bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Working toward consensus: Providers' strategies to shift patients from curative to palliative treatment choices
Authors: Norton Sally A. , Bowers Barbara J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEnd‐of‐life decision making is a complex phenomenon and providers, patients, and families often have different views about the appropriateness of treatment choices. The results presented here are part of a larger grounded‐theory study of reconciling decisions near the end of life. In particular, we examined how providers (N = 15) worked near the end of patients' lives toward changing the treatment decisions of patients and families from those decisions that providers described as unrealistic (i.e., curative) to those that providers described as more realistic (i.e., palliative). According to providers, shifting patients' and families' choices from curative to palliative was usually accomplished by changing patients' and families' understanding of the patient's overall “big picture” to one that was consistent with the providers' understanding. Until patients and families shifted their understanding of the patient's condition—the big picture—they continued to make what providers judged as unrealistic treatment choices based on an inaccurate understanding of what was really going on. These unrealistic choices often precluded possibilities for a “good death.” According to providers, the purpose of attempting to shift the patient or proxy's goals was that realistic goals lead to realistic palliative treatment choices that providers associated with a good death. In this article we review strategies used by providers when they believed a patient's death was imminent to attempt to shift patients' and families' understandings of the big picture, thus ultimately shifting their treatment decisions. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Res Nurs Health 24:258–269, 2001
Manual preparation of ground sections for the microscopy of natural bone tissue: update and modification of Frost's ‘rapid manual method’
Authors: Maat George J.R. , Van Den Bos Robert P.M. , Aarents Mj (Job) 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLight microscopy should be a routine complementary diagnostic tool for osteoarchaeologists, palaeopathologists and forensic anthropologists. However, this well‐established and long existing technique is not widely utilized. It is a popular belief that the preparation of the required sections of bone tissue demands a lot of time, expensive instruments, and a knowledge of plastics. To show that this is not entirely the case, a long existing technique for the manual preparation of ground sections was brushed up and tested. Its application is simple, extremely cheap, rapid and reliable and the final product is a beautiful and intact ca. 10–15 micron or less thin section. A few modifications are proposed which further improve the feasibility of the technique, and which also make it very suitable for less well‐preserved, inhumed, and even cremated osteoarchaeological/forensic remains. As in the original method, the modifications need only a few extra, but still very basic and cheap products. A detailed step by step description of the procedure is presented. The advantages are then discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of filler type and processing apparatus on the properties of the recycled “ light fraction” from municipal post‐consumer plastics
Authors: Dintcheva N. Tzankova , Mantia F.P. La , Trotta F. , Luda M. P. , Camino G. , Paci M. , Di Maio L. , Acierno D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPlastic waste or scraps are generated from two main sources: industrial wastes and post‐consumer wastes. By using the flotation method, generally two fractions are obtained from municipal post‐consumer wastes: a light fraction, floating on water, and a heavy fraction. The former is essentially made of low and high density polyethylene—LDPE, HDPE—and polypropylene—PP; the heavy fraction is formed by poly(vinyl chloride)—PVC—and poly(ethylene terephthalate)—PET.In this work, the recycling of a light fraction from municipal post‐consumer plastics has been studied, considering also the effect of filler type—glass fibres, calcium carbonate and wood fibres—and processing apparatus—discountinous mixer, single and twin screw extruder—on the properties.Although the similar chemical nature of the two main components, polyethylene and polypropylene of the light fraction, the mechanical properties of the recycled mixture are quite scarce, mainly because of the incompatibility and the possible presence of some heterogeneous particles.The recycling of the light fraction can significantly change the properties of the polymer system because of the thermomechanical stress and of the residence time during processing.The adding of the three fillers type leads to an increase of the thermomechanical and of some of the mechanical properties. The elastic modulus increases with the three fillers; in particular, glass fibres show the best results. The effect of the three fillers is quite similar for tensile strength, elongation at break and impact strength. The adding of inert filler strongly improves the rigidity of light fraction from municipal post‐consumer plastics. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A systematic study of the microwave and thermal cure kinetics of the DGEBA/DDS and DGEBA/DDM epoxy‐amine resin systems
