bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The incorporation of linolenic and linoleic acids into the plasma lipids of sheep given intra-abomasal infusions of linseed oil, maize oil or linoleic acid
Authors: Moore J. H. , Noble R. C. , Steele W. 
Published: May 2005

1. The fatty acid compositions of the plasma cholesteryl esters, phospholipids, triglycerides and unesterified fatty acids were determined in three sheep at various times after they had been given intra-abomasal infusions of emulsions of linseed oil, maize oil or linoleic acid.2. The concentrations of linolenic acid or linoleic acid in the plasma triglycerides began to increase 1.5 h after infusion of the emulsions had begun. As the concentration of linolenic or linoleic acids in the plasma triglycerides increased, the concentrations of palmitic and stearic acids decreased, hut there were no appreciable changes in the concentrations of oleic acid.3. The concentrations of linolenic or linoleic acid in the plasma phospholipids and cholesteryl esters did not begin to increase until 8–9 h and 24–25 h respectively after the infusions of the emulsions had begun.4. It is suggested that, after absorption from the small intestine of the sheep, linolenic and linoleic acids are transported in triglyceride form to the liver where the triglycerides are partially or completely hydrolysed. These C18polyunsaturated acids are then preferentially utilized for the synthesis of phospholipids and cholesteryl esters but not for the re-synthesis of triglycerides.
The effects of intravenous infusions of triglycerides on the secretion of milk fat in the cow
Authors: Storry J. E. , Tuckley B. , Hall A. J. 
Published: May 2005

1. Artificial emulsions of nine synthetic triglycerides ranging from tripropionin to triolein were given as continuous infusions into the jugular vein of lactating cows for periods of 2 days. The effects of these infusions on the composition of blood lipids and on the secretion of the component fatty acids in milk were examined.2. Tricaproin, tricaprylin, tripelargonin, tricaprin, trilaurin, trimyristin and triolein, in contrast to tripropionin and tributyrin, increased the yields in milk of the acid contained in the triglyceride. The increased yield of acid was positively correlated with chain length of the infused triglyceride, and with triglycerides above tricaprin the transfer of fatty acid to milk was sufficiently large to give consistently increased yields of total milk fat.3. The infusions increased the concentrations in blood plasma of cholesterol, phospholipid and in some experiments also of triglyceride. Concentrations of these lipids returned to normal by 2 days after the infusion. The fatty acid compositions of the plasma triglycerides were not affected by the infusion of triglycerides up to tripelargonin but with triglycerides longer than this the plasma triglycerides were altered in composition towards that of the infused triglyceride.4. Short- and intermediate-chain fatty acids of the infused triglycerides were elongated by the successive addition of two carbon units to give increased yields in milk of acids ranging up to C15and C16when they contained acids with an even and odd number of carbon atoms respectively. Possible interference with the conversion of stearic into oleic acid in the mammary gland owing to the infused emulsions is also discussed.
The effects of intravenous infusions of cod-liver and soya-bean oils on the secretion of milk fat in the cow
Authors: Storry J. E. , Hall A. J. , Tuckley B. , Millard D. 
Published: May 2005

1. The effects of intravenous infusions of emulsified cod-liver oil, Ethive (British Codliver Oils (Hull & Grimsby) Ltd; ethyl ester fraction of cod-liver oil rich in polyunsaturated acids) and soya-bean oil on the secretion of milk fat and the composition of blood lipids in the dairy cow were investigated.2. Soya-bean oil increased the yield of total fat, by increasing the secretion of unsaturated C18 acids in milk and also increased the proportions of oleic and linoleic acids in the blood plasma triglycerides.3. Cod-liver oil and Ethive both decreased the yield of total fat and the yields of C14 to C18 acids but had no effect on the yields of C4 to C12 acids in milk. Although the emulsions contained considerable quantities of C20 to C22 acids, which were incorporated into the blood plasma triglycerides, these acids were not secreted in the milk fat.4. It is concluded that, if the polyunsaturated C20 and C22 acids in cod-liver oil are not hydrogenated in the rumen before their absorption from the digestive tract, they can act directly on the mammary gland, possibly through the inhibition of lipoprotein lipase, to reduce the secretion of long-chain acids in milk. In addition, cod-liver oil may have an indirect effect, through changed volatile fatty acid production in the rumen, on the secretion of short-chain acids in milk.
The effect of chronic dietary protein-calorie deficiency on reproductive performance of rats: respiratory metabolism of ova
Authors: Platt B. S. , Barrett Irene M. , Christie Barbara A. 
Published: May 2005

