bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CALCIUM AND INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS IN THE BLOOD OF RABBITS
Authors: Brown Wade H. ,   With the Collaboration of Marion Howard.
Published: June 2004

Determinations of calcium and inorganic phosphorus were made on the blood of 5 groups of normal animals over periods of 4 to 8 months. The material included animals from recently acquired stocks as well as animals that had been living under laboratory conditions for long periods of time. The results were analyzed with especial reference to the occurrence of periodic and progressive variations in the absolute amounts of calcium and inorganic phosphorus and the relations between the two substances.
It was found that, among animals living in the laboratory, both calcium and inorganic phosphorus, as well as all expressions of the equilibrium between the two substances, exhibited a definite tendency to a progressive increase or decrease) as the case might be, and that clearly defined periodic variations occurred in all classes of animals. The progressive change was most marked in the case of inorganic phosphorus, the periodic change in the case of calcium, while both conditions were dearly shown by various expressions of the relation between calcium and inorganic phosphorus.
PHOTOSENSITIZATION OF ANIMALS AFTER THE INGESTION OF BUCKWHEAT
Authors: Sheard Charles , Caylor Harold D. , Schlotthauer Carl 
Published: June 2004

The chief points presented in this paper are:
1. Following the ingestion of buckwheat (plant or seed) varicolored guinea pigs, white swine and goats exhibited symptoms of photosensitization, the degree of sensitization being in the order given.
2. Rabbits, dogs, white mice and rats did not manifest symptoms of photosensitization.
3. The symptoms and reactions were: agitation, itching, scratching of the ears, weakness, urticaria with sloughing and symptoms similar to those in anaphylaxis.
4. Microscopic examinations showed the lack of marked pathologic change. The lesions, such as petechial hemorrhage of the lungs, brain, liver, stomach and kidneys, suggest that profound toxemia has been present.
5. Lesions were not found which appeared to be suggestive of malignant neoplasms.
6. Irradiation by a quartz mercury vapor lamp apparently develops a resistance to photosensitization, probably because of increased pigmentation induced by ultra-violet light.
7. From the nature of the physiologic and pathologic reactions produced under various filters and from a consideration of the percentages of transmission of solar energy in the visible spectrum, it would seem that the region of photosensitization lies between 580 millimicrons (yellow) and the red end of the spectrum. This conclusion, moreover, is substantiated by the fact that irradiation by a quartz mercury vapor lamp (which radiates no energy in the visible spectrum at a wave-length greater than 579 millimicrons) produces no symptoms or reactions.
8. Spectrophotometric determinations of alcoholic extracts of grass (non-toxic) and of buckwheat (toxic) show the presence of two additional bands in the absorption spectrum of buckwheat with maxima at about 540 and 600 millimicrons, respectively, together with the common absorption zones at 430 to 490 millimicrons and 630 to 690 millimicrons.
9. Spectrophotometric determinations of blood serums of sensitized animals show, besides the usual absorption bands peculiar to oxyhemoglobin (with maxima at 540 and 580 millimicrons respectively), two zones with maxima at 600 and 660 millimicrons respectively.
10. The fluorescence of chlorophyll per se, as suggested by previous investigators, is not, in all probability, the cause of the sensitization induced by buckwheat.
11. Hematoporphyrine is not the photodynamic substance in all probability.
12. Phylloporphyrine may be the photodynamic substance. In this regard, also, the possibility of cholehematin is not to be ruled out.
EFFECT OF FORMALIN ON THE VIRUS OF VESICULAR STOMATITIS OF HORSES
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Long Perrin H. 
Published: June 2004

The virus of vesicular stomatitis is not readily killed by formalin. This chemical is one of a group which coagulates the proteins of the medium in which the virus is usually contained. It has already been found7 that other reagents of the protein-coagulating group are not actively virucidal) and the effect of formalin in this instance is therefore characteristic of the group.
The so called formalinized vaccines which give rise to immunity can be shown to have done so because of the presence of living virus. A single injection of such so called "vaccine," or of other material containing living virus, is capable of inducing immunity in guinea pigs. No protection, however, follows a single injection of dead virus. Furthermore, repeated inoculations of virus killed by formalin likewise fail to induce resistance against subsequent injections of the living virus.
It is concluded, with respect to the virus of vesicular stomatitis, that the use of formalin has failed to solve the problem of active immunization with dead virus.
THE ANTIGENIC COMPLEX OF STREPTOCOCCUS HÆMOLYTICUS
Authors: Lancefield Rebecca C. 
Published: June 2004

