bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Emergence of a Strategy (1950-1954)
Authors: D'Elia John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
George Ladd moved with his family to Pasadena in the summer of 1950 and began his teaching career at Fuller Theological Seminary, a tenure that would last for more than a quarter century. The institution, though barely three years old, boasted a faculty of mostly young evangelical stars, and Ladd was thrilled to be a part of the team. Fuller was still developing its own character in those early years, especially in relation to three key issues facing the evangelical movement at large: the nature of the Bible and the definition and functions of biblical inerrancy, ecumenism and the practice of ecclesiological separatism, and the extent to which dispensationalist eschatology would shape theological discussion and ecclesiology.1 These issues were crucial to the role evangelicalism would play in American culture in the years after World War II, and they provided the talking points-and later the battle lines-in the process of shaping the seminary’s identity.
The First American Converts to Islam
Authors: Curtis Edward E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At first glance, he was an unlikely candidate for conversion to Islam. Born in 1846, Alexander Russell Webb hailed from a white, Protestant, middle-class family of printers and newspapermen in Hudson, New York. As a child, he attended Hudson-on-the-Hudson’s First Presbyterian Church, whose members included some of the town’s most powerful citizens— men such as U.S. President Martin van Buren. Despite or perhaps because of his relative position of social privilege, Webb became a religious rebel at a young age. He did not believe in the doctrine of the Trinity and he found listening to his preacher’s sermons far less spiritual than playing outdoors in God’s green earth. After the Civil War, as a young man in his twenties, Webb moved to Chicago and began a jewelry business. In 1871, this venture, like so many others, was lost during the great Chicago fire. Around the same time, Webb also formally abandoned his Christian faith and eschewed all forms of religious belief. He relied, for a time, only on reason and science for answers to his questions about the meaning of life.
Identifying Suitable Habitat for Invasive Species Using Ecological Niche Models and the Policy Implications of Range Forecasts
Authors: Herborg Leif-Matthias , Drake John M , Rothlisberger, John D , Bossenbroek Jonathan M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ecological niche modeling seeks to address a fundamental question in ecology: What is the potential geographic distribution of an organism? The answer is central to a wide range of environmental questions (Guisan and Thuiller 2005). It can identify potential conservation zones or guide selection of areas for the reintroduction of threatened and endangered species (Araujo et al. 2004) based on their potential range. Similarly, the modeling of suitable habitat can reveal at which unsurveyed sites rare species are most likely to occur (Elith and Burgman 2002; Raxworthy et al. 2003). Based on scenarios of future climate change, land use, and habitat availability, ecological niche modeling can predict potential future shifts in species distributions (Thuiller et al. 2004).
The Laurentian Great Lakes as a Case Study of Biological Invasion
Authors: Kelly David W , Lamberti Gary A , MacIsaac Hugh J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Economic and financial factors strongly influence many human decisions and activities, which in turn can affect ecological systems and their associated services. Expansion of global trading networks and trade liberalization policies (e.g., NAFTA, GATT) may inadvertently expose ecosystems to new nonindigenous species (NIS) (Tatum et al. 2006; Tatum and Hay 2007). Levine and D’Antonio (2003) determined that accumulation of mollusk, plant pathogen, and insect NIS were all positively associated with the cumulative value of imported products to the United States. Similarly, Dehnen-Schmutz et al. (2007) noted that frequency of sale and seed price were significant predictors of invasion success for ornamental plants sold in Britain. Once established, NIS may adversely affect a variety of ecosystem services (see, e.g., Cook et al. 2007) and motivate significant expenditure on control activities (e.g., Pimentel et al. 2005; Colautti et al. 2006; Xu et al. 2007; see also chapter 8).
The Achaemenid Empire
Authors: Wiesehöfer Josef 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Achaemenid (Persian) Empire was the largest of all ancient Near Eastern “world empires,” spanning from Egypt to Central Asia and the Indus region. Its formation began after 550 B.C.E. when the petty king Cyrus of Anshan/Fars in southwestern Iran and his son Cambyses conquered the mighty Medes and the empires of Lydia, Babylonia, and Egypt. These territories were incorporated into the new “state.” For more than two hundred years, the Achaemenids faced no serious opponents. Only the conquests of Alexander the Great, between 334 and 323 B.C.E., terminated Achaemenid rule over Asia. Even then, the prevalent Persian models of governing and administration did not come to an end but heavily influenced later empire building by Alexander, the Seleucids, and the Maury’s in India.
