bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond Privileged Contexts: Intertextuality, Influence, and Dialogue
Authors: Korsyn Kevin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One place to begin rethinking music lies at the frontier between text and context, at the threshold where the individual composition meets the surrounding world. Conceiving text and context as a stable opposition promotes a compartmentalization of musical research, dividing the synchronic analysis of internal structure from the diachronic narratives of history. Music analysis treats pieces as closed, static entities, open to history only at the level of abstract paradigms (such as formal archetypes). Since analytical techniques have been developed primarily with respect to autonomous compositions, even music historians, when they analyse music, must use ‘internal’ methods of analysis, as if the piece were created outside time and then parachuted into history. Thus we inhabit a conceptual space ruled by metaphors of ‘inside’ and ‘outside’. You are either ‘inside’ the piece, securing its boundaries through ‘internal’ analysis, or you are ‘outside’, mapping its position with respect to other closed units. You can alternate between internal and external perspectives, tilting like a see-saw, but you can’t occupy both positions at once. The trouble with such binary oppositions, as Jacques Derrida has shown, is that they create ‘a hierarchy and an order of subordination’.
Concepts of Musical Unity
Authors: Maus Fred Everett 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unity is a familiar criterion of value for individual musical compositions, especially for eighteenth-and nineteenth-century European instrumental music and related twentieth-century traditions. But recent discussions suggest that the content and status of this criterion may be unclear. Perhaps we do not always know what we mean by ‘musical unity’; perhaps unity (whatever it is) is not as important or as central as we have sometimes believed.
Popular Music, Unpopular Musicology
Authors: Covach John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In June of 1956, singer/song-writer and prototypical rock guitarist and performer Chuck Berry released a single entitled ‘Roll Over Beethoven’. A few years before this single became a hit on radios and juke-boxes across the country, a war of cultures had broken out in the United States, a phenomenon often referred to as the ‘teen rebellion’; middle-class American youth were rejecting the culture of their parents, and insisting on creating a culture that addressed their own specific interests and needs. Films such as The Wild One (1953) and Rebel without a Cause (1955) featured youthful principal characters—played by Marlon Brando and James Dean, respectively—in open rebellion against white middle-class values.
Musicology and/as Social Concern: Imagining the Relevant Musicologist
Authors: Locke Ralph P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How can a musicologist express her/his social concern? In what ways is her/his work socially relevant? And how might it become more so? Questions of this sort, often phrased in more or less these terms, have recently been raised by a variety of people in our field, as in the following two instances.
What Do We Want to Teach When We Teach Music? One Apology, Two Short Trips, Three Ethical Dilemmas, and Eighty-two Questions
Authors: Koskoff Ellen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All of us engaged in the transmission of musical culture today face a central problem: too many competing voices and not enough time or space to accommodate them all. The recent explosion of postmodernist critical theory from musicology, ethnomusicology, gay and lesbian studies, feminist, literary, and cultural criticism, and other disciplines previously thought to be only tangential to the study of music has exposed the hegemony of the dead, white, European, heterosexual, male musical canon; as a result, the canons of women, non-Western peoples, gays and lesbians (to name but a few) have finally been resurrected from their purgatory of otherness.
New Vocal Repertory 2
Authors: Manning Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first volume of New Vocal Repertory identified a genuine need, amongst singers and their teachers, for expert help in choosing contemporary repertoire from the often bewildering volume and variety of music available. It is now in regular use in teaching institutions, and many works featured have found a wider audience. This has prompted Jane Manning to produce a further personal selection of over 60 vocal works, recommended for general repertoire. As before, pieces are graded according to their demands on vocal techniques and musicianship. Each is given detailed treatment from both performing and teaching viewpoints, with music examples, programming suggestions, and practical information. The stylistic range is even wider---composers from Norway and New Zealand are featured, and a strong contingent of British and North American composers, including early pioneers as well as young talents. Works in foreign languages are now included, as are pieces for solo voice, and voice and tape. Jane Manning's persuasive advocacy is reinforced by over 30 year's international experience, and over 300 world premieres. This invaluable guide will be warmly welcomed by amateurs and professional alike.
