bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Revolutions in America
Authors: Davies K G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The transmission of the English Revolution to the plantations was not expected to give rise to difficulties and in most places did not. The colonies were not invited to concur in what had happened, though one or two responded as if they had been; they were simply instructed to proclaim William and Mary. No explanation of events in England was provided, let alone justification, and no special measures were taken to ensure that the colonies complied. In two particular instances the order to proclaim the new sovereigns was associated with what might be construed as an inducement. As early as 11 January 1689 the Prince of Orange wrote to Jamaica appointing a governor, restoring officers suspended or evicted by the late Duke of Albemarle, and cancelling acts of assembly passed since Albemarle’s death. These orders were repeated on 22 February when William was able to write as king. This singling out of Jamaica probably owed more to the efficiency of that colony’s lobby in England than to anything else. In regard to New England, however, there was some recognition in London of the value of a conciliatory gesture.
Different Motives for Regulation: A Survey of the Literature
Authors: Franks Julian , Mayer Colin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
1.1 There are three classes of literature that are relevant to a study of the regulation of investment managers. The first is corporate finance theory, which explains how a firm’s capital structure is determined. The second is regulation of banks and in particular bank capital adequacy requirements. The third is the regulation of the professions. This chapter will discuss each in turn.
Investment
Authors: Yoshikawa Hiroshi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Investment has always played a central role in both the growth of and the fluctuations in the Japanese economy. It is the most volatile component of aggregate demand, but on the other hand, it is only through investment that economic growth is made possible. In the process of economic growth, investment not only determines the rate of capital accumulation, but also leads to technical progress, since most modern technological innovations are embodied in new capital goods. On the other hand, as was observed in Chapter 2, business cycles in Japan were basically investment-led during the high-growth period of the 1950s and 1960s (see also Table 9.7 below). Clearly, it is essential to understand the behaviour of investment in order to grasp the movements of the Japanese economy in both the short run and the long run.
Ireland: Marriage Loses Popularity
Authors: Kennedy Finola , Mccormack Kevin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The 1980s was a decade in which marriage lost the popularity it enjoyed in the 1960s and early 1970s. Against a background of economic uncertainty and rising unemployment, the proportion of young women who were married in the age group 25-29 years slipped from two-thirds to just over one-half. The decline in the popularity of marriage among the young was accompanied by a rise in educational participation, an increase in cohabitation and an increase in marriage breakdown.
What is Old Age? Variation over Time and between Cultures
Authors: Laslett Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At first sight the answer to the question posed in the title to this chapter seems to be exceedingly simple. Since ageing is a series of biological changes occurring in all humans at all ages and at all times, then old age is the name for the final stage of that programme during which decline itself accelerates markedly. The only thing that has to be settled is the point at which individuals reach that final stage, and this is evidently a particular birth anniversary, the 50th, 55th, 60th, 65th, 70th, or whatever. Any person who has passed that anniversary is to be considered as being in old age. The proportion which the total of these people makes up of the whole is the obvious measure of how old a population is in comparative terms.
Prospect for Extended Survival: A Critical Review of the Biological Evidence
Authors: Olshansky S Jay , Carnes Bruce A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For as long as humans have inhabited the earth, intense mortality selection pressures have produced a pattern of high unstable death rates resulting in high attrition at younger ages. Like most other mammals, survival to ages where senescence may be observed has always been a rare event for humans. These highly selective forces of natural selection have come under greater control in the past two hundred years, as we have developed an understanding of the germ theory of disease, and then manipulated our environment to reduce the force of mortality from infectious and parasitic diseases. Recent declines in middle-age and old-age mortality have been observed in nations with low death rates, making survival into older ages a common event in developed nations. Although scientists have been discussing seriously for the past century the evolutionary and biological forces that lead to senescence (Fisher, 1930; Haldane, 1941; Medawar, 1952; Weismann, 1891; Williams, 1957), these recent unexpected declines in mortality at later ages have brought forth a renewed interest in the question of how high human life expectancy can increase (for example, see Manton et al., 1991; Olshansky et al., 1990).
Mortality Projections for Japan: A Comparison of Four Methods
Authors: Wilmoth John R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Death-rates at all ages have fallen with an astonishing speed over the past 40 years in Japan. Life expectancy at birth among the Japanese is now the highest in the world for any national population. While most people agree on the advantages of a longer life for the individuals who benefit from it, there is increasing concern, in Japan as elsewhere, about an important side-effect of rapid mortality decline, namely, population ageing. All analysts agree that populations in developed countries like Japan will continue to grow older (whether measured by the median age of the population, the percentage over age 65, or some other indicator), but the extent and speed of this transformation over the next 30-50 years are somewhat less certain and depend, to a large extent, on future trends in death-rates at older ages (Horiuchi, 1991).
