bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Welsh Patagonian Connection: A Neglected Chapter in Australian Immigration History
Authors: Langfield Michele 
Published: March 2003

This article is an account of the history of Welsh migrants to Patagonia from 1865 to 1914, their motivations for emigrating, their experiences in Argentina, and the subsequent relocation of several hundred to the British dominions in the early twentieth century.The focus in the first part of the article is on the nature of those who went from Patagonia to Australia between 1910 and 1915 and the migration of a group of Australians to Paraguay in the 1890s. The second half of the article examines the experiences of the Welsh Patagonians in Australia, their relationships with federal and state governments in the light of the intense rivalry to procure them as settlers, and their involvement in two New South Wales Royal Commissions concerning the operations of the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area.The article concludes with a discussion on the degree to which a Welsh cultural heritage and identity has been preserved by these settlers in an assimilationist post‐Federation Australia. Not only is this a unique double migration experience, but it calls into question immigration encouragement policies and official advertising material during this period, a history which parallels other land settlement schemes of both the pre‐ and post‐war eras in Australia.
Home, Work and Community: Skilled International Migration and Expatriate Women in Singapore
Authors: Yeoh Brenda S.A. , Khoo Louisa‐May 
Published: March 2003

While skilled labour migration across international borders is a phenomenon of increasing significance in the age of globalization and an important component in the production of global cities, it has not been given sufficient attention in traditional migration analyses.Recent research has focused on institutional mechanisms regulating the patterns of skill transfer rather than the individual experience of being part of the international labour circuit. Women, in particular, have usually been relegated to the role of “trailing spouses” and are generally invisible in the migration process.Using a questionnaire survey and in‐depth interviews, this article attempts to reinstate the importance of women’s roles by portraying them as active agents who adopt a range of strategies in negotiating the move and coming to terms with the transformations wrought by the move in the domains of home, work and community. It argues that skilled labour migration is a strongly gendered process, producing different sets of experiences for the men and women involved in it.While international circulation often represents “career moves” for expatriate men, their spouses often experience a devalorization of their productive functions and a relegation to the domestic sphere. As an adaptive strategy, expatriate women often turn to the social and community sphere to reach for grounding in their lives.The article also points to the diversity of “expatriate experiences”: while “western” expatriates tend to recreate a more exclusive world by drawing on strong institutional support, “Asian” expatriates find that they have to navigate much finer social and cultural divides between themselves and the host society.
Forced Migration and Destination Choice: Armenian Forced Settlers and Refugees in the Russian Federation
Authors: Riddle Liesl A. , Buckley Cynthia 
Published: March 2003

Many analysts have criticized resettlement institutions for placing displaced people in inappropriate and desolate areas. This article seeks to determine the extent to which the Russian Federal Migration Service (FMS) plays an active, systematic role in the placement of dislocated peoples, focusing on refugees (bezhentsii) and forced settlers (pereselentsii) in the Russian Federation arriving from the Republic of Armenia.Using data on regional‐level forced migrations flows, we investigate structural‐ and choice‐based models for the prediction of settlement patterns.Findings indicate that variables associated with models of individual choice best predict the resettlement pattern for forced settlers and refugees from the Armenian Republic in the Russian Federation. Our findings question previously held assumptions regarding the meaning of refugee status and the influence of institutions on settlement location patterns.
Immigrants in a Restructuring Economy: A Partial Test of Theories
Authors: Menahem Gila , Spiro Shimon E. 
Published: March 2003

The article addresses the occupational integration of immigrants from the former USSR into the economy of the city of Tel Aviv. This process is examined from a structural perspective, which focuses on the location of immigrants as a group in the restructuring economy of Israel’s main business centre.Data from labour force surveys and income surveys conducted in 1992 and 1994 by Israel’s Central Bureau of Statistics are used to analyse the distribution of veteran Israelis and recent immigrants among economic sectors and occupations.Despite their superior academic and professional qualifications, immigrants were underrepresented in the business and financial services sector, the leading sector in post‐industrial economies. They were most strongly represented in the personal services sector, where they replaced Palestinian workers. The findings lend support to both the restructuring and replacement hypotheses.
Distribution, Inequality and Concentration of Incomeamong Older Immigrants in Canada
Authors: Basavarajappa K.G. 
Published: March 2003

