bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulation of photoreceptor Per1 and Per2 by light, dopamine and a circadian clock
Authors: Besharse Joseph C. , Zhuang Minhong , Freeman Katie , Fogerty Joseph 
Published: July 2004

AbstractIn the Xenopus laevis retina, a principal model for retinal circadian organization, photoreceptors have all the properties of circadian oscillators. However, rhythmic oscillations of Per1 gene expression in the inner retina (but not photoreceptors) have been reported in mice with the suggestion that mice and frogs have a different retinal circadian organization. Although it is known that two period genes (xPer1 and xPer2) exhibit different temporal patterns of expression in the Xenopus retina, and that one (xPer2) is directly responsive to light and dopamine, it is not known whether this reflects the properties of period genes within photoreceptor oscillators or among distinct retinal cell populations. We addressed this by determining the cellular site of light and dopamine regulated xPer2 expression, and the diurnal expression of both xPer1 and xPer2 using in situ hybridization. Our data show that both xPer1 and xPer2 are expressed in most cell types in the retina, including inner nuclear neurons and ganglion cells. However, light and quinpirole, a dopamine agonist, increase xPer2 levels specifically in photoreceptors, and the effect of quinpirole, but not light, is blocked by pCPT‐cAMP. Furthermore, antiphasic diurnal expression of xPer1 and xPer2 also occurs in photoreceptors. Our analysis does not provide insight into the near constitutive expression of period genes in the inner retina, but supports a model in which light‐ and dopamine regulated‐xPer2 and rhythmic xPer1 play critical roles in entrainment and circadian oscillations within photoreceptors.
TRPV1 and CB1 receptor‐mediated effects of the endovanilloid/endocannabinoid N‐arachidonoyl‐dopamine on primary afferent fibre and spinal cord neuronal responses in the rat
Authors: Sagar Devi R. , Smith Paul A. , Millns Paul J. , Smart Darren , Kendall David A. , Chapman Victoria 
Published: July 2004

Abstract N‐arachidonoyl‐dopamine (NADA) is an endogenous ligand at TRPV1 and CB1 receptors, which are expressed on primary afferent nociceptors. The aim of this study was to determine contributions of proposed pronociceptive TRPV1 and antinociceptive CB1 receptors to effects of peripheral NADA on primary afferent fibre function. Effects of NADA on primary afferent nociceptor function, determined by whole cell patch clamp and calcium imaging studies of adult dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, were determined. Application of NADA (1 µm) to DRG neurons depolarized the resting membrane potential (Vm) from −58 ± 1 to −44 ± 3 mV (P < 0.00001) and evoked a significant increase (P < 0.0001) in intracellular calcium (74 ± 11% of response to 60 mm KCl), compared to basal. The TRPV1 receptor antagonist capsazepine abolished NADA‐evoked depolarization of Vm (P < 0.0001) and NADA‐evoked calcium responses (P < 0.001), which were also blocked by the CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A (P < 0.001). Effects of NADA (1.5 µg and 5 µg/50 µL) on mechanically evoked responses of dorsal horn neurons in anaesthetized Sprague–Dawley rats were studied. Intraplantar injection of the higher dose of NADA (5 µg/50 µL) studied significantly inhibited innocuous (8, 10 g) mechanically evoked responses of dorsal horn neurons compared to vehicle, effects blocked by intraplantar injection of SR141716A. Higher weight (26–100 g) noxious‐evoked responses of dorsal horn neurons were also significantly inhibited by NADA (5 µg/50 µL), effects blocked by intraplantar injection of the TRPV1 antagonist, iodo‐resiniferatoxin. NADA has a complex pattern of effects on DRG neurons and primary afferent fibres, which is likely to reflect its dual site of action at TRPV1 and CB1 receptors and the differential expression of these receptors by primary afferent fibres.
Molecular detection and isolation of facultatively methylotrophic bacteria, including Methylobacterium podarium sp. nov., from the human foot microflora
Authors: Anesti Vasiliki , Vohra Jyotsna , Goonetilleka Shalini , McDonald Ian R. , Sträubler Bettina , Stackebrandt Erko , Kelly Donovan P. , Wood Ann P. 
Published: July 2004

