bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
α‐Melanophore‐stimulating hormone in the brain, cranial placode derivatives, and retina of Xenopus laevis during development in relation to background adaptation
Authors: Kramer Bianca M.R. , Claassen Ilse E.W.M. , Westphal Nicole J. , Jansen Marjolein , Tuinhof Rienk , Jenks Bruce G. , Roubos Eric W. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe amphibian Xenopus laevis can adapt the color of its skin to the light intensity of the background. A key peptide in this adaptation process is α‐melanophore‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH), which is derived from proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and released by the endocrine melanotrope cells in the pituitary pars intermedia. In this study, the presence of α‐MSH in the brain, cranial placode derivatives, and retina of developing Xenopus laevis was investigated using immunocytochemistry, to test the hypothesis that POMC peptide‐producing neurons and endocrine cells have a common embryonic origin and a common function, i.e., controlling each other's activities and/or being involved in the process of physiological adaptation. The presence of α‐MSH‐positive cells in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, ventral hypothalamic nucleus, epiphysis, and endocrine melanotrope and corticotrope cells, which are all involved in regulation of adaptation processes, has been detected from stage 37/38 onward. This is consistent with the presumed common origin of these cells, the anterior neural ridge (ANR) of the neural‐plate‐stage embryo. The olfactory epithelium and the otic and epibranchial ganglia also contain α‐MSH, indicating that these placodal derivatives originate from a common placodal domain continuous with the ANR. Furthermore, we demonstrate the presence of α‐MSH in a subpopulation of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which is possibly also derived from the ANR. Immunoreactivity for α‐MSH in RGCs that are located in the dorsal part of the retina is dependent on the background light intensity, suggesting that these cells are involved in the regulation of background adaptation. Taken together, the results support the hypothesis that POMC peptide‐producing cells have a common embryonic origin and are involved in adaptation processes. J. Comp. Neurol. 456:73–83, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isolation and characterization of two teleost melanopsin genes and their differential expression within the inner retina and brain
Authors: Drivenes Øyvind , Søviknes Anne Mette , Ebbesson Lars O.E. , Fjose Anders , Seo Hee‐Chan , Helvik Jon Vidar 
Published: January 2003

AbstractMelanopsin is a newly discovered photopigment that is believed to be involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms in tetrapods. Here we describe the characterization of the first two teleost melanopsins (opn4a and opn4b) isolated from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). These two teleost genes belong to a subgroup of melanopsins that also include members from Xenopus, chicken, and Takifugu. In situ hybridization revealed that opn4a and opn4b are differentially expressed within the retina and brain. In the larval and adult retina, both melanopsins are expressed in a subset of cells in the inner retina, resembling amacrine and ganglion cells. In addition, opn4a is expressed in the horizontal cells, indicating a separate task for this gene. In the brain, the two melanopsins are separately expressed in two major retinal and extraretinal photosensitive integration centers, namely, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (opn4a) and the habenula (opn4b). The expression of opn4a in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in cod is similar to the melanopsin expression found in Xenopus. This suggests a conserved role for this opsin and an involvement in mediation of nonvisual photoreceptive tasks, such as entraining circadian rhythms and/or hypophysiotrophic systems. The differential expression of opn4b in the habenula suggests that this gene plays a role similar to that of opn4a, in that it is also situated in an area that integrates photic inputs from the pineal as well as other brain regions. Thus, the habenula may be an additional region that mediates photic cues in teleosts. J. Comp. Neurol. 456:84–93, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Connexin immunoreactivity in glial cells of the rat retina
Authors: Zahs Kathleen R. , Kofuji Paulo , Meier Carola , Dermietzel Rolf 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe rat retina contains two types of macroglial cells, Müller cells, radial glial cells that are the principal macroglial cells of vertebrate retinas, and astrocytes associated with the surface vasculature. In addition to the often‐described gap‐junctional coupling between astrocytes, coupling also occurs between astrocytes and Müller cells. Immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy were used to identify connexins in the retinas of pigmented rats. Several antibodies directed against connexin43 stained astrocytes, identified using antibodies directed against glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). In addition, two connexin43 antibodies stained Müller cells, identified with antibodies directed against S100 or glutamine synthetase. Connexin30‐immunoreactive puncta were confined to the vitreal surface of the retina and colocalized with GFAP‐immunoreactive astrocyte processes. Connexin45 immunoreactivity was associated with both astrocytes and Müller cells. We conclude that retinal glial cells express multiple connexins, and the patterns of immunostaining that we observe in this study are consistent with the expression of connexins30, −43, and possibly −45 by astrocytes and the expression of connexins43 and −45 by Müller cells. As gap‐junction channels may be formed by both homotypic and heterotypic hemichannels, and the hemichannels may themselves be homomeric or heteromeric, there exists a multitude of possible gap‐junction channels that could underlie the homotypic coupling between retinal astrocytes and the heterotypic coupling between astrocytes and Müller cells. J. Comp. Neurol. 455:531–546, 2003. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Color coordinates of objects with daylight changes
