bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contrasting controls on convection at latitude zones near and away from the equator for the Indian summer monsoon
Authors: Masiwal Rajat , Dixit Vishal , Seshadri Ashwin K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Understanding controls on convection on various timescales is crucial for improved monsoon rainfall forecasting. Although the literature points to vertically homogeneous vorticity signatures preceding rainfall during the Indian summer monsoon, we show using reanalysis data that, for rainfall associated with northward propagating intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs), different controls are present at different latitude zones. For the latitude zone close to the equator (5∘N–14∘N) and including the southern Indian region, a conventional dynamical control on rainfall exists with barotropic vorticity leading ISO rainfall by about five days. In contrast, for the latitude zone away from the equator (15∘N–24∘N; covering the central Indian region), thermodynamic fields control ISO rainfall, with barotropic vorticity following rainfall by two days on average. Over central India, the pre-moistening of the boundary layer (BL) yields maximum moist static energy (MSE) about four days prior to ISO rainfall. Analyzing the statistics of individual events verifies these observations. Similar thermodynamic control is also present for the large-scale extreme rainfall events (LEREs) occurring over central India. These high rainfall events are preceded by positive MSE anomalies arising from the moisture preconditioning of the BL. The resulting convection then leads to a maximum in barotropic vorticity 12 h after the rainfall maximum. Characterizing these influences on convection occurring over various timescales can help identify the dominant mechanisms that govern monsoon convection. This can help reduce climate model biases in simulating Indian monsoon rainfall.
Response of the ozone-related health burden in Europe to changes in local anthropogenic emissions of ozone precursors
Authors: Gu Yixuan , Henze Daven K , Nawaz M Omar , Wagner Ulrich J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Exposure to ozone (O3) is associated with many human health problems, resulting in tens of thousands of premature deaths annually in Europe. This study quantifies the impact of changes in anthropogenic emissions of O3 precursors on premature deaths from long-term O3 exposure in Europe and the impact of emissions changes during 2005–2015 using the nested-grid chemical transport model Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS)-Chem and its adjoint. In 2015, it is estimated that a 20% decrease in total anthropogenic emissions in our modeled European domain could prevent 1576 (467–3252) premature deaths from respiratory disease (

⩾

30 years of age), 70% of which is owing to the decrease in nitrogen oxides (NO
x
) emissions. Underlying this aggregate effect is substantial spatial variation. In most of Europe, O3 formation is NO
x
-limited so that NO
x
emission reductions help to decrease premature deaths. Yet where O3 formation is NO
x
-saturated (as in parts of the United Kingdom, Benelux and Germany) emission reductions cause more premature deaths through increased ozone exposure. Despite the overall decreases in anthropogenic emissions, the marginal benefit, expressed as the avoided premature deaths per 1 kg km−2 yr−1 reduction in NO
x
emissions, is found to generally increase during 2005–2015, with a mean value more than doubling over Europe. This highlights the general trend that O3 formation becomes less sensitive to volatile organic compound emissions and more limited by NO
x
emissions. An important policy implication of increasing marginal benefits is that more costly regulations of NO
x
emissions are economically justified even as total anthropogenic emission are declining. NO
x
contributions from road transport, industry, energy, and residential sectors are most affected by the change in the O3 production regime. Consequently, European regulations of NO
x
emissions targeted at those sectors will yield the highest health benefits per unit NO
x
emission of all sources.
Atomic motion behavior calculation and bonding mechanism analysis of explosive welding of high-strength and high-hardness titanium alloy Ti6Al4V/aluminum alloy 7075
Authors: Xiaoming Wu , Changgen Shi , Haitao Wang , Xuchuan Luo , Zerui Sun 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The explosive welding technology of titanium alloy Ti6Al4V/aluminum alloy 7075 is the most valuable research problem in the field of Ti/Al explosive welding. In this paper, the smooth particle hydrodynamics and molecular dynamics algorithms are used to conduct multi-scale numerical calculations on the explosive welding of Ti6Al4V and 7075. The interface morphology, interface atomic movement, lattice changes and crystal defects are comprehensively analyzed. With the calculation as a reference, the Ti6Al4V/7075 composite with a flat interface is prepared. The calculation results indicate that with the transformation of titanium aluminum crystal structure, a large number of various dislocations, mainly 1/6〈110〉dislocations, are generated on the titanium side; During explosive welding, uniform and stable element diffusion occurred. Element diffusion mainly occurred in the unloading stage when the pressure was 0. The melting zone and ablation zone were composed of TiAl and TiAl3, respectively; The fundamental reason for the combination of Ti6Al4V/7075 is the diffusion of elements and the solid-phase binding of atoms.
Empire, Status, and the Law
Authors: Ando Clifford 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One phase in the long history of Roman citizenship ended in 212 ce, when the emperor Caracalla granted citizenship to all free-born residents of the empire. This moment subsequently came to be understood as inevitable, as though the juridical unification of the world had been the project of empire all along—and virtually all subsequent European empires have been implicated in the legacy of that tradition. But the history of Roman citizenship is neither unitary nor continuous. This article interrogates processes of juridification in the relationship between citizenship and empire. Some of these concern the Roman citizen body itself, which on one reading was gradually transformed from a collective of self-ruling agents to a community of economic actors. Others concern the effects on alien political and religious communities of the appearance of Roman tribunals as courts of the second instance. The legacies of Roman citizenship in modern forms of subjectivity should be understood against this complex history.
Macroalgal microbiome biogeography is shaped by environmental drivers rather than geographical distance
Authors: Pearman William S , Duffy Grant A , Liu Xiaoyue P , Gemmell Neil J , Morales Sergio E , Fraser Ceridwen I 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Background and Aims
Contrasting patterns of host and microbiome biogeography can provide insight into the drivers of microbial community assembly. Distance–decay relationships are a classic biogeographical pattern shaped by interactions between selective and non-selective processes. Joint biogeography of microbiomes and their hosts is of increasing interest owing to the potential for microbiome-facilitated adaptation.

