bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emphasis
Authors: Watson Janet C E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The assimilation processes considered in Chapters 8 and 9 involve a consonantal or vocalic undergoer acquiring a portion or the whole of the feature matrix of an adjacent trigger. This chapter deals with the local and long-distance spread of nonprimary features from a group of segments referred to broadly as emphatic. The presence of a set of pharyngealized coronals attested in the Central Semitic languages and their effect on consonants and vowels minimally within the syllable and, in general, maximally within the phonological word is one of the most widely recognized features of Arabic phonology. Traditionally, these consonants are referred to as emphatics and are held to be distinguished from a set of plain counterparts by the presence of a feature described loosely as phonological emphasis. In Chapter 3, however, I show that the set of emphatics is not restricted to the pharyngealized coronals. It also includes the uvulars (including the uvular fricatives and the uvular stop in dialects for which these sounds are attested phonologically) and the pharyngeals. These are analysed as the emphatic counterparts of the velars and the laryngeals respectively.
Medical Conflicts in Early Modern London
Authors: Felling Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Physicians have had a major role in framing the middle-class values of modern western society, especially those relating to the professions. This book questions the bases of this hegemony, by looking first at the early modern physician's insecurities in terms of status and gender, and then at the wider world of medicine in London which the College of Physicians sought to suppress. The College's proceedings against irregular practitioners constitute a case-study in the regulation of an occupation critical for the well-being of contemporary Londoners. However, the College was, it is argued, an anomalous body, detached from most other forms of male authority in the urban context, and its claims lacked social recognition. It used stereotyping to construct an account designed for higher authority, but at the same time, its regulatory efforts were constantly undermined by the effects of patronage. The so-called irregular practitioners emerge as extremely diverse in country of origin, religious belief, and levels of formal education, yet the full analysis provided here also shows that most were literate, and that a significant number later became members of the College. Many were London artisans, barber-surgeons and apothecaries who can be seen as the 'excluded middle' between the two better-known extremes of the physician and the quack. In suppressing artisan practitioners, the College was also seeking to suppress contractual or 'citizen' medicine, an alternative system of structuring relations between the active patient and the practitioner which was fully integrated in contemporary urban custom and practice, but which has since disappeared. The College's selective account also inadvertently reveals the existence of female artisans who practised medicine outside the household routinely and for payment. Although distorted by the College's proximity to the Crown and to élite patrons, the Annals of the College give access to the rich variety of medical practice in early modern London and to the forms of resistance and self-presentation with which those outside the College justified, or denied, their identity as practitioners.
Coda Place And Manner Assimilation and Neutralization
Authors: Wheeler Max W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Catalan is relatively rich in the range of consonants that can appear in codas, though word-medial codas are restricted in length to one consonant, or to one consonant + [s] (as in extra[ Eks.tre] ‘extra’). The diversity of word-final codas, in particular, gives scope for extensive assimilation and neutralization of contrast before following consonants. As explained in Chapter 5, voice is never contrastive in codas. With respect to place of articulation, while homorganic clusters are found, not surprisingly, there are also a number of heterorganic clusters within morphemes, though by no means all combinations of place and manner are found (Wheeler 1975/9: 254–69; 1987; Bonet & Lloret 1998: 127–55). Place and associated properties of morpheme-internal codas are the focus of §6.2. Issues of manner assimilation—lateral and nasal—are raised in §6.3. When words are adjacent, all possible coda onset combinations of input place and manner can be found, and are subject to varying degrees of assimilation, especially of place. Issues particular to assimilation and most major place contrasts in word-final preconsonantal codas are treated in §6.4. Assimilation in coronal clusters is the focus of §6.5, where minor place assimilation is also explored. The focus of §6.6 is consonantal contacts in Majorcan Catalan, where the outputs are strikingly different from those observed in other varieties, and interestingly different from a typological perspective.
