bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance evaluation of synthesized acrylic acid grafted polyethylene in aluminum hydroxide highly filled polyethylene composites
Authors: Wang Genlin , Jiang Pingkai , Zhu Zikang , Yin Jie 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA polymeric agent acrylic acid grafted polyethylene (AAgPE) was synthesized and used as a coupling agent in aluminum hydroxide [Al(OH)3] highly filled linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) composite. It is found that AAgPE improves the interfacial adhesion between the filler and the polyethylene matrix, which results in good mechanical properties of the composite. Silicon oil is an effective additive for improving the impact strength, the elongation at break, and the rheological property of the filled composite, but it decreases the tensile strength remarkably. The combination of AAgPE and silicon oil can lead to good performance of the composite. Flammability properties and fracture surface morphologies of the composites through scanning electron microscopy were investigated. The relationship between mechanical properties and microstructure of the composites was discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2544–2549, 2002
Comparison of various solvents for determination of intrinsic viscosity and viscometric constants for cellulose
Authors: Kasaai Mohammad R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDifferent solvents used to determine the intrinsic viscosity and the viscometic constants, a and K, published in the literature for cellulose, were compared. The various parameters affecting the viscometric constants were also evaluated. The main conclusions obtained from the experimental data available in the literature are that (1) the intrinsic viscosities in various solvents are ordered as follows: [η]LiCl/DMAc > [η]NH3/NH4SCN ≥ [η]FeTNa > [η]CED > [η]Cadoxen > [η]Cuoxam; (2) the reported intrinsic viscosities and molecular weights for cellulose are lower than the true value due to degradation of cellulose in the solvents; (3) the rate of degradation was the smallest in LiCl/DMAc and NH3/NH4SCN, moderate in cadoexn and FeTNa, and the highest in CED and cuoxam; (4) the plot of log K versus exponent a was linear and inversely related; (5) the curve was used for estimation of the constant K for cellulose in a solvent (NH3/NH4SCN) with a known exponent a; and (6) among various reported solvents, LiCl/DMAc and NH3/NH4SCN are advantageous over other solvents because of a complete dissolution of the polymer with a negligible reduction in its intrinsic viscosity. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2189–2193, 2002
Formation of monodisperse polyacrylamide particles by radiation‐induced dispersion polymerization. I. Synthesis and polymerization kinetics
Authors: Ye Qiang , He Weidong , Ge Xuewu , Jia Haiting , Liu Huarong , Zhang Zhicheng 
Published: October 2002

AbstractHighly monodisperse polyacrylamide (PAM) microparticles were directly prepared by radiation‐induced dispersion polymerization at room temperature in an aqueous alcohol media using poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) as a steric stabilizer. Monomer conversion was studied dilatometrically and polymer molecular weight was determined viscometrically. The gel effect was found evidently from the polymerization kinetics curves. The influence of the dose rate, monomer concentration, stabilizer content, medium polarity, polymerization temperature on the polymerization rate, and the molecular weight of the polymer was examined. The polymerization rate (Rp) can be represented by Rp ∝ D0.15[M]0.86[S]0.47[A/W]0.64 and the molecular weight of the polymer can be represented by Mw ∝ D−0.19 [M]1.71[S]0.43[A/W]0.14 at a definite experimental variation range. The overall activation energy for the rate of polymerization is 10.57 kJ/mol (20–35°C). Based on these experimental results, the polymerization mechanisms were discussed primarily. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2567–2573, 2002
Fracture toughness of bisphenol A‐type epoxy resin
