bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Literary Criticism of the Restoration
Authors: Gavin Michael 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter explores the emergence of literary criticism in England during the Restoration period (1660–1700), examining the various genres in which critical opinions were expressed, including print, manuscript, performance, and oral exchange. It argues that the rise of criticism reflected the growth of a new public sphere, in which literary works were discussed and evaluated as part of a wider social and cultural discourse. Through analysis of the diverse ‘critical occasions’ and ‘places of criticism’—such as theatrical performance, coffee-house discussions, and letter-writing—the chapter highlights the central role of critical writing and publication in the development of the public sphere. By surveying the different ‘critical occasions’ and ‘places of criticism’ common during the Restoration, the chapter outlines some of the most important lines of differentiation across which literary value was articulated.
‘For the Bays Designed’
Authors: Wright Gillian 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The Earl of Rochester’s double-edged salutation of Edmund Waller as ‘for the Bays designed’ calls attention to the ambiguous status of the laureateship in the early Restoration, a time when the purpose, opportunities, and selection of the laureate were all, apparently, available for reconsideration, and when the role itself had not yet been fully institutionalized. This chapter assesses the post-Restoration careers of Waller and two younger contemporaries, Abraham Cowley and Katherine Philips, in the light of contemporary thinking about laureateship. It considers their proto-laureate responses to the Restoration itself, and more briefly surveys their priorities and limitations as public poets in their later careers. It addresses all three writers’ engagement with print and manuscript culture, and concludes by evaluating Philips’s historical significance as a possible model for female laureateship.
Cleveland’s Ghosts
Authors: Loxley James 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter explores the practice of satire in the 1660s, as exemplified by the two most accomplished satirists of the period. Samuel Butler’s mock epic Hudibras was published from 1662 onwards, while Andrew Marvell was a key figure in the writing and circulation of a series of devastating satires that helped to undermine the government headed by the Earl of Clarendon, Charles II’s chief minister from 1660 to 1667. But both Marvell and Butler were working within a satiric landscape shaped significantly by John Cleveland, to whom they were each differently indebted. This chapter recuperates Cleveland’s reputation, clarifies the importance of his precedent as satirist, and demonstrates his ongoing relevance to the writing of satire after 1660. It shows how Butler and Marvell adopted and adapted his approaches, and how the satiric clash between them in the wake of Marvell’s The Rehearsal Transpros’d (1672) was in some ways a continuation of the civil war antagonisms with which Cleveland’s reputation was most associated. It concludes with an analysis of Marvell’s attempt finally to exorcize Cleveland’s ghost in his poem ‘The Loyal Scot’.
Imagining It Was Otherwise
Authors: Murphy Erin 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Margaret Cavendish and John Milton are key figures in understanding the role of literature and generic experimentation in the contested project of the Restoration. This chapter explores how Cavendish’s The Blazing World (1666) and Milton’s Paradise Lost (1667) illuminate both the persistence of revolutionary impulses after 1660 and the mid-century’s traumatic legacy of violence and disruption, which Jonathan Scott has called the Restoration’s ‘haunted’ quality. These intertwined, sometimes paradoxical ties to the civil wars and Interregnum shape the Restoration, and mark Cavendish and Milton’s place in it. Despite their very different political allegiances, these writers share a sense of authorship forged in the dynamic relation between the pre- and post-1660 moment. Navigating the reign of Charles II, both produce works about Paradise that engage the Restoration rhetoric of nostalgia but refuse the false romance of return.
‘Voice Made Up of Harmony’
Authors: Mannheimer Katherine 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The Restoration marked a transition point between manuscript transmission and print publication—and between the social forms of authorship associated with coterie writing and the forms of proprietary authorship that accompanied the rise of a commercial print marketplace. Although Rochester and Behn are often held up as representatives of these respective ‘opposite’ cultural modes, both writers saw their work appear in varying contexts that blurred the lines between private and public exchange. This chapter suggests that the Restoration era’s unprecedented mix of authorial practices, as well as of literary audiences, is reflected in how writers approached the question of poetic ‘voice’. Through close readings of Rochester’s Artemiza to Chloe and Behn’s ‘To Mrs W.’, this chapter contends that both poems gesture toward a definition of poetry that depends not on the expression of a singular poetic ‘I’, but rather on the overlap of different, shifting viewpoints—and on a notion of ‘voice’ that comprises interruption and echo, discord and harmony.
