bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Capital Accumulation in Conditions of Unequal Interdependence
Authors: Patnaik Prabhat 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have argued so far that a capitalist economy in which organised workers face organised capital cannot achieve both output stability in the sense of a steady rate of growth and price stability in the sense of a steady rate of inflation on the basis of its spontaneous working and that even State intervention would not be able to combine both kfods of stability owing to the social constraints on the State. Even if it does manage to do so, it could be at a level of unemployment and of growth rate which would be socially destabilising. If capitalist economies have managed over long periods of their history both to perform well as well as to achieve output and price stability, the reason for it lies elsewhere, in their being coupled to pre-capitalist and semi-capitalist economies of the outlying regions.This coupling has taken the form of an ‘unequal interdependence’ (a term used by Bagchi 1982) that has ensured high growth as well as economic stability for the capitalist countries, and, as a consequence, social stability and durability of the system. A stylised picture of how this coupling works is the subject matter of the present chapter and of the one that follows.
Technological Progress and Uneven Development
Authors: Patnaik Prabhat 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far we have discussed the problem of capital accumulation with out introducing technological progress in any essential way. In the case of the backward economy it did not figure at all; in the case of the advanced economy it figured only in the sense that labour pro diuctivity growth was recognised, but there was no discussion of the process underlying it.The present chapter is devoted to a discussion of technological progress. Needless to say, the objective here is not to analyse the process of innovation per se,but rather to draw atten tion to a few limited aspects of it which are necessary for carrying forward the argument of the present book.
A Theory of Imperialism
Authors: Patnaik Prabhat 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The argument developed over the last few chapters suggests that capitalism at its core is indeed a reasonably coherent, durable and successful system. But these characteristics arise for reasons quite different from what either the Walrasians, or neoclassical economists of other persuasions, or even the Keynesians think.They arise be cause of its coupling with outlying regions, with pre-capitalist or semi-capitalist economies. This confers on the system at its core certain benefits of tremendous significance.First, by providing external markets it keeps up the level of activity at a reasonably high tempo for long stretches of time, and thereby boosts the domestic inducement to invest at the core.This results not only in impressive growth rates in output and productivity, which permit significant increases in real wages at the core, but also in a situation where resort to external markets via export surpluses do not have to be a perennial feature of the system.
The Market Question in a Historical Setting
Authors: Patnaik Prabhat 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the present chapter and the one that follows, we shall discuss certain historical aspects of the development of capitalism at the core in the light of our stylised picture of imperialism, both to establish that our stylisation has not been an altogether irrelevant or meaning less one, as well as to fill in certain gaps which a stylised picture inevitably contains.Under the general rubric of the problem of aggregate demand at the core, one can distinguish between three quite distinct problems.The first is what might be called the aggregate expenditure problem, which states that given the mark-up, in any period at the desired level of capacity utilisation, I+ Xmust equal S+M.This was the problem, namely the possible insufficiency of aggregate expenditure to absorb the full capacity (or the desired capacity) output if it was produced, which was highlighted by Keynes and Kalecki.
Diffusion of Activities and the Terms of Trade
Authors: Patnaik Prabhat 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theoretical discussion in chapters 7 and 8 assumed that the manufactured good produced in the backward economy could not be exported. Such an extreme assumption is not necessary for our argument. Even if the workers in the advanced economy spend a fixed proportion of their consumption expenditure on the backward economy’s manufactured good, the argument remains unscathed, as indeed it does if the capitalists in the backward economy wish to spend a fixed fraction of their consumption expenditure on this good; this fraction does not have to be zero. In either case the growth rate of the backward economy gets tethered to that of the advanced economy, which is all that is needed for our argument.The argument would not hold, namely the growth rate of the former would get untethered from that of the latter only if the backward economy could keep expanding its market share.The present chapter discusses why it cannot do so.
Beveridge in the Longue Durée
Authors: Baldwin Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I come neither to bury Beveridge nor to honour him, although the temptation to strive for one or the other of these two extremes is great at the half-century mark after his most lasting achievement.1 Any retrospective evaluation not wholly in thrall either to ritual encomium or denunciation is likely to hover ambiguously between honouring and burying. Examining Beveridge and his influence in the comparatively longue durée we have put behind us since the publication of Social Insurance and Allied Services is no exception. The longue durée is a concept usually attributed to the French historian Femand Braudel. It marks an attempt to situate historical events in their broadest possible context, in a flow of time that is almost geological in its imperceptible movement.
