bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of culture in families' treatment decisions for children with autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Mandell David S. , Novak Maytali 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThere is little information available about how and why parents of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) make decisions regarding which of the many available treatments to implement with their children. Given the lack of available information regarding treatment efficacy, it is likely that parents' beliefs about child development, interpretation of the symptoms of ASD, its etiology and course, and their experiences with the health system influence treatment decisions. This article addresses these issues within the context of cultural influences. We review the small body of existing literature regarding cultural influences on decisions regarding ASD and draw implications for the study and treatment of ASD from the larger body of literature on culture and other health conditions of childhood. In addition to examining the potential for differences in clinical presentation by culture and different experiences with the healthcare system, we use Kleinman's framework of questions for understanding the role of culture in the interpretation and treatment of ASD. These questions address interpretation of symptoms and beliefs about their cause, course, and treatment. Finally, we present specific language for clinicians to use in discussion with families with different cultural beliefs about the use of less traditional treatment strategies. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2005;11:110–115.
Novel treatments for autistic spectrum disorders
Authors: Levy Susan E. , Hyman Susan L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn no area of developmental pediatric practice is there more controversy regarding the choice of treatment than related to children with autistic spectrum disorders (ASD). Complementary and alternative medical therapies (CAM) are often elected because they are perceived as treating the cause of symptoms rather than the symptoms themselves. CAM used for autism can be divided by proposed mechanism: immune modulation, gastrointestinal, supplements that affect neurotransmitter function, and nonbiologic intervention. Secretin as a therapy for autism is discussed as an example of how a clinical observation rapidly grew to a widespread treatment before well‐designed studies demonstrated absence of effect. The plausibility for behavioral effect was not substantiated by clinical studies. CAM used for treatment of autism is examined in terms of rationale, evidence of efficacy, side effects, and additional commentary. Families and clinicians need access to well‐designed clinical evidence to assist them in choice of therapies. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2005;11:131–142.
Complementary and alternative therapies for Down syndrome
Authors: Roizen Nancy J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn their role as committed advocates, parents of children with Down syndrome have always sought alternative therapies, mainly to enhance cognitive function but also to improve their appearance. Nutritional supplements have been the most frequent type of complementary and alternative therapy used. Cell therapy, plastic surgery, hormonal therapy, and a host of other therapies such as massage therapy have been used. There is a lack of well‐designed scientific studies on the use of alternative therapies in individuals with Down syndrome. Antioxidants hold theoretical promise for treatment of the cognitive, immune, malignancy, and premature aging problems associated with Down syndrome. Medications for treatment of Alzheimer's disease may also result in benefit for the population of individuals with Down syndrome. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2005;11:149–155.
Old and new controversies in the alternative treatment of attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Rojas Neal L. , Chan Eugenia 
Published: June 2005

AbstractUse of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) for treatment of attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has become widespread in both referral and primary care populations. We review the purported mechanism of action and available evidence for selected CAM therapies for ADHD. Enduring controversies, such as elimination of artificial food additives, colors, and/or preservatives; the effect of sugar on behavior in children; and the use of EEG biofeedback, have been well studied but lack support as effective sole treatments for ADHD. The initial evidence for some emerging CAM therapies, such as essential fatty acid supplementation, yoga, massage, homeopathy, and green outdoor spaces, suggests potential benefits as part of an overall ADHD treatment plan. More rigorously designed studies are needed to evaluate their effectiveness as single therapy for ADHD. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2005;11:116–130.
Placebo effects in developmental disabilities: Implications for research and practice
Authors: Sandler Adrian 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRecent clinical trials of secretin in children with autism showed robust placebo effects and no benefit of secretin over placebo. This article explores the reasons for the observed placebo effects, focusing on the heightening of positive expectancy by media attention and by the sensory experiences associated with intravenous injections. Comparisons are drawn with research involving other novel treatments and other clinical populations of children with developmental disabilities and neurobehavioral disorders. Research regarding mechanisms of placebo effects is reviewed, including patient and clinician attributes, expectancy effects, participation effects, changes in caregiver behavior, and conditioning. New evidence regarding the biological basis of placebo effects is briefly presented. Since placebo effects are ubiquitous and may operate by a variety of mechanisms, research design is critical in designing clinical trials and in evaluating other outcomes research. Measurement issues important for research in developmental disabilities are emphasized. Ethical concerns have been raised regarding the use of placebo in clinical research, but current analysis suggests that placebo controls are necessary and defensible on ethical grounds, if certain conditions are met. The study of placebo effects (“placebology”) holds great promise as a new area of research in therapeutics. The author's research in the potential augmentation of stimulant effects in children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) by adding placebo in open label is briefly presented. The placebo has always been integral to the practice of medicine, but advances in scientific medicine and medical ethics have diminished the role and use of placebo in practice. An innovative approach to the ethical use of placebo is proposed. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2005;11:164–170.
