bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two new species of night monkeys, genus Aotus (Cebidae, platyrrhini): A preliminary report on Aotus taxonomy
Authors: Hershkovitz Philip 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe nine allopatric species of Aotus recognized represent two natural groups distinguished by karyotype, color, and pelage patterns. Correlated with these group characters are reported differences in serum proteins and degrees of susceptibility or immunity to experimental infection with malarial parasites. The primitive gray‐neck species group of Aotus contains A. brumbacki (new species), A. lemurinus (with subspecies lemurinus and griseimembra), A. trivirgatus, and A. vociferans. The derived red‐neck group contains A. nancymai (new species), A. miconax. A. infulatus, and A. azarae (with subspecies azarae and boliviensis). Only the two new species are described but a key to the species and subspecies gives the diagnostic characters of each. The gray‐neck group occurs almost entirely north of the Amazon, the red‐neck group almost entirely south. The distributional exceptions are enclave populations resulting from river bend cutoffs. Formation of an enclave population of A. nancymai is discussed and available information on the biology of this species is reported.
A parametric model for estimating prevalence, incidence, and mean bout duration from point sampling
Authors: Griffin B. , Adams R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPoint or instantaneous sampling refers to the scoring of presence or absence of behavior at the end of equally spaced intervals of time and is used to estimate prevalence. The literature cited demonstrates that point sampling does not adequately estimate frequency or mean bout duration. A parametric model is developed based on exponentially distributed times of behavior and intervening nonbehavior, thus enabling estimators of mean bout length and incidence. Variance estimators are provided and a method is suggested for designing sample situations which control the variance of the prevalence estimator. The paper concludes the theoretical investigation with a thorough Monte Carlo investigation and application to a “real‐life” problem. The point sample estimators compare favorably with continuous observation under appropriate choice of sampling interval and under approximately exponential assumptions.
A computerized system for scoring primate behavior using standard keyboards
Authors: Bonsall Robert W. , Zumpe Doris , Michael Richard P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA scoring system has been developed for primate behavior which uses standard keyboards and minicomputers or microcomputers. The mnemonic, alphanumeric code used is easily learned, highly flexible, and can be recorded in longhand for later entry into a computer if a keyboard is not immediately available. The software consists of two programs, both of which can be written in BASIC. SCORE is used for data acquisition and appends the test time to each behavioral sequence. DATSUM decodes and summarizes the test data using table‐driven logic. The minimum hardware required is a 16K microcomputer, an alphanumeric keyboard, a display, and cassette storage.
Polyspecific groups of macaques on the kowloon peninsula, new territories, Hong Kong
Authors: Southwick Charles H. , Southwick Karen L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThree polyspecific groups of free‐ranging macaques were observed in July and August of 1980 and 1981 in the forests of the New Territories of mainland Hong Kong. Two groups were composed of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and long‐tailed or crab‐eating monkeys (M. fascicularis), and one group was composed of both the former plus Japanese macaques (M. fuscata). All three groups contained hybrids between M. mulatta and M. fascicularis. This combination of species within the same social group is an unusual circumstance in natural habitats, and it offers a unique opportunity for field studies in primate ecology and behavior.
Growth and development in the saddle‐back tamarin: The sequence and timing of dental eruption and epiphyseal union
Authors: Glassman David M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA cross‐sectional sample of 121 colony‐born saddle‐back tamarins, Saguinus fuscicollis, was examined to identify the sequence and timing of dental eruption and epiphyseal union. The state of dental development of the deciduous and permanent dentitions was recorded as erupted or non‐erupted on the basis of gingival penetration. Eighteen areas of union of long bone epiphyseal and other secondary centers, the union of the primary elements of the innominate, and the spheno‐occipital synchondrosis were examined. The state of union at the areas was recorded on a three‐point scale of not united, uniting, and united. The data indicated that deciduous incisors and canines were present at birth and that all deciduous teeth were erupted by 12 weeks. The first permanent tooth, M(1), erupted between weeks 16 and 23; the permanent dentition was fully erupted by 45 weeks. Union of the long bone epiphyses began in the third month at the distal humerus and continued until the first quarter of the second year. The secondary centers at the ischial tuberosity and iliac crest were united slightly later than four and six years of age, respectively. Regression analysis of the data indicate their potential use as parameters for predicting age in feral specimens.
