bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
No Ivory Tower (1969)
Authors: Kildea Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How and why is an opera written? First, as to the ‘why,’ the composer must love opera and have a real feeling for the form. I wouldn’t like to say it’s fascinating to everyone; to me it is. I think it is the combination of the human being, in his or her daily life, with music that can point up the events in people’s lives, and their emotions, in a most marvelous way. I think also that when you go to the theater you don’t want-at least I don’t want-to see just a little touch of people’s everyday lives. I want to see something heightened; I want to see something stylized. And that is why I believe the operatic form, like the poetic drama, is so much more illuminating than, for instance, just a straight drawing-room comedy. I like the idea of the stylistic vision of people’s lives.Now, as to the ‘how,’ the first thing that happens is the idea for the opera. Something strikes you that you would like to use, a particular story for an opera.The next step is to look for someone who together with you can work out the libretto. That can take a long time; in fact it usually does. With the writer you plan the shape of each act-the numbers, the solos, the chorusesand the writer will say, how many lines do you think that will be?You make a rough guess, and he goes off to write his first draft.He then brings it back, and you tear it to pieces together. The actual operation of writing a libretto can take weeks or months.When you get to a sufficiently advanced stage, you start to write the music. I write quickly once I get down to it, but quite often I’m interrupted: I travel a lot, playing the piano and conducting. On the average a chamber opera may take me plus or minus a year to compose.
Artist’s Choice: Cecil Aronowitz (1970)
Authors: Kildea Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cecil Aronowitz has been a regular and welcome visitor to the Festival for about twenty years. His remarkable playing has been heard each year from the pit of the Jubilee Hall, as our viola soloist in operas such as The Rape of Lucretia, Albert Herring and The Turn of the Screw, not to mention The Little Sweep. His musicianly leading of the violas (and what a joy to work with!) has been indispensable ever since the E.C.O. became our resident orchestra. Perhaps his most spectacular appearances have been in the Church Parables in Orford Church, where he can be seen energetically leading and encouraging the other instrumentalists (and of course singing the plainchant in the processions). We are delighted that his is the Artist’s Choice of the year, and that he will be partnered for most of the programme by his young wife Nicola.
The Pre-Raphaelite Body
Authors: Bullen J B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pre-Raphaelitism was the first avant-garde movement in Britain. It shocked its first audience, and as it modulated into Aestheticism it continued to disturb the British public. In this fresh and original study, Professor Bullen traces the sources of that shock to the representation of the human body. By examining the discourses which were developed to denounce or to explain the new art forms he shows that the distorted, maimed, or eroticized body formed the principal focus of anxiety in nineteenth-century criticism. Using a truly interdisciplinary method he relates the painting of Millais and other early Pre-Raphaelites to fears about cholera and Catholicism; he demonstrates how the body of the sexualized female became an object of obsessive fascination in the painting and poetry of Dante Gabriel Rossetti and William Morris; he locates the writing of Swinburne and Prater in the context of the debate over the `Woman Question', and he shows how the responses to the `Aesthetic' painting of Burne-Jones were conditioned by the sexual psychopathology of mid nineteenth-century mental science.
Justification by Faith: Skelton’s Replycacion
Authors: Gillespie Vincent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shortly after the deaths in 1509 of his patrons Margaret Beau fort and Henry VII, two Latin eulogies to them by John Skelton were erected in the Lady Chapel of Westminster Abbey. They were displayed in tabular format, either painted on wood, carved into stone, or engraved in brass, near to the tombs of their subjects, as was the fashion with this kind of funerary poetry.
Enlightened Minds: Sir William Jones and Erasmus Darwin
Authors: Mcgann Jerome 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Wordsworthian sentimentalism, the re-balancing of affect and thought appears under a vast non-subjective horizon, a personal experience of the overwhelming ‘diurnal course’ of things. In this respect it stands significantly skewed from the sentimentalism of a poem like the following (late Della Cruscan) piece by Charlotte Dacre: Poetry like this explains why Coleridge wrote Della Cruscan verse (something Wordsworth never did), and why he (later) felt relatively easy with the conventions of the Gift Books and Annuals (something Wordsworth never was). ‘The Kiss’ recalls ‘The Eolian Harp’ not so much in its eroticism as in the brainy way it handles its erotic subject. Unlike either Lake poet, however, Dacre’s poem does not construct a psychic drama of its thought, does not appear to be discovering itself as its lines unfold. The poem’s rhetoric assures us that it entirely possesses its own thought from the beginning. The point is to illustrate that thought in a telling way.
