bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Instruments for assessing the burden of informal caregiving for stroke patients in clinical practice: a comparison of CSI, CRA, SCQ and self-rated burden
Authors: van Exel N Job A , op Reimer Wilma JM Scholte , Brouwer Werner BF , van den Berg Bernard , Koopmanschap Marc A , van den Bos Geertrudis AM 
Published: March 2004

Objective: To compare the feasibility, convergent and clinical validity of three commonly used burden scales: Caregiver Strain Index (CSI), Caregiver Reaction Assessment (CRA) and Sense of Competence Questionnaire (SCQ), with a self-developed single question on self-rated burden (SRB). Subjects: Stroke patients receiving support from an informal caregiver ( n=148) and their caregivers were followed up to six months after stroke. Intervention: Feasibility was assessed with several measures of missing values. Convergent validity was assessed on the basis of the correlation patterns between the burden scales, and clinical validity through evaluation of expected associations between levels of burden and explanatory patients' and caregivers' characteristics. Results: Missing values were less often observed on CSI and SRB than SCQ and CRA. Significant correlation coefficients ( p<0.05) could be demonstrated between all burden scales, except for one subscale of CRA. Evidence for clinical validity was strongest for CSI and SRB, based on associations between higher burden scores and patients' disability, and patients' and caregivers' poor level of health-related quality of life (all p<0.05). Conclusions: A concise and simple measure would facilitate early detection of caregivers at risk in clinical practice and research. CSI and SRB are more feasible and at least as valid instruments for assessment of caregiver burden in stroke than the longer and more complex SCQ and CRA. SRB could be used for quick screening of caregivers at risk. CSI is indicated for further diagnosis of the burden of informal caregivers.
Rlative shoulder fexor and handgrip strength is related to upper limb function after stroke
Authors: Mercierand Catherine , Bourbonnais Daniel 
Published: March 2004

Objective: To compare the relative strength of different muscle groups of the paretic upper limb and assess the relationship with motor performance. Design: Descriptive study. Setting: Secondary care rehabilitation centre. Subjects: A convenience sample of 13 chronic hemiparetic stroke subjects. Main outcome measures: The maximal active torques of fivemuscle groups were measured in both upper limbs (UL) and converted into relative strength (paretic/nonparetic). The UL function was assessed using the Box and Block Test, the Finger-to-Nose Test, the Fugl-Meyer Test and the TEMPA (Test Evaluant les Membres supérieurs des Personnes Agées). Results: The Friedman two-way analysis of variance shows a significant difference across the relative strength of the different muscle groups ( p = 0.017), but subsequent multiple comparisons indicate a significant difference between handgrip and elbow extension only (relative strength of 0.52 ± 0.27 and 0.73 ± 0.23 respectively). However, data show the presence of large intra-subject imbalances between muscle groups. The relative forces for shoulder flexion and handgrip are the best predictors of the UL function, the higher Spearman's rho correlation coefficients for each clinical test ranging from 0.70 to 0.81. Conclusions: These results do not confirm classical clinical teaching regarding the distribution of weakness following stroke (e.g., proximal to distal gradient; extensors more affected than flexors) but support the hypothesis that strength is related to the function of the paretic upper limb.
Reliability of measurement of tempo-spatial parameters of gait after stroke using GaitMat II
Authors: Pomeroy V M , Chambers S H , Giakas G , Bland M 
Published: March 2004

Objective: (1) To find the inter-rater and intra-rater reliability of raters using GaitMat II to measure tempo-spatial gait parameters of stroke patients. (2) To find if reliability is related to abnormality of footprint patterns. Design: A prospective agreement study. Setting: A movement analysis laboratory. Subjects: Nineteen adults who were at least six months after stroke and able to walk 4 metres with or without assistance participated as subjects in this study. There were five raters. Methods: Subjects completed at least two walks along GaitMat II. The raw footprint data were analysed independently by each of the five raters. Results: Mean intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for each rater within subject ranged from 0.8398 to 0.9318. However eight of the 17 parameters tested showed significant differences between raters ( p = 0.0029 to p<0.0001). When the most inexperienced rater was excluded, differences between experienced raters ( n = 4) was found to be statistically insignificant for all parameters. The association of the mean score and standard deviation of experienced raters was significant for nine parameters ( r values 0.5087 to0.9459), i.e., as walking pattern became more abnormal, variation in scoring between raters increased. Conclusions: GaitMat II may have acceptable inter-rater reliability if raters have experience of gait analysis but disagreement may increase when stroke patients exhibit more abnormal gait patterns.
Azacitidine Induces Demethylation of the Epstein-Barr Virus Genome in Tumors
Authors: Chan Anthony T.C. , Tao Qian , Robertson Keith D. , Flinn Ian W. , Mann Risa B. , Klencke Barbara , Kwan Wing Hong , Leung Thomas Wai-Tong , Johnson Philip J. , Ambinder Richard F. 
Published: March 2004

