bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Partitioning of organic carbon, aluminium and cadmium between solid and solution in soils: application of a mineral–humic particle additivity model
Authors: Lumsdon D. G. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryThe partitioning of chemical elements between the solid and solution phases in soil is fundamental in understanding processes such as leaching and bioavailability. Here I present a model in which the partitioning of Cd, Al and carbon in both mineral and organic soils can be simulated in the pH range 2–8. A two‐phase additivity approach simulates ion adsorption by the soils using a hydrous ferric oxide and humic type surface. A model for the partitioning of soil humic matter has also been developed in which the NICA–Donnan model calculates humic surface charge. Other key processes represented include mineral solubilization and solution speciation.Methods for deriving model input parameters either from analytical data or by parameter optimization were used. Acid ammonium‐oxalate‐extractable Fe was used to estimate the amount of hydrous ferric oxide, and reactive humic substances were estimated by a scaled down version of the International Humic Substances Society method for the extraction of humic and fulvic acid. For initial calculation the 0.1 mHCl‐extractable Al was used to estimate reactive Al. Optimization of reactive Al improved the fit of both the total dissolved Al data and the adsorbed Cd. The model for the solid–solution partitioning of humic substances could simulate reasonably well the release of carbon in the pH range 4–8 for both the organic and mineral soils.
Primary hemostasis
Authors: McMichael Maureen 
Published: March 2005

