bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Video instruction to establish a panel of experts to compare tooth cleaning by 4 electric toothbrushes
Authors: Renton‐Harper P. , Addy M. , Newcombe R. G. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground and Aims: Laboratory robots can reveal differences in the cleaning of artificial tooth surfaces by different electric toothbrushes. The primary aim of this study was to establish, through video instruction, a panel of experts in tooth cleaning with an oscillating rotating electric toothbrush in an attempt to mimic the highly reproducible laboratory robot. A secondary aim was to use the “expert” panel, in an attempt to distinguish between tooth cleaning efficacy of 4 head/model combinations of the oscillating rotating electric brush.Method: A 24‐subject panel, after video training and home habituation for up to 12 weeks with the basic model of electric brush, participated in a single examiner blind, 4‐cell, randomised, cross‐over study balanced for residual effects. In each period, subjects suspended tooth cleaning for 4 days. Plaque was then scored by area before and after tooth brushing for 2 min in tandem with the instructional video with the allocated brush head/model combination.Results: Differences between subjects was significant, but overall plaque removal with all brushes was of the order of 85% with one subject achieving >97% plaque removal. There were significant differences between the brushes with the oscillating rotating brush with the faster head movement, in most analyses, significantly more effective than the slower oscillating rotating brush with 2 head combinations. The faster oscillating rotating brush was also significantly more effective than the most recently introduced oscillating rotating reciprocating model.Conclusions: Previous studies have shown that single uses of watch‐and‐follow video instruction significantly improve toothcleaning with electric toothbrushes. The present study shows that extended training using these videos results in almost complete plaque removal even when prebrushing plaque levels have been enhanced by a 4‐day period of no oral hygiene. Furthermore, the establishment of an “expert” panel can distinguish between brushes of different cleaning efficiencies. However, given the level of achievement of all panel members with all brushes, the absolute differences observed are of doubtful clinical significance for gingival health. Finally, the slightly‐reduced plaque removal by the 3 directional head action brush can be explained by the inability within the present protocol to habituate the subjects in its use.
Efficacy of manual and powered toothbrushes (I). Effect on clinical parameters
Authors: Haffajee Anne D. , Thompson Maureen , Torresyap Gay , Guerrero Denise , Socransky Sigmund S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground/aim: The purpose of the present investigation was to compare manual (Crest Complete) and powered toothbrushing (Braun Oral‐B 3D Plaque Remover) for their ability to affect clinical parameters of periodontal diseases.Methods: 48 periodontal maintenance subjects completed this single‐blind 6‐month longitudinal study. Subjects had a minimum of 20 natural teeth excluding third molars and >10% of sites (approximately 17 sites) with pocket depth 4 mm and/or >10% sites with attachment level >4 mm. At baseline, subjects received full mouth clinical measurements (168 sites) to determine mean Plaque Index, Gingival Index, pocket depth and attachment level and % of sites exhibiting BOP. Subjects were then randomly assigned to one of two groups. The control group (N=26) used a manual toothbrush while the test group (N=22) used a powered toothbrush. Subjects received instruction in oral hygiene and used their assigned toothbrush twice daily according to instruction. Follow‐up clinical assessments were performed at 3 and 6 months. Significance of differences in clinical measures over time was determined using the Quade test and between brushing groups at each time point using the Mann–Whitney test.Results: Mean pocket depth, mean plaque index and % of sites exhibiting BOP showed significant reductions from baseline to 3 and 6 months in both groups. Mean probing attachment level and mean Gingival Index were significantly reduced in the powered brushing group only. There was a significant positive correlation between plaque reduction and reduction in other clinical parameters in both brushing groups. The majority of subjects showed improvements in clinical parameters at 6 months, although a greater proportion of subjects in the powered group showed a reduction in Plaque Index (77% versus 65%) and in % sites exhibiting BOP (82% versus 69%). Mean pocket depth and mean attachment level showed significantly greater reductions between baseline and 6 months in lingual and mandibular areas in the powered group.Conclusions: Both manual and powered toothbrushes reduced pocket depth, plaque index and BOP. The powered toothbrush significantly reduced mean gingival index and probing attachment level. The greatest benefit of the powered brush was at mandibular and lingual surfaces.
