bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proteome analysis of red deer antlers
Authors: Park Hee Jin , Lee Do Hee , Park Sung Goo , Lee Sang Chul , Cho Sayeon , Kim Ha Kun , Kim Jae Jong , Bae Hyunsu , Park Byoung Chul 
Published: November 2004

AbstractDeer antlers are the only mammalian organs capable of repeated regeneration. Although antlers are known to develop from pedicles, which arise from antlerogenic cells of cranial periosteum, their developmental process is not fully elucidated. For example, while endocrine and environmental factors influence the antler development, it is still unclear which signaling pathways are involved in the transduction of such stimuli. To study the developmental process of antlers and identify proteins functioning in their growth, we have established proteome maps of red deer (Cervus elaphus) antlers. With two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry, we analyzed more than 800 protein spots and identified ∼ 130 individual proteins derived from the growing tip of antlers. The overall profile of the antler proteome was dissimilar to those of other types of tissue. Also comparison of proteomes derived from proximal bony tissue and the growing tip of antlers revealed substantial differences. Moreover several cell growth or signaling‐related proteins are expressed exclusively in the growing tip, suggesting that these proteins function in the growth and differentiation of antlers. Currently, using the antler proteome maps, we are actively searching for the regulatory factor(s) that may control the antler development.
Zooming in: Fractionation strategies in proteomics
Authors: Stasyk Taras , Huber Lukas A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe recent development of mass spectrometry, i.e., high sensitivity, automation of protein identification and some post‐translational modifications (PTMs) significantly increased the number of large‐scale proteomics projects. However, there are still considerable limitations as none of the currently available proteomics techniques allows the analysis of an entire proteome in a single step procedure. On the other hand, there are several successful studies analyzing well defined groups of proteins, e.g., proteins of purified organelles, membrane microdomains or isolated proteins with certain PTMs. Coupling of advanced separation methodologies (different prefractionation strategies, such as subcellular fractionation, affinity purification, fractionation of proteins and peptides according to their physicochemical properties) to highly sensitive mass spectrometers provides powerful means to detect and analyze dynamic changes of low abundant regulatory proteins in eukaryotic cells on the subcellular level. This review summarizes and discusses recent strategies in proteomics approaches where different fractionation strategies were successfully applied.
Substituted propenyl end groups as reactive intermediates in radical polymerization
Authors: Yamada Bunichiro , Oku Fuminori , Harada Takahiro 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe addition of propagating radicals of methyl acrylate (MA) and styrene (St) to CH2C(CO2CH3)CH2 and CH2C(C6H5)CH2 ω‐end groups of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polystyrene (PSt) was investigated. The end groups were as reactive as MA and St toward the poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA) and PSt radicals, respectively. The adduct radical derived from the two types of PMMA end groups and PMA radicals underwent β fragmentation exclusively to yield PMMA radicals and end groups bound to PMA chains. The addition of PSt radicals to PMMA with CH2C(CO2Me)CH2 end groups resulted in adduct radicals that underwent β fragmentation and addition to St or coupling with PSt radicals. Adduct radicals formed by the addition of PMA radicals to both types of end groups of PSt exclusively formed CC bond by coupling with PMA radicals to form branched structures or by addition to MA monomer to give a copolymer. The fate of the adduct radicals was highly dependent on the type of polymer chain and the substituent bound to the end group. Steric congestion of the adduct radical arising from the α‐methyl group of the PMMA chain was considered to be crucial for fragmentation to expel the PMMA radical. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 645–654, 2003
Synthesis and properties of new ultraviolet–blue‐emissive fluorene‐based aromatic polyoxadiazoles with confinement moieties
Authors: Yang Nam Choul , Park Young Hoon , Suh Dong Hack 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThree families of fluorene–oxadiazole‐based polymers with confinement moieties have successfully been prepared by the two‐step method for polyoxadiazole synthesis. These polymers show good solubility in common organic solvents, high thermal stability, and strong violet and blue photoluminescence in solution and as films, respectively. Their low‐lying highest occupied molecular orbital/lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels originate from the electron deficiency of an oxadiazole moiety, and this suggests that they may be useful for blue‐emitting and electron‐transport/hole‐blocking layers in electroluminescent devices. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 674–683, 2003
Latent solid‐phase extraction with thermoresponsive soluble polymers
