bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Information Macro Dynamic Approach for Modelling in Biology and Medicine
Authors: Lerner Vladimir S. 
Published: October 2003

Informational Macro Dynamics (IMD) contains formal mathematical and computer methodology to describe transformation of random information processes (at microlevel) into system dynamic processes (at macrolevel) to model the observed processes on the basis of both discovery of their information dynamic regularities, and the identification of macro dynamic equations. Informational description of interactions includes not only physical connections between the processes, but also the information superimposition of processes of different nature with transferring information from one interacting process to others and creating the information defect. The synthesized optimal macro dynamics gives rise to self-organized structures, becoming ordered in the process of optimal motion. The macro model's systemic mechanisms have similarities with the biosystemic functional activities. This paper introduces the concrete biological examples of the constructive IMD model applications for analysis and discovery of some important biosystem mechanisms, functions and phenomena.
Adaptive Dynamics in a 2-Patch Environment: A Toy Model for Allopatric and Parapatric Speciation
Authors: Meszéna Géza , Czibula István , Geritz Stefan 
Published: October 2003

Adaptation to an environment consisting of two patches (each with different optimal strategy) is investigated. The patches have independent density regulation ('soft selection'). If the patches are similar enough and migration between them is strong, then evolution ends up with a generalist ESS. If either the difference between the patches increases or migration weakens, then the generalist strategy represents a branching singularity: The initially monomorphic population first evolves towards the generalist strategy, there it undergoes branching, and finally two specialist strategies form an evolutionarily stable coalition. Further increasing the between-patch difference or decreasing migration causes the generalist to lose its convergence stability as well, and an initially monomorphic population evolves towards one of the specialists optimally adapted to one of the two patches. Bifurcation pattern of the singularities is presented as a function of patch difference and migration rate. Connection to speciation theory is discussed. The transition from the generalist ESS to the coexisting pair of specialist strategies is regarded as a clonal prototype of parapatric (if the between-patch difference increases) or allopatric (if the migration decreases) speciation. We conclude that the geographic and the competitive speciation modes are not distinct classes.
A Simple Model for the Evolution of Evolution
Authors: Fussy Siegfried , Grössing Gerhard , Schwabl Herbert 
Published: October 2003

A simple model of macroevolution is proposed exhibiting both the property of punctuated equilibrium and the dynamics of potentialities for different species to evolve towards increasingly higher complexity. It is based on the phenomenon of fractal evolution which has been shown to constitute a fundamental property of nonlinear discretized systems with one memory- or random-based feedback loop. The latter involves a basic "cognitive" function of each species given by the power of distinction of states within some predefined resolution. The introduction of a realistic background noise limiting the range of the feedback operation yields a pattern signature in fitness space with a distribution of temporal boost/mutation distances according to a randomized devil's staircase function. Introducing a further level in the hierarchy of the system's rules, the possibility of an adaptive evolutionary change of the resolution itself is implemented, thereby providing a time-dependent measure of the species' cognitive abilities: an additional feedback loop makes use of the inevitable intrinsic fluctuations within the fitness landscape to direct the temporal change of the resolution. Feeding back the small adaptive changes of resolution into the essentially directionless variations of the patterns' lifetimes in fitness space effectively leads to a clear tendency towards increasing evolution potentials for each species ("hierarchically emergent fractal evolution").
Non-Connected Branches of Alternative Stationary States — An Experimental Illustration
Authors: Coevoet M. A. , Hervagault J. F. 
Published: October 2003

