bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physics‐Based Hazard Assessment of Compound Flooding From Tropical and Extratropical Cyclones in a Warming Climate
Authors: Sarhadi Ali , Rousseau‐Rizzi Raphaël , Emanuel Kerry 
Published: January 2025

AbstractRecent efforts to assess coastal compound surge and rainfall‐driven flooding hazard from tropical (TCs) and extratropical cyclones (ETCs) in a warming climate have intensified. However, challenges persist in gaining actionable insights into the changing magnitude and spatial variability of these hazards. We employ a physics‐based hydrodynamic framework to numerically simulate compound flooding from TCs and ETCs in both current and future climates, focusing on the western side of Buzzards Bay in Massachusetts. Our approach leverages hydrodynamic models driven by extensive sets of synthetic TCs downscaled from CMIP6 climate models. We also perform a far less extensive analysis of ETCs using a previously produced event set, dynamically downscaled using the WRF model driven by a single CMIP5 model. This methodology quantifies how climate change may reshape the compound flooding hazard landscape in the study area. Our findings reveal a significant increase in TC‐induced compound flooding hazard due to evolving climatology and sea level rise (SLR). Although compound flooding induced by ETCs increases mostly in coastal areas due to SLR, inland areas exhibit almost no change, and some even show a decline in rainfall‐driven flooding from high‐frequency ETC events toward the end of the century compared to the current climate. Our methodology is transferable to vulnerable coastal regions, serving as a tool for adaptive measures in populated areas. It equips decision‐makers and stakeholders with the means to mitigate the destructive impacts of compound flooding arising from both current and future TCs, and shows how the same methodology might be applied to ETCs.
GOLD Observations of Thermospheric Neutral Temperature Variability During the 14 October 2023 Annular Solar Eclipse
Authors: Aryal Saurav , Evans J. Scott , Lumpe Jerry D. , Laskar Fazlul I. , Gan Quan , Wang Wenbin , Eastes Richard W. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe 14 October 2023 annular solar eclipse was visible from the US Pacific coast to Brazil's east coast. NASA's Global‐scale Observations of Limb and Disk (GOLD) mission observed the first synoptic thermospheric temperature changes from a geo‐stationary orbit above 47.5°W longitude between 17 and 20 UT during the eclipse. These daytime thermospheric changes were derived using GOLD's disk far ultraviolet (FUV) measurements. A significant decrease in the daytime disk temperatures (∼100 K) was seen near the peak annularity compared to the day before (baseline). The temperature reduction's spatial morphology is also like that of the eclipse shadow. Previous modeling studies of other eclipses typically show a much smaller temperature decrease (∼30–40 K; a factor of 2–3 lower) compared to GOLD observations. These first of kind results provide new insight into the dynamic response of the coupled thermosphere and ionosphere system to transient solar events, including eclipses.
Multi‐Season Lead Prediction of Atlantic Niño Facilitated by Pacific Ocean Precursors
Authors: Jiang Feng , Zhang Wenjun , Boucharel Julien , Jin Fei‐Fei , McPhaden Michael J. , Stuecker Malte F. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe boreal summer Atlantic Niño, the dominant mode of interannual climate variability in the equatorial Atlantic, exerts profound effects on local ecosystems and broader climate patterns, yet its prediction remains a long‐standing challenge. The short lifecycle of the Atlantic Niño and the lack of precursor signals beyond about one season lead time have hindered the development of forecasts with useful accuracy and lead time. In this study, we propose a new approach to Atlantic Niño forecasting that extends beyond the Atlantic region by incorporating longer‐lasting precursors in the Pacific associated with El Niño‐Southern Oscillation events. Using this prediction framework, we can hindcast the Atlantic Niño with skill up to three seasons in advance. Our results highlight the critical role of inter‐basin interactions in shaping regional and global climate patterns, and provide new hope for improving seasonal climate prediction capabilities in the tropical Atlantic.
