bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Medium Energy Electron Telescope (MEET): Geant4‐Based Instrument Design and Analysis
Authors: Hogan Benjamin , Li Xinlin , O’Brien Declan , Zhao Hong , Khoo Leng Ying , Mei Yang , Cantilina Jared , Hoxie Vaughn 
Published: February 2024

AbstractWhile the recent Van Allen Probes mission has provided a wealth of trapped particle measurements, questions still arise from analysis of their data. In particular, 10–100s of keV electrons exhibit dynamics not well understood with current data. Injections of 33–80 keV electrons can occur during both storm and quiet times as shown by Van Allen Probes data. However, due to the Probes' orbit, they can not distinguish precipitation during these events, necessary to quantify injection rates. Analysis of a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) mission measuring these electron populations found enhancements not explained with current injection sources. Future measurements including the quasi‐trapped and precipitating populations are necessary to resolve these dynamics. We present the Medium Energy Electron Telescope to resolve these uncertainties surrounding 10–100s of keV electrons in the inner belt. This solid‐state particle telescope is optimized for these measurements in the high‐flux inner belt environment, with flight heritage from prior instruments. However, novel instrument design is required to measure these populations at fine energy resolution and fit the instrument into a 1U volume, including that of the detectors, electronics, instrument housing, and collimator components. The design is guided by Geant4 analysis and consideration for expected fluxes using the AE9 and AP9 models for a LEO mission and associated tradeoffs are discussed. We develop 59 energy channels with fine nominal resolution (<20%) for 30–800 keV electrons and show proton measurement capabilities for 1.1–>60 MeV populations. Instrument saturation and proton contamination are quantified by analysis of the instrument's response.
Impact of Foehn Clearance Effect on the Formation of Spring Warm Pool in the South China Sea
Authors: Li Ziru , Gao Shanhong , Yu Xiaolin 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe spring warm pool (SWP) in the South China Sea (SCS) is a region west of Luzon Island with a sea surface temperature nearing 30°C in late spring, significantly higher than the surrounding waters. Understanding its formation aids in reliable prediction of the summer monsoon onset in the SCS. The current explanation for the SWP formation is the wake effect, which claims that the orographic blocking of Luzon Island forms a wake zone west of Luzon Island and so considerably reduces sea surface latent heat (LH) flux release during the winter monsoon season in comparison to adjacent waters. In this study, we enhance this explanation by incorporating the foehn clearance effect. Our statistical analysis indicates that the SWP evolution is strongly associated with frequent foehn clearance west of Luzon Island and that, in the SWP domain relative to its adjacent domains, the increase of surface short‐wave (SW) radiation induced by the foehn clearance effect is almost equal to the decrease of surface LH loss resulting from the wake effect. The ocean mixed layer heat budget analyses not only confirm that the zonal difference of surface heat flux dominates the SWP formation, but also demonstrate that this zonal difference is largely contributed by the zonal difference of SW radiation caused by the foehn clearance effect. Furthermore, sensitivity assessments demonstrate that the SWP would not emerge if the foehn clearance effect was excluded, indicating that both the wake effect and the foehn clearance effect contribute jointly to the SWP formation.
Interannual Variability of Zonal Mean Temperature, Water Vapor, and Clouds in the Tropical Tropopause Layer
Authors: Sweeney Aodhan , Fu Qiang 
Published: February 2024

