bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introducing an innovative semi‐captive environment for the Philippine tarsier (Tarsius syrichta)
Authors: Jachowski David S. , Pizzaras Carlito 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn response to demands for research, captive breeding, and tourism, a semi‐captive environment was created for the Philippine tarsiers (Tarsius syrichta) in Corella, Bohol, Philippines. The 7600‐m2 enclosure was continuous with the surrounding habitat, and utilized a unique predator control fence design and a lighting system to attract nocturnal insects. During 2 years of observation, the locations of over 500 tarsier sleeping sites were recorded. Tarsiers were found to prefer dense, low‐level vegetation in secondary forests, with perching sites averaging 2 m above the ground. Up to 10 tarsiers were observed within the enclosure at one time, which is a high density compared to densities based on home‐range estimates for wild tarsiers in the vicinity of the study site. In addition, the tarsiers were observed to be more social than previously reported. Zoo Biol 24:101–109, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Husbandry, overwinter care, and reproduction of captive striped skunks (Mephitis mephitis)
Authors: Larivière Serge , Hwang Yeen Ten , Gorsuch Wanda A. , Medill Sarah A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis) is the focus of research interest for a variety of reasons, including its roles as a rabies reservoir, urban pest, predator of bird eggs, and parasite host. Some research programmes may require husbandry and breeding of captive animals, and because skunks are inactive in the winter in northern environments, special methods are needed to maintain the animals over winter. We report on the establishment of a colony of striped skunks kept in captivity in the northern part of their range. Our goals were to develop simple and effective methods to keep skunks in captivity over winter, and successfully breed skunks in a manner that resembles conditions in the wild. In the spring of 2002, three wild‐caught, pregnant females gave birth in captivity (mean litter size=7). During the first year, 11 of 12 females kept in captivity over winter reproduced successfully in the spring of 2003, with a mean litter size of 5.5 (range=4–8, n=11). In the summer of 2003, 91 of 93 juveniles (97.9%) survived >60 days past weaning. Our high survival and reproduction rates testify to the success of this program, and provide insights into the husbandry of a species that is inactive during winter. Zoo Biol 24:83–91, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional specification and proof of correctness for time dependent behaviour of reactive systems
Authors: Alagar Vangalur S. , Ramanathan Geetha 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA functional formalism for describing and reasoning about the time dependent behaviour of reactive systems is presented. The model is event based and can describe the histories of events with finite duration. It is a generalisation of the model of Caspi and Halbwachs (1986). A set of tools with their operations are introduced in the formalism and structure theorems characterising the algebra of events are proved. The power of this extended model is illustrated through the formal specification and correctness proof for a problem chosen from robotics.
Multiple Primary Carcinomas with Esophageal Squamous Cell Cancer: Clinicopathologic Outcome
Authors: Natsugoe Shoji , Matsumoto Masataka , Okumura Hiroshi , Ishigami Sumiya , Uenosono Yoshikazu , Owaki Tetsuhiro , Takao Sonshin , Aikou Takashi 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe incidence of multiple primary carcinomas (MPCs) associated with esophageal cancer has increased. The purpose of this study was to analyze clinicopathologic findings for MPC and for only esophageal cancer (OEC). Of 157 patients with MPCs, 60 had synchronous cancer and 97 metachronous cancer. Another 42 patients had antecedent esophageal cancer (AEC), and 55 patients had subsequent esophageal cancer (SEC). We retrospectively analyzed the clincopathologic findings for patients in these categories. The incidence of early‐stage carcinoma was higher in patients with MPCs than in those with an OEC. Of patients with MPCs, those with metachronous cancer had a higher rate of early‐stage carcinoma than those with synchronous cancer. The 5‐year survival rates were not significantly different for MPC and OEC patients. Patients with metachronous cancer had a significantly better prognosis than those with synchronous cancer (p = 0.017); and in the metachronous cancer group the prognosis was significantly better for patients with AEC than for those with SEC (p = 0.0005). Meticulous follow‐up after treatment of a first cancer should be required to detect other early‐stage carcinomas.
