bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardinal Numbers
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One. PIE had two roots usually translated ‘one’: “oy- and “sem (294.I). This state of affairs has been variously accounted for. The opinion endorsed here takes PIE “oy- as denoting singularity and uniqueness, and unity in a counting sense, namely in the sense that nine is ‘one more’ than eight. This kind of ‘one’ is briefly called ‘one-alone’; the implications of isolation or uniqueness are overt in such derivatives as Goto ‘alone, solitary’ and OLP’YJ ‘one-spot’ (on dice). Compound adjectives would have the sense of ‘having (only) one such-and-such’ (a unicorn, for example). PIE “sem- was ‘one-together’, that is, several things taken as a whole, or considered a unit for some purpose (as when several people ‘speak with one voice’), or several things are regarded as interchangeable in some way (cf. NE one and the same). Accordingly the term shades into notions like ‘same’ and, adverbially, ‘at the same time’ (for example Ved. sa-dyds ‘on the same day’)
Survey of the Pie Verb System
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Verb Systems Generally Considered. The verb system of most languages is a complicated affair. This has nothing to do with elaborate paradigms, but with functional categories however they are marked. The formal categories of a language in fact cannot be depended upon to mark functional categories straightforwardly. First, functional categories are commonly combined in various ways: in PIE you could not specify a subject’s person without also specifying number, and vice-versa. Second, functional categories are often expressed by formally inconsistent means. A few examples from English will make these points clearly, since English is usually regarded as elementary in these regards compared to the luxuriance of G, L, and Skt. But the relationships between form and function in English are anything but elementary, as we shall see, and have little congruence with the terminology of the school grammars. In English the present tense is usually regarded as self-explanatory; in the words of a dictionary, s.v. present: ‘Gramm. Denoting, or pertaining to, time that now is; as the present tense. To the contrary: the ‘present tense’ of English turns out to have very little in the way of reference to ‘time that now is’. The four principal functions of the NE ‘present tense’ are: (1) it is used of future events; (2) it is used of reiterated or habitual events; (3) it is used of a state, which has no tense; (4) it is used with a special class of verbs known as performatives, such as say, declare, promise.
Eventive Stems In Pie
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thematic stems, to which the person endings are added, are invariant (tonic accent and all) apart from the o-ablaut of the theme vowel. The athematic paradigms add the person endings directly to a stem­ final consonant (those stems that appear to consist of a long vowel or “;}, such as the opt. marker traditionally written “-ye-, 539, are now known to have contained laryngeals). Tonic accent typically was mobile: in the dominant pattern, it stood on the stem in the sg.act., but on the person endings in the du. and pl., and in all forms of the middle. The stems themselves alternate between the e- (tonic) and zero grade (440), in accord with the position of the accent.
The Greek Perfect System
Authors: L.Sihler Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The G perfect paradigm which most faithfully reflects the PIE formation as to gradation of the root syllable (as seen in Inlr. and Gmc.), and in adding the endings directly to the root, is oioa ‘know’. The regular G treatment of two apical stops (212) accounts for 2pl. ‘iun and possibly for the 2sg. oiu0a, though the latter may actually continue “woyd-stH2e rather than “woyd-tH2e (514.2). The Att. 1pl. ‘iuµEP, for the more original ‘ioµEv as in Hom., shows the influence of L&lt;JTE. But the 3Pl. ‘iua&lt;JL is a new formation. It is from “wid-santi (cf. the parallel Att. E’i aui, 3Pl. oHmKOI ‘am like’), whence Hom. ‘iuua&lt;JL beside ‘iua&lt;JL, Dor. ‘iuavn. The starting point is 3Pl. “wid-san, Hom. ‘iuav, which has 0uav from the u-aor.
Catch-up and Convergence in the Postwar Growth Boom and After
Authors: Abramovitz Moses 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A central feature of the postwar growth boom is the convergence of the productivity levels of those relatively advanced industrialized nations that organize economic activity mainly by means of business enterprises and relatively free markets. The original members of the OECD, as organized in 1961, are the group of nations that share these characteristics, and this chapter focuses on their experience. It is the record of this group during the great postwar growth boom that, more than any other single consideration, brought to the convergence hypothesis the attention it enjoys today.
Social Organization and Technological Leadership
Authors: Lazonick William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This contribution to the convergence debate is dedicated to the propositions that as we reach the end of the twentieth century, the United States is falling behind both technologically and organizationally and that the United States, having fallen behind, will find it very difficult to put in place a mode of social organization required to catch up to the new leaders. Let me summarize the basic competitive dynamics involved. A national economy (say, Japan's) that rises to international industrial leadership does so on the basis of a mode of social organization that is capable of generating higherquality products at lower unit costs than can be achieved on the basis of the mode of social organization that characterizes the old industrial leader (say, the United States). The old leader seeks to compete on the basis of what has now become a traditional mode of social organization. Indeed the old leader finds that by adapting to the new competition on the basis of the modes of organization and the types of technologies that made it successful in the past, it can continue to remain competitive for a time. Meanwhile, however, the new leader is continuing to use the social organization of its economy to generate innovation. By the time the old leader recognizes that it must change its mode of social organization in order to compete, the new leader has forged ahead.
