bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A decision scheme to indicate dominant hydrological flow processes on temperate grassland
Authors: Scherrer Simon , Naef Felix 
Published: January 2003

AbstractA decision scheme has been developed to indicate the likely dominant runoff forming on temperate grassland hill slopes. The decision scheme was developed from data collected from sprinkler experiments on 60 m2 plots at a number of grassland sites in Switzerland. The scheme requires input of hydrological properties of the surface and each major horizon of the soil. Worked examples of the application of the decision scheme to determine the dominant hydrological processes and runoff types are given for three actual grassland hill slopes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards integrating tracer studies in conceptual rainfall‐runoff models: recent insights from a sub‐arctic catchment in the Cairngorm Mountains, Scotland
Authors: Soulsby Chris , Dunn Sarah M. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractHydrochemical tracers (alkalinity and silica) were used in an end‐member mixing analysis (EMMA) of runoff sources in the 10 km2 Allt a' Mharcaidh catchment. A three‐component mixing model was used to separate the hydrograph and estimate, to a first approximation, the range of likely contributions of overland flow, shallow subsurface storm flow, and groundwater to the annual hydrograph. A conceptual, catchment‐scale rainfall‐runoff model (DIY) was also used to separate the annual hydrograph in an equivalent set of flow paths. The two approaches produced independent representations of catchment hydrology that exhibited reasonable agreement. This showed the dominance of overland flow in generating storm runoff and the important role of groundwater inputs throughout the hydrological year. Moreover, DIY was successfully adapted to simulate stream chemistry (alkalinity) at daily time steps. Sensitivity analysis showed that whilst a distinct groundwater source at the catchment scale could be identified, there was considerable uncertainty in differentiating between overland flow and subsurface storm flow in both the EMMA and DIY applications. Nevertheless, the study indicated that the complementary use of tracer analysis in EMMA can increase the confidence in conceptual model structure. However, conclusions are restricted to the specific spatial and temporal scales examined. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of flowpath dynamics in a steep unchannelled hollow in the Tanakami Mountains of Japan
Authors: Uchida Taro , Asano Yuko , Ohte Nobuhito , Mizuyama Takahisa 
Published: January 2003