AbstractObjective: To review the current understanding of the mechanisms responsible for primary hemostasis and to give an overview of primary hemostatic syndromes in small animal patients. Current and future therapeutic options for dysfunction of primary hemostasis are discussed.Data sources: A thorough search of the human and veterinary literature using the keywords platelets, primary hemostasis, von Willebrand factor (vWF), von Willebrand disease, aspirin, thromboxane, and aggregation, were performed. Databases searched included OVID Medline, Pubmed, and CAB abstracts.Conclusions: Primary hemostasis occurs when platelets adhere to an injured or disrupted endothelial surface. Adherence is followed by activation, or the release of platelet granule contents. The agonists released from platelet granules recruit additional platelets and induce their activation and aggregation. Adhesion, activation, and aggregation are mediated by different receptors and ligands depending on the local blood flow conditions. vWF and adenosine diphosphate are the primary mediators of adhesion, activation, and aggregation under high shear conditions. During low shear conditions collagen, fibronectin, and laminin mediate adhesion, thromboxane A2 promotes activation, while aggregation is mediated by glycoprotein Ib‐IX‐V (GP Ib–IX–V) and fibrinogen. Knowledge of the receptor interactions during different blood flow conditions is crucial to the understanding of the various inhibitors of primary hemostasis available to clinicians.
Lewis Epitopes on Outer Membrane Vesicles of Relevance to Helicobacter pylori Pathogenesis
Authors: Hynes Sean O. , Keenan Jacqueline I. , Ferris John A. , Annuk Heidi , Moran Anthony P. 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACTBackground.  Helicobacter pylori extrudes protein‐ and lipopolysaccharide‐enriched outer membrane vesicles from its cell surface which have been postulated to act to deliver virulence factors to the host. Lewis antigen expression by lipopolysaccharide of H. pylori cells has been implicated in a number of pathogenic roles. The aim of this study was to further characterize the expression of lipopolysaccharide on the surface of these outer membrane vesicles and, in particular, expression of Lewis antigens and their association with antibody production in the host.Materials and methods.  H. pylori strains were examined for outer membrane vesicle production using transmission electron microscopy and Lewis antigen expression probed using immunoelectron microscopy. Sera from patients were analyzed for cross‐reacting anti‐Lewis antibodies and, subsequently, absorbed using outer membrane vesicle preparations to remove the cross‐reacting antibodies.Results.  The formation of outer membrane vesicles by H. pylori was observed in both in vitro and in vivo samples. Furthermore, vesicles were produced following culture in either liquid or solid medium by all strains examined. Moreover, we observed the presence of Lewis epitopes on outer membrane vesicles using immunoelectron microscopy and immunoblotting. Circulating anti‐Lewis antibodies were found in the sera of gastric cancer patients but not in the sera of H. pylori‐negative control subjects. Absorption of patient sera with outer membrane vesicles decreased the levels of anti‐Lewis autoantibodies.Conclusions.  Our results demonstrate the ability of H. pylori to generate outer membrane vesicles bearing serologically recognizable Lewis antigens on lipopolysaccharide molecules which may contribute to the chronic immune stimulation of the host. The ability of these vesicles to absorb anti‐Lewis autoantibodies indicates that they may, in part, play a role in putative autoimmune aspects of H. pylori pathogenesis.
Clinical course, diagnostic findings and necropsy diagnosis in dyspneic cats with primary pulmonary parenchymal disease: 15 cats (1996–2002)
Authors: Sauvé Valérie , Drobatz Kenneth J. , Shokek Amy B. , McKnight Alexia L. , King Lesley G. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractObjective:Correlate the necropsy diagnosis with the history, diagnostic findings, and clinical course of dyspneic cats with primary lung parenchymal disease.Design:Retrospective study.Setting:Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania.Animals:Client‐owned cats over 6 months of age hospitalized in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) with a primary problem of respiratory distress that had pulmonary parenchymal disease on thoracic radiographs, and a complete necropsy.Interventions:None.Measurements and main results:Cats included were assigned into 2 groups based on the pulmonary histopathology: inflammatory (n=8) and neoplastic (n=7) disease. No statistical difference was found between the groups with regard to age, body weight, clinical signs, duration of clinical signs, physical examination findings, thoracic radiography, duration of hospitalization, treatment, and outcome. Cats with neoplasia had a statistically higher mean total white blood cell count (26.60 k/μL±10.41) than those with inflammatory lung disease (11.59 k/μL±4.49;P=0.026). Cats with bacterial or viral pulmonary disease had a significantly shorter median duration of illness (5 days, range 1–7 days) than all other cats (30 days, range 7–365 days;P=0.0042). Ultrasound guided pulmonary fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) provided an accurate diagnosis in 5/5 cases.Conclusions:Forty‐seven percent of cats with pulmonary parenchymal disease had neoplasia. The clinical diagnosis was difficult to obtain ante‐mortem; lung FNA appeared to be the most helpful diagnostic tool in these cases.
Climatic Impact of Vegetation Change in the Asian Tropical Region. Part I: Case of the Northern Hemisphere Summer
Authors: Mabuchi Kazuo , Sato Yasuo , Kida Hideji 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Several numerical simulations were performed, using a global climate model that includes a realistic land surface model, to investigate the impact of Asian tropical vegetation changes on the climate. The control simulation, under conditions of the actual vegetation, and three vegetation-change impact experiments were performed. The results of the impact experiments were compared with those of the control simulation. The horizontal resolution of the model used in these simulations was 1.875°, being finer than that of the models used in previous vegetation-change impact studies. As a result, it was determined that the effects of vegetation changes in the Asian tropical region had spatially different features.
The morphological, physiological, and physical changes of the land surface vegetation in the Asian tropical region certainly induce statistically significant climate changes in these and the surrounding areas. That is, from the results of the bare soil and C4 grass experiments, the decrease in the roughness length, and from the results of the green-less experiment, the decrease of the latent heat flux, exert strong influences on the horizontal and convective circulations of the atmosphere. Consequently, the distribution of precipitation will undergo a change. Other energy and water balances at the land surface are also influenced by the vegetation changes, and the induced changes are generally statistically significant.
The influences of vegetation changes in the Asian tropical region were more complicated than those in the Amazon. One reason for this was that the Asian tropical region is strongly influenced by the Asian monsoon circulation; another reason is that the land–sea distribution and the distribution of vegetation in the Asian tropical region are not as simple as in a tropical rain forest like the Amazon.
CyProQuant-PCR: a real time RT-PCR technique for profiling human cytokines, based on external RNA standards, readily automatable for clinical use
Authors: Boeuf Philippe , Vigan-Womas Inès , Jublot Delphine , Loizon Séverine , Barale Jean-Christophe , Akanmori Bartholomew Dicky , Mercereau-Puijalon Odile , Behr Charlotte 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
Real-time PCR is becoming a common tool for detecting and quantifying expression profiling of selected genes. Cytokines mRNA quantification is widely used in immunological research to dissect the early steps of immune responses or pathophysiological pathways. It is also growing to be of clinical relevancy to immuno-monitoring and evaluation of the disease status of patients. The techniques currently used for "absolute quantification" of cytokine mRNA are based on a DNA standard curve and do not take into account the critical impact of RT efficiency.

