bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF THE ROUTE OF IMMUNIZATION ON THE IMMUNITY RESPONSE TO PNEUMOCOCCUS TYPE I
Authors: Stillman Ernest G. 
Published: June 2004

1. The sera of 80 per cent of the rabbits intravenously inoculated with fixed amounts of heat-killed pneumococci contained agglutinins and all showed protective antibodies.
2. The sera of 60 per cent of the intraperitoneally inoculated rabbits contained agglutinins and all showed protective antibodies.
3. The sera of 33 per cent of the intramuscularly inoculated rabbits contained agglutinins and 86 per cent also showed protective antibodies.
4. None of the sera of the subcutaneously inoculated rabbits contained agglutinins although protective antibodies were present in 71 per cent.
5. Although there is a close relationship between the presence of agglutinins and protective antibodies in a given immune serum, these do not run parallel.
EXPERIMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Lurie Max B. 
Published: June 2004

1. Guinea pigs living in the same room but not in the same cage with tuberculous animals acquire tuberculosis, characterized by a chronic course, a marked involvement of the lungs, often with cavity formation and a massive tuberculosis of the tracheobronchial nodes; the mesenteric and cervical nodes are slightly or not at all affected.
2. The route of infection in these guinea pigs is almost always the respiratory tract.
3. Of 103 guinea pigs exposed for a period of up to 32 months 15 or 14.5 per cent developed tuberculosis. The shortest period of exposure leading to fatal tuberculosis was 8 months.
4. The incidence of this tuberculosis acquired by air-borne contagion increases with the duration and intensity of the exposure up to a certain point.
5. A large percentage of the guinea pigs weathered a continuous exposure to the tubercle bacillus for 32 months without becoming tuberculous. This may be due to an innate natural resistance against tuberculosis, or to an acquired immunity resulting from the continuous exposure to the contagion.
EXPERIMENTS WITH THE VIRUS OF POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Thompson Richard 
Published: June 2004

1. Efforts to adapt the virus of poliomyelitis to the rabbit organism and to produce poliomyelitis in rabbits by testicular injection and by brain injection after testicular passage produced no evidence that the virus could be adapted in this manner. Suggestive symptoms produced in very young rabbits were duplicated in non-specifically treated and in uninoculated controls. The admixture of a vaccine virus, adapted to the rabbit organism, with the poliomyelitis virus in similar injections and passages did not aid the adaptation. The virus of poliomyelitis did not survive 24 hours in the rabbit testicle—whether alone or mixed with vaccine virus.
Repeated intraperitoneal and intradermal injection of poliomyelitis virus and of poliomyelitis and vaccinia virus mixtures produced no disease in rabbits. Massive doses of concentrated virus by stomach tube in conjunction with meningeal irritation produced no symptoms in rabbits.
2. No neutralizing substances against poliomyelitis virus could be produced in rabbits by the repeated intraperitoneal and intradermal injection of poliomyelitis virus or of poliomyelitis-vaccinia virus mixtures.
3. Although attempts to infect monkeys by intrastomachic injections, after bile irritation of the mucosa, were entirely negative, evidence was obtained that repeated intrastomachic injection after bile irritation may produce an appreciable degree of immunity.
4. No evidence could be obtained that the cellular elements of the blood contain the virus in any greater proportion than the whole blood.
5. One attempt to immunize by neutral virus-serum mixtures was entirely negative.
METHODS FOR THE PURE CULTURE OF CERTAIN PROTOZOA
Authors: Glaser R.W. , Coria N. A. 
Published: June 2004

Some media are described which inhibit bacterial growth, but are favorable to protozoan development.
A purification technique, which takes advantage of geotropic responses, was devised and used successfully with 7 species of protozoa, including flagellates and ciliates. The method was also used with a Spirillum. For one flagellate which could not be purified in this manner, a procedure involving chemical sterilization was employed. Paramecium caudatum was purified, but failed to develop subsequently in the absence of living microorganisms. Four of the protozoa which were purified ingest other microorganisms normally.
The work shows that purified protozoa grow well under proper conditions, and then they can be studied culturally and biologically, like bacteria.
STUDIES ON INFLAMMATION
Authors: Menkin Valy 
Published: June 2004

