bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Secularism as Theopolitics: Jalāl ud-Dīn Akbar and the Theological Underpinnings of the State in South Asia
Authors: Smolin Justin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Carl Schmitt’s well-known declaration that “all significant” modern political concepts are “secularized theological concepts” has sometimes been treated as hyperbole: a metaphorical axe aimed at the frozen sea of legal positivism, a provocation rather than a thesis. In this article, I demonstrate the fecundity of this thesis by applying it to secularism, a concept undeniably central to the Liberal state; crucially, however, I do so in the context of early modern South Asian history and ongoing debates over the secularism of premodern Mughal polity. As I argue, Jalāl ud-Dīn Akbar (1542–1605 CE) – a monarch of the Mughal dynasty often cast by South Asian secularists as a precocious emblem of the neutral state – was, in fact, an ideal type of Schmittian sovereign, who nonetheless stands equidistant from both Schmitt and his Liberal opponents in his stance toward religious pluralism. The theological correlate to Akbar’s “secularism” was an Islamicate theology of religions, which provided a contentful religious justification for religious pluralism, very different from contemporary “post-metaphysical” arguments. The final section of the article takes a critical turn, as I examine Akbar’s legendary reputation in the present, my intervention into his “secular” mythos, and the special difficulties involved in applying Schmittian concepts to an early modern, non-Western sacred king.
Failure analysis of sandwich beams under three-point bending based on theoretical and numerical models
Authors: Jin Zenggui , Mao Wentao , Yang Fengpeng 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This article presents a comprehensive study on the failure behavior of foam core sandwich beams under three-point bending using theoretical analysis and finite element methods. A displacement formula for the foam sandwich beam is derived, considering the shear deformation of the foam core. Based on this formula, the deflection is obtained using energy and Rayleigh–Ritz methods. The failure loads of face yielding, core shearing, and indentation are combined to construct a failure mechanism map. The proposed theoretical model is then compared with existing theoretical analyses, demonstrating higher prediction accuracy. To investigate nonlinear damage and size effects, a series of finite element analyses is conducted. The results suggest that increasing the face sheet thickness has a greater impact on the ultimate load capacity, while the foam core thickness is more effective in enhancing bending stiffness.
Intonation Units in Spontaneous Speech Evoke a Neural Response
Authors: Inbar Maya , Genzer Shir , Perry Anat , Grossman Eitan , Landau Ayelet N. 
Published: October 2023

Spontaneous speech is produced in chunks called intonation units (IUs). IUs are defined by a set of prosodic cues and presumably occur in all human languages. Recent work has shown that across different grammatical and sociocultural conditions IUs form rhythms of ∼1 unit per second. Linguistic theory suggests that IUs pace the flow of information in the discourse. As a result, IUs provide a promising and hitherto unexplored theoretical framework for studying the neural mechanisms of communication. In this article, we identify a neural response unique to the boundary defined by the IU. We measured the EEG of human participants (of either sex), who listened to different speakers recounting an emotional life event. We analyzed the speech stimuli linguistically and modeled the EEG response at word offset using a GLM approach. We find that the EEG response to IU-final words differs from the response to IU-nonfinal words even when equating acoustic boundary strength. Finally, we relate our findings to the body of research on rhythmic brain mechanisms in speech processing. We study the unique contribution of IUs and acoustic boundary strength in predicting delta-band EEG. This analysis suggests that IU-related neural activity, which is tightly linked to the classic Closure Positive Shift (CPS), could be a time-locked component that captures the previously characterized delta-band neural speech tracking.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTLinguistic communication is central to human experience, and its neural underpinnings are a topic of much research in recent years. Neuroscientific research has benefited from studying human behavior in naturalistic settings, an endeavor that requires explicit models of complex behavior. Usage-based linguistic theory suggests that spoken language is prosodically structured in intonation units. We reveal that the neural system is attuned to intonation units by explicitly modeling their impact on the EEG response beyond mere acoustics. To our understanding, this is the first time this is demonstrated in spontaneous speech under naturalistic conditions and under a theoretical framework that connects the prosodic chunking of speech, on the one hand, with the flow of information during communication, on the other.
Short- and Long-Term High-Fat Diet Exposure Differentially Alters Phasic and Tonic GABAergic Signaling onto Lateral Orbitofrontal Pyramidal Neurons
Authors: Seabrook Lauren T. , Peterson Colleen S. , Noble Duncan , Sobey Marissa , Tayyab Temoor , Kenney Tyra , Judge Allap K. , Armstrong Mataea , Lin Shihao , Borgland Stephanie L. 
Published: October 2023

