bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The European Court’s Political Power Across Time and Space (2009)
Authors: Alter Karen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My work on the European Court of Justice (ECJ) builds on two seminal studies that document how the ECJ helped transform the European legal system. In 1981, Eric Stein published an article called ‘Lawyers, Judges and the Making of a Transnational Constitution’ that documented how a number of key ECJ decisions established important constitutional legal doctrines to transform an international treaty into a constitution for Europe. Joseph Weiler expanded Stein’s analysis in his 1991 classic The Transformation of Europe, showing how the ECJ’s constitutional doctrines stretched existing legal practices and ‘closed exit’ by making it harder for member states to escape their legal obligations through their own creative interpretations or via non-compliance. Stein’s and Weiler’s accounts remain classics, providing politically sophisticated legal explications of how the ECJ used creative legal interpretations to establish for itself a broader role in European politics. Both accounts, however, assume that the ECJ has an intrinsic power by virtue of being the Supreme Court for the European Economic Community.
Private Litigants and the New International Courts (2006)
Authors: Alter Karen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There has been a revolution in the creation and use of international courts (ICs). Nineteen ICs were created since 1990, so that today there are 26 international legal bodies that meet the Project on International Courts and Tribunal’s defintition of an IC. Not only are there more ICs, but most of these ICs are also ‘new-style international courts’ with compulsory jurisdiction (in which no consent to litigation is required) combined with enforcement jurisdiction and access for private (i.e. non-state) litigants. IC usage is increasing too; roughly 70 per cent of the total international judicial activity and rulings have come in the past 14 years alone.
Scans, X-rays and that word ‘Degenerating’
Authors: Lee John , Brook Suzanne , Daniel Clare 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are very few of us who do not have parts of our bodies which at some time we wished looked different. Our spines are the same in that they often do not look like the textbook descriptions. In addition, our spines get older as time goes on, just like the rest of our body. This is a natural process which also happens to our hair, skin, nails, teeth, eyes, ears, bones, joints, muscles and internal organs. Chapter 1 largely described the spine with-out any signs of ageing. This chapter will talk more about the ageing process and the scans that can reveal it.
Introduction
Authors: Development Bank African 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
High sovereign external debt constitutes a serious drain on a country ‘s scarce resources. It can constrain national economic develop- ment in three ways. First, debt service may create a shortage of liquidity which crowds out valuable investment and social service spending, and slows down the accumulation of productive assets and the ability to adopt new technologies. Second, a country may suffer from debt overhang, by which a high debt stock acts as a disincentive to foreign investment and economic reforms in addition to keeping the cost of doing business prohibitively high. Third, if a country can- not mobilize resources to service its debt, it may accumulate arrears, disrupting its access to badly-needed financing for development. This is a particular risk in low-income African countries, which already face high barriers in accessing capital markets and are vulnerable to adverse external shocks.
Peace Process
Authors: Ramcharan Bertrand G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dictionaries of language give several usages and contexts of the word ‘peace’ and many of these are undoubtedly relevant to an understanding of the term ‘peace process’ in a generic as opposed to a technical sense. The Oxford English Reference Dictionary refers to peace as a state of friendliness, establishing friendly relations, bringing about peace. A peacemaker is defined as one who brings about peace (Pearsall & Trumble, 1996: 1068). Littre’s dictionary of the French language gives a long list of usages of the term paix, opening with rapports reguliers, cames, sans violence, d’un Etat, d’une nation avec un autre Etat, une autre nation (normal relations, calm, without violence, of a state, a nation, with another state, another nation; 1974: 4403). From a generic point of view one could say that whatever is required to maintain, re-establish, or sustain peace is part of a peace process broadly considered.
The Adjective Class
Authors: Dixon R M W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has occasionally been suggested that some languages lack a distinction between classes of noun and verb. In the last chapter we showed that, in Schachter’s (1985: 6–7) words, ‘it now seems that the alleged counter-examples have been based on incomplete data’ and that distinct noun and verb classes are always recognizable ‘when all relevant facts are taken into account’.
Tales of Terrorism and Torture
Authors: Sachs Justice Albie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I was 39 years old, quietly teaching law in exile at Southampton University when I discovered I was a terrorist. I had been invited to attend a conference at Yale University’s Contemporary History Department. But I could not get a visa. Why? Because I was a member of the ANC, the African National Congress, led by Nelson Mandela, who had been Commander-in-Chief of Umkhonto We Sizwe (Spear of the Nation) set up to help over- throw apartheid in South Africa. And although I was simply earning my living as a rather innocuous law teacher in England, as a member of the ANC I was a terrorist. Happily, a few months later the political lobby group in Washington which backed the ANC turned out to be stronger than the group hired to pro- mote the interests of the South African government. The State Department policy changed, and I was no longer a terrorist.
The Judge Who Cried: The Judicial Enforcement of Socio-Economic Rights
Authors: Sachs Justice Albie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mrs Grootboom decided she had had enough. She and her two children, and her sister with three children, lived in a shack in an area not far from Cape Town. The winter rains were approaching and she felt she could not bear another season in a waterlogged area. Altogether, about 5000 people lived in similar circumstances in the settlement, with- out clean water, or sewage or refuse removal services, and with virtually no electricity. Many had applied to the municipality for subsidized low-cost housing and had been on waiting lists for as long as seven years, with no relief in sight. Faced with the prospect of remaining indefinitely in intolerable conditions, Mrs Grootboom and nearly a thousand adults and children moved to a nearby vacant hill-side. The land had in fact been set aside for low-cost housing. Negotiations with the owner and the local council followed, but without success. Eventually a court order was issued declaring them to be in unlawful occupation of the land and requiring them to be evicted.
Human Dignity and Proportionality
Authors: Sachs Justice Albie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If my instants of discovery tend to occur in the bath-tub, my moments of being enlightened by others seem to happen in restaurants. At an evening meal in Johannesburg my dining companion was a Danish judge then on the European Court of Human Rights, Issy Foigel. He told me of a clear division of approach on his Court between judges from Southern Europe and those from Northern Europe. They might agree on out- comes, but their conceptual philosophies were quite different: judges from Southern Europe believed that their task was to distinguish between justice and injustice, between right and wrong, while judges from Northern Europe saw their function as being to hold the ring between competing claims of right. The latter felt that in a modern pluralistic democracy outright injustice was rare. In their view the basic problem of a human rights court was to find a principled way of balancing out the various public and private interests that came into conflict with each other, not to determine the frontiers between justice and injustice.
The Secular and the Sacred: The Dual Challenges of Same-sex Marriage
Authors: Sachs Justice Albie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introduction: the March
It was November 1991, some years before I became a judge, and I was sweating. After 24 years of exile, I was once more driving towards the centre of Cape Town, and perspiration poured down my back. November in Cape Town is hot, and I was at the wheel for almost the first time after having been nearly killed in Mozambique by the bomb put in my car by South African security agents. So I was nervous and scared about driving with one hand only. And I was sweating because I didn’t know the roads very well—there were new one-way streets—and we had been told to meet at ‘the usual meeting place’, but I, the big freedom fighter, didn’t even know where the usual meeting place was. But above all I was sweating because I was going to be taking part in my first Gay Pride march.
Protein-protein interactions in eukaryotic signal transduction
Authors: Hyv Ö Nen Marko , Begun Jake 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Correct transmission of extracellular signals is vital both for unicellular and multicellular organisms. Stimulation of cells from outside can trigger complicated cascades of signal transduction which result in cellular responses such as growth, differentiation, and movement. These signals can be transduced both by small molecules, such as cyclic AMP, Ca2+, or inositol triphosphate (Ins(l,4,5)P3) and by networks of interacting proteins (1, 2). Many interactions have their main effect by bringing two proteins together and allowing a reaction to occur; thus dimerization of receptor tyrosyl kinases allows each subunit to phosphorylate the other and so activate signal transduction pathways. Quite often this is mediated by an adaptor molecule or module that serves to bring two other components together. Thus, the presence of an SH3 domain in a protein allows it to recognize a praline-rich sequence and form a polyproline structure, so bringing the proteins containing these modules into close juxtaposition.
Patient Experiences With Therapeutic Contact Lenses and Dry Eye Disease
Authors: Shorter Ellen , Nau Cherie B. , Fogt Jennifer S. , Nau Amy , Schornack Muriel , Harthan Jennifer 
Published: November 2023

