bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise 
Published: June 2004

In a series of more than 200 rabbits in which generalized lesions were observed following local inoculation with Treponema pallidum, there were a number of animals in which characteristic lesions were noted upon mucous membranes or along mucocutaneous borders. These lesions were distributed with about equal frequency between the nose or nasolacrimal system and the eyelids on the one hand, and the genital and anal regions on the other. The lips and buccal mucosa appeared to be less subject to localized infections unless the papillomatous growths noted on the lips and under side of the tongue should prove to be in some way connected with such an infection.
In many instances, the local reaction was initiated by an acute inflammatory process, and in the case of nasal and genital infections, a definite exudate was formed. The succeeding stages of the reaction consisted in an infiltration of the parts involved, together with a variable degree of proliferation of fixed tissue cells, leading eventually to necrosis and ulceration. The resulting lesions differed according to their location and the character of the reaction in the individual case. Localized infections of the nose occurred in several forms, first, as a rather diffuse affection of the nasal mucosa characterized by the presence of a mucopurulent exudate, second, as a more or less circumscribed process of infiltration with an especial predilection for the region of the anterior nares, and third, as a granulomatous process involving the alæ in particular.
Involvement of the nasal mucosa was very commonly associated with lacrimal overflow and with some degree of conjunctivitis.
The lesions of the eyelids were usually small, elevated papules or lesions of an ulcerative character some of which were surrounded by a zone of infiltration. In exceptional instances, large granulomatous lesions occurred along the margins of the lower lids.
Infection of the penis and sheath gave rise to conditions analogous to those of the nose. In one group of animals, there was a diffuse affection characterized by redness and swelling of the parts with a mucopurulent exudate, in another there were circumscribed or diffuse infiltrations, while in a third the lesions formed were indurated granulomatous masses. Secondary necrosis with erosion or ulceration was a common feature of all these conditions.
Localized infections in the region of the anus differed from those in other localities chiefly in the absence of an exudative group of affections and in the frequency with which lesions of a papillomatous type occurred.
Lesions of mucous membranes and mucocutaneous borders developed at periods of time varying from a few weeks to several months after inoculation. Most of them were rather enduring and in several instances persisted in an active condition for considerably more than a year.
STUDIES ON THE ENZYMES OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Avery O. T. , Cullen Glenn E. 
Published: June 2004

1. A method is described for the preparation of an active enzyme-containing solution of pneumococci, in which no living cells are present. These enzymes are capable of hydrolyzing sucrose, starch, and inulin.
2. The invertase and amylase of pneumococcus are active within the limits pH 5 to 8, with an optimum reaction of about pH 7. This reaction range corresponds closely with limiting hydrogen ion concentrations which define growth of the organism in the presence of carbohydrate.
3. These studies indicate that the enzymes described are not true secretory products of the living cell, but are of the nature of endoenzymes, since their activity can be demonstrated only when cell disintegration has occurred.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGICAL RÔLE OF VIBRIO FETUS
Authors: Smith Theobald , Little Ralph B. , Taylor Marian S. 
Published: June 2004

