bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Congenital malformations of the ear and cochlear implantation in children: review and temporal bone report of common cavity
Authors: Graham John M. , Phelps Peter D. , Michaels Leslie 
Published: October 2002

The objective of this review is to analyze aspects of congenital malformation of the ear in relation to cochlear implantation in children. Having briefly described the in utero development of the ear and the classification of types of external, middle and inner ear malformation, five practical aspects of these malformations are discussed. It seems likely that the combination of bilateral profound sensorineural deafness with bilateral microtia severe enough to make a surgical approach to the cochlea difficult will be extremely uncommon. No such cases have been reported, although Klippel-Feil deformity seems the syndrome most likely to produce this set of circumstances.Abnormalities in the intratympanic course of the facial nerve have been associated with cochlear malformation, emphasizing the benefit of intra-operative facial nerve monitoring, and a technique suggested for safely avoiding an abnormally placed nerve. Fistulae of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and perilymph can complicate surgery and are relatively common in common cavity and Mondini malformations. Strategies for facilitating surgery in the presence of ‘gushers’, for measuring the pressure of a gusher and for placement of the cochlear implant electrode array are reviewed, with reports of fluctuating levels of electric current when implants lie in dysplastic cochleas.The relationship of implant performance to VIIIth nerve tissue in malformed cochleas is discussed, with a description of the histological findings in a common cavity cochlea. Techniques for identifying the absence of the cochlear nerve are reviewed. Stimulation of the facial nerve by cochlear implants has been described in cases of congenital malformation of the labyrinth but is relatively uncommon. Case reports of the benefit received by implanted children with congenital cochlear malformation have appeared since 1988. Most cases reported have not yet been followed for long enough to establish a clear picture of the outcome following cochlear implantationin such children; no centre has yet built up a large series of cases, but there have been two multicentre postal surveys. It seems likely that in cochlear malformation the range of potential outcomes in terms of hearing threshold and the development of speech perception and production will be similar to the range found in implanted children without cochlear dysplasia. However there is, as yet, no clear picture of the mean level of performance within this range.
Isolated extramedullary plasmacytoma of the true vocal fold
Authors: Rakover Yoseph , Bennett Michael , David Rephael , Rosen Gabriel 
Published: October 2002

We report a rare case of isolated extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) of the right true vocal fold in a 38-year-old male with a one-year history of hoarseness. Immunohistochemical staining of plasma cells in the tumour, showed over 90 per cent of them to be positive for kappa light chains. After two attempts at local surgical excision and recurrence within 10 months, the tumour was irradiated.Only seven reported cases of isolated EMP of the true vocal fold are reported in the literature. The therapeutic options are discussed.
Penetrating neck injury: case report and evaluation of management
Authors: Tariq M. , Kalan A. , Surenthiran S. S. , Bhowmik A. 
Published: October 2002

Greater urban violence has resulted in an increased incidence of penetrating neck trauma. Penetrating neck wounds can present difficult diagnostic and therapeutic dilemmas. The evaluation and management of such injuries, however, remains controversial. There is no universally accepted specific approach to the management of patients with penetrating neck injuries, with some surgeons advocating mandatory neck exploration whilst others believe in selective surgical intervention.We believe that an equal willingness for both conservative and surgical intervention as dictated by serial bedside evaluation with adequate radiological and endoscopic support can provide the clinician a safe and effective means of managing a potentially complex and lethal problem.
Extraskeletal Ewing’s sarcoma of the nose
Authors: Böör Andrej , Jurkovič Ivan , Friedmann Imrich , Plank Lukás , Kočan Pavol 
Published: October 2002

