bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electronic Nose for the Early Detection of Moulds in Libraries and Archives
Authors: Pinzari Flavia , Fanelli Corrado , Canhoto Olinda , Magan Naresh 
Published: October 2004

The development of sensor technology has stimulated interest in the use of characteristic volatile and odorous compounds produced by fungi as early indicators of deterioration in materials. Sensor arrays to measure traces of volatile chemicals could detect early fungal growth in libraries and archives. In this study we tested an electronic nose to detect fungi actively growing on paper samples. The main aim was to verify whether or not a device, currently used to detect fungal activity in stored grain, might be suitable for detecting mould activity on paper. The findings indicate that it is possible to discriminate “ in vitro” between paper samples affected by moulds and those unaffected, both at 100% RH (relative humidity), and at 75% RH, simply by measuring their odour fingerprint with an electronic nose. The sensors used in this study discriminated for each paper type three different species of actively growing fungi. Cluster analysis (CA) showed that it was possible to differentiate between specific species. Different paper types influenced the emission of odorous signals by moulds. When considering data from all the paper types, principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that only samples analysed at 100% RH could be separated. This study suggests that, before electronic-nose technology can be applied to the early detection of mould growth in libraries, archives, museums or in display cases, more information will be required on the influence of substrata and of other environmental parameters in the production of volatile chemicals by fungi.
Blockade of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor Receptor-Beta by CDP860, a Humanized, PEGylated di-Fab', Leads to Fluid Accumulation and Is Associated With Increased Tumor Vascularized Volume
Authors: Jayson G.C. , Parker G.J.M. , Mullamitha S. , Valle J.W. , Saunders M. , Broughton L. , Lawrance J. , Carrington B. , Roberts C. , Issa B. , Buckley D.L. , Cheung S. , Davies K. , Watson Y. , Zinkewich-Péotti K. , Rolfe L. , Jackson A. 
Published: October 2004

Purpose CDP860 is an engineered Fab' fragment-polyethylene glycol conjugate, which binds to and blocks the activity of the beta-subunit of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR-β). Studies in animals have suggested that PDGFR-β inhibition reduces tumor interstitial fluid pressure, and thus increases the uptake of concomitantly administered drugs. The purpose of this study was to determine whether changes in tumor vascular parameters could be detected in humans, and to assess whether CDP860 would be likely to increase the uptake of a concurrently administered small molecule in future studies. Patients and Methods Patients with advanced ovarian or colorectal cancer and good performance status received intravenous infusions of CDP860 on days 0 and 28. Patients had serial dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging studies to measure changes in tumor vascular parameters. Results Three of eight patients developed significant ascites, and seven of eight showed evidence of fluid retention. In some patients, the ratio of vascular volume to total tumor volume increased significantly (P < .001) within 24 hours following CDP860 administration, an effect suggestive of recruitment of previously non-functioning vessels. Conclusion These observations suggest that inhibition of PDGFR-β might improve delivery of a concurrently administered therapy. However, in cancer patients, further exploration of the dosing regimen of CDP860 is required to dissociate adverse effects from beneficial effects. The findings challenge the view that inhibition of PDGF alone is beneficial, and confirm that effects of PDGFR kinase inhibition mediate, to some extent, the fluid retention observed in patients treated with mixed tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
ZrCl4 as an Efficient Catalyst for Selective Tosylation of Alcohols with p-Toluenesulfonic Acid
Authors: Das Biswanath , Reddy Vtukuri Saidi 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Tosylation of alcohols has directly been carried out with p-toluenesulfonic acid in methylene chloride under reflux using ZrCl4 as a catalyst. Primary alcohols were found to be tosylated chemoselectively over secondary alcohols.
