bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examination of Errors
Authors: Garfield Jay L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter continues the investigation of the relation between cyclic existence and nirvaoa by asking whether the fundamental defilements and the four basic cognitive errors, which according to orthodox Buddhist doctrine bind us to sarpsara, themselves inherently exist and by asking how it is possible to abandon them and enternirval)a. The fundamental defilements are desire, hatred, and confusion: the desire for things that are not desirable, the aversion to things to which it is not reasonable to be averse, confusion about the actual nature of entities. These, according to most strains of Buddhist philosophy, are the bases of afflicted action, which in turn leads to further grasping and error. The four basic errors or erroneous philosophical theses are: (1) There is a permanent self among the five personal aggregates. (2) There is real happiness in sarpsara. (3) The body is pure-that is, that it is a real source of happiness. (4) There is a permanent self distinct from the aggregates.
Introduction
Authors: Everett William Johnson 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The end of the Cold War has released tribal, ethnic, religious, and regional conflicts that had been repressed by the East-West struggle for most of the century. A world supposedly divided between communism and capitalism has revealed itself once again to be rent by conflicts between groups that appeal to their biological roots and those that appeal to reason and consensus for legitimation. The terms of basic conflict on the globe have been radically altered within a few short years, whether we are speaking of eastern Europe, Russia, India, or Africa. In all these cases religion and religious organizations have played key roles on both sides of this conflict.
Envisioning the Engagement
Authors: Everett William Johnson 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Behind the contemporary struggle for more adequate federal re publics lie two themes that are deeply rooted in biblical religion and classical political philosophy. They are the themes of covenant and publicity. The concept of covenant arose from ancient treaty relationships and came to have a religious meaning through its use in Jewish and Christian theology. In general, by “covenant” I mean a set of mutual obligations forming people’s common life and established through solemn agreement. By “publicity” I mean people’s effort to establish public spheres and participate in them. These two concepts are rich with further meanings derived from their biblical and classical roots that can orient us to the dynamic of federal republicanism shaping our era.
Religious Organization and Constitutional Justice in India
Authors: Everett William Johnson 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent German experience offers us a dramatic story in the present world struggle for more adequate public life and federal political order. The story of the revolution and the churches’ involvement in it has helped sharpen our understanding of the underlying dynamics of covenant making and ecclesial publicity. I now turn further from a European orbit to some less known, indeed everyday, cases in Indian life to see what kinds of issues can be identified with the analytical lens of covenantal publicity.
Assessing the Engagement, Evaluating the Inquiry
Authors: Everett William Johnson 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This comparative study began with four intentions: 1) to identify the religious issues at stake in the engagement between religious organization and federal republicanism; 2) to identify the crucial interinstitutional relationships that mediate the influences back and forth between religion and federal-republican polity; 3) to identify the roles religion plays in the process of legitimating, critiquing, or delegitimating the federal republican project; and 4) to explore critical ethical dimensions of this reciprocal engagement through the bridge concept of covenantal publicity. More over, this inquiry has been both analytical and normative. I have sought both to understand the actual interplay of religion with the federalist struggle for more embracing publics and also to gain some normative vantage point for evaluating these complex connections.
(Re) Presentations of Women In The Gospels
Authors: D’Angelo Mary Rose 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What are you looking for?” Jesus asks the first disciples in the Gospel of John (1 : 38). This is an important query for feminist investigation of the gospels. A wide variety of questions has been put to these texts: whether the gospel writers view women positively or negatively, whether their messages are inclusive or exclusive, whether they challenge or accommodate established gen der roles, which gospel is the most or least inclusive, the most or least patriarchal, and even (since these works are all actually anonymous) whether a woman could have been the author of one or more of them. These questions produce very different answers about the same texts. For instance, two social science approaches come to nearly opposite conclusions about the representations of women in Mark and Matthew.
The Dynamics of Divine Appeal
Authors: Ross Ellen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a sermon, the preacher and ecclesiastical reformer John Mirk tells the story of a good man and an evil liar who are friends. The good man does what he can to persuade his wayward friend to confess and seek forgiveness for his heinous ways, but the friend refuses, always putting off confronting his sin until another day. ‘‘I’ll do it when I’m near death,” he says, and goes on with his life. Eventually, the evil man falls ill; his friend redoubles his efforts to persuade him to confess. Still he refuses, saying, ‘‘I’ve lived in sin for so long that I won’t be forgiven.” The good friend assembles priests and friars in a vain attempt to win confession from his friend but to no avail. One night about midnight, while sleeping in the sick man’s room where a light bums through the night, the friend sees Jesus Christ with his bloody wounds standing in front of the sick man’s bed.
