bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Confidentiality Governing Surgical Research Practice
Authors: Mavroforou Anna , Giannoukas Athanasios D. , Mavrophoros Dimitrios , Michalodimitrakis Emmanuel 
Published: January 2005

AbstractHealthy subjects or patients volunteering to participate in trials expect that their privacy and autonomy will be protected. The aim of this article is to highlight issues related to confidentiality governing surgical research practice. A search of the current relevant literature was undertaken. Consent to the disclosure of any information should be sought wherever practicable, but disclosures should be kept to the minimum necessary. The data should be made anonymous where unidentifiable data serve the purpose. Where the previously described actions are not practicable for various reasons, data may be disclosed for research, provided participants have been given information about access to their records and about their right to object. Personal information may only be disclosed without individual’s consent when it is for the protection of the public interest, but this has proved too ambiguous a rubric to be useful without proper clarification. Hampering of noncommercial medical research should also be avoided, as it may cause serious damage to public health. Confidentiality in research is an important issue in the protection of the participants’ rights to privacy and autonomy, and it should be considered in the design of each study. Breach of confidentiality is legally justifiable for the sake of the public interest, but proper clarification of the law is required in order to avoid hampering noncommercial medical research that is vital for the public health.
Factors Predicting Long‐term Graft Survival after Kidney Transplantation: Multicenter Study in Japan
Authors: Akioka Kiyokazu , Takahara Sirou , Ichikawa Seiji , Yoshimura Norio , Akiyama Takahiro , Ohshima Shinichi 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA multicenter retrospective study was conducted in 936 living donor kidney transplant recipients treated with cyclosporine (CsA) or tacrolimus (FK) from April 1982. The influences of acute rejection, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension were estimated by Kaplan‐Meier’s analysis and Wilcoxon’s analysis. Of 916 recipients, 532 (58.1%) had acute rejections. The 5‐ and 10‐year graft survival rates in the recipients with acute rejection were 75.2% and 55.2%, respectively. The corresponding rates of the recipients without acute rejection were 80.2% and 70.6%, respectively. The graft survival rate was worse in recipients with late‐phase rejection and multiple rejection episodes (p < 0.00006). Of 451 recipients, 176 (39.0%) had hypercholesterolemia 3 years after kidney transplantation. The 5‐ and 10‐year graft survival rates in the recipients with hypercholesterolemia were 88.7% and 68.7%, respectively. Those of the recipients without hypercholesterolemia were 95.2% and 83.9%, respectively. The graft survival rate in the recipients with hypercholesterolemia was lower than that in the recipients without hypercholesterolemia (p = 0.003). Of 323 recipients, 123 (38.1%) had hypertriglyceridemia 3 years after kidney transplantation. The 5‐ and 10‐year graft survival rates in the recipients with hypertriglyceridemia were 93.7% and 80.5%, respectively. Those in the recipients without hypertriglyceridemia were 95.1% and 86.5%, respectively. The graft survival rate in the recipients with hypertriglyceridemia was lower than that in the recipients without hypertriglyceridemia (p = 0.371). Of 367 recipients, 151 (41.1%) had systolic hypertension 3 years after kidney transplantation. The 5‐ and 10‐year graft survival rates in the recipients with hypertension were 85.6% and 64.7%, respectively. Those of the recipients without hypertension were 95.6% and 83.8%, respectively. The graft survival rate in the recipients with hypertension was lower than that in the recipients without hypertension (p < 0.001). Acute rejection, hyperlipidemia (hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia), and hypertension are predictive factors for long‐term graft survival. Especially the onset time, number of rejections, and efficacy of treatment for acute rejection would have a significant influence on long‐term graft survival.
Food and feeding ecology of juvenile albacore, Thunnus alalunga, off the Bay of Biscay: a case study
Authors: Pusineri C. , Vasseur Y. , Hassani S. , Meynier L. , Spitz J. , Ridoux V. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAlthough immature albacore tuna, Thunnus alalunga, are of economic and social importance in the Bay of Biscay, little is known about their diet and feeding ecology there. For this study, the diet of 78 albacore caught in the French driftnet fishery during summer 1993 is analysed. Fish dominated the diet in terms of relative abundance (86%N), and reconstituted mass (60%M), the most important being Maurolicus muelleri (79%N, 23%M), Scomberesox saurus (2%N, 30%M), and Arctozenus risso (4%N, 4%M). Crustaceans were also important in the diet (12%N, 2%M), but given their small size, it is questionable whether they were primary or secondary prey. Foraging on cephalopods seemingly took place only occasionally: they represented 2%N and 39%M of the total diet, but were absent from the fresh fraction of stomach contents. Prey sizes ranged from 6 to 228 mm. Juvenile albacore consume either epipelagic prey by day, or vertically migrating mesopelagic species that reach the surface layer by night.
Ethnic background and in vitro fertilization outcomes
Authors: Bendikson K. , Cramer D.W. , Vitonis A. , Hornstein M.D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo compare IVF outcomes among women of different ethnic backgrounds.MethodThis was a retrospective cohort study. Between August 1994 and March 1998, the first IVF cycles of 1039 white, 43 African American, 18 Hispanic, and 35 Asian women were examined.ResultAges and day 3 FSH levels did not differ significantly among patients. African Americans weighed more than other ethnic groups and were also more likely to have tubal factor infertility than whites. IVF cycle characteristics did not vary among the ethnic groups with the exception that African Americans had a higher level of estradiol on day of HCG than whites. Pregnancy outcomes did not differ among the ethnic groups. The percentage of ectopic pregnancies, spontaneous abortions, and successful live births was similar among the groups.ConclusionOur data showed no significant difference in pregnancy outcomes with IVF among the ethnic groups.
A New Species in the Lecanora Subfusca Group Containing Usnic Acid in Addition to Atranorin
Authors: Lumbsch H. Thorsten 
Published: January 2005