Authors: Hill David J. T. , George Graeme A. , Rogers David G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe microwave and thermal cure processes for the epoxy‐amine systems (epoxy resin diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A, DGEBA) with 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl sulphone (DDS) and 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM) have been investigated for 1 : 1 stoichiometries by using fiber‐optic FT‐NIR spectroscopy. The DGEBA used was in the form of Ciba‐Geigy GY260 resin. The DDM system was studied at a single cure temperature of 373 K and a single stoichiometry of 20.94 wt% and the DDS system was studied at a stoichiometry of 24.9 wt% and a range of temperatures between 393 and 443 K. The best values of the kinetic rate parameters for the consumption of amines have been determined by a least squares curve fit to a model for epoxy/amine cure. The activation energies for the polymerization of the DGEBA/DDS system were determined for both cure processes and found to be 66 and 69 kJ mol−1 for the microwave and thermal cure processes, respectively. No evidence was found for any specific effect of the microwave radiation on the rate parameters, and the systems were both found to be characterized by a negative substitution effect. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pre‐ and perinatal findings in partial trisomy 7q resulting from balanced parental translocations t(7;21) and t(4;7)
Authors: Courtens W. , Vroman S. , Vandenhove J. , Wiedemann U. , Schinzel A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe report on a fetus and a newborn, both with partial trisomy 7q21→qter due to different familial translocations, t(7;21)(q21.2;p12) and t(4;7)(q35;q21.2). Postmortem examination of the 19‐week‐old female fetus disclosed dysmorphic features, cleft palate, anomalies of the great vessels, intestinal malrotation and uterus bicornis. The newborn girl revealed a pattern of minor anomalies, cleft palate, cerebellar hypoplasia, and anomalies of pancreas, gall bladder and appendix. The clinical findings in three other reported fetuses with partial trisomy 7q described so far are reviewed. A duplication 7q21→qter, as found in the propositi, has only been described in 11 patients who all had a concurrent partial monosomy. Patient 1 is particularly interesting since she is, to our knowledge, the first reported case with pure trisomy 7q21/22→qter. We reviewed the phenotype of the previously described patients, compared it with the propositae, and summarized the clinical features of pure trisomy 7q21/22→qter. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is hormone replacement therapy protective for venous ulcer of the lower limbs?
Authors: Bérard Anick , Kahn Susan R. , Abenhaim Lucien 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPurposeEstrogen has been found to increase the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), which is associated with venous ulcers. A matched case–control study was therefore performed to quantify the effect of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on the occurrence of venous ulcers of the lower limbs.MethodsWomen presenting to a participating vascular surgery department between January and December 1997 with a first open venous ulcer served as cases. Controls were sampled among women with sub‐acute conditions such as skin problems, cold, headache/migraine, sore throat and mild ear infections, and were matched on referral site and age (±5 years). Subjects were eligible for this study if they were postmenopausal, and excluded if they had non‐palpable pedal pulse or any chronic active diseases. The study consisted of an interviewer‐administered risk factor questionnaire. Conditional multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed adjusting for history of DVT and unbalanced distributions in important covariates.ResultsForty‐four cases and 80 matched controls were recruited. The mean age of participants was 64 years. HRT users were significantly thinner 27% with body mass index (BMI = (kg/height (m2)) ≥ 27 vs. 41%, p = 0.04) and less likely to have a history of DVT (12 vs. 33%, p = 0.02) and varicose veins (VV) (52 vs. 69%, p = 0.04) than non‐users. A matched univariate logistic regression analysis was performed to quantify the effect of HRT on venous ulcers and generated an odds ratio (OR) of 0.14 with 95% confidence interval of (0.04, 0.49)95%: adjusting for prior DVT resulted in an OR of 0.29 (0.09, 0.93)95%. When adjusting for BMI, history of VV, exercise, education, and smoking, the OR observed was 0.03 (0.01, 0.13)95%: further adjustment for prior DVT gave an OR estimate of 0.06 (0.01, 0.50)95%CI.ConclusionsOur study demonstrates that HRT has a protective effect on the occurrence of venous ulcers of the lower limbs. Adjusting for prior DVT moves the estimate closer to the null. DVT is a strong contraindication for HRT and therefore must be considered in order to eliminate confounding by contraindication. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copolymerization of a bisanthracene compound with bismaleimides by Diels–Alder cycloaddition
Authors: Grigoras Mircea , Colotin Georgiana 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFour new polymers have been synthesized via succesive Diels–Alder cycloadditions of a bisdiene compound bearing two anthracene groups and four bisdienophiles, all containing bismaleimide functions. The polycondensation reaction was performed in N,N‐dimethylacetamide at 120 °C leading to polymers soluble in polar solvents having molecular weights lower than 6000 g mol−1.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Increasing Native American Indian involvement in gifted programs in rural schools
Authors: Montgomery Diane 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNative American Indian students are not identified or served at the same rate as their majority counterparts. Javits Grants are part of a small federal program providing funding for direct service research and demonstration projects. The purpose of the grants is to resolve the problems in identifying and meeting the needs of underrepresented gifted populations. Herein is a description of Project LEAP, which was designed to identify and meet the needs of rural high school students who have gifts, talents, or high potential. The project was funded for three years. The information provided in this discussion was collected through on‐site interviews with all project staff and written reports from students at the end of each project year. The project was planned with four conceptual goals: community collaboration, partnership with parents, culturally relevant identification, and appropriate curriculum. Two themes emerged from an analysis of the interview and project documentation data regarding the implementation of the four Project goals: (a) the rural linkages that existed and were forged and (b) the authenticity infused into all project activities to discover and nurture gifts, talents, or high potential. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
NMR studies of hydrogen bonding interactions with secondary amide and urea groups
Authors: Deetz Martin J. , Fahey Julianne E. , Smith Bradley D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe cis/trans ratios for six model secondary amides were determined by 1H NMR in a range of solvent systems. The trans to cis equilibrium in chloroform is only slightly affected by addition of the hydrogen bond donor, trifluorethanol, but the cis rotamer is stabilized by an average of 0.7 kcal mol−1 when acetic acid is used as an intermolecular donor–acceptor template. Conversely, amide interaction with anionic hydrogen bond acceptors decreases the percentage of cis rotamer. 15N NMR spectroscopy was used to determine the effect of hydrogen bonding on the trans amide structure. The direction and the magnitude of 15N complex‐induced‐shifts indicate that both hydrogen bond donors and acceptors raise the secondary amide rotational barrier by increasing the CN bond order. The relationship of these results to protein structure is discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of nitroglycerin‐functionalized polystyrene
Authors: Raja S. , Dhamodharan R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization of diethyl oxomalonate‐, glycerol‐, and nitroglycerin‐functionalized polystyrene (DPS, GPS, and NGPS) from polystyrene (PS) by the chemical‐modification route were explored. DPS was synthesized by the Friedel–Crafts acylation of PS with diethyl oxomalonate in the presence of SnCl4 by a batchwise‐addition process. Proton NMR studies indicate that the acylation was essentially quantitative. IR spectroscopy was additionally used to confirm the transformation. The reduction of DPS was carried out using various reduction agents and reaction conditions. The sodium hydride reduction in tetrahydrofuran resulted in a quantitative conversion to GPS as estimated by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Treatment of GPS with a nitrating mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids results in the formation of NGPS. All the polymers were characterized using gel permeation chromatography, IR, UV, 1H spectroscopic techniques, pyrolysis‐mass spectrometry, and thermogravimetric analysis. This is the first investigation on the syntheses of DPS, GPS, and NGPS. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 39: 1203–1215, 2001
