bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of prenatal sensory stimulation on heart rate and behavioral measures of arousal in bobwhite quail embryos
Authors: Reynolds Greg D. , Lickliter Robert 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAlthough a number of studies have demonstrated the effects of altered prenatal experience on subsequent behavioral development, how these effects are achieved remains a topic of enduring interest. The present study examined the immediate effects of unimodal and multimodal prenatal sensory stimulation on physiological and behavioral arousal in bobwhite quail embryos. Embryos were videotaped and their heart rate was monitored during a 4‐min exposure period to (a) no supplemental sensory stimulation, (b) unimodal auditory stimulation, (c) unimodal visual stimulation, (d) two sources of concurrent auditory stimulation, or (e) concurrent auditory/visual stimulation. Results indicated that quail embryos' overall activity levels and heart rate can be significantly affected by the type of prenatal sensory stimulation provided during the period prior to hatching. In particular, multimodal stimulation increased both behavioral activity levels and heart rate compared to controls. Across the unimodal and intramodal groups, however, behavioral and physiological measures revealed different patterns of activity in response to supplemental sensory stimulation, highlighting the value of using multiple levels of analysis in exploring arousal mechanisms involved in prenatal perceptual responsiveness. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 112–122, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10058
Prenatal disturbance alters the size of the corpus callosum in young monkeys
Authors: Coe Christopher L. , Lulbach Gabriele R. , Schneider Mary L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMany factors during fetal life and early infancy have been found to affect the development of the brain. The following study investigated whether maternal stress during pregnancy would influence the size and shape of one sensitive brain region, the corpus callosum, in infant monkeys. For 30% of the gestation period, from Days 90 to 140 postconception, gravid females were disturbed using an acoustical startle protocol for 10 min per day. Magnetic resonance imaging was then employed to obtain sagittal and coronal scans of their infants' brains. Morphometric measures of the corpus callosum were compared in 16 monkeys (5 controls and 11 from disturbed pregnancies). Prenatal conditions altered the corpus callosum, but in a differential manner for male and female monkeys. Based on the midsagittal and parasagittal scans, prenatally disturbed male offspring showed a decrease in overall size of the corpus callosum whereas the prenatal disturbance resulted in an increased area in females. An evaluation of callosal height from the coronal images suggested that the volumetric change was associated with a shift in anterior‐to‐posterior shape from the genu back toward the splenium. These findings concur with observations in other animals and humans, which have indicated that prenatal and postnatal factors can influence the development of the corpus callosum, possibly affecting communication between the hemispheres. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 178–185, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10063
Embryonic and fetal rat myoblasts form different muscle fiber types in an ectopic in vivo environment
Authors: Pin Christopher L. , Hrycyshyn Alan W. , Rogers Kem A. , Rushlow Walter J. , Merrifield Peter A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractLimb muscle development is characterized by the migration of muscle precursor cells from the somite followed by myoblast differentiation and the maturation of myotubes into distinct muscle fiber types. Previous in vitro experiments have suggested that rat limb myoblasts are composed of at least two distinct myoblast subpopulations that appear in the developing hindlimb at different developmental stages. These embryonic and fetal myoblast subpopulations are believed to generate primary and secondary myotubes, respectively. To test this hypothesis, cells obtained from embryonic day 14 (ED 14) and ED 20 rat hindlimbs were analyzed for myosin heavy chain expression after long‐term differentiation in adult rat brains. Fetal myoblasts from ED 20 hindlimbs produced muscle fibers with a phenotype similar to that seen in tissue culture—predominantly fast myosin with a small proportion also coexpressing slow myosin. However, injection sites populated by embryonic myoblasts from ED 14 hindlimbs produced a different phenotype from that previously reported in culture, with fibers expressing an entire array of myosin isoforms. In addition, a subpopulation of fibers expressing exclusively slow myosin was found only in the embryonic injection sites. Our results support the existence of at least three myogenic subpopulations in early rat limb buds with only one exhibiting the capability to differentiate in vitro. These findings are consistent with a model of muscle fiber type development in which the fiber type potential of myoblast populations is established before differentiation into myotubes. This process establishes myogenic subpopulations that have restricted adaptive ranges regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Zebrafish smad7 is regulated by Smad3 and BMP signals
Authors: Pogoda Hans‐Martin , Meyer Dirk 
Published: October 2002

