bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics and problems of 600 adolescent cannabis abusers in outpatient treatment
Authors: Tims Frank M. , Dennis Michael L. , Hamilton Nancy , J. Buchan Betty , Diamond Guy , Funk Rod , Brantley Laura B. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAims  Risk factors among adolescent substance abusers have been shown to correlate with substance use severity. Characteristics related to severity, such as demographic and family factors, peer influences, psychiatric co‐morbidity and HIV risk behaviors, are examined for a sample of adolescent cannabis users entering treatment.Design  These data are from a clinical trial study utilizing blocked random assignment of clients to one of five treatment conditions. The study targeted adolescents entering outpatient treatment for primarily cannabis abuse or dependence.Setting  Treatment and research facilities in four metropolitan areas of the US were used to recruit study participants. Treatment was delivered in outpatient drug‐free settings.Participants  Participants were 600 clients, ages 12–18, admitted to outpatient substance abuse treatment programs for cannabis problems, 96% with DSM‐IV diagnoses of substance abuse or dependence, with the remaining 4% having at least one symptom of dependence plus significant problems indicating need for treatment.Measurements  The Global Appraisal of Individual Needs (GAIN) was used to collect the information presented in this paper. The GAIN incorporates DSM‐IV criteria for substance use disorders, conduct disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, as well as dimensional (scale) measures for physical and mental health.Findings  All participants reported at least one symptom of substance use disorders, and 46% met the DSM‐IV criteria for substance dependence, while 50% met criteria for a diagnosis of abuse. Only 20% of the participants perceived any need for help with problems associated with their drug or alcohol use. Clients participating in the study typically presented multiple problems at treatment entry, most often including conduct disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), internal (mental) distress, and physical health distress. The co‐occurrence of conduct disorder and ADHD was found in 30% of the sample. Clients meeting criteria for substance dependence tended to have more co‐occurring problems and significantly less denial at admission.Conclusions  The characteristics of this sample exemplify the complex nature of adolescent substance use and abuse among adolescents entering outpatient treatment programs. Patterns of co‐occurring problems are at rates comparable to those found in other clinical studies. Those with more severe substance use disorders tend to manifest more problems of social functioning, more mental health problems, and physical health problems. Implications of these findings are discussed in terms of treatment needs, challenges, and prognostic implications.
Treating juvenile offenders for marijuana problems
Authors: Webb Charles P. M. , Burleson Joseph A. , Ungemack Jane A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAims  This study investigated the characteristics and substance abuse treatment experience of two differentially defined groups of juvenileoffenders, those who were referred or otherwise involved with the legal system and those who reported recent criminal behavior.Design  Six hundred adolescents from the Cannabis Youth Treatment (CYT) Project were classified by criminal justice system involvement and recentcriminal behavior. Multivariate and repeated‐measures techniques explored substance use frequency, substance use problems, psychologicaland social risk factors and treatment outcomes as functions of criminal status.Findings  Adolescents reporting criminal justice system involvement were comparable to adolescents reporting no legal involvement. Adolescentsreporting past crime presented with heavier substance use, more substance use problems and greater psychological and environmentalrisks. Criminally active adolescents had greater reductions in substance use frequency and substance use problems during the course of treatment.Conclusion  Juvenile offender status, whether defined by criminal justice system involvement or criminal behavior, does not seem to mitigatethe potential for adolescents to benefit from manual‐guided outpatient treatments.
Subtypes for classifying adolescents with marijuana use disorders: construct validity and clinical implications
Authors: Babor Thomas F. , Webb Charles , Burleson Joseph A. , Kaminer Yifrah 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAims  To evaluate the construct and predictive validity of six different subtyping classifications selected on the basis of their empirical support in the literature on adolescent substance abuse.Methods  Typological data were collected from a heterogeneous sample of 600 adolescents presenting for marijuana treatment. The classification schemes were gender, onset age, family history, externalizing disorders, internalizing disorders and temperament. Subgroups were compared in terms of substance use frequency, substance abuse problems, social support for substance use, family conflict, school problems and negative peer associations.Results  Each of the categorical classification schemes differentiated subtypes significantly on some or all of the construct validation measures after controlling for demographic factors, thereby indicating that each has valuable explanatory power from a theoretical perspective. Externalizing disorders, onset age, difficult temperament and internalizing disorders continued to add unique variance to discrimination after the effects of the other subtypes had been removed. At 12‐month follow‐up there were no differences between subtypes on substance use frequency, but adolescents with higher levels of externalizing disorders and internalizing disorders continued to experience more substance use problems.Conclusion  Categorical subtypes may have particular relevance to the development of treatment interventions as well as prevention measures.
