bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The village context of Honduras’ VHW programme: 1980-84
Authors: Carl Kendall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early 1970s, Honduras, one of the poorest countries in the Western hemisphere, established a rural-focused innovative, primary health care (PHC) system. The Ministry of Health (MOH) has pursued a policy of encouraging village-level participation in its programme. As a document prepared for Health Sector Planning (Agency for International Development 1977) pointed out: In 1973, the Ministry of Health initiated implementation of a policy of extension of coverage of health and sanitation programs into the rural areas. The program is based on a regionalized system of levels of care ranging from community volunteers, through auxiliary nurse dispensaries, to national hospitals. The overall policy of extension of coverage corresponds to the model of using integrated rural health services to reach the poor majority.
Equity in the delivery of health care: methods and findings
Authors: Wagstaff Adam , Doorslaer Eddy Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In common with the majority of earlier literature on equity in the delivery of health care, the present study starts from the premise that health care ought to be distributed according to need rather than ability to pay. Attention is focused here on the horizontal version of this principle: that persons in equal need ought to treated the same irrespective of their ability to pay. Although this is the main focus of this chapter, evidence is presented first on inequalities in health.
Policy implications of the COMAC-HSR project
Authors: Rutten Frans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the results of the COMAC-HSR project reported in Chapters 3 and 4. In the next section current and possible future policies concerning equity in health care are identified and an attempt is made to assess the relevance of the project in this context. Following sections discuss the policy implications of the results reported in Chapters 3 and 4. Finally, we conclude and make recommendations for policy and research.
Denmark
Authors: Christiansen Terkel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pursuit of equity in the area of health care has a long tradition in Denmark as well as in the other Scandinavian countries. A main characteristic of Danish health policy over many years has been ‘equal and free (or almost free) access to various health-related services for all irrespective of economic means and social status’ (Indenrigsministeriet og Sundhedsstyrelsen 1985).
Portugal
Authors: Pereira Joāo , Pinto Carlos Gouveia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the late 1970s, together with other southern European countries such as Greece and Italy, Portugal took a decided step to change the financing of its health care from a predominantly social insurance base to a tax-financed National Health Service. An argument put forward at the time was that such a change would lead to both greater equity in the burden of payments borne by different income groups and in the provision of treatment to persons with differential economic resources but similar levels of need. In the 1990s, it is clear that political options with regard to health care financing and delivery have changed. As elsewhere in Europe, greater emphasis is now placed on increasing the relative share of direct payments and insurance contributions vis-a-vis tax financing, and on increasing the scope of competition in the provision of services. These developments have been defended strictly on the grounds of efficiency, namely the bureaucratized nature of an NHS-type system, and its lack of cost-saving and quality-promoting incentives to providers and users. Curiously, the questions of how the burden of payments and incidence of benefits are distributed across income groups have virtually been ignored in the recent public debate. In part, this may reflect the paucity of empirical knowledge on the subject. Apart from preliminary work leading up to this chapter, there are no earlier studies in Portugal which measure the attributes examined here, namely vertical equity in financing and horizon¬ tal equity in the delivery of health care. Our results, and their eventual comparison with those from other countries, can, therefore, go some way to redressing the imbalance in the debate.
History of wound healing
Authors: Leaper D J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of wound management throughout the development of human society is a fascinating topic, often based on ‘full stops’ of misconception (with disastrous results) but punctuated by remarkable advances made all the more impressive by the lack of scientific background. In the Neolithic period it is known that wounds were inflicted by the early hominids and australopithecines on each other during the hunt for food, or self-preservation. This is clear from the fossil records and from skull trephination that was undertaken, per haps for some unknown ritual, and which was followed by healing (Fig. 2.1) (1).
The future of wound healing
Authors: Harding K G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is only in recent years that interest in the biology and management of wounds has been sustained for a significant period to enable a much better understanding of the subject to be developed. In 1805, in the Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, the treatment of leg ulcers was generally ‘looked upon as an inferior branch of practice; an unpleasant and inglorious task, where much labour must be bestowed and little honour gained (1). The sentiments of that statement held true until fairly recently but even in 1994 Jeffcote spoke of the complexities of healing diabetic foot ulcers and recognized the ‘feeling of critical ignorance of the processes in volved in wound healing’ (2). Both of these examples illustrate the low profile and lack of attention devoted to this important clinical problem and show the need for much greater attention and knowledge to be sought in this subject.