AbstractWater vapor and cirrus clouds in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) are important for the climate and are largely controlled by temperature in the TTL. On interannual timescales, both stratospheric and tropospheric modes of the large‐scale variability could affect temperatures in the TTL. Here multiple linear regression (MLR) is used to investigate explained variance in the cold point tropopause temperature (CPT), cold point tropopause height (CPZ), 83 hPa water vapor (WV83), 83 hPa ozone (O383), and total cirrus cloud fraction with cloud base (TTLCCF) and top (ALLCF) above 14.5 km, all averaged over 15°S‐15°N. Predictors of the MLR are a set of stratospheric and tropospheric large‐scale modes of variability. The MLR explains significant variance in CPT (76%), CPZ (78%), WV83 (65%), O383 (62%), TTLCCF (52%), and ALLCF (36%). The interannual variability of CPT and WV83 is dominated by stratospheric processes associated with the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation (QBO) and Brewer‐Dobson Circulation (BDC), whereas the variability of CPZ, O383, TTLCCF and ALLCF is also controlled by 500 hPa temperature (T500). Residual variability in CPT and CPZ not captured by the MLR are further significantly correlated to stratospheric temperature. It is shown that the portion of the BDC's shallow branch missed by the eddy heat flux based BDC index contributes significant amounts of the explained variances.
Airborne Measurements of Scale‐Dependent Latent Heat Flux Impacted by Water Vapor and Vertical Velocity Over Heterogeneous Land Surfaces During the CHEESEHEAD19 Campaign
Authors: Lin Guo , Wang Zhien , Chu Yufei , Ziegler Conrad L. , Hu Xiao‐Ming , Xue Ming , Geerts Bart , Paleri Sreenath , Desai Ankur R. , Yang Kang , Deng Min , DeGraw Jonathan 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe water vapor transport associated with latent heat flux (LE) in the planetary boundary layer (PBL) is critical for the atmospheric hydrological cycle, radiation balance, and cloud formation. The spatiotemporal variability of LE and water vapor mixing ratio (rv) are poorly understood due to the scale‐dependent and nonlinear atmospheric transport responses to land surface heterogeneity. Here, airborne in situ measurements with the wavelet technique are utilized to investigate scale‐dependent relationships among LE, vertical velocity (w) variance (), and rv variance () over a heterogeneous surface during the Chequamegon Heterogeneous Ecosystem Energy‐balance Study Enabled by a High‐density Extensive Array of Detectors 2019 (CHEESEHEAD19) field campaign. Our findings reveal distinct scale distributions of LE, , and at 100 m height, with a majority scale range of 120 m–4 km in LE, 32 m–2 km in , and 200 m–8 km in . The scales are classified into three scale ranges, the turbulent scale (8–200 m), large‐eddy scale (200 m–2 km), and mesoscale (2–8 km) to evaluate scale‐resolved LE contributed by and . The large‐eddy scale in PBL contributes over 70% of the monthly mean total LE with equal parts (50%) of contributions from and . The monthly temporal variations mainly come from the first two major contributing classified scales in LE, , and . These results confirm the dominant role of the large‐eddy scale in the PBL in the vertical moisture transport from the surface to the PBL, while the mesoscale is shown to contribute an additional ∼20%. This analysis complements published scale‐dependent LE variations, which lack detailed scale‐dependent vertical velocity and moisture information.
Comprehensive Effect of Soil Particle Size Composition and Wind Speed on Dust Emission Efficiency
Authors: Wang Rende , Zhang Yan , Zhang Shenghai , Li Qing , Wang Ruijun , Li Zhiqiang , Chang Chunping , Guo Zhongling , Zhou Na 
Published: February 2024

AbstractRecent studies have shown that the dust emission efficiency (Ed) of some soil surfaces undergoes changes with wind speed and that such changes are related to soil properties. Through wind tunnel experiments, we investigate the comprehensive effect of soil particle size composition (PSC) (both minimally and fully dispersed) and friction wind speed (u*) on Ed. Results show that Ed initially increases and then decreases as soil texture changes from fine to coarse, with intermediate‐textured soils having the highest Ed and the strongest dust emission ability. The ratio of silt to sand in soil is an index suitable for reflecting the influence of soil texture on Ed. The PSC of soil dry aggregate is a factor that directly determines Ed. With increasing u*, Ed tends to increase for coarse‐ and intermediate‐textured soils but not for fine‐textured soil, supporting the view that Ed is influenced by u* and that the influence is related to soil PSC. Despite the fitting power function equations between Ed and u* for some soils failing to pass the significance test in this study, the substantial influence of soil texture on the power exponents implies potential for establishing an equation capable of expressing the comprehensive effect of soil texture and u* on Ed.
Is the Isotopic Composition of Precipitation a Robust Indicator for Reconstructions of Past Tropical Cyclones Frequency? A Case Study on Réunion Island From Rain and Water Vapor Isotopic Observations
Authors: Vimeux Françoise , Risi Camille , Barthe Christelle , François Sören , Cauquoin Alexandre , Jossoud Olivier , Metzger Jean‐Marc , Cattani Olivier , Minster Bénédicte , Werner Martin 
Published: February 2024

