bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Wages of Dixie
Authors: Schulman Bruce J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“You need more industries in Texas,” President Roosevelt reminded a Fort Worth audience soon after signing the Fair Labor Standards Act in I 938, “but I know you know the importance of not trying to get industries by the route of cheap wages for industrial workers.” That salvo opened the first front in the Roosevelt administration’s battle to reform the southern economy-the attack on low southern wages. Exploiting the opportunities presented by the Depression and later by the war emergency, the federal government sought to align the wage structure of southern industry with the rest of the nation. It hoped thereby to break the hold of the low wage, labor-intensive seoors that isolated the South from the national economy and, in the minds of policymakers, imprisoned it in poverty. Expounding the message which he and many others would carry into wartime federal agencies, Maury Maverick reiterated the Administration’s goal. “If any part of the nation needs protection against low wages,” Maverick insisted, “it is the South.”
The Visible Poor
Authors: Blau Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Addressing one of the most pressing and publicized social issues of our times, Joel Blau focuses on the institutional response of major American cities to the problem of homelessness. Blau first examines the national causes of homelessness, and then turns to the experience of New York - the city with the gravest crisis and the most ambitious response to date - to illustrate the impediments to long-term solutions nationwide.
The Economic Causes of Homelessness
Authors: Blau Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I was at a very fancy cocktail party-wealthy, wealthy people-and they thought I was just wonderful: “Oh, he helps the poor and he works with them” and all that stuff. One woman asked me, What would I do if I could change any law or take just one big step to help the homeless? I said I would raise the minimum wage to $5. She wouldn’t talk to me; she said at $5 she couldn’t afford her maid. Brother Paul Johnson, Camullus House, Miami, Florida [S]uch an extraordinary income inevitably raises questions as to whether there isn’t something unbalanced in the way our financial system is working.
Housing
Authors: Blau Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Housing for the homeless is part of the larger problem of housing for the poor. Yet federal subsidies to poor people have always played a relatively minor role in the national housing market. In fact, only 5.6 million of all households in the United States, or slightly more than 6 percent of the total, benefit from direct, public subsidies.1 By comparison, the public sector in most Western European countries is considerably larger, amounting to one-third of the housing market in Britain and slightly less than 40 percent in France and Sweden.2 In the United States, the public housing sector has always been marginal. No strong political and economic forces support it, and the real estate industry has been consistently successful in limiting its role. This domination left its mark. From the Public Housing Act of 1937 to the housing voucher programs of the 1990s, even its most heralded reforms reflect the power of the private sector. Perhaps no other outcome was possible in a battle between opponents of such unequal weight. Nevertheless, the result permanently tarnished public housing policy. Since public housing could only become politically legitimate by accepting the concept of “less eligibility,” conspicuously poorer housing was all housing for the poor could ever mean.
New York City: Wealth, Poverty, and Homeless Individuals
Authors: Blau Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
New York City made the most comprehensive response to the problem of homelessness. With the largest number of beds, 30,500, and the most money spent-some $757 million in 1988-the $375 million it allocated in local funds was sixteen times more than Philadelphia, at the time, its nearest rival. Municipal officials were proud of these facts, which they recited whenever critics expressed doubts. As commissioner of the Human Resources Administration (HRA), the city’s primary social welfare agency, William Grinker’s stance was typical. When the Subcommittee on the Homeless of the New York City Council criticized the policies of the Koch administration, Grinker firmly defended its programs: HRA provides decent and humane accommodations and extensive services for the homeless. In addition to operating and funding temporary shelter, in compliance with state regulations, HRA operates and funds programs providing social services, health care, counseling, employment training, day care, education, recreation, substance abuse prevention, and permanent housing. Simply put, the City of New York does more for its homeless population, and each individual homeless person, than any other city in the United States.
Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Thomas G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Metallography” has been a major tool in metallurgy for centuries (Figure 5.1), and there is no doubt that the development of transmission electron microscopy (see Marton, 1968 for a history) originating from Ruska and his colleagues in 1932 (Figure 5.2) and its synergism with materials has led to dramatic developments in our understanding of structure-property relationships over a wide range of materials (Table 5.1). Now metallographers can achieve the dream of atomic resolution with the new generation of electron microscopes exemplified by the unique “ARM” (atomic-resolution microscope) installed in Berkeley in 1983 (see Chapter 7), by which interpretable point-to-point resolution of 1.6 A is possible over 40° of tilt of the sample.
