bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ambitious Expansion: TV Glass, Pyroceram, and Corning Ware, 1954-1960
Authors: Dyer Davis , Gross Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nearly a decade after the war had ended, deep into a period of prosperity and relative stability, Corning was nonetheless entering yet another period of transformative change. With its dominance of the black-and white television bulb business, the works was in an enviable position. But in the years between 1954 and 1960, Corning would face substantial pressures to develop the next advances in the new medium: color television. In addition, the company’s scientists would successfully probe glass for the next big hit-a tough new form of glass that would find applications in military and consumer markets. In these years, as befitted a company firmly entrenched in the nation’s industrial establishment, Corning would continue to build new associations and relationships with entities far from the Chemung Valley. And its highest-ranking executive, Amory Houghton Sr., like his father before him, would move to Europe to serve as a diplomat. A confident company in a confident period, Corning entered the atomic age with a sense of purpose and urgency, intent on projecting its influence onto a wider stage.
International Growth and the Roots of Fiber Optics, 1966-1971
Authors: Dyer Davis , Gross Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the turbulent 1960s wore on, many of the pillars undergirding American optimism began to erode. For the nation as well as the company, the years between 1966 and 1971 were full of frustration and turmoil. To a large degree, Corning and the other small towns that housed its factories were far removed from the unrest that rattled college campuses and inner city neighborhoods. Still, as a company that took its corporate citizenship seriously and as a large, diversified manufacturer, Corning was deeply affected by the economic and social upheavals of the late 196os-so much so that the ability of this large and established firm to continue to grow in its established markets came into question.
Refocusing and Reengineering, 1990-1996
Authors: Dyer Davis , Gross Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the annual meeting in April 1989, Corning’s stockholders voted to approve a new identity for the corporation, replacing the 114-year-old name, Corning Glass Works with the simpler, more contemporary, and less specific, Corning Incorporated. Jamie Houghton announced several reasons for the change. First, the growth of its diversified interests, especially lab services, meant that Corning was no longer accurately called a glass works. Second, the company sought to recognize something fundamentally new in its own nature. Corning was not a traditional manufacturing corporation, explained Houghton, but rather “a global network... a closely knit web of businesses tied together by common interests.” In 1989, the network consisted of six operating divisions, 21 subsidiary companies, and 20 joint ventures. The new Corning spanned geographical and industry borders, mixed manufacturing and services, concerned itself with horizontal processes rather than hierarchical control, and managed itself through teams, partnerships, and alliances.
Introduction
Authors: Carey Dennis C , Ogden Dayton , Roland Judith A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There was a great deal of excitement, both inside and outside the two organizations, when pharmaceutical company American Home Products and biotechnology company Monsanto announced merger plans on June 1,1998. After all, American Home offered a formidable marketing infrastructure, with a sales force of 10,000, to launch products emerging from Monsanto’s promising drug pipeline. Monsanto brought R&D expertise and an aggressive growth strategy, which American Home’s financial resources could support. The two companies anticipated saving $1.5 billion over three years by closing redundant facilities and halting redundant R&D efforts. But less than five months later, merger plans had been scrapped.
Integrate Deliberately and Swiftly
Authors: Carey Dennis C , Ogden Dayton , Roland Judith A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In September 2001, Hewlett-Packard announced its intention to acquire Compaq Computer for $25 billion, the largest deal in tech history. In announcing the merger, Hewlett-Packard CEO Carly Fiorina and Compaq CEO Michael Capellas stressed the combined companies’ ability to deliver managed solutions to large customers around the world, with a focus on storage, software, and services. Combining the two computer giants would create a company second only to IBM in size and global scale.
Overview of brain development
Authors: Vaccarino Flora M , Leckman James F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What no one could have anticipated, however, are the implications for psychotherapy of the new evidence we have for neurogenesis and plasticity in the brain throughout life (Gross, 2000; Shin et al., 2000). Every day thousands of new neurons are added to the adult brain, some of them in circuits known to be crucial for learning and memory. Their actual number is small in proportion to the total population of neurons, but they may function in learning and memory by permitting the development of new connections as well as modulating older ones. Psychotherapy may literally alter brain structure by altering brain function (Eisenberg, 2000).
