bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Rhinitis in Chronic Otitis Media
Authors: Mion Olavo , De Mello João Ferreira , Lessa Marcus Miranda , Goto Elder Yoshimitsu , Miniti Aroldo 
Published: February 2003

OBJECTIVEWe investigated the role of allergic rhinitis in chronic otitis media (otitis media with effusion [OME] and chronic perforation of the tympanic membrane) in São Paulo, Brazil and whether there is any association between these diseases.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGWe studied 51 patients followed in the otologic group of the Otorhinolaryngology Division of the University of São Paulo Hospital. The patients were divided into 3 groups: allergic rhinitis, nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophils syndrome (NARES), and patients with types of rhinitis or without rhinitis. We analyzed the age, gender, intensity of the nasal disease, surgical procedure, and surgical results in each group.RESULTSWe found about 50% of patients presenting with nasal disease and nasal eosinophilia (33.33% of allergic and 15.69% of NARES).CONCLUSIONNasal disease has an impact on otologic middle ear disease, considering that the normal nasal mucosa do not have eosinophils.
Management of Osteomyelitis of the Anterior Skull Base and Craniovertebral Junction
Authors: Ducic Yadranko 
Published: February 2003

OBJECTIVESThe study goals were to determine the patient demographics, identify predisposing factors, and determine efficacy of treatment for nonotologic osteomyelitis of the skull base and craniovertebral junction.STUDY DESIGNAll patients with a biopsy‐proven diagnosis of osteomyelitis of the skull base treated by the author from 1997 through 2001 were retrospectively evaluated.RESULTSSix patients were identified on review. The average age at presentation was 56.7 years (age range, 38 to 70 years), and all except one patient had an underlying immunocompromising condition (diabetes mellitus, human immunodeficiency virus infection, steroid use). Most presented with neurologic deficits associated with a destructive lesion of the osseous skull base. Aggressive debridement of involved bone enabled through the use of broad field standard skull base approaches was associated with clinical resolution of symptoms in each case. Systemic antibacterial/antifungal therapy and medical optimization remain important adjuncts in the treatment of this group of patients.CONCLUSIONThe diagnosis of this entity may be difficult to discern from neoplastic involvement of the skull base. Standard skull base approaches are useful for both the diagnosis and the treatment of nonotologic osteomyelitis.
Toward a Received History of the Holocaust
Authors: Young James E. 
Published: March 2003

In this article, I examine both the problem of so‐called postmodern history as it relates to the Holocaust and suggest the ways that Saul Friedlander's recent work successfully mediates between the somewhat overly polemicized positions of “relativist” and “positivist” history. In this context, I find that in his search for an adequately self‐reflexive historical narrative for the Holocaust, Hayden White's proposed notion of “middle‐voicedness” may recommend itself more as a process for eyewitness writers than as a style for historians after the fact. From here, I look at the ways Saul Friedlander's reflections on the historian's voice not only mediate between White's notions of the ironic mode and middle‐voicedness, but also suggest the basis for an uncanny history in its own right: an anti‐redemptory narrative that works through, yet never actually bridges, the gap between a survivor's “deep memory” and historical narrative.For finally, it may be the very idea of “deep memory” and its incompatibility to narrative that constitutes one of the central challenges to Holocaust historiography. What can be done with what Friedlander has termed “deep memory” of the survivor, that which remains essentially unrepresentable? Is it possible to write a history that includes some oblique reference to such deep memory, but which leaves it essentially intact, untouched and thereby deep? In this section, I suggest, after Patrick Hutton, that “What is at issue here is not how history can recover memory, but, rather, what memory will bequeath to history.” That is, what shall we do with the living memory of survivors? How will it enter (or not enter) the historical record? Or to paraphrase Hutton again, “How will the past be remembered as it passes from living memory to history?” Will it always be regarded as so overly laden with pathos as to make it unreliable as documentary evidence? Or is there a place for the understanding of the witness, as subjective and skewed as it may be, for our larger historical understanding of events?In partial answer to these questions, I attempt to extend Friedlander's insights toward a narrow kind of history‐telling I call “received history”—a double‐stranded narrative that tells a survivor‐historian's story and my own relationship to it. Such a narrative would chart not just the life of the survivor‐historian itself but also the measurable effect of the tellings—both his telling and mine—on my own life's story. Together, they would compose a received history of the Holocaust and its afterlife in the author's mind—my “vicarious past.”
Testing for Mean‐Variance Spanning with Short Sales Constraints and Transaction Costs: The Case of Emerging Markets
Authors: De Roon Frans A. , Nijman Theo E. , Werker Bas J. M. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTWe propose regression‐based tests for mean‐variance spanning in the case where investors face market frictions such as short sales constraints and transaction costs. We test whether U.S. investors can extend their efficient set by investing in emerging markets when accounting for such frictions. For the period after the major liberalizations in the emerging markets, we find strong evidence for diversification benefits when market frictions are excluded, but this evidence disappears when investors face short sales constraints or small transaction costs. Although simulations suggest that there is a possible small‐sample bias, this bias appears to be too small to affect our conclusions.
Excessive Extrapolation and the Allocation of 401(k) Accounts to Company Stock
Authors: Benartzi Shlomo 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTAbout a third of the assets in large retirement savings plans are invested in company stock, and about a quarter of the discretionary contributions are invested in company stock. From a diversification perspective, this is a dubious strategy. This paper explores the role of excessive extrapolation in employees' company stock holdings. I find that employees of firms that experienced the worst stock performance over the last 10 years allocate 10.37 percent of their discretionary contributions to company stock, whereas employees whose firms experienced the best stock performance allocate 39.70 percent. Allocations to company stock, however, do not predict future performance.
Executive Compensation and Corporate Acquisition Decisions
Authors: Datta Sudip , Iskandar‐Datta Mai , Raman Kartik 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTBy examining how executive compensation structure determines corporate acquisition decisions, we document a strong positive relation between acquiring managers' equity‐based compensation (EBC) and stock price performance around and following acquisition announcements. This relation is highly robust when we control for acquisition mode (mergers), means of payment, managerial ownership, and previous option grants. Compared to low EBC managers, high EBC managers pay lower acquisition premiums, acquire targets with higher growth opportunities, and make acquisitions engendering larger increases in firm risk. EBC significantly explains postacquisition stock price performance even after controlling for acquisition mode, means of payment, and “glamour” versus “value” acquirers.
The Photogrammetric Society Analogue Instrument Project: A Seventh Extract
Authors: Burnside C. D. 
Published: March 2003