Degradation behavior of stereoregular cis–transoidal poly(phenylacetylene)s
Authors: Karim S. M. Abdul , Nomura Ryouji , Masuda Toshio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe stability of poly(phenylacetylene)s in solution was systematically studied. Cis–transoidal poly(phenylacetylene) prepared with a Rh catalyst readily underwent autoxidative degradation into oligomers, whereas a W‐based polymer with a trans‐rich geometrical structure degraded slowly under similar conditions. The degradation of W‐based poly(phenylacetylene) was independent of the solvents, whereas the degradation of the cis–transoidal material strongly depended on the solvents, and very rapid degradation was observed in toluene and CHCl3. A reduction in the degradation rate in the absence of oxygen and the appearance of carbonyl groups in an IR spectrum and aldehyde protons in a 1H NMR spectrum of the resulting oligomers indicated the direct participation of oxygen in the degradation where light was supposed to assist the degradation by producing radicals on the main chain. The cis content of cis–transoidal poly(phenylacetylene) was unchanged during the degradation, unlike for the acid‐catalyzed decomposition, in which the cis content decreased linearly as the molecular weight decreased. Ring‐substituted poly(phenylacetylene)s degraded slowly compared with poly(phenylacetylene), regardless of the kind of substituent, which suggests that steric factors affected the degradation rate. The use of radical scavengers such as 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl and diphenylpicrylhydrazil suppressed the decomposition. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3130–3136, 2001
Morphology, crystalline structure, and properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride)/silica hybrid composites
Authors: Kim Jae‐Wan , Cho Won‐Jei , Ha Chang‐Sik 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPoly(vinylidene fluoride)/silica (PVDF/SiO2) hybrid composite films were prepared via sol–gel reactions from mixtures of PVDF and tetraethoxysilane in dimethylacetamide. Their morphology, crystalline structure, and thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties were examined. For morphology measurements, scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy were applied. X‐ray diffraction and infrared analyses showed that the crystalline structure of PVDF was not changed much by the addition of SiO2, indicating that there was no interaction between PVDF and SiO2. With increasing SiO2 content, the melting temperature rarely changed, the degree of crystallinity and the dielectric constant decreased, and the decomposition temperature slightly increased. A PVDF/SiO2 hybrid composite film with 5 wt % SiO2 exhibited balanced mechanical properties without a severe change in the crystalline structure of PVDF, whereas for the hybrid composites with higher SiO2 contents (>10 wt %), the mechanical properties were reduced, and the spherulite texture of PVDF was significantly disrupted by the presence of SiO2 particles. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 19–30, 2002
Effects of humidity on Young's modulus in poly(methyl methacrylate)
Authors: Ishiyama C. , Higo Y. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTensile tests on poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were conducted to clarify the effects of humidity and strain rate on tensile properties, particularly Young's modulus. Prior to the tensile tests, specimens were kept under various humidity conditions at 293 K, which were the same as the test conditions, for a few months to adjust the sorbed water content in the specimens. The tensile tests were performed under each humidity condition at three different strain rates (approximately 1.4 × 10−3, 1.4 × 10−4, and 1.4 × 10−5 s−1). Stress‐strain curves changed with humidity and strain rate. Young's moduli were also measured at small applied stresses (below 6.7 MPa) under various humidity conditions at 293 K. Young's modulus decreases linearly with increasing humidity and a decreasing logarithm of strain rate. These results suggest that Young's modulus of PMMA can be expressed as a function of two independent parameters that are humidity and strain rate. A constitutive equation for Young's modulus of PMMA was proposed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 460–465, 2002; DOI 10.1002/polb.10107
Crystallinity changes in plastically deformed isotactic polypropylene evaluated by x‐ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry methods