SummaryThis is the first study to demonstrate that diverse methylotrophic bacteria occur in the human foot microflora. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of DNA from the soles and toe clefts of feet of five subjects indicated Methylobacterium strains to be present in all cases. Polymerase chain reaction amplification also showed the gene for the α‐subunit of methanol dehydrogenase (mxaF) to be present in all samples. Two types of mxaF were recovered, one closest to that of Methylobacterium extorquens and the other most similar to that of Hyphomicrobium methylovorum. Numerous methylotrophic strains able to grow on methylamine were isolated with ease from the feet of nine volunteers. These were found by 16S rRNA analysis to be most closely related to Methylobacterium species, Brevibacterium casei, Pseudomonas strain NZ099 and P. migulae. Three strains from two subjects were of a novel species, Methylobacterium podarium sp. nov. This facultatively methylotrophic, obligately aerobic, pink‐pigmented, non‐motile rod grew with a wide range of multicarbon and one‐carbon compounds including citrate, xylose, mono‐, di‐, and trimethylamine, dimethylsulphide, methanethiol, dimethylsulphoxide, dimethylsulphone and methanol.
Psychiatric medication induced obesity: an aetiologic review
Authors: Virk S. , Schwartz T. L. , Jindal S. , Nihalani N. , Jones N. 
Published: July 2004

SummaryA majority of psychiatric medications are known to generate weight gain and ultimately obesity in some patients. There is much speculation about the prevalence of weight gain and the degree of weight gain during acute and longitudinal treatment, but consensus shows that weight gain is prominent. The present review looked at the aetiology and cause of weight gain associated with psychotropic use and presents hypotheses as to why patients gain weight on antipsychotics, mood stabilizers and antidepressants. It is found that most psychotropic medications induce some weight gain, and clinicians are encouraged to utilize active interventions to alleviate the weight gain in order to prevent more serious obesity related comorbidities.
Childhood sexual abuse and obesity
Authors: Gustafson T. B. , Sarwer D. B. 
Published: July 2004

SummaryThe causes of the current obesity epidemic are multifactorial and include genetic, environmental, and individual factors. One potential risk factor may be the experience of childhood sexual abuse. Childhood sexual abuse is remarkably common and is thought to affect up to one‐third of women and one‐eighth of men. A history of childhood sexual abuse is associated with numerous psychological sequelae including depression, anxiety, substance abuse, somatization, and eating disorders. Relatively few studies have examined the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and adult obesity. These studies suggest at least a modest relationship between the two. Potential explanations for the relationship have focused on the role of disordered eating, particularly binge eating, as well as the possible ‘adaptive function’ of obesity in childhood sexual abuse survivors. Nevertheless, additional research on the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and obesity is clearly needed, not only to address the outstanding empirical issues but also to guide clinical care.
Prevalence of obesity in Spain
Authors: Martínez J. A. , Moreno B. , Martínez‐González M. A. 
Published: July 2004

SummaryObesity is a health problem affecting an important proportion of the Spanish population. Overweight is more common among men than women whereas, obesity is more prevalent among women. The most recent data (2001) from self‐reported weight and height measurements of a Spanish representative sample (21120 subjects) revealed that the overall obesity prevalence in Spain was about 13%, while direct anthropometric data obtained from pooled surveys concerning eight Spanish regions (9885 subjects), which were carried out between 1990–2000 the obesity prevalence averaged 14.5%.
Effects of obesity on women's reproduction and complications during pregnancy
Authors: Linné Y. 
Published: July 2004

SummaryObesity is increasing rapidly among women all over the world, and more women in fertile ages become overweight and obese. Among all other problems, women who are obese have higher rates of amenorrhoea and infertility. Obese women have a higher risk of complications during pregnancy such as hypertensive diagnoses and gestational diabetes, and delivery complications such as higher rates of caesarean sections and prolonged time of delivery. The aim of this article is to review the consequences of being obese during the reproductive life of a woman.
Biomechanical Comparison of Cortical Radial Graft versus Ulnar Transposition Graft Limb‐Sparing Techniques for the Distal Radial Site in Dogs
Authors: Pooya Hooman A. , Séguin Bernard , Mason David R. , Walsh Peter J. , Taylor Kenneth T. , Kass Philip H. , Stover Susan M. 
Published: July 2004

