bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global perspectives on nematode parasite control in ruminant livestock: the need to adopt alternatives to chemotherapy, with emphasis on biological control
Authors: Waller Peter J. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractEffective, sustainable control of nematode parasites of grazing livestock is becoming evermore challenging and difficult. This is largely due to two contrasting issues. One is the rapid escalation of resistance to anthelmintic drugs, which is arguably the greatest problem now facing the small ruminant industries worldwide. Secondly, there is the increasing trend towards organic farming, in which there is prohibition of the prophylactic use of all chemical compounds. Livestock producers urgently need non-chemotherapeutic alternatives in parasite control. Researchers have responded to this challenge and a variety of quite different approaches have been the subject of intense investigation in many countries for several decades now. These vary in relation to their stage of development for on-farm use, their utility, and their applicability across the spectrum of grazing livestock enterprises throughout the world. One relatively recent innovation is the biological control approach to nematode parasites. This has now reached the stage of commercialization. This review focuses on these issues and provides an overview of the possible ways in which the biological control of nematode parasites could be employed in grazing ruminant livestock systems worldwide.
A key mechanism of pathogenesis in sheep infected with the nematodeTeladorsagia circumcincta
Authors: Stear M. J. , Bishop S. C. , Henderson N. G. , Scott I. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractInfection of sheep with the abomasal nematodeTeladorsagia circumcinctacan cause a relative protein deficiency and reduce growth rate in growing lambs. A key event appears to be the destruction of junctions between epithelial cells. If the infection is heavy or prolonged, this leads to increased mucus production, hyperplasia, decreased acid production, gastrinemia, inappetance and pepsinogenemia. The severity of the infection depends upon the extent of concurrent infection, the nutritional status of the host and genetically controlled variation in the ability to mount protective immune responses.
Cryptosporidiumand host resistance: historical perspective and some novel approaches
Authors: Harp James A. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractCryptosporidium parvumis recognized as a major cause of diarrheal disease in neonatal bovine calves. In addition, this protozoan parasite has emerged as an important cause of disease in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent humans. Despite years of research, no consistently effective means of prevention or treatment are readily available for cryptosporidiosis in any species. Infection through ingestion of contaminated water has been widely documented;C. parvumwas reported to be responsible for the largest waterborne outbreak of infectious disease in US history. In addition to its role as a primary disease agent,C. parvumhas potential to initiate or exacerbate other gastrointestinal disorders, such as inflammatory bowel disease. Thus, control ofC. parvuminfection in both animals and humans remains an important objective. Research in our laboratory has focused on understanding mechanisms of resistance toC. parvum. We have demonstrated that acquisition of intestinal flora increases resistance toC. parvum.Substances present in the intestinal mucosa of adult animals can transfer resistance when fed to susceptible infants. Both expression of intestinal enzymes and rate of proliferation of epithelial cells may be altered followingC. parvuminfection. These and other changes may have profound effects on host resistance toC. parvum.
Canine distemper, a re-emerging morbillivirus with complex neuropathogenic mechanisms
Authors: Griot Christian , Vandevelde Marc , Schobesberger Martina , Zurbriggen Andreas 
Published: July 2003

AbstractParamyxoviruses are responsible for a wide variety of diseases both in humans and in animals. Common to many paramyxoviruses is the fact that they can cause neurological symptoms in their final host. Newly discovered paramyxoviruses, such as the Hendra and Nipah viruses, show the same pattern of pathogenesis as that of the paramyxoviruses already known. Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a well-studied member of the genusMorbillivirus. Study of the neuropathogenesis of CDV might give insight into disease mechanisms and suggest approaches for the prevention of other recently discovered paramyxovirus infections.
‘Malnutrition’ in the aged: the dietary assessment
Authors: Wahlqvist Mark L 
Published: July 2003

AbstractChanging demography towards older populations requires nutritionists to review food–health relationships in regard to older age groups, to the ageing process, to precursors of disability and survival, and to the changeability of health status through diet in later life. Nutritional status in later life may be complex with combined features of under-, over- and disordered nutrition – dysnutrition. Further, beyond food components (essential nutrients and more), foods themselves, integrals of food intake and the socio-cultural aspects of food intake play a significant role in the health and well-being of the aged and require measurement. Ageing socio-biology provides opportunities and imposes limitations on the usual food intake instruments. However, rapid assessment procedures can be particularly valuable as highlighted in the Food Habits in Later Life project of the International Union of Nutritional Sciences. There are critical issues to which dietary methodology can be applied to the aged: a disappearing knowledge base, relevant health-enhancing strategies and the creation of new food–health opportunities. Many communities now wish to use such information to develop food-based dietary guidelines for their aged members.
Understanding the nutrition transition: measuring rapid dietary changes in transitional countries
Authors: Popkin Barry M , Lu Bing , Zhai Fengying 
Published: July 2003

