bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public awareness, information sources and evaluation of oral implant treatment in Norway
Authors: Berge Trond I. 
Published: March 2003

A nation‐wide survey from a representative sample of the general Norwegian population was made in co‐operation with Statistics of Norway, to assess public awareness, sources of information and evaluation of oral implants. A response rate of 70.8% was obtained. Of the general population 70.1% (95% confidence interval: 68.6–71.6%) had heard of oral implants. No specific demographic variables were associated with unawareness oforal implants. Of the general population 60.4% (95% confidence interval: 57.9–62.8%) evaluated oral implants positively and 56.7% (95% confidence interval: 54.7%–58.7%) would consider oral implants as treatment for themselves if needed, while 18.0% gave negative evaluation and 23.0% would not consider implant treatment. Logistic regression analyses indicated that young males in urban areas with high income and high educational level were most positive to oral implants. News media like newspapers and TV/radio were together with personal communications the most frequently indicated sources of information. News media were associated with negative evaluation of implants. The overall positive evaluation of oral implants suggests however that the Norwegian general public utilises several sources of information, and are able to evaluate them critically.
Cytokine release by osteoblast‐like cells cultured on implant discs of varying alloy compositions
Authors: Spyrou Pericles , Papaioannou Stelios , Hampson Geeta , Brady Ken , Palmer Richard M. , McDonald Fraser 
Published: March 2003

Abstract: Objective: The aims of this study were (i) to assess the morphological features of osteo‐blast‐like, osteosarcoma cells (cell line SaOS‐2) cultured on implant surfaces of varying alloys and (ii) to evaluate the biological activity of these cells, following their adhesion onto these surfaces. Material and methods: SaOS‐2 cells (6 × 104) were grown on titanium discs (diameter 30 mm), each with a surface of differing composition and roughness (commercially pure titanium, titanium‐aluminium‐vanadium alloy, oxide‐blasted titanium and Astra‐Tech special treatment titanium; the alloys are directly comparable with those used to construct implants). The cells were grown for time periods of 1, 3, 5 and 7 days, the media were collected and the cells were fixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde. The media were then assayed (using enzyme‐linked immunosorbant assay) for the levels of interleukin (IL)‐1, interleukin‐6, interleukin‐18 and osteoprotegerin (OPG) produced by the cells. The discs, with the cells fixed on them, were viewed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM, × 2.0 k) to evaluate cell morphology. Results: Following attachment, the cells changed their morphology and released local factors known to activate osteoclasts. Commercially pure titanium stimulated the cells the most and titanium‐aluminium‐vanadium alloy the least. All implant materials stimulated production of IL‐1, IL‐6, IL‐18 above that produced by cells grown on Petri dishes (polystyrene). The titanium‐aluminium‐vanadium alloy allowed cell attachment but levels of IL‐1 in this medium were significantly lower (31.5 ± 5.2 pg/ml on same day) than cultures with pure titanium (201.8 ± 11.5 pg/ml at day 5). The same pattern was observed with the IL‐6, IL‐18, and OPG with polystyrene appearing to stimulate most production of OPG. Titanium‐aluminium‐vanadium produced the least biological response.
Explanatory models for clinical and subjective indicators of periodontal disease in an adult population
Authors: Unell Lennart , Söderfeldt Björn , Halling Arne , Birkhed Dowen 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground: The aim of this study was to analyze indicators of periodontal disease using: (1) community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN), (2) subjectively reported change of front teeth position, and 3) subjectively reported gingival bleeding.Method: These 3 indicators were used in models with explanatory variables from 4 domains: (A) socio‐economic attributes, (B) general health and health‐related lifestyle, (C) dental attitudes and behaviors, and (D) dental status expressed as (number of teeth and DFT) for the clinically‐determined dependent variables. In 1992, the study was carried out cross‐sectionally in all 50‐year olds in 2 Swedish counties using a questionnaire (n=6343) and clinical investigation of a 20 % subsample (n=1040).Results: Multiple and logistic regression analysis showed that explanatory patterns varied for the clinical and subjective indicators. Use of tobacco had strong effects in all models as did high care utilization. There were few associations with socio‐economic attributes. The 2 subjective indicators “changed front position” and “gingival bleeding” associated with attitudes, behaviors and subjective health. Number of teeth and DFT covaried with clinical indicators.Conclusions: The main conclusions from this study are: (1) that it is possible to find multivariate models with acceptable goodness of fit for prediction of occurrence of periodontal indicators, and (2) that the lack of relation between social attributes and the disease gives arguments for a biological provenance of periodontitis.
