bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
African‐American ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and breast cancer survival
Authors: Newman Lisa A. , Mason James , Cote David , Vin Yael , Carolin Kathryn , Bouwman David , Colditz Graham A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDAfrican‐American women are at increased risk for breast cancer mortality compared with white American women, and the extent to which socioeconomic factors account for this outcome disparity is unclear.METHODSA MEDLINE search was conducted to identify published studies that used a Cox proportional hazards regression model to evaluate the outcome of African‐American women and white American women with breast carcinoma after adjusting for socioeconomic status. A meta–analysis was performed using specialized statistical software; the random‐effects method of statistical evaluation was used because of the a priori impression that the studies reviewed would be at least moderately heterogeneous in study design and patient populations.RESULTSThe initial literature search yielded 3962 studies. Fourteen studies met all criteria for inclusion in the meta–analysis, resulting in a sample size of 10,001 African‐American patients and 42,473 white American patients with breast carcinoma. There was substantial variation in the method used for defining socioeconomic status. Summary statistics revealed a significant odds ratio of 1.22 (95% confidence interval, 1.13–1.30) for the adverse effect of African‐American ethnicity on breast cancer mortality. Subset meta–analyses yielded similar results, supporting the robustness of this finding.CONCLUSIONSThis meta–analysis revealed that African‐American ethnicity is an independent predictor of a worse breast cancer outcome. The pooled analysis has added strength because of the aggregate sample size and indicates that the true biologic and/or therapeutic determinants of disparities in breast cancer outcome for different ethnic groups and for different socioeconomic strata are incompletely understood. Cancer 2002;94:2844–54. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10575
Pale cytochrome oxidase stripes in V2 receive the richest projection from macaque striate cortex
Authors: Sincich Lawrence C. , Horton Jonathan C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOnce the visual pathway reaches striate cortex, it fans out to a number of extrastriate areas. The projections to the second visual area (V2) are known to terminate in a patchy manner. V2 contains a system of repeating pale‐thin‐pale‐ thick stripes of cytochrome oxidase (CO) activity. We examined whether the patchy terminal fields arising from primary visual cortex (V1) projections are systematically related to the CO stripes in V2. Large injections of an anterograde tracer, [3H]proline, were made into V1 of both hemispheres in 5 macaques. The resulting V2 label appeared in layers 2–6, with the densest concentration in layer 4. In 21/29 injections, comparison of adjacent flatmount sections processed either for autoradiography or CO activity showed that the heaviest [3H]proline labeling was located in pale CO stripes. In 7/29 injections, there was no clear enrichment of labeling in the CO pale stripes. In 1 injection, the proline label correlated with dark CO stripes. On a fine scale, CO levels vary within V2 stripes, giving them an irregular, mottled appearance. In all stripe types, the density of proline label would often wax and wane in opposing contrast to these local fluctuations in CO density. Our data showed that V1 input is generally anti‐correlated with the intensity of CO staining in V2, with strongest input to pale stripes. It is known that the pulvinar projects preferentially to dark stripes. Therefore, V2 receives interleaved projections from V1 and the pulvinar. Because these projections favor different stripe types, they may target separate populations of neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 447:18–33, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Larval electroreceptors in the epidermis of mormyrid fish: I. Tuberous organs of type A and B