Authors: Romero Javier , Hernández‐Andrés Javier , Nieves Juan L. , García José A. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractColorimetric changes were analyzed for a broad set of natural and artificial objects that were illuminated by daylight measured at different solar elevations on separate days, under diverse meteorologic conditions. The changes in L*‐, a*‐, and b*‐color coordinates of the objects, when illuminated with daylight at the maximum solar elevation and at twilight, normally exceeded 3 CIELAB units. However, color differences were not significant when evaluated during the middle hours of the day. Nor were significant differences found in the color of an object on different days, when evaluated during the middle hours. Color appearance attributes of the objects at intervals during the day were also calculated based on the CIECAM97s color appearance model, showing the trends with daylight changes. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 25–35, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.
A comparison of constant stimuli and gray‐scale methods of color difference scaling
Authors: Montag Ethan D. , Wilber David C. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractTwo psychophysical techniques, the method of constant stimuli and the gray‐scale comparison method, were used to determine color tolerances for three different color centers in the hue, chroma, and lightness directions in CIELAB color space. The same color‐difference pairs were used as the stimuli in both experiments. Although the results followed the same trends, they were different for the two techniques. Based on comparison of the validity and precision of the results, as well as the ease of implementation, use, and analysis, the method of constant stimuli is the preferable method. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 36–44, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.
Modeling color change after spinning process using feedforward neural networks
Authors: Thevenet L. , Dupont D. , Jolly‐Desodt A. M. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThis article is concerned with the reflectance spectra prediction based on a neural network developed for yarn from the roving reflectance spectra. The neural network developed is a multilayer feed‐forward network. The first system is wavelength dependent, but its performance is not very satisfactory. The scaled conjugate gradient algorithm is incorporated into the backpropagation procedure to reduce the training phase. Once the wavelength independence of the transformation is established, a second system, whose performances agree with the experimental curves, is proposed. Finally, this system is completed by the introduction of a yarn parameter: the count. The results of this later model are quite promising. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 50–58, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.
Determining colour gamuts of digital cameras and scanners
Authors: Morovič Ján , Morovič Peter 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe determination of the colour gamuts of colour reproduction media is an important aspect of both understanding them in isolation and using them in the context of a colour reproduction system. Although this is well understood for output colour reproduction media, a solution for input media is not to be had in a simple way. To this end, in this article, we propose a method based on simulating the responses of an input medium to given spectral power distributions. We then determine the gamut of an input medium on the basis of having a set of spectra that covers the majority of all possible spectra, knowing a medium's quantized responses to them, and then determining a boundary beyond which the medium does not produce variation in its responses. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 59–68, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.
A non‐PC look at principal components
Authors: Brill Michael H. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractTwo principal‐component methods are used in color science. For a given data set of spectra, one method finds the best‐fitting subspace about the mean spectrum, and the other finds the best‐fitting subspace about the zero spectrum. The first of these was originally developed for illuminants and the second for reflectance analysis. Yet there seems to be no strong argument for choosing one method over the other, in either case. Hence it is urged that each of us declares which one we are using, even if making that discrimination is considered “non‐PC” (i.e., not “politically correct”). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 28, 69–71, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.
