bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cognitive and adaptive behavior profiles of children with Angelman syndrome
Authors: Peters Sarika U. , Goddard‐Finegold Jan , Beaudet Arthur L. , Madduri Niru , Turcich Marie , Bacino Carlos A. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractAngelman syndrome (AS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by maternal deficiency of the UBE3A gene that encodes E6‐AP ubiquitin‐protein ligase. Expression of the UBE3A gene from the maternal chromosome is essential to prevent AS. AS is characterized by severe mental retardation, ataxia, and a defined behavioral pattern characterized mainly by happy/sociable disposition. This study used the Bayley Scales of Infant Development and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales to examine the cognitive abilities and adaptive behavior of children (n = 20) with the four known molecular classes of AS, including patterns of strengths and weaknesses across adaptive behavior domains, and the relationship between adaptive behavior and overall cognitive abilities. Cognitive skills fell within the severe to profound range of mental deficiency. Differences in cognitive skills according to genetic subtype only partially supported previous research and suggest that there is overlap in abilities across genetic subtypes of AS. Adaptive behavior skills were also significantly delayed, with participants demonstrating a significant strength in socialization, and a weakness in motor skills. Strong, positive correlations emerge between cognitive ability scores and adaptive behaviors scores. These results provide further delineation of a cognitive/behavioral phenotype in AS. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Soy protein isolate/kraft lignin composites compatibilized with methylene diphenyl diisocyanate
Authors: Huang Jin , Zhang Lina , Wei Hua , Cao Xiaodong 
Published: April 2004

AbstractMethylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) was used to compatibilize kraft lignin (KL)/soy protein isolate (SPI) blends. The structure and properties of the resultant composite materials were investigated with wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, dynamical mechanical thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and tensile and water absorption tests. The results indicated that graft copolymerization and a moderate degree of crosslinking between KL and SPI occurred in the composites because of the compatibilization of MDI, which favored the strengthening of the materials. Interestingly, the addition of 2 parts of MDI caused a simultaneous enhancement of the modulus, strength, and elongation of KL/SPI blends. The structure with grafting and moderate crosslinks reduced the water absorption of the materials. However, the excess crosslinks hindered the interaction between KL and SPI, resulting in a reduction of the mechanical properties. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the domains of the graft copolymer and crosslinking enrichment existed in the blends. When the MDI content was relatively low, these domains became concentric points of stress, enhancing the mechanical properties. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 624–629, 2004
Weld‐line sensitivity of injected amorphous polymers
Authors: Debondue E. , Fournier J.‐E. , Lacrampe M.‐F. , Krawczak P. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe effects of the processing parameters on the weld‐line mechanical properties of polystyrene (PS) and polycarbonate (PC) were investigated. PS was very sensitive to the presence of a weld line, showing property reductions of up to 70%. However, this sensitivity was mainly connected to the surface notch at the weld line. When this notch was removed, behavior close to that of unwelded specimens was obtained. The injection temperature was the main processing parameter because it affected the macromolecular diffusion speed and, therefore, influenced the weld quality. A direct relationship between the distance of molecular diffusion and the fracture mechanism was established. PC had a low weld‐line sensitivity, despite being an amorphous polymer like PS. The difference between these materials was connected to the different sizes of the surface defects and to the different entanglement densities, which influenced the relaxation time and the global behavior (brittle–ductile). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 644–650, 2004
Synthesis of some new polymers by the polycondensation of 1,1‐bis(4‐chlorophenyl)‐2,2,2‐tricloroaethan with bisphenols and phase‐transfer catalysts
