bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of impregnation and bleaching on the surface hardness of oak (Quercus petraea L.) wood
Authors: Keskin Hakan , Atar Musa , Güçlü Yavuzcan H. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe impact of impregnation and bleaching on the hardness of varnish layers on oak (Quercus petraea L.) wood was investigated. A number of solutions [sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2); NaOH, calcium hydroxide, and H2O2; NaOH, magnesium sulfate, and H2O2; sodium bisulfate and H2C2O4 · 2H2; sodium silicate and H2O2; and potassium permanganate, sodium bisulfate, and H2O2] were applied at a concentration of 18% to bleach both impregnated [Tanalith‐CBC (T‐CBC) or Imersol‐WR 2000 (I‐WR 2000)] and unimpregnated (natural) wood panels. Subsequently, a water‐based varnish (WB) was coated over the samples, and the hardness of the varnished layers was determined in accordance with ASTM D 4366. Among the samples that were varnish‐coated without bleaching, T‐CBC/WB yielded the highest hardness (59.50), whereas I‐WR 2000/WB exhibited the lowest (49.17). However, among the samples varnish‐coated after bleaching, the highest (56.50) and lowest (40.83) varnish hardness values were obtained with T‐CBC/solution 2/WB and I‐WR 2000/solution 4/WB, respectively. All the chemicals used for the bleaching process reduced the surface hardness. However, after the varnish coating, except for solutions 4 and 6, all the solutions showed hardness values similar to those of varnish‐coated natural (control) samples. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 498–504, 2004
Molecular profiling of primary and metastatic neoplasms in the lung using cytologic material obtained by fine‐needle aspiration: Report of two cases
Authors: Schoedel Karen E. , Finkelstein Sydney D. , Swalsky Patricia A. , Ohori N. Paul 
Published: April 2004

AbstractTwo cases are presented in which molecular analyses of cytologic material obtained by fine‐needle aspiration were helpful in establishing relationships between morphologically similar neoplasms in the same patient. For appropriate clinical management, it is important to ascertain whether the tumors represent independent primaries or metastases. Alcohol‐fixed cytologic material prepared as cell blocks and formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissue were microdissected and analyzed for allelic loss of heterozygosity at multiple preselected genetic loci. The first case illustrates a 69‐yr‐old man with multiple intrapulmonary nodules involving the upper and lower lobes of the left lung. Genomic analysis showed that the neoplasms in the left upper and lower lung lobes were independent primaries, because the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) patterns were substantially different. By contrast, the second case is that of a 58‐yr‐old man with a right thyroid nodule and multiple pulmonary tumors. LOH analysis confirmed that a sampled pulmonary tumor represented a metastasis from the thyroid primary, as similar LOH patterns involving locus D9S252 were observed on comparison of the thyroid and pulmonary neoplasms. These cases illustrate the practical diagnostic utility of genomic analysis using cytologic material in the assessment of primary and metastatic malignancies. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;30:342–346. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Esophageal aspergillosis in cytologic brushings: Report of two cases associated with acute myelogenous leukemia
Authors: Bergman Simon , Geisinger Kim R. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractAspergillus, which commonly involves the sinonasal region and upper respiratory tract, is reported for the first time in esophageal brushings in two immunocompromised patients with a history of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Aspergillus species was identified in both cases in smears as scattered three‐dimensional groups of fungi with 45° angle branching. One case had a local esophageal noninvasive form, while the other, in addition to the esophagus, had disseminated to the spleen. Although Aspergillus is an uncommon cause of esophagitis in immunocompromised patients, its presence may be associated with an extremely poor prognosis as both expired shortly after detecting this fungus on esophageal brushings. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2004;30:347–349. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transient gain of effector function by CD8+ T cells undergoing peripheral tolerance to high‐dose self‐antigen
Authors: Huang Xiaopei , Yang Yiping 
Published: April 2004

AbstractInduction of peripheral T cell tolerance is mediated by bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells that cross‐present self‐antigen to self‐reactive T cells. The current model for peripheral CD8+ T cell tolerance is that TCR engagement by self‐antigen in the absence of costimulation results in abortive activation without development of effector function. Here we demonstrate in vivo that high‐dose self‐antigen ("signal 1") can compensate for lack of costimulation ("signal 2"), leading to full activation of and development of effector function by self‐reactive T cells. In the setting of low‐dose self‐antigen, acquisition of effector function by self‐reactive T cells is dependent on costimulation via CD40 ligation in vivo. However, gain of effector function ineither setting does not prevent eventual tolerance of self‐reactive CD8+ T cells. These results suggest that the mechanisms for peripheral CD8+ T cell tolerance are more complex than the proposed "signal 1 in the absence of signal 2" hypothesis. Further exploration of these mechanisms will have direct impact on the design of effective immunotherapy for autoimmune diseases, chronic infections and cancers.
