bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Marine agronomy
Authors: Chapman Anthony RO , Anderson Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Genetic engineering will undoubtedly play a key role in the genetic improvement of commercially impor tant seaweeds for the production of cell wall polysaccharides, improved nutritional quality, the production of pharmaceuticals and pigments, and for their potential use in phytoremediation of heavy metals and organic pollutants. In addition, the development of genetic engineering techniques for macroalgae will rep resent a crucial step in the efforts to make this diverse group of organisms amenable to functional genom ic analysis. This type of analysis will lead to an understanding of the genes and metabolic pathways involved in the production of valuable macroalgal natural products. Success of genetic engineering of any plant depends upon the availability of: (1) commercially useful genes, (2) regulatory sequences (promoters, enhancers, etc.) for controlled expression of the transgenes, (3) reliable means of gene delivery to the cells, and (4) reliable means of selection and regeneration of transformed cells into whole plants. Of the several techniques used to transfer foreign genes into plant cells (direct uptake, micro-injection, electroporation, biolistic bombardment, and Agrobacterium vectors), direct uptake and electroporation of protoplasts and spores seem to be the most effective approaches to gene transfer in macroalgae. Data from transformation attempts indicate that, while the currently available higher plant or viral promoters may be effective in tran sient expression assays, they are not suitable for stable expression of the transgenes in macroalgae.
Human nutrition
Authors: Chapman Anthony RO , Anderson Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the specimens of Porphyra previously collected in central Chile have traditionally been ascribed to Porphyra columbina Montagne. Because this species lacks internationally accepted frond properties required for human consumption (organoleptic properties), its commercialization is only internal. However, a recent taxonomic study at five sites in central Chile recorded nine species, significantly increasing the number of known taxa for the area. This motivated a new evaluation of the potential for marketing and farming Porphyra in central Chile. The nine species found differ in organoleptic properties, external morphology, reproductive tissues, size and shape of cells and temporal patterns of abundance in intertidal habitats. Porphyra linearis, P. pseudolinearis and P. woolhousiae exhibit organoleptic characteristics accepted by inter national markets, have frond morphology adequate for seaweed farming and P. linearis is the most abun dant species in central Chile. Thus, this species appears as potentially important for future commercial developments.
Floristics, systematics, phylogenies, biogeography
Authors: Chapman Anthony RO , Anderson Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Gulf of Mexico has an extensive continental shelf that may be divided into the following major types: 1) an alluvial sector from Tamaulipas to Veracruz with several estuarine systems; 2) the sub merged limestone plateau off the coast of Yucatan, known as the Campeche Banks, of biogenic origin composed mainly of coral and calcareous algal remains; and 3) the Caribbean sector where the narrow and karstic continental shelf is character ized by coral reefs. The dispersal of marine algae by currents in the area tends to be from the Caribbean Sea to the Campeche Banks and westward and northward as permitted by other environmental factors. Warm water (of about 36.4 PSU) flows from the Caribbean Sea up the Yucatan channel into the Gulf of Mexico. A branch of this current curves westward and flows over Campeche Banks and spreads out into the Gulf of Mexico. This branchconsistsofdeepwater(225-250 m, 16-20 °C), and, during spring and summer, this is a barrier to the continuous dispersal of marine algae from the Bahamas Banks and West Indies into the Gulf of Mexico.
Growth, physiology, stressors, pathology
Authors: Chapman Anthony RO , Anderson Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Philippine strain of Kappaphycus alvarezii was introduced for experimental cultivation in Ubatuba Bay, Ubatuba, Sao Paulo State, Brazil (23°26.9’ S, 45°0.3’ W). The species was cultivated on horizontal ropes 20-40 cm below the sea surface, and on vertical ropes descending to 2.0 m. Knowledge of the physical and biological factors affecting growth rates of K alvarezii is of primary importance for the analysis of mariculture enterprise viability and potential spread and control in the region. Experiments conducted from 1996 to 1999 showed growth rates varying from 3.6 to 8.9% d-1, primarily correlated with seawater temperature with monthly mean values from 19.9 to 29.00C, and extremes values from 17.0 to 33.0°C. Other factors affecting growth rates were: i) low salinity in periods of exceptional heavy rainfall; ii) light attenuation with increasing depth, and iii) effects of grazers, increasing with depth.
The Belief Gene
Authors: Park Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1995 the Natural Law Party succeeded in getting its presidential candidate, John Hagelin, on the ballot in all fifty states-a goal that had eluded other thirdparty hopefuls, even Ross Perot four years earlier. The platform of the Natural Law Party offered an “action plan to revitalize America,” based on “scientifically proven solutions.” The centerpiece of the scientific proof was an experiment conducted in Washington, D.C., in the summer of 1993.