Methods
In this study, we examine the coupled biogeography of the model macroalga Durvillaea and its microbiome using a combination of genotyping by sequencing (host) and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing (microbiome). Alongside these approaches, we use environmental data to characterize the relationship between the microbiome, the host, and the environment.

Key Results
We show that although the host and microbiome exhibit shared biogeographical structure, these arise from different processes, with host biogeography showing classic signs of geographical distance decay, but with the microbiome showing environmental distance decay. Examination of microbial subcommunities, defined by abundance, revealed that the abundance of microbes is linked to environmental selection. As microbes become less common, the dominant ecological processes shift away from selective processes and towards neutral processes. Contrary to expectations, we found that ecological drift does not promote structuring of the microbiome.

Conclusions
Our results suggest that although host macroalgae exhibit a relatively ‘typical’ biogeographical pattern of declining similarity with increasing geographical distance, the microbiome is more variable and is shaped primarily by environmental conditions. Our findings suggest that the Baas Becking hypothesis of ‘everything is everywhere, the environment selects’ might be a useful hypothesis to understand the biogeography of macroalgal microbiomes. As environmental conditions change in response to anthropogenic influences, the processes structuring the microbiome of macroalgae might shift, whereas those governing the host biogeography are less likely to change. As a result, increasingly decoupled host–microbe biogeography might be observed in response to such human influences.
H - 31 Stress and Cognitive Symptoms among Community-Based Survivors of Mild to Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury: Findings from a Group Cognitive Rehabilitation Program
Authors: Ignacio Daniel A , Serpas Dylan , Clay Kiana , Liu Yingying , Berges Victoria , Pulido Carmen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Objective
The current study evaluates a 12-week cognitive rehabilitation program for community-dwelling survivors of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The objective was to assess the feasibility and effects of a scalable, cost-effective group intervention.

Method
The present study was a quasi-experimental, within-subjects design that assessed survivors at baseline, week five, week nine, and week 12. Participants were survivors of brain injury of various etiologies, but only survivors of mild to moderate TBI who completed the full program (n = 12) were analyzed. Neuropsychiatric self-reported data were collected to evaluate the relationship between affective and cognitive symptoms in response to directed psychoeducation delivered within a group psychotherapeutic framework. A relationship in the rates of change between affective and cognitive post-concussion symptoms was hypothesized. Moreover, improvements in neuropsychological scores (RBANS) were hypothesized in all five domains.

Results
A panel regression revealed that slopes of stress symptoms, and not depression or anxiety symptoms, predicted the rate of change in post-concussive cognitive symptoms. Non-parametric analyses of ordinal trends revealed a significant decoupling of the association between stress symptoms and cognitive symptoms over the intervention period. Only improvements in memory performances were revealed. Qualitative focus groups were analyzed for themes to potentially explain the mechanism of change.

