bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Current Challenges on the Alkaline Stability of Anion Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cells
Authors: Xu Fei , Li Yanting , Ding Jianning , Lin Bencai 
Published: October 2023

AbstractAnion exchange membranes (AEMs), which consist of positively charged groups, not only allow the directional transport of OH− but can also separate anode and cathode reactions. Over the past decades, significant progress has been made in the preparation of high‐performance polymer electrolyte membranes with high conductivity, good mechanical properties, and satisfactory dimensional stability. However, the wide application of AEMs remains limited by various factors, especially alkaline stability, thereby hindering the development of fuel cells. This minireview provides an overview of recent strategies for improving the alkaline stability of AEMs. The influence of various polymer molecular structures on alkaline stability is discussed in detail. These insights into key factors affecting alkaline stability can act as guidelines for the design of novel AEMs with enhanced performance.
Electrochemical Synthesis of Sulfonamides in Single‐Pass Flow
Authors: Schneider Johannes , Blum Stephan P. , Waldvogel Siegfried R. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractAn electrochemical multicomponent synthesis of sulfonamides at room temperature in single‐pass flow is presented. In contrast to batch‐type electrolysis, an undivided flow cell setup with a stainless‐steel cathode and either a boron‐doped diamond (BDD) anode or a glassy carbon anode can be employed. Simply by using SO2 stock solutions, less atom‐economic sulfur dioxide surrogates can be avoided. Moreover, no additional supporting electrolytes are required due to the in‐situ generation of amidosulfinates, which also serve as intermediate for this transformation. This protocol allows sulfonamides to be synthesized directly from non‐prefunctionalized electron‐rich arenes with amines and SO2. In total, 10 examples are demonstrated with isolated yields up to 92 %. The robust scalability of this electrosynthesis with an easy downstream processing was also proven.
Chiral Benzene Triimide (BTI) Radical Anions for Probing the Interplay of Unpaired Electron Spin and Chirality
Authors: Tuo De‐Hui , Ao Yu‐Fei , Wang Qi‐Qiang , Wang De‐Xian 
Published: October 2023

AbstractHerein a series of chiral BTI radical anions bearing different chiral substituents were efficiently prepared by chemical reduction. X‐ray crystallography revealed finely‐tuned packing and helix assemblies of the radicals by the size of chiral substituents in crystalline state. In accordance with the crystalline‐state packing, the powder ESR spectra indicate that 4 a−⋅CoCp2+ and 4 c−⋅CoCp2+ π‐dimers exhibit thermally excited triplet states arising from strong spin‐spin interactions, while discrete 4 b−⋅CoCp2+ shows a broad doublet‐state signal reflecting weak spin‐spin interactions. The interplay between the unpaired electron spin and chiral substituents was studied by UV‐Vis‐NIR spectra, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) and TD DFT calculations. Different NIR absorptions of the radicals attributing to isolated SOMO→LUMO+1 (~889 nm) transitions were recorded. The emergence of Cotton effects (CEs) at the NIR region for 4 c−⋅CoCp2+ radical enantiomers suggest the interplay between chirality and unpaired electron spin. The origin of the different circularly polarized light absorptions regarding SOMO derived transitions (around 880 nm) was attributed to chiral substitutes regulated electric and magnetic transition dipole moments of the unpaired electron participated transition.
Well‐posedness of stochastic heat equation with distributional drift and skew stochastic heat equation
Authors: Athreya Siva , Butkovsky Oleg , Lê Khoa , Mytnik Leonid 
Published: October 2023

AbstractWe study stochastic reaction–diffusion equation
where is a generalized function in the Besov space , and is a space‐time white noise on . We introduce a notion of a solution to this equation and obtain existence and uniqueness of a strong solution whenever , and . This class includes equations with being measures, in particular, which corresponds to the skewed stochastic heat equation. For , we obtain existence of a weak solution. Our results extend the work of Bass and Chen (2001) to the framework of stochastic partial differential equations and generalize the results of Gyöngy and Pardoux (1993) to distributional drifts. To establish these results, we exploit the regularization effect of the white noise through a new strategy based on the stochastic sewing lemma introduced in Lê (2020).
