bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lipid Oxidation: Theoretical Aspects
Authors: Schaich K. M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractLipid oxidation has long been accepted as a classic free radical chain reaction mechanism with initiation, propagation, and termination stages. This view is not inaccurate, but it is incomplete. Initiation is generally treated as if it was spontaneous or random, but in reality, radical initiation is quite specific and varies with the source. Similarly, propagation is considered to involve only hydrogen abstraction where as internal cyclization, addition, scission, and disproportionation reactions are competitive or even dominant under some conditions, leading to variations in oxidation kinetics and, in particular, product mixes. Alternative reaction paths have been recognized for some time, but remain largely ignored in measurements of lipid oxidation. This chapter reviews initiation processes with a focus on differentiating rates, mechanisms, and specificity of radical formation; and it presents evidence for multiple propagation mechanisms that lead to different product mixes. Finally, a new integrated view of lipid oxidation is proposed to account for multiple propagation pathways. Practical application of this information should enable development of analyses that more accurately reflect the true extent of lipid oxidation and also antioxidant approaches that more effectively extend shelf life and preserve desirable food qualities.
Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Use of Lipids
Authors: Hernandez Ernesto 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Lipid nutritional supplements have been in use before the term
nutraceutical
was coined. Products such as fish oils, shark cartilage, shark liver oil, and vitamins have been in the market since the beginning of the twentieth century. Some of the health claims of these products lacked strict scientific documentation in the past, and their curative properties were mostly anecdotal. However, today there is a better understanding of the biological properties of lipids and their application has extended to combined pharmaceutical and cosmetic fields such as disease prevention and treatment, excipients and coadjuvants,
trans
‐dermal carriers, and skin emolliency agents. This has led to the development of bioactive cosmetic and pharmaceutical products whose name has recently been coined as
cosmeceuticals
.
Quality Assurance of Fats and Oils
Authors: Shahidi Fereidoon 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The quality of fats and oils is dictated by several physical and chemical parameters that are dependent on the source of oil: geographic, climatic, and agronomic variables of growth in the case of plant oils as well as processing and storage conditions. Thus, quality assurance criteria may depend partly on the type of oil under investigation as well as on other factors that may vary depending on the intended use and regulations that vary from country.
By‐Product Utilization
Authors: Pickard M. D. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the by‐products of seed processing and oil refining. The various uses of soybean, canola, sunflower, palm, safflower, cottonseed, olive, coconut, flax, and more are examined along with their extraction processes. The latest improvements in the by‐products of oil refining, such as lecithin, refining by‐product lipid, spent bleaching earth, deodorizer distilate, and spent catalyst are also reviewed.
Membrane Processing of Fats and Oils
Authors: Lin Lan , Koseoglu S. Sefa 
Published: July 2005

AbstractMembrane technology is a mature industry and has been successfully applied in various food industries for separation of undesirable fractions from the valuable components of the feed streams. The industrial membranes are classified into various categories such as microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, and pervaporation.The commercial membrane separation processes are offered in the areas of nitrogen production and waste treatment applications. Developing membrane applications in oil milling and edible oil processing are (1) solvent recovery, (2) degumming, (3) free fatty acid removal, (4) catalyst recovery, (5) recovery of wash water from second centrifuge, (6) cooling tower water recovery, (7) protein purification, and (8) tocopherol separation.The greatest potential for energy saving exists in replacing or supplementing conventional degumming, refining, and bleaching processes with a single‐step membrane separation system. Therefore, this contribution will concentrate on membrane degumming applications and represents data on future implications of this technology for energy savings and waste treatment costs.
Transgenic Oils
Authors: McKeon Thomas A. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Currently, the four genetically engineered (transgenic) crops that have been adopted are all oilseed crops: soy, corn, cotton, and canola. They are a commercial success and account for 99% of transgenic crops planted worldwide.
Transgenic technology remains a powerful tool for developing a broad range of useful food and industrial oils. To date, attempts to use this technology have been limited to crop input traits, but in the long term, novel crops with altered output traits will fill important niches in the food supply and will help to shift the petroleum economy to renewable resources.
Effect of the enclosure on carriers' body weight loss in the cotton‐top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus)
Authors: Sánchez Susana , Peláez Fernando , Morcillo Ana , Gil‐Bürmann Carlos 
Published: July 2005

