bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon and nitrogen isotope composition of bulk soils, particle‐size fractions and organic material after treatment with hydrofluoric acid
Authors: Schmidt M. W. I. , Gleixner G. 
Published: June 2005

SummarySoils and sediments contain only small amounts of organic matter, and large concentrations of paramagnetic metals can give poor solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of organic matter. Pretreatment of samples with hydrofluoric acid (HF) dissolves significant proportions of the mineral matrix and extracts paramagnetic elements. We investigated the effects of 10% HF treatment on the stable isotope content of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) of organic matter from soils, composts and shales. Additionally we inferred molecular and isotopic characteristics of lost materials from calculations of isotope mass balances. Treatment with HF enriched C and N in mineral samples substantially (factors 2.5–42.4), except for Podzol B horizons (1.1–1.7) and organic material (1.0–1.3). After treatment most of the C (59.7–91.7%) and N (53.7–86.6%) was recovered, although changing C/N ratios often indicated a preferential loss of N‐rich material. Isotope ratios of C and N in the remaining material became more negative when net alterations exceeded 0.3‰. The isotope ratios of the lost material contained more 13C (1–2‰) and 15N (1–4‰) than the initial organic matter. Acid hydrolysis typically removes proteins, amino acids and polysaccharides, all of which are enriched in 13C, and in the case of proteins and amino acids, enriched in 15N as well. We conclude that HF treatment released fresh, soluble, probably microbial, biomass in addition to carbohydrates. Net changes of the bulk chemical composition of organic matter were small for most soils, size fractions and plant material, but not for samples containing little organic matter, or those rich in easily soluble organic matter associated with iron oxides, such as Podzol B horizons.
Sorption and leaching behaviour of polar aromatic acids in agricultural soils by batch and column leaching tests
Authors: Celis R. , Real M. , Hermosín M. C. , Cornejo J. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryAromatic acids can reach the soil from direct anthropogenic activities or, indirectly, from the degradation of many aromatic compounds, such as pesticides or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Because of the anionic character of aromatic acids at the pH of most soil and sediment environments, they are expected to move rapidly through the soil profile and to pose a great risk of ground water contamination. We designed batch and column leaching tests to characterize the behaviour of three aromatic acids differing in their chemical structures, picloram (4‐amino‐3,5,6‐trichloropicolinic acid), phthalic acid (2,2‐benzenedicarboxylic acid), and salicylic acid (2‐hydroxybenzoic acid), in four European soils with different physicochemical characteristics. Batch experiments revealed that the persistence of the three acids in soil:water suspensions decreased in the order: picloram ≫ phthalic acid > salicylic acid, and their dissipation curves were relatively independent of soil type. Sorption by the soils, their clay‐size fractions and model sorbents indicated much greater affinity of soil constituents for salicylic acid than for picloram or phthalic acid, most likely due to the ability of salicylic acid to form bidentate complexes with positively charged soil components. The extent of leaching of the aromatic acids in hand‐packed soil columns decreased in the order: picloram (90–96%) > phthalic acid (25–90%) > salicylic acid (0–37%), which was consistent with the sorption and persistence results of the batch tests. The organic C content, the amount of small‐size pores, and the initial concentration of aromatic acid in soil appeared to be important factors influencing the leaching patterns of phthalic acid and salicylic acid in the soils studied, but did not greatly influence the leaching pattern of picloram. Sorption and leaching of polar aromatic acids in soil can therefore vary considerably depending on the structural characteristics of the aromatic acid or soil type.
