bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association Between the Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Adverse Outcomes in Children Aged &lt;2 Years with Respiratory Syncytial Virus
Authors: Khanfar Asim N , Amarin Justin Z , Hayek Haya , Qwaider Yasmeen Z , Stopczynski Tess , Spieker Andrew J , Chappell James D , Wrenn Jesse O , Schmitz Jonathan , Halasa Natasha B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Background
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of hospitalization in children &lt;2 years old. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a readily available marker of inflammation that has been studied as a prognostic marker in various infectious diseases. However, its utility in children with RSV remains underexplored. We aimed to determine the association between NLR and adverse outcomes in children &lt;2 years old with RSV.

Methods
We retrieved records for all clinician-ordered multiplex respiratory viral panel tests for common respiratory pathogens (including RSV) at Vanderbilt University Medical Center between 01/01/2018 and 12/01/2022. We identified RSV-positive children &lt;2 years old who had a complete blood count (CBC) performed with absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) ≥2.00×103/μL and absolute neutrophil count (ANC) ≥1.70×103/μL. Any child with a medical encounter &gt;14 days following a previous encounter was considered a distinct case. We used logistic regression to assess the association between (log-transformed) NLR and adverse outcomes defined as hospitalization, supplemental oxygen use, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and intubation.

Results
Of 2,395 RSV-positive children &lt;2 years old, 446 (18.6%) had a CBC performed. Of those, 349 (78.3%) met the stated thresholds for ALC and ANC. The median age of the cohort was 3.7 months (IQR, 1.6–11.6 months), 178 (51.0%) were male, and 269 (77.1%) were hospitalized. Of those hospitalized, 185 (68.8%) received supplemental oxygen, 113 (42.0%) were admitted to the ICU, and 45 (16.7%) were intubated. The odds ratio associated with a two-fold difference in NLR was significant for hospitalization (OR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.13–1.91; p=0.005) and ICU admission (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.07–1.78; p=0.013) but not for supplemental oxygen use (OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.87–1.49; p=0.34) or intubation (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 0.96–1.83; p=0.092; Table 1).

Conclusion
Higher NLR was associated with hospitalization and ICU admission in children &lt;2 years with RSV. These findings suggest that NLR has prognostic value in children with RSV.
The Methodology and Outcomes of Adapting an Antibiotic Selection Decision Pathway (ASDPwy) for the Management of a Child with Cancer and Fever (CCF) in Pediatric Cancer Units in Latin America
Authors: Avilés Martha , de la Garza Eduardo Arias , Esposto Sofia , Martinez Ma Elena , Nava Alejandra , Vaquera Denisse , Caniza Miguela A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Background
A care pathway (CPW) is a standardized, evidence-based interdisciplinary care management plan, which identify an appropriate sequence of clinical interventions, timeframes, milestones and expected outcomes for a comparable patient group. We aimed to adapt an ASDPwy for management of CCF in Latin America (LA)

Methods
A working group (WG) of the St Jude Global ID network was established in June 2022. For a comprehensive review of the existing literature, the WG collaborated to identify usable care pathways for antibiotic selection during febrile episodes in children with cancer. We reviewed PubMed, Web of Science, Google were searched using the following terms: “Care Pathways, Critical Pathways Care Map, Clinical Paths, Clinical Pathways, Critical Paths” AND “Fever” OR "Anti-Inflammatory Agents" OR "Anti-Inflammatory Agents, “Non-Steroidal" OR "Heat-Shock Proteins" OR "Hyperthermia, Induced" OR "Malignant Hyperthermia" OR Pyrogens AND infections AND neutropenia OR neutrophil* AND cancer OR oncology OR tumor OR tumor OR neoplasm OR malignancy, filtered for the last 10 years, in individuals aged birth-18 years.
To identify suitable care pathways, a rubric using available information was built and used to select the top CPWs.
In a dedicated, virtual meeting, the WG discussed and selected top 3 CPW and the WG assessed how these CPWs could be use in a LA context. This discussion resulted in the selection of a CPW closest to the needs of LA, adapt and contextualize to LA reality. This was done by the following steps, based on Dizon [ref] and Ferver [ref] models.

