bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Isolation of Specific Bio-Control Agents for the Dry Rot Fungus Serpula Lacrymans
Authors: Phillips-Laing E. M. , Staines H. J. , Palfreyman J. W. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
New Trichoderma isolates were prepared from soils collected in the areas of the world where the
dry rot fungus Serpula lacrymans is indigenous. Agar-screening tests were carried out to identify
the antagonistic effects of isolates and determine if their mode of action was geared towards production
of volatiles. Overall, Trichoderma isolates from Northern California, USA, were found to
be extremely effective against S. lacrymans (Schumacher ex Fr. Gray.) and some produced a killing
effect in the agar systems. In addition, these isolates inhibited S. lacrymans growth by volatile production
even in the absence of direct contact between the Trichoderma isolate and S. lacrymans,
whereas a standard laboratory culture of Trichoderma harzianum T25 was found to be much less
effective. In two different soil and wood microcosms the USA isolates were also able to stop the
growth of S. lacrymans and produced an apparent killing effect.
Termiticidal Performance of Wood-Based Composites Treated with Silafluofen Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Muin M. , Tsunoda K. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
The termiticidal performance of wood-based composites [medium density fiberboard (MDF),
hardwood plywood, softwood plywood, particleboard and oriented strand board (OSB)] was evaluated
following treatment with a non-ester pyrethroid, silafluofen, using supercritical carbon dioxide
(SC-CO2) as a carrier solvent. Treatment was conducted under nine combinations of temperature
(35°C, 45°C or 55°C) and pressure [7.85 MPa (80 kgf/cm2), 9.81 MPa (100 kgf/cm2) or
11.77 MPa (120 kgf/cm2)]. Treated and untreated samples were individually exposed to the subterranean
termite Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki in the laboratory, and the percent mass loss of the
samples and termite mortality were determined to compare the termiticidal performance among
the wood-based composites and treatment conditions. Silafluofen/SC-CO2 treatment significantly
improved the termite resistance of all of the wood-based composites, although the termiticidal performance
varied with the composite type and treatment conditions. The best performance for
MDF, hardwood plywood, softwood plywood and particleboard was obtained at 35°C-7.85 MPa in
terms of the inhibition of feeding, and gave high termite mortality and energy-conservation,
whereas the best performance for OSB was at 35°C and 9.81 MPa or 11.77 MPa.
Topochemical Investigations on Delignification of Picea abies [L.] Karst. during Alkaline Sulfite (ASA) and Bisulfite Pulping by Scanning UV Microspectrophotometry
Authors: Koch G. , Rose B. , Patt R. , Kordsachia. O. 
Published: September 2004

Summary
Delignification of spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) during ASA (modified alkaline sulfite/anthraquinone
pulping with alkali splitting) and magnesium bisulfite pulping was studied on a cellular
level using scanning UV microspectrophotometry. This improved cellular analytical technique
enables direct imaging of the topochemistry of lignin removal within the cell wall at different
stages of cooking. The cooks were performed in a laboratory digester with forced liquor circulation.
At 30 min intervals samples were taken for chemical and UV microscopic analyses. UV microscopy
reveals that delignification during ASA pulping starts in the region of the pit canals and
proceeds evenly across the entire S2 layer. As a specific feature of bisulfite pulping, a partial delignification
of the radial compound middle lamella can be detected after 60 min of cooking. After
120 min, in both processes, the delignified cell walls show low UV absorbance values of both S2
and compound middle lamella. At this stage, approximately 90% of the initial lignin content is removed.
At the end of both pulping processes, only parts of the cell corners can be distinguished by
the new UV scanning technique.