Sentimentalism as Consumption and Exchange
Authors: Mcgann Jerome 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this kind of rhetorical field, where feeling comes in aid of feeling, the private reader emerges as a decisive presence. Creation-as-energy and its social equivalent, sympathy, are ‘proved’ through a structure of emotional response. So the poets began to develop ways—verse conventions—for opening their texts to individual acts of (re)appropriation by a wide and diverse audience. Such poems do not ask for generalized translations or the valuative judgements that underlay such interpretations; they solicit processes of exchange very like what Marx describes in the opening of the first volume of Capital. The literary-critical equivalent for this kind of exchange, and this kind of poetry, is the ‘appreciative’ (or ‘subjective’) reading that climaxes in the work of Ruskin and especially Pater.
Books And Pamphlets
Authors: Kirkpatrick B J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pp. [i-ii] blank; p. [iii] half-title; p. [iv] blank; p. [v] title; p. [vi] All rights reserved.; p. [vii] dedication: To I L. W.; p. [viii] blank; pp. 1-458 text; p. 458 [at foot:] Printed by R. & R. Clark, Limited, Edinburgh.; pp. [459-464] publisher’s advertisements, integral. 16 pp. of publisher’s advertisements inserted.
Calendar and Chronology 1641–1670
Authors: Mckenzie D F , Bell Maureen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Overton, ‘who false printed an Order of this House, without any Authority from this House, and made Additions of his own’, to be sent for. Overton admitted printing ‘an Order of the House concerning preaching Ministers, thus as it is now come forth, with these Additions’. Kneeling before the Commons, he was reprimanded for presuming to print the Order and in particular for misprinting it and making additions of his own. Though let off with ‘this sharp Reprehension only’, he was required to call in and suppress as many of the copies as he could and to take care how he ran ‘the like great Offence again’. Petition of John Harvey of Cardington, Beds., to the House of Lords that Dr Pocklington, rector of Yelvedon [Yelden] may be called to answer charges of idolatry and superstition and for publishing pamphlets ‘wherein he defends all those innovations unhappily introduced into the church.’
Introduction: Men, Rhetoric, and the Stage
Authors: Colvin Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Literary representations of woman and the Orient flourished in the early modern period in Europe against a background of social and political development. There were changes in the legal position of women when Roman law started to replace medieval codes during the sixteenth century: un married women in particular were accorded certain rights such as landowning and self-representation in court (a married woman remained legally subject to her husband in all things) . The new independence of single women may have given rise to a level of insecurity among men accustomed, officially at least, to control. Within marriage, the medieval conception of the interdependence of married partners was giving way to a new idea of complementary, opposite roles, based in the domestic and the public spheres respectively although social realities still meant that, for most couples, these two spheres were not discrete.
Introduction and Guide to the Census
Authors: West Anthony James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Census and its Addenda account for all known copies of the 1623 First Folio. Thus they incorporate all the copies mentioned by Sidney Lee-in his 1902 Census,his 1906 Notes & Additions,and his 1923 lecture (Lee, 1924)-and all additional copies that have come to light. Parts I-III contain numbered copies whose owner and locations are known. Part IV contains numbered Lee copies whose owner and location are not known; these are called ‘Unfound’. Addendum 1 contains the remaining Lee volumes-five ‘Untraced’ and two ‘Destroyed’: these are not counted as copies. The meaning of ‘Untraced’ and ‘Unfound’ is explained in Chapter 3A (1) and (5).
Inalienability and the Interpretation of Modified Noun Phrases
Authors: Brugman Claudia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper was completed during a research fellowship funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities Fellowships for College and University Teachers Program. The endowment is herewith thanked for its support. Thanks also to Jeff Elman and Elizabeth Bates, directors of the Center for Research in Language, University of California, San Diego, for providing space, resources, and collegiality for that period. An early and brief mention of this phenomenon appears in Brugman (1988), completed under Professor Fillmore. Oral approximations to this paper were given at the 1989 meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, at the Purdue Linguistics Group, and at the UC San Diego Linguistics Department Colloquium. I thank the audiences at those meetings for their comments. Thanks to Michele Ernanatian, Yuki Kuroda, George Lakoff, Catherine O’Connor, Matt Shibatani, and especially Farrell Ackerman for their comments.
