bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rubber Compounding
Authors: Rodgers Brendan , Waddell Walter H. , Solis Scott , Klingensmith William 
Published: May 2005

AbstractRubber compounding is the complex, multidisiplinary science of selecting and blending the optimum combination of elastomer and other ingredients that meet the performance, processing, environmental, and cost requirements for rubber goods made and used in commerce. Chemical and physical properties of the wide variety of elastomers and ingredients available in making rubber goods are provided. Vulcanization, oils, plasticizers, general compounding, curing, fillers, latex, and testing are discussed.
Silk
Authors: Kaplan David L. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSilks are naturally spun fibrous proteins most often associated with the silkworm and spiders. Silk fibers are unusual in combining strength, toughness, and compressibility. The proteins are characterized primarily by a β‐sheet secondary structure consisting of a highly crystalline region as well as regions of lower crystallinity. Silkworm cocoon fibers have been used in textiles for thousands of years. Spider silk, of which there are many different types, has not been domesticated. Water‐soluble silk proteins are synthesized and stored in the silk glands until spun into fibers, at which point they become insoluble in water. The spinning process is regulated by the organism and involves the extrusion of the soluble silk in a liquid crystalline state through spinnerets. Silks are stable to approximately 230°C. Membranes have been formed from silks that provide a useful means to explore secondary structure and to entrap enzymes. Worldwide production of silkworm silk for textiles is expected to increase. Future applications depend on the success of biotechnology to provide adequate production levels of specifically tailored silk compositions.
Herbicides, Biotechnology
Authors: Duke Stephen O. , Scheffler Brian E. , Boyette C. Douglas , Lydon John , Oliva Anna 
Published: May 2005

AbstractBiotechnology can be used to enhance the management weeds in several ways. Crops have been made resistant to herbicides by inserting transgenes that impart herbicide resistance into the plant genome. Glyphosate‐, glufosinate‐, and bromoxynil‐resistant crops are commercialized in North America. This technology has been highly successful, transforming weed management in several major crops. Selection for mutations that impart herbicide resistance to crops has also been successfully used to generate herbicide‐resistant crops. There are several living microbial products for the biocontrol of weeds. These agents have not been very successful, but work is being conducted to improve them with biotechnology methods. The use of crops that produce their own herbicides (allelopathy) has been even less successful. Biotechnological approaches are being used to generate crops that can poison weeds with less or without synthetic chemical inputs. Research on natural phytotoxins from plants (allelochemicals) has also provided lead compounds for herbicide discovery.
International Monetary Fund (
IMF
)
Authors: Carson Carol S. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
The IMF acts as a center for the collection and exchange on macroeconomic statistics for its near universal membership. These statistics are used to assist the IMF in economic consultations aimed at fostering international financial stability. Activities are closely coordinated with other international organizations. Statistical activities also include the development of macroeconomic accounting standards, dissemination standards, assessments of statistical capacity, and technical advice.
Multivariate Symmetry and Asymmetry
Authors: Serfling Robert J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractUnivariate symmetry has interesting and diverse forms of generalization to the multivariate case. Here several leading concepts of multivariate symmetry—spherical, elliptical, central, and angular—are examined and various closely related notions discussed. Methods for testing the hypothesis of symmetry and approaches for measuring the direction and magnitude of skewness are reviewed.
Spacings, Linear Combinations of
Authors: Huffer Fred W. , Lin Chien‐Tai 
Published: May 2005

