bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glial cell influence on the human blood‐brain barrier
Authors: Prat Alexandre , Biernacki Katarzyna , Wosik Karolina , Antel Jack P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe blood‐brain barrier (BBB) is a specialized structure of the central nervous system (CNS) that restricts immune cell migration and soluble molecule diffusion from the systemic compartment into the CNS. Astrocytes and microglia are resident cells of the CNS that contribute to the formation of the BBB. In this article, we consider the influence of these glial cells on the immune regulatory functions of the microvascular endothelium, with special emphasis on the human BBB. A series of in vitro studies demonstrate that soluble factors produced by glial cells, under basal culture conditions, help restrict development of inflammation within the CNS. These soluble factor effects include upregulating expression of molecules including HT7, UEA‐1 lectin‐binding sites, and angiotensin receptors that help define the phenotype of endothelial cells. These factors also induce tight junction formation between brain endothelial cells, contributing to the restricted permeability of the BBB. In contrast, these factors have little effect on expression of molecules by ECs that either promote lymphocyte migration, such as chemokines and adhesion molecules or molecules that are required for competent antigen presentation, such as MHC and co‐stimulatory molecules. Glial cells that become activated in response to signals derived from the immune system or generated within the CNS, produce an array of inflammatory molecules that increase permeability and promote lymphocyte trafficking and persistence. These observations emphasize the bidirectional nature of neural‐immune interactions; this dynamic system should be amenable to therapeutic interventions. GLIA 36:145–155, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A short‐term inpatient program for agitated demented nursing home residents
Authors: Wiener Pauline K. , Kiosses Dimitris N. , Klimstra Sibel , Murphy Christopher , Alexopoulos George S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveThis case series describes the various contributors of disruptive behavior in demented nursing home residents and outlines the necessary steps to identify and treat them.DesignEvaluation of overall clinical improvement and agitation at discharge from the hospital and at follow‐up.SettingNursing home residents consecutively admitted to the geriatric psychiatry service of a psychiatric university hospital in the New York metropolitan area.Patients15 elderly demented nursing home residents with agitation.MeasuresOverall clinical improvement was assessed with the ‘global assessment of functioning scale’. Agitation was evaluated with the ‘brief agitation rating scale’ and the ‘nursing home scale for agitation’. Medication side‐effects were measured with the ‘Simpson–Angus scale’ and the ‘abnormal involuntary movement scale’.ResultsThe patients showed significantly more overall clinical improvement at discharge compared with admission. Additionally, agitation scores were significantly lower at discharge and at follow‐up compared with admission.ConclusionA comprehensive medical and neurological assessment, an accurate identification of comorbid psychopathology, evaluation of drug toxicity, and a thorough history of psychotropic medication trials are essential steps for a successful treatment. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of functional connectivity using temporal correlations in MR images
Authors: Hampson Michelle , Peterson Bradley S. , Skudlarski Pawel , Gatenby James C. , Gore John C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFunctional connectivity among brain regions has been investigated via an analysis of correlations between regional signal fluctuations recorded in magnetic resonance (MR) images obtained in a steady state. In comparison with studies of functional connectivity that utilize task manipulations, the analysis of correlations in steady state data is less susceptible to confounds arising when functionally unrelated brain regions respond in similar ways to changes in task. A new approach to identifying interregional correlations in steady state data makes use of two independent data sets. Regions of interest (ROIs) are defined and hypotheses regarding their connectivity are generated in one data set. The connectivity hypotheses are then evaluated in the remaining (independent) data set by analyzing low frequency temporal correlations between regions. The roles of the two data sets are then reversed and the process repeated, perhaps multiple times. This method was illustrated by application to the language system. The existence of a functional connection between Broca's area and Wernicke's area was confirmed in healthy subjects at rest. An increase in this functional connection when the language system was actively engaged (when subjects were continuously listening to narrative text) was also confirmed. In a second iteration of analyses, a correlation between Broca's area and a region in left premotor cortex was found to be significant at rest and to increase during continuous listening. These findings suggest that the proposed methodology can reveal the presence and strength of functional connections in high‐level cognitive systems. Hum. Brain Mapping 15:247–262, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rationalization of the stereochemistry of an addition of dialkyl phosphites to certain chiral aldimines: The experimental and theoretical approach