Authors: Araki Wakako , Adachi Tadaharu , Yamaji Akihiko , Gamou Masahiro 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe relationship between the postcuring conditions and the fracture toughness of a bisphenol A‐type epoxy resin cured with acid anhydride was investigated. The glass transition temperature and fragility parameter, derived from the thermo‐viscoelasticity, were used to characterize the epoxy resin postcured under various conditions. Relationship between these two parameters and the fracture toughness was then investigated, based on the fractography results of a microscopic roughness examination of a fractured surface. The values of the glass transition temperature and fragility greatly depended on the postcuring conditions. The glass transition temperature was approximately 400 K when the crosslinking reaction was saturated. The fragility was independent of the saturation of the reaction and varied between 50 and 180. The results of the fracture test and fractography examination showed that there was no direct correlation between the glass transition temperature, the fracture toughness, and the roughness. On the other hand, there was a correlation between the fragility, fracture toughness, and roughness when the glass transition temperature saturated (at 400 K). As the fragility decreased from 180 to 50, the fracture toughness increased from 0.6 to 1.1 MPa · m1/2 at the same glass transition temperature. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 10: 2266–2271, 2002
Synthesis and phase behavior of chiral side‐chain liquid‐crystalline polysiloxanes containing two mesogenic groups
Authors: Hu Jian‐She , Zhang Bao‐Yan , Liu Zuo‐Jun , Zang Bao‐Ling 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe synthesis of chiral side‐chain liquid‐crystalline polysiloxanes containing both cholesteryl undecylenate (MI) and 4‐allyloxy‐benzoyl‐4‐(S‐2‐ethylhexanoyl) p‐benzenediol bisate (MII) mesogenic side groups was examined. The chemical structures of the obtained monomers and polymers were confirmed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy or 1H‐NMR techniques. The mesomorphic properties and phase behavior of the synthesized monomers and polymers were investigated with polarizing optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Copolymers IIP–IVP revealed a smectic‐A phase, and VP and VIP revealed a smectic‐A phase and a cholesteric phase. The experimental results demonstrated that the glass‐transition temperature, the clearing‐point temperature, and the mesomorphic temperature range of IIP–VIP increased with an increase in the concentration of mesogenic MI units. TGA showed that the temperatures at which 5% mass losses occurred were greater than 300°C for all the polymers. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2670–2676, 2002
Synthesis and characterization of lactose based resorcinol resin
Authors: Fan Xiao‐Dong , Hsien You‐Lo , Kurth Mark J. , Krochta John M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractResorcinol‐lactose resin was synthesized using phosphoric acid as the catalyst at 95°C. 13C‐NMR measurements proved that the chemical reaction is initiated at the 4‐ or 6‐carbon position in benzene ring. Sample separation by size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC) technology indicated that the resin consists of reacting mixtures of oligomer of lactose, glucose, and galacose with resorcinol. The resin, using a by product of diary industry as a main component, could be potentially applied as a novel adhesive to the wood process industry. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2581–2585, 2002
Kinetics and mechanisms of catalyzed and noncatalyzed reactions of OH and NCO in acrylic polyol–1,6‐hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) polyurethanes. VI
Authors: Han Qiwen , Urban Marek W. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractFourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to study the kinetics of noncatalyzed and catalyzed polyurethanes. These studies show that for noncatalyzed acrylic polyol–hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI) trimer reactions, the reactions between OH and NCO of HDI exhibit second‐order kinetics, with first‐order kinetics with respect to NCO and OH. On the other hand, when dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) is used as a catalyst in acrylic polyol–HDI trimer reactions, the reaction rate is first order with respect to NCO and 0.5 order in OH and DBTDL concentrations. A mechanism for the catalyzed acrylic polyol–HDI trimer crosslinking reactions is proposed and it appears that an equilibrium involving associations between OH and DBTDL exists, resulting in the formation of an active anion, which interacts with NCO to generate polyurethanes. To further verify this mechanism, the influence of acidity on the reaction rate constant was investigated. When the acidity of the system is increased, retardation of urethane formation occurs. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2322–2329, 2002
Separation of humic acid with nanofiltration polyamide composite membranes
Authors: Hwang Jeong‐Eun , Jegal Jonggeon , Lee Kew‐Ho 
Published: October 2002

