bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comic Accommodations: Momaday and Norman
Authors: Lincoln Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“It seems to me that the humor in your writing is underexamined critically,” Charles Woodard says to N. Scott Momaday in Ancestral Voice. “Yes, I think it may be difficult to perceive some of my humor because it is understated, and it doesn’t always come off as humor.” For a novel laden with pain, House Made of Dawn is counterbalanced not with Erdrich’s nurturing humor or the plains cut of Welch’s winter, but in a lyrically tempered irony. The novel’s sense of personal tragedy is mediated by a tribal sense of ceremony and historic renewal, the rebirth of spring from winter. “We may call it the drama of the green world,” Northrop Frye writes of Shakespearean comedy, “its plot beingassimilated to the ritual theme of the triumph of life and love over the waste land.” 2 House Made of Dawn cyclically dramatizes Frye’s paradigm of a “comic” spring: integration (coming home), purgation (of racism, war, and death), inverse renewal (the dawn of a new cycle). Despite sufferings, the fiction projects the “able” resurrection of Cain’s slain brother, struggling to regain a native place in his grandfather’s fields. This Adamic vision prefigures a generation of American Indians re emergent from older traditions.
Breil’s Score for The Birth of a Nation
Authors: Marks Martin Miller 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This and the next chapter contain studies of contrasting scores for two enduring silent films. The first, The Birth of a Nation (1915), is a three-hour epic with a compiled score by a minor American composer. The second, Entr’acte (1924), is a twenty-minute non-narrative comedy with an original score by an influential figure in the French avant-garde. Each composer worked in collaboration with the director of the film, an unusual arrangement during the silent period; each sought to compose music uniquely suited to a particular film, yet each employed techniques found in various scores considered above.
Erik Satie’s Score for Entr’acte
Authors: Marks Martin Miller 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Entr’acte is the first original film score of consequence by an avant-garde composer; it has been highly praised and, in one published study, even termed a model of film music. In the following analysis, the case is made for hearing it not so much as a “model,” but as a unique solution to the problems posed by a nonnarrative film. In some respects the music recalls earlier scores discussed above, for, like L’Assassinat, Entr’acte is a unified, continuous piece, composed for a small orchestra and lasting about twenty minutes. But the film’s unconventional nature forced Satie (or rather, reinforced his customary desire) to compose unconventional music; and his score called into question the prevailing film music aesthetic of its time—as exemplified by The Birth of a Nation—on behalf of an avantgarde that was seeking new forms and meanings in the artful combination of music and image.
Content and Prevalence of Psychopathology in World Religions
Authors: Greenberg David , Witztum Eliezer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Religious affiliation involves a perpetual commitment to a body of beliefs and practices for all moments and situations, and includes a belief in a superior controlling being. But what are the effects of religious affiliation on mental health? Does a commitment to unprovable beliefs and the practice of repetitive rituals aid us by giving legitimized expression to irrational and compulsive elements in us? Alternatively, do these practices encourage the development of psychiatric disorders? Does participation in a close religious group protect against the stress of social and ideological isolation (e.g., Durkheim, 1972), thereby preventing mental illness, or does it precipitate disorder by subordinating the members’ individual needs to the common good? Could it be that this either-or choice is too simplistic, and that religious affiliation may be pathogenic for some while being therapeutic for others? Or could it be that these religious factors are trivial in their capacity to influence the emergence of mental illness (e.g., Siskind, 1971), in contrast to such powerful factors as heredity (Mullan & Murray, 1989) and major life events (Day et al., 1987)?
The “Literal Reading” of Biblical Narrative in the Christian Tradition: Does It Stretch or Will It Break?
Authors: Frei Hans W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An outsider to the lively, cacophonous discussion among contemporary theorists of literature is bound to wonder whether the very term “narrative tradition” isn’t one more among the hypostatized constants, like the “canon” of literature or the notion of “literariness,’’ which some of the discussants want to consign to dissolution. As a Christian theologian rather than a literary or biblical scholar, I shall not try to position the Bible in relation to this putative tradition; instead, I will comment on what I perceive to be a wide, though of course not unanimous, traditional consensus among Christians in the West on the primacy of the literal reading of the Bible, on its connection with narrative, on its present status and future outlook.
Much of the essay will be taken up with “hermeneutics,” the theory of the interpretation of texts and of the character of under standing going into that activity. The exposition will be complex because both the theory itself and the criticisms often mounted against it today are complex, not to say esoteric.
