bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Silviculture In Central And Southeastern Oak-Pine Forests
Authors: Dickson James G , Thompson Frank R , Conner Richard N , Franzreb Kathleen E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective of this chapter is to document the Neotropical migratory bird NTMB communities of eastern pine-oak and oak hickory forests and provide information on how silviculture practices affect those bird communities. The area covered is the southeastern pine-oak forests from Virginia to eastern Oklahoma and eastern Texas and the oak-dominated forests northerly, particularly the midwestern United States. Eastern pine-oak and oak-hickory forest are characterized by conifers and hardwoods, particularly pines and oaks in the south, oaks and hickories northerly from the east to midwest, and bottomland hardwoods along rivers and streams. Climate is generally mild and annual precipitation averages about 100-150 cm. The moderate climate and diverse vegetative systems support abundant and diverse wildlife communities. The current Neotropical migrants found in this region represent a group of robust species that were able to survive the drastic land use practices of the 1800s and early 1900s. Species associated with old-growth forests have declined. Exotics, and species associated with man-altered habitats and younger forests have generally increased over the long term (Smith and Petit 1988). Silviculture, or the culture of trees, is the manipulation of forest stand establishment, composition, and growth. Even-aged stands are regenerated by clear cuts, seed tree, or shelter wood cuts, uneven-aged stands usually are re generated by individual tree or group selection.
They Seek a City
Authors: Schweninger John Hope , Franklin Loren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Jane was yesterday afternoon about six o’clock arrested by Jones, a constable of this city, “ Charles Colcock Jones Jr. began a letter to his father from Savannah, on the first day of October 1856, “and is now in confinement in Wright the broker’s yard. “ Owned by cotton planter Charles C. Jones Sr. of Liberty County, Georgia, Jane had been in the city more than a month before she had been discovered. She had passed herself off as a slave from the upcountry who was permitted to hire her own time, and she had found employment at $6.50 a week doing housework.
Profile of a Runaway
Authors: Schweninger John Hope , Franklin Loren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 25 october 1816, william w. bell, a North Carolina farmer, placed a notice in the North Carolina Minerva and Raleigh Advertiser about his runaway slave. Explaining that he had purchased Frank from John Patterson of Matthews County, Virginia, Bell wrote: Runaway, from the Subscriber, on Friday Evening last, Near Enfield Court House, a Negro man, named Frank, pretty stout, one strait scar on his cheek passing from the under part of the ear towards the corner of the mouth, of a common dark color, something of a flat nose, a short, round chin, and a down look, about 26 or 27 years of age. Had on, brown yarn homespun Pantaloons, striped homespun waistcoat, and a white yarn roundabout. Twenty-five dollars reward will be given for lodging said runaway in any gaol in this state or Twenty dollars if in any gaol out of the state.
Wilderness and the Cult of Manliness: Hooker) Lincoln) and Defeat
Authors: Neely Mark E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Joseph Hooker And Ulysses S. Grant would have looked remarkably alike to a • president reviewing their records early in 1863. They had their flaws, but both were judged to be among the best generals in the Union army. Both gained their promotions on merit. Both were reasonably successful and consistently hard-fighting professional soldiers with about as much experience of warfare as an American could get. By early 1863 each had engaged in the heaviest fighting of the war, Grant at Shiloh and Hooker at Antietam.
Race and Health: A Multidimensional Approach to African-American Health
Authors: King Gary , Williams David R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the turn of the century, W. E. B. Du Bois (1903), the distinguished American sociologist, declared that the problem of the twentieth century is the color line. The issues of race and racism have plagued this country since its very beginning, and remain a disturbing and volatile component of the American dilemma. The roots of the problem, as historians (Franklin, 1980; Stampp, 1956; Davis, 1966; Bennett, 1966; Jordan, 1968), sociologists (Silberman, 1964; van den Berghe, 1967; Blauner, 1972; Wilson, 1980) and other observers (de Tocqueville, 1835; Myrdal, 1944) have determined, lie in the nature of the relationships established by Europeans in their contacts with and conquests of, physically distinct and culturally disparate peoples throughout the world.
Explanations for Social Inequalities in Health
Authors: Marmot Michael , Bobak Martin , Smith George Davey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Britain’s secretary of state for health recently published her strategy for improving health in England, The Health of the Nation (Secretary of State for Health, 1992). Among the sillier responses to this publication was one along the line of, “Health is improving anyway—why do we need to take action to improve it further?” It is true that there have been dramatic across—the-board improvements in life expectancy in industrialized countries. However, two phenomena stand in stark contrast to this general trend: marked divergence in life expectancy among industrialized countries, and persistent, even widening, social inequalities in health within countries. These realities made only fleeting appearances in the British government’s health strategy. Gender, ethnic, and regional variations in mortality also persist.
