bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Democratic Advocate to Monarchist Critic of the Republic: The Ambiguous Republicanism of Étienne Vacherot
Authors: Hazareesingh Sudhir 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Traces the evolution of the political thought of Vacherot, who began his intellectual life as a Doctrinaire liberal and then converted to republicanism under the Second Empire, during which he wrote La Démocratie, one of the most successful republican works of the 1860s; in the final years of his life he became a monarchist.
A Republican Saint‐Simonian: Eugène Pelletan and the Transformation of Nineteenth‐Century Republicanism
Authors: Hazareesingh Sudhir 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In this chapter the life and writings of Pelletan are examined, with particular emphasis on his articulation of republican doctrine during the 1850s and 1860s. The chapter challenges the prevailing account of Pelletan as a dreamy idealist and utopian thinker and shows his effective contributions to the transformation of republican thinking; it also draws attention to his continuing commitment to Saint‐Simonism.
Engaging Reason
Authors: Raz Joseph 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The book offers a penetrating examination of a set of fundamental questions about human thought and action. In these essays, Joseph Raz examines the nature of normativity, reason, and the will; the justification of reason; and the objectivity of value. He argues for the centrality, but also demonstrates the limits of reason in action and belief. He suggests that our life is most truly our own when our various emotions, hopes, desires, intentions, and actions are guided by reason. He explores the universality of value and of principles of reason on one side and their dependence on social practices on the other side, and their susceptibility to change and improvement. He concludes with an illuminating explanation of self‐interest and its relation to impersonal values, in general, and to morality, in particular.
When We Are Ourselves: The Active and the Passive
Authors: Raz Joseph 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
One's sense of self and control over our actions and intentions shape the form and direction of one's life. We are responsible for not only our actions but also for all that which is our own and under our control (e.g. beliefs, desires, character traits, etc.). Raz explores the active/passive distinction for questions of responsibility and how our life becomes our own when it is under our control and guided by reason. We are ourselves when we are responsive to reasons—when we act for intentional reasons with respect to objects of value.
Agency, Reason, and the Good
Authors: Raz Joseph 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The connection between action, reason, and value is explored by examining the connection between reasons and intentions, and between reasons and what we take to be good. This is done in comparison to the classical view, which maintains that valuable aspects of the world constitute reasons for agents. In attempting to explain common features of what it is for people to be rational agents, Raz examines whether there are reasons, which are neutral in values, the explanatory and justificatory role of reasons, the intelligibility of acting for reasons (both good and bad), and the ability to intentionally act in an expressive, yet unreasoned fashion.
Incommensurability and Agency
Authors: Raz Joseph 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Human agents act for reasons that contribute to their good. However, in our explanation of why agents act for reasons that depend on what they value, we encounter the problem of situations in which goods are neither better than others nor are of equal value. The incommensurability of value can then be seen to lead to an incommensurability of reasons for action. Examining rationalist and classical conceptions of human agency, Raz uses the presence of incommensurability to understand how this affects the relation between reasons and the will, and its effects on our practical reasoning and deliberation. A proper understanding of human agency will take for granted that the goodness of options are incommensurate and that explanations concerning what we want cannot solely be accomplished in terms of reasons.
Moral Change and Social Relativism
Authors: Raz Joseph 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The fact of multiculturalism cannot have much bearing on moral epistemology unless it bears on moral truths. It is argued that the existence of some values is dependent on the practices that sustain them, and as a result, these practices will figure in an explanation of why we value particular values. If this is true, it is also considered to what extent such an account is consistent with the universality of values.
The Value of Practice
Authors: Raz Joseph 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
A view of socially constructed values created and sustained by social practices is examined. In many cases, it may be that the social dependence of evaluative beliefs testifies not to the social construction of value but to the social dependence of access to value. It is argued that if we maintain the view that some values are socially constituted, we do not have to fall prey to the seemingly inescapable conclusion of additional arguments and puzzles that bedevil some theses affirming the social constitution of value. The social dependence of value has nothing to do with the affirmation of social practices as reasons for their own validity. Relevant social practices are sustaining practices necessary for the existence of value.
