bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amniotic membrane graft: Histopathological findings in five cases
Authors: Tosi Gian Marco , Traversi Claudio , Schuerfeld Karin , Mittica Vincenzo , Massaro‐Giordano Mina , Tilanus Maurits A.D. , Caporossi Aldo , Toti Paolo 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAmniotic membrane transplantation (AMT) is an effective treatment for ocular surface reconstruction; however, the mechanisms through which amniotic membrane (AM) exerts its effects as well as its fate after transplantation have not been entirely elucidated and have been investigated only in part. We evaluate the integration of AM in the host cornea in five patients who underwent AMT as the result of Bowen's disease, band keratopathy, radio‐ or cryotherapy‐induced keratopathy, chemical burn or post‐herpetic deep corneal ulcer with descemetocele. Due to persistent opacification in four cases and a progressing tumor in one case, penetrating keratoplasty (PK) and enucleation were performed as early as 2 months and up to 20 months after AMT. The corneas were analyzed histopathologically. To evaluate AM remnants, corneas were stained with periodic acid Schiff's reaction (PAS), Alcian blue, and Gomory and Masson trichrome; immunostaining including collagens III and IV antibodies was also performed. None of the corneas showed remnants of AM. In all cases, we observed discontinuity of Bowman's membrane. In three cases, the corneal epithelium was completely restored, ranging from three to six cell layers. In the other two cases, we detected an intense inflammatory reaction with rich neovascularization; the epithelial surface of the central cornea was completely restored, while at the periphery of the cornea goblet mucus‐producing cells were present. Although clinically useful in all cases, restoration of a stable corneal epithelium through AMT is limited by the extent and severity of limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD). The lack of histologically documented AM remnants in our cases seems to explain the efficacy of AMT more through its biological properties than through its mechanical properties. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enrichment of Anammox biomass from municipal activated sludge: experimental and modelling results
Authors: Dapena‐Mora Ana , Van Hulle Stijn WH , Luis Campos J , Méndez Ramón , Vanrolleghem Peter A , Jetten Mike 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAnaerobic Ammonia Oxidising (Anammox) biomass was enriched from sludge collected at a municipal wastewater treatment plant, employing a Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR). After 60 days Anammox activity started to be detected, by consumption of stoichiometric amounts of NO2− and NH4+ in the system. Fluorescence In Situ Hybridisation analysis confirmed the increase of Anammox bacteria concentration with time. A final concentration of enriched biomass of 3–3.5 gVSS dm−3 was obtained, showing a Specific Anammox Activity of 0.18 gNH4+‐N gVSS−1 d−1 The reactor was able to treat nitrogen loading rates of up to 1.4 kgN m−3 d−1, achieving a removal efficiency of 82 %. On the other hand, the start‐up and operation of the Anammox SBR reactor were consequentially modelled with the Activated Sludge Model nr 1, extended for Anammox. The simulations predicted quite well the experimental data in relation to the concentrations of nitrogenous compounds and can be used to estimate the evolution of Anammox and heterotrophic biomass in the reactor. These simulations reveal that heterotrophs still remain in the system after the start‐up of the reactor and can protect the Anammox microorganisms from a negative effect of the oxygen. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Production of structured triacylglycerols in an immobilised lipase packed‐bed reactor: batch mode operation
Authors: González Moreno PA , Robles Medina A , Camacho Rubio F , Camacho Páez B , Esteban Cerdán L , Molina Grima E 
Published: October 2004

AbstractStructured triacylglycerols with caprylic acid at the sn‐1 and sn‐3 positions of the glycerol backbone and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) at the position sn‐2 were synthesised by acidolysis of a commercially available EPA‐rich oil (EPAX4510, Pronova Biocare) and caprylic acid catalysed by the 1,3‐specific immobilised lipase Lipozyme IM. The reaction was carried out in an immobilised lipase packed‐bed reactor by recirculating the reaction mixture through the bed. The exchange equilibrium constants between caprylic acid and the native fatty acids of EPAX4510 were determined. The n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), EPA and docosohexaenoic acid (DHA), were the most easily displaced by the caprylic acid. The exchange equilibrium constants were 3.68 and 3.06 for EPA and DHA, respectively. The influence