bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface anatomy of the inferior epigastric artery in relation to laparoscopic injury
Authors: Epstein J. , Arora A. , Ellis H. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe inferior epigastric artery (IEA) is at risk of injury in laparoscopic surgery. Current descriptions of the course of the IEA do not provide surface landmarks useful to the surgeon. This study aimed to define surface relations and propose guidelines for safer trocar placement. The posterior surfaces of the anterior abdominal walls of 30 preserved cadavers were dissected. The surface anatomy of 60 IEAs and their branches were defined. At the level of the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), the IEA is 38% ± 18% (95% confidence interval [CI]) from the midline to the ASIS. At the mid‐inguinal point the relation is 40% ± 17% and at the umbilicus 40% ± 22%. The pattern of branches is highly variable. Although giving guidelines for trocar insertion can be treacherous, we found the following to be of value: 1) the midline is avascular; 2) the main stem of the IEA will be avoided if trocars are inserted more than two‐thirds of the distance along a horizontal line between the midline and the ASIS; and 3) IEA branches are least frequently found in the lowest part of the abdomen lateral to the artery. Clin. Anat. 17:400–408, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Topographic approach to the study of the human body
Authors: Burykh Michael P. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractRecent developments in medical imaging techniques such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been explosive. These modalities provide 3D information about the human body and assess tissue damage in various pathological conditions. To complement the diagnostic usefulness of these imaging techniques, we have designed a system of topographic coordinates based on the principles of global projection cartography in which lines of latitude and longitudes are assigned to the surface of the human body. We designated the median sagittal plane as corresponding to the Greenwich Meridian (zero longitude) in global cartography. From the median sagittal plane (M0), vertical lines of longitude or “great circles” divide the body into 12 zones that are 30° apart. Parallel lines of latitude are assigned according to surface anatomy landmarks. Studying the 3D reconstruction of anatomical structures is important for: 1) devising a system of coordinates; 2) allowing biomedical measurements to be made; and 3) drawing maps that may be useful in some clinical procedures (e.g., biopsies). Clin. Anat. 17:423–428, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective Formation of AAB‐ and ABC‐Type Heterotrimeric α‐Helical Coiled Coils
Authors: Kiyokawa Tomohiro , Kanaori Kenji , Tajima Kunihiko , Kawaguchi Masataka , Mizuno Toshihisa , Oku Jun‐ichi , Tanaka Toshiki 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe α‐helical coiled coils have a representative amino acid sequence of (abcdefg)n heptad repeats. We previously reported that two peptides named IZ‐2A and IZ‐2W formed an (IZ‐2A)2/IZ‐2W heterotrimer with an Ala–Ala–Trp interaction in the hydrophobic core. In this paper, we describe the selective formation of AAB‐ and ABC‐type heterotrimers. To increase the selectivity of the AAB‐type heterotrimeric formation, Lys residues at the f position were mutated to either an Ala or a Gln residue to form IZ‐2A(fA) or IZ‐2W(fQ). Separately, both IZ‐2A(fA) and IZ‐2W(fQ) have a random structure at pH 7 and 20 °C. However, together IZ‐2A(fA) and IZ‐2W(fQ) form a 2:1 complex with a thermal transition midpoint (Tm) of 48 °C. This procedure was applied to prepare the ABC‐type heterotrimer, in which two sets of Ala–Ala–Trp interactions were designed in the hydrophobic core. Interhelical interaction between the e and g positions and the α‐helical propensity of the amino acid at the f position were also considered in the design. The resultant three peptides selectively formed the ABC‐type heterotrimer with a Tm of 51 °C. Other peptide combinations had random coil properties.
