bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Secular changes in stature and biacromial and bicristal diameters of young adult Spanish males
Authors: Mesa María Soledad , Fuster Vicente , Sánchez‐Andrés Angeles , Marrodán Dolores 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMeasurements of stature and biacromial and bicristal diameters were obtained for two samples of young adult male university students, one from 1901 to 1919 and the other from 1989 to 1991. Means and standard deviations were calculated for each measurement and for three indices. Significant positive trends in stature and biacromial and bicristal diameters were apparent between the two samples: 7.3 cm (4.4%), 3.6 cm (9.9%), and 3.4 cm (12.5%), respectively. The results for stature were compared with other Spanish samples from the beginning of the century to the present. These comparisons also showed positive secular changes, although the differences among samples may have been conditioned by regional variations in socioeconomic conditions, industrialization, and so on, all of which complicate the interpretation of the magnitude of changes in Spain. In summary, the results show a positive secular trend in body dimensions, and this can be related to the improvement in living conditions in Spain, especially during the last 40 years. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative genetics of sexual dimorphism in body fat measurements
Authors: Comuzzie Anthony G. , Blangero John , Mahaney Michael C. , Mitchell Braxton D. , Stern Michael P. , Maccluer Jean W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA variance decomposition analysis using maximum likelihood methods was employed to examine the genetic architecture of sexual dimorphism in anthropometric traits in a large pedigreed sample of Mexican American individuals from San Antonio, Texas. For this analysis the magnitude of sexual dimorphism was viewed as arising from a special case of genotype by environment interaction (G × E), that of genotype by sex (G × S). Evidence indicates a marked G × S interaction for 9 of the 12 traits examined and 1 of the 4 indices, findings which are interpreted as indicators of a strong genetic component to the degree of sexual dimorphism expressed in these traits. Such results have important implications for the use and interpretation of these traits in an epidemiological as well as an evolutionary context. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Secular trends in growth and maturation in British girls
Authors: Roberts D. F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOver a period of 28 years, a succession of cross‐sectional surveys was carried out on young women entering the University College of Swansea (1959–1970) and then the University of Warwick (1971–1986) each year. Recall data on age at menarche and measurements of stature provide an indication of secular trends in growth and maturation in this section of the population of Britain. The earlier trend to younger age at menarche came to an end in girls born in approximately 1946 and entering university in 1964, and subsequently reversed, so that there is now a secular increase in menarcheal age. The successive analyses of stature show no such reversal, but instead a steady increase in mean stature throughout the period. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sequence of emergence of the permanent teeth in Macaca, Pan, Homo, and Australopithecus: Its evolutionary significance
Authors: Smith B. Holly 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThere are two main questions about the sequence of emergence of the permanent teeth in humans: 1) Why is there so much variation in sequence within human populations? (2) What is the adaptive or evolutionary significance of emergence sequence? Here, the human condition is considered by comparing us to other living primates and to our evolutionary past and considered in the light of Schultz's hypothesis that sequence of tooth emergence is adapted to rate of postnatal growth (Schultz AH. In JM Tanner (ed.) Human Growth, pp 1–20, 1960). Frequencies of individual pairwise sequences (e.g., M1I1 vs. I1M1) in the emergence of the permanent dentition are described for N = 110 Macaca nemestrina, and compared to N = 157 Pan troglodytes and ≥6,000 Homo sapiens. In addition, sequences of gingival emergence are reconstructed for Australopithecus and early Homo. Trends observed across these catarrhine primates suggest that sequence and variability in sequence can be understood by a simple model of adaptation of tooth emergence to growth rate. As rate of postnatal growth slows, molars drift to later positions in sequence, either by always emerging late in sequence, or by varying in the direction of late emergence. “Augmented sequences” (sequences written with notations about variability) are important in recognizing evolutionary trends; further, they often alter perception of similarities and differences among taxa. Although samples are small, Australopithecus africanus resembles the rapidly developing genera Macaca and Pan more than it resembles Homo sapiens. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evolutionary perspectives on human nutrition: The influence of brain and body size on diet and metabolism
