bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Herbivores, plant parasites, and plant diversity
Authors: Crawley M J , Pacala S W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The question of whether herbivorous animals in general, or plant parasites in particular, play a substantial role in plant community dynamics is unresolved. Some believe that herbivores are typically kept so scarce by their own natural enemies that they inflict no significant impact on plant performance and hence play an inconsequential role in plant community dynamics (Hairston et al. 1960). The implication is that interspecific plant competition is the driving force in plant community dynamics. On the other hand, others argue that herbivores can have a profound effect on plant community structure and function (Crawley 1983; Westoby 1985; McNaughton 1986). They point to the dramatic changes in plant community that result from the erection of fences to exclude vertebrate herbivores (Belsky 1986), and to the large scale eradication of alien weeds that can follow the importation and release of insect biocontrol agents (Crawley 1989a).
Developmental adaptations in nematodes
Authors: Hawdon J M , Schad G A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nematodes are among the earth’s most successful groups of animals in the number of living species and in the variety of life styles they have adopted (Poinar 1983). There are an estimated 8000 fresh water and soil-dwelling species, 6500 marine species, and 15 000 parasites, including species parasitic in both plants and animals (Croll and Mathews 1977); the number of undescribed species is estimated to be as high as a million or more (Toft, Chapter 16, this volume).
Diencephalic amnesia
Authors: Graff-Radford Neill R , Tranel Daniel , Van Hoesen Gary W , Brandt Joan P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The anatomical basis and cognitive profile of diencephalic amnesia remain unclear. We report a two-part study. First, we studied four patients with bilateral medial thalamic infarctions using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and comprehensive neuropsychological testing. All patients were followed for more than one year. Using a stereotactic method, we plotted the lesions in an atlas delineating the probable structure involved. Second, in two monkeys, using autoradiography, we traced the pathway from the amygdala to the dorso-medial nucleus, paying particular attention to the intra-thalamic course of the amygdalo-thalamic projections.
Use of advance information in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Lee Chuly , Brown Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, the question of cognitive function in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) has attracted a growing amount of attention from neuropsychologists. From this empirical research base it has become clear that patients with PD are impaired on some aspects of cognitive function while they are unimpaired on others. There has been considerable interest in the apparent similarities between the pattern of cognitive deficits shown by patients with PD and those with damage to the prefrontal cortex (see Brown and Marsden 1990). However, while it may be a convenient ‘shorthand’ description, to talk of the ‘frontal’ deficit of PD, it tells us little of the processes that are actually going wrong. The situation is further complicated by the fact that the role of the frontal lobes themselves is far from clear. It is perhaps better, at this stage, to think in terms of the task conditions under which patients show normal and impaired performance. This may provide an essential first step in understanding the cognitive processes underlying the deficits.
Is there a frontal lobe dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease A comparison of the effects of Parkinson’s disease and circumscribed frontal lobe lesions in a maze learning task
Authors: Wallesch Claus-W , Karnath H Otto , Zimmermann Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A computerized maze task was constructed that allowed only partial vision of the maze structure presented on a computer screen and produced measurements for separate analysis of cognitive processes described as impaired both in Parkinson’s disease and frontal lobe pathology. Subjects were instructed to pass through the mazes (by pressing directional levers) as often as was necessary to complete the task without reaching a dead end.
Clinical-CT scan correlations in a prospective series of patients with acute left-hemispheric subcortical stroke
Authors: Vignolo Luigi A , Macario Maria Elena , Cappa Stefano F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Seven patients with CT-assessed left-hemispheric subcortical lesions were assessed in a prospective study of language disorders in the recent period after stroke. Only two patients with large haemorrhages had a persistent aphasia. Out of five cases with infarctions involving the paraventricular white matter, the internal capsule, or the postero-lateral thalamus, two patients had only transient language disorders, while aphasia was never reported in the other three. The present findings confirm that negative cases provide relevant information for clinico-anatomical correlation studies in subcortical aphasia.
Subcortical localization of ideomotor apraxia: a review and an
experimental study
Authors: Sala Sergio Della , Basso Anna , Laiacona Marcella , Papagno Costanza 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The role of the deep structures in the genesis of cognitive disorders has recently been emphasized, since long-lasting aphasia (see Alexander (1989) for a review) and unilateral neglect (see Vallar and Perani (1987) for a review) have frequently been reported following a left- or right-hemisphere subcortical lesion. However, apraxia arising from deep lesions has only occasionally been reported. The term apraxia covers various disorders affecting the purposeful execution of deliberate movements, which cannot be explained by elementary motor-sensory disorders. When disruption arises at the stage of remembering the general configuration of the movement.