Functional Characterization of Atherosclerosis-Associated Ser128Arg and Leu554Phe E-Selectin Mutations
Authors: Wenzel K. , Stahn R. , Speer A. , Denner K. , Gläser C. , Affeldt M. , Moobed M. , Scheer A. , Baumann G. , Felix S.B. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe cellular adhesion molecule E-selectin is expressed on activated endothelial cells, and is involved in the process of adherence of blood cells to vessel endothelium in inflammatory events such as atherosclerosis. In a recent study we found a Ser128Arg mutation in the EGF domain as well as a Leu554Phe mutation in the membrane domain of E-selectin. We also established increased frequencies of both mutations among young patients with severe coronary atherosclerosis. In the present study we investigated the influence of these mutations on cell adhesion and on the release of soluble E-selectin. Mutants were created by site-directed mutagenesis and COS cells were transfected with E-selectin, either wild-type or mutant. Antibody-binding studies and cell-adhesion assays were performed on transfected COS cells and on interleukin-1 beta-stimulated HUVECs. Soluble E-selectin in supernatants of wild type and Leu554Phe mutant-transfected COS cells was measured by ELISA. We discovered significant differences in the strength of HL-60 cell adhesion for the Ser128Arg mutant: in comparison with the wild type, the strength of adhesion to the mutant was reduced on transfected COS cells (P < 0.01) as well as on stimulated HUVECs (P < 0.01). Significantly diminished release of soluble E-selectin was detected for the Leu554Phe membrane domain mutant, in comparison with the wild type. In summary, the mutations studied here influence the E-selectin functionin vitroand may be considered as one of the risk factors involved in the complex pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Cycloheximide, a New Tool to Dissect Specific Steps in ER-Associated Degradation of Different Substrates
Authors: Amshoff C. , Jäck H.-M. , Haas I.G. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractTo study the degradation requirements of unassembled immunoglobulin (Ig) chains, we heterologously expressed a cDNA encoding the secretory form of murine μ in the yeast
Localization of Rat Cathepsin K in Osteoclasts and Resorption Pits: Inhibition of Bone Resorption and Cathepsin K-Activity by Peptidyl Vinyl Sulfones
Authors: Xia L. , Kilb J. , Wex H. , Li Z. , Lipyansky A. , Breuil V. , Stein L. , Palmer J.T. , Dempster D.W. , Brömme D. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWe have localized cathepsin K in rat osteoclasts and within exposed resorption pits by immuno-fluorescence microscopy. Intracellular staining using an antibody raised against recombinant mouse cathepsin K was vesicular and uniformly distributed throughout the cell. Confocal microscopy analysis did not reveal an accumulation of cathepsin K containing vesicles opposing the ruffled border and the resorption lacuna. Exposed resorption pits exhibited a uniform distribution of cathepsin K, and no differences were observed between the edges and the centers of the pits. The immunostaining of resorption pits with anti-cathepsin K antibodies demonstrates that the protease is secreted into the sub-osteoclastic compartment.Cathepsin K-specific inhibition using peptidyl vinyl sulfones as selective cysteine protease inactivators reduced bone resorption by 80% in a dose-dependent manner at sub-micromolar concentrations. No reduction of bone resorption was observed at those low concentrations using a potent cathepsin L, S, B-specific inhibitor. That the inhibition of bone resorption can be attributed to cathepsin K-like protease inhibition was corroborated by the selective inhibition of the osteoclastic Z-Gly-Pro-Arg-MβNA hydrolyzing activity by the cathepsin K, L, S, B-inhibitor, but not by the cathepsin L, B, and S inhibitor. Z-Gly-Pro-Arg-MβNA is efficiently hydrolyzed by cathepsin K but only poorly by cathepsins L, S, and B. On the contrary, the intracellular hydrolysis of the cathepsin B-specific substrate, Z-Arg-Arg-MβNA, was prevented by both types of inhibitors.The identification of cathepsin K in resorption pits and the inhibition of bone resorption and intracellular cathepsin K activity by selective vinyl sulfone inhibitors indicate the critical role of the protease in osteoclastic bone resorption.
