bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Projections from the amygdaloid complex to the claustrum and the endopiriform nucleus: A Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin study in the rat
Authors: Majak Katarzyna , Pikkarainen Maria , Kemppainen Samuli , Jolkkonen Esa , Pitkänen Asla 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe claustrum and the endopiriform nucleus contribute to the spread of epileptiform activity from the amygdala to other brain areas. Data of the distribution of pathways underlying the information flow between these regions are, however, incomplete and controversial. To investigate the projections from the amygdala to the claustrum and the endopiriform nucleus, we injected the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin into various divisions of the amygdaloid complex, including the lateral, basal, accessory basal, central, anterior cortical and posterior cortical nuclei, the periamygdaloid cortex, and the amygdalohippocampal area in the rat. Analysis of immunohistochemically processed sections reveal that the heaviest projections to the claustrum originate in the magnocellular division of the basal nucleus. The projection is moderate in density and mainly terminates in the dorsal aspect of the anterior part of the claustrum. Light projections from the parvicellular and intermediate divisions of the basal nucleus terminate in the same region, whereas light projections from the accessory basal nucleus and the lateral division of the amygdalohippocampal area innervate the caudal part of the claustrum. The most substantial projections from the amygdala to the endopiriform nucleus originate in the lateral division of the amygdalohippocampal area. These projections terminate in the central and caudal parts of the endopiriform nucleus. Lighter projections originate in the anterior and posterior cortical nuclei, the periamygdaloid cortex, the medial division of the amygdalohippocampal area, and the accessory basal nucleus. These data provide an anatomic basis for recent functional studies demonstrating that the claustrum and the endopiriform nucleus are strategically located to synchronize and spread epileptiform activity from the amygdala to the other brain regions. These topographically organized pathways also provide a route by means of which the claustrum and the endopiriform nucleus have access to inputs from the amygdaloid networks that process emotionally significant information. J. Comp. Neurol. 451:236–249, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor blockade inhibits estrogenic support of dendritic growth in a sexually dimorphic rat spinal nucleus
Authors: Hebbeler Sara Louise , Verhovshek Tom , Sengelaub Dale Robert 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe lumbar spinal cord of rats contains the sexually dimorphic, steroid‐sensitive spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus (SNB). Dendritic development of SNB motoneurons requires the action of both androgens and estrogens. Estrogenic effects are limited to the initial growth of SNB dendrites through 4 weeks of age. During this postnatal period, dendritic growth in other spinal motoneurons is regulated by N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor activation. In this study, we tested whether NMDA receptor activation was involved in SNB dendritic growth and whether the estrogenic support of SNB dendritic growth was dependent on the activation of NMDA receptors. Motoneuron morphology was assessed in normal males, intact males treated daily with the NMDA receptor antagonist MK‐801, castrated males treated with estradiol benzoate (EB), and castrated males treated with both EB and MK‐801. SNB motoneurons were retrogradely labeled with cholera toxin‐horseradish peroxidase at 4 weeks of age (when dendritic length is normally maximal) and reconstructed in three dimensions. Somal area and dendritic length of SNB motoneurons in MK‐801‐treated, intact males were below those of normal males. Dendritic growth was partially supported in EB‐treated castrates, but this growth was blocked by MK‐801 treatment. These results suggest that, as in other motoneurons, dendritic development in the SNB involves NMDA receptors and, furthermore, that the estrogen‐sensitive component of SNB dendritic development requires their activation. J. Comp. Neurol. 451:142–152, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clustered distribution of cAMP‐dependent protein kinase regulatory isoform RIα during the development of the rat brain
Authors: Mucignat‐Caretta Carla , Caretta Antonio 
Published: September 2002

AbstractcAMP is a ubiquitous second messenger, which acts mainly through specific protein kinases that consist of two regulatory and two catalytic subunits. An unsolved problem in cAMP physiology is how it can regulate so many cellular functions through this simple enzymatic cascade. A tentative explanation is related to the different biochemical properties of the four regulatory subunit isoforms (RIα and RIβ, RIIα and RIIβ) and to their differential cell and tissue distribution. For example, detergent insoluble aggregates of RIα are present in some cholinergic neurons of the adult rat brain. Rat brains, from the embryonic stage to old age, were examined for the presence of highly concentrated clusters of RIα. They are present only in some neurons of restricted brain areas, for a limited time span. During development, labeled neurons appear in different brain areas after neuron migration, at a stage of advanced functional maturation. They have their greatest expression after birth but before sexual maturation, and then they slowly decline, persisting only in a few brain areas throughout life. The first appearance, time course, and eventual disappearance is different in the different brain areas: RIα clusters appear in brainstem, hypothalamus, and accessory olfactory bulb at a late embryonic stage; in the main olfactory bulb, hippocampus, and medial thalamic nuclei shortly after birth; and in the cortex as late as in the third and fourth postnatal week. During the rat's lifespan, the distribution of these peculiar RIα clusters undergo changes that may contribute to shape neuronal responses differentially to agents modifying cAMP levels. J. Comp. Neurol. 451:324–333, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Density gradients of trans‐synaptically labeled collicular neurons after injections of rabies virus in the lateral rectus muscle of the rhesus monkey
