bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Square Roots and Seventeengons
Authors: Kirwan Frances 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This masterclass concerns a very old problem in mathematics which goes back to the ancient Greeks and was not solved until the nineteenth century; indeed, as we shall see, even today some questions remain unanswered. The solution involves some beautiful algebra which is often covered in second or third year university courses, but the problem itself is geometric and easy to explain. Since the earliest days of mathematics people have constructed geometric shapes using the most basic tools of geometry: a straight-edge for drawing straight lines and a pair of compasses for drawing circles (or, in their more primitive forms, any straight object and a drawing implement attached to a piece of string). The ancient Greeks (who were very sophisticated mathematicians) were particularly skilled at this; they were able to construct all sorts of different shapes using only these implements. They also invented much more complicated mechanisms to enable them to perform a wider range of constructions, but they preferred if possible to use a straight-edge and compasses alone.
Dynamics of Dinosaurs
Authors: Sewell Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We begin with some brief biological information, to make this account selfcontained and to serve as a background for the subsequent mathematics. Dinosaurs were a particular subclass of reptiles. Many were essentially land animals, and included the largest such which have ever lived. The following are examples. Diplodocus could be 27 metres long, which is 1½ times longer than a cricket pitch, and with a head about the size of a rhinocero’s head. It is shown in Fig. 1, fielding for the Reading University Academic Staff Cricket Club at mid-on (approximately), a position sometimes selected by the captain for Senior Lecturers whose fleetness of foot has become suspect. Its skeleton dominates the entrance hall of The Natural History Museum in London.
Water Waves
Authors: Wood Winifred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine you are standing by a pond on a still day. There is not a breath of wind and the water surface is absolutely flat. You pick up a large stone and heave it into the water. You know what will happen -the stone makes a splash at the place where it enters the water and then small waves travel out from that place in concentric circles as in Fig. 1.
Malingering and illness deception
Authors: Halligan Peter W , Bass Christopher , Oakley David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite a rich and turbulent history spanning several centuries, malingering continues to be a controversial and neglected clinical condition that has significant implications for medical, social, legal and insurance interests. Estimates of malingering - the wilful, intentional attempt to simulate or exaggerate illness in the pursuit of a consciously desired end - vary greatly, despite the fact that malingering is believed to contribute substantially to fraudulent health care and social welfare costs. There is little consensus about what would constitute a coherent assessment of malingering, and base rates have been difficult to establish. Malingering remains a difficult attribution to make not least since it falls outside the remit of the formal psychiatric classifications. Labelling a person as a malingerer however, has significant medico-legal, personal and economic ramifications for both subject and accuser. Viewed in this way, malingering is not so much illness behaviour in search of a disease, as the manifestation of a conflict between personal and social values. The aim of this book is to effect an integration of the different medical, forensic, neuropsychological, legal and social perspectives. The book provides an overview of progress in disparate fields relevant to the subject, including how recent social and neuroscience findings regarding volition, intentional states and theory of mind may have implications for informing detection, management and ultimately its explanation.
The nature of chronic pain: a clinical and legal challenge
Authors: Main Chris J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In cases of personal injury, in which litigation is involved, claimants need to prove they have been injured. In cases of chronic pain, this can be particularly problematic since pain is a subjective sen sation. Pain may be claimed in terms of self-report or may be inferred on the basis of observation of pain behaviour, but its legitimacy may be challenged. Given the difficulties of pursuing litigation it seems probable that total fabrication is rare, but the issue of exaggeration is frequently raised, particularly if there is considered to be a mismatch between the nature of the injury and the presenting symptoms or if the pain-associated disability is considered to be ‘excessive’. Unfortunately scientific studies have demonstrated a relatively weak relationship among these parameters, even in non-litigants and a degree of inconsistency in symptom presentation is not uncommon, particularly in distressed patients.
Familial cerebral arteriovenous malformations
Authors: Labauge Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hereditary cerebral arteriovenous malformations mainly include hereditary haemorrhagic telangectasia (HHT) and familial cavernomas. Both of them belong to the group of capillary malformations. Familial cerebral arteriovenous or venous malformations have not been yet reported.
