bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular and functional analysis of a MIG1 homologue from the yeast Schwanniomyces occidentalis
Authors: Carmona Teresa A. , Barrado Patricia , Jiménez Antonio , Fernández Lobato María 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA putative glucose repressor MIG1‐homologue (SoMIG1) was isolated from the amylolytic yeast Schwanniomyces occidentalis. Degenerate primers were designed from the conserved zinc finger regions of Mig1 and CreA proteins from different organisms. PCR using these primers and S. occidentalis genomic DNA as template yielded a single 128 bp product. This fragment was used as a DNA probe to screen a S. occidentalis genomic library. Analysis of the positive clones led to the isolation by PCR of a DNA fragment, which contained an open reading frame (ORF) that would encode a 458 amino acid polypeptide. The DNA binding and effector domains of this putative protein showed an identity of 71% and 15%, respectively, to those of the Mig1 protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The SoMIG1 gene complemented a mig1 mutant of this yeast, which suggests that in S. occidentalis SoMIG1 is a glucose repressor. The Accession No. is AJ417892. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reproductive steroid hormones and ovarian activity in felids of the Leopardus genus
Authors: Moreira N. , Monteiro‐Filho E.L.A. , Moraes W. , Swanson W.F. , Graham L.H. , Pasquali O.L. , Gomes M.L.F. , Morais R.N. , Wildt D.E. , Brown J.L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractReproductive endocrine patterns were characterized in female ocelots (Leopardus pardalis; n = 3), tigrinas (Leopardus tigrinus; n = 2), and margays (Leopardus wiedii; n = 2) housed in captivity in southern Brazil. Females were maintained as singletons and exposed to natural fluctuations in photoperiod. Cyclic changes in ovarian steroids were monitored by analyzing estrogen and progestogen metabolites in fecal samples collected five times weekly for 14 to 18 months. Based on intervals between fecal estrogen peaks, mean (± SEM) duration of the estrous cycle was 18.4 ± 1.6 days for the ocelots (range, 7–31 days; n = 75 cycles), 16.7 ± 1.3 days for the tigrinas (range, 11–27 days; n = 23 cycles), and 17.6 ± 1.5 days for the margays (range, 11–25 days; n = 32 cycles). Fecal progestogen analyses combined with two laparoscopic observations of the ovaries confirmed that ocelots and tigrinas did not ovulate spontaneously. In contrast, non‐mating–induced luteal phases of 40.1 ± 6.3 days in duration (range, 30–60 days) were observed frequently in both margays. There was no evidence of gonadal seasonality in margays in either follicular or luteal activity. In ocelots, cyclic changes in estrogen excretion were observed during each month of the year; however, only one female cycled continuously. In the other two ocelots, periods of acyclicity of several months’ duration were observed. It was not possible to conclude whether tigrinas were aseasonal because estrous cyclicity was observed in only one of two individuals. In the female that cycled, a 3‐month period of acyclicity was observed in the late fall/early winter. These data demonstrate similarities among three felid species of the genus Leopardus, including evidence they are polyestrous but experience unexplained periods of ovarian inactivity. Only the margays differed by exhibiting occasional spontaneous, non‐mating–induced ovulations. Historically, these species have not bred well in captivity. However, it is hoped that understanding the biological similarities and differences among them could lead to improved management strategies that may one day result in increased reproductive success. Zoo Biol 20:103–116, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Surgeon Scientist
Authors: Murray Joseph E. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.The origins and development of the renal transplant program at the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital (now the Brigham and Women's Hospital) from the late 1940s to the present are reviewed. The program was initiated as a effort to understand hypertension as a cause of renal failure. The initial transplants were unmodified allogeneic grafts placed in the thigh, followed by extensive laboratory experiments on dogs. This research culminated with the first successful human transplant of a kidney between identical twins in 1954. In 1959 the first successful fraternal allogeneic graft was accomplished as part of a protocol utilizing total body irradiation and bone marrow replacement. Finally, with the development of immunosuppressive drugs, we were able to transplant a cadaveric kidney successfully in 1962. This was a major impetus in the study of organ transplantation worldwide, which currently involves kidneys, liver, heart, pancreas, heart/lung, and bone marrow.
