bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cultural Perspectives
Authors: Haas Leonard J , Galanti Geri-Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not overstating the situation to call any en-counter between a primary care psychologist and a patient cross-cultural, even if both parties are native to the same U.S. region and belong to the same social class; regardless of their cultural back-ground, substantial percentages of primary care patients will not necessarily understand or agree with the “culture” of mental health care. The sit-uation becomes even more complex if the patient is a member of a U.S. minority group or identifies with a non-U.S. culture.
Back Pain
Authors: Okifuji Akiko , Palmer Trish 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pain related to back problems is a prevalent medi-cal condition and one of the most cited reasons for primary care visits (Bigos, Bowyer, Braen, Brown, Deyo, Haldeman, et al., 1994). A large-scale population study estimated a point preva-lence rate of 28.4% and a lifetime incidence rate of 84.1% for low back pain in adults (Cassidy, Carroll, & Cote, 1998). Back pain is quite costly, accounting for over 156 million lost workdays for employed individuals (Bigos et al., 1994). Of those in the United States with back pain, only 15% to 20% seek medical care. For the majority of these individuals, it is a relatively transient problem and remits spontaneously.
Grief and End-of-Life Issues
Authors: Michael Scott T , Steven Julia Kasl-Godley , Zeiss Lovett Antonette M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the obvious prevalence of death and dy-ing issues in primary care settings, they may be easily overlooked because of time pressures and beliefs that such issues are the domain of other settings (e.g., hospices, mental health care clinics, etc.). As a result, a large population of patients and their families may not receive needed and important care. Primary care psychologists are very likely to work with older patients and pa-tients with life-limiting diseases in primary care settings. Furthermore, when patients die, their families may need clinical attention. The primary care psychologist is in a unique position to give care to this underserved population and to facili-tate care from other clinicians in their setting who might otherwise be unaware of the needs of their patients.
Menopause
Authors: Czajkowski Laura A , Jones Kirtly Parker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Menopause is an integral and natural part of a woman’s life cycle. The progression from regular menstrual cycles and fertility to menopause is a complex experience that can be associated with psychological complaints, physiological symptoms, and the perceived loss of youth. It is estimated that one third of a woman’s lifetime occurs dur-ing and after menopause. The decline of ovarian function also coincides with other important psy-chosocial changes in midlife. For both clinician and patient, it may be difficult to determine which midlife psychological symptoms are caused by the decline in normal ovarian function and which may just be concurrent.
Work Stress and Health
Authors: Hartung Paul J , Penn Mark A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People strained by work stress often experience a variety of health problems. Such problems range from the behavioral to the psychological to the physical. Behavioral problems include lowered job performance, absenteeism, and violence. Psy-chological manifestations of work stress include depression, anxiety, and relationship conflicts. Physical problems linked to work stress include heart disease, immune system disorders, and neu-rological impairments. Work-related stress may in fact play a causative, contributory, or exacerbat-ing role in any one of the psychological disorders and medical conditions described in this hand-book.
On the Morphology Module
Authors: Julien Marit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this work I argue that morphologically complex words are the outcome of the manipulation of morphemes that takes place in syntax and that wordhood cannot be associated with any particular structural morpheme configuration. If this is all there is to say about complex words, it must be true that grammar does not have at its disposal any specifically word-forming devices. That is, in the theory of word formation I present there is apparently no room for a separate morphological component. The existence and content of a possible morphological component is the question that I take up in this chapter.
Conclusion: The Nature of Words
Authors: Julien Marit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this work I have claimed that a word is a morpheme sequence that shows internal cohesion and has independent distribution relative to other morphemes. I have argued that these properties stem from the syntax: although each morpheme is inserted separately into syntactic structure, syntax may cause some groups of morphemes to show the behavior that is characteristic of words. More precisely, as a consequence of the syntactic configurations that they appear in, it often happens that two or more morphemes together can be moved around relatively to other morphemes, or that two or more morphemes form a sequence that cannot freely be interrupted. If two given morphemes form a distributional unit of this kind every time they appear together, the two morphemes in question will be perceived as one word.
Two Arrows from a Mighty Bow
Authors: Loewenstein Werner R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle’s maxim “Nothing is in the mind that did not pass through the senses” may be a little strong for today’s tastes, but there is more than a grain of truth in it. We see, we hear, we feel, we are aware, at least in large part, thanks to our senses. But what precisely do we mean when we say we are aware of something? What is this peculiar state we call consciousness? In recent years information theory has given us fresh insights into the question of cognition, and neurobiology has offered some views of the underlying sensory information stream. But the highest levels of that stream, the information states leading to conscious ness, have not been penetrated. This is frontier, perhaps the last true frontier of biology-a natural meeting-ground with physics.