Authors: Leonard William R. , Robertson Marcia L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHuman dietary patterns and metabolic requirements are compared to those of nonhuman primate species in order to gain insights into the evolution of our nutritional needs. In general, primate diet quality (i.e., caloric and nutrient density) is inversely related to body size and total resting metabolic requirements (RMR). Humans, however, consume a diet of much higher quality than is expected for our size and metabolic needs. This energy‐rich diet appears to reflect an adaptation to the high metabolic cost of our large brain. Among primates, the relative proportion of resting metabolic energy used for brain metabolism is positively correlated with relative diet quality. Humans represent the positive extreme, having both a very high quality diet and a large brain that accounts for 20–25% of resting metabolism. Evidence from the hominid fossil record implies that major changes in diet and relative brain metabolism occurred with the emergence of the genus Homo. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dietary nutrient intake comparisons for rural and urban Russian boys, ages 6, 9, and 15 years, living in St. Petersburg and surrounding areas
Authors: Steele Marilyn F. , Spurgeon John H. , French Karen E. , Giese Warren K. , Utenko VN , Bundzen PV , Rogozkin VA 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDietary intake data were gathered on 123 rural and 111 urban males, ages 6, 9, and 15 years, living in and near St. Petersburg, Russia. Data were analyzed to estimate intakes of kilocalories, protein, calcium, iron, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C, and percentage of kilocalories from protein, carbohydrate, and fat. Comparisons were made between nutrient intakes of urban and rural subjects; intakes were also compared with the Recommended Dietary Intakes (RDI) of the USSR Research Institute of Nutrition. There were no significant differences between rural and urban boys in energy intake at any age. Urban boys consumed more vitamin C at ages 6 and 9, had higher intakes of protein, calcium, and niacin at age 9, and consumed more protein at age 15. Rural boys had higher intakes of riboflavin and calcium than urban boys at age 6. Urban boys consumed larger proportions of energy as carbohydrate at age 6, protein at age 9, and both protein and fat at age 15 than rural subjects. Rural boys had higher proportions of kilocalories from fat at age 6 and carbohydrate at age 15 than urban boys. Mean nutrient intakes below the RDI were: energy for rural boys at 9 and 15 years; iron for rural subjects at ages 6 and 9 and urban boys at age 6; calcium for rural and urban boys at all ages; vitamin C for rural subjects at ages 6 and 9; vitamin A for rural and urban boys at age 15; and protein for rural boys at age 15. At age 6, rural boys had nutrient intakes superior to those of urban boys; urban nutrient intakes were better than rural at ages 9 and 15. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prediction equations for body composition of Japanese adults by B‐mode ultrasound
Authors: Abe Takashi , Kondo Masakatsu , Kawakami Yasuo , Fukunaga Tetsuo 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA total of 117 Japanese subjects (62 men and 55 women) volunteered for the study. Subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) and muscle thicknesses were measured by B‐mode ultrasonography at nine sites of the body. Body density (BD) was determined the hydrodensitometry. Reproducibility of thickness measurements by ultrasonography was high (r = 0.96–0.99). Correlations between AT thickness and BD ranged from −0.46 (gastrocnemius) to −0.87 (abdomen) for males and −0.46 (gastrocnemius) to −0.84 (abdomen) for females. A higher negative correlation (r = −0.89) was observed for the sum of AT thicknesses (forearm, biceps, triceps, abdomen, subscapula, quadriceps, hamstrings, gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior) both in males and in females. Slightly lower coefficients were observed between muscle thickness and LBM (r = 0.36 to r = 0.70 for males and r = 0.44 to r = 0.55 for females). Prediction equations for BD and LBM from AT and muscle thickness were obtained by multiple regression analysis. Cross‐validation on a separate sample (33 men and 44 women) showed an accurate prediction for BD. The present findings suggest that B‐mode ultrasonography can be applied in clinical assessment and field surveys. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reliability for multiple frequency bioelectric impedance