Electron Diffraction Images
Authors: Williams D B , Vecchio K S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several classical imaging processes, such as transmission light and electron microscopy, make use of a lens-the objective lens-to gather a fraction of the radiation scattered by the sample. The sample acts as the object of the lens, which, as shown in Figure 6.1, recreates an image of the sample in the image plane of the lens (CD). Subsequent. lenses magnify this image and project it onto an appropriate imaging surface, such as the retina (for a light microscope), a fluorescent screen (in an electron microscope), or any photographic/recording medium. Between the objective lens and the image plane is the focal plane of the lens (AB). Within this plane the radiation from the sample is focused to positions that depend upon the initial angle of scatter, as also shown in Figure 6.1. Thus the intensity distribution of radiation in the focal plane of the lens constitutes a scatter pattern. In this chapter, we will illustrate the use of such scatter-pattern images taken in the focal plane of the transmission electron microscope (TEM). Although these images are not “images” of the sample in the strict sense of the word, they are important indicators of the nature of the sample. These scatter patterns are also termed diffraction patterns because the phenomenon of diffraction (which means the radiation is scattered coherently, i.e., all the waves are in step) is very dependent on the crystalline nature and orientation of the sample. Thus, these diffraction patterns may be thought of as images that reflect the crystal nature of the sample. In the TEM, the area of the sample contributing to the diffraction pattern is determined by placing an aperture in the image plane of the objective lens, which creates a virtual aperture in the plane of the specimen. The resulting diffraction patterns are usually termed selected area diffraction (SAD) patterns, and typically come from areas of the sample greater than about one micrometer in diameter.
Atomic-Resolution Microscopy
Authors: Gronsky R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The resolving power of any optical instrument depends primarily upon the wavelength of the radiation used to illuminate the object. As shown in many other chapters of this book, when all other factors are equal, the smaller the wavelength, the smaller the detail that can be resolved. With conventional visible-light optics, resolution is limited to about 500 nm, the average wavelength of light in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. However, electrons accelerated to high energies have an associated wavelength that is much less than one-tenth of a nanometer, and should therefore be capable (all other factors being equal) of easily resolving atoms separated by a few tenths of a nanometer, as they normally are in most materials. Unfortunately, “all other factors” are not equal in the electron microscope.
Atom Probe Field-Ion Microscopy: Imaging at the Atomic Level
Authors: Miller M K , Burke M G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sam Weller, in Dickens’ Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club, responded to a question from Serjeant Buzfuz as to why he saw nothing by saying: “If they wos a pair o’ patent double million magnifyin’ gas microscopes of hextra power, p’raps I might be able to see “ Over a century later his idea was to become a reality. In 1951, Professor Erwin W. Miiller unveiled a powerful new type of microscope that used a gas to produce images with over a million times magnification. This instrument, known as a field-ion microscope, enabled individual atoms to be seen for the first time. An example of the type of image produced by this instrument is shown in Figure 9.1. In this micrograph, each spot is a highly magnified image of a single atom. A few years later, a mass spectrometer was added to the instrument so that the elemental identity of the atoms could also be determined. The combined instrument is known as an atom probe field-ion microscope (APFIM). A modem instrument combines several variants of the atom probe into a single vacuum system, as shown schematically in Figure 9.2. The APFIM has the highest spatial resolution in chemical analysis of any microanalytical tool yet devised.
Ion and Euthyphro
Authors: Robb Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the question of motive behind the continued popular absorption of epic had been put to a reflective Greek at the turn of the fourth century, the answer doubt­ less would have been that of Plato himself. The poets in general, and Homer in particular, quite simply had “educated Hellas.”Moreover, the epical figures, but especially Homer, continue to do so, in the persons of their many contemporary reciters. Even those few Greeks, led by Xenophanes and Heraclitus and dominantly philosophers, who had faulted some of the content of epic verse never questioned its role as the Hellenic paideia. Indeed, they constantly affirm it, often making that fact the object of their polemic, sometimes in evident disgust. “Homer deserves to be thrown out of the contests, and drubbed with his own rabdos!” is Heraclitus’ clever assault on contemporary singers who performed while holding proudly forward the official rhapsode’s staff (B42). The play on verb and noun are untranslatable, but if we had the verb ‘‘to crozier’’ we could say that a bishop should be croizered with his own crozier and thrown out of his diocese.
Two More Motifs: A Detailed Survey
Authors: Hunsinger George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Realism,” the fifth motif, designates the way Barth interprets theological language. Theological language, as represented by scripture (or based on it), is understood to refer to its subject matter by way of analogy, to address its subject matter to the whole person, to convey its subject matter with certainty, and to narrate its subject matter in the form of legendary witness. The realism of this interpretation can be indicated in each case by contrasting it with two alternative views, which for the sake of convenience will be called “literalism” and “expressivism.” Barth’s realism, which transcends these views while incorporating elements of each, differs from them primarily in its construal of the subject matter.