Authors: Bensouilah Mourad , Schugardt Christian , Roesler Ritva , Kirschbaum Frank , Denizot Jean‐Pierre 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTwo types of larval electroreceptors, type A and B, are described in the epidermis of the head of larvae of three mormyrid species, Campylomormyrus cassaicus, Mormyrus rume proboscirostris and Pollimyrus isidori, bred in captivity. In each of these electroreceptor organs, a single sensory cell is found inside an intraepidermal cavity, sitting on a platform of accessory cells. The cavity is filled with microvilli originating both from the sensory cell and from the epidermal covering cells lining the intraepidermal cavity. These two types of tuberous larval electroreceptors differ in their distribution in the epidermis of the head, in the composition of their accessory cells, and by their innervation. The innervation found in type B organs is similar to that already described for electroreceptors of adult mormyrids. The sensorineural junction is composed of primary afferent terminal boutons, which contact the base of the sensory cell. Opposite each terminal bouton, a ribbon‐like synaptic bar surrounded by vesicles is found in the cytoplasm of the sensory cell. In contrast, the base of the sensory cell in type A larval electroreceptors is not contacted by nervous terminal boutons, but instead forms closed appositions with specialized prolongations of accessory cells of the platform. The base of the sensory cell presents membrane evaginations, with hemispheric synaptic structures and few synaptic vesicles. These two types of electroreceptor organs degenerate at the time of the degeneration of the larval electric organ and the functional differentiation of the adult electric organ. The functional role of two tuberous electroreceptor types is examined. J. Comp. Neurol. 447:309–322, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of the zinc transporter ZnT‐1 in comparison with chelatable zinc in the mouse brain
Authors: Sekler Israel , Moran Arie , Hershfinkel Michal , Dori Amir , Margulis Ariel , Birenzweig Nurit , Nitzan Yuval , Silverman William F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractZinc maintains a diverse array of functions in the mammalian central nervous system as a key component of numerous enzymes, via its role in the activation of transcription factors, and as a neuroregulator, modulating neuronal receptors such as N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate and γ‐aminobutyric acid. Zinc has a dark side, however, with massive influx of Zn2+ to neurons considered to be a key factor in neuronal death secondary to ischemia and seizure. Several different putative zinc transporters, ZnT‐1–4, have recently been identified and characterized. Among them, ZnT‐1 has been suggested to play a key role in reducing cellular Zn2+ toxicity. In the present study, we describe the regional and cellular distribution of ZnT‐1 in the adult mouse brain using an antibody raised against the C‐terminal domain of mouse ZnT‐1. The distribution of ZnT‐1 was compared to that of chelatable Zn2+, visualized by means of neoTimm histochemistry or N‐(6‐methoxy‐8‐quinolyl)‐p‐toluene‐sulfonamide (TSQ) histofluorescence. Extracts from various brain regions specifically stained a 60‐kDa peptide corresponding to the expected molecular weight of ZnT‐1. The expression of ZnT‐1 was highest in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum, moderate in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and olfactory bulb, and lowest in the striatum and septum. In brain sections, ZnT‐1‐immunoreactive neurons, in particular principle neurons, in the somatosensory cortex, hippocampus, and olfactory bulb, were closely related to synaptic Zn2+. Robust ZnT‐1 immunoreactivity was also observed in cerebellar Purkinje cells. Although the function of the protein in these cells is unclear, in the forebrain, ZnT‐1 is strikingly present in cells and regions where significant Zn2+ homeostasis is required. This finding suggests a protective role for neuronal ZnT‐1 in the context of both normal and pathophysiological activity. J. Comp. Neurol. 447:201–209, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution and morphology of nigral axons projecting to the thalamus in primates
Authors: François Chantal , Tande Dominique , Yelnik Jerome , Hirsch Etienne C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study presents an analysis of the distribution and organization pattern of axons originating from the substantia nigra pars reticulata and projecting to the thalamus in monkeys. Biotin dextran amine was iontophoretically injected into different parts of the substantia nigra pars reticulata of monkeys (African green monkeys and macaques). In whatever part of the substantia nigra the injection was made, numerous axonal endings were found to be distributed within different thalamic regions: the ventral anterior nucleus and mainly its magnocellular part, the most ventromedial part of the ventral lateral nucleus, and the mediodorsal and parafascicular nuclei. Moreover, the nigrothalamic projection appeared to be topographically organized. Ten anterogradely labeled axons were reconstructed from serial sections. The axons terminated in three to six terminal fields per axon located in a relatively small portion of only one thalamic region. These terminal fields were variable in size and comprised 4–43 very thin, varicose branches. They consisted either of different axonal branches of the same axon or of different axons and covered 10–31 thalamic cell bodies. These findings demonstrate that the overall morphological organization of individual nigral axons is complex and allows single axons to influence thalamic neurons via a combination of divergent, convergent, and amplification processes. J. Comp. Neurol. 447:249–260, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nr‐CAM expression in the developing mouse nervous system: Ventral midline structures, specific fiber tracts, and neuropilar regions