Concentration of 3 tetracyclines in plasma, gingival crevice fluid and saliva
Authors: Sakellari D. , Goodson J. M. , Socransky S. S. , Kolokotronis A. , Konstantinidis A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground: Systemically‐administered tetracyclines have been used widely for treatment of periodontal diseases with little understanding of their delivery characteristics to periodontal tissues. This study was designed to measure concentrations of 3 tetracyclines in gingival crevice fluid (GCF), plasma and saliva of following systemic administration.Method: The concentration of tetracycline (TC), minocycline (MN) and doxycycline (DX) was measured in gingival crevice fluid (GCF), plasma and saliva of 20 subjects following single sequential standard oral systemic doses. Gingival crevice fluid concentration was measured at 4 sites (2 shallow and 2 deep) before administration, and at 1 h and 2 h following administration. Plasma and saliva concentrations were measured from in samples at the same time points. No antibacterial activity was detected before administration. The highest concentrations were measured 2 h after administration.Results: The average concentrations at 2 h were highest in plasma (TC=1.02, MN=2.18, DX=2.35 μg/ml). Intermediate concentrations were measured in GCF (TC=0.61, MN=1.49, DX=1.65 μg/ml). Saliva concentrations (TC=0.09 MN=0.31, DX=0.47 μg/ml) were the lowest of the 3 fluids monitored. Data are presented indicating that the average GCF concentration of systemically administered tetracyclines is less than the that of plasma concentration. The concentration of tetracyclines in GCF was strongly associated with plasma concentration, indicating a primary rôle of drug absorption in the delivery of these systemically administered antibiotics to the site of action in periodontal therapy. The average GCF concentration in individuals varied widely (between 0 and 8 μg/ml) with approximately 50% of samples not achieving levels of 1 μg/ml.Conclusions: These observations suggest that poor absorption of orally‐administered tetracyclines in many individuals may account for much of the variability in clinical response to antibiotics observed in practice.
After‐effects of stress on crevicular interleukin‐1ß
Authors: Deinzer Renate , Kottmann Wulf , Förster Peter , Herforth Armin , Stiller‐Winkler Renate , Idel Helga 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground: In a previous study, we found stress to increase crevicular interleukin‐1ß (Il‐1ß) secretion induced by supragingival plaque. While in that study, stress and plaque were presented concomitantly, we now wondered whether a consecutive presentation of these 2 factors would still exert stress effects.Method: 39 medical students participated in the study; 18 took part in a major exam while the remaining 21 served as controls. From the day after the last exam, students neglected oral hygiene in 2 antagonistic quadrants for 21 days (experimental gingivitis), while they maintained perfect hygiene at the remaining sites. Crevicular fluid samples were taken at days 0, 5, 8, 15, 18, and 21 of experimental gingivitis.Results: A significant effect of pre‐exposure to academic stress on crevicular Il‐1ß concentration was found (area under the curve: p=0.042), the effect size, however, being smaller than in our previous study when stress and plaque were presented concomitantly.Conclusions: It is concluded that pre‐exposure to stress may persistently alter the immunological effects of microbial challenge to the periodontium.