The Power of Letters
Authors: Smith Nigel 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
John Locke’s friendship with Damaris Cudworth Masham has long been known about, but little explored as it is recorded in the many letters they exchanged. Of the forty-five that survive, only four are by Locke. This correspondence has been well mined for the exchange of philosophical and theological views that it contains, but it has not been read as the intensely emotional account of responses to lived experience that it is. The letters reflect not only the encounter of ideas, but also emotional reactions to people, places, ill health, circumstances of distance in space and time. This includes Locke’s exile in the Netherlands (1683–9), as well as both apparently involuntary and strategic displays of mood changes. The correspondence spans a long relationship of frequently affirmed friendship across some twenty-two years, from 1682, when Cudworth-Masham was twenty-four, and Locke’s death in 1704 at the age of seventy-two. The letters demonstrate strong shared literary interests, through the lens of which they viewed the world. Through a close reading of this exchange, this chapter exemplifies a new way of reading affect and embodiment within the domain of both literary studies and intellectual history.
Stuart Britannia and the Worlding of Empire
Authors: Sudan Rajani 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Modern evaluations of Restoration drama centre on the sexual, farcical, and controversial aspects of English wit. Plays like The Country Wife, The Man of Mode, Love for Love, or The Way of the World and playwrights like George Etherege, William Wycherley, and William Congreve come to represent the amorality so putatively prized by Charles II and so seriously contested in the ‘reforming’ decade of the 1690s through the first decade of the eighteenth century. This chapter argues that the enduring dominant characteristics of this literary period have been largely invented by modern critics. Treating Dryden’s Annus Mirabilis and Amboyna as exercises in worldmaking, the chapter explores Dryden’s understanding of ‘earth’ as an anthropocentric entity replete with various histories of human connections. It shows how epistemological instruments that governed European consciousness centred inscription (cartography, materia medica) as the primary form of understanding the sphere. In so doing, the chapter addresses Restoration drama not only as proto-imperial inscription but also as exemplary of planetarity.
Restoration Panegyric
Authors: Alff David 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter argues that Restoration authors revived the panegyric tradition to salvage and define Stuart monarchy after the civil wars. Building on Noelle Dückmann Gallagher’s insight that panegyric reconciles the ‘need to record a “real” human past with the need to celebrate timeless ideals’, I show how various writers represented the Interregnum in terms of interpersonal struggle, to cast Prince Charles’s return as an impetus for national improvement. Restoration panegyrists gloried in specific personages, events, and institutions to frame partisan positions as universal consensus and ingratiate themselves to power. Their epideictic performances licensed a new kind of monarchy predicated upon personal achievement and bloodline inheritance.
Traffic with the Ancients
Authors: Power Henry 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter explores two important aspects of engagement with classical literature in the four decades following the Restoration. First, it shows that the ‘Augustan’ translations and imitations of the classics in the period were often informed and animated by the contested and partisan readings of the 1640s and 1650s. Second, it examines the idea—prevalent in the period—of translation as a form of trade, a process which not only expanded the canon of literature in English but also transformed its character.
Restoration Parody and Plagiarism
Authors: Phiddian Robert 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Property and propriety in literary texts were vexed issues in the Restoration, both legally (as with the Licensing Act of 1662) and in the contested cultural politics of print and scribal publication. Was writing, especially in its most prestigious form as poetry, primarily an appurtenance of a courtier’s prestige? Or was it a source of profit to writers and booksellers in a growing national market? In the late seventeenth century, the obvious answer was that it was both, in ways well exemplified by the different centres of gravity in the works of the rival writers of the era, including Butler, Marvell, Rochester, Shadwell, and Dryden. This chapter first surveys practices of literary reuse and abuse in the period, before a new reading of Dryden’s Mac Flecknoe brings the tensions between parody and plagiarism in the small literary world of the Restoration into focus. The battles were intensely personal as well as highly significant for the development of print culture.
c.22–3 April 1661, &c; or, The Diary Method of Restoration Sovereignty
Authors: Mascuch Michael 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter focuses on four separate reports of the coronation of Charles II recorded in a personal journal or diary notebook. Its primary concern is not to reinforce, or even to describe as fact, the full image of Charles II’s coronation, but rather to emphasize the functions and effects of the ‘diary’ text as a mode of information and medium of Restoration sovereignty. These separate private notarizations and endorsements of Coronation Day 1661 emblematize the generic Restoration diary as a personal project and the generic diarist as a self-organized and self-authorized projection of personal political, social, and cultural agency: the sovereign of an individually delimited realm of empirical knowledge and experience. Beyond the period with which this essay is concerned, the rules and methods of intelligence gathering, accounting, rectifying, inscribing, and archiving practised by Restoration diarists would be recognized and described as techniques of the modern sovereign subject, the citizen constituent of modern governmentality.
Affect and Uncertainty
Authors: D’Addario Christopher 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This essay traces the sense of uncertainty and more specifically the complexity of affective reactions that attended the rapidly moving events of the months surrounding the Glorious Revolution. It emphasizes the tonally discordant nature of the literature of mid-1688 to early 1689 in an effort to foreground the day-to-day reality in the context of regime change. The chapter first examines the rash of odes that both celebrated the Stuart monarchy and lamented its fall, with particular attention to Dryden’s ambivalent and confused Pindaric ode, Britannia Rediviva. The latter part of the chapter focuses on Aphra Behn’s poetry and her novella Oronooko to illustrate the pervasive reticence and cloaked irony that characterized the writing of these months.