B‐Alkylcatecholborane‐Mediated Radical Reactions
Authors: Schaffner Arnaud‐Pierre , Renaud Philippe 
Published: April 2004

AbstractB‐Alkylcatecholboranes, easily prepared by hydroboration of alkenes, represent a very efficient source of primary, secondary and tertiary alkyl radicals. The very high sensitivity towards oxygen‐and heteroatom‐centered radicals makes them particularly attractive for the development of radical chain processes. Very mild conditions for radical hydroxylation of organoboranes using either TEMPO (= 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxyl) or oxygen have been developed. Conjugate addition of β‐alkylcatecholboranes to enones and enals proceeds very efficiently under oxygen intiation. Inter‐ and intramolecular addition to other radical traps such as α,β‐unsaturated esters, amides and sulfones requires the use of PTOC‐OMe {1‐[(methoxycarbonyl)oxy]pyridine‐2(1H)‐thione} as a chain transfer reagent. Finally, a very general method for the radical hydroallylation of olefins using allyl sulfones as radical traps is presented. This reaction takes advantage of the very efficient reaction of B‐alkylcatecholboranes with the benzenesulfonyl radical. The diversity of the chemistry presented in this microreview demontrates that catecholborane represents a very good alternative to tin derivatives for radical reactions involving alkyl radicals. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Performance of an industrial source complex model: Predicting long‐term concentrations in an urban area
Authors: Kumar Ashok , Bellam Naveen K. , Sud Anupma 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe short‐term and long‐term versions of Industrial Source Complex Models (ISCST3 and ISCLT3) are evaluated for estimating long‐term concentrations using sulfur dioxide data from emission inventory of Lucas County, Ohio for the year 1990. The ISCST3 and ISCLT3 models are used to predict monthly and quarterly averages of sulfur dioxide concentrations. Uncertainties associated with the model's predictions are estimated using the bootstrap resampling method. Confidence intervals on the fractional mean bias, normalized mean square error, geometric mean bias and geometric variance are calculated for each model and differences between models. Intercomparison of the ISCST3 and ISCLT3 models indicated that these models yielded relatively good performance in their prediction of monthly and quarterly average concentrations, with relative fractional biases of 0.26 to 0.55 and normalized mean square error values that are about 0.12 to 0.44. Both the ISCST3 and ISCLT3 models predicted concentrations that are lower than the observed concentrations. The concentrations predicted by the ISCST3 model were closer to the observed concentrations when compared with the concentrations obtained using the ISCLT3 model. The study suggests that the ISCST3 model is better for estimating long‐term concentrations of sulfur dioxide as compared to the ISCLT3 model.
The measurement of flyash and bottom ash flow rates from a circulating fluidized bed boiler
Authors: Rozelle Peter L. , Pisupati Sarma V. , Scaroni Alan W. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe measurement of the flow rates of flyash and bottom ash from a Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) boiler has a number of uses. Among these are the requirements of boiler performance testing, the development of particle population models for assessing key chemical interactions taking place in the combustion chamber, and the partitioning of key species between flyash and bottom ash. Identification of partitioning of key species between flyash and bottom ash (combustibles, calcium, sulfur) can lead to improvements in key parameters of boiler operation.Current methods for the computing of the flow rates of these ash streams include the measurement of the flow rates of feed solids, one ash stream flow rate, and inference of the other from a material balance. This is effort intensive and as such, not routinely feasible.Offered here is a method for computing the flow rates of ash streams through measurement of the solids feed rates to the system, and solving material balances around inorganic solids (total ash), calcium, and/ or sulfur, using these material balances as a simple set of simultaneous equations. This method permits the calculation of the ash stream flow rates without the direct measurement of either, and can be practiced on a routine basis.
