bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resistance of potato cultivars to Synchytrium endobioticum in field and laboratory tests, risk of secondary infection, and implications for phytosanitary regulations
Authors: Baayen R. P. , Bonthuis H. , Withagen J. C. M. , Wander J. G. N. , Lamers J. L. , Meffert J. P. , Cochius G. , Van Leeuwen G. C. M. , Hendriks H. , Heerink B. G. J. , Van Den Boogert P. H. J. F. , Van De Griend P. , Bosch R. A. 
Published: May 2005

Laboratory (Spieckermann) tests, pot tests and field tests provided concordant evidence for the partial nature of resistance of potatoes to pathotypes 1 (D1) and 6 (O1) of Synchytrium endobioticum. Susceptible potato cultivars produced large warts (> 16 mm in diameter) in Spieckermann tests and had low field resistance levels (1–6). Field‐resistant cultivars (levels 7–9) produced small warts or no warts at all in Spieckermann and field tests. In pot tests, at low inoculum levels (1 sporangium per 25 g soil) susceptible cultivars still developed warts, whereas field‐resistant ones did not develop any warts below 25 sporangia per g soil. Above 35 sporangia per g soil, 100% disease incidence was observed in susceptible cultivars but only minimal wart development in field‐resistant ones. Tests with continuous cultivation of potato cultivars in infected soil during three consecutive years showed that field‐resistant cultivars will not support build‐up of inoculum in soil. It is concluded that field‐resistant cultivars do not create a risk of secondary infection, the criterion given for resistance in EU Directive 69/464/EC.
Detection of Meloidogyne incognita and Pochonia chlamydosporia by fluorogenic molecular probes*
Authors: Ciancio A. , Loffredo A. , Paradies F. , Turturo C. , Sialer M. Finetti 
Published: May 2005

Fluorescent molecular probes were applied for detection of the plant parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita and the nematode‐egg parasitic fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia var. chlamydosporia. A region in the M. incognita rDNA including ITS2 was selected for amplification and recognition with a real‐time PCR assay, based on a combination of three specific motifs, each recognized by a specific fluorescent probe. Similarly, a Scorpion probe was designed for the RT‐PCR quantification of P. c. chlamydosporia. For this purpose, the ITS‐2 rDNA gene of the fungus was sequenced from a number of Italian isolates. A conserved region unique for P. c. chlamydosporia found in the ITS‐2 rDNA gene was used. The probes allowed recognition of single juveniles of M. incognita and of the mycelium‐ or soil‐extracted fungal DNA. The potentialities of the detection procedures are discussed.
Direct tuber testing for Potato Y potyvirus by real‐time RT‐PCR and ELISA: reliable options for post‐harvest testing?*
Authors: Fox A. , Evans F. , Browning I. 
Published: May 2005

The method currently used for testing potato tubers for viruses following harvest involves a growing‐on test. This takes up to 6 weeks to complete, and there is therefore a demand for more rapid test results. The sensitivity and reliability of direct tuber testing by DAS‐ELISA and real‐time RT‐PCR (TaqMan) were compared with the growing‐on test. In addition, the reliability of all three methods for the detection of Potato Y potyvirus (PVY) in tubers was compared over post‐harvest intervals of 6, 10, 14 and 18 weeks. The test material came from plots of tubers (cv. ‘Maris Piper’) containing a primary infection of strains PVYN and PVYO, following aphid transmission from marked infector plants grown during the 2003 season. Sample material was homogenized and divided, to provide comparative test material for detection of PVY by ELISA and real‐time RT‐PCR. Tuber eye‐plugs were then taken and subjected to the growing‐on test. The remainder of the tuber was also grown on and tested, to ensure infection was not missed as a consequence of an uneven distribution of virus throughout the tuber material. The results obtained using the two methods for direct testing of the tubers, and those results obtained from the traditional growing‐on test, are compared. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are discussed.
International and regional standards for diagnosis of regulated pests*
Authors: Petter F. , Lof V. , Smith I. M. 
