bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discrepancy in mitochondrial and nuclear polymorphism in meadow vipers (Vipera ursinii) questions the unambiguous use of mtDNA in conservation studies
Authors: Ujvari Beata , Olsson Mats , Madsen Thomas 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe sequence diversity of the entire mitochondrial control region (CR) of three meadow viper (Vipera ursinii) populations was analysed and compared to previously documented nuclear genetic variability at the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class I loci. One of the populations, a small and inbred Hungarian population, exhibited no MHC polymorphism, whereas the two other, sampled from large viper populations in Ukraine, shoved very high MHC diversity. In spite of the great difference in population size and nuclear (MHC) diversity, all of the vipers from the three populations exhibited a CR haplotype diversity of zero. The dramatic discrepancy in nuclear vs. mitochondrial variability in the Ukrainian viper populations suggest that the lack of CR diversity was not caused by a population bottleneck, but rather by slow CR evolutionary rate, which has been documented in numerous other vertebrate taxa. Thus, due to the large taxonomic differences in CR rate of evolution, population genetic diversity estimates based on CR heterogeneity (and conservation management decisions that spring from those estimates) may depend as much upon the taxa being investigated, as upon the underlying pattern of genetic variation within the study population.
The Response of Tropospheric Circulation to Perturbations in Lower-Stratospheric Temperature
Authors: Haigh Joanna D. , Blackburn Michael , Day Rebecca 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
A multiple regression analysis of the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis dataset shows a response to increased solar activity of a weakening and poleward shift of the subtropical jets. This signal is separable from other influences, such as those of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and is very similar to that seen in previous studies using global circulation models (GCMs) of the effects of an increase in solar spectral irradiance. The response to increased stratospheric (volcanic) aerosol is found in the data to be a weakening and equatorward shift of the jets.
The GCM studies of the solar influence also showed an impact on tropospheric mean meridional circulation with a weakening and expansion of the tropical Hadley cells and a poleward shift of the Ferrel cells. To understand the mechanisms whereby the changes in solar irradiance affect tropospheric winds and circulation, experiments have been carried out with a simplified global circulation model. The results show that generic heating of the lower stratosphere tends to weaken the subtropical jets and the tropospheric mean meridional circulations. The positions of the jets, and the extent of the Hadley cells, respond to the distribution of the stratospheric heating, with low-latitude heating forcing them to move poleward, and high-latitude or latitudinally uniform heating forcing them equatorward. The patterns of response are similar to those that are found to be a result of the solar or volcanic influences, respectively, in the data analysis.
This demonstrates that perturbations to the heat balance of the lower stratosphere, such as those brought about by solar or volcanic activity, can produce changes in the mean tropospheric circulation, even without any direct forcing below the tropopause.
Circumglobal Teleconnection in the Northern Hemisphere Summer*
Authors: Ding Qinghua , Wang Bin 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAnalysis of the 56-yr NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data reveals a recurrent circumglobal teleconnection (CGT) pattern in the summertime midlatitude circulation of the Northern Hemisphere. This pattern represents the second leading empirical orthogonal function of interannual variability of the upper-tropospheric circulation. The CGT, having a zonal wavenumber-5 structure, is primarily positioned within a waveguide that is associated with the westerly jet stream. The spatial phases of CGT tend to lock to preferred longitudes. The geographically phase-locked patterns bear close similarity during June, August, and September, but the pattern in July shows shorter wavelengths in the North Pacific–North America sector. The CGT is accompanied by significant rainfall and surface air temperature anomalies in the continental regions of western Europe, European Russia, India, east Asia, and North America. This implies that the CGT may be a source of climate variability and predictability in the above-mentioned midlatitude regions.The CGT has significant correlations with the Indian summer monsoon (ISM) and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). However, in normal ISM years the CGT–ENSO correlation disappears; on the other hand, in the absence of El Niño or La Niña, the CGT–ISM correlation remains significant. It is suggested that the ISM acts as a “conductor” connecting the CGT and ENSO. When the interaction between the ISM and ENSO is active, ENSO may influence northern China via the ISM and the CGT. Additionally, the variability of the CGT has no significant association with the Arctic Oscillation and the variability of the western North Pacific summer monsoon. The circulation of the wave train shows a barotropic structure everywhere except the cell located to the northwest of India, where a baroclinic circulation structure dominates. Two possible scenarios are proposed. The abnormal ISM may excite an anomalous west-central Asian high and downstream Rossby wave train extending to the North Pacific and North America. On the other hand, a wave train that is excited in the jet exit region of the North Atlantic may affect the west-central Asian high and, thus, the intensity of the ISM. It is hypothesized that the interaction between the global wave train and the ISM heat source may be instrumental in maintaining the boreal summer CGT.
