finally, aspects of rehabilitation and recovery are presented.
Hardy: The Archaeology of a Vanishing Life
Authors: Moses Michael Valdez 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When The Mayor of Casterbridge was first published complete in 1886, England was widely regarded as the most fully modernized nation on earth. To the Igbo villagers of Chinua Achebe’s Things Fall Apart, the British missionaries who arrived in Umuofia and Mbanta (at approximately the same time Hardy was completing the final major revision of his novel) were the representatives of Western European modernity.1 The greatest military and industrial power in the world, the global leader in science and commerce with one of the most fully democratized governments, late Victorian England epitomized the future of Europe that Stendhal’s Marquis de la Mole both prophesied and abhorred. When the nineteenth century began, a landed aristocracy still dominated English political and economic life by means of bribery, patronage, and a system of “rotten boroughs” that insured that a small number of families retained control of Parliament. But by the time The Mayor of Casterbridge appeared, the democratization of British political institutions was very far advanced. The Reform Bills of 1832, 1867, and 1884 had abolished the rotten boroughs and extended suffrage to middle and working class men throughout Great Britain.
Epidemiological Research
Authors: Brody Baruch A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research on human subjects normally involves intrusions into their bodies. These may range from modest intrusions such as blood drawing to major intrusions such as surgery. The policies discussed in Chapter Two were developed to shape the conduct of this type of research. One important type of research involving humans, however, is not intrusive research on their bodies. In this type of research, one collects information from such sources as interviews, reviews of medical records, and studies on unused biological material. When used to learn about the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events, such research is central to medical epidemiology. Although other scientific disciplines use this type of research as well, our focus in this chapter will be on epidemiological research using such techniques.
Research And The Drug/Device Approval Process
Authors: Brody Baruch A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All medical research is designed to answer scientific and clinical questions, but some is also designed to play a role in securing approval from a regulatory agency to produce and sell a drug or a medical device. Research designed to play that role must meet the ethical standards discussed in Chapters One through Six for all animal and human subjects research. If this research involves a clinical trial, it must also meet the ethical standards discussed in Chapter Seven for all clinical trials. The design and conduct of research relating to securing regulatory approval raises, however, a number of additional ethical issues that will be analyzed in this chapter.
Nozick: Libertarianism without Foundations
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Liberalism is the conjunction of two ideals. The first is that of individual liberty: liberty of thought, speech, religion, and political action; freedom from government interference with privacy, personal life, and the exercise of individual inclination. The second ideal is that of a democratic society controlled by its citizens and serving their needs, in which inequalities of political and economic power and social position are not excessive. Means of promoting the second ideal include progressive taxation, public provision of a social minimum, and insulation of political affairs from the excessive influence of private wealth. To approach either of these ideals is very difficult. To pursue both of them inevitably results in serious dilemmas. In such cases liberalism tends to give priority to the respect for certain personal rights, even at substantial cost in the realization of other goods such as efficiency, equality, and social stability.
Philadelphia and the First Bands
Authors: Shipton Alyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gillespie arrived in Philadelphia around the end of May 1935, having returned for a day or two from Laurinburg to Cheraw and then hitching a lift northward with a friend. He joined his mother and other members of his extended family in a smallish apartment at 637 Pine Street, in the black heartland of South Philadelphia, at its junction with Seventh Street. Bill, the husband of John Birks’s oldest sister Mattie, bought him a trumpet at a pawn shop and within a few days of his arrival he had a job with a trio, paying $8 per week.
Cab Calloway and the Dawn of Bebop
Authors: Shipton Alyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps because of the acrimonious manner in which Dizzy left Calloway’s band just over two years after he joined, he seldom had much of a good word to say about Cab himself in many of the written and recorded interviews that survive. Yet those two years he spent with Calloway from 1939 put Dizzy on the map as a trumpet soloist, as a member of one of the most commercially successful bands in the United States.
Bird, Bi Band, and Ber ‘gs
Authors: Shipton Alyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three of the labels that sprang up in the wake of the AFM ban concerned themselves with the new jazz played by the beboppers. These were Continental, Manor, and Guild, the last of which lived and died between January and December 1945. Dizzy had recorded for Continental with Sarah Vaughan and Leonard Feather on New Year’s Eve 1944, and he went on to make further sessions for all three companies as 1945 got under way.
Introduction
Authors: Sreenivasan Gopal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though its initial reception was less than encouraging, John Locke’s theory of property was soon regarded as one of the foremost treatments of the subject. Its influence in the eighteenth century, both philosophical and practical, was profound and far-reaching, and by the early twentieth century Hastings Rash dall was able to observe that Locke’s theory had ‘become the basis of almost all the attempts of modem philosophers to base the justification of private property upon some a priori principle, and not upon the ground of general utility and convenience.’ To judge by the recent literature, contemporary interest in Locke’s argument for the legitimacy of private property remains as high as ever. In part, this interest is historical, but Locke’s theory also continues to function as a central point of reference for ongoing examinations of the legitimacy of the institution of private property.
