bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Recruiters in Labor Migration
Authors: Abella Manolo I. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractJob brokering for profit has become an important institution in the market for foreign labour, especially where social networks are not yet established to facilitate migration or where states of employment and origin have not agreed on exclusive systems for recruiting labour. Job brokers or recruiters have successfully organized labour migration between many states, especially where few or no political or economic linkages have existed before. However, recruiting activities have been frequently characterized by fraudulent practices. Little evidence indicates that public authorities’ efforts to protect workers against such practices have been effective.
Return Migration in the Philippines: Issues and Policies
Authors: Battistella Graziano 
Published: August 2004

AbstractReturn migration is a fixed component of temporary labour migration currently organized in Asia. However, as the experience of the Philippines indicates, policies for the reintegration of returning migrants are often difficult to implement and yield poor results. Return should be part of the planning before departure, and policies should focus on providing information, facilitating access to credit, maximizing the use of remittances, favouring local initiatives, and fostering cooperative enterprises. As for other aspects, policies for returning migrants should be part of a cooperative approach to migration between countries of origin and of destination.
Have the Occupational Skills of New Immigrants to the United States Declined Over Time? Evidence from the Immigrant Cohorts of 1977, 1982, and 1994
Authors: Jasso Guillermina 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Examines whether immigrant occupational skills have declined over time using data collected by the US Immigration and Naturalization Service on cohorts of new immigrants admitted in fiscal years 1977, 1982, and 1994. Results indicate that average cohort quality declined slightly among men, but only trivially among women. Cohort changes differ by gender, visa class, and origin country, producing a mix of increases and decreases. On average there is evidence of cohort declines both within countries and within visa classes. The pattern of results suggests that a portion of the decline is due to changes in US immigration law and policies other than family reunification.
Admissions Policies in Europe
Authors: de Wenden Catherine Withol 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Despite the persistence of idiosyncratic characteristics, the trend in Europe's immigration policies is one of convergence in two basic areas: border control and residence rights. Everywhere border control is a priority, and the principle of closure to foreign workers is maintained. Nonetheless, discrepancies remain in the rights each country grants to foreigners, including right to remain, residence status, social rights, and access to work and to citizenship. The Amsterdam Treaty of 1997 raised new issues about the decline of nation‐state sovereignty with the transition from the “third pillar” (intergovernmental decision‐making processes for immigration and asylum) to a “first pillar” (a communalization of decisions). This treaty may lead to the end of European national immigration policies and an end to citizen control over such decisions.
A New Paradigm for the European Asylum Regime
Authors: Joly DaniÈle , Suhrke Astri 
Published: August 2004

AbstractDiscusses trends in the concept and practice of asylum over the last two decades of the twentieth century. Most of these changes took place in the industrialized world, particularly in Europe. The most striking development has been a series of attempts to restrict the rights to asylum under the 1951 Geneva Convention. These attempts took many forms: restricting rights to file applications, stricter interpretation of the Convention's articles, the development of non‐Convention forms of temporary protection, and new measures for reception in regions of origin. As the path toward asylum has narrowed, policies to deal with the refugee problem as a whole have widened. This tendency is expressed in what has come to be called “a comprehensive refugee policy,” which basically consists of interventionist policies that provide protection and humanitarian assistance within countries of origin so as to preempt mass outflows.
The Legacy of Welfare Reform for U.S. Immigrants
Authors: Fix Michael , Zimmermann Wendy 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The 1996 welfare reform law marked a sharp exclusionary turn in US immigrant policy by imposing new and unprecedented bans on the receipt of public benefits by legal immigrants. Although in the years following the law's passage, benefit eligibility was restored to certain classes of immigrants, the law nonetheless represents a watershed in US immigration history. Welfare reform also ushered in a number of normative and institutional changes that, when taken together, had profound “chilling effects” on immigrants’ use of public benefits, even among those who remained eligible. Welfare reform has transformed the governance of immigrant policy by devolving authority over eligibility and responsibility for benefit costs to states.