Complementary and alternative therapies for cerebral palsy
Authors: Liptak Gregory S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe optimal practice of medicine includes integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available clinical evidence from systematic research. This article reviews nine treatment modalities used for children who have cerebral palsy (CP), including hyperbaric oxygen, the Adeli Suit, patterning, electrical stimulation, conductive education, equine‐assisted therapy, craniosacral therapy, Feldenkrais therapy, and acupuncture. Unfortunately, these modalities have different degrees of published evidence to support or refute their effectiveness. Uncontrolled and controlled trials of hippotherapy have shown beneficial effects on body structures and functioning. Studies of acupuncture are promising, but more studies are required before specific recommendations can be made. Most studies of patterning have been negative and its use cannot be recommended. However, for the other interventions, such as hyperbaric oxygen, more evidence is required before recommendations can be made. The individual with CP and his or her family have a right to full disclosure of all possible treatment options and whatever knowledge currently is available regarding these therapies. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2005;11:156–163.
Occupational therapy using a sensory integrative approach for children with developmental disabilities
Authors: Schaaf Roseann C. , Miller Lucy Jane 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis article provides an introduction and overview of sensory integration theory as it is used in occupational therapy practice for children with developmental disabilities. This review of the theoretical tenets of the theory, its historical foundations, and early research provides the reader with a basis for exploring current uses and applications. The key principles of the sensory integrative approach, including concepts such as “the just right challenge” and “the adaptive response” as conceptualized by A. Jean Ayres, the theory's founder, are presented to familiarize the reader with the approach. The state of research in this area is presented, including studies underway to further delineate the subtypes of sensory integrative dysfunction, the neurobiological mechanisms of poor sensory processing, advances in theory development, and the development of a fidelity measure for use in intervention studies. Finally, this article reviews the current state of the evidence to support this approach and suggests that consensual knowledge and empirical research are needed to further elucidate the theory and its utility for a variety of children with developmental disabilities. This is especially critical given the public pressure by parents of children with autism and other developmental disabilities to obtain services and who have anecdotally noted the utility of sensory integration therapy for helping their children function more independently. Key limiting factors to research include lack of funding, paucity of doctorate trained clinicians and researchers in occupational therapy, and the inherent heterogeneity of the population of children affected by sensory integrative dysfunction. A call to action for occupational therapy researchers, funding agencies, and other professions is made to support ongoing efforts and to develop initiatives that will lead to better diagnoses and effective intervention for sensory integrative dysfunction, which will improve the lives of children and their families. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MRDD Research Reviews 2005;11:143–148.
A new minimally invasive procedure for pudendal nerve stimulation to treat neurogenic bladder: Description of the method and preliminary data
Authors: Spinelli Michele , Malaguti Silvia , Giardiello Gianluca , Lazzeri Massimo , Tarantola Jessica , Hombergh Ubi Van Den 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAimsPudendal nerve stimulation has beneficial effects on numerous pelvic floor function impairments such as urinary and/or fecal incontinence, retention, and constipation. In preceding literature the implant technique required a fairly complex and invasive surgery, although recent advances with percutaneous placement of the lead through an introducer have made the procedure much less invasive. We performed staged procedure similar to that of sacral neuromodulation (SNM) to place tined lead near the pudendal nerve, using neurophysiological guidance that allowed accurate pudendal nerve stimulation through either perineal or posterior approach. We have named this approach chronic pudendal nerve stimulation (CPNS).MethodsFifteen neurogenic patients (eight male, seven female) with symptoms of urge incontinence due to neurogenic overactive bladder underwent CPNS. All patients had complete neurophysiological and urodynamic evaluation at baseline and follow‐up and were asked to complete voiding and bowel diary for 7 days.ResultsDuring screening, average number of incontinent episodes per day decreased from 7 ± 3.3 to 2.6 ± 3.3 (P < 0.02, paired t‐test). Eight patients became continent, two improved by more than 88% (from 9 to 1 daily incontinence episode) and two patients reduced the number of incontinence episodes by 50%. The implantable pulse generator (IPG) was subsequently implanted in those 12 patients. Three patients without improvement did not continue to second stage. In implanted patients with 6 months follow‐up, urodynamic evaluation showed an objective improvement in the maximum cystometric capacity which increased from 153.3 ± 49.9 to 331.4 ± 110.7 ml (P < 0.01, paired t‐test). The maximum pressure decreased from 66 ± 24.3 to 36.8 ± 35.9 cmH2O (P = 0.059, paired t‐test). Eight patients reported significant improvement in bowel function.ConclusionChronic pundedal nerve stimulation is feasible. Neurophysiological guidance is mandatory to place the lead near the pudendal nerve either using perineal or posterior approach. Further studies must be carried out to identify the best stimulation parameters and to verify the long term results. Neurourol. Urodynam. 24:305–309, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improved surgical outcome by modification of porcine dermal collagen implant in abdominal wall reconstruction in rats
