bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
l-Tri-iodothyronine is a major determinant of resting energy expenditure in underweight patients with anorexia nervosa and during weight gain
Authors: Onur Simone , Haas Verena , Bosy-Westphal Anja , Hauer Maren , Paul Thomas , Nutzinger Detlev , Klein Harald , Müller Manfred J 
Published: February 2005

Objective: We aimed to define the effect of l-3,5,3′-tri-iodothyronine (T3) on metabolic adaptation in underweight patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) as well as during weight gain.
Methods: This involved clinical investigation of 28 underweight patients with AN, who were compared with 49 normal-weight controls. A subgroup of 17 patients was followed during weight gain. Resting energy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry. Body composition was measured by anthropometry as well as bioelectrical impedance analysis. Energy intake (EI) was assessed by a 3-day dietary record. Plasma concentrations of thyroid hormones (thyroxine (T4), T3 and thyrotropin (TSH)) were analyzed by enzyme immunoassays.
Results: When compared with normal-weight women, underweight patients with AN had reduced fat mass (FM) (−71.3%), fat-free mass (FFM) (−13.1%), resting energy expenditure (REE) (−21.8%), T3- (−33.4%) and T4-concentrations (−19.8%) at unchanged TSH. REE remained reduced after adjustment for FFM (−24.6%). T3 showed a close association with REE. This association remained after adjustment of REE for FFM. Treatment of underweight AN patients resulted in a mean weight gain of 8.3 kg. This was mainly explained by an increase in FM with small or no changes in FFM. REE and T3 also increased (+9.3% and +33.3% respectively) at unchanged TSH and T4. There was a highly significant association between weight gain-induced changes in T3 and changes in adjusted REE (r = 0.78, P < 0.001, based on Pearson’s correlation). An increase in plasma T3 concentrations of 1.8 pmol/l could explain an increase in REE of 0.6 MJ/day (that is, a 32% increase in T3 was associated with a 13% increase in REE).
Conclusions: Our data provide evidence that the low T3 concentrations add to metabolic adaptation in underweight patients with AN. During weight gain, increases in T3 are associated with increases in REE, which is independent of FFM. Both results are evidence for a physiologic role of T3 in modulation of energy expenditure in humans.
Management of Food Allergies and Food-Related Anaphylaxis
Authors: Iglesia Edward G. A. , Kwan Mildred , Virkud Yamini V. , Iweala Onyinye I. 
Published: February 2024

ImportanceAn estimated 7.6% of children and 10.8% of adults have IgE-mediated food-protein allergies in the US. IgE-mediated food allergies may cause anaphylaxis and death. A delayed, IgE-mediated allergic response to the food-carbohydrate galactose-α-1,3-galactose (alpha-gal) in mammalian meat affects an estimated 96 000 to 450 000 individuals in the US and is currently a leading cause of food-related anaphylaxis in adults.ObservationsIn the US, 9 foods account for more than 90% of IgE-mediated food allergies—crustacean shellfish, dairy, peanut, tree nuts, fin fish, egg, wheat, soy, and sesame. Peanut is the leading food-related cause of fatal and near-fatal anaphylaxis in the US, followed by tree nuts and shellfish. The fatality rate from anaphylaxis due to food in the US is estimated to be 0.04 per million per year. Alpha-gal syndrome, which is associated with tick bites, is a rising cause of IgE-mediated food anaphylaxis. The seroprevalence of sensitization to alpha-gal ranges from 20% to 31% in the southeastern US. Self-injectable epinephrine is the first-line treatment for food-related anaphylaxis. The cornerstone of IgE-food allergy management is avoidance of the culprit food allergen. There are emerging immunotherapies to desensitize to one or more foods, with one current US Food and Drug Administration–approved oral immunotherapy product for treatment of peanut allergy.Conclusions and RelevanceIgE-mediated food allergies, including delayed IgE-mediated allergic responses to red meat in alpha-gal syndrome, are common in the US, and may cause anaphylaxis and rarely, death. IgE-mediated anaphylaxis to food requires prompt treatment with epinephrine injection. Both food-protein allergy and alpha-gal syndrome management require avoiding allergenic foods, whereas alpha-gal syndrome also requires avoiding tick bites.
AI‐EDGE: An NSF AI institute for future edge networks and distributed intelligence
Authors: Ju Peizhong , Li Chengzhang , Liang Yingbin , Shroff Ness 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis paper highlights the overall endeavors of the NSF AI Institute for Future Edge Networks and Distributed Intelligence (AI‐EDGE) to create a research, education, knowledge transfer, and workforce development environment for developing technological leadership in next‐generation edge networks (6G and beyond) and artificial intelligence (AI). The research objectives of AI‐EDGE are twofold: “AI for Networks” and “Networks for AI.” The former develops new foundational AI techniques to revolutionize technologies for next‐generation edge networks, while the latter develops advanced networking techniques to enhance distributed and interconnected AI capabilities at edge devices. These research investigations are conducted across eight symbiotic thrust areas that work together to address the main challenges towards those goals. Such a synergistic approach ensures a virtuous research cycle so that advances in one area will accelerate advances in the other, thereby paving the way for a new generation of networks that are not only intelligent but also efficient, secure, self‐healing, and capable of solving large‐scale distributed AI challenges. This paper also outlines the institute's endeavors in education and workforce development, as well as broadening participation and enforcing collaboration.
Physical scene understanding
Authors: Wu Jiajun 
Published: February 2024

