bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Once-Daily Abacavir in Place of Twice-Daily Administration
Authors: Goedken Amber M , Herman Ronald A 
Published: June 2005

OBJECTIVE To review the safety and efficacy of a once-daily dosage regimen for abacavir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. DATA SOURCES English-language MEDLINE and Iowa Drug Information Service database reports were accessed from 1966 to March 2005. International Pharmaceutical Abstracts was searched from 1970 to March 2005. The key words used in all searches were abacavir and Ziagen. Article bibliographies were used to identify additional relevant articles. The Internet was searched to identify abstracts of poster and oral presentations that have not yet been published. The manufacturer was also contacted to obtain unpublished information. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION Publications were included that provided information related to the safety and efficacy of abacavir when used once daily. Preference was given to randomized, double-blind, controlled trials comparing once-daily abacavir regimens with other antiretroviral regimens. Abstracts from professional meetings were included for unpublished studies, and conference coverage reviews were included if the abstracts were not available. DATA SYNTHESIS In trials directly comparing once- and twice-daily abacavir, little difference was shown in the efficacy of the 2 regimens. Despite similar adverse effect profiles, significantly more severe hypersensitivity reactions and severe diarrhea were seen with once-daily abacavir in one trial. CONCLUSIONS Once-daily administration of abacavir has not been shown to be inferior to twice-daily dosing, but it may put patients at increased risk for severe hypersensitivity reactions and diarrhea. More data are needed to confirm this risk.
Photosensitization by chiral drugs: Looking for stereodifferentiating photoprocesses in the presence of biomolecules
Authors: Lhiaubet-Vallet Virginie 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Photoreactivity of chiral carprofen (CP) and ofloxacin in the presence of two biomolecules, namely, DNA and human serum albumin (HSA), has been reported. Analysis of the photosensitization of 2'-deoxyguanosine and thymidine (Thd) by high-performance liquid chromatograpy has shown that racemic ofloxacin and levofloxacin [its (S)-stereoisomer] acts by a mixed type I/type II mechanism, while CP does not lead to significant degradation of the nucleosides. Studies on DNA relaxation have revealed formation of single-strand breaks and specific alterations of DNA bases. Ofloxacin and levofloxacin photoinduce direct single-strand breaks and formation of purine and pyrimidine oxidative photoproducts; no Thd dimer has been detected. CP produces only photosensitized single-strand breaks. Moreover, DNA photosensitization has shown a weak enantiodifferentiation in favor of levofloxacin and (S)-CP.
In the case of HSA, a remarkable stereodifferentiation has been found in the interaction between the excited triplet state of CP and protein. Time-resolved laser flash photolysis measurements revealed the presence of two components with different lifetimes that have been assigned to complexation of CP to the two binding sites of albumin. Moreover, photobinding of the drug to protein and formation of the dehalogenated photoproduct of CP proceed via stereodifferentiating photoprocesses.
Bioinspired energy conversion
Authors: Palacios Rodrigo E. , Gould Stephanie L. , Herrero Christian , Hambourger Michael , Brune Alicia , Kodis Gerdenis , Liddell Paul A. , Kennis John , Macpherson Alisdair N. , Gust Devens , Moore Thomas A. , Moore Ana L. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Artificial photosynthetic antenna systems have been synthesized based on carotenoid polyenes and polymer-polyenes covalently attached to tetrapyrroles. Absorption of light in the blue/green region of the spectra excites the polyenes to their S2 state, and ultrafast singlet energy transfer to the tetrapyrroles occurs when the chromophores are in partial conjugation. The additional participation of other excited states of the polyene in the energy-transfer process is a requirement for perfect antenna function. Analogs of photosynthetic reaction centers consisting of tetrapyrrole chromophores covalently linked to electron acceptors and donors have been prepared. Excitation of these constructs results in a cascade of energy transfer/electron transfer which, in selected cases, forms a final charge-separated state characterized by a giant dipole moment (>150 D), a quantum yield approaching unity, a significant fraction of the photon energy stored as chemical potential, and a lifetime sufficient for reaction with secondary electron donors and acceptors. A new antenna-reaction center complex is described in which a carotenoid moiety is located in partial conjugation with the tetrapyrrole π-system allowing fast energy transfer (<100 fs) between the chromophores. In this assembly, the energy transduction process can be initiated by light absorbed by the polyene.
