bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Accession of Latvia to the EU
Authors: Ķesteris Andris , Plamše Kristīne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ten countries that joined the European Union on 1 May 2004 are seen today as a single group because they joined simultaneously—in the last wave of enlargement. This has not always been the case, although they all presented their candidacies to the EU almost simultaneously (around 1994–5), and free trade agreements, later replaced by association agreements, were concluded with one after the other. The division of the group occurred for the first time in July 1997 when the European Commission presented its opinions on the readiness of candidate countries to start accession negotiations.
Detection and early warning of invasive species
Authors: Holcombe Tracy , Stohlgren Thomas J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is well known that invasive species are a problem of epidemic proportions around the world, causing economic losses of up to $120 billion per year in the USA alone (Pimentel et al. 2005). As trade and travel across international boundaries increase, so do invasions (Mack and Lonsdale 2001). Early detection and rapid assessment are effective strategies to minimize the impacts that invasive species have on economies and on ecosystems that they invade (Rejmanek and Pitcairn 2002).
Public participation in invasive species management
Authors: Boudjelas Souad 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews public participation in invasive alien species (IAS) management. It explores why public participation is important, from ethical, legal, and practical standpoints. How the public engages in IAS management through different modes will be considered and related to the varying drivers of individual initiatives. Examples presented throughout the chapter and more detailed case studies will illustrate the value of public participation. The chapter concludes with a discussion on how to maximize public participation through the process of mainstreaming.
Marine biosecurity: management options and response tools
Authors: Piola Richard F , Denny Chris M , Forrest Barrie M , Taylor Michael D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marine alien invasive species (AIS) are now considered a major threat to the diversity and health of coastal regions worldwide (Carlton and Geller 1993; Vitousek et al. 1997; Cohen and Carlton 1998; Mack et al. 2000), overshadowing even the threat from the excess of other human activities whose impacts have traditionally received considerably greater attention (e.g. waste discharge, habitat reclamation). Human-mediated transport vectors such as shipping, aquaculture, and fishing act as a continuous source for inoculation of AIS into new regions, with the rate of species movements between different regions at unprecedented levels (Mack et al. 2000).
Making History: European Integration and Institutional Change at Fifty
Authors: Meunier Sophie , Mcnamara Kathleen R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fifty years ago, on March 25, 1957, the leaders of six European states signed the Treaty of Rome, creating the European Economic Community (EEC) and launching the process of European integration. Since then, this innovative institution has evolved to encompass a much broader array of responsibilities than originally planned, its membership has widened to twenty-seven countries through successive enlargements, and its legislation and jurisprudence has come to supersede national law. The European Union (EU) has now become the most successful example of voluntary, institutionalized political integration in the world.
The Theory and Reality of the European Coal and Steel Community
Authors: Alter Karen J , Steinberg David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
European integration began in 1950 with the Schuman Plan, which launched the ECSC. The Schuman Plan was designed to alleviate concerns that Germany’s dominance in coal and steel could be used to harm European reconstruction efforts or to build another war machine. Jean Monnet, the Plan’s chief architect, also wanted to shore up the French planning process for reconstruction by Europeanizing the technocratic planning approach. Most supporters of the ECSC project expected integration to expand beyond Coal and Steel, and hoped that it would serve as a first step toward deeper European integration.
A Historical Institutionalist Analysis of the Road to Economic and Monetary Union: A Journey with Many Crossroads
Authors: Verdun Amy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Today, EMU is a key policy area in Europe, even though it was not even mentioned in the 1957 Treaty of Rome. Indeed, what is remarkable about the historical trajectory of EMU are its dramatic turnarounds: absent at the outset, EMU made considerable progress in the 1960s, failed in the 1970s despite being adopted by the Council as an objective in 1971, only to re-emerge onto the agenda in full force in the Maastricht Treaty in 1992. Created in 1999, and with euro banknotes and coins circulating in twelve member states since 2002, EMU can without doubt be seen as one of the greatest achievements of European integration. Yet, few could have predicted fifty years ago, at the signing of the Treaty of Rome, that it would ever come into being.
