bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reflections of physiotherapy students in the United Arab Emirates during their clinical placements: A qualitative study
Authors: Larin Hélène , Wessel Jean , Al-Shamlan Amal 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
Background
Although Western models of education are being used to establish health professional programs in non-Western countries, little is known about how students in these countries perceive their learning experiences. The purpose of this qualitative study was to describe the reflections of physiotherapy students from a Middle East culture during their clinical placements and to compare them to reflections of physiotherapy students from a Western culture.

Methods
Subjects were six senior students (3 females, 3 males, mean age 22.6 years) and 15 junior, female students (mean age 20.1 years) in the baccalaureate physiotherapy program at a university in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). They wrote weekly entries in a journal while in their clinical placements. They described an event, their reaction to it, and how it might affect their future behavior. Two evaluators independently read and coded the content of all the journals, and then worked together to categorize the data and develop themes. A third evaluator, an UAE national, independently read the journals to validate the content analysis. A feedback session with students was used to further validate the data interpretation. The themes were compared to those derived from a similar study of Canadian physiotherapy students.

Results
The content of the students' reflections were grouped into 4 themes: professional behavior, awareness of learning, self-development and shift to a patient orientation, and identification and analysis of ethical issues. Although the events were different, students from the UAE considered many of the same issues reflected on by Canadian students.

Conclusion
Physiotherapy students from a Middle East culture consider many of the same issues as students from a Western culture when asked to reflect on their clinical experience. They reflect on their personal growth, on how they learn in a clinical setting, and on the ethical and professional behaviors of themselves and others.
"The Horror": The Subject of Desire in Postcolonial Studies
Authors: Nelson Diane M. 
Published: January 2005

Imperial Leather: Race, Gender and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest. Anne McClintock. New York: Routledge, 1995. 449 pp.Race and the Education of Desire: Foucault's History of Sexuality and the Colonial Order of Things. Ann Laura Stoler. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1995. 238 pp.Colonial Desire: Hybridity in Theory, Culture, and Race. Robert J. C. Young. London: Routledge, 1995.236 pp.
Rethinking Power and Culture in Anthropology
Authors: Darlington Susan M. 
Published: January 2005

Who Can Compete against the World? Power‐Protection and Buddhism in Shan Woridview. Nicola Tannenbaum. Ann Arbor, MI: Association of Asian Studies, 1995.228 pp.State Power and Culture in Thailand. E. Paul Durrenberger. ed. Yale Southeast Asia Studies Monograph, 44. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1996. 200 pp.
The Story of a Marriage: The Letters of Bronislaw Mallnowski and Elsie Masson, vol. 1/The Story of a Marriage; The Letters of Bronislaw Mallnowski and Elsie Masson, vol. 2
Authors: Bauer Janet 
Published: January 2005

The Story of a Marriage: The Letters of Bronislaw Mallnowski and Elsie Masson, vol. 1. 1916 ‐ 1920. HELENA WAYNE. London: Routledge, 1995. xviii + 196 pp., illustrations, map, chronology, notes, index.The Story of a Marriage; The Letters of Bronislaw Mallnowski and Elsie Masson, vol. 2. 1920 – 1935 HELENA WAYNE. London: Routledge, 1995. viii + 261 pp., illustrations, map, chronology, notes, index.
Reading Rio from Bangkok: an Asianist Perspective on Brazil's Male Homosexual Cultures
Authors: Jackson Peter A. 
Published: January 2005

Beneath the Equator: Cultures of Desire, Male Homosexuality, and Emerging Gay Communities in Brazil. Richard Parker. New York: Routledge Press, 1998. xvi. 288 pp., figures, tables, notes, bibliography, index.Travesti: Sex, Gender and Culture among Brazilian Transgendered Prostitutes. Don Kuhck. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. xi. 269 pp., notes, references, index.Beyond Carnival: Male Homosexuality in Twentieth‐Century Brazil. James N. Green. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. xiii+408pp.,illustrations,photographs,notes, bibliography, index.
The El Mozote Massacre: Anthropology and Human Rights/Power, Ethics and Human Rights: Anthropological Studies of Refugee Research and Action
Authors: Schirmer Jennifer 
Published: January 2005

