bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
R&D Tax Incentives as an Alternative to Targeted R&D Subsidies
Authors: Svensson Roger 
Published: February 2024

AbstractGovernments can provide targeted R&D subsidies and/or tax incentives to spur innovation and growth in the business sector. This chapter analyzes the theoretical pros and cons of these policy instruments and their practical implications according to the empirical literature. Tax incentives have low administrative costs, enable market agents to choose R&D projects, and can be provided to many firms. However, they entail the risk that governments might finance R&D that would have been undertaken anyway (deadweight loss) and that firms may relabel other costs as R&D costs. Targeted subsidies are preferable for projects with high uncertainty and those that require a long time to achieve a finished product and for contexts in which the government wishes to allocate resources to specific sectors. However, such subsidies have high bureaucratic costs, distort competition, and favor grant application experts. The greatest disadvantages of targeted R&D subsidies are that they are mainly allocated to large firms and are often used as covert industrial subsidies.
Engineering Is Not Entrepreneurship
Authors: Holcombe Randall G. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe idea of mission-oriented government, or entrepreneurial government, has been supported using examples of successful government programs such as the Manhattan project or the Apollo program. These are examples of engineering successes, but they were not entrepreneurial. Entrepreneurship consists of producing innovations that produce more value than they cost, and in those examples there was no attempt to compare benefits to costs. A realistic view of the political process under which government actually operates shows that attempts to make government more entrepreneurial will result in programs with vague goals and no clear indicators of success. Voters like feel-good aspirations, and politicians like to propose programs that appeal to voters. The real entrepreneurs in the political process are lobbyists and interest groups who find opportunities for rent seeking and regulatory capture, reducing the efficiency of government. With sufficient resources, governments can produce engineering successes, but the political process works against governments being entrepreneurial. Engineering is not entrepreneurship.
A Behavioral Economics Perspective on the Entrepreneurial State and Mission-Oriented Innovation Policy
Authors: Schnellenbach Jan 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIt is argued that the concepts of mission-oriented innovation policy and also of the entrepreneurial state will lead to the implementation of policies that are highly vulnerable to behavioral biases and the inefficient use of heuristics. In political practice, we can therefore not expect efficient mission-oriented policies. In particular, I argue that missions as a political commitment mechanism intended to devote massive resources to a specific cause will often only work if biases like the availability bias and loss aversion are deliberately used in order to secure voter consent. Furthermore, I also argue that the argument used by Mazzucato (Mission Economy: A Moonshot Guide to Changing Capitalism. London: Penguin UK, 2021) herself also contains several behavioral biases.
When “What Works” Does Not Work: The United States’ Mission to End Homelessness
Authors: Lucas David S. , Boudreaux Christopher J. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis chapter presents a case study of the United States’ federally led mission to eradicate homelessness, focusing on the early twenty-first century. We document the emergence of a federal strategic plan to prevent and end homelessness in the wake of the Great Recession, paying special attention to the role of “evidence-based” solutions and state leadership in this effort. We then review the disparities between the stated goals and realized results. Despite a doubling of federal funding, broad cross-sector collaboration, and a successful imposition of government-preferred practices in the homeless services industry, none of the four goals defined in 2010 were completed over the next decade. We assess these lackluster results and elicit new insights for other “moonshot” missions aimed at grand societal challenges.
Evaluation of Patients with Cranial Nerve Disorders
Authors: Casselman Jan W. , Krainik Alexandre , Macdonald Ian 
Published: February 2024