AbstractInfant carrying in cotton‐top tamarins is a costly activity that results in weight loss by the fathers and helpers. However, to date, measures of carrying costs have been obtained in small indoor enclosures. We studied body weight changes in adult and subadult individuals from eight large groups (n>5) for 9 weeks after the birth of infants. Four groups were housed in large indoor/outdoor enclosures (42 m2×3.3 m high), and four were housed in small indoor enclosures (12 m2×2.4 m high). All of the individuals were weighed regularly at least three times a week. Reproductive males lost more weight in the big indoor/outdoor enclosures (mean=6.51%) than in the small indoor ones, as did male adult helpers (mean=5.59%) and female adult helpers (mean=4.4%). Still‐growing subadult individuals also lost weight in the big indoor/outdoor enclosures (mean=3.17%), although the differences did not reach significance (P=0.07). These results support the hypothesis that cotton‐top tamarins living in more natural settings experience higher weight loss than those housed under less‐natural conditions. Am. J. Primatol. 66:279–284, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How Much NMR Data Is Required To Determine a Protein–Ligand Complex Structure?
Authors: Schieborr Ulrich , Vogtherr Martin , Elshorst Bettina , Betz Marco , Grimme Susanne , Pescatore Barbara , Langer Thomas , Saxena Krishna , Schwalbe Harald 
Published: July 2005

AbstractHere we present an NMR‐based approach to solving protein–ligand structures. The procedure is guided by biophysical, biochemical, or knowledge‐based data. The structures are mainly derived from ligand‐induced chemical‐shift perturbations (CSP) induced in the resonances of the protein and ligand‐detected saturated transfer difference signals between ligands and selectively labeled proteins (SOS‐NMR). Accuracy, as judged by comparison with X‐ray results, depends on the nature and completeness of the experimental data. An experimental protocol is proposed that starts with calculations that make use of readily available chemical‐shift perturbations as experimental constraints. If necessary, more sophisticated experimental results have to be added to improve the accuracy of the protein–ligand complex structure. The criteria for evaluation and selection of meaningful complex structures are discussed. These are exemplified for three complexes, and we show that the approach bridges the gap between theoretical docking approaches and complex NMR schemes for determining protein–ligand complexes; especially for relatively weak binders that do not lead to intermolecular NOEs.
Metastatic osteosarcoma at diagnosis
Authors: Mialou Valerie , Philip Thierry , Kalifa Chantal , Perol David , Gentet Jean‐Claude , Marec‐Berard Perrine , Pacquement Helene , Chastagner Pascal , Defaschelles Anne‐Sophie , Hartmann Olivier 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe objective of this report was to estimate long‐term outcome and prognostic factors in children and adolescents who presented with metastatic osteosarcoma at diagnosis. Patients were treated in six French pediatric oncology centers with surgery and multiagent chemotherapy, mainly with high‐dose methotrexate. Their medical records were reviewed retrospectively.METHODSThe medical records of patients who were treated for metastatic osteosarcoma from 1987 to 2000 were reviewed. Patients were treated with the chemotherapy regimens recommended for nonmetastatic disease in children (the French Society of Pediatric Oncology OS 87 and OS 94 protocols) or, in a few patients, with other chemotherapy regimens. Surgical excision of the primary tumor and, when possible, of all metastatic sites was performed based on a personalized assessment of each patient's situation.RESULTSSeventy‐eight patients age < 20 years were treated. Forty‐six patients (59%) had only 1 metastatic site (35 to the lungs and 11 to bone). Twenty‐eight patients (36%) achieved a complete remission after combination chemotherapy and surgery. The event‐free survival and overall survival rates at 5 years were 14% and 19%, respectively. To date, 14 patients (18%) have remained alive with a median follow‐up of 112 months. Pretreatment features associated with a shorter event‐free survival in the multivariate analysis were metastasis to at least two organs and high alkaline phosphatase level. Patients with at least 1 of these poor prognostic factors had a 2.6% event‐free survival rate at 5 years despite treatment.CONCLUSIONSThe survival of patients with metastatic osteosarcoma were treated with conventional chemotherapy and surgery remained very poor. Patients should be classified into different prognostic groups and treated accordingly. New therapeutic approaches are warranted to improve the prognosis for patients with the most severe disease. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
The electronic nose as a tool for the classification of fruit and grape wines from different Ontario wineries
Authors: McKellar Robin C , Vasantha Rupasinghe HP , Lu Xuewen , Knight Kelley P 
Published: July 2005