Objective—To compare the biomechanical properties of radial graft (RG) versus ulnar transposition graft (UTG) limb‐sparing techniques in the dog.Study design—Cadaveric study.Animals—Six pairs of normal canine thoracic limbs.Methods—In each pair of limbs, 1 limb was subjected to the RG technique and the other to the UTG technique. Limbs were tested in axial loading until failure. Modes of failure and biomechanical properties were compared between the 2 groups. Percent coverage of the metacarpal bone by the plate was retrospectively compared between the limbs that failed by fracture of the metacarpal bones and those that did not.Results—RG limbs had significantly greater stiffness, yield load, maximum load, maximum energy, and post‐yield energy. All UTG limbs failed by cranial bending of the plate. Half of the RG limbs failed by caudal bending of the plate and half by fracture of the third metacarpal bone at the distal end of the plate. Limbs with <80% plate coverage of the metacarpal bone were significantly more likely to fail by metacarpal fracture.Conclusions—The RG technique was biomechanically superior to the UTG technique under the conditions studied. At least 80% plate coverage of the metacarpal bone should be achieved.Clinical Relevance—Exercise restriction and coaptation bandages should be considered for patients undergoing the UTG technique to minimize potential biomechanical complications.
Minimally Invasive Patent Ductus Arteriosus Occlusion in 5 Dogs
Authors: Borenstein Nicolas , Behr Luc , Chetboul Valérie , Tessier Dominique , Nicole Audrey , Jacquet Julien , Carlos Carolina , Retortillo Jose , Fayolle Pascal , Pouchelon Jean Louis , Daniel Pierre , Laborde François 
Published: July 2004

Objective—To report a technique for minimally invasive occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and outcome in 5 dogs.Study Design—Clinical cases.Animals—Five, 4–6‐month‐old, dogs with PDA.Materials and Methods—Titanium ligating clips were used for PDA closure in all dogs. Three dogs had video‐enhanced mini‐thoracotomy PDA occlusion. Two other dogs had thoracoscopic PDA occlusion using a custom‐designed thoracoscopy clip applicator.Results—Thoracoscopic PDA occlusion was successful in both dogs in which it was attempted. Complete PDA closure was achieved in 4 dogs. Three months after surgery, the largest dog had residual ductal flow that hemodynamically was insignificant.Conclusions—Although technically demanding, minimally invasive PDA occlusion is a safe and reliable technique in dogs. Preoperative measurement of the diameter of the PDA is crucial to determine if complete closure with metal clips can be achieved.Clinical Relevance—Minimally invasive PDA occlusion should be considered as an alternative to occlusion via conventional thoracotomy.
Evaluation of Surgical Repair of Humeral Condylar Fractures Using Self‐Compressing Orthofix Pins in 23 Dogs
Authors: Guille April E. , Lewis Daniel D. , Anderson Timothy P. , Beaver Daniel P. , Carrera‐Justiz Sheila C. , Thompson Margaret S. , Wheeler Jason L. 
Published: July 2004

Objective— To report short‐ and long‐term clinical and radiographic outcomes in dogs with humeral condylar fractures repaired using self‐compressing Orthofix pins.Study Design— Retrospective evaluation with solicited long‐term clinical and radiographic evaluations.Animals— Twenty‐three dogs with humeral condylar fractures.Methods— Medical records and radiographs were reviewed. Owners were asked to return dogs for long‐term clinical and radiographic evaluation.Results— Dogs were aged 1.5–26 months (mean±SD, 5.8±5.0 months) with 20 dogs weighing <5 kg (mean, 3.6±2.8 kg). Of 21 dogs with immediate post‐operative radiographs, 10 had anatomic reduction with the rest having either a step and/or gap at the articular surface. Kirschner wire migration and implant loosening were the most common post‐operative complications. All fractures with adequate follow‐up radiographic evaluations achieved union. Twelve of 13 dogs returned for long‐term evaluation (mean, 19.0±18.5 months) were either sound (10 dogs) or had subtle, weight‐bearing lameness (2). Fourteen dogs had radiographs ≥75 days after surgery (mean, 18.7±18.3 months), 8 dogs (57%) had no radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis (OA; mean OA score, 0.8; median 0), and all dogs had good or excellent limb function.Conclusions— Self‐compressing Orthofix pins are suitable implants for the stabilization of humeral condylar fractures in small breed dogs. Implants were convenient and simple to use and complications were easily resolved. Dogs consistently had good long‐term clinical and radiographic outcomes with no or minimal lameness and OA.Clinical Relevance— Self‐compressing Orthofix pins should be considered for the repair of humeral condylar fractures in small breed dogs.
Effects of Static Fixation and Dynamization after Interlocking Femoral Nailing Locked with an External Fixator: An Experimental Study in Dogs
Authors: Durall Ignacio , Falcón Carmelo , Díaz‐Bertrana Ma Carmen , Franch Jorge 
Published: July 2004

