bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of the self‐sustaining discharge gas sensor with a carbon nanotube cathode
Authors: Li Xin , Bai Peng , Liu Junhua , Zhu Chang‐Chun 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis method, which recognizes the species and concentration of gases by its Townsand discharge I–V curve, provides good stability and selectivity. Among the many factors affecting Townsand discharge, the most important one is the shape of the electrode. Four kinds of tip electrode are developed and discussed in this paper: metal, tungsten, carbon nanotube‐covered metal and carbon nanotube‐covered tungsten. The electric field of the tungsten tip is higher than that of the metal tip. If covered with carbon nanotube, the electric fields of both tips are threefold higher. Of the two tips, the carbon nanotube‐covered tungsten tip is the most promising. The large space between the two electrodes, which is 1.65 mm, helps the gas flow and the gas sensor recovery from electron affinity. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of surface treatment on printed carbon nanotube field emitters
Authors: Ren Hao , Deng S. Z. , Chen Jun , She J. C. , Xu N. S. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe effects of different surface treatments on printed carbon nanotube thick‐film field emitters are described. Surface treatments using chemical etching and physical plasma etching techniques were purposely developed. The surface morphology and field emission properties of the carbon nanotube emitters after different surface treatments were characterized. It was found that the etching processes can effectively improve the field emission property through increasing the extent of protrusion of carbon nanotubes out of the surface of emitters, resulting in an increase in the field enhancement factor β. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Template‐based synthesis of carbon nanofibres and their field emission characteristics
Authors: Wu Q. B. , Ren S. , Deng S. Z. , Chen Jun , She J. C. , Xu N. S. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA synthesis technique based on an anodic aluminium oxide (AAO) template was developed to synthesize carbon nanofibres via thermal decomposition of acetylene using nickel as a catalyst. The structure and morphology of the nanofibres were studied with scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. It was found that most of the carbon nanofibres have a diameter of 150 nm, similar to that of the template nanopores. Also, they have novel shapes. Their electron field emission property was measured and a threshold field of 6.6 MV m−1 was observed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brightness of electron beam emitted from a single pentagon on a multiwall carbon nanotube tip
Authors: Hata Koichi , Takakura Akihiro , Ohshita Akinori , Saito Yahachi 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA capped multiwall carbon nanotube with a clean surface gives field emission patterns consisting of six pentagonal rings corresponding to pentagons located at the tip. To evaluate the optical properties of a single pentagon as an electron source, the I–V characteristics and angular current densities for a single clean pentagon have been measured by probe‐hole‐type field emission microscopy. Reduced brightness estimated from the angular current density and the geometrical size of the pentagon reached ∼5.6 × 109 A m−2 sr−1 V−1 at an emission current of 53 nA. This value is one order of magnitude or more higher than that of an individual multiwall carbon nanotube field emitter reported by Jonge et al. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of N‐ethylmaleimide on transmitter release from the skeletal neuromuscular junction of Bufo marinus
Authors: Knight D. , Bellingham M.C. , Lavidis N.A. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractN‐ethylmaleimide (NEM) has been used extensively in biochemical assays as an inhibitor of the NEM sensitive fusion protein (NSF). However, examination of the effect of NEM on transmitter release in more physiologically relevant preparations has proved inconclusive. In the present study, we have examined the effect of low concentrations of NEM on synaptic transmission in intact nerve‐muscle preparations from toads (Bufo marinus). Under conditions of low transmitter release probability (0.3 mM calcium, 1 mM magnesium), treatment with NEM (10 μM) caused a significant increase in the amplitude of stimulus‐evoked endplate potentials (EPPs) and a significant increase in the frequency of spontaneously occurring miniature EPPS (MEPPS) without affecting the amplitude of MEPPs. When the calcium concentration in the bath was raised to 4 mM, 10 μM NEM had no effect on EPP amplitude. Under these conditions, NEM treatment reduced paired pulse facilitation and increased depression during stimulus trains. Treatment with NEM also resulted in a significant decrease in the synaptic delay. The effects of NEM on transmitter release in the present study were not due to inactivation of G‐proteins. The results of the present study show a calcium‐dependent facilitation of stimulus‐evoked transmitter release by NEM. These results are discussed in terms of the possible sites of NEM action leading to the observed changes in transmitter release. Synapse 53:151–158, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Erste vertikale In‐line Fertigungsanlage für OLEDs. New vertical in‐line solution for OLED production
Authors: Fuchs Frank 
Published: June 2004

AbstractDas Unternehmen Applied Films hat ein vertikales In‐Line Verfahren zur Herstellung organischer lichtemittierender Dioden (OLEDs) entwickelt. Es zeichnet sich insbesondere durch hohe Durchsatzleistungen und effiziente Materialausnutzung aus. Die Herstellung von OLEDs im industriellen Maßstab rückt damit näher. Derzeit wird das Verfahren am Fraunhofer Institut für Photonische Mikrosysteme in Dresden getestet.