Timebound Exegesis
Authors: Halivni David Weiss 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The realization that the rabbis of the Talmud in their interpretation of the Bible occasionally deviated from the “simple” literal meaning of the text provoked condemnation from those outside the rabbinic tradition and puzzled insiders. Spinoza criticized Maimonides for sanctioning deviation from the literal meaning and called such a practice “rash and excessive.” Two hundred years later, A. Geiger chastised the rabbis of the Talmud for having abandoned “the natural meaning” of the text; he attributed this lapse to their “deficient sense of exegesis.” Insiders since the time of Saadya (882-942), one of the most important Jewish scholars of the early Middle Ages, have agonized over the conflict between what the text seems to say and the way it was understood by the rabbis of the Talmud.
Brief Review of the Basic Laws of Aerodynamics
Authors: Ramm Heinrich J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since transonic flow covers a small portion of the realm of compressible flow, superficially it would not seem to require a special treatment. As the name implies, however, transonic flow occurs at speeds close to that of sound (i.e., of pressure disturbances). This greatly complicates the physical laws of transonic flow, and, consequently, its mathematics.
Before going into these problems, let us review the basic laws of aerodynamics as briefly as possible.
Nonsteady Transonic Flow
Authors: Ramm Heinrich J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the theory of a steady transonic flow, as given in Chapter 2, is well suited for computations of transonic flow fields, the reason for the much quoted “sound-barrier”—that is, the strong increase in drag of a flying object at its approach to the velocity of sound—is not obvious from those theoretical studies. However, this important characteristic of transonic flight can be readily understood from nonsteady theory.
Since small disturbances of the atmosphere travel with the speed of sound, the disturbances caused by a flying object are not immediately felt in the space around it.
Viscous Transonic Flow
Authors: Ramm Heinrich J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The effect of viscosity on the relative motion of a fluid and a solid body or of two fluids finds its manifestation in the fluid stress whose two components, the shear stress and the longitudinal stress can usually be treated separately. Actually, the shear stress is of much greater importance for the establishment of accurate aerodynamic relationships than the longitudinal stress.
The shear stress is caused by the transfer between adjacent streamlines of the momentum of the fluid molecules or the turbulence elements. This momentum transfer produces a gradual transition of the velocity of one streamline to that of another one, for example, from the stagnant air on the surface of a solid body to the velocity of the undisturbed fluid at a certain distance from the wall, or, in the case of a free jet, from the velocity of the undisturbed jet core to the velocity of the undisturbed ambient fluid.
Harlem Renaissance
Authors: Huggins Nathan Irvin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A finalist for the 1972 National Book Award, hailed by The New York Times Book Review as “brilliant” and “provocative,” Nathan Huggins’ Harlem Renaissance was a milestone in the study of African-American life and culture. Now this classic history is being reissued, with a new foreword by acclaimed biographer Arnold Rampersad. As Rampersad notes, “Harlem Renaissance remains an indispensable guide to the facts and features, the puzzles and mysteries, of one of the most provocative episodes in African-American and American history.” Indeed, Huggins offers a brilliant account of the creative explosion in Harlem during these pivotal years. Blending the fields of history, literature, music, psychology, and folklore, he illuminates the thought and writing of such key figures as Alain Locke, James Weldon Johnson, and W.E.B. DuBois and provides sharp-eyed analyses of the poetry of Claude McKay, Countee Cullen, and Langston Hughes. But the main objective for Huggins, throughout the book, is always to achieve a better understanding of America as a whole. As Huggins himself noted, he didn’t want Harlem in the 1920s to be the focus of the book so much as a lens through which readers might see how this one moment in time sheds light on the American character and culture, not just in Harlem but across the nation. He strives throughout to link the work of poets and novelists not only to artists working in other genres and media but also to economic, historical, and cultural forces in the culture at large. This superb reissue of Harlem Renaissance brings to a new generation of readers one of the great works in African-American history and indeed a landmark work in the field of American Studies.
The Mythicization of History: N ā tha and Pitiye in Kandyan Folklore
Authors: Holt John Clifford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As ethnic identity has become an increasingly crucial factor within the political dynamics of postcolonial Sri Lanka, the study of myth and ritual within Sinhala Buddhist religiocultural tradition has become a veritably relevant, contemporary, and existentially significant concern to the academic communi-ty.
