bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The History and Background of Health Psychology
Authors: Friedman Howard S , Adler Nancy E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Health psychology, the most modern major domain of psychology, flows from ancient intellectual well-springs. From the biblical proverb which taught that “A merry heart does good like a medicine” (Proverbs 17:22) to the definitional “heart-ache” of Shakespeare’s Hamlet (act 3, scene 1), the psyche and the soma have long been sensed to be linked. Benjamin Franklin, who uncovered many secrets to a long, successful life, warned against associating with hostile, choleric people; he then developed a self-reinforcing habit chart to discourage himself from drunkenness and gluttony (Franklin, 1794/ 1906). Yet although such notions of close ties between health and thoughts, feelings, and behaviors date back thousands of years, the scientific discipline of health psychology did not take shape until the 1970s. This emergence was a full century after the beginnings of psychology in the 1870s, and well after the establishment of experimental psychology, social psychology, developmental psychology, physiological psychology, personality psychology, and clinical psychology.
Aging and Health
Authors: Rook Karen S , Charles Susan T , Heckhausen Jutta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the past century, economically developed nations experienced unprecedented changes in the age structure of their populations, as a result of improved public health measures and medical advances that extended life expectancy. Throughout human history there have always been individuals who lived to an advanced age, but such survival was unusual before the twentieth century. During the twentieth century, life expectancy increased markedly and birth rates declined, ushering in an era of dramatic societal aging among developed nations. Since 1900, for example, the total population of the United States tripled in size, but the population of people over age 65 grew 11-fold (National Center for Health Statistics [NCHS], 1999a, 1999b). Average life expectancy at birth in the United States was 49.24 years in 1900, whereas it is now 74.8 years for men and 80.1 years for women (Hoyert, Kung, & Smith, 2005). Similarly, in 1900 only 4% of the population in the United States was greater than 65 years of age, but that figure has risen to 12.4% and is expected to climb to 20% by the year 2030 (American Administration on Aging [AAA], 2001). With the overall growth of the population, these percentage increases represent a very substantial, and still expanding, increase in the absolute numbers of people living to age 65 and beyond.
The Constraint on Preverbal Subjects in Romance Interrogatives
Authors: Zubizarreta Maria Luisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a well-known constraint, pervasive in the Romance languages, that disallows the subject to intervene between a fronted wh-phrase and the verb. I illustrate this constraint with examples from standard Spanish, French, European Portuguese, and Italian:
The existence of such a constraint can also be appreciated in constructions like French complex inversion (where V-to-C has applied); it minimally contrasts with English, where the constraint does not apply:
In Zubizarreta (1998), I proposed that the preverbal subject in Spanish is always associated with a discourse-related feature (topic or focus or emphasis). Two further assumptions will then join to account for the constraint on preverbal subjects in interrogatives: (A) The topic feature is always projected above the focus feature at the left edge of the clause, and (B) the wh-phrase is associated with the focus feature. It therefore follows that a topic subject must precede the wh-phrase when they co-occur at the left edge.
Outward Bound
Authors: Zee A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early years of this century, it was decided that a great observatory was to be built. After eons of evolution, man was ready to look outward, past the stars. He wanted to stare at the universe itself. What he saw would change his conception of the universe forever. He saw that the universe was dynamic, almost alive, and that the universe had a beginning. He saw the expansion of the universe.
The Universe Begets Matter
Authors: Zee A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The microscopic world of particles is a world of unceasing change and decay. Whoosh! Here a neutron disintegrates into a proton, a positron, and a neutrino. Kraazarn! There a marauding electron crashes into a proton and turns it into a neutron plus an antineutrino. But in change there is permanence. A neutron is changed into a proton, a proton is changed into a neutron, but the total number of protons and neutrons does not change. (The electron, the positron, the neutrino, and the antineutrino are just going along for the ride in these processes converting proton into neutron and vice versa.)
Parts, Motion, and the Development of the Animate-Inanimate Distinction in Infancy
Authors: Rakison David H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is no question that as adults we are aware of the various properties, abilities, and characteristics of the things around us. In addition to being able to recognize, for example, animals and people on the basis of their external perceptual appearance—that which “can be seen” (Keil, 1989)—we also know that they are biological entities capable of self-propelled motion, and that they possess mental states such as goals, beliefs, and desires. Likewise, we can recognize rocks, plants, toys, and vehicles by their perceptual properties, but we are also aware that the members of these categories engage in a more limited kind of movement—they are, for instance, generally caused to move by other objects—and they are incapable of possessing any kind of psychological states.