Brief report: Normal hematology values of Sykes monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis albogularis)
Authors: Wall Holly S. , Else James G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHematologic values are presented for the Sykes monkey (Cercopithecus mitis albogularis). The values are, in general, similar to published findings for other primate species. Elevated hemoglobin, possibly caused by high altitude, was noted. Significant differences of several values between males and females are discussed.
Taxonomic note: Bunopithecus: A genus‐level taxon for the hoolock gibbon (Hylobates hoolock)
Authors: Prouty Leonard A. , Buchanan Philip D. , Pollitzer William S. , Mootnick Alan R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe recent discovery that the hoolock gibbon (Hylobates hoolock [Harlan, 1834]) has a karyotype distinct from all other hylobatids provides a new and strong motive for revising gibbon taxonomy and establishing hoolocks in a separate, higher taxon. Revising Groves's taxonomy of 1972, we propose that hoolock, along with the fossil species sericus, occupy a subgenus, Bunopithecus. With the newly added taxon, the genus Hylobates would thus contain four subgenera: Bunopithecus, Hylobates, Nomascus, and Symphalangus.
A 4‐year summary of the nonsurgical recovery of baboon embryos: A report on 498 eggs
Authors: Pope V. Z. , Pope C. E. , Beck L. R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA nonsurgical embryo recovery procedure, developed to allow the economical acquisition of cleavage stage baboon embryos, has been successfully used for 4 years. With this technique, 498 eggs have been recovered from 979 uterine flushes (50.9%) on 71 baboons. Of 467 eggs recovered from mated baboons, 290 (62.1%) were fertilized. Papio anubis females provided a higher percentage of fertilized eggs (75.3%) than did Papio hamadryas (47.8%) or Papio cynocephalus (44.3%) females following exposure to males during estrus, although sexual preference may be responsible for the reduced fertilization rate in the P. cynocephalus females. Recovery rates from individual baboons ranged from 0% (n = 11) to between 66% and 93% for ten baboons from each of which 12–33 eggs have been recovered. Fertilized eggs were at the two‐cell (n = 23) to blastocyst (n = 53) stage at recovery 1–6 days postdeturgescence (PD) of the sex skin, with morulae (n = 84) being the most frequent cell stage recovered (30%). The optimum time for performing the procedure was the third day PD, when 113 (40%) embryos were recovered. The abilities of baboons to become pregnant and to provide fertilized embryos were significantly related (P < 0.005), allowing the embryo recovery technique to be used as a screening procedure for evaluating baboon fertility.
Endocrine aspects of social instability in the olive baboon (Papio anubis)
Authors: Sapolsky Robert M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe relationships among social status and the cortisol and testosterone stress‐response were studied in the non‐natal male members of a troop of olive baboons (Papio anubis) before and during a period of social instability. The unstable period was characterized by dominance interactions that were more frequent, more inconsistent, and produced less linear hierarchies than during the stable period. These changes occurred predominantly among the high‐ranking males. Such males engaged in coalitions and consortship harassments at a higher rate during the unstable period than during the stable period. Finally, high‐ranking males had the highest rates of involvement in and initiation of escalated fighting during the unstable period, in contrast with the stable period. A number of endocrine correlates of instability emerged. During the stable period, high‐ranking males (by reproductive criteria) showed an endocrine profile different from that of subordinates. They had the lowest basal cortisol titers, the largest and fastest increases in cortisol titer during stress, and had elevated testosterone titers during stress. None of these attributes was found in high‐ranking males during the unstable period. Males during the unstable period had elevated basal cortisol titers, suppressed cortisol responsiveness to stress, and no longer showed elevated testosterone titers during stress. When psychological advantages associated with social status in a stable social environment were lost, endocrine efficiency previously associated with social status was apparently also lost. Further, high‐ranking males, who were most aggressive exclusively during the unstable period, had the highest absolute titers of testosterone exclusively during the unstable period. Thus, elevated testosterone and high levels of aggression were unrelated to social status during the period of social stability, but were traits associated with dominant individuals during the unstable period.