Entwicklungstendenzen von Vakuumpumpen für die Grob‐ und Feinvakuumtechnik. Developing trends of vacuum pumps for the roughly and fine vacuum technology
Authors: Surek D. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractGegenwärtig wird Grob‐ und Feinvakuum in technischen Anlagen vorwiegend mit rotierenden Verdrängerpumpen und einigen speziellen Strömungsmaschinen sowie mittels Kombinationen dieser Pumpen erzeugt. Dabei vollzog sich in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten eine bemerkenswerte Veränderung der eingesetzten Bauarten von Vakuumpumpen und ihrer Parameter, die bis zum heutigen Tag nicht abgeschlossen ist. Sie wird sich auch zukünftig mit der Weiterentwicklung von Vakuumpumpen und mit der Neuentwicklung von Maschinen und anlagentechnischen Anforderungen fortsetzen.Im folgenden Beitrag werden, ausgehend von dem heutigen Entwicklungsstand der meist verwendeten Vakuumpumpen, einige aussichtsreiche Entwicklungstendenzen für die nähere Zukunft skizziert. Das ist sinnvoll, weil in den vergangenen Jahrzehnten wichtige Anwendungsbereiche wie z. B. die Lebensmittelindustrie oder die mikroelektronische und die pharmazeutische Industrie hinzukamen.
Surgical Treatment of Portal Vein Cavernous Transformation
Authors: Zhang Hongkun , Zhang Nan , Li Ming , Jin Wei , Pan Songlin 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe aim of this study was to explore the treatment of portal cavernous transformation (PVCT). The surgical treatment of 18 patients with PVCT was studied retrospectively. Eight patients underwent mesocaval shunt with artificial grafts, two patients had splenectomy and disconnection, three patients had a central splenorenal shunt, and six patients had a distal splenorenal shunt. There were no deaths or hepatic encephalopathy after operation. Bleeding recurred in two patients (disconnection in one, mesocaval shunt in one). The individualized choice of shunt is ideal for treating PVCT, and the combined procedures of shunt and disconnection are useful. The Rex shunt will be the focus of PVCT surgery in the future.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression and Neovascularization in Barrett’s Carcinoma
Authors: Möbius Christian , Stein Hubert J. , Becker Ingrid , Feith Marcus , Theisen Jörg , Gais Peter , Jütting Uta , Siewert J. Rüdiger 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAngiogenesis is essential for tumor growth and metastasis. An association between microvessel density, a measure of tumor angiogenesis, and conventional prognostic variables has been shown for many tumor entities. For Barrett’s carcinoma, the results are controversial. Immature vessels formed in tumors are structurally and functionally different from those in mature vessels. The relation between mature and immature vessels as a prognostic factor for Barrett’s carcinoma has not been assessed. Specimens from 45 R0‐resected Barrett’s carcinomas were immunostained for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), CD 31, and smooth muscle α‐actin to discriminate between mature and immature vessels. VEGF staining was evaluated quantitatively by measuring optical density with a new computer‐based program and expressed as a percentage of the staining (juvenile placental tissue) on control slides. The neovascularization coefficient (i.e., the relation between mature and immature vessels) was estimated with an interactive analytic computer program. The median survival of the study group was 45.7 months. The neovascularization coefficient correlated with the histopathologic classification (p < 0.001). Survival time in patients with a low neovascularization coefficient was significantly better than the survival time in patients with a high neovascularization coefficient (p = 0.021). VEGF expression did not correlate with clinicopathologic data (p > 0.05) or with patient survival (p > 0.05). The tumors with a high neovascularization coefficient did not have significantly elevated VEGF expression. Based on a strong quantitative computer evaluation program, the present study indicates that neovascularization has an important impact on the survival of patients with Barrett’s carcinoma. However, VEGF does not appear to be the vascular growth factor stimulating neovascularization in Barrett’s carcinoma patients.
