bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensory innervation in the rim of the octopus sucker
Authors: Graziadei P. P. C. , Gagne H. T. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAnatomical components of afferent innervation in the rim of the octopus sucker are described. In the sensory epithelium under the smooth cuticle two associated ciliated receptor cell‐types (presumably chemosensitive) occur in clusters. A third ciliated receptor cell‐type under the toothed cuticle may be a mechanoreceptor. A non‐ciliated receptor cell‐type of unknown function, under the toothed cuticle, is characterized by a microvillus‐lined apical canal containing dense granular material. The axons of the latter two receptors go directly into large nerve tracts which nm through the infundibular muscle and on to the ganglion of the sucker. The axons of the first cell‐types terminate on interneurons either in the base of the epithelium or below the epithelium. All the interneurons of the basal region of the epithelium migrate centripetally and develop into encapsulated interneurons. Within the epithelium, fine fibers provide collateral contact among cluster receptors. Collateral interaction among basal and encapsulated interneurons occur in the infundibular plexus. The microanatomy of the rim of the sucker suggests that chemosensory cues are funneled into the interneurons where they are concentrated into integrated signals, while other sensory input is probably sent directly to the ganglia of the sucker and/or arm.
Studies on the intestine of Daphnidae (Crustacea, Cladocera) ultrastructure of the midgut of Daphnia magna and Daphnia obtusa
Authors: Quaglia A. , Sabelli B. , Villani L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe fine structure of midgut cells in two species of Cladocera (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) has unique features when it is compared to that in the midguts of other arthropods. Features which suggest that food is absorbed in digested form are: the presence of the peritrophic membrane, the glycocalyx, the almost complete absence of pinocytotic vesicles, and the large surface area of a great number of microvilli. Digested products presumably pass into the hemolymph through the network of extracellular canals and cisterns surrounding the basal ends of intestinal epithelial cells. Cells of the midgut in Cladocera differ from those of other arthropods in the simplicity of their basal plasma membranes, which are not highly folded. The small number of membrane invaginations suggests that water reabsorption is very slight, as is the usual condition in aquatic animals.The origin and evolution of peculiar structures we call “multivesicular‐like bodies” have been investigated. These display a variety of different morphological features. Some contain acid phosphatase activity and are considered as specialized lysosomes.
Reproductive morphology and Spermatogenesis in Dermanyssus gallinae (DeGeer) (Acari: Dermanyssidae)
Authors: Pound J. Mathews , Oliver James H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSperm induction pores, tubuli annulati, rami sacculi, sacculus foemineus, cornu sacculus and acantho‐membranous hood in female Dermanyssus gallinae support the probability of coxal insemination as reported for some other mesostigmatid species.Development of the circular testis in males (from fusion of two anterolaterally projecting protonymphal testicular arms) and formation of haploid (n = 3) spermatids from haploid (n = 3) spermatogonial cells is entirely mitotic. Spermatogenesis begins within one hour after protonymphal feeding and continues through adult ecdysis in normally fed individuals. Nutritional deficit causes cessation of spermatogenic divisions in deutonymphs starved 23 days, but is rapidly rejuvenated upon feeding. No rejuvenation of division was observed in adult males given the opportunity to feed, thus adult males might not feed.
Semicircular duct and ampulla dimensions in cat, guinea pig and man
Authors: Curthoys I. S. , Markham C. H. , Curthoys E. J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPredictions from the classic theory of semicircular canal operation, the torsion pendulum model, depend upon labyrinthine dimensions and the physical properties of the endolymph. The dimensions of the semicircular canal, duct and ampulla in cat, guinea pig and man were determined from measurements of magnified sections of decalcified temporal bones. Estimates of the effect of shrinkage were obtained from measures in fresh material and it appears shrinkage is probably only a fairly small factor. The dimensions so obtained were used to provide new estimates of the short time constant and other mechanical parameters of the torsion pendulum model in the three species.
Vitellogenesis in the milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus Dallas (Hemiptera). A light and electron microscopic investigation
Authors: Schreiner Berit 
Published: February 2005

AbstractHistochemical and electron microscopic methods have revealed that there are four types of cell inclusions in the late vitellogenic oocytes of Oncopeltus. (a) Type 1 is a vacuole which seems to be contributed from the tropharium via the nutritive tubes. It is suggested that this type consists partly at least of nucleolus‐like material (ribonucleoprotein) emitted from the nuclei of the Zone III trophocytes. (b) Type 2 is lipid yolk which in early stage oocytes seems to be produced in the “Balbiani body.” In the vitellogenic oocytes these lipid spheres are apparently imported by the oocyte from the haemolymph either through the follicle cells, or through the extracellular space in the follicular epithelium. (c) Type 3 is carbohydrate/protein yolk where at least part of the protein (“vitellogenic protein”) is taken up from the haemolymph, transported through the extracellular space in the follicular epithelium, and deposited into the oocyte by pinocytosis. (d) Glycogen is deposited from the early phases of vitellogenesis.The tropharium may contribute, besides Type 1 vacuoles, ribosomes, mitochondria, stacks of annulated lamellae, and “food vacuoles” to the oocytes. Specialized cells which line the tropharium and send projections toward the trophic core have been called “peripheral trophocytes.” Contrary to the regular trophocytes, they contain glycogen and an abundance of Golgi complexes.