Molar root anatomy and management of furcation defects
Authors: Al‐Shammari Khalaf F. , Kazor Christopher E. , Wang Hom‐Lay 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground, aims: Furcally‐involved teeth present unique challenges to the success of periodontal therapy. Anatomical and morphological complicating factors dictate modifications in treatment approaches used for managing these areas.Method: Various treatment approaches are available for furcally‐involved teeth, the choice of which depends on selected interdependent factors.Results: These factors, along with various approaches used in the treatment of furcally compromised teeth are discussed in this review, with particular emphasis on morphology, etiology, classification and diagnosis.
Comparison of the validity of periodontal probing measurements in smokers and non‐smokers
Authors: Biddle A. J. , Palmer R. M. , Wilson R. F. , Watts T. L. P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAim: To determine whether the reduced inflammation and bleeding and increased fibrosis reported in tobacco smokers affect the validity of clinical probing measurements by altering probe tip penetration.Method: A constant force probe was used to measure probing depths and sound bone levels at six sites on 64 molar teeth (384 sites) in 20 smoking and 20 non‐smoking patients from grooves made with a bur at the gingival margin prior to extraction. Connective tissue attachment levels were measured from the grooves with a dissecting microscope following extraction. Data were analysed using robust regression with sites clustered within subjects.Results: Sites in smokers showed more calculus but less bleeding than sites in non‐smokers (p<0.05). The mean clinical probing depth was not significantly different (smokers: 5.54 mm, confidence intervals=4.81 to 6.28; non‐smokers: 6.05 mm, ci=5.38 to 6.72). The corresponding post‐extraction pocket depth measurements (smokers: 4.95 mm, ci=4.30 to 5.61; non‐smokers: 5.23 mm, ci=4.49 to 5.96) were less than clinical probing depth in sites from both smokers and non‐smokers (p<0.01). However, the proportional difference was less in smokers (p<0.05), particularly in deeper pockets, indicating that clinical probe tip penetration of tissue was greater in non‐smokers. Regression analysis indicated that the presence of calculus and bleeding also influenced the difference in clinical probe penetration (p<0.05).Conclusion: Clinical probing depth at molar sites exaggerates pocket depth, but the probe tip may be closer to the actual attachment level in smokers due to less penetration of tissue. This may be partly explained by the reduced inflammation and width of supra‐bony connective tissue in smokers. These findings have clinical relevance to the successful management of periodontal patients who smoke.
Subgingival microbiota of indigenous Indians of Central America
Authors: Dowsett S. A. , Kowolik M. J. , Archila L. A. , Eckert G. J. , LeBlanc D. J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjective: To define the subgingival microbial profiles of adult subjects from a previously identified rural community of indigenous Indians in Guatemala, Central America.Materials and methods: A full‐mouth periodontal examination was performed in 114 adult subjects from 45 families. Plaque samples were collected from both deep and shallow periodontal pockets and checkerboard DNA‐DNA hybridization was employed to identify 17 species previously associated with periodontitis or health.Results: Plaque deposits and gingivitis were universal and widespread, and periodontal pocketing 5 mm was highly prevalent (84% of subjects). Streptococcus sanguis, Actinomyces naeslundii genospecies 2 and Fusobacterium nucleatum were significantly more prevalent in shallow sites. At the subject level, Actinomyces naeslundii and Peptostreptococcus micros were significantly more prevalent in periodontally‐healthy subjects. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans was not detected in any sample.Conclusion: There was no association between periodontal disease status and presence of suspected periodontal pathogens. These latter results conflict somewhat with those from treated populations. However, in this population where extensive plaque deposits and gingivitis are universal, the presence of putative pathogens may be more reflective of the local environment.