When Did the Restoration End?
Authors: Davis Paul 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Once upon a time, we knew when the Restoration ended—in 1688, when the ‘Glorious’ Revolution swept away the revanchist phase of the later Stuart monarchy in an epochal moment of emancipation and enlightenment—but now that ‘Whig history’ is bunk we’re not so sure. 1667, 1681, 1685, 1700, 1714, and 1746 have all been proposed as alternatives to 1688 in recent scholarship. Weighing their rival claims, this chapter argues that our present uncertainties in this area have their roots in the volatile periodicity of the Restoration itself, an age born out of assertions of closure (with the republican past) but whose signature cultural practices and products evince a deeply problematic sense of ending. If the question ‘When did the Restoration end?’ cannot be definitively answered, it is a question anyone interested in the period needs to go on asking.
Remembering the Civil Wars
Authors: Connell Philip 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter addresses the significance of the civil wars and Interregnum within Restoration culture. It considers the ways in which the nation’s troubles were afforded historiographical representation in works such as Hutchinson’s Memoirs and Clarendon’s History of the Rebellion, but it also argues that the memory of the civil wars played a much broader role in the literary, political, and religious life of the decades after 1660. In the immediate wake of Charles II’s return, royalist drama and poetry formulated an influential and highly partisan representation of the Puritan revolutionary spirit. The ongoing challenge of church settlement likewise involved consistent recourse to the great religious disruptions of the recent past, while the Exclusion Crisis of 1679–81 was suffused with an anxious sense of the parallels between the present moment and the political events of the early 1640s.
Patronage
Authors: McCabe Richard A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter exposes the anxieties that underlie the lexis of friendship, gratitude, kinship, and admiration characterizing Restoration dedications by elucidating the self-serving economy that necessitated the fiction of reciprocal gift exchange. The perceived benefits of patronage were twofold, if never quite mutual. On the one hand, the increasingly commercial and contractual nature of print culture ironically enhanced the prestige of illustrious patronage. On the other, the cultural capital and political utility of the literary arts served the purposes of competing patrons and factions, as the establishment of the poet laureateship amply demonstrates. But the extraordinary career of the poet who first held and first lost that office attests to the inherent instability of even the grandest patronage, invariably subject to the shifting politics of party, class, gender, race, and faith.
Censorship and the Regulation of the Press, 1660–95
Authors: Barnard John 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter explores the effects of the re-establishment of pre-publication licensing in 1662. The crown’s parliamentary Printing Act hoped to control seditious publications. The main instrument for enforcing the Act was delegated to the Stationers’ Company, whose membership reflected the nation’s religious and political divisions. However, the main concerns of the Stationers’ Company were monopolistic control of the book trade and its members’ rights to copy. Rightly suspicious of the Company’s willingness or ability to control the anti-Royalist underground press, the crown appointed Roger L’Estrange as Surveyor of the Press, thus creating a competing authority. The effectiveness of this dual regime in controlling the press, let alone manuscript circulation, is debatable. After the Act temporarily lapsed in 1679, the authorities evolved an extra-parliamentary system for controlling the press, which continued to use the Company and L’Estrange. In 1685, the Printing Act finally lapsed again, and was replaced by post-publication prosecution, using the common laws of sedition and libel.
The Penis-Piercing Tradition in Borneo and the Philippines
Authors: Guerreiro Antonio J. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In Borneo, the tradition of piercing the penis or the penis glans using a special instrument and then inserting a bone, wood, or metal pin (palang or small rod) into the opening is an ancient one. According to early nineteenth-century sources, it originated with the Kayan and a related peoples, the Modang-Manga’ay and the Bahau. Later, other ethnic groups, such as the Kenyah and Iban, took up the practice. The piercing was equated to an initiation or rite de passage for younger men, performed after they had participated for the first time in a headhunting raid or war and before they were allowed to marry. The piercing was very painful, and because it allowed bloodletting, was an apotropaic act. Similar devices and some others were used in the Visayas, central Philippines, and had been described by Westerners as early as the sixteenth century. However, in this region, the meanings attached to the practice differed. This chapter reviews the evidence to provide fresh interpretations of the practice.