Artificial photosynthesis via two-electron conversion: Photochemical oxygenation sensitized by ruthenium porphyrins with water as both electron and oxygen atom donor
Authors: Inoue Haruo , Funyu Shigeaki , Shimada Yutaka , Takagi Shinsuke 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Recent progress in the field of artificial photosynthesis is reviewed. Among various approaches to oxidizing the water molecule, attention has been focused on the two-electron chemical conversion processes mediated by metallo-porphyrins upon visible light irradiation. Photochemical oxygenation reactions such as the epoxidation of alkenes sensitized by ruthenium(II) porphyrins with water as both electron and oxygen atom donor have been found. Ru porphyrin induces highly efficient two-electron oxidation of water with a quantum yield of 60 % to form an epoxide from the alkene with high selectivity. The water molecule serves as both an efficient electron and oxygen atom donor in the reaction, in which the oxygen atom of water is incorporated in a useful product, i.e., epoxide.
Electronic energy transfer in dinuclear metal complexes containing meta-substituted phenylene units
Authors: D’Aléo A. , Welter S. , Cecchetto E. , De Cola L. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
The synthesis and photophysical properties of heterometallic dinuclear complexes based on ruthenium and osmium trisbipyridine units, Ru-mPh3-Os and Ru-mPh5-Os, in which the metal complexes are linked via an oligophenylene bridge centrally connected in the meta position, are described. Electronic energy transfer from the excited ruthenium-based component (donor) to the osmium moiety (acceptor) has been investigated using steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy. The results obtained for the meta-substituted compounds are compared with the analogous systems in which the phenylene spacers are substituted in the para position. The mechanism of energy transfer is discussed.
Quantitative Trait Loci Analysis Using the False Discovery Rate
Authors: Benjamini Yoav , Yekutieli Daniel 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFalse discovery rate control has become an essential tool in any study that has a very large multiplicity problem. False discovery rate-controlling procedures have also been found to be very effective in QTL analysis, ensuring reproducible results with few falsely discovered linkages and offering increased power to discover QTL, although their acceptance has been slower than in microarray analysis, for example. The reason is partly because the methodological aspects of applying the false discovery rate to QTL mapping are not well developed. Our aim in this work is to lay a solid foundation for the use of the false discovery rate in QTL mapping. We review the false discovery rate criterion, the appropriate interpretation of the FDR, and alternative formulations of the FDR that appeared in the statistical and genetics literature. We discuss important features of the FDR approach, some stemming from new developments in FDR theory and methodology, which deem it especially useful in linkage analysis. We review false discovery rate-controlling procedures—the BH, the resampling procedure, and the adaptive two-stage procedure—and discuss the validity of these procedures in single- and multiple-trait QTL mapping. Finally we argue that the control of the false discovery rate has an important role in suggesting, indicating the significance of, and confirming QTL and present guidelines for its use.
The dst1 Gene Involved in Mushroom Photomorphogenesis of Coprinus cinereus Encodes a Putative Photoreceptor for Blue Light
Authors: Terashima Kazuhisa , Yuki Katsuyuki , Muraguchi Hajime , Akiyama Masashi , Kamada Takashi 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
The homobasidiomycete Coprinus cinereus exhibits remarkable photomorphogenesis during fruiting-body development. Under proper light conditions, fruiting-body primordia proceed to the maturation phase in which basidia in the pileus undergo meiosis, producing sexual spores, followed by stipe elongation and pileus expansion for efficient dispersal of the spores. In the continuous darkness, however, the primordia do not proceed to the maturation phase but are etiolated: the pileus and stipe tissues at the upper part of the primordium remain rudimentary and the basal part of the primordium elongates, producing “dark stipe.” In this study we genetically analyzed five strains that produce dark stipes even if light conditions promoting the maturation are given and then characterized one of them, Uar801 (dst1-1). The dst1 gene was cloned as a DNA fragment that rescues the dst1-1 mutation. Dst1 is predicted to be a protein of 1175 amino acids that contains two PAS domains, a coiled-coil structure, and a putative, glutamine-rich, transcriptional activation domain (AD). One of the PAS domains exhibits significant similarity to the LOV domains of known blue-light receptors, suggesting that Dst1 is a blue-light receptor of C. cinereus. The dst1-1 mutation is predicted to truncate the putative AD in the C-terminal region.
