bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic Destinies
Authors: Little Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the last day of August in the year 2020 two girls are born. Genetic science enables the long life of one of them to be happy and free of suffering; she finally dies in 2140. In stark contrast, genes fill the life of the other with discrimination and oppression, and after enduring much misery she dies young, in 2048. These 'future histories' of two individuals provide a striking opening to Genetic Destinies. In the chapters that follow, Peter Little discusses the reality of the power of gene science in clear, non-technical language wholly accessible to the general reader. After explaining what genes are, and what role they have in making us human, he explores an intriguing paradox of genes: not only do they make us look similar, they also contribute to the differences between us. He shows how the distant origins of human beings influence our present and, with a carefully dispassionate eye, examines the socially contentious issues of 'race' and gene differences. The intricate interplay of genes, gene differences, and lifestyle leads to the thought-provoking realization that not only do gene differences describe our past, they also contribute to our futures--shown by the role of genes in making us healthy or diseased, in forming the human brain and mind, and influencing our personalities and our intelligence. It is an interplay of great complexity. Based on this understanding Peter Little carefully leads the reader through the potential of using gene technology to remake human beings and shows why this is unlikely to become a practical reality. This knowledge takes the reader to the very cutting edge of current genetics. Genetic Destinies ends by returning to the lives of the two fictional women and uses their future histories to show that the fears we have of gene science are based on misplaced ideas of the power of genes. The reality is that we all have a personal destiny, but we have no way of predicting what it will be. Our genes, and the differences they contain, have moulded us from the moment of conception but, as our genes and our lives combine in an intricate dance of mutual influence, we face myriad genetic destinies. Our true genetic destiny is to live our lives as human beings--unique, unpredictable, and irreplaceable in all of history and all of future time: a wonderful prospect.
Genes, dreams, and nightmares
Authors: Little Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early hours of the morning of the last day of August in the year 2020 two girls were born; this is the story of their lives, told as their future history might be. The chapters that follow contain the science of why their lives might, or might not, unfold in these ways and they are concerned with genes and how they influence our existence. As we will see, our personal futures are in our own hands but they are also in the hands of our genes: these are our Genetic Destinies.
Where do all the differences come from?
Authors: Little Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jean and Jeanne are genetically distinct and their histories make this obvious, but what is not so apparent is whether they are unusual in this respect. Are all people different or just those that have widely different origins—say Africans compared with Europeans or Chinese compared with Indians? The reality is that gene differences are actually very common so that we are all different, one from another. To understand why this is so, we have to go back a step in our thinking about differences in genes.
Differences, genes, and lives
Authors: Little Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The future lives of Jeanne Dream and Jean Battler were moulded by gene differences and environment. Perhaps it is worth trying to consider what Jean Battler’s life might have been like if she had the environment of Jeanne Dream: what would have been better, what would have been worse? We cannot know with certainty but we can guess it would have been a different and, perhaps, happier life. For all of us, gene differences are one of the determinants of the quality of our lives and this is true for every living species. More significantly gene differences are the route to death and survival in the face of a changing and often malign world: they are a key to individual and collective survival.
Intelligence and the four-way tangle
Authors: Little Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All of us believe we can recognize intelligence but I think it would take each one of us a good deal of time to write down exactly what it is that we feel is represented by intelligence and what it means to possess it; indeed, large numbers of books have been written on the topic and even greater numbers of articles in scientific journals. The difficulty in one way is not profound, for intelligence is not a simple ‘property’ like weight, length, or height that can be estimated on a scale or with a balance, and so it cannot have a simple and objective measure. Many features of human existence are similarly insubstantial—beauty, friendship, and happiness—whose existence we all recognize, even if we would argue over their definition.
Dreams and nightmares revisited
Authors: Little Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We can now revisit these tales with a much firmer grasp of their underlying scientific principles and look at the reality behind the stories. In doing this, we have three goals in mind: the first is simply to decide what is possible, what is impossible, and what lies in between these extremes. Our second goal is to draw lessons as to why the lives of Jeanne Dream and Jean Battler are so incomparably different. By the end of this chapter we will have met each of these goals and we will be ideally positioned to confront the fears that surround much genetics today. To understand the source and reality of our widespread distrust of this science will become our third goal.
