bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flow over Heated Terrain. Part I: Linear Theory and Idealized Numerical Simulations
Authors: Crook N. Andrew , Tucker Donna F. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The flow past heated topography is examined with both linear and nonlinear models. It is first shown that the forcing of an obstacle with horizontally homogenous surface heating can be approximated by the forcing of an obstacle with surface heating isolated over the obstacle. The small-amplitude flow past an obstacle with isolated heating is then examined with a linear model. Under the linear approximation, the flow response to heated topography is simply the addition of the separate responses to thermal and orographic forcing. These separate responses are first considered individually and then the combined response is examined. Nondimensional parameters are developed that measure the relative importance of thermal and orographic forcing. Nonaxisymmetric forcing is then considered by examining the flow along and across a heated elliptically shaped obstacle. It is shown that the low-level lifting is maximized when the flow is along the major axis of the obstacle.
The linear solutions are then tested in a nonlinear anelastic model. The response to a heat source and orography are first examined separately. Good agreement is found between nonlinear and linear models for the individual responses to thermal and orographic forcing. The case of uniformly heated flow past an obstacle is then examined. In these simulations, the thermal response is isolated by subtracting the orographic-only response from the full thermal–orographic response. The numerical simulations are able to capture the main features of the thermal response. Finally, numerical simulations of the flow along and across an elliptically shaped heated obstacle are examined, where it is verified that the lifting is maximized when the flow is along the major axis of the obstacle.
These results are extended in Part II of this study to examine the moist convective response to flow over both idealized terrain and the complex terrain of the Rocky Mountains of the United States.
Terdiurnal Surface-Pressure Oscillations over the Continental United States
Authors: Ray Richard D. , Poulose Susan 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The small terdiurnal pressure oscillation S3(p) is determined over the conterminous United States by analyzing long time series of hourly barometer data from 180 stations. Spectral analysis of these time series reveals that the terdiurnal band is dominated by three or four spectral peaks, separated in frequency by 1 cpy. The central peak at 3 cpd is invariably smaller than the two immediate side peaks, indicative of extraordinarily strong seasonal variations in the tide. The largest terdiurnal tide occurs over the south-central United States in winter where amplitudes exceed 300 μbar. Summertime amplitudes are roughly one-half as large. Summer and winter tides are almost completely out of phase, with rapid 180° shifts occurring in the equinox seasons when amplitudes are very small.
Comparison between Tornadic and Nontornadic Mesocyclones Using the Vorticity (Pseudovorticity) Line Technique
Authors: Cai Huaqing 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Comparisons between tornadic and nontornadic mesocyclones using the concept of fractal geometry are presented. Both the maximum vertical vorticity (ζmax) and pseudovorticity (ζpv) associated with a mesocyclone at low levels are found to be scaling with the horizontal grid spacing (ɛ) according to a power-law relationship. The linear least square best fitting of ln (ζmax) or ln (ζpv) versus ln (ɛ) for different scales can be obtained for each mesocyclone at a certain time, and it is named the vorticity (pseudovorticity) line of a mesocyclone. Different mesocyclones have different vorticity (pseudovorticity) line slopes that are closely related to the fractal dimension of vorticity (pseudovorticity) of a mesocyclone as a possible fractal structure. Various factors that may affect the accurate estimate of the vorticity (pseudovorticity) line of a mesocyclone are also discussed in detail.
Differences between tornadic and nontornadic mesocyclones are found in terms of the slope of vorticity (pseudovorticity) lines based on three tornadic and two nontornadic mesocyclones. A possible reason why previous studies were not able to identify the difference(s) between tornadic and nontornadic mesocyclones is discussed. Self-similarity (scale invariance), which is a basic characteristic of a fractal structure, seems to be valid between tornado and mesocyclone scales based on the analysis of the vorticity (pseudovorticity) line of the tornadic Kellerville, Texas, mesocyclone. It is hypothesized that a steeper slope of the vorticity (pseudovorticity) line may be indicative of a tornadic mesocyclone.
A New Technique for Estimation of Surface Latent Heat Fluxes Using Satellite-Based Observations
Authors: Singh Randhir , Joshi P. C. , Kishtawal C. M. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Monthly mean surface latent heat fluxes (LHFs) over the global oceans are estimated using bulk formula. LHFs are computed using wind speed (U) from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I), sea surface temperature (SST) from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR), and near-surface specific humidity. Near-surface specific humidity (Qa) is estimated from SSM/I-observed precipitable water (W) and AVHRR-observed SST using a genetic algorithm (GA) approach. The GA-retrieved monthly mean Qa has an accuracy of 0.80 ± 0.32 g kg−1 as compared with surface marine observations based on the Comprehensive Ocean–Atmosphere Data Set (COADS). The GA approach improves upon the surface specific humidity retrieval based on regression, the EOF approach, and is comparable to the artificial neural network technique.
The satellite-derived LHFs are compared with globally distributed surface marine observations to monthly averages of 1° × 1° latitude–longitude bins, during 1988–93. When GA-retrieved Qa is used in the computation of satellite-derived latent heat fluxes (LHFGA) the global mean rmse, bias, and correlation are 22 ± 8 W m−2, 5 W m−2, and 0.85, respectively, for monthly mean latent heat fluxes. The rmses in LHF are larger when Qa is retrieved using regression and EOF approaches.
The Electrical Structure of Two Supercell Storms during STEPS
Authors: MacGorman Donald R. , Rust W. David , Krehbiel Paul , Rison William , Bruning Eric , Wiens Kyle 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Balloon soundings were made through two supercell storms during the Severe Thunderstorm Electrification and Precipitation Study (STEPS) in summer 2000. Instruments measured the vector electric field, temperature, pressure, relative humidity, and balloon location. For the first time, soundings penetrated both the strong updraft and the rainy downdraft region of the same supercell storm. In both storms, the strong updraft had fewer vertically separated charge regions than found near the rainy downdraft, and the updraft’s lowest charge was elevated higher, its bottom being near the 40-dBZ boundary of the weak-echo vault. The simpler, elevated charge structure is consistent with the noninductive graupel–ice mechanism dominating charge generation in updrafts. In the weak-echo vault, the amount of frozen precipitation and the time for particle interactions are too small for significant charging. Inductive charging mechanisms and lightning may contribute to the additional charge regions found at lower altitudes outside the updraft. Lightning mapping showed that the in-cloud channels of a positive ground flash could be in any one of the three vertically separated positive charge regions found outside the updraft, but were in the middle region, at 6–8 km MSL, for most positive ground flashes. The observations are consistent with the electrical structure of these storms having been inverted in polarity from that of most storms elsewhere. It is hypothesized that the observed inverted-polarity cloud flashes and positive ground flashes were caused by inverted-polarity storm structure, possibly due to a larger than usual rime accretion rate for graupel in a strong updraft.