Motion In A Central Field
Authors: Fasano Antonio , Marmi Stefano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consider a point particle of mass m and denote by r the position vector in the space R3. Recall that a central field F(r) of the form where f : (0, + ∞) ---+ R is a regular function, is conservative (Example 2.2) with potential energy V(r) = - J f(r) dr. The moment of the field (5.1) with respect to the centre is zero, yielding conservation of the angular momentum L. The motion takes place in the plane passing through the origin and orthogonal to L, namely the plane identified by the initial position vector r0 and the initial velocity vector v0 (note that in the case L = 0, the vectors r0 and v0 are necessarily parallel and the motion takes place along a line). We now introduce in the orbit plane (which we assume to be the (x,y) plane, as shown in Fig. 5.1) the polar coordinates
The Mechanics Of Rigid Bodies: Dynamics
Authors: Fasano Antonio , Marmi Stefano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In contrast with kinematics, the dynamics of rigid bodies depends on the specific distribution of masses. Hence it is necessary to review some results on the geometry and kinematics of masses; we shall limit ourselves to the essential facts.1 Rigid bodies can be treated equally well by a discrete or by a continuum model. The latter consists of defining a mass density function in the region occupied by the system. This is due to the fact that for rigid continua it makes sense to consider forces applied to single points, or rather, to substitute a force field (such as weight) with equivalent systems of forces applied to various points of the system, or rigidly connected to it. This should be contrasted with the case of deformable continua, and for which one must define force densities.
Analytic Mechanics: Hamilton-Jacobi Theory And Integrability
Authors: Fasano Antonio , Marmi Stefano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have discussed (see Theorem 10.13) how the Hamiltonian flow corresponding to a Hamiltonian H is a canonical transformation which associates with H a new Hamiltonian K that is identically zero. We now consider essentially the question of finding the corresponding generating function. The problem of the integration of the equations of motion in a Hamiltonian system described by the Hamiltonian H(p, q, t) can be reduced to the following: find a canonical transformation from the variables (p, q) to new variables (P, Q), generated by a function F( q, P, t) in such a way that the new Hamiltonian K(P, Q, t) is identically zero:
Loss of ‘Awareness’ in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Morris Robin G , Hannesdottir Kristin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, lack of ‘awareness’ or loss of ‘insight’ is explored in relation to Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), with an emphasis on the factors related to this phenomenon. Here, for the most part awareness is understood as being due to intrinsic organically based disorder. The term ‘anosognosia’ is adopted following Babinksi’s (1914) introduction at the turn of the century, applying it to lack of knowledge or the existence of neurological disease. Although anosognosia can refer to loss of awareness of having a neurological disorder or illness, it has also been applied to the extent of loss of neurological or neuropsychological function.
The real prime
Authors: Shai Haran M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The arithmetic of number fields, which are finite extensions of the field of rational numbers ℚ1 resembles the geometric theory of function fields, the fields of meromorphic functions on the one-dimensional objects of geometry-the curves. Over the complex numbers ℂ1 a curve Σ is a compact Riemann surface, and its fiel dof meromorphic functions ℂ (Σ) is a finite extension of the field of rational functions ℂ (ℙ1) = ℂ (z). The geometry of Σ can be retrieved from the arithmetic of the field ℂ (Σ).
Global ‘chains’ and higher dimensions
Authors: Shai Haran M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let P be a set, and for each p ϵP let Xp be a timed chain with state space. Note that we do not have a natural chain structure on X: for this we will need a way of choosing a finite subset of P at each step of our particle walk (or a probability measure on the collection of all finite subsets of P). Thus we do not have a single operator Px acting on functions on X.
C
Authors: Dodge Yadolah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
calibration A procedure for converting the results from a measuring instrument into those that would have been obtained by some standardized ‘ideal’ instrument. More specifically a regression-like relation between the ‘ideal’ measurement x as explanatory variable and the first device y as response is used to convert a measurement of y into an estimate of the corresponding x.
call-back The inability of an investigator to make contact with a particular designated sample unit at the first attempt raises certain problems of bias due to non-response. One method of dealing with this is for the investigator to ‘call back’ on one or more occasions in order to establish contact.
K
Authors: Dodge Yadolah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
k-means clustering A technique for cluster analysis in which, after k clusters have been formed, each point is examined and reassigned, if necessary, to the cluster whose mean is at the smallest distance from it (Hartigan, 1975). The procedure continues until no further reassignment takes place. As points are moved, the cluster means must be updated, and the distance measure changes if generalized distance is used.
P
Authors: Dodge Yadolah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
paired comparison The comparison of a set of objects in pairs, each pair AB being placed in a preference relationship: A preferred to B or B preferred to A or, in more general conditions, neither preferred to the other. The method is used where order relations are more easily determined than measurements, e.g., in investigating taste preferences. More generally, the expression is used to denote the comparison of two samples of equal size where members of one can be paired off against members of the other with possibly a randomized allocation of two treatments, one to each member of the pair.