AbstractHumic acid, a natural organic matter, was separated with a polyamide (PA) composite membrane with a molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) of 500 g/mol. The PA composite membrane was prepared by the interfacial polymerization of piperazine and trimesoyl chloride on a polysulfone support with an MWCO of about 30,000 g/mol. The separation conditions through the membrane were varied, and factors affecting the permeation performance of the membranes, such as the concentration, pH, and storage time of the humic acid solutions, were studied. The surface chemistry of the membrane changed dynamically as a function of the operating time during the permeation tests, and the size and ζ potential of the colloid of humic acid solutions under different conditions were characterized with a ζ potentiometer. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2847–2853, 2002
Properties of modified poly(vinyl alcohol) membranes prepared by the grafting of new polyelectrolyte copolymers for water–ethanol mixture separation
Authors: Chiang Wen‐Yen , Lin Yi‐Haw 
Published: October 2002

AbstractFor the preparation of a water‐selective membrane for the pervaporation separation of an azeotropic solution, a series of grafted copolymers were synthesized by the reaction of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) with poly(sodium salt styrene sulfonic acid‐co‐maleic acid) (PSStSA‐co‐MA). The esterification was performed between the hydroxyl groups of PVA and the carboxylic groups of the copolymer with a heat treatment. PSStSA‐co‐MA was prepared with sodium salt styrene sulfonic acid and maleic anhydride copolymerization in dimethyl sulfoxide with azobisisobutyronitrile as an initiator. The reaction mechanism and resultant structure were confirmed with IR spectra. The effect of the heat‐treatment time on the gel content was investigated. The permeation flux decreased and the separation factor increased as the crosslinking agent content rose. A membrane containing 15 wt % PSStSA‐co‐MA was used for water–ethanol azeotropic solution pervaporation at 30°C, and a flux of 0.43 kg/m2 h and a separation factor of 190 were obtained. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2854–2859, 2002
Structure development and interfacial interactions in high‐density polyethylene/hydroxyapatite (HDPE/HA) composites molded with preferred orientation
Authors: Sousa Rui A. , Reis Rui L. , Cunha António M. , Bevis Michael J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractComposites of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) filled with sintered and nonsintered hydroxyapatite (HA) powders, designated as HAs and HAns, respectively, were compounded by twin screw extrusion. Compounds with neoalkoxy titanate or zirconate coupling agents were also produced to improve interfacial interaction and filler dispersion in the composites. The composites were molded into tensile test bars using (i) conventional injection molding and (ii) shear‐controlled orientation in injection molding (SCORIM). This latter molding technique was used to deliberately induce a strong anisotropic character to the composites. The mechanical characterization included tensile testing and microhardness measurements. The morphology of the moldings was studied by both polarized light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, and the structure developed was assessed by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. The reinforcing effect of HA particles was found to depend on the molding technique employed. The higher mechanical performance of SCORIM processed composites results from the much higher orientation of the matrix and, to a lesser extent, from the superior degree of filler dispersion compared with conventional moldings. The strong anisotropy of the SCORIM moldings is associated with a clear laminated morphology developed during shear application stage. The titanate and the zirconate coupling agents caused significant variations in the tensile test behavior, but their influence was strongly dependent on the molding technique employed. The application of shear associated with the use of coupling agents promotes the disruption of the HA agglomerates and improves mechanical performance. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2873–2886, 2002
Films of PLLA/PHBV: Thermal, morphological, and mechanical characterization
