bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alexander Bain
Authors: Hamner M. Gail 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The first concern of this chapter is to present the phenomenology of belief of the Scottish philosopher Alexander Bain in order to delineate the relations he asserts among belief, consciousness, and action; these are the most direct ways in which Bain becomes an interlocutor of the pragmatists. Of special emphasis in this regard is action, which the American pragmatists mutate into concepts of behavior (Charles Sanders Peirce) and willed effects (William James). The relations of belief, consciousness, and action can be interpreted in many ways, some of which emphasize the importance of a person's character (developed dispositions) and others of which do not; the distinction displays itself in Bain's theory of causality, a term he divides into a psychological concept and a scientific concept. On the one hand, in insisting on the importance of character, Bain shares Peirce's desire to focus on conduct rather than on individual acts, but on the other hand, his confusing resolution of the complexities of causality into a dual scheme that separates psychology from science, foreshadows the way James attempts to secure a proper realm for scientific inquiry in The Principles of Psychology with a similar use of dualities. Thus, the second concern in the chapter is to expound on the relations of will, causality, and action as substantiated by Bain through his theories of psychological association and the law of relativity.
Conclusions
Authors: Hamner M. Gail 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The chapters in part III of the book (on the American pragmatists Charles Sanders Peirce and William James) began with psychological concepts and ended with discussions of self, God, and nation, but this chapter inverts the direction of analysis, and offers a close reading of lectures written almost contemporaneously by James and Peirce. First, James's Puritan image of self, God, and nation is clarified, and then it is argued how these visions arise out of and/or parallel to James's understandings of consciousness, causality, will, and belief. Having established that Jamesian pragmatism delineates a strong version of the myth of the American self, the chapter concludes with a reading of Peirce that demonstrates how his pragmatism offers an alternate version of this myth. Peirce stands as the operative unthought of James; his views on self and nation engage the Puritan imagery as surely as those of James, but with less triumphalism and more humility. Perhaps the recent renewed interest in Peirce's complicated vision of the world can be attributed, at least in part, to precisely this sobriety and to the alternative genealogy he offers of the self and its relations to community and the cosmos.
Protecting the Ozone Layer
Authors: Parson Edward A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractOffers the first comprehensive history of international efforts to protect the ozone layer by abandoning the use of chlorofluorohydrocarbons (CFCs), and underlines that this is the greatest success yet achieved in managing human impacts on the global environment. The arguments advanced to explain how this success was achieved are theoretically novel and of great significance for the management of other global problems, particularly global climate change. An account is provided of ozone‐depletion issues from the first attempts to develop international action in the 1970s to the mature functioning of the present international ozone protection regime. Examines the parallel developments of politics and negotiations, scientific understanding and controversy, technological progress, and industry strategy that shaped the issue's development and its effective management. Important new insights are offered into how the interactions among these domains influenced the formation and adaptation of the ozone protection regime. In addressing the initial formation of the regime, the book argues that authoritative scientific assessments were crucial in constraining policy debates, and shaping negotiated agreements. Assessments gave scientific claims an ability to change policy actors’ behaviour that the claims themselves, however well known and verified, lacked. Concerning subsequent adaptation of the regime, the book identifies a series of feedbacks between the periodic revision of chemical controls and the strategic responses of affected industries, which drove rapid application of new approaches to reduce ozone‐depicting chemicals. These feedbacks, promoted by the regime's novel technology assessment process, allowed worldwide use of the CFCs to decline further and faster than even the boldest predictions — by nearly 95%t within ten years.
Setting the Stage
Authors: Parson Edward A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe linked histories of science, policy, and strategy over the first decade of policy concern about the ozone layer (1970 to 1980) are detailed. First, the controversies of the early 1970s over potential ozone depiction by supersonic aircraft (through the effects of water vapour and nitrogen oxides from aircraft exhausts), and their significance for subsequent debates, are reviewed. Then the domestic controversy over chlorofluorohydrocarbons (CFCs) and ozone depletion in the USA, the parallel but more muted discussions in other countries, and the first unsuccessful attempts to develop international action on the issue are discussed. A brief account is also given of industry's initial research into CFC alternatives, and of the early ozone policy debates.
Industry Strategy and Technical Innovation, 1987–1992
Authors: Parson Edward A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExamines the major changes in technology that followed the adoption of the Montreal Protocol in 1987 and the completion of the period of initial formation of the ozone protection regime. Examines the reactions of major producers and users of chlorofluorohydrocarbons (CFCs) to the challenge posed by the negotiation and adoption of the Protocol. Discusses how major CFC producers in the chemical industry revived previously abandoned efforts to commercialize less ozone‐damaging chemical alternatives to CFCs. Also examines how CFC users, many of whom faced more serious risks from CFC restrictions than the producers, responded with intense efforts to reduce their dependence on all ozone‐depleting chemicals — efforts that reduced most CFC uses much faster than had seemed possible, and directed large shares of former CFC markets away from similar chemicals entirely.
