bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment Of Fiscal Measures On Atmospheric Pollution From Transport In Urban Areas1
Authors: Brůhová-Foltýnová Hana , Brůha Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Czech Republic faces a number of problems in the transport sector. Since the mid-1990s, the volumes of both the passenger and freight transport have been growing and the modal split has changed at the same time. While car transport increased by 28 per cent over this period, passenger rail transport decreased by 18 per cent. The share of public urban transport has been substantially decreasing while the share of cars has been increasing (in the 1980s the share of public transport in passenger transport was more than 40 per cent, in 2005 the share of public transport dropped to 21 per cent).4 These changes, which have led to increased transport intensity, substantially contribute to the negative impact transport has on human health and the environment, especially in cities. The Czech Environmental Policy (2001) identifies air pollution caused by transport as one of the most serious environmental problems in the Czech Republic. Although pollutant concentrations have decreased by about 65 per cent over the last ten years, the concentrations of emissions (especially of particulate matter) often exceed health limits in many large cities, above all near transport routes.5 The positive effect of cleaner fuels and new technologies has been offset by an increase in the number of cars on the roads (the number of cars per 1,000 inhabitants has grown by over 60 per cent since 1990).6 Thus, the importance of transport regulation is apparent.
Revenue Neutral Environmental Tax Reform—Case Of The Czech Republic
Authors: Pavel Jan , Vitek1 Leoš 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Czech Republic, similar to other EU-25 countries, will have to introduce new environmental taxes. A majority of EU countries intend to accomplish revenue neutral Environmental Tax Reform (ETR) and compensate for expected budget revenues with (partial) tax reductions. Environmental taxes are one form of specific consumption taxes on goods and services. As summarized by the OECD (2006), there are three main characteristics that differentiate specific consumption taxes (excise duties) from value added taxes: (1) specific taxes are imposed on a small number of commodities, (2) they usually tax final consumption, and (3) their tax base is usually volume, not value. Although specific consumption taxes have been levied on a wide range of commodities, currently, the most predominant is taxation of fuels and tobacco products (Scasny, 2002). These taxes not only generate the majority of the excise duties, but they are also designed to reduce taxpayer consumption of the taxed commodities by influencing their preferences. Nevertheless, the number of excise duties in OECD countries classified as environmental taxes has remained more or less stable (OECD, 2006).
What click languages can and can’t tell us about language origins
Authors: Sands Bonny , Güldemann Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Click languages of Africa are often portrayed as ancient languages, with clicks being viewed as probable relics of an ancestral mother tongue. This view espouses a monogenetic origin of clicks, and assumes a linguistic conservatism particular to the languages referred to as “Khoisan” (or “Khoesan”). In this chapter, we challenge these views, presenting synchronic and diachronic linguistic evidence describing the linguistic evolution of clicks and click languages in the relatively recent human past.
Employment Law Checklists 2009
Authors: Palca Julia , Taylor Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What are grounds for dismissal? When is a person redundant? What about equal pay? Employment Law Checklists provides the first point of reference for anyone whose work brings them into contact with employment law or human resources issues. The new edition of this practical and accessible guide to employment law has been fully updated to include developments in equality legislation, family friendly laws, TUPE, and statutory dispute provisions. Combining concise, cogent analysis with an appealing and easy to use checklist format, this title provides quick answers to a wide variety of employment law problems. It sets out clearly and concisely all the points which must be considered and the procedures which must be followed before employment decisions are made. The law relating to each topic is briefly described, followed by step-by-step guidance on how to approach each issue. The fourth edition of this title continues to present the law in a practical and user friendly format, bringing readers up to date with this fast-moving area of law.
End-Users
Authors: Castagnino John-Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In considering the investment management industry, difficult questions often arise as to the classification of investment vehicles in terms of their structure and the regulation to which they are subject, and regulation in part determines whether or not derivatives can be used, and the extent to which and the manner in which derivatives can be used. A crude distinction can be drawn between an arrangement for the management of a portfolio of investments carried out under a mandate, and a pooled investment arrangement. The management of a portfolio of investments under a mandate is usually undertaken either for individuals who enjoy substantial wealth or for institutions including pension schemes and charities. The management of a portfolio under a mandate is undertaken either by investment professionals who are employed for that purpose, such as the staff of a family office, or by an investment management firm. Many stockbrokers and private banks offer investment management services, often in conjunction with more general wealth management and estate planning services. An investment management firm accepting a mandate to manage a portfolio generally enters into an investment management agreement with the client, which specifies the methodology by which the client’s portfolio is to be managed. The investment management agreement should address matters such as the different types of asset which qualify for inclusion in the portfolio, the extent to which the portfolio is to be diversified, the degree of risk to which the portfolio is to be exposed, the use of derivatives and borrowing, any benchmark by which the performance.
