bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The treatment of motor neuron disease and the management of specific symptoms
Authors: Talbot Kevin , Marsden Rachael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MND is not currently a curable disease, and many patients report having felt abandoned by doctors, who may appear uncomfortable with a patient whom they believe they cannot help. In reality, there are very few diseases which are genuinely curable, and most doctors are engaged in managing chronic symptoms, rather than simply ‘curing’ people. Like many other conditions in medicine, MND also has specific symptoms which can be managed. The overall aim of this approach is to focus on maintaining well-being. As we have highlighted elsewhere, the range of symptoms and problems encountered in MND is best managed by a multidisciplinary team in a centre in which MND patients are seen on a regular basis.
Overview
Authors: Bornkessel-Schlesewsky Ina , Schlesewsky Matthias 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps not surprisingly, Part II is the longest of the four parts of thismonograph. In the following six chapters, we discuss the core aspects ofsyntactic and morphological processing at the sentence level, focusingon a range of languages and a variety of experimental techniques. It isimportant to note that, throughout this section, we have attempted toremain quite closely within the bounds of the core domains of syntaxand morphology. Extensions to this perspective, for example withrespect to the interaction between syntax and prosody or informationstructure, will be discussed in Part III of this volume.
Overview
Authors: Bornkessel-Schlesewsky Ina , Schlesewsky Matthias 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having provided an overview of empirical Wndings on the neurocognitionof syntactic and morphological processing, the aim of this sectionis to introduce existing models in this domain. As already becameapparent in parts of the discussion in the preceding sections, suchmodels can typically be subdivided according to traditional psycholinguisticdistinctions and debates.
Hybridization Networks
Authors: Semple Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evolutionary (phylogenetic) trees are used to represent the tree-like evolution of a collection of taxa. For many groups of taxa (for example, most mammals) this representation is appropriate. However, non-tree-like evolutionary processes such as hybridization, horizontal gene transfer, and recombination mean that some groups of taxa are not suited to this type of representation. Collectively referred to as reticulation events, these types of processes result in species being a composite of DNA regions derived from different ancestors. Frequently with bacteria, horizontal gene transfer is the transfer of a piece of DNA from one organism to another which is not its offspring. On the other hand, hybridizations combine two lineages to create a new offspring. Examples of eukaryotes whose ancestral history include hybridization are certain plant and bird species. Recombination is a type of hybridization that has been well-studied within the framework of population genetics. For informative articles on the frequency of hybridization amongst animals and the problem of distinguishing hybridization from other causes of phylogenetic incongruence, see [35] and [36], respectively.
The RNA virus quasispecies
Authors: Holmes Edward C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since its formulation in the 1970s, the notion that RNA viruses form complex population structures known as quasispecies has dominated discussions on the mechanisms of RNA virus evolution. At the time of writing over 1000 articles on the PubMed online database contain the word quasispecies in the title or abstract, and a whole volume has been written on quasispecies in virology (Domingo et al . 2001).
The domain of the inquiry
Authors: Stassen Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is an essay in theoretical linguistics, and employs the research method of linguistic typology. This form of linguistic inquiry aims at discovering basic principles in the structure of human language, by means of a comparison of structural features in a large sample of (preferably unrelated) languages. Typologists expect that in doing so the limits of possible variation between languages – and hence, a definition of the notion ‘possible human language’ – can be brought to light.
In search of determinant factors
Authors: Stassen Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the chapters of Part I I have developed a typology of predicative possession, the major features of which have been summarized in Chapter 7. Now, given the general mission statement of theoretical linguistics that I formulated in Section 1.1, it will be evident that the construction of typologies is certainly a worthwhile linguistic activity, in that it presents us with a view of the limitations that human language sets on the encoding of a certain linguistic phenomenon.
Introduction
Authors: Nicholls Anthony , Wilson lain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Section 1: General medical issues on surgical wards 2, Section 2: Perioperative care of chronic medical disorders 2 Section 3: Postoperative complications 3, Section 4: Sensible prescribing 3 This book is primarily for junior surgeons and anaesthetists who are often faced with the perioperative medical management of patients undergoing surgery. It is not a guide to surgical management, but deals specifically with medical care of the surgical patient. Most medical care for surgical patients is routine, but increasing numbers of medically compromised patients are presenting for both elective and emergency surgery. Medical practice is also becoming more specialized and it is common for more than one doctor to be involved with the care of a complicated surgical patient.