AbstractCurrent AI systems still fail to match the flexibility, robustness, and generalizability of human intelligence: how even a young child can manipulate objects to achieve goals of their own invention or in cooperation, or can learn the essentials of a complex new task within minutes. We need AI with such embodied intelligence: transforming raw sensory inputs to rapidly build a rich understanding of the world for seeing, finding, and constructing things, achieving goals, and communicating with others. This problem of physical scene understanding is challenging because it requires a holistic interpretation of scenes, objects, and humans, including their geometry, physics, functionality, semantics, and modes of interaction, building upon studies across vision, learning, graphics, robotics, and AI. My research aims to address this problem by integrating bottom‐up recognition models, deep networks, and inference algorithms with top‐down structured graphical models, simulation engines, and probabilistic programs.
NIH Toolbox performance of persons with Parkinson's disease according to GBA1 and STN‐DBS status
Authors: Almelegy Ahmad , Gunda Srujanesh , Buyske Steven , Rosenbaum Marc , Sani Sepehr , Afshari Mitra , Metman Leo V. , Goetz Christopher G. , Hall Deborah , Mouradian M. Maral , Pal Gian 
Published: February 2024

AbstractObjectiveMutations in the glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) gene and subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN‐DBS) are independently associated with cognitive dysfunction in persons with Parkinson's disease (PwP). We hypothesized that PwP with both GBA1 mutations and STN‐DBS are at greater risk of cognitive dysfunction than PwP with only GBA1 mutations or STN‐DBS, or neither. In this study, we determined the pattern of cognitive dysfunction in PwP based on GBA1 mutation status and STN‐DBS treatment.MethodsPwP who are GBA1 mutation carriers with or without DBS (GBA1+DBS+, GBA1+DBS−), and noncarriers with or without DBS (GBA1−DBS+, GBA1−DBS−) were included. Using the NIH Toolbox, cross‐sectional differences in response inhibition, processing speed, and episodic memory were compared using analysis of variance with adjustment for relevant covariates.ResultsData were available for 9 GBA1+DBS+, 14 GBA1+DBS−, 17 GBA1−DBS+, and 26 GBA1−DBS− PwP. In this cross‐sectional study, after adjusting for covariates, we found that performance on the Flanker test (measure of response inhibition) was lower in GBA1+DBS+ PwP compared with GBA1−DBS+ PwP (P = 0.030).InterpretationPwP who carry GBA1 mutations and have STN‐DBS have greater impaired response inhibition compared with PwP with STN‐DBS but without GBA1 mutations. Longitudinal data, including preoperative scores, are required to definitively determine whether GBA1 mutation carriers respond differently to STN‐DBS, particularly in the domain of response inhibition.
When Mechanical Stress Matters: Generation of Polyploid Giant Cancer Cells in Tumor‐Like Microcapsules
Authors: Antonelli Yasmin , Krüger René , Buehler Adrian , Monavari Mahshid , Fuentes‐Chandía Miguel , Colombo Federico , Palmisano Ralf , Boßerhoff Anja K. , Kappelmann‐Fenzl Melanie , Schödel Johannes , Boccaccini Aldo R. , Selhuber‐Unkel Christine , Letort Gaelle , Leal‐Egaña Aldo 
Published: February 2024