The El Mozote Massacre: Anthropology and Human Rights. Leigh Binford. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1996. xix. 263 pp., illustrations, tables, notes, references, index.Power, Ethics and Human Rights: Anthropological Studies of Refugee Research and Action. Ruth M. Krelfeld and Jeffrey L. Macdonald. eds. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, Inc., 1998. vii. 203 pp., index, contributors.
Being in the Field: Reflections on a Mi'kmaq Kekunit Ceremony
Authors: Hornborg Anne‐Christine 
Published: January 2005

This article has a threefold purpose. First, it seeks to show how modern rituals among Mi'kmaq traditionalists in eastern Canada are anchored in and derive their rationale from modern reserve existence. Two rituals are described, a kekunit godparent ceremony for a 14‐year‐old girl and a sweat lodge ceremony later the same evening.Second, the article also provides an example of the paradoxes of “participant observation” by showing how engagement in fieldwork may turn the fieldworker's preconceived beliefs and attitudes on their head. The effect of some words from a young girl illustrates how being‐in‐the‐field in an instant can shatter the most comfortable distinctions between a rational Self and a superstitious Other. Being‐in‐the‐field entails a continuous oscillation between close engagement in people's lifeworlds and distanced observations of human behavior. In the third part of the article, I reinterpret the ritual—a painful process for me, albeit necessary. As for the participants themselves, their pain is as diffuse and enduring as their lives.
Flexible Bodies: The Role of Immunity in American Culture from the Days of Polio to the Age of AIDS/Crafting Science: A Sociohistory of the Quest for the Genetics of Cancer
Authors: Hess David J. 
Published: January 2005

Flexible Bodies: The Role of Immunity in American Culture from the Days of Polio to the Age of AIDS. Emily Martin. Boston: Beacon Press, 1994 (cloth and paper), xxiii. 320 pp.Crafting Science:. Sociohistory of the Quest for the Genetics of Cancer. Joan Fujimura. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996. xii. 322 pp.
Embodiment and Experience: The Existential Ground of Culture and Self/Body Thoughts
Authors: Sobo Elisa J. 
Published: January 2005

