bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of color and power doppler imaging in differentiating between malignant and benign solid breast masses
Authors: Lee Sheen‐Woo , Choi Hye Young , Baek Seung Yon , Lim Soo Mee 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPurposeThis study analyzed the color and power Doppler signals in solid breast masses and assessed their value in differentiating malignant from benign lesions.MethodsOne hundred twenty‐nine biopsy‐proven solid breast masses (54 malignant and 75 benign) were evaluated with color and/or power Doppler sonography using a 7‐MHz linear‐array transducer. We retrospectively analyzed the location, shape, and penetration of the Doppler vascular signals in the breast masses. The location of the vascular signals was categorized as central, peripheral, or both. The shape of the signals was categorized as linear, irregular, branching, or a single dot. A penetrating vessel was defined as a continuous vascular signal extending from outside the lesion to inside it. In 43 cases, power and color Doppler sonograms were compared.ResultsDoppler features suggestive of malignant lesions were the presence of both peripheral and central vascularity (odds ratio, 6.0), presence of penetrating vessels (odds ratio, 5.4), and presence of branching vessels (odds ratio, 13.7). Power Doppler sonography was more sensitive than color Doppler sonography in detecting vascular signals in 49% of cases.ConclusionsColor (power) Doppler imaging is a valuable adjunct to conventional sonography in differentiating between malignant and benign breastlesions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:459–464, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/jcu.10100
Littoral cell angioma of the spleen: Appearance on sonography and CT
Authors: Goldfeld Moshe , Cohen Isaac , Loberant Norman , Mugrabi Ahmed , Katz Igor , Papura Sorin , Noi Ivan 
Published: October 2002