Learner English Around the World
Authors: Granger Sylviane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though there is no general agreement on the exact figures, everybody now recognizes that there are now more non-native speakers of English in the world than native speakers. McArthur (1992: 355) speaks of a 2-to-l ratio of non-natives to natives’. In this context, a project such as The International Corpus of English (ICE) is particularly welcome, as in addition to featuring different native varieties of English, it gives non-native varieties of English the place they deserve. How ever, ICE only covers institutionalized varieties of non-native English such as Indian English or Nigerian English. It leaves out a sizeable-arguably the largest group of non-native users of English in the world, i.e. foreign learners of English. It was to do justice to this rapidly expanding group of English speakers that I put forward a proposal to complement ICE with a corpus of learner English, a suggestion which was welcomed by Sidney Greenbaum. This resulted in the launch of The International Corpus of Learner English (ICLE) in late 1990. In this paper I will first situate the corpus within the other non-native varieties of English. Then I will describe the corpus in detail, paying particular attention to issues of meth odology. I will briefly illustrate the insights to be derived from a computer-based investigation of learner lexis, grammar, and discourse features. Finally, I will high light the pedagogical advantages of a corpus-based approach to EFL.
Developing the ICE Corpus Utility Program
Authors: Porter Nick , Quinn Akiva 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Soon after the Survey of English Usage initiated the project, it was realized that there was a need for a general corpus processing and analysis tool for the International Corpus of English. In its broadest conception, this tool was to cover the central requirements for corpus preparation and study, including corpus annotation, markup conversion and filtering, searching, concordancing, statistical analyses, sub corpus information, and subcorpus selection. The system would primarily target ICE corpora, yet would provide a range of general corpus utilities equally applicable to other corpora. The requirements for ICECUP were determined by the design and content of ICE and the corpus utilities that were to be provided. The International Corpus exists primarily to allow comparison between national and regional varieties of English, but further, each component corpus is structured according to medium (spoken, manuscript, and printed) and genre (news, business, natural sciences, novels, and so on). Describing and quantifying linguistic features within national, medium, and genre categories is a key requirement. ICE corpora use Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) to encode typographic and content features of a text, as well as word-classes, syntactic structures, and functions. Searches and concordances should be able to include any combination of these markup symbols in their search arguments, together with lexical items, punctuation, and wildcards. The citations or concordance lines shown should be able to focus attention on relevant annotations by selectively filtering out markup symbols. Making functions easy to find, and providing help to explain the options at any point in the program, are also key parts of the specification. Besides providing facilities to support linguistic research, ICECUP has to be easy to use and accessible to potential users.
Machine as Mind
Authors: Simon Herbert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The title of my talk is broad enough to cover nearly anything that might be relevant to a collection memorializing A. M. Turing. However, many, if not most, relevant matters have been debated at length for a number of years—some of them for forty—or are being addressed by others in this volume. For that reason, I will omit discussion of the Turing Test, and mention Searle’s Chinese Room only briefly. Instead, starting with the human mind and what psychological research has learned about it, I will proceed to draw lessons from cognitive psychology about the characteristics we must bestow upon computer programs when we wish those programs to think.
Introduction
Authors: Sorell Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to a familiar account, a scientific revolution took place in Western Europe from about 1550 to 1650. During these hundred odd years the researches of Copernicus, Kepler, Gilbert, Galileo, Harvey, and others superseded an Aristotelian or scholastic science, so it is said, and a new or modern science was born. It reduced the Aristotelian four causes to one or possibly two, dispensed with the proliferation of secondary substances, and outlawed pseudo-explanation in terms of occult qualities and forms. The familiar account goes on to say that the early days of the new science were made difficult by the religious sponsors of the old science, namely the Roman Catholic Church. Instead of challenging the findings of the new science in open debate, the Church is said to have suppressed them by edict. Still according to the familiar account, some of the makers of the scientific revolution articulated methods of enquiry and a conceptual scheme that would make the new science fruitful. The new methods of science were allied to a mechanical conception of nature, according to which al\ observed effects result from matter in motion. This is the conception that took the place of the partly Aristotelian and partly Christian metaphysical view handed down in traditional philosophy.
‘Torn between Two Obligations’: The Compromise of Thomas White
Authors: Southgate Beverley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thomas White (1593-1676), secular Catholic priest, prolific writer on natural philosophy, theology, and politics, has long been a largely forgotten figure in the history of philosophy. But he enjoyed in his own time a considerable reputation, and it was as ‘a learned priest andfamous philosopher’ that John Evelyn described him after a visit on 25 May 1651. His first major work in science or natural philosophy, the De mundo, quickly established his reputation, attracting, within a few months of its publication in 1642, favourable comment from Kenelm Digby, a lengthy critique from Thomas Hobbes, observations from Descartes (who received his copy of the book from Huygens), criticisms from Theodore Deschamps, and references from Sorbiere in a letter to Gassendi.
Moral Judgement and Reasons for Action
Authors: Audi Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The relation between intellect and will is a major concern of the theory of practical reason. In moral philosophy the central focus of this concern is the relation between reason and morality. Here the perennial question is often taken to be whether a rational person has reason to be moral. But there is really more than one question here, because there are at least two quite different though overlapping kinds of reasons: motivational reasons, roughly the kind that explain why an agent does a particular thing, and normative reasons, roughly the kind that indicate what an agent ought to do. The former are the kind an agent in some way responds to (else they could not explain); the latter are the kind that rational agents respond to and that can at least partially justify the action in question. There are also two directions of entailment to consider if we are to understand the relation between reason and morality: whether being rational entails being moral and whether being moral entails being rational.
