bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ecological Cut
Authors: Conrath Ryan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of montage in experimental films about place. Specifically, it discusses the function of the cut as an ecological technology: the ecological cut. Here, the cut is understood as an indispensable technique for mediating relationship between beings and their environment, or more broadly between human beings and the nonhuman world. This chapter works in part as a survey of the historical intersections (explicit and implicit) between environmentalism and the cinematic avant-garde, turning on a polemic aimed at the overrepresentation of the long take in the cinematic avant-garde’s environmental discourse. Against this privileging of the long take as a signifier of ecological consciousness or natural presence, the ecological cut attests to the fact that in an era of rapid environmental change, when humanity’s sense of dominion over the earth remains largely unchecked, the space between images becomes an indispensable tool for taking stock of and radically modifying our troubled relationship to the planet. To flesh out this idea, the chapter turns to recent works in contemporary avant-garde landscape cinema, including films by Daïchi Saïto, Peter Bo Rappmund, and Ja’Tovia Gary.
Automating Empathy
Authors: McStay Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 sets the scene for content to follow. Opening with a vignette it introduces the key themes of the book, defines recurrent terminology, frames industrial interest, and makes the case of why it is sensible to connect the words ‘empathy’ and ‘technology’. It also identifies the motivating impulse of the book: to understand how quality and quantity interact and the consequences of this. The ‘how’ is found to be through the principle of simulation that since the earliest suggestion of artificial intelligence (AI) has been core to it. Chapter 1 also clarifies choice of the word ‘empathy’, especially given existing terminology that refers to use of biometrics to infer emotion and other subjective states. This is clarified in reference to schools of empathy scholarship, and the word is useful to diagnose attempts to understand first-person perspectives.
Hyperreal Emotion
Authors: McStay Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 2 introduces key historical and critical concerns about automated empathy, especially regarding the artifice and imposition of a narrow understanding of emotional life. The chapter clusters concern under two headings: ‘unnatural mediation’ and ‘mental integrity’. The first is shown to relate to over-simplicity, problems in method, and what drawing on media philosophy is phrased as a ‘hyperreal’ account of emotion. The chapter outlines how digital phenotyping and debatable theories of emotional life all impact on people through normalisation of a highly limited framing of emotion, especially given opaque and demographically nonrepresentative data sets already shown to have racist properties due to poor curation. The chapter also sets out more fundamental concerns by drawing on neuroethics and sensitivity of individual and collective mental states, privacy, rights to cognitive freedom, mental security, and need to protect first-person perspective and the life world of individuals and groups.
Assessing the Physiognomic Critique
Authors: McStay Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the foremost criticism of emotion recognition technologies: that it is a modern form of physiognomy, or the practice of assessing a person’s character or personality from their outer appearance. Links with physiognomy are made in quality press coverage and critical technology studies, but the question for this chapter is whether the criticism correct. Does it follow that because emotional AI is akin to physiognomy in method, that emotional AI is also racist? To explore this, the chapter assesses early physiognomy as well as later and less-cited physiognomists. The chapter answers its original question but also finds physiognomy to be highly influential on several unexpected fields, including empathy itself, phenomenology, and critical theory. It also finds later physiognomy to be less reductive, leading it to tally with emergent and dynamic conceptions of automated empathy that admit of personal and contextual factors when making judgements about people.
Hybrid Ethics
Authors: McStay Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter expands upon the ethical orientation of Automating Empathy. It observes that for many people modern life is symbiotic with technologies that function by means of networks and data about intimate aspects of human life. It proposes ‘hybrid ethics’ as a means of considering the terms of connectivity with sociotechnical systems. With data ethics seen as less a matter of the right to be alone than interest in the terms of connectivity with systems and organisations, there is scope for controversy. The chapter accounts for this by discussing surveillance realism, overinterest in technology and usability, acceptance of dominance by major technology platforms, and seduction by marketing rhetoric. The hybrid view is argued to be mindful of these, instead purporting to rearrange and imagine alternative possibilities. The chapter progresses to simplify the chapter’s philosophically normative view for applied usage. This distils to questions of what sorts of technologies do people want to live with, on what terms, how do they affect the existing order of things, at what cost do the benefits of given technologies come, and how can the relationship be better?
Positive Education
Authors: McStay Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines automated empathy in education. It reviews the role of empathy in education in context of technological approaches to social and emotional learning. Interest in technology and data analytics is accounted for in relation to policy appetite for systems and modes of analysing student performance. The chapter observes that these interests have created conditions where use of emotion, intention, and attention-based technologies in physical and online classrooms is acceptable in service of understanding and optimising education. With particular attention to ‘General Comment 25’, the 2021 update to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), the chapter progresses to assess automated empathy in education in relation to UNCRC priorities of rights to education and protection of rights such as privacy.
