bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subjectivity
Authors: Newlyn Lucy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two tradinons run alongside each other, in post-Miltomc writing: one laments the fallen state, nostalgically yearning to regain or rebuild paradise; the other offers consolation in the face of loss, and celebrates the human qualities that come through falling. For convenience, one might take as an example blank verse, which Edward Young called ’verse unfallen, uncurst’ Broadly speaking, the line of poems stretching from Thomson’s The Seasons (1726-30) through Cowper’s The Task (1785) and on into Wordsworth’s Home at Grasmere (1800) exemplifies nostalgia, the wish to recreate Eden m the natural world, whilst The Prelude invests a greater hope in human potential: love and imagination, according to this second tradition, are not residues of the unfallen state, but tnumphant by-products of the Fall. It scarcely needs to be pointed out that these two traditions can coexist in a given writer.
Imagination
Authors: Newlyn Lucy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Enlightenment and Romantic theories of imagination rely as heavily as do earlier formulations on the parallel between human and divine creativity. God is the great orginal, in Whose image man is made. Acts of imagination are repetitions, and therefore imitations, of His Creation. The hierarchical structure this implies can, however, be dissolved (at least m theory), since, by imitating God, man might hope to equal Him, go one better than Him, or merge into Him. Indeed, the potential for rivalry is built mto the act of imitation: to the imitator this offers the excitement of aspiration, but from a higher moral per-spective it looks like presumption. One might take as an analogy from Paradise Lost Satan’s estimate of his own powers, which appears compellingly imaginative from one po of view and impotently rebellious from the other.
Introduction: The Potatoes Speak for Themselves
Authors: Wood Marcus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 28 January 1817, as the Prince Regent returned from opening Parliament, his carriage was surrounded by an angry mob. One of the carriage windows was broken, almost certainly by a stone, but there were rumours of a bullet. Thomas Wooler, editor of the extreme radical journal The Black Dwarfs sprang to the government’s aid. He conjectured a softer, more sinister missile and his ‘High Treason: Examination of the Treasonable Potatoes’ enthusiastically reported the full proceedings of the government’s attempt to prosecute the culprits.
Advertising, Politics, and Parody 1710–1780
Authors: Wood Marcus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Advertising occupied a significant place in popular print culture by the second decade of the eighteenth century. Its growth in the press had not been seriously hampered by the 1712 Stamp Act. By June of 1720 the investment frenzy which directly preceded the collapse of the South Sea Company had led to big increases in advertising, and the extravagantly competitive market inspired formal experimentation.
Eaton, Spence, and Modes of Radical Subversion in the Revolutionary Era
Authors: Wood Marcus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The propaganda generated by the Peterloo massacre and the Queen Caroline affair demonstrated that between 1819 and 1822 the radicals were able to produce anti-state publicity that in the variety of its forms, and in its sheer volume, was unprosecutable. The groundwork for this most visible demonstration of the freedom of the press had been laid in the years 1790-1815. It was not merely the product of experiments with political publication, but grew out of adaptations and refutations of the forms of loyalist publicity, and out of apolitical developments in the publishing industry.
The Political House that Jack Built’. Children’s Publishing and Political Satire
Authors: Wood Marcus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In December 181 g, when public outrage at the Peterloo Massacre was still strong, Hone published The Political House that Jack Built. The pamphlet, set in the form of an early nineteenth-century children’s nursery rhyme book, sold over 100,000 copies within the first few months of publication. It was the most notorious popular satiric reaction to the Peterloo massacre. The satire’s focal point was the massacre, yet it used this as a platform from which to treat more general problems relating to reform.