A Statistical Model of Cloud Vertical Structure Based on Reconciling Cloud Layer Amounts Inferred from Satellites and Radiosonde Humidity Profiles
Authors: Rossow William B. , Zhang Yuanchong , Wang Junhong 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
To diagnose how cloud processes feed back on weather- and climate-scale variations of the atmosphere requires determining the changes that clouds produce in the atmospheric diabatic heating by radiation and precipitation at the same scales of variation. In particular, not only the magnitude of these changes must be quantified but also their correlation with atmospheric temperature variations; hence, the space–time resolution of the cloud perturbations must be sufficient to account for the majority of these variations. Although extensive new global cloud and radiative flux datasets have recently become available, the vertical profiles of clouds and consequent radiative flux divergence have not been systematically measured covering weather-scale variations from about 100 km, 3 h up to climate-scale variations of 10 000 km, decadal inclusive. By combining the statistics of cloud layer occurrence from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) and an analysis of radiosonde humidity profiles, a statistical model has been developed that associates each cloud type, recognizable from satellite measurements, with a particular cloud vertical structure. Application of this model to the ISCCP cloud layer amounts produces estimates of low-level cloud amounts and average cloud-base pressures that are quantitatively closer to observations based on surface weather observations, capturing the variations with latitude and season and land and ocean (results are less good in the polar regions). The main advantage of this statistical model is that the correlations of cloud vertical structure with meteorology are qualitatively similar to “classical” information relating cloud properties to weather. These results can be evaluated and improved with the advent of satellites that can directly probe cloud vertical structures over the globe, providing statistics with changing meteorological conditions.
Elimination of the Greenland Ice Sheet in a High CO2 Climate
Authors: Ridley J. K. , Huybrechts P. , Gregory J. M. , Lowe J. A. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Projections of future global sea level depend on reliable estimates of changes in the size of polar ice sheets. Calculating this directly from global general circulation models (GCMs) is unreliable because the coarse resolution of 100 km or more is unable to capture narrow ablation zones, and ice dynamics is not usually taken into account in GCMs. To overcome these problems a high-resolution (20 km) dynamic ice sheet model has been coupled to the third Hadley Centre Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere GCM (HadCM3). A novel feature is the use of two-way coupling, so that climate changes in the GCM drive ice mass changes in the ice sheet model that, in turn, can alter the future climate through changes in orography, surface albedo, and freshwater input to the model ocean. At the start of the main experiment the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration was increased to 4 times the preindustrial level and held constant for 3000 yr. By the end of this period the Greenland ice sheet is almost completely ablated and has made a direct contribution of approximately 7 m to global average sea level, causing a peak rate of sea level rise of 5 mm yr−1 early in the simulation. The effect of ice sheet depletion on global and regional climate has been examined and it was found that apart from the sea level rise, the long-term effect on global climate is small. However, there are some significant regional climate changes that appear to have reduced the rate at which the ice sheet ablates.
SST-Induced Surface Wind Variations over the Brazil–Malvinas Confluence: Satellite and In Situ Observations*
Authors: Tokinaga Hiroki , Tanimoto Youichi , Xie Shang-Ping 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The confluence of the Brazil–Malvinas Currents maintains strong sea surface temperature (SST) fronts in the midlatitude southwestern Atlantic year-round. SST effects on near-surface stability and surface wind variations are examined in this region using satellite and in situ datasets. Satellite observations show strong (weak) surface wind speeds over the warm Brazil (cold Malvinas) Current. A novel feature of this study is the construction of a high-resolution surface meteorological dataset that is based on historical ship observations. Analysis of this new in situ dataset reveals an increased (reduced) sea–air temperature difference over the Brazil (Malvinas) Current, indicating destabilization (stabilization) in the atmospheric boundary layer. These results are consistent with the SST-induced vertical mixing mechanism for wind adjustment. The SST effect on the near-surface atmosphere is observed both in the climatology and on interannual time scales in the Brazil–Malvinas confluence. Along a zonal SST front at 49°S northeast of the Malvinas/Falkland Islands, there is a collocated line of surface wind divergence, with moderate convergence to the north. Vertical mixing does not explain this divergence pattern because the prevailing surface winds are westerly, blowing in parallel with the front. An additional mechanism is proposed for boundary layer wind adjustment.
