bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid from the cerebellomedullary and lumbar cisterns of dogs with focal neurologic disease: 145 cases (1985-1987)
Authors: Thomson Christine E. , Kornegay Joe N. , Stevens Jerry B. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Data were obtained from 158 CSF samples from 145 dogs with focal, noninfectious/noninflammatory neurologic disease. The effect of lesion location and the duration and severity of clinical signs were studied. One hundred and twenty-five samples were obtained from the cerebellomedullary cistern (CMC), and 33 were obtained from the lumbar cistern (LC). Intracranial and cervical disease affected the CSF from the CMC more often than did thoracolumbar disease. However, lumbar CSF was more frequently affected by disease anywhere along the neuraxis. For compressive spinal cord disease, the protein concentration at both cisterns was more often high in acute, clinically severe lesions.
Intracranial lesions consistently caused abnormalities in CSF from both the CMC (7 of 7; 100%) and LC (2 of 2;100%). Abnormalities were identified in 16 of 38 (42%) and 5 of 7 (71%) CMC and LC samples, respectively, in dogs with cervical disease. In dogs with thoracolumbar lesions, only 22 of 80 (27.5%) CMC samples were abnormal, compared with 21 of 24 (87.5%) LC samples. These findings suggest that CSF collected cranial to the lesion may be normal or only mildly altered by focal neurologic disease. Fluid obtained caudal to the lesion presumably is more substantially altered because of the predominant caudal flow of CSF. To maximize the yield of diagnostic information from CSF analysis, the fluid should preferably be obtained caudad to the disease site; however, because of problems associated with lumbar puncture, we suggest that CSF from the CMC also be obtained.
Identification of anatomic features of the equine clitoris as potential growth sites for Taylorella equigenitalis
Authors: McAllister R. A. , Sack W. O. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
A median clitoral sinus, as a space canalized from epithelial cells, was distinguishable developmentally in equine fetuses from 33-mm crownrump length (crl) to 500-mm crl (including a mule of 21-mm crl). In saggital sections of the clitoris of a 480-mm crl fetus, indentations under the transverse frenular fold were identified as lateral sinuses of the clitoris. Unlike the median sinus, they were shallow; it therefore could not be anatomically substantiated that the lateral sinuses were of sufficient depth to support the growth of the partial anaerobe Taylorella equigenitalis, the organism of contagious equine metritis. This study indicated excision of the lateral clitoral sinuses was unnecessary for treatment of contagious equine metritis.
Endometrial biopsy technique and uterine pathologic findings in llamas
Authors: Powers Barbara E. , Johnson LaRue W. , Linton Louise B. , Garry Frank , Smith John 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Uterine tissue specimens from 90 llamas with history of infertility were examined and graded microscopically; 83 specimens were obtained by endometrial biopsy and 7 specimens were obtained at necropsy. Fifteen llamas (16.7%) had a normal uterus, which was graded 1A. Twenty-three llamas (25.6%) had minor uterine abnormalities that were graded lB. Forty-five llamas (50.0%) had appreciable endometritis that was graded 2A. Three llamas (3.3%) had endometritis with gland fibrosis that was graded 2B. Two llamas (2.2%) had notable uterine gland fibrosis that was graded 3A. Two llamas (2.2%) had uterine neoplasia that was graded 3B. Thirty-six llamas had follow-up evaluation; 22 became pregnant, most after some form of treatment. Uterine biopsy in llamas was readily performed without complications and was valuable in identifying a wide range of uterine diseases, most of which were amenable to treatment.
Financial analysis of pseudorabies control and eradication in swine
Authors: Rodrigues Cyllene A. , Gardner Ian A. , Carpenter Tim E. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Computerized decision-tree analysis and simulation modeling were used to evaluate control and eradication strategies for pseudorabies virus (prv) in swine. Three alternative actions were considered for a hypothetical 100-sow, farrow-to-finish operation: (1) depopulation-repopulation, (2) test-and-removal of seropositives (t&r), and (3) vaccination (of the entire herd or of sows only). The expected monetary values for the vaccination and t&r alternatives were similar, which was consistent with the long-standing controversy over the best strategy for dealing with prv. When the prevalence rate of prv was ≤57%, t&r was found to be optimal; otherwise, vaccination of sows only was recommended.
