bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TASK ASSIGNMENT IN HOST-SATELLITE SYSTEMS
Authors: SEO KYUNG-RYONG , PARK KYU-HO 
Published: October 2004

This paper deals with the problem of assigning task modules of a program over a multiple computer system such that the sum of execution and communication costs is minimized. If the number of processors is two, this problem can be solved efficiently using the network flow approach pioneered by Stone.13 However, the general n-processor problem (n>3) in a fully connected system is known to be NP-complete.14 A host-satellite system considered in this paper is composed of a powerful host processor p0 and N homogeneous satellite processors pk’s, 1≤k≤N, in which each satellite processor pk is connected to the host processor p0 through a communication link. When any two satellite processors are to communicate with each other, the host processor p0 must participate in the communication. Therefore, the interprocessor communication cost per unit of information transferred between any two satellite processors is twice as much as that between a satellite processor and the host processor p0. In this paper, we propose an algorithm which finds an optimal assignment on a host-satellite system in polynomial time. A task assignment problem for a host-satellite system is first transformed into a network flow problem, and then solved by applying the well known network flow algorithm in time no worse than O(NM3), where N and M are the number of satellites and the number of modules, respectively.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF FREQUENCY-HOPPED SPREAD-SPECTRUM PACKET RADIO NETWORKS PART II: UNSLOTTED MULTIPLE-ACCESS
Authors: MOHAMED KHAIRI ASHOUR , PAP LÁSZLÓ 
Published: October 2004

This paper is concerned with the performance analysis of unslotted frequency-hopped spread spectrum packet radio networks with Reed-Solomon forward error control coding. The following different network alternatives are analyzed in a unified manner (i) random/one-coincidence frequency hopping patterns, (ii) one/several code symbols per dwell interval, (iii) independent/dependent packet arrival processes, (iv) fixed/variable length packets. Joint probability generating functions for the pair-wise hit patterns and the effective multiple-access interference vector are determined for the different alternatives. Closed form formulae and expressions for packet capture probabilities are readily obtained from these generating functions. A direct proof is given that in the case of single symbol/dwell packets symbol errors, are asymptotically independent. Numerical results indicate that the unslotted networks outperform the corresponding slotted ones at low to moderate traffic levels, and the difference between the two networks is diminishing when the number of frequency bins is large.
RADIX MODULAR MULTIPLICATION ALGORITHM
Authors: MEKHALLALATI M.C. , ASHUR A.S. , IBRAHIM M.K. 
Published: October 2004

In this paper, the concept of a new Radix Modular Multiplication Algorithm (MMA) is proposed. The novelty of the new Radix-2n MMA is that the intermediate partial sums (IPSs) are not restricted to be less than the modulus M, but only to be represented by N bits, where N is the number of bits needed to represent the modulus M. Hence, the IPSs become redundant to the modulus M. Two new Radix-2n MMAs (for n=2 and 4) based on the proposed concept are considered in detail as well. It is shown that a parallel multiplier based on the new Radix-4 MMA achieves twice the speed of a parallel multiplier based on a recent Radix-2 MMA. This result becomes more significant when it is noted that doubling the speed was achieved without any increase in the hardware requirement. In addition, it is shown that the parallel multiplier based on the new Radix-16 MMA achieves four times the speed of that of the Radix-2 MMA with the same hardware requirement. When compared to the existing Radix-4 MMAs that are based on Carry Save format and Binary Signed Digit (BSD) representation, it is shown that the delay per step of the proposed Radix-4 multiplier is decreased by more than 40% when the intermediate steps are implemented using Carry Save Adders (CSAs).
HANDWRITTEN NUMERAL AND MACHINE PRINTED MULTIPLE FONT CHARACTER RECOGNITION USING NEURAL NETWORK CLASSIFIER
Authors: CAO J. , AHMADI M. , SHRIDHAR M. 
Published: October 2004

In this paper a new neural network is proposed for recognition of handwritten digits and multi-font machine printed characters. In this system, overlapped regional chain code histograms of characters are used as features and a neural network has been used for classification. A new neural network learning algorithm that combines unsupervised learning with supervised learning has been developed. This new algorithm overcomes the slow learning and difficult convergence problems that are typical of back-propagation learning algorithms. The algorithm was tested on a large set of handwritten digits collected from real world data and a set of multi-font machine printed English letters.
STATE ENCODING OF FINITE STATE MACHINES FOR LOW POWER DESIGN
Authors: CHEN DE-SHENG , SARRAFZADEH MAJID , YEAP GARY K.H. 
Published: October 2004