of the flow rate of the reaction mixture through the packed‐bed and the substrate concentration in the reaction rate were studied. For flow rates between 74 and 196 cm3 h−1 (bed of 6.6 mm internal diameter and 0.46 porosity) and triacylglycerol concentrations between 0.036 and 0.108 M, the data fitted well to an empirical kinetic model which allowed representative values of the apparent kinetic constant to be obtained. Hence, the average reaction rates and kinetic constants of exchange of caprylic acid and native fatty acids of EPAX4510 could be calculated. In the conditions indicated, the parameter (lipase mass × time/triacylglycerol mass, mLt/V[TG]0) constituted the intensive variable of the process for use in predicting the composition of structured triacylglycerols at different reaction times. At equilibrium, the structured triacylglycerol produced had the following composition: caprylic acid 59.5%, EPA 9.6%, DHA 2.2% and oleic acid 11.8%. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Analysis of solvation in ionic liquids using a new linear solvation energy relationship
Authors: Lee Sun Bok 
Published: October 2004

AbstractA new linear solvation energy relationship (LSER) equation, where the solute internal energy term has been incorporated into the traditional LSER equation, is used for the analysis of solvation in ionic liquids. Modeling results obtained using the new LSER equation indicate that all solute parameters (dispersion, polarity, hydrogen bonding, cavity formation, and solute internal energy) have approximately equal importance in the solvation of organic solutes in ionic liquids. The magnitude of dispersion interaction is stronger in ionic liquids than in aqueous solution, whereas hydrogen‐bonding interactions are stronger in water than in ionic liquids. This indicates that the solubility of polar compounds that contain bulky and aromatic groups can be enhanced in ionic liquids due to higher dispersion interactions in ionic liquids than in aqueous solution. On the other hand, the LSER equation without the solute internal energy term does not yield the meaningful solute–solvent interaction terms, indicating that the inclusion of a solute internal energy term is necessary to properly describe the solvation of organic solutes in liquid solvents. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Limitation phenomena induced by biofilm formation during hydrocarbon biodegradation
Authors: Joannis‐Cassan Claire , Delia Marie‐Line , Riba Jean‐Pierre 
Published: October 2004

AbstractLimiting factors induced by the formation of a biofilm on the hydrocarbon's surface during in‐situ bioremediation were identified. A liquid–liquid system (hydrocarbon–aqueous solution) and a device made of six fixed‐bed columns packed with sand were successively used on a laboratory‐scale. In the liquid–liquid system, it was shown that biofilm growth was limited by the diffusion of both oxygen and hydrocarbon within the biofilm. At the end of growth, the biofilm thickness reached 80 ± 20µm. In the fixed‐bed columns, additional difficulties were observed. First, distribution of oxygen in the deepest part of the sand was difficult: from 84 to 100% of the biofilm growth occurred in the upper two‐thirds of the sand. Then, the surface of the hydrocarbon available for microorganisms was found to be a limiting factor for the biofilm's development. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Use of confocal and multiphoton microscopy for the evaluation of micro‐optical components and emitters
Authors: Girkin J.M. , Gu E. , Griffin C. , Choi H.W. , Dawson M.D. , McConnell G. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWe report on the application of confocal and multiphoton microscopic techniques for the evaluation of the latest generation of micro optical components. The optical emitting characteristics of arrays of matrix addressable GaN micrometer‐sized light emitting diodes (micro‐LEDs) have been measured using a commercial confocal microscope utilising the LEDs' own emission along with reflection confocal microscopy to determine the surface structure. Multiphoton induced luminescence from the 10–20‐micron diameter emitters has also been used to examine the structure of the device and we compare this with electrically induced emission. In related work, the optical properties of micro lens arrays (10–100‐micron diameter) fabricated in SiC, Sapphire, and Diamond have been determined using transmission confocal microscopy. Such optical microscopy techniques offer a simple, non‐destructive method to determine the structure and performance of such novel devices. Microsc. Res. Tech. 64:293–296, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Time‐resolved fluorescence microscopy using an improved europium chelate BHHST for the in situ detection of Cryptosporidium and Giardia
