bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Material life
Authors: Skinner Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rich documentation available from Italy in the period between about and provides often detailed evidence of the material life of its inhabitants. Indeed, the ‘commercial revolution’ which Robert Lopez argued to have taken place in precisely this period enabled those with suﬃcient wealth to enjoy material goods from almost all of the known world, but it also led to a major diversification of wares. What was essential was joined by what was desirable, and the consumer society came into being in a way previously unknown.
Language and culture
Authors: Varvaro Alberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first signs of the appearance of a vernacular Italian are the well-known Riddle of Verona and some graﬃti in the Catacombs of Comodilla in Rome, both around ad After these, the vernacular was documented at Capua and Teano, today in the province of Caserta, in ad These fragments only underline the overall lack of textual evidence, which is not suﬃcient to give even a vague idea of the linguistic situation over the entire peninsula around the year Accordingly, it is possible to infer that awareness of the difference between Latin and the vernacular was not particularly fierce at the time.
How to become a Roman: the cases of Archias and Balbus
Authors: Steel C E W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN the previous chapter I looked at the oratorical presentation of Romans outside Rome, and at the ways in which Cicero attempts to convince his audience of the goodness or badness of particular individuals in imperial contexts. In this chapter I turn to a phenomenon which is in some senses the reverse: non-Romans at Rome. In particular, I examine a pair of speeches in which Cicero argues that a particular (non-slave) individual who had acquired Roman citizenship during the course of his adult life had acquired it legally: pro A rchia and pro Balbo. It is here that one might expect a stereotype of the good Roman to be spelt out, since an obvious tactic, it might seem, in such cases would be to argue that Archias or Balbus had assimilated themselves to some putative ‘Roman way of life’ and had as a result become worthy citizens.
Imperial contexts
Authors: Steel C E W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
CrCERO’s speeches on imperial matters have, despite their range and flexibility, two unifying features. One is that they are adapted, where possible or necessary, to the demands of Cicero’s own activities as a politician; and the second is that they share a model of Rome’s relationship to the areas under its control. In his speeches, Cicero sees Roman imperialism in terms of individual magistrates: what is at issue is what specific men have done or will do, and when things go wrong they go wrong because of individual misbehaviour and immorality. As an analysis of the Roman empire during the Republic, this is not as absurd as at first sight might appear, because it does fit in with the peculiarities of imperial government. Roman provincial administration did involve an astonishingly small number of people, whose relationship to the governor was central to their employment, whether through direct patronage, as was the case for his cohors, or because custom decreed that there should be a close relationship, as in the case of the quaestor. These links were reinforced by the informal but none the less considerable influence a governor could wield over his staff’s financial opportunities in the province and subsequent careers. Nor was a governor constrained by any general rules coming from the centre or by the conduct of his predecessor.
On the Stoic Conception of the Good
Authors: Frede Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following the Socratic tradition, the Stoics assume that, in order to achieve true well-being, in order to have a good life, one needs a certain competence which we may call virtue. One must be good at taking care of oneself, at dealing with the kinds of situations and problems one encounters in life. Following Socrates, the Stoics think that this competence is a real art, the art of living, and that wisdom, perfect rationality, the perfection of reason, consists in having mastered this art.
Reasonably enough, the Stoics assume that virtue is not something we are born with, which in this sense we have by nature. It is something which we, by our own efforts, have to toil to acquire. But the Stoics also believe that there is another sense in which we are by nature virtuous. They believe that nature has constructed human beings in such a way that, if nothing went wrong, we would, in the course of our natural development, become virtuous.
Passion, Piety, and the New Woman: Romantic Fiction at the Belle Époque
Authors: Holmes Diana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
George Sand, the only French woman novelist of the nineteenth century to achieve canonical status, died in 1876. A lifelong republican and a feminist, Sand lived to see only the first six years of France’s third and most durable republican regime, with the hopes that it offered for women’s emancipation. Sand’s last novels, written in the 1860s and 1870s, were largely romances: stories of the mutual attraction between a man and a woman, of the adventures they enjoy and the obstacles they overcome on their journey towards a happy ending in each other’s arms. Yet, though their plots placed them squarely within the genre of romance, these novels also dealt with a range of wider issues: the conﬂict between Catholic and secular moralities in Mademoiselle la Quintinie (1863), the ethics of science and colonization in Laura ou voyage dans le cristal (1863), the intellectual equality of women in Mademoiselle Merquem (1868), and, in each of the late novels, the question of what makes a man a suitable and desirable partner for an intelligent, independent woman.