AbstractBased on a 6‐year long record (2014–2020) of the isotopic composition of rain (δ18Op) at Réunion Island (55°E, 22°S), in the South‐West Indian Ocean, this study shows that the annual isotopic composition of precipitation in this region is strongly controlled by the number of cyclones, the number of best‐track days, and the proportion of cyclonic rain during the year. Our results support the use of δ18Op in annual‐resolved tropical climate archives as a reliable proxy of past cyclone frequency. The influence of the proportion of cyclonic rain on the annual isotopic composition arises from the systematically more depleted precipitation and water vapor during cyclonic events than during less organized convective systems. The analysis of the daily to hourly isotopic composition of water vapor (δ18Ov) during low‐pressure systems and the reproduction of daily δ18Ov observations by AGCMs with a global medium to coarse resolution (LMDZ‐iso and ECHAM6‐wiso) suggest that during cyclonic periods the stronger depletion mainly arises from both enhanced large‐scale precipitation and water vapor‐rain interactions under humid conditions.
Geomorphology of the Makgadikgadi Basin (Botswana): Insight Into the Propagation of the East African Rift System
Authors: Gaudaré Louis , Dauteuil Olivier , Jolivet Marc 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe Southwestern Branch of the East African Rift System propagates through the Central and Southern African plateaus and ends in the Okavango Makgadikgadi Zambezi Basin. This basin hosts the Okavango Graben and the Eiseb Graben, considered as the terminus of the Southwestern Branch of the rift. To the southeast, the Makgadikgadi Basin is affected by a series of normal faults forming the Makgadikgadi Rift Zone (MRZ) which regional geodynamic significance remains unclear. Based on fieldwork and geomorphic analysis, we revisited the geomorphological features associated with paleolakes and the fault pattern within the Makgadikgadi Basin to better constrain the dynamics of the MRZ. Fault scarps and offsets along linear dunes show normal‐dip kinematics of faults, indicating a NW‐SE extension direction in the area. Furthermore, lacustrine shorelines in the basin are undeformed, proving that they post‐date the fault activity. The previously published ages of these shorelines demonstrate that the MRZ currently has a low tectonic activity. Integrated in the geodynamic framework of the region, these results suggest that present‐day deformation shifts toward the Okavango Graben north of the MRZ. We therefore propose a “zip‐opening” model to explain the propagation of the Southwestern Branch of the East African Rift System where the tip of the system progressively progresses southwestward, driven by motions of the continental plates.
What is the pipeline for future medications for obesity?
Authors: Melson Eka , Ashraf Uzma , Papamargaritis Dimitris , Davies Melanie J. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractObesity is a chronic disease associated with increased risk of obesity-related complications and mortality. Our better understanding of the weight regulation mechanisms and the role of gut-brain axis on appetite has led to the development of safe and effective entero-pancreatic hormone-based treatments for obesity such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists (RA). Semaglutide 2.4 mg once weekly, a subcutaneously administered GLP-1 RA approved for obesity treatment in 2021, results in 15–17% mean weight loss (WL) with evidence of cardioprotection. Oral GLP-1 RA are also under development and early data shows similar WL efficacy to semaglutide 2.4 mg. Looking to the next generation of obesity treatments, combinations of GLP-1 with other entero-pancreatic hormones with complementary actions and/or synergistic potential (such as glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), glucagon, and amylin) are under investigation to enhance the WL and cardiometabolic benefits of GLP-1 RA. Tirzepatide, a dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist has been approved for glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes as well as for obesity management leading in up to 22.5% WL in phase 3 obesity trials. Other combinations of entero-pancreatic hormones including cagrisema (GLP-1/amylin RA) and the triple agonist retatrutide (GLP-1/GIP/glucagon RA) have also progressed to phase 3 trials as obesity treatments and early data suggests that may lead to even greater WL than tirzepatide. Additionally, agents with different mechanisms of action to entero-pancreatic hormones (e.g. bimagrumab) may improve the body composition during WL and are in early phase clinical trials. We are in a new era for obesity pharmacotherapy where combinations of entero-pancreatic hormones approach the WL achieved with bariatric surgery. In this review, we present the efficacy and safety data for the pipeline of obesity pharmacotherapies with a focus on entero-pancreatic hormone-based treatments and we consider the clinical implications and challenges that the new era in obesity management may bring.
Neuronal DSCAM regulates the peri-synaptic localization of GLAST in Bergmann glia for functional synapse formation
Authors: Dewa Ken-ichi , Arimura Nariko , Kakegawa Wataru , Itoh Masayuki , Adachi Toma , Miyashita Satoshi , Inoue Yukiko U. , Hizawa Kento , Hori Kei , Honjoya Natsumi , Yagishita Haruya , Taya Shinichiro , Miyazaki Taisuke , Usui Chika , Tatsumoto Shoji , Tsuzuki Akiko , Uetake Hirotomo , Sakai Kazuhisa , Yamakawa Kazuhiro , Sasaki Takuya , Nagai Jun , Kawaguchi Yoshiya , Sone Masaki , Inoue Takayoshi , Go Yasuhiro , Ichinohe Noritaka , Kaibuchi Kozo , Watanabe Masahiko , Koizumi Schuichi , Yuzaki Michisuke , Hoshino Mikio 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIn the central nervous system, astrocytes enable appropriate synapse function through glutamate clearance from the synaptic cleft; however, it remains unclear how astrocytic glutamate transporters function at peri-synaptic contact. Here, we report that Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (DSCAM) in Purkinje cells controls synapse formation and function in the developing cerebellum.Dscam-mutant mice show defects in CF synapse translocation as is observed in loss of function mutations in the astrocytic glutamate transporter GLAST expressed in Bergmann glia. These mice show impaired glutamate clearance and the delocalization of GLAST away from the cleft of parallel fibre (PF) synapse. GLAST complexes with the extracellular domain of DSCAM. Riluzole, as an activator of GLAST-mediated uptake, rescues the proximal impairment in CF synapse formation in Purkinje cell-selectiveDscam-deficient mice. DSCAM is required for motor learning, but not gross motor coordination. In conclusion, the intercellular association of synaptic and astrocyte proteins is important for synapse formation and function in neural transmission.
Ag3PO4 enables the generation of long-lived radical cations for visible light-driven [2 + 2] and [4 + 2] pericyclic reactions
Authors: Guo Lirong , Chu Rongchen , Hao Xinyu , Lei Yu , Li Haibin , Ma Dongge , Wang Guo , Tung Chen-Ho , Wang Yifeng 
Published: February 2024

