bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pulse endor
Authors: Schweiger Arthur , Jeschke Gunnar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Apart from the ESEEM methods described in the previous two chapters, electron nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopyl ‘l is the other well-established magnetic resonance technique for measuring nuclear transition frequencies of paramagnetic compounds. In this chapter, we describe the basic principles of pulse ENDOR and examine in which situations it is better suited than c.w. ENDOR or ESEEM to obtain nuclear frequency spectra (§12.1). We then discuss in some detail the two standard pulse schemes, Davies and Mims ENDOR, which are based on polarization transfers by r.f. pulses(§12.2). By extending these schemes to triple resonance, relative signs of hyperfine couplings can be determined and nuclear frequencies of the same site in a crystal or same orientation in a disordered system can be correlated. Another simple extension, multiple quantum ENDOR, can be used to estimate the number of coupled nuclei. ENDOR schemes based on coherence transfer by r.f. pulses, in particular, hyperfinedecoupled ENDOR are discussed in §12.3. We then examine in which cases time-domain ENDOR schemes provide a resolution enhancement or can be used in 2D correlation experiments (§12.4). Finally the correlation of nuclear frequency spectra to the more simple hyperfine spectra is discussed as a strategy for increasing both resolution and information
Other techniques
Authors: Schweiger Arthur , Jeschke Gunnar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we present a collection of methods and phenomena which are somewhat off the track of the main subject of this monograph. Some of these methods, such as EPR imaging, the linear electric field effect, and multiple photon EPR, have counterparts in c.w. EPR, whereas others, as for example, EPR with stochastic excitation cannot be clearly classified as a c.w. or pulse technique. Phenomena such as self-induced transparency and dark resonance were originally observed in coherent optics and have since found their equivalent in magnetic resonance. Finally, we give a brief survey of detection methods used in EPR which do not make use of the direct observation of magnetization based on induction.
Growth factors and cytokines in atherogenesis
Authors: Khachigian Levon M , Geczy Carolyn L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory-fibroproliferative process that typically evolves over decades and involves the local action of cytokines and growth factors, among other molecules, in the vessel wall These classes of regulatory molecules are produced by endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells (SMCs), mast cells, as well as by lymphocytes (see Chapter 11) and monocytes recruited from the circulation in early atherogenesis. These cells may be activated either by direct cell-cell contact or by a wide array of factors including modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL), advanced glycosylation end products (AGE), lipid mediators, infectious agents, oxidants, growth factors, and cytokines.
Lipoprotein influx and efflux in the atherosclerotic intima
Authors: Kritharides Leonard , Redgrave Trevor G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Influx and efflux of lipids in the arterial wall are life-long phenomena. Progressive focal accumulations of lipid could even perhaps be regarded as physiological, since aortic fatty streaks are observed in infancy and are present in all individuals by I0 years of age Coronary lesions are detected by the age of 15_(2) These early lesions consist mostly of cholesteryl esters, and undoubtedly originate mainly by influx from plasma lipoproteins_&lt; l Influx is probably continual for low-density lipoprotein (LDL), but may be episodic for post-prandial remnant particles. Net accumulation in the arterial wall reflects the balance between influx and efflux.
Inhibition of the cytokine-induced expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules by high-density lipoproteins
Authors: Baker Paul , Clay Moira , Rye, Kerry-Anne , Barter Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) protect against the development of atherosclerosis.&lt;1l In human populations the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) correlates inversely with the concentration of HDL cholesterol and, in intervention studies in humans, treatment that increases the HDL level is accompanied by a reduction in future coronary events.&lt;7l In studies of atherosclerosis-prone animals, the increase in HDL cholesterol level that follows the introduction and over-expression of the human apolipoprotein (apo) A-I gene results in a marked reduction in the extent of the atherosclerosis.8-10
Antioxidants and co-antioxidation in lipoproteins and the intima
Authors: Stocker Roland , Upston Joanne M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oxidative damage to lipoproteins within the arterial intima, by an (as yet) undefined mechanism, is widely purported to contribute to and/or initiate atherosclerosis.&lt;1, 2l This damage is most likely to occur when the balance between antioxidants and prooxidants shifts in favour of the latter. Many substances may prevent, or significantly delay, the oxidation of other substrates. However, an antioxidant is characterized as being effective against oxidative damage when present in much smaller quantity than the substance that is protected. In atherosclerosis, vascular antioxidants need to protect against a range of oxidative mechanisms, as studies suggest that both radical (one-electron) and two-electron oxidants are produced (Table 16.1).