Formal and Informal Care:New Approaches
Authors: Daatland Svein Olav 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
However differently the modern nations have organized their ageing policies, they seem to have the following problem in common: while needs are increasing, the resources to accommodate these needs are diminishing, at least in a relative sense. And while earlier the increased needs could be coped with because of economic growth, the joint occurrence of continued ageing and an economic recession indicates that the needs-resource gap will expand.
The Dynamics of Age Systems in East Africa
Authors: Spencer Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Within any society, some overarching premiss may be characteristic of a much wider region. Studies of rural Mediterranean societies, for instance, emphasize the concept of honour associated with the integrity of the family. Studies of Hindu society stress the concept of purity which defines status within the caste hierarchy. Correspondingly, in studies of traditional Africa, a theme that recurs is the association of respect with age. It is hardly surprising that the terms ‘elder’ and ‘elderhood’ are so well established as translations of vernacular terms. They convey a sense of status and respect.
The Emergence of Individualism and New Forms of Inequality
Authors: Spencer Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Early accounts of the Chamus seem to indicate that the irrigation systems of the two villages were already failing as they built up their herds of cattle. There are two interpretations of this decline. David Anderson’s painstaking reconstruction of their economic history has suggested that, towards the end of the nineteenth century, the Chamus economy was upset by their strategic position as a provisioning centre for Swahili caravans, whom they supplied with grain in exchange for items that could be retraded locally for cattle. Chamus eagerness to build up their herds at this point led them to over-cultivate, he argues, spoiling the fine ecological balance of their irrigation system. They then compounded this further by diverting labour to tend their growing herds, but at the expense of maintaining the irrigation system, bringing about its disrepair and decline. Robert Chambers’s alternative interpretation puts the failure of the system on a wider ecological footing and at a later stage. As the herds built up after the Disaster, he notes, there were reports of serious overgrazing, and this would have interfered with the natural drainage that fed the irrigation system. Rain could no longer be retained by the soil, leading to a more spasmodic supply ofwater. This culminated in a flash flood in 1917, which diverted the Great Uaso River from its normal course and placed the major irrigation system of the Down-River village beyond repair.
Introductory Essay
Authors: James Wendy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The world as the Uduk-speaking people knew it was almost destroyed in the closing years of the nineteenth century. Those who had not been enslaved, or enserfed by chiefdoms of the Sudan Ethiopian border, had.fled as refugees away to the north and west. The three valleys of the Ahmar, Tombak, and Yabus which they had made their homeland over the previous century or so were deserted. In my previous book, ‘Kwanim Pa: The Making of the Uduk People: An Ethnographic Study of Survival in the Sudan Ethiopian Borderlands (henceforth abbreviated as ‘KP),1 I have described these events and their continuing relevance for our under standing of the society the Uduk have recreated since the early twentieth-century pacification of this region by the Anglo-Egyptian government of the Sudan.
The Consequences of an International Wrong in International and National Law
Authors: Mann F A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The doctrine of the international wrong, that is to say, the violation of a duty imposed by public international law, is both one of the most important and one of the most intricate chapters of public international law. It is, on the one hand, so important because it is that part of public international law with which the practising lawyer most frequently comes (or ought to come) into contact, for wrongs suffered by a physical or legal person at the hands of a foreign State are unfortunately a matter of daily occurrence, although they are not always diagnosed as such, and even if they are, the absence of diplomatic protection or the lack of submission by the wrongdoing State to a tribunal is likely to render a remedy illusory.
The Aminoil Arbitration
Authors: Mann F A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Shortly before his death the late Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice wrote to the present writer that he had just finished an arbitration which led to a ‘remarkable’ award, and that he hoped at an early date to have a discussion about it. Unfortunately, his untimely death rendered such a discussion impossible. In the absence of the advice or at least the comments of a dear and greatly respected friend the present writer must try to unravel the intricacies of this clearly ‘remarkable’, but also difficult and far from compellingly reasoned award in the case of the State of Kuwait v. The American Independent Oil Company (Aminoil). It was rendered by Professor Paul Reuter as President, Professor Hamed Sultan appointed by Kuwait and Sir Gerald appointed by Aminoil.