Authors: Ahmed Ibrahim K. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractTwo new polymers were synthesized by the polymerization of 1,1‐bis(4‐chlorophenyl)‐2,2,2‐trichloroaethan with 4,4‐isopropylidendiphenol (bisphenol A) and 4,4‐sulfonyl diphenol in a two‐phase system of water and dichloromethan in the presence of dibenzo‐24‐crown‐8. The polymers were characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis of the aromatic bisphenol A polymer showed a 10% weight loss in air at 225°C. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 651–654, 2004
Preparation and characterization of polyethylene–clay nanocomposites by using chlorosilane‐modified clay
Authors: Zhao Chungui , Feng Meng , Gong Fangling , Qin Huaili , Yang Mingshu 
Published: April 2004

AbstractClay was modified by trimethylchlorosilane; after modification, hydroxyl groups at the edge of layers were reacted and CEC value was drastically decreased. Polyethylene–clay composites were prepared by melt compounding. Wide angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that intercalated nanocomposites were formed using organoclay ion‐exchanged from chlorosilane‐modified clay, but conventional composites formed using organoclay directly ion‐exchanged from crude clay. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of PE and PE–clay composites was conducted; the results demonstrated that nanocomposites were more effective than conventional composites in reinforcement and addition of organoclay resulted in the increase of glass transition temperature (Tg), but crude clay had no effect on Tg of PE–clay composites. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 676–680, 2004
Fabrication of Nanofibers with Uniform Morphology by Self‐Assembly of Designed Peptides
Authors: Matsumura Sachiko , Uemura Shinobu , Mihara Hisakazu 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFabrication of controlled peptide nanofibers with homogeneous morphology has been demonstrated. Amphiphilic β‐sheet peptides were designed as sequences of Pro‐Lys‐X1‐Lys‐X2‐X2‐Glu‐X1‐Glu‐Pro. X1 and X2 were hydrophobic residues selected from Phe, Ile, Val, or Tyr. The peptide FI (X1=Phe; X2=Ile) self‐assemble into straight fibers with 80–120 nm widths and clear edges, as examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The fiber formation is performed in a hierarchical manner: β‐sheet peptides form a protofibril, the protofibrils assemble side‐by‐side to form a ribbon, and the ribbons then coil in a left‐handed fashion to make up a straight fiber. These type of fibers are formed from peptides possessing hydrophobic aromatic Phe residue(s). Furthermore, a peptide with Ala residues at both N and C termini does not form fibers (100 nm scale) with clear edges; this causes random aggregation of small pieces of fibers instead. Thus, the combination of unique amphiphilic sequences and terminal Pro residues determine the fiber morphology.
Is the songbird Area X striatal, pallidal, or both? an anatomical study
Authors: Carrillo Gabriela D , Doupe Allison J 
Published: April 2004

AbstractAnatomical and neurophysiological studies have established that Area X, a songbird nucleus essential for vocal learning, is a basal ganglia structure, with mammalian striatal properties. However, Area X also sends a γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic projection to the medial portion of the dorsolateral thalamus (DLM), a projection characteristic of the pallidum. These findings suggested that Area X contains both striatal and pallidal neurons. To test this hypothesis further, we investigated the neurochemistry and connectivity of Area X and its projections by using neurotransmitter antibodies, in combination with tracing studies. Like the mammalian striatum, Area X contains small enkephalin‐ and substance P‐immunopositive neurons. Choline acetyltransferase‐positive cells of Area X do not retrogradely label from DLM and are probably cholinergic interneurons similar to those in mammals. Like pallidal cells, large GABAergic cells project from Area X to the thalamus, but they also contain enkephalin, a characteristic of striatal neurons projecting to indirect pathway pallidal neurons. Moreover, many Area X cells are labeled with the pallidal marker Nkx2.1, but these do not include any thalamus‐projecting neurons, suggesting that the projection cells are not of pallidal embryonic origin. Thus, although Area X combines both striatal and pallidal features, it is not a simple recapitulation of the mammalian circuit or of the avian lateral striatopallidal pathway: some individual Area X neurons may function as pallidal‐like projection neurons but have striatal characteristics as well. Such heterogeneity of basal ganglia circuitry, both within and across species, may be facilitated by the developmental history of basal ganglia, which involves extensive migration and cellular intermixing. J. Comp. Neurol. 473:415–437, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
FAD‐linked sulfhydryl oxidase QSOX: Topographic, cellular, and subcellular immunolocalization in adult rat central nervous system
