bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel electron beam‐modified surface‐coated silica fillers: Physical and chemical characteristics
Authors: Ray Sudip , Bhowmick Anil K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA novel process of surface modification of silica fillers has been performed by coating with an acrylate monomer, trimethylol propane triacrylate (TMPTA) and with a silane coupling agent, triethoxy vinyl silane (TEVS), followed by electron beam irradiation of these coated fillers. The surface‐modified fillers have been characterized by Fourier‐Transform Infrared Analysis (FTIR), Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA), Contact angle measurements by dynamic wicking method, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Fractal studies, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) studies. Presence of the acrylate and the silane coupling agent on the modified fillers is confirmed from the above studies. The contact angle measurements suggest a significant improvement in hydrophobicity of the treated fillers, which is supported by water flotation test. After irradiation and acrylate treatment an increase in filler aggregation is observed, which is not as significant in the case of silanized silica filler. However, XRD studies demonstrate that the entire modification process does not alter the bulk properties of the fillers. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 2255–2268, 2002
A new photopolymerization system for vinyl monomers
Authors: öz Nesri̇n , Akar Ahmet 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA mixture of Ce+3 salt and an aminomethylene phosphonic acid, such as amino tri(methylene phosphonic acid) (ATMP), diethylene triamine penta(methylene phosphonic acid), N,N‐di(methylene phosphonic acid) ethanol amine, N,N‐di(methylene phosphonic acid)‐N‐methylamine, N‐oxo‐N,N,N‐tri(methylene phosphonic acid), or 1‐hydroxy‐ethylidene‐1,1‐diphosphonic acid, was used for the photopolymerization of acrylonitrile, vinyl acetate, acrylic acid, and styrene in water. Molecular weights of the polymers decreased with increasing concentration of both Ce+3 salt and ATMP. The effect of oxygen, light, pH, and the addition order on polymerization were also studied. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 83: 2494–2499, 2002
Interfacial interaction in AI(OH)3/polypropylene composites modified by insitu‐functionalized polypropylene
Authors: Mai Kancheng , Li Zhengjun , Qiu Yuxin , Zeng Hanmin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo investigate the interfacial interaction of AI(OH)3/polypropylene (PP) composites modified by in situ‐functionalized polypropylene (FPP), AI(OH)3/polypropylene (PP) composites containing a low AI(OH)3 content, modified by in situ‐grafted acrylic acid, were prepared by a one‐step melt‐extrusion process. The effect of in situ FPP on the crystallization and melting behavior, crystalline morphology of the composites, and interfacial interaction between the filler and PP was investigated. The crystallization and melting behavior and crystalline morphology of PP in the composites depended upon the interfacial physical [heterogeneous nucleation of AI(OH)3; cocrystallization and compabilitization of PP with in situ FPP] and the interfacial chemical interaction between both the components in the composites. FTIR results indicated that there exists a chemical reaction between AI(OH)3 and in situ FPP. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 110–120, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10270
Mechanical properties of thermoplastic starch/poly(hydroxy ester ether) blends: Effect of moisture during and after processing
Authors: Walia Parvinder S. , Lawton John W. , Shogren Randal L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe mechanical properties of thermoplastic starch (TPS) and poly(hydroxy ester ether) (PHEE) blends were studied as a function of the starch concentration. The moisture level present during processing significantly affects the morphology. A dispersed droplet morphology was observed even at very high starch levels at low moisture levels. On the other hand, the dispersed phase was significantly deformed under high moisture conditions, leading to fibrillar and laminar types of morphologies at high starch levels. The change in morphology has a significant effect on the mechanical properties. The presence of elongated starch domains improved the tensile strength and modulus of the blends with no loss in ductility. The blend modulus could be effectively represented by the particular morphology present at any given starch concentration range, using a generalized form of Kerner's equation. The properties of the blends changed with the conditioning time and relative humidity (RH), due to the change in the moisture content of each phase. An attempt was made to express the blend modulus as a function of the relative modulus of the two phases, calculated at any given RH or conditioning time. The data could be shifted fairly well from one RH to another under equilibrium conditions. However, a shift from one conditioning time to another was difficult, owing to the slower kinetics of moisture exchange at higher amounts of PHEE, which has to be taken into account. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 121–131, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10271