A New FSU Winds Climatology
Authors: Bourassa Mark A. , Romero Rosario , Smith Shawn R. , O’Brien James J. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
A new objective time series of in situ–based monthly surface winds has been developed as a replacement for the subjective tropical Pacific Florida State University (FSU) winds. The new time series begins in January 1978, and it is ongoing. The objective method distinguishes between observations from volunteer observing ships (VOSs) and buoys, allowing different weights for these different types of observations. An objective method is used to determine these weights and accounts for the differences in error characteristics and in spatial/temporal sampling. A comparison is made between the objective and subjective products, as well as scatterometer winds averaged monthly on the same grid. The scatterometer fields are a good proxy for truth. These three sets of fields have similar magnitudes, directions, and derivative fields. Both in situ wind products underestimate convergence about the intertropical convergence zone; however, the objective FSU product is a much better match to the scatterometer observations. Furthermore, the objective winds have smaller month-to-month variation than the subjective winds. Composites of ENSO phases are also examined and show minor differences between the subjective and objective wind products. The strengths and weaknesses of the objective and subjective winds are discussed.
Simulated and Observed Preindustrial to Modern Vegetation and Climate Changes*
Authors: Notaro Michael , Liu Zhengyu , Gallimore Robert , Vavrus Stephen J. , Kutzbach John E. , Prentice I. Colin , Jacob Robert L. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractRising levels of carbon dioxide since the preindustrial era have likely contributed to an observed warming of the global surface, and observations show global greening and an expansion of boreal forests. This study reproduces observed climate and vegetation trends associated with rising CO2 using a fully coupled atmosphere–ocean–land surface GCM with dynamic vegetation and decomposes the effects into physiological and radiative components. The simulated warming trend, strongest at high latitudes, was dominated by the radiative effect, although the physiological effect of CO2 on vegetation (CO2 fertilization) contributed to significant wintertime warming over northern Europe and central and eastern Asia. The net global greening of the model was primarily due to the physiological effect of increasing CO2, while the radiative and physiological effects combined to produce a poleward expansion of the boreal forests. Observed and simulated trends in tree ring width are consistent with the enhancement of vegetation growth by the physiological effect of rising CO2.
From Integration to Segregation The Role of Religion in the IDF
Authors: Cohen Stuart A. 
Published: October 2005

The role of religion in Israeli military service is so inherently complex that it resists classification in accordance with conventional paradigms. Although certainly the military arm of a secular and liberal state, the Israel Defense Force (IDF) makes no attempt to confine religious themes to the domain of the army chaplain. Rather, traditional Jewish motifs permeate multiple areas of military life and are frequently mobilized for military purposes. Conventional wisdom has long asserted that religion plays an integrative role in Israeli military service, thereby contributing to cohesion within the ranks. After examining the basis for that claim, this article goes on to question its current accuracy. Specifically, attention is focused on evidence suggesting that the societal tensions created in Israel by differences of Jewish religious outlook and observance might now be affecting the IDF too. Three phenomena are examined: (1) non-service" on religious grounds; (2) "segregated service" on the part of national-religious troops; and (3) incipient signs of a form of "conditional service."
Using pharmacy data to identify those with chronic conditions in Emilia Romagna, Italy
Authors: Maio Vittorio , Yuen Elaine , Rabinowitz Carol , Louis Daniel , Jimbo Masahito , Donatini Andrea , Mall Sabine , Taroni Francesco 
Published: October 2005

Background and objectives: Automated pharmacy data have been used to develop a measure of chronic disease status in the general population. The objectives of this project were to refine and apply a model of chronic disease identification using Italian automated pharmacy data; to describe how this model may identify patterns of morbidity in Emilia Romagna, a large Italian region; and to compare estimated prevalence rates using pharmacy data with those available from a 2000 Emilia Romagna disease surveillance study. Methods: Using the Chronic Disease Score, a list of chronic conditions related to the consumption of drugs under the Italian pharmaceutical dispensing system was created. Clinical review identified medication classes within the Italian National Therapeutic Formulary that were linked to the management of each chronic condition. Algorithms were then tested on pharmaceutical claims data from Emilia Romagna for 2001 to verify the applicability of the classification scheme. Results: Thirty-one chronic condition drug groups (CCDGs) were identified. Applying the model to the pharmacy data, approximately 1.5 million individuals (37.1%) of the population were identified as having one or more of the 31 CCDGs. The 31 CCDGs accounted for 77% (E556 million) of 2001 pharmaceutical expenditures. Cardiovascular diseases, rheumatological conditions, chronic respiratory illness, gastrointestinal diseases and psychiatric diseases were the most frequent chronic conditions. External validation comparing rates of the diseases found through using pharmacy data with those of a 2000 Emilia Romagna disease surveillance study showed similar prevalence of illness. Conclusions: Using Italian automated pharmacy data, a measure of population-based chronic disease status was developed. Applying the model to pharmaceutical claims from Emilia Romagna 2001, a large proportion of the population was identified as having chronic conditions. Pharmacy data may be a valuable alternative to survey data to assess the extent to which large populations are affected by chronic conditions.