Conclusions
Findings provide support for this program as a feasible cost-effective group modality for psychosocial cognitive training following mild to moderate TBI.
Hybridization and backcrossing between the endangered brown shrike (Lanius cristatus superciliosus) and the common bull-headed shrike (L. bucephalus bucephalus)
Authors: Mizumura Haruka , Kubota Kôhei , Nishiumi Isao , Imanishi Sadao , Mochizuki Mizuki , Higuchi Hiroyoshi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Interspecific hybridization has long been of interest to biologists due to its implications for species concepts, gene flow, and conservation. We found a putative hybrid between the endangered brown shrike (Lanius cristatus superciliosus) and the common bull-headed shrike (Lanius bucephalus) at the foot of Mt. Fuji, central Japan, where the adult sex ratio of brown shrikes is biased towards the male. Brown and bull-headed shrikes are closely related, and their hybridization is critical for the survival and conservation of the brown shrike. We tried to identify this individual based on genetic, morphological, plumage, and acoustic analysis. The hybrid had intermediate genetic, morphological, and plumage features between the two parental species. The maternal lineage of the hybrid was suggested to be the bull-headed shrike by COI analysis. We thus conclude that the hybrid resulted from interbreeding between a male brown shrike and a female bull-headed shrike, and a skewed sex ratio in the brown shrike may have contributed to this hybridization. Skewed sex ratio is a useful indicator of population viability and knowledge of this is helpful in rare species conservation. Genetic introgression between brown and bull-headed shrikes cannot be denied because the hybrid individual was fertile and backcrossing occurred. Exploring past and ongoing genetic relationships of the shrikes has led to insights into the evolutionary background and the potential of hybridization in an evolutionary context.
Unravelling the genetic diversity and population dynamics of three Tacinga species (Cactaceae: Opuntioideae) in the Caatinga
Authors: Barrios-Leal Dora Yovana , Menezes Rodolpho S T , Zappi Daniela , Manfrin Maura Helena 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Caatinga biogeographical region, located in the semi-arid region of northeastern Brazil, is characterized by high levels of cactus diversity and endemism. In this study, we investigated the genetic diversity, differentiation, and phylogeography of three Tacinga species (Tacinga inamoena, Tacinga subcylindrica, and Tacinga palmadora), which are endemic and widely distributed in the Caatinga. We collected 222 samples from 108 locations and used plastid (3ʹrps16-5ʹtrnK, PsbE-PetL) and nuclear (PhyC) molecular markers for a multilocus approach. Our results suggest that diversification of the three Tacinga species occurred during the middle Pleistocene, with the Southern Sertaneja Depression ecoregion of the Caatinga being identified as the ancestral area. Interestingly, analyses of genetic structure did not show any evidence that the major river in the region (the Sao Francisco River) and the Caatinga ecoregions acted as biogeographical barriers for gene flow in these species. This suggests that the three Tacinga species exhibited different responses to widely accepted geographical and geomorphological barriers known to affect other taxonomic groups in the Caatinga. Overall, our findings provide new insights into the biogeographical history of the Caatinga and the factors that have shaped diversification and genetic structure of species in this region. Our study underlines the importance of considering the unique natural history and biological characteristics of individual taxonomic groups when investigating the biogeography of the Caatinga.
Strategic recommendations for financing green and sustainable energy projects
Authors: Dutta Arindam , Samanta Akash 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The main hindrances to the large-scale development of renewable-energy projects are the lack of bankability and the inability to align investments and investors with suitable financial instruments or robust policy measures. To illustrate a bankable project, this paper presents a research-based case study on the installation of solar photovoltaic panels on the rooftops of 195 trains of the Indian Railways. Detailed information on the annual running hours, exposure to sunlight, efficiency of solar photovoltaic generation and electrical power demands of each rail coach is considered to conduct a quantitative measure of the tentative amount of fossil fuel savings. The purpose is to provide insight into the types of renewable-energy projects that can be highly attractive to financial institutions and promoters due to their lucrative internal return on investment. As seen in this case study, there are annual savings in diesel of 12 323 088 litres and a CO2 reduction of 32 755 tonnes, with return on investment of 1.3 years. Furthermore, this study conducts a comprehensive analysis of the limitations of existing renewable-energy project financing mechanisms in India. Subsequently, three policy measures are recommended to develop a robust financial mechanism that can effectively meet the needs of investors and investors. These measures include increasing equity injection through a buy-and-hold strategy, providing direct tax benefits to promoters and financing through real-estate investment trusts. The findings are highly relevant to address the challenges associated with bridging the financial gap between access to finance and capital investment in the renewable-energy sector, especially for Asian countries.
Disparities in Antiviral Treatment Among Adults With Hepatitis B Cirrhosis: An Analysis of the National Veterans Affairs Cohort
Authors: Wong Robert J , Yang Zeyuan , Cheung Ramsey 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Timely antiviral therapy is critical in chronic hepatitis B cirrhosis to prevent further liver complications. Among a national cohort of US Veterans with chronic hepatitis B cirrhosis, only 52% were initiated on antiviral therapy; treatment was significantly lower among patients of non-Asian ethnicity, high-risk alcohol use, and in rural settings.
Sparse Backdoor Attack Against Neural Networks
Authors: Zhong Nan , Qian Zhenxing , Zhang Xinpeng 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Recent studies show that neural networks are vulnerable to backdoor attacks, in which compromised networks behave normally for clean inputs but make mistakes when a pre-defined trigger appears. Although prior studies have designed various invisible triggers to avoid causing visual anomalies, they cannot evade some trigger detectors. In this paper, we consider the stealthiness of backdoor attacks from input space and feature representation space. We propose a novel backdoor attack named sparse backdoor attack, and investigate the minimum required trigger to induce the well-trained networks to make incorrect results. A U-net-based generator is employed to create triggers for each clean image. Considering the stealthiness of the trigger, we restrict the elements of the trigger between −1 and 1. In the aspect of the feature representation domain, we adopt an entanglement cost function to minimize the gap between feature representations of benign and malicious inputs. The inseparability of benign and malicious feature representations contributes to the stealthiness of our attack against various model diagnosis-based defences. We validate the effectiveness and generalization of our method by conducting extensive experiments on multiple datasets and networks.
Adaptation by death? Cell death-based tolerance to cadmium in 150-generation exposure of Spodoptera exiqua Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Babczyńska Agnieszka , Rost-Roszkowska Magdalena , Kafel Alina , Łozowski Bartosz , Augustyniak Maria , Tarnawska Monika 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Mechanisms, including autophagy and apoptosis, which serve to regulate and ensure proper organism functions under optimal conditions, play additional defensive roles under environmental pressure. The aim of this study was to test the following hypotheses: (i) elevated autophagy and apoptosis intensity levels, as defensive processes in response to contact with cadmium, are maintained for a limited number of generations and (ii) the number of generations after which levels of cell death processes reach the reference level depends on selective pressure. Cell death processes were assessed by light and transmission electron microscopy, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling(TUNEL), and cytometric analyses. Model insects (Spodoptera exiqua, Hübner, 1808) were orally exposed to various concentrations of cadmium for 18 generations and compared with reference strains exposed to cadmium or not (control) for over 150 generations. Elevated programmed cell death intensity levels decreased after several generations, indicating tolerance of individuals to cadmium in the diet and verifying the first hypothesis; however, testing the second hypothesis indicated that the number of generations depended not only on pressure intensity, but also on cell death type, since levels of autophagy remained increased for a minimum of 12 generations.
Acute type B aortic dissection with multiple cholesterol embolism: an autopsy case report
Authors: Yamasaki Masataka , Ikutomi Masayasu , Masuda Yoshio , Yamasaki Masao 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Background
Most cases of cholesterol embolism are known to be triggered by cardiac catheterization, cardiovascular surgery, anticoagulation, or fibrinolytic therapy; however, spontaneous cases after aortic dissection are rare. In this report, we describe a case of cholesterol embolism after type B aortic dissection, which rapidly developed into multiple organ failure and death.

