bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Entrances and Deaths
Authors: Robbins Keith 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most literate and intelligent men in Europe during the summer of 1914 considered that, in the circumstances, it was rather sensible to go to war. There was a mood of high excitement, even of exultation. War had come at last and the moment was to be savoured to the full. Freud declared that for the first time in thirty years he felt himself to be fully an Austrian. He was prepared to give the Habsburg empire another chance and allow it to become the focus for his emotional cravings. Ignotus, a Hungarian writer, felt that the war had to be: ‘without it, we would have ended up like Turkey.’ No worse fate could be conceived in the civilized apartments of Vienna or Budapest. The Czech writer Hašek naughtily records an Austrian officer commanding his mistress to embroider ‘Gott strafe England’ on her suspenders. Of course, his own hero, the good soldier Schweik, adopted a rather less energetic approach to the ensuing conflict. Austrian poets were elated by the thought that with every shot Germany was on the way to establishing mankind’s ‘golden empire on earth’. Whatever their notional political convictions, they had no doubt that with cold blood and hot iron ‘wonderful work of man’ was being done.
The Experience of War
Authors: Robbins Keith 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
No man who took part in the First World War ever completely shook off the experience. Individuals struggled to come to terms with what they had seen and heard. For some, the only solution was silence. There was no way in which it was possible to communicate with those who had not been through it themselves. The inadequacy of language itself was exposed. Words gained fresh meaning in the context of war and vocabularies became hopelessly confused. Fathers who had every conventional reason for pride in their part in the conflict chose not to tell their children what they did in the war. The gap in experience could not be bridged by trite phrases or plain narrative. It was better to forget and resume ordinary life as though nothing had happened. For many that was never possible. Ivor Gurney, English poet and composer, died in a mental hospital in 1937, twenty years after he had been gassed in France. He had gone on writing, convinced that the war had not come to an end. Other men who appeared to retain their poise and composure were secretly scarred. Many years later they would wake up in the night, still unable to shake off some lingering horror. In general terms, it took many writers a decade before they were ready with an appropriate novel or memoir. And at that distance experience may be refined and embroidered so as to render it no longer authentic.
Caesar The Dictator
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Ulla was the first Roman to lead an army against Rome.
Not of his own choosing-his enemies had won control of the government and deprived him of the command against Mithridates. Again, when he landed in Italy after an absence of nearly five years, force was his only defence against the party that had attacked a proconsul who was fighting the wars of the Republic in the East. Sulla had all the ambition of a Roman noble: but it was not his ambition to seize power through civil strife and hold it, supreme and alone. His work done, the Dictator resigned.
Caesar’S New Senators
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When a party seizes control of the Commonwealth it cannot take from the vanquished the bitter and barren consolation of defaming the members of the new government. The most intemperate allegations thrown about by malignant contemporaries are repeated by credulous posterity and consecrated among the uncontested memorials of history. Sulla, they said, put common soldiers into the Senate: but the formidable company of the Sullan centurions shrinks upon scrutiny to a single example.
The Consul Antonius
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
CAESAR lay dead, stricken by twenty-three wounds. The Senate broke up in fear and confusion, the assassins made their way to the Capitol to render thanks to the gods of the Roman State. They had no further plans-the tyrant was slain, therefore liberty was restored. A lull followed and bewilderment. Sympathizers came to the Capitol but did not stay long, among them the senior statesman Cicero and the young P. Cornelius Dolabella arrayed in the insignia of a consul; for Caesar had intended that Dolabella should have the vacant place when he resigned and departed to the Balkans. The other consul, the redoubtable M. Antonius, took cover. Repulsing the invitations of the Liberators, he secured from Calpumia the Dictator’s papers and then consulted in secret with the chief men of the Caesarian faction, such as Balbus, the Dictator’s secretary and confidant, Hirtius, designated consul for the next year, and Lepidus the Master of the Horse, now left in an anomalous and advantageous position. Lepidus had troops under his command, with results at once apparent. At dawn on March 16th he occupied the Forum with armed men. Lepidus and Balbus were eager for vengeance;1 Antonius, however, sided with the moderate and prudent Hirtius.