Effect of growth site type, felling season, storage time and kiln drying on contents and distributions of phenolic extractives and low molar mass carbohydrates in secondary xylem of silver birch Betula pendula
Authors: Mononen K. , Alvila L. , Pakkanen T. T. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe effect of growth site type, felling season, storage time and kiln drying on the contents and distributions of phenolic extractives and low molar mass carbohydrates in secondary xylem of silver birchBetula pendulawas studied. The results indicated that the total amount of methanol-soluble extractives did not change markedly under the prevailing conditions of the study. However, the contents of phenolic compounds, (+)-catechin and (+)-catechin-7-O-β-D-xylopyranoside, and low molar mass sugars, D(+)-xylose, D(−)-fructose, D(+)-glucose, sucrose, maltose and raffinose, changed with season, storage time, radial location in the stem or growth site type. The glycosidic bond in (+)-catechin-7-O-β-D-xylopyranoside, sucrose, maltose and raffinose was hydrolysed with kiln drying, resulting in elevated contents of the monosaccharides, D(+)-xylose, D(−)-fructose, D(+)-glucose, in kiln dried boards. Surprisingly, the content of (+)-catechin did not increase simultaneously with the breakdown of (+)-catechin-7-O-β-D-xylopyranoside, indicating that (+)-catechin may polymerise or have another bonding pattern with other wood components due to elevated temperatures during kiln drying. In addition, the relative amount of phenolic compounds, (+)-catechin monomer and its glycoside, (+)-catechin-7-O-β-D-xylopyranoside, in the methanol extracts decreased with partial vacuum drying.
Resonance Raman spectroscopy of highly fluorescing lignin containing chemical pulps: Suppression of fluorescence with an optical Kerr gate
Authors: Saariaho A.-M. , Jääskelinen A.-S. , Matousek P. , Towrie M. , Parker A. W. , Vuorinen T. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Raman spectroscopy using 400 nm excitation was successfully applied to chemical pulp samples and the fluorescence background that usually limits the application of this method to such samples was effectively suppressed. This enabled the detection of much weaker Raman bands from the pulps. The rejection ratio of the fluorescence background to Raman scattering was estimated to be about 250. The resonance Raman spectra of peroxide bleached chemical pulps had chromophoric lignin bands at 1605 and 1655 cm−1, whereas the chlorine dioxide bleached pulps had only the aromatic band at 1605 cm−1. The square root of the aromatic chromophore band relative to cellulose band correlated linearly with the brightness which is in accordance with the Kubelka-Munk theory. This correlation indicated that the resonance enhanced Raman bands were mainly due to chromophoric lignin structures. Chlorine dioxide and peroxide bleached pulps gave different correlations to brightness, which was an indication of different kinds of chromophores in these pulps. The intensity of the aromatic band relative to the cellulose band was about 20 times higher with the ultraviolet (257 nm) than with the visible (400 nm) excitation. This clearly illustrated the importance of working with different excitation wavelengths. On one hand the UV excitation is more sensitive towards aromatic residual lignin in pulp, and on the other hand the visible excitation enables the selective detection of chromophoric lignin structures.
Variation in microfibril angle in Eucalyptus clones
Authors: Lima J. T. , Breese M. C. , Cahalan C. M. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
The microfibril angle of the S2 layer in wood fibres is an
ultra-microscopical feature that influences important
properties affecting the utilisation of timber. However, this
characteristic is as yet little studied, and this is especially
true of the genus Eucalyptus. The microfibril angle of the
S2 layer of the secondary wall was measured in fibres
taken from eight-year-old trees of 11 Eucalyptus clones
growing in four sites in Brazil. The overall mean microfibril
angle measured was 8.8°. While the angle seemed to
decrease slightly from pith to bark in a non-linear fashion,
this decrease was not statistically significant. The microfibril
angle showed statistically significant differences
between sites and between clones, although the broad
sense heritability of the microfibril angel was low
(h2=0.293). Various theories attempt to explain the
microfibril orientation, but we conclude that environmental
stresses play an important role in defining the angle
in Eucalyptus wood.
Durability of untreated Norway spruce (Picea abies) exposed outdoors above ground for nine years
Authors: Bergström M. , Rydell Å. , Elowson T. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract
Moisture dynamics and durability during weather exposure
as affected by origin and production method were
studied for nine years on 113 untreated spruce samples.
The moisture content was measured on 67 occasions.
The weight loss was determined for each sample at the
end of the sampling period. The most important factors,
affecting both moisture content and weight loss, were
origin and drying technique. The samples originating
from central Sweden had the best durability, followed by
the southern stand, while the northern stand had the lowest
durability in terms of weight loss. Air-drying had a
negative impact on the performance of samples from all
three stands, but to different degrees. Samples from the
northern stand were most sensitive to air-drying, in terms
of both weight loss and moisture content, followed by
the southern stand, while the central stand was least
sensitive. Why the samples from the northern stand were
more sensitive to air-drying and showed the largest
weight losses is unknown; it can only be suggested that
the origin of the wood can be of importance for the
durability.