Neurobiology of attention regulation and its disorders
Authors: Arnsten Amy F T , Castellanos Francisco X 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The word attention is an inadequate, singular term for a multitude of interrelated processes. We use a host of adjectives to describe attention—e.g. we say that attention can be divided, oriented, sustained, or focused— and many of these descriptions likely reflect underlying, dissociable neural processes. Complicating matters, attentional resources can be allocated to either external stimuli or to internal stimuli such as memories. Furthermore, we often confuse the regulation of attention (a covert behavior) with the regulation of movement (an overt behavior) when discussing an “attentional” disorder. This may be for good reason: the cortical mechanisms regulating movement are tightly tied to those regulating attention, as discussed below. Attentional processes are also intimately linked to motivation, salience, arousal, and stress, which may enhance or erode aspects of attention in complex ways. This chapter aims to illuminate some of these issues by reviewing what is currently known about brain networks underlying attentional processes, and then relating these mechanisms to attention disorders in children.
Neurobiology of immune-mediated neuropsychiatric disorders
Authors: et.al. Mary Lynn Dell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive, tic, and movement disorders in childhood and adolescence are now recognized as relatively common neuropsychiatric disorders, varying in severity, duration of symptom exacerbations, and degree of disability. In some children, the symptoms of these disorders are distinct and easily defined, whereas others display ever-changing combinations of obsessions, compulsions, abnormal motor movements, and tics that may be a mix of transient, chronic, simple, complex, vocal, or motor tics. Epidemiological studies from the United States, Germany, New Zealand, and Israel have estimated the prevalence of childhood-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) to be from 0.5% to 4.0%, with an average of approximately 2.5% (Anderson et al., 1987; Zohar, 1988; Lewisohn et al., 1993; Reinherz et al 1993, Douglass et al., 1995; Wittchen et al., 1998). Affected males outnumber affected females in the prepubertal years, with an earlier age of onset, greater severity, and higher likelihood of comorbid tics and disruptive behavior disorders (Swedo et al., 1989b; Flament et al., 1990; Geller et al., 1996, 1998). After puberty and into adulthood, the gender ratio equalizes, then eventually demonstrates a higher incidence in females (Leonard et al., 1999).
Antidepressants I: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Authors: Chiu Sufen , Leonard Henrietta L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) have been used in adults for a wide variety of disorders, including major depression, social anxiety (social phobia), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), eating disorders, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), panic, obsessivecompulsive disorder (OCD), trichotillomania, and migraine headaches. Some of the specific SSRI agents have an approved indication in adults for some of these disorders, as reviewed later in this chapter. The SSRIs have also been tried in children and in adults for symptomatic treatment of pain syndromes, aggressive or irritable (“short fuse”) behavior, and for self-injurious and repetitive behaviors. This chapter will review general aspects of the SSRIs and discuss their approved indications in children and adolescents.
Electroconvulsive therapy and Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Authors: Walter Garry , Rey Joseph M , Ghaziuddin Neera 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a treatment that involves the production of a seizure through the brief passage of an electric current through the brain, via electrodes placed on the scalp. ECT in young persons remains an uncommon treatment that is usually administered as a last resort. However, the subject is attracting increasing attention because of its effectiveness in some severe illnesses (e.g., psychotic depression, mania, catatonia) and because of lay concerns about its use in the young. This chapter examines the treatment’s history, effectiveness and indications, adverse events, mode of administration (including legislative and ethical issues), and attitudes towards its use. We also describe the novel treatment of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and its potential usefulness in the treatment of children and adolescents.
Clinical assessment of children and adolescents treated pharmacologically
Authors: Hendren Robert L , Hamarman Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As many as 10% of children have a medicationresponsive psychiatric disorder (Riddle et al., 1998) and there has been a dramatic increase in the use of psychotropic medication to treat mental disorders in youth (Rappley et al., 1999). Multiple factors account for this increase, including scientific advances in fields such as epidemiology, nosology, neuroscience, drug development, and clinical measurements, and efforts to educate the public about the benefits of early, effective treatment. Despite large gaps between research and practice, many medications are used in children on the basis of a small amount of scientific data. Factors that contribute to this situation are societal desires for rapid, effective treatment, acceptance of medication as a therapeutic modality, and a reimbursement climate in which there is increased pressure for brief treatment. Clearly there is a need to balance clinical and administrative pressures with a resort to treatment based on the best available data.
Anxiety disorders
Authors: Labellarte Michael , Ginsburg Golda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research on pediatric anxiety disorders, the most prevalent psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents, has burgeoned in the last 20 years. The rise in research on pediatric anxiety coincided with the establishment of the broad diagnostic category “Anxiety Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence” in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd ed. (DSMIII; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 1980). New knowledge on the validity of pediatric anxiety diagnoses spurred changes in the classification and criteria of pediatric anxiety disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th ed. (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994). Among the most significant changes were the elimination of the broad diagnostic category “Anxiety Disorders of Childhood and Adolescence,” and the elimination of the diagnostic categories “Avoidant Disorder” and “Overanxious Disorder,” which were subsumed under the “adult” disorders social phobia (SoP) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), respectively.