Clinical and microbial evaluation of a histatin‐containing mouthrinse in humans with experimental gingivitis: a phase‐2 multi‐center study
Authors: Van Dyke Thomas , Paquette David , Grossi Sara , Braman Virginia , Massaro Joseph , D'Agostino Ralph , Dibart Serge , Friden Phillip 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjective: P‐113, a 12 amino acid histatin‐based peptide, was evaluated in a mouthrinse formulation for safety and efficacy in a phase 2 multi‐center clinical study.Method: 294 healthy subjects abstained from oral hygiene procedures and self‐administered either 0.01% P‐113, 0.03% P‐113 or placebo mouthrinse formulations twice daily over a 4‐week treatment period. During this time, the safety, anti‐gingivitis, and anti‐plaque effects of P‐113 were evaluated.Results: There was a significant reduction in the change from baseline to Day 22 in bleeding on probing in the 0.01% P‐113 treatment group of the intent to treat population (p=0.049). Non‐significant trends in the reduction of the other parameters were observed in this population (p0.159). A sub‐group of subjects which developed significant levels of disease within the four‐week timeframe of the study was identified based on baseline gingival index scores 0.75. Significant findings were observed for bleeding on probing, gingival index and plaque index within this population (p<0.05). There were no treatment‐related adverse events, and there were no adverse shifts in supragingival microflora during the study. Significant amounts of the peptide were retained in the oral cavity following rinsing.Conclusion: These data suggest that P‐113 mouthrinse is safe and reduces the development of gingival bleeding, gingivitis and plaque in the human experimental gingivitis model.
Anti‐plaque effect of tempered 0.2% chlorhexidine rinse: an in vivo study
Authors: König Jörgen , Storcks Volker , Kocher Thomas , Bössmann Klaus , Plagmann Hans‐Christian 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectives: The aim of this in vivo study was to compare the anti‐plaque effect of warm and cold chlorhexidine gluconate irrigation on matured human plaque.Methods: In a split‐mouth design, the antibacterial effect of 47 °C “warm” 0.2% chlorhexidine solution was compared with that of 18 °C “cold” rinse at the same concentration on newly‐formed supragingival plaque that had been left undisturbed for 72 h. Before and 1 h after a 1‐min rinse procedure, plaque was sampled from 10 test persons and vitality determined using vital fluorescence technique.Results: Cold and warm 0.2% chlorhexidine solution reduced plaque vitality significantly from 99.63% to 77.81% (p=0.014) and from 98.98% to 51.77% (p<0.001), respectively. Rinsing with warm chlorhexidine solution reduced plaque vitality to a significantly greater degree (p=0.003) than did cold chlorhexidine.Conclusion: In this study, warm 0.2% chlorhexidine rinse showed a significantly more intensive anti‐plaque effect than cold chlorhexidine solution at the same concentration.
Clinical, genetic and microbiological findings in a Brazilian family with aggressive periodontitis
Authors: Trevilatto Paula C. , Tramontina Vinícius A. , Machado Maria A. N. , Gonçalves Reginaldo B. , Sallum Antonio W. , Line Sergio R. P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground, aim: Aggressive periodontitis comprises a group of rapidly progressive forms of periodontitis. Besides bacteria, a high level of subject susceptibility must be involved in the expression of disease. In the present study, we report the clinical, microbiological and genetic profile of a 14‐individual family with aggressive periodontitis.Method: PCR was utilized to detect pathogenic bacteria of affected sites. DNA was obtained from epithelial cells through a mouthwash with 3% glucose and scrapping of the oral mucosa. RFLP‐PCR was used to analyze cytokine genetic polymorphisms.Results: Localized aggressive periodontitis was diagnosed for an 18‐year‐old systemically healthy non‐smoking proband, with siblings displaying aggressive periodontitis. Bacteroides forsythus and Treponema denticola were the most frequent pathogens. The proband presented Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and detectable levels of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Bacteroides forsythus and Treponema denticola. Allele 2 of IL‐1α (−889) polymorphism was found in all individuals as well as allele 1 of the IL‐1β (+3953) gene. Alleles 1 and 2 (50 % each) of IL‐1β (−511), allele 1 of TNF‐α (−308) and allele 2 (in homo or heterozygosity) of IL‐RN (intron 2) gene were present.Conclusion: The results show that the present microbiological and genetic parameters were not relevant for the prediction of periodontitis susceptibility in this family.