We address the problem of state encoding for synchronous finite state machines (FSMs), targeted for low power design. Most previous work in FSM state encoding has been focused on minimizing chip area and does not consider switching activity of the circuit. As a result, this does not always lead to a power efficient implementation. Especially in CMOS circuits, the switching activity is a very important factor to power dissipation. In this work, we define a function λ for automatic tradeoff between switching activity and area that contribute to power dissipation. λ is used in determining the encoding affinity between states and is observed to be related to the number of states of an FSM in our experiments. A state encoding algorithm, based on hypercube embedding, is proposed to find encodings of states such that the sum of bit toggles between each pair of states times the encoding affinity between them is minimized. The proposed approach does not require any change in the functional specification of the state machine and can be easily incorporated in present design flow. Results over a wide range of MCNC benchmark examples which show the efficacy of our technique are presented. A simple function for λ is provided, and it is shown to be robust in finding low-power state encodings.
ON THE BURNSIDE SEMIGROUPS xn = xn+m
Authors: DO LAGO ALAIR PEREIRA 
Published: October 2004

In this paper we prove that the congruence classes of A* associated to the Burnside semigroup with |A| generators defined by the equation xn=xn+m, for n≥4 and m≥1, are recognizable. This problem was originally formulated by Brzozowski in 1969 for m=1 and n≥2. De Luca and Varricchio solved the problem for n≥5 in 90. A little later, McCammond extended the problem for m≥1 and solved it independently in the cases n≥6 and m≥1. Our work, which is based on the techniques developed by de Luca and Varricchio, extends both these results. We effectively construct a minimal generator Σ of our congruence. We introduce an elementary concept, namely the stability of productions, which allows to eliminate all hypothesis related to the values of n and m. A substantial part of our proof consists of showing that all productions in Σ are stable, for n≥4 and m≥1. We also show that Σ is a Church-Rosser rewriting system, thus solving the word problem, and show that the semigroup is finite [Formula: see text]-above. We prove that the frame of the ℛ-classes of the semigroup is a tree. We characterize and calculate the ℛ-classes, ℋ-classes and the [Formula: see text]-classes of the semigroup, regular or not, and prove that its maximal subgroups are cyclic of order m whenever all productions of Σ are stable. Recently Guba extended the cases in which the conjecture holds to n≥3 and m≥1. Using his work we obtain the stability of the productions of Σ for n=3 and m≥1 too and, hence, all properties about the semigroup structure hold in this case.
REPRESENTATIONS OF LOCALLY INVERSE *-SEMIGROUPS
Authors: IMAOKA TERUO , INATA ISAMU , YOKOYAMA HIROAKI 
Published: October 2004

The first author obtained a generalization of Preston-Vagner Representation Theorem for generalized inverse *-semigroups. In this paper, we shall generalize their results for locally inverse *-semigroups. Firstly, by introducing a concept of a π-set (which is slightly different from the one in [7]), we shall construct the π-symmetric locally inverse *-semigroup on a π-set, and show that any locally inverse *-semigroup can be embedded up to *-isomorphism in the π-symmetric locally inverse semigroup on a π-set. Moreover, we shall obtain that the wreath product of locally inverse *-semigroups is also a locally inverse *-semigroup.
GRAPH EXPANSIONS OF RIGHT CANCELLATIVE MONOIDS
Authors: GOULD VICTORIA 
Published: October 2004