Distribution of the neuropeptide FF1 receptor (hFF1) in the human hypothalamus and surrounding basal forebrain structures: Immunohistochemical study
Authors: Goncharuk Valeri , Zeng Zhizhen , Wang Ruiping , MacTavish David , Jhamandas Jack H. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractNeuropeptides with C‐terminal RFamide and their receptors NPFF1 (FF1) and NPFF2 (FF2) have been implicated in a wide variety of functions, including nociception and autonomic and neuroendocrine regulation. Recent studies indicate that the FF1, but not FF2, mRNA is highly expressed in the human hypothalamus. In the present study, localization of FF1 in the human hypothalamus and surrounding regions was studied immunohistochemically by using an antibody against human FF1 (hFF1). Brain sections from healthy 30–50‐year‐old individuals were used for hFF1 immunohistochemistry. The highest density of hFF1‐stained cells was found in the posterior division of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and in the zona incerta. A moderate density of cells was observed in the perifornical nucleus, infundibular nucleus, tuberomammillary nucleus, and lateral tuberal nucleus. A lesser density was revealed in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, basal nucleus of Meynert, and anterior amygdaloid area. Only scattered hFF1 cells were found in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. hFF1 cells and fibers were absent in the supraoptic and mammillary nuclei. Single and double strands of hFF1‐immunopositive punctate varicosities marked cellular processes of different caliber. The density of hFF1‐immunostained fiber networks did not always coincide with that of hFF1‐immunostained cells. hFF1 immunoreactivity was also found in the wall of blood vessels within most brain areas studied. Localization of hFF1 in discrete regions of the hypothalamus and extended amygdala may provide important insights into the role of amidated neuropeptides in central autonomic and neuroendocrine control in the human brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 474:487–503, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential expression pattern and steroid hormone sensitivity of SNAP‐25 and synaptoporin mRNA in the telencephalic song control nucleus HVC of the zebra finch
Authors: Voigt Cornelia , Metzdorf Reinhold , Gahr Manfred 
Published: May 2004

AbstractGonadal steroid hormones play an important role in the process of sexual differentiation of brain areas and behavior such as singing and song learning in songbirds. These hormones affect behavior controlling circuits on both the gross morphological and ultrastructural levels. Here we study whether the expression of genes coding for synaptic proteins is sensitive to gonadal steroid hormones and whether such altered expression coincides with changes in brain area size. We treated adult male zebra finches with the aromatase inhibitor fadrozole, to reduce estrogen synthesis and analyzed the mRNA expression of the synaptic proteins synaptoporin (SPO) and synaptosomal‐associated protein 25 kDa (SNAP‐25) in song control areas and surrounding tissues of adult male zebra finches. SPO and SNAP‐25 are differently expressed throughout the song system. Generally, the telencephalic song nuclei expressed SNAP‐25 at high intensity whereas SPO expression was area‐specific. Elevated levels of SNAP‐25 mRNA were present in the nucleus hyperstriatalis ventrale pars caudale (HVC) and in the robust nucleus of the archistriatum (RA). SPO mRNA was found in moderate levels in the HVC, in low levels in the lateral nucleus magnocellularis (lMAN) and Area X, and was absent in the RA. The treatment significantly increased the mRNA level of SPO in the HVC, whereas SNAP‐25 expression level was not affected. These expression patterns are not explained by the decrease of HVC volume after treatment. The decreased HVC size is not area‐specific but correlates with an overall reduction in size and an overall increase in cell density of the forebrain. J. Comp. Neurol. 475:83–94, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pretectal and tectal afferents to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the turtle: An electron microscopic axon tracing and γ‐aminobutyric acid immunocytochemical study
Authors: Kenigfest Natalia , Rio Jean‐Paul , Belekhova Margarita , Repérant Jacques , Vesselkin Nikolai , Ward Roger 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe pretectal and tectal projections to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (GLd) of two species of turtle (Emys orbicularisandTestudo horsfieldi) were examined under the electron microscope by using axonal tracing techniques (horseradish peroxidase or biotinylated dextran amine) and postembedding γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunocytochemistry. After injection of tracer into the pretectum, two types of axon terminals were identified as those of pretectogeniculate pathways. Both contained pleomorphic synaptic vesicles and were more numerous in the inner part of the nucleus. They could be distinguished on the bases of size and shape of their synaptic vesicles, type of synaptic contact, and level of GABA immunoreactivity. One type had a higher density of immunolabeling and established symmetric synaptic contacts, whereas the other, less densely immunolabeled, made asymmetric synaptic contacts. In both cases, synaptic