bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advantages of early arrival
Authors: Møller Anders Pape , Gregersen Jens 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From everyday experience we all know that there are optimal times for doing different things. One should not arrive too early at a party, because there might be costs associated with this behaviour. For example, the hosts may suggest that you help prepare the meal. Late arrival may also be costly; perhaps all the food is gone. Animals face similar kinds of problems, and the question becomes how to solve them in order to maximize net benefit. The question of optimal arrival time at the breeding sites from the winter quarters for males and females may be answered by means of optimality models. A number of such models exist for the frequent phenomenon of male insects emerging earlier than females (protandry) (section 7.2). The optimal arrival time for individuals of the two sexes will depend on the costs and benefits of arriving at a particular time as discussed in section 7.3. The costs of early arrival include high maintenance costs due to bad weather, whereas the benefits of early arrival include acquisition of a high-quality territory and mate and a high seasonal reproductive success.
Options for unmated males
Authors: Møller Anders Pape , Gregersen Jens 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even though barn swallows have a socially monogamous mating system, because of a male-biased sex ratio not all males are able to acquire a mate. The causes of variation in the proportion of unmated males in different years will be discussed in section 8.2. Why do some males remain unmated while others readily acquire a mate? This question will be analysed in section 8.3 by determining morphological, behavioural and parasitological differences between mated and unmated individuals.
There are two fundamentally different views about the reproductive success of unmated males. Either they are a permanently doomed group of low phenotypic quality with no or little reproductive success, or they are adopting an alternative reproductive strategy with a similar fitness pay-off to the mated male strategy. Given that male barn swallows do not acquire a mate, what are their reproductive options? There are at least three different, but not mutually exclusive ones: a commonly considered possibility is that unmated males have higher survival prospects than mated ones if it is more costly for males to reproduce than skip a year of reproduction. Enhanced survival prospects relative to mated males is therefore an option (section 8.4).
Synthesis
Authors: Møller Anders Pape , Gregersen Jens 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The extensive, long-term study of sexual selection in the barn swallow has several general implications which are the main theme of this final chapter. The first of these general implications concerns the role of sexual selection in the life of animals. Sexual selection traditionally attempts to explain the evolution and the maintenance of extravagant secondary sexual characters which are supposed to have arisen as a consequence of the advantages that certain individuals have over conspecifics of the same sex in relation to reproduction. However, the process of sexual selection and the presence of secondary sexual characters affect in one way or another almost every aspect of the life of animals. This point is addressed in section 14.2.
Ecological determinants of queen number in ants
Authors: Herbers Joan M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I use the term polygyny to denote the peaceful coexistence of two or more mated egg-layers (queens) in the same nest site. Thus I will not consider a number of variants in reproductive structure, as reviewed by Keller and Vargo (this volume). In particular, my definition of polygyny does not include the problem of oligogyny (Holldobler and Carlin 1985), by which several queens cohabit in a domicile but maintain distinct territories, nor the problem of functional monogyny (Buschinger 1968), wherein several individuals who are capable of reproduction coexist, but in which only one female achieves reproductive dominance (e.g. Heinze and Smith 1990; Heinze this volume).
Social and reproductive behaviour
Authors: Zann Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Domesticated Australian Zebra Finches are the avian model of choice in many behavioural investigations. In this chapter I will first describe the relevant behaviour of free-living birds and then consider the more scientifically rigorous observations from the laboratory. Non-social behaviour of Zebra Finches, other than feeding and drinking (Chapters 4 and 5), is more or less the same as that found in other small passerines and is not dealt with here. I have listed non-social behaviours observed in wild birds in an ‘ethogram’ in Appendix 3. Finally, vocal behaviour and sexual preferences, areas of strong research activity, are treated separately in Chapters 10 and 11 respectively.
The Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Host–Parasitoid Interactions
Authors: Hassell Michael P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book examines in some depth our current understanding of the population dynamics of one kind of interaction—between insect parasitoids and their hosts. Parasitoids are amongst the most abundant of all animals, making up about 10% or more of metazoan species, and very few insect species escape their attack. These interactions were first modelled over 50 years ago, but for many years there was little, good empirical information on the important factors affecting host and parasitoid populations. The models were very simple and their predictions rather divorced from what we see in the field. Nowadays, much more data is available on many components of host-parasitoid systems, from field observations and from laboratory and field experiments, and this allows a much closer interaction between models and data. The result is a body of theory that makes direct contact with real systems in the field, and illustrates how ecological studies can now be advanced in a way that was not possible when theory and data-gathering were treated as rather separate exercises. These are stirring times for host-parasitoid workers who are on the verge of a detailed understanding of what underpins a whole area of population dynamics.
Heterogeneity in host-parasitoid interactions
Authors: Hassell Michael P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the exception of the negative binomial model of parasitism (Griffiths 1969b; May 1978), the host-parasitoid models considered in the last two chapters viewed populations as homogeneous entities in which roaming natural enemies encountered hosts at random, like molecules colliding in an ideal gas (Thompson 1924; Nicholson and Bailey 1935; Watt 1959; Hassell and Varley 1969). This tradition of assuming that all host individuals are equally susceptible to parasitism by identical parasitoids is an obvious starting point for developing any general theory, but it is highly simplistic. Within any natural population, individuals of varying phenotype and phenology will almost inevitably be unevenly distributed within habitats that are highly structured and variable. It is therefore inconceivable that individuals in real populations will all experience the same probability of survival and reproduction throughout their lives.
Spontaneous and drug-stimulated recovery of cortical cholinergic function after lesion of the nucleus basalis
Authors: Pepeu G , Patre, P L D1 , Casamenti F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The neuronal loss in the nucleus basalis (NB) observed in Alzheimer’s disease (Whitehouse et al. 1982; Arendt et al. 1985), in other neurological disorders associated with dementia, including Parkinson’s disease (Whitehouse et al. 1983) and Pick’s disease (Uhl et al. 1983), and, to a lesser extent, in normal ageing in humans (Decker 1987) and animals (Hornberger et al. 1985) is considered (Collerton 1986) an important pathogenetic element of the cognitive deficits characterizing, with different severity, dementias, and ageing.
Two lines of investigation stem from this assumption. One aiming to clarify the causes of neuronal loss, the other to identify drugs preventing the neuronal loss or stimulating sprouting and regeneration. In order to investigate at the preclinical level the potential usefulness of drugs preventing neuronal death or acting on neuronal plasticity, an experimental model of Alzheimer’s disease is necessary. The damage and destruction of cholinergic neurons brought about by electrolytic and neurotoxic lesions of the NB in laboratory animals mimic the cholinergic deficit of Alzheimer’s disease and some of its cognitive alterations and may therefore represent a useful tool for its study (Archer and Fowler 1985; Pepeu et al. l986a).
Local expression of insulin-like growth factors during tissue growth and regeneration
Authors: Jennische Eva , Isgaard, J ö rgen , Isaksson Olle G P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although somatomedins (now more commonly known as insulin-like growth factors, IGFs) were initially considered to be derived from the liver, both their expression and local production have since been demonstrated in numerous organs and tissues of many animal species. The functions of locally produced IGFs are largely unknown but are beginning to be clarified. This chapter will mainly focus on recent studies and their relevance to possible in vivo effects during growth and regeneration.
