bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Pathophysiology and Management of Pressure Ulcers
Authors: Walker Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many similar definitions for these lesions can be found in the literature. The Agency for Health Care Policy and Research states: “A pressure ulcer is any lesion caused by unrelieved pressure resulting in damage of underlying tissue.” Implicit in this statement is the compression of tissue between a bony prominence and an external surface, resulting in necrosis. Localized pressure is a key factor, reflected in the preferred term of pressure ulcer. The older term, decubitus ulcer, is less desirable in that it implies that a lying position is required to sustain an injury of this type. In fact, some of the worse pressure ulcers occur in spinal cord injury patients because of prolonged sitting in a wheelchair.
The Concerto
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Michael Steinberg’s 1996 volume The Symphony: A Reader’s Guide received glowing reviews across America. It was hailed as “wonderfully clear...recommended warmly to music lovers on all levels” (Washington Post), “informed and thoughtful” (Chicago Tribune), and “composed by a master stylist” (San Francisco Chronicle). Seiji Ozawa wrote that “his beautiful and effortless prose speaks from the heart.” Michael Tilson Thomas called The Symphony “an essential book for any concertgoer.” Now comes the companion volume--The Concerto: A Listener’s Guide. In this marvelous book, Steinberg discusses over 120 works, ranging from Johann Sebastian Bach in the 1720s to John Adams in 1994. Readers will find here the heart of the standard repertory, among them Bach’s Brandenburg Concertos, eighteen of Mozart’s piano concertos, all the concertos of Beethoven and Brahms, and major works by Mendelssohn, Schumann, Liszt, Bruch, Dvora’k, Tchaikovsky, Grieg, Elgar, Sibelius, Strauss, and Rachmaninoff. The book also provides luminous introductions to the achievement of twentieth-century masters such as Arnold Schoenberg, Be ‘la Barto’k, Igor Stravinsky, Alban Berg, Paul Hindemith, Sergei Prokofiev, Aaron Copland, and Elliott Carter. Steinberg examines the work of these musical giants with unflagging enthusiasm and bright style. He is a master of capturing the expressive, dramatic, and emotional values of the music and of conveying the historical and personal context in which these wondrous works were composed. His writing blends impeccable scholarship, deeply felt love of music, and entertaining whimsy.
Chausson
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chausson began the Poeme in April 1896 and completed it on 29 June that year. In November, Eugene Ysaye, to whom the score is dedicated, sight-read it at an all-day-and-most-of-the-night musicale at the house of the Catalan painter Santiago Rusinal in Sitges, Spain. Ysaye gave the first public performance on 27 December 1896 at Nancy; the conductor was Guy Ropartz, who like Chausson, was a pupil of Cesar Franck.
Mozart
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Joannes Chrisostomus Wolfgang Gottlieb Mozart, who began to call himself Wolfgango Amadeo about 1770 and Wolfgang Amade in 1777-but who never used Amadeus except injest was born in Salzburg, Austria, on 27 January 1756 and died in Vienna on 5 December 1791. The identifying K numbers refer to the chronological thematic catalogue of Mozart’s works published in 1862 by Ludwig, Ritter von Kochel, an Austrian botanist, mineralogist, and music bibliographer.
Neilson
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Last ten years showed that he could live that principle as well as write a great symphony about it. He died at sixty-six, hardworking to the end. His funeral was a great public event, like Verdi’s , but it would not be until after World War II that his music, so unlike any other in sound and personality, came to be known abroad. There is a world of difference between Nielsen’s first concerto for violin (1911), a work whose first and second movements are full of momentum and flavor but whose leisurely finale tends to disappoint in public performance (it is just fine on recordings), and the ones for flute (1926) and clarinet (1928). By 1916 and the great Fourth Symphony, The Inextinguishable, Nielsen had turned from a strong, assured, and skillful composer with a distinctive voice into a tone poet and musical dramatist in the grip of singular and astonishing fantasies. His works from the 1920s can be full of rage (the gun battle of the timpani in The Inextinguishable is an anticipation of this), and they mean to disturb. Nielsen would have understood Dylan Thomas’s “Do not go gentle into that good night” very well.
