bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a Continuous Segmented Flow Tubular Reactor and the “Scale‐out” Concept – In Search of Perfect Powders
Authors: Jongen N. , Donnet M. , Bowen P. , Lemaître J. , Hofmann H. , Schenk R. , Hofmann C. , Aoun‐Habbache M. , Guillemet‐Fritsch S. , Sarrias J. , Rousset A. , Viviani M. , Buscaglia M.T. , Buscaglia V. , Nanni P. , Testino A. , Herguijuela J.R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe synthesis of powders with controlled shape and narrow particle size distributions is still a major challenge for many industries. A continuous Segmented Flow Tubular Reactor (SFTR) has been developed to overcome homogeneity and scale‐up problems encountered when using batch reactors. Supersaturation is created by mixing the co‐reactants in a micromixer inducing precipitation; the suspension is then segmented into identical micro‐volumes by a non‐miscible fluid and sent through a tube. These micro‐volumes are more homogeneous when compared to large batch reactors leading to narrower size distributions, better particle morphology, polymorph selectivity and stoichiometry. All these features have been demonstrated on single tube SFTR for different chemical systems. To increase productivity for commercial application the SFTR is being “scaled‐out” by multiplying the number of tubes running in parallel instead of scaling‐up by increasing their size. The versatility of the multi‐tube unit will allow changes in type of precipitate with a minimum of new investment as new chemistry can be researched, developed and optimised in a single tube SFTR and then transferred to the multi‐tube unit for powder production.
Dual‐domain regression analysis for spectral calibration models
Authors: Tan Huwei , Brown Steven D. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractTaking advantage of the local nature of spectral data in both the time and frequency domains, two novel chemometric algorithms using the wavelet transform, namely dual‐domain partial least squares (DDPLS) and dual‐domain principal component regression (DDPCR), are reported here. The proposed algorithms establish parallel, regular models to describe spectral variation in the time (wavelength) domain. They incorporate these parallel models as a way of emphasizing local features in the frequency domain. Compared with regular PLS or PCR regression models applied to a single domain, these algorithms generate more parsimonious regression models that are also more robust against unexpected variations in the prediction set. Simulation data have been used in this paper to demonstrate this improvement. The new methods have also been successfully applied to NIR spectral data sets to predict moisture, oil, protein and starch content in Cargill corn samples, as well as a set of properties in a series of Amoco hydrocarbon samples. Through their special emphasis on the local nature of spectral signals in the frequency domain, spectral variance can be separately explained over the frequency and time domains with fewer latent variables and with better predictive performance. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid estimation of chemical kinetics by implicit calibration. II
Authors: Taavitsainen Veli‐Matti , Haario Heikki , Laine Marko 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis study continues the development of a method, implicit calibration, for estimating kinetic parameters from on‐line measurements of batch reactions. The basic idea of implicit calibration is to combine non‐linear parameter estimation with the calibration of measured spectra with concentrations calculated by an assumed kinetic model. A new example is studied, an esterification reaction with a rather complicated kinetic mechanism, where activities, instead of concentrations, and NIR spectra are used as measurements. The emphasis in the study is on estimating the uncertainty of the kinetic parameters. Two approaches, linearization and bootstrap, are applied. In the case studied, the two approaches give closely similar estimates of the uncertainty. As well, a new way is introduced to control the rigidity of the implicit calibration, based on minimizing the lack of fit of the model. It is also shown that ‘mixed implicit calibration’, i.e. implicit calibration combined with a few off‐line calibrated concentrations, greatly enhances the identifiability of the kinetic model. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microsatellite instability and expression of MLH1 and MSH2 in carcinomas of the small intestine