The steady-state and dynamic behavior of a partial glycolytic reaction sequence are investigated in cell-free extracts of yeast. Pyruvate kinase, adenylate kinase and glucose 6-phosphate isomerase cooperate to a multi-enzyme system centered around the 6-phosphofructose 1-kinase (6-PFK) and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) cycle. The reaction system operates under thermodynamically open conditions maintained by a continuous supply of substrates, i.e. glucose 6-phosphate (Glc6P), ATP and phospho-enolpyruvate (PPrv) in a flow-through reaction chamber. Appropriate parametric conditions lead to the occurence of (two) coexisting and markedly different time-independent states in the metabolite concentrations and fluxes. It was already shown that for particular experimental conditions, changes of the influx adenylate energy charge, [AEC] IN , may cause transitions between these alternative steady states which are either reversible as it occurs in classical hysteresis phenomena, or irreversible (irreversible transitions) where the system is not able to switch back to its previous state even when the perturbation is reverted. It was also shown numerically from the same qualitative model, that changes in the [AEC] IN , could also lead to the occurence of non-connected branches of alternative steady states [27]. In the present article, we propose the first experimental demonstration for the existence of such dynamic structures related to bistability and where no transition between the two coexisting stable branches of the bistable are physically possible and defining thus functionally non-equivalent states with distinct metabolite pattern.
Genetic Interpretation of Discrete Heredity II: Dynamics of Genes at One Locus with Genetic Drift in Small Population
Authors: Gillois Michel 
Published: October 2003

The two 1944 and 1945 Malécot's papers are each a face of the same coin. The first paper is the study of gene frequency evolution in a small population as a Markoff chain. The second paper is the study of consanguinity coefficient evolution in a small population. Coefficient of consanguinity is defined between two homologous genes and have narrow relation with second moment of gene frequencies following the relation [Formula: see text] with [n>0,1<k<2N] and qn the frequence of an allelic form at the generation n, and [Formula: see text] the probability of identity for k homologous gens slamped at random in the population at the generation n to belong to j identity subsets [8]. In this paper we use the concept of "generalized genotype" in order to synthetize these two independent Malécot's results. Four roots control dynamics: [Formula: see text] and form the kernel of all genetic dynamics. All other roots introduced by mutation and/or zygotic selection derive by duplication from one of these four primitive roots.
Influence of Element Types on Numeric Error for Acoustic Boundary Elements
Authors: Marburg Steffen , Schneider Stefan 
Published: October 2003

Continuous interpolation of the sound pressure is favored in most applications of boundary element methods for acoustics. Few papers are known to the authors in which discontinuous elements are applied. Mostly they were used because they guarantee C1 continuity of the geometry at element edges. The effect of superconvergence is known for boundary element collocation on discontinuous elements. This effect is observed if the collocation points are located at the zeroes of orthogonal functions, e.g. at the zeroes of the Legendre polynomials. In this paper, we start with a review of related work. Then, formulation of discontinuous elements and position of nodes on the element are presented and discussed. One parameter controls the location of nodes on the element. The major part of the paper consists of the investigation of the computational example of a long duct. For that, the numeric solution is compared with the analytic solution of the corresponding one-dimensional problem. Error dependence in terms of frequency, element size and location of nodes on discontinuous elements is reported. It will be shown that the zeroes of the Legendre polynomials account for an optimal position of nodes. Similar results are observed for triangular elements. It can be seen that the error in the Euclidean norm changes by one or two orders of magnitude if the location of nodes is shifted over the element. It can be seen that the optimal location varies with the wave-number although remaining in the vicinity of the zeroes of orthogonal functions. The irregular mesh of a sedan cabin compartment accounts for the second example. Optimal choice of node position is confirmed for this example. One of the key results of this paper is that discontinuous boundary elements perform more efficiently than continuous ones, in particular for linear elements. This, however, further implies that nodes are located at the zeroes of orthogonal functions on the element.
Adaptive Multigrid for Helmholtz Problems
Authors: Bartsch Guido , Wulf Christian 
Published: October 2003

Solving Helmholtz problems for low frequency sound fields by a truncated modal basis approach is very efficient. The most time-consuming process is the calculation of the undamped modes. Using traditional FE solvers, the user has to provide a mesh which has at least six nodes per wavelength in each spatial direction to achieve acceptable results. Because the mesh size increases with the 3rd power of the highest frequency of interest, this uniform dense mesh approach is a very expensive way of creating a modal space. However, the number of modes and the accuracy of the modal basis directly influences the solution quality. It is well known that the representation of sound fields by modal basis functions φi is optimal with respect to the L2 error norm. This means that having a modal basis Φ := {φi, i = 1⋯n}, the distance between true and approximated sound field takes its minimum in the mean square. So, it is necessary to have a FE basis which also minimizes the discretization error when computing the modal basis. One can reach this goal by applying adaptive mesh refinements. Additionally, this yields the opportunity of using fast multigrid methods to solve discrete eigenvalue problems. In context of this presentation we will discuss the results of our adaptive multigrid algorithms.
A Suggested Conditional Modus Ponens
Authors: Vincent Nicole , Dujet Christiane 
Published: October 2003