The Cultural Frame: Context and Meaning in the Construction of Health
Authors: Corin Ellen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Western countries, and more specifically in North America, ethnic diversity is a growing topic of concern for health planners and service providers. There is evidence that the prevalence of health problems varies among ethnic communities, but to what extent this variation is influenced by cultural features, by social status, and by differential access to economic and social resources remains unknown. Rates of utilization of health services have also been shown to vary by cultural group. Culture, therefore, has increasingly come to the fore as a potential determinant of health. What we now need is a more precise definition of “culture,” as well as approaches and methods to elucidate the mechanisms through which culture could influence health and health behaviors.
Autonomy and Intervention
Authors: Kultgen John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The basic relationship between people should be care, and the caring life is the highest which humans can live. Unfortunately, care that is not thoughtful slides into illegitimate intrusion on autonomy. Autonomy is a basic good, and we should not abridge it without good reason. On the other hand, it is not the only good. We must sometimes intervene in the lives of others to protect them from grave harms or provide them with important benefits. The reflective person, therefore, needs guidelines for caring. Some contemporary moralists condemn paternalism categorically. This work examines weaknesses in their arguments and proposes new guidelines for paternalism, which it calls “parentalism” to avoid the patriarchal connotations of the old term. Its antiparentalism is more moderate than standard antipaternalism based on an exaggerated respect for autonomy. The work explores implications for both the personal sphere of interactions between individuals, such as friends and family members, and the public sphere of institutions, legislation, and the professional practices.
Parentalism Defined
Authors: Kultgen John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The impulse to rush to a neighbor’s aid engages some of the best and worst elements of human nature; hence, the urge to help must be both encouraged and disciplined. A caring society promotes parentalism where it is needed and blocks it where it is repugnant. To do this it must sort out the forms and develop guidelines for its members. This is what we will now try to do.
The Anatomy of Intervention
Authors: Kultgen John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any reasonable ban on parentalism based on respect for autonomy must be replete with exceptions because the forms of autonomy vary in degree and importance and some deserve much more respect than others. We will next examine the nature of autonomy, its value, the points at which it can be affected by intervention of others, and how all of this relates to justification of parentalism.
The Appositive Group
Authors: Devine A M , Stephens Laurence D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before embarking on an analysis of the appositive group, which is the prosodic domain ranked one step above the word, it will be appropriate to consider the theoretical status of the prosodic domain in general and the sort of evidence that can be adduced from speech and from verse in support of particular domains. The rules of connected speech surveyed in Chapter 6-gliding, elision, contraction, resyllabification, refoot ing, and remapping-apply within domains which, in the present state of knowledge, can usually be stated most easily morphologically or syntac tically. However, even in terms of a purely formal and logical analysis, this approach is open to the criticism that it omits an explanatory link. The concept of the domain, in common with all phonological constructs not concerned with ordinal and quantitative relations, arises from the related fundamental organizational principles of classification and abstrac tion. A domain is a set of syntactic structures within which apply a set of phonological rules; by virtue of the existence of the domain, the syntac tic structures and the phonological rules become cooccurrence classes. Unless the classification is accidental, the members of each class can be assumed to share some internal property. In concrete terms, if in a language syntactic phrases are characterized by a conjunction of phrase accent, final lengthening, resyllabification and elision, either this partic ular combination of phonological properties is quite accidental or it represents the various manifestations of a single shared property, and that shared property must obviously be phonological and not syntactic, since the class of items sharing it is phonological. This interpretation, based on formal analysis, is supported by substantive considerations. In general, the rules of phrase prosody serve to improve the fluency of speech within prosodically demarcated domains.
Consuming Angels
Authors: Loeb Lori Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Timid and retiring, the Victorian housewife was an "angel in the house," or so says the stereotype. But when this angel picked up a popular magazine--The Lady, for instance--she saw in its advertisements images of Greek goddesses, women warriors, queens, actresses, adventurers. These arrestingly sexual and surprisingly powerful images are the subject of Consuming Angels, a major examination of how Victorian ads shaped social values. Stylishly written and featuring 73 reproductions, this book shows how ads used the hedonistic aspects of Victorian culture to sell their wares, glorified consumerism, and mythologized the middle-class life. Images of aggressive women, Loeb shows, played well to both men and women. And ultimately, these ads helped usher in the twentieth century with the creation of a new community: the community of consumers.