Caesar’S Heir
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By the terms of his will Caesar appointed as heir to his name and fortune a certain C. Octavius, the grandson of one of his sisters. On the paternal side the youth came of a respectable family that lacked nobility: his grandfather, a rich banker established at the small town of Velitrae, had shunned the burdens and the dangers of Roman politics.1 Ambition broke out in the son, a model of all the virtues. He married Atia, the daughter of M. Atius Balbus, a senator from the neighbouring town of Aricia, and of Julia, Caesar’s sister. Hence rapid advancement and honours, the praetorship, the governorship of Macedonia, and the sure prospect of a consulate. Death frustrated his intended candidature, but the Caesarian alliance maintained the fortunes of the family. The widow Atia was at once transferred in matrimony to L. Marcius Phi1ippus, a safe candidate for the consulate of 56 e.c. Octavius left three children, an Octavia by his first wife, by Atia another Octavia and a son, C. Octavius. Of the two children of Atia, the daughter was subsequently married to C. Marcellus (cos. 50 e.c.); theson, in any event assured of a brilliant career through these influential connexions, was taken up by Caesar.5
Political Catchwords
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
N Rome of the Republic, not constrained by any law of libel, the literature of politics was seldom dreary, hypocritical or edifying. Persons, not programmes, came before the People for their judgement and approbation. The candidate seldom made promises. Instead, he claimed office as a reward, boasting loudly of ancestors or, failing that prerogative, of his own merits. Again, the law-courts were an avenue for political advancement through prosecution, a battle-ground for private enmities and political feuds, a theatre for oratory. The best of arguments was personal abuse. In the allegation of disgusting immorality, degrading pursuits and ignoble origin the Roman politician knew no compunction or limit. Hence the alarming picture of contemporary society revealed by oratory, invective and lampoon.
The Senate Against Antonius
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
HE Senate met on December 20th, convened by tribunes on the specious pretext of taking precautions in advance for the personal safety of the new consuls on the first day of the year, when momentous transactions were announced-as though any individual or party wished to strike down that worthy and innocuous pair, Hirtius and Pansa. The true cause was robably an urgent dispatch from the governor of Cisalpine Gau. Though nothing could be done while Antonius was still consul, Cicero seized the chance to develop a programme for future action. Octavianus had no standing at all before the law, and Brutus was insecure. Antonius was patently in the right when summoning him to surrender the province. That point Cicero could not dispute. He therefore had resort to the most impudent sophistries, delivering a solemn and patriotic panegyric upon treason.1 He demonstrated that if a private army was raised against Antonius, if his troops were mutinous and seditious, Antonius could be no true consul of the Roman People. On the other hand, the adversaries of Antonius deserved full recognition, the soldiery recompense in land and money.
The Second March On Rome
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
HE public enemy was on the run. All that remained was to hound him down. If Lepidus and Plancus held firm in the West, the combined armies of the Republic in northern Italy would have an easy task. So it might seem. Antonius broke away, moving along the Aemilia, on April 22nd. He secured a start of two days, for D. Brutus went to consult Pansa at Bononia, only to find that the consul had succumbed to his wounds; Antonius soon increased his lead, for his army was strong in cavalry. Brutus had none ; and the exhilaration of a victory in which his legions had so small a share could not compensate the ravages of a long siege.
Philippi And Perusia
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
N the first day of the new year Senate and magistrates took a solemn oath to maintain the acts of Caesar the Dictator. More than this, Caesar was enrolled among the gods of the Roman State,1 In the Forum a temple was to be built to the new deity, Divus Julius; and another law made provision for the cult in the towns of ltaly.2 The young Caesar could now designate himself ‘Divi filius’. Under the sign of the avenging of Caesar, the Caesarian armies made ready for war. The leaders decided to employ twenty-eight legions. Eight of these they dispatched in advance across the Adriatic under C. Norbanus Flaccus and L. Decidius Saxa, who marched along the Via Egnatia across Macedonia, passed Philippi, and took up a favourable position, Antonius and Octavianus proposed to follow. Their colleague Lepidus was left behind in nominal charge of Rome and Italy.
The Rise Of Octavianus
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At rundisium Caesar’s heir had again been saved from rum by the name, the fortune and the veterans of Caesar, the diplomacy of his friends and his own cool resolution. Not to mention chance and the incompetence of his enemies, the accidental death of Fufius Calenus and the fatal error of Salvidienus. The compact with Antonius gave standing, security and the possession of the western provinces. He at once dispatched to Gaul and Spain the ablest among his partisans, the trusty and Elebeian Agrippa, now of praetorian standing, and the aristocrat Domitius Calvmus, fresh from his second consulate, with long experience of warfare and little success as a general.
Tota Italia
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
HE year 33 e.c. opened with Octavianus as consul for the second time : with its close, the triumviral powers were to expire. The rivals manoeuvred for position: of compromise, no act or thought. Octavianus moved first. Early in the year he delivered a speech before the Senate, criticizing the acts of Antonius in the East.1 Antonius replied with a manifesto. He took his stand upon legality and upon the plighted word of covenants, which was a mistake. Antonius complained that he had been excluded from raising recruits in Italy; that his own men had been passed over in the allotment of lands; that Octavianus had deposed in arbitrary fashion a colleague in the Triumvirate.z Antonms had already professed readiness to lay down office and join in restoring the Republic.