Authors: Chumlea Wm. Cameron , Guo Shumei S. , Bellisari Anna , Baumgartner Richard N. , Siervogel Roger M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMultifrequency impedance may help to quantify body fluid compartments and levels of hydration among individuals. Most studies of bioelectric impedance use impedance machines operating at a frequency of 50 kHz, and observer error is low. The present study evaluates multifrequency impedance measurements at 15 frequencies from 5 to 1,300 kHz to determine observer reliability in 20 White subjects of each sex, 18–65 years of age. Data were collected during two time periods so that a participant was measured by each of two observers during each period. There was an effect of frequency and sex on reliability. The intra‐ and inter‐observer reliability for resistance and reactance were high with coefficients of reliability of greater than 95% at frequencies under about 500 kHz for resistance and under 100 kHz for reactance. Technical errors of measurement were generally stable across frequencies for resistance but became increasingly large above 100 kHz for reactance. Resistance measures of men were more reliable than those of women. Reliability was reduced at high frequencies which are potentially useful in determining body fluid volumes. There was no effect of age on reliability. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Body dimensions and differential fertility in !Kung San males from Namibia
Authors: Winkler Eike Meinrad , Kirchengast Sylvia 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe relationship between paternal somatic morphology and number and sex of the offspring was investigated with 114 !Kung San males from Namibia. Significant correlations were observed between measures of facial and distal robustness and the total number of sons and daughters as well as for the sex ratio of children and the ratio of living to dead children. Anthropometric characteristics of !Kung San men correlated with the number of daughters more frequently than with the number of sons, and the majority of correlation coefficients were negative. This indicates that more slender men tend to have more daughters, while the positive correlations between body dimensions and the number of sons demonstrate that more robustly built and tall men tend to have more sons. Mortality of children also differs relative to the paternal body build. The mortality rate in children of more slender fathers is higher than in those of more robust fathers. Robust men have more male children and these children have a better chance to survive. The differential fertility of the !Kung may be explained by the association between a high social rank and robustness of physique which may lead to typical patterns of sexual selection. The results of the present study are consistent with the Trivers‐Willard hypothesis, which describes differential sex‐biased parental investment under different socioeconomic conditions. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Small for gestational age associated with short stature during adolescence
Authors: Frisancho A. Roberto , Fields Stephen , Smith Shelley L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study examined the relationship between intrauterine growth retardation and adolescent stature in a sample of 1510 White subjects (754 males and 756 females) who were evaluated at birth and at the ages of 15, 16, and 17 years. The subjects were classified into two groups based on birthweight, small for gestational age (SGA) and appropriate for gestational age (AGA), corresponding respectively to values below the 10th, and between the 11th and 99th, percentiles of gestational age and sex. Results showed that boys and girls born prematurely (gestational age < 37 weeks of gestation) attained the same stature as those born at full term (>37 weeks of gestation). In contrast, those born SGA were significantly shorter than their counterparts born AGA. The average reduction in stature was 4.9 cm for males and 2.9 cm for females. When the analysis included adjustments for parental stature (and adolescent's age at menarche for females), the average reduction in stature equaled about 3.5 cm for males and 2.0 cm for females. It is thus concluded that the stature deficit reflects a reduction in growth rate rather than delay in maturation. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Body weight and ABO blood types: Are AB females heavier?