Tolerance and Its Clinical Significance
Authors: Brent Leslie Baruch 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.Several aspects of fetally or neonatally induced tolerance are briefly considered, and a variety of strategies for the induction of specific tolerance in adult animals or patients are discussed. They include the following: (1) augmentation of organ transplantation with donor‐specific bone marrow; (2) the “prope” tolerance postulated by R.Y. Calne following treatment of kidney transplant recipients with a powerful monoclonal antibody; (3) linked epitope suppression, a form of specific tolerance for fully allogeneic haplotypes that can be induced in adult animals with a single major histocompatibility complex (MHC) epitope provided it is presented on the same antigen‐presenting cells as the other MHC antigens; (4) allogeneic mixed chimerism, induced in experimental animals by the inoculation of allogeneic bone marrow into adult animals that had been subjected to a nonmyelosuppressive regimen, avoiding whole body irradiation; (5) several other approaches, viz., total lymphoid irradiation with bone marrow infusion, intrathymically induced tolerance, and the still rather mysterious case of the maternally noninherited HLA antigens of siblings. All or some of these strategies may yet come into their own in clinical transplantation, as the induction of specific tolerance must still be regarded as the most satisfactory solution to the problems of allogeneic, and perhaps xenogeneic, transplantation.
Molecular Genetics of Thyroid Tumors and Surgical Decision‐making
Authors: Learoyd Diana L. , Messina Marinella , Zedenius Jan , Robinson Bruce G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe study of thyroid tumor genetics has great relevance to surgeons and facilitates understanding tumor pathogenesis, prediction of tumor behavior, and management decisions. The genes implicated can be broadly categorized as oncogenes or tumor‐suppressor genes. The RET oncogene has well established roles in the development of both papillary (PTC) and medullary (MTC) thyroid carcinoma. Genetic screening for germline RET mutations in members of multiple endocrine neoplasia type II (MEN‐II) families is now widely performed, and prophylactic thyroidectomy in gene carriers is advisable at an early age. Patients with apparently sporadic MTC can also be screened to rule out familial disease. The demonstration of a RET rearrangement in a patient's PTC may have prognostic significance, but as yet there are no management implications. The thyrotropin receptor (TSH‐R) and Gsα become oncogenic through point mutation and are associated with the development of toxic thyroid adenomas. The ras oncogene is implicated in the early stages of development of several thyroid tumor types. Tumor‐suppressor genes also have a role in thyroid tumor formation. The p53 gene appears to be involved in the process of transformation to the anaplastic phenotype and the PTEN gene in the development of follicular adenomas but not carcinomas. There is still limited evidence for the so called adenoma–carcinoma sequence of the thyroid follicular cell. Loss of heterozygosity studies have enabled identification of tumor‐suppressor genes, and their findings suggests differences in the pathogenesis of PTCs compared with follicular cancers. Surgical decision‐making will benefit from these basic molecular advances, which rapidly translates into improved patient management.
Occult Micro Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma: Therapeutic Strategy and Follow‐up
Authors: Peix Jean Louis , Braun Petra , Saadat Masood , Berger Nicole , El Khazen Mansour , Mancini Frédérique 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTwenty micro medullary thyroid carcinomas (MTCs) were found in histologic specimens of 19 patients in our department from 1990 to 1998. There were 14 women and 5 men, with a median age of 63 years. The indication for surgery was goiter in 12 patients and a solitary nodule in 7 patients (three differentiated cancers). Altogether, 18 patients had unifocal micro‐MTCs with a median diameter of 3.6 mm. One patient had a bilateral MTC (3 and 5 mm, respectively). Surgical procedures consisted of 9 total thyroidectomies and 10 lobectomies or subtotal thyroidectomies. Of these 10 patients, 4 underwent reoperation (totalization). One was operated on 48 months after a positive pentagastrin test: There was no thyroid residual tumor but three lymph node micrometastases. Among the six patients in whom thyroid tissue was left, a 91‐year‐old woman died of unrelated cause and the five others remain disease‐free without biologic abnormalities at follow‐ups of 18 to 70 months. Considering the aggressiveness of MTCs, total thyroidectomy with central compartment dissection is theoretically indicated. However, among the nine total thyroidectomies and four secondary totalizations associated with at least central compartment dissection, no other thyroid lesion was observed and only one case of lymph node microinvasion was found. Because of the morbidity associated with reoperation and neck dissection, we propose that it is indicated only for microcarcinomas > 5 mm in diameter, in cases of an abnormal response to pentagastrin, or when it is difficult to ensure prolonged follow‐up of the patient.
