bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cranial computed tomography in the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Gonzalez‐Scarano F. , Lisak Robert P. , Bilaniuk Larissa T. , Zimmerman Robert A. , Atkins Paul C. , Zweiman Burton 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe cranial computed tomograms of 29 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) were reviewed. Twenty‐two patients had a clinical course consistent with central nervous system involvement. Of these, 20 had abnormal CT studies during the course of their CNS symptoms. The most common finding was sulcal enlargement, either with or without ventricular enlargement, and it was prominent in patients with either psychosis or dementia. Infarcts and intracranial hemorrhages were seen as well. Seven CT studies were obtained in SLE patients without a clear diagnosis of CNS involvement. Only one of these was abnormal.
Voluntary motor commands in human ballistic movements
Authors: Desmedt John E. , Godaux E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe integrated electromyogram of the first dorsal interosseous muscle in normal humans presents a brief early burst in voluntary ballistic abduction of the index finger. Unexpected decrease in torque load does not change the burst. By contrast, in fast ramp abduction with a time‐to‐peak of 0.5 second, the electromyographic activity is fairly continuous up to the peak displacement, and it is silenced with a delay of 50 msec by unexpected unloading. Thus fast ramp, but not ballistic, voluntary contractions are under current long loop control from proprioceptive input. In a second set of experiments, the analysis of single motor unit potentials with highly selective electrodes in interosseous muscle indicated that ballistic thresholds are smaller than ramp thresholds under either isotonic or isometric conditions. However, the recruitment rank of the motor units was identical in finger abductions carried out in either ramp or ballistic modes.
Precise characterization and quantification of infantile spasms
Authors: Kellaway Peter , Hrachovy Richard A. , Frost James D. , Zion Thomas 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWith the use of a time‐synchronized video and polygraphic recording system, 5,042 infantile spasms were monitored and analyzed in 24 infants aged 1 to 43 months. Of these, 33.9% were flexor, 22.5% extensor, and 42.0% mixed flexor‐extensor. Sometimes the spasms were followed by a period of akinesia and diminished responsiveness lasting up to 90 seconds, and rarely (1.0%) this “arrest” effect constituted the entire seizure. More than one type of seizure occurred in 21 of the 24 infants. In the same number, 78.3% of the seizures occurred in clusters, and the intensity and frequency of the spasms in each cluster often increased to a peak, then progressively decreased until they stopped. Predominantly, the clusters occurred soon after arousal from sleep. The number of seizures occurring at night (55.2%) was similar to the diurnal number (44.8%). The electroencephalographic seizure pattern was variable, but a marked generalized attenuation of electrical activity was a feature of 71.7% of the attacks. Attenuation episodes of similar degree and duration occurred with no evidence of a seizure.
Mechanisms of acute carotid stroke
Authors: Pessin Michael S. , Hinton Richard C. , Davis Kenneth R. , Duncan Gary W. , Roberson Glenn H. , Ackerman Robert H. , Mohr J. P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn a three‐year study, the clinical course and results of intracranial angiography were compared in patients having an acute stroke in the carotid artery territory combined with angiographic abnormalities indicating severe were delineated. In one group, the angiographic intracranial abnormalities strongly suggested the presence of embolism in the cerebral vessels supplied were delineated. In one group, the angiographic intracranial abnormalities by the stenotic or occluded carotid artery; many of these patients had no obvious transient ischemic attacks prior to their stroke and experienced a moderate to severe clinical deficit. In the other group, evidence of embolism was absent; many showed a widespread delay in cerebral arterial perfusion, experienced a greater frequency of transient ischemic attacks before their stroke, and had a milder stroke than did those with embolism.
Primary aberrant third nerve regeneration
Authors: Boghen Dan , Chartrand Jean‐Pierre , Laflamme Pierre , Kirkham Trevor , Hardy Jules , Aube Marc 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe clinical and neuroradiological features in 4 patients with the syndrome of aberrant regeneration of the third nerve are presented. In contrast to what is commonly seen, the syndrome was not preceded by third nerve palsy.A petrous apex‐cavernous sinus meningioma was the underlying lesion in all 4 patients. Surgical and pathological confirmation of the diagnosis was obtained in 3. Regardless of whether the other ocular motor nerves are spared (as in our patients) or involved (as in other cases reported in the literature), primary aberrant regeneration of the oculomotor nerve appears to be characteristic of a cavernous sinus meningioma.
