bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extraction of Buried P Waves from Printed Electrocardiograms
Authors: Lin Bryant , Wang Paul J. , Mahapatra Srijoy , Homoud Munther , Link Mark , Estes N.A. Mark , Al‐Ahmad Amin 
Published: April 2005

Background: Morphologic identification of ectopic P‐waves from surface ECGs can be challenging, particularly when the P‐wave is buried in the QRST wave complex. Because ECGs are often available on paper and not digitally, we developed a method of subtracting the T‐wave from the buried P‐wave complex on paper ECGs. Methods: To validate our system, an atrial extrastimulus was introduced during and following the T‐wave. The ECGs were scanned and then transformed from an image format to a digital format. A computer algorithm digitally subtracted a QRST with no buried P‐wave from one with a buried P‐wave, thus resulting in an extracted P‐wave. The extracted P‐waves were compared to the nonburied P‐wave by determining correlation coefficients and by visual grading by two independent reviewers. Results: Visual grading comparing the buried P‐wave with the exposed paced P‐wave was 94%. The median correlation coefficient was 85%. Conclusions: An ectopic atrial P‐wave obscured by a coincident QRST wave complex can be accurately derived from printed ECG using this PC‐based system. Addition of this technique to the existing methods may aid in the localization and ablation of ectopic atrial foci.
T‐Wave Abnormalities Are a Better Predictor of Cardiovascular Mortality than ST Depression on the Resting Electrocardiogram
Authors: Beckerman James , Yamazaki Takuya , Myers Jonathan , Boyle Craig , Chun Sung , Wang Paul , Froelicher Victor 
Published: April 2005

Background: ST depression and T‐wave amplitude abnormalities are known to be independent predictors of cardiovascular (CV) death, but a direct comparison between them has not been described. Methods: Analyses were performed on the first electrocardiogram (ECG) digitally recorded on 46,950 consecutive patients at the Palo Alto Veterans Affairs Medical Center since 1987. Females and patients with electrocardiograms exhibiting bundle branch block, left ventricular hypertrophy, electronic pacing, diagnostic Q waves, or Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome were excluded, leaving 31,074 male patients for analysis (mean age 55 ± 14). There were 1878 (6.0%) cardiovascular deaths (mean follow‐up of 6 ± 4 years). Electrocardiograms were classified using Minnesota code according to the degree of ST depression and T‐wave abnormality, and the nine possible combinations of ST segment and T‐wave abnormalities were recoded for analysis. Results: The combination of major abnormalities in ST segments and T‐waves carried the greatest hazard [3.2 (CI 2.7–3.8)]. Minor ST depression combined with more severe T‐wave abnormalities carried a hazard of 3.1 (CI 2.5–3.7), whereas minor T‐wave abnormalities combined with more severe ST depression carried a hazard of only 1.9 (CI 1.6–2.3). Conclusion: While both ST segment depression and abnormal T‐wave amplitude are clinically important, T‐wave abnormalities appear to be greater predictors of cardiovascular mortality.
Magnetocardiogram Recordings in a Nonshielded Environment—Reproducibility and Ischemia Detection
Authors: Steinberg Benjamin A. , Roguin Ariel , Watkins Stanley P. , Hill Peter , Fernando Dharsh , Resar Jon R. 
Published: April 2005

Background: Magnetocardiography (MCG) is a noninvasive technology that measures the magnetic field of the heart by superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUID) sensors. The novelty of the present system is that the sensors can be operated without electromagnetic shielding of the examination room, thus allowing the system to be easily installed in the emergency department or chest pain unit. Studies in shielded rooms, found that this imaging modality may have better sensitivity as compared to ECG in detecting ischemia. We aimed (1) to assess the reproducibility, intra‐observer, and interobserver interpretation variability and (2) to assess the MCG maps in the presence of coronary narrowings. Methods and Results: All measurements were performed in a nonshielded room. For the first part of the study, two MCG maps were recorded in 24 otherwise healthy volunteers (age 20–44 years, median 24, 16 male) in an interval ranging from 2 to 48 hours. The maps were interpreted using the CardioMag software for contour maps, averaged MCG time traces, and waveform morphology of repolarization by two observers blinded to each other. The parameters tested had low disagreement between repeated measurements. The correlations of the intra‐observer and interobserver interpretation were excellent. Secondly, MCG maps were obtained in 29 patients referred for angiography due to suspected coronary artery disease. Nineteen of them had coronary narrowings defined as more than 50%. In this group, 16 (84.2%) had abnormal MCG maps as compared to only 5 (26.3%) who had abnormal ECGs (P < 0.01). Conclusions: MCG maps can be successfully obtained in a nonshielded room and allow feasible, accurate, and reproducible measurements with little intra‐observer and interobserver variability. Ischemic changes in the heart's magnetic field may occur before electrical changes. Our pilot data suggests that this imaging modality may potentially offer better sensitivity as compared to rest ECG in detecting ischemia in a cohort of patients who had coronary narrowings identified by angiography.