AbstractPhotocatalytic redox reactions are important for synthesizing fine chemicals from olefins, but the limited lifetime of radical cation intermediates severely restricts semiconductor photocatalysis efficiency. Here, we report that Ag3PO4 can efficiently catalyze intramolecular and intermolecular [2 + 2] and Diels-Alder cycloadditions under visible-light irradiation. The approach is additive-free, catalyst-recyclable. Mechanistic studies indicate that visible-light irradiation on Ag3PO4 generates holes with high oxidation power, which oxidize aromatic alkene adsorbates into radical cations. In photoreduced Ag3PO4, the conduction band electron (eCB−) has low reduction power due to the delocalization among the Ag+-lattices, while the particle surfaces have a strong electrostatic interaction with the radical cations, which considerably stabilize the radical cations against recombination with eCB−. The radical cation on the particle’s surfaces has a lifetime of more than 2 ms, 75 times longer than homogeneous systems. Our findings highlight the effectiveness of inorganic semiconductors for challenging radical cation-mediated synthesis driven by sunlight.
Carbene organic catalytic planar enantioselective macrolactonization
Authors: Lv Xiaokang , Su Fen , Long Hongyan , Lu Fengfei , Zeng Yukun , Liao Minghong , Che Fengrui , Wu Xingxing , Chi Yonggui Robin 
Published: February 2024

AbstractMacrolactones exhibit distinct conformational and configurational properties and are widely found in natural products, medicines, and agrochemicals. Up to now, the major effort for macrolactonization is directed toward identifying suitable carboxylic acid/alcohol coupling reagents to address the challenges associated with macrocyclization, wherein the stereochemistry of products is usually controlled by the substrate’s inherent chirality. It remains largely unexplored in using catalysts to govern both macrolactone formation and stereochemical control. Here, we disclose a non-enzymatic organocatalytic approach to construct macrolactones bearing chiral planes from achiral substrates. Our strategy utilizes N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) as a potent acylation catalyst that simultaneously mediates the macrocyclization and controls planar chirality during the catalytic process. Macrolactones varying in ring sizes from sixteen to twenty members are obtained with good-to-excellent yields and enantiomeric ratios. Our study shall open new avenues in accessing macrolactones with various stereogenic elements and ring structures by using readily available small-molecule catalysts.
Mesoporous carbon spheres with programmable interiors as efficient nanoreactors for H2O2 electrosynthesis
Authors: Tian Qiang , Jing Lingyan , Du Hongnan , Yin Yunchao , Cheng Xiaolei , Xu Jiaxin , Chen Junyu , Liu Zhuoxin , Wan Jiayu , Liu Jian , Yang Jinlong 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe nanoreactor holds great promise as it emulates the natural processes of living organisms to facilitate chemical reactions, offering immense potential in catalytic energy conversion owing to its unique structural functionality. Here, we propose the utilization of precisely engineered carbon spheres as building blocks, integrating micromechanics and controllable synthesis to explore their catalytic functionalities in two-electron oxygen reduction reactions. After conducting rigorous experiments and simulations, we present compelling evidence for the enhanced mass transfer and microenvironment modulation effects offered by these mesoporous hollow carbon spheres, particularly when possessing a suitably sized hollow architecture. Impressively, the pivotal achievement lies in the successful screening of a potent, selective, and durable two-electron oxygen reduction reaction catalyst for the direct synthesis of medical-grade hydrogen peroxide disinfectant. Serving as an exemplary demonstration of nanoreactor engineering in catalyst screening, this work highlights the immense potential of various well-designed carbon-based nanoreactors in extensive applications.
The use of a systems approach to increase NAD+ in human participants
Authors: Henderson John D. , Quigley Sophia N. Z. , Chachra Shruti S. , Conlon Nichola , Ford Dianne 
Published: February 2024

