bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Staff Dialogue on Caring for an Intensely Spiritual Patient: Psychosocial Issues Faced By Patients, Their Families, and Caregivers
Authors: Lintz Kathleen C. , Penson Richard T. , Chabner Bruce A. , Lynch Thomas J. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The Schwartz Center Rounds are a monthly multidisciplinary forum, at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), in which caregivers discuss a specific patient with cancer and the important psychosocial issues faced by the patient, family, and caregivers. This forum allows caregivers to reflect on their experiences with patients and to gain support and insight from their fellow staff members.
The following case discussion was addressed at the September 1997 Schwartz Center Rounds. M.R. was a 45-year-old woman who developed ovarian carcinoma and was subsequently treated at MGH. She was a deeply religious woman and believed that God would cure her cancer. Her religious views profoundly influenced her decisions related to further care and her ability to accept what staff felt to be a realistic assessment of her condition and progress. At the rounds, staff members struggled with many issues, including whether M.R. should continue her treatment at MGH or return home to Puerto Rico. Staff found it challenging to discuss a sensitive topic—such as spirituality—with a patient, especially when the patient was from a different cultural background. One of the most striking outcomes of the rounds was the diversity of staff views regarding how they advocated addressing spirituality with a patient. Staff concluded that discussion of spirituality—while challenging—can meaningfully enhance the caregiver-patient relationship.
Race, Ethnicity, and the Patient-Caregiver Relationship
Authors: Dedier Julien , Penson Richard , Williams Winfred , Lynch Thomas 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Shortly before his death in 1995, Kenneth B. Schwartz, a cancer patient at Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), founded The Kenneth B. Schwartz Center at MGH. The Schwartz Center is a non-profit organization dedicated to supporting and advancing compassionate health care delivery, which provides hope to the patient, gives support to caregivers, and encourages the healing process. The center sponsors the Schwartz Center Rounds, a monthly multidisciplinary forum where caregivers reflect on important psychosocial issues faced by patients, their families, and their caregivers, and gain insight and support from fellow staff members.
Racial discrimination is a pervasive problem with multiple damaging effects. It is naïve to believe that medicine is somehow immune to race-based practices, but there is a growing literature detailing poorer disease-specific outcomes in minority populations for a range of illnesses. A recent study in the New England Journal of Medicine has implicated physician prejudice as a significant contributing factor. The March 1999 Schwartz Center Rounds sought to explore the influence of ethnic bias on the patient-provider interaction and the quality of health care delivery. Using a different format with a current affairs video clip and an interactive panel discussion, participants were encouraged to identify the often subconscious racial prejudices which may undermine their relationships with patients. Staff members were challenged to think creatively about how institutions and individuals might promote “cultural competence” and a more equitable health care environment.
Cancer Vaccines
Authors: Espinoza-Delgado Igor 
Published: August 2004

AbstractLearning ObjectivesAfter completing this course, the reader will be able to: Explain the relationship between the tumor and host immune system.Recognize the mechanisms by which tumor cells escape the immune surveillance.Recognize the potential of vaccines in the treatment and prevention of cancer.Access and take the CME test online and receive one hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.comAlthough cancer immunotherapy was initiated by William Coley more than a century ago, the field of cancer vaccines is in an early stage of development. Only recently, major advances in cellular and molecular immunology have allowed a comprehensive understanding of the complex and high rate of interactions between the immune system and tumor cells. We have learned that these tumor–immune system interactions may result either in strong immune antitumor response or tolerance to tumor-associated antigens. This article will discuss the profound interest in cancer vaccines derived from their potential to induce antitumor responses in vivo. Substantial data from several preclinical models and early human clinical trials have confirmed the ability of cancer vaccines to induce immune responses that are tumor-specific and, in some cases, associated with clinical responses. One future challenge will be to determine how to appropriately stimulate the pathways leading to effective interaction among antigen-presenting cells, T lymphocytes, and tumor cells. It also is critical to develop monitoring strategies that may allow the identification of patients who may benefit from cancer vaccines.