AC Conduction Mechanism and Impedance Analysis of Conventional and Plasma‐Sintered Yttria‐Stabilized ZrO2@Mullite Composite
Authors: Biswal Bijaylaxmi , Mishra Dilip Kumar 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe addition of 8 mol% of Y2O3 to the ZrO2@mullite composites stabilizes the metastable tetragonal phase of ZrO2 in conventional and plasma‐sintered Y2O3‐stabilized ZrO2@mullite composites. A fused, highly dense, and interconnected microstructure is formed in the case of plasma‐sintered Y2O3 stabilized ZrO2@mullite composite. At 1 MHz frequency, the room temperature and tanδ of (10.37 and 2.06) is obtained for the conventional Y2O3 stabilized ZrO2@mullite composite and that of (38.8 and 4.02) is observed for the plasma sintered Y2O3 stabilized ZrO2@mullite composite. The substitution of Y3+ in place of Zr4+ creates sufficiently large oxygen vacancies at the grain boundary regions of these composites endowed mostly with the ZrO2 phase. In conventional Y2O3‐ ZrO2@mullite composites, both dielectric relaxation as well as conductivity relaxation are observed due to the dynamic motion of dipoles and relaxation due to the presence of defect states and porous structures. This leads to higher grain boundary conductivity than the grain conductivity of these composites. Thermally activated conduction mechanisms exhibited in these composite materials are projected from the complex impedance and modulus analysis. The conventional and plasma sintered Y2O3‐ ZrO2@mullite composite has an optical bandgap of 3.26 and 3.58 eV, respectively.
Effect of baby swimming lessons on infants’ avoidance of bodies of water
Authors: Burnay Carolina , Anderson David I. , Button Chris , Cordovil Rita 
Published: October 2023

AbstractDespite the popularity of infant swimming programs, no evidence exists to determine whether they influence infants’ judgments and behavior when confronted with bodies of water. We conducted two separate studies examining if the total number of swimming sessions an infant participated in predicted whether they avoided a body of water they could enter via an edge (Study 1—Water Cliff: n = 101 infants) or a slope (Study 2—Water Slope: n = 77 infants). The results revealed a significant interaction between number of sessions and type of entry into the water. Infants who participated in 10 or more sessions were more likely to avoid falling on the edge leading into the water but entered the water significantly more if they could access it via a slope. These findings suggest that while experience in baby swimming programs can promoted more adaptive behaviors on drop‐offs leading into bodies of water, sloped entries may heighten drowning risks for young children with greater familiarity with water. Because we tested the two groups of infants in different countries, further research is warranted to determine if cultural differences in child rearing practices or variations in the content and/or teaching of the swimming programs might explain these intriguing findings.
In vitro cannabinoid activity profiling of generic ban‐evading brominated synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists and their analogs
Authors: Deventer Marie H. , Persson Mattias , Norman Caitlyn , Liu Huiling , Connolly Matthew J. , Daéid Niamh Nic , McKenzie Craig , Gréen Henrik , Stove Christophe P. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractFollowing the enactment of a generic ban in China in 2021, the synthetic cannabinoid market has been evolving, now encompassing even wider structural diversity. Compounds carrying a brominated core such as ADB‐5′Br‐BUTINACA (ADMB‐B‐5Br‐INACA) and tail‐less analogs, such as ADB‐5′Br‐INACA (ADMB‐5Br‐INACA), MDMB‐5′Br‐INACA, and ADB‐INACA (ADMB‐INACA), have been detected since late 2021. This study investigated the cannabinoid receptor (CB) activation potential of synthesized (S)‐enantiomers of these substances, as well as of two predicted analogs MDMB‐5′Br‐BUTINACA (MDMB‐B‐5Br‐INACA) and ADB‐5′F‐BUTINACA (ADMB‐B‐5F‐INACA), using CB1 and CB2 β‐arrestin 2 recruitment assays and a CB1 intracellular calcium release assay. Surprisingly, the tail‐less (S)‐ADB‐5′Br‐INACA and (S)‐MDMB‐5′Br‐INACA retained CB activity, albeit with a decreased potency compared to their tailed counterparts (S)‐ADB‐5′Br‐BUTINACA and (S)‐MDMB‐5′Br‐BUTINACA, respectively, which were potent and efficacious CB1 agonists. Also, at CB2, tail‐less analogs showed a lower potency but increased efficacy. Removing the bromine substitution ((S)‐ADB‐INACA) resulted in a reduced activity at CB1; however, this effect was less prominent at CB2. Looking at tailed analogs, replacing the bromine with a fluorine substitution ((S)‐ADB‐5′F‐BUTINACA) resulted in an increased potency and efficacy at both receptors. Furthermore, as ADB‐5′Br‐INACA and MDMB‐5′Br‐INACA have been frequently detected together in Scottish prisons, this study also evaluated the CB1 receptor activation potential of different mixtures of their respective reference standards, showing no unexpected cannabimimetic effect of combining both substances. Lastly, two powders seized by Belgian Customs and confirmed to contain ADB‐5′Br‐INACA and MDMB‐5′Br‐INACA, respectively, were assessed for CB activity. Based on the comparison with their reference standards, varying degrees of purity were suspected.
