bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression and cellular localization of Na,K‐ATPase isoforms in the rat ventral prostate
Authors: Mobasheri A. , Pestov N.B. , Papanicolaou S. , Kajee R. , Cózar‐Castellano I. , Avila J. , Martín‐Vasallo P. , Foster C.S. , Modyanov N.N. , Djamgoz M.B.A. 
Published: October 2003

OBJECTIVETo determine the expression and plasma membrane domain location of isoforms of Na,K‐ATPase in the rat ventral prostate.MATERIALS AND METHODSVentral prostate glands from adult male rats were dissected, cryosectioned (7 µm) and attached to poly‐l‐lysine coated glass slides. The sections were then fixed in methanol and subjected to indirect immunofluorescence and immunoperoxidase procedures using a panel of well‐characterized monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies raised against known Na,K‐ATPase subunit isoforms. Immunofluorescence micrographs were digitally captured and analysed by image analysis software.RESULTSThere was expression of Na,K‐ATPase α1, β1, β2 and β3 subunit isoforms in the lateral and basolateral plasma membrane domains of prostatic epithelial cells. The α1 isoform was abundant but there was no evidence of α2, α3 or γ isoform expression in epithelial cells. The α3 isoform was not detected, but there was a relatively low level of α2 isoform expression in the smooth muscle and stroma.CONCLUSIONRat prostate Na,K‐ATPase consists of α1/β1, α1/β2 and α1/β3 isoenzymes. These isoform proteins were located in the lateral and basolateral plasma membrane domains of ventral prostatic epithelial cells. The distribution and subcellular localization of Na,K‐ATPase is different in rodent and human prostate. Basolateral Na,K‐ATPase probably contributes to the establishment of transepithelial ionic gradients that are a prerequisite for the uptake of metabolites by secondary active transport mechanisms and active citrate secretion.
Prospective vs retrospective assessment of lower urinary tract symptoms in patients with advanced prostate cancer: the effect of ‘response shift’
Authors: Rees J. , Waldron D. , O'Boyle C. , Ewings P. , MacDonagh R. 
Published: October 2003

OBJECTIVETo compare prospectively obtained symptom scores (pre‐tests) with retrospective assessment (then‐tests) in patients with newly diagnosed advanced prostate cancer.PATIENTS AND METHODSPatients with newly diagnosed locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer were recruited. They completed the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and Symptom Problem Index (SPI) before starting treatment. At 3 and 6 months after diagnosis they again completed these questionnaires, but also retrospectively reassessed their initial symptom level. Healthy age‐matched controls were recruited from primary care and completed the same questionnaires; in all, 76 patients and 17 controls participated.RESULTSThe IPSS and SPI scores decreased significantly over the 6 months of the study. Patients retrospectively rated their level of symptoms and symptom bother as higher than their contemporaneous assessments. This was not the case in the control group.CONCLUSIONThese results question the assumption that contemporaneously collected pre‐test scores are interchangeable with retrospectively assessed then‐tests. This suggests that caution is required when comparing the results of studies that use these two alternative techniques of data collection. The difference between then‐test and pre‐test scores may represent an example of a phenomenon termed ‘response shift’, in which, by adapting to their disease, patients changed the internal standards by which they assessed their symptoms.
Wogonin suppresses cellular proliferation and expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 in Peyronie's plaque‐derived cells
Authors: Wang Z. , Lin G. , Lue T.F. , Lin C.S. 
Published: October 2003