Words, Kinds, and Causal Powers
Authors: Gopnik Alison , Nazzi Thierry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For some 25 years, the prevailing theories of categorization in philosophy have invoked the idea of “kinds” (Kripke, 1972; Putnam, 1975). When we look at how adults use words to refer to categories of things, we find that they only rarely categorize objects on the basis of their common properties. Instead, adults seem to categorize objects together when they believe that they belong to the same “kind,” that is, that they share some common, abstract “essence.” Psychological investigations of adults have largely confirmed these philosophical intuitions; adults do seem to group objects together based on “kinds” rather than properties (Murphy & Medin, 1985; Rips, 1989).
Several investigators, particularly Gelman and her colleagues (Gelman & Coley, 1990; Gelman & Markman, 1986), have argued that children as young as 2 years old also categorize and name objects based on kinds (see also Mandler & McDonough, 1993; Mervis & Bertrand, 1994; Soja, Carey, & Spelke, 1991). Other investigators, in contrast, have suggested that young children categorize and name objects on the basis of perceptual properties such as shape (Imai, Gentner, & Uchida, 1994; Landau, Smith, & Jones, 1988). However, the question of whether children use names to refer to kinds has been bedeviled by the problem that the philosophical notion is not easily translatable into empirical predictions. In the philosophical literature, the concept of kinds refers to the idea that members of a category share an “essence,” a common, abstract, ontological property, and that names refer to this essence (Putnam, 1975). Obviously, it is difficult to ask 3-year-olds if they conceive of objects or use names in this way.
An Enviable Pedigree
Authors: Gillham Nicholas Wright 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few men have had more noteworthy ancestry in many lines than Francis Galton. Francis Calton invented pedigree analysis to measure the heritability of human “talent and character.” This technique caught the imagination of eugenicists in the early twentieth century and is a fundamental tool of modern human genetics. One reason Calton set such store by this method was his own sterling pedigree (Table 1-1). His ancestors, the scientific and medically inclined Darwins, and the Caltons, a family of wealthy Qyaker merchants, both hailed from the environs of Birmingham. Calton’s cousin Charles Darwin inspired his investigations in human heredity while his father, Samuel Tertius Calton, endowed him with a substantial inheritance. This permitted him to roam without financial constraint through his various scientific pursuits. His father may also have sparked his lifelong interest in numbers and quantification. Francis Calton indeed had an enviable pedigree, so to understand the man one must know something of his family and especially his maternal grandfather Dr. Erasmus Darwin, the common familial link between Calton and Charles Darwin (Fig. 1-1).
Langston Hughes and Afro-American:Vernacular Music
Authors: Tracy Steven C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was the year that the opera star Enrico Caruso made his first recordings; that the Dinwiddie Colored Quartet made the first phonograph recordings by Afro-Americans; that Ma Rainey initiated her singing career in a traveling show and first heard the blues in a small Missouri town; that the blues performers Son House, Skip James, Barbecue Bob, Viola “Miss Rhapsody” Wells, and Peetie Wheatstraw were born.
The Music of the Ratios
Authors: Benson Donald C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN THE SIXTH CENTURY BCE, PYTHAGORAS and his followers believed that numbers are the language in which the meaning of the universe is written. Numbers are also fundamental in today’s world in which digital computers-containing streams of Os and ls-entertain us, perform our accounting needs, and compute the interaction of galaxies. Although the Pythagoreans lacked the digital computer, their belief in the universal importance of number was confirmed by devices familiar to them-musical instruments. In fact, Aristotle tells us that the Pythagoreans “supposed the elements of numbers to be the elements of all things, and the whole heaven to be a musical scale and a number.” In the hands of the Pythagoreans, a simple musical instrument became a scientific instrument. We infer this from their teachings, although we have no ancient log books detailing their actual experiments. Unfortunately, after this promising beginning, experimental science came to a standstill in ancient Greece. This was due in part to the influence of philosophers like Plato, who were more impressed by the unsupported speculations of the Pythagoreans than by their empirical observations.
Marriage Wars in Late Renaissance Venice
Authors: Ferraro Joanne M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book brings to life the lost voices of ordinary Venetians during the age of Catholic revival. Looking at scripts that were brought to the city's ecclesiastical courts by spouses seeking to annul their marriage vows, this book opens up the emotional world of intimacy and conflict, sexuality, and living arrangments that did not fit normative models of marriage.
The Critical Theory of Technology
Authors: Feenberg Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modernity is the affirmation of autonomy against every traditional or social authority (Pippin, 1991). Modern societies organize apparently neutral mediations such as markets, elections, administrations, and technical systems for the expression of an unlimited variety of contingent interests and visions of life that cannot and need not be justified, reconciled, or ranked. This system does not favor this or that substantive value but maximizes autonomy in general, promising liberation of the human essence from fixed definitions. Rationality enters this scheme only at the level of means, both the means individuals employ to achieve particular ends and the means instituted by society to mediate their relations. These means fall under formal norms of efficiency and equity.
