bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards the Abyss: Bismarck and the Dissolution of the Weimar Republic
Authors: Gerwarth Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Years of radicalization: Bismarck between the Young Plan and the sixtieth anniversary of the Reich’s foundation. On 2 October 1929, the nationalist periodical Deutsches Echo confronted its readers with a full-page announcement demanding support for the plebiscite against the Young Plan: The nationalist front has entered into the decisive struggle for German freedom. Under the disastrous leadership of this government and the short-sighted parole to reduce the burden for this generation, serf-like tributes will be weighed down upon the German youth and unborn generations. This irresponsible gamble with the future of the German people is precisely what the newly created nationalist front hopes to prevent by putting the Law against the Enslavement of the German People to a national referendum.
Belgium and the Netherlands
Authors: Conway Martin , Romijn Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Belgium and the Netherlands are the often neglected non-identical twins of interwar Europe. Over the previous centuries, these prosperous, densely populated, and much contested territories in north-western Europe had been central to the emergence of the commercial economy, social and cultural identities, and state structures that defined modern Europe. Throughout the twentieth century, control of their territory and industrial resources remained crucial to struggles for diplomatic, economic, and military ascendancy in Western Europe, while their respective empires projected their authority as far as East Asia, Central Africa, and South America. And yet Belgium and the Netherlands have been marginal to the ways in which historians write about twentieth-century Europe.
Iberia
Authors: Lannon Frances 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The creation of the Portuguese New State in the early 1930s and the Spanish Civil War of 1936– 9 have long dominated writing about the history of the two Iberian countries in the first half of the twentieth century. Uncovering the roots of the New State and the causes of the civil war have absorbed attention in much the same way as tracing the origins of Fascism in Italy and the Nazi movement in Germany. The Portuguese and Spanish Republics have been scrutinized for evidence of failure as closely as the Weimar Republic or the Italian constitutional monarchy. And the miserable teleology of democracy’s displacement by dictatorship is all too similar. In the Spanish case it is particularly poignant because of the terrible destruction of life and resources in the civil war that forged Franco’s dictatorship. By the time the European war began in September 1939, Spain was already devastated.
Finland and the Baltic States
Authors: Readman Kristina Spohr 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Discussing Finland together with the Baltic States of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania may seem surprising. Indeed, there are good reasons why Finland could have been included in the chapter on ‘Scandinavia’. Its cultural and historical bonds with Sweden, its membership in the Nordic Council after 1955, and its extensive welfare system established after the Second World War are all reasons why Finland tends to be linked to the Scandinavian countries. The majority of Finns, however, are not Scandinavian. Rather, in ethno-linguistic terms, they are related to Estonians.
Requesting Information and Consultation
Authors: Squire Nicholas , Healy Kathleen , Broadbent Joanna 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the process set out in the ICE Regulations for initiating negotiations on information and consultation arrangements. It covers the following principal areas: the right of employees to request and receive information about staff numbers to confirm whether there is a sufficient number of employees within the undertaking to trigger the right to information and consultation; the making of a request by employees or their representatives to commence negotiations on information and consultation arrangements; how the employer can/ should respond to the making of a request;
The Content of a Pre-Existing/Negotiated Agreement
Authors: Squire Nicholas , Healy Kathleen , Broadbent Joanna 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Both pre-existing and negotiated agreements give an opportunity for flexibilities that are not available under the standard information and consultation provisions and which may therefore makes them attractive for the employer, employees, and their representatives. These are in addition to other potential benefits (and in some cases disadvantages) described in greater detail in Chapter 3 (in relation to pre-existing agreements) and Chapter 5 (in relation to negotiated agreements).
How Do We Compare?
Authors: Squire Nicholas , Healy Kathleen , Broadbent Joanna 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses information and consultation rights in France, Germany, and the Netherlands. It does not cover the collective representation rights in each country in relation to collective dismissals, which are generally outside the scope of this book. Rather it focusses on the general rights of the domestic works councils in each of these jurisdictions. The system of employee representation is well established in France and continues to develop, both through case-law and through French legislative intervention. It became a legal obligation in 1936, with legislation on works councils dating from 1945.
Recursive tests of constancy
Authors: Juselius Katarina 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 applied a variety of residual misspecification tests to the VAR model. Even though the empirical model passed these tests sufficiently well to continue the analysis, this does not exclude the possibility that the model suffers from parameter non-constancy. The purpose of this section is to provide a number of diagnostic tests to check for this important feature of the model.