A 20-year-old woman presented with nasal obstruction and slight epistaxis. The obstructing lesion was excised and microscopy showed a neoplasm composed of comparatively uniform undifferentiated cells forming solid nests. The cytoplasm of the cells was clear but poorly demarcated, partly vacuolated and contained much glycogen. Although widespread in the nasal mucosa, the cells did not penetrate into the underlying bone.The cells expressed the MIC2 gene (using the CD99 marker). Electron microscopy showed simple cells with a small number of mitochondria, many glycogen particles; there were no neurosecretory granules present.Early surgical treatment followed by chemo- and radiotherapy have greatly improved the prognosis of EWS: extraskeletal Ewing’s sarcoma (EWS/PNET).
Primary nasopharyngeal tuberculosis in a patient with the complaint of snoring
Authors: Aktan Bülent , SelimoĞlu Erol , Üçüncü Harun , Sütbeyaz Yavuz 
Published: October 2002

Isolated nasopharyngeal tuberculosis is a rare condition, even in endemic tuberculosis areas. The most common presentation of nasopharyngeal tuberculosis is with a cervical lymphadenopathy followed by nasal discharge or obstruction.Here we present a 58-year-old patient with nasopharyngeal tuberculosis whose only complaint was snoring. Her oropharyngeal and anterior rhinoscopic examination was normal. On endoscopic examination, mucosal oedema and hyperaemia of the nasopharynx was observed. There was no cervical lymphadenopathy. The tuberculin skin test was positive and histopathological examination of the biopsy taken from posterior nasopharyngeal wall supported the diagnosis of tuberculosis. After anti-tuberculosis therapy, the snoring stopped and the nasopharyngeal examination was normal.
The Glasgow benefit inventory in the evaluation of patient satisfaction with the bone-anchored hearing aid: quality of life issues
Authors: Dutt Sunil N. , McDermott Ann-Louise , Jelbert Anwen , Reid Andrew P. , Proops David W. 
Published: October 2002

The Birmingham osseointegration programme began in 1988 and during the following 10 years there were a total of 351 bone-anchored hearing aid (BAHA) implantees. In the summer of 2000, a postal questionnaire study was undertaken to establish the impact of the bone-anchored hearing aid on all aspects of patients’ lives.We used the Glasgow benefit inventory (GBI), which is a subjective patient orientated post-interventional questionnaire especially developed to evaluate any otorhinolaryngological surgery and therapy. It is maximally sensitive to any change in health status brought about by a specific event: in this case the provision of a BAHA.A total of 312 bone-anchored hearing aid patients, who had used their aids for a minimum period of six months, were sent GBI questionnaires. Two hundred and twenty-seven questionnaires were returned and utilized in the study. The results revealed that the use of a bone-anchored hearing aid significantly enhanced general well being (patient benefit), improved the patient’s state of health (quality of life) and finally was considered a success by patients and their families.
Pelvic inflammatory disease in the People's Republic of China: aetiology and management
Authors: Hong Shang , Xin Chen , Qianhong Ye , Yanan Wang , Wenyan Xu , Peeling Rosanna W , Mabey David 
Published: October 2002

Objectives: To study the causes of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) in Shenyang, Northeastern China, and to assess the efficacy of the syndromic management flowchart for PID recommended by World Health Organization (WHO). Methods: 200 outpatients with PID attending Gynaecologic Clinic of No. 1 and No. 2 hospital of China Medical University in Shenyang, and 155 control women without symptoms underwent pelvic examination, and were tested for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), Mycoplasma hominis (MH), bacterial vaginosis (BV), Candida albicans (CA) and Trichomonas vaginalis (TV). Results: In PID patients, the prevalence of MH was 26%, of BV 26%, of CT 16%, of CA 11%, of TV 4% and of NG 2.5%. In the control population, prevalences were 5.2%, 8.4%, 0%, 5.2%, 0.7%, 0% respectively. MH, BV and CT were significantly more common in PID patients than in controls ( P<0.01). One hundred and thirty-seven of the 200 patients with PID (68.5%) returned for follow-up. Symptoms had resolved completely in 64 (47%), and had improved in 68 (50%). There was no improvement in five (4%). Conclusions: The management protocol for female lower abdominal pain recommended by WHO is effective in this setting.
Delay in Symptom Presentation among a Sample of Older GUM Clinic Attenders
Authors: Gott C Merryn , Rogstad Karen E , Riley Vincent , Ahmed-Jushuf Imtyaz 
Published: October 2002