The chronic consumption of caloric dense high-fat foods is a major contributor to increased body weight, obesity, and other chronic health conditions. The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is critical in guiding decisions about food intake and is altered with diet-induced obesity. Obese rodents have altered morphologic and synaptic electrophysiological properties in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex (lOFC). Yet the time course by which exposure to a high-fat diet (HFD) induces these changes is poorly understood. Here, male mice are exposed to either short-term (7 d) or long-term (90 d) HFD. Long-term HFD exposure increases body weight, and glucose signaling compared with short-term HFD or a standard control diet (SCD). Both short and long-term HFD exposure increased the excitability of lOFC pyramidal neurons. However, phasic and tonic GABAergic signaling was differentially altered depending on HFD exposure length, such that tonic GABAergic signaling was decreased with early exposure to the HFD and phasic signaling was changed with long-term diet exposure. Furthermore, alterations in the short-term diet exposure were transient, as removal of the diet restored electrophysiological characteristics similar to mice fed SCD, whereas long-term HFD electrophysiological changes were persistent and remained after HFD removal. Finally, we demonstrate that changes in reward devaluation occur early with diet exposure. Together, these results suggest that the duration of HFD exposure differentially alters lOFC function and provides mechanistic insights into the susceptibility of the OFC to impairments in outcome devaluation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThis study provides mechanistic insight on the impact of short-term and long-term high-fat diet (HFD) exposure on GABAergic function in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex (lOFC), a region known to guide decision-making. We find short-term HFD exposure induces transient changes in firing and tonic GABA action on lOFC pyramidal neurons, whereas long-term HFD induces obesity and has lasting changes on firing, tonic GABA and inhibitory synaptic transmission onto lOFC neurons. Given that GABAergic signaling in the lOFC can influence decision-making around food, these results have important implications in present society as palatable energy dense foods are abundantly available.
Attentional Modulation of the Cortical Contribution to the Frequency-Following Response Evoked by Continuous Speech
Authors: Schüller Alina , Schilling Achim , Krauss Patrick , Rampp Stefan , Reichenbach Tobias 
Published: October 2023

Selective attention to one of several competing speakers is required for comprehending a target speaker among other voices and for successful communication with them. It moreover has been found to involve the neural tracking of low-frequency speech rhythms in the auditory cortex. Effects of selective attention have also been found in subcortical neural activities, in particular regarding the frequency-following response related to the fundamental frequency of speech (speech-FFR). Recent investigations have, however, shown that the speech-FFR contains cortical contributions as well. It remains unclear whether these are also modulated by selective attention. Here we used magnetoencephalography to assess the attentional modulation of the cortical contributions to the speech-FFR. We presented both male and female participants with two competing speech signals and analyzed the cortical responses during attentional switching between the two speakers. Our findings revealed robust attentional modulation of the cortical contribution to the speech-FFR: the neural responses were higher when the speaker was attended than when they were ignored. We also found that, regardless of attention, a voice with a lower fundamental frequency elicited a larger cortical contribution to the speech-FFR than a voice with a higher fundamental frequency. Our results show that the attentional modulation of the speech-FFR does not only occur subcortically but extends to the auditory cortex as well.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTUnderstanding speech in noise requires attention to a target speaker. One of the speech features that a listener can use to identify a target voice among others and attend it is the fundamental frequency, together with its higher harmonics. The fundamental frequency arises from the opening and closing of the vocal folds and is tracked by high-frequency neural activity in the auditory brainstem and in the cortex. Previous investigations showed that the subcortical neural tracking is modulated by selective attention. Here we show that attention affects the cortical tracking of the fundamental frequency as well: it is stronger when a particular voice is attended than when it is ignored.
cIAPs control RIPK1 kinase activity‐dependent and ‐independent cell death and tissue inflammation
Authors: Schorn Fabian , Werthenbach J Paul , Hoffmann Mattes , Daoud Mila , Stachelscheid Johanna , Schiffmann Lars M , Hildebrandt Ximena , Lyu Su Ir , Peltzer Nieves , Quaas Alexander , Vucic Domagoj , Silke John , Pasparakis Manolis , Kashkar Hamid 
Published: October 2023