Possible phosphorus‐bromine synergy in polyester‐cotton fabrics treated with tetrabromobisphenol‐A and diammonium phosphate
Authors: Lee Eui So 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPolyester/cotton fabrics were treated with tetrabromobisphenol‐A (TBBA)/epichlorohydrin (EPI) aqueous solution, followed by being treated with diammonium phosphate (DAP)/urea solution. The optimum mole ratio of EPI to TBBA was determined. The synergism of TBBA and DAP was found to operate on the treated fabrics. The maximal synergism was obtained when the bath concentration of TBBA was equal to that of DAP. The mechanism of flame‐retardancy was analyzed by thermogravimetry and residue number. The flame‐retardancy of the polyester/cotton fabrics treated with TBBA/DAP was found operative mainly in the condensed‐phase mechanism. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 172–177, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10292
Effect of nonprotein polymers on water‐uptake properties of fish protein‐based hydrogel
Authors: Rathna G. V. N. , Damodaran Srinivasan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effects of nonprotein polymers on the water‐swelling properties of fish protein‐based hydrogel were studied. Inclusion of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), or guar gum at a 2.5% (w/w) level in an 80% ethylenediaminetetraacetic dianhydide (EDTAD)‐modified fish protein hydrogel (10% monomer concentration) significantly decreased the extent of water uptake of the hydrogel. Among these polymers, PVA exhibited the greatest inhibitory effect. The inhibitory effect of these polymers on the water uptake of fish protein hydrogel was apparently due to the thermodynamic incompatibility of these polymers with the fish protein gel network and the consequent effect on the extent of relaxation of the crosslinked polypeptide network. In contrast, inclusion of 60% EDTAD‐modified soy protein up to a level of 40% of the total protein in the gel did not affect the extent of the equilibrium water uptake of the gel. At higher levels, however, soy protein also decreased the amount of water uptake by the gel. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 45–51, 2002
Conductometric and viscometric investigation of poly(N‐vinylimidazole)‐metal ion complex formation
Authors: Pekel Nursel , Güner Alý , Güven Olgun 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe complexation of copper (Cu2+), cobalt (Co2+), and cadmium (Cd2+) ions with poly(N‐vinylimidazole) (PVIm) and its protonated form in aqueous solution was studied conductometrically and viscometrically. From the conductometric and viscometric curves, it was found that four imidazole units were coordinated with one metal ion in the complex systems. Both studies showed that the complex formation tendency decreased in the following order: Cu2+ > Co2+ > Cd2+. Complex properties of metal ions with imidazole group were explained by referring to Pearson's treatment, as hard and soft acids and bases. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 376–384, 2002
Kinetics of wood phenolysis in the presence of HCL as catalyst
Authors: Acemioglu B. , Alma M. H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMonarch birch wood (Betula maximowiczina Regel) wastes were phenolated in the presence of HCl as a catalyst at 60–150°C for various reaction times. Typical kinetic parameters along with percent reacted wood and phenol were determined by using kinetic models. In addition, according to the transition‐state theory the activation parameters of wood phenolysis was determined. The percent reacted wood wastes depicted that about 90% of the wood could be liquefied into phenol at a temperature of 150°C. However, about 30% of phenol was found to react with wood components. The kinetic studies showed that wood phenolysis with HCl catalyst at 60–150°C obviously followed a bimolecular type of second‐order reaction. Activation energy was found to be 13.438 kJ mol−1 from an Arrhenius plot. Furthermore, the findings related with activation enthalpy showed that the wood phenolysis had dominantly endothermic reaction nature. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 1098–1103, 2002
Effect of lamp cycling on conversion and stress development in ultraviolet‐cured acrylate coatings