Authors: Kelso AJ , Maggi Wynne , Beals Kenneth L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFour samples from widely separated and culturally distinct populations—U.S. college students, Mennonites, Egyptian villagers, and Brazilian migrants—are examined for evidence of a relationship between ABO blood type and body weight. Overall, the results do not support the existence of such a relationship, although they do offer further support to the possibility that females of AB blood type are consistently the heaviest phenotype. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Body size, biological maturation, and sport participation related to cortical bone in adolescent girls
Authors: Song JK , Claessens AL , Beunen GP , Lefevre J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe purposes of this study were twofold: (1) to describe the growth of metacarpal bone dimensions in a large sample (n = 819) of Flemish girls, 12–18 years, and (2) to investigate the relationship among cortical bone dimensions, biological maturation, and participation in sports activities. Besides body mass and stature, Tanner‐Whitehouse skeletal age (SA) was estimated and menarcheal status was assessed. Second metacarpal bone dimensions were measured on radiographs. Sports participation was determined by a standardized questionnaire. Results show that whereas medullary diameter decreased, all other second metacarpal dimensions increased significantly with age. When the girls were divided into five subgroups by SA, significant differences were found for metacarpal bone dimensions among the groups. Analysis of covariance revealed that skeletal maturity significantly differentiated for medullary diameter, cortical thickness, cortical area, and percent cortical area, even when chronological age, body mass, and stature were partialled out. However, no differences were found between contrasting SA groups for metacarpal length and periosteal diameter when chronological age, body mass, and stature were held constant. The metacarpals of postmenarcheal girls are ∼4% longer and ∼7% wider, and had ∼14% more bone area than age‐matched, premenarcheal peers. No differences were found in periosteal diameter between pre‐ and postmenarcheal 14–15‐year‐old girls. Finally, sports participation was not associated with cortical bone in this group of healthy females (−0.16 ≤ r ≤ 0.17). © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
V̇ max and nutritional status in Urban Colombian girls and women
Authors: Spurr GB , Reina JC , Dufour DL , Narváez JV 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMaximal oxygen consumption (V̇max, liters min−1) was measured in 60 nutritionally normal and 74 marginally undernourished girls 6–16 years of age and 27 upper socioeconomic (UEC) women and 22 women living in economically deprived conditions (LEC) in Cali, Colombia. All girls were recruited from the LEC neighborhoods. Lower values for V̇max (liters min−1) in undernourished girls were replaced by a nutritionally normal status in adulthood in which V̇max was not significantly different from that measured in UEC women. Physical condition varied from average to fair in the younger to older subjects compared to women from industrialized countries. When V̇max is expressed as ml min−1kg−1of lean body mass (LBM), all age and group effects disappear, confirming regression analysis which demonstrated a close relationship (r2= 0.81) between V̇max (liters min−1) and LBM in which there were no significant differences between nutritional or socioeconomic groups. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fat distribution in Cuban infants
Authors: Diaz María Elena , Montero Minerva , Wong Iraida , Moreno Vilma , Toledo Emilia Maria , Moreno Raisa 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFatness and relative fat distribution of 505 infants from the city of Havana were identified by principal components analysis of four skinfolds. The first principal component accounts for 59–62% of the variance and represents overall fatness; the other components contrast trunk‐extremity and upper‐lower body fat. Principal component scores were also correlated with different anthropometric variables. Estimated fat areas and an energy/protein index are the best indicators of fatness, but indices of fat distribution and skinfold ratios are more representative of fat patterning. Nutritional status is related to fatness, but not to fat distribution. Age and race of the infants are independent of fatness and fat distribution. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accordance between V̇O2max and behavior in Ngisonyoka Turkana
