bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Concurrent Enrollment in Arizona: Encouraging Success in High School
Authors: Puyear Donald , Thor Linda , Mills Karen 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis chapter presents a brief history of concurrent enrollment initiatives and then gives an overview of activity in Arizona, including research on student achievement, as well as tracking studies. In spite of growth in the number of programs and successes in student achievement, not everyone in the state understands and appreciates the benefits of the program; the final section of this chapter describes some of the realities of politics and necessary compromises.
Radial approach to right heart catheterization: Early experience with a promising technique
Authors: Gilchrist Ian C. , Kharabsheh Suleiman , Nickolaus Michelle J. , Reddy Rallapalli 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTransradial cardiac catheterization has been historically limited to arterial catheterization. Using small‐diameter introducers and catheters, a technique of combined right and left heart catheterization is described using both the radial artery and its neighboring vein. Evaluation of 55 sequential right and left heart procedures showed that it could be accomplished in > 50% using venous access in the forearm. This approach has many potential advantages, although the ability to access routinely both venous and arterial vessels at the level of the wrist is unclear. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;55:20–22. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Common femoral artery anatomy is influenced by demographics and comorbidity: Implications for cardiac and peripheral invasive studies
Authors: Schnyder Guido , Sawhney Neil , Whisenant Brian , Tsimikas Sotirios , Turi Zoltan G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe assessed the angiographic size of the common femoral artery (CFA) and the influence of demographics and comorbidites. In addition, the location of the CFA bifurcation and the site of femoral puncture were also assessed. Consecutive CFA angiograms (n = 200) were prospectively analyzed. CFA diameter was 6.9 ± 1.4 mm and length 43.3 ± 16.2 mm. By multivariate analysis, only diabetes (P < 0.001), female gender (P < 0.0005), and small body surface area (P < 0.01) predicted small vessel size. Vessel length correlated with patient height (P < 0.0005). CFA bifurcation occurred at or below the femoral head center in 98.5%. The femoral puncture was into a vessel other than the CFA in 13%, and 54% of punctures were in a less than ideal anatomical location. In conclusion, the CFA is a relatively small diameter vessel, particularly in diabetics and women. Puncture above the femoral head center and below the superior margin of the acetabulum accurately predicts an ideal puncture site. Thus, routine fluoroscopic guidance should be considered. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;53:289–295. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bilateral selective internal mammary artery angiography via right radial approach: Clinical experience with newly designed Yumiko catheter
Authors: Kim Moo Hyun , Cha Kwang Soo , Kim Hye Jin , Kim Jong Seong 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe radial artery has been increasingly used as a primary access site for coronary angiography and intervention. But the technique for internal mammary artery (IMA) visualization via the right radial artery has not been well described. Therefore, the study was conducted to investigate the feasibility, safety, and adequacy of selective bilateral IMA angiography via the right radial artery using the recently developed Yumiko catheter. From November 1999 to October 2000, both IMA angiographies were undertaken immediately following the diagnostic coronary angiogram taken from right transradial approach in 114 patients. IMA angiography was successfully obtained in 99% (113/114) patients. For left IMA angiography, 73 (64%), 28 (25%), and 12 (11%) imagings were obtained in a selective, a semiselective, and a nonselective way, respectively. After initial periods of 33 left‐IMA‐only imaging, right IMA angiography was obtained in 81 patients (phase 2). Selective right IMA imaging was done in 73 (90%), semiselective in 6, and nonselective in 2 patients. The reasons for failure of selective or semiselective visualization were severe vascular tortuosity, far distal anatomical origin of left IMA and ulcerative plaque, or acutely angled left subclavian artery. The feasibility and safety of selective and semiselective bilateral IMA angiography were demonstrated using a 5 Fr Yumiko catheter from the right radial approach. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2001;54:19–24. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glutamate receptor ligands: Synthesis, stereochemistry, and enantiopharmacology of methylated 2‐aminoadipic acid analogs