Interlude III: The Linear Flow of Parts in Chorales, and Elsewhere
Authors: Pratt George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The powerful driving forces in a perfect cadence led to some comments about the horizontal movement of parts at the beginning of Chapter 2, and Chapter 5 included discussion about doubling major thirds. The opening of this interlude develops these further with some guide-lines for good part-writing: note that these are not ‘rules’—or if they are, composers including those we are studying in detail have all broken them frequently.
Things that go wrong with the thyroid gland
Authors: Vanderpump Mark P J , Tunbridge W Michael G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Certain conditions such as overactivity of the thyroid (hyperthyroidism), in which too much hormone is secreted, and underactivity (hypothyroidism), in which too little hormone is secreted, are specific to the thyroid and produce characteristic symptoms. Other disorders, such as infections, inflammation, and cancer, may occur in other organs as well as the thyroid, but the clinical picture is influenced by the fact that the disease process is taking part in the thyroid.
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Authors: Vanderpump Mark P J , Tunbridge W Michael G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (also known as chronic lymphocytic or autoimmune thyroiditis) is an important and common disease. It is named after the Japanese surgeon who first described it in 1912, but the condition was not properly understood until British doctors discovered thyroid auto-antibodies in 1956. This term is now commonly used to describe the presence of thyroid antibodies in the blood, with or without a goitre.
Cancer of the thyroid gland
Authors: Vanderpump Mark P J , Tunbridge W Michael G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The thyroid gland is an uncommon site for cancer to occur, accounting for only about 1 per cent of all cases of cancer. When compared with the incidence of malignant disease elsewhere in the body, thyroid cancer is responsible for less than 0.5 per cent of all deaths from cancer. Each year approximately 900 new cases and 250 deaths due to thyroid cancer are recorded in England and Wales. In the UK, the number of new cases reported is 1–2 per 100 000 people per year. Since 1980, the incidence of thyroid cancer in the USA has been increasing rapidly due in part to more sensitive diagnostic methods which find very small tumours with little or no tendency to progress. Although it may occur at any age, it is most common between the ages of 30 and 60 and, as with other thyroid disorders, it is more common in women than men. The long-term outcome for the majority of people treated effectively is usually favourable. Most thyroid cancers are very treatable and curable; however, there is the possibility of recurrence that can occur at any stage. Recurrences can also be treated successfully so lifelong follow-up is very important. Less than 10 per cent of people with a diagnosis of thyroid cancer die of their disease.
Postwar Poetry and the Purifications of Exile
Authors: Giles Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1973, Philip Larkin produced his edition of the Oxford Book of Twentieth- Century English Verse, seeking to identify a native literary tradition organized around a colloquial idiom whose precursors were Wordsworth, Thomas Hardy, and the Georgian poets. In order to emphasize this lineage, Larkin chose to omit altogether from his anthology the works of Ezra Pound and to minimize the contributions of T. S. Eliot, on the grounds that it was not within the editor ‘s remit to ‘include poems by American or Commonwealth writers, nor poems requiring a glossary for their full understanding ‘.
Global English and the Politics of Traversal
Authors: Giles Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although questions about the pertinence of universal values go back far into history, the last quarter of the twentieth century, and particularly the 1990s, saw the emergence of a quite distinctive discourse around the issue of globalization. This was impelled by various factors, the most conspicuous of which were revolutions in communications technology which made the transfer of ideas and commodities across national frontiers much easier, and which in turn left the economies of nation-states more exposed to rapid transfers of global capital by transnational corporations and others.
