bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antibiotic use in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a population-based study in Hong Kong
Authors: Blais Joseph Edgar , Zhang Weixin , Lin Yun , Chui Celine SL , Cheng Vincent Chi-Chung , Cowling Benjamin John , Wu Peng 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Background:
Hong Kong experienced four epidemic waves caused by the ancestral strain of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2020–2021 and a large Omicron wave in 2022. Few studies have assessed antibacterial prescribing for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) inpatients throughout the pandemic.

Objectives:
To describe inpatient antibacterial prescribing and explore factors associated with their prescription.

Methods:
Electronic health records of patients with COVID-19 admitted to public hospitals in Hong Kong from 21 January 2020 to 30 September 2022 were used to assess the prevalence and rates of inpatient antibacterial drug use (days of therapy/1,000 patient days [DOT/1,000 PD]). We used multivariable logistic regression to investigate potential associations between patients’ baseline characteristics and disease severity and prescription of an antibacterial drug during hospital admission.

Results:
Among 65,810 inpatients with COVID-19, 54.0% were prescribed antibacterial drugs (550.5 DOT/1,000 PD). Compared to waves 1–2 (46.7%; 246.9 DOT/1,000 PD), the prescriptions were lowest during wave 4 (28.0%; 246.9; odds ratio (OR): 0.39, 95% CI: 0.31–0.49) and peaked in early wave 5 (64.6%; 661.2; 0.82, 0.65–1.03). Older age (≥80 years: OR 2.66, 95% CI, 2.49–2.85; 60–79 years: 1.59, 1.51–1.69, compared with 20–59 years), more severe disease (fatal: 3.64, 3.2–4.16; critical: 2.56, 2.14–3.06, compared with severe), and COVID-19 vaccine doses (two doses: 0.74, 0.69–0.78; three doses: 0.69, 0.64–0.74; four doses: 0.52, 0.44–0.62, compared with unvaccinated) were associated with inpatient antibacterial drug use.

Conclusions:
Antibacterial prescribing changed over time for hospitalized patients with confirmed COVID-19 and was potentially related to patients’ demographics, medical conditions, and COVID-19 vaccination status as well as healthcare capacity during epidemic waves.
The Shackles of Veto: On the American Parallel of Article 19 TFEU and Its Tension with Procedural Justice
Authors: Moussa Mohamed 
Published: November 2023

AbstractArticle 19 TFEU's unanimity requirement shares a striking similarity with a two-century old debate on voting and minority rights between the ‘father’ of the US Constitution, James Madison, and the ‘rebellious son’, John C. Calhoun. Madison made majority voting a necessary condition for impartial lawmaking and minority protection in multistate unions. Conversely, Calhoun sought to maintain the racial status quo through advocating for a competing unanimity-based structure. Minority protection in Article 19 TFEU aligns with Calhoun's model. This Article reassesses Article 19 TFEU through the foundational principles of constitutionalism underlying the US debate and shows their continued relevance for contemporary case law and minority protection in the EU. Particularly, it demonstrates, first, that Article 19 offends the impartiality principle of nemo judex in causa sua—no person should judge their own cause—which has long been a leitmotiv in Western constitutional theory. Second, it illustrates that unanimity causes de jure and de facto ramifications for ethnic and religious minorities in the EU. Last, the Article provides a theoretically grounded and comparatively informed argument to aid ongoing attempts for treaty amendment.
Markov capacity for factor codes with an unambiguous symbol
Authors: HAN GUANGYUE , MARCUS BRIAN , WU CHENGYU 
Published: November 2023

AbstractIn this paper, we first give a necessary and sufficient condition for a factor code with an unambiguous symbol to admit a subshift of finite type restricted to which it is one-to-one and onto. We then give a necessary and sufficient condition for the standard factor code on a spoke graph to admit a subshift of finite type restricted to which it is finite-to-one and onto. We also conjecture that for such a code, the finite-to-one and onto property is equivalent to the existence of a stationary Markov chain that achieves the capacity of the corresponding deterministic channel.
Simulating higher-order fabric structure in a coupled, anisotropic ice-flow model: application to Dome C
Authors: Lilien David A. , Rathmann Nicholas M. , Hvidberg Christine S. , Grinsted Aslak , Ershadi M. Reza , Drews Reinhard , Dahl-Jensen Dorthe 
Published: November 2023