The data bearing on these three cases are quite sufficient to rule out Bacillus abortus as the agent. Not only the cultures and guinea pig tests of fetal tissues and contents of the digestive tract, but also the agglutination and guinea pig tests of the milk, were negative. The same is true of the agglutination tests of the blood serum. Only in one case was the placenta obtained in part. The stained films and the sections from various regions showed no abortion bacilli. Guinea pig tests of placental tissue were negative for Bacillus abortus. On the other hand) minute organisms resembling vibrios were detected in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells within capillaries in the edematous subchorionic tissue. Subsequently the agglutination titer of the blood serum of one of these cases rose to a level indicating infection with Bacillus abortus during the second pregnancy.
The peculiar distribution of abortions due to Vibrio fetus among older cows and heifers in this herd, resulting at first in cases among older cows and latterly passing to young stock, may be explained by certain occurrences in the herd itself. It may be assumed that the infection was originally brought in by purchased cows. The young stock is kept segregated from these in a special barn, and when 6 months old it is pastured on outlying farms until returned in an advanced stage of pregnancy. The heifers during the first pregnancy were thus kept away from vibrio carriers until after the first calf was born.
In June and July, 1919, 55 older cows, purchased and native, were placed on the young stock pasture. The three cases of abortion in heifers due to Vibrio fetus occurred October 24, November 9, and December 2, 1919. The age and condition of the fetuses accord very well with the assumption that Vibrio fetus was introduced among the young stock in June or July of the same year.
The information gathered thus far concerning vibrionic abortion in this herd enables us to formulate a tentative hypothesis subject to modification with increasing knowledge of this type of infectious abortion. The infectious agent was probably introduced by purchased cows in 1917 or earlier. It gained a certain headway up to 1919, then the number of cases declined so that between May, 1919, and May, 1920, only the above three cases in heifers, and one case of mixed infection with Bacillus abortus in an older cow, were detected. During the same period cases due to Bacillus abortus continued undiminished. The greater resistance of Bacillus abortus manifested in cultures as compared with Vibrio fetus is thus reflected in its behavior in nature. The temporary dying out of the infection indicates that natural immunization of a herd to Vibrio fetus proceeds quite rapidly. Another outbreak may be expected when the immunity of the herd has declined in the absence of the infecting agent and the latter is reintroduced from without, or it may reappear at any time when a vibrio of higher virulence is brought in.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON HETEROPLASTIC BONE FORMATION
Authors: Asami Goichi , Dock William 
Published: June 2004

1. Bone formation in the rabbit kidney with ligated vessels takes place (a) through the activity of young fibroblasts which accumulate to form a membrane-like structure; (b) subsequently by direct ossification of hyaline connective tissue in continuity with preformed bone; and (c) through erosion of lime placques by granulating tissue and laying down of lamellar bone by cells derived from fibroblasts.
2. Bone formation in the rabbit kidney begins not in direct contact with calcium deposits, but in the loose vascular connective tissue close under the transitional epithelium of the calices.
3. With autotransplanted ear cartilage of the rabbit there is an active new formation of cartilage in the connective tissue which surrounds the transplants, and the bone is formed by the fibroblasts from the perichondrium which erode and invade the calcified areas in this new cartilage.
4. The process of bone formation in the kidney is similar to that found in normal membranous ossification, while with the transplanted ear cartilage the process is identical with endochondral ossification.
THERAPEUTIC ACTION OF N-PHENYLGLYCINEAMIDE-p-ARSONIC ACID (TRYPARSAMIDE) UPON EXPERIMENTAL INFECTIONS OF TRYPANOSOMA RHODESIENSE
Authors: Pearce Louise , Brown Wade H. 
Published: June 2004

A series of experiments was carried out to determine the effects of tryparsamide upon the infections produced in various species of animals by Tr. rhodesiense.
The strain of trypanosome used was one which possessed a very low virulence for guinea pigs, was fairly virulent for mice and rats, and highly virulent for rabbits.
Therapeutic experiments carried out on 24 hour infections in mice and rats showed that cures could be obtained in this class of infections by the administration of a single large dose of the drug amounting to approximately two-thirds of the maximum tolerable dose, as contrasted with similar results in cases of gambiense infections from approximately one-ninth and one-fifth of this dose respectively.
With advanced infections in rabbits, there appeared to be no single dose of the drug capable of insuring a cure which could be administered with safety, although some cures were obtainable with doses approximating the maximum tolerable dose. Treatment of these infections could be carried to a successful conclusion, however, by an intensive system of treatment in which large doses of the drug were administered at short intervals of time, and even relapses yielded to this treatment in some instances. The employment of such a method of treatment was possible on account of the unusual tolerance exhibited by animals to this drug, a fact which was previously emphasized.
THE ETIOLOGICAL RELATION OF BACILLUS ACTINOIDES TO BRONCHOPNEUMONIA IN CALVES
Authors: Smith Theobald 
Published: June 2004

