bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Armies Without Nations
Authors: Holden Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Public violence, a persistent feature of Latin American life since the collapse of Iberian rule in the 1820s, has been especially prominent in Central America. Robert H. Holden shows how public violence shaped the states that have governed Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. Linking public violence and patrimonial political cultures, he shows how the early states improvised their authority by bargaining with armed bands or montoneras. Improvisation continued into the twentieth century as the bands were gradually superseded by semi-autonomous national armies, and as new agents of public violence emerged in the form of armed insurgencies and death squads. World War II, Holden argues, set into motion the globalization of public violence. Its most dramatic manifestation in Central America was the surge in U.S. military and police collaboration with the governments of the region, beginning with the Lend-Lease program of the 1940s and continuing through the Cold War. Although the scope of public violence had already been established by the people of the Central American countries, globalization intensified the violence and inhibited attempts to shrink its scope. Drawing on archival research in all five countries as well as in the United States, Holden elaborates the connections among the national, regional, and international dimensions of public violence. Armies Without Nations crosses the borders of Central American, Latin American, and North American history, providing a model for the study of global history and politics.
El Salvador: A Democracy of Violence
Authors: Holden Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A purely impressionistic reading of Central America’s past suggests that until 1932, El Salvador may have been the scene of the most frequent and intense public violence. The affiliation of this violence with the name of the Christian savior himself, el Salvador, is not so much ironic as grimly appropriate, as salvadoreños seemed driven to reenact His immolation as their own. After all, what made 1932 the universally regarded turning point in El Salvador’s modern history was the government’s bloody suppression of a peasant uprising rather than the uprising itself; the suppression became known simply as the matanza or “slaughter” of eight to ten thousand partisans and innocent peasants. It came just as Salvadoran public violence was starting to order itself to the requirements of a militarized state that, uniquely in the isthmus, would preserve itself uninterruptedly for nearly six decades.
Transformations
Authors: Holden Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last five chapters have attempted to show how the limits of public violence acquired the expansiveness that came to characterize the republics of Central America during the first century or so of their independence. In either seeking or exercising power, few men could act without being prepared to capture, exile, maim, or kill their opponents. By the 1920s, after a century of turmoil that exceeded anything the isthmus had experienced during the three centuries of Spanish rule, a rising number of public meaculpas by isthmian intellectuals and politicians called attention not only to the extraordinary scope of public violence, but to such associated phenomena as the improvisational character of the state and the persistence of political loyalties that were always more personalistic than institutional or ideological.
Guatemala: “Showcase of Latin America”
Authors: Holden Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the United States was drawn into World War II, the prospect of a closer military relationship with Washington impassioned President Ubico. In June 1940, he assured the United States of his absolute loyalty to the Allied cause. To prove it, he revealed that he would soon issue a decree, already drawn up and awaiting his signature,”stating that anybody whose activities disturbed the independence or security of the State would be immediately shot,” the U.S. ambassador reported. In return for that loyalty, Ubico wanted weapons for what he said was a badly underequipped army. Washington was prepared to cooperate but it had reservations. On the one hand, U.S. political as well as military authorities recognized the strategic necessity of supplying enough arms and training to Guatemala to enable it to defend the country “against the first brunt of sudden internal or external aggression.” On the other hand, Ubico’s munitions wish-list was “inflated,” and the quantity of arms sent should not be so great as to represent a risk in the event the government falls to “an openly pro-German dictator.” The proposed solution was to offer Ubico a large U.S. military mission to train Guatemalan soldiers, but whose real function was to control and protect the transferred arms. But the dictator succeeded in defeating that plan, evidently concerned over both the cost of such a mission (whose members would have to be paid by Guatemala) and the implied affront to nationalist sensibilities. Not until 1945, the year after Ubico’s overthrow, would Guatemala consent to a U.S. military mission, composed of separate army and aviation units.
Angry Speeches and Strange Afflictions
Authors: Godbeer Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Finch wore a grim, implacable expression as he resurrected painful memories of his little daughter’s death. It was all very well for ministers to preach submission to God’s will, but what about Elizabeth Clawson’s role in bringing about his child’s untimely end? Whatever God’s ultimate motives in allowing this to happen, John Finch was convinced that a witch had murdered his daughter. He wanted revenge.
The First Season
Authors: Gushee Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reaction of Alexander Pantages to the band’s audition at his Pantages Theater is surely the stuff of showbiz legend. One imagines him exclaiming in a Greek-accented English: “You boys are terrific. I don’t care what kind of act you make up, I’ve got to have that music”1— only a slight dramatization of Baquet’s story as given in the preceding chapter. But we have yet to hear from a major witness to the band’s career, Henry Morgan Prince, who as “Old Joe” (or “Old Black Joe”) was the much-appreciated singer and dancer with the group. What follows, although composed as an objective account, summarizes a 1959 interview with Prince.
