bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bridging the Information Gap: IT and Health in Indigenous Populations
Authors: Hunter Ernest , Travers Helen , McCulloch Brad 
Published: October 2003

Objective: A proof of concept evaluation of the use of touch-screen technology to address specific health issues in Indigenous settings and exploration of potential relevance to Indigenous mental health. Methods: Quantitative and qualitative approaches were utilised to evaluate two touchscreen units with sound located in Indigenous settings (one clinical and the other a Centrelink office) with content on two topics-diabetes and musculoskeletal problems. Quantitative information included trace analysis and on-screen questionnaires. Qualitative information included individual and group interviews, and observation over a period of 10 months. Results: Use was consistent over time. Subject areas were equally accessed with most users entering only one area per session. Mean session time was five minutes and clinical setting users were more likely to answer on-screen questions. The majority considered use ‘easy’ with the proportion indicating use‘very hard’ increasing with age. Across both sites, women's health, children and drugs and alcohol were identified as issues for which more information was needed. Interview data emphasised the importance of Indigenous and recognisable voices with non-text based content relevant to the local context. Conclusion: Touch-screen technology offers a means to provide relevant and accessible health information in Indigenous settings and may contribute to overcoming the‘information gap’. There are obvious implications in relation to Indigenous mental health.
Action Research Intervention with Young People: A City Council's Response
Authors: Selby Jane , Bradley Benjamin 
Published: October 2003

Objective: Interventions with young people at risk use a range of programmes. We describe how a group of young people came to perform their stories publicly. In this paper, we consider their local City Council and a change in its thinking. Methods: The project is built upon ideas of community development that incorporate techniques such as Public Conversations and a commitment to prioritising the voices of the young people under scrutiny. The project as a whole is based on action research. We helped to establish a youth-led group of 10 people (13–22 years) to work with three experienced theatre personnel. In documenting the sessions through videotaping and interviewing individuals including councillors, we were able to document some consequences of the intervention on the young people and on their community. Results: In evaluating the impact of the processes put in place, we trace changes from resistance to the employment of a youth coordinator to financing such a position by the local council. Conclusions: We consider issues about evaluating interventions so as to emphasise the need for reflecting on innovative ways of documenting associated social change.
Child and Adolescent Telepsychiatry in New South Wales: Moving Beyond Clinical Consultation
Authors: Starling Jean , Rosina Robyn , Nunn Kenneth , Dossetor David 
Published: October 2003

Objectives: Telepsychiatry has been demonstrated to be an effective and acceptable way to deliver psychiatry services to remote and rural areas. This paper describes the initial evaluation of the Child and Adolescent Psychological Telemedicine Outreach Service (CAPTOS) in New South Wales and the changes made to the service after the initial evaluation. Methods: The evaluation investigated patients’, rural clinicians’ and CAPTOS psychiatrists’ satisfaction with the quality of the service and the technology. Results: There were 136 rural families, 20 rural clinicians and eight psychiatrists. Overall, satisfaction was high with the rural families and clinicians being the most satisfied (95–99% very or mostly satisfied). CAPTOS psychiatrists felt that they were usually able to perform an adequate consultation (87%) but few (16%) felt the consultations were as satisfactory as a face to face consultation. Because of the initial evaluation, and the ongoing collaboration with rural clinicians, further services were developed using the technology and the developing professional networks. These initiatives included telenursing, professional skills development, sabbaticals for rural clinicians and a clinical skills workshop for rural clinicians. Conclusions: This study confirms telepsychiatry as a useful service for remote and rural children and families. The results also suggest some reasons why urban clinicians show the least enthusiasm for the service. Ways of addressing some of the limitations of the service are suggested, and the expansion of CAPTOS to meet the needs of rural clinicians is discussed.
Changing the Environment of Schizophrenia at the Community Level
Authors: Warner Richard , Mandiberg James 
Published: October 2003

