bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Muscle and joint elastic properties during elbow flexion in Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Cornu Christophe , Goubel Francis , Fardeau Michel 
Published: August 2004

Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), series elastic stiffness and total joint stiffness during elbow flexion were investigated in healthy boys and in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) in order to assess changes in mechanical properties induced by the disease.Two methods were used to perform stiffness measurements: (i) the application of sinusoidal perturbations to the joint during flexion efforts, allowing the calculation of total joint stiffness; (ii) the use of quick‐release movements of the elbow, which had previously been maintained in isometric contraction, allowing the calculation of series elastic stiffness. In each case, stiffness was linearly related to torque, leading to the calculation of a normalized stiffness index as the slope of this stiffness‐torque relationship.As expected, mean MVC was found to be much higher for healthy boys (20.02 ± 5.20 N m) than for DMD patients (3.09 ± 2.44 N m). Furthermore, the results showed that it was possible to characterize healthy and DMD children by virtue of the mechanical properties measured. Mean series elastic stiffness index was higher for DMD children (142.55 ± 136.58 rad−1) than for healthy subjects (4.39 ± 2.53 rad−1). The same holds for mean total joint stiffness index: 43.68 ± 67.58 rad−1for DMD children and 2.26 ± 0.70 rad−1for healthy subjects. In addition, increases in stiffness were more marked in DMD patients exhibiting high levels of muscle weakness.These changes are interpreted in terms of the adaptation of the properties of the muscles and joint involved, i.e. muscle fibres, tendons, peri‐ and intra‐articular structures.
Sensory experiences in humans and single‐unit activity in cats evoked by polymodal stimulation of the cornea
Authors: Acosta M. Carmen , Belmonte Carlos , Gallar Juana 
Published: August 2004

The cornea of human subjects and of anaesthetised cats was stimulated with a jet of air of controlled flow, temperature and CO2 concentration delivered by a gas aesthesiometer.
In humans, the intensity and magnitude of various components of the sensory experience (intensity of the sensation, degree of irritation, magnitude of burning and stinging pain, magnitude of the cold and warm components of the sensation) were measured using separate visual analog scales. In anaesthetised cats, the impulse response to the same stimuli was recorded from single mechanosensory, polymodal and cold‐sensitive corneal fibres in the ciliary nerves.
Intensity‐response curves for mechanical stimulation showed that all parameters of the sensation experienced by humans increased with the intensity of the stimulus. Mechanical stimuli recruited mainly phasic mechanosensory and polymodal afferents in the cat.
Acidic stimulation with gas mixtures of increasing CO2 concentration evoked irritation, burning and to a lesser extent stinging pain of a magnitude roughly proportional to the intensity of the stimulus in humans. CO2 primarily recruited polymodal afferents and weakly excited cold‐sensitive fibres in the cat's cornea.
Heat stimuli evoked in humans a sensation profile similar to CO2 but accompanied by a warmth component. In the cat's cornea, heat excited only polymodal fibres and silenced cold‐sensitive corneal units.
Cold stimuli applied to the human cornea elicited a sensation of cooling that became irritant at the lowest temperatures. Corneal cold‐sensitive fibres of the cat were activated in a manner proportional to the temperature drop, while polymodal nociceptor fibres were recruited only by the lowest temperatures. Topical menthol (0.2 mm) applied to humans evoked and later eliminated cold sensations produced by cold stimuli while the irritation sensation caused by low temperature stimuli still persisted.
Human subjects were able to identify masked mechanical, thermal and chemical stimuli applied to the cornea.
Irritation and cold sensations can therefore be evoked separately from the cornea by selective activation of mechanosensory, polymodal and cold corneal sensory afferents. Stimulation with different forms of energy usually leads to combined activation and/or inhibition of the different populations of sensory afferent fibres, evoking blended sensations that include irritation and thermal components in a variable degree.
Medullary respiratory neurones and control of laryngeal motoneurones during fictive eupnoea and cough in the cat
Authors: Baekey David M. , Morris Kendall F. , Gestreau Christian , Li Zhongzeng , Lindsey Bruce G. , Shannon Roger 
Published: August 2004

