bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Rule-Following Considerations
Authors: Boghossian Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. Recent years have witnessed a great resurgence of interest in the writings of the later Wittgenstein, especially with those passages— roughly, Philosophical Investigations ##138 – 242 and Remarks on the Foundations of Mathematics, section VI— that are concerned with the topic of rules. Much of the credit for all this excitement, unparalleled since the heyday of Wittgenstein scholarship in the early 1960s, must go to Saul Kripke’s Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language. It is easy to explain why.
An Introduction to Contemporary Egalitarianism
Authors: Holtug Nils , Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. What Is Equality? During the 1980s, the number of homeless people in the United States grew rapidly. This was due, among other things, to the Reagan administration’s severe cuts to the housing budget. In fact, by the end of the Reagan years the federal government was spending $8 billion annually on housing. The Carter administration had spent $32 billion annually at a time when homelessness was far less common (Singer 1993: 28). Most egalitarians would think that Reagan’s cuts were unjust. This is because these cuts increased inequality. However, egalitarians would not be alone in objecting to Reagan’s cuts on the grounds of justice.
A Defence of Extreme Egalitarianism
Authors: Persson Ingmar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of the two premises, it is (N) that is distinctive of extreme egalitarianism and that I shall therefore be concerned with defending here. Moderate or restricted egalitarians could agree with (F), which seems to be true on logical grounds (as an instance of the general principle that there can be no difference in degree of value unless there is something that makes one thing more (or less) valuable something else). They would then differ from extreme egalitarians by denying (N), claiming that there sometimes is something — for instance, differing deserts and rights— that makes it just that some are better off than others. Consequently, they would hold that the scope of equality is restricted to those domains in which these just-making features do not apply to compose differences between individuals. How much moderate egalitarians differ from extreme egalitarians in practice will depend upon the size of the area outside the operation of these variables.
‘In the Shadow of Anglo-Jackson’ Jackson and the Public Schools
Authors: Whyte William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few now remember John Calcott Horsley (1817–1903). Whilst other nineteenth-century artists have been reclaimed by the critics, Horsley’s career is largely forgotten. Yet, before he was twenty he had earned the praise of the cognoscenti for his Rent Day at Haddon Hall (1836). By the time he died, he had been elected a Royal Academician, and served as Treasurer to the Academy. He painted for the new Palace of Westminster, the Prince Consort, and Queen Victoria.
Essays in the Philosophy of Religion
Authors: Quinn Philip L , Miller Christian B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume presents a selection of essays by the late Philip Quinn, one of the world's leading philosophers of religion. Quinn left behind an influential body of work on a wide variety of topics. He was the author of Divine Commands and Moral Requirements (1978) and of more than two hundred papers in philosophy. Fourteen of his best and most influential contributions to the philosophy of religion are gathered here. The papers have been organized around the following topics: religious epistemology, religious ethics, religion and tragic dilemmas, religion and political liberalism, topics in Christian philosophy, and religious diversity.
Towards Thinner Theologies: Hick and Alston on Religious Diversity
Authors: Quinn Philip L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Western Christianity has never been ignorant of religious diversity. Early Christianity had to make its way in the religiously pluralistic environment of late antiquity. During the medieval period, Islam put cultural and military pressure on European Christendom. And religious diversity has often been seen by Christians as an intellectual challenge to which a response must be made. Origen wrote contra Celsum to defend Christianity against pagan critique. Thomas Aquinas wrote contra gentiles to make the case for the rationality of Christian belief. So Western Christianity has never been without a philosophical problem of religious diversity of some sort.
On Religious Diversity & Tolerance
Authors: Quinn Philip L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since September 11, 2001, the fragility of tolerance has become a source of acute anxiety in scholarly reflection on religion— as shown by some of the contributions to the Summer 2003 issue of Dœdalus on secularism and religion. In that context, James Carroll asked how it was possible for people committed to democracy to embrace religious creeds that underwrite intolerance. Daniel C. Tosteson identified conflicting religious beliefs as a particularly serious cause of the plague of war. Such anxieties are reasonable. After all, Osama bin Laden professes to fight in the name of Islam. And in the aftermath of 9/11, the United States has experienced a significant rise in reported incidents of intolerant behavior directed at Muslims.
Patriotic Instabilities
Authors: Jenks Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Be it our constant endeavour and our pride, to frustrate their insidious designs; haul down the Flag of Discontent, hoist the victorious British Union in its stead-Conquest shall again salute its well-known Colors, and our Enemies will soon be compelled to prefer an equitable Peace to that ignominy and defeat which has ever attended them in a War with the glorious, the invincible, the united Navy of Britain. Let us follow the example of the brave Duncan, and let every man consider himself one of the crew of the good ship Britannia, nail the Flag to the mast, and give every support to our Noble Commander and his Officers. The ability of the navy to stand as metaphor for the nation-‘the good ship Britannia-was perhaps the key to its importance in late Georgian patriotic culture. of transcending social.
