bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns of Injustice
Authors: Loyle Cyanne E. , Davenport Christian 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents the concept transitional injustice to address some of the important variation in the intentions and aims of governments which choose to adopt transitional justice policies, processes, and institutions. In particular, it raises the issue that many of the normatively “good” outcomes associated with transitional justice (such as the promotion of democracy, human rights, and an end to violence) are not the intended aims of the implementing government. It argues that rather than intending to promote these goals, governments may instead use these same institutional forms and behaviors to strengthen authoritarianism, increase state repression, and foment armed conflict and violence. Despite the importance of the topic, it is clear that it can be extremely challenging to identify and measure the intentions of governments in the creation of new institutions. The chapter outlines the ways in which existing data efforts account and fail to account for potential injustice in their coding protocols and the implication that this omission can have for some of our conclusions about the impact of transitional justice. It then turns to new data on truth commissions to assess the implications of alternative sampling strategies for our understanding of patterns of transitional injustice more broadly.
Defoe and Christianity
Authors: Walker David 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Daniel Defoe was raised as a Presbyterian, a Dissenter from the established Church of England, at a time when Nonconformists were persecuted for their faith. This chapter explores the intersections of religion and politics in Defoe’s lifetime and as they affected his career and writings. The evidence of Defoe’s early, unpublished poetic ‘Meditations’ (c.1683) is that he took the decision as a young man not to become a clergyman but instead to pursue a career in trade with considerable anguish. From then on, Defoe’s private religious convictions remained prominent in his public writings on theology, as he defended the Toleration Act (1689) and attacked Anglican intolerance in numerous writings, notably his satire The Shortest-Way with the Dissenters (1702). The chapter traces Defoe’s ideas about religion through to his late writings on supernatural and occult topics, demonstrating that he adhered to an orthodox conception of Christianity.
Defoe’s Europe
Authors: Mueller Andreas K. E. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter charts the prevailing attitudes to the nations of Europe in Daniel Defoe’s writings, situating these in salient contexts of national identity and state formation, global commerce and conflict, and trade, religion, and cultural exchange. It shows the centrality to Defoe’s international outlook of the theory of the balance of power, the delicate equilibrium that ensured the possibility of coexistence; and it shows how Defoe imputed national characteristics to the personal styles of national rulers. The chapter traces Defoe’s outlook towards the Dutch, French, Spanish, German, and other nationalities. It goes from the aftermath of the 1688 Revolution, when Defoe defended William III’s continental policies, through to his propagandistic writings during the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14), and on to the often-surprising and ambivalent depictions of non-British individuals in his novels. It demonstrates that Defoe was a European as much as an Englishman in outlook.
Defoe’s Critical Reception, 1731–1945
Authors: Kincade Kit 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Since his death in 1731, Daniel Defoe has attracted a vast range of responses, both for his literary achievements, wider social ideas, and his personality and actions. This chapter traces Defoe’s reception down to the middle of the twentieth century, by which time he had been canonized as a major author, particularly as a pioneering novelist. The chapter shows that this status has been hard-won. In the generation after his death, Defoe was to a large extent ignored, especially as most of his novels remained anonymous. Certain Romantic-era critics reclaimed Defoe, focusing on Robinson Crusoe. This acclaim continued in the Victorian period but was at that time combined with moralistic disapproval of some of his writings, as well as distaste for Defoe’s political duplicity. Modernist critics recuperated Defoe more ardently, and Defoe has attracted a wave of professional academic scholarship after World War II.
New Memory and the Archive
Authors: Hoskins Andrew 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
User-generated needs and the embrace of the digital values of openness appear to liberate archives from the bounds of space, organizations, and elites, and yet the past is also caught up in the algorithmic narrowing of information, knowledge, and life. The haste for the digitization of everything seems at the expense of a clear understanding of the risks related to ownership, use, access, costs, and finitude of digital data. Suddenly, when every comment and conversation is a publication, the unfolding present seems documented and shared with compulsive abandon. The result is an inverted archive of unmatched complexity and scale that gives up the past to forces beyond our control. This chapter probes the ownership of memory following the digital’s reversal in the idea of archive as something we create to something that archives us.
Schleiermacher and Friedrich Schlegel
Authors: Arndt Andreas 
Published: December 2023

