bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Results of Using Faecal Culture as Confirmation Test of Paratuberculosis‐seropositive Dairy Cattle
Authors: Muskens J. , Mars M. H. , Elbers A. R. W. , Van Maanen K. , Bakker D. , Kaaden O.‐R. 
Published: May 2003

SummaryA total of 15 822 cattle aged 3 years and older, belonging to 378 randomly selected herds, were tested for paratuberculosis using an absorbed enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA); 3.3% tested positive. This percentage was lowest for the group of cattle aged 3–4 years (2.3%) and highest for cattle with the age of 5–6 years (4.5%). The mean Sample to Positive (S/P) ratio of seropositive cattle vaccinated against paratuberculosis was higher (0.75 ± 0.33) than that of seropositive, non‐vaccinated cattle (0.58 ± 0.26). Faecal samples of 422 ELISA‐positive cattle were cultured for the presence ofMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosis, 12% of these were contaminated. The percentage of non‐contaminated samples with positive culture results was 17.3%, with a substantial difference between vaccinated (1.7%) and non‐vaccinated cattle (20.2%). Of the positive cultures, the number of colonies varied from 1–10 (22% of cultures), 11–100 (22%), to more than 100 (55%). The percentage of ELISA‐positive, non‐vaccinated cattle tested culture‐positive was positively correlated with the magnitude of the S/P ratio. This percentage varied from 12% (S/P ratio 0.3–0.5) to 58% (S/P ratio > 1.1), a result that might have implications for interpretation of the test. In this study, the percentage of ELISA‐positive cattle with positive faecal culture results was limited and these individuals were mostly moderate to heavy shedders.
Apoptosis in the Cerebellum of Dogs with Distemper
Authors: Moro L. , Martins A. S. , Alves C. M. , Santos F. G. A. , Del Puerto H. L. , Vasconcelos A. C. 
Published: May 2003

SummaryCanine distemper virus (CDV) may induce multifocal demyelination in the central nervous system of infected dogs. The pathogenesis of this process is not clear. The present work identifies the presence of apoptotic cells in white and grey matter of dogs’cerebellum, naturally infected with CDV. Fifteen dogs with clinical signs of canine distemper that tested positive for CDV nucleoprotein were used. Brain specimens were processed and embedded in paraffin. Sections 5 μm thick were stained with hematoxylin–eosin and Shorr. Other sections were submitted to TUNEL reaction and to immunohistochemistry for CDV nucleoprotein detection. Acute and chronic demyelinated plaques were observed in the white matter, while apoptosis occurred particularly in the granular layer of grey matter. Apoptosis seems to play an important role in the pathogenesis of canine distemper demyelination.
Prevalence of Antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Southern Chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica) in Spain
Authors: Ortuño A. , Castellà J. , Marco I. , Ruiz M. , Lavín S. , Kaaden O.‐R. 
Published: May 2003

SummaryUngulates are involved in the epidemiology of Borreliosis as maintenance hosts for vector tick species. We evaluated the prevalence of antibodies to Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in two different populations of southern chamois in Spain. Forty‐six sera (40.4%) were positive at titres ≥1 : 64 using an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFAT).
Differentiation of Staphylococcus sciuri Strains Isolated from Free‐Living Rodents and Insectivores
Authors: Hauschild T. , Schwarz S. 
Published: May 2003

SummaryTwenty‐nine Staphylococcus sciuri strains isolated from free‐living insectivores and rodents were comparatively analysed for their biochemical capacities and their SmaI macrorestriction patterns. The 29 S. sciuri isolates represented 21 different biotypes and 22 different SmaI macrorestriction types. This observation confirmed that S. sciuri isolates obtained from insectivores and rodents living in natural environments constituted a heterogeneous population. Cluster analysis revealed that the macrorestriction patterns and the biochemical profiles matched in some cases. However, S. sciuri isolates that exhibited the same or closely related biochemical profiles were also found to be associated with different macrorestriction patterns. Analysis of the 29 S. sciuri isolates for their plasmid content and their sensitivity to antimicrobial agents showed that most of the isolates were plasmid‐free and susceptible to all antimicrobial agents tested.
Virulence of Recent and Former Classical Swine Fever Virus Isolates Evaluated by their Clinical and Pathological Signs
Authors: Floegel‐Niesmann G. , Bunzenthal C. , Fischer S. , Moennig V. , Kaaden O.‐R. 
Published: May 2003