Substance-abusing youths
Authors: Waxmonsky James G , Wilens Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Substance abuse continues to be one of the most common and serious mental health disorders, with a 27% lifetime prevalence in American society (Kessler et al., 1997). Substance use disorders (SUD) are increasingly conceptualized as having their developmental roots in childhood, as 30% to 50% of SUD begin in childhood or adolescence (Kandel, 1992; Kessler et al., 1997). According to the most recent epidemiological data presented in the 1999 Monitoring the Future Study, over half (55%) of all 12th graders have used at least one illicit substance in their lifetime, an 11% increase in just the last 8 years. Moreover, the data indicate an earlier onset of first use. For example, use in eighth graders has more than doubled in the past 8 years (Johnston et al., 2000).
The medically ill child or adolescent
Authors: Slater Jonathan A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Due both to the expansion of the psychopharmacological armamentarium and the advances in the medical treatment of severely ill pediatric patients, child and adolescent psychiatrists are increasingly being called upon to manage these patients adjunctively with psychiatric medication. This need has been tempered with concerns over the potential effects of psychotropic medications on the developing central nervous system (CNS) (Jensen, 1998; Vitiello, 1998). The management of these medically ill children and adolescents falls into several categories: A. Pediatric patients with comorbid psychiatric disorders requiring continued treatment for their psychiatric symptomatology (e.g., a schizophrenic patient admitted with an asthma exacerbation) B. Pediatric patients with psychiatric syndromes arising secondary to their medical condition (e.g. a hypoxic patient who becomes agitated secondary to delirium) C. Pediatric patients with psychiatric symptomatology secondary to medications being used to treat medical conditions (e.g., a transplant patient treated with high-dose corticosteroids for organ rejection who develops irritability) D. Pediatric patients who develop psychiatric syndromes following acute medical illness or injury or invasive procedures (e.g., a child who develops posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD] following a motor vehicle accident and trauma; a child who develops PTSD following stem cell transplantation) E. Pediatric patients who develop psychiatric syndromes in association with chronic illness (e.g., major depression in a patient with cystic fibrosis) F. Pediatric patients with complex syndromes involving both medical or neurological and somatoform symptoms (e.g., a patient with both seizures and pseudoseizures).
Civil Jurisdiction and The Clergy
Authors: Helmholz R H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the aspirations of the medieval canon law, one of the most emphatic was that the clergy should occupy a special place in the world. “There are two species of Christians,” proclaimed an ancient text that Gratian placed in his Decretum (C. 12 q. r c. 7). There was the clergy, and then there was everyone else. It was not doubted which of the two was meant to hold the preeminent place. As Professor C. R. Cheney once stated it, the law of the church encouraged the clergy “to take a high view of their office” and taught them the desirability of maintaining a certain “separateness from the rest of the world.” A distinctive style of dress is the most visible reminder of this status that is noticeable today, but during the Middle Ages there were others—the clerical tonsure being the most remarkable. Separation from lay society was also more than a matter of appearances. Prohibitions against bearing arms or carrying on a trade were part of it. Clerical celibacy was another, a strong statement of the distance meant to divide the clerical order from the society around it.
The Implosion of American Federalism
Authors: Nagel Robert F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At a time of unprecedented national power, why do so many Americans believe that our nationhood is fragile and precarious? Why the talk--among politicians, academics, and jurists--of “coups d’etat,” of culture wars, of confederation, of constitutional breakdown? In this wide-ranging book, Robert Nagel proposes a surprising answer: that anxiety about national unity is caused by centralization itself. Moreover, he proposes that this anxiety has dangerous cultural consequences that are, in an implosive cycle, pushing the country toward ever greater centralization. Carefully examining recent landmark Supreme Court cases that protect states’ rights, Nagel argues that the federal judiciary is not leading and is not likely to lead a revival of the complex system called federalism. A robust version of federalism requires apprecation for political conflict and respect for disagreement about constitutional meaning, both values that are deeply antithetical to the Court’s function. That so many believe this most centralized of our Nation’s institutions is protecting, even overprotecting, state power is itself a sign of the depletion of those understandings necessary to sustain the federal system. Instead of a support for federalism, Nagel finds a commitment to radical nationalism throughout the constitutional law establishment. He traces this commitment to traditionally American traits like perfectionism, optimism, individualism, and legalism. Under modern conditions of centralization, these attractive traits are leading to unattractive social consequences, including tolerance, fearfulness, utopianism, and deceptiveness. They are degrading our political discourse. All this encourages further centralization and further cultural deterioration. This book puts the major federalism decisions within the framework of the Court’s overall record, including its record on individual rights in areas like abortion, homosexuality, and school desegregation. And, giving special attention to public debate over privacy and impeachment, it places modern constitutional law in the context of political discourse more generally.
