bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of 5‐HT on binding of [11C] WAY 100635 to 5‐HT1A receptors in rat brain, assessed using in vivo microdialysis and PET after fenfluramine
Authors: Hume Susan , Hirani Ella , Opacka‐Juffry Jolanta , Myers Ralph , Townsend Claire , Pike Victor , Grasby Paul 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBy using a combination of positron emission tomography (PET) and postmortem tissue dissection, the effect of increased endogenous serotonin on specific binding of [11C]WAY 100635 to the 5‐HT1A receptor was investigated in rat brain in vivo. The binding studies were complemented by in vivo microdialysis to monitor 5‐HT levels in similarly treated isoflurane‐anaesthetised rats, with the dialysis probe locations corresponding to two of the tissues sampled for specific binding of the radioligand. Fenfluramine treatment (10 mg/kg i.p.) resulted in a ∼5‐fold increase in extracellular 5‐HT in medial prefrontal cortex and a ∼15‐fold increase in lateral hippocampus, maximal at ∼40 min after injection. PET scan duration was either 60 or 90 min, beginning 30 min after fenfluramine injection. The specific binding of [11C]WAY 100635 was reduced by 10–20% in hippocampus, which showed highest binding in control animals. Specific binding, however, was unaffected in both prefrontal cortex and midbrain raphe, each additional high binding regions. The minimal effects are consistent with a low baseline occupancy of the 5‐HT1A receptor by 5‐HT in vivo, so that only a large change in endogenous agonist concentration will affect radioligand binding. This implies that utilisation of [11C]WAY 100635 in human PET to quantify 5‐HT1A receptor expression can be extended to pathology where synaptic 5‐HT levels are altered as a consequence of the disease state. Synapse 41:150–159, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Process integration using the design structure matrix
Authors: Browning Tyson R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA process, as a kind of system, derives its added value from the relationships among its elements (e.g., activities). For a group of activities to be truly integrated (versus merely aggregated), the flow of deliverables among them must be well defined, agreed to, and committed to. Engineering processes are especially complex because of the large number of interdependencies among the activities, as many types of information flow to many destinations. A process model of what actually flows must be extracted from the existing, implicit way work really gets done. Since this requires getting “close” to where work is actually done, it is beyond the ability of a single, centralized group to build the entire model. Instead, a number of process “puzzle pieces” must be integrated into a single process model that will have more holistic descriptive, analytical, and prescriptive value. (The systems engineering “V” model applies to processes as well as to products.) This paper applies a powerful technique for representing and analyzing complex processes, thedesign structure matrix(DSM). The paper shows how to use the DSM to display both internal and external inputs and outputs, thereby defining the “edges” of the process puzzle pieces so they can be assembled to form large, integrated processes where value can flow. Process definition and integration is akin to “mapping the genome” of how work is efficiently and effectively accomplished across disciplines and organizations. It is an important enabler of process understanding and improvement. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 5: 180–193, 2002
Semi‐active control of seismic response of tall buildings with podium structure using ER/MR dampers
Authors: Qu W. L. , Xu Y. L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA tall building with a large podium structure under earthquake excitation may suffer from a whipping effect due to the sudden change of building lateral stiffness at the top of the podium structure. This paper thus explores the possibility of using electrorheological (ER) dampers or magnetorheological (MR) dampers to connect the podium structure to the tower structure to prevent this whipping effect and to reduce the seismic response of both structures. A set of governing equations of motion for the tower–damper–podium system is first derived, in which the stiffness of the member connecting the ER/MR damper to the structures is taken into consideration. Based on the principle of instantaneous sub‐optimal active control, a semi‐active sub‐optimal displacement control algorithm is then proposed. To demonstrate the effectiveness of semi‐active control of the system under consideration, a 20‐storey tower structure with a 5‐storey podium structure subjected to earthquake excitation is finally selected as a numerical example. The results from the numerical example imply that, as a kind of intelligent control device, ER/MR dampers can significantly mitigate the seismic whipping effect on the tower structure and reduce the seismic responses of both the tower structure and the podium structure. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Viscous damper development and future trends