Strauss
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Burleske was originally composed in 1885, but only attained its final form in 1890. Eugen d ‘Albert, to whom Strauss later dedicated the work, was the soloist at the first performance, which the composer conducted and which took place at Eisenach on 21 June 1890 at a convention of the General German Music Association. Strauss conducted the premiere of Death and Transfiguration at the same concert.
Stravinsky
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stravinsky began the Capriccio in December 1928, completing the three movements on 26 October, 13 September, and 9 November 1929 respectively. The first performance, for which the composer was at the piano and Ernest Ansermet conducted the Paris Symphony Orchestra, was given at the Salle Pleyel, Paris, on 6 December 1929. In 1949 Stravinsky revised the work to correct some misprints and omissions in the 1929 score. The Burleske was originally composed in 1885, but only attained its final form in 1890. Eugen d ‘Albert, to whom Strauss later dedicated the work, was the soloist at the first performance, which the composer conducted and which took place at Eisenach on 21 June 1890 at a convention of the General German Music Association. Strauss conducted the premiere of Death and Transfiguration at the same concert.
Walton
Authors: Steinberg Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The English critic David Cox has observed that “Walton began like a seventh member of Les Six. The style was marked ‘continental, ‘ pointed with wilt and satire, bursting with exuberance. Nothing folksy.” But the Andante of the Sinfonia concertante for Orchestra with Piano Obbligato (1927) introduces a new tone of voice, a new color and sentiment, and what Walton found there he pursued and splendidly fulfilled in the Viola Concerto. His big-screen oratorio Belshazzar’s Feast (1931), for which Osbert Sitwell had drawn a libretto from the psalms and the book of Daniel, is Walton’s most popular work; in the Symphony No. 1, finished after much travail in 1935, he attained a level of ambition, concentration, and sheer human energy for which he seems rarely to have tried again.
Anatomy of a Revolution
Authors: Bialystok Ellen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1938, Harvard historian Crane Brinton first published his influential analysis of four revolutions-the English, American, French, and Russianextracting from them the common themes and mechanisms that united them as individual instances of a single process (Brinton, 1965). Revolution, according to Brinton, had structure, and its course was orderly and predictable.
The Novelty of Chomsky’s Theories
Authors: Agassi Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a new field, cognitivism began with the total rejection of the old, traditional views of language acquisition and of learning-individual and collective alike. Chomsky was one of the pioneers in this respect; yet he clouds issues by excessive claims for his originality and by not allowing the beginner in the art of the acquisition of language the use of learning by making hypotheses and testing them, though he acknowledges that researchers, himself included, do use this method.
Neural Networks and Neuroscience What Are Connectionist Simulations Good for?
Authors: Segalowitz Sidney J , Bernstein Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Around the turn of the century, the Sears mail order catalogue advertised some articles as “electric,” despite their having no electric properties, presumably to lend an air of modernity, high technology, and scientific magic. Dr. Scott’s Electric Hair Brush, the Electric Fabric Cleanser, the New Electric Washing Machine (al $2.98, it contained a rotary lever but no motor), and the Radium Shoulder Brace ($0.36) were thoroughly modern for the 1908 catalogue from Sears, Roebuck & Co., but the descriptions were connotative rather than denotative (Schroeder, 1971 ). We are now in an age when “neural” has such an aura. Those of us who study psycholinguistics or brain functions of language often have found ourselves on mailing lists for books and workshops in “neurolinguistic programming,” which is not related to the fields of neuroscience, linguistics, or programming. In this short chapter, we explain why we similarly see so-called neural networks, the result of PDP modeling, as not directly reflecting anything neural except in a superficial way. We propose to cover some general issues about the adequacy of Parallel Distributed Processing modeling (also referred to as PDP models, neural networks, and connectionist models) as an aid to cognitive neuroscience. By stepping back from specific implementations of PDP models, we will consider what such neural networks are capable of offering cognitive neuroscience, as well as their limitations in this endeavor.