Authors: Connally Russell , Veal Duncan , Piper James 
Published: October 2004

AbstractFluorescent immunoconjugates prepared with the europium chelate BHHCT (4,4′‐bis(1″,1″,1″,2″,2″,3″,3″‐heptafluoro‐4″,6″‐hexanedion‐6″‐yl)‐chlorosulfo‐o‐terphenyl) have previously been reported as suitable labels for time‐resolved fluorescence applications. BHHCT is limited by a tendency to destabilize immunoglobulins when covalently bound to the protein at moderate to high fluorophore to protein ratios (F/P). We report a new derivative of BHHCT prepared by appending a short hydrophylic tether to the chlorosulfonate activating group on BHHCT. The new derivative, BHHST (4,4′‐bis‐(1″,1″,1″,2″,2″,3″,3″‐heptafluoro‐4″,6″‐hexanedion‐6″‐yl)sulfonylamino‐propyl‐ester‐N‐succinimide‐ester‐o‐terphenyl), was activated to bind at the tether terminus with a succinimide leaving group that displayed less aggressive coupling activity and improved storage stability. BHHST has been used to prepare a stable and useful immunoconjugate with the anti‐Cryptosporidium monoclonal antibody CRY104. The BHHST immunoconjugate provides more than a 10‐fold enhancement in the signal to noise ratio (SNR) of labeled oocyst fluorescence over background when observed using TRFM techniques. An immunoconjugate was also prepared with BHHST and (goat) anti‐mouse that effectively labeled Giardia cysts in situ. Detection of cysts with the TRFM was achieved with an 11‐fold increase in SNR when a gate‐delay of 60 μs was employed. The storage half‐life of both immunoconjugates is extended more than 20‐fold when compared to immunoconjugates prepared with BHHCT. Microsc. Res. Tech. 64:312–322, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histochemical evidence of the initial chondrogenesis and osteogenesis in the periosteum of a rib fractured model: Implications of osteocyte involvement in periosteal chondrogenesis
Authors: Li Minqi , Amizuka Norio , Oda Kimimitsu , Tokunaga Kunihiko , Ito Tomoyuki , Takeuchi Kiichi , Takagi Ritsuo , Maeda Takeyasu 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWe have examined cellular events at the early stages of periosteal chondrogenesis and osteogenesis induced by bone fracture, using a well‐standardized rib fracture model of the mouse. The initial cellular event was recognized as considerable proliferation in the deeper layer referred to as the “cambium layer” of the periosteum, as evidenced by numerous proliferating cell nuclear antigen‐positive cells. The periosteal cartilage and bone were then regenerated directly from the region of the most‐differentiated cell, i.e., mature osteoblasts of the cambium layer both close to and distant from the fracture site. Therefore, periosteal osteoblasts appeared to have the potential to differentiate into chondrogenic and osteoblastic lineages. CD31‐positive blood vessels were uniformly localized along the periosteum that was regenerating cartilage and bone, being therefore indicative of less influence on the initiation of osteochondrogenesis. In contrast, however, the regenerated periosteal cartilage or bone extended from the cortical bones included dead or living osteocytes, respectively. Empty lacunae and lacunae embedded with amorphous materials were found close to the regenerated cartilage, while intact osteocytes persisted adjacent to the regenerated bone. The embedded lacunae with amorphous materials would render the tissue fluid, nutrients, oxygen, and several secretory factors such as dentin matrix protein‐1 impossible to be delivered to the periosteal osteoblasts that interconnect osteocytes via gap junctions. Our study thus provides two major clues on initial cellular events in response to bone fracture: the potentiality of periosteal osteoblastic differentiation into a chondrogenic lineage, and a putative involvement of osteocytes in periosteal cartilage and bone regeneration. Microsc. Res. Tech. 64:330–342, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ion activation methods for tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Sleno Lekha , Volmer Dietrich A. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThis tutorial presents the most common ion activation techniques employed in tandem mass spectrometry. In‐source fragmentation and metastable ion decompositions, as well as the general theory of unimolecular dissociations of ions, are initially discussed. This is followed by tandem mass spectrometry, which implies that the activation of ions is distinct from the ionization step, and that the precursor and product ions are both characterized independently by their mass/charge ratios. In collision‐induced dissociation (CID), activation of the selected ions occurs by collision(s) with neutral gas molecules in a collision cell. This experiment can be done at high (keV) collision energies, using tandem sector and time‐of‐flight instruments, or at low (eV range) energies, in