Authors: Mairet‐Coello Georges , Tury Anna , Esnard‐Feve Annick , Fellmann Dominique , Risold Pierre‐Yves , Griffond Bernadette 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe distribution of the sulfhydryl oxidase QSOX in the rat brain was mapped using immunohistochemistry. QSOX is specifically expressed by neurons throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the brain as well as in the spinal cord. Although a majority of neurons express QSOX, different intensities of labeling were observed depending on the area: the strongest labeling was observed in the olfactory bulbs, isocortex, hippocampus, basal telencephalon, several thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei, cerebellum, and numerous brainstem nuclei. This study also describes the ultrastructural localization of QSOX in neuronal cells and demonstrates that the enzyme is associated with the Golgi apparatus. Finally, selected double immunohistochemistry showed that in the hypothalamus the highest levels of QSOX labeling were colocalized in neuron populations that express disulfide‐bounded neuropeptides. These observations are consistent with a role of the enzyme in secreted peptide/protein folding. Data presented herein will serve as a basis for further investigations of the physiological function of QSOX in the central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 473:334–363, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estrogen receptor‐β in oxytocin and vasopressin neurons of the rat and human hypothalamus: Immunocytochemical and in situ hybridization studies
Authors: Hrabovszky Erik , Kalló Imre , Steinhauser Annamária , Merchenthaler István , Coen Clive W. , Petersen Sandra L. , Liposits Zsolt 
Published: April 2004

AbstractTopographical distribution of estrogen receptor‐β (ER‐β)‐synthesizing oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) neurons was studied in the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei (PVH; SO) of ovariectomized rats. In distinct subregions, 45–98% of OT neurons and 88–99% of VP neurons exhibited ER‐β immunoreactivity that was confined to cell nuclei. Neuronal populations differed markedly with respect to the intensity of the ER‐β signal. Magnocellular OT neurons in the PVH, SO, and accessory cell groups typically contained low levels of the ER‐β signal; in contrast, robust receptor labeling was displayed by OT cells in the ventral subdivision of medial parvicellular subnucleus and in the caudal PVH (dorsal subdivision of medial parvicellular subnucleus and lateral parvicellular subnucleus). Estrogen receptor‐β signal was generally more intense and present in higher proportions of magnocellular and parvicellular VP vs. OT neurons of similar topography. Immunocytochemical observations were confirmed via triple‐label in situ hybridization, an approach combining use of digoxigenin‐, fluorescein‐, and35S‐labeled cRNA hybridization probes. Further, ER‐β mRNA was also detectable in corticotropin‐releasing hormone neurons in the parvicellular PVH. Finally, double‐label immunocytochemical analysis of human autopsy samples showed that subsets of OT and VP neurons also express ER‐β in the human. These neuroanatomical studies provide detailed information about the topographical distribution and cellular abundance of ER‐β within subsets of hypothalamic OT and VP neurons in the rat. The variable receptor content may indicate the differential responsiveness to estrogen in distinct OT and VP neuronal populations. In addition, a relevance of these findings to the human hypothalamus is suggested. J. Comp. Neurol. 473:315–333, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the convergence of a factorized distribution algorithm with truncation selection
Authors: Zhang Qingfu 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe investigate the global convergence of a factorized distribution algorithm (FDA) with truncation selection. Like conventional genetic algorithms, FDAs maintain and successively improve a population of solutions. In FDAs, a distribution model is built based on the statistical information extracted from a set of selected solutions in the current population, and then the model thus built is used to generate new solutions for the next generation. The variable‐dependence structure of the distribution model in FDAs is determined by the variable‐interaction structure of the objective function. We prove that the FDA with truncation selection converges globally for optimization of a class of additively decomposable functions (ADF). Our results imply that the utilization of appropriately selected dependence relationships is sufficient to guarantee the global convergence of estimation of distribution algorithms (EDAs) for optimization of ADFs. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 9: 17–23, 2004
Minorities in a model for opinion formation