The Byzantine Empire
Authors: Haldon John F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the context of the other “empires” being discussed in this volume, the Byzantine example is something of an anomaly. First, it was for most of its existence— from the seventh to the fifteenth century C.E.—territorially rather small (restricted largely to the southern Balkans and Asia Minor); second, although historians from the seventeenth century have called it an empire, its “emperor” increasingly came to be described by the Greek word basileus, king. Third, it was an “empire” the history of which is largely one of contraction, with occasional efforts to recover lost territories followed by further contractions, so that imperialist exploitation of foreign conquests is the exception rather than the rule. Exploitation is thus meaningful only in terms of the ways in which the state and society of Byzantium functioned—who exploited whom and how, in economic and political terms—and with respect to the cultural impact of Byzantine civilization on the outside world. In this chapter I shall be concerned for the most part with the former.
The Unfinished Revolution
Authors: Gerson Kathleen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The vast changes in family life—the rise of single, same-sex, and two-paycheck parents—have often been blamed for declining morality and unhappy children. Drawing upon pioneering research with the children of the gender revolution, Kathleen Gerson reveals that it is not a lack of “family values,” but rigid social and economic forces that make it difficult to live out those values. In the controversial public debate over modern American families, The Unfinished Revolution takes a measured approach, looking at the young adults who grew up in the tumultuous post-feminist period. Despite the entrance of women into the workforce and the blurring of once clearly defined gender boundaries, men and women live in a world where the demands of balancing parenting and work, autonomy and commitment, time and money are left largely unresolved. Gerson finds that while an overwhelming majority of young men and women see an egalitarian balance within committed relationships as the ideal, today's social and economic realities remain based on traditional-and now obsolete-distinctions between breadwinning and caretaking. In this equity vacuum, men and women develop conflicting strategies, with women stressing self-reliance and men seeking a new traditionalism. With compassion for all perspectives, Gerson argues that whether one decides to give in to traditionally imbalanced relationships or to avoid marriage completely, these approaches are second-best responses, not personal preferences or inherent attributes, and they will shift if new options can be created to help people achieve their egalitarian aspirations. The Unfinished Revolution makes clear recommendations for the kinds of workplace and community changes that would best bring about a more egalitarian family life—a new flexibility at work and at home that benefits families, encourages a thriving economy, and helps women and men integrate love and work.
Introduction
Authors: Auyero Javier , Swistun Débora Alejandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1987 Sandra Martinez moved to Flammable shantytown (Villa Inflamable, located in Dock Sud, Buenos Aires). She was seven years old. At the time, her parents were working in the then federally owned YPF (Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales) oil refinery. After a few years of long commutes from Florencio Varela, Sandra’s parents found a place to live right across the compound that houses YPF (now Repsol), Shell, and other petrochemical companies and storage facilities. They have all been living in the neighborhood for the last eighteen years.
Sandra is now twenty-five, is married to Carlos Martinez, and has four children. Both Carlos and Sandra used to work as cleaners in two of the compnies of the compound, but they lost their jobs years ago. These days, Carlos leaves the house every afternoon to scavenge around the center of Avellaneda, “up and down Avenida Mitre.” “On a good week, I make around $25 (US $8). Sometimes I bring stuff to sell, a pair of sneakers or something I find in the street. And I make 5 or 10 pesos.
The Compound and the Neighborhood
Authors: Auyero Javier , Swistun Débora Alejandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Flammable shantytown is located in the district of Avellaneda, right on the southeastern border of the city of Buenos Aires, adjacent to one of the largest petrochemical compounds in the country—Polo Petroquímico y Puerto Dock Sud. The Shell Oil refinery opened here in 1931. Since then, other companies have moved into the compound. At the time of this writing, Shell refinery is the most important plant in the Polo. There is another oil refinery (DAPSA), three plants that store oil and its derivatives (Petrobras, Repsol-YPF, and Petrolera Cono Sur), several plants that store chemical products (TAGSA, Antívari, and Solvay Indupa among them), one plant that manufactures chemical products (Meranol), one dock for containers (Exolgan), and one thermoelectric plant (Central Dock Sud).
The name “Flammable” is quite recent. On June 28, 1984, there was a fire in the Perito Moreno, an oil ship that was harbored in a nearby canal. The ship exploded and produced what one elderly resident noted as the “highest flames I’ve ever seen.” After the accident, companies in the compound built a new (and, according to experts, safer) dock exclusively for flammable products. The label “Flammable” carried over to the adjacent community—formerly known simply as “the coast.”
