bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Evolution ofDo-Support in English Imperatives
Authors: Han Chung-Hye 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents an analysis of the syntactic evolution of English imperatives from Late Middle English to the Early Modern period, specifically of the increasing frequency of do-support in negative imperatives. I show that the development ofdo-forms in negative imperatives cannot be explained with a clause structure that has only one INFL projection and one NegP, as assumed in Roberts (1985) and Kroch (1989b). I therefore propose a more articulated clause structure, which I argue is already necessary to explain the syntax of Middle English infinitivals. In particular, I argue that the syntax of negative infinitivals in Middle English can be accounted for if we posit two possible syntactic positions for negation and an intermediate functional projection, which I assume to be an Aspect Phrase (AspP), between the two negation projections.
Emotions in the Music
Authors: Kivy Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There has been a growing consensus among philosophers of music that, contrary to the skeptical claims of Hanslick, it makes perfect sense to describe music in expressive terms, and that, again contrary to Hanslick’s skeptical claims, there is more or less general agreement, among qualified listeners, as to what the music is expressive of, in any given instance, if, that is, it is expressive of anything (which need not necessarily be the case). More specifically, there has been a growing consensus that music can be, and often is, expressive of the garden-variety emotions, such as sorrow, joy, fear, hope, and a few other basic emotions like these.
Enhanced Formalism
Authors: Kivy Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Traditional formalism—the formalism of Hanslick. Gurney, and their followers—has always been associated with the denial that music can be described in emotive terms. Hanslick. as we have seen, denied flat out that music could embody the garden-variety emotions, in the only two possible ways he could envision: as dispositional properties of the music to arouse the emotions, or as representations of the emotions. Gurney may have been somewhat more liberal; but his formalism, in the end, amounted to the same thing as Hanslick’s as regards any possible role for the garden-variety emotions in musical aesthetics. For, although he did allow that music could be sad, happy, and so forth, he thought this was completely irrelevant to the aesthetic structure. In other words, the fact that a passage of music might be sad had no more to do with its beauty, or other relevant aesthetic features, than the fact that a peach is fuzzy has anything to do with its taste.
Discussion
Authors: Clapin Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cummins Well, depending on how biological you think language is, if you’re over toward Pinker [1994) on that side of things, then that strikes me as a really good candidate for exactly this sort of thing. Dennett What strikes you? Cummins Spoken language as opposed to written language, on the grounds that the former is much more biological, as the latter is clearly cultural. And it was witting in its origins, at least, if not in its continued use, whereas the other, presumably, just evolved.
Morality, Ideology, and Reflection; or, The Duck Sits Yet
Authors: Railton Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Morality does make an almost irresistible target, a sitting duck, for Ideologiekritik. For it presents itself as a set of evaluations and commands of lofty impartiality or universal validity; yet a glance at history shows instead a succession of norms-all at one point or other widely viewed as moral-that have sanctioned slavery, the subjugation of women, and a host of other purported rights and duties that seem to us in retrospect to correspond more closely to the prevailing distribution of power, privilege, and interests than to conditions of absolute value or universal reason.
The Stylometric Study of the Aristotelian Writings
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years A. Q. Morton, A. D. Winspear, and S. Michaelson have applied stylometric techniques to a number of works of Aristotle with a view to settling long-standing scholarly questions about the genuineness and composition of certain disputed texts. (See, in particular, ‘ The Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle’ , in It’ s Greek to the Computer by Morton and Winspear (1971); and ‘ The Authorship and Integrity of the Athenaion Politeia’ by Morton and Michaelson in Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 1971-2). The technique used has been to select a stylistic feature (e.g. sentence-length, or the occurrence of frequent words such as conjunctions and introductory particles) and to study it both in the disputed text in question and in two or three texts taken as definitively Aristotelian-texts such as the Parts of Animals, the De Interpretatione, the De Caelo, or the De Anima, the authorship of which can be regarded as a defining characteristic of the Aristotle of tradition.
Thrasymachus and Definition
Authors: Chappell T D J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stephen Everson’s sparkling paper, ‘The Incoherence of Thrasymachus’ [‘Incoherence’], argues, against a number of other interpreters, including myself in ‘The Virtues of Thrasymachus’ [‘Virtues’], that Thrasymachus’ position in Republic book 1 is incoherent. There is much in Everson’s paper that I enthusiastically accept. For a start, I now much more nearly agree with him about the relative importance of Thrasymachus’ and Glaucon’s challenges than I did when I wrote ‘Virtues’, and first heard his objections to it in conversation. Again, I happily applaud his suggestion that part of the point of the encounter with Thrasymachus is to demonstrate how the old-style Socratic method makes ‘Socrates’ pursuit of understanding’ hostage to his interlocutor’s ‘own level of understanding and ability to follow an argument’, and why, therefore, it is ‘philosophically useful to provide Socrates with the more docile and passive interlocutors we find in the rest of the Republic’ (Everson, ‘Incoherence’, 131). Since the docility and passivity of Socrates’ interlocutors is one of Republic 2–1o’s most perplexing and infuriating features (though some other features come to mind too), it is nice to have an apt explanation of it.