Public and Private in Dickinson’s War Poetry
Authors: Wolosky Shira 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ralph Waldo Emerson, in his essay “The Poet,” declared that “the poet is representative. He stands among partial men for the complete man, and apprises us not of his wealth, but of the common wealth.” Within the norms of the nineteenth century, this would seem to relegate women poets to the status of “par-tial men.” In the much accepted division of life into separate spheres, women were barred access to the “common wealth” as public space. Instead, women remained officially restricted to the domestic sphere—what Tocqueville describes as “the narrow cir-cle of domestic interests and duties”—while men found their places in the “public” world.
The Sound of Shifting Paradigms, or Hearing Dickinson in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Miller Cristanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1862, Emily Dickinson wrote a poem about the “Melody” the wind—a melody so powerful it hides within us “inner than the Bone” for “the Whole of Days.” The poem begins:
The wind’s melody is like a poem: “Inheritance . . . to us / Beyond [our] Art to Earn.” The “sounds” of Dickinson’s poems that we hear at the turn of the twenty-first century, however, are different from those she heard when she wrote them, because in the twenty-first century, in the United States, very different “sounds” are “despatched abroad” from those dispatched.
Introduction to Part I: Acquisition
Authors: Ellis Nick C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
how we acquire our native language is a ques-tion fundamental to humankind. It pervades the long history of our inquiries, yet it is an interesting and difficult enough issue to have escaped a consensual answer to date. Indeed, never has there been so much debate as there currently is con-cerning the mechanisms of first language (L1) ac-quisition. Simple arithmetic might suggest that the question of bilingual acquisition, then, would be doubly worthwhile. But the chapters that follow here belie this calculation, with the second lan-guage (L2) equals two times the L1 sum falling far short of the real interest mark.
What Does the Critical Period Really Mean?
Authors: DeKeyser Robert , Larson-Hall Jenifer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A large amount of empirical evidence shows that age of acquisition is str-ongly negatively correlated with ultimate second language proficiency for grammar as well as for pronunciation. It is even doubtful that any evidence exists at this point of any person having learned a second language perfectly in adulthood. Some researchers have rightly pointed out that correlation is not causation, and that the age effect may be caused by confounded variables such as quantity and quality of input, amount of practice, level of motivation, and other social variables.
Computational Models of Bilingual Comprehension
Authors: Thomas Michael S C , Heuven Walter J B van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews current computational models of bilingual word recognition. It begins with a discussion of the role of computational modeling in advancing psychological theories, highlighting the way in which the choice of modeling paradigm can influence the type of empirical phenomena to which the model is applied. The chapter then introduces two principal types of connectionist model that have been employed in the bilingual domain: localist and distributed architectures. Two main sections then assess each of these approaches. Localist models are predominantly addressed toward explaining the processing structures in the adult bilingual.
Supporting a Differential Access Hypothesis: Code Switching and Other Contact Data
Authors: Myers-Scotton Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter endorses the position of Clahsen (e.g., 1999), Jackendoff (2002), Pinker (1999), inter alia about differences in how words may be accessed in production (i.e., that some lexical words including regular morphology are constructed online while semiproductive or irregular elements are stored as units in the mental lexicon). However, it goes a step in another direction, to argue that not all elements underlying surface-level morphemes are accessed in the same way or at the same point in language production and that this difference is reflected in the distribution patterns of surface-level morphemes in naturally occurring data.
Introduction to Part IV: Aspects and Implications of Bilingualism
Authors: Paradis Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Brain and Language special issue on the new millennium (Paradis, 2000), it was surmised that in the coming decades the growing awareness of bilingualism in research and clinical settings, bolstered by an increasing number of bilingual speakers in the world coupled with heightened attention to minority rights, would lead to a search for empirical verification of then-current theoretical constructs, with a number of points of focus. In particular, the search for the cerebral structures underlying linguistic competence, metalinguistic knowledge, pragmatic ability, and motivation in the acquisition, learning, and use of verbal communication.
Bilingualism and Thought
Authors: Pavlenko Aneta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the implications of recent theoretical and empirical investigations in linguistic relativity for the study of bilingualism. It starts with a discussion of new developments in the study of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis and then offers a framework for the study of bilingualism and thought from a neo-Whorfian perspective. Subsequently, it outlines nine areas in which current empirical inquiry either illuminates thought processes of adult bi- and multilingual individuals or offers productive directions for future studies of bilingualism and thought.