Controlling International Migration through Enforcement: The Case of the United States
Authors: Bean Frank D. , Spener David A. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSeeks to ascertain the degree to which recent employer sanctions and border interdiction policies in the US have been effective in curtailing international migration in general and Mexican migration, in particular, to the country. Examples are respectively the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) and Operations Hold‐the‐Line and Gatekeeper that involved the saturation of stretches of the border with Border Patrol officers. Evidence about effectiveness is mixed. Migration has continued despite sanctions, but the will and the resources required to enforce such provisions have largely been lacking, thus rendering ambiguous whether it is the ineffectiveness of sanctions per se or their lack of enforcement that fails to deter migration. Border interdiction efforts during the 1990s appear to have been partially successful in that crossings from Mexico have become more difficult and expensive. However, enforcement efforts will have to attain a degree of scale and comprehensiveness not heretofore attempted if they are to have any chance of working. And even then, as long as other channels of interchange between countries (commerce, tourism, etc.) remain open, alternative routes of entry are likely to provide substitute ways for unauthorized migrants to continue to come.
Network Data Collection and its Relevance for the Analysis of STDs: The NHSLS and CHSLS
Authors: Morris Martina 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This chapter describes two related local network studies of HIV-related behavior in the United States conducted in the early and late 1990s: the pioneering nationally representative survey of about 3,500 18–59 year olds, and the subsequent representative survey of about 2,000 respondents from four neighborhoods in Chicago. Both collected information on the attributes of the respondents and their sexual partners; the NHSLS obtained a full partnership history while the CHSLS collected information only on the last two partners. In addition, CHSLS collected geographic network information. The chapter reviews the study design, fieldwork experience and measurement of network characteristics, and concludes by presenting a sampling of findings from studies using the network data.
Network Dynamism: History and Lessons of the Colorado Springs Study
Authors: Morris Martina 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis chapter describes the pioneering longitudinal partial network data collected by the Colorado Springs research team in 1990-95 to assess HIV and STD transmission potential in the region. The design was based on an intensive sampling of high-risk places, and included an adaptive sampling component. The survey collected information on the attributes of the respondents and their sexual, injection and close social partners, attributes of the partnerships, geographic network information, behaviors within the partnership, and alter adjacency. Data were collected from about 600 respondents, who in turn nominated over 35,000 partners. The chapter reviews the study design, fieldwork experience and measurement of network characteristics, and concludes by presenting a sampling of findings from studies using the network data.
The Collection and Analysis of Social Network Data in Nang Rong, Thailand
Authors: Morris Martina 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This chapter describes the network data collected by the CEP-CPC Study of Social Change in Nang Rong, Thailand in 1994-95. The purpose of the study was to monitor and understand the sweeping demographic and social changes occurring in this province. The data collection included a community profile, household survey, and migrant follow-up in 51 villages with over 7,300 households and 42,000 persons. The household survey collected kin and agricultural support network data within and between villages, with household geographic coordinates; all households within a village were surveyed, so the within-village networks are complete. The chapter reviews the study design, fieldwork experience and measurement of network characteristics, and concludes by presenting a sampling of findings from studies using the network data.
Creation and Conservation
Authors: Rundle Bede 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The preceding account of causation reveals it as bound to the physical every bit as much as are length, breadth, and depth. This makes any conception of divine agency difficult to defend, and a further problem is to be found in the consideration that a divine act, as of creation, would have to be temporally extended. God's relation to time is discussed, and it is argued that there is no call for an appeal to a creative act to explain the continuing existence of the universe.
Essence and Existence
Authors: Rundle Bede 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIt is difficult to see how purely philosophical considerations might lead to an understanding of why there should be anything at all. After looking at the cosmological and ontological arguments for the existence of God, and considering issues associated with the notions of essence and existence, a negative answer is returned to the question whether it makes sense to suppose that there might have been nothing. No particular being had to be, but there had to be something. This leads on to a discussion of the question whether it can be said that the universe began to exist, as Big Bang cosmologies would appear to imply.
Matter and Abstractions
Authors: Rundle Bede 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Granted that there has to be something, the question arises why reality has taken the form it has. The possibilities divide into the physical, the supernatural, the mental, and the abstract (the principal category of interest within the latter being that of number). The supernatural has already been ruled out, and it is argued that, while neither the mental nor the abstract is in any way fundamental, if anything at all exists, there must be a physical reality. Some light is thrown on the contentious topic of necessary existence by a consideration of mathematical necessity.
Mind and Agency
Authors: Rundle Bede 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The claim of mind to be more basic than matter is considered, as also its relation to agency. Spirits, forces, and energy are then discussed, and our conclusion is reinforced that, while it is nonsensical to hold that everything is material, we can maintain that, if anything exists, matter does, on the grounds that it is only in matter that the necessary independent existence is to be found.
