bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy and safety of methylphenidate in 45 adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. A randomized placebo-controlled double-blind cross-over trial
Authors: KOOIJ J. J. S. , BURGER H. , BOONSTRA A. M. , VAN DER LINDEN P. D. , KALMA L. E. , BUITELAAR J. K. 
Published: October 2004

Background. Data on the efficacy and safety of methylphenidate in adults with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are lacking in Europe. This study was undertaken to report on the efficacy and safety of methylphenidate in an adult out-patient population with ADHD, and to compare results with US data.Method. A double-blind randomized cross-over trial comparing methylphenidate and placebo in 45 adults with ADHD with childhood onset was performed in a dose–titration design. Methylphenidate was titrated from 0·5 mg/kg per day in week 1 up to 1·0 mg/kg per day in week 3.Results. Response rates using methylphenidate varied between 38 and 51%, and using placebo between 7 and 18% (p<0·05), depending on outcome measure used. Although the overall percentage of subjects having any side effect on both methylphenidate and placebo was rather high, side effects on methylphenidate over and above those on placebo were few and mild.Conclusions. Methylphenidate proves to be an effective and well tolerated treatment for symptoms of ADHD in adults in the short term. Future research should study the long-term response and clarify the impact of gender, co-morbidity, socio-economic status and IQ on response rates in adults with ADHD.
Specificity in the familial aggregation of overt and covert conduct disorder symptoms in a referred attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder sample
Authors: MONUTEAUX M. C. , FITZMAURICE G. , BLACKER D. , BUKA S. L. , BIEDERMAN J. 
Published: October 2004

Background. To examine the familial associations of overt and covert antisocial behavior within the diagnosis of conduct disorder (CD) in families ascertained by referred children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and to test if these familial associations differed between male and female probands.Method. Subjects were clinically-referred male and female ADHD children (n=273) and their first-degree biological relatives (n=807). Scores for overt and covert conduct problems were calculated by summing the DSM-III-R conduct disorder symptoms, as derived from structured diagnostic interviews. Familial aggregation analyses were conducted with multivariate regression modeling methodology.Results. Proband overt scores significantly predicted the overt scores of their relatives, and proband covert scores significantly predicted the covert scores of their relatives. There was no evidence of covert symptom scores predicting overt scores or vice versa. There was some evidence that the aggregation of covert symptoms was stronger in the families of female probands.Conclusions. These results provide preliminary evidence that overt and covert conduct disorder symptoms are independently transmitted through families and may represent distinct familial syndromes.
Influence of behavioral symptoms on rates of institutionalization for persons with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: GILLEY D. W. , BIENIAS J. L. , WILSON R. S. , BENNETT D. A. , BECK T. L. , EVANS D. A. 
Published: October 2004

Background. Recent studies indicate that behavioral symptoms may play a key role in decisions to institutionalize persons with Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the specific types of behavior that contribute to this increased risk have not been reliably identified. The relationship between behavioral symptoms and time to institutionalization was evaluated in a 4-year longitudinal study.Method. A total of 410 persons with the clinical diagnosis of AD completed annual clinical evaluations to assess cognitive impairment, functional limitations, delusions, hallucinations, depressive symptoms and physical aggression. Participation rates among survivors exceeded 90% for four follow-up evaluations with complete ascertainment of mortality and institutionalization. Time to institutionalization was evaluated using proportional hazards regression models in relation to time-varying clinical features.Results. In multivariate models, adjusted for demographic and social variables, four clinical features emerged as the predominant predictors of institutionalization: cognitive impairment level, physical aggression, hallucinations and depressive symptoms. These associations were virtually unchanged in analyses controlling for mortality.Conclusions. Specific behavioral symptoms are important independent risk factors for institutionalization in persons with AD. Because behavioral symptoms are susceptible to therapy, efforts to modify or prevent these symptoms deserve careful consideration as a means to delay institutionalization for persons with this disease.
How accurate is recall of key symptoms of depression? A comparison of recall and longitudinal reports
Authors: WELLS J. ELISABETH , HORWOOD L. JOHN 
Published: October 2004

Background. Assessment of lifetime major depression is usually made from a single interview. Most previous studies have investigated reliability. Comparison of recall of key symptoms and longitudinal reports shows the accuracy of recall, not just reliability.Method. At age 25, 1003 members of the Christchurch Health and Development Study cohort were asked to recall key symptoms of depression (sadness, loss of interest) up to age 21. This recall was compared with longitudinal reports at ages 15, 16, 18 and 21 years. Diagnosis was by DSM-III-R and DSM-IV criteria.Results. Only 4% of those without previous reports recalled key symptoms. Of those with a diagnosis of depression up to age 21, 44% recalled a key symptom. Measures of severity of an episode (number of symptoms, impairment, duration, suicidality) and chronicity (years with a diagnosis, years with suicidal ideation) all strongly predicted recall. Current key symptoms increased recall, even after taking account of severity and chronicity. Being female and receiving treatment also predicted recall, although odds ratios were reduced to 1·6–1·7 when all other predictors were included. Comparison of risk factors for key symptoms showed similar results from longitudinal reports and recall. Sexual abuse, neuroticism, lack of parental attachment, gender, physical abuse and maternal depression were major risk factors in both sets of analyses.Conclusions. Forgetting of prior episodes of depression was common. Severity, chronicity, current depression, gender and treatment predicted recall. Lifetime prevalence based on recall will be markedly underestimated but the identification of major risk factors may be relatively little impaired.
Recent Messiaen releases
Authors: Fallon Robert 
Published: October 2004