Property without Consent
Authors: Sreenivasan Gopal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Locke’s classic treatment of the question of property is presented in chapter 5 of his Second Treatise of Government. For Locke, as for his seventeenth-century contemporaries, the question of property is the problem of acquisition. Agreement on this single problem, Richard McKeon has argued, distinguishes the writing of this period from traditional discussions of property-oriented to the twin problems of acquisition and of use, in the case of Plato and Aristotle, and only to the problem of use in the case of medieval thinkers-and constitutes the hallmark of modern theories of property.
Limitations of the Original Theory
Authors: Sreenivasan Gopal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thus far I have concentrated on interpreting Locke’s argument for the legitimacy of private property. I turn now to consider what kind of private property right can be established with this argument. In order to do this I shall have to take account of two different sets of considerations. To begin with, there is the question of which particular kind(s) of determinate private property right, if any, Locke’s argument sanctions. I have to this point been employing ‘private property’ in the general sense of a right entitling an individual to decide what is to be done with a thing. But, as we have seen in chapter 1, private property in this sense is an indeterminate right. It is, then, as yet an open question whether a more determinate private property regime is legitimated by Locke’s argument. It will prove convenient, if somewhat artificial, to distinguish two aspects of this question: first, whether Locke’s argument legitimates any specific rights in property, and second, whether Locke’s argument imposes any conditions of its own on the legitimacy of the private property rights it establishes.
Introduction
Authors: Kelly Kevin T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inquiry begins with ignorance and aims to replace it with true belief. Scientific method is supposed to be our best means for effecting this change. But success is not supposed to be a matter of mere luck or accident. A reliable method is in some sense guaranteed to converge to the truth, given the scientist’s assumptions. Guarantees come in various grades. The subject of this book is logical reliability, which requires that the method converge to the truth in each possible circumstance consistent with the background assumptions of the scientist. In other words, logical reliability demands that the scientist’s background assumptions logically entail that the method will in some sense converge to the truth.
The Demons of Computability
Authors: Kelly Kevin T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Formal learning theory has been invented and developed to a large extent by experts in the theory of computability. This is no accident. The theory of computability suggests a strong analogy between the situation of a computer working on a purely formal problem and that of an empirical scientist working on a purely empirical problem, and learning theorists have instinctively followed this analogy when thinking about inductive inference. I will argue, in fact, that uncomputability and empirical underdetermination have the same, underlying logical structure, so that it is difficult to dismiss the demons of induction while acknowledging the significance of uncomputability. On the one hand, this analogy counters the tendency in traditional epistemology to study ideal norms for agents free of all computational limitations.
Computerized Discovery
Authors: Kelly Kevin T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If philosophers have been unhappy with the idea of a normative logic of discovery, they have been all the less enthusiastic about the idea of discovery machines.
The same point has sometimes been formulated by saying that it is not possible to construct an inductive machine. The latter is presumably meant as a mechanical contrivance that, when fed an observational report, would furnish a suitable hypothesis, just as a computing machine when supplied with two factors furnishes their product. I am completely in agreement that an inductive machine of this kind is not possible.
Prediction
Authors: Kelly Kevin T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the time of Francis Bacon, a popular, pragmatic conception of science has been that discovery and assessment are means toward the end of predicting what will happen next. On this view, assessment is a means toward discovery, and discovery is a means for finding predictive hypotheses. It is therefore of interest to determine just how prediction relates to discovery. It turns out that the pragmatic conception of science works fine for ideal methods, but it breaks down in the computable case in the following sense: there are problems for which it is possible for a Turing machine to discover a correct, predictive theory in the limit, but for which it is nonetheless impossible for a Turing machine to eventually predict what will happen next. Hence, prediction cannot in general be the motive for discovering the truth.
Probability and Reliability
Authors: Kelly Kevin T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The results of the preceding chapters make no reference whatever to probability. Since probability and induction have long been viewed as inseparable, it is interesting to relate the probabilistic perspective to the purely logical point of view of the preceding chapters. Of particular interest are the limiting reliability claims made for probabilistic methods. For example, it is often said that the process of updating probabilities by Bayes’ theorem will almost surely approach the truth in the limit:
The person learns by experience. The purpose of the present section is to explore with a moderate degree of generality how he typically becomes almost certain of the truth, when the amount of his experience increases indefinitely.
Relativism and Reliability
Authors: Kelly Kevin T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neither principle implies the other. Correctness could change spontaneously through time in a way that the scientist cannot affect, and correctness could depend on what the scientist does in the limit without changing through time. The nonexperimental inductive setting considered in chapters 1 through 13 satisfies both axioms, since correctness is taken to be a fixed relation between data streams and hypotheses in that setting. Experimental investigation of structural hypotheses also satisfies both axioms, since structural relations in the system under study are not altered by the manipulation of variables. But there are circumstances in which both axioms can fail.