AbstractNeurologists, neurosurgeons, ENT and maxillofacial surgeons, ophthalmologists, and others often detect cranial nerve deficits in their patients but remain uncertain about the underlying cause. It is the radiologist’s task to identify the causative disease, including inflammatory, infectious, vascular, traumatic, tumoral, and neurodegenerative etiologies. To detect this pathology, the neuroradiologist or head and neck radiologist must have a detailed knowledge of the anatomy of the 12 cranial nerves and available MR techniques. Furthermore, selecting the optimal sequences significantly depends on access to the patient’s history, clinical and biological data. In this chapter, emphasis will be put on employing the certain imaging techniques best suited to detect pathologies on the different parts/segments of the cranial nerves: intraaxial, extraaxial intracranial, skull base, and extracranial.
Evaluation of Tinnitus and Hearing Loss in the Adult
Authors: Keir Graham C. , Hoang Jenny K. , Phillips C. Douglas 
Published: February 2024

AbstractTinnitus and hearing loss in the adult can have profound effects on quality of life. The imaging workup for tinnitus and hearing loss in adults follows otoscopic exam and audiometry testing. CT and MR imaging have different and often complimentary roles in the evaluation of tinnitus and hearing loss, depending on the clinical scenario and the suspected underlying etiology. Imaging can often identify the cause and evaluate the extent of disease for surgical planning. This article discusses anatomy, imaging techniques, and pathologies that cause tinnitus and hearing loss with a mass and without a mass.
Approach to Masses in Head and Neck Spaces
Authors: Damadian Brianna E. , Rhyner Patricia A. , Shatzkes Deborah R. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe neck is anatomically complex and exhibits a wide range of pathologies, making the imaging diagnosis of masses in this region challenging. Organizing the neck into specific “spaces” based on fascial planes and individual contents is a helpful approach to generating a differential diagnosis. Once a mass is localized within a neck space, then specific imaging features and clinical context can be applied to narrow these different considerations. In this chapter, we will review the normal anatomy and contents of each space in the suprahyoid and infrahyoid neck and discuss the specific pathologies typically found in each space.
Stroke and Its Mimics: Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Power Sarah , Vagal Achala S. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractImaging is a key step in evaluating the acute stroke patient in order to establish the correct diagnosis and to facilitate fast triage decisions regarding treatment with thrombolysis and endovascular therapy in potentially eligible patients. This chapter explores evidence-based guidelines for stroke imaging, discusses the role of CT and MRI in acute stroke assessment, offers strategies for streamlining imaging workflows, and provides insights into identifying stroke mimics.
Cerebral Neoplasms
Authors: Fatterpekar Girish M. , Sundgren Pia C. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIn the past, before 2016, brain tumors were classified into several types, and their respective grades based largely on histology. While this allowed for categorization of tumors, the grading did not always correlate with overall survival. At the same time, neuro-oncology research work demonstrated that tumoral molecular genetics allowed for a better correlation with overall survival. This led to the Revised 2016 WHO classification of brain tumors, which for the first time in neuro-pathology saw the incorporation of mutation profiles applied to classification of brain tumors. Continued development in the field of neuro-oncology meant better categorization of previously described tumors, and the description of newer tumors. This led to another update, the 2021 classification of brain tumors. This chapter provides an overview of these revised brain tumor classification systems, and discusses the imaging profiles of certain select yet important tumor types in detail.
Neuroimaging Update on Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Tsiouris Apostolos J. , Lui Yvonne W. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractTraumatic brain injury is a common injury worldwide that affects individuals of all ages. Injuries can range in severity. Timely assessment of injury is important to triage cases that may be severe and imminently life-threatening, and neuroimaging is a critical component to the clinical care of such patients. Injuries may occur in multiple spaces from the extracranial soft tissues to the potential spaces between meningeal layers to the brain parenchyma itself. The neck and intracranial arterial and venous vessels can also be injured with devastating sequelae. CT, CTA, MRI, and MRA can all be useful in the assessment of head injury. In particular, CT is often used as a first-line imaging modality to screen for acute intracranial injury. MRI can be useful in patients who have discordance between symptoms and CT findings as well as in those with more prolonged symptoms or who suffer chronic sequelae of injury. Neuroimaging research is ongoing using MRI to study the underlying pathophysiology of head injury.
Differential Diagnosis of Intracranial Masses
Authors: Bonneville Fabrice , Jäger H. Rolf , Smirniotopoulos James G. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe differential diagnosis of cerebral mass lesions includes neoplastic, inflammatory, infective, and vascular lesions, as well as incidental developmental anomalies. A differential diagnostic approach should be based on the patient’s mode of presentations and prior clinical history, as well as on a systematic analysis of imaging patterns. This includes anatomical features, such as intra- vs. extra-axial, predominant gray matter or white matter involvement, supra-versus infratentorial, single vs. multiple, as well as signal characteristics on standard MR sequences, enhancement patterns, and findings on diffusion-weighted imaging, and hemorrhage-sensitive and perfusion sequences. Here we will discuss primary and secondary cerebral neoplasms in broad terms and illustrate the most important tumor mimics.
Di-Higgs signatures in neutral naturalness
Authors: Barela Mario W. , Capdevilla Rodolfo 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The Higgs boson was the last fundamental piece of the Standard Model to be experimentally confirmed. LHC is embarked in a quest to probe the possibility that this particle provides a portal to new physics. One front of this quest consists in measuring the interactions of the Higgs with itself and with other SM particles to a high precision. In a more exotic front, the LHC is searching for the possibility that a pair of Higgses (HH) is the evidence of a new resonance. Such resonances are predicted in models with extended Higgs sectors, extra dimensions, and in models with exotic bound states. In this paper we show how scalar quirks in Folded Supersymmetry can give rise to HH resonances. We point out a viable sector of the parameter space in which HH is the dominant decay channel for these squirkonium bound states. We found that future runs of the LHC could discover HH resonances in the range of 0.5–1.6 TeV under reasonable assumptions. Furthermore, for a given mass and width of the HH signal, the model predicts the branching ratio of the subsequent decay modes of the heavy resonance. Finding the extra decay modes in the predicted pattern can serve as a smoking gun to confirm the model.
Integrated multi-omic analysis identifies fatty acid binding protein 4 as a biomarker and therapeutic target of ischemia–reperfusion injury in steatotic liver transplantation
Authors: Yang Mengfan , Shu Wenzhi , Zhai Xiangyu , Yang Xinyu , Zhou Huaxin , Pan Binhua , Li Changbiao , Lu Di , Cai Jinzhen , Zheng Shusen , Jin Bin , Wei Xuyong , Xu Xiao 
Published: February 2024

