bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiation doses received in the UK breast screening programmes 2019-2023
Authors: Loveland John , Mackenzie Alistair 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To report the latest UK mammography dose survey results and to compare radiation doses from digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) and full-field digital mammography (FFDM) in UK breast screening.

Methods
Anonymized exposure factors were collected for 111 152 screening cases and 5113 assessment cases from 405 x-ray sets across the United Kingdom using an online submission system linked to a national database of mammography quality control data. Output and beam quality measurements from each set were combined with exposure data to estimate mean glandular doses (MGD).

Results
FFDM doses increased by ∼10% compared to the 2016-2019 national survey but compressed breast thicknesses (CBT) remained similar. DBT doses were 34%-40% higher than FFDM overall and 34% higher than FFDM for breasts 50-60 mm thick. We found a possible overestimation of PMMA breast equivalent thicknesses at low CBTs, but the evidence was not conclusive.

Conclusion
Recent changes to the mix of x-ray models in use in UK breast screening have resulted in higher FFDM breast doses. DBT doses in the NHSBSP are on average higher than FFDM by ∼34%-40%.

Advances in knowledge
This is the first national study to report DBT and FFDM MGDs in UK breast screening.
A pilot study of [68Ga]Ga-fibroblast activation protein inhibitor-04 PET/CT in renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Guo Chunmei , Liu Ya , Yang Haozhou , Xia Yuxiao , Li Xue , Chen Liming , Feng Yue , Zhang Yan , Chen Yue , Huang Zhanwen 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
As a promising positron emission tomography (PET) tracer, [68Ga]Ga-fibroblast activation protein inhibitor-04([68Ga]Ga-FAPI-04) performs better than 2-[18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose ([18F]FDG) at diagnosing primary and metastatic lesions in patients with various types of cancer. We investigated the utility of [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT for the detection of primary and metastatic lesions in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). [18F]FDG PET/CT were used for comparison.

Methods
Twenty-two patients with suspected RCC or recurrent RCC were enrolled in our study. Among these patients, 14 were newly diagnosed with RCC, 3 had recurrent RCC, and 5 were excluded from further analysis due to having benign renal tumours. Seventeen patients with RCC underwent [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT, and 6 of them also received [18F]FDG PET/CT. The positive detection rates were calculated and compared with those in patients who underwent both scans.

Results
Data from 17 patients with RCC (median age: 60.5 years, interquartile range [IQR]: 54-70 years) were evaluated. The positive detection rate of [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT for RCC was 64.7% (11/17). Lymph node metastases (n = 44), lung metastasis (n = 1), and bone metastasis (n = 1) were detected. Six patients with RCC underwent [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 and [18F]FDG PET/CT. [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT showed a higher positive detection rate than [18F]FDG PET/CT in detecting RCC (83.3% [5/6] vs. 50% [3/6], P = 0.545). Additionally, [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT has higher SUVmax (3.20 [IQR: 2.91-5.80 vs. 2.71 [IQR: 2.13-3.10], P = 0.116) and tumour-to-background ratio (TBR) values (1.60 [IQR: 1.33-3.67] vs. 0.86 [0.48-1.21], P = 0.028) than [18F]FDG PET/CT.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT has potential value in RCC diagnosis. Further studies are warranted to validate these results.