Multiple sclerosis: Circulating antigen‐reactive lymphocytes
Authors: Traugott Ute , Scheinberg Labe C. , Raine Cedric S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCirculating lymphocyte populations were examined in 85 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), 26 of whom showed exacerbations; 48 patients with other neurological diseases (OND); 14 patients suffering from psychiatric disorders; and 2 normal subjects. The study involved the assay of early (active, high‐affinity rosetting) T‐cells, myelin basic protein (MBP)‐reactive early T‐cells, late (total, 24‐hour rosetting) T‐cells, and B‐cells. Early T‐cells levels were significantly lower in MS (p < 0.01) than in OND subjects. Exacerbations in MS were usually accompanied by further decreases in early T‐cells. The lower levels of early T‐cells in MS and their fluctuations are believed to reflect disease activity. MBP‐reactive early T‐cells were more frequently increased in MS (75% of cases) than OND (50%), and while this might be indicative of increased sensitization against myelin antigens, it was found not to be an MS‐specific phenomenon.
Myelopathy in mucopolysaccharidosis type II (Hunter syndrome)
Authors: Ballenger Clarence E. , Swift Thomas R. , Leshner Robert T. , El Gammal Taher A. , McDonald Thomas F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA 24‐Year‐old man with Hunter syndrome had spastic quadriparesis due to impingement of thickened meninges upon the cervical spinal cord. Tracheal narrowing due to submucosal deposits (presumably mucopolysaccharide) produced serious ventilatory complications during induction of anesthesia and necessitated tracheostomy before surgical decompression of the spinal cord could be attempted. Recognition of compressive myelopathy and tracheal compromise as late complications of Hunter syndrome may promote early therapy and prevent respiratory catastrophe.
Neurofibrillary tangles, granulovacuolar degeneration, and neuron loss in down syndrome: Quantitative comparison with alzheimer dementia
Authors: Ball M. J. , Nuttall K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe degree of neurofibrillary tangle formation, granulovacuolar degeneration, and nerve cell loss was quantified in serial sections of the hippocampal formation from the brains of 5 adults dying with Down syndrom (mongolism). These morphometric results were compared with values obtained from a series of mentally normal elderly patients reported previously.Granulovacuolar change appeared to be related as much to patient age as to the existence of mongolism. By contrast, the number of Alzheimer neurofibrillary tangles and loss of pyramidal neurons from the hippocampus exceeded levels found in considerably older subjects and fell into the same range of severity as was noted in 8 patients with Alzheimer dementia. The neuron population in the hippocampus of Down syndrome patients may be only half the expected normal number for their decade.These quantitative similarities stimulate the search for a common pathogenetic mechanism underlying cerebral changes in mongolism and senile dementia of the Alzheimer type.
Cerebral herniation in bacterial meningitis in childhood
Authors: Horwitz Samuel J. , Boxerbaum Bernard , O'Bell John 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAmong 302 infants and children with acute bacterial meningitis, the syndrome of cerebral herniation occurred in 3 of 10 fatal cases and in 15 patients who survived. The interval from time of admission to herniation was 8 hours or less, and no predictive factors could be determined. Seizures occurring immediately prior to cerebral herniation made diagnosis more difficult. Early recognition of cerebral herniation and prompt treatment with osmotic diuretics can reduce the mortality of bacterial meningitis.
Cryoglobulinemic neuropathy: A pathological study
Authors: Vallat J. M. , Desproges‐Gotteron R. , Leboutet M. J. , Loubet A. , Gualde N. , Treves R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA 53‐year‐old woman developed symmetrical polyneuropathy of the lower limbs a few months after she was found to have myeloma with cryoglobulinemia. In musculocutaneous nerve biopsy material, electron microscopy showed both axonal degeneration and demyelination. The most striking finding was the presence, in the endoneurial space, of numerous masses of closely packed tubular structures. These masses also were found in the walls of all the vasa nervorum and within the lumen of some vessels. The morphological features and dimensions of the deposits within nerve were identical to those of cryoprecipitates extracted from serum and examined with the electron microscope. An example of myeloma neuropathy with cryoglobulin deposits within the endoneurial space has not been reported previously.
