bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cortical Modulation of Auditory Processing in the Thalamus
Authors: Villa Alessandro E P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The thalamus is the main source of input to the sensory areas of the cerebral cortex of mammals. Reciprocal connections exist between these structures and sensory information is processed in a complex way in the thalamus, so it cannot be regarded as a mere relay station conveying peripheral inputs to the cortex (Jones 1985; Steriade and Llinas 1988; Murray and Guillery 1996). Furthermore, there is now convincing evidence that the different states of consciousness (a fortiori wakefulness vs. sleep) are correlated with a modified output of the thalamus to the cortex, and that alterations of information processing by thalamic circuits may play a role in certain forms of epilepsy (Steriade et al. 1990, 1993). Intracellular recordings and models of the electrophysiologic properties of thalamocortical relay cells have demonstrated that these cells may discharge either in a “tonic” or a “bursting” mode (Jahnsen and Llinas 1984a,b; McCormick and Huguenard 1992).
Examining the Basis of Neural Plasticity Using Chronic Pharmacologic Applications
Authors: Galuske Ralf A W , Kim Dae-Shik , Schmidt Kerstin E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most common method to assess neural activity in the brain is to extracellularly record the discharges of neurons during sensory stimulation. Generally, this approach permits the measurement of responses from a single neuron per electrode. This technique is the method of choice for the basic exploration of neuronal properties. However, for many sensory cortical areas it is well established that neurons with particular functional properties are not randomly distributed over the entire area, but are clustered together into small groups with similar functional properties forming ordered two-dimensional representations or maps of different stimulus features (e.g. Hubel and Wiesel 1962; Hubel et al. 1978; Bonhoeffer and Grinvald 1991).
Reversible Impairment of an Auditory–visual Association Task
Authors: Sierra-Paredes Germán , Fuster Joaquín M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPC) of the primate plays an essential role in the temporal organization of goal-directed behavior (Fuster 1997). To perform that role, the DLPC engages sensory and motor cortices in complex functional interactions that integrate information from many sources into sequences of purposive action. The most compelling evidence of the temporal integrative role of the DLPC derives from the deficits that lesions of this cortex induce in delay tasks, where a specific sensory item determines a specific action after a delay of a few seconds. The cooling of DLPC has been shown to impair reversibly the performance of visual (Bauer and Fuster 1976; Quintana et al. 1993) and tactile (Shindy et al. 1994) delay tasks.
Bacterial Symbionts of Protozoa in Aqueous Environments–Potential Pathogens?
Authors: Görtz Hans-Dieter , Michel Rolf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The public was shocked in 1976 when a number of American veterans suffered from an enigmatic pneumonia and many of the patients died. The so far unknown type of pneumonia was then termed Legionnaires’ disease. It was caused by an intra cellular bacterium that was designated Legionella pneumophila. It was found that Legionella can exist in protozoa such as Tetrahymena and Acanthamoeba, and the bacteria were isolated from small amoebae from freshwater and soil (Rowbotham 1980, 1986; Barbaree et al. 1986; for a review see Jeon 1991). The first occurrence of Legionnaires’ disease was a warning that newly established technical facilities in human environments may be of epidemiological significance. New facilities may provide suitable habitats for microorganisms or their reservoir hosts. In the specific case of this disease it would be thin water films found in air conditioners resulting from condensing water. Also, the significance of protozoa and invertebrates as reservoir hosts or even vectors of intracellular pathogenic micro organisms had not been realized before.
Palaeobacteriology With Special Reference to Pathogenic Mycobacteria
Authors: Spigelman Mark , Donoghue Helen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Skeletal deformities and the occasional lesion in a preserved corpse or mummy are often highly suggestive of ancient microbial disease. However, until recently it appeared that archaeologists were doomed never to fully identify the origins, extent, and types of these ancient diseases, thus making it impossible to understand the aetiology of epidemics that were so important in determining the course of history. A new science of palaeomicrobi ology can now give insight into the aetiology and nature of many microbial diseases. This chapter deals in the main with bacterial infections, while the chapter that follows – a study in paleo-or archaeovirology – examines a major viral infection, influenza (Taubenberger et al. 2000). In the next sections we shall examine the skeletal evidence for ancient bacterial activity.