Multinational Corporations and Productivity Convergence in Mexico
Authors: Blomström Magnus , Wolff Edward N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the last 30 years, the developing countries have witnessed very different experiences regarding income and productivity growth and the extent to which they have converged on developed countries. Some, like the Asian newly industrialized countries (NICs), clearly are in a process of rapid convergence, whereas others, like most countries in Africa, show no sign of convergence. This indicates that the realization of the potentiality for productivity catch-up simply because of backwardness depends strongly on another set of causes, some of which are internal and others external to the countries themselves (see Abramovitz 1986).
Native American Tribalism
Authors: Mcnickle D’arcy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a reissue of Native American Tribalism with a new Introduction by Peter Iverson. In this book the late D’Arcy McNickle, Professor of Anthropology at the University of Saskatchewan, member of the Flathead Tribe of Montana, and founding member of the National Congress of American Indians reviews the history of almost four hundred years of contact between North American Indians and the dominant - and often domineering - Western civilization. McNickle shows that contrary to the white man’s early expectations, the Indians of North America have maintained their cultural identity, social organization, size, locations of their population, and unique position before the law. He points out that even while stigmatized with the generalization of being an inferior race, harsh treatment by the white North American cultures, and severe obstacles such as epidemics of small pox, Indians have managed to remain an ethnic cultural enclave within American and Canadian society from colonial times through the present. McNickle maintains that Indians are eager to adopt knowledge and technology from the white society, but they want to fit these changes into their own culture. He argues that by emphasizing tribal self-determination, the federal government can best help Indians to modernize and achieve independence while maintaining their ancient heritage. Peter Iverson’s Introduction discusses McNickle’s contribution to Native American studies and provides an overview of recent events and scholarship in the field. He has also updated the appendix describing the geographical distribution of the principle tribes in the United States and Canada.
A Generalized View
Authors: Mcnickle D’arcy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The assumption had come down from earliest times, not always voiced, but implicit, that the native inhabitants of the New World would become extinct. They belonged to an inferior race and must give way to a stronger. As Count Alexis de Tocqueville was moved to remark in r 83 r while he watched a muted body of displaced Choctaw tribesmen, “The Indians have been ruined by a competition which they had not the means of sustaining.”
Modern Escape-from the Home of the Brave?
Authors: Lee Philip J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two instinctive human reactions in the face of danger: one is to fight; the other is to flee. At times, the only sensible solution seems to be escape from whatever threatens the life or wellbeing of the person. When the world is seen as shrouded in dense fog and darkness, when evil is perceived to be the overwhelming force within the world (Calvin wrote that the “Manichees ... made the devil almost the equal of God” ), when there is no hope for unalloyed earthly joy and love (and the gnostics were interested in no other kind), then obviously the desire to flee is very strong indeed. Whatever can be said of the original Calvinism-and nearly everything derogatory has been said-in no way could it be accused of being escapist. Calvin’s was no “pie in the sky by and by” faith. Alongside the ethic of St. -Thomas, normative for the Roman Catholic Church, the Genevan ethic was proposed as a universal system, which like its counterpart would enable “the Christian to be active in the world with a good conscience and without a break between the Christian-ethical and the worldly ideals.
Narcissism: From the Sacred Community to the Inner Self
Authors: Lee Philip J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tolkien has eloquently defended the logic of escape-escape from the ugliness and sterility of modern life into the world of myth and fantasy. He makes an important distinction, however, between escape as a willful act of self-preservation and escape as desertion. The former, escape into fantasy, music, and poetry, is not only an acceptable but a necessary aspect of our humanity. Gnostic escape, on the other hand, would fall under Tolkien’s other category of desertion for two reasons. First, the gnostic does not retreat temporarily into a fortress of imagination for the regaining of sanity and strength with which once again to confront the world as it presents itself; he or she remains in the fortress of imagination. Second, the gnostic does not escape into another aspect of the world which has a tangible reality of its own to judge and direct his or her own psyche; rather, the gnostic escapes into the self. Within that secure realm of self, there can be no accurate scales of judgment and no precise charts for traveling. But once having entered this domain, the gnostic no longer needs those measured guides, for after the escape within, right and wrong turns are no longer being considered; the journey has ended.