The group of authors from San Francisco and Shanghai describe their investigation of wogonin, a flavonoid extracted from a naturally occurring root, which has been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat inflammatory diseases. Here they study the mechanisms for its anti‐inflammatory properties.The previous paper published in the BJU International on genital piercing proved to be of great interest to urologists in general. We do not have a history section in the Journal, but it is worth knowing more about the use of this ‘body decoration’ in historic times and up to the present. The Historical Committee of the European Association of Urology has produced much interesting material over the years and here some of that group have written another very interesting paper.OBJECTIVETo test the effect of wogonin on cellular proliferation and expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP‐1) in cells derived from normal and diseased tunica albuginea (TA), as related to Peyronie's disease (PD).MATERIALS AND METHODSCells with characteristics of fibroblasts were isolated from three tissue sources. Those from the plaque of patients with PD were designated as P cells, those from the adjacent, normal‐appearing tissue as C cells, and those from the TA of patients without PD as N cells. These cells were treated with wogonin at doses of 0, 10, 20 and 40 µmol/L for 24 h or treated at a fixed dose of 40 µmol/L for 1, 8 and 24 h. Cell proliferation was assayed with a commercial kit, MCP‐1 mRNA expression by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction, and secreted MCP‐1 by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.RESULTSWogonin suppressed cell proliferation in a dose‐dependent manner; the effect was more pronounced against P cells at 8 and 24 h. Wogonin down‐regulated MCP‐1 mRNA expression, especially in P cells. Wogonin suppressed the level of secreted MCP‐1 by 59–88%. P cells, which secreted far more MCP‐1 than N and C cells at 1 h, were suppressed by 88%. C cells were the least suppressed at all three times.CONCLUSIONSWogonin suppressed the proliferation, the expression of MCP‐1 mRNA, and the expression of secreted MCP‐1 in TA‐derived cells. In most cases, the effect of wogonin was greatest against cells derived from the plaque. Wogonin appears to be a worthy candidate for preclinical trials in men with PD.
Nocturia and associated morbidity in a community‐dwelling elderly population
Authors: Rembratt A. , Norgaard J.P. , Andersson K.‐E. 
Published: October 2003

OBJECTIVETo investigate the association between nocturia and selected concomitant diseases and medications in a community‐dwelling elderly population.SUBJECTS AND METHODSData were obtained with a validated questionnaire mailed to all inhabitants aged ≥ 65 years in Tierp, Sweden. Descriptive statistics on age, gender, concomitant diseases and medications were calculated for non‐nocturics (subjects reporting a mean of < 1 void/night), intermediate (reporting a mean of 1–2 voids/night) and nocturics (reporting a mean of ≥ 2 voids/night). Correlations between the number of nocturnal voids/week and concomitant diseases/medications were investigated with logistic regression, controlling for age and gender.RESULTSOf the 4264 questionnaires sent, 67% (2866) were returned, of which 73% (2081) were fully evaluable on nocturia and incorporated in the analysis. Of these, 62% reported ≥ 1 void/night and 29%≥ 2 voids/night. The median (range) age of the respondents was 74 (65–99) years. The prevalence of nocturia increased with age and men reported more nocturia than women. The nocturic group had the highest percentage of reported disease and medication on each question. In the logistic regression, controlling for age and gender, there was no significant correlation between the number of nocturnal voids and hypertension, angina pectoris or diabetes mellitus, nor with treatment of these diseases. Neither was there any correlation for congestive heart failure, snoring, use of diuretics or hypnotics. There were highly statistically significant correlations (P < 0.001) between the increase in number of nocturnal voids and incontinence, daytime urge and nocturnal thirst. The increase in number of nocturnal voids was negatively correlated with good sleep and with feeling in good health (P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONThere was no correlation between the number of nocturnal voids and a known and treated hypertension, angina pectoris, congestive heart failure or diabetes mellitus. The number of nocturnal voids was highly correlated with urge and incontinence.
Clinical efficacy and tolerability of extended‐release tolterodine and immediate‐release oxybutynin in Japanese and Korean patients with an overactive bladder: a randomized, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Homma Y. , Paick J.S. , Lee J.G. , Kawabe K. ,   the Japanese and Korean Tolterodine Study Group
Published: October 2003

OBJECTIVETo compare extended‐release (ER) tolterodine and immediate‐release (IR) oxybutynin with placebo in Japanese and Korean patients with an overactive bladder (OAB).PATIENTS AND METHODSMen and women aged ≥ 20 years with symptoms of urinary urgency, urinary frequency (≥ 8 micturitions/24 h), urge incontinence (≥ 5 episodes/week) and symptoms of OAB for ≥ 6 months were randomized to double‐blind treatment with tolterodine ER 4 mg once daily, oxybutynin IR 3 mg three times daily or placebo for 12 weeks. Efficacy assessments included changes from baseline in numbers of incontinence episodes per week, voids/24 h and mean volume voided/void. Patient perceptions of bladder condition, urgency and treatment benefit were also assessed.RESULTSIn all, 608 patients were randomized to treatment with tolterodine (240), oxybutynin (246) or placebo (122). More patients prematurely withdrew on oxybutynin (23%) than with tolterodine (10.4%) or placebo (16.4%). After 12 weeks of treatment, the median number of incontinence episodes/week was reduced significantly more in the tolterodine (79%; P= 0.0027) and oxybutynin groups (76.5%; P= 0.0168) than on placebo (46.4%). There were also significantly greater improvements in the number of voids/24 h and volume voided/void with tolterodine and oxybutynin than with placebo. More patients in the tolterodine and oxybutynin than in the placebo groups reported improvements in perceived bladder condition, ability to hold urine and treatment benefit. Patients treated with oxybutynin reported more adverse events than those treated with tolterodine or placebo. Dry mouth was significantly more common with oxybutynin than with tolterodine (53.7% vs. 33.5%; P < 0.001), and occurred in 9.8% of placebo patients.CONCLUSIONTolterodine ER has similar efficacy but is better tolerated than oxybutynin IR in Japanese and Korean patients with OAB.
Transurethral resection vs microwave thermotherapy of the prostate: a cost‐consequences analysis
Authors: De La Rosette J.J.M.C.H. , Floratos D.L. , Severens J.L. , Kiemeney L.A.L.M. , Debruyne F.M.J. , Pilar Laguna M. 
Published: October 2003

