bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Undergraduate Risk Management and Insurance Programs
Authors: Feldhaus William R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAssessment of academic programs is most often viewed by the academic community as a burden on faculty and administrators. It's something you must do for accreditation or to satisfy funding agencies. However, whether done at the college or departmental level, assessment can be a value‐added process in striving for academic excellence. First, assessment requires the faculty to clearly define its program mission and objectives, along with learning outcomes that are consistent with its chosen mission and objectives. Second, assessment can be used to improve relations with students, alumni, employers, and other constituents. Finally, assessment as an ongoing process will result in a continuous improvement in curriculum and pedagogy. Assessment is at the very heart of the learning process, and all faculty have a duty to the scholarship of learning as an essential element of academic life.
Reading Wittgenstein
Authors: Stock Guy 
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this essay:Robert Arrington and Hans‐Johann Glock (eds), Wittgenstein & QuineJohn Koethe, The Continuity of Wittgenstein’s ThoughtP.M.S. Hacker, Wittgenstein’s Place in Twentieth‐Century Analytic PhilosophyHans Sluga and David G. Stern (eds), The Cambridge Companion to WittgensteinMarie McGinn, Wittgenstein and the Philosophical Investigations
What Drives Machinery of Government Change? Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom, 1950–1997
Authors: Davis Glyn , Weller Patrick , Eggins Susan , Craswell Emma 
Published: March 2003

Machinery of government arrangements attract a diverse and detailed literature, but surprisingly little comparative research. This article provides a graphically presented indication of functional changes in the architecture of national government in Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom between 1950 and 1997. An analysis finds interesting national differences, with sharp changes in practice in Australia and Canada, but more gradual incremental adjustment in the United Kingdom. The correlation between parties and machinery change is weak for Canada and the United Kingdom, but all countries demonstrate stronger links between elections, new prime ministers and machinery of government changes. Further, all tend to oscillate between many specialist departments and fewer, broader agenciesThe explanation for such machinery change, we argue, is found in the political, policy and administrative calculations made by prime ministers in Westminster‐style parliamentary systems
The impact of research and development promotion schemes in the Taiwanese electronic component industry
Authors: Wang Jiann‐Chyuan , Tsai Kuen‐Hung 
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the effect of government research and development (R&D) promotion schemes on R&D expenditures in the electronic component industry. We investigated the impact of three promotion tools: R&D tax credits, exemption from tariffs, and accelerated depreciation. A total of 124 firms was interviewed. A two‐limit model was used in the data analysis.Our empirical analysis indicates the scheme generated a rate of increase in industrial R&D investments of about 16%. Furthermore, on average, the impacts of R&D tax credits, exemption from tariffs, and accelerated depreciation, were about 10%, 4%, and 2%, respectively. In addition, we found that the larger the firm, the weaker the influence of the promotion scheme on R&D expenditures in the industry.
Management of scientific institutions NPL 1995–98: the transition from agency to government‐owned contractor operated (GOCO)
Authors: Whelan R.C. 
Published: March 2003

The last 10 years have seen a number of changes taking place in the management of publicly funded research institutions. Some have been transferred wholesale to the private sector, some closed and most encouraged to diversify their sources of funding. One management approach is that of the Government Owned Contractor Operated (GOCO). In this approach, the assets of the institute remain in state ownership but the responsibility of managing the institute and its research programmes is passed to a private sector management company. The UK’s National Physical Laboratory (NPL) has been managed under such an arrangement since 1995. NPL is responsible for the physical measurement standards which underpin much of the UK industrial base.This study, undertaken three years after the change in status, was concerned to identify what changes had taken place and what general management lessons could be learnt which might be applied elsewhere. The study wanted to discover if there had been any change in the ‘values’ of NPL, such as quality, integrity etc., as seen by industry, partner research groups and the research staff at NPL itself. The interviews of staff took place at the end of 1998. The study found that the contract has led to significant savings in the cost of research programmes through the adoption of greatly improved programme formulation processes and better resource management. Better commercial practice in marketing, finance, procurement and general business administration has permitted significant one‐off and on going savings in the costs of operating the facility. Less restrictive recruitment has led to an influx of new, younger, scientific staff bringing in new ideas and values.At the same time GOCO has not adversely affected the quality of scientific work, diminished the high international standing of NPL or led to significant staff demotivation. But neither has the change made much progress in changing deep rooted cultural factors nor resolving certain internal communication challenges. Improved responsiveness to customers is still an issue. GOCO has undoubtedly started to release the remarkable potential of NPL and has brought into much sharper focus some new challenges. Continuous rapid change is taking place in many of the eventual users of NPL work. Companies are looking for new ways of meeting their needs. This will create science and business opportunities.
Predicting Spelling Behaviour in 7 to 11 Year‐olds
Authors: Spencer Ken 
Published: March 2003