Positive Christianity versus Positivism at Noah Porter’s Yale
Authors: Marsden George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The announcement in the late 1860s that Yale’s president Theodore Dwight Woolsey would retire in the spring of 1871 sparked excited talk of turning the college into a university. Yale was the flagship evangelical college and long had been in the forefront of national trends. Cornell had opened its doors in 1868 and in 1869 Harvard inaugurated President Charles Eliot, a relatively young man clearly in the progressive camp. Yale alumni started a “Young Yale” movement centered in New York1 and called for a similar choice at their alma mater. The leading progressive candidate was Daniel Coit Gilman,2 a Yale graduate and the principal administrative officer at Yale’s Sheffield Scientific School. Gilman had already turned down two college presidencies and was known to favor transforming the college into a true university. The conservative Yale Corporation, still virtually all Connecticut clergymen, chose instead Noah Porter, the college’s professor of moral philosophy. Porter (1811-1892) had been one of the leading figures during the recent decades of Yale’s preeminence, was a champion of the classical curriculum, and promised to preserve the old-time college ideal.Modernization at Midcentury Yale Although in the 1870s Porter looked like a conservative, at midcentury he had been part of a generation of New Haven scholars who had fostered some important modernizing trends within the old-time college structures. Most significantly the midcentury Yale scholars were part of the first generation of Americans to define scholarship as a profession. In New England, theology had long dominated intellectual life. Theology in turn had led the way toward professionalization, signaled by the establishment of theological seminaries, such as Andover (1808), or separate divinity schools at colleges, such as the Theology Department of Yale (begun in 1822). The next generation of New Haven scholars, coming on the scene around midcentury, marked a new stage in professionalization.
Methodological Secularization and Its Christian Rationale at Hopkins
Authors: Marsden George M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the meantime Daniel Coit Gilman had made the most of his opportunity back East. The Johns Hopkins University opened its doors in 1876 and remained under Gilman’s leadership until his retirement in 1901. Unlike his situation in California, Gilman had almost complete control over his institution. One of the legacies of the old-time colleges that the founders of the new universities typically retained was the wide discretionary power of the president. With a relatively free hand to implement his dream for a university, Gilman quickly built Johns Hopkins into America’s leading graduate university, setting the standards for others to emulate. Johns Hopkins is often thought of as a thoroughly secular institution and in many respects it was. Yet Gilman’s background of religious concerns, both at Yale and in California, cast a light on the character of that secularity. Gilman was, as we have seen, a moderately liberal Congregationalist, who had studied theology and seriously considered the ministry. If he had entered that profession, he would have been a colleague congenial to Horace Bushnell, or Henry Ward Beecher, or perhaps in later years to Beecher’s successor in Brooklyn, Lyman Abbot. As a candidate for the Yale presidency, his orthodoxy had apparently not been at issue. Subsequently he had taken as his second wife Elizabeth Dwight Woolsey, niece of Yale’s former president Woolsey, thus retaining a full Yale pedigree. He always remained active in Christian concerns, and he approached what D. G. Hart calls his “academic ministry” 1 at Hopkins with a New Englander’s sense of Christian calling. Christianity” at the university, an ideal with which he could readily concur.3
The Road to Damascus
Authors: Macneil Ian R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Looking back over the story I have told, we see that in 1925 Congress exercised its constitutional powers over federal courts and enacted the USAA as a procedural statute to govern proceedings in federal courts.1 Thirteen year later, the Supreme Court decided a case totally unrelated to the USAA, Erie RR. v. Tompkins (U.S. 1938).2 There the Court held that actions in federal courts based on diversity of citizenship of the parties should be governed by state law. Eighteen years later, in Bernhardt v. Polygraphic Co. of America, Inc. (U.S. 1956),3 the Court quite reasonably applied that principle to the state law of arbitration.4 Again, this was not a case involving the USAA.
Contracts and the Market
Authors: Fisher William W , Horwitz Morton J , Reed Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By 1900, contract doctrine had risen from this position of obscurity to become, in the eyes of most American lawyers, the center piece of the system of private law. Over the course of the intervening century, one topic after another had been swept within its ambit. Employment relations, long regulated by the law of “master and servant” (which itself had incorporated many customary norms), were now governed for the most part by the same principles used to manage sales of goods. Leases had come to be thought of as contracts (albeit as special kinds of con­ tracts) instead of as creatures of the law of property.3 The law of agency, whose practical importance had increased enormously with the proliferation of private corporations, was deemed by most commentators and courts a subset of the law of contracts.4 Many tort doctrines tradition­ ally thought to be non waivable (such as the rule that common carriers are strictly liable for damage to cargo) could now be overridden by con­ tracts.5 Finally, when economic change presented the courts with new topics for classification and resolution-such as whether an employer must compensate an employee who is injured through the negligence of another employee-they usually looked for guidance to contract theories rather than, for example, tort theories.