Asceticism
Authors: Smith Virginia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Religious asceticism played a large part in reconfiguring European culture after the fall of Rome. So much of Christian history flows from this ascetic philosophy of purity; and so many bodies were subsequently constrained, cleansed, or physically altered because of it—especially those of monks, nuns, and many other devout men and women. In order to appreciate the milieu of cleanliness in medieval and early modern Europe, we need at least some grasp of the seismic events that occurred in that crucial 500-year period of religious upheaval in the Late Empire. The basic outlines are fairly clear.
The Body Beautiful
Authors: Smith Virginia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this last chapter we face, to some extent, a final reckoning— and we can barely do justice to it in the space that remains. The twentieth and twenty-first centuries are by far the best documented and probably the most grimly fascinating of all the centuries embraced by the history of personal cleansing. They are probably also the most interesting period for us as individuals, as well as recalling many of our parents’ (and grandparents ‘) own personal experiences. The sense of déjàvu is enormous. We can see older habits and customs persisting in domestic housing, cosmetic care, health education, therapeutics, and general self-care—but the scale is utterly different. It is global, again.
What is Tourette syndrome?
Authors: Robertson Mary M , Cavanna Andrea E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
TS begins in early life, usually between 5 and 7 years of age and consists of many tics.
The syndrome includes motor tics or twitches and vocal tics or noises, which must have been present for a year although not necessarily together. These tics can be simple or complex.
Vocal tics are often called phonic tics, as many of the noises made by patients with TS do not use the vocal cords.
Common motor tics are blinking, head nodding, face grimacing, and nose twitching, and common phonic tics are sniffing, throat clearing, and coughing.
The swearing tic (coprolalia) receives a lot of media attention but in fact only occurs in only 10–15 per cent of individuals with TS. In addition, there are differences between ‘socially accepted swearing’ and the swearing tic, which is involuntary, is often disguised by the individual, and causes embarrassment to the individual with TS.
Coping with the news of a diagnosis of Tourette syndrome
Authors: Robertson Mary M , Cavanna Andrea E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many people feel relieved by the diagnosis as it empowers them and gives them an identity and a voice.
In addition, many parents feel that they have been blamed for their child’s behaviour and so the diagnosis of an identifiable disorder, TS, relieves them of any fault.
While some feel the diagnosis is a blow, as TS is often given unsympathetic coverage in the media, most individuals realize that there is help with the symptoms and with education.
Famous or successful people who have had Tourette syndrome
Authors: Robertson Mary M , Cavanna Andrea E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It might be helpful to start by asking how we defi ne ‘famous’ and ‘successful’. Of course, fame is objective at some level, but there are simple guidelines such as being very rich, which is synonymous with being fi nancially successful, or being a successful national or international player of any sport, which is synonymous with sports excellence. In addition, however, there are people who have done very well, but may not be well known outside their fi elds or countries. Nevertheless, there are many people with TS who have succeeded, and some have become very famous in their own countries, their own fi elds, or even internationally.
Introduction
Authors: lowe Vaughan , Roberts Adam , zaum Jennifer welsh Dominik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Under the United Nations (UN) Charter, the Security Council has a theoretically impressive range of powers and duties. Most significant is its primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security. Unlike the General Assembly it can in principle take decisions that are binding on all members of the UN. The Council meets throughout the year, mainly to consider armed conflicts and other situations or disputes where international peace and security are threatened. It is empowered to order mandatory sanctions, call for ceasefires, and authorize military action on behalf of the UN.
The Charter Limitations On The Use Of Force: Theory And Practice
Authors: Gray Christine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The founders of the UN created an elaborate scheme, a treaty-based system which required states both to impose limits on their own right to resort to force and to depend on a collective response for protection. The aim was, first, to prohibit the unilateral use of force by states other than in self-defence. Article 2(4) expressed this prohibition in wide terms, outlawing the ‘use of force’ rather than ‘war’.1 Secondly, the system aimed to centralize the use of force under the control of the Security Council.
Proposals For Un Standing Forces: A Critical History
Authors: Roberts Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the formation of the United Nations the creation of a standing UN military force has been proposed repeatedly. Such a force has been seen as a means of improving the organization’s response to urgent problems of war, civil war, and mass killings; as a way of expediting the provision of peacekeeping forces to back up ceasefire and peace agreements; and as a basis for preventive deployments to ward of imminent dangers. The Security Council has generally been envisaged as having a key role in the creation and direction of such a force.