OBJECTIVETo compare the costs and outcome of high‐energy transurethral microwave thermotherapy of the prostate (HE‐TUMT) with transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP), as the former is considered to be the best minimally invasive method for managing lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).PATIENTS AND METHODSBetween January 1996 and March 1997, 144 patients were randomized to treatment with HE‐TUMT (78) using the Prostatron device and Prostasoft 2.5 software (EDAP Technomed, Lyon, France), or TURP (66). At baseline and during the annual follow‐up, patients were evaluated by the International Prostate Symptom Score and uroflowmetry (maximum flow rate and postvoid residual volume). Kaplan‐Meier survival analyses were used to calculate the cumulative risk of re‐treatment. A cost‐consequences analysis was performed based on the prospective measurement of healthcare use, with costs expressed as Netherland guilders (NLG).RESULTSDuring a 3‐year follow‐up period, the mean (95% confidence interval) risk of re‐treatment was 22.9 (12.5–33.2)% and 13.2 (4.5–21.9)% for HE‐TUMT and TURP, respectively (P = 0.215). The mean direct cost of treatment was 3450 (3444–3456) and 6560 (5992–7128) NLG for HE‐TUMT and TURP, respectively. The mean total (including re‐treatments), discounted (4%) 3‐year cost for the HE‐TUMT and TURP group was 5300 (4692–5908) and 7800 (7118–8482) NLG, respectively.CONCLUSIONSIn this prospective randomized trial, HE‐TUMT and TURP had a comparable 3‐year risk of re‐treatment. Healthcare expenditure on HE‐TUMT, mainly because it is an outpatient treatment, was significantly lower than for TURP.
Short‐term results of rotoresection for benign prostatic hyperplasia: a prospective study of safety and efficacy
Authors: Wadie B.S. , Shehab El‐Dein A.B. , Mohamed A.M. , Elhalwagy S.M. , Ghoneim M.A. 
Published: October 2003

OBJECTIVETo assess the safety and efficacy of rotoresection as a method for treating benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).PATIENTS AND METHODSThirty patients were prospectively enrolled between September 2000 and May 2001 (mean age 61 years, sd 6, range 52–78). All patients had a symptom score (AUA) of > 12, a maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax) of < 12 mL/s, a prostate of 20–80 mL and a prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level of 0–4 ng/mL. Patients with prostate or bladder cancer, a PSA level of > 10 ng/mL, previous prostate surgery, previous pelvic surgery, urethral stricture, active urinary tract infection (UTI), acute urine retention, neuropathic bladder and a serum creatinine of > 1.8 mg/mL were excluded. The adenoma was resected using the Rotoresect® system (Karl Storz, Tuttlingen, Germany); the mean (sd) operative duration was 45.2 (9.9) min. The catheter was removed after 1.97 (0.3) days and patients assessed at 1, 3 and 6 months after surgery by an AUA score, Qmax, blood haemoglobin level, urine analysis and transrectal ultrasonography; all patients but two completed the follow‐up.RESULTSAt 6 months the mean (sd) AUA score decreased from 20.5 (3.8) to 1.6 (1.3), the Qmax increased from 8.7 (2) to 25.3 (12.6) mL/s, and the total prostate volume decreased from 36.5 (13) to 20.5 (7.8) mL. The mean initial haemoglobin level was 138 (10) g/L and at 1 month was 135 (12) g/L. No patient required a blood transfusion or had signs of transurethral resection syndrome. Early complications included UTI and mild stress incontinence in 10 and 11 patients, respectively. At 6 months these patients had sterile urine and were continent. Two patients had a urethral stricture and posterior urethral stone at 6 months and were treated successfully.CONCLUSIONIn the short‐term, rotoresection is a safe and effective method for treating BPH; there was no significant blood loss or resection syndrome. The hospital stay was short, with excellent functional results.
Long‐term results of high‐power holmium laser vaporization (ablation) of the prostate
Authors: Tan A.H.H. , Gilling P.J. , Kennett K.M. , Fletcher H. , Fraundorfer M.R. 
Published: October 2003