Embodiment and Experience: The Existential Ground of Culture and Self. Thomas J. Csordas. ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994 (cloth and paper), xi. 294 pp.Body Thoughts. Andrew J. Strathern. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1996. vii. 222 pp.
Relevance of generic and site-specific species sensitivity distributions in the current risk assessment procedures for copper and zinc
Authors: Bossuyt Bart T. A. , Muyssen Brita T. A. , Janssen Colin R. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
Species sensitivity distributions (SSD) were constructed using acute toxicity data of various cladoceran species collected in five different aquatic systems. The aim of this research was to study the relative acute cladoceran community sensitivity in different aquatic systems. Current risk assessment procedures are based upon hypothetical communities and do not take into account variation in species composition and tolerance between aquatic communities. Two metals, copper and zinc, were used as model toxicants. To establish comparative sensitivity, a standard medium (International Organization for Standardization [ISO]) was used. The generic SSD (log-normal distribution) based on toxicity data obtained in this standard medium for all species (collected at all sites) resulted in a hazardous concentrations that protects 95% of the species occurring in a (hypothetical) ecosystem (i.e., hazardous concentration protecting 95% of the species of the hypothetical ecosystem [HC5]) of 6.7 μg Cu L−1 (90% confidence limits: 4.2–10.8) and 559 μg Zn L−1 (375–843). This generic SSD was not significantly different from the site-specific SSDs (i.e., constructed with species only occurring at a specific site). Mean community sensitivity (the geometric mean of 48-h 50% effective concentration [EC50] values of species within a community) among sites varied within a factor of 2 (between 17.3 and 23.6 μg Cu L−1 for Cu and between 973 and 1,808 μg Zn L−1 for Zn), and HC5s varied within a factor of 4 for copper (between 4.5 and 17.3 μg Cu L−1) and 7 for zinc (between 194 and 1,341 μg Zn L−1). For copper, the HC50 of our generic SSD was significantly lower than the one based on literature toxicity data of cladoceran species (which were recalculated to the hardness of our standard medium). In contrast, no significant differences were observed between the generic SSD and the literature-based SSD for zinc. It is suggested that the community sensitivity of different cladoceran populations is similar among aquatic systems and is not dependent on the species composition.
Effect of toxic cations on copper rhizotoxicity in wheat seedlings
Authors: Fortunati Paolo , Lombi Enzo , Hamon Rebecca E. , Nolan Annette L. , McLaughlin Mike J. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
Copper pollution may occur in acidic soils where the low pH leads to release of Al and Mn in soil solution, which could interact with Cu toxicity. Very little information exists regarding the influence of toxic cations on the phytotoxicity of Cu. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that phytotoxicity of Cu2+ may be overestimated in acidic soils due to synergism between Al or Mn and Cu toxicity. Rhizotoxicity of Al, Mn, and Cu to wheat seedlings was studied in well-defined nutrient solutions, with these elements present singly or in combination. Toxicity was expressed on a solution metal-activity basis, with metal activities calculated using GEOCHEM-PC and verified using Donnan dialysis. Of the three ions, Cu2+ was the most rhizotoxic, with activities of Cu2+, Al3+, and Mn2+ resulting in a 25% reduction in root elongation of 0.12, 1.26, and 211 μM, respectively. Although there was no interaction between Mn2+ and Cu2+ toxicity, Cu2+ was significantly less toxic on a relative basis in the presence of Al3+. Thus, critical thresholds for soil solution Cu2+ activity determined in acidic soils will be underprotective compared to soils that contain low concentrations of soluble Al (e.g., limed or nonacidic soils).
Hormetic effects of gamma radiation on the stress axis of natural populations of meadow voles (Microtus pennsylvanicus)
Authors: Boonstra Rudy , Manzon Richard G. , Mihok Steve , Helson Julie E. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that low doses of gamma radiation have beneficial, hormetic effects on the stress axis (the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis) of free-ranging meadow vole populations (Microtus pennsylvanicus). Voles were exposed to chronic gamma radiation from a 137Cs field irradiator. In isolated populations, voles received one of three treatments over a four-year period: Controls (0.19–0.42 μGy/h — levels that were 2–5X above background levels [0.1 μGy/h] and live-trapped in all years — 1982–1985), low doses (22.6 μGy/h — 50–200X background, live-trapped from November 1982–April 1985), or high doses (3,840 μGy/h — 40,000X background, live-trapped from November 1983–April 1985). Voles exposed to a low dose had levels of free and total corticosterone that were significantly higher than those in the control or high-dose groups. Differences in response to radiation between the sexes were apparent for maximum corticosterone-binding capacity, with females exposed to low doses having higher binding capacity than control or high-dose females, whereas males exposed to low doses had lower binding capacity than control or high-dose males. Low-dose voles had higher counts of neutrophils than either the controls or high-dose voles; hematocrit was greater in the controls than in irradiated voles. These results indicate that voles display a hormetic response to radiation, wherein low doses of an otherwise harmful agent produce a beneficial effect. The stimulation of the stress axis resulting in the increased secretion of glucocorticoids, which may protect against the excessive actions of the immune and inflammatory responses, may be a key mechanism producing this effect.
Bioconcentration and elimination of avermectin B1 in sturgeon
Authors: Shen Jlanzhong , Zhang Qidi , Ding Shuangyang , Zhang Suxia , Coats Joel R. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
The bioconcentration and elimination of avermectin B1 in sturgeon muscle were investigated with high-performance liquid chromatography. Mean concentrations of 0.2 and 1 ng·ml−1 in water were maintained for a 22-d exposure period. The concentrations of avermectin B1α in muscle tissues reached steady state within 14 to 18 d. The level of avermectin B1 concentrations in the fish muscles was 7.75 ± 0.88 and 38.29 ± 1.65 ng·g−1 for the low and high concentrations, respectively, on day 22. The half-life (t1/2) of the concentrations for the two treated groups was 4.95 and 4.33 d for the low and high concentrations, respectively. Greater than 95% of the tissue concentrations were eliminated from the exposed fish after the 14- and 18-d elimination periods. The estimated values of the bioconcentration factor were 42 L/kg for the low-concentration group and 41 L/kg for high-concentration group, and these values were not significantly different (α = 0.05). Avermectin B1α does not strongly bioconcentrate in individual aquatic organism and would not be expected to biomagnify in the food chain.
Hepatic porphyria induced by the herbicide tralkoxydim in small mammals is species-specific