AbstractCellular inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (cIAPs) are RING‐containing E3 ubiquitin ligases that ubiquitylate receptor‐interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) to regulate TNF signalling. Here, we established mice simultaneously expressing enzymatically inactive cIAP1/2 variants, bearing mutations in the RING domains of cIAP1/2 (cIAP1/2 mutant RING, cIAP1/2MutR). cIap1/2MutR/MutR mice died during embryonic development due to RIPK1‐mediated apoptosis. While expression of kinase‐inactive RIPK1D138N rescued embryonic development, Ripk1D138N/D138N/cIap1/2MutR/MutR mice developed systemic inflammation and died postweaning. Cells expressing cIAP1/2MutR and RIPK1D138N were still susceptible to TNF‐induced apoptosis and necroptosis, implying additional kinase‐independent RIPK1 activities in regulating TNF signalling. Although further ablation of Ripk3 did not lead to any phenotypic improvement, Tnfr1 gene knock‐out prevented early onset of systemic inflammation and premature mortality, indicating that cIAPs control TNFR1‐mediated toxicity independent of RIPK1 and RIPK3. Beyond providing novel molecular insights into TNF‐signalling, the mouse model established in this study can serve as a useful tool to further evaluate ongoing therapeutic protocols using inhibitors of TNF, cIAPs and RIPK1.
Single‐cell profiling and zebrafish avatars reveal LGALS1 as immunomodulating target in glioblastoma
Authors: Finotto Lise , Cole Basiel , Giese Wolfgang , Baumann Elisabeth , Claeys Annelies , Vanmechelen Maxime , Decraene Brecht , Derweduwe Marleen , Dubroja Lakic Nikolina , Shankar Gautam , Nagathihalli Kantharaju Madhu , Albrecht Jan Philipp , Geudens Ilse , Stanchi Fabio , Ligon Keith L , Boeckx Bram , Lambrechts Diether , Harrington Kyle , Van Den Bosch Ludo , De Vleeschouwer Steven , De Smet Frederik , Gerhardt Holger 
Published: October 2023

AbstractGlioblastoma (GBM) remains the most malignant primary brain tumor, with a median survival rarely exceeding 2 years. Tumor heterogeneity and an immunosuppressive microenvironment are key factors contributing to the poor response rates of current therapeutic approaches. GBM‐associated macrophages (GAMs) often exhibit immunosuppressive features that promote tumor progression. However, their dynamic interactions with GBM tumor cells remain poorly understood. Here, we used patient‐derived GBM stem cell cultures and combined single‐cell RNA sequencing of GAM‐GBM co‐cultures and real‐time in vivo monitoring of GAM‐GBM interactions in orthotopic zebrafish xenograft models to provide insight into the cellular, molecular, and spatial heterogeneity. Our analyses revealed substantial heterogeneity across GBM patients in GBM‐induced GAM polarization and the ability to attract and activate GAMs—features that correlated with patient survival. Differential gene expression analysis, immunohistochemistry on original tumor samples, and knock‐out experiments in zebrafish subsequently identified LGALS1 as a primary regulator of immunosuppression. Overall, our work highlights that GAM‐GBM interactions can be studied in a clinically relevant way using co‐cultures and avatar models, while offering new opportunities to identify promising immune‐modulating targets.
PENGARUH BLANCHING PADA PEMBUATAN SIMPLISIA KULIT BUAH NAGA MERAH
Authors: Paramita Octavianti , Kusumastuti Adhi , Hadiasmoro Melissa Ardelia , Sholeha Nur Amalia 
Published: October 2023