Charnel Knowledge Open Graves in Shakespeare and Donne
Authors: Schwyzer Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On an April morning in 1549, Londoners might have observed a long convoy of carts wending its way from the heart of the city to Finsbury Fields on the northern outskirts. Its load consisted entirely of human bones, in almost unimaginable quantities. It reportedly took more than a thousand cart-loads to empty the charnel house of St Paul‘s, the greatest ossuary in England. The last earthly remnants of countless men, women, and children who had lived and died in London over the last four centuries were dumped without ceremony on a marshy patch of ground. Covered over with the filth and refuse of the city, they provided solid foundations for three windmills.
De Diis Syris
Authors: Toomer G J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book, which was probably completed by late 1616, had been in active preparation for at least three years. In their edition of Selden’s letter to Ben Jonson on cross-dressing (dated 28 Feb. 1616) Rosenblatt and Schleiner point out numerous parallels with DS1617. However, the enormous note which Selden attached to his poem in praise of Purchas in the 1613 edition of the latter’s Pilgrimage is essentially a series of excerpts from his forthcoming book.
Natural classes and distinctive features in phonology
Authors: Mielke Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most large cities in North America have an Ethiopian restaurant called “Blue Nile’’. A plausible explanation for this fact is that Blue Nile is an Ethiopian restaurant chain with franchises located throughout North America. There would be some evidence to back up this explanation: the restaurants have similar menus, some have similar decor and background music, and there even appear to be other Ethiopian restaurant chains with names such as “Queen of Sheba” and “Abyssinia” and locations across North America.
Emergent feature theory
Authors: Mielke Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Previous chapters have shown that many different phonetic properties can be relevant for defining sound patterns. Innate feature theories typically choose a set of features that is too small to handle all of these sound patterns. By positing no innate features which favor certain phonetic properties over others, emergent feature theory effectively says that any feature is possible, i.e. any feature can emerge. As in innate feature theory, some phonetic properties are expected to be involved in more sound patterns, but they are favored according to the robustness of their phonetic correlates and their propensity for involvement in sound changes that give rise to patterns referring to them.
The emergence of linguistic structure
Authors: Mielke Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are no recorded cases of human rabies in the United States caused by gerbils, chipmunks, guinea pigs, squirrels, mice, rats, rabbits, or hares.1 A plausible explanation for this would be that these animals are unfit hosts for the virus, perhaps because their body temperature is too high. However, Louis Pasteur created the first rabies vaccine by manually infecting rabbits with the virus. If rabbits can carry rabies, then why is it never transmitted to humans by wild rabbits afflicted with the disease? The answer is that a small animal such as the aforementioned rodents and lagomorphs usually cannot survive an attack by a rabid animal. Larger rodents such as beavers and groundhogs (which are large enough to survive an attack) have been reported to carry rabies. So there is a diachronic story for a typological generalization about small animals: there is no naturally occurring event which results in a rabid chipmunk.
Balaklava
Authors: Duberly Frances Isabella , Kelly Christine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
October-November 1854
After two days on the battlefield at Alma, burying the dead and embarking the sick and wounded for hospitals in Scutari and Constantinople, the Allies continued their advance on Sebastopol. After a flank march around the city they encamped on the Uplands to the south. Raglan’s immediate priority was a safe harbour to land men and equipment for the short siege he now envisaged. He chose Balaclava (which had surrendered on 26 September after firing a few token shots), on the advice of Rear Admiral Lyons the naval second in command (see p. 277, note 1).
The Fall of Sebastopol
Authors: Duberly Frances Isabella , Kelly Christine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the failed attack of 18 June and the death of Raglan, Pelissier dominated the Allied forces. Not only was the French fighting strength greatly superior, allowing him the final word in every council of war, but Simpson, Raglan’s reluctant successor as British commander, was too timid to defy him. The Allies returned to the long-term French strategy: bombarding Sebastopol with mortars and guns to drive the Russians from the south of the city before launching a further attack on the Malakoff, the key to their defences. As before, they inflicted little damage on the fortifications but within the city casualties mounted and hundreds died daily, their sufferings increased by the shortage of medicine and food after the break in the supply lines.