Epenthesis and Other Sonority-Related Phenomena
Authors: Wheeler Max W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I take up in this section some phenomena that illustrate further the three sonority constraints introduced in §3.1: the Sonority Sequence principle (SONSEQ), the Minimum Sonority Distance principle (MSD), and the Syllable Contact law (SYLCON). The major focus in this chapter is vowel epenthesis, that well- known process by which ‘underlying’ sequences that violate the Sonority Sequence principle (SONSEQ) are made acceptable by the ‘insertion’ of a default or unspecified vowel. Thus, for example, the infinitive of the verb ‘write’ escriureconsists of the stem / skRiw/ followed by the consonantal infinitive inflection/+r/. The output is not *[ skriwr] but [s kriwr], in eastern Catalan pronunciation, with epenthesis of [e] in both initial and final position, to allow proper syllabification of initial [sC] and final [wr]. (Western Catalan has [es kriwre] or [as kriwre].) There are accounts of the Catalan epenthesis phenomena from the perspective of Generative Phonology in Mascar ó (1976/8), Wheeler (1975/9: 11–32; 1987), and DeCesaris (1987). Lloret (2002a) provides a comprehensive description. While it is true that there are no output forms with *[sC-] initials, nor -C1C2 Wnals except where C1 is more sonorous than C2 (and not all such Wnals are admissible, as escriureshows), it does not necessarily follow that a process of ‘epenthesis’ takes place. All that one may directly infer is that contrast between zero and the presence of the default vowel is neutralized in such contexts. Given ‘Richness of the Base’, the relevant constraints would ensure that, for example, both /sC-/ and /VsC-/ inputs were realized [esC-].
The Syllabification of Pronominal Clitics
Authors: Wheeler Max W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The system of pronominal (anaphoric) clitics is possibly the most complex element of Catalan grammar. There are fourteen clitic elements, most of which are polysemous to some degree. They frequently occur in combination, up to six at a time, in theory (Bonet 2002: 976). Combinations of more than three pronominal clitics are unusual, but most clauses in spontaneous speech contain one or two pronominal clitics. In addition to the complexities arising from polysemy, there are complexities due to the fact that clitic sequences are often not straightforwardly compositional. Some of the clitics are morphologically complex—for example, in the 3pl dative clitic represented here as elzithree morphemes can be clearly identified: /l/ ‘3rd person’ / +z/ ‘plural’ and / +i/ ‘dative/locative’. There is very considerable dialect variation, in the forms of the clitics, in their ordering, and in their syntactic functions. And—what concerns us specifically here—there is substantial contextual variation in their phonological realization, within individual dialects. In this chapter I deal mostly with the system found in Barcelona and the surrounding area. I concentrate on matters of phonological realization of given clitics or clitic sequences, ignoring entirely the syntactic and morphological questions relating to how the sequences are composed. A comprehensive survey of the form and functions of Catalan clitics, with attention to dialect variation, is given in Bonet (2002).
Distributive Justice and Economic Desert
Authors: Scheffler Samuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is the relation between distributive justice and desert? According to one familiar view, which many people find intuitively plausible, distributive jus tice requires that each person be given the economic advantages that he or she deserves, as judged by a standard of individual merit or desert that is prior to and independent of the principles of justice themselves.1 I will refer to this as the view that justice requires distribution in accordance with ‘prejusticial economic desert’.2 Notwithstanding the widespread appeal of this view, some prominent contemporary theories of distributive justice reject it. These theories, which I will refer to as ‘non-desert’ theories, deny that justice consists, even in part, in distribution on the basis of prejusticial economic desert.
Modernizing or Polarizing Vienna?
Authors: Redak Vanessa , Novy Andreas , Becker Joachim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is commonly accepted that the 1990s brought modernization to Vienna. The spatial organization of the city was transformed, with the emergence of new actors, new planning philosophies, and a new urban landscape. Skyscrapers replaced churches as the dominant feature of the townscape, real estate agents were canvassed as the harbingers of progress, and city marketing of large-scale projects was substituted for statutory planning. All these changes were crystallized in the new Urban Development Projects (UDPs), which were implemented in the city during that decade. In the eyes of the experts and the public alike, Vienna is being finally ‘modernized’.