Method for Dissection of Mesenteric Metastases in Mid‐gut Carcinoid Tumors
Authors: Öhrvall Ulf , Eriksson Barbro , Juhlin Claes , Karacagil Sadettin , Rastad Jonas , Hellman Per , Åkerström Göran 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWith adequate medical management the midgut carcinoid tumor generally is an indolent malignancy associated with substantial life expectancy and appreciable life quality, even in the presence of liver metastases and significant tumor burden. Abdominal complications may occur in this entity of carcinoids owing to entrapment of intestines and encasement of mesenteric vessels by mesenteric metastases and associated marked mesenteric fibrosis. This may be the cause of abdominal pain, disabling diarrhea, weight loss to the extent of malnutrition, and eventually the risk of death with acute or chronic intestinal obstruction or intestinal gangrene. Operative removal of the mesentericointestinal lesion is often indicated to prevent or treat these complications but may be technically difficult when mesenteric metastases extend in the vicinity of major vessels in the mesenteric root. At laparotomy 56 patients with advanced midgut carcinoids underwent removal of the mesenteric tumor with a method for preserving the mesenteric vessels. This was feasible by mobilizing and releasing the right colon and mesenteric root from posterior adhesions, identifying the mesenteric artery below the pancreas, and free‐dissecting this artery on the tumor capsule in the mobilized mesentery. Dissection was successful even with tumors initially judged inoperable unless tumor growth completely surrounded the mesenteric vessels or extended retroperitoneally. One patient was subjected to distal intestinal artery bypass. Symptom relief was been substantial and often of long duration after mesenteric tumor removal in patients who prior to surgery often had threatening intestinal ischemia. Patients with advanced midgut carcinoids may benefit markedly from dissectional removal of mesenteric tumors, which (conceivably better than conventional wedge resection) preserves the length of the remaining intestine.
Clinical Characteristics and Prognosis of Patients with Hepatoblastoma
Authors: Jung Sung‐Eun , Kim Ki‐Hong , Kim Min‐Young , Kim Dae‐Yeon , Lee Seong‐Cheol , Park Kwi‐Won , Kim Woo‐Ki 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.Hepatoblastoma is a rare pediatric malignancy that frequently appears in an advanced unresectable stage. Improved resectability and survival rate have been reported with the help of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Between January 1987 and June 1995 a series of 20 patients were managed with a diagnosis of hepatoblastoma. The median age at diagnosis was 13 months (2 months to 7 years 10 months) with a male/female ratio of 13:7. Chemotherapy effectively reduced the tumor volume (with statistical significance: p= 0.008) and was able to convert seven of nine initially unresectable tumors (78%) to resectable ones. Altogether, 14 operations were done, 12 radical and 2 palliative, with or without adjuvant chemotherapy. The whole population was followed for a median duration of 33 months; and the median survival for the whole group was 26 months. The curative resection group displayed a 5‐year survival rate of 61.1%, but none in the noncurative group survived more than 13 months (p= 0.0001). In the univariate analysis for prognostic factors, large tumor size at diagnosis and the absence of thrombocytopenia were associated with poor survival, but these differences were not statistically significant. Pure fetal histology was not associated with better prognosis. In this new era of neoadjuvant chemotherapy, the optimal management strategy for hepatoblastoma is still debated, with radical surgical resection at the earliest possible time being the final goal. For now an individualized approach appears to be the protocol of choice.