The Status of Cancer Fatigue on the Island of Ireland: AIFC Professional and Interim Patient Surveys
Authors: Dillon Eileen , Kelly Joan 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The objectives of the All Ireland Fatigue Surveys are: A) to learn more about the nature of cancer patients' fatigue; B) to explore the impact that fatigue has on the lives of these patients; C) to determine physicians' and nurses' perceptions of fatigue in patients; and D) to find the current level of management of cancer fatigue in Ireland. In two surveys, one involving 109 physicians and another involving 160 nurses, the vast majority of respondents reported that they believe nausea to be the side effect of most concern to their cancer patients. In contrast, 41% of 143 patient respondents to a third survey reported that fatigue was the side effect that had the greatest impact on them. Patients indicated that fatigue affected them physically, mentally, emotionally, and economically. Yet, approximately half the patients who reported their fatigue to their physician or nurse received no treatment to relieve their fatigue. The number one recommendation made to patients who did receive treatment to help reduce their fatigue was rest/relaxation, even though research suggests that exercise can be of greater benefit. Thus, it appears that cancer patients' fatigue has been largely under-recognized and poorly managed or ignored. With the formation of interdisciplinary groups of health care professionals focused solely on cancer fatigue, efforts are under way on the island of Ireland to address this too long misunderstood and neglected aspect of cancer patients' lives.
Cancer Fatigue: The Way Forward
Authors: Curt Gregory , Johnston Patrick G. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Research in cancer-related fatigue lags far behind research in cancer-related pain and is astonishingly underdeveloped given the magnitude of the problem among cancer patients. This was recently recognized at the State-of-the-Science Conference on Symptom Management in Cancer: Pain, Depression, and Fatigue, held at the U.S. National Institutes of Health in July 2002. The results of patient surveys on fatigue being conducted in Ireland by the All Ireland Fatigue Coalition (AIFC) closely mirror results from similar surveys conducted in the U.S., in some regards, with 53% of patients experiencing significant fatigue at least daily, and 80% at least monthly on both sides of the Atlantic. In other respects, such as duration of bouts of fatigue, how much and with whom patients discuss their fatigue symptoms, and economic impacts of fatigue, there are significant differences between survey findings in the U.S. and in Ireland. But in both places, the condition is underreported and undertreated and takes an enormous toll. Work by the AIFC to document the problem in Ireland, expand public awareness, and conduct research on which to base guidelines for diagnosis and treatment is an excellent beginning to tackling this long understudied condition that afflicts the overwhelming majority of cancer patients.
Biotransformation Studies Using Rat Proximal Tubule Cells
Authors: Schaaf G. J. , Maas R. F. M. , Fink‐Gremmels J. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe proximal tubule is the main target for nephrotoxic substances due to its specific properties, including efficient drug transport and biotransformation potential. The availability of a pure population of proximal tubule cells (PT cells) as a model to study a range of biological, pharmacological, and toxicological parameters is, therefore, of great value. A two‐step PT cell–isolation procedure, based on density‐gradient centrifugation, is described; this procedure can easily be introduced into each laboratory setting. The procedure routinely yields a highly pure PT cell population, comprising 20–40 × 106 cells, which can be used for preparation of subcellular fractions or brought into primary culture.
Overview of Affinity Tags for Protein Purification
Authors: Kimple Michelle E. , Sondek John 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAddition of an affinity tag is a useful method for differentiating recombinant proteins expressed in bacterial and eukaryotic expression systems from the background of total cellular proteins, and for detecting protein‐protein interactions. This overview describes the historical basis for the development of affinity tags, affinity tags that are commonly used today, how to choose an appropriate affinity tag for a particular purpose, and several recently developed affinity tag technologies that may prove useful in the near future.
