bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Guitars, the Bass, and an Introduction to Harmony
Authors: Everett Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It’s time to add pitch instruments, the carriers of melody and harmony, to the rhythmic foundation we’ve built in chapter 1. In chapter 2, we’ll concentrate on guitars of all types, their amplification, and the wide variety of guitar effects produced by electronic circuits and performance techniques. Although the guitar is no doubt the most familiar of all rock instruments, and the most played by amateur and pro alike, we’ll begin our investigation with the bass. As do the drums with rhythm, the bass defines a song’s underlying harmonic structure. So we’ll cover the basic aspects of harmony as we examine both the acoustic upright string bass and the electric bass guitar.
Chord Construction
Authors: Everett Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is through harmonic relationships that musical material most effectively points toward goals or digresses from them, follows expected norms or shocks the listener, and expressively supports the melody. Whereas rhythmic propulsion drives the listener’s body to dancing synchronization, and the singer’s melody and the words it carries reach the listener’s consciousness, a song’s harmonic relations touch or inspire the heart and soul only in mysterious, unseen ways. And so, the topic of harmony might seem at first a bit more abstract than music’s other aspects, with their more direct appeal. But it is this mysterious, intangible allure that makes an understanding of harmony’s hidden nature so enticing and rewarding. And the sometimes intricate, sometimes bold nature of harmony is so centrally important, it is usually the only aspect of music that is notated in any way by rock composers and pop singer-songwriters, who often write some references to the chord changes along with their lyrics. But even most pop and rock musicians, particularly those guitarists who begin learning their craft with left-hand chord patterns, don’t have a complete conscious understanding of how chords relate to each other, and are not aware of the vast materials available in this area. To the uninitiated, or even to the professional writer about popular music who comes to this book thinking that harmony is a concept confined to the employment of backing singers, this chapter will no doubt present manifold unexpected complexities. But it contains everything necessary to build a com-prehensive and fully detailed understanding of its topic, and a careful digestion of its contents—whether or not one plays an instrument, composes, sings, or simply listens—will add immeasurably to the experience of this music.
Harmony in Minor and Other Nonmajor Modes
Authors: Everett Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nearly every harmonic and contrapuntal relationship discussed thus far in our examination of harmony has been illustrated with examples in the major mode. This is because the major mode is the fundamental backdrop for, and the normal context of, popular music of the 1950s and ‘60s. Throughout the era, however, as seen in chapter 7, the minor mode also appeared with some regularity, and later in this period rock music developed a dependency upon the minor-pentatonic mode. In addition, five other scales that had been described as early as the ninth century, the medieval modes, have varied degrees of relevance for the songs we’re studying. All of these collections have been treated already in our chapter on melodic organization, but they also have important implications for the nature of harmonic relationships in pop and rock music. In particular, as degrees change in relation to each other among the various scales, chords take on differing characteristic sets of qualities in the different modes. All of these collections but the minor-pentatonic are considered diatonic modes, each comprising seven different scale degrees within the octave, all degrees a second apart from each of their neighbors.
Chromatic Harmony
Authors: Everett Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It will be recalled that roots descending in fifths create the most compellingly directed harmonic motion. Normally, as these roots progress through the diatonic degrees of a major key, a variety of major and minor triads results. The progression, ii—V—I, for instance, has a minor triad followed by two major triads. When seventh chords descend by fifths, there is even more variety in the qualities of the chords in relation to one another. However, all of these chord qualities are adjustable through the chromatic alterations of tones that can make any minor triad into a major one by raising the third of the chord by a minor second. Chromatic inflection, which often leads to unusual chords that may substitute for more basic ones, often works to emphasize a diatonic pitch, such as when 4 (perhaps as third of a major II appearing in place of the diatonic ii) lends added weight to 5 (root of the ensuing V chord). (Listen to Web audio example 11.01.) Through chromatic alteration, one might build a progression of all-major triads or all major-minor seventh chords in descending fifths, as with VIm7—IIm7—Vm7—I. (Listen to Web audio example 11.02.)