Advances in knowledge
Clinical utility of [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 in RCC remains unclear, and there are not many similar studies in the literature. We evaluated the role of [68Ga]Ga-FAPI-04 in diagnosing RCC.
What’s in a Right? Concretizing States’ Climate Change Mitigation Obligations under Human Rights Law
Authors: Nordlander Linnéa 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
States owe duties under human rights law to protect individuals from climate harm by mitigating climate change individually and collectively, in order to secure the Paris Agreement’s 1.5°C goal. It is, however, unclear what human rights law requires of states generally in terms of emissions reduction trajectories. This article elucidates that question, by looking at what reduction obligations can be deduced from scholarship and the work of human rights enforcement mandates. It argues that it is not possible to deduce individualized reduction obligations or methods to calculate such obligations from the current body of human rights law. The article then explores three different pathways to achieve such concretization: law-making, litigation, and monitoring bodies. The analysis provides a platform for human rights law to realize its potential in advancing state ambition on mitigating climate change at the norm-level by assessing the promise of the different pathways to concretization.
Identification, expression profiles, and binding properties of chemosensory protein 18 in Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)
Authors: Qie Xingtao , Yan Xizhong , Wang Han , Li Fangyuan , Hu Liming , Hao Chi , Ma Li 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chemosensory proteins (CSPs) are highly efficient carry tools to bind and deliver hydrophobic compounds, which play an important role in the chemosensory process in insects. The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), is a cosmopolitan pest that attacks cruciferous crops. However, the detailed physiological functions of CSPs in P. xylostella remain limited to date. Here, we identified a typical CSP, named PxylCSP18, in P. xylostella and investigated its expression patterns and binding properties of volatiles. PxylCSP18 was highly expressed in antennae and head (without antennae), and the expression level in the male antennae of P. xylostella was obviously higher than that in the female antennae. Moreover, PxylCSP18 has a relatively broad binding spectrum. Fluorescence competitive binding assays showed that PxylCSP18 had strong binding abilities with 14 plant volatiles (Ki &lt; 10 μM) that were repellent or attractive to P. xylostella. Notably, PxylCSP18 had no significant binding affinity to (Z)-11-hexadecenal, (Z)-11-hexadecenyl acetate, and (Z)-11-hexadecenyl alcolol, which are the pheromone components of P. xylostella. The attractive effects of trans-2-hexen-1-ol and isopropyl isothiocyanate to male adults and the attractive effects of isopropyl isothiocyanate and the repellent effects of linalool to female adults were significantly decreased after knocked down the expression of PxylCSP18. Our results revealed that PxylCSP18 might play an important role in host plant detection, avoidance of unsuitable hosts, and selection of oviposition sites; however, it does not participate in mating behavior. Overall, these results extended our knowledge on the CSP-related functions, which provided insightful information about CSP-targeted insecticides.
A critical review of advances in tumor metabolism abnormalities induced by nitrosamine disinfection by-products in drinking water
Authors: Sun Mingjun , Shen Weitao , Guo Xinxin , Liao Yinghao , Huang Yang , Hu Mohan , Ye Ping , Liu Ran 
Published: January 2024

AbstractIntensified sanitation practices amid the recent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak might result in the increased release of chloramine disinfectants into surface water, significantly promoting the formation of nitrosamine disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water. Unfortunately, these nitrosamine DBPs exhibit significant genotoxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties, whereas chlorinating disinfectants remain in global practice. The current review provides valuable insights into the occurrence, identification, contamination status, exposure limits, and toxicity of the new unregulated disinfection by-products (nitrosamine DBPs) in drinking water. As a result, concentrations of nitrosamine DBPs far exceed allowable limits in drinking water, and prolonged exposure has the potential to cause metabolic disorders, a critical step in tumor initiation and progression. Importantly, based on recent research, we have concluded the role of nitrosamines DBPs in different metabolic pathways. Remarkably, nitrosamine DBPs can induce chronic inflammation and initiate tumors by activating sphingolipid and polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism. Regarding amino acid and nucleotide metabolism, nitrosamine DBPs can inhibit tryptophan metabolism and de novo nucleotide synthesis. Moreover, inhibition of de novo nucleotide synthesis fails to repair DNA damage induced by nitrosamines. Additionally, the accumulation of lactate induced by nitrosamine DBPs may act as a pivotal signaling molecule in communication within the tumor microenvironment. However, with the advancement of tumor metabolomics, understanding the role of nitrosamine DBPs in causing cancer by inducing metabolic abnormalities significantly lags behind, and specific mechanisms of toxic effects are not clearly defined. Urgently, further studies exploring this promising area are needed.
Endotypes of occupational asthma
Authors: Mason Paola , Biasioli Marco , Liviero Filippo 
Published: January 2024

Purpose of review
To describe recent findings in endotyping occupational asthma by addressing the role of specific biomarkers.