A Toolkit for Analysing Nonlinear Dynamic Stochastic Models Easily
Authors: Uhlig Harald 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
An extensive treatment is provided of methods that use log‐linear approximations to solve nonlinear dynamic discrete‐time stochastic models. These methods, based on their linear counterparts, have been extensively used in the macroeconomic literature, and Uhlig simplifies, integrates, and compares them. He shows how to log‐linearize the necessary equations characterizing the equilibrium without explicit differentiation, provides a general solution to a linearized system using the method of undetermined coefficients, allowing in particular for a vector of endogenous states, and provides a simulation‐free frequency‐domain method to calculate the model implications in its Hodrick–Prescott filtered version. These methods are easy to use if a numerical package such as MATLAB is available. Examples of the approach taken are presented in an appendix, which looks at Hansen's (1985) real business cycle model for the case of saddle‐point stability (using the Blanchard–Kahn approach) and the case where equilibria may be undetermined; the appendix also describes the MATLAB programs needed to carry out the calculations.
Application of Weighted Residual Methods to Dynamic Economic Models
Authors: McGrattan Ellen R. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Many problems in economics require the solution to a functional equation as an intermediate step, and typically, decision functions are sought that satisfy a set of Euler conditions or a value function that satisfies Bellman's equation. However, in many cases, analytical solutions cannot be derived for these functions, and numerical methods are needed instead. Shows how to apply weighted residual and finite‐element methods to this type of problem by illustrating their application to various examples. The first type of problem involves a simple differential equation because the coefficients to be computed satisfy a linear system of equations, and no computer is needed for the solution. Weighted residual and finite‐element methods are then applied to a deterministic growth model and a stochastic growth model—two standard models used in economics; in these examples, the coefficients to be computed satisfy nonlinear systems of equations, which, fortunately, are exploitably sparse if they are derived from a finite‐element method.
The Parameterized Expectations Approach: Some Practical Issues
Authors: Marcet Albert , Lorenzoni Guido 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Some practical issues are discussed that relate to the use of the parameterized expectations approach (PEA) for solving nonlinear stochastic dynamic models with rational expectations. This approach has been applied widely as it turns out to be a convenient algorithm, especially when there are large numbers of state variables and stochastic shocks in key conditional expectations terms. The first main section of the chapter provides a detailed discussion of some practical issues associated with the algorithm, and of its application. This is done using a set of examples—the Lucas asset pricing model, the simple stochastic growth model, and four variations of the latter, each selected to demonstrate a different issue. The next section describes a FORTRAN program used for implementing the algorithm, and the following one shows how it is applied to and adapted for each example previously presented.
St Paul and the Incarnation: A Reassessment of the Data
Authors: Fee Gordon D. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Aletti provides complementary studies on St Paul. Fee offers an exegetical/historical re‐examination of Paul's Christology on the question of Christ's incarnation (and pre‐existence) over against those who either reject or offer a diminished view of these ideas in the apostle's letters. Fee examines four groups of Pauline passages: those that explicitly presuppose the pre‐existence of Christ as the mediator of creation; texts that speak of his ‘impoverishment’ in becoming human; texts that speak of God's sending his Son into the world so as to redeem it; and several passages that emphasize Christ's humanity in a way that seems to presuppose an incarnational Christology. Since Wisdom Christology plays a major role in most versions of Pauline Christology—in support of both traditional and reductive views—a section of this chapter offers a critique of this wisdom analysis.
The Incarnation: The Jewish Milieu
Authors: Segal Alan F. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Alan Segal starts by observing that incarnation is not an easy category to fit into native Jewish categories for talking about God. Casting around for adequate precedents, he first examines Plato's conceptions of matter and spirit (along with mortality and immortality). Philo was to use Platonic thought and vocabulary significantly, although he did not breach the line between spiritual and material objects. Philo looked askance at incarnation. Segal then recalls various angelic theophanies and mediation scenes, in which precedents for the Christian conception of incarnation seem better grounded in Jewish literature.
What Does Chalcedon Solve and What Does It Not? Some Reflections on the Status and Meaning of the Chalcedonian ‘Definition’
Authors: Coakley Sarah 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Sarah Coakley challenges three versions of the meaning of the Chalcedonian Definition of 451: that the Definition merely regulates the use of language about Christ without making any direct affirmations; that the Definition is ‘metaphorical’ in a non‐cognitive sense; that the Definition is ‘literally’ true, even to the point of producing specific, univocal, and empirical assertions that were alien to the fifth‐century authors of the text. She then expounds a forth position that treats the Definition as a ‘horizon’ which sets boundaries about what can and cannot be said of Christ, while remaining open‐ended and apophatic about the mystery of his person.