Ultrastructure and histochemistry of the supportive structures associated with the radula of the slug, Limax maximus
Authors: Curtis Sherill K. , Cowden Ronald R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe odontophore and connective tissue‐filled portion of the radular sac (called the “collostyle”) of the slug, Limax maximus, were examined by light and electron microscopy. While both of these structures grossly resemble vertebrate cartilage, neither is composed of a type of tissue with the microscopic appearance and histochemical properties of cartilage. The roughly U‐shaped odontophore possesses a thin capsule composed of connective tissue. The parenchyma of the odontophore consists of modified muscle cells which are organized into irregular groups by incomplete trabeculae composed of conventional muscle cells. The odontophoral cells are variable in size; they contain glycogen‐filled “cores” as well as bundles of peripherally located filaments resembling myofilaments; and they are innervated like muscle cells. The nuclei of the cells are located eccentrically in the glycogen‐filled portions of the cells and typically contain prominent nucleoli. The nuclei are surrounded by multiple small Golgi complexes and pleomorphic dense bodies resembling lysosomes. The extracellular matrix of the odontophore is very sparse and contains glycogen and fibrillar material but no histochemically demonstrable acidic mucosubstances. The collostyle consists of a gelatinous type of tissue somewhat like vertebrate mucoid connective tissue. The abundant extracellular matrix contains cross banded filaments, a flocculent material disposed in wavy indefinite strands, and small electron‐dense particles. The matrix contains histochemically demonstrable neutral and weakly acidic mucosubstances. The cell population of the collostyle includes solitary muscle cells and fibrocytes containing large quantities of glycogen.
Tergal modifications associated with abdominal glandular cells in the blattaria
Authors: Brossut Remy , Roth Louis M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTergal abdominal modifications of 30 species of Blattaria (Dictyoptera) were studied by means of histological scanning electron microscopy techniques. Despite marked anatomical diversity of the glands, only a few basic types of cells are present. Male tergal glands, which are involved in sexual behavior generally have glandular cells filled with electron transparent vacuoles (type 3a) and those with dense myeloid secretion (type 3b); in addition some have large cells without ducts, not in contact with the cuticle and surrounded by other cells (type 2). External setae, usually associated with these structures, are mechano‐receptors or mechano‐chemoreceptors. Glands not involved in courtship (e.g., defensive glands) usually have large glandular cells with a ductule that reaches the end apparatus secreted by the glandular cell itself (Type 3) but lack types 2, 3a, and 3b.Species which do not have distinctive tergal modifications may have concentrations of microscopic pores or openings associated with glandular cells on certain segments. The chemistry of the secretions produced by tergal glands is unknown for most species. This paper emphasizes the need for behavioral and biochemical studies to elucidate the biological significance of cockroach tergal glands.
Structural correlates of forelimb function in fur seals and sea lions
Authors: English Arthur W. M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDissections, manipulation of ligamentary preparations, analysis of limb proportions, and quantitative aspects of forelimb myology are used to correlate forelimb morphology in fur seals and sea lions (sub‐family Otariinae) with previously published data as to their locomotor function (English, '76a). Comparisons to structure and function in generalized fissiped carnivores are then used to elucidate locomotor adaptations in fur seals and sea lions. Unique features of forelimb function during swimming in these pinnipeds include the amounts of abduction‐adduction and rotary movements used. Modifications of the size, attachments and fascicle architecture of the muscles and the structure and range of possible movement of the joints suggest that in fur seals and sea lions these movements (1) take place about the glenohumeral (shoulder) joints, (2) that the movements are probably finely controlled, and (3) that they contribute to the generation of massive forward thrust via the cooperative activity of muscles capable of generating large amounts of force throughout the range of movement. Recovery movements occur through a similarly large range, and modifications of forelimb anatomy either to minimize or overcome water resistance are noted. The adaptive significance of these modifications is interpreted as allowing fur seals and sea lions to swim at speeds necessary to feed on the fast swimming prey presumably abundant in their adaptive zone.
