bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HIV‐1 subtypes and circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) from HIV‐infected patients residing in two regions of central and southern Italy
Authors: Monno Laura , Brindicci Gaetano , Caputo Sergio Lo , Punzi Grazia , Scarabaggio Teresa , Riva Chiara , Bari Cesare Di , Pierotti Piera , Saracino Annalisa , Lagioia Antonella , Mazzotta Francesco , Balotta Claudia , Angarano Gioacchino 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA total of 347 pol gene sequences from 88 Tuscan and 259 Apulian subjects (including 52 non‐Italians and 9 children) were analyzed phylogenetically. Forty‐four (12.6%) non‐B subtypes were found, including 3.4% C, 1.4% F1, 0.8% G, and 0.3% each for J and A pure subtypes, and 3.7% CRF02_AG, 1.4% CRF01_AE, 0.6% BF, and 0.3% CRF06‐cpx recombinant forms. An additional sample close‐matched the pol gene of an unique recombinant form (URF AGK 99GR303). The non‐B subtypes were from 40 adults and 4 children; 12 of these 44 patients were epidemiologically linked. Thirty‐three of the 44 non‐B viruses pertained to non‐Italian immigrants and 11 to Italians, signifying that 63.4% immigrants and 3.7% Italians harbored non‐B subtypes. The overall frequency of non‐B subtypes was higher in Tuscany than in Apulia (18.1% vs. 10.8%). Moreover, 6.1% and 3.0% non‐B subtypes were found among Italians from Florence and Apulia, respectively, while 52.1% and 72.4% of immigrants living in Tuscany and Apulia harbored non‐B subtypes. Women infected by means of sexual contact prevailed among non‐Italian adults; the majority of Italians were males and admitted high‐risk sexual behavior. Four Italians had a history of extensive travel in countries of high endemicity. Social and epidemiological changes are responsible for an increasing circulation of non‐B subtypes in Italy. Although non‐B subtypes principally infect non‐Italian patients, in Italy they can no longer be considered exclusively restricted to subjects from endemic areas. J. Med. Virol. 75:483–490, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mutations in the nonstructural region 5B of hepatitis C virus genotype 1b: Their relation to viral load, response to interferon, and the nonstructural region 5A
Authors: Watanabe Kazumasa , Yoshioka Kentaro , Yano Motoyoshi , Ishigami Masatoshi , Ukai Koji , Ito Hiroshi , Miyata Fumiyuki , Mizutani Tetsuya , Goto Hidemi 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe nonstructural 5B (NS5B) protein of hepatitis C virus possesses RNA‐dependent RNA polymerase activity and plays an essential role in viral replication. The mutations in NS5B were determined and the correlation with viral load and response to interferon (IFN) were assessed. The entire NS5B region in 33 patients and its thumb domain in 62 patients was sequenced. The number of amino acid substitutions in the NS5B protein, that in thumb domain and the substitution at aa 389 was correlated with viral load and the response to IFN. Multivariate analysis selected only mutation in IFN sensitivity determining region (ISDR) as a factor associated with the viral load and response to IFN. The number of substitutions in the thumb domain and the substitution at aa 389 correlated with the number of substitutions in the ISDR. These results suggest that mutations in NS5B, especially in the thumb domain and at aa 389, have an important effect on viral load and the response to IFN, although they were dependent on mutations in ISDR. Further studies on the relationship between NS5B and NS5A (ISDR) are necessary to elucidate the mechanism of the correlation with viral load and the response to IFN. J. Med. Virol. 75:504–512, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Favorable efficacy of long‐term lamivudine therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis B: An 8‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Akuta Norio , Suzuki Fumitaka , Suzuki Yoshiyuki , Sezaki Hitomi , Hosaka Tetsuya , Someya Takashi , Kobayashi Masahiro , Saitoh Satoshi , Arase Yasuji , Ikeda Kenji , Kobayashi Mariko , Kumada Hiromitsu 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe long‐term efficacy of lamivudine therapy in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is still not clear. In this study, 20 non‐cirrhotic Japanese patients infected with HBV received lamivudine therapy for more than 1 year and were followed for a median period of 8.5 years (range, 6.7–8.7 years). The rates of HBe antigen (HbeAg) negative, HBV‐DNA undetectable, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) normal level at the start of lamivudine were 55%, 25%, and 20% and 85%, 80%, and were 80%, respectively, at the last visit, including patients who received additional treatment. The values at the last visit tended to and were significantly higher than those at the start. The