Oxidation of 4-tert-Butylcatechol and Dopamine by Hydrogen Peroxide Catalysed by Horseradisch Peroxidase
Authors: García-Moreno M. , Moreno-Conesa M. , Rodríguez-López J.N. , García-Cánovas F. , Varón R. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe catalytic cycle of horseradish peroxidase (HRP; donor:hydrogen peroxide oxidoreductase; EC 1.11.1.7) is initiated by a rapid oxidation of it by hydrogen peroxide to give an enzyme intermediate, compound I, which reverts to the resting state via two successive single electron transfer reactions from reducing substrate molecules, the first yielding a second enzyme intermediate, compound II. To investigate the mechanism of action of horseradish peroxidase on catechol substrates we have studied the oxidation of both 4-
Acquisition of Myogenic Specificity through Replacement of One Amino Acid of MASH-1 and Introduction of an Additional alpha -Helical Turn
Authors: Dezan C. , Meierhans D. , Künne A.G.E. , Allemann R.K. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe homologous transcription factors Myf-5, MyoD, myogenin, MRF-4, and MASH-1 bind with high affinity and modest sequence specificity to DNA containing an E-box (CANNTG). This similarity of the
The Heavy Metal-Responsive Transcription Factor-1 (MTF-1) Is Not Required for Neural Differentiation
Authors: Lichtlen P. , Georgiev O. , Schaffner W. , Aguzzi A. , Brandner S. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe zinc finger transcription factor MTF-1 is essential for proper response to heavy metal load and other stress conditions in vertebrates, and also contributes to the maintenance of the cellular redox state. Target genes include metallothioneins (MT-I and MT-II) and gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase (gamma-GCS), an enzyme involved in glutathione biosynthesis. Although MTF-1 is expressed ubiquitously, the primary defect in null mutant mice is hepatocyte necrosis, which results in embryonic lethality around day E14 and prevents the analysis of delayed effects on other organs. To assess the impact of MTF-1 deficiency on the function of the mature central nervous system, we employed the neural grafting strategy. Neuroectodermal brain tissue obtained from transgenic mouse embryos at gestational day 12.5 was transplanted into the caudoputamen of adult wild-type mice. 33 days later, grafts derived from MTF-1 deficient mice consisted of fully differentiated neuroectodermal tissue and showed no differences to heterozygous control grafts. This indicates that MTF-1 is dispensable for the development and differentiation of the nervous system. Such transplants devoid of MTF-1 may provide a useful tool for the further investigation of the effect of cell stress, including oxidative stress.
Universal and Unique Features of Kinesin Motors: Insights from a Comparison of Fungal and Animal Conventional Kinesins
Authors: Kirchner J. , Woehlke G. , Schliwa M. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractKinesins are microtubule motors that use the energy derived from the hydrolysis of ATP to move unidirectionally along microtubules. The founding member of this still growing superfamily is conventional kinesin, a dimeric motor that moves processively towards the plus end of microtubules. Within the family of conventional kinesins, two groups can be distinguished to date, one derived from animal species, and one originating from filamentous fungi. So far no conventional kinesin has been reported from plant cells. Fungal and animal conventional kinesins differ in several respects, both in terms of their primary sequence and their physiological properties. Thus all fungal conventional kinesins move at velocities that are 4–5 times higher than those of animal conventional kinesins, and all of them appear to lack associated light chains. Both groups of motors are characterized by a number of group-specific sequence features which are considered here with respect to their functional importance. Animal and fungal conventional kinesins also share a number of sequence characteristics which point to common principles of motor function. The overall domain organization is remarkably similar. A C-terminal sequence motif common to all kinesins, which constitutes the only region of high homology outside the motor domain, suggests common principles of cargo association in both groups of motors. Consideration of the differences of, and similarities between, fungal and animal kinesins offers novel possibilities for experimentation (e. g., by constructing chimeras) that can be expected to contribute to our understanding of motor function.
On the Lysosomal Degradation of Neurofibromin and Its Phosphorylation in Cultured Melanocytes
Authors: Kaufmann Dieter , Junge Iska , Bartelt Britta , Lattke Herbert , Müller Ralf 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is one of the most
common inherited disorders in humans. Most of the
NF1gene mutations result in a reduction of the amount
of neurofibromin to about 50%. Recently, we found
that the level of neurofibromin can be regulated posttranslationally
through the alteration of its half-life.
Here, we investigated whether lysosomes are involved
in this post-translational regulation in cultured melanocytes
of NF1 patients and controls. When the lysosomal
degradation was inhibited by chloroquine, an
increase of neurofibromin by a factor of 2 to 3, correlating
with an increased half-life, was measured. Incubation
with phosphoprotein-phosphatase inhibitors
also increased the neurofibromin content in melanocytes.
Investigations on phosphorylation of neurofibromin
revealed a basal phosphorylation in melanocytes
cultured with growth factor-deprived medium
that increased upon incubation with the growth stimulators
PMA or bFGF. Because both factors are also
able to increase the half-life of neurofibromin, we suggest
its phosphorylation to be an important step in
protecting neurofibromin against specific lysosomal
degradation.