Authors: Vaessen Diane M. , Ngantung Frederyk A. , Palacio Manuel L. B. , Francis Lorraine F. , McCormick Alon V. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn radiation‐cured acrylate coatings, a high conversion of monomer is generally desired to improve hardness, prevent further slow reaction upon aging, and avoid surface toxicity; however, shrinkage and, consequently, stress in coatings tend to increase with conversion. One route to achieve high conversion while maintaining low coating stress is to promote stress relaxation. In this study, acrylate coatings were cured with a UV lamp that was cycled on and off, varying the period from 2 to 60 min while keeping the total dose constant. All samples reached nearly the same conversion, between 46 and 48% conversion of functional groups, as measured by FTIR spectroscopy. The coating stress (measured with cantilever deflection) at the end of the exposure cycles, however, was lowered from 8 MPa (tension) to less than 3 MPa (tension) as the period was decreased from 60 to 2 min. The cycling had no significant effect on either the coating hardness or the modulus, as measured by a Hysitron triboscope. Stress relaxation and/or slower reaction during the dark periods are the likely causes for the lower coating stress. It was advantageous to introduce dark periods early in the processing. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 2784–2793, 2002
Resistance‐based switching humidity property of crosslinked acrylic acid–acrylamide copolymers and their ionization effect against the critical humidity
Authors: Liu Chong‐Jin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe resistance‐based switching humidity property of crosslinked acrylic acid–acrylamide copolymers was measured with an LCZ meter, and their ionic mobilities, which varied with humidity, were measured by the polar‐inversion method. Their conduction mechanism was discussed, and it was found that the ionization effect of some binding ions against a critical humidity takes place in switchable humidity‐sensitive materials. The effect is that some binding ions in materials turn into free ions when a given ambient humidity, called a critical humidity, is reached. The avalanching‐conduct electricity then occurs in materials. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 1057– 1060, 2002
Microsphere synthesis by emulsion copolymerizations of styrene with poly(methacrylic acid) macromonomers
Authors: Ishizu Koji , Kim Sunwook , Ichimura Ayako 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe polymer microspheres were synthesized by emulsion copolymerizations of styrene with vinyl benzyl terminated poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA) macromonomers in an aqueous ethanol solution. In these copolymerization systems, the macromonomer acted not only as a comonomer but also as a stabilizer. The particle diameters obtained from the water‐soluble initiator system showed smaller values than those obtained from the water‐insoluble initiator system. These polymer microspheres had a very narrow particle‐size distribution. The particle diameters depended strongly on the feed amount and molecular weight of PMA macromonomers, water fraction in the mixed solvent, and pH in the medium. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 900–905, 2002
The isothermal curing of a diepoxide‐cycloaliphatic diamine resin by temperature modulated differential scanning calorimetry
Authors: Montserrat S. , Martín J. G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe thermal properties and the isothermal cure of an epoxy resin based on diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) with a diamine based on 4,4′‐diamino‐3,3′‐dimethyldicyclohexylmethane (3DCM) were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and temperature modulated DSC (TMDSC). The quasi‐isothermal TMDSC scans were performed at curing temperatures between 40 and 140°C for different periods of time, and the modulation conditions were amplitude of 0.5K and a period of 60 s. The heating rates used on the DSC scans were between 2.5 and 20 Kmin−1. The heat of curing measured nonisothermally increases when the heating rate decreases. An average value of 440 Jg−1 was estimated. The glass transition of the unreacted system measured by DSC was −40.4°C. The final glass transition temperature of the resin depends on the heating rate of cure and postcure conditions. Values between 143°C (measured by DSC) and 154°C (measured on the total heat flow by TMDSC) were obtained after isothermal curing and postcure at 10 and 1 Kmin−1, respectively. The vitrification was analyzed by the modulus of the complex heat capacity |C|, which decay gives the interval and the time of vitrification. These properties were used to build the time–temperature–transformation cure diagram. The intensity of the vitrification was measured by the change in |C|, which decreases quasi‐linearly with the curing temperature. The phase angle of the heat flow shows a peak in the vitrification region, which agrees with the vitrification time determined by |C|. The chemical kinetics may be fitted to a simplified autocatalytic model [f(α) = αm(1 − α)n, Sesták‐Berggren model] with an apparent activation energy of 58 kJmol−1. The analysis of the diffusion controlled step is studied using a mobility factor determined from the normalised variation of |C| during the vitrification. The simulated overall reaction rate, which is obtained from the product of the chemical kinetics and the mobility factor, agrees with the experimental reaction rate. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 1263–1276, 2002