Determination of Disulfide‐Bond Linkages in Proteins
Authors: Tang Hsin‐Yao , Speicher David W. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe formation of disulfide bonds in proteins is an important post‐translational modification that is critical for stabilizing the native structures of proteins. The disulfide linkages in a protein cannot be predicted from its amino acid sequence; therefore, determination of disulfide bond linkages in the protein will provide insights into its three‐dimensional structure and contribute to the understanding of its structural‐functional relationship. This unit details a series of protocols that have been applied successfully to locate disulfide bonds in proteins. The general strategy involves chemical or proteolytic cleavage of the protein followed by chromatographic separation of the resultant peptides. Disulfide‐containing peptides are identified by the alteration of mobility as a consequence of disulfide bond reduction, and are further characterized by mass spectrometry and/or N‐terminal sequencing. A partial reduction and alkylation strategy for mapping disulfide linkages in peptides with multiple disulfide bonds is also presented.
Protein Expression in the Drosophila Schneider 2 Cell System
Authors: Schetz John A. , Shankar Eswar P.N. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe Schneider‐2 (S2) Drosophila cell line is well suited for the stable overexpression of recombinant proteins using plasmid‐based protein expression vectors. Following drug selection, a polyclonal S2 cell line can be induced to express on the order of 2 to 100 pmol/mg membrane protein for G‐coupled protein receptors, 4000 to 100,000 sites/cell for other membrane receptors and 3 to 35 mg/liter for soluble and secreted proteins.
Cued and Contextual Fear Conditioning in Mice
Authors: Wehner Jeanne M. , Radcliffe Richard A. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractContextual and cued fear conditioning is a robust form of learning in which an association is made between stimuli and their aversive consequences. Fear conditioning has been used in laboratory rodents in part because it is a highly conserved form of behavior that is exhibited in both laboratory situations and in normal environments. Training requires only a single trial and this makes it adaptable to genetic, pharmacological, and biochemical studies. Clinically, it is has relevance to human behavior in that fear conditioning can be produced in humans, and damage to the amygdala prevents fear conditioning.
Handling and Restraint
Authors: Donovan John , Brown Patricia 
Published: August 2004

AbstractFor the safety of the handler and the animal, proper methods for handling and restraining laboratory animals should be followed. Improper handling can result in increased stress and injury to the animal. In addition, the handler risks injury from bite wounds or scratches inflicted when the animal becomes fearful or anxious. By using sure, direct movements with a determined attitude, the animal can be easily handled and restrained. Animals can be restrained either manually or in a plastic restrainer. The protocols in this unit describe handling and manual restraint of mice, rats, hamsters, and rabbits. Alternate protocols describe restraint using the plastic restrainer.
Animal Identification
Authors: Donovan John , Brown Patricia 
Published: August 2004

AbstractProper identification of animals is crucial in research, whether the animals are being used as experimental subjects, for breeding purposes, or as a source for tissues, cells, or fluids. This unit provides specific protocols for the ear punch (notch) and ear tag methods for mouse, rat and hamster; tattoos for mouse, rat and rabbit; and the correct use of a subcutaneous transponder system for all of the above species.
Two‐Dimensional Gel Electrophoresis
Authors: Adams Lonnie D. , Gallagher Sean R. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractTwo‐dimensional gel electrophoresis is the combination of two high‐resolution electrophoretic procedures (isoelectric focusing and SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) to provide much greater resolution than either procedure alone. In the first‐dimension gel, solubilized proteins are separated according to their isoelectric point (pI) by isoelectric focusing. This gel is then applied to the top of an SDS‐slab gel and electrophoresed. The proteins in the first‐dimension gel migrate into the second‐dimension gel where they are separated on the basis of their molecular weight. The basic protocols in this unit are based on the type of equipment originally described by O'Farrell in 1975. For very basic or very acidic proteins, two alternate protocols are provided. A third alternate protocol describes how two‐dimensional electrophoresis can be performed using a minigel system. Protein sample preparation is presented in the support protocol.
Detection of MAP Kinase Signaling
Authors: Rubinfeld Hadara , Seger Rony 
Published: August 2004

AbstractElucidation of intracellular signaling pathway is essential to understanding the regulatory mechanisms of cellular function. Mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades are a major pathway in intracellular signaling. The methods used to detect cascade activation involve measurements of protein kinase activities. This unit describes an assay for specific immunoprecipitation of a protein kinase and detection of phosphorylation of the appropriate substrate, an in‐gel kinase assay for kinases of unknown identity or for which there are no specific antibodies, and the JNK assay, which involves a broad‐based immunoaffinity purification followed by phosphorylation.
