bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predictive instantaneous optimal control of inelastic structures during earthquakes
Authors: Wong Kevin K. F. , Yang Rong 
Published: September 2003

AbstractA new inelastic structural control algorithm is proposed by incorporating the force analogy method (FAM) with the predictive instantaneous optimal control (PIOC) algorithm. While PIOC is very effective in compensating for the time delay for elastic structures, the FAM is highly efficient in performing the inelastic analysis. Unlike conventional inelastic analysis methods of changing stiffness, the FAM analyzes structures by varying the structural displacement field, and therefore the state transition matrix needs to be computed only once. This greatly simplifies the computation and makes inelastic analysis readily applicable to the PIOC algorithm. The proposed algorithm compensates for the time delay that happens in practical control systems by predicting the inelastic structural response over a period that equals the magnitude of the time delay. A one‐story frame with both strain‐hardening and strain‐softening inelastic characteristics is analyzed using this algorithm. Results show that the proposed control algorithm is feasibile for any inelastic structures. While the control efficiency deteriorates with the increase in magnitude of the time delay, the PIOC maintains acceptable performance within a wide range of time delay magnitudes. Finally, a computer model of a six‐story moment‐resisting steel frame is analyzed to show that PIOC has good control results for real inelastic structures. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Near‐fault spatial variation in strong ground motion due to rupture directivity and hanging wall effects from the Chi‐Chi, Taiwan earthquake
Authors: Shabestari Khosrow T. , Yamazaki Fumio 
Published: September 2003

AbstractDamaging earthquakes feature large variations in the spatial ground motion distribution mainly due to source complexity, radiation pattern, and site conditions. In this study, we tried to capture the hanging wall and rupture directivity effects from the 1999 Chi‐Chi, Taiwan earthquake (Mw=7.6), which provides the largest acceleration data set since the strong‐motion seismology studies began. First, the event‐specific attenuation relations of strong‐motion parameters for the near‐field, hanging wall and footwall sites were developed. Then an empirical hanging wall model for peak ground acceleration (PGA) was introduced to get the residuals from the obtained attenuation relationships. The new empirical model for the PGA on the hanging wall indicates 46% to 50% higher values than the predicted means over the near‐field distance ranges. Finally, a period‐dependent empirical spectral amplitude factor model representing the directivity effects for the dip‐slip faulting system was developed using the Somerville et al. directivity model. The proposed model shows a larger spectral amplification factor than the result of the previous study. During the Chi‐Chi earthquake, the maximum spectral directivity factors have been registered in the up‐dip region, located around the surface exposure of the Chelungpu fault, in the range of 1.1 to 1.3 for the structural periods from 0.6s to 5.0s. Since the proposed spectral directivity factor was derived from the residual function of the single event without any influence of inter‐event variability, the model is magnitude‐ and distance‐independent. Hence the result can be easily implemented into attenuation relations, seismic hazard assessment, and building code revision studies for the regions with a dip‐slip faulting. Copyright 2003 © John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Response spectral attenuation relationships for Singapore and the Malay Peninsula due to distant Sumatran‐fault earthquakes
Authors: Megawati Kusnowidjaja , Pan Tso‐Chien , Koketsu Kazuki 
Published: September 2003

AbstractAs part of the effort to assess the seismic hazards of Singapore and the Malay Peninsula, representative ground motion prediction models have to be established. Seven existing attenuation relationships developed for shallow crustal earthquakes in stable continent and active tectonic regions are examined, and they are found to consistently over‐predict the ground motions of Sumatran‐fault earthquakes recently recorded in Singapore. This may be attributed to the differences in the regional crustal structures and distance ranges considered. Since the number of recorded ground motions in the region is very limited, a new set of attenuation relationships is derived based on synthetic seismograms. The uncertainties in rupture parameters, such as stress drop, focal depth, dip and rake angles, are defined according to the regional geological and tectonic settings as well as the ruptures of previous earthquakes. Ground motions are simulated for earthquakes with Mw ranging from 4.0 to 8.0, within a distance range from 174 to 1379km. Besides magnitude and distance, source‐to‐station azimuth is found to influence the amplitudes of the ground motions simulated. Thus, the azimuth is taken as an independent variable in the derived ground motion attenuation relationships. The Sumatran‐fault segments that have the potential to generate a specified level of response spectral accelerations in Singapore and Kuala Lumpur are identified based on the newly derived ground motion models. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrology and water resources in monsoon Asia: a consideration of the necessity of establishing a standing research community of hydrology and water resources in the Asia Pacific region
Authors: Musiake Katumi 
Published: September 2003