Hip fracture: family caregivers’ burden and related factors for older people in Taiwan
Authors: Lin Pi‐Chu , Lu Chang‐Ming 
Published: June 2005

Aims.  The purpose of this study was to explore the burden experienced by caregivers during the transition from hospital to home.Background.  With a growing older population, home‐based care has gradually gained more recognition. Most older people with hip fracture in Taiwan have to be discharged at a relatively early stage. Therefore, the caregiving tasks falls on the families.Methods.  A total of 98 older people with hip fracture and their caregivers were interviewed. The sample was selected from three medical centres in Taipei, and questionnaires were collected at one week and one month following hospital discharge.Results.  (i) Family caregivers were usually women (63.3%) with spouses being the primary caregivers in most cases (30.6%). About one‐third of caregivers took care of other family members on top of their responsibilities caring for the sick elders at home, and 77.6% shared the care tasks with others. (ii) The caregivers experienced moderate burdens. About 91.8% of caregivers reported ‘I feel sad watching the elder's health deteriorating’, 84.9% reported ‘I must keep an eye on the elder constantly’ and 56.7% reported ‘Taking care of the sick elder at home makes me feel exhausted’. (iii) Caregiver burden and the functional level of older people were adversely correlated. (iv) Caregivers who were unable to access other resources for help and/or had provided care to the older person prior to the fracture resulting in hospitalization experienced a higher burden.Conclusions.  These findings should be helpful in the formulation of evidence‐based discharge planning and home health care services.Relevance to clinical practice.  Comprehensive discharge planning and developing social support systems for family caregivers to reduce caregivers burden are needed.
Clinical education facilitators: a literature review
Authors: Lambert Veronica , Glacken Michèle 
Published: June 2005

Aims and objectives.  The aim of this literature review, set within an Irish context, is to present a broad overview of former and existing clinical support personnel, explore the concept of facilitation and examine what is known about the role of the clinical education facilitator.Background.  The importance of providing a supportive clinical environment to enhance clinical teaching and learning is strongly portrayed in the literature. While the past two decades have borne witness to various clinical support personnel, the literature identifies conflicting demands that these personnel face. No suggestions are advanced as to how to overcome these difficulties, which inevitably influence the quality and quantity of their clinical teaching role. An identifiable gap exists over who has prime responsibility for clinical teaching. It is timely that alternative possibilities for organizing clinical teaching are investigated. A new post emerging in practice settings is that of the clinical education facilitator who is meant to be the key linchpin in clinical areas for reducing the theory–practice gap.Method.  Relevant literature for this review was sourced using the computerized databases CINAHL, Medline and Synergy. Manual searching of relevant nursing journals and sourcing of secondary references extended the search. Government reports and other relevant documents were obtained through pertinent websites.Results.  Papers that explicitly examined the concept of facilitation and explored the posts of clinical education facilitators were included; six research papers were accessed and reviewed. In addition seven non‐empirical papers were included.Conclusions.  It is clear that considerable lack of role clarity resides over what constitutes clinical facilitation and the role of the clinical facilitator. Thus, it is paramount to strengthen this support role with Irish empirical evidence.Relevance to clinical practice.  A major advantage in having a ward‐based clinical education facilitator is the benefit of having access to someone who can concentrate solely on clinical education and support with attempts to narrow the theory–practice divide.
Exploration of patients’ needs for information on arrival at a geriatric and rehabilitation unit
Authors: McKain Silvana , Henderson Amanda , Kuys Suzanne , Drake Susan , Kerridge Lynne , Ahern Kay 
Published: June 2005

Aim.  The aim of this study was to gather information about patients’ needs prior to transferring from an acute care facility to a rehabilitation setting that could assist patients to engage actively in rehabilitation activities upon entering the unit.Background.  The provision of information is an important aspect of health care as it assists patients to become informed and actively participate in this care. Improved recovery has been associated with patients’ adherence to care regimes.Method.  Semi‐structured interviews were undertaken with a convenient sample of nine patients shortly after admission/transfer to a rehabilitation unit and with four of these patients after discharge. The intent was to learn what information patients receive prior to admission to the rehabilitation unit, whether this information is useful and whether different information would be more useful to facilitate patients’ engagement in the activities central to rehabilitation treatment.Results.  Interviews revealed that, generally, patients received very little information about what to expect on admission to the rehabilitation unit and patients’ engagement was more dependent on perceptions about rehabilitation. Thematic analysis identified that, in general, rehabilitation was perceived as ‘a ticket out’ and ‘a good thing’. In relation to provision of information of participants identified that ‘doesn't matter that I don't know’; ‘information is not always meaningful’ and ‘I will adjust in my own time’.Relevance to clinical practice.  Health professionals need to recognize that patients are often compliant with decisions made while they are inpatients of the current health care system. Even though patients may ‘actively participate’ in rehabilitation processes it is often still as a passive recipient of health care.
