bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical Evaluation of Color Doppler Imaging for the Differential Diagnosis of Thyroid Follicular Lesions
Authors: Fukunari Nobuhiro , Nagahama Mitsuji , Sugino Kiminori , Mimura Takashi , Ito Koichi , Ito Kunihiko 
Published: November 2004

AbstractUltrasonography (US) of the thyroid gland has recently proved to be a useful clinical diagnostic method, and the newly developed high‐resolution US with a color Doppler flow mapping function can reveal fine details of the thyroid gland and the hemodynamic features of a thyroid neoplasm. US can yield a diagnostic accuracy of more than 90% for thyroid carcinoma, especially papillary carcinoma. However, neither conventional B‐mode US imaging nor aspiration biopsy cytology has delivered satisfactory results for follicular carcinoma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical usefulness of color Doppler imaging for the differential diagnosis of thyroid follicular lesions. A color Doppler scan was performed in 310 patients with a solitary cold nodule, and a combination of B‐mode US and color Doppler findings, including tumor vascularity and results of a fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis were used to create the following diagnostic grading system for differential diagnosis of follicular lesions: grade 1, benign follicular lesion [no color flow mapping (CFM) inside the nodule]; grade 2, benign peripheral type [CFM only in peripheral area, pulsatility index (PI) < 1.0]; grade 3, suspected follicular carcinoma (penetrating CFM, vascularity moderate); grade 4, follicular carcinoma (high‐velocity penetrating CFM, PI = 1.0). All patients were subjected to surgical resection, and histologic examination was used to confirm the diagnosis. The grades of the177 adenomatous nodules were as follows: grade 1, 46.9%; grade 2, 48.0%; grade 3, 5.1%; grade 4, 0%. The corresponding percentages for the 89 follicular adenomas were 16.9%, 49.4%, 30.3%, and 3.4%; and for the 44 follicular carcinomas they were 0%, 13.6%, 45.5%, and 40.9%. On the assumption that grade 1 and 2 lesions are benign and grade 3 and 4 lesions are malignant, 38 of the 44 follicular carcinomas and 227 of the 266 benign tumors had been accurately diagnosed, yielding a sensitivity of 88.9%, a specificity of 74.2%, and an accuracy of 81.0% for the grading system. Color Doppler imaging of 310 follicular tumors has revealed that high‐velocity pulsatile blood flow penetrating the tumor is a characteristic finding of follicular carcinoma and is a new diagnostic criterion for performing color Doppler imaging. The differential diagnostic grading scores for color Doppler examinations and the results of FFT analysis demonstrate that US with the color Doppler function can play an important role in the differential diagnosis of thyroid tumors.
Current Strategies for Surgical Management and Adjuvant Treatment of Childhood Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Thompson Geoffrey B. , Hay Ian D. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractChildhood papillary thyroid carcinoma is associated with more locally aggressive and more frequent distant disease than its adult counterpart. Recurrence rates tend to be higher in children, but cause‐specific mortality remains low. Optimal initial treatment of childhood papillary thyroid carcinoma should include total or near‐total thyroidectomy and central compartment node clearance. Modified neck dissections should be performed for biopsy‐proven lateral neck disease. Every effort should be made to maintain parathyroid and laryngeal nerve function. Radical neck dissections are to be avoided. Radioiodine remnant ablation (RRA), appropriate thyroid hormone suppressive therapy (THST), and judicious use of therapeutic doses of 131I are applied to achieve a disease‐free status, which is most often confirmed by negative neck ultrasonography, negative whole‐body scan (either withdrawal or recombinant human thyroid‐stimulating hormone‐stimulated), and extremely low levels of serum thyroglobulin. Appropriate utilization of 131I, THST, repeat surgery, external beam radiotherapy, and rarely chemotherapy may provide long‐term palliation and some cures in patients with recurrent/persistent disease. Follow‐up should be lifelong, and the care of children after age 17 should subsequently be transferred to adult‐care endocrinologists with expertise in managing thyroid neoplasia. Optimal surgical management can be achieved if adequate operations are routinely carried out by “high‐volume” thyroid surgeons with expertise in the care of children. Nowhere is a multidisciplinary approach (endocrinologists, surgeons, nuclear medicine physicians, pediatricians, pathologists, oncologists) more critical than in the long‐term management of papillary thyroid carcinoma that presents during childhood.
Surgery of Resectable Nonfunctioning Neuroendocrine Pancreatic Tumors
Authors: Dralle Henning , Krohn Sabine L. , Karges Wolfram , Boehm Bernhard O. , Brauckhoff Michael , Gimm Oliver 
Published: November 2004

