bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Activation of Wnt/β‐catenin/Tcf signaling in mouse skin carcinogenesis
Authors: Bhatia Neehar , Spiegelman Vladimir S. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAlthough Wnt/β‐catenin/Tcf signaling pathway has been shown to be an important factor in the development of many malignancies including colorectal, ovarian, prostate, and many other cancers, little is known about its role in non‐melanoma skin cancers. Here, we report the first evidence that β‐catenin/Tcf signaling pathway is constitutively activated in non‐melanocytic skin tumors induced by two stage chemical carcinogenesis protocol. Mouse skin tumors showed cytoplasmic and nuclear accumulation of β‐catenin, and upregulation of β‐catenin/Tcf target genes (c‐myc and c‐jun). We found high levels of skin‐expressed Wnt proteins (Wnt 3, 4, and 10b) in different parts of the tumors, likely representing key upstream events in β‐catenin/Tcf activation during mouse skin carcinogenesis. Inhibition of β‐catenin/Tcf signaling by ectopic expression of dominant negative Tcf4 resulted in significant inhibition of growth in squamous cell carcinoma cells. A role of the constitutive activation of β‐catenin/Tcf signaling in skin carcinogenesis is discussed. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Defect states in Czochalski p‐type silicon: the role of oxygen and dislocations
Authors: Castaldini A. , Cavalcoli D. , Cavallini A. , Pizzini S. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis contribution reports the study, by junction spectroscopies, of electronic states induced by thermal and deformation treatments in p‐type Si. In order to understand the role that oxygen precipitation, metallic contamination and plastic deformation play on the defect states, several sets of Cz (Czochalski) and Fz (Float‐zone) Si samples and different material treatments were investigated. The electronic states were also compared with optical transitions obtained by photoluminescence analyses carried out on the same sample sets. These defect states could thus be microscopically identified with specific defect types. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cation distribution, hyperfine parameters and conduction mechanism in the ferrimagnetic system Cu0.5Co0.5GaxFe2–xO4
Authors: Ata‐Allah S. S. , Kaiser M. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractCompositions having the chemical formula Cu0.5Co0.5GaxFe2–xO4with (0.0 ≤x≤ 0.5) have been prepared by the usual ceramic processing from high‐purity oxides. X‐ray diffraction measurements are used for analyzing the composition, lattice parameter, density, porosity and grain size of these compounds. The area ratio of Fe3+at the tetrahedral A‐ and octahedral B‐sites deduced from the spectral analysis of Mössbauer measurements on the present spinel system gives evidence that Ga replaces Fe at A‐site in the range 0.0 <x≤ 0.3. As the Ga content increases (x> 0.3), it replaces Fe at B‐site. This change in the site preference reflects an abrupt change in the hyperfine parameters with Ga content atx> 0.3. The electrical measurements as a function of temperature and frequency on these materials revealed semiconducting behavior. These results show a significant increase in the frequency dependence of conductivity as Ga content increases. Variation of the universal exponentswith temperature indicates the presence of small‐polaron (SP) hopping mechanism at low Ga content. As Ga substitution progressed, the overlap large polaron (OLP) becomes the predominant hopping mechanism in these compounds. The determined transition temperatureTCof these samples is found to decrease linearly with increasing Ga contentx. The results obtained in this study are interpreted in light of the cation–cation and cation–anion–cation interactions in the spinel structure. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Phospholipase Cγ in distinct regions of the ventral tegmental area differentially regulates morphine‐induced locomotor activity
Authors: Bolaños Carlos A. , Neve Rachael L. , Nestler Eric J. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractNeurotrophic factors and the signaling pathways they activate play a role in mediating long‐term molecular, cellular, and behavioral adaptations associated with drug addiction. Here we mimicked the biological response of phospholipase C‐γ (PLCγ) induction in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) observed after chronic morphine using viral‐mediated gene transfer. Using a behavioral sensitization paradigm, we demonstrate that microinjections of PLCγ1 into distinct (rostral vs. caudal) regions of the VTA result in differential locomotor responses to morphine. Synapse 56:166–169, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Continuous opioid agonist treatment dose‐dependently regulates μ‐opioid receptors and dynamin‐2 in mouse spinal cord