Redifferentiation of human hepatoma cells induced by synthesized coumarin
Authors: Pan Jing , Zhang Qi , Zhao Chen‐yang , Zheng Rong‐liang 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe effects of synthesized 7‐OH‐4‐CH3‐coumarin on proliferation and differentiation of human hepatoma carcinoma cell line, SMMC‐7721, were examined. Results showed that 7‐OH‐4‐CH3‐coumarin suppressed the proliferation of the SMMC‐7721 cells in a dose‐dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 356±1.8 mM, while concentrations ≥ 200 mM could trigger differentiation. After treatment with this compound at 100 mM, the growth curve of human hepatoma cells decreased markedly. When treated with 50 and 100 mM, the cells' electrophoresis rate decreased from 2.2 mm/s/V/cm in the control group to 1.5 and 1.8 mm/s/V/cm, respectively, and the α‐fetoprotein content decreased from 123 ng/mg in the control group to 68 and 45 ng/mg, respectively. The microvilli on the surface of treated cells were also reduced. All the above indexes related to cell malignancy were alleviated significantly. Results showed that 7‐OH‐4‐CH3‐coumarin could reverse human hepatoma cells' malignant phenotypic characteristics and induce redifferentiation.
The role of personality disorders on drug dependence treatment outcomes following inpatient detoxification
Authors: Haro G. , Mateu C. , Martínez-Raga J. , Valderrama J.C. , Castellano M. , Cervera G. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAimsThe present 6 month follow-up study was conducted to investigate the possible influence of comorbid personality disorders on drug treatment, as well as associated psychopathology and HIV-related risk behaviors outcomes.Subjects and methodsData were collected initially from a consecutive sample of 74 patients with a diagnosis of opiate abuse or dependence, admitted for inpatient detoxification.ResultDuring intake, 80.9% of patients reported at least one HIV-related risk behavior in the previous 6 months. Not using condoms during sexual intercourse was the most common and the only risk behavior that showed a statistically significant reduction over the follow-up period. A total of 58.1% of subjects had at least one personality disorder (PD). Borderline PD was the most prevalent. However, antisocial PD was the only PD that influenced substance use outcomes. The presence of this diagnosis increased the chance of worse opiate use outcomes, but decreased likelihood of not using condoms. Patients with low obsessive–compulsive PD dimensional scores showed a significant increase in the number of risk behaviors. However, these influences were only seen at the 3-month follow-up assessment.ConclusionsThese results suggest that personality disorders need to be considered when planning effective interventions for opiate dependent individuals and when preparing and evaluating HIV risk-reduction interventions, particularly for the more severe substance dependent patients.
Lead alters parathyroid hormone‐related peptide and transforming growth factor‐β1 effects and AP‐1 and NF‐κKB signaling in chondrocytes
Authors: Zuscik Michael J. , Pateder Dhruv B. , Edward Puzas J. , Schwarz Edward M. , Rosier Randy N. , O'Keefe Regis J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe skeletal system is an important target for lead toxicity. One of the impacts of lead in the skeleton, the inhibition of axial bone development, is likely due to its effect on the normal progression of chondrocyte maturation that is central to the process of endochondral ossification. Since little is known about the effect of lead on chondrocyte function/maturation, its impact on (1) growth factor‐induced proliferation, (2) expression of maturation‐specific markers type X collagen and BMP‐6, and (3) the activity of AP‐1 and NF‐κB was examined in chick growth plate and sternal chondrocyte models. Exposure to lead alone (1–30 μM) resulted in a dose‐dependent inhibition of thymidine incorporation in growth plate chondrocytes. Lead also blunted the stimulation of thymidine incorporation by parathyroid hormone‐related peptide (PTHrP) and transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1), two critical regulators of chondrocyte maturation. Lead (1 and 10 μM), TGF‐β1 (3 ng/ml) and PTHrP (10−7 M) all significantly inhibited the expression of type X collagen, a marker of chondrocyte terminal differentiation. However, when in combination, lead completely reversed the inhibition of type X collagen by PTHrP and TGF‐β1. The effect of lead on BMP‐6, an inducer of terminal differentiation, was also examined. Independently, lead and TGF‐β1 were without effect on BMP‐6 expression, but