Sensitivity analysis was performed to determine how modifications in some of the original assumptions affected the expected monetary values of each strategy. When higher gross margins for the producer were assumed, t&r was preferred at all prevalence rates. Vaccination was preferred when lower gross margins, lower vaccination costs, or better protective effect of prv vaccines on reproductive performance were assumed. The use of gene-deleted vaccines in conjunction with the t&r strategy was also evaluated. When this option was available, t&r was favored at any prevalence rate (t&r alone when the prevalence was ≤20%, or combined with gene-deleted vaccination at prevalences >20%). Depopulation-repopulation was not the best option under any circumstance. Once formulated, a decision-tree analysis can be adapted to the prevailing economic or epidemiologic conditions; hence, it is a useful tool in the prv decision-making process.
Clinical and laboratory features of a severe form of von Willebrand disease in Shetland Sheepdogs
Authors: Raymond Sharon L. , Jones Douglas W. , Brooks Marjory B. , Dodds W. Jean 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Ten clinically affected Shetland Sheepdogs were evaluated to define their severe bleeding diathesis and were determined to have von Willebrand factor antigen (vWF:Ag) values < 0.1% by elisa assay. The virtual absence of vWF protein by elisa assay and on multimeric analysis was diagnostic of either homozygosity or probable double heterozygosity for the canine von Willebrand disease (vWD) gene. Clinically affected dogs have type-III vWD and are the offspring of 2 heterozygous parents carrying type-I vWD. Twenty-three percent (1,428 dogs) of the more than 6,000 Shetland Sheepdogs screened for vWD at our facility since 1982 tested within the heterozygous carrier range for the common type-I form of this inherited disorder. Veterinarians and breeders should be aware of the potential for bleeding associated with elective and medical procedures in Shetland Sheepdogs and should use caution when breeding carriers of vWD because of the risk of producing clinically affected offspring with severe type-III vWD.
Cecocolic intussusception in horses: 11 cases (1979-1989)
Authors: Gaughan Earl M. , Hackett Richard P. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Over a 10-year period, cecocolic intussusception was diagnosed in 11 of 842 horses undergoing surgical treatment for colic at the New York State College of Veterinary Medicine. Eight horses died or were euthanatized because of poor prognosis determined at surgery or because of postoperative complications. Three horses recovered without complication after manual reduction of the intussusception and partial typhlectomy, using an intestinal stapling device.
Serum ionized calcium concentration in clinically normal dairy cattle, and changes associated with calcium abnormalities
Authors: Lincoln S. D. , Lane V. M. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Serum ionized calcium (ICa) concentration was determined in 141 clinically normal dairy cattle by use of a direct-measuring calcium ion-selective electrode instrument. Mean serum ICa concentration 2 hours after blood withdrawal was 4.59 mg/dl; range varied from 3.79 to 5.25 mg/dl. Regression analysis indicated a high degree of correlation between ICa and serum total calcium concentrations if serum stored at 23 C was analyzed within 12 hours after blood withdrawal.
Abnormal ICa concentration was detected in 19 of 85 dairy cows that were affected with various pathologic conditions. All 19 cows had hypocalcemia (n = 13 with parturient hypocalcemia, 4 with hypomagnesemic tetany, and 2 with renal disease). In all cases, the ICa concentration clearly related to the clinical manifestation of disease and the functional status of the cow's calcium metabolism.
Decision analysis and economic evaluation of the use of the rapid milk progesterone assay for early detection of pregnancy status of cows
Authors: Pitcher Paul M. , Galligan David T. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
The economic feasibility of the use of rapid milk progesterone assays (RMPA) for early detection of pregnancy status in cows, to reduce the cost associated with reproductive inefficiency, was evaluated by use of decision analysis techniques. A decision tree was formulated and used to compare the rmpa to the alternative of palpation per rectum alone for the determination of pregnancy status.
