bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Current status and future needs in craniofacial imaging
Authors: Mah J , Hatcher D 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Authors

– Mah J, Hatcher DImaging is a keystone in understanding and delivery of craniofacial health care. Recent developments in imaging have brought forth many diverse technologies and approaches. This review provides the current status of methods in craniofacial imaging and discusses future needs and directions. New developments in three‐dimensional dental and skeletal imaging, as well as three‐dimensional facial image acquisition and animation of jaw movement and facial expression are reviewed. Visualization and convergence of the data from these technologies for construction of patient‐specific models is described. Insights on how these technologies and approaches could impact research, education as well as the future of craniofacial health care will be discussed.
Fundamentals of image acquisition and processing in the digital era
Authors: Farman AG 
Published: November 2004

Structured Abstract
Author– Farman AGObjectives – To review the historic context for digital imaging in dentistry and to outline the fundamental issues related to digital imaging modalities.Context – Digital dental X‐ray images can be achieved by scanning analog film radiographs (secondary capture), with photostimulable phosphors, or using solid‐state detectors (e.g. charge‐coupled device and complementary metal oxide semiconductor). There are four characteristics that are basic to all digital image detectors; namely, size of active area, signal‐to‐noise ratio, contrast resolution and the spatial resolution. To perceive structure in a radiographic image, there needs to be sufficient difference between contrasting densities. This primarily depends on the differences in the attenuation of the X‐ray beam by adjacent tissues. It is also depends on the signal received; therefore, contrast tends to increase with increased exposure. Given adequate signal and sufficient differences in radiodensity, contrast will be sufficient to differentiate between adjacent structures, irrespective of the recording modality and processing used. Where contrast is not sufficient, digital images can sometimes be post‐processed to disclose details that would otherwise go undetected. For example, cephalogram isodensity mapping can improve soft tissue detail.Conclusions – It is concluded that it could be a further decade or two before three‐dimensional digital imaging systems entirely replace two‐dimensional analog films. Such systems need not only to produce prettier images, but also to provide a demonstrable evidence‐based higher standard of care at a cost that is not economically prohibitive for the practitioner or society, and which allows efficient and effective workflow within the business of dental practice.
Dynamic modeling and jaw biomechanics
Authors: Hannam AG 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Author– Hannam AGBioengineered simulations of dynamic events in the human masticatory system are relatively new. A primary advantage is their ability to integrate structure and function in cause‐and‐effect scenarios. By permitting detailed analyses of these interactions, and the prototyping of prosthetic additions, the models generate working hypotheses. Significant issues in their use include the importation and measurement of structural geometry, the choice of parameters affecting dynamics (e.g. inertial properties and viscoelasticities) and the nature of the modeling process (e.g. whether models are kinetically driven by muscle contraction, or kinematically defined by movement channels). Presently, there are few accepted standards or conventions for managing these computational data in the human jaws, and the data used are often derived from multiple and disparate sources. This review focuses on the approaches, assumptions, and key applications of dynamic modeling in the human masticatory system. It considers the role of imaging, the restrictions imposed by assumptions of unknown or unverifiable data, and how modeling can be a useful research technique despite these hurdles. The review concludes with a comment on creating virtual models for educational purposes.
Computer‐assisted simulations in orthodontic diagnosis and the application of a new cone beam X‐ray computed tomography
Authors: Maki K , Inou N , Takanishi A , Miller AJ 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Authors– Maki K, Inou N, Takanishi A, Miller AJComputational simulations which include three‐dimensional (3‐D) image processing and biomechanical calculations should provide useful information to our research and orthodontic clinic as a clinical tool defined as ‘thinking’. In this review, 1) biomechanical simulations applied to predict the mandibular growth; 2) mathematical models of virtual bone cells and 3) 3‐D images and solid model simulations for surgical planning are introduced.In biomechanical simulation, biting force, electromyographic (EMG) activity and cephalograms of 32 subjects were applied. Computational results of mathematical model were compared with actual bone growth in a rat. Three‐dimensional image and solid model of 14 patients were utilized for their treatment planning. From the results, several concepts of our simulations were confirmed: 1) reaction forces generated by masticatory muscles at the condyle control the direction of mandibular growth; 2) some mathematical models have the possibility to describe the process of bone growth; 3) 3‐D image processing software and solid models are necessary for diagnosis and planning of orthognathic surgery.We also believe that the orthodontists can more accurately predict the affects of surgical procedures and orthodontic tooth movement using the new cone beam X‐ray computed tomography (CT) (CB MercuRay™; Hitachi Medico Technology, Tokyo, Japan) and its advanced application software.
Developing ICT‐based learning support and assessment system for dental education
Authors: Ruotoistenmaki J. , Autti H. , Peltola J. , Murtomaa H. 
Published: November 2004