While there are many studies on differences in earnings between immigrants and the native‐born or among immigrant groups, they do not consider distribution and concentration of income among immigrants explicitly. These aspects are important for understanding the distribution of economic welfare and consumer behaviour among members and hence are policy relevant.Using the 1991 Census data, the distribution and concentration of incomehave been examined among 15 broad birthplace groups for population aged55 years and over. About 19 per cent of males and 15 per cent of femalesreceive less than half the median income and obtain 5 per cent and 3 per centof the aggregate income respectively. About 30 per cent of males and29 per cent of females receive more than one and half times the medianincome and obtain 61 per cent and 59 per cent of aggregate incomerespectively. About 51 per cent of males and 56 per cent of females whoreceive incomes between half and one and half times the median income aretermed middle‐class and their shares of aggregate income amount to 34 and38 per cent respectively.Although older immigrants aged 55 years and over, as a group, have roughlythe same quartile distribution and concentration of income as theirCanadian‐born counterparts, the birthplace groups differ considerably.Those from the developing regions, that is, the groups that have loweraverage annual incomes, also have more inequitable distribution of incomethan the Canadian‐born or their counterparts from the developed regions.Thus, income distribution is more polarized in populations from developingregions than in populations from developed regions or in the Canadian‐bornpopulation.On average, females receive 45 per cent less income than males, and thereis less polarization of income among them than among males regardless ofthe place of birth.A part of the explanation lies in the receipt of government transfers, whichtend to equalize rather than polarize incomes, and older women derive ahigher proportion of their income from government transfers than older men.
Adjusting for Change of Status in International Migration: Demographic Implications
Authors: Khoo Siew–Ean , McDonald Peter 
Published: March 2003

The calculation of net immigration for the purpose of estimating the resident population in Australia is based on net permanent and long–term (12 months or more) movements into and out of the country. All international movements with duration of stay in Australia or travel abroad of less than 12 months (defined as short–term) are excluded.However, changes between short–term and long–term/permanent status can occur when people extend or shorten their stay or travel. Because net immigration is a significant component of Australia’s population growth (accounting for 40–50 per cent of annual growth), adjusting for these changes in migration status is thought to result in better estimates of net immigration and the resident population.The paper shows that adjusting for change of status can have a large impact on net immigration, particularly when the immigrant intake is small. Failure to adequately adjust for change of status can also lead to misleading conclusions about the relative contributions of net temporary and permanent movements to total net immigration. The effect on the resident population, however, is relatively small, being less than 1 per cent of the total population. The paper also addresses the question of how important it is for countries to adjust for change of migrant status in international migration statistics in the context of increasing international mobility.
Livelihoods in Conflict: The Pursuit of Livelihoods by Refugees and the Impact on the Human Security of Host Communities
Authors: Jacobsen Karen 
Published: March 2003

This paper explores how long–term refugees pursue livelihoods, the impact this pursuit has on the human security of conflict–affected communities, and the ways in which international assistance can help. Refugees’ pursuit of livelihoods can increase human security because economic activities help to recreate social and economic interdependence within and between communities, and can restore social networks based on the exchange of labour, assets and food. When refugees are allowed to gain access to resources and freedom of movement, and can work alongside their hosts to pursue productive lives, they would be less dependent on aid and better able to overcome the sources of tension and conflict in their host communities.The paper identifies how humanitarian programmes working with national governments can increase economic security and shore up the respective rights of both refugees and their host communities. Today, relief interventions are no longer expected solely to save lives in the short term, but also to lay the foundation for future development and to promote conflict resolution.
Die Osterweiterung der EU aus der Sicht bestehender Mitgliedsländer: Was lehrt uns die Theorie der ökonomischen Integration?
Authors: Kohler Wilhelm 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Eastern enlargement will be costly to incumbent EU countries, as the new members will all be net recipients of EU funds. A balanced view requires that the gains from integration be set against this cost. Drawing on established theories of economic integration, this paper first identifies typical fallacies present in policyoriented thinking about gains from trade liberalization and the role of preferential trading blocs like the EU. Using detailed data on east-west trade for each of the present member states, as well as the relevant trade barriers of the EU and applicant countries, it then presents empirical estimates on the likely orders of magnitude for integration gains. Comparing these to country-specific estimates of the fiscal burden from enlargement, it identifies likely winner and loser countries.
Counselling for Tolerance
Authors: Almond Brenda 
Published: March 2003

