bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alcohol and Drug Use, and Depression Among Hispanic Men in Early Adulthood
Authors: Zayas Luis H. , Rojas Mary , Malgady Robert G. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractCommunity research and clinical practice have shown that alcohol and drug use and depression are interrelated. Among Hispanics, acculturation may play a role in these relationships. To investigate these relationships as well as alcohol‐related problems, we interviewed 288 Puerto Rican, Dominican, and Colombian men in early adulthood. No significant differences emerged in the proportions of abstainers across the three groups. Colombians drank significantly more frequently and had more alcohol‐related problems than Dominicans. Dominicans were at least risk for and least likely to have alcohol‐related problems. Puerto Ricans were much more likely to use drugs than the other Hispanic men. Drug use was associated with an increased likelihood of heavy drinking which, in turn, increased the risk of drug use and depression. Acculturation decreased the risk of drug use. Results are discussed in terms of implications for community psychology research and interventions.
Remaining Radical? Organizational Predictors of Rape Crisis Centers' Social Change Initiatives
Authors: Campbell Rebecca , Baker Charlene K. , Mazurek Terri L. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractRape crisis centers have undergone significant changes since their birth during the feminist movement of the 1970s. As has happened with many other radical social movements, there is growing evidence that the antirape movement has become more institutionalized. This research used a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods to examine the current structure and functions of a national random sample of 168 rape crisis centers. An organizational‐level model predicting involvement in three types of social change activities was tested: (a) participation in public demonstrations to raise awareness about sexual assault; (b) political lobbying for violence against women legislation; and (c) primary prevention programs to eliminate sexual violence against women. Results of logit modeling suggested that how long a rape crisis center had been in existence moderated the relationships between organizational characteristics and involvement in community activism. Findings of this study suggest that although many of today's centers bear little resemblance to the grass‐roots collectives of years past, rape crisis centers have been remarkably adaptive in weathering changing political climates to continue to provide comprehensive services for rape victims.
Tracking Substance Abusers in Longitudinal Research: Understanding Follow‐Up Contact Difficulty
Authors: Walton Maureen A. , Ramanathan Chathapuram S. , Reischl Thomas M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractStudies examining follow‐up contact difficulty provide useful information for planning longitudinal studies and for assessing the validity of follow‐up data. Contact difficulty was examined among 96 substance abusers following substance abuse treatment. Interview completion rates at the 3‐month and 6‐month follow‐ups were 93 and 97%, respectively. The extent of contact efforts required to complete follow‐up interviews varied substantially but tended to be greater at the 3‐month follow‐up than at the 6‐month follow‐up. Contact difficulty was related to reuse of substances at the 3‐month and at the 6‐month follow‐ups with reusers requiring greater contact efforts than abstainers. None of the baseline individual and contextual variables examined significantly predicted level of contact effort at follow‐ups. Attrition‐related validity implications are discussed along with practical suggestions for planning tracking efforts.
Core Elements of Developmental Epidemiologically Based Prevention Research
Authors: Kellam Sheppard G. , Koretz Doreen , Mościcki Eve K. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn the early 1990's, important progress was documented in prevention research on mental and behavioral disorders, with recommendations for a prevention research agenda. One of the earliest implementation efforts was the workshop, “A Scientific Structure for the Emerging Field of Prevention Research,” sponsored by the National Institute of Mental Health and The Johns Hopkins University Prevention Research Center, and held in Baltimore, Maryland, in December of 1994. The purpose of the workshop was to merge three perspectives from the traditionally disparate areas of epidemiology, life course development, and intervention trials technology into an integrated, interdisciplinary effort that would define a scientific structure enabling rapid advancement in prevention science. As a consequence of that workshop, the papers were written that are contained in this and the next special issue on prevention of theAmerican Journal of Community Psychology.This first paper is a description of the salient features of developmental epidemiologically‐based prevention research. Beyond the above three perspectives, we discuss the role of developmental and intervention theories; measurement of implementation, mediators, and moderators, including multi‐stage sampling and measurement; the central role of multilevel growth modeling; concepts of attributable risk and prevented fraction; proximal/distal modeling and effect sizes; and partnerships between researchers and communities.
