bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vibrational studies of short- and intermediate-range order in glasses
Authors: Galeener Frank L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While the diffraction of X-rays, neutrons, or electrons gives definitive information about the structure of crystalline solids, such measurements give much less information about the structure of amorphous (a-) solids. This points to the need for many different experimental probes of structure, including EXAFS, NMR, vibrational spectroscopy, visible and electron microscopy.
John Napier, Baron of Merchiston
Authors: Coolidge Julian Lowell , Gray Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We must, I think, accept as a fact that most of the contributions to mathematics made by men whom I class as great amateurs may be beautiful or attractive or ingenious, but seldom indeed are they what we may call practically useful. Perhaps Leonardo’s studies of war machines, or better his work in hydraulics, perhaps Pietro’s studies of perspective or Durer’s invention of descriptive geometry, should not be condemned as unpractical, but the general statement remains true. But now we come to a glaring exception, in the work of the theologically contentious Scot whose name appears above.
Blaise Pascal
Authors: Coolidge Julian Lowell , Gray Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every writer who deals extensively with the history of mathematics pays considerable attention to the famous theologian, philosopher, and master of French style whose name appears above. He was born in 1623, and died in 1662. His originality and ability were remarkable; had he confined his attention to mathematics he might have enriched the subject with many remarkable discoveries. But after his early youth he devoted most of his small measure of strength to theological questions, and his contributions to philosophical thought, and to fixing :French prose outweigh in importance what he has done for pure science.
Non-Euclidean geometry and revolutions in mathematics
Authors: Zheng Yuxin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Non-Euclidean geometry has occupied a very important position in the discussion about revolutions in mathematics, as the two opposite sides have both used it as a typical case for their views. In Section 9.1, I shall first briefly analyse the discussion so far, and then make my own position clear. In Section 9.2, I shall argue for the revolutionary nature of non-Euclidean geometry, and on this basis, a further analysis of revolutions in mathematics will be given. In Section 9.3, I shall discuss the significance of non-Euclidean geometry and its bearing on problems of the nature of mathematical truth and modes of thought. I shall then present a theory of types of mathematical truth and ‘the harmonious principle of the counter-way thinking’.
A restoration that failed: Paul Finsler’s theory of sets
Authors: Breger Herbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If we are to talk of ‘restoration’, we must first clarify what we mean by ‘revolution’. I have to confess that I use the notion of a mathematical revolution only with a certain hesitation. There is an apparent and striking contrast between the high emotional value of this notion (just drop the word and you’ll provoke a fierce debate) and its lack of precision if applied to mathematics. Nevertheless, I believe that this notion could be given a meaning which is both interesting and applicable to mathematics. I have to confine myself to some tentative remarks, and further inquiry will be necessary anyway.
The Fregean revolution in Logic
Authors: Gillies Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I argue that Frege’s work in logic initiated a revolution in the subject. Indeed, the phrase ‘the Fregean revolution in logic’ can be used in much the same sense as ‘the Copernican revolution in astronomy’, the point being that Copernicus began the revolution, but did not complete it The Copernican revolution begins with the publication of Copernicus’s De revolutionibus in 1543. This work initiated a series of fundamental changes in the subject, but the revolutionary period did not really end until the publication of the Principia in 1687 and the establishment of the Newtonian synthesis. In an exactly parallel fashion, the Fregean revolution begins with the publication in 1879 of the Begriffsschrift. Opinions may differ as lo when the revolutionary period in logic ended, but I would see the publication of Gödel’s incompleteness theorems in 1931 as forming a natural terminus. Jean van Heijenoort, in editing his justly famous collection From Frege to Giidel. A source book in mathematical logic, 1879-1931, recognized that we have here a natural period in the history of logic. This he describes, not indeed as a revolution, but as ‘a great epoch in the history of logic’ (Heijenoort 1967, p. vi).
Simultaneous static and dynamic light scattering: application to polymer structure analysis
Authors: Schmidt Manfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Light scattering is one of the most widely applied methods for the determination of molecular weights. Moreover, the light scattered by a polymer solution contains information about the static and the dynamic properties of the molecules, all of which are important for polymer characterization. In the elastic or static scattering experiment the excess scattering intensity of the solution compared with that of the pure solvent is measured. Here we assume that the scattered light exhibits the same wavelength as the primary light source and accordingly, only static or time-averaged quantities are measured. In reality the scattering particles move randomly in solution, owing to Brownian motion. Since they can be regarded as local transmitters, the scattered light exhibits a Doppler shift, the magnitude of which depends on the velocity and on the direction of motion of the individual particle. A typical scattering volume contains many of these particles, moving with different velocities in different directions. Consequently the observed pectrum of the scattered light is symmetrically broadened. This spectrum S(ω) is principally measured by inelastic or dynamic light scattering, which leads to the dynamical properties of the molecules in solution, such as the translational diffusion coefficient.