The relationship of some negative events and psychological factors to periodontal disease in an adult Swedish population 50 to 80 years of age
Authors: Hugoson A. , Ljungquist B. , Breivik T. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground: Clinical observations and epidemiological studies suggest that experiences of negative life events, especially those manifested as depression, may contribute to an increased susceptibility to periodontal disease.Objective: In the present study, the prevalence of some negative life events and psychological factors and their relation to periodontal disease were investigated. The sample consisted of individuals 50–80 years of age from an extensive cross‐sectional epidemiological study performed in 1993 in the city of Jönköping, Sweden.Method: 298 dentate individuals from the Jönköping study were randomly selected. Clinical and radiographic examinations included registration of the number of existing teeth, plaque index, gingival index, pocket depth, and alveolar bone loss. In addition, a questionnaire about socioeconomic status, life events, and psychological and stress‐related factors was used.Results: The results revealed that, in addition to the well‐documented periodontal disease risk factors such as increased age, oral hygiene status, and smoking, the loss of a spouse (being a widow or widower) and the personality trait of exercising extreme external control were also associated with severe periodontal disease.Conclusion: The findings support recent studies suggesting that traumatic life events such as the loss of a spouse may increase the risk for periodontal disease. Above all, the present results indicate that an individual's ability to cope with stressful stimuli (coping behavior), as measured by the beliefs of locus of control of reinforcements may play a role in the progression of periodontal disease.
Longitudinal association between plaque and gingival bleeding in smokers and non‐smokers
Authors: Müller Hans‐Peter , Stadermann Sabine , Heinecke Achim 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground/aims: Whereas accumulation of dentogingival plaque inevitably leads to inflammatory reactions in the adjacent gingival tissue, there is limited information with regard to factors influencing naturally occurring fluctuation between gingival health and disease. The major aims of the present study were to investigate site‐specific associations between plaque and gingivitis as well as transition dynamics of naturally occurring gingivitis in smoking and non‐smoking young adults.Methods: 65 systemically healthy young adults, 19 to 30 years old, participated. 33 volunteers smoked at least 20 cigarettes per day, whereas 32 subjects were non‐smokers. Clinical periodontal conditions were assessed four times within a time period of 6 months. An ecological approach in data analysis as well as site‐specific analyses considering the correlated structure of data were performed.Results: At the outset and after 6 months, smokers had significantly more supragingival plaque than non‐smokers. At the final examination, bleeding upon probing as well as calculus were more prevalent in smokers. A site‐by‐site analysis revealed that smokers tended to have a weaker association between supragingival plaque and bleeding on probing than non‐smokers (median Mantel‐Haenszel's common odds ratio 1.91 vs. 2.89, p=0.07). Multiple logistic regression analyses adjusted for periodontal probing depth, plaque and calculus identified smoking status to significantly increase the risk for the first transition of non‐bleeding to bleeding upon probing by 86% (p<0.01). In contrast, recovery of bleeding sites was positively influenced by female gender, but not smoking.Conclusions: In multivariate analyses adjusted for probing depth, plaque and calculus, smokers appeared to be at higher risk for the transition from non‐bleeding to bleeding on probing. Weaker associations between plaque and naturally occurring gingivitis in smokers may have important consequences for preventive strategies for gingivitis.
Comparative professional plaque removal study using 8 branded toothbrushes
Authors: Claydon N. , Addy M. , Scratcher C. , Ley F. , Newcombe R. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground and aim: Considerable interest has been shown in the plaque removal properties of modern toothbrush designs. The primary aim of the study was to compare the plaque removal properties of 8 relatively recent designs of manual toothbrush using a professional tooth brusher and within a commonly used time frame. A secondary aim was established to utilise the data to observationally appraise plaque accumulation together with the patterns of removal as a consequence of using the timed professional tooth brusher.Method: The method was an 8‐period, single‐examiner, randomized, blind cross‐over study involving 24 healthy volunteers, balanced for residual effects. Subjects accumulated plaque over a 4 day no oral hygiene period. On day 4, the accumulated plaque was scored by plaque index at the mesial, mid and distal sites of each of the buccal and lingual surfaces of the assessed teeth. Subjects were then removed from the assessment area where they received a professional brushing timed to last 48 s. Brushing was completed according to pre‐study training without toothpaste and was followed by a re‐scoring of the remaining plaque. A washout period of 3 days was then allowed prior to the next period during which normal oral hygiene was resumed.Results: Similar quantities of plaque accumulated in each arch, although the difference between the buccal and lingual surfaces was of the order of 30%. The professional toothbrusher removed approximately 40% of the accumulated plaque in the 48 s allocated. The buccal surfaces were most effectively cleaned (≈45%) compared with the lingual (≈25%), with the plaque removal in the mesial and mid sections approaching 40% and 60% respectively. The difference in performance between the test brushes corresponded to 5% of the residual plaque values with none being significantly more efficient overall. Pair wise site comparisons did produce differences of the order of 10% (p=0.004) at the mesio‐buccal, and 8% (p=0.030) at the mid‐buccal sites respectively in favour of 2 brushes compared to one other brush.Conclusions: These data derived from a standardized brushing method support the contention of many researchers that there is no one superior design of manual toothbrush. The minor and few site differences in favour of some brushes are unlikely to be of clinical significance to gingival health. This leaves uncontested the conclusion that the user is by far the most significant variable. Perhaps methods such as used in the present study could be more gainly employed to set a minimum standard of toothbrush efficacy.