contacts were mainly with relay cells and occasionally with interneurons. We suggest that these two types of pretectogeniculate terminals originate in two separate pretectal nuclei. After injection of tracer into the optic tectum, a single population of GABA‐immunonegative tracer‐labeled terminals was identified as belonging to the tectogeniculate pathway. These were small, had smooth contours, contained very small round synaptic vesicles, and established asymmetric synaptic contacts with long active zones, predominantly with relay cells and less frequently with interneurons, in the inner part of the nucleus. In addition, a population of GABA‐negative and occasionally GABA‐positive terminals, labeled by tracer injected into either the pretectum or the tectum, was identified as retinal terminals; these were presumably labeled by the retrograde transport of tracer in collateral branches of visual fibers innervating both the GLd and the pretectum or tectum. Comparison of the present ultrastructural findings in turtles with those previously reported in mammals shows that the cytological features, synaptic morphology, and immunochemical properties of the pretectogeniculate and tectogeniculate terminals of both groups share many similarities. Nevertheless, the postsynaptic targets of these two categories of terminals display some pronounced differences between the two groups, which are discussed in terms of their possible functional significance. J. Comp. Neurol. 475:107–127, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age‐related changes in the expression of axonal and glial group I metabotropic glutamate receptor in the rat substantia nigra pars reticulata
Authors: Hubert George Walton , Smith Yoland 
Published: May 2004

AbstractNeuronal systems undergo many significant changes during the course of brain development. To characterize the developmental changes in the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) associated with the expression of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), we used the immunoperoxidase and immunogold methods at the electron microscope level to determine whether the subcellular and subsynaptic patterns of distribution of mGluR1a and mGluR5 differ between young (P14–P18) and adult (>2 months) rats. The SNr of young rats contained a significantly higher density of labeled unmyelinated axons for both receptor subtypes. In addition, mGluR5‐immunoreactive glial processes were very abundant in young rats but absent in the adults. On the other hand, the relative proportion of immunoreactive dendrites was the same for both age groups. Analysis of immunogold‐labeled rat SNr revealed similar proportions of plasma membrane‐bound mGluR1a and mGluR5 in adult (59.8 and 19.4%, respectively) and young (60.6 and 18.4%, respectively) rats. The pattern of subsynaptic localization of mGluR1a also remained the same between young and adults. However, the proportion of extrasynaptic mGluR5 decreased, whereas proportions of gold particles associated with symmetric synapses increased in adults. The results of this study demonstrate significant differences in the expression of group I mGluRs in the SNr of young and adult rats. These findings support a role for group I mGluRs during development and emphasize the importance of using brain tissue from age‐matched subjects when attempting to correlate functional data from young rat brain slices with immunocytochemical localization of group I mGluRs. J. Comp. Neurol. 475:95–106, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nestin promoter/enhancer directs transgene expression to precursors of adult generated periglomerular neurons
Authors: Beech Robert D. , Cleary Muriel A. , Treloar Helen B. , Eisch Amelia J. , Harrist Alexia V. , Zhong Weimin , Greer Charles A. , Duman Ronald S. , Picciotto Marina R. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe subventricular zone (SVZ) is a major neurogenic region in the adult brain. Cells from the SVZ give rise to two populations of olfactory bulb interneurons: the granule cells and periglomerular (PG) cells. Currently, little is known about the signaling pathways that direct these newly generated neurons to become either granule or PG neurons. In the present study, we used the nestin promoter and enhancer to direct expression of the tetracycline transactivator (tTA). We generated two independent strains of nestin‐tTA transgenic animals and crossed founder mice from both lines to mice containing a tetracycline‐regulated transgene (mCREB) whose expression served as a marker for the activity of the nestin‐tTA transgene. mCREB expression occurred in a subset of proliferating cells in the SVZ and rostral migratory stream in both lines. Surprisingly, in both lines of nestin‐tTA mice transgene expression in the olfactory bulb was limited to PG neurons and was absent from granule cells, suggesting that this nestin promoter construct differentiates between the two interneuronal populations. Transgene expression occurred in several subtypes of PG neurons, including those expressing calretinin, calbindin, GAD67, and tyrosine hydroxylase. These results suggest that a unique subset of SVZ precursor cells gives rise to PG, and not granule cells. The ability to express different transgenes within this subpopulation of neuronal precursors provides a powerful system to define the signals regulating the differentiation and survival of adult‐generated neurons in the olfactory bulb. J. Comp. Neurol. 475:128–141, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oxidation of N‐(4‐Chlorophenyl)‐N′‐hydroxyguanidine to N‐(4‐Chlorophenyl)urea and Nitric Oxide by Photoexcited Iron Porphyrins
