bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trace nutrients.
Authors: Spring Josephine A. , Robertson Jean , Buss D. H. 
Published: September 2005

1. Intakes of magnesium, copper, zinc, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and folic acid in Britain were calculated by applying the values selected for the 4th edition of McCance and Widdowson's The Composition of Foods (Paul & Southgate, 1978) to the amounts of food recorded in the National Food Survey made during 1976 (Ministry of Agiculture, Fisheries and Food, 1977).2. National average intakes were (/person per d): Mg 249 mg, Cu 1.51 mg, Zn 9.1 mg, vitamin B6 1.36 mg, vitamin B12 6.6 μg, free folic acid 105 μg and total folic acid 190 μg. Corresponding intakes (/person) in families with four or more children were 10–20% lower.3. A comparison of intakes with those recommended in Canada (Department of National Health and Welfare, 1976) and the USA (National Research Council, 1974) or by WHO (1973) indicated that for folic acid average values were particulary low, and only for vitamin B12 were the recommendations significantly exceeded.4. Contributions from alcoholic drinks and confectionery were also calculated and found, on average, to be significant for Cu, vitamin B12 and folic acid.5. The losses of B-vitamins which might occur on cooking are discussed.
The contribution of protozoa to the protein entering the duodenum of sheep
Authors: Harrison D. G. , Beever D. E. , Osbourn D. F. 
Published: September 2005

1. Four sheep, each fitted with a rumen fistula and a re-entrant cannula at the proximal duodenum were fed a semi-purified diet containing urea as the only nitrogen source. The quantities of total protozoal amino acid-N (TPAN) present in the rumen and entering the duodenum were determined when the mean rumen dilution rate (D) was low (0.034/h) and when D was increased to 0.078/h by the intraruminal infusion of artificial saliva.2. Increasing the dilution rate had no significant effect upon the proportions of TPAN present in the total microbial amino acid-N (TMAN) of the rumen fluid and duodenal digesta. With both dilution rates the mean proportion of TPAN in the duodenal TMAN (0.24) was markedly less than the equivalent proportion (0.45) found in the rumen fluid.3. The daily flow of TPAN, as measured at the duodenal cannula at both dilution rates was equivalent to only 41 % of the flow of TPAN as predicted from measurements of rumen outflow, indicating that a substantial proportion of rumen protozoal protein was retained within the rumen.
The effects of pregnancy and lactation on the activities of trypsin and α-chymotrypsin in the rat pancreas
Authors: Rolls B. A. , Henschel M. J. , Palmer Maureen F. 
Published: September 2005

1. The food intake, pancreas weight and trypsin (EC 3.4.21.4) and α-chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.21.1) activities in the pancreas were measured in rats during pregnancy and lactation and after the young were weaned.2. All the quantities measured increased significantly during lactation and had returned to their original values by 4 weeks after weaning. Food intake and pancreas weight were highest after the second week of lactation. Total trypsin and α-chymotrypsin activity, and the activity per g tissue, fell during pregnancy and rose during lactation, reaching a maximum I week after weaning.3. From these and other results it is suggested that the hypertrophy and hypersecretion of pregnancy and lactation are initiated by changes in insulin secretion and mediated by the trophic effects of gut hormones, and that differences in the nature and timing of the response may be controlled by nutrient availability.
Selective deficiency of hepatic triglyceride lipase and hypertriglyceridaemia in kwashiorkor
Authors: Agbedana E. O. , Johnson A. O. , Taylor G. Oladunni 
Published: September 2005

1. Serum postheparin lipolytic activities (PHLA), triglyceride and free fatty acid concentrations were determined in children with kwashiorkor before and after treatment and also in normal control children.2. Using the range (571–1650 μmol/l) of serum triglyceride of the control children as normal, five (20%) of the twenty-five children with kwashiorkor had low (less than 570μmol/l), thirteen (52%) had normal (571–1650, μmol/l) and seven (28%) had high (more than 1650 μmol/l) serum triglyceride levels.3. The serum PHLA did not show any definite correlation with the level of circulating triglycerides, although the lowest levels of PHLA were found in the malnourished children with highest triglyceride level.4. While the hepatic PHLA in the malnourished children was significantly less than control value, the extrahepatic PHLA did not differ significantly.5. After treatment, serum PHLA rose significantly and the mean levels were within normal range.6. Our findings suggest that a defect in catabolism of very-low-density lipoprotein caused by a low hepatic PHLA may cause hypertriglyceridaemia in children with kwashiorkor.
Changes in body composition after thermal injury in the rat
Authors: Al Shamma G. A. , Goll C. C. , Baird T. B. , Broom J. , Nicholas G. A. , Richards J. R. 
Published: September 2005