Authors: Grantyn Alexej , Brandi Anne‐Marie , Dubayle David , Graf Werner , Ugolini Gabriella , Hadjidimitrakis Kostas , Moschovakis Adonis 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe evaluated the two‐dimensional distribution of superior colliculus (SC) neurons visualized after retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus injected into the lateral rectus muscle of rhesus monkeys to test whether the density of projection neurons might play a role in the spatiotemporal transformation and vector decomposition. If this were the case, the number of horizontal eye movement‐related SC neurons should increase with their distance from the rostral pole of the SC and decrease with their distance from the representation of the horizontal meridian. Labeled neurons of the intermediate SC layers were counted inside a 1‐mm‐wide band that matched the horizontal meridian of the collicular motor map. Local areal densities were plotted against distance from the rostral SC pole. At 2.5 days after inoculation, there was no labeling in the SC. At 3 days, moderate labeling appeared on both sides, mostly in the intermediate layers. At 3.5 days, cell numbers substantially increased and the laminar distribution changed as cells appeared in the superficial SC layers. At 3 days, rostrocaudal density profiles were unimodal, with peaks at locations near 50 degrees (contralateral SC) and 25–30 degrees (ipsilateral SC) horizontal eccentricity. At 3.5 days, distributions were bimodal due to the appearance of a second high‐density region near the rostral pole of the SC. The distribution of SC neurons influencing the abducens nucleus, thus, was nonuniform. Caudal sites contained more neurons, but the experimentally observed density gradients were shallower than the theoretically predicted ones that would be necessary to fully account for the spatiotemporal transformation. Similarly, we studied the distributions of cell densities in the intermediate SC layers along an isoamplitude line (representing saccades of equal amplitudes but different directions). Consistent with theoretical estimates of the density gradients required for vector decomposition, we found that the concentrations of labeled cells were highest in the vicinity of the horizontal meridian but their decrease toward the periphery of the motor map was steeper than predicted. We conclude that SC cell density gradients cannot fully account for the spatiotemporal transformation and vector decomposition in the absence of an additional mechanism such as the previously demonstrated (Grantyn et al., [1997] Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 23:1295; Moschovakis et al., [1998] J. Neurosci. 18:10219–10229) locus‐dependent weighting of the strength of efferent projections to the saccade generators. J. Comp. Neurol. 451:346–361, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Segregation of visual input to the mushroom bodies in the honeybee (Apis mellifera)
Authors: Ehmer Birgit , Gronenberg Wulfila 
Published: September 2002

AbstractInsect mushroom bodies are brain regions that receive multisensory input and are thought to play an important role in learning and memory. In most neopteran insects, the mushroom bodies receive direct olfactory input. In addition, the calyces of Hymenoptera receive substantial direct input from the optic lobes. We describe visual inputs to the calyces of the mushroom bodies of the honeybee Apis mellifera, the neurons' dendritic fields in the optic lobes, the medulla and lobula, and the organization of their terminals in the calyces. Medulla neurons terminate in the collar region of the calyx, where they segregate into five layers that receive alternating input from the dorsal or ventral medulla, respectively. A sixth, innermost layer of the collar receives input from lobula neurons. In the basal ring region of the calyx, medulla neuron terminals are restricted to a small, distal part. Lobula neurons are more prominent in the basal ring, where they terminate in its outer half. Although the collar and basal ring layers generally receive segregated input from both optic neuropils, some overlap occurs at the borders of the layers. At least three different types of mushroom body input neurons originate from the medulla: (a) neurons with narrow dendritic fields mainly restricted to the vicinity of the medulla's serpentine layer and found throughout the medulla; (b) neurons restricted to the ventral half of the medulla and featuring long columnar dendritic branches in the outer medulla; and (c) a group of neurons whose dendrites are restricted to the most ventral part of the medulla and whose axons form the anterior inferior optic tract. Most medulla neurons (groups a and b) send their axons via the anterior superior optic tract to the mushroom bodies. Neurons connecting the lobula with the mushroom bodies have their dendrites in a defined dorsal part of the lobula. Their axons form a third tract to the mushroom bodies, here referred to as the lobula tract. Our findings match the anatomy of intrinsic mushroom body neurons (Strausfeld, 2002) and together indicate that the mushroom bodies may be composed of many more functional subsystems than previously suggested. J. Comp. Neurol. 451:362–373, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluating the 1931 CIE color‐matching functions
