bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning Non-deterministic Finite Automata from Queries and Counterexamples
Authors: Yokomori T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the recent theoretical research activity of inductive learning, in particular, of inductive inference, Angluin has introduced the model of learning called minimally adequate teacher (MAT), that is, the model of learning via membership queries and equivalence queries, and has shown that the class of regular languages is efficiently learnable using deterministic finite automata (DFAs) (Angluin 1987b). More specifically, she has presented an algorithm which, given any regular language, learns from MAT a minimum DFA accepting the target in time polynomial in the number of states of the minimum DFA and the maximum length of any counterexample provided by the teacher. The MAT learning model is reasonably accepted for the following reasons. First, the limit of the learning capability from only given example data is well-recognized. Actually, Gold shows that the time complexity of learning consistent DFAs from given data is computationally intractable (Gold 1978). Hence, learning models from more than given data are required to study the feasible learnability. On the other hand, there is another motivation for introducing the MAT learning model which comes from a more practical viewpoint. Suppose one wants to construct an expert system (or knowledge system) and (s)he is trying to collect inference rules by interviewing human experts.
Machine Learning and Biomolecular Modelling
Authors: Sternberg M J E , Lewis R A , King R D , Muggleton S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two problems in biomolecular modelling have been tackled by the machine learning program, Golem. The program, based on inductive- based logic programming, takes as input observations and combines them with background knowledge to yield rules. The first system tackled was modelling the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) of a series of trimethoprim analogues binding to E. coli dihydrofolate reductase. The Golem rules were a better model than standard regression approaches. More importantly, these rules described the chemical properties of the enzyme binding site that were in broad agreement with the crystallographic structure. The other system was the prediction of the secondary structure of proteins to identify regions that form a-helices. On a test set the prediction was 81% accuracy which is better than the results achieved by neural networks. The rules from Golem defined patterns of residues forming α-helices.
Game Mastery and Intelligence
Authors: Michie Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Brute force’ programs unable to understand or explain what they are doing have begun to hold their own with world-class human players in chess, checkers (‘draughts’), backgammon, GoMoku and Othello. AI workers have been obliged to ponder the separability of three phases of problem-solving behaviour: prior research and plan-formation; runtime performance, including planning on the fly; rationalizing the actions taken and the solutions found.
Putting knowledge-rich plan representations to use
Authors: Tate Austin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AI· planning research is now maturing and finding practical application in the commercial, industrial, engineering and defence sectors. This has led to a rapid expansion in the last couple of years of investment in this area. The plan representations which have emerged from the research have been found to be of benefit in a number of areas-even when the generation of a plan is not the primary concern. One way in which the research is being exploited is via the use of knowledge-based plan representations to underpin systems which can use ‘knowledge-rich’ plans to improve their monitoring, analysis and advisory capabilities.
A Concept Learning Algorithm with Adaptive Search
Authors: Saito Kazumi , Nakano Ryohei 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes a concept learning algorithm called RF4 which adaptively improves its concept learning efficiency. RF4 performs a depth-first search on the basis of five criteria for pruning undesirable formulae and five transformation rules for combining formulae. The attribute search order is determined dynamically by estimating each attribute’s probability of being a component of the concept. In a KRK chess endgame problem, after learning a few sets of training examples, RF4 quickly improved its learning efficiency as well as predictive accuracy. In a set of visual pattern recognition problems called Bongard problems, using primitive knowledge of graphical objects, RF4 solved 41 out of 100 problems efficiently; other learning algorithms, e.g. GOLEM, INDUCE, or FOIL solved much less. After solving the 41 training problems, the average time for RF4 to solve the same set of problems was reduced to about onethird. Through statistical tests, a piece of useful knowledge to improve the problem-solving efficiency was extracted from a set of probabilities used in RF4.
Making robots see
Authors: Blake Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Progress in vision for robots over the past two decades since the seminal work of Ambler et al. (1975) exhibits several distinct strands. Firstly, deeper understanding of the applications of differential geometry (DoCarmo, 1976; Giblin and Weiss, I 987; Cipolla and Zisserman, 1992) and perspective geometry (Koenderink and Van Doorn, 1975; Koenderink and Van Doorn, 1978; Ullman, 1979; Longuet-Higgins and Pradzny, 1980; Huang and Tsai, 1981; Waxman and Ullman, 1985; Maybank, 1985; Faugeras et al., 1987; Murray and Buxton, 1990) to visual motion analysis allow the three-dimensional structure of the world to be analysed, on-the-fly, as a robot moves around its environment. Secondly, In this chapter, we report some recent progress, within the broad paradigm described above, towards building a visually guided robot arm that is able to grasp and transport objects across an obstacle-strewn environment. A CCD camera is mounted on the wrist of an ADEPT robot and a computer continually monitors visual signals.