Tidally Driven Intra‐Seasonal Oscillations in the Thermosphere From TIEGCM‐ICON and Connections to the Madden‐Julian Oscillation
Authors: Gasperini Federico , Maute Astrid , Wang Houjun , McClung Owen , Aggarwal Deepali , Kumari Komal 
Published: January 2025

AbstractRecent evidence has revealed that strong coupling between the lower atmosphere and the thermosphere (100 km) occurs on intra‐seasonal (IS) timescales ( 30–90 days). The Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO), a key source of IS variability in tropical convection and circulation, influences the generation and propagation of atmospheric tides and is believed to be a significant driver of thermospheric IS oscillations (ISOs). However, limited satellite observations in the “thermospheric gap” (100–300 km) and challenges faced by numerical models in characterizing this region have hindered a comprehensive understanding of this connection. This study uses an Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON)‐adapted version of the Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics General Circulation Model, incorporating lower boundary tides from Michelson Interferometer for Global High‐resolution Thermospheric Imaging (MIGHTI) observations, to quantify the impact of the upward‐propagating tidal spectrum on thermospheric ISOs and elucidate connections to the MJO. Thermospheric zonal and diurnal mean zonal winds exhibit prominent ( 20 m/s) tidally driven ISOs throughout 2020–2021, largest at low latitudes near 110–150 km altitude. Correlation analyses confirm a robust connection between thermospheric ISOs, tides, and the MJO. Additionally, Hovmöller diagrams show eastward tidal propagation consistent with the MJO and concurrent Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry (SABER) observations. This study demonstrates that vertically propagating tides play a crucial role in linking IS variability from the lower atmosphere to the thermosphere, with the MJO identified as a primary driver of this whole‐atmosphere teleconnection. Understanding these connections is vital for advancing our knowledge in space physics, particularly regarding the dynamics of the upper atmosphere and ionosphere.
Airspace closures due to reentering space objects
Authors: Wright Ewan , Boley Aaron , Byers Michael 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Uncontrolled reentries of space objects create a collision risk with aircraft in flight. While the probability of a strike is low, the consequences could be catastrophic. Moreover, the risk is rising due to increases in both reentries and flights. In response, national authorities may choose to preemptively close airspace during reentry events; some have already done so. We determine the probability for a rocket body reentry within airspace over a range of air traffic densities. The highest-density regions, around major airports, have a 0.8% chance per year of being affected by an uncontrolled reentry. This rate rises to 26% for larger but still busy areas of airspace, such as that found in the northeastern United States, northern Europe, or around major cities in the Asia-Pacific region. For a given reentry, the collision risk in the underlying airspace increases with the air traffic density. However, the economic consequences of flight delays also increase should that airspace be closed. This situation puts national authorities in a dilemma—to close airspace or not—with safety and economic implications either way. The collision risk could be mitigated if controlled reentries into the ocean were required for all missions. However, over 2300 rocket bodies are already in orbit and will eventually reenter in an uncontrolled manner. Airspace authorities will face the challenge of uncontrolled reentries for decades to come.
Transient cortical beta-frequency oscillations associated with contextual novelty in high density mouse EEG
Authors: Walsh Callum , Tait Luke , Garrido Maria Garcia , Brown Jonathan T. , Ridler Thomas 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Beta-frequency oscillations (20–30 Hz) are prominent in both human and rodent electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings. Discrete epochs of beta (or Beta2) oscillations are prevalent in the hippocampus and other brain areas during exploration of novel environments. However, little is known about the spatial distribution and temporal relationships of beta oscillations across the cortex in response to novel contexts. To investigate this, mice fitted with 30-channel EEG-style multi-electrode arrays underwent a single recording session in a novel environment. While changes to spectral properties of cortical oscillations were minimal, there was a profound increase in the rate of beta bursts during the initial part of the recording session, when the environment was most novel. This was true across the cortex but most notable in recording channels situated above the retrosplenial cortex. Additionally, novelty was associated with greater connectivity between retrosplenial areas and the rest of the cortex, specifically in the beta frequency range. However, it was also found that the cortex in general, is highly modulated by environmental novelty. This data further suggests the retrosplenial cortex is an important hub for distinguishing environmental context and highlights the diversity of functions for beta oscillations across the brain, which can be observed using high-density EEG.
