bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of vinblastine‐induced microtubule loss on kidney podocyte morphology
Authors: Andrews Peter M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe effect of intravenous injections of vinblastine sulfate on the renal glomerular epithelium was studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Two hours after treatment with vinblastine, microtubules were almost completely lost from the podocyte cell bodies and major processes, and crystalline inclusions of a tubular nature had appeared within the cytoplasm. Coincident with this loss of microtubules, podocyte major processes at first collapsed and then became significantly thinner as they appeared to lose much of their cytoplasm to the nucleated cell body. These observations suggest that microtubules serve to maintain the shape and integrity of podocyte major processes. At no time after vinblastine treatment did we note any alteration in podocyte pedicel morphology.
Ultrastructure of the aging myocardium: A morphometric approach
Authors: Sachs Howard G. , Colgan James A. , Lazarus Marlene L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractLeft ventricular tissue from adult and aging Syrian hamster heart was compared at the ultrastructural level, using both qualitative and morphometric electron microscopy. The aging myocardium often showed indented nuclei, lipid droplets and aggregations of dense bodies. The volume fractions of muscle cells occupied by mitochondria, lipid and lysosomes (including both primary lysosomes and residual bodies) was significantly greater in the old animals, while there was no significant difference in nuclear volume fraction or myofibrillar mass. Sarcoplasmic reticular volume and membrane surface area fell during aging. The area of mitochondrial inner membrane plus cristae per mitochondrial volume also fell. When sarcoplasmic reticular and mitochondrial area were expressed per myofibrillar volume fraction, the sarcoplasmic reticular ratio fell, while the mitochondrial parameter remained constant. Discoordinate aging of cellular components in the mammalian myocardium is proposed.
A study by scanning electron microscopy of the bladder epithelium of the guinea pig
Authors: Wong Y. C. , Martin B. F. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractUnder scanning electron microscopy (SEM) the surface cells of the guinea pig bladder have pentagonal or hexagonal outlines. Their borders are clearly defined since they are elevated. They possess a large reserve of surface membrane which is markedly folded and wrinkled when the bladder is empty. The folds disappear and the cells become flat during distension. The luminal surface is characterized by numerous reticular ridges which are a remarkably constant feature and persist even under acute artificial distension. A small proportion of the surface cells are small and have less than five sides. Since they show only sparse microvilli as a surface feature, they have a smooth appearance. These are believed to be young surface cells which have just emerged from the intermediate layer, and have not yet acquired the ridged pattern of mature cells.
Allometry and sexual dimorphism in the primate innominate bone
Authors: Mobb G. E. , Wood B. A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAllometric growth in the innominate bone has been studied in eight primate taxa. A total of 266 skeletons were examined and the lengths of the ischial and pubic rami of the right innominate bone and the bicondylar length of the right femur were measured. These data were converted to natural logarithms and the allometric relationships were studied. The taxa could be divided into two groups on the basis of the allometric coefficients.Slopes were similar in Homo, Colobus, Presbtis, and Ceropithecus; in these taxa mean ischial length was greater in male skeletons but pubic length showed either no significant increase in the larger males or mean pubic length was greater in the smaller female skeletons.A second group of taxa, Gorilla, Pan, Papio and Cerecocebus all showed a similar pattern of allometric coefficints, a pattern which contrasted with those in Homo etc. Ischial and pubic length in the second group increased in the larger males but the rate of increase in ischial length always exceeded the rate of increase in pubic length. The net effect of these two different mechanisms is to produce sexual differences in the “ischium‐pubic” index, but in the first group of taxa, which show selective pubic growth in the female, sexual dimorphism in the index is greater. Concentration in earlier studies on the “ischium‐pubic” index to study sexual differences in innominate growth have masked these relative growth differences.
Autoradiographic evidence of primary projections to the caudal cochlear nucleus in cats
Authors: Kane Eileen S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSix adult cats received unilateral cochlear injections of 30–70 μCi 3H‐leucine (3‐H‐leu) in saline. After 20–48 hours, their brains were prepared for autoradiography. The octopus cell area (OCA) and the dorsal region (DCN) of the cochlear nucleus of both the injected and uninjected sides were studied in detail. Grain counts of autoradiographs always showed much greater label in the injected side. Autoradiography confirmed uniform distribution of primary afferents in the OCA, as seen in grain counts over the whole area (both somata and neuropil); however, grains were more densely packed over somata than neuropil of the OCA. In DCN, grain counts showed a gradient of label from the deep to superficial layers, a greater density of label over somata than neuropil of the deep DCN, and uniform distribution of label over the whole fusiform cell layer of the DCN. These results showed (1) best resolution and localization in cats that survived 24 hours and with exposures of two weeks, (2) no significant diffusion of label to other CNS regions than the auditory nuclei,and (3) transneuronal transport of label after 48‐hour survival times. Liquid scintillation counts (LSC) of cochlear nerve roots ipsilateral and contralateral to the injection showed at least a 10:1 ratio in all cats. This report not only gives new autoradiographic evidence of the distribution of primary afferents within the caudal cochlear nucleus, but also provides a useful approach to the study of distribution of specific amino acids implicated in central neurotransmission by cochlear terminals.
