bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrophysiology of mammalian pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental neurons in vitro:Implications for the control of REM sleep
Authors: Leonard C S , Llinas R R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mammalian pedunculopontine tegmental (PPT) and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei (LDT) are located in the dorsolateral pontine reticular formation at the junction of the midbrain and pons. Although the precise delineation of their boundaries is a subject of current discussion (Lee et al. 1988; Rye et al. 1987), the major portion of the PPT and LDT is coextensive with the Ch5 and Ch6 groups of cholinergic neurons, respectively (Mesulam et al. 1983). These groups are defined on the purely histochemical criterion of immunocytochemical labelling for ChAT (Armstrong et al. 1983; Jones and Beaudet 1987; Mesulam et al. 1983; Pare et al. 1988; Woolf and Butcher 1986). Examination of the PPT cytoarchitecture in rat has shown that the nucleus contains both large, cholinergic neurons and smaller, non-cholinergic neurons (Rye et al. 1987). The functional roles of the large- and small-cell populations are not known. However, evidence from a variety of experimental approaches supports the view that PPT and LDT cholinergic neurons play an important role in the production of both the phasic and tonic components of REM sleep (Hobson et al. 1986; Hobson and Steriade 1986; Shiromani and Gillin 1987). In addition, it has been suggested that the PPT and LDT cholinergic neurons form the anatomical substrate of the midbrain locomotor region (Garcia-Rill 1986), a region defined by its ability to elicite locomotion following electrical stimulation in the precollicular cat or rat. Alternatively, hodological considerations have led to the suggestion that the small non-cholinergic neurons of the PPT and neighbouring areas may be involved in extrapyramidal motor functions while the large cholinergic neurons may be involved in the control of the REM sleep (Lee et al. 1988; Rye et al. 1987).
A neurophysiological model for the directional coding of reaching movements
Authors: Jeannerod M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to present a model to account for directional coding of reaching movements. Several critical neural operations are needed for ultimately building up the appropriate motor commands that will steer the hand to its final position. First, the retinal map where the target projects must be transformed into a motor (or visuomotor) map of space in which target position is specified in a body-centred system of coordinates. Second, the position of the moving limb must be specified on a proprioceptive map using the same system of co-ordinates as the visuomotor map, so that limb position and target position can coincide. Finally, error-correcting mechanisms must be available for ensuring accuracy.
Brain and space: some deductions from the clinical evidence
Authors: Ratcliff Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Those neuropsychologists who, like myself, work directly with patients with cerebral lesions are uniquely placed to benefit from the kinds of data and theory discussed in this volume. Potentially, we are also in a unique position to serve as an interface between the two main sources of this information – the concrete world of neuroanatomy and neurophysiology on the one hand and the more abstract realm of cognitive theory and computational modelling on the other.
Introduction to Veterinary Genetics
Authors: Nicholas F W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An introductory overview of aspects of genetics that are relevant to animal diseases and to animal production. This is a shorter and simplified version of the successful Veterinary Genetics (1987), and is ideal for students, classroom use, and Practitioners who require more guidance with genetics. Molecular techniques that are revolutionising our understanding of animal genetics are covered throughout the book, including in the areas of familial disorders, environmental control of inherited disorders, animal breeding, and selection.
Biotechnology and the future
Authors: Nicholas F W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of this book has been concerned with the application of various forms of biotechnology to the breeding of animals. The aim of this chapter is to fill in the remaining gaps-to comment upon those aspects of biotechnology that have not been sufficiently covered in earlier chapters. In so doing, we shall be looking into the future, which is always a risky business. The predictions that follow, therefore, are made in the full knowledge that not all of them are likely to come to fruition.
A framework for discussing the population biology of infectious diseases
Authors: Anderson Roy M , May Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By focusing on the overall population biology of associations between hosts and parasites, and emphasizing broad themes that are common to most systems, we seek to provide a framework within which a vast amount of information about parasitic infections may be organized in an orderly way. We aim to codify similarities and differences among the various viral, bacterial, protozoan, fungal, and helminth parasites, identifying the ecologically based patterns of relationships among epidemiological parameters such as transmission rates, virulence, life span of the parasite within the host, and so on.
Pharmacological characteristics and molecular structure of calcium channels
Authors: Kostyuk Platon G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A characteristic feature of many types of ion channels is their ability to bind some natural substances very specifically. One of the best-known examples is the binding by sodium channels of tetrodotoxin (TIX) obtained from a Pacific fish, Tetrodon. The discovery of tetrodotoxin played an extremely important role in the development of modern ideas about ion channels. Some other specific substances have been found to block sodium channels; most of them are used by living organisms for defence or attack. The production of artificially modified natural toxins, including their radioactive labelling, became a very convenient instrument for the investigation of the functional structure of sodium channels, and determination of their location, density, etc.
