bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Laser‐Induced Direct Lithography for Patterning of Carbon with sp3 and sp2 Hybridization
Authors: Zbaida D. , Popovitz‐Biro R. , Lachish‐Zalait A. , Klein E. , Wachtel E. , Prior Y. , Elbaum M. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractA new method of laser‐induced lithography for direct writing of carbon on a glass surface is described, in which deposition occurs from a transparent precursor solution. At the glass–solution interface where the laser spot is focused, a micro‐explosion process takes place, leading to the deposition of pure carbon on the glass surface. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis shows two distinct co‐existing phases. The dominant one shows a mottled morphology with diffraction typical of cubic (sp3) diamond. The other region shows an ordered array of graphene sheets with diffraction pattern typical of sp2‐bonded carbon. The sp3 crystallites range in size from 9 to 30 Å and are scattered randomly throughout the sample. A UV Raman spectrum shows a broad band at the location of the expected diamond peak, together with a peak corresponding to the graphite region. We conclude that the patterned carbon is composed of a mixture of nanocrystalline sp3 and sp2 carbon forms.
Communication about carrier testing within hemophilia A families
Authors: Sorenson James R. , Jennings‐Grant Tracey , Newman Jamie 
Published: April 2003

AbstractGenetic diseases are family diseases. Although there is considerable research on how individuals decide to have genetic testing and their individual reactions to testing, there is limited research on the familial context of genetic testing. In the present study, we focus on three aspects of the family context of genetic testing for hemophilia A carrier status among women at risk to be carriers. We look at the extent to which there was discussion of carrier testing for hemophilia before we offered DNA‐based carrier testing to these at‐risk women; with which family members these tested women communicated the results of their carrier testing; and concerns these women had about communicating their carrier test results with relatives, including their children. Data suggest that members of families with hemophilia discussed carrier testing prior to study participation, that the communication of testing information within families was selective, not universal, largely following gender lines for this X‐linked disorder, and that there was limited concern about communicating carrier status information to children and other relatives. These data reinforce observations that families are social systems, and within these systems information is selectively communicated. A more complete understanding of how families communicate genetic test information will enable providers to develop more effective means of assisting individuals in handling the familial communication aspects of genetic testing. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthetic absorbent for dyestuffs based on gamma crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)
Authors: Ibrahim Sayeda M. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThis work reports on the characterization and uses of gamma radiation‐crosslinked poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) films as absorbents for different classes of dyestuffs normally released from textile factors. Dyestuffs were selected from different producers. These dyestuffs were Remacryl Blue (basic dye), Remazol Golden Orange (reactive dye), Solar Orange (direct dye), and Sandolan (acid dye). The percentage dye sorption by PVA was determined by spectroscopic analysis and color‐strength measurements of the PVA films after absorbing the different dyestuffs. The results showed that the concentration of dimethylbisacrylamide as a crosslinking agent has a great effect on the gel fraction and percentage swelling in water of the PVA polymer. In general, crosslinked PVA showed a low tendency to absorb the different dyestuffs under investigation at room temperature. This tendency was shown to increase with an increasing temperature of the dye solution from room temperature to 70°C. Meanwhile, the highest percentage of dye sorption was found in the case of the basic dye and the lowest one in the case of the reactive dye depending on the active groups on the dyes. Moreover, the percentage dye sorption by PVA was slightly higher in the acid medium rather than in the alkaline one. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 349–354, 2003
Melt rheological behavior of intimately mixed short sisal–glass hybrid fiber‐reinforced low‐density polyethylene composites. II. Chemical modification
Authors: Kalaprasad G. , Thomas S. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe effect of chemical modification of both fiber and matrix on melt rheological behavior of intimately mixed short sisal–glass hybrid fiber‐reinforced low‐density polyethylene composites was studied with an Instron capillary rheometer. The variations of melt viscosity with different shear rate and shear stress values for different temperatures were studied. A temperature range of 130 to 150°C and shear rates of 16.4 to 5468 s−1 were chosen for the analysis. Chemical modifications with stearic acid, maleic anhydride, silane, and peroxides were tested for their ability to improve the interaction between the matrix and fiber. The viscosity of the hybrid composites increases with every chemical modification. In the case of peroxide‐treated composites, the increase can be attributed to the peroxide‐induced grafting of the polyethylene matrix to the fiber surface and to the crosslinking of the polyethylene matrix. These phenomena are both activated by temperature, whereas temperature causes a reverse effect for all other chemical modifications. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 443–450, 2003