PTHrP significantly suppressed it. Comparatively, lead did not alter PTHrP‐mediated suppression of BMP‐6, but in combination with TGF‐β1, BMP‐6 expression was increased 3‐fold. To determine if lead effects on signaling might play a role in facilitating these events, the impact of lead on NF‐κKB and AP‐1 signaling was assessed using luciferase reporter constructs in sternal chondrocytes. Lead had no effect on the AP‐1 reporter, but it dose‐dependently inhibited the NF‐κB reporter. PTHrP, which signals through AP‐1, did not activate the NF‐κKB reporter and did not affect inhibition of this reporter by lead. In contrast, PTHrP activation of the AP‐1 reporter was dose‐dependently enhanced by lead. These findings, which establish that chondrocytes are important targets for lead toxicity, suggest that the effects of lead on bone growth are derived from its impact on the modulation of chondrocyte maturation by growth factors and second messenger signaling responses. © 2002 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, physical health, and health care utilization 50 years after repeated exposure to a toxic gas
Authors: Ford Julian D. , Schnurr Paula P. , Friedman Matthew J. , Green Bonnie L. , Adams Gary , Jex Steve 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe posttraumatic sequelae of contaminant exposure are a contemporary international concern due to the threats posed to military personnel and civilians by war and bioterrorism. The role of PTSD symptoms as a mediator between potentially traumatic toxin exposure and physical health outcomes was examined with structural equation modeling in a probability sample of 302 male World War II‐era U.S. military veterans 50 years after exposure to mustard gas tests. Controlling for age and psychological distress, the most parsimonious structural model involved PTSD symptoms mediating the relationship between toxin exposure and physical health problems, and physical health problems mediating the relationship between PTSD symptoms and outpatient health care utilization. Implications for researchers, mental health clinicians, and health care providers are discussed.
An experimental study of emotional responding in women with posttraumatic stress disorder related to interpersonal violence
Authors: Orsillo Susan M. , Batten Sonja V. , Plumb Jennifer C. , Luterek Jane A. , Roessner Bonnie M. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractAlthough posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is defined by the experience of intense negative emotions and emotional numbing (American Psychiatric Association, 1994), empirical study of emotional responding in PTSD has been limited. This study examined emotional responding among women with and without PTSD to positive and negative film stimuli across self‐reported experience, facial expression, and written expression. Consistent with previous findings, no evidence for generalized numbing was found. In general, women with PTSD exhibited higher levels of negative activation and expressed more negative emotion words to both positive and negative film stimuli, whereas no group differences emerged in facial expressivity. Results are interpreted within the context of the current literature on emotional deficits associated with PTSD.
Nightmares, insomnia, and sleep‐disordered breathing in fire evacuees seeking treatment for posttraumatic sleep disturbance
Authors: Krakow Barry , Haynes Patricia L. , Warner Teddy D. , Santana Erin , Melendrez Dominic , Johnston Lisa , Hollifield Michael , Sisley Brandy N. , Koss Mary , Shafer Laura 
Published: May 2004

AbstractEight months after the Cerro Grande Fire, 78 evacuees seeking treatment for posttraumatic sleep disturbances were assessed for chronic nightmares, psychophysiological insomnia, and sleep‐disordered breathing symptoms. Within this sample, 50% of participants were tested objectively for sleep‐disordered breathing; 95% of those tested screened positive for sleep‐disordered breathing. Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that these three sleep disorders accounted for 37% of the variance in posttraumatic stress symptoms, and each sleep disorder was significantly and independently associated with posttraumatic stress symptoms severity. The only systematic variable associated with posttraumatic stress symptoms of avoidance was sleep‐disordered breathing. The findings suggest that three common sleep disorders relate to posttraumatic stress symptoms in a more complex manner than explained by the prevailing psychiatric paradigm, which conceptualizes sleep disturbances in PTSD merely as secondary symptoms of psychiatric distress.