Prior research undertaken with predominantly youthful populations has established that delay between symptom recognition and health-care presentation is a common feature of sexually transmitted infection (STI) related illness behaviour1-4. However, it is not known whether similar behaviours are exhibited by older populations with genitourinary symptoms. The present analyses therefore aim to clarify this issue by focusing upon (1) extent of delay behaviour, (2) reasons for delay behaviour and (3) variables predicting delay behaviour among a sample of genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinic attenders aged over 50 years. A self-administered questionnaire study linked to patient note data was undertaken within 3 GUM clinics in the Trent region between January 1997 and March 1998 (Sheffield, Nottingham and Leicester). Of 121 symptomatic older attenders with suspected STI, 43.8% (n=53) waited over 2 weeks between symptom recognition and clinic attendance. Reasons given for delay included wanting to ‘wait and see’ if symptoms improved and being embarrassed or afraid to attend clinic. A logistic regression analysis identified that delay behaviour was predicted by history of HIV testing. Comparisons with previous research undertaken in this field indicate that levels of delay behaviour reported by this older sample are higher than those exhibited by youthful populations with genitourinary symptoms. This finding has significant implications for health-care professionals working both within a GUM setting, and with older people, especially when viewed in the context of an ageing population.
Evaluation of Self-Taken Samples for the Presence of Genital Chlamydia Trachomatis Infection in Women using the Ligase Chain Reaction Assay
Authors: Carder C , Robinson A J , Broughton C , Stephenson J M , Ridgway G L 
Published: October 2002

The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and acceptability of self-taken vulval-introital (VI) samples, first-catch urine (FCU) samples and clinician-obtained cervical samples for the presence of genital Chlamydia trachomatis infections in women using the ligase chain reaction (LCR) assay. One hundred and four patients were enrolled, of whom 54 patients had chlamydial DNA in at least one of the samples tested. The sensitivity of the cervical sample was 96.3%, vulval-introital sample in LCR buffer 92.6%, vulval-introital swab collected dry 88.9%, FCU stored at +2–8°C 81.5%, FCU stored at room temperature 77.8% and FCU stored with 2% w/v boric acid at room temperature 87.0%. Self-taken vulval-introital LCR samples were shown to be an acceptable alternative to a clinician-obtained LCR sample. The addition of boric acid may overcome the need for a continuous cold chain for FCU samples.
Intestinal Protozoa in Homosexual Men in Edinburgh
Authors: Pakianathan M R , Mcmillan A 
Published: October 2002

Our objective was to determine the prevalence of intestinal protozoa in homosexual men attending a sexually transmitted diseases (STD) clinic, to compare it with the prevalence in a previous study from the same clinic, and to examine the relationship, if any, between the presence of protozoa and sexual practices. Men who consecutively attended the clinic and who gave a history of having had recent sexual contact with another male were invited to provide a stool sample for protozoological examination. Diarrhoeal samples were examined by direct microscopy for trophozoites and cysts and, after staining, for Cryptosporidium spp. In all cases, a modified formol–ether method was used to concentrate protozoal cysts before microscopy. One hundred and seventy-five of the 257 men invited to participate in the study provided a stool sample. At least one species of protozoan was found in 99 (57%) men. Giardia intestinalis was identified in only 5 (3%) men. Blastocystis hominis was found in 46 (26%) men, but the presence of this protozoan was not associated with diarrhoea. Other than the prevalence of Entamoeba dispar/histolytica and G. intestinalis, which remained unchanged, the proportion of men who harboured the non-pathogenic protozoa was significantly increased from 1981/82. A correlation between oral-anal sex or peno-insertive or peno-receptive anal intercourse and the prevalence of protozoa was not found. There was also no correlation between the number of species of protozoa carried and these sexual practices. The presence of protozoa was not associated with a history of foreign travel or sexual contact with a man who had recently travelled outside the UK. The study showed that, although the prevalence of infection is low, giardiasis is still transmissible amongst homosexual men. A correlation between individual sexual practices and the prevalence of intestinal protozoa was not found.
Usefulness of Information from the Unlinked Anonymous Prevalence Monitoring Programme for HIV in England and Wales: Survey of Planners of HIV/AIDS Services
Authors: Kessel A S , Watts C J 
Published: October 2002

