bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE RELATION OF BACTERIUM PNEUMOSINTES TO INFLUENZA: A STUDY WITH A STRAIN OF THE ORGANISM DERIVED FROM THE NASOPHARYNGEAL WASHINGS OF A CASE OF INFLUENZA
Authors: Hall Milton W. 
Published: June 2004

Nasopharyngeal washings from a case of epidemic influenza have proven capable of initiating a pathological change in rabbits and in guinea pigs characterized after an incubation period of 1 or 2 days, by some elevation of temperature, reduction in the number of circulating leucocytes, especially of the mononuclears, and by a pulmonary lesion during the period of reaction, which is distinguishable from those accidentally incurred at the time of death.
From one such animal, in the second passage of the virus, an anaerobic coccobacius, corresponding in all respects to Bact. pneumosintes, was isolated by the method employed by Olitsky and Gates.
This organism also proved capable of initiating the pathological change in animals found after inoculation with influenzal material.
The observation of Olitsky and Gates that the presence of this organism in the lungs of experimental animals predisposes to pulmonary localization of other bacteria with the production of definite pneumonic lesions has been confirmed.
Bact. pneumosintes infections may be induced by subcutaneous injection of infected material.
IMMUNOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF ENCAPSULATED AND CAPSULE-FREE STRAINS OF ENCAPSULATUS PNEUMONIÆ (FRIEDLÄNDER'S BACILLUS)
Authors: Julianelle Louis A. 
Published: June 2004

1. "S" strains of Friedländer's bacillus produce capsules, soluble specific substance, and are of exalted virulence. "S" strains are type-specific and react with only the type-specific antibodies of the homologous types.
2. Immunization with "S" cells induces the formation of antibodies which agglutinate type specifically, precipitate the corresponding soluble specific substance, and protect white mice against infection caused by organisms of the same type.
3. "R" strains of Friedländer's bacillus produce no capsules, produce no soluble specific substance, and are not pathogenic. "R" strains are serologically undifferentiated from each other and react with only the species antibodies.
4. Immunization with "R" cells induces antibodies which do not agglutinate encapsulated organisms, do not precipitate soluble specific substance, and do not afford protection against infection by Friedländer's bacillus. Anti-R serum contains only the species antibody which reacts with any capsule-free organism regardless of its type origin.
5. Decapsulation of "S" cells by heat and acid chemically converts a type-reacting organism into a species-reacting organism.
TISSUE-DIGESTING ENZYME (HISTASE) OF STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Frobisher Martin 
Published: June 2004

1. An extracellular, proteolytic enzyme has been observed in more than 30 strains of beta type, aerobic and facultative hemolytic streptococci.
2. The enzyme is readily demonstrable in sterile filtrates of cooked meat cultures.
3. No gas or foul odor is produced.
4. It is partially inactivated by exposure to about 60°C. for 45 minutes or longer.
5. The enzyme manifests itself in cooked meat cultures after about 48 hours incubation at 37°C. The sterile filtrate from a 10 day old culture acts within 18 hours.
6. From 50 to 75 per cent of the meat in a tube of cooked meat medium may be digested in about 3 weeks at room temperature after 5 days initial growth at 37°C.
7. No correlation is found, in the cases studied, between hemolysis and proteolysis.
8. Streptococci not digesting beef tissue will not digest human tissue, and those which do digest beef tissue also digest human tissue. This conclusion applies only to the nine strains studied.
9. Ability to digest animal tissues does not necessarily imply ability to digest casein, coagulated beef serum or gelatin.
10. The disappearance of the meat from cooked meat cultures of hemolytic streptococci is quantitatively roughly paralleled by increase of formol-titrable substances in the fluid portion of the medium.
11. The enzyme resembles trypsin in its action. Streptococci from a variety of sources, bovine, human and otherwise have shown varying degrees of proteolytic activity.
12. The name histase is proposed for this enzyme.
THE ETIOLOGY OF VERRUGA PERUANA
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo 
Published: June 2004