tandem quadrupole and ion trapping instruments. It can be performed using either single or multiple collisions with a selected gas and each of these factors influences the distribution of internal energy that the activated ion will possess. While CID remains the most common ion activation technique employed in analytical laboratories today, several new methods have become increasingly useful for specific applications. More recent techniques are examined and their differences, advantages and disadvantages are described in comparison with CID. Collisional activation upon impact of precursor ions on solid surfaces, surface‐induced dissociation (SID), is gaining importance as an alternative to gas targets and has been implemented in several different types of mass spectrometers. Furthermore, unique fragmentation mechanisms of multiply‐charged species can be studied by electron‐capture dissociation (ECD). The ECD technique has been recognized as an efficient means to study non‐covalent interactions and to gain sequence information in proteomics applications. Trapping instruments, such as quadrupole ion traps and Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance instruments, are particularly useful for the photoactivation of ions, specifically for fragmentation of precursor ions by infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD). IRMPD is a non‐selective activation method and usually yields rich fragmentation spectra. Lastly, blackbody infrared radiative dissociation is presented with a focus on determining activation energies and other important parameters for the characterization of fragmentation pathways. The individual methods are presented so as to facilitate the understanding of each mechanism of activation and their particular advantages and representative applications. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of different sources of dietary omega‐3 fatty acids on general performance and fatty acid profiles of thigh, breast, liver and portal blood of broilers
Authors: Schreiner Matthias , Hulan Howard W , Razzazi‐Fazeli Ebrahim , Böhm Josef , Moreira Renata G 
Published: October 2004

AbstractOne hundred and sixty‐eight 1‐day‐old Cobb broiler chickens were randomly assigned to 12 broiler cages to determine the dietary effect of different sources of oils rich in long‐chain omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCω3PUFA). The following oils were added to the feed at a concentration of 12.5 g kg−1: a highly refined seal blubber oil (SBO) containing 225 g kg−1 LCω3PUFA; a fish oil (FO) concentrate containing >800 g kg−1 LCω3PUFA in the form of triglycerides; and an FO concentrate containing >600 g kg−1 LCω3PUFA in the form of ethyl esters. Fatty acid profiles of the breast and thigh meat were measured in order to determine the deposition of LCω3PUFA into the body tissues, whilst fatty acid profiles of the liver and the portal blood were taken in order to deduce consequences of the different ester forms on the absorption process. A triangular sensory evaluation was performed on the breast meat. The levels of LCω3PUFA in all tissues and the portal blood reflected the concentrations of LCω3PUFA in the diets. The sensory properties of the breast meat were negatively influenced by ethyl ester supplementation only. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Langerhans cell histiocytosis with central nervous system involvement: Follow‐up by FDG‐PET during treatment with cladribine
Authors: Büchler Tomas , Cervinek Libor , Belohlavek Otakar , Kantorova Iva , Mechl Marek , Nebesky Tomas , Vorlicek Jiri , Adam Zdenek 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe prognosis of patients with Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) involving the central nervous system (CNS) is generally poor, despite reports of clinical responses to chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation. We report on a patient with a 20‐year history of relapsing multisystem LCH who developed progressive neuropsychiatric symptoms, including diplopia, ataxia, and mental deterioration. There was a regression of lesions in the brain stem and cerebellum following chemotherapy with cladribine (2‐CdA) as evidenced by positron emission tomography (PET) scans. In conclusion, our experience is encouraging for the use of cladribine in CNS LCH. PET may be a useful modality for the monitoring of CNS disease activity in LCH and provides additional information in comparison with NMR imaging. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET) of the uterus in a renal allograft patient: A case report