Invasion Biology
Authors: Davis Mark A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the exception of climate change, biological invasions have probably received more attention during the past ten years than any other ecological topic. Yet this is the first synthetic, single-authored overview of the field since Williamson's 1996 book. Written fifty years after the publication of Elton's pioneering monograph on the subject, Invasion Biology provides a comprehensive and up-to-date review of the science of biological invasions while also offering new insights and perspectives relating to the processes of introduction, establishment, and spread. The book connects science with application by describing the health, economic, and ecological impacts of invasive species as well as the variety of management strategies developed to mitigate harmful impacts. The author critically evaluates the approaches, findings, and controversies that have characterized invasion biology in recent years, and suggests a variety of future research directions. Carefully balanced to avoid distinct taxonomic, ecosystem, and geographic (both investigator and species) biases, the book addresses a wide range of invasive species (including protists, invertebrates, vertebrates, fungi, and plants) which have been studied in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments throughout the world by investigators equally diverse in their origins. This accessible and thought-provoking text will be of particular interest to graduate level students and established researchers in the fields of invasion biology, community ecology, conservation biology, and restoration ecology. It will also be of value and use to land managers, policy makers, and other professionals charged with controlling the negative impacts associated with recently arrived species.
The Tenth Muse
Authors: Marcus Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Tenth Muse explores writings on the cinema in the first decades of the twentieth century. Laura Marcus examines the impact of cinema on early twentieth-century literary and, more broadly, aesthetic and cultural consciousness, by bringing together the study of the terms and strategies of early writings about film with literary engagement with cinema in the same period. She gives a new understanding of the ways in which early writers about film - reviewers, critics, theorists - developed aesthetic categories to define and accommodate what was called 'the seventh art' or 'the tenth muse' and found discursive strategies adequate to the representation of the new art and technology of cinema, with its unprecedented powers of movement. In examining the writings of early film critics and commentators in tandem with those of more specifically literary figures, including H.G.Wells and Virginia Woolf, and in bringing literary texts into this field, Laura Marcus provides a new account of relationships between cinema and literature. Intertwining two major strands of research - the exploration of early film criticism and theory and cinema's presence in literary texts - The Tenth Muse shows how issues central to an understanding of cinema (including questions of time, repetition, movement, vision, sound and silence) are threaded through both kinds of writing, and the ways in which discursive and fictional writings overlapped. The movement that defined cinema was also perceived as a more fragile and unstable ephemerality that inhered at every level, from the fleeting nature of the projected images to the vagaries of cinematic exhibition. It was the anxiety over the mutability of the medium and its exhibition which, from the 1920s onwards, led to the establishment of such institutional spaces for cinema as the London-based Film Society, the new film journals, and, in the 1930s, the first film archives. The Tenth Muse explores the continuities between these sites of cinematic culture and the conceptual, literary and philosophical understandings of the filmic medium.
Do Voluntary Standards Work Among Governments? The Experience of International Financial Standards in East Asia
Authors: Walter Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Can there be a worldwide ‘race to the top’ in financial regulatory practices? The G7 countries and the international financial institutions (IFIs) would seem to assume so. In recent years, they have actively promoted the adoption of a set of voluntary international standards and codes on the grounds that worldwide convergence on ‘best practice’ in macroeconomic policy and regulation is both possible and desirable. The Financial Stability Forum (FSF), established in the wake of the emerging market crises of the late 1990s, refers to the twelve ‘key standards’ listed on its website as ‘the various economic and financial standards that are internationally accepted as important for sound, stable and well functioning financial systems’.1
Yeats’s Poetic Codes
Authors: Grene Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nicholas Grene explores Yeats’s poetic codes of practice, the key words and habits of speech that shape the reading experience of his poetry. Where previous studies have sought to decode his work, expounding its symbolic meanings by references to Yeats’s occult beliefs, philosophical ideas or political ideology, the focus here is on his poetic technique, its typical forms and their implications for the understanding of the poems. Grene is concerned with the distinctive stylistic signatures of the Collected Poems: the use of dates and place names within individual poems; the handling of demonstratives and of grammatical tense and mood; certain nodal Yeatsian words (‘dream’, ‘bitter’, ‘sweet’) and images (birds and beasts); dialogue and monologue as the voices of his dramatic lyrics. The aim throughout is to illustrate the shifting and unstable movement between lived reality and transcendental thought in Yeats, the embodied quality of his poetry between a phenomenal world of sight and an imagined world of vision.
The Colours of Animals: From Wallace to the Present Day II. Conspicuous Coloration
Authors: Caro Tim , Hill Geoffrey , Lindström Leena , Speed Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The second class—the warning colours—are exceedingly interesting, because the object and effect of these is, not to conceal the object, but to make it conspicuous. To these creatures it is useful to be seen and recognised.