AbstractNonfunctioning neuroendocrine pancreatic tumors (NFNEPTs) comprise about one‐third of pancreatic endocrine tumors. Based on immunohistochemistry, nonfunctioning tumors are difficult to distinguish from functioning ones; therefore the final diagnosis is basically the result of a synopsis of pathology and clinical data. Owing to their incapacity to produce hormone‐dependent symptoms, NFNEPTs are detected incidentally or because of uncharacteristic symptoms resulting from local or distant growth. About two‐thirds of NFNEPTs are located in the pancreatic head, so jaundice may be a late symptom of this tumor. Modern diagnostic procedures are best applied by a stepwise approach: first endoscopic ultrasonography and computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging followed by somatostatin receptor scintigraphy or positron emission tomography (or both). Due to significant false‐positive and false‐negative findings, for decision‐making the latter should be confirmed by a second imaging modality. Regarding indications for surgery and the surgical approach to the pancreas, three pancreatic manifestations of NFNEPTs can be distinguished: (1) solitary benign non‐multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (non‐MEN‐1); (2) multiple benign MEN‐1; and (3) malignant NFNEPTs. Reviewing the literature and including our experience with 18 NFNEPTs (8 benign, 10 malignant) reported here, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) Solitary benign non‐MEN‐1 NFNEPTs can be removed by enucleation or by pancreas‐, spleen‐, and duodenum‐preserving techniques in most cases. The choice of surgical technique depends on the location and site of the tumor and its anatomic relation to the pancreatic duct. (2) With multiple benign MEN‐1 NFNEPTs, because of the characteristics of the underlying disease a preferred, more conservative concept (removal of only macrolesions) competes with a more radical procedure (left pancreatic resection with enucleation of head macrolesions). Further studies are necessary to clarify the best way to balance quality of life (by preserving organ function) with growth control of potentially malignant tumors in the pancreas. (3) Malignant NFNEPTs comprise more than half of all NFNEPTs. Few studies have analyzed treatment strategies for localized or metastatic tumors. Whereas radical (including multivisceral) resection of tumors without distant metastases is widely accepted, the indication for radical surgery on metastasizing tumors has been questioned, as radical removal of the primary tumor may fail to increase survival. Adjuvant regimens in these tumor stages are mandatory and should be further optimized.
Novelties of conception in insectivorous mammals (Lipotyphla), particularly shrews
Authors: Bedford J. Michael , Mock Orin B. , Goodman Steven M. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTIn the order Lipotyphla (Insectivora), certain reproductive features differ quite distinctly from the eutherian norms, and are of interest with regard to the evolution of mammalian gamete function and perhaps for questions of lipotyphlan phylogeny. As seen in one or more members of five lipotyphlan families (shrews, moles, hedgehogs, golden moles, tenrecs), these features can involve the configuration of the male tract including the penis, the morphology of the sperm head, the anatomy of the oviduct and the patterns of sperm transport within it, the character of the cumulus oophorus, and the way in which fertilising spermatozoa interact with the eggs. However, the picture is by no means uniform within the order. Reproductive idiosyncrasies occur variously in the different lipotyphlan families, and appear consistently and strikingly in shrews ‐ the group studied most extensively. Compared to the patterns in most Eutheria, the most interesting anomalies in soricids include (a) the regulation of sperm transport to the site of fertilisation by oviduct crypts, whose arrangement can vary even according to species, (b) a circumscribed matrix‐free cumulus oophorus that appears essential for fertilisation as the inducer of the acrosome reaction, (c) barbs on the acrosome‐reacted sperm head by which it may attach to the zona pellucida.With regard to the bearing such reproductive traits might have on lipotyphlan systematics, the African mouse shrew (Myosorex varius) displays a mix of traits that characterize either crocidurine or soricine shrews, consistent with the proposal that it belongs in a more primitive tribe, Myosoricinae, or subfamily, the Crocidosoricinae, from which the crocidurine and soricine lines probably evolved. Moreover, although elephant shrews are assigned now to a separate order (Macroscelidea), they display several of the unusual reproductive features seen in lipotyphlans, particularly in chrysochlorids and tenrecs. On the other hand, if used as a phylogenetic yardstick, none of the reproductive features described serves to define the Lipotyphla as classically constituted within one order, nor necessarily all the relationships suggested by recent sequencing studies of nuclear and mitochondrial genes.
Proliferative activity in human glioblastomas assessed by various techniques
Authors: TORP SVERRE HELGE , GRANLI UNN SOPHIE 
Published: November 2004

