bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of viewing geometry and topography on viewable gap fractions through forest canopies
Authors: Liu Jicheng , Melloh Rae A. , Woodcock Curtis E. , Davis Robert E. , Ochs Elke S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe fraction of the surface under forest canopies that is visible from above, or the viewable gap fraction (VGF), influences a number of significant physical processes, such as the longwave radiation budget of the surface and the magnitude of diffuse irradiance. In addition, it has significant implications for the remote sensing of the surface. The VGF is dependent on canopy structure, topography and viewing geometry. Although it is difficult to map VGF using current operational remote sensing systems, it is possible to estimate VGF using models based on the three‐dimensional structure of forest canopies.Results from hemispheric photographs taken in the field at Fraser Experimental Forest, Colorado, and a geometric optical (GO) model show a trend of rapid decrease in VGF as the view zenith angles diverges from nadir. Whereas there is general agreement between model estimates and the hemispheric photographs, the hemispheric photographs generally show higher VGF values for all view zenith angles. In particular, the higher values for VGF are apparent at high view zenith angles. Use of a more complicated GO radiative transfer model would add the effect of within‐crown gaps to those modelled by the GO model and will be used in future studies.VGF maps estimated using the GO model for the Fool Creek intensive study area show a significant decrease in VGF when view zenith angle is increased from 0° (nadir) to 30° viewing from the east. To produce VGF maps in mountain areas, the effect of topography must be taken into account, as changes in slope angle and azimuth are similar to changes in the view zenith angle. Hence, topography can serve either to accentuate or to minimize view zenith angle effects, depending on the slope orientation relative to the viewing position. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating Alter‐shielded gauge snowfall undercatch, snowpack sublimation, and blowing snow transport at six sites in the coterminous USA
Authors: Fassnacht S. R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractComputing the monthly and winter water balance for cold regions can be difficult due to data scarcity. Historically, the spatial resolution, temporal resolution, and the number of variables measured have been limited. Currently, these data are once again becoming limited. To estimate the net snowpack accumulation, measured precipitation must be adjusted to consider precipitation underestimation due to gauge undercatch, the snow lost to sublimation, and blowing snow transport. Using existing formulations, hourly meteorological data were used to estimate snowpack sublimation and blowing snow transport losses for three winters at six National Weather Service (NWS) automated surface observation stations across the coterminous USA. Wind‐induced undercatch was estimated from daily data for the collocated NWS Alter‐shielded gauges. For the average wind speed sites (the average wind speed was from 2·4 to 4·3 m s−1), 70% of the snow that fell was caught, whereas at the low wind site (1·3 m s−1), 90% was caught and only 46% was caught at the high wind site (5·6 m s−1). Average snowpack sublimation ranged from 7 mm per month at either low wind or low precipitation sites to over 20 mm per month at average wind sites with either average precipitation and low humidity or high precipitation and moderate humidity. Blowing snow transport was only important at higher wind sites (>4 m s−1). A distinct relationship was not obvious for average monthly meteorology for undercatch versus snowpack sublimation plus blowing snow losses. Seasonally, they are approximately equal for more snowy and wet environments. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frequency and significance of schistocytes in TTP/HUS patients at the discontinuation of plasma exchange therapy