Neurospora Strains Harboring Mitochondrial Disease-Associated Mutations in Iron-Sulfur Subunits of Complex I
Authors: Duarte Margarida , Schulte Ulrich , Ushakova Alexandra V , Videira Arnaldo 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
We subjected the genes encoding the 19.3-, 21.3c-, and 51-kDa iron-sulfur subunits of respiratory chain complex I from Neurospora crassa to site-directed mutagenesis to mimic mutations in human complex I subunits associated with mitochondrial diseases. The V135M substitution was introduced into the 19.3-kDa cDNA, the P88L and R111H substitutions were separately introduced into the 21.3c-kDa cDNA, and the A353V and T435M alterations were separately introduced into the 51-kDa cDNA. The altered cDNAs were expressed in the corresponding null-mutants under the control of a heterologous promoter. With the exception of the A353V polypeptide, all mutated subunits were able to promote assembly of a functional complex I, rescuing the phenotypes of the respective null-mutants. Complex I from these strains displays spectroscopic and enzymatic properties similar to those observed in the wild-type strain. A decrease in total complex I amounts may be the major impact of the mutations, although expression levels of mutant genes from the heterologous promoter were sometimes lower and may also account for complex I levels. We discuss these findings in relation to the involvement of complex I deficiencies in mitochondrial disease.
The [URE3] Prion Is Not Conserved Among Saccharomyces Species
Authors: Talarek Nicolas , Maillet Laurent , Cullin Christophe , Aigle Michel 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
The [URE3] prion of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a self-propagating inactive form of the nitrogen catabolism regulator Ure2p. To determine whether the [URE3] prion is conserved in S. cerevisiae-related yeast species, we have developed genetic tools allowing the detection of [URE3] in Saccharomyces paradoxus and Saccharomyces uvarum. We found that [URE3] is conserved in S. uvarum. In contrast, [URE3] was not detected in S. paradoxus. The inability of S. paradoxus Ure2p to switch to a prion isoform results from the primary sequence of the protein and not from the lack of cellular cofactors as heterologous Ure2p can propagate [URE3] in this species. Our data therefore demonstrate that [URE3] is conserved only in a subset of Saccharomyces species. Implications of our finding on the physiological and evolutionary meaning of the yeast [URE3] prion are discussed.
Mixed-Cell Raceway: Engineering Design Criteria, Construction, and Hydraulic Characterization
Authors: Ebeling James M , Timmons Michael B , Joiner Jeremy A , Labatut Rodrigo A 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
A prototype raceway was constructed in a research greenhouse at the Conservation Fund's Freshwater Institute to study engineering design criteria and the hydraulics of a large mixed-cell raceway. The raceway measured 16.3 × 5.44 × 1.22 m and was constructed of structural lumber with a high-density polyethylene liner. The basic rationale of a mixed-cell raceway is to be able to operate it as a series of square or octagonal tanks, each having a center drain for continuous removal of solids and sludge. A series of vertical manifolds along the sidewalls directed the water through orifice discharges parallel and perpendicular to the walls to establish the desired rotary circulation. This was then combined with the concept of the “Cornell-type” dual-drain system, where 10–20% of the total flow into a tank is removed from a center bottom drain and 80–90% of the flow is removed from the side upper drain. Settlable wastes and sludge are then removed from the center drains and collected in a settling sump. Velocities were measured in three dimensions in representative cells at three depths (5–10 cm off the bottom, middepth, and 10 cm below the water surface) on a 0.5-m grid pattern over the raceway floor. The raceway mean rotational velocity was 5–6% of the inlet jet velocities. The results from this study can be used to further refine the engineering design criteria and demonstrate the potential for employing mixed cells as a new design concept both for production systems and for retrofits of existing raceway systems.