Authors: Zhang Qiuyu , Purohit Vishal , Yoburn Byron C. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractContinuous opioid agonist treatment produces tolerance and in some cases μ opioid receptor (μOR) down‐regulation. Previous studies indicate that down‐regulation of μOR is more likely with high‐efficacy opioid agonists (e.g., etorphine), whereas lower efficacy agonists (e.g., morphine) do not regulate μOR density. It has been suggested that μOR down‐regulation may depend upon increases in Dynamin‐2 (DYN‐2) proteins. Therefore, the present study examined the effect of various infusion doses of etorphine on μOR density, DYN‐2 protein, and DYN‐2 mRNA abundance in mouse spinal cord. Mice were implanted sc with an osmotic pump that infused etorphine (50–250 μg/kg/day). Controls were implanted with inert placebo pellets. At the end of 7 days, mice were sacrificed, spinal cord removed and processed for radioligand binding, quantitative Western blotting, or RT‐PCR assay. Results indicate that etorphine induced dose‐dependent regulation of μOR density, DYN‐2 proteins, and mRNA abundance in mouse spinal cord. Higher infusion doses significantly down‐regulated μOR density, increased DYN‐2 protein abundance, and decreased DYN‐2 mRNA. Analysis of these results indicated a significant correlation between μOR down‐regulation and DYN‐2 abundance in mouse spinal cord. Taken together, μOR regulation may depend on changes in DYN‐2 abundance induced by high‐efficacy opioid agonists in mouse spinal cord. Synapse 56:123–128, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increase of GAP‐43 in the rat cerebellum following unilateral striatal 6‐OHDA lesion
Authors: Perović Milka , Mladenović Aleksandra , Rakić Ljubisav , Ruždijić Sabera , Kanazir Selma 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIn order to further characterize synaptic alterations following a severe lesion of the nigrostriatal system, the expression of synaptic marker proteins, synaptophysin and growth‐associated protein‐43 (GAP‐43), was examined in various brain regions of 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA)‐treated rats, an animal model of Parkinson's disease. Unilateral nigrostriatal lesioning induced an increase in synaptophysin protein levels by 68% and 106% in the sensorimotor cortex and striatum, respectively, while changes in the level of GAP‐43 were not observed. In contrast, 6‐OHDA induced a 73% increase in the level of GAP‐43 protein in the cerebellum. This increase was also confirmed with immunohistochemistry. The level of synaptophysin in the cerebellum remained unchanged in response to the lesion. These results suggest that a neurotoxic lesion of the nigrostriatal pathway differentially affects the expression of the two synaptic proteins and that plasticity‐related changes in this model are not solely restricted to the nigrostriatal system. In addition, these results provide further evidence of the involvement of the cerebellum in the late response to a 6‐OHDA lesion. Synapse 56:170–174, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Abnormal auditory N400 in a case of zolpidem dependence, during a working memory test
Authors: Liappas Ioannis A. , Papageorgiou Charalabos C. , Rabavilas Andreas D. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractZolpidem is a GABA (A) agonist, which is indicated for the short-term management of insomnia. Recent research provide evidence suggesting that zolpidem produces spatial working memory (WM) deficits and dependence; however, the underlying mechanisms of these effects are unknown. Since the auditory N400 component of event-related potentials (ERPS) is considered as an index of memory use of context processing, the present study focused on N400 waveform of ERPs elicited during a WM task in a case suffering from zolpidem dependence. The patterns of N400 waveform of this case were compared to the patterns obtained from healthy controls. This comparison revealed that zolpidem dependence is accompanied by reduced amplitudes located at posterior brain areas and diffuse prolongation of N400. These findings may indicate that zolpidem dependence manifests alterations with regard to the memory use of context processing, involving or affecting a wide-ranging network of the brain's structures.