Colloidal iron or ferric chloride injected into the inflamed peritoneal cavity is fixed in the cavity and fails to reach the retrosternal lymphatic nodes, whereas, in the absence of inflammation, iron accumulates in these nodes and becomes demonstrable by the Prussian blue reaction.
Quantitative studies show that after intraperitoneal injection of ferric chloride the retrosternal lymphatic nodes of animals with normal peritoneal cavity contain approximately 56 per cent more iron than do the nodes of animals with inflamed peritoneal cavity.
Ferric chloride injected into the circulating blood enters an inflamed area in the skin and the inflamed tissue gives the Prussian blue reaction. Quantitative determinations show that the amount of iron in inflamed areas is much greater than that found in inflamed areas of animals that have received no iron.
CULTIVATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF "BACTEROIDES," "SYMBIONTS," OR "RICKETTSIAE" OF BLATTELLA GERMANICA
Authors: Glaser R. W. 
Published: June 2004

In Blattella germanica, the German roach or "croton bug," bacteriocytes are found in all individuals of both sexes. These bacteriocytes are scattered throughout the fat tissue and their cytoplasm is filled with microorganisms. Evidence is presented to show that the intracellular parasites are diphtheroidal bacilli. These diphtheroids are transmitted from one generation to another through the ova.
By using a technic previously described, the intracellular parasites were isolated and cultivated from the adult bacteriocytes and from embryos. Two diphtheroidal strains were cultivated with approximately equal frequency. These two strains resemble one another closely enough to be considered a single species but show certain minor differences. The sizes, general morphology, and tinctorial reactions of the two cultures correspond to the intracellular parasites of Blattella germanica. They may be distinguished from the three types of Corynebacterium periplanetae variety americana, previously described. For the species here discussed the name Corynebacterium blattellae nov. sp. is proposed.
ABNORMALITIES PRODUCED IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM BY ELECTRICAL INJURIES
Authors: Langworthy Orthello R. 
Published: June 2004

The alternating and continuous circuits produced different types of lesions in the central nervous system. Hemorrhages were common after alternating current shocks and few hemorrhages were observed in the continuous circuit group. With both types of circuits at 1000 and 500 volts potential, severe abnormalities in the nerve cells were observed. These were more marked in the continuous circuit group. A uniformly staining, shrunken, pyknotic nucleus was taken as a criterion of nerve cell death. The Purkinje cells of the cerebellum were most susceptible to the current. Injured cells were studied in the dorsal nucleus of the vagus, in the somatic motor group, among the primary sensory neurones and in the olives. Changes in the histological structure of the cells in reference to recovery have been discussed.
Injury to the cerebral and cerebellar cortices occurred on the dorsal surface close to the head electrode. Small cavities were produced, particularly in the cerebral cortex, as the result of the circuit contact. With the continuous and alternating circuits at 110 and 220 volts potential less severe changes were observed in the nerve cells although hemorrhages were common in the alternating circuit group. It must be assumed in these cases that death was due to respiratory block rather than actual death of the cells.
THE BLOOD CHEMISTRY OF AN ACUTE TRYPANOSOME INFECTION
Authors: Linton Richard W. 
Published: June 2004

The CO2 capacity of the serum is markedly lowered early in infection with Trypanosoma equiperdum.
The non-protein nitrogen and uric acid constituents of the blood are increased in the terminal stages. The kidneys also show terminal degenerative changes.
The cholesterol remains unchanged throughout.
Lecithin is markedly increased, most of the observations showing a 20 per cent to 50 per cent rise in this substance.
Liver glycogen is lower than normal in the early stages and could not be demonstrated in the later stages of the infection.
The blood sugar remains normal until a very late period in the disease.
THE SURVIVAL OF YELLOW FEVER VIRUS IN CULTURES
Authors: Lewis Paul A. 
Published: June 2004

