bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Within‐plant distribution of Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) and Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) eggs on irrigated soybean
Authors: Duffield Simon J , Chapple David G 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe corn earworm (Helicoverpa armigera) and the native budworm (H. punctigera) are major pests of irrigated soybean in southern New South Wales and northern Victoria. Information on the within‐plant distribution of eggs is required to assist in the development of appropriate sampling techniques for these pests and to determine possible effects on the control achieved by insecticides. Field‐cage experiments were conducted to determine the within‐plant distribution of the eggs of both species throughout the development of a soybean crop. The distribution of eggs in the field was also recorded from commercial crops of soybean. The results indicate that the majority of eggs of both species are laid on fully expanded leaves in the top 20 cm of the crop canopy at all growth stages, except pod fill. This distribution resulted from a preference for leaves and the top of the canopy, combined with the dominance of leaves as potential oviposition sites. There was a strong preference for the lower surfaces of the leaves, with the upper surface rarely preferred. During the reproductive development of the crop, H. armigera exhibited a strong preference for the developing flowers and pods, while H. punctigera showed a preference only for fully developed pods. The preference for flowers and pods, combined with the increase in the proportional area of leaves in the lower regions of the canopy, led to a decrease in the proportion of eggs laid in the top 20 cm of the canopy as the crop developed. Although the two species tended to lay eggs on different plant structures, the vertical distribution of eggs within the canopy was similar. The results are discussed in terms of the development of appropriate sampling techniques and possible effects on insecticidal control.
Unexpected presence of larvae of Argentine stem weevil, Listronotus bonariensis (Kuschel) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in New Zealand pasture thatch
Authors: Goldson Stephen L , Proffitt John R , Baird David B 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA study conducted in the summers of 1997–1998 and 1998–1999 in Canterbury, New Zealand, revealed that just under one‐third of the Listronotus bonariensis larval population was present in the ryegrass pasture thatch. Hitherto it had been assumed that a much smaller proportion of larvae existed in the thatch, typically in transit from tiller to tiller. Overall, neonate (non‐feeding) first‐instar larvae comprised 45% of the total larvae extracted from the tillers, whereas they made up only 8% of all the larvae extracted from the thatch. Conversely, 18% of the total fourth‐instar larvae were extracted from the tillers compared with 27% from the thatch. The frequencies of occurrence of the other instars in the tillers and thatch were intermediate between the neonate first‐instar larvae extremes. The lack of fit of the larval data to a simple ordinal categorical model indicated larval movement into the thatch after the first instar and net migration out of the thatch as late instars. A technique is presented whereby tiller and thatch larval populations can be extracted simultaneously. It is suggested that on the basis of this study, earlier L. bonariensis larval population data sets could be corrected to account for the thatch populations of larvae.
Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) pollen as a marker for studies of local movement in Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Del Socorro Alice P , Gregg Peter C 
Published: March 2003

AbstractInsect‐borne pollen can be a useful marker in studies of local and long‐range movement. We investigated the potential of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) pollen on Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) moths, as a tool for studying movement in this major pest species in the Darling Downs region, south‐eastern Queensland. Laboratory and field‐cage experiments were first conducted to investigate pollen acquisition and retention in moths. Almost all moths given access to sunflower acquired pollen in their proboscis. Pollen was retained in 92–100% of moths after 48 h, but it was retained only in 50% after 96 h under laboratory conditions. Moths that were allowed to feed on sunflower for 48 h in field cages had significantly higher pollen loads than those that were in the cage for 24 h. In mark‐capture studies, the proportion of moths that had pollen, as well as the mean pollen loads of moths, significantly declined with distance from the sunflower crop. Our results suggest that sunflower pollen is a transient marker in the field and may be a reliable marker only of recent (previous one or two nights) local movement of H. armigera moths.
Australian species ofAnachlorisMeyrick (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Larentiinae): taxonomy, musculature of the male genitalia and systematic position
Authors: Schmidt Olga 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe genusAnachlorisMeyrick, containing the speciesA. subochraria(Doubleday) andA. uncinata(Guenée) is reviewed, and a new speciesA. tofocoloratasp. n. is described and illustrated. Keys to species and distribution maps, as well as information about the biology ofA. uncinata, are provided. The skeletomuscular system of the male genitalia and the structure of the female genitalia ofHydriomena impluviata(Denis and Schiffermüller) from Europe are compared with those ofA. subochrariaandA. uncinatafrom Australia, suggesting thatAnachlorisdoes not belong to the tribe Hydriomenini. Additional study is necessary to establish its tribal position.
