bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nesting biology
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The archetypical heron strategy may be characterized as serially monogamous colonial breeding. Reproduction barring mishap, occurs once per year at a time of mild weather and seasonally abundant food supplies usually determined by annual temperature and rainfall cycles. Special breeding plumes and seasonal skin coloration, some of which persist longer into the nesting season, are characteristic. The male heron typically selects a nesting territory, which he defends and from which he advertises using calls and displays.
Intermediate Egret Ardea intermedia
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The specific courtship behaviour of the Eastern Great Egret has not been studied in sufficient detail. Given the importance being placed in its own species, partially due to the existence of an Aerial Stretch display and breeding leg coloration, there is a need to better document courtship behaviour, nesting behaviour, colour changes, and vocalizations of modesta. Banding studies are needed to further decipher the range of the species, its migration patterns, and important non-breeding areas.
Goliath Heron Ardea goliath
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Its head is red chestnut, with an elongated, bushy crest. The bill is very large and thick, black above and pale horn below. The irises are yellow rimmed in red, and the lores are green-yellow.The sides of the face and neck and back of the neck are a pale chestnut.The chin and throat are white, with black streaks extending down the neck onto the upper breast. Its back and upper wings are slate grey, with a chestnut ‘shoulder’ patch at the bend of the closed wing. Lanceolate plumes on the mantle and back are slate grey.
Slaty Egret Egretta vinaceigula
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
whatever it encounters from molluscs to floating dead material. It is unusual among typical herons having young that look so different from the adults. It is possible that young also use different social and feeding strategies. When non-breeding, birds move distances to access appropriate feeding sites or avoid drought. Although a species of restricted range, it appears to be a successful one.
Whistling Heron Syrigma sibilatrix
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Eastern Reef-Heron is a sporadic asynchronous breeder over most of its range.At the north and south it its range, it nests primarily in the spring, May–July in India and Malaysia and September–December in New Zealand. Its nesting season is year-round in Australia and probably also on various Pacific Islands. It nests on islands, rocks, and coral cays near feeding sites. It uses sheltered sites for nests, on the ground, among rocks, within low vegetation, in small trees, or bushes.
White-backed Night-Heron Nycticorax leuconotus
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
biology, courtship behaviour, feeding behaviour, and food choice under differing conditions need to be better determined. It should not be assumed a priori that these will be the same as the Black-crowned Night-Heron. Rather it might be hypothesized that such a flexible and nomadic species requires individual and populational responses that differ from those of the Black- crowned Night-Heron. It is intriguing that despite several invasive attempts, the species has not prospered where it overlaps with the Black-Crowned Night-Heron.
White-eared Night-Heron Gorsachius magnificus
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Other names: Magnificent Night-Heron in English; Martinete Magnifico in Spanish; Bihoreau superbe in French; Hainanreiher in German; Hainan yan in Chinese. Nycticorax magnifica Ogilvie-Grant, 1899. Ibis, p. 586: Five Finger Mountain, Hainan. The White-eared Night-Heron is a medium brown heron with a brown-streaked breast and a white patch on the side of the head. ADULT: The adult male has a black crown with a brown-black crest.The rest of the head is distinctly patterned in white and brown patches.
Malayan Night-Heron Gorsachius melanolophus
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
conservation. They have been found for sale in Tai- wan in the 1970s and Gorsachius herons have been confiscated in trade in the 1980s. Introduced predators have led to its decline on islands. A species action plan covering both breeding and non-breeding areas is desperately needed for the species. Research is difficult given the secretive nature and tenuous status of the species. None the less, much could be learned from observational study.
North American Bittern Botaurus lentiginosus
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
little is known about the nesting biology of the species. Nothing is known about population biology or demography. The status and actual dispersion of the South American Bittern are very poorly known. It is widespread over a large range so there is no evidence that it is threatened. Because it is seldom seen, it is likely more common than presently documented.The first step of conservation action must be to better define its dispersion, breeding population status, seasonal movements, and habitat requirements.
Schrenck’s Bittern Ixobrychus eurhythmus
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nothing is known of the population biology and dynamics of this species. As a small bittern that is fairly common and not as shy as other species, it is fairly well known, especially by rice farmers, who consider it to be beneficial. Rice fields are a critically important habitat for the species and may be responsible in part for its recent range expansion (Lansdown et al. 2000). It is probably a species that has benefited from the clearing of lowland forests for rice.As a result, its future in many ways depends on the distribution and continuation of rice farming practices conducive to the species.