The Security Council, The General Assembly, And War: The Uniting For Peace Resolution
Authors: Zaum Dominik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the first United Nations (UN) peacekeeping force, the United Nations Emergency Force (UNEF), was established on 5 November 1956, to supervise the cessation of fighting in the Suez war between Egypt and troops from Israel, France, and the United Kingdom, it was not the Security Council, with its primary responsibility for international peace and security, that authorized the mission. Instead, this ground breaking initiative for the UN had been requested by the General Assembly, to which the Council, paralysed by the French and British.
The Sanctions Era: Themes And Trends In Un Security Council Sanctions Since 1990
Authors: Cortright David , Lopez George A , Gerber-Stellingwerf Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since 1990, United Nations sanctions have become an essential instrument of multilateral action. With the imposition of trade sanctions on Iraq in Resolution 661,1 the Security Council opened a new era in the use of collective coercive economic measures as a means of responding to violations of international norms. In the previous forty-five years of UN experience, the Security Council.
The Security Council And The Wars In The Former Yugoslavia
Authors: Woodward Susan L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The role of the Security Council in response to the violent break-up of former Yugoslavia, beginning in 1991, tarnished the reputation of the United Nations so deeply that many feared it might not recover. Analysts writing at the time and since have been at pains to express the widespread outrage: ‘a spectacular setback’, ‘collective spinelessness’, the Wrst in a ‘series of horrendous failures’ in the 1990s.
The Security council And The Bosnian Conflict:A Practitioner’s View
Authors: Smith Rupert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is based on my experience of UN operations in the Balkans during the 1990s and, more specifically, during 1995 when I was in command of UNPROFOR in Bosnia. During 1993 and 1994, I was a senior staff officer in the Ministry of Defence in London and dealt daily with the Balkan operations and the UN, albeit from a national perspective. As Commander of UNPROFOR, I was temporarily on the inside of the UN structure and, nominally at least, serving the Security Council.
The Security Council And Three Wars In West Africa
Authors: Adebajo Adekeye 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the end of the Cold War in 1989, West Africa has been among the most volatile regions in the world. Local brushfires have raged from Liberia to Sierra Leone to Guinea to Guinea-Bissau to Senegal to c ôte d’Ivoire in an interconnected web of instability. Owing in large part to neglect by the United Nations (UN) Security Council, West Africa has gone further than any other African sub-region in efforts to establish a security mechanism to manage its own conflicts.
The Different Functions Of The Security Council With Respect To Humanitarian Law
Authors: Nolte Georg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the end of the Cold War, both the UN Security Council and international humanitarian law have moved to the centre of attention of international lawyers. However, little attention has been given to the relationship between the two. In their collection of Documents on the Laws of War, Roberts and Guelff explain why this relationship deserves to be explored: The UN Security Council has . . . developed an expanded role relating to the laws of war.
The Security Council And The Use Of Private Force
Authors: Percy Sarah V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The United Nations has taken an active role in commenting upon and seeking to regulate private force since mercenaries first made modern headlines in the Congo in the 1960s. The more recent appearance of private companies which provide military services to foreign states or other entities has again brought the mercenary question into the spotlight. Private military companies (PMCs), such as Executive Outcomes and Sandline, and private security companies (PSCs) such as ArmorGroup, Aegis, and Triple Canopy in Iraq, have grabbed international head-lines since the 1990s. Much of the attention that PSCs, PMCs, and mercenaries receive is negative.
The Phonological Enterprise
Authors: Hale Mark , Reiss Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book scrutinizes recent work in phonological theory from the perspective of Chomskyan generative linguistics and argues that progress in the field depends on taking seriously the idea that phonology is best studied as a mental computational system derived from an innate base, phonological Universal Grammar. Two simple problems of phonological analysis provide a frame for a variety of topics throughout the book. The competence-performance distinction and markedness theory are both addressed in some detail, especially with reference to phonological acquisition. Several aspects of Optimality Theory, including the use of Output-Output Correspondence, functionalist argumentation and dependence on typological justification are critiqued. The authors draw on their expertise in historical linguistics to argue that diachronic evidence is often mis-used to bolster phonological arguments, and they present a vision of the proper use of such evidence. Issues of general interest for cognitive scientists, such as whether categories are discrete and whether mental computation is probabilistic are also addressed. The book ends with concrete proposals to guide future phonological research. The breadth and depth of the discussion, ranging from details of current analyses to the philosophical underpinnings of linguistic science, is presented in a direct style with as little recourse to technical language as possible.
The Greek Verb ‘To Be’ and the Concept of Being*
Authors: Kahn Charles H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I am concerned in this paper with the philological basis for Greek ontology; that is to say, with the raw material which was provided for philosophical analysis by the ordinary use and meaning of the verb einai, ‘to be’. Roughly stated, my question is: How were the Greek philosophers guided, or influenced, in their formulation of doctrines of Being, by the prephilosophical use of this verb which (together with its nominal derivatives on and ousia) serves to express the concept of Being in Greek?