Authors: Pauli Bruce D. , Kennedy Sean W. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
Tralkoxydim is the active ingredient in a postemergent herbicide used in cereal crops. During preregistration trials, tralkoxydim was observed to cause hepatic porphyria and cholestasis in laboratory mice. Porphyria was not seen in similarly exposed rats or hamsters, but data were not collected regarding the susceptibility of any wild small mammal species to the tralkoxydim-induced porphyria. To address this data gap, we exposed small mammals to tralkoxydim, to 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocol-lidine (DDC; a known porphyrinogenic chemical), or to sunflower oil alone. We studied small mammal species that might be exposed following agricultural applications of the herbicide, including the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus), the deer mouse (P. maniculatus), and the meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus). Because of their known susceptibility to both tralkoxydim-and DDC-induced porphyria, commercially supplied Mus musculus (CD-1 Swiss mice) were exposed as positive-control animals. We also exposed offspring of wild-caught M. musculus to compare their responses to those of the commercially supplied animals. Potential hepatotoxicity was determined by assessing the accumulation of liver protoporphyrin. Of the species tested, only M. musculus was susceptible to the porphyrinogenic action of tralkoxydim, and no significant accumulation of protoporphyrin was observed in any of the other species exposed to the herbicide.
Impact of oil-sands based wetlands on the growth of mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) ducklings
Authors: Gurney Kirsty E. , Williams Tony D. , Smits Judit E. , Wayland Mark , Trudeau Suzanne , Bendell-Young Leah I. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
Identifying the potential effects of industrially formed wetlands on waterfowl populations is important for assessing the suitability of such wetlands in industrial reclamation strategies. Mallard ducklings were held in situ on two industrially formed wetlands and one reference wetland in northern Alberta, Canada. Duckling mass and skeletal size were measured at regular intervals over 33 d, and blood was collected to investigate the analysis of plasma metabolites (triglyceride and glycerol) as an indicator of physiological condition. In repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), multivariate ANOVA, and subsequent multiple-comparisons tests, body mass and skeletal size were significantly lower in ducklings maintained on the industrial wetland after 2, 5, 9, and 13 d of exposure. In this situation, plasma metabolite analysis did not provide additional information on mass-independent condition. We conclude that if the observed differences in growth and size translate into a decreased survival of juvenile waterfowl inhabiting these wetlands, then populations of these birds in the area could be negatively affected. We emphasize the importance of field-based ecological research in toxicological studies of wildlife.
Feathers as a nondestructive biomonitor for persistent organic pollutants
Authors: Dauwe Tom , Jaspers Veerle , Covaci Adrian , Schepens Paul , Eens Marcel 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
Keratinous tissues of mammals and humans, such as hair, have been used to determine the exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides. In the present study, we investigated the accumulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs; PCBs,p,p′-DDT,p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane [DDD],p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene [DDE], hex-achlorobenzene [HCB], oxychlordane, trans-nonachlor, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and polybrominated biphenyls [PBBs]) in feathers of the great tit (Parus major). The accumulation of POPs in feathers and fat samples of 27 adult great tits collected in April 2000 and December 2002 was compared with regard to possible temporal and spatial differences. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, PBBs, trans-nonachlor, and HCB could not be quantified in feathers. Most PCB congeners and DDTs (p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDD, and p,p′-DDT) could be determined in feathers, although concentrations in feathers were markedly lower (∑PCB concentration range, 28.2–87.1 ng/g) than concentrations in fat (∑PCB concentration range, 1244–10074 ng/g). Feathers had relatively higher levels of low-chlorinated PCBs (tetra- and pentachlorinated biphenyls) and p,p′-DDD compared to levels in fat, presumably reflecting levels in blood. Persistent organic pollutant concentrations did not increase with the age of the feather, suggesting that exogenous or aerial depositions of POPs onto the feather surface had no, or only minimal, influence on levels in feathers. For almost all compounds studied, POPs in feathers and fat were significantly positively correlated in samples collected during the breeding season but not in samples collected during the winter. This temporal difference may have been caused by seasonal changes in lipid reserves. Although further research is required, feathers appear to be a promising new, nondestructive biomonitor for PCBs and DDTs in avian wildlife.
Brominated flame retardants: Activities in a crustacean development test and in an ecdysteroid screening assay
Authors: Wollenberger Leah , Dinan Laurence , Breitholtz Magnus 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
Brominated flame retardants(BFRs) wereinvestigated for toxic effects both in vivo and in vitro in two invertebrate bioassays. Subchronic effects of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA), tribromophenol (TBP), and four polybrominated diphenyl ethers ([PBDEs]; BDE-28, BDE-47, BDE-99, and BDE-100) on larval development of the marine copepod Acartia tonsa were studied. For TBBPA and TBP 5-d effective median concentration (EC50) values for inhibition of the larval development rate were 125 and 810 μg/L, respectively, whereas the PBDEs were much more potent with 5-d EC50 in the low μg/L range (1.2 μg/L for BDE-100; 4.2 μg/L for BDE-99; 13 μg/L for BDE-28; and 13 μg/L for BDE-47). These concentrations were up to two orders of magnitude below the 48-h LC50 for acute adult toxicity (108 μg/L for BDE-28; 400 μg/L for TBBPA; 520 μg/L for BDE-100; 705 μg/L for BDE-99; 1,500 μg/L for TBP; and 2,370 μg/L for BDE-47). To distinguish between general toxicological and endocrine-mediated toxic effects, the BFRs were assessed in vitro for ecdysteroid agonistic/antagonistic activity with the ecdysteroid-responsive Drosophila melanogaster BII-cell line. The pentabrominated diphenyl ethers BDE-99 and BDE-100 showed weak ecdysteroid antagonistic activity. Thus, these PBDEs may be regarded as potential endocrine disrupters in invertebrates. The combination of in vitro assays and subchronic biotests with ecologically important crustacean species is a rapid and cost-effective tool when screening for sublethal effects of BFRs and other chemicals.
Black-bellied whistling duck (Dendrocygna autumnalis) brain cholinesterase characterization and diagnosis of anticholinesterase pesticide exposure in wild populations from Mexico
Authors: Osten Jaime Rendón-von , Soares Amadeu M. V. M. , Guilhermino Lucia 
Published: January 2005