Authors: Lee D. , Taylor D. P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractViscous dampers can protect structures against wind excitation, blast and earthquakes. Viscous damper technology originated with military and aerospace applications. Approximately 10 years ago it was found that the same fluid viscous dampers that protect missiles against nuclear attack and guard submarines against near‐miss underwater explosions could also protect buildings, bridges and other structures from destructive shock and vibration. This paper describes fluid damper technology, analysis considerations, installation methods and development work in progress. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protective action of propolis on the rat colon carcinogenesis
Authors: Bazo Ana Paula , Rodrigues Maria Aparecida Marchesan , Sforcin José Maurício , de Camargo João Lauro Viana , Ribeiro Lúcia Regina , Salvadori Daisy Maria Fávero 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPropolis is a honeybee product with several biological and therapeutical properties. Its effect on the process of colon carcinogenesis and DNA damage were evaluated in the male Wistar rats using the aberrant crypt foci (ACF) assay and the comet assay, respectively. For both tests, animals were treated with the colon carcinogen 1,2 dimethylhydrazine (DMH, 40 mg/kg, s.c.) for 2 weeks (two injections/week) in order to induce both DNA damage and ACF. The animals were divided into groups that received propolis (ethanolic extract) at three different doses (10, 30, and 90 mg/kg b.w., by gavage), either simultaneously or after DMH treatment. For the comet assay, peripheral blood samples were collected 4 h after the last DMH treatment. All animals were sacrificed at the 5th week for evaluation of ACF. The results show that only the intermediate dose (30 mg/kg) of propolis, administered after DMH initiation, is significantly associated to a smaller number of aberrant crypts in the distal colon. No effect on DNA damage in peripheral blood cells, however, was verified by the comet assay. These data suggest that propolis has a protective influence on the process of colon carcinogenesis, suppressing the development of preneoplastic lesions, and probably exerts no protection against the initiation of carcinogenesis.Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 22:183–194, 2002.© 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Technology‐rich inquiry science in urban classrooms: What are the barriers to inquiry pedagogy?*
Authors: Songer Nancy Butler , Lee Hee‐Sun , Kam Rosalind 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWhat are the barriers to technology‐rich inquiry pedagogy in urban science classrooms, and what kinds of programs and support structures allow these barriers to be overcome? Research on the pedagogical practices within urban classrooms suggests that as a result of many constraints, many urban teachers' practices emphasize directive, controlling teaching, that is, the “pedagogy of poverty” (Haberman, 1991), rather than the facilitation of students' ownership and control over their learning, as advocated in inquiry science. On balance, research programs that advocate standards‐based or inquiry teaching pedagogies demonstrate strong learning outcomes by urban students. This study tracked classroom research on a technology‐rich inquiry weather program with six urban science teachers. The teachers implemented this program in coordination with a district‐wide middle school science reform. Results indicated that despite many challenges in the first year of implementation, students in all 19 classrooms of this program demonstrated significant content and inquiry gains. In addition, case study data comprised of twice‐weekly classroom observations and interviews with the six teachers suggest support structures that were both conducive and challenging to inquiry pedagogy. Our work has extended previous studies on urban science pedagogy and practices as it has begun to articulate what role the technological component plays either in contributing to the challenges we experienced or in helping urban science classrooms to realize inquiry science and other positive learning values. Although these data outline results after only the first year of systemic reform, we suggest that they begin to build evidence for the role of technology‐rich inquiry programs in combating the pedagogy of poverty in urban science classrooms. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 128‐150, 2002
Description and mission evaluation of the Hungarian case‐control surveillance of congenital abnormalities, 1980–1996