Media consumption and desire for social distance towards people with schizophrenia
Authors: Angermeyer M.C. , Dietrich S. , Pott D. , Matschinger H. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThere is ample evidence for a distorted presentation of the mentally ill in the media. However, only little is known about its impact on attitudes towards people with mental disorders. Therefore, we investigated the relationship between watching TV and reading the newspaper on the one hand, and the desire for social distance towards people with schizophrenia on the other. In 2001, a representative population survey was conducted in Germany, using a fully structured personal interview. We found that the desire for social distance towards people with schizophrenia increases almost continuously with the amount of TV consumption. The association between reading the newspaper and social distance is less pronounced and depends on the type of newspaper people read. Since, obviously, there is a relationship between media consumption and attitudes towards people with schizophrenia, inaccurate and one-sided messages about mental disorders should be replaced by accurate and more balanced messages.
Exploring the effects of fishing on fish assemblages using Abundance Biomass Comparison (ABC) curves
Authors: Yemane Dawit , Field John G. , Leslie Rob W. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The possible effect of fishing on dominance patterns in the South African south coast demersal trawl fishery is assessed using Abundance Biomass Comparison (ABC) curves for the period 1986–2003. The ABC method compares the ranked distribution of abundance among species against the similar distribution of biomass among species. The temporal pattern in the ABC curves and the W-statistic for two depth groups (<100 m and 101–200 m), and for the whole area combined, shows a gradient of change in the demersal assemblages from neutral (W ≥ 0) towards negative (W < 0), suggesting a disturbed or stressed condition. This corresponds to the onset of longline fishing effort in 1994, still ongoing in 2003, superimposed upon declining trawl effort in the same region. The ABC method shows promise as a guide for assessing the effects of fishing on fish communities, being based on established r- and k-selection theory. More modelling and comparative work is needed to establish acceptable ranges for the W-statistic, and their application in an ecosystem approach to fisheries management.
Blocking Characteristics of hERG, hNav1.5, and hKvLQT1/hminK after Administration of the Novel Anti‐Arrhythmic Compound AZD7009
Authors: PERSSON FRIDA , CARLSSON LEIF , DUKER GÖRAN , JACOBSON INGEMAR 
Published: March 2005

Introduction: AZD7009 is a novel anti‐arrhythmic compound under development for short‐ and long‐term management of atrial fibrillation and flutter. Electrophysiological studies in animals have shown high anti‐arrhythmic efficacy, predominant action on atrial electrophysiology, and low proarrhythmic activity. The main aim of this study was to characterize the blocking effects of AZD7009 on the human ether‐a‐go‐go‐related gene (hERG), the hNav1.5, and the hKvLQT1/hminK currents. Methods and Results: hERG, hKvLQT1/hminK, and hNav1.5 were expressed in CHO K1 cells. Currents were measured using the whole‐cell configuration of the voltage‐clamp technique. AZD7009 inhibited the hERG current with an IC50 of 0.6 ± 0.07 μM (n = 6). AZD7009 1 μM hyperpolarized the potential for half‐maximal activation from −8.2 ± 0.1 mV to −18.0 ± 0.6 mV (P < 0.001, n = 14) and induced pre‐pulse potentiation at potentials near the activation threshold. The hNav1.5 current was blocked with an IC50 of 4.3 ± 1.20 μM at 10 Hz (n = 6) and block developed use‐dependently. Recovery from use‐dependent block was slow, τ= 131 seconds. AZD7009 inhibited the hKvLQT1/hminK current only at high concentrations (IC50= 193 ± 20 μM, n = 6). Conclusion: AZD7009 inhibits both the hERG and the hNav1.5 current, and it is most likely this combined current block that underlies the prolongation of the refractoriness and the low proarrhythmic activity demonstrated in animals in vivo.