A computer spreadsheet was used to examine the effect of manipulating the values of inputs affecting the optimal decision (ie, cost of a day a cow is not pregnant, conception rate, cost of the rmpa, test sensitivity and specificity, cost of insemination) over the range of values likely to be encountered. The sensitivity of the optimal decision was greatest to the variables for cost of a day a cow is not pregnant, conception rate, and cost of the rmpa. When the cost of a day a cow is not pregnant is $2.00 and the cost of the rmpa is $6.00, the best decision is to use the rmpa when the herd conception rate is between 20 and 77%. When the herd conception rate is 60%, the best decision is to use the rmpa as long as the cost of a day a cow is not pregnant is greater than $1.44. Indifference curves were calculated, allowing both the cost of a day a cow is not pregnant and conception rate to vary, and used to select the most economical decision. Use of the rmpa for early detection of pregnancy status is likely to be economically advantageous in most dairy operations.
Comparison of two low-dose dexamethasone suppression protocols as screening and discrimination tests in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism
Authors: Mack Robert E. , Feldman Edward C. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Two low-dose dexamethasone suppression test protocols were evaluated in 18 dogs with hyperadrenocorticism (14 dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism [pdh) and 4 dogs with adrenocortical tumor) and in 5 healthy control dogs. Blood was obtained immediately before and 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours after iv administration of either 0.01 mg of dexamethasone sodium phosphate/kg of body weight or 0.015 mg of dexamethasone polyethylene glycol/kg.
At 8 hours after dexamethasone administration, 18 of 18 (100%) dogs with hyperadrenocorticism given the sodium phosphate preparation and 16 of 18 (89%) affected dogs given the polyethylene glycol preparation failed to have suppression of plasma cortisol concentration (< 1.4 μg/dl). Plasma cortisol concentration was suppressed to < 1.4 μg/dl at 2, 4, and/or 6 hours after administration of either dexamethasone preparation in 5 of 14 dogs with pdh and to < 50% of baseline cortisol concentration in 10 of 14 dogs with pdh. Suppression, as identified by these 2 criteria, was not observed at 2, 4, 6, or 8 hours after administration of either dexamethasone preparation in dogs with adrenocortical tumor. For both protocols, the 8-hour plasma cortisol concentration was suppressed to < 1.4 μg/dl and to < 50% of baseline in the 5 control dogs.
Both protocols were comparable for use as screening tests in establishing a diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism. Suppression of plasma cortisol concentration to < 50% of baseline (or < 1.4 μg/dl) during the test was consistent with diagnosis of pdh. Failure to have such suppression, however, was observed in dogs with pdh as well as in those with adrenocortical tumor.
Ultrasonographic features of testicular neoplasia in dogs: 16 cases (1980-1988)
Authors: Johnston Gary R. , Feeney Daniel A. , Johnston Shirley D. , O'Brien Timothy D. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
For 16 dogs with testicular neoplasia (n = 19 tumors), ultrasonography was performed to determine whether a correlation exists between ultrasonographic features of testicular tumors and cell type. The echogenicity of the tumors varied depending on the size of the tumor and whether the tumor had focal or diffuse distribution within the testis. The ultrasonographic characteristics of Sertoli cell tumors were variable, with no predominant pattern. This variation may be related to tumor size, because 6 of 7 Sertoli cell tumors were > 5 cm in diameter. Focal seminomas and interstitial cell tumors < 3 cm in diameter had hypoechoic texture. Focal seminomas and interstitial cell tumors > 3 cm in diameter had mixed echogenicity. Tumors of multiple cell types were > 5 cm in diameter and had mixed echogenicity. In valuable breeding dogs with a small (< 3 cm) focal intrascrotal lesion, testicular ultrasonography would be of benefit for localization of the mass to the testis or epididymis for subsequent biopsy. In dogs with intra-abdominal neoplastic testes, ultrasonography may be of benefit in determining intra-abdominal metastases and invasion of contiguous structures.
Neospora-like protozoan infection as a major cause of abortion in California dairy cattle
Authors: Anderson Mark L. , Blanchard Pat C. , Barr Bradd C. , Dubey J. P. , Hoffman Richard L. , Conrad Patricia A. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Ninety-five aborted bovine fetuses received from California dairies over a 4.5-year period had histologic lesions of focal encephalitis. Protozoa that reacted with Neospora caninum antiserum were detected in the brain of 88 of these fetuses and in the heart of 1 fetus. Sarcocystis spp schizonts were seen in the vascular endothelium of 1 fetus. It was concluded that a Neospora-like cyst-forming coccidian may be a major cause of abortion in California dairy cattle.
