bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Topical Humidified Carbon Dioxide to Keep the Open Surgical Wound Warm
Authors: Persson Mikael , Elmqvist Håkan , van der Linden Jan 
Published: September 2004

Background
Perioperative hypothermia is common in open surgery and is associated with increased rates of wound infection. This is a result of decreased wound tissue oxygenation, which can be normalized by local warming. Recently, a technique has been developed to establish a carbon dioxide atmosphere in an open surgical wound. Therefore, the authors studied the possible "greenhouse effect" of carbon dioxide insufflation and operation lamps on wound temperature.

Methods
In a fully ventilated operating room surface temperature was measured at steady state in a model of an open surgical wound containing blood agar. The wound model was randomized to either no insufflation or insufflation of dry and humidified carbon dioxide or air, respectively, at a flow of 5 l/min via a gas diffuser. The surface temperature was measured with operation lamps switched on and off, respectively. Evaporation rates were also measured.

Results
With the operation light off, the surface temperature in the control was 31.8 degrees C, and with the operation light on, the temperature increased by 1.5 degrees C (P < 0.001). Additional insufflation of dry carbon dioxide increased the surface temperature another 1.9 degrees C (P < 0.001). When the carbon dioxide was humidified, the evaporation rate was lowest and the surface temperature increased further to 35.6 degrees C (P = 0.002). In contrast, insufflation of dry and humidified air did not have a significant effect on the evaporation rate and only marginally increased the wound temperature in comparison with the control.

Conclusions
Insufflation of humidified carbon dioxide in combination with light from the operation lamps may help to keep the open wound warm during surgery.
Severe Neurological Complications after Central Neuraxial Blockades in Sweden 1990–1999
Authors: Moen Vibeke , Dahlgren Nils , Irestedt Lars 
Published: September 2004

Background
Central neuraxial blockades find widespread applications. Severe complications are believed to be extremely rare, but the incidence is probably underestimated.

Methods
A retrospective study of severe neurologic complications after central neuraxial blockades in Sweden 1990-1999 was performed. Information was obtained from a postal survey and administrative files in the health care system. During the study period approximately 1,260,000 spinal blockades and 450,000 epidural blockades were administered, including 200,000 epidural blockades for pain relief in labor.

Results
: The 127 complications found included spinal hematoma (33), cauda equina syndrome (32), meningitis (29), epidural abscess (13), and miscellaneous (20). Permanent neurologic damage was observed in 85 patients. Incidence of complications after spinal blockade was within 1:20-30,000 in all patient groups. Incidence after obstetric epidural blockade was 1:25,000; in the remaining patients it was 1:3600 (P < 0.0001). Spinal hematoma after obstetric epidural blockade carried the incidence 1:200,000, significantly lower than the incidence 1:3,600 females subject to knee arthroplasty (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions
: More complications than expected were found, probably as a result of the comprehensive study design. Half of the complications were retrieved exclusively from administrative files. Complications occur significantly more often after epidural blockade than after spinal blockade, and the complications are different. Obstetric patients carry significantly lower incidence of complications. Osteoporosis is proposed as a previously neglected risk factor. Close surveillance after central neuraxial blockade is mandatory for safe practice.
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies of Pain
Authors: Ibinson James W. , Small Robert H. , Algaze Antonio , Roberts Cynthia J. , Clark David L. , Schmalbrock Petra 
Published: September 2004

Background
Several investigations into brain activation caused by pain have suggested that the multiple painful stimulations used in typical block designs may cause attenuation over time of the signal within activated areas. The effect this may have on pain investigations using multiple tasks has not been investigated. The signal decay across a task of four repeating pain stimulations and between two serial pain tasks separated by a 4-min interval was examined to determine whether signal attenuation may significantly confound pain investigations.

Methods
The characteristics of the brain activation of six subjects were determined using whole brain blood oxygenation level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging on a 1.5-T scanner. Tasks included both tingling and pain induced by transcutaneous electrical stimulation of the median nerve. The average group maps were analyzed by general linear modeling with corrected cluster P values of less than 0.05. The time courses of individual voxels were further investigated by analysis of variance with P values of less than 0.05.

Results
Significant differences between pain and tingling were found in the ipsilateral cerebellum, contralateral thalamus, secondary somatosensory cortex, primary somatosensory cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex. Highly significant signal decay was found to exist across each single pain task, but the signal was found to be restored after a 4-min rest period.

Conclusions
This work shows that serial pain tasks can be used for functional magnetic resonance imaging studies using electrical nerve stimulation as a stimulus, as long as sufficient time is allowed between the two tasks.
Chronopharmacology of Intrathecal Sufentanil for Labor Analgesia
Authors: Debon Richard , Boselli Emmanuel , Guyot Romain , Allaouchiche Bernard , Lemmer Bjorn , Chassard Dominique 
Published: September 2004

Background
The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of opioids vary throughout the day, as demonstrated for oral morphine in chronic pain. However, little is known about the chronobiology of intrathecal lipid soluble opioids used for labor analgesia. The aim of this prospective study was to determine whether the duration of action of intrathecally administered sufentanil is influenced by the time of administration.