V
Authors: Dodge Yadolah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
validation A procedure which provides, by reference to independent sources, evidence that an enquiry is free from bias or otherwise conforms to its declared purpose. It may be applied to a sample investigation with the object of showing that the sample is reasonably representative of the population and that the information collected is accurate. Validity is to be contrasted with consistency, which is concerned with the internal agreement of data or procedures among themselves. Validation of a measuring instrument involves establishing near-equivalence to a gold-standard method, should one exist. Otherwise one relies on face-validity and construct validity. For an instrument formed from an item-based questionnaire, face-validity checks that the items cover the aspects required on subject-matter grounds, whereas construct validity requires that differences between distinct groups of individuals are in the expected direction.
Space- and time-dependent distribution functions
Authors: Egelstaff P A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At this stage, a further set of concepts will be introduced in order to lay the foundation for a discussion of the transport and non-equilibrium properties of a liquid. These ideas involve the motion of the atoms in the liquid, the details of which have not been relevant to the earlier discussion. In this and the following chapters, the properties of distribution and correlation functions that involve time as well as position are discussed. Of greatest importance is the van Hove time-dependent pair distribution function, G(r, r ), which is defined in the following section and is a generalization of the pair distribution function g(r). Then the methods by which it may be studied experimentally arc outlined and compared.
Collective modes of motion at low frequencies
Authors: Egelstaff P A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The thermal motion in a liquid may be divided conveniently into singleparticle and collective modes of motion, and the next two chapters will be devoted to a discussion of the latter modes. This subject is a complex one, and there is an extensive literature (e.g. Boon and Yip 1980). The treatment given here is subdivided into the macroscopic modes, which may be described by hydrodynamic theory, and the microscopic modes, for which the theory is less exact. A part of this discussion concerns the processes—viscosity and thermal conduction—by which these modes are damped. The viscosity coefficient will be discussed at length, but because the theory of the thermal conductivity is more complex, it will be treated superficially. For the hydrodynamic theory these coefficients are taken as given constants from which the magnitude of the mode damping coefficients may be calculated. In this chapter microscopic definitions of these transport coefficients will be given and later generalized for discussion of the microscopic modes of motion.
Liquid dynamics on the microscopic scale
Authors: Egelstaff P A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to a general discussion of the properties described in Chapters 11 15 and illustrated with various examples. It begins with a discussion of the characteristics of the scattering function S(Q, ω). Then we discuss the theory for the damping of sound waves or collective modes, which is called mode-coupling theory. This theory makes predictions for the second-order memory function (eqn 16.5), and so, in addition, we shall discuss the ways in which this function may be measured. It is found that the present versions of these theories arc in reasonable agreement with experiment. The second half of the chapter presents examples of S(Q, ω) in three different areas, beginning with a discussion of the approach to the hydrodynamic regime. Then the dynamics of molten salts is considered. The coherent function for molten salts may be separated into number- and charge-fluctuation terms. These terms behave differently, both with respect to the modes being observed and their range in frequency. Thus new concepts are introduced for this topic. In contrast, the dynamic structure factor for a simple
Learning the art of scientific communication 1655–61
Authors: Hall Marie Boas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With his diplomatic mission finally concluded, Oldenburg was clearly at a loose end. He temporarily retired to the country, probably directly to the Honywoods’ house in Kent where he had certainly arrived by May 1655. From there he wrote, or at least drafted, a letter that month addressed ‘To the Right Honble ye Lady’ [sic] plausibly but not necessarily to Lady Ranelagh.1
Scientific Diplomacy 1669–77 (2) Huygens: Mathematics, Mechanics and Horology
Authors: Hall Marie Boas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Correspondence with Newton had employed Oldenburg on two fronts, the mathematical and the optical, but it was by no means his only fruitful correspondence nor the only one which generated controversy. A very important part of Oldenburg’s correspondence in the 1670s centred around Christiaan Huygens. His appraisal of Newton’s optical work has already been discussed in the previous chapter, but he also involved Oldenburg in several other controversial subjects which equally had real and important implications for the expansion of natural philosophy. Huygens was one of those often reluctant to publish and yet, again like so many others, was inclined to be outraged when others claimed priority for what he himself had discovered even though he had not made it public. Once again Oldenburg was required to use all his diplomatic skill in soothing wounded pride and in eliciting information in the face of reluctance to communicate, this time with mixed success.