Body Modifications in Northeastern Africa
Authors: Manzo Andrea , Sernicola Luisa 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Body modification is a widespread and long-standing practice among the populations of northeastern Africa, where it is currently utilized for aesthetic, social, and ideological purposes. This chapter examines ancient practices of body modification in a region that encompasses present-day Sudan, Northern Ethiopia, and Eritrea. In Sudan, the earliest evidence for body modification dates between the eighth and the seventh millennia bce; in Northern Ethiopia and Eritrea, the first evidence is more recent, dated to the late second millennium and early first millennium bce, though gaps in the archaeological records might explain this discrepancy. Altogether, excavated sites have yielded information about practices such as body piercing, scarification, tattooing, and dental avulsion, as well as body painting. This is coherent with ancient Egyptian art in which peoples from the southern regions of the Nile Valley are depicted with piercings and body markings, alongside a rich variety of other ornaments and embellishments. The aim of the chapter is to establish the continuity of the practices over time and to infer the network of cultural contacts that have existed between the Nile Valley and the northern Horn of Africa.
The Role of Astronomy in Australian Indigenous Knowledge
Authors: Norris Ray , Fuller Robert , Hamacher Duane , Leaman Trevor , Anderson Ghillar Michael 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Astronomy plays a significant role in the culture of many Australian Indigenous peoples. Traditional Indigenous Australians had an extensive knowledge of the sky and the motion of the bodies within it. That astronomical knowledge was not only important culturally, but also revealed an intellectual complexity that has gone largely unrecognized, including a quest to understand phenomena such as tides and eclipses (Hamacher and Norris, 2011). More practically, Indigenous Australians used that knowledge for navigation, as well as to regulate their calendars to maximize food resources. The tradition of songlines offers another example of how the natural world and oral tradition have interacted for Indigenous Australians over time. Songlines are oral representations of landscapes or routes that were created by the Culture Heroes, or creation ancestors, and are sometimes called “ancestral tracks,” or Dreaming tracks. Songlines crisscross the continent and connect sacred cultural sites to the journeys of important creation ancestors of the Dreaming. They can extend into the night sky, with waypoints on the ground being represented by particular stars.
The Algerian Revolution, South-South Perspectives, and the “Grammar of Nationalism”
Authors: Davis Muriam Haleh 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The Algerian revolution (1954–1962) was one of the major wars of decolonization of the twentieth century and a touchstone for intellectuals and politicians in the Global South who sought to define their own nationalist projects. This chapter looks at how Algeria influenced revolutionary movements in parts of Africa, Pakistan, and the Middle East. It shows how the Algerian FLN (National Liberation Front) was a vanguard of various Pan-African movements, which grappled with the use of violence and the definition of African identity. In Pakistan, intellectuals and politicians expressed solidarity with Algeria despite their country’s avowedly anti-communist stance, and also viewed Kashmir in light of the Algerian struggle for sovereignty. In addition, the role of Islam served a similar function in cementing nationalist sentiments in Algeria and South Asia. Finally, the chapter looks at the Arab East, where the affective ties to the Algerian revolution were particularly strong and offered a sense of hope after the collapse of the United Arab Republic in 1961 and the war with Israel in 1967. The chapter argues that Algeria was a model that helped politicians and intellectuals in these disparate regions establish a “grammar of nationalism” as they sought to address the thorny questions of language, ethnicity, territory, and economic policy in the wake of independence.
Dissenting Writing
Authors: Seager Nicholas 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Dissenters contributed to religio-political controversy, publicly debating doctrinal, ecclesiological, and constitutional topics. They wrote in private genres intended for limited circulation, including diaries and letters. Their instructional writing encompasses practical divinity, biblical exposition, children’s books, history, and sermons. Predictably for an embattled subculture, dissenting writing is often commemorative, which manifests in eulogies, wills, and epitaphs that speak to collective as well as personal memory. The same applies to life-writing, especially the celebrated but formally and theologically diverse examples of Grace Abeounding, Reliquiae Baxterianae, and Fox’s Journal. Fictions like The Pilgrim’s Progress relate to longer literary traditions even as they capture historical attitudes distinctive to Restoration dissent. This chapter contextualizes features of dissenting prose style, demonstrates prose’s role in forging collective and personal identities, and points to the larger consequences of the literary culture of Restoration nonconformity.
Radical and Deist Writing
Authors: McDowell Nicholas , Tarantino Giovanni 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The fundamental epistemological distinction between enthusiastic and rational radicalism, which issues in important distinctions of expression and style, as well as thought, in radical prose, tends to become blurred in attempts to map a continuous tradition of free-thinking and libertinism in Britain and Ireland, stretching from the English Revolution to the eighteenth century. Whereas the self-proclaimed prophets proclaimed the irrelevance of humanist intellectual tradition to the experience of the internal Spirit or ‘inner light’, the deists and free-thinkers made their bookishness and access to the classical tradition a key element of their appeal to a superior rationality. Where there is some ideological overlap between the traditions is in a shared and vigorous anticlericalism; but there is also, as this chapter shows, a stylistic continuity in the use of irony, satire, and parody by university-educated radicals of the mid-century.