bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Propaganda and Legitimation in Castile: Religion and Church, 1250–1500
Authors: Soria Jos é Manuel Nieto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since1934, the year which saw the publication of Georges Lagarde’s book on the rise and development of’ laicization’ in the later Middle Ages (above all from the thirteenth century), it has been commonplace to associate the idea of the genesis of the modem state with the concept of secularization.’ As far as the Castilian monarchy is concerned, this association occurred at a fairly early date, as was demonstrated, also in 1934, by the first article of its kind on this particular subject (the significance for political theory of Alfonso X’s code, Las Siete Partidas), the work of Angel Ferrari.
Drama
Authors: Braden Gordon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The legacy of classical drama to our world can be difficult to distinguish from the very idea of drama itself. Borges builds a famous fable around the bafflement of Averroes before Aristotle’s Poetics (‘Averroes’ Search’, in Labyrinths, ed. Donald A. Yates and James E. Irby (New York, 1964) ); the conclusion that a ‘tragedy’ is a panegyric and a ‘comedy’ a satire or an anathema (‘Admirable tragedies and comedies abound in the pages of the Koran and in the mohalacas of the sanctuary’; p. 155) is the best that an educated and subtle mind is going to make of that text in medieval Islam, without the nurture of an ongoing theatrical tradition to let it know just what kind of thing a play is. The numbest modern television addict would on this score be a better reader of Aristotle than the great Arab philosopher who devoted his life to studying that author.
Confrontation and defeat
Authors: Sheehan James J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN the summer of 1789 Heinrich Steffens was a sixteen-year-old schoolboy living in Copenhagen. He heard that the Bastille had fallen from his father, an army surgeon down on his luck, who tearfully told him, ‘You are to be envied-what beautiful, happy times lie ahead.’ And so, Heinrich later recalled, ‘I was pulled from the quiet solitude of childhood.’ Long after he had become disillusioned with the revolution, Steffens remembered his initial enthusiasm as ‘something pure, even sacred’. Johanna Schopen¬hauer, the young wife of a wealthy businessman, learned about the Bastille when her husband rushed home to their suburban villa near Danzig with the news. Like Steffens, Schopenhauer was drawn into the world of politics by the events of 1789. From then on, she wrote in her memoirs, a new life, filled with unprecedented hopes for total change throughout the world, surged inside me.... Perhaps only a few of my contemporaries will immediately recall this event, but after a moment they too will bring to mind the burning enthusiasm and that sublime, reckless sense of Freedom which inflamed the sensibility of the noblest youth.... For Steffens, Schopenhauer, and thousands of other Germans, the outbreak of the revolution in France was an unforgettable confrontation with history, the dawn of a new age.
The Cultural Establishment and its Critics
Authors: Sheehan James J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
FRANZ KUGLER, a merchant’s son from Stettin, established his scholarly reputation with influential works on Greek sculp¬ture, European painting, and Prussian history. In 1835, when he was just twenty-seven, he became a professor at the Academy of Art in Berlin; eight years later he took charge of artistic affairs in the Prussian Ministry of Culture. In 1847 Kugler wrote an essay on art as an administrative concern in which he called for a series of state-initiated cultural programmes, including the creation of art schools, passage of copyright laws, establishment of awards for creative achievement, constr11ction of museums and monuments, and the renovation or p1eservation of important historical build¬ ings. ‘Just as science is designed to make people spiritually free,’ Kugler argued, ‘art gives them the mark of spiritual nobility. Therefore since one of the government’s duties is to further and direct the education of the Volk, this duty must include art as well as science.’ But, while Kugler saw the need for state initiative in the promotion of art, he also recognized that another, no less powerful force was at work; in addition to being an object of ‘administrative concern’, art was also an object of what he called ‘mercantile speculation’. Kugler found nothing wrong with this: ‘a fresh, mobile commerce’ belonged to a well-developed national existence and had its place in the realm of artistic production. But Kugler, like many German liberals, feared that commerce might lead to chaos and corruption, so he advocated a variety of governmental measures to preserve art’s purity and honour from ‘the remorseless drive of speculation’.
Society in the Age of the Bürgertum
Authors: Sheehan James J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
DERMANS do not have a theory of society, Lorenz von Stein wrote in 1842, because in Germany ‘the life of society and the struggle of its elements have not yet begun to develop independently’. Shortly thereafter Karl Marx made the same point when he explained German ‘ideology’ in terms of his society’s fundamental backwardness. But even as these theorists noted German underdevelopment, the social order was in the process of transformation. By the 1850s the concept of society-and the fact of social change-were part of the German scene. In 1851, for example, Robert von Mohl insisted that the autonomy of social forces made it necessary to study them outside the political realm. That same year Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl described ‘the emancipa¬ tion of the idea of society from the despotism of the idea of the state’ as ‘the most genuine property of the present age, the source of a thousand conflicts and discontents, but also the hope of our political future’. This viewpoint was not universally accepted: political theorists like Heinrich von Treitschke regarded any effort to separate state and society as intellectually flawed and politically dangerous. Nevertheless, to radicals like Marx, liberals like Mohl, and conservatives like Riehl, the centrality of social forces was an inescapable fact oflife.
