bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continuous glucose monitoring in managing diabetes in children
Authors: Speiser Phyllis W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractContinuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices have now been added to the repertoire of technological devices useful in the management of patients with diabetes. In this issue, Schiaffini and colleagues confirm and extend published data describing the benefits of CGM in diabetic children. Specifically, such monitoring enables clinicians to detect occult hypoglycemia not otherwise discernable with intermittent testing of blood glucose. Although results of monitoring are not yet available in real time, the data can be used to adjust insulin regimens to allow more effective glycemic control. This is especially important in the pediatric population for whom strict glycemic control has traditionally been limited owing to concerns about the negative effects of hypoglycemia on the developing central nervous system. Additionally, postprandial hyperglycemia can be more readily detected and controlled. CGM provides new and important informaton not necessarily provided by measurement of HbA1c, and will likely prove an indispensable adjunct to diabetes care. Finally, this procedure has potential applications in the diagnosis and management of patients with other metabolic disorders. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Considerations on blood glucose management in Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Home Philip , Chacra Antonio , Chan Juliana , Emslie‐Smith Alistair , Sorensen Lea , Crombrugge Paul Van 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn recent years the benefits of more intensive management in preventing or delaying the development and progression of diabetic complications have been well documented. What is not as well documented is how to motivate the person with diabetes to manage the condition, how to set, assess and quantify glucose goals, and the glucose variables that should be routinely measured. This review discusses the importance of setting targets and communicating them in a way that the patient understands. When aiming for a glycaemia target, balance is required (1) between achieving reduction of complications and causing an increased degree of hypoglycaemia, and (2) between what is achievable and what degree of benefit is gained. Target values given in guidelines should be adapted by the clinician to take into account the patient's susceptibility to hypoglycaemia, stage and type of complications, age and life expectancy, co‐morbidity, social environment, understanding of the steps required and level of commitment to the treatment. Several suggestions are given regarding possible improvements and amendments to existing guidelines for diabetes management in treating to glucose goal. For example, attention should be drawn to the need to individualise goals and to consider education, long‐term support, patient needs and treatment outcome when formulating diabetes management plans. The relative properties of the different glucose variables—fasting plasma glucose (FPG), postprandial plasma glucose (PPG), glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), and glycated protein—in terms of their convenience of measurement, usefulness and relevance to the physician and patient are also evaluated. When prioritising the variables to be measured it is suggested that where feasible, HbA1c should be the standard measurement by which to gauge risk and treatment efficacy. Serial measurements should be made and, where possible, the use of blood glucose meters encouraged, in order to obtain a blood glucose profile for the patient. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Haemodynamics in microvascular complications in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Candido Riccardo , Allen Terri J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractType 1 diabetes is commonly associated with microvascular complications. Most of the microvascular blood vessels are involved but those in the kidney, retina and large nerves exhibit the more significant pathology. Haemodynamic and metabolic factors both alone and through the activation of a common pathway contribute to the characteristic dysfunction observed in diabetic vasculopathy. The haemodynamic abnormalities in type 1 diabetes are characterized by increased systemic blood pressure and altered blood flow with subsequent activation of various vasoactive factors, which can contribute to the maintenance of the haemodynamic alterations and to the development and progression of the microvascular complications. These vasoactive factors include vasoconstrictors such as angiotensin II, and endothelin, as well as vasodilators such as nitric oxide (NO). Systemic hypertension and vasoactive factors independently and in interaction with the metabolic pathway activate intracellular second messengers, nuclear transcription factors and various growth factors which lead to the typical functional and structural alterations of diabetic microvascular complications. Therapeutic strategies involved in the management and prevention of diabetic complications currently include antihypertensive agents, particularly those that interrupt the renin–angiotensin system. Further understanding of the interactions among the vasoactive factors, the intracellular second messengers and the growth factors may help to identify novel strategies to influence the action of the vasoactive factors. These novel therapies, together with specific inhibitors of the metabolic pathway or the common pathway, may provide the possibility of preventing or even reversing the progression of diabetic microvascular complications. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alpha2‐HS glycoprotein: a protein in search of a function