Introduction
Authors: Burlaga L F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is concerned with the magnetohydrodynamic processes in the interplanetary medium, the region near the solar equatorial plane extending from approximately 0.5 AU to 40 AU. The interplanetary medium lies between the sun and the interstellar medium. The observations that are discussed in this book were made by instruments on spacecraft moving through the interplanetary medium. Thus, our view of the interplanetary medium based on these observations is that of one who is immersed in the medium that he seeks to understand. There is another view of the interplanetary medium, the view that would be seen by an observer standing far beyond the interplanetary medium, say two or three hundred astronomical units from the sun. This section provides a brief overview of the interplanetary medium from the latter point of view. The sun and the interstellar medium compete for control of the interplanetary medium. The sun that we see during the day has a sharp boundary, the photosphere, having a temperature of 4000 K. However, anyone who has seen a solar eclipse knows that the sun reaches out to at least 10 solar radii. The solar “corona” is hot, of the order of a million degrees (van de Hulst, 1953; Billings, 1959). One of the great unanswered questions is how the sun produces such a hot corona (Parker, 1961; Scudder, 1992). The interstellar medium is relatively cool, the temperature being only of 10,000 K. The matter in the corona is fully ionized, consisting primarily of protons and electrons. The local interstellar medium is only weakly ionized, consisting primarily of neutral hydrogen. The density of the solar corona is high, of the order of 108 cm-3• The density of the interstellar medium is low, of the order of 0.1 cm-3• The magnetic field in the corona is approximately 105 nT, while that in the interstellar medium is perhaps 0.5 nT.
Large-Scale Magnetic Field
Authors: Burlaga L F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The structures of the solar wind and the interplanetary magnetic field vary systematically over a period of 11 years in relation to the solar activity cycle. The solar activity cycle is traditionally measured by the sunspot number. The sunspot number from 1962 to 1993 is shown in Fig. 2.1. Four phases of the solar cycle can be identified: solar minimum, the ascending phase, solar maximum, and the descending phase. The three solar minima observed during the space age to date are shown in Fig. 2.1: 1964-65, 1976, and 1986. All the minima have similar values for the sunspot number. Three solar maxima observed during the space age to date are also shown in Fig. 2.1: a broad maximum centered around 1969, a larger maximum in 1979, and a comparable maximum in 1989. An ascending phase extends from a solar minimum to the following solar maximum, and the descending phases extends from a solar maximum to the following solar minimum.
Corotating Streams and Interaction Regions
Authors: Burlaga L F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In many cases, the existence of an object is inferred from its effects long before it is demonstrated by direct observations. The existence of corotating streams was inferred from their effects on geomagnetic activity (Maunder, 1905; Chapman and Ferraro, 1929; Chapman and Bartels, 1940; Parker, 1963) long before their existence was established by the in situ observations of Neugebauer and Snyder (1966). The inference of the existence of streams served as a hypothesis that guided theoretical work as well as observational studies. The early work of Parker (1958, 1963) is particularly significant. The existence of corotating stream was demonstrated by the observations of Neugebauer and Snyder (1966). More recent observations of recurrent streams were made by Helios and are reviewed by Schwenn (1990). Several fundamental characteristics of corotating streams are evident in Fig. 7.1. The corotating streams tend to recur with a period of 27 days. The density within a corotating stream tends to be relatively low, while that ahead of the stream and in the rising portion of the stream tends to be relatively high. The transition from high to low densities tends to occur abruptly, coincident with a rapid increase in the speed. The studies of corotating streams show that they tend to be relatively hot compared to the slow solar wind (Neugebauer and Snyder, 1966; Burlaga and Ogilvie, 1973; Schwenn, 1990) and that the magnetic field tends to be enhanced at the leading edge of the corotating stream, except in the inner heliosphere (Schwenn, 1990). The magnetic polarity is always essentially constant in a corotating stream. One or two corotating streams are embedded in a single magnetic sector; hence, the corotating streams presumably originate in a unipolar region at the sun. The early observations and gas dynamic models of corotating streams are reviewed in the book by Hundhausen (1972), by Pizzo (1983a; 1985), and in the recent overview of Schwenn (1990).
Heliospheric Vortex Street
Authors: Burlaga L F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most surprising results from the plasma experiment on Voyager 2 is the discovery of a quasi-periodic meridional flow with a period of about 25.5 days between 20 AU and 25 AU from 1986 to early 1988 (Lazarus and Belcher, 1988; Lazarus et al., 1988; Lazarus and McNutt, 1990). The amplitude of the north-south flow deflections, shown as the θ Ns(t) profile at the top of Fig. 10.1 is about ±5° north and south of the heliographic equator. There was no similar deflection of the flow in the east and west directions. The mean speed was approximately 400 km/s.
Introduction
Authors: Lindsey Duncan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Talmud, emphasizing the importance of each individual life, says, “If during the course of your own life, you have saved one life, it is as if you have saved all humankind.” Few occupations give us the opportunity of participating in the saving of a life. The everyday life of the child welfare worker is concerned with just that—reclaiming a child for life.