1. The respiration rate of ova during their early cleavage stage from two groups of rats reared on diets of NDpCal% 10 or NDpCal% 5 has been measured, using a Cartesian diver.2. Measurements from twenty-six experiments show that the average oxygen uptake of ova from the rats reared on the diet of high protein value was 0.563±0.175 mμl O2/ovum per h and the value for rats reared on the diet of low protein value was 0.440±0.076 mμl O2/ovum per h when measurements were made in a medium containing 0.9% NaCl and rat serum or plasma (2:1). The difference between these results was significant at 0.05 > P > 0.02.3. It is suggested that the lower respiration rate of ova from rats maintained on the diet of low protein value may be due partly to the effect of dietary protein deficiency on conditions within the Fallopian tube and partly to the eRect on the maturation of the ovum itself.
Some effects of starch on protein utilization by sheep
Authors: Dror Y. , Mayevsky A. , Bondi A. 
Published: May 2005

1. One feeding experiment was carried out with seven adult rams (49–65 kg) and a second with eight young rams (39–51 kg) to compare the influence of starch supplementation on the utilization of protein; soya-bean meal was the main protein source in all diets. Cottonseed hulls and Rhodes hay served as energy sources in the basal diets. The energy content of the experimental groups (four adult or four young rams) was increased to 150% of that of the control groups by addition of crushed maize while the intake of digestible protein was equalized by adding maize gluten to control diets.2. Adult rams retained 20% more nitrogen and young rams 20% less nitrogen on the highenergy than on the control diet. The effect in young rams was not significant.3. Addition of maize to the diets was followed by a decrease in protein digestibility, but no parallel trend was found between protein digestibility and efficiency of nitrogen retention.4. In both experiments rumen ammonia and blood urea values were higher in sheep given the control diet than in those receiving the diet supplemented with maize.5. The dehydrogenase activity of rumen contents from young rams was only slightly raised by the maize supplement compared with the much larger increase that occurred in adult rams.6. The concentrations of total volatile fatty acids in the rumen contents of adult and young rams were not markedly influenced by the addition of maize to their diets but a slight increase in the concentrations of propionic and butyric acids and a decrease of the ratio of acetic to propionic acid occurred.
Effects of supplementing ragi (Eleusine coracana) diets with lysine or leaf protein on the growth and nitrogen metabolism of children
Authors: Doraiswamy T. R. , Singh Narendra , Daniel V. A. 
Published: May 2005

1. Diets based on ragi (Eleusine corucum) (1) were supplemented with L-lysine monohydrochloride (2) to provide 0.50 g additional lysine per day, or with lucerne leaf protein (3) to provide the same amount of lysine as 2, or with sesame flour (4) to provide the same amount of protein as 3. The effects of such supplementation on the growth and nutritional status of twenty children fed on each diet were studied in a feeding trial lasting for 6 months. Nitrogen retention and apparent digestibility of the diets were also studied at one stage during the feeding trials.2. Supplementing ragi diets with any of the materials brought about improvement in all nutritional responses, i.e. height, weight, general nutritional status, apparent digestibility and N retention. The diet supplemented with leaf protein led to the greatest response in growth, as measured by increase in height and weight, followed by those supplemented with lysine and sesame flour in that order.3. The apparent digestibility of the lysine-supplemented diet was lower than those of the diets supplemented with leaf protein and sesame flour.4. The differences in N retention between the children on the three supplemented diets were not significant.5. The most important observations were that, although lysine as a sole supplement improved the quality of ragi diets, the leaf protein was superior to it because it improved the quality and increased the content of protein in the diet, and that the sesame flour, in spite of increasing the protein content, did not provide adequate lysine.
Protein deficiency in spaced-fed rats
Authors: Padwaldesai S. R. , Ninjoor V. , Ramakrishnan T. V. , Sawant P. L. , Kumta U. S. , Sreenivasan A. 
Published: May 2005