The Second Season
Authors: Gushee Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The creole band that Bill Johnson had brought together in Los Angeles in the spring of 1914 almost certainly didn’t have a show business career in mind at the outset; they were still a dance band. Once Henry Morgan Prince linked up with them, however, it’s possible, even likely, that vaudeville became one of their options— indeed, that may have been the reason for the association in the first place. Considering the enthusiastic applause that greeted them at virtually every stop on the Pantages tour, it must have become obvious that they might have a future in vaudeville.
The Final Season
Authors: Gushee Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Unplanned and decidedly messy break-up of the Creole Band in Boston wouldn’t have endeared them to Marcus Loew or the Shuberts. Who brought them back together for what might in retrospect be called a lame-duck season? And why? By the fall of 1917, the “jazz” craze was in full bloom, with the word cropping up with increasing frequency on record labels, sheet music and orchestration covers, newspaper and magazine articles. Not only that; it was widely believed that the music had originated in New Orleans. Very likely it would have occurred to Bill Johnson and to his former bandmates that, despite its problems, the Creole Band could rightfully cash in on the steadily growing popularity for jazz music, even if many Americans were not very clear as to what it was.
Unwillingly to School
Authors: Best Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nation and society into which Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill was born, the place in which he was born, and the parents to whom he was born, were all remarkable. The world into which he was born, on 30 November 1874, was one in which the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was, to put it bluntly, ‘top nation’. Its industries and commerce had caused it to be known as the ‘workshop of the world’. Its merchant shipping fleet outstripped all others and its shipyards made many of the others’ ships. London was Europe’s biggest city and the world’s financial capital. Britain’s foreign investments and all the informal authority that went with them far exceeded those of France and the Netherlands, its nearest rivals. The overseas Empire subject to British sovereignty was unmatched in scale and resources; a global fact to which the attention of other powers was drawn by two events closely following Winston’s birth: Prime Minister Disraeli’s bold acquisition of a controlling share in the Suez Canal in 1875; and the spectacular proclamation of Queen Victoria as Empress of India in 1877. The British navy, by far the world’s largest and most prestigious, was proudly believed to maintain over the world’s waterways a beneficent Pax Britannica.
Willingly to War
Authors: Best Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sandhurst suited him better than Harrow. He had no trouble with the work there, got into no serious scrapes (the one nearest to seriousness, involving some slight damage to property and his first public oration to a rowdy crowd at the Empire Theatre, is amusingly described in My Early Life), excelled on the equestrian side, and passed out with honours, eighth out of 150.1 The original family plan had been for him to go into the infantry, but, to his hard-up mother’s distress, he insisted on accepting the embrace of a very smart, exclusive and expensive cavalry regiment, the 4th Hussars. The life of an officer in so prestigious and gorgeously-apparelled an outfit, once he was through the painful rigours of the riding school, was easy and delightful, but the glamour of manoeuvres, the luxuries of the mess, the excitements of the polo field, and the social round of parties and balls (where in any case he was not at his best), did not for long satisfy him. From when he was commissioned in February 1895 until he became a Member of Parliament five years later, Winston was a soldier, but a soldier of a most uncommon kind; and not only because he quickly tired of routine soldiering and spent as much time as he could away from his regiment. He also improved his mind by serious solitary study while seeking to prepare himself for public life by making himself ‘a celebrity’; he shamelessly pulled strings to involve himself in such active service adventures as garrison duty could not provide, and he discovered that he could earn a handsome income by journalism (war correspondence), book-writing (campaign histories and a novel) and public-speaking.
Clementine and the Commons
Authors: Best Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Churchill entered the House of Commons as MP for Oldham and, to nobody’s surprise, as a Conservative Unionist. Nothing else was to be expected of so conspicuous a son of so conspicuous a Conservative father. What was surprising, and to the great majority of Conservatives offensive, was that within four years the son had crossed the floor to join the Liberals. This was the first of the string of pools of political hot water through which he would have to swim; and it was potentially the most embarrassing, for it concerned the qualities most revered in family and political life: loyalty of son to father, and loyalty of member to party. The question concerning the father is the easier to deal with, for his father’s Conservatism was undeniably idiosyncratic. Lord Randolph had been anything but the party manager’s ideal of being one of the MPs who, as the Palace of Westminster sentry sings of them in Gilbert and Sullivan’s Iolanthe, ‘do just what their leaders tell ‘em to’. Lord Randolph’s associates then, and historians since, have found it difficult to make out where opportunism ended and principle began. They have been unable to determine how radical and democratic his vaunted Tory Democracy actually was. There was, however, no doubt that he had enjoyed flirting with Liberalism in his last years, even to the point of remarking that Home Rule - the Gladstonian Liberals’ proposed solution to the Irish question, a measure abhorrent to good imperialists - was the only obstacle between them and him. Winston made the most of these Liberal and democratic inclinations in the heavyweight biography of his father on which he soon began working.