Treatment of a synthetic Nylon production wastewater under denitrifying conditions in an anoxic sequencing batch reactor
Authors: Cassidy Daniel P. , Earley James P. , Irvine Robert L. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA synthetic Nylon production wastewater high in nitrate (400–800 mg/L NO3‐N), total organic carbon (TOC=2000 mg/L), and chemical oxygen demand (COD=5450 mg/L) was treated in a laboratory‐scale, anoxic Sequencing Batch Reactor (AxSBR). The purpose was to determine the extent of organic carbon removal with different nitrate doses and the feasibility of achieving complete removal of oxidized forms of nitrogen (NOx) and organic carbon. The organic carbon consisted of 27 different alcohols, acids, aldehydes, and ketones. A concentration of 400 mg/L NO3‐N (NOx‐N/C=0.2) in the AxSBR resulted in removal of 33% TOC and 35% COD. Doubling the concentration to 800 mg/L NO3‐N (NOx‐N/C=0.4) increased removal of TOC and COD to 46% and 44%, respectively. An equivalent of 5000 mg/L NO3‐N (NOx‐N/C=2.5) was required to achieve 92% removal of TOC and COD. Under nitrate‐limiting conditions the readily degraded organics included: n‐butanol, methanol, ethanol, n‐propanol, l‐pentanol, cyclopentanol, picric acid, formic acid, acetone, n‐butyraldehyde, and propionaldehyde; and less readily degraded were s‐and t‐butanol, isopropanol, cyclohexanol, MEK, and cyclohexanone.
An evaluation of continuous electrodeionization as an in‐line process for plating rinsewater recovery
Authors: Semmens M. J. , Dillon C. D. , Riley Chris 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe objective of this project was to investigate the ability of continuous electrodeionization (CEDI) to be used in a copper electroplating line to recover copper sulfate and purified water from rinsewaters for reuse within the same process. Typically, these acidic rinsewaters contain approximately 10 to 50 mg/L of copper as copper sulfate. This range of copper is much higher than any used in previous applications of CEDI technology. Three bench‐scale configurations of CEDI modules were evaluated under varying flow and voltage conditions to test the performance of the process in treating the rinsewater. The influence of different ion exchange packings on CEDI performance was examined to determine which module design worked best for this separation process. The bench‐scale test results suggest that CEDI is a potentially viable technology for copper sulfate recovery from waste rinsewaters generated by a copper electroplating line. A single stage CEDI process was able to produce a pure water product containing non‐detectable concentrations of copper, and an acidic copper sulfate concentrate with a copper concentration as high as 4,000 mg/L.
Seawater flue gas desulfurization: Its technical implications and performance results
Authors: Oikawa Katsuo , Yongsiri Chaturong , Takeda Kazuo , Harimoto Takayoshi 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIncreasingly, flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems are being installed to control sulfur dioxide emissions in power plants utilizing coal or oil. For power plants located on an ocean coast, utilization of seawater from the cooling system of the plant to scrub sulfur dioxide has become a promising and attractive alternative to using other alkaline chemicals, such as limestone and magnesium hydroxide. Sulfur dioxide is absorbed and subsequently oxidized to sulfate, which is a native constituent of seawater. Prior to discharge, the acidified seawater effluent undergoes neutralization using the natural alkalinity present in seawater (the carbonate‐related system). Compared to the conventional wet limestone system, the seawater FGD system offers many advantages in terms of process, design, operation and cost effectiveness.This paper describes the technical and environmental aspects of a seawater FGD system. The performance test results of an existing seawater FGD system employed at a 600‐MWe power plant in China are also presented, focusing on the desulfurization efficiency and the seawater effluent quality. Different design configurations for a seawater FGD absorption system are compared.