Zat pewarna alami dapat diperoleh dari tumbuhan maupun hewan. Salah satu tumbuhan yang mengandung zat warna alami adalah limbah kulit buah naga merah. Simplisia adalah bahan utama dalam pembuatan zat warna alami terutama pada proses ekstraksi dari bahan alam yang telah dikeringkan yang digunakan untuk pengobatan dan belum mengalami pengolahan, kecuali dinyatakan lain suhu pengeringan tidak lebih dari 60 0C. Simplisia yang aman dan berkhasiat adalah simplisia yang tidak mengandung bahaya kimia, mikrobiologis, dan bahaya fisik, serta mengandung zat aktif yang berkhasiat. Untuk mendapatkan zat warna yang baik diperlukan simplisia yang memiliki kandungan antioksidan yang tinggi dan mempunyai warna yang baik. Perlakuan awal yaitu Hot Water blanching, Steam Blanching, Microwave Blancing pada pembuatan simplisia kulit buah naga merah (hylocereus polyrhizus) sangat berpengaruh dengan hasil. Metode blanching yang sesuai untuk mendapatkan hasil yang maksimal pada kulit buah naga yaitu pada simplisia dengan metode Steam Blanching.
Tipología de la Docencia en una Universidad Pública del Noroeste de México
Authors: Dominguez Rosario L. , Martínez Lydia E. 
Published: October 2023

Se presentan los resultados de la aplicación del método de clúster para dar soporte a la construcción de una tipología de la práctica docente en una universidad pública. Se describen las similitudes y diferencias que se evidencian en los conglomerados reflexionando con relación a la diversidad en el uso y desarrollo de estrategias para la planificación y la evaluación del aprendizaje; así como en las características de la conducción del aprendizaje en el aula.Palabras clave: Clúster, enseñanza, tipología, educación superior. We present the results of the application of the cluster to support the construction of a typology of teaching practice in a public university. It describes the similarities and differences that are evident in the clusters regarding the diversity in the use and development of strategies for planning and assessing learning as well as the characteristics for conducting learning in the classroom.Keywords: Cluster, teaching, typology, higher education.
Sugerencias para el Análisis de Escalas con Métrica Delicada
Authors: López-González Emelina 
Published: October 2023

Las escalas de categorías aportan numerosas ventajas en las evaluaciones educativas, que contrastan con el delicado análisis estadístico que precisan sus medidas con posterioridad. Sus propiedades métricas no siempre han sido atendidas de forma correcta, unas veces por desconocimiento, otras por no existir criterios comunes sobre cuáles son las técnicas estadísticas más adecuadas. En este trabajo se apuntan algunas de las razones de este panorama confuso y se proporcionan sugerencias de análisis poco conocidas en las investigaciones educativas, con una triple intención: una mejora en la métrica de las escalas; la búsqueda de dimensiones internas en los datos; y el estudio de las respuestas que se obtienen a partir de unas dimensiones establecidas previamente. Para alcanzar la primera, se propone la ley de Zipf, sin duda una muy interesante sugerencia para transformar la métrica de las escalas categóricas de frecuencias. Para conseguir la segunda se sugieren algunas extensiones del Análisis Factorial. Por último, y mediante un ejemplo intuitivo, se plantea un Análisis Conjunto referido a una evaluación educativa concreta.Palabras clave: Escalas, escalas Likert, análisis factorial, análisis conjunto, ley de Zipf. Categorical scales provide many advantages in educational evaluations, which contrast with the delicate statistical analysis that their measurements require. Metric properties have not always been treated properly, sometimes because of ignorance, others by the absence of common criteria about which statistical techniques are more appropriate. In this work, we point out some of the reasons for this confusing panorama we also provide little known tips on analysis in educational research, with a threefold aim: an improvement on the metric of the scales, the search for internal data dimensions, and to study the obtained responses from previously established dimensions. To achieve the first one, it is proposed the Zipf's law, certainly a very interesting suggestion to transform the metric of the frequency categorical scales. In order to get the second, some extensions to the factorial analysis are suggested. Finally, and through intuitive example, we propose a Conjoint Analysis referred to a particular educational evaluation.Keywords: Scales, Likert scales, factorial analysis, conjoint analysis, Zipf’s law.
La Dimensión Pedagógica de la Evaluación por Competencias y la Promoción del Desarrollo Profesional en el Estudiante Universitario
Authors: Manzanares Asunción , Sánchez Santamaría José 
Published: October 2023