A bronchopneumonia of calves in the early months of life is described and its etiology associated definitely with a minute bacillus, Bacillus actinoides. Bacillus pyogenes, Bacillus bovisepticus, and, less frequently, staphylococci and streptococci may appear later in the affected lungs.
Subcutaneous injections of cultures of Bacillus actinoides produce large indurations ending in necrosis. Similarly intratracheal injections produce circumscribed necroses of lung tissue. The cultivation of Bacillus actinoides and its morphological peculiarities have been sufficiently described and illustrated in an earlier publication to ensure success on the part of those who attempt to isolate it.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE BEHAVIOR OF BACTERIA TOWARD GENTIAN VIOLET
Authors: Churchman John W. 
Published: June 2004

1. A gentian-positive strain (a "strain-within-a-strain" variant) has been isolated from a pure culture of a gentian-negative organism. This observation corresponds to that of a "strain-within-a-species" variant, occurring in the enteritidis group, reported some years ago.
2. The Gram reaction and the gentian reaction do not depend, as has been assumed in previous publications, on the specific affinity of the gentian-positive organisms for a portion of the gentian violet molecule, since certain Gram-negative strains are shown to be gentian-positive.
3. Dead bacterial bodies interposed between living bacteria and gentian violet media partially negative the effect of the dye on Gram-positive organisms and allow them to grow. This seems to be either a phenomenon of filtration or of stimulation of growth.
4. The application of these facts by the method of divided plates shows a number of difficulties in the application of laboratory studies to chemotherapeutics, which would escape observation by ordinary methods.
IMMUNOLOGIC STUDY OF STRAINS OF BACILLUS PFEIFFERI ISOLATED FROM A CASE OF MENINGITIS
Authors: Anderson Ruth A. , Schultz Oscar T. 
Published: June 2004

Five strains of Bacillus pfeifferi were isolated from a case of meningitis. These strains came from the spinal fluid, blood, nose, throat, and nasopharynx.
Immunologic reactions show no definite relations between these strains, although those from the nose, throat, and nasopharynx might be presumed to be related to one another. It is also presumable that the spinal fluid strain was derived from the upper air passages, and that the blood was invaded from the meninges. In spite of immunologic differences, it is believed that the five strains were genetically related.
The variations in these five strains from a single case are as great as those which have been found by others for strains from different cases, or individuals.
As determined by immunologic reactions, the number of so called strains of Bacillus pfeifferi is apparently limited only by the number of cultures which have been or might be isolated. It is inconceivable that under the designation Bacillus pfeifferi is included a heterogeneous mixture of innumerable distinct races of bacteria; there must be some biological relation which cannot be established by agglutination, complement fixation, or opsonin reactions.
The variations which have been noted, may be an indication of a degree of instability which may have some bearing upon questions relating to the epidemiology of Bacillus pfeifferi infections and to the serum therapy of influenzal meningitis.
The strain variations which have been shown to exist by immunologic methods do not support the theory of the etiological relationn of Bacillus pfeifferi to epidemic influenza, unless it can be shown that such variations are due to instability of the organism. The fact that the incidence of meningeal involvement was only slightly increased during the last pandemic is also evidence against the causal relation of the organism to the pandemic disease.
THE INCIDENCE OF BLACKHEAD AND OCCURRENCE OF HETERAKIS PAPILLOSA IN A FLOCK OF ARTIFICIALLY REARED TURKEYS
Authors: Graybill H. W. 
Published: June 2004