Authors: Arnaud Philippe , Kalabay Laszlo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this issue (pp. 305–310) Jun Ren and Amy J. Davidoff author an article entitled ‘Alpha2‐HS glycoprotein, a putative inhibitor of tyrosine kinase, prevents glucose toxicity associated with cardiomyocyte dysfunction’. The protein responsible for this biological activity has recently come to the forefront of research on the biological activity of plasma proteins. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The DPT‐1 trial: a negative result with lessons for future type 1 diabetes prevention
Authors: Pozzilli Paolo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe author comments on the DPT‐1 Trial and why the observed negative outcome in preventing diabetes in first‐degree relatives of type 1 diabetic patients by parenteral insulin administration may have occurred and what can be gathered from this large study. There were three main lessons to be learned from the DPT‐1 Trial as follows. (1) Large preventive trials of type 1 diabetes are feasible in first‐degree relatives of type 1 diabetic patients and other preventive approaches may be now envisaged. (2) The natural history of type 1 diabetes, at least in its final years before clinical onset, has been elucidated and reiterates the relevance of our present predictive tools (autoantibodies) for identifying individuals at risk for the disease. (3) Strict follow‐up of enrolled subjects in trials permits an earlier diagnosis of the disease with less frequency of ketoacidosis and implementation of insulin therapy when higher C‐peptide levels are present. DPT‐1 has paved the way on how to proceed and new trials will be planned benefiting from such experience. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The anxiety buffering function of close relationships: mortality salience effects on the readiness to compromise mate selection standards
Authors: Hirschberger Gilad , Florian Victor , Mikulincer Mario 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis research examines the utility of a terror management approach to understanding the motivations and emotional consequences of compromise in mate selection. One hundred and sixty‐eight undergraduates completed a self‐esteem scale and a scale tapping ideal mate characteristics, and were then assigned either to a mortality salience, physical pain salience, or neutral condition. Half of the participants rated their readiness to compromise ideal mate standards and the remaining half completed a neutral scale. Then, participants completed a scale tapping their emotional state. Mortality salience led participants to significantly compromise their mate requirements. This effect seemed to be most pronounced among high self‐esteem participants who also experienced the greatest amount of guilt when compromising under mortality salient conditions. Low self‐esteem participants who compromised under mortality salient conditions reacted with higher levels of shame. The results are discussed in terms of the anxiety buffering functions of close relationships. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Blushing after a moral transgression in a prisoner's dilemma game: appeasing or revealing?
Authors: de Jong Peter J. , Peters Madelon , De Cremer David , Vranken Christien 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study investigated the alleged remedial effects of blushing in the context of real‐time interactions. Therefore, 30 pairs of prosocial individuals participated in a prisoner's dilemma ‘game’. The experiment was framed as an objective test of moral behaviour. To elicit a shameful moral transgression, one individual of each pair was instructed to select the non‐habitual cheat‐option on a pre‐defined target trial. Supporting the idea that violation of shared rules elicits blushing, the defectors displayed a blush on the target trial. Yet, unexpectedly, there was a negative relationship between the observed blush intensity and the trustworthiness attributed to the defectors. One explanation might be that the ‘victims’ used the blush response to deduce and interpret the defector's motive. As the antecedent behaviour involved in the present context was not completely unambiguous with respect to the perpetrators' motive (e.g. innocent playing around vs. maximizing outcomes) the observers might have interpreted blushing as signaling that the situation should be interpreted as an intentional violation of a social standard. Together the available evidence suggests that only in the context of unambiguous antecedent behaviours blushing has remedial effects, whereas in ambiguous situations blushing has undesirable revealing effects. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Levels of consensus and majority and minority influence
Authors: Martin Robin , Gardikiotis Antonis , Hewstone Miles 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThree experiments are reported which examine the effects of consensus information on majority and minority influence. In all experiments two levels of consensus difference were examined; large (82% versus 18%) and small (52% versus 48%). Experiment 1 showed that a majority source had more influence than a minority source, irrespective of consensus level. Experiment 2 examined the cause of this effect by presenting only the source label (‘majority’ versus ‘minority’), only the consensus information (percentages) or both. The superior influence of the majority was again found when either (a) both source label and consensus information were given (replicating Experiment 1) and (b) only consensus information was given, but not when (c) only the source label was given. The results showed majority influence was due to the consensus information indicating more than 50% of the population supported that position. Experiment 3 also manipulated message quality (strong versus weak arguments) to identify whether systematic processing had occurred. Message quality only had an impact with the minority of 18%. These studies show that consensus information has different effects for majority and minority influence. For majority influence, having over 50% support is sufficient to cause compliance while for a minority there are advantages to being numerically small, in terms of leading to detailed processing of its message. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Causal attribution from covariation information: the evidential evaluation model