Determination of proliferative activity in tumours may be valuable in diagnosis and prognosis. In this study, commonly used proliferation markers were investigated and compared in 12 cases of human glioblastoma. Paraffin sections were incubated with four commercial Ki67‐equivalent antibodies, anti‐PCNA, and anti‐bcl‐2. S‐phase fraction and mitotic activity were determined as well.The different Ki67 antibodies gave satisfactory immunostainings, though they provided a wide range of proliferation indices (PI) intra‐ and intertumorally. Correlations between the Ki67 antibodies and the other proliferation markers were, broadly speaking, poor. PCNA immunostaining was hampered by disturbing background staining. Few bcl‐2‐immunoreactive cells were observed, mainly gemistocytes. Flow cytometric analyses provided reliable S‐phase fraction values, and two aneuploid tumours were detected. The mitotic activity was generally high. Thus, mitotic counting remains a convenient method for assessing proliferative activity in astrocytic tumours. Ki67 antibodies are important alternatives, for instance in stereotactic brain biopsies. Under all circumstances, proliferation markers should be used in combination with established histopathological criteria for malignancy in these tumours.
In vivo selection for Leishmania donovani miniexon genes that increase virulence in Leishmania major†
Authors: Zhang Wen‐Wei , Matlashewski Greg 
Published: November 2004

SummaryDifferent species of Leishmania are responsible for the diverse pathologies associated with leishmaniasis including Leishmania donovani which results in fatal visceral infection and Leishmania major which causes non‐fatal cutaneous infection. In an attempt to identify genotypic differences between these related Old World Leishmania species which contribute to their distinct phenotypic characteristics, we have introduced a L. donovani cosmid library into L. major to select for L. donovani sequences which may increase L. major virulence in BALB/c mice. Through this approach, we have identified a region of the L. donovani genome which increased virulence in both visceral and cutaneous sites and was divergent from the corresponding region of the L. major genome. When these L. donovani sequences were reintroduced into L. major, they enhanced the overall virulence of L. major, increasing its ability to survive in both visceral and cutaneous sites. The region responsible for increased infection levels was determined to be the miniexon gene array derived from chromosome 36 of L. donovani. Pulse field electrophoresis revealed that L. donovani contained miniexon gene sequences in several chromosome locations as opposed to L. major which contains miniexon gene sequences only in chromosome 2. Because of the requirement for miniexon‐derived transcripts in maturation of pre‐mRNAs in trypanosomatids, this observation suggests that the increased expression of miniexon genes is associated with increased virulence. As the genome sequence for Leishmania becomes available, the in vivo selection procedure described within will be useful to identify additional species‐specific sequences responsible for different pathogenic phenotypes associated with Leishmania infection.
The target cell plasma membrane is a critical interface for Salmonella cell entry effector–host interplay
Authors: Cain Robert J. , Hayward Richard D. , Koronakis Vassilis 
Published: November 2004