Nature and the ‘Mode of Union’: Late Patristic Models for the Personal Unity of Christ
Authors: Daley Brian E. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Daley observes how contemporary theologians are often puzzled by the language and concepts of later patristic discussions about the person of Christ, especially by the Council of Chalcedon's teaching that he is one hypostasis or persona subsisting ‘in two natures, without confusion, without change, without division, without separation’. This chapter looks again at the significance of this classical christological vocabulary, in the light of an assertion made by the sixth‐century Leontius of Byzantium and echoed by Maximus Confessor and John of Damascus in the centuries that followed: that it is ‘the mode of union, rather than the intelligible structure of nature, which contains the great Mystery of our religion’. After sketching the background and apparent implications of the ancient language of ‘modality’ and of ‘union’, the paper looks more closely at the Christology of these three post‐Chalcedonian writers. It argues that for classical Greek Christology in its later stages, the unity and distinctiveness of Christ as a person, who is at once human and divine, are grounded in the unique way in which the divine and human realities condition and express each other in the historical Jesus of Nazareth. In the light of this ‘relational’ or ‘modal’ Christology, these late patristic authors also present human salvation as the beginning of a new mode of our own natural existence, and a new relationship with the triune that God modelled on that of God the Son.
The Self‐Emptying of Love: Some Thoughts on Kenotic Christology
Authors: Evans C. Stephen 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Stephen Evans defends as religiously powerful and theologically legitimate, a ‘kenotic’ theory of the incarnation, arguing that some kind of divine ‘self‐emptying’ or ‘self‐limitation’ does justice to the NT accounts of Jesus and the claims of Chalcedonian orthodoxy. In particular, the chapter defends recent work by Stephen Davis and Ronald Feenstra, who hold that Jesus may be fully divine even if he divests himself, perhaps only temporarily, of such qualities as omnipotence and omniscience. The possibility of such divesting is implied by a plausible account of the nature of omnipotence developed by Richard Swinburne. Evans also proposes that a decision by God to become incarnated, literally embodied, is best understood as a decision to assume such limitations. In conclusion, the chapter discusses the implications of a kenotic theory for the exalted and glorified Christ, and the question as to whether Jesus, understood kenotically as the incarnate Word, can be personally identical with the pre‐existent second person of the Trinity.
A Timeless God Incarnate
Authors: Leftow Brian 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Brian Leftow argues that divine timelessness and the incarnation are compatible. He first sketches what it means to say that God is timeless. He then presents two major arguments for holding that divine timelessness is incompatible with the incarnation. With this done, he sets out enough of the orthodox doctrine of the incarnation to let him address the arguments and show how they fail. He concludes that it is prima facie plausible that God can be both timeless and incarnate.
The Incarnation in Twentieth‐Century Art
Authors: Brown David 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
David Brown discusses how the humanity and divinity of Christ have been presented in twentieth‐century art. Some representative artists are examined: for painting, Bacon, Chagall, Dali, Ernst, Magritte, O’Keeffe, Picasso, Rouault, Spencer, and Warhol; for sculpture, Epstein, Gill, and Moore. Brown concludes not only that the religious and incarnational impulse in modern art is healthier than is commonly supposed, but also that certain non‐Christians have been highly effective in conveying the truth of a doctrine in which they themselves do not believe. Even where this is not so, sometimes the implicit critique that they offer still requires careful consideration on the part of Christian believers. Brown also notes the wide range of means that have been employed to indicate divinity.
The Incarnation in Selected Christmas Sermons
Authors: Shuster Marguerite 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Marguerite Shuster explores the handling of the incarnation in Christmas sermons from seven twentieth‐century preachers: four Roman Catholic and three Protestant. Her analysis is structured by the issues O’Collins's chapter identified as critical for contemporary discussion. Perhaps surprisingly, almost all his key questions are treated by these preachers in their sermons. Furthermore, the doctrinal material is most often handled in a moving and homiletically satisfying manner. Thus, these examples may prove encouraging for preachers concerned with the viability of doctrinal preaching.
Talking About Routines in the Field: The Emergence of Organizational Capabilities in a New Cellular Phone Network Company
Authors: Narduzzo Alessandro , Rocco Elena , Warglien Massimo 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe chapter is concerned with two sets of capabilities developed and implemented by a cellular phone network company. One of these capabilities is for the installation of new stations, the other is for maintenance and problem‐solving. These complex examples of capabilities are used in the paper to study the usefulness, limits, and meaning of the treatment of capabilities as bundles of routines. The chapter concludes that effective capabilities certainly do involve the mastery and use of certain routines, and also the ability to do particular and often idiosyncratic things that are appropriate to a particular context. The company studied in this chapter has different operations in different regions, and, therefore, the paper also explores the question of the extent to which capabilities, and practices, are company wide, as contrasted with developing regional‐ or group‐specific idiosyncratic elements, and conclude that the latter are important.