1. Adult rats were trained to consume the entire day's ration in 2 h. They showed marked difference in food intake when a diet lacking in protein was given. Two broad stages were observed, the first phase did not show any drop in calorie intake whereas the second showed distinct severe calorie deficiency.2. Definite changes were noted in the metabolic profiles of the protein-deficient group even though no evidence for a fall in calorie intake (stage 1) was provided by the measurements of body and organ weights, urinary end-products, liver constituents and liver enzymes.3. The levels of urinary end-products and liver DNA and RNA decreased in the proteindeficient and pair-fed control groups compared with the control group.4. The liver glycogen content remained unchanged in the protein-deficient groups whereas the lipid content and the ratio of vitamin A alcohol to ester increased significantly.5. The activity of xanthine oxidase in the liver was reduced by 75% in the pair-fed control group and by 95% in the protein-deficient group when compared with the control group. However, the activity of succinic dehydrogenase varied, depending on the unit of activity used to express it.
Liver lysosomes in protein-starved rats
Authors: Ninjoor V. , Saroja S. , Padwaldesai S. R. , Sawant P. L. , Kumta U. S. , Sreenivasan A. 
Published: May 2005

1. The feeding of a protein-free diet to adult rats trained to consume their whole day's food in 2 h changed the characteristics of hepatic lysosomes immediately upon the onset of protein deficiency combined with calorie deficiency.2. The nature of the alterations in the characteristics of liver lysosomes were deduced from the faster release of enzymes, swelling of membranes and a change in the sedimenting properties. Purified lysosomes from pooled livers from a group of rats fed on a protein-free diet for only a day, showed marked differences when compared with lysosomes from normal rats. When lysosomes were suspended in sucrose solutions of two different molar concentrations, the release of acid phosphatase occurred at a faster rate in liver lysosomes of protein-starved rats than in those of normal ones. The light-scattering characteristics of the suspensions suggested the presence of swollen lysosomes in livers of rats fed on a protein-free diet and normal lysosomes in the livers of control rats.3. In homogenate of liver from rats fed on a protein-free diet for 11 days the levels of cathepsin and acid ribonuclease showed a five- to six-fold increase in the free specific activities when compared with those of controls.4. The role of lysosomes is discussed with reference to the accumulation of hydrolytic endproducts and liver autolysis during protein starvation.
The effect of heat treatment on the nutritive value of milk for the young calf
Authors: Tagari H. , Roy J. H. B. 
Published: May 2005

1. Four Ayrshire bull calves between 8 and 34 days of age and fitted with duodenal and ileal re-entrant cannulas were used to study the effect of heat treatment of the milk they received on the pH and nitrogen composition of the pyloric outflow and ileal contents.2. Milk A contained a spray-dried skim-milk powder pre-heated during the drying process at 74° for 30 min and milk B a similar powder pre-heated at 77° for 15 sec. In milk A about 50% of the non-casein protein N had been denatured.3. Milk B resulted in a lower pH than milk A in the pyloric outflow throughout the sampling period of 6.5 h after feeding. It resulted also in an increased volume of outflow during the 1st h after feeding, a reduced output of undigested protein, an increased output of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) and a different pattern of flow of NPN during the first 4 h after feeding.4. These differences between milk A and milk B were associated largely with different clotting characteristics, which were demonstrated in vitro at two levels of addition of rennet with or without the addition of calcium. The buffering capacity of the two milks was similar.5. Variation between calves in their response to these two milks was attributed to the age of the calves and to differences in inherent clotting or proteolytic activity.6. In the ileal outflow, bacterial activity, as measured by dehydrogenase activity, was positively related to N concentration, but the N concentration when milk A was given did not appear to differ from that when milk B was given.7. One calf had diarrhoea when given milk A at a young age. This was associated with an increased pyloric outflow, an increased outflow of undigested protein but little difference in the rate of proteolysis, and a high pH. In the ileal outflow the volume and amount of N was much increased although the N concentration was reduced.8. It is concluded that the detrimental effect of milk A, found in earlier experiments, was largely associated with high pH and poor digestibility of protein in the abomasum, conditions which allow multiplication of coliform organisms in the intestine.
The relationship between an elevated serum amino acid ratio and the development of other biological abnormalities in the experimentally malnourished pig
Authors: Grimble R. F. , Whitehead R. G. 
Published: May 2005