AbstractBiofabrication techniques enable the performance of bioinspired three‐dimensional (3D) matrices resembling primary tumors. To validate their reliability, embedded cells may express complex biophysical responses. Among others, the emergence of tumor heterogeneity and the generation of Polyploid Giant Cancer Cells (PGCC), as a result of the mechanical stress, are two of the most challenging hallmarks to resemble in vitro. Here, these phenomena are studied in cells cultured on two‐dimensional (2D) flasks, in 3D spheroids, or immobilized within 3D polymer‐based tumor‐like microcapsules. These results show that cells cultured in 3D microcapsules exhibited an enhanced biomechanical heterogeneity, a higher number of PGCC, and an increased exertion of cell‐matrix attachment forces with respect to the other two experimental conditions. Additionally, cells isolated from tumor‐like microcapsules redistribute and align the cytoplasmatic protein Caveolin‐1, and upregulate markers involved in cell proliferation (i.e., Ki67), metastasis (i.e., TGF‐β1, TGF‐β‐R2), and epithelial to mesenchymal transition, to name a few. These hallmarks are barely described in the past as a result of the confinement and mechanical stress. Thus, in this work it is demonstrated that both the mechanical stress and confinement are required to stimulate cell polyploidy and biomechanical heterogeneity, which can be easily addressed by immobilizing breast cancer cells in tumor‐like microcapsules.
Defect Anchoring [S–Ni–P] Interfacial Channel Regulating Charge Migration for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Wang Cheng , Chen Wei , Sun Shengdong , Zhang Hui , Zhou Hang , Li Shikuo 
Published: February 2024

AbstractRegulating bulk charge carrier transfer and surface catalytic reaction kinetics is thought a big challenge to photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. Herein, the dual sites of CoNiP are delicately introduced into ZnIn2S4 (RZIS‐CoNiP) nanosheet arrays via a defect anchoring method. The paving [S─Ni─P] interfacial bond like a “bridge” can greatly reduce the phase resistance, improve the charge separation and migration, and promote the surface oxygen evolution reaction (OER) reaction. As expected, the optimized RZIS‐CoNiP photoanode achieved a maximum photocurrent density of 4.77 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) in neutral electrolyte solution without the presence of any sacrificial agents, which is ≈12 times higher than that of the pristine ZnIn2S4 under AM 1.5G illumination. And the amount of oxygen evolution for the RZIS‐CoNiP photoanode is as high as 21.9 µmol in 3 h. Transient spectroscopy measurements and density functional theory (DFT) calculations in situ discovered the mechanism of defect anchoring [S─Ni─P] bond on regulating charge transfer and surface reaction processes. This work provides a feasible anchoring interface route through defect engineering to regulate charge carrier transfer for PEC water splitting.
Defect Engineering in Nanocatalysts: From Design and Synthesis to Applications
Authors: Muhammad Pir , Zada Amir , Rashid Jamshaid , Hanif Sumaira , Gao Yanan , Li Chenchen , Li Yuanyuan , Fan Kelong , Wang Yanli 
Published: February 2024

