bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of age-dependent bone marrow normocellularity
Authors: Wong Jerry , Jackson Ryan , Chen Lu , Song Joo , Pillai Raju , Afkhami Michelle , Danilova Olga , Aoun Patricia , Gaal Karl K , Kim Young 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Objectives
Determination of bone marrow cellularity is a key part of bone marrow examination because it provides a small window into a patient’s current state of hematopoietic well-being. Traditionally, bone marrow cellularity is estimated semiquantitatively through microscopic examination of core biopsy specimens harvested from the iliac crest of the pelvic bone. Bone marrow cellularity is then designated as hypercellular, normocellular, or hypocellular based on the patient’s age. This assessment can have significant clinical impact, but the variation in the age-adjusted normocellularity range is not sufficiently characterized because of a lack of study data, especially in older patients (those older than 70 years of age). This study further established the normal range of bone marrow cellularity, particularly in older adults.

Methods
In this study, 570 benign staging and healthy donor bone marrows from patients 1 year to 93 years of age were analyzed for cellularity.

Results
Linear regression modeling demonstrates that cellularity in adults declines approximately 3% per decade, including after the seventh decade of life. The 90% reference interval for normocellularity in United States is 30% to 75% for those aged 18 to 90 years.

Conclusions
The findings revealed a more stable and slower rate of decline in cellularity with age in adults than the widely used linear model of “100% minus the patient age in decades.” Normocellularity is better modeled based on age group. In those younger than 20 years of age, normocellularity ranges from 45% to 85% (mean [SD], 65% [20%]), as defined by Friebert et al in 1998. Based on our study finding of a little less than 3% decline per decade of age, the following is our recommendation for normocellularity range: For individuals 20 to 40 years of age, it ranges from 40% to 70% (mean [SD], 55% [15%]); for individuals 40 to 60 years of age, it ranges from 35% to 65% (mean [SD], 50% [15%]); and for individuals older than 60 years of age, it ranges from 30% to 60% (mean [SD], 45% [15%]). Interestingly, those older than 70 years of age do not show a significant decrease from those aged 60 to 69 years.
Resolving a puzzle about the fixity of the past
Authors: Geddes Alexander 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In his 2022 article ‘A puzzle about the fixity of the past’, Lampert argues that standard views concerning knowledge and the semantics of ‘actually’ conflict with a widely held principle concerning the fixity of the past. I show that his attempt to establish the conflict fails, as it rests on the implicit assumption that a past mental state or utterance involving a modal indexical must have the same content across worlds with a shared past, when in fact it must, given its character, differ in content.
Recognizing patients as candidates for temporary mechanical circulatory support along the spectrum of cardiogenic shock
Authors: Montisci Andrea , Panoulas Vasileios , Chieffo Alaide , Skurk Carsten , Schäfer Andreas , Werner Nikos , Baldetti Luca , D’Ettore Nicoletta , Pappalardo Federico 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that the benefits of temporary mechanical circulatory support (tMCS) in patients with cardiogenic shock (CS) is dependent on its aetiology and timing of implantation. As such, appropriate diagnosis, screening, selection, and treatment is crucial to achieving good outcomes with tMCS. Here, the latest guidance on CS phenotypes and diagnostics for correctly identifying tMCS candidates is discussed. This includes comprehensive overviews of patient screening with attention given to differences in CS presentation between the sexes, and contraindications for mechanical circulatory support.
Glimpse into the future
Authors: Moller Jacob Eifer , Mangner Norman , Pappalardo Federico , Thiele Holger 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Randomized studies attempting to prove benefit of mechanical circulatory support in cardiogenic shock have failed to reduce the risk of death. Further, both registry and randomized data suggest increased rates of serious complications associated with these devices. This last review in the supplement discusses current evidence and provides a perspective on how the scientific community could advance cardiogenic shock research focused on mechanical circulatory support.
Opinions on Remote and in-Person Breast Imaging Work: Survey Results from the Society of Breast Imaging
Authors: Zhang Zi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Objective
The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic accelerated trends in remote radiology work. We evaluated the opinions of Society of Breast Imaging (SBI) members regarding remote and in-person breast imaging work.

Methods
An institutional review board–exempt anonymous survey was distributed to SBI members. Survey questions included demographics and opinions on remote and in-person work.