A World Made
Authors: Macintosh Wilson Alistair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first great mathematician to arise on the shores of the Aegean was Pythagoras (frontispiece), son of Mnesarchus, born in the modern Pythagoreion on the island of Samos probably around 580 BC. Pythagoras was first the pupil of Pherecydes of Syros, who introduced the idea of reincarnation into Greece, probably from India. It was believed by his followers, that Pythagoras could remember some of his more recent previous lives, and the wisdom attained in them. Pythagoras next studied under Thales at Miletus, who encouraged him to go to Thebes, where he could be initiated into the Mysteries by the priests of Amon-Re. According to legend, Pythagoras spent twenty-two years in Egypt completely penetrating the Mysteries, and a further ten years in Babylon studying the arithmetic and geometry of the Babylonians.
The philosopher’s
Authors: Macintosh Wilson Alistair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 2, we described how the ancient Egyptians were forced to resurvey their fields every year by the annual flooding of the Nile. We recall that the Pharaoh’s engineers carried out this process by breaking the fields into triangular plots. The study of triangles was therefore called by the Greeks ‘geometrid’ from their words geos (Earth, land) and metres (measure). The facts of geometry were, as described earlier, first obtained by measurement. We measure that the angles of a triangle add up roughly to 180°, that the area of a triangle is equal to half its base times its height, and so on. Measurement depends finally upon the eye. But the eye can be deceived.
The Elements Of Euclid
Authors: Macintosh Wilson Alistair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The person who, more than any other, helped to bring shape and form out of the confusion of the geometrical ‘proofs’ existing at his time, was Eucleides of Alexandria (c.330-c.275 BC). In his great work the Elements (of geometry), Euclid drew together the derivations of the Pythagoreans and many others into a unified whole. The Elements provided a model for all succeeding mathematical works. It represents the beginning of modern mathematics.
An Island Interlude
Authors: Macintosh Wilson Alistair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all the islands of the Cyclades, Opalos is the most remote and the most beautiful. This is the land of the peaceful King Thallos. Do not think to find it on the map, stranger, for it is far too small to be shown. But the friendly dolphins know their way there, down the highways of the fishes. The island is mountainous and well wooded, but near its centre lie flat and verdant pastures. Here graze the abundant herds of fat cattle that are the pride of the Opalans, and the basis of their fame.
The German mathematical community
Authors: Schuering Gert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the nineteenth century, German mathematics reached its peak. During this period, under German influence, mathematics (and especially pure mathematics) became a modern scientific discipline. German mathematicians took over from the French as the international leaders. They carried forward the programme of rigorization which had emerged in France after the revolution. Between 1800 and 1820 there was only one really important mathematician in Germany—Carl Friedrich Gauss—and young mathematicians used to go to Paris for more advanced studies. But only ten years later, the situation had changed drastically. You can get an impression of this change from the list of important contemporary mathematicians which Georg Simon Ohm drew up in 1838.
Ordered fields
Authors: Garth Dales H , Hugh Woodin W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter, we gave a certain development for ordered sets and ordered groups. In this chapter, we shall add another layer of structure, and we shall discuss ordered fields. In many ways, our development will follow the earlier story, but naturally at a few points we shall have to work a little harder to take into account all the structures that must be preserved in our embedding and isomorphism theorems.
Completions of ordered groups and fields
Authors: Garth Dales H , Hugh Woodin W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is an extensive, and rather technical, theory of various types of completions of ordered groups and fields. (In the literature, the groups are not necessarily either totally ordered or abelian.) We sketch here the aspects of the theory that we shall be concerned with, defining what we shall call the Cauchy completion of an ordered group, to be constructed by using ‘Cauchy pregaps’.
Biogeography of the Panamanian region, from an insect perspective
Authors: Kimsey Lynn Siri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tracing the biogeography of organisms in a specific region is a complex and difficult exercise. However, it can provide considerable insight into the evolutionary events that shaped the taxa involved. There are many problems inherent in the study of historical aspects of distributions and biotic associations. Principal among these are insufficient or inaccurate data about phylogenetic relationships among taxa, and a serious lack of accurate distribution records. It is not unusual for generic, subfamily, or family geographic limits to be underestimated by hundreds or even thousands of miles in tropical groups, due to incomplete collecting. Another difficulty arises when relating palaeogeography to present distributions. Determining the continental areas that remained above water is very important to the biologist, but geologists are much more concerned with locating true continental margins. As a result, continental areas that were not submerged are rarely indicated in palaeo geographic maps, and this information is often difficult to find summarized in any form (Coney 1982; Owen 1983; but see Barron 1987).