Authors: Guldbrandt Mette , Johansen Tommy N. , Frydenvang Karla , Bräuner‐Osborne Hans , Stensbøl Tine B. , Nielsen Birgitte , Karla Rolf , Santi Flavio , Krogsgaard‐Larsen Povl , Madsen Ulf 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHomologation and substitution on the carbon backbone of (S)‐glutamic acid [(S)‐Glu, 1], as well as absolute stereochemistry, are structural parameters of key importance for the pharmacological profile of (S)‐Glu receptor ligands. We describe a series of methyl‐substituted 2‐aminoadipic acid (AA) analogs, and the synthesis, stereochemistry, and enantiopharmacology of 3‐methyl‐AA (4a–d), 4‐methyl‐AA (5a–d), 5‐methyl‐AA (6a–d), and (E)‐Δ4‐5‐methyl‐AA (7a and 7b) are reported. The compounds were resolved using chiral HPLC and the configurational assignments of the enantiomers were based on X‐ray crystallographic analyses, chemical correlation, and CD spectral analyses. The effects of the individual stereoisomers at ionotropic and metabotropic (S)‐Glu receptors (iGluRs and mGluRs) were characterized. Compounds with S‐configuration at the α‐carbon generally showed mGluR2 agonist activity of similar or slightly lower potencies than (S)‐AA [e.g., EC50 = 76 μM for (2S,4S)‐4‐methyl‐AA (5a) as compared to EC50 = 35 μM for (S)‐AA]. The position of the methyl substituent had a profound effect on the observed pharmacology, whereas the absolute stereochemistry at the methylated carbon atom had a very limited effect on pharmacology. Structure–activity relationships at iGluRs in the rat cortical wedge preparation showed a complex pattern, some compounds being NMDA receptor agonists [e.g., EC50 =110 μM for (2S,5RS)‐5‐methyl‐AA (6a,b)] and some compounds showing NMDA receptor antagonist effects [e.g., IC50 = 300 μM for (2R,4S)‐4‐methyl‐AA (5d)]. The two unsaturated analogs (S)‐ (7a) and (R)‐(E)‐Δ4‐5‐methyl‐AA (7b) turned out to be a weak AMPA receptor agonist and a weak mixed NMDA/AMPA receptor antagonist, respectively. Chirality 14:351–363, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Angiogenesis in patients with craniopharyngiomas
Authors: Vidal Sergio , Kovacs Kalman , Lloyd Ricardo V. , Meyer Frederic B. , Scheithauer Bernd W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDCraniopharyngiomas are histologically benign epithelial neoplasms of the sellar region that often exhibit aggressive and invasive growth. The authors hypothesized that tumor proliferation, spread, and recurrence are angiogenesis dependent and investigated the significance of vascularization relative to biologic behavior. To the authors' knowledge, angiogenesis for patients with craniopharyngiomas has not been examined to date.METHODSThe authors measured microvessel densities in resected, histologically proven craniopharyngiomas using immunostains for CD‐34, a monoclonal antibody that selectively recognizes endothelial cells. Both histologic types of craniopharyngiomas, adamantinomatous and papillary, were included in the study. In addition, the cellular distribution of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a strong stimulator of new vessel formation, was assessed by both immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization for VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR‐2) mRNA expression.RESULTSHistologically, small numbers of capillaries were identified in temporal stroma but not in their epithelial components. Immunohistochemistry revealed strong, conclusive cytoplasmic immunoreactivity for VEGF in the epithelial cells of both adamantinomatous craniopharyngiomas and papillary craniopharyngiomas. In situ hybridization showed that VEGFR‐2 mRNA was expressed widely, not only in neoplastic epithelium but also in capillary endothelium.CONCLUSIONSTumors with greater microvessel density regrow more frequently compared with tumors that have lower microvessel density, suggesting that the extent of angiogenesis is of prognostic value in patients with craniopharyngioma. VEGFR‐2 may act as a key modulator of VEGF activity in endothelial cells and nonendothelial cells, indicating that VEGF plays an important role in the behavior of craniopharyngiomas. Cancer 2002;94:738–45. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10281
Primary central nervous system lymphomas
Authors: van der Sanden Gitty A. C. , Schouten Leo J. , van Dijck Jos A. A. M. , van Andel Joke P. , van der Maazen Richard W. M. , Coebergh Jan‐Willem W. ,   Working Group of Specialists in Neuro‐Oncology in the Southern and Eastern Netherlands