SummaryThe clinical diagnosis of classical swine fever (CSF) still caused problems to the veterinarians during the last decade. The primary CSF outbreak was often detected too late and, meanwhile, the virus had spread. Consequently, the recent classical swine fever virus isolates (CSFV) were suspected to be of low virulence. The purpose of the study was to quantify the virulence of four recent CSFV by evaluating the clinical and pathological signs caused by different CSFV. Pigs of the same breed and age group were inoculated intranasally with CSFV from recent epidemics in European Union (EU) member states. The CSFV used are registered in the data base of the EU Reference Laboratory for CSF and belong to different genotypes: 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3 respectively. Clinical signs of CSF were evaluated by using a score system suggested previously (Mittelholzer et al., 2000: Vet. Microbiol. 74, 293). For the evaluation of pathological lesions, a new pathological score was introduced. The four CSFV tested here were classified as moderately virulent in general, although one CSFV may cause different clinical courses, ranging from highly virulent to avirulent. This indicates the importance of additional factors in the host animal for virulence. Differences in the clinical and pathological signs between these four recent CSFV were rather minor, emphasizing that the genetic typing of CSFV is absolutely essential. Differences towards former CSFV (e.g. reference virus strain Alfort 187) were more pronounced, especially regarding the onset and duration of the disease, the occurrence of skin haemorrhages and pathological lesions of kidney, subcutis and serosae. It is concluded that clinical diagnosis of CSF is rather difficult in pigs up to 14 days post‐CSFV infection using these four CSFV, emphasizing the need for careful differential diagnosis and the laboratory investigation for CSF at an early stage.
Coinfection by Cryptosporidium parvum and Porcine Circovirus Type 2 in Weaned Pigs
Authors: Núñez A. , McNeilly F. , Perea A. , Sánchez‐Cordón P. J. , Huerta B. , Allan G. , Carrasco L. 
Published: May 2003

SummaryRoutine histopathological diagnosis of one representative 3‐month‐old pig from a group suffering from diarrhoea revealed a massive degree of parasitation by Cryptosporidium parvum, with a concomitant infection by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), that was confirmed by immunohistochemical procedures. The areas of intestine where parasites were more numerous presented abundant PCV2 infected cells in mucosa and submucosa. The concurrence of C. parvum, a rare primary intestinal pathogen in post‐weaning and growing pigs, and PCV2 infections suggest an increased susceptibility as a result of an immunosuppression state.
Eradication of Aujeszky's Disease in Germany
Authors: Müller T. , Bätza H.‐J. , Schlüter H. , Conraths F. J. , Mettenleiter T. C. 
Published: May 2003

SummaryAujeszky's disease (AD) manifested itself in both German states in 1960. Owing to the historical development, in the subsequent two decades, the development of the disease and of its control in the Western and Eastern parts of Germany went different ways. This article describes differences and particularities in the development of AD in Germany leading to the establishment of a national AD eradication programme after re‐unification of the two German states at the beginning of the last decade. The basic principles of the German AD eradication programme are described, and the results of 10 years of efforts to control the disease are presented and discussed. Without any doubt, as in other European countries, implementation of the national eradication programme resulted in a considerable progress in the eradication of AD. Since the eradication programme has been established in 1989, particularly in West Germany, the number of AD outbreaks has decreased steadily from about 2000 cases in 1987 to 0 cases recorded in 2001. Recently, Germany has been declared as officially AD‐free by the European Commission.
Validity and Psychometric Properties of the General Health Questionnaire-12 in Young Australian Adolescents
Authors: Tait Robert J , French Davina J , Hulse Gary K 
Published: May 2003