Computer‐Mediated Social Support: Single Young Mothers as a Model System
Authors: Dunham Philip J. , Hurshman Alan , Litwin Elaine , Gusella Joanne , Ellsworth Christine , Dodd Peter W. D. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractForty‐two single mothers with young infants were given access to a computer‐mediated social support (CMSS) network concerned with parenting issues. The network operated 24 hours per day over a period of 6 months. It permitted public message exchanges, private e‐mail, and text‐based teleconferencing for as many as 8 participants at any one time. During the 6 month intervention, the 42 women accessed the network over 16,670 times. Individual differences in participation were significantly associated with indices of social isolation from peers. A descriptive analyses of the messages exchanged on the network disclosed that 98% of the replies to concerns posted in the public forum provided positive social support. The majority of the supportive replies fell into the category of emotional support, followed in order by informational and tangible support. Both the self‐report data following the intervention, and qualitative data extracted from online discussions indicated that close personal relationships and a sense of community developed in this novel social environment. Finally, an analysis of pretest–posttest changes in the level of parenting stress revealed that mothers who participated regularly in this CMSS community were more likely to report a decrease in parenting stress following the intervention.
Pathways of Economic Influence on Adolescent Adjustment
Authors: Conger Rand D. , Conger Katherine Jewsbury , Matthews Lisa S. , Elder Glen H. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAn important part of a science aimed at the prevention of human dysfunction involves the development of empirically based models that identify processes of risk for or protection from emotional distress or behavioral problems over time. The present study developed and evaluated such a model that proposed two pathways through which family economic pressure was expected to influence change in adolescent internalizing symptoms (depression and anxiety) during the period from the eighth to the tenth grades. A total of 377 rural families in a midwestern state provided data for the analyses. The results were generally consistent with the conceptual model in that family economic pressure increased adolescent perceptions of family economic hardship, which, in turn, reduced the adolescent's sense of control or mastery over time. Lowered mastery was associated with increases in emotional distress. Also consistent with the model, prior levels of mastery appeared to reduce the magnitude of economic stress experienced by the adolescent, whereas prior emotional distress intensified the economic stress process. Although gender differences were found in these processes, the overall pattern of results suggests that girls and boys are both at risk for internalizing problems when families experience economic pressure. Implicatios of the findings for the dvelopment of effective preventive interventions with financially stressed families in rural areas are discussed.
The Application of Latent Curve Analysis to Testing Developmental Theories in Intervention Research
Authors: Curran Patrick J. , Muthén Bengt O. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe effectiveness of a prevention or intervention program has traditionally been assessed using time‐specific comparisons of mean levels between the treatment and the control groups. However, many times the behavior targeted by the intervention is naturally developing over time, and the goal of the treatment is to alter this natural or normative developmental trajectory. Examining time‐specific mean levels can be both limiting and potentially misleading when the behavior of interest is developing systematically over time. It is argued here that there are both theoretical and statistical advantages associated with recasting intervention treatment effects in terms of normative and altered developmental trajectories. The recently developed technique of latent curve (LC) analysis is reviewed and extended to a true experimental design setting in which subjects are randomly assigned to a treatment intervention or a control condition. LC models are applied to both artificially generated and real intervention data sets to evaluate the efficacy of an intervention program. Not only do the LC models provide a more comprehensive understanding of the treatment and control group developmental processes compared to more traditional fixed‐effects models, but LC models have greater statistical power to detect a given treatment effect. Finally, the LC models are modified to allow for the computation of specific power estimates under a variety of conditions and assumptions that can provide much needed information for the planning and design of more powerful but cost‐efficient intervention programs for the future.
Proximal Impact of Two First‐Grade Preventive Interventions on the Early Risk Behaviors for Later Substance Abuse, Depression, and Antisocial Behavior
Authors: Ialongo Nicholas S. , Werthamer Lisa , Kellam Sheppard G. , Brown C. Hendricks , Wang Songbai , Lin Yuhua 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe assessed the immediate effects of two universal, first‐grade preventive interventions on the proximal targets of poor achievement, concentration problems, aggression, and shy behaviors, known early risk behaviors for later substance use/abuse, affective disorder, and conduct disorder. The classroom‐centered (CC) intervention was designed to reduce these early risk behaviors by enhancing teachers' behavior management and instructional skills, whereas the family‐school partnership (FSP) intervention was aimed at improving parent‐teacher communication and parental teaching and child behavior management strategies. Over the course of first and second grades, the CC intervention yielded the greatest degree of impact on its proximal targets, whereas the FSP's impact was somewhat less. The effects were influenced by gender and by preintervention levels of risk. Analyses of implementation measures demonstrated that greater fidelity to the intervention protocols was associated with greater impact on behavior ratings and on achievement scores, thus providing some evidence of specificity in the effect of the interventions.