Political Opportunities and Alternatives
Authors: Sheehan James J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE discussion of the question, who should rule ... belongs in the realm of philosophical speculation; the practical question only has to do with the simple fact that it is power alone which can rule.’ These lines from the opening pages of Ludwig August von Rochau’s Grundsiitze der Realpolitik are often taken as a kind of epigraph for the post-revolutionary era, just as Rochau’s personal evolution from student rebel to political exile to enthusiastic advocate of the Bismarckian Reich apparently illus¬trates a generational shift from opposition to reconciliation. Like so many contemporary philosophers, scientists, and writers, Rochau based his view of the world on a new appreciation of the importance of facts:It is certain that the spoken and written word can accomplish nothing in the face of physical facts and that facts can only give way to other facts, and it is equally certain that the fragmented German powers will not be united by a principle, an idea, or a treaty, but only by an overwhelming power that will subdue the rest. When it appeared in 1853, Rochau’s book enjoyed considerable success. The young Heinrich von Treitschke, for example, believed that it contained ‘more that was useful for scholarship than a thick textbook on politics’. But, despite its supposedly exemplary character, Rochau’s Grundsiitze der Realpolitik is an ambiguous and problematic document. As a description of political behaviour, the concept of Realpolitik involves difficulties similar to those we encountered when we tried to apply ‘realism’ to literary works.
The Past in the Present
Authors: Byron Reginald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A: I think it was the Famine, I guess, or they were really poverty-stricken over there, and a lot of people got out. It wasn’t like they all came over in families, in fact my great-grandmother and great-grandfather came over without family and later their families met them. Her sisters and brothers would eventually have come over. Some stayed there in Ireland. That is really all I know about the legacy.
The Number One Reindeer Brigade
Authors: Anderson David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
UPON ARRIVING IN Taimyr, my professed desire to learn about Evenkis was met with some confusion. In the district capital of Dudinka many Russians and members of the native intelligentsia alike told me with authority that there were no Evenkis in Taimyr. The more anxious among them suggested I get back on an aeroplane and travel to the Evenki Autonomous District where, judging by the map at least, I should be able to find Evenkis. Those with a deeper understanding of the history of Taimyr politely informed me that if there were any tungusy left in Taimyr they were very few and had most certainly ‘forgotten’ their culture. These practically minded advisers invited me to study Dolgans, Nenetses, or Nias-all of whom are classically associated with Taimyr. At Khantaika, the place where most of Taimyr’s Evenki population is officially registered, the reaction to my project was even more polarized. Dolgans who worked in the office of the state farm, at the school, or for the village council laughed at the thought that ‘the tongustar’, as they are called locally, could offer much of interest to a foreigner. Once again I was invited to learn about old legends from Dolgan elders or to study the beadwork of Dolgan seamstresses. To my surprise, many Evenkis to whom I was introduced initially repeated the same trope by emphasizing that their language was forgotten, that the ‘old people’ were now all gone, and that their people had all but vanished. Using the last resort of a desperate student, I pleaded with my hosts that I had to learn some Evenki words or at least understand a bit about Evenki pastoralism since I had travelled so far to write a project for my school. With greater sympathy, I was then told by Dolgans, Russians, and village Evenkis alike that the only people who could help me were tundroviki-the ‘people who live on the tundra’. Among tundrwviki the place to start, they said, was with the Number One Reindeer Brigade; the ‘most Evenki brigade’ on the territory of the Khantaiskii state farm.
Exclusive Territories
Authors: Anderson David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE FOUNDATION OF Soviet power, with its characteristic centralization of economic, political, and cultural activity in the hands of carefully recruited managers, is often thought to begin with the policy of collectivization [kollekfivizatsiia]. The second, successful attempt at nationalizing the tundras of the native peoples of Taimyr in 1938 did indeed discipline people to work within a rationalized system of accounting and spatial control. However, this was achieved only after land had already been parcelled into territories. The distinctive segmenting of administrative power into councils, districts, and republics, stratified by nationality, owes its origins to an early series of campaigns to carve out the ‘territorial formations’ thought to be congruent with a socialist society. While the internal dynamics of collective institutions are important for understanding post-Soviet society, the ‘territories’ in which work-units were inscribed were both a necessary first step in building a new order and proved to be a more poignant legacy than the institutions themselves. This chapter explores the manner in which a different type of ‘knowing’-termed here ‘intelligence’-was used to construct boundaries which came to be meaningful to managers and producers alike as territories were linked to nationalities.