Authors: Ferreira B. M. P. , Zavaglia C. A. C. , Duek E. A. R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBlends of poly(L‐lactic acid)/poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) (PLLA/PHBV), both semicrystalline polymers, were prepared in different compositions (100/0, 80/20, 60/40, 50/50, 40/60, 20/80, and 0/100) and characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), polarized light microscopy (PLM), and tensile tests. Although PLLA/PHBV blends do not present clear phase separation by SEM, the analyses by TGA, DSC, and DMA showed that the PLLA/PHBV blends are immiscible. The cross sections observed by SEM showed that the morphology of the blends changes from porous to dense, due to the composition. DSC and DMA data showed two distinct glass transition and melting temperatures. However, the DMA analysis related to frequency variation showed partial molecular interactions between PHBV and PLLA. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2898–2906, 2002
Reduced susceptibility to collagen‐induced arthritis in DBA/1J mice expressing the TSG‐6 transgene
Authors: Mindrescu C. , Dias A. A. M. , Olszewski R. J. , Klein M. J. , Reis L. F. L. , Wisniewski H.‐G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveExpression of TSG‐6 (tumor necrosis factor–stimulated gene 6) is induced by proinflammatory cytokines. This study was undertaken to examine the effects of local expression of TSG‐6 in arthritic joints of TSG‐6 transgenic mice, in the collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) model.MethodsWe generated transgenic mice that harbored the TSG‐6 gene under the control of the T cell–specific lck promoter. Arthritis was induced by immunization with bovine type II collagen (CII), and its progression was monitored based on the incidence of arthritis, the arthritis index, and footpad swelling. Anti‐CII antibodies and cytokine production were determined by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Gene expression arrays were used to compare gene expression profiles of transgenic and control mice at various stages of CIA.ResultsTSG‐6 was expressed in limbs of transgenic mice after immunization with CII, while its expression in nontransgenic animals was insignificant. The incidence of CIA was reduced in TSG‐6 transgenic animals, its onset delayed, and all parameters of clinical arthritis significantly reduced. However, the immune response against CII was not significantly inhibited in TSG‐6 transgenic mice.ConclusionTSG‐6 expression has been demonstrated in patients with rheumatoid and other forms of arthritis. Our data show that local expression of TSG‐6 at sites of inflammation results in potent inhibition of inflammation and joint destruction in a model of autoimmune arthritis in mice. Therefore, it is likely that TSG‐6 plays a similar modulatory role in human rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases and may have potential for the treatment of autoimmune arthritis in humans.
CD13/aminopeptidase N–induced lymphocyte involvement in inflamed joints of patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Shimizu Teruki , Tani Kenji , Hase Kayoko , Ogawa Hirohisa , Huang Luping , Shinomiya Fumio , Sone Saburo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveWe previously showed that CD13/aminopeptidase N (EC 3.4.11.2) induces chemotactic migration of T lymphocytes by its enzymatic activity. In this study, we examined the role of CD13/aminopeptidase N in lymphocyte involvement in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsSynovial fluids were obtained from 27 RA patients and 6 osteoarthritis (OA) patients. Synovial tissue specimens were obtained from 3 RA patients and 3 OA patients. Protease activity of aminopeptidase in synovial fluids and synovial fibroblasts was assayed fluorometrically using the specific substrate. Expression of CD13/aminopeptidase N in synovial fibroblasts was determined by flow cytometry analyses, Western blotting, and reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR).ResultsThe mean value of aminopeptidase activity in synovial fluid samples from RA patients was significantly higher than that in samples from OA patients. Increased enzymatic activity of aminopeptidase was detected on synovial fibroblasts from RA patients compared with those from OA patients. Flow cytometry showed that the expression of CD13/aminopeptidase N on synovial fibroblasts from RA patients was higher than the expression on synovial fibroblasts from OA patients, and Western blots and RT‐PCR showed that synovial fibroblasts from RA patients contained a greater amount of CD13/aminopeptidase N. The activity of CD13/aminopeptidase N correlated significantly with lymphocyte counts in synovial fluids from RA patients. Synovial fluids from RA patients in which high aminopeptidase activity was detected contained considerable chemotactic activity for lymphocytes, and bestatin, a specific inhibitor of aminopeptidases, partially inhibited the chemotactic activity.ConclusionCD13/aminopeptidase N may participate in the mechanism of lymphocyte involvement in inflamed joints of RA patients as a lymphocyte chemoattractant.
