bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Colovesical fistula – Is a surgical approach always justified?
Authors: Solkar M. H. , Forshaw M. J. , Sankararajah D. , Stewart M. , Parker M. C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractObjective  There is a tendency to over investigate patients with colovesical fistula and to advise surgical intervention as the sole course of action. Most patients are elderly and operative intervention often carries a high morbidity and mortality.Patients and methods  A retrospective study of 50 patients diagnosed with a colovesical fistula over a 12‐year period was undertaken at our institution. The notes of all these patients were reviewed using a standardized proforma to look at the referral pattern, symtomatology, investigation, treatment and outcomes.Results  Data analysis showed the median age of these patients to be 70 years with 92% having either pneumaturia or faecaluria or both as a symptom. There was no significant difference in disease‐specific mortality in patients with benign colovesical fistula undergoing surgical intervention and patients treated conservatively. There was not a single documented case of septicaemia despite untreated colovesical fistula being present for a cumulative total of 3254 weeks. There was no statistically significant decline in the renal function due to the disease.Conclusion  We suggest that fewer investigations be performed for the diagnosis of colovesical fistula and conservative management offered to patients with benign pathology.
Phylogeny of nereidids (Polychaeta, Nereididae) with paragnaths
Authors: Bakken Torkild , Wilson Robin S. 
Published: August 2005

A phylogenetic analysis was conducted of the Nereidinae — those members of the Nereididae (Polychaeta) with pharyngeal paragnaths. We had two objectives: to test the monophyly of currently accepted genera, subgenera and informal subgeneric groupings within the Nereidinae, and, if warranted, to propose a more natural classification of the Nereidinae. Parsimony analyses were undertaken, including 52 terminal taxa from all genera and informal groupings from the large heterogeneous generaNereis,Ceratonereis,NeanthesandPerinereis. Analyses of a character set of 52 informative characters yielded more than 10 000 equally parsimonious trees with a length of 176 steps (consistency index [CI] = 0.34, retention index [RI] = 0.66). Reweighting three times resulted in 445 most parsimonious trees with length 54.62 (CI = 0.59, RI = 0.79). Many characters widely used in nereidid systematics were found to exhibit high levels of homoplasy. The most parsimonious trees could not be rooted such that the selected ingroup, ‘Nereididae with paragnaths’, was monophyletic, causing us to reject the monophyly of the Nereidinae as currently defined. The following genera were well supported by the parsimony analyses and are newly diagnosed:Alitta,Ceratonereis,Pseudonereis,Simplisetia,SolomononereisandUnanereis.Alitta succinea,Pseudonereis cortezi,Pseudonereis noodtiandPseudonereis pseudonoodtiare proposed as new combinations. The parsimony analysis supported the monophyly of neitherComposetia,Neanthes,NereisandPerinereisnor of any new groupings of remaining species presently placed in those genera. It is these poorly supported genera that comprise most species of Nereididae.
Cladistic analysis of the fire ants of the Solenopsis saevissima species‐group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: Pitts James P. , McHugh Joseph V. , Ross Kenneth G. 
Published: August 2005

Results are presented from a phylogenetic study of the fire ants comprising the Solenopsis saevissima species‐group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Six most‐parsimonious trees were identified following a cladistic analysis utilizing 18 taxa and 36 morphological characters derived from three castes and two developmental stages. A strict consensus tree recovered the following relationships: (S. daguerrei ((S. electra, S. pusilignis) (S. saevissima (S. pythia (S. interrupta, S. ‘undescribed species’, S. weyrauchi (S. richteri, S. invicta (S. megergates (S. quinquecuspis, S. macdonaghi)))))))). This phylogenetic hypothesis implies trends in fire ant evolution towards both polygyny (multiple egg‐laying queens per colony) and large major worker size. The phylogeny also provides a test of Emery's Rule, which is not supported in its strictest sense because the social parasite S. daguerrei is not the sister species to its host species. A modified version of Emery's Rule is supported, because the social parasite is the sister species to a larger clade containing its hosts, as well as nonhosts.