This study addressed the hypothesis that ventrolateral medullary respiratory neurones participate in the control of laryngeal motoneurones during both eupnoea and coughing.
Data were obtained from 28 mid‐collicular decerebrated, artificially ventilated cats. Cough‐like motor patterns (fictive cough) in phrenic, lumbar and recurrent laryngeal nerves were elicited by mechanical stimulation of the intrathoracic trachea. Microelectrode arrays were used to monitor simultaneously several neurones in the ventral respiratory group, including the Bötzinger and pre‐Bötzinger complexes. Spike trains were evaluated for responses during fictive cough and evidence of functional connectivity with spike‐triggered averages of efferent recurrent laryngeal nerve activity.
Primary features were observed in averages triggered by 94 of 332 (28 %) neurones. An offset biphasic wave with a positive time lag was present in the unrectified average for 10 inspiratory and 13 expiratory neurones. These trigger neurones were respectively identified as inspiratory laryngeal motoneurones with augmenting, decrementing, plateau and ‘other’ discharge patterns, and expiratory laryngeal motoneurones with decrementing firing patterns.
Rectified averages triggered by inspiratory neurones included 37 offset peaks, 11 central peaks and one offset trough. Averages triggered by expiratory neurones had 12 offset peaks, six central peaks and four offset troughs. Relationships inferred from these features included premotor actions of inspiratory neurones with augmenting, decrementing, plateau and ‘other’ patterns on inspiratory laryngeal motoneurones, and premotor actions of decrementing and ‘other’ expiratory neurones on expiratory laryngeal motoneurones. Corresponding changes in neuronal firing patterns during fictive cough supported these inferences.
The data confirm and extend previous results on the control of laryngeal motoneurones during eupnoea and support the hypothesis that the same premotor neurones help to shape motoneurone firing patterns during both eupnoea and coughing.
A mechanism for increased contractile strength of human pennate muscle in response to strength training: changes in muscle architecture
Authors: Aagaard Per , Andersen Jesper L. , Dyhre‐Poulsen Poul , Leffers Anne‐Mette , Wagner Aase , Magnusson S. Peter , Halkjær‐Kristensen Jens , Simonsen Erik B. 
Published: August 2004

In human pennate muscle, changes in anatomical cross‐sectional area (CSA) or volume caused by training or inactivity may not necessarily reflect the change in physiological CSA, and thereby in maximal contractile force, since a simultaneous change in muscle fibre pennation angle could also occur.
Eleven male subjects undertook 14 weeks of heavy‐resistance strength training of the lower limb muscles. Before and after training anatomical CSA and volume of the human quadriceps femoris muscle were assessed by use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), muscle fibre pennation angle (θp) was measured in the vastus lateralis (VL) by use of ultrasonography, and muscle fibre CSA (CSAfibre) was obtained by needle biopsy sampling in VL.
Anatomical muscle CSA and volume increased with training from 77.5 ± 3.0 to 85.0 ± 2.7 cm2 and 1676 ± 63 to 1841 ± 57 cm3, respectively (±s.e.m.). Furthermore, VL pennation angle increased from 8.0 ± 0.4 to 10.7 ± 0.6 deg and CSAfibre increased from 3754 ± 271 to 4238 ± 202 μm2. Isometric quadriceps strength increased from 282.6 ± 11.7 to 327.0 ± 12.4 N m.
A positive relationship was observed between θp and quadriceps volume prior to training (r = 0.622). Multifactor regression analysis revealed a stronger relationship when θp and CSAfibre were combined (R= 0.728). Post‐training increases in CSAfibre were related to the increase in quadriceps volume (r = 0.749).
Myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform distribution (type I and II) remained unaltered with training.
VL muscle fibre pennation angle was observed to increase in response to resistance training. This allowed single muscle fibre CSA and maximal contractile strength to increase more (+16 %) than anatomical muscle CSA and volume (+10 %).
Collectively, the present data suggest that the morphology, architecture and contractile capacity of human pennate muscle are interrelated, in vivo. This interaction seems to include the specific adaptation responses evoked by intensive resistance training.
Local Ca2+ transients and distribution of BK channels and ryanodine receptors in smooth muscle cells of guinea‐pig vas deferens and urinary bladder
Authors: Ohi Yoshiaki , Yamamura Hisao , Nagano Norihiro , Ohya Susumu , Muraki Katsuhiko , Watanabe Minoru , Imaizumi Yuji 
Published: August 2004