La introducción del enfoque de competencias en la educación superior española, arropado por el principio de aprendizaje a lo largo de la vida, forma parte del proceso de convergencia europea de las políticas educativas orientadas a una sociedad del conocimiento en un contexto globalizado. La evaluación es una de las cuestiones que mayor preocupación está generando, debido a que denota la complejidad de la formación basada en competencias, unido a la necesidad de garantizar el desarrollo competencial del estudiante universitario. En este sentido, el artículo presenta una aproximación teórico-metodológica sobre la dimensión pedagógica de la evaluación por competencias basada en dos enfoques: superficial y profundo, de modo que nos sirva para avanzar en la comprensión didáctica, tanto dimensional y criterial, de las competencias universitarias. Posteriormente, se aporta una reflexión sobre las implicaciones de las estrategias de evaluación para la recogida de evidencias de desarrollo competencial de acuerdo a criterios de calidad.Palabras clave: Formación basada en competencias, educación superior, enfoques de evaluación, evaluación para el aprendizaje. The introduction of competency-based approach in Spanish Higher Education system, wrapped by the principle of lifelong learning, is part of the process of European convergence of educational policies geared towards a Knowledge Society in a global context. Assessment is one of the issues of greatest concern is generating, because it denotes the complexity of the competency-based training, combined with the need to ensure the competencies development of university student. In this sense, the article presents a theoretical and methodological view on the educational aspect of the competency assessment based on two approaches: superficial and deep, so help us to advance the understanding of teaching, both dimensional and criterial, competencies university. Subsequently, we provide a reflection on the implications of assessment strategies for collecting evidence of competence development according to criteria of quality.Keywords: Competency-based training, Higher Education, assessment approach, assessment for learning.
El Contexto Institucional, Clave en el Desarrollo de la Docencia
Authors: Rueda Mario 
Published: October 2023

Se resalta la importancia que tienen los docentes en la formación de los estudiantes, quienes están inmersos dentro de contextos escolares específicos que involucran el conjunto de condiciones y acciones consideradas por las instituciones para desarrollar la función docente. Las políticas de evaluación docente son una de estas y si bien han sido diseñadas hace más de dos décadas, se sabe poco sobre cómo se realizan los procesos de evaluación docente y si efectivamente se están cumpliendo sus propósitos. Se presentan los resultados obtenidos en un diagnóstico de las prácticas de evaluación las universidades mexicanas y los rasgos más sobresalientes de un estudio de la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (OCDE) sobre la calidad de la enseñanza en la universidad. A partir del análisis de las dos anteriores investigaciones, y partiendo de los resultados comunes, es que se proponen puntos clave que ayuden en la orientación de futuras acciones de evaluación de la función y del desempeño docente, buscando sobre todo recuperar su principal función: el perfeccionamiento de la docencia.Palabras clave: Contexto institucional, evaluación de la docencia, evaluación del desempeño docente. The article highlights the importance of teachers in students’ development who are immersed in specific school contexts which involve a set of conditions and actions considered by the institutions to develop teaching practice. Teacher assessment policies are one of these and although they have been designed since more than two decades ago, little is known about how institutions perform teaching and assessment practices and if they are effectively serving their purposes. This study presents the results of a diagnostic of evaluation practices in Mexican universities and also the most salient features of a study by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) on quality teaching at universities. According to the analysis of previous investigations and to the common findings, key points are proposed to assist and guide future actions in assessment of teacher function and performance practices, looking back above their main function: improving teaching.Keywords: Institutional context, evaluation of teaching, teacher assessment.