Management and Organization of Developing Health Systems
Authors: Collins Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The health service is considered as whole in this book, which deals with organizational issues relating to health service provision, including hospitals and personnel management. It includes analysis and discussion of issues of international relevance, particularly health planning, human resource management, information systems, and financial and supplies management. It is ideal for managers with limited health service experience as well as established health professionals. An active approach is encouraged and exercises for individual or group use are included, to provoke further discussion of the concepts and ideas covered.
Strengthening the district: the scope for change
Authors: Collins Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we continue the theme of district health management strengthening. Two basic issues are looked at:
The relationship between organizational structure and associated changes in health management. The principal theme of this book is that of structuring organizations within the context of PHC. However, it has been recognized that an integral process of change has to link structural changes in the organization with associated changes in management processes. This chapter seeks to develop organizational decentralization with further changes in planning, community participation, and human resource management.
Conclusions
Authors: Collins Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book carries three major messages.
Firstly, the adherence of national governments to a policy of PHC poses a major challenge to health management and organizations. PHC is a particularly difficult policy to formulate and implement, not least due to the political resistance it engenders. Also, the public sector in many countries is ill-adapted to the managerial and organizational needs of PHC. Secondly, changes in the organizational structure will have an important impact on the development of PHC. Important changes can be made in the organizational structure of the health sector. Particular attention should be paid to decentralization, intersectoral coordination, and the reorientation of bureaucratic systems and structures.
Ankylosing spondylitis: clinical aspects
Authors: Khan Muhammad Asim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic systemic inflammatory rheumatic disorder of the axial skeleton, that is to say the sacroiliac (SI) joints and the spine; the presence of sacroiliitis is its hallmark. Hip and shoulder joints, and less commonly peripheral joints or certain extraarticular structures, may also be involved. Its aetiology is as yet not fully understood, but there is a strong genetic predisposition in association with the histocompatibility antigen HLA-B27. The disease sometimes occurs in association with reactive arthritis (including Reiter’s syndrome), psoriasis, ulcerative colitis, or Crohn’s disease. In such cases it is called secondary AS. Most cases, however, show no evidence of these associated diseases and are classified as primary or uncomplicated AS (Khan 1993, 1997a).
The Oxford Practice Skills Course
Authors: Hope R A , Fulford, K W M , Yates Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ethics, communication skills, and the law ('practice skills') are important in all aspects of modern health care. Doctors and nurses must be sensitive to the ethical aspects of their work and understand the legal framework within which clinical decisions are made. Well developed skills of communication, with patients, their relatives and other members of the clinical team, are a key feature of good clinical practice Until recently, the important of practice skills has been relatively neglected in health care education. This situation is changing. The UK General Medical Council, for example, has recently identified three aspects as part of the core of the medical course, and the move to degree courses in nursing has led to an increasing focus of practice skills in nurse education. The Oxford Practice Skills Project (OPSP) team have developed a course, within the University of Oxford Clinical School, which covers the teaching of practice skills in an integrated manner. This course is widely recognized as one of the most systematic developments of education in these areas. This manual describes the OPSP course in detail and provides teaching materials. Although developed initially for medical students, it should be helpful to all those involved in teaching ethics, communication skills, and law in health care. Each Seminar is described in detail Tutors' guides are provided Student handouts are included Contains guidelines for introducing 'practice skills' into a busy clinical curriculum Includes over forty case histories for teaching and examination Gives details of many useful sources and resources Details a variety of teaching methods together with their advantages and disadvantages Provides an ethics teaching toolkit for clinical teachers new to this area Readers are welcome to photocopy any part of this manual for their own teaching
The Genetics of Neurological Disorders
Authors: Baraitser Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Back Cover Copy This third edition of The Genetics of Neurological Disorders incorporates the recent advances in genetics and molecular genetics into this comprehensive classic work. The classification of diseases within the text has been updated in line with the change in practice necessitated by these recent advances. Invaluable for both the geneticist and the neurologist, this book provides up-to-date information about counselling recurrence risks across the wide range of conditions seen by both the adult and paediatric neurologist. Each condition is covered in a way that helps the clinician reach a diagnosis before counselling, and carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis are also discussed for many conditions. Reviews of previous editions: ‘…coherent, well organised, extremely well-documented work…This is a fine book to take to the clinic as well as the library’ New England Journal of Medicine ’No neurologist will care to function from now on without ready access to this book, and it will be consulted by all clinical geneticists. ’ Annals of Human Genetics ’The strength of this book lies in the scholarly treatment of both old and new literature pertaining to familial neurological diseases. This book can heartily be recommended to the clinician seeking information on the genetics of neurological disease. ’ Brain ‘As a comprehensive source of reference it is unrivalled... a unique compilation of great importance which sets out all the current information about genetic elements, markers and calculations of risk. No neurologist can afford to be without a copy close to hand. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry NOT on Back cover - Additional reviews ’This edition has grown by 257 worthwhile pages’ British Medical Journal on 2e ‘The book is very successful indeed, combining a rigorous academic analysis of evidence for any genetic statement with clear English. ‘ Archives of Disease in Childhood on 1e ‘…encyclopaedic coverage of the literature, ranging from major studies of larger populations to single families exhibiting obscure conditions…’ Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases on 1e ’The book is a comprehensive compendium which presents the facts clearly’