Background: The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) is a measure of current mental wellbeing that has been extensively validated with adults. The instrument has also been used with adolescents. Objective: (i) To assess the psychometric properties of the GHQ-12 among school students in grades 7–10; (ii) to validate it against other psychological tests; and (iii) to suggest a threshold score. Method: The survey was conducted in single sex and mixed schools from the state and private system in Perth, Western Australia. The survey contained the GHQ-12 and measures of anxiety, depression, self-esteem, stress, generalized self-efficacy, social desirability and negative affectivity. Results: There were 336 students (female 55%) with an age range of 11–15 years (median 13). The GHQ showed good internal consistency (alpha 0.88). Girls had higher mean GHQ-12 scores than boys (F (1,326) 15.0, p < 0.001) and scores for both genders increased with school grade (F (3,326) 4.2, p < 0.01). Multiple linear regression showed that depression, anxiety, self-esteem and stress were significant independent predictors of GHQ scores. The model accounted for 68% of the variance (adjusted R 2). Screening indices were calculated by comparison with a combined depression and/or anxiety category. Threshold scores of 13/14 for males and 18/19 for females appeared optimal. General Health Questionnaire scores were compared with two criterion groups: adolescents in hospital with alcohol or drug (AOD) related problems and those with problems not related to AOD use. Only the former group had significantly higher total scores. Conclusions: The GHQ-12 showed good structural characteristics and was appropriately correlated with other measures of related traits. Overall, the GHQ-12 appears to be a valid index of psychological wellbeing in this population and was considerably shorter than some of the other instruments.
Randomized Controlled Trials in Psychiatry. Part 1: Methodology and Critical Evaluation
Authors: Porter Richard , Frampton Chris , Joyce Peter R. , Mulder Roger T. 
Published: May 2003

Objective: To introduce clinicians to the methodology and critical appraisal of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in psychiatry. Method: The methodology of RCTs in psychiatry is discussed. Using a systematic approach to critical appraisal, a published RCT of treatments for severe depression is examined and evaluated. Results and Conclusions: The RCT appraised illustrates certain problematic areas in the methodology of trials in psychiatry. A detailed knowledge of methodology and critique of RCTs is essential in determining whether reported results will influence clinicians’ practice.
Moral Responsibility and Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Bray Amanda 
Published: May 2003

Objective: To examine the concepts of free will and moral responsibility in a psychiatric context, and to consider whether those with borderline personality disorder (BPD) may be considered responsible for their actions. Method: A wide, but necessarily incomplete, range of literature was reviewed in the fields of psychiatry and philosophy. I offer a set of criteria for responsible action and examine some features of BPD in the light of these criteria. Results: Impulsivity, acting out and the less severe forms of dissociation do not vitiate responsibility. Severe dissociative and psychotic symptoms may well render people with BPD less morally responsible for their actions. Conclusions: Comorbid conditions in BPD may also affect the ability to act responsibly.
Substance Use Disorder Comorbidity Among Inpatient Youths With Psychiatric Disorder
Authors: Swadi Harith , Bobier Candace 
Published: May 2003

Objective: Substance abuse/dependence has been reported to show significant association with psychopathology, and is likely to influence the course and outcome of psychiatric illness. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of substance use disorders (other than alcohol) comorbidity among inpatient adolescents with severe Axis 1 psychiatric disorder. Method: A retrospective analysis of systematically collected data was carried out. The subjects were 16–18-year-old youths, admitted to an inpatient unit for severe psychiatric disorder. The data collection process utilized the DSM-IV criteria for diagnostic categorization of psychiatric disorder and substance use disorder. Demographic data, and data on suicide attempts were also collected. Results: Over a period of one year (March 2001–March 2002), 62 patients were admitted to the Christchurch Youth Inpatient Unit; 40 (64.5%) had a comorbid Substance Abuse Disorder (SAD) according to DSM-IV criteria and none had a Substance Dependence Disorder. The vast majority involved cannabis and stimulants. Sixty per cent of those with mood disorder, 63% of those with anxiety disorder and 80% of those with schizophrenia spectrum disorder had a comorbid SAD. Internalizing problems, especially mood disorders, predominated among those with SAD reflecting the Unit's admission criteria. There were no differences in attempted suicide rates between those with SAD and those without SAD, but those with SAD were more likely to have unstable accommodation/living arrangements than those without SAD. Conclusions: Our findings confirm previous reports suggestive of high rates of SAD comorbidity among youth with severe psychiatric illness. There are clinical and process implications for these findings particularly identification of substance use disorders and their treatment as well as resource availability and staff training.
TRAVELLERS: A School-Based Early Intervention Programme Helping Young People Manage and Process Change, Loss and Transition. Pilot Phase Findings
Authors: Dickinson Pauline , Coggan Carolyn , Bennett Sara 
Published: May 2003