Authors: White Peter A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIt is hypothesized that causal attributions are made by transforming covariation information into evidence according to notions of evidential value, and that causal judgement is a function of the proportion of instances that are evaluated as confirmatory for the causal hypothesis under test: this is called the evidential evaluation model. An experiment was designed to test the judgemental rule in this model by setting up problems presenting consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency information in which the proportion of confirmatory instances varied but the objective contingency did not. It was found that judgements tended to vary with the proportion of confirmatory instances. Several other current models of causal judgement or causal attribution fail to account for this result. Similar findings have been obtained in studies of causal judgement from contingency information, so the present findings support an argument that the evidential evaluation model provides a unified account of judgement in both domains. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of a semi‐active stiffness damper under various earthquake inputs
Authors: Djajakesukma S. L. , Samali B. , Nguyen H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSemi‐active stiffness damper (SASD) is one of many semi‐active control systems with the capability to mitigate the dynamic response using only a small amount of external power. The system consists of a hydraulic damper connected to the bracing frame in a selected story unit. In this paper, study of a SASD in two building models of five‐stories under four benchmark earthquake records is reported. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of the control system against structure type and varying earthquake inputs. Various control laws are chosen to work with SASD, such as: resetting control, switching control, linear quadratic regulator (LQR) and modified LQR, and the results are compared with no control and passive control cases. Numerical results show that the use of a SASD is effective in reducing seismic responses. Control effectiveness is dependent on the type of structure and earthquake excitation. Passive control is less effective than other control cases as expected. Resetting control, switching control and LQR generally perform similarly in response reduction. While modified LQR is more efficient and robust compared with other control algorithms. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on effects of damping in laminated rubber bearings on seismic responses for a ⅛ scale isolated test structure
Authors: Yoo Bong , Kim Yang‐Hann 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effects of damping in various laminated rubber bearings (LRB) on the seismic response of a ⅛‐scale isolated test structure are investigated by shaking table tests and seismic response analyses. A series of shaking table tests of the structure were performed for a fixed base design and for a base isolation design. Two different types of LRB were used: natural rubber bearings (NRB) and lead rubber bearings (LLRB). Three different designs for the LLRB were tested; each design had a different diameter of lead plug, and thus, different damping values. Artificial time histories of peak ground acceleration 0.4g were used in both the tests and the analyses. In both shaking table tests and analyses, as expected, the acceleration responses of the seismically isolated test structure were considerably reduced. However, the shear displacement at the isolators was increased. To reduce the shear displacement in the isolators, the diameter of the lead plug in the LLRB had to be enlarged to increase isolator damping by more than 24%. This caused the isolator stiffness to increase, and resulted in amplifying the floor acceleration response spectra of the isolated test structure in the higher frequency ranges with a monotonic reduction of isolator shear displacement. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis and performance of a predictor‐multicorrector Time Discontinuous Galerkin method in non‐linear elastodynamics
Authors: Bursi Oreste S. , Mancuso Massimo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA predictor‐multicorrector implementation of a Time Discontinuous Galerkin method for non‐linear dynamic analysis is described. This implementation is intended to limit the high computational expense typically required by implicit Time Discontinuous Galerkin methods, without degrading their accuracy and stability properties. The algorithm is analysed with reference to conservative Duffing oscillators for which closed‐form solutions are available. Therefore, insight into the accuracy and stability properties of the predictor‐multicorrector algorithm for different approximations of non‐linear internal forces is gained, showing that the properties of the underlying scheme can be substantially retained. Finally, the results of representative numerical simulations relevant to Duffing oscillators and to a stiff spring pendulum discretized with finite elements illustrate the performance of the numerical scheme and confirm the analytical estimates. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristics of earthquake ground motions and the H/V of microtremors in the southwestern part of Taiwan