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether information from the Unlinked Anonymous Prevalence Monitoring Programme for HIV in England and Wales is useful to planners of HIV/AIDS services. The study involved 2 stages: examination of 1997 AIDS Control Act Reports for England and Wales, and a telephone questionnaire survey of local planners of HIV/AIDS services. Forty-eight out of 55 health authorities (87.3%) found information from the programme to be useful in general; 37/55 (67.3%) found the information useful for targeting of health promotion; 35/55 (63.6%) found the information useful for assessing the effectiveness of preventive measures aimed at reducing the spread of HIV; and 28/55 (50.9%) found the information useful for planning of medical or social services. If information from the programme was no longer available, 36/55 (65.5%) said it would make some difference to local planning, although 12/55 (21.8%) said it would make no difference. Local planners were generally supportive of the programme, and complaints were mostly directed at funding and timeliness of the reports.
Symptomatic Anterior Uveitis in HIV-Positive Patients
Authors: Verma Seema , Hughes Judith D , Mabey Denise , Graham Elizabeth M 
Published: October 2002

Symptomatic anterior uveitis is rare in HIV-positive patients. The uveitis associated with cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVR), the commonest ocular manifestation in AIDS patients, is rarely symptomatic and patients do not typically present with a red painful eye in conjunction with blurred vision. In this article we report 12 cases of symptomatic anterior uveitis in HIV-positive patients and discuss the aetiology. The case notes of all HIV-positive patients presenting to the eye department with symptoms of uveitis over a 4-year period were studied retrospectively. The notes were analysed for age, sex, race, risk factors of HIV, features of the uveitis, concurrent disease and CD4 counts. Only 12 patients were identified to have symptomatic uveitis out of a total 172 patients. There were 9 males and 3 females with an average age of 35 years. None of these patients were taking either rifabutin, protease inhibitors or cidofovir. Seven out of the 12 patients had granulomatous uveitis. Of these 7 patients, 4 had CD4 counts over 200 and no other concurrent illness whilst 3 patients, with CD4 counts between 130-200, were subsequently found to have an underlying aetiology namely lymphoma, tuberculosis and candida. The remaining 5 patients, all with CD4 counts below 40, had a history of systemic illness with herpes zoster preceding the onset of the uveitis. HIV-positive patients with symptoms of uveitis do not have active CMVR and the ophthalmologist must search for other causes such as tuberculosis or lymphoma in those with granulomatous uveitis or herpes zoster in those with non-granulomatous uveitis. The CD4 count may be helpful.
Application of inter–simple sequence repeat PCR to mouse models: Assessment of genetic alterations in carcinogenesis
Authors: Benavides Fernando , Zamisch Mónica , Flores Mónica , Campbell Marcia R. , Andrew Susan E. , Angel Joe M. , Licchesi Julien , Sternik Gabriel , Richie Ellen R. , Conti Claudio J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractGenomic instability is believed to play a significant role in cancer development by facilitating tumor progression and tumor heterogeneity. Inter–simple sequence repeat (inter‐SSR) PCR has been proved to be a fast and reproducible technique for quantitation of genomic instability (amplifications, deletions, translocations, and insertions) in human sporadic tumors. However, the use of inter‐SSR PCR in animal models of cancer has never been described. This new technique has been adapted in our laboratory for the analysis of spontaneous and induced mouse tumors. We established the best PCR conditions for each microsatellite‐anchored primer and critically evaluated the reproducibility of the band patterns. We also studied the variation of the fingerprints between and within various inbred mouse strains, including wild‐derived lines. Tumor‐specific alterations were detected as gains, losses, or intensity changes in bands when compared with matched normal DNA. We quantitated the extent of alterations by dividing the number of altered bands in the tumor by the total number of bands in normal DNA (instability index). By means of inter‐SSR PCR, we successfully analyzed