Morphology and form
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We differ from the very outset from theorists who think it is enough to describe the phenomena of language, and also from that rarer breed who would define the work of the linguist as being within these phenomena. We consider that some kind of definition of a term is a prerequisite to any knowledge of a phenomenon or of a mental operation; not the chance definition that one can always give of one relative term in the context of another relative term, and which produces a endless vicious circle, but a substantial definition which has at some point a basis of some kind.
Different signs
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
(Investigate) ‘Different signs for one idea’: this seems to be a grammatical property. In synonymy both are always different. It will become increasingly evident that not one of our grammatical distinctions is based on a properly defined principle—or on a number of principles defined in . . . No one has determined the terra firma on which these definitions stand. Some bring together certain signs as corresponding to a certain idea (thereby indicating that the sign itself is not defined); others take the opposite view and see the sign as what is defined.
Early Documents (from the Engler edition)
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Those who have followed Here is the point that we have reached. Even if the chapter on phonetic change is not complete, since it could go on for ever, it is at least closed, containing what I particularly wanted to say at the start of this lecture course. What, then, are the other forms of language change, which depend on nonphonetic factors? This now needs examining and will be our first subject.
Conclusions: Troy and the Empire of the Hittites
Authors: Latacz Joachim , Kevin Windle , Ireland Rosh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our initial question has been answered: in the Bronze Age Hisarhk was known to the Hittites as Wilusa and the Greeks as Wilios. Moreover, in the ‘land of Wilusa’, at the end of the fifteenth century bc, the Hittites knew an area called Taruwisa or Tru(w)isa, which can scarcely be distinguished from the Greek Troia. The city that Homer’s Iliad tells of is therefore certainly a historical reality, and in the Bronze Age it lay in precisely that area of north-west Asia Minor where Homer places it.
The Tale of Troy and History
Authors: Latacz Joachim , Kevin Windle , Ireland Rosh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Achaians had known of Troy since the middle of the second millennium at the latest. That can be deduced from the best indicator we have available to prove contacts among peoples and cultural zones: ceramics. Greek pottery of the Mycenaean age, i.e. ‘Mycenaean’ or ‘Achaian’ pottery, begins to spread increasingly on the west coast of Asia Minor from about 1500 (and is very soon imitated in large quantities by local producers).
The Natural Order
Authors: Black Jeremy , Cunningham Graham , Robson Eleanor , Zólyomi Brá 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The landscape of Sumer was an extraordinarily flat alluvial plain. Without careful and labour-intensive water management whole cities could be deluged, or major rivers divert their courses overnight. Canals and irrigation ditches crisscrossed the land, enabling intensive grain agriculture. But herding was equally important to the Sumerian economy, on the field boundaries, fallow land, and uncultivated areas beyond the reach of the watercourses. The tension between the two is expressed in The debate between Sheep and Grain (as indeed in Dumuzid and Enkimdu, Group B, in which the shepherd and the farmer vie for Inana’s love).
Architecture and Image-Building in Seventeenth-Century Hertfordshire
Authors: Hunneyball Paul M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The seventeenth century witnessed a radical and far-reaching transformation in English architecture, as new and purer forms of classical design became firmly established, sweeping away earlier fashions. How this dramatic change came about at local level has never been fully understood. Using Hertfordshire as a case-study, this ground-breaking, interdisciplinary book reconstructs the complete built landscape--not just houses but churches, momnnuments, and almshouses--to reveal a competitive and visually sensitive environment in which people at all social levels exploited architectural display to enhance their personal image. New fashions were an important weapon in this struggle. Because only the county elite possessed the necessary contacts and resources to obtain the latest classical designs, such patterns became badges of status, symbols not just of cultural aspirations but of social ambition. Paul Hunneyball demonstrates that classical architecture caught on at local level less because it was aesthetically superior than because its advocates were socially superior.