To the future
Authors: Dugatkin Lee Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a very funny Monty Python sketch in which John Cleese portrays a famous British writer. When reminiscing, he notes that his old mentor was fond of giving the following advice to would-be writers: “The words are all out there, now we just need to get them in the right order.” In some way, I think that advice applies to the study of cooperative behavior. While not ubiquitous, cooperation is certainly widespread in the animal kingdom and sooner or later we will “get the words in the right order” and come up with a solid fundamental understanding of the evolution of cooperation. But we have a long way to go. Despite interest that can be traced back to at least the time of Darwin and although hundreds of models have been constructed and empirical work has begun testing some of these models, we have only just begun a journey that may bring us, at the end, to a complete picture of how cooperation evolves.
Evaluating Standards
Authors: Philips Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 4, I argued for ESA in relation to core moral standards. In this chapter I will further develop that account in relation to domain specific standards. I will also discuss the problem of evaluating goods and evils. Before beginning, it is worth repeating that the fact that a standard is justified for a society does not entail that every member of that society is obligated to act on that standard. The relation between justifying moral standards and evaluating individual conduct or character is more complicated than is ordinarily supposed. I will discuss that relationship in some detail in chapter 7.
American Original
Authors: Robinson Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hailed by The New York Times as "America's Aristophanes," Will Rogers was one of this century's most astute and beloved humorists. If as he often remarked, he never met a man he didn't like, it is also true that Rogers never met a man he didn't like to make fun of. Everyone from congressmen and Presidents to Hollywood movie moguls and wealthy industrialists bore the brunt of his gently lacerating wit--and seemed, mostly, to be charmed in the process. So popular did Rogers become--through dozens of films, a daily column that ran for nine years in newspapers across the country, and countless lectures and stage performances--that he was often urged to run for Congress and even the Presidency. Upon receiving a mock appointment as Congressman-at-Large for the whole United States, Rogers protested, "I regret the disgrace that's been thrust upon me here tonight. I've tried to live my whole life so that I would never become a congressman." In American Original, Ray Robinson chronicles the trajectory of Will Rogers' remarkable life. Written with engaging immediacy and filled with a wealth of delightful anecdotes, this lively portrait follows Rogers from his childhood in the Indian Territory of what is now Oklahoma, to his first spellbinding lariat performances in the Wild West shows (where he would often lasso prominent audience members and drag them on stage), to his stardom in vaudeville and the Ziegfeld Follies, to his early silent movies and the later "talkies," and finally to his astonishing influence as a "cowboy philosopher" columnist read by over 40 million Americans. Far more than other biographers, Robinson excels at conveying Rogers' impact as a political commentator ("I belong to no organized political party. I am a Democrat.") and his great success as an actor in Hollywood, where he was the leading star of Fox Films. And along the way, Robinson paints a vibrant portrait of one of America's most colorful eras. We follow the early evolution of modern entertainment, enjoy vivid snapshots of W.C. Fields, Charlie Chaplin, Florenz Ziegfeld, Eddie Cantor, Samuel Goldwyn, Shirley Temple, and John Ford, and, perhaps most important, witness the major political events of the era through Will Rogers' uniquely perceptive eyes. American Original succeeds most appealingly in bringing Will Rogers before us with all the spontaneity, intimacy, and honesty of a live performance. In it we are given front row seats to the life of a character unabashedly American and unforgettably original.
The Meanings of Mutualism
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ethically, there is nothing in the phenomena of symbiosis to justify the sentimentalism they have excited in certain writers. Practically, in some instances, symbiosis seems to result in mutual advantage. In all cases it results advantageously to one of the parties, and we can never be sure that the other would not have been nearly as well off, if left to itself. During the late nineteenth century struggle and competition were elaborated equally in the “natural” and the human social realms. The use of natural law as the basis for a given view of society became commonplace in social, political, and economic theory.s Studies of symbiosis, insofar as they implied something other than conflict, became identified with mutualism. There was no coherent theory for the origin and nature of mutualistic associations. Some emphasized cooperation within species; others emphasized cooperation between them. Collectively, they were considered to oppose the main focus of Darwinian evolutionists on illustrating conflict and competition. The result was a transformation in the meaning of the term symbiosis.
Symbiogenesis in Russia
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The suggestion that symbiosis was a primordial characteristic of plants and animals faced serious opposition since it was first proposed in the late nineteenth century. That stable symbiotic associations between phylogentically distinct organisms was a phenomenon of general occurrence flew in the face of the overwhelming belief in individual life struggle and the parasitic nature of microorganisms. The proposal that cells were symbiotic complexes relied on evidence for the relative autonomy of intracellular constituents. And this, in tum, had to be weighed against the arguments that the nucleus alone controlled the synthetic processes of the cell.