The Party Of Augustus
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
HE modest origins of the faction of Octavianus stand revealed in the names of the foundation-members; and subsequent accessions have been indicated from time to time, It grew steadily in numbers and in dignity as Caesar’s heir recruited followers and friends from the camps of his adversaries until in the end, by stripping Antonius, it not merely swallowed up the old Caesarian party but secured the adhesion of a large number of Republicans and could masquerade as a national party. Over seven hundred senators accompanied Italy’s leader in the War of Actium, most of them with scorn and hate in their hearts-yet from the salutary compulsion to derive honour and advancement. Of this imposing total, so Augustus proudly affirmed, no fewer than eighty-three either had already held the consulate or were later rewarded with that supreme distinction.
Genealogical Tables
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Hen a party has triumphed in violence and seized control of the State, it would be plain folly to regard the new government as a collection of amiable and virtuous characters. Revolution demands and produces sterner qualities. About the chief persons in the government of the New State, namely the Princeps himself and his allies, Agrippa, Maecenas and Livia, history and scandal have preserved a sufficient testimony to unmask the realities of their rule. The halo of their resplendent fortune may dazzle, but it cannot blind, the critical eye. Otherwise there can be no history of these times deserving the name, but only adulation and a pragmatic justification of success.
The French War
Authors: Bradley Mark Philip 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
‘I unsystematically record the often aching doubts of a shedding of the skin,’ the northern Vietnamese poet Nguyen Dinh Thi wrote in December 1947 just as the first year of the French war came to a close; ‘the old body falling without fully separating, the newly grown young skin not yet strengthened, bleeding at the slightest touch.’1 Nguyen Dinh Thi sought to articulate the soul-searching dilemmas of many Vietnamese intellectuals who supported the Ho Chi Minh government in its war against the French. Deeply sympathetic to the state’s calls to use their talents to represent the struggles of peasants, workers, and soldiers in the French war, Thi and other patriotic intellectuals found it difficult to know how to place their art in the service of state politics and at the same time maintain a sense of themselves as creative artists.
Anaesthesia In Action
Authors: Snow Stephanie J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Patrick Bronte, father of Charlotte, Anne, Branwell, and Emily, wrote to the Leeds Mercury in 1847: Every friend to humanity ought to cry ‘ all hail’ to such a messenger of good tidings ... Having read both sides of the question, and judging from the opinions of some of the most learned, able, and humane of the faculty, it appears to me to be evident, that as it regards the inhalation of the vapour of ether, a great, a useful, and important discovery has been made, and one that ought to be patronized by every friend to humanity.
After the Ice Age
Authors: McGhee Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I Once Spent a Few Hours in the Ice Age. It was a brilliant July day, the sun’s heat comfortably tempered by a cool wind sweeping down from the frozen ocean beyond the ranges to the north. We were sitting in the sunny mouth of a small cave, at the base of a limestone outcrop that protruded like an eroded molar from the hills of the northern Yukon. My friend Jacques CinqMars had discovered Bluefish Cave, and had spent several summers here carefully excavating the bones of ancient animals and the preserved traces of early human activities. Listening to him talk about the place, I idly surveyed the view to the valley below us, and the distant Old Crow Flats sprinkled with shining lakes and veined with channels of running water.
Introduction
Authors: Boehmer Elleke 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is a book about the writing of empire, and about writing in opposition to empire. It looks at a historical series of imaginative acts involved with colonization and its aftermath. The subject is peculiarly large. And the project of critical overview is itself, ironically, almost imperialistic in scope. Indeed what could be more global, or more vast, than the writing of and against empire, unless it is the attempt to generalize about that writing? Our subject, ‘colonial and postcolonial literature’, would on a superficial reading seem to embrace the majority of the world’s modern literatures.
The Two Irelands 1912–1939
Authors: Fitzpatrick David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The partition of Ireland created two states embodying rival ideologies and representing two hostile peoples. This book concerns the revolution which prompted partition, and the legacies of that revolution for the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland. Though less bloody than the nationalist uprising after 1916, Unionist defiance against Home Rule proved equally effective in wresting concessions from a hostile British government. Despite their mutual antagonism, the two revolutionary movements were strikingly similar in their reliance on fraternal solidarity and intolerance of dissent. Both new states were immediately engulfed by civil war, resulting in the ruthless suppression of dissident southern repulicans and northern Catholics. The power of each revolutionary elite was consolidated at the expense of alienating substantial minorities, although republican opponents of the Free State (unlike northern Catholics) eventually joined the democratic process. This is the first sustained attempt to integrate the political history of the two Irelands in the era of revolution and partition. It provides an unexpected and provocative slant on each individual history.