The relations ℛ* and [Formula: see text] on a monoid M are natural generalizations of Green’s relations ℛ and [Formula: see text], which coincide with ℛ and [Formula: see text] if M is regular. A monoid M in which every ℛ*-class [Formula: see text] contains an idempotent is called left (right) abundant; if in addition the idempotents of M commute, that is, E(M) is a semilattice, then M is left (right) adequate. Regular monoids are obviously left (and right) abundant and inverse monoids are left (and right) adequate. Many of the well known results of regular and inverse semigroup theory have analogues for left abundant and left adequate monoids, or at least to special classes thereof. The aim of this paper is to develop a construction of left adequate monoids from the Cayley graph of a presentation of a right cancellative monoid, inspired by the construction of inverse monoids from group presentations, given by Margolis and Meakin in [10]. This technique yields in particular the free left ample (formerly left type A) monoid on a given set X.
Novel Photo-excited Triplet State Arising from Four Unpaired Electrons: π-Topology and Spin Alignment in Excited State of Organic Spin System
Authors: Teki Yoshio , Nakajima Satoru 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
A novel photo-excited state with the intermediate spin (S = 1) arising from four unpaired spins and a nearly degenerate quintet (S = 2) excited state were detected for 1, which was designed utilizing the photo-excited triplet spin coupler by taking π-topology into account. The unique triplet state has an interesting electronic structure, which D value is reduced by the antiferromagnetic spin alignment between two radical spins through the excited spin coupler.
Trial Measurement of NMR in a Bitter Magnet of NIMS
Authors: Shimizu Tadashi , Goto Atsushi , Hashi Kenjiro , Ohki Shinobu 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Magnetic field homogeneity and stability of a Bitter type resistive magnet of National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) have been examined at fields up to 23.5 T by means of NMR. The field homogeneity is 100 ± 10 ppm over a 5 mm DSV (diameter of spherical volume), being independent of field strength. The field instability observed at 23.5 T contains, at least, two contributions; 1) a periodic oscillation of frequency 50 ± 1 Hz and amplitude 100 ± 25 ppm, and 2) a drift at a typical rate of 50 ± 20 ppm/h. The magnet power supply seems to be primarily responsible for both instabilities.
Novel Synthesis of Submicrometer Silica Spheres in Non-alcoholic Solvent by Microwave-assisted Sol–Gel Method
Authors: Adachi Kaoru , Iwamura Takeru , Chujo Yoshiki 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Monodisperse submicrometer silica spheres in the range of 200–700 nm diameter were rapidly prepared in less than 3 min by sol–gel reaction of tetramethoxysilane with assistance of 2.54 GHz, 500-W microwave irradiation in non-alcoholic diglyme solution in the presence of an acidic catalyst.
Structure of Intermolecular Donor–Acceptor Monolayers of N,N-Dimethyl-p-[15-(1-pyrenyl)pentadecanyl]aniline
Authors: Nishio Satoru , Yoshidome Masahito , Uji-i Hiroshi , Hobley Jonathan , Fukumura Hiroshi , Zachariasse Klaas A 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
N,N-Dimethyl-p-[15-(1-pyrenyl)pentadecanyl]aniline (Py15DMA); 15-(p-N,N-dimethylaminophenyl)pentadecanyl pyrene-1-carboxylate (Py(COO)16 DMA); and 1,16-di(1-pyrene)hexadecane (Py16Py) monolayers sorbed at a liquid-solid interface were probed using an STM. High definition images were obtained of sufficient quality to determine the structural parameters of the monolayers.
Preparation of Nitrogen-doped Anatase Titania by Treatment of Layered Titania/Isostearate Nanocomposite with Aqueous Ammonia
Authors: Matsumoto Taki , Iyi Nobuo , Kaneko Yoshiro , Kitamura Kenji , Takasu Yoshio , Murakami Yasushi 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
A layered titania/isostearate nanocomposite was prepared via the sol–gel process in a hydrophobic solvent with a salt catalyst. The isostealate modifiers hybridized with titania sheets were completely removed by treatment with aqueous ammonia. A vivid yellow powder of plate anatase was obtained by firing the treated sample at 450 °C, and it showed a strong photoabsorption in the visible light region. Rapid degradation of methylene blue was observed in an aqueous solution during irradiation with 470-nm light.
Synthesis of Pure SAPO-31 with Di-n-hexylamine as a Novel Structure Directing Agent
Authors: Hu Yunfeng , Wang Xiangsheng , Guo Xinwen , Li Silue , Sun Haibo 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Di-n-hexylamine was originally used to synthesize pure SAPO-31 as a structure directing agent (SDA) and the synthesized SAPO-31 crystals have some novel features. After loaded with Pt, it exhibits higher selectivity to isomerization compared with the results of SAPO-31 prepared by the regular method.
Chemical Properties of Sperm Whale Myoglobins Reconstituted with Monopropionate Hemins
Authors: Hayashi Takashi , Nakagawa Tomoyuki , Harada Katsuyoshi , Matsuo Takashi , Hitomi Yutaka , Hisaeda Yoshio 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
The binding behavior of two heme-propionate side chains in sperm whale myoglobin was evaluated using artificially created hemins, 6-methyl-7-propionate- and 6-propionate-7-methyl-protohemin IX. From the thermodynamic study of the hemin binding to apomyoglobin, it was found that two heme-propionates clearly contribute to the stabilization of the hemin in the protein matrix.
[Ni3(cit)2(pyz)(H2O)4](H2O)4: A New Three-dimensional Porous Coordination Polymer with a Pillared Layer Structure
Authors: Yu Ting , Tian Yunqi , Chen Zhenxia , Chen Jinxi , Weng Linhong , Zhao Dongyuan 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Reaction of NiCl2·4H2O with citric acid and pyrazine affords a new three-dimensional (3-D) porous coordination polymer, which adopts a pillared layer structure with (426282)(4648)2 topology and contains 3-D intersected channels.
Synthesis and Conductivity of High Proton Conductor H6GeW10V2O40·22H2O
Authors: Sang Xiao-Guang , Wu Qing-Yin 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
The decatungstodivanadogermanic heteropolyacid H6GeW10V2O40·22H2O was synthesized for the first time by the stepwise acidification and the stepwise addition of solutions of the component elements. The product was characterized by means of inductively coupled plasma (ICP), IR, UV, X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis. The results of AC impedance measurement show that its proton conductivity is 1.20 × 10−2 S·cm−1 at room temperature (16 °C).
Application of a Hydrogen Storage Alloy with an Amorphous Phase for Sensing Hydrogen in Water
Authors: Nakano Sumiaki , Yamaura Shin-ichi , Uchinashi Sakae , Kimura Hisamichi , Inoue Akihisa 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
We investigated the effect of hydrogen on the electrical resistance of melt-spun amorphous alloys. It was found that Mg-based amorphous alloys show the increases in the electrical resistance when they are immersed in hydrogen-dissolved water and that the electrical resistance increases by hydrogen absorption and returns to the initial level by hydrogen desorption. These results show the possibility that the Mg-based amorphous alloys may be applied to hydrogen sensing materials in water.
A New Method for the Preparation of Alkyl Aryl Sulfides from Alcohols via Alkoxydiphenylphosphines by Oxidation–Reduction Condensation
Authors: Mukaiyama Teruaki , Ikegai Kazuhiro 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
A new method for the preparation of alkyl aryl sulfides from alcohols via alkoxydiphenylphosphines by oxidation–reduction condensation was established. Various primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols were successfully converted into the corresponding sulfides in moderate to high yields.
Photoswitching Property of Ferrocene-doped Poly(methyl methacrylate) Thin Films Containing Chloroform Molecules
Authors: Basak Dhrubajyoti , Mallik Biswanath 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Ferrocene-doped poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) thin films prepared from solution in chloroform and modified under photoexcitation have exhibited interesting photoswitching property monitored by photoconductivity measurements in air. The results on photoconductivity have been discussed on the basis of formation of photoinduced charge-transfer complexes of ferrocene with chloroform molecules confined in PMMA thin films, dissociation of the complexes, secondary thermal reaction and photodegradation of PMMA. Photodegradation of PMMA, was studied by FTIR spectroscopy. The modified ferrocene-doped PMMA films could be used as photoswitching elements.
The Potential Role of HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors in Pediatric Nephrotic Syndrome
Authors: Prescott William A , Streetman Darcie-ann D , Streetman Daniel S 
Published: October 2004