AbstractProblems involving the distribution of linear combinations of spacings occur in many areas of statistics. This article gives expressions for the density and distribution function of an arbitrary linear combination of spacings. General methods are also presented for computing the distribution of the maximum or minimum of any finite collection of linear combinations of spacings. When the coefficients of the linear combinations are rational, these methods can be implemented on computer algebra systems to produce exact symbolic expressions for the distributions. These expressions can be used to compute numerical answers accurate to any required degree of precision.
Self‐Selected Samples
Authors: Rutherford Andrew 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe term “Self‐Selected Samples” is explained. The nature of selection with respect to such samples is described, its relation to other sampling techniques is considered briefly and a distinction between strong and weak selection is made. Strong self‐selected samples are not representative of the population of interest and may very likely differ on pertinent factors. Hence, there are serious problems in generalizing inferences from self‐selected samples to their populations. A very brief outline is provided for three statistical approaches to problems with self‐selected samples: the use of covariates, mixture modeling, and selection modeling.
MonteCarlo Methods
Authors: Gentle James E. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractMonte Carlo simulation is one of the most important tools in all fields of science. Monte Carlo methods are experiments that use samples of numbers that appear to be random, although the numbers are generated by deterministic computer algorithms. These “pseudorandom” samples can be used in solving a wide range of problems, including both deterministic problems such as evaluating a definite integral and problems in which there is a random component such as studying and comparing the performance of statistical procedures under various assumptions about the underlying distribution.
Communications and Radar, Detection in
Authors: Varshney Pramod K. , Viswanathan R. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSignals arriving at a communication or a radar receiver are stochastic in nature and therefore many optimum processing techniques have been developed on the basis of statistical models for these signals. Here, we describe various signal detection procedures that are employed in communications and radar systems. Fundamentals of discrete‐time and continuous‐time matched filtering are introduced. Applications to demodulation of digital modulation signals, single and multiple‐pulse radar target detection, constant false alarm rate processing for radar, and netted radar systems are presented.
Banking, Statistics in
Authors: Hand David J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractMathematical models in the investment banking and financial markets sectors have been the focus of concentrated research effort for several decades, but the application of statistical methods is a relatively new development. In contrast, in retail banking, statistical models have been applied for over 40 years, though of late their level of sophistication and complexity has increased dramatically. Both developments are a result of increased computer power. A large range of types of statistical tools are being applied, but especially tools concerned with predicting default risk at various levels. Given the increased competition, the current harsh economic climate, and toughening legislative environment, it seems likely that the demand for objective statistical methods will become even greater in the future.
Telephone Survey Methodology
Authors: Link Michael W. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
Telephone survey methods are widely used for the cost‐effective and timely collection of data in sample surveys. Although telephone survey designs can vary on a number of dimensions, including how populations are sampled, technology employed, and protocol followed, nearly all involve issues of sampling design, questionnaire development, case management, interviewer training, quality control monitoring, and data processing. The mode does face a number of challenges, including the increase in the sheer volume of telephone numbers, the growing use of call screening devices and cellular telephones, and the proliferation of telemarketing.
Stochastic Resonance
Authors: Bulsara Adi R. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractNoise is usually considered a nuisance or a laboratory curiosity, better avoided, in most practical applications. However, certain nonlinear dynamic systems in nature (the most ubiquitous of these being, of course, the central nervous system) appear to utilize the background noise as an aid to the analysis of low‐intensity signals embedded in the noise floor. A phenomenon known as stochastic resonance (SR) has been studied in the context of this amplification of weak signals in a noise background; the effect is only one of a plethora of diversified behavior that is displayed by nonlinear dynamic systems in the presence of noise, and can actually lead to an energy transfer from the noise floor to the signal feature (in the response), under the appropriate operating conditions.
Linear Sensitivity Measure
Authors: Balakrishnan N. , Chandrasekar B. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn this article, we first present the linear sensitivity measure as introduced by Tukey [7]. Then, we present some properties of it established by Nagaraja [5] and also describe the multiparameter version of it as proposed by Chandrasekar and Balakrishnan [2]. Finally, we present some illustrative examples.
Statistical Signal Processing
Authors: Kannan Nandini , Kundu Debasis 
Published: May 2005

AbstractStatistical signal processing is an important area of research with extensive applications in the fields of communication theory, array processing, seismology, and medical diagnosis. The goal of signal processing is to recover characteristics of the underlying process from observed data. The random nature of the signals underscores the need for statistical techniques in model formulation, estimation, and data analysis. A brief discussion of two models that have been widely studied in the signal processing literature is provided. In addition, different methods of estimation are presented, and some unique characteristics of these models are highlighted.
Lead
Authors: Sutherland Charles A. , Milner Edward F. , Kerby Robert C. , Teindl Herbert , Melin Albert , Bolt Hermann M. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Properties

3.

Occurrence

4.

Production

4.1.

Ore Concentration

4.2.

Smelting

4.2.1.

Sintering Reduction Process

4.2.1.1.

Downdraft Sintering

4.2.1.2.

Updraft Sintering

4.2.1.3.

Products of Sinter Roasting

4.2.2.

Reduction in the Blast Furnace

4.2.2.1.

Process Description

4.2.2.2.

Lead Blast Furnaces

4.2.2.3.

Products of the Lead Blast Furnace

4.2.2.4.