The comparison of venous plasma glucose and whole blood capillary glucose in diagnoses of Type 2 diabetes: a population‐based screening study
Authors: Sandbæk A. , Lauritzen T. , Borch‐Johnsen K. , Mai K. , Christiansen J. S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAim  To evaluate the degree of concordance between venous plasma glucose (PG) and capillary whole blood glucose (BG) in diagnosing Type 2 diabetes and to compare the prevalence of confirmed and unconfirmed Type 2 diabetes.Methods  All 40‐ to 69‐year olds without known diabetes listed with five general practices were invited for screening (2051 persons). People identified by screening as being at high risk for having diabetes (random BG (rBG) ≥ 4.5 mmol/l or HbA1c≥ 5.9%) were examined using BG and PG. The main outcome measures were confirmed diabetes cases (one diabetic glucose value plus symptoms or two diabetic glucose values on two different days) and unconfirmed diabetes (one diabetic glucose value on the first day of testing).Results  One thousand and twenty‐eight (50%) accepted screening. Diabetes was confirmed by BG or PG in 22 patients (1.8%), and in 14 of these by both BG and PG. Four patients in whom diabetes was confirmed only by BG had unconfirmed diabetes by PG. Three of four people in whom diabetes was confirmed only by PG had unconfirmed diabetes according to BG. The prevalence of unconfirmed diabetes was 3.3% and the prevalence of confirmed diabetes 2.1%.Conclusion  Confirmed diabetes can be diagnosed by either BG or PG. BG seems more convenient than PG for use in general practice. The prevalence of confirmed diabetes was lower than the prevalence of unconfirmed diabetes.
Improved glycaemic control—an unintended benefit of a nurse‐led cardiovascular risk reduction clinic
Authors: Woodward A. , Wallymahmed M. , Wilding J. , Gill G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAims  One hundred and ten patients with Type 2 diabetes were referred into a nurse‐led cardiovascular risk reduction clinic. The primary aim of the clinic was to optimize blood pressure (BP) control and address cardiovascular risk factors.Methods  Those attending outpatient clinics were referred into a nurse‐led cardiovascular risk reduction clinic if BP was above 140/85 mmHg. There was no intervention strategy designed in the nurse clinic protocol to improve glycaemic control.Results  Following attendance at the clinic, there was a significant improvement in HbA1c noted when patients were reviewed 9 months later. HbA1c improved from 8.7 ± 1.6 to 8.1% ± 1.6% (P < 0.001) in the whole cohort. Further analysis showed that, after excluding those who had received intervention to improve glycaemic control from another source, during the same period there remained a significant improvement in the non‐intervention group of patients.Conclusion  Frequent regular contact and health education in a nurse‐led clinic to reduce cardiovascular risk may improve HbA1c in the absence of any specific intervention to improve glycaemic control.
Telomere shortening occurs in Asian Indian Type 2 diabetic patients
Authors: Adaikalakoteswari A. , Balasubramanyam M. , Mohan V. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAim  Telomere shortening has been reported in several diseases including atherosclerosis and Type 1 diabetes. Asian Indians have an increased predilection for Type 2 diabetes and premature coronary artery disease. The aim of this study was to determine whether telomeric shortening occurs in Asian Indian Type 2 diabetic patients.Methods  Using Southern‐blot analysis we determined mean terminal restriction fragment (TRF) length, a measure of average telomere size, in leucocyte DNA. Type 2 diabetic patients without any diabetes‐related complications (n = 40) and age‐ and sex‐matched control non‐diabetic subjects (n = 40) were selected from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES). Plasma level of malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of lipid peroxidation, was measured by TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) using a fluorescence method.Results  Mean (± SE) TRF lengths of the Type 2 diabetic patients (6.01 ± 0.2 kb) were significantly shorter than those of the control subjects (9.11 ± 0.6 kb) (P = 0.0001). Among the biochemical parameters, only levels of TBARS showed a negative correlation with shortened telomeres in the diabetic subjects (r = −0.36; P = 0.02). However, telomere lengths were negatively correlated with insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) (r = −0.4; P = 0.01) and age (r = −0.3; P = 0.058) and positively correlated with HDL levels (r = 0.4; P = 0.01) in the control subjects. Multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis revealed diabetes to be significantly (P < 0.0001) associated with shortening of TRF lengths.Conclusions  Telomere shortening occurs in Asian Indian Type 2 diabetic patients.
