bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What it takes to get a herbicide's mode of action. Physionomics, a classical approach in a new complexion
Authors: Grossmann Klaus 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDiscovering new herbicides with novel modes of action is a priority assignment in plant protection research. However, for active compounds identified in greenhouse screens, the crucial point is to tread the most efficient path in determining a herbicide's target site, regarding chance of success, time and research costs. Today, in the literature, molecular (functional genomics, transcriptomics), biochemical (proteomics) and analytical (metabolomics) approaches are particularly discussed. So far, less attention has been focused on the comprehensive physiological profiling of the complex plant system as a procedure which enables new herbicides, with an unknown target site for their mode of action, to be screened rapidly. Here, the concept of an array of ‘functional’ bioassays is presented which has ultimately been developed from the classical tool of mode of action diagnosis by symptoms. These bioassays are designed to differentiate between the distinct responses of the multiple organization units (plant, tissue, meristematic cell, organelle), developmental stages, types of metabolism (phototrophic, heterotrophic) and physiological processes in the plant organism. The response pattern to a herbicide can be viewed as the end result of changes induced in the molecular and biochemical process chain and should be diagnostic of its physiological mode of action. The results can be interpreted directly or a fingerprint database for all known modes of action to be screened for analogy. The term ‘physionomics’ is proposed for this comprehensive physiological profiling of the plant system, following the parallel terminology of the molecular and biochemical ‘omics’ technologies. Physionomics procedures provide a first clue to the mode of action of a new herbicide that can direct more time‐consuming and costly molecular, biochemical, histochemical or analytical studies to identify a target site more efficiently. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Field trials on the repellent activity of four plant products against mainly Mansonia population in western Ethiopia
Authors: Hadis Mamuye , Lulu Mesﬁn , Mekonnen Yared , Asfaw Teffera 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe repellent activity of essential oils of lemon eucalyptus (Eucalyptus maculata citrodion), rue (Ruta chalepensis), oleoresin of pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium) and neem (Azadiracta indica) have been ﬁeld tested as 40%, 50% and 75% solutions in coconut oil against populations of mosquitoes consisting mainly of Mansonia in Gambella, western Ethiopia. A latin square design was used to randomize the test subjects for possible individual differences for mosquito attraction. Repellency was evaluated as the percentage protection. Deet was included in the study for comparison. All the plant products manifested repellency. At 50% concentration at which the highest repellency was recorded the protection was 91.6%, 87.0%, 96.0%, 97.9% for rue, neem, pyrethrum and deet, respectively. The essential oil of lemon eucalyptus was not tried at this concentration. At a 40% concentration deet, lemon eucalyptus and pyrethrum were signiﬁcantly (p < 0.05) more effective than rue and neem. At a 50% concentration, deet and pyrethrum were signiﬁcantly better (p < 0.05) than rue and neem. At a 75% concentration concentration, deet and lemon eucalypus performed signiﬁcantly better (p < 0.05) than pyrethrum and neem. The difference between pyrethrum and neem was also signiﬁcant (p < 0.01). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reactions of (di)manganese carbonyl ions with 1,4,7‐trimethyl‐1,4,7‐triazacyclononane (Me3TACN) in the gas phase
Authors: van Beelen Eric S. E. , Ingemann Steen 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe gas‐phase reactions of a series of (di)manganese carbonyl positive ions with 1,4,7‐trimethyl‐1,4,7‐triazacyclononane (Me3TACN) have been examined with the aid of Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometry. The monomanganese carbonyl ions, [Mn(CO)n]+ (n = 2–5), react predominantly by ligand exchange and to a minor extent by electron transfer with the formation of the radical cation of Me3TACN. For the [Mn(CO)n]+ (n = 2–4) ions, the ligand exchange results in the exclusive formation of a [Mn(Me3TACN)]+ complex, whereas small amounts of [Mn(CO)(Me3TACN)]+ ions are also generated in the reactions of the [Mn(CO)5]+ ion. The [Mn2(CO)n]+ ions (n = 2, 4 and 5) react also by competing electron transfer and ligand exchange. The reaction of the [Mn2(CO)2]+ and [Mn2(CO)4]+ ions is associated with cleavage of the MnMn bond as evidenced by the pronounced formation of [Mn(Me3TACN)]+ ions. For [Mn2(CO)5]+, the ligand exchange leads mainly to the formation of [Mn2(CO)n(Me3TACN)]+ (n = 1–3) ions. These primary product ions react subsequently by the incorporation of a second Me3TACN molecule to afford [Mn2(CO)(Me3TACN)2]+ and [Mn2(CO)2(Me3TACN)2]+ ions. Both of these latter species incorporate an oxygen molecule with formation of ions with the assigned composition of [Mn2(O2)(CO)(Me3TACN)2]+ and [Mn2(O2)(CO)2(Me3TACN)2]+. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Congenital renal tract anomalies: outcome and follow‐up of 402 cases detected antenatally between 1986 and 2001