Decision analysis of strategies to deal with non-compliance with TB treatment
Authors: Costa João G Q 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Non-compliance in tuberculosis (TB) treatment is a major cause of concern because it increases the chance of drug resistance and of spreading the disease to others. Non-compliance requires resources that would not be used if the patient had followed the treatment. A patient who abandons the treatment and eventually comes back to start a new treatment has to be enrolled in a longer and more expensive drug scheme. In this way, the resources consumed in the first treatment are wasted and new resources have to be spent on the same patient. One of the reasons why the World Health Organization (WHO) supports DOT (directly observed treatment) is the increase in compliance achieved by this strategy, but DOT has been questioned as not feasible in many contexts.
Economics of animal health: implications for public health
Authors: Riviere-Cinnamond Ana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The past decade has witnessed an increase in emerging and re-emerging disease incidence. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), avian influenza (AI) and others have made the headlines of many newspapers. The population is therefore increasingly aware of the links and risks existing between animals and humans.
Trade and infectious disease outbreaks: ensuring public health without compromising free trade
Authors: Narasimhan Vasant 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In today’s increasingly interconnected global economy, nations exchange goods and information with terrific speed while people travel with greater frequency and over longer distances. Nations depend now more than ever on international trade and tourism to be key components of their economies. In 2000, the World Trade Organization (WTO) estimated US$5.47 trillion in international merchandise trade and that 1.5 billion air travellers people travelled to other nations (World Trade Organization 2001). In addition to expanding trade and travel, however, the global economy has increased the potential speed and scale of infectious disease movement by destroying geographic containment. The potential now exists for a variety of infectious agents to spread via goods or people to new regions, with serious human health consequences.
Silent Fields
Authors: Lovegrove Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since time immemorial mankind has taken it upon himself to wage war against nature -- against those species of birds and mammals which he believes conflict with his livelihood. This remarkable book is about that war of attrition against the native mammals and birds of England and Wales from the middle ages to the present day. There is widespread knowledge about the huge declines in popular species such as song birds, farmland birds, otters, and pine martens, however, there is less understanding about the deep-rooted causes of these losses, or about the complex relationship between mankind and these species. Roger Lovegrove has undertaken years of unique research: by searching through parish records of ‘vermin’ trapped, hunted, and killed over the generations, he has revealed an unprecedentedly accurate and detailed picture of the history of a nation’s wildlife, and of the often devastating impact and extinction that we have forced on our ecology. Consisting of species-by-species accounts, accompanied by beautiful, specially-commissioned illustrations, this book outlines the history - and often the future too - of a wealth of wildlife species, from badgers, bears and beavers, to wolves, kingfishers, the golden eagle and the humble house sparrow. The geographical scope is British, but the subject will be of interest to conservationists around the world because of the unique historical material that will be included. The topic has enormous relevance today, as public concern about the environment rises, and controversies rage about hunting, wildlife management and reintroduction of ancient species.
Introduction
Authors: Lovegrove Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book charts the history of Man’s deliberate killing of terrestrial wildlife in Britain—specifically native birds and mammals—from about 450 years ago, up to the present. It is the story of his attempts to control, and at times to eliminate completely, species that he has deemed to be undesirable or unnecessary. The story that links past campaigns of vermin control to the modern practice of wildlife management (which is, in fact, control by any other name), is traceable from the very earliest organized records in the sixteenth century, through to present times. Thus we can follow the vicissitudes and effects of Man’s relationship with some of the most familiar species of wildlife with which he has shared this island since those times. There would only ever be one winner. Wildlife has suffered to an extreme extent, never more so than since the middle of the nineteenth century, when an onslaught on predatory species began with little or no regard for long-term consequences.
The social background to persecution
Authors: Lovegrove Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The implementation of the Tudor Acts in the mid sixteenth century not only introduced financial incentives for killing vermin, but also gave official sanction, moral emphasis, and structure to the less intensive and more haphazard war against many wild creatures that had in any case been prosecuted ad hoc over the earlier centuries since Man first settled the land. As this account will show, these Acts vastly increased the numbers of animals, birds, and even in some cases reptiles and amphibians, that were officially targeted in the name of agrarian protection. In some cases species were pursued, irrespective of the Acts, for reasons far removed from the stated agricultural considerations. Justification— should any have been needed—was readily found for example, in conflict with Man’s interests (Fox, Red Kite, Rook), fear (Adder), revulsion (Toad), or even prejudice and superstition.
