bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunohistochemical analyses of the human olfactory bulb
Authors: Smith Robin L. , Baker Harriet , Greer Charles A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThese studies explore the distribution of putative neuroactive peptides in the human olfactory bulb. Localization of synaptophysin‐, serotonin‐, cholecystokinin‐, substance P‐, and somatostatin‐like staining was examined by immunocytochemical protocols. The results provide new insights into the composition and laminar segregation of subpopulations of neurons and neuronal processes in the human olfactory bulb.The prominent synaptophysin‐like immunoreactivity observed in the glomeruli of the human olfactory bulb is consistent with the notion that the density of synapses, and hence the density of synaptic vesicles, is highest in the glomeruli. Serotonin‐like immunoreactivity suggested a variable innervation of glomeruli ranging from a dense tangled ball of fibers within the glomerulus to a sparse innervation by a single immunoreactive fiber. There was no evidence of serotonin‐like immunoreactive cell bodies in either the olfactory bulb proper, anterior olfactory nucleus, or proximal regions of the lateral olfactory tract. Cholecystokinin‐like immunoreactivity was limited to fibers found largely in the juxtaglomerular region of the glomerular layer. In the deeper layers of the olfactory bulb, cholecystokinin‐like immunoreactive fibers did not show any of branching or arborization that was evident in the juxtaglomerular region. Substance P‐like immunoreactivity was seen in varicose fibers distributed in all of the human olfactory bulb laminae. In addition, stained multipolar neurons were found in the area of the anterior olfactory nucleus. Somatostatin‐like immunoreactivity was similar to that of substance P in that a plexus of stained fibers was found in all laminae of the olfactory bulb. Also, somatostatin‐like immunoreactive cell bodies were found in the area of the anterior olfactory nucleus. However, as compared to substance P, somatostatin had a less dense plexus of immunoreactive fibers in the olfactory bulb.These results increase our understanding of the fundamental organization of the human olfactory system. The current data, coupled with prior studies, provide a foundation from which to study the cellular pathology of diseases with known olfactory system sequelae such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and schizophrenia. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Axon dependent glial changes during optic fiber regeneration in the goldfish
Authors: Levine R. L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDuring optic fiber regeneration in the goldfish, astrocytes in the visual system undergo a number of changes. These include hypertrophy of cell processes, increased reactivity with anti‐intermediate filament antisera, and expression of cytoskeletal antigens not usually seen in these cells. In the present study, I have asked how much of this response might be due to interactions of glial cells with regenerating optic axons. Animals with and without a retina (regenerating and nonregenerating animals, respectively) had their optic nerve crushed and were then examined at various postoperative times with immunohistochemical methods. Three major differences between these two groups of animals were observed. First, in nonregenerating animals the crush lesion is not repopulated by immunoreactive glial cells while in regenerting animals it is. Second, the nature of the glial hypertrophy in the optic nerve is different in regenerating and nonregenerating animals. Finally, there is marked submeningeal swelling in regenerating nerves that is absent from nonregenerating nerves. Thus, these three aspects of the cellular response to optic nerve crush in the goldfish‐–wound healing, optic nerve gliosis, and non‐neural cellular responses–‐appear to depend on interactions between regenerating optic axons and astrocytes or other non‐neuronal cells of the visual paths for their expression. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of blobs in the visual cortex of macaques
Authors: Purves Dale , Lamantia Anthony 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe have examined the area of the primary visual cortex and the number and size of blobs within it in 10 neonatal and 11 adult rhesus monkeys. The average area of the primary visual cortex (V1) increases from 919 mm2 in newborns to 1,069 mm2 in adult animals (16%). The number of blobs decreases per unit area from an average of 5.2/mm2 at birth to 4.3/mm2 in maturity (18%). As a consequence, the number of blobs remains approximately the same during maturation, at about 4,800/hemisphere. These observations correct a preliminary report on a subset of the animals studied here (Purves and LaMantia: Proc Natl Acad Sci 87:5765, '90), in which it appeared that blob number might increase between birth and maturity. As in other regions of the developing postnatal brain, we found no net loss of modular circuitry. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the patterns of retinal input to neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat
Authors: Robson John A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn the visual system of the cat the projection from the retina to the lateral geniculate nucleus has been studied extensively. However, the patterns of synaptic contacts made by individual axons onto individual cells have not been described. In this study these patterns have been examined for class 1 cells (Guillery: J. Comp. Neurol. 128:21, '66). Retinogeniculate axons and lateral geniculate neurons are labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) via injections into the optic tracts and optic radiations, respectively. Sections are then processed for combined light and electron microscopic analysis. They are examined with the light microscope to identify labeled lateral geniculate neurons that appear to be contacted by labeled retinal axons. These cells and axons are then analyzed by a computerized microscope system, and sites of apparent synaptic contact are recorded. This light microscopic analysis indicates that individual class 1 cells are contacted by many retinogeniculate axons (> 10) and that each of these axons contacts many lateral geniculate neurons (> 20). Some axons make numerous contacts that are concentrated onto a few dendrites, while others make only a few contacts, which are spread over several dendrites. In all cases, the majority of contacts are on the dendritic shafts of relatively thick secondary and tertiary dendrites. Electron microscopic analysis confirms that most of the contacts identified with the light mciroscope are synaptic. It also reveals that labeled and unlabeled retinal axons can innervate the same dendritic segment. Finally, one cell was studied that had its soma and most of its dendrites in lamina A1 but some of its dendrites extended into lamina A. This cell received input from retinal axons in both layers, thus suggesting that it may have been binocularly excitable. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of prosaposin‐like immunoreactivity in rat brain
Authors: Kondoh Keiji , Sano Akira , Kakimoto Yasuo , Matsuda Seiji , Sakanaka Masahiro 
Published: January 2005

AbstractProsaposin is the precursor for saposins A, B, C, and D, which are small lysosomal proteins required for the hydrolysis of sphingolipids by specific lysosomal hydrolases. With a monospecific anti‐saposin C antibody, which cross‐reacts with prosaposin but not with saposin A, B, or D, the present immunoblot experiments showed that the rat brain expresses an unprocessed ∼ 72 kDa protein (possibly prosaposin) and little saposin C. Regional analysis demonstrated that prosaposin is abundant in the brainstem, hypothalamus, cerebellum, striatum, and hippocampus, and less abundant in the cerebral cortex. Consistent with this finding, prosaposin‐like immunoreactive neurons and fibers as revealed by immunohistochemistry were observed frequently in subcortical regions. The medial septum, diagonal bands, basal nucleus of Meynert, ventral striatum, medial habenular nucleus, and motor nuclei of cranial nerve had significant numbers of immunoreactive neurons. There were also nerve fibers with prosaposin‐like immunoreactivity in several projection fields of the above nuclei. Other brain areas that contained prosaposin‐like immunoreactive neurons and/or processes were: several brain nuclei (nucleus caudate putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, red nucleus) constituting the so‐called extrapyramidal system, reticular thalamic nucleus, entopeduncular nucleus, mammillary nuclei, auditory relay nuclei, cerebellum, sensory cranial nerve nuclei, and the reticular formation. The distribution pattern of prosaposin is apparently different from that of other neuroactive substances so far examined, and thus prosaposin may be involved in novel central events. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of aging on the size, density, and number of rhesus monkey lateral geniculate neurons