Poetry, Poets, Readers
Authors: Robinson Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Poetry, Poets, Readers is a defence of poetry against the protective moves which claim that poets never lie because they never affirm, or that their poems exist in a separate 'world'. These much re-iterated manoeuvres for safe-guarding poetry by banishing it from an active role in life can paradoxically go hand in hand with a poet's yearning for the authority of a legislator. Through detailed considerations of poetry by Shakespeare, Keats, Yeats, Auden, Elizabeth Bishop, and Paul Muldoon, along with sustained meditations on question forms in poems, the role of fact in fictions, the nature of literary value, speech acts and performative utterances issued by poets, the book sets out a fresh model for relationships between poetry, poets, and readers - one which allows the historical fact of poems having made things happen to be itself happening. Peter Robinson, himself an award-winning poet, explores what we do by imagining when we read or write poems. In describing how poetry, poets, and readers make things happen the poet offers us an invitation and implies a promise. Taking up the one, we find out how to keep the other.
Aeneas in 1381
Authors: Baswell Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A sequence of urban confrontations—textual, historical, and cultural—provokes this essay. They all take place in England in roughly the decade 1377–87, but they all descend in different ways from a famous occasion in the prehistory of the Roman empire, as cast into myth and epic by Virgil. The reader of the Aeneid first encounters its hero as a storm at sea, plotted by Juno, slams into his little fleet of Trojan exiles. Some ships go down, others are blown out of sight of one another. The disaster only abates when another Olympian deity, Neptune, notices the disruption of his realm and calms the unruly winds.
Monastic Politics: St Colette of Corbie, Franciscan Reform, and the House of Burgundy
Authors: Warren Nancy Bradley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1946, in the aftermath of the Second World War in France, a curious pamphlet was published to mark the upcoming 500th anniversary of the death of St Colette of Corbie. The document, entitled Sainte Colette de Corbie et !’action catholique féminine ftançaise, first presents a brief biography of the saint. Then, however, it turns to its more immediate purpose of advancing a concerted post-war effort to return French women to the domestic sphere by holding up St Colette as an example of ideal femininity. The politically active fifteenth-century virgin and travelling monastic reformer is stunningly transformed into a patroness of home, hearth, and maternity.
Introduction
Authors: Lemos Irene S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a long time since the archaeology of the Aegean in the period between the collapse of the Mycenaean palace system and the formation of Early Greek towns has been thought an appropriate subject for detailed study. The period is often regarded as one of stagnation and isolation, and its study as having little to offer towards the understanding of either material culture, or social and political structures. It is, in fact, usually referred to as the Dark Age of Greece.
The term ‘Dark Age’ has been used widely by scholars since the 1970s. It appears in the two main studies covering the period: The Dark Age of Greece by Anthony Snodgrass and The Greek Dark Ages by Vincent Desborough. These are still the main hand books for the period. Another important study, published in 1977, is Geometni Greece by Nicolas Coldstream, which offers the only comprehensive study of the ninth and eithth centuries BC.
Of Hype and Type
Authors: Plunkett John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The variety of images and artefacts concerning Victoria was unprecedented. Nevertheless, on its own, such plenitude constitutes only one-half of Victoria’s media making. The monarchy was not just the product of an extensive procession of graphic and written news. There was an ongoing epistemological endeavour to interpret the modernity of Victoria’s publicness, to understand the forms through which she was experienced. Hengist-Horne’s article is merely one example of the way in which the ensemble of prints and poems was actually conceptualized as a specifically media aesthetic. Numerous commentaries testify to a pervasive self-consciousness towards Victoria’s figure.
Photography and the Royal Family
Authors: Plunkett John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In August 1860, the royal image became photographic. John Edwin Mayall, a leading Regent Street photographer, was permitted to publish his Royal Album. Consisting of fourteen carte-de-visite portraits of Victoria, Albert, and their children, Mayall’s venture was a phenomenal success. A general mania for celebrity cartes, with the Royal Album at its forefront, heralded the beginning of a turbulent relationship between mass culture, photography, and the royal family. The development of photography initiated a dynamic that has been responsible for much subsequent media coverage of the British monarchy. The carte was instrumental in exacerbating the expectation that the royal family would have a publicized existence.
Sex(ed) Education for the Age of Descartes
Authors: Turner James Grantham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The shift from Italy to France, as the principal source of libertine discourse and ideology, pivots around the dialogue L’Escole des ﬁlles (with its second part La Philosophie des dames ), published, prosecuted, and burnt by the public hangman in 1655. This anonymous account of a young woman’s sexual initiation—ascribed inconclusively to various authors including Aretino, Claude Le Petit, Paul Scarron, and the marquise de Maintenon1—wholeheartedly endorses the ‘domestic turn’ that the Aretine tradition, culminating in Pallavicino’s Retorica delle puttane , envisaged only as a courtesan’s trick.