Published: May 2005

For the last 8 years, EPPO has run a European Panel on diagnostics, which has developed regional standards on diagnostic protocols. Nearly 60 such standards have now been approved, and are in active use in EPPO countries. In 2004, the Interim Commission for Phytosanitary Measures (ICPM) of FAO, in reviewing global needs for International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs), recognized that there is a strong interest in developing diagnostic protocols for all IPPC contracting parties. Such protocols would support the harmonization of detection and identification procedures worldwide, contribute to greater transparency and comparability in the diagnostics of regulated pests, and assist in the resolution of disputes between trading partners. In addition, such protocols would constitute a very good material for technical assistance. In 2004, the ICPM adopted a mechanism for more rapid development of ISPMs in specific areas, suitable particularly for diagnostic protocols. A Technical Panel to develop protocols for specific pests was also established and met for the first time in September 2004. A format for international diagnostic protocols was prepared, together with a list of priority pests.
Detection of Xanthomonas fragariae in symptomless strawberry plants by nested PCR*
Authors: Moltmann E. , Zimmermann C. 
Published: May 2005

Xanthomonas fragariae spreads in symptomlessly infected strawberry plantlets and a method for detection of latent infections is necessary. It is a very slow‐growing bacterium in culture and is easily overgrown by saprophytic bacteria. Therefore, plating is not a suitable method for detecting low numbers of bacteria in symptomless plants. In addition, selective media are not available. Serological assays like immunofluorescence are useful for testing in‐vitro plants, but they are not suitable for field‐grown plants, as cross reactions are common with the available antisera. For these plants, nested PCR with primers from Pooler (Pooler et al., 1996) and Zimmermann (Zimmermann et al., 2004) has proved to be a valuable method. The method was successfully applied for a survey of strawberry plants from fields in Germany and for testing imported plants (frigo and green plants).
‘SSW to NNE’– North Atlantic Oscillation affects the progress of seasons across Europe
Authors: Menzel A. , Sparks T. H. , Estrella N. , Eckhardt S. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThree European plant phenological network datasets were analysed for latitudinal and longitudinal gradients of nine phenological ‘seasons’ spanning the entire year. The networks were: (1) the historical first European Phenological Network (1882–1941) by Hoffmann & Ihne, (2) the network of the International Phenological Gardens in Europe (1959–1998), founded by Schnelle & Volkert in 1957 and based on cloned plants, and (3) a dataset (1951–1998) that was recently collated during the EU Fifth Framework project POSITIVE, which included network data of seven Central and Eastern European countries. Our study is most likely the first, for over a century, to analyse average onset and year‐to‐year variability of the progress of seasons across a continent. For early, mid, and late spring seasons we found a marked progress of the seasonal onset from SW to NE throughout Europe, more precisely from WSW to ENE in early spring, then from SW to NE and finally from SSW to NNE in late spring, as exhibited by the relationship between latitudinal and longitudinal gradients. The movement of summer was more south to north directed, as the longitudinal gradient (west–east component) strongly declined or was even of opposite sign. Autumn, as shown by leaf colouring dates, arrived from NE to SW. Possible reasons for the differences among the three datasets are discussed. The annual variability of latitudinal and longitudinal gradients of the seasons across Europe was closely related to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index; in years with high NAO in both winter and spring, the west–east component of progress was more pronounced; in summer and autumn, the pattern of the seasons may be more uniform.
Tachykinins and tachykinin‐receptors in the rat pineal gland
Authors: Mukda S. , Chetsawang B. , Govitrapong P. , Schmidt P. T. , Hay‐Schmidt A. , Møller M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractHigh‐pressure liquid chromatography of extracts of rat pineal glands, followed by radio immunological analysis with antibodies against tachykinins, demonstrated the presence of substance P, neurokinin A and neurokinin B in the superficial rat pineal gland. Immunohistochemistry on perfusion‐fixed rat brain sections showed substance P and neurokinin A to be present in nerve fibers located both in the perivascular spaces as well as intraparenchymally between the pinealocytes. After extracting total RNA, followed by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction amplification with primers specific for NK1‐, NK2‐ and NK3‐receptors, agarose gel analysis of the reaction products showed the presence of mRNA encoding all three neurokinin receptors. Immunohistochemical analysis showed NK1 receptor to be located in the interstitial cells of the gland. This location was confirmed by use of in situ hybridization using radioactively labeled antisense oligonucleotide probes. Double immunohistochemical stainings showed that the NK1‐immunoreactive cells were not a part of the macrophages or antigen‐presenting cells of the gland. Our study suggests that tachykinins, after release from intrapineal nerve fibers, are involved in an up to now unknown function, different from that of melatonin synthesis.