Results
The response rate was 12% (307/2561). Overall, 79% of respondents preferred hybrid work, 16% preferred in-person work, and 5% preferred fully remote work. Only 34% of respondents had remote work in current practice. Screening mammograms (97%) and breast MRI (92%) were deemed most suitable for remote work. Most respondents believed barriers for remote work were inability to perform US (80%) and high monitor price (78%). Seventy-six percent of respondents believed remote work improves work-life balance and reduces burnout. Work model preferences were significantly associated with gender (P = .048) and perceived work-related impacts (P &lt;.001). Women were more likely to prefer hybrid work than men (82% vs 73%). Compared to those who preferred in-person work, respondents who preferred hybrid work were more likely to believe remote work improves efficiency (89% vs 3%) and reduces burnout (88% vs 6%) while not negatively affecting career growth (88% vs 3%) or communication (87% vs 4%).

Conclusion
Hybrid work is the preferred model among SBI survey respondents. However, a minority have the option for remote work in current practice. Perceived benefits of remote work are efficiency and reduced burnout among breast imaging radiologists while not negatively affecting career growth or communication.
Hail netting excludes key insect pests and protects from fruit damage in a commercial Minnesota apple orchard
Authors: Nelson Sally G A , Klodd Annie E , Hutchison William D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Exclusion netting in some European and North American apple (Malus domestica Borkhausen, Rosaceae, Rosales) orchards has been documented to be an effective method of control for multiple insect pest species. By minimizing reliance on insecticides, these orchards have reduced costs, risks to the environment and non-target species, and reduced the risk of insecticide resistance. This study examined the use of commercially available hail netting (DrapeNet®; Prosser, WA) as a pest exclusion strategy under conditions in Minnesota, USA. In 2021 and 2022, we assessed the efficacy of hail netting as a tool for pest suppression in orchards by monitoring pest species in netted and open plots crossed with and without insecticide applications. Our findings show that both of the major pest species in Minnesota, the codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.; Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and the apple maggot (Rhagoletis pomonella Walsh; Diptera: Tephritidae), were significantly reduced inside the netting compared to open plots by 94% and 96%, respectively. For a secondary pest, the red-banded leafroller (Argyrotaenia velutinana Walker; Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), moth populations were reduced by 56%. We also found that insecticide application alone did not significantly reduce pest pressure in these species. Additionally, we investigated the subsequent effects of hail netting on fruit quality and yield. The use of hail netting and insecticide application resulted in significantly higher proportions of high-quality fruit at harvest. However, netting did not significantly influence yield. These findings suggest that hail netting can be used to control Midwest apple insect pests with limited insecticide applications while maintaining high fruit quality.
Direct assessment of nutritional status
Authors: Jelliffe Derrick B , Jelliffe E F Patrice , Zerfas Alfred , Neumann Charlotte G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The term ‘direct assessment’ refers to methods in which individuals or communities are investigated directly. Theoretically, this can include a sequence of examinations ranging from tests for biochemical changes to visible or palpable anatomical abnormalities in the form of clinical signs, and/or anthropometric or biophysical changes (Table 2.1). However, some tests may not be available to detect abnormalities, or, if available, may not be feasible because of lack of funds or of laboratories and facilities such as refrigeration, via an effective ‘cold chain’, and transport (p. 31). Also, the interpretation of normal limits of, say, biochemical tests is often far less clear than previously considered in relation to lesser abnormalities and to ‘functional significance’ (p. 124), biological variation, age, and the particular laboratory method employed. In addition, differentiation has to be made to reflect recent food intake and chronic depletion (p. 443). Thus, the neat and orderly systematic progressions (from diet to body levels to clinical abnormalities) often presented are useful only as theoretical guides (Table 2.2).
Chronic Fatigue and its Syndromes
Authors: Wessely Professor Simon , Hotopf Dr Matthew , Sharpe Dr Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (also known as M.E) is an illness characterized by the symptom of chronic and severe fatigue, in the absence of an alternative medical condition. It has been the subject of intense media debate over recent years. Such interest has been partially due to the polarization of professional and scientific opinion concerning the topic - what is it, and what causes it? Chonic Fatigue and its syndromes presents an objective and comprehensive review of the problem of chronic fatigue, mixing medical, psychological, social, and historical perspectives. It begins by considering the nature of fatigue, and its physical and psychological origins. The book then introduces the subject of CFS, tracing its historical origins, before considering the epidemiology, and the various aetiological theories for modern forms of the condition - viral, immunological, psychologica, psychiatric, and neurological. The book concludes with a clinical section that gives a step by step guide to the assessment and treatment of CFS. Throughout, the authors argue that chronic fatigue and its various syndromes cannot easily be pigeonholed into either physical or psychological categories, and that the ambiguous nature of the illness actually provides us with a valuable chance to explore contemporary attitutes to sickness and health, one not offered by better defined or classified disorders.