In this paper, in view of some paradoxical situations encountered in applying the Modus Ponens to Inference procedures in rule-based systems, we propose a new approach to perform the generalized Modus Ponens of Zadeh. Specifically, truth evaluations of conditional fuzzy information will be defined and used in Modus Ponens, opening the way to a unified framework for the aggregation of rules.
Inertial Confinement Fusion Program at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory: The National Ignition Facility, Inertial Fusion Energy, 100–1000 TW Lasers, and the Fast Igniter Concept
Authors: Howard Lowdermilk W. 
Published: October 2003

The ultimate goal of worldwide research in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is to develop fusion as an inexhaustible, economic, environmentally safe source of electric power. Following nearly thirty years of laboratory and underground fusion experiments, the next step toward this goal is to demonstrate ignition and propagating burn of fusion fuel in the laboratory. The National Ignition Facility (NIF) Project is being constructed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) for just this purpose. NIF will use advanced Nd-glass laser technology to deliver 1.8 MJ of 0.35 μm laser light in a shaped pulse, several nanoseconds in duration, achieving a peak power of 500 TW. A national community of U.S. laboratories is participating in this project, now in its final design phase. France and the United Kingdom are collaborating on development of required technology under bilateral agreements with the US. This paper presents key aspects of the laser design, and descriptions of principal laser and optical components. Follow-on development of lasers to meet the demands of an inertial fusion energy (IFE) power plant is reviewed. In parallel with the NIF Project and IFE developments, work is proceeding on ultrashort pulse lasers with peak power in the range of 100–1000 TW. A beamline on the Nova laser at LLNL recently delivered nearly 600 J of 1 μm light in a 0.5 ps duration pulse, for a peak power in excess of a petawatt (1015 W). This beamline, with advanced adaptive optics, will be capable of focused intensities in excess of 1021 W/cm2. Its primary purpose will be to test technological and scientific aspects of an alternate ignition concept, called the "Fast Igniter", that has the potential to produce higher fusion gain than conventional ICF.
CREDIT, DEBT, AND HONOR IN CASTILE, 1600-1650
Authors: Taylor Scott 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBased largely on the findings of anthropologists of the Mediterranean in the twentieth century, the traditional understanding of honor in early modern Spain has been defined as a concern for chastity, for women, and a willingness to protect women's sexual purity and avenge affronts, for men. Criminal cases from Castile in the period 1600-1650 demonstrate that creditworthiness was also an important component of honor, both for men and for women. In these cases, early modern Castilians became involved in violent disputes over credit, invoking honor and the rituals of the duel to justify their positions and attack their opponents. Understanding the connection between credit, debt, and honor leads us to update the anthropological models that pre-modern European historians employ, on the one hand, and to a new appreciation for the way seventeenth-century Castilians understood their public reputations and identity, on the other.
UNEASY PEACE: THE PRACTICE OF THE STALLUNG RITUAL IN ZÜRICH, 1400-1525
Authors: Pohl Susanne 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis article discusses the Stallung or "peace bidding" ritual in the imperial city of Zürich during the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. According to city law, every Zürcher had to ask quarrelling citizens to make peace, and the contestants were then obligated to end their fight. The discussion of Stallung in this article is informed by practice theory as developed by Pierre Bourdieu and Sherry Ortner. While habitus or structure constrains and produces the goals of social actors, those social actors also enact and transform structure. The meaning of the Stallung ritual was not stable, but subject to constant situational adjustment. The Stallung ritual may have prevented outbreaks of violence in many instances, yet the evidence demonstrates that the ritual was often absorbed into the ongoing dynamic of challenge and riposte that shaped contests over honor between male citizens.
BOURDIEU IN BED: THE SEDUCTION OF INNOCENTIA (ROME, 1570)
Authors: Cohen Thomas 
Published: October 2003