A saline suspension of a subcutaneous nodule excised from a verruga patient, and kept in the refrigerator for 14 days, on inoculation into two young Macacus rhesus monkeys (Nos. 33 and 34) induced irregular febrile reactions and enlargement of the lymph glands, and in one instance a subcutaneous nodule arose, independently of direct inoculation, on the tail. A microorganism has been isolated from the blood of both animals, and from the experimental nodule, which in pathogenic properties and in cultural and morphological characteristics is indistinguishable from the strain of Bartonella bacilliformis isolated from a case of Oroya fever.
The spontaneous skin lesion of Monkey 34 and the subcutaneous nodules induced by intradermal inoculation of cultures of the microorganism were histologically typical of experimental verruga lesions in monkeys and identical with the skin lesions induced in monkeys by Bartonella bacilliformis. The organism, like Bartonella bacilliformis, is an intracellular parasite, being found in the cytoplasm of the proliferating endothelial cells of the lesions and in the erythrocytes of the blood.
The same variations in the manifestations of disease which have been noted in experimental infection with Bartmetta bacilliformis were observed in the experimental verruga infection. In the second passage (Monkey 41) the infection induced by local inoculation of cultures was severe both locally and constitutionally and was accompanied by marked anemia. The organisms were found in the red cells in large numbers. In the third passage the systemic infection was less severe, but the local lesions were more striking.
Detection of the parasites in the blood is far more certain by the cultural method than by microscopic examination, the latter procedure being successful only in rather severe infections. The result of blood culture is therefore the decisive method in the final diagnosis of the disease.
Preliminary serological study shows that the organism isolated in the present instance from the skin lesion of a verruga patient and that previously obtained from the blood of a case of Oroya fever belong to the same serological group.
The data obtained justify the conclusion that verruga peruana is caused by Bartonella bacilliformis. They also definitely establish the fact that the inoculation of blood or sanguineous exudate from lesions of verruga peruana is capable of inducing in susceptible individuals a severe febrile systemic infection, such as that to which Carrion succumbed. The designation "Carrion's disease" is therefore the appropriate one for both forms of the infection.
Bartonella bacilliformis may be regarded as a bacterium, since it has the essential features of that group of microorganisms.
THE QUANTITY OF CHOLESTEROL IN THE BLOOD SERUM OF THE GUINEA PIG AS AN INHERITED CHARACTER; ITS RELATION TO NATURAL RESISTANCE TO TUBERCULOSIS, AND TO TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION
Authors: Shope Richard E. 
Published: June 2004

1. Infection with tubercle bacilli of bovine type produced no alteration in the serum cholesterol content in guinea pigs.
2. Certain controlled variations in diet produced no changes in the serum cholesterol content in guinea pigs.
3. Inbred families of guinea pigs known to manifest differing resistances to tuberculosis gave differing serum cholesterol values, but no direct relationship between the two sets of phenomena could be established.
4. It seems probable that in the guinea pig the cholesterol content of the blood serum is influenced by inherited factors.
ON THE ABSORPTION OF BILE PIGMENTS FROM THE INTESTINE
Authors: Blankenhorn M. A. 
Published: June 2004

Bilirubin as such is not reabsorbed from the intestine by way of the portal vein in healthy animals. Bilirubin may be absorbed from the intestine by the lymphatics but only in minute amounts.
Urobilin is reabsorbed from the intestine by way of the portal vein and by way of the lymphatics.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE LYMPH AND BLOOD VESSELS OF THE RABBIT TRACHEA
Authors: SeegaL Beatrice Carrier , Seegal David 
Published: June 2004

1. Winternitz, Smith, and Robinson have offered as experimental evidence in support of the lymphatic path of infection in lobar pneumonia, a series of injection experiments of the rabbit's tracheal submucosa.
What these investigators supposed to be lymphatics are shown by us to be an unusual type of venous supply consisting of short, wide, and richly anastomosing vascular channels.
2. There is little homology between the structure and distribution of the lymph and blood vessels in the human and rabbit trachea.
3. Injections of pneumococci by the tracheal route to produce lobar pneumonia in the rabbit include an intravenous administration of these organisms when the mucosa is pierced or injured.
DIET AND TISSUE GROWTH
Authors: Smith Arthur H. , Moise T. S. 
Published: June 2004