Zigzag Oscillations in Variational Data Assimilation with Physical “On–Off” Processes
Authors: Mu Mu , Zheng Qin 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Using an idealized model of a partial differential equation with parameterization “on–off” switches in the forcing term, the impacts of on–off switches on the variational data assimilation (VDA) are investigated in this paper.
It is shown that the traditional time discretization at the switches of the discrete forward model could induce awful zigzags in the associated discrete cost function (CF), which would cause the optimization to fail to work well in the VDA when using the adjoint method. In addition, it can also cause zigzag oscillations in the numerical solution of the model. A method, which is a generalization of Xu’s intermediate interpolation method, is proposed to eliminate the zigzag phenomenon. The potential merits of this treatment are examined by numerical experiments. The results show that through this treatment, the convergence in the minimization processes of the VDA is improved and the satisfactory optimization retrievals are obtained even though the adjoint models are constructed following Zou’s method from the discrete forward model with the traditional time discretization at the switches.
Intercomparison and Interpretation of Single-Column Model Simulations of a Nocturnal Stratocumulus-Topped Marine Boundary Layer
Authors: Zhu Ping , Bretherton Christopher S. , Köhler Martin , Cheng Anning , Chlond Andreas , Geng Quanzhen , Austin Phil , Golaz Jean-Christophe , Lenderink Geert , Lock Adrian , Stevens Bjorn 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Ten single-column models (SCMs) from eight groups are used to simulate a nocturnal nonprecipitating marine stratocumulus-topped mixed layer as part of an intercomparison organized by the Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment Cloud System Study, Working Group 1. The case is idealized from observations from the Dynamics and Chemistry of Marine Stratocumulus II, Research Flight 1. SCM simulations with operational resolution are supplemented by high-resolution simulations and compared with observations and large-eddy simulations. All participating SCMs are able to maintain a sharp inversion and a mixed cloud-topped layer, although the moisture profiles show a slight gradient in the mixed layer and produce entrainment rates broadly consistent with observations, but the liquid water paths vary by a factor of 10 after only 1 h of simulation at both high and operational resolution. Sensitivity tests show insensitivity to activation of precipitation and shallow convection schemes in most models, as one would observationally expect for this case.
A Refractive Index Mapping Operator for Assimilation of Occultation Data
Authors: Syndergaard Stig , Kursinski E. Robert , Herman Benjamin M. , Lane Emily M. , Flittner David E. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThis paper describes the details of a fast, linear, forward-inverse refractive index mapping operator that can be used for assimilation of occultation data of various kinds into NWP models. Basically, the mapping consists of the integration of the refractive index along finite straight lines, mimicking the observational geometry as well as the subsequent retrieval of a refractive index profile, assuming spherical symmetry. Line integrals are discretized such that the refractivity is evaluated along the horizontal at fixed levels that can be chosen to coincide with the pressure levels of an NWP model. Integration of the hydrostatic equation at a large number of locations is thereby avoided. The mapping operator is tested using an idealized model of a weather front with large horizontal gradients. Mapped refractivity profiles are compared with retrieved refractivity profiles obtained via accurate 3D ray tracing simulations of GPS radio occultation events with ray path tangent points near the weather front. The simulations indicate that the mapping is a good representation of occultation measurements, including the influence large horizontal gradients have on retrieved refractivity profiles. To further the results, a simple ad hoc modification is introduced to approximately account for the ray path bending near the tangent points. The forward-inverse mapping allows for the near cancellation of otherwise crude approximations—for example, straight-line propagation—and the general concept could perhaps be adapted for the development of fast and accurate observation operators for the assimilation of other types of remote sensing data.
Environmental Distinctions between Cellular and Slabular Convective Lines
Authors: James Richard P. , Fritsch J. Michael , Markowski Paul M. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe organizational mode of quasi-linear convective systems often falls within a spectrum of modes described by a line of discrete cells on one end (“cellular”) and an unbroken two-dimensional swath of ascent on the other (“slabular”). Convective events exhibiting distinctly cellular or slabular characteristics over the continental United States were compiled, and composite soundings of the respective inflow environments were constructed. The most notable difference between the environments of slabs and cells occurred in the wind profiles; lines organized as slabs existed in much stronger low-level line-relative inflow and stronger low-level shear.A compressible model with high resolution (Δx = 500 m) was used to investigate the effects of varying environmental conditions on the nature of the convective overturning. The numerical results show that highly cellular convective lines are favored when the environmental conditions and initiation procedure allow the convectively generated cold pools to remain separate from one another. The transition to a continuous along-line cold pool and gust front leads to the generation of a more “solid” line of convection, as dynamic pressure forcing above the downshear edge of the cold outflow creates a swath of quasi-two-dimensional ascent. Using both full-physics simulations and a simplified cold-pool model, it is demonstrated that the magnitude of the two-dimensional ascent in slabular convective systems is closely related to the integrated cold-pool strength.It is concluded that slabular organization tends to occur under conditions that favor the development of a strong, contiguous cold pool. The tendency to produce slabular convection is therefore enhanced by environmental conditions such as large CAPE, weak convective inhibition, strong along-line winds, and moderately strong cross-line wind shear.
Uncoordinated production of Laminin-5 chains in airways epithelium of allergic asthmatics
Authors: Amin Kawa , Janson Christer , Sevéus Lahja , Miyazaki Kaoru , Virtanen Ismo , Venge Per 
Published: September 2005