The National Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative Deaths (NCEPOD)
Authors: Campbell Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The National Confidential Enquiry into Perioperative Deaths (NCEPOD) is a collaborative review of surgery, anaesthesia and gynaecology, which began data collection in 1985. The reports (listed in Table 5.1) are based on anonymous and confidential questionnaires completed by surgeons and anaesthetists about patients who have died under their care. Panels of peer reviewers assess questionnaires and the data are recorded on computer. The data are protected against use in medicolegal actions, but destruction of questionnaires is an essential part of this protection and no copies should be kept. Each year NCEPOD gathers information about different groups of patients, which is then presented in a detailed report, with a summary of findings and recommendations.
The ASA classification of perioperative risk
Authors: Wilson lain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score has been used for many years as an indicator of perioperative risk. A committee of the ASA originally conceived the score in 1941 as a method of standardizing physical status in hospital records for statistical studies in anaesthesia. A series of minor changes have been effected over the years and the current version of the classification completed in 1974, by the House of Delegates of the ASA is presented in Table 6.1. A patient is scored according to their physical fitness and the letter E added if the planned procedure is an emergency one. Although the score is convenient and easy to use, it lacks scientific precision in its application.
Endocrine and metabolic disorders
Authors: Hattersley Andrew , Saddler John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diabetes affects 2% of the population and 6% of patients over 60 years in the UK. Diabetes underlies 1 in 6 vascular surgical admissions, and presents many perioperative problems. It may also present on the surgical ward for the first time. Liaise closely with the local diabetes team. Most hospitals will have a diabetes specialist nurse who can advise on appropriate insulin regimes and will have access to a diabetologist if needed. All diabetes nurses (and many diabetic patients) will have practical knowledge about treatment regimes so ask for advice! The principal problems encountered are the control of blood glucose and dealing with the complications - retinopathy, nephropathy, ischaemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, neuropathy, and a reduced response to infection.
Renal disorders
Authors: Nicholls Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The diagnosis of renal impairment is easily made when a high serum creatinine is found. Assessment of the significance of minor elevations of creatinine depends on the age and size of the patient. Renal impairment is very common in elderly patients undergoing surgery and is a significant risk for postoperative renal failure. Although it is impractical to measure renal function precisely in surgical patients, the serum creatinine should measured routinely according to the schedule on p. 23 and in anyone in whom there is concern about their renal status. Clearly, the greatest risk arises in those with the most severe renal impairment. The common causes of renal failure may have relevance for surgical care.
Cardiac arrhythmias
Authors: Dean John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The haemodynamic consequences of the arrhythmia determine the urgency of the treatment. The same rhythm disturbance may have little or no impact on one patient, but cause cardiovascular collapse in another. Patients with compromised LV function are at the greatest risk, and may develop arrhythmias without provocation even when all appropriate measures for prevention have been taken. Major surgery such as aortic aneurysm repair imposes a higher risk of arrhythmia than a minor procedure such as cataract surgery. Any abrupt change in heart rate, particularly if there is a fall in BP, should raise the possibility of an arrhythmia. Whenever possible a 12-lead ECG of the arrhythmia should be recorded; failing this a rhythm strip may be obtained by using the ECG monitor of the ward defibrillator.
Postoperative jaundice and abnormal liver function tests (LFTs)
Authors: Nicholls Anthony , Wilson lain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Postoperative jaundice results from an accumulation of bilirubin. It may occur in any patient, but is commonest in patients who have had biliary, hepatic, or pancreatic surgery. This is often related to the nature of the surgery performed and resulting hepatobiliary problems: obstruction or leakage. Jaundice may also develop after procedures unrelated to the biliary system, e.g. orthopaedic, gynaecological, or bowel surgery. In such patients jaundice is usually multifactorial in origin, and medical rather than surgical in nature. Although jaundice itself may be relatively benign, it should always be investigated carefully as it may be manifestation of a serious problem outside the liver. Patients with postoperative hepatocellular dysfunction have a poor prognosis and need urgent investigation and management.
Perioperative prescribing information
Authors: Nicholls Anthony , Wilson lain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Section 15 of the BNF gives broad advice about the issue of long-term medication and general anaesthesia: the risk of stopping medication is often greater than the risk of continuing it during surgery, but surgery itself may alter the need for continued therapy for certain conditions. Drugs that should not normally be stopped before surgery include analgesics, anti-epileptics, bronchodilators, cardiovascular drugs, glaucoma drugs, thyroid or anti-thyroid drugs, and peptic ulcer drugs. Drugs that should be stopped include combined oral contraceptives (preferably 4 weeks before elective surgery, with appropriate alternative contraception), and lithium (2 days before major surgery, safe to continue with minor procedures).