Auditor’s Emotions: Contention, Concession, and Compromise
Authors: Kivy Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If a gradual move towards consensus is a sign of progress in philosophical enquiry, then there certainly does seem to have been progress, in recent years, with regard to the age-old question of what it might mean to ascribe emotive predicates to music. For more and more philosophers seem willing to accept, nowadays, that when one calls a piece of music sad or yearning, contemplative or angry, joyous or melancholy, what one must mean, at least, if not at most, is that that music possesses those emotions as heard, perceptual, ‘phenomenological’ properties of the musical surface and structure itself. As a matter of fact, the philosophical adversary with whom I will be contending in the present paper agrees with me (I think) on that, as do many others, although there is substantial disagreement about how the emotions become or are constituted perceptual properties of the music.
Aristotle on Sign-inference and Related Forms of Argument
Authors: Allen James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This account of sign-inference, then, is part of an effort to understand existing practices of argument in the light of the theory of the categorical syllogism, Aristotle’s—and history’s first—formal logic. It is presented again in two passages of theRhetoric. As is made plain by its presence there and references to rhetoric in the above passage fromPrior Analytics 2.
Prospects for a Value-Based lntuitionism
Authors: Audi Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout most of the twentieth century, and certainly since W D. Ross published The Right and the Good in 1930, intuitionism has been standardly conceived as an uncompromisingly deontological theory. The concept of duty has been considered to be its central normative notion; and although Ross recognized the relevance of non-moral intrinsic values to what our duties require, he apparently regarded their bearing on moral conduct as derivative from their role in determining the content of some of our primary moral duties. Consider, for instance, the duty of beneficence, which reflects the positive value of pleasure: the enhancement of pleasure in the lives of others is among the central targets of beneficent conduct.
Justifying Moral Pluralism
Authors: Gaut Berys 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘ethical intuitionism’ is one which has acquired a variety of uses over the course of its history. Two are salient for my purposes here. On the one hand, it has been used to denote a moral theory which holds roughly that there is an irreducible plurality of moral principles, a view which I shall term ‘moral pluralism’ or simply ‘pluralism’. On the other, it has been used to denote a theory in moral epistemology, a type of foundationalist theory which holds that all immediately justified moral beliefs are self-evident, a view which I will term ‘epistemic intuitionism’, or simply ‘intuitionism’. The fortunes of these two doctrines have been strikingly dissimilar. Moral pluralism has been attractive to many philosophers, capturing as it appears to do the structure of our normative moral views; epistemic intuitionism, on the other hand, has been widely rejected. Yet both doctrines were held together by self-styled intuitionists, such as W D. Ross, seeming to form an indissoluble whole in their thought; and the attractions of Ross’s pluralism have consequently been somewhat occluded by the distrust felt towards his intuitionism.
Reservation of Title Clauses
Authors: Wheeler Sally 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book examines the phenomenon of reservation of title clauses in commercial contracts and looks at the impact of these clauses upon the transactions of which they form a part. With the aid of data gathered from a field survey it also examines the impact of these clauses in situations of insolvency and the strategies employed by insolvency practitioners to counteract their effect. This subject is of increasing interest and importance for legal teaching and research and the book meets the demand for an integrated, readable study of insolvency practice.
Pornography and the Politics of Lesbianism
Authors: Raymond Janice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There was a time in this current wave of feminism when the words lesbianism and feminism went together–when there was a political movement of lesbian feminism. Today, one hears more about lesbian sado-masochism, lesbian pornography and everything lesbians need to know about sex–what has fashionably come to be called the ‘politics of desire’. And so it becomes necessary to distinguish between lesbianism as a political movement and lesbianism as a lifestyle –what has, for many, come to be a sexual preference without a feminist politics.
