bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Natural, cost‐effective, and sustainable alternatives for treatment of aircraft deicing fluid waste
Authors: Castro Sigifredo , Davis Lawrence C. , Erickson Larry E. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe waste generated by aircraft deicing operations represents a threat to the environment arising from the high biological oxygen demand of propylene and ethylene glycols and the toxicity associated with some of the additives, such as the corrosion inhibitor benzotriazole. To date, there have not been any reports of wastewater treatment alternatives that completely degrade the toxic triazole components in the deicing waste. Constructed wetlands and land application can potentially take advantage of vegetation in two different ways: enhancement of biodegradation of glycols by the root‐bacteria symbiosis and transformation of benzotriazoles by plant enzymatic activities. In a plant treatment system, phytotransformation of the triazoles can follow a conventional biological wastewater treatment, which can be used for glycol degradation. This paper reviews the main aspects of aircraft deicing waste treatment, outlines the results from successful applications of constructed wetlands to treat glycol‐rich waste, and summarizes the experimental basis that demonstrates the benefits of using vegetation for decontamination of the main components of deicing waste. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2005
Dynamic Modelling and Simulation of a Fuel Cell Generator
Authors: Khan M. J. , Iqbal M. T. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn this paper the dynamics of a polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell system and its associated power electronics are modelled and simulated. The fuel cell system model includes the dynamics of reactant flow, membrane resistance and charge, double layer capacitance as well as steady state equations. The DC Output of the 5 kW fuel cell stack is converted to 120 V, 60 Hz AC by a pulse width modulated inverter. The inverter output is held constant by a PID controller. Matlab‐Simulink™ and Power System Blockset (PSB) are used for the modelling and simulation of the fuel cell generator. The effects of load variation on output voltage, current, and fuel cell reactant flows are investigated. Simulation results indicate that variations in the systems electrical and physical parameters are within acceptable limits. Such a fuel cell generator could be used in grid connected and stand‐alone applications.
Experience with Non‐Linear Model Identification for Fuel Cell Plants
Authors: Jurado F. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIt is likely that fuel cells will be a dominant distributed energy resource. The computational burden required for the simulation is highly dependent on the complexity and accuracy of each model. The manufacturer often needs to provide the user with a reliable low‐complexity prototype model of the fuel cell, sufficiently accurate for the above application.In this paper the non‐linear autoregressive exogenous (NARX) approach is used to analyse the dynamics of this fuel cell.
About the Choice of the Protogenic Group in PEM Separator Materials for Intermediate Temperature, Low Humidity Operation: A Critical Comparison of Sulfonic Acid, Phosphonic Acid and Imidazole Functionalized Model Compounds
Authors: Schuster M. , Rager T. , Noda A. , Kreuer K. D. , Maier J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractTraditionally, sulfonated polymers are used as separator materials in PEM fuel cells. Based on recent experimental results on model compounds this paper critically discusses the potentials and limits of sulfonic acid and alternatively phosphonic acid and heterocycles (imidazole) as protogenic groups for PEM fuel cell electrolytes operating at intermediate temperatures (T > 100 °C) and low humidification. Apart from transport properties, the stability and reactivity of mono‐functionalized model compounds (1‐heptylsulfonic acid (S‐C7), 1‐heptylphosphonic acid (P‐C7) and 2‐heptyl‐imidazole (I‐C7)) and a few diphosphonic acids are examined under wet and dry conditions. These are characterized with respect to their proton conductivity (ac impedance spectroscopy), proton diffusion coefficient (pulsed‐field gradient NMR), thermo‐oxidative stability (TGA under air), electrochemical stability (cyclic voltammetry) and their hydration behavior (TGA under water vapor). The sulfonic acid functionalized compound shows reasonable properties only when a minimum hydration level is guaranteed, while phosphonic acid functionalized compounds combine satisfactory proton conductivity even in the water‐free state at intermediate temperatures (T < 200 °C), comparatively high thermo‐oxidative and electrochemical stability and electrochemical reactivity (hydrogen oxidation and oxygen reduction at platinum surfaces). The presence of water leads to moderate water uptake allowing for reasonable conductivities even at room temperature and prevents condensation reactions at higher temperature. The imidazole based system shows the largest electrochemical stability window, but its moderate proton conductivity and thermo‐oxidative stability and the very high overpotential for oxygen reduction on platinum turn out to be severe disadvantages for the envisaged application.