Authors: Egan Jennifer A. , Hay Shauna N. , Brecher Mark E. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIntroduction: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura/hemolytic uremic syndrome (TTP/HUS) is characterized by thrombocytopenia, a microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (presence of schistocytes) and elevated LDH without another likely explanation. Standard of care is daily plasma exchange, which is typically discontinued when the platelet count exceeds 100–150 × 109/L for 2 days. However, residual schistocytosis, the presence of schistocytes at the time of discontinuation of plasma exchange therapy, is often disconcerting. We evaluated the frequency and significance of residual schistocytosis in TTP/HUS patients when the patients' platelet counts returned to normal levels (e.g., 100−150 × 109/L). Methods: Retrospective review in our institution from 01/1999‐03/2004 of all patients treated with plasma exchange for TTP/HUS with at least 2 months of follow‐up for relapse was completed. Patients were excluded if the clinical course was complicated by HIV, stem cell/bone marrow and solid organ transplant, pregnancy and auto‐immune disease. Schistocytes were documented on day of presentation and on the day the platelet count reached 150 × 109/L. Grading scale (using 100 × objective‐a high power field, with approximately 100 red blood cells per field) for schistocytes was as follows: rare for 1 schistocyte per every other other field, 1+ for 1–5%, 2+ for 6–15%, and 3+ for >15%. The frequency of schistocytes was compared to frequency of relapse within 2 months, using Fisher's exact test. Results: We identified 57 patients with TTP/HUS who received plasma exchange therapy. Of these patients, 12 did not have a follow‐up microscopic examination of a peripheral blood smear at discontinuation of plasma exchange therapy and were excluded from further analysis. Of the remaining 45 patients, 16 had residual schistocytosis (35.6%). There was no statistically significant difference in relapse rate with or without residual schistocytosis (P = 1.00, Fisher's Exact test, 2 sided). Conclusions: In this study, we found that the presence of residual schistocytosis is common (35.6%). The presence of residual schistocytosis, however, was not predictive of relapse. J. Clin. Apheresis 19:165–167, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigation of solvable (120, 35, 10) difference sets
Authors: Becker Paul E. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAbelian difference sets with parameters (120, 35, 10) were ruled out by Turyn in 1965. Turyn's techniques do not apply to nonabelian groups. We attempt to determine the existence of (120, 35, 10) difference sets in the 44 nonabelian groups of order 120. We prove that if a solvable group admits a (120, 35, 10) difference set, then it admits a quotient group isomorphic to the cyclic group of order 24 or to U24 ≅ 〈x,y : x8 = y3 = 1, xyx−1 = y−1〉. We describe a computer search, which rules out solutions with a ℤ24 quotient. The existence question remains undecided in the three solvable groups admitting a U24 quotient. The question also remains undecided for the three nonsolvable groups of order 120. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of Domain Size on Toughness of Poly(styrene‐block‐butadiene) Star Block Copolymer/Polystyrene Blends
Authors: Lach Ralf , Weidisch Roland , Janke Andreas , Knoll Konrad 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSummary:The toughness of poly(styrene‐block‐butadiene) star block copolymer/polystyrene (PS) blends have been investigated using the essential‐work‐of‐fracture approach. The blends show a co‐continuous or layer‐like structure of polystyrene‐rich and polybutadiene‐rich domains arising from the used extrusion process. A tough‐to‐brittle transition at a critical domain size of polystyrene‐rich domains of about 50 nm and a maximum in the non‐essential work of fracture at 20–30% PS (co‐continuous morphology) have been found.Non‐essential work of fracture as a function of the mean thickness of polystyrene‐rich domains, demonstrating a tough‐to‐brittle transition at a critical domain thickness about 50 nm. AFM micrograph of a star block copolymer/PS‐blend containing 40% PS.imageNon‐essential work of fracture as a function of the mean thickness of polystyrene‐rich domains, demonstrating a tough‐to‐brittle transition at a critical domain thickness about 50 nm. AFM micrograph of a star block copolymer/PS‐blend containing 40% PS.