Emission of trace compounds from catalytic reforming units
Authors: Bertrand Rene R. , Siegell Jeffrey H. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractCatalytic reforming units (CRUs) are a potential emissions source of a number of compounds listed as Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) in the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. Some of these compounds are released in depressurization and purge of the unit at initiation and conclusion of the regeneration process. Some form in the catalyst regeneration process and are then emitted. In this work, we developed improved average and median emission factors for these HAPs, based on 54 new field test data points, covering 14 compounds. For some of these compounds (HCl and particulates), there are large differences between the average and the median emission factors due to significant scatter in the raw data. Comparisons are made to previously published emission factors from data collected by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The new data points and the EPA collection have been combined and analyzed to provide guidance on HAP emissions based on the type of CRU. These new average emission factors should provide for more representative estimates for both permitting and emissions reporting when actual monitoring data are not available. It was also found that the emission per unit feed rate to the CRU does not differ significantly with the mode of regeneration utilized.
Partitioning of BTEX constituents and chloroorganics in high‐biomass systems
Authors: Barton John W. , Vodraska Chris D. , Flanary Sandie A. , Davison Brian H. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractHenry's Law controls mass transfer rates for sparingly soluble organics and/or lower inlet VOC concentrations within a biofilter. We report measurements of apparent Henry's Law partitioning values for benzene, toluene, TCE, and chloromethane in systems that contain varying levels of biomass. The apparent air/liquid partition constant for benzene decreased from 2.9 × 10−3 atm m3 mol−1 to as low as 0.1 × 10−3 atm m3 mol−1 when biomass, in the form of yeast, was added to aqueous batch systems containing benzene. The constant for toluene decreased from 6.4 × 10−3 to 0.17 × 10−3 atm m3 mol−1. For TCE, the air/liquid partition constant decreased from 0.013 atm m3 mol−1 to less than 0.00013 atm m3 mol−1. Experimentally measured partition values were also used to calculate intrinsic “pure biomass” partitioning constants, which can be used to interpolate behavior. Apparent partitioning values for TCE were most heavily impacted by biomass levels, changing by two orders of magnitude. These data should allow other researchers to estimate and extrapolate the influence of biomass on their own biofiltration processes.
Removal of sulfur oxides from diesel exhaust gases
Authors: Ingersoll Christine M. , Roland Donald E. , Kacuba Amanda M. , Wilkinson Christina L. , Berty József M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractA recently completed EPA study [1] confirms the deleterious effects of inhaling diesel emissions. Technology to remove sulfur from diesel fuel is known, but expensive, and results in some loss of diesel fuel production. The focus of this work is a method to remove sulfur oxides from diesel exhaust by a manganese oxide catalyst embedded in caustic material. Close to complete removal of SO2 makes subsequent catalytic destruction of nitrous oxides and other pollutants now feasible. The cost to remove the last 20 ppm of SO2 from exhaust is less than one cent per gallon of fuel.
A methodology to evaluate process sustainability
Authors: Gonzalez Michael A. , Smith Raymond L. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractChemical and engineering research over the past several years has seen a dramatic increase in activity in the area of green chemisty. As these developments continue, it is reasonable that some of these chemistries or technologies have the potential to be implemented on the plant scale. With this in mind, a new green technology will most certainly have a potential impact on the sustainability of a process. It should also be noted that although a “green” technology may appear environmentally friendly, there currently is no all‐inclusive methodology for assessing the actual sustainability of the chemical reaction orprocess. In order to assess a process, a set of sustainability indicators, or metrics, are required.Research within the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has laid the foundationfor an indicator model, GREENSCOPE (Gauging Reaction Effectivenessfor the ENvironmental Sustainability of Chemistries with a multiObjective Process Evaluator), that evaluates a particular reaction or process for sustainability in the following areas: Environment,Energy, Efficiency, and Economics. These four Es provide a quantitative definition of process sustainability, and allow for a direct comparison between two similar processes with differing reaction chemistries or process technologies. These aspects of sustainable chemical research will also be of importance as bench processes are scaled up to sustainable industrial processes.