Authors: Curran‐Everett Linda S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study examined the relationship between maximal aerobic work capacity (maximal oxygen uptake, V̇O2max) and two variables (occupational group and history of cattle herding) related to the behavior of the Ngisonyoka Turkana, a group of East African pastoralists maintaining a traditional herding lifestyle. Maximal oxygen uptake was measured for 19 men aged 20–44 years using a Monark bicycle ergometer. In line with previous reports for East Africans, there was little difference among mean V̇O2max for three Ngisonyoka age groups (20–29, 30–39, 40–49 years),P> 0.05. However, V̇O2max varied with history of cattle herding [defined as either (1) presently herding cattle, (2) had formerly herded cattle, or (3) had never herded cattle],P< 0.01. Maximal oxygen uptake also varied with occupational group (defined as junior herder, senior herder, herdowner [= former herder], or impoverished herdowner [= resumed herder]),P< 0.05. Thus, culturally defined work history and occupational group are positively associated with V̇O2max, and may be useful in field studies of the effects of past and present activity levels on aerobic capacity. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Survey of seven plasma protein polymorphisms in the Amhara and Oromo populations of Ethiopia
Authors: Scacchi R. , Corbo RM , Rickards O. , De Stefano GF 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe Ethiopian population is very difficult to specify due to a very high degree of intermixing among different peoples. The two groups of the present study, the Amhara and Oromo, constitute 38% and 35% of the population, respectively. In order to investigate the genetic composition of the Amhara and Oromo, genetic polymorphisms of seven plasma proteins (F13A, F13B, ORM1, AHSG, C6, C7, and APOC2), already identified as useful anthropological markers, were studied. No statistically relevant differences were found between the two groups for all of the systems examined. ORM1 and F13A showed frequencies in the range observed in other populations of Caucasoid and Negroid origin. F13B, AHSG, and C6 displayed gene frequencies and a number of variant alleles that seem particular to these two groups. No variation was observed for C7 and APOC2. Correspondence and distance analyses were used to interpret and compare the gene frequencies of the Amhara and Oromo with those of other related populations. These methods locate Ethiopians in an intermediate position between African Blacks and a group of Caucasoid populations, confirming cultural and historical data. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Worker motivation and productivity in chinese (beijing) tricycle haulers: Integrating social and biological variables
Authors: Hewner Sharon J. , Sun Wei 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEthnographic assessment of worker lifestyle and motivation was paired with measurement of health, maximum oxygen uptake, anthropometry, and cold response to predict productivity in order to determine how well behavioral ratings and biological rankings of worker capacity predict actual productivity. The subjects were Chinese laborers hauling heavy loads on a cycle by human power during a Beijing winter. Worker productivity was measured as pay for unit of work done. This paper reports the ethnographic methods and results. Worker health was assessed through a physical examination including vital signs, echocardiogram (ECG), nutrition, hemoglobin, and hematocrit. Worker motivation was assessed during 10 weeks of participant observation, extensive interview, and a visit to the worker's household. Motivation was rated using a rank‐order comparison of all 50 workers from lowest to highest. Other observational ratings (household assets, demands on worker, and health of household members) were completed at the time of the home visit using five‐point scales. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Frequency of haplotypes in the beta globin gene cluster in a selected sample of the mexican population
Authors: Peñaloza Rosenda , García‐carrancá Alejandro , Ceras Teresa , Alvarez Carlos , Berumen Jaime , Zavala Carlos , Salamanca Fabio 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFive polymorphic restriction enzyme sites in the beta globin gene cluster (HindIII Gγ‐Hind III Aγ‐, Ava IIINV−2β‐and Hpa I and Bam HI 3′β‐globin gene) were studied in individuals from 13 families: 13 homozygote patients for sickle cell anemia, two double heterozygotes (one SC and one S/βThal), 35 AS heterozygotes (23 parents and 12 siblings), one father (A/βThal), and three normal siblings. In addition, 17 normal unrelated Mexican subjects were studied. All subjects were from the state of Veracruz on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. The Southern blot technique was used. Fifteen haplotypes were identified in the 142 chromosomes. Five were the most frequent: two haplotypes, (+−+++) (52.4%) and (−−+−+) (19.0%) were associated with βS chromosomes; two haplotypes, (−−+++) (38.2%) and (−−−++) (19.7%), were linked with βA chromosomes, and the fifth (−−++−) was present in both types of chromosomes. Haplotype (+−+++) corresponded to the Bantu or Senegal type. With Hinc II analysis after PCR amplification in both the 5′ and 3′ regions of the ψβ‐globin gene, it was possible to distinguish between these African types, as in the former both restriction sites are absent. This analysis was done in 23 βS and 10 βA subjects. All βS chromosomes disclosed the Bantu type, while βA were similar to Caucasians. Bantu and Benin haplotypes have been found with high frequency in African populations, indicating the great influence of African genes in the population of the Mexican coasts. In addition, two previously unidentified haplotypes were found: (++−−+) and (−++++). These can be explainded by crossing‐over events and/or by new mutations. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.