Hepatic Surgery Using the Ligasure Vessel Sealing System
Authors: Romano Fabrizio , Franciosi Claudio , Caprotti Roberto , Uggeri Fabio , Uggeri Franco 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBlood loss, a well‐known risk factor for morbidity and mortality during liver resection, occurs during parenchymal transection, so many approaches and devices have been developed to limit bleeding. Surgical technique is an important factor in preventing intraoperative and postoperative complications. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the bipolar vessel sealing device allows a safe and careful liver transection, achieving a satisfactory hemostasis thus reducing blood loss and related complications.A total of 30 consecutive patients (18 male, 12 female with a mean age of 63 years) underwent major and minor hepatic resection in which the bipolar vessel sealing device was used without routine inflow occlusion. A crush technique followed by energy application was used to perform the parenchymal transection. No other devices were applied to achieve hemostasis. The bipolar vessel sealing device was effective in 27 cases of hepatic resection. It failed to achieve hemostasis in three patients, all of whom had a cirrhotic liver. Median blood loss was 250 ml (range: 100‐1600 ml), and intraoperative blood transfusions were required in five patients (17%). Mean operative time was 200 minutes (range: 140‐360 minutes). There was no clinical evidence of postoperative hemorrhage, bile leak, or intraabdorninal abscess.The postoperative complication rate was 17%. The bipolar vessel sealing device is a useful tool in standard liver resection in patients with a normal liver parenchyma, but its use should be avoided in cirrhotic livers.
Experimental Evaluation of Bursting Pressure in Lymphatic Vessels with Ultrasonically Activated Shears
Authors: Abe Kaoru , Terashima Masanori , Fujiwara Hisataka , Takagane Akinori , Uesugi Noriyuki , Saito Kazuyoshi 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTo evaluate the ability of ultrasonically activated shears (USAS) to occlude lymphatic vessels, we investigated the bursting pressure of lymphatic vessels occluded with USAS and compared with pressures in an artery and a vein. The inguinal lymphatic vessels, testicular arteries, and testicular veins were removed from male pigs. The vessels were occluded by USAS at power level 2. The bursting pressures of the harvested vessels were measured ex vivo. The bursting pressure of the artery (average, 1154 mmHg; range, 1000‐1341 mmHg) was significantly greater than that in the vein (average, 747 mmHg; range, 560‐973 mmHg; p = 0.0024) or the lymphatic vessel (average, 610 mmHg; range, 491‐996 mmHg; p = 0.0003). There was no significant difference of bursting pressure between the vein and lymphatic vessel (p = 0.2226). Although the bursting pressures of the vein and lymphatic vessel were significantly lower than that of the artery, they were much higher than that found in physiologic conditions. USAS is considered to be a powerful tool for lymph node dissection for malignant diseases in open surgery as well as laparoscopic surgery.
Strategies of space occupation by anchovy and sardine in the southern Benguela: the role of stock size and intra-species competition
Authors: Barange Manuel , Coetzee Janet C. , Twatwa Nandipha M. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Strategies of space occupation by anchovy and sardine populations in the southern Benguela during cruises in 1994 (low biomass) and 2001 (high biomass) are investigated using geostatistical tools. The spatial expansion of anchovy and sardine during the high-density year resulted in an increase in the number and density of hotspots and, in the case of anchovy, a relative increase in the contribution of mid- to high-density intervals to the overall survey biomass. Variogram autocorrelation ranges were larger in the high-biomass year. Otherwise, similarities and differences in the strategies of space occupation between anchovy and sardine are consistent between years of low and high biomass, and are therefore density-independent. Variograms of indicator variables revealed comparable structures for both species and years, with autocorrelation ranges of 30 nautical miles for the smallest indicator (0.1 g m−2) and 10 miles for the largest (100 g m−2), reflecting intrinsic spatial structures independent of stock size. The ideal survey inter-transect distance, defined as the autocorrelation range of the highest density indicator, was not influenced by the expanded distribution of both species. Cumulative frequency distributions and cross-variograms revealed differences in space occupancy between both species. Despite the areal expansion, and in contrast to anchovy, a significant portion of the sardine biomass continued to be contributed by a few very high-density areas with little spatial structure, as indicated by large nugget effects in the variograms and lack of transitions in the cross-variograms. Both species were spatially segregated in the low-biomass year, but overlapped extensively in the high-biomass year.