AbstractObjective:To understand methodological concerns related to dietary intake collection in transitional societies.Design:Three days of household weighing and measurement of all food used and repeated 24-hour recalls.Setting:Eight Chinese provinces.Subjects:Five thousand nine hundred and fifty-two and 5152 adults aged 20–45 years in 1989 and 1997, respectively.Results:Great variance exists in the types and quantity of animal products used in common recipes. For example, the proportion of pork from lean cuts in ‘stir-fried fresh pepper and pork’ varies between 14 and 24% in urban and rural areas and the total pork content for 100 g (dish) varies by 15 to 19 g between rural and urban areas in each of eight provinces. Another challenge relates to the variation in the edible vegetable oil content added during food preparation. Reliance on standard recipes for each fried dish would miss the variations in oil use over time, space and socio-economic status.Conclusions:Dietary change is rapid in transitional countries. Reliance on recipes standardised for animal food and edible oil contents will lead to very large systematic errors in the measurement of energy, fat and protein intakes.
Development of a questionnaire and a database for assessing dietary D-limonene intake
Authors: Hakim Iman A , Hartz Vern , Graver Ellen , Whitacre Robin , Alberts David 
Published: July 2003

AbstractObjective:Increasing recognition of the potential importance of phytochemicals in the aetiology of cancer and heart diseases has highlighted the need for methods to measure individual phytochemical consumption that are sufficiently simple to be used in large epidemiological studies and whose reproducibility and accuracy have been quantified. D-Limonene is a natural component of a variety of foods and beverages and is found mainly in citrus fruits. However, D-limonene is not assessed by any nationally available analysis database.Design:We designed our study to assess the D-limonene content of different citrus juices and beverages and to develop a dietary assessment instrument to measure consumption of citrus foods (fruit, juice and peel) and D-limonene intake and test it for reliability.Subjects and methods:A total of 120 citrus juice samples were analysed and used to develop the preliminary D-limonene database. A self-administered citrus food-frequency questionnaire was developed and administered twice to participants, separated by a 2-month interval. The questionnaire was tested for reproducibility of estimates of citrus food consumption and D-limonene intake among 120 participants.Results:Correlation coefficients between the two administrations of the questionnaire ranged from 0.50 for citrus peel use to 0.82 for orange juice. Mean intakes (range) of D-limonene from citrus juices among consumers were 13.0 (0.24–141.9) mg day−1and 13.2 (0.07–83.9) mg day−1(r= 0.60,P< 0.001).Conclusion:The citrus frequency questionnaire developed in this study provided highly reproducible estimates of citrus foods, citrus peel and D-limonene intakes. This instrument may be a useful tool in studies of the associations between citrus peel use, D-limonene intake and risk for chronic disease.
Comparison of dietary intakes of micro- and macronutrients in rural, suburban and urban populations in Costa Rica
Authors: Kabagambe Edmond K , Baylin Ana , Siles Xinia , Campos Hannia 
Published: July 2003

AbstractObjective:To compare, along with behavioural habits, the potential atherogenicity of diets in rural and urban areas in Costa Rica.Design:Subjects (n= 503) were randomly selected from the general population in Costa Rica. A validated food-frequency questionnaire that inquired about dietary intake in the previous year was administered once to each subject. Each subject provided plasma and an adipose tissue biopsy, which were used as biomarkers for carotenoid, tocopherol and/or fatty acid intakes. Each subject also answered another questionnaire on personal profile and household characteristics.Setting:A dietitian visited all subjects and conducted the interviews at their homes.Subjects:Adult male and female free-living rural, suburban and urban Costa Ricans without a history of physical or mental disability.Results:Subjects in rural areas were significantly (P< 0.05) more active physically, earned less income and had a higher intake of dietary fibre than urban dwellers. Urban residents reported a significantly (P< 0.05) higher consumption of total fat, specifically unsaturated fat mostly from soyabean oil, and had higher plasma and adipose tissue tocopherol and lycopene concentrations. Interestingly, no differences in body mass index were observed.Conclusions:These data show differences in cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors of rural and urban populations in Costa Rica. In rural areas, low socio-economic status and low intake of unsaturated fatty acids appear to be the prevalent CVD risk factors, while in urban areas they were low physical activity, hightrans-fatty acids in the diet and adipose tissue, and low dietary fibre intake.
Measuring flavonoid intake: need for advanced tools
Authors: Dwyer Johanna T , Peterson Julia J 
Published: July 2003

