bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the characterisation of food emulsions and dispersed hydrocolloid particles by optical methods
Authors: Lips A , M.Hart P , D.Evans I , Debet M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Instruments based on static light scattering with simultaneous multi-angle detection hold promise for both fundamental and applied studies on food systems. We have considered the quantitative reliability of the Malvern Mastersizer technique for characterising size distributions and disperse phase volume in model food emulsions and dispersions of swollen hydrocolloid gel particles with complicated refractive index behaviour. We have also examined systems containing non-spherical particles including dispersions in which there is ramified aggregation of particles. Theoretical reasoning is presented which draws attention to the relative insensitivity of the Mastersizer measurement of disperse phase volume to particle shape. Measurements on a range of model food systems bear out this prediction. Attention to the optical measurement of disperse phase volume is therefore recommended as a general priority in studies based on the Mastersizer not least as a check for internal consistency of the light scattering interpretation. Direct use of this measurement in studies of swelling of hydrocolloid particles has been shown to be feasible. For ungelatinised starch granules and model Sephadex beads, the swelling ratios inferred by the optical method are in satisfactory agreement with estimates obtained by the conventional method of exclusion of Blue Dextran.
Mechanisms of flocculation in oil-in-water emulsions. Differentiation by creaming behaviour
Authors: Fillery-Travis Annette J , Gunning Paul A , Hibberd David J , Robins Margaret M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Experimental data are reported on the creaming behaviour of two oil-in-water emulsion systems, containing polysaccharide. It is demonstrated that flocculation of the droplets occurs in both systems, but that the detailed behaviour differs. Type A emulsions exhibit rapid formation of coexistent phases at certain polymer concentrations, and the behaviour is consistent with a volume restriction (depletion) mechanism. Type B emulsions exhibit very slow flocculation which is consistent with bridging of droplets by adsorbed polymer.
The production of heat stable gels at low protein concentration by the use of the Maillard reaction
Authors: E.Hill S , R.Mitchell J , J.Armstrong H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A range of globular proteins show gelation when aqueous solutions are heated at temperatures above 100°c in the presence of reducing sugars. The phenomena has been studied in some detail for bovine serum albumin. The gel strength follows the Maillard series for sugar reactivity (xylose &gt; sorbose &gt; mannose &gt;fructose&gt; lactose) and correlates with the degree of browning which develops. It is shown that the primary mechanism is a pH fall, however a change in the net protein charge due to the Maillard reaction is suggested from reduction in the pH at which the denatured protein precipitates from solution. In contrast to gels prepared at a similar pH by the use of glucono-.s-lactone and heat, the Maillard gels are not completely solubilised in mixtures of sodium dodecyl sulphate and B-mercaptoethanol suggesting that Maillard cross-linking is also important. Gel formation in this way is compared with heating in the presence of glucono-li-lactone.
Characterisation of gelation of konjac mannan using lyotropic salts and rheological measurements
Authors: Case Suzanne E , Knopp James A , Hamann Donald D , Schwartz Steven J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rheological response of konjac mannan (KM) resembles that of a rubber elastic, in spite of the fact that no covalent links are present in gel stabilization. However, the presence of hydrophobic interactions were identified in the KM gel. Four polymers (gelatine, methylcellulose, pectin and acrylamide) which form gel networks of known bonding stabilization (i. e. hydrogen, hydrophobic, etc.) were surveyed for their rheological response (change in rigidity, G’) to thermal gradient scans. These curves were compared to the thermal gradient scan obtained for the KM gel. The KM gel had a similar rheological response to that of the rubber elastic covalently bonded acrylamide gel. Yet it showed the beginning of melting as it approached 100°C, as did the gel stabilized by a mixture of hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds (pectin).
The heat-induced aggregation of β-lactoglobulin A: photon correlation spectroscopy studies
Authors: Griffin M C A , C.Price J , G.Griffin W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The heat-induced aggregation of P-lacto globulin A &lt;P-LG-A) has been investigated using photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS). A quench technique will be described which makes it possible to ‘freeze’ the aggregation process after a chosen time interval. PCS measurements on the quenched samples of heat-aggregated P-LG-A reveal that a maximum in hydrodynamic radius occurs at a critical temperature which is itself dependent on the ionic environment of the protein. Kinetic studies using the quench technique indicate that two aggregation processes may be brought into play by heat-treatment of P-LG-A solutions and the role of temperature in controlling the predominance of one process over the other results in the observed maximum.