The relationship between Ca2+ sparks spontaneously occurring at rest and local Ca2+ transients elicited by depolarization was analysed using two‐dimensional confocal Ca2+ images of single smooth muscle cells isolated from guinea‐pig vas deferens and urinary bladder. The current activation by these Ca2+ events was also recorded simultaneously under whole‐cell voltage clamp.
Spontaneous transient outward currents (STOCs) and Ca2+ sparks were simultaneously detected at ‐40 mV in approximately 50 % of myocytes of either type. Ca2+ sparks and corresponding STOCs occurred repetitively in several discrete sites in the subplasmalemmal area. Large conductance Ca2+‐dependent K+ (BK) channel density in the plasmalemma near the Ca2+ spark sites generating STOCs was calculated to be 21 channels μm−2.
When myocytes were depolarized from ‐60 to 0 mV, several local Ca2+ transients were elicited within 20 ms in exactly the same peripheral sites where sparks occurred at rest. The local Ca2+ transients often lasted over 300 ms and spread into other areas. The appearance of local Ca2+ transients occurred synchronously with the activation of Ca2+‐dependent K+ current (IK,Ca).
Immunofluorescence staining of the BK channel α‐subunit (BKα) revealed a spot‐like pattern on the plasmalemma, in contrast to the uniform staining of voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channel α1C subunits along the plasmalemma. Ryanodine receptor (RyR) immunostaining also suggested punctate localization predominantly in the periphery. Double staining of BKα and RyRs revealed spot‐like co‐localization on/beneath the plasmalemma.
Using pipettes of relatively low resistance, inside‐out patches that included both clustered BK channels at a density of over 20 channels μm−2 and functional Ca2+ storage sites were obtained at a low probability of ≈5 %. The averaged BK channel density was 3‐4 channels μm−2 in both types of myocyte.
These results support the idea that a limited number of discrete sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) fragments in the subplasmalemmal area play key roles in the control of BK channel activity in two ways: (i) by generating Ca2+ sparks at rest to activate STOCs and (ii) by generating Ca2+ transients presumably triggered by sparks during an action potential to activate a large IK,Ca and also induce a contraction. BK channels and RyRs may co‐localize densely at the junctional areas of plasmalemma and SR fragments, where Ca2+ sparks occur to elicit STOCs.
Assessment of MEDLINE search strategies for randomized controlled trials in prosthodontics
Authors: Dumbrigue Herman B. , Esquivel Josephine F. , Jones Jack S. 
Published: August 2004

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, and precision of MEDLINE search strategies for detecting randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in prosthodontics.Materials and Methods A list of RCTs was obtained by hand‐searching the International Journal of Prosthodontics, Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, and Journal of Prosthodontics published between 1988 and 1997. RCTs identified served as the “gold standard” with which different MEDLINE search strategies were compared. Subject headings, keywords, MEDLINE checktags, publication types, and combinations thereof were used, and their results were compared with the “gold standard.”Results Sensitivity ranged from 9% to 67%, specificity was at least 96% for all searches, and precision ranged from 22% to 59%. The most productive searches were by publication type clinical trial and publication type randomized controlled trial. Combining search terms did not improve sensitivity for detecting RCTs published in prosthodontic journals (p > .10).Conclusions These findings support the need for more detailed reporting of trial methodologies to facilitate accurate indexing of prosthodontic articles in MEDLINE.
Comparison of cutting rates among single‐patient‐use and multiple‐patient‐use diamond burs
Authors: Pilcher Elizabeth S. , Tietge James D. , Draughn Robert A. 
Published: August 2004