Engagement in Evil: Politics, Dirty Hands, and Corruption
Authors: Coady C A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the film documentary ‘The Fog of War’, the former US Secretary of Defence, Robert McNamara was interviewed at length about his career in politics and elsewhere, with particular reference to his thoughts on the prosecution of the Vietnam War. McNamara was an enthusiastic ‘hawk’ who now presents his enthusiasm as more qualified and muted, but admits to many errors of judgement about the war. In the course of the interview he enunciates a list of principles for the conduct of foreign policy of which rule number 9 is: ‘In order to do good, you must engage in evil’.
Physical activity and weight management
Authors: Elsheikh Mohgah , Murphy Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Exercise is any physical activity you do, from walking up the stairs to cleaning the house. It does not necessarily mean going to the gym. It is thought that most people today do not get enough exercise. There are fewer of us doing manual jobs and we are increasingly reliant on the car for transport. In the UK, both walking and cycling have declined by 25 per cent. Energy-saving devices such as washing machines, dishwashers and remote controls, in addition to the availability of home entertainment and computers, have also contributed to less active lifestyles. It is estimated that our energy expenditure may have reduced by as much as 30 per cent over the past three decades.
The Declension of Adjectives
Authors: Carnie L Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ike nouns, Irish adjectives are declined for case and number1. This chapter surveys the main declension forms of Irish adjectives and provides a list of 2,700 with their declension class and plural type. Adjectives are typically lenited if the noun that precedes them would normally be lenited after a determiner (article). This is true whether or not a determiner is actually present.
What is osteoporosis?
Authors: Black Alison J , Sandison Rena , Reid David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The existence of osteoporosis has been known since the times of the Ancient Egyptians. Egyptian mummies of mature men of high status from around 220 BC have been found to have evidence of both osteoarthritis and osteoporosis. A French pathologist, Jean Lobstein (1777–1835), first described the rare brittle bone disease osteogenesis imperfecta but also described bone thinning occurring without this congenital abnormality.
Osteoporotic fractures
Authors: Black Alison J , Sandison Rena , Reid David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will discuss the types of fractures that occur with osteoporosis and the reasons behind them. Additionally we will look at the treatments available for such . One in two women and one in five men over the age of 50 are at risk of a fracture (broken bone) due to osteoporosis. This is a greater risk for women than having breast cancer or disease. Fractures are the main consequence of osteoporosis. The lower the bone density, the greater the risk of fracture, but fracture does not depend entirely on having a low bone density. Genetic predisposition, older age, and how likely we are to fall are the main risks for having an osteoporotic fracture.
The multidisciplinary Team
Authors: Black Alison J , Sandison Rena , Reid David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All members of the multidisciplinary team aim to enable the person with osteoporosis to cope with the condition and to reduce the risk of fracture. People with osteoporosis are likely to come into contact with different healthcare professionals who can help address many of the problems encountered with the condition. This chapter gives a brief description of some members of the multidisciplinary team and their roles.
Reason of State, Propaganda, and the Thirty Years ‘ War
Authors: Malcolm Noel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Acclaimed writer and historian Noel Malcolm presents his sensational discovery of a new work by Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679): a propaganda pamphlet on behalf of the Habsburg side in the Thirty Years ‘ War, translated by Hobbes from a Latin original. Malcolm’s book explores a fascinating episode in seventeenth-century history, illuminating both the practice of early modern propaganda and the theory of “reason of state”.
Foundations of Mind
Authors: Burge Tyler 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Foundations of Mind collects the essays which established Tyler Burge as a leading philosopher of mind. This second volume of his papers offers nineteen pieces published between 1975 and 2003, including the influential series that develops anti-individualism. Burge contributes three essay-length postscripts, a substantial new paper on consciousness, and an introduction which surveys his work in this area. The foundations that Burge reflects on are conditions in the individual or the wider world that determine the natures of mental kinds. The conditions include causal, social, psychological conditions, and conditions of phenomenal consciousness. Some of these are basic conditions under which minds are possible. The book is essential reading for philosophers of mind, and should engage a wider public interested in basic philosophical issues.
Anti-Semitism in Meistersinger?