Authors: Shaw Mark , Fairchild Mark 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe use of colorimetry within industry has grown extensively in the last few decades. Central to many of today's instruments is the CIE system, established in 1931. Many have questioned the validity of the assumptions made by Wright1 and Guild,2 some suggesting that the 1931 color‐matching functions are not the best representation of the human visual system's cone responses. A computational analysis was performed using metameric data to evaluate the CIE 1931 color‐matching functions as compared to with other responsivity functions. The underlying assumption was that an optimal set of responsivity functions would yield minimal color‐difference error between pairs of visually matched metamers. The difference of average color differences found in the six chosen sets of responsivity functions was small. The CIE 1931 2° color‐matching functions on average yielded the largest color difference, 4.56 ΔE. The best performance came from the CIE 1964 10° color‐matching functions, which yielded an average color difference of 4.02 ΔE. An optimization was then performed to derive a new set of color‐matching functions that were visually matched using metameric pairs of spectral data. If all pairs were to be optimized to globally minimize the average color difference, it is expected that this would produce an optimal set of responsivity functions. The optimum solution was to use a weighted combination of each set of responsivity functions. The optimized set, called the Shaw and Fairchild responsivity functions, was able to reduce the average color difference to 3.92 ΔE. In the final part of this study a computer‐based simulation of the color differences between the sets of responsivity functions was built. This simulation allowed a user to load a spectral radiance or a spectral reflectance data file and display the tristimulus match predicted by each of the seven sets of responsivity functions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 316–329, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10077
Analyses of methods for predicting corresponding colors of LUTCHI data
Authors: Nayatani Yoshinobu , Yano Tadashi , Ihara Masamori 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA new method is proposed for predicting corresponding colors from magnitude estimation data conducted under two adapting illuminants on the same group of object color samples. Called the F*G* method, it was applied under illuminants D65 and A to magnitude estimation data by Kuo et al. and Luo et al., a part of the LUTCHI data. Both derived F*G* equations were also applied in an experiment with the CSAJ data under illuminants D65 and A. Analyses of these experiments clarified two points: (1) the magnitude estimation method is inaccurate for predicting corresponding colors including with the Kuo et al. and Luo et al. data; and (2) unacceptable extrapolations had been made by Luo et al. in deriving their corresponding colors. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 335–348, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10078
Color managing the third edition of Billmeyer and Saltzman's Principles of Color Technology
Authors: Berns Roy S. , Reiman D. Mark 
Published: September 2002

AbstractCommercial ICC‐compliant color‐management software was used to produce color‐managed CMYK‐encoded images for the third edition of Principles of Color Technology. Custom profiles were created for a Scitex Eversmart Pro flatbed scanner and a Kodak Approval proofing device. This enabled objects such as color‐order systems and colorimetric‐encoded, computer‐generated graphical images to be reproduced with reasonable colorimetric accuracy. The GretagMacbeth ColorChecker Color Rendition Chart was used as an independent verification target. Its printed reproduction had an average error of 4.2 ΔE (6.4 ΔE*ab). Colorimetric‐rendering device profiles enabled the visualization of the book's color gamut and of a calibrated visible spectrum. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 360–373, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10083
Dynamics of singularity surfaces for compressible, viscous flows in two space dimensions
Authors: Hoff David 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe prove the global existence of solutions of the Navier‐Stokes equations of compressible, barotropic flow in two space dimensions which exhibit convecting singularity curves. The fluid density and velocity gradient have jump discontinuities across these curves, exactly as predicted by the Rankine‐Hugoniot conditions, and these jump discontinuities decay exponentially in time, more rapidly for smaller viscosities. The singularity curves remain C1+α despite the fact that the velocity fields which convect them are not continuously differentiable. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A reduced theory for thin‐film micromagnetics
Authors: Desimone Antonio , Kohn Robert V. , Müller Stefan , Otto Felix 
Published: September 2002

AbstractMicromagnetics is a nonlocal, nonconvex variational problem. Its minimizer represents the ground‐state magnetization pattern of a ferromagnetic body under a specified external field. This paper identifies a physically relevant thin‐film limit and shows that the limiting behavior is described by a certain “reduced” variational problem. Our main result is the Γ‐convergence of suitably scaled three‐dimensional micromagnetic problems to a two‐dimensional reduced problem; this implies, in particular, convergence of minimizers for any value of the external field. The reduced problem is degenerate but convex; as a result, it determines some (but not all) features of the ground‐state magnetization pattern in the associated thin‐film limit. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Deadlock detection in MPI programs