AbstractGrowth factors of the TGF‐β superfamily such as BMPs and Nodals are important signaling factors during all stages of animal development. Smad proteins, the cytoplasmic mediators of most TGF‐β signals in vertebrates, play central roles not only for transmission but also in controlling inductive TGF‐β signals by feedback regulation. Here, we describe cloning, expression pattern, transcriptional regulation, and functional properties of two novel zebrafish Smad proteins: the TGF‐β agonist Smad3b, and the anti‐Smad Smad7. We show that zebrafish Smad3b, in contrast to the related zebrafish Smad2, can induce mesoderm independently of TGF‐β signaling. Although mammalian Smad3 was shown to inhibit expression of the organizer‐specific genes goosecoid, zebrafish smad3b activates organizer genes such as goosecoid. Furthermore, we show that Smad3 and BMP signals activate smad7. Because Smad7 blocks distinct TGF‐β signals in early zebrafish development, our data provide hints for new roles of smad3 genes in the regulation and modulation of TGF‐β signals. In summary, our analyses point out differences of Smad3b and Smad2 functions in zebrafish and provide the first link of smad3 and smad7 function in context of vertebrate development. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthetic matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor decreases early cardiac neural crest migration in chicken embryos
Authors: Cai D.H. , Brauer P.R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDuring early embryonic development, cardiac neural crest (NC) cells emerge from the forming neural tube, migrate beneath the ectoderm, enter the pharyngeal arches, and subsequently participate in the septation of the heart. Like tumor cells, NC cells penetrate through basement membranes and invade extracellular matrix during their emigration and migration and, therefore, are liable to use similar invasive mechanisms. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc proteolytic enzymes known to be important in cell migration and invasion of normal and metastatic cells. In an earlier study, we found that the spatial and temporal distribution pattern of MMP‐2 positively correlates with cardiac NC migration, suggesting MMP enzymatic activity may be important in mediating cardiac cell NC migration. To test this hypothesis, a synthetic MMP inhibitor, KB8301, was used to block MMP enzymatic activity during in vitro and in vivo cardiac NC cell migration in chick embryos. Injection of KB8301 into the cell‐free space adjacent to the neural tube at the level of the second somite before the NC cells emigrated caused major morphologic anomalies in embryos and disrupted cardiac NC morphogenesis. Unilateral injection of KB8301 at lower concentrations, significantly decreased cardiac NC migration on the injected side compared with the noninjected side and compared with that of the injected controls. This decrease correlated with a decrease in MMP activity in the embryos and was not attributable to differences in embryo size or rate of embryonic development after injection. KB8301 also significantly decreased the rate of NC cell motility and distance NC cells migrated from explanted neural tubes and increased cell area and perimeter. These data suggest that MMP enzymatic activity is an important mediator of early cardiac NC migration and that perturbation of endogenous MMP activity may lead to NC‐related congenital defects. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Radiation characteristics of a slotted parallel plate waveguide filled with a transversely magnetized ferrite
Authors: Nishimura Kazuo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this paper, radiation characteristics such as radiation efficiency and radiation patterns are analyzed by means of the method of moments in the case in which only the TE1 mode propagates in a slotted parallel plate waveguide filled with a transversely magnetized ferrite. The slot is installed on the upper plate in the ferrite‐filled parallel plate waveguide. At millimeter‐wave frequencies, the dependence of the radiation efficiency and of the radiation pattern of the ferrite‐filled parallel plate waveguide on the applied dc magnetic field is evaluated numerically. The magnetic tunability of the radiation bandwidth and the magnetic control of the radiation pattern of the ferrite‐filled slotted parallel plate waveguide are theoretically studied. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(7): 22–29, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10031
Generation of broadband speech from narrowband speech based on linear mapping
Authors: Nakatoh Yoshihisa , Tsushima Mineo , Norimatsu Takeshi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this paper, a method for generating broadband speech from band‐limited speech using spectral linear mapping is proposed. This method is based on LPC analysis and synthesis. It first extracts sound source information (residual waveforms) and vocal tract information (spectral envelopes) from input speech, performs linear mapping of the vocal tract information and nonlinear processing of the sound source information for broadband conversion, and finally generates broadband speech from both by LPC synthesis. The spectral envelope is made broadband by linear mapping, the spectral space is divided into a number of subspaces, and a narrowband spectrum is converted into a broadband spectrum by a conversion (convert) matrix of each subspace. A conversion (convert) matrix is estimated using training speech such that the mean square error between the postconversion spectrum and the target broadband spectrum is minimized. Spectral distortions of the proposed method were compared experimentally with codebook mapping and neural network methods and it has been verified that the proposed method with linear mapping gives performance not inferior to that of the other two methods. In addition, the proposed method has been verified to have the effect of giving a band feeling in subject evaluation tests. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(8): 44–53, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10065
Design of 2D filter banks based on 1D lattice structure