Authors: Czeizel Andrew E. , Rockenbauer Magda , Siffel Csaba , Varga Erika 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundThe Hungarian Case‐Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities was established in 1980. This article describes how the Hungarian Case‐Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities was first organized and is currently maintained. The baseline statistics are provided and potential venues of postmarketing surveillance of drug teratogenicity and other public health tasks and research are proposed.MethodsCases with congenital abnormalities and patient controls with Down syndrome were selected from the Hungarian Congenital Abnormality Registry. Population controls without congenital abnormalities were selected from the National Birth Registry on the basis of three matching criteria: sex, week of birth, and district of parent's residence. Three sources of information concerning drug exposures, maternal disorders, and pregnancy complications, among others, were used: (1) prospective and medically recorded data from antenatal care logbooks and discharge summaries; (2) retrospective maternal self‐reported data obtained with a structured questionnaire in all the three study groups; and (3) data collected by regional nurse in house visits to nonrespondent cases and patient controls. Twenty‐five congenital abnormality groups were evaluated. During the 17‐year period of data collection, 22,843 cases, 38,151 population controls, and 834 patient controls were incorporated into the data set, constituting the largest population‐based case‐control data set of congenital abnormalities to date.ResultsDemographic features of pregnant women and informative offspring are presented along with the distribution of 25 main groups of congenital abnormalities.ConclusionsThis system is appropriate for postmarketing the surveillance of drug teratogenicity, for the improvement of congenital abnormality diagnosis, to get informed consent, to have a communication with parents and to provide material for research. Teratology 63:176–185, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute toxicity, mutagenicity, and estrogenicity of bisphenol‐A and other bisphenols
Authors: Chen Min‐Yu , Ike Michihiko , Fujita Masanori 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAlthough abundant data are available on the toxicity of bisphenol‐A (2,2‐bis (4‐hydroxydiphenyl)propane; BPA), little is known about the toxicities of the structurally similar compounds, namely bisphenols (BPs). A variety of BPs were examined for their acute toxicity against Daphnia magna, mutagenicity, and estrogenic activity using the Daphtoxkit (Creasel Ltd.), the umu test system, and the yeast two‐hybrid system, respectively, in comparison with BPA. BPA was moderately toxic to D. magna (48‐h EC50 was 10 mg/l) according to the current U.S. EPA acute toxicity evaluation standard, and it was weakly estrogenic with 5 orders of magnitude lower activity than that of the natural estrogen 17β‐estradiol in the yeast screen, while no mutagenicity was observed. All seven BPs tested here showed moderate to slight acute toxicity, no mutagenicity, and weak estrogenic activity as well as BPA. Some of the BPs showed considerably higher estrogenic activity than BPA, and others exhibited much lower activity. Among the tested BPs, two compounds, i.e., bisphenol‐S (bis(4‐hydroxydiphenyl)sulfone) and bis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)sulfide, have never been reported for their estrogenic activity previously. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 17: 80–86, 2002
Transcriptional activation of stress genes and cytotoxicity in human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2) exposed to 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene, 2,4‐dinitrotoluene, and 2,6‐dinitrotoluene
Authors: Tchounwou Paul B. , Wilson Barbara A. , Ishaque Ali B. , Schneider John 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe CAT‐Tox (L) assay has recently been developed and validated for detecting and quantifying the specific molecular mechanisms that underlie toxicity of various xenobotic chemicals. We performed this assay to measure the transcriptional responses associated with 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT) and 2 of its byproducts [2,4 and 2,6–dinitotoluenes (DNTs)] to 13 different recombinant cell lines generated from human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2) by creating stable transfectants of mammalian promoter chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene fusions. Cytoxicity test with the parental HepG2 cells, using the MTT [3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide]‐based assay for cell viability, yielded LC50 values of 105±6 μg/mL for TNT in 1% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and >300 m;g/mL for DNTs, upon 48 h of exposure. TNT appeared to be more toxic than 2,4‐DNT, which also showed a higher toxicity compared to 2,6‐DNT. Of the 13 recombinant constructs evaluated, 8 (CYP 1A1, GST Ya, XRE, HMTIIA, c‐fos, HSP70, GADD153, and GADD45), 5 (c‐fos, HSP70, GADD153, GADD45, and GRP78), and none showed inductions to significant levels (p<0.05), for TNT, 2,4‐DNT, and 2,6‐DNT, respectively. For most constructs, the induction of stress genes was concentration‐dependent. These results show the potential for TNT and 2,4‐DNT to cause protein damage and/or perturbations of protein biosynthesis (HSP70 and GRP78), alterations in DNA sequence or its helical structure (c‐fos, GADD153, GADD45), and the potential involvement of TNT in the biotransformation process (CYP 1A1, GST Ya, XRE), and in the toxicokinetics of metal ions (HMTIIA). Within the range of concentrations tested (0–300 mg TNT or DNT/mL in 1% DMSO), no significant inductions (p>0.05) of NFKBRE, p53RE, CRE, and RARE were found. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol 16: 209–216, 2001
A channel assignment scheme for SCM/WDM‐based personal communication network