A dental degree programme is a complex combination not only just to acquire knowledge and skills but also to develop interpersonal skills. It is a challenge for both students and staff to conceptualise studies in larger entities and to emphasise learning as a process.This project's general aim is to support student's development to become a self‐guided critical expert. This goal may be achieved by developing creative and inspiring learning and assessment atmosphere for basic, specialist and continuous education. The specific aim is to create a personal e‐portfolio program to facilitate utilisation of ICT based interaction and information, e.g. to document text, pictures, film and sound. The program is part of the assessment plan using e‐portfolio both summatively and formatively. Intra‐ and Internet are utilised to build a common data bank also to secure teaching continuity.The project plan was awarded the first prize in the ICT‐for‐teaching competition at the University of Helsinki. The work is done in co‐operation by university and a private company. Project's pilot phase started on spring 2002 involving the first and third year students and their teachers. It continues for the fall term 2002 with two additional student groups. Participants have completed a questionnaire on their pre‐project ICT skills and attitudes. Training has been planned and carried out accordingly. The students are given the opportunity to produce a variety of personal versions and their copies for later use. We conclude that it is very important to widen learning assessment methods to support students' continuous development beyond undergraduate programme and to learn to benefit from ICT. E‐portfolio used in this project is a digital platform for all these purposes. We are looking forward to collecting more data from our own institute and to working in close international co‐operation.
Biomolecular sciences in the dental curriculum – broadening the base to increase the relevance
Authors: Beeley J. A. 
Published: November 2004

Although the increasing importance of biochemistry and allied subjects in the dental curriculum in the post‐genomic era is well recognised, there is considerable difficulty in motivating students and convincing them of the need for this. Students simply want to get on with dentistry (DentEd Report, 2001).In a revised integrated interdisciplinary first year Biomolecular Science course introduced in Glasgow last session, the subjects covered now include crystals and restorations, cells and molecules, biophysical chemistry and radiation, carbohydrates, fats and proteins, cell metabolism, molecular biology, microbial biochemistry, antimicrobial agents, immunochemistry, nutrition, cell signalling, biochemistry of human tissues and clinical biochemistry. This broad approach enables this course to increasingly underpin much of the later curriculum including oral biology, oral pathology, materials science, restorative dentistry, oral medicine and public health as well as demonstrating to the students the relevance to dentistry.Although this approach is quite well received, limitations include staff with the appropriate interests and expertise as well as relevant course texts. Further integration with clinical subjects is also required. The developments which face dentists in the 21st century arising from the human genome project will be on a scale similar to those arising from the advent of IT. This approach may go some way to better equipping them for this.
Basic biology integration – the malmo model
Authors: Davies J. R. , Warfvinge G. 
Published: November 2004

Knowledge of basic biological concepts is an essential ingredient for the development of a profound understanding of clinical phenomena and situations. In Malmo, knowledge within basic biology is gained in a clinical context and learning is thus motivated by the need for a scientific basis upon which to build the preventive measures, diagnoses and treatments carried out in the clinic.As basic biology is spread throughout the curriculum in parallel with patient care, traditional subject categories are broken down and, for instance, cell biology is spread throughout the 5 years of study. However, in order to create a basis for continuous learning, many of the basic biological concepts are introduced early in the curriculum while their application to more complex situations is the focus of learning at later stages. For example, mechanisms of cell growth and division are introduced during the first and second semesters whereas tumour biology, a complex situation that requires an understanding of these phenomena, is studied during the ninth semester. We conclude that the integration of basic biology and clinical dentistry combined with a problem‐based approach to learning gives the students opportunities to use and adapt their knowledge to common odontological problems and situations. This approach stimulates a deeper understanding of basic biological concepts as well as a willingness to apply such knowledge in the clinic. In a broader perspective, we propose that students are well prepared for their future role in the development of new strategies to promote oral health.
A test for the evaluation of manual dexterity
Authors: Giuliani M. , Clemente L. , Boari A. , Querqui A. , Lajolo C. , Viotti R. , Miani C. M. 
Published: November 2004