Large‐scale studies of the Leu72Met polymorphism of the ghrelin gene in relation to the metabolic syndrome and associated quantitative traits
Authors: Bing C. , Ambye L. , Fenger M. , Jørgensen T. , Borch‐Johnsen K. , Madsbad S. , Urhammer S. A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAim  Recently, low‐frequency polymorphisms in the coding region of the ghrelin gene were suggested to be involved in the aetiology of obesity and to modulate glucose‐induced insulin secretion in different ethnic study groups. The objective of the present large study was to investigate whether the Leu72Met polymorphism of the ghrelin gene associates with features of the metabolic syndrome (MS) in the Danish population.Methods  The variant was examined, using PCR‐RFLP, in the DanMONICA cohort, a population‐based sample of 2413 subjects. The metabolic syndrome was defined using the National Cholesterol Education Program‐Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP‐ATPIII) criteria.Results  The allelic frequency of the Met72 allele was 8.6%[6.3–10.9%] in the MS group and 7.8%[7.0–8.6%] among subjects classified as not having the MS (NS). Similarly, there were no significant differences across the three groups of genotypes with respect to any of the examined variables, including BMI, waist circumference, fasting serum lipids, plasma glucose, serum insulin and HOMA estimates of insulin resistance and insulin secretionConclusion  In conclusion, the Leu72Met polymorphism of the ghrelin gene is not associated with the metabolic syndrome or related quantitative traits in the Danish population.
Health‐economic comparison of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion with multiple daily injection for the treatment of Type 1 diabetes in the UK
Authors: Roze S. , Valentine W. J. , Zakrzewska K. E. , Palmer A. J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractObjectives  The aim of this study was to project the long‐term costs and outcomes of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) compared with multiple daily injections (MDI) in patients with Type 1 diabetes in the UK.Methods  The CORE Diabetes Model is a peer‐reviewed, validated model which employs standard Markov/Monte Carlo simulation techniques to describe the long‐term incidence and progression of diabetes‐related complications. It was used to simulate disease progression in a cohort of patients with baseline characteristics taken from published UK studies (mean age 26 years, duration of diabetes 12 years, mean HbA1c 8.68%). Direct costs for 2003 were calculated from a third‐party payer perspective. Discount rates of 3.0% per annum were applied to costs and clinical outcomes.Results  Treatment with CSII was associated with an improvement in mean quality adjusted life expectancy (QALE) of 0.76 ± 0.19 years compared with MDI (12.03 ± 0.15 vs. 11.27 ± 0.14 years). Mean direct lifetime costs were £19 407 ± 1727 higher with CSII treatment compared with MDI (£80 511 ± 1257 vs. £61 104 ± 1249). This produced an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) of £25 648 per quality‐adjusted life year (QALY) gained with CSII vs. MDI. The results were most sensitive to variation in hypoglycaemia rates and altering improvements in HbA1c associated with CSII therapy compared with MDI.Conclusions  Improvements in glycaemic control associated with CSII over MDI led to improved QALE owing to reduced incidence of diabetes‐related complications. CSII was associated with an ICER of £25 648 per QALY gained vs. MDI, representing good value for money by current standards in the UK.Diabet. Med. (2005)
Relationship of non‐alcoholic hepatic steatosis to cortisol secretion in diet‐controlled Type 2 diabetic patients
Authors: Targher G. , Bertolini L. , Zoppini G. , Zenari L. , Falezza G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAims  To examine the association of non‐alcoholic hepatic steatosis (HS) with the activity of the hypothalamo‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis in Type 2 diabetic individuals.Methods  The activity of the HPA axis, as measured by 24‐h urinary free cortisol (UFC) excretion and serum cortisol levels after 1.0 mg dexamethasone, was measured in 40 diet‐controlled, predominantly overweight, Type 2 diabetic patients with non‐alcoholic HS and in 40 diabetic patients without HS who were comparable for age, sex and body mass index (BMI).Results  Subjects with non‐alcoholic HS had significantly higher 24‐h UFC excretion (191 ± 4 vs. 102 ± 3 nmol/24 h; P < 0.001) and post‐dexamethasone cortisol concentrations (29.1 ± 2 vs. 14.4 ± 1 nmol/l; P < 0.001) than those without HS. Patients with HS had significantly higher values for HOMA insulin resistance score, plasma triglycerides and liver enzymes. Age, sex, BMI, waist–hip ratio (WHR), diabetes duration, HbA1c, LDL‐cholesterol and blood pressure values were not different between the groups. The differences in urinary and serum cortisol concentrations between the groups remained significant after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, WHR, HOMA insulin resistance score, plasma triglycerides, HbA1c and liver enzymes. In multiple logistic regression analyses, 24‐h UFC or serum cortisol concentrations (P < 0.05 and P = 0.02, respectively), along with age and HOMA insulin resistance, predicted the presence of HS, independently of potential confounders.Conclusions  These results demonstrate that non‐alcoholic HS is closely associated with a subtle, chronic overactivity of the HPA axis in diet‐controlled Type 2 diabetic individuals.