Subsequent neurological events in patients with atrial myxoma
Authors: Sandok Burton A. , von Estorff Irene , Giuliani Emilio R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractReview of 35 patients from the Mayo Clinic with histologically proved atrial myxomas (7 with prior neurological events) who were followed for 12 to 235 months revealed that none had subsequent delayed neurological events attributable to their atrial myxomas.
Mucopolysaccharidoses: Ultrastructure of leukocyte inclusions
Authors: Markesbery William R. , Robinson Richard O. , Falace Peggy V. , Frye Michael D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractUltrastructural study of leukocytes from 7 patients with mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) I, II, or III demonstrated a variety of membrane‐bound inclusions in 34 to 68% of lymphocytes and larger mononuclear cells. The most common inclusions were membrane‐bound vacuoles containing faintly osmiophilic material, but a variety of clear vacuoles, dense granular inclusions, and myelin figures were also seen. Fingerprint profiles were present in small percentages in MPS II and III, indicating that they are not as specific as previously considered. Granulocytes, lymphocytes, and larger mononuclear cells from a patient with MPS VII showed many small and larger membrane‐bound vacuolated inclusions, some of which contained large dense granules. The presence of alterations in a readily accessible tissue such as blood indicates that ultrastructural study of leukocytes may be a useful adjunct in guiding further biochemical studies in MPS, es pecially in early or obscure cases.
Acute autonomic and sensory neuropathy
Authors: Colan Richard V. , Carter Snead O. , Oh Shin J. , Bashir Kashlan M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA previously well 9‐year‐old boy developed acute autonomic and sensory neuropathy. Recovery was incomplete over a thirteen‐month period. Spinal fluid protein was increased during the acute phase. Sensory nerve potentials were absent in the presence of normal motor and mixed nerve conduction velocities. Sural nerve biopsy revealed marked axonal degeneration of myelinated as well as unmyelinated fibers. This case represents a widespread acute ganglionopathy of unknown cause.
Intermittent ataxia and immunodeficiency with multiple carboxylase deficiencies: A biotin‐responsive disorder
Authors: Sander James E. , Malamud Nathan , Cowan Morton J. , Packman Seymour , Amman Arthur J. , Wara Diane W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA small group of inborn errors of metabolism are manifested by intermittent cerebellar ataxia. We have previously reported a family with an inherited metabolic defect resulting in multiple carboxylase deficiencies which were responsive to pharmacological doses of blotin. Affected children presented with a skin rash, infections, acute intermittent ataxia, and lactic acidosis. Two affected siblings died prior to diagnosis and therapy, and a detailed postmortem examination was performed on one of them. The brain was characterized by atrophy restricted to the superior vermis of the cerebellum, a finding strikingly similar to that found in chronic alcoholism. Intermittent ataxia would suggest a potentially treatable metabolic disease, and clinical evaluation should include studies of intermediary metabolism and immune function.
Brachial plexus involvement in familial pressure‐sensitive neuropathy: Electrophysiological and morphological findings
Authors: Peter Bosch E. , Chui Helena C. , Martin Michelle A. , Cancilla Pasquale A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTwo family members with hereditary pressure‐sensitive neuropathy are reported. One patient presented atypically with acute brachial plexus neuropathy following transaxillary removal of the first rib. Electrophysiological studies showed slowing of motor nerve conduction in clinically affected and unaffected nerves. In vitro recording of the compound action potential of the subclinically involved sural nerve showed pronounced slowing in conduction of large and small myelinated fiber groups. These alterations correlated with morphological studies of the sural nerve that showed tomacula with acute and healed segmental demyelination. An inherited, generalized neuropathy manifested by a morphological abnormality of myelination may render peripheral nerves unduly susceptible to mechanical trauma, including positional pressure or traction effects during general anesthesia.