Authors: Damen‐Elias H. A. M. , De Jong T. P. V. M. , Stigter R. H. , Visser G. H. A. , Stoutenbeek P. H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the long‐term prognosis of antenatally detected renal tract anomalies in order to optimize parental counseling.MethodsThis was a follow‐up study of all renal tract abnormalities detected antenatally in a Level 3 ultrasound department between 1986 and 2001. Follow‐up data (median age, 8 years) were retrieved from the records of the Paediatric Urology Department or the attending pediatrician.ResultsA urinary tract anomaly was detected in 408 fetuses. There were four false‐positive diagnoses. From two children follow‐up data were incomplete, leaving 402 cases for analysis. A chromosomal abnormality was present in 7/81 (8.6%) fetuses that had karyotyping. Termination of pregnancy was performed in 55 (13.7%) cases and a further 66 (16.4%) children died during the perinatal period and up to 1 year of age. In 106/121 (26.4% of all fetuses) deceased children the cause of death was directly related to the renal tract anomaly. In the 281 surviving children a total of 545 renal tract anomalies were diagnosed postnatally, requiring a total of 381 surgical interventions in 156 infants. Outcome in survivors was generally good, with impaired renal function in nine infants and hypertension in three (4% of the survivors).ConclusionsCongenital renal tract anomalies are associated with a high mortality rate, especially when they are structural developmental anomalies of the kidneys. Survivors require multiple operations, but the outcome is generally favorable. Ultrasound diagnosis, especially when made early, of non‐lethal urinary tract anomalies may prevent additional renal damage by timing of delivery and early postnatal treatment. Copyright © 2005 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of serial intravascular transfusions in ascitic/hydropic RhD‐alloimmunized fetuses
Authors: Craparo F. J. , Bonati F. , Gementi P. , Nicolini U. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of serial intravascular transfusions on RhD‐alloimmunized fetuses with ascites/hydrops at the time of the first transfusion by measuring multiple hematological/biochemical blood variables.MethodsThirty‐one singleton pregnancies were referred for management of RhD alloimmunization. Seven fetuses had hydrops on presentation and were transfused immediately. The remainder underwent weekly ultrasound examinations, and fetal blood sampling and transfusion were performed on development of ascites. In the 104 samples collected overall from the 31 fetuses, glucose, uric acid, urea, creatinine, total protein, total and direct bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), γ‐glutamyltransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactic dehydrogenase, amylase, pseudocholinesterase (PCHE), creatine kinase, triglycerides and cholesterol were measured and compared with a reference range for non‐anemic fetuses.ResultsThe median gestational age at first transfusion was 26 (range, 18–34) weeks. There were three fetal losses after the first transfusion, two of which were due to procedure‐related complications; one further loss occurred. At the first transfusion fetal hematocrit, pO2, total protein, PCHE, creatinine and urea concentrations were significantly decreased compared to reference data, while total and direct bilirubin, AST, ALT, amylase, triglyceride and uric acid concentrations were increased. In all surviving fetuses ascites/hydrops had disappeared by the second transfusion. Fetal pO2, total protein, AST, ALT and PCHE concentrations had normalized by the third transfusion. Correction of fetal anemia did not affect the other variables.ConclusionsRhD‐alloimmunized fetuses with ascites/hydrops at the time of the first transfusion had a survival rate of 87%. Alterations of several biochemical fetal blood indices are present at the first sampling/transfusion, but most variables normalize with intravascular transfusions. Copyright © 2005 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human gait simulation with a neuromusculoskeletal model and evolutionary computation
Authors: Hase Kazunori , Miyashita Kazuo , Ok Sooyol , Arakawa Yoshiki 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis paper describes a human gait animation system with a precise neuromusculoskeletal model and evolutionary computation. The neuromusculoskeletal model incorporates 14 rigid bodies, 19 degrees of freedom, 60 muscular models, 16 pairs of the neural oscillators, and other neuronal systems. By changing the search parameters and the evaluative criteria of the evolutionary search process, we demonstrate various locomotive patterns, such as normal gait, pathological gait, running and ape‐like walking. The proposed simulation system takes not only kinematic data but also in vivo dynamic data such as energy consumption information into consideration, so that the resultant locomotion patterns are natural and valid from a biomechanical point of view. Hence the simulation system can also be used for finding a biologically appropriate physical model to realize a desired gait by simultaneously modifying the body dynamics parameters with the neuronal parameters. This capability creates a novel application of human gait simulation systems, such as rehabilitation tool design and consultation for physically handicapped people. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shape‐adaptive 3‐D mesh simplification based on local optimality measurement