Authors: Planck Maria , Ericson Kajsa , Piotrowska Zofia , Halvarsson Britta , Rambech Eva , Nilbert Mef 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDCarcinomas of the small intestine are rare, but the risk is greatly increased in patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) due to an inherited mismatch repair (MMR) gene mutation, most commonly affecting the genes MLH1 or MSH2. Defective MMR is characterized by microsatellite instability (MSI) and loss of MMR protein expression in the tumor tissue. However, a subset of several sporadic tumor types, including about 15% of colon cancers, also evolve through defective MMR.METHODSThe authors have assessed the frequency of MSI and analyzed the immunohistochemical expression of MLH1 and MSH2 in a population‐based series of 89 adenocarcinomas of the small intestine. To study the contribution of MSI and defective MMR protein expression in young patients, 43 cancers of the small intestine from patients below age 60 years (including 24 tumors from the population‐based series and an additional 19 tumors from young individuals) were also analyzed.RESULTSMSI was detected in 16/89 tumors (18%) in the population‐based series, and immunohistochemistry revealed loss of expression for MLH1 in 7/16 MSI tumors and in 2/73 MSS tumors, whereas all tumors showed normal expression for MSH2. Among the young patients, the authors identified MSI in 10/43 tumors (23%), and 6 of these 10 MSI tumors showed immunohistochemical loss of MMR protein expression, which affected MLH1 in 3 cases and MSH2 in 3 cases.CONCLUSIONSThe frequency of MSI (18%) in adenocarcinomas of the small intestine equals that of colon cancer. However, silencing of MLH1 seems to explain the MSI status in only about half of the MSI tumors. Among patients with cancer of the small intestine before age 60 years, MSI is found in 23% of the cases, with MLH1 and MSH2 being affected at equal frequencies, indicating that HNPCC may underly a subset of such cases. Cancer 2003;97:1551–7. © 2003 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.11197
Therapy and outcome of small cell carcinoma of the kidney
Authors: Majhail Navneet S. , Elson Paul , Bukowski Ronald M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDPrimary small cell carcinoma originating from the kidneys is an extremely rare neoplasm. The authors described two patients with small cell carcinoma of the kidney and provided a systematic review of the literature to detail the clinical characteristics and therapy of this rare tumor.METHODSMEDLINE and CANCERLIT literature search was performed from 1966 to 2002 for articles on small cell carcinoma of the kidney. Twenty‐two patients with small cell carcinoma of the kidney and renal pelvis were reviewed.RESULTSThe median age at diagnosis was 62 years and there was a female preponderance (male:female ratio, 1:3.4). Abdominal pain (70%) was the most commonly reported symptom. Distant metastases were present in 32% of patients at the time of diagnosis. Surgery and systemic chemotherapy were the primary therapeutic modalities utilized (nephrectomy alone: 9 patients; nephrectomy and chemotherapy: 10 patients; chemotherapy alone: 3 patients). The median survival was 8 months (range, < 1–101 months). The use of platinum‐based chemotherapy was predictive of an improved overall survival (median survival was 20 months in patients receiving a platinum‐containing regimen compared with 8 months in those who did not receive platinum; P = 0.02).CONCLUSIONSSmall cell carcinoma of the kidney is an extremely rare neoplasm that resembles its counterparts arising from the tracheo‐bronchial and other extrapulmonary sites in its aggressive behavior and high propensity for locoregional and distant dissemination. Clinical presentation is usually late in the course of the disease. The use of platinum‐based chemotherapy has been associated with tumor regression and prolonged survival. Cancer 2003;97:1436–41. © 2003 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.11199
Progress in cancer screening practices in the United States
Authors: Swan Judith , Breen Nancy , Coates Ralph J. , Rimer Barbara K. , Lee Nancy C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDUnderstanding differences in cancer screening among population groups in 2000 and successes or failures in reducing disparities over time among groups is important for planning a public health strategy to reduce or eliminate health disparities, a major goal of Healthy People 2010 national cancer screening objectives. In 2000, the new cancer control module added to the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) collected more detailed information on cancer screening compared with previous surveys.METHODSData from the 2000 NHIS and earlier surveys were analyzed to discern patterns and trends in cancer screening practices, including Pap tests, mammography, prostate specific antigen (PSA) screening, and colorectal screening. The data are reported for population subgroups that were defined by a number of demographic