Global Biological Threats to Health: An Imperative for Collaboration
Authors: Salmon Marla E. 
Published: June 2005

Biological threats to health are challenging governments worldwide. National strategies for preventing and managing existing and emerging threats require significant collaboration across borders, sectors, services, agencies and professions. Perhaps most important are the partnerships of key national health leaders who can develop and foster these relationships.Government Chief Nursing Officers (CNOs) and Chief Medical Officers (CMOs), providing leadership in more than 100 countries worldwide, play crucial roles in addressing biological threats to health. However, much of this leadership is exercised without the benefit of strong collaborative relationships between these two key national leaders. Unfortunately, without functional partnerships between nurses and physicians at all levels, national and global capacity to address biological and other threats will be greatly compromised.For these reasons, the first ever global forum for CNOs and CMOs teams was hosted by the Lillian Carter Center for International Nursing in Atlanta, in June 2004. Representatives from 70 countries focused on biological threats in relation to three key purposes: (1) gaining shared scientific and practical knowledge; (2) developing and strengthening collaboration and partnerships among CNOs and CMOs; and, (3) creating a joint plan for advancing national preparedness. This article describes the content, process and outcomes of this historic meeting.
Sublethal effects of cadmium on prey choice and capture efficiency in juvenile brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)
Authors: Riddell David J. , Culp Joseph M. , Baird Donald J. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Prey choice in juvenile brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) was investigated under sublethal Cd stress in the presence of alternative prey types. Following 30-d exposures to either 0, 0.5, or 5.0 μg/L Cd, individual fish held in artificial stream channels were presented with both motile (Baetis tricaudatus) and nonmotile (Chironomus tentans) prey items and their foraging behavior and capture success was observed. The Cd-exposed trout were found to express a significant preference for C. tentans larvae as alternative prey to B. tricaudatus nymphs. Nevertheless, these preliminary findings indicate that, irrespective of prey choice, the capture efficiency of Cd-stressed trout declined by 20 to 55% with increasing Cd concentration when compared with control fish, and the activity of individual trout increased by 25% over controls, although these responses were not statistically significant. Cadmium significantly affected fish condition factors: The condition factor of control fish increased by 34% over the 30-d period, and Cd-exposed fish declined in condition by 12 to 18%. It is hypothesized that such a switch by fish to feeding on benthic prey under natural exposure conditions and their proximity to contaminated sediment may further exacerbate the sublethal effects of Cd on these individuals by intensifying or prolonging Cd exposure through a combination of trophic transfer and altered foraging behavior.
The pesticide malathion reduces survival and growth in developing zebrafish
Authors: Cook Leslie W. , Paradise Christopher J. , Lom Barbara 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Malathion is an organophosphorous pesticide widely used to control mosquitoes in urban areas and pests, such as boll weevils, in agricultural areas. Zebrafish, Danio rerio, are model organisms for developmental toxicology research because they are readily available, produce large numbers of clear embryos, and are sensitive to environmental changes. The nonlethal effects of malathion on developing zebrafish embryos, however, previously have not been analyzed quantitatively. We exposed zebrafish embryos to sublethal malathion concentrations to determine malathion's effects on a developing vertebrate. Zebrafish exposed to 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 mg/L of malathion consistently elicited more rapid hatching from the chorion than zebrafish exposed to 2.0-, 2.5-, or 3.0-mg/L malathion concentrations. In addition, exposure to 2.0, 2.5, or 3.0 mg/L of malathion resulted in significantly shorter body length and eye diameters, indicating that malathion had teratogenic effects on zebrafish embryos. Malathion's action as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and the toxicity of the metabolites of malathion may be responsible for malathion's teratogenic effects on fish development.