A learnability model for universal representations and its application to top-down induction of decision trees
Authors: Muggleton S , Page D , Sato Masako 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Automated inductive learning is a vital part of machine intelligence and the design of intelligent agents. A useful formalization of inductive learning is the model of PAC learnability. Nevertheless, the ability to learn every target concept expressible in a given representation, as required in the PAC-learnability model, is highly demanding and leads to many negative results for interesting concept classes. A new model of learnability, called universal learnability or U-learnability, recently has been proposed as a less demanding, average-case variant of PAC-learnability. This paper uses the U-learnability model to analyze a top-down decision tree induction algorithm. Specifically, this paper proves that an idealized variant of the well-known decision tree learning algorithm CART - one of the most successful existing machine learning algorithms - is a U-learner under a natural set of assumptions regarding target hypotheses.
ICL
Authors: Campbell-Kelly Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of ICL is synonymous with the history of the British computer industry. The company was formed by a series of mergers in response to the increasing market dominance of the large American corporations, particularly IBM. The struggles between these two giants, and the inherent problems and implications for government-industry relations of competing with US multi-nationals are examined in detail in Martin Campbell-Kelly's wide-ranging study. Tracing the technical history of the company and the evolution of its computers from the early punch-card machines of the 1880s to the present day, the book also considers the concerns of technological change, the economics of research and development, and current product-strategy issues, making it essential reading for business students as well as computer professionals.
Computer virusescurrent and future
Authors: Louw Eric , Duffy Neil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we review some current research on computer viruses in companies, and attempt to synthesire these findings with a few of the major trends in computing in order to steal a glimpse into the future of computer viruses from a business perspective. Because of the general lack of data in this area, we focus much of our discussion on just three countries— the UK, the USA, and South Africa. The incidence of virus attacks on businesses Just how widespread are virus attacks on business computers? A few of the problems associated with collecting reliable information on the incidence of computer virus attacks were mentioned in Chapter 2, but some indication of the prevalence and severity of the problem is provided by the studies discussed below.
A History Of Multiple-Valued Theorem Proving
Authors: Hahnle Reiner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historically, most proof systems for many-valued logics were based on some version of the resolution rule; consequently, these will be reviewed together in a separate section. All but one of the remaining approaches are based upon extensions of more or less known proof procedures for classical logic. For the sake of completeness we have also included two very general frameworks for theorem proving which are not limited to many-valued logics. Two of the reviewed approaches (Sections 8.1.4.3 and 8.2.4) can deal with infinitely valued logics, although in a limited way. We treat only such proof systems extensively that were intended for automated theorem proving by their authors or that are obviously suitable for that purpose. In particular, we do not mention most of the vast literature on Hilbert-style or Gentzen-style axiomatizations. See Wolf (1977), Rescher (1969), Urquhart (1986), or Gottwald (1989), and the references contained therein, for that kind of proof systems.
Locomotion, locomotor muscles, and buoyancy
Authors: Bone Q 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The four kinds of pelagic tunicates are rather different in their buoyancy and locomotor capabilities, and in the methods they use for generating thrust to move forwards. Pyrosomas, salps, and doliolids swim by continuous or intermittent jet propulsion, whilst appendicularians swim by oscillating a chordate-like tail. In all except pyrosomas (where cilia produce the water flow), locomotion is the result of the contraction of striated muscle fibres. The fine structure of these fibres has been examined, and there is some evidence for cholinergic innervation. In most, the ionic basis of the muscle potentials has been studied and in doliolids and salps something is known of the way that muscular contractions are graded. In both doliolids and salps, analyses have been made of their jet propulsion.
