bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
WHO sponsored collaborative studies on nutritional anaemia in India
Authors: Sood S. K. , Ramachandran K. , Rani Kamla , Ramalingaswami V. , Mathan V. I. , Ponniah J. , Baker S. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. The relative efficacy of oral and parenteral iron administration in the prophylaxis and treatment of Fe-deficiency anaemia of pregnancy has been studied.2. Intravenous administration of Fe by total dose infusion of Fe dextran was not superior to oral Fe 120 mg/d, 6 d/week for 10–12 weeks.3. Intramuscular Fe dextran, 100 mg twice per week for 10–12 weeks, produced a significantly greater rise in mean haemoglobin concentration than oral Fe therapy.4. The superiority of intramuscular Fe as compared with intravenous Fe is probably related to the different handling of the Fe dextran by the reticulo-endothelial system.5. In spite of the better response to intramuscular Fe dextran, it is not recommended for public health practice because of the risks associated with its use and the much higher cost of the preparation and its delivery.
Effect of varying protein and energy intakes on nitrogen balance in Indian preschool children
Authors: Iyengar A. K. , Narasinga Rao B. S. , Reddy Vinodini 
Published: September 2005

1. The effect of varying protein intake at two energy levels of 334 and 418 KJ/kg body-weight was studied in four preschool children belonging to the low socio-economic group.2. Results indicated a curvilinear relationship between N intake and N retention. From this relationship, the protein requirement of the children at adequate energy intake was calculated.3. At adequate energy intake (418 KJ/kg body-weight) the protein requirement of the children was 1.33 g /kg. On decreasing the energy intake by 20% to 334 KJ /kg body-weight the protein requirement was found to be increased by 20% to 1.64 g/kg.4. Based on this study, a safe level of protein intake for Indian preschool children subsisting on a diet based predominantly on vegetable proteins has been suggested.
Factors affecting the voluntary intake of food by sheep
Authors: Grovum W. L. 
Published: September 2005

1. Sheep equipped with rumen and abomasal cannulas were given ad lib. access to ground and pelleted lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay except for periods of up to 6 h immediately before experimental sessions in which food intake was measured while various stomach compartments were either distended or subjected to tactile stimulation from a probe.2. Inserting a probe, consisting of two collapsed balloons tied onto the end of a polyethylene tube, into the reticulum depressed intake by 24% after 30 min of feeding (P < 0.025). Compensatory feeding was observed during the 30 min period immediately following removal of the probes. There were no effects of having a probe in the abomasum.3. Distension of the reticulum with 0–800 ml water in a balloon depressed intake by 0.2 g/ml after 30 min of feeding (P < 0.05). Removing the balloons from the animals allowed them to make up the deficit in intake completely within 30 min. Distending the rumen by 800 ml had no effect on intake (P < 0.05). Distending the abomasum with up to 1000 ml water in a balloon depressed intake by 0.11 g/ml after 30 min of feeding with compensatory feeding being significant (P < 0.05) but incomplete.4. Combinations of reticular distension up to 800 ml and of abomasal distension up to 1200 ml did not have additive depressing effects on intake.
Estimation of heat production from heart-rate measurements in cattle
Authors: Yamamoto S. , McLean J. A. , Downie A. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. Heat production and heart rate of seven steers were measured simultaneously using either a calori- metric chamber or head-cage.2. The relationship between heat production and heart rate for each animal was best described by linear regression.3. Differences between individual animals made separate ‘calibration equations’ necessary for each animal.4. Accuracy of prediction of heat production from heart rate was better than ±10% in all instances.5. It is concluded that frequent measurement of heart rate appears to offer a practical method for esti- mation of heat production of free-range animals.
Effects of soya-bean protein and casein on serum cholesterol levels in rats
Authors: Nagata Y. , Imaizumi K. , Sugano M. 
Published: September 2005