Use of protein (serine/threonine) kinase activators and inhibitors to study protein phosphorylation in intact cells
Authors: Hidaka Hiroyoshi , Kobayashi Ryoji 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A complete understanding of the organization and functioning of a protein phosphorylation system requires the co-operation of several different approaches, such as molecular pharmacology, genetic manipulation, bio¬ chemistry, and cell biology. The advent of a new class of effective pharmacological agents is always an event of considerable interest, in particular for new types of antagonists, i.e. potentially important groups of compounds that act by specifically blocking one or more of the steps in intracellular signalling systems (1). There is now convincing evidence that intracellular protein phosphorylation systems are common mechanisms of fundamental importance in biological regulation. A large number of cellular mechanisms involving protein phosphorylation have been revealed over the past decade. However, interrelationships among each signal cascade are complex and uncertainties concerning the cellular responses in these systems remain. In order to better understand these events, improved and sophisticated methods for estimating changes in the activities of cellular response elements after extracellular stimulation have to be designed. While the biochemistry and molecular biology of protein kinases has progressed, it has been much more difficult to understand their function in intact cells. For this reason researchers studying second messenger systems and protein phosphorylation have long sought the development of specific and effective inhibitors that would permit the definitive determination of the physiological role of the protein kinases (2). Protein kinase inhibitors can be used to determine the physiological role of protein phosphorylation systems in various types of cells.
Fluorescent in situ hybridization
Authors: Buckle V J , Rack K A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The hybridization of RNA in situ to the DNA of a cytological preparation was first described by Gall and Pardue in 1969 (1) and the general principles of the technique they developed remain the basis of contemporary studies. During the 1970s this procedure was used to localize repeated sequences within the human genome by autoradiographic detection of radioactively labelled probes, and during the 1980s the sensitivity of this approach was refined sufficiently to permit detection of unique sequences of only 500 base pairs in length. At the same time non-isotopic detection procedures were being developed, which have several advantages over autoradiography including speed, safety, and resolution of signal. Advances in this area in recent years have revolutionized the applications for in situ hybridization as a tool in genome research. In particular the use of competitive hybridization means an enormous size range of cloned DNA sequences are now available for use as probes, and fluorescent detection systems now permit the concurrent visualization of multiple probes. These powerful new techniques provide a tool not only for examining the location and distribution of sequences on metaphase chromosomes but also for investigating organization within the interphase nucleus.
Fine mapping of genes: the characterization of the transcriptional unit
Authors: Antoniou M , Grosveld F , Deboer E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fine mapping of genes includes a number of different techniques at several different levels of analysis. To include all these steps, to progress from a (partial) protein sequence or some detection method of the gene in question, to a complete determination of the transcriptional unit of that gene is beyond the scope of this chapter. The first part will, therefore, briefly indicate the various methods used to obtain cDNA and genomic DNA clones from a particular gene and will refer to a number of reviews on these topics. The second part will describe in more detail how to use such cDNA and/or genomic clones to analyse the transcriptional unit of the gene. The third part will indicate how to use this information to start the analysis of potential control regions of the gene.
Preparation of central nervous system tissue for light and electron microscopy
Authors: Bolam J P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Techniques of experimental neuroanatomy are those that enable one to characterize the position of neurones in the microcircuits of the nervous system on the basis of their morphology, chemistry, and connections. The essence of the techniques are that the morphology, chemistry, and output region of neurones are identified first at the light microscopic level and then the chemistry, origin, and pattern of afferent synaptic input are identified at the electron microscopic level. Information of this nature is a pre-requisite to the characterization of the microcircuitry or neuronal networks of a region and provides a framework within which functional data can be interpreted. For the analysis of individual neuronal elements or populations of neurones in the microcircuitry of an area it is necessary to examine the tissue at the light microscopic level. For the analysis of synaptic interactions of individual neurones or populations of neurones, it is necessary to examine the tissue at the ultrastructural level with an electron microscope. The object of this chapter is to introduce to the reader the basic techniques used in the preparation of tissue from neuroanatomical experiments for light and electron microscopy.
Anterograde tracing with PHA-L and biocytin at the electron microscopic level
Authors: Smith Yoland 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The neuronal circuitry of the mammalian brain is an extremely complex meshwork of highly ordered interconnections between billions of neurones. In order to be able to analyse and understand the organization of the circuitry of the central nervous system (CNS) it is essential to label a particular population of axonal structures to differentiate them from the unlabelled elements and study their connections.
Immunocytochemistry I: pre-embedding staining
Authors: Totterdell S , Ingham C A , Bolam J P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Immunocytochemistry is a technique which has become widely used in experimental neuroanatomy. It enables one to morphologically characterize neurones containing a specific chemical moiety, and since the major means of communication between neurones in the nervous system is by chemical transmission, immunocytochemistry represents one of the most powerful techniques available to the experimental neuroanatomist in the study of the nervous system. The approach relies on the fact that an antibody directed against a specific substance will bind avidly to that substance. With antibodies directed against neurotransmitters or an enzyme related to the neurotransmitter it is possible to morphologically characterize those neurones expressing the transmitter (or enzyme), to analyse their afferent synaptic input, and by analysis of terminals that are immunostained, to analyse their synaptic output. Furthermore, immunocytochemistry can be used to detect exogenous substances, for instance the anterograde axonal tracers Phaseolus vulgaris-Ieucoagglutinin (PHA-L).