Birds—individual species accounts
Authors: Lovegrove Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter details the levels of persecution that individual species of birds listed in the Tudor Vermin Acts have endured over the centuries, up to recent times, and identifies the effect that this persecution has had on their status. In some cases, Man’s determination has successfully eradicated species (Sea Eagle, Goshawk) or has reduced them to the merest fragments of their former numbers and distribution (Red Kite, Chough). In other cases, intensive killing over great expanses of time has had virtually no effect (House Sparrow, Jay). One factor that stands out from examination of the historical record, as represented by the churchwardens’ accounts, is the difference between the number of birds on the Tudor lists (20-1) and the amount of control that was exercised against them, compared with that meted out to the smaller number of listed mammals (II). With the exception of a few geographical areas, the heavy emphasis was always on the mammals, as can be seen clearly in Appendix I.
Modern Control—Legal and Illegal
Authors: Lovegrove Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until now I have dealt mainly with the persecution and control of animals that have for many centuries been classified simply as ‘vermin’. However, attitudes towards such species have changed with time and circumstance. This change has been increasingly reflected in a plethora of protective wildlife legislation enacted in the second half of the twentieth century. Much of it has been stimulated by the growing public concern about wildlife and the awareness of the disastrous impacts, both direct and indirect, that humans have had on many species.
A Modern Introduction to Quantum Field Theory
Authors: Maggiore Michele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The importance and the beauty of modern quantum field theory resides in the power and variety of its methods and ideas, which find application in domains as different as particle physics, cosmology, condensed matter, statistical mechanics and critical phenomena. This book introduces the reader to the modern developments, assuming no previous knowledge of quantum field theory. Along with standard topics like Feynman diagrams, the book discusses effective lagrangians, renormalization group equations, the path integral formulation, spontaneous symmetry breaking and non-abelian gauge theories. The inclusion of more advanced topics will also make this a most useful book for graduate students and researchers.
Introduction
Authors: Crespigny Lachlan De , Chervenak Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is amazing what little information is available about prenatal diagnosis in general pregnancy books designed for women. Prenatal diagnosis is either not included at all, or the information is very limited. Yet in most Western countries pregnant women have taken up prenatal testing with enthusiasm. Almost all women choose to have some prenatal testing, some women limit what they want to know about, and others want all the information they can possibly have on potential abnormalities.
Prenatal testing: 23 weeks until delivery
Authors: Crespigny Lachlan De , Chervenak Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prenatal testing for abnormalities is carried out much less often from 23 weeks of pregnancy until delivery. At this stage, testing is aimed at identifying problems with your baby’s growth or following up a problem that was identified earlier on. The two main forms of prenatal testing that are done late in pregnancy are checking your baby’s heart rate, and an ultrasound examination. Occasionally amniocentesis and magnetic resonance imaging are performed.
Decisions after prenatal testing
Authors: Crespigny Lachlan De , Chervenak Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If an abnormality is detected, you have several options for your pregnancy. Before you make any decisions, you will need the best information possible, including professional advice. Your most important choice will be whether to continue with or end your pregnancy. If you decide to continue your pregnancy you will face other options. You may also be concerned about becoming pregnant again. When a problem with an unborn baby is detected, it is usually unexpected. About 3 per cent of all pregnancies will be affected by some fetal abnormality.
Some key ideas
Authors: Atkinson A C , Doney A N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Figure 2.1 is one schematic representation of an experiment. A single trial consists of measuring the values of the t response, or output, variables y 1, …, Y t. These values are believed to depend upon the value of the m factors or explanatory variables u1 … um. However, the relationship is obscured by the presence of unobservable random errors ε 1, ... , ε 1,.
Criteria for a good experiment
Authors: Atkinson A C , Doney A N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The results of Chapter 5 illustrate that the variances of the estimated parameters in a linear model depend upon the experimental design, as does the variance of the predicted response. An ideal design would provide small values of both variances. However, as the results of Table 5.3 show, a design which is good for one property may be less good for another. Usually one or a few important properties are chosen and designs found which are optimum for these properties. In this chapter we first list some desirable properties of an experimental design. We then illustrate the dependence of the ellipsoidal confidence regions and of the variance of the predicted response on the design. Finally, the criteria of D-, G-, and V optimality are described, and examples of optimum designs are given for simple regression and quadratic regression.