Results
The WG followed the following timeline of events:
The WG presented the ASDPwy as illustrated below

Conclusion
This is the first adaptation of a ASDPwy in CCF in LA. The next step before applying this ASDPwy is to evaluate the performance of the tool and the satisfaction of the users. The long-term plan is to disseminate the use of this tool in the Latin American region and if applicable share it globally.
RSV Infection and Preliminary Immunodeficiency Scoring Index (ISI) Results Among Pediatric Hematopoietic Cell Recipients (HCT) and Solid Organ Transplant Recipients (SOT): A Multi-Site U.S. Study
Authors: Ross Hailey S , Dallas Ronald H , Pardasani Sapna A , Ferrolino Jose A , Burton Madeline C , Maron Gabriela M , Danziger-Isakov Lara A , Englund Janet A , Ogimi Chikara , Hijano Diego R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Background
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is among the most common causes of lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) in children, with poorer outcomes more likely in immunocompromised hosts. The Immunodeficiency Scoring Index (ISI) to stratify the risk of severe disease has been developed and applied in adults undergoing transplantation with RSV infections. However, such scores are not available for children undergoing transplantation. Using a retrospective multi-site study, we developed an ISI score index for predicting RSV disease progression in pediatric transplant recipients.

Methods
Pediatric (&lt; 18 years old at transplant) HCT and SOT recipients at 22 U.S. transplant centers who underwent transplant (2010-2019) and had RSV detected within 365 days of conditioning or transplant were included. De-identified data were entered by the participating sites in the REDCap database. The ISI score criteria are listed in Table 1. The cases were summarized using the ISI score. Progression to LRTI and death related to RSV were summarized using the ISI score. Fisher’s exact and non-parametric tests were used to compare ISI risk categories with the outcomes of interest (progression to LRTI and RSV-related mortality).

Results
In total, 352 patients were included in this analysis (220 HCT and 132 SOT). The majority were male (55%) and Caucasian/white (58.2%), with a median age of 4 years (range, 0 – 17 years). In total, 27 cases progressed to LRTI, and three deaths were related to RSV. The median ISI score was 1 (range: 0–10). The cases were categorized into low (245, 69.6%), moderate (81, 23%), or high (26, 7.4%) ISI risk categories (Table 1). The ISI score categories did not significantly predict progression to LRTI- or RSV-related deaths.