AbstractReversal or mitigation against an age-related decline in NAD+ has likely benefits, and this premise has driven academic and commercial endeavour to develop dietary supplements that achieve this outcome. We used a systems-based approach to improve on current supplements by targeting multiple points in the NAD+ salvage pathway. In a double-blind, randomised, crossover trial, the supplement – Nuchido TIME+® (NT) - increased NAD+ concentration in whole blood. This was associated with an increase in SIRT1 and an increase in nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) in peripheral blood mononucleocytes, lower concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines in plasma, including a reduction in interleukin 2 (IL2), a reduction in glycated serum protein and a shift in the glycosylation profile of immunoglobulin G (IgG) toward a younger biological age, all of which are likely to promote a healthier ageing trajectory.
Pig-eRNAdb: a comprehensive enhancer and eRNA dataset of pigs
Authors: Wang Yifei , Jin Weiwei , Pan Xiangchun , Liao Weili , Shen Qingpeng , Cai Jiali , Gong Wentao , Tian Yuhan , Xu Dantong , Li Yipeng , Li Jiaqi , Gong Jing , Zhang Zhe , Yuan Xiaolong 
Published: February 2024

AbstractEnhancers and the enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) have been strongly implicated in regulations of transcriptions. Based the multi-omics data (ATAC-seq, ChIP-seq and RNA-seq) from public databases, Pig-eRNAdb is a dataset that comprehensively integrates enhancers and eRNAs for pigs using the machine learning strategy, which incorporates 82,399 enhancers and 37,803 eRNAs from 607 samples across 15 tissues of pigs. This user-friendly dataset covers a comprehensive depth of enhancers and eRNAs annotation for pigs. The coordinates of enhancers and the expression patterns of eRNAs are downloadable. Besides, thousands of regulators on eRNAs, the target genes of eRNAs, the tissue-specific eRNAs, and the housekeeping eRNAs are also accessible as well as the sequence similarity of eRNAs with humans. Moreover, the tissue-specific eRNA-trait associations encompass 652 traits are also provided. It will crucially facilitate investigations on enhancers and eRNAs with Pig-eRNAdb as a reference dataset in pigs.
Muscle synergies inherent in simulated hypogravity running reveal flexible but not unconstrained locomotor control
Authors: Fazzari Camille , Macchi Robin , Kunimasa Yoko , Ressam Camélia , Casanova Rémy , Chavet Pascale , Nicol Caroline 
Published: February 2024

AbstractWith human space exploration back in the spotlight, recent studies have investigated the neuromuscular adjustments to simulated hypogravity running. They have examined the activity of individual muscles, whereas the central nervous system may rather activate groups of functionally related muscles, known as muscle synergies. To understand how locomotor control adjusts to simulated hypogravity, we examined the temporal (motor primitives) and spatial (motor modules) components of muscle synergies in participants running sequentially at 100%, 60%, and 100% body weight on a treadmill. Our results highlighted the paradoxical nature of simulated hypogravity running: The reduced mechanical constraints allowed for a more flexible locomotor control, which correlated with the degree of spatiotemporal adjustments. Yet, the increased temporal (shortened stance phase) and sensory (deteriorated proprioceptive feedback) constraints required wider motor primitives and a higher contribution of the hamstring muscles during the stance phase. These results are a first step towards improving astronaut training protocols.