Recent findings
Studies on occupational asthma endotypes have focused on immune and inflammatory patterns associated with different occupational exposures to sensitizers or irritants.
Sputum neutrophilia has been found in 58.5% patients with occupational asthma caused by high molecular weight (HMW) agents, and work-related dysphonia in patients with occupational asthma was described as associated with sputum neutrophilia too. Neutrophils have been associated also with irritant-induced asthma. The measurement of specific IgE has been confirmed as a valuable diagnostic tool in occupational asthma caused by HMW agents, on the contrary, for most low-molecular-weight agents, the presence of specific IgE has been proven in a small subset of affected workers. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide has been confirmed as a marker of type 2 (T2) inflammation in occupational asthma, mostly when induced by HMW agents (e.g. flour), and it has proved to be more sensitive than spirometry in measuring the efficacy of an intervention.
MicroRNA-155 has been shown to contribute to airway inflammation in occupational asthma induced by toluene diisocyanate.

Summary
Occupational asthma is heterogeneous, thus monitoring multiple biomarkers is crucial to understand, which inflammatory responses are prevalent.
Epidemiology of the relationship between allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis and asthma
Authors: Maule Matteo , Vitte Joana , Ambrosani Francesca , Caminati Marco 
Published: January 2024

Purpose of review
Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) can complicate the natural history of asthmatic patients, especially the more severe ones, worsening disease control and increasing the need for therapies, steroids in particular, and medical care. The aim of the present review is to summarize the latest epidemiological data related to the relationship between asthma and ABPA and to offer a summary of the most recent strategies that could potentially facilitate in the identification of ABPA in asthmatic patients.

Recent findings
In the last years, great efforts have been made by researchers worldwide to provide reliable epidemiological data on fungal sensitization and ABPA, especially in severe asthma patients both in adult and pediatric population. Data differ depending on the geographical area and population studied, but pooled data show a concerning 11% of severe asthma patients having ABPA and one out of four asthmatic patients being sensitized to fungi, Aspergillus fumigatus in particular.

Summary
Reliable epidemiological data and advances in the diagnostic procedures can facilitate the detection of ABPA among asthmatic patients, improving the management of a still under-recognized and challenging condition.
Health disparities in allergic diseases
Authors: Jacobs Samantha R. , Ramsey Nicole , Bagnato Mariangela , Pitt Tracy , Davis Carla M. 
Published: January 2024

Purpose of review
Healthcare disparities impact prevalence, diagnosis, and management of allergic disease. The purpose of this review is to highlight the most recent evidence of healthcare disparities in allergic conditions to provide healthcare providers with better understanding of the factors contributing to disparities and to provide potential management approaches to address them. This review comes at a time in medicine where it is well documented that disparities exist, but we seek to answer the Why, How and What to do next?

Recent findings
The literature highlights the socioeconomic factors at play including race/ ethnicity, neighborhood, insurance status and income. Management strategies have been implemented with the hopes of mitigating the disparate health outcomes including utilization of school-based health, distribution of educational tools and more inclusive research recruitment.

Summary
The studies included describe the associations between upstream structural and social factors with downstream outcomes and provide ideas that can be recreated at other institutions of how to address them. Focus on research and strategies to mitigate healthcare disparities and improve diverse research participant pools are necessary to improve patient outcomes in the future.
Does Location of Intralabyrinthine Vestibular Schwannoma Determine Objective and Subjective Vestibular Function?
Authors: West Niels Cramer , Groth Jane Bjerg , Cayé-Thomasen Per 
Published: January 2024

Background and objective
The incidence of intralabyrinthine schwannomas is increasing, and a growing attention is given to the detrimental effects on hearing function. On the contrary, the vestibular profile of intralabyrinthine vestibular schwannomas (VSs) is still not well understood. We aimed to investigate and report the observed relationships between the intralabyrinthine location of the schwannomas and objective and subjective vestibular profile of the patients.