Authors: Park In Kyu , Lee Sang Wook , Lee Sang Uk 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMesh simplification is the process of reducing the number of triangles in a mesh representation of object surface. For a given level of detail or error tolerance, the conventional mesh simplification algorithms maximize the edge length globally, without explicitly considering local object shape. In this paper, we present a shape‐adaptive mesh simplification algorithm that locally maximizes edge length, depending on local shape. The proposed algorithm achieves shape‐adaptive simplification by iteratively maximizing edges between vertices, based on comparison with the ‘optimal’ edge lengths derived from local directional curvatures for a given error tolerance. Edge‐based processing facilitates the local shape adaptation and preserves sharp features. Experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed algorithm, by showing good visual quality and extremely small approximation error. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
XRF analysis of micronutrients in endive grown on soils with sewage sludge
Authors: Vázquez Cristina , Bárbaro Néstor , López Silvia 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA simple and fast method was developed for the determination of traces of Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Zn and Mo in endive using wavelength‐dispersive x‐ray fluorescence spectrometry. Plants were grown in different sewage sludge compositions for 60 days in greenhouse conditions. Samples were compacted and analyzed after drying, milling and homogenization. The method was validated using certified standard reference materials. The results were compared with those obtained by atomic absorption spectrometry. Good agreement for all elements was obtained. The detection limits were found to be Fe 1, Mn 3, Cu 2, Cr 5, Ni 1, Zn and Mo 3 µg g−1. These results permitted the evaluation of the potential use of sewage sludge as an agricultural amendment. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
X‐ray propagation through single crystals in an anomalous scattering range and determination of permittivity tensor components by transmission experiments
Authors: Vedrinskii R. V. , Novakovich A. A. , Kozyrev V. E. , Kraizman V. L. , Sachenko V. P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSimple equations are obtained which enable one to describe x‐ray propagation through single crystals in an anomalous scattering range when Bragg diffraction does not take place and the angle between the initial x‐ray wave and crystal surface significantly exceeds the critical value. Using the results obtained we develop a method for determining the components of the permittivity tensors of non‐gyrotropic crystals of arbitrary symmetry by transmission experiments. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contributions of double interaction processes to x‐ray fluorescence intensity
Authors: Tirao G. , Stutz G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAn algorithm for calculating the contribution of double x‐ray interaction processes to the primary fluorescence emission is described. Four second‐order processes including one scattering event (elastic or inelastic) and one photoelectric absorption were considered. Compton scattering events were more accurately described than in previous work by using a relativistic double‐differential cross‐section, which takes into account binding energy effects as well as momentum distribution of electrons of all atomic orbitals. Calculations of the contribution of double interaction processes were performed considering various experimental conditions (different sample thicknesses, atomic numbers, incident and outgoing angles and incident photon energies). The results show that for energies ranging from a few tens of keV up to 120 keV scattering contributions to the Kα1 fluorescence line vary from ∼1% to several tens of percent (exceeding 50% for light elements). The relative scattering contribution is a rapidly increasing function of the sample thickness and reaches a saturation regime at a thickness of the order of the mean free path of the photons. The saturation value depends on the photon energy. Considerable deviations from a previous theoretical formalism were found. This discrepancy must be attributed to a more realistic description of single scattering events included in the present formalism. The present results are in very good agreement with those calculated from the transport theory. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Further investigation of majolica ceramics assigned to the Puebla (Mexico) provenance by radioisotope induced x‐ray fluorescence
Authors: LaBrecque J. J. , Vaz J. E. , Cruxent J. M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA simple radioisotope x‐ray fluorescence method for determining the relative mass fractions of rubidium, strontium and zirconium combined with principal component analysis was employed to investigate specimens of archaeological majolica ceramics tentatively assigned to the Puebla (Mexico) provenance by stylistic features. Principal component analysis with this x‐ray fluorescence data could only separate the samples of one of the four groups from the other three as suggested from the thermoluminescence glow curves. Similarly, when the thermoluminescence data were analyzed by the principal component technique only the same group could be separated from the three others. However, the X‐ray fluorescence method could confirm and separate the samples of the four groups with the additional information from the thermoluminescence data. Hence it can be concluded that the clay and/or temper materials from the different specimens of the four groups are different. The difference in the clay materials could be from contamination or different sources of the components of the clay paste themselves. It is concluded that the difference is due to the clay source, since samples found at the same locations belonged to more than one group. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Erasmus Lecture 2004 Identity in change – a European dilemma?