British South Asians aged 13–16 years have higher fasting glucose and insulin levels than Europeans
Authors: Whincup P. H. , Gilg J. A. , Owen C. G. , Odoki K. , Alberti K. G. M. M. , Cook D. G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAim  To examine whether plasma glucose, insulin resistance and markers of adiposity differed between British adolescents of South Asian and European origin.Methods  School‐based cross‐sectional study (1998–2000), in which detailed measurements of adiposity, fasting plasma glucose and serum insulin were made in 90 South Asian and 1248 European pupils (overall 69% response rate).Results  Compared with Europeans, South Asian subjects had higher mean fasting insulin levels (percentage mean difference 17.2%, 95% confidence interval 7.2–26.1%, P = 0.001), a higher mean fasting glucose (mean difference 0.19 mmol/l, 95% confidence interval 0.08–0.29 mmol/l, P = 0.0005) and a higher prevalence of impaired fasting glucose (≥ 6.1 mmol/l) (5.6% vs. 1.5%, odds ratio 3.9, 95% confidence interval 1.4–10.9, P = 0.004). Although South Asian children tended to have slightly higher indices of adiposity than Europeans (other than body mass index), the differences in glucose and insulin levels persisted after adjustment for adiposity and for pubertal status.Conclusions  The predisposition to Type 2 diabetes observed in South Asian adults is apparent before adult life. Establishing the contributions of the childhood and fetal environments and of genetic factors to the development of these ethnic differences is an important priority. Prevention of Type 2 diabetes in British South Asians needs to begin before adult life.
Antecedent hypoglycaemia attenuates vascular endothelial growth factor response to subsequent hypoglycaemia in healthy men
Authors: Merl V. , Peters A. , Oltmanns K. M. , Kern W. , Hubold C. , Fehm H. L. , Born J. , Schultes B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAim  The plasma concentration of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has recently been shown to increase sharply in response to hypoglycaemia and, thus, has been proposed as having a role in hypoglycaemia counter‐regulation. Many counter‐regulatory hormones show a reduced response after antecedent hypoglycaemia. We therefore investigated whether this decrease in responsiveness with repetitive hypoglycaemia also pertains to VEGF.Methods  Three hypoglycaemic clamp experiments were performed on two consecutive days in 15 healthy men. VEGF response was assessed during the first and last hypoglycaemic period.Results  As expected, plasma VEGF concentrations rose markedly during the clamps (P < 0.001). The increase was distinctly blunted during the third (+13 ± 8 pg/ml) as compared with the first (+54 ± 18 pg/ml) hypoglycaemic clamp (P = 0.046).Conclusion  This data confirms that circulating VEGF concentrations increase acutely during hypoglycaemia. Like the counter‐regulatory hormones, the hypoglycaemia‐induced rise in VEGF is attenuated after antecedent hypoglycaemia. The origin of increased systemic VEGF concentration during hypoglycaemia and its physiological role remains to be defined.
Genetic polymorphisms in peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ are associated with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity in the Korean population
Authors: Moon M. K. , Cho Y. M. , Jung H. S. , Park Y. J. , Yoon K. H. , Sung Y. A. , Park B. L. , Lee H. K. , Park K. S. , Shin H. D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAims  We examined whether the common polymorphisms of the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ (PPARγ) gene are associated with Type 2 diabetes or obesity in the Korean population.Methods  We genotyped two common PPARγ polymorphisms (Pro12Ala and 161C > T) and examined their association with the clinical phenotypes found in 684 patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and 291 non‐diabetic control subjects.Results  The 12Ala allele was less frequent in the Type 2 diabetic patients than in the non‐diabetic control subjects (0.036 vs. 0.053, P = 0.024). The allele frequencies of the 161C > T polymorphism did not differ between the control and Type 2 diabetic group (0.158 vs. 0.173). In the non‐diabetic controls, those with the T allele had lower BMI and fasting serum triglyceride (TG) concentrations than those with the C/C homozygote (22.7 ± 2.9 vs. 23.8 ± 3.2 kg/m2, P = 0.002; 1.45 ± 0.81 vs. 1.65 ± 0.83 mmol/l, P = 0.03, respectively). The 12Ala‐161T haplotype was associated with a decreased risk for Type 2 diabetes (OR = 0.47, P = 0.009), whereas the 12Pro‐161T haplotype was associated with lower BMI and lower fasting serum TG (22.5 ± 2.8 vs. 23.7 ± 3.2 kg/m2, P = 0.004; 1.41 ± 0.87 vs. 1.64 ± 0.79 mmol/l, P = 0.02, respectively).Conclusions  The PPARγ 12Ala allele was associated with a reduced risk of Type 2 diabetes, whereas the PPARγ 161T allele was associated with lower BMI and fasting serum TG concentrations in the Korean subjects. The subjects with 12Ala‐161T haplotypes had a reduced risk of Type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes and hypertension in pregnancy in a rural community of Bangladesh: a population‐based study
