bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
They Did Not Write on Clay: Non-Cuneiform Documents and Archives in Seleucid Mesopotamia
Authors: Invernizzi Antonio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When scripts other than cuneiform, such as Aramaic or Greek, and writing media other than clay, such as papyrus, leather, or parchment, became widespread in the Near East, new practical conditions came into being which had important consequences for documentary archaeological evidence, and which directly affect our knowledge based on this type of evidence. For the climate of Mesopotamia preserved perishable materials only in extremely rare cases. It is only as a result of exceptional circumstances that the Parthian parchments of Avroman (Minns 1915) and the Parthian and Roman documents of Dura Europos(Welles, Fink, and Gilliam 1959) have been preserved. In the Seleucid period, in particular, cuneiform tablets are still the basis of our knowledge (Oelsner 1986), and when later, in the course of the Parthian period, the cuneiform script and the clay tablet were finally abandoned, textual evidence was virtually extinguished.
Crypt and Decryption: Erkenwald Terminable and Interminable
Authors: Vance Smith D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I want to think about what it means to come to terms with death. I want to do it, but death also places terms on me already, limiting what I can say about it because its term is both over and yet to come. It is both my past and my future, my history and my own disappearance into it. It is an event begun and unbegun, an event that determines me without compromising my initiative to act. To come to terms with it means to subject any terms to that double logic of conclusion and immanence, to come to the terms that are already there but whose exact limitations may be beyond the phenomenology of human understanding.
Queering Sponsalia Christi: Virginity, Gender, and Desire in the Early Middle English Anchoritic Texts
Authors: Salih Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
David Halperin’s classic essay asks the question: ‘Is There a History of Sexuality?’ and answers in a qualified affirmative: the alterity of the sex of ancient society is such that the term ‘sexuality’ may not be sufficient to discuss it.1 The study of sexual history thus demands an examination of the possibility that sexuality, gender, and desire may appear in unfamiliar configurations in different historical moments. It is becoming commonplace to observe that medieval sexualities, and medieval sex, are not necessarily identical to the modern versions. The distinction between modern sexuality identities and premodern sexual acts, derived ultimately from Michel Foucault’s History of Sexuality, has been much debated and qualified, with the result that both periods are revealed to have a range of ways of conceptualizing sexual pleasures.2 Caroline Walker Bynum observes that medieval categories of the sexual appear to have differed from modern ones; that, for example, representations of genitalia may not have primarily signified sexuality.3
Settlements and Structures
Authors: Lemos Irene S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the important discoveries of the last twenty years, settlement and architectural evidence from the PG period ·remains sparse. Although two recent studies by Fagerstrom and Mazarakis-Ainian show that our knowledge has increased enormously since the study by Drerup, we still have no PG settlement equivalent to the Late Geometric examples at Zagora on Andros or at Emporio on Chios, both of which had only a short history of occupation. This is mostly because PG settlements lie under the remains of subsequent later occupations. The early history of sites such as Athens, Chalcis, Argos, and Thebes and others with a long continuous history of occupation is still unclear. Nevertheless. the sites we do have. especially those at Lefkandi and Asine, to mention the only two within the areas of the present study, and those at Nichoria and Thermon in western Greece, fill in some of the missing picture.
Sex as Discipline The Idea of Erotic Education
Authors: Turner James Grantham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The disciplining power of erotic discourse—the power of L’Escole des filles to ‘inform’ Pepys, the power of Chorier’s Satyra Sotadica to give Casanova his ‘theory’ and to ‘perfect’ Diderot’s worldly hero—obliges us to read it as more than titillating fantasy or withering satire. Without minimizing its priapism and misogyny, I propose to call its bluff by treating it as institution as well as representation. As my Introduction showed, libertine promoters and feminist opponents agreed in regarding these texts as ‘Schools of Venus’ and handbooks of ‘speculative lust’.