Oxysterols in atherogenesis
Authors: Lyons Malcolm A , Brown Andrew J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cholesterol oxidation products, or oxysterols, are derivatives of cholesterol that have been modified by addition of one or more oxygen functional groups (Table 17.1, Fig. 17.1). Ever since they were first discovered in atherosclerotic lesions more than 50 years ago, controversy has surrounded their role in atherosclerosis. In this chapter, we will critically evaluate the evidence for oxysterols playing a role in the initiation and/or development of atherosclerosis. For a more comprehensive and general discussion of oxysterols, the reader is referred elsewhere.&lt;‘
Dispersal and parasitism
Authors: Boulinier Thierry , McCoy Karen D , Sorci Gabriele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Host and parasite dispersal are among the most important factors affecting the evolutionary ecology of host-parasite interactions. Early epidemiological models have recognized the role of spatial processes in host-parasite interactions, and recent theoretical approaches have shown that host and parasite dispersal are key factors for the evolution of parasite virulence and host local adaptation. Conversely, from an empirical point of view, very little is known on the reciprocal role of parasite and host dispersal on the ecology and evolution of the association. Most knowledge on the role of dispersal in host-parasite interactions involves systems where there is a strong spatial subdivision of host and parasite populations.
Dispersal and the genetic properties of metapopulations
Authors: Whitlock Michael C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Real populations vary in time and space in demographic parameters such as size, emigration and immigration rate, extinction probability, distance to other populations, etc. Similarly, individuals vary substantially in their properties. In particular, dispersing individuals may differ on average from the others in the population from which they come and from the individuals in the deme to which they go.
Mean-Field Theories for Simple Models
Authors: McComb W D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we deal with two microscopic mean-field theories, the Weiss theory of magnetism and the Debye–Hückel theory of electrolytes, respectively. Both of these theories are also self-consistent theories, and in our exposition we are careful to emphasize the difference between the mean-field and self-consistent assumptions. We conclude the chapter with a discussion of the Landau theory of critical phenomena.
Momentum-Space Renormalization Group
Authors: McComb W D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we again use the linearized analysis of Chapter 8 in order to investigate the fixed points associated with renormalization group (RG) equations. But this time, instead of performing simple coarse-graining operations on a discrete set of lattice spin sites, we integrate out high-wave number modes from a continuous spin field. We then rescale the coarse-grained field in order to maintain the invariance of the Hamiltonian and this results in the RG equations.
Field-Theoretic Renormalization Group
Authors: McComb W D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A full theory would require us to work out every critical exponent as a power-series in ηand, although we shall not give every detail, in this chapter we shall explain how this is done. In the process we shall show how the field theory can be renormalized by the introduction of renormalized versions of the mass, the coupling constant and the scalar field.
Dephasing by Coupling with the Environment, Application to Coulomb Electron-Electron Interactions in Metals
Authors: Imry Yoseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the interesting effects in mesoscopic systems are due to quantum interference. Among these are, for example, the weak localization corrections to the conductivity (section 5, chapter 2), the universal conductance fluctuations (chapter 5), persistent currents (chapter 4), and many others. These effects are known to be affected by the coupling of the interfering particle to its environment, for example, to a heat bath. The way such a coupling modifies quantum phenomena has been studied for a long time, both theoretically (Feynman and Vernon 1963, Caldeira and Leggett 1983), and experimentally. The effect of the coupling to the environment is often characterized by the “phase breaking” time, τ ϕ, which is the characteristic time for the interfering particle to stay phase coherent as explained below. A more physical characterization is obtained by using the dephasing rate (typically l /τ ϕ), which is the rate of the diminishing of the interference signal.
Superfluid 3He and unconventional superconductivity
Authors: Annett James F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By about 1970 the Bardeen Cooper and Schrieffer (BCS) theory of superconductivity was well established, and had led to major new discoveries, such as the Josephson effect. The theory of superfluidity in He was also clear in the outline, although the numerical problems of calculating observable quantities for a dense and strongly interacting Bose liquid were considerable with the computational tools available at that time. So, for many scientists the FB01eld of low temperature physics seemed to be nearing its completion.
Naturalized Reptiles and Amphibians of the World
Authors: Lever Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book describes how the various alien reptiles and amphibians now living in the wild throughout the world were first introduced, how they subsequently became naturalized, their present distribution and status in those countries to which they were introduced, and their ecological and socio-economic impact (if any) on the native biota and local economies. Many species have had a more or less neutral impact, being neither beneficial nor harmful. However, several have had a positive ecological or socio-economic impact, while some such as the cane toad, have had an extremely destructive effect.The criteria for inclusion of a species are that it should have been imported from its natural range to a new country by human agency (either accidentally or deliberately) and that it should currently be established in the wild in self-maintaining and self-perpetuating populations unsupported by, and independent of, mankind.