Pornography and Sexual Violence: Working with Sex Offenders
Authors: Wyre* Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have worked with sex offenders in a number of different professional settings since the mid-l 970s. In the course of my work I have developed a model which identifies the patterns that predictably operate in the cycle of sexual abuse. I have discovered that pornography can and docs function at every stage in that cycle of abuse. There are a number of characteristics that sex offenders have in common, and there are common factors to their sexual offences. Offenders always say it was a one-off. They always say it wasn’t deliberate, it just happened. They always excuse, justify, explain, minimize. They always blame the victim for the experience, or they blame something or someone other than themselves. They always have fantasies as part of what they do, but they often in the early stages deny this. And they’ll always reinterpret the behaviour of the victim. They will say the victim encouraged them, or seduced them, or asked for it, or wanted it, or enjoyed it. And if the victim survives the abuse they will interpret that to mean they were in no way harmed by it. They always objectify their victim, depersonalize them, sec them as a type of woman, or a stereotype, representing something they can hate and hurt. They never sec their victims as individuals or as human beings, and if something does happen to make them sec their victims as human, they often cannot carry out their attack.
Pornography and Rape: A Causal Model
Authors: Russell Diana E H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I present my theoretical model of the causative role of pornography and describe some of the research that I believe substantiates this theory.* First, I wish to point out that, when addressing the question of whether or not pornography causes violence and sexual assault, many people fail to acknowledge that in many instances the actual making of pornography involves or even requires violence and sexual assault. Testimony by women and men involved in such activity provides numerous examples of this (Public Hearings, 1983; Attorney General’s Commission, 1986). In one case, a man who said he had participated in over a hundred pornographic movies testified at the Commission hearings in Los Angeles as follows: ‘I, myself, have been on a couple of sets where the young ladies have been forced to do even anal sex scenes with a guy which [sic] is rather large and I have seen them crying in pain’ (1986, p. 773).
Groupware in Decision Support
Authors: Anand Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The scope, rules, and technologies of organizational decision—making are changing rapidly—issues such as business reengineering, globalization, teamworking, networking, subcontracting, and privatization are just a few examples of the way in which organizations are now forced fundamentally to revise the way they design the nexus of internal and external relations that govern corporate life. The old idea of individuals relating through hierarchical direction and coming together on set occasions continues to wane under the rise of persuasion and negotiation as norms of social interaction. Finally, the exploitation of information technologies can transform the opportunities for such interactions to occur. It is perhaps decision-making in groups that best allows us to explore some of these changes. In this chapter I shall review some of the ideas behind the growth1 of what has variously come to be known, inter alia, as collaborative working, group decision support, and groupware. Figure 2.1 shows the growth of interest in groupware and compared with other decision support technologies. The aim of the paper is to sketch an understanding of what group decision support is, and why we might need it and what we know about its effects. To understand the potential scope and impact of groupware, we do need to examine both theories of decision-making and the diffusion and adoption of new technologies.
Organizational Arrangements for IS: Roles of Users and Specialists
Authors: Feeny David F , Earl Michael J , Edwards Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The commonest conceptualization of any organizational design is usually the ‘structure’ or vertical dimension—the definition of organizational units, the reporting relationships for each of them, and the distribution of responsibilities and authority. A second dimension, which may be less well defined in the design or its operation, is the ‘process’ or horizontal component—the way in which different organizational units work with each other when necessary to achieve organizational objectives. When organizational arrangements for IS are being considered, this second component takes on a particular importance because of the well-documented difficulties experienced between IS professionals and representatives of other parts of the organization. Problematic relationships are seen to arise regardless of choice of IS structure: corporations which demolish a central ‘ivory tower’ IS function by decentralizing resources into local IT units regularly find they have created a series of smaller ivory towers. Users still perceive the IS department as centralized because user-specialist relationships are inadequate. In this chapter we consider how organizational arrangements can foster effective working relationships between IS specialists and the ‘users’ they serve, irrespective of their positioning within a structural framework.
The Politics of Sentencing Reform
Authors: Morgan Rod , Clarkson Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book arises out of a conference held at Bristol University in April 1993. The conference was planned eighteen months previously. Our plans were prompted by the passage in England of the Criminal Justice Act 1991, a statute widely heralded as radical, though not as radical as some commentators wished, and the uncertain impact of which was eagerly awaited. The Act was the product of a long gestation during the course of which alternative legislative models were vigorously debated.
Reflections on the Role of the Sentencing Scholar
Authors: Ashworth Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The essays in this volume show, as do newspapers the world over, that sentencing is a matter of widespread concern. It is a central issue of social and legal policy. As a field for enquiry it is vast, and in this penultimate essay I draw upon merely a few of the themes mentioned by other contributors so as to raise some general topics for discussion. The essay is divided into three sections. First, some common confusions about sentencing reform are identified.