Tolerance is not neutrality, nor should tolerance in counselling be equated with a spiritual and emotional vacuum. Tolerance applies to style rather than stance, and a counsellor needs a conception of the ideal — broadly speaking, a moral position.Originally proclaimed against religious and political tyranny, the political ideal of tolerance has in the twentieth century become confused with permissiveness, and is thus sometimes charged with generating many of the ills of modern society, including crime and family breakdown. Counselling has become the universal remedy, replacing punishment and compulsion.The counsellor needs(a) a view of human nature(b) a conception of what is good for those possessing that nature.Constants in the first mean there cannot be too much variation in the second. Society is varied and plural, so the counsellor must be non‐judgemental, but while this means accepting the person, it does not necessarily mean endorsing the conduct.A distinction is drawn between therapeutic and philosophical counselling; the latter considers a problem, where the former focusses on the client, but both may fall short of offering a holistic view. Counselling may also exacerbate some of the problems of modern life by too readily accepting the conditions which cause them. Some ethical problems raised by confidentiality and informed consent are discussed. It is concluded that the counsellor must be tolerant, but not morally ambivalent, nor a relativist.
Editorial Review and Book Reviews
Authors: Yeomans Richard 
Published: March 2003

Mervyn Romans, Basic Design: The Dynamics of Visual FormLouise Campbell, Carl and Karin Larsson: Creators of the Swedish Style Jewellery and Adornment: Information and Ideas for Teachers Constable: Information and Ideas for Teachers Drawing in Museums: Information and Ideas for Teachers Sculpture at the V&A: A Handbook for Teachers The Renaissance at the V&A: A Handbook for Teachers The 20th Century: A Teacher’s Guide Looking into The Tate: Exciting Ways to Explore the Tate Gallery’s Collection The Pre‐Raphaelites and their World Movements in Modern Art Modernism Realism Surrealism Howard Hollands, MinimalismPenny Hay, Art, Craft and Design. A Practical Guide for Teachers Key Stages I & 2Richard Yeomans, The Mosque and the Modern World: Architects Patrons and Design since the 1950s
Out of this World: Theme Parks' Contribution to a Redefined Aesthetics and Educational Practice
Authors: Stanley Nick 
Published: March 2003

There are few links between art education and popular entertainment. Major attractions, such as theme parks, have come to question the relationship between the everyday and the aesthetic. These parks have become sources of ‘calculated hedonism’ where visitors enjoy physical experience in elaborately designed sets. But young people, in particular, approach this experience in varying ways. This paper explores the several options that they may adopt to become aware of the ‘visual ideology’ at work in the entertainment, as well as the stratagems employed.Hopefully, visitors to such parks may become accomplished critics of the politics of display.
Developing a School Drawing Policy with Newly Qualified Teachers of Art and Design
Authors: Rayment Trevor , Smith Fraser 
Published: March 2003