Authors: Nazarski Ryszard B. , Lewkowski Jarosław A. , Skowroński Romuald 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe absolute configuration of an α‐P stereogenic center in two diastereomeric O,O‐dialkyl α‐aminophosphonates (3), arising from an induced 1,3‐asymmetric phosphite addition to the CN bond of furfural‐derived Schiff bases (1), was established from single product 1H NMR data. Such spectra were interpreted with anisotropic shielding in relation to the AM1 and MNDO/d structures of 3; the former ones turned out to be closer to the obtained experimental results (1H NMR spectra of 3, crystallographic database study). Since favored 3‐21G geometries of starting imines 1 were modeled as well, it was inferred that a stereochemical outcome of this reaction is governed by Cram selectivity. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:120–125, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10005
Analysing public preferences for cancer screening programmes
Authors: Gyrd‐Hansen Dorte , Søgaard Jes 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEconomic evaluations generally fail to incorporate elements of intangible costs and benefits, such as anxiety and discomfort associated with the screening test and diagnostic test, as well as the magnitude of utility associated with a reduction in the risk of dying from cancer. In the present analysis, 750 respondents were interviewed and asked to rank, according to priority, a number of alternative screening programme set‐ups. Focus was on colorectal cancer screening and breast cancer screening. The alternative programmes varied with respect to number of tests performed, risk reduction obtained, probability of a false positive outcome and extent of co‐payment. Stated preferences were analysed using discrete ranking modelling and the relative weighting of the programme attributes identified. Applying discrete choice methods to elicit preferences within this area of health care seems justified by the face validity of the results. The signs of the coefficients are in accordance with a priori hypotheses. This paper suggests that large‐scale surveys focusing on individuals' preferences for cancer screening programmes may contribute significantly to the quality of economic evaluations within this field of health care. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applying a team effectiveness framework to the performance of student case teams
Authors: Werner Jon M. , Lester Scott W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study predicted the performance of 107 student case teams from ten sections of a management class by using
a measure of team structure and four measures of team process. Satisfaction with the team was significantly and
positively related to team structure and three of the process variables. In contrast, although team structure and
team spirit were significantly and positively related to grade (on the case project), social support was
significantly but negatively related to grade. This article compares student teams and work teams and discusses
implications for organizational training and management education.
Managerial competency needs and training requests: The case of the Spanish tourist industry
Authors: Agut Sonia , Grau Rosa 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThere is some inconsistency between the theory and practice of the analysis of deficits in managerial
capabilities. Some academic literature suggests that the study of needs should be considered as gaps in
competencies (Bee and Bee, 1994; Peiró, 1999), but organizations actually analyze needs as training preferences (Ford and
Noe, 1987; Guthrie and Schwoerer, 1994, 1996; Tharenou, 1991).The aim of this study is to analyze technical and generic managerial competency needs and managerial training
requests in order to conclude which method provides more accurate information on the real deficits in managerial
capabilities. The sample was made up of eighty managers from hotels and restaurants in the Valencian Community on
the Mediterranean coast of Spain.The results show, on the one hand, the existence of technical competency needs in many topics or areas of
knowledge (for example, economic‐financial management, marketing and market analysis) and also in
generic competencies (such as control of hasty reactions in highly emotive situations). However,
managers request additional training only in technical aspects, such as information technology and languages, but
not in generic aspects. In any case, both methods could be considered complementary. The authors discuss
implications and limitations of the study as well as directions for future research.
Self‐Monitoring and Performance Appraisal Satisfaction: An Exploratory Field Study
Authors: Miller Janice S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMembers of 12 project teams in five organizations participated in a study that assessed their
self‐monitoring characteristics and level of satisfaction with their performance appraisal system. Overall,
taking part in self‐ratings and upward appraisals of team leaders was associated with greater levels of
appraisal satisfaction than was participating in peer evaluations. Self‐monitoring level was negatively
associated with appraisal satisfaction after controlling for level of ratings generated by peers, self, and
leader. The paper discusses results, and offers practical implications in light of the social and interpersonal
context that surrounds performance evaluation. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Water budget and surface‐layer water storage in a Sphagnum bog in central Sweden