Emotional and spatial learning in goldfish is dependent on different telencephalic pallial systems
Authors: Portavella Manuel , Vargas Juan P. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn mammals, the amygdala and the hippocampus are involved in different aspects of learning. Whereas the amygdala complex is involved in emotional learning, the hippocampus plays a critical role in spatial and contextual learning. In fish, it has been suggested that the medial and lateral region of the telencephalic pallia might be the homologous neural structure to the mammalian amygdala and hippocampus, respectively. Although there is evidence of the implication of medial and lateral pallium in several learning processes, it remains unclear whether both pallial areas are involved distinctively in different learning processes. To address this issue, we examined the effect of selective ablation of the medial and lateral pallium on both two‐way avoidance and reversal spatial learning in goldfish. The results showed that medial pallium lesions selectively impaired the two‐way avoidance task. In contrast, lateral pallium ablations impaired the spatial task without affecting the avoidance performance. These results indicate that the medial and lateral pallia in fish are functionally different and necessary for emotional and spatial learning, respectively. Present data could support the hypothesis that a sketch of these regions of the limbic system, and their associated functions, were present in the common ancestor of fish and terrestrial vertebrates 400 million years ago.
Phosphorylation of cysteine string protein in the brain: developmental, regional and synaptic specificity
Authors: Evans Gareth J. O. , Morgan Alan 
Published: May 2005

AbstractProtein phosphorylation modulates regulated exocytosis in most cells, including neurons. Cysteine string protein (CSP) has been implicated in this process because its phosphorylation on Ser10 alters its interactions with syntaxin and synaptotagmin, and because the effect of CSP overexpression on exocytosis kinetics in chromaffin cells requires phosphorylatable Ser10. To characterize CSP phosphorylation in the brain, we raised phosphospecific antibodies to Ser10. Western blotting revealed that the proportion of phosphorylated CSP (P‐CSP) varies between distinct brain regions and also exhibits developmental regulation, with P‐CSP highest early in development. Immunohistochemical analysis of the cerebellar cortex revealed a novel pool of P‐CSP that did not colocalize with synaptic vesicle markers during early development. Strikingly, in the adult cerebellar granular layer P‐CSP was highly enriched in a subset of glutamatergic synapses but undetectable in neighbouring GABA‐ergic synapses. In view of the functional consequences of CSP phosphorylation, such differences could contribute to the synapse‐specific regulation of neurotransmitter release.
Hepatic vagotomy alters limbic and hypothalamic neuropeptide responses to insulin‐dependent diabetes and voluntary lard ingestion
Authors: La Fleur Susanne E. , Manalo Sotara L. , Roy Monica , Houshyar Hani , Dallman Mary F. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractHypothalamic anorexigenic [corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF) and proopiomelanocortin] peptides decrease and the orexigen, neuropeptide Y, increases with diabetic hyperphagia. However, when diabetic rats are allowed to eat lard (saturated fat) as well as chow, both caloric intake and hypothalamic peptides normalize. These neuropeptide responses to lard require an intact hepatic vagus [la Fleur et al. (2003)Diabetes, 52, 2321–2330]. Here, we delineate temporal interactions after lard consumption ± hepatic vagotomy (HV) between feeding and brain neuropeptide expression in insulin‐dependent diabetic rats. CRF‐mRNA was reduced in the paraventricular nuclei (PVN) by 6 h after presentation of lard, before caloric intake increased in HV‐diabetic rats, and did not increase at 30 or 36 h, as it did in shamHV‐diabetic rats eating lard. CRF‐mRNA was increased in the bed nuclei of the stria terminalis of HV‐diabetic rats compared with shamHV‐diabetic rats only when caloric intake was high at 30 or 36 h. At 36 h, shamHV‐diabetic rats eating chow had increased CRF‐mRNA in the central amygdala but diabetic rats eating lard had decreased CRF‐mRNA, whereas HV‐diabetic rats eating chow or lard had normal CRF‐mRNA in the central amygdala. We conclude that eating lard restores peptide expression to normal in the hypothalamus of diabetic rats, and because decreased CRF‐mRNA in the PVN precedes the increase in caloric intake in HV‐diabetic rats eating lard, that the loss of a hepatic vagal signal to PVN may be responsible for increased intake; moreover, CRF‐mRNA in limbic structures is also sensitive to both HV and lard ingestion in diabetic rats.