Microbial colonizers of freshly sawn yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) lumber in two seasons: Part 2. Bacteria
Authors: Mikluscak M. R. , Dawson-Andoh B. E. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThis paper reports on the identity and frequency of isolation of bacteria colonizing freshly-sawn (green) yellow-poplar lumber dead-stacked for 60 days in spring and summer of 2000. Total abundance of bacteria comprised 43% of the total population of isolated microorganisms and 14 different species of bacteria were identified.Bacillussp was the predominant species and accounted for 42% of the total bacteria positively identified. Abundance of bacteria on each sampling date increased with increasing average ambient temperature in the period leading up to sampling.
Chronic Heart Failure–Related Interventions After Starting Rosiglitazone in Patients Receiving Insulin
Authors: Marceille Jennifer R. , Goins Janelle A. , Soni Rita , Biery Joseph C. , Lee Todd A. 
Published: September 2004

Study Objective. To determine whether rosiglitazone is associated with the onset or worsening of chronic heart failure (CHF) when administered to patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who receive insulin.Design. Retrospective cohort analysis.Setting. Veterans Affairs medical center.Subjects. One hundred thirty‐nine patients who received insulin for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and had rosiglitazone added to their drug regimens.Intervention. Medical records were reviewed for 6 months before and 6 months after each patient's first rosiglitazone prescription. Records were assessed for the diagnosis of CHF and documented patient complaints of CHF symptoms requiring a medical intervention (unscheduled primary care or emergency room visit, start or dosage adjustment of CHF pharmacotherapy, or hospitalization).Measurements and Main Results. A diagnosis of CHF was documented in Thirty‐five (25%) patients in the preindex period (before receiving rosiglitazone) versus 42 (30%) in the postindex period (after receiving rosiglitazone). Fifty (36%) patients received a medical intervention for CHF signs or symptoms in the postindex period compared with only 20 (14%) in the preindex period (p<0.0001). Of the 50 patients requiring a medical intervention in the postindex period, 33 (66%) had not required an intervention in the preindex period. The most common symptom was lower extremity edema; this occurred in 25 (18%) patients in the preindex period and 50 (36%) patients in the postindex period (p<0.0001).Conclusion. More patients were diagnosed with CHF during the 6 months after rosiglitazone was added to their drug regimens than in the previous 6 months, when these patients received insulin but not rosiglitazone. In addition, more medical interventions related to CHF occurred after administration of rosiglitazone. Data from this study appear to support the Food and Drug Administration's warning of an increased risk of cardiac failure in patients receiving concurrent treatment with rosiglitazone and insulin.
Indigo and Indigo Colorants
Authors: Steingruber Elmar 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Physical Properties2.Chemical Properties3.Occurrence and Raw Materials4.Production5.Environmental Protection6.Quality Specifications7.Chemical Analysis8.Storage and Transportation9.Uses10.Commercial Forms11.Economic Aspects12.Toxicology and Occupational Health13.Indigo Derivatives
An Orientation‐Controlled Pentacene Film Aligned by Photoaligned Polyimide for Organic Thin‐Film Transistor Applications
Authors: Chou W.‐Y. , Cheng H.‐L. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractWe have demonstrated that the photoalignment method could be used to control the structural anisotropy of pentacene films, an active semiconducting layer, in thin‐film transistors (TFTs) with conspicuously anisotropic electrical characteristics. The photoaligned pentacene films were characterized with respect to structure and morphology using X‐ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy. Compared to the pentacene films that are not controlled, a maximal 25‐times increase in field‐effect mobility (up to 0.75 cm V–1 s–1) has been achieved in the photoaligned pentacene‐based TFTs by aligning pentacene orientation parallel to the direction of current flow with the help of a photoaligned polyimide layer. Mobility anisotropic ratio in the range of 2.7–8.3 for the current flow parallel and perpendicular to the alignment of the photoaligned pentacene films have been observed for photoaligned pentacene‐based TFTs.
