bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct Object Ellipsis with a Like Antecedent
Authors: Mcshane Marjorie J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The process of determining how different factors affect ellipsis involves holding certain factors stable while changing others, and seeking differences in ellipsis potential in minimal pairs. In this chapter, the control factors for studying object ellipsis in Russian are as follows: the potentially elided categories are direct objects with basic configurational (not quirky, lexical) case marking, which is ACC for Russian; all antecedents are, likewise, direct objects with configurational ACC case marking; and all antecedents are located in the clause that directly precedes the ellipsis clause, making them unquestionably syntactically accessible.
Direct Object Ellipsis with a Nominative Antecedent
Authors: Mcshane Marjorie J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the last chapter showed, direct objects are readily elided when there is an accessible syntactic antecedent that is also a direct object. When the antecedent is syn tactically accessible but not a direct object, DO-ellipsis potential is significantly restricted but not ruled out altogether. This chapter discusses what factors play a role in determining DO-ellipsis potential when the antecedent is overt in the immediately preceding context but is case-marked Nominative (NOM).
Direct Object Ellipsis with an Oblique Antecedent
Authors: Mcshane Marjorie J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In configurations in which the potentially elided direct object has a syntactically accessible antecedent with oblique case marking, ellipsis potential is subject to significant restrictions but is not ruled out, just as with the NOM antecedents discussed in chapter 4. Oblique antecedents for Russian include complements of verbs with GEN, DAT, or INSTR case marking and complements of prepositions with GEN, DAT, INSTR, PREP, or ACC case marking. Although it is terminologically inexact to consider ACC complements of prepositions oblique, I will do so in order to avoid the cumbersomeness of a more precise formulation, like “oblique objects and ACC complements of prepositions.” The idea is that ACC complements of prepositions differ in structural position and behavior from ACC complements of verbs, putting them into the category that I am loosely calling oblique.
Elided Lexically Case-Marked Objects
Authors: Mcshane Marjorie J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lexical (quirky) case marking is semantically vacuous, oblique case marking assigned to an object by the category that selects it. Objects assigned lexical case marking have an important property in common with objects that bear configurational case marking: they express objects directly affected by the verbal action. The question is, do they have the same ellipsis potential as configurationally case-marked direct objects? This chapter explores the ellipsis potential of lexically case-marked objects of verbs, which can have GEN, INSTR, and DAT case marking.
Unexpressed Objects That Do Not or May Not Represent Syntactic Ellipsis
Authors: Mcshane Marjorie J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Syntactic ellipsis-that is, the non-expression of a syntactically obligatory category with a contextually determined referent-is only one of several sources of unexpressed objects. Others include:The Nonselection of Optional Objects. Some verbs, like sing, are optionally transitive, meaning that they may or may not select an object. Nonselection occurs in sentences like The girl on the balcony is singing.
Fascioscapulohumeral (FSH) muscular dystrophy
Authors: Crum Dr. Brian A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Genetic studies revealed a deletion on chromosome 4q consistent with FSH muscular dystrophy. FSH muscular dystrophy is an autosomal dominant hereditary myopathy caused by deletion of a subtelomeric portion of chromosome band 4q35. The gene product has not been identified, although it is believed that this deletion leads to abnormal expression of another unknown gene or genes. Approximately 25% to 30% of cases are sporadic. The prevalence of the disorder is estimated at 1:20,000. Onset typically occurs by the teenage years, although onset has been reported in patients as old as 75 years. The severity and progression of FSH muscular dystrophy vary widely, but about 20% of patients eventually require wheelchair assistance. The disease may have prolonged periods of stabilization or even complete arrest. Life span is not significantly shortened.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-dementia complex
Authors: Caselli Dr. Richard J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dementia within the context of ALS is unusual, but in most cases it is the frontotemporal dementia (FTD) type. This case was even more unusual in that the dementia was a rapidly progressive aphasic variety and was the first example of this type described. Neuropathologic study at autopsy demonstrated widespread cortical gliosis, with loss of neurons and anterior horn cells but relative preservation of the hypoglossal nucleus. The relative sparing of the hypoglossal nucleus suggests that the anarthria was due to upper motor neuron involvement rather than lower motor neuron involvement (which would be more common).