Reproduction and survival of suricates (Suricata suricatta) in the southern Kalahari
Authors: Clutton‐Brock T. H. , Maccoll A. , Chadwick P. , Gaynor D. , Kansky R. , Skinner J. D. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIn most respects, the demography of Kalahari suricates (Suricata suricatta) resembles that of other social mongooses. Average group size varies from four to nine, and groups typically include several mature females, of which one is responsible for the majority of breeding attempts. Breeding females show a postpartum oestrus; gestation is around 60 days; litter size is three to five pups at emergence and females rarely breed before the age of 24 months. In contrast, annual survival rates (0.20 for pups and 0.43 for animals over one year old) are lower than those recorded in other species. Breeding frequency is related to rainfall and breeding can cease altogether when rainfall is unusually low. In a year when this occurred, group size eroded rapidly and over 60% of groups became extinct. Total numbers were slow to recover during the following year because emigration by females was infrequent and new groups did not form in vacant ranges created by the extinction of groups. High rates of group extinction have been found in other cooperative breeders and may occur because breeding success and survival show inverse density dependence.
Seasonality of insect herbivory on the leaves of Neoboutonia macrocalyx in the Kibale National Park, Uganda
Authors: Kasenene J. M. , Roininen H. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe seasonality of herbivory on the leaves of Neoboutonia macrocalyx Pax. in Kibale Forest National Park, Uganda, was studied. A total of 2929 fallen leaves was collected during 15 months under randomly‐selected trees in three different habitats; natural forest and two selectively cut forest sites. The percentage of leaf area eaten and leaf size were estimated. Leaf herbivory was highly seasonal and correlated with rainfall in the previous 2 months, but less than 100 mm monthly rainfall had no effect. There was no correlation between leaf size and rainfall. Although Kibale Forest has two wet seasons, insect feeding on leaves had only one peak during the major rainy season from September to December. Three to four months after peak herbivory, leaves had very low rates of insect damage. Habitat had only a small effect on the amount of insect feeding. The sampling time accounted for 71% of variation in leaf herbivory. New leaves were formed continuously year‐round. The constant leaf production by Neoboutonia trees may be an adaptation to escape generalist herbivorous insects which might be synchronized with the major wet season when the leaf flush of the most other deciduous species occurs. Thus, the availability of fresh leaves is not acting as a regulating factor in seasonality of Neoboutonia herbivory.
An investigation into the relationship between physical damage and fungal infection in Colophospermum mopane
Authors: Smith P. P. , Shah‐Smith D. A. 
Published: March 2003

Summary Colophospermum mopane
trees in Zambia's North Luangwa National Park and an adjacent Game Management Area, were examined for evidence of physical damage caused by browsers, humans, weather, fire, etc. The same trees were assessed for visual signs of fungal colonization, with the aim of investigating any possible relationship between physical damage and attack by fungi. The results of this study suggest that the severity of physical damage had a relatively small influence on the activity of fungi colonizing and utilizing mopane heartwood. The majority of fungi isolated from infected trees were saprophytes, and the common occurrence of these agents in healthy trees suggests that heartwood degradation is not detrimental to the health of the tree. ‘Internal roots’ produced from the cambium inside the hollow trunk, which apparently utilize the detritus accumulated there, is probably an adaptation through which