Lamina anatomy
Authors: Tomlinson P B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The anatomy of the lamina (leaflets and leaf segments) of palms has been studied extensively because of the relative accessibility of the organs (herbarium specimens can be used, Fig. 10.1 ), the wide range of structure shown, which is often diagnostic, and the frequent commercial significance of the information (Plate 10). Much less information has been obtained about the biological significance of leaf structure and variation in relation to ecological conditions (but cf Koop 1907) even though quite superficial observations will show that palms from contrasted habitats, e.g, moist, shady versus dry, open, have contrasted leaf anatomy. Studies with a primarily systematic orientation include those of Achilli (1913), Bargagli-Petrucci (1900), Bobisut (1904), Eberwein (1903), Glassman (1972), Lecomte (1916), Licopoli (1881), Machado (1945), Pfister (1892)
Fossil amphibians and reptiles and the Africa–South America connection
Authors: Buffetaut Eric , Rage Jean-Claude 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although it was the subject of much controversy among geologists and palaeontologists until well into the 1960s, the former existence of a land connection between Africa and South America no longer needs to be demonstrated. Within the general framework of plate tectonics and continental drift, it is now clear that Africa and South America were once part of the southern super-continent Gondwana, itself a constituent of Pangaea during the Late Palaeozoic and the Early Mesozoic. The distribution of some fossil amphibians and reptiles was one of the important palaeobiogeographical arguments in favour of such reconstructions. The occurrence of very closely related representatives of a group of small early reptiles, the mesosaurs, in the Permian of South America and South Africa, for instance, was used as evidence of a connection between Africa and South America in the Late Palaeozoic, well before continental drift became generally accepted. The Late Triassic dinosaur faunas of South Africa and South America also exhibit resemblances—which is not surprising in a palaeo-biogegraphical situation of global faunal similarity, due to the existence of Pangaea. Although it may seem paradoxical, the Africa-South America connection becomes an interesting scientific problem mainly when it ceases to exist, when the opening of the proto-Atlantic Ocean sometime in the Cretaceous separates the two continents from each other and makes faunal interchange increasingly difficult. A comparative history of amphibians and reptiles in South America and Africa, through the Cretaceous and into the Tertiary, reveals similarities and divergences suggesting a pattern of faunal exchanges in which vicariant evolution and dispersal across barriers both played a part.
Prey size selection and intake rate
Authors: Zwarts Leo , Cayford John T , Hulscher Jan B , Kersten Marcel , Meire Patrick M , Triplet Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Do predators take all the individual prey belonging to one species that they encounter, and if not, to what degree are some prey under-represented in the diet and why? These questions are important in every study of the interaction between predators and their food supply. This chapter first analyses the degree to which the selection of prey sizes within one prey species by Oystercatchers can be understood as a passive process in which a randomly searching bird takes all the prey it encounters; this will be referred to as ‘passive size selection’. As we shall see, however, Oystercatchcrs reject certain size classes of prey which they actually encounter, and hence there is also ‘an active size selection’, The rules that Oystercatchers obey when selecting size classes actively, and whether these can be derived from optimal foraging models, are then discussed.
How Oystercatchers survive the winter
Authors: Goss-Custard John D , Durell Sarah E A le V dit , Goater Cameron P , Hulscher Jan B , Lambeck Rob H D , Meininger Peter L , Urfi Jamil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last 25 years, much emphasis has been placed by ornithologists on the hypothesis that, in many temperate-zone birds, food shortage is an important cause of death outside the breeding season (Lack 1954; Newton 1980). This idea has underpinned most of the research carried out on Oystercatchers on their migration and wintering grounds. It is one reason why, in the preceding five chapters of this book, Oystercatchers have been expected to make the choices while foraging that increase the rate at which they obtain energy and/or nutrients (Hulscher, Chapter 1; Zwarts et al., Chapter 2; Sutherland et al., Chapter 3; Ens and Cayford, Chapter 4; Goss-Custard et al., Chapter 5). It is also the reason why so much concern is expressed by conservationists when winter feeding areas are threatened by the many human activities that take place on the foreshore (Lambeck et al., Chapter 11, this volume).
Historical overview of classification and phylogeny of the Proboscidea
Authors: Tassy Pascal , Shoshani Jeheskel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Extant elephants were first named Proboscidea by Illiger in 1811. At that time, they were known as ‘pachyderms’. According to Cuvier’s Le regne animal (1817), the pachyderms also included tapirs, pigs, hippos, and hyra:xes. In 1834, Blainville clustered elephants and sirenians together in the ‘gravigrades’, a mono-phyletic group which was named Tethytheria by McKenna in 1975 (which includes the orders Proboscidea, Sirenia, and Desmostylia).