Posttraumatic mental and physical health correlates of forgiveness and religious coping in military veterans
Authors: Witvliet C. V. O. , Phipps K. A. , Feldman M. E. , Beckham J. C. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis study assessed mental and physical health correlates of dispositional forgiveness and religious coping responses in 213 help‐seeking veterans diagnosed with PTSD. Controlling for age, socioeconomic status, ethnicity, combat exposure, and hostility, the results indicated that difficulty forgiving oneself and negative religious coping were related to depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptom severity. Difficulty forgiving others was associated with depression and PTSD symptom severity, but not anxiety. Positive religious coping was associated with PTSD symptom severity in this sample. Further investigations that delineate the relevance of forgiveness and religious coping in PTSD may enhance current clinical assessment and treatment approaches.
Emotional deficits in military‐related PTSD: An investigation of content and process disturbances
Authors: Monson Candice M. , Price Jennifer L. , Rodriguez Benjamin F. , Ripley Moira P. , Warner Reid A. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractTo expound on the nature of emotional deficits in PTSD, the current study investigated the relationships among emotion content and process variables and PTSD symptomatology in a sample of 85 veterans with military‐related trauma. Alexithymic externally oriented thinking and negative affectivity emerged as the most consistent predictors of PTSD symptoms; however, depression was the only variable associated with emotional numbing. Theoretical and clinical implications of these findings are discussed, as well as future research directions including the collateral and clinician assessment of emotional functioning, use of other process measures, and inclusion of various control groups.
Molecular Analysis of GAA Repeats and Four Linked Bi‐allelic Markers in and Around the Frataxin Gene in Patients and Normal Populations from India
Authors: Chattopadhyay B. , Gupta S. , Gangopadhyay P. K. , Das S. K. , Roy T. , Mukherjee S. C. , Sinha K. K. , Singhal B. S. , Bhattacharyya N. P. 
Published: June 2004

SummaryFriedreich ataxia (FRDA), the most common type of ataxia worldwide, is an autosomal recessive disease. Homozygous expansion of GAA repeats in the first intron of the frataxin gene constitute the major type of mutation that causes the disease. The prevalence of FRDA in diverse ethnic populations of India has not been widely studied. We have studied the distribution of polymorphic GAA repeats in the frataxin gene among 6 clinically diagnosed patients and 160 ethnically matched normal individuals, to gather information on the prevalence of FRDA in the eastern part of India. Homozygous expansion in the range of 250–730 GAA repeats was detected among the patients. Among normal individuals, we observed a unimodal distribution of GAA repeats, consisting of 10 different alleles ranging from 7 to 16 GAA repeats, where the 9 repeat allele had maximal frequency. Only 5.9% of all chromosomes were found to harbour >12 GAA repeats. Haplotype analysis using closely linked four bi‐allelic markers in and around the frataxin gene indicated that 66.7% of the expanded alleles harbour the ATCC haplotype that has been reported worldwide. This haplotype was present in 53.3% of the chromosomes with >12 GAA repeats, and accounted for only 3.8% of chromosomes with 7 to 12 GAA repeats. We found one novel haplotype, ACCT, among the expanded alleles as well as among normal individuals, though at low frequency; this haplotype may be characteristic of Indian populations.
Notes on the Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Haplotype Frequencies
Authors: Mano S. , Yasuda N. , Katoh T. , Tounai K. , Inoko H. , Imanishi T. , Tamiya G. , Gojobori T. 
Published: June 2004

SummaryThe maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) is one of the most popular ways to estimate haplotype frequencies of a population with genotype data whose linkage phases are unknown. The MLE is commonly implemented in the use of the Expectation‐Maximization (EM) algorithm. It is known that the EM algorithm carries the risk that an estimator may converge erroneously to one of the local maxima or saddle points of the likelihood surface, resulting in serious errors in the MLE of haplotype frequencies. In this note, by theoretical treatments we present the necessary and sufficient conditions that the local maxima or saddle points on the likelihood surface appear. As a rule of thumb, that the difference between the coupling and repulsive haplotype frequencies in phase known individuals is 3/2 times larger than the frequency of phase ambiguous individuals is the sufficient condition that the likelihood surface is unimodal. Moreover, we present the analytic solution to the biallelic two‐locus problem, and construct a general algorithm to obtain the global maximum.