bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hybrid Justice and the Promise and Expectations of Outreach
Authors: Kavran Olga 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Twenty years have passed since the first outreach programme was established at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY). At that time, it was an afterthought in what had become an emerging system of international criminal justice. Today, outreach is considered an essential part of the work of any international or hybrid court or tribunal. For example, the UN Secretary-General, in his report on the establishment of a special court for Sierra Leone, called for ‘a broad public information and education campaign … as an integral part of the Court’s activities’. Similarly, in 2007, the UN report on the steps taken to establish the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL) referred to ‘the development of an effective and comprehensive outreach programme bringing the activities of the Special Tribunal closer to the population of Lebanon and the wider region’ as ‘a priority’. Yet, despite the prominent role it seems to have been assigned, outreach is still not necessarily seen as a legal obligation of these institutions, as evidenced by the lack of any reference to outreach in the institutions’ founding documents, the absence of guidelines on how to conduct outreach, and, very often, a lack of funding for outreach programmes. All this results in different approaches by different institutions, ranging from the very conservative to the very innovative. This chapter aims to look at the different approaches taken by hybrid tribunals in respect of their outreach and legacy, and examine them to identify lessons to be learned for the future.
Beyond ‘Fragmentation’
Authors: Dieci Alice 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter explores the potential of hybrid courts to prosecute economic, social, and cultural rights (ESCR) violations amounting to international crimes from a twofold perspective. It starts by addressing the notion of fragmentation of international criminal law (ICL) in its positive connotation of legal pluralism and judicial creativity and links it to the marginalization of ESCR in ICL. This is done by exploring the limited jurisprudence of some hybrid courts, such as the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL), the Extraordinary Chambers for the Court of Cambodia (ECCC), and the East Timor Special Panels for Serious Crimes (SCU) in relation to prosecution of ESCR violations, underlining their limitations and missed opportunities. The chapter then explores some of the inherent features of hybrid courts and their potential to more effectively address ESCR violations, as compared to international, national, or regional courts. It argues that the inclusion of ESCR in a hybridity framework could positively reconcile the tension between the top-down approach of international justice, increasingly perceived as Western-dominated and disproportionately focusing on civil and political rights, and the bottom-up approach of local and regional demands, increasingly pushing for accountability for economic and social violations, such as land grabbing and forced displacement in relation to illegal exploitation of natural resources. It concludes that hybrid courts could provide further legitimacy to international justice and restore trust among affected communities by better reflecting the extent of victimization on the ground, which inevitably includes ESCR violations, and increased human rights’ politicization.
Causal Inference and the People's Health
Authors: Schwartz Sharon , Prins Seth J. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This book examines the implications of the “Causal Revolution” in epidemiology for the people’s health. Since the turn of the 21st century, this revolution—introduced to epidemiology as the Potential Outcomes framework—initiated a paradigm shift across the social sciences. This shift influences the questions we ask, the methods we use, the narratives we construct about our study results, and thus the knowledge upon which we base our fights for the people’s health. The guiding principle of the Causal Revolution is simple but profound: researchers should specify if their goal is description, prediction, or causation. Researchers should declare their causal goals even for observational studies; causation should not be reserved for randomized trials. This can prevent misalignment between inferential targets, assumptions, analytic approaches, and interpretations. This principle produced important innovations that clarified assumptions necessary to infer causation from association and engendered methods to mitigate the effects of their violation. But it also reignited debates about the definition of causation, the causal status of important social constructs like class and race, the role of manipulation or intervention in causal inference, and assumptions about how change in the people’s health happens. This book interrogates these debates, critiques attempts at their resolution, and offers a path forward—by embracing causal questions that identify and explain etiologic processes rather than solely estimating the effects of interventions. This in turn expands causal inference to include social forces as causes of the people’s health, and therefore reinvigorates epidemiology’s historical role in targeting systems and structures for change.
Conclusion
Authors: Schwartz Sharon , Prins Seth J. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the main arguments of the book. How we apply causal inference methods depends on the question we are trying to answer and the problem we are trying to solve. Traditional Potential Outcomes approaches are valuable for problems that can be solved with well-defined interventions, such as questions about drug efficacy and other biomedical, clinical, or social policy situations in which a “treatment” can be given to improve a health outcome. But models of causal phenomena—and social phenomena in particular—should generally focus on the explanation of causal processes rather than the prediction or precise estimation of the effects of interventions, to be useful for effecting change.