C. mopane can recycle minerals and nutrients.
Oral budesonide as maintenance therapy in Crohn’s disease—results of a 12‐month study
Authors: Ferguson  , Campieri  , Doe  , Persson  , Nygård  ,   THE GLOBAL BUDESONIDE STUDY GROUP
Published: March 2003

Background:Budesonide is a corticosteroid with high topical anti‐inflammatory activity and low systemic activity due to rapid inactivation. We have assessed the efficacy and safety of an oral controlled ileal release (CIR) preparation of budesonide for maintenance of remission in patients with ileal or ileocaecal Crohn’s disease.Methods:In a double‐blind, multicentre trial, 75 patients in clinical remission (Crohn’s Disease Activity Index, CDAI, ≤ 150) were randomly assigned to receive placebo, budesonide 3 mg or budesonide 6 mg daily for 12 months. Trial drugs were given at a fixed dose and without concomitant medication. The primary outcome measure was relapse, defined as a CDAI > 150 together with an increase of at least 60 units from entry. A patient was also considered to have a relapse if withdrawn from the study due to clinical deterioration, whether or not a CDAI value could be calculated at that time.Results:There were no statistically significant differences in the relapse rate at any time‐point throughout the study. By 12 months the proportion of patients having relapsed were 48, 46 and 60% in those patients treated with budesonide 6 mg, 3 mg and placebo, respectively (N.S.). Treatments were well tolerated, and the proportion of patients with suppressed adrenal function (according to predetermined criteria) were 50% (6 mg), 26% (3 mg) and 17% (placebo) (P = 0.096).Conclusions:In the present study, relapse rate and time to relapse were similar in the patients treated with budesonide CIR, 6 mg daily or 3 mg daily or with placebo, throughout 12 months. This is in contrast to the two previous trials with identical design, where a significant effect of budesonide CIR in prolonging the median time to relapse was found. Possible reasons for the negative results of the present study include small sample size, and the fact that there was a high placebo response.
Incidence of duodenal ulcer healing after 1 week of proton pump inhibitor triple therapy for eradication of Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Harris  , Misiewicz  , Bardhan  , Levi  , O’morain  , Cooper  , Kerr  , Dixon  , Langworthy  , Piper  ,   THE LANSOPRAZOLE HELICOBACTER STUDY GROUP
Published: March 2003

Background:A number of clinical studies have assessed the efficacy of short‐term twice‐daily Helicobacter pylori eradication regimens but few have investigated the proportion of patients in whom duodenal ulcer disease was healed with these regimens.Aim:To compare the safety and efficacy of four 1‐week H. pylori eradication regimens in the healing of H. pylori associated duodenal ulcer disease.Methods:Following endoscopic confirmation of duodenal ulcer disease and a positive CLO test, patients underwent a 13C‐urea breath test to confirm H. pylori status. Treatment with one of four regimens: LAC, LAM, LCM or OAM, where L is lansoprazole 30 mg b.d., A is amoxycillin 1 g b.d., M is metronidazole 400 mg b.d., C is clarithromycin 250 mg b.d., and O is omeprazole 20 mg b.d., was assigned randomly to those patients who were H. pylori positive, with 62 (LAC), 64 (LAM), 61 (LCM) and 75 (OAM) patients in each treatment group. Follow‐up breath tests and endoscopies were performed at least 28 days after the end of treatment.Results:Duodenal ulcer disease was healed 28 days after treatment in 53/62 (85.5%) patients who were treated with LAC, 52/64 (81.3%) of patients treated with LAM, 49/61 (80.3%) of patients treated with LCM and 60/75 (80.0%) of patients treated with OAM (intention‐to‐treat analysis, n=262, assumed unhealed if no follow‐up endoscopy was performed). All the treatments were of similar efficacy (P=0.85, chi‐squared test) with regard to the healing of duodenal ulcer disease.Conclusions:The four 1‐week treatment regimens were equally effective in healing H. pylori associated duodenal ulcer disease.