Conclusion
RSV is associated with poor outcomes in immunocompromised pediatric patients. Development of immunodeficiency scoring index criteria could prove helpful in categorizing the risk for pediatric patients. Additional work is needed to develop a scoring system that effectively predicts pediatric immunocompromised patients at the greatest risk of RSV-related morbidity and mortality. Further investigation of our data from this large multi-site study is needed to assess all potential risk factors and scoring criteria definitions.
The Politics of Interpreting Mughal Monuments
Authors: Juneja Monica 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The significance of architectural vestiges of the past lies beyond the intentions of the patrons who had first commissioned the buildings. This chapter investigates the changing interpretations of Mughal architecture as its material aspects and its functions shifted in new historical conditions, from the eighteenth century to the present. How do communities of scholars, administrators, or members of the local population relate to historical buildings, now classified as monuments, in the centuries following their construction? Drawing insights from memory studies, the chapter suggests that multiple, often contesting interpretations of Mughal buildings are as concerned with the ways individuals and communities choose to imagine the past as with their projections of the future. While contesting claims over the interpretation of Mughal monuments have acquired a particular virulence in postcolonial India, many of the arguments they deploy build on the assumptions of earlier scholarship about the Mughal architecture, published in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Studying the politics of interpreting Mughal monuments helps us get a deeper sense of the unstable meanings attached to the past and urges us to be self-reflexive when these meanings are mobilized to redress what we imagine to be the wrongs of that past.
Ulster-Scots Song
Authors: Ferguson Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the significance of Ulster-Scots song in the long eighteenth century. The period after the signing of the Good Friday / Belfast Agreement saw many statements about the existence or otherwise of an Ulster-Scots musical tradition. This chapter will draw upon the work of a number of songwriters in the eighteenth century as well as interventions by archivists, collectors, and critics in the nineteenth, twentieth, and twenty-first centuries to gather, preserve, and disseminate knowledge about Ulster-Scots song and musical traditions. It contends that significant interplay took place between Scottish and Irish song, balladry, and tunes in the long eighteenth century, and it traces in particular the impact of Scottish song within both the culture of various communities and the print industry in Ireland. In the early eighteenth century, poetry and song in the Scots language proved an important constituent of the Irish literary arena and acted as a means to focus not merely upon Scotland’s politics, history, and culture within Great Britain and Ireland, but also to examine the politics, history, culture, and religion of northerners in Ireland whose Scottishness began to take on an increased significance in their self-representation.
Hospitality and the Shaping of the Tourist(ic) in Modern Japan, 1890–1940
Authors: Elliott Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the notion of hospitality shaping tourism in modern Japan. It defines the problem of the Westerner as the default tourist subject. From the 1890s to the late 1930s, tourism operators and policy-makers struggled to negotiate the meaning of tourism, and the position and place of Japan in the tourism world, from within a global system dominated by Western imperial states and Europe-based international institutions. The chapter explains how tourism was a tool that allowed comparisons between Japan and other states and evaluates the process of self-fashioning. It cites how hospitality worked as a means to demarcate the shifting and ambiguous boundaries between modern Japan and foreign others while also claiming the imaginary and material space within Japan and its empire.
The Intangible Heritage of Children’s Musical Cultures
Authors: Barrett Margaret S. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 2003 UNESCO established the Convention for the Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) in response to concerns that a range of global cultural expressions were at risk. ICH encompasses skills, knowledge, performances, and representations recognized in and passed on through communities. Consideration of music as ICH is a relatively recent phenomenon with early publications focusing on the preservation of “world musics.” While children are recognized as the next generation of musical culture-bearers, there has been little explicit focus on children’s musical cultures. Children’s contributions to ICH, including their invented song-making, dances, and games, constitute an emerging research domain. This chapter provides (1) a brief historical overview of key contributions to the collection and analysis of children’s musical culture; (2) an argument for recognizing children’s musical cultures as contribution to the store of ICH; and (3) consideration of policy and practice implications for ongoing conservation and sustainability of children’s musical cultures.
Malayalam and Core Dravidian Phonology
Authors: Krishnan Gayathri G. , Raghunathan Arathi , Sarma Vaijayanthi M. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Children’s productions, whether they are identical to or deviate from target adult productions, are revelatory of both the grammatical processes that govern early grammars and those that underlie the target grammars. Malayalam is a Dravidian language, but its vocabulary has many loanwords, especially from Sanskrit. This makes phonological and lexical learning potentially challenging to young learners but also offers a way to uncover the relationships between child and adult phonologies. This chapter discusses the salient segmental and syllable-structure properties of the core phonology of Malayalam and provides a detailed analysis of the spontaneous productions at similar ages of monolingual, Malayalam acquiring children, and bilingual, Malayalam and English acquiring children, with the two-fold aims of discovering the target properties that are manifested in the developing phonology, and recovering what the child phonologies reveal in turn about the core phonology.
Illiberal Memory Politics
Authors: Mälksoo Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter conceptualizes the parameters of illiberal memory politics against the backdrop of its mirror notion—liberal memory politics—and its respective ethics. If memory politics is an unavoidable aspect of political life, its illiberal version has been pronounced a negative example of liberal memory. Commonly associated with the nationalization and centralization of historical research, restrictions on educational freedom and the advancement of “patriotic” history, and the delegitimization of competing mnemonical narratives—including the securitization of desirable perspectives on the past and the criminalization of undesirable ones—illiberal memory politics places restrictions on freedom of speech and historical research. The present conceptual work delineating the features, goals, and implications of illiberal memory politics is illustrated with examples from militant memory laws and policies in Eastern Europe, as well as contestations around the commemoration of settler colonialism and racist legacies in the United States and the United Kingdom.
The Justice of Reparations
Authors: Torpey John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chapter argues that the term “reparations” is something of a misnomer that may distract from the successful pursuit of justice. The distraction arises from the ways in which the stress on the “pastness” of wrongs makes it more difficult to address them in the present. Reparations politics stresses “past” or “historical” injustices to distinguish its field of activity from that of those fighting “contemporary” injustices such as income inequality, environmental racism, gender discrimination, invasions of electronic privacy, and the like. The emphasis on the historical dimension of the wrongs on which attention is focused is thus a crucial part of the self-understanding of those pursuing reparations. The emphasis in reparations politics on “past” injustices as the distinctive feature of the wrong to be dealt with is somewhat misleading, however. After all, virtually all of life is “the past”; we may live it out now but in an instant it is over and becomes part of “the past.” Ultimately, past and present flow into one another in a way that obliterates the distinction between them and makes both subject to the requirements of justice. The invocation of “reparations” as the goal of the pursuit of justice may thus be a sort of illusion—useful in certain respects for concentrating awareness of the ways in which we are the heirs of wrongs from the past, but sometimes an unhelpful distraction from the obligation to overcome those injustices as they are perpetuated in the present.
The International Entrepreneurs of Transitional Justice
Authors: Subotic Jelena 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What are the consequences of transitional justice embeddedness in global liberalism? This chapter deals with a small subset of this larger question to offer a critical analysis of the assumptions, premises, instruments, and incentives of international entrepreneurs of transitional justice. The chapter’s principal argument is that because international transitional justice entrepreneurship is embedded in ideology and practices of global liberalism, it is constrained by its technocratic focus on legalization, professionalization, and specialization. As transitional justice steadily expands into broader issues, such as post-conflict peace accords and development projects, and embraces even longer-term goals, such as instituting democracy, rule of law, and a culture of human rights, this can create a tension between the liberal practice of international transitional justice entrepreneurs and the needs and experiences of their subjects.
Pierre Bourdieu,Outline of a Theory of Practice
Authors: Topper Keith 
Published: November 2023