Ideology, Mindsets, and Military Law
Authors: Peifer Douglas Carl 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The German military (Wehrmacht) was not apolitical, but rather a pillar of the Third Reich. While much attention has been devoted to officers within the military who resisted Hitler—particularly those associated with the July 20th attempt on Hitler’s life—the Wehrmacht’s leadership stood behind Hitler loyally. The leaders of the military’s judicial apparatus likewise expressed enthusiastic support for Hitler, regarding the Führer’s will as the ultimate legal authority. The legal code distinguished between unauthorized absence and desertion, and there was no provision for conscientious objection. The penetration of Nazi worldviews and values into the military justice apparatus becomes apparent when exploring how jurists determined intent and how those who refused to serve, in particular Jehovah’s Witnesses, were punished.
Epilogue
Authors: Peifer Douglas Carl 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The extended debate over the status of Wehrmacht deserters in postwar Germany has generated empathy for those who refuse military service because they disagree with the cause or conduct of military conflicts. Following Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine, German politicians were far more sympathetic to Russians seeking to evade military service or desert than were their counterparts in Poland, the Baltic Republics, and Finland. The epilogue explores how Germany has developed the concept that soldiers are also citizens who should be guided by their internal moral compass, posing the question whether this concept of “inner guidance” (Innere Führung) is exportable or unique to Germany due to its troubling history (Sonderweg, German exceptionalism).
“Hooray for Louis Armstrong!”
Authors: Riccardi Ricky 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter details Louis Armstrong’s imprisonment. It notes the verdict of Armstrong being sent back to the Colored Waif’s Home for an indeterminate amount of time, highlighting that his case would be reviewed in six months. The Waif’s Home offered a music program overseen by an assistant keeper, Peter Davis, who became Armstrong’s first music teacher. The chapter explains that Armstrong played cornet when the Colored Waif’s Home band hit the streets on Labor Day, 1914. He was showing his maturity as a musician and man, continuing to impress his elders, but it all ended when he left the Waif’s Home to move in with his father.
“Destined to Be Great”
Authors: Riccardi Ricky 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter looks into the notion that Louis Armstrong was destined for greatness. It notes that Armstrong reunited with Morris Karnofsky. After Armstrong likely left Morris Karnofsky’s employment sometime in 1915, he almost immediately found himself back in the coal business after a job provided by one of his mother's new beaus, a coal cart driver for the C. A. Andrews Coal Company. The chapter provides a brief overview of Armstrong’s coal work. It then highlights Armstrong’s huge ambition to help and do "lots" for his mother and family, which would soon evolve into his first regular job as a musician.
“Nothing but Fuck and Fight”
Authors: Riccardi Ricky 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter tells of Louis Armstrong quitting his job at the coal yard after the war was over. Armstrong and Kid Ory spent the next six months performing together regularly, often with clarinetist Johnny Dodds joining them in the front line. The chapter then elaborates on Armstrong’s relationship with Daisy Parker, whom he married when he was only 17 years old. It then explains how Armstrong and Daisy were given the responsibility of watching over his three-year-old cousin Clarence Hatfield, whom Armstrong unconditionally loved regardless of his disability. Outside of his chaotic home life, Armstrong enjoyed plenty of opportunities to play with Kid Ory’s band in early 1919.
“He’s Got to Be Better”
Authors: Riccardi Ricky 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter suggests Richmond, Indiana, as a candidate for a cradle of jazz after Louis Armstrong and King Oliver made their first recordings in 1923. It also notes that King Oliver’s Jazz Band recorded songs with OKeh Records, who knew they had something special and put their promotional resources behind their Chicago recordings. The success of Oliver’s sides led him to receive offers to record for Gennett, OKeh, and Columbia in October 1923 alone. The chapter explains Armstrong’s budding relationship with Oliver as the tour with the Music Corporation of America continued. However, in Miss Lil’s mind, it was the end.
“Big Headed Motherfuckers”
Authors: Riccardi Ricky 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter discusses Louis Armstrong’s arrival in New York. It explains that Armstrong’s playing didn’t win him any immediate friends in Harlem, and the tension only disappeared after a scuffle within the band. Moreover, the influence of Armstrong’s hometown had much to do with his impact on the New York scene. The chapter then elaborates on the legacy of Armstrong’s “Shanghai Shuffle,” which still has the power to dazzle modern-day listeners and make them dance. It then details the conflict between Armstrong and clarinetist Sidney Bechet in the recording studio, highlighting Armstrong’s daring play that led him to win against Bechet.
“A Record of Importance”
Authors: Riccardi Ricky 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter looks into Louis Armstrong’s recordings with OKeh. Armstrong brought a band together made up of members of the Dickerson band, including Fred Robinson on trombone. Eventually there was a success with Armstrong’s recording of King Oliver’s plaintive blues, “West End Blues,”, nostalgically named for a lakefront section of New Orleans. The success of “West End Blues,” in part due to Armstrong’s stunning opening unaccompanied cadenza, did make other record labels sit up and take notice and try to mimic with other top Black trumpeters the success of the Hot Five. The chapter highlights that Armstrong was now on his way to becoming a pop star.