Isolation and Characterization of Viridin, a New 65 kDa Antifungal Protein from the Mould Trichoderma viride
Authors: Hao Jian-Jiang , Geng Chuan-dong , Xie Wei-jun , Gong Zhen-zhen , Liu Wang-Yi , Wang En-duo 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA new extracellular antifungal protein with a yield of 10 mg per liter was isolated from the culture medium of the mouldTrichoderma viride. The protein, which we named viridin, was purified by carboxymethyl-cellulose cation-exchange chromatography and Superose 12 HR 10/30 high-performance liquid chromatography. Viridin, a basic protein of approximately 65 kDa as determined by SDS-PAGE, inhibits the growth of the cotton pathogenVerticillum dahliae, the IC50being 6 ΜM.
An Evaluation of Techniques for the Extraction and Amplification of DNA from Naturally Shed Hairs
Authors: Vigilant Linda 
Published: October 2004

AbstractHair can be a valuable source of DNA for the noninvasive study of human and nonhuman populations. However, hairs contain extremely small quantities of DNA, making the method used to extract the DNA of paramount importance. This study compares the effectiveness of 4 different methods of DNA extraction from shed chimpanzee hair, as measured by the ability to amplify mtDNA targets using PCR. The most successful method is also the simplest, requiring only digestion of the root end in a buffer compatible with subsequent PCR without a prior purification or extraction step. Strategies to non-specifically preamplify the template are not successful with DNA from stored shed hairs.
Huntington's disease–like 2 (HDL2) in North America and Japan
Authors: Margolis Russell L. , Holmes Susan E. , Rosenblatt Adam , Gourley Lisa , O'Hearn Elizabeth , Ross Christopher A. , Seltzer William K. , Walker Ruth H. , Ashizawa Tetsuo , Rasmussen Astrid , Hayden Michael , Almqvist Elisabeth W. , Harris Juliette , Fahn Stanley , MacDonald Marcy E. , Mysore Jayalakshmi , Shimohata Takayoshi , Tsuji Shoji , Potter Nicholas , Nakaso Kazuhiro , Adachi Yoshiki , Nakashima Kenji , Bird Thomas , Krause Amanda , Greenstein Penny 
Published: October 2004

AbstractHuntington's Disease–like 2 (HDL2) is a progressive, autosomal dominant, neurodegenerative disorder with marked clinical and pathological similarities to Huntington's disease (HD). The causal mutation is a CTG/CAG expansion mutation on chromosome 16q24.3, in a variably spliced exon of junctophilin‐3. The frequency of HDL2 was determined in nine independent series of patients referred for HD testing or selected for the presence of an HD‐like phenotype in North America or Japan. The repeat length, ancestry, and age of onset of all North American HDL2 cases were determined. The results show that HDL2 is very rare, with a frequency of 0 to 15% among patients in the nine case series with an HD‐like presentation who do not have the HD mutation. HDL2 is predominantly, and perhaps exclusively, found in individuals of African ancestry. Repeat expansions ranged from 44 to 57 triplets, with length instability in maternal transmission detected in a repeat of 33 triplets. A younger age of onset is correlated with a longer repeat length (r2 = 0.29, p = 0.0098). The results further support the evidence that the repeat expansion at the chromosome 16q24.3 locus is the direct cause of HDL2 and provide preliminary guidelines for the genetic testing of patients with an HD‐like phenotype. Ann Neurol 2004An Erratum has been published for this article in Ann Neurol 56: 911, 2004.
