bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hypothermia inhibits translocation of CaM kinase II and PKC‐α, β, γ isoforms and fodrin proteolysis in rat brain synaptosome during ischemia‐reperfusion
Authors: Harada Kazuki , Maekawa Tsuyoshi , Tsuruta Ryosuke , Kaneko Tadashi , Sadamitsu Daikai , Yamashima Tetsumori , Yoshida Ken‐ichi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo clarify the involvement of intracellular signaling pathway and calpain in the brain injury and its protection by mild hypothermia, immunoblotting analyses were performed in the rat brain after global forebrain ischemia and reperfusion. After 30 min of ischemia followed by 60 min of reperfusion, Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent kinase II (CaM kinase II) and protein kinase C (PKC)‐α, β, γ isoforms translocated to the synaptosomal fraction, while mild hypothermia (32°C) inhibited the translocation. The hypothermia also inhibited fodrin proteolysis caused by ischemia‐reperfusion, indicating the inhibition of calpain. These effects of hypothermia may explain the mechanism of the protection against brain ischemia‐reperfusion injury through modulating synaptosomal function. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regional distribution of heme oxygenase, HSP70, and glutathione in brain: Relevance for endogenous oxidant/antioxidant balance and stress tolerance
Authors: Calabrese V. , Scapagnini G. , Ravagna A. , Fariello R.G. , Giuffrida Stella A.M. , Abraham N.G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIt is generally recognized that lipid peroxides play an important role in the pathogenesis of several diseases and that sulfhydryl groups are critically involved in cellular defense against endogenous or exogenous oxidants. Recent evidence indicates that lipid peroxides directly participate in induction of cytoprotective proteins, such as heat shock proteins (Hsps), which play a central role in the cellular mechanisms of stress tolerance. Heme oxygenase (HO) is a stress protein that has been implicated in defense mechanisms against agents that may induce oxidative injury, such as endotoxins, cytokines and heme and its induction represents a common feature in a number of neurodegenerative diseases. In the present report we studied regional distribution of heme oxygenase (HO) activity and protein expression, together with that of Hps70, in brain of C57BL6 mice. Endogenous lipid peroxidation was investigated on the basis of the analysis of ultra weak chemiluminescence, hydro peroxides and lipid soluble fluorescent products, and compared to the regional distribution of thiols, antioxidant enzymes and trace metals. Our results show that levels of HO activity and expression of inducible Hsp70 and the ratio of GSH/GSSG in the different brain regions examined were positively correlated with the content of peroxides. Substantia Nigra was the brain area exhibiting the highest levels of HO‐2, constitutive and inducible Hsp70, GSSG, peroxides, iron, and calcium, in contrast with the lowest content in GSH, GSH/GSSG ratio and glutathione reductase activity, compared to the other cerebral regions examined. Among these, cortex showed the lowest levels of HO‐2, Hsp70, GSSG and peroxides that were associated with the highest levels of GSH and GSH/GSSG ratio. These data support the hypothesis that the glutathione redox state and basal peroxides can directly participate in the signaling pathways of heat shock protein expression and hence of stress tolerance. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of COX‐2 reduces the age‐dependent increase of hippocampal inflammatory markers, corticosterone secretion, and behavioral impairments in the rat
Authors: Casolini Paola , Catalani Assia , Zuena Anna R. , Angelucci Luciano 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBrain aging as well as brain degenerative processes with accompanying cognitive impairments are generally associated with hyperactivity of the hypothalamus‐pituitary‐adrenal axis, the end product of which, the glucocorticoid hormone, has been warranted the role of cell damage primum movens (“cascade hypothesis”). However, chronic inflammatory activity occurs in the hippocampus of aged rats as well as in the brain of Alzheimer's disease patients. The concomitant increase in the secretion of the glucocorticoid hormone, the endogenous anti‐inflammatory and pro‐inflammatory markers, has prompted us to investigate the two phenomena in the aging rat, and to work out its meaning. This study shows that: (I) interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) increase with age in the rats hippocampus, and (II) chronic oral treatment with celecoxib, a selective cycloxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) inhibitor, is able to contrast the age‐dependent increase in hippocampal levels of pro‐inflammatory markers and circulating anti‐inflammatory corticosterone, provided that it is started at an early stage of aging. Under these conditions, age‐related impairments in cognitive ability may be ameliorated. Taken together, these results indicate that there is a natural tendency to offset the age‐dependent increase in brain inflammatory processes via the homeostatic increase of the circulating glucocorticoid hormone. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuroprotective effects of carnosine and homocarnosine on pheochromocytoma PC12 cells exposed to ischemia