Authors: Kivy Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is no part of my purpose here either to deny Wagner’s palpable anti-Semitism or to in anyway mitigate its utter repulsiveness. Both are all too apparent. What I do wish to deny is Barry Millington’s thesis, expressed recently, that Die Meistersinger is an anti-Semitic work, Beckmesser a Jewish caricature.1 Or, more circumspectly, I am denying that Millington provides any evidence for the thesis, although he provides plenty of evidence for the anti-Semitism of Richard Wagner. Indeed, what Millington does do is to present a brilliant account of how Wagner formed the character of Beckmesser, both literarily and musically, from absolutely despicable caricatures ofJews, his own and those of his contemporaries; and he then goes on to conclude that Beckmesser is a Jewish caricature, Die Meistersinger an anti-Semitic work, by simply committing the genetic fallacy, which is to say, illicitly inferring from the true premise that the source of Beckmesser’s character is a Jewish caricature to the unsubstantiated conclusion that Beckmesser is a Jewish caricature.
Music in the Movies: A Philosophical Inquiry
Authors: Kivy Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The two major forms of “talked” drama, movies and plays, are sharply distinguished in numerous ways, as artistic practices. But one of the most notable and, I shall argue, most mystifying of these ways is in regard to music. For the presence of music in a spoken play is a rare occurrence—although there is a tradition for it—whereas what is rare in the cinema is the absence of music. The movies have had, almost from the very beginning, a running musical background. And whereas it is fairly clear what the reason for this was in the silent era, it is by no means obvious, as I shall suggest later on, why music endured in its peculiar relation to the cinema with the advent of the talkies.
Another Go at the Meaning of Music: Koopman, Davies, and the Meanings of “Meaning”
Authors: Kivy Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Oxford English Dictionary gives ten or more meanings for “meaning”, depending on how carefully you want to count and how fastidious you are about nuances. Given such a superfluity of meanings, it is hardly surprising that music has “meaning”. Indeed, it would be surprising if anything didn’t. That being the case, it is always with a sigh of resignation that I espy a new book or article intended (or “meant”) to prove that, appearances to the contrary notwithstanding, music has you-know-what. And in recent years I have tended to pass over such books and articles in favor of fresher topics. But every once in a while it is a good idea to rethink even a settled opinion, and when a recent article by Constantijn Koopman and Stephen Davies, called “Musical Meaning in a Broader Perspective” crossed my path not too long ago, I decided that perhaps the time had come for me once again to give a little thought to this vexed and perennial question of musical meaning, especially as I was singled out early on in the article of Koopman and Davies as, it seems, their major adversary.
From Ideology to Music: Leonard Meyer’s Theory of Style Change
Authors: Kivy Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Leonard Meyer’s splendid new book, Style and Music: Theory, History, and Ideology provides a rich feast indeed of food for musical thought, and (inevitably) for musical controversy.1 Theorists will, of course, be drawn to the author’s nuts-and-bolts functional analysis of the various musical passages he discusses in making his argument; and music historians, doubtless, will find much to stimulate them, as well as to argue about, in his historical characterization of the Classical and Romantic periods in music, and of their relevant social, political, and philosophical backgrounds. But philosophers of art like myself will surely fasten upon Meyer’s bold attempt to connect the purely musical parameters of syntax and structure to the reigning ideologies with which they coexist. Nor, I think, will it be out of place to concentrate on this attempt in the present review essay; for it is the major theme and argument of Meyer’s book.
Egg donation
Authors: Davies Melanie , Webber Lisa , Overton Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Donor eggs are needed when a woman’s ovaries no longer contain eggs, following an early menopause, or the eggs she has are poor quality. Early menopause can be caused by surgery on the ovaries, by chemotherapy treatment for cancer, or by medical conditions such as Turner syndrome (a genetic condition in which the ovaries do not fully develop). It often comes out of the blue; premature menopause affects one woman in 100 below the age of 40. Poor egg quality is usually found in older women, and is often diagnosed after tests for miscarriage or infertility, perhaps after several unsuccessful IVF attempts. Egg donation is also sometimes used by women who carry a serious inherited disorder so that they do not pass it on to their children.
Theories of Location
Authors: Parsons Josh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Metaphysicians of space and time are fond of talking about objects being present at, wholly present at, or existing at certain times, or occupying certain regions of space, or even regions of space time. Take, for example, this famous set of definitions due to Mark Johnston and David Lewis:
Let us say that something persists, iff, somehow or other, it exists at various times; this is the neutral word. Something perdures iff it persists by having different temporal parts, or stages, at different times, though no one part of it is wholly present at more than one time; whereas it endures iff it persists by being wholly present at more than one time. (Lewis 1986: 202)