1. The effects on body composition, measured by direct techniques, of a controlled 25% body-surfacearea thermal injury have been studied in two groups of forty male Wistar rats.2. The extent of weight loss in the animals was directly related to their energy deficit resulting from a combination of injury, food intake and rate of wound healing.3. Body fat proved the most labile source of tissue energy, decreasing to a minimum of approximately 30 g/kg body-weight.4. Relationships between water and fat, and water and protein seen in control animals were not significantly different in the traumatized group.
The role of thermoregulatory thermogenesis in the development of obesity in genetically-obese (ob/ob) mice pair-fed with lean siblings
Authors: Thurlby P. L. , Trayhurn P. 
Published: September 2005

1. In order to quantitatively assess the energetic significance of reduced thermoregulatory thermogenesis in the accumulation of excess body fat in genetically-obese (ob/ob) mice experiments have been conducted at four environmental temperatures (17, 23, 28 and 33°) in which young growing obese animals were pair-fed for 10 d to the ad lib. intake of lean siblings.2. The food intake of the lean mice increased with decreasing environmental temperature: at 17° the intake was 86% higher than that at 33°.3. The estimated gain in carcass energy of lean mice rose with increasing temperature, from 82 kJ at 17° to 150 kJ at 33°. The energy gain of the pair-fed obese mice was higher than that of the lean at all temperatures but showed a slight decrease with increasing temperature, from 231 kJ at 17° to 191 kJ at 33°.4. Environmental temperature affected the ‘excess’ energy gain of the obese mice. At 17° the obese mice deposited 182% more energy than the lean but this difference decreased progressively with increasing temperature to 127, 62 and 27% more energy at 23, 28 and 33° respectively.5. At all environmental temperatures the pair-fed obese mice deposited considerably less protein than their lean controls. The deposition ranged from 32% (at 17°) to 56% (at 28°) of that of the lean mice.6. It is concluded that environmental temperature plays a major role in determining the excess energy gain of ob/ob mice receiving the same amount of food as lean controls, and that the low energy expenditure and consequent high metabolic efficiency of this mutant is due primarily to reduced thermoregulatory thermogenesis.
WHO sponsored collaborative studies on nutritional anaemia in India
Authors: Mathan V. I. , Baker S. J. , Sood S. K. , Ramachandran K. , Ramalingaswami V. 
Published: September 2005

1. A study was conducted in two centres in southern and northern India of the effects of the addition of ascorbic acid and protein supplements to iron, pteroylglutamic acid and cyanocobalamin, in the prophylaxis and treatment of anaemia of pregnancy.2. A dose of 500 mg ascorbic acid/d had no beneficial effect. Women who received 15 g calcium caseinate/d showed a superior haematological response. The reasons for this are unknown, but are more likely attributable to an increased absorption of the supplemental iron than to the correction of a protein deficiency.
Intake of copper, iron, manganese and zinc by healthy, exclusively-breast-fed infants during the first 3 months of life
Authors: Vuori E. 
Published: September 2005

1. The calculated median daily trace element intakes /kg of exclusively-breast-fed infants at 1, 2 and 3 months of age respectively were: copper 0.075, 0.051 and 0.043 mg; iron 0.075, 0.055 and 0.048 mg; manganese 0.9, 0.6 and 0.5 μg; zinc 0.420, 0.215 and 0.150 mg. The latter values for Cu, Fe, and Zn intakes were in good agreement with earlier results, whereas the intake of Mn was lower. The intakes of trace elements by breast-fed infants seemed to be below the recommended dietary allowances (Food and Nutrition Board, 1973; WHO Expert Committee on Trace Elements in Human Nutrition, 1973).2. There seems to be no information on trace element concentrations of breast milk related to the energy content. Such values are therefore included for breast milk from Finnish women for the 1st 6 months of lactation.
Effect of zinc deficiency on the weight, cellularity and zinc concentration of different skeletal muscles in the post-weanling rat
Authors: O'Leary Mary J. , McClaln C. J. , Hegarty P. V. J. 
Published: September 2005