Authors: Kellner Erik , Halldin Sven 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA water budget was established for the open, undisturbed bog Stormossen, central Sweden, for the growing seasons of 1996 and 1997 as a part of the NOPEX project. The water budget was complemented with data on the spatial variation of groundwater levels and water contents in different microrelief elements (ridge, hollow and ridge margin). The seasonal (24 May to 4 October) rainfall, evaporation and runoff were 200, 256, and 43 mm in 1996, respectively, and 310, 286 and 74 mm in 1997, giving negative budgets of −99 mm in 1996 and −50 mm in 1997. Approximately 60% of the total budget was caused by storage changes in the upper 40 cm of the bog and 40% by swelling/shrinking in the layers below. This ‘mire breathing’ must be incorporated in future models of mire‐water dynamics. The water content varied diversely among the different microrelief elements, much depending on the properties of moss and peat together with distance to water table. There also was a strong hysteresis in the relationships between groundwater level and measured volumetric water content, depending partly on pore‐throat effects and partly on swelling/shrinking of the peat matrix. A seasonal variation of volumetric water content in a layer beneath water table was found to be larger than what could be justified by compression alone. We think that probable causes could be methane gas expansion together with temperature effects. The main conclusions of this study were: (i) water‐transport and storage characteristics are distinctly different among hummocks, ridges and hollows, (ii) mire wetness cannot be deduced from groundwater levels only, and (iii) an important part of the total water storage was caused by swelling/shrinking of the peat, not by changes in unsaturated water content. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A hydrological model dedicated to topography‐based simulation of nitrogen transfer and transformation: rationale and application to the geomorphology– denitrification relationship
Authors: Beaujouan Véronique , Durand Patrick , Ruiz Laurent , Aurousseau Pierre , Cotteret Gilles 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA new integrated hydrological and nitrogen model, called TNT2 (topography‐based nitrogen transfer and transformation), has been developed to study nitrogen fluxes in small catchments. This model, process‐based and spatially distributed in order to take spatial interactions into account, has been kept as simple as possible. Here, only the hydrological module is discussed. The two main hypotheses of the hydrological model are taken from the TOPMODEL concept (constant hydraulic gradient equal to slope and hydraulic conductivity decreasing exponentially with depth). The model is based on a daily water balance for each cell of a regular square grid and computes an explicit cell‐to‐cell routing. Transfer through the vadose zone is simulated using a conceptual, layer‐based algorithm analogous to the Burns model, except that a drainage water reservoir has been added to simulate mobile/immobile water processes and variations of the water table within the soil. The crop growth and nitrogen transformations are simulated using the equations of a generic plant‐soil model, STICS. As an example, a preliminary study of the effect of the catchment geomorphology on denitrification is presented. The study was performed on theoretical catchments with contrasted slope shapes and pathway patterns. Results show that the whole‐catchment denitrification depends on catchment geomorphology, although not directly through the extent of saturated areas. It is concluded that TNT2 seems to be a powerful tool to explore catchment processes, both by application to actual cases and by exploration on simple scenarios. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A GIS‐based hillslope erosion and sediment delivery model and its application in the Cerro Grande burn area
Authors: Wilson Cathy J. , Carey J. William , Beeson Peter C. , Gard Marvin O. , Lane Leonard J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAn Erratum has been published for this article in Hydrological Processes 16(5) 2002, 1130–1130.
A profile‐based, analytical hillslope erosion model (HEM) is integrated into a geographical information system (GIS) framework to provide a tool to assess the impact of the Cerro Grande fire on erosion and sediment delivery to the many streams draining the burn area. The model, HEM–GIS, calculates rill and interrill erosion, transport and deposition along digital flow‐pathways generated with GIS software. This new erosion and sediment yield technology accounts for complex terrain attributes and their impact on the connectivity of sediment transport pathways from source areas to streams. GIS digital spatial data, including elevation, vegetation cover, burn severity and soil type, are used as input to the model. Output includes spatially distributed predictions of total event‐based sediment yield (tonnes or kilograms per square metre). Here the model is applied across an 800 km2 region of the Pajarito Plateau watershed to assess the sedimentation risks associated with a 100 year design rain event. Although unvalidated for the design storm, the model predicts that the fire may cause runoff to increase by three to six times, and sediment yield to increase by more than an order of magnitude. Published in 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Macroporosity and infiltration in blanket peat: the implications of tension disc infiltrometer measurements