Wallace in Wonderland*
Authors: Moore James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Today the world stands in awe of “Science” with a capital “S.” It towers above us, mighty and austere, a colossus of “unnatural” knowledge, our secular providence (Wolpert 1992; Midgley 1992). This is a chimera. Scientists may send us to Mars, scientific research may root out Aids, but Colossus Science dazzles and distracts, blinding us to debates about natural knowledge-claims—about what may count as science—that took place over time. Two centuries ago there were only small-”s” sciences, local knowledges claiming to be scientific. These raw materials were then
Functional and Spatial Structure of Investment Management
Authors: Clark Gordon L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It IS widely recognized that pension funds are major players in global financial markets. It is also recognized that Anglo-American pension funds, in particular, are essential to the rapidly growing international investment management industry which involves firms such as J. P. Morgan, State Street Global Advisors, Frank Russell & Company, and Merrill Lynch/Mercury Asset Management, as well as less well-known national and regional service firms. Useful discussions of the develop ment of the international and national money management industries, including reference to both the retail (mutual funds and the like) and wholesale (pension funds) sectors of the industry, can be found in Lakonishok, Shleifer, and Vishny (1992) and Pryke (1994).
Manifesto-based Research: A Critical Review
Authors: Budge Ian , Bara Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The graphs of party policy movements presented in Chapter 1 demonstrate the range and flexibility of our policy estimates more dramatically than any detailed review. Similar ‘maps’ can be produced for specialized policy areas such as the ‘planning’ and ‘peace’ scales incorporated in the data-set, or for individual policy-variables such as attitudes to the EU (Evans and Norris (eds.) 1999:12–19).
A whole range of questions can be raised and answered on the basis of this information. We can start with simple descriptive concerns–for example, have parties become more or less distinct in policy terms over the post-war period?
Managing the Earth
Authors: Briden James C , Downing Thomes E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although it is now widely recognized throughout societies around the world that humankind is straining the capacity of our planet, the responses of the many parties who need to come together to solve the myriad challenges have in general been sectoral in their approach. Yet the dangers presented by drawing successively on Earth's natural resources and exacerbating drought, water scarcity, hunger, health - indeed the viability of whol ecommunities and countries - coupled with the economic and social aspirations of the developed and developing world, clearly call for holistic vision leading to coordinated action. In this book, eight highly experienced authors from acaemia, intergovernmental negotiation, and diplomacy each present their own perspective and assess prospects for progress. the necessity for interdisciplinarity of approach, and for partnership and altruism on an unprecedented scale for solution, and for new negotiation and arbitration frameworks, emerge as inevitalbe conclusions.
Campaign Modernization and the West European Party
Authors: Farrell David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The electoral process is central to the proper functioning of democracy. In his recent comprehensive study Democracy and Elections, Richard Katz poses the question: ‘What are elections supposed to do?’ (1997: 100). He suggests five main functions: (I) they provide legitimacy for the regime; (2) they determine which people fill which offices; (3) they provide voters with an opportunity to choose; (4) they facilitate the representative process; (5) they provide an occasion for popular involvement in politics. The smooth operation of the electoral process presupposes that appropriate institutions have been set in place: a constitution, a legitimate system of government, a series of electoral laws, and so on. It also requires the involvement of key sets of actors working according to agreed norms and rules. Prominent among these actors are the parties and their candidates who are chasing votes, the interest groups seeking to influence the campaign agenda, the media attempting to provide (balanced and not so balanced) coverage of the event, and the (often bewildered) voters trying to decide on whether and how to vote.
Parties and Government Formation, Portfolio Allocation, and Policy Definition
Authors: Winter Lieven De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The process of government formation translates the electoral and parliamentary power of political parties into executive power, and thereby provides political parties with the opportunity to implement policies that have been democratically endorsed and legitimized by the voters. Government formation thus comprises a crucial phase in the theory of democratic governance. Since a growing number of Western European governments are based on coalitions of political parties, government formation is also an increasingly important empirical phenomenon.
Parties and the Institutional Framework
Authors: Müller Wolfgang C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter conceives political parties in the Schumpeterian tradition (Schumpeter 1950), namely, as groups of entrepreneurs who build up organizations to garner resources required to compete with other political entre preneurs/parties that play the political game. Once established, however, party organizations constrain their leaders. Activists need to be compensated for their contributions and, due to the problem of collective action, the promise of a collective good-public policy-will in many cases be insufficient (Schlesinger 1991: 16---19). Moreover, leaders tend to promise future compensation, but expect party activists to provide immediate financial or labour contributions.