Towards virtual enterprises
Authors: Kierzkowski Zbigniew 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFuture institutions and enterprises, called virtual organizations are formed by society as entirely decentralized and distributed organizations. In virtual organizations, new forms of intellectual human cooperation smooth traditional competition. The place of traditional hierarchy is replaced by cooperation coordination. Cooperation economy in virtual organizations going out of their framework, conditioned by factors of the society organization as integrity, becomes a modification of economy of societal integrity, so‐called new entity economy. The personality of human work as well as work organization is changing. The work and people's interdependence problems and human work organization depend on virtual cooperation in real‐time and a communication environment of storing and exchanging resources and coordination of documents' circle. The organization of human cooperation is comprised of two factors: first, a computer and information factor that promotes the creation and improvement of information resources, synthesis of processing methods, and information environment helping team‐work; second, a communication and organizational factor that incorporates the problems of the synthesis of storing structures, computer information exchange, and interactive direct communication. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 15: 49–69, 2005.
Africa in the era of socioeconomic globalization: A personal perspective
Authors: Kiezun Witold 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe socioeconomic situation in Africa, the poorest continent in the world, is described. In an era of globalization, the progressing economic stratification between North and South Africa and the dictatorships present in a number of African countries cannot be tolerated. New economic solutions for stimulating industrial development in Africa are proposed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Hum Factors Man 15: 127–132, 2005.
Tape‐casting technique can prepare β‐TCP sheets with uniform thickness and flexibility
Authors: Tanimoto Yasuhiro , Hayakawa Tohru , Nemoto Kimiya 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe objective of this study is to propose a new fabrication technology for bone substitutes. In this study, a tape‐casting method was used to prepare flexible β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) sheets. A β‐TCP slurry containing a binder and plasticizer was used in a doctor blade system. The β‐TCP sheet obtained by this tape‐casting method was highly flexible, enabling twisting and free‐form shaping. The β‐TCP sheet was approximately 0.21 mm thick. X‐ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry revealed that the structure of the β‐TCP component in the sheet is the same as that of the original β‐TCP powder. Observation by field‐emission scanning electron microscopy showed that the β‐TCP sheet had a flat, microgranular surface. During the early stages, the tensile stress–strain curves of the β‐TCP sheet showed a nonlinear behavior until reaching the point of final fracture. This result was derived from the ductile property of the prepared β‐TCP sheet. In conclusion, a flexible β‐TCP sheet was easily prepared using a tape‐casting technique. Fabrication using tape casting offers the advantages of enabling the preparation of ceramic sheets with precise thickness and not requiring expensive fabrication facilities. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 73B: 157–163, 2005
Molecular and epidemiological features of norovirus‐associated gastroenteritis outbreaks in Victoria, Australia in 2001
Authors: Marshall John A. , Dimitriadis Anna , Wright Peter J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractNorovirus was identified in 30 of 59 gastroenteritis outbreaks occurring in the state of Victoria, Australia in 2001 by RT‐PCR and/or electron microscopy (EM). Norovirus outbreaks occurred in hostels/nursing homes (27%), hospitals (13%), youth refuges (3%), social gatherings associated with food consumption (27%), school outings/camps (13%), and pre‐school/child‐minding centers (17%). Norovirus outbreaks tended to occur in the warmer months. Phylogenetic analysis identified six clusters, one within genogroup 1 (G1) and five within genogroup 2 (G2). Cluster 1, which incorporates the G2 Camberwell/Lordsdale strains, was the most common (39% of outbreaks). In 2 of 27 outbreaks, strains from two G2 clusters, 1 and 5, occurred. Norovirus G2 was more common in the young and very old than in those in