The future of research into melanism
Authors: Majerus Michael E N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One way to begin a summary of this book is to list the ways in which study of melanism has contributed to our understanding of biological, and in particular evolutionary or genetic, phenomena. Having taught undergraduates for over 20 years, I am aware that such summaries are popular and indeed useful in two ways. First, they give those students or pupils, who are set essays on melanism, a quick resume of the more important applications of the subject to wider biological thought, without having to plough through 80000 other words. Second, and I hope more importantly, it will help to focus on the contribution that studies of melanism have made to my own field, that of evolutionary genetics, and to other spheres of biology, and may allow a sensible course of future work to be plotted. The simplest way to produce a synopsis of the major contributions of the study of melanism is perhaps a list of statements, and this is the style I will follow, describing the nature of the contribution and giving the organism(s) involved in brackets.
Inferring population history from molecular phylogenies
Authors: Nee Sean , Holmes Eddie C , Rambaut Andrew , Harvey Paul H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Elsewhere, we have presented and applied an exact theory for making inferences about the past history of a clade on the basis of internode distances in its molecular phylogeny (Nee et al. 1994a,b,c: Harvey et al. 1994a,b). Here we use coalescence theory from population genetics (as developed for non-recombining sequences), which has proved to be a powerful tool for studying small samples of sequences from populations (Hudson 1990), to make inferences about population dynamic history. Coalescence theory is particularly applicable to genealogical trees of mitochondrial and viral genome sequences because only a very small proportion of extant lineages is ever sequenced.
Inferring phylogenies from DNA sequence data: the effects of sampling
Authors: Otto Sarah P , Cummings Michael P , Wakeley John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The various chapters in this volume illustrate the utility of a phylogenetic approach to a wide variety of questions. For example, Nee et al. (Chapter 5) describe methods of determining whether a clade is species-rich and other methods of detecting patterns of population growth from a tree topology (see the application to hepatitis C virus by Holmes et al. (Chapter 11)). Other authors use phylogenetic trees to study biogeography, to examine the cross-species transmission of viruses. and to determine correlations between evolutionary events. We must remember, however, that inferences made from a tree about The evolution of a group depend on the accuracy of the tree. In this chapter we describe some of the difficulties involved in reconstructing phylogenetic trees. We focus on our recent work investigating the sampling properties of DNA sequences in phylogenetic analyses (Cummings et al. 1995).
Uses for evolutionary trees
Authors: Fitch Walter M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The general impression of molecular evolution is often that one sequences a gene from a number of organisms and infers the evolutionary relationships of the organisms. Indeed, if the sequences turn out to be orthologous and the data robust, one will get a phylogeny (tree) depicting those historical relations. But what one really obtains is a gene tree (I will henceforth assume that the data are robust; that is another problem) and the biological messages implicit in that tree can be quite various. This chapter enumerates a number of those messages which you may have or may wish to look for.
Using phylogenetic trees to reconstruct the history of infectious disease epidemics
Authors: Holmes Eddie C , Bollyky Paul L , Nee Sean , Rambaut Andrew , Garnett Geoff P , Harvey Paul H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phylogenetic analysis of molecular sequence data gives insights into the spread of infectious diseases. During an epidemic, mutations accumulate in the genomes of pathogens and particularly in viruses, because many lack fidelity during replication. Some of these mutations confer phenotypic differences, such as allowing the virus to infect different cell types, to evade host immune responses, or to be transmitted by different routes, while others can be used to document the history of transmission events. Molecular epidemiology aims to recover this information in order to reconstruct the history of a pathogen’s spread through host populations and to make predictions about its future progress.
Relating geographic patterns to phylogenetic processes
Authors: Malhotra A , Thorpe R S , Black H , Daltry J C , Wüster W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Studies of geographic variation within species have provided many insights into evolutionary processes. These include the importance of natural selection for locally varying conditions and the role of allopatric differentiation in the divergence of lineages. Until recently, the majority of studies on geographic variation were concerned with morphology, but this may be influenced by both processes and their relative importance is difficult to assess.
Community evolution in Greater Antillean Anolis lizards: phylogenetic patterns and experimental tests
Authors: Losos Jonathan B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of phylogenies in all manner of comparative studies has increased remarkably in recent years. Five years ago, few would have predicted the integral role that phylogenetic approaches play today in fields as disparate as epidemiology. population genetics, and macroevolution, as this volume attests. The goal of this chapter is two-fold: first. to illustrate the importance of a phylogenetic approach to another field. community ecology, and, second, to discuss an important new use to which phylogenies have been put recently: rather than being used to test previously derived hypotheses, phylogenies arc now being used to derive hypotheses which can be tested subsequently using data from extant taxa.
