bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LABORATORY TRANSMISSION OF JAPANESE B ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS BY SEVEN SPECIES (THREE GENERA) OF NORTH AMERICAN MOSQUITOES
Authors: Reeves W. C. , Hammon W. McD. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Griselda G. Wolf and Carlos Espana
Published: June 2004

In the present studies ten common species of Western North American mosquitoes have been tested for their ability to act as vectors of Japanese B encephalitis virus (see summary Table XII). The strain of Japanese B encephalitis virus which was used was adapted to direct mouse brain passage, probably a disadvantage, but no freshly isolated strain was available. Of the ten species of mosquitoes tested, seven were demonstrated to be laboratory vectors. These seven species represent three genera (Culex, Aedes, and Culiseta). In previously reported work Japanese and Russians had only incriminated five species of two genera (Aedes and Culex) (1–3). Transmission was made to mice 21 times and to a chicken once. Two attempts to infect mosquitoes from an infected chicken were unsuccessfui, but no significance is attached to so few experiments. Repeated tests for virus in the eggs, or in imagines reared from eggs of infected female mosquitoes have been negative. In this we failed to confirm results claimed by Japanese investigators (5, 6).
These data, in addition to the published accounts by Japanese and Russian workers of the natural epidemiology of this disease lead us to believe that this virus might well establish itself in North America, especially if introduced in those areas where our native encephalitides are now endemic. These studies also indicate that species of mosquitoes (Culex tarsalis, Culex pipiens,
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Aedes dorsalis, and Culiseta inornata) now known to be fully incriminated vectors of the Western equine or St. Louis encephalitis viruses can also serve as laboratory vectors of the Japanese B virus. Methods for the effective abatement of these species should be further developed and put into practice if future epidemics of encephalitis of the Western equine, St. Louis, or Japanese B types in Western North America are to be prevented or brought under control.
INTERFERENCE BETWEEN VIRUSES IN TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Lennette Edwin H. , Koprowski Hilary 
Published: June 2004

The influence of one virus on the growth of another in tissue culture was investigated.
The 17DD High strain of yellow fever virus was found capable of completely suppressing the growth of both the Asibi strain of the same virus and of the heterologous West Nile virus, even when these were added to the cultures in large amounts.
The 17DD High strain of yellow fever virus and the West Nile virus produced either partial or complete suppression of growth of the Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus, depending upon the quantity of the latter inoculated into the cultures. Owing to lack of methods for the detection of interference except in a single direction, reciprocal interference with these viruses could not be investigated.
The 17DD High strain of yellow fever virus and the West Nile virus were able to suppress completely, or almost completely, the growth of influenza A virus added to the infected cultures in maximal amounts. Interference in the reverse direction, even with the use of small amounts of the neurotropic viruses, was not demonstrable.
Cultures infected with the 17DD High strain of yellow fever virus were examined for the presence of neutralizing antibodies and non-specific antiviral substances; neither was found present.
COLORADO TICK FEVER AND DENGUE
Authors: Florio Lloyd , Hammon William McD. , Laurent Angela , Stewart Mabel O. 
Published: June 2004

Six human beings were inoculated with dengue and developed typical disease. Two of these were reinoculated and proved immune. The remaining four were later inoculated with Colorado tick fever. Three developed typical disease. The fourth, who remained well, has previously lived in an endemic area (Colorado). One patient was inoculated with Colorado tick fever first and later with dengue. He developed both diseases.
Colorado tick fever and dengue do not give a cross-immunity.
Hamsters can be infected with Colorado tick fever but not with dengue.
Colorado tick fever and dengue appear to be distinct disease entities.
ANTIBODY FORMATION IN VOLUNTEERS FOLLOWING INJECTION OF PNEUMOCOCCI OR THEIR TYPE-SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDES
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , MacLeod Colin M. , Kaiser Samuel J. , Robinson Betty 
Published: June 2004