Comparison of rabeprazole 20 mg vs. omeprazole 20 mg in the treatment of active gastric ulcer—a European multicentre study
Authors: Dekkers  , Beker  , Thjodleifsson  , Gabryelewicz  , Bell  , Humphries  ,   THE EUROPEAN RABEPRAZOLE STUDY GROUP
Published: March 2003

Background:Rabeprazole sodium is the newest member of a class of substituted benzimidazole molecules known as proton pump inhibitors. Other proton pump inhibitors have been shown to be effective in healing active, benign gastric ulcers.Methods:In this randomized, double‐blind, multicentre study, conducted at 25 European sites, rabeprazole and omeprazole were compared in patients with active gastric ulcers. Two hundred and twenty‐seven patients with active benign gastric ulcer were randomized to receive either rabeprazole 20 mg (n = 113) or omeprazole 20 mg (n = 114) once daily for 3 or 6 weeks, with healing monitored by endoscopy.Results:After 3 weeks, complete healing (ITT analysis) was documented in 58% of patients given rabeprazole and 61% in patients given omeprazole (N.S.). After 6 weeks the healing rates were identical in both groups at 91%. Rabeprazole‐treated patients had numerically greater symptom relief at all 12 points of comparison. The differences significantly favoured rabeprazole at week 3 for daytime pain improvement (P = 0.023) and at week 6 for pain frequency (P = 0.006) and complete resolution of night pain (P = 0.022). Both drugs were well‐tolerated over the 6‐week treatment course. Mean changes from baseline to end‐point in fasting serum gastrin were comparable. No significant differences in laboratory parameters were seen.Conclusion:In this study, rabeprazole produced healing rates comparable to omeprazole at weeks 3 and 6, but provided more consistent and occasionally significantly superior symptom improvement. Both treatments were well‐tolerated.
Cisapride 20 mg b.d. for preventing symptoms of GERD induced by a provocative meal
Authors: Castell D. , Silvers D. , Littlejohn T. , Orr W. , Napolitano J. , Oleka N. , Jokubaitis L. ,   The CIS‐USA‐89 Study Group
Published: March 2003

Background: Cisapride is a substituted piperidinyl benzamide indicated for the symptomatic treatment of patients with nocturnal heartburn due to gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The currently recommended dosing regimen for cisapride is 10 mg q.d.s., but the elimination half‐life of 8–10 h supports b.d. dosing with 20 mg.Methods: This multicentre, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial was undertaken to determine the efficacy and safety of cisapride 20 mg b.d. dosing in reducing or preventing heartburn and other meal‐related symptoms after challenge with a provocative fatty meal. In phase 1 of the study, 137 patients with at least a 3‐month history of symptoms suggestive of GERD and at least five episodes of GERD on 7‐day diary were eligible to receive single‐blind treatment with placebo for 7 (range ± 3) days and then ingested a provocative meal. One hundred and twenty‐two patients (45 men and 77 women, 22–65 years of age) who experienced heartburn during the 3 h after ingestion of the meal qualified for the double‐blind phase of the study and were randomly assigned to either cisapride 20 mg or matching placebo b.d. for 7 (±3) days. At the end of this period, 118 patients again ate a fatty meal and were assessed for symptoms of GERD.Results: Heartburn was prevented in a significantly higher percentage of cisapride‐treated patients (40%; 24 out of 60) than placebo‐treated patients (21%; 12 out of 58) after the repeat provocative meal at the end of the double‐blind phase (P = 0.017). Cisapride was also significantly more effective in reducing the severity of postprandial heartburn, belching, and regurgitation (P < 0.05). Twice‐daily dosing with cisapride 20 mg was well tolerated; the number of cisapride‐ and placebo‐treated patients who experienced at least one adverse event was similar (31% and 22%, respectively). The most common adverse events were diarrhoea (cisapride, 18%; placebo, 0%) and rhinitis (cisapride, 2%; placebo, 5%).Conclusions: These results demonstrate that cisapride 20 mg b.d. is effective in preventing or reducing symptoms of heartburn in patients who developed heartburn after ingesting a provocative fatty meal. Cisapride was also effective in reducing the severity of heartburn‐related symptoms such as belching and regurgitation.