Comparison of plain ice and flavoured ice for preventing oral mucositis associated with the use of 5 fluorouracil
Authors: Nikoletti Sue , Hyde Susan , Shaw Thérèse , Myers Helen , Kristjanson Linda J. 
Published: June 2005

Aims and objectives.  The study aimed to compare the use of plain ice, flavoured ice and standard care, to evaluate the effect on mucositis and to determine patients’ perceptions of the two forms of oral cryotherapy.Background.  Despite evidence that oral cryotherapy is useful in preventing mucositis in patients receiving 5‐fluorouracil, concerns have been expressed about its clinical utility, due to potential side effects and negative perceptions.Design.  A randomized, controlled, crossover trial was conducted in the outpatient chemotherapy department of an acute care teaching hospital in Perth, Western Australia. Patients were randomized to receive each of three interventions across three cycles of chemotherapy: standard care alone; standard care plus plain ice; and standard care plus flavoured ice.Methods.  Oral mucositis was assessed by nurses prior to each of the three chemotherapy cycles and 15 days after each intervention. Two assessment tools were used, the Oral Assessment Guide, and the Western Consortium Cancer Nursing Research Scale. Participants completed a questionnaire to determine their comfort and satisfaction with oral cryotherapy, as well as factors affecting compliance.Results.  Findings from 67 patients revealed that when participants used standard care alone, they were significantly more likely to experience symptoms of mucositis than when they used either plain or flavoured ice. Odds ratios were at least threefold higher for standard care alone, varying according to the instrument used. The two main concerns reported were the taste of flavoured ice and the time required to complete the cryotherapy interventions. Side effects such as nausea, sensitivity and headache were reported more frequently for flavoured ice (n = 11) compared with plain ice (n = 5) and standard care (n = 1).Conclusions.  Both forms of oral cryotherapy were effective in reducing the severity of oral mucositis after chemotherapy and were more effective than standard care alone. Flavoured ice was associated with the highest frequency of side effects.Relevance to clinical practice.  The benefits of cryotherapy appear to outweigh the problems in this sample of patients. The intervention should be tailored to individual patients, based on preferences for plain versus flavoured ice and small chips vs. larger blocks. Unsweetened frozen fruit juices should be evaluated. Time constraints could be addressed by providing transportable containers of ice.
40Ar/39Ar dating of Usol'skii sill in the south‐eastern Siberian Traps Large Igneous Province: evidence for long‐lived magmatism
Authors: Ivanov Alexei V. , Rasskazov Sergei V. , Feoktistov Gennady D. , He Huaiyu , Boven Ariel 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMain part of the Siberian Traps Large Igneous Province was formed in a short time‐span at the Permo‐Triassic boundary c. 250 Ma. New 40Ar/39Ar dating results for the Usol'skii dolerite sill in south‐eastern part of the province indicate its probable emplacement c. 6 Myr after the main Permo‐Triassic magmatic phase. Compilation of the published 40Ar/39Ar and U‐Pb ages implies that basaltic and related magmatism lasted in total as long as 22–26 Myr. Therefore, similar to other large igneous provinces, magmatism of the Siberian Traps combined voluminous short‐lived and less prominent long‐lived events.
Latest Miocene to Quaternary horizontal and vertical displacement rates during simultaneous contraction and extension in the Southern Apennines orogen, Italy
Authors: Ferranti Luigi , Oldow John S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractForeland contraction and hinterland extension in the Southern Apennines orogen of Italy produced a complex spatial and temporal pattern of vertical and horizontal displacement. Remarkably, Late Miocene to mid‐Pleistocene foreland migration of the contractional front at ∼16 mm yr−1 was not accompanied by uplift and the frontal thrust belt remained at or below sea level. Only following a mid‐Pleistocene reduction in horizontal displacement did the frontal thrust belt and foreland begin uplift at ∼0.5 mm yr−1, a rate that increased to ∼1 mm yr−1 after 125 ka. Although the extensional hinterland experienced net subsidence during formation of the Tyrrhenian basin, an extensional transition zone adjacent to the frontal thrust belt records sustained uplift at ∼0.3 mm yr−1. The interaction of preexisting crustal structure and deep tectonic processes resulted in time‐integrated displacement rates suggesting steady‐state deformation for periods of 106 years. Displacement rate changes were abrupt and occurred over intervals of 105 years or less.