1. A modification of the microanalytical quantitative precipitin method, five to ten times as sensitive as the older procedure, has been used to measure the type-specific antibody response in human beings. Injections of type-specific pneumococci or equivalent amounts of their type-specific polysaccharides led to comparable antibody production. In general, the few hundredths of a milligram of polysaccharides injected functioned as extraordinarily powerful antigens.
2. Subcutaneous injections of the polysaccharides were as effective as intracutaneous, and the resulting antibody levels, which were highly variable individually, remained relatively constant for 5 to 8 months, gradually tapering off during periods of observation that exceeded 2 years in some instances.
3. After the injection of several type-specific polysaccharides widely diverse combinations of selective and non-selective responses were observed.
4. Booster doses had little or no effect in increasing circulating antibody, even after 2 years. A tentative explanation is given of this unexpected result.
5. Possibly because they frequently harbor pneumococci, normal human beings appear to be in serological equilibrium with the C-antigen of pneumococcus, since in most instances the quite appreciable anti-C content of their sera remained relatively constant during periods of a year or longer. Many of the sera also contained antibody to S VII.
MOUSE-PROTECTIVE TITERS OF SERA OF VOLUNTEERS FOLLOWING INJECTION OF PNEUMOCOCCI OR THEIR TYPE-SPECIFIC POLYSACCHARIDES
Authors: Walter Annabel W. , Schenkein Edna L. , Sutliff Wheelan D. 
Published: June 2004

1. Sera of human subjects immunized with pneumococci or their type-specific polysaccharides showed type-specific antibody by mouse protection tests as well as on determinations of the specifically precipitable nitrogen.
2. The ratio, mouse-protective units to antibody nitrogen, was less in human sera of low potency than in more potent human or animal sera.
PLASMA SUBSTITUTES
Authors: Robscheit-Robbins F. S. , Miller L. L. , Alling E. L. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

Hemoglobin and globin alone, supplemented, or modified in various ways are seriously considered as plasma substitutes.
Human globin given to doubly depleted (anemic and hypoproteinemic) dogs by vein contributes to the production of new hemoglobin and plasma protein, but there is some toxicity and weight loss. Dog hemoglobin given intraperitoneally is better tolerated and somewhat more completely utilized with more blood proteins formed and less weight loss.
Dog globin (tryptic digest) given by vein in anemic dogs is associated with a moderate production of new hemoglobin.
Horse globin by mouth contributes to the formation of new hemoglobin in the standard anemic dog.
Dog hemoglobin given intraperitoneally in protein fasting, non-anemic dogs is well utilized to maintain nitrogen and weight balance. A dl-isoleucine supplement fails to improve this utilization of hemoglobin for maintenance in the dog. A small supplement of dl-methionine greatly improves the utilization of dog hemoglobin for maintenance in the dog and further addition of isoleucine is without effect.
The intermediary metabolism of dog hemoglobin is not yet worked out. Electrophoretic analyses (Table 6) suggest that globin appears in the peripheral circulation after intraperitoneal injections of hemoglobin.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE GROWTH OF TUBERCLE BACILLI IN LIQUID MEDIA
Authors: Dubos René J. , Davis Bernard D. 
Published: June 2004

1. Certain water-soluble esters of long chain fatty acids (in particular of oleic acid) favor submerged and diffuse growth of mycobacteria throughout the depth of synthetic liquid media.
2. Esters of oleic acid increase considerably the amount of growth yielded by avian strains in synthetic media.
3. The addition of serum albumin to synthetic liquid media permits visible growth of minimal inocula of virulent human tubercle bacilli (10–8 mg.) within 11 to 15 days.
4. Cultures growing diffusely in media containing the water-soluble esters— with or without albumin—consist of cells of classical morphology and staining properties, which again exhibit the usual mode of growth when returned to the standard synthetic or egg yolk media.
INFLUENCE OF DIETARY FACTORS AND SEX ON THE TOXICITY OF CARBON TETRACHLORIDE IN RATS
Authors: György Paul , Seifter Joseph , Tomarelli Rudolph M. , Goldblatt Harry 
Published: June 2004

Six groups of rats on different diets were exposed to the inhalation of carbon tetrachloride (about 300 p. p. m.) for 150 days. Food intake and changes in weight were followed throughout the experiment. Animals fed a diet low in protein showed greater susceptibility than rats on a diet high in protein. Methionine was a good substitute for protein (casein) in the diet. Increase in fat intake with correspondingly lower carbohydrate intake exerted a harmful effect, especially evident in combination with a low protein diet. In this change of the fat: carbohydrate ratio, whether the increased fat or the lowered carbohydrate is the specific factor must remain unanswered at the present time.
Necrotizing nephrosis was the presenting sign of the intoxication caused by carbon tetrachloride, in addition to hepatic changes, such as hydropic degeneration, necrosis, and cirrhosis. Dietary factors (methionine and methionine-containing protein, as well as low fat intake) more consistently prevented renal injury than cirrhosis of the liver.
Under identical dietary conditions, especially with higher fat intake, male rats appeared to evince greater susceptibility to carbon tetrachloride than female rats. The significance of this observation and its wider applicability has been discussed.
HEMOGLOBIN AND PLASMA PROTEIN PRODUCTION
Authors: Robscheit-Robbins F. S. , Miller L. L. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