Methods
Retrospective cohort study of 20 consecutive individuals with sporadic intralabyrinthine schwannomas and grouped according to the intralabyrinthine location of the schwannomas. Vestibular testing consisted of the video head impulse test of all three semicircular canals, the caloric test, cervical and ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials, and the dizziness handicap inventory. A nonparametric unpaired t test was performed to compare groups, and Fisher's exact test was used for categorical data.

Results
The median video head impulse test gains (lateral, anterior, posterior) were 0.40, 0.50, and 0.75 for intravestibular schwannomas and 0.93, 1.52, and 0.91 for intracochlear schwannomas (p = 0.0001, p = 0.009, p = 0.33), respectively. Caloric unilateral weakness had a median of 100% for intravestibular schwannomas and 14% for intracochlear schwannomas (p = 0.0001). The mean dizziness handicap inventory was 21 for intravestibular schwannomas and 1 for cochlear schwannomas (p = 0.02). There were no significant differences in vestibular evoked myogenic potentials according to intralabyrinthine location.

Conclusion
By both objective and subjective measures, intralabyrinthine schwannomas with an intravestibular component has significantly worse vestibular function than schwannomas with purely cochlear involvement.
Pediatric Traumatic Lumbar Hernias and Associated Injuries
Authors: Leiva Tyler , Golubkova Alena , Snyder Katherine , Johnson Jeremy , Hunter Catherine J. 
Published: January 2024

Objective
Traumatic lumbar hernias are a rare entity mostly seen with high-impact, blunt abdominal trauma. This injury occurs when there is disruption of the posterior musculature along with bony structures, allowing for herniation of abdominal contents. There are minimal cases of this entity reported in adults, but even fewer in the pediatric population.

Methods
We describe 3 cases of traumatic lumbar hernia at our institution as well as provide a review of the literature to elucidate the most common mechanisms, severity of injury, and associated injuries.

Results
Traumatic lumbar hernia is most commonly seen in restrained passengers involved in motor vehicle collisions. A majority of cases are diagnosed using computed tomography imaging and less frequently during primary surgical exploration. The most common associated injuries were mesenteric and bowel injuries, followed by spinal and chest trauma. Traumatic lumbar hernia often leads to prolonged hospital stays and increased need for posthospital rehabilitation because of associated traumatic comorbidities.

Conclusions
Traumatic lumbar hernia is a rare entity in children, and early suspicion and identification of associated injuries is necessary in the management of these patients.
Pushing Backwards
Authors: Carvalho Catarina , Correia Mário Rui , Barros Ana , Rocha Rúben , Banquart-Leitão José , Carvalho Fátima , Marinho Ana Sofia 
Published: January 2024

Objective
Intestinal intussusception (II) is a common cause for acute abdomen in children, occurring in 0.33 to 0.71 per 1000 children per year. Early diagnosis and treatment are fundamental for prevention of irreversible intestinal damage. The first line of treatment is conservative, with saline reduction enema or air reduction enema. Our goal is to evaluate results with conservative treatment of II in children.

Methods
A retrospective single-center review of all patients with diagnosis of II from January 2014 to December 2019 was performed. Demographics, clinical data, treatment option, and results were assessed.

Results
Thirty-eight cases were identified. The mean age was 26 months, and 68% were males. Most presented with abdominal pain (95%) and vomiting (66%), after an average of 30 hours. Rectal bleeding was present in 32% of patients. Abdominal ultrasound was performed in all patients for diagnosis. Conservative treatment was first option in 95% of patients, with a global effectiveness of 83% after 1 attempt. Saline reduction enema was more effective than air reduction enema (88% vs 70%), and patients with successful reduction were younger (24 vs 33 months), but neither reached statistical significance. Two patients had a subsequent II episode within 1 week after hospital discharge. Neither age, sex, symptoms and respective duration, rotavirus inoculation, intussuscepted bowel length, nor technique used was predictive of treatment failure or II relapse.