Quantum mechanical laws
Authors: Konishi Kenichi , Paffuti Giampiero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The experiment by Tonomura et al., discussed in Chapter 1 directly confirms the de Broglie relation (1.19). This leads us to define the state of a system, not in terms of simultaneous values of all canonical variables {p, q} as in classical mechanics, but as a sort of a wave.
Perturbation theory
Authors: Konishi Kenichi , Paffuti Giampiero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most frequently used approximation methods—perturbation theory—will be discussed in this chapter. Often a physical system is characterized by an “unperturbed” Hamiltonian H0 whose spectrum is known, and by a small part of the Hamiltonian, the “perturbation” V .
Metastable states
Authors: Konishi Kenichi , Paffuti Giampiero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Nature various metastable states appear, i.e., states which, even though they behave like stationary states for a time duration longer than their characteristic periods of quantum motion, after much longer times make transitions to states in the continuum, i.e., decay. It suffices to think of all the excited states of atoms and molecules, or unstable nuclei, to realize the ubiquitous nature of the problem. Many examples of these processes have already been treated in the context of perturbation theory in Section 9.4; an analysis of a particle in external potentials has been made in the semi-classical approximation in Chapter 11.
Elastic scattering theory
Authors: Konishi Kenichi , Paffuti Giampiero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we shall discuss in an elementary fashion the problem of elastic scattering in quantum mechanics. Several approximation methods specific to scattering problems are discussed. Some of the issues have been discussed in connection with particular approximation schemes (perturbation theory, the semi-classcal approximation, and metastable states) in more specific terms: here we limit ourselves to the general features of the scattering problems.
Quantum entanglement
Authors: Konishi Kenichi , Paffuti Giampiero 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two or more particles which have interacted in the past, may in general maintain nontrivial quantum mechanical correlations, described by non-factorized wave functions. These correlations, under optimal conditions, can manifest themselves no matter how far they travel away from each other and even when the separate parts cannot dynamically influence each other, leading to apparently paradoxical situations. These correlations are known as quantum entanglement. However counter-intuitive and surprising it may sometimes look, it is rather one of the more beautiful and experimentally well established predictions of quantum mechanics.
Ec and WTO Anti-Dumping Law
Authors: Müller Wolfgang , Khan Nicholas , Scharf Tibor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two marriages in every marital union, his and hers. Men and women live in worlds that are organized around gender, and their marriages reflect differing realities. As life companions, they respond to each other; but they also respond to the cultural definitions of what it means to be a husband and a wife. What has fascinated social and behavioral scientists for several years, however, is not only that husbands' and wives' experiences are different, but also that 'his' marriage is better than 'hers'. Numerous findings have reported that married men are better off than married women on measures of both physical and mental health, but the reasons are not yet fully understood. In Marriage in Men's Lives Dr. Nock proposes an explanation to this issue. He focuses on marriage as a system of rules, customs, and expectations. The book shows that marriage changes men on basic dimensions of achievement, participation in public social life, and philanthropy because marriage reinforces such behaviors as part of adult masculinity. Men in modern society crave well-being, comfort, luxury, and prestige, and marriage affords a means of achieving these things within circumscribed legitimate boundaries. Using a huge data base of over 6,000 interviews with men the author has studied since 1979, Nock draws some interesting and far-reaching conclusions about the nature of marriage, and predicts that marriage is definitely here to stay.