Archaevirology: Characterization of the 1918 ‘Spanish’ Influenza Pandemic Virus
Authors: Taubenberger Jeffery K , Reid Ann H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The advent of molecular genetic pathology has opened a new venue for the study of infectious dis eases, especially the ability to study ‘fossil’ organ isms not currently circulating. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue samples, the most common form of pathologic tissue collections, can be used not only for histological and immunohisto chemical analyses, but also for molecular genetic analyses of DNA and RNA (Krafft et al. 1997). Indeed, the advent of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has made it possible to perform molecular genetic analyses of DNA and RNA from the vast majority of alcohol-and formalin-fixed tissue samples. For infectious diseases, such analyses have found routine use in clinical diagnosis (e.g. whether a liver biopsy is positive for hepatitis C virus) and in research. Tissue archives have also made it possible to identify previously unknown infectious agents [e.g. the identification of human herpes
Cancellation of oscillations, averaging lemmas, regularizing effects
Authors: Perthame Benoît 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with various regularizing effects for scalar conservation laws that we prove via the kinetic formulation. The first one concerns a better integrability in L p spaces than that given by the initial data. We prove that the growth at infinity of the flux functions Ai(u) induces a gain on the local L p integrability but working both in space and time. The method of proof relies on the choice of appropriate entropies, which is not natural at all at the level of the conservation law itself, but which is equivalent to a classical tool for kinetic equations and which is called moment lemmas.
Elements of Synchrotron Light
Authors: Margaritondo Giorgio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a very simple but complete description of synchrotron sources and free electron lasers and of the corresponding instrumentation and techniques written primarily for scientists and students in the life sciences, medical research and chemistry. Scientists and students in other fields can also profit from a clear and elementary introduction to this rapidly expanding field. The emphasis is on simple concepts and the mathematical formalism is reduced to a minimum. No advanced knowledge of physics and mathematics is required beyond a standard elementary background. The reading is facilitated by a two-level presentation including a very simple descriptive treatment, and slightly more in-depth discussions of specific topics. With the first-level treatment, the readers will be able to understand the notions, terms, and techniques that are required to use a synchrotron facility. The book is therefore an ideal first step for all those beginning to use synchrotron light for their work or are considering such a possibility. The book is also suitable as a text for undergraduate courses as well as for specialized schools and continuing education courses. Thesis advisors active in synchrotron research will find it very useful as a first general introduction for their beginning graduate students. The treated topics include the basic functioning mechanisms of synchrotrons and free electron lasers, a description of synchrotron-based techniques in x-ray imaging and radiology, spectroscopy, microscopy and spectromicroscopy, EXAFS, crystallography and scattering (with special emphasis on macromolecular crystallography), microfabrication, and other techniques. The work is concluded by an analysis of the forseeable future developments in this field.
User’s guide
Authors: Margaritondo Giorgio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is primarily written for users who do not possess a broad background in physics and chemistry but only basic notions. Its main objective is to explain in simple terms the properties of synchrotron sources, the related instrumentation and the utilization techniques of specific interest to chemistry, biology and medical research. Readers from other disciplines could also profit from the simple presentation, primarily based on qualitative concepts rather than on complicated mathematics or physics.
Review Of Continuum Mechanics
Authors: Bhattacharya Kaushik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we quickly review some basic aspects of linear algebra and some basic kinematic concepts of continuum mechanics. A reader who finds this review insufficient is referred to a book on continuum mechanics like those by Fung (1977), Gurtin (1981) and Spencer (1980). We confine our attention to three dimensions.
Martensitic Phase Transform Ation
Authors: Bhattacharya Kaushik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are interested in developing a continuum theory for materials that undergo the martensitic phase transformation. In particular, we are interested in understanding the origin and the nature of the microstructure that is observed in these materials. In this chapter, we introduce the basic concepts of the theory. We confine ourselves for now to specimens that are single crystals in the austenite state.
Special Microstructures
Authors: Bhattacharya Kaushik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we study some important microstructures. We use two key ideas. The first is that a microstructure can be represented using a weakly converging sequence of deformations with finer and finer details as described in Chapter 6. The second is that that energy minimization forces the gradients of these sequences to take values only in the energy wells as described in Chapter 4.
The supersymmetry algebra and its representations
Authors: Binétruy P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now that we have acquired some familiarity with super symmetry and the techniques involved, we may discuss more thoroughly the super symmetry algebra and its representations. As an example of application, we will then discuss in more details the construction of the representations of N = 2 super symmetry. Of great importance is the appearance of short representations of super symmetry, associated with the concept of BPS states in solition physics. Their study allows us to introduce such notions as moduli, moduli space, etc. important when we discuss super symmetry breaking or string and brane theory. This chapter is intended for the more theoretically oriented reader1.
The minimal supersymmetric model
Authors: Binétruy P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a part of the general effort to implement super symmetry at the level of fundamental interactions, the minimal super symmetric extension of the Standard Model is motivated and described here at tree level. The presentation of its phenomenology requires a discussion of radiative corrections which play here a central roˆle ; it is therefore postponed to Chapter 7. Of great interest for astrophysics is the lightest super symmetric particle (LSP) if it is stable: as a weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP), it provides a candidate for dark matter. The last section of this chapter is devoted to these considerations.