1. Type-specific anaphylactic shock was produced with HCI extracts of Streptococcus hæmolyticus in guinea pigs passively sensitized with antibacterial sera.
2. With occasional sera and certain HCl extracts, type-specific shock was not produced unless the serum was first absorbed with heterologous bacteria or unless the guinea pigs were desensitized with heterologous extracts before testing with the homologous extract. The findings indicated that this was due to the presence of the non-type-specific substance which has been provisionally designated as Y.
3. Tryptic digestion destroyed the ability of HCI extracts containing the type-specific M substance and the non-type-specific Y substance to produce anaphylactic shock in passively sensitized guinea pigs.
4. Active sensitization was not accomplished with the type-specific M. It seems probable, therefore, that this substance is a hapten, reacting with antibodies but not stimulating their production after separation from the bacterial cell.
THE REGENERATION OF AUTOPLASTIC LYMPH NODE TRANSPLANTS
Authors: Jaffe Henry L. , Richter Maurice N. 
Published: June 2004

The reticulum plays an important part in the regeneration of lymph nodes autoplastically transplanted into the abdominal wall of the albino rat. The necrosis which follows transplantation involves mainly the lymphocytes. A margin of lymphocytes is preserved only at the periphery. This may be due to early lymphatic connection with the marginal sinus of the node. The reticulum cells are apparently more resistant since for the most part they do not degenerate. There are three possible origins of the lymphocytes of the regenerated node. They may arise by proliferation of lymphocytes retained at the periphery of the plant. The presence of a few mitotic figures among lymphocytes in the marginal region confirms the possibility of this mode of origin. They may also be derived from lymphocytes brought into the transplant by the blood or lymph circulation. Though some lymphocytes are present in the marginal sinus, and an occasional lymphocyte is seen in the capillaries which enter at the hilus, we believe that this source of origin of the lymphocytes is negligible. On the other hand, the hyperplastic reticulum appears to be the important source of lymphocyte production. These may be derived from the reticulum directly as small lymphocytes, or may be formed through the intermediary stage of large lymphoid cells. This capacity is not limited to lymphatic reticulum, as small foci of lymphocyte formation are found in the connective tissue in the vicinity. of the transplants. The reticular origin of lymphoctes is most easily observed in the earlier stages of regeneration before the picture is obscured by the numerous small lymphocytes.
Two structures in the regenerating node are directly traceable to the same structures of the transplanrt. These are the marginal sinus and the hilus. The marginal sinus of thef transplant is preserved, and is probably an important means by which lymphatic communication is established with the surrounding tissue. The hilus is the site of entry of the blood vessels, and the hilus of the regenerated node is the same as that of the transplant.
THE PATHOGENESIS OF EARLY OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE
Authors: Barron E. S. Guzman , Bumstead John H. 
Published: June 2004

1. After experimental ligation of the bile ducts in dogs, two distinct processes are clearly manifested: first, the accumulation of the normally circulating bilirubin in the blood with its characteristic indirect Van den Bergh reaction for a period of several hours, and second, the subsequent appearance of the bile bilirubin giving the direct Van den Bergh reaction. It is possible that the first process may be due to a temporary reflex inhibition of the function of the liver cells due to ligation of the duct and comparable to the same phenomenon which usually occurs in the kidney when the ureter is ligated. The second process begins before any rupture of the bile capillaries is visible. Liver sections made 6 to 7 hours after obstruction show these bile capillaries dilated and extending between the liver cells in small distended pouches the blind end of these lying in contact with the pericapillary spaces. It is possible that bile may diffuse from these thin walled pouches into the perivascular lymph spaces, this diffusion being favored by the mounting pressure inside the bile ducts.
2. In early obstructive jaundice bile first appears in the lymph, but exclusion of the thoracic duct from the circulation by drainage causes a delay of only a few hours in the appearance of bile bilirubin in the blood stream. We must therefore conclude that after biliary obstruction bile enters the circulation both by way of the blood capillarieś and the lymphatics, although the latter route is the more important.
THE FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF THE FIBROBLAST AND THE MACROPHAGE
Authors: Carrel Alexis , Ebeling Albert H. 
Published: June 2004