Die Grundlagen der Arithmetik, §§82-3
Authors: Boolos George , Heck Richard G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reductions of arithmetic, whether to set theory or to a theory formulated in a higher-order logic, must prove the infinity of the sequence of natural numbers. In his Was sind und was sollen die Zahlen?, Dedekind attempted, in the notorious proof of theorem 66 of that work, to demonstrate the existence of infinite systems by examining the contents of his own mind.
Seeing the Present
Authors: Butterfield Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philosophers of time fall into two broad camps. For detensers, the present is an epistemological/subjective notion reflecting our limited knowledge at any time of a temporally extended reality, just as where we are limits our knowledge of distant objects (Taylor 1955; Quine 1960: section 36; Me1lor 1981). Tensers distrust this analogy between the present and the locat for them the present but not the local is an ontological/objective notion (Prior 1959, I 970; Dummett 1960; Gale 1968: 213). This crude contrast is made more precise in various ways. For example, detensers accept the idea of an actual past and future-what in fact has happened and will happen; tensers usually reject the idea of an actual future, and sometimes (Dummett 1968; Prior 1970) of an actual past.
The Close of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Subsequent treatments of rongorongo up to the end of the nineteenth century are derivative, uninventive, even fringe-those first giddy buds of that unhappy scholarly offshoot. Not until the visit to Rapanui of the Germ.an-Chilean Walter Knoche in 1911 would the subject be pursued again on the island. Arm. chair scholars and speculating journalists had now usurped the field, to bequeath in the end little of value.
The St. Petersburg School
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The popular works of Thor Heyerdahl meant the renaissance of a world-wide fascination for Easter Island. They were also a scientific dead-end. The dynamics of Diffusionism, that had begun in the nineteenth century, were spent: it was now the age of the trained epigrapher, the age of the internal analyst of the Rapanui script. Modern science had arrived in rongorongo studies at last to open hitherto unsuspected doors, and the study of the Easter Island inscriptions would never again be the same.
Thomas S. Barthel
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the long history of rongorongo investigation two “grand old men” have stood above all others: in the nineteenth century the French Bishop of Tahiti Tepano Jaussen, and in the twentieth century the German Professor of Ethnology Thomas S. Barthel (Fig. 20). If Jaussen will loom in the annals of rongorongo because of his informant work with Metoro and his “Jaussen List” of rongorongo glyphs, then Barthel will always be remembered primarily for his Grundlagen (r958a), the “Rudiments”, the single most important publication on Easter Island’s script-with its corpus of original rongorongo texts, numerical transcriptions, structural text analyses, morphological sign studies, and complete sign catalogue. Compared with nearly all other rongorongo scholars, Barthel is uncommonly precise and reliable in his scholarship. In the international rongorongo research of the post-war period he stood without peers.
Language Obsolescence and Revitalization
Authors: Jones Mari C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The territorial contraction and speaker-reduction undergone by the Welsh language during the past few centuries has resulted in its categorization by many linguists as an obsolescent language. This study illustrates that, although it is undeniably showing some signs of decline, Welsh stands in marked contrast to many previously documented cases of language death. Against this backdrop of contraction a steady revitalization is taking place. Based upon extensive fieldwork in two sociolinguistically contrasting communities, this book is the first to examine the position and nature of contemporary Welsh with reference to both obsolescence-related developments and changes under way in the dialects. Jones focuses on immersion education, long heralded as the saviour of the language and, by examining the variety of Welsh being produced by immersion pupils, seeks to determine whether this claim is justified, or whether such pupils are in fact 'speaking immersion'. As well as discussing the recent linguistic change shown by contemporary Welsh within the language death framework, the author examines the ways in which the language has been standardized and their repercussions for language maintenance. By way of comparison these tensions and implications are also explored with reference to the other varieties of P-Celtic, namely Breton and Cornish. Series Information: Oxford Studies in Language Contact Series Editor: Professor Suzanne Romaine, Merton College, Oxford Series ISBN: 0-19-961466-0 Series Description: Most of the world's speech communities are multilingual, and contact between languages is thus an important force in the everyday lives of most people. Studies of language contact should therefore form an integral part of work in theoretical, social, and historical linguistics. This series makes available a collection of research monographs which present case studies of language contact around the world. As well as providing an indispensable source of data for the serious researcher, it contributes significantly to theoretical developments in the field.