Repositories of Knowledge in Franchise Organizations: Individual, Structural, and Technological
Authors: Argote Linda , Darr Eric 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWhere is knowledge embedded in organizations? The chapter describes results on the persistence and transfer of knowledge in fast food franchises, and presents the results on the productivity of the franchises and on the timeliness of their service. It is shown that the qualitative evidence about where knowledge was embedded in the franchises suggests that knowledge gained from experience at the franchises was embedded in individual workers and in the organizations’ routines, structures, and technologies. It is argued that the fast food franchises were able to realize significant productivity gains in the face of extraordinarily high turnover because a significant component of the knowledge was embedded in the organization's structure and technology rather than in individual employees. Further, embedding knowledge in structure and technology appeared to facilitate the transfer of knowledge across organizations.
Appropriability and the Challenge of Scope: Banc One Routinizes Replication
Authors: Szulanski Gabriel 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe chapter is concerned with the mechanisms through which routines are made common across a group of related organizations, in this case the member banks of a bank group. The group of banks associated with Banc One has been expanded through acquisition. Banks choose to become members of the group because of the significant financial success that group members continue to have, and because of strong belief that success is due in good part to certain bundles of routines that are used in Banc One operations. At the same time, the philosophy of Banc One admits that individual units should have a certain freedom to accommodate to the particularities of their individual circumstances. The study describes in elaborate detail the process through which a new acquisition of Banc One is taught and learns the basic routines that define the Banc One system.
Limited Inquiry and Intelligent Adaptation in Semiconductor Manufacturing
Authors: Flaherty M. Thérèse 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The chapter deals with learning and effective control in semiconductor manufacturing. This industry incorporates extraordinarily complex technologies, in which there are many different processes involved, and the interactions across the various processes can easily get ‘out of control’, constituting a major problem in assuring quality of the output. A central problem, therefore, is to be able to quickly spot production aspects that seem to be getting ‘out of control’, to diagnose these problems, and to solve them. The essential aspects of these processes is that the relevant ‘knowledge’ generally is distributed among a number of different people and that certain kinds of experimentation to diagnose and solve a problem can themselves be highly expensive in terms of lost production. The study puts a microscope on these issues, and illustrates the complexities that often are involved in organizational capabilities.
Measuring Competence? Exploring Firm Effects in Drug Discovery
Authors: Henderson Rebecca , Cockburn Iain 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe chapter explores the role of ‘competence’ in pharmaceutical research. It provides support for the existence of sources of heterogeneity highlighted by the resource‐based view of the firm by showing that the large proportion of the variance in research productivity across firms could be attributed to firm‐specific effects. Drawing on detailed qualitative data about the history of research at each of the firm in the sample, a variety of measures of ‘competence’ was constructed. The result of the analysis suggests that ‘architectural competence’, as captured by indicators of the firm's ability to knowledge integrativity, is positively associated with research productivity. Besides that, it is shown that firms that maintain links to the wider scientific community through the use of publication in the open literature as a criterion of promotion, and firms that manage the allocation of key research resources through collaborative rather than dictatorial processes are significantly more productive in drug discovery.
Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management
Authors: Teece David J. , Pisano Gary , Shuen Amy 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The chapter tries to conceptualize different forms of competence and relate them to both organization theory and strategic management. A general premise is that organizations embody coherent structures of tasks and competences, with distinctive governance modes, which do not replicate either pure market arrangements or any ‘nexus of contracts’. The authors identify the specificities of each firm in terms of (1) organizational processes (including their operating routines), (2) positions (broadly defined to cover their specific assets, their location along the value chain, and their relationships with suppliers and customers), and (3) paths (i.e. their patterns of change in the former two sets of characteristics). The chapter emphasizes the stickiness over time of distinct organizational capabilities and, thus, also the constraints that the past learning history of the organization puts upon the degrees of discretionality of strategic management. This perspective on organizations and organizational learning clearly shifts the focus of analysis from rather product positioning or ‘clever strategizing’ to the process of problem‐solving and organizational governance, and, dynamically, to competence‐enhancing strategies.