1. A pure strain of fibroblasts has been isolated from Sarcoma 10 of the Crocker Foundation. After about 16 months of life in vitro, the malignancy of the strain is as great as that of the original tumor.
2. The strain has been compared with a strain of normal rat fibroblasts. The malignant cells are generally larger, coarser, and more refringent than normal cells. They possess all the morphological characteristics of fibroblasts. They do not show any abnormalities and never degenerate and die. They are to all appearances healthy cells. Their mode of locomotion is identical with that of normal fibroblasts. Their colonies are larger, but the architecture is similar.
3. The residual activity of both cell types, the duration of their life, and their rate of growth in a nutrient medium are almost identical.
4. The sarcomatous fibroblasts liquefy a rat plasma coagulum while normal fibroblasts do not. They turn phenol red golden yellow whereas, under the same conditions, normal cells turn it pinkish orange.
5. Sarcomatous and normal fibroblasts of the rat multiply to an unlimited degree in chick embryo juice. They live for only a short time in rat serum and chick serum. Calf liver digest will suffice for an unlimited proliferation of sarcoma fibroblasts, but fails to support the life of normal fibroblasts for very long.
6. The presence of bone marrow greatly increases the rate of growth of sarcomatous fibroblasts cultivated in rat serum, while it only slightly affects that of the normal cells. The unlimited growth of the sarcomatous tissue in animals to which it is transplanted may be attributed to the presence of macrophages, which are a normal constituent of the tumor, and possibly are a necessary factor of its growth in vivo.
THE INCUBATION PERIOD OF YELLOW FEVER IN THE MOSQUITO
Authors: Bauer Johannes H. , Hudson N. Paul 
Published: June 2004

1. The yellow fever virus was found in infectious form in Aedes ægypti throughout the entire period of the extrinsic incubation, as demonstrated by the injection of the bodies of mosquitoes into normal rhesus monkeys at daily intervals after the insects had fed on an infected animal.
2. The virus was transmitted through the bite of the mosquitoes, in one experiment on and after the 9th day, and in two experiments on the 12th day after the initial infecting feed.
3. The pathologic changes produced by the injection of the infected mosquitoes into normal monkeys during the extrinsic incubation were in every respect those of typical experimental yellow fever.
4. The monkeys withstand easily the subcutaneous injection of the mosquito emulsion. No acute inflammatory reaction was observed at the site of injection in any of the seventeen animals inoculated with this material in these three experiments.
FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE PRODUCTION OF IMMUNITY WITH PNEUMOCOCCUS VACCINE
Authors: Barach Alvan L. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Max Soroka.
Published: June 2004

1. The antigenic function of a pneumococcus vaccine made from the intact cell was compared with that derived fron a watery extract of the cell free from formed elements. In each instance, the immunity produced was dependent upon type-specific protective substance and not upon the elaboration of the common protein antibody.
2. The vaccine made from the intact cell resulted in both active and passive immunity which began on the 3rd day, increased markedly to the 5th, and remained approximately stationery to the 7th day. In the case of the Berkefeld filtrate of the shaken bacteria and the filtrate of the broth culture, the immunity began on the 4th day, increased to the 5th, and remained approximately stationery to the 7th day. The immunity produced by Pneumococcus Type I vaccine is greater than that produced by Type II. On the 3rd day, mice vaccinated with Type I vaccine resisted 100,000 minimal lethal doses, whereas mice immunized with Type II resisted 10,000 minimal lethal doses. On the 5th day, a larger percentage of mice survived these doses than on the 3rd day.
3. Certain factors related to the preparation and dosage of the vaccine are discussed.
4. As far as the time interval and the degree of immunity produced are concerned, these results suggest the possibility of employing pneumococcus vaccine in suitable doses in the treatment of lobar pneumonia. That an earlier activity of the immunity mechanism could actually be initiated in a patient with lobar pneumonia has still to be demonstrated.
THE FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF THE FIBROBLAST AND THE MACROPHAGE
Authors: Carrel Alexis , Ebeling Albert H. 
Published: June 2004