Competition‐Based Cellular Peptide Binding Assay for HLA Class I
Authors: Kessler Jan H. , Benckhuijsen Willemien E. , Mutis Tuna , Melief Cornelis J.M. , van der Burg Sjoerd H. , Drijfhout Jan W. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis unit describes a competition assay to determine binding of unlabeled test peptides to thirteen of the most prevalent HLA class I molecules. It uses cells expressing the HLA class I molecule of interest on their surface, fluorescently labeled reference peptides, and unlabeled test peptides. Cells of interest are stripped from their natural HLA‐bound peptides using acid treatment and subsequently incubated with a mixture of labeled reference peptide and titrating concentrations of test peptide. Subsequently, FACS analysis is performed to determine the amount of bound reference peptide, which is a measure of the ability of test peptide to compete for binding to HLA. The assay provides IC50 values for binding of test peptides to HLA molecules. It can be performed in a normally equipped cellular laboratory, requires no additional equipment besides a flow cytometer (FACS), and is relatively easy to perform. Assay‐specific parameters for several HLA alleles are provided.
Comparative Bioinformatics for Mouse and Human Genes: Getting Started
Authors: Mortlock Douglas P. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe primary goal of this unit is to describe methods for using online bioinformatic resources to identify data pertaining to specific mouse genes or genomic regions, from the perspective of a researcher who has identified a human gene(s) of interest and wishes to obtain some basic information about the orthologous murine gene‐such as the mouse genomic sequence containing the gene, cDNA sequence and exon/intron structure, and conserved noncoding regions that may indicate regulatory elements. describes how to obtain mouse gene sequences via Ensembl. describes a sequence homology search for locating a mouse ortholog of a human gene using the UCSC genome browser. Basic Protocols 3 and 4 provide instructions for performing comparative analysis of large human and mouse genomics sequences, using the PipMaker (Schwartz et al., ) and VISTA (Mayor et al., ) online tools.
Principles and Applications of PRINS in Cytogenetics
Authors: Koch Jørn 
Published: August 2004

AbstractA flexible, low‐cost alternative to FISH, primed in situ labeling (PRINS) has traditionally been used to detect tandemly repeated target sequences in chromosomes and nuclei. The technique is capable of discriminating among closely related DNA sequences in situ and has the advantage of using very small probes which easily penetrate to almost any target. This unit describes basic PRINS and the alternative version, dideoxy‐PRINS, which can increase the sensitivity of the reaction by an order of magnitude. New material on multicolor PRINS and quantitative PRINS has been added. Protocols for detection of single‐copy sequences and for application to the study of in‐vivo activity of DNA‐modifying enzymes are planned.
Estimation of Microbial Viability Using Flow Cytometry
Authors: Davey Hazel M. , Kell Douglas B. , Weichart Dieter H. , Kaprelyants Arseny S. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractFor microorganisms in particular, viability is a term that is difficult to define and a state consequently difficult to measure. The traditional (and gold‐standard) usage equates viability and culturability (i.e., the ability to multiply), but the process of determining culturability is often too slow. Flow cytometry provides the opportunity to make rapid and quantitative measurements of dye uptake in large numbers of cells, and we can therefore exploit the flow cytometric approach to evaluate so‐called viability stains and to develop protocols for more routine assessments of microbial viability. This unit is primarily commentary, but several basic protocols have been included to ensure that users have a firm basis for attempting these reasonably difficult assays on traditional flow cytometer instruments. What is clear is that each assay must be carefully validated with the particular microorganism of interest before being applied in any research, clinical, or service form.
