bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Grade expectations: the effects of expectations on fairness and satisfaction perceptions
Authors: Cherry Bennett , Ordóñez Lisa D. , Gilliland Stephen W. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractPrevious research has documented the impact of self‐‐derived expectations as reference points in the evaluation of outcomes (e.g. Ordóñez, Connolly, & Coughlan, 2000; van den Bos et al., 1998). In the present paper we extend these studies by investigating the effects of individuals' performance expectations on their subsequent evaluations of personally‐‐relevant outcomes. In three separate studies, both in the laboratory and in the field, students' actual grade outcomes fell short, met, or exceeded grade expectations. From this information, the students evaluated their fairness and satisfaction with the actual grade outcome. The studies provide complementary results that distinguish fairness and satisfaction as different constructs based on the impact of expectations on evaluations of actual outcomes. Results demonstrate that expectations are important to perceptions of fairness and are less important to perceptions of satisfaction. Fairness judgments appear to be governed by an expectation matching proposition; whereby if the expectation is met, the outcome is fair. Whereas, satisfaction judgments are determined by the value of the actual outcome to the individual. Participants also evaluate the fairness of outcomes differently using hypothetical scenarios than they do when they experience actual outcomes in natural contexts. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk preferences in young children: early evidence of individual differences in reaction to potential gains and losses
Authors: Levin Irwin P. , Hart Stephanie S. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractNew methods were developed for studying risky decision making in children as young as age five. Each child was given a block of ‘gain’ trials, for example, a choice between a sure gain of one prize and a 50:50 chance of gaining either two prizes or no prize, and a block of ‘loss’ trials, for example, a choice between a sure loss of one prize and a 50:50 chance of losing either two prizes or no prize. We were thus able to compare risky choice for gains and losses at the level of the individual child. In each of two experiments a variety of individual difference variables were measured, including in Experiment 2, the child's parent's scores on the same task. Across experiments, the preponderance of choices was of the risky option. However, most children and adults made more risky choices in the domain of losses than in the domain of gains. Predictors of individual differences in children included shyness, impulsivity, and the risk taking of the child's parent. We suggest that methods are now in place to encourage further studies of decision processes in young children. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A sensitive and selective determination method of histamine by HPLC with intramolecular excimer‐forming derivatization and ﬂuorescence detection
Authors: Yoshitake Takashi , Ichinose Fumio , Yoshida Hideyuki , Todoroki Ken‐ichiro , Kehr Jan , Inoue Osamu , Nohta Hitoshi , Yamaguchi Masatoshi 
Published: December 2003

AbstractA highly sensitive, selective and simple method is described for the determination of histamine by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with ﬂuorescence detection. The method is based on an intramolecular excimer‐forming ﬂuorescence derivatization of histamine with 4‐(1‐pyrene)butyric acid N‐hydroxysuccinimide ester (PSE), followed by reversed‐phase HPLC. Histamine, having two amino moieties in a molecule, was converted to the dipyrene‐labeled derivative by reaction with PSE. The derivative afforded intramolecular excimer ﬂuorescence (450–540 nm), which can clearly be discriminated from the monomer ﬂuorescence (370–420 nm) emitted from PSE. Typically, a 10 µL sample solution was mixed with 100 µL of derivatization reagent solution, which was a mixture of 0.5 mm PSE in acetonitrile and 0.5 mm potassium carbonate in water (8:2, v/v). The derivatization was carried out at 100°C for 90 min. The PSE derivative of histamine could be separated by reversed‐phase ODS column with isocratic elution using acetonitrile:water (82:18, v/v) containing 0.03% triethylamine. The detection limit (singnal‐to‐noise ratio = 3) of histamine was 0.5 fmol for a 30 µL injection. The method was successfully applied to the determination of histamine in human urine, and had enough selectivity and sensitivity for urinary histamine quantiﬁcation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HPLC determination of diltiazem in human plasma and its application to pharmacokinetics in humans
Authors: Li Ke , Zhang Xin , Zhao Feilang 
Published: December 2003