Factors affecting adult diapause initiation in the tropical butterfly Hypolimnas bolina L. (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Authors: Pieloor Michael J , Seymour Jamie E 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe mechanism responsible for initiation of reproductive diapause was explored in a population of the butterfly Hypolimnas bolina from the Australian wet/dry tropics. Diapause occurred independently of temperature, and was initiated in females when larvae were reared under a short day photoperiod only (12 : 12 h). The dormancy status of males was unresolved, with sperm present throughout the year, a strategy that may enable them to take advantage of unpredictable female activity. The diapause response in females was modified by the weight of developing larvae, with pupae below a critical weight threshold (0.72 g) failing to enter diapause as adults, regardless of the photoperiod experienced during development. Even above the weight threshold, 100% diapause did not occur, with a small number of females (18%) developing directly, regardless of weight and photoperiod. This facultative diapause strategy may allow individual females to take advantage of the unpredictable timing of tropical seasons.
Systematics and biology of the Australian species of Balaustium von Heyden (Acari: Erythraeidae)
Authors: Halliday RB 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe presence of Balaustium medicagoense Meyer and Ryke (Erythraeidae) in Australia is confirmed. Australian specimens previously identified as Balaustium murorum (Hermann) are shown to belong to B. medicagoense Balaustium medicagoense has been regarded as a beneficial predator in southern Australia, but it can also be a significant pest of cereal crops. It appears to have been introduced into Australia from South Africa. Some species previously described as Balaustium are transferred to Abrolophus, as Abrolophus newmani (Womersley) comb. n., Abrolophus glauerti (Womersley) comb. n., Abrolophus littorale (Womersley) comb. n., Abrolophus brevum (Womersley) comb. n., and Abrolophus ripicola (Womersley) comb. n.
Galerucella placida Baly in Australia (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae)
Authors: Reid Chris AM 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe Asiatic chrysomelid Galerucella placida Baly is identified in Australia for the first time. It is a senior synonym of Adimonia mastersi Blackburn (syn. n.), described from New South Wales, a species that has also been placed in Hoplostines Blackburn, Poneridia Weise and Pyrrhalta Joannis. Galerucella placida feeds on Persicaria Mill. in near‐coastal south‐east Australia. The species is diagnosed and a key is provided for the group of genera to which it belongs in Australia. The genus Atysa Baly is newly recorded from Australia and a new combination noted: Poneridia elegans (Blackburn), from Hoplostines Blackburn. A lectotype is designated for Adimonia mastersi Blackburn.
Mesostigmatid mite fauna of Jenolan Caves, New South Wales (Acari: Mesostigmata)
Authors: Halliday RB 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe present study shows the results of a survey of the mesostigmatid mites found in and around the Jenolan Caves. Five new species are described: Proctolaelaps holmi (Ascidae), Athiasella caverna, Athiasella stefani, Geogamasus fornix (Ologamasidae) and Pachylaelaps hades (Pachylaelapidae). Four species are recorded from Australia for the first time: Geholaspis mandibularis (Berlese) (Macrochelidae), Pachyseius humeralis Berlese (Pachylaelapidae), Veigaia pusilla (Berlese) and Veigaia serrata Willmann (Veigaiidae). These four species did not occur in apparently suitable habitats outside the Caves. It is possible that they were introduced into Australia by human activities. Eleven other species previously known from Australia are also recorded. None of these species show any special morphological adaptations to the cave habitat.
Susceptibility to ivermectin of larvae of Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: Levot Garry W , Sales Narelle 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA toxicological survey of 74 Australian field populations of Lucilia cuprina
was used to describe the range of responses of first‐instar larvae to ivermectin
in an in‐vitro bioassay. All populations were susceptible with only a 4‐fold difference between the least and most tolerant populations at the LC50 level. The frequency distribution of LC50s was normally distributed around the mean of 9.8 μg/L. The data recorded will provide a susceptible baseline for resistance monitoring when ivermectin is again released for the control of flystrike on sheep.
Potential for mating between Bactrocera tryoni (Froggatt) and Bactrocera neohumeralis (Hardy) (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Pike Nathan , Meats Alan 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe conducted a series of mating experiments in the laboratory and in a glasshouse to examine male calling and the potential for mating between Bactrocera tryoni
and B. neohumeralis. Males of each species do make presumed courtship calls,
but at entirely discrete periods and regardless of the presence of other males or
females. Despite this, assortative mating tests in the glasshouse demonstrated the
potential for rare interspecific matings. When F1 hybrids were included
in these assortative mating tests they commonly mated with B. neohumeralis
during the middle of the day and with B. tryoni at dusk. Hybrids may facilitate bidirectional gene flow between these species.
Does habitat modification affect oviposition by the salt marsh mosquito, Ochlerotatus vigilax (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae)?