Authors: Tabakman Rinat , Lazarovici Philip , Kohen Ron 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe development of neuroprotective drugs against ischemic insults is hampered by the lack of pharmacological in vitro models. We developed an ischemic model using PC12 cell cultures exposed to oxygen‐glucose‐deprivation (OGD) followed by reoxygenation (18 hr) under regular atmospheric oxygen level. The toxicity induced in this model, that is partially caused by generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), was measured morphologically as well as by the release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and the prostaglandin PGE2 from the cells. Carnosine and homocarnosine, histidine dipeptides antioxidants, found in high concentration in the brain, have been suggested to provide neuroprotection. Using the OGD model we found that 5 mM carnosine and 1 mM homocarnosine provided maximal neuroprotection of about 50% against OGD insult. This neuroprotective effect was similar to that of a known antioxidant, 4‐hydroxy‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine‐1‐oxyl (tempol), and was not observed in a serum‐deprivation toxicity model of PC12 cells, indicating that carnosine and homocarnosine may act as antioxidant‐neuroprotective agents in the brain. Our ischemic model may provide a useful tool for investigating the mechanisms involved in the neuroprotection afforded by histidine dipeptides. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increase of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells after spinal cord injury
Authors: Ishii Ken , Toda Masahiro , Nakai Yoko , Asou Hiroaki , Watanabe Masahiko , Nakamura Masaya , Yato Yoshiyuki , Fujimura Yoshikazu , Kawakami Yutaka , Toyama Yoshiaki , Uyemura Keiichi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe reaction of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) after spinal cord injury (SCI) is poorly understood. In this study, we examined oligodendroglial reactions after contusion SCI in adult rats by immunohistochemistry. OPCs were identified by staining with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) A2B5 and O4. Each of the A2B5‐, O4‐positive OPCs and galactocerebroside‐positive oligodendrocytes dramatically increased in the lesion of the dorsal posterior funiculus. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation studies showed that most O4‐positive cells in the lesion were labeled with BrdU, suggesting that these OPCs were proliferative. In contrast, the expression of myelin basic protein was decreased in the lesion compared with controls that received laminectomy only. From the injured cord, OPCs were isolated by immunopanning with mAb A2B5. We observed an increased number of OPCs from the injured spinal cords compared with those isolated from controls and unoperated animals. After several days in culture, the OPCs from the lesion expressed galactocerebroside. These results suggest that OPCs are induced and can differentiate following SCI in the adult rat. J. Neurosci. Res. 65:500–507, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
17β‐estradiol inhibits cytokine, chemokine, and chemokine receptor mRNA expression in the central nervous system of female mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Matejuk Agata , Adlard Kirsten , Zamora Alex , Silverman Marc , Vandenbark Arthur A. , Offner Halina 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCytokines and chemokines govern leukocyte trafficking, thus regulating inflammatory responses. In this study, the anti‐inflammatory effects of low dose 17β‐estradiol were evaluated on chemokine, chemokine receptor, and cytokine expression in the spinal cords (SC) of BV8S2 transgenic female mice during acute and recovery phases of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). In EAE protected mice, 17β‐estradiol strongly inhibited mRNA expression of the chemokines RANTES, MIP‐1α, MIP‐2, IP‐10, and MCP‐1, and of the chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR2 and CCR5 at both time points. Conversely, ovariectomy, which abrogated basal 17β‐estradiol levels and increased the severity of EAE, enhanced the expression of MIP‐1α and MIP‐2 that were over‐expressed by inflammatory mononuclear cells in SC. 17β‐estradiol