Studies in vitro of abrasion by different manual toothbrush heads and a standard toothpaste
Authors: Dyer D. , Addy M. , Newcombe R. G. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground: Loss of dentine at the buccal cervical region of teeth has a multifactorial aetiology. However, a considerable amount of circumstantial evidence, supported by laboratory experiments, implicates toothbrushing with toothpaste as a consistent factor. Most interest has centred around the abrasivity of toothpastes, particularly since a toothbrush alone has negligible effects on dentine. The influence of filament stiffness on toothpaste abrasion was the subject of some studies, mostly at least 2 decades ago, and produced conflicting conclusions. Numerous changes to toothbrush design and construction have taken place in recent years.Aims:The aim of this study was to measure the abrasion of a standard substrate, acrylic, by a standard toothpaste carried on modern brands of toothbrushes classified by manufacturers as hard (3 brands), medium (3 brands) and soft (6 brands).Method: The substrate was brushed for 20,000 strokes with at least 6 heads from each brand. Measurements of substrate loss were made at 5000 stroke increments by profilometry.Results: Substrate loss for all brushes showed a pattern of abrasion which was to a first approximation linear. Overall, hard brushes caused least abrasion and soft brushes the most, with differences between groups being significant. Within‐group differences between brands reached significance for soft and medium brushes but not hard brushes.Conclusions: The results could be explained by increased retention of toothpaste by smaller diameter filaments and denser tufts on soft brushes and the greater flexion of filaments increasing the area of contact with the surface. Calculations on the clinical outcome of these data in vitro indicate that toothbrushing with toothpaste alone would produce minimal damage to dentine even over many years. Differences between brushes therefore are probably of little clinical significance. Certainly, the data do not support the use of hard brushes, particularly in view of the potential detrimental effects to gingival tissues.
A retrospective radiographic outcome assessment study of intra‐bony defects treated by osseous surgery or by bone graft procedures
Authors: Persson G. Rutger , Falk Hanne , Laurell Lars 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground: Intra‐bony defects remain a significant therapeutic problem in periodontal therapy. Various non‐surgical and surgical treatment modalities are being used. The long‐term stability following treatment of intra‐bony defects is poorly documented.Objectives:To assess changes in intra‐bony defects after either osseous surgery or open flap debridement in combination with grafting procedures with demineralized freeze‐dried bone allografts (DFDBA).Method: Pre‐ and post‐surgical computer digitized images of intra‐oral radiographs from 60 patients who had received periodontal surgery to manage intra‐bony defects were analyzed by linear measurements.Results: 36 patients were treated with osseous surgery and 24 had received flap procedures and grafting with DFDBA. Post‐surgical radiographs were obtained on average after 4.8 years (SD±2.8) and after 9.6 years (SD±3.6). A minor mean bone fill of 0.0 mm (SD±0.8) for osseous surgery sites and 0.5 mm (SD±0.9) for DFDBA sites, was noticed, but this gain was within the margin of measurement errors. Osseous surgery and modified Widman flap procedures with DFDBA resulted in crestal resorption, on average 1.7 mm (SD±1.1) and 1.5 mm (SD±1.5) and remaining mean defect depth of 2.0 mm (SD±1.4) and 2.5 mm (SD±1.6), respectively.Conclusions: Bone changes following bone graft procedures with DFDBA did not differ from those following osseous surgery, and neither procedure resulted in defect resolution with bone fill. It was also concluded that over the study period, stable treatment results were obtained as a result of both osseous surgery and modified Widman flap procedures with adjunct DFDBA.
Clinical benefits of oral irrigation for periodontitis are related to reduction of pro‐inflammatory cytokine levels and plaque
Authors: Cutler Christopher W. , Stanford Thomas W. , Abraham Celeste , Cederberg Robert A. , Boardman Thomas J. , Ross Candy 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground: Although a growing body of evidence indicates that oral irrigation with water has therapeutic benefits in periodontitis, the mechanisms of action have not been elucidated. The aims of this study were: (1) to analyze the effects of oral irrigation (Water Pik® Oral Irrigator) on the clinical signs of adult periodontitis (AP) and on the levels of interleukin‐1β (IL‐β), prostaglandin‐E2 (PGE2), interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) and interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) in GCF, and (2) to analyze the influence of the periodontitis‐related IL‐1 genotype (IL‐1GT) on these variables.Method: A single‐center, blinded study in otherwise healthy humans (n=52) with localized mild to moderate AP was carried out, using the following groups: group A (n=12), no oral hygiene for 14 days; group B (n=20), routine oral hygiene (ROH) for 14 days; group