bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infant Crying Behavior and Colic an Interpretation in Evolutionary Perspective
Authors: Barr Ronald G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 15 December 1984, Le journal de Montreal reported that a 26-year-old anthropology student beat his 27-day-old infant daughter to death because he was unable to stop her persistent crying (Le journal 1984). This dramatic and tragic event is eloquent testimony to the power of crying to frustrate and antagonize parents and bring about maladaptive consequences for the child. While crying has been recognized increasingly as a proximate cause of child abuse and occasionally death (O’Neill, 1993; Singer & Rosenberg, 1992; Weston, 1968), the consequences are usually-and fortunately-less extreme. Nevertheless, early crying may signal considerable distress in both the infant and its caregivers. It is now well-documented that excessive crying is associated with clinically significant levels of maternal emotional stress (Miller et al., 1993). It is a major reason for weaning from breastmilk (and its health benefits) because mothers believe that crying indicates a hungry infant and an inadequate milk supply (Cable & Rothenberger, 1984; Cunningham et al., 1991; Forsyth et al., 1985a). It is also the most frequent complaint to physicians in the first 3 months after birth (Forsyth et al., 1985b).
Evolutionary Perspectives on the Onset of Puberty
Authors: Worthman Carol M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent human history has witnessed worldwide, ongoing transformations of child growth and development. These changes are best documented by increasing height by age in children and decreasing ages at menarche. Increased size and accelerated maturation have always characterized privileged social groups or classes relative to those less privileged, but commencing about 130 years ago in a few western European countries, a pattern of accelerating development has swept across entire populations (Tanner, 1978, p. 152). Similar, though often more precipitous, shifts continue today in populations around the world, in parallel with socioeconomic and public health changes that strongly alter living conditions. These secular trends to accelerated growth and maturation are amply documented and widely discussed as markers of well-being (Tanner, 1990; van Wierigen, 1986), but their implications for human health have scarcely been explored.
Evolutionary Perspectives on Chronic Degenerative Diseases
Authors: Gerber Linda M , Crews Douglas E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent decades, evolutionary perspectives on chronic diseases and aging have become a major aspect of theory formation in human population biology and biological anthropology (Eaton et al. 1988; Armelagos 1991; Crews 1993; Crews and Gerber 1994). Human biologists have long examined physical and health variation between races, types, and ethnic groups (Coon 1965; Marks 1994; Molnar 1994). Application of an evolutionary perspective to problems such as defining races, categorizing human variation, and identifying population affinities provided a basis for going beyond racial typologies, the search for “pure races,” and the use of external characteristics (skin color, hair texture, and color) to determine population relations. The molecular revolution has contributed to a greater understanding of how genetic variation is packaged and altered over generations and provides a new tool for understanding population affinities and disease patterns. These advances also have led to an improved understanding of the evolutionary and genetic basis of specific chronic degenerative diseases (CDD) and a general model for the etiology of particular types of CDD. For those interested in the health and well-being of humankind, a basic understanding of evolutionary pressures that have shaped human physiological responses to the environment is a necessity. It is useful to inform practitioners that different races, ethnic groups, or sexes may respond differently to the same lifestyle or pharmaceutical intervention. An evolutionary perspective also aids practitioners in counseling their various patients as to how behavioral and lifestyle factors may influence longevity and health. Last, an evolutionary perspective provides the basis for genetic counseling and explaining the basis of heritable disease to both patients and concerned families.
Tools and causality
Authors: Tomasello Michael , Call Josep 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before primates can ingest the food they have located, most of them need to do something further to obtain or process the food. For example, they must pick fruit or leaves off of tree limbs, dig roots out of the ground, uncover insects in a pile of dead leaves or under a dead tree, take the hard shell off nuts, or probe into a hole for honey. Primates have thus evolved a major morphological adaptation for use in their foraging activities: their hands. Some primate species have evolved specialized hands designed for specific foraging tasks (e.g., the tap-scanning and probing that aye-ayes accomplish with their elongated middle digit). Other primate species have evolved hands that support more general and flexible skills of object manipulation, including the use of tools to extract food from substrates (e.g., chimpanzees). On the whole, primates, especially simian primates, have evolved hands that can accomplish object manipulations impossible for any other order of animal (Passingham, 1981). Engaging in these object manipulations sometimes involves complex cognitive processes.
Features and categories
Authors: Tomasello Michael , Call Josep 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Underlying the ability to locate and manipulate objects is the ability to identify particular objects or particular types of objects. Much object identification is done by means of perceptual mechanisms that are highly similar throughout the order Primates, and probably throughout many other orders of mammal as well (see Fobes & King, 1982; Passingham, 1982; Prestrude, 1970; Riesen, 1970). These perceptual mechanisms are not our concern here. But animals also identify objects in some cases on the basis of conceptual categories that go beyond direct perception, and these are of obvious importance in any study of cognition. As all texts of cognitive psychology emphasize, organisms make sense of the virtually infinite amount of information available to their senses at any given moment by categorizing experiential items based on their similarities and differences, both perceptual and otherwise. We are concerned in this chapter, therefore, with research aimed at revealing processes of conceptual mediation and categorization in nonhuman primates. Because the detection of such processes requires comparing the responses of animals to a systematic array of stimuli, almost all the relevant research has been conducted in the laboratory.
Theories of Primate Physical cognition
Authors: Tomasello Michael , Call Josep 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theories of primate physical cognition may be classified into two broad groups depending on their aims. The first group of theories has to do with proximate mechanisms, that is, with how cognition is structured. This has been our major concern in the preceding four chapters, and all the data on how primates cognize the world in all the various behavioral domains are relevant to theories of proximate causation. The second group of theories has to do with ultimate causation, that is, with the ecological conditions that provided the adaptive context within which particular cognitive mechanisms might have evolved. Here the data are mostly lacking because we have no direct access to the behavior of our primate ancestors, and the fossil record is woefully incomplete (Martin, 1990). Nevertheless, there are interesting and testable hypotheses, and even some data, about the relation between particular ecological conditions and cognitive mechanisms as they may have arisen in primate evolution.
Genre Stories
Authors: Sternberg Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In genre stmks, the mode o, way of being in the ,elationship is key to the existence and maintenance of the relationship. Some Special ongoing feature of the relationship dominates other aspects of it. In a war story, an ongoing war and the many battles to which it gives rise dominate the relationship; the war is never won or lost, because for the relationship to survive as a war story, the war must be unending. In a theater story, one partner (or sometimes both partners) engage(s) in a role. The relationship is like theater. The role or roles may change, but the theatrical aspect never does. In a humor story, jokes, lightheartedness, and seeing the funny side of things predominate. Any attempt at a serious or even conflictual conversation is likely to be diverted by humor. In a mystery story, one of the partners seems continually to be shrouded in a cloak of mystery, and the relationship evolves as the other partner tries, never completely successfully, to penetrate the shroud. Usually, as soon as one shroud is penetrated, another quickly takes its place.
Melting the Earth
Authors: Sigurdsson Haraidur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From prehistoric times to the fiery destruction of Pompeii in 79 A.D. and the more recent pyrotechnics of Mt. St. Helens, volcanic eruptions have aroused fear, inspired myths and religious worship, and prompted heated philosophical and scientific debate. Melting the Earth chronicles humankind’s attempt to understand this terrifying phenomenon and provides a fascinating look at how our conception of volcanoes has changed as knowledge of the earth’s internal processes has deepened over the centuries. A practicing volcanologist and native of Iceland, where volcanoes are frequently active, Haraldur Sigurdsson considers how philosophers and scientists have attempted to answer the question: Why do volcanoes erupt? He takes us through the ideas of the ancient Greeks—who proposed that volcanoes resulted from the venting of subterranean winds—and the internal combustion theories of Roman times, and notes how thinking about volcanoes took a backward, symbolic turn with the rise of Christian conceptions of Hell, a direction that would not be reversed until the Renaissance. He chronicles the 18th-century conflict between the Neptunists, who believed that volcanic rocks originated from oceanic accretions, and the Plutonists, who argued for the existence of a molten planetary core, and traces how volcanology moved from “divine science” and “armchair geology” to empirical field study with the rise of 19th-century naturalism. Finally, Sigurdsson describes how 19th and 20th-century research in thermodynamics, petrology, geochemistry and plate tectonics contribute to the current understanding of volcanic activity. Drawing liberally from classical sources and firsthand accounts, this chronicle is not only a colorful history of volcanology, but an engrossing chapter in the development of scientific thought.
United States Demographics
Authors: George Campbell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1876, Edward A. Souchet received his Ph.D. in physics from Yale University. Just two years earlier he had graduated Summa Cum Laude and Phi Beta Kappa, also from Yale, with a bachelor’s degree in physics. Trained as an experimentalist, the young physicist’s research interests were in the propagation and transmission of electromagnetic radiation. Bouchefs remarkable academic achievements, extraordinary training and early scientific contributions while still a student suggested a promising future in physics. Except for one thing. Edward Souchet was black, and the door to the scientific research community in America was not yet open to African Americans.
A Practitioner’s Perspective
Authors: Rodriguez Carlos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the world of educational research, it is a constant challenge to balance the triangulated scale of practice, policy, and research. The work and substance of con temporary education usually cannot be deconstructed or segmented easily among these three components. Within practice, policy, and research symbiotic relationships and couplings exist. Ideally we would wish that these relationships and couplings would be readily explicit and discernible so that they could inform each other in a spiraling, evolutionary manner: information building policy leading to informed policy building practice leading to effective practice fueling the questions for more insightful information, and so on. However, in the real world we often find ourselves struggling with decoupled and decontextualized information. V•/e often ask hig questions and then throw a lot of information at the questions, hoping some of it will stick.
Early Childhood Science Progran1s
Authors: George Yolanda s. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Science and technology centers, children’s museums, nonprofit you the groups, sciencebased associations, public television and radio groups, and corporations have all developed a host of preschool/early childhood science programs aimed at children and their families and teachers. Common features of these programs include: development of ‘“science-friendly” materials and programs for teachers and parents of preschool and elementary-age children. Many teachers and parents do not have strong backgrounds in science.
Explaining the Unrealized Aspirations of Racial and Ethnic Minorities
Authors: Schneider Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding the factors affecting career choices requires examining both individual and situational conditions. (For a further explanation of th is perspective, see the chapter by Ginorio and Grignon in this volume). Occupational choice is an evolving process influenced by individual factors such as gender, race and ethnicity, cognitive abilities, and the socializing contexts of family, peer groups, school, and community, all of which can change over time (Schneider 1994). Too often scholars have overlooked or underestiated the potential impact that socializing contexts can have on determining the attitudes and motivations of young people, which eventuate in future life choices.
Diffusion Theory and Measurements
Authors: McDougall Ian , Harrison T Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although diffusion is arguably the simplest of all natural transport mechanisms in principle, our understanding of the details of this phenomenon in most cases is only approximate, and in the instances in which experiment and theory have resolved the atomistic behavior in pure crystals, the descriptions are generally complex. In spite of the unlikelihood of fully understanding the mechanisms of diffusion in the natural silicate structures of interest to geologists, a simple phenomenological appreciation of this process provides us with a powerful tool with which to address a variety of petrological and geochemical problems.
The Fight Over Metaphor in Thought and Language
Authors: Gibbs Raymond W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The scholarly study of figurative thought and language has exploded in recent years. It seems impossible to study how people think, act, speak, and interact without having to address some aspect of figurative thought and language. When I was busy working on my book The Poetics of Mind in the late 1980s and early 1990s, I used to conduct an experiment with myself in which I would go to my university’s main library (primarily for the humanities and social sciences) and visit the current periodical room. I would randomly choose a shelf, close my eyes, and pick up a journal. My hypothesis was that at least 50% of the time the journal selected would contain an article that related to some aspect of figurative language. Not surprisingly, to me anyway, after several years of doing this, I found that my hypothesis was quite close to being true.
Counterpoint Commentary
Authors: Katz Albert N , Turner Mark , Gibbs Raymond W , Cacciari Cristina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although intellectual discussion of nonliteral language has a history that can be traced to the ancient Greek philosophers, systematic and continuing experimental study of metaphor and other forms of nonliteral language started only about 20 years ago. And for most of that period, nonliteral language often was treated as an intellectual orphan, with a home neither in mainline cognitive science nor as a topic in the study of ordinary language. Today, the study of nonliteral language plays an important role in both fields. The important review article by Ortony, Reynolds, and Arter (1978), a succession of books in psychology (especially those edited by Ortony [1979] and by Honeck and Hoffman [1980]), and the establishment, in 1986, of the journal Metaphor and Symbolic Activity (now called Metaphor and Symbol) all combined to bring the study of metaphor, idioms, indirect requests, irony, and other tropes into experimental psychology. The success of this enterprise is well-documented in Ray Gibbs’s book, The Poetics of Mind (1994). At about the same time that the initial stirrings were being felt in experimental psychology, linguistic and literary considerations of metaphor were also having their impact on cognitive science, being led by Reddy’s chapter in the Ortony volume; the seminal work Metaphors we Live By written by Lakoff and Johnson (1980); the extension to poetic writing by Mark Turner (1987), Death is the Mother of Beauty; and the development of an active web site for “blending and conceptual integration” .
Naturalism and the Sanctity of Life
Authors: Baron Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Societies all try to maintain some kind of moral code or set of principles. One common way for people to convince each other of the importance of the code is to encourage the belief that the code is not a mere human invention but that it comes from outside, from nature in the broad sense that: includes everything other than humanity. This belief in naturalism makes the code less subject to questioning. But codes invented by people can be questioned by people, and such questioning is the common fate of nonreligious moral ideas—specifically, the work of moral philosophers. This idea of naturalism was common in ancient Greece, particularly among the Stoic philosophers such as Zeno. Aristotle adopted it as an essential part of his ethical theory. Largely through Aristotle, the idea of a natural moral law was developed by Catholic writers such as St. Augustine and St. Thomas Aquinas. It was taken seriously by writers of the Enlightenment, such as Hugo Grotius and Thomas Hobbes, and it continues up to modem times as a major philosophical tradition, outside of religion as well as within in. My concern here is with our everyday intuitions, not with philosophical criticism. However, the writings of popes and bishops are still relevant because they are written for public consumption, not for philosophers.
Inertial Growth: Population Dynamics Based on Maternal Effects
Authors: Ginzburg Lev R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Maternal effects can be defined as the cross generational transmission of individual quality such that the offspring survival, growth, and fecundity are affected by the properties of the environment in which the parents lived. Individual quality may have an uneven distribution in a population, but only the transmission of the average population quality will be discussed here since this chapter examines its influence on population dynamics. Recent reviews have shown the ecological and evolutionary importance of maternal effects in insects (Mousseau and Dingle 1991), plants (Roach and Wulf 1987), and mammals (Bernardo 1996, and references therein). Maternal effects induce a time lag in the reaction of populations to environmental changes. An environmental change may cause, for instance, a decrease in abundance. This would create better conditions for the average mother since there are less of them. Maternal quality passed to daughters (maternal effect) would therefore influence the rate of reproduction in the daughter’s generation. This time lag of exactly one generation creates the need to reflect the delayed effect of the previous generation’s environment on the current generation (Rossiter 1996). An approach to accounting for this effect is to introduce the concept of inertia into the population dynamics models. The inertial view of population dynamics based on maternal effects and its application to cycling populations is the subject of this chapter.
Oviposition Decisions as Maternal Effects: Conundrums and Opportunities for Conservation Biologists
Authors: Roitberg Bernard D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Maternal effects are ubiquitous. From maternally detennined production of winged morphs in aphids (MacKay and Wellington 1977) to lactation dependent growth rates in mammals (Young and Legates 1965), maternal effects have been demonstrated across a wide variety of taxa. Such effects are now widely accepted as important components of the phenotype (Mousseau and Dingle 1991). Less well understood, however, is the importance of maternal effects on evolutionary (e.g., Via et al. 1995) and population dynamics, in particular the latter.
Maternal Influences On Larval Competition In Insects
Authors: Messina Frank J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Maternal effects can occur whenever variation among maternal phenotypes provides an additional (usually nongenetic) source of variation among offspring phenotypes (Mousseau and Dingle 1991). For many insects, an important maternal character is the choice of an oviposition site. If juvenile stages are fairly sedentary, a female’s egg-laying preferences can largely or completely determine the quality of her offspring’s environment, sometimes for the duration of its development. Oviposition choices influence a larva’s food quality and its susceptibility to natural enemies or abiotic stresses, as well as its probability of experiencing intra or interspecific competition (Mitchell 1983; Thompson 1983). Here I consider maternal influences on the degree of competition among offspring in insects. I describe genetic and nongenetic sources of variation in egg-laying behavior and discuss how genetic variation in oviposition behavior can persist in populations despite its apparent link to fitness.
B
Authors: Sacks David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bacchylides Greek lyric poet from the island of Ceos, circa 520-450 B.C. His work survives mainly in the form of 20 choral poems-14 victory odes and six dithyrambs-discovered in an Egyptian papyrus in A.D. 1896. He is known to have written many other verses for choruses, including hymns that survive in a few fragments. Despite his Jack of genius, Bacchylides showed genuine artistic virtues, including clarity of expression and a talent for narrative.
G
Authors: Sacks David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gaea Greek earth goddess. Unlike the grain goddess DEMETER, Gaea (Greek: Gaia) was not a central deity of the Greek RELIGION. Rather she was a personification of the element of land (as opposed to sky or sea). Her name reflects the Greek common noun for “land,” gi! or gii. Gaea had a cult at several locales, particularly in Greek SICILY.
H
Authors: Sacks David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hades In MYTH, the god of the Underworld, and brother of ZEUS and POSEIDON. The name Hades (“the unseen”) properly refers to the god and not his kingdom. Unlike the Judeo-Christian Satan, Hades is not evil; as king of the dead, he rules a domain in nature that complements the happier realm of his brother Zeus. Hades is, however, rather colorless. He has no MYTH, except for his abduction of PERSEPHONE. By Zeus’ decree, she lives with Hades as his queen for four months of every year.