AbstractLecanora pseudogangaleoides spec. nov. is a saxicolous lichen in southeastern Australia. It fits anatomically into the L. subfusca group (=Lecanora s.str.), but differs from most previous concepts of that group in containing usnic acid in addition to atranorin. The presence of usnic acid is now considered to be of less importance in that group, and species containing usnic acid may well belong to Lecanora s.str. Within L. pseudogangaleoides chemical variation with respect to the presence of xanthones was observed and two subspecies are distinguished. Lecanora pseudogangaleoides s.str. lacks xanthones, whereas L. pseudogangaleoides subsp. verdonii subsp. nov. contains the arthothelin chemosyndrome in addition to the normal occurrence of the psoromic acid chemosyndrome. A key orthe distinction of L. pseudogangaleoides and similar species is included.
Medullary Structure of the Umbilicariaceae
Authors: Valladares Fernando , Sancho Leopoldo G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe medullary structure of 24 Umbilicariaceae species was studied by light microscopy. The objective was to investigate the variability of the medulla of these lichens and to assess the possible implications for thallus ecophysiology and the taxonomic relevance of the anatomy of this layer. Several methods of embedding, sectioning and staining together with the comparison of radial with transverse sections showed important differences in the degree of cohesion of hyphae and their spatial orientation within the medulla. Other important characteristics were the existence of more than one structurally homogeneous layer within the medulla, the frequency of hyphal branching, the relative thickness of the cell wall and lumen and the abundance of gelatinous matter in the intercellular spaces. The medullae studied were grouped into seven main types. The constancy of the types of medulla for certain groups of species makes it a useful secondary character to be considered in the taxonomy of the Umbilicariaceae. The important role of the structure of the medulla in the water relations of the Umbilicariaceae is discussed and a general relationship between medulla type and hydration strategy is suggested
Secondary Metabolites from Isolated Lichen Mycobionts Cultured Under Different Osmotic Conditions
Authors: Hamada Nobuo , Miyagawa Hisashi 
Published: January 2005