Dynamical breaking. Duality
Authors: Binétruy P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A motivation for supersymmetry is the stability of the electroweak breaking scale under quantum corrections arising from fundamental physics at a much higher scale (naturalness problem). One may however turn the argument around: in a theory with a very large fundamental scale, how does one generate a scale as low as the super-symmetry breaking scale (hierarchy problem)? Again, the supersymmetry breaking mechanism should be devised in order to provide a rationale for such a behavior. We will argue in what follows that nonperturbative dynamics may be the answer: there are several examples where nonperturbative phenomena account for the generation of very large ratios of scales. This is referred to under the generic name of dynamical breaking. As we will see, supersymmetry provides new tools to control quantum fluctuations in the nonperturbative regime. One will uncover some duality relations between two regimes of a given theory, or two regimes of two different theories. This duality is often of a strong/weak coupling nature and is thus very promising to study strongly interacting theories.
The challenges of supersymmetry
Authors: Binétruy P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although supersymmetry provides a satisfactory, and probably necessary, framework to address the questions left aside by the Standard Model, it is facing some diﬃcult challenges. We take the opportunity in this last chapter to discuss two of the most diﬃcult questions: the flavor problem and the cosmological constant problem. The lack of a clear solution to either of these problems would be (is?) probably a sign that we are missing an important piece of the jigsaw puzzle and that, if there is supersymmetry, it is probably not realized in the exact way that we presently think it is.
GaN or the history of a scientific explosion driven by applications and markets
Authors: Duboz Jean-Yves , Garcia Jean-Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early 90s, GaN was an exotic semiconductor studied by a few exotic people. The rest of the planet was considering this domain of research as ‘scientifically interesting’, which in certain minds translates as unrealistic, an endless search for a mythical grail, a black hole for time and money. There was even scientific evidence that GaN would remain forever a material as good as wood for optoelectronics.
Indium gallium nitride (InGaN)-optical properties and technological implications
Authors: O’Donnell Kevin P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The successful introduction of indium into gallium nitride using epitaxial growth techniques has lead to the recent introduction of the InGaN-based blue laser diode and of light-emitting diodes that span the visible spectrum. However, it is believed that indium nitride is insoluble in gallium nitride at the growth temperatures used in fabricating such devices, with the result that a vigorous debate has started on the state of aggregation of the light-emitting material on the nanoscale. While most research has focused upon materials with modest indium nitride fractions, it is at high and low concentrations that we observe the most interesting and puzzling optical effects.
Low-dimensional nitrides: a laboratory for ultrafast physics
Authors: Kavokin Alexey , Malpuech Guillaume 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Exciton-polariton will be the hero of this chapter. Light-matter coupling phenomena in nitrides will be considered from the point of view of both quantum mechanics and classical optics. We will show that extremely large exciton oscillator strength and peculiar band structure make nitrides excellent candidates for study of the most striking phenomena of solid state optics. Exciton-polaritons, i.e. quasi-particles appearing as a result of photon coupling with an elementary crystal excitation, govern the coherent optical response of low-dimensional semiconductor structures on a femtosecond to picosecond time-scale. Ultra-rapid transport of a neutral electronic excitation by a blue light is a close reality in nitrides. The challenge of the year 2001 is achievement of the strong-coupling regime in GaN-based microcavities that would allow studying of the stimulated scattering of bi-dimensional blue exciton-polaritons that could give way to a new generation of optoelectronic devices (polariton lasers). The principal difficulty for observation of a wide class of striking phenomena predicted theoretically, is a huge inhomogeneous broadening of excitons caused by a potential disorder in presently available nitride-based structures. The problem of exciton-polariton propagation in disordered media is one of the most essential for the correct description of ultrafast optical phenomena in nitrides.
Optoelectronic devices based on low-dimensional nitride heterostructures
Authors: Hangleiter Andreas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Group-III-nitride-based optoelectronic devices have been the key driving force in the recent rapid development of nitride technology. Historically, the first light-emitting nitride device was a metal-insulator-semiconductor light-emitting diode (MIS-LED) developed by Jacques Pankove and coworkers [1] in the seventies, with dim pnjunction LEDs following in the late eighties [2]. Until 1992 the brightness of nitride LEDs reached only the millicandela range, still unable to surpass the SiC-based blue LEDs of those days. Only in 1993, were Nakamura and coworkers [3] able to report significant progress in GaN-based blue LED brightness, reaching the one candela level in 1994 [4]. While these first bright GaN-LEDs were still based on donor-acceptor transitions in thick GaN layers, super-bright violet, blue, and green LEDs utilizing the reduced dimensionality in GainN/GaN quantum wells were reported only shortly thereafter [5, 6].