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDAn excessive increase in the incidence of primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) has been reported since the mid‐1980s in the U.S. and U.K. Clinical studies have shown that radiotherapy and chemotherapy may prolong survival. In the current study, the authors describe the incidence, treatment, and survival of an unselected group of patients with PCNSL in the southern and eastern Netherlands.METHODSData regarding patients diagnosed between 1989–1994 were obtained from 4 population‐based regional cancer registries in the southern and eastern Netherlands (n = 86) and the Eindhoven Cancer Registry for 1980–1988 (n = 6). Lymphomas were registered as PCNSL when a tissue diagnosis of CNS lymphoma was established for a patient with neurologic symptoms (i.e., lymphomas were not necessarily restricted to the CNS at the time of diagnosis). Only patients diagnosed during their lifetime with Stage I disease, Stage “IV” disease (i.e., diffuse CNS lymphoma), or disease of unknown stage were included (63 patients, 8 patients, and 15 patients, respectively, between 1989–1994). For 80 patients (93%) follow‐up was complete until January 1, 1997.RESULTSBetween 1989–1994, an average World Standardized Rate of 2.3 cases and 1.7 cases per 1 million person‐years, respectively, was reported for males and females. The median age of the patients at the time of diagnosis was 62 years, and was 66 years for patients with an unknown disease stage. In the area of the Eindhoven Cancer Registry the occurrence of PCNSL more than doubled from < 2% of all histologically confirmed primary CNS malignancies diagnosed between 1980–1985 to approximately 4% of cases diagnosed between 1986–1994. The median survival of all the patients was 4.1 months; the median survival was 5.8 months for patients with limited (Stage I and Stage IV) disease and was 0.6 months for patients with an unknown stage of disease. Approximately 65% of the patients with limited disease received radiotherapy and approximately 35% of such patients received chemotherapy. Furthermore, chemotherapy was given more often to patients age < 60 years who tended to have a slightly better survival than patients age ≥ 60 years.CONCLUSIONSThe increase in the incidence of PCNSL in the 1980s may be explained in large part by changes in diagnostics and registration. The relatively high incidence and low survival rate of PCNSL in the southern and eastern Netherlands reported in the 1990s may be due in part to the inclusion of patients with systemic lymphoma and immunodeficiency disorders. However, a significant improvement in the prognosis of patients with PCNSL in the southern and eastern Netherlands diagnosed in the 1990s is unlikely. Cancer 2002;94:1548–56. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10357
Prognostic significance of Tie‐1 protein expression in patients with early chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Verstovsek Srdan , Kantarjian Hagop , Manshouri Taghi , O'Brien Susan , Faderl Stefan , Talpaz Moshe , Cortes Jorge , Albitar Maher 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe Tie‐1 tyrosine kinase receptor and its thus far unidentified ligand appear to play a distinct role in the regulatory pathways of early hematopoiesis and angiogenesis. Because vascularity is increased in the bone marrow of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), the authors evaluated the clinical significance of Tie‐1 expression in such patients.METHODSUsing Western blot analysis and solid‐phase radioimmunoassay (RIA), the authors quantified Tie‐1 protein in bone marrow samples from 128 patients with CML and 31 normal controls.RESULTSThe median Tie‐1 RIA value of CML samples was significantly higher than in normal controls (P = 0.01). The authors found no significant differences in Tie‐1 levels in patients with early chronic, late chronic, accelerated, and blastic phases (P = 0.2). High Tie‐1 levels correlated with short survival in patients with early chronic phase (P = 0.003; Cox proportional hazard model) but not in patients with late chronic (P = 0.2) or accelerated/blastic (P = 0.2) phase CML. Tie‐1 protein level was also prognostic when patients were separated into two groups by the median value. High Tie‐1 level in early chronic phase was associated with significantly shorter survival than low Tie‐1 level (median survival, 116 vs. 61 months; P = 0.03). In patients with early chronic phase CML, Tie‐1 levels correlated directly with patient age (P = 0.004) and platelet count (P = 0.003), and inversely with leukocyte count (P = 0.007). Tie‐1 as a predictor of survival in early chronic phase CML was independent of risk group, spleen size, age, hemoglobin, and basophil count (P = 0.03; multivariate Cox proportional hazard model).CONCLUSIONSThe authors' findings support the hypothesis that angiogenesis may play a major role in the pathophysiology of chronic phase CML. Cancer 2002;94:1517–21. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10363