Why There is No Right to Health Care
Authors: Baumrin Bernard H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rhetoric of rights dominates discourse about the distribution of health care. Interested parties invoke the right to health care as justification for insisting on expanded access, enriched benefits, and limitless entitlements to special services. Such expansionist attitudes go back at least to the proclamation of the World Health Organization’s Preamble to its Constitution on July 22, 1946, where it declared: Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, political belief, economic or social condition. Moreover, as recently as 1997 the Council of Europe declared in its Preamble to its Convention for Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with Regard to the Application of Biology and Biomedicine: Resolving to take such measures as are necessary to safeguard human dignity and the fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual with regard to the application of biology and medicine. Such claims to the existence of pre-existing fundamental and human rights to health care and health benefits have fed the fire of asserting unqualified entitlements to the concern and care of others. Ordinary people, and medical-care professionals, are called upon to satisfy these claims and feel justifiably uneasy about their failure to pitch in adequately to alleviate the suffering of those in need of various forms of health care-medications, rehabilitative services, long-term care for the disabled, nutritional supplements, prosthetics, and so on. If there were a fundamental right to health care such unease would be fully justified.
Rationing Decisions: Integrating Cost-Effectiveness with Other Values
Authors: Hope Tony , Reynolds John , Griffiths Sian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Health-care systems throughout the world face the problem of how the resources available should best be allocated. No system has sufficient funds to provide the best possible treatment for all patients in all situations. On average, three new pharmaceutical products are licensed each month in the United Kingdom. Almost all have some benefit over existing drugs. Many are expensive. When is the extra benefit worth the extra cost? Both managed-care systems in the United States and publicly funded systems such as the British National Health Service (NHS) face this fundamental issue. Philosophers and economists have struggled with the question of which principles should determine the allocation of healthcare resources. Various approaches have been proposed such as welfare theory (Williams, 1996; Edgar et al., 1998), needs theory (Daniels 1980, 1985), and the use of a lottery (Harris, 1985). Each theory faces difficulties, and none can be applied unambiguously to many of the allocation decisions that have to be made. Perhaps because of these apparent limitations to the various theories, recent philosophical attention has turned to the process by which allocation decisions are made, in contrast to the reasons for those decisions (Daniels and Sabin, 1997; Daniels, 2000). The hope may be that if we can specify the conditions required for a just decision-making process, then we can sidestep the difficulties in determining the principles that should be ap plied to individual decisions.
Philosophical Reflections on Clinical Trials in Developing Countries
Authors: Brody Baruch A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since the publication of the results of the AIDS Clinical Trial Group (ACTG) 076 (Connor et al., 1994), it has been known that an extensive regimen of zidovudine provided to the mother and to the fetus can drastically reduce (25.5% to 8.3%) the vertical transmission of HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. Unfortunately, the regimen in question is quite expensive and beyond the means of most developing countries, some of which are the country’s most in need of effective techniques for reducing vertical transmission of HIV. This realization led to a series of important clinical trials designed to test the effectiveness of less extensive and less expensive regimens of antiretroviral drugs. These trials were conducted by researchers from developed countries in the developing countries that were in need of these less expensive regimens.
Bedside Justice and Disability: Personalizing Judgment, Preserving Impartiality
Authors: Silvers Anita 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Commenting on changes in the culture of health care, Eric J. Cassell observed: “Although [I] could rise in outrage at the idea of the concept of justice at the bedside in 1981, less than twenty years later it has a secure place at the head of the patient’s bed” (Cassell, 2000, p. 21). Over the decades to which Cassell refers, an abundance of conversation has professed that health is good for justice, and justice is good for health. As a result, it hardly seems strange to think of justice as being an appropriate and important component of decisions that determine patient care. Nevertheless, the conduct of justice in the sick room remains troubling. Justice’s role at the bedside, Cassell (2000) says, is “to insure that the patient gets a fair share (but not more) of the medical resources and that the social system gets its money’s worth” (p. 21). But is justice, when conducted as usual, sufficient for\ these guarantees? A troublesome discrepancy appears as we consider whether procedures central to judgments about justice suit the delivery of health care. The traditional approach to dispensing justice is (figuratively) to don a blindfold. But it is not at all reassuring to envision the dispensing of medical treatment in a blindfold, even a figurative one.