Introduction
Authors: Lever Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Animals have been deliberately introduced by humans outside their natural range with a variety of motives: as an aesthetic amenity; as an additional source of food; as fur-bearers; as scavengers; as a means of conservation of an endangered species; for sporting purposes; for sentimental or nostalgic reasons by homesick colonists; out of simple curiosity as to the outcome—a particularly irresponsible reason; and as a form of biological control of a (frequently alien) pest species.
Surface Temperature of Rubbing Solids
Authors: Bowden F P , Tabor D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When one solid body slides over another most of the work done against the frictional force opposing the motion will be liberated as heat between the surfaces. This heat will be carried away from the surfaces by conduction and radiation, but quite primitive calculations indicate that even under moderate conditions of speed and load the surface temperatures may reach very high values. It is of course difficult to measure these temperatures by ordinary methods. If we embed thermometers or thermocouples in the solids near the rubbing surfaces, we find that the temperature rise is very small. This is partly because of the relatively large heat capacity of the thermometer (or thermocouple), but is mainly due to the fact that the temperature falls off very rapidly as we move away from the actual rubbing interface. We may, however, measure the surface temperatures directly by using the surfaces themselves as a thermometer.
Friction of Non-Metals
Authors: Bowden F P , Tabor D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is interesting to consider the friction of non-meta.ls and to compare their behaviour with that of metals. As we saw earlier, the characteristic frictional properties of metals are due largely to their ability to flow plastically and to weld together under load. The welded junctions so formed are sheared during the sliding process. With many non-metals, such as glass and certain plastics, flow and welding may occur as with metals. With other materials, particularly those which are markedly crystalline in structure, it is difficult to envisage plastic flow and subsequent welding. Nevertheless many non-metals, even of a crystalline nature, have frictional properties similar to those of metals and it is possible that other mechanisms analogous to the welding process are responsible for the frictional behaviour observed. In other cases, as we shall see, the friction is very different from that of metals.
Breakdown of Lubricant Films [A]
Authors: Bowden F P , Tabor D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have already seen, when surfaces slide under ideal hydrodynamic conditions there is no wear of the moving parts. In many mechanisms, however, it is not always possible to maintain completely hydrodynamic conditions and there may be a considerable amount of boundary lubrication during which wear of the surfaces may occur. For this reason it is important to be able to estimate the amount of non-hydrodynamic lubrication since this determines the life of the running parts. In practical tests the effectiveness of the lubrication in any particular mechanism is usually determined by measuring the amount of wear which occurs under given conditions, or the critical load and speed at which a-marked increase of wear and seizure takes place. This method often provides useful empirical information, but it may shed little light on the detailed processes occurring during sliding.
Adhesion Between Solid Surfaces: The Influence of Liquid Films
Authors: Bowden F P , Tabor D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Earlier chapters have shown that the friction between metal surfaces is due to the shearing of metallic junctions formed by adhesion or welding at the points of intimate contact. We might, at first thought, expect that when the load is removed these junctions would still remain and an appreciable normal force would be needed to separate the surfaces. It is therefore of interest to e amine the normal adhesion between solids and to determine the effect of interposed liquid films on the adhesion. Earlier work by Holm (1946), Shaw and Leavey (1930), and Jacob (1912) has shown that strong adhesion may .occur between surfaces which have been cleaned and freed of adsorbed surface films, but if the surfaces are exposed to air no adhesion is observed. The work of McBain (1931) and Hardy (1936) has dealt more specifically with the strength of adhesives between solid surfaces. Similarly Budgett (1911), Stone ·(1930), and other workers have shown that marked adhesion between solid surfaces can occur in the presence of water or other liquid films.
Introduction
Authors: Berthold Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The environmental conditions for most living beings on our planet are characterized by the continuous influence of two geophysical cycles: diurnal and annual periodicity. These are caused by the earth’s rotation around its axis and the seasonally changing altitude of the sun’s position. The resulting diurnal patterns and the four seasons, with their characteristic features, bring with them constant changes in environmental conditions to which animals must adapt if they are to survive and reproduce.
Evolution, genetic basis, and extent of bird migration
Authors: Berthold Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We do not know whether the fossil bird Archaeopteryx, which was found in the Jurassic chalk layers near Eichstätt in Bavaria, and which lived 140 million years ago, or the Chinese fossil bird Confuciusornis of the late Jurassic (about 120 million years ago) showed some modest migratory movements even then.
Threats and the conservation and future of migrants
Authors: Berthold Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Under normal environmental conditions that have not been adversely affected by humans, migrants are generally no more exposed to threats than residents-at least no more than those birds resident at higher geographical latitudes. On the contrary, many residents have to raise several broods per year in order to keep their population levels constant, whereas many long-distance migrants essentially get by (or have until now got by) on only one brood annually and relatively few offspring (5.31).