inhibited expression of LT‐β, TNF‐α, and IFN‐γ in SC, but had no effect on IL‐4 or IL‐10, indicating reduced inflammation but no deviation toward a Th2 response. Interestingly, elevated expression of CCR1 and CCR5 by lymph node cells was also inhibited in 17β‐estradiol treated mice with EAE. Low doses of 17β‐estradiol added in vitro to lymphocyte cultures had no direct effect on the activation of MBP‐Ac1‐11 specific T cells, and only at high doses diminished production of IFN‐γ, but not IL‐12 or IL‐10. These results suggest that the beneficial effects of 17β‐estradiol are mediated in part by strong inhibition of recruited inflammatory cells, resulting in reduced production of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines in CNS, with modest effects on encephalitogenic T cells that seem to be relatively 17β‐estradiol insensitive. J. Neurosci. Res. 65:529–542, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Designing effective diversity training: influence of group composition and trainee experience
Authors: Roberson Loriann , Kulik Carol T. , Pepper Molly B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDespite the popularity of diversity training in corporate America, a lack of systematic evaluation has left managers with little guidance on how to design effective diversity training programmes. In this research, we examine how training group composition and trainee experience interact to influence the effects of diversity training on cognitive, affective, and behavioral outcomes. Results indicate that trainees with prior experience with diversity training responded most positively to training groups homogeneous with respect to racioethnicity and nationality; trainees without prior experience with diversity training were generally unaffected by training group composition. The implications of these findings for the design of diversity training programmes in organizations and future research on diversity training are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Team mental models in a team knowledge framework: expanding theory and measurement across disciplinary boundaries
Authors: Mohammed Susan , Dumville Brad C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBecause research on team mental models is still in its formative stages, there is a need for continued conceptual development of the construct and direct empirical support linking team mental models to team outcomes. Researchers in other fields have developed concepts that are distinct from, but clearly related to team mental models, including information sharing, transactive memory, group learning, and cognitive consensus. Although these research streams currently exist in parallel with little cross‐fertilization, there is much to be gained from integration across disciplinary boundaries. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to enrich the theoretical understanding of team mental models and to broaden the empirical research base by adopting a cross‐disciplinary focus and incorporating related team knowledge domains from other literatures. Based on a synthesis of various literatures, we develop a framework that delineates the relationships among team knowledge constructs. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interdecadal variations of characteristics of monsoon disturbances and their epochal relationships with rainfall and other tropical features
Authors: Rajendra Kumar J. , Dash S.K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractInterdecadal variations of some characteristics (number and duration) of different monsoon disturbances (low pressure areas (lows), depressions and cyclonic storms (CS)) over the Indian region are studied for 110 years (1889–1998) to find whether an epochal variation exists in such main synoptic components of the Indian summer monsoon at the decadal time scale, similar to other long‐term interdecadal variations of tropical features, e.g. Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR), El Niño–Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), sub‐tropical ridge (STR) over India, Northern Hemispheric surface temperature (NHST), etc. As ISMR has alternate epochs of below and above normal phases at the broad time scale of 30 years, variations of these features are also examined according to the two epochs of ISMR. The stability of correlation of monsoon disturbance days with ISMR is also examined for the same 30‐year time scale for 1889–1998. Stability of relationships of other tropical features and monsoon disturbance days with ISMR is also examined, based on their 11‐year moving correlation coefficients (CC).Results do not show any regular trend in decadal frequencies of the number or duration of different monsoon disturbances. However, decadal frequencies of number of depressions, CS and depressions are decreasing from 1969–1978 until the most