Results
To overcome this pitfall, we designed a strategy using external RNA as standard in the RT-PCR. Use of synthetic RNA standards, by comparison with the corresponding DNA standard, showed significant variations in the yield of retro-transcription depending the target amplified and the experiment. We then developed primers to be used under one single experimental condition for the specific amplification of human IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12p40, IL-13, IL-15, IL-18, IFN-γ, MIF, TGF-β1 and TNF-α mRNA. We showed that the beta-2 microglobulin (β2-MG) gene was suitable for data normalisation since the level of β2-MG transcripts in naïve PBMC varied less than 5 times between individuals and was not affected by LPS or PHA stimulation. The technique, we named CyProQuant-PCR (Cytokine Profiling Quantitative PCR) was validated using a kinetic measurement of cytokine transcripts under in vitro stimulation of human PBMC by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or Staphylococcus aureus strain Cowan (SAC). Results obtained show that CyProQuant-PCR is powerful enough to precociously detect slight cytokine induction. Finally, having demonstrated the reproducibility of the method, it was applied to malaria patients and asymptomatic controls for the quantification of TGF-β1 transcripts and showed an increased capacity of cells from malaria patients to accumulate TGF-β1 mRNA in response to LPS.

Conclusion
The real-time RT-PCR technique based on a RNA standard curve, CyProQuant-PCR, outlined here, allows for a genuine absolute quantification and a simultaneous analysis of a large panel of human cytokine mRNA. It represents a potent and attractive tool for immunomonitoring, lending itself readily to automation and with a high throughput. This opens the possibility of an easy and reliable cytokine profiling for clinical applications.
Heterologous expression in Tritrichomonas foetus of functional Trichomonas vaginalis AP65 adhesin
Authors: Kucknoor Ashwini S , Mundodi Vasanthakrishna , Alderete JF 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
Trichomonosis, caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, is the number one, nonviral sexually transmitted infection that has adverse consequences for the health of women and children. The interaction of T. vaginalis with vaginal epithelial cells (VECs), a step preparatory to infection, is mediated in part by the prominent surface protein AP65. The bovine trichomonad, Tritrichomonas foetus, adheres poorly to human VECs. Thus, we established a transfection system for heterologous expression of the T. vaginalis AP65 in T. foetus, as an alternative approach to confirm adhesin function for this virulence factor.

Results
In this study, we show stable transfection and expression of the T.vaginalisap65 gene in T. foetus from an episomal pBS-ap65-neo plasmid. Expression of the gene and protein was confirmed by RT-PCR and immunoblots, respectively. AP65 in transformed T. foetus bound to host cells. Specific mAbs revealed episomally-expressed AP65 targeted to the parasite surface and hydrogenosome organelles. Importantly, surface-expression of AP65 in T. foetus paralleled increased levels of adherence of transfected bovine trichomonads to human VECs.

Conclusion
The T. vaginalis AP65 adhesin was stably expressed in T. foetus, and the data obtained using this heterologous system strongly supports the role of AP65 as a prominent adhesin for T. vaginalis. In addition, the heterologous expression in T. foetus of a T. vaginalis gene offers an important, new approach for confirming and characterizing virulence factors.
Measuring body composition in overweight individuals by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
Authors: Brownbill Rhonda A , Ilich Jasminka Z 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is widely used for body composition measurements in normal-weight and overweight/obese individuals. The limitations of bone densitometers have been frequently addressed. However, the possible errors in assessing body composition in overweight individuals due to incorrect positioning or limitations of DXA to accurately assess both bone mineral density and body composition in obese individuals have not received much attention and are the focus of this report.