Fitzgerald’s Consumer World
Authors: Curnutt Kirk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The February 22, 1929, issue of the Princeton Alumni Weekly features of the oddest autobiographical vignettes that F. Scott Fitzgerald’s ever wrote. Commissioned for an issue on media images of the exalted Ivy League institution, “Ten Years in the Advertising Business” purports to be a dialogue between “Mr. Fitzgerald,”. a copywriting drudge, and an employer with the Dickensian name of “Mr. Cakebook.” When the former complains that he cannot subsist on his paltry salary, the latter reprimands him as “too temperamental” and “too fancy, too imaginative” and suggests that his talents would be better utilized if he loaned his picture and name to a beauty contest that the company is sponsoring. Mr. Fitzgerald reluctantly complies, and the conversation takes an odd, melancholy turn prompted by Mr. Cakebook’s inquiry into the young man’s personal life:
Epidemiology of Mental Disorders in Older Adults
Authors: Hybels Celia F , Blazer Dan G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past two decades, the United States has seen increases in the number of individuals aged 65 or older and in the proportion of the total population that is in that age group. According to the 2000 United States Census, persons 65 or older made up 13% of the population. About 1.6% were 85 years or older. By the year 2050, the proportion of individuals in the population in the over-85 group is expected to be 5% (Federal lnteragency Forum on Aging Related Statistics, 2000). These changing demographics pose special challenges for providers of mental health services to older adults. To understand the potential impact, it is necessary to study the epidemiology of mental disorders in late life. By definition, epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in populations (MacMahon and Pugh, 1970).
Epidemiology of Substance Abuse
Authors: Gfroerer Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Substance abuse, including abuse of alcohol and illicit drugs, has been a public health concern in the United States throughout its history. In the late eighteenth century, Dr. Benjamin Rush, surgeon general of the Continental Army and signer of the Declaration of Independence, promoted the view that long-term drinking was harmful, and he was among the first to state that heavy alcohol use is a health disorder Gaffe, 1995). Opium use was common among American colonists, including Benjamin Franklin, and the health risks of continual opium use were reported in the American Dispensatory of 1818 (Musto, 1991).
The Treatment System for Alcohol and Drug Dependence
Authors: Mccarty Dennis , Edmundson Eldon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Legacies of discrimination in access to health care, social control systems built on incarceration, reliance on self-help, and an emphasis on experiential training provide the context for contemporary alcohol and drug abuse treatment services. Alcoholics and drug addicts were regularly denied care in hospitals (Plaut, 1967) and confined in drunk tanks and county farms as recently as the 1960s and 1970s (President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice: Task Force on Drunkenness, 1967). Men and women in recovery advocated for changes in state and federal legislation and, through grassroots organization and community development, constructed and delivered services for those dependent on alcohol and drugs. Today the treatment system for alcohol and drug dependence is a hodgepodge of financing sources, a patchwork of small, independent, and specialized addiction treatment services, and a loosely organized workforce that includes many individuals with personal experiences of addiction and recovery. As a result, alcohol and drug abuse treatment services are, to a large degree, an idiosyncratic facet of the health care system in the United States.
Mental Health Issues in the Criminal Justice System
Authors: Borum Randy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People with mental health disorders frequently come into contact with the criminal justice system (Borum et al., 1997; Ditton, 1999; Lamb and Weinberger, 1998; Teplin, 1988). In fact, encounters with police (the front line of the criminal justice system) are so common that for people with severe mental illness, they are the norm rather than the exception (Borum, 2000; Clark et al., 1999; Frankie et al., 2001; McFarland et al., 1989). Most of these contacts are precipitated by disruptive behavior or minor infractions that occur because individuals are experiencing psychiatric symptoms or social disruptions related to their disability. They frequently result in arrest, each year causing more than a quarter of a million people with mental illness to be processed through the criminal court system (Ditton, 1999). Many misdemeanants are held in jails; others are charged with more serious offenses and sent to prison. As of 1999, it is conservatively estimated that 123,000 people with severe mental illnesses were lodged in state prisons; at least 14,000 were in federal prison (Beck, 2000); and more than half a million were on probation (Ditton, 1999). Although some people with mental illness do commit offenses for which incarceration is the most appropriate disposition, many are confined as a result of arrests for minor infractions. This outcome is costly and poses a severe challenge to the criminal justice and behavioral health systems.
