bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hard Times for Diversity
Authors: Ehrenfeld David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biological riches are the most dependable kind of wealth. Money, if it ever appears, is easily lost. Possessions are equally vulnerable. A good name takes effort to maintain-it can be erased by a momentary carelessness or, in this era of computer files and insatiable news media, by the carelessness of others. Art and architecture are destroyed by war and vandalized by time. Health vanishes; happiness can disappear like silver maple leaves at the approach of winter. Nobody is proof against such changes. But the diversity of living species and communities, even when locally diminished, remains, a cup that fills itself at every opportunity, although not always with the same wine. One would think that the value of natural and cultural diversity would be obvious to each new generation. Not ours.
Ecosystem Health
Authors: Ehrenfeld David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
when I first became aware of environmental problems, in the 1960s, the environmentalists of the day commonly said that Lake Erie was dead. Even though it is difficult to imagine a lake as a corpse, the image was a vivid one and did much to arouse interest in pollution and other legitimate environmental concerns. Of course the lake was not dead, although its best friends were having trouble recognizing it. Perhaps it would have been better to say that the lake was in ill health.
Asking Unaskable Questions A Case Study
Authors: Ehrenfeld David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There aren’t many people whose mere thoughts are more interesting than their way of making money, their private sex lives, the story of their miraculous recovery, their method for training police dogs or losing weight, or their six gourmet recipes for leftover broccoli. Garrett Hardin, professor emeritus of human ecology at the University of California at Santa Barbara, is one of the precious few: the original thinker’s original thinker.
The Jazz Tradition
Authors: Williams Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘The best one-volume history of jazz. ’ That is how the American Music Guide described the book that Louis Armstrong once said ‘held ol ’ Satch spellbound ‘. A unique blend of history and criticism, this lively and perceptive book includes chapters on such jazz giants as King Oliver, Jelly Roll Morton, John Coltrane, and Ornette Coleman. In addition to an expanded essay on Count Basie, this revised edition also includes pieces on Eric Dolphy, Bill Evans, and the World Saxophone Quartet.
John Lewis And The Modern Jall Quartet Modem Conservative
Authors: Williams Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One could say that the Modern Jazz Quartet actually began in 1946 as the rhythm section of Dizzy Gillespie ‘s orchestra: two years later, in fact, four titles were rather obscurely recorded by Milt Jackson, John Lewis, Kenny Clarke, Al Jackson on bass, plus Chano Pozo on Conga drum. However, in August 1951 the “Milt Jackson Quartet “ assembled for a recording date, and its members decided they liked playing together. Percy Heath came in on bass for Ray Brown, Milt Jackson on vibraphone, John Lewis on piano, Kenny Clarke on drums. Lewis soon became musical director, and the group was called the Modern Jazz Quartet. Success was gradual, and the Quar tet ‘s career was interrupted several times as its members briefly took other jobs. Then in 1955, Clarke left and Connie Kay became the group ‘s drummer.
Miles Davis A Man Walking
Authors: Williams Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the early ‘fifties, it may have seemed that the productive career of trumpeter and fluegelhornist Miles Davis was just about over. Between 1950 and 1954 his work had become uneven. Obvious aspects of his style had already been si phoned off and popularized by several trumpeters, particularly on the West Coast. And in the East meanwhile there had arrived a young man named Clifford Brown, whose work brought together some of the best aspects of modern trumpet-a sort of synthesis of Davis, Dizzy Gillespie, and most particularly Fats Navarro.
Sarah Vaughan The Meaning of Self-Discovery
Authors: Williams Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1950s it was said that Sarah Vaughan made two kinds of recordings. With her trio of piano, bass, and drums, she offered more or less informal and spontaneous treatments of standard American popular songs largely intended for a following that already knew her work and knew what it wanted of her. With large, studio-assembled groups, she did mostly current material in a more subdued manner in search of listeners that she had not yet reached.
Charlie Mingus The Pivotal Instrument
Authors: Williams Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How is one to judge the contributions of Charles Mingus? They are probably sizable, we expect, even before we have thought much about them or decided exactly what they are. And when we do try to decide what they are, the question begins to get complicated. Mingus was, on the face of it, an ensemble leader, but one who seemed to change his ideas of what kind and what size of ensemble he wanted to lead. He was a bass player and evidently an innovative one. And he was a composer.
John Coltrane A Man in the Middle
Authors: Williams Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Coltrane had his followers, imitators, and popularizers from the time that he was first a member of Miles Davis ‘s quintet in 1955. There were musicians who show the effect of his playing at almost every stage of his career, and that fact reminds us that he was an importantjazzman. It also reminds us of how much his playing changed during his lifetime. Or perhaps one should say, how often it changed, because on the surface at least, some of the changes seemed to come abruptly, almost as though some phases of Coltrane ‘s career were not evolutionary exactly, but deliberate.