This paper describes part of a one–day course run by the authors for Newly Qualified Teachers of art and design (NQTs) planned to develop subject knowledge and assessment expertise. The former was achieved partly through an examination of the roles of drawing in secondary school art and design education. Through review and discussion of their pupils’ drawings, the NQTs developed ideas about the functions and purposes of drawing. These ideas were then refined and some practical work undertaken. The nature of drawing policies for secondary art and design departments was considered. The session concluded with a consideration of ideas that might inform the development of such a drawing policy.Secondly, the authors take up and develop several issues from the NQTs’ ideas and responses. These include reference to participants’ drawing performance and understanding, their judgements about the value of drawing, and to how these may be influenced by factors in art education, including those associated with GCSE and assessment. Finally, reference is made to two distinctive perceptions of drawing in schools and, with reference to the work of Wilson, Hurwitz and Wilson, the authors suggest a strategy and argue for the development of drawing policy and curricula for secondary school art departments. The paper is based on part of a presentation given at the Annual Conference of the NSEAD, York, 2002.
Plague: A Challenge for Urban Crisis Management
Authors: Sinha Harshit 
Published: March 2003

The return of Plague, an unforgotten scourge of mankind, once again reminds us that it continues to smoulder in populations of wild rodents in natural foci throughout the world. Its occasional outbreaks remind one of the devastation it caused in the past. The 1994 outbreak in Surat caused local panic (mass hysteria) and international concern, leading to the imposition of travel and trade restrictions by a number of countries. The authenticity of the crucial decision in declaring the epidemic as ‘Plague’ and, later, different institutional initiatives taken for isolating the germ (Y. pestis) were subject to many controversies. The uniqueness of an extra band in its protein profile created much speculation among the media. This gave momentum to various notions, as to whether the disaster was natural or man‐made. In spite of all these short‐comings, the decision came to identify the epidemic as Plague and the entire catastrophic incidence was controlled within a week, with a low mortality rate.This paper traces the chronological evolution of the Plague epidemic and analyses the critical issues of its management, undertaken by various authorities and individuals, including a common citizenary. The emerging key issues of this catastrophic incident are discussed and an anatomy of the crisis is presented. The lessons learnt are put towards a model for strengthening long‐term planning against any such sudden natural or man‐made disaster.
Diversification Benefits of iShares and Closed‐End Country Funds
Authors: Pennathur Anita K. , Delcoure Natalya , Anderson Dwight 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe study the performance and diversification of iShares and their rival closed‐end country funds from April 1996 to December 1999. International iShares are country‐specific series of securities that track the price and yield of a specific Morgan Stanley Capital Internation (MSCI) country index and, presumably, should provide diversification benefits. Our single‐index model demonstrates that iShares replicate the home index, showing some potential for diversification. However, our two‐factor model, which isolates the “true” diversification virtues, documents that both iShares and closed‐end country fund market prices maintain considerable exposure to the U.S. market. Furthermore, the net asset value returns of the closed‐end funds demonstrate a strong home country exposure, suggesting there is no substitute for direct foreign investment.
Pricing Double‐Trigger Reinsurance Contracts: Financial Versus Actuarial Approach
