bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of oligo(thienylenevinylenes) substituted with alkoxy groups
Authors: Ono Noboru , Okumura Hideki , Murashima Takashi 
Published: September 2002

AbstractConjugated oligomers based on a combination of thiophene and 3,4‐dialkoxythiophene moieties have been synthesized via the Vilsmeier formylation, Wittig‐Honer reaction, and McMurry coupling reaction starting from dimethyl 3,4‐dihydroxythiophene‐2,5‐dicarboxylates. Comparison of the optical and electrochemical properties shows that the mixed π‐conjugated oligomers of thiophene and 3,4‐dialkoxythiophene produces a decrease of the highest occupied molecular orbital‐lowest unoccupied molecular orbital gap that is attributed to the electron‐donating property of the alkoxy groups. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:414–417, 2001
Dynamic behavior of pentacoordinate organogermanium carboxylic acids and their pyridinium salts
Authors: Takeuchi Yoshito , Nishikawa Miki , Tanaka Katsumi , Yamamoto Gaku 
Published: September 2002

AbstractSolution structures of some pentavalent organogermanium compounds have been investigated. Variable temperature NMR studies of these compounds revealed that concomitant Berry pseudorotation and prototropy occur, which make the two protons of the CH2 moiety nonequivalent at lower temperatures. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:451–456, 2001
Proportional treatment effects for count response panel data: effects of binary exercise on health care demand
Authors: Lee Myoung‐Jae , Kobayashi Satoru 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe define conditional and marginal treatment effects appropriate for count data, and then conduct an empirical analysis for the effects of exercise on health care demand using panel data from the Health Retirement Study. The response variables are office visits to doctors and hospitalization days, and the treatments of interest are light and vigorous exercises. We found that short‐run light exercise increases health care demand by 3–5%, whereas long‐run light exercise decreases it by 3–6%. We also found that short‐run vigorous exercise decreases health care demand by 1–2%, whereas long‐run vigorous exercise decreases it by 1–3%. However, many of these numbers are not statistically significantly different from zero. These findings suggest that it will be difficult to reduce health care cost much by encouraging people to do more exercise—at least in the short‐run. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incidence of shoulder pain after neck dissection: A clinical explorative study for risk factors
Authors: Dijkstra Pieter U. , van Wilgen Paul C. , Buijs Ron P. , Brendeke Wim , de Goede Cornelis J. T. , Kerst Ad , Koolstra Muriel , Marinus Johan , Schoppink Elisabeth M. , Stuiver Martijn M. , van de Velde Caroline F. , Roodenburg Jan L. N. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBackgroundIt is the purpose of this study to determine the incidence of shoulder pain and restricted range of motion of the shoulder after neck dissection, and to identify risk factors for the development of shoulder pain and restricted range of motion.MethodsClinical patients who underwent a neck dissection completed a questionnaire assessing shoulder pain. The intensity of pain was assessed using a visual analog scale (100 mm). Range of motion of the shoulder was measured. Information about reconstructive surgery and side and type of neck dissection was retrieved from the medical records.ResultsOf the patients (n = 177, mean age 60.3 years [SD, 11.9]) 70% experienced pain in the shoulder. Forward flexion and abduction of the operated side was severely reduced compared to the non‐operated side, 21° and 47°, respectively. Non‐selective neck dissection was a risk factor for the development of shoulder pain (9.6 mm) and a restricted shoulder abduction (55°). Reconstruction was risk factor for a restricted forward flexion of the shoulder (24.5°).ConclusionsShoulder pain after neck dissection is clinically present in 70% of the patients. Non‐selective neck dissection is a risk factor for shoulder pain and a restricted abduction. Reconstruction is a risk factor for a restricted forward flexion of the shoulder. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 947–953, 2001.