Intracellular Lucifer Yellow injection in fixed brain slices
Authors: Buhl Eberhard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intracellular filling of neurones with Lucifer Yellow (LY) in fixed brain slices is a relatively novel anatomical tool to determine neuronal geometry (1, 2). In the absence of electrical activity, the procedure is based on direct visual guidance of the dye injections, therefore providing an inherently high degree of staining selectivity. Moreover, being highly compatible with a variety of other neuroanatomical protocols, intracellular filling in fixed tissue is an attractive technique to unravel neuronal microcircuitry (3, 4).
Analysis of Calcium Involvement in Host-Pathogen Interactions
Authors: Drobak Bjorn K , Bush Douglas S , Jones Russell L , Dawson Alan P , Ferguson Ian b. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Calcium has often been associated with pathogenic infections in a variety of plant tissues; but the processes involved are still poorly understood. However, present evidence suggests that Ca2+ is likely to be involved in three major areas of the host-pathogen interaction (see Sections 1.1-1.3). Maintenance of relatively high concentrations of Ca2+ in the plant cell wall may reduce cell wall breakdown induced by fungal attack. For instance, in bulky tissues such as potato tubers and carrot roots, increased concentrations of Ca2+ have been associated with reduced levels of infection of pathogens such as Sclerotium rolfsii (1). The soft-rot symptoms found in many storage organs are associated with pectinases, whose activity may be modified by the Ca2+ status of the cell walls. The role of Ca2+ generally in cell wall breakdown has still not been fully elucidated (2, 3), and there are difficulties in measuring fractions of Ca2+ in the cell wall which have any physiological meaning. The pectic lyases of Erwinia sp. are Ca2+ dependent (4). Phospholipases A, C, and D, which are all involved in the degradation of membrane lipids, all have degrees of Ca2+-dependence, which may influence the effectiveness of such pathogens as the blast fungus. The other major groups of enzymes which show Ca2+-dependence are the Ca2+-ATPases and protein kinases, which in many cases are additionally stimulated by the Ca2+-binding protein calmodulin.
The role of TGF-β in bone growth and bone repair
Authors: Ballock R T , Roberts A B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a multifunctional regulator of cell growth and differentiation. Although nearly all cells synthesize and respond to TGF-β, the highest amounts of this peptide growth factor have been found in bone and cartilage (1). TGF-β has also been found to be an important regulator of extracellular matrix synthesis and degradation, suggesting a potentially criti cal function for this growth factor in the regulation of bone formation and repair.
Determination of growth factor receptor distribution by immunocytochemistry or autoradiography, and quantitation by ligand binding or FACS analysis
Authors: Linge Claire , Green Martin R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Antibody and ligand binding are the two most important tools used to specifically analyse and quantitate growth factor distribution on tissue sections and cells. However each tool and associated techniques, (e.g. immunohistology, autoradiography, ligand binding including Scatchard analysis, and fluorescence activated cell sorting [FACS] analysis) have their own strengths and weaknesses and should be selected only after a careful appreciation of the research problem in hand. As examples, some of the general applications and restrictions of antibodies and ligands in receptor research are listed below. The text assumes some general background knowledge of growth factor receptor properties.
HLA antigens in tissues
Authors: Rose Marlene L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mhc antigens are the major target of the immune response following allograft rejection. It has been suggested that aberrant expression of autologous Mhc antigens is involved in the pathogenesis of some autoimmune diseases. Two facts about expression of Mhc antigens account for the current interest in understanding their precise distribution in organs. First, expression is not a constant feature of a cell, it can be up-regulated by cytokines and down regulated by substances that counteract or inhibit cytokine production. Second, quantitative changes in expression alter the magnitude of the immune response. It follows therefore that the precise distribution of Mhc antigens in organs will determine both the target and the strength of the immune response. This response will be manifest as an anti-allograft response should the organ be transplanted, or may be an autoimmune response following aberrant expression of autologous Mhc antigens. Furthermore, expression of Mhc antigens may be involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses, viral infections, and immune recognition of tumour cells.