Abstract
Rice is the main crop in the subbasin of the fluvial lagoon system of Palizada River (FLSPR) in the state of Campeche, Mexico. The pesticides used to control pests of this crop mainly are carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, and glyphosate. Black-bellied whistling duck (Dendrocygna autumnalis) is an ecologically and economically important species in the area. This duck is consumed by local inhabitants throughout the year, despite its potential exposure to pesticides. Due to its feeding habits, abundance, and nutritional value, D. autumnalis is a good indicator of environmental contamination and a potential route of human exposure to organophosphate and carbamate pesticides. In this study, the brain cholinesterase (ChE) in the frontal cerebral cortex of autochthonous ducks was characterized. In addition, the potential of the three locally used pesticides and mixtures to inhibit ChE activity was investigated and the exposure of the wild duck population during intensive pesticide applications in rice fields was evaluated. We found that acetylcholinesterase (AChE) seems to be the predominant ChE form in the biological fraction analyzed. Carbofuran was the most potent ChE inhibitor of D. autumnalis brain ChE activity from the three pesticides analyzed. Cholinesterase inhibition after exposure to pesticide mixtures predominantly was due to carbofuran. A decrease (p &lt; 0.05) in AChE activity (&gt;30%) was apparent in wild ducks compared to reference ducks, with recovery of ChE inhibition in wild ducks occurring months later when no pesticides were applied in the field. Dendrocygna autumnalis brain ChE is a suitable parameter for inclusion in biomonitoring programs for both environmental protection and human safety.