Objective—To determine bone healing at 20 weeks, after either static fixation (SG) or after dynamization (DG) at 4 weeks in osteotomized canine femurs repaired with an interlocking nail (ILN) secured with a type I external skeletal fixator (ESF).Study Design—Experimental study.Animals—Ten adult beagle dogs.Methods—After mid‐diaphyseal femoral osteotomy, femurs in 10 dogs were repaired with an ILN secured with 4 (2 proximal, 2 distal) threaded custom pins (TP; 2.7‐mm‐diameter cortical screw with a 2‐mm shaft attached to the screw head) to which 2 parallel connecting bars were attached in a type I ESF configuration. In 5 dogs, dynamization was performed at 4 weeks by removing the connecting bars and 2 distal screws. Limb function, range of motion of the stifle joint (ROMSJ), radiographic evidence of bone healing, and complications were studied for 20 weeks.Results—Full limb function was achieved between 8 and 10 weeks in SG dogs, but a decreased ROMSJ was observed from 5 to 8 weeks. In DG dogs, full limb function occurred between 5 and 6 weeks except in 1 dog, and ROMSJ was considered normal in all dogs. Bone healing was not affected by dynamization. Average healing time for SG was 12.8 weeks, and for DG it was 13.6 weeks. Periosteal reaction at TP insertion points, osteolysis around the thread and head of TPs were observed in both groups. A windshield–wiper effect was observed at the tip of 1 ILN.Conclusion—ILN locked with a type I ESF can be used for fixation of mid‐shaft femoral fractures. Dynamization at 4 weeks did not affect bone healing but did prevent stifle ankylosis and promoted earlier limb function.Clinical Relevance—ILN locked with a type I ESF is seemingly a feasible method for repair of mid‐shaft femoral fractures and may decrease risk of nail failure.
Factors Associated with Mortality and Morbidity in Small Intestinal Volvulus in Horses
Authors: Stephen Jennifer O. , Corley Kevin T.T. , Johnston Janet K. , Pfeiffer Dirk 
Published: July 2004

Objective— To determine historical, physical, and clinical factors that may affect morbidity and mortality in horses with small intestinal volvulus unrelated to other causes (e.g., incarceration, lipoma, etc.).Study Design— Retrospective study.Animals— Client‐owned horses (115), aged 1 month to 21 years.Methods— Data were obtained from medical records, identified by computer search and manual review. Continuous variables were compared between affected and non‐affected horses with Mann–Whitney U‐tests and non‐continuous variables with Fisher's exact test (2 × 2 tables) or χ2‐tests (larger tables). Stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to develop a multivariable model of the risk factors, taking account of confounding and interaction.Results— Eighty percent of horses recovered from surgery survived to hospital discharge. Neither age, breed, nor sex was related to mortality. Survivors had a significantly lower heart rate, shorter capillary refill time, and better mucous membrane color. Variables associated with worsening cardiovascular status, increased hemoconcentration, and exudation of cells and protein into peritoneal fluid were significantly associated with non‐survival. After recovery from surgery, the most serious complication was colic, which was significantly associated with non‐survival (P=.028) as was a second celiotomy (P<.01). Both of these complications were associated with a jejunocecostomy during the first surgery.Conclusions— Significant differences in the clinical and clinicopathologic signs were identified between survivors and non‐survivors.Clinical Relevance— These findings can be used to make a scientific assessment of prognosis in the pre‐operative, operative, and post‐operative management of horses with small intestinal volvulus.
A Modified Ventral Fixation for Surgical Management of Atlantoaxial Subluxation in 19 Dogs
Authors: Platt Simon R. , Chambers Jonathon N. , Cross Alan 
Published: July 2004