MESSIAEN: La Transfiguration de Notre Seigneur Jésus-Christ1; Réveil des Oiseaux2. SWR Sinfonieorchester Baden-Baden und Freiburg, EuropaChorAkademie c. 1Sylvain Cambreling, 2Hans Rosbaud; 2Yvonne Loriod (pno). Hänssler Classic 93.078 (2-CD set).La Transfiguration de Notre Seigneur Jésus-Christ. Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio France c. Myung-Whun Chung. DG 471 569-2 (2-CD set).Des Canyons aux Étoiles …. Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio France c. Myung-Whun Chung, with Roger Muraro (pno), Jean-Jacques Justafré (hn). DG 471 617-2 (2-CD set).Saint François d'Assise. Orchestre et Choeurs de l'Opéra de Paris c. Seiji Ozawa; José Van Dam (bar), Christiane Eda-Pierre (sop). Assai 222212 (4-CD set).Saint François d'Assise. Halle Orchestra, Arnold Schoenberg Chor c. Kent Nagano; José Van Dam (bar), Dawn Upshaw (sop). DG 445 176-2 (2-CD set).
Elliott Carter
Authors: Griffiths Paul 
Published: October 2004

ELLIOTT CARTER: Steep Steps1; Two Diversions2; Oboe Quartet3; Figment No.24; Au Quai5; Of Challenge and of Love6; Figment No.17; Retrouvailles8; Hiyoku9. 1Virgil Blackwell, 2,8Charles Rosen, 3Stephen Taylor, 3Curtis Macomber, 3,5Maureen Gallagher, 3Eric Bartlett, 4,7Fred Sherry, 5Peter Kolkay 6Tony Arnold, 6Jacob Greenberg, 9Charles Neidich, 9Ayako Oshima. Bridge 9128CARTER: Oboe Quartet1; Four Lauds2; A 6 Letter Letter3; Figments Nos.1–24. ISANG YUN: Piri5; Oboe Quartet6. 1,3,5,6Heinz Holliger, 1,2,6Thomas Zehetmair, 1,6Ruth Killius, 1,4,6Thomas Demenga. ECM New Series 1848/49
Thea Musgrave round-up
Authors: Conway Paul 
Published: October 2004

‘Pierrot Dreaming’. MUSGRAVE: Canta! Canta!; Ring Out Wild Bells; Threnody; Pierrot; Chamber Concerto No. 2. Victoria Soames Samek (cl), Gabrielle Byam-Grounds (fl), David Le Page (vn/va), Matthew Sharp (vc), Mark Troop (pno). Clarinet Classics CC0038.‘The Fall of Narcissus’. MUSGRAVE: Serenade; Narcissus; Impromptu for flute and cello; Wind Quintet; Impromptu No. 2 for flute, oboe and clarinet; Four Portraits for baritone, clarinet and piano. Victoria Soames Samek (cl), Members of English Serenata, David Le Page (va), Matthew Sharp (vc), Stephen Varcoe (bar), Rachel Masters (hp). Clarinet Classics CC0039.MUSGRAVE: Memento Vitae; Helios; Night Music; The Seasons. Nicholas Daniel (ob), Scottish Chamber Orchestra c. Nicholas Kraemer; BBC Symphony Orchestra c. Jac van Steen. NMC (ANCORA+) D074.‘Oriental Landscapes’. MUSGRAVE: Journey Through a Japanese Landscape. CHEN YI: Percussion Concerto. ZHOU LONG: Out of Tang Court. HOVHANESS: Fantasy on Japanese Wood Prints. Evelyn Glennie (perc), Singapore Symphony Orchestra c. Lan Shui. BIS CD 1222.
Swiss Music
Authors: Palmer Peter 
Published: October 2004