AbstractSchlegel and Schleiermacher met in Berlin in 1796. Although working independently, they shared much in common, particularly in philosophy. In his later years, Schleiermacher went back to the period of “symphilosophy” with Schlegel in early Romanticism, as shown in the first section. The second section describes briefly the encounter between Schleiermacher and Schlegel, as well as the development of this relationship, and the traces it left on Schleiermacher. The third section demonstrates how Schleiermacher introduced early Romantic philosophy into the epoch dominated by Hegel as well as the post-Hegelian philosophical epoch. He did this by appropriating the store of ideas created in the “symphilosophical” laboratory of ideas in a systematically directed way, and in doing so transforming it into a discursive form beyond the paradoxes of early Romanticism in the fields of hermeneutics, dialectics, and with the translation of Plato’s dialogues. The last section describes the divergent paths Schlegel and Schleiermacher took after their quarrel about their joint project to translate Plato, which was a breaking point in their relationship.
Dialectic
Authors: Schmidt Sarah 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis contribution explores the genesis of Schleiermacher’s lectures on dialectic (1), its conception and the problem it addresses (2) as well as its position within the system of sciences (3). As a “Kunst der Gesprächsführung” (art of dialogue), Schleiermacher’s dialectic is committed to a dialogic understanding of knowledge and is based on a genesis of knowledge within the constant reciprocity between all forms of thinking. In the first, transcendental part of the Dialectic, the “Analyse der Idee des Wissens” (Analysis of the Idea of Knowledge), the focus is on the question of how knowledge can be established through movement, that is out of the process of its unfolding. Here, Schleiermacher marks out immediate self-consciousness as a form of possessing the transcendental ground of knowledge, but one that cannot be obtained through reflection. The second, technical part of the lecture is intended to guide the emerging knowledge with rules for dispute resolution. Schleiermacher insists here on the importance of a fundamental skeptical attitude as well as a contextualizing “critical process” (“kritischen Verfahren”). As regards the position of dialectic within the system of sciences, the focus is in particular on its relationship to hermeneutics and ethics, or rather, the relationship between thinking and speaking as well as that between thinking and acting, both of which are fundamental to the process of knowing.
Levels of Analysis and Word Classes (Root, Stem, Word)
Authors: Bisang Walter 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The chapter presents a systematic account of how the morphological levels of root, stem, and word interact with word class. Based on an input–output model for comparing word-class flexibility or rigidity at each level, it develops eight morphological word-class types. These types are established on a maximally broad empirical basis, including typological challenges like omnipredicative and nominalistic languages as they are described in the literature (Classical Nahuatl and Tagalog, respectively). As a result, the chapter confirms Haig’s (2006) and Lehmann’s (2008) generalization that there is a decrease in flexibility from root &gt; stem &gt; word if one only considers the morphological word-class types which can operate (almost) exhaustively in an individual language. Moreover, it shows that a systematic morphological approach comes with challenges for Lexeme Formation Rules and theories like Functional Discourse Grammar, Radical Construction Grammar, and Distributed Morphology.
Word Classes in Salish Languages
Authors: Gerdts Donna B. , Schneider Lauren 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Word classes have been controversial in Salish language research, but the current consensus among Salishanists is that the concepts of noun and verb, as well as adjective and adverb, are important for constructing insightful grammars of the languages. Drawing on primary data from the Central Salish language Halkomelem as well as discussions of word classes by various scholars, we show that entity-denoting and event-denoting words can clearly be related to nouns and verbs respectively. Nouns and verbs exhibit clear inflectional differences even though some inflectional processes—such as tense, plural, and diminutive marking—pertain to all lexical classes. We also illustrate morphological processes that change the lexical class of a word. Adjectives have been understudied in Salish languages, which have few true adjectives, as modification is also accomplished by means of stative-resultative forms. Adverbs divide into two types—those that must be followed by a linker and those that can occur in many positions. We conclude that categorial distinctions are relevant to the description and analysis of Salish languages at all levels: root, word, phrase, and clause.
Word Classes in Second Language Acquisition
Authors: Lindstromberg Seth , Boers Frank 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
With respect to post-childhood acquisition of an additional language (L2), it has sometimes been suggested that word class is an important co-determinant of ‘word learnability’, defined as the speed and thoroughness with which a once unknown L2 word can be integrated into a learner’s lexicon. This chapter reviews evidence for this suggestion, largely with respect to the open word classes noun, verb, and adjective, since these are the classes that have received the most attention in empirical research. It begins by discussing variables other than word class which empirical researchers have identified as notable co-determinants of word learnability; for example, semantic variables such as concreteness (i.e. the perceptibility of the referent) and degree of polysemy, form variables such as length, the usage-based variable item frequency, and interlingual or partly interlingual variables such as cognateness and pronounceability. Then, with respect to the difficulty of isolating an effect of word class on word learning, the chapter gives examples of how experimental studies which seemed to have revealed a word-class effect are in fact at least as likely to have indicated an effect of some other variable. There seems to be no compelling evidence for an independent word-class effect on word learnability.