1. A pure strain of fibroblasts has been isolated from the Jensen rat sarcoma. The cells give rise to tumors on transplantation into animals and during several months of life in vitro have maintained their malignancy unchanged.
2. The malignant cells are generally coarser and more refringent than normal cells. They possess the cytological characteristics of fibroblasts without showing any morphological abnormality. They can be considered as healthy cells. The texture of their colonies is looser than that of normal fibroblasts and Sarcoma No. 10 fibroblasts. Their residual activity does not differ markedly from the normal. They proliferate unlimitedly in a nutrient medium.
3. They liquefy the fibrin of rat plasma and turn phenol red golden yellow. They do not liquefy the fibrin of chicken plasma.
4. They multiply in chick embryo juice, calf liver digest, and also in rat serum. Their growth activity is increased by the presence of bone marrow.
5. The unlimited growth of Jensen sarcoma within the body may possibly be attributed to the ability of the fibroblasts to maintain themselves upon the substances present in rat serum. This property itself probably depends upon the increased enzyme activity of the cells.
CHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE BLOOD OF THE DOG IN EXPERIMENTAL PERITONITIS
Authors: Orr Thomas G. , Haden Russell L. 
Published: June 2004

1. A study of the blood chlorides, urea and non-protein nitrogen and the carbon dioxide-combining power in experimental general peritonitis is here reported.
2. The similarity between the chemical changes in high intestinal obstruction and general peritonitis is noted. These chemical changes suggest that the cause of death may be, at least in part, the same in the two diseases.
THE EFFECT OF OXIDATION OF FILTRATES OF A CHICKEN SARCOMA (CHICKEN TUMOR I—ROUS)
Authors: Mueller J. Howard 
Published: June 2004

1. The rapid autoinactivation at 37° of candle filtrates of the Rous Foul Sarcoma I is due in large part to oxidation.
2. Such oxidation may be prevented by a dilution of 1-2000 cysteine hydrochloride brought to pH 7.4 with NaOH.
3. The variability of infectiousness of candle filtrates is due in part at least to oxidative changes which take place during their preparation; and more active extracts may be obtained by preventing these by means of cysteine.
4. For elaborate experiments it is possible to preserve filtrates in the ice box with cysteine and vaseline until test inoculations have established their infectivity.
RECIPROCAL EFFECTS OF CONCOMITANT INFECTIONS
Authors: Pearce Louise 
Published: June 2004

An experiment is reported in which was studied the effects of a concomitant vaccinal infection and of vaccinal immunity upon the reaction to syphilis in rabbits induced by intracutaneous inoculation.
The results obtained showed that the reaction was modified by both conditions. A vaccinal infection initiated at the time of syphilitic inoculation was associated with a defensive reaction of lessened efficiency, the ensuing syphilis being more severe than in control animals. A state of vaccinal immunity present at the time of syphilitic inoculation was associated with a reaction of heightened efficiency, the ensuing syphilis being very mild.
These results are in harmony with those obtained in other experiments in which the intratesticular route of syphilitic inoculation was employed.
THE RÓLE OF STREPTOCOCCI IN EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS OF THE MONKEY
Authors: Long Perrin H. , Olitsky Peter K. , Stewart Fred W. 
Published: June 2004