Aspiration cytology of cystic carcinoma of the breast
Authors: Levine Pascale Hummel , Waisman Jerry , Yang Grace C.H. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractCystic carcinomas of the breast are rarely encountered in fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies. The most common entities comprise intracystic papillary adenocarcinoma, ductal adenocarcinoma with cystic degeneration including comedo forms of ductal adenocarcinoma in situ, medullary carcinoma, squamous carcinoma, and cystic hypersecretory ductal adenocarcinoma. The cytologic diagnosis is often hampered by sparse cellularity, abundant obscuring blood, necrotic debris, and degenerative changes in diagnostic cells. We report on the cytologic features of 10 cases of cystic carcinoma, including 12 FNA biopsies with radiologic and surgical correlation. The original cytologic diagnoses for these cases were: benign (2 cases), atypical (2 cases), suspicious (3 cases), and positive for malignant cells (3 cases). On repeat FNA, one benign case and one atypical case were reclassified, respectively, as atypical and suspicious for carcinoma. The follow‐up diagnoses were 5 intracystic papillary adenocarcinomas and 5 cystic ductal adenocarcinomas. Despite 2 false‐negative cases, all cases were adequately managed. Correlation with clinical and radiologic findings and direct sampling of any solid component of these cystic neoplasms are crucial in diagnosis and management. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;28:39–44. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of metastatic carcinoid tumor: Report of a case and review of the literature
Authors: Jackson Shawn B. , Williams H. James 
Published: January 2003

AbstractWhile carcinoid tumor is a relatively common neoplasm in surgical pathology, fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cytology as a method of primary diagnosis has only been reported in the literature a few times. We report on the case of a 42‐yr‐old female with multiple large metastatic tumor deposits in her liver, pelvic adnexae, bones, and lungs, with an unknown primary. FNA was performed on one of the liver masses, and was diagnosed using routine histochemical and immunohistochemical stains as carcinoid tumor. No follow‐up tissue diagnosis has been obtained. However, the patient is still alive with her tumor 1 yr later. Fine‐needle aspiration cytology can be a useful and safe tool in the diagnosis of metastatic carcinoid tumors, avoiding the need for surgery which would not otherwise be indicated for treatment. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;28:49–53. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytologic‐histologic correlation of nongynecologic cytopathology cases: Separation of determinate from indeterminate cytologic diagnoses for analysis and monitoring of laboratory performance
Authors: Ohori N. Paul , Schoedel Karen E. , Rajendiran Swaminathan 
Published: January 2003

AbstractMuch of the literature on the quality‐assurance aspect of cytologic‐histologic correlation (CHC) has focused on gynecologic cytology. For nongynecologic cytopathology, the process is complicated by the use of determinate (positive for malignant cells, negative for malignant cells) and indeterminate (atypical, suspicious, or follicular lesion) diagnostic categories. Here, we illustrate our routine methodology for analyzing CHC data on nongynecologic cytopathology cases by separating determinate from indeterminate cases. A focused list of determinate and indeterminate cytopathology cases with surgical pathology correlation is generated each week. The determinate cases are ascertained as true positive (TP), true negative (TN), false positive (FP), or false negative (TN). The discrepant cases (FP and FN) are investigated to determine the cause (sampling, interpretation, or screening). For indeterminate cases, the surgical pathology outcome (benign, malignant) and suitability of the cytopathology category utilized are reviewed. For the focused period of 4 mo, sensitivity was 70% and specificity was 100%. The most common reason for false‐negative diagnoses was a sampling problem in the cytologic specimen; there were no false‐positive diagnoses. Malignant outcomes for follicular lesion, atypical, and suspicious diagnoses were 29%, 40%, and 76%, respectively. Data derived from regularly performed CHC are useful in reviewing the diagnostic performance of the laboratory. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;28:28–34. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Diagnosis and grading of chondrosarcomas on FNA biopsy material