Authors: Zheng Fang , Verbeken Eric , de Ridder Dirk , Deprest Jan 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAimWe earlier showed in rats that fascial repair with Pelvicol, a porcine dermal collagen implant, was associated with a lesser inflammatory response but lower tensile strength in the early postoperative period as compared to Prolene. Herein we wanted to evaluate whether creation of pores in Pelvicol, facilitating ingrowth of fibrous tissue and vessels, would result in a higher tensile strength at d30 without compromising longer term results.MethodsFirst tensile strength of Pelvicol modified with different pore sizes was evaluated ex vivo. In a second step, Pelvicol implants with pores were used to cover full‐thickness abdominal wall defects in 36 rats. Implants were either Pelvicol (non‐porous) or with pores of Φ : 0.7, 1.2, or 2.0 mm (n = 6 each). Animals were sacrificed on d30 and 90 to evaluate the presence of herniation, infection, adhesions, change in thickness and tensile strength. Histopathology was performed to assess inflammatory response and collagen deposition. Data were compared to available data on Prolene implanted animals at same time points.ResultsPelvicol with pore diameter of 2.5 mm was significantly weaker ex vivo. Animals repaired with non‐porous material did develop seroma (2/6) or clinical infection (1/6) whereas none in the other groups did. There was a trend for increasing tensile strength at 30 d with increasing pore diameter, being significant in the 2.0‐mm pore size group. This difference disappeared by 90 d, where all materials were equally strong as Prolene. The foreign body reaction was less intense in a pore‐size dependent manner, with more abundant neo‐vascularization and collagen deposition passing through the pores.ConclusionCreation of pores in Pelvicol promotes neo‐vascularization, collagen deposition, and fibrous tissue ingrowth, and at pore size 2.0 mm tensile strength was increased at d30 whereafter all materials had comparable strength. Neurourol. Urodynam. 24:362–368, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimum shapes of tire‐treads for avoiding lateral slippage between tires and roads
Authors: Reaz Ahmed S. , Deb Nath S. K. , Wahhaj Uddin M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOptimum design of tire‐tread sections is an important practical issue. However, useful study of the problem that can suggest a reliable guideline for determining the optimum tread sections had hardly been made in the past. The present paper describes a new analysis of the state of stresses in tire‐tread sections in contact with the road surface, taking special care of the boundary conditions. Based on the analysis, a method is proposed to determine the optimum tread shapes for avoiding lateral slippage between tires and roads. The displacement potential function formulation, an ideal mathematical model for the practical stress problems, has been used in conjunction with finite‐difference method of solution. For the present analysis, lateral slipping in absence of frictional resistance as well as the no‐slip conditions of the tire‐tread contact surface have been considered along with a large number of tread aspect ratios. The present computational approach proves to be a powerful tool for determining the optimum tread shapes for avoiding the lateral slippage of tire‐treads. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The least‐squares meshfree method for elasto‐plasticity and its application to metal forming analysis
Authors: Kwon Kie‐Chan , Park Sang‐Hoon , Youn Sung‐Kie 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA new meshfree method for the analysis of elasto‐plastic deformation is presented. The method is based on the proposed first‐order least‐squares formulation for elasto‐plasticity and the moving least‐squares approximation. The least‐squares formulation for classical elasto‐plasticity and its extension to an incrementally objective formulation for finite deformation are proposed. In the formulation, equilibrium equation and flow rule are enforced in least‐squares sense, i.e. their squared residuals are minimized, and hardening law and loading/unloading condition are enforced pointwise at each integration point. The closest point projection method for the integration of rate‐form constitutive equation is inherently involved in the formulation, and thus the radial‐return mapping algorithm is not performed explicitly. The proposed formulation is a mixed‐type method since the residuals are represented in a form of first‐order differential system using displacement and stress components as nodal unknowns. Also the penalty schemes for the enforcement of boundary and frictional contact conditions are devised and the reshaping of nodal supports is introduced to avoid the difficulties due to the severe local deformation near contact interface. The proposed method does not employ structure of extrinsic cells for any purpose. Through some numerical examples of metal forming processes, the validity and effectiveness of the method are discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectral smoothed boundary methods: The role of external boundary conditions