AbstractHydrological and water resources issues appear very differently in different regions, and are strongly affected by geographical conditions. Hydrological knowledge and methodologies obtained in a specific region cannot necessarily be adapted to other regions. The purpose of this paper is to clarify one way to address adequately the regional characteristics of hydrology and water resources in monsoon Asia, especially the ‘too much water’ problems in the region. For this purpose, geomorphological factors, climatic factors and human intervention in the natural environment are taken into consideration as the three major factors governing the regional characteristics of the hydrology–water resources system. To identify geomorphological features macroscopically between the Asia Pacific region and other continental regions, the concepts ‘tectonic zone’ and ‘stable region’, which are two major subdivisions of continental masses in the world, are introduced. Also, a new climatic subdivision termed ‘warm‐humid’ is proposed to express the abundant precipitation due to the Asian monsoon. Then, hydrological characteristics common or similar in ‘warm‐humid tectonic zones’ in the Asia Pacific region, contrasted with those in stable regions, are enumerated together with the human intervention corresponding to these characteristics, and research targets peculiar to warm‐humid tectonic zones are discussed. Finally, the establishment of a standing research community called ‘Asia Pacific Association of Hydrology and Water Resources’ is proposed to promote the exchange of operational knowledge and experience in water resources management, cooperative research activities, and professional education in the Asia Pacific region. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Innovative resettlement schemes planned for the Numata Dam project
Authors: Nakayama Mikiyasu 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe Numata Dam, planned for the Tone River basin of Gunma Prefecture, was the largest dam construction project ever considered in Japan. This dam construction project, however, did not materialize. The proposal for the Numata Dam was first launched in 1959, at a time when the Tokyo Metropolitan area was mushrooming, both in population and industrial activity. The Numata Dam was supposed to be a prioritized dam construction project to alleviate the then anticipated water shortage in the Tokyo Metropolitan area. The Numata Dam plan experienced fierce opposition from those who would have been obliged to resettle, whereas those in Tokyo and the surrounding metropolitan area welcomed the plan. The major concern of the planned Numata Dam was the number of resettlers, which was then estimated to be around 3000 families. The resettlement plan developed for the Numata Dam included some innovative concepts, which may be applicable even today, for dam construction projects in the developing world. The plan included such ideas as (a) having resettlers share existing farmland with the present owners provided improvements were made to increase productivity, (b) paying ‘rent’ to resettlers, and (c) establishing the Tone River Development Agency. After more than a decade of debate, both at national and local levels, the Numata Dam project was finally discarded through a decision of the Prime Minister in 1972. The resettlement schemes elaborated for the Numata Dam still appear to be innovative. Such schemes may be applied to projects in the developing world, in particular, in nations that are about to ‘take off’ with economic development. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy, water, plant interactions: ‘green feedback’ as a mechanism for environmental management and control through the application of phytotechnology and ecohydrology
Authors: Zalewski Maciej , Santiago‐Fandino Vicente , Neate John 
Published: September 2003

AbstractOne of the fundamental tenets of the sustainable development concept is the maintenance of a homeostatic equilibrium within the ecosystem. Overexploitation of the ecosystem or degradation of its biotic structure alters ecosystem processes to the point whereby the ability of the ecosystem to produce desired resources is seriously diminished. Water is the medium for all ecological processes, from molecular to global scale. The physical quantification of ecological processes in terms of energy and molecular dimension is fundamental for scientific investigation and sound ecosystem management. As a consequence, the water mesocycle within the basin and connected processes (i.e. those which can be measured) should be considered as the basic unit for the analysis of energy–water–biota interactions.The degradation of freshwater ecosystems can be characterized in terms of two dimensions: first, pollution, which can be reduced to a significant extent by technologies; and second, the degradation of established water and nutrient cycles within the ecosystem as a whole. This second dimension is much more complex. A new approach for solving both of these problems is the application of ecohydrology and phytotechnology. Our progressive understanding of the range of anthropogenic degradation of hydrological, biogeochemical and biological processes within water basins indicates the need to control and regulate nutrients and water dynamics by increasing plant biomass and diversity. Thus, phytotechnologies, applied within the context of ecohydrological principles, can provide an approach for increasing ecosystem carrying capacity and enhancing the resilience and functionality of ecosystems at the basin scale.The application of these interdisciplinary, holistic approaches, based on an understanding of the role of plant biomass in the control of water and biogeochemical cycles (i.e. ‘green feedback’), can lead to an improvement of water resources quality, as well as the enhancement of system biodiversity, agricultural production, and bioenergy generation, with the potential for increased employment opportunities. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of storage reservoir considering water quantity and quality
Authors: Chaves Paulo , Kojiri Toshiharu , Yamashiki Yosuke 
Published: September 2003