Case summary
A 65-year-old man with untreated hypertension was admitted to our hospital with sudden back pain and diagnosed with type B aortic dissection. The patient experienced a rapid progression of inflammation and developed respiratory and renal failure, despite computed tomography showing no obvious progression of dissection. We attributed them to a cytokine storm and acute respiratory distress syndrome, but steroid pulse therapy did not alleviate the symptoms. Finally, the patient died on Day 6 after admission, and an autopsy was performed, which revealed cholesterol crystal occlusions in the kidney, spleen, and the left lower leg. The lumen in the aorta is filled with atheroma and thrombus, and we suspect that aortic dissection triggered failure of the aortic plaques and released cholesterol crystals to distal arteries that led to cholesterol embolism.

Discussion
We experienced a patient with a type B aortic dissection that led to cholesterol embolism and rapid progression of respiratory and renal failure, resulting in death. The aortic dissection combined with cholesterol embolism was considered to trigger the subsequent severe inflammation, leading to rapid respiratory and renal failure. Our case points to the possibility that cholesterol embolism can extensively escalate inflammation after aortic dissection.
A liberalizing effect of happiness? The impact of improvements and deteriorations in different dimensions of subjective well-being on concerns about immigration
Authors: Kratz Fabian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
High levels of concerns about immigration pose a threat to the successful integration of immigrants and may even destabilize heterogeneous societies. This study assesses the mechanisms underlying the association between subjective well-being and concerns about immigration. The analyses rely on the German Socio-Economic Panel Study (1999-2017), a long-running data set that follows individuals over time with a total of 60,319 respondents and 329,556 person-year observations. Individuals who are on average more satisfied with their income, housing situation, and life overall are less concerned about consequences stemming from immigration. The impact of changes in subjective well-being reaches beyond the influence of objective well-being; moreover, if the same individuals become less satisfied with any one of these life dimensions, their concerns about immigration increase. In turn, an increase in satisfaction is followed by a decline of immigration-based concerns. These results imply that political measures that strengthen resilience and foster coping mechanisms are critical to reducing concerns about immigration, cultivating societal integration.