bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSVI-20 Trends in Mycotoxin Contamination of the 2022 United States Corn Crop
Authors: Zheng Lan , Gott Paige N , Hofstetter-Schähs Ursula , Levy April W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Mycotoxins are harmful secondary fungal metabolites detrimental to animal health, even at reduced quantities. Focus on clinical signs such as decreased feed intake and vomiting overlook impacts of mycotoxicosis, including increased disease incidence and severity, immune modulation, inflammation, and gastrointestinal disorders. This study was conducted to compare mycotoxin contamination of initial samples of the 2022 corn crop with previous year trends. Samples were analyzed utilizing the liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for six major mycotoxin groups: aflatoxins (Afla), type A trichothecenes (A-Trich), type B trichothecenes (B-Trich), fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEN), and ochratoxin A (OTA). The 2022 crop year data were compared with the prior four harvest years using GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with harvest year as fixed effect and sample as the experimental unit. A limited number of samples is available thus far (n = 44) as harvest is still progressing, therefore the risk profile of this crop year is likely to change as the sample pool expands. Contamination levels in corn for the tested toxin groups have remained consistent over the survey period. To date, 97% of the samples evaluated contained at least one mycotoxin, compared with 90% that was observed in 2021. The percentage of Afla contaminated samples increased (P &lt; 0.05) in 2022 corn compared with the 2020 and 2021 harvest years (42 vs. 5 and 7%). The percentage of FUM contaminated samples in 2022 corn is greater (P &lt; 0.05) compared with 2020 and 2021 (88 vs. 64 and 64%). The preliminary results of the 2022 US corn crop survey indicate mycotoxin occurrence and contamination levels are similar or greater (Afla and FUM) to the prior crop year and will continue to challenge animal health and performance as these ingredients are fed out.
PSVI-12 Nutritional Value of Corn Sourced from U.S. and Ukraine on Growth Performance, Energy Digestibility, and Amino Acid Digestibility in Pigs
Authors: Sullivan Caitlyn R , Hong Jinsu , Levesque Crystal L , Thaler Robert C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the nutritional value of corn sourced from the US and Ukraine (UKR) in the swine diet. A total of 64 nursery pigs [initial body weight (BW) = 8.24 ± 0.73 kg] were used in the feeding trial for 28 days and fed one of two diets with sole corn source from US and Ukraine (2 treatments, 8 replicates, 4 pigs/pen) in a randomized complete block design. Pig BW and feed consumption were measured weekly basis to calculate the average daily gain and gain to feed ratio. Seven ileal-cannulated pigs (average BW = 20.3 ± 2.4 kg) were housed in metabolic crates for 3 periods, and the pigs were fed one of three experimental diets (3 treatments, 7 replicates, 1 pig/crate) such as corn starch-based with corn as a sole protein source to determine the ileal digestibility of amino acids by an indicator method. Each period had 5 days of adaptation, followed by 2 days of ileal digesta collection. Eight ileal-cannulated pigs (average BW = 20.0 ± 3.7 kg) were housed in metabolic crates, and the pigs were fed one of two diets with corn as a sole energy source. The pigs had 5 days of adaption, followed by 4 days of fecal and urine collection by using a total collection method for two periods (2 treatments, 8 replicates, 1 pig/crate). Pigs were fed the diets at three times of maintenance energy requirement according to NRC (2012) in two equal meals daily. In the feeding trial, dietary US or UKR corn did not affect the BW, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and gain to feed ratio in nursery pigs. The standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of Arg for UKR corn was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than US corn, and the SID of His, Phe, Val, Ala, Asp, Cys, and Glu for UKR corn tended to be greater (P &lt; 0.10) than those for US corn. The analyzed gross energy values for US and UKR corns were 3,843 kcal/kg and 3,937 kcal/kg, respectively. The metabolizable energy for UKR corn was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than US corn (3,406 vs. 3,229 kcal/kg). The net energy value for UKR tended to be greater (P &lt; 0.10) than US corn (2,777 vs. 2714 kcal/kg). In conclusion, supplementation of US corn in the nursery diet had no difference in the growth performance of the pigs compared with the UKR corn, whereas the SID value of arginine and metabolizable energy value for US corn were less than those for UKR corn.