Etudes for Piano Teachers Reflections on the Teacher's Art
Authors: Gordon Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a collection of essays reflecting on the piano teacher's art and the many challenges involved in piano teaching and performance. The topics range from the role of the piano teacher in contemporary society to basic skills such as inner hearing, improvisation, and sight-reading. Filled with useful practical advice as well as more philosophical artistic guidance, these essays are designed to provoke thoughtful reaction and act as catalysts for creative thinking.
Neglected Rudiments
Authors: Gordon Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AS musicians and teachers, we constantly talk about the necessity of listening. We exhort our students to listen to what they are doing: to a melodic inflection, a harmonic change, an inner voice, the balance between the left hand and right hand or, in collaborative music making, the other musicians’ parts. In almost all of our urgency, we are sensitizing our students’ perception to sound which has been or is being produced. Obviously, such a procedure well grounded, and its efficacy, as far as it goes, cannot be contested. Listening, however, in its inception must begin as an inner process, and a powerful inner generation of sound will directly influence both technical security and success in projecting a musical idea. Inner hearing is, however, a private thought process and, like any such mental activity, is carried on without immediate outward signs as to its speed, clarity or strength.
Repeated Notes
Authors: Gordon Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE subject of practice procedures is one over which serious musicians seem to agonize constantly. As in religion and morality, we feel as if we fall short of ideal standards no matter how good the intentions or how frequent the striving for excellence. We must, in fact, come to the realization that one of our professional hazards is a feeling that we will never completely master the art of efficient learning. But by the same token, we are constantly stimulated by the challenge of improving, and regular reexamination of what we do during that time set aside for practice becomes a way of life. In the spirit of that reexamination, let us consider three aspects of practice: the balance between confidence and criticism; the maintenance of concentration; and the important points in the learning process at which we need to effect a change of approach.
At the Hop
Authors: Jackson John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rhythm and blues acts were traditionally shunned by network television, so when the Five Satins plugged their pop—styled ballad“To the Aisle“ before a national audience of millions during an American Bandstand appearance in 1957, the group did not dare contemplate how, if at all, their anomalous national TV spot boded their future. Fred Paris, the founding member of the group whose “In the Still of the Night“ has become one of the best—remembered ballads of the 1950s, called rhythm and bluesoriented groups such as the Five Satins the true “pioneers“ of rock ‘n’ roll. ‘‘And pioneers always get kicked in the ass.“ As the rock ‘n’ roll era began to flourish and white acts came to the forefront, classic rhythm and blues groups such as the Five Satins, the Moonglows, the Spaniels, and the Flamingos continued to take care of business on the black entertainment circuit, staking their careers on local theatre gigs throughout the East and Midwest, and on radio airplay from black disc jockeys across the country. Paris emphasized that it was local radio, and not television, that “kept our music going“ in the 1950s. “How often [could the Five Satins] get on a national TV show?“ he rhetorically stated.
Explaining the Fat Layer
Authors: Morgan Elaine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Those for whom the aquatic hypothesis is unacceptable have to seek some other way of dealing with the problem. The simplest ploy is to ignore its existence. The two text books on physical anthropology, mentioned at the beginning of Chapter 6, which between them devote three words to the loss of body hair, devote none at all to subcutaneous fat. It is another illustration of Medawar’s dictum that scientists tend not to ask themselves a question until they have a glimmering of the answer.
Stress Physiology
Authors: Fuchigami Leslie H , Maas Eugene V , Lyons James M , Rains D William , Raison John K , Shackel Kenneth A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The field of stress physiology is not only of considerable theoretical importance; it is highly significant to agriculture. In practice, researchers tend to specialize within at least four subfields: chilling injury, cold stress, water stress, and salinity stress. Yet, these subfields have several basic terms in common. Thus, this chapter begins with the terms common to study of all plant stresses and is then divided into four sections representing the four subfields. Some bold-face terms are also defined in the context of other definitions; words in italics are defined elsewhere or are botanical names. See Chapter 6 for terms, units, and symbols used to describe plant water relations (e.g., water potential and osmotic, matric, and pressure potentials, etc.).
Holism and the Causal Requirement on Representation
Authors: Rocca Michael Della 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I want to go some distance toward answering the question I raised at the very end of chapter 3:
Why is content mind-relative, according to Spinoza?
This question is specifically about Spinoza’s claim that the content of certain ideas insofar as they are in the human mind differs from the content of those very same ideas insofar as they are in God’s mind. Notice that the thesis of the mind-relativity of content presupposes that a given idea can be in both God’s mind and the human mind, that is, it presupposes the containment thesis. In the first section of this chapter, I will argue that given the containment thesis, Spinoza has very good reasons for espousing the general mind-relativity of content. In the second section, I will show how these reasons reveal an important affinity between Spinoza’s views on mind-relativity and Quine’s views on the indeterminacy of meaning.