bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Rosmarinus ofﬁcinalis L. aerial parts extract on morphine withdrawal syndrome in mice
Authors: Hosseinzadeh Hossein , Nourbakhsh Mahnaz 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe effect the aqueous and ethanol extracts of Rosmarinus ofﬁcinalis L. aerial parts on morphine withdrawal syndrome was investigated in mice. The aqueous and ethanol extracts induced a signiﬁcant antinociceptive activity in the writhing test. This activity was inhibited by naloxone pretreatment. Dependence was induced using subcutaneous injections of morphine daily for 3 days. On day 4, morphine was injected 2 h prior to the intraperitoneal injection of naloxone. The number of jumps during the 30 min period after naloxone injection was considered as a measure of the withdrawal syndrome. The results indicated that the aqueous (1.68 g/kg and 2.4 g/kg, i.p.) and ethanol (0.96 g/kg, i.p.) extracts reduced the number of jumps. Phytochemical study indicated that only the aqueous extract of R. ofﬁcinalis has an alkaloid component. It is concluded that the aqueous and ethanol extracts of R. ofﬁcinalis aerial parts could diminish morphine withdrawal syndrome. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phytoestrogens: a review of the present state of research
Authors: Ososki Andreana L. , Kennelly Edward J. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractPhytoestrogens are a diverse group of plant‐derived compounds that structurally or functionally mimic mammalian estrogens and show potential beneﬁts for human health. The number of articles published on phytoestrogens has risen dramatically in the past couple decades. Further research continues to demonstrate the biological complexity of phytoestrogens, which belong to several different chemical classes and act through diverse mechanisms. This paper discusses the classiﬁcation of phytoestrogens, methods of identiﬁcation, their proposed mechanisms of action and botanical sources for phytoestrogens. The effects of phytoestrogens on breast and prostate cancers, cardiovascular disease, menopausal symptoms and osteoporosis will also be examined including research on beneﬁts and risks. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Activity against multidrug‐resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mexican plants used to treat respiratory diseases
Authors: Jimenez‐Arellanes Adelina , Meckes Mariana , Ramirez Raquel , Torres Javier , Luna‐Herrera Julieta 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe increase of multidrug‐resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MDR‐TB) demands the search for alternative antimycobacterial drugs. The aim of this study was to evaluate plants used in Mexican traditional medicine to treat respiratory diseases for activity against MDR‐TB. A group of 22 plants was screened for activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv and Mycobacterium avium at concentrations from 50 to 200 µg/mL. The antimycobacterial effect was determined by a microcolorimetric assay with Alamar blue dye. None of the aqueous extracts had antimycobacterial activity. Hexane extracts from Artemisia ludoviciana, Chamaedora tepejilote, Lantana hispida, Juniperus communis and Malva parviﬂora, and methanol extracts from Artemisia ludoviciana and Juniperus communis inhibited the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mycobacterium avium was inhibited by Juniperus communis hexane extract and by Malva parviﬂora methanol extract. The active extracts were tested against monoresistant variants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (isoniazid, rifampin, streptomycin and ethambutol resistant) and the hexane extract of Lantana hispida showed the best activity. Lantana hispida hexane extract was also active against a group of MDR‐TB clinical isolates. In contrast, it did not inhibit the growth of non‐tuberculous mycobacteria. The hexane extract of Lantana hispida was fractionated by column chromatography and one of its fractions (FVI) inhibited the growth of all the MDR‐TB clinical isolates at concentrations up to 25 µg/mL. This study supports the fact that selecting plants by ethnobotanical criteria enhances the probability of ﬁnding species with activity against mycobacteria, and our results point to Lantana hispida as an important source of potential compounds against MDR‐TB. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic change management for construction: introducing the change cycle into model‐based project management
Authors: Park Moonseo , Peña‐Mora Feniosky 
Published: September 2003

AbstractIn construction, rework (redoing previously completed work) has a considerable impact on pro‐ject performance. As a result, construction managers often avoid rework on problematic tasks by modifying the design and speciﬁcation of downstream tasks (“change”). Such a managerial action, however, can disturb the construction sequence by triggering non‐value‐adding change iterations among construction processes, which often contributes to unanticipated schedule delays and cost overruns. In order to address this challenging issue, different characteristics and behavior patterns of construction changes are identiﬁed, and compared to those of construction rework. Change impact on project performance is analyzed according to change characteristics, and to discovery status and time. All research ﬁndings are then incorporated into a cohesive dynamic project model. An application example of the project model demonstrates how model‐based change management can enhance project performance in a real‐world setting by providing effective management plans and policy guidelines. Finally, it is concluded that the model‐based approach can be more effective, when combined with other managerial efforts such as reducing the process time and increasing the level of coordination among project functions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Group exploration of system dynamics models—is there a place for a feedback loop in the decision process?