Introduction
Authors: Higgins Julia S , BenoÎt Hendri C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the relationship between their physical properties and their molecular structure is considered, the most obvious characteristic of macromolecules is their length. For example, a polyethylene molecule with 106 repeat units stretched out in its planar zigzag form is 0.2 mm long. The organization of these enormously long molecules, even in dilute solution, let alone in bulk samples, poses fascinating questions. When molecular motion is added too, it is easy to see why research groups, or indeed whole laboratories are set up for the study of molecular properties of polymers.
Theoretical basis of scattering
Authors: Higgins Julia S , BenoÎt Hendri C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some very simple ideas about the basis of neutron scattering theory have already been introduced in Chapter I. It is now necessary to develop mathematically the formalism in which the angular and energy dependence of scattering from model systems can be calculated and then used to interpret experimental data. As was indicated, this formalism is based on two so-called structure factors: S(q), the static structure factor and S(q, AE) the dynamic structure factor where q is the momentum transfer and AE the difference in energy between the incident neutron E; and the scattered neutron Er.
Labelling with deuterium—how, why, and when to use
Authors: Higgins Julia S , BenoÎt Hendri C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anyone reading this chapter who has also been following the neutron scattering literature over the last 15 years cannot have failed to notice that deuterium labelling is at the centre of the small angle scattering technique as far as applications to polymer science are concerned. The reader may also have been puzzled by the question of how much labelling is required or desirable. In the literature there have been several swings which must give the impression that the neutron scatterers are very uncertain about the advantages and dangers of this tool. In the early papers very low concentrations of deuterated molecules were used. Moreover, extrapolations to zero concentration were applied in some cases. Then, in about 1980, levels around 50/50 of ordinary and deuterated species were reported. More recently, studies of the thermodynamic effects of mixing the two species have appeared and the fashion has switched back to lower levels of labelling. These changes have been caused by a deepening of the theoretical and experimental understanding of labelling and its consequences. Generally speaking, an historical approach to teaching science does not aid understanding (though it may well be amusing to follow the intuitive leaps that had to be made and discover some of the blind alleys of the subject). In this case it will be important to look carefully at both the physical interactions and their thermodynamical consequences in order to grasp the potential and the limitations of the technique.
Dynamics
Authors: Higgins Julia S , BenoÎt Hendri C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Motion of polymer molecules occurs over many decades of frequency from the slow reorientation of whole molecules in melts just above their glass transition temperatures (T8) which may take hours, to the torsions and vibrations of side groups at around 1014 Hz. As will be seen, the neutron technique samples only the upper end of this frequency range with a limit which has currently been pushed down by the ultrahigh resolution spin echo spectrometer to around 107 Hz.
Neutron reflection for studying surfaces and interfaces
Authors: Higgins Julia S , BenoÎt Hendri C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A recent addition to the family of neutron scattering techniques, and one of particular importance for polymeric samples is neutron reflection. This is a technique which explores the variation in composition normal to a surface reflecting the neutrons. In essence it belongs with the small angle scattering experiments, and not a few of the results already published have been obtained on spectrometers constructed for small angle scattering. However, both the formalism adopted to interpret the data and the conceptual design of the experiments are very different from those for small angle scattering, so reflection enjoys the privilege of a short chapter of its own. Although we will be relatively brief, the explosion of interest in the applications of neutron reflection to polymer surfaces and interfaces and to polymers adsorbed at surfaces and interfaces almost rivals the similar explosive growth which occurred when the small angle scattering technique began to be available in the seventies. Again, it is likely to be the usual inhibiting factors of restricted availability and access which limit the applications of the technique. In this case, though, we will see that the actual form of the samples is very important. They must be flat and, usually, thin.
Excitations in Liquid and Solid Helium
Authors: Glyde Henry R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Liquid 4He and 3He are the purest Brose and Fermi liquids currently available in nature. Understanding the dynamics and excitations of those quantum systems is a fundamental issue of science and a guide for more complex matter. The book develops the theory of zero sound, phonons, rotons, spin and single particle excitations in quantum solids and fluids in an historical context. The book brings the theory up to date in modern language with similarities between quantum solids and fluids drawn wherever possible. A survey of recent neutron scattering data in each system is presented. A critical comparison of theory and recent data provides a comprehensive assessment of our current understanding of collective and single particle excitations in quantum liquids and solids.