Objectives:To report patient-reported experiences with dry eye disease and therapeutic contact lenses.Methods:A survey was distributed to patients with dry eye disease. Demographics, Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), systemic disease, contact lens history, and burden of care information were collected. Descriptive statistics are presented and categorized by nonlens, soft lens, and scleral lens (SL) wearers.Results:Of 639 respondents, 15% (94/639) were currently using therapeutic soft or SLs (47 soft and 69 SL). Mid-day fogging or clouding of vision was reported by SL (75%, 50/67) and soft lens (62%, 29/47) wearers. Seventy-two percent of SL wearers spent more than 20 min daily on dry eye treatment while 43% of soft lens wearers spent more than 20 min. Median annual expenditure was higher for SL ($1,500, n=63) than nonlens ($500, n=371) or soft lens wearers ($700, n=43). Mean OSDI scores in all groups were in the severe category (51±22 years, n=401 nonlens wearers; mean age; 45±22 years, n=47 soft lens wearers; 60±24 years, n=69 SL wearers).Conclusions:Mid-day fogging and blurring of vision was reported by most of the individuals using therapeutic lenses for dry eye disease. SL wearers allocate the most resources for dry eye care.
When to discontinue renal replacement therapy. what do we know?
Authors: Boyer Naomi , Perschinka F. , Joannidis Michael , Forni Lui G. 
Published: November 2023

Purpose of review
Acute kidney injury is common in intensive care patients. Supportive care involves the use of renal replacement therapies as organ support. Initiation of renal replacement therapy has been the subject of much interest over the last few years with several randomised controlled studies examining the optimal time to commence treatment. In contrast to this, little evidence has been generated regarding cessation of therapy. Given that this treatment is complex, not without risk and expensive it seems timely that efforts should be expended at examining this vexing issue.