PurposeTo determine whether therapy with a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor is effective in achieving demethylation and gene re-expression in tumor DNA in patients.MethodsBiopsy specimens were obtained from patients with Epstein-Barr virus-associated tumors, enrolled on a clinical trial of 5-azacitidine, within 72 hours of the conclusion of the last infusion of the first cycle of therapy, and compared to pretreatment specimens. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction, bisulfite genomic sequencing, and immunohistochemistry were used to assess demethylation and gene re-expression.ResultsSubstantial degrees of demethylation were detected in all latent and lytic Epstein-Barr virus promoters examined. Immunohistochemistry suggested activation of a previously silent viral antigen expression in one instance.ConclusionPharmacologic reversal of dense CpG methylation in tumor tissue can be achieved in patients.
Accumulation and translation of ferritin heavy chain transcripts following anoxia exposure in a marine invertebrate
Authors: Larade Kevin , Storey Kenneth B. 
Published: March 2004

SUMMARYDifferential screening of a Littorina littorea (the common periwinkle) cDNA library identified ferritin heavy chain as an anoxia-induced gene in hepatopancreas. Northern blots showed that ferritin heavy chain transcript levels were elevated twofold during anoxia exposure, although nuclear run-off assays demonstrated that ferritin heavy chain mRNAs were not transcriptionally upregulated during anoxia. Polysome analysis indicated that existing ferritin transcripts were actively translated during the anoxic period. This result was confirmed via western blotting, which demonstrated a twofold increase in ferritin heavy chain protein levels during anoxia, with a subsequent decrease to control levels during normoxic recovery. Organ culture experiments using hepatopancreas slices demonstrated a &gt;50%increase in ferritin heavy chain transcript levels in vitro under conditions of anoxia and freezing, as well as after incubation with the second messenger cGMP. Taken together, these results suggest that ferritin heavy chain is actively regulated during anoxia exposure in the marine snail, L. littorea.
Synthesis of Dimethyl Ether from Supercritical Methanol in the Presence of Aluminum
Authors: Usui Yuma , Wakai Chihiro , Matubayasi Nobuyuki , Nakahara Masaru 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
A novel method to synthesize dimethyl ether (DME) is presented. When methanol is treated with aluminum metal in supercritical conditions at a density of 0.39 kg/dm3, it is found that DME is generated above 275 °C through a single-step procedure. The DME production increases with the temperature elevation, and it becomes the main product above 300 °C with by-products of hydrogen and methane. DME is considered to be produced at the formation step of methyl derivative of boehmite and/or its surface catalytic effect.
Facile Preparation of Anion Trapping Polymer Electrolytes by Reaction between 9-Borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9-BBN) and Poly(propylene oxide)
Authors: Mizumo Tomonobu , Sakamoto Kenji , Matsumi Noriyoshi , Ohno Hiroyuki 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Novel polymer electrolyte showing relatively high lithium ion transference number of over 0.5 due to anion trapping effect of boron atoms was readily prepared by the reaction between poly(propylene oxide) oligomers and 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane.
Stably-dispersed and Surface-functional Bionanoparticles Prepared by Self-assembling Amphipathic Polymers of Hydrophilic Poly(γ-glutamic acid) Bearing Hydrophobic Amino Acids