Article 22: Final Provisions
Authors: Müller Wolfgang , Khan Nicholas , Scharf Tibor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Basic Regulation 384/96 operates by way of complement to these Regulations. Article 22(b) also stipulates that Basic Regulation 384/96 derogates from any provision in these regulations precluding the application of anti-dumping duties. obligations pursuant to the GATT. It is difficult to define the exact field of application of Article 22(c). So far, the Community has only rarely applied such special measures. One fairly old example is certain nuts of iron or steel from Taiwan. Should a problem similar to the one encountered in the Taiwanese proceeding arise today, it would probably be dealt with under Article 8(9), (10) of Basic Regulation 384/96. It should also be noted that the Court has held that the Community institutions could not enact a measure sui generis based directly on Article 133 of the EC Treaty rather than the Basic Regulation, if the whole proceeding was carried out within the context of the provisions laid down by that Basic Regulation. The Court went on to say that the Council, having adopted a general regulation with a view to implementing one of the objectives of Article 133 of the EC Treaty, could not derogate from the rules laid down in applying those rules to specific cases without interfering with the legislative system of the Community and destroying the equality before the law of those to whom that law applied. A more recent example is the special measures which had been adopted in the context of enlargement of the Community in 2004. It was necessary to adjust temporarily anti-dumping measures which had been adopted by the Community of 15 Member States.
The Unsustainable Dependence Of Spanish Local Treasuries On Taxes And Charges Related To Construction Activities
Authors: Puig-Ventosa Dr Ignasi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During recent decades, urban areas in Spain have experienced an unprecedented level of growth which has been exacerbated in recent years. Between 1987 and 2000, developed land increased by 29.5 per cent, with estimated projections for 2005 and 2010 being 41 and 52 per cent higher than in 1987, respectively. The transformation from high to low density developments and the frantic construction of new residences and industrial areas account for most of this transformation.
Although the process has affected almost the whole country, it has not been homogeneous, with hot spots around the coast (79 per cent of all residences built in Spain between 1990 and 2000), mainly in the Mediterranean (see, for example, the occupation of the coastline, in Table 29.1), and in the metropolitan area of Madrid.
In 2005 alone, more than 800,000 new homes were approved, more than those built in France, Germany, and the United Kingdom put together, despite those countries having almost fi ve times the Spanish population. Consequently, according to Eurostat, Spain has exceeded all of these countries and others like Sweden in terms of number of homes per 1,000 inhabitants.
Border tax adjustments, wto law, and climate protection
Authors: Ekardt Professor Dr Felix , Schmeichel Diplomjuristin Andrea 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The law aims at resolving con?icts between people with colliding interests. Accordingly, law is the instrument that makes politics binding; but at the same time, it is also the normative framework, the ‘ought’, which has to be respected by politics. As many social con?icts in the globalized world cannot be resolved at a national level, the law is becoming not only increasingly European, but also increasingly international. This is especially true for environmental law. Notwithstanding, the impact of international environmental law, which mostly does not set ambitious goals or even appropriate enforcing mechanisms for the existing goals (for example, the Kyoto Protocol), is limited. More important is the potent international trade law. A complex network of liberalization agreements has emerged, culminating in the foundation of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) as an international organisation encompassing the vast majority of states, with the most important agreement being the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT 1947 and 1994). These agreements aim at a free—ie liberalized—market for goods, services, etc. Even though the hierarchy of norms between international economic law, European and national law is controversial and unclear, it can be said that world trade law may impose binding and quite extensive rules on national states and the European Union (EU). This challenges comprehensively the ability of nation states to enact policies according to their own agendas, as far as this is at all conceivable in a global economy. This impacts national and European economic instruments of climate policy in particular.
Environmental Taxation In The Management Of Traffic In Singapore
Authors: Lye Lin-Heng 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The tiny island state of Singapore has one of the most complicated systems of vehicular ownership, use, and taxation in the world. An earlier paper examined the many innovative and integrated measures introduced to control vehicular population and road usage in Singapore, with particular focus on the use of taxation. These measures were intended to make prohibitive the cost of vehicle ownership as well as its use, in order to reduce the number of vehicles on the road.
Biofuels, megacities, and green taxes: the whys and wherefores of non-fiscal fuel taxation. Brazil in world context
Authors: Domingues José Marcos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Last winter, the melting of Argentinian glaciers very close to the Antarctic continent attracted the attention of the whole world. In the wake of the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, preceded by Al Gore’s An Inconvenient Truth, global warming has become a major environmental priority of the Brazilian leadership. Some 72.6 per cent of Brazilian leaders consider themselves highly motivated to learn more about climate change and 60.8 per cent of the aggregate response take environmental problems as the major challenge facing Brazil in the next twenty years.