1. The virus of yellow fever has been found to survive in artificial culture media for at least 12 days at a temperature of 35°C. No visible growth has been present and no reproduction of the virus has been demonstrated.
2. Infections have been obtained in rhesus monkeys with two strains of virus in quantities as small as 0.00001 cc. of infectious blood, and with one strain in an amount probably as minute as 0.000001 cc.
STUDIES IN THE BLOOD CYTOLOGY OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise , Casey Albert E. 
Published: June 2004

Observations are reported on the consecutive weekly erythrocyte counts and the hemoglobin contents of the peripheral blood in 5 groups of normal rabbits, comprising 45 animals, during a period of 20 months from October, 1927 to July, 1929. The duration of individual group examinations varied from 8 to 35 weeks. The results are analyzed on the basis of the weekly mean values of each group.
On the whole, the erythrocyte values were quite uniform within a narrow range of variation, while the hemoglobin content was comparatively irregular within a wider range of variation. The major changes in the levels of mean values of both the red cells and the hemoglobin, however, were found to be statistically significant.
The directions or trends in the levels of the erythrocyte and hemoglobin mean values did not necessarily move in opposite directions.
The general levels of the erythrocyte and hemoglobin mean values were not identical for two consecutive years, those of 1927–28 being higher than those of 1928–29.
The fluctuations of both red cell and hemoglobin mean values observed in one group of animals were also usually observed in another group examined during the same months.
STUDIES IN THE BLOOD CYTOLOGY OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise , Casey Albert E. 
Published: June 2004

Consecutive weekly observations on the total white cell count of the peripheral blood were made on 5 groups of normal rabbits, a total of 45 animals, during a period of 20 months from October, 1927 to July, 1929. The duration of individual group examinations varied from 8 to 35 weeks.
In the case of 4 groups followed 13 to 35 weeks, the general trend of the total white cell means was toward increasing values; with the group followed 8 weeks, the means were maintained at a constant level.
The changes in the levels of the granular cell means were usually accompanied by changes in a similar direction of the non-granular cell means. In the case of 3 of the 4 groups followed for the longest periods, the greatest relative alterations occurred in the non-granular cells.
The fluctuations in the mean values of the total white cells and of the granular and the non-granular cells which were observed in one group of rabbits, were also generally observed in another group examined during the same months.
The period of greatest irregularity in the mean values of the total white cell means and of the granular and the non-granular cell means as well, occurred during the late winter and spring months of both years.
The general level of the total white cell mean values in the groups examined during 1927–28 was higher than that of the groups observed during 1928–29. A similar difference was found in the granular and non-granular mean values but it was somewhat less marked in the case of the granular cells.
TOOTH GROWTH IN EXPERIMENTAL SCURVY
Authors: Dalldorf Gilbert , Zall Celia 
Published: June 2004

1. The incisor teeth of guinea pigs have a constant rate of growth in health.
2. Deprivation of Vitamin C causes the teeth to cease growing. Readministration of the vitamin restores the growth.
3. Administration of small amounts of antiscorbutic substance results in rates of growth roughly proportional to dosage.
4. Under standard experimental conditions used in the testing of foodstuffs for antiscorbutic value, the rate of tooth growth would appear to be a precise indication of the degree of scurvy, being more delicate than the Sherman score, and more constant as well as more simple, than the Höjer method.
5. Stress in terms of usage appears to exaggerate the scorbutic lesions in the teeth.
ENHANCED PASSIVE IMMUNITY TO STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTION IN RABBITS
Authors: Gay F. P. , Clark A. R. 
Published: June 2004