The Erotics of Literary Response Chorier and Rochester in the Critical Mainstream
Authors: Turner James Grantham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The short and true state of the Case is this: all depends upon the Genius and Art of the Writer, for an obscene Thought, if it be not livelily painted, will have but a small or perhaps no effect upon the Mind of the Reader For a further Proof of this, when [the Critick’s] squeamish Fit is over, I wou’d recommend to his Perusal Aloisia Sigea , or if that be too hard for him because ‘tis writ in Latin, let him read L’Escole des Filles , and if the obscene Words and Descriptions he will meet with there do not raise his Appetite, the World will be apt to conclude it, not only very dull, but absolutely dead; and as bad as his Poetry is, his Reader will be better entertain’d than his Mistress.
Poetical Remains
Authors: Matthews Samantha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What happens to poets’ genius when they die? The peculiar affinity which was felt to exist between their physical and literary ‘remains’ - their bodies and books - is the subject of this original cultural study, which concentrates on poets and poetry from the Romantic to late Victorian period. Poetical Remains deals with issues such as the place of burial, the kind of monument deemed appropriate, the poet’s ‘last words’ and last poems, the creation of memorial volumes, and the commercial boost given to a poet’s reputation by ‘celebrity death’, focussing in each case on the powerful, complex, often unstated but ever-present connections between the poet’s body and their poetic ‘corpus’.
Poets’ Corner, Browning, and the Hero as Poet
Authors: Matthews Samantha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dean Stanley’s vision of the great names of Renaissance drama symbolically entombing their elegies and pens in the grave of Edmund Spenser (d. 1599)—a gesture, we should note, that did not preclude the elegies’ publication—belongs to a late-Victorian drive to recuperate Westminster Abbey’s Poets’ Corner as a site of national importance, to which the leading figures of the Victorian renaissance must be assimilated. To sustain the myth, Stanley has to negotiate the problematic absence of the remains of the greatest poet; the leap from speculation (‘in all probability’) to awe (‘what a grave in which the pen of Shakspeare may be mouldering away!’) represents Spenser’s grave as the shrine of Shakespeare’s pen (Marcus Scheemakers’s full-length statue is only partial compensation for the Bard’s burial at Stratford).
The Sonnets in Relation to Shakespeare’s Life
Authors: Edmondson Paul , Wells Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps more than any other text in Western literature, Shakespeare’s sonnets have inspired a multiplicity of controversially biographical readings. All of these take as their central assumption the hypothesis that the ‘I’ of the Sonnets ineluctably represents Shakespeare’s point of view and so gives direct access to scenes and events of his life. Any attempt to relate a work of art directly to the intimate, personal life of the artist needs to be treated with caution, even suspicion.
The Sonnets in Performance
Authors: Edmondson Paul , Wells Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For those who do not believe that the Sonnets should only be read silently, many audio recordings are readily available either for purchase, or for consultation in library archives; many more exist among long-obscured and rare audio anthologies. Major recordings include Dame Edith Evans reading her own selection, Sir John Gielgud (120 sonnets, Caedmon, 1963), Richard Pasco (complete, Argo, 1979), Alex Jennings (complete, Naxos, 1997), and a team made up of Brian Dennehy, Al Pacino, Natasha Richardson, Patrick Stewart, Kathleen Turner, and others (The Complete Shakespeare Sonnets: Read by Outstanding Actors of the American and British Stage, Airplay, 2000).
Enchanting Modernity: The Invention of Tradition at Two Women’s Colleges in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Cambridge*
Authors: Pedersen Joyce Senders 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1908, Emma List, earlier a student at Girton College, Cambridge, published a volume of verse and essays celebrating the traditions of the College.1 The titular poem ‘Girton my Friend’ recalls the charms of the buildings and the countryside. An essay evokes golden summer days spent with a Girton Reading Party during the Long Vacation. There are poems about ‘Hall’ (where meals were taken), ‘Tray’ (evening cocoa parties in the girls’ rooms), ‘A Fire Alarm’, ‘My Friends’, and ‘The Dons’—‘Friends of our past’s best memory. / Ye the kind and the wise’.