Resistance of immature hippocampus to morphologic and physiologic alterations following status epilepticus or kindling
Authors: Haas Kurt Z. , Sperber Ellen F. , Opanashuk Lisa A. , Stanton Patric K. , Moshé Solomon L. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractSeizures in adult rats result in long‐term deficits in learning and memory, as well as an enhanced susceptibility to further seizures. In contrast, fewer lasting changes have been found following seizures in rats younger than 20 days old. This age‐dependency could be due to differing amounts of hippocampal neuronal damage produced by seizures at different ages. To determine if there is an early developmental resistance to seizure‐induced hippocampal damage, we compared the effects of kainic acid (KA)‐induced status epilepticus and amygdala kindling on hippocampal dentate gyrus anatomy and electrophysiology, in immature (16 day old) and adult rats. In adult rats, KA status epilepticus resulted in numerous silver‐stained degenerating dentate hilar neurons, pyramidal cells in fields CA1 and CA3, and marked numerical reductions in CA3c pyramidal neuron counts (−57%) in separate rats. Two weeks following the last kindled seizure, some, but significantly less, CA3c pyramidal cell loss was observed (−26%). Both KA status epilepticus and kindling induced mossy‐fiber sprouting, as evidenced by ectopic Timm staining in supragranular layers of the dentate gyrus. In hippocampal slices from adult rats, paired‐pulse stimulation of perforant path axons revealed a persistent enhancement of dentate granule‐cell inhibition following KA status epilepticus or kindling. While seizures induced by KA or kindling in 16‐day‐old rats were typically more severe than in adults, the immature hippocampus exhibited markedly less KA‐induced cell loss (−22%), no kindling‐induced loss, no detectable synaptic rearrangement, and no change in dentate inhibition. These results demonstrate that, in immature rats, neither severe KA‐induced seizures nor repeated kindled seizures produce the kind of hippocampal damage and changes associated with even less severe seizures in adults. The lesser magnitude of seizure‐induced hippocampal alterations in immature rats may explain their greater resistance to long‐term effects of seizures on neuronal function, as well as future seizure susceptibility. Conversely, hippocampal neuron loss and altered synaptic physiology in adults may contribute to increased sensitivity to epileptogenic stimuli, spontaneous seizures, and behavioral deficits. Hippocampus 2001;11:615–625. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inositol hexakisphosphate‐mediated regulation of glutamate receptors in rat brain sections
Authors: Valastro Barbara , Girard Martine , Gagné Joël , Martin Frédéric , Parent Angèle T. , Baudry Michel , Massicotte Guy 
Published: September 2002

AbstractD‐myo‐inositol 1,2,3,4,5,6‐hexakisphosphate (InsP6), one of the most abundant inositol phosphates within cells, has been proposed to play a key role in vesicle trafficking and receptor compartmentalization. In the present study, we used in vitro receptor autoradiography, subcellular fractionation, and immunoblotting to investigate its effects on α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoxazole‐4‐propionate (AMPA) and N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of 3H‐AMPA binding indicated that incubation of frozen‐thawed brain sections with InsP6 at 35°C enhanced AMPA receptor binding in several brain regions, with maximal increases in the hippocampus and cerebellum. Moreover, saturation kinetics demonstrated that InsP6‐induced augmentation of AMPA binding was due to an increment in the maximal number of AMPA binding sites. At the immunological level, Western blots performed on crude mitochondrial/synaptic (P2) fractions revealed that InsP6 (but not InsP5 and InsP3) treatment increased glutamate receptor (GluR)1 and GluR2 subunits of AMPA receptors, an effect that was associated with concomitant reductions in microsomal (P3) fractions. Interestingly, the InsP6‐induced modulation of AMPA receptor binding was blocked at room temperature, and pretreatment with heparin also dampered its action on both AMPA receptor binding and GluR subunits. These effects of InsP6 appear to be specific to AMPA receptors, as neither 3H‐glutamate binding to NMDA receptors nor levels of NR1 and NR2A subunits in P2 and P3 fractions were affected. Taken together, our data strongly suggest that InsP6 specifically regulates AMPA receptor distribution, possibly through a clathrin‐dependent process. Hippocampus 2001;11:673–682. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GABAergic septohippocampal neurons are not necessary for spatial memory
Authors: Pang Kevin C.H. , Nocera Romy , Secor Adam J. , Yoder Ryan M. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe medial septum/vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca (MSDB) provides a major input to the hippocampus and is important for spatial memory. Both cholinergic and GABAergic MSDB neurons project to the hippocampus, and nonselective lesions of the MSDB or transections of the septohippocampal pathway impair spatial memory. However, selective lesions of cholinergic MSDB neurons using 192‐IgG saporin (SAP) do not impair or only mildly impair spatial memory. Previously, intraseptal kainic acid was found to reduce levels of glutamic acid decarboxylase, a marker of GABAergic neurons, but not to alter the levels of choline acetyltransferase, a marker of cholinergic neurons. The present study further characterized the effects of kainic acid on GABAergic MSDB neurons and examined the effects of intraseptal kainic acid on spatial memory. Saline, kainic acid, SAP, or the combination of kainic acid and SAP was administered into the MSDB of rats. Spatial memory was assessed in an eight‐arm radial maze and a water maze. Kainic acid destroyed GABAergic septohippocampal neurons, but spared cholinergic neurons. SAP eliminated MSDB cholinergic neurons, sparing noncholinergic neurons. Coadministration of kainic acid and SAP destroyed GABAergic and cholinergic MSDB neurons. Acquisition of the radial maze task and performance on this task with 4‐h delays were unimpaired by intraseptal kainic acid or SAP, but were impaired by coadministration of kainic acid and SAP. Acquisition of the water maze task was unaffected by intraseptal kainic acid, delayed slightly by SAP, and impaired severely by coadministration of kainic acid and SAP. These results provide evidence that kainic acid at appropriate concentrations effectively destroys GABAergic septohippocampal neurons, while sparing cholinergic MSDB neurons. Furthermore, lesions of the GABAergic septohippocampal neurons do not impair spatial memory. While lesions of cholinergic MSDB neurons may mildly impair spatial memory, the combined lesion of GABAergic and cholinergic septohippocampal neurons resulted in a memory impairment that was greater than that observed after a selective lesion to either population. Thus, damage of GABAergic or cholinergic MSDB neurons, which together comprise the majority of the septohippocampal pathway, cannot totally account for the spatial memory impairment that is observed after nonselective lesions of the MSDB. Hippocampus 2001;11:814–827. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hydrologic flowpaths in tropical rainforest soilscapes—a review