Waveforms of Human Intention
Authors: McStay Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the development of consumer-level neurotechnologies and brain-computer interfaces. It reviews the history, hopes and politics of these technologies, and early pre-Web belief that these technologies would be merged with the Internet. It also situates early systematic speculation in relation to potentials of neuroscience today, finding scope for profiling of prethought. Such potentials are then situated in context of corporate interests in these technologies, especially those of Meta and Elon Musk’s Neuralink. While raising privacy and freedom of thought concerns, this surveillance is posited as neurophenomenological. This means that it encompasses body and brain materiality, also providing scope to profile, interact with, and anticipate first-person experience. This is argued to raise profound questions about determination and relationships with technologies, each other, companies, and governments.
Uncertainty for Good, Inverting Automated Empathy
Authors: McStay Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter assesses whether technologies that simulate empathy may do social good. It argues that automated empathy, how people interact with it, and to an extent its governance, needs to be inverted. Its argument is humanities-based, seeing value in the social life of data. The chapter claims that what good looks like for empathic systems is where people can engage with their bodies and communications to facilitate novel forms of reflection, learning, creativity, and expression. To address data protection, it takes its cue from philosophies of play. These refute the idea that play is predicated on openness and absence of rules, but the opposite: play as a safe setting for creative endeavour, experimentation, expression, strengthening, and learning. The same is argued for automated and simulated empathy.
Historical Background
Authors: Jobani Yuval 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the vision and the imagination of early twentieth-century Hebrew culture, the return of Jews to the motherland was associated with their return to nature. However, the meaning and the implications of that return to nature were the subject of heated debate among the Jewish pioneers. The chapter demonstrates that Gordon wrote Man and Nature as a critical response to Life and Nature by Yehuda Metmann, the founder of the Hebrew Gymnasium. Gordon came out against Metmann’s educational vision, which called for gaining control of nature in the Land of Israel by means of rigorous scientific investigation, in the spirit of the Baconian slogan “knowledge is power.” Gordon perceives the exploitation of nature as a product of the Enlightenment’s demystification of, and alienation from, nature. Instead of dominating nature, Gordon argued, we should strive to harmoniously integrate our lives with nature out of a deep sense of responsibility toward it.
Reasoning with Attitude
Authors: Incurvati Luca , Schlöder Julian J. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book presents and develops inferential expressivism, a novel approach to the study of meaning which combines elements of the expressivist and inferentialist programmes. Expressivists explain the meaning of words in terms of the attitudes that they are used to express; inferentialists explain the meaning of words in terms of the inferences that they are used to draw. The book lays out the philosophical foundations of inferential expressivism by articulating and defending the view that the meaning of an expression is to be explained in terms of the inferences we draw involving the attitudes we express. The book, moreover, lays out the logical foundations of inferential expressivism by showing how to implement the view rigorously by means of novel formal systems which can deal with a variety of speech acts. As the book shows, by joining forces expressivism and inferentialism can meet their key challenges whilst retaining their distinctive insights and advantages. The book goes on to demonstrate the fruitfulness of the inferential expressivist approach to meaning by applying it to a diverse range of linguistic phenomena, including epistemic modals, probability operators, conditionals, moral predicates, the truth predicate, and propositional attitude predicates.
Inferentialism
Authors: Incurvati Luca , Schlöder Julian J. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces inferentialism, focusing on its application to the logical domain. It highlights the main attraction of inferentialism, namely that it grounds meaning in our inferential practices and distinguishes between semantic and meta-semantic theses associated with inferentialism. The chapter goes on to present three problems inferentialism faces: the Problem of Defective Concepts, the Problem of Constitutive Rules, and the Problem of Limited Applicability. It is argued that while inferentialists already have in house the resources to address the first two problems, they must join forces with expressivists in order to address the third problem. Moreover, joining forces with expressivists enables inferentialists to solve the first problem whilst allowing them to hold on to a classical notion of inference.