Humans and Human Habitats: Reciprocal Influences
Authors: Hinde Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Professor Robert Hinde, CBE, FRS, spent four years of the Second World War serving as a Coastal Command pilot in the RAF and then took a first degree at Cambridge. He obtained his DPhil in 1950 at Oxford’s Edward Grey Institute of Field Ornithology. Robert Hinde then returned to Cambridge as Curator of the Ornithological Field Station (later sub-Department of Animal Behaviour) at Madingley and soon after was elected to a Research Fellowship of his old College, St John’s. The College and Madingley have been his academic homes ever since. He served at different times as Steward, Tutor, and Master ( 1989-1994) in his College and conducted research on animal and human behaviour at Madingley. For the last twenty years his main interest has been in human personal relationships. He is an Honorary Foreign Associate of the (US) National Academy of Sciences, an Honorary Fellow of Balliol College, Oxford and of the Royal College of Psychiatry. His contributions have been recognized by academic bodies concerned with anthropology, developmental psychology, ethology, ornithology, personal relationships, primatology, and psychiatry; he holds a number of honorary doctorates. In addition to his scientific interests, Robert Hinde has written with authority on issues of peace and war and on nuclear disarmament.
Emotion and Reason in the Future of Human Life
Authors: Damasio Antonia R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Antonio Damasio is Van Allen Distinguished Professor and Head of the Department of Neurology at the University of Iowa; and Adjunct Professor at the Salk Institute in La Jolla, California. He received both his MD and his doctorate in his native Portugal, at the University of Lisbon. His research team in Iowa has made outstanding contributions to the understanding of memory, language, emotion, and decision-making; with his wife, Dr Hanna Damasio, he has created at the University of Iowa one of the world’s leading centres for the investigation of the neural basis of cognition. Professor Damasio is a member of the National Academy of Sciences’ Institute of Medicine, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the National Advisory Council on Neurological Diseases and Stroke, and the European Academy of Sciences and Arts. His most recent book, Descartes’ Error: Emotion and Reason in the Human Brain, has been published worldwide.
Mental Health and the Urban Environment
Authors: Freeman Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Professor Hugh Freeman, DM, FRCPsych, has been Honorary Consultant Psychiatrist to the Salford Health Authority and to the Medical School of Manchester University since 1988. He took his first degree, in medicine, at the University of Oxford and was subsequently commissioned in the Royal Army Medical Corps. He then held appointments as Registrar at the Bethlem Royal and Maudsley Hospitals in London and at Littlemore Hospital in Oxford before taking up the post of Consultant Psychiatrist at Salford Royal Hospital. This began a long association with the Departments of Health and Social Services in Salford which continued until 1988. Professor Freeman has chaired or served on numerous public committees, panels, and working parties in the fields of mental health and psychiatry and is the author of a wide range of publications in these fields. He was Editor of the British Journal of Psychiatry and of Current Opinion in Psychiatry; he edited and contributed to Mental Health and the Environment, which was published in 1985.The relationship between mental health and the environment is a surprisingly neglected subject in spite of the greatly increased importance of the environment as a political and scientific issue in recent years. As a result, it is a scientific area that still lacks both adequate data and rigorously defined concepts. The problem was well expressed by the great environmentalist, Rene Dubos (1972): ‘The study of man as an integrated unit and of the ecosystems in which he functions is grossly neglected because it is not in the tradition which has dominated science since the seventeenth century’. As a result, there is now an urgent need to examine those aspects of people’s physical and social surroundings which are likely to influence mental health.
Introduction
Authors: Gadian David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are clear attractions in using non-invasive methods for the study of living systems. The use of such methods to image the human body has obvious importance in diagnostic medicine. More generally, there are many areas of biomedical research where non-invasive studies can add significantly to the information provided by more traditional, invasive techniques. For example, if we wish to study the metabolic basis of disease, then the analysis of body fluids, biopsy samples, and model systems (e.g. cultured cells) can only provide an incomplete picture of the abnormalities occurring within diseased tissue; ultimately it is important to measure directly and non-invasively the metabolic state of the tissue itself.
MRS and tissue biochemistry
Authors: Gadian David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we discuss the role of magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the investigation of tissue biochemistry. While the focus is on applications of MRS in humans, we also describe some of the ways in which studies of body fluids, cell cultures, tissue extracts, isolated tissue, and animal models of disease can complement and aid interpretation of clinical observations. rapidly growing field in a single chapter; instead, we focus on some of the major research themes that are being addressed with MRS. For example, many of the studies described in this chapter relate to the metabolic pathways whereby glucose (or glycogen) is converted by non-oxidative reactions to lactate, or oxidatively to carbon dioxide and water (see Fig. 3.1). The breakdown of glucose generates metabolic fuel in the form of ATP (36 molecules of ATP per molecule of fully oxidized glucose, but just two molecules of ATP if the glucose is broken down as far as lactate). MRS provides a non-invasive means of monitoring metabolites that play central roles in these pathways, measuring the rates at which reactions within the pathways take place in vivo, and investigating how these rates are controlled in such a way that metabolic fuel is provided according to demand. These non-invasive studies complement the large amount of information that is available from more traditional invasive approaches to the study of tissue biochemistry. They also offer a number of important advantages, as illustrated by the first of the themes that we consider, namely the use of 31P MRS for the investigation of tissue energetics.