Innovative Community Services for Rape Victims: An Application of Multiple Case Study Methodology
Authors: Campbell Rebecca , Ahrens Courtney E. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA qualitative multiple case study design was used to examine communities across the United States that have developed coordinated community‐based programs to assist rape victims. Previous studies have suggested that coordinated community programs help victims obtain needed resources and services. This study provided a follow‐up examination of how and why these programs are helpful to rape victims. In‐depth interviews were conducted with rape victim advocates, rape crisis center directors, police officers, prosecutors, doctors, nurses, and rape survivors from 22 communities with coordinated programs. A comparison sample of 22 communities with fewer coordinated programs was also obtained. Results indicated that the high coordination communities had three types of programs to address sexual assault: coordinated service programs, interagency training programs, and community‐level reform groups. Although not all of these programs directly address service delivery for rape victims, they help create a community culture that is more responsive to victims' needs. The research team and participants developed an explanatory model of why these program are effective in addressing rape victims' needs. This model hypothesizes that coordinated programs reflect an understanding of the multiple contexts of service delivery and embody that knowledge in services that are consistent with victims' needs. Narrative data from the interviews with service providers and rape survivors are used to develop and support this model.
Principles for Designing Randomized Preventive Trials in Mental Health: An Emerging Developmental Epidemiology Paradigm
Authors: Brown C. Hendricks , Liao Jason 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAn emerging population‐based paradigm is now being used to guide the design of preventive trials used to test developmental models. We discuss elements of the designs of several ongoing randomized preventive trials involving reduction of risk for children of divorce, for children who exhibit behavioral or learning problems, and for children whose parents are being treated for depression. To test developmental models using this paradigm, we introduce three classes of design issues: design for prerandomization, design for intervention, and design for postintervention. For each of these areas, we present quantitative results from power calculations. Both scientific and cost implications of these power calculations are discussed in terms of variation among subjects on preintervention measures, unit of intervention, assignment, balancing, number of pretest and posttest measures, and the examination of moderation effects.
Using Qualitative Methods to Develop Contextually Relevant Measures and Preventive Interventions: An Illustration
Authors: Dumka Larry E. , Gonzales Nancy A. , Wood Jennifer L. , Formoso Diana 
Published: March 2003

AbstractQualitative methods were used to develop a contextually relevant quantitative measure of parenting stress and inform the design of family‐focused interventions aimed at preventing adolescent mental and behavioral health problems. The study focused on the experiences of low‐income one‐ and two‐parent families representing three ethnic groups (Mexican, African, and European Americans) living in low‐income neighborhoods in a large Southwestern city. This report describes the place of this study in a broader program of prevention research, the qualitative methods and data analysis procedures employed, and how the results were used to develop a new measure of parenting stress and inform future program design. The report also includes reflective comments on the methods used and lessons gained.
Characteristics of Calls to Israeli Hotlines During the Gulf War
Authors: Gilat Izhak , Lobel Thalma E. , Gil Tsvie 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe current study presents results of a survey of 3,215 calls received at seven centers of telephone emergency services (TES) in Israel during the Gulf War, when citizens of Israel experienced severe stress resulting from SCUD missile attacks. Whereas former surveys have shown that characteristics of calls to TES in Israel are generally not affected by external stressogenic events, a remarkable change was recorded in both the quantity and quality of calls received in TES centers in Israel during the Gulf War. The relative frequencies of problem categories presented by callers during the Gulf War revealed a significant increase in “environmental pressures,” a category that reflected the stressful situation of the war, as opposed to intra‐ or interpersonal problems typical of peacetime calls. A comparison between this group of “war calls” and a control group of “nonwar calls,” revealed that the two groups represented populations of callers differing in sociodemographic characteristics, expectations, and benefits from the calls. Results are discussed in reference to the unique role of TES as a source of psychological first‐aid in a community crisis situation.
Constructing a Tree for Community Leaders: Contexts and Processes in Collaborative Inquiry
Authors: Tandon S. Darius , Azelton L. Sean , Kelly James G. , Strickland Debra A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis paper presents collaborative research between a university‐based team and a grass roots community organization on the south side of Chicago. The purpose of the work is to document the nature of community leadership as expressed by members of the host organization. Using a semistructured interview, 77 community members nominated by the host organization were asked about various aspects of their community work. Qualitative analyses of interview text generated a set of 56 codes concerning different aspects of community leadership as reported by grassroots leaders. These codes were subsequently grouped together into five conceptually linked dimensions of community leadership. A“ leadership tree” that simultaneously analyzes and visually displays each of these five dimensions of community leadership was created. Implications of the methodology used to create the leadership tree are discussed for the salience of qualitative methods in community research.