Given healthy dogs, fed abundant iron and protein-free or low protein diets, with sustained anemia and hypoproteinemia due to bleeding, we can study the capacity of these animals to produce simultaneousiy new hemoglobin and plasma protein.
The reserve stores of blood protein-producing materials in this way are largely depleted, and levels of 6 to 8 gm. per cent for hemoglobin and 4 to 5 gm. per cent for plasma protein can be maintained for considerable periods of time. These dogs are very susceptible to infection and to injury by many poisons. Dogs tire of these diets and loss of appetite terminates many experiments. These incomplete experiments are not recorded in the present paper but give supporting evidence in harmony with those tabulated.
Under these conditions (double depletion) the dogs use effectively the proteins listed above—egg, lactalbumin, meat, beef plasma, and digests of various food proteins and hemoglobin.
Egg protein at times seems to favor slightly the production of plasma protein when compared with the average response (Tables 1 and 2).
Various digests and concentrates compare favorably with good food proteins in the production of new hemoglobin and plasma protein in these doubly depleted dogs.
Whole beef plasma by mouth is well utilized and the production of new hemoglobin is, if anything, above the average—certainly plasma protein production is not especially favored. "Modified" beef plasma by vein causes fatal anaphylaxis (Table 4).
Hemoglobin digests are well used by mouth to form both hemoglobin and plasma protein. Supplementation by amino acids is recorded. Methionine in one experiment may have been responsible for a better protein output and digest utilization (Table 7).
IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON BLOOD GROUPS
Authors: Kabat Elvin A. , Bendich Aaron , Bezer Ada E. 
Published: June 2004

1. The microquantitative precipitin method can be used to compare the relative activity of different preparations of the blood group A substance from hog stomachs and to study the effect of chemical treatment upon its stability.
2. With samples of about 25 µg. antibody nitrogen, an error of ±1.7 µg. antibody nitrogen will result in an error of ±12 per cent in the estimation of the amount of A substance.
3. The blood group A substance showed no significant loss of activity at 37°C. after 48 hours at pH 1.07 to 10.7 or after 2 hours at 100°C. over a pH range from 2.97 to 7.58. Exposure at 100°C. at pH 1.03 or at 9.03 or higher resulted in loss of activity. Parallel results were obtained by the hemagglutination inhibition and quantitative precipitin methods.
4. The solubility of specific precipitates of the blood group A substance from hog stomach and its homologous antibody formed in man was found to be about 1.6 µg. antibody N/ml.
5. A comparison is given of the chemical properties and activity of blood group A substances obtained by several procedures from pools of hog stomachs.
SULFONAMIDE CHEMOTHERAPY OF COMBINED INFECTION WITH INFLUENZA VIRUS AND BACTERIA
Authors: Harford Carl G. , Smith Mary Ruth , Wood W. Barry 
Published: June 2004

1. Sulfonamide chemotherapy controls the bacterial component of combined infection with influenza virus and pneumococci in rats.
2. Reinstillation of fluid (broth, physiological salt solution) into the respiratory passages of mice several days after sublethal viral infection converts the viral infection into a lethal one.
3. Sulfonamide chemotherapy controls the bacterial component of combined bacterial and viral infection of mice, produced by intrabronchial inoculation of mixtures of bacteria and sublethal or lethal doses of virus.
4. Bacterial pneumonia may be superimposed upon sublethal viral infection in mice by inhalation of fine droplets of bacterial suspension several days after inoculation of virus. Normal mice inhaling fine droplets of bacterial suspension fail to develop obvious disease.
5. Sulfonamide chemotheiapy controls bacterial pneumonia superimposed on sublethal viral infection by inhalation of fine droplets of bacterial culture.
6. The secondary bacterial penumonia does not convert the sublethal viral infection into a lethal one.
7. If another pandemic of influenza occurs, it is probable that sulfonamide chemotherapy will be valuable in the treatment of secondary bacterial pneumonia and will be effective in lowering the case fatality rate if the viral component of the infection is not severe enough by itself to cause death.
STUDIES ON ENDEMIC PNEUMONIA OF THE ALBINO RAT
Authors: Nelson John B. 
Published: June 2004