Authors: Škraba Andrej , Kljajić Miroljub , Leskovar Robert 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis article addresses the inﬂuence of feedback information on the group decision process supported by the application of system dynamics models. An experimental system enabling the active cooperation of decision subjects was developed, and this is user friendly as far as the visualization and transparency of the simulation results are concerned. A model of the business system was applied to the experiment with decision groups. The experiment considered the task of strategy determination with an explicitly deﬁned multicriteria function, which was deﬁned in such a way as to increase the level of experimental control. The experiment was conducted under two experimental conditions: determination of the strategy with the application of a system dynamics model without group interaction; and determination of the strategy with the application of a formal model with subject interaction supported by group feedback information. The subjects were senior university students, of whom 95 participated in the experiment. The hypothesis that the model application and group feedback information positively inﬂuence convergence of the decision process and contribute to higher criteria function values was conﬁrmed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
X‐ray absorption spectroscopy in the analysis of GaN thin films
Authors: Metson J. B. , Trodahl H. J. , Ruck B. J. , Lanke U. D. , Bittar A. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractStoichiometric amorphous GaN thin films have been grown by an ion‐assisted deposition method and examined by x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and x‐ray absorption near‐edge spectroscopy (XANES). The crucial question is the nature of the local structure around the N and Ga in the x‐ray amorphous films. The N K edge XANES has been used to determine coordination around the N centre and reveals substantial differences to crystalline GaN. Although the transitions observed mirror those of the crystalline material and are consistent with density of states calculations, the low‐energy peak at ∼402 eV is dominant in all films less than ∼150 nm in thickness. This peak, initially attributed to an sp2 environment, is associated with the presence of molecular nitrogen. For thicker films, a duplex‐type structure is observed with a surface layer much closer to the structure of the crystalline material. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface analysis of nanocomposite ceramic coatings
Authors: Portinha A. , Teixeira V. , Monteiro A. , Costa M. F. , Lima N. , Martins J. , Martinez D. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractZirconia coatings partially or totally stabilized in the high‐temperature phase have a good combination of thermal, physical and mechanical properties and thus have technological applications such as in thermal barrier coatings for protecting aero and land‐based gas turbine components at very high temperature and in adverse corrosive environments. Zirconia/alumina (ZrO2/Al2O3)‐nanolayered coatings are a new way of stabilizing the ZrO2within a high‐temperature tetragonal phase at room temperature.In this paper we present a study of the morphology and microtopography of standard ZrO2Y2O3and ZrO2/Al2O3‐nanolayered coatings prepared by plasma vapour deposition. The ZrO2/Al2O3‐nanolayered coatings have layer thicknesses of 3/3.5, 6/7 and 12/14 nm, with a total layer thickness of 2.4 µm. These coatings were deposited by d.c. reactive magnetron sputtering. The surface morphology and microtopography were analysed by atomic force microscopy and laser microtopography. The roughness was also evaluated. Energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectrometry was used to obtain the layer composition and SEM was used to measure the layer thickness, to observe the microstructure of the layer cross‐section and to analyse the surface morphology before and after thermal cycling of the nanolayered coatings. After thermal cycling at 1000 °C in air the coatings showed a few structure densifications and the roughness increased slightly. The nanolayered coatings crystallized in the high‐temperature tetragonal phase. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ion‐induced desorption by Ar+ ions from Al, Cu and films of Cu grown on stainless steel
Authors: Lozano M. P. , Hilleret N. , de Segovia J. L. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe ion‐induced desorption yield from pure aluminium, oxygen free high conductivity copper (OFHC) and films of copper electrodeposited on stainless steel, has been studied for unbaked samples and samples after 24 h of baking at 80, 120, 150 and 200 °C. Measurements were performed using argon ions of energy 3 keV and current density 2.5(×10−8)–10−6 A cm−2. The desorption is focused on those gases usually present in ultrahigh vacuum systems, such as H2, CO, CO2, CH4 and CxHy. The ion‐induced desorption yields are presented as a function of the ion dose to the sample surface and are discussed according to the surface material and surface treatment. The lowest ion yields of 6.5 and 6.8 molecules per ion, respectively, are obtained for Al and Cu samples after a bake‐out of the system at 200 °C. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ion–solid interactions
Authors: Räisänen J. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractIn this paper emphasis is put on ion–matter interactions essential for ions in the energy range relevant for materials characterization with ion beam techniques. The slowing down processes of energetic ions in matter will be overviewed and the principles of the Bethe–Bloch theory for describing electronic stopping powers of light ions are introduced. The effective charge formulation used for depicting heavy ion electronic stopping powers is described. Basic concepts such as range, straggling, Bragg's rule and the core‐and‐bond (CAB) correction are discussed. Sources for obtaining stopping powers for practical use will be provided. Recent experiments employing the novel time‐of‐flight‐based technique used for obtaining continuous stopping power curves will be described. The presentation will conclude with a brief introduction to radiation effects caused by energetic ions incident on solids. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Possibilities and limitations of ERDA: examples from the ERDA ToF set‐up at the Hahn‐Meitner‐Institut