Authors: Holden J. , Burt T. P. , Cox N. J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLittle is known about the processes of infiltration and water movement in the upper layers of blanket peat. A tension infiltrometer was used to measure hydraulic conductivity in a blanket peat in the North Pennines, England. Measurements were taken from the surface down to 20 cm in depth for peat under four different vegetation covers. It was found that macropore flow is a significant pathway for water in the upper layers of this soil type. It was also found that peat depth and surface vegetation cover were associated with macroporosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity. The proportion of macropore flow was found to be greater at 5 cm depth than at 0, 10 and 20 cm depth. Peat beneath a Sphagnum cover tends to be more permeable and a greater proportion of macropore flow can occur beneath this vegetation type. Functional macroporosity and matrix flow in the near‐surface layers of bare peat appear to have been affected by weathering processes. Comparision of results with rainfall records demonstrates that infiltration‐excess overland flow is unlikely to be a common runoff‐generating mechanism on blanket peat; rather, a saturation‐excess mechanism combined with percolation‐excess above much less permeable layers dominates the runoff response. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of cytokeratin‐19 mRNA as a tumor marker in the peripheral blood of nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients receiving concurrent chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Lin Jin‐Ching , Chen Kuang Y. , Wang Wen‐Yi , Jan Jian‐Sheng , Liang Wen‐Miin , Wei Yau‐Huei 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) technique is a tool capable of detecting minute quantities of circulating tumor cell‐derived transcripts. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a rapidly growing tumor of epithelial origin and high metastatic potential. The aim of our study is to investigate the clinical value of circulating cytokeratin‐19 (CK‐19) mRNA detection in NPC patients. Between June 1997 and March 1999, 57 previously untreated, advanced NPC patients without distant metastasis were uniformly treated by concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Peripheral blood samples were collected prospectively before treatment and subjected to a nested RT‐PCR assay. Measures were taken to prevent contamination and pseudogene interference. PCR products of positive results were verified by restriction enzyme Hae II and direct sequencing. Under our nested RT‐PCR experimental conditions, 33.3% (19/57) clinically nonmetastatic NPC patients had CK‐19 mRNA in their blood. The positive detection rates of CK‐19 mRNA in the peripheral blood for different stages were 20.0% for stage II, 31.6% stage III and 43.5% stage IV (p = 0.1335). After a median follow‐up time of 35 months, 2 patients had recurrences of their primary tumors and 14 developed distant metastases without locoregional recurrence. Nine of 19 (47.4%) CK‐19 mRNA‐positive patients and 5 of 38 (13.2%) CK‐19 mRNA‐negative patients developed distant metastasis (p = 0.00826). The 3‐year metastasis‐free survival rates were 49.9% for patients with detectable CK‐19 and 85.9% for those with undetectable CK‐19 (p = 0.0089, log‐rank test). Our data suggest that the presence of CK‐19 mRNA in the peripheral blood may be a potential marker of micrometastasis for NPC. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ionizing radiation as a response‐enhancing agent for CD95‐mediated apoptosis
Authors: Sheard Michael A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCD95 (Fas/APO‐1) is a death receptor on the surface of a wide variety of cell types. In most cells examined, ionizing radiation acts as a response‐enhancing agent for CD95‐mediated cell death. Although DNA‐damaging radiation appears to modulate CD95‐mediated signals through multiple mechanisms, the only well‐characterized mechanism is activation of the tumor‐suppressor protein p53, which transcriptionally regulates the expression of CD95 on various cell types. The ligand for CD95 is expressed by activated lymphocytes and natural‐killer cells, which produce factors that sensitize cells resistant to CD95‐mediated cell death. Ligation of CD95 on irradiated tumor cells might be achievable using emerging modalities that reactivate the stalled anti‐tumor immune response. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of N‐acetylcysteine in an esophageal carcinogenesis model in rats treated with diethylnitrosamine and diethyldithiocarbamate
Authors: Balansky Roumen M. , Ganchev Gancho , D'Agostini Francesco , De Flora Silvio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDue to the increasing role of esophageal tumors in human cancer pathology, there is need for animal models evaluating the mechanisms of esophageal carcinogenesis and investigating protective factors toward this disease. Several N‐nitrosamines have been shown to induce esophageal tumors in rats. We designed a study in BD6 rats treated with N‐diethylnitrosamine (DEN) according to a simple protocol involving weekly i.p. injections of this carcinogen for 8 consecutive weeks. This treatment resulted in a high incidence and multiplicity of liver tumors and in occurrence of preneoplastic lesions and papillomas in the esophagus. Intraperitoneal injections of diethyldithiocarbamate (DEDTC), 4 hr after each DEN injection, i.e., during the period of DEN metabolization, improved survival of rats and did not affect the liver tumor yield but doubled the incidence of esophageal tumors and enhanced 4.9× their multiplicity. Moreover, 15% of rats developed esophageal squamocellular carcinomas. The oral administration of the thiol N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine (NAC), a precursor and analogue of reduced glutathione, to rats treated with the DEN/DEDTC combination did not change the liver tumor yield but attenuated esophageal carcinogenesis by producing a significant shift of preneoplastic lesions to milder forms as well as a significant decrease of tumor multiplicity. Therefore, the DEN/DEDTC protocol appears to provide an interesting 2‐organ model of N‐nitrosamine‐induced carcinogenesis in rats, in which NAC is moderately effective as an inhibitor. The mechanisms underlying enhancement of DEN‐induced esophageal carcinogenesis by DEDTC and the protective effects of NAC are discussed. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.