AbstractA simple and sensitive reversed‐phase high performance liquid chromatographic method (HPLC) has been developed and validated for the routine analysis of diltiazem in human plasma and the study of the pharmacokinetics of the drug in the human body. Diltiazem and diazepa (internal standard) were extracted with a mixed organic solution of hexane, chloroform and isopropanol (60:40:5, v/v/v), and then HPLC separation of the drugs was performed on an Spherisorb C18 column and detected by ultraviolet absorbance at 239 nm. The use of methanol–water solution (containing 2.8 mm triethylamine, 80:20, v/v) as the mobile phase at a ﬂow‐rate of 1.2 mL/min enables the baseline separation of the drugs free from interferences with isocratic elution. The method was linear in the clinical range 0–300 ng/mL and the lower limit of detection of diltiazem in plasma was 3 ng/mL. The range of percentage of relative standard deviation (%RSD) was from 3.5 to 6.8% for within‐day analyses and from 6.2 to 8.4% for between‐day analyses, respectively. The extraction recoveries of diltiazem from spiked human plasma (n = 5) at three concentrations were 91.4–104.0%. The method has been used to determine diltiazem in human plasma samples from eight volunteers who had taken diltiazem hydrochloride slow release tables and the data obtained was ﬁtted with a program on computer to study the pharmacokinetics. The results showed that the peak level in plasma approximately averaged 118.5 ± 14.3 ng/mL at 3.1 ± 0.4 h, and the areas under the drug concentration curves (AUC) was 793.1 ± 83.1 ng.h/mL. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of porphyrins of rat Harderian gland by thin layer chromatography and mass spectrometry: no evidence for a tricarboxylic acid porphyrin
Authors: Gorchein Abel 
Published: December 2003

AbstractReversed‐phase TLC systems using ion‐pairing reagents are described for the separation without prior derivatization of the porphyrins of rat Harderian gland. Porphyrins with Rf values greater than protoporphyrin but smaller than coproporphyrin, representing harderoporphyrin, were labile to 1 m NaOH, which converted them to protoporphyrin, inconsistent with the established literature that harderoporphyrin is a tricarboxylic acid porphyrin. It was conﬁrmed by HPLC/electrospray ionization MS that this ‘harderoporphyrin’ fraction consists of the recently characterized glycoconjugate, protoporphyrin‐1‐O‐acyl β‐xyloside, with trace amounts of protoporphyrin‐1‐O‐acyl β‐glucoside. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quest for effective use of computer technology in education: From natural sciences to medicine
Authors: Fazarinc Zvonko , Divjak Saša , Korošec Dean , Holobar Aleš , Divjak Matjaž , Zazula Damjan 
Published: December 2003

AbstractSome of the reasons for relatively low impact of computer technology on university education are discussed. Promising approaches of the CoLoS (Conceptual Learning of Science) consortium 1 to teaching natural sciences are presented. Then some new tools that could further impact the efficiency of teaching in various domains are discussed. Finally the question is raised how to extend the application of computer technology into domains outside of natural sciences. Medical education, which still relies on in‐residence random opportunity training is singled out. An example of training on virtual patients that can be subjected to an unlimited number of critical illnesses is demonstrated. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 11: 116–131, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.10046
DNA Mismatch‐Specific Base Flipping by a Bisacridine Macrocycle
Authors: David Arnaud , Bleimling Nathalie , Beuck Christine , Lehn Jean‐Marie , Weinhold Elmar , Teulade‐Fichou Marie‐Paule 
Published: December 2003