intermediate years. Norovirus G2 detection rate was higher in females than in males for adults (>15 years) and the susceptibility of adult females to norovirus G2 infection relative to males increased with age. In one outbreak analyzed, some sequences had a single base substitution, but this did not result in an amino acid (aa) change. The two most common norovirus clusters (G2 clusters 1 and 4) occurred in the capital of Victoria, Melbourne, and regional Victoria, but the least common clusters (G2 clusters 2 and 3 and G1 cluster 8) only occurred in inner Melbourne. Norovirus was occasionally detected by EM but not by RT‐PCR. The occurrence of norovirus outbreaks is modulated by a large group of factors, which will have to be considered in any epidemiological model. J. Med. Virol. 75:321–331, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Successful use of intralesional and intravenous cidofovir in association with indole‐3‐carbinol in an 8‐year‐old girl with pulmonary papillomatosis
Authors: de Bilderling Georges , Bodart Eddy , Lawson Georges , Tuerlinckx David , Remacle Marc , Naesens Lieve , Clercq Erik De , Snoeck Robert 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe report the history of an 8‐year‐old girl who was treated for suspected lung lesions of respiratory papillomatosis with Indole‐3‐Carbinol, local and intravenous injections of Cidofovir for 27 months. This is the first report where a complete cure of the lung lesions occurred in a child, and was sustained for at least 24 months. J. Med. Virol. 75:332–335, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increased thrombin inhibition in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Beilin Orit , Karussis Dimitrios M. , Korczyn Amos D. , Gurwitz David , Aronovich Ramona , Hantai Daniel , Grigoriadis Nikolaos , Mizrachi‐Kol Rachel , Chapman Joab 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMultiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), are inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Activated coagulation factors are associated with inflammation and are elevated in the plasma of animals with EAE. Thrombin is a key coagulation factor and its major endogenous inhibitors are antithrombin III (ATIII) in the plasma and protease nexin 1 (PN‐1) in the brain. We measured the capacity of brain homogenates to inhibit exogenous thrombin and the CNS levels of ATIII and PN‐1 during the course of EAE. Acute EAE was induced in SJL/J mice by immunization with mouse spinal cord homogenates. On Days 8, 13, and 22 post‐immunization, inhibition of exogenous thrombin activity was measured by a recently developed fluorimetric assay. PN‐1 and ATIII were assayed both by immunohistochemistry and by immunoblots in the brain and spinal cord. Total brain thrombin inhibitory activity increased (32%) in EAE mice at the peak of clinical disease (Day 13, P = 0.04 compared to controls). Brain ATIII also increased at the peak of disease (2.5‐fold higher than controls, P = 0.0001), and correlated significantly with clinical scores at all stages of disease (r = 0.72, P = 0.0068). In contrast, PN‐1 elevations were more pronounced at the preclinical stage on Day 8 (3‐fold higher than controls, P = 0.01) than on Day 13 (1.4‐fold higher, P = 0.005). Increased brain thrombin inhibition at the clinical peak of EAE probably reflects increased influx of plasma thrombin inhibitors. Early PN‐1 changes represent a potential target for thrombin modulating drugs in EAE and MS. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cholecystokinin inhibits evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents in the rat nucleus accumbens indirectly through γ‐aminobutyric acid and γ‐aminobutyric acid type B receptors
Authors: Kombian Samuel B. , Ananthalakshmi Kethireddy V.V. , Parvathy Subramanian S. , Matowe Wandikayi C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe recently reported that cholecystokinin (CCK) excited nucleus accumbens (NAc) cells and depressed excitatory synaptic transmission indirectly through γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), acting on presynaptic GABAB receptors (Kombian et al. [2004] J. Physiol. 