The Community Response to Rape: Victims' Experiences with the Legal, Medical, and Mental Health Systems
Authors: Campbell Rebecca 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis research examined how the legal, medical, and mental health systems respond to the needs of rape victims. A national random sample of rape victim advocates (N = 168) participated in a phone interview that assessed the resources available to victims in their communities. as well as the specific experiences of the most recent rape victim with which they had completed work. Results from hierarchical and iterative cluster analysis revealed three patterns in victims' experiences with the legal, medical, and mental health systems. One group of victims had relatively positive experiences with all three systems, a second group had beneficial outcomes with only the medical systems, and the final group had difficult encounters with all three systems. Multinominal logistic regression was then used to evaluate an ecological model predicting cluster membership. Community‐level factors as well as features of the assault and characteristics of the victims predicted unique variance in victims' outcomes with the legal, medical, and mental health systems. These findings provide empirical support for a basic tenet of ecological theory: environmental structures and practices influence individual outcomes. Implications for ecological theory and interventions to improve the community response to rape victims' needs are discussed.
Culturally Sensitive AIDS Educational Videos for African American Audiences: Effects of Source, Message, Receiver, and Context
Authors: Herek Gregory M. , Gillis J. Roy , Glunt Eric K. , Lewis Jeffrey , Welton David , Capitanio John P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe importance of using culturally sensitive educational materials in HIV‐related interventions with racial and ethnic minority groups is widely recognized. However, little empirical research has been conducted to assess the relative effectiveness of different techniques for creating culturally sensitive AIDS educational videos. Two field experiments with three samples of African American adults (N = 174, 173, and 143) were conducted to assess how source characteristics (race of communicator), message characteristics (multicultural message vs. culturally specific message), and audience characteristics (racial distrust and AIDS‐related distrust) influence proximate (perceptions of the message's credibility and attractiveness) and distal (AIDS‐related attitudes, beliefs, and behavioral intentions) output variables for AIDS educational videos. In Study 1, an AIDS video with a culturally specific message was rated as more credible, more attractive, and of higher quality than was a video with a multicultural message. The multicultural message was rated less favorably when delivered by a White announcer than when the announcer was Black. In Study 2, the same pattern was replicated with a second community sample and a campus‐based sample. Study 2 also indicated that a multicultural message might be more effective if delivered in a culturally specific context, namely, after audience members watch a culturally specific video. Minimal changes were observed in distal outcome variables. It is argued that influencing proximate output variables is necessary, though not sufficient, for effecting long‐term change in AIDS‐related attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.
Evaluation of Indicated Preventive Intervention (Secondary Prevention) Mental Health Programs for Children and Adolescents
Authors: Durlak Joseph A. , Wells Anne M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractEvaluated the outcomes of 130 indicated preventive interventions (secondary prevention) mental health programs for children and adolescents that seek to identify early signs of maladjustment and to intervene before full‐blown disorders develop. Results indicate such programs significantly reduce problems and significantly increase competencies. In particular, behavioral and cognitive‐behavior programs for children with subclinical disorders (mean ESs in the 0.50s) appear as effective as psychotherapy for children with established problems and more effective than attempts to prevent adolescent smoking, alcohol use, and delinquency. In practical terms, the average participant receiving behavioral or cognitive‐behavior intervention surpasses the performance of approximately 70% of those in a control group. Of particular interest was the high mean effect (0.72) achieved by programs targeting incipient externalizing problems which are customarily the least amenable to change via traditional psychotherapeutic efforts when they reach clinical levels. Priorities for future research include greater specification of intervention procedures, assessment of treatment implementation, more follow‐up studies, and identifying how different participants respond to early intervention.
Partners and Fellow Patients: Two Sources of Emotional Support for Women with Breast Cancer
Authors: Pistrang Nancy , Barker Chris 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis study examined the helping process that occurred when 26 breast cancer patients (the disclosers) talked about their illness‐related concerns with their partner and, in a separate conversation, with a fellow patient (the volunteer helpers). The conversations were rated by trained observers and by the disclosers in terms of several process and outcome variables. From the observers' perspective, the volunteer helpers were more helpful, empathic, and supportive, less critical, and used more self‐disclosure than the partners. Disclosers did not differentiate between the two types of helper, and gave generally high ratings to both conversations. Strengths and weaknesses of each type of helper were identified. Findings are discussed in relation to the literature on formal and informal helping, and implications for training nonprofessional helpers are suggested.