The (Confused and Mistaken) Categories of the Dominated
Authors: Auyero Javier , Swistun Débora Alejandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Flammable can be quite deceptive to an outsider. If a stranger ventures into the neighborhood and starts talking to residents, they will immediately bring up toxic contamination as a topic. “There are kids here with six fingers,” “Everybody here has cancer,” and similar one-line expressions abound when the interlocutor is an outsider. In Flammable, people are quite used to strangers, mainly in the form of media reporters. Almost every other neighbor has talked to a journalist from one of the main TV channels or newspapers—some of them more than once. State officials, lawyers, and—less often—activists also pay frequent visits to the neighborhood and activate what amounts to a discursive repertoire. Flammable is known to outsiders as this contaminated place, residents seem to think, so let’s give them what they are after: pollution talk. The discursive repertoire that the outsider encounters is a uniformed, coherent one: this is a contaminated place, contamination is bad for our health, authorities (or “my lawyer,” in some cases) should (or will) do something about it. Things look quite different (neither homogenous nor definite) when neighbors talk among themselves in the course of everyday life. Although residents talk about their surroundings in many different ways, there are some recognizable themes in the stories they tell. In what follows, we scrutinize these stories because they provide us a window into neighbors’ experiences of contamination and into their subjective, but not individual, categories of perception and evaluation regarding the sources, extent, and effects of industrial pollution.
Function Interpolation and Differentiation
Authors: Pozrikidis C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first case we perform function interpolation, and in the second and third cases we perform function extrapolation. Problems of this kind and their generalization to higher dimensions involving functions of two, three, or a higher number of variables arise routinely in various applications. For example, the data may represent the entries of a thermodynamics table published in a handbook. In that case, the independent variable, x, can be the temperature, and the dependent variable, y = f (x), can be the specific entropy of a chemical compound at a certain pressure.
Ordinary Differential Equations
Authors: Pozrikidis C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Differential equations emerge from the mathematical modeling of a broad range of natural and engineering processes by way of conservation principles and empirical laws. In some cases, differential equations provide us with expressions for the time rate of change of a function of interest representing a physical variable. In other cases, differential equations provide us with balances between competing or complementary trends. Ordinary differential equations can be solved efficiently and accurately by a variety methods discussed in this chapter and in chapter 10.
Discretization Methods for Ordinary Differential Equations
Authors: Pozrikidis C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 9, we discussed the solution of boundary-value problems by the shooting method. Linear boundary-value and eigenvalue problems, and to a lesser extent nonlinear problems, can be solved efficiently and accurately by domain discretization and functional expansion methods based on a variety of formulations. The numerical methods are applied directly to the primary differential equations of second or higher order, bypassing conversion into an equivalent system of first-order equations with split boundary conditions.
Finite-Difference Methods for Partial Differential Equations
Authors: Pozrikidis C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The finite-difference method provides us with a powerful tool for solving a broad range of partial differential equations encountered in mathematical physics and engineering. A preliminary exposition was given in chapters 3, 5, and 10 in the context of ordinary differential equations. In this chap-ter, the formulation and implementation of the method is discussed for partial differential equations. Rather than developing and analyzing the algorithms in their general and abstract form, we prefer to illustrate their application with reference to the pervasive convection–diffiusion–reaction equation.
Gandhi and the Force of Nonviolence
Authors: Cicovacki Predrag 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Born at Porbandar in 1869, Gandhi is a member of the Vaisya caste, the caste of merchants and agriculturists. After attending Indian schools up to his eighteenth year, he came to London to study Law. In 1893 an Indian firm sent him to South Africa to settle a lawsuit, and there he became acquainted with the conditions under which the Indian immigrants were living. He settled in the country as a lawyer and, up to 1914, was the leader of his countrymen in their struggles for their rights. As his method of warfare he chose passive resistance, and it proved successful. In the Boer War (1899), he joined up with other Indians as a volunteer in the Ambulance Service. When the Great War broke out, he was in London and took part in the formation of an ambulance column of Indian volunteers. But at the end of the year 1914, he was obliged to return to India on account of his health, and there he began to study the economic and political problems of his home country. The cause he made his own was the liberation of the Indian laborers who had emigrated to the colonies from the regulation, which had the force of law, that they must be bound by a five years’ contract. He fought also for the abolition of abuses on the indigo plantations in Northern India. He became the representative of the rights of the operatives in spinning factories in Ahmedabad, who were at variance with their masters, and of the peasants of the Khaira district, who had got into debt through the failure of their harvest, when they were in conflict with the taxation authorities. By threatening or organizing passive resistance, he always succeeded in gaining recognition for the demands he represented.
How Do I Know I Have Body Dysmorphic Disorder?
Authors: Phillips Katharine A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) isn’t rare. In fact, Table 3–1 on the next page indicates that it’s fairly common. Studies from several countries, including the United States, have found that nearly 1% to 2.4% of adults in the general population have BDD. This makes BDD about as common as, or even more common than, many other serious mental disorders, such as bipolar disorder, panic disorder, and schizophrenia. Studies of students have found even higher rates. Overall, these studies indicate that millions of people in the
Gender and Body Dysmorphic Disorder Across the Life Span
Authors: Phillips Katharine A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It’s often assumed that body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is much more common in women than in men. Aren’t women more focused on their looks? And doesn’t society place a particularly high premium on attractiveness in women? However, while several BDD studies contained more women than men, some studies had more men. In the two largest epidemiologic surveys of BDD, the disorder was present in 2.5% of women and 2.2% of men (a U.S.