Summary Salmonella species trigger host membrane ruffling to force their internalization into non‐phagocytic intestinal epithelial cells. This requires bacterial effector protein delivery into the target cell via a type III secretion system. Six translocated effectors manipulate cellular actin dynamics, but how their direct and indirect activities are spatially and temporally co‐ordinated to promote productive cytoskeletal rearrangements remains essentially unexplored. To gain further insight into this process, we applied mechanical cell fractionation and immunofluorescence microscopy to systematically investigate the subcellular localization of epitope‐tagged effectors in transiently transfected and Salmonella‐infected cultured cells. Although five effectors contain no apparent membrane‐targeting domains, all six localized exclusively in the target cell plasma membrane fraction and correspondingly were visualized at the cell periphery, from where they induced distinct effects on the actin cytoskeleton. Unexpectedly, no translocated effector pool was detectable in the cell cytosol. Using parallel in vitro assays, we demonstrate that the prenylated cellular GTPase Cdc42 is necessary and sufficient for membrane association of the Salmonella GTP exchange factor and GTPase‐activating protein mimics SopE and SptP, which have no intrinsic lipid affinity. The data show that the host plasma membrane is a critical interface for effector–target interaction, and establish versatile systems to further dissect effector interplay.
Involvement of a novel transcriptional activator and small RNA in post‐transcriptional regulation of the glucose phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system
Authors: Vanderpool Carin K. , Gottesman Susan 
Published: November 2004

SummaryRyaA is a small non‐coding RNA in Escherichia coli that was identified by its ability to bind tightly to the RNA chaperone Hfq. This study reports the role of RyaA in mediating the cellular response to glucose‐specific phosphoenolypyruvate phosphotransferase system (PTS)‐dependent phosphosugar stress. Aiba and co‐workers have shown that a block in the metabolism of glucose 6‐phosphate causes transient growth inhibition and post‐transcriptional regulation of ptsG, encoding the glucose‐specific PTS transporter. We found that RyaA synthesis was induced by a non‐metabolizable glucose phosphate analogue and was necessary for relief of the toxicity of glucose phosphate stress. Expression of RyaA was sufficient to cause a rapid loss of ptsG mRNA, probably reflecting degradation of the message mediated by RyaA:ptsG pairing. The ryaA gene was renamed sgrS, for sugar transport‐related sRNA. Expression of sgrS is regulated by a novel transcriptional activator, SgrR (formerly YabN), which has a putative DNA‐binding domain and a solute‐binding domain similar to those found in certain transport proteins. Our results suggest that under conditions of glucose phosphate accumulation, SgrR activates SgrS synthesis, causing degradation of ptsG mRNA. Decreased ptsG mRNA results in decreased production of glucose transport machinery, thus limiting further accumulation of glucose phosphate.
Verticillium longisporum and Fusarium solani: two new species in the complex of internal discoloration of horseradish roots
Authors: Babadoost M. , Chen W. , Bratsch A. D. , Eastman C. E. 
Published: November 2004

This study was conducted to determine the causal agent(s) of internal discoloration of horseradish roots. In 1999, 133 roots from 31 fields, and in 2000, 108 roots from nine fields, were assayed to determine the incidence and severity of internal discoloration of horseradish roots as well as the pathogen(s) associated with discoloured tissue. Verticillium dahliae, Verticillium longisporum and Fusarium solani were isolated from 14, 16 and 23% of roots in 1999, and from 24, 20 and 19% of roots in 2000, respectively. Verticillium longisporum on horseradish was identified for the first time. Pathogenicity tests of isolated microorganisms were conducted on horseradish in the glasshouse. In one experiment on the susceptible cultivar 1573, roots (sets) were inoculated by dipping the sets in a suspension of either V. dahliae microsclerotia, V. longisporum microsclerotia, or F. solani conidia and then grown in a soil mix over 5 months. Plants inoculated with any of the three species developed root discoloration similar to that observed in commercial fields. Internal root discoloration symptoms developed over a period of 5 months. For all three pathogens, severity of root discoloration was significantly higher after 5 months compared with 2 months from inoculation. In another experiment on cultivar 1590, tissue culture‐generated seedlings and sets were planted in an infested soil mix with V. dahliae or V. longisporum and grown in the glasshouse. Plants developed root discoloration, as observed in the field. The pathogens were reisolated from inoculated plants in both experiments. No pathogen was isolated from the control plants in the experiments. The results of this study suggest that internal discoloration of horseradish roots is a disease complex caused by at least three fungal species.
E–W opening of the Algerian Basin (Western Mediterranean)
Authors: Mauffret A. , Frizon de Lamotte D. , Lallemant S. , Gorini C. , Maillard A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe present geophysical and geological evidence of fast (2 cm yr−1in the east and 5 cm yr−1in the west) E–W spreading between 16 and 8 Ma in the region behind the Gibraltar Arc in the Algerian Basin.
Palaeomagnetic constraints on the geodynamic evolution of the Gibraltar Arc
Authors: Krijgsman Wout , Garcés Miguel 
Published: November 2004