World Saxophone Quartet Four in One
Authors: Williams Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wynton Marsalis was not the first jazz musician to have per formed “classical “ music. He had centered his attention fully on jazz by the late 1980s, but when he played Bach and Haydn he was surely the most widely accepted jazzman ever to have undertaken the European classics. Marsalis was also obviously one of the most outstanding young jazz musicians to have come along in over a decade. His work might be called a synthesis, a summary, with surpassing virtuosity, of every thing that jazz trumpet had achieved and had ever been. But Marsalis was not the first about whom such a statement might have been made; a decade earlier, it was obvious that Stanley Cowell (for one) was a comparable virtuoso for jazz piano and its history.
Economic Support of Health Systems
Authors: Roemer Milton I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all the features of a country that influence its health system, none is more important than the economic level. Beyond its basic influence on people’s health, the country’s economic level determines the size of expenditures in the national health system. In 1987, according to the World Bank, health system expenditures in all industrialized countries amounted to $670 per person per year, in developing countries of middle income, it came to $31 per capita, and in very low income developing countries it was $9 per capita. These enormously different per person expenditures obviously paid for very different amounts and quality of health resources and health services.
Health Regulation and Legislation
Authors: Roemer Milton I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The supervision of activities within a health organization is an important aspect of health administration, as discussed in Chapter 10. When some sort of central authority exercises control over activities in the open market of a society, it may be termed regulation. When that type of control is embodied in a law enacted by government (at various levels), it constitutes one category of health legislation. Pursuant to certain broad public authorities established under health legislation, an official agency may issue further detailed instructions, which are also known as regulations .
Health Programs for Certain Disorders
Authors: Roemer Milton I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In every health system there are organized efforts to cope with special disorders, varying with epidemiological conditions. The oldest of these efforts have concerned the control of communicable diseases, but with the changing picture of morbidity and mortality in countries, other objectives of disease control have become prominent. In this chapter we shall examine the principal strategies of disease control under five major categories: (I) communicable diseases, (2) sexually transmitted diseases, (3) mental disorders, (4) chronic noncommunicable diseases, and (5) dental disease.
Correspondence and Disquotation
Authors: David Marian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marian David defends the correspondence theory of truth against the disquotational theory of truth, its current major rival. The correspondence theory asserts that truth is a philosophically rich and profound notion which needs serious explanation. Disquotationalism is a radically deflationary philosophy of truth inspired by Tarski and propagated by Quine and others. It rejects the correspondence theory, insists truth is anemic, and advances an “anti-theory” of truth that is essentially a collection of platitudes: “Snow is white” is true only if snow is actually white; “Grass is green” is true only if grass is actually green. According to disquotationalists the only profound insight about truth is that it lacks profundity. David contrasts the correspondence theory with disquotationalism and then develops the latter position in rich detail – more than has been available in previous literature – to show its faults. He demonstrates that disquotationalism is not a tenable theory of truth, as it has too many absurd consequences.
The Athenians and Their Environment
Authors: Sealey Raphael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 387/6 the Athenians had to yield to the power of the Spartans, who had the approval and active support of the Persian king. So it is proper to pause and ask what manner of men the Athenians were, what sort of Greek neighbors they dealt with, and in what form Persian power confronted them. This chapter will therefore deal with the size of the Athenian population, its wealth, and its supply of food. It will proceed to the constitution and political scene in Athens. Other Greek states will be noted briefly; not much needs to be said about them. Persia, on the other hand, is less well understood. From time to time in the fourth century Athenian policy responded to developments in the northwest frontier of the Persian Empire, a “frontier” that embraced Asia Minor, Cyprus, and Egypt. An excursus will be needed and will lead to consideration of the war in Cyprus, which induced Artaxerxes to listen to Tiribazos and Antalkidas in 388/7.
Love Bound: Andriana Savorgnan, Common Whore, Courtesan, and Noble Wife
Authors: Ruggiero Guido 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“I believe you should make your daughter Pippa a whore,” Antonia concluded after listening to Nanna contrast the dishonesties of her life as a nun and a wife with the successes of her life as a whore. So Pietro Aretino, the famous sixteenth-century writer and polemicist, had his women narrators conclude their discussion of the best life for a woman in his sixteenth-century satire the Sei giornate. Antonia summed up their reasoning: “the nun is a traitor to her sacred vows, the wife an assassin of holy matrimony; but the whore attacks neither the convent nor the husband. In fact … her shop sells that which she has to sell. So be open-handed with Pippa and make her a whore from the start.