The Trials of Watt and Downie
Authors: Barrell John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following the dispersal of the British Convention, the various branches of the Edinburgh Friends of the People had formed a Committee of Union to facilitate cooperation and to correspond with other radical societies. By March 1794 this committee, at the suggestion of Robert Watt, a wine-merchant, had delegated all its powers to a secret sub committee of seven, sometimes referred to as the Committee of Ways and Means, which met at the house of George Ross, formerly of the Edinburgh Gazetteer. Watt became chairman of this subcommittee; its treasurer was David Downie, an elderly Catholic goldsmith and jeweller and formerly a delegate to the British Convention. Among the remaining members were three other former delegates, a weaver Arthur McEwan, a teacher William Bonthrone or Bonthorne, and a medical student Alexander Aitchison, who attended only the first meeting.
The Trial of Thomas Hardy
Authors: Barrell John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The trial of Thomas Hardy was the longest trial and most expensive trial for high treason that had ever been heard in Britain. The prosecution case was conducted by no less than eight barristers, led by the Attorney-General Sir John Scott and the Solicitor-General Sir John Mitford; the team also included Serjeant James Adai1 who would take over from the exhausted law officers at The lwall’s trial; Edward Law, who had distinguished himself at the trial of Thomas Walker by demanding a special verdict on the basis of perjured evidence; Edward Bearcroft, an old adversary of Erskine’s from the trial of William Shipley in 1783-4--the trial which had given a vital impetus to the successful attempt of Fox and Erskine in 1792 to reform the law on seditious libel; and william Garrow, one of the most aggressive cross-examiners of the age. For the defence, Erskine was seconded by Vicary Gibbs, who con ducted himself with a liberality and composure he abandoned later in his career, when as ‘Vinegar’ Gibbs and Attorney-General he attacked the freedom of the press as zealously as Erskine himself had defended it.
Paradise Lost
Authors: Nuttall A D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of man’s first disobedience, and the fruit Of that forbidden tree, whose mortal taste
Brought death into the world, and all our woe, With loss of Eden, till one greater man
Restore us, and regain the blissful seat, Sing heavenly Muse, that on the secret top Of Oreb, or of Sinai, didst inspire
That shepherd, who first taught the chosen seed, In the beginning how the heavens and earth Rose out of chaos: or if Sion hill
Delight thee more, and Siloa’s brook that flowed Fast by the oracle of God; I thence
Invoke thy aid to my adventurous song, That with no middle flight intends to soar Above the Aonian mount, while it pursues Things unattempted yet in prose or rhyme. And chiefly thou O Spirit, that dost prefer.
Elegies On Sidney (1586) And On Queen Elizabeth (1603)
Authors: Kay Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘The habit of elegy’, claims Pigman, ‘pervades Renaissance culture’. To move from the poems of Spenser and Sidney to consider the response of elegists to two major public events—the death of Sidney in 1586 and of Queen Elizabeth in 1603—is to observe the period which demonstrates the aptness of such a remark. Elegy ceased to be the exclusive preserve of versifying chroniclers, and became instead a genre in which any writer could aspire to perform. Although Sidney died long before his own writings could have any influence beyond the tiny circle of those who knew him well, and although the political constraints of lamenting a monarch at the very moment of her successor’s arrival from a foreign country presented challenges which may writers opted to avoid, it will nevertheless, I hope, become evident in the course of this chapter that the range, ambition, and focus of elegy were changing. The Tudor modes gradually became unequal to the task: they came to seem inadequate both as a medium for rehearsing the excellences of the subject and for considering, anatomizing, consoling the grief of the speaker.
The World: Centres and Edges
Authors: Gray Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fifteenth century in England was, said the historian C. L. Kingsford in 1925, ‘an age not of stagnation but of ferment’. While many readers will be prepared to grant the brilliance of fifteenth-century achievements in the sister arts of painting, sculpture, architecture, and music, in both Europe and in England, many still approach the literature of the period expecting to find dullness, a lack of imagination—in fact, stagnation. This study will argue that on the contrary, although like every other period of literature it contains some uninspired writing, the unbiased reader will find in its literature much that is surprising, delightful, and exciting—and a diversity that is clear evidence of ferment.