AbstractBackground and aimsDue to a lack of donor grafts, steatotic livers are used more often for liver transplantation (LT). However, steatotic donor livers are more sensitive to ischemia–reperfusion (IR) injury and have a worse prognosis after LT. Efforts to optimize steatotic liver grafts by identifying injury targets and interventions have become a hot issue.MethodsMouse LT models were established, and 4D label-free proteome sequencing was performed for four groups: normal control (NC) SHAM, high-fat (HF) SHAM, NC LT, and HF LT to screen molecular targets for aggravating liver injury in steatotic LT. Expression detection of molecular targets was performed based on liver specimens from 110 donors to verify its impact on the overall survival of recipients. Pharmacological intervention using small-molecule inhibitors on an injury-related target was used to evaluate the therapeutic effect. Transcriptomics and metabolomics were performed to explore the regulatory network and further integrated bioinformatics analysis and multiplex immunofluorescence were adopted to assess the regulation of pathways and organelles.ResultsHF LT group represented worse liver function compared with NC LT group, including more apoptotic hepatocytes (P < 0.01) and higher serum transaminase (P < 0.05). Proteomic results revealed that the mitochondrial membrane, endocytosis, and oxidative phosphorylation pathways were upregulated in HF LT group. Fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) was identified as a hypoxia-inducible protein (fold change > 2 andP < 0.05) that sensitized mice to IR injury in steatotic LT. The overall survival of recipients using liver grafts with high expression of FABP4 was significantly worse than low expression of FABP4 (68.5 vs. 87.3%,P < 0.05). Adoption of FABP4 inhibitor could protect the steatotic liver from IR injury during transplantation, including reducing hepatocyte apoptosis, reducing serum transaminase (P < 0.05), and alleviating oxidative stress damage (P < 0.01). According to integrated transcriptomics and metabolomics analysis, cAMP signaling pathway was enriched following FABP4 inhibitor use. The activation of cAMP signaling pathway was validated. Microscopy and immunofluorescence staining results suggested that FABP4 inhibitors could regulate mitochondrial membrane homeostasis in steatotic LT.ConclusionsFABP4 was identified as a hypoxia-inducible protein that sensitized steatotic liver grafts to IR injury. The FABP4 inhibitor, BMS-309403, could activate of cAMP signaling pathway thereby modulating mitochondrial membrane homeostasis, reducing oxidative stress injury in steatotic donors.Graphical Abstract
BCLAF1 binds SPOP to stabilize PD-L1 and promotes the development and immune escape of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Yu Zongdong , Wu Xiang , Zhu Jie , Yan Huan , Li Yuxuan , Zhang Hui , Zhong Yeling , Lin Man , Ye Ganghui , Li Xinming , Jin Jiabei , Li Kailang , Wang Jie , Zhuang Hui , Lin Ting , He Jian , Lu Changjiang , Xu Zeping , Zhang Xie , Li Hong , Jin Xiaofeng 
Published: February 2024