AL amyloidosis (λ type) with autonomic neuropathy
Authors: Klein Dr. Christopher J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A sural nerve biopsy specimen demonstrated decreased fiber density, with acellular thickened microvessels that were apple-green birefringent under polarized light when stained with Congo red (Figure). A bone marrow biopsy demonstrated a λ B-cell dyscrasia and amyloid fibril staining specific for (λ amyloid. DNA sequencing of the entire expressed region of transthyretin gene (TTR) was normal. The causes of autonomic polyneuropathy are diverse and can be divided broadly into inherited and acquired forms. Because of the patient’s insidious course, with prominent gastrointestinal symptoms, weight loss, and superimposed painful length-dependent polyneuropathy, systemic amyloidosis was the major consideration. The negative amyloid fat aspirate did not dissuade us from considering this diagnosis. Paraneoplastic autonomic neuropathies may also be associated with weight loss, but they commonly occur subacutely and are typically without length-dependent features. The extent of the patient’s sensory and motor involvement would also make idiopathic autonomic failure or pure autonomic failure an unlikely diagnosis. Diabetes may present with this constellation of symptoms, signs, and temporal course but would be unusual without retinopathy, nephropathy, or abnormal glycosylated hemoglobin values.
Chronic infantile neurologic cutaneous and articular/neonatal-onset multisystem inflammatory disease (CINCA/NOMID)
Authors: Kuntz Dr. Nancy L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The patient was referred for evaluation of recurrent aseptic meningitis. Careful review of her clinical course demonstrated that she had chronic meningitis associated with polymorphonuclear cell infiltration, no identifiable organism on repeated culture studies and immunocytochemistry of the CSF, and multisystem involvement. Repeated bacterial, fungal, and viral cultures of the CSF and polymerase chain reaction of the CSF for multiple organisms, including cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, herpes simplex virus, varicella-zoster virus, and enterovirus, had not been revealing. Multisystem involvement included chronic intermittent rashes, which appeared initially in the newborn nursery; sensorineural deafness noted at age 6 years; arthralgias, with a history of arthritis in her hands at age 7 years; and global developmental delays.
Evolutionary Developmental Biology of the Heart
Authors: Kirby Margaret Loewy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The evolution of multicellularity and complex body plans in metazoans was accompanied by the simultaneous development of a cardiovascular system to serve cellular nutrition, gas–fluid–ion exchange, and general physiological homeostasis (Opitz and Clark, 2000). Circulatory systems are a requirement for increasing body size. Small creatures obtain nourishment and eliminate waste by diffusion, but as body size increases, circulation is needed for these functions. Because the circulatory system is composed of soft tissue, it is unlikely that we will ever have direct evidence of heart development from the fossil record. Nevertheless, when enough similarities accumulate between even vastly divergent organisms and morphology of the “heart,” it is possible to speculate whether the heart arose only once in evolutionary history or multiple times as in the case of photosensitive cells (Gerhart and Kirschner, 1997). Evolutionary developmental biology is focused on discovering how genes and epigenetic factors coordinate development to produce phenotypes. A central concept emerging from comparative studies of developmental genes and their interactions is that genes have been co-opted for different functional roles as evolution proceeds.
Between Harrisburg and Hiroshima
Authors: Hockenos Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With a mandate to reform and liberalize, the Social Democrats put the Adenauer era and two decades of conservative rule definitively behind the Federal Republic. “We haven’t arrived at the end of our democracy, we’re just getting started,”Willy Brandt announced with pomp to the Bundestag upon his 1969 inauguration.1 He replaced Adenauer’s slogan “No Experiments” with his own: “No Fear of Experiments!”2 The Brandt government ushered in the new era with a flurry of domestic reforms and obsessive restructuring. New legislation in the domains of voting rights, the environment, labor law, social policy, the tax code, and civil liberties breathed fresh life into the body politic. Funding for education was doubled, which dramatically facilitated the access of lower income groups to higher education. Between 1970 and 1975, federal outlays for social and welfare policies increased by more than a third.3 Also, in an act of extending the olive branch to the post-student movement left, the new government declared a general amnesty for extra-parliamentary activists who had run afoul of minor laws, such as trespassing.
German Questions
Authors: Hockenos Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early 1990s, neither within the Social Democrats nor the Greens had there been talk of a Greens-held foreign ministry, should a red—green coalition in fact come to power. The Greenś priority was the environment ministry, ideally one fortified with broad competencies in other prime areas of Greens concern, including transportation, consumer protection, and energy. The Social Democrats swore to strategic allies that, in the event of a red–green government, the anti-NATO environmentalists wouldn’t get close to the precious Auswärtiges Amt (foreign ministry). In official trips to Washington, the Greenś foreign affairs spokesman Helmut Lippelt calmed U.S. policymakers: “I’d go through Congress or to the State Department and say that it is very, very clear to us that we are just a little pacifist party and that we won—t have any influence on the coalition’s foreign policy.We’ll never have the foreign or defense ministry portfolios, I’d say.We won’t rock the boat.”