values improved at the last visit regardless of the emergence of YMDD motif mutant and continuation of lamivudine. YMDD mutant and biochemical relapse with mutant virus (breakthrough hepatitis) appeared in 65% and 45% during follow‐up, respectively, but severe breakthrough hepatitis occurred in only 5%. Furthermore, 80% of patients who received additional treatment for breakthrough hepatitis, regardless of continuation of lamivudine, were ALT normal level at the last visit, in contrast to 25% untreated. HBsAg clearance occurred in two patients of the discontinuous lamivudine group with non‐vertical transmission, who were relatively young. One was infected with HBV genotype C with breakthrough hepatitis and the other had no YMDD mutant and was infected with genotype D, a rare type in Japan. None developed cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) during follow‐up. Our results suggest that long‐term lamivudine therapy improves long‐term prognosis, especially when additional treatment for breakthrough hepatitis is used. J. Med. Virol. 75:491–498, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of three different serological techniques for primary diagnosis and monitoring of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in two age groups from Tunisia
Authors: Karray H. , Ayadi W. , Fki L. , Hammami A. , Daoud J. , Drira M.M. , Frikha M. , Jlidi R. , Middeldorp J.M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractNasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in Tunisia is characterized by its bimodal age distribution involving juvenile patients of 10–24 years and adult patients of 40–60 years. Three serological techniques were compared for primary diagnosis (N = 117) and post‐treatment monitoring (N = 21) of NPC patients separated in two age groups. Immunofluorescence assay (IFA) was used as the “gold standard” for detection of IgG and IgA antibodies reactive with Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) early (EA) and viral capsid (VCA) antigens. Results were compared with ELISA measuring IgG and IgA antibody reactivity to defined EBNA1, EA, and VCA antigens. Immunoblot was used to reveal the molecular diversity underlying the anti‐EBV IgG and IgA antibody responses. The results indicate that young NPC patients have significantly more restricted anti‐EBV IgG and IgA antibody responses with aberrant IgG VCA/EA levels in 78% compared to 91.7% in elder patients. IgA VCA/EA was detected in 50% of young patients versus 89.4% for the elder group (P < 0.001). Immunoblot revealed a reduced overall diversity of EBV antigen recognition for both IgG and IgA in young patients. A good concordance was observed between ELISA and IFA for primary NPC diagnosis with 81–91% overall agreement. Even better agreement (95–100%) was found for antibody changes during follow‐up monitoring, showing declining reactivity in patients in remission and increasing reactivity in patients with persistent disease or relapse. ELISA for IgA anti‐VCA‐p18 and immunoblot proved most sensitive for predicting tumor relapse. VCA‐p18 IgA ELISA seems suitable for routine diagnosis and early detection of NPC complication. J. Med. Virol. 75:593–602, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The importance of HCV on the burden of chronic liver disease in Italy: A multicenter prevalence study of 9,997 cases
Authors: Sagnelli Evangelista , Stroffolini Tommaso , Mele Alfonso , Almasio Piero , Coppola Nicola , Ferrigno Luigina , Scolastico Carlo , Onofrio Mirella , Imparato Michele , Filippini Pietro ,   Operative units
Published: February 2005

AbstractKnowledge of the current epidemiology of chronic liver disease in Italy is mostly obsolete and fragmentary for the lack of up‐to‐date consistent data. In 2001, a 6‐month prevalence study was undertaken in 79 hospitals to assess the characteristics of chronic liver disease in Italy. Both prevalent and incident cases were enrolled. A total of 9,997 patients were recruited, of whom 939 (9.4%) had normal liver biochemistry, 6,210 (62.1%) had chronic hepatitis, 1,940 (19.4%) had liver cirrhosis, and 341 (3.4%) had hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In 567 patients (5.7%) the diagnosis was not established. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) was found in 69.9% of the patients and was the only etiological factor in 56.3% of all the patients. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) was present in the serum of 13.4% of the cases (in 10% it was the only etiological factor). A history of alcohol abuse was found in 23% of the cases (9.4% without viral infection). The prevalence of HCV‐related cases was significantly lower in incident than in prevalent cases (44.9% vs. 59.9%, P < 0.0001), while the proportion of patients with alcohol abuse was much higher in incident than in prevalent cases (18.1% vs. 6.6%, P < 0.0001). These findings indicate that nearly one quarter of patients with chronic liver diseases in Italy have a severe disease such as liver cirrhosis and HCC represents a not negligible burden for the national health system. Hepatitis B fell in importance as an etiological factor. Hepatitis C is the important pathogenic factor for chronic liver disease in Italy. However, a comparison between the prevalent and incident cases suggests that in future HCV infection will also play a progressively decreasing role, in part as a consequence of treatment. J. Med. Virol. 75:522–527, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of fertilization and organic amendments on organic‐carbon fractions in Heilu soil on the loess plateau of China
Authors: Wu Tianyun , Schoenau Jeff J. , Li Fengmin , Qian Peiyuan , Malhi Sukhdev S. , Shi Yuanchun 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe influence of fertilization on organic‐carbon fractions separated by density and particle size in Heilu soil (Calcic Kastanozems, FAO) was investigated in a 20‐year (1979–1999) long‐term experiment on the Loess Plateau of China. Compared to an unfertilized treatment, N application alone did not increase total organic carbon (TOC) and its fractions of density and particle size. However, the treatment of N + P fertilization significantly increased salty‐solution–soluble organic carbon (SSOC), microbial biomass C (MB‐C), and organic C associated with fine silt. When manure was applied alone and in combination with N and P fertilizer, the light fraction of organic C (LFOC), SSOC, and MB‐C were increased significantly, and the TOC was as high as that of a native Heilu soil. Organic C associated with different particle‐size fractions was also increased significantly, and the allocation of C among the fractions was altered: the proportions of C in sand (>50 μm), coarse‐silt (20–50 μm), and fine‐clay (<0.2 μm) fractions were increased whereas fine‐silt (2–20 μm) and coarse‐clay (0.2–2 μm) fractions were decreased. It is concluded that N fertilizer alone is not capable of restoring organic‐matter content in the Heilu soils of the Loess Plateau and that C‐containing material like manure and straw is necessary to produce significant increase in soil organic carbon in these soils.
Erosion processes and erodibility of cultivated soils in North Rhine‐Westphalia under artificial rain. II. Results of field experiments and comparison with laboratory trials
Authors: Kehl Martin , Everding Christoph , Botschek Johannes , Skowronek Armin 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn the densely populated state of North Rhine‐Westphalia, soil erosion by water causes substantial on‐site degradation and off‐site damages. The implementation of soil‐conservation measures is improved, if soil erodibilities and erosion processes are known. In a state‐wide investigation, we aimed to representatively assess soil‐erosion processes and erodibilities of cultivated soils. For this purpose, we measured surface runoff and soil‐loss rates of 28 cultivated soils with field plots under artificial rain.In the field experiments, surface runoff and soil loss indicated high sealing susceptibilities and high erodibilities on soils of quite different textures including a clay silt, a loam silt, a loam sand, a sand loam, and two standard loams. Rill formation causing high soil‐loss rates was observed on a clay silt (soil BM) and on a loam silt (soil RB), the latter yielding an empirical K‐factor of 1.66 t ha–1 h N–1. K‐factors of other silty soils ranged from 0.04 to 0.48, whereas sandy soils and clayey soils had K‐factors ranging from 0.00 to 0.32, and 0.00 to 0.12, respectively. Comparatively high erodibilities of two silt clays were due to saturation overland flow. Erosion processes and erodibilities of soils with similar texture varied to a large extent, possibly caused in part by seasonal differences in the timing of erosion tests.Surface runoff was different in field experiments compared with laboratory experiments (companion paper) conducted with topsoil material taken from the field plots. In addition, higher concentrations of suspended sediment were recorded on average in the field than in the laboratory. These differences might reflect the influence of the subsoil and are due to higher transport capacities on longer plots in the field. Thus, laboratory experiments can complement but not replace costly field trials for K‐factor determination.Empirical K‐factors derived from field and laboratory experiments are in general lower than K‐factors of other soils in Germany or calculated K‐factors derived from pedotransfer functions, which might be attributed to a more maritime‐type climate in North Rhine‐Westphalia. Since the temporal variability of erodibility was not assessed, the reported K‐factors should be regarded as preliminary.