Complete 1H and 13C NMR assignments of four new steroidal glycosides from a gorgonian coral Junceella juncea
Authors: Qi Shuhua , Zhang Si , Huang Jianshe , Xiao Zhihui , Wu Jun , Li Qingxin 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFour new cholest‐type steroidal glycosides, junceellosides A–D, isolated from the EtOH/CH2Cl2 extracts of the South China Sea gorgonian coral Junceella juncea, were identified. Complete assignments of the 1H and 13C NMR chemical shifts for these compounds were achieved by means of one‐ and two‐dimensional NMR techniques, including 1H–1H COSY, HSQC, HMBC and NOESY spectra. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient Solution of the Compressible Euler Equations for Low Mach Numbers
Authors: Bramkamp Frank , Ray Saurya , Ballmann Josef 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis paper investigates the benefits of local preconditioning for the compressible Euler equations to predict nearly incompressible fluid flow. The AUSMDV(P) upwind method by Edwards and Liou is employed to maintain the spatial accuracy of the method for low Mach numbers. The results indicate excellent solution quality and fast convergence to steady state for compressible as well as nearly incompressible fluid flow. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Numerische Analyse von Prozessinhomogenitäten bei der Hochdruckbehandlung von Lebensmitteln
Authors: Kitsubun Panit , Hartmann Christoph , Delgado Antonio 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDie durch Temperaturunterschiede induzierten Prozessheterogenitäten bei der Hochdruckbehandlung von Lebensmitteln werden sowohl experimentell als auch numerisch untersucht. Hierbei werden Prozesse bei bis zu 500 MPa während einer 20‐minütigen Hochdruckbehandlung in einem 3‐Liter‐Hochdruckautoklaven betrachtet. Als Maß für die Heterogenitäten der Prozesse dient u. a. die Temperaturverteilung aber auch die Verteilung der Aktivität des Enzyms Bacillus Subtilis α‐Amylase (BSA) im Autoklaven. Eine für den Hochdruckbereich geeignete Zustandsgleichung und die druck‐ und temperaturabhängigen Materialeigenschaften für das Druckmedium sind in die Berechnungsverfahren implementiert, die mittels der Finite‐Volume‐Methode durchgeführt werden. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A multigrid discrete‐ordinates solution for isotropic transport equation
Authors: Seaïd Mohammed 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe propose a robust multigrid solver for the isotropic transport equation in three space dimensions. Discrete‐ordinates and Galerkin method are used for angle and space discretizations, respectively. The fully discrete problem is formulated as a compact linear system of algebraic equations with a dense iterate matrix. Using a hierarchy of nested meshes our multigrid algorithm employes the Atkinson‐Brakhage approximate inverse as a smoother while a Krylov subspace method is used to solve the coarse problem. Numerical results and comparisons are shown for a transport problem with thermal source. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Simulation of Wooden Particle Drying
Authors: Vortmann Claas 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWith regard to future calculations of the combustion inside a packed bed of wooden particles, the drying process of a single wet particle is simulated in the present study. Essentially, conservation equations in spherical coordinates are solved by a finite volume approach for the interior of the single wooden particle. It is shown that a thin transition zone between the wet and the dry area exists during evaporation. The fundamental reasons are pointed out. Furthermore, the high velocity values in the transition zone are explained physically. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Hybrid Particle Level Set Method for Two‐Phase Flow
Authors: Gaudlitz Daniel , Adams Nikolaus A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe hybrid particle level set method developed by Enright et al. (2002) combines the high precision of Lagrangian front tracking techniques with the smooth and simple reconstruction of interfaces provided by Eulerian level set methods. In this paper we consider the rotation of a rigid body of complex geometry and compare the achieved accuracy of both the original level set approach and the hybrid particle level set method. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Clifford analysis and the Navier‐Stokes equations over unbounded domains
Authors: Kähler Uwe 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe describe a finite difference scheme based on a discrete function theory for the Navier‐Stokes equations over unbounded domains which has only low regularity demands on the solution for convergence. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Elastic buckling of an axially compressed open circular cylindrical shell