Composite design criteria
Authors: Atkinson A C , Doney A N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An experimenter rarely has one purpose or model in mind when designing an experiment. For example, the results of a second-order response surface design will typically be used to test the terms in the model for significance, as well, perhaps, as being used to test for lack of fit. The significant terms will then be included in a model, the estimated response from which may be used for prediction at one or several points not necessarily within fll. As we have shown in previous chapters of this book, there are specific design criteria which are addressed to each of these tasks. However, a design which is optimum for one task may be exceptionally inefficient for another. One example is given in Table 11.2, where a comparison is made of several designs in terms of D-efficiency for the first-order model through the origin found appropriate for modelling the desorption of carbon monoxide.
Social and biological aspects of ethnicity
Authors: Chapman Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Today, most social anthropologists would feel qualified to contribute, if asked, to a discussion of ‘ethnicity’. Every social anthropologist has an interest in group-definition, in self-definition, in the definition of others, and so on—in all the phenomena which might, loosely considered, come under the heading of ‘ethnicity’. Virtually every anthropologist can provide ethnographic illustrations of these problems. This is no doubt partly because the topic has been fashionable over the last decade or so. It is also, however, because the phenomena in question are ubiquitous. Societies and cultures, however defined, are interested in boundaries. This means that all the work of all social anthropologists is potentially relevant to a paper concerning ‘ethnicity’. The field is almost limitless, and no definitive treatment is practically possible. Any selection of themes must, therefore, be arbitrary to some extent.
Some Tools for the Multivariate Analysis of Functional Data
Authors: Ramsay JO 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One is often presented with data which are either known or appear to arise from some underlying smooth process. Repeated measurements data, for example, are usually described as arising from observing each experimental unit repeatedly at a sequence of times, and it can often be supposed that the passage of time produces a relatively smooth variation in the outcome measure, which of course may also be subject to other random influences as well.
History and population change
Authors: Pennington Renee , Harpending Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historical changes in Herero mortality and fertility documented in previous chapters show that the health of this population has improved remarkably in the last century. In this chapter, we use these findings to address important issues in Herero history. We also discuss how improvements in survivorship and reproductive performance correspond to changes in population growth rates, social structure, and individual reproductive success.
Asymptotics
Authors: Lindsey J K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If exact analytic results for the likelihood function of some model are difficult to obtain or are complex to calculate, it is often useful to have available approximations. Indeed, this was precisely what we did for the likelihood function of continuous distributions in Section 3.2.1, for the approximate likelihood based on the standard error in Section 3.5.2, for model selection in Section 3.6.1, and for profile likelihoods in Section 3.6.3. Numerical approximations are very important in statistics. Some of the common techniques, with which the reader should be familiar, are outlined in Appendix D. In this chapter, we shall be concerned with deriving some of the more commonly used analytic approximations. Often n independent observations are made, in a random sample, assuming the same parametric statistical model. In such situations, it may be interesting to study what would happen if we could imagine observing a much larger sample or perhaps the whole theoretically infinite population. Many statisticians go further and claim that maximum likelihood estimation is premised on the viewpoint according to which the data collection process can accrue information in a way that can lead, in the limit, to all parameters in a given model becoming known. As we saw in Chapter 1, this, in fact, makes little sense from a modelling perspective, except perhaps when production and measurement error models are involved. However, it is the major assumption underlying the original derivation of many of the classical results to be exposed in this chapter.
Jellyfish, Polyps and Worms?
Authors: Southwood T R E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The continents of the earth move. The crust (lithosphere) consists today of seven large tectonic plates and a number of smaller ones. Several of them have continents attached to their ‘backs’, and shuffle across the globe, moved by the deeper convection currents of the liquid rock in the middle layer, the mantle. When the plates move away from each other in the deep ocean, liquid rock (magma) flows upwards and solidifies to form ridges. In some other places the plates may scrape past each other, causing fault lines (such as the San Andreas Fault). When they collide directly, one passes below the other, a process known as subduction. If this happens where the plates are ‘carrying’ continents then these buckle and rise to form mountains (for example, the Himalayas). Most volcanic activity occurs around the edges of the plates, but some submarine mountains and volcanic islands arise towards the middle of plates. These are due to hot spots, which are generated in particular stationary sites in the mantle. As the plates move across a hot spot a chain of volcanoes are successively ‘punched ‘ through it; only one end of the chain is active — where the plate is currently over the hot spot. The Hawaiian Islands and the older line of submarine mountains, known as the Emperor Seamounts (see map p. 176), that stretch up to the Kamchatka Peninsula, are a spectacular example of the effects of a hot spot and show how the Pacific plate has moved over the past 75 million years.