AbstractElectronic nose technology is useful for classifying or ‘fingerprinting’ foods and beverages based on odour profiles. With a view to providing useful information on quality attributes, the Fox 3000 electronic nose (EN) was tested for the ability to characterize Ontario‐produced fruit wines. Eight fruit wines (blueberry, cherry, raspberry, blackcurrant, elderberry, cranberry, apple and peach) and four grape wines (red, Chardonnay, Riesling and ice wine) were each obtained from a minimum of five Ontario wineries. Replicates of each wine sample were dried onto membrane filters to remove ethanol, and analyzed by the EN. It was possible to separate completely each wine variety (eg blueberry) based on differences between wineries; however, when all wine data were pooled, classification by variety was poor (58.7% correctly classified). Analysis of different wine varieties from a single winery revealed some misclassification. Wines could be separated into four distinct groups based on position on the discriminant function analysis map (79.9% correct). Fruit and grape wines were well separated from each other (75.9% correct), as were red and white wines (92.2% correct). The results show that the EN can discriminate fruit and grape wines into natural and useful groupings and may become an important tool for standardization of wine quality. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Cannabis use and outcome of recent onset psychosis
Authors: Grech Anton , Van Os Jim , Jones Peter B. , Lewis Shon W. , Murray Robin M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractPurposeTo test the hypothesis that recent onset psychotic patients who use cannabis will have psychotic symptoms that are more severe and more persistent than those who do not use cannabis.Subjects and methodsWe carried out a 4-year follow-up study of a cohort of 119 patients with recent onset of psychosis. The patients were divided into four groups according to duration of cannabis use, taking index admission and follow-up as reference points.ResultsThose subjects who persisted in the use of cannabis had more positive (but not negative) symptoms and a more continuous illness at follow-up.LimitationsThe main limitations of the study were: the relatively small sample size, and that the excess of male subjects and the presence of cannabis induced psychosis could have a confusing impact on the interpretation of the results.ConclusionIt is possible that psychotic patients who use cannabis are at a greater risk of a more continuous illness with more positive symptoms than those who do not.
The use of historical catch data to trace the influence of climate on fish populations: examples from the White and Barents Sea fisheries in the 17th and 18th centuries
Authors: Lajus Dmitry L. , Lajus Julia A. , Dmitrieva Zoya V. , Kraikovski Alexei V. , Alexandrov Daniel A. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
We analysed catch records of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), cod (Gadus morhua), and halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus and Reinhardtius hippoglossoides) from the 17th and 18th centuries from several locations of the Barents and White Seas areas. Historical records, found in Russian archives, allow analysis of long-term series of catches, and sometimes of the average weight of the fish. In total, we obtained data on catches of salmon for 51 years (for the period from 1615 to 1772) and of cod and halibut for 33 years (for the period from 1710 to 1793). These data are comparable with respect to fishing effort within the series. The data on Atlantic salmon are also comparable with statistical data for the period 1875–1915. We found notable fluctuations in catches and sometimes in the average weight of salmon. There was also fluctuation in catches of cod and halibut. Both observational comparison of catch series and temperature data and formal statistical analysis showed that catches tended to decrease during relatively colder periods.
The remarkable population size of the endangered clam Tridacna maxima assessed in Fangatau Atoll (Eastern Tuamotu, French Polynesia) using in situ and remote sensing data
Authors: Andréfouët Serge , Gilbert Antoine , Yan Laurent , Remoissenet Georges , Payri Claude , Chancerelle Yannick 
Published: July 2005