Navigating Life with Restless Legs Syndrome
Authors: Spector Andrew R. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) is a miserable, life-altering condition that affects millions of people around the world but is highly treatable. It is characterized by an uncomfortable feeling, typically in the legs, that is worse later in the day, worse when resting, and better with movement. This book reviews the nature of RLS and discusses how the diagnosis is made. It reviews the changes in the brain to dopamine, glutamate, and adenosine that take place to cause RLS as well as the health and social consequences faced by people with the condition. The importance of iron in managing RLS and both prescription and nonprescription therapies are described. Medications such as pramipexole, ropinirole, gabapentin, pregabalin, methadone, and buprenorphine are reviewed, including the harms, such as augmentation and impulse control disorders, caused by some of the most commonly prescribed medications for RLS. Special attention is paid to RLS in the context of pregnancy, hospitalization, dementia, COVID-19, and other medical conditions. In addition, the care of RLS in vulnerable populations is described. Important information for loved ones and caregivers is provided to help them understand the suffering that people with RLS endure and the treatment options available to them. The book closes with a look to the future of RLS and what diagnostic and treatment options might become available in the future.
Treatment of RLS Without Prescription Drugs
Authors: Spector Andrew R. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In many cases, RLS can be treated without the need for prescription drugs. Various techniques take advantage of counterstimulation to reduce symptoms. This includes temperature, pressure, vibration, and electrical stimulation. Distraction is another viable tactic to treat RLS. Vitamin D supplements have good data to support their use in RLS, but magnesium supplements and cannabidiol (CBD) are not supported by research. Dietary strategies include avoiding carbohydrates, particularly sugar, along with caffeine and alcohol, both common triggers. Procedures such as acupuncture and treatment of varicose veins could be helpful for some people. Regular daily exercise is important as well, though overdoing it close to bedtime might make the legs worse.
Gabapentinoids for RLS
Authors: Spector Andrew R. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
There are three gabapentinoids on the market: gabapentin, gabapentin enacarbil, and pregabalin. These drugs are considered first-line therapy for RLS. Gabapentin enacarbil and pregabalin tend to be absorbed better and more reliably effective than gabapentin due to variability in how gabapentin is absorbed in the intestines. Side effects include sedation, confusion, weight gain, depression, and swelling in the ankles. Gabapentinoids can be safely combined with most other drugs with the caution that adding them to other sedating drugs can cause additive effects. It is relatively easy to discontinue gabapentinoids, with little to no withdrawal symptoms.
Opioids for RLS
Authors: Spector Andrew R. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Opioids are a large class of medications that have been used for centuries to treat RLS. They work when all else has failed. Doses tend to be low and stay low. Each individual opioid has pros and cons, and each one can be tried in succession if needed to maximize benefits and minimize side effects. Methadone and buprenorphine are currently the opioids of choice, but most others, particularly longer-acting extended-release forms, can also be used. Despite the high likelihood of benefit, they are also associated with a high risk of side effects and complications. Opioid use disorder, constipation, sedation, central sleep apnea, and low testosterone are all potential complications of opioid use. Opioids use is often monitored with contracts and urine drug screens to help providers minimize the risk of overdose.
Additional Medications for RLS
Authors: Spector Andrew R. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Many drugs have been studied in small trials or reported anecdotally to treat RLS. These are mostly cardiovascular drugs and antiseizure drugs. Among the cardiovascular drugs, clonidine and dipyridamole have been shown to improve RLS. The seizure drug with the most supporting evidence is carbamazepine, but oxcarbazepine, topiramate, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, lamotrigine, and valproic acid have all been reported as being effective. These drugs are generally less likely to work for RLS than opioids but tend to carry a more favorable safety profile. Side effects of each of these medications and recommended dosages vary by each drug.
RLS in Pregnancy
Authors: Spector Andrew R. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
RLS can develop during any pregnancy, and pregnancy is a particularly high-risk time for developing RLS. It’s more common during second or later pregnancies than in the first pregnancy, and it’s more common in the third trimester than the first. Low iron levels and low folate levels increase this risk further. Treatment of RLS during pregnancy utilizes the same common medications (gabapentinoids, dopamine agonists, and opioids). Each of these drugs can be used during pregnancy if needed, though taking the lowest effective dose can help mitigate any risks. After delivery, about 75% of cases of RLS will resolve, but 25% persist after pregnancy. Breastfeeding while on RLS medications is generally considered safe for babies, with older babies who are consuming some table food at lower risk due to the reduction in breastmilk consumption at that age.