Abstract

Background
Laminins are a group of proteins largely responsible for the anchorage of cells to basement membranes. We hypothesized that altered Laminin chain production in the bronchial mucosa might explain the phenomenon of epithelial cell shedding in asthma. The aim was to characterize the presence of Laminin chains in the SEBM and epithelium in allergic and non-allergic asthmatics.

Patients and methods
Biopsies were taken from the bronchi of 11 patients with allergic and 9 patients with non-allergic asthma and from 7 controls and stained with antibodies against the Laminin (ln) chains alpha1-alpha5, beta1-beta2 and gamma1-gamma2.

Results
Lns-2,-5 and -10 were the main Laminins of SEBM. The layer of ln-10 was thicker in the two asthmatic groups while an increased thickness of lns-2 and -5 was only seen in allergic asthmatics. The ln gamma2-chain, which is only found in ln 5, was exclusively expressed in epithelial cells in association with epithelial injury and in the columnar epithelium of allergic asthmatics.

Conclusion
The uncoordinated production of chains of ln-5 in allergic asthma could have a bearing on the poor epithelial cell anchorage in these patients.
GeneRank: Using search engine technology for the analysis of microarray experiments
Authors: Morrison Julie L , Breitling Rainer , Higham Desmond J , Gilbert David R 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Background
Interpretation of simple microarray experiments is usually based on the fold-change of gene expression between a reference and a "treated" sample where the treatment can be of many types from drug exposure to genetic variation. Interpretation of the results usually combines lists of differentially expressed genes with previous knowledge about their biological function. Here we evaluate a method – based on the PageRank algorithm employed by the popular search engine Google – that tries to automate some of this procedure to generate prioritized gene lists by exploiting biological background information.

Results
GeneRank is an intuitive modification of PageRank that maintains many of its mathematical properties. It combines gene expression information with a network structure derived from gene annotations (gene ontologies) or expression profile correlations. Using both simulated and real data we find that the algorithm offers an improved ranking of genes compared to pure expression change rankings.