Understanding the Origin of the 535 nm Emission Band in Oxidized Poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorene): The Essential Role of Inter‐Chain/Inter‐Segment Interactions
Authors: Sims M. , Bradley D. D. C. , Ariu M. , Koeberg M. , Asimakis A. , Grell M. , Lidzey D. G. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractWe present a careful study of the effects of photo‐oxidation on the emissive properties of poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorene) (PFO) that addresses important issues raised by a recent flurry of publications concerning the degradation of blue light‐emitting, fluorene‐based homo‐ and copolymers. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra of thin PFO films oxidized at room temperature comprise two major components, namely a vibronically structured blue band and a green, structureless component, referred to hereafter as the ‘g‐band’. These are common features in a wide range of poly(fluorene)s (PFs) and whilst the former is uniformly accepted to be the result of intra‐chain, fluorene‐based, singlet‐exciton emission, the origin of the ‘g‐band’ is subject to increasing debate. Our studies, described in detail below, support the proposed formation of oxidation‐induced fluorenone defects that quench intra‐chain, singlet‐exciton emission and activate the g‐band emission. However, whilst these fluorenone defects are concluded to be necessary for the g‐band emission to be observed, they are considered not to be, alone, sufficient. We show that inter‐chain/inter‐segment interactions are required for the appearance of the g‐band in the PL spectra of PFO and propose that the g‐band is attributable to emission from fluorenone‐based excimers rather than from localized fluorenone π–π* transitions as recently suggested.
Butadienes as Novel Photochromes for Color Tuning of Cholesteric Glasses: Influence of Microscopic Molecular Reorganization within the Helical Superstructure
Authors: Davis R. , Mallia V. A. , Das S. , Tamaoki N. 
Published: September 2004

Abstract1‐(Alkoxyphenyl)‐4‐(cyanophenyl)buta‐1E,3E‐dienes have been used as novel photoresponsive dopants for investigating light‐induced changes in the pitch of a glass‐forming cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC), dicholesteryl‐10,12‐docosadiynedioate. X‐ray diffraction studies have helped to establish the role of microscopic changes of smectic domains within the helical superstructure, induced by the dopant molecules and their photoisomers, which result in changes in their macroscopic light‐reflecting properties. Increasing concentration (1–12 wt.‐%) of these dopants causes a dramatic red‐shift in the wavelength of reflected light by the host CLC, extending it into the near‐infrared region. The extent of red‐shift depends strongly on the molecular length of the dopants and those possessing lengths between 25–28 Å, namely 1‐(octyloxyphenyl)‐4‐(cyanophenyl)buta‐1E,3E‐diene and 1‐(decyloxyphenyl)‐4‐(cyanophenyl)buta‐1E,3E‐diene, exhibit the maximum shift (Δλmax = 435 nm). Photoisomerization of these dopants leads to a blue‐shift of the reflected light and this effect could be used to tune the light reflectivity of these mixtures over a large part of the visible region. The cholesteric pitch and hence the reflected light by these materials could be fixed in a glassy state by rapidly cooling them from their cholesteric temperatures to 0 °C. The efficacy of these materials for full‐color photoimaging has also been demonstrated.
High Performance Nanotube‐Reinforced Plastics: Understanding the Mechanism of Strength Increase
Authors: Coleman J. N. , Cadek M. , Blake R. , Nicolosi V. , Ryan K. P. , Belton C. , Fonseca A. , Nagy J. B. , Gun'ko Y. K. , Blau W. J. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractPolymer–multiwalled carbon nanotube composite films were fabricated using two types of polymer matrices, namely poly(vinyl alcohol), (PVA) and chlorinated polypropylene. In the first case, the PVA was observed to form a crystalline coating around the nanotubes, maximising interfacial stress transfer. In the second case the interface was engineered by covalently attaching chlorinated polypropylene chains to the nanotubes, again resulting in large stress transfer. Increases in Young's modulus, tensile strength, and toughness of × 3.7, × 4.3, and × 1.7, respectively were observed for the PVA‐based materials at less than 1 wt.‐% nanotubes. Similarily for the polypropylene‐based composites, increases in Young's modulus, tensile strength and toughness of × 3.1, × 3.9, and × 4.4, respectively, were observed at equivalent nanotube loading levels. In addition, a model to describe composite strength was derived. This model shows that the tensile strength increases in proportion to the thickness of the interface region. This suggests that composite strength can be optimized by maximising the thickness of the crystalline coating or the thickness of the interfacial volume partially occupied by functional groups.