Authors: Maldotti Andrea , Molinari Alessandra , Vitali Irene , Ganzaroli Elena , Battioni Pierrette , Mathieu Delphine , Mansuy Daniel 
Published: May 2004

AbstractPhotochemical excitation (λ > 350 nm) of chloro[meso‐tetrakis(2,6‐dichlorophenyl)porphyrin]iron(III) [FeIII(TDCPP)Cl] and chloro[meso‐tetra(α,α,α,α‐pivalamidophenyl)porphyrin]iron(III) [FeIII(TpivPP)Cl] induces the oxidation of coordinated N‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐N′‐hydroxyguanidine (1) by molecular oxygen, to give iminoxyl radicals and the FeII(O2) [or FeIII(O2·)] adduct. This complex can be accumulated in significant amounts using [FeIII(TpivPP)Cl]. The primary photoproducts give rise to secondary reactions that lead to the formation of N‐(4‐chlorophenyl)urea (2) as the main end‐product of 1. The conversion of 1 into 2 is accompanied by the formation of NO, as revealed both by an ESR spin‐trapping technique and in the form of its stable end‐products NO2− and NO3−. The presence of 1‐methyl imidazole (1‐MeIm) coordinated in axial position has a significant positive effect on the photoinduced production of 2 and NO from the hydroxyguanidine 1. The observation that radical scavengers inhibit the photooxidation process strongly supports the possibility that the reaction pathway resembles a radical‐type autoxidation mechanism, where the very fast reaction of O2 with the ferrous porphyrin in the presence of the photogenerated iminoxyl radical should yield an iron‐peroxo intermediate as precursor of the urea 2 and NO. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Lead Adsorption on a Soil: A Polarographic Study
Authors: Trancoso M. A. , Dos Santos M. M. Correia , Gonçalves M. L. Simões 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe adsorption of lead by a non‐contaminated loamy sand soil (Guarda, Portugal) was studied by voltammetric titrations using differential pulse polarography for pH values of 6.0, 6.8 and 7.2 and I of 0.5, 0.1 and 0.01 mol L−1. After lead or soil additions, residual lead in solution was measured in the presence of the soil particles after an equilibration period, thus with minimum sample manipulation. The characteristics of the surface groups were studied by acid base potentiometric titrations. Lead retention by the soil is influenced both by pH and ionic strength of the medium. From the voltammetric data surface constants and total available binding groups have been estimated according to a complex surface model for the different experimental conditions and the results interpreted in terms of the surface characteristics of the soil and the support medium. Surface binding capacities in the range 1 to 70 mmol Pb kg−1 were found depending on the pH and the ionic strength. The behavior found is in agreement with what is known in soil chemistry thus supporting the conclusion that voltammetric methods are quite appropriate for determining the extent of interaction between metal ions and soils.
Application of Electrochemiluminescence Sensor to a Rapid Method of Estimating Activity of Enzyme in Hydrolysis of Peptides
Authors: Jinshun Piao , Mitoma Yoshiharu , Uda Taizo , Hifumi Emi , Shimizu Kousuke , Egashira Naoyoshi 
Published: May 2004

AbstractAn advanced flow‐through electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detector was applied to determination of resulting amino acids and oligopeptides in hydrolysis of four peptides by leucine aminopeptidase. For 20mer polypeptide PRGPDRPEGIEEEGGERDRD, the ECL intensity due to the polypeptide and produced proline was analyzed to give the dissociation contant Km (1.2×10−4 M) and the catalytic reaction constant kcat (3.7 s−1), which were good agreement with those obtained by HPLC. The enzymatic parameters were similarly obtained for the other peptides.
Catalytic Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Cobalt and Nickel as Their α‐Furil Dioxime Complexes
Authors: Bobrowski Andrzej 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe exploitation of the catalytic‐adsorptive effect in the Co(II)‐dioxime‐nitrite systems provides a significant increase of the Co adsorptive stripping voltammetric response and subsequently the influence of the interfering elements such as Ni and Zn is strongly diminished. The purpose of the present paper was to study voltammetric properties of Co and Ni in a supporting electrolyte containing ammonia buffer, α‐furil dioxime in the absence and in the presence of nitrite, by differential pulse polarography and adsorptive stripping voltammetry. Results of detailed studies aimed at optimizing the analytical parameters for simultaneous catalytic adsorptive stripping voltammetric determination of Co and Ni in the form of complexes with α‐furil dioxime in the presence of Zn matrix are presented. In the supporting electrolyte of composition 0.1 M NH4Cl, 0.5 M NH3, 4×10−5 M αFD, 0.5 M NaNO2 the linearity range amounts from 0.03 to 2.4 μg/L for Co and from 0.3 to 9 μg/L for Ni for 20 s of accumulation. The method enables the determination of Co and Ni in the presence of a great excess of Zn with the detection limit equal to 0.02 μg/L Co and 0.2 μg/L Ni obtained for a 20 s accumulation time.