Authors: Chao Han‐Chieh , Wang Reen‐Cheng , Hong Jenn‐Yuh 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAs the cover range for the radio cells becomes gradually smaller than before, the procedures for mobile terminals call setup and control become complicated due to the high handoff frequency. The broadcast nature of WDM star couplers makes the handoff scheme easier and reduces the number of reconnections. In this study, we proposed a channel allocation algorithm, called pre‐empted assigned offset (PAO) scheme, for the WDM‐ and SCM/WDM‐based PCN architectures. The main idea is to keep the offset conflict probability lower. The simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms those previously introduced schemes. Especially in offset conflict probability under a moderate roaming rate for WDM and even under heavy roaming situations for SCM/WDM. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uplink–downlink design issues for next generation satellite networks
Authors: Batsios Nikolaos , Pavlidou F.‐N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNext Generation Mobile Systems will implement one's dream of anywhere, anytime communications. Providing global coverage and mobility, satellite systems will play an important role in order for this to be achieved. The design options of satellite systems include several choices. The basic ones are the choice of orbit, processing and switching, intersatellite links, and link layers technologies. In addition to the network architecture, the protocols must be developed for efficient use of the satellite radio resources. The most important protocol design issues concentrate on Medium Access Control (MAC) techniques, routing and traffic management. In this paper some of the special features of satellite systems are considered. Emphasis is given in MAC protocols design, as well as in research programmes that led to their development. Finally, an adaptive hybrid access scheme that combines CDMA technology and random access techniques is presented. This new scheme is called CDMA/PRMA and from the results obtained it is a very promising access technique for next generation satellite systems. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Noninvasive assessment of adrenal activity associated with husbandry and behavioral factors in the North American clouded leopard population
Authors: Wielebnowski Nadja C. , Fletchall Norah , Carlstead Kathy , Busso Juan M. , Brown Janine L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe North American clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) population is far from self‐sustaining. Breeding success is poor and behavioral problems (i.e., fur‐plucking, tail‐chewing, excessive hiding or pacing, and intersexual aggression that results in mate killing) are common. This study was undertaken to investigate whether some of these problems may be indicators of chronic stress (as reflected by persistently elevated glucocorticoid levels) and whether they are associated with specific management factors. A fecal corticoid metabolite assay was validated to monitor adrenal activity in clouded leopards. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) challenges conducted in four clouded leopards established the biological relevance of the assay system. Fecal corticoid concentrations increased 14‐fold above baseline within 24 hours after ACTH administration. Adrenal activity then was monitored in 72 (36 males; 36 females) clouded leopards (65% of the North American Species Survival Plan population) during a 6‐week period and compared to husbandry and behavior data. There was a significant (P < 0.01) gender difference in fecal corticoid concentrations, with females producing higher concentrations than males. Multiple regression analyses revealed negative associations (P < 0.01) between enclosure height, number of hours keepers spent with each animal per week, and corticoid concentrations. A positive correlation (P < 0.001) was found between the number of keepers caring for an individual and corticoid concentrations. Higher fecal corticoid concentrations (P ≤ 0.05) were measured in clouded leopards kept on public display or near potential predators compared to individuals maintained off exhibit or in the absence of predators. Individuals that performed self‐injuring behaviors also had elevated fecal corticoids (P < 0.01). Spearman‐rank correlation analysis of keeper ratings and hormone data revealed positive associations (P ≤ 0.05) between some behaviors (pace, sleep, hide, and fearful/tense) and fecal corticoid concentrations. Overall these results indicate that noninvasive fecal corticoid monitoring has enormous potential for investigating how management and behavioral problems are related to animal well‐being. If conducted under carefully controlled experimental paradigms, this technique could allow researchers and managers to identify problem areas of captive management for clouded leopards (e.g., enclosure height, keeper time) and evaluate the efficacy of strategies designed to promote animal welfare and increased reproductive success. Zoo Biol 21:77–98, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Case Study in the Specification and Analysis of Design Alternatives for a User Interface
Authors: Duke David , Fields Bob , Harrison Michael D. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.