Biological adaptability of Australian Aboriginal people
Authors: Ulijaszek Stanley J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Human Adaplability section of the International Biological Programme (IBP/HA) was launched in December 1962, with a conference at the CIBA Foundation in London. This lasted precisely for the duration of the last great London fog, a circumstance, which Collins and Weiner (1977) describe as ‘imposing a monastic seclusion on the participants who were thus obliged to remain together almost continuously for five days’. The outcome was a framework and policy for human biology research which was global in out reach. Although the main focus of the Australian IBP/HA programme was New Guinea, with studies of human biology, kuru, and multidisciplinary village based human ecology (Collins and Weiner 1977), there was a tradition of human biological research among Australian Aboriginal people which began in the 1920s, and which was pursued throughout the period of the IBP/HA Programme without fonnal initiation by the convenors of this programme. In retrospect, much of this work was highly innovative, and infonns our understanding of hunter-gatherer adaptations to the present day. In this chapter, the history of human biology research prior to, and during the Australian IBP/HA Programme among Australian Aboriginal people is out lined, and developments in human adaptability research subsequent to the IBP/ HA Programme described.
Circumpolar studies
Authors: Shephard Roy J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One important objective of the International Biological Programme Human Adaptability (IBP/HA) Project was to document the biological status of a wide range of indigenous populations while they were still living in the habitat to which they had adapted over the course of many centuries (Weiner 1964; Baker and Weiner 1966). The organizers recognized that many small populations, which had apparently made interesting adaptations to challenging local conditions, faced imminent acculturation to the culture and environment of a dominant ‘developed’ society. It was thus urgent to mount careful and detailed examination of both the habitat and biological adaptations before the process of acculturation was far advanced.
Prospects for Technical Cooperation in the Euphrates-Tigris Basin
Authors: Bilen Özden 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last decade, numerous reviews and studies have appeared in books and journals addressing the Middle East water issues. These have generally been diluted with multiple political arguments. A very sensitive and misused commodity by nature, water has often been manipulated by human beings driven by different aspirations and political ambitions. Several divergent views and political arguments have emerged concerning the use of transboundary rivers. It is not, however, the intention of this paper to go into the merits and demerits of these distinct approaches; rather it attempts to indicate some technical solutions which could help determine the supply and demand balance of the water required by the riparian countries in the Euphrates-Tigris basin.
Introduction
Authors: Helen M. Macbeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the eighteenth century a system of medicine based on humours was, for a brief time, rivalled by a medicine grounded in astrological prediction (Wright 1979). The former won the struggle for supremacy, to be replaced in its turn a century later by the triumph of a system of medicine based on pathological anatomy. A conventional explanation for the failure of astrological medicine is that it was ineffective: if the role of medicine is to intervene to alter the outcome of illness then astrological medicine could at best only have had a placebo effect. But this explanation of success and failure is to judge astrological medicine from the perspective of the present and not in its own terms. As well as relief from illness, astrological medicine offered predictions about the future course of life, of good fortune, marriages, and achievements. However, these are not the criteria by which it is now judged: past systems of medicine are evaluated by the criteria of the most recent. Thus, the current system of medicine holds certain outcomes as important and proceeds to evaluate rival systems of medicine in terms of success in achieving these particular outcomes; but from the perspectives of these superseded systems of medicine such criteria of success and failure may be less appropriate. From the view of a medicine based on astrological prediction, modern medicine stands condemned in not even attempting life course forecasts, never mind claiming any success in this area.
Sociological approaches to health outcomes
Authors: Davies Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sociological approaches to health outcomes are built upon two basic tenets of the sociology of health and illness. The first of these is that individuals are social beings. By this, sociologists mean that human beings are not merely mechanical, biological entities but, rather, are creative agents who use their consciousness to create subjective and inter-subjective meanings through their interactions with others. That is to say, human beings are enmeshed in social, economic, occupational, cultural, religious, ethnic, and gender relations with other people, all of which influence how they view their everyday lives, give value and meaning to them, and create a sense of social reality. This view of individuals contrasts with the Cartesian separation of mind and body which has dominated Western philosophy since the seventeenth century and, amongst other things, has been partly responsible for the division of medicine and health care into somatic illness, which is usually dealt with by physical medicine, and mental illness, which is usually seen as the domain of psychological medicine and psychiatry (Szasz 1964; Capra 1982; Sacks 1990).