Neuropathology and the Neurodevelopmental Model
Authors: Akil Mayada , Weinberger Daniel R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia has been in vogue for over a decade following the emergence of several lines of evidence implicating abnormalities of brain development in this disorder. In this chapter, we summarize the evidence suggesting a neurodevelopmental origin of schizophrenia. We then review the neuropathological :findings, asking the question: Are these findings consistent with neurodevelopmental aberrations? Finally, we discuss the limitations of the model and ways it may be refined and tested in the future.
The Management of Wounds and Burns
Authors: Wardrope Jim , Edhouse June A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wound management forms the bulk of the work in Accident and Emergency practice. Although most of these wounds will appear minor and the treatment straightforward for many injuries, the consequences of improper assessment or management can be very serious. Disabling injury may be overlooked, and life threatening infections can follow inappropriate treatment. Accident and Emergency staff must be prepared to begin initial assessment and treatment while surgical help arrives. This new edition of The Management of Wounds and Burns provides practical and authoritative information on all aspects of wound and burn care, taking the reader from initial assessment to the treatment of specific injuries. The care and legal aspects of life-threatening wounds are covered, together with anaesthesia, surgical techniques of wound care, wound infection, and injuries to the hand, face, neck, chest, and abdomen. Throughout , the authors present their guidelines concisely and lucidly, with detailed advice on anatomy, medication, and treatment techniques.
General principles
Authors: Wardrope Jim , Edhouse June A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Minor burns and scalds are everyday problems in the A&E department. It is estimated that 150 000 new patients will attend A&E departments each year with a burn injury. The follow up and aftercare of many small burns will take place in the department. Serious burns are less common than minor ones but they are an important cause of mortality and morbidity. In England and Wales during 1996, 442 people died from the effects of fire. Each year, 15 000 patients require admission to hospital.
Minor burns
Authors: Wardrope Jim , Edhouse June A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
History—some burning agents will indicate the probability of deep/full-thickness burns. Depth of burn. Thin-walled blisters; red, weeping skin; intact sensation—superficial partial-thickness. Thick-walled blisters, white skin with red punctate areas, sensation intact/blunted—deep partial-thickness.
The Urinary Sediment
Authors: Fogazzi Giovanni B , Ponticelli Claudio , Ritz Eberhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the second edition of a full colour reference atlas published first to excellent reviews in 1994. Every renal unit needs to have a reference text of this kind and urine microscopy is an important diagnostic aid in nephrology. After the 'Historical Introduction' by J Stewart Cameron, chapter 1 descibes the methods used to prepare and analyse the urine samples. Chapter 2, which is the most important section of the book, describes with the help of 249 illustrations (over 200 in full colour) the elements of the urinary sediment. Chapter 3 deals with the urinary sediment of the normal subject, while chapter 4 deals with the urinary changes which are observed in the main diseases of the kidney and urinary tract. Chapter 5 describes the changes of the urinary sediment caused by drugs. Chapter 6 is about the interpretation of the urinary findings shown in the previous chapters. Chapter 7 covers the new systems to analyse the urinary sediments. An appendix shows how to adjust the microscope to analyse the urine specimens. The primary audience is practising nephrologists and nephrologists in training, and also those in internal medicine rotating through the renal unit who perform routinely the analysis of the urinary sediment. Clinical pathologists would also find this an attractive and useful book. The illustrations are outstanding and additional clinical information has been added in this new edition. From review from the Lancet of the first edition in comparison with a competing title: 'Every nephrologist knows and teaches that urine microscopy is an important diagnostic aid. What has been urgently needed is a colour guide to the subject.....I preferred the pictures in the European book. They were of high quality, not repetitive and with clear legends...if I wanted to teach myself.. then the European book was well ahead. The latter is also accompanied by an elegant introductory essay by JS Cameron on the history of urine analysis. Every renal unit needs at least one of these books.' The Lancet
Interpretation Of The Urinary Sediment Findings
Authors: Fogazzi Giovanni B , Ponticelli Claudio , Ritz Eberhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Urinary microscopy, integrated with other diagnostic tests, contributes to the diagnosis of the diseases of the urinary tract and is also useful in evaluating their activity and in identifying complications or superimposed conditions. Some main urinary patterns can be identified, which reflect different clinical conditions. These patterns are: the nephrotic sediment; the nephritic sediment; the nephrotic and nephritic sediment; the sediment containing many tubular epithelial cells; the sediment containing bacteria and leukocytes; and the so-called minor urinary abnormalities.