Styles and Meanings
Authors: Hunneyball Paul M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why did so many members of the social elite in seventeenth-century Hertfordshire embrace the basic elements of classical architecture? A purist like John Evelyn would have argued that it was because classicism was intrinsically superior to its competitors. Roger North, with his more practical outlook, took a rather different view. While personally convinced of the merits of ‘regular’ or classical design, he also recognized the mutability of taste.
In most cases mankind seek beauty as a positive thing, which for the most part rests wholly in opinion without any real ground in nature, and in truth is no more than not deformed.
Riot
Authors: Cooper J P D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To judge by Tudor obedience literature, riot and rebellion were two sides of the same coin: both were an affront to God, and subverted the natural order. Two very different Edwardian homilies illustrate the range of arguments deployed against popular protest. The ‘Exhortadon concernyng good ordre and obedience’, as read out in parish churches from 1547, taught the scriptural lesson that ‘we maye not in any wyse resist violently or rebell against rulers, or make any insurrection, sedition or tumultes, against the anoynted of the Lord or any of his appointed officers’.1 The duty of the good subject was to suffer wrongs and injuries with patience, awaiting the judgment that only God might dispense.
The Quest for East Africa (1884—1885)
Authors: Perras Arne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In October 1883 Peters returned to Berlin to prepare for his Habilitation. Walking down Friedrichstrafle one morning, he met an old friend, the Protestant pastor Diestelkamp from the Nazareth Church. The clergyman introduced Peters to the newly founded Konservativer Klub, located at Behrensstrafle 29. There the young academic became acquainted with Count Felix Behr—Bandelin, a Pomeranian landowner and the Kaiser’s chamberlain (Kammerherr), who was to become one of Peters’s major mentors in the following months. He was hated by left—wing circles, and those who associated with him were usually labelled reactionary.3 As Peters wrote to his family, he was ‘swimming hellishly in the conservatives’ political wake’.4 In part, he sought the company of well—connected figures like Behr because he hoped that they could be of advantage for his future career.5 In this environment he no longer cultivated the image of an English gentleman. Now he was anxious that his image in the club reflected a good deal of chauvinism. He always showed up ‘with hunting—whip and breeches’.
‘From the Nyassa to the Nile’: Peters and the German East Africa Company (1885—1887)
Authors: Perras Arne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If Africa, that dark country, did not exist, we diplomats would have little to do. Count Munster, German ambassador to London, 1885 With the publication of the imperial charter Peters overnight became a famous man. Official recognition did a lot to strengthen his self—confidence. His belief that he was swimming ‘with a historical current’ seemed to be confirmed. He saw ‘the better part of the nation’ standing behind him.With the Schutzbriefin his pocket, he was confident that Bismarck would sanction a further series offaitsaccomplis,3 a hope which—at least in part-was later to be frustrated. Correspondence with his family indicates how much Peters enjoyed public attention in those days.4 More than twenty years later, he was still to recall his reception by the old Kaiser as one of the few ‘brightly shining’ moments ‘from a grey past’.
Introduction
Authors: Langdon John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Watermills and windmills provide one of the most enduring images of the Middle Ages. Although medieval Europe cannot necessarily claim to have originated the development of machines powered either by water or wind, a prominent historical view is that they adopted such machines more readily than any other area of the world at the time. This was particularly the case, as has been argued by many, in the realm of industrial activity, where watermills in particular were used for a myriad of industrial activities, such as fulling cloth, breaking up bark for tanning, or-eventually-rags for making paper, operating trip-hammers for iron forges, or crushing ore and bellows for blast furnaces, powering grindstones for sharpening tools, and even providing the power for automatic saws. Although this enthusiasm for the industrial dimension of milling should not persuade us to disregard what always remained the chief function of mills, that is, the grinding of grains for preparation into various forms of food or drink, nonetheless mills at an early stage epitomized the poten­tial of new technology in the Middle Ages.