AbstractEarly modern tales of seduction and abandonment, and of legal proceedings to redress the moral and social balance, are not that rare. But this case, with its pathos and wry twists, is rich and interesting, both for the abundant detail, and for the picture it offers of female agency; both the girl and her governess are active players in the courtship and the marriage negotiations. The tale also illustrates uses of literacy, central to both the seduction and the legal prosecution, where the suitor's home-grown poetry, in the girl's mouth, helps crack his resistance to a match. The paper argues that a reading through Bourdieu's notion of "sense of play" helps explicate the blend of impulse and calculation that led the players through the several intrigues: the seduction, the marriage negotiations, the shambling betrayal, the court-brokered settlement. The essay contends that, when, as here, fields of play join awkwardly, ironies and odd twists abound. Such circumstances invite microhistories such as this, that explore the boundaries of routine behavior and the stresses that arise when scripts and roles collide.
WESTERN TRAVELERS, EASTERN ANTIQUITIES, AND THE IMAGE OF THE TURK IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE
Authors: Wunder Amanda 
Published: October 2003

AbstractEducated elite Europeans who visited Constantinople on diplomatic, scholarly, and commercial enterprises in the sixteenth century shared a common culture of antiquarianism, and their passion for the antiquities of the East shaped their accounts of the Turk and Ottoman Constantinople. The traveling antiquarians Augier Ghislain de Busbecq, Pierre Gilles, Melchior Lorck, Pieter Coecke van Aelst, and Nicholas de Nicolay produced a diverse range of printed works based on their firsthand experiences in the Ottoman Empire, in which they used traditional Renaissance genres (such as the urban encomium, the city view, the historia painting, and the costume book) to depict the Turk either as the enemy of antiquities or, alternatively, as an eternal, exotic object like the relics of the past. While some antiquarian travelers, most notably Lorck, Coecke, and Nicolay, demonstrated the variety that existed amongst the Turks, the ultimate impact of sixteenth-century antiquarian accounts of the Ottoman Empire was to deepen the Western perception of Oriental difference.
WAR FINANCE AND ABSOLUTIST STATE DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY MODERN EUROPE: AN EXAMINATION OF FRENCH VENALITY IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
Authors: Potter Mark 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe impact of warfare on absolutist state development in early modern Europe was more complicated than often thought by historians and theorists of the state. The competitive pressures of warfare did not always lead to linear political developments which would culminate in a centralized bureaucratic state. Instead, rulers' financial strategies along with the political effects of these strategies were conditioned by both structural and historical constraints. Political change in France over the course of the seventeenth century illustrates the impact of these two sets of constraints. Here, I trace in particular the changing property rights of office holding as a measure of political change shaped by war finance within these two sets of constraints.
ATLANTIC SUGAR AND ANTWERP'S TRADE WITH GERMANY IN THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY
Authors: Harreld Donald 
Published: October 2003