Epistemic Modals
Authors: Incurvati Luca , Schlöder Julian J. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter develops an inferential expressivist account of epistemic modality. The chapter begins by showing that while a traditional expressivist approach accounts for certain well-known puzzles about the semantics of epistemic modality, it falls prey to a version of the Frege-Geach Problem. The chapter then develops an account whereby the meaning of the epistemic modal might is to be explained in terms of weak assertion, a speech act whose existence is argued for on the basis of linguistic evidence. It is shown that the proposed account of might provides a solution to the puzzles about epistemic modality while solving the Frege-Geach Problem and validating all classical arguments. This demonstrates that the inferential expressivist approach to meaning can be successfully extended beyond the core logical constants.
Attitudes
Authors: Incurvati Luca , Schlöder Julian J. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses propositional attitudes from the perspective of inferential expressivism. The chapter begins by distinguishing three different components of the Many Attitudes Problem: the problem of giving an account of the meaning of moral vocabulary in propositional attitudes ascriptions, the problem of explaining what it is to have a non-doxastic attitude with moral content, and the problem of explaining what it is to express a non-doxastic attitude with moral content. The chapter provides a solution to the Many Attitudes Problem in all its aspects. The solution includes a recipe for assigning meanings to attitude verbs, which illustrates another area of application of the inferential expressivist approach to semantics. The chapter goes on to clarify what can be said from an inferential expressivist viewpoint about what it is to have attitudes and the nature of attitudes themselves.
The Art of the Filmmaker
Authors: Markham Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book reveals the filmmaker’s art, principles, methods, and approaches for a range of readers: the student filmmaker; practicing filmmaker; student or scholar of film studies, theory, or history; and the student of media studies or scholar of arts programs, together with the informed cinephile. It conveys pragmatic information on the decision-making processes of film (and by inference all media) creators historically and in present practice, offering the reader highly informed textual analyses of specific films in order to explain the how and why of cinematic decision-making. The importance of practical aesthetics is proven in the clearly identified, detailed, and examined discussion of the decision-making that is involved in the creation of films, with carefully constructed and specific examples provided, the choice of recent films for analysis being a key element. Additional reference to classic films supports the book’s assertion that filmic planning and decision-making is a process that reflects an understanding and embracing of decades of cinematic practice along with the employment of continually evolving strategies reflecting technological change. Incorporating the author’s experience as a filmmaker, filmmaking educator, and film viewer, and considering cinematic language in the broad context of language, the book shows how the filmmaker’s art involves the conjuring and capture of the film’s fiction (story, characters, world), its representation on the screen, and the address to the audience through the practical aesthetics this constitutes—information, emotion (most importantly), and physical sensation are the constituent aspects of its engagement.
The Five Domains in Which a Film “Comes to Life”
Authors: Markham Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Five domains cover the aspects of a film’s fictionality, address, and response. The fiction “beyond the screen” is comprised of story, characters, emotions, and world (both physical and human), which must be credible within its genre and universe. The planarity of the screen is the conduit between fiction and audience—where the filmmaker captures and presents events and emotions—not neutral in its function but selective and modulatory, and served by practical aesthetics. The “screen of the mind” refers to the audience’s conjuring of the internal images not shown on the physical screen, whether excluded from the frame, suggested by an actual, different image, anticipatory of ongoing action (suspense), or prompted by sound (interior in its working, as opposed to the exterior quality of the image). Image as visual synecdoche, visual metaphor, or visual symbol, as image of absence, and as image of dissonance are illustrated. The hearts, minds, and guts of the audience section refers to their (most importantly) emotional, then cognitive, visceral, enteric, tactile, and neural responses. The ratio of fictional and audience emotion, the latter seen as immediate, cumulative, or delayed, is considered, as is the hierarchy of knowledge: who among characters and audience knows what, and when they know it. Physical sensations are considered more primal than emotions. The memory of the audience is posited as the domain in which a film may live on after its screening.
The Three Filmmakers
Authors: Markham Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reasons for the inclusion of the three filmmakers and their films in the case studies are set out here. The three films have been chosen for the diversity of their filmmakers, for the variety of their genre and subject matter, for the outstanding cinematic art they demonstrate, and for their critical and commercial success. Screenplays are available for Hereditary and Moonlight that reveal significant differences from the completed works. The screenplay for Nomadland offers a mix of shooting script and transcript of the completed film that provides insights into its filmmaking art. Three sequences each from Hereditary and Moonlight are analyzed in detail, while the art of Nomadland is analyzed in three sections that observe specific aspects of the filmmaker’s approach.