Authors: Lerma Enrique , Tani Edneia , Brosjö Otte , Bauer Henrik , Söderlund Veli , Skoog Lambert 
Published: January 2003

AbstractA consecutive series of 47 chondrosarcomas was reviewed to identify the most useful criteria for cytological diagnosis, and grading in comparison to histology grade. This series includes 39 evaluable cases, including 2 patients with Ollier's disease and 2 with extraskeletal chondrosarcomas. Eight cases were excluded because of lack of histologic confirmation (3), nondiagnostic cytology (4), and one inconclusive histologic diagnosis. The cytologic diagnosis of these tumors was based on the identification of chondrocytes and a chondromyxoid stroma. The chondrocytes often showed double nuclei (34/39) and macronucleoli (20/39). Nuclear atypia in terms of distinct variation in size was less common (16/39). Cytoplasmic granules and vacuoles were often seen (34/39 and 29/39, respectively). In smears, chondroid fragments and a chondromyxoid backgroud were seen in a majority of cases (36/39 and 30/39, respectively). By grade, concordance with histology was present in 4/7 grade I tumors, 26/29 grades II–III, and 5/5 grade IV, respectively. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;28:13–17. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Percutaneous image‐guided fine‐needle aspiration of peritoneal lesions
Authors: Layfield Lester J. , Gopez Evelyn V. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractFine‐needle aspiration (FNA) is a widely accepted technique for the initial tissue diagnosis of a variety of lesions arising within retroperitoneal and intraabdominal viscera. Fear of complications secondary to perforation of the bowel wall has limited the use of FNA in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal and peritoneal masses. A variety of primary and secondary neoplasms involving the peritoneum may present as multiple nodules, as masses, or as diffuse involvement of the peritoneum. When these lesions are associated with mass lesions or areas of significant peritoneal thickening, they become amenable to percutaneous image‐guided FNA. We report on our experience with a series of 23 peritoneal lesions investigated by FNA for which subsequent histologic confirmation was available in 19, along with an additional 4 cases without histologic confirmation. One to four passes were made into each lesion, and immediate assessment for adequacy was performed by a cytopathologist in all cases. All 17 cases with a specific cytologic diagnosis and histologic confirmation represented either primary or metastatic neoplasms (5 gastrointestinal stromal tumors, 4 metastatic melanomas, 2 mesotheliomas, 1 lymphoma, 1 example of Kaposi's sarcoma, 1 serous papillary carcinoma of ovarian origin, 1 mucinous adenocarcinoma of ovarian origin, 1 intraabdominal desmoplastic small‐cell tumor, and 1 solitary fibrous tumor of the peritoneum). In an additional 4 cases, the aspirates were judged as insufficient for diagnosis, with the smears containing only blood and benign mesothelial cells and/or inflammatory cell elements. These four smears were associated with both neoplastic and nonneoplastic lesions. Surgical confirmation was obtained in only 2 of these cases (1 metastatic melanoma and 1 example of omental and peritoneal involvement by an ovarian adenocarcinoma). Two cases without histologic confirmation were associated with clinically confirmed metastases. In our series, no acute or chronic postprocedural complications were identified, indicating that FNA in this setting is a safe technique. Accurate cytologic diagnosis was achieved in 74% of cases. The overall insufficiency rate was 26%. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;28:6–12. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunocytochemistry of serous effusion specimens: A comparison of ThinPrep® vs. cell block