1. The effect of the soya-bean protein isolate and casein, both given 200 g/kg diet for 3–4 weeks, on serum cholesterol was compared in male rats.2. Soya-bean protein exerted a hypocholesteraemic effect only in a cholesterol-free low-fat (10 g maize oil/kg) diet, when the lowering action appeared independent of the strain of the rat or the feeding pattern. The results obtained with diets containing cholesterol or higher levels of fats or both showed no definite pattern of response.3. Although the decrease in serum cholesterol appeared greater in α-lipoprotiens than in β-lipoproteins, the proportion of the former to total cholesterol remained almost unchanged. The concentration of serum apo A-I was significantly lower in rats given the vegetable protein.4. Rats given soya-bean protein excreted significantly more neutral sterols.5. The serum amino acid pattern did not reflect the difference in dietary protein. Addition of cholesterol to the diets modified the serum aminogarm, the decrease in threonine being most marked in both protein groups.6. This study shows that the hypocholesteraemic action of soya-bean protein is easily modified by the type of diet.
Further studies on the hypocholesterolæmic effect of soya-bean protein in rats
Authors: Nagata Y. , Tanaka K. , Suganot M. 
Published: September 2005

1. The hypocholesterolæmic effect of soya-bean protein compared with that of casein, when fed at 200 g/kg diet for 3 weeks, was studied in rats.2. Using a cholesterol-free low-fat (10 g maize oil/kg) diet, the hypocholesterolæmic effect was demonstrated not only with soya-bean protein but also with an amino acid mixture simulating this protein. The addition of lysine to these diets did not modify their intrinsic effects on serum cholesterol.3. By feeding the vegetable protein or its amino acid mixture, both high-density-lipoprotein-and very-low-density-lipoprotein plus low-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol decreased to a similar extent, and the concentration of serum apolipoprotein A-I decreased and that of apolipoprotein B increased.4. Although rats given soya-bean protein excreted more neutral and acidic steroids, the difference disappeared when the amino acid mixture was fed, indicating that the hypocholesterolæmic effect of the vegetable protein is not ascribed only to the increased elimination of steroids.5. It is likely that the difference in the amino acid composition between animal and vegetable proteins is in fact responsible for the different response of serum cholesterol.
Breast-milk production in Australian women
Authors: Rattigan S. , Ghisalberti Ann V. , Hartmann P. E. 
Published: September 2005

1. Milk productions and 7d dietary records were determined on twenty-seven mothers who had been breast-feeding for 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 months.2. The mean milk productions for each group of mothers was 1.187, 1.238, 1.128, 0.884, 0.880 and 0.951 kg/24 h at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 or 15 months of lactation respectively. There was no significant difference between two milk determinations 3–7 d apart on each mother or between the mean milk production of each group of mothers.3. Energy intakes of the infants was found to be higher than the usually-accepted values at 1 and 3 months of age but by 6 months were similar to the accepted normal values.4. Energy intakes of the mothers although greater than those recommended for similar non-lactating women were not sufficient to take into account the energy content of the milk.
Breast-milk fat concentrations of rural African women
Authors: Prentic Ann , Prentice A. M. , Whitehead R. G 
Published: September 2005

1. Detailed studies of variations in breast-milk fat concentrations were performed over 12 or 24 h periods on sixty rural Gambian women feeding on demand. The creamatocrit method (Lucas et al. 1978) was used.2. The complex pattern of within-feed and between-feed changes in fat concentration was largely explained by differences in volume per feed and time interval between feeds.3. No consistent difference in fat production between the breasts of each individual was found despite the local custom of starting all feeds on the right breast.4. A marked diurnal variation in the mean fat concentration per feed was noted. On average the highest values occurred in the early morning, the lowest values in the late afternoon.5. There was significantly greater between-individual than within-individual variation in the mean fat concentration per feed over 12 h (P > 0.001).6. A simple, rational and non-intrusive sampling procedure was devised for the estimation of whole-day mean fat levels based on the finding that the mean fat concentration of small samples of milk (0.25 ml) taken from both breasts before and after one specific feed of the day was closely correlated with 12 h and 24 h mean fat concentrations.
Food intake and energy expenditure of male and female farmers from Upper-Volta
Authors: Bleiberg Fanny , Brun Thierry A. , Goihman Samuel , Lippman Daniel 
Published: September 2005