Musical Time: Rhythm, Meter, and Tempo
Authors: Everett Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“It’s got a good beat—you can dance to it!” This was for a long time seemingly the first, foremost, and perhaps only consideration useful in judging the value of a pop song, if the frequency with which the phrase was uttered in late-1950s and early-1960s amateur record reviewing (a regular feature in television shows such as American Bandstand [U.S.] and Juke Box Jury [U.K.]) is any indication. “Beat” here most likely refers to a repeated rhythmic pattern in a particular meter at a certain tempo; the terminology may be universally abused by rock fans, but the most direct appeal of so many favorite songs is correctly understood by them as being related to their rhythmic properties. It is the goal of this chapter to clarify just what makes that “beat,” and many other rhythmic events and relationships, so infectious, driving, and danceable. We’ll see how various rhythmic patterns, heard against an unchanging grid of beats grouped into regular meters that proceed at a tempo that’s fast, slow, or in between, can mark time at the surface level of a song. At deeper levels, we’ll judge how many bars make a phrase, and how phrases of various lengths group together to make sections of various lengths, all producing rhythms against longer time spans. Each in their own way, these and other considerations (At what rates do chords change? What proportions relate one section of a song to the Whole? what position does a song take within the album that contains it?) concern the articulation of time in music. But we’ll also come to appreciate that this is all that rhythm can accomplish, and that the world of pitch is crucial for bringing individuality to every song. Who, for instance, has ever noticed that the melodies sung in Cat Stevens’s “Morning Has Broken” and John Denver’s “Annie’s Song” are practically identical in surface rhythm, meter, and tempo? The differences in pitch construction between the two songs are great enough to keep the rhythmic similarities from rising to most listeners’ awareness. Add to this the fact that scale degrees—whether expressed in melodic or harmonic domains—carry differing accentual weights, as do changes in dynamic stress, instrumentation, and other textural markers, and as do changes in perceptions of formal function, and rhythm can be a far more nuanced domain than one that simply permits dancing to a repetitive beat.
African Town
Authors: A.Diouf Sylviane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once They Realized That Emigration was not in the foreseeable future and that a second generation was growing up in America, the Africans put together another plan. The first priority, they determined, was to give a formal structure to the community. From the days in the barracoon, on the Clotilda, and in the canebrakes, they had made their decisions as best they could, probably by consensus. But since they were going to stay in Mobile they decided they needed a leader. There was no pretending from anyone to be a former chief or king. When someone from a royal family lived on a plantation, everyone knew it; there were pointed questions, and no one could fake it. Like examples throughout the Americas show, if there had been royals among them, they would have been served, helped, and treated with respect and deference, irrespective of their enslaved status. Because no one was from royal ancestry, no one could become the king of Mobile’s African community. They were ordinary people—not slaves, as they had pointedly reminded themselves and others—and royalty evidently still held too much meaning for them to “demean” it by proclaiming one of them a king. In addition, they had been told that royalty did not exist in America. It may have been a factor in their decision, but if so, a minor one. It was already more than enough that their own traditions prevented them from usurping a title. Over the years, though, a myth about how the settlement was governed developed among outsiders. In the old days, the story went, “most of them looked up to one woman, said to have been the wife of a chief, as a kind of queen or head-woman.”The queen version made the settlement appear more exotic, more primitive, more interesting in a paternalistic kind of way, but it was inaccurate.
The Indugio
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
court musicia ns in centra l europe wrote several major treatises during the 1750s and early 1760s. Those of Repel (1752, 1755, 1757, 1765) are still significant for their descriptions of compositional practice.1 The flute treatise of Quants (1752), the keyboard treatises of C. P. E. Bach (1753, 1762), and the violin treatise of Leopold Mozart (1756) are important for detailing performance practice.2 And the thoroughbass treatise of Johann Friedrich Daubed (1756) is valuable as a sign that gallant simplifications of musical syntax had begun to influence conceptions of the tonal system.3 Dauber’s General-Bass in dray Accordion [Thoroughbass in Three Chords] drew attention, as Rameau had earlier in France (1722), to the central roles of three distinct sonorities: a 6/5 chord above @ in the bass, a seventh chord above ®, and a simple triad above CD. Though Daube oversimplified galant practice for his readership of amateur musicians, as we saw in chapter 11, it is nevertheless true that one can produce a typical galant cadence using only these three sonorities:
The Child Mozart
Authors: Gjerdingen Robert O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
the earliest compositions of Wolfgang A m a dues Moa rt (1756–1791) reflect both the private and the public faces of the Mozart family. Some of them resemble individual leaves in a childhood album—an internal family record of the boy’s musical growth, complete with music-grammatical errors and awkward expressions. Others suggest the transcription of a studied musical performance—a written documentation of the boy’s precocity and professionalism intended to impress potential patrons or sponsors. All of them were produced under the careful eye and ear of his father, an esteemed court musician in his own right. These early manuscripts are in the father’s hand because Wolfgang, like a child in any language, learned to “speak” before he learned to write. That is, he learned to recognize and replicate phrases of adult music before he learned musical notation. The possibility of a kind of dual authorship of father and son cannot therefore be fully excluded. Moreover, Mozart’s first published
Significance Of Dna Sequence Changes For Diagnosis And Therapy
Authors: Smith Moyra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As information on genomic sequences increases and opens the way for analyses to determine the role of DNA sequence changes in determining phe- notypic variation and disease, it becomes increasingly important to revisit and expand concepts regarding the functional significance of specific sequence changes. DNA sequence changes include nucleotide substitutions, deletions, and insertions. Simple mutations involve a single nucleotide. Copy errors during DNA replication may lead to mutation; such copy errors are, however, minimized by the proofreading capacity of DNA polymerase. More complex changes involve the exchanges between alleles at homologous loci or exchanges between nonallelic sequences (Strachan and Read 2004).