Coping with the news
Authors: Baron-Cohen Simon , Bolton Patrick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To discover your child suffers from a condition that results in some form of lifelong disability is, naturally, a tremendous blow. When parents finally realize that their child has autism, that it is not ‘just a difficult phase he’s going through’, when they realize that in a sense they have ‘lost’ the child they thought they were going to have, they often feel overwhelmed by a wide range of emotions: sometimes despair and depression, coupled with anxiety about their child’s future. At other times a cloak of guilt envelops them, at the thought of being in some way responsible for their child’s condition. At yet other times, the emotion that takes over is a pervasive sense of shame or embarrassment, due to the imagined thoughts of others-’they’ve failed as parents’-which is of course untrue. All of these emotions are understandable reactions to the stresses and disappointments induced by the child’s developmental problems.
Medical treatments
Authors: Baron-Cohen Simon , Bolton Patrick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
With the realization that biological factors are of fundamental importance in causing autism, the search for drug treatments has gained ground. As yet, there is no drug which clearly leads to improvements in the basic symptoms of autism. As with psychological treatments, it is important, therefore, to be cautious in accepting claims to the contrary. This does not mean, however, that drugs are of no use in treating certain aspects of autism. A number of drugs have been tried as treatments, and the evidence for their effectiveness is briefly outlined below. Fenfluramine is a drug that reduces the blood level of serotonin. Serotonin is a natural chemical that has been found to be high in about a third of children with autism. When fenfluramine was first used in the United States there was great excitement, with claims that it was a ‘wonder drug’ for autism. Since then, it has been recognized that these early claims were wildly optimistic. It now seems more likely that fenfluramine has few if any clearly beneficial effects. The change in opinion occurred following ‘blind’ t;ials (in which doctors evaluate the child’s behaviour without knowing which medication the child is on). Although fenfluramine has not been found to produce unwanted side-effects in people, there is evidence to suggest that it can damage the nervous system in animals. At present, therefore, this must be considered an experimental treatment that should only be embarked upon under specialist medical supervision in recognized centres.
Introduction
Authors: Hopkins Anthony , Appleton Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There are all sorts of problems about epilepsy, which we hope this small book will do something to dispel. Epilepsy is the name given to recurrent ‘seizures’ (also known as ‘fits’, or ‘attacks’), of which the fairly well-known grand mal convulsions are only one type. A whole variety of brain disorders can cause epilepsy, which should perhaps be considered no more than a stereotyped reaction of the brain to a variety of stresses. It is not generally known that, in spite of the most modern methods of investigation, an underlying cause can only be identified with certainty in about one third of people with epilepsy. The good news that has emerged from research studies over the last twenty years is that the long-term outlook for the cessation of seizures is very much better than was previously considered to be the case, as earlier research referred only to people with epilepsy whose seizures were the most difficult to control.
Convulsions associated with fever
Authors: Hopkins Anthony , Appleton Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A convulsion which occurs in association with any illness, usually an infection, which causes a rise in temperature (fever) is known as a febrile convulsion. Febrile convulsions are not a type of epilepsy. In the past it was thought that febrile convulsions could lead to epilepsy but this is now generally believed only rarely to be the case. There are at least three subgroups of febrile convulsions: The first and largest subgroup is made up of children who have seizures in response to fever as a result of an individual susceptibility that is usually inherited. These children develop normally and have normal EEGs and normal brain scans. This is the group which constitutes ‘true’ febrile convulsions and will be discussed in detail in this chapter.
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Authors: Skinner David V , Vincent Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The second edition of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation has been updated throughout, and continues to provide an up-to-date and concise guide to the management of common cardiac emergencies including, in particular, the management of a full cardiorespiratory arrest. As well as dealing with cardiac arrest associated with ischaemic heart disease, details are also given of the management of cardiac arrest from less common causes, including asthma, pulmonary embolism, anaphylaxis, and drug overdose. This edition also includes new recommendations for the management of peri-arrest rhythms. The chapter on paediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation, written by Dr David Zideman has been fully updated in line with the most recent paediatric guidelines following the European Resuscitation Council and Advanced Paediatric Life Support recommendations. The organization of a resuscitation team, the practical management of acute myocardial infarction, and the use of various thrombolytic agents are all discussed. This book will be particularly useful to doctors and nurses working in Accident or Emergency or general medicine, and to paramedics.
Management of cardiac arrest
Authors: Skinner David V , Vincent Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The diagnosis of cardiac arrest is a clinical one, and is confirmed if the patient is both unconscious and pulseless. The absence of a major (i.e. carotid or femoral) pulse in a patient who fails to respond to gentle shaking and a loud voice is the key finding. Other clinical ‘features‘ of cardiac arrest are unreliable, and to look for them wastes precious time. Thus, ineffectual gasping respirations may persist for several minutes after cardiac arrest, and pupil size and the presence of cyanosis or pallor are also unreliable and unnecessary as a guide to the diagnosis of an arrest (although a note at the outset may be helpful for later comparison).