Methods
Ninety-one women in the first stage of labor were enrolled. Labor analgesia was first provided by 10 microg intrathecal sufentanil. The duration of action of intrathecal sufentanil was measured and analyzed by the cosinor method to determine periodic intraday variation.

Results
Pain assessed by a visual analog score was not different among patients (70 +/- 17 mm) before the injection of intrathecal sufentanil. Rhythm analysis revealed a mean ( +/- SD) duration of analgesia (mesor) of 93.0 +/- 3.8 min. A highly significant 12-h rhythm was found, with two peaks: One was near midnight (0.78 +/- 0.6 h), and the other was near noon (12.78 +/- 0.6 min) (P < 0.01). The amplitude of this 12-h component was 16.1 +/- 5.5 min.

Conclusions
The duration of intrathecal sufentanil analgesia exhibited a temporal pattern with 30% variations throughout the day period. The authors point out that the lack of consideration of chronobiological conditions in intrathecally administered analgesia studies can cause significant statistical bias. Further studies dealing with intrathecal opioids should consider the time of drug administration.
Medical modernisation, scientific research fields and the epistemic politics of health social movements
Authors: Hess David J. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractAs health social movements (HSMs) and complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) professions increasingly mount challenges to the authority of medical knowledge, the tendency for the medical research community and medical profession to dismiss such epistemic challenges (termed here ‘paternalistic progressivism’) and the corresponding response from challengers that medicine is corrupt (termed here ‘medical devolution’) has given way to a process of incorporation of challenges under the rubric of evidence‐based research (termed here the epistemic dimension of ‘medical modernisation’). Under conditions of medical modernisation the distinction between lay/alternative knowledge and scientific knowledge, upon which the epistemic authority of medicine rested, is submerged in a more complex field of competing scientific networks and research programmes. Furthermore, the older policy of transmitting science to an illiterate public and suppressing dissidents is replaced by an emerging system of the ‘public shaping of science’, in which there is both greater agency of social movement/lay advocacy organisations and greater recognition of the legitimacy of that agency. Indirect and direct forms of the public shaping of science are discussed, as are emergent problems of co‐optation. Understanding the emergent epistemic politics that are characterised here as medical modernisation requires an ongoing theoretical integration of medical sociology and the sociology of science.
Health consumer groups in the UK: a new social movement?
Authors: Allsop Judith , Jones Kathryn , Baggott Rob 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThis paper argues that a health consumer movement has developed in the United Kingdom over the last decade. Drawing on two empirical studies of groups that promote and/or represent the interests of patients, users and carers, it argues that groups formed by people with personal experience of a condition are now more widespread. Feelings of pain and loss can lead to the identification of others in a similar position, and to the formation of groups and action in the political sphere. Research shows that groups share a common discourse and follow similar participative practices, and there is extensive networking. Informal and formal alliances have formed to pursue joint action and indicate a wider health consumer movement. As governments have also increased the opportunities for participation, this has the potential for patients and carers to shape services in ways more responsive to their needs.
Regenerating movements: embryonic stem cells and the politics of potentiality
Authors: Ganchoff Chris 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThis paper develops a theoretical frame for analysing social movements in/and biomedicine. Drawing from work in social movement theory and science and technology studies, the paper describes the field of biotechnology as the material/imagined space of contemporary biopolitics in the contemporary United States. Interviews with activists from four social movements, websites and written material are examined, and two processes of knowledge construction were found to be central in constituting the field of biotechnology. These processes open up multiple sites for citizen participation in the construction of scientific knowledge.
Advocating voice: organisational, historical and social milieux of the Alzheimer's disease movement
Authors: Beard Renée L. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe Alzheimer's disease movement, despite the stated willingness of the Alzheimer's Association, has yet to comprehensively utilise people with Alzheimer's as spokespersons. This is particularly noteworthy given the increasing availability of those with Alzheimer's who, especially in the early stages, are fully capable of advocating their position. Qualitative interviews and focus groups with people who have been diagnosed with Alzheimer's demonstrate the active role they are beginning to take in informing research, practice and policy. Interviews with affiliates of the national association aiming to advocate for people with memory loss depict an enduring struggle to incorporate these perspectives. Although primary obstacles may involve the structural dynamics within a society that stigmatises those who are old and/or forgetful, there are clear organisational contradictions within the Association itself preventing such mobilisation efforts. The dynamics shaping this health social movement's endeavours portray characteristics that obstruct an ability to embrace as spokespersons the individuals for whom it advocates.
How sociology can save bioethics . . . maybe
Authors: López José 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThis paper argues for the importance of a broad sociological engagement with bioethics. It begins by considering why sociologists should be interested in bioethics and then goes on to explore the cognitive critique of bioethics developed by ethnographers. Some of these authors have also suggested that a more robust bioethics might emerge through the incorporation of the tools of ethnographic analysis. In this paper, it is argued that this is an important claim which needs to be analysed further and that Foucault's concept of discursive formations provides a useful framework for doing so. Once bioethics is redescribed as a discursive formation, the paper explores the challenges and obstacles that sociology and ethnography face in their attempt to open up a space for themselves in bioethics. The paper concludes by suggesting that sociologists and ethnographers need to reflect on the ways in which they might democratically secure legitimacy for their own claims in the field of social ethics.
Variation in growth responses of neotropical pioneers to simulated forest gaps
Authors: DALLING J. W. , WINTER K. , HUBBELL S. P. 
Published: September 2004