Can Wittgenstein Help Free the Mind from Rules? The Philosophical Foundations of Connectionism
Authors: Dror Ltiel E , Dascal Marcelo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question whether or not the construct “rule” is essential for cognition is one of the main divisions between connectionist and rival approaches in cognitive science. In this chapter, we consider the philosophical significance of this division, and its implications for cognitive research, in the light of several possible interpretations of Wittgenstein’s paradox of following a rule. The conclusion is that the rejection of rules by connectionism makes it philosophically incompatible with the symbolic rule-governed approach; nevertheless, the rejection of rules does not necessarily lead, on its own, to a single way of conceptualizing the mind and its place in nature. Wittgenstein’s notions of “form of life” and “language games” are used as an aid for understanding the philosophical foundations of connectionism.
Neural Cartesianism Comments on the Epistemology of the Cognitive Sciences
Authors: Coulter Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A wide range of logical problems beset the heterogeneous field we call cognitive science. In this brief review, I will characterise several recurrent and consequential forms of logical error. The problems and fallacies on which I focus are spread across the intellectual landscape of contemporary cognitivism, whether the theoretical structure is of the “rules-and-representations” variety or the new connectionism. In isolating and exposing these logical anomalies, I will try to show that their removal facilitates a clearer picture of the nature of the phenomena in question, phenomena conceptualized in often misleading and confusing ways within existing frameworks of theory.
“Berkeleyan” Arguments and the Ontology of Cognitive Science
Authors: Harre Rom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent developments in theoretical psychology we have gone from positivism (behaviorism)-assuming no direct public access to the mind, to realism (cognitive science)-allowing indirect public access to the mind via the hypothetico-deductive method. There seems to be a possibility for obtaining indirect access to private mental phenomena via the general principle that successful tests of the logical consequences of hypotheses about models of unknown processes gives us confidence in the verisimilitude of such models. This way of penetrating the bounds of sense is characteristic of such sciences as chemistry, and is commonly thought of as ontologically significant. This signficance is assumed by nearly all working scientists. We know from the paradox of Clavius, sometimes called “the underdetermination of theories by any available empirical data,” that hypothetico-deductive access is weak in the absence of an ontologically plausible interpretation of the logically most efficacious model. In interpreting cognitive science in the framework of scientific realism, we must play close attention to ontological issues. Ontologies make themselves felt overtly as the supertypes of those type-hierarchies that we use to control our construction of our models’ unobservable processes, so that these models are ontologically plausible (Aronson, Harre, & Way, 1994).
The Mind Considered from a Historical Perspective Human Cognitive Phylogenesis and the Possibility of Continuing Cognitive Evolution
Authors: Donald Merlin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thirty (some would say, forty) years ago, the proponents of the so-called Cognitive Revolution set out an agenda that grew out of a unique historical context. Their brainchild, cognitive science, is a product of the postindustrial present and, like many intellectual movements, it has used analytic tools and ruling metaphors that reflect its own immediate cultural environment. Thus, it is not surprising that our working models of cognition tend to typify literate Western (mostly Englishspeaking) adults, and tend also to resemble the computers that we have built into the fabric of our culture.
The Representation of Spatio-Temporal Variation in GIS and Cartographic Displays: The Case for Sonification and Auditory Data Representation
Authors: Weber Christopher R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The process of including audio information to complement visualization is gen erally known as sonification, and the representation of data or meta-data through non-speech audio as auditory data representation (ADR). Though cartographic research continues on the development of visual symbols for depiction of spatio temporal change (MacEachren and DiBiase, 1991; Weber and Buttenfield, 1993), other sensory modalities such as the taste, smell, and tactile senses have been largely ignored (Slocum and Egbert, 1991).