The rate of compensatory enlargement of the remaining kidney after unilateral nephrectomy has been studied in adult rats fed diets containing various concentrations of protein.
A curve of enlargement on "standard" food (18 per cent casein) shows a rapid initial increase with subsequent slower rise to the 120th day. There is no significant difference between the value at 120 days (44 per cent) and that at 150 days (48 per cent).
A similar series with diets containing increasing concentrations of protein but with a constant time interval (21 days) after nephrectomy shows an increase in the degree of enlargement directly proportional to the protein content of the food. The values vary from 24 per cent with the 18 per cent casein ration to 77 per cent with the 90 per cent casein diet.
A third series shows the enlargement on "high protein" food (85 per cent casein). The values vary from 49 per cent at 3 days to 121 per cent at 150 days. There is no significant difference between the value at 120 days (123 per cent) and that at 150 days (121 per cent).
Determinations of total solids on the experimental kidneys show that the recorded enlargement involves mainly an actual tissue increase.
EFFECT OF AGE ON SERUM LIPOIDS AND PROTEINS
Authors: Baker Lillian E. , Carrel Alexis 
Published: June 2004

The increased inhibiting action of serum with age on the growth of fibroblasts has been shown to be due to changes in both the lipoids and the proteins.
Although the serum protein is less inhibiting than the serum lipoid, the rate at which their inhibiting action augments with age is approximately the same.
The change in the serum protein with age is due to the disappearance of a small quantity of growth-stimulating substance, and also to an increase in concentration of inhibiting protein. The concentration of all protein fractions becomes larger as age advances.
The greater inhibiting action of the lipoid is associated with a higher concentration of total lipoid and lecithin, and a smaller content of cholesterol as the animal grows older.
The hypothesis is suggested that the inhibiting action of the serum is associated with its antienzymatic action.
THE RELATION BETWEEN INVASION OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT BY PARATYPHOID BACILLI AND DISEASE
Authors: Smith Theobald , Tibbetts Helena A. M. 
Published: June 2004

Hog cholera bacilli fed to mice disappear from the stomach within 24 hours, but remain and perhaps multiply in the ileum for at least several weeks. They promptly penetrate the mucosa and may be found in the spleen. Bacilli introduced subcutaneously quickly pass into the intestinal tract where they may be found for some weeks. Infected mice may harbor bacilli in the spleen for several months.
Mice possess a relatively high degree of natural resistance towards hog cholera bacilli which gives way to large doses. Disease is probably the result of the invasion of the viscera from the digestive tract following feeding, but the relation between the dose fed and the numbers penetrating the mucosa is a variable one and the conditions favoring such invasion not determined. Contact with mice discharging bacilli failed to cause recognizable invasion of the digestive tract or the viscera.
EXPERIMENTAL BONE MARROW REACTIONS
Authors: Muller Gulli Lindh 
Published: June 2004

1. Intravenous injections in rabbits of F. Weber Co.'s Drawing Ink gave the following results:
(a) With large doses, an outpouring of nucleated red blood cells, in many instances reaching high values (60,000 to 70,000 per c.mm.), accompanied by a slight initial rise of erythrocytes and hemoglobin, followed by a moderate anemia and in one animal, a severe anemia.
(b) With smaller doses the presence of nucleated red cells in the peripheral blood was correspondingly less, the hemoglobin and erythrocytes increasing above the initial level. This increase was sustained for a considerable time, followed by a decrease to or below the initial level.
(c) Pregnancy caused a marked suppression, and, shortly before delivery, a complete suppression of the normoblastosis. Nucleated red blood cells reappeared in the blood after the litter was cast.
2. The filtrate of Weber's Drawing Ink, obtained through a Berkefeld filter W, produced the same effects, somewhat enhanced, as the whole ink.
3. The bone marrow of the animals injected with Weber's ink and the filtrate, both showed a marked erythrocytic hyperplasia, with many open sinuses lined with nucleated red blood cells in all stages of maturation.
4. As the dialysed ink gave practically the same results, and the dialysate proved to be without any effect, the conclusion was drawn that a non-dialysable protective colloid was responsible for the marked stimulation of the hematopoietic organs.
5. The delivery of nucleated erythrocytes was interpreted as due to growth pressure induced by rapidly growing red blood cells as well as intrasinusoidal formation of erythrocytes. Pressure due to rapidly increasing phagocytic cells must also be considered.
6. It is fair to conclude that carbon particles as such stimulate endothelial cells mainly toward clasmatocyte formation without incapacitating the endothelial cells, while colloidal silver apparently had a toxic and incapacitating effect on this system of cells.
THE EXCRETION OF NITROGEN AFTER UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G. 
Published: June 2004