Authors: Matsusaki Michiya , Hiwatari Ken-ichiro , Higashi Mariko , Kaneko Tatsuo , Akashi Mitsuru 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Surface-functional bionanoparticles were prepared by self-assembling amphipathic poly(γ-glutamic acid) derivatives with a hydrophilic backbone and hydrophobic phenylalanine and leucine side groups. Poly(γ-glutamic acid) bearing phenylalanine nanospheres exhibited excellent water-dispersibility, surface functionality and appropriate size (200 nm) for medical use. Additive PEG conjugation assisted nanoparticle formation of leucine-grafted poly(γ-glutamic acid).
Epoxidation of Styrene by t-Butyl Hydroperoxide over Gold Supported on Yb2O3 and Other Rare Earth Oxides
Authors: Patil N S , Uphade B S , Jana P , Bhargava S K , Choudhary V R 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Gold nanoparticles deposited [by homogeneous deposition-precipitation (HDP) using urea] on Yb2O3 and other rare-earth oxides (viz. Sm2O3, Eu2O3, and Tb2O3) are novel highly active/selective and reusable catalysts for the selective epoxidation of styrene to styrene oxide by anhydrous or aqueous t-butyl hydroperoxide and no problems are foreseen for a large scale operation of this green process.
Structures and Magnetic Properties of a New Cobalt(II) Linear Trimer with Phenylcinnamic Acid
Authors: Oka Yoshimi , Inoue Katsuya 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Linear trinuclear cobalt(II) complex with α-phenylcinnamic acid (phcinaH), [Co3(phcina)6(quin)2] (quin = quinoline) was synthesized and characterized by X-ray crystallography and magnetic susceptibility measurement. The magnetic susceptibility of the linear trimer, which has one octahedral and two trigonal-bipyramidal coordination was analyzed by modified Lines model.
Regioselective Formation of Optically Active Cycloheptatrienes by Chiral Tethered Büchner Reaction
Authors: Sugimura Takashi , Ohuchi Naoko , Kagawa Masami , Hagiya Kazutake , Okuyama Tadashi 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Optically active cycloheptatrienes were prepared by addition of the rhodium carbenoid to polysubstituted phenyl rings connected by a 2,4-pentanediol tether in sufficient regio- and stereoselectivity.
Synthesis and Stabilization of Ni Nanoparticles in a Pure Aqueous CTAB Solution
Authors: Wu Szu-Han , Chen Dong-Hwang 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Ni nanoparticles (7–20nm) were synthesized by hydrazine reduction in a pure aqueous solution at 25 °C using CTAB as a capping agent and an appropriate amount of bases as catalysts. No organic solvents and extra inert gases were necessary. It was suggested that Ni nanoparticles were stabilized by a bilayer structure of CTAB.
Lifetime of Veratryl Alcohol Radical Cation Electrogenerated in Acetonitrile
Authors: Kishioka Shin-ya , Yamada Akifumi 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
The electrochemical oxidation of veratryl alcohol at a carbon fiber microdisk electrode with relatively high sweep rates in acetonitrile shows a chemically reversible response. Analysis of the cathodic and anodic current ratio allows one to estimate the lifetime of the short-lived radical cation in the solution.
Substituent Effect on Regioselectivity in Oxygenation of Multisubstituted Acenes
Authors: Zhou Xin , Kitamura Masanori , Shen Baojian , Nakajima Kiyohiko , Takahashi Tamotsu 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Reaction of substituted acenes such as anthracene, naphthacene, and pentacene derivatives with O2 was dependent on the substituents and their positions. The orientation is in contrast to Diels–Alder reaction with DDQ in the case of naphthacene and pentacene derivatives. 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-Octamethylanthracene reacted with O2 to afford a doubly oxygenated compound (diendoperoxide) at both end rings.
Decomposition of Carbon Dioxide by the Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) Plasma Using Ca0.7Sr0.3TiO3 Barrier