AbstractObjective:Flavonoids are phytochemicals with potentially beneficial biological effects that are poorly characterised in existing tables of food composition.Design:To describe new techniques for analysis, absorption, informatics and dietary assessment that are important in measuring the flavonoid content in foods and in developing a flavonoid food composition database.Setting:Data on chemical analyses of the major flavonoid compounds that exist in the food science literature are being located, collated and compiled into a preliminary flavonoid food composition database.Results:The analytical process begins with preparation of the food for flavonoid analysis using techniques to disrupt the food matrix, alcoholic extraction, and enzymatic or acidic hydrolysis to remove sugars. Separation is usually accomplished using high-performance liquid chromatography. Flavonoids are identified by diode array spectrometry, mass spectrometry or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Quantification usually employs comparison of the sample with standards, if available, using the area under the curve of the chromatogram to estimate quantity. Absorption studies are useful since flavonoids vary in their absorption. Finally, information management technologies (informatics) are used to translate flavonoid data information into food composition databases. This process involves identification of foods containing the compounds of interest, collection and organisation of sources of existing analytical data, assignment of quality scores or aggregation of acceptable data for each component and food, calculation of appropriate statistics, assignment of food codes and verification, and finalisation. The resulting food flavonoid database can be used with state-of-the-art dietary assessment methods to develop estimates of flavonoid intakes in foods and to correlate these with estimates of disease risk.Conclusions:A provisional flavonoid database, including at least two components from each of six classes of flavonoids, should be completed in 2002.
The use of food-frequency questionnaires for various purposes in China
Authors: Zhao Wenhua , Hasegawa Kyoko , Chen Junshi 
Published: July 2003

AbstractObjective:To compare various food-frequency questionnaires (FFQs) used in nutritional studies in China for various purposes.Design:In Study 1, a simplified FFQ with 17 questions on food was used in a large rural study. In Study 2, a questionnaire consisting of 84 questions on food consumption of 16 food categories was used in a study comparing dietary consumption data and various health indicators of elderly people in four geographical areas in China. In Study 3, a questionnaire with 149 items in 17 food categories is being validated by comparison with data obtained by repeated 24-hour recalls.Setting:Study 1 was carried out in one southern site and a northern site in 1996 to 1997. Study 2 was conducted in four different geographical sites in 1998. The on-going study, Study 3, has been carried out in Jiangsu and Beijing since 1999.Subjects:Study 1 included 12 234 rural Chinese adults aged 40 years. There were 546 elderly people in Study 2. Study 3 is collecting data from 300 healthy adults.Results:The results of food consumption and nutrient intakes from Study 1 were comparable with those obtained from a previous household dietary survey, in which sensible correlations between diet and diseases were also found. In Study 2, the dietary data from the four geographical areas showed significant differences in food and nutrient intakes among the different areas. The validation of the new FFQ in Study 3 is still going on.Conclusion:The FFQ is a useful method for the collection of individual food consumption information. The above FFQ forms could be used in studies with different purposes, especially in studying the relationship between diet, nutrition and chronic diseases.
Using national dietary data to measure dietary changes
Authors: Champagne Catherine M , Bogle Margaret L , Karge William H 
Published: July 2003

AbstractObjective:To demonstrate that dietary datasets from the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals, a US population survey, allow comparisons with national data and provide food composition datasets that can be used to generate similar dietary data.Design:Two studies are described: the Lower Mississippi Delta Nutrition Intervention Research Initiative (Delta NIRI), which used a 24-hour recall, and a Department of Defense Military Nutrition Research Task, which used 3-day dietary records. Both studies used the same food composition tables.Setting:Rural Lower Mississippi Delta and an Army post.Subjects:Four hundred and nine residents (adults and children) from the rural Delta region of Arkansas, Louisiana and Mississippi, and 74 career soldiers from the Sergeants Major Academy, Fort Bliss, Texas.Results:The Delta NIRI study found that fruit and vegetable consumption for these rural residents was lower than that found nationally. Additionally, the quality of vegetable servings is of concern since a large percentage came from french fries and potato chips. In the Sergeants Major Academy study, the national survey food composition tables allowed for easy analysis of intake data and comparisons with dietary recommendations.Conclusions:Strategies similar to those used for the Delta NIRI and Military Nutrition Research Task can be used widely, allowing comparisons of ‘defined populations’ with nationally distributed data. Additionally, measurement of dietary change is more efficient when the same protocol is used subsequently to collect more data, a method similar to that used by the US Department of Agriculture to describe food consumption patterns from one survey to another.
The SENECA study: potentials and problems in relating diet to survival over 10 years
Authors: Van Staveren Wija A , de Groot Lisette CPMG , Haveman-Nies Annemien 
Published: July 2003