It is the opinion of Bull, that the streptococci recovered from poliomyelitic tissues, while having no etiological or pathological relationship to the virus of poliomyelitis, occur as secondary invaders in the disease. Smillie and Amoss indicated that the bacteria may be agonal invaders.
The results of the experiments reported in this paper point to another source of the streptococci. They occur as contaminants which are introduced into the cultures during the process of grinding tissues. The source of the streptococcus may therefore be the air of the place in which the cultures are made. We have come to this conclusion because first, the tissues of which cultures yielded streptococci were derived from a number of monkeys with experimental poliomyelitis still in a vigorous state. Secondly, when the tissues were ground bacteria were noted much more frequently in their cultures than in those in which fragments of the same brains were used. Thirdly, microorganisms occurred more often in cultures made in the routine laboratory than in a special room where asepsis was carried to the extreme of a major surgical operation on man. Fourthly, streptococci were obtained from the air of the places where cultures were made. Finally, there is no correlation between the cultures of two portions of the same brain.
The streptococci occurred in some cultures in pure growth and in others admixed with other ordinary species of bacteria. The latter were often found, in turn, in pure culture and what applies to streptococci, as mentioned in the preceding paragraph, applies equally to the staphylococci, diphtheroids, spore-bearing rods, and other miscellaneous, familiar microorganisms.
We could not determine that there exists any etiological relation of the streptococci to poliomyelitis. The fermentation reactions of the microorganisms obtained from the air, from non-poliomyelitic and poliomyelitic monkey brains indicate that bacteria from any of these sources are markedly different. So also with the serological reactions of agglutination and precipitation. Furthermore no agglutination was observed when the serum of monkeys convalescent from experimental poliomyelitis was mixed with any of the streptococci recovered or those received directly or indirectly from Rosenow. Moreover, the intracerebral injection with cultures, irrespective of their source, induced in rabbits a purulent type of meningoencephalitis, often associated with streptococcic septicemia. This result is at marked variance with any known effects of the true filtrable virus of poliomyelitis in man and in the monkey.
STUDIES UPON THE EFFECT OF LIGHT ON BLOOD AND TISSUE CELLS
Authors: Earle W. R. 
Published: June 2004

1. An extreme and rapid degeneration which occurred in tissue cultures of leucocytes from the blood of cats, guinea pigs, and rabbits, is described in detail.
2. This degeneration was found to appear in the culture when the cells were planted in any of the culture media tried, some of which were autogenous heparin plasma, autogenous plasma, autogenous serum, Tyrode solution, and mixtures of these with embryo juice.
3. The specific cellular changes which occurred are described for the different leucocytes. In general, there was first a latent period during which no change could be observed in the cell. Following this there was a period of stimulation during which the motion of the cell was greatly accelerated. This second stage has been observed in all cells except the lymphocyte, in which it may possibly occur to a slight degree. Finally there was the terminal stage, the stage of degeneration, in which the cell rounded up, lost its motility, and either became badly swollen or else underwent a more or less complete coagulation.
4. The factor causing this degeneration was found to be exposure of the culture to light, as, for example, during microscopic examination.
5. By a reduction of the infrared part of the spectrum, it was indicated that the effect was not due to a heat coagulation of the cells.
6. This degeneration was also found to occur in the complete absence of ultra-violet wave-lengths.
7. Further, it was shown that this degeneration was caused by light which lay within each of the three wave-length zones (1) 430µµ to 550µµ; infra-red; (2) 475µµ to 630µµ; 690µµ to infra-red; (3) 600µµ to infra-red.
8. No indication was given as to whether all regions of these zones were active in causing the degeneration, or whether the active rays are limited to certain wave-length bands lying within these zones.
9. This degeneration of the leucocytes under the action of light was also found to occur upon irradiation of hanging drops of whole blood. This is interpreted as showing conclusively that the degeneration was not dependent upon the additional factors of centrifugation, continued lowering of temperature, or the presence of abnormal saline solution.
10. It was noted, however, that the leucocytes in hanging drop cultures required a markedly longer time for their degeneration under the action of light than did the leucocytes in cultures prepared from the buffy coat and inoculated in serum. This is considered as possibly due, either to injury to the cell during centrifugation and subsequent handling, or to some action of the red blood cells present in large amounts in the hanging drops of whole blood.
11. In these hanging drop cultures of whole blood degeneration of the leucocytes was also found to occur when the light reaching the culture was first freed from the larger part of its infra-red and from all of its ultra-violet.
12. It was also shown that the same degeneration was produced by wave-lengths of light lying within each of the three wave-length zones defined in Section 6 of this summary.