AbstractMany factors influence water quality within a reservoir. Deforestation, excessive erosion, introduction of new species, domestic and industrial waste disposal and agricultural runoff are only a few examples.It is well known by specialists in water resources management that water levels in a reservoir may also affect its quality. But how these processes occur and how appropriate water levels can be maintained are very hard questions to answer. This is because of the physical and biological processes occurring inside the water body, and also due to the various demands from society concerning water uses.Nowadays, through the use of models, knowledge of some of the conditions can enable us to predict future conditions. In many cases, reservoir models, such as physical models for water quality, may predict the future water quality situation. These models have been used successfully to enhance knowledge about the interactions among the different parts inherent to the water systems.Through the combination of water quality and optimization models, this study proposes a suitable methodology for the assessment of planning operations of a storage reservoir. The purpose of this paper is to consider a multipurpose reservoir, under different water demands and uses from societies, concerning reservoir water quality.The proposed optimization is realized through the use of dynamic programming combined with stochastic techniques that can handle the probabilistic characteristics of inflow quantity and quality. For the water quality assessment, the UNEP/ILEC one‐dimensional model with two layers called PAMOLARE is applied. Finally, sensitivity analysis is carried out using a genetic algorithm model. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A continental scale hydrological model using the distributed approach and its application to Asia
Authors: Yang Dawen , Musiake Katsumi 
Published: September 2003