Bayesian Methods in the Atmospheric Sciences
Authors: Berliner L Mark , Royle J Andrew , Wikle Christopher K , Milliff Ralph F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Current issues in the atmospheric and allied sciences are of fundamental interest to both the scientific community and the general population. We briefly review some of these issues and the basic methods by which they are typically analyzed. The goal of this review is to motivate numerous challenges to the Bayesian Statistics community. Two essential aspects amenable to Bayesian analyses are (1) the efficient combination of information (“science” and “data”), and (2) the quantification and management of uncertainty. In the face of the complexities arising from the presence of massive datasets as well as nonlinear physical models, we suggest Bayesian hierarchical modeling and analysis as a fundamental strategy for statistical approaches to problems of weather and climate science. We present a review of our work in an ongoing project employing physical principles and satellite (scatterometer) data providing information on sea-surface winds.
Exact Sampling for Bayesian Inference: Towards General Purpose Algorithms
Authors: Green Peterj. , Murdoch Duncan J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are now methods for organising a Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation sb that it can be guaranteed that the state of the process at a given time is exactly drawn from the target distribution. The question of assessing convergence totally vanishes. Such methods are known as exact or perfect sampling. The approach that has received most attention uses the protocol of coupling from the past devised by Propp and Wilson (Random Structures and Algorithms, 1996), in which multiple dependent paths of the chain are run from different initial states at a sequence of initial times going backwards into the past, until they satisfy the condition of coalescence by time 0. When this is achieved the state at time 0 is distributed according to the required target. This process must be implemented very carefully to assure its validity (including appropriate re-use of random number streams), and also requires use of various tricks to enable us to follow infinitely many sample paths with a finite amount of work.
Bayesian and Frequentist Approaches to Parametric Predictive Inference
Authors: Smith Richard L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suppose we want to estimate predictive probabilities for an unobserved random variable, whose distribution depends on an unknown finite-dimensional parameter which is estimated from past data. A crude “plug-in” approach is to substitute a point estimate of the unknown parameter into the predictive distribution. This may be criticized as failing to take into account the uncertainty of the unknown parameter, whereas a Bayesian approach incorporates such uncertainty in a natural way. Therefore, we might expect that a Bayesian procedure will be superior to a plug-in approach even when assessed in purely frequentist terms. The analysis given in this paper, however, shows that this is too simple a conclusion. For many models, when assessed from the point of view of mean squared error of predictive probabilities, the plugin approach is superior to the Bayesian approach in the extreme tail of the distribution. We may also consider alternative loss functions besides mean squared error, but in most cases a similar phenomenon occurs. However, one may also generalize the class of Bayesian procedures by considering alternatives to the posterior mean of the predictive distribution. With such generalizations, the comparison swings back in favor of Bayesian procedures. These results are initially developed for simple models, in particular the exponential distribution, but in later discussion they are used to study the properties of hierarchical modeling approaches to empirical Bayes problems. The mathematical development is only sketched in the present paper, but relies heavily on asymptotic expansions and second-order properties.
Robustifying Bayesian Procedures
Authors: Walker Stephen G , Gutierrez-Pena Eduardo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper we discuss two approaches to robustifying standard Bayesian procedures. The first involves regarding common statistical problems as decision problems where the ‘relevant unknown’ is modelled nonparametrically. Problems considered include model selection, empirical Bayes inference and interval estimation. In particular we generalise a model selection criterion of San Martini and Spezzaferri (1984). The second approach is based on suitable generalisations of well-known densities. For example, we generalise the standard normal density to include both skewness and kurtosis.
The Nile Revisited: Changepoint Analysis with Autocorrelation
Authors: Garisch Isabelle , Groenewald Pieter C N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bayesian changepoint analyses in the linear model is examined when the errors are correlated. Bayes factors and posterior probabilities are derived for the number of changepoints and positions of changepoints in a sequence of random variables. The principle of partial Bayes factors is applied through the fractional and intrinsic Bayes factors.The methods are applied to the well-known data of annual discharge of the Nile river at Aswan, as well as to an example of a multiphase bacterial growth model. It appears that, while the autocorrelation has little effect on the estimated positions of the changepoints, the presence of changepoints can have a substantial effect on the estimation of the correlation coefficient.