The Profitability of Innovating Firms*
Authors: Geroski Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question of whether private rates of return are too low to encourage enough innovation by firms has been a perennial concern of UK industrial policy-makers, and numerous schemes have been (and continue to be) developed to help stimulate the generation and diffusion of innovations. In this chapter, we propose to cast some light on this problem by measuring the effect that the production of major innovations has on the profitability of innovation-producing firms (and their rivals).
Expectations and Behavior
Authors: Sargent Thomas J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea of rational expectations has two components: first, that each person’s behavior can be described as the outcome of maximizing an objective function subject to perceived constraints; and second, that the constraints perceived by everybody in the system are mutually consistent. The first part restricts individual behavior to be optimal according to some perceived constraints, while the second imposes consistency of those perceptions across people. In an economic system, the decisions of one person form parts of the constraints upon others, so that consistency, at least implicitly, requires people to be forming beliefs about others’ decisions, about their decision processes, and even about their beliefs.
Data Structures
Authors: Sargent Thomas J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Statistics studies methods of making inferences and decisions when we aren’t sure what is happening. For economists, statistics has long been the place to go prospecting for hypotheses to understand how people behave under conditions of uncertainty and ignorance. It must be our starting place, because we propose to make our agents even more like statisticians or econometricians than they are in rational expectations models.
Applications
Authors: Sargent Thomas J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have studied several examples in which systems of adaptive agents eventually find their way to a rational expectations equilibrium, and we know from results in the literature that there is a big class of other models where convergence will also occur. The examples in this book have all been ones that are simple enough for us to compute equilibria beforehand, then watch how fast and to which equilibrium the adaptive system converged. The idea of evolutionary programming is to use the equilibrium-finding tendency of collections of adapting agents to compute equilibria for us.
The History of the Distillers Company, 1877–1939
Authors: Weir Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Distillers Company (DCL) existed from 1877 until 1986 when it was acquired by Guinness. This book covers DCL's history from its founding as the merger of six firms to its position as one of Britain's largest manufacturing companies with diversified interests around the world. It is an extraordinary story of growth, acquisition, and diversification. By the 1920s DCL dominated the whisky industry in Scotland eventually acquiring the then big three blending firms - James Buchanan, John Dewar, and John Walker. With unfettered access to company records Dr Weir has been able to piece together the story of the company that was once described as concealing its activities behind a `tartan curtain'. He traces the role of key individuals like William ross; its lobbying and campaigning activities against drink controls; its international marketing in North America, where its partners included Joseph Kennedy; and its later diversification into industrial alcohol, fuel alcohol, and chemicals to meet the demands of the growing science-based industries. This book is the first full-length study of DCL based on the company's own archives and will appeal to a wide range of readers - those interested in the history of whisky and the Scottish distilleries; economic and business historians concerned with the growth of major corporations; and management analysts studying the processes of growth, diversification, entrepreneurship, and R D that are the necessary ingredients of the sustained growth of successful companies.
The Management of the Distillers Company: How Palsied was the ‘Visible Hand’?
Authors: Weir Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The inter-war years were a key period in the evolution of industrial organization in Britain, when the large-scale company became increasingly accepted as the most appropriate form of enterprise. Mergers laid the foundations of ‘the corporate economy’. Giant firms like Unilever, Imperial Tobacco, ICI, Courtaulds, and Distillers came to dominate their industries. The capitalization of the large-scale firm increased both absolutely and relatively. In 1905 an issued capital of £1.3m. ensured entry to the league table of the fifty largest manufacturing companies. In 1919 a market value of £3.8m. was required, and, by 1930, £6.3m. DCL’s league position fluctuated, but by 1930 mergers had made it Britain’s sixth-largest manufacturing firm with a market value of £45.Sm. (see Table 14.1). By 1948, DCL would be the fourth-largest manufacturing firm and the largest in the drinks industry.
Chemicals 2: Encirclement-Union Carbide to the Rescue?
Authors: Weir Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In November 1935 responsibility for the Research and Development Committee was given to Sir Alexander Walker with Torn Board as his deputy. Walker immediately launched a review of chemical activity. It was prompted by several factors: the dispute with Commercial Solvents, the poor financial performance of British Industrial Solvents, the threat posed by synthetic alcohol, the unsettled state of relations with ICI, dissatisfaction with the quality of advice about chemicals available to the Management Committee, and Walker’s feeling that his fellow blenders were incapable of grasping just how different chemicals were from potable spirits. All these issues related to the opportunities associated with one of the major contemporary advances in industrial chemistry, the production of organic chemicals by synthetic means.