AbstractContinental scale hydrological models are important for improving the land surface scheme of the General Circulation Model (GCM) and for downscaling applications of GCM predictions for regional water resources assessment. A grid‐based distributed hydrological modelling approach cannot be applied at a continental scale by simply increasing the grid size due to factors such as the spatial heterogeneity and nonlinear nature of soil–vegetation–atmosphere transfer processes. Sub‐grid parameterization is required to capture the spatial variability of hydrological behaviour within a large grid. On the other hand, water resources management is usually implemented at the basin scale. The methodology presented in this study expands a grid‐based distributed hydrological model to the continental scale, and addresses both sub‐grid hydrological parameterization and basin‐based water resources assessment. A continental scale model with a 0·5° spatial resolution is developed based on a number of available global data sets. The model performance is examined through application to the Asian Continent. The regional and temporal variability of hydrological characteristics and water resources is discussed in this paper. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aircraft observations of the atmospheric boundary layer over a heterogeneous surface in eastern Siberia
Authors: Hiyama T. , Strunin M. A. , Suzuki R. , Asanuma J. , Mezrin M. Y. , Bezrukova N. A. , Ohata T. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis paper outlines specifications and gives preliminary results of aircraft observations made during the Intensive Observation Period in 2000 (IOP2000) over the Yakutsk area of eastern Siberia. The observations were part of the GAME‐Siberia project. Spatial and seasonal variation in the fluxes of sensible heat, latent heat, and carbon dioxide were determined using a Russian aircraft equipped with turbulence sensors. Two flight paths covered 12 × 32 km2 grids over heterogeneous forest and grass surfaces on the left‐ and right‐hand banks of the Lena River. The spatial flux distributions were consistent with the underlying vegetation cover. A video camera recorded aerial images of the land, while a spectrometer observed the spectral reflectance of the land surface. These data helped describe the relationship between the atmosphere and the land surface. The vertical structure of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) was also observed on long flight paths between the left and right banks of the Lena River. Thermally induced internal boundary layers (TIBLs) developed in the ABL under different thermal and dynamic conditions near the Lena River. The horizontal and vertical distributions of sensible and latent heats in the ABL were consistent with the generation of cumulus, which appeared over the forested area, but not over the Lena River lowland. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrological regime analysis of the Selenge River basin, Mongolia
Authors: Ma X. , Yasunari T. , Ohata T. , Natsagdorj L. , Davaa G. , Oyunbaatar D. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractArid and semi‐arid regions are very vulnerable to environmental changes. Climate change studies indicate that the environment in such areas will steadily deteriorate with global warming; inland lakes will shrink and desert areas will expand. Mongolia is a landlocked country in north‐central Asia that contains a unique ecological system consisting of taiga, steppe, and desert from north to south. The Selenge River basin (280 000 km2) in northern Mongolia is a semi‐arid region underlain by permafrost, between latitudes 46 and 52°N, and longitudes 96 and 109°E. The issue of sustainable development of the basin is very important owing to its limited natural resources, including fresh water, forest, and rangeland. To examine the water cycle processes in the basin, a hydrological analysis was carried out using a simple scheme for the interaction between the land surface and atmosphere (big‐leaf model) coupled to a hydrological model for the period 1988–92 to estimate the hydrological regime of the basin. Annual precipitation in this period averaged 298 mm, ranging from 212 to 352 mm at a 1 ° × 1 ° resolution based on data from 10 gauges, and the estimated annual evapotranspiration averaged 241 mm, ranging between 153 and 300 mm. This indicates that evapotranspiration accounts for the overwhelming majority of the annual precipitation, averaging 81% and ranging between 64 and 96%. The annual potential evapotranspiration in the basin averaged 2009 mm; the ratio of evapotranspiration (actual to potential evapotranspiration) was 0·12 and the wetness index (annual precipitation to potential evapotranspiration) was 0·15. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composite surgical sutures with bioactive glass coating
Authors: Boccaccini Aldo R. , Stamboulis Artemis G. , Rashid Azrina , Roether Judith A. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractA processing method was developed to coat polyglactin 910 (Vicryl®) sutures with bioactive glass powder (45S5 Bioglass®). High reproducibility and homogeneity of the coating in terms of microstructure and thickness along the suture length were achieved. Bioglass®‐coated sutures exhibited a high level of chemical reactivity in simulated body fluid (SBF), indicating their bioactive behavior. This was evident by the prompt formation of hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals on the surface after only 7 days of immersion in SBF. These crystals grew to form a thick HA layer (15 μm thickness) after 3 weeks in SBF. The tensile strength of the sutures was tested before and after immersion in SBF in order to assess the effect of the bioactive glass coating on suture degradation. The tensile strength of composite sutures was lower than that of as‐received Vicryl® sutures, 385 and 467 MPa, respectively. However, after 28 days of immersion in SBF the residual tensile strengths of coated and uncoated sutures were similar (83 and 88 MPa, respectively), indicating no negative effect of the HA layer formation on the suture strength. The effect of bioactive glass coating on the polymer degradation is discussed. The developed bioactive sutures represent interesting materials for applications in wound healing, fabrication of fibrous three‐dimensional scaffolds for tissue engineering, and reinforcement elements for calcium‐phosphate temporary implants. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 67B: 618–626, 2003
Clinical and simulator wear study of alumina ceramic THR to 17 years and beyond
Authors: Shishido T. , Clarke I. C. , Williams P. , Boehler M. , Asano T. , Shoji H. , Masaoka T. , Yamamoto K. , Imakiire A. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThree THAs with cementless monolithic alumina ceramic sockets and cementless Co‐alloy stems were retrieved because of aseptic loosening after 17 and 24 years. At revision heads and cups were marked for orientation. Maps were drawn of wear patterns with the use of light microscopy and surveyed by SEM. In a simulator experiment 28‐mm‐diameter alumina heads and liners were used. The cups were mounted inverted in a hip simulator and run with calf serum as the lubricant. The hip loads were 2 kN maximum and a 1‐Hz frequency for 20 million cycles. Wear severity was classified into five grades. In retrieved implants, SEM analysis showed that the main wear zones (MWZ) had Grade 4 wear. The peripheral wear zones (PWZ) showed grain pull‐out regions (Grade 5 wear). These corresponded to neck‐socket impingement and head‐acetabular cup separation. Gray was due to transferred CoCr particles from the stem. In the simulator study, the MWZ had only localized areas of grain pull out surrounded by polished surface regions (Grade 4 wear) at 20 million cycles; stripe wear was not seen. The alumina ceramic bearings proved excellent up to 22 years in simulator studies and clinical studies. However, microseparation kinematics would be necessary in the simulator to duplicate the more peripheral wear zones. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 67B: 638–647, 2003
Paraffin spheres as porogen to fabricate poly(L‐lactic acid) scaffolds with improved cytocompatibility for cartilage tissue engineering
Authors: Ma Zuwei , Gao Changyou , Gong Yihong , Shen Jiacong 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThree‐dimensional poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) scaffolds with high porosity and pore size ranging from 150 to 700 μm were conveniently prepared with paraffin spheres used as porogen. PLLA/1,4‐dioxane solution containing a given amount of paraffin spheres was frozen at −25 °C to obtain a solidified mixture, followed with freeze drying and subsequent leaching with hexane to remove the 1,4‐dioxane and paraffin spheres, respectively. The fabricated PLLA scaffolds were highly porous with evenly distributed and interconnected pores. The microstructures of the PLLA scaffolds as a function of paraffin‐sphere size, paraffin‐sphere dosage, and PLLA concentration were characterized by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning‐electronic microscopy (SEM). To improve the cytocompatibility of the bioinert material, a hybrid PLLA scaffold containing Type I collagen was prepared by pressing the collagen solution into the scaffold under reduced pressure. The amounts of the collagen introduced in the scaffolds were detected by ninhydrin method. The distribution of the collagen in the scaffolds was studied with CLSM. Finally, in vitro cell culture was performed by injecting a chondrocyte suspension into the scaffolds. The results showed that the chondrocytes were more evenly distributed and more spread out in the collagen‐modified PLLA scaffolds than in the unmodified ones. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 67B: 610–617, 2003