bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Politicians and the Press
Authors: qc Michael J Beloff 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
My purpose is to examine the extent to which the law does, and to the extent that it does to which it should, have special rules governing the relationship of politicians and the press. I should note, at the outset, that politicians and journalists are citizens: the law that applies to others, applies to them. My concern is to detect where the particular function of each has created distinctive rules or approaches. That relationship of politicians and the press, one of mutual fascination, is special because the role of each is vital in a democratic society, and the way in which the balance between their respective interests is struck is fundamental to its proper operation. The main areas selected for study will be; parliamentary privilege; libel law; protection of privacy; and the impact of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) and the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) upon the foregoing.
Is the Privileged Position of Political Expression justified?
Authors: hare* Ivan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Expression which may be described as political is accorded a privileged legal status in most common law countries and under the European Convention of Human Rights. The aim of this piece is to question whether the manner in which this privilege has been formulated in some jurisdictions is desirable. The structure of the article is as follows. Part 1 provides a brief account of the extent to which United Kingdom law and the doctrine in a number of legal systems which are particularly relevant to domestic developments protect political speech. The remaining sections of the paper question this method. In Part 2 some of the difficulties of defining political speech and distinguishing it from other forms of expression are discussed. Part 3 addresses certain other characteristics of free speech analysis which may prove more revealing than a focus on the category of expression. Finally, Part 4 explains why it may be more legitimate to limit or regulate some forms of political speech than other forms of expressive activity. The aim throughout is not to argue against a high level of legal protection for political speech, but to advert to some of the dangers of resolving free speech issues by reference to a priori categorizations of types of expression.
The Relationship Between Freedom of Expression and Freedom of Information
Authors: Kbe The Hon Sir Anthony Mason Ac 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this essay is to examine the relationship between freedom of expression and freedom of information. The two freedoms are often mentioned in the same breath, so to speak, as if they are so closely connected or intertwined that one (freedom of information) is part or counterpart of the other (freedom of expression). International and European lawyers rather than traditional common lawyers have been astute to see that close connection. That is because guarantees of freedom in constitutions and international instruments expressly or impliedly include certain aspects of freedom of information in freedom of expression, that is the right to seek and impart, even the right to receive, information. As no such inclusion has arisen under the very limited common law conception of freedom of expression, the common lawyer tends to see freedom of information as a statutory right of access to information.
The Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998
Authors: Cripps Yvonne 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Disclosures made by public and private sector workers acting in the public interest may be crucially important in protecting the public from a range of hazards including injury, risk to life, fraud, financial malpractice and environmental damage. Those who make such disclosures deserve legal protection. Even jurisdictions in which there is wide-ranging freedom of information legislation will benefit from occasional disclosures by public-spirited individuals who focus initial attention on matters of which the public ought to be aware. Damaging or potentially damaging activities that would otherwise escape detection, may, at a relatively early stage, come to the notice of workers who may or may not have the courage to speak out. Notorious examples of such situations include the Piper Alpha disaster, the Clapham Junction train collision, the foundering of the Herald of Free Enterprise, the arms to Iraq affair and the collapse of the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI).
Information, Privacy, and Technology: Citizens, Clients, or Consumers?
Authors: Aman Alfred c. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In his classic book, Not in the Public Interest, Professor Sir David Williams states: ‘It is desirable that as far as possible the workings of the central government should either be subject to publicity or subject to some form of independent scrutiny. Sweeping assertions of executive secrecy ought not to be tolerated in a democratic country.’1 He concludes that ‘secrecy and security have to be balanced against the legitimate demands for an informed public opinion which is, when all is said and done, the essential element in a country which claims to be democratic.’ These words are as important and wise today as they were in 1965. Indeed, the emphasis on democracy, an informed public opinion and the public interest embody values and an approach towards governance that, in this era of globalization, is more important than ever before. Freedom of lnformation legislation is intended to further these values and to make the status and role of citizen meaningful.
Freedom of Information and International Law
Authors: Keith K J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Thirty-five years ago a fellow of Keble College, Oxford, set out to try to lessen or even subvert one passion of British civil servants-their ‘passion for secrecy’. The book which resulted, Not in the Public Interest-the Problem of Security in Democracy,is a masterpiece of description, analysis and prescription. The description comes from a wide range of sources which soon became familiar to the writer’s growing band of admiring readers: parliamentary proceedings, official reports of commissions, committees and privy councillors, newspaper reports, books and articles (running far beyond the familiar, at least to this lawyer), as well as the statute books and law reports.