Ontogenetic evidence for incisor homologies in proboscideans
Authors: luckett W Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Living elephants are characterized by the presence of greatly elongated, ever-growing tusks in the upper jaws; these modified incisors may attain a length of up to 345 cm (11. 5 ft) in male Loxodonta africana (Sikes 1971). Following Andrews’ (1906) comparison of 1e large tusks of Miocene through Recent proboscideans with the moderately enlarged second incisors (12) in both jaws of the Eocene genus Moeritherium, most authors have accepted his proposed homologies of the tusks as specialized I2 in all fossil and extant proboscideans (e.g. Matsumoto 1923; Osborn 1936; Sikes 1971). The occurrence of hypertrophied 12 as a shared, derived attribute for all proboscideans was adopted recently by Mahboubi et al. (1986) in their analysis of the affinities of the Eocene genus Numidotherium from Algeria. Most authors have also considered the small, transitory incisor that occurs during the fetal and early postnatal period in extant elephants to be the deciduous predecessor (dI)of the permanent tusks in the upper jaw (Corse 1799; Rose 1894; Schaub 1948; Sikes 1971).
Growth and sexual dimorphism among Miocene elephantoids: the example of Gomphotherium angustidens
Authors: Tassy Pascal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has long been known that elephants are ever-growing mammals. The lifespan of the African elephant. Loxodonta africana, is estimated at about 60 years and growth lasts until the last molar comes into wear, i.e. 40–50 years, although the rate of growth is slowed after 40 years in males and around 30 years in females (Laws et al. 1975; Hanks 1979). Daubenton, in 1764, first understood that the molars of the elephant succeeded during life without vertical replacement. Identification of grinding teeth and their state of wear was then used to give an individual age to living elephants. Current dental ages are those proposed by Laws (1966) and modified by Sikes (1971), Hanks (1972), and Beden (1979) for Loxodonta africana; and by Roth and Shoshani (1988) for Elephas maximus. Such an approach was rarely applied to fossil proboscideans, due to scarcity of material. One notable exception is found in Saunders (19 77) who defined five age-groups for the American mastodon, Mammut americanum.
Sexual dimorphism in the mammoth skull, teeth, and long bones
Authors: Averianov Alexander O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sex determination in mammals is important for understanding their ecology and population biology. In large mammals, sexual dimorphism is expressed by the fact that males are bigger than females and have strongly developed secondary sex features, such as horns, or enlarged canines or incisors. In recent African elephants, Loxodonta africana (Blumenbach 1797), the males are taller than females, (males may reach 4.0 m in height, as distinguished from females that range from 2.0 to 3.0 m). Tusks of males are also thicker and longer that those of females (Sikes 1971). Direct sex determination in extinct animals is possible only in exceptionally rare cases, as in frozen carcasses of Pleistocene mammals with preserved genitalia. The sexes of three individual woolly mammoths, Mammuthus primigenius (Blumenbach 1799), all males, were determined in this manner. They are: the Adams’ mammoth (1799; Fig. 26.la, b), the Berezovka mammoth (1901; Fig. 26.2a, b), and the Magadanian mammoth calf (1977; Fig. 26.3). The sex of the Adams’ mammoth (ZINN 71911; Fig. 26.la, b), discovered in 1797 by a Tungusian hunter, Osip Schumachov, and a merchant, Roman Boltunov, (Tilesius 1815), was easily determined because the carcass contained preserved identifiable tissues and organs. The penis of the Berezovka mammoth (ZINN 77340; Fig. 26.2a, b) can be observed on the mounted specimen at the Zoological Museum in St. Petersburg. On the other hand, the penis of ‘Dima’ (ZIN N 70188; Fig. 26.3) was separated from the carcass (fig. 18 of Vereshchagin 1981).