First Lord of the Admiralty
Authors: Best Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Churchill enormously enjoyed his time at the Admiralty. (How much Clementine enjoyed it is another matter.) His pages about it in The World Crisis fizz with hyperactivity vividly recalled, giving the impression while you read them that he can have had no time for anything else—and also giving the impression that the senior admirals liked him more than most of them actually did. In fact the Royal Navy was by no means the only political problem he had to cope with at that time, and his work at the Admiralty was not as widely appreciated at the time as he thought it ought to be. These were great days. From dawn to midnight, day after day, one’s whole mind was absorbed by the fascination and novelty of the problems which came crowding forward. And all the time there was a sense of power to act, to form, to organize: all the ablest officers in the Navy standing ready, loyal and eager, with argument, guidance, information ... Saturdays, Sundays and any other spare day I spent always with the Fleets [of battleships] at Portsmouth or at Portland or Devonport, or with the Flotillas [ of destroyers and such] at Harwich. Officers of every rank came on board to lunch or dine and discussion proceeded without ceasing on every aspect of naval war and administration.
Recovery
Authors: Best Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Equipping himself for going to the war was done with the same brisk decisiveness and disregard of cost shown in fitting himself up as a painter, but with a lot more fuss. He was transformed from civilian into soldier within forty-eight hours. 41 Cromwell Road throbbed and hummed with excitement and activity, as his family decked him out and friends called to wish him luck. He left for France on 18 November and was to be in France or just over the Belgian border (except when he was on leave in London) for twenty-three weeks. This was not much of a stint of active service, but one of its points of interest is in showing several of Churchill’s better features and a few of his worse. It is in any case an extraordinary episode. This new eccentricity by so unique a celebrity attracted public attention, amusingly chronicled by E. V. Lucas in his satirical column in the Star: ‘Mr Winston Churchill announces his intention of returning to the army . . . Reiteration by Mr Winston Churchill of his desperate military purpose ... Mr Winston Chur-chill leaves for the front. Panic among the enemy ... Mr Winston Churchill, having sufficiently changed the trend of events, relinquishes his commission.’ The reality was this. The first thing he did on reaching France was sensibly to arrange to get some first-hand experience of trench life; this was done with the Grenadier Guards, from 20 to 30 November. From 1 to n December, he was at Sir John French’s HQ at St-Omer, awaiting a posting and socialising with its influential inmates and hangers on. (Several were to remain important to him in later years: Archibald Sinclair, Edward Spiers and Max Aitken, the future Lord Beaverbrook.)
Special Operations and Bombing Offensive
Authors: Best Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The obvious and ordinary way to meet the challenges of Britain’s situation in June 1940 was to concentrate all resources on the defence of the British Isles. Churchill’s way was the eccentric one of finding means to go on the offensive, even though that meant, as did the opening of the Mediterranean strategy, a diversion of heavy equipment away from home defence. Less resource-consuming were the Special Forces which he immediately set about recruiting with the purpose, as he imagined, of making it difficult for the Germans to think they were secure in their military occupation of nearly every continental European land. In common with many others in those early days, he innocently underestimated the strength of the German hold and was as yet incapable of imagining how efficiently and ruthlessly it would be maintained. On 6 June he put it to the Chiefs of Staff, through Ismay, that the Australians who were about to arrive in Britain would make first-rate Striking Companies ... equipped with grenades, trench-mortars, tommy-guns, armoured vehicles and the like ... We have got to get out of our minds the idea that the Channel ports and all the country between them are enemy territory. What arrangements are being made for good agents in Denmark [and elsewhere in occupied Europe] and along the French coast? Enterprises must be prepared, with specially trained troops of the hunter class, who can develop a reign of terror down these coasts, first of all on the ‘butcher and bolt’ policy; but later on ... we could surprise Calais or Boulogne, kill and capture the Hun garrison ... and then away. I look to the Chiefs of Staff to propose to me measures for a vigorous, enterprising and ceaseless offensive against the whole German-occupied coastline.