After obstruction of the cardiac end of the stomach and after obstruction and release of the pylorus there is a marked increase in non-protein nitrogen excretion.
This increase is due to accelerated protein destruction, which may result from the great fluid loss, or to the action of some toxic body.
THE INFLUENCE OF LIGHT ON THE REACTION TO INFECTION IN EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise 
Published: June 2004

A series of experiments was carried out for the purpose of determining whether the reaction of rabbits inoculated with Treponema pallidum might be influenced by their light environment. The conditions compared were (1) diffuse sunlight filtered through window glass and subject to variations due to natural causes, (2) constant and continuous exposure to artificial light with a wave-length of from 3022 to 5790 Ångström units (Cooper Hewitt), and (3) complete exclusion of light.
The results showed clearly that each of these conditions produced a distinctive effect and that the effect tended to conform to the nature of the environmental condition. In general, the efficiency of the reaction to infection increased with the amount of light received and with the constancy of the exposure.
THE PRODUCTION OF PURPURA BY DERIVATIVES OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Julianelle Louis A. , Reimann Hobart A. 
Published: June 2004

1. The purpura-producing principle of Pneumococcus is non-antigenic in the sense that it does not stimulate the formation of antibodies.
2. White mice acquire an increased resistance to purpura as a result of repeated injections of toxic doses of the purpura substance.
3. The serum of rabbits immunized with the purified purpura principle, with "S" and "R" strains of Pneumococcus or with cell extracts, autolysates or the nucleoprotein fraction of the organism does not confer upon white mice protection against purpura.
4. The purpura principle does not exist preformed in the cell, but is rather an autolytic derivative; since it is formed only when pneumococci undergo autolysis, and it is not found when the autolytic ferments are inactivated.
5. The purpura substance is associated with the proteose fraction of active pneumococcus extracts.
THE EFFECT OF MULTIPLE EMBOLI OF THE CAPILLARIES AND ARTERIOLES OF ONE LUNG
Authors: Binger Carl A. L. , Boyd Douglas , Moore Richmond L. 
Published: June 2004

1. Injection of a suspension of potato starch cells into the left branch of the pulmonary artery, in quantity sufficient ordinarily to give rise to markedly accelerated respirations, resulted in no change in respiratory rate.
2. A method for injecting substances into the pulmonary artery or its branches without interfering with the blood flow to the lungs has been described.
3. Injection of similar material into one lung when the other is excluded from the circulation either by ligation or by temporary clamping does give rise to rapid and shallow breathing (from a rate of 10 to 15 per minute to one of 60 or over) identical in character to that brought about by introducing emboli into both lungs.
4. A method for clamping and releasing the pulmonary artery or its branches in a dog breathing normally with closed thorax has been devised. This is described in detail in another paper.
5. After rapid breathing has been initiated by the effect of emboli lodged in the arterioles and capillaries of the right lung, reestablishing the circulation in the other lung by releasing the clamp on its artery may or may not restore the respiratory rate to its original, normal level.
6. This discrepancy in results has not been correlated with any difference in oxygen saturation of the arterial blood, or in carbon dioxide tension or pH of its plasma.
7. It is, however, believed to be related to the gross and microscopic anatomy of the lung of which the artery has been temporarily clamped. Photomicrographs are published, showing in one dog (No. 3), in which the respiratory rate returned to normal, a normal histological picture of the left lung, and in another dog (No. 4), in which the rate remained rapid after release of the clamp, a picture characterized by congestion and dilatation of arterioles and capillaries.
8. The fact that accelerated respirations result from emboli in the pulmonary capillaries and arterioles only after a certain quantity of material has been introduced, and the fact that emboli in one lung do not occasion accelerated respirations unless the circulation through the other lung is occluded or abnormal, leads us to the conclusion that the phenomenon is not an irritative stimulus due to foreign bodies, but is in some manner related to (a) diminution of the pulmonary vascular bed, (b) resistance to the blood flow through the lungs or (c) congestion or dilatation of the arterioles and capillaries of the lungs.
OBSERVATIONS ON RESISTANCE TO THE FLOW OF BLOOD TO AND FROM THE LUNGS
Authors: Moore Richmond L. , Binger Carl A. L. 
Published: June 2004

1. Embolism of pulmonary arterioles and capillaries produced by the intravenous injection of starch grains results in a dilatation of the pulmonary artery and the right chambers of the heart. This has been demonstrated both by x-ray studies and direct inspection.
2. The dilatation of the pulmonary artery and heart occurs synchronously with the acceleration of respirations.
3. Dilatation of these structures produced by other means, such as obstruction to the flow of blood to and from the lungs, by gradually clamping either the pulmonary artery (cat and dog) or pulmonary veins (cat) does not, however, give rise to rapid and shallow breathing.
4. The effect of these maneuvers on respiration does not become apparent until respirations suddenly cease.
5. Neither does sudden restriction of the pulmonary vascular bed by clamping the left branch of the pulmonary artery give rise to rapid and shallow breathing, though this procedure may cause an increase in CO2 tension and in hydrogen ion concentration of the blood.
6. Since rapid and shallow breathing is not the result of (1) anoxemia, (2) increased pCO2 and hydrogen ion concentration of the serum, (3) restriction of pulmonary vascular bed by nearly half, (4) increase in resistance to the flow of blood to and from the lungs) (5) the presence of starch grains in the lungs acting as a local irritant, it must be the result of the secondary pathological changes which occur in the pulmonary parenchyma following embolism.
7. The nature of these changes, congestion and edema, has been discussed elsewhere. Whether they operate directly on nerve endings or through their influence on lung volume and tissue elasticity is not certain.
8. Various important clinical analogies have been emphasized.
EXPERIMENTAL BONE MARROW REACTIONS
Authors: Muller Gulli Lindh 
Published: June 2004

1. The effect produced by intravenous administration of gum shellac solution varied directly with the strength of the solution and the amount injected.
(a) Strong solutions were intensely toxic and fatal to all the animals injected. Toxicity was abolished by the presence of carbon particles in the solution.
(b) Medium strength solutions produced a marked normoblastosis followed by an erythroblastosis if injections were continued, accompanied either by an initial rise of red blood cells and hemoglobin followed by a decrease or an initial decline followed by an increase. The decrease of erythrocytes and hemoglobin did not amount to an actual anemia, and was usually concomitant with the greatest outpouring of nucleated red cells.
(c) Small doses elicited the same kind of response except that the normoblastosis was less marked, the decrease of red cells and hemoglobin minimal or absent, the increase of red blood cells and hemoglobin marked in most instances.
(d) Minimal doses elicited no appreciable reaction.
2. The bone marrow in animals killed after a course of injections showed intense erythrocytic hyperplasia. This disappeared after a variable length of time with a return of the bone marrow to apparently normal condition.
3. Toxic effects with non-fatal doses in form of hemorrhages were produced mainly in the bone marrow and occasionally in the kidney under the following conditions.
(a) After one injection in an animal with hyperplastic marrow (hemorrhages ih the bone marrow only).
(b) After the fourth and fifth dose when administered at long intervals (4 to 19 day intervals).
(c) After one injection given 40 days after several successive injections (one animal only).
4. Small and divided doses administered at long intervals produced no apparent ill effect.
5. Subcutaneous administrations did not elicit any marked systemic reactions. Locally there was induration and edema.
6. The conclusion was drawn that gum shellac solution stimulates markedly the production of erythrocytes in the bone marrow. The mechanism of stimulation is not clear, but it seems unlikely that it is due to destruction of red blood cells in the peripheral blood stream.