Objectives: One may categorise environmental factors as operating at the individual, domestic or community level. This paper reviews important factors influencing schizophrenia at the community level: the availability of work, economic disincentives to work and stigma and discrimination. Conclusions: Work helps decrease the alienation of people with schizophrenia and aids recovery. In much of the developed world, however, few people with serious mental illness are employed. To improve the employment of people with schizophrenia, we could (a) create small enterprises to provide opportunities for people with schizophrenia to work in a mixed workforce; and (b) look within the mental health service budget for possible contracts for consumer-employing business. People with schizophrenia are subject to prejudice, discrimination and stigma. Modern communication technology, however, can be harnessed to fight stigma and prejudice. At the local level, we can lobby the entertainment and news media and develop targeted campaigns. Some successful antistigma campaigns are described.
What Developed Countries can Learn from Developing Countries in Challenging Psychiatric Stigma
Authors: Rosen Alan 
Published: October 2003

Objective: This paper will raise the following issues for debate:Is the nature of and threshold for psychiatric stigma different between developed and developing countries?Are we able to generalise comparisons about psychiatric stigma between countries, or does it differ essentially from culture to culture?Does mental health illiteracy or general illiteracy favour more stigma or less stigma?What can developed countries learn from developing countries in generating effective methods of challenging psychiatric stigma? Conclusion: Most approaches to challenging stigma associated with severe psychiatric illness and disability have been generated in developed countries without reference to lessons from developing countries, and then export, largely without modification, is often attempted to these developing countries. The Program for Psychosocial Recovery and Development in East Timor team has exemplified how sensitively delivered psychiatric interventions can be welcomed by a community long deprived of adequate services. These studies also have practical relevance to Aboriginal, Torres Strait Islander and Maori communities where individuals with mental illness frequently experience ‘double-whammy’ stigmatisation and discrimination.
Contradictory Australian National Policies on Self-Harm And Suicide: The Case of Asylum Seekers in Mandatory Detention
Authors: Dudley Michael 
Published: October 2003

Objective: This paper argues that the decision by the Australian Commonwealth Government to continue its policy of indefinite mandatory detention, without review, in the face of the accumulated evidence regarding the harmful effects, amounts to state-sponsored trauma and child neglect and/or abuse. Conclusions: The Australian government's policies supporting successful suicide prevention programs stand in contrast to its policy regarding indefinite mandatory detention of onshore asylumseekers. Men's and women's rates of suicidal behaviours in Australian immigration detention centres (IDCs), while imprecise, are calculated as 41 and 26 times the national average, respectively, and male IDC rates are 1.8 times the male prison rates. Self-harm in detention reflects a convergence of (child) health, protection and human rights concerns, and is driven by the extremity of detention and the detention environment. Recommendations are made for these concerns to be immediately addressed. It is noted that in handling this unprecedented situation, the government has not sought advice from its own advisory councils.
High afterload during 10 min of regional ischaemia affects diastolic creep but not systolic function in reperfused (stunned) myocardium
Authors: RYNNING S. E. , BRUNVAND H. , BIRKELAND S. , HEXEBERG E. , GRONG K. 
Published: October 2003

The effect of afterload during regional ischaemia on myocardial stunning was studied in 15 pentobarbital anaesthetized cats. 10 min occlusion of the left anterior descending artery (LAD) was followed by 60 min of reperfusion. Afterload was decreased by intravenous infusion of nitroglycerine 3–8 μg kg‐1 min‐1 in group I (n=8); left ventricular peak systolic pressure (LVSP) 84±4 mmHg (mean±SEM) during coronary artery occlusion. In group II (n=7) LVSP was increased to 188±10 mmHg by inflating an intraaortic balloon during coronary artery occlusion. Regional function in the LAD perfused region was evaluated by cross‐oriented sonomicrometry. Myocardial tissue blood flow was evaluated by radio‐labelled microspheres. Afterload alterations did not affect regional systolic shortening (10.8±2.0% vs. 11.0±1.5% in group I and II, respectively, after 60 min of reperfusion). However, increased end‐diastolic dimensions (diastolic creep) in both the circumferential and longitudinal segments were markedly more pronounced in the high afterload group (group II). Also important, the markedly increased myocardial tissue blood flow during reperfusion in group II as compared with group I (2.30±0.18 vs. 1.34±0.08 mL min‐1 g‐1 and 2.58±0.23 vs. 1.49±0.07 mL min‐1 g‐1 in subepicardial and subendocardial layers in the LAD perfused region) suggests that increased diastolic creep increased metabolic demands. This study indicates that passive stretching of the ischaemic area during coronary artery occlusion is an important mechanism behind diastolic creep.
An isolated blood‐perfused guinea‐pig lung model for simultaneous registration of haemodynamic, microvascular and respiratory variables
Authors: NYHLÉN K. , RIPPE B. , HULTKVIST‐BENGTSSON U. 
Published: October 2003

