bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mediated Memory: Religion and the European Media
Authors: Davie Grace 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE relationship between the media and reality is inevitably complex, and nowhere more so than in questions of religion. Do the media reflect the realities of religious life or are these necessarily distorted if projected by the media—even to the point of becoming themselves an alternative source of symbols? (Arthur 1993; Stout and Buddenbaum 1996; Hoover 1998) This chapter will assume a symbiotic relationship. The media feed on the realities of life in order to exist at all; at the same time they inevitably create alternative images which not only dominate agendas, but may become, at least in part, a replacement for reality itself. The funeral of Princess Diana (already discussed in Chapter 4) illustrates all these tendencies: the funeral could not have been broadcast had it not taken place in Westminster Abbey; it attracted a truly global audience; it will, moreover, be the television images that are remembered in the years to come, rather than the reality itself—and within this, particular moments chosen for their mediatic appeal (Davie and Martin 1999).
Managerialist and Marxist Perspectives
Authors: Scott John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Power in the contemporary business enterprise rests upon the legal form of the joint stock company or corporation. It was through this legal form that enterprises were able to increase in size, to merge with or to acquire other enterprises, and to establish extensive internal hierarchies of authority. At the heart of the dispute between the theory of industrial society and the theory of capitalist society is a disagreement over the social consequences that are assumed to follow from this legal form. In the theory of industrial society, the corporate form allows a separation of ownership from control to emerge; and this in turn results in an enhancement of the power of the managers of the enterprises.
Managers, Networks, and Hierarchies
Authors: Scott John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
D1scuss10Ns of corporate strategy have often taken a rather simplistic view of markets, seeing enterprise behaviour in terms of the interaction of supply and demand. Very little attention has been given to the role of ‘non-market’ factors in structuring commercial relations. The capitalist developments that I have documented in this book, however, have meant that both the nature of the market and the causal impact of market forces have altered in directions that were unforeseen by most managerialists.
The Corporation and Capitalist Classes
Authors: Scott John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The changing structure of ownership and control, no matter how misunderstood it has been, has been widely seen as leading to the disappearance of the class of capitalist property-owners whose personal wealth and power were produced by the business conditions of nineteenth-century liberal capitalism. One of the earliest formulations of this idea was that of Burnham, a former Marxist, who held that the orthodox Marxist theory of capitalist society had been undermined by the economic transformations that had taken place between the 1880s and the 1930s.
The Family Cycle and the Growth of Part-Time Female Employment in France: Boon or Doom?
Authors: Coutrot Laurence , Fournier Irene , Kieffer Annick , Lelievre Ev A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the early 1980s, a number of public policies have been implemented in France to develop part-time work. Although political debate did not focus explicitly on part-time work, it treated work-sharing as a way of fighting unemployment and attempted to improve the status of homekeep¬ ers, as illustrated by the current debate on a maternal salary. Surprisingly, this debate did not refer to gender, even though women form the majority of part-time workers, as well as of adults who are outside the labour force. In this chapter, we analyse the role played by part-time employment both from the labour supply and labour demand viewpoints. The ris in part-time work reflects women’s attachment to paid work.
Female Labour-Market Participation in the Netherlands: Developments in the Relationship between Family Cycle and Employment
Authors: Graaf Paul De , Vermeulen Hedwig 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Netherlands, female labour-market participation increased enor¬ mously between 1960 and 1990. Until the 1960s, only one out of five women between the ages of 15 and 64 was active in the labour market; this proportion increased to one in two by the early 1990s. To a large extent, this increase has been the result of married women entering the labour market in the 1970s and 1980s. Until the 1960s, only women who were not (yet) married or who were active in their husband’s firm went to work.
Women’s Employment and Part-Time Work in Denmark
Authors: Leth-S0rensen Soren , Rohwer Gotz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Denmark, as in most industrialized Western societies, there have been major changes in the employment structure in the last three decades. First, we have witnessed the trend to a post-industrialized society, characterized by the primary and secondary sector having less significance, while the ser¬ vice sector has expanded. Second, female labour-force participation has grown, especially among married women, and at the same time, the pub¬lic sector has expanded with almost the same number of employees. Against this background, it is interesting to investigate what kinds of job have been created by these developments-one sceptical argument being that the job structure in post-industrialized society will to a higher degree consist of ‘junk’ jobs, that is, temporary, part-time jobs with low pay. The other more positive argument is that we will see new upgraded jobs, replac¬ ing the hard and unhealthy physical work that is now disappearing.