Authors: Gründl Helmut , Schmeiser Hato 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis article discusses various approaches to pricing double‐trigger reinsurance contracts—a new type of contract that has emerged in the area of ‘‘alternative risk transfer.’’ The potential coverage from this type of contract depends on both underwriting and financial risk. We determine the reinsurer's reservation price if it wants to retain the firm's same safety level after signing the contract, in which case the contract typically must be backed by large amounts of equity capital (if equity capital is the risk management measure to be taken). We contrast the financial insurance pricing models with an actuarial pricing model that has as its objective no lessening of the reinsurance company's expected profits and no worsening of its safety level. We show that actuarial pricing can lead the reinsurer into a trap that results in the failure to close reinsurance contracts that would have a positive net present value because typical actuarial pricing dictates the type of risk management measure that must be taken, namely, the insertion of additional capital. Additionally, this type of pricing structure forces the reinsurance buyer to provide this safety capital as a debtholder. Finally, we discuss conditions leading to a market for double‐trigger reinsurance contracts.
MLJReviews
Authors: Liskin–Gasparro Judith E. 
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:American Association of Teachers of Spanish and Portuguese (AATSP), Spanish for Native Speakers.Ascarrunz Gilman, Graciela, & K. Josubijuesca. Horizontes: Gramática y conversaciónRodney.Ball, Colloquial French Grammar: A Practical GuideCarmen Benito–vessels, Horizontes: Cultura y literaturaGuiomar A. Borrás, Spanish for Business WorktextJeannette D. Bragger, & Donald B. Rice, Quant à moi . . .M. Carol Brown & Kathleen C. Moore, Spanish for Life (with Atajo 3.0 CD–ROM)Marianne Celce–Murcia & Elite Olshtain, Discourse and Context in Language Teaching.Paul Davies & Eric Pearse, Success in English TeachingErika Diehl, Helen Christen, Sandra Leuenberger, Isabelle Pelvat, & Thérèse Studer, Grammatikunterricht: Alles für der Katz? Untersuchungen zum Zweitsprachenerwerb Deutsch. [Grammar Instruction: A Complete Waste of Time? Studies on the Acquisition of German as a Second Language.]Jana Echevarria, Maryellen Vogt, & Deborah Short, Making Content Comprehensible for English Language Learners: The SIOP ModelFe Maria De Varona Finch & Paul Summerlin, Spanish for Law Enforcement WorktextTammy Jandrey Hertel, Jennifer A. Zachman & Andrew Wolff, Spanish for LifeComputerized Test Bank CD.Tammy Jandrey Hertel, Jennifer A. Zachman & Andrew Wolff, Spanish for Life WorktextRichard Lambert & Elana Shohamy (Eds.), Language Policy and Pedagogy: Essays in Honor of A. Ronald WaltonAnne Leblans, Deborah Mcgee Mifflin, Margaret E. Mullens, Jacqueline Paskow, Yvonne Poser, & Gabriele L. Strauch, Was ist deutsch?Nancy Levy–Konesky & Karen Daggett, Así es, 3rd edNancy Levy–Konesky & Karen Daggett. Student Activities ManualCeil Lucas, Italia Contemporanea: Conversations with Native Speakers.Brian MacWhinney, The CHILDES Project: Tools for Analyzing Talk. 3rd ed. Volume 1: Transcription Format and ProgramsWilliam McClure, Using Japanese: A Guide to Contemporary UsageShirley Melston, Margaret M. Spadinger & Sophie Knab, Spanish for Health WorktextHoward Moss & Vanna Motta, Using Italian SynonymsJoseph Mozur, An Advanced Russian Tabloid ReaderJohn Murray & Sarah Smyth, Intermediate Russian. A Grammar and WorkbookPaul Newman, The Hausa Language: An Encyclopedic Reference Grammar. Amy Snyder Ohta, Second Language Acquisition Process in the Classroom: Learning JapaneseRobert Phillipson (Ed.), Rights to Language: Equity, Power, and EducationKimberley Sallee, Horizontes Workbook/Lab Manual. 4th ed.Terence Wade, A Comprehensive Russian Grammar. 2nd ed.
Market Timing and Capital Structure
Authors: Baker Malcolm , Wurgler Jeffrey 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTIt is well known that firms are more likely to issue equity when their market values are high, relative to book and past market values, and to repurchase equity when their market values are low. We document that the resulting effects on capital structure are very persistent. As a consequence, current capital structure is strongly related to historical market values. The results suggest the theory that capital structure is the cumulative outcome of past attempts to time the equity market.
Investor Protection and Corporate Valuation
Authors: La Porta Rafael , Lopez‐De‐Silanes Florencio , Shleifer Andrei , Vishny Robert 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTWe present a model of the effects of legal protection of minority shareholders and of cash‐flow ownership by a controlling shareholder on the valuation of firms. We then test this model using a sample of 539 large firms from 27 wealthy economies. Consistent with the model, we find evidence of higher valuation of firms in countries with better protection of minority shareholders and in firms with higher cash‐flow ownership by the controlling shareholder.