AbstractIce-crystal fabric can induce mechanical anisotropy that significantly affects flow, but ice-flow models generally do not include fabric development or its effect upon flow. Here, we incorporate a new spectral expansion of fabric, and more complete description of its evolution, into the ice-flow model Elmer/Ice. This approach allows us to model the effect of both lattice rotation and migration recrystallization on large-scale ice flow. The fabric evolution is coupled to flow using an unapproximated non-linear orthotropic rheology that better describes deformation when the stress and fabric states are misaligned. These improvements are most relevant for simulating dynamically interesting areas, where recrystallization can be important, tuning data are scarce and rapid flow can lead to misalignment between stress and fabric. We validate the model by comparing simulated fabric to ice-core and phase-sensitive radar measurements on a transect across Dome C, East Antarctica. With appropriately tuned rates for recrystallization, the model is able to reproduce observations of fabric. However, these tuned rates differ from those previously derived from laboratory experiments, suggesting a need to better understand how recrystallization acts differently in the laboratory compared to natural settings.
Musical perception skills predict speech imitation skills: differences between speakers of tone and intonation languages
Authors: Li Peng , Zhang Yuan , Baills Florence , Prieto Pilar 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe ability to imitate speech is linked to individual cognitive abilities such as working memory and the auditory processing of music. However, little research has focused on the role of specific components of musical perception aptitude in relation to an individual’s native language from a crosslinguistic perspective. This study explores the predictive role of four components of musical perception skills and working memory on phonetic language abilities for speakers of two typologically different languages, Catalan (an intonation language) and Chinese (a tone language). Sixty-one Catalan and 144 Chinese participants completed four subtests (accent, melody, pitch and rhythm) of the Profile of Music Perception Skills, a forward digit span task and a speech imitation task. The results showed that for both groups of participants, musical perception skills predicted speech imitation accuracy but working memory did not. Importantly, among the components of musical perception skills, accent was the only predictive factor for Chinese speakers, whereas melody was the only predictive factor for Catalan speakers. These findings suggest that speech imitation ability is predicted by musical perception skills rather than working memory and that the predictive role of specific musical components may depend on the phonological properties of the native language.
Comprensión del homicidio en las ciudades capitales colombianas. Un estudio de vulnerabilidad
Authors: Jiménez-García Williams Gilberto , Arenas-Valencia Wilson , Bohorquez-Bedoya Natalia 
Published: November 2023

ResumenEl presente artículo examina el fenómeno del homicidio en Colombia y busca comprender las condiciones de vulnerabilidad que afectan al homicidio en las ciudades colombianas. A través de un enfoque teórico y metodológico basado en la vulnerabilidad se analizó dicha relación entre la violencia homicida con los mercados ilegales, los mercados laborales pauperizados y la repartición de la riqueza. La muestra se compuso de las treinta y dos ciudades capitales departamentales de Colombia. Se usaron herramientas estadísticas multivariadas (PLS-SEM) para analizar la relación entre estos factores y el homicidio. Los hallazgos sugieren que los bajos ingresos, la falta de empleo, la desigualdad y la violencia están asociados con un mayor riesgo de homicidio.
ADAM SMITH, COLONIALISM, AND LIBERAL IMPERIALISM
Authors: Williams David 
Published: November 2023