U/Pb and Pb/Pb zircon ages for arc‐related intrusions of the Bolu Massif (W Pontides, NW Turkey): evidence for Late Precambrian (Cadomian) age
Authors: Ayda Ustaömer P. , Mundil Roland , Renne Paul R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe present new U/Pb and Pb/Pb radiometric age data from two tectono‐stratigraphic units of the regionally extensive Bolu Massif, in the W Pontides (İstanbul Fragment), N Turkey. A structurally lower unit (Sünnice Group) is cut by small meta‐granitic intrusions, whereas the structurally higher unit comprises meta‐volcanic rocks (Çaşurtepe Fm) cut by meta‐granitic plutons (Tüllükiriş and Kapıkaya plutons). U/Pb single‐crystal dating of zircons from the Kapıkaya Pluton yielded a concordant cluster, with a mean 238U/206Pb age of 565.3 ± 1.9 Ma. Zircons from the Tüllükiriş Pluton (affected by Pb loss) gave a 207Pb/206Pb age of 576 ± 6 Ma age (Late Precambrian). Small meta‐granitic intrusions cutting the Sünnice Group yielded a less precise 207Pb/206Pb age of 262 ± 19 Ma (Early Permian). The older ages from the Bolu Massif confirm the existence of latest Precambrian arc magmatism related to subduction of a Cadomian ocean. We infer that the Bolu Massif represents a fragment of a Cadomian active margin. Cadomian orogenic units were dispersed as exotic terranes throughout the Variscan and Tethyan orogens, and the Bolu Massif probably reached its present position prior to latest Palaeozoic time. Our dating results also confirm that NW Turkey was affected by Hercynian magmatism related to subduction of Palaeotethys, as inferred for other areas of the Pontides.
Out of Africa: detrital zircon provenance of central Madagascar and Neoproterozoic terrane transfer across the Mozambique Ocean
Authors: Fitzsimons I. C. W. , Hulscher B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe Neoproterozoic East African Orogen reflects closure of the Mozambique Ocean and collision of the Congo and Dharwar cratons. This palaeogeographical change and its environmental consequences are poorly understood, but new detrital zircon ages from Madagascar and published data from elsewhere provide evidence for multiple ocean basins and two‐stage collision. We propose that central Madagascar rifted from the Congo Craton and crossed a Palaeomozambique Ocean to collide with the Dharwar Craton at c. 700 Ma, opening a Neomozambique Ocean in its wake. Closure of the Neomozambique Ocean at c. 600 Ma juxtaposed the Congo and Dharwar cratons and resulted in prolonged collisional orogenesis concluding at c. 500 Ma.
A new scenario for related IOCG and Ni–(Cu) mineralization: the relationship with giant mid‐crustal mafic sills, Variscan Iberian Massif
Authors: Tornos Fernando , Casquet Cesar 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBoth magmatic Ni–(Cu) and hydrothermal iron oxide–copper–gold mineralization coexist in ancient belts but their relationship remains poorly known. Geochronology and field geology evidence show that in SW Iberia both styles of mineralization were coeval with widespread metaluminous to peraluminous Variscan magmatism (350–330 Ma). We propose that mineralization was probably related to a hidden large layered mafic–ultramafic layered complex, recently inferred from geophysics, that was emplaced in a mid‐crustal decollement zone. Contamination of a primitive mantle‐derived magma with continental crust in the layered complex led to fractional crystallization accompanied by high‐T–low‐P metamorphism and the incorporation of volatiles into the melt. Hot hypersaline CO2–CH4‐bearing brines were subsequently released and focused along major thrusts and strike‐slip faults to produce the IOCG mineralization. Assimilation of continental crust also led to the formation of sulphide magmas that were tectonically injected high into the crust, leading to the formation of pipe‐like breccia‐hosted Ni–(Cu) ore bodies. All these processes took probably place as a consequence of oblique ridge– and/or continent–continent collision.
