bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peptides as drug candidates against Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Gozes Illana , Spier Avron D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAlzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia among people aged 65 and older. In fact, nearly 50% of all people aged 85 and older are thought to have AD. It is thus of high importance to develop therapies to combat the disease and alleviate the devastating outcome. The drugs currently available treat one of the disease symptoms, the decline in acetylcholine, by way of inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase pathway that leads to acetylcholine breakdown. However, this apparently slows the disease symptomology only for a limited time period. Here, neuropeptide/peptide involvement and potential therapy in AD will be approached at several different levels including (1) neuropeptides and AD; (2) amyloid precursor protein processing and toxic beta amyloid (A‐beta) accumulation; (3) peptide vaccination against toxic A‐beta aggregation; (4) peptides in the inhibition of tau phosphorylation and the formation of toxic neurofibrillary tangles; and most emphasis will be placed on (5) neuroprotective peptides, from vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) to activity‐dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP), NAP and activity‐dependent neuroprotective factor (ADNF). Previous studies facilitated the characterization of a lead peptide termed NAP (Asn‐Ala‐Pro‐Val‐Ser‐Ile‐Pro‐Gln, single letter code, NAPVSIPQ). Preclinical experiments show that NAP protects neurons against numerous toxins and cellular stresses including the AD neurotoxin, excitotoxicity, the toxic envelope protein of HIV, electrical blockade, oxidative stress, dopamine toxicity, decreased glutathione, and tumor necrosis factor‐associated toxicity. NAP also has neuroprotective activity in a variety of animal models including the learning‐deficient apolipoprotein E knockout mice (a model related to AD), mouse paradigms of traumatic head injury (risk factor for AD) and fetal alcohol syndrome (oxidative stress), and rat models of cholinotoxicity and stroke. NAP has a short structure, is active at unprecedented low concentrations (femtomolar), is water soluble, bioavailable, easily delivered via intranasal inhalation, and is unusually stable. No NAP toxicity has been observed to date. Thus, NAP is poised to be developed as a novel Alzheimer's disease therapeutic. Drug Dev. Res. 56:475–481 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Melatonin in aging and neurodegeneration
Authors: Savaskan Egemen 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMelatonin, a hormone secreted during darkness, plays a key role in various physiological responses including regulation of circadian rhythms, sleep homeostasis, retinal neuromodulation, and vasoactivity. Its neuroprotective properties, as well as regulatory effects on circadian disturbances, revalorize melatonin's benefits as a therapeutic substance in symptomatic treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD) with its complex neuropathological changes and clinical symptoms related to circadian rhythm alterations. This brief review summarizes the current state of melatonin research with emphasis on its neuroprotective role in neurodegeneration, particularly with regard to melatonin's putative effects in the disease process of AD. Drug Dev. Res. 56:482–490, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Children's coordination of force output in a pinch grip task
Authors: Deutsch Katherine M. , Newell Karl M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis study examined the role of sensorimotor system noise in the organization of the force output of the thumb and index finger and the coordination between the two digits in an isometric pinch grip force task as a function of age (6, 8, 10, 18–22 years), feedback condition (with and without visual feedback information), and force level (5, 15, 25, and 35% of maximal voluntary force. With increases in age under the visual feedback conditions, the signal%to%noise ratio increased, the sequential structure of the force output signals became more irregular, the degree of coherence between the digits at higher force levels was enhanced, and the digits exhibited a greater degree of coherence across the higher frequencies of the power spectrum at all force levels. However, these age differences were either minimized or eliminated under conditions without feedback. These findings show that the age‐related performance differences in grip force variability are primarily due to more effective use of visual information rather than age differences in intrinsic sensorimotor noise. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 41: 253–264, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10051
Getting permission: Exploring factors affecting permission marketing
Authors: Tezinde Tito , Smith Brett , Murphy Jamie 
Published: October 2002

Permission marketing suggests an evolution of direct marketing, particularly used with e-mail. It combines databases of customers who agree to receive marketing messages with low-cost, customized e-mails that attempt to slice through advertising clutter, attract increased customer support, and change behavior. This applied research examined implementing permission marketing, relevant literature, and permission marketing's effectiveness influencing consumer interest and behavior. A case study tested the propositions resulting from the literature review and evaluated responses to a permission marketing campaign that used traditional and new media. This study found that relevance—personalization, brand equity, and previous relationships—influenced response rates. This article adds to the growing body of research on permission marketing's role in marketing theory, as well as its applied effectiveness in the marketplace.