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety and efficacy of the hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins) as a potential treatment option for the dyslipidemia associated with childhood nephrotic syndrome. DATA SOURCES Searches of MEDLINE (1966–April 2004), Cochrane Library, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1977–April 2004), and an extensive manual review of journals were performed using the key search terms nephrotic syndrome, familial hypercholesterolemia, dyslipidemia, and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION Two prospective uncontrolled studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of statin therapy in pediatric nephrotic syndrome were included. DATA SYNTHESIS While an extensive amount of data is available in adult nephrotic syndrome in which statin therapy decreases total plasma cholesterol 22–39%, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) 27–47%, and total plasma triglycerides 13–38%, only 2 small uncontrolled studies have been conducted evaluating the utility of these agents in pediatric nephrotic syndrome. These studies indicate that statins are capable of safely reducing total cholesterol up to 42%, LDL-C up to 46%, and triglyceride levels up to 44%. CONCLUSIONS Lowering cholesterol levels during childhood may reduce the risk for atherosclerotic changes and may thus be of benefit in certain patients with nephrotic syndrome. Statins have demonstrated short-term safety and efficacy in the pediatric nephrotic syndrome population. Implementing pharmacologic therapy with statins in children with nephrotic syndrome must be done with care until controlled studies are conducted in this population.
Cellular UV Microspectrophotometric Investigation of Sapelli Heartwood (Entandrophragma cylindricum Sprague) from Natural Provenances in Africa
Authors: Kleist Gunnar , Bauch Josef 
Published: October 2004