Direct miniemulsification of Kraton rubber/styrene solution. I. Effect of Manton–Gaulin homogenizer, sonifier, and membrane filtration
Authors: Jeong Pilmoon , Dimonie Victoria L. , Daniels Eric S. , El‐Aasser Mohamed S. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractA direct miniemulsification process was utilized to prepare an artificial latex from a Kraton® D1102 thermoplastic elastomer. The Kraton rubber was dissolved in a styrene monomer and emulsified in an aqueous surfactant solution in the presence of a costabilizer using a sonifier, a Manton–Gaulin homogenizer, and membrane filtration. Each miniemulsion droplet contained 20 wt % Kraton rubber in styrene, and, thus, the Kraton rubber particle size and size distribution can be used to estimate the droplet size and size distribution of the miniemulsion. It was found that Kraton rubber particles obtained using the Manton–Gaulin homogenizer had an extremely broad size distribution ranging from 20 nm to 2 μm. The use of a cetyl alcohol costabilizer produced Kraton rubber particles with a narrower size distribution by lowering the interfacial tension between the oil and aqueous phases, compared to the use of hexadecane as a costabilizer. The broad size distribution of the Kraton rubber particles could be narrowed by employing a membrane‐filtration technique. However, small miniemulsion droplets remained undisturbed in the miniemulsion since they easily passed through the pores of the filter. These small droplets resulted from the sonification process conducted prior to the use of the membrane‐filtration process. The Kraton rubber particle‐size distribution became narrow with an increase in the sonifier duty cycle due to the viscoelastic behavior of the oil phase. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 451–464, 2003
Preparation of poly(L‐lactide) film having high elastic recovery
Authors: Ogata Nobuo , Sasayama Hideki , Nakane Koji , Ogihara Takashi 
Published: April 2003

AbstractTriacetin (TAC) is known as a lubricant of poly(L‐lactide) (PLLA), and it is used to improve the mechanical properties of PLLA. However, the compatibility of TAC with PLLA and the morphological changes induced by the addition of TAC to PLLA have not been clarified. This study investigates the effects of the addition of TAC on the morphological changes and physical properties of PLLA. We prepared the PLLA films containing a given amount of TAC by solvent‐cast blending with chloroform under a low temperature. From the investigation of the mechanical properties of the blends, it is found that the glass‐transition temperature of PLLA is remarkably decreased with an increasing amount of TAC, the blend films exhibit high elastic recovery, and the degree of the recovery increases linearly with the amount of TAC. The morphological changes exhibiting high elastic recovery are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 474–480, 2003
Regeneration of carbon black from waste automobile tires
Authors: Bhadra Sambhu , De P. P. , Mondal Nilkanta , Mukhapadhyaya R. , Das Gupta Saikat 
Published: April 2003

AbstractCarbon black, an important ingredient in tires, was regenerated from waste automobile tires. Waste tires were cut to separate the tread cap, tread base, side wall, and inner ply and were crushed and pyrolyzed in a muffle furnace at 430°C for 3 h. This black was again heated at 430°C for 1.5 h to increase the surface area to get regenerated black (RB). To find out the effect of heating during pyrolysis, the original black was also heated at 430°C for 1.5 h to get heat‐treated black (HTB). The regenerated black (RB) was characterized by different methods. It was mixed in different formulations, with few required properties of the final mixed compounds measured, and then cured maintaining technical cure time and temperature; physicomechanical properties of the cured specimen were measured and compared with that of the virgin black (VB) and the heat‐treated black (HTB). From all these results it was concluded that regenerated black has a higher surface area, higher elongation at break, and higher heat buildup but a lower cure rate, a lower modulus, and a comparable state of cure, dispersion, hardness, tensile strength, and tear strength compared with those of the virgin black. It was also found that for the regenerated black, the structure and agglomerate size were slightly changed. Some polar acidic groups were incorporated into the carbon black during pyrolysis or during heat treatment. Regenerated black had better aging properties than did the virgin or heat‐treated black. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 465–473, 2003
Syntheses and characterization of maleic anhydride–styrene–allyl propionate terpolymer ester derivatives
Authors: Boztuğ Ali , Basan Satılmış 
Published: April 2003

AbstractIn this study, maleic anhydride (MA)–styrene (St)–allyl propionate (AP) was produced with MA, St, and AP. It was then reacted with n‐propyl alcohol (Pr), n‐butyl alcohol (Bu), n‐pentyl alcohol (Pn), and benzyl alcohol (Bz) under certain conditions to produce ester derivatives of the terpolymer. These ester derivatives were designated alkyl maleate terpolymers (PrMA–St–AP, BuMA–St–AP, PnMA–St–AP, and BzMA–St–AP). The polymers were investigated by solubility and viscosity experiments, with the number of ester groups in the polymers determined by chemical analysis. They were also characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, with thermomechanical properties measured via stress–strain curves. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 296–299, 2003