AbstractLittoral cell angioma (LCA) is a rare benign vascular tumor of the spleen with characteristic histomorphologic features. Only a few descriptions of the radiologic appearance of this tumor have been published, and those descriptions are variable. We report a case of LCA in a 37‐year‐old man with psoriasis and nonspecific symptoms of weakness, pain and fatigue, normocytic anemia, and thrombocytopenia. The results of abdominal sonography and contrast‐enhanced CT correlated: the 2 modalities revealed hepatosplenomegaly and multiple round splenic lesions of similar appearance and size (on sonograms, ill‐defined echogenic lesions up to 3.2 cm without acoustic enhancement; on CT scans, hypodense, nonenhancing lesions up to 3.5 cm). Because making a differential diagnosis was difficult and our presumptive diagnosis was hemangioma or lymphoma, splenectomy was performed. Postoperative pathologic examinations confirmed a final diagnosis of LCA. The patient's recovery was uneventful. LCA should be considered when making a differential diagnosis of splenic lesions, and sonography may be more helpful than CT in reaching a diagnosis of LCA. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:510–513, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI: 10.1002/jcu.10101
Hypoxia‐induced pathways in breast cancer
Authors: Goonewardene T.I. , Sowter H.M. , Harris A.L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractHypoxia, a common consequence of solid tumor growth in breast cancer and other cancers, serves to propagate a cascade of molecular pathways which include angiogenesis, glycolysis, and alterations in microenvironmental pH. Hypoxia‐inducible factors, heterodimeric DNA binding complexes composed of two subunits, provide critical regulation of this response. This review presents a synopsis of the genes induced by hypoxia in the context of breast cancer and discusses how upregulation of HIF‐1 activity, and the homologous factor HIF‐2, are not only fundamental for the adaptation to hypoxia but also may be critical for tumor progression. Microsc. Res. Tech. 59:41–48, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Applications of quantitative digital image analysis to breast cancer research
Authors: Ortiz De Solórzano C. , Costes S. , Callahan D.E. , Parvin B. , Barcellos‐Hoff M.H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractOur studies of radiogenic carcinogenesis in mouse and human models of breast cancer are based on the view that cell phenotype, microenvironment composition, communication between cells and within the microenvironment are important factors in the development of breast cancer. This is complicated in the mammary gland by its postnatal development, cyclic evolution via pregnancy and involution, and dynamic remodeling of epithelial‐stromal interactions, all of which contribute to breast cancer susceptibility. Microscopy is the tool of choice to examine cells in context. Specific features can be defined using probes, antibodies, immunofluorescence, and image analysis to measure protein distribution, cell composition, and genomic instability in human and mouse models of breast cancer. We discuss the integration of image acquisition, analysis, and annotation to efficiently analyze large amounts of image data. In the future, cell and tissue image‐based studies will be facilitated by a bioinformatics strategy that generates multidimensional databases of quantitative information derived from molecular, immunological, and morphological probes at multiple resolutions. This approach will facilitate the construction of an in vivo phenotype database necessary for understanding when, where, and how normal cells become cancer. Microsc. Res. Tech. 59:119–127, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Specializations of the chorioallantoic placenta in the Brazilian scincid lizard, Mabuya heathi: A new placental morphotype for reptiles
Authors: Blackburn Daniel G. , Vitt Laurie J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractNew World skinks of the genus Mabuya exhibit a unique form of viviparity that involves ovulation of tiny (1 mm) eggs and provision of virtually all of the nutrients for embryonic development by placental means. Studies of the Brazilian species M. heathi reveal that the chorioallantoic placenta is unlike those reported in any other squamate genus and exhibits striking specializations for maternal–fetal nutrient transfer. The uterine lining is intimately apposed to the chorioallantois, with no trace of an intervening shell membrane or of epithelial erosion; thus, the placenta is epitheliochorial. The uterus exhibits multicellular glands that secrete organic material into the uterine lumen. Opposite the openings of these glands, the chorion develops areolae, invaginated pits that are lined by absorptive, columnar epithelium. A single, mesometrial placentome develops, formed by radially oriented uterine folds that project into a deep invagination of the chorion. Uterine epithelium of the placentome appears to be syncytial and secretory and overlies a rich vascular supply. The apposed chorionic epithelium is absorptive in morphology and contains giant binucleated cells that bear microvilli. Several specializations of the placental membranes of M. heathi are found among eutherian mammals, signifying evolutionary convergence that extends to histological and cytological levels. The chorioallantoic placenta of M. heathi and its relatives warrants recognition as a new morphotype for reptiles, defined here as the “Type IV” placenta. This is the first new type of chorioallantoic placenta to be defined formally for reptiles in over half a century. J. Morphol. 254:121–131, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electrospray mass spectrometry of stable iminyl nitroxide and nitronyl nitroxide free radicals