AbstractSubduction zone roll‐back was recently put forward as a convincing model to explain the geometry and evolution of the Gibraltar Arc. For other subduction‐related arc systems of the Mediterranean, such as the Calabrian Arc and the Hellenic Arc, palaeomagnetic rotation data from Neogene extensional basins provided important constraints on geodynamic evolution models. Here, we present the results of a palaeomagnetic study of 13 continuous sections that are located in E–W transects across the Neogene sedimentary basins of Morocco and Spain. They provide evidence that no significant rotation about vertical axes has occurred in the Gibraltar Arc since the late Tortonian. Comparison with other Mediterranean arc systems shows strong similarities as regards geodynamic evolution. The timing of rotation in the Gibraltar Arc is markedly older than in the Calabrian and Hellenic arcs, and suggests that it is related to the first Neogene extensional phase of the western Mediterranean in which the Algerian–Provençal Basin opened.
Geometry and kinematics of recent deformation in the Mondy–Tunka area (south‐westernmost Baikal rift zone, Mongolia–Siberia)
Authors: Arjannikova A. , Larroque C. , Ritz J. ‐F. , Déverchère J. , Stéphan J. F. , Arjannikov S. , San'kov V. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe used satellite imagery and field data to investigate the south‐westernmost Baikal rift zone. We focus our study in the Mondy and Ikhe Ukhgun valleys, site of an Mw = 6.9 seismic event in 1950. Surface deformations are observed along the E–W‐trending Mondy strike‐slip fault and along the Ikhe Ukhgun thrust. The Mondy fault system is 80 km long and is composed of four segments 10–15 km long. These segments are characterized by subvertical planes with left‐lateral movements. The Ikhe Ukhgun thrust is 20 km long, dips 40° to the south and shows reverse movement with a left‐lateral component. These observations are consistent with the present‐day regional NNE–SSW compression and with the focal mechanism of the 1950 Mondy earthquake that was recently re‐evaluated. These features, like those observed in the Tunka basin, demonstrate a recent change of regional strain regime from transtension to transpression that we place before the Late Pleistocene.
Radiographic examination of the mandibular (glenoid) fossa in ancient and modern man
Authors: Tanaka T , Morimoto Y , Tanaka Y , Kobayashi S , Okumura Y , Kito S , Okabe S , Ohba T 
Published: November 2004

Objective:  To compare the morphology of the mandibular (glenoid) fossa between ancient and modern Japanese.Methods:  There were 221 specimens from the ancient period and 206 specimens from the modern period. Radiographs of the mandibular fossa were obtained using a modified Schüller technique and were studied. The length, depth, and area of the mandibular fossa and angulation of the frontal slope of the mandibular fossa on the radiographs were automatically computed. In addition, morphological changes of the mandibular fossa in the ancient or modern periods on radiographs were evaluated in order to assess tendency of temporomandibular joint disorder (TMD).Result:  The ratio of mandibular fossa having morphological alternation in the modern period was greater than that in the Yayoi. Differences in the length and area between the right and left sides became progressively larger from the Yayoi to modern periods. The angulation of the anterior slope of the mandibular fossa in the modern period was smaller than that in other periods.Conclusion:  The morphology of the mandibular fossa was shown to have changed and asymmetry has increased from the Yayoi to modern periods. It can be speculated that this change in morphology of the mandibular fossa in the modern period is the result of an increase of TMD.