AbstractSimultaneous measurements of runoff, soil pore water pressure, soil temperature, and water chemistry were taken to evaluate the spatial and temporal nature of flowpaths in a steep 0·1 ha unchannelled hollow in the Tanakami Mountains of central Japan. Tensiometers showed that a saturated area formed and a downward hydraulic gradient existed continuously in the area near a spring. The amplitude of the soil–bedrock interface temperature difference near the spring was smaller than that in the upper hollow, although soil depth near the spring was smaller than in the upper hollow. This suggests that, in the small perennially saturated area near the spring, water percolates through the vadose zone mixed with water emerging from the bedrock. During summer rainstorms, the soil–bedrock interface temperature increased as the ground became saturated. Silica and sodium concentrations in the transient saturated groundwater during these episodes were significantly lower than those in the perennial groundwater, suggesting that both rainwater and shallow soil water had important effects on the formation of transient saturated groundwater on the upper slope. In this case, the streamflow varied with the soil pore water pressure on the upper slope; the soil pore water pressure in the area near the spring remained nearly constant. Moreover, the spring water temperature was almost the same as the transient groundwater temperature on the upper slope. This indicates that the transient groundwater in the upper slope flowed to the spring via lateral preferential paths. The relative inflow of bedrock groundwater to the spring decreased as rainfall increased. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantifying uncertainties in tracer‐based hydrograph separations: a case study for two‐, three‐ and five‐component hydrograph separations in a mountainous catchment
Authors: Uhlenbrook Stefan , Hoeg Simon 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThe hydrograph separation technique using natural tracers, in which different runoff components are quantified according to their chemical signature, is a widely used method for investigating runoff generation processes at the catchment scale. The first objective of this study is to demonstrate a modified methodology for separating three and five runoff components using 18O and dissolved silica as tracers. The second is to evaluate, with an uncertainty propagation technique using Gaussian error estimators, the hydrograph separation uncertainties that arise due to different error effects.During four summer storm events, an interaction among three main runoff components having distinct dissolved silica concentrations was demonstrated for the mountainous Zastler catchment (18·4 km2, southern Black Forest Mountains, southwest Germany). The three main runoff components are surface storage (low silica, saturated and impermeable areas), shallow ground water (medium silica, periglacial and glacial drift cover), and deep ground water (high silica, crystalline detritus and hard rock aquifer). Together with the event and pre‐event water fractions of surface runoff and shallow ground water runoff, five runoff components are considered in all. Pre‐event water from shallow ground water storage dominated the total discharge during floods and was also important during low flows. Event water from shallow ground water was detectable only during the falling limb of a larger flood with high antecedent moisture conditions and during the peaks of three events with low antecedent moisture conditions. Runoff from surface storage is only significant during floods and can be composed of event and pre‐event water. The latter reacts later and is important only during the peak of the large event with high antecedent moisture conditions. Runoff from the deeper ground water behaves quite consistently (pure pre‐event water).It is demonstrated that large relative uncertainties must be considered for the quantification of runoff components. Uncertainties are caused by: (i) tracer analysis and discharge measurement; (ii) intra‐storm variability of 18O; (iii) elevation effect of 18O and silica; (iv) solution of minerals during runoff formation; and (v) general spatial heterogeneity of tracer concentrations. The last source of error was the most significant. The error structure was analysed in detail and showed varying error significance within an event and for different events. It is shown that, for the meso‐scale catchment investigated, only qualitative results of the contribution of a runoff component can be obtained by the hydrograph separation technique. The importance of reducing errors that have the largest impact is clearly demonstrated; therefore, a targeted sampling strategy is required. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards reduced uncertainty in conceptual rainfall‐runoff modelling: dynamic identifiability analysis
Authors: Wagener T. , McIntyre N. , Lees M. J. , Wheater H. S. , Gupta H. V. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractConceptual modelling requires the identification of a suitable model structure and the estimation of parameter values through calibration against observed data. A lack of objective approaches to evaluate model structures and the inability of calibration procedures to distinguish between the suitability of different parameter sets are major sources of uncertainty in current modelling procedures. This paper presents an approach analysing the performance of the model in a dynamic fashion resulting in an improved use of available information. Model structures can be evaluated with respect to the failure of individual components, and periods of high information content for specific parameters can be identified. The procedure is termed dynamic identifiability analysis (DYNIA) and is applied to a model structure built from typical conceptual components. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An experimental tracer study of the role of macropores in infiltration in grassland soils
Authors: Weiler Markus , Naef Felix 
Published: January 2003

AbstractWater flow in macropores is an important mechanism of infiltration in natural soils and, as such, is crucial for the prediction of runoff generation. The major flow processes controlling macropore flow are the initiation of macropore flow (water supply into macropores) and the water transfer from the macropores into the surrounding soil matrix (interaction). The water movement during infiltration and the resulting flow paths were studied with combined sprinkling and dye tracer experiments under different rainfall intensities and initial soil moisture conditions. The dye tracer was continuously applied with the sprinkling water on 1 m2 plots. After the sprinkling, horizontal and vertical soil sections were prepared for surveying dye patterns, which showed the cumulated flow pathways in the soils. These experiments were carried out on four hillslope sites covered with grassland, where earthworms mainly built the macropore system. The evaluation of the flow processes in the soil was based on classified dye patterns and measurements of water content and matric potential. The results illustrate how flow in earthworm channels influences general hydrological flow processes during extreme rainfall events. Macropore flow was initiated from the soil surface or from a saturated or partially saturated soil layer. Transfer of water from the macropores into the soil matrix was mainly influenced by the soil properties and soil water content. The permeability of the underlying bedrock in combination with this transfer of water controlled the drainage of the macropores. Finally, major effects of macropore flow processes on the hydrological response were extracted. Infiltration excess overland flow was reduced if water bypassed the less permeable layer through macropores, saturation excess overland flow was less affected by macropores, and subsurface flow was activated very rapidly because the infiltrated water bypassed the soil matrix. This study highlights the most important processes that have to be considered in order to understand better and to model infiltration in natural soils in the future. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The clinical use of films in psychotherapy
Authors: Wedding Danny , Niemiec Ryan M. 
Published: January 2003