Noninvasive Genotyping and Field Studies of Free-Ranging Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Woodruff David S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The evolution of complex societies in which individuals rely on assistance from others involves kin selection, mutualism, and competition (Wilson 2000, Ad-cock 2001, Clutton-Brock 2002, Kappeler & van Schaik 2002). Establishing relationships among free-ranging primates to test sociobiological hypotheses has traditionally taken years of painstaking fieldwork, and the relationship between social and genetic relationships was rarely verified. This changed in the 1990s with the introduction of noninvasive genotyping. Hypotheses based on decades of field observations became testable, and long-standing debates about kinship and behavior were, at least in theory, resolvable within months. In this chapter, I briefly review the first applications of noninvasive genotyping, the lessons learned in the past 10 years, and the prospects for the method’s second decade. The challenges for the next decade are to refine the methods so that reliable genotyping becomes an economic and required adjunct of behavioral studies whose interpretation depends on a knowledge of individual pairwise relatedness. As explained below, noninvasive genotyping represented a revolutionary solution to the dilemma that arose when the effects on behavioral studies of shooting, trapping and bleeding, or biopsy darting animals became unacceptable.
Matrilineal Kinship and Primate Behavior
Authors: Kapsalis Ellen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Previous reviews of the impact of maternal kinship on primate behavior (Gouzoules 1984, Gouzoules & Gouzoules 1987, Walters 1987, Bernstein 1991, but see Silk 2001) have focused on a limited number of the cercopithecine taxa (i.e., macaques, baboons, and vervets) even though it is generally recognized that the female philopatric “cercopithecine model” is representative of only one phylogenetic branch of the primate order as a whole (Gouzoules & Gouzoules 1987, Strier 1994). This situation has arisen due to the excellent observational conditions for many cercopithecine species culminating in numerous long-term studies of kinship. In contrast, most noncercopithecine primates are generally much more difficult to study due to difficult terrain and/or poor visibility. As a result, relatively few researchers endeavored to take on the challenge of specifically identifying and following individuals longitudinally within social groups of these understudied species until the last decade or so. Hence, our overall knowledge regarding the impact of maternal kinship on primates is biased and limited. However, recent mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplotype testing on wild ape groups has given us the opportunity to test some assumptions regarding the impact of maternal kinship on behavior in some male philopatric primate groups (e.g., bonobos and chimpanzees). Additionally, in the last decade, researchers have begun to explore maternal kinship relationships among female philopatric platyrrhine species previously unstudied due to the paucity of habituated social groups (e.g., Cebus).
Reformation
Authors: Bremer Francis J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Around The Corner from where the Winthrops lived in the parish of St. Peter ‘s Cornhill was the church of St. Michael ‘s. Neighborhood lore told of how, years before, “upon St. James ‘ night, certain men in the loft next under the Bells, ringing of a Peal, a Tempest of lightning and thunder did arise, [and] an ugly shaped sight appeared to them, coming in the north window, and lighted on the North, for fear whereof they all fell down, and lay as dead for the time, letting the Bells ring and cease of their own ac- cord. When the ringers came to themselves, they found certain stones of the North window to be raised and scratched, as if they had been [made of] so much butter, printed with a Lion ‘s claw. The same stones were fastened there again, and so remain to this day.” Young boys in the parish such as William Winthrop and his young brothers, John and Adam, often climbed to the steeple to stare at the impress of the demon ‘s feet and trace with their fingers those marks of Satan. THE DISTINCTION WE NOW MAKE between the supernatural and the natural was not one that the Winthrops would have understood. There were no clear boundaries separating the spheres inhabited by men, angels, and devils. Like his father and like all other Englishmen of the time, William Winthrop saw the supernatural reflected in every action of every day. God ‘s power not only sustained the universe but also directed it. Things that later generations would explain in natural terms were seen in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as attributable to supernatural forces.
A Godly Magistrate
Authors: Bremer Francis J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On A Warm July Day in 1615, John Winthrop sat nervously astride his horse on the road to Bury St. Edmunds. He was there with some of the country ‘s leading citizens, awaiting the arrival of the king ‘s justices who had been appointed to preside over the assize sessions. Just a month earlier he had been named to the Suffolk commission of the peace. Accompanied by pikemen, and with trumpeters announcing their progress, Winthrop, his fellow county justices, the county sheriff, and the sheriff ‘s bailiff were present to escort the assize judges to the town. All justices of the peace were required to attend the sessions, but the event was also one of the major social events of the year. For days Bury had been filling with men and women from throughout west Suffolk, some brought there by court business, others to take advantage of the sessions to buy or sell in the marketplace, and still others attracted by the spectacle and eager to witness the court proceedings. Finally, the distinguished judges of the king ‘s courts arrived, and the procession wound its way toward the town gates, where it was greeted by a large crowd. Bells rang and music was played as the magistrates, stopping first at their lodgings, proceeded to the church for prayer and a sermon.