Authors: Ahmad Aneeq , Spear Peter D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractVisual abilities decline during aging, and many of these declines are due to neural changes in the retina or brain. We have begun studies of the monkey visual system to investigate the location and nature of these changes as well as to answer general questions about the effects of aging on neural structure and function. We began with the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) because it is the main structure through which visual information passes on the way to cortex and because the parallel parvicellular and magnocellular pathways are most easily identified and studied in the LGN. In the present experiment, we determined the sizes, densities, and numbers of LGN neurons in young‐adult (5 to 12.5 years) and old (23 to 27.5 years) rhesus monkeys. The measures were corrected for tissue shrinkage, and stereological procedures were used that yield unbiased estimates.In young‐adult monkeys, neuron densities were lower in the magnocellular layers (about 14,000/mm3) than in the parvicellular layers (23,000/mm3). Neuron density increased about 28% from anterior to posterior in both types of layers. There was an average of approximately 1,267,000 neurons in the parvicellular layers and 148,000 neurons in the magnocellular layers; however, there was substantial variability (1.9‐fold) among five brains studied.Aging produced a statistically significant decrease in neuron density in both the magnocellular (29% average decrease) and parvicellular (41% average decrease) layers. However, there was no significant loss of neurons. Rather, the density decrease was due to a small (nonsignificant) decrease in the number of neurons combined with a small (nonsignificant) increase in LGN volume. The increase in LGN volume was due to a significant increase in neuron soma‐size and proportional increases in the volume of glial cells, blood vessels, and neuropil. These results, together with those of other studies, suggest that the effects of aging on the primate visual pathway from retina through striate cortex are relatively subtle. It is possible that the major neural changes occur more centrally. Alternatively, individual differences in the effects of aging may require much larger samples or prior screening to observe consistent changes. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus to stress‐related areas in the rat hypothalamus: A light and electron microscopic study
Authors: Buijs Ruud M. , Markman Marry , Nunes‐Cardoso Bob , Hou Yang‐Xun , Shinn Susan 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe purpose of the present study was to investigate the sites in the hypothalamus where the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) may influence corticosteroid secretion. In spite ofthe well established, SCN‐mediated, daily rhythms in adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) and corticosteroid secretion, previous studies determining the projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus faiied to illustrate direct connections with corticotrophin‐releasing hormone neurons (CRH).In order to identify where in the central nervous System the SCN may influence corticosteroid secretion, areas were selected that contained SCN efferents contacting neurons involved in the stress response. To achieve this in the present study, SCN efferents were visualized by Pha‐L tract‐tracing, together with the neurons involved in the stress response by immunocytochemical staining for c‐fos protein.The sites where these efferents contacted c‐fos‐positive neurons were established by light microscopic double staining and electron microseopic immunocytochemical studies. It appeared that apart from the medial parvocellular area of the paraventrieular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus, many more regions showed fos‐positive neurons. Sites where SCN efferents contacted such neurons are limited only to areas immediately adjacent to these putative CRH neurons but are not concentrated on these neurons themselves. These areas consist of the periventricular and rostral PVN together with the dorsomedial hypothalamus: all three regions are known to project into the PVN. Therefore, it is concluded that the SCN transmits its Information related to corticosteroid secretion via interneurons in and around the PVN to the CRH‐containing neurons, rather than by a direct interaction with these neurons themselves. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heterogeneity of rat corticospinal neurons