In the last years, the use of tests with predictive value for scholastic progress has become widespread. While there is an aptitude test already in use for admission to our Dental School, we have also been conducting, without consequence to their admission, an investigation into the manual dexterity of candidate students. The aim of this test is to investigate basic manual dexterity, not ability following exercise. As previous, no such specific test had been formulated; the choice of test criteria we made was new. The tests investigated over five consecutive Academic years the ability to discern characteristics of a surface, to distinguish between different types of consistency, hand–eye co‐ordination, the graphic activities, laterality and muscular strength. A re‐test for some years was conducted afterwards. The results provided an overall evaluation: insufficient; sufficient; good; very good; excellent. Students who came from non‐technical high schools showed a good comprehension of questions put to them, use of strategy, description of procedures; and final checking but a certain clumsiness in the hand–eye co‐ordination test and a tendency to use one hand only. Students coming from technical high schools showed a less immediate grasp of questions put to them, sometimes requiring their repetition, disorganised behaviour in blind‐fold tests, insufficient use of strategies and little checking but notable ability in hand–eye co‐ordination tests and dextrous simultaneous use of both hands. These results were then correlated with the result of the aptitude test. In conclusion, a notable correspondence between student selection based on the aptitude test and the experimental manual dexterity test was verified. This correspondence outlines that manual dexterity is not only a ‘manual’ but a ‘mental’ ability.
Development and evaluation of a cd‐rom to support student learning in dentist–patient communication
Authors: Newton J. T. , Reynolds P. A. , Thorogood N. , Harper J. , Cox M. J. 
Published: November 2004

The interaction between dentist and patient is central to the provision of effective healthcare. A multidisciplinary team containing expertise in the social and behavioural sciences, medicine, dentistry, education and information technology was formed to design a CD‐ROM to support more traditional teaching and learning in this area. The final version of the program consists of a ‘virtual’ patient from whom students are asked to take a medical history. The ‘patient’ interacts with the student and responds to the style of their questioning by changes in anxiety, or degree of annoyance. To date, the CD‐ROM has been evaluated in two stages. The first stage was a predictive formative evaluation by the research/development team, and the second stage was a formative evaluation by 144 dental students of the first full prototype. A third stage, to be conducted next year, will involve measuring the longer term impact of the CD‐ROM through the assessment of students' abilities to communicate with patients. The evaluation had two components: students made rates of how useful and easy to use they found the program, and students' attitudes towards interacting with patients were evaluated adopting constructs from the theory of Planned Behaviour. Students were positive about the use of the CD‐ROM, though they requested some changes in the functionality of the program. Compared to a sample of students who had not used the CD‐ROM, the students who used the CD‐ROM felt more positive about communicating with their patients, at the end of the course, and expressed stronger intentions to communicate well with patients. We conclude that the CD‐ROM we have developed in a useful adjunct to learning in dentist–patient communication.
Hyaluronic acid and endothelial damage due to paracetamol‐induced hepatotoxicity
Authors: Williams Anna M. , Langley Peter G. , Osei‐Hwediah Johnson , Wendon Julia A. , Hughes Robin D. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract: Background: Damage to endothelial cells may be an important factor in the complications of acute liver failure, resulting in multi‐organ failure. The aim of this study was to assess endothelial cell function in patients with severe hepatotoxicity due to paracetamol ingestion.Patients and methods: Fifty‐eight patients with paracetamol‐induced hepatotoxicity were studied for up to 7 days. Serum hyaluronic acid (HA), as a marker of hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cell function, was determined using an enzyme‐linked binding assay. Plasma von Willebrand Factor, thrombomodulin and interleukin‐8 were also determined using ELISA.Results: Serum HA on admission was significantly increased (median 6777 ng/ml, range 24–50 967 ng/ml) as compared to normal controls (n = 10, median 21 ng/ml, range 0–50 ng/ml; P < 0.001). In non‐survivors (n = 21) HA levels peaked on day 2 after admission (P = 0.044), and then decreased. In the survivors (n = 37) the levels of HA did not increase further. Plasma von Willebrand Factor, plasma thrombomodulin and serum interleukin‐8 were significantly increased in the patients as compared to the normal controls (P < 0.001). Serum interleukin‐8 was significantly higher in non‐survivors in the first 2 days.Conclusions: Endothelial function is abnormal in paracetamol‐induced hepatotoxicity. Damage to hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells assessed by serum HA was greater in non‐survivors than survivors.
Histological features associated with relapse after corticosteroid withdrawal in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis
Authors: Czaja Albert J. , Carpenter Herschel A. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract: Relapse of type 1 autoimmune hepatitis after drug withdrawal may relate to incomplete histological improvement during corticosteroid therapy and/or persistence of pathogenic mechanisms.Aim: Determine the histological features prior to drug withdrawal that are associated with relapse in patients satisfying pre‐established clinical, laboratory, and histological criteria for remission and relapsing after corticosteroid withdrawal.Methods: One hundred liver tissue samples obtained immediately prior to corticosteroid withdrawal from 88 patients who had previously satisfied criteria for histological remission were reviewed retrospectively.Results: Histological findings in the patients who relapsed were similar to those in the patients who sustained remission in regard to histological activity index (1.7 ± 0.1 versus 1.6 ± 0.2, P = 0.6), fibrosis score (2.6 ± 0.3 versus 2.3 ± 0.4, P = 0.5), and frequencies of interface hepatitis (36% versus 20%, P = 0.2), cirrhosis (21% versus 17%, P = 0.8), and normal or near normal tissue (9% versus 7%, P > 0.9). Only the presence of portal plasma cells was associated with relapse (31% versus 7%, P = 0.01). The positive predictability of portal plasma cell infiltration for relapse was 92%, but its sensitivity was only 31%.Conclusions: Portal plasma cell infiltration is predictive of relapse after drug withdrawal in tissue specimens already satisfying criteria for remission. Portal plasma cell infiltration may be indicative of an active antibody‐dependent pathogenic mechanism. Its low sensitivity for relapse indicates the need for other complementary predictors of outcome.
Reduced chemical defence in ant‐plants? A critical re‐evaluation of a widely accepted hypothesis
Authors: Heil Martin , Delsinne Thibaut , Hilpert Andrea , Schürkens Steffen , Andary Claude , Linsenmair K. Eduard , Sousa S. Mario , McKey Doyle 
Published: November 2004