NYHLÉN, K., RIPPE, B. & HULTKVIST‐BENGTSSON, U. 1997. An isolated blood‐perfused guinea‐pig lung model for simultaneous registration of haemodynamic, microvascular and respiratory variables. Acta Physiol Scand 159, 293–302. Received 13 March 1996, accepted 19 September 1996. ISSN 0001–6772. Department of Preclinical Research, Gambro Lundia AB, Lund, Sweden and Department of Nephrology, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.We have developed an optimized isolated lung perfusion system, which possesses several advantages. Firstly, studies of microvascular, respiratory, haematological and biochemical variables are combined in one model. Secondly, blood perfusion resulted in less oedema formation than buffer‐perfused lungs, and high Po2 through ventilation with room air. Finally, data for the variables can be displayed, controlled and recorded in real time using a computerized system permitting subsequent processing (e.g. filtering without destroying original data). In this paper we discuss the basic behaviour of the model in terms of vascular resistance, vascular permeability, respiration and neutrophil sequestration. In addition, the effects of oleic acid, histamine and histamine receptor blockers were tested, and two methods of calculating vascular permeability are discussed. The way in which different anaesthetics affect the neutrophil content of lung tissue and blood was also investigated. In the model, oleic acid increased pulmonary vascular resistance and permeability, whereas histamine did not affect either permeability or the pre/postcapillary vascular resistance ratio. However, histamine receptor blockers increased this ratio, indicating that there was endogenous histamine release. The neutrophil content of the isolated lungs was increased, but this did not affect the variables measured. There was also accumulation of neutrophils in the lungs of blood donor animals, due to CO2 sedation. However, CO2 sedation proved to be superior to pentobarbital or ketamine anaesthesia in maintaining the levels of neutrophils circulating in the blood. In conclusion, this model seems to be sensitive and to yield reproducible results regarding the physiology or pathophysiology of the lung.
Endurance training effects on neurotransmitter release in rat striatum: an in vivo microdialysis study
Authors: MEEUSEN R. , SMOLDERS I. , SARRE S. , DE MEIRLEIR K. , KEIZER H. , SERNEELS M. , EBINGER G. , MICHOTTE Y. 
Published: October 2003

MEEUSEN, R., SMOLDERS, I., SARRE, S., DE MEIRLEIR, K., KEIZER, H., SERNEELS, M., EBINGER, G. & MICHOTTE, Y. 1997. Endurance training effects on neurotransmitter release in rat stratium – an in vivo microdialysis study. Acta Physiol Scand159, 335–341. Received 14 May 1996, accepted 15 November 1996. ISSN 0001–6772. Department of Human Physiology and Sports Medicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Drug Analysis, and Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Movement Sciences, Rijksuniversiteit Limburg, Maastricht, the Netherlands.In the present study we use the in vivo microdialysis sampling technique to register extracellular levels of neurotransmitters in the striatum of trained and untrained rats. We further evaluate the influence of 1 h of exercise on the striatal release of dopamine (DA), noradrenaline (NA), glutamate (GLU) and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in trained and untrained rats. Male Wistars were randomly assigned to a training or control group. The exercise training consisted of running on a treadmill for 6 weeks, 5 days week−1, with running time and speed gradually increased from 30 min at 19 m min−1 during the first week to 80 min at 26 m min−1 during the final training week. The animals of the control group were placed on the treadmill twice a week, and received a total of four `adaptation sessions', in which they exercised 15–45 min at 26 m min−1. Brain dialysates were analysed with microbore liquid chromatography (LC), with electrochemical detection (monoamines and GABA) and fluorescence detection (GLU). Soleus citrate synthase and basal striatal concentrations of DA, NA and GLU were significantly different between the trained and control animals. Sixty minutes of exercise significantly increased extracellular DA, NA and GLU levels in both groups, but there was no statistically significant difference in the exercise‐induced increase between trained and control animals. There was no statistical difference in basal or exercise‐induced GABA levels between trained and control animals. The results indicate that exercise training appears to result in diminished basal activity of striatal neurotransmitters, while maintaining the necessary sensitivity for responses to acute exercise.
Impaired leucocyte rolling, adhesion and transendothelial migration following cuprophane haemodialysis
Authors: THORLACIUS H. , FERNVIK E. , GAUTAM N. , LUNDAHL J. , RAUD J. , JACOBSON S. H. , LINDBOM L. 
Published: October 2003