Imperial Smelting Process

4.3.

Roast Reaction Processes

4.4.

Direct Smelting Reduction Processes

4.4.1.

Air Flash Smelting

4.4.2.

Oxygen Flash Smelting

4.4.2.1.

Kivcet Process

4.4.2.2.

Boliden Kaldo Process

4.4.2.3.

Outokumpu Process

4.4.3.

Air ‐ Slag Bath Smelting, the Isasmelt Process

4.4.4.

Oxygen ‐ Slag Bath Smelting, QSL Process

4.5.

Other Lead Processes

5.

Refining of Lead Bullion

5.1.

Pyrometallurgical Refining

5.1.1.

Decoppering

5.1.2.

Removal of Arsenic, Tin, and Antimony

5.1.3.

Removal of Noble Metals

5.1.4.

Dezincing

5.1.5.

Debismuthizing

5.1.6.

Final Refining and Casting of Lead

5.1.7.

Processing of Intermediate Products of Pyrometallurgical Refining

5.2.

Electrolytic Refining of Lead Bullion

6.

Recovery of Secondary Lead from Scrap Materials

6.1.

Battery Types and Composition

6.2.

Battery Breaking and Processing Feed Preparation

6.3.

Smelting of Battery Scrap Materials

6.4.

Future Trends

7.

Uses of Lead

8.

Economic Aspects

8.1.

Lead Concentrate Schedules

8.2.

Lead Statistics

9.

Toxicology and Occupational Health

9.1.

Sources of Lead Exposure

9.1.1.

Drinking Water

9.1.2.

Atmosphere

9.1.3.

Soil

9.1.4.

Diet

9.1.5.

Occupational Exposure

9.2.

Absorption and Excretion

9.3.

Effects

9.3.1.

Acute Effects

9.3.2.

Hematologic Effects

9.3.3.

Neurological Effects

9.3.4.

Renal Effects

9.3.5.

Reproduction Effects

9.3.6.

Carcinogenicity

9.4.

Indices for Monitoring Lead Exposure

9.4.1.

Lead in Blood

9.4.2.

Teeth and Hair

10.

Control of Lead Emissions

10.1.

In‐Plant Lead Emissions

10.2.