Summary

One proposed mechanism by which tree species coexist is through partitioning gradients of light availability. We performed a pot experiment in which seedlings of 12 pioneer species were established in 30% light, then transplanted to six light treatments designed to simulate natural gaps ranging from 25 m2 (≈10% full sun) to 800 m2 (60% full sun). Plants were harvested after 56–117 days, and comparisons were made of allocation patterns and growth and carbon assimilation rates.
Species varied strongly in their maximum relative growth rate (RGR, range 15·4–83·6 mg g−1 day−1). However, we found little evidence for gap‐size partitioning based on growth rate, as species RGR in large and small simulated gaps was strongly correlated (r = 0·83, P < 0·001).
Species differences in growth reflected variation in both physiology and allocation. Net assimilation rate was a strong determinant of RGR across all simulated gap sizes (r2 = 0·60–0·71, P < 0·001). Leaf area ratio was a poor predictor of growth rate under all gap sizes (r2 = 0·04–0·08, NS).
The maximum rate of net C assimilation (Amax) increased significantly with simulated gap size for all but one pioneer species, but only when measured on a per area basis. Among species variation in Amax was only weakly related to RGR. Foliar nitrogen concentration varied widely among species (range 2·2–4·7% dry mass), but was only weakly correlated with RGR (r2 = 0·04–0·30).
Previous growth analyses of tropical seedlings have identified both specific leaf area (SLA) and seed mass as key traits correlated with growth rate. Although SLA varied twofold and seed mass more than a thousand‐fold among the pioneer species in this study, neither trait was significantly correlated with among‐species variation in RGR. Although these traits underlie major differences in life history between shade‐tolerant and pioneer species, they contribute little to variation in growth performance within the pioneer functional group.
Linking plant genotype, plant defensive chemistry and mammal browsing in a Eucalyptus species
Authors: O'REILLY‐WAPSTRA J. M. , MCARTHUR C. , POTTS B. M. 
Published: September 2004

Summary

In the field of plant–herbivore interactions a major focus of research is the importance of herbivores as selective agents on the evolution of plant resistance. Evidence to support the role of herbivores as selective agents must demonstrate that the intraspecific variation in plant resistance, and the variation in the plant resistive trait, are under genetic control. Predominantly, research in this field has concentrated on plant–insect systems, with much less emphasis on plant–mammal interactions.
In a common Eucalyptus species, Eucalyptus globulus (Labill.), variation in resistance to a mammalian herbivore, Trichosurus vulpecula (Kerr, 1792), is under genetic control.
In this paper, plants of known genetic stock grown in a common‐environment field trial were used to investigate the plant characteristic responsible for resistance of E. globulus to T. vulpecula and to determine if there was a genetic basis to variation in the defensive trait.
The results demonstrate that a formylated phloroglucinol compound, sideroxylonal, is the dominant plant secondary metabolite that determined intake of E. globulus juvenile coppiced foliage by T. vulpecula, and that this metabolite is under significant genetic control.
These results are discussed in the context of the possible role T. vulpecula may play as a selective agent on the evolution of resistance in E. globulus.
Allocation of larval and adult resources to reproduction in a fruit‐feeding butterfly
Authors: FISCHER K. , O'BRIEN D. M. , BOGGS C. L. 
Published: September 2004