Physical properties of silk fibroin/chitosan blend films
Authors: Kweon Haeyong , Ha Hyun Chul , Um In Chul , Park Young Hwan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSilk fibroin/chitosan blend films were examined through IR spectroscopy to determine the conformational changes of silk fibroin. The effects of the fibroin/chitosan blend ratios (chitosan content) on the physical and mechanical properties were investigated to discover the feasibility of using these films as biomedical materials such as artificial skin and wound dressing. The mechanical properties of the blend films containing 10–40% chitosan were found to be excellent. The tensile strength, breaking elongation, and Young's modulus were affected by the chitosan contents of the blend films, which were also related to the density and degree of swelling. The coefficient of water vapor permeability of the blend films increased linearly with the chitosan content, and the values of 1000–2000 g m−2 day−1 were comparable to those of commercial wound dressings. Silk fibroin/chitosan blend films had good oxygen and water vapor permeabilities, making them useful as biomaterials. In particular, the blend film containing 40–50% chitosan showed very high oxygen permeability. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 928–934, 2001
Phase morphologies and mechanical properties of high‐impact polystyrene (HIPS) and polycarbonate blends compatibilized with polystyrene and polyarylate block copolymer
Authors: Ohishi Hiroshi , Ikehara Takayuki , Nishi Toshio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPhasemorphology and mechanical properties of blends of high‐impact polystyrene (HIPS) and polycarbonate (PC) blends compatibilized with a polystyrene (PS) and polyarylate (PAr) (PS–PAr) block copolymer were investigated. Over a broad range of composition from 50/50 through 30/70, HIPS/PC blends formed cocontinuous structures induced by the flow during the extrusion or injection‐molding processes. These cocontinuous phases had heterogeneity between the parallel and perpendicular directions to the flow. The micromorphology in the parallel direction to the flow consisted of stringlike phases, which were highly elongated along the flow. Their longitudinal size was long enough to be longer than 180 μm, while their lateral size was shorter than 5 μm, whereas that in the perpendicular direction to the flow showed a cocontinuous phase with regular spacing due to interconnection or blanching among the stringlike phases. The PS–PAr block copolymer was found to successfully compatibilize the HIPS/PC blends. The lateral size of the stringlike phases could be controlled both by the amount of the PS–PAr block copolymer added and by the shear rate during the extrusion or injection‐molding process without changing their longitudinal size. The HIPS/PC blend compatibilized with 3 wt % of the PS–PAr block copolymer under an average shear rate of 675 s−1 showed a stringlike phase whose lateral size was reduced almost equal to the rubber particle size in HIPS. The tensile modulus and yield stress of the HIPS/PC blends could be explained by the addition rule of each component, while the elongation at break was almost equal to that of PC. These mechanical properties of the HIPS/PC blends can be explained by a parallel connection model independent of the HIPS and PC phases. On the other hand, the toughness factor of the HIPS/PC blends strongly depended on the lateral size of the stringlike phases and the rubber particle size in the HIPS. It was found that the size of the string phases and the rubber particle should be smaller than 1.0 μm to attain a reasonable energy absorbency by blending HIPS and PC. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 2347–2360, 2001
Effect of hard segment and concentration of NaClO4 on poly(ethylene oxide)–urethane/NaClO4 complex