Authors: Li Ruixing , Tang Qing , Yin Shu , Yamaguchi Yukishige , Sato Tsugio 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Ca0.7Sr0.3TiO3 was sintered adding Li2Si2O5, and used as a dielectric barrier of DBD to decompose CO2 for the first time. DBD plasma was successively generated using Ca0.7Sr0.3TiO3. CO2 was converted to CO and O2 by DBD plasma without catalyst and reducing substance. The CO2 conversion using Ca0.7Sr0.3TiO3 barrier was much higher than that using conventional barrier material such as SiO2 and Al2O3.
Synthesis of Macrocyclic Arylene Ketone Oligomers Containing the Phthaloyl Moiety by Friedel–Crafts Acylation Reaction
Authors: Guo Qingzhong , Bo Shuqin , Chen Tianlu 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Two kinds of macrocyclic arylene ketone oligomers have been synthesized in high yield from phthaloyl dichloride and various bridge-linking electron-rich aromatic hydrocarbons via the modified Friedel–Crafts acylation reaction. The presence of a Lewis base in this reaction is demonstrated to be advantageous for forming macrocycle oligomers. These resultant oligomers can undergo melt ring-opening polymerization to give polymers with high Tg and excellent thermal stability.
The Studies on the Aqueous Dispersed Particles Formed from Monoolein/Monopalmitin/Water Mixture
Authors: Wang Zhining , Um Joom Y , Zheng Liqiang , Li Ganzuo 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
The morphology and the microstructure of the dispersed particles, which were formed from monoolein/monopalmitin/water mixture, have been studied. The freeze-fracture TEM shows clearly that the aqueous dispersed particles have irregular cubic shapes. X-ray diffraction technique has been utilized to study the microstructure of the particles and it was found that these particles still retained the cubic character.
Efficient Catalytic Reduction of Concentrated Nitric Acid on the Adsorption Sites of Activated Carbon
Authors: Miyazaki Akane , Shibazaki Kazumasa , Nakano Yoshio , Ogawa Mitsuteru , Balint Ioan 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
The adsorption sites of active carbon were found to promote efficiently the catalytic reduction of concentrated HNO3 by HCOOH at low temperature.
Generation of 1,6-Disilahexapentaene in the Reduction of an Overcrowded Bis(bromodiaryl)butadiyne Leading to the Unexpected Formation of 2-Allenyl-1-benzosilole
Authors: Mizuhata Yoshiyuki , Takeda Nobuhiro , Sasamori Takahiro , Tokitoh Norihiro 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
When the reductive debromination of an overcrowded bis(bromodiarylsilyl)butadiyne (2) bearing Tbt and Mes groups was performed with potassium graphite, the corresponding 2-allenyl-1-benzosilole (3) was isolated as a main product. The formation of 3 was most likely interpreted in terms of the initial generation of 1,6-disilahexapentaene (1) followed by the intramolecular double cyclization.
Morphology Control of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Mesoporous Silica by Microwave Heating
Authors: Kim Dong-Jun , Chung Jin-Seong , Ahn Wha-Seung , Kang Gyoung-Won , Cheong Won-Jo 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
A periodic ordered mesoporous organosilica containing uniform ethane groups in the pore walls was prepared using microwave heating to produce 1.5–2.5-μm uniform particles with spherical morphology.
Rhodium-Catalyzed Acylation of Vinylsilanes with Acid Anhydrides: Application to the Transformation of α-Acyloxy Vinylsilanes to Unsymmetrical 1,2-Diketones
Authors: Yamane Motoki , Uera Kazuyoshi , Narasaka Koichi 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Acylation of vinylsilanes with acid anhydrides is catalyzed by [RhCl(CO)2]2 to give α,β-unsaturated ketones. The application of this catalytic system to the acylation of α-acyloxy vinylsilanes affords α-acyloxy enones in good yields, which are converted to unsymmetrical 1,2-diketones or their mono acetals.
Extraction of Eu(III) and Tm(III) with picrolonic acid in methylisobutylketone
Authors: Ali Akbar 
Published: March 2004