Authors: Dale Pat ER , Chapman Heather , Brown Michael D , Ritchie Scott A , Knight Jon , Kay Brian H 
Published: March 2003

AbstractStudies were conducted at sites in south‐east Queensland, Australia, to investigate the effect of habitat modification for mosquito control on the distribution of eggshells of the salt marsh mosquito, Ochlerotatus vigilax (Skuse). Modifications were
mainly runnelling, but an Open Marsh Water Management (OMWM) site and a grid‐ditched
site were also included. There were two separate experimental designs: one was data
collected Before and After (BA) modification and the other was for other sites with
a Treatment and Control (TC) experimental design. For the BA data, there were significant
reductions in eggshells after modification. Eggshells were generally fewer after
modification in areas which were close to unrestricted tidal flushing. A sandy substrate
and vegetation changes which resulted in reduced Sporobolus virginicus or
mixed Sporobolus and Sarcocornia quinqueflora also contributed to the effect. In the TC experiment, there was no effect of modification at the runnelled site, eggshells were fewer at the OMWM site, but there were more eggshells at the grid‐ditched site. There was some general indication that recent oviposition activity was reduced in sites that had been modified, evidenced by a relatively small proportion of young (dark coloured) eggshells.
The social organization of a sexually dimorphic honeyeater: the Crescent Honeyeater Phylidonyris pyrrhoptera, at Wilsons Promontory, Victoria
Authors: Clarke Rohan H. , Clarke Michael F. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe social organization of the sexually dimorphic and dichromatic Crescent Honeyeater Phylidonyris pyrrhoptera (Latham 1801) was studied at Wilsons Promontory National Park between January 1994 and January 1997. All breeding attempts at one site were followed during the spring and summer of 1996. Most pairs were multibrooded, with pair‐bonds maintained throughout the study. Breeding males held well‐defined territories. Females, although generally restricting their activities to within their mate’s territory, visited other males’ territories more frequently than did their mates and did so close to the time of egg laying. Males aggressively chased intruding males, but appeared to permit intrusions by non‐mate females. Circumstantial evidence suggests some males may kill neighbour’s nestlings. Female Crescent Honeyeaters are solely responsible for nest construction and incubation. While both sexes attended nestlings, males contributed to parental care significantly less than females. Males also provided significantly less parental care than has been reported for monomorphic species of honeyeater. Single syllable calls are given throughout the year. Peaks in the rate of double and multisyllable calls corresponded with peaks in breeding activity. Only males were observed uttering loud multisyllable calls. In contrast to predictions arising from sexual selection theory and observations of the mating system of sexually dimorphic hummingbirds, the population of Crescent Honeyeaters studied exhibited a socially monogamous mating system. However, the very limited male role in parental care and non‐observance of male territory boundaries by females suggest the genetic mating system may not be one of monogamy.
Litterfall from two eucalypt woodlands in central Queensland
Authors: Grigg Andrew H. , Mulligan David R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe mean annual litterfall at two dry woodland sites in central Queensland was 1129 kg ha–1 for an open E. populnea F. Muell. woodland (n = 2 years), and 2318 kg ha–1 for a woodland dominated by E. cambageana Maiden (n = 1 year). Leaves formed the largest component of total litterfall, which varied seasonally with a spring–summer maximum. Annual litterfall at these sites conformed with a pattern of decreasing litter production with declining annual rainfall, consistent with a range of eucalypt‐dominated communities.
Using past and present habitat to predict the current distribution and abundance of a rare cryptic lizard, Delma impar (Pygopodidae)
Authors: Dorrough Josh , Ash Julian E. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe present logistic regression models predicting the distribution and abundance of a threatened cryptic lizard, Delma impar (Pygopodidae), in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT). The models incorporate current habitat and historical land use and habitat change (woodland clearance, ploughing, grazing, fertilizer application). Information on historical land use was acquired from land survey maps, aerial photographs and from floristic indices of land management. Floristic indices were developed from a survey of local agronomists who scored individual plant species, responses to grazing, ploughing and fertilizer application. Floristic indicies proved to be more informative than floristic ordination analyses. It emerged that historical factors were of key importance for predicting the distribution and abundance of D. impar. Since European settlement, D. impar has apparently spread from primary (naturally treeless grasslands) into secondary grasslands (grassland formerly with an overstorey of trees) and has been locally excluded by some farming activities such as ploughing. We conclude that a combination of current habitat and past changes in habitat may be necessary to understand the current distributions of plant and animal species that have limited dispersal ability and that are susceptible to local temporary habitat destruction. Active conservation strategies involving, for example, assisted dispersal, may be important for these species.