Rules And Government
Authors: Baldwin Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book examines how governmental and regulatory activities are carried out by `soft laws' in the form of codes, regulations, directives and other non-statutory rules. Key questions considered are: When should government or regulation be structured according to soft law rules? What are the alternatives to rules? What is a `good' governmental or regulatory process? The design of rules as well as their enforcement is investigated and a case study throws light on the techniques regulators may use to secure compliance. The connection between securing compliance and achieving the right results is then focused on and issues of inclusiveness, standard-setting and `creative compliance' are discussed. The potential of cost benefit analysis as a means of testing rules is evaluated and the European context, within which regulatory and governmental rules operate is considered in an extended discussion of `Euro-rules'. Rules and Government concludes by reviewing the alternatives to rules, considering the potential of `light touch' regulatory styles that do not stress commands and suggests how the legitimacy of governmental and regulatory process can be maximised. Rules and Government is essential reading for lawyers, political scientists, economists and those of all disciplines who are concerned with: * Regulation: its design, operation and enforcement * Choices of regulatory strategy * Issues of compliance * Governmental policy-making processes * Legislation and its techniques * Public law or the law of regulated sectors * Economic appraisals and regulation * Standard - setting and rule selection * The Europeanisation of regulation and government * The drift to `government by circular' * Due process in government * The control of discretion The book is of relevance not merely to academics but also to: * Practitioners and advisers in regulated sectors * Civil Servants and those in firms who respond daily to rules and regulations Policy-makers in government departments and agencies * Legislators and rule-makers.
The hague convention on international Child abduction
Authors: Beaumont Paul R , Mceleavy Peter E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Hague Child Abduction Convention has proved to be one of the most widely ratified treaties ever agreed at the Hague Conference on Private International Law. This book provides a much needed systematic analysis of the way in which the Convention has been applied in England and Scotland, with extensive reference to the case law of Australia, Canada, France, New Zealand and the United States. All the key provisions and terms of the Convention are thoroughly explored. The book also provides broader insights into the role of the Hague Conference and the use of habitual residence as a correcting factor. The aim of the Oxford Monographs in Private International Law series, edited by Peter Carter QC, is to publish works of quality and originality in a number of important areas of private international law. The series in intended for both scholarly and practitioner readers.
‘Working the Earth of the Heart’
Authors: Stewart Columba 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study provides a complete reassessment of the Messalian controversy of the fourth and fifth centuries AD. The Messalians were an ascetic group, their name (of Syriac derivation) meaning ‘praying people’. Their extraordinary claims and graphic spiritual vocabulary were considered heretical by the early Christian Church and were condemned at the Council of Ephesus in 431. Dr Stewart reconstructs the history of the controversy from its beginnings, carefully avoiding all previous suppositions and flawed methodologies. He considers in depth the spiritual vocabulary which lies at the root of the controversy and which can also be found in the Greek pseudo-Macarian writings. He proves that the pseudo-Macarian vocabulary can be traced to a Syriac milieu and demonstrates this by comparisons with such early Syriac texts as the writings of Ephrem, Aphrahat, and especially the anonymous Liber graduum. In this light, the claims of the Messalians are shown to result from the influence upon Greek Christian culture of an equally orthodox tradition, the Semitic Syriac culture of the Christian East. Christian writers of both cultures were determined to show others a way to ‘work the earth of the heart’, an image favoured by pseudo-Macarius for its evocation of the patient labour of asceticism. The controversy was thus not indeed a question of heresy, but of misperceived differences of culture and of spiritual idiom.
A Greek Vocabulary Of Christian Experience
Authors: Stewart Columba 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A reader of the Ps.-Macarian texts cannot help but be struck by Ps.-Macarius’ repeated insistence that freedom from sin, the possession of the Holy Spirit, union with Christ, and other spiritual experiences, are recognized in confidence or assurance ,1 feeling or sensation ,2 and experience .3 These terms are often used in combination, and with other words such as and .
Conclusions
Authors: Stewart Columba 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding study has sketched the convergence of various ways of approaching the causes and early history of the Messalian controversy. The approaches converge upon the world of Syriac Christianity. The reinterpretation of the historical and geographical evidence leaves little doubt about the origins of the people or movements labelled ‘Messalian’ and condemned for doctrinal and behavioural deviations from orthodox norms. Whoever they were, whatever may have been the names of their principal teachers, however they may have lived, the ‘Messalians’ and the controversy which followed them were an irruption into the Hellenistic world of ascetical practices and imagistic language far more characteristic of Syriac Christianity than of the imperial Church centred on Constantinople. The charges brought against them about their way of life are not particularly unusual; other groups were accused of similar faults. The doctrinal points made against them, however, are distinctive, and the various anti-Messalian lists demonstrate a continuity of issues and, particularly, of language. It has been seen that this language, used to describe religious experience, itself points to Syriac Christianity.