Passing Through Hell
Authors: Bremer Francis J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
July 1630. “My son Henry, my son Henry, ah my poor child.” The words were torn from John Winthrop as he wrote to Margaret about the death of his son. Henry had missed the Arbella when she left Cowes and had found passage on one of the other ships of the fleet. Arriving at Salem around the first of July, when John had already moved on to explore the coast to the south, he joined some of the officers of the ship in exploring their new surroundings. The town of Salem itself was unimpressive, consisting of about ten wooden houses along a muddy street stretching uphill from the harbor. Walking along the North River to view a native encampment, the young men spied a canoe on the opposite bank. Henry, the only one of the group who could swim, volunteered to swim over and paddle the canoe back for all to see. But the water was colder than he anticipated, and he cramped and drowned. It is likely that his father did not even know of Henry’s arrival in America until he received the news of the youth’s death.
Last Years
Authors: Bremer Francis J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
May 1647. Edward Winslow had done his work well, and a new letter had been received from the Warwick Commission, granting the colonial authorities the virtual autonomy they had sought. Having learned from Winslow that the Child petitioners were prepared to follow Gorton’s example in appealing to Parliament, the commissioners wrote that they “thought it necessary (for preventing further inconveniences of this kind) hereby to declare that we intended not thereby to encourage any appeals from your justice, nor to restrain the bounds of your jurisdiction to a narrower compass than is held forth by your letters patent, but to leave you all that freedom and latitude that may in any respect be duly claimed by you, knowing that the limiting of you in that kind may be very prejudicial (if not destructive) to the government and public peace of the colony.”
Public Opinion and Policy: Causal Flow in a Macro System Model
Authors: Erikson Robert S , Mackuen, Michael B , Stimson James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a democracy such as the United States, policy is supposed to flow from the preferences of the public. Of the many studies of a possible causal connection from public opinion to policy, almost all are cross-sectional, that is, involving a search for covariance between public opinion and policy across units measured for a constant time period. Although often reporting positive opinion-policy relationships, these studies invite the critique that reported cross-sectional correlations are subject to rival causal interpretations beyond the claim of representative democracy at work.
Probabilistic Polling
Authors: Manski Charles F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Polling results fluctuated greatly throughout the year 2000 American presidential campaign. George W. Bush seemed well ahead during the summer, but Al Gore surged ahead after the Democratic convention. As the election drew near, major polling organizations reported a bewildering array of findings from week to week. The race turned out to be excruciatingly close, as the world finally learned on November 7 and thereafter.
Primary Care, Psychology, and Primary Care Psychology
Authors: Haas Leonard J , deGruy Frank V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scenarios like this occur many times every day in the offices of pediatricians, internists, family physicians, and gynecologists across the United States. What happens next depends on the train-ing and attitudes of the primary care physician and the mental health professionals involved in the patient’s care. This scenario could follow at least three different pathways: The biomedical pathway: Suspicious that he hasn’t exhausted all possibilities, the physician suggests additional tests to Ms. James. Worried and eager to discover if she has something serious or not, Ms. James agrees and gets a full workup.
Health Behavior Change and the Problem of “Noncompliance”
Authors: DiClemente Carlo C , Ferentz Kevin , Velasquez Mary M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Compliance is the term used to indicate how well the patient executes medical and health care cli-nicians’ directives intended to foster symptomatic relief, disease management, and prevention of future illness. Chronic illness and preventable conditions are leading causes of death and disabil-ity in the United States; patient cooperation and compliance are critical to management and pre-vention of such chronic conditions as diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, obesity, chronic lung disease, HIV, and other conditions (Mei-chenbaum & Turk, 1987; Stuart, 1982). The costs of noncompliance are significant for the doctor, the patient, and the health care system. Loss of staff time, inadequate dosage of medications, expensive procedures, overreliance on intensive treatment settings, medical complications, disabil-ity, and premature death are all consequences of poor compliance with required or recommended treatment procedures and behavior changes.
Obesity: Assessment and Treatment
Authors: Sarwer David B , Allison Kelly C , Berkowitz Robert I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although excess body weight is often considered an aesthetic issue, obesity represents a significant health problem in the United States. Obesity is strongly associated with morbidity (NHLBI, 1998). Obese individuals are at increased risk for, and frequently suffer from, a variety of significant health problems, including cardiovascular disease (heart disease and hypertension), Type II diabe-tes, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, and certain can-cers. Obesity-related health problems were esti-mated to have cost the country approximately$100 billion in 1995 (Wolf & Colditz, 1998); the amount today is likely much higher. Obese indi-viduals also are at increased risk for mortality. Obese individuals have a 30% greater risk of pre-mature death compared to normal-weight indi-viduals. For those with severe obesity, the risk of death is approximately 100% greater (Manson et al., 1995).