recent decade. During the recent decade, less than half of the total number of depressions and CS are formed, compared with 1969–1978. On the other hand, the total number of lows increases significantly from 1959–1968 to the recent decade, when more than double the number of lows are formed. By examining the 30‐year periodicity of the number of disturbances together or separately, it is found that depressions and CS are higher during the above normal epochs, and significantly less during the below normal epochs of ISMR. The reverse is true for the number of lows and the total number of disturbances and their total duration. The 11‐year running means of monsoon disturbance days with ISMR shows the same behaviour but opposite epochs during 1929–1958 and 1970–1990. Their correlation coefficients are also found to be lower during 1929–1958 compared with epochs when they are in the same phase. Comparison of epochal relationships with other tropical features, e.g. El Niño, SOI, STR, NHST etc., from 11‐year running means and their 11‐year moving CC with ISMR, have also shown epochal fluctuations. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Tornado climatology of Canada revisited: tornado activity during different phases of ENSO
Authors: Etkin David , Brun Soren E. , Shabbar Amir , Joe Paul 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTornadoes are a significant hazard in some parts of Canada, particularly in the southern Prairie provinces and southwestern Ontario, though they are not as common as in some parts of the US. Since the early 1980s, the regional weather offices in Canada have been recording tornado event information on a routine basis, and thus data exists that can be used to update older analyses of tornado frequencies. On average, about 60 tornadoes are reported each year, though many doubtless occur that are not observed or recorded in the Environment Canada records. An analysis of tornado frequencies with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events suggest that the cooler La Niña events tend to suppress tornadic activity, while El Niño events tend to enhance it (though there are exceptions to this trend). Copyright © 2001 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An evaluation of the Standardized Precipitation Index, the China‐Z Index and the statistical Z‐Score
Authors: Wu Hong , Hayes Michael J. , Weiss Albert , Hu Qi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) was developed to detect drought and wet periods at different time scales, an important characteristic that is not accomplished with typical drought indices. More and more users employ the SPI to monitor droughts. Although calculation of the SPI is easier than other drought indices, such as the Palmer Drought Index, it is still relatively complex. In China, an index called the China‐Z Index (CZI) has been used since 1995 by the National Climate Centre of China to monitor moisture conditions across the country. The calculation of this index is easier than the SPI. A third index, the statistical Z‐Score, can also be used to monitor droughts. This paper evaluates the SPI, CZI and Z‐Score on 1‐, 3‐, 6‐, 9‐ and 12‐month time scales using monthly precipitation totals for four locations in China from January 1951 to December 1998 representing humid and arid climates, and cases of drought and flood. Advantages and disadvantages for the application of each index are compared. Study results indicate that the CZI and Z‐Score can provide results similar to the SPI for all time scales, and that the calculations of the CZI and Z‐Score are relatively easy compared with the SPI, possibly offering better tools to monitor moisture conditions. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
North Atlantic climate variability: phenomena, impacts and mechanisms
Authors: Marshall John , Kushnir Yochanan , Battisti David , Chang Ping , Czaja Arnaud , Dickson Robert , Hurrell James , McCartney Michael , Saravanan R. , Visbeck Martin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractVariability of the North Atlantic Oscillation and the Tropical Atlantic dominate the climate of the North Atlantic sector, the underlying ocean and surrounding continents on interannual to decadal time scales. Here we review these phenomena, their climatic impacts and our present state of understanding of their underlying cause. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
A comparison between two empirical downscaling strategies