Freedom of Information: The Implications for Business
Authors: Thomas Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Whitehall’s notorious ‘Culture of Secrecy’ has been in significant decline for at least ten years, but sharp reminders of the traditional Civil Service mind-set are still to be found. A few years ago the Department of Trade and Industry published advice for the business community entitled: ‘Protecting Business Information-Understanding the Risks’.1 Under the main heading of ‘The Threat’, the sub-heading on the third page alarmingly groups together: But the DTI is absolutely right to identify the importance of information to the business community. We are constantly told that we live in the Information Society-sometimes elevated to the Knowledge Society or even the Intelligence Society. Today, as the opening paragraph of the DTI paper correctly states: ‘Business is driven by information. It is your most valuable asset.’
Just Lawyers
Authors: Parker Christine 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Just Lawyers proposes a model for the regulation and organization of lawyers, guided by an ideal of access to justice. It is grounded in empirical analysis of why people complain about lawyers, the nature of existing legal institutions, and the ethical ideals of the profession. Parker weaves the normative theory of deliberative democracy with the empirical law and society tradition of research on the limits and possibilities of law. She shows that access to justice can only occur in the interaction between courtroom justice, informal everyday justice, and social movement politics. Lawyers' justice should educate people's justice to improve the justice quality of everyday relationships and transactions, while community concerns (including community access to justice concerns) should reshape lawyers' regulation, organization, and practices to improve substantive justice. Just Lawyers shows how legal proffesionalism can only be revitalized through the reform of access to justice beyond lawyers.
Lawyers in the Republic of Justice
Authors: Parker Christine 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The main principle for regulatory reform of lawyers that withstands all the normative, phenomenological, and structural challenges of the iterated adjustment employed in the previous chapters is a process of deliberation about how to regulate in which the substantive access to justice concerns of the community are brought to bear on the profession. It is not a model that privileges either the profession or state regulatory institutions. Rather lawyers’ regulation would focus on enhancing the culture of legal professionalism in a way that is both subject to and constitutive of deliberative democratic justice.
International Health Regulations
Authors: Fidler David P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The global infectious disease threat directly implicates the International Health Regulations (IHR), which constitute the ‘only international health agreement on communicable diseases that is binding on [WHO] Member States’. The IHR provides a unified code for infectious disease control. As of November 1997, 194 States were bound by the IHR. This chapter analyses the IHR by examining their development, basis in international law, objectives, and effectiveness. The chapter also briefly analyses WHO’s proposed revision of the IHR.
International Environmental Law and Infectious Diseases
Authors: Fidler David P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Public health experts cite environmental change as a factor in the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases. Human alteration of the natural environment exposes people to microbes or disease vectors and creates conditions conducive to the multiplication and transmission of microbes and disease vectors. Natural environmental phenomenon can generate increased infectious disease threats to human populations, as evidenced by connections between weather variations (for example, El Nifio) and infectious diseases; but anthropogenic environmental changes produce the most serious infectious disease concerns. Environmental changes that encourage infectious disease spread range from the local, such as contaminated drinking water, to the global, such as climate change.
Global Custody, Prime Brokerage and Straight Through Processing
Authors: Benjamin Joanna 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It will be seen from the foregoing that many inefficiencies remain in cross border settlement. The global custody industry has developed in order to relieve institutional investors from the burden of these inefficiencies.
Global custody is of particular interest because of its fungible nature. It is customary for a custodian to commingle the (interests in) securities which it holds for its respective clients. Because each client’s (interests in) securities are held on an intermediated and unallocated basis, global custody clients hold interests in securities and not securities.
The Policy of British Governments within the European Community
Authors: George Stephen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What have been the characteristics of the policies followed by successive British Governments towards the EC since membership? How consistent have policies been over time, and under Governments of different political persuasions? How far does the record lend support to the idea of Britain as a ‘semi-detached’ member of the Community? These are the questions that are considered in this chapter. The period covered begins with membership in 1973, under the Conservative Government of Edward Heath, and looks at the Labour Governments of Harold Wilson (1974-6) and James Callaghan (1976-9) and the Conservative Governments of Margaret Thatcher (1979-90).