Automated Systems For Urinary Sediment Analysis
Authors: Fogazzi Giovanni B , Ponticelli Claudio , Ritz Eberhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Traditional urinary microscopy requires repeated handling of the sample with consequent possible imprecision. For example, centrifugation can introduce a variable loss of elements, and the preparation of the wet mount, especially when non-standardized procedures are used, can add further error [1, 2]. Imprecision is also caused by irregular cell distribution under the coverslip, which may occur by the entrapment of formed elements by mucus [3]. Furthermore, identification and count of microscopic particles entails the risk of subjectivity, and large differences among observers are possible [4].
Introduction
Authors: Currie David G , Ritchie Ewan , Stott Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Scotland, with a population of approximately 5 million people, 80 000 to 90 000 patients are seen each year following injuries to the head. This gives an attendance rate of 1600 to 1800 per 100 000 of the population. The attendance rate in the United States is almost double this figure. Head-injured patients are seen initially by junior doctors in Accident and Emergency (A&E) departments in district general hospitals and teaching hospitals, and by general practitioners in community hospitals. On the basis of this initial assessment approximately 20 000 patients are admitted to hospital annually in Scotland.
Neurological deterioration
Authors: Currie David G , Ritchie Ewan , Stott Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The effect and outcome of a head injury depends principally on the severity of the initial impact and the extent of the damage thereby caused to the brain. This is the primary brain injury, the clinical results of which may range from a brief period of unconsciousness on the one hand, to prolonged coma on the other.
Radiology
Authors: Currie David G , Ritchie Ewan , Stott Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The interpretation of skull X-rays often devolves to relatively junior doctors in the A and E department, often at hours when experienced colleagues are not always available. The finding of a skull fracture is important in its own right, in view of the possible complications of the skull injury. It is also important evidence that the patient has had a head injury when no history of trauma is available—for example, when a patient is admitted in an unconscious state of unknown aetiology.
The causes and prevention of violence
Authors: Farrington David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most basic definition of violence is behaviour that is intended to cause, and that actually causes, physical or psychological injury. The most important violent offences defined by the criminal law are homicide, assault, robbery, and rape.
This chapter is in three sections. This first section reviews basic knowledge about violence: changes over time, measurement and prevalence, continuity from childhood to adulthood, specialization or versatility, and demographic correlates (age, gender, and race). The second section reviews risk factors for violence and presents a theory of violence, while the third section reviews effective prevention programmes.
The care of victims
Authors: Bisson Jonathan I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Victims of violence may experience a variety of emotional and psychiatric reactions to their traumatic experience. Often these represent a post-traumatic stress response, which will spontaneously resolve, but some individuals will develop specific psychi atric disorders requiring treatment. The psychological and psychiatric care of victims of violence should not be considered in isolation from other forms of care. As dis cussed elsewhere in this book, victims of violence may receive care from a variety of different agencies including the police, victim support, general practitioners, and social services. It is likely that many victims will benefit most from a well co-ordinated package of care involving different agencies.
Alport Syndrome
Authors: Flinter Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alport syndrome (AS) is the most common hereditary nephropathy, with a gene frequency of 1 in 5000. It causes 0.6 per cent of cases of chronic renal failure in Europe (Rigden et al. 1996). The majority of cases are inherited in an X-linked fashion, with a very variable phenotype in women. During the last decade, the cloning of several genes involved in the assembly of type IV collagen, which is abnormal in patients with AS, has increased our understanding of the pathogenesis of this progressive glomerulonephritis considerably.