Gender Differences in Autonomic Modulation of Ventricular Repolarization in Humans
Authors: NAKAGAWA MIKIKO , OOIE TATSUHIKO , OU BAIQING , ICHINOSE MASASHI , TAKAHASHI NAOHIKO , HARA MASAHIDE , YONEMOCHI HIDETOSHI , SAIKAWA TETSUNORI 
Published: March 2005

Background: Gender differences in the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias have been reported and torsades de pointes associated with long QT syndrome are more common in women than men. Although increased sympathetic tone has an important role in vulnerability to arrhythmia, little is currently known regarding gender differences in the dynamic electrophysiological response to sympathetic stimulation. Therefore, we investigated whether there is a gender difference in humans with respect to the dynamic response of ventricular repolarization to β‐adrenergic stimulation and to autonomic blockade. Methods: Twelve‐lead ECGs were continuously recorded during isoproterenol infusion (protocol 1) and autonomic blockade with propranolol and atropine infusion (protocol 2) in 24 healthy volunteers (12 men, 23 ± 2 years; 12 women, 23 ± 5 years). QT (QTc) intervals were measured at the baseline and at a heart rate of 75, 100, and 120 beats/min. Results: (1) The morphology of the T wave dynamically and transiently changed to bifid or biphasic during the acute phase of isoproterenol infusion. The incidence of these morphologic changes was higher in women than men (P < 0.05). (2) The QTc interval was initially prolonged and then shortened in both men and women during isoproterenol administration. However, QTc prolongation was significantly greater in women (0.44 ± 0.02 to 0.55 ± 0.03 sec) than men (0.42 ± 0.03 to 0.51 ± 0.04 sec; P < 0.05). (3) The QTc interval was significantly prolonged under autonomic blockade and the intrinsic QTc interval was longer in women than men (P < 0.05). Conclusion: While sympathetic stimulation and autonomic blockade modulated the dynamics of ventricular repolarization in both sexes, it was more pronounced in women. This gender difference may partially account for the susceptibility of women to arrhythmogenesis.
Open‐State Unblock Characterizes Acute Inhibition of IKs Potassium Current by Amiodarone in Guinea Pig Ventricular Myocytes
Authors: ZANKOV DIMITAR P. , DING WEI‐GUANG , MATSUURA HIROSHI , HORIE MINORU 
Published: March 2005

Introduction: The aim of the present study was to investigate the acute action of amiodarone on the slow component of delayed rectifier K+ current (IKs) under basal conditions and during β‐adrenoceptor stimulation in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Methods and Results: Using the whole‐cell patch‐clamp method, IKs was evoked by depolarizing voltage‐clamp steps, during superfusion with the Na+‐, K+‐, and Ca2+‐free solution supplemented with 0.4 μM nisoldipine and 5 μM E‐4031. The acute effect of amiodarone was evaluated, within ∼10 minutes after starting the bath application, by the amplitude of deactivating tail currents at –50 mV. Amiodarone concentration dependently blocked IKs and exerted a more potent effect on IKs when activated by shorter pulse durations; the degree of block by 30 μM amiodarone on IKs activated by 200 ms, 500 ms, and 2000 ms depolarizing pulses to +30 mV was 55.9 ± 5.8%, 38.6 ± 6.0%, and 27.1 ± 4.0% (n = 5 each), respectively. An envelope of tails test conducted at +10, +30, and +60 mV demonstrated that the degree of IKs block by amiodarone was gradually attenuated during membrane depolarization, which can be described by a monoexponential function, thus supporting the presence of open channel unblock. Amiodarone also blocked IKs maximally stimulated by 1 μM isoprenaline, to an extent similar to control, when IKs was activated by pulse durations of ≤2000 ms. Conclusion: We propose that amiodarone acutely blocks native IKs with characteristics associated with open channel unblock, and that the protein kinase A‐mediated phosphorylation of channel proteins only minimally affects the amiodarone block.
Saline‐Irrigated Radiofrequency Ablation Electrode with External Cooling
Authors: WITTKAMPF FRED H.M. , NAKAGAWA HIROSHI , FORESTI SARAH , AOYAMA HIROSHI , JACKMAN WARREN M. 
Published: March 2005

Introduction: Open flush, irrigated ablation electrodes may improve the safety of radiofrequency catheter ablation by preventing protein aggregation and coagulum formation. This is particularly important in left‐sided procedures like catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Electrode cooling and the inherent loss of temperature feedback, however, grossly reduce the ability to monitor tissue heating. Intimate contact may not be recognized and the delivery of nominal RF power levels may then lead to excessive tissue heating, steam explosions, and even tamponade. Methods and Results: Standard, open flush, irrigated catheters (Sprinklr, Medtronic Inc, Minneapolis, MN) were modified by thermally insulating the irrigation channels inside the ablation electrode. Using the thigh muscle preparation, multiple lesions were created with standard and modified catheters using 60 s, 20–50 Watt applications and a constant saline flush rate of 20 cc/min. A total of 57 lesions were created on five thigh muscles of three dogs. Lesion dimensions were not significantly different between both types of catheter, but the maximum electrode temperature rise during ablation was significantly higher with the modified catheter. Insulation of the irrigation channels improved the correlation coefficient between maximum electrode temperature rise and lesion volume from 0.38 (ns) to 0.62 (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Thermal insulation of the irrigation channels facilitates temperature feedback during radiofrequency ablation and controllability of lesion formation.