Erudita libido Nicholas Chorier, Aloisia Sigea, and the Secrets of Love and Venus
Authors: Turner James Grantham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Then she told me of another Book, call’d Aloysia sigea , which was in Latin... and I can assure ye, Mrs Speaker, that it is not for nothing that Latin is call’d the Language of the Whore . For certainly never did any Book in this World give such an absolute and perfect accompt of Cupids Tacticks as that Book: ‘tis a Book so ravishing——I lost my Virginity with only hearing it read.
Shakespeare’s Sonnets
Authors: Edmondson Paul , Wells Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sonnets are among the most accomplished and fascinating poems in the English language. They are central to an understanding of Shakespeare's work as a poet and poetic dramatist, and while their autobiographical relevance is uncertain, no account of Shakespeare's life can afford to ignore them. So many myths and superstitions have arisen around these poems, relating for example to their possible addressees, to their coherence as a sequence, to their dates of composition, to their relation to other poetry of the period and to Shakespeare's plays, that even the most naïve reader will find it difficult to read them with an innocent mind. Shakespeare's Sonnets dispels the myths and focuses on the poems. Considering different possible ways of reading the Sonnets, Wells and Edmondson place them in a variety of literary and dramatic contexts--in relation to other poetry of the period, to Shakespeare's plays, as poems for performance, and in relation to their reception and reputation. Selected sonnets are discussed in depth, but the book avoids the jargon of theoretical criticism. Shakespeare's Sonnets is an exciting contribution to the Oxford Shakespeare Topics, ideal for students and the general reader interested in these intriguing poems.
The Artistry of Shakespeare’s Sonnets
Authors: Edmondson Paul , Wells Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The experience of reading a Shakespearian sonnet is like a momentary vision: a sonnet can take anything from forty-five seconds (if read quickly) to just over a minute (if read slowly) to read out loud and, spatially, all its words can coexist as a physical printed body, suspended by the reader’s gaze. To read the sonnet a second time helps to bring some of the detail of that same vision into focus through Shakespeare’s arrangement of words, ideas, and sounds. A third reading makes the sonnet begin to appear like a carefully painted canvas in miniature.
The Critical Reputation of the Sonnets
Authors: Edmondson Paul , Wells Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It may be salutary to consider how the reputation of both individual sonnets and the collection as a whole has puctuated over the centuries. Such an exercise may be revealing, too, about the topics of discussion that the poems may provoke. In this chapter we aim to provide a brief overview of the reputation of the Sonnets from the seventeenth to the twentieth century. We have referred in Chapter 9 to the neglect of the Sonnets stemming from their omission from the First Folio and its successors, and to the fact that no texts with any real claim to authenticity, in being edited from the Quarto of 1609, were readily available until the publication of Malone’s edition of 1780.
Introduction
Authors: Knights Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a book about later Stuart political culture. The central theme is an examination of the concept and nature of representation at a key period in its history. I argue that in the later Stuart period England witnessed a significant shift towards a representative society. This was the result of the conjunction of several factors. General elections were held, on average, every two and a half years in the period between 1679 and 1716. A huge and expanding electorate voted more regularly than ever before. Pre­ publication licensing lapsed, temporarily in 1679 and then permanently in 1695. Political parties-Whigs and Tories-were born and flourished in bitter conflict with one another. Men and women engaged in an ideological struggle about the nature of the church, the state, authority, and obedience. And there was a financial revolution that created a publicly funded national debt for the first time. These factors combined to produce a partisan political culture that was truly national and in which the public became a routine, participating, part of the political process.
Introduction
Authors: Knights Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first part of this book explored the way in which the public was given enlarged roles in the later Stuart period. Widespread and frequent campaigns of addressing ensured large-scale participation in a national political culture. Similarly, frequent electioneering invoked the public as readers and voters on a scale hitherto unmatched. In both types of activity, the public was appealed to not just as a participant but also as a judge of public discourse. The addresses, though ostensibly aimed at the crown, were printed for public consumption and were intended to influence the way in which the people judged state affairs.
Economy and society
Authors: Lenger Friedrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whatever territories may have made up ‘Germany’ around 1800, that Germany was an agrarian society. Seventy years later, the newly created German nation-state of 1870–1 was still an agrarian society, although by then an industrial sector had made its appearance, radic ally transforming several regions and branches of manufacturing, but not yet permeating the entire society. Nonetheless, the industrial revolution, beginning in the mid-1840s, had accelerated a process, already under way, by which a society of orders was transformed into a bourgeois class society, in which ancestry was less important than property and accomplishment.
The public sphere
Authors: Brophy James M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The public sphere is an abstract term for a concrete subject: the formation of public opinion. In its most basic form, two people exchanging viewpoints constitute a ‘public sphere’; more typically, the term refers to the social spaces and forms of communication that enabled private persons to participate in public affairs. The term public sphere is linked with the Enlightenment ideals of civil society, which posited the free exchange of ideas between autonomous individuals as a necessary step towards a rational, self-governing society.