Discussion
We discuss proper ways of measuring overweight individuals and point to some studies where that might not have been the case. It appears that currently, the most prudent approach to assess body composition of large individuals who cannot fit under the scanning area would be to estimate regional fat, namely the regions of thigh and/or abdomen. Additionally, using two-half body scans, although time consuming, may provide a relatively accurate measurement of total body fat, however, more studies using this technique are needed to validate it.

Summary
Researchers using bone densitometers for body composition measurements need to have an understanding of its limitations in overweight individuals and address them appropriately when interpreting their results. Studies on accuracy and precision in measurements of both bone and soft tissue composition in overweight individuals using available densitometers are needed.
Admission to hospital following head injury in England: Incidence and socio-economic associations
Authors: Tennant Alan 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
Head injury in England is common. Evidence suggests that socio-economic factors may cause variation in incidence, and this variation may affect planning for services to meet the needs of those who have sustained a head injury.

Methods
Socio-economic data were obtained from the UK Office for National Statistics and merged with Hospital Episodes Statistics obtained from the Department of Health. All patients admitted for head injury with ICD-10 codes S00.0–S09.9 during 2001–2 and 2002–3 were included and collated at the level of the extant Health Authorities (HA) for 2002, and Primary Care Trust (PCT) for 2003. Incidence was determined, and cluster analysis and multiple regression analysis were used to look at patterns and associations.

Results
112,718 patients were admitted during 2001–2 giving a hospitalised incidence rate for England of 229 per 100,000. This rate varied across the English HA's ranging from 91–419 per 100,000. The rate remained unchanged for 2002–3 with a similar magnitude of variation across PCT's. Three clusters of HA's were identified from the 2001–2 data; those typical of London, those of the Shire counties, and those of Other Urban authorities. Socio-economic factors were found to account for a high proportion of the variance in incidence for 2001–2. The same pattern emerged for 2002–3 at the PCT level. The use of public transport for travel to work is associated with a decreased incidence and lifestyle indicators, such as the numbers of young unemployed, increase the incidence.

Conclusion
Head injury incidence in England varies by a factor of 4.6 across HA's and PCT's. Planning head injury related services at the local level thus needs to be based on local incidence figures rather than regional or national estimates. Socio-economic factors are shown to be associated with admission, including travel to work patterns and lifestyle indicators, which suggests that incidence is amenable to policy initiatives at the macro level as well as preventive programmes targeted at key groups.
On the methodological unification in electroencephalography
Authors: Durka Piotr J 
Published: March 2005

Abstract

Background
This paper presents results of a pursuit of a repeatable and objective methodology of analysis of the electroencephalographic (EEG) time series.

Methods
Adaptive time-frequency approximations of EEG are discussed in the light of the available experimental and theoretical evidence, and applicability in various experimental and clinical setups.

Results
Four lemmas and three conjectures support the following conclusion.

Conclusion
Adaptive time-frequency approximations of signals unify most of the univariate computational approaches to EEG analysis, and offer compatibility with its traditional (visual) analysis, used in clinical applications.
Muscarinic receptors participation in angiogenic response induced by macrophages from mammary adenocarcinoma-bearing mice
Authors: de la Torre Eulalia , Davel Lilia , Jasnis María A , Gotoh Tomomi , de Lustig Eugenia Sacerdote , Sales María E 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Introduction
The role of macrophages in tumor progression has generated contradictory evidence. We had previously demonstrated the ability of peritoneal macrophages from LMM3 murine mammary adenocarcinoma-bearing mice (TMps) to increase the angiogenicity of LMM3 tumor cells, mainly through polyamine synthesis. Here we investigate the ability of the parasympathetic nervous system to modulate angiogenesis induced by TMps through the activation of the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAchR).