Authors: Isogimi Kazuaki , Horibe Tatsuto , Ikehara Masaaki 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper proposes a design procedure for the 2D linear‐phase para‐unitary filter bank, based on the 1D lattice structure. As the first step, the perfect reconstruction conditions of 1D and 2D cases are compared, and it is shown that the 2D filter bank satisfying the perfect reconstruction condition can be realized by the 1D lattice structure with a constraint. It is known, on the other hand, that the 1D perfect reconstruction filter bank can be converted to the lattice structure, using only half of the filter coefficients, and a simple optimization procedure can derive the whole filter coefficients. Based on those investigations, it is shown that the 2D filter bank can be designed by directly designing only half of the channels of the 2D filter bank in the time domain. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(12): 38–46, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10005
Insulation properties of a CO2/N250% SF6gas mixture in a nonuniform field
Authors: Ohtsuka Shinya , Nagara Shunji , Koumura Masaki , Hashimoto Yousuke , Nakamura Michiaki , Hikita Masayuki 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper describes partial discharge (PD) inception and breakdown voltage characteristics of a CO2/N2/SF6gas mixture in a nonuniform field. These voltage characteristics were investigated with ac high voltage by changing the mixture rate of each gas of CO2, N2, and SF6gas and the gas pressure from 0.1 MPa to 0.6 MPa. It was found that adding a small amount of CO2gas into a N2/SF6mixture causes a drastic increase in the breakdown voltage. For instance, when the mixture rate of SF6in N2/SF6gas mixture is 50%, with the addition of 1% CO2the maximum breakdown voltage becomes 1.31 and 1.15 times higher than that of a 50% N2/50% SF6gas mixture and pure SF6gas, respectively. Moreover, those voltage characteristics of a CO2/N2/SF6gas mixture were also investigated by changing the electric field utilization factor as well as by applying positive and negative standard lightning impulse voltages in order to discuss the corona stabilization effect, which seems to be one reason for the drastic increase in the breakdown voltage. These results and breakdown mechanism of the CO2/N2/SF6gas mixture are discussed on the basis of the corona stabilization effect and the dissociation energies of the component gases by observing PD light images, PD light intensities through a blue and red filter, and PD current waveforms. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 140(3): 34–43, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10019
Psychological effects of the Euro—experimental research on the perception of salaries and price estimations
Authors: Jonas Eva , Greitemeyer Tobias , Frey Dieter , Schulz‐Hardt Stefan 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn five studies we show that the introduction of the Euro influences price estimations and the perception of salaries among people in Germany. People confronted with wages given in Euros compared to the German Mark (DM) showed a reduced willingness to face long distances to get to work when accepting a job offer. When asked to price various consumer goods appropriately, they estimated higher prices if they used the ‘Euro’ currency compared to price estimations made in DM. This phenomenon only occurred with regard to the Euro, but not in comparison with other currencies (cf. the British Pound and Austrian Schilling). The differing price estimations between the Euro and the German Mark were not influenced by participants' attitude towards the Euro. Moreover, it turned out that they depended on how the judgement context was framed. Only if participants expected to make price estimations for shops in their home country, Germany, did the familiar nominal DM figures serve as an anchor heightening the estimated prices in Euro. The same effect disappeared if participants were instructed to make their price estimations for shops in a foreign country (Ireland). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Appropriateness of decisions as a moderator of the psychology of voice
Authors: van den Bos Kees , Spruijt Nienke 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper focuses on the psychology of the voice effect (the effect that people show more positive reactions when they are allowed an opportunity to voice their opinion in the decision‐making process than when they are denied such an opportunity). It is argued that it is important to ask about what decisions people are allowed voice. More specifically, results of two experiments suggest that when participation in decision making is appropriate (i.e. voice is allowed about decisions that are relatively important to participants) the voice effect is found: People's procedural judgements and other reactions are more positive following voice as opposed to no‐voice procedures. However, when participation in decision making is inappropriate (i.e. voice is allowed about decisions that are unimportant to participants) no effect or even a reversal of the voice effect is found. These people do not react differently or even react more negatively following voice as opposed to no‐voice procedures. It is concluded that these results further our insights into the psychology of procedural justice in general and voice in particular. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of intergroup context of evaluation on ambivalence toward the ingroup and the outgroup