Identification of the long-run structure
Authors: Juselius Katarina 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When the empirical model is estimated with data that are non-stationary in levels, we need to discuss two different identification problems: identification of the long-run structure (i.e. of the cointegration relations) and identification of the short-run structure (i.e. of the equations of the system). The former is about imposing long-run economic structure on the unrestricted cointegration relations, the latter is about imposing short run dynamic adjustment structure on the equations for the differenced process. In this chapter, we shall primarily discuss identification of the long-run relations and leave the short-run adjustment structure to the next chapter.
Introduction: An Outline of the Anglo-Saxons’ Sense of Space
Authors: Michelet Fabienne L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the course of the last two hundred years, the relationship of proximity and distance has changed radically. The acceleration of traffic, with the development, spread, and ever-increasing speed of means of transport— the railway, the automobile, the plane— have reduced the intervals separating different locations and have thus facilitated access to new physical spaces. Technological progress, such as the invention of the radio, the television, the telefax, or the Internet, has abolished distance altogether by allowing virtual dimensions to penetrate the familiar sphere of the home.
Top Incomes Over the Twentieth Century: A Summary of Main Findings1
Authors: Piketty T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This introductory essay presents some of the key Windings and perspectives emerging from the detailed country chapters published in this volume. All chapters are part of a collective research project on the long-run dynamics of income and wealth distribution. The general objective of this project was to construct a high quality, long-run, international database on income and wealth distribution using historical tax statistics. The resulting database now includes annual series covering most of the twentieth century for over 20 (mostly Western) countries. The present volume focuses upon the contrast between continental European countries and English-speaking countries and includes ten case studies: France, UK, US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, and Ireland.
Income and Wealth Concentration in Switzerland over the Twentieth Century
Authors: Dell F , Piketty, T , Saez E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The evolution of income and wealth inequality during the process of development has attracted enormous attention in the economics literature. Liberals have blamed income and wealth concentration because of concerns for equity and in particular for tilting the political process in the favour of the wealthy. They have proposed progressive taxation as an appropriate counter-force against wealth concentration. For conservatives, concentration of income and wealth is considered as a natural and necessary outcome of an environment that provides incentives for work, entrepreneurship, and wealth accumulation, key elements of macro-economic success. Progressive taxation may redistribute resources away from the rich and wealthy and reduce wealth concentration but it might also weaken those incentives and generate large eYciency costs.
Work/Family, Australian Labour Law, and the Normative Worker
Authors: Chapman Anna 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Work/family issues have become a major topic of interest and discussion in Australia. Rarely does a week go by without a news service carrying a story exploring the reasons why professional women are deferring decisions to have a baby, or considering the implications of long working hours and absent fathers and the lack of affordable child-care places. The Sex Discrimination Commissioner, the trade union movement, and all major political parties have now developed policies and programmes of reform to address the problems that are seen to arise at the intersection of paid market work and caring and domestic responsibilities
Work, Family, and Parenthood: The European Union Agenda
Authors: McGlynn Clare 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The European Union has long recognized that if it is to meet its own ambitious targets for economic growth and wealth creation, it needs to increase the participation of women in the labour market. Falling birth rates, an ageing population, and the challenges of globalization all demand measures to facilitate women’ s (re)entry into the paid workforce. The chosen solution is the promotion and promulgation of ‘equal opportunities’ laws and policies, creating a ‘flexible’ workforce, together with equality being ‘mainstreamed’ into all labour market policies. In particular, it has been acknowledged that difficulties in reconciling paid work and family life are a significant factor limiting women’s labour market participation.
Taking Leave: Work and Family in Australian Law and Policy
Authors: Owens Rosemary J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Australia is in the midst of intense national debate about the most appropriate way to accommodate work and family. At the centre of this debate is the issue of paid maternity leave. The urgency of the topic is a reflection of a complex set of changes at every level of society, including: the pressures imposed on businesses through the gradual incorporation of Australian industry into the new economy of the global era; the changing demographics of the workplace, especially the increased participation of women in paid employment; the declining fertility rate; and the ageing of the population. The popular characterizations of the work/ family interface make it clear that this arena is one where present tension appear to be unsustainable and while the aspiration to harmonious interplay is reflected in metaphors of balance and reconciliation, the present reality is clearly one of collision and conflict.