Authors: Gonzalez Sergio O. , Furyk Steven , Li Chunmei , Tichy Shane E. , Bergbreiter David E. , Simanek Eric E. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe use of soluble thermoresponsive polymers to sequester or scavenge hydrophobic guest molecules from dilute aqueous solutions on heating is described. In these studies, a homopolymer of N‐isopropylacrylamide was shown to sequester 46–83% of a soluble monochlorotriazine from 0.1–10 ppm aqueous solutions when heating above this polymer's lower critical solution temperature (LCST). Substitution of the reactive piperidine‐containing 20:1 copolymer poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐c‐poly[N‐4‐(acrylamidomethyl)piperidine] for this unreactive polymer led to >98% scavenging of these same triazines when heating above this reactive polymer's LCST. The monochlorotriazine guests studied included the herbicide atrazine and two dye‐labeled analogues of this herbicide. In one case, an atrazine analogue was designed so as to contain a dansyl group for fluorescence analysis. In the second case, an atrazine analogue was labeled with a methyl red group to facilitate visual and spectrophotometric analysis. Atrazine concentrations were measured with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The enhanced efficiency of the reactive piperidine‐containing copolymer scavenger in removing triazines from solution is attributed to covalent bond formation by nucleophilic aromatic substitution of the chlorine of the monochlorotriazines by the piperidine nucleophile on the copolymer. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 6309–6317, 2004
Non‐transition metal‐catalyzed living radical polymerization of vinyl chloride initiated with iodoform in water at 25 °C
Authors: Percec Virgil , Popov Anatoliy V. , Ramirez‐Castillo Ernesto , Coelho Jorge F. J. , Hinojosa‐Falcon Luis A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractNon‐transition metal‐catalyzed living radical polymerization (LRP) of vinyl chloride (VC) in water at 25–35 °C is reported. This polymerization is initiated with iodoform and catalyzed by Na2S2O4. In water, S2Odissociates into SOthat mediates the initiation and reactivation steps via a single electron transfer (SET) mechanism. The exchange between dormant and active propagating species also includes the degenerative chain transfer to dormant species (DT). In addition, the SO2released from SOduring the SET process can add reversibly to poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) radicals and provide additional transient dormant ∼SOradicals. This novel LRP proceeds mostly by a combination of competitive SET and DT mechanisms and, therefore, it is called SET‐DTLRP. Telechelic PVC with a number‐average molecular weight (Mn) = 2,000–55,000, containing two active ∼CH2CHClI chain ends and a higher syndiotacticity than the commercial PVC were obtained by SET‐DTLRP. This PVC is free of structural defects and exhibits a higher thermal stability than commercial PVC. SET‐DTLRP of VC is carried out under reaction conditions related to those used for its commercial free‐radical polymerization. Consequently, SET‐DTLRP is of technological interest both as an alternative commercial method for the production of PVC with superior properties as well as for the synthesis of new PVC‐based architectures. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 6267–6282, 2004
Acceleration of the single electron transfer–degenerative chain transfer mediated living radical polymerization (SET–DTLRP) of vinyl chloride in water at 25 °C
Authors: Percec Virgil , Popov Anatoliy V. , Ramirez‐Castillo Ernesto , Weichold Oliver 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe accelerated single electron transfer–degenerative chain transfer mediated living radical polymerization (SET–DTLRP) of vinyl chloride (VC) in H2O/tetrahydrofuran (THF) at 25 °C is reported. This process is catalyzed by sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4)‐sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). Electron transfer cocatalysts (ETC) 1,1′‐dialkyl‐4,4′‐bipyridinum dihalides or alkyl viologens were also employed in this polymerization. The resulting poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) has a number‐average molecular weight (Mn) = 2,000–12,000, no detectable amounts of structural defects, and both active chloroiodomethyl and inactive chloromethyl chain ends. The molecular weight distribution of PVC obtained isMw/Mn= 1.5. The surface active agents afford the final polymers as a powder and provide an acceleration of the rate of polymerization. The role of ETC is to accelerate the single electron transfer (SET) step, whereas THF enhances the degenerative chain transfer (DT) step. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 6364–6374, 2004
Effect of sample preparation on the glass‐transition of thin polystyrene films
Authors: Fakhraai Z. , Sharp J. S. , Forrest J. A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe have investigated the effect of sample preparation on the glass‐transition temperature (Tg) of thin films of polystyrene (PS). By preparing and measuring the glass‐transition temperature Tg of multilayered polymer films, we are able to assess the contribution of the spincoating process to the reduced Tg values often reported for thin PS films. We find that it is possible to determine a Tg even on the first heating cycle, and that by the third heating cycle (a total annealing time of 15 min at T = 393 K) the Tg value has reached a steady state. By comparing multilayered versus single layered films we find that the whole Tg depends only on the total film thickness, and not on the thickness of the individual layers. These results strongly suggest that the spincasting process does not contribute significantly to Tg reductions in thin polymer films. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 4503–4507, 2004
Side‐chain crystallization behavior of graft copolymers consisting of amorphous main chain and crystalline side chains: Poly(methyl methacrylate)‐graft‐poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(methyl acrylate)‐graft‐poly(ethylene glycol)