Stress Symptomatology and the General Adaptation Syndrome
Authors: Roberts Albert R , Yeager Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stress is any stimulus, internal state, situation, or event, with an observable individual reaction, usually in the form of positively or negatively adapting to a new or different situation in one’s environment. The concept generally refers to the nature of an experience, resulting from persons interacting in the context of their environment, either through physiological overarousal or underarousal, with an outcome of psychological or physiological distress (bad stress outcome) or eustress (good stress outcome). Stressors range from minor to major, and can be positive or negative events. Generally stressors are life events, such as daily annoyances, pressures at home or on the job, marital discord and conflicts, emergencies, motor vehicle accidents, illness, and injury. Positive stressful life events and transitions include birth of a newborn, graduation ceremony, a family vacation, or a job promotion (Kaplan & Sadock, 1998).
Dos and Don’ts for Crisis Hotline Workers
Authors: Roberts Albert R , Yeager Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is nearly impossible to comprehend the vast array of emotional responses experienced during a crisis situation. Many individuals experience difficulty putting the experience into words. Crisis hotlines provide support 24 hrs per day, 7 days per week. Police or an information operator can give a person in crisis the name of a local hotline or community crisis center. In total, information and referral services throughout the United States exceeds 30,000 (Levinson, 2003).
Crisis Intervention With Battered Women
Authors: Roberts Albert R , Yeager Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every 9 seconds, somewhere in the United States, a woman is assaulted or abused by an intimate partner. The number one cause of women’s injuries is abuse at home (Roberts & Roberts, 2005, p. 4). Woman battering/intimate partner violence has a lifetime prevalence estimate of 25% of American couples. As a result, it is viewed as a pervasive and serious, criminal justice and public health problem in American society today (Roberts, 2002).
Signs and Symptoms of Clinician Stress and Burnout
Authors: Roberts Albert R , Yeager Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many professionals from a variety of fields have studied the effects of stress from natural disasters on survivor’s psychological and physical health since the 1940s. Researchers have recognized that some disaster relief workers who have been exposed to various natural disasters could develop psychological injuries, such as major depression, chronic anxiety, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, as research on the psychosocial effects of disasters progressed, factors affecting the psychological injury rate became better known. One of the main determinants is the individual’s experience during the disaster: Crisis intervenors and disaster relief workers are not immune to stress reactions and stress responses. Each individual will respond differently to different situations depending on the severity of the crisis, the meaning the crisis represents to the intervenor, family, friends, or organizations. Yet, there are certain signs and symptoms that are associated with a maladaptive stress response.
Introduction
Authors: Epstein Susan J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The advancement in treatments for multiple sclerosis (MS), the chronic progressive neurological disease with symptoms that can wax and wane affecting each person differently, allows many to lead close to “normal” lives, yet ask a patient directly and they will say a “new normal.” They are looking for ways to become healthier, eat better, and exercise more, despite disease. The “new” in normal means they must find a balance in managing the disease while maintaining the quality of the life they had planned before diagnosis.
Calculating Food Calories Using the Life Sliding Scale System
Authors: Epstein Susan J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Learning to record numbers and use them effectively may be unfamiliar but the end result will be accuracy of information and prediction of outcome. Learning the “math” of calorie balancing may take some time, but eventually the knowledge will bring power and a greater sense of control. This chapter is designed to teach you a simplifled method of tracking the calories you consume on a daily basis. This can take the mystery out of weight management and raise your comfort level.
Memorizing the math of calories is relatively easy, considering that you will track calories as you eat (which most of us do at least three times a day), forcing you to practice using the calorie charts presented in this chapter. Remember, you will not have to track calories indefinitely.
Calculating Physical Activity Calories Using the Life Sliding Scale System
Authors: Epstein Susan J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Physical activity has long been associated with a healthy lifestyle. In 1995, the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published national guidelines on physical activity, stating that people should strive for 2000 calories of physical activity each week which is roughly walking three miles a day. Their recommendations became the gold standard for the next decade; however, physical inactivity and its associated maladies remained a significant public health issue. The original statement recommended people should engage in 30 minutes or more of moderateintensity physical activity on most days of the week. The message was not clear and ignored by many. Some people still believed that only highintensity, vigorous activity would improve health, while others believed that the light activities of their daily lives were sufficient to promote health. In addition other populations like the elderly and disabled were left out completely.