Differential Mortality
Authors: Wunsch Guillaume 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are strongly pronounced differentials between survival chances for different social classes in less developed countries. This book gives insight into the variety of factors-biological, social, economic and cultural-associated with these inequalities in mortality rates. Certain of the papers deal with new conceptual approaches and methodological issues, while others cover particular countries in Asia and Latin America, providing overall an important and provoking study of inequality in death. Contributors: L. Ruzicka, J. Duchene, G. Wunsch, R. H. Gray, S. Horiuchi, S. D'Souza, E. E. Arriaga, J. M. Guzman, B. Utomo, M. B. Iskandar, N. H. Fisek, A. Palloni, G. C. Myers, A. Bouckaert, P. Kane
The Disembedded Regional Economy: The Transformation of East German Industrial Complexes into Western Enclaves
Authors: Grabher Gernot 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Years after the events of autumn 1989, it appears that only ‘half a revolution’ took place in eastern Germany. Although the ‘revolutionary subjects’ of 1989 triggered the implosion of the old tired-out system, they played hardly any role in the creation of the new. Moreover, the revolutionary developments almost completely lacked innovative, future-oriented ideas (Habermas 1990: 181). In this vacuum, instead of the development of new social visions, the immediate implementation of the blueprint of western German society and economy rose to the top of the agenda. This obvious preference for the successful western German model was clearly endorsed by an overwhelming majority of eastern Germans in the 1990 elections, for various reasons such as the hope for a quick improvement in living conditions, distrust of all eastern German elites, and fear of regressive developments in the Soviet Union. This decision reduced the transformation of eastern Germany to a mere cloning of the western German institutional framework. The new economic and social institutions of eastern Germany were to be set up simply as branches of the western German institutions—at a speed and with a vigour, however, that precluded any self-organization. In political terms, this rigorous cloning has led to a subject-less society (Haussermann 1992: 4), a representative democracy in an apathetic society. In economic terms, the vacuum resulting from blocked economic and social self-organization was abruptly and vigorously filled by foreign actors, above all western investors.
Processes Facilitating Reliance on Trust in Inter-Organizational Networks
Authors: Ring Peter Smith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From a review of the organization and strategic management literatures of the past five years, two conclusions can be drawn. First, for managers who want to achieve sustained competitive advantage (SCA) for their firms, capitalizing on, and leveraging, firm-specific resources is a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition (see e.g. Amit and Schoemaker 1993; Barney 1991; Lado and Wilson 1995; Mahoney and Pandian 1992; Prahalad and Hamel 1990). Secondly, in attempting to achieve SCA, many of these same managers now see co-operation between organizations as a useful means to gain access to critical resources beyond the boundaries of their own firms (see e.g. Gulati 1995; Hakansson and Snehota 1995; Nohria and Eccles 1993; Parkhe 1991; Powell 1990; Ring and Van de Ven 1992).
Research and Development Alliances: Ensuring Trust by Mutual Commitments
Authors: Laat Paul De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Firms increasingly form alliances with external partners that involve co¬ operation in the sphere of research and development (R&D). Glossing over the intricate details, available statistics about European firms yield roughly the following picture. About 40 per cent of the companies performing some R&D nowadays co-operate with partners external to the firm. As is to be expected, the percentage is higher for large companies than for small and medium-sized companies (Kleinknecht and Reynen 1992; Dutch statistics). About one-tenth of the total R&D budget is destined for external co-operation (7 per cent for large companies, 16 per cent for small and medium-sized companies). These external funds concern co-operation with other companies as well as with research organizations and universities, in a two-to-one ratio (Riedle 1989; German statistics). Moreover, these alliances are not only national ones, but regularly cross borders. If larger firms are considered, it is not unusual to be involved in tens of alliances at the same time, many of which are with the same partners (Hagedoorn and Schakenraad 1990, 1992; Freeman 1991). Philips, Siemens, and Olivetti even manage hundreds of alliances simultaneously.
Introduction
Authors: Swann G M Peter , prevezer Martha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book aims to provide an analysis of the dynamics of industrial clustering in high-technology industries. This analysis is illustrated by reference to the emergence of clusters in the cases of computing and biotechnology, in the USA and the UK. We use the word cluster in both a geographical and technological sense: In what follows, a clustermeans a large group of firms in related industries at a particular location. We should emphasize from the outset that our focus is on high technologyindustry and dynamics.Clustering is not exclusively the preserve of high-technology industries, nor is it even a new phenomenon. Clusters are found in a wide variety of traditional industries (textiles in northern Italy, shipbuilding in Glasgow, steel in Pittsburgh, car manufacture in Detroit).