Les Symbiotes Revisited
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Their universal presence in the cell coupled with the known properties of bacteria, appear to indicate that mitochondria represent the end adjustment of a fundamental biologic process. The establishment of intimate microsymbiotic complexes has been designated “Symbionticism” by the author. Symbionticism, then, is proposed as the fundamental factor or the cardinal principle involved in the origin of species.
Verbal Phantoms
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout the first half of the twentieth century, symbiosis continued to be discussed and understood in terms of laws and principles about conflict and cooperation in nature. Empirical investigations of symbiotic associations remained scarce, and there was a plurality of views about how they originated and were maintained and about their place in natural history. In fact, there was still no consensus over what the term symbiosis actually meant or whether it had any legitimate place in scientific discourse.
Is Nature Motherly?
Authors: Sapp Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1970s and 1980s were heady decades for evolutionary biology. Creationist movements emerged in many countries, dismissing evolutionary theory in a wholesale way.2 Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould launched their theory of “punctuated equilibria” arguing against gradualism, that evolution was interspersed with periods of rapid speciation, perhaps resulting from “hopeful monsters.”3 A new discipline of sociobiology was born, proclaiming that it could account for cooperation and much of human social evolution in terms of gene selection, and asserting that we are born selfish. With environmentalists warning that through our increased industrial activities we are acting out a great tragedy that may lead to our destruction, and with the threat of nuclear war continuing, “extinction studies” emerged as a field in its own right. Catastrophe theorists argued that “a great clock in the sky is controlling our biological destiny.” They warned that a death star, named Nemesis after the ancient Greek goddess of retribution and justice, had caused the extinction of dinosaurs and will return in a few million years.4 Still others protested against what they saw as the Newtonian mechanical worldview underlying neo-Darwinian theory, which separated organisms from their environment and treated them as if they were mechanical objects acted on by selective forces in the environment. Referring to the goddess of mother earth, Gaia, they argued that the evolution of organisms and their physical environment were tightly coupled into a global adaptive control system. The scope and significance of symbiosis as a source of evolutionary innovation became associated with many of these issues.
Epidemiology of Deficiency
Authors: Sommer Alfred , West Keith P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prevention, at the community level, seeks to improve and sustain adequate vitamin A nutriture among individuals who would otherwise be deficient, thereby blocking the morbid consequences of vitamin A deficiency. Successful prevention would reduce the extent and severity of vitamin A deficiency so as to minimize or eliminate entirely its health consequences.
A number of fundamental epidemiologic characteristics of xerophthalmia and vitamin A deficiency help to identify high-risk groups and aid in understanding its genesis. These include its magnitude and distribution by age, sex, socioeconomic status, location, and season (periodicity), and associated dietary patterns and infectious disease risk factors (addressed in Chapter 3). These characteristics provide a basis for selecting and designing appropriate intervention strategies. Effective prevention policy and action depend on a solid knowledge of occurrence of deficiency (by place, time, and person) and an understanding of its determinants (diet, morbidity [Chapters 2–3], and related factors).
Understanding Cultures through Their Key Words
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wierzbicka demonstrates that every language has its “key concepts” (expressed in key words) and that these concepts reflect the core values of the culture in question. Examining empirical evidence from five languages, and using her own “natural semantic metalanguage” to provide an analytical framework, she shows that cultures can be revealingly studied, compared, and explained to outsiders through their key concepts.
Data Processing: Diffraction Patterns of 2-D Crystals
Authors: Glaeser Robert M , Downing Kenneth , DeRosier David , Chiu Wah , Frank Joachim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers many of the practical details that are associated with digitizing electron diffraction patterns and processing the data. The subsequent use of the diffraction intensities to compute density maps is covered at length in chapter 11. Before getting started with the practical aspects of data processing, however, section 9.2 gives a general overview of how diffraction data are used in the context of electron crystallography.
Neurophysiological Phenotypic Factors in the Development of Alcoholism
Authors: Begleiter Henri , Bernice Porjesz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alcoholism is clearly a genetically influenced disorder, but in many respects it is different from other disorders that follow a more traditional Mendelian mode of inheritance. In contrast to such disorders as cystic fibrosis, Huntington’s chorea, and sicklecell anemia, the development of alcoholism (at least in some individuals) depends on the interaction of genetically determined predisposing factors with environmentally determined precipitating factors. The search for genes is rather complicated because alcoholism is a common disorder with a number of features characteristic of complex diseases: Clinical heterogeneity. Alcoholism has a variable age of onset and can involve a number of different symptoms. Because it might develop late in life, a person’s status as an alcoholic could remain uncertain for a long period of time.