AbstractThis article discusses the ways in which client attitudes about mental illness, psychotherapy, and therapists are shaped by contemporary films. Five common myths about mental illness that are promulgated by films are discussed, and the potential applications of films in psychotherapy are reviewed. Numerous examples of films relevant to psychotherapy are presented, and a clinical vignette is used to demonstrate how films can enrich and expand psychotherapy. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 59: 207–215, 2003.
Brefeldin A‐induced neurotoxicity in cultured spinal cord neurons
Authors: Kikuchi Seiji , Shinpo Kazuyoshi , Tsuji Sachiko , Yabe Ichiro , Niino Masaaki , Tashiro Kunio 
Published: January 2003

AbstractBrefeldin A (BFA) is a fungus metabolite that is known to cause the disassembly of the Golgi complex and apoptosis in exposed cells, both of which have been suggested as playing roles in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, particularly amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This study showed that BFA caused neurotoxicity and apoptotic nuclear changes in cultured spinal neurons of rat spinal cord in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. The spinal motor neurons were more vulnerable to this neurotoxicity. The cultured spinal neurons showed irreversible disassembly of the Golgi apparatus as early as 1 hr after exposure to BFA. BFA induced the expression and activation of caspase‐12 beginning 8 hr after exposure. The level of the cleaved form of caspase‐3 had increased 12 hr after the addition of BFA. Free radical generation and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential were observed in the later stages of neurotoxicity caused by BFA. Collectively, our data suggests that BFA is an excellent agent for reproducing the pathophysiological features of ALS. This in vitro model may be useful in attempts to study the mechanisms of this neurodegenerative disease and to examine therapeutic potentials. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors are neuroprotective to cultured spinal motor neurons
Authors: Nakamizo Tomoki , Kawamata Jun , Yoshida Kohei , Kawai Yuko , Kanki Rie , Sawada Hideyuki , Kihara Takeshi , Yamashita Hirofumi , Shibasaki Hiroshi , Akaike Akinori , Shimohama Shun 
Published: January 2003

AbstractWe have previously reported that cyclic guanosine‐3′,5′‐monophosphate (cGMP) protects spinal motor neurons against acute reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐induced toxicity but not against chronic ROS‐induced or glutamate (Glu)‐induced toxicity. In this study, we investigated the effects of phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors on the survival of cultured spinal motor neurons. Selective PDE5 inhibitors (dipyridamole, T‐1032, and zaprinast) as well as a nonselective PDE inhibitor (aminophylline) protected motor and nonmotor neurons against both acute ROS‐induced and chronic Glu‐induced neurotoxicity, whereas selective inhibitors of PDE1–4 offered no protection. 8‐Bromo‐cGMP (8br‐cGMP), a cGMP analogue, protected both motor and nonmotor neurons against acute ROS‐induced toxicity but protected only nonmotor neurons against chronic Glu‐induced toxicity. This neuroprotection was blocked by KT5823, a cGMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKG) inhibitor. Immunohistochemical staining confirmed that PDE5 and PKG are located in almost all rat lumbar spinal neurons. Furthermore, semiquantitative analysis of the immunostaining intensity revealed that PDE5 was more abundant in motor neurons than in nonmotor neurons. Our results suggest that this difference in the amount of PDE5 may be responsible for the vulnerability of motor neurons to chronic excitotoxicity. In addition, the results of this study raise the possibility that PDE5 inhibitors might be used as a treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vitamin D3 inhibits proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide production by the EOC13 microglial cell line
Authors: Lefebvre d'Hellencourt Christian , Montero‐Menei Claudia N. , Bernard Rozenn , Couez Dominique 
Published: January 2003