1. The energy balance of eleven male and fourteen female adult farmers was measured for 6 d after the harvest, in December-January. Their energy intake was recorded by weighing their food consumption and their energy expenditure was determined using indirect calorimetry.2. Body-weight, expressed as percentage of expected weight-for-height was 91 and 86% of the Inter-departmental Committee on Nutrition for National Development (1963) standard for women and men respectively.3. The staple foods were sorghum (Sorghum vulgare) and millet (Pennisetum typhoïdes); carbohydrates, fat and protein supplied approximately 80, 13 and 12% of the total energy of the diet respectively.4. In the male group, the mean energy intake (9.0 MJ (2148 kcal)) was in good agreement with the average energy output (8.91 MJ (2130 kcal)). By contrast, in the female group, the mean energy expenditure (8.11 MJ (1941 kcal)) exceeded the mean energy intake (6.3 MJ (1515 kcal)) and the deficit was statistically significant.5. This study allows an evaluation of the adequacy of food intake for subjects living in a particular hostile environment, by using their actual energy output instead of current standard values. The energy deficit found for female farmers whose energy intake was similar to that reported in other developing countries emphasizes the need for a better understanding of the regulation of energy balance in such conditions.
The effects of intraruminal infusions of sodium bicarbonate, ammonium chloride and sodium butyrate on urea metabolism in sheep
Authors: Norton B. W. , Janes A. N. , Armstrong D. G. 
Published: September 2005

1. Three sheep fitted with rumen cannulas were fed hourly a daily ration of 1000 g pelleted-grass cubes, and during four successive 2-week periods were intraruminally infused (0·45 l/d) with solutions containing sodium chloride (0·47 mol/d), sodium bicarbonate (0·47 mol/d), ammonium chloride (0·47 mol/d) and sodium butyrate (0·47 mol/d). Each solution, except that for NaHCO3, was adjusted to pH 7 before infusion, and provided equal sodium intakes for sheep in all periods.2. In the final week of each infusion period, a balance trial was conducted and on separate days each sheep was continuously infused with [14C]urea and NaH14CO3 intravenously and NaH14CO3 intraruminally. Carbon transfer rates between blood urea, blood bicarbonate and rumen fluid bicarbonate were calculated from the specific radioactivity of urea and bicarbonate samples and isotope infusion rates during each experimental period.3. There was no significant effect of intraruminal infusions on N balance, and with the exception of sheep in fused with NH4Cl, all sheep utilized apparently digested N with similar efficiency for N retention. Sheep infused with NH4Cl (6·2 g N/d) excreted the equivalent of 93% of the infused N as urea in urine.4. Infusion of NaHCO3. NH4Cl and sodium butyrate significantly (P < 0·05) increased the rurnen fluid concentrations of bicarbonate, ammonia and butyric acid respectively, and all infusions significantly (P < 0·05) increased total volatile fatty acid concentrations. Both NaHCO3 and sodium, butyrate significantly (P < 0·05) increased the pH of rumen fluid There was no significant effect of infusion on the proportions of propionic acid or the osmolality of rumen fluid.5. Intraruminal infusions of NH4Cl significantly (P < 0·05) increased and infusion of sodium butyrate significantly (P < 0·05) decreased plasma urea concentrations. Sheep infused with NH4Cl had higher rates of urea synthesis and urinary urea excretion compared with sheep on the other treatments, and a significantly (P < 0·05) lower proportion of urea synthesized by these sheep was degraded in the digestive tract. Sheep infused with sodium butyrate degraded a significantly (P < 0·05) greater amount (3·2 g N/d) and proportion (0·24) of total urea synthesis in the rumen than did sheep infused with NaCl. Corresponding values for the control (NaCl) sheep were 1·5 g N/d and 0·13 respectively. There was no significant effect of other infusions on the amount of urea recycled to the rumen or on the distribution of total urea degradation between the rumen and lower digestive tract. Plasma urea clearance to the rumen was significantly (P < 0·05) increased during sodium butyrate infusion, and the clearance of urea to the lower digestive tract was significantly (P < 0·05) decreased during NH4Cl infusion.6. The mechanism by which urea entry into the rumen is regulated by rumen metabolite levels is discussed.
Glycosyl ureides in ruminant nutrition
Authors: Merry R. J. , Smith R. H. , McAllan A. B. 
Published: September 2005

1. Glucosyl urea, lactosyl urea and galactosyl urea were prepared from pure sugars and urea and their purity confirmed by determination of their melting points, specific rotations and by mass spectrometry.2. Using whey as a lactose source, a range of conditions were examined for the preparation of lactosyl urea on a laboratory scale. Yields of 60% were achieved when lactose and urea (molar ratio, urea: lactose 0:6) were reacted for 15 h in sulphuric acid at pH 2·0 and a temperature of 70°.3. Methods of detection and estimation of all three ureides in whey preparations and ruminant digesta samples were developed. Two quantitative methods, one involving acid-hydrolysis, the other ion-exchange chromatography, were used. The latter method enabled determination of individual quantities of ureides in mixtures.
Estimation of the proportion of non-ammonia-nitrogen reaching the lower gut of the ruminant derived from bacterial and protozoal nitrogen
Authors: Steinhour W. D. , Stokes M. R. , Clark J. H. , Rogers J. A. , Davis C. L. , Nelson D. R. 
Published: September 2005