Hereditary
Authors: Markham Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter Hereditary’s prelude is analyzed in the order of its sections. The opening caption (identified as one) is followed by the family and the setting: Steve and Peter, Steve and Annie, and Steve and Charlie (identified as two through four). The transition to the funeral is comprised of the Ellen Graham insert alone (identified as five). The funeral includes, Annie’s eulogy, Charlie and Ellen, Annie’s eulogy continued, and the final scene (identified as five through nine). Each section is structured as follows: summary, questions (for audience, for reader), commentary, and conclusion (incorporating information conveyed, emotion, visceral sensation, and vision). Screenshots and forensic commentary provide step-by-step critical insights into the art of the filmmaker, regarding both storytelling and address to the audience. The chapter considers both cinematic art in general and the filmmaker’s chosen discourse for his film: specific instances of his art related to universal principles. The notion of the filmmaker “activating” the audience is introduced. The chapter follows the introduction or “announcing” of the film’s four main characters and their character traits, together with Ellen, the deceased grandmother. Steve, the father, is the family manager and organizer; Annie the impatient, troubled mother; Peter the son in the throes of adolescence; and Charlie the discombobulated daughter and youngest child. The setting of house and treehouse is also established. There follows an analysis of the transition into the first act or movement and the structural punctuation it articulates.
Chloe Zhao
Authors: Markham Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This introduction to the Nomadland case studies describes how the film incorporates a metafictional discourse by interweaving nonfictional material with the fictional story of invented characters. Various elements of the film, the filmmaker’s unifying approach, and the contrasting aspects of the film’s sensibility are considered. The last two of the three case study chapters that follow do not repeat the format of those for the previous two films, Hereditary and Moonlight, but instead adopt an approach tailored to the manner of the film’s visual and narrative discourse. The note on the screenplay (which is available online) states that it would appear to be a transcription of an earlier cut of the film; several of its scenes are apparently transcripts of improvised dialogue from the movie’s actual people, while some scenes found on the page are absent on the screen. This latter factor is regarded as illustrating the importance of subtracting superfluous elements during the making of a film.
Nomadland
Authors: Markham Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The three sections of this chapter reveal differing narrative approaches on the part of the filmmaker: accounts of their lives given by nonfictional “characters,” the filmmaker’s rendering on screen through staging and shooting of Fern’s walk through the RTR encampment, and vignettes of the natural world included in the film. The heartfelt telling of stories by several of the people from the Nomadland book tends to be shot very simply, in CU, and at one point in a sequence set around a fire, which bolsters the sense of primal storytelling. Scenes of interaction between Fern, played by actor Frances McDormand, and nonactors such as Swankie are also shot simply so as not to inhibit those involved. Zhao’s precise approach to shooting elsewhere is illustrated by Fern’s morning walk, in which camera, pacing, staging, and background action—elements shown in accompanying screenshots—are meticulously coordinated. The mesmeric quality of the filmmaker’s imagery from nature, again shown in accompanying screenshots, forms an aspect of the filmmaker’s cinematic address that punctuates and informs the human interchanges she traces throughout her film while demonstrating the agility of dramatic narrative in the context of the art of the filmmaker. Finally, the author posits the contention that a filmmaker’s cultural foundations may inform the sensibility manifested in their approach to dramatic narrative and its representation on screen.
Legitimacy as an Existential Predicament
Authors: Fossen Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question of legitimacy is, in part, a question of who you are, both as a person and as a member of collectives: judging legitimacy is a matter of self-constitution and self-transformation. A struggle for legitimacy is a struggle over collective selfhood. After clarifying concepts of subjectivity, selfhood, and identity, the chapter surveys three ways of understanding the significance of identity for political legitimacy: the foundational, associative, and agonistic picture. No view persuasively captures the dilemmas of judgment in the face of disagreement and uncertainty about who “I” am and who “we” are. The chapter then proposes a composite, pragmatic picture. The pragmatic picture integrates rational, prudential, and ethical qualities of good judgment (consistency, integrity, and responsiveness) that were thus far associated with mutually exclusive ways of theorizing legitimacy. It also implies that the question of legitimacy cannot be resolved philosophically.
Growing Weary or Growing Wise?
Authors: Wicks Robert J. , Werdel Mary Beth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the area of posttraumatic growth and meaning-making as a road toward wisdom in times of stress and trauma. It provides updated information on posttraumatic growth, with special attention to self-renewal and the concept of vicarious posttraumatic growth that has been evidenced in clinicians. Using the metaphor of the clinician as lighthouse, the chapter explores ways that the clinician can also grow through providing a grounded safe harbor for clients experiencing stress and trauma and, through that stance, experience vicarious posttraumatic growth themselves. Through the experience of stress and trauma, the client and the clinician can work to make meaning of these situations and arrive at wisdom.