Javanese Cosmology
Authors: Headley Stephen c. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theories on the indestructibility of a king “s body and the continuity of the royal house are equally relevant. A few fragments were enough to maintain the physical permanence of the family line and the sacred fire of the domus. Both conceptions, royal and peasant, noble and common, must have germinated at some period unknown to us, in the same magical subsoil. Historians of Indonesia have given anthropologists a new framework for their study of Javanese society. Notions of static oriental despotism within patrimonial regional kingdoms, each with its exemplary centre, have been modified by an appreciation of the importance of contested vertical hierarchies. Court ceremonies are shown to express accommodation to ambitious houses and lineages competing for control. As H. Schulte Northolt, has said (1996: 7), conflict and hierarchy are complementary dimensions of this history. The ethnographic data on ritualized mythology provided in this book do not pretend to provide an abstract model, a conceptual repertory of the means used by those trying to monopolize political power.
Interpreting Aristotle’s Contingency-Syllogistic
Authors: Thom Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The present paper revives a suggestion advanced by Alexander of Aphrodisias concerning the principal point of articulation of Prior Analytics I. 14–22, where the theory of contingency-syllogisms is expounded. Two different ways of developing Alexander’s suggestion are distinguished. One of them is argued to provide the framework for a satisfactory interpretation of these chapters.
Olympiodorus on Pleasure and The Good in Plato’s Gorgias
Authors: Lycos Kimon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this paper is to work through a sample of Olympiodorus’ method of interpreting Plato’s arguments in the Gorgias. The passage concerns Socrates’ attempt to establish the nonidentity of pleasure and the good (Garg. 495 B-497 E). This part of the Gorgias has received considerable critical attention by contemporary commentators, who, on the whole, find the argument weak or inconclusive. Olympiodorus, as we shall see in the first part of this paper, has some interesting things to say about it. Having presented the interpretative perspective from which Olympiodorus tries to make sense of Socrates’ argument, I shall, in Section II, briefly sketch some key respects in which contemporary treatments differ from his. I conclude by suggesting that in spite of considerable differences in philosophical outlook between us and Olympiodorus, his work provides a plausible and legitimate variant to our current interpretative practices.
Schopenhauer as Nietzsche’s Educator
Authors: Way Christopher Jana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Nice letter from Prof. Nietzsche, though informing us that he now rejects Schopenhauer’s teachings!’-thus wrote Cosima Wagner in her diary for 24 December I 876, her exclamation elicited by the following communication sent from Sorrento on 19 December: Would you be amazed if I confess something that has gradually come about, but which has more or less suddenly entered my consciousness: a disagreement with Schopenhauer’s teaching? On virtually all general propositions I am not on his side; when I was writing on Schopenhauer, I already noticed that I had left behind everything concerning dogma; for me what mattered was the human being.
Schopenhauer and Nietzsche: Temperan1ent and Temporality
Authors: Higgins Kathleen Marie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of philosophy is to a great extent that of a certain clash of human temperaments.... Of whatever temperament a professional philosopher is, he tries when philosophizing to sink the fact of his temperament. Temperament is no conventionally recognized reason, so he urges impersonal reasons only for his conclusions. Yet his temperament really gives him a stronger bias than any of his more strictly objective premises. It loads the evidence for him one way or another. ... He trusts his temperament. Wanting a universe that suits it, he believes in any representation of the universe that does suit it. He feels men of opposite temper to be out of key with the world’s character, and in his heart considers them incompetent and ‘not in it,’ in the philosophic business, even tho they may far excel him in dialectical ability.
Scepticism, Existence, and Belief
Authors: Fine Gail 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There has lately, and rightly, been a resurgence of interest in ancient sceptidsm. But though there have recently been a number of superb articles on the topic, there was no current book-length synoptic treatment available in English. Hankinson’ book therefore fills an unfortunate gap in the literature.. The book is divided into two parts. Part I is a historical survey of ancient scepticism from Xenophanes to Galen and Favorinus; Part II is a topical discussion focused primarily, though not solely, on Sextus.
Two conceptions of hylomorphism in metaphysics zhΘ
Authors: Yu Jiyuan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since ZhΘ treat substance as matter (υλ η), form ((μ, ορ ϕ). and their composites, their doctrines can be labelled as ‘hylomorphism’, in contrast to the Categories, where the category of substance is not divided. However, the determinations of both matter and form and their relations are so various and even contradictory that scholars continue to be perplexed over what exactly hylomorphism is. It is well known that various discrepancies, both textual and philosophical, exist in Metaphysics ZHΘ, and there is virtually no general agreement on any issue in these books. Nevertheless, there is a prevailing assumption that in principle they form a unity which contains a consistent theory of substance. In this unity H and Θ are commonly viewed as supplementary to Z, as components or further explanations of some major thesis in Z. And the task of the interpreter is supposed to be to sort out the various discrepancies in hylomorphism so as to produce a coherent theory.