1. A method for estimating the proportions of bacterial- and protozoal-N in the total non-ammonia-N reaching the lower gut of the ruminant under steady-state conditions was evaluated. Three trials using two different diets were conducted with a Holstein steer equipped with a rumen cannula and duodenal re-entrant cannulas.2. An intraruminal primed infusion of (15nh4)2so4was administered for 68 h during each trial. Bacteria and protozoa samples were isolated from rumen fluid at approximately 6 h intervals during each infusion period. Total non-ammonia-N was isolated from duodenal digesta samples taken at approximately the same times. All of these samples were analysed for15N enrichment. A computer program was used to fit equations to the15N-enrichment curves of bacterial- and protozoal-N. Models of both bacterial- and protozoal-N kinetics consisted of a small pool which equilibrated rapidly with rumen NH3and a large pool with a fractional turnover rate of 0.045–0.070/h for bacterial-N and 0.056–0.069/h for protozoal-N.3. Abomasal fluid turnover was estimated by a single injection of polyethylene glycol (molecular weight 4000) into the rumen followed by sampling of rumen fluid and duodenal digesta.4. Estimates of abomasal fluid turnover, bacterial-N turnover, and protozoal-N turnover were entered into an equation which was adjusted by computer iteration to fit the15n-enrichment curve of duodenal digesta non-NH3-N generated from each (15nh4)2so4infusion period. The computer fit of this equation to the observed results gave estimates of 0.39–0.45 and 0.22–0.41 for the proportion of duodenal non-NH3-N derived from bacterial-N and protozoal-N respectively.5. This method is potentially useful in estimating microbial protein passage to the lower gut in ruminants. Sampling digesta from the omasum rather than the duodenum would simplify the method and possibly increase the reliability of the estimates.
The influence of cooked kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) on intestinal cell turnover and faecal nitrogen excretion in the rat
Authors: Fairweather-Tait Susan J. , Gee Jennifer M. , Johnson I. T. 
Published: September 2005

1. Male Wistar rats were fed on semi-synthetic diets containing cooked white kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) or equivalent levels of protein and carbohydrate.2. No change was observed in over-all nitrogen balance in animals fed on the bean diet, but there was a two-to three-fold increase in their faecal excretion, compared with control rats. This was compensated by a decrease in urinary-N excretion.3. Homogenized small intestinal mucosa, prepared from bean-fed animals, showed at 28%increase in protein content compared with control material.4. Measurements of 3H-labelled thymidine turnover indicated that mucosal cell exfoliation was increased by approximately 35% in the small intestines of bean-fed rats compared with controls.5. It is concluded that though a diet rich in cooked P. vulgaris leads to someincrease in mucosal cell turnover in the small intestine of rats, the consequent increasein mucosal protein loss could not account for the increased faecal-N excretion seen in these animals.
Apparent amino acid absorption from feather meal by chicks
Authors: Bielorai Rachel , Harduf Z. , Iosif B. , Alumot Eugenia 
Published: September 2005

1. The apparent absorption values of individual amino acids from two samples of feather meal (FM) were determined in the lower ileum of chicks fed on diets containing magnesium ferrite as a marker.2. The average absorption values for FM amino acids were low, approximately 0.50, as compared with approximately 0.85 for soya bean, used as a control. Values for individual amino acids from FM differed distinctly, ranging from 0.20 to 0.70. Low values were obtained for aspartic acid, histidine, lysine, glutamic acid and cystine.3. An indication of the low absorption of the previously-mentioned amino acids was obtained by analysing the amino acid composition of the FM residues undigested by pepsin or pancreatin.4. The reasons for testing the apparent rather than the true absorption are discussed.
Methionine requirement of kittens given amino acid diets containing adequate cystine
Authors: Smalley Katherine A. , Rogers Quinton R. , Morris James G. 
Published: September 2005