Fate of calcium ions in the nerve cell
Authors: Kostyuk Platon G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The existence in excitable cells of effective mechanisms for controlling the entry of calcium ions into the cell must be connected with the presence of opposite mechanisms which can remove them after the end of cell activity. If the injected ions remained in the cytoplasm in a free state, the functions of the cell would rapidly deteriorate because calcium ions interact with most important macromolecules and change their properties. Thus, an effective system for the maintenance of calcium homeostasis must also exist, probably even more important than the systems maintaining the homeostasis of sodium or potassium ions.
Neuropsychological disorders after subcortical lesions: implications for neural models of language and spatial attention
Authors: Cappa Stefano F , Vallar Giuseppe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years abundant evidence has been provided that neuropsychological disorders such as aphasia and neglect may be associated with subcortical lesions sparing the cerebral cortex. This chapter, relying mainly on neuropsychological data from brain-damaged patients, but also considering some relevant animal research, has a twofold aim:
Three topographical types of thalamic aphasia: a neurolinguistic, MRI, and SPECT study
Authors: Puel M , Démonet J F , Cardebat D , Berry I , Celsis P , Marc-Vergnes J P , Rascol A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the so-called ‘subcortical aphasias’, 108 cases of thalamic aphasia have been reported (Demonet 1987). Whereas on the one hand the possibility of identifying a specific thalamic syndrome remains controversial, on the other hand, anatomical studies based only on CT scan data do not allow thorough correlations between linguistic disturbances and distinct intrathalamic lesion sites. Advances in brain imaging-including both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and single-photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) studies-allow us to consider the role that subcortical structures, and particularly the thalamus, might play in the determinism of language disorders, in terms both of lesion site and of functional networks, according to the model proposed by Crosson (1985), which assumes the existence of functional cortico-subcortico-cortical loops. From a previous study (Puel et al. 1986), we present three cases showing evidence of different thalamic lesions, documented with MRI study and analysed at both a neurolinguistic and SPECT level.
Intraspecific phylogenetics: problems and solutions
Authors: Crandall* Keith A , Templeton† Alan R , Sing&#x87; Charles F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intraspecific phylogenies are useful tools in testing a variety of evolutionary and population genetic hypotheses. However, the reconstruction methods available for within-species phylogenies were developed under the assumptions of greater evolutionary divergences. Therefore, these methods often lack resolving power at the intraspecific level. Here we overview the only phylogeny reconstruction algorithm that is specifically designed to take advantage of the information from population genetic theory in reconstructing within-species phylogenies. The method is demonstrated using restriction site data from the yellow-achaete-scute locus of Drosophila melanogaster.
Insect faunas in ice age environments: why so little extinctionã
Authors: Coope G R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The above quotation highlights the problem that we face when trying to deal with extinction as a phenomenon, that is, the difficulty of dealing with negative evidence. How can we ever be certain that an organism has finally ceased to existã It is easy enough at the individual level—death has its own particular finality about it—but at the racial level, recognizing extinction is a much more intractable problem. Everyone is justifiably convinced that the mammoths are globally extinct because such an enormous animal could hardly be overlooked. Yet, even here, the recently discovered dwarf mammoths that had survived on Wrangel Island in the Arctic Ocean until a mere 5000 years ago, show how inadequate the fossil record can be in dating the final demise of even such a conspicuous species as this. The rediscovery of the presumed extinct bird, the Takahe (Notornis) in New Zealand again shows how difficult it is to be certain that even large birds have finally become extinct. The recent finding of a totally new genus of antelope Pseudoryx nghetinhensis Mackinnon, in Vietnam shows how wrong it is to presume that all the large mammals on Earth are now ‘known to science’. Extinction may be easy enough to define in theory but it is much more difficult to recognize in practice even among the most conspicuous inhabitants of our planet.
Bird extinctions in the central Pacific
Authors: Pimm Stuart L , Moulton Michael P , Justice Lenora J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Pacific islands faunas and floras are well known for their high extinction rates (Diamond 1984a,h; Smith et al. 1993; Milberg and Tyrberg 1993; Humphries and Fisher 1994). Human colonization has driven these changes in the last few millennia. The first wave spread eastwards from the East Indies reaching Melanesia and Micronesia about 4000 ya (years ago), Fiji and Samoa 3500 ya, the Marquesas 2000 ya, and the outliers of Hawai’i, Easter Island, and New Zealand within the last 1500 years. European exploration started with Magellan and Mendana in the 16th century and was all but complete when Cook died at Kealakekua, Hawai’i in 1779. Colonization started later: the first missionaries arrived in ‘Tahiti in 1795 and Hawai’i in 1820, for example. Both waves brought alien species to the region although the peak period of introductions is much more recent. Most bird introductions to Hawai’i occurred since 1920.