1. Weanling pigs were fed under three dietary regimens, control, low protein and total calorie restricted.2. In the protein-deficient group the amino acid ratio did not start to become elevated until growth was impaired and total serum protein and albumin concentration began to fall.3. In the protein-deficient group, but not in the control or undernourished animals, the magnitude of the ratio was statistically correlated with the rate of growth, appetite, serum protein and albumin concentration and hydroxyproline excretion.4. The results provide information on the relationship between the serum amino acid ratio and nutritional status.
The rumen buffering system of sheep fed pelleted roughage–concentrate rations
Authors: Emmanuel Bijan , Lawlor M. J. , Mcaleese D. M. 
Published: May 2005

1. Three wethers fitted with permanent rumen cannulas were given a pelleted roughage–concentrate ration containing 45% ground barley straw as roughage. The animals were given 1 kg of the diet at 08.00 h and 500 g at 17.00 h.2. The measurements made to determine the buffering components of the rumen fluid were: rumen pH, buffering capacity value (β), total volatile fatty acids (VFA), CO2and inorganic phosphorus concentrations.βwas expressed as the quantity of titrant (m-equiv./l.) required to bring about 2 unit changes in rumen fluid pH. The pH ranges in which theβvalues were measured were 4–6, 5–7 and 6–8. All measurements were made at hourly intervals over a 9 h period commencing 1 h before feeding.3. Rumen pH values were high before feeding, decreased to a minimum 2 h after feeding and then increased to approximately the original values. The concentrations of total VFA followed an inverse pattern. There was diurnal variation in the concentrations of CO2but inorganic P levels varied very little throughout the day.4. Significant correlations were obtained between VFA, inorganic P and CO2levels and theβvalues. It would appear that the bicarbonate and phosphate buffers were not effective in regulating the rumen pH when sheep were given a roughage–concentrate ration.
Methane production and soluble carbohydrates in the rumen of sheep in relation to the time of feeding and the effects of short-term intraruminal infusions of unsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Clapperton J. L. , Czerkawski J. W. 
Published: May 2005

1. The daily methane production of sheep given sugar-beet pulp was greater than that of sheep given hay. The rates of methane production on both diets increased during feeding and then decreased to an apparently steady value. When no food was given the rates of methane production continued to fall exponentially with a half-life of about 24 h.2. Mixtures of unsaturated long-chain fatty acids infused into the rumen during feeding inhibited the production of methane. The inhibition was greater when the sheep were given hay than when they were given sugar-beet pulp.3. In general the concentration of soluble carbohydrates in the rumen increased during feeding and fell rapidly to the values found before feeding as soon as the sheep finished eating. The infusion of unsaturated fatty acids during feeding did not result in an accumulation of soluble carbohydrate in the rumen.4. It is suggested that the rapid methane production during feeding was associated with fermentation of the more soluble part of the diet and that the fermentation of carbohydrate was not inhibited by the infused fatty acids. The results are consistent with specific inhibition of methanogenesis by unsaturated fatty acids.
Calcium metabolism in lactating ewes
Authors: Braithwaite G. D. , Glascock R. F. , Riazuddin Sh. 
Published: May 2005