Methods
Peritoneal macrophages from female BALB/c mice bearing a 7-day LMM3 tumor were inoculated intradermally (3 × 105 cells per site) into syngeneic mice. Before inoculation, TMps were stimulated with the muscarinic agonist carbachol in the absence or presence of different muscarinic antagonists or enzyme inhibitors. Angiogenesis was evaluated by counting vessels per square millimeter of skin. The expression of mAchR, arginase and cyclo-oxygenase (COX) isoforms was analyzed by Western blotting. Arginase and COX activities were evaluated by urea and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production, respectively.

Results
TMps, which stimulate neovascularization, express functional mAchR, because carbachol-treated TMps potently increased new blood vessels formation. This response was completely blocked by preincubating TMps with pirenzepine and 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine (4-DAMP), M1 and M3 receptor antagonists, and partly by the M2 receptor antagonist methoctramine. M1 receptor activation by carbachol in TMps triggers neovascularization through arginase products because Nω-hydroxy-L-arginine reversed the agonist action. Preincubation of TMps with methoctramine partly prevented carbachol-stimulated urea formation. In addition, COX-derived liberation of PGE2 is responsible for the promotion of TMps angiogenic activity by M3 receptor. We also detected a higher expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in TMps than in macrophages from normal mice. Carbachol significantly increased VEGF expression in TMps, and this effect was totally reversed by methoctramine and pirenzepine. Arginase and COX inhibitors partly decreased VEGF derived from TMps.

Conclusion
TMps themselves induce a potent angiogenic response that is augmented by carbachol action. mAchR activation triggers arginine metabolism, PGE2 synthesis and VEGF production, promoting neovascularization.
Radiological and radionuclide investigation of malignant otitis externa
Authors: Okpala N C E , Siraj Q H , Nilssen E , Pringle M 
Published: March 2005

This study looks at case series of malignant otitis externa, outlines detailed structural (radiological) and functional (radionuclide) investigations, and discusses their utility in the initial diagnosis, patient management and follow up of this condition.Patients were investigated by computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), two-phase planar and single-photon emission tomography (SPECT), technetium-99m methylenediphosphonate bone scans, gallium-67 planar and SPECT scans, and indium-111 or technetium-99m labelled WBC planar and SPECT scintigraphy.We discuss example case reports with the various radiological and scintigraphic findings and outline a protocol for rational investigation.It is concluded that CT and/or MRI should be supported by routine SPECT bone imaging for initial diagnosis of malignant otitis externa. Routine SPECT bone imaging further supplemented by gallium scintigraphy should be the investigation of choice in the follow up of these cases for assessing response to treatment and disease recurrence.
Biomechanical Pulping of Agave sisalana
Authors: Idárraga G. , Ramos J. , Young R.A. , Denes F. , Zuñiga V. 
Published: March 2005

Summary
The effect of biological pretreatment of sisal with several white rot fungi on the energy consumption in
refining and on the mechanical properties of the pulps was evaluated in this investigation. Improvements
were realized in all the mechanical properties (22–66 %) and a reduction in the energy consumption of
> 39% was realized for the treated pulps with the different fungi. The best strength improvement and
energy reduction results overall were obtained with the white-rot fungus, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora.
The incubation time was optimized for this fungus with the optimum mechanical properties obtained
with a two week treatment time.
Reduction of Residual Stresses in Medium Density Fibreboard. Part 1. Taguchi Analysis
Authors: Houts J. van , Bhattacharyya D. , Jayaraman K. 
Published: March 2005

Summary
This paper demonstrates how the Taguchi method of experimental design can be utilised to investigate
methods for relieving the residual stresses present in medium density fibreboard (MDF). Panels have
been subjected to heat, moisture and pressure, and after equilibration to room conditions, the changes in
residual stresses through various layers have been measured using the dissection method. The application
of heat and/or moisture has reduced the magnitude of residual stresses while generally the application
of pressure has no effect on these stresses. The subsequent paper in this series uses Taguchi analysis
to investigate how other board properties such as thickness swell, internal bond strength, surface layer
tensile modulus and surface layer tensile strength are affected by the different treatment methods.