Practical Aspects of Being Deaf
Authors: Marschark Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 1, we touched on the kinds of adjustments that may be necessary for parents of deaf children. If we really want to understand the development of deaf children, however, we need a feeling for the worlds they grow up in and the various factors that shape their futures. Before considering the details of deaf children’s early development within either hearing or deaf families, it will be helpful to consider some of the practical aspects of being deaf.
Language Development
Authors: Marschark Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The basic question of this chapter is, “How do deaf children learn language?” or perhaps more specifically, “Do deaf children acquire language in the same ways as hearing children?” In order to answer either question, we have to look at both how children go about learning language and exactly what it is that they learn that allows them to communicate with others —that is, what they have to know in order to be able to use the language. As a starting point, let us consider the very beginnings of communication, when a child’s spoken, signed, or gestural productions first begin to have what I call “communicative consequences” for mothers and fathers. This is the point, during the first year of life, when both deaf and hearing children are beginning to make regular vocal sounds and are using simple gestures.
Deaf Children to Deaf Adults
Authors: Marschark Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapters 1 and 4 explored the beginnings of social development in deaf children during the first months of life. The focus there was primarily on the early interactions between infants and their parents, which also were shown to have a role as a foundation for later social development. The present chapter moves beyond early childhoodand the influences of particular individuals to consider the ways in which deaf children develop socially and emotionally as they pass through the school years and into adulthood. In this context, we can look at the influences of early social interactions on later social behavior, but we also have to consider the skills and preferences that children acquire during the early years —characteristics that help to make up their personalities. Throughout the chapter it will be useful to keep in mind that we are discussing general observations and broad but imprecise statements about social-emotional development and other kinds of psychological functioning. Not all deaf children will fit these stereotypes and they are not meant to be prescriptive for any particular child or family. Similarly, because children and families vary widely, the rules, customs, and behaviors learned in the home will not always apply to social situations outside of the home, and those learned in the immediate neighborhood may not apply at school. This situation may be even more true for deaf children.
“Help Us Tell The Truth About Vietnam”: POW/MIA Politics and the End of the American War
Authors: Allen Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 27 November 1965, the National Liberation Front (NLF) announced the release of Sergeants George Smith and Claude McClure in “response to the friendly sentiments of the American people against the war in South Vietnam,” specifically the March on Washington for Peace in Vietnam to take place later that day. “With [the] sympathy and support of all strata of American people and progressive people the world over,” NLF chair Nguyen Huu Tho proclaimed in the radio announcement of their release, “we are sure to realize our just goal and win complete victory.” With high hopes for the “brilliant success” of the March for Peace, Tho sent Smith and McClure across the border and into Cambodia, ending their two-year ordeal as prisoners of war. Upon reaching the capital city of Phnom Penh, the returnees were greeted by a cable from the antiwar group Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), telling them that “millions of Americans support you. Help us tell the truth about Vietnam.”
Conceptualizing Radicalism in U.S. Women’s History
Authors: Walters Ronald G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Why bother studying radicals?” a recalcitrant student once asked, adding, “They always lose, anyway.” One answer comes from a frequently seen bumper sticker: “Well-Behaved Women Seldom Make History.” Nineteenth-century American radical women refused to be well-behaved, made history, and did not always lose. They are also among the most fascinating people of the period. For example, just juxtapose President Chester A. Arthur (1829–1886), a machine politician, and his contemporary, Victoria Woodhull (1838–1927), whose views on sexuality were so extreme that a critic dubbed her “Mrs. Satan.”