Design of Bi4O5Br2/g‐C3N4 heterojunction for efficient photocatalytic removal of persistent organic pollutants from water
Authors: Song Pin , Du Jun , Ma Xinliang , Shi Yunmei , Fang Xiaoyu , Liu Daobin , Wei Shiqiang , Liu Zhanfeng , Cao Yuyang , Lin Bo , Di Jun , Wang Yan , Cui Jiewu , Kong Tingting , Gao Chao , Xiong Yujie 
Published: October 2023

AbstractDyes and antibiotics as typical persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are widely present in the environment, but can hardly be removed completely by traditional water treatment methods. Here, we designed Bi4O5Br2/g‐C3N4 composite nanosheets for efficient photocatalytic removal of POPs in water. The Bi4O5Br2/g‐C3N4 composite with a heterojunction structure exhibited high adsorption and photocatalytic activity for removal of tetracycline (TC) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) with excellent cyclic stability, owing to its large specific surface area as well as enhanced charge separation and visible light utilization. Our characterization revealed that h+ and ·OH are responsible for the photocatalytic degradation of TC and CIP. This work provides insights into the design of photocatalytic materials with synergy of adsorption and photocatalytic degradation, and offers a heterojunction construction strategy for addressing the increasingly severe environmental issues.
Deposition areas: An effective solution for the reduction of the sediment volume transported by stony debris flows on the high‐sloping reach of channels incising fans and debris cones
Authors: Bernard Martino , Barbini Matteo , Boreggio Mauro , Biasuzzi Katya , Gregoretti Carlo 
Published: October 2023

SummaryThe main approach to managing the volume of sediment transported by stony debris flows routing along channels is through retention basins and open check dams, usually built in the lower reach just upstream of inhabited areas where slopes are gentler. In some cases, these measures are not sufficient to retain all the volume of sediment transported by debris flows. Works for trapping the sediments should also be placed in the upper reach of debris‐flow channels. In this area, where the channel bed is characterized by very high slopes and vertical variability over time, constructing and maintaining transversal embankments for sediment retention is difficult. In addition, they could also be susceptible to failure, potentially increasing the magnitude of the phenomenon instead of mitigating it. On the other hand, other types of works, such as solid‐body check dams or net barriers, have a decreasing efficiency over time in reducing the volume of sediment transported by debris flows. An alternative solution could be a retention basin open on the downstream side, that is, without the ending transversal embankment or berm. Therefore, it can be designated as a deposition area because the retention effect of the downstream embankment is missing, and sediment deposition only occurs due to the flatness of the basin. For sizing purposes, here, we derive two relationships between the deposition area and the volume of the deposit. These two relationships are derived from a physically based geometrical approach and empirical approach, respectively. After analyzing the morphology of the depositional processes that occurred in an existing deposition area during debris‐flow events, we test the validity of the two relationships. Overall, these can be used independently or in combination for designing a deposition area. At last, we introduce the necessary geomorphological conditions for the construction of the deposition area and guidance for its placement.