Ambient Lead Emissions
Sequential experimental design strategy for rapid kinetic modeling of chemical synthesis
Authors: Issanchou Sébastien , Cognet Patrick , Cabassud Michel 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn this work, an optimum experimental design strategy has been developed to increase the reliability of chemical reaction engineering models when few experiments are to be performed. The strategy has been used for heterogeneous liquid–liquid reactions carried out in a batch reactor. The specific case of alkaline hydrolysis of n‐amylacetate has been selected to illustrate the proposed methodology, allowing experiments to be carried out to identify the associated kinetic parameters. The kinetic parameters that arise from the model system of ordinary differential equations have been estimated by weighted least squares and a D‐optimum sequential design has been implemented to reduce the volume of the joint confidence region of the parameters. Estimates and their uncertainty obtained at the end of the strategy, as well as the generalization ability of the prediction model, are presented and discussed. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Synthesis and In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of some New Fused Pyridine Analogs
Authors: Al‐Omar Mohamed A. , Youssef Khairia M. , El‐Sherbeny Magda A. , Awadalla Sit. Albanat A. , El‐Subbagh Hussein I. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA new series of pyrano[3,2‐c]pyridines, pyrazolo[4,3‐c]pyridines, and pyrido[4,3‐d]pyrimidines were synthesized and screened for their in vitro antioxidant activity. Compounds 13, 14, 15, 23, 29, 30, and 31 exhibited the most active oxygen free‐radical scavenger activity with percentage inhibitions of 99.4, 99.6, 99.8, 97.3, 99.0, 99.3, and 99.5 %; respectively, which is comparable to the curcumin potency. Most of the tested compounds proved to be safe towards peripheral multinuclear neutrophils (PMNs). The detailed synthesis and antioxidant activity data are reported.
Three‐year follow‐up after intravascular γ‐radiation for in‐stent restenosis in saphenous vein grafts
Authors: Rha Seung‐Woon , Kuchulakanti Pramod , Ajani Andrew E. , Cheneau Edouard , Pinnow Ellen E. , Canos Daniel A. , Torguson Rebecca , Pichard Augusto D. , Satler Lowell F. , Kent Kenneth M. , Ramee Steven , Teirstein Paul , Lindsay Joseph , Waksman Ron 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe Washington Radiation for In‐Stent Restenosis Trial in Saphenous Vein Grafts (SVG WRIST) demonstrated safety and efficacy of intravascular radiation therapy (IRT) for the treatment of in‐stent restenosis (ISR) in SVG at 12 months. In this study, we aimed to examine whether the safety and efficacy of IRT is durable up to 36 months. One hundred twenty patients with diffuse ISR in SVG underwent balloon angioplasty, laser or atherectomy ablation, and/or additional stenting. After successful intervention, patients were randomly assigned in a double‐blind fashion to intravascular treatment with a ribbon containing either iridium (Ir)‐192 (n = 60) or nonradioactive seeds (n = 60). The prescribed dose at 2 mm from the source was either 14 or 15 Gy in vessels 2.5–4.0 mm or 18 Gy in vessels > 4.0 mm in diameter. At 36 months, target lesion revascularization (TLR; 43% vs. 66%; P = 0.02) and target lesion revascularization‐major adverse cardiac event (TLR‐MACE; 49% vs. 71%; P = 0.02) rates continued to be lower in the IRT group, but both target vessel revascularization (TVR; 59% vs. 71%; P = 0.17) and TVR‐MACE (63% vs. 77%; P = 0.11) rates were not. In SVG WRIST, patients with ISR treated with IRT had a marked reduction in the need for repeat TLR at 36 months, with sustained clinical benefit at 3 years despite late recurrences, which were more pronounced in the radiation group. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Utility of the Ammonia‐Free Birch Reduction of Electron‐Deficient Pyrroles: Total Synthesis of the 20S Proteasome Inhibitor, clasto‐Lactacystin β‐Lactone
Authors: Donohoe Timothy J. , Sintim Herman O. , Sisangia Leena , Ace Karl W. , Guyo Paul M. , Cowley Andrew , Harling John D. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA new synthesis of the 20S proteasome inhibitor clasto‐lactacystin β‐lactone is described. Our route to this important natural product involves the partial reduction of an electron deficient pyrrole as a key step. By judicious choice of enolate counterion, we were able to exert complete control over the stereoselectivity of the reduction/aldol reaction. Early attempts to complete the synthesis by using a C‐4 methyl substituted pyrrole are described in full, together with our attempts to promote regioselective elimination of a tertiary alcohol. The lessons learnt from this first approach led us to develop another, and ultimately successful, route that introduced the C‐4 methyl group at a late stage in the synthesis. Our successful route is then described and this contains several highly stereoselective steps including a cis‐dihydroxylation and an enolate methylation. The final synthesis proceeds in just 13 steps and in 15 % overall yield making it an extremely efficient route to this valuable compound.
Absolute Configuration of C2‐Symmetric Spiroselenurane: 3,3,3′,3′‐Tetramethyl‐1,1′‐spirobi[3 H,2,1]Benzoxaselenole