Into the limelight
Authors: Gregory Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A new cosmology; postwar gloom; steady-state theory in the spotlight; The Nature of the Universe; the Massey conference; confronting Rylene evening in 1946, Hoyle, Bondi and Gold strolled across Cam- bridge to the cinema. The film they were going to see was Dead of Night, the first post-war release from the famous Ealing Studios
Under fire
Authors: Gregory Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Caltech, Willy Fowler had been impressed by Hoyle, and, inspired by the carbon-12 work to think further about the evolution of stars, he had arranged to spend the academic year 1954–55 in Cambridge on a Fulbright scholarship. It was his first trip to Cambridge, and in order to explore more widely he bought a car – a convertible Hillman 10, like Tommy Gold ‘s but without all the mechanical problems.
Evolution on trial
Authors: Gregory Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While some of Hoyle and Wickramasinghe ‘s earlier work had claimed kinship with Darwin, who, like them, had struggled against the disapproval of his peers, by 1980 Darwinian evolutionhad become their target. In December 1981, in the wake of the publication of Evolution from Space, when they took part in a legal battle in Little Rock, Arkansas, where a law had been passed requiring that Creationism – the idea that God created the universe and its creatures as described in the Bible
Energy Minimization
Authors: Aharoni Amikam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most popular case of minimizing all three energy terms (namely, the exchange, the anisotropy and the magnetostatic energies) is the study of the structure and energy of the wall between antiparallel domains in thin films. The Landau and Lifshitz solution described in section 7.2 assumes an infinite crystal, in which it is possible to get away with no magnetostatic energy contribution.
Analytic Micromagnetics
Authors: Aharoni Amikam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter and the next one, various topics in micromagnetics, outside the nucleation problem, will be described. The subdivision into analytic and numerical studies in the two chapters is rather artificial and quite arbitrary. In most cases there is no real distinction between analytic solutions and numerical ones, and many physical problems use a mixture of both. Nevertheless, it seems desirable from a didactic point of view to keep them as separate chapters.
Hormonal control of incubation behaviour
Authors: Vleck C M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contact incubation is displayed by nearly all birds to maintain egg temperature within acceptable limits for embryonic development. The behaviours involved have been studied in exquisite detail in a few species such as herring gulls(Larus argentatus; Baerends and Drent 1970). This work analysed nest building activity, incubation, retrieval of eggs, and re-settling behaviour of adult gulls, and how the tendency to sit quietly on the eggs varied over both the reproductive season and over a single bout of incubation. Changes in behaviour were attributed to changes in tendency to incubate, but without a clear understanding of the underlying factors influencing behaviour.
The brood patch
Authors: Lea R W , H. Klandorf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The vast majority of birds achieve successful incubation of eggs through the transfer of heat between parts of their body, usually but not always their ventral surface, and the clutch of eggs. That region of the incubating bird making contact with the egg is commonly termed the incubation or ‘brood patch’.
Although the evolution of this structure is open to conjecture, an attractive possibility is that the appearance of a brood patch was a definitive step in the development of birds from reptiles and it has been thus suggested to share a common ancestry with the mammalian mammary gland (Long 1969). The nature, formation and structure of this patch vary enormously between species, reflecting the diverse mechanisms and methods adopted by different species in the incubation of eggs. In some birds, such as the domestic pigeon (Columba livia) and ring dove(Streptopelia risoria), there is a form of pocket or ‘apterium’ on the ventral surface of both sexes, which is devoid of feathers throughout adult life. In other species, patch formation occurs periodically and closely related to the period of egg laying and incubation. Furthermore, though both genders may have the potential to develop a brood patch, it is a general observation that it only occurs in the gender actually involved in incubation.
Energetics of incubation
Authors: Tinbergen J M , Williams J B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All birds lay eggs which must be maintained at suitable temperatures for proper embryological development to occur (Lundy 1969; Anderson etal. 1987). Contact incubation, the act of applying heat to eggs, has captured the imagination of investigators for decades, but the constraints imposed by the incubation period on life-history evolution have only begun to be appreciated (Huggins 1941; Kendeigh 1952; Drent 1975; Williams 1996; Bryan and Bryant 1998).
Paramagnets and Oscillators
Authors: Wark J S , Glazer A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Up until now everything has been quite general, and no doubt you are starting to question the relevance to the price of sugar of all these pages of formulae. So, before you get lost in the abstraction of it all, let us start to apply them to some relatively simple physical systems. We have picked two: a paramagnetic solid and an array of simple harmonic oscillators. We choose these examples as not only are they perhaps the simplest to deal with from a mathematical point of view, but they are also of considerable physical interest.