Authors: Yang Bing , Zeng Lai‐Xiang , Wang Lei , Tang Xiao‐Zhen , Tian Guo‐Hua , Zhang Bin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSolid poly(ethylene oxide)–urethane electrolytes were prepared from blends of polyurethane and NaClO4. The samples were characterized by FTIR, DSC, atomic force microscopy, and complex impedance analysis. The effect of the concentration of NaClO4 on the poly(ethylene oxide)–urethane/NaClO4 complex were studied. The results showed that the concentration of NaClO4 had an important effect on the ion–polymer interaction, ion–ion interaction, glass‐transition temperature, morphologic structure, and ionic conductivity of the complex. We also prepared a model compound of hard segments and found that the conductivity of the complex decreased when the model compound was blended into the complex. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 2502–2510, 2001
Polymerization of chlorofluorocarbon‐22 and acetonitrile
Authors: Shi Gaoquan , Chen Fengen , Wu Sanxie , Zhu Yongfa , Hong Xiaoying , Hou Wenhua , Ming Liang 
Published: August 2002

AbstractChlorofluorocarbon‐22 (HCClF2) gas can react with acetonitrile to form a halogen‐free carbon‐based polymer when solid potassium hydroxide particles are present. The reaction can be carried out under normal pressure and at room temperature. The polymer is powdery and amorphous. The structure of the polymer has been studied by elemental analysis, Fourier transform IR, Raman, and mass spectroscopies. The results demonstrate that the polymer has a carbonic backbone. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 116–120, 2001
Influence of rubber composition on migration behaviors of antiozonants in carbon black‐filled rubber vulcanizates composed of NR, SBR, and BR
Authors: Choi Sung‐Seen 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMigration behaviors of antiozonants in carbon black‐filled rubber vulcanizates with different rubber compositions of natural rubber (NR), styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR), and butadiene rubber (BR) were studied at constant temperatures of 40–100°C and outdoors. Three single rubber‐based vulcanizates, three biblends, and three triblends were used. N‐Phenyl‐N′‐isopropyl‐p‐phenylenediamine (IPPD) and N‐phenyl‐N′‐(1,3‐dimethylbutyl)‐p‐phenylenediamine (HPPD) were employed as antiozonants. Migration rates of the antiozonants became faster with increasing the temperature. The order of the migration rates in the single rubber‐based vulcanizates was BR > NR > SBR. The migration rates in the vulcanizates containing SBR, on the whole, increased with decreasing the SBR content, while those in the vulcanizates containing BR decreased with decreasing the BR content. Difference in the migration behaviors of the antiozonants depending on the rubber composition was explained both by the intermolecular interactions of the antiozonants with the matrix and by interface formed between dissimilar rubbers in the blends. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 237–242, 2001
Carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of styrene–α‐methylstyrene copolymers
Authors: Nogueira Regina F. , Tavares Maria Inês B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA copolymer based on α‐methylstyrene (AMS) was investigated by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The styrene‐co‐α‐methylstyrene (SAMS) was analyzed by solution and solid‐state NMR techniques. Three copolymers of SAMS with different compositions presented a particular behavior. The solution results showed the copolymer microstructure and the AMS content. The carbon‐13 spectra of SAMS C indicated that the AMS CH3 signal was detected at three distinct chemical shifts, because of the different comonomer‐sequences distribution. The proton spin–lattice relaxation time in the rotating frame (Tρ) parameter was chosen because it permits the evaluation of changes in the molecular mobility. The values of Tρ found for the copolymers confirmed the random distribution in the samples. The copolymer with a low quantity of AMS (1.7%), when analyzed by this relaxation parameter, showed lower values that were interpreted as an antiplasticization effect. The SAMS copolymer with a higher AMS quantity showed a plasticization effect. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 261–266, 2001
Effect of self‐nucleation on the crystallization of segmented copolymer poly(ether ester)
Authors: Gu Qun , Wu Liheng , Wu Dacheng , Shen Deyan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effect of self‐nucleation on the nonisothermal and isothermal crystallization behaviors of the segmented copolymer poly(ether ester), based on poly(ethylene glycol) as the soft segment and poly(ethylene terephthalate) as the hard segment was investigated by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and depolarization polarized light (DPL) techniques, respectively. The results demonstrated that self‐nucleation could enhance the crystallization rate in both cases. The experimental conditions of the self‐nucleation procedure studied by DSC were discussed in detail. The isothermal crystallization was analyzed by the Avrami equation, and the Avrami parameters were dependent on the melting temperature. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 81: 498–504, 2001