Developmental impact of atrazine on metamorphing Xenopus laevis as revealed by nuclear analysis and morphology
Authors: Freeman Jennifer L. , Rayburn A. Lane 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Atrazine is one of the major surface water contaminants in the midwestern United States. Speculations have arisen on the potential effects of atrazine contamination to anuran larvae developing in these surface waters. In this study, Xenopus laevis tadpoles were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of atrazine. Nuclear and morphological endpoints were used to assess the effects of atrazine on developing X. laevis. Atrazine significantly affected metamorphing X. laevis after three-weeks exposure compared to controls as revealed by flow cytometric nuclear DNA analysis. The flow cytometric analysis was reflective of developmental effects. The number of nuclei per organism also was analyzed. Nuclei number was found to be associated with X. laevis development. Nuclei counting showed significant effects of atrazine after five-weeks exposure. A third endpoint, Nieuwkoop and Faber (NF) morphological staging, also demonstrated that atrazine significantly affected development after four weeks. Atrazine was found to alter the timing of metamorphosis of X laevis using both nuclear analysis and gross morphology. The NF staging was found to be a sensitive assay to measure effects of development, whereas flow cytometry provided an impartial quantitative measure.
Phytochelatin induction, cadmium accumulation, and algal sensitivity to free cadmium ion in Scenedesmus vacuolatus
Authors: Le Faucheur Séverine , Behra Renata , Sigg Laura 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Phytochelatins are small, intracellular, metal-binding polypeptides produced by algae on exposure to increased metal concentration in their environment. The aim of the present study was to examine the relationship between phytochelatin concentration, bioaccumulated metal, and sensitivity of algal growth on cadmium exposure. For that purpose, intracellular cadmium concentration and thiol (glutathione, γ-glutamylcysteine [γGluCys], and phytochelatins [PCn]) content were determined in the freshwater green alga Scenedesmus vacuolatus exposed to growth-inhibitory and noninhibitory concentrations of free Cd2+ in the range from 10−14 to 10−7 M. The algal growth rate was optimal up to a free Cd2+ concentration of 10−9 M and then decreased by 40% at higher concentrations. The intracellular cadmium content increased sharply from 0.22 to 746 amol/cell over this free Cd2+ range. At the lowest Cd2+ concentration (control), glutathione was the only detectable thiol (127 amol/cell). With increasing Cd2+, formation of γGluCys and phytochelatins from PC2 to PC6 were observed. The predominant oligomer was PC3, with 42 amol/cell at the highest Cd2+ concentration (10−7 M). The ratio of the concentration of total thiol groups to intracellular cadmium was important for maintaining optimal growth. In contrast, thiol groups from phytochelatins were never measured in excess to intracellular cadmium content.
Vitellogenin detection and chick pathology are useful endpoints to evaluate endocrine-disrupting effects in avian one-generation reproduction study
Authors: Shibuya Kazumoto , Wada Masaru , Mizutani Makoto , Sato Kazuo , Itabashi Masafumi , Sakamoto Tamami 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
To investigate additional endpoints for screening of endocrine disruptors in birds, effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) on one-generation reproduction in the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) were assessed. Pairs of the 10-week-old Japanese quail were fed a low-phytoestrogen diet containing E2 at 0 (control), 10, 100, and 1,000 ppm for six weeks. In the E2 100- and 1,000-ppm groups, the parental quail represented marked toxic changes including high mortality, decreased food consumption, decreased gonad weights, gross and histologic toxic changes in the reproductive and other organs, and inhibition of the reproduction. However, no adverse effects were observed in the parental quail from the E2 10-ppm group. In the parental males, serum vitellogenin (VTG) concentrations were increased significantly in the E2 10-ppm group, disclosing that serum VTG concentration is one of the highly sensitive endpoints for evaluating estrogenic endocrine activities. In the E2 10-ppm group, number of eggs laid, number of eggs with abnormalities, eggshell strength and thickness, fertility, early and late viabilities of embryos, normal hatchling rate, and clinical signs, mortality, viability, and body weight of chicks at 14 d of age were not affected. However, histopathology of the chicks in the E2 10-ppm group revealed meaningful morphological changes in the reproductive organs, such as cystic dilatation of seminiferous tubules, increased interstitial cells in the testis, and decreased theca cells in the ovary. The present study suggests that serum VTG concentration in the parental quail and histopathology of reproductive organs in the offspring are sensitive endpoints and are useful as additional endpoints in the avian one-generation reproduction test using the Japanese quail for evaluating estrogenic endocrine-disrupting effects.