In a flock of artificially reared turkeys originally consisting of 85 birds and reduced during the summer and fall by deaths and withdrawals for experimental purposes to 42 birds, five cases of blackhead occurred. These appeared during the months of July, September, and October. In four, Heterakis was searched for and found. In 38 birds from this flock killed for food during November and December, five harbored no Heterakis, and the rest carried light infestations.
Of sixteen healthy birds withdrawn from the above flock during July and placed with a flock of older birds which had passed through this disease in former seasons, all contracted blackhead and fourteen died of the disease. The infestation with Heterakis was, as a rule, high, reaching a hundred specimens in some cases. In general, it appears that a high infestation with Heterakis is correlated with a high incidence of blackhead, a relation that had already been inferred in feeding experiments. In both of these groups no other species of worm was found in the ceca, and in instances in which examinations for coccidia were made none was found.
Pheasants have been incriminated as a source of infestation with Heterakis papillosa in artificially reared flocks.
In an artificially reared flock 38 birds that had never been ill, when killed in November and December, failed to show lesions of blackhead or evidence in the nature of scars that they had passed through an attack of the disease.
Infectious soil that had remained unoccupied by turkeys and chickens for a period of 5 months beginning in the depth of a severe winter still harbored viable ova of Heterakis and proved highly dangerous to young poults.
These experiments and observations fail to throw any light on the source of the protozoan parasite (Amœba meleagridis) which causes the fatal lesions of blackhead.
CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC STUDIES WITH ETHYLHYDROCUPREINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMOCOCCUS PLEURITIS
Authors: Kolmer John A. , Sands Joseph R. 
Published: June 2004

1. Solutions of ethylhydrocupreine (optochin) hydrochloride show a pronounced bactericidal activity for pneumococci in pleural pus.
2. The highest tolerated dose of ethylhydrocupreine hydrochloride for guinea pigs by intrapleural injection is about 0.2 to 0.3 cc. of a 1:100 solution per 100 gm. of weight, corresponding to 2 to 3 cc. of solution or 0.02 to 0.03 gm. of the drug per kilo of weight.
3. The injection of 1 cc. of a 1:500 solution of ethylhydrocupreine hydrochloride into each pleural cavity of a guinea pig weighing from 350 to 500 gm. produces no evidences of toxicity or irritation of the pleura.
4. The injection of 1 cc. of a 24 hour dextrose blood broth culture of virulent Type I pneumococci into the right pleural cavity of guinea pigs produces acute suppurative pleuritis on both sides associated with suppurative pericarditis, which generally terminates fatally within 72 hours with pneumococcus bacteremia.
5. The injection of 1 cc. of 1:500 solutions of ethlylhydrocupreine hydrochloride into each pleural cavity of guinea pigs at varying intervals up to 24 hours after pleural infection has usually shown a marked curative influence. Similar results were observed with dogs.
6. The intrapleural injection of mixtures of ethylhydrocupreine, sodium oleate, and boric acid (Lamar) has also shown a decided curative effect in acute suppurative pneumococcus pleuritis of guinea pigs.
7. These and similar experiments on pneumococcus meningitis suggest that in chemotherapeutic investigations certain drugs may be injected into serous cavities in amounts exerting distinct bactericidal activity in vivo without producing local irritation or general toxic effects.
PHYSIOLOGICAL CAUSES FOR THE VARIED CHARACTER OF STASIS BILE
Authors: Rous Peyton , McMaster Philip D. 
Published: June 2004

The gall bladder and ducts exert opposite influences upon the bile. The ducts fail to concentrate and thicken it with mucus as the bladder does, but dilute it slightly with a thin secretion of their own that is colorless and devoid of cholates even when the organism is heavily jaundiced. The fluid may readily be collected into a rubber bag connected with an isolated duct segment. It continues to be formed against a considerable pressure, and, in the dog, is slightly alkaline to litmus, clear, almost watery, practically devoid of cholesterol, and of low specific gravity to judge from the one specimen tested. In obstructed ducts separated from the gall bladder, or connecting with one so changed pathologically that the concentrating faculty has been lost, such fluid gradually replaces the small amount of bile originally pent up. It is the so called "white bile" of surgeons.
When obstructed ducts connect with an approximately normal gall bladder the stasis fluid is entirely different, owing to the bladder activity. At first there accumulates in quantity a true bile much inspissated by loss of fluid through the bladder wall, darkened by a change in the pigment, and progressively thickened with bladder mucus. As time passes duct secretion mingles with the tarry accumulation and very gradually replaces it. The inspissation of the bile, as indicated by the pigment content, is at its greatest after only a day or two of stasis.
The differing influences of the ducts and bladder upon the bile must obviously have much to do with the site of origin of calculi and their clinical consequences. The concentrating activity of the bladder cannot but be a potent element in the formation of stones. We have discussed these matters at some length. Intermittent biliary stasis is admittedly the principal predisposing cause of cholelithiasis; and the stasis is to be thought of as effective, in many instances at least, through the excessive biliary inspissation for which it gives opportunity. In this way a normal gall bladder can become, merely through functional activity, a menace to the organism. In patients with the tendency to stones frequent feedings may lessen the danger of their formation.
STUDIES ON BACTERIAL NUTRITION
Authors: Thjötta Theodor , Avery O. T. 
Published: June 2004