AbstractGrowth of the mycobiont of Ramalina siliquosa and the secondary metabolites subsequently produced under various osmotic culture conditions were examined. The secondary metabolite content and the growth rate changed greatly when different quantities of sucrose were added to the culture medium. Salazinic acid was found only in mycobionts cultured on a medium with 10 or 20% sucrose, the mycobiont growth rate being higher than on conventional medium. Similarly, in Lobaria discolor, gyrophoric acid was found only in mycobionts cultured on a medium with 10% sucrose.
A Rapid and Inexpensive Method for the Purification of DNA from Lichens and their Symbionts
Authors: Armaleo Daniele , Clerc Philippe 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA simple DNA extraction method is described, applicable to many different kinds of lichens. The method involves the use of the detergents DTAB and CTAB and yields DNA that can be directly amplified with the polymerase chain reaction or digested with restriction enzymes
Effect of Acute Gamma Radiation on some Physiological Features of Lichens
Authors: Nifontova M. G. , Ravinskaya A. P. , Shapiro I. A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe influence of acute gamma radiation on four physiological characteristics of lichens was investigated. Membrane permeability in irradiated thalli of Cladonia arbuscula, Cetraria islandica and Hypogymnia physodes increased considerably compared to controls. The nitrogen content in Peltigera aphthosa appeared to be stable to acute gamma radiation. Up to 1000 Gy there was no essential decrease in respiration intensity in H. physodes and P. aphthosa or of peroxidase activity in P. aphthosa..
Quarter Wave Coupled Wave-Guide Filters
Authors: Pritchard Wilbur L. 
Published: January 2005

This paper considers the theory of band-pass wave-guide filters formed by cascading rectangular cavities separated by quarter guide wave-lengths. Formulas for resonant frequency, loaded Q, and insertion loss in the pass band are derived for a single stage using matrix theory and are in a form suitable for design purposes.
The general theory of ``n'' stages is worked out using matrix algebra, and it is shown that the insertion loss and phase shift of ``n'' stages are given by: Ln=1+x2Un2(x)    φ=tan−1[Tn(x)/Un(x)],where Tn(x) and Un(x) are the first and rationalized second kind Tschebyscheff polynomials.
The specific design procedure is outlined including the design of a finite thickness inductive aperture.
The Optics of Three-Electrode Electron Guns
Authors: Ellis S. G. 
Published: January 2005

The paper is concerned primarily with the electron guns employed in electron microscopy.The position of the image of the cathode, the magnification, and the divergence of the beam leaving the anode are calculated for a three-electrode electron gun with plane electrodes and circular apertures both for zero and battery bias. The simplifying assumption is made that the electrostatic lenses are thin. The results are compared with the experiments of Johannson. The extension of the results to the gun used in the transmission electron microscope is considered with the aid of electrolytic trough measurements. The case of a gun biased by a cathode resistor is also discussed.
On the One-Dimensional Theory of Steady Compressible Fluid Flow in Ducts with Friction and Heat Addition
Authors: Hicks Bruce L. , Montgomery Donald J. , Wasserman Robert H. 
Published: January 2005

Steady, diabatic (non-adiabatic), frictional, variable-area flow of a compressible fluid is treated in differential form on the basis of the one-dimensional approximation. The basic equations are first stated in terms of pressure, temperature, density, and velocity of the fluid. Considerable simplification and unification of the equations is then achieved by choosing the square of the local Mach number as one of the variables to describe the flow.
The transformed system of equations thus obtained is first examined with regard to the existence of a solution. It is shown that, in general, a solution exists whose calculation requires knowledge only of the variation with position of any three of the dependent variables of the system. The direction of change of the flow variables can be obtained directly from the transformed equations without integration. As examples of this application of the equations, the direction of change of the flow variables is determined for two special flows.
In the particular case when the local Mach number M=1, a special condition must be satisfied by the flow if a solution is to exist. This condition restricts the joint rate of variation of heating, friction, and area at M=1. Further analysis indicates that when a solution exists at this point it is not necessarily unique.
Finally, it is shown that the physical phenomenon of choking, which is known to occur in certain simple flow situations, is related to restrictions imposed on the variables by the form of the transformed equations. The phenomenon of choking is thus given a more general significance in that the transformed equations apply to a more general type of flow than has hitherto been treated.
The Field of a Microwave Dipole Antenna in the Vicinity of the Horizon. II
Authors: Pekeris C. L. 
Published: January 2005