555:71–84). The present study tested the hypothesis that CCK modulates inhibitory synaptic transmission in the NAc. Using in vitro forebrain slices containing the NAc and whole‐cell patch recording, we examined the effects of CCK on evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) recorded at a holding potential of −80 mV throughout CCK‐8S caused a reversible inward current accompanied by a concentration‐dependent decrease in evoked IPSC amplitude. Maximum IPSC depression was ∼25% at 10 μM, with an estimated EC50 of 0.1 μM. At 1 μM, CCK‐8S induced an inward current of 28.3 ± 4.8 pA (n = 6) accompanied by an IPSC depression of −18.8% ± 1.6% (n = 6). This CCK‐induced IPSC depression was blocked by pretreatment with proglumide (100 μM; −3.7% ± 6.9%; n = 4) and by LY225910 (100 nM), a selective CCKB receptor antagonist (4.4% ± 2.6%; n = 4). It was not blocked by SCH23390 (10 μM; −23.5% ± 1.3%; P < 0.05; n = 7) or sulpiride (10 μM; −21.8% ± 5.1%; P < 0.05; n = 4), dopamine receptor antagonists. By contrast, it was blocked by CGP55845 (1 μM; −0.4% ± 3.4%; n = 5) a potent GABAB receptor antagonist, and by forskolin (50 μM; 9.9% ± 5.2%; n = 4), an adenylyl cyclase activator, and H‐89 (1 μM; 6.9% ± 3.9%; n = 4), a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor. These results indicate that CCK acts on CCKB receptors to increase extracellular levels of GABA, which then acts on GABAB receptors to decrease IPSC amplitude. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of the neuronal marker NeuN as a multiply phosphorylated antigen with discrete subcellular localization
Authors: Lind Daniela , Franken Sebastian , Kappler Joachim , Jankowski Jakob , Schilling Karl 
Published: December 2004

AbstractNeuN (neuronal nuclei) is an antigen used widely in research and diagnostics to identify postmitotic neurons. The present study aims at an initial understanding of the molecular nature and functional significance of this as yet ill‐defined antigen. Using isoelectric focusing, both the 46‐ and 48‐kDa isoforms of NeuN can be separated in multiple spots spanning a pH range of 8–10.5, suggesting that they might be phosphorylated. Enzymatic dephosphorylation abolishes NeuN immunoreactivity, confirming that NeuN is indeed a phosphoprotein, and establishing that binding of the defining antibody depends on its state of phosphorylation. Combined biochemical and immunohistochemical analysis show that both the 46‐ and the 48‐kDa NeuN isoforms can be localized to the cell nucleus as well as in the neuronal cytoplasm. Their relative concentration in these compartments is distinct, however, with the 48‐kDa isoform being the predominant isoform in the cytoplasm. Within the nucleus, NeuN is found preferentially in areas of low chromatin density and virtually excluded from areas containing densely packed DNA. The present identification of multiple differentially phosphorylated isoforms of NeuN, together with recent reports on the dependence of NeuN immunoreactivity levels on a variety of physiologic or pathologic signals, suggests a previously unappreciated level of complexity in the regulation of this enigmatic, neuron‐specific antigen. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chronic endothelin exposure inhibits connexin43 expression in cultured cortical astroglia
Authors: Rozyczka Joanna , Figiel Maciej , Engele Jürgen 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSevere brain lesions are accompanied by sustained increases in endothelin (ET) levels, which in turn profoundly affect brain microcirculation and neural cell function. A known response of astrocytes to acute increases in ET levels is the rapid and transient closure of gap junctions and the subsequent decrease of gap junction‐mediated intercellular communication (GJIC). Because evidence exists that the loss of GJIC alters astrocytic gene expression, we analyzed the effects of chronic ET exposure on astrocytic gap junction coupling. We found that within 24 hr, cultured cortical astrocytes respond to low nanomolar concentrations (2–10 nM) of either ET‐1 or ET‐3 with a robust inhibition of connexin (Cx)43 expression, the major junctional protein in astrocytes, and a subsequent decline of GIJC. We further observed that in the continuous presence of ETs, Cx43 expression remained inhibited for at least 7 days. In addition, a similar decrease of Cx43 expression occurred in cultured spinal cord astrocytes maintained with ET‐1 for 3 days. Applying ETs in combination with the highly selective ETA and ETB receptor antagonists, BQ123 and BQ788, respectively, revealed that the inhibitory influences on astrocytic Cx43 expression depend on activation of ETB receptors. We suggest that the observed ET‐dependent inhibition of Cx43 expression and the resulting decline of GJIC might represent a major pathway by which ETs regulate astrocytic gene expression in the injured brain. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gas‐phase reaction of Cl with dimethyl sulfide: Temperature and oxygen partial pressure dependence of the rate coefficient