Authors: Lustig Marc , Erskine Lynda , Mason Carol A. , Grumet Martin , Sakurai Takeshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNr‐CAM is a member of the L1 subfamily of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) that belong to the immunoglobulin superfamily. To explore the role of Nr‐CAM in the developing nervous system, we prepared specific antibodies against both chick and mouse Nr‐CAM using recombinant Fc fusion proteins of chick Nr‐CAM and mouse Nr‐CAM, respectively. First, we show the specificity of the new anti‐chick Nr‐CAM antibody compared with a previously employed antibody using the expression patterns of Nr‐CAM in the chick spinal cord and floor plate and on commissural axons, where Nr‐CAM has been implicated in axon guidance. Using the anti‐mouse Nr‐CAM antibody, we then studied the expression patterns of Nr‐CAM in the developing mouse nervous system along with the patterns of two related CAMs, L1, which labels most growing axons, and TAG‐1, which binds to Nr‐CAM and has a more restricted distribution. Major sites that are positive for Nr‐CAM are specialized glial formations in the ventral midline, including the floor plate in the spinal cord, the hindbrain and midbrain, the optic chiasm, and the median eminence in the forebrain. Similar to what is seen in the chick spinal cord, Nr‐CAM is expressed on crossing fibers as they course through these areas. In addition, Nr‐CAM is found in crossing fiber pathways, including the anterior commissure, corpus callosum, and posterior commissure, and in nondecussating pathways, such as the lateral olfactory tract and the habenulointerpeduncular tract. Nr‐CAM, for the most part, is colocalized with TAG‐1 in all of these systems. Based on in vitro studies indicating that the Nr‐CAM‐axonin‐1/TAG‐1 interaction is involved in peripheral axonal growth and guidance in the spinal cord [Lustig et al. (1999) Dev Biol 209:340–351; Fitzli et al. (2000) J Cell Biol 149:951–968], the expression patterns described herein implicate a role for this interaction in central nervous system axon growth and guidance, especially at points of decussation. Nr‐CAM also is expressed in cortical regions, such as the olfactory bulb. In the hippocampus, however, TAG‐1‐positive areas are segregated from Nr‐CAM‐positive areas, suggesting that, in neuropilar regions, Nr‐CAM interacts with molecules other than TAG‐1. J. Comp. Neurol. 434:13–28, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of galaninergic immunoreactivity in the brain of the mouse
Authors: Pérez Silvia E. , Wynick David , Steiner Robert A. , Mufson Elliott J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe distribution of galaninergic immunoreactive (‐ir) profiles was studied in the brain of colchicine‐pretreated and non‐pretreated mice. Galanin (GAL)‐ir neurons and fibers were observed throughout all encephalic vesicles. Telencephalic GAL‐ir neurons were found in the olfactory bulb, cerebral cortex, lateral and medial septum, diagonal band of Broca, nucleus basalis of Meynert, bed nucleus of stria terminalis, amygdala, and hippocampus. The thalamus displayed GAL‐ir neurons within the anterodorsal, paraventricular, central lateral, paracentral, and central medial nuclei. GAL‐ir neurons were found in several regions of the hypothalamus. In the midbrain, GAL‐ir neurons appeared in the pretectal olivary nucleus, oculomotor nucleus, the medial and lateral lemniscus, periaqueductal gray, and the interpeduncular nucleus. The pons contained GAL‐ir neurons within the dorsal subcoeruleus, locus coeruleus, and dorsal raphe. In the medulla oblongata, GAL‐ir neurons appear in the anterodorsal and dorsal cochlear nuclei, salivatory nucleus, A5 noradrenergic cells, gigantocellular nucleus, inferior olive, solitary tract nucleus, dorsal vagal motor and hypoglossal nuclei. Only GAL‐ir fibers were seen in the lateral habenula nucleus, substantia nigra, parabrachial complex, cerebellum, spinal trigeminal tract, as well as the motor root of the trigeminal and facial nerves. GAL‐ir was also observed in several circumventricular organs. The widespread distribution of galanin in the mouse brain suggests that this neuropeptide plays a role in the regulation of cognitive and homeostatic functions. J. Comp. Neurol. 434:158–185, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Constitutive expression of heat shock protein HSP25 in the central nervous system of the developing and adult mouse