There is an increasing number of studies which demonstrate that readers in more transparent orthographies than English, such as Italian, Spanish, Turkish, Greek and German have little difficulty in decoding written words, while English children have many more problems. Increasingly, lack of orthographic transparency in English is seen as having a powerful negative effect on the development of reading skills in English‐speaking children. There is evidence that English‐speaking children who fail to acquire reading skills may fall into two distinct categories: those who would succeed in languages, other than English, that have greater orthographic consistency; and, those who would still have problems even with perfect orthographic transparency. The first, larger, group are let down by the interaction of poor teaching methods and an incomprehensible system of orthography.At Hull University’s Institute for Learning, word factors associated with poor spelling and reading have been identified. We have found three factors which account for the relative ease with which pupils can spell words: frequency of the word in the English language, length of the word, and the presence of “tricky” letters or letter combinations. Data is presented illustrating our predictive model of spelling which enables word difficulty to be calculated from the characteristics of English words. The implications the model has for teaching and learning English is elaborated, with particular reference to the most common 150 words in the English language.
Conditional Cooperation and Voluntary Contributions to Public Goods
Authors: Keser Claudia , Van Winden Frans 
Published: March 2003

We compare a partners condition, where the same small group of subjects plays a repeated public good game, to a strangers condition, where subjects play this game in changing group formations. From the first period onward, subjects in the partners condition contribute significantly more to the public good than subjects in the strangers condition. Strangers' contributions show continual decay, while partners' contributions fluctuate on a high level prior to decreasing in the final periods. We interpret subjects' behaviour in terms of conditional cooperation which is characterized by both future‐oriented and reactive behaviour.JEL classifications: C91; C92; H41
Kadavu Island, Fiji: Fluvial Studies of a Volcanic Island in the Humid Tropical South Pacific
Authors: Terry James P. 
Published: March 2003

This paper examines features of drainage and stream channel form and process on the mountainous volcanic island of Kadavu in the humid tropical South Pacific, and interprets the findings in relation to island environmental characteristics such as geology, regolith soils, topography, vegetation and climate. At island and sub‐island scales, drainage patterns are linked to the geographical arrangement and topography of the late Cenozoic volcanoes. Stream channel and bedload characteristics demonstrate the importance of both deep saprolite weathering profiles for supplying sediment into the fluvial system, and the high energy nature of the fluvial transport regimes. Landscape chemical denudation is estimated at 50‐85 mm per 1,000 years from baseflow solute concentrations converted from water conductivity readings.Relative tectonic and sea‐level stability during the late Holocene and the largely undisturbed rainforest and savanna vegetation on the island suggest that climatic factors control rates of fluvial processes on Kadavu. Streamflow records show particularly that tropical storms can have a big impact. The effects of possible increasing numbers of cyclones in the South Pacific and human vegetation disturbance on Kadavu are considered.
Is there a Gender Difference in False Belief Development?
Authors: Charman Tony , Ruffman Ted , Clements Wendy 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe contribution of children's social environment to their acquisition of theory of mind skills, combined with the well documented advantage for girls in mental state talk with siblings, peers and mothers, might lead to a female advantage on false belief tasks. We present a post‐hoc analysis of large datasets from two independent laboratories. A slight advantage for girls on false belief task performance was found in both datasets and was only apparent in younger but not older children. Language ability could be controlled for only in a smaller subsample of one dataset and cannot be ruled out as a potential mediator of this effect. However, if there is an age‐specific advantage for girls in false belief acquisition it is a weak effect only.
Ethnic Attitudes Among Minority and Majority Children: The Role of Ethnic Identification, Peer Group Victimization and Parents
Authors: Verkuyten Maykel 
Published: March 2003