The Women Priests of Latisana: Apollonia Madizza and the Ties That Bind
Authors: Ruggiero Guido 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Is any among you sick? Let him call for the elders of the church, and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord; and the prayer of faith will save the sick man, and the Lord will raise him up; and if he has committed sins, he will be forgiven. And he called the twelve together and gave them power and authority over all demons and to cure diseases, and he sent them out to preach the kingdom of God and to heal.
The Impact and Promise of the Cognitive Revolution
Authors: Sperry Roger W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reflecting on a century past with an eye to the future, what I have to say is colored in no small part by a concern long shared with the late B. F. Skinner, namely, “Can the American Psychological Association, or any other organization, count on another hundred years?” Skinner’s answer became increasingly less optimistic, especially in his last decade, concluding, “The more we learn about human behavior, the less and less promising appear the prospects.” My own answer, reflecting a similar vein of increasing concern, sees a possible ray of hope in psychology’s cognitive revolution and what it could mean in bringing new perspectives, beliefs, and values-in short, new mindsets and a new way of thinking-much needed if humanity is to survive the next century.
A Bioenergeticist’s Revenge
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You Probably Think It’S Easy being a bioenergeticist, spending day after day interconverting kilocalories and kilojoules and trying to think about the reaction changes of entropy along the metabolic pathways. Well, I don’t want to complain, but those of us working in the thermodynamic foundations of biology don’t get a lot of respect.
Brighten The Corner Where You Are
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A While Ago I was scheduled to take a very early morning flight out of Newark Airport. Since there was no easy way to get to the terminal from New Haven at that hour of the day, I opted to spend the night in New York at the Yale Club. The location somehow reminded me that I hadn’t seen one of my undergraduate roommates for some time, so I called and we arranged to meet for dinner at the club. We formerly would see each other every couple of years, but somehow the periods had spaced out over time.
Madame Pele
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
CALL ME A VULCANOPHILE. While Ishmael may feel the call of the sea, I am drawn to the sights and sounds and brimstone odor of molten lava pouring from the ground. Watching this birth of new land is for me a religious experience, the alpha and omega of planetary death and resurrection all combined in a single event. It is difficult to arrange one’s vacations around such episodic events as lava flows, so great flexibility is necessary. It is New Year’s Day, and I find myself on board a plane flying from Kahului, Maui, to Hilo, Hawaii. I have no automobile or room reservations. In short, in a Thoreauvian sense, I am free. But to be free today is either to be rich enough to buy one’s way out of any snags or to be willing to take a backpack and live in any setting that nature provides. I fit neither category, being a victim of a modicum of middle-class respectability, the great enemy of freedom. My only chance for liberty is an occasional attempt at Emersonian self-reliance.
Dirty Neoplatonists
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO has always held a strange position in the pantheon of great American universities. Midwestern yet cosmopolitan, it has been the home of a highly innovative, if considerably idiosyncratic, collection of scholars in a variety of disciplines. Site of a great classical revival, it was described in the 1940s as a Baptist institution where atheist professors taught Roman Catholic philosophy to Jewish undergraduates.
I was therefore not surprised to hear, some years ago, the story of someone finding in a University of Chicago men’s room the following graffito: “X is a dirty Neoplatonist.” X was unknown to me, so I refrain from repeating the name of the target individual. At Harvard that handwriting on the wall would have been pretentious; at Yale it would have been theater of the absurd; but at Chicago it was serious business. In subsequent days I have pondered what is so bad about being a Neoplatonist. And at last I have finally been led to an answer by reading articles on artificial intelligence.
Quadrivial Pursuits
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THERE HAS BEEN A LOT OF TALK around universities lately about core curricula, the canon, the culturally excluded, and a variety of related topics. I both welcome and sometimes tire of these discussions because real engagement doesn’t quite seem to take place. In an effort to see the world from a different perspective, let’s try to think about the evolution of universities and seek some insights from the past.
In the Middle Ages, curriculum at all levels was determined in large part by the range of intellectual interest and the dominance of the Church in European education. As the universities emerged, a system of instruction was developed along the following lines:
1. Propaedeutics-Latin and Holy Writ. This was canon in the strictest sense, establishing the ecclesiastical foundations of education.
2. The trivium the lower level of the seven liberal arts, consisting of grammar, rhetoric, and logic. These were, and are, tools of thought to proceed to the next level.