Development of the System
Authors: Lindsey Duncan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prior to the mid nineteenth century the practice of medicine was essentially non scientific, which is to say that the causes of most medical problems were unknown. It wasn’t until the last half of the nineteenth century that germs, viruses, and the host of genetic and functional causes of illness were discovered. Even the mechanisms associated with obvious traumas were known only in a very gross way: “broken bones heal correctly only if reset properly and immobilized.” The medical profession was, by and large, restricted to minor symptomatic treatment where that was possible, and palliative “supportive therapy” that consisted primarily of comforting and giving hope. Seriously ill people went to the hospital, such as it was, to die. The beds were arranged so the patients could see the altar and join in the celebration of daily mass. Instead of nurses, the hospital staff was comprised of nuns. The staff administered medicine made from herbs gathered from the wild or cultivated in the convent gardens to relieve the suffering of the patients in their final days.
Programs and Policies for Achieving Income Equity for Children
Authors: Lindsey Duncan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the U.S. today, there are nearly 9 million mothers with children whose fathers do not live with them. Only about 2 million of these families received their full child support payments in 1985. Another 1 million families received partial payments and almost 6 million received nothing. We can and should do better.
Poetics as repertory: The poetic traditions of the Indo-European world— Sources and texts
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historical linguists, and Indo-Europeanists in particular, pursue their study in two opposite but complementary directions. On the one hand they proceed back from the data of the languages compared to restore a common prototype. On the other hand they proceed from the established forms of the proto-language to follow their development in the individual languages-the emergent new and independent structures which result from the transformations of elements of the earlier system.
The Indo-European poet: His social function and his art
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chap. 3 we considered one of the two aspects of the study of Indo-European poetics, the formal question of the poet’s technique.The second, to which we now come, concerns the social function of poetry and the poet in Indo-European times: his purpose.Both must be looked at together, complementarily. For the art of the Indo-European poet is to say something wholly traditional in a new and interesting, but therefore more effectiveway. It is verbal activity, artistically elaborated, but directed toward a more or less immediate, concrete goal.
Saxa loquuntur: The first age of poetry in Italy Faliscan and South Picene
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historians speak of ‘the flowering of Italy’ in the Archaic Period (8th to 5th centuries B.C.)1 as a response to the waves of colonization spreading over the coastal areas, then penetrating slowly into the interior of the Mezzogiorno and Sicily. The single most important cultural manifestation was the spread of alphabetic writing. In the south it was direct, and local languages are written in the varieties of Greek alphabet their users were in contact with: Sikel, Messapic, the dialect of Bruttium, and a little later the Oscan of Lucania.
Strophic structures in Iranian
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Narten does consider the YH to be prose, specifically ‘liturgical recitation prose’: her description is ‘elevated, artfully arranged prose which is close to poetry’ (p. 21). She goes on to a detailed enumeration of the stylistic figures exhibited in the YH, to which we shall return. The description is accurate enough; but the judgment of all these scholars that the YH is prose rests on the tacit assumption of a single binary opposition prose : poetry.
The Aśvamedha or Horse Sacrifice: An Indo-European liturgical form
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Giraldus de Barri, called Cambrensis ‘of Wales’, was born in the castle of Manorbier, in Pembrokeshire around 1146, to a Norman father and a Welsh mother. He visited Ireland in 1183 and again in 1185; his family the fitzGeralds were important principals in the Norman conquest of Ireland in that century.
Orphic gold leaves and the great way of the soul: Strophic style, funerary ritual formula, and eschatology
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have no examples of early liturgical texts in Greek, and no principled way of knowing whether or not they involved the sort of non-metrical rhythmic/syntactic style which we have observed elsewhere. But we might suggest that in the syntactic and lexical responsionsof the non-syllable-counting strophic style in the traditions examined, we may find the background of the metrical, syllabic, and phonetic-echoic responsionswhich are the primary poetic feature of the fully developed strophe, antistrophe, and epode of Greek choral lyric.
‘Like a reed’: The Indo-European background of a Luvian ritual
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ritual utterances are by their nature traditional, frozen, and enduring. Ritual and myth are furthermore inextricably linked, in ancient Anatolia as elsewhere, where the narration of a myth is itself usually a ritual act, a single action as a part of a larger whole. The pattern is familiar to us from other traditions within and outside the Indo-European world.
Latin tarentum, the ludi Saeculares, and Indo-European eschatology
Authors: Watkins Calvert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though not mentioned by Vetter-perhaps because it seemed evident to him-the meaning follows directly from the text, for Varro glosses the form tarentum Accas in the very next paragraph by sepulcrum Accae, modernizing both the lexical form and the old genitive singular feminine.