Acute Cholestatic Hepatitis Probably Associated with Risperidone
Authors: Tello Francisca Llinares , Prats Carmen Hernández , Ros Nuria Bosacoma , Martínez Enrique Pérez , Grana Eduardo Climent , Polo José Noé Navarro , Baines Juan Pablo Ordovás 
Published: October 2005

Objective: Risperidone is an atypical neuroleptic drug widely used due to the lower incidence and severity of hepatic adverse effects in comparison to phenothiazines. Although idiosyncratic reversible hepatotoxicity may occur in association with risperidone, the interaction with fluoxetine might increase the risk of toxic liver injury in a vulnerable patient. Methods and Results: We present a case of acute cholestatic hepatitis probably associated with the use of risperidone after only a few days of therapy in a patient also treated with fluoxetine. The patient, a 64-year-old male, developed a rapid increase in liver enzymes after starting treatment with only four doses of risperidone 2 mg/day. Conclusions: We recommend obtaining baseline liver function tests before starting risperidone and regular monitoring to screen patients for liver damage during therapy whenever a patient is also receiving fluoxetine.
Instabilities in Lagrangian tracking of bubbles and particles in two‐phase flow
Authors: Göz M. F. , Sommerfeld M. , Laín S. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractOne way to model and simulate the dispersed phase in a two‐phase flow is to track the discrete elements through a fluctuating fluid field by solving their equations of motion. This approach is called Lagrangian. In this frame, it has been shown previously that widely used discretization methods for integrating the particle equation of motion in bubbly flows may lead to artificial instabilities and, eventually, yield spurious oscillations and chaotic behavior by period‐doubling bifurcations. This study extends these previous investigations to consider dispersed two‐phase flow laden with solid particles, which can be heavier or lighter than the fluid in which they are immersed. The main result is that the numerical techniques applied to integrate the particle or bubble equation of motion are stable in the case of heavy particles but must be used very carefully when applied to bubbles or light solid particles in a fluid. During the analysis process, criteria have been established for choosing optimal time steps to simultaneously avoid numerical instabilities and guarantee code efficiency. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Combined heat conduction and heat radiation in one‐dimensional solid
Authors: Maruyama Toshiro , Satake Hiroaki 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe transient changes in the temperature of a solid material heated by radiation were obtained by numerical calculations using an unsteady one‐dimensional (1‐D) energy equation. The radiative loss of heat from the surface of a heated solid increases with an increase in the radiation flux. Therefore, the net blackbody radiation into a semi‐infinite solid keeps a higher proportion of the initial flux at a lower dimensionless initial flux I0(0)/αk(Tb − T0). In the case of bidirectional radiation to a finite solid, the relatively homogeneous heating can be accomplished at the optical thickness αL ≅ 100. The heating rate is very low at αL ≲ 10−1 resulting from the absorption of a small part of the radiation energy. On the other hand, the heating rate is high at αL ≳ 101, but the heating is limited to a region near the wall, which results in an inhomogeneous temperature profile. At αL ≳ 102, the temperature profiles become identical with that obtained for αL → ∞. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Thermal degradation behaviors of polypropylene with novel silicon‐containing intumescent flame retardant
Authors: Li Qiang , Zhong Hanfang , Wei Ping , Jiang Pingkai 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe N‐[3‐(dimethoxy‐methyl‐silanyl)‐propyl]‐N′‐ (9‐methyl‐3,9‐dioxo‐2,4,8,10‐tetraoxa‐3,9‐diphospha‐spiro[5.5]undec‐3‐yl)‐ethane‐1,2‐diamine/dimethoxy dimethyl silane copolymer (PSiN II), which simultaneously contains silicon, phosphorus, and nitrogen, is synthesized and incorporated into polypropylene (PP). The flame retardancy is evaluated by the limiting oxygen index value, which is enhanced to 29.5 from 17.4 with 20% total loading of PSiN II. The thermal degradation behavior of PP/PSiN II is investigated by thermogravimetric analysis under N2 and air. The PP/PSiN II sample degrades at 400°C for different amounts of time, and the process of degradation is studied by Fourier transform IR. The morphology of the char formed at 400°C for 10 min is investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The swollen inner structure, close, and smooth outer surface provide a much better barrier for the transfer of heat and mass during fire and good flame retardancy. The thermal stability of PP is improved by incorporation of PSiN II. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 98: 2487–2492, 2005