1. The effects of feeding either high-protein (HP) or low-protein (LP) diets between 1.8 and 15 kg live weight (LW) and a low-energy (LE) or high-energy (HE) intake subsequently on the cellularity of muscle and adipose tissue in pigs growing to 75 kg LW were investigated.2. The effects of the nutritional treatments on muscle tissue were assessed from the weight and DNA content of them. adductor. For adipose tissue the total DNA content and fat cell size of the subcutaneous adipose tissue contained in the left shoulder joint were determined.3. Feeding the LP diets in early life reduced the weight and DNA content of them. adductor (P< 0.01) and increased fat cell size (P< 0.01) at 15 kg LW.4. Subsequent to 15 kg there was an almost linear increase in muscle DNA with increasing LW, and the difference between pigs from the initial protein treatments progressively diminished and was no longer apparent at 60 kg LW.5. At 30 kg LW, pigs given the LP diets before 15 kg LW contained less DNA in the subcutaneous adipose tissue from the shoulder joint (P< 0.01) and had larger fat cells (P< 0.05) than pigs given the HP diets initially. However, adipose DNA and fat cell size increased with increasing LW and the differences resulting from the initial protein treatments progressively diminished. On the LE and HE treatments subsequent to 15 kg these differences were no longer evident at 45 and 60 kg respectively.6. Pigs given the HE intake subsequent to 15 kg, contained less DNA in muscle tissue (P< 0·05) at 60 and 75 kg LW and had larger fat cells (P< 0·05) at 45, 60 and 75 kg LW, than pigs on the LE treatment.
Blood flow and nutrient exchange across the liver and gut of the dairy cow
Authors: Lomax M. A. , Baird G. D. 
Published: September 2005

1. The rate of blood flow in the portal and hepatic veins, and the net exchange across the gut and liver of volatile fatty acids (VFA), glucose, lactate, pyruvate, amino acids, ketone bodies, glycerol, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and oxygen, were measured in lactating and non-lactating cows (a) in the normal, fed state and (b) before, during and after 6 d of fasting.2. Blood flow rate through the liver was 52% higher in normal, fed, lactating cows as compared with non-lactating cows, and was decreased by fasting in both groups of cows. Portal blood flow rate increased with an increase in metabolizable energy (ME) intake.3. Lactating, as compared with non-lactating, cows exhibited lower arterial concentrations of glucose and lactate, higher net portal outputs of VFA and ketone bodies, a higher net hepatic output of glucose, and higher net hepatic uptakes of propionate and lactate. The splanchnic outputs of acetate, glucose and hydroxybutyrate were all apparently greater in the lactating cows.4. Fasting caused a rapid decrease in the blood concentrations of the VFA and an increase in those of glycerol and NEFA. The portal, i.e. gut, outputs of VFA, lactate, ketone bodies, alanine and (serine+threonine), and the portal uptake of O2, were all decreased by fasting. Fasting for 6 h also decreased the hepatic output of glucose and acetate by 77 and 95% respectively, increased the hepatic uptake of pyruvate, glycerol and NEFA, and doubled hepatic ketone-body output. The splanchnic output of acetate and glucose and the splanchnic uptake of O2were also decreased by fasting.5. The net portal outputs of VFA, lactate and hydroxybutyrate, and the net hepatic output of glucose, were all correlated with ME intake in fed and fasted cows. Hepatic glucose output was also correlated with milk yield.6. The net hepatic uptake of gluconeogenic precursors measured in this study could account for net hepatic glucose output in the fasted cows, but not in the fed cows. The net hepatic uptake of the ketogenic precursors butyrate and NEFA was sufficient to account for the hepatic output of ketone bodies in both fed and fasted cows, but it is unlikely that the hepatic uptake of ketogenic precursors could also account for the observed hepatic output of acetate.
The influence of pancreatic juice on 64Cu absorption in the rat
Authors: Jamison M. H. , Sharma H. , Braganza J. M. , Case∥ R. M. 
Published: September 2005

1. The absorption of 64Cu from closed duodeno-jejunal loops in anaesthetized rats was significantly less in the presence of pancreatic juice compared with that in the presence of saline (9 g sodium chloride/1). The inhibition of 64Cu absorption caused by pancreatic juice was similar to that achieved with bile.2. Studies using solutions of electrolytes and of pancreatic extracts showed that the inhibitory effect of pancreatic secretions was due to its protein-enzyme content and not to its bicarbonate content.Pancreatic secretion and bile influence Cu absorption and thereby affect Cu homeostasis.