The Public Health Implications of Co-Occurring Addictive and Mental Disorders
Authors: Osher Fred C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite increasing evidence that outcomes for persons with co-occurring addictive and mental disorders improve when care is provided in a comprehensive and integrated fashion (Drake et al., 1998, 2001), access to effective service remains elusive to most individuals with these conditions (U.S. DHHS, 1999). It is estimated that up to 10 million people in the United States meet criteria for cooccurring disorders in any given year (CMHS, 1997). Without adequate treatment, we can predict a continuation of poor adjustment and a suboptimal quality of life in this group (Osher and Kofoed, 1989).
Quadrupedal Bats: Form, Function, and Evolution
Authors: Schutt William A , Simmons Nancy B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although bats (Chiroptera) are unique among mammals because of their ability to fly, they also exhibit quadrupedal locomotion during a variety of nonflight behaviors. This chapter concerns the evolution, morphology, and behavior associated with quadrupedal locomotion in bats. Although many bat families contain members that exhibit some degree of quadrupedal locomotion, we concentrate on three groups of bats that exhibit extensive quadrupedal behavior: vampire bats (Phyllostomidae: Desmodontinae); naked bulldog bats, Cheiromeles (Molossidae); and the New Zealand short-tailed bat, Mystacina tuberculata (Mystacinidae). Numerous morphological traits that apparently facilitate quadrupedal locomotion have evolved independently in these three lineages.
INTRODUCTION
When bats are not flying or resting in their roosts, they often exhibit some type of quadrupedal behavior while moving around on various substrates. The awkward appearance of quadrupedal locomotion in most bats is primarily a reflection of the fact that chiropteran limbs are markedly different from those of a typical quadrupedal mammal. Obviously, the forelimbs of bats have evolved into wings. Less obvious, but just as important, are the changes in the morphology and orientation that have evolved in their hindlimbs.
Vaughan (1970: 135) divided bats into three groups based on ‘‘variation in the posture and proportions of the hind limbs.’’ Such variation was thought to be ‘‘related principally to the great differences that occur in roosting habits and in modes of terrestrial locomotion.’’ One group of bats, typified by phyllostomids such as Glossophaga and Macrotis, have hindlimbs that are rotated approximately 180o from the condition in a typical quadrupedal mammal. In these forms, which we refer to as ‘‘Type 1’’ bats, the thin femora project caudally and slightly dorsad, and the head of the femur is in line with the long axis of the bone. The distal section of the leg (the shank) is directed caudally and ventrad. The feet are directed caudally (figure 8.1A).
Where Does Life Come From?
Authors: de Duve Christian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What was the ancestral form from which all known living beings descend? When did it appear? Where did it come from? At the time of my youth, the possibility of answering those questions was so remote that very few biologists bothered to ask them. Vitalists, of one ilk or another, felt the questions to be unanswerable by science. Even those biologists, probably a majority, who believed that life must have arisen spontaneously by purely natural phenomena, theoretically accessible to research, mostly considered these phenomena unknowable in the existing state of science and not worth investigating.
Introducing Checkerspots Taxonomy and Ecology
Authors: Murphy Dennis D , Wahlberg Niklas , hanski Ilkka , Ehrlich Paul R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we set the stage for the rest of the book. First we examine checkerspots as a group, reviewing what we can infer of their evolutionary past and what we know of their current distribution, characteristic biology, and how they illuminate general issues in ecology, evolution, and conservation biology. Then we introduce our central characters, Edith’s checker spot (Euphydryas editha) and the Glanville fritillary (Melitaea cinxia). We concentrate on the aspects of their ecology, especially their relationships to their larval host plants and their spatial population structure, that have been pivotal to their use as model systems. We examine the range of ecological variation exhibited by our focal species and also by their closest relatives.
The Hartford Model of AIDS Practice/Research Collaboration
Authors: Singer Merrill , Weeks Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Public-health researchers tend to view research as a “social good,” an activity that contributes directly and substantially to better technical understandings, expanded levels of public awareness, and general health and social improvement. In fact, there is remarkably little debate among researchers about the ultimate value of public-health research. While researchers contest the value of particular methodologies or criticize certain lines of inquiry, the basic research enterprise is not in question, nor often up for discussion. To a greater or lesser degree, investigators concerned with public-health issues also assume that this attitude is or at least should be universal, as it is easy to assemble lists of the benefits and contributions of public-health research to society. While it is recognized that some researchers are unethical or that research can, on occasion, lead to dangerous knowledge, in day-to-day practice the only real issue for public-health researchers is how to do better research, not whether to do research at all.