Summary

The source of nutritional resources allocated to reproduction strongly influences reproductive and foraging strategies. While we are beginning to understand the role of adult and larval resources for nectivorous Lepidoptera, essentially nothing is known for the large number of species that feed on fruit as adults.
We used stable isotopes to examine allocation of larval‐ and adult‐derived resources to egg production in a tropical frugivorous butterfly, Bicyclus anynana (Butler, 1879), under both ad libitum and semistarvation conditions. The butterfly's larval and adult host plants differ from each other in both carbon and nitrogen isotopic ratios.
Adult fruit feeding is required for the onset of oviposition.
At peak, adult fruit feeding contributed 55% of the carbon found in eggs under both feeding conditions. This is similar to values for several nectivorous Lepidoptera with similar ovarian dynamics and egg C/N.
Egg 15N declined rapidly during the first week of oviposition, suggesting that the adult diet was not contributing nitrogen to egg production. Values rose during the following 2 weeks, consistent either with adult contribution or with isotopic fractionation.
Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that fruit serves as a carbon source for egg production in a similar manner as nectar. However, more work is needed to elucidate fully fruit's role as a nitrogen source.
Changing precipitation patterns alter plant community dynamics and succession in an ex‐arable grassland
Authors: MORECROFT M. D. , MASTERS G. J. , BROWN V. K. , CLARKE I. P. , TAYLOR M. E. , WHITEHOUSE A. T. 
Published: September 2004

Summary

Changes in the frequency of extreme events, such as droughts, may be one of the most significant impacts of climate change for ecosystems. Models predict more frequent summer droughts in much of England: this paper investigates the impact on different types of plants in an ex‐arable grassland community.
A long‐term experiment simulated increased and decreased summer precipitation. Substantial interannual variation allowed the effects of summer drought to be tested in combination with wet and dry weather in other seasons. This is important, as climate models predict increased winter precipitation.
Total cover abundance in early summer increased with increasing water supply in the previous summer; there was no effect of winter precipitation. Productivity is therefore likely to decrease with more frequent summer droughts, with no mitigating effect of wetter winters.
The percentage cover of perennial grasses declined during a natural drought in 1995–97; this was exacerbated by the experimental drought treatment and reduced by supplemented rainfall. Simultaneously, short‐lived ruderal species increased; this was greatest in drought treatments and least with supplemented rainfall.
These trends were subsequently reversed during several years of unusually wet weather, with perennial grasses increasing and short‐lived forbs decreasing. This occurred even in experimentally droughted plots, and we propose that it resulted from rapid coverage of gaps during wet autumns and winters.
Deep‐rooted species generally proved to be more drought resistant, but there were exceptions.
We conclude that increased frequency of summer droughts could have serious implications for the establishment and successional development of ex‐arable grasslands. Increased winter precipitation would moderate the impact on species composition, but not on productivity.
Extreme sensitivity of biological function to temperature in Antarctic marine species
Authors: PECK LLOYD S. , WEBB KAREN E. , BAILEY DAVID M. 
Published: September 2004

Summary

Biological capacities to respond to changing environments dictate success or failure of populations and species over time. The major environmental feature in this context is often temperature, and organisms across the planet vary widely in their capacity to cope with temperature variation. With very few exceptions, Antarctic marine species are more sensitive to temperature variation than marine groups elsewhere, having survivable temperature envelopes between 5 °C and 12 °C above the minimum sea temperature of −2 °C.
Our findings show that in biological functions important to long‐term survival these animals are even more tightly constrained. The Antarctic bivalve mollusc Laternula elliptica and limpet Nacella concinna both survive a few days in experiments at 9–10 °C, but suffer 50% failure in essential biological activities at 2–3 °C and complete loss at 5 °C. The Antarctic scallop Adamussium colbecki is even more sensitive, and loses the ability to swim as temperature approaches 2 °C.
These failures of activity are caused by a loss of aerobic capacity, and the animals investigated are so sensitive that a 2 °C rise in sea temperature could cause population or species removal from the Southern Ocean.
Cold adaptation in geographical populations ofDrosophila melanogaster: phenotypic plasticity is more important than genetic variability
Authors: AYRINHAC A. , DEBAT V. , GIBERT P. , KISTER A.‐G. , LEGOUT H. , MORETEAU B. , VERGILINO R. , DAVID J. R. 
Published: September 2004

SummaryAccording to their geographical distribution, mostDrosophilaspecies may be classified as either temperate or tropical, and this pattern is assumed to reflect differences in their thermal adaptation, especially in their cold tolerance. We investigated cold tolerance in a global collection ofD. melanogasterby monitoring the time adults take to recover from chill coma after a treatment at 0 °C.Flies grown at an intermediate temperature (21 °C) showed a significant linear latitudinal cline: recovery was faster in populations living in colder climates.The role of growth temperature was analysed in a subset of tropical and temperate populations. In all cases, recovery time decreased when growth temperature was lowered, and linear reaction norms were observed. This adaptive phenotypic plasticity explained more than 80% of the total variation, while genetic latitudinal differences accounted for less than 4%.The beneficial effect observed in adults grown at a low temperature contrasts with other phenotypic effects which, like male sterility, appear as harmful and pathological. Our results point to the difficulty of finding a general interpretation to the diversity of plastic responses that are induced by growth temperature variations.