Accelerated Idioventricular Rhythm in the Post‐thrombolytic Era: Incidence, Prognostic Implications, and Modulating Mechanisms after Direct Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Bonnemeier Hendrik , Ortak Jasmin , Wiegand Uwe K.H. , Eberhardt Frank , Bode Frank , Schunkert Heribert , Katus Hugo A. , Richardt Gert 
Published: April 2005

Background: In the thrombolytic era, the occurrence of accelerated idioventricular rhythm (AIR) has been proposed to be a specific marker for successful reperfusion. The incidence, prognostic implications, and potential modulating mechanisms of AIR after successful restoration of antegrade flow by means of modern reperfusion therapy (i.e., direct percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)) has thus far not been investigated. Methods: We prospectively investigated 125 consecutive patients undergoing direct PCI for a first acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The incidence of AIR was determined from 24‐hour Holter monitoring, initiated prior to PCI. Results: AIR appeared in 19 patients (15.2%). There were no significant differences between patients with or without AIR regarding baseline clinical characteristics. The incidence of AIR was not different between patients with TIMI 2 and 3 flow (13% vs 16%). There were no differences in the incidence of major cardiac events within 12‐month follow‐up in patients with and without AIR. Patients with AIR exhibited higher mean R‐R intervals (mean 24‐hour R‐R interval: 871.3 ± 121 vs 796.4 ± 100 ms, P < 0.01), higher hourly mean values of heart rate variability (SDNN, 64.7 ± 26 vs 49.4 ± 20 ms, P < 0.01; rMSSD, 29.3 ± 15 vs 22.0 ± 12 ms, P < 0.01) and lower serum norepinephrine concentrations (60 minute after PCI, 478.9 ± 357 vs 649.0 ± 499 pg/ml, P < 0.05). Conclusions: Our findings indicate that AIR is an nonspecific marker for reperfusion of the infarct‐related artery in AMI and thus, predate previous observations of the thrombolytic era. Even though, AIR was associated with higher tonic vagal tone and lower sympathetic activity, the occurrence of AIR had no prognostic impact on the clinical course and was not able to discriminate between complete and incomplete reperfusion.
The giant star forming halo associated with the radio galaxy PKS 1932–46
Authors: Villar-Martín M. , Tadhunter C. , Morganti R. , Holt J. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
We report the discovery of a giant (∼160 kpc) knotty extended emission line nebula associated with the radio galaxy PKS 1932–46 at z= 0.23. The 2-d long slit spectra, obtained with VLT-FORS2 at a large angle (∼63°) to the radio source axis, shows that the nebula extends well beyond the radio structure and the ionization cones of the active nucleus. This is one of the largest ionized nebulae yet detected around a radio galaxy at any redshift. The analysis of the ionization, morphological and kinematic properties of the knots suggests that these are star-forming objects, probably compact H ii galaxies. We propose that the giant structure is a star forming halo associated with the debris of the merger that triggered the activity. This study reinforces the view that radio galaxies are activated by major mergers which also trigger substantial star formation. The star formation activity can extend on the scale of a galaxy group, beyond the old stellar halo of the host galaxy.
Resolving IRAS 09111–1007 at 350 µm: a different path to ULIRG formation?