Surface passivation of epitaxial multilayer structures for InP‐based high‐speed devices by an ultrathin silicon layer
Authors: Xie Yong‐Gui , Takahashi Ken , Takahashi Hiroshi , Chao Jiang , Kasai Seiya , Hasegawa Hideki 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA novel method for surface passivation of epitaxial multilayer structures for InP‐based high‐speed devices by an ultrathin silicon interface control layer (Si ICL) is discussed. Theoretical design and optimization of the surface passivation structure with and without an InGaAs cap layer is performed by taking account of the strain effect and quantized states in the Si ICL. Then the formation process of a SiNx/Si ICL structure utilizing a novel partial‐nitridation technique is optimized. It is clarified that the InGaAs cap layer is important for Si ICL‐based surface passivation on the InP‐based materials. Planar metal‐insulator‐semiconductor (MIS) diodes are studied to characterize the insulator‐semiconductor (I‐S) interface fabricated on semi‐insulating InP substrates, also showing that the Si ICL method is useful for the surface passivation of InP‐based multilayer structures. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(10): 17–28, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10030
Do we really have to consider covariance matrices for image feature points?
Authors: Kanazawa Yasushi , Kanatani Kenichi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe first describe in a unified way how to compute the covariance matrix from the gray levels of the image. We then experimentally investigate whether or not the computed covariance matrix actually reflects the accuracy of the feature position by doing subpixel correction using variable template matching. We also test if the accuracy of the homography and the fundamental matrix can really be improved by optimization using the covariance matrix computed from the gray levels. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(1): 1–10, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10042
Measuring water sources pollution using intervention analysis in time series and log‐normal model (a case study on Tigris River)
Authors: Al‐Khalidi Abdul Sattar Rashid Salim 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis article presents two different techniques, to analyse the effects of water pollution sources on water quality in the presence of dependent noise structure. In this article we measure the pollution level in the water of Tigris River after passing through the Baghdad metropolitan area, where many sewages and industries dump their refuse into the river. The data analysis methodology depends on the presence of unusual observations and the validity of the underlying assumptions. First we developed an adaptation to the lognormal model, assuming that the measurements taken across the river are correlated. Secondly we assumed the data present a time series with intervention. The Box and Taio method is used to analyse the data. Results showed significant level of pollution in the river after passing through the specified region. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reducing and quantifying uncertainty for pollution estimates calculated by modelling replicated benthic count data
Authors: Rune Flåten Geir , Grung Bjørn , Kvalheim Olav M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe main contribution in this work is an improvement of a method for quantifying the level of pollution using benthic count data. The suggested improvement utilises the information found in replicated samples in order to obtain more precise estimates of the pollution.Simultaneously, the uncertainties of the pollution estimates are quantified. This is obtained by making pseudo samples by randomly permuting the counts of the species observed within a group of replicates. The pseudo samples are representative for the variation at the sampling site since the permutations are both species specific and restricted to replicates within the sampling site.The pollution is quantified by a modelling approach. Sediment samples are collected in an area surrounding a contamination source, e.g. an oilrig. The non‐polluted samples are used to build a linear model of the natural variation in the survey area. The remaining samples are projected onto the calculated model. Then, the distance from the projection to the sample gives an estimate of the pollution in the current sample. The last part of the work is devoted to investigate the robustness of the suggested improvements to pollution quantification from benthic count data. This is done by means of perturbations, and it appears that the modifications give both reliable and robust results. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismic response analysis of highway overcrossings including soil–structure interaction
Authors: Zhang Jian , Makris Nicos 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper presents a systematic procedure for the seismic response analysis of highway overcrossings. The study employs an elementary stick model and a more sophisticated finite element formulation to compute response quantities. All dynamic stiffnesses of approach embankments and pile groups are approximated with frequency‐independent springs and dashpots that have been established elsewhere. A real eigenvalue analysis confirms the one‐to‐one correspondence between modal characteristics obtained with the three‐dimensional finite element solutions and the result of the simpler stick‐model idealization. A complex eigenvalue analysis yields modal damping values in the first six modes of interest and shows that modal damping ratios assume values much higher than those used by Caltrans. The validity of the proposed method is examined by comparing the computed time response quantities with records from the Meloland Road and Painter Street overcrossings located in southern and northern California, respectively. The proposed procedure allows for inexpensive parametric analysis that examines the importance of considering soil–structure interaction at the end abutments and centre bent. Results and recommendations presented by past investigations are revisited and integrated in comprehensive tables that improve our understanding of the dynamic characteristics and behaviour of freeway overcrossings. The study concludes with a step‐by‐step methodology that allows for a simple, yet dependable dynamic analysis of freeway overcrossings, that involves a stick model and frequency‐independent springs and dashpots. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An optimal control approach to adaptivity in computational fluid mechanics
Authors: Becker R. , Heuveline V. , Rannacher R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe consider a typical design cycle in computational fluid mechanics: First, an output value such as the drag coefficient is computed. Then, this value is optimized by varying certain control parameters. Finally, the stability of the resulting optimized flow is analysed. For each of these tasks, we derive a posteriori error estimators within a uniform framework based on the optimal control approach described in Becker and Rannacher (Acta Numerica, Iserles A (ed.). CUP: Cambridge, 2001; 1). These estimators are used for adaptive mesh refinement in order to increase the accuracy upto a given tolerance. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Moving meshes, conservation laws and least squares equidistribution
Authors: Baines M. J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this paper a least squares measure of a residual is minimized to move an unstructured triangular mesh into an optimal position, both for the solution of steady systems of conservation laws and for functional approximation. The result minimizes a least squares measure of an equidistribution norm, which is a norm measuring the uniformity of a fluctuation monitor. The minimization is carried out using a steepest descent approach. Shocks are treated using a mesh with degenerate triangles. Results are shown for a steady‐scalar advection problem and two flows governed by the Euler equations of gasdynamics. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A variational approach to consistent single‐phase upscaling
Authors: Wakefield M. A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA consistent upscaling methodology is outlined, which bounds the stationary value of the original governing functional and highlights the source of errors that arise when an upscaled permeability field is substituted. The stationary value is identified as an important physical measure and the existence of bounds on this quantity enables confidence to be placed in upscaled predictions, including well productions, as opposed to empirical error estimates associated with conventional upscaling methods. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictions of segregation of granular material with the aid of PHYSICA, a 3‐D unstructured finite‐volume modelling framework
Authors: Christakis Nicholas , Patel Mayur K. , Cross Mark , Baxter John , Abou‐Chakra Hadi , Tüzün Ugur 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this paper a continuum model for the prediction of segregation in granular material is presented. The numerical framework, a 3‐D, unstructured grid, finite‐volume code is described, and the micro‐physical parametrizations, which are used to describe the processes and interactions at the microscopic level that lead to segregation, are analysed. Numerical simulations and comparisons with experimental data are then presented and conclusions are drawn on the capability of the model to accurately simulate the behaviour of granular matter during flow. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical evaluation of two discontinuous Galerkin methods for the compressible Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Bassi F. , Rebay S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper presents a critical comparison between two recently proposed discontinuous Galerkin methods for the space discretization of the viscous terms of the compressible Navier–Stokes equations. The robustness and accuracy of the two methods has been numerically evaluated by considering simple but well documented classical two‐dimensional test cases, including the flow around the NACA0012 airfoil, the flow along a flat plate and the flow through a turbine nozzle. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Principal components analysis for correlated curves and seasonal commodities: The case of the petroleum market
Authors: Tolmasky Carlos , Hindanov Dmitry 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis article presents a family of term structure models that can be applied to value contingent claims in
multicommodity and seasonal markets. We apply the framework to the futures contracts on crude and heating oils
trading on NYMEX. We show how to deal with the problem of having to value products depending on the
“whole” market, such as spread options on contracts on a single commodity maturing at different
times (time‐spreads) or spread options on the added value of the products derived from the raw
commodity (crack spreads). Also, we show how to build term structure models for a commodity that
experiences seasonality, such as heating oil. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark
22:1019–1035, 2002
Mineralogical approaches to sourcing pipes and figurines from the eastern woodlands, U.S.A.