AbstractSeveral lagoons of the Eastern Tuamotu Atolls (French Polynesia) are characterized by enormous populations of the clam Tridacna maxima, a species considered as endangered in many locations worldwide. This unique resource is virtually intact, until recently being impacted only by local consumption. Increasing exports to Tahiti's market (up to 50 tonnes of wet matter y−1), combined with the relatively small size of these lagoons (<50 km2), have raised significant concerns for agencies charged with management of lagoonal resources. In order to evaluate whether the current harvesting pressure threatens long-term sustainability of this resource, it is necessary to estimate the total number of individual clams present and also the fraction of that stock that is currently targeted by fishers, who generally collect clams in very shallow waters (<1 m), walking on the reef edges. Here, we present results for a pilot study evaluating this resource at Fangatau Atoll. Using a combination of data collected in situ and three remotely sensed images with different spatial resolution (1.5, 5.6, and 30 m), we estimate that the shallowest lagoonal areas (4.05 km2 at depth <6 m) harbour five classes of benthic habitat with significantly different clam areal covers and densities. Considering the cover/density values for each habitat class, 23.65 ± 5.33 million clams (mean ± 95% confidence interval) inhabit these 4.05 km2. Assuming that current harvesting techniques will be maintained in the future, the commercially available stock represents 44% of the population located on 1.18 km2 of the shallow lagoon. A comparison of results from the three remote sensing platforms indicates that high resolution, broadband multispectral sensors (e.g. IKONOS, Quickbird) should provide the best existing platforms to conduct similar assessments elsewhere.
A general multiplicity theorem for certain nonlinear equations in Hilbert spaces
Authors: Ricceri Biagio 
Published: July 2005

In this paper, we prove the following general result. Let

X
X

be a real Hilbert space and

J
:
X
→

R

J:X\to \textbf {R}

a continuously Gâteaux differentiable, nonconstant functional, with compact derivative, such that
\[

lim sup

‖
x
‖
→
+
∞

J
(
x
)

‖
x

‖
2

≤
0

.

\limsup _{\|x\|\to +\infty }{{J(x)}\over {\|x\|^2}}\leq 0\ .

\]
Then, for each

r
∈

]

inf

X

J
,

sup

X

J
[

r\in \ ]\inf _{X}J,\sup _{X}J[

for which the set

J

−
1

(
[
r
,
+
∞
[
)

J^{-1}([r,+\infty [)

is not convex and for each convex set

S
⊆
X

S\subseteq X

dense in

X
X

, there exist

x
0

∈
S
∩

J

−
1

(
]
−
∞
,
r
[
)

x_0\in S\cap J^{-1}(]-\infty ,r[)

and

λ
>
0

\lambda >0

such that the equation
\[

x
=
λ

J
′

(
x
)
+

x
0

x=\lambda J’(x)+x_0

\]
has at least three solutions.
Fibroblast differentiation of bone marrow‐derived cells during wound repair
Authors: Opalenik Susan R. , Davidson Jeffrey M. 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACTTo examine the ontogeny of the wound fibroblast, bone marrow transplantation was performed to wild‐type recipients from transgenic donors that express both the luciferase and β‐galactosidase reporter genes under transcriptional control of the promoter/enhancer for the α2 chain of type I collagen. Polyvinyl alcohol sponges were implanted to elicit a naïve granulation tissue response, removed at defined time points, and processed for nucleic acids and histochemistry. Quantitative PCR for the luciferase transgene demonstrated that donor‐derived cells were present during inflammation, declined, and rebounded during later stages of tissue remodeling. Furthermore, quantitative RT‐PCR revealed that bone marrow‐derived collagen transcripts contributed significantly to the total collagen I α2 promoter activation during later stages of repair. β‐galactosidase staining revealed that indeed those cells which expressed the transgene exhibited a fibroblastic phenotype, co‐localized with sites of active collagen deposition, and expressed fibroblast specific protein‐1. These data strongly support the concept that the adult bone marrow compartment houses progenitors with the potential to migrate to sites of tissue damage, and participate in repair beyond inflammation as fibroblasts. Moreover, that bone marrow‐derived fibroblasts make a substantial contribution to the formation of new connective tissue, including type I collagen, during wound repair.
Generation of a vascularized organoid using skeletal muscle as the inductive source
Authors: Messina Aurora , Bortolotto Susan K. , Cassell Oliver C. S. , Kelly Jack , Abberton Keren M. , Morrison Wayne A. 
Published: July 2005