Zinc-deficient (ZD), weight-restricted (WR), pair-fed (PF) andad lib.-fed (AL) Sprague-Dawley male rats were killed after feeding the respective Zn-deficient and Zn-supplemented diets from 3 to 8 weeks of age. Animals killed at the start of the experiment served as a baseline control (BC).Four different skeletal muscles – biceps brachii, soleus, plantaris and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) – were studied for changes in weight, the number and diameter of muscle fibres and Zn concentration.The soleus muscle had the highest concentration of Zn. It was the only muscle to reduce its Zn concentration due to Zn deficiency.There was a loss of muscle fibres during normal growth (groups BCv.AL) in the soleus muscle (P< 0.05). The estimated length of muscle and the diameter of the muscle fibres in all four muscles increased significantly (P< 0.001). Therefore postweanling growth appears to occur as a result of longitudinal and transverse increases in the dimensions of these muscles.The reduction in muscle fibre number in ZD rats compared to BC animals may occur within the range of expected fibre loss during normal growth. Fibre loss in ZD rats may be more affected by feeding-pattern-dependent metabolic changes than by a deficiency of Zn per se (groups ZDv.WR). Soleus fibre loss in ZD rats may be related to the high Zn concentration in this muscle.The effect of Zn deficiency per se on muscle fibre diameter may be inaccurately interpreted by comparing the ZD animals with their PF and AL controls. There was no significant difference in fibre diameter in any of the four muscles when ZD and WF rats were compared.
Intraruminal injection of urea and changes in secretion of parotid saliva in sheep
Authors: Obara Y. , Shimbayashi K. 
Published: September 2005

1. Sheep were injected with varying doses of urea into the rumen and changes in the amount of saliva secreted from one parotid gland were studied. When the dose of urea was 0.1–0.2 g/kg, the secretion under- went no change. When the dose was 0.3 g/kg. the secretion was inhibited. When the dose was 0.4 or 0.5 g/kg, there was a marked inhibition in the secretion.2. There was a close relationship between the ammonia level of the jugular blood and the inhibition of salivary secretion. When the ammonia level exceeded approximately 0.28 mmol/l, the secretion was inhibited abruptly.3. Salivary secretion and rumen movement were inhibited when the blood ammonia level exceeded 0.28 mmoljl, after injection of ammonium acetate into the jugular vein.4. Based on the results mentioned previously, the mechanism of inhibition on the secretion of parotid saliva is discussed in relation to the domestic ruminant in which urea had been injected into the rumen.
Effect of defaunation on the metabolism of rumen micro-organisms
Authors: Demeyer D. I. , Van Nevel C. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. Rumen contents of a fasted fistulated wether, obtained in a faunated, defaunated and refaunated period were incubated in vitro with a mixture of cellobiose and maltose, in the presence of ammonium bicarbonate and32PO43−. Total synthesis of microbial N (Nt) was calculated from32P incorporation and N:P determined in microbial matter. The N:P value was not affected by defaunation. Net synthesis of microbial N (Nn) was calculated from ammonia-N incorporation. An estimate of degradation of microbial N was calculated as Nt–Nn. Energetic efficiency of synthesis was calculated from the volatile fatty acids produced during incubation, as g N incorporated per kg organic matter fermented (g N/kg OMf).2. Defaunation decreased the proportions of acetate, butyrate and methane and increased those of propionate in fermentation end-products. Fermentation rate when expressed per mg microbial N was not affected by defaunation.3. Expressed per unit volume of rumen contents, Nnwas increased by defaunation whereas Nfremained unchanged. Thus, a decrease in degradation can be calculated. Energetic efficiences of total and net synthesis were increased from 35 and 13 to 47 and 30 g N/kg OMfrespectively.4. Specific rates of both total and net synthesis of microbial N were significantly increased by defaunation whereas the specific rate of degradation was not affected.
The effect of formaldehyde treatment before ensiling on the digestion of wilted grass silage by sheep
Authors: Siddons R. C. , Evans R. T. , Beever D. E. 
Published: September 2005