genomic alterations in various mouse tumors, including spontaneous thymic lymphomas developed in Msh2 knockout mice as well as chemically induced squamous cell carcinomas and thymic lymphomas. Instability index values ranged between 0 and 9%, the highest levels observed in N‐methyl‐N‐nitrosourea–induced thymic lymphomas generated in Trp53 (p53) nullizygote (−/−) mice. We report here, for the first time, the use of inter‐SSR PCR to detect somatic mutations in mouse tumoral DNA, including laser‐capture microdissected, methanol‐fixed tissues. These PCR‐based fingerprints provide a novel approach to assessing the number and onset of mutational events in mouse tumors and will help to understand better the mechanisms of carcinogenesis in mouse models. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Terminal α‐linked galactose rather than N‐acetyl lactosamine is ligand for bovine heart galectin‐1 in N‐linked oligosaccharides of glycoproteins
Authors: Appukuttan P. S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPreference for the β‐anomer of galactose attributed to the bovine heart 14 kDa galectin‐1 (BHL‐14) was re‐examined using natural glycoproteins and artificially glycosylated proteins as ligands. Endogenous glycoproteins co‐purified with BHL‐14 during its affinity chromatographic isolation contained oligosaccharides bearing terminal α‐linked galactose (TAG) moieties and were superior even to laminin as ligands for homogeneous BHL‐14 obtained by high pressure liquid chromatography. Artificially glycosylated proteins prepared by covalent attachment of melibiose to proteins and containing TAG moieties were ligands for BHL‐14, unlike their lactose counterparts which contained β‐linked galactose. Enzymatic removal of TAG moieties from the following glycoproteins abolished their recognition by BHL‐14: (i) endogenous glycoproteins co‐purified with BHL‐14; (ii) mouse laminin; and (iii) bovine heart glycoproteins recognized by peanut agglutinin. Modification of TAG in laminin using galactose oxidase also rendered the glycoprotein inert towards BHL‐14. Desialylation of human IgG, bovine thyroglobulin or laminin failed to increase the affinity of BHL‐14 for these glycoproteins. Since removal of TAG or of sialic acid moiety exposed LacNAc (Gal β1→4 GlcNAc) in these glycoproteins, these results indicated that TAG, rather than LacNAc, is a ligand for BHL‐14 on N‐linked oligosaccharide chains of glycoproteins. Ready recognition of human IgA and jacalin‐binding human plasma glycoproteins and non‐recognition of human IgG suggested that T antigen (Galβ1→3 GalNAc) may also be ligand for galectin‐1. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computerised morphometric study of the paraurethral tissue in young and elderly women
Authors: Verelst M. , Maltau J.M. , Ørbo A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAim.Changes in structural support of the urethra and bladder neck have been proposed to be among the most important factors in the pathogenesis of stress urinary incontinence. In this context, we histologically investigated the paraurethral area in continent women to quantify the relative distribution of connective tissue, smooth muscle, vessels, nerves, and striated muscle. Previously published literature gives only descriptive evaluations of the relative distribution of these tissue components.Methods.We used a computerised morphometric method, which allowed us to estimate the paraurethral tissue distribution in a more objective way. The material was obtained by dissection during autopsy in five premenopausal and five postmenopausal women.Results.Paraurethral tissue consisted of 56% connective tissue (SD, 5%), 30% smooth muscle (SD, 5%), 11% blood vessel (SD, 6%), 2% striated muscle (SD, 3%), and 1% nerves (SD, 1%). We also found that the distribution of different tissue components along the length of the urethra did not differ at a statistically significant level. Furthermore, there was a statistically significant difference in the amount of connective tissue and blood vessels in the postmenopausal women compared with the premenopausal women.Conclusions.The present study shows that the paraurethral area is built of heterogeneous tissue with small changes in its composition along the course of urethra. Increase in connective tissue was found to be the dominating change in the process of ageing. Neurourol. Urodynam. 21:529–533, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.