Introduction. The Study of Stoicism: Its Decline and Revival
Authors: Ierodiakonou Katerina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book was first published in 1974. As I remarked in the original preface, Hellenistic philosophy seemed then to need not only a general appraisal but a substantial rehabilitation. Though well looked after by a few devoted specialists, this period of Greek philosophy, broadly speaking, was depreciated and neglected by comparison with the enormous interest taken in Plato, Aristotle and their predecessors. A decade later, the fortunes of Hellenistic philosophy have changed dramatically ... The old prejudices seem to have been removed once and for all. New vistas have appeared, and it is already evident that they are altering the perspectives of ancient philosophy and stimulating philosophers in general.It is often remarked that Hellenistic philosophy has come to the centre of discussions on ancient philosophy only in our century, and especially since the last war. Since then, recovering the philosophical doctrines of the Stoics, the Epicureans, and the Sceptics has been an ongoing process, which was initiated by scholars who are still among us and who continue to contribute to our better understanding of the Hellenistic theories. However, no attempt has been made either to explain the reasons which led to this renewal of interest in Hellenistic philosophy, or to specify the factors which had previously marginalized its study in the history of ancient philosophy.
Truth as the Positive Reality of Ideas
Authors: Campbell Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For all the superficial aflinities between them, there is a deep incompatibility between Greek metaphysics (especially that of Plato and Aristotle) and the biblical thinking which could allow no uncreated being that was not God. Despite that incompatibility, various forms of synthesis between them persisted for more than 1,500 years. The slow but rigorous working-through of the implications of the Christian belief in a sovereign creator imposed severe stresses on the basic Platonic conception of truth, even after its sophisticated modulations through the medieval Aristotclians. By the seventeenth century that strain reached breaking-point.
The True as a Historical Result
Authors: Campbell Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vico’S New Science exhibited a sense of the historicity of human institutions far in advance of his time. That sense was not fully affirmed again until Hegel, who incorporated development into the conception of truth itself. More characteristic of the eighteenth century was the attitude of the philosophes of the self-styled Enlightenment, whose thought was fundamentally anti-historical. It was not simply that they shared the Cartesian doubt about the possibility of historical knowledge. Historical judgements could be made with more or less probability, and many volumes of ‘probable’ history appeared during this period. The basic point was that they perceived a radical distinction between any such judgements and those truths which reason could discover concerning human nature, the world, and God (if there is one). These latter topics raised questions the answers to which would be eternal truths.
Individual Existence and the Appropriation of Truth
Authors: Campbell Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ambition of the Hegelian program was to comprehend all distinctions-the concrete and the universal, the sensuous and the conceptual, the essential and the accidental, matter and form, reality and thought, the contingent and the necessary, quantity and quality, the finite and the infinite, nature and spirit, becoming and being, the practical and the theoretical, and all the rest-within itself. Quibbles can be raised about Hegel’s success in achieving all these syntheses. But these are internal difficulties which faithful disciples might devote themselves to remedying. Greater cause for concern is the suspicion that, in the final synthesis, for all that each side of these distinctions is supposed to modify the other as they are taken up and overcome (aufheben), it is the ideal, the necessary, the theoretical which swallows up the real, the contingent, the practical.
The Historicity of Truth
Authors: Campbell Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
TO journey through the past as we have is to undertake an extended act of self reflection. Not that the past is a mirror in which we can simply look at ourselves. In the wake of Freud and Jung, self-reflection is now known to be an oblique process of recovering those past events and unconscious factors which have been incorporated into one’s self-formation but whose significance has been repressed from one’s consciousness. Accordingly, Hegel’s notion of philosophy as after-thinking (nach denken) takes on renewed significance; it involves the difficult task of recalling those climactic moments in our past through which our own way of thinking has been formed, in order to reintegrate those insights, perhaps inadequately expressed at the time, which were suppressed by the emergence of newly dominant orthodoxies. Only so can the fragmentation of thought manifest in our present intellectual predicament be overcome. itis now time to begin drawing together the threads which have been teased out and see where we might go from here.
Plato’s ‘Refutation’ of Protagorean Relativism: Theaetetus 170–171
Authors: Ketchum Richard J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Highly revisionary philosophical theories are those which state or imply that a large number of our common-sense beliefs are false. The more beliefs a theory asks us to give up, the more revisionary it is. Bishop Berkeley’s subjective idealism, on some interpretations, is such a theory. To the extent that we think of trees and tables as material objects, Berkeley is asking us to give up our belief in trees, tables, and all other material objects. While it may not be difficult to find errors in the Bishop’s arguments, his subjective idealism is difficult to refute without begging the question against him. Johnson’s kicking of the stone fails, but it is difficult to improve upon.