Dramas of Divine Compassion
Authors: Ross Ellen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medieval liturgical drama cycles were public spectacles. Often whole towns and cities participated in producing them, with different guilds and craftspeople taking responsibility for the staging of individual plays. At York, for example, the fishers and mariners produced the Noah play; the goldsmiths, the plays of the three Magi; the bakers, the Last Supper play; and the butchers were responsible for the death of Christ play. Although written by the educated and undoubtedly by clerics in some cases, the plays were immensely popular with people in all strata of medieval society. Along with their entertainment value, these plays were also a form of public education, much like medieval sermons, art, and poetry in their accessibility and widespread appeal.
Slavery and African-American Methodism
Authors: Wigger John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On February 14, 1807, the itinerant Seth Crowell preached at “the African meeting-house” in New York City. “The Lord manifested his presence in a glorious manner,” he noted in his journal following the meeting. “I have always found it good to preach to that people: God is with them—he has no respect to persons—all colours and persons are alike to him, if they fear him and work righteousness.” Crowell was impressed not only with the African Americans’ piety, but also with their methodical administration and well-regulated discipline. “The Africans here form a very respectable society; are decent in their appearance, and strictly religious and moral in their deportment,” noted Crowell. “A number of the African preachers are men of sound judgement, good sense, and decent education: on the whole, they are an honour to the methodist cause.” Two decades before Crowell’s sermon in New York, the itinerant James Meacham preached to a racially mixed congregation on the Greensville, Virginia, circuit on a Sunday in August 1789. Meacham’s sermon sparked a stir in the congregation such that “the Lord was all over the church . . . the Spirit of the (Lord) was great.
Sisters and Mothers in Israel
Authors: Wigger John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like nearly all evangelical movements of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, women were a clear numerical majority among Methodist adherents and formed the backbone of the early Methodist movement. In New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore between 1786 and 1801 women constituted approximately 57 to 66 percent of the total Methodist membership. In towns such as Poughkeepsie, New York, and Worthington, Ohio, they consistently accounted for the majority of class meeting members (see chapter 4). If Methodism was fundamentally a local event, then women were at its heart. Methodist women did far more than simply support an institution defined and run by men. Because of its voluntary and popular nature, early American Methodism primarily reflected the hopes, fears, and aspirations of its laity, the majority of whom were women. Like their fathers, husbands, and sons, Methodist women relished plain, forceful preaching, luxuriated in the free flow of the spirit, approved of the church’s discipline, and valued the intimacy of the class meeting and the movement’s strong communal bonds. Most Methodist women did not feel themselves marginalized by the movement’s core beliefs. In many places women took the lead in establishing the church and defining what Methodism would mean to them and their com munity. As a movement, Methodism was created as much by women as it was by men.
Really a Prologue
Authors: Watts Jill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Born in August 1893-”one of the hot months”-Mae West boasted that she “was a child of the new century” and that she “ran toward it boldly.” Many have viewed Mae West as a paradox, a label she delightedly perpetuated. In the 193os, at her popularity’s peak, she announced in an interview, “I’m so ultramodern that I’m old-fashioned. That’s the real truth of the matter.” From earliest childhood, Mae lived in a swirling world of contrasts, constantly entangled in polarities and contradictions. In the Brooklyn of Mae West’s youth, herds of deer still wandered its largest park while gangs of poor and working-class men and boys roamed its streets. The young Mae was raised in transitional places and times. Born on the cusp between two centuries, she became both the old and the new. Such dichotomies marked her entire existence.
Locating the Argument
Authors: Sherman Amy L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Exaltation of the primitive was perhaps best captured in Jean jacques Rousseau’s famous phrase about the noble savage. Pre industrial, pre-civilized man, Rousseau asserted, lived an idyllic existence in harmony with nature. In our times, Hollywood glamorizes traditional, indigenous cultures-a well-known example being Dances With Wolves-while politically correct anthropologists blame colonial ism for destroying the morally superior and ecologically conscious folk societies it conquered. Multiculturalism is perhaps the latest banner under which many cultural relativists march, lauding the contributions of all diverse cultures (except, often, their own Western heritage).
Cristo-Paganism Described and Analyzed
Authors: Sherman Amy L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The world of Cristo-pagan Mayan Indians is a crowded place. Walking down dirt trails to their milpa, they may pass all sorts of supernatural beings-the dueiios (spirit owners) of the trees, birds, rocks, and animals, and the spirits of the sacred hills. Entering the local Catholic church, they confront images of Christ, Mary, and the most important saints of that area. Passing the cemetery, they are reminded of their dead ancestors and the responsibility to care for their souls through prayer and the sacrifice of candles, food, and drink-lest they punish them with illness or a bad harvest. Considering a business deal, they must take into account what day it is, since the “gods” of certain days can be more or less favorable to commercial activity.