No measles virus genetic information detected in multiple sclerosis‐ derived brains
Authors: Stevens J. G. , Bastone V. B. , Ellison G. W. , Myers L. W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMeasles virus nucleotide sequences were searched for in diseased and normal‐appearing white matter from brains of four multiple sclerosis victims. At the level of sensitivity established, 2.5 to 7.8 measles virus genome‐equivalents of RNA, or 4.9 genome‐equivalents of putative DNA per diploid cell quantity of DNA, could have been detected. At these levels, no measles virus genetic information was found in any of the four brains.
Brain tissue from persons dying of creutzfeldt‐jakob disease causes scrapie‐like encephalopathy in goats
Authors: Hadlow William J. , Prusiner Stanley B. , Kennedy Richard C. , Race Richard E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTwo goats became affected with an encephalopathy indistinguishable from scrapie 43 months after they were inoculated intracerebrally with 10% suspensions of brain from two persons dying of Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease. Although this observation does not establish the common identity of Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease virus and scrapie virus, it is thought to provide strong evidence of a close etiological relationship between the two diseases.
“Wrong‐way eyes” in supratentorial hemorrhage
Authors: Pessin Michael S. , Adelman Lester S. , Prager Robert J. , Lathi Ellen S. , Lange Dale J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA patient ENveloped conjugate horizontal eye ENviation to the siEN opposite a large frontal‐perisylvian hemorrhage from a ruptured aneurysm. Autopsy examination confirmed the hemispheric locus of the hemorrhage and failed to disclose any lesion of the brainstem or thalamus to explain the “wrong‐way” eye ENviation.
Treatment of bacterial infections of the central nervous system
Authors: Bell William E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAntimicrobial agents for the treatment of bacterial meningitis and other pyogenic intracranial infections have now been in use for approximately 45 years. The last decade, however, has been a period of tremendous advances in knowledge of the pharmacokinetics and other characteristics of the available drugs. The identification of factors that affect their in vivo metabolism and excretion, the importance of drug interactions, and the development of methods for estimation of serum and cerebrospinal fluid levels have added both complexity and sophistication to the clinical utilization of the antimicrobial agents. The number of available antimicrobials has expanded greatly during recent years, although the penicillins, chloramphenicol, and the aminoglycosides remain the mainstay of antibiotic treatment in the majority of cases of bacterial infection of the central nervous system.
Catecholamine‐associated refractory hypertension following acute intracranial hemorrhage: Control with propranolol
Authors: Feibel John H. , Baldwin Claire A. , Joynt Robert J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSeven patients (4 with subarachnoid hemorrhage, 2 with intracerebral hemorrhage, and 1 with massive cerebral infarction) had acute arterial hypertension refractory to control by several antihypertensive drugs (hydralazine, sodium nitroprusside, α‐methyldopa, and trimethaphan camsylate) used singly or in combination. In each case, catecholamine excretion–measured by urinary norepinephrine plus epinephrine–was markedly elevated, averaging 218 m̈g/day. Patients without the acute refractory hypertension had normal or only slightly elevated urinary catecholamine levels (mean, 72 m̈g/day). The β‐adrenergic blocking agent propranolol, in doses between 20 and 40 mg every 6 hours, successfully controlled blood pressure, while other agents failed. The intense sympathetic nervous system discharge resulting in acute refractory hypertension may be due to injury to the diencephalon or brainstem (or both) or to diffuse brain dysfunction from increased intracranial pressure or intracranial blood.
Prognostic indicators in hemiparetic cerebral palsy
Authors: Cohen Michael E. , Duffner Patricia K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn an attempt to define prognostic indicators of intelligence and seizures in the hemiparetic cerebral palsy population, birth histories, electroencephalograms, and computerized tomographic (CT) scans were reviewed in 52 children with hemiparetic cerebral palsy. Cases were excluded when the hemiparesis might have been related to events beyond the neonatal period, such as meningitis, trauma, focal seizures, tumor, or vascular insults. Detailed neurological histories and examinations were done in all patients. Intellectual evaluations, electroencephalograms, and CT scans were obtained. There was no significant relationship of birth history to subsequent seizure development or mental retardation. In contrast, findings in electroencephalograms and CT scans correlated well with the development of seizures and abnormal intelligence. Children who shared anatomical abnormalities of commissural pathways, association pathways, or cerebral cortex were found to have a much higher incidence of seizures and abnormal intelligence.