On ancestral graph Markov models
Authors: Koster Jan T A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let me first congratulate the authors on their interesting article on ancestral graph Markov models. Readers of the article are strongly advised to go through the details of the longer ‘parent’ paper as well (Richardson and Spirtes 2002) to appreciate even further the elegant way in which the properties of this class of Markov models is developed.
Graphical models for mapping continuous traits
Authors: Sheehan Nuala A , Sorensen Daniel A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As discussed in Heath’s article, probability and likelihood calculations routinely required for linkage analyses can pose enormous computational problems when general pedigrees and many marker loci are involved. They are completely intractable, even for a single locus model, on the large complex pedigrees that frequently arise in animal populations.
Action planning affects spatial localization
Authors: Jordan Jerome Scott , Stork Sonja , Knuf Lothar , Kerzel Dirk , Müsseler Jochen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abstract. When observers are asked to indicate the 1nal position of a moving stimulus, their localizations are reliably displaced beyond the 1nal position, in the direction the stimulus was traveling just prior to its offset. Recent experiments indicate that these localization errors depend on whether or not observers track the moving stimulus with eye-movements. If they track, there is a localization error; if not, the error reduces to zero. The present series of experiments investigated whether localization error might be due, in part, to the binding of the moving stimulus in an action plan. Experiment 1 utilized circular stimulus trajectories, and the eye tracking/ no-tracking discrepancy revealed in previous studies was replicated. Experiment 2 required central 1xation by all observers, and either the computer program (i.e. induction) or a button press by the observer (i.e. intention) produced the stimulus offset.
Variation in extinction risk and species richness
Authors: Bennett Peter M , Owens Ian P F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous sections we investigated how living birds have evolved a diversity of solutions to the problems of growing, surviving, mating, and providing parental care for their offspring. These problems have engaged biologists from Darwin onwards and were those tackled by David Lack in Ecological adaptations for breeding in birds. In recent years, however, the increasing threat posed by human disturbance to natural environments has brought a series of new challenges for biologists.
The Combinatorics of some Abstract Data Types
Authors: Atkinson M D , Tulley D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abstract data types (ADTs) may be regarded as abstract machines and then a program for an ADT is any sequence of operations allowed by its speciflcation. The effect of such programs on container ADTs is captured by the relationship between each input sequence and the set of possible output sequences that can result from it. This relationship is studied principally in the case of dictionaries, stacks and priority queues and a distinction is drawn between ADTs of unbounded and bounded capacity. Abstract machines have a long and honourable history in Computer Science. Turing machines, push-down automata, and flnite-state machines are three well known types; they have been used to study general purpose computers, compilers, and string manipulation although their importance goes well beyond these three applications. The central theoretical issue for these (and other) machines is the characterisation of the languages associated with them. The aim of this paper is to study some abstract data types in the same spirit.
The Regular Coloration of Graphs
Authors: Everett M G , Borgatti; S P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A regular coloration of a graph is an assignment of colours to the vertices which obeys the rule that if two vertices are coloured the same then their neighborhoods have the same set of colours. If the graph represents a social system then vertices which are coloured the same can be thought of as playing the same role. We investigate the concept of regular coloration and present some results which allow for the development of algorithms which can be used to analyze social network data. Graph theory has been extensively used as a model in the social sciences. The vertices of a graph represent individuals or groups of individuals. The groups can be as diverse as political parties, countries or family groups. The edges represent interpersonal or intergroup relations, for example “likes”, “hates”, “agrees”, “communicates with”, “married to”, “allied with”, “trades with” etc. Clearly this model can give rise to both digraphs and graphs.
A Constructive Algorithm for Neural Network Design with Application to Channel Equalization
Authors: Sweatman* Catherine Z W Hassell , Gibson; Gavin J , Mulgrew* Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We describe a deterministic algorithm for designing a multilayer perceptron (MLP) [11] for the solution of a two-state classiflcation problem. This algorithm is illustrated in the context of channel equalization [4], but is more generally applicable. Attention is restricted to MLPs with one hidden layer of nodes and a single output node (see [3] and Figure 1). The outputs of the nodes in the flrst (hidden) layer are the inputs to the output node.
Multi-Function Coding and Modulation for Spread Spectrum and CDMA with Inherent Security
Authors: Smith D H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Currently, spreading sequences for spread-spectrum communications and sequences for CDMA (code division multiple access) systems typically use codes whose auto- and cross-correlation properties are optimized for the characteristics of the channel in question. If security is desired, this is added as a further layer of coding. Sequences exist, however, which combine both desirable modulation characteristics and strong cryptographic properties. The most promising of these appears to be the sequences produced by the Blum Generator, which has been shown to possess a very high degree of randomness [l]. This generator has already been used to provide the key sequence for a public key stream cipher radio scheme [2] and so a natural extension of this is the use of such sequences as spreading codes, which as well as offering the advantages of spread spectrum communications,