5 polymorphisms in the transforming growth factor‐β 1 gene (TGF‐β 1) in adult periodontitis
Authors: Holla Lydie Izakovicova , Fassmann Antonin , Benes Petr , Halabala Tomas , Znojil Vladimir 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectives: Transforming growth factor–β (TGF‐beta) represents a family of polypeptide growth factors, involved in inflammation and regulation of immune responses. The purpose of this study was to determine whether polymorphisms in the TGF‐beta 1 gene may confer susceptibility to adult periodontitis.Material and methods: We studied 90 patients with adult periodontitis together with 108 unrelated subjects. 3 polymorphisms located in the 5′region at positions −988 (C/A), −800 (G/A) and −509 (C/T) and 2 polymorphisms located at codons 10 (L10P) and 25 (R25P) of exon 1 were investigated by PCR methods.Results: There was no statistically‐significant difference in genotype or allele frequency distributions between patients and reference group for the −800G/A,−509C/T, L10P and R25P polymorphisms (p>0.05 in all cases). The −988 A polymorphism was present neither in our patients nor in unrelated subjects. Upon stratification for smoking status no significant differences were found in the TGF‐β 1 genotype or allele frequencies either between adult periodontitis smokers compared to control smokers, or between periodontitis non‐smokers and control non‐smokers.Conclusion: These data indicate that the mentioned polymorphisms of the TGF‐β 1 gene do not influence susceptibility to adult periodontitis. There was no association between any polymorphisms in the TGF‐beta 1 gene, severity of periodontitis and the smoking status in our study.
Local application ofn−3 orn−6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of human experimental gingivitis
Authors: Eberhard Jörg , Heilmann Frederik , Açil Yahya , Albers Hans Karl , Jepsen Søren 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground:Polyunsaturated fatty acids have the potential to attenuate inflammation by the synthesis of mediators of the 15‐lipoxygenase pathways, which show opposite effects to the pro‐inflammatory arachidonic acid metabolites such as leukotriene B4(LTB4).Aims:The aim of this clinical study was to evaluate the effects of topical application ofn−6 orn−6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in patients with experimental gingivitis.Methods:In each subject, similar teeth served as experimental and control over a 21‐day non‐hygiene phase and a 9‐day resolving phase. Efficacy assessment was based on the bleeding on probing frequency (BOP) and the gingivocrevicular fluid volume (GCF). GCF was determined by inserting a filter paper strip for 30 s and measurements were performed on a Periotron 8000. The LTB4concentration was analyzed by reversed‐phase high‐pressure liquid chromatography.Results:After 21 days of plaque growth, the BOP, GCF and LTB4levels were significantly increased in all groups, with no differences between the control and experimental side. Rinsing of an area with established gingivitis for a 9‐day period significantly reduced the GCF in then−6 group (71.9 (18.7) versus 47.4 (11.4) Periotron Units, median (inter quartile range)).Conclusion:The topical application ofn−6 orn−6 fatty acids failed to inhibit the development of experimental gingivitis. Rinsing withn−6 fatty acids could reduce the level of GCF in established experimental gingivitis.