Bioequivalence evaluation of two brands of metformin 500 mg tablets (Dialon® & Glucophage®) – in healthy human volunteers
Authors: Najib Naji , Idkaidek Nasir , Beshtawi M. , Bader Mohammed , Admour Isra' , Alam S. Mahmood , Zaman Q. , Dham Ruwayda 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA randomized, two‐way, crossover study was conducted in 24 fasting, healthy, male volunteers to compare the bioavailability of two brands of metformin 500 mg tablets; Dialon® (Julphar, UAE) as test and Glucophage® (Lipha Pharmaceutical Industries, France) as reference product. The study was performed at the International Pharmaceutical Research Centre (IPRC), in joint venture with Al‐Mowasah Hospital, Amman, Jordan. The drug was administered with 240 ml of water after a 10‐h overnight fasting on two treatment days separated by 1‐week washout period. After dosing, serial blood samples were collected for a period of 30 h. Plasma harvested from blood was analyzed for metformin by validated HPLC method with UV‐visible detector capable to detect metformin in the range of 0.05–5.0 μg/ml with limit of quantitation of 0.05 μg/ml. Various pharmacokinetic parameters including AUC0−t, AUC0−∝, Cmax, Tmax, T1/2, and λZ were determined from plasma concentrations of both formulations and found to be in good agreement with reported values. AUC0−t, AUC0−∝ and Cmax were tested for bioequivalence after log‐transformation of data. No significant difference was found based on ANOVA; 90% confidence interval (97.9–110.8% for AUC0−t, 97.4–110.7% for AUC0−∝; 95.3–110.5% for Cmax) of test/reference ratio for these parameters were found within bioequivalence acceptance range of 80–125%. Based on these statistical inferences, it was concluded that Dialon® is bioequivalent to Glucophage®. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of affective information on the professional judgments of more experienced and less experienced auditors
Authors: Bhattacharjee Sudip , Moreno Kimberly 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis study examines whether the presence of realistic, yet irrelevant, affective information differentially influences the professional judgments of more experienced and less experienced auditors. In this study, auditors with different experience levels were either provided or not provided with information designed to elicit a negative interpersonal emotional reaction towards a manufacturing client when making an inventory obsolescence risk judgment. The results indicate that the inventory obsolescence risk assessments of less experienced auditors were significantly higher when they were provided with negative affective information on a client than when no such information was provided. No such differences were found for the more experienced auditors. This study suggests that professional experience is one factor that influences individuals' assessments of the informational value of affective reactions. This has implications for developing effective training programs to increase professionals' awareness of the influence that emotional reactions can have on their judgment. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cancer spread and micrometastasis development: Quantitative approaches for in vivo models
Authors: MacDonald Ian C. , Groom Alan C. , Chambers Ann F. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDeath from cancer is usually due to metastasis. Fortunately, most cells that escape from a primary tumor fail to form metastases. Identifying reasons for this failure will help development of anti‐metastatic therapies. Intravital videomicroscopy (IVVM) can be used to observe cancer cells injected into live animals. Co‐injected microspheres can be used to assess cell survival. These techniques have been used to show that circulating tumor cells generally arrest in the microcirculation and may extravasate with high efficiency. While many tumor cells may survive in a secondary site, only a small subset form micrometastases and only a subset of these micrometastases persist to form vascularized macrometastases. Furthermore, solitary tumor cells may remain dormant for long periods of time in secondary sites. These findings suggest that metastatic growth and angiogenesis are prime targets for anti‐metastatic therapy. BioEssays 24:885–893, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Discovery of nonpeptide, peptidomimetic peptidase inhibitors that target alternate enzyme active site conformations
Authors: Rich Daniel H. , Bursavich Matthew G. , Estiarte M. Angels 
Published: October 2002

AbstractStructure‐generating programs provide rational methods to rapidly design novel scaffolds targeting the biologic receptor of choice. Recent research has demonstrated proteins equilibrate between families of conformations (ensembles) for which drug design may target. New methods are currently being developed utilizing structure‐generating programs to target alternate enzyme conformations in an attempt to overcome the challenge of developing therapeutically useful molecules. These new methods provide the potential to overcome bioavailability problems encountered with peptide and peptide‐like molecules by identifying novel small molecule scaffolds. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 66: 115–125, 2002