‘Books of Ensaumples and Doctryne’: The Prose of Moral Instruction
Authors: Gray Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prose works of this kind seem to have been avidly read by fifteenthcentury readers, but are almost always despised or ignored by their modern counterparts. The very large group certainly did not produce any great individual masterpiece, but as Johnson admitted, ‘that book which pleases many must have some degree of merit’, and, moreover, the taste reflects a genuine and admirable desire for knowledge. The group certainly produces some writings of real interest. Since it is extremely large and heterogeneous it is impractical to attempt to list every item it contains. There were distinguished and influential antecedents in the late fourteenth century, such as the prose translations of encyclopedic works of instruction made by the scholarly cleric John Trevisa.
History in Verse
Authors: Bennett J A W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The tradition of verse-chronicle that began with Brunanburh shows signs of petering out in the anonymous couplets that go under the title of a Short English Metrical Chronicle but are better described (in one manuscript) as ‘le brute d’Engleterre abrege’. It is so short that it often degenerates into a mere list of regal names, though it has neither graces of style nor a care for verisimilitude that might make one wish it longer. In one manuscript it follows directly on the chronicle of ‘Robert of Gloucester’, in another (which includes an Anglo-Norman prose rendering of the English verse) it accompanies a text of Peter Langtoft’s Chronicle.
Drab Age Prose—Religious Controversy And Translation
Authors: Lewis C S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In England, as elsewhere, the Reformation was a process that occurred on three planes: firstly in the thought and conscience of the individual, secondly in the intertangled realms of ecclesiastical and political activity, and thirdly on the printed page. All are connected but only the third is our direct concern. We are to consider what men wrote, and our judgement on it must, of course, attempt to be literary, not theological. This does not mean that we are to confine ourselves rigidly to questions of style. Though we must not judge our authors’ doctrine as doctrine, we must certainly attempt to disengage the spirit and temper of their writings to see what particular insights or insensibilities went with the varying beliefs, what kinds of sentiment and imagination they unwittingly encouraged. It will not be easy to do so without giving offence: I ask my readers to believe that I have at least intended to be impartial. Unfortunately the very names we have to use in describing this controversy are themselves controversial. To call the one party Catholics implicitly grants their claim; to call them Roman Catholics implicitly denies it. I shall therefore call them Papists: the word, I believe, is not now used dyslogistically except in Ulster, and it is certainly not so intended here. ‘Reformation’ is a term equally ambiguous. Reform of the Church, in some sense or other, was desired by innumerable laymen and many clergy of all parties. The controversy was fought about ‘Reformation’ in a different, almost a technical sense: about certain changes in doctrine and order. To call these changes ‘reformation’ again begs the question: but the word is now so deeply entrenched in historical usage that I shall continue to employ it—as a mere label, intending no petitio.
Sidney and Spenser
Authors: Lewis C S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the outset of this chapter I once more beg the reader to remember that the adjective Golden is not here used in a eulogistic sense. By ‘Golden poetry’ I do not mean simply good poetry (that is another question) but poetry in its innocent—as the theologians would say, its ‘once—born’-condition. Marlowe’s ‘Come liue with me’ is Golden, Donne’s answer to it is not. The rhythm in ‘beauty making beautiful old rhyme’ is Golden, that in ‘Burnt after them to the bottomless pit’ is not. Phoebus dancing forth from the oriental gate is a Golden image; snow coming down to periwig the baldpate woods is far otherwise. A clear recognition of the difference should be common to those whose preferences are quite opposed.
Parenting Frankenstein
Authors: Leader Zachary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mary Shelley’S Frankenstein might well be cited in the debate about editions and personal identity at the centre of Part 1 of this book. The novel was begun in June 1816 and finished eleven months later, in May 1817. After two rejections (from John Murray and Charles Oilier), it was published anonymously in March 1818 by Lackington, Hughes, Harding, Mavor, and Jones of Finsbury Square, London, and in 1823 a two-volume reprint was issued, this time under the author’s name. The year 1 82 3 was also when Mary Shelley presented a hand-corrected first-edition copy (including additions, marginal notes, excisions, and substitutions) to an acquaintance from Italy, a Mrs Thomas.’ It was not, however, until 1831 that corrections from this copy, together with other revisions, were incorporated into the version known to most Victorian and twentieth-century readers, the Colburn and Bentley ‘Standard Novels’ edition. It is often argued that the differences between the first or 181 8 and the third or 1 83r editions are analagous to the differences between the 1805 and r850 versions of The Prelude; both have their champions, and the arguments adduced for earlier or later versions-growing orthodoxy, energy versus clarity-are familiarly Wordsworthian.