Word Classes in Cognitive Grammar
Authors: Broccias Cristiano 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Unlike most mainstream linguistic theories but similarly to Radical Construction Grammar, Cognitive Grammar provides a conceptual characterization of word classes based on cognitive abilities and models. This chapter first explores how word classes are understood in Cognitive Grammar and then focuses on the dual characterization of nouns and verbs at a prototypical and a schematic level. The discussion of verbs is linked to that of sequential and summary scanning as these two scanning modes play a crucial role in word classification. This also paves the way for a schematic description of adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions. In the final sections of the chapter, the import of distributional evidence is assessed in relation to the schematic characterizations offered previously and some discussion of function words, in particular determiners and modals, is offered.
Mind bomb 2 limits inflammatory dermatitis in Sharpin mutant mice independently of cell death
Authors: Simpson Daniel S , Anderton Holly , Yousef Jumana , Vaibhav Vineet , Cobbold Simon A , Bandala-Sanchez Esther , Kueh Andrew J , Dagley Laura F , Herold Marco J , Silke John , Vince James E , Feltham Rebecca 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Skin inflammation is a complex process implicated in various dermatological disorders. The chronic proliferative dermatitis (cpd) phenotype driven by the cpd mutation (cpdm) in the Sharpin gene is characterized by dermal inflammation and epidermal abnormalities. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) and caspase-8-driven cell death causes the pathogenesis of Sharpincpdm mice; however, the role of mind bomb 2 (MIB2), a pro-survival E3 ubiquitin ligase involved in TNF signaling, in skin inflammation remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that MIB2 antagonizes inflammatory dermatitis in the context of the cpd mutation. Surprisingly, the role of MIB2 in limiting skin inflammation is independent of its known pro-survival function and E3 ligase activity. Instead, MIB2 enhances the production of wound-healing molecules, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and Eotaxin, within the skin. This discovery advances our comprehension of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines associated with cpdm pathogenesis and highlights the significance of MIB2 in inflammatory skin disease that is independent of its ability to regulate TNF-induced cell death.
Asking Expresses a Desire to Know
Authors: van Elswyk Peter 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A speaker's use of a sentence does more than contribute content to a conversation. It also expresses the speaker's attitude. This essay is about which attitude or attitudes are expressed by using an interrogative sentence to ask a question. With reference to eight lines of data about how questions are circulated in conversation, it is argued that a desire to know the question's answer(s) is expressed.
Caenorhabditis elegans as a suitable model to evaluate the toxicity of water from Rolante River, southern Brazil
Authors: Rodrigues Vinícius Bley , Menezes Júlia Machado , da Silva Laura Cé , Müller Isadora , Mallmann Larissa , Hermann Bruna Saraiva , Menezes Charlene , Brucker Natália , da Vida Roselaine L , Picada Jaqueline Nascimento , Boaretto Fernanda Brião Menezes , Schneider Anelise , Linden Rafael , Zanella Renato , Fleck Juliane Deise , Charão Mariele Feiffer 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Urbanization and agricultural activities increased environmental contaminants. Integrated analysis of water parameters and bioassays represents an essential approach to evaluating aquatic resource quality. This study aimed to assess water quality by microbiological and physicochemical parameters as well as the toxicological effects of water samples on the Ames test and Caenorhabditis elegans model. Samples were collected during (collection 1) and after (collection 2) pesticide application in the upper (S1), middle (S2), and lower (S3) sections of the Rolante River, southern Brazil. Metals were determined by GFAAS and pesticides by UPLC-MS/MS. Bioassays using the Ames test and the nematode C. elegans were performed. Levels of microbiological parameters, as well as Mn and Cu were higher than the maximum allowed limits established by legislation in collection 2 compared to collection 1. The presence of pesticide was observed in both collections; higher levels were found in collection 1. No mutagenic effect was detected. Significant inhibition of body length of C. elegans was found in collection 1 at S2 (P &lt; 0.001) and S3 (P &lt; 0.001) and in collection 2 at S2 (P = 0.004). Comparing the same sampling site between collections, a significant difference was found between the site of collection (F(3,6)=8.75, P = 0.01) and the time of collection (F(1,2)=28.61, P = 0.03), for the S2 and S3 samples. C. elegans model was useful for assessing surface water quality/toxicity. Results suggest that an integrated analysis for the surface water status could be beneficial for future approaches.
Thromboelastography-Guided Correction of Coagulopathy Before Tunneled Central Venous Access in Critically Ill Patients With Liver Disease: A Propensity Score-Matched Study
Authors: Sohail Mohammad A. , Vachharajani Tushar J. , Lane James E. , Huang Shuaiqi , Wang Xiaofeng , Mucha Simon , Kapoor Aanchal , Dugar Siddharth , Hanane Tarik 
Published: December 2023