In this paper the results of a previous investigation are extended to include cases where the elevation of the transmitter z1, or of the receiver z, is less than about 1 when expressed in natural units of height. When z1 &lt; 1 and z &gt; 1 the electromagnetic potential ψ in the vicinity of the horizon is given, in the case of strong absorption (β≫1), by |Ψ|=[(32)13/π(rr̄)12]|(1+βz1)G(p)/β|,where βv=i(k0/q)13(ε1−1)12/ε1; βh=βvε1,and the notation of I is used. Expression (a) equals expression (B) or (C) of I multiplied by the factor |(1+βz1)|.
When both z1 and z are less than about unity the potential is given by |Ψ|=(L/r2)|(1+βz1)(1+βz)g(p′)/β2|,where L is the natural unit of horizontal distance. Expression (c) is equal to the expression for the surface wave given in (D) of I multiplied by the factor |(1+βz1)(1+βz)|.
Initial Oscillation on a Rotational Viscometer
Authors: Weltmann Ruth N. 
Published: January 2005

The oscillatory system of a rotational viscometer has been investigated. The oscillation equations were checked with experimental bob deflection-time curves obtained for Newtonian liquids.
To be able to rapidly obtain correct values when taking flow curves the oscillatory system should be critically damped. Since this condition cannot be easily obtained in practice, the system should be slightly overdamped, meaning that the inertia (I) should be equal or smaller than πμ2/720KS2. It is shown that due to the higher viscosity of thixotropic materials at lower rates of shear, the flow curves at these rates of shear give an indication of rather too low than too high shearing stresses.
Mechanism of Fracture of Glass and Similar Brittle Solids
Authors: Taylor Nelson W. 
Published: January 2005

A theory is proposed which connects the stress, f, required to break a brittle material in simple tension, with its duration of application, t. The slow process preceding fracture is shown to be the orientation of the atomic network contained in an elementary prism of length r=λ0E/f, where E is Young's modulus and λ0 is the critical elongation required for fracture. The rate-controlling factor is the activation energy, Eα/f, for the orientation or rearrangement of the atomic network under the stress, f. Moisture on glass, and moisture plus oxygen on certain metals, are important catalytic or fatigue-promoting factors because they reduce the unit activation energy, α. The theory leads to the equations t=(1/k0)eEα/fkTand logt=−logk0+(Eα/2.3kT)/f,where t is the time for fracture (duration of the stress), k is the Boltzmann constant, T the absolute temperature, and α and k0 are experimentally determined constants. The logarithmic expression has the same form as the Glathart-Preston [J. App. Phys. 17, 189 (1946)] empirical relation logt= −a/m+1/fm, which, in the case of glass, appears to be valid over a time factor of 107.
The theory shows why a solid object does not have a single characteristic breaking strength, and how it adjusts its fracture mechanism to whatever stress is applied. Quantitative tests of the theory are made, using fracture data on various glasses and on one glass at various temperatures. Applicability of the theory to certain aspects of fatigue of metals under stress-corrosion conditions, as well as to failure by fracture of the more rigid organic plastics, is indicated.
An equation, Eλ0=2γ, is proposed which connects Young's modulus and the critical fracture distance with the surface tension, γ, of the solid. Some examples are given.
Infra-Red Spectra of Hydrocarbons: II. Analysis of Octane Mixtures by the Use of Infra-Red Spectra Obtained at Low Temperatures
Authors: Avery W. H. , Morrison J. R. 
Published: January 2005