3. The quadrivium the upper-level liberal arts, consisting of geometry, arithmetic, music, and astronomy.
4. Philosophy the highest level of education, which was much less narrowly spelled out than the other levels.
A Living Library
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
BACK IN THE EARLY DAYS of classification of organisms, zoos and botanical gardens kept living type specimens of each species for purposes of identifying and comparing unknowns. For backup, museums kept preserved specimens. As the number of known species began to grow dramatically, the task became increasingly difficult, and the discovery of microorganisms added a whole new dimension to the problem.
Preserving strains of microbes requires either continuous cultivation by serial passage or preparation of dried or frozen samples of those cultures that will survive these harsh procedures. At first, in the late 1800s, each investigator maintained his own strains, and other scientists obtained cell lines from the individuals who isolated them. There were serious problems with these procedures. Organisms evolve under continuous laboratory culture, and there is the ever-present danger of contamination.
In response to the need for standardized strains for research and commerce, scientists in various countries established type collections. In the United States at the American Museum of Natural History in New York, C.E.A. Winslow founded in 1913 a Bacteriological Collection and Bureau for the Distribution of Bacterial Cultures.
A Window In Time
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE SEARCH FOR LIFE’S ORIGINS is one of those quests that animate the spiritual side of our intellectual endeavors. Although we cannot tell at present exactly how life came to be, findings of the past 20 years in geology, biology, meteorology, and astrophysics enable us to pin down with surprising precision the date the ancestors of current living forms made their appearance on earth.
Knowledge of past life has come to us mainly through fossils, the hardened remains of plants and animals or the mineralized traces of those remains. Almost all of the fossils that fill our great museums and illuminate our biological past, however, are quite recent arrivals on a planet whose beginnings go back to somewhere between 4.5 and 4.6 billion years ago. The great age of fossils-the Phanerozoic Age-covers the most recent 570 million years, or only about one-eighth of the total time that the planet has existed.
Phronesis: Medicine’s Indispensable Virtue
Authors: Pellegrino Edmund D , Thomasma David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few words are as easily misconstrued as prudence. In its contemporary usage, it suggests timidity, undue concern for self-interest, unwillingness to take risks, a narrow pragmatism, and a range of other, less than admirable traits. Yet, in the ancient and medieval worlds, prudence was the capstone virtue, the link between the intellectual and the moral life. In this chapter, we argue that prudence, properly construed, is an indispensable virtue of the medical life, essential to the telos of medicine-a right and good healing action for a particular patient-and essential as well to the telos of the physician qua human being, the life of fulfillment and flourishing.
Justice
Authors: Pellegrino Edmund D , Thomasma David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several years ago, medical ethics and the philosophy of medicine were little concerned with issues of cost containment and access to health care. Still less was there evidence of interest in theories of justice that might drive an equitable health delivery system. That situation has now changed. It has changed dramatically. Issues in economics and social justice have now come to predominate in medical ethics debates. Earlier, we asked if modem health care institutions can compete in today’s marketplace and still maintain their fundamental commitments. At risk is the proper respect to be shown to each individual served by the institution. The same question holds for the health care provider. Under pressure to be an entrepreneur, can these professionals survive while maintaining a commitment to justice?
Temperance
Authors: Pellegrino Edmund D , Thomasma David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Given the almost obscene drives encouraged by our modern culture, it is difficult to imagine that any individual, much less a physician, can easily exercise the virtue of temperance. In a society that legitimates conspicuous self-indulgence, the temptations against temperance are many. They range widely, from substance abuse by professionals to the inappropriate use of modern medical technology. Traditionally, temperance is seen as a virtue that controls one’s appetites for food, drink, and sex. But we wish to expand this view to cover some of the more usual temptations of modern professionalism. We do so, as in our other chapters, by first delineating the classical notions of the virtue, then the contemporary extremes that are avoided by cultivating this virtue, and finally, the implications of the virtue for the life of a physician today.
Integrity
Authors: Pellegrino Edmund D , Thomasma David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will examine the virtue of integrity and its subsidiary, intellectual honesty, in light of the many dangers of compromise that occur, especially in biomedical research. Integrity, by its very connotation, defines for us the nature of the individual who integrates all of the virtues. To say that someone possesses integrity is to claim that that person is almost predictable about responses to specific situations, that he or she can integrate all the virtues into a whole and can prudentially judge the relative importance in each situation of principles, rules, guidelines, precepts, and the other virtues in reaching a decision to act. Clearly, a virtuous physician and a virtuous patient, working in a concert of interests that is the doctor patient relationship, must possess this virtue to bring about the healing aim of the relationship.