Legal Education and Legal Scholarship
Authors: Fisher William W , Horwitz Morton J , Reed Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the Realist debates over educational policy concerned curriculum primarily, they fall into a broader set of arguments conducted among lawyers in the 1920s and 1930s, arguments that had themselves been ebbing and flowing over the course of a century.
Justice Story had warned a local bar association in 1835 of the “fearful calamity which threatens us, of being buried alive ... in the labyrinths of the law.” Story believed that the only way out of these catacombs was through the “habits of generalization,” to be furnished by a separate university education in law.1 By 1870, Dean Christopher Columbus Lang­ dell had begun to achieve such a school at Harvard. Langdell’s pioneering case method, while not original-instruction in the principles of law through carefully selected appellate opinions had been tried in the 1860s, notably at New York University-did permit the law, in Holmes’ words, to be “generalized and reduced to a system.”2 And it was economical: no student needed regularly to recite a lesson, thus taking up the faculty’s time; instead, all the students in a class, numbering up to two hundred, had to prepare to be asked questions each day. As practiced by Lang dell himself, however, the result was no more compelling than the old­ fashioned law lectures mocked by Flaubert and Swift. Roscoe Pound admitted that as a student he found Lang dell boring. But although Lang­ dell did all the talking, nonetheless, he “was always worried about ‘Why?’ and ‘How?’ He didn’t care particularly whether you knew a rule or could state the rule or not, but how did the court do this and why did it do it?”
Autumn 1932-December 1933: The Battle for Public Opinion and the White House
Authors: Mcchesney Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The collapse of the efforts to have broadcast reform legislation considered and passed by Congress in the spring of 1932 marked the beginning of an eighteen-month period in which Congress barely considered any communications legislation. During this interregnum, the broadcast reform movement basically came to abandon lobbying on Capitol Hill and directed its attention and resources in other directions. Perhaps most important, the reformers attempted to generate public recognition of and support for broadcast reform. This chapter will chronicle the various efforts of the reformers along these lines, with particular emphasis upon the battle for the allegiance of the newspaper industry and the efforts to gain favorable press coverage of the debate over radio broadcasting. In addition, the reformers attempted to win the newly elected Roosevelt administration to its cause, engaging in a ferocious fight with the commercial broadcasters for the president’s allegiance. After analyzing this confrontation, this chapter will conclude by discussing the steps taken by the Roosevelt administration in the final months of 1933 to lay the groundwork for legislation to establish the permanent regulation of radio broadcasting and all of communications.
December 1933-January 1935: The Statutory Consolidation of the Status Quo
Authors: Mcchesney Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the network-dominated, advertising-supported system of U.S. broadcasting largely had stabilized in an economic sense as an industry by 1932 or 1933, its legal status remained indeterminate considering the temporary basis of regulation mandated by the Radio Act of 1927 through the FRC. Given the generally accepted nature of the ether as a public resource subject to public control, this was hardly a tenable situation for the two major chains and the other major beneficiaries of what was routinely termed the status quo. These groups wished to see permanent legislation enacted that would crystallize commercial broadcasting, thereby removing substantive broadcast policy issues from the range of legitimate topics that could be addressed by Congress and the public in subsequent years.
Introductory note to *1946/9
Authors: Stein Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1The texts (see the textual notes for a full description) from which these two versions have been selected for publication herea are all preparatory to the article 1949a, published by Gödel himself, and were destined for the volume Schilpp 1949 in which that article appeared. As has been remarked in the introductory note to 1949a (these Works, Volume II, pages 199-201), these papers are in content by no means mere prelimi nary drafts of that article: they are quite extended essays on a subject rather different from that of 1949a; and, it seems fair to say, they reveal far more of Godel’s philosophic views on the physical world and our knowledge thereof (his views, that is, on the metaphysics and epistemology of natural knowledge).
“Further Liftings of the Veil”: Gender, Class, and Labor in Frances E. W.
Authors: leroy Harper’s iola , Peterson Carla L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In conjunction with other recent critical movements, black feminist criticism has emphasized the extent to which the American literary tradition has worked to silence what it has deemed “minor” writing. One of the major goals of this scholarship has consequently been the recovery of nineteenth-century texts by African-American women that have been written out of literary history and thus lost to twentieth-century readers. Prominent among these has been Frances Ellen Watkins Harper’s 1892 novel, Iola Leroy. To date, the recovery and critical appreciation of this novel have been undertaken primarily by scholars who, in reading according to familiar paradigms, have placed it within the context of sentimental culture and analyzed its heroine, Iola, as a revised “tragic mulatta” figure. In so doing, they have in turn silenced crucial aspects of the novel that are only now beginning to receive critical attention. In this essay, I join with those critics seeking to give voice to some of the silences that have been imposed on Iola Leroy by literary history and criticism as well as by an insufficiency of archival research. I also speculate on the extent to which our silences of interpretation might in fact be attributable to Harper’s own silencing in her novel of certain problematical issues surrounding black self-representation in the post-Reconstruction era. Throughout, however, I remain mindful of the fact that textual ;:;ilences can never fully be recovered and that interpretive readings are always partial.