Synaptic organization of the nucleus rotundus in some teleosts
Authors: Ito Hironobu , Kishida Reiji 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSynaptic organization of the nucleus rotundus was studied with the electron microscope in three teleost species belonging to the same order. In spite of the different histological organization (non‐laminated, incompletely laminated, and laminated), the same kinds of axon terminals (S and F) are observed in all species. A fibrous layer which is clearly formed only in the laminated nucleus is composed of F1 terminals and dendrites from a layer of small cells. The same kind of synapses formed between F1 terminals and dendrites of small cells are also found among glomeruli in the non‐laminated and incompletely laminated nuclei. The main constituents of glomeruli are S and F2 terminals and dendrites of large cells in the non‐laminated and incompletely laminated nuclei, and are S terminals and star‐like structures which correspond to the tips of the dendrites of large cells in the laminated nucleus. The star‐like structure contains numerous mitochondria and clusters of small polymorphic vesicles. Some of the vesicles aggregate at thickened cell membranes of the structure as in presynaptic dendrites.
The osteology and musculature of the pectoral limb of small captorhinids
Authors: Holmes Robert 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe osteology of the pectoral limb of small captorhinids is described and figured in detail. A cartilaginous sternum was present. The glenoid was not a simple sliding or rocking joint, as was previously supposed, but considerable rotation was also an integral part of the humeral movement. The structure of the elbow joint is such that when the lower arm was extended, its distal end swung forward and extended the anterior reach of the hand. When the lower arm was flexed, the posterior reach of the hand was extended. Articulated specimens allow a recontruction of the manus. There was no well developed wrist joint, but rather the manus, as a whole, was a flexible structure. A pisiform was present. Sesamoid bones were developed in the tendons of the palmaris communis profundus muscle.Study of forelimb musculature of living reptiles based on dissections and the literature indicates that its evolution has been very conservative. The forelimb musculature of small captorhinids probably was very similar to that of all living reptiles except turtles.
Morphology of the macula neglecta in sharks of the genus Carcharhinus
Authors: Corwin Jeffrey T. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractEars from several species of carcharhinid sharks were studied by gross dissection, light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Structures along a possible sound transmission path to the ear are described, but main consideration is given to the structure of the macula neglecta.The macula neglecta is composed of two patches of sensory epithelium which line part of the posterior canal duct. In an adult shark the larger of these contains 224,000 sensory hair cells oriented so as to detect forces directed posteroventrolaterally in the duct. The smaller patch contains 43,000 hair cells oriented so as to detect oppositely directed forces. These receptor cells project through numerous small terminals to a total for both patches of 4,700 myelinated nerve fibers. Cytostructural variations throughout the hair cell population are also reported.Estimated acoustic properties of the tissues in this complex and the processing potential of the neural elements are interpreted as suggestive of auditory function. A mechanism based on the geometry of the receptor arrays is proposed to explain behaviorally observed instantaneous sound localization from the farfield.Evolution of the macula neglecta is reviewed, and evidence for homology of the macula neglecta and amphibian papilla is presented.
An ultrastructural and cytochemical analysis of oogenesis in the squid, Loligo pealei
Authors: Selman Kelly , Arnold John M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractOogenesis has been investigated utilizing both light and electron microscopical techniques in the squid, Loligo pealei. This complex process has been divided into five stages according to the structure of the follicle. Because of the highly coordinated differentiation of the follicle cells (and follicular syncytium) and the oocyte, their development is described in concert. Specific attention is given to the contribution of the follicular syncytium to vitellogenesis and the formation of the extracellular egg envelope or chorion. Our observations indicate heterosynthetic yolk production and the synthesis of the secondary envelope by the follicular syncytium.
Structure and organization of radial spokes in cilia of Tetrahymena pyriformis
Authors: Dentler William L. , Cunningham William P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe structure and organization of radial spokes, the principal components between each of the peripheral doublet microtubules and the central sheath which surrounds the central pair of microtubules have been described in Tetrahymena pyriformis Cilia. The radial spokes are grouped in triplets and are attached to the A‐microtubule of each peripheral doublet at intervals of 200/280/360 Å, the 200 Å spacing being most distal to the base of the cilium. The radial spoke triplets are organized in the axoneme in a double helix with a pitch of 1,680 Å. A method for determining the helical disposition by correcting for doublet sliding is presented.
Ovarian structure of the marsupial frog Gastrotheca riobambae (Fowler)
Authors: Del Pino Eugenia M. , Sánchez Grace 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe mature ovary of Gastrotheca riobambae presents large oocytes (3 mm in diameter) of pale yellow color. After ovulation and the beginning of embryonic incubation, the empty postovulatory follicles can be recognized in the ovary for about 30 days. The granulosa of these follicles never fills the follicular lumen and this cavity becomes filled with fluid during the first five days of incubation. Later, at 18 days of incubation, the lumen is mostly empty and contains few cells of the granulosa. Shrinkage results in the disappearance of the follicular cavity by approximately the thirtieth day of incubation. The thecae are thick and become separated by a space. This space is filled progressively with cells, blood capillaries and fluid. After the thirtieth to fortieth day of incubation, these follicles become regressive and disappear. The postovulatory follicles of Gastrotheca may correspond to corpora lutea. The evidence suggests that pouch vascularization and the formation of embryonic chambers of pouch tissue may be under ovarian control. In addition, the process of vitellogenesis is influenced by incubation, as most growth of the ovarian oocyte occurs after birth of the tadpoles. Follicular atresia is common and is similar to that of other frogs.