A morphological study of the human prepubertal and pubertal larynx
Authors: Kahane Joel C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMeasurements were made from ten Caucasian male and ten Caucasian female cadaveric larynges ranging in age from 9 to 18 years. The sample was divided into prepubertal and pubertal groups of each sex, respectively. Each specimen was dissected and measured according to a specified protocol so that data on linear and angular dimensions of the laryngeal cartilages and the weight of each cartilage were obtained. Results from this study highlighted differences in the developmental morphology of the circumpubertal larynx. With few exceptions, pubertal laryngeal measurements were significantly larger than prepubertal counterparts in both sexes. No clear sexual dimorphism was found between male and female prepubertal larynges though measurements of the prepubertal female larynx were closer to adult counterparts in size and weight than were those in the male. Thus the female larynx requires less growth per unit time to reach maturity than the male. By puberty, clear sexual dimorphism was evident in the larynx. Linear and weight measurements of the pubertal male larynx were significantly larger than in the female. Though the angle of the thyroid laminae was not significantly different in pubertal male and female cartilages, the thyroid eminence was clearly more prominent in the male. The vocal folds in both sexes reached essentially their adult length by puberty; however, the absolute length of the male vocal folds had increased by over two times that of the female.
Ultrastructure of Octodon degus spermatozoon with special reference to the acrosome
Authors: Berrios M. , Flechon J. E. , Barros C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe ultrastructure of spermatozoa from the cauda epididymidis and vas deferens of Octodon degus — a Chilean hystricomorph rodent—is presented. The head of spermatozoa measured 7.7 μm long by 5.9 μm wide and the tail was 41 μm long. The head was flattened dorso‐ventrally and ovate in outline. The acrosome was the most distinctive feature of O. degus spermatozoa. In a frontal view of the head, the rim of the acrosome surrounding the nucleus had the shape of an inverted U. The acrosomal region covering the plane of the flattened head exhibited dome‐shaped protrusions. Transverse or sagittal sections of acrosomal protrusions showed that the plasma membrane and outer acrosomal membrane were evaginated, while the inner acrosomal membrane followed the contour of the nucleus. The protrusions were not distributed at random and they were absent in the equatorial segment and in the rim of the acrosome.In frontal views, near the boundary between the acrosome and post‐acrosomal region, fine rods about 170 nm long ran obliquely on the caudal part of the equatorial segment. Behind the same boundary, the post‐acrosomal region showed a serrated border.Phosphotungstic acid treatment at pH 0.3 produced staining at the surface of the sperm as well as within a superficial layer of the marginal thickening of the acrosome and on the acrosomal protuberances.
Macrophages and epithelial cells in human amniotic fluid: Transmission and scanning electron microscopic study
Authors: Cutz E. , Conen P. E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis combined light, transmission and scanning electron microscopic study describes and correlates the morphologic features of various types of cells present in normal human amniotic fluid (AF), during various stages of gestation. The aim of this investigation was to identify and characterize the viable cell population of AF cells as they pertain to the origin of AF cells growing in culture and their use for prenatal diagnosis.In all AF samples, including those obtained during the time period critical for prenatal diagnostic tests (14–16 weeks gestation), the majority of AF cells had the morphologic features of large squamous epithelial cells. By transmission and scanning electron microscopy these cells were characterized as keratinizing or non‐keratinizing squamous epithelial cells and resembled the cells found on various fetal surfaces (i.e., buccal mucosa, skin, etc.). As judged by Trypan blue stainability and the presence of nuclear and cytoplasmic degenerative changes, the AF squamous cells were considered non‐viable, and thus unlikely to grow in culture.The AF cells considered to be viable, because of their excellent ultrastructural preservation and exclusion of Trypan blue stain, formed only 10–15% of AF cells. Amongst this viable population, at least two morphologically distinct cell types were identified. One type had morphologic and functional characteristics of macrophages. The AF macrophages differed from other AF cells by the presence of a strong acid phosphatase reaction, numerous phagosomes and an ability to phagocytose in vitro, both latex particles and bacteria. Although AF macrophages appear to be a normal cell constituent of human AF, their origin and significance is unknown. The second type of viable AF cells appeared as single cells or in clusters and resembled the epithelial cells of amniotic lining. The amniotic cells showed excellent ultrastructural preservation of nuclei and cytoplasmic components. In contrast to AF macrophages, the amniotic cells contained cytoplasmic glycogen, possessed fine, regular surface microvilli and lacked both phagosomes and phagocytic capacity in vitro. It is proposed that these two types of viable AF cells may be the sources of cells growing in culture and could be responsible for the morphologic and biochemical heterogeneity of cultured AF cells.