Authors: Huang Huey‐Chu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe relationships between the spectral characteristics of earthquake ground motions and those of micro‐tremors are investigated using the observed data from a dense strong‐motion network consisting of 108 stations in the Yun‐Li, Chia‐Yi and Tai‐Nan areas in southwestern Taiwan. Many high‐quality recordings, including those of the 921 Chi‐Chi earthquake (Mw=7.6), the 1022 Chia‐Yi mainshock (ML=6.4), the 1022 major aftershock (ML=6.0), as well as some weak motion events are selected to evaluate site responses. Microtremor measurements are also performed at most ground motion stations. With many stations in the area located on an alluvium structure, however, it is difficult to find good reference stations on rock sites, which therefore necessitates the calculation of single‐station H/V ratios. The predominant frequencies obtained from H/V ratios are consistent with those from spectral ratios. The site characteristics between the strong and weak events are different, however. This implies that a nonlinear effect probably occurred with the strong‐motion events. The main peak in the H/V spectra of the microtremors is in good agreement with the first peak obtained from the spectra of earthquake ground motions. It is reasonable to claim that the main peak reflects the deep underground structure. On the basis of the H/V ratios of the microtremors, it is concluded that the lower predominant frequencies appear in the plain area, while the higher values are near the mountainous region. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Amplification of earthquake ground motion by steep topographic irregularities
Authors: Paolucci Roberto 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe problem of amplification of seismic waves by surface topographic irregularities is addressed through analytical and numerical investigations. First, a closed‐form expression for estimating the fundamental vibration frequency of homogeneous triangular mountains is obtained, using Rayleigh's method. Subsequently, numerical modelling based on the spectral element approximation is used to study the 3D seismic response of several real steep topographic irregularities excited by vertically propagating plane S‐waves. A topographic amplification factor is obtained for each case, by a suitable average of the ratio of acceleration response spectra of output vs input motion. The 3D amplification factors are then compared with those derived by 2D analyses as well as with the topographic factors recommended in Eurocode 8 for seismic design. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Market‐based control of linear structural systems
Authors: Lynch Jerome Peter , Law Kincho H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo limit the response of structures during external disturbances such as strong winds or large seismic events, structural control systems can be used. In the structural engineering field, attention has been shifted from active control to semi‐active control systems. Unlike active control system devices, semi‐active devices are compact, have efficient power consumption characteristics and are less expensive. As a result, an environment of a large number of actuators and sensors will result, rendering a complex large‐scale dynamic system. Such a system is best controlled by a decentralized approach such as market‐based control (MBC). In MBC, the system is modelled as a market place of buyers and sellers that leads to an efficient allocation of control power. The resulting MBC solution is shown to be locally Pareto optimal. This novel control approach is applied to three linear structural systems ranging from a one‐storey structure to a 20‐storey structure, all controlled by semi‐active hydraulic dampers. It is shown that MBC is competitive in the reduction of structural responses during large seismic loadings as compared to the centralized control approach of the linear quadratic regulation controller. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dieting and desire for weight loss among adolescents in Denmark: a questionnaire survey
Authors: Waaddegaard Mette , Petersen Tove 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjective:To report on the first study in Denmark of the prevalence of dieting and other weight‐loss behaviours among adolescents.Method:A cross‐sectional study of 2094 pupils from grade 8–12, aged 14–21 years, throughout Denmark. The pupils responded to a self‐administered 49‐item questionnaire, which was constructed by an Expert Committee in the Danish National Board of Health.Results:The prevalence of dieting and other weight‐loss behaviours were comparable to results from other countries, particularly from the Nordic countries. Dieting was dependent on BMI and sex and did not increase with age. However, the desire for weight loss increased with age for both sexes and body dissatisfaction became more extreme with age. Many boys desired a weight gain instead of a weight loss.Discussion:Dieting and other weight control behaviours increased with increasing BMI. However, most dieting and wish for weight loss was not justified by obesity but seemed to depend on a perception of being overweight. The need for identifying adolescents with at‐risk behaviour related to eating disorders is emphasized. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
The development of a decisional balance scale for anorexia nervosa
Authors: Cockell Sarah J. , Geller Josie , Linden Wolfgang 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to develop a Decisional Balance (DB) measure of readiness for change in anorexia nervosa. A total of 246 women with anorexia nervosa completed a 60‐item DB scale. A 3‐factor solution provided the best fit for the DB data, which reduced the scale to 30 items. Two of these, namely Burdens and Benefits, resembled the pro and con factors found in previous research. The third factor, Functional Avoidance, was unique to the decisional balance literature; it included items reflecting the ways that anorexia nervosa provides a way to avoid dealing with aversive emotions, challenges, and responsibilities. The DB demonstrated good internal consistency and acceptable test–retest reliability. This measure could be used to help us better understand the shifts that occur as individuals with anorexia nervosa develop a desire to change. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.