AbstractOnce the Portuguese opened new Atlantic trade routes and began producing sugar on their Atlantic islands, Antwerp succeeded Venice as Europe's principal sugar market. Large numbers of Italian and German sugar refiners established themselves in Antwerp by the middle of the sixteenth century. Merchants shipped the bulk of the Atlantic sugar to the German market towns, with Cologne being the most important destination during the first half of the sixteenth century. The demand for sugar in Germany increased as the practice of taking sugar spread east setting the stage for the sugar revolution of the seventeenth century.
FcγRIIIa and FcγRIIa polymorphisms do not predict response to rituximab in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Farag Sherif S. , Flinn Ian W. , Modali Rama , Lehman Teresa A. , Young Donn , Byrd John C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In follicular lymphoma (FL), genomic polymorphisms corresponding to the expression of valine (V) or phenylalanine (F) at amino acid 158 of FcγRIIIa alter the binding affinity of immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) to the receptor and have been associated with varied responses to rituximab. We examined FcγRIIIa polymorphisms of 30 CLL patients with the phenotypes V/V (n = 6), V/F (n = 12), and F/F (n = 12) treated with thrice-weekly rituximab (375 mg/m2) for 4 weeks to correlate polymorphism type with infusion toxicity and response. Infusion toxicity (grade 3 or greater or hypoxia/hypotension requiring transient cessation of therapy) was observed equally among the groups (V/V, 50%; V/F, 33%; F/F, 41.6%; P = .78). The response to rituximab was also similar among the different polymorphism phenotypes (V/V, 33%; V/F, 41.6%; F/F, 50%). These data suggest that FcγRIIIa polymorphisms are not predictive of response in CLL and that, unlike the case with FL, mechanisms of tumor clearance other than antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity may be more important.
Formation of 8-Membered Ring Compounds by the Reaction of Styrene Oxide with MoCl5
Authors: Guo Qiaoxia , Nakajima Kiyohiko , Takahashi Tamotsu 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Styrene oxide reacted with group 5 and 6 metal halides in 1,2-dichloroethane to afford an 8-membered ring compound, 2,3,6,7-dibenzo-9-oxabicyclo[3,3,1]nona-2,6-diene. When the reaction was carried out in benzene instead of 1,2-dichloroethane as a solvent, unexpected new 8-membered ring product, tribenzobicyclo[3.3.2]decatriene, and 1,1,2-triphenylethane were obtained. The structures of the 8-membered ring compounds were confirmed by X-ray analysis.
Behavior of By-products during Direct-photodegradation Treatment of Trichloroethylene. Effect of Oxygen Concentration on Production of By-products
Authors: Yamamoto Shin , Amemiya Takashi , Murabayashi Masayuki , Itoh Kiminori 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
During direct-photodegradation treatment of trichloroethylene by a low-pressure mercury lamp in a dry air atmosphere, slightly degradable by-products are produced; this production is the most serious issue associated with such treatment. We observed the acceleration of by-products degradation with decrease in an oxygen concentration in a treatment atmosphere.
2,3,6,7,10,11-Hexakis(dimethylsilyl)triphenylene
Authors: Kyushin Soichiro , Takemasa Norikatsu , Matsumoto Hideyuki , Horiuchi Hiroaki , Hiratsuka Hiroshi 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
2,3,6,7,10,11-Hexakis(dimethylsilyl)triphenylene (1) was synthesized by the silylation of 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexabromotriphenylene with chlorodimethylsilane and magnesium. The absorption and emission spectra of 1 revealed that the silyl substituents modify optical properties of triphenylene.
Direct Proof for Electrochemical Substitution of Surface Hydrogen of Boron-doped Diamond Electrode by TOF–ESD Method
Authors: Yagi Ichizo , Ogai Keiko , Kondo Takeshi , Fujishima Akira , Ueda Kazuyuki , Uosaki Kohei 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The substitution of surface hydrogen on boron (B)-doped diamond electrodes during electrochemical hydrogen evolution was confirmed using TOF–ESD method. The results show that surface-H(D) was substituted by D(H) as a result of the reduction of D+(H+) in solution during the electrochemical hydrogen evolution at the B-doped diamond.
A Duplex of Tetra(2-pyridyl)porphyrin and Tetrahydroxylcalix[4]arene
Authors: Ohkawa Haruki , Arai Satoshi , Takeoka Shinji , Shibue Toshimichi , Nishide Hiroyuki 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
meso-Tetra(2-pyridyl)porphyrin forms a duplex with tetrahydroxylcalix[4]arene via triplicate or quadruple hydrogen bonds, to provide a capping structure on the porphyrin plane.
Fabrication of Nanoelectrode Ensembles of Porous Gold Nanoshells and Direct Electrochemistry of Horseradish Peroxidase Immobilized on the Electrode
Authors: Wang Xia-Yan , Zhong Hui , Lv Yang , Chen Hong-Yuan 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Novel nanoelectrode ensembles of porous gold nanoshells were prepared on a glassy carbon electrode surface through NH2(CH2)2SH self-assembly approach. The direct electrochemistry of horseradish peroxidase immobilized on the NAuE with high surface area was investigated using electrochemical methods.