Authors: Mucchi‐Faina Angelica , Costarelli Sandro , Romoli Chiara 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA study is reported which examines the relations between ambivalence toward the ingroup and the outgroup. The basic assumption was that ambivalent attitudes in intergroup contexts contribute to satisfying two competing motivations of group members, i.e. establishment of positive distinctiveness for the ingroup and conformity to the fairness norm. Participants were asked to evaluate the ingroup and one other group by using unipolar (positively and negatively valenced) affect‐ and cognition‐based items. We predicted an interaction effect of target group (ingroup versus outgroup) and attitude domain (affect‐based versus cognition‐based) on ambivalence. Additional hypotheses were formulated taking separately into account the positive and the negative unipolar items. We expected that on positively valenced items the ingroup would be favoured over the outgroup on both affect‐ and cognition‐based evaluations. Besides, we predicted that on negatively valenced items, the ingroup would be favoured over the outgroup on affect‐based evaluation but not on cognition‐based evaluation. Results indicated support for the predictions and shed light on the moderating role played by attitude domains on both ambivalence and ingroup favouritism. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Materialistic values and well‐being in business students
Authors: Kasser Tim , Ahuvia Aaron 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe explored whether values focused on money, image, and popularity are associated with lowered well‐being, even in environmental circumstances supportive of such values. To this end, we administered three widely used measures of a materialistic value orientation to 92 business students in Singapore. As expected, those students who had strongly internalized materialistic values also reported lowered self‐actualization, vitality and happiness, as well as increased anxiety, physical symptomatology, and unhappiness. Results are consistent with past research suggesting that some types of values may be unhealthy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Testing the group polarization hypothesis by using logit models
Authors: Rodrigo María F. , Ato Manuel 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper focuses on methodological aspects of group polarization research and has two well‐defined parts. The first part presents a methodological overview of group polarization research together with an examination of the inadequacy, under certain circumstances, of the traditional parametric approach usually used to test this phenomenon based on pre‐test/post‐test means comparison across groups. It is shown that this approach will produce masks effects when groups are heterogeneous with regard to the observed change from pre‐test to post‐test. The second part suggests an alternative methodological approach based on logit models for the analysis of contingency tables from a categorization of the variable ‘kind of shift’. This approach is illustrated and compared with the parametric approach with a simulated data set. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Taking the edge off of disagreement: linguistic abstractness and self‐presentation to a heterogeneous audience
Authors: Rubini Monica , Sigall Harold 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe use of linguistic abstraction in self‐presentation was examined. Participants, whose goal it was to be liked by recipients, presented their political views to an audience of two people. Participants learned beforehand that the two recipients had the same political views as the participant, that both had different political views from the participant, or that one had similar views to and one had dissimilar views from the participant. Theorising that variations in the degree of linguistic abstractness used by participants when describing their political views were related to their social goals, it was hypothesised that participants would describe their political views at a higher level of linguistic abstractness when communicating with a similar agreeing audience than when communicating with a mixed audience. Results confirmed this hypothesis. The role of linguistic abstractness in achieving self‐presentational goals is discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genotoxicity of naturally occurring indole compounds: correlation between covalent DNA binding and other genotoxicity tests
Authors: Reddy M. Vijayaraj , Storer Richard D. , Laws George M. , Armstrong Michael J. , Barnum John E. , Gara Jennifer P. , McKnight Crystal G. , Skopek Thomas R. , Sina Joseph F. , DeLuca John G. , Galloway Sheila M. 
Published: October 2002

Abstract3‐Methylindole (3MI), melatonin (Mel), serotonin (Ser), and tryptamine (Tryp) were evaluated in vitro for their potential to induce DNA adducts, DNA strand breaks, chromosomal aberrations (Abs), inhibition of DNA synthesis, and mutations. All compounds produced DNA adducts in calf thymus DNA in the presence of rat liver S9. In cultured rat hepatocytes, all produced DNA adducts but none induced DNA strand breaks. In Chinese hamster ovary cells, 3MI and Mel produced DNA adducts, Abs, and inhibition of DNA synthesis with and without S9, except that Mel without S9 did not form adducts. Ser formed DNA adducts, was an equivocal Abs inducer, and suppressed DNA synthesis. Tryp induced neither adducts nor Abs, but did suppress DNA synthesis with S9. Ser and Tryp were less cytotoxic than 3MI and Mel. Mel, Ser, and Tryp failed to induce mutations in Salmonella and E. coli strains with or without S9. 3MI and Mel produced DNA adducts but not mutations in Salmonella TA100 with S9. 3MI and its metabolite indole 3‐carbinol also did not induce mutations in a shuttle vector system in human cells. The lack of correlation between DNA adducts and other genotoxicity endpoints for these indole compounds may be due to the higher sensitivity of the 32P‐postlabeling adduct assay or it may indicate that the indole‐DNA adducts per se are not mutagenic and are not able to induce strand breaks or alkali‐labile lesions. The indole‐induced Abs may result from cytotoxicity and suppression of DNA synthesis with minimal if any contribution from DNA adducts. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 40:1–17, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.