Authors: Khan Sophia A. , Benford Dominic J. , Clements David L. , Moseley S. Harvey , Shafer Richard A. , Sumner Timothy J. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
We have resolved the ultraluminous infrared galaxy (ULIRG) IRAS 09111–1007 with the new 350-µm-optimized Second Generation Submillimeter High Angular Resolution Camera (SHARC II), and present the first submillimetre fluxes and images for the system. IRAS 09111–1007 comprises two interacting luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs) with a projected nuclear separation of 39 h71−1 kpc. The western galaxy is roughly four times more luminous in the submillimetre than its eastern counterpart. It is an extremely bright LIRG with an active galactic nucleus (AGN). The classification of the eastern source is uncertain: it could be a Seyfert 2 galaxy or a LINER. We highlight IRAS 09111–1007 as a system that necessitates further study: a double AGN ULIRG whose molecular gas content differs from that of other widely separated pairs, and whose ULIRG phase might not be explained by current multiple-merger and/or final-stage ULIRG scenarios.
Period—colour and amplitude-colour relations for MACHO project Large Magellanic Cloud RR Lyrae stars
Authors: Kanbur S. M. , Fernando I. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
In this Letter, we analyse period—colour and amplitude-colour relations at minimum, mean and maximum V-band light for 6391 RRab stars in the Large Magellanic Cloud obtained by the MACHO project. Specifically, we find that colour and amplitude are nearly independent of period at minimum light, but that there exists a definite relation between period and colour and amplitude and colour at maximum light. These two properties are consistent with earlier work suggesting that these observed properties are, at least to some extent, explained by the application of the Stefan-Boltzmann law and the interaction of the photosphere and hydrogen ionization front at minimum light. When we examine the slope of the period—colour relation as a function of phase, we find that the slope varies significantly with phase and is small for a wide range of phases around minimum light. This suggests that another factor that needs to be considered when trying to understand RR Lyrae observed properties is their behaviour at different phases during a pulsation cycle.
On gravitational lensing by deflectors in motion
Authors: Sereno M. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Gravitational lensing by a spinning deflector in translational motion relative to the observer is discussed in the weak field, slow motion approximation. The effect of rotation, which generates an intrinsic gravito-magnetic field, separates from that due to radial motion. Corrections to the lens equation, deflection angle and time delay are derived.
Exact solution of the incompressible Hall magnetohydrodynamics
Authors: Mahajan S. M. , Krishan V. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The Alfvén wave is known to be an exact solution of the ideal magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), and this has found use in modelling astrophysical turbulence. In this paper we show that the Hall MHD also submits itself to an exact solution in the incompressible limit. We compare the linear and the non-linear modes of the Hall MHD and comment on their probable role in describing turbulent fluctuations in different astrophysical situations.
The HIPASS catalogue: ΩH i and environmental effects on the H i mass function of galaxies
Authors: Zwaan M. A. , Meyer M. J. , Staveley-Smith L. , Webster R. L. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
We use the catalogue of 4315 extragalactic H i 21-cm emission-line detections from the H i Parkes All Sky Survey (HIPASS) to calculate the most accurate measurement of the H i mass function (HIMF) of galaxies to date. The completeness of the HIPASS sample is well characterized, which enables an accurate calculation of space densities. The HIMF is fitted with a Schechter function with parameters α = −1.37 ± 0.03 ± 0.05, log (M*Hi/M⊙) = 9.80 ± 0.03 ± 0.03 h−275, and θ* = (6.0 ± 0.8 ± 0.6) × 10−3h375 Mpc−3 dex−1 (random and systematic uncertainties at 68 per cent confidence limit), in good agreement with calculations based on the HIPASS Bright Galaxy Catalogue, which is a complete, but smaller, sub-sample of galaxies. The cosmological mass density of H i in the local Universe is found to be ΩH i = (3.5 ± 0.4 ± 0.4) × 10−4h75−1. This large homogeneous sample allows us to test whether the shape of the HIMF depends on local galaxy density. We find tentative evidence for environmental effects in the sense that the HIMF becomes steeper toward higher density regions, ranging from α ≈ −1.2 in the lowest density environments to α ≈ −1.5 in the highest density environments probed by this blind H i survey. This effect appears stronger when densities are measured on larger scales.