Conclusions
Conservative treatment in II is a safe and effective option, preventing invasive surgical procedures. Effectiveness of such treatments may be as high as 88% after 1 attempt, with rapid diet reintroduction. Same-day discharge after oral feeding toleration is safe.
Foreign Language Learning
Authors: Angulo-Jiménez Henry , Bonilla-López Marisela , Rojas-Ramírez Esteban 
Published: January 2024

Purpose:
Although autistic perspectives are paramount for evidence-based practice and the neurodiversity paradigm, they are often underrepresented in research and have only recently started to get attention from professionals in different fields, including communication sciences and disorders (CSD) and foreign language teaching (FLT). To alleviate this situation, we conducted an exploratory study on the experiences of self-identified autistic bloggers with foreign language learning (FLL).

Methods:
We used deductive thematic analysis to characterize the bloggers and establish the perceived effect of autism on FLL.

Results:
Our analysis of 14 blog posts revealed that the typical blogger had an autism diagnosis, spoke English natively, and had learned Spanish or French as a foreign language through formal instruction and/or self-teaching. We also found that all the bloggers acknowledged both positive and negative effects of autism on FLL, with more bloggers focusing on positive effects.

Conclusions:
Findings highlight the need for professionals in CSD and FLT to (a) avoid making assumptions about the FLL capabilities of autistic individuals, (b) consult with autistic individuals regarding the perceived value of autistic traits for FLL, and (c) engage in interprofessional practice with each other.
COVID-19 Reinfection Has Better Outcomes Than the First Infection in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients
Authors: Solera Javier T. , Árbol Berta G. , Mittal Ankit , Hall Victoria G. , Marinelli Tina , Bahinskaya Ilona , Humar Atul , Kumar Deepali 
Published: January 2024

Background.
Solid organ transplant recipients face an increased risk of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and are vulnerable to repeat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections. In nonimmunocompromised individuals, SARS-CoV-2 reinfections are milder likely because of cross-protective immunity. We sought to determine whether SARS-CoV-2 reinfection exhibits milder manifestations than primary infection in transplant recipients.

Methods.
Using a large, prospective cohort of adult transplant patients with COVID-19, we identified patients with SARS-CoV-2 reinfections. We performed a 1:1 nearest neighbor propensity score matching to control potential confounders, including the COVID-19 variant. We compared outcomes including oxygen requirement, hospitalization, and intensive care unit admission within 30 d after diagnosis between patients with reinfection and those with the first episode of COVID-19.

Results.
Between 2020 and 2023, 103 reinfections were identified in a cohort of 1869 transplant recipients infected with SARS-CoV-2 (incidence of 2.7% per year). These included 50 kidney (48.5%), 27 lung (26.2%), 7 heart (6.8%), 6 liver (5.8%), and 13 multiorgan (12.6%) transplants. The median age was 54.5 y (interquartile range [IQR], 40.5–65.5) and the median time from transplant to first infection was 6.6 y (IQR, 2.8–11.2). The time between the primary COVID-19 and reinfection was 326 d (IQR, 226–434). Three doses or more of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine are received by 87.4% of patients. After propensity score matching, reinfections were associated with significantly lower hospitalization (5.8% versus 19.4%; risk ratio, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.12-0.71) and oxygen requirement (3.9% versus 13.6%; risk ratio, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.10-0.84). In a within-patient analysis only in the reinfection group, the second infection was milder than the first (3.9% required oxygen versus 19.4%, P < 0.0001), and severe first COVID-19 was the only predictor of severe reinfection.

Conclusions.
Transplant recipients with COVID-19 reinfection present better outcomes than those with the first infection, providing clinical evidence for the development of cross-protective immunity.