Mate fidelity in swans: an interspecific comparison
Authors: Rees Eileen C , Lievesley Pia , Pettifor Richard A , Perrins Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of the three swan species that occur in Britain, the Bewick’s and Whooper Swans are migratory and the Mute Swan resident throughout the year. The Bewick’s Swan Cygnus columbianus bewickii (see drawing above) breeds on tundra in the Russian arctic, and birds from the western population fly some 4000 km each autumn to wintering sites located primarily in the Netherlands, Britain, and Ireland. British-wintering Whooper Swans Cygnus cygnus, on the other hand, are predominantly from the Icelandic breeding population, and have a comparatively short migratory journey of some 800 km between the breeding and wintering grounds. They nest in a variety of habitats ranging from lowland marshes, amidst areas of intensive farming, to upland sites, where pools and lakes in the glacial moraine support aquatic vegetation, thus providing a food supply for the birds. Differences between Bewick’s and Whooper Swans in the timing of their arrival and departure in Britain each season reflect the different migratory distances undertaken; Whooper Swans generally return to their wintering sites earlier than the Bewick’s Swans in autumn, and leave later in the spring. In Britain the Mute Swan Cygnus olor is very sedentary; only some 3 % of individuals move more than 100 km from their natal area (Birkhead and Perrins 1986). It occupies a wide range of waters including ponds, rivers, and gravel pits, and often frequents urban areas.
Between- and within-population variation in mate fidelity in the Great Tit
Authors: Dhondt Andre a. , adriaensen, frank , plompen werner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Great Tit Parus major is a small (18 g) hole-nesting passerine that readily uses nest boxes. It has been extensively studied in Western Europe. In this chapter we present results from two long-term studies carried out in nine different study plots in northern Belgium where we provided a superabundance of wooden nest boxes. The quality of food and shelter varies considerably between study sites and seasons and this may be linked with the birds’ social behaviour. The Great Tits in these sites are socially monogamous, but extra-pair nestlings are found in about one-third of the nests. During the breeding season males defend a multi-purpose territory in which females alone build the nest and in which the pair collects all food for the chicks. Outside of the breeding season (July to January) Great Tits often live in flocks in which the pair bond is not maintained.
Causes and consequences of mate fidelity in Red-billed Gulls
Authors: Mills James a. , Yarrall, john w. , Mills deborah a. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Red-billed Gull Larus novaehollandiae scopulinus is a small coastal breeding gull, which nests colonially in high numbers at high densities. Red-billed gulls are highly philopatric, and usually pair with the same partners each successive breeding season. In the autumn and winter months most adults and young disperse from the breeding colony, but pair bonds are seldom maintained outside of the breeding season. New pairs are formed either at nest sites defended by unattached males, at sites within or adjacent to the colony where unemployed birds gather temporarily. Pairs reunite at the nest site they occupied the previous season, but may not necessarily breed at that site. This study, based on data collected between 1964 and 1993 in a population of known age individuals, examines the causes and consequences of mate change and the advantages of retaining the same partner for a number of breeding seasons. We draw on a sample of 4062 colour-marked individuals that were involved in 34 459 breeding attempts. We also explore the relationship between courtship feeding by males and extra-pair behaviour in their mates. The Red-billed Gull population is rather unique in that there is a large excess of females and this induces major differences in the demography of the sexes.
The Jordan River and the Litani
Authors: Murakami Masahiro , Musiake Katsumi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The current basic framework for allocation of Jordan river water is enshrined in the ‘Main Plan: 1953’ and the ‘Johnston Plan: 1955’ which were negotiated with the United Nations but never formally endorsed by the governments concerned. The two plans basically agreed with the diversion from the Jordan river system to the coastal plain along the Mediterranean in Israel, but denied the integration of the Litani as a part of the Jordan system as proposed by Cotton in 1954.
Parasite-mediated sexual selection: endocrine aspects
Authors: Hillgarth Nigella , Wingfield John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that males with high mating success often have relatively low parasite intensities. It is possible that this may be explained, at least in part, by the direct or indirect effect of parasites on reproductive behaviours and the production of secondary sexual characters. This, in tum, has raised interest in possible mechanisms behind parasite mediated sexual selection. Testosterone, the steroid hormone, has been shown to play an important role in regulating aggression, nuptial display, and secondary sexual characters in vertebrates. The finding that parasites can differentially affect secondary sex characters more than other morphological characters (Zuk et al. 1990a) bas added weight to the suggestion that parasitism may alter, directly or indirectly, the levels of hormones, such as testosterone, that regulate the expression of some secondary sex characters.