B cell activation
Authors: Klaus Gerry G B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
B lymphocytes are the precursors of antibody-forming cells (AFC), which express clonally distributed surface immunoglobulin (slg) receptors for antigen (generally slgM and slgD). B cells are generated in the bone marrow throughout adult life: this process involves an ordered sequence of gene rearrangements which gener ates a primary B cell repertoire of some 106-107 specificities. Binding of certain polymeric, cross-linking antigens (so-called T-independent (TI) antigens) to slg receptors is in itself sufficient to induce B cell activation and antibody formation. Generally, however, for T-dependent (TD) antigens (i.e. protein antigens) additional T cell-derived stimuli are required to elicit antibody formation. In either case, the clonal precursors bearing slg receptors specific for epitopes on the antigen become activated, enter the cell cycle, proliferate, and differentiate into high-rate AFC, which, ultimately become plasma cells. For an overview of the biology of B cells see ref.
Comparison of the localization of protein kinase C subspecies by in situ hybridization and immunocytochemical methods
Authors: Mcginty Jacqueline F , Couce Marta E , ways D Kirk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A variety of immunocytochemical protocols have been developed over the last 15 years which provide us with the ability to map the heterogeneom distributions of proteins and/or peptides of significance to neurotrammitter signalling. This major advance in histochemical technology has been joined recently by the advent of standardized in situ hybridization histochemical protocols that allow us to map the mRNAs that give rise to protein (e.g. receptors, enzymes) or peptide (transmitters, e.g. enkephalins) products. The cellular resolution and complementary RNA/protein information provided by both methods yield a unique combination for addressing complex neurochemical questions at a new level of detail. Furthermore, quantification by computerized image analysis is beginning to be applied to these histochemical techniques enabling them to become powerful quantitative, and not just qualitative, methodologies (see Chapter 4, this volume). Using these combined techniques, we are now able not only to map the distribution of peptide neurotransmitters, transmitter synthesizing and metabolizing enzymes, receptors, and, most recently. signal transduction molecules, but also to investigate the regulation of these molecules in response to physiological, pharmacological, and pathological challenges.
Immunofluorescent and immunogold methods to localize G proteins
Authors: Lewis J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
OTP-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins) underlie pathways of signal transduction that include inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, stimulation of K+ channels, and stimulation of phospholipase C. Members of the family of G proteins—G1, Gs, Go, Gz, or G1—may also regulate events such as fusion of endosomes, and there are probably other, a yet unknown receptors and effectors modulated by G proteins. While the participation of G proteins in the regulation of events at the cell surface has been well characterized, less is known about the intracellular control of such signal transduction pathways. One way of modulating G protein function, and thereby co-ordinating different paths of information transfer, involves spatial and temporal controls over G protein function in intact cells. Through these controls a cell can modulate the ability of its complement of different G protein to interact directly with particular receptors or effectors. Spatial and temporal parameters governing G protein function within intact cells possibly include the compartmentalization of different G protein subtypes with selected receptors and effectors within the plasma membrane. In addition, the redistribution of G proteins within cells may take place in response to specific agonists, and qualitative or quantitative changes in G protein subunits may occur throughout the cell cycle.
Molecular structure of anitnal lectins
Authors: Drickamer Kurt 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many effects of the carbohydrate portions of glycoconjugates result from the physical properties of the sugars themselves and from interaction of the saccharides with each other and with the proteins and lipids to which they are covalently attached. Thus, for example, the properties of proteoglycans in various biological matrices are dominated by the interactions of the constituent glycosaminoglycans with water (1). Other effects of carbohydrate conjugated to proteins can be more subtle and varied (2, 3). A striking example is modulation of activation of tissue type plasminogen activator by the oligosaccharide attached to it (4).
Antibody screening of bacterial expression systems
Authors: Luzio J Paul , Ellis juliet A , Thomas stephen , Banting George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Screening expression libraries with specific antibodies is a well-established method for the identification of cDNA clones (1, 2). It is often used when an accurate protein sequence is not available, thus precluding the design of appropriate oligonucleotide probes. It takes advantage of the high specificity and avidity of antibodies together with the availability of simple, robust, and relatively rapid methods of detection of antibody-antigen complexes.
Isolation of cDNA clones by direct expression in mammalian cells
Authors: Smith Craig A , Goodwin Raymond G , Maliszewski Charles R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The isolation of cDNAs encoding specific proteins historically required biochemical purification of the protein itself, followed by determination of a portion of the amino acid sequence. Using this information, degenerate oligonucleotides could then be synthesized and used as probes to obtain the desired cDNA by hybridization methods. Though this procedure continues to be successfully employed, the laborious and time-consuming nature of purifying sufficient protein from conditioned media or cell membranes, where expression levels can be quite low, spurred the development of alternative approaches based, in essence, upon purification of the cDNA itself. One of the first, termed hybrid selection, employed pooled cDNAs to hybridize mRNA which could then be translated either in vitro (1) or in Xenopus oocytes (2). The translated products could then be assayed appropriately to determine if the cDNA encoding the protein product of interest was present in this pool.