The construct of internalization: conceptualization, measurement, and prediction of smoking treatment outcome
Authors: SCOTT ACTON G. , KUNZ JEFFREY D. , WILSON MARK , HALL SHARON M. 
Published: February 2005

Background. Depression symptoms and diagnoses are associated with failure to quit smoking in most studies, but not all.Method. A new measure of internalization (i.e. symptoms of depression or anxiety, or poor mood) was created to investigate whether internalization would predict smoking cessation in 549 smokers from three randomized clinical trials with inconsistent findings.Results. Predicted item locations based on a map of the construct of internalization agreed with empirical locations based on item response theory. Internalization was highly correlated with neuroticism. Logistic regressions showed that internalization improved upon the predictions of other affect-related measures. High baseline internalization decreased abstinence from smoking at end of treatment and 3 months thereafter. History of major depression (single-episode or recurrent) failed to predict abstinence.Conclusions. The broad, dimensional construct of internalization as conceptualized herein appears to be an important predictor of smoking cessation.
Latent class typology of nicotine withdrawal: genetic contributions and association with failed smoking cessation and psychiatric disorders
Authors: XIAN HONG , SCHERRER JEFFREY F. , MADDEN PAMELA A. F. , LYONS MICHAEL J. , TSUANG MING , TRUE WILLIAM R. , EISEN SETH A. 
Published: February 2005

Background. Nicotine withdrawal is associated with failed smoking cessation and thus contributes to continuance of the habit and increases risk of smoking-related illnesses. Withdrawal is also associated with psychiatric disorders such as depression and alcoholism. However, relatively little is known about how to characterize the severity of withdrawal, including whether withdrawal subtypes exist in male smokers. If so, do these subtypes represent quantitative or qualitative differences?Method. Smoking and withdrawal data were obtained from 4112 male–male twin pairs of the Vietnam Era Twin Registry during a 1992 administration of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was used to derive significantly different nicotine withdrawal profiles, and their association with psychiatric disorders was assessed. Genetic and environmental contributions and the correlation between these contributions were evaluated using bivariate biometrical modeling of the withdrawal phenotype and failed smoking cessation.Results. The LCA model which best fit the data was a four-class severity continuum. Psychiatric disorders were significantly associated with more severe classes and the magnitude of the association increased as withdrawal severity increased. Genetics accounted for 31% and 51% of the variance in risk for withdrawal and failed cessation, respectively. The genetic contributions were significantly correlated (r=0·37).Conclusions. Nicotine withdrawal classes are characterized by quantitative differences. The strong association between psychiatric disorders and withdrawal severity and the significant genetic correlation between withdrawal and cessation highlight the importance of withdrawal severity. Further refinement of the DSM definition of withdrawal to incorporate severity ratings may be warranted.
The severely mentally ill in residential facilities: a national survey in Italy
Authors: de GIROLAMO GIOVANNI , PICARDI ANGELO , SANTONE GIOVANNI , FALLOON IAN , MOROSINI PIERLUIGI , FIORITTI ANGELO , MICCIOLO ROCCO 
Published: February 2005

Objective. In Italy, Residential Facilities (RFs) have completely replaced Mental Hospitals (MHs) for the residential care of mentally ill patients. We studied all patients resident in 265 randomly sampled Italian RFs (20% of the total).Method. Structured interviews focusing on each patient were conducted by trained research assistants with the manager and staff of each RF. Patients were rated with the HoNOS and the GAF, and comprehensive information about their sociodemographic and clinical status and care history were gathered.Results. Of the 2962 patients living in the sampled facilities, most were males (63·2%) who had never married, more than 70% were over 40 years; 85% on a pension, most commonly because of psychiatric disability. A substantial proportion (39·8%) had never worked and very few were currently employed (2·5%); 45% of the sample was totally inactive, not even assisting with domestic activities in the facility. Two-thirds had a diagnosis of schizophrenia; co-morbid or primary substance abuse were uncommon. Twenty-one per cent had a history of severe interpersonal violence, but violent episodes in the RFs were infrequent. The managers judged almost three-quarters appropriately placed in their facilities and considered that very few had short-term prospects of discharge.Conclusions. Italian RFs cater for a large patient population of severely mentally ill requiring residential care. Discharge to independent accommodation is uncommon. Future studies should attempt to clarify how to match residential programmes with patients' disabilities.