Authors: Smith Craig D. , Bartley John P. , Bottle Steven E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractElectrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectra have been recorded for a range of substituted nitronyl nitroxide and iminyl nitroxide monoradicals and biradicals. Secondary species formed in the ESI source were observed as the dominant ions in both the iminyl nitroxide and nitronyl nitroxide spectra. Daughter ion spectrometry was used to establish fragmentation mechanisms for the nitronyl nitroxide and iminyl nitroxide moieties as well as the secondary species under ESI conditions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of adulteration in water buffalo mozzarella and in ewe cheese by using whey proteins as biomarkers and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Cozzolino R. , Passalacqua S. , Salemi S. , Garozzo D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA rapid and accurate method to identify bovine and ewe milk adulteration of fresh water buffalo mozzarella cheese by using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOFMS) is described. The differentiation among mozzarella made from water buffalo milk and from mixtures of less expensive bovine and, more recently, ewe milk with water buffalo milk is achieved using whey proteins, α‐lactalbumin and β‐lactoglobulins as molecular markers. It is worth noting that the method proposed here is, to our knowledge, the first strategy able to characterize possible fraudulent additions of ewe milk in samples of water buffalo milk devoted to the production of water buffalo mozzarella cheese. In addition, a linear relationship was found between the relative response of the molecular ion and the abundance of the analysed whey proteins. This demonstrates that this approach can be used to determine the amount of bovine or ovine milk added to water buffalo milk employed for mozzarella cheese production. Furthermore, this method also appears suitable for the analysis of ewe cheese. Hence these findings open the way to a new field for mass spectrometry in the evaluation of possible fraudulence in dairy industry production. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of time‐domain hybrid solvers for complex scattering problems
Authors: Edelvik F. , Ledfelt G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this paper the accuracy, efficiency and stability of two hybrid solvers are compared to FDTD in several complex scattering cases. The explicit hybrid solver, FD‐FV, combines an unstructured FVTD solver with FDTD, and the explicit–implicit solver, FD‐FE, combines an unstructured FETD solver with FDTD.The results show that the two hybrid solvers are much more efficient than FDTD for complex objects where a Cartesian grid is not able to capture the geometry properly. Furthermore, they show that the FD‐FE solver is a better choice than the FD‐FV solver. Mainly because it is stable as long as the time step satisfies the CFL condition in the FDTD region, while the FD‐FV solver may suffer from late time instabilities. But the FD‐FE solver is also more efficient since the iterative method used to solve the matrix–vector system arising in FETD converges fast and the FVTD solver is heavily penalized by having to take shorter time steps to satisfy its CFL condition. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lipid binding activity of a neuron‐specific protein NAP‐22 studied in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Terashita Akira , Funatsu Nobuo , Umeda Masato , Shimada Yukiko , Ohno‐Iwashita Yoshiko , Epand Richard M. , Maekawa Shohei 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThere exists a microdomain called “raft” in the cell membrane. The enrichment of cholesterol and sphingolipids in its outer leaflet is well recognized. In contrast, little is known of the lipid composition of the inner leaflet of raft, where many acylated signal‐transducing molecules, such as trimeric G proteins and protein tyrosine kinases, associate. NAP‐22 is a neuronal protein localized on the inner leaflet of raft domain. This protein was found to bind cholesterol in the liposome. In this study, we further analyze the lipid binding activity of NAP‐22 using eukaryotic and bacterial expression systems. In addition to cholesterol, NAP‐22 showed a phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)‐ and polyphosphoinositide‐dependent membrane binding in the liposome assay. The N‐terminal myristoylation was essential for the liposome binding. The C‐terminal deletion up to D61 showed little effect on the binding. The lipid binding region was hence judged to be in the N‐terminal 60‐amino‐acid sequence. NAP‐22 was then expressed in COS7 cells, and the intracellular localization was studied. Biochemical analysis showed the localization of NAP‐22 in a Triton‐insoluble low‐density fraction. Cell staining analysis showed colocalization patterns of NAP‐22 with PE and cholesterol in the membrane. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spectra and structure of silicon‐containing compounds. XXXIII — Raman and infrared spectra, conformational stability and vibrational assignment of chloromethylsilyl bromide
Authors: Guirgis Gamil A. , Pan Chunhua , Durig James R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe Raman spectra (3200 to 30 cm−1) of liquid and solid and the infrared spectra of gaseous and solid chloromethylsilyl bromide, ClCH2SiH2Br, were recorded. Utilizing three conformer pairs from the Raman spectrum of the liquid along with their ab initio predicted activities, the enthalpy difference of 216 ± 22 cm−1 (2.58 ± 0.26 kJ mol−1) was obtained with the trans conformer the more stable form. Variable temperature (−105 to 150° C) studies of the infrared spectra of the sample dissolved in liquid krypton were carried out and from these data, the enthalpy difference was estimated to be 250 ± 50 cm−1 (2.99 ± 0.60 kJ mol−1), again with the more stable form being the trans conformer. These values are consistent with the prediction from ab initio calculations both at the Hartree–Fock level and with full electron correlation by the perturbation method to second order. It is estimated that 37 ± 6% of the sample is in the gauche form at ambient temperature. Only the trans conformer remains in the spectra of the solid. A complete vibrational assignment is proposed for the trans conformer and also several of fundamentals of the gauche conformer based on infrared band contours, relative intensities, depolarization values and group frequencies, which is supported by normal coordinate calculations utilizing the force constants from the ab initio MP2/6–31G(d) calculations. The optimized geometries and conformational stabilities were also been obtained from ab initio calculations utilizing two additional basis sets with full electron correlation by the perturbation method. Estimates were made of the r0 structural parameters based on the predicted structural parameters from ab initio MP2/6–311 + G(d,p) calculations. The results are discussed and compared with some corresponding results for some related molecules. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman and IR spectral studies of D‐phenylglycinium perchlorate