Coccobacilliform bodies, pleuropneumonia-like organisms, or other cultivable pathogenic bacteria were not demonstrable in lung and exudate suspensions from selected adult rats naturally infected with endemic pneumonia or from experimentally infected mice.
The specific factor in lung suspensions from mice was identified with an agent which was active on dilution through 107. It failed to pass through Berkefeld N filters but was generally present in V filtrates, with a loss in titer up to 1000-fold. It was largely removed from suspension on centrifugation at a speed of 9000 R.P.M. for 30 minutes.
Attempts to cultivate the agent in embryonated eggs were uniformly unsuccessful. In fluid suspension it failed to withstand storage at 40°C. for a week but remained viable for at least 3 months in a frozen state under dry ice.
The relation of the infective agent to viruses and to pleuropneumonia-like organisms is discussed.
A RICKETTSIAL INFECTION IN CANADIAN VOLES
Authors: Baker James A. 
Published: June 2004

From apparently normal voles captured on Grosse Isle, Province of Quebec, Canada, an infective agent has been grown in embryonated eggs, and by inoculation an inapparent infection was established in voles, mice, guinea pigs, hamsters, and rats. No growth of the agent was obtained in the absence of living cells, and the manner of its development in the yolk sac of embryonated eggs, as well as morphological, epidemiological, and pathogenic features, indicates a rickettsial nature.
The inability to transmit infection by either cage or intrauterine contact points to a vector, and mites are shown to have a probable part in the epidemiology.
Mice infected with the vole agent resist lethal doses of the Karp strain of scrub typhus, and certain epidemiological, morphological, and immunological features support the relationship indicated by the mouse tests. It is therefore concluded that voles on this island have an inapparent infection due to a rickettsia that may be related to the rickettsia of scrub typhus.
STUDIES ON ENDEMIC PNEUMONIA OF THE ALBINO RAT
Authors: Nelson John B. 
Published: June 2004

A specific disease entity was established in white mice by the nasal instillation of lung and exudate suspensions from each of 14 adult albino rats affected with endemic pneumonia.
The induced disease was characterized by pneumonia (96 per cent), otitis media (94 per cent), and rhinitis (30 per cent). It progressed slowly after an incubation period of 7 to 14 days and was attended by a variable mortality which reached 33 per cent in 22 weeks.
Maintenance of the disease was regularly accomplished by direct transmission from mouse to mouse but only by the nasal route and only from the three foci of involvement. It was also transmissible by direct contact but required a prolonged period of exposure.
The relation of the disease to infectious catarrh, which it closely resembles, is discussed.
INHIBITION OF PHOSPHORYLATION OF GLUCOSE IN MOUSE BRAINS BY VIRUSES AND ITS PREVENTION BY PREPARATIONS OF DIPHOSPHOPYRIDINE NUCLEOTIDE
Authors: Racker E. , Krimsky I. 
Published: June 2004

1. Inhibition of glucose utilization in homogenates of brains of mice infected with poliomyelitis virus (Lansing strain) is reported. The inhibition occurs with glucose, or fructose-6-phosphate as substrate. No inhibition occurs in the presence of hexosediphosphate.
2. Brain homogenates of mice infected with the Theiler FA strain of mouse encephalomyelitis virus show inhibition ranging between 45 and 85 per cent (average 73 per cent).
3. Purified preparations of the Lansing and the Theiler FA strain invariably inhibit glycolysis when added to homogenates of normal mouse brain. A similar, but much less consistent inhibition is provoked by adding high concentrations of non-neurotropic viruses (influenza A and tobacco mosaic virus) to normal mouse brains.
4. The magnitude of inhibition caused by the purified virus is a function of the virus concentration and depends on temperature and time of incubation of the virus-brain mixture.
5. The inhibition of glycolysis in the brains of mice infected with Theiler FA virus and in normal brain-Theiler FA virus mixtures is prevented by the addition of preparations of DPN and glucose.
INFLUENCE OF ANESTHESIA ON EXPERIMENTAL NEUROTROPIC VIRUS INFECTIONS
Authors: Sulkin S. Edward , Zarafonetis Christine , Goth Andres 
Published: June 2004