Political and diplomatic movements, 1800–1830
Authors: Sperber Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At first sight, the late eighteenth-century German political system was characterized by stability and continuity. The institutions of the Holy Roman Empire –– or Reich –– continued to provide a unique political commonwealth in which the various Germanies could co-exist. The Imperial Chamber Court–– Reichskammergericht –– was designed to mediate disputes between the various component parts of the empire; but it was rarely in use because the imperial parliament –– Reichstag –– already provided a forum in which differing political views could be aired and reconciled.
Political trends and movements, 1830–1850
Authors: Barclay David E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The challenge of revolution and the recovery of popular politics, 1830–1840 . On the evening of 7 September 1830, the ducal palace in the central German city of Braunschweig burned to the ground. It had been set alight by a large crowd of handicraft workers and members of the city’s ‘lower orders’ who were outraged that the arrogant young Duke Karl II had violated what they regarded as the obligations of a ‘just ruler’ to provide work opportunities and grain subsidies in a time of bitter economic crisis. The unloved duke fled to London; and, the next day, a ‘Civic Guard’ commanded by a banker named Löbbecke sought to contain the violence and ensure the return of stable, sober, but non-despotic and non-arbitrary government.
Culture and the arts
Authors: Applegate Celia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of German culture and the arts in the seven decades before political unification begins with a new and invigorating self-consciousness about art’s importance and ends with a great deal of complacency among art-consuming Germans. If we compare Fried-rich Schiller’s extraordinary essay of 1795, On the Aesthetic Education of Man, to the speeches at the centenary celebrations of his birth, in 1859, we must conclude that German culture suffered a catastrophic constriction in these decades, abandoning a vision of art as the expression of human wholeness in order to embrace a diminished vision of art as the embodiment of Germanics and its purported unity.
Wissenschaft and knowledge
Authors: Daum Andreas W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scholarship and research –– encapsulated in the German term Wissenschaft, which includes the sciences, social sciences, and human-ities–– developed in such a dramatic way in Germany between 1800 and 1870 that it is tempting to resort to a sort of ‘big bang’ theory to describe this development. In the beginning, so the story would go, there was an explosion. It marked the creative moment when a new type of university came into being, one that promoted research and aimed at the unity of all fields of knowledge. This spectacular starting-shot led to an expansion of matter and it freed energy, which was professional scholarship and specialized science.
Gender
Authors: Rosenhaft Eve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The economic and political changes that took place in Germany in the first two-thirds of the nineteenth century had a direct impact on the ways in which men and women lived their lives as individuals and in families. At the same time, public discussions about the social order and social change were carried on in terms that invoked stereo-typical notions of gender, giving the force of personality to political or economic phenomena by associating them with qualities of masculinity and femininity.