Population III and the near-infrared background excess
Authors: Madau Piero , Silk Joseph 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
We make a critical assessment of models that attribute the recently detected near-infrared background ‘excess’ (NIRBE) to the redshifted light from Population III objects. To supply the required 25 keV per baryon at redshift 9, Population III massive stars must form with an efficiency exceeding 30 per cent in all ‘minihaloes’ with virial temperatures above a few hundred kelvins; to avoid excessive metal pollution, most of the baryons once in Population III stars must end up in intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs). Gas accretion on to such IMBHs must either be inhibited or lead to early miniquasars with steep ultraviolet/X-ray spectra, in order not to overproduce the present-day unresolved soft X-ray background. In the latter case (NIRBE dominated by ‘X-ray-quiet miniquasars’), the total mass density of IMBHs at z ∼ 9 must be ≳50 times higher than the mass density of supermassive black holes observed today in the nuclei of galaxies. A stellar-dominated NIRBE is less economical energetically: ≳5 per cent of all baryons in the Universe must be processed into Population III stars. We survey various aspects of the Population III hypothesis for the NIRBE, and show that the ionizing photon budget required to account for the NIRBE is much larger than that required to explain the high electron scattering optical depth measured by the WMAP satellite.
Polarization signals of the 21-cm background from the era of reionization
Authors: Cooray Asantha , Furlanetto Steven R. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
While emission and absorption lines of the 21-cm spin-flip transition of neutral hydrogen are intrinsically unpolarized, a magnetic field creates left- and right-handed polarized components through the Zeeman effect. Here we consider the resulting polarization of the redshifted 21-cm background from the intergalactic medium before reionization. The polarization is most readily detectable in regions with a strong gradient in the mean brightness temperature. In principle, this can open a new window on the evolution of intergalactic magnetic fields. One possible approach is an extended integration of an individual target during this era, such as the Mpc-scale H ii regions inferred to surround quasars at z ∼ 6.5. The differential intensity between the two polarization states can be used as a probe of the magnetic field at the edge of the H ii region. We estimate that the Square Kilometer Array (SKA) could (ignoring systematics) detect B ∼ 200 (10) µG coherent over several kpc with an observational bandwidth of 100 (2) kHz. Beyond individual sources, the statistical properties of wide-field 21-cm polarization maps, such as the angular power spectrum, can be used to constrain the large-scale magnetic field. In this case, the SKA can detect B ∼ 100 µG fields coherent over many Mpc. The magnetic field can be measured in any epoch over which the 21-cm background changes rapidly (e.g. because the ionized fraction or spin temperature change). With either of these methods, a secure detection will require high-precision removal of any polarized foregrounds, which is likely to be a substantial challenge. Our estimates show the level to which the foregrounds must be removed to extract useful cosmological information. Even ignoring foregrounds, the resulting constraints are relatively weak compared to theoretical expectations, but they nevertheless offer a unique direct probe of magnetic fields in the high-redshift universe.
Resolving the mystery of the dwarf galaxy HIZSS003
Authors: Begum Ayesha , Chengalur Jayaram N. , Karachentsev I. D. , Sharina M. E. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The nearby galaxy HIZSS003 was recently discovered during a blind H i survey of the Zone of Avoidance. Follow-up Very Large Array (VLA) observations as well as optical and nearinfrared imaging and spectroscopy confirm that it is a low-metallicity dwarf irregular galaxy. However, there are two puzzling aspects of these observations: (i) current star formation, as traced by Hα emission, is confined to a small region at the edge of the VLA HI image; and (ii) the metallicity of the older red giant branch stars is higher than that of the gas in the H ii region. We present high spatial and velocity resolution Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope observations which resolve these puzzles by showing that HIZSS003 is actually a galaxy pair and that the H ii region lies at the centre of a much smaller companion galaxy (HIZSS003B) to the main galaxy (HIZSS003A). The HI emission from these two galaxies overlaps in projection, but can be separated in velocity space. HIZSS003B has an H i mass of 2.6 × 106M⊙, and a highly disturbed velocity field. Since the velocity field is disturbed, an accurate rotation curve cannot be derived; however, the dynamical mass indicated is ∼5 × 107M⊙. For the bigger galaxy HIZSS003A we derive an HI mass of 1.4 × 107M⊙. The velocity field of this galaxy is quite regular, and from its rotation curve we derive a total dynamical mass of ∼6.5 × 108M⊙.