‘They Carry Their Lives on Their Finger Nails”
Authors: Cornell Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1889, a year before the first battle of Wounded Knee, Sitting Bull, the great Hunkpapa Sioux medicine man, was furious at his tribespeople for agreeing to a treaty and land cession he had long opposed. “Indians!” he announced with disgust. “There are no Indians left now but me.” He was very nearly right. Although his anger was not with numbers but with capitulation and betrayal, his words were an unwitting paraphrase of a complementary tale.
Lieutenant Anthony’s Legacy
Authors: Cornell Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the committee from Plymouth had purchased the territory of Eastham of the Indians, “it was demanded, who laid claim to Billingsgate?” which was understood to be all that part of the Cape north of what they had purchased. “The answer was, there was not any who owned it. ‘Then,’ said the committee, ‘that land is ours.’ The Indians answered, that it was.” This was a remarkable assertion and admission. The Pilgrims appear to have regarded themselves as Not Any’s representatives. Perhaps this was the first instance of that quiet way of “speaking for” a place not yet occupied, or at least not improved as much as it may be, which their descendants have practised, and are still practising so extensively.
Indian-White Relations Revised
Authors: Cornell Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When subordinate groups challenge a structure of intergroup relations, authorities generally have three choices. They can ignore the challenge; they can forcibly suppress it; they can undertake reform. What they do obviously will be affected by a number of factors, including the gravity of the challenge and the extent of their own political capacities. If the challenge is serious and cannot be ignored, they must find a way of containing it. If they are unable or unwilling simply to suppress it, then they must find a way to implement reforms that do not at the same time undermine their own power.
The Problem of Patriarchy
Authors: Meyers Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Those who are concerned with the relationship between men and women in the biblical world tend to assume that a hierarchical situation existed. The apparent domination of females by males is seen as reflecting the patriarchal orientation of Hebrew scripture. The inferiority of woman is inferred from a multitude of texts, both by those who accept the androcentric tendencies in the Bible as authoritative and normative and also by those who are made uncomfortable or are outraged by them.
Eve’s World: The Family Household
Authors: Meyers Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Everywoman Eve, in the formative centuries of Israelite existence, lived in small villages in the highlands of central Palestine. Archaeological surveys and excavations in the highlands have revealed a virtual explosion of small, un walled settlements coinciding with the origins of ancient Israel. Cataloguing of the number and density of hill country sites has been accompanied by studies of the economic basis for the survival of the new settlements in previously unsettled places.
Defending Roe v. Wade
Authors: Staggenborg Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the pro-choice movement remained mobilized, its tactical position changed after Roe v. Wade. Following such a decisive victory, collective actors might be expected to push for further advantages, but pro-choice forces soon found themselves on the defensive. Movement organizations like NARAL initially did make proactive demands regarding women’s access to quality abortion services, but they soon became preoccupied with reactive tactics aimed at fending off countermovement attacks on Roe v. Wade. Women’s movement organizations, particularly local women’s liberation groups, which had never viewed legalization of abortion as an end in itself, were anxious to push forward with their multi-issue agenda, but they too had to concern themselves with keeping abortion legal.
Conclusion
Authors: Staggenborg Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pro-choice movement is a remarkable reform movement that succeeded first in legalizing abortion and later in remaining mobilized to become a significant force in American politics. I have argued that the staying power of the movement is due in large part to its development of formalized organizational structures and professional leadership. At the same time, and in part as a result of these structural changes, the movement managed to maintain a grass-roots presence. An equally important countermovement aroused by the pro-choice movement also aided the mobilization of pro-choice forces even while limiting their ability to bring about changes beyond the legalization of abortion. This chapter examines the implications of this account of the pro-choice movement for more general theories of social movements.
Outlook
Authors: Adler Stephen L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this final chapter we turn to issues relating to the role of quaternionic quantum mechanics in physics and to its future development. In the first section, we speculate on the possibility that a new level of physical structure, in which quaternionic quantum field theory plays an essential role, lies near the Planck scale, with the observed physics of the standard model a CC( 1,1) asymptotic dynamics. In the second section, we discuss both experimental tests for residual quaternionic effects and the implications of quaternionic quantum mechanics for conceptual questions in quantum measurement theory. In the third section, we summarize a number of open questions, many already noted earlier in the text, that point to future directions for development of the theory.
Petty Bourgeois Tricks
Authors: Blumberg Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although novelists from Balzac to Bernard Malamud have given us vivid fictional portraits of petty bourgeois life, undoubtedly it is C. Wright Mills who, in our generation, has written the most sensitive sociological account of the struggle of the lower-middle-class businessman to survive. In White Collar, Mills captures the dreariness of the “lumpen-bour geoisie,” the midget entrepreneur who employs few workers but sweats himself and his family year after year, struggling to establish a secure economic foothold.