Closed Classes
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y , Ala Jacklyn Yuamali , Agnes Pauline , Laki Yuaneng Luma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Closed word classes are personal pronouns (§10.1), demonstratives (§10.2), indefinites (§10.3), interrogatives (§10.4), quantifiers (§10.5), and numerals (§10.6). Most of them share some properties with nouns but do not take the full range of noun morphology discussed in Chapters 4–9. This justifies their recognition as separate classes. An overview of their morphological and syntactic features is in §10.7. Personal pronouns are given in Table 3.3 (repeated here). They distinguish three numbers— singular, dual, and plural—and two genders in second and in third person singular. There is a clear etymological connection between independent pronouns, the two sets of tense-sensitive verbal cross-referencing markers, and cross-referencing enclitics employed with non-verbal predicates (listed in Tables 3.1–2 and 3.4). Grammaticalization of personal pronouns as crossreferencing markers appears to be relatively recent.
Predicate Structure and Verb Root Types
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y , Ala Jacklyn Yuamali , Agnes Pauline , Laki Yuaneng Luma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The distribution of fully inflected, partially inflected, and uninflected forms to some extent correlates with clause types. Most non-main (or dependent) clauses contain partially inflected and uninflected verbs (see Chapter 19 and Table 19.1, and §20.1.3). So do main clauses marked for non-declarative mood and modality values, and non-habitual declarative negative clauses.Fully inflected verb forms are the most complex of all. They allow the expression of categories which cannot be expressed in partially inflected or uninflected verbs.
Verbal Categories in Positive Declarative and Interrogative Clauses
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y , Ala Jacklyn Yuamali , Agnes Pauline , Laki Yuaneng Luma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we discuss verbal categories of positive declarative and interrogative clauses shared with relative and juxtaposed sequencing clauses (see §§19.1–2). None of these categories, except root reduplication (§12.8) and the customary aspect (§12.7), can be expressed in most medial clauses (Chapter 18). Forms discussed in §§12.6–7 and §12.8.1 are uninflected (unlike the rest of the forms discussed here). Further aspectual meanings are expressed with verb compounding (§15.3) and complex predicates (§17.1.1).
Complex Predicates
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y , Ala Jacklyn Yuamali , Agnes Pauline , Laki Yuaneng Luma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Auxiliaries are defined as a closed subclass of verbs which (a) form part of one complex predicate in combination with an uninflected verb from a large open class; (b) take all the person, number, gender, aspect, tense, mood, and modality specifications required; and (c) impart a modal or aspectual meaning to the construction. There are no restrictions on the transitivity of the lexical verb. Complex predicates containing auxiliaries cannot contain stative verbs or non-verbal predicate heads. As we can recall from Table 4.1, four of the polyfunctional verbs are used as auxiliaries. The positional verbs t@-‘stand’, r@-‘sit’, and kwa-‘stay’ mark anterior and durative aspects in complex predicates. (They are glossed as ‘stand’, ‘sit’, and ‘stay’ in their auxiliary and support verb functions throughout this chapter.) Aspectual complex predicates consist of a lexical verb marked with the manner sequencing suffix -n and an auxiliary.
Dietary assessments of adult amphibians
Authors: Solé Mirco , Rödder Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dietary information is essential to understand amphibian life history, population fluctuations, and the impact of habitat modification, and to develop conservation strategies (Anderson 1991). In ecology, trophic relationships represent a functional connection between different taxa and are a key subject in many aut and synecological studies. Studies on diets are essential for assessments of energy flow and food webs in ecological communities. Variables involved in an animal’s diet are seldom obvious and include behavioral, physiological, and morphological features of both predator and prey (Simon and Toft 1991). Therefore, dietary information from locally imperilled species is a necessary component in designing management and conservation programs.
Area-based surveys
Authors: Marsh David M , Haywood Lillian M B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Area-based surveys are frequently used to estimate the relative abundance, density, or diversity of amphibians. While the methodological details of area-based surveys can vary considerably, the basic principles behind these surveys are usually the same. Small, defined units, referred to as plots, quadrats, or transects, are selected randomly from larger areas of interest. These small units are then sampled for amphibians, and the data collected are used to make inferences about the relative abundance or diversity of amphibians in the larger areas. Area-based surveys can be employed in a variety of situations. For example, one might want to compare amphibians in primary forest to amphibians in secondary forest or pasture. Or, one might want to analyze changes in amphibian communities over time (i.e. monitoring) or across an environmental gradient like elevation or distance from a disturbance. Area-based surveys are also used in experimental studies, for instance when habitats are modified and amphibians are compared between treatment and control areas. Finally, area-based studies are commonly used to study the basic habitat relationships and community ecology of amphibians (e.g. Toft 1980; Hairston 1987).