Authors: Benestad Rasmus E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA new approach involving the use of common empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) in statistical downscaling of future global climate scenarios is proposed. The advantage of this method is that it minimizes the errors associated with the downscaling of future climate scenarios. The time series from the common EOF analysis are used both for the calibration of the statistical models and the prediction of future climate scenarios. This paper presents a systematic comparison between the common EOF approach and downscaling with a more conventional method based on the ‘Perfect Prog’ concept.Three different sets of experiments are carried out where the two downscaling methods are compared, and the robustness of the methods is explored taking the predictor field from different regions. The analysis indicates that climate scenarios derived using the common EOF approach are associated with smaller errors. Another important finding is that the choice of predictor domain may influence the downscaled results, and that the merit of downscaling may depend on this area as well as location and season. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society
Near‐infrared Raman spectroscopy of human lung tissues: possibility of molecular‐level cancer diagnosis
Authors: Kaminaka Shoji , Yamazaki Hiroya , Ito Toshiaki , Kohda Eiichi , Hamaguchi Hiro‐o 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA dispersive near‐infrared Raman spectrometer was constructed using a photomultiplier with a new InP/InGaAsP photocathode which is well suited for 1064 nm excitation. Totally fluorescence‐free Raman spectra of normal and cancerous human lung tissues were obtained. The future possibility of Raman spectroscopic cancer diagnosis is discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vibrational spectra of magnesia cement, phase 3
Authors: Kanesaka Isao , Aoyama Shin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractInfrared and Raman spectra of magnesia cement, Mg2(OH)3Cl · 4H2O (phase 3), were observed at room temperature. The formation process of phase 3 was investigated from the change in OH− stretching vibrations by comparison with those of phase 5. Broad infrared bands were observed at ∼1300 cm−1 (H system) and 1050 cm−1 (D system) with some structures in phase 3, which is considered to result from the coupling of the OH stretching vibration with lattice modes. The vibrational analysis was carried out for the lattice vibrations (translational modes) of phase 3, assuming OH− and H2O as the point masses on the basis of the valence force field. The Raman intensity was analyzed by the modified many‐body model. The infrared intensity was also analyzed using known parameters, by adding the dipole moments due to electric charges of ions, the orientation of permanent dipoles (OH− and H2O) and induced dipoles by electric charges. The force constants were determined in consistency with the calculated wavenumbers and the calculated infrared and Raman intensities. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopy of the molybdate minerals chillagite (tungsteinian wulfenite‐I4), stolzite, scheelite, wolframite and wulfenite
Authors: Crane Martin , Frost Ray L. , Williams Peter A. , Theo Kloprogge J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRaman spectra of chillagite, wulfenite, stolzite, scheelite and wolframite were obtained at 298 and 77 K using a Raman microprobe in combination with a thermal stage. Chillagite is a solid solution of wulfenite and stolzite. The spectra of these molybdate minerals are orientation dependent. The band at 695 cm−1 is interpreted as an antisymmetric bridging mode associated with the tungstate chain. The bands at 790 and 881 cm−1 are associated with the antisymmetric and symmetric Ag modes of terminal WO2 whereas the origin of the 806 cm−1 band remains unclear. The ν4(Eg) band was absent for scheelite. The bands at 353 and 401 cm−1 are assigned as either deformation modes or as r(Bg) and δ(Ag) modes of terminal WO2. The band at 462 cm−1 has an equivalent band in the infrared at 455 cm−1 assigned as δas(Au) of the (W2O4)n chain. The band at 508 cm−1 is assigned as νsym(Bg) of the (W2O4)n chain. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopy of the basic copper phosphate minerals cornetite, libethenite, pseudomalachite, reichenbachite and ludjibaite
Authors: Frost Ray L. , Williams Peter A. , Martens Wayde , Kloprogge J. Theo , Leverett Peter 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRaman spectra of cornetite, libethenite, pseudomalachite, reichenbachite and ludjibaite were obtained at 298 and 77 K using a Raman microprobe in combination with a thermal stage. Raman spectra of cornetite, libethenite and pseudomalachite are different, in line with differences in crystal structure and composition. Raman spectra of the three polymorphs pseudomalachite, reichenbachite and ludjibaite are similar, particularly in the stretching region, but characteristic differences in the deformation regions are observed. Differences are also observed in the phosphate deformation and stretching regions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.