Prologue to the Third Edition
Authors: Machado De Assis Joaquim Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The second edition of this work sold out faster than the first. Here it is in the third with no changes except for certain typographical corrections, such as they were, and so few that even if they had been left in they would not have altered the meaning. An illustrious friend and confrere insisted that I follow this book up with another. “Along with The Posthumous Memoirs of Bras Cubas, from which this is derived, you should make a trilogy, and the Sofia from Quincas Borba will have the third part all to herself.” For some time I thought that it might be possible, but as I reread these pages now I say no.
Grandmother’s Tales
Authors: Sherwin Byron L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The great psychotherapist Alfred Adler would always ask a patient in the beginning stages of therapy: “What are your earliest childhood memories?” He recognized that early memories often play a decisive role in shaping who we are and what we can become. Among my earliest memories are the Polish lullabies Grandma sang to me, the smell and taste of the kasha she fed me, the stories she told me. Long before I visited Poland for the first time, I was familiar with many things I would encounter there. Though I had studied for many years about Jewish life and thought in Poland, those memories of my grandmother seemed much more real and poignant than the information I was able to glean from books.
Life, Learning, and Luria in Lublin
Authors: Sherwin Byron L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Without parallel in the history of diasporan Jewry, the council epitomized Jewish self-government in Poland. Some historians consider the council as representative of the unique opportunity for Jewish religious and sociopolitical autonomy afforded by the comparatively tolerant Polish attitude toward the Jews. Other historians view the council as a foreshadowing of and as a precedent for Jewish self government in the State of Israel. Still others interpret the establishment of the council as a self-serving Polish strategy for the centralized taxation and control of Polish Jewry. All three views have some credence.
Jewish Continuity
Authors: Sherwin Byron L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once there lived in Cracow a rabbi named Isaac. He was very poor. Isaac lived with his wife and children in a house with only one room. In the middle of the room there was a stove. During winter, when they had money for wood, the heat of the stove would offer warmth and would cook the meager food that barely sustained them from day to day.
Inward Journeys
Authors: Sherwin Byron L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prominent French novelist Andre Malraux once said that “either the third millennium will be a spiritual age, or there will be no third millennium.” Similarly, Dag Hammarskjold, the first U.N. secretary-general, warned that “Unless the world has a spiritual rebirth, civilization is doomed.” As we witness a growing sense of spiritual homelessness among increasing numbers of individuals, who, in the words of Matthew Arnold are “wandering between two worlds, one dead and the other powerless to be born,” the admonitions of Hammarskjold and Malraux take on an added sense of urgency and poignancy. In our age of collapsing ideologies, shifting economies, changing politics, moral anarchy, genocidal violence, and displaced populations, many have come to realize that the emperor has no clothes and that the clothes have no emperor. We find ourselves living through an earthquake with its epicenter in the self. What is happening all around us is also happening within us. The shocks and aftershocks that have convulsed the topography of our daily lives inevitably register on the seismograph of our souls, on our innermost selves.
The Land We Shared
Authors: Sherwin Byron L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although medieval chroniclers treated the story as historical fact, most modem historians treat it as mere legend. From the fifteenth century onward, Polish and Jewish chronicles and literary sources speak of the liaison between the beautiful Jewess and the powerful king. The earliest known record, less than a century after Casimir’s death, appears in the writings of the first important historian of Poland, Jan Dlugosz, who noted that King Casimir the Great maintained an extramarital relationship with a Jewess named Esterka, the daughter of a tailor from the town of Opoczno. According to subsequent embellishments, the love affair blossomed during the king’s unhappy marriage to Adelaja of Hesse, and intensified after his subsequent, ill-fated marriage to Krystyna Rokiczonska the Czech. Four children were born to Casimir and Esterka, two boys and two girls. The boys, Niemira and Pelka, were raised as Catholics at the royal court. The girls were raised with the Jews as Jews, with Casimir’s approval.
Radical Multiculturalism and Its Discontents
Authors: Farber Daniel A , Sherry Suzanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The past twenty years have been a time of great ferment in the academy. An approach sometimes labeled “deconstruction” has swept through universities, altering the landscape in discipline after discipline. The goal of the deconstructionist is to expose, or deconstruct, the underlying subjectivity and indeterminacy of everything we thought we knew. Radical multiculturalists adopt this approach, attempting to deconstruct such fundamental concepts as truth, merit, and law. In scholarship, as in politics, one of the most common sins is to mischaracterize an opponent’s position in order to attack it. In the hope of avoiding that failing, we use this chapter to make good on our claims about the positions taken by the radical multiculturalists.