Importance:
Optimal blood product transfusion strategies before tunneled central venous catheter (CVC) placement are required in critically ill coagulopathic patients with liver disease to reduce exposure to allogeneic blood products and mitigate bleeding and thrombotic complications.

Objectives:
This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of a thromboelastography-guided transfusion strategy for the correction of coagulopathy in patients with liver disease compared with a conventional transfusion strategy (using international normalized ratio, platelet count, and fibrinogen) before tunneled CVC insertion.

Design, Setting, and Participants:
A retrospective propensity score-matched single-center cohort study was conducted at a quaternary care academic medical center involving 364 patients with liver disease (cirrhosis and acute liver failure) who underwent tunneled CVC insertion in the ICU. Patients were stratified into two groups based on whether they received blood product transfusions based on a thromboelastography-guided or conventional transfusion strategy.

Main Outcomes and Measures:
Primary outcomes that were evaluated included the volume, units and cost of blood products (fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate, and platelets) when using a thromboelastography-guided or conventional approach to blood transfusions. Secondary outcomes included the frequency of procedure-related bleeding and thrombotic complications.

Results:
The total number of units/volume/cost of fresh frozen plasma (12 U/3,000 mL/$684 vs. 32 U/7,500 mL/$1,824 [p = 0.019]), cryoprecipitate (60 U/1,500 mL/$3,240 vs. 250 U/6,250 mL/$13,500 [p < 0.001]), and platelets (5 U/1,500 mL/$2,610 vs. 13 units/3,900 mL/$6,786 [p = 0.046]) transfused were significantly lower in the thromboelastography-guided transfusion group than in the conventional transfusion group. No differences in the frequency of bleeding/thrombotic events were observed between the two groups.