1. Wilted perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenneL. cv. Endura) was ensiled without additive or after addition of a mixture of equal volumes of formic acid (850 g/kg) and formalin (380 g formaldehyde/kg) applied at a rate of 35 g formaldehyde/kg herbage crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25). The digestion of the two silages and the effect of supplemental N as urea or urea plus soya-bean meal on the digestion of the treated silage was studied using sheep fitted with a rumen cannula and re-entrant cannulas in the proximal duodenum and distal ileum.2. The additive markedly reduced carbohydrate fermentation and protein degradation in the silo.3. There were no significant differences between diets in rumen pH, dilution rate, volatile fatty acid production and the molar proportions of acetate, propionate and butyrate. However, rumen ammonia levels and the apparent digestibility of organic matter (OM), gross energy (GE) and cellulose in the stomach were significantly depressed (P< 0.05) by the additive. It also reduced (P< 0.05) the extent to which the N of the silage was degraded in the rumen and, with the treated silage, more microbial N was synthesized in the rumen than food N degraded, resulting in a net gain of N between mouth and duodenum, as compared to a net loss with the untreated silage.4. Supplementation of the treated silage with urea or urea plus soya-bean meal significantly increased (P< 0.05) the amount of food N degraded in the rumen and rumen ammonia levels but had no effect on the apparent digestibility of OM, GE and cellulose in the stomach or on the amount of microbial N reaching the duodenum.5. The quantity of microbial amino acids entering the small intestine and the apparent digestibility of amino acids in the small intestine were similar for all four diets. However, the quantity of food amino acids reaching the small intestine was significantly higher with the three diets containing the treated silage and consequently the apparent absorption of amino acids from the small intestine was substantially higher with these diets than with the untreated silage.
Effect of sodium chloride deficiency on basal metabolism in broiler chickens
Authors: Walicka Elżbieta , Ryś R , Koreleski J. , Pietras M. 
Published: September 2005

1. Male broiler chickens were given a sodium chloride-deficient or NaCl-adequate diet from 7 to 21 d of age in Expt I and 28 to 56 d of age in Expt 2.2. NaCl-deficient chickens had a markedly poorer growth and food conversion efficiency than those given the NaCl-adequate diet.3. NaCl deficiency was associated with an increase in basal metabolic rate and increases in oxygen consumption, heat production and respiratory quotients were also noted. The glycogen content of chicken livers was also higher.4. Measurements of acid–base balance were found to be changed in NaCl-deficient chickens. Values for pH and bicarbonate content in blood plasma were lowered.5. NaCl deficiency increased the packed cell volume and thyroxine level in blood plasma. Sodium and chloride contents in blood were lowered.6. Results are discussed in relation to the decreased food conversion in NaCl-deficient chickens.
Foetal plasma magnesium levels during maternal hypo- or hypermagnesaemia in ewes
Authors: Barlet J.-P. , Davicco Marie-Jeanne , Moncaup Michèle , Lefaivre J. 
Published: September 2005

1. The influence of maternal hypo- or hypermagnesaemia of foetal plasma magnesium levels was studied in pregnant ewes between the 120th and the 145th day of gestation using a permanent catheter insertedin uterointo the left aorta of the foetus on the 115th day of gestation.2. In seven ewes, carrying eleven foetuses, the injection of 1 α-hydroxycholecalciferol induced a hypomagnesaemia which lasted 72 h. This had no significant effect on foetal plasma Mg levels.3. In five ewes, carrying six foetuses, hypermagnesaemia induced by a 2 h magnesium chloride infusion had no significant effect on foetal plasma Mg levels.4. These results provide evidence that in sheep during the last 20 d of gestation the foetal regulation of plasma Mg is independent of the maternal plasma Mg levels.
The 3-methylhistidine content of human tissues
Authors: Elia M. , Carter A. , Smith R. 
Published: September 2005