The paper entitled The Photogrammetric Society Analogue Instrument Project was published in The Photogrammetric Record, 14(82): 565‐582 (October 1993) and contained, as Appendix A, an extract from the Archive concerned with the history of the Zeiss Stereoplanigraph in Great Britain. Further extracts have appeared in each of the subsequent issues, the last two being concerned with the range of mechanical projection instruments produced by the Wild company. This extract, the seventh of the series, completes the history of the use of this type of instrument in the UK by giving some details of the instruments produced by other manufacturers.The Wild instruments always employed straight space rods rotating in space about cardan joints. Perhaps in consequence their designs were sometimes described as obvious or unimaginative but they were undoubtedly most successful in practice. In contrast, most of the designs dealt with in this extract could never attract such adjectives. All of them incorporate novel features of design and one or two of them are so unusual in their approach that the short technical descriptions provided here cannot hope to explain adequately the working principles of their design. As an innovative designer of mechanical projection plotting instruments, Ermenegildo Santoni can rightly be singled out as a person who made an outstanding contribution in this field but, as the following paragraphs show, he was not alone in showing a remarkably inventive flair in devising solutions to the problems of rectification and restitution by mechanical methods.
The Status of Social Security and Its Role in Retirement Planning: A Professional Advisor's Perspective
Authors: Dumm Randy E. , Lee Colquitt L. , Hoyt Robert E. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractCurrently, one of the more salient retirement debates surrounds the future insolvency of the Social Security retirement system. In spite of the important role that financial planning professionals play in the retirement and private‐savings decisions that individuals make, no research has focused on assessing the opinions of this group. This study uses a survey approach to assess the opinions of financial planning professionals regarding the problems faced by the Social Security retirement system, the solutions that have been proposed thus far, and the use of Social Security benefits in the financial planning process.
Revenue Recycling and the Welfare Effects of Road Pricing
Authors: Parry Ian W. H. , Bento Antonio 
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the interactions between taxes on work‐related traffic congestion and pre‐existing distortionary taxes in the labor market. A congestion tax raises the overall costs of commuting to work and discourages labor force participation. The resulting welfare loss in the labor market can easily exceed the Pigouvian welfare gain from internalizing the congestion externality. However, if congestion tax revenues are used to reduce labor taxes, the net impact on labor supply is positive, and this can raise the overall welfare gain from the congestion tax by around 100 percent. Nonetheless the optimal congestion tax still equals the Pigouvian tax. JEL classification
R41; H21; H23
Generative models, brain function and neuroimaging
Authors: Friston Karl J. , Price Cathy J. 
Published: March 2003