C (n=20), supra‐gingival oral irrigation plus ROH for 14 days. Group A patients were crossed‐over to group C for 14 days (=day 28) after a professional prophylaxis. Group assignment was randomized by a coin toss, with the exception of group A subjects, who were self‐selected as per recommendations of the internal review board for human subjects. GCF was sampled from 3 study teeth per patient and analyzed for IL‐1β, PGE2, IL‐10 and IFNγ by ELISA on days 0, 7, 14 and 28. Probing pocket depths (PPD), clinical attachment levels (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), gingival index (GI) and plaque index (PI) were measured by a calibrated examiner (TWS) on days 0, 14 and 28. Analysis of covariance was performed using SAS 6.12 and Proc Mixed with group and IL‐1GT as the factors and the baseline levels as the covariate, with output being least squares means and least significant difference (LSD). Significant differences were declared if the p‐value for the F‐statistic was 0.05.Results: Oral irrigation plus ROH resulted in a significant reduction in PPD, BOP, GI and PI, as well as IL‐β levels by 7 days and PGE2 levels by 14 days, relative to ROH or no oral hygiene. Interestingly, decreased IL‐1β levels in patients using oral irrigation plus ROH was accompanied by a trend for increased levels of the “anti‐inflammatory” cytokine IL‐10. ROH reduced GI, BOP and PI, and PGE2 levels by 14 days, but had no effect on IL‐1β or IL‐10 levels relative to no oral hygiene. The effects of no oral hygiene were reversed by a prophy followed by oral irrigation plus ROH for 14 days. No clinical differences were evident between IL‐1 GT (+) patients (n=11) and GT (−) patients (n=40), but the former had significantly elevated levels of GCF IL‐10 and borderline increases in IL‐1β (p=0.07).Conclusions: Oral irrigation with water for 14 days had an improved therapeutic benefit for AP over that of routine oral hygiene alone and this improvement was accompanied by a down‐modulation of the pro‐inflammatory cytokine profile in GCF.
Plaque removal by worn toothbrush
Authors: Sforza Nicola Marco , Rimondini Lia , Di Menna Fabrizia , Camorali Chiara 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground/aims:Assessment of the influence of toothbrush wear on plaque (PI) and gingival (GI) indexes.Method: 20 university students were recruited. PI and GI were recorded at the starting point (T0). Each subject received a toothbrush and toothpaste. 5 measurements of toothbrush were recorded to establish the initial size. The subjects were instructed to brush 3× a day and to refrain from using other plaque removal aids. After 1 month (T1), the subjects were randomly divided into 2 groups: group no. 1 substituted the toothbrush at each monthly visit; group no. 2 brushed only with the toothbrush provided at T0. Recalls were scheduled after 1 (T1), 2 (T2) and 3 months (T3). PI, GI and an index of wear (WI) were calculated using 5 measurements of the toothbrush head and were recorded at recalls.Results: From T0 to T3, a significant increase of PI was found within both groups. Non‐significant differences, but very close to the significant level (p=0.063), in group no. 1 and significant differences in group no. 2 of GI were found. No significant differences of PI and GI were found between groups. Increase of the WI was registered from T0 to T3 (p<0.001).Conclusion: Each individual is capable of maintaining low PI, even if using a toothbrush that shows evidence of wear.
Laser Doppler flowmeter measurement of relative gingival and forehead skin blood flow in light and heavy smokers during and after smoking
Authors: Meekin T. N. , Wilson R. F. , Scott D. A. , Ide M. , Palmer R. M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAim: To determine the effect of the smoking experience on relative blood flow in gingiva and to compare this to skin.Method: A laser Doppler flowmeter was used to record relative blood flow to healthy gingiva and to forehead skin in smokers and non‐smoking controls. Smoking status was verified by quantitative analysis of serum cotinine. Continuous measurements were made over sequential periods with the subject at rest, during a sham smoking exercise, during smoking of a standard research cigarette (2R1, University of Kentucky) for 5 min and throughout a subsequent recovery period. Non‐smoking controls sham smoked during the equivalent 5 minute smoking period.Results: No significant differences with respect to the proportional changes of relative gingival blood flow between time points were observed between the groups. However, between‐group comparisons of relative blood flow revealed a significant increase in the relative blood flow to the forehead skin of light smokers (serum cotinine 60 ng/ml; n=6), when compared to heavy smokers (serum cotinine 100 ng/ml; n=9) or to non‐smokers (serum cotinine 10 ng/ml; n=6), 2 min following the smoking experience (p=0.007).Conclusion: The results do not seem to support the theory that tobacco smoking causes localised vasoconstriction in the periodontal tissues in humans. These data show that smoking causes an acute increase in relative blood flow in forehead skin in light smokers compared to heavy smokers, suggesting a potential induction of tolerance in regular users of tobacco.