Growing Up in Stepfamilies
Authors: Gorell Barnes Gill , Thompson Paul , Daniel Gwyn , Burchardt Natasha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The growth of stepfamilies has been one of the most dramatic changes in British family life in recent decades. Britain today has the highest divorce rate in Europe, and by the early 1990s one in twelve children in Britain were already living in stepfamilies. Stepfamilies formed by remarriage after death were once a common experience, but in the first half of this century, as parental death became more unusual, they became unfamiliar rarities, and much of the common understanding of their dynamics was lost. The recent very rapid growth in divorce and remarriage has exposed millions of adults and children to life situations which are surprisingly little understood, either at the level of common wisdom, or through research. It is widely assumed that children referred to social and health professionals come above all from broken or reconstituted families, and until recently the interpretation of stepfamilies was dominated by analyses of clinical data. However, in large scale sample based studies it has been found that the experiences of children in stepfamilies and those growing up in 'intact' families are not as different as had previously been assumed. This study of fifty children born in 1958 is the first in Britain to examine these long-term differences using evidence gleaned from such a large and reliable sample. The key themes around which the research has been structured are gender, communication and discipline within families, the role of the extended family, the absent parent, and, above all, the factors which help or hinder stepchildren in the long-term. The authors emphasise how change is possible not only in childhood, but also in adulthood. Drawing together sociological and social historical interpretations through the life story method with clinical experience in child and adolescent psychiatry and the family systems approach used in family therapy, this important new study makes a unique contribution to our understanding of the long-term impact of stepfamily life in Britain.
What Do We Know about Stepchildren?
Authors: Gorell Barnes Gill , Thompson Paul , Daniel Gwyn , Burchardt Natasha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is incontestable that the number of stepfamilies in Britain has increased dramatically over the last fifty years. The exact figures are surprisingly elusive, partly because until recently the census did not publish statistics either of stepfamilies by remarriage or of unmarried couples living together. But we do know that the rate of divorce is higher than in any previous period, twice as high as in any other European country, and that in 1991 alone 170,000 children under 16 experienced a parental divorce, while the rate of marriage has increased fourfold over the last twenty years. By the early 1990s one child in twelve was already living in a step family in Britain, and in the United States one in six. And the numbers were predicted to climb further.
Looking Back and Looking Forward: Legacies and Narratives
Authors: Gorell Barnes Gill , Thompson Paul , Daniel Gwyn , Burchardt Natasha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even today, despite the rapid rise of divorce, three out of every five children grow up with both of their original parents, and expectations of normal childhood are still seen in terms of intact nuclear families. For those whose experiences were different, how do memories of transition through death, divorce, and remarriage create a remembered story of childhood, whether happy or unhappy? How far do stepchildren perceive themse1ves as a devi ant and disadvantaged minority group? Do transitions and new experiences also offer new definitions of self that can serve in positive ways in adult life? How, in particular, do memories of childhood affect children’s sense of what is important in family life; what is good or bad and what values are worth holding on to for themselves and their own children?
The Perception Of Profit Before The Leasing Of Demesnes
Authors: Postles D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the critical questions of the agrarian economy of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, is the performance of the seigneurial economy. From the late twelfth century, lords had begun to résumé their demesnes in hand, to exploit them directly, rather than to continue to lease them to Jirmarii. Direct exploitation persisted into the later fourteenth century, when there was a return in many cases to the leasing of demesnes.
The Scottish Enlightenment And The Development Of Accounting
Authors: Mepham M ]. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ‘Scottish Enlightenment ‘ is the name given in recent years to the remarkable epoch which Dugald Stewart described as a ‘sudden burst of genius ‘ (1854: 551). Although it is difficult to give firm dates, it is commonly considered that the Enlightenment extended from the Act of Union (1707) to the death of Sir Walter Scott (1832) with the peak of its achievements occurring in the second half of the eighteenth century.
Accounting In English Local Government From The Middle Ages To C.1835
Authors: Jones R H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The historical accounting literature significantly underemphasizes the persistence and pervasiveness of non-commercial non-double-entry bookkeeping in England. Attention has typically been focused on the Exchequer pipe rolls and manorial accounting in the Middle Ages, whereas, in fact, noncommercial non-double-entry bookkeeping persisted for over 700 years. In addition, it pervaded the economy throughout this time: it was not only adopted in the pipe rolls from 1130 until 1832 but also by the organs of government in the localities,1 namely the counties, boroughs, and parishes. These covered the whole country and at the end of the eighteenth century they were represented by over 15,000 separate organizations. To varying extents they collected money, paid money over, borrowed and repaid money, spent money, made rates, produced accounts and had them audited; their use of double entry was not common until the nineteenth century.