Authors: Armstrong Carol L. , Krueger‐Naug Anne Marie , Currie R. William , Hawkes Richard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractImmunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization have been used to survey constitutive heat shock protein (HSP)25 expression in the brain and spinal cord of the developing and adult mouse. The data reveal both transient and sustained patterns of expression and demonstrate robust differences between mice and rats. During development, HSP25 is transiently expressed in neurons of the inferior colliculus, various thalamic subnuclei, and the majority of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. Sustained expression into adulthood is seen in neurons of the cranial nerve nuclei, spinal cord motoneurons, median preoptic nucleus, and a subset of Purkinje cells. Differences in HSP25 expression between adult rats and mice include the somatic motor nuclei innervating the extraocular muscles, which are HSP25 immunoreactive only in the rat. Similar differences in HSP25 expression are seen during the development of the inferior colliculus, thalamus, and cerebellum, where expression is restricted to mice. J. Comp. Neurol. 434:262–274, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructure of the taste buds in the blind cave fish Astyanax jordani (“Anoptichthys”) and the sighted river fish Astyanax mexicanus (Teleostei, Characidae)
Authors: Boudriot Friederike , Reutter Klaus 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study describes the ultrastructure of the taste buds of the sighted river fish Astyanax mexicanus and of the blind cave fish Astyanax jordani (= Anoptichthys) (Teleostei, Characiformes, Characidae). In Astyanax and Anoptichthys, taste buds occur in the epithelia of the lips, oral cavity, and, in Anoptichthys, lower jaw. Both possess three types of taste buds: type I (elevated), type II (slightly elevated), and type III taste buds (not elevated or sunken). The taste buds are up to 60 μm high and up to 35 μm wide. The taste bud's sensory epithelium consists of 100–130 elongated cells: light cells, dense‐cored‐vesicles (dcv) ‐cells, dark cells, and degenerating cells. The dcv‐cells are rich in dense‐cored vesicles and are described for the first time in a teleostean taste bud. At the taste bud's base, there lie two to three basal cells. The basal cells of type I and type II taste buds have microvillus (spine)‐like processes, in contrast to those of type III taste buds. The taste bud's nerve fiber plexus is situated between the bases of the elongated taste bud cells and the basal cells. Afferent synapses occur between dcv‐cells and basal cells (presynaptic sides) and axons (postsynaptic side). Indistinct synapses occur between light cells and dark cells (presynaptic sides) and axons (postsynaptic side). The nerve fiber plexes of Anoptichthys type II and type III taste buds contain significantly more axon profiles than those of Astyanax. This may be associated with a compensatory improvement of the sense of taste in the blind, cave‐dwelling fish. J. Comp. Neurol. 434:428–444, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serotonergic innervation of the auditory brainstem of the Mexican free‐tailed bat, Tadarida brasiliensis
Authors: Hurley Laura M. , Thompson Ann M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAnatomical and electrophysiological evidence suggests that serotonin alters the processing of sound in the auditory brainstem of many mammalian species. The Mexican free‐tailed bat is a hearing specialist, like other microchiropteran bats. At the same time, many aspects of its auditory brainstem are similar to those in other mammals. This dichotomy raises an interesting question regarding the serotonergic innervation of the bat auditory brainstem: Is the serotonergic input to the auditory brainstem similar in bats and other mammals, or are there specializations in the serotonergic innervation of bats that may be related to their exceptional hearing capabilities? To address this question, we immunocytochemically labeled serotonergic fibers in the brainstem of the Mexican free‐tailed bat, Tadarida brasiliensis. We found many similarities in the pattern of serotonergic innervation of the auditory brainstem in Tadarida compared with other mammals, but we also found two striking differences. Similarities to staining patterns in other mammals included a higher density of serotonergic fibers in the dorsal cochlear nucleus and in granule cell regions than in the ventral cochlear nucleus, a high density of fibers in some periolivary nuclei of the superior olive, and a higher density of fibers in peripheral regions of the inferior colliculus compared with its core. The two novel features of serotonergic innervation in Tadarida were a high density of fibers in the fusiform layer of the dorsal cochlear nucleus relative to surrounding layers and a relatively high density of serotonergic fibers in the low‐frequency regions of the lateral and medial superior olive. J. Comp. Neurol. 435:78–88, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytology of human caudomedial cingulate, retrosplenial, and caudal parahippocampal cortices