Patient-derived xenografts from circulating cancer stem cells as a preclinical model for personalized pancreatic cancer research
Authors: Wagner Benedikt J. , Ettner-Sitter Andreas , Ihlo Nicolas A. , Behr Merle , Koelbl Sebastian , Brunner Stefan M. , Weber Florian , Rau Bettina M. , Schlitt Hans J. , Brochhausen Christoph , Schoenmehl Rebecca , Artinger Annalena , Schott Dorothea , Pizon Monika , Pachmann Katharina , Aung Thiha , Haerteis Silke , Hackl Christina 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) provide biologically relevant models and potential platforms for the development of treatment strategies for precision medicine in pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, circulating epithelial tumor cells (CETCs/CTCs) are released into the bloodstream by solid tumors and a rare subpopulation—circulating cancer stem cells (cCSCs) – is considered to be responsible for recurrence and plays a key role in metastasis. For the identification of cCSCs, an innovative in vitro assay to generate tumorspheres was established in this study. The number of tumorspheres and CETCs/CTCs was analyzed perioperatively in 25 pancreatic cancer patients. Additionally, an individual in vivo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) culture system was used to generate PDXs from these tumorspheres. While overall correlations of CETCs/CTCs with clinicopathological parameters did not reach statistical significance, a significant difference in the number of tumorspheres was observed between patient subgroups with lower and higher UICC stages. This finding underscores their potential as biomarkers, providing valuable insights into clinical decision-making and tumor progression. The application of tumorspheres on the CAM successfully established PDXs within 7 days. These xenografts closely resembled the histological features of the primary tumor. Hence, this model represents a novel and fast option for individualized testing of new therapies for PDAC.
Constitutive expression of Cas9 and rapamycin-inducible Cre recombinase facilitates conditional genome editing in Plasmodium berghei
Authors: Das Samhita , Unhale Tanaya , Marinach Carine , Valeriano Alegria Belsy del Carmen , Roux Camille , Madry Hélène , Mohand Oumoussa Badreddine , Amino Rogerio , Iwanaga Shiroh , Briquet Sylvie , Silvie Olivier 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Malaria is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Plasmodium and remains a global health concern. The parasite has a highly adaptable life cycle comprising successive rounds of asexual replication in a vertebrate host and sexual maturation in the mosquito vector Anopheles. Genetic manipulation of the parasite has been instrumental for deciphering the function of Plasmodium genes. Conventional reverse genetic tools cannot be used to study essential genes of the asexual blood stages, thereby necessitating the development of conditional strategies. Among various such strategies, the rapamycin-inducible dimerisable Cre (DiCre) recombinase system emerged as a powerful approach for conditional editing of essential genes in human-infecting P. falciparum and in the rodent malaria model parasite P. berghei. We previously generated a DiCre-expressing P. berghei line and validated it by conditionally deleting several essential asexual stage genes, revealing their important role also in sporozoites. Another potent tool is the CRISPR/Cas9 technology, which has enabled targeted genome editing with higher accuracy and specificity and greatly advanced genome engineering in Plasmodium spp. Here, we developed new P. berghei parasite lines by integrating the DiCre cassette and a fluorescent marker in parasites constitutively expressing Cas9. Owing to the dual integration of CRISPR/Cas9 and DiCre, these new lines allow unparalleled levels of gene modification and conditional regulation simultaneously. To illustrate the versatility of this new tool, we conditionally knocked out the essential gene encoding the claudin-like apicomplexan micronemal protein (CLAMP) in P. berghei and confirmed the role of CLAMP during invasion of erythrocytes.