Distribution and palaeoecology of central and western North American Mammuthus
Authors: Agenbroad Larry D , Mead Jim I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
North American mammoths not only endured varied climatic conditions during the Pleistocene, they radiated biologically and geographically. The early Irvingtonian species Mammuthus meridionalis (Nesti, 1825) was followed by M. imperator (Leidy, 1858) in the late Irvingtonian, and succeeded by M. columbi (Falconer, 1857), M. primigenius Blumenbach, 1803, and M. exilis (Stock and Furlong, 1928) in the Rancholabrean (following Maglio 1973; Agenbroad and Barton 1991). These latter species were contemporary but adapted to different habitats, with their distribution covering most of the North American continent. Highly mobile and migratory, adapted to grasslands (which were expanding) or steppe-tundra (which was diminishing), it seems highly unlikely that habitat mosaic change alone could cause extinction of the genus at the end of the Pleistocene.
The Hawaiian Honeycreepers
Authors: Pratt H Douglas , Jeffrey Jack , Conant Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Hawaiian Honeycreepers are typified by nectar feeding, their bright colouration, and canary-like songs. They are considered one of the finest examples of adaptive radiation, even more diverse than Darwin's Galapagos finches, as a wide array of different species has evolved in all the different niches provided by the Hawaiian archipelago. The book will therefore be of interest to evolutionary biologists and ecologists, as well as professional ornithologists and amateur bird watchers. As with the other books in the Bird Family of the World series, the work is divided into two main sections. Part I is an overview of the Hawaiian Honeycreeper evolution and natural history and Part II comprises accounts of each species. The author has produced his own outstanding illustrations of these birds to accompany his text.
The Hawaiian honeycreepers: evolutionary triumph and ecological tragedy
Authors: Pratt H Douglas , Jeffrey Jack , Conant Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most important defining fact for Hawaiian honeycreepers is that they are endemic to the Hawaiian Islands in the tropical N. Pacific Ocean. This, the most isolated of the world’s archipelagoes, with relatively large and ecologically diverse islands (Chapter 2), provided a superb natural laboratory. Although Darwin’s famous finches of the Galápagos are better known and arguably better studied, even students of that group agree that the Hawaiian honeycreepers are the most spectacular and most extreme avian example of adaptive radiation on islands (illustrated diagrammatically in Plate 8).
Discovery and research: historical perspectives
Authors: Pratt H Douglas , Jeffrey Jack , Conant Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The century of discovery Cook and other British explorers When naturalists with Captain James Cook’s third voyage came ashore at Waimea, Kaua‘i in January 1778, they bartered with local villagers for a bundle of bright red birds.We now know that they were ‘I‘iwi, the first Hawaiian honeycreeper to be seen by scientists or non-Hawaiians. Later, Cook spent more time at Kealakekua Bay on the Kona Coast of Hawai‘i, where he collected more ‘I‘iwi along with specimens of Lesser ‘Akialoa, Hawai‘i Mamo,‘Apapane, Hawai‘i ‘Amakihi, ‘Akepa, and ‘O‘u (Stresemann 1950; Medway 1981; Olson 1989b). These birds were taken back to Europe and described and named, but little was known about them. Over the ensuing century, other species were described by various authors based on specimens similarly collected during brief visits or by island residents who gathered little information about the birds. Relatively few large expeditions visited the islands, and new species came to light willy-nilly.The following is a brief overview of discovery and description of honeycreeper species. For more detailed accounts, see Newton (in Wilson and Evans 1890–99: xi– xix), Kay (1972a), and Olson and James (1994a).
Origin and evolution
Authors: Pratt H Douglas , Jeffrey Jack , Conant Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the various Hawaiian honeycreepers were first discovered, the idea that they could all belong to a single interrelated group must have seemed preposterous. They were birds that ran the gamut of passerine variation, and most of them did not have any obvious close mainland relatives. By the end of the nineteenth century, a consensus had formed that the thin-billed forms were an endemic Hawaiian family, Drepanididae, but most authorities still considered the finchlike species to be just island representatives of the Fringillidae, which at the time included virtually all the world’s ‘finches’ that today are allocated among several families.