Abstract This study examines the relative importance of key variables proposed by intergroup and social learning theories for understanding ethnic attitudes. The focus is on how ethnic identification, perceived parental attitudes and victimization by peers are related to ethnic attitudes. The sample includes Dutch (N = 295) and Turkish (N = 158) children (10–12 years of age) in the Netherlands. For both ethnic groups, stronger ethnic identification is related to more positive in‐group evaluation, and a higher degree of victimization relates to more negative out‐group evaluation. Furthermore, parental attitudes are related to out‐group evaluation. Higher perceived in‐group favoritism among parents was related to a less positive evaluation of the out‐group. In addition, Turkish parental attitudes turn out to be related to ethnic identification and in‐group evaluation. Further analyses suggest that the effect of perceived parental attitudes on children's group evaluations is not only due to projection. It is concluded that the study of ethnic attitudes among children should focus on group identification as well as on the social influences of parents and peers. Furthermore, it is important to distinguish between in‐group and out‐group aspects of ethnic attitudes and to include both majority and minority children.
Sibling Relationships and Social‐emotional Adjustment in Different Family Contexts
Authors: Deater‐Deckard Kirby , Dunn Judy 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe aims of this study were to examine family type (nonstep, stepfather, stepmother, and single mother) and sibling type (full‐ and half‐siblings) differences in sibling relationship quality (positivity and negativity), and to investigate links between sibling relationship quality and child externalizing and internalizing problems. The sample included 192 families with a 5‐year‐old target child and an older sibling. In addition, 80 of these families included a third older child. Mothers and the older siblings (8 years and older) completed questionnaires and interviews regarding conflict and support in their sibling relationships, and parents and teachers reported on each child's social‐emotional adjustment. Sibling negativity (conflict, aggression) was highest in single‐mother families and full‐siblings were more negative than half‐ and stepsiblings. There was some evidence that sibling antagonism was associated with more child behavioral and emotional problems, but these effects were moderated by family type.
Turkey and the European Union: Modernizing a Traditional State?
Authors: Sozen Süleyman , Shaw Ian 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis paper discusses the difficulties encountered when reforms are attempted to the administration of public policy in Turkey. This discussion is timely, since Turkey has recently stepped up its modernization agenda in its drive to gain membership of the European Union. The paper briefly examines the political and administrative structure of Turkey before discussing the influence of the EU on the country's modernization agenda.
Changing the Map: Health in Britain 1951–91
Authors: Shaw Mary , Dorling Danny , Brimblecombe Nic 
Published: March 2003

It is accepted that within Britain there are persistent and growing inequalities in mortality between groups of people as defined by their social class. This paper shows that similar persistent and growing inequalities prevail between groups of people defined by district of residence. Although there is some confusion between these two ways of grouping people – there is a slight tendency for people of the same class to live in the same district.This paper reviews the geographical literature which may shed light on why inequalities in mortality are widening between districts in Britain. We present new data for a set of 293 unchanging districts by amalgamating published reports from the 1950s, 60s and 70s with individual postcoded mortality records from the 1980s and 90s, aggregated to the 293 districts using a Geographic Information System and Census data from 1971, 1981 and 1991 (including estimates of the residence of the ‘missing million’). We find that a growing proportion of premature deaths in Britain can be attributed to some aspect of rising spatial inequalities. Changing geographical inequalities in health are not simply a passive reflection of social inequalities. To begin to investigate them, however, we first need to measure them properly.
The cause of death vs. the gift of life: boundary maintenance and the politics of expertise in death investigation
Authors: Timmermans Stefan 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn late modernity, conflicts about professional jurisdiction have gained in intensity because the emergence of new technologies can drastically alter the grounds for expertise. In the United States, medical examiners have the legal mandate to investigate and certify suspicious deaths, straddling the disparate worlds of public health and criminal justice. Over the last decade, procurement organisations fuelled by advances in immunology and surgical techniques have challenged medical examiners’ jurisdiction, requesting access to the corpse for organ and tissue transplantation purposes. Building further on Andrew Abbott'sThe System of Professions(1988), this article investigates jurisdictional relationships between professions when an emerging profession makes inroads on the jurisdiction of an established profession. Taking the vantage point of the established profession, I have distinguished three different conflictual jurisdictional relationships: a subordinated, a standardised and a commodified jurisdictional relationship. These relationships will be evaluated for the extent that they are able to preserve the mission of death investigators.
Transforming general practice: the redistribution of medical work in primary care
Authors: Charles‐Jones Huw , Latimer Joanna , May Carl 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe paper focuses on the redistribution of medical work within primary health care teams. It reports the results of the analysis of interviews with general practitioners, practice nurses and managers, undertaken as part of an ethnographic study of primary care organisation and practice during a period of rapid organisational change. By examining the ways in which the respondents account for how work is being redefined and redistributed, we explore how current government policy and professional discourses combine to reconfigure both the identities of those who work in primary care and the nature of patienthood. In particular, we show how general practitioners are being reconfigured as medical specialists or consultants in ways that seem to depart radically from earlier claims that general practice is a distinctive field of social or biographical medicine. Within this new discourse medical work is distributed between doctors, nurses and unqualified staff in ways which make explicit the reduction of general practice work to sets of biomedical problems or tasks. At the same time, the devolution of much general practice work to less qualified and cheaper personnel is justified by drawing on a discourse of person‐centred medicine.
Web‐Based Project and Key Skills Work
Authors: Connor Doreen , Davies Neville , Payne Bradley 
Published: March 2003