THORLACIUS, H., FERNVIK, E., GAUTAM, N., LUNDAHL, J., RAUD, J., JACOBSON, S.H. & LINDBOM, L. 1997. Impaired leucocyte rolling, adhesion and transendothelial migration following cuprophane haemodialysis. Acta Physiol Scand 159, 277–283, Received 29 July 1996, accepted 13 November 1996. ISSN 0001–6772. Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.In this study, we investigated how different steps in the extravasation process of leucocytes, i.e. rolling, adhesion and transendothelial migration, are affected by haemodialysis with cuprophane membranes. Human leucocytes obtained from whole blood prior to clinical haemodialysis and from the afferent blood line (post‐dialyser) 15 min after the initiation of dialysis were injected into the mesenteric microcirculation of urethane anaesthetized rabbits and analysed for their ability to roll in the microvessels by use of intravital fluorescence microscopy. Moreover, neutrophils from the two leucocyte populations were compared with respect to chemoattractant‐induced adhesion and transmigration across confluent monolayers of bovine aortic endothelial cells. Our results show that, as compared with pre‐dialysis leucocytes, 15 min of cuprophane haemodialysis impaired leucocyte rolling by 78 ± 7%, reduced N‐formyl‐methionyl‐leucyl‐phenylalanin (fMLP)‐induced adhesion by 34 ± 9%, and abolished transendothelial migration. These findings demonstrate that intradialytical activation of leucocytes during cuprophane haemodialysis severely affects leucocyte functions that are critical in the extravasation process of these cells at inflammatory tissue sites, and thus may help explain the increased susceptibility to infections observed in patients on chronic haemodialysis.
Adrenalectomy reduces the ability of newborn rats to gasp and survive anoxia
Authors: YUAN S.‐Z. , RUNOLD M. , LAGERCRANTZ H. 
Published: October 2003

YUAN, S.‐Z., RUNOLD, M. & LAGERCRANTZ, H. 1997. Adrenalectomy reduces the ability of newborn rats to gasp and survive anoxia. Acta Physiol Scand 159, 285–292. Received 28 March 1996, accepted 8 November 1996. ISSN 0001–6772. Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute; Department of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases, Huddinge University Hospital; Department of Woman and Child Health, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Second Central Hospital, Tianjin, China.The ventilatory response to anoxia in unanaesthetized rat pups of 1 and 8 days of age was studied. Ventilation was recorded by barometric plethysmography. During acute anoxia (100% N2), animals of both ages responded with hyperpnoea, primary apnoea, hypoxic gasping and secondary apnoea. After secondary gasping, occasional gasps occurred. If oxygen was administered during the gasping period, all animals survived through autoresuscitation. The duration of the period of hypoxic gasping was significantly longer in the 1‐day‐old animals. Adrenalectomy reduced the length of this period in both 1‐ and 8‐day‐old animals. In a second series of experiments, the effect of adrenergic antagonists on autoresuscitation was examined. Pretreatment with the non‐selective α‐receptor antagonist phentolamine reduced the duration of gasping in 1‐day‐old rats, but prolonged this duration in 8‐day‐old rats. The non‐selective β‐receptor antagonist propranolol did not affect the duration of gasping in␣1‐day‐old rats, whereas it prolonged this period in the older animals. We conclude that proper duration of gasping during anoxia is dependent on intact adrenal function and that the adrenal glands therefore play an important role in autoresuscitation from anoxia during postnatal life. The underlying mechanism appears to involve α‐adrenergic receptors.
The relationships between EMG and muscle morphology throughout sustained static knee extension at two submaximal force levels
Authors: GERDLE B. , KARLSSON S. , CRENSHAW A.G. , FRIDÉN J. 
Published: October 2003