An Examination Of The Environmental Impact Of Key Us Transportation-Related Tax Provisions
Authors: McClain Bruce W , Lee Paul J , Tavallali Rahmat 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the environmental effect of a number of selected transportation-related tax provisions, and also discusses the expansion of such provisions as contained in the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 20084 and Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008.5 It examines these various provisions in US tax law related to the environment and transportation, and what effect such provisions tend to have on the environment. It also discusses how the recently enacted 2008 Acts are extending benefits for environmentally friendly activity in the US. The chapter also points out that there appears to be a schizophrenic approach; some US tax provisions appear to help or favour environmentally friendly behaviour, while others seem to encourage or reward activities or choices that tend to be environmentally unfriendly.
Environmental Impact Of Local Taxes And Fees In Germany
Authors: Böhm Monika 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Local governments often have to fight environmental problems they did not cause. They are, for example responsible for garbage collection and waste-water treatment, but—at least in Germany—have little or no in?uence in setting limits for the use of packaging or relevant parameters for pollutants and toxic sub- stances in waste water. Command-and-control regulations in this field are mostly set by federal law and increasingly by European law. Quite often these are not ‘tight’ enough to prevent environmental problems on the local level. How can municipalities play an active role in minimizing their environmental problems? One possible way is to supplement federal command-and-control regulations by local regulations. However, municipalities in Germany do not usually have the legal power to tighten limits set at the federal or European level.
The Mathematical Theory Of Symmetry In Solids
Authors: Bradley C J , Cracknell A P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book gives the complete theory of the irreducible representations of the crystallographic point groups and space groups. This is important in the quantum-mechanical study of a particle or quasi-particle in a molecule or crystalline solid because the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of a system belong to the irreducible representations of the group of symmetry operations of that system. The theory is applied to give complete tables of these representations for all the 32 point groups and 230 space groups, including the double-valued representations. For the space groups, the group of the symmetry operations of the k vector and its irreducible representations are given for all the special points of symmetry, lines of symmetry and planes of symmetry in the Brillouin zone. Applications occur in the electronic band structure, phonon dispersion relations and selection rules for particle-quasiparticle interactions in solids. The theory is extended to the corepresentations of the Shubnikov (black and white) point groups and space groups.
Freedom of Expression
Authors: Stone Adrienne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Freedom of expression is widely protected in Asian constitutions in keeping with its global status as a near universal tenet of modern constitutionalism. In many respects, the protection of freedom of expression in Asian constitutions takes a familiar form. Its textual and doctrinal manifestations draw upon, and resemble, the law of freedom of expression seen in other constitutions. However, when it comes to matters of substance differences abound. Just as in the rest of the world, in Asia differing views on freedom of expression are evident, even as between closely related constitutional systems. Indeed, the diversity of approaches to freedom of speech in the region makes out the claim that there is no distinctively Asian form of constitutionalism, though certain common themes are evident.
Inducible Expression of the Restriction Enzyme Uncovered Genome-Wide Distribution and Dynamic Behavior of Histones H4K16ac and H2A.Z at DNA Double-Strand Breaks in Arabidopsis
Authors: Kawaguchi Kohei , Kazama Mei , Hata Takayuki , Matsuo Mitsuhiro , Obokata Junichi , Satoh Soichirou 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are among the most serious types of DNA damage, causing mutations and chromosomal rearrangements. In eukaryotes, DSBs are immediately repaired in coordination with chromatin remodeling for the deposition of DSB-related histone modifications and variants. To elucidate the details of DSB-dependent chromatin remodeling throughout the genome, artificial DSBs need to be reproducibly induced at various genomic loci. Recently, a comprehensive method for elucidating chromatin remodeling at multiple DSB loci via chemically induced expression of a restriction enzyme was developed in mammals. However, this DSB induction system is unsuitable for investigating chromatin remodeling during and after DSB repair, and such an approach has not been performed in plants. Here, we established a transgenic Arabidopsis plant harboring a restriction enzyme gene Sbf I driven by a heat-inducible promoter. Using this transgenic line, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by deep sequencing (ChIP-seq) of histones H4K16ac and H2A.Z and investigated the dynamics of these histone marks around the endogenous 623 Sbf I recognition sites. We also precisely quantified DSB efficiency at all cleavage sites using the DNA resequencing data obtained by the ChIP-seq procedure. From the results, Sbf I–induced DSBs were detected at 360 loci, which induced the transient deposition of H4K16ac and H2A.Z around these regions. Interestingly, we also observed the co-localization of H4K16ac and H2A.Z at some DSB loci. Overall, DSB-dependent chromatin remodeling was found to be highly conserved between plants and animals. These findings provide new insights into chromatin remodeling that occurs in response to DSBs in Arabidopsis.