Authors: Lima Martha Fogliato S. , Vasconcellos Marcos A. Zen , Samios Dimitrios 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe crystallinity of isotactic polypropylene (iPP), when deformed with plastic plane‐strain compression, was studied with wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) techniques. A comparison of the obtained crystallinity data with annealed iPP samples was performed. The material used in this study was commercial iPP (weight‐average molecular weight = 117.400 g/mol; number‐average molecular weight = 17.300 g/mol). A significant decrease in the crystallinity was observed with increasing deformation pressure when the X‐ray method was employed, whereas only a small decrease was registered when the DSC method of crystallinity determination was used. However, the annealed iPP samples demonstrated a slight crystallinity increase when evaluated by both techniques. The reason for the difference between WAXS and DSC crystallinity results is discussed. This study of iPP specimens subjected to large deformation led us to the conclusion that the WAXS method provides accurate crystallinity values for the deformed material, whereas the values obtained by the DSC method do not reproduce the real crystallinity of the deformed material. This is due to the inherent heating process of the method, which causes a relaxation process and a significant change in the crystallinity of the deformed material, providing values nearer to its intrinsic equilibrium state. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 896–903, 2002
Targeting novel folds for structural genomics
Authors: McGuffin Liam J. , Jones David T. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe ultimate goal of structural genomics is to obtain the structure of each protein coded by each gene within a genome to determine gene function. Because of cost and time limitations, it remains impractical to solve the structure for every gene product experimentally. Up to a point, reasonably accurate three‐dimensional structures can be deduced for proteins with homologous sequences by using comparative modeling. Beyond this, fold recognition or threading methods can be used for proteins showing little homology to any known fold, although this is relatively time‐consuming and limited by the library of template folds currently available. Therefore, it is appropriate to develop methods that can increase our knowledge base, expanding our fold libraries by earmarking potentially “novel” folds for experimental structure determination. How can we sift through proteomic data rapidly and yet reliably identify novel folds as targets for structural genomics? We have analyzed a number of simple methods that discriminate between “novel” and “known” folds. We propose that simple alignments of secondary structure elements using predicted secondary structure could potentially be a more selective method than both a simple fold recognition method (GenTHREADER) and standard sequence alignment at finding novel folds when sequences show no detectable homology to proteins with known structures. Proteins 2002;48:44–52. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contribution of Thr29 to the thermodynamic stability of goat α‐lactalbumin as determined by experimental and theoretical approaches
Authors: Horii Katsunori , Saito Minoru , Yoda Takao , Tsumoto Kouhei , Matsushima Masaaki , Kuwajima Kunihiro , Kumagai Izumi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Thr29 residue in the hydrophobic core of goat α‐lactalbumin (α‐LA) was substituted with Val (Thr29Val) and Ile (Thr29Ile) to investigate the contribution of Thr29 to the thermodynamic stability of the protein. We carried out protein stability measurements, X‐ray crystallographic analyses, and free energy calculations based on molecular dynamics simulation. The equilibrium unfolding transitions induced by guanidine hydrochloride demonstrated that the Thr29Val and Thr29Ile mutants were, respectively, 1.9 and 3.2 kcal/mol more stable than the wild‐type protein (WT). The overall structures of the mutants were almost identical to that of WT, in spite of the disruption of the hydrogen bonding between the side‐chain OH group of Thr29 and the main‐chain CO group of Glu25. To analyze the stabilization mechanism of the mutants, we performed free energy calculations. The calculated free energy differences were in good agreement with the experimental values. The stabilization of the mutants was mainly caused by solvation loss in the denatured state. Furthermore, the OH group of Thr29 favorably interacts with the CO group of Glu25 to form hydrogen bonds and, simultaneously, unfavorably interacts electrostatically with the main‐chain CO group of Thr29. The difference in the free energy profile of the unfolding path between WT and the Thr29Ile mutant is discussed in light of our experimental and theoretical results. Proteins 2001;45:16–29. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.