Arboreal arthropod biodiversity in woodlands. II. The pattern of recovery of diversity on Melaleuca linariifolia following defaunation
Authors: Azarbayjani Fathollah F. , Burgin Shelley , Richardson Barry J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis study examines the level of isolation of arthropod faunas present on specimens of the endemic woodland tree Melaleuca linariifolia by investigating the recovery of faunas after defaunation using insecticide. One tree from each of 21 pairs of trees was sprayed at the beginning of the project (early April 1994). After predetermined periods, three test trees were resprayed along with matched control trees. A total of 95 154 arthropods were collected and sorted during the project. The number of species present on the trees recovered within 16 weeks of spraying, with common species recolonizing within a fortnight. The rarer species both of mobile (Diptera) and relatively sedentary (Araneae) taxa reappeared at similar rates. Complete recovery of numbers occurred by week 8 after spraying. Evenness (as Simpson’s D) recovered over the first 2 months; however, both the number of individuals and the evenness continued to diverge from the pattern seen on the control trees until the end of the study. While the rate of movement of individuals and species was such as to provide an apparently complete set of replacement species within several months of perturbation, the structure of the community found on the trees was still seriously disrupted after 1 year. Comparison of the suites of species originally found on the trees with those found in the respray samples and the control samples showed that the set of colonizing species was no more similar to the original fauna of the tree than it was to those on the control tree. The relatively rapid colonization of the trees by a suite of rare species – not necessarily those that were on particular trees before perturbation – indicates that rarity was due neither to inability of the species to colonize the trees nor to the suitability of the trees for these species. Recovery of rare species was to a level similar to that found on the control trees. That the divergences from the controls continued (in number of individuals and in evenness), implies a definite connection between the different faunas of a tree and their partial isolation from fauna communities on other trees. Whatever the forces that maintain suites of species on each tree, it is not the ability of the species to reach and colonize trees, nor certain attributes of a tree, that make it suitable only for a particular subset of the species available. Trees are not isolated entities but neither are they part of a fully integrated community, either chronologically or spacially, and issues of scale are also likely to be important in understanding and estimating the dynamics and factors regulating biodiversity levels.
Predicting home range size from the body mass or population densities of feral pigs, Sus scrofa (Artiodactyla: Suidae)
Authors: Saunders Glen , McLeod Steven 
Published: March 2003

AbstractTelemetry studies of feral pigs (Sus scrofa, L.) in different habitats were used to predict home range size, from (i) body mass and (ii) population density. Geometric mean regressions of the loge transformed data indicated that body mass of male and female feral pigs and mean population density were good predictors of the home range size of feral pigs (r2 = 0.81, 0.77 and 0.85 respectively). There were no sexual differences in home range size of feral pigs once the effect of body mass was taken into account. Use of these variables in models that incorporate spatial aspects along with the practical application of the results to the management of feral pig populations are briefly discussed.
Regeneration after fire in Triodia R. Br.
Authors: Rice B. , Westoby. M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractHummock grasses in the genus Triodia R. Br. were examined at 116 recently burned locations across mainland Australia, and were recorded as regenerating by resprouting, or by seed only. Prior to this survey it was known that the capacity to resprout varies considerably in Triodia, but it was unclear whether some species might be entirely resprouting and other species entirely fire‐killed; whether this might be associated with particular traits of species or particular landscape types; or whether resprouting might be more common in particular regions such as the northern monsoonal grasslands. Seven species had both fire‐killed and resprouting populations represented among the sites examined. Three species [T. basedowii E. Pritzel, T. marginata N.T. Burbidge and T. melvillei (C.E. Hubbard) Lazarides] were recorded as fire‐killed at all sites examined, and five species [T. bynoei (C.E. Hubbard) Lazarides, T. bunicola (S.W.L. Jacobs) Lazarides, T. intermedia Cheel, T. molesta N.T. Burbidge and T. spicata N.T. Burbidge] were recorded as resprouting at all sites. Another seven species were recorded at one site only. There was no clear overall trend for fire‐killed populations to be more prevalent in south rather than north, or east vs west, or coastal vs inland parts of the continent. No clear relationships were found between regeneration strategy and site attributes. Considered as a group, resprouting species were more likely to have an open growth form than a dense growth form, whereas the opposite was true for fire‐killed species. Given that no trait either of species or of landscape was found to be a consistent correlate of resprouting, a likely inference is that resprouting might vary between different fires, even for a given population at a given site. Against this inference, fire‐killed populations had substantial densities of seedlings much more often. Longitudinal studies would be needed to demonstrate directly whether resprouting varied between different fires at a site, and to investigate the implications of this for maintenance or extinction of local populations.