Objectifying Demographic Identities
Authors: Kreager Philip 
Published: August 2004

AbstractOver the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, demographic models, measures, and categories have played an influential role in identifying the groups of which modern societies are composed. By constituting the characteristics and problems of groups as objects of scientific inquiry and public intervention, demographic methods work to enfranchise (or disenfranchise) them for various purposes. As part of Europe's relations with colonial and post‐colonial states, demographic methods have helped shape a wide range of popular identities, as well as ordinary people's experience of basic vital processes. Understanding the impacts of demographic practice requires us to depart from the conventional view that population data and analysis merely represent social and biological phenomena. The impacts arise not only from eugenic and other biases that may shape demographic categories, but are integral to the actuarial matrix of what are usually considered purely formal modelling and quantitative methods. ‘Demographic nominalism’, i.e. the historical consequences of fixing the flow of vital and social events into discrete classificatory schemes and formal models, is examined in terms of three available historical approaches, and illustrated by instances drawn from the demography of Indian castes.
Malthus' Anti-Rhetorical Rhetoric, or, on the Magical Conversion of the Imaginary into the Real
Authors: Briggs Charles L. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBeyond the theory of population growth for which it is famous, Thomas Malthus's Essay on Population, published in 1798, urged systematic empirical investigation of the ‘manners and customs’ of ‘the lower classes’. Argues that Malthus's logic rests on particular constructions of mind, language, and inequality and a rhetorical posture that purports to reject rhetoric. These notions enabled Malthus to privilege seemingly abstract, decontextualized, ahistorical, universal knowledge about population and to transform issues of poverty and social inequality, raised at the time in philosophic debates and street battles waged by an impoverished proletariat, into phenomena that could be measured in purportedly objective, quantitative, and politically neutral terms —and so become objects of state regulation. Since constructions of language and rhetoric continue to inform ways of constructing and legitimating social inequalities-such as those associated with new global economic and military regimes —critically assessing how they are embedded in science, public policy, and popular culture is an important desideratum.
Racial/Colour Categorization in US and Brazilian Censuses
Authors: Nobles Melissa 
Published: August 2004

AbstractProvides an abbreviated history of racial categorization in American and Brazilian censuses from each country's first census in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries up through the 2000 census. It argues against the view that census bureaux are disconnected from larger political developments or that racial data are innocuous demographic data. For most of their countries’ histories, state officials, (social) scientists, and politicians tightly controlled American and Brazilian census‐taking and the social categories deployed. Over the past thirty years in the US and the past twenty years in Brazil, groups within civil society have organized and lobbied to have methods of categorization altered. Categorization is now a ‘bottom up’ process and not only a ‘top down’ process.
Internal Diaspora and State Imagination: Colombia's Failure to Envision a Nation
Authors: Villaveces-Izquierdo Santiago 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The increasing intensification of Colombia's internal wars since 1990 has exacted a heavy toll in uprooting large segments of the country's rural population. As of 2002, it was estimated that 2.9 million Colombians (of a total of 42 million) had become internally displaced. The lack of census variables that capture the dynamics and impact of such dramatic demographic flux has produced a statistical conundrum that hides the crisis from policy‐making spheres as well as from political debates, creating an ‘official invisibility’. Explores the way in which an official ‘narrative’ can obliterate the political standing of the forms of ‘otherness’ that it creates through such state classificatory devices as the census, vital statistics, laws, and maps.
Users, Non-users, Clients, and Help-seekers: The Use of Categories in Research on Health Behaviour
Authors: Obermeyer Carla Makhlouf 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Using two examples of research on health behaviour that combined quantitative and qualitative methods, this analysis shows that information that captures the perspectives of users can be at odds with the categories that predominate in demographic and public health analyses. The first case, from Egypt, illustrates the contradictory nature of the categories in which individuals are implicitly classified as consumer‐clients, citizens, or simply as individuals trying to find their way through a complicated system. It shows how these contradictory categorizations reflect the political context of health care. The second case, from Morocco, demonstrates how ethnographic research can question the relevance of survey categories such as users and non‐users of maternal health services. The research project found that the dichotomy between users and non‐users, which was crucial for statistical analyses, was challenged by evidence that detailed the more complex behaviour and attitudes of the majority of women regarding health care. Both cases show that integrating ethnography and statistical analyses can help reformulate research questions and lead to very different policy recommendations.