Anesthesia with diethyl ether significantly alters the course and outcome of experimental infections with the equine encephalomyelitis virus (Eastern or Western type) or with the St. Louis encephalitis virus. No comparable effect is observed in experimental infections produced with rabies or poliomyelitis (Lansing) viruses.
The neurotropic virus infections altered by ether anesthesia are those caused by viruses which are destroyed in vitro by this anesthetic, and those infections not affected by ether anesthesia are caused by viruses which apparently are not destroyed by ether in vitro. Another striking difference between these two groups of viruses is their pathogenesis in the animal host; those which are inhibited in vivo by ether anesthesia tend to infect cells of the cortex, basal ganglia, and only occasionally the cervical region of the cord. On the other hand, those which are not inhibited in vivo by ether anesthesia tend to involve cells of the lower central nervous system and in the case of rabies, peripheral nerves. This difference is of considerable importance in view of the fact that anesthetics affect cells of the lower central nervous system only in very high concentrations.
It is obvious from the complexity of the problem that no clear-cut statement can be made at this point as to the mechanism of the observed effect of ether anesthesia in reducing the mortality rate in certain of the experimental neurotropic virus infections. Important possibilities include a direct specific effect of diethyl ether upon the virus and a less direct effect of the anesthetic upon the virus through its alteration of the metabolism of the host cell.
EXPERIMENTAL VIBRIO INFECTIONS OF DEVELOPING CHICK EMBRYOS
Authors: Wilson Armine T. 
Published: June 2004

Developing chick embryos are highly susceptible to infection with strains on V. cholerae representing Gardner and Venkatraman's 6 groups and the types Inaba and Ogawa. There is a moderate decrease in susceptibility with advancing age of the embryo. The influence of dosage on survival rates is not marked, probably because a minimal dose, consisting of a very few organisms, is sufficient to produce death rapidly.
Passive protection of a low order is conferred on the embryos by the introduction of inactivated specific immune serum at the time of inoculation of vibrios. This protective influence is enormously enhanced by the previous or simultaneous administration of guinea pig complement.
The antigens of group I organisms which give rise to embryo-protective and bacteriolytic antibodies are dual in character. One antigen is shared by all members of the group and is productive of antibodies which will protect against infections with all strains of the group, of whatever type. The other antigen is type-specific, and its antibodies are protective and lytic only for organisms of the homologous type.
IMMUNITY IN MUMPS
Authors: Maris Elizabeth P. , Enders John F. , Stokes Joseph , Kane Lewis W. 
Published: June 2004

Of 163 persons giving positive complement fixation tests who were exposed to mumps, 1 afterwards developed the disease; of 285 negative reactors similarly exposed, 56 afterwards came down with mumps.
Of 78 individuals subjected to intimate exposure to mumps whose tests were originally negative and who failed to develop the disease, 41 per cent gave positive reactions when tested 1 month later.
Seventy-seven per cent of complement fixation tests done on the sera of 565 normal adults who admitted a previous attack of mumps were positive. A similar correlation was recorded in tests on the sera of a small group of children with positive histories. Of 356 medical students admitting previous attacks, 80 per cent gave positive tests. Of 386 normal adults who denied previous attacks, 42 per cent gave positive tests; of 85 children giving negative histories, 38 per cent reacted positively.
The results of complement fixation tests on the sera of 1665 normal adults (over 17 years) and 679 children (1 to 17 years) are recorded. It has been shown that 63 per cent of the adults and 57 per cent of the children had antibody in their blood which reacted with the virus of mumps. In groups in which exceptionally intense exposure was not known to have occurred in the past, the proportions of positive reactors were: adults, 61 per cent; children, 49 per cent. In contrast to these normal persons, the incidence of positive reactors among permanently institutionalized mental defectives was 38 per cent of 356 adults and 32 per cent of 475 children.
In only 2 per cent of 320 normal adults and children did the titer of complement-fixing antibody reach 1–192. In no instance in which the endpoint was determined was a higher titer recorded.
The results of complement fixation tests on the sera of mother and newborn infant were essentially the same in 5 instances.