Guide to the Springtails of Panama and Costa Rica (Collembola)
Authors: Palacios-vargas Jose G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Springtails are small arthropods, traditionally considered to be members of the class Insecta and the subclass Apterygota. Many authors now believe that they are better placed either with the class Entognatha, together with the orders Diplura and Protura (see diagram of the Hexapoda, p. xii), or as a separate class, Collembola. Springtails are most commonly found in such humid habitats as moist ground, forest litter, moss and bark of trees, nests of social insects, and nests of some birds and mammals. They exist in great diversity in caves and caverns, where their populations can become very large (Palacios-Vargas 1983a; Hoffmann et al. 1986; Christiansen and Reddell 1986). Generally, species that live in arid areas (Palacios-Vargas 1988) are covered by scales or bristles that protect them from desiccation. Springtails are common on epiphytes (Palacios-Vargas 1981), and in freshwater and marine littoral regions (Christiansen and Bellinger 1988), and are among the surface inhabitants of freshwater bodies (epineuston, see Rapoport and Sanchez 1963; Palacios-Vargas and Vazquez 1988). They can be found from sea-level to more than 7000 m, under permanent ice.
Dry season strategies of two Panamanian butterfly species, Anartia fatima (Nymphalinae) and Pierella luna luna (Satyrinae) (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae)
Authors: Aiello Annette 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tropical Lepidoptera of seasonally dry forest are faced with the challenge of surviving a dry period each year, when larval food plants may die back, and adult food sources and water may be in short supply. These Lepidoptera must rely on various physiological and/or behavioural strategies to persist until the onset of the wet season. In Panama, a number of species, of several families (e.g. Megalopygidae, Limacodidae, Hesperiidae, Noctuidae), prepare a pupal cocoon in which they may diapause as final instar larvae (personal observation) and then pupate the following wet season. Others, such as certain giant silk moths (Saturniidae: Hemileucinae), may pass the dry season as pupae and emerge as adults during the initial rains of a future wet season (Janzen 1982). Certain butterflies, such.as Celaenorrhinus fritzgaertneri (Hesperiidae) (DeVries 1987) and Eurema daira (Pieridae) (Opler, in DeVries 198 7), pass the dry season as adults in reproductive diapause. In Australia, E. herla and E. laeta also enter reproductive diapause, while three other Eurema species breed continuously, expanding and contracting their geographical distributions as larval food plant availability fluctuates (Jones and Rienks 1987). The present paper examines the dry season strategies of two Panamanian nymphalid butterflies, one of which passes the dry season in pupal diapause and the other of which persists in humid areas (dry season refugia), until the onset of the rains makes range re-expansion possible once more. The two nymphalid butterflies, Anartia fatima (Fab., 1793) (Nym phalinae) (Fig. 3 7.1, top) of disturbed areas, and Pierella luna luna (Fab., 1793) (Satyrinae) (Fig. 37.1, bottom), a forest floor inhabitant, are both common on Barro Colorado Island (BCI), Panama. Each is discussed separately, including methods and results, followed by a brief, general discussion, including comments on fluctuations of lepidopteran parasitoids.
Pantophthalmidae of Central America and Panama (Diptera)
Authors: Val Francisca C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Pantophthalmidae is a small family of Diptera found exclusively in Neotropical forests. These flies are relatively rare in collections; and very scanty materials have been added since the revision by Val (1976). The 20 species, accepted as valid, are placed in two genera: Opetiops, with one species, known only from South America, and Pantophthalmus, with 19 species (Val 1976), ranging from Mexico to Argentina. Eleven species of Pantophthalmus are known to occur in Central America. Very little is known about the biology of the Pantophthalmidae. Even for the best studied species P. pictus (Andrade 1930) and P. tabaninus (Greene and Urich 1931; Bartholomew and Lighton 1986) there is no agreement about the feeding habits of the imago and larvae. The larvae live in galleries in trunks of dead or living trees. Andrade (1930) believed that the larvae were xylophagous while Thorpe (1934) had the opinion that they fed on fermenting sap. Greene and Urich (1931) believed that adults do not feed, while Thorpe (1934) argued that because the adults have mouthparts and a well-developed digestive system, they probably do feed. First instar larvae of P. tabaninus use orifices that are already present in trunks of trees and excavate their galleries using these orifices as the starting point, while in P. pictus the larvae begin excavation of their galleries in the absence of existing openings in the trunks. The larvae dig horizontal galleries in the trunks of various types of trees. P. pictus is found in live trees (Fieberg 1906; Andrade 1930), and P. tabaninus in decaying or fallen trees, but never in healthy ones (Greene and Urich 1931).