Authors: Inomata Katsuhiro , Nakanishi Eiji , Sakane Yasuo , Koike Masao , Nose Takuhei 
Published: November 2004

AbstractGraft copolymers consisting of amorphous main chain, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), or poly(methyl acrylate) (PMAc), and crystalline side chains, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), have been prepared by copolymerization of PEG macromonomers with methyl methacrylate or methyl acrylate (MMAxor MACx, respectively). Because of the compatibility of PMMA/PEG and PMAc/PEG, from small‐angle X‐ray scattering results, the main and side chains in graft copolymers were suggested to be homogeneous in the molten state. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) cooling scans revealed that PEG side chains for graft copolymers with large PEG fractions were crystallized when the sample was cooled, with a cooling rate of 10 °C/min. The spherulite pattern observed by a polarized optical microscope suggested the growth of PEG crystalline lamellae. Crystallization of PEG in MMAxwas more restrained than in MACx. From these results, we have concluded that the crystallization behavior of the grafted side chains is strongly influenced by the glass transition of a homogeneously molten sample as well as dilution of the crystallizable chains. Domain spacings for isothermally crystallized graft copolymers were described by interdigitating chain packing in crystalline–amorphous lamellar structure. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 79–86, 2005
Menopausal symptoms in women with breast cancer: Prevalence and treatment preferences
Authors: Hunter Myra S , Grunfeld Elizabeth A , Mittal Sangeeta , Sikka Pooja , Ramirez Amanda‐Jane , Fentiman Ian , Hamed Hisham 
Published: November 2004

AbstractMenopausal symptoms are common and problematic for women receiving adjuvant treatment for breast cancer and management presents a challenge. This cross‐sectional descriptive study aimed to investigate the experience of menopausal symptoms, current management and treatment preferences of 113 patients with breast cancer. These women (who were prescribed tamoxifen and were on average 3 years post‐diagnosis) were recruited from a breast unit database. They completed the Hot Flush and Night Sweats Questionnaire (HFNSQ), the Women's Health Questionnaire (WHQ) and subscales of the EORTC‐QLQ‐C30 and the BR23, as well as questions about treatments. Forty‐four of this sample were also interviewed. The prevalence of hot flushes and night sweats was 80 and 72%, respectively (average 30 per week). Having more problematic hot flushes and night sweats were associated with more anxiety and sleep problems (WHQ), and with poorer emotional and social functioning and worse body image (EORTC‐QLQ‐C30). The women had used a range of treatments for menopausal symptoms but there was often no evidence for the efficacy for many of these treatments. Strongest preferences were for non‐medical treatments, particularly vitamins and herbal remedies and cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). The evidence for the effectiveness of the former is weak, whereas CBT has been shown to reduce menopausal symptoms, but needs to be evaluated in a population of women who have been treated for breast cancer. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relationship between local structural entropy and protein thermostabilty
Authors: Chan Chen‐Hsiung , Liang Han‐Kuen , Hsiao Nai‐Wan , Ko Ming‐Tat , Lyu Ping‐Chiang , Hwang Jenn‐Kang 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe developed a technique to compute structural entropy directly from protein sequences. We explored the possibility of using structural entropy to identify residues involved in thermal stabilization of various protein families. Examples include methanococcal adenylate kinase, Ribonuclease HI and holocytochrome c551. Our results show that the positions of the largest structural entropy differences between wild type and mutant usually coincide with the residues relevant to thermostability. We also observed a good linear relationship between the average structural entropy and the melting temperatures for adenylate kinase and its chimeric constructs. To validate this linear relationship, we compiled a large dataset comprised of 1153 sequences and found that most protein families still display similar linear relationships. Our results suggest that the multitude of interactions involved in thermal stabilization may be generalized into the tendency of proteins to maintain local structural conservation. The linear relationship between structural entropy and protein thermostability should be useful in the study of protein thermal stabilization. Proteins 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Computational studies and peptidomimetic design for the human p53–MDM2 complex
Authors: Zhong Haizhen , Carlson Heather A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe interaction between human p53 and MDM2 is a key event in controlling cell growth. Many studies have suggested that a p53 mimic would be sufficient to inhibit MDM2 to reduce cell growth in cancerous tissue. In order to design a potent p53 mimic, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to examine the binding interface and the effect of mutating key residues in the human p53–MDM2 complex. The Generalized Born surface area (GBSA) method was used to estimate free energies of binding, and a computational alanine‐scanning approach was used to calculate the relative effects in the free energy of binding for key mutations. Our calculations determine the free energy of binding for a model p53–MDM2 complex to be −7.4 kcal/mol, which is in very good agreement with the