Contamination of Bisphenol A, Nonylphenol, Octylphenol, and Estrone in Major Rivers of Mega Manila, Philippines
Authors: Sta. Ana Katrina Marie , Galera Kate Coleen , Espino Maria Pythias 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) such as natural and synthetic hormones as well as phenolic industrial chemicals are considered contaminants of emerging concern in environmental waters. While EDCs carried through rivers may impact ecosystem health and productivity, these compounds are still not widely studied nor regulated. In the present study, we report the occurrence of EDCs in urban rivers in Mega Manila, namely, the Marikina, Pasig, Angat, and Pampanga Rivers that drain into Manila Bay. Endocrine-disrupting compounds may have reached these rivers through domestic wastewater and industrial effluents. Water samples from the rivers were extracted by solid-phase extraction before instrumental analysis using a liquid chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer. The analytical method exhibited good linear response (&gt;99% in the concentration range of 1–50 µg/L) and low instrument detection limits (0.14–1.46 µg/L) for the hormones estrone (E1), estradiol, ethinylestradiol, progesterone, and testosterone, and the industrial chemicals bisphenol A, nonylphenol, and octylphenol. Of the hormones, E1 was detected up to 11 ng/L. Bisphenol A, nonylphenol, and octylphenol were measured up to 54, 1878, and 62 ng/L, respectively. Endocrine-disrupting compounds are not yet monitored in water bodies in the Philippines and there are no local guidelines yet on occurrence, pollution prevention, and mitigation. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:259–266. © 2023 SETAC
Assessing public health sector performance in Bangladesh: Implications for health systems strengthening and universal health coverage – A secondary data analysis
Authors: Sarkar Shila , Wangmo Sangay , Flora Meerjady Sabrina , Uddin Shah Md Jashim , Sultan Murad , Grundy John 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has established a health systems strengthening initiative for measuring the performance of public sector health facilities in Bangladesh. The objective of the performance management initiative is to establish routine systems for measuring and scoring health facility performance and promote best practices in public health service management. The performance initiative includes a set of assessments conducted across the four tiers of the public health sector. The findings of assessments demonstrate improvements in the quality of health services and a sharp increase in the utilisation of services across all tiers during the period 2017–2019. The performance management initiative has also identified areas for improvement in the supply‐side health system readiness, including ensuring an adequate supply of human resources, essential medicines, and functioning medical equipment and technologies. This initiative outlines the need to systematically address the issue of high health workforce vacancy rates through effective human resource planning and management strategies. The reporting of these ongoing health systems successes and challenges through the performance management initiative in Bangladesh provides an opportunity to develop evidence‐based policy reforms for strengthening supply‐side health systems. The initiative results, particularly in the context of growing public demand for services, also justifies a monitoring and evaluation mechanism focusing on the quality and coverage of frontline health facilities and the development of more integrated health systems. The performance management initiative will facilitate the maintenance of essential health services while addressing emergency health needs and tracking progress towards achieving the Universal Health Coverage goal.
Dual‐mode smart flipping materials and devices for thermal management
Authors: Kong Gaoyang , Xu Jianing , Xie Wei , Sun Ya , Fan Yile , Wang Haoyu , Kondo Hiroki , Zhou Han 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThermal management is of great significance for human activities. Attaining thermal comfort not only requires thermal control of building's macroenvironment, but also additionally personal thermal regulation. Radiative cooling technologies are anticipated to effectively lower building energy utilization and provide optimal thermal comfort for individuals in hot weather. Nevertheless, these static and single‐purpose characteristics lack the ability to adjust to rapidly changing weather conditions, often leading to excessive cooling. To overcome this challenge, the emergence of dual‐mode smart flipping technologies has provided a pathway for dynamically adjusting the heating or cooling of objects in response to fluctuations in ambient temperature. First, the underlying principles of dual‐mode smart flipping are shown. Then the evolving materials and approaches of smart flipping are given an introduction to adapt to different environments under external stimuli, such as mechanical flipping, temperature, humidity, and so forth. Afterward, we present the recent applications of dual‐mode smart flipping materials and devices in personal thermal management, thermoelectric generation, energy‐saving buildings, and smart windows. Finally, the challenges and outlook of dual‐mode smart flipping are presented and future directions are identified.