Authors: Luecke Glenn R. , Zou Yan , Coyle James , Hoekstra Jim , Kraeva Marina 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe Message‐Passing Interface (MPI) is commonly used to write parallel programs for distributed memory parallel computers. MPI‐CHECK is a tool developed to aid in the debugging of MPI programs that are written in free or fixed format Fortran 90 and Fortran 77. This paper presents the methods used in MPI‐CHECK 2.0 to detect many situations where actual and potential deadlocks occur when using blocking and non‐blocking point‐to‐point routines as well as when using collective routines. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Workload decomposition strategies for hierarchical distributed‐shared memory parallel systems and their implementation with integration of high‐level parallel languages
Authors: Briguglio Sergio , Di Martino Beniamino , Vlad Gregorio 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn this paper we address the issue of workload decomposition in programming hierarchical distributed‐shared memory parallel systems. The workload decomposition we have devised consists of a two‐stage procedure: a higher‐level decomposition among the computational nodes; and a lower‐level one among the processors of each computational node. By focusing on porting of a case study particle‐in‐cell application, we have implemented the described work decomposition without large programming effort by using and integrating the high‐level language extensions High‐Performance Fortran and OpenMP. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐explanatory equilibria: An extremely simple game with (mostly) unattainable fixed points
Authors: Epstein Joshua M. , Hammond Ross A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractEquilibrium analysis pervades mathematical social science. This paper calls into question the explanatory significance of equilibrium by offering an extremely simple game, most of whose equilibria are unattainable in principle from any of its initial conditions. Moreover, the number of computation steps required to reach those (few) equilibria that are attainable is shown to grow exponentially with the number of players—making long‐run equilibrium a poor predictor of the game's observed state. The paper also poses a number of combinatorially challenging problems raised by the game. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mapping of antibody responses to the protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis by flow cytometric analysis
Authors: Reed Douglas S. , Smoll Jennifer , Gibbs Paul , Little Stephen F. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBackgroundKnowledge of the target and functional capability of the antibody response against an antigen provides more specific and relevant information about protective immunity than measuring the total amount of antibody produced against an antigen.MethodsUsing flow cytometry, a competitive assay has been created for measuring the antibody response against important epitopes of an antigen. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the protective antigen (PA) component of Bacillus anthracis are available that neutralize the activity of lethal toxin (LeTx). Flow cytometric analysis revealed that these mAbs bind PA conjugated to polystyrene latex microspheres.ResultsUnlabeled mAbs against PA competed with fluorescent mAbs that bind the homologous epitope but not with fluorescent mAbs that bind heterologous epitopes. Four‐parameter logistic models were developed for measuring the antibody response against two epitopes of PA. Sera from anthrax‐vaccinated rabbits inhibited the binding of fluorescent mAbs to either epitope; the degree of inhibition correlated with the dilution of sera.ConclusionsThe response in the rabbit sera to either epitope on PA depended on the dose of vaccine administered to the rabbits. No inhibition was seen with sera from control animals. With no species‐specific components, this assay could be adapted readily for comparing responses between species. Cytometry 49:1–7, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Flow cytometric analyses of intraplant nuclear DNA content variation induced by sticky chromosomes
Authors: Rayburn A. Lane , Wetzel J.B. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBackgroundIn several plant species, sticky chromosomes are a consequence of genetic mutations or environmental effects on mitosis and meiosis. Sticky chromosomes result in an unequal distribution of genetic material in daughter cells. This unequal distribution is hypothesized to result in an increase in the coefficient of variation (CV) of the G1 peak of dividing cells.MethodsThe st1 mutant and a nonmutant line in the same genetic background of maize (Zea mays L.) were planted in a soilless mix. A wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em thell.) line was grown in both low and high aluminum‐saturated soil. Both plant species were assessed for sticky chromosomes by Feulgen‐stained mitotic analysis and flow cytometric analysis of propidium iodide (PI)‐stained G1 nuclei.ResultsIn the st1 mutant, a significant increase in the number of abnormal anaphase figures was observed. An increase in abnormal mitotic figures was observed in wheat plants grown in aluminum soil. Using flow cytometry, an increase in the CV of the G1/G0 peak was seen in the maize mutant and in wheat grown at high levels of aluminum saturation. This increase correlated with the number of abnormal anaphase cells observed.ConclusionsFlow cytometry was sensitive enough to detect the intraplant nuclear DNA variation associated with sticky chromosomes within a plant. Cytometry 49:36–41, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.