Scanning methods
Authors: Cotton Richard G H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is legitimately asked ‘Why bother with setting up a scanning method when you can get the answer with sequencing?’ The answer to this question is not easy because it depends on the analysis to be performed as well as on the laboratory performing the analysis.
It is clear that if sequencing 500 bp tbok only a matter of minutes with little effort, there would be little call for scanning methods. However, the reality is that four sequencing reactions have to be performed and an electrophoretic gel poured, rqn and analysed. (It may be some years until the efforts of the Human Genome Ptoject will give us a really quick and reliable sequencing method.) Under the current circumstances the following reasons indicate there is a need for mutation scanning methods: they are used frequently to detect unknown (and even known) mutations.
Immune defence: genetic control
Authors: Wakelin Derek , Apanius Victor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As will be apparent from other chapters in this book, birds act as hosts for a very wide variety of parasites. If an inclusive definition is used, then birds are infected by every major group of parasites, from viruses to arthropods. Surveys of infections show that individual birds are often heavily parasitized, both in terms of the number of species present and in terms of the number of parasites of a given species. Parasitic infections can be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in avian populations and undoubtedly play an important role in population regulation.
Birds as habitat for parasites
Authors: Crompton D W T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ecology is the study of the mutual relations between organisms and their environments or, as is appropriate in part II of this book, between a wide variety of parasites (Table 13.1) and the environment provided by their avian hosts (Table 13.2). The aims of this review are to introduce the diversity of bird-parasite interactions, to outline the variety of microhabitats for parasites provided by birds, and to identify features of the alimentary tract, the blood system, the skin, and the nest as examples of particular microhabitats.
Plantation Silviculture in Europe
Authors: Savill Peter , Evans Julian , Auclair Daniel , Falck Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As pressures to preserve natural forest resources have increased, plantation forestry and its study have gained in importance. Plantation Silviculture in Europe is an up-to-date, timely, and comprehensive exploration of the principles that underlie the planting and maintaining of forest resources. Based on the excellent reception of Savill and Evans' Plantation Silviculture in Temperate Regions (OUP, 1986), which was largely UK-based, the inclusion of two European authors ensures that the scope of this new book extends across the entire continent. Plantation Silviculture in Europe provides a thorough overview of the central aspects of conventional plantation forestry, covering site preparation, choice of species, establishment and maintenance, nutrition, spacing, thinning and pruning, and protection. In addition, it acknowledges the changing emphasis and increasing diversity of contemporary forestry, and includes chapters on community woodlands, urban forests, plantings for amenity and sport, and energy crops. Throughout, an attempt is made to set practices in the context of the ecological and biological forest processes which underpin them. Plantation Silviculture also incorporates discussion of the many environmental, social and policy issues that surround forestry today. Concise and clearly written, this will be essential reading for graduate and undergraduate forestry students and forestry professionals alike. Likely to become the standard text throughout Europe, it also contains much material of relevance to foresters in North America, East Asia, and Australasia.
Production and long-term productivity in plantations
Authors: Savill Peter , Evans Julian , Auclair Daniel , Falck Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main reasons for practising plantation forestry, rather than a system based on natural regeneration, are usually the predictability of yields and the relative ease of control of the production processes. The level of yields and the possible long-term risks involved in achieving them are among the most fundamental considerations in plantation forestry. Forestry differs from related land uses, like agriculture and horticulture, due to the longer production periods involved. Biomass has to be accumulated, normally over decades, before the trees have any financial value. For most other crops, the time of harvest is highly predictable, sometimes even within days, but in forests it can vary by many years.
Fire
Authors: Savill Peter , Evans Julian , Auclair Daniel , Falck Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fire can be a spectacular and extremely destructive cause of damage to plantations. But, although the great majority of such fires in Europe are caused by human activities, fire has long been part of natural ecosystems, a point apt to be forgotten, though not irrelevant, when considering its threat to plantation forestry. A comprehensive account of the nature of forest fires in North America, their significance and their management, including fire fighting, is given by Pyne (1984). A great amount of work into the nature of fires and fire prevention in southern Europe, where fires occur every year, sometimes on vast areas, is currently in progress and present knowledge has been described in detail by Trabaud (1989), Delabraze (1990a), and Moreno and Oechel (1994).