AbstractOriginally published in French in 1972 as Esquisse d’une théorie de la pratique and appearing five years later in a substantially revised and restructured English translation, Outline of a Theory of Practice (OTP) is the book that first brought Pierre Bourdieu fame among Anglophone readers. It remains today one of Bourdieu’s two most influential works and is arguably the most well-known statement of his epistemological and methodological views. This chapter explores the evolution and structure of the book, its central ideas and arguments, its place in the trajectory of Bourdieu’s thought, and its reception, impact, and legacy within the field of political theory. While OTP is not the most fully developed statement of Bourdieu’s views or his key concepts, the book provides much more than mere intellectual scaffolding. It offers a fascinating and often riveting glimpse at Bourdieu’s thought during a pivotal moment of transition from structuralism to post-structuralism.
Sexual Injustice
Authors: Gore Ellie , Smith Nicola J. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sexuality—broadly defined to include sexual practices, behaviors, desires, and identities—remains a key site of political struggle around the world. While mainstream (and some critical) International Political Economy (IPE) has tended to overlook the importance of sexuality, there is a rich tradition of feminist and queer scholarship that locates sexual subjectivities, labor, and oppression firmly within the boundaries of the global capitalist economy. This chapter explores some of the material bases of sexual injustice and explains what a queer approach to IPE tells us about the relationship between capitalism and sexuality. It examines the relationship between sexuality and IPE across three primary dimensions: hetero- (and homo-)normativity and the nation-state; hetero- (and homo-)normativity and global governance; and the everyday political economies of queer lives and resistance. The chapter argues that it is impossible to understand the social relations of global (re)production and the types of exploitation and oppression they entail without paying attention to the social construction of sexuality (and therefore to the lives and experiences of LGBTQ+ people). Moreover, since capitalism constitutes, and is constituted by, sexuality across multiple scales and modes of governance, sexual injustices are fundamentally globalized in character. This means that scholars of IPE must not only interrogate the sexual politics of neoliberalism and how this plays out in different parts of the world, but also examine how the legacies of slavery and colonialism continue to shape global terrains of sexual struggle and injustice.
European Neighbourhood Policy and EU Enlargement
Authors: Majkowska-Szulc Sylwia , Wierczyńska Karolina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chapter focuses on the European Neighbourhood Policy, placing it not only within the framework of the policies of the European Union (EU), but also within the framework of public international law, on the one hand, pointing to the differences in the approach of organizations, and on the other hand, focusing on their common values and interests. Additionally, policies related to the enlargement of the Union and the withdrawal of its permanent members from it are discussed. The analysis indicates the achievements and challenges of neighbourhood policy of the EU taking into account the values promoted by the EU underlying the respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights and sharing common universal values and friendly relations within the borders of the concrete States.
The OSCE
Authors: Mihr Anja 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Established in 1995, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) inherited several politically binding commitments from the 1975 Helsinki Accord: first, to respond to political and military security concerns among its member States; second, to tackle environmental and economic matters; and third, to strengthen democratic institutions, upholding human rights and the rule of law and, subsequently, international human rights law (IHRL). The office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) is the key agency to uphold IHRL among its fifty-seven participating States across Eurasia and North America. Over the years, the ‘Human Dimension Meetings’ turned into the main monitoring body to report on breaches and improvements of IHRL. But the fact that the OSCE-ODIHR does not have a legal human rights framework or treaty, let alone an accountability mechanism to hold its members States accountable for any misconduct, remains its weakness.
Social Learning and Culture in Monkeys
Authors: van de Waal Erica , Canteloup Charlotte 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first report of cultural behaviour in primates—potato-washing described in Japanese macaques—was the starter point for 70 years of investigation of social learning in wild animals and has laid the foundations of animal culture studies. This chapter reviews key findings now accumulated for many different monkey species and using a wide array of methodologies including observations in the wild, controlled experiments in captivity, and field experiments. Both observational and experimental approaches highlight the existence of technical, feeding, and social traditions in monkeys. Recent advances in modelling techniques enable a better understanding of when social learning is used and if the pathways of transmission follow specific biases such as payoff bias, conformity, or learning from specific group members like higher-ranked or successful individuals. Technologies including environmental DNA metabarcoding, GPS loggers and artificial intelligence are promising new tools in evidencing group-level differences. Combining all these examples, the chapter illustrates the diversity of cultural behaviour found in monkeys, confirming the saying ‘monkey see, monkey do’.