Sensibility
Authors: Pinch Adela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Sensibility’ refers to one of the most fascinating literary and cultural movements of all time. It spread across Europe and Euro-America in the middle of the eighteenth century, and its effects persisted until the middle of the nineteenth century, and indeed have endured, in some ways, into our own era. Its epicentre, however, was late eighteenth-century England. The Encylopaedia Britannica of 1797 defined ‘sensibility’ as ‘a nice and delicate perception of pleasure or pain, beauty or deformity’ which ‘seems to depend upon the organization of the nervous system’.1 Sensibility as a literary movement consists of texts from that era which glorify and elicit such sensitive emotional reactions. For example, when one of the heroes of Thomas Bridge’s popular novel of Sensibility, Adventures of a Bank-Note (1770–1), Mr Villiers, encounters a beautiful, sad, young lady, he is so moved that his own face becomes ‘a striking picture of sorrow and despair’:
Europe
Authors: Bode Christoph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As early as 1924, the critic Arthur O. Lovejoy argued that there was no such thing as a
European Romanticism: ‘The word “romantic” has come to mean so many different things that, by itself, it means nothing. It has ceased to perform the function of a verbal sign.’1 One should either stop talking about ‘Romanticism’ altogether or at least ‘learn to use the word “Romanticism” in the plural’, since ‘the “Romanticism” of one country may have little in common with that of another, and at all events ought to be defined in distinctive terms’.2 Sceptically comparing the British, German, and French varieties of ‘Romanticism’, Lovejoy concluded: ‘There may be some common denominator of them all; but if so, it has never yet been clearly exhibited, and its presence is not to be assumed a priori [from the beginning].’3
Psychoanalysis
Authors: Roberts Andrew Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychoanalysis and Romanticism seem made for each other. They share many of the same preoccupations: dreaming and waking; terror and desire; childhood; the complexity and multiplicity of the self; the power of the past over the present. These links are a matter of cultural history as well as resemblance. Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, wrote in Civilization and Its Discontents that ‘I took as my starting-point a saying of the [German Romantic] poet-philosopher Schiller, that “hunger and love are what moves the world”‘. The critic Lionel Trilling saw psychoanalysis as ‘one of the culminations’ of Romantic literature, a literature which Trilling claimed was ‘passionately devoted to a research into the self’.
Post-colonialism
Authors: Coleman Deirdre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his book Tropicopolitans (1999), the post-colonial critic Srinivas Aravamudan captures the drift of current scholarship on ‘the new eighteenth-century’ by pointing to xenophobia, colonialism, orientalism, and racism as significant omissions from Linda Colley’s influential account of the constitution of national identity in her book, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1832 (1992). Generally speaking, post-colonial critics such as Aravamudan and Saree Makdisi, author of Romantic Imperialism: Universal Empire and the Culture of Modernity (1998), concern themselves with those areas identified as absent from Colley’s work, areas which reflect a new interest in the cultural effects of colonization and imperialism in the late eighteenth century, as well as their various legacies today.
Letters, journals and diaries
Authors: Deane Nichola 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Letters and journals of the Romantic period have an uneasy status. They may in some respects be regarded as marginal texts. Until quite recently, Romanticism was thought of as a movement of a few (male) poets and philosophers, and the letters and journals of these few writers and those of their circle were used, by biographers and critics, to show just how essentially Romantic these canonical writers were. Letters and journals were seldom studied for their own sake. Whether or not they were ‘ Literature’, with a capital ‘L’, had scarcely been discussed let alone decided.
Unity of Scripture Constituted through Jewish Traditions of Interpretation
Authors: Sagi Avi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout its history, halakhic tradition established a unique relationship with scripture, which it viewed as reflecting the original word of God, and therefore sacred. The biblical text was interpreted and understood within the boundaries of this tradition, which reread the text and determined its meaning based on halakhic parameters. Given the assumption about the sacredness of this text, we would expect Halakhah to develop a disposition of careful attentiveness and subservience towards scripture when attempting to decode its meaning. Instead, we find an active disposition and readiness to create the text through interpretation.
Pliny’s Catalogue of Culture
Authors: Carey Sorcha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the earliest surviving examples of 'art history', Pliny the Elder's 'chapters on art' form part of his encyclopaedic Natural History, completed shortly before its author died during the eruption of Vesuvius in AD 79. This important new work argues that the Natural History offers a sophisticated account of the world as empire, in which art as much as geography can be used to expound a Roman imperial agenda. Reuniting the 'chapters on art' with the rest of the Natural History, Sorcha Carey considers how the medium of the 'encyclopaedia' affects Pliny's presentation of art, and reveals how art is used to explore themes important to the work as a whole. Throughout, the author demonstrates that Pliny's 'chapters on art' are a profoundly Roman creation, offering an important insight into responses to art and culture under the early Roman empire.
