bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Minsters in a Changing World c.850–1100
Authors: Blair John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We have King Alfred’s word for it that in the 860s, ‘before everything was ravaged and burnt, the churches throughout England stood filled with treasures and books, and likewise there was a great multitude of the servants of God’. Yet the growing pressure on minsters, and their growing insecurity, can be traced from the disputes of the 740s, through the encroachments and exactions of Offa and his successors in Mercia, to the ostensibly benign but ultimately exploitative lordship of Ecgberht’s family in ninth-century Wessex. The erosion of autonomy, and the appropriation of estates and sites for defence, administration, and land-lordship, were long-term trends spanning the mid eighth to late eleventh centuries. Alfred was focusing, naturally enough, on the destruction which he had seen with his own eyes, but minsters were also victims of longer-term political, social, and economic processes.
Crimean War and Indian Mutiny
Authors: Theodore Hoppen K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The 1850s were warlike. Two of the three major British military endeavours between Waterloo and the Great War, besides two of those ‘minor’ campaigns—in Persia and China—which regularly punctuated the Victorian age, took place then. It was almost as if, by some curious act of compensation, a period of comparative social calm at home had to be balanced by death and destruction beyond the seas. However, although both the Crimean War and the Indian Mutiny involved substantial mobilizations and intense public concern, the differences between the two were more striking than the similarities. Yet their close temporal conjunction meant that the eventual victories of the Mutiny—in essence a very grand version of the small-scale colonial engagements in which the post-Napoleonic British army specialized—helped to block out many of the lessons that should have been learnt from the earlier and militarily far more significant battles in the Crimea.
Godly People
Authors: Theodore Hoppen K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Never was Britain more religious than in the Victorian age. Contemporaries agonized over those who did not float upon the flood of faith. We marvel at the number that did. The episcopal Church of England and the presbyterian Church of Scotland each fought to safeguard their established status—the ecclesiastical equivalent of economic protectionism. Dissenters demanded free trade in souls as well as corn. The vital impulses which flowed from the Evangelical Revival of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries rendered belief more dynamic, but more problematic too. Because the kind of faith the Victorians encouraged was the kind it is possible to lose through conscientious design as much as by accident, those who worried most about their feelings of ‘honest doubt’ often found themselves forever mimicking the language and thought processes of the Christianity they were leaving behind. Equally characteristic was the statistical temper in which Victorians approached the manifestations of belief.
The Unexpected Whig Revolution of 1688
Authors: Beddard Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On 1 November 1688 William’s expeditionary force of 15,000 men, carried in some 200 transports and protected by 49 fighting ships, finally sailed for England. It landed, unopposed, in Tor Bay on 5 November—the day yearly set aside for Protestant thanksgiving for the nation’s earlier deliverance from the machinations of Popery in 1605. From the coast of Devon William made his way overland to Exeter, where amid popular acclaim he established his camp on the 9th. More than a week elapsed before the local gentry (mostly Tories) overcame their loyal scruples and rallied to his cause, by which time a number of his partisans (mostly Whigs) from other parts of the kingdom had joined him; significantly, their ranks were soon swollen by deserters from the king's army, which had been penetrated by Williamite agents. The prince’s peaceful and increasingly rapturous reception in the West Country boded well for the success of his mission. Yet, it took time for his secret sponsors in the nobility to raise the northern and midland shires in support of his declared aims. As it happened their delays scarcely mattered, for James was similarly slow to take the offensive.
The Political Thought of the Anglican Revolution
Authors: Goldie Mark 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Almost from the beginning of James II’s reign, Anglican churchmen and their lay followers engaged in extensive and concerted civil disobedience, and did so with the manifest aim of bringing his régime to a standstill. When the king sought the gentry’s acquiescence in opening public office to Catholics, two-thirds of them baulked. When he ordered the clergy to desist from preaching against his religion, they responded with volleys of sermons and pamphlets on the evils of Popery. When he imposed upon the universities, the dons withstood him. When he sought addresses of thanks for his Declaration of Indulgence, he met with massive refusals. And when he demanded that the Declaration be read from every pulpit, 95 per cent of the clergy disobeyed and the Seven Bishops who published their reasons stood trial for seditious libel. By the winter of 1688 James had been deserted, in spirit or in fact, by nearly all of the natural allies of Stuart monarchy. And by the following summer nearly all the Tories, lay and clerical, had come to terms with a dynastic change that earlier they would have pronounced abhorrent.