Introduction: Psychology in a Sociopolitica Context
Authors: Halpern Diane F , Voiskounsky Alexander E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was an unprecedented event in contemporary history. In an (almost) bloodless coup, a major world power and the largest country on earth made a 180- degree turn in its political orientation. In 1991, the Soviet Union began its tortuous march toward capitalism. The official belief system of approximately 200 million Soviet citizens for most of the 20th century was abandoned as the principles of free enterprise replaced those of a planned economy. The collapse of communism created aftershocks that have been felt throughout the world. The demise of the largest communist power in the world has profoundly altered the way Westerners and former Soviets view each other and themselves.
Prejudice and Discrimination: Old Paradigms in New Models for Psychology
Authors: Reid Pamela Trotman , Holland Nicole E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a southwestern county in Georgia, African American students were routinely assigned to low-achieving classes, even when they had high test scores; white students were assigned to classes for high achievers even with low scores (Associated Press, 1995). “Today, gay men and lesbians continue to be the targets of violence. Over 90 percent have been subjected to antigay verbal abuse or threats. Almost onequarter reported they had been physically attacked” (Strong & DeVault, 1994, p. 723).
Why Do We Kill Ourselves?
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suicide haunts our literature and our culture. It is the taboo subtext to our successes and our happiness. The reporting of a suicide of any public figure disturbs each of us. Amid our dreams of happiness and achievement lurk our nightmares of self-destruction. Who is not mindful of the potential self-defeating elements within our own personality? Each new day contains the threat of failure and assaults by others, but it is the threat of self-destruction that we are most afraid to touch, except in our secret moments or the hidden recesses of our minds. Yet suicide happens every day, and many people we know have had a relative or a friend who has committed suicide.
Clues and Constrictions: Indirect Suicide and Hastened Death
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The single most important outcome of the psychological suicide prevention revolution that began in the 1950s at the Los Angeles Suicide Prevention Center was the finding that clues preceded suicide, and thus there were possible intervention strategies for prevention. Clues are observable items that precede (and, in a sense, forecast) the event in which we are mainly interested. They are precursors, indicating the approach of a dire event, like a disease or suicide or other catastrophe. The technical synonyms for these “clues,” synonyms a clinician might use, include phrases like “premonitory signs” or “prodromal indices.”
Suicidal Life Histories
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Facts alone can be very interesting. But sometimes their implications seem much more imperative. Earlier in my career, in 1969—the year I was a Fellow at the Center for the Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences (on the Stanford campus)—I surprised myself by identifying five suicides from among a group of 30 men several years before the suicides actually occurred. That fact, while eye-catching in itself, had, in my mind, a number of provocative implications.
Matching the Therapy to the Individual’s Neelk
Authors: Shneidman Edwin S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us talk for awhile about psychotherapy. The implications of the 10 commonalities for a suicidal patient in therapy should be fairly obvious: Reduce the pain; remove the blinders; lighten the pressure—all three, even just a little bit. To put it technically (in terms of perturbation and lethality), if you address the individual’s perturbation (the sense of things being wrong), that person’s lethality (the pressure to get out of it by suicide) will decrease as the perturbation is reduced. That is the goal of therapy with a suicidal person. Within reason, anything th.at works—including medications and the sanctuary of hospitalization—should be used, if the prescriber knows what he or she is doing.
On Markedness
Authors: Battistella Edwin L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Greek philosopher Democritus proposed that matter was made up of units he called atoms, units he could not see but which he believed explained the properties of matter: Democritus was ridiculed for his ideas, yet today every chemistry student knows that Democritus was right. Of course the concept of th atom that we have as we approach the twenty-first century is quite 1different from the atom as Democritus conceived it. Examples like this can doubtless be multiplied, since whenever there is progress in a field, the meaning of its technical terms evolves. As a consequence, every discipline develops certain problematic terms that have been expanded beyond their original definitions.