PSVI-7 Digestible Energy and Metabolizable Energy Concentrations of Corn, Oilseed Meals, and Fibrous Ingredients for Growing Pig
Authors: Son Jeonghyeon , Kim Beob G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective of the present work was to determine digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) concentrations of corn, oilseed meals, and fibrous ingredients fed to growing pig. Twelve barrows with an initial body weight of 34.3 kg (SD = 2.9) were individually housed in metabolism crates. A 12 × 8 incomplete Latin square design with 12 animals, 12 experimental diets, and 8 periods was employed. A basal diet contained 76.7% corn, 19.0% soybean meal (SBM), and 2% soybean oil as the sole source of energy. Ten experimental diets were prepared by replacing 30% of the basal diet with SBM, rapeseed meal, rice bran, corn gluten feed, corn distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS), wheat bran, sugar beet pulp, copra meal, soybean hulls, or palm kernel expellers. Additionally, a corn diet contained 97.7% of corn as a sole energy source. Each period consisted of a 5-day adaptation period and a 5-day collection period, and the marker-to-marker procedure was used for the quantitative collection of feces and urine. The gross energy concentrations in the experimental diets were close to the calculated values based on the ingredient gross energy values. The DE and ME concentrations in corn (3,911 and 3,866 kcal/kg DM) and SBM (4,004 and 3,780 kcal/kg DM) were greatest (P &lt; 0.05) among the 11 test ingredients followed by DDGS (3,531 and 3,336 kcal/kg DM), rice bran (3,242 and 3,172 kcal/kg DM), soybean hulls (3,081 and 3,103 kcal/kg DM), palm kernel expellers (3,112 and 3,058 kcal/kg DM). The DE and ME concentrations in corn gluten feed (2,624 and 2,460 kcal/kg DM) were less (P &lt; 0.05) than those in all other test ingredients. In conclusion, corn and SBM had the greatest energy values among the corn, oilseed meals, and fibrous ingredients, whereas corn gluten feed had the lowest energy values.
PSVI-8 Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Pediococcus Pentosaceus Strains Isolated from White Kimchi in Weaned Piglet Challenged with Escherichia Coli and Salmonella Typhimurium
Authors: Song Dongcheol , Oh Hanjin , Kim Yongju , An Jaewoo , Chang Seyeon , Go Youngbin , Cho Hyunah , Park Sehyun , Jeon Kyungho , Cho Jinho 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium infections in pigs are major source associated with enteric disease such as post-weaning diarrhea. Lactic acid bacteria, one of the most essential probiotics, can colonize the digestive tract and increase nutritional digestion and maintain the stability of the intestinal flora. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Pediococcus pentosaceus in weaned piglets challenged with pathogen bacteria. In exp.1, 90 weaned piglets with initial body weights of 8.53 ± 0. 34 kg were assigned to 15 treatments for 2 weeks. The experiments were conducted two trials in a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement of treatments consisting of two levels of challenge (challenge and non-challenge) with E.coli and Salmonella typhimurium, respectively and five levels of probiotics (Control, Lactobacillus plantarum, Pediococcus pentosaceus SMFM2016-WK1, Pediococcus acidilactici K, Lactobacillus reuteri PF30). In exp.2 a total of 30 weaned pigs (initial body weight of 9.84 ± 0. 85kg) were used in 4 weeks experiment. Pigs were allocated to 5 groups in a randomized complete way with 2 pens per group and 3 pigs per pen. Supplementation of Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus SMFM2016-WK1 improved (P &lt; 0.05) growth performance, intestinal pathogen bacteria counts compared with control group in exp.1. Also, Lactobacillus plantarum and Pediococcus pentosaceus SMFM2016-WK1 improved (P &lt; 0.05) fecal noxious odor, diarrhea incidence and digestibility of crude protein and gross energy compared with control group in exp.2. In conclusion, supplementation of 38W strains isolated from white kimchi can act as probiotics by inhibiting E.coli and Salmonella typhimurium.