Timing of Late Neoproterozoic glaciation on Baltica constrained by detrital zircon geochronology in the Hedmark Group, south‐east Norway
Authors: Bingen B. , Griffin W. L. , Torsvik T. H. , Saeed A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe Moelv Tillite is the Late Neoproterozoic Varanger glacial deposit recorded in the Hedmark Group, SE Norway. Paired U–Pb and Lu–Hf data collected on detrital zircons in the Rendalen Formation underlying the Moelv Tillite have identified an uncommon 677 ± 15 to 620 ± 14 Ma population, that constrain the deposition of the Moelv Tillite to be younger than 620 ± 14 Ma. The youngest detrital zircons may be derived from granite magmatism related to the 616 ± 3 Ma Egersund dolerite magmatism, situated in the western part of the Sveconorwegian orogen. The Moelv Tillite, which is not overlain by a cap carbonate, possibly correlates with the c. 580 Ma Squantum‐Gaskiers glacial deposits of Avalonia. Available palaeomagnetic data for the Late Neoproterozoic suggest that Baltica was located at intermediate to high latitude between 620 and 555 Ma.
A clinopyroxene–basalt geothermobarometry perspective of Columbia Plateau (NW‐USA) Miocene magmatism
Authors: Caprarelli Graziella , Reidel Stephen P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe origin of NW‐USA Columbia River Basalt Group Miocene magmatism and its relation to tectonism has been widely debated and is still open to study. We investigated the pre‐eruptive evolution of the magmas, to constrain pressures and temperatures of the ascending magmas, and plumbing conditions. We determined major element concentrations of 17–6 Ma tholeiites, and applied clinopyroxene – liquid geothermobarometry to calculate pre‐eruptive pressures and temperatures. These ranged from 0 to 0.66 GPa and 1120 to 1222 °C, respectively, defining two age‐related parallel trends in a P–T diagram. This indicates a consistent crustal evolution of the magmas, and records at least two distinct initial temperatures. Using clinopyroxene interdiffusion coefficients we estimated magma ascent speeds ≥ 0.6 km yr−1. Possible geological explanations for the calculated parameters are: lower‐crust magma chamber processes; magmatism and tectonism feed‐back consistent with an extensional environment.
Hydrous partial melting within the lower oceanic crust
Authors: Koepke Juergen , Feig Sandrin T. , Snow Jonathan 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe studied more than 60 oceanic gabbros from the recent oceanic crust and from ophiolites (East Pacific Rise, Mid‐Atlantic Ridge, Southwest Indian Ridge, Oman ophiolite) by scanning electron microscopy and found in nearly all samples microstructures suggesting that hydrous partial melting reactions proceeded. The characteristic paragenesis consists of orthopyroxene and pargasite rimming olivine and clinopyroxene primocrysts in intimate contact with neoblastic plagioclase strongly enriched in anorthite. This is in agreement with recent water‐saturated melting experiments on a variety of natural gabbros between 900 and 1000 °C. The observed microtextures in the natural gabbros imply the propagation of water‐rich fluids on grain boundaries in a ductile regime causing hydrous partial melting. Thus, this type of hydrothermal activity proceeds within the deep oceanic crust at very high temperatures (900–1000 °C) without a crack system, a prerequisite in current models for enabling hydrothermal circulation.
New results of 40Ar/39Ar dating constrain the timing of transition from fissure‐type to central volcanism at Mount Etna (Italy)
Authors: De Beni Emanuela , Wijbrans Jan R. , Branca Stefano , Coltelli Mauro , Groppelli Gianluca 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRecent geological studies performed at Etna allow reassessing the stratigraphic frame of the volcano where distinct evolutionary phases are defined. This stratigraphic reconstruction was chronologically constrained on the basis of a limited number of U–Th and K–Ar age determinations whose uncertainty margins are sometimes too wide. For this reason, we successfully adopted at Etna the 40Ar/39Ar technique that allowed obtaining more precise age determinations. The incremental heating technique also gives information on sample homogeneity, and potential problems of trapped argon. Five samples were collected from stratigraphically well‐controlled volcanic units in order to chronologically define the transition between the fissure‐type volcanism of the Timpe phase to the central volcanism of the Valle del Bove Centers. Isotopic ages with an uncertainty margin of 2–4% have been obtained emphasizing that this transition occurred (130–126 ka) without significant temporal hiatus.