Authors: Magnucka‐Blandzi E. , Magnucki K. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe paper is devoted to stability problem of an axially compressed open elastic circular cylindrical shell. Two curvilinear edges of the open cylindrical shell are simply supported while two straight edges are free. Two load cases of the shell are assumed. The first load case ‐ was the invariable axially normal force intensity, and the second load case ‐ the linearly varying axially normal force intensity. Critical loads of the shell for both load cases are determined. These critical loads are compared with a classical load for closed circular cylindrical shell. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Existence of minimizers for a geometrically exact Cosserat solid
Authors: Neff Patrizio 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe study a geometrically exact Cosserat continuum model. The model is investigated in variational form as a two‐field minimization problem for the deformation φ and the independent microrotation $\bar R$. The elastic energy is assumed to depend quadratically on the micropolar stretch tensor _ and super‐quadratically on the curvature $\bar U$. Depending on the values of constitutive parameters, existence of minimizers in Sobolev‐spaces can be shown. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
About regularity issues regarding a magnetic force formula
Authors: Schlömerkemper Anja 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe continuum limit of the magnetic force in a discrete configuration of dipoles on a Bravais lattice is known in the case of domains with C2‐boundaries. Since magnetic domains are often observed to have corners and are therefore not C2, it is interesting to extend the known result to the case of domains that have piecewise C2‐boundaries. Here, a sketch of the proof is given. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Current awareness: Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety
Authors:   John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn order to keep subscribers up‐to‐date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. Each bibliography is divided into 20 sections: 1 Books, Reviews & Symposia; 2 General; 3 Anti‐infective Agents; 4 Cardiovascular System Agents; 5 CNS Depressive Agents; 6 Non‐steroidal Anti‐inflammatory Agents; 7 CNS Agents; 8 Anti‐neoplastic Agents; 9 Haematological Agents; 10 Neuroregulator‐Blocking Agents; 11 Dermatological Agents; 12 Immunosuppressive Agents; 13 Autonomic Agents; 14 Respiratory System Agents; 15 Neuromuscular Agents; 16 Reproductive System Agents; 17 Gastrointestinal System Agents; 18 Anti‐inflammatory Agents ‐ Steroidal; 19 Teratogens/fetal exposure; 20 Others. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted.
Synthesis and properties of new orange red light‐emitting hyperbranched and linear polymers derived from 3,5‐dicyano‐2,4,6‐tristyrylpyridine
Authors: Wang Hongli , Li Zhen , Jiang Zuoquan , Liang Yanke , Wang Hui , Qin Jingui , Yu Gui , Liu Yunqi 
Published: December 2004

AbstractTwo new orange red light‐emitting hyperbranched and linear polymers, poly(pyridine phenylene)s P1 and P2, were prepared by the Heck coupling reaction. In particular, an A2 + B3 approach was developed to synthesize conjugated hyperbranched polymer P2 via one‐pot polycondensation. The polymers were characterized by NMR, Fourier transform infrared, ultraviolet–visible, and elemental analysis. They showed excellent solubility in common solvents such as tetrahydrofuran, CH2Cl2, CHCl3, and N,N‐dimethylformamide and had high molecular weights (up to 6.1 × 105 and 5.8 × 105). Cyclic voltammetry studies revealed that P2 had a low‐lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy level of −3.22 eV and a highest occupied molecular orbital energy level of −5.43 eV. The thin film of P2 emitted strong orange‐red photoluminescence at 595 nm. A double‐layer light‐emitting diode fabricated with the configuration of indium tin oxide/P2/tris(8‐hydroxy‐quinoline)aluminum/Al emitted orange‐red light at 599 nm, with a brightness of 662 cd/m2 at 7 V and a turn‐on voltage of 4.0 V; its external quantum efficiency was calculated to be 0.19% at 130.61 mA/cm2. This indicated that this new electroluminescent polymer (P2) based on 3,5‐dicyano‐2,4,6‐tristyrylpyridine could possibly be used as an orange‐red emitter in polymer light‐emitting displays. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 493–504, 2005
Laser flash photolysis of carboxymethylcellulose in an aqueous solution
Authors: Wach Radoslaw A. , Kudoh Hisaaki , Zhai Maolin , Muroya Yusa , Katsumura Yosuke 
Published: December 2004