Uniform Statutes in English Law
Authors: Mann F A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Uniform statutes are provisions enacted or authorized by Parliament and derived from treaties or similar arrangements which a group of nations agree to incorporate into their respective legal systems with a view to unifying legal rules in a particular field. Even though, as a matter of form, the legislative act itself is, in constitutional law, usually the direct and, indeed, the only source of municipal enforceability, the fact that uniform statutes are the ultimate product of a treaty constitutes their special characteristic. That fact has numerous consequences which it is proposed to examine: Is the interpretation of uniform statutes subject to peculiar rules? In particular, is it possible and perhaps even necessary by some process of interpretation to fill gao in the uniform text? Do uniform statutes really succeed in unifying the law? If not or not entirely, how are divergences to be overcome or, in other words, what is the relationship between uniform laws and the conflict of laws? Is the idea and object of unification of law a head of public policy and, if so, does it eliminate conflict rules and does it perhaps even have a bearing upon rules of jurisdiction?
The State Immunity Act 1978
Authors: Mann F A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On 22 November 1978 the State Immunity Act 1978 came into force. Its purpose, according to its long title, is ‘to make new provision with respect to proceedings in the United Kingdom by or against other States; to provide for the effect of judgments given against the United Kingdom in the courts of States parties to the European Convention on State Immunity; to make new provision with respect to the immunities and privileges of heads of State; and for connected purposes’.
As the Act makes ‘new provision’, it is a remedial statute. It initiates a new era in the field of sovereign immunity in English law, an era which will throw up problems of a new and different kind that have to be solved by way of statutory interpretation.
Preliminary Considerations
Authors: Vasciannie S C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In general, the countries which became members of the Group of Land Locked and Geographically Disadvantaged States at the UNCLOS III represented a broad cross-section of political and economic interests in the international community. Membership ranged from the developed, industrialized economies of Switzerland and Austria to Mali and Nepal, which are universally acknowledged to be amongst the least developed countries in the world.1 At the same time, States such as the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic were able to subordinate their differences of ideological orientation in order to reach uniform positions under the auspices of the Group. As the Group derived its raison d’etre from geographical considerations, this situation was not entirely curious; however, precisely because of its diverse membership, the Group was never able to treat its unity as a matter of course.
The Question of Access to the Non-Living Resources of the Continental Shelf for Land-Locked and Geographically Disadvantaged States
Authors: Vasciannie S C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the UNCLOS III, land-locked and geographically disadvantaged States advanced several claims concerning the resources of the continental shelf. These claims were largely unsuccessful for a variety of legal and political reasons. This chapter seeks primarily to outline the LLGDS claims and to show why coastal States were able to maintain a united front in resistance to the LLGDS efforts.
The Theory of the British Constitution
Authors: Allott Philip 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Rivalled only by the constitutions of the Church of Rome, of China, and of France, the British constitution is the most interesting example of a constitution available for contemporaneous study. With fourteen centuries of continuous and well-documented development, it is a unique living specimen of the long-term self-socializing of the human species. Study of the British constitution is a less proud tradition. Cloudy and confused since the earliest days, the constitutional self-awareness of the British people has been distorted over the last two centuries by a series of developments whose significance goes far beyond the problems of the British constitution.
The Relevance of International Law to Israeli and Palestinian Rights in the West Bank and Gaza
Authors: Weston Richard A Falk ,Burns H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When demonstrations against Israel’s occupation of the West Bank and Gaza erupted in Gaza in December 1987 and shortly thereafter spread to the West Bank, few perceived that what was in the making was a resistance quite unlike the sporadic ‘riots’ that had aggravated Israeli-Palestinian relations since the Six Day War and the beginning of the occupation in 1967. By late February 1988, however, even the Israeli General Staff had adopted the Arabic word intifada,1 the term preferred by the Palestinians themselves to define what was happening.2
The Administration of Occupied Territory in International Law
Authors: Greenwood Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to examine the principles of international law applicable to the administration of occupied territory. In the course of this inquiry, an attempt will be made to answer the following questions: Does international law specify the administrative structure which must prevail in occupied territory? To what extent is the occupying power free to depart from the administrative structure which existed in the territory prior to the occupation? In particular, may the occupying power create different geographical units of administration?