Italy: Creeping Towards Convergence
Authors: Quaglia Lucia , Furlong Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Italy entered the Euro Area at the eleventh hour, after an eventful journey. This chapter examines Italy’s first decade in the Euro Area. It focuses on two main themes: the increasing Euro scepticism amongst national elites, especially political elites, and amongst public opinion; and the Europeanization of core public policies and institutions, as a direct or indirect consequence of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and Euro Area membership. Europeanization is identified mainly as a ‘top-down’ process; it concerns the impact of the European Union on its member states (Boerzel and Risse 2003; Radaelli 2003a) or, to be precise, the effects of EU ‘output’ on their politics, policies, and institutions. We are interested in the domestic effects of EMU in Italy in the past decade and in three key comparative questions.
Wages and Collective Bargaining
Authors: Parsons Nick , Pochet Philippe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the introduction of the euro on 1 January 1999, monetary policy is no longer the preserve of national governments or central banks but of the European Central Bank (ECB). Although fiscal policy remains under the aegis of national governments, European budgetary constraints are present in the form of the Stability and Growth Pact (SGP). Essentially, Euro Area governments can no longer increase the money supply through interest rates or public spending in the hope of soaking up unemployment. In addition, a single European currency deprives national governments of the recourse to currency devaluation as a tool for improving economic competitiveness. Furthermore, a single currency enhances the transparency and comparability of wage levels across the Euro Area states. An additional problem is that the product and financial market integration at the heart of EMU is not mirrored by any federalist fiscal approach. Euro Area states cannot rely on the transfer of funds from one part (state) of the monetary union to another in order to secure adjustment to asymmetric shocks (which affect some states or regions but not the Euro Area as a whole). Given linguistic and cultural obstacles, labor migration is also unlikely to play an adjustment role in a near and medium term, as it can in optimum currency areas (Mundell 1961). Therefore, competitive wage levels and unit costs compared to other states become all the more important for national economic growth and employment.
Making Women’s Medicine Masculine
Authors: Green Monica H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Making Women’s Medicine Masculine challenges the common belief that prior to the eighteenth century men were never involved in any aspect of women’s healthcare in Europe. Using sources ranging from the writings of the famous twelfth-century female practitioner, Trota of Salerno, all the way to the great tomes of Renaissance male physicians, and covering both medicine and surgery, this study demonstrates that men slowly established more and more authority in diagnosing and prescribing treatments for women’s gynaecological conditions (especially infertility) and even certain obstetrical conditions. Even if their ‘hands-on’ knowledge of women’s bodies was limited by contemporary mores, men were able to establish their increasing authority in this and all branches of medicine due to their greater access to literacy and the knowledge contained in books, whether in Latin or the vernacular. As Monica Green shows, while works written in French, Dutch, English, and Italian were sometimes addressed to women, nevertheless even these were often re-appropriated by men, both by practitioners who treated women and by laymen interested to learn about the ‘secrets’ of generation. While early in the period women were considered to have authoritative knowledge on women’s conditions (hence the widespread influence of the alleged authoress ‘Trotula’), by the end of the period to be a woman was no longer an automatic qualification for either understanding or treating the conditions that most commonly afflicted the female sex—with implications of women’s exclusion from production of knowledge on their own bodies extending to the present day.
Prudent Semantics Meets Wanton Speech Act Pluralism
Authors: Camp Elisabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A cautious semanticist will be as minimalist as she can. A minimal theory is lean, clean, and easy to comprehend and implement. Each new parameter we introduce into the theory diminishes these virtues, complicating the lexicon and increasing the theory’s computational burden. By these measures of virtue, Cappelen and Lepore’s semantic theory verges on the saintly. They maintain that only a highly restricted class of expressions, like ‘‘I’’, ‘‘today’’, ‘‘this’’, ‘‘actual’’, and ‘‘local’’, are context-sensitive; they claim that all other expressions, including ‘‘every’’, ‘‘tall’’, and ‘‘good’’, which are widely believed to be context-sensitive, make the same contribution to every sentence in which they occur.