Purpose The purpose of this study was to compare the volumetric cutting rates of 6 cylindrical‐shaped single‐patient‐use and 2 cylindrical‐shaped multiple‐patient‐use diamond burs using a machinable ceramic material. The degree of wear among burs from each type was also compared using scanning electron microscopy.Materials and Methods Six types of single‐patient‐use diamond burs and 2 types of multiple‐patient‐use diamond burs with similar cylindrical shape and dimensions were selected. Five burs of each type were evaluated using a high‐speed handpiece mounted on a custom testing device. Using a 6‐mm cutting length of each bur, 20 cuts, each 12.2‐mm long, were made at exactly one half the diameter of the bur. Mean volumetric cutting rate through the ceramic substrate for Cuts 1 through 20 was calculated for each bur type in cubic millimeters prepared per second. A repeated measures analysis of variance (α= 0.05) and post hoc one‐way analysis of variance with Scheffé's test was used to compare cutting rates among bur types for Cuts 2, 10, and 20. The topography of one bur from each group was evaluated with scanning electron microscopy after Cut 2 and again after Cut 20.Results For Cut 2, the mean cutting rates ranged from 3.3 to 5.3 mm3/s. The mean cutting rates for all bur types decreased approximately 20% by Cut 20. Bur type and length of use significantly influenced cutting rate (p < .002). However, only one type of single‐patient‐use diamond bur had a significantly lower mean cutting rate after Cuts 2, 10, and 20, compared with other single‐ and multiple‐patient‐use diamond burs. Scanning electron microscopy showed all burs exhibited wear of diamond particles, as well as loss of diamond particles and binder.Conclusions Five of six single‐patient‐use diamond burs had mean volumetric cutting rates through a ceramic that were similar to 2 multiple‐patient‐use diamonds for as many as 20 cuts. The gradual reduction in cutting rate during the 20 cuts for all bur types was a result of bur wear.
Effect of different high‐palladium metal‐ceramic alloys on the color of opaque porcelain
Authors: Stavridakis Minos M. , Papazoglou Efstratios , Seghi Robert R. , Johnston William M. , Brantley William A. 
Published: August 2004

Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of different high‐palladium alloys on the resulting color of opaque porcelain. Three Pd‐Cu‐Ga alloys, Spartan Plus (S; Williams Dental Co/Division of Ivoclar North America, Amhest, NY), Liberty (B; J.F. Jelenko & Co, Armonk, NY), and Freedom Plus (F; J.F. Jelenko & Co); 4 Pd‐Ga alloys, Legacy (L; J.F. Jelenko & Co), IS 85 (I; Williams Dental Co), Protocol (P; Williams Dental Co), and Legacy XT (X; J.F. Jelenko & Co); and a Pd‐Ag alloy, Super Star (T; J.F. Jelenko & Co), were examined. The Au‐Pd alloy Olympia (O; J.F. Jelenko & Co) served as the control.Materials and Methods Three cast 16‐mm discs, 1‐mm thick, were prepared from each of the alloys. After metallurgically polishing and air‐abrading, the specimens were oxidized following the manufacturer's recommendations. Shade B1 opaque porcelain (Vita‐Omega; Vident, Baldwin Park, CA) was applied at a final thickness of 0.1 mm using a mold. After 2 opaque porcelain firing cycles, the surfaces were air‐abraded. The colors of the specimens were measured using a colorimeter and expressed in Commission International de l'Eclairage (CIE) L*a*b* coordinates. Color differences (ΔE) were determined between the control and each experimental group. Analysis of Variance and Tukey‐Kramer tests were performed on the ΔE data.Results The 3 Pd‐Cu‐Ga alloys showed significantly greater (p < .01) ΔE values (S = 2.8 ± 1.1, B = 3.0 ± 0.6, and F = 2.1 ± 0.2) than the remaining 5 experimental groups (L = 0.7 ± 0.5, I = 0.7 ± 0.4, P = 0.7 ± 0.2, X = 0.7 ± 0.4, and T = 0.7 ± 0.5). The directions of the significant color changes were relatively equally distributed along the L*, a*, and b* axes, and all ΔL*, Δa*, and Δb* values were negative (lower value, more green and blue relative to control O).Conclusions This work suggests that a 0.1‐mm‐thick layer of opaque porcelain in the Pd‐Cu‐Ga alloys studied, did not reliably reproduce the color of porcelain.
Living in with Normal Families
Authors: HANSEN CONNIE 
Published: August 2004