Many technological treatments for BPH have been introduced in recent years, some with successful and others with poor results. Most authors have an initial enthusiasm for their novel technique but in some cases later evaluation of long‐term results is somewhat disappointing. The holmium laser has been used in a wide variety of cases of BPH, particularly by the authors from New Zealand, who present their long‐term (7‐year) results in this section. They are happy to recommend the holmium laser on the basis of their results.Another technique for treating BPH is rotoresection. Authors from Mansoura present their short‐term results, but seem to support the previous impression that this is a potentially useful method for treating BPH.When we read about LUTS in men or women the importance of epidemiological and quality‐of‐life studies is clear, because these studies improve knowledge and act as a help in their treatment. In this section there are four such studies and it is to be expected that they will fulfil the aims stated here and be helpful to the reader.OBJECTIVETo present the 7‐year follow‐up data from the initial series of patients treated by holmium laser ablation of the prostate (HoLAP) for symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia at our institution.PATIENTS AND METHODSIn all, 79 patients underwent HoLAP in the initial series between September 1994 and May 1995. All patients were contacted by telephone and mail; those available for follow‐up had their peak urinary flow rate, American Urological Association (AUA) symptom score, single‐question quality‐of‐life (QoL) score and adverse events assessed. Patients were also assessed using the International Continence Society ‘male short‐form’ (ICSmaleSF) questionnaire on lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).RESULTSAt a median follow‐up of 89 months (7.4 years), 17 patients had died (21%), 28 could not be contacted or refused follow‐up (35%), leaving 34 patients (43%) available for assessment. The mean (range) AUA score of the remainder was 10.0 (0–26), the maximum urinary flow rate 16.8 (5–35) mL/s and QoL score 2.1 (0–5). The mean ICSmaleSF voiding score was 5.8 and the mean incontinence score 3.2. The impact score of their current LUTS (QoL) was 0.68, implying a minimal effect. No patient required pads for incontinence. The reoperation rate was 15%, with one patient each undergoing transurethral resection or bladder neck incision, two undergoing holmium laser enucleation of the prostate and one having a bladder stone removed endoscopically.CONCLUSIONSThe long‐term results of HoLAP were satisfactory in those patients who were available for the follow‐up.
Renal function may not be restored when using decreasing differential function as the criterion for surgery in unilateral hydronephrosis
Authors: Eskild‐Jensen A. , Munch Jørgensen T. , Olsen L.H. , Djurhuus J.C. , Frøkiær J. 
Published: October 2003

The authors from Denmark evaluated the use of decreasing differential renal function as an indication for surgery in children with congenital hydronephrosis. In this study they were able to indicate several problems associated with the type of follow‐up, both on the side of the medical staff and that of the patient. They make some recommendations which they suggest should be closely followed.OBJECTIVETo evaluate the use of decreasing differential function (DF) as an indication for surgery in children with congenital hydronephrosis followed according to a flow chart with repeated renography and ultrasonography.PATIENTS AND METHODSThe hospital records of consecutive children (0–12 years old) who underwent an Anderson‐Hynes pyeloplasty between 1993 and 2000 were reviewed. Follow‐up was recommended according to a flow chart, with isotope renography and ultrasonography at 1, 3 and 6 months, and at 1 (2), 3 and 5 years of age. The diagnosis and follow‐up were often at the referring hospital. The criteria for surgery included a decrease in renographic DF of > 10% of DF, and a DF of < 42%, breakthrough pyelonephritis despite antibiotic prophylaxis, pain or an anterior‐posterior pelvic diameter of > 50 mm.RESULTSFifty‐two children with unilateral hydronephrosis were included; eight had surgery because of decreasing DF of the hydronephrotic kidney. Seven children had a prenatal diagnosis. Only one of these eight children was managed according to the recommended procedures for follow‐up. In two and possibly three children there was significant irreversible kidney damage since the initial renography before surgery. In one child the initial renography was at 15 months and the DF was < 10%. There was a functional improvement after surgery in three children.CONCLUSIONFew children undergo surgery for decreasing DF of the hydronephrotic kidney in this study. Failure to adhere to the follow‐up schedule was common; this may jeopardize kidney function when using decreasing DF as a criterion for surgery. Therefore, not complying (by medical staff or the patient) with the follow‐up should be considered when using expectant management for asymptomatic hydronephrosis. The serious consequences for renal function of not complying with follow‐up can be avoided by surgery if the patient risks renal functional deterioration, by close cooperation with medical staff at referring hospitals, and by close follow‐up at an early age with renography and ultrasonography.
The use of flutamide as a single antiandrogen treatment for hormone‐refractory prostate cancer
Authors: Barqawi A. , Akduman B. , Abouelfadel Z. , Robischon M. , Crawford E.D. 
Published: October 2003