Prevalence (treatment days) and severity of illness in hypogammaglobulinemic and normogammaglobulinemic foals
Authors: Baldwin Jay L. , Cooper Wendell L. , Vanderwall Dirk K. , Erb Hollis N. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Serum samples for determination of IgG concentration were obtained between postpartum hours 18 and 48 from 132 Standardbred foals. Results of the IgG assay were not known to farm personnel. None of the foals was given plasma iv for treatment of hypogammaglobulinemia. Foal health records were examined retrospectively to determine prevalence of infectious-type illness (foal treatment days [ftd]), prevalence of life-threatening infectious illness (foal treatment days-serious condition [ftd-sc]), and number of diseases (nod) per foal. Values for ftd, ftd-sc, and nod per foal were compiled for the first 21 days of life and for the first 90 days of life. The ftd, ftd-sc, and nod per foal values were compared for foals with < 400 mg of IgG/dl and for foals with ≥ 400 mg of IgG/dl; the same variables were compared for foals with < 800 mg of IgG/dl and for foals with ≥ 800 mg of IgG/dl. Statistical analysis indicated that IgG concentration was not associated with ftd, ftd-sc, or nod in foals of any of the groups. Also, despite a large subpopulation of hypogammaglobulinemic foals (13.6% with < 400 mg of IgG/dl and 44.7% with < 800 mg of IgG/dl), the 21-day and 90-day overall survival rates were 100 and 99.2%, respectively. The data strongly suggest that serum IgG concentration was not related to prevalence or severity of illness or to survival rate in this population of foals.
Study of the influence of veterinary medical education on the moral development of veterinary students
Authors: Self Donnie J. , Schrader Dawn E. , Baldwin DeWitt C. , Root Susan K. , Wolinsky Fredric D. , Shadduck John A. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Although veterinary medicine endorses high moral character and adherence to a code of ethics, to our knowledge, virtually no studies have examined the influence of veterinary medical education on the moral development of its students. Using the Kohlberg standard moral judgment interview, this study examined that relationship in a sample of 20 veterinary medical students (16.0% of the veterinary college's student body). The students were tested at the beginning and at the end of their veterinary medical education to determine whether their moral reasoning scores had increased to the same extent as those of other postgraduate students. It was found that normally expected increases in moral reasoning did not occur over the four years of veterinary medical education for these students, suggesting that their veterinary medical educational experience somehow inhibited their moral reasoning ability rather than facilitated it. With a range of moral reasoning scores between 313 and 436, the mean increase from first year to fourth year of 12.5 points was not statistically significant. Statistical analysis revealed no significant correlations between the moral reasoning scores on age or gender, although there were significant correlations with Medical College Admissions Test scores and grade point average scores.
Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial isolates from horses with pneumonia or pleuropneumonia and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the aerobes
Authors: Sweeney Corinne Raphel , Holcombe Susan J. , Barningham Stephen C. , Beech Jill 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Frequency of aerobic and anaerobic isolates in 327 aspirates and in 123 pleural fluid samples from 327 horses with pneumonia or pleuropneumonia and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the aerobes were reported. Of the 327 horses, 75% survived, 20% were euthanatized, and 5% died. Tracheobronchial aspirates or pleural fluid specimens from 25 of the horses did not yield growth. Of the remaining 302 horses, 221 had only aerobic organisms isolated, whereas only anaerobes were isolated from 6 of the 302 horses. The remaining 75 horses had mixed aerobic and anaerobic bacterial infections. The survival rates for horses with aerobic only isolates was twice that of horses with anaerobic isolates. The aerobic bacteria most frequently isolated were β-Streptococcus spp, Pasteurella spp, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacter spp. The anaerobic species most frequently isolated were Bacteroides spp and Clostridium spp.