Authors: Strub E. , Bohne W. , Lindner S. , Röhrich J. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractWhen samples are analysed with elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA) there are common limitations due to properties of the sample or the experimental set‐up. Typical problems originate from the decomposition or the roughness of the sample, from the resolution that can be achieved with the detector system or from the accuracy of the ion stopping power values. Nevertheless, there are different experimental and evaluation techniques that can be applied to avoid such problems or to deal with measurements of difficult samples. The detection system can be improved by dedicated evaluation procedures. Different strategies are currently used to improve the examination of ERDA spectra and the validity of the results obtained. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of hydrogen dose and boron doping on the ion cutting of Si
Authors: Nurmela A. , Henttinen K. , Suni T. , Suni I. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractIon beam techniques were used to study silicon‐on‐insulator (SOI) structures manufactured by the ion cutting process. Silicon wafers and epitaxial Si layers with various doping levels were implanted with H2+ ions at 100 keV prior to wafer bonding. Some wafers were also implanted with B+ ions at 175 keV. The implantation doses varied from 2.5 × 1016 to 5.0 × 1016 cm−2 for H2+ and from 1 × 1013 to 3 × 1015 cm−2 for B+. The thickness of an SOI layer was determined by conventional Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) and the crystal damage was examined by RBS in channelling mode (RBS/C). The disorder due to implanted hydrogen was found to decrease with increasing boron concentration. The measured thickness of the exfoliated Si layer was 455–460 nm for highly boron‐doped samples and 470–490 nm for the undoped samples. Exfoliation occurred inside the damage zone in all the samples, irrespective of hydrogen dose and boron doping. Our results suggest that the exfoliation depth in Si is associated with the lattice damage generated by the implantation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advanced data analysis techniques for ion beam analysis
Authors: Barradas N. P. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThree advanced algorithms for the analysis of ion beam data are presented. With simulated annealing the inverse ion beam analysis problem (from the data, determine the depth profile) is solved in an automatic way. With Bayesian inference using the Markov chain Monte‐Carlo method one can extract all the information present in the data, including confidence limits for the depth profile of each element. Finally, with artificial neural networks, selected parameters of interest in specific systems can be extracted in an instantaneous way. The basics of the three algorithms are given and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Three examples of application are shown. In the first two, the three algorithms are used in succession to illustrate the capabilities of each one. We show that complex data can be analysed with ease and accuracy. Rapidly changing non‐Rutherford cross‐sections do not pose a problem to analysis using these algorithms. Roughness information can be extracted from multilayered samples. In general, the use of Bayesian inference, simulated annealing or an artificial neural network is a trade‐off between degree of automation, accuracy and efficiency of analysis. In the last example, an artificial neural network is applied to the analysis of RBS data of AlNO thin films on Si. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fracture‐induced reconstruction of a chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) surface Craig Klauber. Surface and Interface Analysis, 2003; 35: 415–428
Authors: Klauber Craig 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Surface and Interface Analysis 2003; 35: 415–428. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding dynamic capabilities
Authors: Winter Sidney G. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractDefining ordinary or ‘zero‐level’ capabilities as those that permit a firm to ‘make a living’ in the short term, one can define dynamic capabilities as those that operate to extend, modify or create ordinary capabilities. Logically, one can then proceed to elaborate a hierarchy of higher‐order capabilities. However, it is argued here that the strategic substance of capabilities involves patterning of activity, and that costly investments are typically required to create and sustain such patterning—for example, in product development. Firms can accomplish change without reliance on dynamic capability, by means here termed ‘ad hoc problem solving.’ Whether higher‐order capabilities are created or not depends on the costs and benefits of the investments relative to ad hoc problem solving, and so does the ‘level of the game’ at which strategic competition effectively occurs. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Managerial cognition, sunk costs, and the evolution of industry structure