Diffusion process of amino acids in polymer supports for solid‐phase peptide synthesis as studied by pulsed‐field‐gradient spin‐echo proton nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Yamane Yuji , Matsui Masanori , Kimura Hideaki , Kuroki Shigeki , Ando Isao 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe diffusion coefficient (D) values oftert‐butyloxycarbonyl‐glycine,tert‐butyloxycarbonyl‐L‐tryptophan,tert‐butyloxycarbonyl‐L‐phenylalanine (Boc‐Phe), and 9‐fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl‐L‐phenylalanine in Merrifield polystyrene (MPS) gels, poly(ethylene glycol)‐grafted polystyrene (PEG–PS) gels, and crosslinked ethoxylate acrylate (CLEAR) gels, as used in solid‐phase peptide synthesis, were determined by the pulsed‐field‐gradient spin‐echo1H‐NMR method. From these experimental results, it was found that the amino acids in MPS gels, PEG–PS gels, and CLEAR gels withN,N‐dimethylformamide‐d7(DMF‐d7) as a solvent had multidiffusion components within a measurement timescale of 10 ms. TheDvalue of Boc‐Phe in polystyrene gels (1% divinylbenzene crosslinked) with tetrahydrofuran‐d8was much larger than that in the same gels with DMF‐d7. Furthermore, the required time in which an amino acid transferred from a reactive site to a reactive site was estimated, within which the solvents and amino acids in the polymer supports diffused in the swollen beads.© 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 413–421, 2003
The characteristic of epoxy resin that makes decomposition easy by blending thermoplastic polymer
Authors: Mimura K. , Ito H. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractTo recover and reuse valuable metal materials from waste at the time of abandonment, a thermosetting resin (epoxy resin) easily disassembled with solvent treatment was developed by blending a thermoplastic polymer (polyethersulfone, PES) to the thermosetting resin. The influence of the morphology of the cured resin upon the decomposition nature by the organic solvent was investigated. In the unmodified resin and the modified resin with homogeneous morphology, the cured resins did not decompose easily when they were dipped in dimethylformamide (DMF) at 23°C. It took 13 days or more to recover the metal materials molded into the cured resin. On the other hand, in the modified resin with continuous‐phase morphology of the thermoplastic polymer, decomposition proceeded rapidly. The resin portion was decomposed completely in only 2 days and the molded metal materials were recoverable. Furthermore, the material with a continuous variation in the phase morphology of the cured resin, that is, continuously variable morphology material, was created by attaching a slope to the molding temperature of a sample. A place to decompose can be selected by using this material, which allows for easy recovery of molded valuables at the time of abandonment. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 527–534, 000
Application of the method of the experimental design to the study of a processing of unshrinkableness of wool fibers
Authors: Choisnard L. , Bigan M. , Blondeau D. , Dhulster P. , Leman B. , Guillochon D. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe objective of this study was to optimize the character of the unshrinkableness of wool fibers. A study of the processing of fibers of wool by an oxidative processing by performic acid was carried out by a complete factorial design to determine the most influential parameters of this study and then to optimize this process by the method of simplex. In parallel, a new ozone treatment was applied and a central composite design adapted to this protocol made it possible to identify the most influential parameters. This last type of processing has the advantage of being less polluting. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 535–547, 2003
Crosslinking and decomposition reactions of epoxide functionalized polynorbornene. Part I. FTIR and thermogravimetric analysis
Authors: Chiniwalla Punit , Bai Yiqun , Elce Edmund , Shick Robert , McDougall W. Christopher , Allen Sue Ann Bidstrup , Kohl Paul A. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe miniaturization of microelectronic devices has created a demand for new low‐dielectric‐constant materials to be used as insulating layers between metal interconnects. In this study, a functionalized polynorbornene consisting of a copolymer of decyl norbornene and epoxide norbornene has been investigated as a low‐temperature curing dielectric. Polynorbornenes possess properties that are attractive for microelectronics packaging; however, films of these polymers must be crosslinked in order to obtain the solvent resistance and low solvent swelling necessary for multilayer applications. Crosslinking of these materials was achieved by acid‐catalyzed cationic crosslinking of epoxide side groups. The reactions that occurred during higher temperature curing of epoxy functionalized norbornene films were studied using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. Epoxide crosslinking and epoxide decomposition reactions were identified and studied as a function of temperature and time. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 568–577, 2003
Crystalline phase in the ultrahigh molecular‐weight polyethylene gel solution and xerogel
Authors: Pakhomov P. M. , Khizhnyak Svetlana , Reuter H. , Tshmel A. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe transverse and longitudinal sizes of crystallites in thermoreversible polyethylene gels and xerogels were measured using wide‐angle X‐ray scattering and a low‐frequency Raman spectroscopy, and were found to be 10–40 and 4–5 nm, respectively. The experimental data evidence the imperfection of primary crystallites in both dimensions. The gel‐to‐solid transition results in gaining the direct interaction between crystalline entities with increasing the cracking, on the one hand, and forming the clusters of stacked crystalline platelets linked with regular molecular rods, on the other hand. These contact interaction leads, in addition, to the coiling of a great part of regular sequences that emanate from the crystallite cores to the amorphous region. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 373–378, 2003