Conclusions and Relevance:
A thromboelastography-guided transfusion strategy for correction of coagulopathy in critically ill patients with liver disease before tunneled CVC insertion, compared with a conventional transfusion strategy, reduces unnecessary exposure to allogeneic blood products and associated costs without increasing the risk for peri-procedural bleeding and thrombotic complications.
Third-line Treatment for Metastatic Triple-negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Shi Mingqiang , Li Zhoujuan , Wang Tianzhuo , Wang Miaozhou , Liu Zhen , Zhao Fuxing , Ren Dengfeng , Zhao Jiuda 
Published: December 2023

Objective:
Metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (mTNBC) is an invasive histologic subtype with a poor prognosis and rapid progression. Currently, there is no standard therapy for the third-line treatment of mTNBC. In this study, we conducted a network meta-analysis to compare regimens and determine treatment outcomes.

Methods:
We performed a systematic search of PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Bases, and the minutes of major conferences. Progression-free survival, overall survival, and objective response rate were analyzed through network meta-analysis using the R software (R Core Team). The efficacy of the treatment regimens was compared using hazard ratios, odds ratios, and 95% CIs.

Results:
We evaluated 15 randomized controlled trials involving 6,010 patients. Compared with the physician’s choice treatment, sacituzumab govitecan showed significant advantages in progression-free survival and overall survival, with hazard ratio values of 0.41 (95% CI: 0.32-0.52) and 0.48 (95% CI, 0.39-0.60). In terms of objective response rate, sacituzumab govitecan is the best-performing therapy (odds ratio: 10.82; 95% CI: 5.58-20.97). Adverse events among grades 3 to 5 adverse reactions, the incidence of neutropenia and leukopenia in each regimen was higher, whereas the incidence of fever, headache, hypertension, and rash was lower.

Conclusion:
Compared with the treatment of the physician’s choice, sacituzumab govitecan appears more efficacious and is the preferred third-line treatment for mTNBC.
Comparison of the Test-negative Design and Cohort Design With Explicit Target Trial Emulation for Evaluating COVID-19 Vaccine Effectiveness
Authors: Li Guilin , Gerlovin Hanna , Figueroa Muñiz Michael J. , Wise Jessica K. , Madenci Arin L. , Robins James M. , Aslan Mihaela , Cho Kelly , Gaziano John Michael , Lipsitch Marc , Casas Juan P. , Hernán Miguel A. , Dickerman Barbra A. 
Published: December 2023

Background:
Observational studies are used for estimating vaccine effectiveness under real-world conditions. The practical performance of two common approaches—cohort and test-negative designs—need to be compared for COVID-19 vaccines.

Methods:
We compared the cohort and test-negative designs to estimate the effectiveness of the BNT162b2 vaccine against COVID-19 outcomes using nationwide data from the United States Department of Veterans Affairs. Specifically, we (1) explicitly emulated a target trial using follow-up data and evaluated the potential for confounding using negative controls and benchmarking to a randomized trial, (2) performed case–control sampling of the cohort to confirm empirically that the same estimate is obtained, (3) further restricted the sampling to person–days with a test, and (4) implemented additional features of a test-negative design. We also compared their performance in limited datasets.

Results:
Estimated BNT162b2 vaccine effectiveness was similar under all four designs. Empirical results suggested limited residual confounding by healthcare-seeking behavior. Analyses in limited datasets showed evidence of residual confounding, with estimates biased downward in the cohort design and upward in the test-negative design.

Conclusion:
Vaccine effectiveness estimates under a cohort design with explicit target trial emulation and a test-negative design were similar when using rich information from the VA healthcare system, but diverged in opposite directions when using a limited dataset. In settings like ours with sufficient information on confounders and other key variables, the cohort design with explicit target trial emulation may be preferable as a principled approach that allows estimation of absolute risks and facilitates interpretation of effect estimates.