The King of Naples and Other Silent Witnesses
Authors: Greaves Mel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In some respects, cancer sits alongside heart attacks, strokes, obesity, neurodegenerative disease of older age, and AIDS as a very twentieth century disease, an integral part of our culture. As were, in our not too distant past, bubonic plague, syphilis, and tuberculosis. But is it a new affliction? Call the King of Naples.
And then you set fire to it?
Authors: Greaves Mel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What's the greatest thing we have ever invented, our best trick: planting corn, aeroplanes, Guinness? How about making a fire? Darwin gave this talent primacy over all but language acquisition as a crucial Innovation in the development of humankind. The domesticated management of fire is a unique and universal human attribute. Fires are of course very much part of the natural world and have existed on the planet Earth as long as there has been combustible organics and, volcanically speaking, even before that. How man came to conquer such a magic and fearful element is the stuff of legends. Prometheus, the 'Bringer of Fire' in Ancient Greek mythology, stole it from Zeus and, for his pains, was chained to a rock whilst vultures nibbled daily at his liver.
Women’S Troubles
Authors: Greaves Mel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Sex was invented not, as the poet Philip Larkin mused, in 1963, but a very long time ago. The first conjugal union between two different members of a unicellular species was a chance coupling some 3000 million years ago. They fused, shared, and shifted their genes and the world became a different place. When I sat the undergraduate entrance exams for the Zoology Department at University College London in the early 1960s, a question posed by John Maynard Smith, one of the UK’s leading evolutionary biologists, was: ‘Is sex necessary?’ It had never occurred to me that this could be an issue. The answer goes along the lines that sexual reproduction is really about mixing and shuffling of parental genes. This serves to both create extra genetic diversity in offspring and ensure that not all offspring inherit any deleterious mutations lurking in the germ line. The pay-off of this genetic versatility is better survival prospects (for at least some offspring). Survival in a forever changing, hostile, and parasite-ridden world is the gist of what many biologists believe the invention of sex was really all about, although the argument is richer and more complex than this.
Cancer À Deux
Authors: Greaves Mel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Over 150 years ago, the French coined the phrase ‘cancer à deux’ to descri e the duaccurrence of cancers of the female cervix and male pemsm a cohab1tmg couple, more often than not husband and wife. How common this was we cannot be sure but it prompted the idea that the cancer might be contagious. It now seems that they were not far off the mark.
Travelling Light
Authors: Greaves Mel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Each of us is enveloped in a natural coat of skin some one millimetre thick. This layer is continually sloughed off as surely, if less conspicuously, than a snake’s and provides a near impermeable barrier of dead and dying cells between our bodies and the outside world. But there is much more to skin than keeping everything in the sausage. It’s a complex multifunctional tissue. We have evolved skin for a number of important adaptive reasons - as a barrier to chemical toxins, as a sensory organ, as a social signalling device, and as a heat exchanger.
Cardiac Anaesthesia
Authors: Hwang Dr Nian Chih , Sinclair Dr Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cardiac Anaesthesia: A Practical Approach is the first concise reference text to cover all aspects of cardiac anaesthesia. Aimed at trainee anaesthetists and cardiac anaesthetic nurses, the book presents clear and concise guidelines enabling the medical practitioner with little or no cardiac experience to develop and practise the required skills. For convenience the book has been divided into three main sections: Anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology Anaesthesia for adults Anaesthesia for children For both adults and children, the book explains how to prepare the patient for cardiac surgery, presents instructions on anaesthesia for different types of cardiac surgery, and provides information on postoperative care. Cardiac Anaesthesia: a practical handbook will be an essential guide for anaesthetists in training, and nurses involved in the care of cardiac patients.
Guidelines for valve surgery
Authors: Hwang Dr Nian Chih , Sinclair Dr Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The aetiology of mitral stenosis is usually rheumatic heart disease, whereas the aetiologies for mitral regurgitation are rheumatic heart disease, mitral valve prolapse, papillary muscle dysfunction, and ruptured chordae. Mixed mitral stenotic and regurgitant disease follow rheumatic heart disease. Stenosis of the aortic valve may be a sequela of rheumatic heart disease or a result of calcification or degeneration of a congenitally bicuspid aortic valve or a previously normal valve. Aortic regurgitation may occur secondary to rheumatic or non-rheumatic valvular diseases, or in association with aortic root dilatation. Non-rheumatic causes include infective endocarditis, trauma, and connective tissue disorders such as Marfan’s syndrome or cystic medial necrosis of the aortic valve. Aortic dissection from trauma, hypertension, or chronic degenerative processes can result in dilatation of the root and secondary functional incompetence. Mixed aortic stenotic and regurgitant disease follow rheumatic heart disease.