Thickness of masticatory mucosa
Authors: Müller Hans‐Peter , Schaller Nils , Eger Thomas , Heinecke Achim 
Published: March 2003

Background: The aim of the present study was to assess thickness of all parts of the masticatory mucosa by using an ultrasonic measuring device.Methods: A total of 40 periodontally healthy subjects, 19 to 30 years old, took part. Thickness of masticatory mucosa was measured at a maximum of 149 sites in each proband.Results: Female volunteers had significantly thinner mean masticatory mucosa than males (p<0.01). Mean thickness of facial gingiva ranged between 0.7 mm at canines in the maxilla and central incisors in the mandible and 2.3 mm at 3rd molars in the mandible. In the mandible, thickness of lingual gingiva ranged between 0.9 mm at lateral incisors and 2.3 mm at 3rd molars. Interdental gingiva ranged between 1.0 mm 2.1 mm. With 3 mm or more, on average, palatal masticatory mucosa was thickest in the 3rd molar region and at 2nd premolars at more central locations. 2 regions with comparatively thin palatal mucosa of about 2 mm were identified, namely (i) at central and lateral incisors and (ii) at the prominence of the palatal roots of 1st and 2nd molars. The thickest tissue with more than 4 mm, on average, was observed in the tuberosity and retromolar regions.Conclusions: Considerable intra‐ as well as interindividual variation of thickness of masticatory mucosa could be observed. According to differences in thickness of facial and interdental gingiva, it appears that lining is also an important function of the gingiva in reducing and smoothing the pronounced convexities of the dento‐alveolar, i.e., skeletal, complex.
Effect of triclosan on interferon‐γ production and major histocompatibility complex class II expression in human gingival fibroblasts
Authors: Mustafa Manal , Bakhiet Moiz , Wondimu Biniyam , Modéer Thomas 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground, aims: The effect of triclosan (2,4,4′‐trichloro‐2′‐hydroxyl‐diphenyl ether) on the production of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigen was studied in human gingival fibroblasts isolated from 4 individuals.Methods/Results:AII cell lines demonstrated high IFN‐γ production in 24‐h cultures of human gingival fibroblasts stimulated by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) (5 μg/ml). Human gingival fibroblasts showed a high expression of MHC class II when stimulated with 500 and 1000 pg/ml rIFN‐γ in 7‐day cultures. Treatment of the cells with triclosan (0.5 μg/ml) reduced both IFN‐γ production and MHC class II expression in human gingival fibroblast cultures. Similar inhibitory effects on IFN‐γ production and MHC class II expression were observed when the anti‐inflammatory agent dexamethazone (1 μM) was used.Conclusion: The present study further supports the view that the agent has an anti‐inflammatory effect in addition to its antibacterial capacity.
The use of professional brushing to compare 3 toothbrushes for plaque removal from individuals with gingival recession
Authors: Claydon N. , Leach K. , Newcombe R. G. , Ley F. , Scratcher C. , Addy M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground: Toothbrush filament configuration now varies considerably, usually with the intention of improving plaque removal overall or from specific sites.Aims: The aim of the study was to compare 2 branded toothbrushes with a brush designed with a convex filament head arrangement to improve plaque removal from teeth with buccal gingival recession.Methods: The study was a randomised, 3‐treatment, double‐blind crossover design balanced for residual effects and involving 18 healthy volunteers. On day 1, subjects suspended toothcleaning and returned to the clinic on day 4. Plaque was scored by area and index before and after 2 min of toothbrushing with the allocated brush. Brushing was performed by a hygienist allocating a timed 15 s to each of the 8 buccal and lingual quadrants. 3 days was allowed between treatment periods.Results: Plaque accumulation differed considerably by site as did plaque removal. Overall plaque removal was 40%. Analysis showed significant subject differences but, no significant period or treatment differences.Conclusions: Consistent with other reports, it must be concluded that brush design is not a major variable in plaque removal. However using this “robot”‐like model, the dentition of some individuals and specific dental surfaces are inherently more difficult to clean than others.