Philosophical Relativity
Authors: Unger Peter 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Challenges the deeply held assumption that many of the most central philosophical problems admit of deterministic, objective solutions. The position argued for here, philosophical relativism, is the view that the conclusions we arrive at are, in many cases, relative functions of arbitrary assumptions made at the outset of our inquiry, and that the opposing conclusions could have been reached via distinct but equally arbitrary assumptions. Philosophical relativity is a consequence of semantic relativity, the view that there obtains no objective answer to the question of what semantic content our terms bear, being applied to central terms within particular philosophical problems. The contrast between invariantism (that a term's semantic content is an absolute matter, fixed by its literal meaning) and contextualism (that a term's semantic content is a nonabsolute matter, a function of the speaker's intentions), is appealed to in order to establish the hypothesis of semantic relativity itself, as either position may be adopted as a consequence of there being no objective criteria via which one of the two positions may be established on a firmer foundation than the other. The philosophical problems appealed to are “epistemic skepticism,” “freewill and determinism,” “causation,” and “explanation.” In direct contrast to usual philosophical method, the goal throughout is not to demonstrate that one position on such issues (and many others) is better than another. Rather, philosophical relativism turns on demonstrating that, with regards to several competing positions, neither is any better off than its rivals in so far as its being a reflection of deterministic, absolute, objective fact is concerned.
The Hypothesis of Philosophical Relativity
Authors: Unger Peter 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Introduces the notion of philosophical relativity, the thesis that the answers we give for many philosophical problems are functions of arbitrary assumptions made at the initial stages of inquiry, and ipso facto that such problems lack objective solutions. Philosophical relativity is argued for via semantic relativity, the thesis that many of our terms do not have objectively specifiable semantic content. Semantic relativity is in turn argued for via an explication of the conflict obtaining between contextualism, the view that the semantic content of a lexical expression is whatever the speaker intended it to be, and invariantism, the view that the semantic content of a lexical expression is always its literal meaning. If semantic relativism can be shown to hold with regard to terms central in philosophical debate, then we have established philosophical relativism. Parallels with Quine's indeterminacy of interpretation thesis are drawn, with the present scenario being intralanguage indeterminacy as opposed to interlanguage indeterminacy. Strong indeterminacy is rejected, in an irregular move, via an appeal to a semantic holism.
Aspects of Semantic Relativity
Authors: Unger Peter 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Examines the common sense attractiveness of contextualism over invariantism, and ultimately takes such a common sense attractiveness to be a function of our intellectual habits as opposed to a reflection of objective fact. The claim that there do not exist semantic approaches that are more favorable than either contextualism or invariantism is made and argued for via an appeal to sortalism (a rejected attempt to arbitrate between the two), superinvariantism, and supercontextualism (extreme versions of invariantism and contextualism, respectively), which are also rejected as brutally implausible. The possibility that any of these three semantic approaches might be as good as either contextualism or invariantism merely serves to support semantic relativity. A foundation for semantic relativity is located within the vagueness of natural language terms.
Our Secret Constitution
Authors: Fletcher George P. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This book asserts that the Civil War marks the end of one era of American legal history, and the beginning of another. Abraham Lincoln's famous Gettysberg Address is viewed as the beginning of a new kind of “covert” constitutional law – one with a stronger emphasis on equality in the wake of the abolition of slavery – which was legally established in the Amendments made to the U.S. Constitution between 1865 and 1870. The author asserts that the influence of this “secret constitution”, which has varied in degree from Reconstruction to the present day, is visible in the rulings of the Supreme Court on issues hinging on personal freedom, equality, and discrimination.
Redemption Under Law
Authors: Fletcher George P. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter discusses the influence of religious ideas on legal values and experience, citing examples from religious law (especially Jewish law and the Talmud), the French civil code, and the German Constitution. The idea of law as a path to redemption for a people or nation is examined. The author points out that he considers the “original intent” of the framers of the Constitution (and its subsequent Amendments) irrelevant for the purposes of this book's analysis.
A Maxim of Justice: Its Birth and Rebirth
Authors: Fletcher George P. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter asserts that the U.S. traces the principle of equality to the idea that human beings were created in God's image, and discusses the evolution of the doctrine of equal protection via Supreme Court opinions as various as Chief Justice Roger Taney's in Dred Scott, and the oft‐cited Yick Wo. The author also discusses, at length, Justice John Paul Stevens’ gradual shift from an advocate of equality as status quo to equality as an active, “hands‐on” principle, as in the case of affirmative action.