Non-Stationary Spatial Modeling
Authors: Higdon David , Swall Jenise , Kern John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Standard geostatistical models assume stationarity and rely on a variogram model to account for the spatial dependence in the observed data. In some instances, this assumption that the spatial dependence structure is constant throughout the sampling region is clearly violated. We present a spatial model which allows the spatial dependence structure to vary as a function of location. Unlike previous formulations which do not account for uncertainty in the specification of this non-stationarity (eg. Sampson and Guttorp (1992)), we develop a hierarchical model which can incorporate this uncertainty in the resulting inference. The non-stationary spatial dependence is explained through a constructive ‘‘process-convolution” approach, which ensures that the resulting covariance structure is valid. We apply this method to an example in toxic waste remediation.
The Origins of Life
Authors: Maynard Smith John , SzathmáRy EöRs 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Living organisms are astonishingly complex. And the more we know about them - their biochemistry, their anatomy, their behaviour - the more astonishing are the detailed adaptations that we discover. How could this complexity have arisen? Most of us are familiar with Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. The idea behind it being that, in nature, those individuals best able to survive and reproduce will transmit the characteristics that enabled them to do so to their offspring, leading to the evolution of traits beneficial to the organism. Although Darwin's idea is simple - perhaps because it is so simple - it is hard to believe that it is able to explain the complexity of the living world. We can breed cows that produce more milk compared with earlier generations, say, but we cannot breed pigs that fly, or horses that can talk: there would be no promising variants that we could select and breed from. Where, then, does the variation come from that has made possible the evolution of ever-increasing complexity in the wonderfully adapted organisms we see around us? In answering this central question, John Maynard Smith and Eors Szathmary present for a general readership a novel picture of evolution. Their basic idea is that evolution depends on changes in the information that is passed between generations, and that there have been a number of 'major transitions' in the way that information is stored and transmitted. These transitions include the appearance of the first replicating molecules - the origin of life itself; the origin of cells; reproduction by sexual means; the appearance of multicellular plants and animals; the emergence of cooperation and of animal societies; and the unique language ability of humans. Here, then, is an accessible account of contemporary biology on the grandest scale, from the birth of life to the origin of language. Containing many original ideas, and covering many of the most fundamental ideas in biology, this important and deeply interesting book will appeal both to readers with little prior knowledge of science and to biologists themselves.
From heredity to simple cells
Authors: Maynard Smith John , SzathmáRy EöRs 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The scenario we outlined in the last chapter for the origin of the code assumed co-operative interactions between replicators. For example, one ribozyme functioned to produce a cofactor that would increase the efficiency of a second ribozyme. Even if this particular hypothesis turns out to be mistaken, it is clear that, for life to progress beyond the stage of simple replicating molecules to something more complex, a web of co-operative interactions between genes had to evolve. In this chapter we discuss how this could have happened.
Genetic conflict
Authors: Maynard Smith John , SzathmáRy EöRs 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The kinds of problem we have pointed to when discussing the major transitions can be observed in present-day organisms. In this chapter and the next, we pause in our chronicle of these transitions to look at examples of conflict and co-operation that can be studied today. We hope in this way to add some realism to the suggestions we have made. In particular, we want to show how difficult it may be to eliminate conflict between replicators within an organism, and yet that remarkable examples of co-operation do in fact exist. In this chapter we describe the conflicts of interest that can arise between genes, or groups of genes, present in the same organism, or in closely related organisms. In the next chapter we discuss examples of co-operation between organisms with different evolutionary histories.
The origin of language
Authors: Maynard Smith John , SzathmáRy EöRs 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is impossible to imagine our society without language. The society we live in, day and night, depends on it. Even as we sleep, information about us is being stored, and maybe processed. Imagine that we apply for a job on the other side of the world. We are confident, or at least we hope, that our application will be fairly treated, and that the country to which we would like to move is running properly; that is, that social contracts are observed. Our lives depend on the social division of labour, and on detailed social contracts, which could not exist without language. No ape or dolphin could comprehend, even in spoken form, a contract for a job.
The amygdala-what’s happened in the last decade?
Authors: Aggleton John P , Saunders Richard C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research on the amygdala has more than doubled in the last decade. During that time, new techniques and new questions have had a considerable impact on our understanding of this structure. A dominant theme has been the convergence of findings from studies of rodents and studies of primates, including humans. This has been aided by advances in brain imaging and the discovery of specific cognitive deficits that accompany amygdala damage in humans. These advances are now making it possible to appreciate the likely contribution of the amygdala to various psychopathologies, including schizophrenia, that affect emotional and social behaviour. This review also considers in detail the contributions of the amygdala tool factory processes as they highlight the diversity of functions associated with this structure.