Fashioning a Better World
Authors: McMillen Sally G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From childhood, Lucretia Mott absorbed the ideals of human equality. ‘‘Among Quakers there had never been any talk of woman’s rights—it was simply human rights,’’ she observed.1 Throughout most of her adult life, this demure but determined activist fought against injustice. A principal organizer and the most famous participant at the Seneca Falls Convention, she was one of the first women to speak out publicly on the causes of antislavery and women’s rights. Like thousands of Americans during the antebellum period, her commitment and actions were part of a larger movement to reform and improve the nation.
Friction and Reunification, 1870–1890
Authors: McMillen Sally G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In January 1874, George Andrews, tax collector of Glastonbury, Connecticut, seized seven of the eight cows belonging to lifetime residents Julia and Abby Smith, for failing to pay their taxes. The Smith sisters refused to let this act go without a fight, and they undertook a campaign to challenge this injustice and gain public sympathy. The sisters had a strong grounding in protest and reform. Their principled father, a former minister, had studied law and served as justice of the peace. The Smith offspring were well educated; Julia taught briefly at Troy Female Seminary.
Regime Uncertainty: Why the Great Depression Lasted So Long and Why Prosperity Resumed after the War
Authors: Higgs Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Great Depression is one of the most studied topics in American economic history, and one about which scholars remain in serious disagreement. Perhaps the topic is too big, and its study would be more fruitful if it were broken down into subtopics. Thus, one might consider separately the causes of the Great Contraction, the unparalleled macroeconomic collapse between 1929 and 1933; the Great Duration, the twelve successive years during which the economy operated substantially below its capacity to produce; and the Great Escape, generally understood to have been brought about, directly or indirectly, by American participation in World War IL The Great Contraction has received the most attention, and its investigators show no signs of reaching a consensus. The Great Duration has received somewhat less study, though still a good deal, and the range of views among students of this aspect of the Great Depression is perhaps slightly narrower. Regarding the Great Escape, until recently, there seemed to be hardly any disagreement.
Wartime Prosperity? A Reassessment of the U.S. Economy in the 1940s
Authors: Higgs Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since World War II, historians and economists, almost without exception, have misinterpreted the performance of the U.S. economy in the 1940s. The reigning view has two aspects: one pertaining to the conceptualization and measurement of the economy’s performance, the other pertaining to the explanation of that performance in macroeconomic theory. The two are encapsulated in the title of a chapter in a leading textbook: “War Prosperity: The Keynesian Message Illustrated” (Hughes, 1990, p. 493). I shall challenge the consensus view. The accepted profile of the economy’s performance during the 1940s, peak prosperity from 1943 to 1945, followed by much worse performance from 1946 to 1949, is indefensible as a description of economic well-being. Further, the most widely accepted explanation of the events of the war years cannot withstand critical scrutiny. The prevailing misinterpretations of economic performance during the 1940s have arisen because historians and economists have failed to appreciate that the wartime economy, a command economy, cannot be readily compared with either the prewar or the postwar economy.
Hard Coals Make Bad Law: Congressional Parochialism versus National Defense
Authors: Higgs Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The U.S. national defense program is very expensive and notoriously plagued by waste, fraud, and mismanagement. Members of Congress, whose duty it is to oversee the program, often complain about it and take various actions, ostensibly to repair its flaws. Unfortunately, as Representative James Courter (R-N.J.) has said, “Congress is not the answer to waste. Congress is the problem.” Economist Herbert Stein, a member of the Packard Commission, has observed that major defense problems “are compounded when the decisions move to Congress.” The root of congressional misfeasance, says Stein, is that “hardly anyone [in Congress] feels a primary responsibility for the defense program as the safeguard of our national security. Too many are able to look upon the defense budget as a big pot of money from which they can serve their special interests.”1 Analysts often dismiss this aspect of defense budget waste as “small potatoes.” But is it? In the 1980s, Assistant Defense Secretary Lawrence Korb estimated that the congressional pork barrel cost “at least $10 billion a year [for] things we don’t want, things we don’t need,” but which are put into the budget “to protect vested interest.” Richard Stubbing, a longtime defense specialist at the Office of Management and Budget, considers Korb’s estimate probably too low.2 The defense pork barrel looks small only in relation to the gargantuan total defense budget. In any other context, it looks like “real money.”
Females Are Mosaics
Authors: Migeon Barbara R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Women can be described as genetic mosaics because they have two distinctly different types of cells throughout their bodies. Unlike males, who have one X chromosome (inherited from their mother), females have two X chromosomes in every cell (one from each parent). The father's copy works in some cells, while the mother's copy works in others. These two X chromosomes often function differently, especially if one carries a defective gene. Much has been written about the Y chromosome and its role in inducing maleness. This will be the first book about the X chromosome as a key to female development and the role of X-related factors in the etiology of sex differences in human disease. Barbara Migeon, from the renowned McKusick-Nathan Institute at Johns Hopkins, is a major figure in clinical genetics and is eminently qualified to write this book, and she writes clearly and effectively. She describes both the underlying molecular mechanisms and the remarkable genetic consequences of X inactivation and its role in determining the biological concepts characteristic of women.