Jacobin-Spenceans: Thomas Evans and the revolutionary underground
Authors: Mccalman Iain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between seven and eight o’clock every Wednesday evening in October 1814 a gang of fisherwomen selling their wares at the door of a low alehouse called the Cock on the corner of Lumber Court and Grafton Street. Soho, would watch a group of around forty men arrive in twos and threes and make their way into the tap-room. Once inside, the men were welcomed by the publicans, Thomas and Susannah Harrison, who knew them to be members of a convivial debating club, and were sufficiently glad of their custom not to inquire too closely into their proceedings. In spite of Susannah’s pretended ignorance during later government interrogation, she must have known that these were followers of Thomas Spence, an eccentric pamphlet-seller and land-reformer who had been conducting political free-and-easies at the Cock for some years until his death in September 1814. Still, the government could hardly expect the Harrisons to have reported the Jacobinical views of the debating group when one of their own informers had earlier failed to do so. In an intelligence report of 1813 Arthur Kidder had thought their names not worth mentioning because they consisted mainly of ‘low tradesmen’ from around Grosvenor Market. Had he bothered, he might have been surprised at the response: many were well known to the government from the 1790s. They would certainly have recognised Thomas Evans. a Strand braces-maker, and the man who in October 1814 was to reconstitute Spence’s tavern following as the Society of Spencean Philanthropists.
‘Old blackguard’ Spenceans: Evans and unrespectable radicalism
Authors: Mccalman Iain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Refuse’ was how Francis Place dismissed Thomas Evans and his radical associates - a reference not only to their predilection for extremist politics, but also to their degraded social positions and supposed low morality. From the vantage-point of the 1820s c1nd 30s when the values of respectability had become widely diffused, Place felt able to explain and condemn the post-Jacobin political careers of men like Evans on the grounds that they adhered to the values and practices of an ‘old blackguard’, ‘profligate’ or ‘dissolute culture.
Spence’s successor, 1814-17
Authors: Mccalman Iain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than twenty years ago E.P. Thompson called the mass reform movement which sprang up during the post-war distress of 1816-20, The heroic age of popular radicalism’; it has continued to fascinate historians ever since - whether as the ‘forcing-frame’ of working-class consciousness, the cradle of Chartism or the flash-point of an English revolution that never came. Because of their reputation as proto-socialists and revolutionaries manqués, the London Spenceans of this period have received a fair share of attention in recent years, yet their character, purpose and influence remains surprisingly misunderstood.
Grub Street Jacks: obscene populism and pornography
Authors: Mccalman Iain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The authorities caught up with George Cannon for the first time in October 1830. Early the following yem, after twoseparate prosecutions, he was sentenced to a total of twelve months’ imprisonment in Tothill Fields, not as we might expect for blasphemy or sedition, but on charges of obscene libel. By the end of the 1820s Rev.
Introduction
Authors: Raitt Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN 1912, May Sinclair wrote of one of her favourite authors, Charlotte Bronte, that she had an outer life where no great and moving event ever came, saving only death (Charlotte’s marriage hardly counts beside it); an outer life of a strange and almost oppressive simplicity and silence; and an inner life, tumultuous and profound in suffering, a life to all appearances frustrate, where all nourishment of the emotions was reduced to the barest allowance a woman’s heart can depend on and yet live. (TB, 192) Sinclair’s description of the meagreness of Brontë’s life is full of a peculiarly imaginative sympathy. Although Sinclair was born in 1863, eight years after Brontë’s death, there were many similarities between her life and that of her illustrious predecessor.