AbstractAdam Smith had a longstanding interest in colonialism and more generally relations between Europe and the rest of the world. It was through engagement with these issues that he worked through some of the central elements of his thought. This paper examines both Smith’s contexts and our own and argues that Smith’s work provides an important resource for reflecting today on relations with distant and diverse others today. It identifies three aspects of Smith’s thought that are particularly relevant: the political and economic costs of colonial ventures to the colonisers themselves, the question of whether and how imperialism had encouraged ‘progress’, and the question of how social and cultural differences should be understood and judged. The paper teases out Smith’s sometimes uncertain arguments in these areas and suggests that they can contribute to our own reflections on the troubled practices of liberal imperialism.
Implementation Matters: Evaluating the Proportional Hazard Test’s Performance
Authors: Metzger Shawna K. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractPolitical scientists commonly use Grambsch and Therneau’s (1994, Biometrika 81, 515–526) ubiquitous Schoenfeld-based test to diagnose proportional hazard violations in Cox duration models. However, some statistical packages have changed how they implement the test’s calculation. The traditional implementation makes a simplifying assumption about the test’s variance–covariance matrix, while the newer implementation does not. Recent work suggests the test’s performance differs, depending on its implementation. I use Monte Carlo simulations to more thoroughly investigate whether the test’s implementation affects its performance. Surprisingly, I find the newer implementation performs very poorly with correlated covariates, with a false positive rate far above 5%. By contrast, the traditional implementation has no such issues in the same situations. This shocking finding raises new, complex questions for researchers moving forward. It appears to suggest, for now, researchers should favor the traditional implementation in situations where its simplifying assumption is likely met, but researchers must also be mindful that this implementation’s false positive rate can be high in misspecified models.
BAYESIAN MODELING OF A PERIPHERAL MIDDLE BRONZE AGE SETTLEMENT AT ZAHRAT ADH-DHRA‘ 1, JORDAN
Authors: Fall Patricia L , Ridder Elizabeth , Pilaar Birch Suzanne E , Falconer Steven E 
Published: November 2023

ABSTRACTAnalysis of 20 calibrated accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon (AMS14C) ages reveals a chronology for the habitation of a unique peripheral settlement at Zahrat adh-Dhra‘ 1 (ZAD 1), Jordan during the Middle Bronze Age of the Southern Levant. Bayesian modeling distinguishes three phases of occupation between the first settlement at ZAD 1, perhaps as early as about 2050 cal BCE, and its abandonment by 1700 cal BCE. ZAD 1 represents a marginal community, both environmentally and culturally, on the hyperarid Dead Sea Plain, and exemplifies the peripheral settlements that are envisioned as important elements of Bronze Age Levantine society. Most importantly for this study, it is the only peripheral site in the Southern Levant that provides a Bayesian model for its habitation during the growth of Middle Bronze Age urbanized society. The timing of ZAD 1’s constituent phases, early in Middle Bronze I, across the Middle Bronze I/II transition and in Middle Bronze II, correspond well with emerging chronologies for the Middle Bronze Age, thereby contributing to an ongoing reassessment of regional social and settlement dynamics.
“Utopia shut up shop”: Hopeless Futures, Populism, and the American Dream
Authors: Sendroiu Ioana 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThis article considers the political implications of temporal orientations, building on Reinhart Koselleck’s conceptual histories of “progress” and “utopia”. A computational analysis of survey data from the 2016 US election provides a snapshot of the breakdown of the American Dream for some respondents, and its continued relevance for others. Rather than progress from past to future, data shows negative perceptions of the past or present associated with negative expectations for the future, a link especially pronounced among white respondents and those who subscribe to “America first” beliefs. At the same time, to the extent that racial privilege is inversely related to expectations of future progress, the findings suggest that utopian narratives of progress can help smooth over injustice or inequality with view to a better future. Expectations of progress are thus tightly woven into perceptions of injustice or marginalization.
The Trap of “Capitalism”, Racial or Otherwise
Authors: Bhambra Gurminder K. , Holmwood John 
Published: November 2023