Local Government and the European Community
Authors: Preston Jill 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Over the last decade an increasing number of EC policies have had a direct impact on local authorities in the UK. For example, many local authorities have been able to take advantage of the resources provided by the EC structural funds and other Community financial instruments. Local authorities are one element in a complex system of government. In structural terms the UK is a unitary state, in the sense that Parliament is omnipotent. The formal constitutional position is reflected in the traditional doctrine of ‘ultra vires’. Parliament has the authority to allocate functions to local authorities or take those functions away. In general terms local authorities may only lawfully engage in activities for which they have statutory authority.
British By-Elections
Authors: Norris Pippa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By-elections raise fundamental questions, such as: why do third parties manage unexpected breakthroughs in such contests? Why does the government of the day consistently lose support through the `mid-term blues'? Are by-elections essentially idiosyncratic contests reflecting the strengths and weaknesses of individual candidates in particular constituencies? Or can a series of by-election results provide an accurate indication of party popularity in subsequent general elections? Pippa Norris addresses these questions through her analysis of post-war trends in party support. She covers changes in campaigns, contrasting the stable by-elections of the post-war decade with the more volatile ones characteristic of today. She then explores systematic trends in the light of theories of partisan dealignment and retrospective voting, analysing the influence of campaign-specific factors, notably the role of candidates, party organizations, the media, and opinion polls. To set Britain in a comparative context, she also surveys trends in by-elections in Canada and Australia. Finally there is an essential reference section listing changes in party support in almost four hundred British by-elections since 1945.
Retrospective Theory and Government Performance
Authors: Norris Pippa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Partisan dealignment helps to explain why volatility has increased in by-elections but so far we have not sought to explain the direction of change; in particular why the party in government consistently tends to lose support in these contests. This trend can be explored in the light of the theory of retrospective voting, a perspective which has attracted growing interest in recent years. The aim of this chapter is to develop a modified version of this theory, as a broad analytical framework which can be used to account for the particular characteristics of by-elections, before going on to examine its empirical basis.
The Role of the Media and Opinion Polls
Authors: Norris Pippa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In recent years there has been a substantial increase in the number of opinion polls being commissioned, and the amount of media attention devoted to campaigns. In the quiet by-elections of the fifties and sixties press coverage was minimal and opinion polls were the exception rather than the rule; there was only one poll even in such well-known contests as Rochdale in 1958 or Orpington in 1962. Polls became more regular features of by-elections in the seven ties but the turning-point came with Warrington. During the more dramatic contests in the eighties there developed an avalanche of polls; during the campaign eight polls were published in Darlington and Croydon North-West, nine in Crosby, ten in Fulham, thirteen in Greenwich, sixteen in Chesterfield, and seventeen in Glasgow Hillhead alone. In a small seat such as Glasgow Hillhead over l0,000 voters were polled in total by different companies, which represents one in five of the electorate.
The United States
Authors: Foster Jody , Muste Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Campaigning and electioneering in the United States have undergone tremendous change since 1945. The changes have been driven by a host of factors, including declining party identification and participation in the electorate, the growing impact of the media and other communication technologies, the greater involvement of independent, professional consultants and technical experts in the management of campaigns, changes in the laws regarding elections and campaign finance, the extended duration of campaigns, and the increased resources available to incumbent candidates.
The British Electoral System: Fixture without Foundation
Authors: Curtice John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Proponents of alternative electoral systems do not simply disagree about how the votes cast at elections should be counted. They also disagree about why elections should be held at all. Supporters of the continued use of the first-past-the-post (or single-member¬ plurality) system take one view of what British parliamentary elections should be about; those in favour of some form of proportional representation take another. The differences between the two camps can be summarized under three broad headings, as shown in Table 9.r. The first and most important of these is a disagreement about what precisely is being elected (Schumpeter, 1976). Formally speaking, British general elections are about the election of 650 or so members of the House of Commons. But in everyday political discourse we talk about the Conservative or Labour party ‘winning’ an election-by which we mean winning enough seats to form the government. In theory British elections are simply legislative elections; in practice we have come to regard them as executive elections.