Congenital anomaly rate in offspring of mothers with diabetes treated with insulin lispro during pregnancy
Authors: Wyatt J. W. , Frias J. L. , Hoyme H. E. , Jovanovic L. , Kaaja R. , Brown F. , Garg S. , Lee‐Parritz A. , Seely E. W. , Kerr L. , Mattoo V. , Tan M. ,   the IONS study group
Published: May 2005

AbstractAim  To determine the rate of major congenital anomalies in offspring of a large group of women with diabetes mellitus treated with insulin lispro (Humalog®).Methods  This multinational, multicentre, retrospective study included mothers with diabetes mellitus (diagnosed prior to conception) who were treated with insulin lispro for at least 1 month before conception and during at least the first trimester of pregnancy. Anomalies were assessed by two independent dysmorphologists not affiliated with the sponsor.Results  The charts of 496 women were reviewed for 533 pregnancies resulting in 542 offspring (500 live births, 31 spontaneous and seven elective abortions, and four stillbirths). Mothers’ characteristics: mean (± sd) age was 29.9 (± 5.2) years, 85.6% were Caucasian and 97.2% had Type 1 diabetes mellitus. Insulin lispro continued to be the main mealtime insulin for more than 96% of the women during the second and third trimester. The dysmorphologists determined that 27 (5.4%) offspring had major congenital anomalies and 2 (0.4%) offspring had minor congenital anomalies.Conclusions  The rate of major congenital anomalies was 5.4%[95% CI (3.45%, 7.44%)] for offspring of mothers with diabetes mellitus treated with insulin lispro before and during pregnancy. The current published rates of major anomalies in infants born to mothers with diabetes treated with insulin are between 2.1 and 10.9%. This suggests that the anomaly rate with insulin lispro treatment does not differ from the published major congenital anomaly rates for other insulin treatments.
In situ U–Pb dating of zircon formed from retrograde garnet breakdown during decompression in Rogaland, SW Norway
Authors: TOMKINS H. S. , WILLIAMS I. S. , ELLIS D. J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractRegionally metamorphosed metapelites from Rogaland, SW Norway, contain zircon formed during the decompression reaction garnet + sillimanite + quartz → cordierite. The zircon, which occurs as inclusions in cordierite coronas around garnet, is texturally, chemically and isotopically distinct from older zircon in other textural settings in the matrix. A SHRIMP U–Pb age of 955 ± 8 Ma based on analyses in thin section on the decompression zircon from the cordierite coronas, therefore dates a point on the retrograde path, estimated from garnet–cordierite equilibria to be 5.6 kbar, 710 °C. This population was under‐represented in conventional SHRIMP analyses of individual zircon in a mono‐mineralic grain mount and, in the absence of a textural context, its significance unknown. The dominant age identified from SHRIMP analyses of the grain mount, in combination with analyses from matrix zircon in thin section, was 1035 ± 9 Ma. Based on the lack of consistent textural relationships with any specific minerals in thin section, as well as rare earth element chemistry, the 1035‐Ma population is interpreted to represent zircon growth during incipient migmatization of the rocks at 6–8 kbar and c. 700 °C. This is consistent with previous estimates for the age of regional M1 metamorphism during the Sveconorwegian Orogeny. The most important outcome of this study is the successful analysis of zircon grains in a specific, well‐constrained reaction texture. Not only does this allow a precise point on the regional P–T path to be dated, but it also emphasizes the possibility of zircon formation during the retrograde component of a typical metamorphic cycle.