Profaning Marriage
Authors: Vasoli Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This colloquy, occurring in the summer of 1995, would have been unimaginable in the pre-Vatican II Church in the United States. The confessor would have told the penitent that the woman’s overtures were an occasion of sin, instructed if not ordered him to avoid adulterous entanglements, specified the terms of his penance, and wondered whether the line outside the confessional was getting shorter. The confessor in this case was not newly ordained and thus still under the influence of the latest in pastoral counseling taught at the seminary. He was, in fact, a veteran priest, several years beyond his Golden Jubilee.
Tribunal Personnel
Authors: Vasoli Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The analysis of any social system benefits from examination of its role structure. A role consists of a bundle of rights and duties associated with a specific position-a status-within a group or organization. Roles comprise both normative and behavioral components. Some roles are narrowly circumscribed by special rules and expectations, while others allow individuals more leeway. But no matter how scrupulously the rights and duties are spelled out by custom and law, the person playing the role may define them differently. As a result, discrepancies arise between official and personalized definitions of roles and be tween prescribed and actual behavior.
Introduction: “Conventional” Literacy and “Vernacular” Practice
Authors: Gundaker Grey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Afro-Atlantic diaspora, and perhaps all complex cultural networks and encounters, events involving literacies arise that incorporate resources with different histories and different relationships to spoken language within a single event, narrative, or object. The expressive interaction that results registers these differences but also generates new associations keyed to the immediate situation. These associations feed back into the sociocultural context, help to reconstitute it, and provide metacommentary on the conditions, such as pressured culture contact, that gave rise to the interaction in the first place.
Contrasting and Complementary Scripts and Graphic Signs
Authors: Gundaker Grey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the interaction of conventional literacy and vernacular practices when Roman script shares a context with another kind of script or graphic system. It also looks at how inscriptions disrupt and reconfigure the Roman alphabet and orthodox punctuation. These conjunctions and disruptions accomplish what neither conventional Roman script nor the vernacular alternative could do alone. They make double voicing an inherent property of the acts of writing and reading. Some interactions foreground a contrast between different sets of values, much as Elder Green did in his narrative. Sometimes an alternative sign system sim ply fulfills a function to which Roman script is less well suited, because of its phonological and linear properties or its cultural history.
The Self
Authors: Carter John Ross , Palihawadana Mahinda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this respect one does not surely guard oneself even if one, being a layperson were living with defenses provided, having entered a well-enclosed inner room in the upper floor of a mansion, thinking, “I will guard myself”; nor, being a monk, if one were living in a rock cave with well-enclosed and covered doors and windows. On the other hand, one does guard oneself if, being a layperson, one were performing wholesome deeds such as the practices of giving and being virtuous, to the best of one’s ability; or, being a monk, evincing eager interest in one’s duties and services, study of texts and mindfulness.
The Awakened One
Authors: Carter John Ross , Palihawadana Mahinda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whose victory is not turned into defeat: yassa jitam navajfyati The victory of the Fully Awakened One is not turned to defeat, does not become a poor victory, due to-the fact that the mass of defilements such as [sensual] attachments, and so forth, conquered [by him] by the various Paths, will not be reactivated.
The Path
Authors: Carter John Ross , Palihawadana Mahinda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of paths., the eightfold is the best: maggan’ atthangiko settho Of the paths, be they such as footpaths, and so forth, or be they the paths traversed by the sixty-two [wrong ] views2—of all such paths the eightfold is the noblest, which, with its eight constituent aspects such as right views, and so forth,3 brings about the abandoning of [the contrary ] eight, such as wrong views, and so forth, and which, having made cessation [of mental activities] its object, effects, in regard to all four truths, the function of complete understanding of suffering, and so on.
The Bhikkhu
Authors: Carter John Ross , Palihawadana Mahinda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When a visible object comes within the range of a bhikkhu’s eyesight [lit. eye door] and [he is] not being attracted to the object [if it is] pleasant, not annoyed at the object [if it is] unpleasant, [and] not begetting confusion through lack of proper insight, [then] it is said that he has exercised “restraint,” [or] “closure,” [or] “covering,” [or] “guarding” in regard to the door. Commendable is restraint with the eye of that one. The same manner [of interpretation applies] in regard to the “doors” of the ear, and so forth.