Monoclonal antibodies to target epidermal growth factor receptor–positive tumors
Authors: Herbst Roy S. , Shin Dong M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDTraditional cytotoxic approaches to tumor management are associated with efficacy and toxicity limitations. Blockade of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its ligands is a novel approach to the treatment of human tumors that offers a noncytotoxic alternative to cancer treatment.METHODSAn English‐language literature search was conducted to identify studies assessing the in vitro and in vivo effects of EGFR blockade with an emphasis on approaches that use monoclonal antibody therapy.RESULTSThe EGF pathway regulates normal cellular processes and appears to be correlated with the development of malignancy. Approximately 30% of human tumors express EGFR, which has been reported to be correlated with poor prognosis and diminished disease‐free and overall survival in selected tumor types. A number of anti‐EGFR monoclonal antibodies have been developed, which currently are undergoing clinical trials in humans. Effective anti‐EGFR monoclonal antibodies compete with endogenous ligands, primarily EGF and transforming growth factor–α, for receptor ligand‐binding sites. Binding to EGFR blocks critical signaling pathways and interferes with the growth of tumors expressing EGFR. Anti‐EGFR monoclonal antibodies that currently are under study include IMC‐C225, EMD 55900, ICR 62, and ABX‐EGF.CONCLUSIONSThese antibodies have demonstrated promising results and appear to have been well tolerated. EGFR‐targeted therapy addresses important, unmet needs in the treatment of human tumors, particularly EGFR‐positive epithelial tumors including common malignancies of the head and neck, lung, and colon. Cancer 2002;94:1593–611. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10372
Somatostatin analogs and prednisone in advanced refractory thymic tumors
Authors: Palmieri Giovannella , Montella Liliana , Martignetti Angelo , Muto Pietro , Di Vizio Dolores , De Chiara Annarosaria , Lastoria Secondo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDTherapeutic options to cure advanced, recurrent, and metastatic thymic tumors are limited. Evidence of a high uptake of indium‐labeled octreotide (111In‐DTPA‐D‐Phe1‐octreotide) in thymic tumors and the curative application of somatostatin analogs and prednisone in one patient with thymoma and pure red cell aplasia led the authors to start a Phase II study.METHODSSixteen patients with advanced thymic tumors, unresponsive to conventional chemotherapeutic regimens, were enrolled in the study. The schedule includes administration of somatostatin analog octreotide (1.5 mg/day subcutaneously) associated with prednisone (0.6 mg/kg/day orally for 3 months, 0.2 mg/kg/day orally during follow‐up). In 8 cases, octreotide was replaced by the long‐acting analog lanreotide (30 mg/every 14 days intramuscolarly). Treatment was prolonged until progression of disease was documented. Overall response rate, survival, progression free survival, and toxicity were evaluated.RESULTSThe overall response rate among 16 evaluable patients was 37%. One patient (6%) had a complete response, 5 (31%) had a partial response, 6 obtained a stabilization of disease, and 4 progressed during the treatment. After a median follow‐up of 43 months, the median survival was 15 months, and median time to progression was 14 months. Treatment was generally well tolerated with acceptable toxicity: cholelithiasis (1 patient), Grade 2 cushingoid appearance (3 patients), Grade 1 diarrhea (5 patients), Grade 2 hyperglycemia (3 patients).CONCLUSIONSTreatment with somatostatin analogs and prednisone has shown efficacy in patients with recurrent and metastatic malignant thymic tumors refractory to standard therapeutic options. The results obtained are very satisfactory given the lack of effective alternative treatments. Such therapy is not burdened by the same toxicity of chemotherapy; thus, it can be administered to heavily pretreated patients. Somatostatin analogs and prednisone are well tolerated, and the long‐acting analog lanreotide, which requires fewer injections, improves patients' compliance. Cancer 2002;94:1414–20. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10374