Release of interlayer potassium in Norwegian grassland soils
Authors: Falk Øgaard Anne , Krogstad Tore 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPotassium (K) release from sources that are not initially exchangeable is attributed to depletion of interlayer K of micas and clay minerals or weathering of feldspars. The aim of the present study was to estimate the K release from interlayer K. Soil samples from 17 field experiments in ley on a range of mineral soils in Norway were used in the study. The change in K‐fixation capacity was used as an estimate of depletion of interlayer K. It was assumed that the increase in K‐fixation capacity during 3 yr of cropping was equivalent to the amount of K depleted from the interlayer positions. Mean K fixation increased in the majority of the soils during 3 yr of grass cropping both with and without K application. The increase in K fixation indicated that without K application, the K uptake from interlayer K amounted to 43%, 28%, and 26% of the K yield for clay soils, high‐K sandy soils, and low‐K sandy soils, respectively. Including K uptake from exchangeable K in the topsoil and from subsoil, the explained K uptake amounted to 79%, 69%, and 81% for the three groups of soil, respectively. Simple linear‐regression analyses showed that the change in K fixation during 3 yr of grass cropping was best explained by the percentage of clay in the soil.
Long‐term effects of cropped vs. fallow and fertilizer amendments on soil organic matter I. Organic carbon
Authors: Antil Rajinder Singh , Gerzabek Martin H. , Haberhauer Georg , Eder Gerfried 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA long‐term field experiment, conducted since 1962 in Gumpenstein (Austria) on a Dystric Cambisol, was used for the present investigation. We combined a physical fractionation procedure with the determination of natural abundance of 13C and FT‐IR spectroscopy to study the influence of fertilizer amendments (organic manure and mineral fertilizers) and management practices (fallow vs. cropped) on changes in organic carbon (OC) associated with different particle‐size fractions. The OC content in bulk soil decreased or was not affected by slurry+straw, PK, and NPK treatments in both fallow and cropped plots after 28 and 38 yr of treatment. However, OC in plots receiving organic manures increased depending on the quality of the organic manures applied. The ranking among the different treatments under both fallow and cropped plots was: animal manure (liquid) > animal manure (solid) > cattle slurry = slurry+straw = PK = NPK. Results showed that the two types of management practices, fallow (non‐tilled) vs. cropped (tilled) had effects on OC concentrations. Comparing the OC contribution of particle‐size fractions to the total OC amount revealed the following ranking: silt > clay > fine sand > coarse sand except in the plots receiving solid or liquid animal manure. Size fractions within treatments showed larger variations of 13C abundances than bulk samples between treatments. The natural abundances of 13C increased especially in cropped (and tilled) plots. It was shown by cluster analysis that FT‐IR spectra differentiated between the different treatments originating from different land management practices. The present study revealed that below‐ground C deposition by agricultural plants can hardly compensate the C losses due to tillage.
Exchangeability of phosphate extracted by four chemical methods
Authors: Demaria Paolo , Flisch René , Frossard Emmanuel , Sinaj Sokrat 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIsotopically exchangeable phosphate (P) is a major source of P for plants. In practice, however, plant‐available P is assessed by chemical extractions solubilizing a mixture of P forms the availability of which is ill defined. We undertook an isotopic approach to assess the exchangeability of P extracted by (1) CO2‐saturated water (P‐CO2), (2) ammonium acetate EDTA (P‐AAEDTA), and (3) sodium bicarbonate (P‐NaHCO3) compared to the exchangeability of P extracted by water. Five topsoils with similar P‐fertilization histories but different soil properties were studied. Phosphorus was extracted from soils labeled with carrier‐free 33P after 1 week of incubation, and the specific activity (SA = 33P / 31P) of the extracts was compared with the SA of P extracted by water to calculate the amount of P isotopically exchangeable that had been solubilized during the extraction. P‐CO2 extracted between 20 and 100 times less P than P‐AAEDTA and P‐NaHCO3. The SA of P‐CO2 was not different from the SA of water‐extractable P, showing that P‐CO2 solubilized similar forms of P as water and that these forms can be considered as available. The SA of P extracted by the two other methods ranged between 25% and 63% for P‐AAEDTA and 66% and 92% for P‐NaHCO3 of the SA of water‐extractable P. The fraction of exchangeable P extracted by AAEDTA decreased linearly with increasing soil pH, suggesting that this method dissolves slowly or non‐exchangeable P from calcium phosphates.