AbstractDefect engineering is an emerging technology for tailoring nanomaterials' characteristics and catalytic performance in various applications. Recently, defect‐engineered nanoparticles have emerged as highly researched materials in catalytic applications because of their exceptional redox reaction capabilities and physicochemical and optical properties. The properties of nanomaterials can be readily adjusted by controlling the nature and concentration of defects within the nanoparticles, avoiding the need for intricate design strategies. This review investigates defect engineering in nanocatalysts, including the design, fabrication, and applications. Initially, the various categories and strategies of nanomaterial defects and their impacts on the nanocatalysts' electronic and surface properties, catalytic activity, selectivity, and stability are summarized. Then, the catalytic processes and their uses, including gas sensing, hydrogen (H2) evolutions, water splitting, reductions of carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen to value‐aided products, pollutant degradation, and biomedical (oncotherapy, antibacterial and wound healing, and biomolecular sensing) applications are discussed. Finally, the limitations in defect engineering and the prospective paths for allowing the logical design and optimization of nanocatalytic materials for long‐term and efficient applications are also examined. This comprehensive review gives unique insights into the current state of defect engineering in nanocatalysts and inspires future research on exploiting shortcomings to improve and customize catalytic performance.
IL‐37 Modulates Myocardial Calcium Handling via the p‐STAT3/SERCA2a Axis in HF‐Related Engineered Human Heart Tissue
Authors: Yin Dan , Liu Yong , Xue Bingqing , Ding Rui , Wang Gang , Xia Shutao , Zhang Donghui 
Published: February 2024

AbstractInterleukin‐37 (IL‐37) is a potent anti‐inflammatory cytokine belonging to the IL‐1 family. This study investigates the regulatory mechanism and reparative effects of IL‐37 on HF‐related human induced pluripotent stem cells derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC‐CMs) and engineered human heart tissue subjected to hypoxia and H2O2 treatment. The contractile force and Ca2+ conduction capacity of the tissue are assessed using a stretching platform and high‐resolution fluorescence imaging system. This investigation reveals that IL‐37 treatment significantly enhances cell viability, calcium transient levels, contractile force, and Ca2+ conduction capacity in HF‐related hiPSC‐CMs and engineered human heart tissue. Notably, IL‐37 facilitates the upregulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 2a (SERCA2a) through enhancing nuclear p‐STAT3 levels. This effect is mediated by the binding of p‐STAT3 to the SERCA2a promoter, providing a novel insight on the reparative potential of IL‐37 in HF. IL‐37 demonstrates its ability to enhance systolic function by modulating myocardial calcium handling via the p‐STAT3/SERCA2a axis in HF‐related engineered human heart tissue (as shown in schematic diagram).
Transformable Supramolecular Self‐Assembled Peptides for Cascade Self‐Enhanced Ferroptosis Primed Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Wang He , Jiao Di , Feng Dexiang , Liu Qian , Huang Yuhua , Hou Jianquan , Ding Dan , Zhang Weijie 
Published: February 2024

AbstractImmunotherapy has received widespread attention for its effective and long‐term tumor‐eliminating ability. However, for immunogenic “cold” tumors, such as prostate cancer (PCa), the low immunogenicity of the tumor itself is a serious obstacle to efficacy. Here, this work reports a strategy to enhance PCa immunogenicity by triggering cascade self‐enhanced ferroptosis in tumor cells, turning the tumor from “cold” to “hot”. This work develops a transformable self‐assembled peptide TEP‐FFG‐CRApY with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) responsiveness and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) protein targeting. TEP‐FFG‐CRApY self‐assembles into nanoparticles under aqueous conditions and transforms into nanofibers in response to ALP during endosome/lysosome uptake into tumor cells, promoting lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP). On the one hand, the released TEP‐FFG‐CRAY nanofibers target GPX4 and selectively degrade the GPX4 protein under the light irradiation, inducing ferroptosis; on the other hand, the large amount of leaked Fe2+ further cascade to amplify the ferroptosis through the Fenton reaction. TEP‐FFG‐CRApY‐induced immunogenic ferroptosis improves tumor cell immunogenicity by promoting the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) and increasing intratumor T‐cell infiltration. More importantly, recovered T cells further enhance ferroptosis by secreting large amounts of interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ). This work provides a novel strategy for the molecular design of synergistic molecularly targeted therapy for immunogenic “cold” tumors.
Bearing Fault Diagnosis based on Convolution Neural Network with Logistic Chaotic Map
Authors: Zhang Fangfang , Chen Luobing , Dai Yiyang , Kou Lei , Ji Peng , Liu Yuanhong 
Published: February 2024