and socioeconomic characteristics.RESULTSWomen who were least likely to have had a mammogram within the last 2 years were those with no usual source of health care (61%), women with no health insurance (67%), and women who immigrated to the United States within the last 10 years (61%). Results for Pap tests within the last 3 years were similar. Among both men and women, those least likely to have had a fecal occult blood test or endoscopy within the recommended screening interval had no usual source of care (14% for men and 18% for women), no health insurance (20% for men and 18% for women), or were recent immigrants (20% for men and 18% for women). An analysis of changes in test use since the 1987 survey indicates that the disparities are widening among groups with no usual source of care.CONCLUSIONSNo striking improvements have been observed for the groups with greatest need. Although screening use for most groups has increased since 1987, major disparities remain. Some groups, notably individuals with no usual source of care and the uninsured are falling further behind; and, according to the 2000 data, recent immigrants also experience a significant gap in screening utilization. More attention is needed to overcome screening barriers for these groups if the population benefits of cancer screening are to be achieved. Cancer 2003;97:1528–40. Published 2003 by the American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.11208
Combination of tumor necrosis factor‐α with sulindac augments its apoptotic potential and suppresses tumor growth of human carcinoma cells in nude mice
Authors: Yasui Hiroshi , Adachi Masaaki , Imai Kohzoh 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDResistance to apoptosis may be responsible for a principal mechanism by which cancer cells overcome anticancer therapies. Among antiapoptotic signals, the transcription factor, NF‐κB, plays a pivotal role in the resistance because it is frequently activated in many primary carcinoma cells. However, NF‐κB is also activated by several anticancer therapies, including tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α). The NF‐κB–mediated survival signals are supposed to evade these therapies. Recently, a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug, sulindac, and its metabolites have been shown to inhibit the NF‐κB pathway and to enhance TNF‐α–mediated apoptosis in lung carcinoma cell lines. In the current study, the authors investigated whether sulindac can augment TNF‐α–mediated apoptosis in other human carcinoma cells and whether it can be applied for in vivo clinical usage.METHODSHuman gastric MKN45 and cervical HeLa carcinoma cells were treated with sulindac and/or TNF‐α. Proapoptotic effects of these agents were evaluated by trypan blue exclusion assay, DNA fragmentation, and caspase‐3 activity. The effect of sulindac on NF‐κB activation was evaluated by luciferase reporter and gel‐shift assays. The suppressive effects of these reagents on the subcutaneous tumor growth of MKN45 cells were evaluated by measuring tumor size in nude mice.RESULTSSulindac inhibited TNF‐α–mediated NF‐κB activation and greatly sensitized MKN45 and HeLa cell lines to TNF‐α. Moreover, in vivo tumor growth of MKN45 cells was inhibited most strongly by a combination of TNF‐α with sulindac compared with TNF‐α or sulindac alone.CONCLUSIONSThe current study data strongly suggest that combination therapy of TNF‐α with sulindac may sensitize tumor cells to TNF‐α and augment its proapoptotic potential. Therefore, in combination with sulindac, TNF‐α may become a potentially useful anticancer agent to suppress tumor growth in a wide range of carcinomas. Cancer 2003;97:1412–20. © 2003 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.11210
Gemtuzumab, fludarabine, cytarabine, and cyclosporine in patients with newly diagnosed acute myelogenous leukemia or high‐risk myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: Tsimberidou Apostolia , Estey Elihu , Cortes Jorge , Thomas Deborah , Faderl Stefan , Verstovsek Srdan , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo , Keating Michael , Albitar Maher , O'Brien Susan , Kantarjian Hagop , Giles Francis 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDGemtuzumab is used to treat patients with previously untreated or recurrent acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). The fludarabine and cytarabine (ara‐C) regimen is active in these patients. Resistance to gemtuzumab is associated with blast multidrug resistance (MDR). The objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of a combination regimen of gemtuzumab, fludarabine, ara‐C, and the MDR modifier (cyclosporine [CyA]) in patients with previously untreated AML, refractory anemia with excess blasts (RAEB), or RAEB in transformation (RAEBT).METHODSThe MFAC regimen was comprised of gemtuzumab (Mylotarg™) (6 mg/m2 intravenously [i.v.] on Day 1); fludarabine and ara‐C (15 mg/m2 and 0.5 g/m2, respectively, twice daily on Days 2–6); and CSA (6 mg/kg loading dose before gemtuzumab, followed by 16 mg/kg continuous i.v. infusion on Days 1 and 2).RESULTSFifty‐nine evaluable patients were treated: 39 patients (66%) had AML and 20 patients (34%) had RAEB/RAEBT. Their median age was 57 years (range, 27–76 years). The MFAC regimen induced complete remission (CR) in 27 patients (46%) and CR with incomplete platelet recovery (CRp) in 1 patient (2%). The median survival period is 8 months. At 12 months, the survival rate is 38% and the event‐free survival rate in patients with CR/CRp is 27%. Infections complicated 38% of the courses of chemotherapy. Grade 3/4 toxicity included hyperbilirubinemia in 31% and transaminitis in 7% of the patients. Four patients (7%) developed hepatic venoocclusive disease (VOD).CONCLUSIONSThe MFAC regimen may merit further study in patients with AML if measures to avoid and/or treat VOD can be incorporated into the regimen. Cancer 2003;97:1481–7. © 2003 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.11239
Morphology and axonal arborization of rat spinal inner lamina II neurons hyperpolarized by μ‐opioid–selective agonists
Authors: Eckert William A. , McNaughton Kirk K. , Light Alan R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe ventral or inner region of spinal substantia gelatinosa (SG; lamina IIi) is a heterogeneous sublamina important for the generation and maintenance of hyperalgesia and neuropathic pain. To test whether IIi neurons can be hyperpolarized by the μ‐opioid agonist [D‐Ala2, N‐Me‐Phe4, Gly5‐ol]‐enkephalin (DAMGO; 500 nM) and to address possible downstream consequences of μ‐opioid–evoked inhibition of IIi neurons, we combined in vitro whole‐cell, tight‐seal recording methods with fluorescent labeling of the intracellular tracer biocytin and confocal microscopy. Twenty‐one of 23 neurons studied had identifiable axons. Nine possessed axons that projected ventrally into laminae III–V; six of these were hyperpolarized by DAMGO. Three of four neurons with identifiable axons that projected to lamina I were hyperpolarized by DAMGO. Most neurons could be classified as either islet cells or stalked cells. Five of nine labeled islet cells and only two of seven stalked cells were hyperpolarized by DAMGO. Three were stellate cells: one resembled a spiny cell and three could not be classified. DAMGO hyperpolarized each of the stellate cells, the spiny cell, and 1 of the unclassified cells. Our data support the hypothesis that part of the action of μ‐opioid agonists involves the inhibition of interneurons that are part of a polysynaptic excitatory pathway from primary afferents to neurons in the deep and/or superficial dorsal horn. J. Comp. Neurol. 458:240–256, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Some glial progenitors in the neonatal subventricular zone migrate through the corpus callosum to the contralateral cerebral hemisphere
Authors: Kakita Akiyoshi , Zerlin Marielba , Takahashi Hitoshi , Goldman James E. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe great majority of glial cells of the mammalian forebrain are generated in the perinatal period from progenitors in the subventricular zone (SVZ). We investigated the migration of progenitors from the neonatal (postnatal day 0, P0) rat forebrain SVZ by labeling them in vivo with a green fluorescence protein (GFP) retrovirus and monitoring their movements by time‐lapse video microscopy in P3 slices. We identified a small number of progenitors that migrated tangentially within the corpus callosum (CC) and crossed the midline. These cells retained a relatively uniform morphology: the leading process was extended toward the contralateral side but showed no process branching or turning away from the migratory direction. Net migration requires the elongation of the leading process and nuclear translocation, and the migrating cells in the CC showed both modes. We confirmed the presence of unmyelinated axon bundles within the P3 CC, but failed to detect any radially directed glial processes (vimentin‐ or GLAST‐immunolabeled fibers) spanning through the CC. Confocal images showed a close proximity between neurofilament‐immunolabeled axons and the leading process of the GFP‐expressing progenitors in the CC. The destination of the callosal fibers was examined by applying DiI to the right cingulum; the labeled fibers ran throughout the CC and reached the left cingulate and motor areas. The distribution and final fates of the retrovirus‐labeled cells were examined in P28 brains. A small proportion of the labeled cells were found in the contralateral hemisphere, where, as oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, they colonized predominantly the cortex and the underlying white matter of the cingulate and secondary motor areas. The distribution pattern appears to coincide well with the projection direction of the callosal fibers. Thus, glial progenitors migrate across the CC, presumably in conjunction with unmyelinated axons, to colonize the contralateral hemisphere. J. Comp. Neurol. 458:381–388, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemical coding of the human gastrointestinal nervous system: Cholinergic, VIPergic, and catecholaminergic phenotypes