FRUIT BRANDY PRODUCTION BY BATCH COLUMN DISTILLATION WITH REFLUX
Authors: CLAUS MICHAEL J. , BERGLUND KRIS A. 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACT The relationship between the operating parameters of batch fruit spirits column stills with reflux and the congener (trace compounds that provide flavors and aromas) concentrations in resulting fruit spirits has not been widely studied. Congener concentrations were determined in three different collection fractions, or “cuts,” during batch distillation. Acetaldehyde and ethyl acetate were found in higher concentrations in the head cut, first overhead fraction, of the distillation and have lower boiling points relative to ethanol. 1‐Propanol and isoamyl alcohol (isopentanol) were present in higher concentrations in the tail cut, third or final fraction, of the distillation and have boiling points that are higher than ethanol. Methanol has a unique concentration profile as it has higher concentrations in both the head and tail cuts, but a lower concentration in the heart cut, the middle fraction which is the desired product of the distillation. Methanol was of particular interest because the distillate must adhere to governmental regulations that limit its concentration in the product. Operating‐condition parameters that were studied include the number of trays used in the distillation as well as the use of a “catalytic converter,” a high surface, copper‐packing material thought to catalyze formation of cyanide‐containing compounds allowing them to be separated from the distillate. The effect of the number of trays used in a distillation on the concentration of ethanol and the congeners, methanol, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, 1‐propanol and isoamyl alcohol in the final distilled spirits product is presented. An additional result of acetaldehyde production at the copper surface of the catalytic converter was also discovered in the analysis of the data.
CORPORATE GOVERNANCE AND CORPORATE PERFORMANCE: A COMPARISON OF GERMANY, JAPAN, AND THE U.S.
Authors: Kaplan Steven N. 
Published: April 2005

Contrary to assertions that there are fundamental differences in the efficiency of “market‐based” and “relationship‐oriented” corporate governance systems, this article presents evidence that the German, Japanese, and American systems appear about equally effective in disciplining poor managerial performance. For example, both the job security and total compensation of German and Japanese managers appear to be tied to stock performance and current cash flows‐ measures that some would refer to as “short‐term”‐to roughly the same extent as those of U.S. managers. Furthermore, the punishments and rewards for German and Japanese managers are not more sensitive to sales growth‐a measure some would refer to as “long‐term”‐than those of their U.S. counterparts.But, if there is no clear difference between the three governance systems in responding to poor stock and earnings performance, there is one important difference: the U.S. system is more effective than the German and Japanese systems in discouraging successful companies from overinvest‐ing. One reason for this is the fact that U.S. managers hold much larger equity positions than managers in Japan and Germany. Another important factor, however, is the difficulty faced by Japanese companies in returning capital to their shareholders. Dividends are minimal; and, until 1995, it was illegal for a Japanese company to repurchase its stock.
TRANSFERABLE STOCK OPTIONS (TSOS) AND THE COMING REVOLUTION IN EQUITY‐BASED PAY
Authors: Hall Brian J. 
Published: April 2005

The dominant form of equity pay in the U.S. will change dramatically when accounting rules are changed (most likely in 2005) to require companies to charge the cost of their stock option plans on their income statements. Many companies are already switching from stock options to other forms of equity pay, especially restricted stock. The most notable switcher was Microsoft, the world's largest user of stock option pay. In July 2003, partnering with J.P. Morgan, Microsoft created a onetime transferable stock option (TSO) program that allowed holders of underwater Microsoft options to sell their options to J.P. Morgan in return for restricted shares.But the most important consequence of this transaction may not be a widespread shift by corporate America to restricted shares, but rather the creation of a more costeffective kind of stock option. By clearing the potentially messy hurdles involving taxes, accounting, SEC rules, and “transaction mechanics,” Microsoft has opened the door for TSOs to be considered as an ongoing equitypay instrument, perhaps replacing standard stock options (which are not transferable). TSOs share the key advantages of restricted stock in terms of providing robust retention and ownership incentives and higher valuecost efficiency, while maintaining the key “leverage” advantage of options. In so doing, they create significant upside (and downside) while largely avoiding the “pay for pulse” problem of restricted stock. They also introduce the discipline of competitive pricing by third‐party bidders. The bid prices of investment banks create nearly all of the information required for accurate estimates of option cost, which should foster greater board accountability and improved corporate governance.