Monitoring ovarian function in marmosets and tamarins by the measurement of urinary estrogen metabolites
Authors: Hodges J. K. , Eastman S. A. K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPractical aspects of urinary estrogen analysis were considered with regard to establishing simple and reliable methods for monitoring ovarian function in marmosets and tamarins. Changes in the hormone:creatinine ratio in small volumes of urine from the common marmoset were significantly correlated with changes in 24‐h excretion. Comparison of the metabolism and excretion of estrogens during the ovarian cycle in the common marmoset and cottontop tamarin revealed interesting species differences. High concentrations of conjugated estrone were measured in marmoset plasma, but estradiol 17β was the predominant estrogen in urine. In contrast, estrone was the most abundant estrogen measured in tamarin urine. Both species excreted very little estriol. Sulfates and glucuronides were present in urine in similar proportions before ovulation in the marmoset, although after ovulation sulfates were the more abundant. Conversely, most of the estrogens in tamarin urine appeared to be conjugated as glucuronides. Direct assay for estrone sulfate was applied to the measurement of urinary estrogen excretion during the ovarian cycle in a marmoset. The results compared well with those for total estradiol 17β after hydrolysis and ether extraction. The use of direct assays for conjugated estrogens in small volumes of urine is suggested as a practical method for monitoring ovarian function in marmosets and tamarins.
Taxonomy of squirrel monkeys genusSaimiri(cebidae, platyrrhini): A preliminary report with description of a hitherto unnamed form
Authors: Hershkovitz Philip 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTwo groups of squirrel monkeys, genusSaimiri, are distinguished by external characters. The first, or Roman type, containsSaimiri boliviensisof upper Amazonia south of the Rio Marañón‐Amazonas, with two subspecies of whichS. boliviensis peruviensisis described as new. The second group, or Gothic type, contains three species:Saimiri sciureuswith four subspecies distributed over much of tropical South America,Saimiri ustusof Brazil between the south bank Amazonian Rios Purús and Xingu, andS. oerstediisolated on a Pacific coastal area straddling Costa Rica and Panamá. The geographic range ofS. sciureusoverlaps parts of those ofS. ustusandS. boliviensis. Incomplete karyotypic data indicate that the diploid number of chromosomes for the genus is 44. Geographic variation is characterized by reduction from seven to six or five paired acrocentric autosomes through pericentric inversion with reciprocal increase in number of paired submetacentric or subtelocentric autosomes. Geographic distribution, behavior, sexual dimorphism including dichromatism, and hybridization are discussed. Ventral guide hairs for orientation of subprecocial newborn toward the maternal mammae are described. Distinguishing characters of species and subspecies are provided in a key. The taxons are listed with the taxonomy of each discussed, their geographic distribution plotted and mapped.