Authors: Anlauf Martin , Schäfer Martin K.‐H. , Eiden Lee , Weihe Eberhard 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe aim of this investigation was to identify the proportional neurochemical codes of enteric neurons and to determine the specific terminal fields of chemically defined nerve fibers in all parts of the human gastrointestinal (GI) tract. For this purpose, antibodies against the vesicular monoamine transporters (VMAT1/2), the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine β‐hydroxylase (DBH), serotonin (5‐HT), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) were used. For in situ hybridization 35S‐labeled VMAT1, VMAT2, and VAChT riboprobes were used. In all regions of the human GI tract, 50–70% of the neurons were cholinergic, as judged by staining for VAChT. The human gut unlike the rodent gut exhibits a cholinergic innervation, which is characterized by an extensive overlap with VIPergic innervation. Neurons containing VMAT2 constituted 14–20% of all intrinsic neurons in the upper GI tract, and there was an equal number of TH‐positive neurons. In contrast, DBH was absent from intrinsic neurons. Cholinergic and monoaminergic phenotypes proved to be completely distinct phenotypes. In conclusion, the chemical coding of human enteric neurons reveals some similarities with that of other mammalian species, but also significant differences. VIP is a cholinergic cotransmitter in the intrinsic innervation of the human gut. The substantial overlap between VMAT2 and TH in enteric neurons indicates that the intrinsic catecholaminergic innervation is a stable component of the human GI tract throughout life. The absence of DBH from intrinsic catecholaminergic neurons indicates that these neurons have a dopaminergic phenotype. J. Comp. Neurol. 459:90–111, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytological findings in five cases of epithelial‐myoepithelial carcinoma of salivary glands
Authors: Miliauskas John R. , Orell Svante R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe cytologic features of five cases of epithelial‐myoepithelial carcinoma arising in major salivary glands (four parotid and one submandibular gland) are presented. All cases were initially diagnosed as low‐grade malignancies. The smears were generally cellular, with no specific architectural pattern. Single cells and naked nuclei were prominent in all cases. A biphasic epithelial (small‐cell) and myoepithelial (large/clear‐cell) pattern was identified readily in two cases and with difficulty in one case. The biphasic pattern may be subtle or absent since the clear cells have a fragile cytoplasm and often appear as naked nuclei. The differential diagnosis includes adenoid cystic carcinoma, polymorphous low‐grade adenocarcinoma, and cellular pleomorphic adenoma. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;28:163–167. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characteristic of Cl− current induced by ATP in bovine aortic endothelial cells
Authors: Wei Wen‐Li , He Hua , Guan Yong‐Yuan 
Published: March 2003

AbstractPatch‐clamp whole‐cell recording techniques were used to study ATP‐induced Cl‐ current and the effects of Cl‐ channel blockers on NO release in bovine aortic endothelial cells. ATP evoked an outward rectified Cl‐ current with a reversal potential of −29±3 mV. This outward rectified Cl‐ current was dependent on Ca2+ influx, but not Ca2+ release. In Ca2+‐free medium, ATP did not produce the Cl‐ current; however, subsequent addition of Ca2+ to the medium evoked an ATP‐induced outward rectified Cl‐ current. Furosemide, glibenclamide, and DIDS inhibited ATP‐activated Cl‐ current in a concentration‐dependent manner with maximal inhibition of 88±4%, 93±1%, and 79±3%, respectively. The IC50 values of furosemide, glibenclamide, and DIDS were 6.2±2.6, 29.6±12.3, and 21.0±13.4 µM, respectively. These effects of Cl‐ channel blockers matched those on NO release from endothelial cells. Our data suggest that ATP‐induced Ca2+ entry followed by increased [Ca2+]i activates Ca2+‐activated Cl‐ channels which mediate NO release from endothelial cells. Drug Dev. Res. 58:53–56, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.