Objective: This paper outlines the conceptual background and findings from the pilot phase of TRAVELLERS – an early intervention programme designed to enhance protective factors for young people experiencing change, loss and transition events and early signs of emotional distress. The pilot study aimed to determine whether TRAVELLERS was a feasible, acceptable and promising intervention for young people within secondary schools in Aotearoa/New Zealand. Method: The conceptual origins of the TRAVELLERS programme are described in terms of: adolescent mental health concerns; emerging mental health promotion theory and practice; and prevention and early intervention models. The key elements of the TRAVELLERS programme are described. The programme was piloted in two secondary schools, one rural and one urban with 34 participants (females n = 24, males n = 10). Evaluation methods included: review of programme materials; identification of potential selection tools appropriate to Year 9 students; analysis of selection questionnaire; and conduct of feedback from participants, facilitators and parents/caregivers. Results: The TRAVELLERS programme provides a means of identifying and selecting young people who may benefit from participating in an early intervention programme. The programme has achieved a statistically significant reduction in participants’ distress (p < 0.01). Young people were overwhelmingly enthusiastic about most aspects of TRAVELLERS. School personnel reported that TRAVELLERS was an appropriate and acceptable programme to the school. Conclusions: Targeted interventions provided within a supportive school environment can contribute to enhancing protective factors such as personal and interpersonal coping strategies, increased help-seeking behaviour, and young people feeling more positive about themselves and their lives. The pilot programme has been amended and prepared for a two year trial phase in 10 secondary schools during 2002–2003.
Bouffée Délirante and ICD-10 Acute and Transient Psychoses: A Comparative Study
Authors: Pillmann Frank , Haring Annette , Balzuweit Sabine , Blöink Raffaela , Marneros Andreas 
Published: May 2003

Objective: ICD-10 acute and transient psychotic disorder (ATPD; F23) has one of its historical roots in the French concept of bouffée délirante. This study explores the empirical relationship of the two concepts. Method: During a 5-year period, all inpatients with ATPD were identified; the diagnosis of bouffée délirante was also determined. We systematically evaluated demographic and clinical features and carried out follow-up investigations at an average of 2.2 years after the index episode using standardized instruments. Results: Forty-two (4.1%) of 1036 patients treated for psychotic disorders or major affective episode fulfilled the ICD-10 criteria of ATPD. Of these, only 28.6% also fulfilled the criteria of bouffée délirante. Patients with bouffée délirante were significantly younger than the remaining ATPD patients. Outcome parameters were generally more favourable for patients diagnosed with bouffée délirante than for ATPD patients without a concurrent diagnosis of bouffée délirante, but the difference was statistically significant only for occupational status. Conclusions: There are indications that a diagnosis of bouffée délirante carries a somewhat better prognosis than ATPD in general. However, the low frequency of operationally diagnosed bouffée délirante suggests that the criteria might be too narrow.
Awareness of Illness in Patients With Bipolar I Disorder With or Without Comorbid Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Pini Stefano , Dell'osso Liliana , Amador Xavier F. , Mastrocinque Concettina , Saettoni Marco , Cassano Giovanni B. 
Published: May 2003