Charles De Gaulle and the Nuclear Revolution
Authors: Gordon Philip H. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Charles de Gaulle recognized from the beginning that nuclear bomb would have immense consequences although he continued to believe in the continuation of past patterns of great‐power conflict, war, and behaviour. By the end of his two‐decade ’nuclear learning process’, he was convinced that the bomb would have profound effects on how statesmen would use military force. Furthermore, de Gaulle believed that nuclear weapons strengthened the most basic features of the international system by reinforcing the fundamental role of the nation‐state, and by freezing the world into a bipolar order. In short, for de Gaulle, France had to develop its own nuclear weapons in order to ensure French national security, provide great‐power status, respect, national independence, and political influence.
TEACHING COSMOPOLITAN RIGHT
Authors: Waldron Jeremy 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Jeremy Waldron’s essay centres around Martha Nussbaum’s ideas on cosmopolitan education: Nussbaum argues that we should make ‘world citizenship, rather than democratic or national citizenship, the focus for civic education’. The essay provides just a few examples to illustrate the concrete particularity of the world community for which we are urged by Nussbaum to take responsibility, with the aim of refuting the view of those who condemn cosmopolitanism as an abstraction. The arguments for and against Nussbaum’s idea (universalism vs particularism) are presented, and one of the opposing views highlighted: that cosmopolitan moral education is not just an education in moral ideas; it is (or ought to be) an education in the particular ways in which people have inhabited the world (rather than the purely local aspects of their inhabiting particular territories). The different sections of the chapter look at how a society becomes multicultural, the infrastructure of cultural interaction, the identification of citizenship (citizenship in relation to civic responsibility, exclusivity, subjection), the language of citizenship, and its concrete reality and its cosmopolitan dimensions.
Chapter 6 INTERPRETATION AND PRAGMATICS
Authors: Currie Gregory 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Argues for an approach to the interpretation of text‐based works within which the idea of a communicative intention is central. The communicative approach, apart from providing detailed, illuminating, and testable theories, transposes very well from conversational exchange to the interpretation of text‐based works, and promises to illuminate aesthetic aspects of our engagement with works. Examines the consequences of this approach for the issue of pluralism about interpretation.
Serum vascular endothelial growth factor165 levels and uterine fibroid volume
Authors: Chen Da‐Chung , Liu Jah‐Yao , Wu Gwo‐Jang , Ku Chih‐Hung , Su Her‐Young , Chen Chi‐Huang 
Published: March 2005

Background.  Vascular endothelial growth factor165 (VEGF165) demonstrates increased expression in uterine fibroids. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between serum VEGF165 levels and uterine fibroid volume.Methods.  On a prospective observational basis, 80 women with symptomatic uterine fibroids underwent hysterectomy. Uterine weight was determined after hysterectomy. Six hours before and 48 h after hysterectomy, serum VEGF165 levels were measured using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.Results.  Logistic regression analysis showed no correlation between serum VEGF165 levels and uterine weight (r = 0.0037; P > 0.05). The mean serum VEGF165 level declined significantly from 716.31 ± 457.99 to 581.81 ± 403.32 pg/mL after hysterectomy (P < 0.0001). Controlling for age, body mass index, uterine weight, proliferative or secretory phase, and parity, only parous patients (n = 58) were found to have significantly decreased serum VEGF165 levels after hysterectomy (P = 0.000035), in contrast to nulliparous patients (n = 22; P = 0.15).Conclusions.  Serum VEGF165 levels do not correlate with uterine fibroid volume, but demonstrate a significant decrease after hysterectomy. The decrease in serum VEGF165 levels after hysterectomy was significant in parous but not in nulliparous patients with uterine fibroids. Serum VEGF165 levels may not predict uterine fibroid development.