An analysis of interactive webs of a scale-insect community, their host plants, and natural enemies
Authors: Itioka Takao 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Competition and predation have both been considered as important factors in determining the community structure of animals, but their relative importance is controversial (Connell 1983; Schoener 1983; Sih et al. 1985). In herbivorous insects, predation has been generally considered more important than competition (Hairston et al. 1960; Lawton and Strong 1981; Connell 1983; Schoener 1983; Lawton and Hassell 1984; Strong et al. 1984; Sih et al. 1985). However, there are a few exceptions (reviewed in Schoener 1983; Strong et al. 1984), and the relative importance of these factors differs depending on environmental conditions, trophic positions, and taxa (Connell 1983; Schoener 1983; Colwell 1984; Sih et al. 1985). Furthermore, it has been suggested that the direct influence of host plants on herbivorous insects (Crawley 1983; Denno and McClure 1983; Coley et al. 1985; Rhoades 1985; Mattson et al. 1988; Schultz 1988) and indirect influences through natural enemies (Price et al. 1980) may also be strong factors, and that within-plant heterogeneity can affect the survival and reproduction of herbivorous insects (Crawley 1983; Schultz 1983; Whitham et al. 1984).
From rocks to theories: techniques of preparation and methods of analysis
Authors: Janvier Philippe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The series of reconstructions reviewed in Chapter 1 is the result of a long process of study that begins with the discovery of a fossil and may end with the elucidation of its relationships with extant animals. Additional information, on how, where, and when an animal lived may be obtained from its anatomy or from the rock in which it is preserved. Other fossils, associated with it, or the nature of the sediment can provide such information. Conversely, the fossils can generate theories about the rocks, that is, hypotheses on the age of the beds or the palaeogeography. The purpose of this chapter is to illustrate this process of discovery as applied to early vertebrates. The methods and techniques are generally the same as for younger fossil vertebrate groups or even for any fossil, but some are particular to material of this type.
Interrelationships of the major craniate taxa: current phylogenetic theories and controversies
Authors: Janvier Philippe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The major taxa described in the preceding chapter are all supposed to be clades, with perhaps one exception, the thelodonts, which are regarded by some palaeontologists as an ensemble of generalized craniates or vertebrates. However, the relationships between these taxa remain the subject of sometimes heated discussion, even if such higher clades as the gnathostomes or osteichthyans are now relatively well corroborated.
Copper
Authors: Stanton R L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With iron, copper is ubiquitous among the sulphides of volcanic-associated exhalative ores. It is also by far the dominant non-ferrous sulphide element of the subvolcanic porphyry copper deposits, and of the feeder vein systems that underlie many exhalative deposits. The overwhelmingly dominant mineral is chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), but this may be associated with small quantities of bomite (Cu5FeS4) in porphyry and Cyprus-type ores, and occasionally by traces of cubanite (CuFe2S3) and valeriite (Cu3Fe4S7). Any covellite (CuS) or chalcocite (Cu2S) in these ores is usually secondary. As noted in Chapter 2, copper - chiefly as chalcopyrite - may dominate exhalative deposits ranging from those of basalt to rhyolite and bimodal associations. It is characteristically the principal non-ferrous metal of basalt-associated Cyprustype ores; in deposits of andesitic to rhyolitic association it is mostly commonly overshadowed by zinc and then lead.
Titanium
Authors: Stanton R L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Strontium has been considered among the present group of elements (Chapter 10) because, in spite of its close chemical similarity to barium (a commonly abundant component of exhalative ores) and its substantially greater incidence than barium as a trace element in volcanic rocks, it is virtually absent from exhalative ore deposits. Barium (and calcium) are abundant components of many orebodies of the volcanic regime. It seemed, therefore, that the conspicuous absence of the closely related alkaline-earth element strontium might well provide a clue to the identity of some important fractionating process - and hence an indication of mechanisms of derivation and transport of the materials of ores overall.
Chromium
Authors: Stanton R L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like titanium and vanadium, its close neighbours in series 4 of the periodic table of the elements, chromium is essentially absent from exhalative ores and their associated chemical sediments of the volcanic regime. Although chromium has long been recognized as a significant component of the troilite phase of iron meteorites, it has not been found as other than minute traces in the iron sulphides of volcanogenic orebodies. Further eloquent evidence for its essential absence from exhalative ores lies in its extremely low incidence in what are well-recognized chromium acceptors among associated oxides and silicates. Thus, in spite of its propensity for entering the spinel structure (see chromite and related spinels), chromium is not found in the magnetite of accompanying iron oxide-rich exhalites and their weathering products.
Manganese
Authors: Stanton R L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Manganese is a commonly prominent, but erratically occurring, component of exhalative ores. It may appear (usually as complex mixed oxides, but also as silicate and carbonate and as a component of some sulphides) as the dominating element of exhalative sediments, and a number of important manganese ore deposits are of this nature. It also occurs, as a constituent of iron manganeserich exhalites, as an associate of, but separate from, some base metal sulphide ores; and in other instances constitutes an important component of the sulphide orebody itself.