Poor Women’s Work Experiences: Gaps in the ‘Work/Family’ Discussion
Authors: Williams Lucy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Mainstream discourse, across the political spectrum, both in developed countries and in so-called ‘developing countries’} regularly invokes the above Chinese aphorism to privilege waged work within the formal economy (‘fishing’) as the primary instrument for poverty reduction and to argue that social assistance in the form of monetary grants to support women as caregivers2 (‘ giving a fish’) is an ineffective, and often destructive and dependency-creating method, of reducing poverty. Recent ‘welfare reforms’ in the USA and the UK, which predominantly affect poor women and their children (now being touted throughout the globe as successful and therefore being marketed by neo-liberal development policymakers and institutions in developing countries) are based on the assumptions that participation in formal-sector waged work is the path to individual independence, and that welfare receipt is the path to dependence. This framing of the problem assumes an institutional structure within which a breadwinner’ s labour in the formal sector provides family subsistence. More importantly, it also assumes clear distinctions between formal-sector waged work, informal-sector work, and family work In this, it fails to recognize the complexity of women’ s, particularly poor women’s, work
Commentary to the Cross-Border Insolvency Regulations 2006
Authors: Fletcher Ian F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The concluding section of Chapter 8 of the Second Edition (section 8.4,consisting of paragraphs 8.81–8.83) gives an account of the preparatory measures put in place to enable the United Kingdom to enact the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency. It is there explained that, although the paving provision of section 14 of the Insolvency Act2000 had been in force since November of that year, intervening events had taken priority over the programmer of implementation of the Model Law, and that in consequence the work was still in progress as the Second Edition of the book went to press.
The First Steps
Authors: Hamilton Alastair 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The accumulation of knowledge of the Copts was a slow and irregular process, despite the large number of Western visitors to Egypt through the ages. From the fourth century onwards Egypt was a popular stage for pilgrims travelling from Europe to Jerusalem and many of these visited the Egyptian monasteries and churches. The pseudo-Antonino da Piacenza, an anonymous Italian traveller who seems to have been in Egypt and the Holy Land between 560 and 570, referred to the number of monks at the monastery of St Catherine in the Sinai peninsula who knew Coptic (which he calls Egyptian) and Ethiopic. Numerous other Western travellers followed in the early Middle Ages.
Grammars, Dictionaries, and Dialects
Authors: Hamilton Alastair 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It was one thing to criticize Kircher, but another to do better. One of the first true advances on Kircher’s linguistic publications was the work of Guillaume Bonjour. An Augustinian hermit from Toulouse, Bonjour had been summoned to Rome at the age of 25 in 1695 by Cardinal Enrico Noris, who had just been appointed custodian of the Vatican Library by the pope, Innocent XII, and, in 1701, would become the prefect.1 Bonjour remained in Rome for twelve years. His publication on the name of Joseph, Dissertatio de nomine Patriarchae Josephi a Pharaone imposito. In defensionem Vulgatae Editionis, et Patrum qui Josephum in Serapide adumbratum tradiderunt, which appeared in 1696, a defence of the Vulgate translation as ‘salvator mundi’, drew the attention of Leibniz and Ezechiel Spanheim,2 and his In monumenta coptica seu Aegyptiaca Bibliothecae Vaticanae brevis exercitatio of 1699 was regarded as a most useful list of Coptic holdings in Rome.
Loss of Resources Without the Owner’ s Consent: Necessity and Adverse Possession
Authors: Gordley James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The doctrine of necessity was foreign to Roman law although later jurists used it to explain Roman legal texts. The doctrine was first formulated by the medieval canon lawyers. Aquinas and the late scholastics then explained it by drawing on Aristotelian ideas about the purpose of property. It was then rejected by the will theorists of the 19th century but managed to survive in the United States and resurface in Germany because it commended itself to common sense. The Roman legal texts on which later jurists drew allowed one person to enter another’ s land without permission: for example, to look for a fugitive. They allowed a person to preserve his own life or property by destroying that of another: for example, if he pulled down his neighbor’ s house to save his own from a fire. Thus, what we would call necessity was sometimes a defense against an action under the Roman lex Aquilia for damage done unlawfully. Finally, there were rules allowing the captain of a ship to jettison cargo to save the ship. The passengers whose goods had been saved had to compensate those whose goods were thrown overboard. These rules were similar to modern admiralty law, and indeed, were the historical ancestors of that law. The medieval canon lawyers generalized to formulate a doctrine of necessity. Unlike the Roman lawyers, they were not dealing with the problem of who should pay if cargo was jettisoned or a house destroyed or a fugitive chased onto someone else’ s land. They were trying to determine when one was guilty of the sin of greed. In one of the texts that Gratian incorporated into his Decretum, Saint Ambrose denounced a person who ‘ sees always gold, always silver’ and ‘ asks gold even in his prayer and supplication to God’.