Infra-red spectra in the region 2 to 22 microns were obtained for the four trimethylpentanes, at temperatures of 0°C and −195°C. In agreement with theory, the band ``widths'' at −195°C are roughly half as great as at 0°C. The spectra were observed experimentally by condensation of a film of the hydrocarbon on the reflecting bottom surface of a cell mounted vertically, with its lower end immersed in ice or liquid nitrogen. A method of forming films of reproducible dimensions and thickness is described.
To provide a quantitative estimate of the advantage for analytical purposes of the use of spactra obtained at low temperatures, an expression is derived which gives the probability (for random distribution of the band positions) that at least one band can be found for each component of a mixture, which does not ``overlap'' bands of the other components. Application of the formula, with some simplifying assumptions, to a mixture of the 18 octane isomers, indicates that reduction of the band ``width'' from 40 cm−1 to 20 cm−1 (corresponding to the temperature change from 0°C to −195°C) increases the calculated probability of the existence of a ``non-overlapped'' band for at least 17 of the isomers from 0.003 to 0.999. The importance of this result in infra-red analyses is pointed out.
The use of spectra obtained at liquid helium temperatures is suggested as offering attractive possibilities for the analysis of complex mixtures.
End-Effect in Rotational Viscometers
Authors: Lindsley Charles H. , Fischer Earl K. 
Published: January 2005

In the classical equations for the traction on concentric cylinders by a viscous substance, it is assumed that traction on the top and bottom of the inner cylinder (bob) is negligible in comparison with that on the curved surface. In viscometers of practical dimensions, however, it is necessary to compensate for the end-traction or end-effect by adopting one of several expedients in design or by determining the magnitude of the effect and accounting for it in terms of increased length of bob.
In the experiments reported in this paper, the method of multiple bobs has been used, and the variation of end-effect with the following factors studied: (1) radius of bob; (2) clearance between cylindrical surfaces; (3) separation between bottom of bob and cup; and (4) viscosity.
The magnitude of the end-effect increases with radius and with clearance. For separations at the bottom greater than 1 cm and for viscosities above 1 poise the end-effect is nearly constant, but must be determined for each cup and bob combination. At lower viscosities the correction must be determined either by calibration with a standard liquid of about the same viscosity as the unknown, or by the multiple-bob method.
It is shown that trapping a layer of air beneath the bob is not effective in making the traction on the bottom negligible. The end-effect is almost as large for a bob with an open bottom as for a closed one.
When the method of multiple bobs is used, data with an accuracy of ±2 percent can be obtained without calibration. When the instrument constant is determined with standard liquids or computed from a value for the end-effect previously found, data of somewhat lower accuracy result, but the uncertainty should be within ±5 percent.
Inversion Applied to the Solution of 3-Dimensional Electromagnetic Problems
Authors: Bloch A. 
Published: January 2005

This paper presents an extension of the method of inversion to certain electromagnetic problems and rectifies at the same time an error of long standing in the solution of an elementary problem which seems to have acted as a bar to just this extension.If the image of a charge in a sphere is derived by the method of inversion, as is done in this paper, it becomes immediately obvious that the image of radially oriented dipole is another radial dipole plus a free charge proportional to the moment of the dipole. The potential caused by the free charge is not of negligible magnitude, and this indicates that the solution given by Sir J. Larmor and independently by S. P. Thompson and Miles Walker for the case of a magnetic dipole outside a sphere of infinite permittivity cannot be correct, for the image used therein consists of a simple dipole. However, it can be shown in addition that the latter image is not void of physical significance: the vector potential of such an image transforms in a simple manner and from this in turn follow simple laws of transformation for flux linked with loops and for mutual inductance between such loops.This extension of the method of inversion is used in the second part of the paper to deal with a problem complementary to that of Larmor-Thompson, namely, with that of a spherical wall impermeable to magnetic flux. This problem is of practical importance as an idealization of an inductor used at radiofrequencies and placed inside a metal screen, and it has for this reason been dealt with by direct attack on several previous occasions. It is shown here that the action of such a screen on the field produced by the loop can be replaced by the introduction of a simple image loop. From this follows then a simple way of calculating the change in self and mutual inductance produced by such a screen, even in cases more general than considered heretofore. The losses caused by the screen can also be easily calculated by the use of H. A. Wheeler's concept of equivalent magnetic skin thickness.