Authors: Vogt Brent A. , Vogt Leslie J. , Perl Daniel P. , Hof Patrick R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBrodmann showed areas 26, 29, 30, 23, and 31 on the human posterior cingulate gyrus without marking sulcal areas. Histologic studies of retrosplenial areas 29 and 30 identify them on the ventral bank of the cingulate gyrus (CGv), whereas standardized atlases show area 30 on the surface of the caudomedial region. This study evaluates all areas on the CGv and caudomedial region with rigorous cytologic criteria in coronal and oblique sections Nissl stained or immunoreacted for neuron‐specific nuclear binding protein and nonphosphorylated neurofilament proteins (NFP‐ir). Ectosplenial area 26 has a granular layer with few large pyramidal neurons below. Lateral area 29 (29l) has a dense granular layer II‐IV and undifferentiated layers V and VI. Medial area 29 (29m) has a layer III of medium and NFP‐ir pyramids and a layer IV with some large, NFP‐ir pyramidal neurons that distinguish it from areas 29l, 30, and 27. Although area 29m is primarily on the CGv, a terminal branch can extend onto the caudomedial lobule. Area 30 is dysgranular with a variable thickness layer IV that is interrupted by large NFP‐ir neurons in layers IIIc and Va. Although area 30 does not appear on the surface of the caudomedial lobule, a terminal branch can form less that 1% of this gyrus. Area 23a is isocortex with a clear layer IV and large, NFP‐ir neurons in layers IIIc and Va. Area 23b is similar to area 23a but with a thicker layer IV, more large neurons in layer Va, and a higher density of NFP‐ir neurons in layer III. The caudomedial gyral surface is composed of areas 23a and 23b and a caudal extension of area 31. Although posterior area 27 and the parasubiculum are similar to rostral levels, posterior area 36′ differs from rostral area 36. Subregional flat maps show that retrosplenial cortex is on the CGv, most of the surface of caudomedial cortex is areas 23a, 23b, and 31, and the retrosplenial/parahippocampal border is at the ventral edge of the splenium. Thus, Brodmann's map understates the rostral extent of retrosplenial cortex, overstates its caudoventral extent, and abridges the caudomedial extent of area 23. J. Comp. Neurol. 438:353–376, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neurofilament protein: A selective marker for the architectonic parcellation of the visual cortex in adult cat brain
Authors: Van Der Gucht Estel , Vandesande Frans , Arckens Lutgarde 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this immunocytochemical study, we examined the expression profile of neurofilament protein in the cat visual system. We have used SMI‐32, a monoclonal antibody that recognizes a nonphosphorylated epitope on the medium‐ and high‐molecular‐weight subunits of neurofilament proteins. This antibody labels primarily the cell body and dendrites of pyramidal neurons in cortical layers III, V, and VI. Neurofilament protein‐immunoreactive neurons were prominent in 20 visual cortical areas (areas 17, 18, 19, 20a, 20b, 21a, 21b, and 7; posteromedial lateral, posterolateral lateral, anteromedial lateral, anterolateral lateral, dorsal lateral, ventral lateral, and posterior suprasylvian areas; anterior ectosylvian, the splenial, the cingulate, and insular visual areas; and the anterolateral gyrus area). In addition, we have also found strong immunopositive cells in the A laminae of the dorsal part of the lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and in the medial interlaminar nucleus, but no immunoreactive cells were present in the parvocellular C (1–3) laminae of the dLGN, in the ventral part of the LGN and in the perigeniculate nucleus. This SMI‐32 antibody against neurofilament protein revealed a characteristic pattern of immunostaining in each visual area. The size, shape, intensity, and density of neurofilament protein‐immunoreactive neurons and their dendritic arborization differed substantially across all visual areas. Moreover, it was also obvious that several visual areas showed differences in laminar distribution and that such profiles may be used to delineate various cortical areas. Therefore, the expression of neurofilament protein can be used as a specific marker to define areal patterns and topographic boundaries in the cat visual system. J. Comp. Neurol. 441:345–368, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.