Background: The present study examined whether specific types of comorbid anxiety disorders, namely panic disorder (PD), social phobia (SP) and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) are differentially associated with course variables and insight into bipolar illness. Method: The sample consisted of 151 consecutively hospitalized patients with bipolar I disorder. They were assessed in the week prior to discharge using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID-P), the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the Global Assessment of Functioning Scale (GAF) and the Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-90). Level of insight was assessed with the Scale to assess Unawareness of Mental Disorders (SUMD). Results: Of the 151 bipolar subjects, 92 had no PD, SP and OCD comorbidity, 35 had PD and 24 had SP and/or OCD. The three groups differed significantly on the current awareness of illness and treatment response scores and the retrospective awareness of illness and treatment response scores. Post-hoc analyses revealed that, compared with bipolar patients without PD/SD/OCD and those with comorbid PD, patients with comorbid SP and/or OCD had better insight on current awareness of illness, current awareness of treatment response, retrospective awareness of illness and retrospective awareness of treatment response. The regression analysis showed that the presence of no panic type anxiety comorbidity was a predictor of good insight. Conclusions: These data indicate the value of identifying comorbid anxiety disorders in patients with bipolar illness. The results could be interpreted as evidence of discrete disorders within the bipolar spectrum, one that is characterized by, among other things, SP and/or OCD with good insight, another characterized by PD with poor insight.
Evaluation of parathyroid hyperplasia by ultrasonographic examination in patients with end‐stage renal failure before and at initiation of dialysis
Authors: HAMADA CHIEKO , FUKUI MITSUMINE , SAKAMOTO TOMOKO , KOIZUMI MICHIKO , ISHIGURO CHIZURU , OSADA SHIWORI , SHOU ICHIYU , HAYASHI KAYO , TOMINO YASUHIKO 
Published: May 2003

SUMMARY:  Secondary hyperparathyroidism (2HPT), which is related to renal osteodystrophy (ROD), may occur in patients in the comparatively early stage of chronic renal failure (CRF). Secondary hyperparathyroidism patients with parathyroid hyperplasia showed resistance to vitamin D3 treatment during long‐term dialysis. At present, evaluation by ultrasonography is considered to be useful for confirming parathyroid hyperplasia. There are no clinical data associated with imaging evaluation of 2HPT in CRF patients. In the present study, the relationship among clinical and biochemical data, and parathyroid hyperplasia by ultrasonography, was evaluated in 12 patients (six males and six females) with end‐stage renal failure (ESRF) before and at initiation of dialysis. Five patients showed an enlargement of parathyroid glands in ultrasonography. Levels of serum‐intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) in patients with parathyroid hyperplasia (positive group) were significantly higher than in those without hyperplasia (negative group; 97.6 ± 36.65 vs 17.4 ± 4.45 pmol/L; P < 0.05). The levels of intact PTH were above 35.0 pmol/L in all five patients with hyperplasia. All patients in the positive group had never taken vitamin D3 supplements. Calcium‐containing phosphate binders were not prescribed before the present study, except in one patient. Parathyroid hyperplasia caused by 2HPT was recognized in patients before and at initiation of dialysis in this study. It appears that untreated 2HPT in CRF patients may progress to advanced 2HPT in ESRF before and/or after the early stage of dialysis. The levels of serum intact PTH are useful in predicting parathyroid hyperplasia.
Clinical observations of mycophenolate mofetil therapy in refractory primary nephrotic syndrome
Authors: ZHAO MINGHUI , CHEN XIANGMEI , CHEN YIPU , LIU ZHANGSUO , LIU YUCHUN , LU FANGPING , ZHANG YANPING , WANG HAIYAN 
Published: May 2003

SUMMARY:  Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is an effective immunosuppressive agent in renal transplantation, and preliminary studies suggest that it may also be effective in the treatment of lupus nephritis. This study investigated the efficacy and safety of MMF therapy in patients with refractory primary nephrotic syndrome in a prospective multicentre clinical observation. Nineteen refractory nephrotic patients with minimal change disease or mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis were enrolled in this study. Combined MMF and prednisone therapy was used for 6 months with an initial MMF dose of 1.0–2.0 g/day and a prednisone dose of 20–60 mg/day; both drugs were tapered gradually. It was found that all patients achieved clinical remission and 11 of 19 responded within 4 weeks, and 12 of 19 patients entered complete clinical remission. The prednisone dose in those patients who were previously steroid dependent could be successfully tapered. During follow up, three patients experienced transient increasing of proteinuria associated with infections and recovered without an adjustment of therapy. One patient was withdrawn from the study because of a fall in haemoglobin levels; other adverse effects did not necessitate withdrawal. Follow‐up renal biopsies in two patients found no alteration in renal pathology. Mycophenolate mofetil is an effective and well‐tolerated immunosuppressive agent for patients with refractory nephrotic syndrome.