Minocycline prevents cholinergic loss in a mouse model of Down's syndrome
Authors: Hunter Christopher L. , Bachman David , Granholm Ann‐Charlotte 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIndividuals with Down's syndrome develop Alzheimer's‐like pathologies comparatively early in life, including progressive degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs). Cholinergic hypofunction contributes to dementia‐related cognitive decline and remains a target of therapeutic intervention for Alzheimer's disease. In light of this, partial trisomy 16 (Ts65Dn) mice have been developed to provide an animal model of Down's syndrome that exhibits progressive loss of BFCNs and cognitive ability. Another feature common to both Down's syndrome and Alzheimer's disease is neuroinflammation, which may exacerbate neurodegeneration, including cholinergic loss. Minocycline is a semisynthetic tetracycline with antiinflammatory properties that has demonstrated neuroprotective properties in certain disease models. Consistent with a role for inflammatory processes in BFCN degeneration, we have shown previously that minocycline protects BFCNs and improves memory in mice with acute, immunotoxic BFCN lesions. We now report that minocycline treatment inhibits microglial activation, prevents progressive BFCN decline, and markedly improves performance of Ts65Dn mice on a working and reference memory task. Minocycline is an established antiinflammatory and neuroprotective drug and may provide a novel approach to treat specific AD‐like pathologies. Ann Neurol 2004
Actin mutations are one cause of congenital fibre type disproportion
Authors: Laing Nigel G. , Clarke Nigel F. , Dye Danielle E. , Liyanage Khema , Walker Kendall R. , Kobayashi Yasuaki , Shimakawa Shuichi , Hagiwara Tohru , Ouvrier Robert , Sparrow John C. , Nishino Ichizo , North Kathryn N. , Nonaka Ikuya 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWe report three heterozygous missense mutations of the skeletal muscle alpha actin gene (ACTA1) in three unrelated cases of congenital fiber type disproportion (CFTD) from Japan and Australia. This represents the first genetic cause of CFTD to be identified and confirms that CFTD is genetically heterogeneous. The three mutations we have identified Leucine221Proline, Aspartate292Valine, and Proline332Serine are novel. They have not been found previously in any cases of nemaline, actin, intranuclear rod, or rod‐core myopathy caused by mutations in ACTA1. It remains unclear why these mutations cause type 1 fiber hypotrophy but no nemaline bodies. The three mutations all lie on one face of the actin monomer on the surface swept by tropomyosin during muscle activity, which may suggest a common pathological mechanism. All three CFTD cases with ACTA1 mutations had severe congenital weakness and respiratory failure without ophthalmoplegia. There were no clinical features specific to CFTD cases with ACTA1 mutations, but the presence of normal eye movements in a severe CFTD patient may be an important clue for the presence of a mutation in ACTA1. Ann Neurol 2004
Mechanical and thermal properties of glass bead–filled nylon‐6
Authors: Huang Li , Yuan Qiang , Jiang Wei , An Lijia , Jiang Shengxiang , Li R. K. Y. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe mechanical and thermal properties of glass bead–filled nylon‐6 were studied by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), tensile testing, Izod impact, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests. DMA results showed that the incorporation of glass beads could lead to a substantial increase of the glass‐transition temperature (Tg) of the blend, indicating that there existed strong interaction between glass beads and the nylon‐6 matrix. Results of further calculation revealed that the average interaction between glass beads and the nylon‐6 matrix deceased with increasing glass bead content as a result of the coalescence of glass beads. This conclusion was supported by SEM observations. Impact testing revealed that the notch Izod impact strength of nylon‐6/glass bead blends substantially decreased with increasing glass bead content. Moreover, static tensile measurements implied that the Young's modulus of the nylon‐6/glass bead blends increased considerably, whereas the tensile strength clearly decreased with increasing glass bead content. Finally, TGA and DSC measurements indicated that the thermal stability of the blend was obviously improved by incorporation of glass beads, whereas the melting behavior of the nylon‐6 remained relatively unchanged with increasing glass bead content. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 1885–1890, 2004
Melt free‐radical grafting of maleimides with hindered phenol groups onto polyethylene
Authors: Kim Taek Hyeon 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA monomeric antioxidant, bearing carbamate groups, was synthesized from the reaction of 3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxybenzyl alcohol and azidomaleimide. Another antioxidant was prepared from the reaction of N‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)maleimide and 3‐(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyphenyl) propionic chloride in the presence of triethylamine. These fictional antioxidants were grafted onto polyethylene (PE) via melt processing with free‐radical initiators in a minimax molder. The IR spectra of the grafted PE showed that the monomeric antioxidants were added to PE. IR spectroscopy methods were used for the quantitative determination of the extent of grafting of the monomeric antioxidants. Also, the extent of crosslinking was determined from the gel content. To optimize the reaction conditions, we investigated the effects of the initiator concentration, monomeric antioxidant, reaction time, and temperature on the extent of grafting. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 2117–2122, 2004