AbstractIn recent years, a neuroimmunomodulatory role for 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamine D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] has emerged. Microglial cells present a potential target for the effects of this hormone in the brain. This study focuses on the effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on the expression and production of inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) by the EOC13 microglial cell line. The presence of the vitamin D3 receptor in microglia was demonstrated by RT‐PCR. 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibited the production of tumor necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐6, and NO by stimulated microglia in a concentration‐related fashion. The production of transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1), an anti‐inflammatory cytokine, was not modified in the presence of 1,25(OH)2D3, indicating that the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 may not involve TGF‐β1 regulation. These results show that 1,25(OH)2D3 has direct anti‐inflammatory properties on microglia. It further supports the hypothesis that 1,25(OH)2D3 could be involved in the maintenance of the brain homeostasis and may have a therapeutic potential in inflammatory pathologies of the central nervous system. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuronal distribution of EHSH1/intersectin: Molecular linker between clathrin‐mediated endocytosis and signaling pathways
Authors: Ma Yong Jie , Okamoto Masaya , Gu Feng , Obata Kyoko , Matsuyama Tomohiro , Desaki Junzo , Tanaka Junya , Sakanaka Masahiro 
Published: January 2003

AbstractRecent research indicates that the novel multimodular adaptor protein EHSH1 plays an important role in a partnership between clathrin‐mediated endocytosis and intracellular signaling pathways, including the MAPK pathway, receptor‐tyrosine kinase/ras‐mediated pathway, and the rho family of the GTPase‐dependent pathway. We report the detailed expression pattern of EHSH1 in the rat CNS, using separate cultures of neurons, astrocytes, and microglia, and biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses. Cultured neurons from the cortex express primarily the long isoform EHSH1‐l, as well as a small amount of the short isoform EHSH1‐s. Cultured astrocytes express EHSH1‐s, at a level similar to neurons, and a trace of EHSH1‐l. Cultured microglia express only EHSH1‐s. Double immunofluorescent staining of cortical sections showed that EHSH1 is expressed predominantly in neurons. These results suggest that EHSH1‐l is a primary isoform and that EHSH1‐l is highly enriched in neurons in the rat adult CNS. Immunohistochemistry of a series of brain sections revealed widespread distribution of EHSH1 throughout the brain. Particularly intense immunoreactivity was observed in the somatodendritic region of neurons in Layer III of the neocortex, hippocampus, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, and substantia nigra. Interestingly, all pyramidal neurons in Layer III of the neocortex and hippocampus did not necessarily exhibit equal levels of immunostaining. In contrast, little EHSH1 immunoreactivity was detected in septofimbrial nucleus and subfornical organ of the septal region, and solitary tract and external cuneate nuclei of the medulla. Variety in the expression of EHSH1 in neurons of different regions may reflect different conditions in clathrin‐mediated endocytosis and the following signal transduction. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gastrodin decreases immunoreactivities of γ‐aminobutyric acid shunt enzymes in the hippocampus of seizure‐sensitive gerbils
Authors: An Sung‐Jin , Park Seung‐Kook , Hwang In Koo , Choi Soo Young , Kim Sang Kook , Kwon Oh‐Shin , Jung Sung Je , Baek Nam‐In , Lee Hyeon Yong , Won Moo Ho , Kang Tae‐Cheon 
Published: January 2003