AbstractBearing is the most basic component of motor, and prone to failure. Bearing fault diagnosis is paramount for improving the reliability and safety in motor‐drive systems. Therefore, convolutional neural network (CNN) is proposed with Logistic chaotic map and its corresponding fault diagnosis approach, which can effectively advance the accuracy of bearing fault diagnosis. Specifically, the Logistic chaotic map and Sigmoid function are combined into a non‐monotonic excitation function, which is employed to the full connection layer of the CNN. The proposed chaotic CNN can solve two issues that the conventional neural network inclines to get the local minimum value and the gradient of Sigmoid excitation function disappears. It is applied to fault data from the center of Western Reserve University and from the American Society for Mechanical Failure Prevention technology (in noiseless and noisy conditions). The results indicate the diagnosis accuracy of the algorithm outperforms other classical bearing diagnosis algorithms. Moreover, the chaotic CNN exhibits better anti‐noise performance.
DNALI1 Promotes Neurodegeneration after Traumatic Brain Injury via Inhibition of Autophagosome‐Lysosome Fusion
Authors: Ding Xulong , Cao Shuqiang , Wang Qing , Du Bin , Lu Kefeng , Qi Shiqian , Cheng Ying , Tuo Qing‐zhang , Liang Weibo , Lei Peng 
Published: February 2024

AbstractTraumatic brain injury (TBI) leads to progressive neurodegeneration that may be caused by chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). However, the precise mechanism remains unclear. Herein, the study identifies a crucial protein, axonemal dynein light intermediate polypeptide 1 (DNALI1), and elucidated its potential pathogenic role in post‐TBI neurodegeneration. The DNALI1 gene is systematically screened through analyses of Aging, Dementia, and TBI studies, confirming its elevated expression both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, it is observed that altered DNALI1 expression under normal conditions has no discernible effect. However, upon overexpression, DNALI1 inhibits autophagosome‐lysosome fusion, reduces autophagic flux, and exacerbates cell death under pathological conditions. DNALI1 silencing significantly enhances autophagic flux and alleviates neurodegeneration in a CTE model. These findings highlight DNALI1 as a potential key target for preventing TBI‐related neurodegeneration.
Understanding clerkship experiences in emergency medicine and their potential influence on specialty selection: A qualitative study
Authors: Diaz Rosemarie , Balgord Sarah , Klekowski Nicole , Farthing Alexandra S. , Escolero Sylvia Guadalupe , DeCloux Korynne , Burkhardt John C. , Haggins Adrianne N. , Hopson Laura R. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractObjectivesThe specialty of emergency medicine (EM) is experiencing a significant decrease in student interest. In addition, women are historically underrepresented within the specialty at all levels of training and practice. We sought to understand how clinical experiences and perceptions of EM influence specialty selection by medical students, particularly women.MethodsUsing a constructivist grounded theory approach, we analyzed semistructured interviews with senior medical students who considered EM as a specialty. We used purposive sampling to recruit from diverse learning environments and represent a variety of experiences. Participants reflected on their specialty selection process and experiences in EM including their perceived acceptance in the work environment.ResultsTwenty‐five medical students from 11 geographically diverse schools participated. A total of 68% (17/25) identified as women. The majority (21/25, 84%) planned on applying to EM residency. We identified four major themes: (1) distressing interpersonal interactions with patients and the ED care team negatively affect students; (2) EM culture includes behaviors that are perceived as exclusionary; (3) beliefs about the attributes of an ideal EM physician and the specialty itself have a gendered nature; and (4) ease of access to mentors, representation, and early exposure to EM environment increased interest in specialty.ConclusionsOur participants express that EM causes challenges for students to accept the norms of behavior in the field, which is an essential element in joining a group and professional identity formation. In addition, we raise concern that gendered perceptions and language may send exclusionary environmental cues that may negatively impact recruitment of a diverse physician workforce.