The experimental work herein reported tends to justify our hypothesis recently expressed, that the common failure of antibacterial serums to combat active infections when passively transferred to a normal animal, is due not so much to a lack of suitable or sufficient antibodies as to absence of cell preparation or mobilization in the recipient. In the case of experimental streptococcus empyema in the rabbit the course of the ordinarily fatal infection is in no wise affected by the transfer of the pleural fluid containing large numbers of mononuclear cells derived from an animal that is itself protected as a result of a non-specific irritation. The serum of a rabbit highly immunized against the streptococcus and containing antibodies for it, produces relatively slight effect in prevention or cure.
In contrast to this the pleural exudate, either acute (polymorphonuclear) or subacute (mononuclear), produced in an actively immunized animal does protect passively to a considerable degree. In a similar fashion normal exudate cells of either type in combination with the relatively ineffective antiserum give a high degree of protection.
It remains for further analysis to determine whether this form of passive immunity by antiserum enhanced by the addition of cells depends on the vital properties of the cells transferred or on their stimulation to cell mobilization in the recipient. And furthermore the extent to which this enhanced passive immunity may be effective in cure, and whether the cure is applicable to local or to both local and generalized infection remains to be seen.
STUDIES IN THE BLOOD CYTOLOGY OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise , Casey Albert E. 
Published: June 2004

Consecutive weekly observations on the neutrophile, the basophile, and the eosinophile counts of the peripheral blood were made on 5 groups of normal rabbits, a total of 45 animals, during a period of 20 months from October, 1927 to July, 1929. Individual groups were examined 8 to 35 weeks.
In the case of the 4 groups followed 13 to 35 weeks, the general trend of the neutrophile cells was towards increased mean values; with the group followed 8 weeks, decreasing values were found. An increase in the mean values of the basophile cells was observed in the two groups of rabbits followed in 1927–28; in the groups of 1928–29, the mean values decreased. The mean values of the eosinophile cells showed no definite trends but the findings were characterized by abrupt and marked fluctuations.
The periods of greatest irregularity in mean neutrophile and eosinophile values occurred in the fall and the late winter and spring months of both years, but in the case of the basophiles, the irregularities were distributed throughout the first year and occurred chiefly in the winter months of the second year.
The major trends and many of the minor fluctuations as well which were observed in the mean cell values of one group of rabbits were also generally seen in another group examined during the same months.
The general levels of the neutrophile, the basophile, and the eosinophile mean values in the groups examined during 1927–28 were higher than in the groups of 1928–29.
A STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE SCROTAL SWELLING AND RICKETTSIA BODIES TO MEXICAN TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Castaneda M. Ruiz 
Published: June 2004

The experiments recorded above have demonstrated the following points:
1. Scrotal swelling can appear in guinea pigs directly inoculated from a human case of Mexican typhus fever.
2. In certain strains of this disease, a number of generations of guinea pigs may show absolutely no scrotal swelling, which, however, may reappear in subsequent animals, suggesting—though not absolutely proving—that the scrotal swelling is an integral part of the disease and is not due to an incidental accompanying organism. If the latter were true, one would expect the organisms that caused the scrotal swelling to disappear during the negative generations.
3. A typhus fever sustained by a guinea pig without scrotal swelling protects against the swelling upon subsequent inoculation with a strain which produces this with considerable regularity.
4. Louse passage increases the capacity of a strain to produce the scrotal lesion, probably because of the considerable accumulation of rickettsia in the louse, but in the experiment noted, even after louse passage, two generations without swelling occurred, followed by reoccurrence of the swelling.
We believe that these observations, taken together, can be interpreted in favour of the likelihood that the swelling is a part of the disease and that the rickettsia-like organisms described by Mooser in the tunica vaginalis have etiological significance.
STUDIES ON INFLAMMATION
Authors: Menkin Valy 
Published: June 2004

Foreign protein such as horse serum injected into an inflamed peritoneal cavity penetrates into the blood stream less rapidly than when introduced into the normal cavity.
Foreign protein injected into a cutaneous inflammatory area is held in situ for a longer period than when injected into an inflamed peritoneal cavity.
Foreign protein introduced into the circulating blood stream accumulates in an inflamed area, where it is found in greater concentration than in normal tissue.
Accumulation of foreign protein at the site of inflammation explains the phenomenon of local anaphylaxis described by Auer in rabbits sensitized to horse serum. The antigen accumulating in the inflamed ear reacts with antibody, intensifies a pre-existing inflammatory reaction and produces necrosis of the ear.
THE ORIGIN AND FATE OF TWO TYPES OF MULTI-NUCLEATED GIANT CELLS IN THE CIRCULATING BLOOD
Authors: Forkner Claude E. 
Published: June 2004