1. Growth of Bacillus infiuenzœ depends on two distinct and separable substances.
2. These growth accessory substances are present in blood.
3. They occur in plant as well as in animal tissue.
4. Sterile, raw potato will serve as a substitute for blood in the cultivation of Bacillus influenzœ.
THE BIOLOGICAL AND THE SEROLOGICAL REACTIONS OF INFLUENZA BACILLI PRODUCING MENINGITIS
Authors: Rivers T. M. , Kohn Lawrence A. 
Published: June 2004

1. An attempt has been made to standardize the cultural and the serological work on influenza bacilli. As technique and knowledge improve cultural and serological characteristics may be shown to be different from those reported here. The results are constant enough for comparison as they were obtained under as nearly similar conditions as possible.
2. Of thirteen meningitic strains of Bacillus influenzæ isolated by different workers during a period of 7 years, eleven are alike culturally and fall into two groups by absorption of agglutinin tests; seven are in Group 1, three in Group 2, with one intermediate strain. Two strains stand alone culturally and serologically.
3. Four blood culture strains from children with pneumonia differ from each other culturally and serologically. When these strains show a relation culturally to members of the meningitic group this is not confirmed by serological reactions. When more respiratory strains are studied there may be found among them some similar culturally and serologically to the meningitic group.
4. Evidence has been set forth in favor of the possibility that a certain group of influenza bacilli may have risen to a level of pathogenicity to produce a disease picture known as influenzal meningitis. If this be true an attempt should be made to obtain a potent serum for treatment.
AN OUTBREAK OF PNEUMONIA IN DAIRY COWS ATTRIBUTED TO BACILLUS BOVISEPTICUS
Authors: Jones F. S. , Little Ralph B. 
Published: June 2004

All outbreak of pneumonia in dairy cows attributed to Bacillus bovisepticus is described. About twenty cows and two calves were affected. The first cases were noted in cows purchased in Michigan. The disease next appeared in another lot of cows from Pennsylvania and subsequently attacked native stock. Of the ten cases which came under our observation, five apparently recovered, two died, and two severely affected cows were killed. The other case developed multiple abscesses of the lung and was finally killed.
The more characteristic symptoms observed were high temperature, rapid respiration, dyspnea, cough, dullness on percussion, bronchial breathing, and albuminuria.
The pneumonia was diffuse but first affected the cephalic and more dependent lobes. The process varied from hyperemia and hemorrhage to exudation of fibrin and leucocytes within the air spaces. The plugging of the interlobular lymph channels and blood vessels with fibrin was frequent.
Bacillus bovisepticus was isolated in pure cultures from all involved portions of lung at autopsy. It was not found in blood cultures during the height of the disease, nor could it be obtained from the spleen and kidney after death.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE NASOPHARYNGEAL SECRETIONS FROM INFLUENZA PATIENTS
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Gates Frederick L. 
Published: June 2004

The experiments described furnish additional evidence of the pathogenic character and the virtual identity of the various strains of the active agent derived from the nasopharyngeal secretions of influenzal patients with which the transmission experiments in rabbits have been carried out.
The active material has been shown to be of antigenic nature, so that rabbits are protected from the effects of a second inoculation. The experiments indicate also the antigenic identity of the various strains of the active agent with each other and with Bacterium pneumosintes.
Finally, the experiments show that the protection may persist for 14 months which is the longest period yet tested.