Measurement of accurate Bragg intensities
Authors: Seiler Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The accuracy of atomic parameters obtained by X-ray crystal structure analysis depends on many factors: the measuring procedure and the treatment of the measured intensities, the scattering power of the crystal at high Bragg angles, the methods used to refine the atomic parameters, and others. This chapter will deal mainly with the problems of measuring accurate integrated intensities on a standard four-circle diffractometer and of correcting these intensities for various factors to derive the kinematic Bragg intensities. The collection of a complete set of accurate X-ray intensities to high resolution with a standard diffractometer is very time consuming, even for small unit cells. For example for the structure analysis of Li BeF at 81 K (Seiler and Dunitz 1986) more than 40 000 X-ray intensities were measured over a period of about three months.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and accurate molecular geometry
Authors: Diehl Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The phenomenon of nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR (see, for example, Harris 1983), is based on the intrinsic spin angular momentum P of atomic nuclei such as, for example, 1H, 2H, 13C, 14N, 15N, etc.:(where I is the spin quantum number of the nucleus, and ħ = h/2 π r), which is quantized with respect to the direction of an applied magnetic field Bz,(where m1 = I, I - 1, ... , − I is the magnetic quantum number). As a consequence of angular momentum and nuclear charge the nuclei have magnetic dipole moments:
Activated forms of oxygen
Authors: Bensasson R v. , Land E J , Truscott T G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Elements present in sedimentary rocks, 3-4 thousand million years old, are in their reduced forms, such as Fe2+. The oxidation of iron and other elements is observed in rocks laid down later, 2 to 3 thousand million years ago, indicating the period of oxygen formation which probably occurred via the decomposition of water by photosynthetic systems. An ozone layer, produced from this oxygen in the upper atmosphere, protected the surface of our planet from UV radiation and allowed evolution towards more complex aerobic forms of life.
Melanogenesis and melanoma
Authors: Bensasson R v. , Land E J , Truscott T G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Current interest in melanin is growing, in particular because of the dramatic increase during the last three decades in the incidence of malignant melanoma, possibly through increased exposure to UV radiation (see, for example, MacKie 1983; Bagnara 1988). A rational chemotherapeutic control of melanoma may be possible because of the unique localization of large amounts of the pigment synthesizing enzyme, tyrosinase, in malignant melanocytes.
Bubbly and Plug Flow
Authors: Whalley P B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If bubbles are very small, surface tension makes them spherical. Then, if the Reynolds number is low enough, the drag on the bubble can be calculated from Stokes’ law. The criterion for Stokes’ law to apply is that the Reynolds number Re ( = ρ1Dub/µ1) should be much less than unity. The drag force is then equal to 3:,rDubµ1. Here: ρ1is the liquid density (kg/m3); µ1is the liquid viscosity (N s/m2); Dis the bubble diameter (m); and uh is the bubble velocity (m/s) through stagnant liquid.
Annular Flow
Authors: Whalley P B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main features of annular flow are shown in Fig. 4.1. Here only vertically upwards annular flow is considered; both the liquid and the gas phases are travelling upwards. The liquid flows partly as a thin liquid film on the channel walls and partly as drops entrained into the gas core. Annular flow occurs over a wide range of qualities. At low pressures (approximately 1 bar) annular flow is found when the quality is only a few percent.
Detailed Phenomena in Annular Flow: Wave Behaviour, Deposition, and Entrainment
Authors: Whalley P B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 looked at annular flow in an overall manner, but few of the details of the flow were considered. Here, the detailed phenomena of wave behaviour and droplet behaviour are reviewed. Droplet behaviour, in particular the rate at which droplets are formed and destroyed (entrainment and deposition), enables a detailed physical model of annular flow to be constructed (see Chapter 10).
Two-Phase Flow in Pipe Fittings
Authors: Whalley P B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two-phase flow in pipe fittings such as bends, enlargements, contractions T junctions, and valves, is very complicated and has not been much studied. The overall subject can be divided into a number of smaller topics: flow patterns, pressure drop, and flow splitting. The information on each of these topics is, however, very incomplete and only a few general comments can be made.