1. The amount of 3-methylhistidine (3-MeH) has been measured in eighty-eight samples of tissue takenPost-mortemfrom five adults.2. The highest concentration (μmol/g fat-free dry weight) of 3-MeH was in skeletal muscle (3.31 ± 0.05); intermediate values (2–3) were found in cardiac muscle and those tissues containing smooth muscle; and low values (less than I) occurred in parenchymal tissues such as liver and kidney.3. There was little variation between the mean 3-MeH content of striated muscles in different individuals, and no significant difference between the 3-MeH concentrations of striated muscles taken from six different sites.4. The results suggest that it is justifiable to use values obtained from single muscles to calculate the rate of myofibrillar breakdown from urinary 3-MeH excretion.
The urinary excretion of Nτ-methyl histidine in sheep: an invalid index of muscle protein breakdown
Authors: Harris C. I. , Milne G. 
Published: September 2005

1. The validity of the urinary excretion of Nτ-methyl histidine (Nτ-MH) in sheep as a measure of the breakdown of muscle protein in vivo was assessed from the urinary recovery of radioactivity following the intravenous administration of Nτ-[14CH3]methylhistidine.2. Recoveries of radioactivity in urine from animals of 4 weeks to 7 years of age were incomplete in 7 d but progressively increased with the age of the animal, becoming almost quantitative (90%) in older animals after recovery for 3 weeks.3. The incomplete urinary recoveries were not due to partial excretion of Nτ-MH in faeces or its oxidation and elimination in expired gases but were related to the presence in muscle of a pool of non-protein-bound Nτ-MH which was several times larger than the expected daily urinary excretion.4. This pool in newly accreted muscle tissue was maintained by retention of some of the Nτ-MH released by breakdown of muscle protein. Hence, only a proportion of the Nτ-MH released from protein breakdown was available for excretion. This proportion increased with the age of the animal and was probably the main determinant of the improved recoveries of radioactivity obtained in urine from older animals.5. The non-protein-bound Nτ-MH in muscle consisted of free Nτ-MH and a dipeptide containing Nτ-MH, the latter comprising on average approximately 82% of the total non-protein-bound Nτ-MH in muscle. This proportion did not change appreciably with the age of the animal.6. The dipeptide appeared to be synthesized in muscle from free Nτ-MH and was not a terminal product of protein breakdown.7. The results show that urinary excretion of Nτ-MH is not a reliable index of muscle protein breakdown in sheep.
Concurrent studies of the flow of digesta in the duodenum and of exocrine pancreatic secretion of calves
Authors: Ternouth J. H. , Thompson S. Y. , Edwards-Webb J. D. 
Published: September 2005

1. The abomasal hydrolysis of lipids and the flow of endogenous (biliary) lipids was studied in two Friesian calves given four milk-substitute diets, by sampling the duodenal digesta. The diets were: reconstituted, mildly preheated, spray-dried skim-milk powder with (SKF) or without (SK) margarine fat or with 500 g/kg skim-milk powder in diet SKF replaced by soya-bean flour (ASKF) or fish-protein concentrate (BSKF) together with dried whey. The diets were givenad lib.twice daily from 13 to 37 d of age, each diet being given for six consecutive days. Collections of duodenal digesta from the re-entrant cannula situated caudal to the bile duct were made for 12 h after feeding the 6th and 12th meals for each diet. Samples from one collection only were subjected to detailed analysis of the lipid classes.2. The inclusion of non-milk protein (ASKF and BSKF) not only increased the rate of passage of lipid through the abomasum but also the proportion of the lipid present as triglyceride particularly, in the first 2 h after feeding.3. In a 12 h period, 2·3–6·3 g ‘polar’ lipids (mainly biliary phospholipids) were estimated to have been secreted. The rate of flow was high during the first hour after feeding and constant thereafter. The quantity of ‘polar’ lipid was not related to the type of milk fed or the duodenal flow of lipid.4. When diet SK was fed, the small amounts of lipid present were extensively hydrolysed so that free fatty acids represented 700 g/kg lipid of dietary origin passing through the duodenum. When margarine fat was included in the diets (SKF, ASKF and BSKF), the free fatty acids represented only 210 g/kg lipid of dietary origin.5. The quantities of lipid and nitrogen passing through the duodenum were poorly related to the quantities ingested at the beginning of the 12 h experimental period but were closely related to each other.