Amygdala and the memory of reward: the importance of fibres of passage from the basal forebrain
Authors: Easton Alexander , Gaffan David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The understanding of the role played by the amygdala in the memory of reward has changed substantially in the years since the review of Gaffan (1992) in the previous edition of this book. It appeared from the data available at that time that the amygdala played a crucial part in the association of stimuli with the value of reward. As discussed here, this view has been changed by the use of excitotoxins in lesioning the amygdala, which have shown that the effects discussed previously are dependent mainly on fibers of passage through the amygdala. In particular, we will argue that fibers of passage from the basal forebrain through the amygdala are crucial for the reinforcement of visual learning.
Emotion recognition and the human amygdala
Authors: Adolphs Ralph , Tranel Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have conducted a systematic series of investigations aimed at understanding the role of the human amygdala in processing emotion, by studying a rare individual (subject S.M.) with selective bilateral damage to the amygdala. We assessed S.M.’s ability to recognize emotions in facial expressions, lexical stimuli, and auditory stimuli on a variety of tasks that investigated naming, recognition, and categorization. Many of these findings have now been replicated in additional subjects with bilateral amygdala lesions, from both our laboratory and those of others. Also, functional imaging studies in normal subjects have begun to provide convergent results. This chapter provides a comprehensive review of recent findings regarding the role of the human amygdala in recognition of emotion, focusing in particular on the experiments we have conducted with S.M.
Functional neuroimaging of the human amygdala during emotional processing and learning
Authors: Dolan Raymond J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The functions of the amygdala traditionally have been studied using animal models or reports on patients with focal lesions. Functional neuroimaging techniques, such as positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), now provide non-invasive tools to study human amygdala function in vivo. This chapter provides an account of recent studies on human amygdala function using neuroimaging techniques where the prime focus will be fear processing. These studies highlight a key role for the amygdala during the perception of fear and in fear-related learning. Two striking observations emerge from these studies. First, activation of amygdala does not depend on conscious awareness of a fear-eliciting stimulus. Secondly, during fear learning, using classical Pavlovian conditioning, the amygdala’s role would seem to be time limited.
Myosin structure
Authors: Sellers James R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are now several three-dimensional structures for various myosin fragments, including that of chicken fast skeletal muscle S-1 containing both light chains [366], several motor domains of Dicryostelium myosin II with various bound nucleotides [155,223,235,385,386], and the neck region or regulatory domain of scallop myosin [267,460]. The protein used for the Dicryostelium crystals was truncated at amino 761 and did not contain light chains. Preliminary data has been presented on two nucleotide-containing smooth muscle crystals that contain the motor domain and the essential light chain [211]. Most of the ensuing discussion is derived from these papers and from three recent reviews [55,92,93]. As each structure is discussed, the amino acid numbering system for that particular myosin will be used. Thus, the first part of this discussion will use numbers derived from the sequence of chicken fast skeletal muscle myosin. See Fig. 12 for an alignment of the primary sequence of chicken skeletal muscle, chicken smooth muscle, scallop striated muscle myosin, and Dicryostelium nonmuscle myosin.
Functional properties of myosin
Authors: Sellers James R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Myosin is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of MgATP to produce mechanical work. The intact myosin molecule is not well suited for either steady state or transient kinetic studies of the MgATPase activity, particularly when conducted in the presence of actin since it polymerizes into thick filaments at physiological and lower ionic strengths. These filaments do not mix well, tend to settle to the bottom of reaction vials during long time courses, scatter large amounts of light (which interferes with spectroscopic measurements), and interact heterogeneously with actin filaments. Therefore, most of the information on the kinetic cycle has been gleaned from studies with the soluble fragments, S-1 or HMM (Fig-7).
Theoretical aspects of Nedelec’s edge elements applied to electromagnetic problems
Authors: Kikuchi Fumio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Numerical analysis of electromagnetic problems is now quite important in wide fields of science and engineering. The application of the finite element method (FEM) to such ends is expected to be very effective especially for 3-D problems since FEM is well suited to deal with complex regions and various boundary conditions. By appropriate modeling of the Maxwell equations of electromagnetics, we have various problems describing electromagnetic phenomena in practice.