Financial Administration of the Israeli-Occupied West Bank
Authors: Jabr Hisham 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although the Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza has now continued for over twenty years, the financial administration of these territories by the Israeli military authorities and its implications for the development of the region have received scant attention. The purpose of this paper is therefore to give an overview of financial aspects of the administration of the West Bank under Israeli occupation. I will focus especially on budgetary aspects, on sources of revenue and on expenditure, in an attempt to evaluate services rendered to the inhabitants of the West Bank as compared with taxes, customs, excise, fines, and other fees paid by them to the occupying authority. The legal issues regarding the levying of such taxes and other payments are also discussed. Comparison is made also with practices under Jordanian rule and with the taxation system in the Israeli settlements, illegally implanted in the Occupied Territories.
Judicial Discretion and Criminal Litigation
Authors: Pattenden Rosemary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book is about the discretions exercised by criminal trial courts both at Crown Court and Magistrates' Court level and about discretion in the criminal appellate process. The aim is twofold. First, to provide a theoretical framework within which to discuss and assess the discretions. This entails defining discretion, outlining the reasons for the existence of discretion and considering the means by which discretion may be controlled. Secondly, to examine the evidential and procedural discretions whose existence is recorded in cases, statutes, and the reports of law bodies, and to list the known principles by which these discretions should be exercised. The text concentrates on the law and practice in England and Wales but the footnotes include extensive references to the decisions and statutes of Australia, Canada and New Zealand. The last chapter of the book examines the way in which an exercise of discretion by a trial court, the Court of Appeal, or the Divisional Court of the Queen's Bench Division may be challenged and demonstrates that whatever the position may have been at the turn of the century few erroneous exercises of discretion are now inviolable.
P
Authors: Toth A G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Patent See Intellectual Property Rights PUBLIC HEALTH One of the grounds on which the Member States may derogate from certain provisions of Community law (other, closely related grounds for derogations include public policy and public security). Thus, under Art. 96(1) Euratom, the Member States may impose limitations, on grounds of public policy, public security, or public health, on the right of nationals of other Member States to take skilled employment in the field of nuclear energy (a similar derogation existed under Art. 69(1) ECSC on grounds of public policy and health). According to Art.
Introduction: Existence
Authors: Thornberry Patrick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In any consideration of the rights of minorities under contemporary international law, the right of existence must be a necessary prerequisite for other rights. ‘Existence’ is a notion which has a special sense for a collectivity. An individual ‘exists’ or he does not; his non-existence is individual death. A collectivity such as a minority group exists in the individual lives of its members; the physical death of some members does not destroy the ‘existence’ of the group, though it may impair its health. There is, however, another existence for a minority through the shared consciousness of its members, manifested perhaps through language, culture, or religion, a shared sense of history, a common destiny. Without this ‘existence’ it is possible to say that individuals live but the group does not: it has been replaced by something other than itself, perhaps a new group, larger or smaller.
Does the Prohibition of Genocide Bind All States?
Authors: Thornberry Patrick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In view of the limited participation by States in the Genocide Convention, the question of its relationship to customary international law retains considerable significance for many minority groups. Those States which are not parties are quite as ethnically heterogeneous as the States Parties and do not present themselves as a group of particular, outstanding political stability. Their minorities are exposed to the same physical and cultural.
The United Nations Charter: Provisions on Non-Discrimination
Authors: Thornberry Patrick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The United Nations Charter set the pattern for development of the principle of non-discrimination. The Preamble refers to the determination of the peoples of the United Nations ‘to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women.. .’. Article 1(3) on the Purposes of the United Nations includes among them the promotion and encouragement of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all ‘without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion’. The latter phrase, coupled with references to human rights, is repeated in Article 13 on the functions of the General Assembly in assisting the realization of human rights; in Article 55 on international economic and social cooperation; and in Article 76 on the objectives of the trusteeship system. The achievement of human rights on a non-discriminatory basis is one of the principal aims of the United Nations Organization as the multiple references demonstrate.
Interpretation of Treaty Articles in the Proceedings of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
Authors: Thornberry Patrick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination is concerned with racial groups in general and not specifically with minorities. None the less, minorities are the natural victims of racial discrimination in most States, and have been frequently discussed in the reporting procedure under the Convention. The reporting procedure by which the State describes the progress made in its legislation and administration is perhaps better adapted to securing an overview of group problems than the more sharply focused individual complaints procedures, and thus to emphasize the collective aspects of discrimination as they affect minorities. The Committee has filled out some of the implications of the Convention as matters of general interpretation and contributed to a better understanding of its virtues and limitations as a legal text to support the interests of minority groups.