Cost Management in Sweden: From Modern to Post-Modern
Authors: Urban Ask , Christian Ax , Sten Jonsson 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The calculative practices in an economy can be described on several levels. Understanding may be enhanced by descriptive levels providing mutual support. One may distinguish between an institutional level, at which norms and standards are developed and argued for; a collective level, at which populations are described in terms of statistics on the use of different methods; and the level of individual organizations. Different factors explain changes on those levels. On the institutional level, growing strength of the unions, wars, free-trade agreements, or majority shifts in Parliament may generate conditions of opportunity. On the collective or industry level, corporatist arrangements may yield a committee that will seize the opportunity to focus attention on joint problem solving, or consultancy firms specializing in selling a ‘package’ or literature and conferences may drive diffusion. In the individual firm, specific contingencies may explain how practices have evolved.
Management Accounting in the UK Reflections on Research, Practice, and the Profession
Authors: Bhimani Alnoor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The management accounting literature in Britain has recently documented calls for extensive changes. Exhortations to change management accounting systems echo those which, with a longer history, have aimed at altering enterprise management practices themselves. Thus, whereas company executives now deploy the language of management gurus (‘de-layering’, ‘empowerment’, ‘right-sizing’, ‘multi-functionality’), accountants also increasingly appeal to the rhetoric of their avant-garde masters (‘cost-drivers’, ‘activity-analysis’, ‘backflush’, ‘Kaizen costing’). As the interface between management and accounting ideals evolves, its potential for engendering management accounting change continues to be voiced. Management accounting practices, research, and the management accounting profession seem to be affected. Accounting practices in some organizations are being altered as novel prescriptions for accounting change emerge. But in other enterprises they remain highly organization-specific and even tradition-bound (Ezzamel et al. 1995). For some management accounting researchers, observed changes in management accounting practices and theorizing about normative management accounting approaches form important foci of interest, and open new possibilities for forging a more diverse research agenda in the field. The management accounting profession in the United Kingdom has likewise heeded calls for management accounting reforms, and espouses in the main a progressive outlook predicated on modern precepts for effective enterprise management.
Consequentialist Decision Theory and Utilitarian Ethics
Authors: Hammond Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Normative social choice theory seems to have started out as a discussion of how to design suitable political systems and voting schemes-as in the work of well..known writers like Borda (1781), Condorcet (1785), Dodgson (1884), Black (1948), and Arrow (I95I; I963). Yet, in its attempt to aggregate individual preferences or interests into some kind of collective choice criterion, it would appear equally suited to the general issue of how to make good decisions which affect several different individuals. This, of course, is the subject of ethics in general, rather than just of political philosophy. After all, the design of suitable political systems is just one particular kind of ethical issue. So is the design of economic systems, and even the adjustment of features like tax rates within an existing system.
Co-operative Research in Japanese Manufacturing Industries
Authors: Goto Akira 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the ‘success ‘ of the VLSI Research Association in Japan, co-operative research has attracted wide attention not only inside but also outside the country. In the USA, the creation of the Microelectronics and Computer Technology Corporation (MCC) and the passage of the National Cooperative Research Act of 1984 seem to have been motivated at least partly by the Japanese experience. In Europe, this appears to be true of various research consortia such as ESPRIT, EURECA, and JESSI.
Dutch Free-Standing Companies, 1870 1940
Authors: Gales Ben P A , Sluyterman Keetie E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mira Wilkins coined the term ‘free-standing company ‘, identifying it as a typical mode of British direct investment abroad. Describing the British situation between 1870 and 1914, Wilkins concluded that freestanding companies were to be found as investors in many different countries and in such widely differing activities as agriculture, timber, cattle-raising, mining, oil production, manufacturing, transportation, public utilities, mortgage banking, and land development. In many instances, the free-standing company served as an alternative to the extension abroad of the British home-based operating companies. Free-standing companies were often part of networks of promoters, bankers, financiers, solicitors, accountants, engineers, politicians, and traders. These networks provided the services the home office could not give because of its smallness. Wilkins supposed that the mortality rate was high among the free-standing companies, because the headquarters and networks failed to provide the necessary financial and managerial services. For this reason, the British free-standing companies were inferior to US multinational companies.
The Significance of the Concept and a Future Agenda
Authors: Wilkins Mira 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the years from 1830 to 1870 the world economy became more integrated. By 1870-1914 numerous companies were crossing national frontiers. If any reader had doubts, the chapters in this volume should be convincing. The First World War interrupted the globalization pattern. The 1920s saw, however, a revival of business over borders, only to be tempered by the heightened nationalism of the 1930s. Then came the Second World War and the cold war. Yet in the 1950s and 1960s, and to an even greater extent in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, there was a renewal of internationalization, initially including principally non-communist countries and then extending to cover once more the entire world.