Market mavens: Psychological influences
Authors: Clark Ronald A. , Goldsmith Ronald E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMarket mavens are consumers who are highly involved in the marketplace and represent an important source of marketplace information to other consumers. Because of their influence on other consumers across a wide range of product domains, market mavens are particularly interesting to retailers. Previous studies have clarified the behavioral tendencies of market mavens. The present study focuses on psychological influences on market mavenism. A structural‐equation model of the normative influences on the psychology of the market maven is developed and tested. The hypothesized model describes relationships between global psychological constructs (self‐esteem, tendency to conform), consumer traits (susceptibility to interpersonal influence, consumer need for uniqueness), and a domain‐specific tendency (opinion leadership), placing the market maven construct in a normative, nomological network. The hypothesized model was supported by the data. The findings reveal the complexity of the market maven by disclosing their susceptibility to normative influence despite their need for uniqueness. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The moderating effect of on‐line experience on the antecedents and consequences of on‐line satisfaction
Authors: Rodgers Waymond , Negash Solomon , Suk Kwanho 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe purpose of the present study is to test the moderating effect of on‐line experience on antecedents to on‐line satisfaction and on the relationship between on‐line satisfaction and loyalty. A survey (n = 836) was conducted to test the differences between high and low online experience respondents. The relationship between on‐line satisfaction and on‐line loyalty is stronger for consumers with more online experience than for consumers with less on‐line experience. Another key finding is that antecedents to on‐line satisfaction also differ between high and low on‐line experience consumers. Implications indicate that organizations may develop and provide differentiated services to high‐ and low‐experience consumers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cover Picture: Macromol. Theory Simul. 2/2005
Authors: Wang Qiang 
Published: February 2005

Cover: Monte Carlo simulations reveal the intriguing thin‐film morphology of self‐assembled symmetric diblock copolymers (A‐B) between nano‐patterned surfaces (lower‐right). Tilted lamellae (upper) form at a film thickness of 2.67L0 (where L0 denotes the bulk lamellar period, and the black curves mark the A‐B interfaces), while a checkerboard morphology (lower‐left) forms at a smaller thickness of 1.33L0; in these two y‐z plots, the red corresponds to A‐rich regions in the film, and the blue corresponds to B‐rich regions. The red stripes on the surfaces prefer A blocks, and the blue stripes prefer B blocks; the surface pattern period here is 1.5L0.Further details can be found in the Full Paper by Q. Wang on page 96.
Skeletal muscle expression of clathrin and mannose 6‐phosphate receptor in experimental chloroquine‐induced myopathy
Authors: Masuda Tomoko , Ueyama Hidetsugu , Nakamura Ken‐Ichiro , Jikumaru Mika , Toyoshima Itaru , Kumamoto Toshihide 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPrevious studies suggest that the muscle fiber lysosome system plays a central role in the increased formation of autophagosomes and autolysosomes that occurs in the context of chloroquine‐induced myopathy. The goal of this study was to characterize the contribution of receptor‐mediated intracellular transport, particularly the endosomal pathway, to the abnormal accumulation of vacuoles in experimental chloroquine myopathy. Expression of the mannose 6‐phosphate receptor (M6PR) and clathrin were analyzed in innervated and denervated rat soleus muscles after treatment with either saline or chloroquine. Accumulation of vacuoles was observed only in chloroquine‐treated denervated muscles. Further, clathrin immunostaining and M6PR messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) were significantly increased in denervated soleus muscle from saline‐ and chloroquine‐treated rats compared to contralateral, innervated muscles. However, there was no difference in clathrin levels when comparing saline‐ and chloroquine‐treated denervated muscles. These data suggest that chloroquine activates the transport of newly synthesized lysosomal enzymes from the secretory pathway via the trans‐Golgi network of the Golgi apparatus (an endosomal pathway) as well as autophagosome formation (an autophagic process) in skeletal muscles. Vacuoles may subsequently accumulate secondary to abnormal formation or turnover of autolysosomes at or after fusion of autophagosomes with early endosomes. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Muscle Nerve, 2005