AbstractLaser flash photolysis with excitation at 248 nm was used to study photochemically derived changes of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) in aqueous solutions. Transient absorption spectra of solutions after photolysis revealed a broad band with a maximum of approximately 720 nm, which could be ascribed to the signal of the hydrated electron. The interaction of the hydrated electron with CMC was slow (<107 dm3 mol−1 s−1), but the OH radical, formed by the decomposition of H2O2, reacted with CMC at a high rate constant (9.5–11.0 × 108 dm3 mol−1 s−1). The rate constant of the reactions of CMC with hydroxyl radicals depended on the conformation of the macromolecules, which was determined by the pH of the solution. Transient absorption was recorded at a wavelength shorter than 370 nm for CMC solutions photolyzed in the presence of H2O2. As a result of OH attack, long‐lived radicals were formed on CMC. The recombination of macroradicals led to the formation of crosslinking bonds between side‐chain groups, and as a result of it an insoluble gel arose in low‐pH solutions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 505–518, 2005
Synthesis and characterization of new alternating, amphiphilic, comblike copolymers of poly(ethylene oxide) macromonomer and N‐phenylmaleimide
Authors: Cianga Luminita , Sarac Ayfer , Ito Koichi , Yagci Yusuf 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA surface‐active p‐vinyl benzyloxy‐ω‐hydroxy‐poly(ethylene oxide) macromonomer containing 22 pendant structural units of ethylene oxide (St–PEO22) was synthesized with an initiation method. Because of its solubility in a large variety of solvents, the free‐radical copolymerization with electron‐acceptor N‐phenylmaleimide (NPMI) was performed at 60 °C in benzene and tetrahydrofuran (THF) as isotropic media and in a water–THF mixture or water as a heterogeneous medium. Oil‐soluble 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile and water‐soluble 4,4′‐azobis(4‐cyanovaleric acid) were used as the initiators at fixed concentrations. Two different St–PEO22/NPMI comonomer ratios (1/1 and 3/7) at a fixed total comonomer concentration in the polymerization system were used. The structures, compositions, and microstructure peculiarities of the obtained alternating, amphiphilic, comblike copolymers were determined by NMR analysis. For the copolymers synthesized in hydrophilic media, differential scanning calorimetry showed, near the endothermic peak attributed to the melting of the poly(ethylene oxide) side chains, the presence of a second peak due to the partially ordered phase that could exist between the crystalline state and the isotropic melt. Also, the thermal stability of the obtained copolymers was studied with thermogravimetric analysis. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 479–492, 2005
Pathways of electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions catalyzed by group 13 trihalides: An ab initio study
Authors: Volkov Alexey N. , Timoshkin Alexey Y. , Suvorov Andrew V. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAn ab initio study of the two possible pathways of ectrophilic aromatic substitution reaction catalyzed by monomeric and dimeric forms of group 13 metal halides has been performed. Optimized geometries of π, σ‐complexes and corresponding transition states have been obtained at second‐order Møller–Plesset/ LANL2DZ(d)+ level of theory. It is found that operation of the dimeric pathway is more favorable both thermodynamically and kinetically. Thus, it is expected that catalytical activity of the metal halide will be greatly increased if the stoichiometric ratio 2:1 is employed. Obtained results are in qualitative agreement with available experimental data. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Probing the interaction of kojic acid antibiotics with iron(III) chloride by using electrospray tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Sudhir Putty‐Reddy , Wu Hui‐Fen , Zhou Zi‐Cong 
Published: December 2004

AbstractKojic acid, 5‐hydroxy‐2‐(hydroxymethyl)‐4H‐pyran‐4‐one, has been used extensively as a clinical iron‐chelating drug although the nature of the complexes of iron and kojic acid has not been established. In this article we demonstrate the complexation of kojic acid with iron(III) chloride by using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS). The ESI‐MS analysis revealed different reactions between iron(III) chloride and kojic acid (M), and the mass spectrum exhibited four complexes: [Fe+2(MH)]+, [Fe+3(MH)+H]+, [Fe2+4(MH)+Cl]+, and [Fe2+5(MH)]+. All these proposed complexes and the presence of chloride ion in one of the dinuclear complexes have been confirmed by isotopic patterns and fragmentation studies by means of tandem mass spectrometry (MSn). Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.