Histological analysis of the growth of the mandibular condyle in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Carlson David S. , McNamara James A. , Jaul Douglas H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractQualitative and quantitative data on the growth of the mandibular condyle in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) are limited. The purpose of this investigation was to provide such data, with emphasis on variation in the size of the cartilaginous layers in the condyle and on condylar growth at five maturational levels (i.e., neonate, infant, juvenile, adolescent and young adult).Two regions of the mandibular condyle, the articular tissue and the prechondroblastic‐chondroblastic (growth) layer, were examined histologically in 38 rhesus monkeys. The absolute area of the articular layer increased dramatically from the neonatal through the juvenile age groups and then decreased gradually through the adult group. When the absolute values were expressed relative to condylar size, the first three maturational levels shared a common trend of increasing growth of the articular layer, with a cessation of growth in this tissue occurring during the adolescent period. This variation in articular layer tissue is probably the result of progressive alteration in the function of the temporomandibular joint.The size of the prechondroblastic‐chondroblastic (growth) cartilage increased dramatically between the neonatal and juvenile age groups, and subsequently decreased in older age groups. The relative thickness of the prechondroblastic‐chondroblastic cartilage reached its peak within the infant and juvenile levels, being greatest in the posterior region among the infants and in the postero‐superior region among the juveniles. This corresponds to previous investigations which have shown that greater vertical growth of the rhesus monkey mandible occurs during the infant period, while the direction of mandibular growth is more horizontal in subsequent age groups.
Studies of the cellular cure for osteopetrosis by transplanted cells: Specificity of the cell type in ia rats
Authors: Marks Sandy C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSpleen cells from normal rats are known to cure osteopetrosis in ia littermates within 3 weeks. In this study cell suspensions from liver, thymus, bone marrow, salivary gland, skeletal muscle and brain from normal rats were tested for their ability to cure osteopetrosis in ia littermates whose ability to reject these cells had been suppressed by whole‐body irradiation. Cells from liver, thymus and bone marrow cured the disease as effectively as spleen cells from normal littermates. Mutants that received cells from salivary gland, muscle and brain remained osteopetrotic. These data suggest that some cell found in spleen, liver, thymus and bone marrow of 10‐day‐old normal rats, such as a lymphoid cell or stem cell, can restore hemopoiesis and bone resorption in osteopetrotic (ia) rats.
An electron microscopic study of the cavernous bodies in the lamprey gill filaments
Authors: Nakao Taisuke 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe cavernous body in the lamprey gill filament was studied by electron microscopy. This body lies along the outer border of the axial plate of each gill filament and freely communicates with an afferent filament artery. Two series of blood channels run alternately, passing through the cavernous body, and lead to the marginal channels in the secondary lamellae. On the other hand, narrow blood spaces left in the cavernous body lead to the blood lacunae in the axial plate (osmoregulatory region) and to those in the secondary lamellae (respiratory region). All the blood in the cavernous body is finally collected by an efferent filament artery.The cavernous body is traversed by numerous trabeculae and collagenous columns which run diagonally in the blood spaces to connect the walls of the cavernous body. All the walls of the cavernous body, including trabeculae and collagenous columns, are completely surrounded by the cytoplasmic flanges of specialized cells called here “cavernous body cells.” These cells are about 30 μm in diameter and characterized by (1) association with collagenous columns or trabeculae and also by the presence of (2) coated caveolae and vesicles, (3) vacuoles and (4) cytoplasmic granules in their cytoplasm. These cells are considered to be related to the pillar cells in origin because of their close association with collagenous columns or trabeculae. The functional significance of the cavernous body and the cavernous body cells is discussed.
Isolated perfused dog lungs: A comparative stereologic comparison with normal dog lungs
Authors: Defouw David O. , Berendsen Peter B. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractEstablished stereologic techniques were used to evaluate the morphologic integrity of isolated dog lungs perfused with plasma for periods of 30 minutes, 1 hour and 2 hours. The morphometric data from the isolated lung preparations were compared to similar morphometric evaluations of dog lungs fixed immediately after removal from the thorax. In the isolated lungs capillary surface and volume densities were both substantially decreased. These estimations of capillary surface density provide a morphologic definition of capillary surface area which should be useful in the estimations of endothelial permeability in isolated lungs. This morphometrically defined decrease in capillary volume density was attributed, in part, to swelling of the endothelial cells. Alveolar surface density was also decreased and the type‐I epithelial cells were increased in thickness. In both the endothelial and epithelial cells, cytoplasmic volume densities of the mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum were increased, while those of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and micropinocytotic vesicles were unchanged. The thickness of the interstitial compartment of the air‐blood barrier and the volume densities of the peribronchial, peribronchiolar, and perivascular connective tissue sleeves were unchanged; there was no evidence of interstitial edema in the isolated lungs. These morphologic changes must be considered in the interpretation of physiologic studies which employ isolated perfused dog lung preparations.