Authors: Laguna M. F. , Abramson Guillermo , Zanette Damián H. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe study a model for social influence in which the agents' opinion is a continuous variable [G. Weisbuch et al., Complexity 2002, 7(2), 55]. The convergent opinion adjustment process takes place as a result of random binary encounters whenever the difference between agents' opinions is below a given threshold. The inhomogeneity in the dynamics gives rise to a complex steady state structure, which is also highly dependent on the threshold and on the convergence parameter of the model. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 9: 24–30, 2004
Extensions of the 3‐Dimensional Plasma Transport Code E3D
Authors: Runov A. , Kasilov S. , Schneider R. , Reiter D. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractOne important aspect of modern fusion research is plasma edge physics. Fluid transport codes extending beyond the standard 2‐D code packages like B2‐Eirene or UEDGE are under development. A 3‐dimensional plasma fluid code, E3D, based upon the Multiple Coordinate System Approach and a Monte Carlo integration procedure has been developed for general magnetic configurations including ergodic regions. These local magnetic coordinates lead to a full metric tensor which accurately accounts for all transport terms in the equations. Here, we discuss new computational aspects of the realization of the algorithm.The main limitation to the Monte Carlo code efficiency comes from the restriction on the parallel jump of advancing test particles which must be small compared to the gradient length of the diffusion coefficient. In our problems, the parallel diffusion coefficient depends on both plasma and magnetic field parameters. Usually, the second dependence is much more critical. In order to allow long parallel jumps, this dependence can be eliminated in two steps: first, the longitudinal coordinate x3 of local magnetic coordinates is modified in such a way that in the new coordinate system the metric determinant and contra‐variant components of the magnetic field scale along the magnetic field with powers of the magnetic field module (like in Boozer flux coordinates). Second, specific weights of the test particles are introduced. As a result of increased parallel jump length, the efficiency of the code is about two orders of magnitude better. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Extensions of the TEP neutral transport methodology
Authors: Zhang D. , Mandrekas J. , Stacey W. M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractRecent extensions of the Transmission and Escape Probability methodology and its implementation in the 2‐D neutral transport code GTNEUT are presented. These extensions address the issues of anisotropy of the neutral distribution function at the interfaces and the non‐uniformity of the first collision source in short mean free path regions. Comparisons with Monte Carlo for a number of model problems are discussed. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Simple Core‐SOL‐Divertor Model To Investigate Plasma Operational Space
Authors: Hiwatari R. , Kuzuyama Y. , Hatayama A. , Okano K. , Zhu S. , Tomita Y. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe develop a simple Core‐SOL‐Divertor (C‐S‐D) model to investigate the core and edge operational space. To construct the integrated C‐S‐D model, 0D core plasma model of ITER physics guidelines and two‐point SOLdivertor model are applied. To get the reasonable boundary condition at the core‐edge interface, we investigate the particle balance for the divertor, SOL, and core plasma region, respectively. Moreover, we apply the C‐S‐D model to LH transition phase of ITER and compare with the scaling model, which consists of the two‐point model and the SOL density scaling law. According to the above comparison, we find that the particle flux across the separatrix should be applied for the boundary condition in case of the transition phenomena. In addition, the oscillation of the divertor density at the LH transition is predicted. This oscillation has a possibility to have an effect on the divertor operation of ITER. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On non‐local electron heat conduction: effects of geometry and magnetic field
Authors: Soboleva T. K. , Krasheninnikov S. I. , Catto P. J. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSelf‐similar 3D solutions of electron kinetic equation are obtained that can be used for benchmarking both reduced models and codes. It is demonstrated that the geometry (e. g. slab vs spherical) can be an important ingredient in describing non‐local electron heat transport. The self‐similar variable approach is extended to include the effects of the magnetic field on the kinetics of electron transport. It is found that magnetic field is not as important for the far tail of electron distribution function as one might think. Therefore, suppression of electron heat flux by magnetic field effects in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) studies may need to be reconsidered. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Sheath Physics and Boundary Conditions for Edge Plasmas