Ectopic impulse generation in demyelinated axons: Effects of PaCO2, pH, and disodium edetate
Authors: Burchiel Kim J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDemyelinating lesions in the trigeminal root were produced by chronic implantation of chromic suture in 12 cats. Two types of abnormal repetitive action potential generation were recorded from demyelinated fibers: reflected spikes and afterdischarge. Both types of abnormal impulse generation were increased by hypocalcemia induced by disodium edetate infusion, hypocapnia produced by hyperventilation, and, to a lesser extent, alkalosis secondary to sodium bicarbonate administration. This hyperexcitability of fibers could be inhibited by hypoventilation with elevation of Pa or by calcium chloride administration. These results may help explain the pathophysiological basis of paroxysmal symptoms in multiple sclerosis and other disorders in which demyelination is a prominent feature.
Treatment of fungal infections of the central nervous system
Authors: Bell William E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe recent development of new antifungal antimicrobials that can be administered in combination with amphotericin B or as alternatives to it has expanded the dimensions of treatment for fungal infections of the central nervous system. These disorders have acquired increasing importance as patients with malignant and other illnesses associated with immunosuppression survive longer and as renal transplantation is more widely applied. Amphotericin B has remained the most effective therapeutic preparation for most types of neurological fungal disease, although important roles for 5‐fluorocytosine, miconazole, and, more recently, ketoconazole are being recognized. Bell WE: Treatment of fungal infections of the central nervous system.
Mood change following left hemispheric brain injury
Authors: Robinson Robert G. , Szetela Brian 
Published: January 2005

AbstractEighteen patients with left hemispheric strokes were compared to 11 patients with traumatic brain injury for frequency and severity of depression, using several mood scales. More than 60% of the stroke patients had clinically significant depressions as compared with about 20% of the trauma patients, even though the two groups had comprable impairments in their activities of daily living and global cognitive functions. Analyses of brain CT scans revealed that the two groups had similar‐sized lesions, but the areas of ischemic injury were more anterior than the traumatic lesion. When the results were controlled for lesion location, there were no significant differences in mood between the two groups. The severity of depression was directly correlated with the closeness of the lesion to the frontal pole. These results suggest that depression following left hemispheric brain injury may not be a nonspecific neurological or psychological response, but rather may be a symptom of injury to specific pathways, such as the catecholamine‐containing ones, as they pass through the frontal cortex.
20,25‐diazacholesterol myotonia: An electrophysiological study
Authors: Furman R. E. , Barchi R. L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe electrophysiological characteristics of the myotonic syndrome produced syndrome produced in mammalian skeletal muscle by administration of 20,25‐diazacholesterol (20,25‐D) were studied in detail. In vivo electromyographic recordings confirmed widespread repetitive electrical activity, but delayed relaxation was evanescent and required isotonic rather than issometric conditions, with long recovery periods between stimuli, for clear demonstration. Subsequent administration of a potent inhibitorof membrane chloride conductance (Gci) induced profound delays in relaxation different from that after chornic 20,25‐D alone. Intracellular passive cable analysis revealed only a small decrease in membrane Gci and none in potassium conductance. Potassium current‐voltage relationships did not differ in control and treated animals. Intracellular microelectrode recordings consistently showed multiple driven action potentials during long depolarizations but no spontaneous myotonic discharges after cessation of the stimulus. Variations in temperature, buffer, and external ionic concentrations also failed to produce spontaneous activity. Anode break excitation under mild depolarizing conditions, however, did elicit repetitive membrane electrical activity.The myotonia induced by 20,25‐D is not due to low membrane Gci. The relationship between delayed mechanical relaxation and membrane repetitive electrical activity remains to be clearly established in this myotonic syndrome.