Lansoprazole is superior to ranitidine as maintenance treatment for the prevention of duodenal ulcer relapse
Authors: Bardhan K. D. , Crowe J. , Thompson R. P. H. , Trewby P. N. , Keeling P. N. , Weir D. , Crouch S. L. ,   On behalf of the UK‐Eire Lansoprazole Group
Published: March 2003

Aim: To compare lansoprazole 30 mg once daily, lansoprazole 15 mg once daily and ranitidine 150 mg once nightly in the prevention of duodenal ulcer relapse in patients whose duodenal ulcers had been previously healed with lansoprazole 30 mg once daily or ranitidine 300 mg nightly.Methods: A double‐blind, parallel group, randomized multicentre study conducted in 33 centres in the UK, Eire, Sweden and Australia. Two hundred and nineteen patients with a duodenal ulcer were randomized to receive lansoprazole 30 mg and 217 to receive ranitidine 300 mg for 8 weeks. Patients were then re‐randomized to receive lansoprazole 30 mg (122 patients), lansoprazole 15 mg (121 patients) or ranitidine 150 mg (116 patients) for 12 months. All patients had an endoscopically‐proven duodenal ulcer at baseline and were considered suitable for long‐term maintenance therapy to prevent relapse.Results: Significantly more patients were healed on lansoprazole (98%) compared to ranitidine (89%) (P < 0.001, Fisher's exact test). Lansoprazole provided more rapid symptom relief than ranitidine. Lansoprazole 30 mg and lansoprazole 15 mg increased the probability of not relapsing in comparison to ranitidine (P = 0.001 and 0.06, respectively, life‐table analysis). Relapse rates over the 12 months were lower in the lansoprazole treatment groups (lansoprazole 30 mg, 5%; lansoprazole 15 mg, 12%; and ranitidine, 21%; lansoprazole 30 mg vs. ranitidine 150 mg, P = 0.002). Symptoms were well controlled in both groups during the maintenance phase. All treatments were well tolerated with no major differences seen in adverse event profiles between treatment groups.Conclusions: Both doses of lansoprazole (30 mg and 15 mg) were superior to ranitidine 150 mg in the prevention of duodenal ulcer relapse. Lansoprazole was superior to ranitidine in terms of symptom control and duodenal ulcer healing. Both treatments were well tolerated.
Double vs. single dose of pantoprazole in combination with clarithromycin and amoxycillin for 7 days, in eradication of Helicobacter pylori in patients with non‐ulcer dyspepsia
Authors: Lamouliatte  ,   THE AQUITAINE GASTRO ASSOCIATION, Samoyeau  , De Mascarel  , Megraud  
Published: March 2003

Background: The necessity of increasing intragastric pH during eradication treatment in Helicobacter pylori infected patients is well established. However, the optimal dose of the proton pump inhibitors used in eradication regimen is still a subject of debate.Aims: To compare the efficacy and tolerability of a double vs. a single daily dose of pantoprazole in a 7‐day triple therapy in eradicating H. pylori.Methods: In this regional, multicentre, comparative, randomized and double‐blind study, H. pylori‐positive patients with non‐ulcer dyspepsia were treated for 7 days with clarithromycin 500 mg b.d. and amoxycillin 1000 mg b.d. and either a double (2 × 40 mg, Group 2PCA) or a single (40 mg, Group 1PCA) daily dose of pantoprazole. H. pylori infection was assessed at entry and at the end (day 38) of the study by histology and culture, or in some cases by 13C‐urea breath test.Results: From 203 patients recruited, 192 patients (96 in Group 2PCA and 96 in Group 1PCA) formed the intention‐to‐treat population. Twenty‐six of them judged as major protocol violators were excluded from the per protocol analysis. H. pylori eradication rate was 75% in Group 2PCA and 56% in Group 1PCA in intention‐to‐treat analysis, and 80% in Group 2PCA and 59% in Group 1PCA in per protocol analysis (P < 0.05). The primary resistance to clarithromycin was 10.5%. The eradication rates for the clarithromycin susceptible strains were 86% for Group 2PCA and 71% for Group 1PCA in per protocol analysis (P < 0.05). Both regimens led to similar improvement of clinical symptoms and were equally well tolerated.Conclusion: A double (2 × 40 mg) daily dose of pantoprazole in a 7‐day triple therapy is more effective than a single (40 mg) dose of this drug in eradication of H. pylori.