Improved robustness of sequentially deposited potassium cesium antimonide photocathodes achieved by increasing the potassium content towards theoretical stoichiometry
Authors: Guo Lei , Shiohara Keisuke , Yamaguchi Hisato , Wang Gaoxue , Okabe Yuki , Nakatake Masashi , Takakura Shoichi , Yamamoto Masahiro , Ogawa Shuichi , Takashima Yoshifumi 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Alkali antimonide semiconductor photocathodes are promising candidates for high-brightness electron sources for advanced accelerators, including free-electron lasers (FEL), due to their high quantum efficiency (QE), low emittance, and high temporal resolution. Two challenges with these photocathodes are (1) the lack of a universal deposition recipe to achieve crystal stoichiometries and (2) their high susceptibility to vacuum contamination, which restricts their operation pressure to ultrahigh vacuums and leads to a short lifetime and low extraction charge. To resolve these issues, it is essential to understand the elemental compositions of deposited photocathodes and correlate them to robustness. Here, we report depth profiles for potassium cesium antimonide photocathodes, which were investigated using synchrotron radiation x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the robustness of those photocathodes. We prepared two types of photocathodes with different potassium contents via sequential thermal evaporation. Depth profiles revealed that the photocathodes with a potassium deficit had excess cesium at the surface, while the ratio of potassium and cesium to antimony decreased rapidly within the film. In contrast, the photocathodes with sufficient potassium had close to the theoretical stoichiometry of K2CsSb at the surface and maintained that stoichiometry for over half the entire film thickness. Both photocathode types had a similar maximum QE at 532 nm; however, exposure to oxygen revealed that the photocathode with a crystalline stoichiometry of K2CsSb maintained QE at one order of magnitude higher pressure compared to its potassium-deficit counterpart. These results highlight the importance of synthesizing potassium cesium antimonide photocathodes with sufficient potassium to achieve the theoretical crystalline stoichiometry for both high QE and improved robustness.
Fault diagnosis of high‐voltage circuit breaker based on open‐set theory fusion model
Authors: Zhou Jinglong , Zhao Hongshan , Lin Shiyu , Si Haoming , Li Bohan 
Published: January 2025

AbstractFault diagnosis of high voltage circuit breaker is an important aspect of electrical equipment intelligence. To effectively identify unknown faults, this paper proposes a high‐voltage circuit breaker fault diagnosis method based on open set fusion model (OSFM). Firstly, the current data and vibration data are processed using sequential variational mode decomposition and Fourier transform, respectively, to extract data features, thereby constructing the original feature set of the current‐vibration signal, which is then input into the Transformer model for further feature extraction. Secondly, the open‐set discriminant model based on the extreme value theory is proposed, and the data output by transformer is input into classifier to realise open‐set fault diagnosis. Finally, the tree‐structured parzen estimator is used to optimise the selection of transformer model parameters and discriminator acceptance probability. The efficacy of the OSFM was evaluated through experimentation on experimental platform. The results demonstrated that the OSFM method can effectively recognise previously unidentified class faults while maintaining accurate recognition of known classes. Compared with other open‐set classification techniques, OSFM can improve the recognition accuracy by up to 38.36%.
Numerical and analytical investigations of the water immersion cooling strategy for a permanent magnet synchronous motor
Authors: Sharifi Tohid 
Published: January 2025

AbstractPermanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) experience considerable performance degradation due to the rise in temperature and the resulting partial demagnetisation in the PMs, as well as the shortenings in the insulations' lifetime. To mitigate the temperature of motor components, it is crucial to investigate and continually improve the design of efficient cooling systems. This study implements the water immersion cooling (WIC) concept on a surface‐mounted PMSM (SMPMSM), where through comparing its cooling performance with the forced ventilation cooling (FVC), it is indicated that, even at high inlet velocities for the latter, it cannot maintain the temperature below the specified thresholds and the required input electric power to run the ventilation fan will be increased exponentially to compensate for its ineffectiveness. While in the WIC configuration, the winding and PM temperature values remain well below the margins when the heat transfer coefficient of this method is 40 higher than the FVC. By incorporating the effect of the cooling process through the heat transfer coefficient, the lumped‐parameter thermal network (LPTN) is utilised to study the operation mode of the motor under the mentioned cooling configurations. Besides achieving higher cooling efficiency, the WIC strategy can quickly reduce temperature, which is reflected in the thermal time constant of the cooling method extracted from the LPTN. Consequently, it is demonstrated that up to 35 higher than the nominal generated heat, the SMPMSM under the WIC can operate continuously, while for the FVC, the frequent start‐stop driving scenario should be employed.