The End Of A Familiar Inflation Accounting Cycle
Authors: Mumford M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the modest recommendations of the Hyde Report, persuasive m nature rather than mandatory and clearly a compromise version of earlier statements, we appear to be heading for the end of a five-year cycle of events in British accounting which mirror very closely events which occurred about twenty-five years ago. The similarity is so marked, and the steps so predictable, that they are described below as a blueprint for the next surge of inflation.
Surveillance by Design: Public Networks and the Control of Consumption
Authors: Samarajiva Rohan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As human interactions increasingly shift from face-to-face, proximate, and synchronous forms, to electronically mediated, distant and/or asynchronous forms, of interaction it is not surprising that elements of control found in all social relations are becoming apparent in electronically mediated interactions. What is noteworthy is that many electronically mediated interactions are being subject to stronger forms of control. Increasingly, the very medium of electronic interaction is being designed as a pervasive surveillance instrument serving control purposes.
Standards for Communication Technologies: Negotiating Institutional Biases in Network Design
Authors: Hawkins Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Communication systems cannot function without standards. Even the most trivial face-to-face exchange is difficult or impossible except in the presence of linguistic codes and semiotic points of reference that are mutually available to the communicating parties and mutually understood by them. Communication as a human act has been mediated by technology since at least the invention of writing. As a consequence, it also has been linked closely to technical standards. Alphabets, codes, systems of numbers, units of measurement, and so forth are basic communication technologies, but they are of little use unless they are standardized to a degree such that they can be applied and understood amongst a collectivity of potential communicators.
Institutional Arrangements For Setting Directors ‘ Compensation In Uk Companies
Authors: Conyon Martin f. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The compensation received by top directors has recently attracted much media attention. Many commentators have been critical of the large increases in compensation received by some directors of leading UK companies. It is important in the circumstances to provide a detailed review of the issues involved, based on our existing knowledge of company policy in the United Kingdom. In particular, we aim to document some of the existing institutional arrangements for setting directors ‘ compensation in the light of the policy recommendations by, inter alia, the Cadbury (1992) and Green bury (1995) committees.
Corporate Governance In The Privatized Utilities: The Case Of The Water Industry
Authors: Ogden Stuart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There has been much criticism of recent corporate governance practices, particularly in relation to the pay and reward packages awarded to chairmen and executive directors of companies. Nowhere has this been more pronounced than in the case of the privatized utilities. The recent controversy over the salary increase of Cedric Brown, the chief executive of British Gas (e.g. Observer, 27 Nov. 1994) has been one of numerous occasions when newspaper headlines have characterized salary increases in the privatized utilities for senior managers in terms of pay bonanzas, and share options as examples of unconstrained greed through which executives ‘make personal fortunes at the consumers ‘ expense ‘ (Observer, 14 May 1995). Typical of this calibre of condemnation is the Independent on Sunday ‘s (12 December 1995) criticism of share options for the directors and some executives of the privatized regional electricity companies, which appeared under the headline ‘Privatised power bosses give themselves £72m in shares ‘.
Armchair Applied Philosophy and Business Ethics
Authors: Sorell Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN this paper I shall consider some of the difficulties posed by writing and speaking as a philosopher about business ethics, especially in the UK in the 1980s and 1990s. Some of these difficulties are local and perhaps temporary; others arise whenever one tries to apply philosophy; and still others crop up when philosophy is applied in the wrong way. I am very far from clear about the solutions to these problems; but I have been trying to confront them in my own writing and speaking over a number of years, and I can at least explain why I have written or spoken in one way rather than another. To make my discussion manageable, I am going to restrict it in three ways. First, I am going to concentrate on applied ethics, ignoring the very wide range of non-moral questions that belong to applied philosophy.
Business Groups in the German Electrical Industry
Authors: Feldenkirchen Wilfried 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The international debate on the phenomenon of big business has been linked directly for several decades to research into American business his tory and to the name of Alfred D. Chandler, who produced the first com prehensive hypotheses on the development of large corporations. The empirical content of these hypotheses constituted a challenge to produce an international and intertemporal comparison, as they claimed, expressis verbis, not only to be applicable to the USA but also to the highly industrialized states of west and central Europe and Japan.