Objective— To describe a modified ventral stabilization technique for surgical management of atlantoaxial subluxation in dogs and to evaluate the outcome.Study Design— Retrospective clinical study.Sample Population— Nineteen client‐owned dogs.Methods— Medical records of 19 dogs with a radiographic diagnosis of atlantoaxial subluxation surgically managed by a modified ventral fixation technique (cortical screws, Kirschner wires, polymethylmethacrylate) were reviewed. Data on pre‐ and post‐operative neurologic status, surgical technique, and complications were retrieved. Follow‐up evaluation was performed at approximately 1 month. Telephone interview of the owner was used for long‐term assessment (median follow‐up for 17 surviving dogs was 10.5 months).Results— Adequate reduction and stabilization was achieved in all dogs based on radiographic assessment immediately after surgery. Improved neurologic outcome occurred in 16 dogs at 1 month and in 15 dogs at follow‐up; 2 dogs died of post‐operative complications within 24 hours of surgery. One dog was euthanatized at the owners' request because of recurrent neck pain associated with implant failure after 1 month. Two dogs required surgery to remove broken and migrated implants, but further stabilization was not necessary.Conclusions— Adequate stabilization and improved neurologic outcome was achieved in most dogs. However, on account of the small size of the study and the variable neurologic signs of the dogs on admission, the surgical technique described could not be compared to those previously reported.Clinical Relevance— The surgical technique described is an effective means of surgical treatment for atlantoaxial subluxation.
Pre‐Emptive Epidural Ketamine or S(+)‐Ketamine in Post‐incisional Pain in Dogs: A Comparative Study
Authors: Duque M Juan Carlos , Valadão Carlos A.A. , Farias Anderson , De Almeida Ricardo M. , Oleskovicz Nilson 
Published: July 2004

Objective— To compare the pre‐emptive analgesic effects of epidural ketamine or S(+)‐ketamine on post‐incisional hyperalgesia.Study Design— Prospective randomized study.Animals— Twenty‐four mongrel dogs (1–5 years, weighing 11.9±1.8 kg).Methods— Dogs were anesthetized with propofol (5 mg/kg intravenously) and a lumbosacral epidural catheter was placed. Dogs were randomly allocated to 3 groups, each with 8 dogs. The control group (CG) was administered saline solution (0.3 mL/kg); the ketamine group (KG) ketamine (0.6 mg/kg); and the S(+)‐ketamine group (SG) S(+)‐ketamine (0.6 mg/kg). The final volume was adjusted to 0.3 mL/kg in all groups. Five minutes after the epidural injection a surgical incision was made in the common pad of the right hind limb and was immediately closed with simple interrupted nylon suture. Respiratory (RR) and heart (HR) rates, rectal temperature (T), sedation (S), lameness score, and mechanical nociceptive threshold by von Frey filaments were evaluated before the propofol anesthesia and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 minutes and then at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours after epidural injection.Results— There were no differences in RR, HR, T, or S between groups. Motor blockade of the hind limbs was observed during 20±3.6 minutes in KG and during 30.6±7.5 minutes in SG (mean±SD). Mechanical force applied to obtain an aversive response was higher from 45 minutes to 12 hours in KG and from 60 to 90 minutes in SG, when compared with CG.Conclusions— Pre‐emptive epidural ketamine induced no alterations in RR and HR, and reduced post‐incisional hyperalgesia for a longer time than did S(+) ketamine.Clinical Relevance— Although anesthetic and analgesic potency of S(+) ketamine is twice that of ketamine, the racemic form is seemingly better for post‐incisional hyperalgesia.
Buccal Mucosal Graft Urethroplasty for Reversal of a Perineal Urethrostomy in a Goat Wether
Authors: Gill Marjorie S. , Sod Gary A. 
Published: July 2004

Objective— To describe the use of buccal mucosa as a urethral graft for reversal of perineal urethrostomy (PU) in a castrated male goat.Study Design— Clinical case report.Sample Population— One client‐owned castrated male goat.Results— An 8‐month‐old Pygmy cross wether was admitted for urolithiasis and PU stricture. After repeated unsuccessful attempts at urethrostomy reversal and urethral reconstruction, a buccal mucosal graft was used for urethroplasty. Buccal mucosa proved to be an excellent graft for urethral repair. Normal urination has occurred through the reconstructed region for at least 24 months.Conclusions— Buccal mucosa worked well as a graft for urethroplasty and PU reversal.Clinical Relevance— Grafting with buccal mucosa may also prove useful in other urethral repair techniques in small ruminants.