PSIV-9 Salmate Dha+ Fish Oil Supplement Fed to Boars and Impact on Sperm Production and Spermatogenesis
Authors: Parrish John J , Gall Tom , Wilson Mark , Parsley Mike , Ballard Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Previous studies have found omega-3 fatty acid supplementation increased sperm production in boars, but the mechanism has not been demonstrated. The current study was undertaken to determine if the increase in sperm production was due to a reduction in germ cell apoptosis during spermatogenesis. Mature Duroc boars (438 to 686 days of age) were fed either a control diet of corn, soybean meal, 5% fiber, plus vitamins and minerals per NRC requirements or the control diet plus a proprietary blend of fish oil, Salmate DHA+ supplemented diet with 1.83 gm DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid, c22:6 omega3) from 26 gm Salmate DHA+ (The Ballard Group, Inc. and Feedworks USA, LTD.) ∙animal-1∙day-1 added to the control diet. The control diet was fed to all boars (n = 10) for 62 days and then Salmate DHA+ was added to the diet of 5 of the boars while the other 5 continued the control diet for another 62 days. At the end of the experiment all boars were slaughtered, the testes collected, slices removed, fixed with Karnovsky’s fixative, post-fixed with 70% ethanol, embedded with acrylic resin, 2-micron sections taken, and sections stained with Toluidine Blue. During the control and Salmate DHA+ feeding, boars were on routine semen collection. The boar stud provided the date of collection, total sperm collected, and age of individual boars. To confirm the impact on sperm production, semen data was evaluated for all boars on the first 62 days of the control diet (before period) and then for control and Salmate DHA+ boars from day 22 to 62 after Salmate DHA+ feeding started (after period). A total of 107 ejaculates were evaluated in the study. Total sperm per ejaculate (X 109) of the control boars was 105.7 ± 7.3 vs. 110.9 ± 10.4 in the before vs. after period (P &gt;0.05). The total sperm per ejaculate (X 109) in the Salmate DHA+ boarswas 103.4 ± 5 vs. 122.8 ± 7 in the before vs. after period (P &lt; 0.05). To examine apoptosis via histology, the number of round spermatids (RS) and Sertoli cells (SC) were counted in 10 stage 1 seminiferous tubules for each boar with adjustments made for cell nucleoli or nuclei size and thickness of the histology section. The ratio of RS/SC or Sertoli Cell Index was then determined to estimate how many RS survived apoptosis in spermatogenesis. The Sertoli Cell index was 9.46 ± 0.84 vs. 15.03 ± 0.97, respectively, for Control and Salmate DHA+ boars (P &lt; 0.01). The number of RS/SC increased 1.59-fold due to Salmate DHA+ treatment and may explain the increased sperm per ejaculate after Salmate DHA+treatment. The exact mechanism of how apoptosis was reduced however awaits further research. Work was supported by The Ballard Group, Inc and Feedworks USA, LTD.
PSV-10 Supplementing Amino Acid Complexed or Inorganic Trace Minerals to Grazing Cattle Following a Receiving Phase Dietary Trace Mineral Comparison
Authors: Cheek Robin A , Kegley Elizabeth B , Russel Jason R , Horton Lucas , Depenbusch Brandon , Reynolds Jana L , Shoulders Benjamin P , Midkiff Kirsten A , Powell Jeremy G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective was to investigate the effects of inorganic or amino acid-complexed sources of trace minerals (zinc and copper) on performance of beef heifers during a grazing period following a receiving trial. Crossbred beef heifer calves (n = 287, initial body weight = 231 ± 0.49 kg) were used in a 42-day receiving trial. Any cattle that failed to gain at least 0.45 kg/d, and(or) received 3 doses of antibiotic therapy during the receiving trial were removed from the study. Remaining cattle were kept within their respective pen and treatment and were randomly retained for the grazing phase. If there were not enough eligible calves/pen, calves on the same treatment that had been randomly removed from other pens were added to achieve equal pen counts. Cattle (n = 204; initial body weight = 262 ± 1.44 kg) grazed at 2 different locations in Arkansas; in Fayetteville, cattle (12 pens; 6 pens/treatment) grazed 6-acre stockpiled mixed grass pastures (n = 8 calves/pasture); in Batesville, cattle (12 pens; 6 pens/treatment) grazed 5-acre stockpiled novel-endophyte fescue pastures (n = 9 calves/pasture). Treatments consisted of supplemental zinc (540 mg/d) and copper (90 mg/d) from complexed (Availa, Zinpro Corp. Eden Prairie, MN) or inorganic sources (sulfates). Cattle grazed for at least 114 days until reaching a weight goal of 341 kg. Cattle had ad libitum access to water and were offered bermudagrass hay when forage was limited. Body weights were measured on 28-day intervals. A subset of calves (3/pen) were liver biopsied at the end of receiving and grazing phases to compare liver mineral concentrations. Following grazing, calves were removed from treatments and sent to a Kansas feedlot (n = 198) where they were commingled and fed in a single pen for 141 days. Morbidity and mortality data were recorded, and after slaughter, carcass data were collected. Statistical analyses were performed using MIXED and GLIMMIX procedures of SAS 9.4 with location as a random effect and pen within location specified as subject. There was no treatment (P = 0.14) or treatment × day interaction (P = 0.92) for body weights during the grazing phase. Overall average daily gain was not different between treatments (P = 0.94; 0.69, SE = 0.04). Treatment did not affect liver mineral concentrations (P ≥ 0.17). There were no differences in feedlot morbidity, mortality, or carcass characteristics (P ≥ 0.28). In conclusion, although complexed sources of trace minerals (zinc, copper, manganese, and cobalt) improved body weight gain and decreased morbidity treatments during the receiving phase, there were no significant differences from grazing to slaughter when supplementing amino acid complexed versus inorganic mineral sources of zinc and copper during the grazing period.