Use of Intraoperative Ultrasonography during Hepatolithectomy
Authors: Zhang Wei , Niu Hai‐Ou , Zhao Guang‐Wu , Su Ke‐Jun , Wei Hong‐Chen , Su Zi‐Xia , Huai Jian‐Cun 
Published: August 2002

AbstractComplete clearance of intrahepatic stones has long been a major surgical challenge. To reduce the incidence of residual stones, we used intraoperative ultrasonography (IOUS) to localize them and guide lithectomy in 38 patients with hepatolithiasis between July 1988 and December 1993. All patients had multiple intrahepatic stones; 24 had accompanying extrahepatic calculi. Hepatic stones were confined to the left intrahepatic biliary tract in 13 patients, to the right in 9, and in both lobes in 16. Twenty‐three patients underwent common bile duct exploration followed by T‐tube drainage, 8 had transhepatic lithotomy with or without choledocholithotomy, 3 had choledocolithotomy and Roux‐en‐Y side‐to‐side choledochojejunostomy, and 2 had hepaticojejunostomy, left lobectomy was performed in the remainder. In 35 patients cholecystectomy was performed at the same time. Complete clearance of the stones was achieved in 36 patients (94.7%). The incidence of retained stone was decreased to 5.3%. No associated complications occurred. IOUS can accurately localize intrahepatic calculi, directly orient lithotomy instruments to approach the stones, demonstrate the spatial relation between stone and intrahepatic critical structure, and thereby choose an optical route for transhepatic lithotomy. Imaging can be repeated at any time with no radiation exposure to the patient or the medical staff.
Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma in Mexican Patients: Clinical Aspects and Prognostic Factors
Authors: Herrera Miguel F. , López‐Graniel Carlos M. , Saldaña Jorge , Gamboa‐Domínguez Armando , Richaud‐Patín Yvonne , Vargas‐Vorackova Florencia , Angeles‐Angeles Arturo , Llorente Luis , Castillo Cecilia , Pérez Bernardo , Rivera Raúl , González Ofelia , Rull Juan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe present study characterizes papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in a Mexican patient sample and evaluates potential prognostic factors for recurrence. Clinical records of 229 patients with PTC were analyzed. Surgical specimens were rereviewed and DNA ploidy determined. Cox logistic regression was used to explore prognostic factors. Mean age ± SD of the patients was 42 ± 16 years, with a male/female ratio of 24:205. A thyroid mass was the initial manifestation in 99%. Extrathyroid invasion occurred in 45% and nodal metastases in 38%. Mean size ± SD of the tumors was 3 ± 2 cm. By flow cytometry 88% of the tumors were DNA euploid and 12% aneuploid. Complete tumor resection was achieved in 83% with an operative mortality of 0.4%. Postoperative hormone suppression was administered in 65% and remnant 131I thyroid ablation in 84%. The 10‐year recurrence‐free survival was 85%. In the group of patients with tumors totally removed and without distant metastases, none of the 14 evaluated variables demonstrated statistical significance as an independent prognostic factor for recurrence. However, the group of patients in whom a combination of the following factors was present—age ≥ 40 years, tumor size ≥ 3 cm, local invasion, and lymph node metastases—showed a higher incidence of tumor recurrence.
Mediators of Injury and Inflammation
Authors: Schlag G. , Redl H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMediators play a key role in the development of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, and multiple organ failure of vital organs. In this short review, we update our knowledge on these mediator networks. First, we summarize the stimuli that occur during severe trauma (intraoperative stress), including polymorphonuclear neutrophil‐derived tissue‐damaging substances, complement activation products, and adherence molecules such as selectins. The gut in shock is discussed as an important intermediate step in the transition from noninfectious to infectious SIRS. Second, we describe the mediators, including cytokines, nitric oxide, phospholipase A2, platelet‐activating factor, and procoagulatory substances, that are released during sepsis. The release of mediators depends primarily on the severity of the trauma, shock, or sepsis and secondarily on the activation of the various cascades of mediators during posttraumatic/postoperative complications. The mediators are thus of decisive importance regarding the intensity of organ damage and the outcome.
Hematologic Problems and Organ Transplantation
Authors: Dmitrewski Jan , Russell Scott , Vijeyasingham Rajasingam , McMaster Paul 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDisturbances in blood coagulation profiles combined with intraoperative technical problems may lead to hemorrhage and significant blood loss. During the postoperative period hematologic changes may result from the use of immunosuppressive drugs, so careful monitoring and review are essential parts of management. The two major aspects of hematologic change are reviewed.