Scanning electron microscope studies of the papilla basilaris of some turtles and snakes
Authors: Miller Malcolm R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe papillae basilares of three species of turtles and four species of snakes were studied by SEM. The papillae of turtles are relatively large among reptiles and are characterized by a long, horizontal middle section resting on a wide basilar membrane. Both terminal ends of the papilla extend onto the surrounding limbus in the form of a forked or “T”‐shaped end or as a curved, “hook”‐like process. Details vary with the species. In the three species of turtles studied, there were between 1,100 and 1,400 hair cells on a papilla. The tectorial membrane covering the horizontal portion of the papilla is heavy in appearance and tightly attached to the kinocilial bulbs. The terminal ends of the papilla are covered by a thin gelatinous material. In addition, a mat‐like tectorial network covers the supporting cells and extends from the microvilli of the supporting cells to the overlying tectorial membrane. All hair cells are unidirectionally and abneurally oriented. The supporting cell surfaces form a large part of the papilla and, thus, hair cell density is low.The papillae of the two boid snake species studied are moderately long among snakes and contain a moderate number of hair cells (574 in Epicrates and 710–780 in Constrictor). Papillar form is elongate, ovoid, or canoe‐shaped. The tectorial membrane may be either highly fenestrated or moderately dense and covers all but a few of the terminal hair cells. A tectorial‐like mat covers all but a few of the terminal hair cells. Most hair cells are unidirectionally and abneurally oriented. A few terminal cells in boids may show reverse orientation. Hair cell density is similar to that of turtles.
Decidual cells in the human ovary at term. I. Incidence, gross anatomy and ultrastructural features of merocrine secretion
Authors: Herr John C. , Heidger Paul M. , Scott James R. , Anderson John W. , Curet Louis B. , Mossman Harland W. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDecidual tissue occurring within the human ovarian cortex was examined by light and electron microscopy. Of 21 ovarian specimens obtained at term (36–42 weeks of gestation), decidual cells were confirmed in each. Decidual cells were found within the tunica albuginea as single cells, in nodules, in polyps or in confluent sheets. Decidual cells exhibited several characteristics of cells engaged in secretory activity: abundant rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, numerous profiles of the Golgi complex and a large, euchromatic nucleus devoid of heterochromatin and displaying a prominent fibrous lamina. Peduncular protrusions at the periphery of the cell contained numerous dense bodies 0.4–0.9 μm in diameter. These dense bodies were bounded by a single membrane and contained granular subunits 30–60 nm in diameter. These granular subunits were observed in the process of apparent exocytosis, as well as free in the extracellular space. Secretory bodies and their granular content also were observed both in the region of the Golgi complex and partially extruded into peduncular processes. By far the greatest number of secretory bodies occurred within peduncular processes where they may be stored prior to release. Migration of a secretory body into a peduncular process and exocytosis from such a process appears to be an unusual mode of meocrine secretion, perhaps unique to decidual cells.
Origin and differentiation of the yolk sac and extraembryonic mesoderm in presomite human and rhesus monkey embryos
Authors: Luckett W. Patrick 
Published: February 2005

AbstractReexamination of presomite human and rhesus monkey embryos in the Carnegie Collection provides no evidence to corroborate the hypothesis that the trophoblast is the source of all extraembryonic tissues in these embryos. Instead, the present study indicates that the developmental pattern of the yolk sac and extraembryonic mesoderm is homologous to that in other eutherian mammals. The primary yolk sac of 10‐ to 11 ‐day human blastocysts is partially filled with a meshwork of extraembryonic endoderm, whereas such a meshwork is absent in the rhesus monkey. It is suggested that this endodermal meshwork develops as the result of interstitial implantation in the human embryo. A small secondary yolk sac develops in 12‐ to 13‐day human and macaque embryos as the result of pinching off of a portion of the larger primary yolk sac. Development of a secondary yolk sac in higher primates appears to be related causally to differential rates of expansion of the blastocyst and primary yolk sac within the simplex uterus.The caudal margin of the primitive streak develops precociously in 12‐ to 14‐day human and macaque embryos, and this appears to be the source of all the extraembryonic mesoderm of the chorion, chorionic villi, and body stalk. It is suggested that the peripheral spread of extraembryonic mesoderm plays an inductive role in the development of chorionic villi, similar to other types of epithelial‐mesenchymal inductive interactions. In contrast to previous hypotheses, the human and macaque trophoblasts appear to give rise only to additional trophoblast.