1. A combination of balance and isotope techniques has been used to study calcium metabolism at different stages of lactation in six sheep and the results have been compared with those obtained from four of the sheep 1 month after the end of lactation.2. At first the animals were in negative Ca balance but, as milk yields decreased, so the animals moved progressively into positive balance.3. Ca absorption from the gut was significantly increased throughout the whole of lactation but not sufficiently to meet the initial high demands for Ca.4. Most of the extra Ca was supplied by bone resorption which was high in early lactation and decreased to a very low value at the end.5. The rate of bone accretion remained constant throughout the period and was 1.5 times as high as in the non-lactating animals.6. In the later stages, a combination of factors, but in particular a low rate of resorption of bone, enabled the animals to replenish some of the Ca lost from the skeleton in early lactation.7. A month after the end of lactation replenishment of skeletal stores of Ca was still continuing as shown by the excess of bone accretion over bone resorption.
Growth rates in children recovering from protein-calorie malnutrition
Authors: Ashworth Ann 
Published: May 2005

1. Compensatory, or ‘catch-up’, growth in eight malnourished children has been studied in relation to food intake, efficiency of food utilization and changes in body composition.2. During recovery, growth rates were fifteen times as fast as those of normal children of similar age, and five times as fast as those of normal children of a similar height or weight.3. Rapid growth was associated with a high food intake.4. When the expected weight for height was reached food intakes fell abruptly by 30% and growth rates dropped to a level comparable with those of normal children of that height and weight.5. Food conversion figures suggest an over-all increase in the efficiency of food utilization during rapid growth.6. The percentage body fat increased, once the expected weight for height was reached.7. Differences in the rates of weight gain from those predicted by the Miller-Payne equation were difficult to interpret: problems associated with the equation are discussed.
Stomach function in relation to a scour syndrome in the piglet
Authors: White F. , Wenham G. , Sharman G. A. M. , Jones A. S. , Rattray E. A. S. , Mcdonald I. 
Published: May 2005

1. Piglets were left to suckle their dam for about 2 days after birth to obtain colostrum and were then divided into four groups. One group was left with the sow, the second was given a standard liquid diet based on cow's milk, the third the standard diet with lactic acid added to give a pH of 4.8, and the fourth the standard diet with the casein content increased by 50%. Stomach samples were removed at intervals by stomach tube for pH measurements and bacteriological investigations. The tube was used immediately to give barium sulphate for radiographic examinations and was then withdrawn. Comparisons were made between treatments and between scouring and non-scouring piglets.2. A diarrhoeic (scour) syndrome frequently developed; this was always preceded by diminishing gastric activity leading to gastric stasis. When spontaneous recovery occurred, there was a return of gastric function before recovery from scours and before the resumption of normal weight gain.3. The incidence, duration and severity of the scour syndrome was less in piglets left on the sow; these differences could not be ascribed to the effect of colostrum. Piglets receiving the lactic acid milk diet had an average gastric pH of 1 unit less than the other piglets. Although the severity of scour and loss of clinical condition was less in the piglets given lactic acid milk the duration of reduced stomach motility was the same as in the other artificially fed piglets.4. No obvious correlation was shown between the scour syndrome and the bacterial flora of the stomach or the intestines. The gastro-intestinal tracts of the piglets given lactic acid milk contained fewer bacteria than those of the piglets on the other diets.5. Gross between-treatment differences at post-mortem were evident only in the stomach.6. The spontaneous scour syndrome observed under the conditions of these experiments appeared not to be of bacterial origin but to be associated with a physiological malfunction of the stomach.
Mechanisms of heat damage in proteins
Authors: Bjarnson J. , Carpenter K. J. 
Published: May 2005

1.ě-N-Acetyl-L-lysine showed a growth-promoting value for the young rat receiving a lysine-deficient diet approximately half that of the equivalent quantity of L-lysine;ě-N-propionyl-L-lysine showed negligible activity.2. Considerable quantities of lysine were recovered from acid-hydrolysis of the urine of rats receiving these two compounds. Qualitative chromatography suggested that the compounds themselves were appearing in the urine.3. Similar results were obtained from giving proteins that had the ě-NH2, groups of their lysine units either acetylated or propionylated.4. Giving a pure protein in which the nutritional availability of the lysine had been reduced heat treatment resulted in greatly increased faecal lysine but little urinary lysine.