Authors: Johnson Douglas R. , Hoopes David G. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractA significant body of research investigates whether intraindustry competitors hold a common pattern of beliefs (or schema). Some work suggests that socially constructed shared beliefs, not technology‐based economic factors, determine industry structure. While research on managerial cognition is important because it helps strategy researchers incorporate bounded rationality into otherwise hyper‐rational theories, we take issue with the notion that the social construction works independently of economic factors. Empirical studies looking for shared beliefs find conflicting results. Some work suggests that managers in an industry share a common set of beliefs; other work finds the opposite (managers do not share common beliefs). Understanding, if and to what extent, managerial cognition influences industry structure and competitive heterogeneity would greatly expand our understanding of strategy and firm performance. We model bounded rationality, cognition (belief formation), competition (economic restraints), and industry structure (competitive heterogeneity). We find that competitive pressure and bounded rationality induce agents (firms or managers) to focus their attention on nearby competitors. Thus, firms develop biased estimates of their competitive environment. These estimates correlate with the estimates of nearby firms. Thus, clusters of firms will have similar beliefs resulting in stable strategic and performance heterogeneity within an industry. However, as competitive pressures and the costs of strategic change decrease, managerial beliefs tend to converge, and the pattern of strategies that emerges is consistent with those predicted by economic theory, even under conditions of bounded rationality. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Scanning dynamic competitive landscapes: a market‐based and resource‐based framework
Authors: Peteraf Margaret A. , Bergen Mark E. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractHeterogeneity among rivals implies that each firm faces a unique competitive set, despite overlapping market domains. This suggests the utility of a firm‐level approach to competitor identification and analysis, particularly under dynamic environmental conditions. We take such an approach in developing a market‐based and resource‐based framework for scanning complex competitive fields. By facilitating a search for functional similarities among products and resources, the framework reveals relevant commonalities in an otherwise heterogeneous competitive set. Beyond its practical contribution, the paper also advances resource‐based theory as a theory of competitive advantage. Most notably, we show that resource substitution conditions not only the sustainability of a competitive advantage, but the attainment of competitive advantage as well. With equifinality among resources of different types, the rareness condition for even temporary competitive advantage must include resource substitutes. It is not rareness in terms of resource type that matters, but rareness in terms of resource functionality. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The dynamic resource‐based view: capability lifecycles
Authors: Helfat Constance E. , Peteraf Margaret A. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis article introduces the concept of the capability lifecycle (CLC), which articulates general patterns and paths in the evolution of organizational capabilities over time. The capability lifecycle provides a structure for a more comprehensive approach to dynamic resource‐based theory. The analysis incorporates the founding, development, and maturity of capabilities in a manner that helps to explain the sources of heterogeneity in organizational capabilities. In addition, the analysis includes the ‘branching’ of an original capability into several possible altered forms. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The economics of strategic opportunity
Authors: Denrell Jerker , Fang Christina , Winter Sidney G. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractAs emphasized by Barney (1986), any explanation of superior profitability must account for why the resources supporting such profitability could have been acquired for a price below their rent‐generating capacity. Building upon the literature in economics on coordination failures and incomplete markets, we suggest a framework for analyzing such strategic factor market inefficiencies. Our point of departure is that a strategic opportunity exists whenever prices fail to reflect the value of a resource's best use. This paper examines the challenges of imputing a resource's value in the absence of explicit price guidance and suggests the likely characteristics of strategic opportunities. Our framework also suggests that the discovery of strategic opportunity is often a matter of ‘serendipity’ and access to relevant idiosyncratic resources. This latter observation provides prescriptive advice, although the analysis also explains why more detailed guidance has to be firm specific. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Guest editors' introduction to the special issue: why is there a resource‐based view? Toward a theory of competitive heterogeneity
Authors: Hoopes David G. , Madsen Tammy L. , Walker Gordon 
Published: September 2003

AbstractAlthough the resource‐based view (RBV) is one of the most popular and fruitful areas of strategy research, it often perplexes scholars from other disciplines. Also, it is unclear whether strategy scholars themselves agree on the RBV's basic issues and premises. To clarify the contribution of the RBV, in this paper we elaborate its basic tenets and relate them to other current research on interfirm performance variance. We suggest a more expansive discussion of sustained differences among firms and thereby develop a broad theory of competitive heterogeneity. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Twenty‐four‐hour ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate monitoring in combat‐related posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Muraoka Miles Y. , Carlson John G. , Chemtob Claude M. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis study examined the cardiovascular correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Vietnam combat veterans using 24‐hr ambulatory blood pressure and heart rate monitoring. Veterans with PTSD (n = 11) exhibited significantly higher heart rate and diastolic blood pressure across the 24 hr than veterans without PTSD (n = 7) (80.8 vs. 71.9 bpm, and 80.1 vs. 71.5 mm Hg, respectively). Heart rate during sleep was also significantly higher among veterans with PTSD, compared to veterans without PTSD (71.0 vs. 62.7 bpm). These results, based on a more naturalistic measurement methodology used outside the laboratory, support an association between PTSD and increased chronic cardiovascular arousal.