PSVI-5 Using Red Clover Extract to Mitigate Tall Fescue Toxicosis
Authors: Thomas Ivan R , Coffey Ken , Nieman Christine C , Grote Ally J , Alvey Sarah W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Tall fescue toxicosis is caused by ergot alkaloids produced by the fungus Neotyphodium coenophialum that resides within the majority of the tall fescue plants in the Southeastern and lower Midwestern US. Tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) toxicosis is estimated to cost livestock producers over $1 billion dollars annually through reduced growth and reproductive performance. Improvements in performance by cattle grazing toxic tall fescue can have substantial economic advantages for livestock producers throughout the tall fescue region. Numerous methods to mitigate tall fescue toxicosis have been tried over the past 60+ years, but a practical solution to this problem has not been discovered to date. Forages used to dilute fescue include clovers which will not compete on much of the marginal sites that tall fescue predominates. As mentioned above, clovers have been used to dilute toxic fescue and have shown to be a good mitigation strategy if the clovers persist. Red clover extract (RCE) has shown promise in the mitigation of symptoms related to tall fescue toxicosis, but effective dosages have not yet been determined to date. Dorper ewe and wether lambs (n = 30, 34 ± 0.97 kg initial BW) were weighed and assigned randomly to one of five diets in a 2-period study. Diets consisted of a positive control of non-toxic tall fescue seed with no RCE (CONT), a negative control of toxic tall fescue seed with no RCE (E+0) and toxic tall fescue seed with RCE supplemented at 0.33 (E+33), 0.67 (E+67), and 1 (E+100) percent of the diet. Fescue seed was mixed with liquid molasses to ensure consumption, and seed, DDGS and RCE was offered at approximately 0800 and 1600 h, and bermudagrass hay was offered for ad libitum consumption. Lambs were housed in individual 1 × 1.5 m pens in an enclosed building where temperature was maintained at 27° C (80° F). The animal had an ad libitum access to water. Each period consisted of a 14-day adaptation period followed by 7 d of total fecal and urine collection. Diets were offered for ad libitum consumption during the first 12 days of each period and then held constant during the remaining 9 days. Dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) intake was greater (P &lt; 0.05) from CONT than all other treatments and E+33 was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than E+10 and E+67. Digestibility of DM and OM were greater (P &lt; 0.05) from CONT than all other treatments. By contrast, the diets did not influence (P &gt; 0.05) nitrogen balance, urinary nitrogen losses, fecal nitrogen losses and nitrogen retained. Overall, results demonstrated that RCE inclusion into the diet of toxic tall fescue did not significantly change growth and performance parameters in sheep.