The Technology of the Late Medieval English Milling Industry
Authors: Langdon John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This long chapter provides an overview of the technological basis for the milling industry over the period 1300 to 1540. It is given in some detail because the milling industry is unique in having a truly massive amount of information existing about mill construction and repair. In those frequent cases where the mills were operated ‘directly’ for the lord’s benefit or those where the mill was leased but the lord still retained some responsibilityfor the mill’s upkeep, details about mill repairs and occasionally the entire construction or reconstruction of mills were entered into the sections of accounts usually titled ‘Cost of Mill(s)’ (Gustus Molendini or Gustus Molendinorum). Generally these sections recorded any labour or materials that required a cash outlay dispensed by the reeve, bailiff, or sergeant. In some particularly useful cases the scribe writing down the account felt constrained to add some bit of explanation concerning a part being repaired, especially as he was writing in a language (Latin) other than his mother tongue. These result in a wealth of very detailed and illuminating material.
Long Periods
Authors: Gee Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
409. Anon. ‘Periodical literature in Wales, 1998’, Archaeologia Cambrensis, 148 (1999), 254-9. 410. Anon. ‘Records of Spaunton: preserving the moors’, North Yorkshire County Record Office Review (2000), 8-32. 411. Barratt, Alick; Barratt, Fiona. Clungunford: 950 years of a rural commun ity. London: Alfi, 2002. viii, 184p. 412.Barrow, Jan. Llanbadoc, Monmouthshire: the history of a rural parish. Usk: The author, 1999. 166p.
Britain 1714–1815
Authors: Gee Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
3032. Allan, David. Scotland in the eighteenth century: union and enlighten ment. Harlow: Longman, 2002. vi, 220p. 3033. Brumwell, Stephen; Speck, W.A. Cassell’s companion to eighteenth cen tury Britain. London: Cassell, 2001. 455p. 3034. Canning, Joseph; Wellenreuther, Hermann (eds.) Britain and Germany compared: nationality, society and nobility in the eighteenth century. Gottingen: Wallstein, 2001. 239p. 3035. Clark, J.C.D. English society, 1660-1832: religion, ideology and politics during the ancien regime. 2nd edn. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. xii, 580p.
Britain Since 1914
Authors: Gee Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
5991. Black, Jeremy. The making of modern Britain: the age of empire to the new millennium. Stroud: Sutton, 2001. viii, 273p. 5992. Budworth, Julia Mary. Never forget: George F.S. Bowles-a biography. Stowmarket: The author, 2001. xiv, 687p. 5993. Burk, Kathleen (ed.) The British Isles since 1945. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002. xiii, 277p. 5994. Cannadine, David. In Churchill’s shadow: confronting the past in modern Britain. London: Allen Lane: The Penguin Press, 2002. 385p.
Languages of Middle America
Authors: Yasugi Yoshiho 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many indigenous languages of Middle America (from Mexico to Panama) have disappeared since the conquest in the sixteenth century. During the last 500 years, 244 out of 365 languages, which include languages and dialects known only by name, were lost according to McQuown (1955), while B. Garza Cuaron and Y. Lastra (1991: 120–8) give a substantial list of 167 extinct languages in Mexico and Guatemala, and now only ninety-two languages are spoken by over nine million people (Yasugi 1995: 5–10).
Japanese Dialects and Ryukyuan
Authors: Sanada Shinji , Uemura Yukio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Located between multilingual/multiethnic areas—South-East Asia (Chs. 15–17) in the south and the Asian North Pacific Rim (Chs. 19–20) in the north- east—the Japanese islands, by contrast, tend to be regarded as having little linguistic diversity, although there are a few non-Japanese languages such as Ainu (§ 19.2) and immigrants ‘ languages like Korean. Japanese is considered to be one language with a variety of dialects. Ryukyuan or Ryukyu-go (-go meaning “language “) is usually treated as a Japanese dialect but actually should be considered a separate language from Japanese or a considerably divergent branch of the “Japanese-Ryukyuan “ family.