AbstractLoïc Wacquant’s essay, “The Trap of ‘Racial Capitalism’”, asks whether the term is “a conceptual solution or a conceptual problem”. His answer is forthright. He argues that racial capitalism has no place in a properly defined and understood social science. In this contribution, we set out the limitations, as we perceive them, of Wacquant’s own analysis and, at the same time, discuss other difficulties of the idea of racial capitalism. These, we suggest, are associated with an absence common to Wacquant and the major proponents of racial capitalism alike; namely, a failure to reckon systematically with the ways in which modern capitalism arises and develops within the global structures of European colonialism.
ON ENDOMORPHISMS OF EXTENSIONS IN TANNAKIAN CATEGORIES
Authors: ESKANDARI PAYMAN 
Published: November 2023

AbstractWe prove analogues of Schur’s lemma for endomorphisms of extensions in Tannakian categories. More precisely, let
$\mathbf {T}$
be a neutral Tannakian category over a field of characteristic zero. Let E be an extension of A by B in
$\mathbf {T}$
. We consider conditions under which every endomorphism of E that stabilises B induces a scalar map on
$A\oplus B$
. We give a result in this direction in the general setting of arbitrary
$\mathbf {T}$
and E, and then a stronger result when
$\mathbf {T}$
is filtered and the associated graded objects to A and B satisfy some conditions. We also discuss the sharpness of the results.
Seeking employment as an Irish English-language teacher in South Korea
Authors: Chesnut Michael , Schmitt Trevor 
Published: November 2023

‘Hello Katie, I am sorry to inform you that my client does not hire Irish people due to the alcoholism [sic] nature of your kind.’ (Fox News, November 10, 2014)The above message, sent to an Irish woman applying to teach English in South Korea in 2014 and shared widely in the media (Fox News, November 10, 2014; McCauley, 2014; Taylor, 2014) demonstrates that issues of nationality can shape the hiring of ‘foreign’ English teachers in East Asia. To better understand these issues, this study examines Irish English-language teachers’ experiences and understandings of seeking employment in Korea through interviews with six Irish English-language teachers who taught in Korea. Only one teacher explicitly stated he was discriminated against on the basis of being Irish, with three others discussing discrimination in ways which avoided explicitly taking a position regarding discrimination against Irish English-language teachers. Two participants explicitly stated they never experienced discrimination on the basis of being Irish, but surprisingly also discussed experiences in which their employment opportunities were limited due to being Irish. Additionally, certain aspects of Irish English and the desire in Korea for American English and American curriculum were identified as potential limitations on Irish English-language teachers’ employment opportunities in Korea.
Better than nothing: On defining the valence of a life
Authors: Brown Campbell 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe valence of a life – that is, whether it is good, bad or neutral – is an important consideration in population ethics. This paper examines various definitions of valence. The main focus is ‘temporal’ definitions, which define valence in terms of the ‘shape’ of a life’s value over time. The paper argues that temporal definitions are viable only with a restricted domain, and therefore are incompatible with certain substantive theories of well-being. It also briefly considers some popular non-temporal definitions, and raises some problems for these.
Risk and resilience in Syrian refugee children: A multisystem analysis
Authors: Smeeth Demelza , May Andrew K. , Karam Elie G. , Rieder Michael J. , Elzagallaai Abdelbaset A. , van Uum Stan , Pluess Michael 
Published: November 2023

AbstractRefugee children are often exposed to substantial trauma, placing them at increased risk for mental illness. However, this risk can be mitigated by a capacity for resilience, conferred from multiple ecological systems (e.g., family, community), including at an individual biological level. We examined the ability of hair cortisol concentrations and polygenic scores for mental health to predict risk and resilience in a sample of Syrian refugee children (n= 1359). Children were categorized as either at-risk or resilient depending on clinical thresholds for posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and externalizing behavior problems. Logistic regression was used to examine main and interacting effects while controlling for covariates. Elevated hair cortisol concentrations were significantly associated with reduced resilience (odds ratio (OR)=0.58, 95%CI [0.40, 0.83]) while controlling for levels of war exposure. Polygenic scores for depression, self-harm, and neuroticism were not found to have any significant main effects. However, a significant interaction emerged between hair cortisol and polygenic scores for depression (OR=0.04, 95%CI [0.003 0.47]), suggesting that children predisposed to depression were more at risk for mental health problems when hair cortisol concentrations were high. Our results suggest that biomarkers (separately and in combination) might support early identification of refugee children at risk for mental health problems.
Morphological diversity of ancho chile pepper landraces from Mexico
Authors: Toledo-Aguilar Rocío , López-Sánchez Higinio , López Pedro Antonio , Aguilar-Rincón Víctor Heber , Vaquera-Huerta Humberto , Santacruz-Varela Amalio , González-Hernández Víctor Arturo , López-Pérez Adolfo , Hernández-Galeno César del A. , Ramírez-Meraz Moisés 
Published: November 2023