Summary
The colour of Sapelli heartwood (Entandrophragma cylindricum Sprague) is variable depending on habitat. In recent years an unusual pinkish-brown colour has been observed in commercial sawn timber of this species from Central Africa. Initial studies of Sapelli heartwood samples from various provenances have furthermore demonstrated pronounced differences in its decay resistance.
Heartwood extractive composition varies considerably between provenances. Samples of Sapelli heartwood from the Central African Republic (RCA) contained 6.4% by weight of extractives compared with 12.5% for those from Cameroon and four other provenances investigated. UV microspectrophotometric analysis of heartwood extractives was used to localise phenolic extractives within wood cell walls and to identify their distribution at tissue level. The S2 and S3 wall layers of vessels and fibres in the heartwood were discriminated from sapwood by their high concentration of non-lignin phenolic extractives. These extractives in the cell walls were also found to be variable. As UV absorption properties show, the vessel and fibre secondary walls of Cameroon heartwood had a considerably higher concentration of extractives in comparison with samples from the RCA. In sapwood, the UV absorption levels for the fibre S2 layer and the vessel S3 layer were independent of the extraction procedure, suggesting the phenolic extractives in this part of the trunk were in low concentrations. Furthermore it is suggested that polyphenols constitute part of the cell wall matrix. The non-extractable phenolic content was found to be independent of provenances as demonstrated by wood from Cameroon and the RCA.
The natural durability of Sapelli heartwood against fungal decay appears to be dependent on the extractive composition and on their concentration in the fibre tissue.
Leeuwenhoek's Observations on the Anatomy of Bark
Authors: Baas Pieter 
Published: October 2004

Summary
Leeuwenhoek's letter to the Royal Society of 27 March 1705, dealing with the anatomy of bark of cherry, birch, cinnamon, lime and cork oak is reviewed. It contains many detailed observations and illustrations of, i.a., ray dilatation, various types of phloem sclerenchyma, and annual rings in cork. This is another example of Leeuwenhoek's importance as an early plant anatomist.
Seasonal Variations in Endogenous Indole-3-Acetic Acid and Abscisic Acid in the Cambial Region of Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. Stems in Relation to Earlywood-Latewood Transition and Cessation of Tracheid Production
Authors: Funada R. , Kubo T. , Tabuchi M. , Sugiyama T. , Fushitani M. 
Published: October 2004

Summary
Seasonal changes in the total amount (measured as ng cm−2) of endogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in the cambial region of Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. trees with crowns of different sizes were determined at different stem heights. The total amount of IAA varied seasonally in all trees and at all stem positions, being maximal in early summer (May or July). In a tree with a large crown, the total amount of IAA remained high after peaking and declined in autumn, whereas in a tree with small crown it decreased rapidly after peaking, in particular in the lower stem. The transition from earlywood to latewood occurred concurrently with the decrease in the total amount of IAA after it had peaked, suggesting the involvement of IAA in the control of latewood formation. Cessation of the production of tracheids also paralleled the decline in the total amount of IAA early in the growing season in the lower stem of the tree with a small crown, but not in the tree with a large crown. Thus, other factors in addition to declining IAA seem to be involved in halting the production of the tracheids. The total amount of ABA was lower than that of IAA in all trees and at all stem heights, and changes were not correlated with specific changes during the annual cycle of cambial activity and dormancy.
Immunolocalization of O-Methyltransferase and Peroxidase in Differentiating Xylem of Poplar
Authors: Takeuchi Miyuki , Takabe Keiji , Fujita Minoru 
Published: October 2004

Summary
Anti-O-methyltransferase (OMT) antiserum was prepared using a part of the OMT-histidine fusion protein expressed in transformed E. coli cells as antigens. Anti-peroxidase antiserum was prepared using artificially synthesized peptides. Immunocytochemistry revealed that OMT and peroxidase are localized in differentiating xylem cells of Populus euramericana. OMT labeling was observed in the cytosol and peroxidase labeling was observed in the ER or near the ER membrane.