Authors: Peres Edward , Mattoo Tej K. , Poulik Janet , Warrier Indira 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe incidence of malignancy after renal transplant has been reported to range from 4% to 18%. Tumors of the skin and lip tend to be the most common with non‐Hodgkin lymphoma comprising 20% of all neoplasms. Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET) are collectively described as being a part of the Ewing sarcoma family of tumors. PNET occur more commonly in the second decade of life, predominantly affecting Whites and Hispanics, and rarely occur in individuals of African or Asian descent. The most common primary site of involvement is along the central axis, particularly the chest (Askin tumor), but it can arise in any soft tissue. PNET also occur in the head and neck. PNET involving the cervix, urinary bladder, uterus, and vagina have been reported. We describe a case of a 15‐year‐old female who, 9 years after receiving a living related renal transplant, developed a post‐transplant PNET of the uterus. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crystal morphology and crystallization kinetics of polyamide‐11/clay nanocomposites
Authors: Zhang Qin , Yu Min , Fu Qiang 
Published: October 2004

AbstractPolyamide‐11 (PA11)/clay nanocomposites were prepared by in situ intercalative polymerization. The crystal morphology and crystallization kinetics of these nanocomposites were investigated via polarized light microscopy (PLM), small‐angle laser scattering (SALS) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). PA‐11 can crystallize into well‐formed spherulites, while only very tiny crystallites were observed by PLM and SALS for the nanocomposites. Both isothermal and non‐isothermal crystallization methods were employed to investigate the crystallization kinetics by DSC. Both techniques showed an increased crystallization rate with the addition of clay. However, the Avrami exponent decreased with the addition of clay in isothermal crystallization but showed a wide range of values depending on the cooling rate in the non‐isothermal crystallization. The changes in crystal morphology and crystallization kinetics can be understood as being due to the ‘supernucleating’ effect of the nanodispersed clay layers. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Fabrication of conjugated polymer arrays by spinodal dewetting
Authors: Yan Lifeng , Yang Jinlong , Zhou Mi , Zhu Qingshi 
Published: October 2004

AbstractOrdered arrays of conjugated poly(9,9‐dihexylfluorene) (PF) were prepared by the spinodal dewetting of liquid thin films on mica substrates. The size of the aggregates in the arrays was controlled by the evaporation rate of the solvent. Fast solvent evaporation resulted in smaller aggregates; slower evaporation resulted in larger aggregates. The photoluminescence of the PF arrays showed a smaller red‐shift than that of the unpatterned film when compared to PF solutions, which indicated that the aggregation of PF in the arrays is smaller than that in the unpatterned films. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Structural characterization of α‐ and β‐nucleated isotactic polypropylene
Authors: Romankiewicz Anna , Sterzynski Tomasz , Brostow Witold 
Published: October 2004

AbstractModification of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) with two nucleation agents, namely 1,3:24‐bis(3,4‐dimethylobenzylideno) sorbitol (DMDBS) (α‐nucleator) and N, N′‐dicyclohexylo‐2,6‐naphthaleno dicarboxy amide (NJ) (β‐nucleator), leads to significant changes of the structure, morphology and properties. Both nucleating agents cause an increase in the crystallization temperature. The efficiency determined in a self‐nucleation test is 73.4 % for DMDBS and 55.9 % for NJ. The modification with NJ induces the creation of the hexagonal β‐form of iPP. The addition of DMDBS lowers the haze of iPP while the presence of NJ increases the haze. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Epoxy resin based nanocomposites: 1. Diglycidylether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) with triethylenetetramine (TETA)
Authors: Brown Jane , Rhoney Ian , Pethrick Richard A 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe preparation and properties of a series of nanocomposite materials obtained using different organically modified montmorillonite clays with a simple epoxy resin are reported. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis is used to assess the effect of the incorporation of the clay platelets into the matrix of the polymer. In this system, it is observed that with the well‐dispersed clay system the low temperature modulus increases as would be predicted for a filled polymer system. The high temperature modulus increase is consistent with the premise that the polymer is interacting directly with the clay platelets. The glass transition temperature increases with the loading of the clay in the polymer resins. However, the extent to which enhancement of the physical properties of the composite occurs depends on the nature of the organic modifier. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry