bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Update on treatments of diabetic macular edema
Authors: YANG Xiao-lu , LIU Kun , XU Xun 
Published: January 2024

ObjectiveTo review the update research progress about the treatment of diabetic macular edema and to give helpful guidelines in the treatment of diabetic macular edema based on available evidence to date.Data sourcesA literature search of all English articles was performed on the online electronic PubMed database dated 1984 to 2009. The keywords searched included: macular edema, therapy, laser coagulation, intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide, vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitor, protein kinase C inhibitor and Pars plana vitrectomy. After finding relevant articles within these search limits, a manual search was conducted through the references from these articles.Study selectionOriginal articles and critical reviews were reviewed and selected to address the stated purpose.ResultsTo date, demonstrated means to reduce the risk of vision loss from diabetic macular edema include focal/grid laser photocoagulation and improved metabolic control. Emerging pharmacologic therapies (intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide, vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors and protein kinase C beta-isoform inhibitors) and Pars plana vitrectomy have shown early promise in the treatment of diabetic macular edema.ConclusionsAs there has been extensive development in multiple treatments of diabetic macular edema, choice of the most suitable treatment for specific patients becomes important. Combination therapy of laser, pharmacological and surgical treatment modalities may offer an alternative to treatment of diabetic macular edema.
Changes in biochemical parameters on the first day after kidney transplantation: risk factors for nosocomial infection?
Authors: YANG Yi , REN Liang , ZHANG Yong , LIU Hang , CAO Bin , ZHANG Xiao-dong 
Published: January 2024

Background
Nosocomial infection in early post-transplantation period is a tough problem for kidney transplantation. Few reports have explored the relations between biochemical parameters and nosocomial infection in kidney transplantation. This retrospective study was carried out to describe the characteristics of nosocomial infection in the very early period of kidney transplantation and to determine the risk factors in biochemical parameters and their alterations. Methods Patients who underwent their first kidney transplantation from January 2001 to March 2009 in Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital were recruited and the nosocomial infectious episodes were collected for this study. Gender, age, donor type, delayed graft function (DGF) and biochemical parameters such as serum uric acid, lipids files and albumin on day 0 (before transplantation) and day 1 (24 hours after transplantation) and their changes were analyzed with Logistic regression models for nosocomial infection.

Results
A total of 405 patients (315 men and 90 women) were involved in this study. There were 80 patients experiencing 113 infection episodes and 105 strains of microorganism were indentified. In univariate analysis, there were significant differences in DGF, albumin on day 0, lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) on day 1, change in low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C, day 1-day 0) and change in uric acid (day 1-day 0) between nosocomial infection patients and noninfectious patients (P <0.05). In multivariate analysis, change in uric acid (day 1-day 0) (OR 5.139, 95% CI 1.176-22.465, P <0.05), change in LDL-C (day 1-day 0) (OR 4.179, 95% CI 1.375-12.703, P <0.05) and DGF (OR 14.409, 95% CI1.603-129.522, P <0.05) were identified as independent risk factors for nosocomial infection in kidney transplantation.

Conclusions
Most nosocomial infections in early postoperative period of kidney transplantation are bacterial, especially with Gram-negative bacteria. The most common infection sites are respiratory tract, urinary tract and surgical site. DGF, decrease of LDL-C and increase of uric acid could increase the risk for nosocomial infections.
Increased hsp70 of glucocorticoid receptor complex induced by scald and heat stress and its possible effect on the affinity of glucocorticoid receptor
Authors: WANG Xiao-hui , TANG Hong-tai , LU Jian , XIA Zhao-fan 
Published: January 2024

Background
Glucocorticoid (GC) insensitivity/GC resistance is an important etiological and prognostic factor in multiple diseases and pathophysiological processes such as scald, shock and asthma. The function of GC was mediated by glucocorticoid receptor (GR). Scald not only decreased the expression of GR but also reduced the affinity of GR, which played an important role in GC resistance in scalded rats. Whereas the molecular mechanism responsible for the decrease of GR affinity resulted from scald remains unclear. Recent studies showed that the changes of heat shock proteins (hsp) especially hsp90 and hsp70 of GR heterocomplex were associated with GR low affinity in vitro.

Methods
The affinity of GR in hepatic cytosols and in the cytosols of SMMC-7721 cells were determined by radioligand binding assay and scatchard plot. GR heterocomplex in cytosols were captured by coimmunoprecipation and the levels of hsp90 and hsp70 of GR complex were detected by quantitative Western blotting.

Results
Similar with that of hepatic cytosol of scalded rats, a remarkable decrease of GR affinity was also found in the cytosol of heat stressed SMMC-7721 cells. The level of hsp70 of GR complex in hepatic cytosol of scalded rats (30% total body surface area immersion scald) and in cytosol of heat stressed human hepatocarcinoma cell line SMMC-7721 were both increased by 1.5 fold, whereas no change of hsp90 in GR heterocomplex was found. According to the correlation analysis, there may be a positive relationship between increased hsp70 of GR complex and decreased GR affinity in the cytosols.

Conclusions
The primary results indicated that the level of hsp70 of GR heterocomplex was increased in the hepatic cytosol of scalded rats and the cytosol of heat stressed SMMC-7721 cells. The increase of hsp70 of GR complex might be associated with the decrease of GR affinity.

Chin Med J 2010;123(13):1780–1785
Diagnostic efficiency and complication rate of CT-guided lung biopsy: a single center experience of the procedures conducted over a 10-year period
Authors: YUAN Dong-mei , LÜ Yan-ling , YAO Yan-wen , LIU Hong-bing , WANG Qian , XIAO Xin-wu , CAO E-hong , SHI Yi , ZHOU Xiao-jun , SONG Yong 
Published: January 2024

Background
Computed tomography (CT)-guided transthoracic lung biopsy is a well-established technique for the diagnosis of pulmonary lesions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency and complication rate of CT-guided lung biopsy in a Chinese population.

Methods
CT-guided cutting needle lung biopsies were performed in our institution on 1014 patients between January 2000 and October 2010. A chest radiograph was taken after the biopsy. Data about basic patient information, final diagnosis, and complications secondary to biopsy procedure (pneumothorax and bleeding) were extracted.

Results
The diagnostic efficiency of CT-guided lung biopsy was 94.8%; only 53 patients did not get a final diagnosis from lung biopsy. Final diagnoses found 639 malignant lesions (63.0%) and 322 benign lesions (31.8%). Pneumothorax occurred in 131 patients and 15 required insertion of an intercostal drain. Small hemoptysis occurred in 41 patients and mild parenchymal hemorrhage occurred in 16 patients. The overall complication rate was 18.5%.

Conclusions
CT-guided cutting needle biopsy of pulmonary lesions is a relatively safe technique with a high diagnostic accuracy. It can be safely performed in clinical trials.
Up-regulation of Ras/Raf/ERK1/2 signaling in the spinal cord impairs neural cell migration, neurogenesis, synapse formation, and dendritic spine development
Authors: CAO Fu-jiang , ZHANG Xu , LIU Tao , LI Xia-wen , Malik Mazar , FENG Shi-qing 
Published: January 2024

Background
The Ras/Raf/ERK1/2 signaling pathway controls many cellular responses such as cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, and death. In the nervous system, emerging evidence also points to a death-promoting role for ERK1/2 in both in vitro and in vivo models of neuronal death. To further investigate how Ras/Raf/ERK1/2 up-regulation may lead to the development of spinal cord injury, we developed a cellular model of Raf/ERK up-regulation by overexpressing c-Raf in cultured spinal cord neurons (SCNs) and dorsal root ganglions (DRGs).

Methods
DRGs and SCNs were prepared from C57BL/6J mouse pups. DRGs or SCNs were infected with Ad-Raf-1 or Ad-Null adenovirus alone. Cell adhesion assay and cell migration assay were investigated, DiI labeling was employed to examine the effect of the up-regulation of Ras/Raf/ERK1/2 signaling on the dendritic formation of spinal neurons. We used the TO-PRO-3 staining to examine the apoptotic effect of c-Raf on DRGs or SCNs. The effect on the synapse formation of neurons was measured by using immunofluorescence.

Results
We found that Raf/ERK up-regulation stimulates the migration of both SCNs and DRGs, and impairs the formation of excitatory synapses in SCNs. In addition, we found that Raf/ERK up-regulation inhibits the development of mature dendritic spines in SCNs. Investigating the possible mechanisms through which Raf/ERK up-regulation affects the excitatory synapse formation and dendritic spine development, we discovered that Raf/ERK up-regulation suppresses the development and maturation of SCNs.

Conclusion
The up-regulation of the Raf/ERK signaling pathway may contribute to the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury through both its impairment of the SCN development and causing neural circuit imbalances.
Single incision laparoscopic right hemicolectomy: different approaches
Authors: WONG Tak-man , DAY Weida , KWOK Shu-yan , LAU Ying-yu Patrick , YIP Wai-chun Andrew 
Published: January 2024

Background
Single incision laparoscopic colectomy has been performed in recent years, and has been shown to be feasible and safe. This study was to assess the feasibility of single incision laparoscopic right hemicolectomy and to compare the differences in different approaches.

Methods
This retrospective study included eighteen patients with carcinoma of caecum and ascending colon, undergoing single incision laparoscopic right hemicolectomy. This study also compared single incision laparoscopic right hemicolectomy using different approaches: (1) single incision multiport, (2) single access port and (3) glove port.

Results
There was no statistical difference in surgical outcomes. Concerning the surgeon's satisfaction toward three methods, overcrowding and durability were similar but the single incision multiport was associated with the highest gas-leak and the “glove” port was associated with poor durability. However, the method of single incision multiport has the lowest average cost of the special trocar or port in each operation. The operative time and blood loss of the operations in this study were comparable to previous publications.

Conclusion
There was no significant difference between different approaches of single incision laparoscopic right hemicolectomy for colonic cancer in right side colon.
Varied response of the pulmonary arterial endothelium in a novel rat model of venous thromboembolism
Authors: JI Ying-qun , FENG Min , ZHANG Zhong-he , LU Wei-xuan , WANG Chen 
Published: January 2024

Background
The experimental studies of venous thromboembolism (VTE) as an entity and the response of the pulmonary arterial endothelium after VTE are still rare. The objective of this study was to observe changes in the pulmonary arterial endothelium using a novel rat model of VTE.

Methods
Rats were allocated to the VTE (n=54) or control groups (n=9). The left femoral vein was blocked using a microvessel clip to form deep vein thrombosis (DVT). One, four or seven-day-old thrombi were injected into the right femoral vein to induce DVT-pulmonary thromboembolism (DVT-PTE). The rats were sacrificed 1, 4 or 7 days later (Dn (1,4,7) Pn(1,4,7) subgroups (n=6)), and the lungs were examined using light and electron microscopy.

Results
On gross dissection, the rate of DVT formation was higher on day 1 (D1Pn: 100%, 18/18) than day 4 (D4Pn: 83%, 15/18; χ2=5.900, P=0.015) or day 7 (D7Pn: 44%, 8/18; χ2=13.846, P=0.000). On gross dissection, the positive emboli residue rate in the pulmonary arteries was lower in the D1Pn subgroup (39%, 7/18) than the D4Pn (73%, 11/15; χ2=3.915, P=0.048) and D7Pn subgroups (100%, 8/8; χ2=8.474, P=0.004); however, light microscopy indicated the residual emboli rate was similar in all subgroups. Hyperplasia of the pulmonary arterial endothelium was observed 4 and 7 days after the injection of one-day-old or four-day-old thrombi. However, regions without pulmonary arterial endothelial cells and intra-elastic layers were observed one day after injection of seven-day-old thrombi.

Conclusions
This novel model closely simulates the clinical situations of thrombus formation and is ideal to study pulmonary endothelial cell activation. The outcome of emboli and pulmonary arterial endothelial alterations are related to the age and nature of the thrombi.
Inhibition of Notch1 increases paclitaxel sensitivity to human breast cancer
Authors: Li Zhao , Yongjie Ma , Feng Gu , Li Fu 
Published: January 2024

Background
Paclitaxel (PAC) is the first-line chemotherapy drug for most breast cancer patients, but clinical studies showed that some breast cancer patients were insensitive to PAC, which led to chemotherapy failure. It was reported that Notch1 signaling participated in drug resistance of breast cancer. Here, we show whether Notch1 expression is related to PAC sensitivity of breast cancer.

Methods
We employed Notch1 siRNA and Notch1 inhibitor, N-[N-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)-1-alanyl]-S-phenylglycine t-butylester (DAPT), to down regulate Notch1 expression in human breast cancer cells MDA-MB-231, and detected the inhibition effect by Western blotting and reverse trans cription-polymerase chain reaction, respectively. After 24 hours exposure to different concentration of PAC (0, 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 μg/ml), the viability of the control group and experimental group cells was tested by MTT. We also examined the expression of Notch1 in PAC sensitive and nonsensitive breast cancer patients, respectively by immunohistochemistry (IHC). The PAC sensitivity of breast cancer patients were identified by collagen gel droplet embedded culture-drug sensitivity test (CD-DST).

Results
Down regulation of Notch1 expression by Notch1siRNA interference or Notch1 inhibitor increased the PAC sensitivity in MDA-MB-231 cells (P<0.05). Also, the expression of Notch1 in PAC sensitive patients was much lower than that of PAC non-sensitive patients (P<0.01).

Conclusion
Notch1 expression has an effect on PAC sensitivity in breast cancer patients, and the inhibition of Notch1 increases paclitaxel sensitivity to human breast cancer.
Benefits of intra-operative systemic chemotherapy during curative surgery in patients with locally advanced gastric cancer
Authors: MENG Qing-bin , YU Jian-chun , MA Zhi-qiang , KANG Wei-ming , ZHOU Li , YE Xin 
Published: January 2024

Background
There is little information on the impact of intra-operative systemic chemotherapy on gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to identify prognostic factors in patients with locally advanced gastric cancer and undergoing curative resection, with a focus on evaluating survival benefits and tolerance of intra-operative systemic chemotherapy.

Methods
We retrospectively analyzed clinicopathological data for 264 consecutive patients who underwent curative resection for gastric cancer at Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 2002 to January 2007. Survival curves were plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using log-rank tests. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed with the Cox proportional hazard model.

Results
Patients who received intra-operative systemic chemotherapy had higher 5-year overall survival and 5-year disease-free survival rates (P=0.019 and 0.010, respectively) than patients who did not receive intra-operative systemic chemotherapy. In the subgroup analysis, systemic intra-operative chemotherapy benefited the 5-year overall survival and disease-free survival rates for patients with cancer of stage pTNM IB-IIIB, but not stage pTNM IIIC. Patients who received intra-operative systemic chemotherapy in combination with post-operative chemotherapy had higher 5-year overall survival and 5-year disease-free survival rates (P=0.046 and 0.021, respectively) than patients who only received postoperative chemotherapy. However, the difference in these rates between patients who received only intra-operative systemic chemotherapy and patients who only received curative surgery was not statistically significant (P=0.150 and 0.170, respectively). Multivariate analyses showed that intra-operative systemic chemotherapy was a favorable prognostic factor for the overall survival and disease-free survival rates (P =0.048 and 0.023, respectively). No grade 4 toxicities related to intra-operative systemic chemotherapy were recorded within the 4 weeks after surgery.

Conclusion
Intra-operative systemic chemotherapy during curative surgery may benefit patients with stage pTNM IB-IIIB gastric cancer in terms of both overall survival and disease-free survival.
In vitro study of safety and co-efficiency of the transbronchial coagulation techniques
Authors: BAI Chong , DONG Yu-chao , SONG Xiao-lian , HUANG Yi , SHI Hui , HU Zhen-li , LI Qiang 
Published: January 2024

Background
The usual transbronchial coagulation techniques include microwave, argon plasma coagulation (APC), electrocautery and cryotherapy. However, there are serious clinical problems in the safety of each. By analyzing the experimental data and clinical observations, we observed the variable effects of different coagulation techniques via bronchofibroscopy, to look for an optimal interventional management of luminal bronchus diseases, and evaluate the safety and the equivalent point.

Methods
Four kinds of coagulation techniques under bronchoscopy were performed on the fresh bronchus of healthy sheep, and the pathologic changes in all groups were observed under the microscope. The different treatment parameters were as follows: microwave 60 W×1 second, 3 seconds, 5 seconds and 40 W×1 second, 3 seconds, 5 seconds; APC 40 W×1 second, 3 seconds, 5 seconds; electrocautery 40 W×1 second, 3 seconds, 5 seconds; cryotherapy 100 Ω×60 seconds, 120 seconds.

Results
After treatment, ovine bronchial mucosa in all groups showed pathologic changes such as local necrosis and amotio of the mucosa lining epithelium, local submucosa coagulative necrosis or tissue defects, while inflammation in the surrounding tissue was not obvious. Under the same output power and action time, different methods had different outcomes. The damage by APC was the most superficial, microwave was the second, and electrocautery caused the worst damage. The study also found that effects of electrocautery at 40 W×3 seconds, microwave at 40 W×5 seconds or 60 W×3 seconds, APC at 40 W×5 seconds and cryotherapy at 100 Ω×120 seconds were the equivalent point conditions. The appearance included mucosa absence, partial submucosa absence, and collagen fiber coagulation in treatment areas.

Conclusions
Each coagulation technique has its own characteristic. It is very important to choose the appropriate power and action time of the suitable method according to the therapy requirement.
Etiological and clinical analysis of osteonecrosis of the femoral head in Chinese patients
Authors: WANG Xing-shan , ZHUANG Qian-yu , WENG Xi-sheng , LIN Jin , JIN Jin , QIAN Wen-wei 
Published: January 2024

Background
Many potential causative factors are related to the initiation and progression of osteonecrosis of the femoral head. The aim of this research was to investigate the etiology and clinical features of osteonecrosis of the femoral head in Chinese patients.

Methods
From January 1990 to July 2011, 643 cases of osteonecrosis of the femoral head were investigated retrospectively to analyze the potential causative factors, age, gender, latency period, time from the onset of pain to diagnosis, and Association Research Circulation Osseous stage.

Results
Of 643 cases, 315 cases were bilateral and 328 cases were unilateral, with an average age of (47.55±15.27) years. In the steroid-induced group, the average age at symptom onset was (41.80±15.47) years, and the median duration from taking steroid to the onset of pain was 36 months. The underlying diseases in the steroid-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head group consisted of autoimmune and other diseases, of which systemic lupus erythematosus was the most common. In the alcohol-induced group, the average age at onset of symptoms was (48.06±11.90) years and the median time of habitual alcohol use was 240 months. In the traumatic group, the average age was (51.43±14.23) years and the median time from trauma to the onset of pain was 20 months. In the idiopathic group, the average age was (50.33±15.88) years. Of the total of 958 hips, 647 were at stage III or IV. The stage at diagnosis was earlier in the steroid-induced group than in the alcohol-induced, traumatic, or idiopathic groups.

Conclusions
Steroid use is the most common cause for osteonecrosis of the femoral head in this study. The age at diagnosis, time from the onset of pain to diagnosis, and stage were significantly earlier in the steroid-induced group.
Wnt3a enhances bone morphogenetic protein 9-induced osteogenic differentiation of C3H10T1/2 cells
Authors: ZHANG Xiao , LIN Liang-bo , XU Dao-jing , CHEN Rong-fu , TAN Ji-xiang , LIANG Xi , HU Ning , HUANG Wei 
Published: January 2024

Background
Bone morphogenetic protein 9 (BMP9) and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways are able to induce osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), but the role of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation is not well understood. Thus, our experiment was undertaken to investigate the interaction between BMP9 and Wnt/β-catenin pathway in inducing osteogenic differentiation of MSCs.

Methods
C3H10T1/2 cells were infected with recombinant adenovirus expressing BMP9, Wnt3a, and BMP9+Wnt3a. ALP, the early osteogenic marker, was detected by quantitative and staining assay. Later osteogenic marker, mineral calcium deposition, was determined by Alizarin Red S staining. The expression of osteopotin (OPN), osteocalcin (OC), and Runx2 was analyzed by Real time PCR and Western blotting. In vivo animal experiment was carried out to further confirm the role of Wnt3a in ectopic bone formation induced by BMP9.

Results
The results showed that Wnt3a enhanced the ALP activity induced by BMP9 and increased the expressions of OC and OPN, with increase of mineral calcium deposition in vitro and ectopic bone formation in vivo. Furthermore, we also found that Wnt3a increased the level of Runx2, an important nuclear transcription factor of BMP9.

Conclusion
Canonical Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway may play an important role in BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, and Runx2 may be a linkage between the two signal pathways.