Minimalism and Modularity
Authors: Robbins Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Semantic minimalism is an austere and sober doctrine. At its core are two claims. First, semantic interpretation is licensed and driven by syntax at every step. There are no unarticulated constituents of propositional content. Second, features of the context of utterance guide the interpretation of only a small class of expressions, namely, those with overtly indexical features. Pragmatic processes, which draw on this contextual information, play only a modest part in semantic interpretation. Advocates of the headier doctrine of contextualism deny both of these claims (Recanati 2004).
Childhood and education
Authors: Hewison Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
art and social critic, was born on 8 February 1819 at 54 Hunter Street, Brunswick Square, London, the only child of John James Ruskin (1785–1864), a sherry importer, and Margaret Cox, formerly Cock (1781–1871), the daughter of a Croydon publican. His parents were first cousins: the intensity of the triangular relationship between father, mother, and son was to have both a creative and a destructive influence on the course of Ruskin’s life. Contradiction governed a career driven by a search for synthesis.
Public education and personal tragedy
Authors: Hewison Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ruskin’s inheritance was £157,000, pictures worth at least £10,000, and property in the form of houses and land. He immediately began to disperse this fortune in charitable and philanthropic schemes—notably placing Octavia Hill in charge of some of his houses—but made the unfortunate choice of the fraudulent artistic entrepreneur Charles Augustus Howell as secretary and almoner, although he had seen through him by 1869. He remained tied to his mother (aged eighty-three in 1864), living at Denmark Hill, but the burden was eased by the arrival of his young second cousin once removed Joan (Joanna) Agnew, who became his mother ’s companion.
Combinations and Variation
Authors: Duanmu San 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A puzzling fact about SC is that the majority of expected syllables are missing, a fact that has rarely caught the attention of Chinese scholars. For example, H. Wang (1999: 283) says that Chinese does not have many gaps in its syllable inventory. To appreciate the enormity of the number of syllables that are missing, consider two ways of counting them. First, let us assume that there is no restriction on consonant–vowel combinations. Ignoring syllabic consonants, a full SC syllable can be made of up to four sounds CGVX, where C is a consonant, G a glide, V a vowel, and X a glide or a consonant. Given nineteen Cs, three Gs, and ve Vs in SC (excluding the retroïex V [ϑ], see Chapter 2), there are twenty choices for C (nineteen consonants or no C), four choices for G (three glides or no G), ve choices for V (not counting the retroïex vowel [ϑ]), and twenty-three choices for X (three glides, nineteen consonants, or no X). This gives 20 × 4 × 5 × 23 = 9,200 syllables, which is roughly the number of monosyllables that occur in English. However, in SC only about 400 are used, hardly 5 per cent.
Substrate Reinforcement
Authors: Siegel Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As mentioned in earlier chapters, Melanesian Pidgin (MP) is spoken in three countries of the southwest Pacific, each with its own dialect: Papua New Guinea Tok Pisin, Vanuatu Bislama, and Solomon Islands Pijin. These dialects are differentiated by a number of lexical, phonological, and morphosyntactic features. Clark (1979) and Mühlhäusler (1979, 1985a ) say that MP stabilized in the 1870s and 1880s on the plantations of Queensland and Samoa, while Keesing (1988) proposes an earlier date. However, here I argue that at least some of the salient grammatical features of MP did not stabilize until much later, based on the fact that several variants for these features were still in use until the early twentieth century. It was at this time that more complete stabilization began, and this took place on the internal plantations of the New Guinea islands, the Solomon Islands, and the New Hebrides (now Vanuatu).