Connie Hansen participated in my project, “Methodology for Studying Family Interaction,” in the mid 1960s. One of the purposes of that project was to compare several groups of families, including “normals.” Connie suggested that it might provide a rich source of data if she were to “live in” with a few of the “normal” families and observe them day to day on their own territory. (A year or so before, Dr. Jules Henry had given a talk to the MRI staff about living‐in with “schizogenic” families, and I believe that Connie had discussed her idea with him.)Connie was an experienced family therapist — she was one of Virginia Satir's first students — and a most perceptive observer. She lived with three “normal” families for a week each during 1966–67; she was excited by the wealth of material and exhausted by the experience. She tried to develop a group of central themes from her data and gave me a preliminary draft of a paper in 1969. It clearly contained a number of important observations about the complexities and subtleties of family systems and some beginning attempts at conceptualization. She struggled for years to clarify and elaborate on her material. Several times she sent me portions and fragments of new drafts, each with additional insights, but she was never satisfied with her efforts.It seems a fitting tribute to Connie — she died early in 1979 — to attempt to put together her various drafts. We wanted to publish this very important material in a readable form and yet still preserve the immediateness, enthusiasm, and vividness of her observations. I hope, that if she were to read it, she would not be overly critical of this final draft.JULES RISKIN, M.D.It is a special privilege for me to participate in this posthumous publication of Connie Hansen's unique contribution to the further knowledge of family interaction. She died before the material could be published.I feel particular gratitude to the young woman who entered my first training program in 1961 at the Mental Research Institute. This was a time when such training seemed “far out” and was regarded as “probably only a fad.” She was willing to face the risks inherent to her professional standing by choosing to do this training.It was this same courage together with her imagination and curiosity and her willingness to document her experience without judging it that resulted in the article now being published.Farewell, Connie, and thank you for your presence in my life.VIRGINIA M.SATIR
In Pursuit of Sisterhood: Adult as a Resource for Combined Individual and Family Therapy
Authors: KAHN MICHAEL D. , BANK STEPHEN 
Published: August 2004

Therapists traditionally view brothers and sisters as rivalrous and self‐seeking. Under carefully arranged conditions, however, siblings can learn to cooperate with each other to resolve important conflicts in family relationships.This case documents a dramatic change in the relationship between a 29‐year‐old woman and her father, the outcome of a three‐step therapeutic intervention in which sibling dynamics were selectively used by the psychotherapist. As part of her individual therapy, the therapist first aroused the woman's discontent with her status as the neglected “baby of the family.” Next, a series of meetings were held with the woman and her three sisters that permitted resolution of their previous anger and misunderstandings, thus helping them to become a more cohesive group of sisters. The third step brought the sisters, now as allies both of the identified patient and of the therapist, into a constructive confrontation with the parents. This resulted in lasting personal change for the identified patient and improved relationships throughout the entire family.
Engaging “Resistant” Families in Treatment
Authors: Duncan Stanton M. , Todd Thomas C. 
Published: August 2004

Many families, when presented with the option of family therapy, are less than eager to participate. This paper comprises the second and third parts of a series on engaging “resistant” families.1 Part II presents 21 principles and a number of techniques and strategies that have been developed for successfuly recruiting such families. These techniques should be applicable for engaging resistant families with all types of presenting problems.Part III provides an analysis of the important variables involved, along with data on cost efficiency and administrative costs. It was found that when therapists had administrative control of their cases, serving in dual roles as both therapists and drug counselors, the recruitment effort was (a) more effective (i.e., complete families, including both parents or parent surrogates, were recruited in 77 per cent of the cases), and (b) twice as cost efficient. Two‐thirds of the non‐engaged families were not recruited because the index patient would not allow family members to be contacted. Black families were more difficult to recruit than whites. Data on cost efficiency and on the actual administrative costs of recruiting families are also provided.We conclude that the engagement process requires a revision in therapeutic philosophy, since such families are often desperately in need of help but are unavailable unless therapists make a special effort to reach them.
A Structural Approach to the Single‐Parent Family
Authors: WELTNER JOHN S. 
Published: August 2004

Although the single‐parent family is becoming a predominant family structure, there is a surprising scarcity of articles discussing its typical problems or detailing specific therapeutic approaches. This paper attempts, first, to list some core problems encountered by all single parents and, second, to present a sequence of therapeutic approaches geared toward dealing with these problems.Structural theory, with its emphasis on subsystems, generational boundaries, and organizational patterns, provides a framework for viewing the built‐in vulnerabilities of the single‐parent family unit. Minuchin's (3) emphasis on generational boundaries and the problem of enmeshment underlies the theoretical and therapeutic approach presented here. I have drawn heavily on Haley's (2) idea that the therapist must be an authority, a problem‐solver, and a teacher. Finally, the emphasis on creating new organizational patterns is most thoroughly explored in Aponte's (1) discussions of “underorganized families” (many of whom are single‐parent families).