Traditional Banding of Chromosomes for Cytogenetic Analysis
Authors: Bayani Jane , Squire Jeremy A. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractTraditional banding of metaphase chromosomes allows identification of individual chromosomes and detection of gross chromosomal anomalies and abnormal chromosome structures. Giemsa (G) banding is the older and more familiar nonfluorescent technique that produces characteristic banding patterns. DAPI , a fluorescent DNA stain, produces banding patterns similar to those of G‐banding and is much simpler to perform.
Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)
Authors: Bayani Jane , Squire Jeremy A. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractFluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH) involves the preparation of two main components: the DNA probe and the target DNA to which the probe will be hybridized. The DNA probe typically comes from cloned sources such as plasmids, cosmids, PACs, YACs, or BACs; where the insert may contain a specific gene or originate from a specific chromosomal locus. Whole‐chromosome paints may also be used but are usually applicable to metaphase preparations. The purified DNA can then be labeled and detected indirectly using haptens, or labeled directly using fluorochrome or dye‐conjugated nucleotides. Labeling strategies are also variable, employing standard nick translation or PCR labeling methods. The target DNA can take the form of chromosomes spreads or interphase nuclei. The sources of interphase targets may come from cytogenetic preparations or from paraffin‐embedded tissues. Both the labeled DNA probe and DNA target are denatured to a single‐stranded state and permitted to hybridize to each other. Post‐hybridization washes and fluorescently‐labeled antibody incubations follow the 24‐hour hybridization, and the specimen is ready for visualization by fluorescent microscopy. Successful interpretation of FISH experiments is dependent on the quality of the starting materials, hybridization efficiencies, and stringency of post‐hybridization washes and antibody detections.
RNAi: Design and Analysis
Authors: Sachidanandam Ravi 
Published: August 2004

AbstractRNAi is a novel genetic tool that is poised to revolutionize the study of genetics and gene networks. Use of this tool requires knowledge of the underlying mechanisms and application of this knowledge to the construction of a gene‐silencing library. This unit discusses approaches to rational design of this library and its use in experiments. It focuses on the design algorithms developed so far and briefly discuss several issues that could lead to improvements in the current design algorithms.
Ionische Flüssigkeiten für die Synthese funktioneller Nanopartikel und anderer anorganischer Nanostrukturen
Authors: Antonietti Markus , Kuang Daibin , Smarsly Bernd , Zhou Yong 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIonische Flüssigkeiten sind eine neue Klasse organischer Lösungsmittel mit hoher Polarität und einer vororganisierten Lösungsmittelstruktur. In diesen Flüssigkeiten können in Abwesenheit oder bei einem kontrollierten Anteil von Wasser sehr polare Reaktionen durchgeführt werden, die auf einfache Weise und bei moderaten Temperaturen zu kristallinen Nanopartikeln führen. Die ausgeprägte Organisation dieser Lösungsmittel kann für die Herstellung selbstanordnender, hoch organisierter Hybrid‐Nanostrukturen von bisher nicht bekannter Qualität genutzt werden. Das außergewöhnliche Potenzial ionischer Flüssigkeiten für die Materialsynthese soll in diesem Kurzaufsatz von einem physikalisch‐chemischen Standpunkt aus dargelegt werden.
Epoxy resin/polyurethane functionally graded material prepared by microwave irradiation
Authors: Liu X. Q. , Wang Y. S. , Zhu J. H. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe glass‐transition temperature (Tg) and modulus (E) of graded material in a plastic–elastomer system prepared with layer‐by‐layer casting in connection with microwave curing were studied. Epoxy (EP) resin and polyurethane (PU) were selected as the plastic and elastomer components, respectively. The structure of the functionally graded material (FGM) was such that EP (E = 3.2 GPa, and Tg = 162°C) and PU (E = 0.069 GPa and Tg = −54°C) were both surfaces, with a stepwise gradient in EP and PU content existing between the two over a thickness of 9 mm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the PU content and the morphologies of the FGMs separately. Finite element analysis (FEA) was used to simulate the temperature and thermal stress distribution along the graded direction under a steady‐state, nonuniform temperature field. The results of FEA showed that the temperature and thermal stress distribution decreased along the graded direction. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 994–999, 2004