Authors: Gong Yun , Sun Xiaoping , Michael Claire W. , Attal Sam , Williamson Beth A. , Bedrossian Carlos W.M. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe ThinPrep® Processor is gaining popularity in both gynecologic and nongynecologic cytologic samples, including effusion specimens. We compared immunocytochemical results on ThinPrep and cell‐block preparations from the same effusion specimen with antibodies commonly used in effusion cytopathology. Samples from 17 reactive effusions and 79 effusions with metastatic adenocarcinomas were each prepared as monolayer ThinPreps and formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded cell blocks. All slides were immunostained with antibodies against intermediate filaments (cytokeratins 8 and 18, and vimentin), cytoplasmic or membrane proteins (EMA, polyclonal CEA, B72.3, and BerEP4), and nuclear antigens (Ki67, PCNA, and p53), using the avidin‐biotin procedure. ThinPrep and cell‐block slides were stained simultaneously, using identical protocols. Both preparations showed similar results with respect to frequency of positivity, intensity, and distribution of stain for all nonnuclear markers tested. However, for the three nuclear markers Ki67, PCNA, and p53, the frequency and intensity of reaction with ThinPrep were significantly lower than with the cell‐block preparation, particularly in malignant effusions. These findings suggest that immunocytochemical results obtained with ThinPrep® match those of cell block for most markers tested. However, cell‐block preparation are superior to ThinPrep for nuclear markers (Ki67, PCNA, and p53). Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;28:1–5. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
False‐positive squamous cell carcinoma in cervical smears: Cytologic‐histologic correlation in 19 cases
Authors: Levine Pascale Hummel , Elgert Paul A. , Mittal Khush 
Published: January 2003

AbstractCytologic features of squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) can mimic those of invasive squamous‐cell carcinoma. We compare and correlate the cytological findings of 19 false‐positive squamous‐cell carcinomas with follow‐up cone biopsies or hysterectomy specimens to define which type of dysplasia is more prone to diagnostic errors on cervical Papanicolaou (Pap) smears. Out of 128 patients diagnosed with invasive squamous‐cell carcinoma from 1994–2000, 19 (14.8%) with follow‐up cone biopsies or hysterectomy specimens were false‐positive cases, showing only cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). We reviewed tissue sections from these 19 cases of CIN for cytologic features of squamous‐cell carcinoma, such as markedly pleomorphic and/or dysplastic squamous cells, necrosis, and nucleoli. Twelve of 19 patients (63%) were menopausal. The mean age was 50.5 yr. On review of cervical smears, 18 cases qualified for the cytologic diagnosis of squamous‐cell carcinoma, keratinizing type, and one case qualified for squamous‐cell carcinoma, nonkeratinizing type. Pleomorphic and/or keratinizing dysplasia was found in 15 out of 19 patients (79%), necrosis within superficial endocervical glands in 9 out of 19 patients (47%), and conspicuous nucleoli in 12 out of 19 patients (63%). One or more of these changes were seen in all but 2 patients (89%). Endocervical gland involvement was present and extensive in 18 of the 19 cases (94%). The mean age was older than expected for SIL (50.5 vs. a reported 40), and matched the mean age found in patients with invasive squamous‐cell carcinoma. Pleomorphic and/or keratinizing dysplasia involving endocervical glands may exhibit the cytologic features of squamous‐cell carcinoma on cervical Pap smears. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;28:23–27. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quick aspiration cytology for thyroid nodules by modified Ultrafast Papanicolaou staining
Authors: Maruta Junko , Hashimoto Hironobu , Yamashita Hiroto , Yamashita Hiroyuki , Noguchi Shiro 
Published: January 2003

AbstractQuick cytologic diagnosis by Ultrafast Papanicolaou stain (Ultrafast stain) is useful in various neoplastic diseases; however, it has a significant drawback in that the ground‐glass appearance of nuclei is a preparation artifact in some specimens from thyroid aspirations. To eliminate this artifact, the nucleus was stained with Gill‐5 Hematoxylin (modified Ultrafast stain) rather than with Richard‐Allan Hematoxylin 2 in Ultrafast stain. The applicability of this modified Ultrafast stain for quick diagnosis of thyroid diseases was investigated. Two specimens from each of 251 thyroid aspirations (122 malignant and 131 benign) were prepared using the modified Ultrafast stain and the standard Papanicolaou stain. The sensitivities of cytologic diagnosis in specimens stained by the standard Papanicolaou method and the modified Ultrafast method were 95.0% and 93.3%, respectively, and the specificities were 99.2% and 97.7%, respectively. The modified Ultrafast stain is a reliable procedure for quick diagnosis in thyroid aspiration cytology. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;28:45–48. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.