PSIV-3 Biofumigation to Reduce Swine Parasite Contamination on Organic Pastures
Authors: Li Yuzhi , Major Sara , Carr Rick , Hernandex Alexander 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Parasite infection is a common problem in organic pig production. Pastures grazed by infected pigs can become sources of parasite transmission because parasite eggs can survive in soil for several years. Biofumigation is a method used by farmers to reduce plant pathogens and nematodes in soil by incorporating plant residues into the soil that rapidly release toxic isothiocyanates. This study explored whether grazing crops with biofumigation properties affects parasite fecal egg counts of pigs managed organically, and subsequent parasite eggs in organic pasture soil after biofumigation. A study was conducted using 66 pigs (BW = 72.6 kg ± 21.2 SD) that were raised organically in two blocks. Within each block, pigs were housed in four pens (8 to 9 pigs/pen) and provided feed ad libitum in a hoop barn. Each pen had access to a pasture (0.5 acres). Each pasture was subjected to one of four management treatments: control pastures (Ladino clover) or biofumigation pastures (Rapeseed), each with or without incorporating plant residues. Each pasture was split into four paddocks (9.1m × 10.7m) and pigs were given access to each paddock for one week. Fecal samples (n = 198) were collected from each pig before, two and four weeks after grazing. Triple soil samples (n = 480) were collected from each paddock before grazing, immediately after pigs were removed from pasture paddocks, and weekly thereafter for three weeks. Fecal and soil samples were analyzed for Ascaris suum, Trichuris suis, and Oesphagostomum spp. eggs. Data were analyzed using a mixed model with pen or paddock as the experimental unit. Fecal egg counts of the three parasite species did not differ between pigs that grazed on pastures with different management treatments. All pigs had drecreased Ascaris suum (P &lt; 0.01) and Trichuris suis (P &lt; 0.01) fecal egg counts after four weeks of grazing compared with before grazing. Both clover and rapeseed pastures without incorporating plant residue had decreased Ascaris suum egg counts in the soil compared with incorporating plant residue (both P &lt; 0.05). Rapeseed pastures without incorporating plant residue had reduced (P &lt; 0.05) Trichuris suis egg counts in the soil compared with clover pastures but did not differ from rapeseed pasture with incorporated plant residue. Across pasture management treatments, Ascaris suum and Trichuris suis eggs in the soil were reduced (P &lt; 0.05) two and three weeks after pigs were removed from pastures compared with before, immediately after, and one week after pigs were removed. These results suggest that grazing pastures crops with biofumigation properties did not affect fecal egg counts of pigs. While the number of parasite eggs decreased overtime in pasture soil, biofumigation may not be an effective way to reduce swine parasite eggs in organic pastures.
PSIV-5 The Utilization of Alltech’s Seed, Feed, Weed Piglet Program as an Alternative to Zinc Oxide on the Growth, Feed Efficiency and Mortality of Newly Weaned Pigs
Authors: Rooney Hazel B , Roquet Josep , Santos Manuel , Taylor-Pickard Jules A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Achieving a healthy gut with a suitable microbial population in place will maximize the health and lifetime performance of piglets and, concurrently, profitability. Natural nutritional strategies that promote gut health and development in young pigs without zinc oxide (ZnO) are gaining considerable interest. Alltech’s Seed, Feed, Weed (SFW) program is designed to promote favorable microbial communities in the gut, optimize gut structures, and support the immune system; all of which will positively impact the growth and health of young piglets. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of the SFW piglet program as an alternative to ZnO supplementation on the growth, feed efficiency and mortality of newly weaned pigs. Newly weaned pigs were allocated to one of two dietary treatments in 3 experiments. All experiments were carried out on commercial pig units in Spain. Dietary treatments were a basal pre-starter and starter diet containing 3,000 ppm ZnO (CONTROL), and a SFW piglet pre-starter and starter pack containing 0 ppm ZnO (SFW). In Exp. 1, pigs (n = 431) were weaned at 28 days old and fed the experimental pre-starter diets for 9 days. In Exp. 2, pigs (n = 295) were weaned at 28 days old and fed the experimental pre-starter and starter diets for 35 days. In Exp. 3, pigs (n = 311) were weaned at 28 days old and fed the experimental pre-starter and starter diets for 21 days. Pig performance was recorded. In experiment 1, SFW-fed pigs had similar average daily gain (ADG; 142 g/d vs 148 g/d) and average daily feed intake (ADFI; 149 g/d vs. 167 g/d) to CONTROL fed pigs. Feed efficiency (FE) was 1.05 and 1.13 for SFW and CONTROL piglets, respectively, resulting in SFW fed piglets being heavier at the end of the treatment period (7.65 kg vs. 7.45 kg). In experiment 2, overall, ADG (308 g/d vs. 316 g/d) and ADFI (423 g/d vs. 444 g/d) were similar between SFW and CONTROL fed piglets, respectively. Th SFW piglets had greater FE than CONTROL pigs (1.37 vs. 1.41). In experiment 3, there was no effect of treatment on ADG (356 g/d vs. 355 g/d) and ADFI (410 g/d vs. 420 g/d) or piglet body weight at the end of the study (12.8 kg vs. 12.7 kg). Feed efficiency was improved (1.21 vs. 1.24) and piglet mortality was reduced (3.4 % vs. 6.9 %) in SFW fed piglets compared with CONTROL fed piglets. In conclusion, the SFW program may prove to be a suitable alternative to ZnO by positively influencing the gut health of piglets and ensuring that piglet performance and health is maintained in the absence of ZnO.