Risk, Regulation and Investor Protection
Authors: Franks Julian , Mayer Colin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This unique and authoritative study of the investment management business focuses on the use of capital requirements for investment managers as a means of investor protection. Commissioned by the Investment Management Regulatory Organization and drawing on extensive discussions with investment managers themselves, it provides an account of this burgeoning sector that is both comprehensive in its coverage and penetrating in its analysis. The authors review the way in which the investment management business is organized and its inherent risks; they examine the causes and incidence of market failures as well as the dangers to investors through mismanagement and malpractice. The book includes an extensive treatment of fraud, with a full listing of fraud cases in the UK since the early 1970s. The report concludes with a summary of the evidence on the nature and scale of the risks faced by investors and recommendations for appropriate forms of protection; and, on the basis of existing regulatory structures in the UK and USA, sets out a proposed structure in accordance with the thrust of the authors' analysis. While specific in its coverage, much of the argument presented here is closely applicable to other financial sectors in which regulation is a crucial issue; and it is especially pertinent to current debates on financial regulation in the run-up to the completion of the European internal market in 1992.
Uganda
Authors: Riddell Roger C , Robinson Mark , Coninck John De , Muir Ann , White Sarah 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For years, voluntary agency intervention in Uganda has been dominated by relief work: in some parts of the country development work is still difficult, in others it has had to be abandoned or halted as new emergencies have arisen. But with emergencies becoming an almost permanent feature of many parts of Africa in the past decade, the selection of Uganda as one of the countries for a study of NGOs active in poverty alleviation projects is of particular interest, as it shows some of the range of constraints under which NGOs struggling to promote development have to operate. It also discusses other issues of interest to NGO approaches. These include: experimentation with new approaches and techniques; the difficulty of reaching target—groups; and questions about the sustainability of NGO projects. In addition, the case—study highlights the impact of external factors (war conditions, a dilapidated infrastructure, and a retreating state) on a non—governmental movement witnessing rapid expansion. Following a general overview of the role of NGOs in contemporary Uganda, the bulk of this chapter reports the results of four evaluations of projects undertaken in 1990. Each of the projects has a (funding) link with British NGOs, although only two projects have had a direct operational input from a British NGO. The projects were chosen in consultation with Ugandan NGOs, and were not selected at random. In defining a methodology to conduct the evaluations, care was taken to involve partners at the outset and to develop a research programme that would answer the NGOs’ perceived needs, as well as to help answer the more general questions raised in this cross—country investigation of projects.
Comparative Mortality Trends among Older Persons in Developed Countries
Authors: Myers George C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The so-called theory of epidemiologic transition provides a basic framework for examining major historical patterns in the decline of mortality to its unprecedentedly low levels in the world ‘s developed countries. The original formulations of the framework (Omran, 1971, 1982), emphasized transition in overall patterns of mortality, through three stages, from high to low infant mortality levels, from communicable to non-communicable diseases, and from the increasing advantage to females over males. Relatively little attention was given explicitly in the original formulations to reductions in mortality among older persons. Beginning in the 1970s, however, demographers became increasingly aware that mortality declines at the older ages were not only possible, but were actually occurring with significant force so as to affect overall mortality and the population ageing process (Myers, 1978; UN, 1982). In subsequent periods, it has often been demonstrated that mortality declines at advanced ages account for the main increases in life expectancy and ageing population structures that are occurring in better developed countries (e.g. Preston et al., 1989; Horiuchi, 1991).
Trends and Differentials in Disability-Free Life Expectancy: Concepts, Methods, and Findings
Authors: Rosine Jean-Marie , Mathers, Colin , Brouard Nicolas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the introduction to the International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps (ICIDH), the World Health Organization (WHO) has argued that the classical medical model (of aetiology-pathology-manifestation) is incomplete ‘because it stops short of the consequences of disease. It is the latter, particularly, that intrude upon everyday life ... this is especially true for chronic and progressive or irreversible disorders ‘. More generally, WHO has thus proposed the following model: disease-impairment-disability-handicap.
Evaluation of Standard Mortality Projections for the Elderly
Authors: Poppel Frans Van , Beer Joop De 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Success can have negative repercussions. Until very recently, demographers emphasized time and again that the popular press and some social science literature overplayed the importance of mortality decline as the cause of the increase in the older population. Their efforts to convince the public that the responsibility for the ageing of the population could not be attributed to the increase in life expectancy have been so succesful that, nowadays, common sense tends to neglect the real effects that changes in mortality can have on population ageing (Crimmins, 1986: 193; Caselli and Vallin, 1990: 2).