AbstractAncho (width) chile peppers have economic, social, culinary and cultural importance in Mexico and worldwide. This chile type considers divergent subtypes that altogether have not been analysed and therefore their morphological diversity has not been systematically described. The objectives were to describe the morphological diversity of ancho pepper landraces from Mexico, to identify groups of similarity and to define the traits with the higher contribution to the total variation. Eighty-six landraces of ancho chile peppers (red, ‘mulatos’, ‘miahuatecos’, ‘cristalinos’ and ‘huacle’), collected in six states of Mexico, and two commercial controls were evaluated in two localities, in a simple randomized complete block experimental design. We recorded 76 morphological traits. Statistical analysis included a combined ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, discriminant analysis, principal components and clusters. The morphological diversity in ancho chile peppers was mainly made up of fruit width, fruit wall thickness, stem diameter, corolla length, seed weight per fruit, plant height, stem length and pubescence. We defined four groups, which made it possible to differentiate ancho chile peppers of Puebla and the huacle chile pepper of Oaxaca from populations collected in the north and ‘Bajío’ (midland) parts of Mexico. Ancho chile peppers of Mexico showed wide morphological differences according to the type of chile pepper and seed collection regions. The traits that contributed the greatest morphological diversity were fruit width, fruit wall thickness, stem diameter, corolla length, seed weight per fruit, plant height, stem length and pubescence.
Changing trends in the global burden of mental disorders from 1990 to 2019 and predicted levels in 25 years
Authors: Wu Yang , Wang Lu , Tao Mengjun , Cao Huiru , Yuan Hui , Ye Mingquan , Chen Xingui , Wang Kai , Zhu Chunyan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Aims
The burden of mental disorders is increasing worldwide, thus, affecting society and healthcare systems. This study investigated the independent influences of age, period and cohort on the global prevalence of mental disorders from 1990 to 2019; compared them by sex; and predicted the future burden of mental disorders in the next 25 years.

Methods
The age-specific and sex-specific incidence of mental disorders worldwide was analysed according to the general analysis strategy used in the Global Burden of Disease Study in 2019. The incidence and mortality trends of mental disorders from 1990 to 2019 were evaluated through joinpoint regression analysis. The influences of age, period and cohort on the incidence of mental disorders were evaluated with an age–period–cohort model.

Results
From 1990 to 2019, the sex-specific age-standardized incidence and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) rate decreased slightly. Joinpoint regression analysis from 1990 to 2019 indicated four turning points in the male DALY rate and five turning points in the female DALY rate. In analysis of age effects, the relative risk (RR) of incidence and the DALY rate in mental disorders in men and women generally showed an inverted U-shaped pattern with increasing age. In analysis of period effects, the incidence of mental disorders increased gradually over time, and showed a sub-peak in 2004 (RR, 1.006 for males; 95% CI, 1.000–1.012; 1.002 for women, 0.997–1.008). Analysis of cohort effects showed that the incidence and DALY rate decreased in successive birth cohorts. The incidence of mental disorders is expected to decline slightly over the next 25 years, but the number of cases is expected to increase.

Conclusions
Although the age-standardized burden of mental disorders has declined in the past 30 years, the number of new cases and deaths of mental disorders worldwide has increased, and will continue to increase in the near future. Therefore, relevant policies should be used to promote the prevention and management of known risk factors and strengthen the understanding of risk profiles and incidence modes of mental disorders, to help guide future research on control and prevention strategies.