Vascularization, innervation, and ultrastructure of the endocrine cell types of stannius corpuscles in the teleost Gasterosteus aculeatus
Authors: Wendelaar Bonga S. E. , Greven J. A. , Veenhuis M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe blood circulation of the Stannius corpuscles, like that of the kidneys to which the corpuscles are attached, represents a portal system. The corpuscles receive blood from the dorsal caudal vein and from a vein coming from the hypaxial musculature. They are drained by veins which enter the caudal parts of the kidneys and therefore endocrine substances released by the corpuscles pass through the kidneys before they enter the general body circulation. The corpuscles are penetrated by sympathetic nerves coming from a small subvertebral ganglion. It is likely that these nerves innervate the muscular coat around the blood vessels. The muscular coat surrounding the renal blood vessels, the collecting tubules and part of the ureters, is innervated by nerves from the same ganglion. The secretory activity of the gland cells appears to be controlled by blood borne factors, because neither synaptic contacts with these cells, nor gap junctions among the cells, have been found in thin sections and freeze‐etch replicas of the corpuscles.The corpuscles contain two cell types, both presumed to have endocrine function. Histochemical and ultrastructural data indicate that the gland cells produce glycoproteins. It is likely that the contents of the secretory granules are released by exocytosis. One cell type is structurally similar to the cells described in many other teleosts and thought to be engaged in the synthesis of a hypocalcemic hormone. The ultrastructure of the second cell type resembles cells described only in other migratory species: salmonids and eels. It may be involved in the control of monovalent ions.
Structure of the sinus hair follicle in the big‐clawed shrew, Sorex unguiculatus
Authors: Yohro Takeshi 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe structural features of sinus hair follicles in Sorex unguiculatus were studied by macroscopic dissection, serial section light microscopy and electron microscopy. The shrew has about 540 sinus hairs regularly arranged on the snout. The maxillary nerves innervating them are extremely thick, while the optic nerves are very thin. Thus the follicle must be one of the most important sense organs in this animal. In the follicle the ring sinus is well‐developed and the trabeculae of the cavernous sinus are reduced in number and thickness. The ring bulge is not a unified structure but a pair of bodies which consist of head, stalk and attachment plaque. It is characterized by the presence of numberous thick collagen fibrils (400 nm) and appears to be mechanically rigid. Lanceolate nerve terminals, free endings, Merkel cells with nerve terminals and unmyelinated fibers are observed, but encapsulated endings are lacking in and around the follicles. Straight lanceolate terminals on the posterior side of the follicle are thick and three‐sided in cross section, while those on the anterior side are thin and two‐sided. Free endings are located on the anterior side of the follicle. These and other findings are discussed on the basis of the assumption that the Sorex sinus hair follicle is more specialized as a vibrating system than in other mammals.
Sense organs on the antennal flagellum of mayflies (Ephemeroptera)
Authors: Slifer Eleanor H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA few very small sensory pegs with the characteristics of chemoreceptors are present in both males and females on the antennal flagellum of the mayflies, Stenacron interpunctatum (Say)Stenacron interpunctatum (Say) is Stenonema interpunctatum (Say) of earlier literature.
and Cloeon sp. They are situated near the proximal end of the flagellum on its ventro‐lateral surface and have escaped the attention of earlier investigators.
Role of acid phosphatase in the breakdown of yolk platelets in developing amphibian embryos
Authors: Lemanski Larry F. , Aldoroty Robert 
Published: February 2005

AbstractYolk platelets in differentiating embryonic amphibian cells degrade by a membranous “unraveling” or “delamination” process. Acid phosphatase activity was demonstrated at the peripheries of those platelets which were in the process of degrading and thus this lytic enzyme appears to be involved in the breakdown process. We believe that this relationship provides a means by which early cells obtain the nutrients necessary for early differentiation.
Avian scale development. Absence of an “epidermal placode” in reticulate scale morphogenesis
Authors: Sawyer R. H. , Craig K. F. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTimed‐sequence studies have shown that reticulate scales on the ventral footpads of birds do not undergo “epidermal placode” formation during their morphogenesis, but arise as symmetrical evaluations similar to the scales of snakes and lizards. Unlike the scutellate scales on the dorsal surface of the foot, in which the formation of an “epidermal placode” and its subsequent morphogenesis result in distinct outer and inner epidermal surfaces, the reticulate scales elaborate only one type of epidermal surface.