X Chromosome Dosage Compensation An Overview
Authors: Migeon Barbara R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of how individuals whose sex is determined by XX and XY chromosomes equalize the expression of their X-linked genes. It considers why modulation of this kind is needed, and the different mechanisms used for this purpose. The modulation is referred to as sex dosage compensation, a term first used by the Drosophila geneticist and Nobel Prize winner Hermann Muller [25]. It is also called X dosage compensation because the adjustments always affect the X chromosome. Yet, most species that need X dosage compensation have their own unique version of the process. Although understanding mosaic females does not require knowing the details of dosage compensation in flies, worms, and birds, the survey of the various recognized mechanisms in this chapter not only illustrates the remarkable versatility of biology but also helps to put our own version of dosage compensation in proper perspective.
Theme 2Subsequent Steps—Spreading and Maintaining Inactivation
Authors: Migeon Barbara R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 6 considered the earliest steps in the process leading to a single active X chromosome in cells of both sexes. It introduced the Xist locus in the X inactivation center (XIC)—extraordinary because it functions not to encode proteins but to silence genes. Due to its unique features, Xist can induce the inactivation of any X chromosome from which it is expressed under the appropriate conditions. Because each cell needs an active X chromosome, one Xist locus per diploid cell must be silenced so that one X chromosome will escape inactivation. Therefore, the process of X dosage compensation in mammals starts with choosing the future active X by repressing its Xist locus. In subsequent steps, any X chromo- some—except the one designated to be active—is inevitably silenced.
Mosaicism
Authors: Migeon Barbara R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two major medical consequences of X inactivation. The single active X in somatic cells of both sexes—was the subject of chapter 10. This chapter considers the second one—namely, the cellular mosaicism. Historically, genetic diseases have been classified as being either dominant or recessive, depending on whether one mutated allele or two of them are needed for clinical manifestations or whatever phenotype one is examining. As we learn more about what genes do, it becomes increasingly difficult to classify diseases in this way, because the nature of specific mutations plays a large role in determining clinical phenotype. The clinical outcome is greatly influenced by the extent of the functional loss.
An Economic Perspective
Authors: Heinzerling Lisa , Tushnet Mark V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have two objectives in this chapter. Both are tied to economics, and both ultimately have to do with the possibility of allowing private bargains to shape the allocation of risks to human health. Our first objective is to introduce you, through the Easterbrook article excerpted here, to the argument that courts should, in deciding cases and developing legal rules, have in mind the incentives they are creating for future conduct. The idea is that courts should not be concerned with promoting “fairness” (a problematic term, in Easterbrook’s view) after the fact but with shaping forward-looking incentives. Here we also first confront the work of the economist Ronald Coase, who cautioned that no matter what legal result common-law courts might deliver, the parties will bargain to the result they most desire unless they are inhibited from doing so by “transaction costs” arising out of the numerousness of parties, difficulties in communicating, and other such factors.
Linking Common Law and Statutes: The Case of Workers’ Compensation
Authors: Heinzerling Lisa , Tushnet Mark V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far we have examined the regulation of risk by the common law— and therefore by courts. Chapter 5 introduced the alternative of statutory regulation by identifying differences in the institutional capacities of courts and legislatures, as well as administrative agencies. That discussion also introduced some of the political dimensions of shifting from judicial to legislative and administrative regulation of risk, a topic we’ll take up in more detail in part IV. In this chapter, we’ll change our focus from the common law to legislative and administrative regulation and use the development of workers’ compensation statutes as a case study of administrative efforts to regulate risk. Section A describes how and why statutory and administrative regulation of workplace injury came to supplement common law regulation and examines some of the legal barriers that development initially faced. Sections B and C deal with problems associated with the provision of compensation for workplace risk. Section B introduces the general problem of “moral hazard,” that is, behavioral adaptation in response to the possibility that compensation will be awarded if risks are realized, and section C uses the integration of workers’ compensation systems with existing common law rules to illustrate some of the complexities associated with regulatory systems containing many “moving parts.” The next group of materials examines the first great administrative response to the problem of workplace safety and health. Here we aim to (1) develop a deeper understanding of how legal regulation may change “in response to” social and legal developments and (2) examine in more detail the justifications, if any, for “compulsory terms,” that is, regulation of the employer-employee relationship according to terms other than those chosen by the parties through individual or collective negotiations.