Authors: Ramaswamy S. , Rajaram R. K. , Ramakrishnan V. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe Raman and infrared spectra of D‐phenylglycinium perchlorate were recorded at room temperature. Tentative vibrational assignments of the observed wavenumbers were made by comparison with the vibrational wavenumbers of glycine, phenylalanine and other similar compounds. Anions were found to coordinate through hydrogen bonding interactions to other ligands in the crystal, affecting the Td symmetry and thereby causing the degeneracies of several modes to be removed. The extensive intermolecular hydrogen bonding in the crystal leads to a shift of bands due to the stretching and bending modes of various functional groups. The broadening and appearance of multiple bands for the carbonyl stretching mode due to the resonance interaction is also discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soil degradation in Kabd area, southwestern Kuwait City
Authors: Misak R. F. , Al‐Awadhi J. M. , Omar S. A. , Shahid S. A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAdverse environmental impacts of human activities are the main causes of soil degradation in the desert of Kuwait in general, and in Kabd area in particular. In this study, assessment of soil degradation in open and protected sites has been carried out using field measurements and laboratory investigations. The overall status of vegetation is nearly twice as low in vegetation cover in the open sites than in the protected ones due to overgrazing and off‐road transport. Compaction of soil due to pressure exerted on the soil by vehicles led to a significant reduction in its porosity, permeability and infiltration capacity. The average infiltration rate of the compacted soils is 51 per cent lower than that of the non‐compacted soils. The bulk density of the non‐compacted soils is 3.4 per cent lower than that of compacted soil. The average topsoil resistance of compacted soils has increased by 83 per cent in comparison with non‐compacted soil. Using the least squares method a relation between infiltration rate (IR) and penetration resistance (PR) of the topsoil for the study areas is found (i.e. IR = −0.148 PR + 1.85 with R2 = 25 per cent). Soil strength within the soil profile shows maximum penetration resistance readings at 11.5 cm depth in average in compacted soils, while it shows maximum readings at 34.6 cm depth in average in non‐compacted soils. The adverse changes in the chemical properties due to soil compaction is also investigated. A restoration plan is needed in order to reduce land degradation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microtopography as a factor in the degradation of Vertisols in central India
Authors: Vaidya P. H. , Pal D. K. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractEarlier studies on soil degradation in Vertisols of the Purna Valley of central India indicated that the semiarid climate characterized by a mean annual rainfall (MAR) of 875 mm and a tropustic moisture regime is responsible for the development of calcareous sodic soils. Recent observations, however, indicate that in the adjacent east upland of the Purna Valley, namely in the Pedhi Watershed, Vertisols have drainage problems, although the area receives a higher MAR than the Purna Valley, the total MAR being 975 mm. The Pedhi Watershed covers an area of 44 321 ha, and is characterized by a tropustic moisture regime and a hyperthermic temperature regime.Vertisols of the Pedhi Watershed are deep, calcareous, clayey and very dark greyish‐brown to dark yellowish‐brown in colour. Vertisols occur on both microhigh (MH) and microlow (ML) positions. The distance between the MH and ML positions is approximately 6 km and the elevation difference is 0.5–5 m. Cracks > 1 cm wide extend down to the slickenside zones in soils of ML whereas they cut these zones in some soils in MH positions. The soils of the MH positions are strongly alkaline and those of ML are mildly alkaline.The present study attempts to relate the distinctly different morphological and chemical properties of Vertisols in the MH and ML positions to pinpoint the prime factor responsible for the impairment of drainage on the basis of physical, chemical, mineralogical and micromorphological data. These data were obtained from 13 Vertisol pedons of methodically selected sites in the Pedhi Watershed.Despite their similar coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE), volumetric shrinkage potential (VSP), clay contents and amounts of fine smectite clay, the plasmic fabric of the slickenside horizons in soils of ML is porostriated, whereas in soils of MH it is stipple speckled to mosaic speckled, indicating weak plasma separation. The soils have both pedogenic and non‐pedogenic calcium carbonates (CaCO3). The semiarid climate induces the precipitation of CaCO3 with a concomitant development of subsoil sodicity. The degree of development of sodicity (Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) ≥ 5) is more in soils of MH as evidenced by the higher amount of pedogenic CaCO3 (PC). The lack of water in soils of MH position is the reason for weak swelling of smectite, for larger amounts of PC, for higher alkalinity and sodicity, and for cracks cutting through the slickenside zones. Formation of sodic Vertisols in MH alongside non‐sodic Vertisols in ML positions is a unique phenomenon. It develops because of microtopographic differences which modify distribution of water across the landscape and facilitate greater penetration of rainwater in ML positions. The development of sodicity due to microtopographic differences assumes a great importance when a future land resource management programme on Vertisols in the higher MAR zone of overall a semiarid climate is considered. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mass spectra of copolymers
Authors: Montaudo Maurizio S. 
Published: October 2002