Authors: Elsenbeer Helmut 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAn Erratum has been published for this article in Hydrological Processes 15(14) 2001, 2863.A conceptual framework of hillslope hydrological response patterns and their environmental controls is used to evaluate past and present research sites in tropical rainforests with regard to their predominant controls and hydrological functioning. This evaluation highlights the importance of near‐surface flowpaths for runoff generation in Acrisol landscapes, and lack thereof in Ferralsol landscapes. Both soil types tentatively define the width of a spectrum of possible hillslope hydrologic flowpaths, from predominantly vertical to predominantly lateral flowpaths. This result allows the testing of hypotheses concerning the soil geographical occurrence of particular processes of runoff generation even where soil hydraulic data are not available. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative trace element imaging using PIXE and the nuclear microprobe
Authors: Ryan C. G. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe X‐ray spectra of pure elements, excited using MeV energy beam of protons from the nuclear microprobe, have known spectra signatures. This makes X‐ray spectra for more complex mixtures amenable to decomposition into contributions from the component elements. By devising this procedure as a matrix operation that transforms directly from spectrum vector to elemental concentration vector, the decomposition can be performed very efficiently enabling the real‐time projection of the component element signals. In the case of a raster‐scanned beam, with data that contain position information for each X‐ray event, this approach enables the real‐time projection of component element spatial distribution images. This paper describes the matrix transform approach called dynamic analysis (DA), which enables on‐line real‐time imaging of major and trace elements using proton‐induced X‐ray emission (PIXE). The method also provides off‐line iterative yield corrections to these images to compensate for changing sample composition across an image area. The resulting images are quantitative in two respects: (1) they resolve the pure element components and strongly reject interferences from other elements and (2) they can be directly interrogated for sample composition at each pixel, over areas, or along lines across the image area, with accuracy comparable to microanalytical point analysis methods. The paper describes the DA method, presents tests, and discusses its application to quantitative major and trace element imaging in geology. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 11, 219–230, 2000
High quality diesel via the Fischer–Tropsch process – a review
Authors: Dry Mark E 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe Fischer–Tropsch (FT) synthesis is used to produce chemicals, gasoline and diesel fuel. The FT products are predominantly linear, hence the quality of the diesel fuel is very high, having cetane numbers of up to 75. Since purified synthesis gas is used in the FT process all the products are S‐ and N‐free. In this review the production of syngas and the various options used in the FT process (reactors and catalyst types, and high and low temperature operation) are discussed. The best FT option for producing high quality diesel is using cobalt‐based catalyst in slurry phase reactor, gearing the process for high wax production and then selectively hydrocracking the wax to diesel fuel. The overall diesel pool has a high cetane number, the aromatic S and N contents are zero and the exhaust emissions are significantly lower than for standard diesel fuels.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Oxides and apoptosis in inflammatory myopathies
Authors: Stangel Martin , Mix Eilhard , Zettl Uwe K. , Gold Ralf 
Published: September 2002

AbstractReactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) and nitric oxide (NO·) are produced in abundance in the inflammatory muscle diseases of autoimmune origin polymyositis (PM), dermatomyositis (DM), and inclusion body myositis (IBM). However, their role in the pathogenesis of these diseases is so far not clear. In contrast to demyelinating neuropathies, there is no convincing evidence for oxide‐induced apoptosis either in myocytes or in lymphocytes and phagocytes in inflammatory myopathies. On the contrary, NO· released at low concentrations at target sites may even have cell‐protective effects. A major mechanism of protection from apoptosis in both myocytes and inflammatory cells seems to be the upregulation of anti‐apoptotic proteins like Bcl‐2. Caution is warranted to apply antioxidative and anti‐apoptotic agents to patients with inflammatory myopathies as long as the pathogenic role of oxides and apoptosis in the individual case is not resolved. Microsc. Res. Tech. 55:249–258, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessing morphological differences in an adaptive trait: A landmark&hyphen;based morphometric approach
Authors: Albertson R. Craig , Kocher Thomas D. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractEast African cichlid fishes have evolved a stunning array of oral jaw morphologies. To better understand the adaptive evolution of this trait, we performed a morphological analysis of the jaws of two closely related species from Lake Malawi that have very different modes of feeding. Labeotropheus fuelleborni forages along the substrate with a &ldquo;biting&rdquo; mode of feeding, while Metriaclima zebra feeds in the water column with a &ldquo;sucking&rdquo; mode. We analyzed each of the four skeletal elements that make up the oral jaws: the dentary, articular, premaxilla, and maxilla. In addition, we performed the same analysis on the neurocranium, an element closely associated with the oral jaws. We used the thin&hyphen;plate spline method to quantify morphological differences, which allowed us to relate our results to the functional biology of the species. We find many aspects of shape change that relate directly to the functional design of the cichlid head. The same series of measurements was made on hybrids between Labeotropheus and Metriaclima. For every character, hybrid progeny are statistically different from both parental species. These results suggest an additive mode of action of the alleles responsible for these phenotypes. J. Exp. Zool. 289:385&ndash;403, 2001. &copy; 2001 Wiley&hyphen;Liss, Inc.