Acquisition of Resources Without a Prior Owner’ s Consent: Minerals, Capture, Found Property
Authors: Gordley James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One person may voluntarily transfer property to another. As we will see, writers in the Aristotelian tradition described these transfers as acts of commutative justice, if they were intended to obtain an equivalent for what was given, or as acts of liberality, if they were intended to enrich the other party at the giver’ s expense. Alternatively, a person may acquire property that did not previously belong to anyone else. Under Roman law, he might catch an animal or find an object which no one else owned or whose owner could not be identified. Often, he obtained title to such an object by occupatio or raking possession of it. Some modem philosophers have seen in occupatio or first possession or in some kindred concept the origin of all property. For John Locke, since each person owned his own labor, one who mixed his labor with an object thereby became its owner. He left it unclear what one had to do to mix one’ s labor with an object beyond taking possession of it. According to Immanuel Kant, one could appropriate anything that was not previously owned or used by someone else. He rested this idea on the will. The will would pointlessly lose some of its freedom if a person could not appropriate some thing that no one else owned or was using. For both philosophers, after resources had originally been acquired in these ways, they could then be legitimately transferred from one person to another by agreement in the absence of force or fraud.
Impossibility and Unexpected Circumstances
Authors: Gordley James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The doctrine of impossibility goes back co Roman law. Traditionally, it denies enforcement to some but not all contracts in which performance is impossible. The doctrine of changed circumstances, in contrast, was developed by the medieval canon lawyers. As traditionally formulated, it provides that a promisor is not liable under certain cir cumstances under which he would not have been willing to commit himself had he anticipated them. The Roman and canon lawyers formulated these doctrines but did not attempt to explain chem. As before the late scholastics tried to explain them both with ideas taken from Aristotle. In my view, their attempt to explain the doctrine of impossibility was a failure, largely because they were trying to explain a legal doctrine which sometimes excused a promisor in moralistic terms which implied he always should be excused. Attempts to explain the doctrine since then have been equally unsuccessful. Thus our account of impossibility will be one of a doctrine that failed. Jurists have also found the doctrine of changed circumstances difficult to explain. Most of the 19th century civil lawyers rejected it entirely. Yet, with the notable exception of France, most major legal systems will now give relief. This time, as we will see, the late scholastics and northern natural lawyers found a good explanation of the doctrine, one so good that it can explain the relief that the law gives for impossibility as well.
Buy Tudor: The Historical Film and History as a Mass Commodity
Authors: Melman Billie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Over a century after the early Victorian popular discovery of the Tudors, the historian A. L. Rowse commented on the continuous life of the Elizabethan Age in the social and imaginary lives of modern English men and women. Writing in 1950, a few months before the Festival of Britain and two years away from the accession of Elizabeth II, which he would christen ‘the New Elizabethan Age’, Rowse ruminated about the ubiquity and visibility of the Elizabethans. ‘The Elizabethan Age’, he enthused, ‘is not something dead and apart from us; it is alive and all round and within us.
Public Support for Market Reforms in Nine Asian Countries: Divergence of a Market- Based Economy
Authors: Ahn Chung-Si , Jang Jiho 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A wave of market reform and globalization has swept across the world since the 1980s, and the nations of Asia have felt hits impact as greatly as countries in Latin America, Eastern Europe, and other parts of the world. For the past two decades, communist China and Vietnam have moved their state-directed economies toward an open economic system with private ownership. In November 2002, the 16th Congress of the Chinese Communist Party adopted an inclusive doctrine that allowed bourgeois capitalists to obtain party membership. In addition, a powerful wave of capitalist development had steadily transformed the economies of South Korea, Taiwan, and many other East Asian nations.
The Police and the Intelligence Services —With Special Reference to the relationship with MI5
Authors: Gregory Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The organizational structures of national security and intelligence services are as varied as the organizational structures of police services. However, in most States there are organisations for the following functions: domestic security and intelligence, external intelligence, defence intelligence, and signals intelligence (sigint). There are two main linked approaches to understanding the relationship in a given State between the police and the intelligence services: historical and legal-institutional. The historical approach illustrates how a particular state has sought to provide for and govern a set of essential activities that may, in part, need to be both covert and deniable. The legal-institutional approach, by examining the statutory basis for such activities and the organizational structure, can help to clarify status, roles, inter-organizational relationships, and accountability mechanisms (Müller-Wille, 2006 and Venice Commission, 2007). Within Europe there is no common organizational model but rather a mixture of police and non-police types. A range of examples are illustrated in Table 4.1 below.