The Organizational Logic of Business Groups: Evidence from the Zaibatsu
Authors: Gerlach Michael L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every economy faces an ongoing set of decisions concerning the optimal organization of its business activities. Firms acquire other firms, they sell corporate assets, they form strategic alliances, and they spin off their factories and divisions as independent enterprises-all in response to changing technological and market opportunities. In so doing, they help to establish boundaries around business units and define the interrelation ships among those units.
Learning to Work Together: Adaptation and the Japanese Firm
Authors: Fruin W Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After we enter the world, we adapt to it. Indeed, after creation, adaptation is the most basic fact of life for organizations no less than individuals. As soon as organizations are founded and for as long as they exist, they adapt and continue to adapt. Given this imperative, it is also evident that organizational learning is the primary means whereby both large and small adaptation, planned and unplanned change, take place in firms. Yet, in spite of the significance of adaptation and learning, it is surprising how little attention has been paid to these concepts in most theories of the firm. This oversight may be particularly unfortunate with respect to studies of the Japanese firm. The large Japanese firm, with its personnel policies favouring long-term employment and seniority-weighted remuneration, its patterns of stable shareholding and relational contracting, and its operational interdependency with groups of related firms, subsidiaries, and affiliates, as discussed throughout this volume as corporate clusters and groups, may be among the best examples of the need to ‘adapt or fail ‘. All of these organizational features tend to shield Japanese firms from market forces, especially in factor markets but also in product markets, and to reinforce emphases on adaptation and learning, so much so that many scholars have argued for a distinctive pattern of corporate organization in late-industrializing Japan based on these features (Levine and Kawada
Conclusion
Authors: Kiernan Kathleen , Land Hilary , Lewis Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we said at the end of Chapter 1, the major division among policy-makers in regard to lone motherhood is whether or not the clock can be put back and ‘the traditional’ two-parent family restored. In terms of demographic and behavioural change, our findings make this seem unlikely. The changes have been dramatic and rapid, but to date they have been all in one direction: the numbers of lone mothers have increased. Indeed, the immediate post-war years, which were characterized by the prevalence of male breadwinner families and full employment, may increasingly appear the ‘odd years out’ as our historical perspective increases. Similarly, in terms of the behaviour of lone mothers themselves, a much higher proportion of lone mothers lived with their families of origin and went out to work in the 1950s and 1960s, but this was at a time when their visibility was low and they were highly stigmatized, matters that changed rapidly thereafter.
Private Sector Business Contracts: The Text Between the Lines
Authors: Lyons Bruce , Mehta Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Never sign a contract with someone you don’t trust’: this is the advice given to his managers by one leading British industrialist whom we interviewed for our study of private sector contractual relations. At first glance, this seems good advice, but reflect a little further and a paradox becomes apparent. If you trust your trading partner, then why do you need a formal written contract to support the arrangement? And why not trade with someone even if you don’t trust them, as long as everything that has been agreed appears in writing? The answer to the second question lies in the cost of enforcing a contract should the trading partner act opportunistically, together with the uncertainty attached to the outcome of the legal process. But the answer to the first question is less obvious, and lies in understanding the different meanings which trading partners ascribe to their ‘contracts’.
Commercial Co-operation, International Competitiveness, and EC Competition Policy
Authors: Gutterman Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From its earliest origins, EC competition policy has been consciously shaped by the aim of helping to achieve the integration of member states into a single market as well as preserving workable competition in individual markets. The commitment to integration is set out in the Treaty of Rome which lists ‘the institution of a system ensuring that competition ... is not distorted’ (Article 3(g)) as one of the principal activities to be used to establish the objective of ‘a common market’ (Article 2).
Education and Occupation in Britain
Authors: Heath Anthony , Cheung Sin Yi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the course of the twentieth century, the character of educational stratification in Britain has gradually evolved from one primarily based on type of school to one based on academic certificates. In the early part of the century, for example, the major distinctions were between elementary, technical, grammar, and independent schools. Allocation to these types of school was partly financial and partly scholastic. Once pupils had entered these schools they were, to use Turner’s terminology, ‘sponsored’ for dif ferent educational and occupational careers (Turner 1960).
From High School and College to Work in Japan Meritocracy through Institutional and Semi-Institutional Linkages
Authors: Kariya Takehiko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a well-known fact that educational qualifications have a great impact on first job placement, and that the higher an individual’s level of educational attainment, the more likely he or she is to acquire a ‘good’ job higher salary and fringe benefits, training and promotion opportunities, and prestige. In fact, in industrialized countries, higher educational qualifications are often a precondition for entry to a ‘good job’.