Nationwide census of gorilla (gorilla g. gorilla) and chimpanzee (Pan t. troglodytes) populations in Gabon
Authors: Tutin C. E. G. , Fernandez M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA census was made of gorilla and chimpanzee populations throughout Gabon between December 1980 and February 1983. The aim of the census was to estimate the total numbers of both species and describe their distributions. The method was based on nest counts from line transects which allowed the calculation of population densities of all individuals except suckling infants. Fifteen types of habitat were recognized and defined in terms of their structural features. In the initial phase of the study we did transects in each habitat‐type and computed mean densities for each species in each habitat‐type. In the second phase of the study we estimated the sizes of gorilla and chimpanzee populations throughout the country by extrapolation from these population density values. We did transects in all areas of the country and conducted interviews to check the accuracy of the population totals obtained by extrapolation. Corrections were made to the extrapolated totals to take into account different levels of hunting pressure and other human activities found to modify ape population densities. Total populations of 34,764 gorillas and 64,173 chimpanzees were estimated. An error of ± 20% was associated with the estimated population totals, which allows the conclusion that Gabon contains 35,000 ± 7,000 gorillas and 64,000 ± 13,000 chimpanzees. The figure for gorillas is much larger than previous estimates. This seems to be because (1) gorillas occur in almost all types of forest and are not restricted to man‐made secondary forest as had been though; and (2) the geographical distribution of gorillas in Gabon is wider than previously believed. Gabon's large areas of undisturbed primary forest offer exceptional potential for conservation, not only of gorillas and chimpanzees, but also of the intact tropical rain forest ecosystems which they inhabit.
Fetal development in the normal thick‐tailed bushbaby (Galago crassicaudatus panganiensis)
Authors: Newman L. M. , Hendrickx A. G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFetal development was examined at days 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, or 135 of gestation in 19 thick‐tailed bushbaby fetuses (Galago crassicaudatus panganiensis) from 17 normal, timed pregnancies. With the exception of day 135, all fetuses were collected by hysterotomy (gestation = 133 ± 2 days). Various weights and measurements were taken. Although fetal sizes varied widely, crown‐rump, crown‐heel, upper and lower arm and leg lengths, hand and foot lenghts, and fetal organ weights correlated well with fetal age. Key changes in gross brain morphology and skeletal ossification of cranium, pelvis, tarsals, carpals, and epiphyses were noted. Sternabrae ossification proved highly variable, while ossification in the otic capsule and associated ear structures correlated well with age. These data provide a normal base for studies using fetal developmental parameters whether the purpose is to determine gestational age or to design future studies.
Chromosome studies of Cebus apella: The standard karyotype of Cebus apella paraguayanus, Fischer, 1829
Authors: Matayoshi Tetsuji , Howlin Edgardo , Nasazzi Nora , Nagle Carlos , Gadow Enrique , Seuánez Héctor N. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractChromosome studies were performed on 40 specimens identified as Cebus apella paraguayanus, Fischer, 1829, which had been wild‐caught in Santa Catalina (Republic of Paraguay). Elongated chromosome spreads obtained from lymphocyte cultures were sequentially stained with different techniques, and a constant pattern of 382 bands was identified in all specimens. A standard karyotype based on the measurements of the total chromosome length and the G‐Q banding pattern is proposed.
The taxonomy of south American sakis, genusPithecia(Cebidae, Platyrrhini): A preliminary report and critical review with the description of a new species and a new subspecies
Authors: Hershkovitz Philip 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe report begins with a key based on external characters and a tabulation of diagnostic cranial characters for separatingPitheciafromChiropotesandCacajaoof the subfamily Pitheciinae. The description ofPitheciais based on external, cranial, dental, and certain postcranial characters with particular attention to limb proportions and the femoral third trochanter. The species ofPitheciaare arranged in thePithecia pitheciagroup withP. p. pitheciaandP. p. chrysocephala, and thePithecia monachusgroup withP. m. monachus, P. m. milleri, P. irrorata irrorata, P. i. vanzolinii(new subspecies),P. aequatorialis(new species), andP. albicans. The discussion on nomenclature compares the usage of names by various authors for the different taxa. The species previously identified by Hershkovitz [Hershkovitz, 1979] asPithecia monachusproves to be the new speciesP. aevuatorialis, whereas the sympatric species he calledP. hirsutSpix (1823)s the same as trueP. monachusÉ. Geoffroy (1812). Speciation among sakis is expressed, for the most part, by marked differentiation in coloration and head pelage patterns in males. Females of corresponding males diverged along the same lines but to such lesser degree that specific discrimination between them is complicated. Details of sexual dimorphism in coloration and pelage patterns are described, and those of size are documented by summaries of weights and by measurements of external, cranial, dental, and skeletal characters for each sex of each taxon. A key to the species and subspecies ofPitheciais followed by an account of each taxon that includes statements of taxonomic history or synonymy, type specimen, type locality, and geographic distribution. A full description with the addition of accounts of diagnostic characters, variation, comparisons, measurements, list of specimens examined, and other matters, is provided only or the new formsPithecia aequatorialisandP. irrorata vanzolinii. Comparable descriptions of all taxa are contained in Volume 2 ofLiving New World Monkeys, currently in preparation. The gazetteer, however, includes complete data for all saki collecting and recorded localities plotted on the range maps.