Authors: Bueno‐Orovio Alfonso , Pérez‐García Víctor M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe spectral smoothed boundary method (SSBM) is a recently proposed numerical method to approximate the solution of partial differential equations in irregular domains with no‐flux boundary conditions by means of Fourier spectral methods. In this article we explore the robustness and accuracy of the scheme under variations of the artificial boundary conditions that must be imposed on the boundary of the enlarged domain in which the problem is solved. As a test model, we present quantitative numerical results based on a problem of propagation of waves of electrical activity in cardiac tissue for which the method is relevant. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2006
Effect of coagulant temperature and composition on surface morphology and mass transfer properties of cellulose acetate hollow fiber membranes
Authors: Chou Wen‐Li , Yang Ming‐Chien 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCellulose acetate (CA) hollow fibers were spun via the dry‐jet wet spinning technique under various external coagulant compositions and temperatures. The surface morphology of the resulting hollow fiber was examined using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and tapping mode atomic force microscopy (TMAFM). The pure water permeability (PWP) and the retention of dextran of the hollow fiber were also measured. The results showed that both the temperature and composition can affect greatly the surface morphology and hence the permeation performance of hollow fiber membranes when the temperature was over 55°C and the dimethyl formamide (DMF) content was higher than 15%. The on‐line draw ratio increased with the coagulant temperature and DMF content (in the range of 0 to 10%) in the external coagulant. The ultimate tensile strength also increased when the fibers were coagulated in 5–10% DMF and at 70°C. The PWP increased with the DMF content in the coagulant and the coagulant temperature. The retention of dextran decreased with the increase of the DMF content in the coagulant and the coagulant temperature. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stable second‐order NLO semi‐IPN system based on bipyridine‐containing polyimide and alkoxysilane dye
Authors: Kuo Wen‐Jang , Chang Ming‐Chun , Juang Tzong‐Yuan , Chen Chih‐Ping , Chen Chin‐Ti , Chang Huey‐Ling , Jeng Ru‐Jong 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn organosoluble polyimide based on bipyridyl moiety and an alkoxysilane dye have been developed for second‐order non‐linear optics (NLOs). This bipyridine‐containing polyimide exhibits a glass transition temperature of 254°C and a degradation temperature of 400°C. An NLO‐active semi‐interpenetrating network (IPN) system was prepared by blending the polyimide with the alkoxysilane dye via in situ sol‐gel process of alkoxysilane. The selection of this bipyridine‐containing polyimide as the polymeric matrices provides improved solubility and thermal stability, and most importantly enhanced intermolecular interactions. No aggregation of the NLO chromophores in the polyimide matrices was observed through morphology and NLO studies. Under the limitation of chromophore degradation at elevated temperatures, the pristine poled/cured alkoxysilane dye exhibits poorer long‐term stability. By introducing the polyimide upon a silica network by the semi‐IPN system, randomization of the oriented chromophores can be effectively suppressed. Using in situ contact poling, the r33 coefficients of 2.2–17.0 pm/V were obtained for the optically clear semi‐IPN NLO materials. Excellent temporal stability (100°C) was also achieved for these semi‐IPN materials. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extrudate swell and flow analysis of polystyrene melt flowing in an electro‐magnetized die in a single screw extruder
Authors: Sombatsompop Narongrit , Intawong Naret 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn electro‐magnetized capillary die via a parallel co‐extrusion technique was used to study the changes in the overall and radial extrudate swell ratio of polystyrene (PS) melt flowing in a single screw extruder. The effects of magnetic flux density, wall shear rate (screw rotating speed) and die temperature were studied. The results suggested that, in the case of non‐magnetic die the average overall swell ratio of the melt ranged from 1.25 to 1.55. The swelling ratio increased with increasing wall shear rate up to 8.5 sec−1 and then decreased at 17.1 sec−1. Increasing die temperature caused a reduction of extrudate swell ratio. The changes in extrudate swell ratio can be explained using the simultaneously measured velocity profiles during the flow in the die, and the swell ratio decreased with increasing radial position. Melt contraction of the melt layer near the die wall was observed. The die temperature was found to have no effect on the change of the radial extrudate swell profiles. When an electro‐magnetized die was used, the average overall swell ratio was found to increase with increasing magnetic flux density to a maximum value and then decreased at higher flux densities. The magnetic flux density of the maximum swell was changed by the wall shear rate. It was associated with a balance of elastic and magnetic energies during the flow. The magnetic energy was thought to have a pronounced effect on the swell ratio at low shear rate and low die temperature. Considering the radial position, the highest swell ratio occurred at the duct center, in the range 2.4–3.3. There was no extrudate contraction of the melt layer near the die wall. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.