Considerations of God, Man, Time and Eternity
Authors: Smith Jane Idleman , Haddad Yvonne Yazbeck 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
To understand how Muslims view the matter of life after death, it is necessary to see what the Qur’an says about God, about human beings, and about the structure of time. God, creator of all, is both just and merciful and works within the linear flow of time. Human lives proceed from birth to death individually, and are collectively rejuvenated and gathered for judgment by God at the end of time. Final dispensation is directly related to ethical choice, for which humans are fully responsible.
The Eschaton, the Judgment, and the Final Dispensation: Classical Islam
Authors: Smith Jane Idleman , Haddad Yvonne Yazbeck 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
A cluster of events to take place before and on the day of resurrection is detailed in the Qur’an. This chapter describes these events and examines how traditional Muslim commentators and theologians have interpreted them. Among these events are the cataclysmic changes that will happen to the earth heralding the resurrection, the appearance of the savior figure, the resurrection of bodies and rejoining with souls, the judgment, and the consignment to final abodes of reward or punishment.
Black Puritan, Black Republican
Authors: Saillant John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In the second half of the eighteenth century, British and American men and women began criticizing the slave trade and slavery as violations of the principles of Christianity, natural rights, and political security. A black spokesman for abolitionism was Lemuel Haynes (1753–1833), one of the first African Americans to publish. Haynes served as a minuteman in the American War of Independence and began writing against the slave trade and slavery in the 1770s. After ordination in a Congregational church, he assumed a pulpit in Rutland, Vermont, where he became a leading controversialist, defender of the theology of Jonathan Edwards, and interpreter of republican ideology. He was dismissed from his pulpit in 1818, because his affiliation to the Federalist Party and his opposition to the War of 1812 offended his congregation. The last 15 years of his life were characterized by pessimism about the ability of Americans of the early republic to defeat racism as well as by a defense of Puritanism, which he believed could guide the creation of a free, harmonious, and integrated society.
A Further Liberty in 1776
Authors: Saillant John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Lemuel Haynes was separated at birth from his parents, described in his lifetime as an African man and a white New England woman. Haynes matured as an indentured servant in Granville, Massachusetts, and served as a militiaman, a minuteman, and a soldier in the War of Independence. His essay, ”Liberty Further Extended” (1770s), attacked the slave trade and slavery. Like his contemporary Olaudah Equiano, Haynes was loyal to Calvinism. He studied with ministers of the New Divinity persuasion as he prepared for his ordination, which occurred in 1785.
How to Improve the Provision of Global Public Goods
Authors: Kaul Inge , Conceição Pedro , Le Goulven Katell , Mendoza Ronald U. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExplains the purposes underlying the structure of the four main parts of the book—to review and sharpen the analytical concepts employed; to clarify the stake‐holder interests, which comprise ‘publicness’; to examine issues affecting the efficiency of production of public goods; and to identify the ways in which the interface between national and transnational decision‐making affects the strategic management of the provision of global public goods.
Advancing the Concept of Public Goods
Authors: Kaul Inge , Mendoza Ronald U. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExamines the implications of translating the concept of public goods, originally developed in the setting of a domestic national economy, to that of global public goods set within a transnational global economy. This requires important adjustments to the concepts of ‘triangle of publicness’ (publicness of consumption, of benefits, and of decision‐making), as well as new typologies of public goods.
International Aspects of Public Goods Provision
Authors: Sandmo Agnar 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExamines the theoretical aspects of extending Samuelson's statist model of public goods provision into a global context, and what theoretical adjustments might be necessary. The most problematic part of extension involves the desirability of global production efficiency and the separation of equity and efficiency conditions, which play an important role in Samuelson's formulation.
Political Globalization: Trends and Choices
Authors: Held David , McGrew Anthony 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe emergence of a growing number of global issues—global public goods and bads—has started to erode the distinction between domestic and foreign affairs. Discusses three issues that highlight the changing constellation of politics. First, it examines how globalization is altering state politics and policy‐making. Then, it explores the implications of these political transformations for the notion of a political community. Finally, it discusses the policy choices available and required to govern, democratize, and civilize globalization more effectively than at present.
Governing the Provision of Global Public Goods: The Role and Legitimacy of Nonstate Actors
Authors: Edwards Michael , Zadek Simon 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe provision of global public goods will impose two tasks (1) increase the role of non‐state actors (2) do this without permitting the operation of special‐interest politics to jeopardize their legitimacy. While non‐state actors are crucial to rebuilding the legitimacy of the international system, they are only likely to be accepted and effective in this role if they succeed in strengthening their own legitimacy in the eyes of governments, inter‐governmental organizations, and the general public.