Quantitative Splitt Fractionation of Lagoon Sediments
Authors: Blo Gabriella , Conato Chiara , Contado Catia , Fagioli Francesco , Dondi Francesco 
Published: September 2004

AbstractIn this work, SPLITT Fractionation (split flow thin cell) is used to sort hydrodynamically sedimented particles coming from the Sacca di Goro, a lagoon‐like system close to the Po River delta (Italy). First the possibility of performing quantitative mass separations with a SPLITT cell apparatus was checked on a standard silica sample of known particle size distribution (PSD). Environmental sediment samples and relative SPLITT sub‐fractions were subject to Inductive Coupled Plasma — Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP‐AES) characterization for the following elements: Al, Fe, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Mn, Pb and Zn. The distribution of these metals by particle size fractions has been investigated. The accuracy of the entire separation procedure has been also evaluated.
Influence of Air Pollution on Chronic Obstructive Respiratory Diseases: Comparison between City (ROME) and Hillcountry Environments and Climates
Authors: Avino Pasquale , de Lisio Vincenzo , Grassi Marcello , Lucchetta Maria C. , Messina Baldassare , Monaco Giorgio , Petraccia Luisa , Quartieri Giuseppe , Rosentzwig Rivka , Russo Mario V. , Spada Sebastiano , Valenzi Vincenzo I. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPDs) constitute a social problem of widespread interest. These diseases increase slowly and constantly. Air pollution and its impact on public health continually repropose certain absolute priorities, such as the pin‐pointing of strategies to control the pollution sources, the planning of observational studies and the epidemic control. This work shows that a climate marked by always windy weather and low humidity and with low chemical pollutant concentrations (Pietracupa; Molise, Italy) is connected to smaller prevalence of COPDs in comparison with big cities like Rome. Living in non‐polluted areas, the benefits of a healthy climate in terms of an improvement in breathing and bronchial hyperactivity reduction, may only in part be backed up by epidemic evidence; however, they are a solid base on which to build definite research projects which can effectively validate it even from an experimental point of view supported by statistics.
Carbonaceous Aerosol in the Breathable Particulate Matter (PM10) in Urban Area
Authors: Avino Pasquale , Brocco Domenico 
Published: September 2004

AbstractCarbonaceous material is a large fraction of urban aerosol and it is classified into Elemental Carbon (EC) and Organic Carbon (OC). EC particles are emitted from combustion sources. Because most combustion sources are anthropogenic and generally EC does not undergo chemical transformations, EC is a good indicator of primary anthropogenic primary pollution. OC particles species are emitted from primary emission sources either anthropogenic or biogenic sources. In this paper we have measured the ground concentration of Particulate Matter (PM), Total Carbon (TC), EC and OC in two Monitoring Stations in Rome. The first station is situated downtown Rome (near S. M. Maggiore Cathedral) where the traffic emission flux is strong. The second station is located in the inner a green park (Villa Ada Park): this site is not directly influenced by anthropogenic emissions. The results show that in Rome the TC contribution is about 30% of PM and the OC/EC vary between 0.5 and 1.5 according to the site we are considering. About the chemical particle composition the longchain carboxylic have been identified as major constituent of organic aerosol and a range values are reported for two important compound class, the Polyciclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and the nitroPAHs wich are at very low levels.
Photodegradation of Azodyes: Comparison of Different Catalytic Systems and Control of the Effective Mineralisation
Authors: Campanella Luigi , Giardina Isabella , Russo Mario Vincenzo , Sammartino Maria Pia , Visco Giovanni 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThree different azodyes were used as target molecules to test the efficiency of the photodegradation process catalysed by titanium dioxide under UV irradiation. A comparison of different catalytic systems was performed using the catalyst both free in solution (system I) and immobilised in a polymeric membrane (system II). Iron oxalate and a conducting polymer (polyaniline, PA) were added to the I and II systems respectively to check an eventual synergetic effect. The research evolved through three different steps involving each one the use of a different analytical method. Shortly, the UV spectrophotometry were preliminarily used to monitor the bleaching process and allowed to choose the best catalytic system, HPLC and GC/MS were used to monitor the appearance and disappearance of the photodegradation intermediates and, lastly, the effective mineralisation was tested by an indirect ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma) determination of the produced carbon dioxide.