OBJECTIVETo investigate the efficacy of low‐dose flutamide (125 mg twice daily) in the treatment of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) recurrence after definitive treatment with radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP), external‐beam radiation therapy (RT), or cryotherapy.PATIENTS AND METHODSIn this phase II prospective trial, patients who had a PSA recurrence after definitive treatment for prostate cancer were treated with flutamide. Endpoints for assessing treatment efficacy were PSA progression, treatment toxicity and clinical symptoms. Results were stratified into complete response (PSA < 0.2 ng/mL on two consecutive assessments), partial response (PSA decrease of half that at baseline on two consecutive assessments) and progressive disease. Seventeen patients were enrolled in who definitive treatment for primary prostate cancer had failed.RESULTSLow‐dose flutamide was clinically effective (i.e. complete or partial response) in 13 patients. Four had a complete response (mean duration 28 months), nine a partial response (mean duration 19 months), and two progressive disease, but were in the study for a mean of 1 year before progression. Two patients discontinued the study at 3 months, secondary to drug‐related toxicity; one had grade 3 toxicity and five grade 1 toxicity.CONCLUSIONSThe administration of low‐dose flutamide (125 mg) was clinically effective in treating PSA recurrence after definitive treatments for prostate cancer, and was well tolerated. Further investigation in a phase III trial is warranted.
Broadening the criteria for avoiding staging bone scans in prostate cancer: a retrospective study of patients at the Royal Marsden Hospital
Authors: O'Sullivan J.M. , Norman A.R. , Cook G.J. , Fisher C. , Dearnaley D.P. 
Published: October 2003

OBJECTIVETo determine if it is possible to exclude staging bone scans in a greater proportion of patients if more consideration is given to T stage and Gleason score, as recent guidelines from the National Institute of Clinical Excellence state that routine staging bone scans for prostate cancer are unnecessary in patients with a prostate specific antigen level (PSA) of < 10 ng/mL and Gleason scores of < 8.PATIENTS AND METHODSWe identified a cohort of consecutive patients with untreated prostate cancer who had a staging isotope bone scan between 1 January 1995 and 31 December 2000, who were not on hormone therapy, who had their PSA estimated within 30 days of the scan, and who had histologically confirmed prostate cancer on biopsy reviewed at the Royal Marsden. Data were analysed according to Gleason score, major Gleason grade, clinical T‐stage and PSA level.RESULTSIn all, 420 patients were identified who fulfilled the criteria for inclusion; 67 scans (16%, 95% confidence interval, CI, 13–20%) were positive. Of the 187 scans taken in patients with a PSA level of ≤ 20 ng/mL, stage < T4 and Gleason < 8 (with major Gleason grade < 4), two (1%, 0.3–4%) were reported as positive, giving a negative predictive value of 99% (95% CI 98.5–99.5%) for these criteria for avoiding the need for staging bone scans. In 116 patients (28%) with Gleason score 7, of whom 28 (24%) had positive scans, there was a statistically significant association between positive scans and a major Gleason pattern of 4 compared with 3.CONCLUSIONSIsotope bone scans are an unnecessary part of staging of prostate cancer if the PSA level is ≤ 20 ng/mL, stage < T4 and Gleason score < 8, and should be omitted unless the major Gleason pattern is 4. The present results suggest that by considering the Gleason score and T stage, a larger proportion of patients with prostate cancer than previously thought could avoid a staging bone scan.