AbstractInteraction between programmed death-1 (PD-1) ligand 1 (PD-L1) on tumor cells and PD-1 on T cells allows tumor cells to evade T cell-mediated immune surveillance. Strategies targeting PD-1/PD-L1 have shown clinical benefits in a variety of cancers. However, limited response rates in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have prompted us to investigate the molecular regulation of PD-L1. Here, we identify B cell lymphoma-2-associated transcription factor 1 (BCLAF1) as a key PD-L1 regulator in HCC. Specifically, BCLAF1 interacts with SPOP, an E3 ligase that mediates the ubiquitination and degradation of PD-L1, thereby competitively inhibiting SPOP-PD-L1 interaction and subsequent ubiquitination and degradation of PD-L1. Furthermore, we determined an SPOP-binding consensus (SBC) motif mediating the BCLAF1-SPOP interaction on BCLAF1 protein and mutation of BCLAF1-SBC motif disrupts the regulation of the SPOP-PD-L1 axis. In addition, BCLAF1 expression was positively correlated with PD-L1 expression and negatively correlated with biomarkers of T cell activation, including CD3 and CD8, as well as with the level of immune cell infiltration in HCC tissues. Besides, BCLAF1 depletion leads to a significant reduction of PD-L1 expression in vitro, and this reduction of PD-L1 promoted T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Notably, overexpression of BCLAF1 sensitized tumor cells to checkpoint therapy in an in vitro HCC cells-Jurkat cells co-culture model, whereas BCLAF1-SBC mutant decreased tumor cell sensitivity to checkpoint therapy, suggesting that BCLAF1 and its SBC motif serve as a novel therapeutic target for enhancing anti-tumor immunity in HCC.
Enzymatic hydrolysis lignin and kraft lignin from birch wood: a source of functional bio-based materials
Authors: Huerta Edgar Ramirez , Muddasar Muhammad , Collins Maurice N. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIn the pursuit of sustainable biomass utilization, this study investigates the hydrothermal treatment of birchwood and its subsequent impact on enzymatic hydrolysis lignin (EHL). Additionally, birchwood undergoes processing with NaOH (4% w/w) within a Parr reactor to precipitate lignin from the black liquor, resulting in lignin-rich substrates (LRSs) which are then subject to thorough characterization. Notably, EHL produced after hydrothermal pretreatment at 190 °C exhibits the highest lignin content at 67%, while kraft lignin (KL) obtained at 140 °C (pH 1.5) produces 65% lignin content. Among these LRSs, the KL sample produced at 190 °C (pH 4) stands out, displaying a robust aromatic skeletal structure and an abundance of methoxyl groups, primarily owing to its high purity. Furthermore, for these LRSs' it is shown that chemical configuration influences their thermal behaviour, allowing the lignin to be tailored for diverse applications, from low melting point materials to carbonaceous materials capable of withstanding temperatures exceeding 700 °C. This comprehensive understanding of the chemical, thermal, and physical attributes of LRSs not only enriches our knowledge of lignin-rich substrates but also paves the way for the development of sustainable bio-based materials, marking a step towards sustainable materials development.
A patient journey audit tool (PJAT) to assess quality indicators in a nuclear medicine service
Authors: Pathmaraj Kunthi , Welch Jessica , Ng Wesley , Lee Danny , Lee Sze Ting , Brink Anita , Dondi Maurizio , Paez Diana , Scott Andrew M. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Purpose
To develop a nuclear medicine specific patient journey audit tool (PJAT) to survey and audit patient journeys in a nuclear medicine department such as staff interaction with patients, equipment, quality of imaging and laboratory procedures, patient protection, infection control and radiation safety, with a view to optimising patient care and providing a high-quality nuclear medicine service.