Parties and Party Research in the New Europe
Authors: Luther Kurt Richard , Müller-Rommel Ferdinand 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume has sought to evaluate the comparative literature on political parties in contemporary Western Europe. The individual chapters provide a concise, critical review of the empirical findings of that literature in respect of particular aspects of political parties, and also assess the theoretical and methodological ‘state-of-the-art’ in these areas. It is demonstrated that our knowledge of the nature and role of Western European political parties has increased significantly in recent years. Further, we can also observe that Western European party change is both ongoing and closely related to the rapid development of the wider societies in which those parties operate. That is not to suggest that political parties are wholly dependent upon their environment (a point we shall return to towards the end of this chapter). However, there is much to be said for the proposition that the comparative study of political parties in a liberal democracy may well constitute a ‘never ending story’ for political science.
Euroscepticism in the British Party System: ‘A Source of Fascination, Perplexity, and Sometimes Frustration’
Authors: Baker David , Gamble Andrew , Randall, Nick , Seawright David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In April 2002, in a speech at Oxford University, Romano Prodi, the then President of the European Commission, remarked, ‘Britain’s attitude to Europe contrasts with that of many of its EU partners. It is a source of fascination, perplexity, and sometimes frustration for your friends elsewhere in Europe’ (Prodi 2002).
Exceptionalism or Convergence? Euroscepticism and Party Systems in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Henderson Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the new millennium, the Central and East European countries (CEECs) have begun to emerge clearly as subjects rather than objects of the European integration process, and the importance of examining Eurosceptic forces in this region has consequently increased enormously. The shift in the focus of academic and political debate on the CEECs as European Union (EU) members has been slow but steady, and has progressed through several stages.
Euroscepticism in Parliament: A Comparative Analysis of the European and National Parliaments
Authors: Katz Richard S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Euroscepticism ‘ is a relatively new term, although the general attitudes to which it refers—opposition to, or doubts about, the progress of the ‘European project ‘ are as old as the project itself.1 Certainly, one could say that it was ‘Euroscepticism ‘ that led Britain not to join the European Coal and Steel Community and that informed domestic opposition to entry into the European Economic Community (EEC)/European Communities (EC)/European Union (EU) within each of the states that has joined since then—and, of course, in countries such as Norway, where referenda have rejected accession to the EU.
Introduction
Authors: Freeman Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the man in the street has heard about magnetic resonance at all it is probably in the context of the ‘MRI scanner’, a large and expensive piece of equipment used to diagnose medical problems associated with the vital internal organs-the heart, brain, liver, kidney, etc. In his mind, he might well associate this machine with the earlier X-ray device, sometimes called the CT (computer-aided tomography) scanner. If ever he needs medical examination with a magnetic resonance scanner, he will be relieved to learn that it is a ‘non-invasive’ technique, in the sense that it does not involve the more usual exploratory surgery with a sharp knife. He should also feel reassured, because no ionizing radiation is involved, in contrast to X-ray procedures. To the medical fraternity X-ray scanning and magnetic resonance imaging are usually grouped under radiology, and they occupy the high technology end of medical practice, reminiscent of the wizardry visualized in certain science fiction films.
Christian Walks to Jerusalem: English Protestant Culture and the Emergence of Vernacular Orientalism
Authors: Bar-Yosef Eitan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us begin with an image that encapsulates the English fascination with the Holy Land: an image of a reader and a book. Many readers— and many books—come to mind. Consider, for example, Disraeli’s Tancred, who, just before embarking on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem, spends many a delightful afternoon with the enchanting Lady Bertie, travelling together through the crisp landscapes of David Roberts’s Syrian drawings. Or recall the young Philip, the orphaned hero of W. Somerset Maugham’s Of Human Bondage, whose dreary Sabbath is suddenly brightened when his aunt brings him an old picture book of the Holy Land, ‘a romantic narrative of some Eastern traveller of the thirties, pompous maybe, but fragrant with the emotion with which the East came to the generation that followed Byron and Chateaubriand’. And then there is Clara, the North Yorkshire protagonist of Margaret Drabble’s Jerusalem the Golden, who finds solace in the words of the Sunday hymnal by envisioning ‘not the pearly gates and crystal walls and golden towers of some heavenly city, but some truly terrestrial paradise, where beautiful people in beautiful houses spoke of beautiful things’.