Safe Hemoglobin or Hematocrit Levels in Surgical Patients
Authors: Lundsgaard‐Hansen Per 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe terminology and fundamental aspects of the delivery, consumption, and deficits of oxygen are recalled. In chronic and acute, nonseptic states, red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is capable of increasing oxygen consumption (VO2). In acute septic states, the response of VO2 to RBC transfusion is variable and unpredictable, but attempts to increase oxygen delivery (DO2) should be made if the clinical picture raises the suspicion of a potentially lethal oxygen deficit. Therapeutic interventions raising the cardiac index to “supranormal” values in critically ill patients improve their chances of survival; and maintenance of hemoglobin or hematocrit values around 11 g/dl or 33%, respectively, is one part of such interventions. Opinions differ on the general tolerance of anemia, as witnessed by postulated “critical levels” of the hemoglobin concentration between approximately 11 and 4 to 5 g/dl or hematocrit values between 33% and 12% to 15%, respectively. The common denominator underlying these vastly different opinions is the variable behavior of several “non‐Hb variables,” which influence the venous oxygen tensions apart from the hemoglobin or hematocrit. Abnormalities of these non‐Hb variables—typically encountered in the critically ill—increase the dependence of patients on hemoglobin or hematocrit levels that suffice to protect them against an oxygen deficit. For this reason, the “critical” hemoglobin or hematocrit is anindividualvalue, and a generally valid “transfusion trigger” doesnotexist. Finally, the entity now known as silent myocardial ischemia (SMI) is a decisive factor for the tolerance of anemia. Solid clinical evidence is now available to support the concept that patients over age 40 should not, as an elective procedure, be subjected to levels < 10 g/dl or < 30%, respectively, without prior exclusion of SMI by appropriate investigations.
Recombinant Blood Components: Clinical Administration Today and Tomorrow
Authors: Growe Gershon H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractImprovements in the technology of whole blood fractionation have resulted in the development of many subfractions that allow more specific management of clotting deficiencies, such as the hemophilias. Infective disasters have occurred in recent years, which has led to concern regarding the use of human blood components. There has been great interest in the search for alternatives, such as synthetic volume expanders, antifibrinolytic drugs, and hormones to stimulate bone marrow production. Recombinant technology has developed rapidly over the past 15 years, and several products are now available for use, including recombinant factor VIII and recombinant factor VIIa for the treatment of hemophilia and recombinant erythropoietin to stimulate red blood cell production. As these recombinant proteins are complex, they require mammalian cell lines as their substrate. Recombinant processes have the potential to produce sufficient quantities of these products for the treatment of patients around the world independent of a human plasma source. The introduction of all of the new recombinant products has been done in an orderly fashion through clinical trials. Erythropoietin was extensively reviewed initially for its effect in chronic renal failure patients and appears to have other applications. Recombinant factor VIII has now become a mainstay of treatment for many patients with hemophilia A, and recombinant factor VIIa has a major role to play in the management of patients with inhibitors to factors VIII and IX. We anticipate the availability of other recombinant blood proteins soon.
Value of Mass Screening for Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Miki Hitoshi , Inoue Hiroyuki , Komaki Kansei , Uyama Tadashi , Morimoto Tadaoki , Monden Yasumasa 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study aims to clarify the presently uncertain value of mass screening for thyroid cancer, which has been performed by physical examination along with mass screening for breast cancer in Zentsuji, Japan since 1983. Among 18,619 subjects, 36 individuals with thyroid cancer (0.19%) were found. The detection rate was 0.40% at the initial screening and 0.10% during subsequent periodic screening. All thyroid cancers were confirmed histologically as well differentiated carcinoma. The tumor size in the mass‐screening group (14 ± 6 mm) was significantly smaller than in patients presenting at an outpatient clinic during the same period (19 ± 13 mm) (p < 0.05). The incidence of nodal metastases in the mass‐screening group (38%) was significantly lower than in the outpatient group (68%) (p < 0.05). Thus mass screening seemed to find thyroid cancers in a relatively early stage. Mass screening for thyroid cancer was economic in this instance because it was performed together with screening for other cancers, such as breast cancer. Thyroid cancer screening required less than one additional minute per subject. The ultimate aim of mass screening is to reduce mortality. No improvement in prognosis from enforced mass screening for thyroid cancer was detected in this study. It cannot be demonstrated that there is sufficient value of mass screening for thyroid cancer to perform it independently despite early cancer detection.