AbstractMost, if not all, enzymes that chemically modify nucleobases in DNA flip their target base from the inside of the double helix into an extrahelical position. This energetically unfavorable conformation is partly stabilized by specific binding of the apparent abasic site being formed. Thus, DNA base‐flipping enzymes, like DNA methyltransferases and DNA glycosylases, generally bind very strongly to DNA containing abasic sites or abasic‐site analogues. The macrocyclic bisacridine BisA has previously been shown to bind abasic sites. Herein we demonstrate that it is able to specifically recognize DNA base mismatches and most likely induces base flipping. Specific binding of BisA to DNA mismatches was studied by thermal denaturation experiments by using short duplex oligodeoxynucleotides containing central TT, TC, or TG mismatches or a TA match. In the presence of the macrocycle a strong increase in the melting temperature of up to 7.1 °C was observed for the mismatch‐containing duplexes, whereas the melting temperature of the fully matched duplex was unaffected. Furthermore, BisA binding induced an enhanced reactivity of the mispaired thymine residue in the DNA toward potassium permanganate oxidation. A comparable reactivity has previously been observed for a TT target base mismatch in the presence of DNA methyltransferase M⋅TaqI. This similarity to a known base‐flipping enzyme suggests that insertion of BisA into the DNA helix displaces the mispaired thymine residue into an extrahelical position, where it should be more prone to chemical oxidation. Thus, DNA base flipping does not appear to be limited to DNA‐modifying enzymes but it is likely to also be induced by a small synthetic molecule binding to a thermodynamically weakened site in DNA.
The Stability of the Adsorption of Some Anions on Chemical Manganese Dioxide
Authors: Aloko D.F. , Onifade K.R. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe stability of the adsorption of three anions (nitrate, bromide, and chloride) on chemical manganese dioxide (CMD) was studied using a two‐variable, two level factorial design. The two variables were the concentration and pH of the solutions of the sodium salt of the anions. The concentration CMD was varied from 1 M–0.001 M and the pH from 3.5–2.5. 84, 67, and 54 % variations in the adsorption of Br–, NO3–, and Cl– on CMD, respectively, were obtained. Independently, the concentration and pH affected the electric surface charge. However, their combined influence has a negative and low effect. The surface response plots of the model equations, which did not show the optimum values for concentration and pH, reinforced this observation. The highest stability of the anions was observed when concentration and pH were at their minimum values of 0.001 M and 2.5, respectively.
Fault Detection and Diagnosis in Chemical Plants Using Neural Agents
Authors: Neumann J. , Fahlenkamp H. , Schlüter S. , Deerberg G. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe suitability of pattern recognition for process monitoring of chemical plants is discussed. Experiments in a miniplant, a pilot plant and simulation studies are carried out. While selecting the required test series of process variables when training neural networks, it is tried to use generalized forms of description to illustrate the system under question. It is therefore possible to combine data records originating from various sources. Thus, on the one hand, nonconforming operating conditions have to be simulated in a laboratory or technical system. On the other hand, simulation results might also be used to provide training on neural nets. This combination within the utilized data material allows for a dispense of preparing new physicochemical models for each data‐driven model. The prepared tool is subsequently used as a prototype for hydrogenation in a production system.
PLA2 and secondary metabolites of arachidonic acid control filopodial behavior in neuronal growth cones
Authors: Geddis Matthew S. , Tornieri Karine , Giesecke Astrid , Rehder Vincent 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe neuronal growth cone provides the sensory and motor structure that guides neuronal processes to their target. The ability of a growth cone to navigate correctly depends on its filopodia, which sample the environment by continually extending and retracting as the growth cone advances. Several second messengers systems that are activated upon contact with extracellular cues have been reported to affect growth cone morphology by changing the length and number of filopodia. Because recent studies have suggested that guidance cues can signal via G‐protein coupled receptors to regulate phospholipases, we here investigated whether phospholipase A2 (PLA2) may control filopodial dynamics and could thereby affect neuronal pathfinding. Employing identified Helisoma neurons in vitro, we demonstrate that inhibition of PLA2 with 2 μM BPB caused a 40.3% increase in average filopodial length, as well as a 37.3% reduction in the number of filopodia on a growth cone. The effect of PLA2 inhibition on filopodial length was mimicked by the inhibition of G‐proteins with 500 ng/ml pertussis toxin and was partially blocked by the simultaneous activation of PLA2 with 50 nM melittin. We provide evidence that PLA2 acts via production of arachidonic acid (AA), because (1) the effect of inhibition of PLA2 could be counteracted by supplying AA exogenously, and (2) the inhibition of cyclooxygenase, which metabolizes AA into prostaglandins, also increased filopodial length. We conclude that filopodial contact with extracellular signals that alter the activity of PLA2 can control growth cone morphology and may affect neuronal pathfinding by regulating the sensory radius of navigating growth cones. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 57:53–67, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence for progression in frontal cortical pathology in late‐stage Huntington's disease
Authors: Selemon Lynn D. , Rajkowska Grazyna , Goldman‐Rakic Patricia S. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractAtrophy of the cerebral cortex in Huntington's disease is regionally heterogeneous and progressive, involving the entire cerebral mantle in terminal stages. Here, two areas (9 and 46) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex were analyzed in 11 late‐stage (grades 3 or 4) Huntington's diseased patients and 8 normal control subjects. We used a 3‐dimensional cell counting method to assess laminar cell density, number, and width. Reductions in overall cortical thickness in areas 9 (26%) and 46 (23%) were comparable. Area 9 exhibited loss of projection neurons in layers III (16%), V (31%), and VI (37%); these same layers were also reduced in width (25%, 34%, and 46%, respectively). In area 46, reductions in cortical width in layers II (18%) and VI (35%) were not accompanied by neuronal loss. Glial density was increased in deeper layers, reaching significance in layer VI (68%) of area 9 and in layer V (75%) of area 46; glial number was not altered. Thus, area 46 exhibited marked cortical thinning without apparent neuronal degeneration, whereas in area 9 neuronal loss was pronounced, consistent with an advanced phase of cortical pathology. Prominent involvement of corticothalamic neurons is discussed in the context of striatal loop circuitry and a possible pathologic cascade of cortical degeneration. J. Comp. Neurol. 468:190–204, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Temporal and spatial regulation of chondroitin sulfate, radial glial cells, growing commissural axons, and other hippocampal efferents in developing hamsters
Authors: Braga‐de‐Souza Suzana , Lent Roberto 
Published: December 2003