Syntheses, characterizations, and crystal structures of organotin(IV) chloride complexes with 4,4′‐bipyridine
Authors: Ma Chunlin , Zhang Junhong , Zhang Rufen 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe organotin(IV) chlorides RnSnCl4−n (n = 3, R = Ph, PhCH2, n−Bu; and n =2, R = n−Bu, Ph, PhCH2) react with 4,4′‐bipyridine (4′4‐bpy) to give [(Ph3SnCl)2(4,4′‐bpy)1.5(C6H6)0.5] (1), [(PhCH2)3‐ SnCl]2 (4,4′‐bpy) (2), [(n−Bu)3SnCl]2(4,4′‐bpy) (3), [(n−Bu)2SnCl2(4,4′‐bpy)] (4), [Ph2SnCl2(4,4′‐bpy)] (5), and [(PhCH2)2SnCl2(4,4′‐bpy)] (6). The new complexes have been characterized by elemental analyses, IR, 1H, 13C, 119Sn NMR spectroscopy. The structures of (1), (2), (4), and (6) have been determined by X‐ray crystallography. Crystal structures of (1) and (2) show that the coordination number of tin is five. In complex (1), two different molecules exist: one is a binuclear molecule bridged by 4,4′‐bpy and another is a mononuclear one, only one N of 4,4′‐bpy coordinate to tin. Complex (2) contains an infinite 1‐D polymeric binuclear chain by weak Sn…Cl intermolecular interactions with neighboring molecules. In the complexes (4) and (6), the tin is six‐coordinate, and the 4,4′‐bpy moieties bridge adjacent dialkyltin(IV)dichloride molecules to form a linear chain. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 15:338–346, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20016
A facile and efficient synthesis of bisazine derivatives
Authors: Abdel‐Aziz Elassar Abdel‐Zaher 
Published: May 2004

Abstract1,4‐Phenylenediamine was condensed with acetylacetone to give 4,4′‐[1,4‐phenylenedi‐(nitrilo)]‐dipenten‐2‐ol 1. Compound 1 reacted with different organic reagent to give bisazine derivatives. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 15:293–299, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20017
The reaction of organozinc reagents with trifluoroacylated phosphonates: Synthesis of trifluoromethylated α, β‐unsaturated esters with an active methylene moiety
Authors: Shen Yanchang , Ni Jiahong 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe consecutive reaction of phosphonates 1 with n‐butyllithium, trifluoroacetic anhydride, and organozinc compounds gives trifluoromethylated α,β‐unsaturated esters with an active methylene moiety and predominant Z‐selectivity in 54–78% (3 steps) yields. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 15:289–292, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20018
Changing medical doctor productivity and its affecting factors in rural China
Authors: Martineau Tim , Gong Youlong , Tang Shenglan 
Published: May 2004

AbstractUsing the data collected from the health facility‐based survey, part of the national health service survey conducted in 1993 and 1998, this paper tries to examine changes in labour productivity among the county‐level hospitals and township health centres in rural China, and to analyse factors affecting the changes. The results presented in the paper show that the average number of outpatient visits per doctor per day and the average number of inpatient days per doctor per day declined significantly over the period from 1986 to 1997. The main factors resulting in the reduction of productivity are associated with the increase of inappropriate staff recruitment in these health facilities, the significant decline of rural population covered by health insurance, particularly rural cooperative medical schemes (CMS), and the rapid rise of health care costs. The latter two factors also have brought about a reduction in the use of these health facilities by the rural population. The paper suggests that the government should tighten up the entrance of health and non‐health staff into the rural health sector and develop effective measures aimed to avoid providing pervasive financial incentives to the over‐provision of services and over‐use of drugs. In addition, other measures that help to increase the demand for health services, such as the establishment of rural health insurance, should be considered seriously. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.