Medieval Narrative an Introduction
Authors: Davenport Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An introduction to the variety of medieval narrative, intended both for students and more general readers who already know some of the classics of the Middle Ages, such as Beowulf, the Decameron and The Canterbury Tales,, and who wish to venture further. Medieval definitions and theories of narrative are considered in relation to modern narratology and the major medieval types of narrative are discussed. The perspective in this book is mainly English, with Chaucer as a central figure, but it refers to a range of well-known European texts and writers, such as Marie de France, Cretien de Troyes, the Niebelungenlied, the Poem of the Cid, Dante and Boccaccio.
Didactic narratives
Authors: Davenport Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chaucer’s Pardoner, cynically exposing his own preaching techniques, tells us that the inclusion of stories in his sermons is a sure-fire way of getting his gullible audience to hand over money: Thanne telle I hem ensamples many oon Of olde stories longe tyme agoon, For lewed peple loven tales olde; Swiche thynges kan they wel reporte and holde.’What he refers to as ‘ensamples’ are usually called exempla in modern critical parlance: the exemplum is an instance which illuminates moral teaching, ‘a short narrative used to illustrate or confirm a general statement’ as Mosher defined it,1 or even more basically ‘a moralised anecdote’.2 The illustrative function of brief examples is clear in a teaching text like the Ancrene Wisse, as the author warns his audience of devout women against the seven deadly sins, working through exhortations and examples relevant to each in turn.
Forms of history
Authors: Davenport Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Ciceronian rhetorical tradition which divides narrative into three kinds, fabula, argumentum, and historia, leaves the third of these terms to cover a huge variety of literary forms: if fabula is the label for works of flction and imagination, argumentum the pigeon-hole for plausible hypotheses, then all writing about the actual events of real life and of factual matters in past and present has to be thought of as historia. Hence John of Garland includes a bewildering number of genres in this category. 1 John of Garland, Parisiana Poetria, ch.v, ll.321..
Comic tales
Authors: Davenport Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern discussion of medieval comedy tends to focus on Mikhail Bakhtin’s theories of the carnivalesque, expressed in several of his writings but particularly in his study of Rabelais. Bakhtin describes medieval men as existing simultaneously in two lives, the official and the carnival life: ‘Two aspects of the world, the serious and laughing aspect, coexisted in their consciousness.’1 Because he sets up a constant opposition between the carnival spirit and the world of gloom and seriousness (which naturally includes the teachings of the medieval church) Bakhtin identifies comedy as expressing itself in antithetical forms, particularly parody, and he characterizes medieval writing as the ‘laughing, parodic-travestying literature of the Middle Ages’. Among classical influences on medieval forms of expression he looks to Menippean satire and the tradition of Roman Saturnalia to explain the mocking humour of turning things upside down. Parody is, in Bakhtin’s terms, a meeting of two styles, or two languages, and medieval narratives are often stylistic hybrids:
The Literary Background
Authors: Stabler Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In ‘The Tables Turned’ (Lyrical Ballads, 1798) William Wordsworth counters the view that books are a ‘light bequeath’d’ from generation to generation with the one that books are ‘a dull and endless strife’. Dorothy Wordsworth’s journal for 6 December 1801 notes that William was translating Chaucer and that she read Chaucer aloud, and her sister-in-law, Mary, read the first canto of Spenser’s The Faerie Queene. However much the playful voice of Lyrical Ballads might call on readers to ‘quit your books’, the Wordsworth household clearly spent a lot of time in the company of old authors.
The Visual Arts and Music
Authors: Behrendt Stephen C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We usually associate Romantic visual art and music with a period extending from the mid-to later eighteenth century until the middle and (for music) later nineteenth century—some would say even beyond that. One of Romantic art’s distinctive features is the artist’s desire to express the ideal in terms of the real. Like some of William Wordsworth’s and Charlotte Smith’s poems, it is firmly grounded in actuality and dependent for its force upon precise details about real things.
Print Culture and The Book Trade
Authors: Barnard John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The eighteenth-century book trade had established an homogeneous class-based readership by 1770. However, the storming of the Bastille, the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789, the Terror of 1793, and the consequent political crisis in Britain, dislocated readerships. Contemporary observers agreed that the 1790s marked a watershed. In 1824 an anonymous writer in Blackwood’s Magazine said, ‘Since the interesting era of the French Revolution the people of these Kingdoms have been an inquisitive, doubting and reading people. . . . Their feelings received then an extraordinary impetus.’ By 1830 a newly self-conscious middle-class audience had emerged, encouraged by an expanded periodical press, alongside of the beginnings of a mass audience, and a growing radical readership.