Epoxy resin containing the poly(sily ether): Preparation, morphology, and mechanical properties
Authors: Zheng Sixun , Gao Rong , Li Jianhua , Guo Qipeng 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe poly(sily ether) with pendant chloromethyl groups (PSE) was synthesized by the polyaddition of dichloromethylsilane (DCM) and diglycidylether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) with tetrabutylammonium chloride (TBAC) as a catalyst. This polymer was miscible with diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), the precursor of epoxy resin. The miscibility is considered to be due mainly to entropy contribution because the molecular weight of DGEBA is quite low. The blends of epoxy resin with PSE were prepared throughin situcuring reaction of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) in the presence of PSE. The DDM‐cured epoxy resin/PSE blends with PSE content up to 40 wt % were obtained. The reaction started from the initial homogeneous ternary mixture of DGEBA/DDM/PSE. With curing proceeding, phase separation induced by polymerization occurred. PSE was immiscible with the 4,4′‐diaminodiphenylmethane‐cured epoxy resin (ER) because the blends exhibited two separate glass transition temperatures (Tgs) as revealed by the means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). SEM showed that all the ER/PSE blends are heterogeneous. Depending on blend composition, the blends can display PSE‐ or epoxy‐dispersed morphologies, respectively. The mechanical test showed that the DDM‐cured ER/PSE blend containing 25 wt % PSE displayed a substantial improvement in Izod impact strength, i.e., epoxy resin was significantly toughened. The improvement in impact toughness corresponded to the formation of PSE‐dispersed phase structure. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 505–512, 2003
Unexpected behavior between polystyrene and untreated and silane‐treated glass beads in filled polymeric composites
Authors: Miller A. C. , Berg J. C. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractAttempting to extend the database of work reported earlier, the practical adhesion between a glass filler, modified by various silane‐coupling agents, and a polystyrene matrix is measured and compared with predictions based on a generalized thermodynamic criterion. Measurements leading to adhesion failure are carried out using the single‐particle composite method, in which a rectangular polymer specimen containing a single untreated or silane‐treated glass bead is subjected to increasing uniaxial tensile stress until interfacial failure, as observed using a microscope, occurs at one of the poles of the sphere. The results show no difference in adhesion strength between an untreated and a silane‐treated glass bead, and the interfacial failure mechanism for the polystyrene composites is markedly different from that observed for previously studied systems. Crazes originate at the particle pole at low values of the applied stress and continue to form along the interface with continued strain. A dye test performed on filled composites confirms that the polystyrene is not wetting the untreated glass beads. More studies must be done to determine the origin of the anomalous failure and wetting behavior. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 521–526, 2003
Dlx1, Dlx2, Pax6, Brn3b, and Chx10 homeobox gene expression defines the retinal ganglion and inner nuclear layers of the developing and adult mouse retina
Authors: de Melo Jimmy , Qiu Xiangguo , Du Guoyan , Cristante Leah , Eisenstat David D. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractDistal‐less homeobox genes are expressed in the developing forebrain. We assessed Dlx gene expression in the developing and adult mouse retina. Dlx1 and Dlx2 are detected in retinal neuroprogenitors by embryonic day (E) 12.5 (Eisenstat et al. [1999] J. Comp. Neurol. 217–237). At E13.5, the expression of four homeodomain proteins, DLX2, BRN3b, PAX6, and CHX10, define distinct yet overlapping domains in the retinal neuroepithelium. By postnatal day (P) 0, DLX2 is expressed in the neuroblastic layer and the ganglion cell layer (GCL) consisting of ganglion and displaced amacrine cells. DLX1 expression resembles DLX2 to P0 but decreases postnatally. In the adult, DLX2 is localized to ganglion, amacrine, and horizontal cells as determined by coexpression with retinal cell‐specific markers. There is coincident expression of DLX2 with γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD)65, and GAD67 in the inner nuclear layer (INL) and GCL. In the adult, DLX2 is coexpressed with BRN3b in ganglion cells; PAX6 in amacrine, horizontal, and ganglion cells; and Chx10 in some bipolar cells. We predict that a combinatorial code of these homeobox genes and others specify retinal cell fate. Our results support a possible role for Dlx1 and Dlx2 in inner retinal development and in the terminal differentiation and/or maintenance of INL interneurons and ganglion cells in the adult. The correlation of DLX2 with GABA expression in the mouse retina closely mirrors the relationship of DLX2 to GABAergic neuronal differentiation in the embryonic forebrain, including neocortex, olfactory bulb and hippocampus, signifying a conservation of function of Dlx genes in the developing central nervous system. J. Comp. Neurol. 461:187–204, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.