Introduction
Authors: Fitzpatrick David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Between 1912 and 1922, Ireland experienced revolution in several senses. Its constitutional status, as defined in British statutes, was transformed by the dual ‘settlement’ of 1921–2. All but six of Ireland’s thirty-two counties were withdrawn from the United Kingdom as constituted in 1801, becoming a dominion- like ‘Irish Free State’ within the British empire. Six of the nine counties of Ulster became a ‘province’ within the United Kingdom, unique in possessing an autonomous parliament and a form of ‘Home Rule’.
The Earlier Forms of Industry
Authors: Ashton T S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
IN the eighteenth century most of the people of Britain earned their living by work on the land. Conditions of life and labour varied with each small difference of configuration, sub-soil, and climate. But, apart from such diversities, there was one broad contrast that could hardly fail to impress itself on every traveller who rode through the English shires: that between the areas where the fields lay open, stretching unbroken to the horizon, and the areas where they were divided by quickset hedges, stone walls, fences, or rows of trees. The open-field village, with its gradation of lord or squire, freeholders, copyholders, leaseholders, and cottagers, was well suited to the needs of a community producing grain and a small amount of livestock for its own subsistence. But, though it was more adaptable than has sometimes been supposed, it tended to hold by the methods of cultivation and economic relations of the past. Before a system of drainage or a new rotation of crops could be introduced it was necessary to win the assent of a body of men most of whom were satisfied with customary practice and suspicious of change.
The Course of Economic Change
Authors: Ashton T S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
THE industrial revolution is to be thought of as a movement, not as a period of time. Whether it presents itself in England after 1760, in the United States and Germany after 1870, or in Canada, Japan, and Russia in our own day, its character and effects are fundamentally the same. Everywhere it is associated with a growth of population, with the application of science to industry, and with a more intensive and extensive use of capital. Everywhere there is a conversion of rural into urban communities and a rise of new social classes. But in each case the course of the movement has been affected by circumstances of time and place. Many of the social discomforts that have been attributed to the industrial revolution in Britain were, in fact, the result of forces which (for all we know) would still have operated if manufacture had remained undeveloped and there had been no change of economic form.
Black Responses and Black Resistance
Authors: Beinart William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Solomon Plaatje, destined to be the first secretary of the South African Native National Congress (SANNC) in 1912, arrived in Kimberley in 1894. His Tswana-speaking forebears, some of whom had been Christians since the 1830s, acquired their Dutch surname when living with Griqua people. Plaatje was brought up on Lutheran missions near Kimberley and the town was an obvious place of employment for a promising product of their school. He joined the Kimberley Post Office, which in a late Victorian liberal gesture had staffed its telegraph department with graduates of Lovedale, the most prestigious black school in the colony. In 1898 Plaatje moved to Mafikeng as the court interpreter. He played an important role in the South African War, supplying the British forces with intelligence about Boer combatants and African communities.
Insurrection, Fragmentation, and Negotiations, 1984-1994
Authors: Beinart William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If the renaissance of black opposition in the 1970s paved the way for political change, the insurrection of 1984-6 made the process very difficult to reverse. Although white authority partially collapsed during the 1980s and early 1990s, Afrikaners were reluctant to sacrifice power and whites in general protective of their wealth. The Nationalists actively pursued a settlement that might secure the position of whites and satisfy their conception of black aspirations but that would fall short of democratic government in a unitary state. While Botha intensified repression, the state also pursued reformist initiatives that laid the ground for some post-apartheid developments.
War Economy and Inflation
Authors: Feldman Gerald D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The great underlying issue of German politics after 1918 concerned the distribution of the costs of the lost war and, insofar as the domestic, non-reparations costs of the war are concerned, the redistribution of the burdens of the war as they had been determined in preliminary form by the organization and operation of the German war economy. It is necessary, therefore, to penetrate what economist Franz Eulenburg called the “veil of money”1 and get to the more fundamental determinants of the character and consequences of the wartime inflation. Inflation, of course, is a monetary phenomenon, “a decline in the purchasing power of the monetary unit of account,”2 but that does not mean it is self-explanatory. Havenstein was not printing money for the sheer pleasure of it, and he was not free to simply stop the presses. The money supply was increased to make possible the deficit financing of the budget, and the fact that this was done, the manner in which it was done, and the extent to which it was done were all the result of political and socioeconomic decisions taken by the government or of constraints felt by the government as a consequence of real or feared actions and reactions on the part of the groups and classes of which German society was composed. From the very outset, the significant determinants of the German inflation were structural ones.