Authors: Tseng Guo‐Fang , Prince David A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn order to examine the degree of diversity within a population of cortical projection neurons, rat corticospinal cells were retrogradely labeled in vivo by injocting rhodamine‐tagged microspheres into the cervical spinal cord, and subsequently studied electrophysiologically and anatomically in neocortical slices maintained in vitro, by use of Standard current clamp techniques and a double‐labeling protocol (Tseng et al, J. Neurosci. Meth. 37′. 121–131, 1991). Three different subgcroups were distinguished on the basis of their spiking behavior: (l) Adapting cells had a marked fast (50 ms) and slow phase (200 ms) of spike frequency adaptation; (2) regulr spiking (RS) cells had only a period offast adaptation; (3) some regulr spiking neurons had prominent depolarizing afterpotentials (DAPs) and could generate bursts of Spikes, often in repetitive fashion (RSoAp cells). Subgroups of RSc.Ap cells had different patterns of burst responses to depolarizing current pulses, suggesting differences in the types and/or sites ofunderlying ionic conduetances.Adapting cells had a slightly higher membrane input resistance and more prominent slow hyperpolarizing afterpotentials than RS and RSDAP neurons; however, the activation of presumed anomalous rectifier current by intracellular hyperpolarizations was less prominent in adapting neurons. Orthodrornic Stimulation in layer l evoked presumed excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs and IPSPs) in all three types of cells, but prominent short‐latency IPSPs were found in a higher percentage of adapting neurons.The morphology of electrophysiologically characterized corticospinal neurons was studied following intracellular injection of biocytin. All three spiking types were typical layer V pyramids with apical dendrites reaching layer l, basal dendrites in infragranular layers, and deep‐directed axons that had a moderate density oflocal collaterals in lower cortical layers. The profuseness of dendrites, examined by Sholl's analysis of two‐dimensional, camera lucidareconstructed neurons was comparable in the three neuronal subgroups, although a smaller somatic area and more siender apical dendritic trunk were found in adapting neurons.Our results suggest that corticospinal cells in rats are a heterogeneous population of projection neurons with respect to their spiking behavior, membrane properties, synaptic connections, and, to a lesser extent, their morphology. This diversity revealed in vitro adds new complexity to the classification of corticospinal neurons. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of gemculocortical projections to visual cortex in rat: Evidence for early lngrowth and synaptogenesis
Authors: Kageyama Glenn H. , Robertson Richard T. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAnterograde movement of Dil and transneuronal transport of wheat germ aghitinin‐horseradish peroxidase (WGA‐HRP) were used to study the temporal and laminar patterns of ingrowth of the geniculocortical projection to visual cortex in fetal and postnatal rats. The development of this projection was compared to patterns of migration and settling of L HJ‐thymidine‐labeie neurons destined for cortical layer IV, and to geniculocortical synapse formation. Dil‐labeied geniculocortical axons were found in the intermediate zone beneath the lateral cerebral mantle at embryonic day (E) 17 and in the subplate layer underlying visual cortex by EIS. On E 19 they appeared to accumulate and grow radially into an expanding subplate layer and into the deep part ofdeveloping cortical layer VI. By postnatal day (P)0, Dil or WGA‐HRP‐labeled geniculocortical axons were found in developing cortical layers VI and V. By P l, they invaded the deep portion ofthe cell‐dense cortical plate, where they were in position to make initial contact with neurons that would later form layer IV. A few xons traversed the cortical plate to reach the marginal zone. Layer IV became an identifiable layer on P2, and s clear projection to layer IV was evident by P3. These results suggest that geniculocortical afferents grow continuously from the intermediate zone, initially into an expanding subplatt layer and then sequentially into each of the developing cortical layers without evidence of “waiting”. Electron microscopic data suggest that geniculocortical axons begin to form immature synapses with dendrites and neuronal perikaryas they first encounter cortical neurons, first in the subplate layer and then in developing layers VI, V and marginal zone, in addition to the primary target layer IV. The precise targetmg and overall temporal and laminar patterns of ingrowth and synaptogenesis suggest that geniculocortical axons are directed to the visual cortex by guidance cues within the internal capsule and subplate. Further, they reach the occipital pole early enough to influence the specification and histogenesis of cortical area 17, perhaps by exerting an influence on the deep‐to‐superficial “wave” of neuronal differentiation in sequentially developing subplate and cortical layers VI, V and IV. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Giant terminals in the dorsal octavolateralis nucleus of lampreys