Model predictive control with adjustable switching frequency for induction motor drives based on three‐dimensional satisfaction space optimisation
Authors: Yang Bo , Wu Xiang , Tian Yu , Guo Zhikang , Zhang Xu , Tan Guojun 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThis paper proposes a model predictive control strategy for induction motors driven by three‐level inverters, enabling effective switching frequency adjustment. First, a three‐dimensional satisfaction space optimisation strategy is proposed, eliminating the need for weight coefficient adjustments through self‐constraints and mutual constraints of the optimisation variables. The optimal switching state is selected by comparing the maximum average dwell time within the satisfaction space, thus reducing the inverter switching frequency. Second, switching frequency is treated as an auxiliary optimisation variable, and a dynamic sliding window method is designed to efficiently track switching frequency in variable‐speed systems. The boundaries of the three‐dimensional satisfaction space are adjusted to regulate the switching frequency. Finally, experimental results demonstrate that the proposed strategy maintains the switching frequency of 300 Hz across the entire speed range, achieving excellent dynamic and steady‐state performance at this low switching frequency.
Emergent robust oscillatory dynamics in the interlocked feedback‐feedforward loops
Authors: Harika Guturu L. , Sriram Krishnamachari 
Published: January 2025

AbstractOne of the challenges that beset modelling complex biological networks is to relate networks to function to dynamics. A further challenge is deciphering the cellular function and dynamics that can change drastically when the network edge is tinkered with by adding or removing it. To illustrate this, the authors took a well‐studied three‐variable Goodwin oscillatory motif with only a negative feedback loop. To this motif, an edge was added that results in an emergent structure consisting of new feedforward and feedback loops while retaining Goodwin's original negative feedback loop. To relate emergent structure to oscillatory dynamics, the authors took all the combinations of edge signs in the interlocked motif. Bifurcation analysis reveals that all the structural combinations can be grouped into two categories based on their unique dynamics. These two groups also exhibit unique amplitude‐frequency (amp‐freq) plots. These two categories are attributed to the emergence of interlocked motifs with specific edge signs. To support the ideas, a well‐studied plant circadian model of Arabidopsis thaliana was taken to illustrate the importance of interlocked motifs in fine‐tuning amplitude and frequency in circadian oscillators. The authors briefly discuss its implications for central oscillators' adaptation to different environmental cues.
Unveiling the nature of the donor stars of the ultraluminous X-ray sources in NGC 1559
Authors: Allak Sinan , Akyuz Aysun 
Published: January 2025

Context. X-ray data provide insights into accretion processes and the compact objects of ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs), while optical and IR observations help identify the donor star and surrounding environment. Together, these approaches shed light on the origins of the high X-ray luminosities observed in ULXs
Aims. This study examines the optical and IR properties of eight ULXs in NGC 1559 using archival data from the Hubble Space Telescope and the James Webb Space Telescope. To constrain the nature of the donor stars of the ULXs, photometric results were obtained from the temporal analysis, spectral energy distributions (SEDs), and color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs). Furthermore, the long-term and spectral characteristics of one ULX, X-1, were investigated.
Methods. ULX counterparts were determined from astrometric calculations. The long-term light curves and SEDs were constructed to interpret the origin of the optical and IR emissions. The masses and ages of donor star candidates were determined using CMDs. To constrain the mechanism of X-ray emission, the time-averaged spectrum and long-term light curve of X-1 were obtained.
Results. Unique optical and IR counterparts for ULXs X-14 and X-24 were determined, while only optical counterparts were detected for X-1 and X-18. Our findings indicate that the optical emission originates from the donor stars of X-14 and X-24, whereas for X-1 and X-18 it is dominated by the accretion disk. In addition, X-1 exhibits long-term X-ray variability spanning orders of magnitude.