AbstractObjective:To give an overview of the evaluation of the modified diet history applied in the SENECA study (Survey in Europe on Nutrition and the Elderly; a Concerted Action).Design:Nineteen centres in 12 countries participated at baseline. Nine of these SENECA centres conducted a repeat measurement scheme in elderly people born between 1913 and 1918. These longitudinal centres included 100 subjects per sex per site.Methods:The relative validity of the method was tested by comparing results of the modified diet history with results obtained from a weighed record in 82 subjects. In the follow-up we compared changes in energy intake with changes in body weight and calculated the physical activity ratio in all longitudinal centres. In SENECA's finale we examined the predictive value of dietary patterns observed at baseline for survival 10 years later, making use of the original and an adapted Mediterranean Diet Score.Results:The modified diet history overestimated intake, compared with the weighed record. However, the physical activity ratio and an in-depth study in a metabolic room indicated that the diet history rather underestimated energy intake. We did not find a relationship between changes in energy intake and changes in body weight, but this could be explained by the fact that most likely we did not measure intake in the dynamic phase of body weight change. Based on the adapted Mediterranean Diet Score, the study results showed a positive relation between a healthy diet and survival.Conclusion:We conclude that the modified diet history has given sufficiently reliable results for the purposes of the study
Measuring household food security in poor Venezuelan households
Authors: Lorenzana Paulina A , Mercado Carmen 
Published: July 2003

AbstractObjective:To validate abbreviated methods that estimate food security level among poor communities in Caracas, Venezuela.Design:Two independent cross-sectional studies were undertaken to internally and externally validate simple quantitative/qualitative methods. The quantitative measure was constructed from data on household food availability, gathered using the list-recall method. It is a count of the foods that explain 85% or more of household energy availability. The qualitative measure is a score of female-perceived food insecurity level estimated with a modified ‘hunger index’, reflecting food resource constraints and hunger experiences within the home. Socio-economic and food behaviour data that may predict household food security (HFS) levels were gathered. The second study was repeated a year later to measure the impact of an increase in the minimum wage on HFS levels.Setting:Two poor urban communities in Caracas, Venezuela.Subjects:All households in both communities that complied with selection criteria (poor and very poor families that share food resources) and were willing to participate. The sample comprised 238 and 155 female household food managers in the two communities.Results:In 1995, data from females in 238 urban poor households provided evidence for the overall validity of the method. Its application in 1997 to 155 households in the other community gave support to the external validity of the method. Measures were repeated in 1998 on 133 subjects of the above sample, when the minimum wage was increased by 23%. Evidence is presented showing the sensitivity of the method to changes in the determinants of HFS. Data analysed during these three periods suggest that the method can be simplified further by using the food diversity score instead of the quantitative measure since these variables correlate highly with one another (r ≥ 0:854).Conclusions:This simple method is a valid and precise measure of food security among poor urban households in Caracas. The qualitative/quantitative measures complement each other as they capture different dimensions of HFS.
Validation of habitual energy intake
Authors: Schoeller Dale A 
Published: July 2003

AbstractObjective:To provide a framework for use of the doubly labelled water method to measure energy expenditure in order to validate dietary instruments for the assessment of energy.Design:Review and description of the use of doubly labelled water method for use as a biomarker for habitual energy intake.Results:The doubly labelled water method has a relative accuracy of 1% and within-subject precision of 5 to 8%. Comparison of self-reported energy intake with energy expenditure demonstrated that over one-third of individuals may underreport energy intake by more than 25%.Conclusions:The doubly labelled water method, although expensive and dependent on non-routine laboratory instrumentation, is an excellent biomarker of energy intake.
Measuring the intakes of foods and nutrients of marginal populations in north-west Mexico
Authors: Ortega MI , Valencia ME 
Published: July 2003

AbstractObjective:To describe methodological issues regarding the measurement of food intake of marginal populations in the north-west of Mexico.Methods:Dietary data from three sources were analysed. The Sonora State Food Basket Study (505 individuals from all ages, both sexes, high, medium and low income, and from urban and rural settings), 144 individuals from rural Indian communities, and 152 low-income urban women. Methods of dietary data collection were single 24-hour recalls for the first two studies, and four non-consecutive 24-hour recalls as well as a food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) for low-income urban women.Results:The food patterns in the three studies showed similar core foods; however, food diversity resulted in 19, 13 and 57 different foods reported by 90% of the population in the state, Indian communities and urban women, respectively. Mean intakes of selected food components in the sample of urban women vs. a representative sample of the population of the state were similar, although smaller variation in consumption was observed in urban women with repeated 24-hour recalls. Inter-individual variation in intake of food components was similar in the state and urban women samples, but the Indian communities showed lower coefficients of variation (CVs). Use of four 24-hour recalls decreased the inter-individual variation in food component intakes of low-income urban women, especially for vitamin intakes. The FFQ did not show an additional decrease in inter-individual variation for macronutrients, but reduced even more the CVs for vitamins. Intra-individual variation was higher than inter-individual variation for urban women's intakes when estimated by repeated 24-hour recalls. This effect was reversed when estimated by duplicate food frequencies. Ratios of intra-individual to inter-individual variation in food intake were lower for Mexican when compared with US women. These results should be considered, especially for association analysis of low-income women's diets and health outcomes.