SummaryPupils in England and Wales are increasingly being asked to undertake investigative‐type work, be it the new compulsory projects in data handling for GCSE Mathematics (age 14–16) (see Browne 2002) or the Key Skills topic application of number. This article shows how teachers can generate realistic project scenarios using real data and produce indicative model solutions from the same data. The projects range from simple presentational problems for data, through hypothesis testing to complex modelling scenarios.
Joachim Wach's “Master and Disciple” Revisited: A Contemporary Symposium
Authors: Denny Frederick M. , Miles Margaret R. , Hallisey Charles , Waugh Earle H. 
Published: March 2003

Joachim Wach's classic 1924 treatment of two types of teaching and learning relationships is summarized by Professor Denny and commented on from three contemporary perspectives by three teaching scholars who raise the basic question, “Are Wach's models of student and disciple adequate for the nineties?”Following an introduction by Frederick M. Denny, the contributions presented are: I. Are Wach's Models of Student and disciple Adequate for the Nineties?, by Margaret R. Miles, II. Response to Joachim Wach's “Master and Disciple: Two Religio‐Sociological Studies”: Buddhism, by Charles Hallisey and III. Wach and the Double Truth, by Earle H. Waugh.
Statistical Evidence in Discrimination Cases
Authors: Gastwirth Joseph L. 
Published: March 2003

Summary
Statistical data and analyses are used as circumstantial evidence indicating that race, gender, age or another legally prohibited factor was a significant cause of an unfavourable employment or governmental decision. This paper discusses the role of statistical evidence in the context of the legal process. Changepoint techniques to determine when an employment practice changed and Cornfield’s approach to examining alleged flaws in a statistical analysis to ensure that they are sufficiently severe to affect the final inference are illustrated. The importance of understanding the underlying process before deciding on the appropriate statistical methodology is described in the context of a promotion case where the routine use of Fisher’s exact test, without checking that the original hirings were fair, can lead to anomalous results.
The Relative Impact of Interviewer Effects and Sample Design Effects on Survey Precision
Authors: O’Muircheartaigh Colm , Campanelli Pamela 
Published: March 2003

Summary
One of the principal sources of error in data collected from structured face-to-face interviews is the interviewer. The other major component of imprecision in survey estimates is sampling variance. It is rare, however, to find studies in which the complex sampling variance and the complex interviewer variance are both computed. This paper compares the relative impact of interviewer effects and sample design effects on survey precision by making use of an interpenetrated primary sampling unit–interviewer experiment which was designed by the authors for implementation in the second wave of the British Household Panel Study as part of its scientific programme. It also illustrates the use of a multilevel (hierarchical) approach in which the interviewer and sample design effects are estimated simultaneously while being incorporated in a substantive model of interest.
Cofactors and Markers of Disease Progression in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Authors: Sabin C. A. , Mocroft A. , Cozzi Lepri A. , Phillips A. N. 
Published: March 2003

Summary
The identification of factors which are related to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression, either by a direct interaction with HIV to increase the rate of disease progression or by providing an indication of an infected individual’s likely prognosis, can have great value when understanding HIV pathogenesis and in the development of novel therapeutic approaches. This paper describes the roles of the CD4 cell count and the viral load as markers of disease progression and discusses the recent findings on chemokine receptors in HIV infection. Our current knowledge on these factors is summarized and unresolved statistical issues are highlighted.
Modelling Consumers’ Use of Products
Authors: Romaniuk H. , Skinner C. J. , Cooper P. J. 
Published: March 2003

Summary
Patterns of consumers’ use of products are of interest to manufacturers. This paper is concerned with modelling diary data on the use of one product, shampoo, recorded to the nearest hour by over 500 men during 1 week. A binary response multilevel model is developed, building on similar models for consumer purchase data. The model allows for a dependence on the number of days since last use. The results of fitting various versions of this model are discussed. A problem is that the number of days since last use is missing for all times up to the first use. An approximate EM approach is considered to deal with this problem.