Correlates of agonistic and competitive interactions in pregnant baboons
Authors: Silk Joan B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMaternal condition during pregnancy is known to influence fetal viability. Recently, primatologists have suggested that certain characteristics of the fetus may influence maternal condition as well. For example, among captive pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) mothers of female infants may be at greater risk of injury during their pregnancies than mothers of male infants. Analysis of the rates of aggression, submission, competition, and wounding among free‐ranging pregnant baboons (Papio cynocephalus) in Amboseli National Park generally fail to support these findings, but several other factors such as maternal dominance rank, environmental conditions during pregnancy, maternal parity, and fetal age correlate with aggression, submission, competition, and injuries sustained by pregnant female baboons.
Baculum length and copulatory behavior in primates
Authors: Dixson A. F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe length of the baculum (os penis) was measured in 74 adult males representing 46 primate species. These data, and a review of previously published measurements, indicate that variation in baculum length among primates is related to taxonomic and behavioral differences. Thus, many New World monkeys have shorter bacula, relative to body weight, than Old World monkeys. The baculum is shorter in colobine monkeys than in cercopithecines. Among the great apes, reduction of the baculum is more pronounced in Pan and Gorilla than in Pongo. Very long bacula are found in some nocturnal prosimians (eg, Lorisidae) and also in Macaca arctoides. A comparison of baculum length relative to body weight was made in 34 species for which detailed information on copulatory behavi or was available. The presence of an elongated baculum was shown to correlate with copulatory patterns involving prolonged intromission and/or the maintenance of intromission during the postejaculatory interval (eg, Galago crassicaudatus, Loris tardigradus, M, arctoides). The evolutionary significance of these observations is discussed and it is suggeted that similar copulatory patterns may occur in species with elongated bacula (eg, Daubentonia, Perodicticus) for which behavioral data are lacking at present. The same hypothesis also applies to an extinct adapid primate which possessed a very large baculum.
Tactics of care for young infants by forest‐living ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata variegata): Ground nests, parking, and biparental guarding
Authors: Pereira Michael E. , Klepper Annette , Simons Elwyn L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOver a 4 month period, systematic and ad libitum observations were conducted on two adult female black‐and‐white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata variegata) and their infants in a 3.5 ha forest enclosure. The females were mother and daughter, members of a family group that had been semifree‐ranging for 2 years and 3 months at the time of the births. One to two weeks before parturition, the females independently constructed nests, in which they kept their infants during the first few weeks following parturition. The older mother, cage‐reared herself, prepared at least one nest. Her daughter, who has lived in the forest since late juvenescence, prepared at least four. Two to three weeks after parturition, the mothers moved their infants high into trees. During periods of maternal absence, the infants were often alone, and they rarely or never moved, vocalized, or groomed themselves. The mothers often kept their infants together after nests were no longer used. Each infant nursed freely from both lactating females. The infants were carried orally only by their mothers and were never transported by clinging to the pelage of any group members. Previously, researchers suggested that ruffed lemurs build nests for care of infants high up in trees. The present observations, however, suggest that two major modes of neonate care in Varecia exist: serial use of multiple ground nests and “parking” of infants high in trees. Advance preparation of several nest sites, relative lack of large predators, alternate maternal and paternal guarding of infants, infant immobility during absence of mother, and rapid infant development make this tactic of care for neonates plausible.