This study investigated the relationship between muscle morphology and surface electromyographic parameters (mean frequency, fmean; and signal amplitude, RMS) during sustained static knee extension to exhaustion at 25% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and at 70% MVC. Twenty clinically healthy subjects participated. EMGs were registered from the quadriceps. Muscle forces during knee extension at a 90° joint angle were maintained at the respective levels throughout the measurement periods. A biopsy was obtained of the vastus lateralis muscle. The total time to exhaustion was normalized for each subject. By means of regression analysis, the intercept (i ) (i.e. the unfatigued state) and the regression coefficient (k ) were determined for each EMG parameter.The endurance time increased with decreasing force level. A significantly higher perception of fatigue was found at 25% MVC than at 70% MVC. From principal component analyses it was concluded that RMS‐k at 25% MVC mainly correlated with the type 2 muscle fibre proportions (%), and at 70% MVC mainly with the areas of type 2 muscle fibre. At 25% MVC, fmean‐k correlated with the areas of type 2A, 2B and 2C fibres, and at 70% MVC negatively with the proportion of type 2B and to some extent with areas of type 2A, 2B and 2C fibres. fmean‐i at 25% MVC correlated with fibre type proportions (%); fmean‐i at 70% MVC correlated with the areas of type 2A, 2B and 2C.The present study indicates relationships between surface EMG and muscle morphology, which is contrary to presented models of the EMG.
Intracoronary blockade of angiotensin‐converting enzyme in humans: Interaction with cardiac sympathetic neurotransmission?
Authors: RUNDQVIST B. , EISENHOFER G. , EMANUELSSON H. , ALBERTSSON P. , FRIBERG P. 
Published: October 2003

The present study was designed to identify an interaction between the renin–angiotensin system and noradrenergic transmission in the human heart. It is still under debate whether angiotensin II facilitates noradrenaline release in the heart. Clinical studies of congestive heart failure, involving systemic angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor administration, have indicated anti‐adrenergic effects, without giving a clear mechanistic picture. The influence on cardiac sympathetic transmission by local intracardiac administration of an ACE inhibitor has not been determined. Seven angina patients with normal left ventricular function, who underwent control coronary angiography after successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty were studied. Baseline measurements of haemodynamics and total and cardiac noradrenaline spillover were followed by handgrip exercise in the absence and presence of intracoronary enalaprilat infusion (0.05 mg min−1, 1 mL min−1). Baseline total body and cardiac noradrenaline spillover remained unchanged following intracoronary enalaprilat infusion, being 3745 ± 349 and 3896 ± 257 pmol min−1, and 148 ± 56 and 149 ± 55 pmol min−1, before and after drug administration, respectively. Mean arterial pressure, peripheral plasma renin activity and angiotensin II levels were also unaffected by enalaprilat infusion. During handgrip exercise procedures, both total body and cardiac noradrenaline spillover increased substantially, showing no reduction in the presence of intracardiac enalaprilat.Direct administration of the ACE inhibitor enalaprilat to the human heart failed to attenuate cardiac sympathetic drive during baseline conditions or following cardiac adrenergic activation by handgrip exercise. Thus, in the non‐failing heart, without chronic adrenergic activation, no angiotensin II‐facilitated effect on cardiac noradrenaline spillover could be detected.