Authors: Wisseman Sarah U. , Moore Duane M. , Hughes Randall E. , Hynes Mary R. , Emerson Thomas E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractProvenance studies of stone artifacts often rely heavily upon chemical techniques such as neutron activation analysis. However, stone specimens with very similar chemical composition can have different mineralogies (distinctive crystalline structures as well as variations within the same mineral) that are not revealed by multielemental techniques. Because mineralogical techniques are often cheap and usually nondestructive, beginning with mineralogy allows the researcher to gain valuable information and then to be selective about how many samples are submitted for expensive and somewhat destructive chemical analysis, thus conserving both valuable samples and funds. Our University of Illinois team of archaeologists and geologists employs Portable Infrared Mineral Analyzer (PIMA) spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and Sequential acid dissolution/XRD/Inductively coupled plasma (SAD‐XRD‐ICP) analyses. Two case studies of Hopewellian pipes and Mississippian figurines illustrate this mineralogical approach. The results for both studies identify sources relatively close to the sites where the artifacts were recovered: Sterling, Illinois (rather than Ohio) for the (Hopewell) pipes and Missouri (rather than Arkansas or Oklahoma) for the Cahokia figurines. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Müller cells in allogeneic adult rabbit retinal transplants
Authors: Ghosh Fredrik , Wassélius Johan 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMüller cell morphology and degree of activation in adult retinal transplants have, to our knowledge, never been reported previously. We transplanted adult rabbit neuroretinal full‐thickness sheets, prepared under strict control, to the subretinal space of adult rabbits. After surviving 6–174 days, eyes were examined in the light microscope, and grafts displaying the normal laminated morphology were labeled with antibodies against vimentin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Müller cells in the grafts displayed the normal vertical arrangement, from outer limiting membrane to vitread endfeet. They showed an initial degree of activation, evident by GFAP upregulation, which diminished with increasing survival times, and was absent in the oldest specimens. In the host retina, Müller cells in the transplant area became progressively more disorganized with increasing survival times, and their degree of activation increased. Our results suggests that adult full‐thickness neuroretinal grafts are structurally stable, even in long‐term specimens, and thrive in spite of their allogeneic environment. The gliotic change seen in the host retina covering the graft is identical to the one seen in earlier reported eyes receiving embryonic grafts, and is due to the merangiotic nature of the rabbit neuroretina. GLIA 40:78–84, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
p16ink4a and retinoic acid modulate rhoA and GFAP expression during induction of a stellate phenotype in U343 MG‐A astrocytoma cells
Authors: Langlois Agnes , Lee Sangpyung , Kim Dong Seok , Dirks Peter B. , Rutka James T. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe previously showed that the expression of p16ink4a (p16), in conjunction with retinoic acid (RA) treatment in the p16‐deficient astrocytoma cell line, U343 MG‐A, induced a potent cell cycle arrest in G1 associated with changes in morphology. In this study, we investigated the effects of p16 expression and RA treatment on the expression and distribution of actin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and vimentin within the U343 MG‐A astrocytoma cytoskeleton. Changes in expression and location of the small GTPase, rhoA, were also examined after p16 expression and RA treatment. We showed that p16 expression and RA treatment led to an increase in the expression of GFAP, as well as its reorganization but that it did not significantly affect actin or vimentin expression. p16 induction in combination with RA treatment resulted in a decreased expression and activation of rhoA as determined by immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis of soluble and insoluble fractions of cell lysates. Endogenous levels of rhoA expression varied among samples in a panel of astrocytoma cell lines as determined by Western blot analysis. Introduction of a dominant active rhoA mutant into p16‐induced, RA‐treated U343 MG‐A astrocytoma cells was associated with the loss of long astrocytic processes and stellate morphology. These data are among the first to report the pattern of rhoA expression in human astrocytoma cell lines. They furthermore suggest that the stellate cell phenotype observed in U343 MG‐A astrocytoma cells after cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) induction and RA treatment is accompanied by an inhibition and inactivation of rhoA in this cell system. GLIA 40:85–94, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Older criminals: a descriptive study of psychiatrically examined offenders in Sweden
Authors: Fazel Seena , Grann Martin 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveWe retrospectively examined psychiatric diagnoses of older offenders referred by court for psychiatric assessment in Sweden, and compared them with younger offenders.MethodIn Sweden, structured court‐ordered forensic psychiatric evaluations are undertaken by a forensic psychiatric team. Data on age, sex, citizenship, psychiatric diagnoses, offences, and legal insanity declarations were obtained for the years 1988–2000 (n=7297).ResultsThere were 210 forensic psychiatric evaluations in those aged 60 and over. 7% had a diagnosis of dementia, 32% psychotic illness, 8% depressive or anxiety disorder, 15% substance abuse or dependence, and 20% personality disorder. Older offenders were significantly less likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia or a personality disorder, and more likely to have dementia or an affective psychosis compared to younger ones. Logistic regression analyses suggested that of the studied factors, the ones most typical of older offenders were a diagnosis of dementia and being charged with a sexual offence.ConclusionThere appear to be important differences in psychiatric morbidity between older offenders and younger ones who come into contact with forensic psychiatric services. This research may assist in the planning of forensic and therapeutic services for the increasing number of older adults passing through the criminal justice system. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.