Sublimation and Mary Olivier: A Life
Authors: Raitt Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mary olivier: A Life, published when Sinclair was 56, was the book of which she was the most proud. ‘Probably in some ways the only decent thing I’ve ever done or shall do’, she wrote to Ezra Pound on 24 October 1919.1 Critics have largely agreed that it is her best novel: certainly it is the one that has received the most scholarly attention.2 It tells the story of a woman, born, like Sinclair, in 1863, who defies the cramped conditions of a mid-Victorian daughter’s life to evolve her own sceptical modernist consciousness. In many crucial ways Mary’s story was Sinclair’s own. The novel dramatizes all the contradictions that ran like fault-lines through its author’s thought and experience. Sinclair used a radically modern literary techniquestream of consciousness-to explore such typically Victorian concerns as heredity, the boundaries of the self, and family relationships.
Henry James and Revision
Authors: Horne Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the height of his powers Henry James turned from the creation of new fiction to the `writing over' of his past works for the definitive New York Edition of his novels and tales. His anxious scrutiny of what he had written across his long career - up to thirty-six years before - led sometimes to rejection, but more often to a renewed imaginative intimacy with the creations of his old self through the intensive revision of his texts. In the first major study of the subject Philip Horne examines the revision of particular works, shedding new light on interpretative controversies (as with The Portrait of a Lady and Daisy Miller). He attends to questions of principle raised by the paradoxical processes of the reviser. Using much new material, this book tells the painful but impressive story of James's lifelong struggle for perfection, and illuminates his genius as a framer of sentences and a master of dramatic nuance. James's engagement with revision is connected with every other aspect of his achievement; it displays vividly and accurately his close experience of the life of writing.
A Woman in a Man’s World
Authors: Jay Elisabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mrs Oliphant was justly renowned in her fiction and her private life for the ‘half contemptuous’ view she took of men. Her readiness to publicize her view of men as a separate and inferior race was remarkable in an age when two of the most notable fictional exponents of the injustices suffered by women, George Eliot and Charlotte Bronte, often used male mentor or saviour figures to monitor or reward a woman’s moral progress. If Mrs Oliphant’s tales do not represent marriage as the reward for woman’s moral progress neither do they repudiate marriage and motherhood as desirable goals, for in these relationships women find their best hope of attaining moral excellence. Her contempt for men is tempered always by her sense of them as the necessary raw material upon which women practise the daily self-denial which will sharpen their moral faculties.
A Woman and the Wider World
Authors: Jay Elisabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mrs Oliphant was only 35 and had half of her life still to come when she made this comparison of herself with Charlotte Bronte, who had died at the age of 39. Although she was nine years younger than her sovereign and was to predecease her by four years, her memories and her exceptionally long writing career effectively spanned the period normally characterized as ‘Victorian’. She shared to the full her age’s self-consciousness about the speed with which change was being effected and its passion for constant reassessment to determine whether change could be equated with progress.
Cambridge, 1629–1632
Authors: Parker William Riley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a Bachelor of Arts working toward the M.A. degree Milton had more freedom and more privileges than he had enjoyed as an undergraduate. The residence requirement had been considerably relaxed since the statutes of 1561, and he was welcome to come and go much as he pleased. The academic requirements, in our somewhat clouded perspective, seem vague and few. The three years ahead held, therefore, the promise of real intellectual and literary productivity. At their close he might, if an appropriate vacancy existed, be elected a Fellow of his College.1 In any case, after seven additional years he could apply for the B.D. degree. Such was the prospect open to clever students, and it often led, Milton knew, to ecclesiastical preferment and other rewards. Meanwhile, he was expected to continue his studies, increase his skill at disputation, and prepare himself for the ‘Acts’ required for the Master’s degree. If he wished to travel, or to study away from the University, he seems to have been at liberty to do so.