The appendicularian house
Authors: Flood Per R , Deibel D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ‘house’ building capacity was early considered an important feature of the appendicularians, and the name ‘Oikopleura’ was coined by Mertens (1830, p. 210) soon after their original description by Chamisso and Eysenhardt (1821). OiKoc; (Oikos) is Greek for ‘house’ and 1rX.eupa (pleura) is Greek for ‘rib’ or the side of an animal, but came early to be applied to the lining membrane of the chest wall (Skinner, 1961). Thus, Mertens’ term ‘Oikopleura’ most likely points to the respiratory function which he erroneously assigned to the houses of these animals. However, it took almost 30 years before Mertens’ (1830) observation of a house surrounding an appendicularian was verified by Allman (1859). He suggested the house to be a ‘definitely shaped secretion, destined to act as a nidamental covering for the ova’. Moss (1870) gave some structural notes on inflating houses and presented interesting chemical data on the house material of an unidentified oikopleurid species, but did not comment on its function. Fol (1872) gave the first detailed description of the external houses in all three main families of appendicularians. His drawings still represent the most detailed published accounts of those of the Fritillariidae (26 species) and Kowalewskiidae (two species). A single photograph of a Kowalewskia house (Alldredge, 1976c) and a behavioural study of Fritillaria pellucida (Bone et al., 1979) add little to this knowledge. For the Oikopleuridae (about 29 species) on the other hand, Fol’s (1872) description of the house of Oikopleura albicans (at that time named O.cophocerca) was soon supplemented by the study by Eisen (1874), probably on O.dioica. Whereas Fol (1872, p. 495) suggested that the house served some protective function against preda-tors, Eisen (1874, p. 6) was the first to vaguely suggest it served ‘till at infora naringsamnen till munoppningen’ (to introduce nutritional substances to the mouth opening). However, undoubtedly the detailed structural studies of Lohmann (1898, 1899c, 1909a, 1933, 1934), mostly on O.albicans, were needed before any precise ideas could be established on the functional significance of the house with respect to feeding ecology. The great complexity and extreme fragility of appendicularian houses has been a challenge for numerous subsequent investigators and improved understanding of the precise structure and mode of operation of the house has only slowly emerged.
Butterflies and communities
Authors: Steel Keith Porter with Caroline A , Thomas Jeremy A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines interactions between butter¬ flies and other organisms such as other butterflies, animals, and plants, in communities. ‘Communities are groups of species that interact, or have the potential for interacting, with one another’ (Strong et al. 1984). The concept infers that individuals of one species influence the fitness of other individuals of the same or different species, either directly or in¬ directly. This could involve ‘competition’ for food or physical space but does not necessarily require that two individuals come into physical contact. Con¬sequently communities are often difficult to verify in the field, especially as they can be of any size.
Population Structure And Gene Fiow
Authors: Lank David B , Rockwell Robert F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Snow Geese nesting at La Pérouse Bay are not an isolated biological population. Pair formation occurs away from the breeding grounds, where La Pérouse Bay geese mix with those breeding at other nesting colonies. The level of gene exchange among colonies needs to be assessed if we are to infer potential local evolutionary consequences of the selective regime operating among the birds nesting at La Pérouse Bay. We aim to assess how both selection and gene flow can act to modify the genetic structure of our population. This chapter puts our colony into perspective by examining the population structure of Snow Geese and their close relatives.
Plumage colour
Authors: Lank David B , Rockwell Robert F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Field studies of natural selection have been carried out on both polymorphic and quantitative characters. Although the latter are more common in nature, above the molecular level, population geneticists have until recently concentrated on polymorphic variation for both technical and theoretical reasons (Endler 1986). Mendel developed the fundamental models of heredity by interpreting phenotypes as genotypes, and characteristics for which population allele frequencies could be determined stimulated Fisher, Haldane, Wright and others to formulate the fundamental population genetics models of mutation rates, genetic drift, gene flow and selection. The empirical literature of ecological genetics similarly concentrated on tractable polymorphic traits (Ford 1975), including Kettlewell’s (1973) studies of industrial melanism in the Peppered Moth (Biston betularia), which remains the paradigmatic textbook example documenting natural selection and evolutionary change in the wild. Snow Geese have one highly conspicuous polymorphic trait, namely plumage colour. The frequency of the blue morph has slowly increased during our study (Fig. 3.6). We initially attributed this increase not to potentially higher local fitness of the blue morph (Cooke et al. 1985; Findlay et al. 1985), but rather to gene flow within the central breeding population of Snow Geese (Chapter 3). The slow rate of change is consistent with familial imprinting and assortative mating with respect to colour.
Distribution and habitat
Authors: Zann Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To understand the distribution of the Zebra Finch we not only need to appreciate the environment of its recent evolutionary past (Chapter 1), but more importantly we need to understand its present day patterns of distribution under the present day environment, especially the plant environment. Zebra Finches have a very wide distribution. They are distributed throughout continental Australia and most of the islands that form the Lesser Sundas archipelago of eastern Indonesia (Figure 2.1).
The Rain Forests Of Malaysia
Authors: Aiken S Robert , Leigh Colin H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Asian rain-forest block is centred on the Malay Archipelago, the name given to the great chain of islands linking mainland South-east Asia to Australia. In the western part of the region, where Malaysia is situated, are dipterocarp-dominated forests of unsurpassed grandeur: in no other rain forest are there loftier trees or a greater number of different species of trees growing together in discrete areas; there are no other forests anywhere in the world’, according to Whitmore (1988, p. 21), ‘which have so many genera and species of a single tree family [namely Dipterocarpaceae] growing together in the same place’; and few other forests can boast a greater wealth of both plant and animal life.