1. It has been demonstrated that giant cells of the foreign body and epithelioid types can be induced to appear in the blood stream.
2. Evidence has been presented which indicates that foreign body giant cells are primarily formed by fusion of monocytes and that the fate of these giant cells is accomplished, at least in some instances, by a separation into the constituent elements.
3. Further evidence has been presented which lends support to the hypothesis that "epithelioid giant cells" reach their stage of evolution, not by fusion of monocytes, but by amitotic division of the nuclei of monocytes and epithelioid cells.
4. The presence of giant cells in the peripheral blood as the result of agar injections is almost invariably associated with, or preceded by a marked monocytosis in which the new monocytes are of large size and show evidence of immaturity.
5. Injections of agar into the tissues result in decreased absolute and percentage values of lymphocytes and a diminution of the specific granules in many of the polymorphonuclear leucocytes.
6. It would appear from these studies that a clear differentiation of "epithelioid giant cells" and "foreign body giant cells" in the blood is usually possible, but that on the other hand, a few cells may be present which have some of the characteristics of each type. These latter cells probably represent in their formation both a fusion of individual cells and an amitotic division of the nuclei of monocytes.
7. Clasmatocytes or macrophages have in rare instances been seen to take part in the formation of foreign body giant cells. At least one instance has been noted of the fusion of a clasmatocyte with several monocytes. No evidence is available to demonstrate that macrophages ever play a part in the formation of "epithelioid giant cells."
ON THE MECHANISM OF OPSONIN AND BACTERIOTROPIN ACTION
Authors: Strumia Max , Mudd Stuart , Mudd Emily B. H. , Lucké Balduin , McCutcheon Morton 
Published: June 2004

Antisera against several strains of acid-fast bacteria have been separated into their euglobulin, pseudoglobulin and albumin fractions. The globulin fractions have been found to possess the essential properties of bacteriotropic sera: thus they alter the bacterial surface properties, and, in quantitative correspondence, cause agglutination and phagocytosis; these several effects withstand washing of the sensitized bacteria; the effects are little if at all affected by inactivation of the antisera before fractionation; the combination of antibody and antigen is serologically specific.
The conclusion is drawn that the contact of antigen with fresh homologous immune serum results in the deposit on the antigen surface of a substance or substances contained in the globulin fractions of the antiserum; as a consequence of this surface deposit leucocytes can spread upon and engulf the antigen.
THE BACTERIOSTATIC ACTION OF CERTAIN COMPONENTS OF COMMERCIAL PEPTONES AS AFFECTED BY CONDITIONS OF OXIDATION AND REDUCTION
Authors: Dubos René 
Published: June 2004

There are present in commercial peptones substances which exhibit bacteriostatic properties for certain bacterial species. These substances are bacteriostatic in the oxidized form, but not in the reduced form. Their bacteriostatic action can be overcome, and their concentration titrated, by the addition of reduced thiol compounds to the media in which they are present.
Different brands of peptone differ greatly in the amount of bacteriostatic substances they contain; these differences account, in part at least, for the fact that media prepared from the same meat infusion, but with different kinds of peptone, vary in their ability to support bacterial growth.
The bacteriostatic fraction of a certain peptone solution can be completely removed by precipitation with acid and acetone. A peptone which has thus been purified becomes capable of supporting the growth of very small inocula of Pneumococcus.
The significance of the sensitiveness of certain bacterial species to substances which are bacteriostatic in the oxidized but not in the reduced form is considered with reference to (a) the mechanism of bacteriostasis, (b) the growth of bacterial species in artificial media, (c) the problem of infection.