Animal behavior and animal welfare
Authors: Houpt Katherine A. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
The value of behavioral techniques in assessing animal welfare, and in particular assessing the psychological well being of animals, is reviewed. Using cats and horses as examples, 3 behavioral methods are presented: (1) comparison of behavior patterns and time budgets; (2) choice tests; and (3) operant conditioning. The behaviors of intact and declawed cats were compared in order to determine if declawing led to behavioral problems or to a change in personality. Apparently it did not. The behavior of free ranging horses was compared with that of stabled horses. Using two-choice preference tests, the preference of horses for visual contact with other horses and the preference for bedding were determined. Horses show no significant preference for locations from which they can make visual contact with other horses, but they do prefer bedding, especially when lying down. Horses will perform an operant response in order to obtain light in a darkened barn or heat in an outside shed. These same techniques can be used to answer a variety of questions about an animal's motivation for a particular attribute of its environment.
Evaluation of peroral transendoscopic contact neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser and snare excision of subepiglottic cysts in horses
Authors: Tulleners Eric P. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Three basic techniques (and one modified technique) were developed, allowing successful excision of subepiglottic cysts in 10 horses (5 Standardbreds, 4 Thoroughbreds, and 1 Quarter Horse; mean age, 3.5 years) via peroral approach. This approach eliminated the need for laryngotomy or pharyngotomy and reduced postoperative care. None of the cysts redeveloped. Clinical signs of disease before surgery included respiratory noise, exercise intolerance, coughing, and dysphagia and were eliminated in all horses except one that raced successfully, but in which some respiratory noise was detected.
Peroral subepiglottic cyst excision was performed on anesthetized horses that were positioned in lateral recumbency and intubated via the nares and trachea. General anesthesia allowed careful intraoral palpation and endoscopic visualization of the oropharynx on a television monitor. Custom-designed instruments, including a guide tube, cyst snare, and long grasping forceps, facilitated either laser or snare, or laser and snare cyst excision. Hemorrhage was negligible in all horses. Initial attempts to develop a technique to submucosally excise subepiglottic cysts through a transnasal transendoscopic approach in conscious horses, using a contact neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser, were unsuccessful. In each of 3 horses, the cyst was inadvertently penetrated before it could be excised, causing it to collapse and disappear beneath the soft palate.
Postoperative complications were excessive subepiglottic swelling after laser excision (n = 1 horse), which resolved completely in response to anti-inflammatory treatment, and subepiglottic cicatrix formation after snare excision (n= 1 horse), which required surgical excision of the cicatrix.
Effect of tissue adhesives and suture patterns on experimentally induced teat lacerations in lactating dairy cattle
Authors: Makady F. M. , Whitmore H. L. , Nelson D. R. , Simon J. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
Tissue adhesives and suture materials were evaluated for repair of experimentally induced teat lacerations in 6 lactating dairy cows. Group-1 teat lacerations were not closed and served as nonsutured controls. Group-2 lacerations were closed in three layers (mucosa, submucosa, and skin) by use of 3-0 polydioxanone. Group-3 lacerations were closed by use of N-butyl cyanoacrylate monomer tissue adhesive. Group-4 lacerations were closed by use of a combination of sutures and tissue adhesive. All cows were milked by machine. Healing was observed for 28 days, then cows were slaughtered, and teats were recovered for further study. Evaluation revealed failure of healing of all layers with formation of large fistulas in 3 of 4 nonsutured control teats in group 1. All 6 teat lacerations in groups 2 and 3 healed satisfactorily with no fistulas. Five of 6 teats in group 4 had partial healing of skin and mucosa with no fistulas, and 1 teat failed to heal and developed a small fistula.
Data indicated that closure of experimentally induced teat lacerations with three layers of fine absorbable suture or closure with tissue adhesive alone gave good results and satisfactory healing of all layers. However, when sutures and tissue adhesive were used together, foreign body reaction was marked, and the skin and submucosa healed only partially. Sutures appeared to entrap the tissue adhesive, resulting in a foreign body reaction.
Method for transilial bone biopsy in baboons
Authors: Klein Hilton J. , Seedor Greg , Frankenfield Dale L. , Thompson David D. 
Published: December 2023

Summary
A surgical method for obtaining transilial bone biopsy specimens in baboons that provides adequate amounts of trabecular and cortical bone for histomorphometric analysis was developed. Biopsy specimens were removed from a site on the craniodorsal portion of the ilium by use of an 8-mm trephine.