Authors: Petrovic Ana G. , Polavarapu Prasad L. , Drabowicz Jozef , Zhang Yingru , McConnell Oliver J. , Duddeck Helmut 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe enantiomers of 3,3,3′,3′‐tetramethyl‐1,1′‐spirobi[3 H,2,1]benzoxaselenole have been separated on a chiral preparative chromatographic column. The experimental vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectra have been obtained for both enantiomers in CH2Cl2. The theoretical VCD spectra have been obtained by means of density functional theoretical calculations with the B3 LYP density functional. From a comparison of experimental and theoretical VCD spectra, the absolute configuration of an enantiomer with positive specific rotation in CH2Cl2 at 589 nm is determined to be R. This conclusion has been verified by comparing results of experimental optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) to predictions of the same properties using the B3 LYP functional for the title compound.
Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor is essential for cardiomyocyte development
Authors: Asher Damon R. , Cerny Anna M. , Weiler Sarah R. , Horner James W. , Keeler Marilyn L. , Neptune Mychell A. , Jones Stephen N. , Bronson Roderick T. , DePinho Ronald A. , Finberg Robert W. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) is a transmembrane protein that is known to be a site of viral attachment and entry, but its physiologic functions are undefined. CAR expression is maximal in neonates and wanes rapidly after birth in organs such as heart, muscle, and brain, suggesting that CAR plays a role in the development of these tissues. Here, we show that CAR deficiency resulted in an embryonic lethal condition associated with cardiac defects. Specifically, commencing ∼10.5 days postconception (dpc), CAR−/− cardiomyocytes exhibited regional apoptosis evidenced by both histopathologic features of cell death and positive staining for the apoptotic marker cleaved caspase 3. CAR−/− fetuses invariably suffered from degeneration of the myocardial wall and thoracic hemorrhaging, leading to death by 11.5 dpc. These findings are consistent with the view that CAR provides positive survival signals to cardiomyocytes that are essential for normal heart development. genesis 42:77–85, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of Free Trimethylaluminum Content in Methylaluminoxane on Performances of Bis(salicylaldiminate)nickel(II)‐Based Catalysts for Ethylene Polymerization
Authors: Carlini Carlo , De Luise Valentina , Grillo Fernandes Elizabeth , Martinelli Marco , Raspolli Galletti Anna Maria , Sbrana Glauco 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSummary: The performances of ethylene polymerization catalysts based on III and commercial methylaluminoxane were investigated by reducing the content of free trimethylaluminum in methylaluminoxane by its reaction with 2,6‐di‐tert‐butylphenol. This allowed optimization of the formulation of the catalyst, affording a high‐molecular‐weight linear polyethylene (PE) with a productivity [(1 900 kg of PE/(mol of Ni × h)], ten‐fold higher than that previously achieved for the same system adopting commercial methylaluminoxane not pre‐treated with the above phenol derivative.
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Aqueous RAFT Polymerization of Acrylamide and N,N‐Dimethylacrylamide at Room Temperature
Authors: Convertine Anthony J. , Lokitz Brad S. , Lowe Andrew B. , Scales Charles W. , Myrick Leslie J. , McCormick Charles L. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSummary: The first example of a room temperature reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization conducted directly in aqueous media is detailed. Under these conditions acrylamide and N,N‐dimethylacrylamide may be polymerized in a controlled fashion to near quantitative conversions employing a difunctional trithiocarbonate chain transfer agent (CTA). Hydrolysis studies conducted at pH 5.5 suggest that the CTA is stable up to approximately 50 °C.
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Gel‐to‐Sol and Sol‐to‐Gel Transitions Utilizing the Interaction of α‐Cyclodextrin with Dodecyl Side Chains Attached to a Poly(acrylic acid) Backbone
Authors: Tomatsu Itsuro , Hashidzume Akihito , Harada Akira 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSummary: By utilizing the interaction of α‐cyclodextrin (α‐CD) with dodecyl side chains in polymers of x mol‐% dodecyl‐modified poly(acrylic acid) (p(AA/C12(x))), systems that undergo gel‐to‐sol and sol‐to‐gel transitions were successfully constructed. Rheological experiments indicated that addition of α‐CD to the hydrogel of p(AA/C12(5)) caused a drastic decrease in the viscosity, while addition of oligo(α‐CD) to the solution of p(AA/C12(2)) led to a remarkable increase in the viscosity.Photographs for a gel‐to‐sol transition upon addition of α‐CD to 5.0 g · L−1 p(AA/C12(5)).magnified imagePhotographs for a gel‐to‐sol transition upon addition of α‐CD to 5.0 g · L−1 p(AA/C12(5)).
Synthesis and Characterization of Thermally Curable Benzoxazine‐Functionalized Polystyrene Macromonomers
Authors: Kiskan Baris , Colak Demet , Muftuoglu Ali Ekrem , Cianga Ioan , Yagci Yusuf 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSummary: Thermally curable benzoxazine ring‐containing polystyrene macromonomers were synthesized and characterized. 1,4‐Dibromo‐2,5‐bis(bromomethyl)benzene and 1,4‐dibromo‐2‐(bromomethyl)benzene were used as initiators in the atom transfer radical polymerization of styrene. The resulting polymers were used in combination with 3‐aminophenylboronic acid hemisulfate, for a Suzuki coupling. The obtained polymers, with amino groups in the middle or end of the chains, were reacted with formaldehyde and phenol to yield benzoxazine ring‐containing macromonomers. In addition to the glass transition temperature of the polystyrene segment observed at ca. 105 °C, differential scanning calorimetry thermograms exhibit an exotherm at ca. 276 °C corresponding to the oxazine thermal polymerization. Both macromonomers undergo thermal curing with the formation of thermosets having polystyrene segments.Structure of the benzoxazine‐functionalized polystyrene.magnified imageStructure of the benzoxazine‐functionalized polystyrene.