Combined hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Jarnagin William R. , Weber Sharon , Tickoo Satish K. , Koea Jonathan B. , Obiekwe Sam , Fong Yuman , DeMatteo Ronald P. , Blumgart Leslie H. , Klimstra David 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDTumors with combined hepatocellular and cholangiocellular features are well known histopathologically but their clinical behavior is poorly understood. The objectives of the current study were to define the demographic profile of the patients in whom these uncommon tumors occur and to evaluate treatment outcome in comparison with that in patients with either hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or peripheral cholangiocarcinoma (CC) alone.METHODSTwenty‐seven patients with combined tumors were identified from a prospective database. Pathologic specimens were analyzed to confirm the diagnosis. Demographics, clinical data, and survival were analyzed. Outcome after resection was compared with that of patients with CC and with a matched group of patients with HCC.RESULTSThe gender distribution of the combined tumors (52% men and 48% women) was intermediate between HCC (67% men and 33% women) and CC (30% men and 70% women) (P = 0.03). The incidence of positive hepatitis B or C serology and cirrhosis was similar in patients with combined tumors and those with CC (15% and 0% vs. 13% and 4%, respectively); similarly, patients of Asian heritage constituted 7% and 9%, respectively, of the patients with these tumors. By contrast, cirrhosis (41%) and positive hepatitis serology (56%) were far more common in patients with HCC, and 19% of these patients were of Asian heritage. Twenty‐one of 27 patients with combined tumors (78%) underwent resection. All 6 patients with combined tumors that were not amenable to resection died of disease within 18 months. After resection, the 5‐year survival was lowest in patients with combined tumors (24%) but was not significantly different from that in patients with CC (33%) or HCC (37%). The liver was the most common site of recurrence in all three groups.CONCLUSIONSThe demographic and clinical features of patients with combined tumors were most similar to those of patients with CC. Most important, combined tumors were not found to be associated with chronic liver disease; consequently, the resectability rate was higher for these tumors than typically is reported for HCC. Resection was associated with long‐term survival in some patients, but recurrent hepatic disease was common. The presence of cholangiocellular differentiation appeared to worsen the prognosis when compared with pure HCC, although this difference did not reach statistical significance. Cancer 2002;94:2040–6. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10392
Prospective study of cancer detection in black and white men with normal digital rectal examination but prostate specific antigen equal or greater than 4.0 ng/mL
Authors: Fowler Jackson E. , Bigler Steven A. , Farabaugh Paul B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) concentration with no clinical evidence of prostate carcinoma is higher and more variable in black than in white American men. The influence of this phenomenon on relations between race, PSA, and cancer detection in men with a PSA greater than or equal to 4.0 ng/mL has not been investigated.METHODSBetween January 1992 and December 2000, 451 black and 480 white men with a normal digital rectal examination and a PSA greater than or equal to 4.0 ng/mL had an initial prostate biopsy at one medical center. The histology of the biopsy specimens and the Gleason score of malignant specimens was determined by one uropathologist.RESULTSCancer was detected in 207 (46%) black and 167 (35%) white men (P = 0.0006). When adjusted for PSA, cancer detection was also greater in the black than the white men, but the difference did not achieve statistical significance (relative risk, 1.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.99–1.71; P = 0.06). Gleason score 7–10 cancer was detected in 88 (20%) black and 45 (9%) white men (P = 0.0001), and the difference remained significant when adjusted for PSA (relative risk, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.16–2.61; P = 0.0008). In the intermediate PSA range of 4.0–9.9 ng/mL, cancer detection and Gleason score 7–10 cancer detection was greater in black than in white men younger than 60, 60–69, and 70 years of age or older, but the difference was significant only for Gleason score 7–10 cancer detection among men 60–69 years of age (P = 0.006).CONCLUSIONSThere is a direct correlation between Gleason score and cause specific survival with local stage prostate carcinoma. The authors' study indicates that prostate carcinomas with established malignant potential are more likely to be identified in black than in white men with PSA elevation as the only indication of malignancy and raises the possibility that a PSA threshold less than 4.0 ng/mL in black men younger than 70 years of age may reduce racial disparities in prostate carcinoma morbidity and mortality. Cancer 2002;94:1661–7. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10446