Migration of polyethylene particles around nonloosened cemented femoral components from a total hip arthroplasty—an autopsy study
Authors: Massin Philippe , Chappard Daniel , Flautre Brigitte , Hardouin Pierre 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThree cemented femoral components from total hip arthroplasties retrieved at autopsy were examined in regard to the migration of birefringent polyethylene particles across the fixation interfaces. They were obtained from two patients who died from unrelated causes. They had been in place, respectively, for 8 and 9 years (first patient) and for 9 years (second patient). Osteolysis was present in the acetabular side only. The femoral components were not loosened. Histologic sections were performed at four levels of the femoral components, and polyethylene particles were counted with the use of a semiautomatic image analyzer. Sections below the tip of the stem were treated by deorganification and the lysate was centrifuged in the attempt to isolate wear debris. Particles were found at both interfaces (bone–cement and metal–cement) and in the cancellous bone between the trabeculae. They were also present in the Haversian canals of the cortical bone. Particles of various sizes were found in the medullary canal beneath the tip of the stem. In scanning electron microscopy, they appeared to have irregular shapes. Wear debris can migrate across the cement–bone interface of nonloosened implants. They appear to progress through the porosity of the cancellous bone. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 69B: 205–215, 2004
Biological activities of the essential oil and methanolic extract of Micromeria fruticosa (L) Druce ssp serpyllifolia (Bieb) PH Davis plants from the eastern Anatolia region of Turkey
Authors: Güllüce Medine , Sökmen Münevver , Şahin Fikrettin , Sökmen Atalay , Adigüzel Ahmet , Özer Hakan 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe in vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil and methanolic extract of Micromeria fruticosa ssp serpyllifolia as well as the composition of the essential oil were examined. The essential oil exhibited activity against 14 bacteria, three fungi and a yeast, with minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 31.25 to 125 µl ml−1, whilst the methanolic extract was inactive. Antioxidant activity was measured by two methods, namely scavenging of the free radical DPPH and inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation. The methanolic extract exhibited significant antioxidant activity in both assays, providing 50% inhibition at 70.9 ± 0.5 µg ml−1 concentration in the DPPH assay and inhibiting linoleic acid oxidation to 59% at 2 mg ml−1 concentration, whilst the essential oil showed activity only at higher concentrations. The gallic acid equivalent total phenolic content of the methanolic extract was found to be 55.2 ± 2.00 µg mg−1 dry weight extract (5.5% w/w). The chemical composition of the hydrodistilled essential oil was analysed by means of GC/MS. Twenty‐nine constituents were identified, the main ones being piperitenone (50.61%) and pulegone (29.19%). Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Persistent current and Hall effect due to spin chirality
Authors: Tatara G. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe show that a spontaneous electric current is induced in a nano‐scale conducting ring just by putting three ferromagnets (spin Josephson effect). The current is a direct consequence of the non‐commutativity of the spin algebra, and is proportional to the non‐coplanarity (chirality) of the magnetization vectors. This persistent current is shown to results in anomalus Hall effect in frustrated magnets. The application to a novel quantum logic gate is discussed. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Vergleich der Kristallstrukturen der Tetraammoniakate von Lithiumhalogeniden, LiBr·4NH3 und LiI·4NH3, mit der Struktur von Tetramethylammoniumiodid, N(CH3)4I
Authors: Jacobs Herbert , Barlage Holger , Friedriszik Martin 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFür röntgenographische Strukturbestimmungen geeignete Kristalle der Tetraammoniakate von LiBr und LiI wurden durch langsames Abdampfen von NH3 aus den bei Raumtemperatur klaren Lösungen der Halogenide in flüssigem Ammoniak erhalten. Die Verbindungen kristallisieren in der Raumgruppe Pnma (Nr. 62) mit vier Formeleinheiten in der Elementarzelle:LiBr·4NH3: a = 11, 947(5)Å, b = 7, 047(4)Å, c = 9, 472(3)ÅLiI·4NH3: a = 12, 646(3)Å, b = 7, 302 (1)Å, c = 9, 790(2)ÅFür N(CH3)4I konnten die Protonenlagen der Methylgruppen bestimmt werden:N(CH3)4I: P4/nmm (Nr. 129), Z = 2, a = 7, 948(1)Å, c = 5, 738(1)ÅDie Ammoniakate des LiBr und LiI kristallisieren isotyp in einer stark verzerrten Anordnung vom CsCl‐Motiv. Auch N(CH3)4I hat eine CsCl‐artige Anordnung. Die Strukturen unterscheiden sich hauptsächlich in der Orientierung der [Li(NH3)4]+ — bzw. [N(CH3)4]+ — Kationen im umgebenden „Anionenkubus”︁.