Steps Toward Enhanced Parity: Negotiating Capacity and Strategies of Developing Countries
Authors: Chasek Pamela , Rajamani Lavanya 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAn important problem in the management of global public goods lies with the imbalance of bargaining power as between developed and developing countries in the multilateral negotiations involved. Looks at characteristics of the negotiation process; the composition and strength of developing country negotiation teams; and tactics and methods for improving their bargaining position. Current constraints on negotiating capacity often reflect a lack of national policy analysis, design, and management capacity. One of this chapter's main recommendations is to increase national policy‐making capacity.
Creating Incentives for Cooperation: Strategic Choices
Authors: Barrett Scott 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
A key difference between public goods and global public goods is that the latter concept lacks the coercive authority, which the nation state enjoys. This means that the provision of global public goods requires a much more highly developed mechanism of incentives. Examines firstly, the different incentive structures that can underlie the provision of global public goods—for example, international trade agreements; secondly, the way in which these structures can be manipulated to foster international co‐operation and increase the provision of such goods.
Managing the Provision of Knowledge: The Design of Intellectual Property Laws
Authors: Correa Carlos M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractConsiders the efficiency effects of intellectual property rights (IPR), with a focus on patent rights. Specifically, it examines the dilemma facing policy‐makers in fostering innovation: how to reconcile the restrictions that intellectual property rights impose on the use of innovations—to encourage their creation by knowledge providers—with society's interest in maximum use of innovative products. First discusses two types of efficiency—static and dynamic—and the different considerations for achieving them. It then examines how IPR can influence the balance between the two types of efficiency. Next, it considers the options available under the TRIPS (Trade‐Related Aspects of International Property Rights) Agreement to increase either or both. Finally, it discusses the possibility of compulsory licensing as a means of increasing static efficiency.
Beyond Communicable Disease Control: Health in the Age of Globalization
Authors: Arhin‐Tenkorang Dyna , Conceição Pedro 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Public health is one of the most prominent global public goods, yet the history of international co‐operation to control communicable diseases reveals mixed results. To help understand why some diseases have been tamed while others have not, three challenges are analysed. The main finding is that problems tend to persist when the publicness of the response is limited. Here, publicness refers to the three key inputs—available medical knowledge, public health infrastructure and private household spending on complementary goods and services. Examines this relationship in the light of four examples—polio, HIV/AIDS, infection by antimicrobial‐resistant agents, and sickle cell disease. Concludes with a discussion of options for enhancing publicness as defined.
Global Trade for Local Benefit: Financing Energy for All in Costa Rica
Authors: Castro René , Cordero Sarah 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
While access to energy is one of the most prominent global public goods, undisciplined pursuit of energy resources can produce serious public bads in respect of environmental impact. The case of Costa Rica illustrates both the dependency and the vulnerability involved, and provides a clear example of the benefits of ‘emissions trading’, if an international regulatory agreement to be achieved.
Five Justices Decide the Election
Authors: Dershowitz Alan M. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Outlines the constitutional and statutory framework within which presidential elections are conducted in the USA. Provides a brief chronology and an account of the US (Bush vs Gore) presidential election of 2000. The different sections of the chapter are: How We Elect Our President (the constitutional and statutory framework); The 2000 Election and Its Aftermath; The Ground War in Florida; The Butterfly Ballot; ‘Count All the Votes’ — or at Least the Ones That Favour Gore; Bush Goes to Court; The Overseas Absentee Ballots; The Supreme Court's Initial — Unanimous — Decision; and The Supreme Court's Stay (the decision to stop recounting in Florida before even hearing an argument) — looks at other cases in which equal protection has or has not been applied by the US Supreme Court.
The Final Decision
Authors: Dershowitz Alan M. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Gives an account of the final decision of the US Supreme Court on the Florida vote in the (Bush vs Gore) US presidential election of 2000. Includes discussion of the deliberations and decisions of the Florida Supreme Court in the case of the recount in that state. The main sections of the chapter are: Imperfect Ballots and the Misuse of the Equal‐Protection Clause; Discerning Intent; The Majority's Curious Use of Precedent to Reach Its Result — the inability of the majority of the Supreme Court to point to any case that supported its questionable interpretation of the equal‐protection clause; Of Fundamental Rights, Equal Protection, and Victims; Limited Circumstances — the statement by the Supreme Court that their consideration was limited to the 2000 US presidential election; The Article II Argument — by the US Supreme Court that the Florida Supreme Court had usurped the constitutional authority of the legislature; and Justification by National Crisis.