Authors: Arsene C. , Barnes I. , Becker K. H. , Benter Th. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe kinetics of the reaction of Cl atoms with dimethyl sulfide has been investigated using a relative rate technique. Experiments were performed with oxygen partial pressures of 0, 200, and 500 mbar at a total pressure of 1000 mbar (N2 + O2) over the temperature range 283–308 K in a 1080 L reactor using long path in situ Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy to monitor the reactants. The 254 nm photolysis of trichloroacetyl chloride was used as the Cl atom source. Three reference hydrocarbons, cyclohexane, n‐butane, and propene were employed. Good agreement was found between the rate coefficients determined using the
different reference compounds. The rate coefficients were found to decrease with increasing temperature at constant O2 pressure and increase moderately with increasing O2 partial pressure at constant temperature. The temperature dependences of the Cl atom reaction with dimethyl sulfide for the three O2 partial pressure investigated can be expressed by the simple Arrhenius expressions: k = (4.22 ± 1.78) × 10−13 exp((1968 ± 379)/T), k = (5.42 ± 1.85) × 10−13 exp((1946 ± 381)/T), and k = (6.90 ± 2.04) × 10−13 exp((1912 ± 381)/T). The errors are a combination of the 2σ statistical errors from the kinetic data analysis plus an estimated systematic error that includes the error in the reference hydrocarbon. The mechanistic implications of the results are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 37: 66–73, 2005
Mass spectrometry and the search for moonlighting proteins
Authors: Jeffery Constance J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMass spectrometry has become one of the most important techniques in proteomics because of its use to identify the proteins found in different cell types, organelles, and multiprotein complexes. This information about protein location and binding partners can provide valuable clues to infer a protein's function. However, more and more proteins are found that “moonlight,” or have more than one function, and the presence of moonlighting proteins can make more difficult the identification of protein function in those studies. This review discusses examples of moonlighting proteins and how their presence can affect the results of mass spectrometry studies that identify the locations, levels, and changes in protein expression. Although the presence of moonlighting proteins can complicate the results of those studies, mass spectrometry‐derived protein‐expression profiles potentially provides a very powerful method to find additional moonlighting proteins because they do not require a prior hypothesis of the protein's function. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 24:772–782, 2005
Band‐notched ultra‐wideband planar‐monopole antenna
Authors: Su Saou‐Wen , Wong Kin‐Lu , Tang Chia‐Lun 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAn ultra‐wideband (UWB) planar metal‐plate monopole antenna with a band‐notch characteristic is presented. The proposed planar metal‐plate monopole antenna is embedded with an inverted U‐shape slot, whose length is selected to be a half‐wavelength at the desired notched frequency. By adjusting the slot length, the notched frequency band within the antenna's operating bandwidth can be easily controlled. A design example for an UWB (3.1–10.6 GHz) planar metal‐plate monopole antenna with a notched frequency band at 5 GHz is demonstrated. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 44: 217–219, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20592
A novel propagation‐prediction model for small rooms with metallic furniture
Authors: Chen Chun‐Ming , Chiu Chien‐Ching , Chen Chien‐Hung , Chen Yueh‐Cheng 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe implementation of wireless local area networks (WLANs) inside buildings is growing rapidly. It is important to predict the indoor coverage zone. The propagation‐prediction models proposed in recent years have paid attention to the effects of propagation and reflection. But in a small room with metallic furniture, diffraction is the main influence upon path loss. Propagation loss and the diffraction loss are considered in the propagation‐prediction model that we propose in this paper. The simulation and measurement results are obtained in order to verify the feasibility of this model. The mean error between the measurement and simulation results is within 2 dB. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 44: 281–284, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20611