Lifetime risk and persistence of psychiatric disorders across ethnic groups in the United States
Authors: BRESLAU JOSHUA , KENDLER KENNETH S. , SU MAXWELL , GAXIOLA-AGUILAR SERGIO , KESSLER RONALD C. 
Published: February 2005

Background. Recent research in the United States has demonstrated striking health disparities across ethnic groups. Despite a longstanding interest in ethnic disadvantage in psychiatric epidemiology, patterns of psychiatric morbidity across ethnic groups have never been examined in a nationally representative sample.Method. Ethnic differences in psychiatric morbidity are analyzed using data from the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS). The three largest ethnic groups in the United States – Hispanics, Non-Hispanic Blacks and Non-Hispanic Whites – were compared with respect to lifetime risk and persistence of three categories of psychiatric disorder: mood disorder, anxiety disorder, and substance use disorder.Results. Where differences across ethnic groups were found in lifetime risk, socially disadvantaged groups had lower risk. Relative to Non-Hispanic Whites, Hispanics had lower lifetime risk of substance use disorder and Non-Hispanic Blacks had lower lifetime risk of mood, anxiety and substance use disorders. Where differences were found in persistence of disorders, disadvantaged groups had higher risk. Hispanics with mood disorders were more likely to be persistently ill as were Non-Hispanic Blacks with respect to both mood disorders and anxiety disorders. Closer examination found these differences to be generally consistent across population subgroups.Conclusions. Members of disadvantaged ethnic groups in the United States do not have an increased risk for psychiatric disorders. Members of these groups, however, do tend to have more persistent disorders. Future research should focus on explanations for these findings, including the possibility that these comparisons are biased, and on potential means of reducing the disparity in persistence of disorders across ethnic groups.
The stability of the Parental Bonding Instrument over a 20-year period
Authors: WILHELM KAY , NIVEN HEATHER , PARKER GORDON , HADZI-PAVLOVIC DUSAN 
Published: February 2005

Background. The Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) measures the perception of being parented to the age of 16 years. Low scores on the care dimension and high scores on the overprotection dimension are considered to be risk factors of depression. While the PBI has been shown to be a reliable and valid instrument, the stability of the PBI over extended periods (taking into account individual characteristics and life experience) needs to be demonstrated.Method. The PBI was measured in a non-clinical cohort on four waves between 1978 and 1998, along with a series of self-report measures including state depression and neuroticism. Differences in PBI change over time were examined by gender, lifetime major depression diagnosis, and life event variables, as well as by scores on neuroticism and state depression.Results. Acceptable retest coefficients on PBI scores over the 20-year study were found for the cohort. No differences were found in PBI scores over time on the variables examined, including sex and depression measures.Conclusions. The results indicate long-term stability of the PBI over time. The influences of mood state and life experience appear to have little effect on the stability of the perception of parenting as measured by the PBI. The present study increases confidence in the PBI as a valid measure of perceived parenting over extended time periods.
Stability of functional impairment in patients with schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, or obsessive–compulsive personality disorder over two years
Authors: SKODOL ANDREW E. , PAGANO MARIA E. , BENDER DONNA S. , TRACIE SHEA M. , GUNDERSON JOHN G. , YEN SHIRLEY , STOUT ROBERT L. , MOREY LESLIE C. , SANISLOW CHARLES A. , GRILO CARLOS M. , ZANARINI MARY C. , McGLASHAN THOMAS H. 