Improving predoctoral education related to caries risk assessment in adults
Authors: Kaur Roopwant , Cook Joshua , Camargo Gerard , Moss Mark E. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractObjectivesThis project examined patterns of adult patient management using a caries risk assessment (CRA) protocol at East Carolina University, School of Dental Medicine. Usage of the CRA protocol from 2014 to 2019 was assessed. Non‐operative anti‐caries treatments were measured against caries risk status (high, moderate, low, or none). Steps to improve the appropriate management of patients based on caries risk are presented to align with accreditation standards for predoctoral education programs.MethodsThe CRA protocol is based on the Caries Management by Risk Assessment approach. Risk‐based patterns for two non‐operative interventions were examined: (1) prescriptions for 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) mouth rinse and (2) prescriptions for 5000 ppm fluoride toothpaste (PreviDent 5000 [PreviDent]). Statistical analyses included chi‐square tests and logistic regression.ResultsOver the study period only 16.4% of adult patients had completed the CRA form. Among 29,411 patients from nine community sites, treatment rates for PreviDent were 18.7% among high‐risk patients, 11.6% for moderate‐risk adults, and 6.4% for low‐risk adults (p < 0.01). Treatment rates for CHX were 23.0%, 22.6%, and 17.1%, respectively (p < 0.05). Patients without a CRA status were least likely to receive any anti‐caries treatments, indicating that CRA status affects clinical, non‐operative care.ConclusionsPatterns for prescription of PreviDent and CHX are consistent with CRA status. Future efforts to improve usage of the CRA protocol using faculty calibration, tracking with quality improvement tools, and reassessment. Training in the community‐based educational setting is enhanced through data‐based tracking to assure evidence‐based decision making.
Mass spectrometry‐based gas phase intramolecular benzyl migration in sparsentan, a novel endothelin and angiotensin II receptor antagonist
Authors: Mane Sudam S. , Ghaste Manoj , Dearden David V. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractWe report a collision‐induced dissociation (CID) based gas phase rearrangement study using quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography on a novel endothelin and angiotensin II receptor antagonist, sparsentan. We performed tandem mass spectrometry to identify precursor and fragment ion relationships and assigned structures for major fragment ions. We propose a benzyl migration mechanism based on bond length measurements in density functional theory (B3LYP/6‐31+G*) optimized geometries of protonated sparsentan and its m/z 547 fragment. Protonated sparsentan undergoes loss of ethanol, which yields a resonance‐stabilized benzylic cation with m/z 547, which further fragments into m/z 353 via benzyl migration, where the benzylic cation migrates to one of the nucleophilic nitrogen atoms followed by proton transfer from the sulfonamide nitrogen to a carbonyl oxygen, resulting in a neutral loss of mass 194. Further fragmentation of m/z 353 results in m/z 258, which undergoes radical and neutral loss to yield m/z 193 and 194, respectively. The proposed mechanism of generation of m/z 353 was confirmed by CID of deuterated sparsentan. Considering the importance of gas phase rearrangements of organic molecules in structural identifications as well as the novelty of the molecule, these findings will be helpful for future studies to predict gas phase benzyl migration in sparsentan analogs and for degradation product and metabolite identification of sparsentan and its analogs using LC–MS.
Fractional‐calculus analysis of the dynamics of typhoid fever with the effect of vaccination and carriers
Authors: Jan Rashid , Boulaaras Salah , Alnegga Mohammad , Abdullah Farah Aini 
Published: October 2023

AbstractTyphoid fever poses a severe hazard to public health and affects at least 27 million people annually around the globe. It is significant to conceptualize the key factors of the transmission phenomena of this bacterial infection. We formulate a novel epidemic model for typhoid fever with vaccination and carriers via Caputo‐Fabrizio operator. The fundamental results of the model are inspected analytically and the basic reproduction value are then assessed. The Jacobian matrix approach has been used to demonstrate the local stability of the infection‐free steady‐state for . We interrogated the uniqueness and existence of the solution of the recommended fractional dynamics of typhoid fever. We illustrated the solution pathways of the recommended system of typhoid fever numerically and demonstrated the dynamics of the infection with variation of different parameters. Our results demonstrated how the dynamical behavior of the typhoid fever infection is influenced by input parameters. The findings highlight the significance and persuasive behavior of fractional order and show that the model's fractional memory effects appear to be a good fit for these kinds of findings. We have shown the most attractive factors of the system for the control and prevention through our study.