SummaryPicrolonic acid (HPA) in methylisobutylketone (MIBK) has been used for the extraction studies of Eu(III) and Tm(III) from pH 2 buffer solution. The composition of the organic adduct responsible for the extraction of these metal ions has been determined by slope analysis method that came out to be M(PA)3(M= Eu(III), Tm(III)). The effect of various anions and cations on the extraction of these metal ions has also been studied. Among the anions, fluoride, oxalate, citrate and cyanide ions masked the extraction, whereas Fe(III) Cu(II), Ni(II) and Co(II) has reduced the extraction. The formation constant of the organic adduct has also been calculated and discussed.
Adsorption of 60Co2+ on hydrous manganese oxide powder from aqueous solution
Authors: Granados Correa F. , Jiménez-Becerril J. 
Published: March 2004

Summary
Hydrous manganese oxide (HMO) was synthesized and its ability to sorb 60Co2+ from aqueous solution was studied under static conditions as a function of contact time, cobalt concentration (10-2-10-7M), temperature (303-333K) and pH of adsorptive solution (2.2-11.4). X-ray diffraction was used in characterization of synthesized HMO. Low concentration of 60Co2+ solution, high pH and high temperature were the most favorable conditions for the adsorption process. The results show that the removal process is complete in 40 minutes, obeys a first order rate law and can be described using the Freundlich adsorption model. The standard enthalpy of the system was ΔH
0 = 12.5 ± 0.2 kJ mol-1 and cobalt desorption indicates that the uptake process proceeds via cation exchange. The removal of cobalt ions by HMO appears to be endothermic and irreversible. The values of calculated ΔG
0 and ΔS
0 were -17.0 ± 3.0 kJ mol-1 and (9.8 ± 0.2) × 10-2 kJ K-1 mol-1 respectively, this indicates spontaneity of the process and the degree of freedom of ions is increased by adsorption.
Simultaneous multi-element determination in some cosmetic samples of different origins using neutron activation analysis
Authors: El-Shazly E. A. A. , Abo Zahra Sh. F. , El-Sweify Fatima H. , Kanias G. D. 
Published: March 2004

Summary
Instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) has been used to determine some trace, minor and major elements in some cosmetic samples. These samples have been randomly selected from the Egyptian market. Some of these cosmetics are imported from the world market and the others are manufactured in Egypt. Up to 25 elements have been quantitatively determined in selected cosmetic samples. These elements are: As, Br, Ba, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Eu, Fe, Hf, K, La, Lu, Na, Sb, Sc, Sm, Rb, Ta, Tb, Th, U, W, Yb and Zn. Two certified standard reference materials have been used to assure the accuracy and precision of the technique, which are IAEA-405 and SL-1. Two different γ-radioactivity counting systems have been used and compared. Some of the analyzed samples contain some elements, which according to the list of the European Union must not be present in cosmetics. Moreover, some of these elements are present in a very high concentration. Thus, some of the analyzed samples contain arsenic, antimony, chromium and cobalt with the following respectively concentration ranges, in ppm, 0.37-3.67, 0.14-5.36, 2.94-29768 (∼3) and 0.52-4.12.
Radiolysis of an aqueous [11C]iomazenil solution
Authors: Fukumura Toshimitsu , Yamaguchi Masatoshi , Suzuki Kazutoshi 
Published: March 2004

Summary
Radiolysis of [11C]iomazenil was investigated in an aqueous solution. Preparation of [11C]iomazenil with [11C]CH3I produced a good radiochemical yield, however, its radiochemical purity was always less than 90 without additives. This poor radiochemical purity was attributed to radiolysis of [11C]iomazenil. The degradation of [11C]iomazenil via radiolysis was markedly facilitated in the presence of HCOONa (strong selective hydroxyl radical and hydrogen atom scavenger). On the other hand, the radiolysis was suppressed effectively in the presence of NaNO3 (selective hydrated electron scavenger), suggesting participation of hydrated electrons in the radiolysis of [11C]iomazenil. LC/MS analysis of the degradation product suggested that the major degradation product by radiolysis had a molecular weight of 285 corresponding to the deiodinated compound. The present study showed that a decrease in the radiochemical purity of [11C]iomazenil was attributed to the radiolysis via the deiodination reaction by hydrated electron.
Measurement of cross sections of threshold detectors with spectrum average technique
Authors: Ağuş Y. , Çelenk İ. , Özmen A. 
Published: March 2004

Summary
Cross sections of the reactions 103Rh(n, n′)103mRh, 115In(n, n′)115mIn, 232Th(n, f), 47Ti(n, p)47Sc, 64Zn(n, p)64Cu, 58Ni(n, p)58Co, 54Fe(n, p)54Mn, 46Ti(n, p)46Sc, 27Al(n, p)27Mg, 56Fe(n, p)56Mn, 24Mg(n, p)24Na, 59Co(n, α)56Mn, 27Al(n, α)24Na and 48Ti(n, p)48Sc were measured with average neutron energies above effective threshold by using the activation method through usage of spectrum average technique in an irradiation system where there are three equivalent Am/Be sources, each of which has 592 GBq activity. The cross sections were determined with reference to the fast neutron fission cross section of 238U. The measured values and published values are generally in agreement.
Ionic radii of heavy actinide(III) cations
Authors: Bilewicz A. 
Published: March 2004

Summary
Experimentally determined ionic radii (r
i) of heavy actinides decrease irregularly with increasing of atomic number. In order to understand sources of this irregularity ionic radii of heavy actinides were compared with the radii of the maximum charge density (R
max) of the outermost orbital radii of these cations. From the linear dependence of ionic radii on 2j+1 weighted R
max of the 6p
1/2 and 6p
3/2 orbitals new values of r
i equal to 91.5 pm and 90.3 pm for Fm3+ and Md3+, respectively, were calculated.