RLS with Other Illnesses
Authors: Spector Andrew R. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
RLS does not occur in a vacuum. People with RLS often have other medical conditions as well. If those medical conditions result in hospitalization, RLS can worsen for multiple reasons, such as immobility, inflammation, reduced access to home medications, and new medications that trigger RLS. As RLS is more common with age, there is an overlap between RLS and dementia. Certain medications, such as benzodiazepines, should be avoided when treating RLS patients with dementia. RLS is frequently treated in sleep medicine clinics, and other sleep disorders are often present. Sleep apnea and insomnia have been associated with RLS. RLS can interfere with the treatment of these other conditions if not adequately treated. The interactions between RLS and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and RLS and obesity are complex. Likewise, RLS management can be complicated in patients with allergies and immune disorders. Finally, COVID-19 increased rates of RLS, likely due to inflammation.
Massacre at Mystic
Authors: Tuininga Matthew J. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter explains how the Puritan colonies conquered Pequot country and virtually destroyed the Pequot people. When Indians attacked Wethersfield, Connecticut responded by declaring a war in defense of Christ’s kingdom. Soldiers from Connecticut and Massachusetts and their Narragansett, Eastern Niantic, and Mohegan allies devastated the Pequots in a battle-turned-massacre at Mystic. Colonists continued to pursue and capture other Pequots, enslaving them or giving them as captives to other Algonquian communities. Puritan ministers exulted in God’s victory on their behalf, with only Roger Williams offering meaningful dissent.
The Conquests and Triumphs of Christ
Authors: Tuininga Matthew J. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter describes how Puritans finally began missionary work among Indians in New England. Initially little was done in the way of missionary work. Few Indians converted, though Wequash, a Pequot scout, was a prominent exception. However, when six sachems offered their people as subjects to Massachusetts in exchange for protection, the colony launched efforts to begin evangelizing and civilizing them. John Eliot, the leading missionary in Massachusetts, established praying towns where Indians could live under English laws and receive Christian teaching. Thomas Mayhew launched another successful missionary campaign on Martha’s Vineyard.
Reparations
Authors: Tuininga Matthew J. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter describes how the United Colonies suppressed repeated Narragansett attempts to assert Narragansett sovereignty. Still smarting from the killing of Miantonomo, the Narragansetts sought to assert their independence from Massachusetts by pledging their allegiance to King Charles I. The Narragansetts went to war against the Mohegans, only for the United Colonies to intervene by imposing a burdensome treaty on the Narragansetts requiring them to pay the massive sum of 2,000 fathoms of wampum. Meanwhile, the United Colonies allowed Uncas to harass Pequots and English colonists at the new settlement of Nameag. The United Colonies eventually granted the Pequots limited autonomy. Their agent, Humphrey Atherton, nearly triggered a war with the Narragansetts, but Roger Williams intervened to keep the peace.
The Wampanoags
Authors: Tuininga Matthew J. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter describes how despite fervent missionary efforts that converted many Wampanoags to Christianity, Plymouth’s attempt to dominate Philip brought the two peoples to the brink of war. John Eliot tried to convert Philip, but relations were strained by constant friction between colonists and Indians and by major crises in 1667 and 1671. Natick attempted mediation based on Christian principles, but Massachusetts ultimately betrayed Philip, and he was forced to sign a humiliating treaty of subjection to Plymouth. The praying Indian John Sassamon was found dead in 1675, and Philip’s fears amid the resulting trial of three Wampanoags lead him to mobilize his warriors. As Plymouth mobilized, Rhode Island tried to mediate peace. Indians began plundering and vandalizing colonists’ property at Swansea.
Analyzing Verismo Opera
Authors: Lee Ji Yeon 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The essay examines the aria “Vissi d’arte” from Puccini’s Tosca, focusing on how the aria’s kinetic trajectory carries out the dynamic quality embedded in the text and dramatic circumstances. First, it analyzes the aria according to the traditional recitative-and-aria format, applying ternary form to the aria proper. It then examines the musical organization of the returning section in the aria, which gradually builds a climactic wave moving toward a highpoint and subsiding. This analysis demonstrates how Puccini’s creative approach to the conventional operatic form channels an emotional intensity and dramatic immediacy.
Loco Vocable
Authors: Benadon Fernando 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Since the late 1960s, the Argentine musical troupe Les Luthiers has brought laughter to millions across Latin America through storytelling and performances on homemade instruments such as the mandocleta (mandolin-bicycle). One of their long-running fictional characters is composer Johann Sebastian Mastropiero, known to have penned numerous boilerplate commissions but only a single note out of genuine inspiration. Among Mastropiero’s forays into music scholarship was the topic of “tarareo,” the widespread practice of singing melodies with made-up syllables rather than real lyrics. Believing that singing meaningless syllables amounts to poetic waste, Mastropiero devised “tarareo conceptual,” a text-setting technique whereby the syllables are also part of the song’s lyrics. This essay analyzes the Spanish-language song “Aria Agraria” (agrarian aria), a humorous waltz that uses word play and abundant tarareo to depict farmers working the land.