Published: February 2005

Background. A defining feature of personality disorder (PD) is an enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that is stable over time. Follow-up and follow-along studies have shown considerable diagnostic instability of PDs, however, even over short intervals. What, then, about personality disorder is stable? The purpose of this study was to determine the stability of impairment in psychosocial functioning in patients with four different PDs, in contrast to patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and no PD, prospectively over a 2-year period.Method. Six hundred treatment-seeking or treated patients were recruited primarily from clinical services in four metropolitan areas of the Northeastern USA. Patients were assigned to one of five diagnostic groups: schizotypal (STPD) (n=81), borderline (BPD) (n=155), avoidant (AVPD) (n=137), or obsessive–compulsive (OCPD) (n=142) personality disorders or MDD and no PD (n=85), based on the results of semi-structured interview assessments and self-report measures. Impairment in psychosocial functioning was measured using the Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation (LIFE) at baseline and at three follow-up assessments.Results. Significant improvement in psychosocial functioning occurred in only three of seven domains of functioning and was largely the result of improvements in the MDD and no PD group. Patients with BPD or OCPD showed no improvement in functioning overall, but patients with BPD who experienced change in personality psychopathology showed some improvement in functioning. Impairment in social relationships appeared most stable in patients with PDs.Conclusion. Impairment in functioning, especially social functioning, may be an enduring component of personality disorder.
Analysis of normal and mutant iduronate-2-sulphatase conformation
Authors: PARKINSON-LAWRENCE Emma , TURNER Christopher , HOPWOOD John , BROOKS Doug 
Published: February 2005

Mammalian sulphatases (EC 3.1.6) are a family of enzymes that have a high degree of similarity in amino acid sequence, structure and catalytic mechanism. IDS (iduronate-2-sulphatase; EC 3.1.6.13) is a lysosomal exo-sulphatase that belongs to this protein family and is involved in the degradation of the glycosaminoglycans heparan sulphate and dermatan sulphate. An IDS deficiency causes the lysosomal storage disorder MPS II (mucopolysaccharidosis type II). To examine the structural alterations in heat-denatured and mutant IDS, a panel of four monoclonal antibodies was raised to the denatured protein and used as probes of protein conformation. The linear sequence epitope reactivity of a polyclonal antibody raised against the native protein and the monoclonal antibodies were defined and mapped to distinct regions on the IDS protein. The antigenicity of native IDS was higher in regions without glycosylation, but reactivity was not restricted to protein surface epitopes. One monoclonal epitope was relatively surface accessible and in close proximity to an N-linked glycosylation site, while three others required additional thermal energy to expose the epitopes. The monoclonal antibodies demonstrated the capacity to differentiate progressive structural changes in IDS and could be used to characterize the severity of MPS type II in patients based on variable denatured microstates.
Anomalous pH-dependence of the activity of human matrilysin (matrix metalloproteinase-7) as revealed by nitration and amination of its tyrosine residues
Authors: MUTA Yuko , ONEDA Hiroshi , INOUYE Kuniyo 
Published: February 2005

Matrilysin activity exhibits a broad bell-shaped pH-dependence profile, with pKa values of 4.0 and 9.8. A maximum of five out of eight tyrosine residues in matrilysin were nitrated with tetranitromethane. On nitration of between one and five tyrosines, pKa at the alkaline side (pKe2) was shifted from 9.8 to 10.3–10.6, while that at the acidic side (pKe1) was not altered. The pKe2 that was shifted by nitration to 10.3–10.6 was restored to 9.4–9.7 by subsequent amination, suggesting that the shift in pKe2 is induced by a negative charge introduced on the most reactive tyrosine, Tyr-150. The Michaelis constant (Km) observed at pH 10 was decreased by nitration as a result of the increase in pKe2, suggesting that the residue with pKe2 may play a role in the recognition of substrate. When four or five tyrosines were nitrated, the activity at pH &lt;7 decreased significantly, while that at pH 7–10 was unchanged, and thus the pH-dependence was not bell-shaped, but anomalous, with a third pKa (pKe3) of 6.2–6.4 in addition to pKe1 and pKe2. This suggests the possibility that a newly introduced nitrotyrosine residue has a strong influence on the activity as an ionizable group.