The Pastoral Continuum
Authors: Spencer Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Paul Spencer presents the definitive study of the ways of life of the cattle-herding peoples of East Africa, drawing on many years of research. This region has offered a prime example of a traditional culture resisting the inevitability of change; it provides the best-known and most extensive instance both of cattle-pastoralist society and of social organization based primarily on age. Pastoral peoples were once dominant in the East African interior, but development of the market economy has progressively polarized the region and forced them into the most marginal, drought-ridden areas; in this ecological trap they have become a peripheral underclass. The Pastoral Continuum examines the richness and resilience of their cultures and illuminates the role of indigenous practices and institutions in adaptation and survival. The pastoralists’ systems of age organization in particular are notable for their resilience: it is demonstrated that these are bound up with problems of growth and succession in family enterprises, and that marriage is a critical link in the web of alliance that governs the problematic relations between old and young. Spencer’s exploration of the development of the pastoralist phenomenon yields a unique view of its place in the modern world and its prospects for the future. This landmark work by a leading authority will be of lasting value to any reader interested in traditional social systems of this kind.
Polygyny and the Manifestations of Inequality
Authors: Spencer Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The high value placed on polygyny among East African pastoralists has to be viewed against the extensiveness of this practice throughout Africa, which is reputedly the most polygynous region in the world.1 Correspondingly, many ethnographic accounts are supported by numerical data indicating the distribution and scale of polygyny. This presents the opportunity to probe the data for hidden patterns, noting especially any differences between pastoral and non-pastoral societies.
Further Studies in International Law
Authors: Mann F A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
F.A. Mann is considered to be one of the finest British lawyers of the twentieth century, esteemed as an international jurist and as a practising solicitor. He combined a thriving and prestigious practice with a prolific output of writing and teaching, with much of his work centering on the inter-relationship of international and national law. This collection, first published in 1990, brings together seventeen of his essays and continues where the author's previous volume, Studies in International Law (OUP), left off in 1963. Topics covered include investment, arbitration, jurisdiction, and recognition of States.
The Doctrine of International Jurisdiction Revisited After 20 Years
Authors: Mann F A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since a review of the international doctrine of jurisdiction was first attempted 20 years ago its implications in a variety of fields have attracted much attention, mainly on account of American measures and their repercussions. Yet scholarly investigations of the doctrine’s history, foundation and scope, of the principles underlying it, their formulation, general character and effect have remained few and far between.
Exploitation of Land and Water Resources for Jewish Colonies in the Occupied Territories
Authors: Matar Ibrahim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The June war of 1967 brought the West Bank and Gaza Strip under the occupation of the Israeli armed forces. Since then, the 1.7 million Palestinians of the territories have been submitted to a variety of repressive measures. Oppression and violation of human and political rights are perhaps inherent in an alien occupation. However, a distinctive distressing feature of this occupation is the occupying power’s determination to maintain permanent control over the territories by a systematic policy of colonization and Judaization.
Trial Discretions: The Judge and Witnesses
Authors: Pattenden Rosemary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Facts may be proved without calling witnesses to prove them. Devices for achieving this result include the formal admission and an agreed statement tendered in accordance with section 9 of the Criminal Justice Act 1967. Neither of these methods requires the exercise of judicial discretion, except where a party seeks leave to withdraw a formal admission, the prosecution wishes to offer proof on a matter which the defence has formally admitted,3 or the court desires to hear the maker of the section 9 statement give evidence orally. Other methods of dispensing with witness testimony are not so discretion-free.
Trial Discretions: The Judge and the Jury
Authors: Pattenden Rosemary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Criminal Justice Act 1988 abolishes the defendant’s right of peremytory challenge, that is, his right to challenge jurors without cause. The prosecution never had this power but can stand jurors by,4 a right not shared by the defence. Abolition of the right of peremptory challenge turns the spotlight on the judge who in R. v. Chandler (No. 2)6 was mooted in an exceptional case to have a discretion to stand jurors by, or to allow a defendant to do so. In the past the defendant’s peremptory right of challenge was used by some defendants to obtain a mixed-race jury. Speculation has been rife as to whether the judicial discretion can be used to achieve the same result.
Correcting Erroneous Exercises of Discretion
Authors: Pattenden Rosemary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There are three methods of challenging a convict following a summary trial: (1) an appeal to the Crown Court; (2) the statement of a case for the Divisional Court of the Queen’s Bench Division; and (3) a judicial review. None of these remedies is available to a person convicted by a jury in the Crown Court, but he can appeal against conviction to the Court of Appeal (Criminal Division). Any of the four mentioned remedies can, in the right circumstances, provide the defence with an opportunity for contesting the exercise of a discretion by a trial court. Additionally, appeal by way of case stated can be used by the prosecution to question the exercise of a discretion in a trial before justices which resulted in an acquittal. Judicial review is not as useful to the prosecution, for a reason which will be discussed later, but may occasionally also be a way of undoing an exercise of discretion which operated in favour of the defence.