Authors: STRÖMHOLM STIG 
Published: January 2005

Whether there is or has ever been such a thing as a European identity of some real substance and what changes that identity, if found to exist, has undergone in the course of history; at what time and why it was lost, if it no longer exists, and why it cannot be said ever to have existed at all, are questions which are among the favourite subjects of a certain kind of after-dinner speech and the welcoming or concluding addresses at academic – and indeed, of late, also political – gatherings. The fact that these questions are thus frequently dealt with in a branch of oral literature that is not above suspicion does not mean that they are devoid of importance or should be avoided in serious contexts. It seems clear, on the other hand, that they can be treated with intellectual honesty only if formulated in such a way that the answers can be determined, in the first place, by a clear choice of criteria for establishing identity and difference, but also by an equally explicit and clear choice of the geographical and chronological perspectives in which the application of these criteria is to take place.It is obvious that the broader the chosen historical perspective, the narrower in range are those elements of European life and history that can be said to have retained a minimum of identity over time. If you adopt a truly multi-secular perspective, one which still has room for what a French thinker has aptly called les grands récits, ‘the great tales’, the myths of peoples and tribes engaged in founding, migration, conquest and defeat, it must be admitted that a very modest identifiable identity remains. Likewise, the observer who insists on referring to the whole area, which is today called Europe, and also on contemporaneousness, is likely to find a meagre catch in his nets, were it only because time and change travel – or at least, travelled, in a not too distant past – at very different speeds over that vast area.
Introduction. What the postcolonial means to us: European literature(s) and postcolonialism
Authors: D'HAEN THEO 
Published: January 2005

‘Postcolonialism’ and ‘postcolonial’ are fashionable terms in literary studies these days. Henk Wesseling, in his ‘Editorial’ in the European Review (12(3): 267–271, 2004), with regard to another fashionable term, ‘empire,’ warned that the same word may mean different things to different people. So too it is with ‘postcolonial’ and ‘postcolonialism’.To begin with, there is the matter of orthography. I have used unhyphenated ‘postcolonial’ and ‘postcolonialism.’ In fact, the hyphenated forms are the older and more conventional. Ashcroft, Griffiths and Tiffin use them in their 1989 The Empire Writes Back: Theory and Practice in Post-Colonial Literatures, still a landmark publication in the field, as does John Thieme in his 1996 Arnold Anthology of Post-Colonial Literatures in English. Both restrict the use of ‘post-colonial’ to ‘writing by those peoples formerly colonized by Britain’ (Ref. 1, p. 1) and ‘the anglophone literatures of countries other than Britain and the United States’ (Ref. 2, p. 1). Both spurn chronology, reaching back to the 19th and early 20th centuries for examples of ‘post-colonial’ literature. Ashcroft et al. and Thieme thoroughly differ, though, as to the term's precise charge. Ashcroft et al. see ‘post-colonialism’ as covering ‘all the culture affected by the imperial process from the moment of colonization to the present day,’ and this because they find there to be ‘a continuity of preoccupations throughout the historical process initiated by European imperial aggression’ (Ref. 1, p. 2). Thieme finds this use of the term problematic, because of its association with ‘writing and other forms of cultural production which display an oppositional attitude towards colonialism, which are to a greater or lesser degree anti-colonial in orientation’ (Ref. 2, p. 1-2).
Pharmacokinetics and penetration of danofloxacin from the blood into the milk of cows
Authors: SHEM‐TOV M. , RAV‐HON O. , ZIV G. , LAVI E. , GLICKMAN A. , SARAN A. 
Published: January 2005

The single‐dose disposition kinetics of danofloxacin were determined in clinically normal lactating cows after intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administration of the drug at 1.25 mg/kg. The drug concentrations in blood serum and milk were determined by microbiological assay methods and the data were subjected to kinetic analysis. The mean i.v. and i.m. elimination half‐lives (t½el) in serum were 54.9 and 135.7 min, respectively. The steady‐state volume of distribution (Vss) was 2.04 L/kg. The drug was quickly absorbed after i.m. injection but a ‘flip flop’ effect was clearly evident and bioavailability was > 100%. Penetration of danofloxacin from blood into milk was rapid and extensive with drug concentrations in milk exceeding those in serum beginning 90–120 min after i.v. and i.m. administration and onwards. Milk danofloxacin concentrations equal to or higher than the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for pathogenic Gram‐negative bacteria andMycoplasmaspecies were maintained over ≈ 24 h. Concentrations greater than the MIC forStaphylococcus aureuswere maintained in the milk for 12 h.