Etic and Emic Categories in Male Sexual Health: A Case Study from Orissa
Authors: Collumbien Martine , Bohidar Nabesh , Das Ram , Das Braj , Pelto Pertti 
Published: August 2004

AbstractPresents a case study from intervention research on male sexual health in eastern India. Focused ethnographic research shows that men's concerns about sexual health comprise a complex array of symptoms. Many of these are not directly related to sexual transmission but reflect psycho‐sexual concerns about semen loss. The understanding of this local perspective, with its emic categories, challenges the public health paradigms currently adopted in HIV interventions, based on the biomedical model of sexual health and associated etic categories. To be effective, sexual health services need to go beyond the biomedical diagnosis and treatment of sexually transmitted infections.
Re-contextualizing the Female-headed Household: Culture and Agency in Uganda
Authors: Davis Paula Jean 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe household is a standard social category used in demographic census and survey work around the world where it is taken to represent both the family and the basic economic unit of society. From an anthropological perspective, however, there can be a great difference between ‘the household’ as defined by demographers and the concrete networks of kinship relations that extend beyond the household and connect certain households to one another. It is shown that the women in urban Kampala, who would be demographically enumerated as residing in female‐headed households, in fact typically form, as ‘Senga aunts’, an integral part of a dual family household paired with a rurally located brother's household. Application of the conventional demographic category of household can only result in a complete misreading of family structure and economic relationships in this part of Africa. Routine demographic practices such as household surveys are of questionable value without more careful attention to the local contexts in which active agents create their culturally diverse household forms.
Spillovers, Subdivisions, and Flows: Questioning the Usefulness of ‘Bounded Container’ as the Dominant Spatial Metaphor in Demography
Authors: Adams John W. , Kasakoff Alice B. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractFoundational ‘bounded container’ models of demography do not allow for spillovers or subdivisions, and hence yield misleading statistical means. Four other spatial models are presented; a space of ‘flows’ is preferred because it accounts well for mid‐nineteenth‐century migration in the American North. Men born in different regions within New England, and into rich and poor social classes, entered different migration streams.
Entitlement, Truth, and Content
Authors: Peacocke Christopher 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
States and defends the first principle of rationalism, The Special Truth‐Conduciveness Thesis, which illustrates the connection between entitlement to form a given belief and the belief's truth. The principle holds that a fundamental and irreducible part of what makes a transition one to which a thinker is entitled is that the transition tends to lead to true judgements in a distinctive way characteristic of rational transitions. The author then defends this principle and its commitments against a variety of challenges, notably against two extreme views on the role the notion of evidence plays in the individuation of concepts and meanings. On one view evidence has no part at all to play in the individuation of concepts, and on the other, Quinean, view meanings are not merely partially, but exclusively a matter of certain evidential relations. The author challenges both views and suggests a middle way which his Generalised Rationalism is able to tread.
Explaining Perceptual Entitlement
Authors: Peacocke Christopher 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Concerns itself with explaining the conclusion of the preceding chapter, namely that there is an entitlement to take experiences with instance‐individuated contents at face value. The author explains this by, first, formulating and defending a general principle about the explanation of complexity; second, establishing that this general principle applies to the explanation of the occurrence of experiences with instance‐individuated contents, and does so in such a way as to support the presumption that the contents of such experiences are correct; third, arguing that this application to perceptual states provides the philosophical explanation of why one is entitled to take experiences with instance‐individuated contents at face value.
A Priori Entitlement
Authors: Peacocke Christopher 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
States and defends the third principle of rationalism, The Generalised Rationalist Thesis, which holds that all instances of the entitlement relation, both absolute and relative, are fundamentally a priori. Even if a thinker's entitlement to a transition is provided by certain experiences of hers, her entitlement to make that transition from those experiences cannot itself be provided by certain experiences of hers. The author defends the third principle by appeal to two considerations: first, if the epistemological significance of experience was itself not knowable a priori, then making any particular transition on the basis of that experience could not be rational, and so a thinker could not be entitled to make that transition. Thus, if we are to be entitled to make any transition on the basis of experience, the principle that entitles us to make that transition must be knowable a priori, whether or not we happen to know it. The second consideration in defence of the third principle rests on a general conception of what it is for a proposition or transition to be a priori. According to this conception, a proposition or transition is a priori just in case its truth or truth‐conduciveness can be explained from the nature of its content, or of the states that it involves. According to this conception, the third principle is a corollary of the first two principles, and so our defence of those two principles should serve to defend the third principle as well.