Authors: Sayeed M. A. , Mahtab H. , Khanam P. A. , Begum R. , Banu A. , Azad Khan A. K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAims  Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is associated with increased infant mortality. Diabetes and infant mortality is higher in Bangladesh but the prevalence of diabetes and hypertension in pregnancy is not known. Thus, this study addressed the prevalence of diabetes and hypertension in pregnancy.Methods  We selected 10 villages randomly in a union council of Nandail subdistrict. Following a population census (n = 14 382: male/female = 7476/6906) on demography and marital status, we interviewed 2205 married women (18–44 years) for detection of pregnancy. Of a total of 172 pregnancies, we investigated 147 with a gestational age of 24–28 weeks for obstetrical history, clinical examination and blood pressure (BP). Fasting (FBG) and 2‐h blood glucose (2hBG) were assessed by Hemocue cuvette. WHO diagnostic criteria were used.Results  The overall prevalence (95% CI) of diabetes was 6.8% (1.88–9.32) and 8.2% (3.74–12.64) according to FBG and 2hBG, respectively. The crude prevalence of systolic and diastolic hypertension was 6.8 and 5.4%, respectively. The median (interquartile range) values for age, BMI and FBG of the participants were 25.0 (21.0–30.0) years, 19.5 (18.2–21.2) and 3.9 (3.6–4.3), respectively. The history of abortion, neonatal death and stillbirth was found in 19.9, 11.4 and 9.6%, respectively. The prevalence of GDM was higher among those with the history of stillbirth (15.4 vs. 6.0%) and neonatal death (11.8 vs. 6.2%) than those without.Conclusion  The prevalence of GDM in rural Bangladesh is comparable with any other population with higher prevalence of GDM. Increased morbidity and mortality among mothers and newborns in Bangladesh may, in part, be because of increased prevalence of GDM.
Low serum concentration of sulfatide and presence of sulfated lactosylceramid are associated with Type 2 diabetes. The Skaraborg Project
Authors: Buschard K. , Fredman P. , Bøg‐Hansen E. , Blomqvist M. , Hedner J. , Råstam L. , Lindblad U. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAims  The glycosphingolipid sulfatide (sulfated galactosyl‐ceramide) increases exocytosis of β‐cell secretory granules, activates KATP‐channels and is thereby able to influence insulin secretion through its presence in the islets. A closely related compound, sulfated lactosylceramide (sulf‐lac‐cer), is present in the islets during fetal and neonatal life when, as in Type 2 diabetes, insulin is secreted autonomically without the usual first phase response to glucose. The aim was to examine whether serum concentrations of these glycolipids are associated with Type 2 diabetes.Methods  A case–control study, comprising 286 women and 283 men, was designed using a population‐based sample of patients with Type 2 diabetes and a population survey.Results  Low serum concentrations of sulfatide were associated with Type 2 diabetes, independent of traditional risk factors for diabetes in a sex‐specific analysis: odds ratio (OR) 2.1 (95% confidence interval 1.1, 3.9) in men, and 2.3 (1.2, 4.3) in women, comparing the lowest and the highest tertiles. Type 2 diabetes was also associated with detectable amounts of sulf‐lac‐cer in serum: OR 1.7 (0.9, 3.4) in men, and 7.6 (3.8, 15.2) in women. After adjustment for confounding from other diabetes risk factors, these associations remained basically unchanged. The connections between sulfatide and Type 2 diabetes, and sulf‐lac‐cer and Type 2 diabetes were independent of each other. Insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) was negatively correlated with sulfatide concentration and positively correlated with sulf‐lac‐cer (both P < 0.0001, independently).Conclusions  We report a new, robust and highly significant independent association between Type 2 diabetes and serum concentrations of sulfatide in both sexes, and sulf‐lac‐cer in females. The associations were also independent of other known diabetes risk factors.