Methods
The PJAT was developed specifically for use in nuclear medicine practices. Thirty-two questions were formulated in the PJAT to test the department’s compliance to the Australian National Safety and Quality Health Service Standards, namely clinical governance, partnering with consumers, preventing and controlling health care infection, medication safety, comprehensive care, communicating for safety, blood management and recognising and responding to acute deterioration. The PJAT was also designed to test our department’s adherence to diagnostic reference levels (DRL). A total of 60 patient journey audits were completed for patients presenting for nuclear medicine, positron emission tomography and bone mineral density procedures during a consecutive 4-week period to audit the range of procedures performed. A further 120 audits were captured for common procedures in nuclear medicine and positron emission tomography during the same period. Thus, a total of 180 audits were completed. A subset of 12 patients who presented for blood labelling procedures were audited to solely assess the blood management standard.

Results
The audits demonstrated over 85% compliance for the Australian national health standards. One hundred percent compliance was noted for critical aspects such as correct patient identification for the correct procedure prior to radiopharmaceutical administration, adherence to prescribed dose limits and distribution of the report within 24 h of completion of the imaging procedure.

Conclusion
This PJAT can be applied in nuclear medicine departments to enhance quality programmes and patient care. Austin Health has collaborated with the IAEA to formulate the IAEA PJAT, which is now available globally for nuclear medicine departments to survey patient journeys.
Enhanced T cell immune activity mediated by Drp1 promotes the efficacy of PD-1 inhibitors in treating lung cancer
Authors: Ma Jietao , Song Jun , Yi Xiaofang , Zhang Shuling , Sun Li , Huang Letian , Han Chengbo 
Published: February 2024

AbstractBackgroundDynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1)-mediated mitochondrial fission plays important roles in the activation, proliferation, and migration of T cells.MethodsWe investigated the synergistic effect of Drp1-mediated T cell antitumor activities and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) blockade for treating lung cancer through in vitro co-culture experiments and an in vivo nude mouse xenograft model.ResultsHigh expression levels of Drp1 positively regulated T cell activation, enhanced T cell-induced suppression of lung cancer cells, promoted CD8+T cell infiltration in the tumor and spleen, and significantly enhanced the antitumor immune response of the PD-1 inhibitor pembrolizumab. The mechanism of this synergistic antitumor effect involved the secretion of immune killing-related cytokines and the regulation of the PD-1-ERK/Drp1 pathway in T cells.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that modifying Drp1 expression in T cells could serve as a potential therapeutic target for enhancing the antitumor immune response in future immunotherapies.