C
Authors: Toth A G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Charges Having Equivalent Effect To Customs Duties One of various measures applied by States in the context of international trade to the import and export of goods, either for the purpose of raising revenue or to afford protection to domestic products or industries. Since these charges present an obstacle to the free movement of goods between States, they are incompatible with the concept of a customs union. As the EC is based upon a customs union covering all trade in goods, charges having equivalent effect to customs duties on imports and exports are prohibited between Member States (Arts. 23 and 25 EC).
D
Authors: Toth A G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Designation Of Origin See Intellectual Property Rights Whereas Art. 90 EC prohibits discriminatory taxation of products from other Member States and Art. 93 EC provides a specific legal basis for indirect tax harmonization, there are no equivalent provisions on direct taxation, i.e. the taxation of the income and capital of natural and legal persons. The EC Treaty merely provides, in Art. 293, that Member States shall, in so far as is necessary, enter into negotiations with each other with a view to securing the abolition of double taxation within the Community for the benefit of their nationals. Nevertheless, in so far as rules on direct taxation may ‘directly affect the establishment or functioning of the common market’, they may be the subject of approximating directives adopted under Art. 94 EC (fiscal provisions are excluded from the scope of Art. 95(1) EC by Art. 95(2) EC).
G
Authors: Toth A G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
General Agreement On Tariffs And Trade (Gatt) See Common Customs Tariff, Customs Union, And Customs Value While the EC Treaty speaks both of ‘goods’ and ‘products’ (see Arts. 23 and 24), it seems clear that the meaning of the two terms is identical; indeed, the German text uses the same term (Waren) throughout. Moreover, although Arts. 25 and 28 to 30 EC speak only of ‘imports’ and ‘exports’, it is plain that imports and exports of ‘goods’ are meant. The Treaty does not define the concept of ‘goods’.
I
Authors: Toth A G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Industrial Design See Intellectual Property Rights Intellectual Property Rights Temporary exclusive rights on creations of the intellect that are granted by law. The term ‘intellectual property rights’ has two distinct meanings. It may be used in a restrictive sense to refer essentially to copyright and related rights. Often it is used in a broad sense to cover not only intellectual property rights strictu sensu but also industrial property rights, such as patents and utility models, and commercial property rights, such as trade marks (see further section V below). Art. 30 EC expressly mentions only the protection of industrial and commercial property.
J K M
Authors: Toth A G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
OFFICIAL AUTHORITY According to Art. 45(1) EC, the provisions of the Treaty on freedom of establishment (Arts. 43 to 48) do not apply to activities which in a Member State are connected, even occasionally, with the exercise of ‘official authority’. By virtue of Art. 55 EC, the same exception applies also to the provisions on freedom to provide services (Arts. 49 to 55). However, neither the Treaty itself nor any act of secondary legislation defines the concept of ‘official authority’. In Case 2/74 Reyners [1974] ECR 631 at pp. 664–5, A.-G. Mayras put forward the following definition:
The Authority to Use Force by National Liberation Movements
Authors: Wilson Heather A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Thus far I have concentrated on the twentieth century development of the idea that there are entities, most often referred to as ‘peoples’, who have a right to self-determination in international law. It does not automatically follow that the denial of this right justifies the use of force to secure self determination; but it is little wonder that persistent denial of demands for self-determination led to calls for remedies. including the use of force.
In practice it has been national liberation movements which have claimed to have the right to exercise this authority on behalf of a people. Or, perhaps in reverse. entities which use force ostensibly on behalf of a ‘people’ are usually called national liberation movements.
Getting into Grendon
Authors: Genders Elaine , Player Elaine 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In describing how men are referred to and selected for treatment at Grendon this chapter examines the formal criteria for admission and the various routes which lead to an inmate’s arrival at the establishment. It considers the views of the referring medical officers on the role which they believe Grendon plays and describes the criteria they claim to use when making referrals. It provides a statistical profile of all referrals made over an eighteen-month period, and it details the functioning of the assessment unit and reports on the views of staff about the selection of inmates for Grendon. The chapter also affords some insight into the inmates’ own knowledge, and experiences, of the referral and reception processes. And finally, it presents a description of the resulting population at Grendon, drawn from two censuses conducted at the beginning and end of the fieldwork period.