The representational capacity and inherent function of any neuron, neuronal population or cortical area in the brain is dynamic and context‐sensitive. Functional integration, or interactions among brain systems, that employ driving (bottom up) and backward (top‐down) connections, mediate this adaptive and contextual specialisation. A critical consequence is that neuronal responses, in any given cortical area, can represent different things at different times. This can have fundamental implications for the design of brain imaging experiments and the interpretation of their results.Our arguments are developed under generative models of brain function, where higher‐level systems provide a prediction of the inputs to lower‐level regions. Conflict between the two is resolved by changes in the higher‐level representations, which are driven by the ensuing error in lower regions, until the mismatch is “cancelled”. From this perspective the specialisation of any region is determined both by bottom‐up driving inputs and by top‐down predictions. Specialisation is therefore not an intrinsic property of any region but depends on both forward and backward connections with other areas. Because the latter have access to the context in which the inputs are generated they are in a position to modulate the selectivity or specialisation of lower areas.The implications for classical models (e.g., classical receptive fields in electrophysiology, classical specialisation in neuroimaging and connectionism in cognitive models) are severe and suggest these models may provide incomplete accounts of real brain architectures. Here we focus on the implications for cognitive neuroscience in the context of neuroimaging.
“Risk” and UK Pension Reform
Authors: Ring Patrick 
Published: March 2003

Abstract“Risk” is a word that has become common currency in the financial services industry in general, and in the pensions industry in particular. This article critically examines its use in the context of the current debate about UK pension reform. “Risk” is used by a broad spectrum of interests to discuss a wide range of pension issues in a variety of contexts. The article outlines key theoretical perspectives on the nature and construction, or conceptualization, of risk. Their relevance to debate and policy initiatives, particularly public pension policy, is examined. It is suggested that current government policy is failing to carry with it those to whom the policy applies; that reforms implicitly, if not explicitly, underestimate the importance of “security”; and that failure to conduct a much broader debate about the fundamental notions of work, retirement, saving and security may simply condemn the UK to interminable pension reform.
Signifying across time and space: a case study of biomedical educational texts
Authors: Carter Simon , Michael Mike 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis paper is an analysis of educational materials produced by the United Kingdom's Medical Research Council (MRC). While the MRC's Research Updates are designed to be used in the classroom, interviews with MRC contributors to the Updates and with teachers and students show that their function is complex. Drawing on these data, we point to three facets of biomedical texts that have been neglected. First, we note that these texts are meant to influence only a proportion of their target audience. Their impact is to set up a ‘resonance’ in this proportion of students, a resonance that will at some point in the future materialise as a choice to pursue a career in biomedical research. This is our second observation: that texts are designed to have a latent effect. These texts also address another audience – government bodies who demand that the MRC engage in educational and public understanding of science activities. As such, and this is our third observation, scientific texts can signify laterally, not to readers directly engaged with them, but to observers whose concern is with their trajectory.
Typological considerations on second language acquisition
Authors: Ramat Anna Giacalone 
Published: March 2003

In this paper I claim that the functional typological approach may offer fruitful insights to interpret Second Language data. I assume that the range of grammatical choices languages of the world use to code a given semantic relation is potentially available to learner languages and it is thus expected that learner languages show features which, although different from their source or target languages, may find a counterpart in some other languages of the world. To this purpose, I will draw on second language data in the domain of relative clause formation and will also discuss the notion of relative clause construction in typology and acquisition.I also address a terminological and methodological point, namely whether the learning of the grammatical structures of a target language may be compared to grammaticalization as a diachronic process concerning the historical development of grammatical categories. Despite clear differences of conditions, I will nonetheless argue that both types of grammaticalization may help to discover general properties of language change.
Contradictions between Dutch Housing Policy and Spatial Planning
Authors: Priemus Hugo 
Published: March 2003