The Development of Markedness in Jakobson’s Work
Authors: Battistella Edwin L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The terms marked and unmarked were developed in the intellectual atmosphere of early twentieth-century, eastern European structuralism. While the basic insight of categorial asymmetry was recognized by a number of earlier scholars, markedness has received its most enduring and expansive treatment in the work of Roman Jakobson, who embraced the concept in the 1930s and developed it throughout his long career.
Jakobson and Chomsky: Bridging Invariance and Variation
Authors: Battistella Edwin L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this concluding chapter, I want to summarize briefly some of the key aspects of the evolution of markedness that have emerged in this book and contrast Jakobson’s and Chomsky’s approaches to linguistics and to markedness one final time. It should be apparent by now that both Jakobson and Chomsky expanded and refined their views on markedness over the course of many years of work. Jakobson’s early work, concerned with the structuring of oppositions, applied the distinction between marked and unmarked primarily to grammatical oppositions. In later work, markedness emerged as a property of phonological universals as well, and ultimately as a global structural principle. But while Jakobson’s work continually hinted at an integrated theory of asymmetry, he never delineated a full-fledged account of semantic and phonological markedness.
Facial Expressions of Emotion and Psychopathology in Adolescent Boys
Authors: Keltner Dacher , Moffitt Terrie E , Stouthamer-Loeber Magda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is widely believed that emotions serve adaptive functions (e.g., Ekman, 1992; Izard, 1977; Lazarus, 1991). Each emotion motivates cognitive processes, physiological responses, and expressive behavior that help the individual respond adaptively to specific problems of survival, such as fleeing from danger, developing and maintaining close social bonds, and avoiding or apologizing for social and moral transgressions.
Reproductive Ecology in the Conservation and Management of Fishes
Authors: Vincent Amanda , Sadovy Yvonne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Overexploitation, habitat degradation, physical change, and introductions of exotic species menace fishes around the world. The 1996 International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Animals included 734 species of fishes (IUCN, 1996), up from 576 eight years previously (IUCN, 1988), with most species still not assessed (IUCN, 1996). In North America, fishes and other aquatic taxa are up to eight times more likely to be in peril than birds and mammals (Master, 1990). Despite the level of threat, it will often be particularly difficult to implement conservation measures for fishes because so many people depend on them for livelihoods and food. The prevailing attitude that fishes are food meant, for example, that Australia exempted all marine fishes from monitoring and controls under the Wildlife Protection Act until 1998, relying instead on fisheries legislation.
Social Organization and Effective Population Size in Carnivores
Authors: Creel Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Real populations rarely match the assumptions of population genetic theory. The concept of effective population size (N e) was developed to describe how a population can lose genetic variability (through genetic drift) more quickly than would be predicted by population size alone (Wright, 1931, 1938, 1943). Effective population size is defined as the size of an ideal population that would lose genetic variation at the same rate as a given real population (Wright, 1969; Lande and Barrowclough, 1987). In this definition, an ideal population meets five assumptions: (1) population size is constant through time, (2) the number of breeding males and females are equal, (3) individuals’ reproductive success is Poisson distributed, (4) individuals mate at random, and (5) generations do not overlap. Because few real populations meet these assumptions, Ne is usually lower than the censused population size (Nunney and Elam, 1994). Quantitative methods exist to measure the reduction in Ne when each assumption is not met (Wright, 1943,1969; Crow and Kimura, 1970; Lande and Barrowclough, 1987) and these methods are well developed in theory (Wright, 1943,1969; Crow and Kimura, 1970; Lande and Barrowclough, 1987), but they are not often applied to data from the wild. A recent review by Nunney and Elam (1994) includes estimates of Ne for 14 species, with only one carnivore (the grizzly bear Ursus horribilis’. Harris and Allendorf, 1989) and one endangered species (the spotted owl Strix occidentalis).