How Many of Us Can You Hold to Your Breast?”: Mothering in the Academy
Authors: George Diana Hume 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than in any other human relationship, overwhelmingly more, motherhood means being constantly interruptible, responsive, responsible. Children need one now. The very fact that these are real needs, that one feels them as one’s own (love, not duty), that there is no one else responsible for these needs, gives them primacy. It is distraction, not meditation, that becomes habitual; interruption, not continuity.
Cognitive Desires: An Allegory oflfor Chicana Critics
Authors: Alarc6n Norma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As I write this I cannot help but realize that it is 1992, the year of the quincentenary, marking the “encounter,” as the Anglo-Spanish promoters call it, between Europeans and the indigenous in the Americas for whom it is more of an agonistic than celebrative occasion. Thus for those of us who continue to exist on the downside of the “encounter,” remembrance is more the commemoration of a deadly collision that continues to kill and produce anger and grief in the context of multinational capitalist “development” and exploitation that carries over into institutions, even academic ones, in ways that we have yet to clarify. In my view, then, the academic allegory for Chicana critics refers to that woman of Mexican descent who claims the name Chicana, lives in the United States, may even be a descendant of natives or long-time residents, and, most importantly, refuses to forget that she is also the descendant of peoples, some of whose names have disappeared, who have been engaged in continuous conflict with state and institutional power structures that wish to repress the memory of the unsavory consequences of conquest, colonization, dislocation, discrimination, and their historical transformation. Though the allegory is one pertaining to an academic power structure, I would like to make the connection that the consequences of imperialisms and their multiple transformations are not only pertinent to the political economy but cognitive as well, for it is within academic institutions that knowledge production may be “recycled” into narratives that support the national(istic) status quo.
The Great Unexamined”: Silence, Speech, and Class
Authors: Robinson Lillian s. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tillie Olsen’s San Francisco apartment is directly across the street from the Chinese consulate. In June of 1989, during the student occupation of Tienanmen Square, this location gave her a literal window on the local response to events in Beijing. “The Chinese students were alone out there today,” she reported to me, after we learned that the troops had fired, “but tomorrow there’s a much bigger demonstration. Do you have a marker I can borrow to make a poster?” She came to my apartment a block away and I gave her my red marker. The next day, as we gathered in the narrow street in front of the consulate, hers was the only sign I could read.
The Creative Product
Authors: Jankowski Gene F , Fuchs David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stacey Giles is seated at a word processor in a small office that could be anywhere but happens to be on the Universal lot in Los Angeles. She is one of four writers of a situation comedy called Cloud Nine. Cloud Nine is in its third year on a network. In this sense it is a success. It is not, however, a hit. It has barely survived and is in serious trouble now, in February 1994. It is considered unlikely for renewal. This means that it might not make the critical fourth season, the season that would give it enough episodes for an afterlife as a rerun in the syndication market. On that depends any kind of serious profit for its owners. Right now, Stacey is concerned only about the word processor screen in front of her. She is writing a scene for what could be the final episode of Cloud Nine. She is a skilled writer, widely read, clever, with a thorough knowledge of the medium and the form in which she is working. She has worked for Lear and Tinker and has written for Cheers, The Cosby Show, Eight Is Enough, and a lot of other shows that never got past the paper or pilot stage.
Hawthorne’s ‘‘Wakefield’’ and the Art of Self-Possession
Authors: Weinstein Arnold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To ground a view of the self in American letters on Hawthorne’s slight, wispy story “Wakefield” may seem to be a foolhardy enterprise. This odd parable of a man walking out on his wife after ten years of marriage, then settling down in a flat one block away in order to survey—for some twenty years—the effect he is having, finally to return to his hearth, is a distinct oddball in the Hawthorne corpus, a kind of radiant metaphoric narrative for which no sure key is provided.1 Mainstream Hawthorne criticism has, by and large, regarded “Wakefield” as either minor or flawed, and we are therefore justified in looking abroad, in the direction of Borges, for the revisionist reading that begins to take the measure of this strange tale. Borges, it will be recalled, singles out “Wakefield” for his highest praise, rating it above The Scarlet Letter and savoring in it the modernist concerns with identity and enigma that we associate with Gide, Kafka, and Pirandello.