The Problem of Totality: Collecting Greek Art, Wonders, and Luxury
Authors: Carey Sorcha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Collecting is a theme with special reference for the Natural History. The Natural History is the collection par excellence, a collection, in writing, of everything the world contains. It was clearly recognized as such by the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century creators of curiosity cabinets and Wunderkammern, who looked to Pliny, not only as a model of what to include in their collections, but also how to arrange them. Pliny himself draws on the image of collecting to describe his work in the preface. Quoting Domitius Pisa, at Pref. 17, he likens his work to a treasury or storehouse: ‘it is storehouses (thesauros) that are needed, not books.’
Dionysus in 69
Authors: Zeitlin Froma I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here I am once again. Now for those of you who believe what I just told you, that I am a god, you are going to have a terrific evening. The rest of you are in trouble. It’s going to be an hour and a half of being up against the wall. Those of you who do believe can join us in what we do next. It’s a celebration, a ritual, an ordeal, an ecstasy.
Greek Tragedy in Cinema Theatre, Politics, History
Authors: Michelakis Pantelis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two decades have passed since the publication of the pioneering studies on cinema and Greek tragedy by Marianne McDonald (1983) and Kenneth Mackinnon (1986). Their work has helped establish film adaptations of Greek tragedy as an autonomous study focused on a body of films aesthetically diverse but the matically related (Mackinnon), best represented by the work of two directors of international renown, Pier Paolo Pasolini and Michael Cacoyannis (McDonald).
The Voices We Hear
Authors: Wertenbaker Timberlake 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question I hear again and again is-Why has there been such a resurgence in Greek drama, or drama inspired by the Greek plays, in the last twenty-five years or so? There have been various answers proposed, but I want to put forward a suggestion that I have not heard before. I am going to start not with the Greeks but with Shakespeare.
A national home
Authors: Ottolenghi Emanuele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Zionism was born in the midst of a prolonged struggle for the reinterpretation of Jewish identity which the Enlightenment, emancipation, and the rise of modern antisemitism had triggered. Emerging as an alternative for Jews seeking cultural renewal and escape from antisemitism in nineteenth-century Europe, Zionism culminated in the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948. Essentially, Zionism has been defined as: ‘An ideology pertaining to the idea of a return to Zion and its restoration as a homeland for the Jews that not only transcended the messianic idea but also produced extensive social results and a continuous social development.’
Post-Zionism
Authors: Ottolenghi Emanuele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Post-Zionism encompasses many disciplines, including history, sociology, cultural studies, literature, and even archaeology, to challenge Israel’s Zionist foundations through scholarship and public advocacy. As a study of the field asserts, ‘postzionism is a term applied to a current set of critical positions that problematize zionist discourse, and the historical narratives and social and cultural representations that it produced’. Questioning what it considers a partisan view of the past, serving Zionist interests, post-Zionism seeks to challenge what it calls ‘the Zionist narrative’ regarding the study of Israel’s past.
Traditionalist strands
Authors: Don-Yehiya Eliezer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The adherents of traditionalist strands in modern Judaism are those Jews who maintain their allegiance to traditional Jewish religion, even in the face of far-reaching changes in the life of Jews, which have occurred since the beginning of the emancipation of European Jewry. These Jews came to be known, especially in Central and Western Europe and in the United States, as Orthodox, while in Eastern Europe and Israel they are commonly called Religious, or Observant.
Humanistic and secular Judaisms
Authors: Malkin Yaakov 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept ‘secular Judaism’ has two meanings. It refers to the section of the Jewish people who do not feel bound by any observance of religious commandments, and also to the extensive body of culture and creative work produced by secular Jews over the past 250 years. In the early nineteenth century men such as Leopold Zunz and Heinrich Heine members of the Verein für Kultur und Wissenschaft der Judensaw Judaism as a culture, and not only a religion. This perception of Judaism as culture prevails today among secular Jews, who view the Bible (rather than the Talmud) as the foundation of Judaism, as represented in works of all streams of Judaism throughout the ages, including the Talmud, the works of Philo and Josephus, the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha, the New Testament, and Karaitic, Samaritan, and Hasidic literature, as well as contemporary Jewish art and literature.