From the late 1980s Dutch housing policy has undergone a marked change, from a broad public commitment by central government to a resolute market orientation in which more of the risks have been transferred to private actors and local governments. During the same years, spatial planning policies were also revised. In order to achieve environmental policy objectives, restrictive planning policies were introduced to preserve landscape heritage; building activities were now to be concentrated in and near central cities. The old coalition between housing and spatial planning gave way, to a new coalition between spatial planning and environmental policy.Five contradictions between current housing policy and spatial planning are examined: the artificial shortage of new housing land, the tension between urban density and consumer preferences, a rigid and uniform housing differentiation which is at odds with the natural flexibility of housing markets, the danger of spatial segregation, and the tension between house building activities and environmental priorities.These contradictions can be explained as the result of an attempt by the Dutch government to combine a market‐oriented housing policy with substantial environmental ambitions (which have limited market support). The reformulation of both planning policy and housing policy is advocated, together with the shaping of both policy fields as a combination of market and policy elements. This will enable the desired improvement in consistency between spatial planning and housing policy.
Measuring the Strength of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Evidence, and Probabilities of Strong Implicating Evidence
Authors: Mellen Beverley G. , Royall Richard M. 
Published: March 2003

Summary
Likelihood ratios measure the strength of forensic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) evidence supporting the hypothesis that a given suspect is the source of a matching sample, versus the alternative that someone else is the source. One component of the DNA evidence consists of samples from the scene of the crime and from the suspect. Another consists of samples from a reference population. Treating each of these components as being generated by random (probabilistic) processes, and measuring the evidence by likelihood ratios, we examine the probability of obtaining strong implicating evidence when the given suspect is indeed the source of the crime scene sample and when someone else is the source. (In the latter case, the evidence is misleading.) The distinction between the strength of the evidence and the improbability of its occurrence is critical, as is the importance of conditioning on the particular circumstances of a given case to ensure the relevance of the calculated probability of misleading evidence.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus, DNA and Statistics
Authors: Holmes E. C. 
Published: March 2003

Summary
Understanding the causes and consequences of genetic variation in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is one of the most important tasks facing medical and evolutionary biologists alike. A powerful analytical tool which is available to those working in this field is the phylogenetic tree, which describes the evolutionary relationships of the sequences in a sample and the history of the mutational events which separate them. Although phylogenetic trees of HIV are becoming commonplace, their use can be improved by tailoring the underlying statistical models to the idiosyncrasies of viral biology. The design and refinement of phylogenetic analyses consequently represents an important practical use of statistical methods in HIV research.
The Effect of Careers Guidance for Employed Adults on Continuing Education: Assessing the Importance of Attitudinal Information
Authors: White Michael , Killeen John 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe validity of the matching estimator in programme evaluation depends on the completeness of the set of variables that are used for matching. When an attitudinal variable is relevant for the decision about participation, but is either unmeasured or measured only after entry to the programme, estimates of effects may be biased or difficult to interpret. This issue was investigated with data from an evaluation study of careers guidance for employed adults which utilized the method of propensity score matching. Job satisfaction, measured shortly after entry to the programme, was found to be strongly associated with participation but might itself have been influenced by the early experience of careers guidance. Estimates of the effects of guidance were considered both including and excluding the job satisfaction measure from the participation model. Data experiments with adjusted values of job satisfaction were also performed. The results illustrate that omitted attitudinal information poses a particular difficulty for the matching estimator.
Regression Analysis Under Non-standard Situations: A Pairwise Pseudolikelihood Approach
Authors: Liang Kung-Yee , Qin Jing 
Published: March 2003

Summary
Regression analysis is one of the most used statistical methods for data analysis. There are, however, many situations in which one cannot base inference solely on f(y∣x; β), the conditional probability (density) function for the response variable Y, given x, the covariates. Examples include missing data where the missingness is non-ignorable, sampling surveys in which subjects are selected on the basis of the Y-values and meta-analysis where published studies are subject to ‘selection bias’. The conventional approaches require the correct specification of the missingness mechanism, sampling probability and probability for being published respectively. In this paper, we propose an alternative estimating procedure for β based on an idea originated by Kalbfleisch. The novelty of this method is that no assumption on the missingness probability mechanisms etc. mentioned above is required to be specified. Asymptotic efficiency calculations and simulation studies were conducted to compare the method proposed with the two existing methods: the conditional likelihood and the weighted estimating function approaches.
Nonparametric Analysis of Ordinal Categorical Response Data with Factorial Structure
Authors: Best D. J. , Rayner J. C. W. 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARY
A simple nonparametric method of analysis for contingency tables with an ordinal response and factorial treatment structure is described. The method involves a partition of Pearson’s X2P-statistic by using orthogonal polynomials so that location and dispersion effects are estimated for each level of the explanatory variable. Analyses of variance are then performed on these effects to determine the important factors. The methods are applied to two examples, where consumers rate their liking for a product on an ordered categorical scale, one of which highlights the need to look at dispersion as well as location effects.