Since its original formulation by Janzen in 1966, the hypothesis that obligate ant‐plants (myrmecophytes) defended effectively against herbivores by resident mutualistic ants have reduced their direct, chemical defence has been widely adopted. We tested this hypothesis by quantifying three classes of phenolic compounds (hydrolysable tannins, flavonoids, and condensed tannins) spectrophotometrically in the foliage of 20 ant‐plant and non‐ant‐plant species of the three unrelated genera Leonardoxa,Macaranga and Acacia (and three other closely related Mimosoideae from the genera Leucaena, Mimosa and Prosopis). We further determined biological activities of leaf extracts of the mimosoid species against fungal spore germination (as measure of pathogen resistance), seed germination (as measure of allelopathic activity), and caterpillar growth (as measure of anti‐herbivore defence).

Condensed tannin content in three of four populations of the non‐myrmecophytic Leonardoxa was significantly higher than in populations of the myrmecophyte. In contrast, we observed no consistent differences between ant‐plants and non‐ant‐plants in the Mimosoideae and in the genus Macaranga, though contents of phenolic compounds varied strongly among different species in each of these two plant groups. Similarly, among the investigated Mimosoideae, biological activity against spore or seed germination and caterpillar growth varied considerably but showed no clear relation with the existence of an obligate mutualism with ants. Our results did not support the hypothesis of ‘trade‐offs’ between indirect, biotic and direct, chemical defence in ant‐plants.  A critical re‐evaluation of the published data suggests that support for this hypothesis is more tenuous than is usually believed. The general and well‐established phenomenon that myrmecophytes are subject to severe attack by herbivores when deprived of their ants still lacks an explanation. It remains to be studied whether the trade‐off hypothesis holds true only for specific compounds (such as chitinases and amides whose cost may be the direct negative effects on plants’ ant mutualists), or whether the pattern of dramatically reduced direct defence of ant‐plants is caused by classes of defensive compounds not yet studied.
Five years survival in metastatic non‐small cell lung cancer patients treated with chemotherapy alone or chemotherapy and melatonin: a randomized trial
Authors: Lissoni P. , Chilelli M. , Villa S. , Cerizza L. , Tancini G. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract: Numerous experimental data have documented the oncostatic properties of melatonin. In addition to its potential direct antitumor activity, melatonin has proved to modulate the effects of cancer chemotherapy, by enhancing its therapeutic efficacy and reducing its toxicity. The increase in chemotherapeutic efficacy by melatonin may depend on two main mechanisms, namely prevention of chemotherapy‐induced lymphocyte damage and its antioxidant effect, which has been proved to amplify cytotoxic actions of the chemotherapeutic agents against cancer cells. However, the clinical results available at present with melatonin and chemotherapy in the treatment of human neoplasms are generally limited to the evaluation of 1‐year survival in patients with very advanced disease. Thus, the present study was performed to assess the 5‐year survival results in metastatic non‐small cell lung cancer patients obtained with a chemotherapeutic regimen consisting of cisplatin and etoposide, with or without the concomitant administration of melatonin (20 mg/day orally in the evening). The study included 100 consecutive patients who were randomized to receive chemotherapy alone or chemotherapy and melatonin. Both the overall tumor regression rate and the 5‐year survival results were significantly higher in patients concomitantly treated with melatonin. In particular, no patient treated with chemotherapy alone was alive after 2 years, whereas a 5‐year survival was achieved in three of 49 (6%) patients treated with chemotherapy and melatonin. Moreover, chemotherapy was better tolerated in patients treated with melatonin. This study confirms, in a considerable number of patients and for a long follow‐up period, the possibility to improve the efficacy of chemotherapy in terms of both survival and quality of life by a concomitant administration of melatonin. This suggests a new biochemotherapeutic strategy in the treatment of human neoplasms.