Prey availability
Authors: Sutherland William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Animals often appear to live amongst a superabundance of food. For example, for many thrushes, frogs, or damselfish there must often be as many prey in a square metre of substrate as an individual requires in a day. Herbivores are similarly often surrounded by abundant vegetation. Individuals may, however, starve amongst such apparent abundance and the reason, of course, is that not all of the food is available. Availability is thus a very important factor, yet it has received little attention as it is often hard to quantify.
Population regulation
Authors: Sutherland William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will show how population size can be understood in relation to aspects of behaviour such as interference, depletion, and territoriality. Population size results from the interaction of density-dependent and densityindependent mortality and breeding output. In this chapter I will start by considering the links between foraging behaviour and the nature of densitydependent mortality and then between territorial behaviour and density¬dependent breeding output, and then show how both of these can be combined to give the equilibrium population size. It is then possible to explore the relationship between behavioural measures, such as the degree of interference or territorial behaviour, and population size.
Crises of the late devonian: the kellwasser and hangenberg events
Authors: Hallam A , Wignall P B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between the Late Ordovician and the next great mass extinction in the Late Devonian the world’s marine fauna was afflicted by numerous lesser extinction events. Between them, Kaljo et al. (1996) and Walliser (1996) document over 24 bio-events in this interval. These minor extinctions are beyond the scope of this book but, by the Late Devonian the events were increasing in magnitude to such an extent that the crisis at the Frasnian-Famennian (F-F) boundary is widely regarded as one of the big five mass extinctions of the Phanerozoic. The subsequent end-Famennian or Devonian-Carboniferous (D-C) event has also been termed a mass extinction. The Devonian crises have been named by House (1985); the F-F and D-C examples were named the Kellwasser and Hangenberg events respectively, after characteristic black shale horizons in German sections. There are also grounds for considering an earlier mid-Givetian Taghanic event as a mass extinction.
Food and reproduction in the tropics
Authors: Simmons Robert E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A traditional view of both food resources and reproduction in tropical regions is that the environment is aseasonal, and food such as seeds, insects, or rodents do not peak and trough in the same boom and bust manner as found in the temperate climes. The aseasonal nature of tropical environments is certainly true, and as a northerner accustomed to long cold winters followed by a predictable burst of activity in the boreal spring, it came as a surprise to me to find a general lack of seasons in subtropical Africa. It was replaced by a cycle based on rainfall, not temperature. For example, large parts of Africa experience two distinct rain seasons each year, which are followed by a flush of resources as large as, and in the case of seeding plants and flying insects, often larger than, the flush of resources found in temperate regions.
Designing new habitats: general principles
Authors: Gilbert Oliver L , Anderson Penny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Long before seeds are sown or plants selected, successful habitat creation depends on the careful consideration of several basic factors. These factors can be grouped into several general topics. Site context is important and relates to the nature of the adjacent habitats and how the site functions in the wider ecological landscape. The next relevant consideration is the location of a site, how it is to be managed, and its potential use by people. Of critical concern are the nutrient status and nature of the soils or water in, or on, which the plants are to be established. Evaluation and analysis of these permits the selection of suitable objectives for the new habitat. Once objectives have been set, the design process has to consider questions of shape, scale, habitat type, species, and implementation (see Fig. 2.1). This chapter deals with these allimportant considerations.
The coast
Authors: Gilbert Oliver L , Anderson Penny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a major habitat creation initiative English Nature has committed itself to trying to reverse the recent substantial and the predicted future loss of coastal habitats. As part of this strategy, a goal has been set to maintain coastal habitats equivalent to their distribution and total area in 1992 (English Nature 1992). This crisis is the consequence of centuries of ‘coastal squeeze’, which results from a combination of development or intensive agriculture pushing seawards (land claim) and the landward movement of the high-water mark due to erosion or rising sea level. Coastal protection schemes employing static structures (e.g. sea walls, groynes) also contribute to coastal squeeze by disrupting natural processes (e.g. longshore drift).
Getting it right
Authors: Gilbert Oliver L , Anderson Penny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have constantly emphasized that habitat creation should never be regarded as a substitute for preserving the better semi-natural habitats. Its role is to improve our environment by helping to offset losses that have already occurred due to agriculture, urbanization, construction, and other destructive land uses. Despite criticism (Sutherland and Gibson 1988) habitat creation is an approach that is here to stay. Already it is central to government policies such as the Natural Areas Programme, Countryside Stewardship, Tir Cymen, Environmentally Sensitive Areas, and long-term set-aside, as well as being practised regularly by Local Authorities and landscaping firms.