Resource Utilization And Forest Conversion: Processes And Policies
Authors: Aiken S Robert , Leigh Colin H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Physically, South-east Asia consists of two major regions: continental or mainland South-east Asia, and the structurally complex festoon of islands that comprise the Malay Archipelago or insular South-east Asia. The modern state of Malaysia straddles this basic division: Peninsular Malaysia (hereafter the Peninsula) is part of the mainland, whereas Sabah and Sarawak (East Malaysia) belong to the Archipelago. More revealing, however, is what the two parts of Malaysia share: both lie on the Sunda Shelf; both are in the floristic province of West Malesia; and both are part of a larger island world, for the Peninsula is a near-island.
Introduction
Authors: Schofield Paul N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this introduction is to give the reader a brief overview of the fascinating field of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) biology, and to act not only as a guide to different aspects of the factors covered in this volume, but, I hope, to whet the appetite for some of the more intriguing and Jess well-characterized aspects of the IGFs explored by these different groups of contributors.
The insulin-like growth factor genes
Authors: Ward Andrew , Elliss Carolyn J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The structure and expression of the insulin-like growth factor genes (IGF-I and IGF-II) are examined in this chapter. Most of the data under discussion have accumulated since the elucidation of the amino acid sequences of these factors (Rinderknecht and Humbel 1978a,b) and the isolation of IGF-I clones from a human adult liver CDNA library (Jansen et al. 1983). Numerous CDNA and genomic clones have now been characterized, for both IGF-1 and -II, and these have been used extensively as probes for IGF gene expression in addition to providing a wealth of information on nucleotide sequences. The availability of nucleotide and amino acid sequences from a number of vertebrate species allows some analysis of possible evolutionary relationships between IGFs, as well as comparisons of the IGFs with other members of the insulin gene family.
Insulin-like growth factors as endocrine and paracrine hormones
Authors: Bang Peter , Hall Kerstin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three decades ago, Salmon and Daughaday (1957) proposed that the growth-promoting action of growth hormone was mediated through secondary substances. The search for such factors led to the discovery of the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs). These were discovered as three different biological activities in plasma; the growth hormone-regulated, sulphation factor activity, the non-suppressible insulin-like activity, and multiplication-stimulating activity (Daughaday et al. 1972, 1987).
Symbiotic Interactions
Authors: Douglas A E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No organism exists in isolation. Symbiosis describes some of the most intimate interactions that occur between organisms; those in which some species can overcome their own physiological limitations by exploiting the capacities of others. Symbiotic Interactions is a modern synthesis of our knowledge of symbiosis, from the molecular mechanisms underlying the establishment and function of symbioses to the ecological and evolutionary impact of such associations. The book takes the novel approach that symbiosis is a vehicle by which many organisms have gained access to complex metabolic capabilities, and this is illustrated by a variety of associations, including photosynthetic algae in corals, nitrogen-fixing bacteria in plant roots and cellulose-degrading microorganisms in herbivorous mammals. The traditional view of symbioses as mutually-beneficial associations is explicitly abandoned. This book brings together the scattered literature on symbiosis, providing an integrated introduction for undergraduate courses and up-to-date review for postgraduate students.
Mature vegetative phase
Authors: Tomlinson P B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Growth limitations which largely determine the form of the palm have been discussed in Chapter 3. In recapitulation we may recall that in the absence of any secondary vascular and mechanical tissue, the crown size is fixed, reflected in the rarity of aerial branching. Vegetative branching is largely restricted to the base of the original trunk, the branches being self-supporting and independently rooted. Nevertheless, the diversity of growth forms in palms is still surprising and the range of mature stem diameters extends over about two orders of magnitude. Growth form is usually species specific, but within one genus the variation can be considerable (Plate 5).
Fruit and seed
Authors: Tomlinson P B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a paradox about our knowledge of the palm fruit and seed; it is the least studied part of the plant and yet is the most important economic resource. It represents the source of food and raw materials on a massive economic scale. Nevertheless, there are few studies of development, structure, and biology of palm fruits; most interest has been expressed in the physiology and biochemical composition, but even then the potential value of palm fruits as sources of raw material is little understood. Most work has been done on coconut, oil-palm, and date (e.g. van Die 1974); Jeje et al. 1978; Juliano 1926). For palms as a whole information is mainly summarized in Murray (1971, 1973), while Essig (1977a), and Essig and Young (1979) have made a comparative histological study of a group ofarecoid palms. Guérin (1949) made studies on the anatomy of fruit and seed in several palms; Bentinckia condapanna has been described by Padmanabhan and Regupathy (1981).