Judicial Review as Welfare Manage1nent
Authors: Robertson David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At various stages in this book we have referred to the way the Lords can be seen as exercising, amongst their various functions, the role of manager, or perhaps referee, of the welfare state. There are literally hundreds of cases one could select to show the way judicial review has been applied in this sort of highly routine context. Of course no case that gets to the House of Lords can really be seen as routine, but these cases involve only relatively straightforward interpretation of statutory duties, rather than calling for any common law creativity. They are routine also in the sense that they are mundane; indeed one problem is knowing why any particular case does make it so far in the litigation hierarchy, when others, presenting similar practical issues, do not. Certainly it is not that cases likely to win on appeal are selected, because the plaintiffs hardly ever do win. We have chosen to illustrate this role mainly through a linked series of cases on only one area of welfare.
Jainism and the Puja Ritual
Authors: Humphrey Caroline , Laidlaw James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The central objects of veneration in a Jain temple are statues of human figures in marble, stone, or metal. These austere and rigid figures, always sharply sculpted and finely polished, sit with their hands folded on their lap or stand bolt upright in meditation. They are the Jinas or Tirthankars, the twenty-four divine ascetic renouncers who have founded and refounded the Jain religion.
The Ritual Commitment
Authors: Humphrey Caroline , Laidlaw James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we begin to answer the question, ‘What is the difference between acting in a ritualized and in an unritualized way?’. In attempting to describe what is distinctive about ritual action, we start with the subtle and yet pivotal transformation which ritualization effects in the relation between intention and action. The present chapter focuses on the theoretical delineation of this shift and some of its implications.
Getting It Right
Authors: Humphrey Caroline , Laidlaw James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In previous chapters we made some brief remarks on the nature of prescription in ritual. Now we shall enlarge on these remarks and try to give an account of the kind of rules which govern the puja. While it is one of the most obvious things about ritualized action that it is prescribed, it is not so obvious quite how this compulsoriness or rigidity should be characterized.
The Language of Honour
Authors: Dresch Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The most noticeable thing about tribesmen at first glance is that they are armed. Every tribesman but the poorest owns a rifle (many have more than one), and in public each carries his rifle with him. Antique Turkish pieces and old service rifles are supplemented rather than replaced by modern self-loading and automatic weapons, some of which are all but the latest of their kind; and downstairs in many houses, among the grain and goats, are heavy weapons such as mortars, machine guns, and even light artillery. Weapons are a mark of tribesmen’s standing.1 ‘Weak’, non-tribal people who live scattered about in tribal territory are not permitted to carry rifles,
History from the Q āsim īs to the l:fam īd al-Din (c.1600-1950)
Authors: Dresch Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The apparatus of formal learning set tribes at the margin of Islamic government, but tribesmen were at all times involved with Zaydi history. In the present chapter we shall follow the history through from the Zaydi expansion of the seventeenth century to the disasters of the nineteenth, the Turkish occupation before the First World War, and the rise of the dynasty of powerful Imams who held North Yemen until the 1960s. Certain features of the tribal world are indeed almost timeless. Others cannot be understood without reference to the rest of Yemen, to events linking Yemen to the wider world, and, in short, to the course of regional history. In particular, the fortunes of tribal leaders were bound up with those of successive Imams.
Isaiah Berlin’s Liberalism
Authors: Galipeau Claude J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Isaiah Berlin is a towering figure in the world of letters. To the international community of scholars he is best known as the author of Two Concepts of Liberty, yet his career covers many fields in addition to moral and political philosophy: music and literary criticism, historiography, scholarship in the history of ideas, cultural interpretation, translation, teaching, university and arts administration, diplomacy, community work, and broadcasting. This is the first systematic study of Berlin's political ideas to draw on all of his writings, including manuscripts, interviews, and correspondence. Berlin's defence of political liberalism is based on moral pluralism and an interpretation of the historical and cultural development of western civilization, rather than on abstract arguments about rights. Claude Galipeau brings out the uniqueness and force of this defence while acknowledging, in his discussion of Berlin's Zionism, the tensions and complexities inherent in it. In all his writings Berlin seeks to understand the intricacies and paradoxes of human behaviour. His political thought offers a compelling justification of liberal institutions in the contemporary world and Claude Galipeau's study will be an invaluable guide to the range and depth of his work.