There is considerable interest within the Human Computer Interaction (HCI) community in the use of media spaces to enhance awareness and interaction between workers in offices or other spatially distributed environments. In addition to the technical challenges of providing reliable and efficient audio-visual communication, there are important social questions, in particular how users are able to control access to their personal environments, and how to advise other users about their level of availability. Within AMODEUS-2
1
, an ESPRIT Basic Research Action concerned with the development, transfer and assessment of techniques for modelling human-computer interaction, a prototype media space has been analysed by various user and system oriented modelling techniques. This paper describes how formal specification can be used to express requirements on the interfaces needed to control access and availability in a media space. Beyond its obvious use in clarifying the subtle relationship between these concerns, the paper describes how the specification assists in assessing design options originating from other modelling disciplines.
Advances in Intravenous Lipid Emulsions
Authors: Carpentier Yvon A. , Dupont Isabelle E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOver the past decade, our views have considerably evolved with respect to the metabolism of intravenous lipid emulsions and their composition. Substantial progress has been made in understanding the metabolic pathways of emulsion particles and the delivery of their various components (fatty acids and vitamins) to specific tissues or cells. Although soybean long‐chain triglycerides represent a valuable source of energy, concerns have been raised about their high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (mainly n‐6 essential fatty acids), which may adversely affect immune functions and antioxidant status. Introduction of medium‐chain triglycerides or olive oil to lipid emulsions can largely help bypass these disadvantages. Recently, incorporation of n‐3 fatty acids in lipid preparations was suggested to have potential application in several chronic and acute diseases because of their ability to reduce inflammatory and thrombotic responses and cell sensitivity to various stimuli. Hence lipid emulsions should no longer be considered only as a means of providing energy substrates; they also modulate key metabolic functions. Such improved knowledge may lead to optimizing the metabolic care of certain patients.
Comorbidity and the Elderly Trauma Patient
Authors: McMahon Damian J. , Schwab C. William , Kauder Donald 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe elderly are forming an increasingly larger proportion of the population in developed countries with increasingly active life styles. The injured elderly patient has a combination of decreased physiologic reserve and a high incidence of preexisting medical conditions that cause comparably worse outcome, complications, longer hospital stay, and high costs. Although the management of specific injuries is similar in the elderly, many benefit from an overall more aggressive approach to early resuscitation and optimization of cardiopulmonary dynamics. An awareness of the importance of preexisting medical conditions and a coordinated, directed approach to the management of the injuries and the concomitant diseases leads to the most effective care. Upon recovery from injury there is often a change of functional level that precipitates a change in social circumstance. Ethical dilemmas, both at individual and community levels, may arise more frequently in the older trauma patient population. Increased triage to a trauma center, particularly when concomitant disease is present, is justified on the basis of improving outcomes.