experimentally determined values (−6.6–−8.8 kcal/mol). The alanine‐scanning results are in good agreement with experimental data and calculations by other groups. We have used the information from our studies of human p53–MDM2 to design a β‐peptide mimic of p53. MD simulations of the mimic bound to MDM2 estimate a free energy of binding of −8.8 kcal/mol. We have also applied alanine scanning to the mimic–MDM2 complex and reveal which mutations are most likely to alter the binding affinity, possibly giving rise to escape mutants. The mimic was compared to nutlins, a new class of inhibitors that block the formation of the p53–MDM2 complex. There are interesting similarities between the nutlins and our mimic, and the differences point to ways that both inhibitors may be improved. Finally, an additional hydrophobic pocket is noted in the interior of MDM2. It may be possible to design new inhibitors to take advantage of that pocket. Proteins 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Albanian immigrants in Lecce and Modena: narratives of rejection, survival and integration
Authors: King Russell , Mai Nicola 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe Albanian exodus to Italy was one of the most dramatic European migration events of the 1990s. Initially welcomed, by the summer of 1991 an intensely negative sociocultural stereotype of Albanian migrants had been installed by certain politicians and the media in Italy. They were condemned as disorganised and prone to criminality; and this stigmatisation became more entrenched as the decade passed. Based on in‐depth interviews and other field observations, this paper examines how Albanian migrants in two contrasting places in Italy have fared in terms of negotiating their way around these stereotypes, and of integrating within the local social and economic environments, specifically in relation to work, housing and social space. Lecce in the southern region of Apulia is the principal area of migrant arrival and a zone of passage as well as of settlement; however, it is one of Italy's poorest provinces. Modena, in the north of Italy, is one of the country's richest cities. The broad picture is that Albanian migrants are economically better integrated in Modena, but do not participate much in the social and cultural life of the city; whereas in Lecce, social contact with local people is more intense, but labour market success is more limited, above all because of the narrow range of employment on offer. Three key factors conditioning the process of differential integration of the migrants are their legal status, their access to network‐based support, and the socio‐economic and institutional settings encountered in each local context of immigration. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variation in Reliability and Quality
Authors: O'Connor Patrick D. T. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractEngineering products are characterized by many parameters, such as weight, dimensions, electrical and mechanical parameters, power consumption, flow rates, and son on. Products are used in a range of conditions, such as temperature, humidity, vibration, power supply values, and so on. In practical situations of manufacture, test and operation these are all subject to variation. How these variations can affect manufacturing, operation and reliability can, in theory, be assessed using statistical methods. This tutorial explains the nature of variation as it affects engineering products, and describes how variation should be dealt with in design, manufacture and test. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generalized Linear Model‐based Control Charts for Discrete Semiconductor Process Data
Authors: Skinner Katina R. , Montgomery Douglas C. , Runger George C. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIn previous simple cases generalized linear model (GLM)‐based control charts have been shown to be very effective in detecting shifts in multivariate counts when input variables are measurable. This paper studies the effectiveness of GLM‐based control charts on more complicated data sets with multiple inputs and outputs whose relationships are varied. Results show that the GLM‐based charts were most effective in detecting changes in the means of overdispersed counts (when compared with counts with normal dispersion). The GLM‐based charts were more effective than multiple C charts in detecting changes in the means of counts when multiple complicated relationships exist. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Insight into the Bioactivity and Metabolism of Human Glucagon Receptor Antagonists from 3D‐QSAR Analyses
Authors: Chen HaiFeng , Yao Xiaojun , Petitjean Michel , Xia Hairong , Yao JianHua , Panaye A. , Doucet J. P. , Fan BoTao 
Published: November 2004

AbstractDescriptors, such as logP, the number of hydrogen bond donors, the number of hydrogen bond acceptors, highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) combined with fields of CoMFA and CoMSIA to construct models for hyperglycemia decrease activity and metabolism of human glucagon receptor antagonists. The results reveal that including logP, HOMO and LUMO energies is meaningful for QSAR/QSMR model. The models were validated by using a test set of structural diverse compounds that had not been included in the CoMFA and CoMSIA models. Support Vector Machines (SVM) have been used to select the suitable additional descriptors to construct 3D‐QSAR/QSMR models. A key factor to mention is that activity and metabolism models simultaneously. These in silico ADME models are helpful in making quantitative prediction of inhibitory activities and rates of metabolism before resorting in vitro and in vivo experimentation.