Donor support to human resource capacity building in Namibia: experience of resident technical assistance support for workplace learning and assessment of alternative options
Authors: Low Anne , Tjongarero Agnes , Low Allan , Nambundunga Beata 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe initiation and implementation of development programmes in developing countries places demands on professional staff to acquire new skills and adopt new approaches to drive new development paradigms. It has been found that formal training plays a relatively small part in learning new skills in the workplace, compared with informal learning‐by‐doing within a supportive institutional environment. This paper describes and contrasts the ways in which two donor funded technical assistance projects in Namibia applied four learning support strategies identified in the literature. The experiences described suggest that resident technical assistance can offer types of support for workplace learning and institutional development through mentoring and backstopping, that alternative short term assistance or training course oriented projects lack. It is concluded therefore, that in seeking alternatives to capacity building through resident technical assistance, donors and recipient countries should assess the options not only in terms of skills transferred, but also in terms of building confidence to undertake new areas of work and the development of institutional processes supportive of workplace learning. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The allantoplacenta of Mabuya mabouya (Sauria, Scincidae)
Authors: Jerez Adriana , Ramírez‐Pinilla Martha Patricia 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAnalysis of placentation in the final stages of development in Mabuya mabouya shows that the placenta is formed by the apposition of the chorioallantois to the uterine mucosa implicating the entire embryonic chamber, because the allantoic vesicle invades all the exocoelom. The chorioallantoic placenta presents the features proper of a type IV allantoplacenta. However, in the mesometrial area peripheral to the placentome, we found that the paraplacentome is an additional zone specialized for histotrophic transfer, and is separated from the rest of the embryonic chamber by a chorionic invagination formed of polymorphic cells. The chorionic areolae are components of the embryonic hemisphere; they are in apposition to an endometrium with columnar epithelial cells and several glands that secrete toward the cavity of the areolae. They are observed only in the preparturition stage, probably operating in maternal‐fetal transfer of nutrients during the last embryonic growth stage. The mesometrial hemisphere possesses specializations related to histotrophic nutrition (placentome, paraplacentome, and chorionic areolae), while in the abembryonic hemisphere there is an allantoplacenta of mixed function, with capacity for histotrophic nutrition and for gas exchange. The absorptive plaques are small rounded areas constituted by chorionic cells similar to the paraplacentomal chorionic cells, in intimate apposition with a secretory uterine epithelium. Separating the absorptive plaques are respiratory segments histologically similar to the type I allantoplacenta. The additional histotrophic areas found for this species demonstrate the great specialization of this allantoplacenta, and support the highest degree of matrotrophy among reptiles reached in the Neotropical Mabuya. J. Morphol. 249:132–146, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vivo HIV‐1 compartmentalisation: Drug resistance‐associated mutation distribution
Authors: Devereux Helen L. , Burke Andy , Lee Christine A. , Johnson Margaret A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractFour patients who had received highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), and had postmortem samples stored, were tested for genotypic resistance using consensus sequencing. One patient was further investigated using single‐copy sequencing. Patients 1, 3, and 4 showed a relatively uniform distribution of resistance‐associated mutations, with only a small number (one to three) of protease mutations detectable. Patient 2 had a number of detectable mutations (four to eight, depending on the tissue) with similar distributions between the tissues. The exception was viruses detected in the esophagus, which were more diverse. Plasma was a moderately representative tissue of the viruses circulating in these individuals. However, some mutations detectable in some tissues were not seen in plasma (e.g., M46I and D30N in the protease). Single‐copy sequencing revealed a wide distribution of quasi‐species and a number of defective viruses in the proviral DNA and RNA. This study supports the concept that a wide variety of quasi‐species circulate in each individual and that there may be viruses evolving independently in different body compartments. J. Med. Virol. 66:8–12, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.