Conclusion
Our modification of the PageRank algorithm provides an alternative method of evaluating microarray experimental results which combines prior knowledge about the underlying network. GeneRank offers an improvement compared to assessing the importance of a gene based on its experimentally observed fold-change alone and may be used as a basis for further analytical developments.
Reciprocal role of cyclins and cyclin kinase inhibitor p21WAF1/CIP1 on lymphocyte proliferation, allo-immune activation and inflammation
Authors: Khanna Ashwani K 
Published: September 2005

Abstract

Background
Immune activation that results due to the aberrant proliferation of lymphocytes leads to inflammation and graft rejection in organ transplant recipients. We hypothesize that the cell cycle control and inflammation are parallel events, inhibition of cellular proliferation by cyclin kinase inhibitor specifically p21 will limit inflammation and prevent allograft rejection.

Methods
We performed in vitro and in vivo studies using lymphocytes, and rat heart transplant model to understand the role of cyclins and p21 on mitogen and allo-induced lymphocyte activation and inflammation. Lymphocyte proliferation was studied by 3H-thymidine uptake assay and mRNA expression was studied RT-PCR.

Results
Activation of allo- and mitogen stimulated lymphocytes resulted in increased expression of cyclins, IL-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines, which was inhibited by cyclosporine. The over-expression of p21 prolonged graft survival in a completely mismatched rat heart transplant model resulted by inhibiting circulating and intra-graft expression of proinflammatory cytokines.

Conclusion
Cyclins play a significant role in transplant-induced immune activation and p21 over-expression has potential to inhibit T cell activation and inflammation. The results from this study will permit the design of alternate strategies by controlling cell cycle progression to achieve immunosuppression in transplantation.
Leprosy & gangrene: A rare association; role of anti phospholipid antibodies
Authors: Akerkar Shashank M , Bichile Lata S 
Published: September 2005

Abstract

Background
Leprosy still remains an important public health problem for many parts of the world. An association of gangrene with leprosy is a rare one & can have a number of causative mechanisms. We present a case with Leprosy & gangrene with positive anti phopholipid antibody titers.

Case presentation
A 50-year-old non-diabetic, non-hypertensive lady presented with 2 months history of progressive gangrene of bilateral toes. She was found to have madarosis & hypopigmented, hypoaesthetic macular lesions on the upper limb & thighs. Bilateral ulnar & popliteal nerves were thickened. A skin biopsy of the lesions revealed borderline tuberculoid leprosy, slit skin smears revealed a bacteriological index of 1+. She did not have any evidence of thromboembolic episode or atherosclerosis. ACLA was positive at presentation & also on another occasion 6 weeks later. ACLAs were of the IgM type on both occasions. Lupus Anticoagulant & β2 GPI antibody were negative. DOPPLER of the lower limb arteries did not reveal any abnormality. Patient was successfully treated with multi-drug antileprotics & anticoagulants.

Conclusion
Infectious APLAs should be recognized as a cause of thrombosis in Leprosy. Appropriate anticoagulation can salvage limb function.
Degranulating mast cells in fibrotic regions of human tumors and evidence that mast cell heparin interferes with the growth of tumor cells through a mechanism involving fibroblasts
Authors: Samoszuk Michael , Kanakubo Emi , Chan John K 
Published: September 2005

Abstract

Background
The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that mast cells that are present in fibrotic regions of cancer can suppress the growth of tumor cells through an indirect mechanism involving peri-tumoral fibroblasts.

Methods
We first immunostained a wide variety of human cancers for the presence of degranulated mast cells. In a subsequent series of controlled in vitro experiments, we then co-cultured UACC-812 human breast cancer cells with normal fibroblasts in the presence or absence of different combinations and doses of mast cell tryptase, mast cell heparin, a lysate of the human mast cell line HMC-1, and fibroblast growth factor-7 (FGF-7), a powerful, heparin-binding growth factor for breast epithelial cells.

Results
Degranulating mast cells were localized predominantly in the fibrous tissue of every case of breast cancer, head and neck cancer, lung cancer, ovarian cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and Hodgkin's disease that we examined. Mast cell tryptase and HMC-1 lysate had no significant effect on the clonogenic growth of cancer cells co-cultured with fibroblasts. By contrast, mast cell heparin at multiple doses significantly reduced the size and number of colonies of tumor cells co-cultured with fibroblasts, especially in the presence of FGF-7. Neither heparin nor FGF-7, individually or in combination, produced any significant effect on the clonogenic growth of breast cancer cells cultured without fibroblasts.

Conclusion
Degranulating mast cells are restricted to peri-tumoral fibrous tissue, and mast cell heparin is a powerful inhibitor of clonogenic growth of tumor cells co-cultured with fibroblasts. These results may help to explain the well-known ability of heparin to inhibit the growth of primary and metastatic tumors.