Recent findings
Although several studies have been reported examining the successful discontinuation of renal replacement therapies all studies reported to-date are observational in nature. Conventional biochemical criteria have been used as well as physiological parameters including urine output. More recently, more novel biomarkers of renal function have been studied. Although to-date no optimal variable nor threshold for discontinuation can be established.

Summary
Several variables have been described which may have a role in determining which patients may be successfully weaned from renal replacement therapy. However, few have been exposed to vigorous examination and evidence is sparse in support of any potential approach although urine output currently is the most often described. More recently novel biomarkers have also been examined but again are limited by study design and heterogeneity. Further research is clearly needed focussing on proposed variables preferably in multivariate models to improve predictive ability and successful cessation of therapy.
Cardiovascular disease prevention in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia: how important is a healthy diet in the era of long-lasting cholesterol-lowering drug therapies?
Authors: Roy Gabrielle , Drouin-Chartier Jean-Philippe 
Published: November 2023

Purpose of review
This review aims to provide an in-depth perspective on the importance of diet for cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention in heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HeFH).

Recent findings
Even though data on diet and CVD prevention in HeFH are limited, the currently available evidence supports its cholesterol-lowering effect and its favorable association with CVD risk on the long-term. However, qualitative evidence from individuals with HeFH suggests that there is a common perception that diet is useless compared to medication, and this misconception serves as a barrier to healthy eating. On the other hand, evidence also suggests that individuals with HeFH are at higher risk of eating disorders compared with unaffected individuals. Family history of premature death and the chronic nature of the disease would be in cause.

Summary
Emphasizing a healthy diet needs to remain at the foundation of CVD prevention in HeFH. Evidence are limited but supportive of the cholesterol-lowering and cardioprotective potential effects of diet. Engaging in conversations about healthy dieting with individuals in HeFH is likely to help prevent misconceptions about diet. Additionally, it could help reduce the risk of eating disorders, which, altogether, is likely to improve overall CVD prevention.
Simulation training in urology
Authors: Knudsen J. Everett , Ma Runzhuo , Hung Andrew J. 
Published: November 2023

Purpose of review
This review outlines recent innovations in simulation technology as it applies to urology. It is essential for the next generation of urologists to attain a solid foundation of technical and nontechnical skills, and simulation technology provides a variety of safe, controlled environments to acquire this baseline knowledge.

Recent findings
With a focus on urology, this review first outlines the evidence to support surgical simulation, then discusses the strides being made in the development of 3D-printed models for surgical skill training and preoperative planning, virtual reality models for different urologic procedures, surgical skill assessment for simulation, and integration of simulation into urology residency curricula.