AbstractWe investigated the time and space relationship between growth of hippocampal efferents, particularly those forming the hippocampal commissure, and expression of extracellular matrix components related to radial glial cells. Developing hamster brains from embryonic day (E) 13 to postnatal day (P) 7 had 1,1′‐dioctadecyl‐3,3,3′,3′‐tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) crystals implanted into the hippocampus or were processed for fluorescent immunohistochemistry against chondroitin sulfate (CS) glycosaminoglycans and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). The first, pioneer fibers from the hippocampus were seen crossing the midline at E15 and arriving at the contralateral hippocampus 24–48 hours later (P1), followed closely by a thick front of growing fibers. Before E15, CS expression was preceded by septal fusion and was concomitant with formation of the commissural tract. On E15, CS expression formed a U‐shaped border below the fimbria. From E15 to P3, CS became expressed between the hippocampal commissure and the third ventricle and at the caudal borders of the fornix columns. As the hippocampal commissure expanded, CS expression became gradually lighter to virtually disappear by P7. On E15 and P1, GFAP‐positive radial glial cells were present caudal (but not rostral) to the commissure at the midline, partially overlapping CS expression. Similar cells were present dorsal to the fimbria, extending their processes perpendicularly over the growing axons. The data reveal that CS and radial glial cells form a tunnel surrounding the developing fimbria and a border at the midline caudal to the hippocampal commissure. It is suggested that these cellular and molecular borders play a role in guidance of hippocampal efferents. J. Comp. Neurol. 468:217–232, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dye coupling without gap junctions suggests excitatory connections of γ‐aminobutyric acidergic neurons
Authors: Meek Johannes , Kirchberg Gaby , Grant Kirsty , Von Der Emde Gerhard 
Published: December 2003

AbstractAfter injections of the low‐molecular‐weight tracer neurobiotin into the preeminential nucleus of the brain of the mormyrid fish Gnathonemus petersii, we observed that retrogradely labeled, large fusiform projection neurons (LFd cells) of the deep granular layer of the electrosensory lobe (ELL) were surrounded by 30–50 labeled satellite granular cells. More superficially located projection cells, including large fusiform cells in the superficial granular layer (LFs) and large ganglionic (LG) cells in the ganglionic layer, were never surrounded by labeled satellites. LFd‐satellite cells have a small soma (diameter 5–8 μm), a few small dendrites, and an apical axon that terminates in the plexiform and ganglionic layers of the ELL. They contact LFd projection neurons with dendrodendritic, dendrosomatic, and somatodendritic puncta adhaerentia‐like appositions, designated here as “neurapses.” In the electron microscope, these contacts resemble synapses without presynaptic vesicles. Because no gap junctions were found between LFd and satellite granule cells, we suggest that the neurapses allow the passage of neurobiotin, though not biocytin or biotinylated dextran amine. These contacts may provide the intermediate substrate for the postulated, but so far unknown, excitatory connection between primary afferent input and LFd projection neurons, via γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)‐ergic granular cells. We suggest that certain puncta adhaerentia‐like contacts might not be only adhesive structures and that LFd‐satellite granular cells might both excite LFd projection cells via neuraptic contacts of their dendrites and cell bodies and inhibit more superficial LF and LG cells via their GABAergic axonal synapses. Our results suggest that puncta adhaerentia‐like contacts could be responsible in some cases for the electrical coupling found electrophysiologically in local inhibitory circuits. J. Comp. Neurol. 468:151–164, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Calbindin‐containing interneurons are a target for VIP‐immunoreactive synapses in rat primary somatosensory cortex
Authors: Staiger Jochen F. , Masanneck Carmen , Schleicher Axel , Zuschratter Werner 
Published: December 2003

AbstractInhibitory interneurons in cerebral cortex are morphologically and physiologically extremely heterogeneous. This greatly interferes with an understanding of their functions. Progress has been made by classifying these neurons with the aid of molecular markers, e.g., neuropeptides or calcium‐binding proteins, which are reliably expressed by certain subpopulations. We have used this approach to demonstrate an output of a subpopulation of cortical interneurons which express vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP). By double immunostaining and correlated light and electron microscopy, we show that calbindin (CB)‐containing interneurons located in layers II–VI of rat barrel cortex are targets of symmetric VIP‐immunoreactive synapses. All CB‐immunoreactive interneurons showed numerous contacts of VIP boutons on proximal and distal dendritic segments. A great majority of CB‐immunoreactive interneurons (214/222) displayed such close appositions with VIP boutons on their soma as well. Quantification revealed that the number of VIP‐immunoreactive boutons on CB‐immunoreactive somata and dendrites of specified order is comparable for the different cortical layers. In conclusion, all calbindin‐containing cortical interneurons seem to be under direct influence of other GABAergic interneurons expressing the peptide VIP. An indirect functional consequence of this may be disinhibition of pyramidal cells, which are considered the major target of calbindin interneurons. However, since the examined types of interneurons are intricately embedded in networks of yet different interneurons, the outcome of these multiple inhibitory interactions is likely to be less simplistic. It may be related to the timing of pyramidal cell discharge within and across layers of cortical columns. J. Comp. Neurol. 468:179–189, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.