ABSTRACTThe technology required for creating an in vivo microenvironment and a neovasculature that can grow with and service new tissue is lacking, precluding the possibility of engineering complex three‐dimensional organs. We have shown that when an arterio‐venous (AV) loop is constructed in vivo in the rat groin, and placed inside a semisealed chamber, an extensive functional vasculature is generated. To test whether this unusually angiogenic environment supports the survival and growth of implanted tissue or cells, we inserted various preparations of rat and human skeletal muscle. We show that after 6 weeks incubation of muscle tissue, the chamber filled with predominantly well‐vascularized recipient‐derived adipose tissue, but some new donor‐derived skeletal muscle and connective tissue were also evident. When primary cultured myoblasts were inserted into the chamber with the AV loop, they converted to mature striated muscle fibers. Furthermore, we identify novel adipogenesis‐inducing properties of skeletal muscle. This represents the first report of a specific three‐dimensional tissue grown on its own vascular supply.
Expression of tumor necrosis factor‐α stimulated gene‐6 mRNA in cultured human uterine cervical fibroblasts
Authors: Shimizu Dai , Hosoya Naoko , Ogawa Masaki , Konishi Yoshitomo , Sato Hirokazu , Hirano Hideto , Tanaka Toshinobu 
Published: July 2005

Background.  Uterine cervical ripening process is an active biochemical process similar in part to inflammatory reaction. In this process, hyaluronan plays important roles including facilitation of tissue hydration, release of matrix metalloproteinases and migration of inflammatory cells. The activities of hyaluronan are mediated by the hyaluronan binding proteins, hyaladherins. In the present study, we investigated the mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor‐α stimulated gene‐6 (TSG‐6), a member of the hyaladherin family, in cultured human uterine fibroblasts and uterine cervical tissues.Methods.  We developed one‐step RT‐PCR method for the quantification of TSG‐6 mRNA and quantified the expression of TSG‐6 mRNA in cultured human uterine fibroblasts, treated with or not proinflammatory cytokines, and TSG‐6 mRNA in uterine cervical tissues.Results.  We clarified that [1] TSG‐6 mRNA was expressed constitutively in cultured human uterine cervical fibroblasts, [2] expression of TSG‐6 mRNA was upregulated in a dose dependent manner by proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL‐1β and TNF‐α, which were key mediators in the cervical ripening process, [3] expression of TSG‐6 mRNA in uterine cervices during parturition was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that in a non‐pregnant state.Conclusions.  Our results suggest that TSG‐6 might participate in the cervical ripening process.
Fetal age assessment based on femur length at 10–25 weeks of gestation, and reference ranges for femur length to head circumference ratios
Authors: Johnsen Synnøve Lian , Rasmussen Svein , Sollien Rita , Kiserud Torvid 
Published: July 2005

Background.  The aim of the present study is to establish new reference charts for gestational age assessment based on fetal femur length (FL), and new reference ranges for FL to head ratios at gestational weeks 10–25, and to determine the effect of maternal and fetal factors on these charts.Methods. Six hundred fifty  low‐risk women with regular menstrual periods and singleton pregnancies were recruited to a prospective cross‐sectional study after obtaining written consent. FL, outer–outer biparietal diameter (BPD), and head circumference (HC) were measured at 10–25 weeks of gestation. We used regression analysis in order to construct mean curves and to assess the effect of maternal and fetal factors on age assessment.Results.  The new chart for age assessment by means of FL was based on 636 measurements. The 95% CI of the mean corresponded to <1 day. The variation between the mean and the 90th percentile was 5, 6, and 7 days at 13, 18, and 23 weeks, respectively, similar to the results when using BPD or HC. Maternal age modestly influenced gestational age assessment (1.3 days/10 years, P = 0.005), whereas smoking, height, body mass index, multiparity, fetal sex, cephalic index, and breech presentation had no impact. Reference charts for FL to head ratios have been presented. Maternal age, fetal sex, and cephalic index influenced the FL/BPD ratio, whereas only fetal sex influenced FL/HC.Conclusions.  Fetal age assessment based on FL is an equally robust method as using HC. FL/HC is a more robust ratio to characterize fetal proportions than is FL/BPD.