Summary
Simulation continues to be an integral part of the journey towards the mastery of skills necessary for becoming an expert urologist. Clinicians and researchers should consider how to further incorporate simulation technology into residency training and help future generations of urologists throughout their career.
“The Brain is…”: A Survey of The Brain’s Many Definitions
Authors: Bolt Taylor , Uddin Lucina Q. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractA reader of the peer-reviewed neuroscience literature will often encounter expressions like the following: ‘the brain is a dynamic system’, ‘the brain is a complex network’, or ‘the brain is a highly metabolic organ’. These expressions attempt to define the essential functions and properties of the mammalian or human brain in a simple phrase or sentence, sometimes using metaphors. We sought to survey the most common phrases of the form ‘the brain is…’ in the biomedical literature to provide insights into current conceptualizations of the brain. Utilizing text analytic tools applied to a large sample (> 4 million) of peer-reviewed full-text articles and abstracts, we extracted several thousand phrases of the form ‘the brain is…’ and identified over a dozen frequently appearing phrases. The most used phrases included metaphors (e.g., the brain as a ‘information processor’ or ‘prediction machine’) and descriptions of essential functions (e.g., ‘a central organ of stress adaptation’) or properties (e.g., ‘a highly vascularized organ’). Comparison of these phrases with those involving other bodily organs (e.g. the heart, liver, etc.) highlighted common phrases between the brain and other organs, such as the heart as a ‘complex dynamic system’. However, the brain was unique among organs in the number and diversity of metaphors ascribed to it. The results of our analysis underscore the diversity of qualities and functions commonly attributed to the brain in the biomedical literature and suggest a range of conceptualizations that defy unification.
Rational Design of TDP-43 Derived α-Helical Peptide Inhibitors: anIn-SilicoStrategy to Prevent TDP-43 Aggregation in Neurodegenerative Disorders
Authors: Salaikumaran Muthu Raj , Gopal Pallavi P. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractTDP-43, an essential RNA/DNA-binding protein, is central to the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases such as Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Pathological mislocalization and aggregation of TDP-43 disrupts RNA splicing, mRNA stability, and mRNA transport, thereby impairing neuronal function and survival. The formation of amyloid-like TDP-43 filaments is largely facilitated by the destabilization of an α-helical segment within the disordered C-terminal region. In this study, we hypothesized that preventing the destabilization of the α-helical domain could potentially halt the growth of these pathological filaments. To explore this, we utilized a range ofin-silicotechniques to design and evaluate peptide-based therapeutics. Various pathological TDP-43 amyloid-like filament crystal structures were selected for their potential to inhibit the binding of additional TDP-43 monomers to the growing filaments. Our computational approaches included biophysical and secondary structure property prediction, molecular docking, 3D structure prediction, and molecular dynamics simulations. Through these techniques, we were able to assess the structure, stability, and binding affinity of these peptides in relation to pathological TDP-43 filaments. The results of ourin-silicoanalyses identified a selection of promising peptides, which displayed a stable α-helical structure, exhibited an increased number of intramolecular hydrogen bonds within the helical domain, and demonstrated high binding affinities for pathological TDP-43 amyloid-like filaments. Additionally, molecular dynamics simulations provided further support for the stability of these peptides, as they exhibited lower root mean square deviations in their helical propensity over 100ns. These findings establish α-helical propensity peptides as potential lead molecules for the development of novel therapeutics against TDP-43 aggregation. This structure-based computational approach for rational design of peptide inhibitors opens a new direction in the search for effective interventions for ALS, FTD, and other related neurodegenerative diseases. The peptides identified as the most promising candidates in this study are currently subject to further testing and validation through both in vitro and in vivo experiments.Graphical Abstract
Integrative chromatin state annotation of 234 human ENCODE4 cell types using Segway reveals disease drivers
Authors: Farahbod Marjan , Diab Abdul Rahman , Sud Paul , Kagda Meenakshi , Whaling Ian , Foroozandeh Mehdi , Goel Ishan , Daneshpajouh Habib , Hitz Benjamin , Cherry J. Michael , Libbrecht Maxwell 
Published: November 2023

AbstractTowards the goal of identifying functional elements in the human genome, the fourth and final phase of the ENCODE consortium has newly profiled hundreds of human tissues using sequencing-based measurements of genomic activity such as ChIP-seq measures of transcription factor binding and histone modification. Chromatin state annotations created by segmentation and genome annotation (SAGA) methods such as Segway have emerged as the predominant integrative summary of such epigenomic data sets. Here, we present the ENCODE4 catalog of Segway annotations, a set of sample-specific genome-wide Segway chromatin state annotations for 234 ENCODE human biosamples inferred from 1,794 functional genomics experiments. We define an updated vocabulary of chromatin state terms that includes patterns of activity present only in a subset of samples or identified only with rarely-performed assays. We show that these ENCODE4 Segway annotations accurately capture both general and cell-type-specific regulatory patterns, and do so with substantially improved sensitivity relative to prior large-scale chromatin annotation sets. This catalog facilitates the downstream discovery of regulatory mechanisms which underlie diseases and traits identified by genome-wide association studies.
MechPPI: Binding Mechanism-based Machine-Learning tool for Predicting Protein-Protein Binding Affinity Changes Upon Mutations
Authors: Liu Yangying , Armstrong Grant , Tam Justin , Chen Brian Y. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractProtein-protein interactions are essential for various biological processes, including signal transduction, metabolism, vesicle transport, and mitogenic processes. It’s crucial to consider them within the context of their interactions with other proteins to understand protein function. Mutations in proteins can affect their binding affinity to partner proteins by introducing various effects, such as changes in hydrophobic regions, electrostatic interactions, or hydrogen bonds. Assessing the impact of mutations on protein interactions can have implications for disease susceptibility and drug efficacy. Understanding the impact of mutations on protein-protein interactions and predicting binding affinity changes computationally can benefit both basic biology and drug development. Different computational methods offer varying levels of accuracy and efficiency, and the choice of method depends on the specific research goals and available resources. We developed MechPPI, a tool that can use potential mechanism features underlying mutation to predict the binding affinity change upon mutation. We showed MechPPI can accurately predict binding affinity change upon a single mutation, and results demonstrate the potential of MechPPI as a powerful and useful computational tool in protein design and engineering.