Authors: Cohen R. H. , Ryutov D. D. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe boundary conditions of mass, momentum, energy, and charge appropriate for fluid formulations of edge plasmas are surveyed. We re‐visit the classic problem of 1‐dimensional flow, and note that the “Bohm sheath criterion” is requirement of connectivity of the interior plasma with the external world, not the result of termination of the plasma by a wall. We show that the nature of the interior plasma solution is intrinsically different for ion sources that inject above and below the electron sound speed. We survey the appropriate conditions to apply, and resultant fluxes, for a magnetic field obliquely incident on a wall, including the presence of drifts and radial transport. We discuss the consequences of toroidal asymmetries in wall properties, as well as experimental tests of such effects. Finally, we discuss boundary‐condition modifications in the case of rapidly varying plasma conditions. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Dusty Sheaths in Magnetized Plasmas
Authors: Chutov Yu. I. , Kravchenko O. Yu. , Masuzaki S. , Sagara A. , Smirnov R. D. , Tomita Yu. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractParameters of self‐consistent magnetized dusty sheaths are investigated using computer simulations of a temporal evolution of one‐dimensional slab plasma with dust particles. The evolution is caused by a collection of electrons and ions by both a wall (electrode) and dust particles, which are initially immersed into plasma and distributed in the front of the electrode. Obtained results show the existence of oscillations of a self‐consistent potential in magnetized dusty sheaths including boundary potentials. The role of the oscillations is growing at the increase of the magnetic field and its angle with the normal to the electrode surface. Dust particles weaken magnetized sheaths and create additional sheaths close to a boundary of dust particles. The magnetic field does not influence on the dust particle charge. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Proposal of Modified Child‐Langmuir Formula describing Space‐Charge Limited Current in Plasma
Authors: Hagino Y. , Ohno N. , Takamura S. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe propose a modified Child‐Langmuir (C‐L) equation, which can give space‐charge limited electron current from plasma‐facing material for not only floating condition but also any sheath voltage. The modified C‐L equation has a more sophisticated dependence of the sheath voltage and the plasma density through the effect of Debye shielding than the simply modified C‐L equation previously derived by us. The space‐charge limited currents given by the modified C‐L equation are in good agreement with those calculated by recent theoretical formula within an error of ±6%. The modified C‐L formula can be applicable in various plasma fields. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Reduction of Sheath Potential and Particle Flux at a Target Plate by Negatively Charged Dust Particles
Authors: Tomita Y. , Smirnov R. , Chutov Yu. , Takayama A. , Takizuka T. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractElectrostatic potential formation due to negatively charged dust particles near a divertor plate is studied by one‐dimensional kinetic analysis. It is shown that the negatively charged dust particles reduce the ion‐sheath potential drop in front of the plate. Dust particles with a large radius (100 μm) reduce the potential drop significantly despite the low dust‐to‐plasma density ratio (∼10−8). The plasma particle flux is reduced appreciably by the absorption by the dust particles. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Simulation of ASDEX Upgrade Edge Plasma in the H‐Regime
Authors: Rozhansky V. , Kaveeva E. , Voskoboynikov S. , Coster D. , Bonnin X. , Schneider R. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSeveral simulations of the L‐regimes of ASDEX Upgrade edge plasma have been performed with the B2 SOLP S5.0 2D fluid transport code for a wide range of parameters. A conclusion has been made that the radial electric field in the separatrix vicinity is close to the neoclassical value. The poloidal $ \vec E \times \vec B $ drifts and compensating parallel fluxes in the scrape‐off layer are larger in the H‐mode due to steeper gradients while the qualitative pattern of the flows is similar to that of the L‐mode. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)