Authors: Koyama Hiromichi , Kishida Reiji , Goris Richard , Kusunoki Toyokazu 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe dorsal octavolateralis nucleus of lampreys is a primary nucleus for electroreceptive stimuli in the medulla. In Lampetra japonica, the rostral and caudal thirds of this nucleus are exclusively occupied by giant terminals, which become evident when the primary fibers of an electrosensory nerve (recurrent branch of the anterior lateral line nerve) are labeled with horseradish peroxidase. We studied the ultrastructure of these terminals. They contain neurofilaments, mitochondria, microtubules, and tubular membranous structures. Many synapses, all of the chemical type, are located around the neck region of the terminal swellings. Many vesicular structures, which are clear, round, and uniform in size, and most of which are probably synaptic vesicles, are densely clustered in a single large mass in the neck region of the terminals. Some of the tubular structures may serve as a membrane reservoir for the large number of synaptic vesicles required in the giant terminals. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coexistence of NADPH diaphorase with GABA, glycine, and acetylcholine in rat spinal cord
Authors: Spike Rosemary C. , Todd Andrew J. , Johnston Heather M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe enzyme NADPH diaphorase is present in many spinal neurons, and is thought to correspond to nitric oxide synthase. In order to determine which types of neuron in the spinal cord contain this enzyme, we have carried out a combined enzyme histochemical and immunocytochemical study with antibodies to GABA, glycine, and choline acetyltransferase. Two hundred and twenty‐four NADPH diaphorase‐positive neurons in midlumbar spinal cord from four rats were tested for GABA‐ and glycine‐like immunoreactivity. The majority of these neurons (207/224) were GABA‐immunoreactive and 139 were also glycine‐immunoreactive. NADPH diaphorase‐positive neurons in laminae I and II generally showed both types of immunoreactivity, while those in deeper laminae of the dorsal horn and around the central canal either showed both types or else were only GABA‐immunoreactive. Since GABA and acetylcholine are thought to coexist in spinal neurons, NADPH diaphorase staining was combined with immunostaining for choline acetyltransferase. Immunoreactive neurons in laminae III and IV were all NADPH diaphorase‐positive, while only some of those around the central canal and in the deeper laminae of the dorsal horn were positive. Choline acetyltransferase‐immunoreactive neurons in the intermediolateral cell column (presumed sympathetic preganglionic neurons) were often NADPH diaphorase‐positive, whereas those in the ventral horn (presumed motorneurons) were not. NADPH diaphorase‐positive cells in the intermediolateral cell column were not immunoreactive with GABA or glycine antibodies.These results suggest that NADPH diaphorase is largely restricted to GABAergic neurons in the lumbar spinal cord, and that it is mainly present in those neurons in which GABA coexists with glycine or acetylcholine. Since nitric oxide has been implicated in pain processing and hyperalgesia, while GABA, glycine, and acetylcholine are thought to be involved in analgesia and prevention of hyperalgesia, it is likely that nitric oxide synthase‐containing GABAergic neurons in dorsal horn have dual actions in transmission of nociceptive information. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Monoclonal antibody labels olfactory and visual pathways in Drosophila and Apis brains
Authors: Bicker Gerd , Kreissl Sabine , Hofbauer Alois 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe employed a monoclonal antibody raised against Drosophila brain homogenate for a comparative immunocytochemical analysis of visual and olfactory pathways in brains of two insect species. On Western blots of Drosophila and Apis nervous tissue, antibody fb45 recognized an antigen with an apparent molecular weight higher than 180 kD. Application of the antibody to sections of Drosophila and Apis brain stained certain interneurons which conspicuously fasciculate in common tracts or neuropilar compartments. Both in Drosophila and in Apis, the antigen was also expressed on the perineural sheath and granular cell compartments in the majority of neuronal cell bodies.The antibody stained monopolar cells in the visual system of both species, and in Apis those fibers of the anterior superior optic tract which link the medulla with the mushroom bodies. In Drosophila, bundles of Kenyon cells of the mushroom bodies were stained. In worker bees and drones, the relay neurons of the median and lateral antennoglomerular tracts were labelled.Since the recognition of the antigen does not require fixation, the antibody can be employed to label selectively living neurons in dissociated cell culture. This opens up the possibility for future functional studies on the role of the antigen in vitro. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.