Hole in one
Authors: Berridge Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Michael Berridge is probably Britain’s most quoted scientist. The winner of a whole batch of international awards, and widely tipped for a Nobel prize, he remains virtually unknown outside the scientific community. This is even more surprising given that his discovery is central to understanding many aspects of biology. By unravelling a mechanism by which cells respond to the signals they receive from hormones, the chemical messengers which enable different parts of an organism to communicate with each other, Berridge has cast light on processes as diverse as growth, and why lithium acts to alleviate manic depression. He began his research in Cambridge, doing his Ph.D. under the distinguished insect physiologist, Sir Vincent Wigglesworth. But he was born and grew up in Rhodesia, which is now called Zimbabwe.
Other minds
Authors: Holton Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scientists, on the other hand, have tended to be suspicious of such activities. There is, perhaps, a feeling that unless someone has actually done serious scientific research, he or she cannot possibly understand it. That’s why Gerald Holton’s work is so interesting. He is both a successful physicist and a historian of science. His studies of Einstein’s correspondence, and the laboratory notebooks of Robert Millikan, the American physicist whose famous oil-drop experiment determined the charge of the electron, have provided convincing insights into the way great science operates. His work on other founders of modern physics, such as Rutherford, Planck and the Italian nuclear physicist Enrico Fermi has also, among many other things, revealed much about the phenomenon of great scientific schools.
Social parasitism and its evolution in Polistes
Authors: Cerva Rita , Dani Francesca R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wasps in general, and Polistes in particular, constitute for West-Eberhard (1991) a group of organisms especially suited to inspire and inform the study of social evolution. Not by chance was Polistes one of the first groups on which kin selection theory was tested (Hamilton 1964a and b). Though this theory is today the most accredited for explaining the origin of eusociality, it is possible that various selective factors may have operated together in determining its several appearances, making a single explanation unlikely (West-Eberhard 1975; Andersson 1984; Brockmann 1984).
The evolution of exocrine gland function in wasps
Authors: Jeanne Robert L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fifty years ago, when Leo Pardi was doing his landmark studies of dominance in Polistes, most of the exocrine glands we know of now in wasps had already been described, often in minute anatomical detail (Bordas 1908; Heselhaus 1922). Understanding of gland functions, however, was limited largely to the venom gland and some of the glands producing structural products-silk production by the labial gland of last instar larvae, and nest construction cement by the labial gland of the adult female. The rest of the glands opening in the head were assumed to produce secretions related to feeding, and the function of Dufour‘s gland was unknown. Virtually nothing was known of the existence of pheromones and allomones and their glandular sources.
Wetlands
Authors: Gilbert Oliver L , Anderson Penny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ponds, lakes, rivers, and streams have long been valued for their recreational and amenity values. But wetlands also include other habitats, such as swamps, marshes, fens, reed-beds, bogs, and mires, that may be less ‘attractive’ or ‘romantic’ but still evoke a particular sense in that they represent areas in which water plays a key role. Defined in simple terms, wetlands should be considered as representing those habitats that occupy the transitional zones between true terrestrial (dry) areas and fully aquatic (wet) environments.
Patterns of morphologic diversification during the initial radiation of the “archaeogastropoda”
Authors: Wagner Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The initial radiation of the “Archaeogastropoda” produced a high degree of taxonomic diversity. True “archaeogastropods” (defined for this study as anisostrophically-coiled, sinusbearing gastropods plus all of their descendants through the Silurian) first appeared in the Late Cambrian. Seven suborders and nine superfamilies evolved by the middle of the Early Ordovician but higher taxa appeared at a much slower pace after this time. Evolutionary radiations of this sort have been observed at all levels, from the diversification of phyla in the Cambrian to more recent radiations of fruit flies and cichlid fishes. One hypothesis explaining this pattern is that it reflects evolution and that there was a burst of “large” evolutionary transitions during the initial phase of “archaeogastropod” evolution. A second hypothesis is that morphologic diversification was more gradual and that the apparent “burst” is a taxonomic artefact. Taxonomy always has had a phylogenetic context, if only loosely. Even if supposed “subordinal” or “superfamilial” traits evolved over long periods of time, the recognition of earlier-appearing members of particular clades would push the apparent origins of the higher taxa back in time (Ridley, 1993).
Herons
Authors: Kushlan James A , Hancock James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Herons and their close relatives, the egrets and bitterns, comprise sixty species in total and are found all over the world except in polar regions, and are a strikingly beautiful part of the wetlands they inhabit. They are particularly abundant and popular in South West USA, especially Florida. Herons are a diverse group, easily recognised by their long legs, necks and bills. Many species are notable for their sociality as they feed, roost, and nest together in single or mixed species assemblages. The authors have extensive experience of research and observation of these birds and this book provides an up to date comprehensive review of the herons of the world. Covering their biology, distribution, description, systematics, breeding, feeding, and conservation, James Hancock and James Kushlan have distilled their lifetimes’ research on the heron into one volume. This volume is complemented by beautiful colour paintings especially painted for the book, colour photographs, and distribution maps.