The Atlantic Ocean And Its Contemporary Meanings, 1492–1808
Authors: Chaplin Joyce E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Those who study Atlantic history are familiar with the criticism that their topic is an ex post facto concept, convenient for scholars today yet meaning- less for people in the past. Critics of Atlantic history have also claimed that the field is little more than a new form of imperial history, a way to revive analysis of the top-down creation of modern empires in the Americas, a creation in which European-derived elites held pride of place. These criticisms are not without merit, but they themselves simplify the history of the Atlantic. In fact, the concept of “Atlantic” was a meaningful one for many of the people who lived around that ocean from the year 1492, when Columbus crossed the Atlantic, to 1808 and the abolition of the Atlantic slave trade in the United States and Britain. “Atlantic” was an actors’ category, meaning one that historical actors themselves used to interpret the ocean as a specific, physical place. And it was not a top-down concept but a meaningful category even for the people at the lower levels of the societies that emerged in the post-Columbian world, especially for the sailors who had the strongest connection to the ocean.
The Portuguese Atlantic, 1415–1808
Authors: Russell-Wood A J R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1415 Prince Henry, “The Navigator,” participated in the capture of the Muslim city of Ceuta in Morocco, marking the beginning of a formal Portuguese presence outside continental Europe. In 1822 Brazil declared its independence from Portugal. In the intervening centuries, Portuguese navigators sailed as far north as the Arctic Circle and west of Greenland and the Labrador Sea, and pioneered southeast and southwest passages from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean and the Pacific, respectively. The Portuguese Crown claimed sovereignty over Atlantic archipelagoes and the territories bordering the Atlantic in continental Africa and South America. Merchants created networks of trade as far north as the Baltic and as far south as Benguela and RÍo de la Plata. Portuguese settled islands and continents bordering the Atlantic and established towns, cities, and institutions. Portuguese became the most widely spoken European language in the Atlantic sphere. By exposing them to Christianity and slavery, Portuguese transformed the lives of millions of Amerindians and Africans.
The French Atlantic
Authors: Dubois Laurent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In July 1967, French President Charles de Gaulle boarded the Colbert and set out across the Atlantic to Canada. In Montreal, he was greeted by crowds of well-wishers who occasionally sang the Marseillaise, and in a public speech he shouted, “Vive le Québec Libre!”—”Long live Free Qué- bec!” After a brief moment of stunned silence, the crowd, 15,000 strong, exploded into applause: De Gaulle had just shouted the slogan of the movement for Québecois sovereignty. The Canadian government was furious, but one of De Gaulle’s advisers complimented him by saying, “My general, you have paid the debt owed by Louis XV.” In embracing the aspirations of the Québecois, according to this interpretation, De Gaulle had made up for the abandonment of their ancestors two centuries earlier. Quebec nationalists have, since then, used their history of participation in the French Empire as the foundation for their contemporary demands for cultural and political autonomy, notably by changing the province’s slogan to “Je me souviens”—”I remember.”
The Dutch Atlantic: From Provincialism To Globalism
Authors: Schmidt Benjamin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There was no such thing as a Dutch Atlantic, and this is an essay about it. This is also an essay about the conceptualization of space, both in the early modern period and in modern historiography, especially scholarship since the 1980s, when the idea of Atlantic history and of an increasingly cohesive early modern Atlantic gained popularity. It is an essay, furthermore, on the relationship between spatiality—or what might be called in this context cultural geography—and the sort of expansionist, overseas programs pursued in the early modern period that perceived in the Atlantic a locus for an “enterprise of the Indies” (to invoke Columbus’s famous expression) or an imperial “grand design” (to use the term favored by Dutch colonialists: groot desseyn) to extend Europe’s reach into the newly discovered lands and seas to the west and south. It is an essay, thus, on Atlantic worlds, real and imagined, and on the possible correlation between the two.
Africa And The Atlantic, C. 1450 To C. 1820
Authors: Morgan Philip D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before the arrival of Europeans, the Atlantic Ocean played little role in most Africans’ lives. There were few Atlantic ports, and most contact with the outside world was overland rather than by sea (less true of African- Asian interactions via the Indian Ocean). In some regions of West Africa, people ventured out to sea to fish (but usually no more than a few miles offshore), and some ethnic groups traded products such as kola and salt lengthy distances along the coast. But, for the most part, a combination of prevailing winds and currents, lack of sheltered seas, few natural harbors, treacherous offshore bars, and heavy surf inhibited an indigenous seafaring tradition. Furthermore, extensive river and lagoon systems in many parts of West Africa facilitated both north–south and east–west transportation without hazarding the ocean. Africans used waterways, but generally not the sea. They developed the technology of the dugout, a canoe hollowed and shaped from a single tree trunk, which could be large in size and seaworthy, but generally lacked more sophisticated boatbuilding techniques, sails, and navigational devices that would have permitted greater familiarity with the ocean. Africans also lacked the incentives, most notably the population pressures (for Africa was under- rather than overpopulated), that might have pushed them to overcome these geographical and technological hurdles.