Key Partners in Protecting Children and Supporting Families
Authors: Comstock Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Protecting children is about assessing their safety and then building a net of protection and support for them and their families. This net cannot be created or provided by you or your agency alone. The approach must be one of partnering—first and foremost among you, the family, and their informal networks of support; next with the other mandated systems, such as law enforcement and the legal system; and finally with the numerous other systems, service providers, organizations, agencies, tribes, or communities that can work together to accomplish the outcomes of child safety, permanence, and child and family well-being. The responsibility and privilege of protecting children is shared and requires a great deal of commitment and effort to work. As the CPS worker, you are often the cog in the wheel that keeps the partnerships turning.
Intake and Investigation: Initial Stages of the CPS Process
Authors: Tondrowski Janine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The CPS process begins with the referral. Your evaluation of the referral through intake sets in motion the rest of the process. It is critical for you to maintain your focus on child safety and engage the family in ensuring that safety. If you focus on collecting information that is balanced and fosters cooperation among all of the involved parties, your chances of helping the family to a successful resolution of concerns will be greatly enhanced.
Lincoln ’s Sanctuary
Authors: Pinsker Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the heartbreaking death of his son Willie, Abraham Lincoln and his family fled the gloom that hung over the White House, moving into a small cottage outside Washington, on the grounds of the Soldiers ‘ Home, a residence for disabled military veterans. In Lincoln’s Sanctuary, historian Matthew Pinsker offers a fascinating portrait of Lincoln’s stay in this cottage and tells the story of the president’s remarkable growth as a national leader and a private man. Lincoln lived at the Soldiers’. Home for a quarter of his presidency, and for nearly half of the critical year of 1862, but most Americans (including many scholars) have not heard of the place. Indeed, this is the first volume to specifically connect this early “summer White House” to key wartime developments, including the Emancipation Proclamation, the firing of McClellan, the evolution of Lincoln’s “Father Abraham” image, the election of 1864, and the assassination conspiracy. Through a series of striking vignettes, the reader discovers a more accessible Lincoln, demonstrating what one visitor to the Soldiers’ Home described as his remarkable “elasticity of spirits.” At his secluded cottage, the president complained to his closest aides, recited poetry to his friends, reconnected with his wife and family, conducted secret meetings with his political enemies, and narrowly avoided assassination attempts. Perhaps most important, he forged key friendships that helped renew his flagging spirits. The cottage became a refuge from the pressures of the White House, a place of tranquility where Lincoln could refresh his mind. Based on research in rarely tapped sources, especially the letters and memoirs of people who lived or worked at the Soldiers’ Home, Lincoln’s Sanctuary offers the unexpected—a completely fresh view of Abraham Lincoln—through the window of a place that helped shape his presidency.
“Gone to the country”
Authors: Pinsker Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On A Friday Afternoon Near The End Of May 1862, Mary Lincoln Received a note from a young White House aide that she considered inappropriate. John Hay, a twenty-three-year-old presidential assistant, was casually inquiring if the Marine Band might once again begin its summer concerts on the White House lawn. It was just a few months after the death of her second son, and the first lady was emphatic in response. “It is our especial desire,” she wrote, “that the Band, does not play in these grounds, this Summer,” adding firmly, “We expect our wishes to be complied with.” Hay had clashed with the president’s wife before. Not far removed from his college days at Brown University, the handsome Illinois native had a bachelor’s impatience with assertive women. Meanwhile, Mary Lincoln had been determined in the first year of her husband’s administration to establish herself as mistress of the nation’s house. Their competing interests and insecurities made for some explosive moments. Although the two figures eventually forged a workable truce, during this period the sniping was fairly constant. “The Hell- cat is getting more Hell-cattail day by day,” the young attorney had confided to a fellow aide only a month earlier.
“Present at Fort Stevens”
Authors: Pinsker Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“All Well,” Abraham Lincoln Wrote To His Wife On June 29, 1864, “Tom Is Moving things out.” The president was referring to the relocation of his family’s belongings for their third season at the Soldiers’ Home. Mary Lincoln was once again in New York, waiting to rendezvous with Robert Lincoln, who was in the final days of his college experience at Harvard. “Tom” was probably Thomas Stackpole, a watchman familiar with the Soldiers’. Home and a favorite of the Lincolns. Everything seemed to be in order for another season at the private White House. The New York Herald reported that Robert Lincoln met his mother on July 2 and that the two then proceeded directly to Washington. Willard Cutter told his family that the presidential entourage formally occupied their cottage on Independence Day.
Integrity
Authors: Milees Steven H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern readers tend to hear this passage as proposing a morally aloof, insular, even priestly medical professionalism. Yet ancient Greek physicians were practical workers in a society that expected them to be engaged citizens rather than ascetics who stood apart. Von Staden’s authoritative analysis of this passage examines and successfully resolves the apparent paradox between the apparently inward-looking sense of these words and a life of professional engagement with society. It is helpful to read this passage one half at a time.