Oxide and sulphide isograds along a Late Archean, deep‐crustal profile in Tamil Nadu, south India
Authors: HARLOV D. E. , HANSEN E. C. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractOxide–sulphide–Fe–Mg–silicate and titanite–ilmenite textures as well as their mineral compositions have been studied in felsic and intermediate orthogneisses across an amphibolite (north) to granulite facies (south) traverse of lower Archean crust, Tamil Nadu, south India. Titanite is limited to the amphibolite facies terrane where it rims ilmenite or occurs as independent grains. Pyrite is widespread throughout the traverse increasing in abundance with increasing metamorphic grade. Pyrrhotite is confined to the high‐grade granulites. Ilmenite is widespread throughout the traverse increasing in abundance with increasing metamorphic grade and occurring primarily as hemo‐ilmenite in the high‐grade granulite facies rocks. Magnetite is widespread throughout the traverse and is commonly associated with ilmenite. It decreases in abundance with increasing metamorphic grade. In the granulite facies zone, reaction rims of magnetite + quartz occur along Fe–Mg silicate grain boundaries. Magnetite also commonly rims or is associated with pyrite. Both types of reaction rims represent an oxidation effect resulting from the partial subsolidus reduction of the hematite component in ilmenite to magnetite. This is confirmed by the presence of composite three oxide grains consisting of hematite, magnetite and ilmenite. Magnetite and magnetite–pyrite micro‐veins along silicate grain boundaries formed over a wide range of post‐peak metamorphic temperatures and pressures ranging from high‐grade SO2 to low‐grade H2S‐dominated conditions. Oxygen fugacities estimated from the orthopyroxene–magnetite–quartz, orthopyroxene–hematite–quartz, and magnetite–hematite buffers average 2.5 log units above QFM. It is proposed that the trends in mineral assemblages, textures and composition are the result of an external, infiltrating concentrated brine containing an oxidizing component such as CaSO4 during high‐grade metamorphism later acted upon by prograde and retrograde mineral reactions that do not involve an externally derived fluid phase.
Flow kinematics in the deeper part of a subduction channel, as inferred from inclusion trails in plagioclase porphyroblasts from the Sambagawa metamorphic rocks, south‐west Japan
Authors: TAKESHITA T. , ISHII K. , KANAGAWA K. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe subduction and exhumation of accretionary prism metasedimentary rocks are accompanied by large‐strain ductile deformations which may be recorded in microstructures. Porphyroblast microstructures have been a key to unravel the kinematics in such deformed belts. Shape‐preferred orientation (SPO) of epidote and amphibole inclusions that define S‐shaped trails in prograde cores of plagioclase porphyroblasts were analysed from the high‐P/T Sambagawa metamorphic rocks. Inclusions are found to be elongate parallel to the [010] and [001] directions, respectively, and their long‐axis orientations define an internal foliation Si (best‐fit great circle) and lineation Li (maximum on the Si). S‐shaped inclusion trails in the orthogonal sections do not exhibit the same geometries, but rather are grouped into two types, where the foliation intersection axes (FIAs) are nearly perpendicular and parallel to Li, respectively. These two types of S‐shaped inclusion trails are seen in the sections inclined at low and high angles to the Li, respectively. However, the latter type commonly consists of composite trails, where the Si is first rotated about an FIA perpendicular to the Li (i.e. unique axis), and then about an FIA parallel to the Li. The S‐shaped inclusion trails are interpreted to have formed by the successive overgrowth of matrix minerals and rotation of the plagioclase porphyroblast cores about a unique axis in non‐coaxial deformation. The rotation of Si about an FIA nearly parallel to the Li is perhaps an apparent rotation, caused by the deflection of foliation around the growing prismatic plagioclase grain prior to inclusion into the porphyroblast. This study has for the first time documented the 3‐D geometry of S‐shaped inclusion trails in porphyroblasts from accretionary prism metasedimentary rocks and identified their origin, which helps to understand the flow kinematics in the deeper part of a subduction channel.
Use of tracers and isotopes to evaluate vulnerability of water in domestic wells to septic waste
Authors: Verstraeten I.M. , Fetterman G.S. , Meyer M.T. , Bullen T. , Sebree S.K. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn Nebraska, a large number (>200) of shallow sand‐point and cased wells completed in coarse alluvial sediments along rivers and lakes still are used to obtain drinking water for human consumption, even though construction of sand‐point wells for consumptive uses has been banned since 1987. The quality of water from shallow domestic wells potentially vulnerable to seepage from septic systems was evaluated by analyzing for the presence of tracers and multiple isotopes. Samples were collected from 26 sand‐point and perforated, cased domestic wells and were analyzed for bacteria, coliphages, nitrogen species, nitrogen and boron isotopes, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), prescription and nonprescription drugs, or organic waste water contaminants. At least 13 of the 26 domestic well samples showed some evidence of septic system effects based on the results of several tracers including DOC, coliphages, NH4+, NO3−, N2, δ15N[NO3−] and boron isotopes, and antibiotics and other drugs. Sand‐point wells within 30 m of a septic system and <14 m deep in a shallow, thin aquifer had the most tracers detected and the highest values, indicating the greatest vulnerability to contamination from septic waste.