AbstractGastrodin is one of the natural compound isolated from Gastrodia elata and has known anticonvulsant effects, although the exact pharmacological principles of this natural compound and its effects on other aspects of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) metabolism in vivo have not been explored. Therefore, in the present study, the effects of gastrodin on GABA metabolism in the gerbil hippocampus were examined, in an effort to identify the antiepileptic characteristics of this substance. Gastrodin reduced the seizure score in the treated group, although the immunoreactivities of GABA synthetic enzymes and GABA transporters were unaltered in gastrodin‐treated animals. Interestingly, in the gastrodin‐treated group, GABA transaminase (GABA‐T) immunoreactivity in the hippocampus, particularly in neurons, was significantly decreased. In the gastrodin‐treated group, both succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase (SSADH) and succinic semialdehyde reductase (SSAR) immunoreactivities in the hippocampus was also decreased significantly, which stood in contrast to the nontreated group, in which strong SSADH and SSAR immunoreactivities were detected. From the neuroanatomical viewpoint, these findings suggest that gastrodin may cause the elevation of GABA concentration by inhibiting the GABA shunt. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human neuronal cells (NT2‐N) express functional substance P and neurokinin‐1 receptor coupled to MIP‐1β expression
Authors: Li Yuan , Douglas Steven D. , Pleasure David E. , Lai Jianping , Guo Changjiang , Bannerman Peter , Williams Marge , Ho Wenzhe 
Published: January 2003

AbstractSubstance P (SP), the most extensively studied and potent member of the tachykinin family, is a major modulator of inflammation and immunomodulatory activities within the central and peripheral nervous systems. We have examined the gene expression of SP and its receptor in a human neuronal cell line (NT2‐N). Using reverse transcribed polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), the four isoforms of preprotachykinin‐A gene transcripts (α, β, γ, and δ) were detected in the NT2‐N. We also identified the presence of mRNA for neurokinin‐1 receptor (NK‐1R), a primary receptor for SP, in the NT2‐N cells. Concomitant with NT2 cell differentiation into neurons, SP and NK‐1R mRNA expression increased consistently. Intracellular SP and cell membrane NK‐1R immunoreactivity were all observed in NT2‐N cells. Most importantly, we demonstrated that SP and NK‐1R presented in NT2‐N cells are functionally involved in the regulation of macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta (MIP‐1β), an important β‐chemokine participating in the activation and directional migration of immune cells to sites of central nervous systems (CNS) inflammation. Thus, SP and its receptor may play an important role in modulation of neuronal functions related to regulation of immune activities within the CNS. The NT2‐N cell line is well suited for in vitro investigations of the SP‐NK‐1R pathway in immune responses and inflammation in the CNS. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inactivation of aconitase during the apoptosis of mouse cerebellar granule neurons induced by a deprivation of membrane depolarization
Authors: Tabuchi Akiko , Funaji Kouhei , Nakatsubo Jun , Fukuchi Mamoru , Tsuchiya Tomofusa , Tsuda Masaaki 
Published: January 2003

AbstractDuring the excitotoxic neuronal cell death which accompanies an overflow of extracellular Ca2+ into neurons, aconitase, an oxidative stress‐sensitive enzyme of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA)‐cycle in mitochondria, is inactivated due to the generation of oxidative stress (Patel et al. [1996] Neuron 16:345–355). In this study, we investigated whether aconitase could be inactivated during the apoptosis of mouse cerebellar granule cells (CGCs), which was caused by a deprivation of membrane depolarization followed by a stoppage of Ca2+ influx into CGCs. Upon lowering the potassium (K+) concentration in medium from 25 to 5 mM (low K+), aconitase was inactivated in accordance with the decrease in methylthiazoletetrazolium (MTT)‐reducing activity although its mRNA expression did not change. The blockade of Ca2+ influx into CGCs mediated by nicardipine at 25 mM KCl also caused the inactivation of aconitase, accompanying induction of the apoptosis of CGCs. Suppression of the apoptosis of CGCs mediated by the Ca2+ influx or neurotrophic factors such as brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide‐38 (PACAP‐38) attenuated the aconitase inactivation as well as the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)‐release and the decrease in MTT reduction. On the other hand, the levels of intracellular glutathione and manganese superoxide dismutase‐2 mRNA decreased under the low K+ condition, supporting a cause for oxidative stress at low K+ due to a loss of anti‐oxidant activity. Thus, the inactivation of aconitase is also caused by a deprivation of Ca2+ influx into neurons, suggesting that aconitase is a key mitochondrial enzyme influencing the viability of neurons in response to oxidative stress. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.