Abstract

I.
Introduction
108

II.
Structural Analysis
109

III.
Copolymer Composition
111

A. Composition by the Direct Method
111

B. Composition by the Method Based on Statistics
111

C. Copolymer Composition by the Hard‐Ionization Method
113

IV.
Copolymer Sequence
114

V.
Molar Mass Determination
115

VI.
MS as a Detector for Liquid Chromatography
116

VII.
Composition Drift and the Compositional Distribution Histogram
120

VIII.
Quantitation and Methods to Correct Mass Spectral Intensities
121

IX.
Copolymer Mixtures and Blends
122

X.
Copolymers Obtained by Specific Synthetic Routes
123

A. Copolymers Produced by Enzymes or Occurring in Nature
123

B. Block Copolymers
125

C. Random Addition Copolymers
126

D. Random Condensation Copolymers
128

XI.
Summary and Outlook
133

Acknowledgments
134

References
135

Recent and older literature (covering the last 12–13 years) in the field of mass spectra of random and block copolymers is reviewed. A detailed description is given of the information on copolymer properties that can be recovered from the analysis of the low‐mass region of the spectrum (the region below 500 Da) and the high‐mass region. The features of mass spectra of copolymers obtained by different synthetic routes are discussed, such as free radical, condensation, ring‐chain equilibration, microbial synthesis, ring‐opening, simple anionic, cationic, Ziegler‐Natta, and/or metallocene catalysis, along with some random and block copolymers that occur in Nature. The emphasis is on copolymer composition and average molar mass determination, and on the benefits of coupling mass spectrometry (MS) with separation techniques such as size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 21:108–144, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mas.10021
Depression leading to attempted suicide after bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation for Parkinson's disease
Authors: Doshi Paresh K. , Chhaya Niraj , Bhatt Mohit H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSubthalamic nucleus stimulation is emerging as an effective surgical therapy for Parkinson's disease. It is considered to be a safe procedure with little morbidity, the most common complications being intracranial haemorrhage and hardware failure. We report on three cases of depression, one of whom attempted suicide after bilateral subthalamic nucleus stimulation. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society