NORBERT MORET: TriptyquepourlesFêtes1;
Gastlosen2; Mendiant du Ciel
bleu3. 1The Tallis Scholars;
2Fritz Muggler organ); 3Béatrice Haldas
(sop), Philippe Huttenlocher (bar), Nederlandse Omroep Stichting of
Hilversum, Maitrise de St-Pierre aux Liens of Bulle, Düdingen
Women's Choir; Heiner Kühner, Catherine Moret, Claudia
Schneuwly (organs), Basle Radio Symphony Orchestra c. Armin Jordan.
Musiques Suisses MGB CD 6199.ROLF LIEBERMANN:
Furioso for orchestra1; Geigy Festival
Concerto2; Medea-Monolog3; Les
Echanges4; Concerto for Jazz Band and Symphony
Orchestra5. 3Rachael Tovey (sop),
3Darmstadt Concert Choir; 2Alfons Grieder (perc);
1,2,5Simon Nabatov (pno); 5NDR Big Band,
1–5Bremen Philharmonic Orchestra c. Günter
Neuhold. Naxos 8.555884.BETTINA SKRZYPCZAK:
Scène1; Miroirs2;
Fantasie for oboe3; SN 1993 J4;
Toccata sospesa5; Concerto for Piano and
Orchestra6. 1Noemi Schindler (vln), Christophe
Roy (vlc); 2Mireille Capelle mezzo-sop), Ensemble
Contrechamps of Geneva; 3Matthias Arter (oboe);
4Bohuslav Martinu Philharmonia of Zlin c. Monica Buckland
Hofstetter; 5Verena Bosshart (fl), Riccardo Bologna, Eduardo
Leandro (perc); 6Massimiliano Damerini (pno),
Philharmonische Werkstatt Schweiz c. Mario Venzago. Musikszene Schweiz
Grammont Portrait MGB CTS-M 78.RICHARD DUBUGNON: Piano
Quartet1; Incantatio for cello and
piano2; Trois Evocations finlandaises3;
Cinq Masques for oboe4; Canonic Verses for Oboe,
Cor Anglais and Oboe d'Amore5; Frenglish Suite
for Wind Quintet6. 4,5Nicholas Daniel (ob),
5Emma Fielding (cor ang), 5Sai Kai (ob
d'amore), 1Viv McLean (pno), 2Dominic Harlan
(pno), 1Illka Lehtonen (vln), 1Julia Knight
(vla), 1,2Matthew Sharp (vlc), 3Richard Dubugnon
(db), 6Royal Academy Wind Soloists. Naxos 8.555778.
American Music
Authors: Johnson Bret 
Published: October 2004

LEES: Symphonies Nos. 2, 3 and 51; Etudes for piano and orchestra2. 1Staatsphilharmonie Rheinland-Pfalz c. Stephen Gunzenhauser, 2James Dick (pno), Texas Festival Orchestra c. Robert Spano. Albany TROY 564/565 (2-CDset).LEES: Passacaglia. PERSICHETTI: Symphony No 4. DAUGHERTY: Philadelphia Stories; Hell's Angels. Oregon Symphony c. James De Preist. Delos DE 3291.FLAGELLO: Symphony No. 1; Theme, Variations and Fugue; Sea Cliffs; Intermezzo. Slovak Radio Symphony Orchestra c. David Amos. Naxos 8.559148.HOVHANESS: Symphony No 22, City of Light1; Cello Concerto2. 2Janos Starker (vlc), Seattle Symphony c. 1Alan Hovhaness, 2Dennis Russell Davies. Naxos 8.559158.HOVHANESS: Symphonies: No 2, Mysterious Mountain; No 50, Mount St Helens; No 66, Hymn to Glacier Peak; Storm on Mt Wildcat, op.2 no.2. Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra c. Gerard Schwarz. Telarc CD-80604.
Lace Knots and Variations
Authors: Rickards Guy 
Published: October 2004

‘Lace Knots and Variations, and the Power of Sacred Physic’MAGUIRE: Così1,2; Per Acqua3; Lace Knots1,4; Cummings Lieder5,2; Invenzione4. Inno a Dio3; L'Altro Quartetto4. 1Cristina Mantese (sop), 2Elisabetta Bocchese (pno), 3A Cappella Ensemble Lübeck c. Hartmut Bethke, 4Paul Klee String Quartet,. 5Julie Mellor (mezzo). New World 80602-2.
Milton Babbitt
Authors: Lister Rodney 
Published: October 2004

BABBITT: String Quartet No. 61; Occasional Variations for synthesizer; String Quartet No. 22; Composition for Guitar3. 1The Sherry Quartet; 2The Composers Quartet; 3William Anderson (gtr). Tzadik TZ7088.BABBITT: Quatrains1; Manifold Music2, My Ends Are My Beginnings3; Soli e Duettini4; Swan Song No. 15. 1Tony Arnold (sop), Charles Neidich, Ayako Oshima (cls); 2Gregory D'Agostino (org); 3Allen Blustine (cl); 4William Anderson, Oren Fader (gtrs); 5Cygnus Ensemble c. Jeffrey Milarsky. Bridge 9135.
Norwegian Orchestral Music
Authors: Anderson Martin 
Published: October 2004

KLEIBERG: Lamento: Cissi Klein in memoriam1; Symphony No. 1, The Bell Reef2; Kammersymfoni (Symphony No. 2).3 Trondheim Symphony Orchestra c. 1Eivind Aadland, 2Rolf Gupta, 3Christian Eggen. Aurora ACD 5032FLEM: Piano Concerto; Solar Wind; Ultima Thule per Orchestra.1 Sergei Ouryvaev (pno), St Petersburg State Symphony Orchestra c. Alexander Kantorov; 1Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra c. Terje Boye Hansen. Aurora ACDPERSEN: Over Kors og Krone. Oslo Philharmonic Orchestra c. Christian Eggen. Aurora ACD 5029NYSTEDT: Apocalypsis Joannis, op. 115. Mona Julsrud (soprano), James Gilchrist (tenor), Oslo Philharmonic Orchestra and Choir c. Aril Remmereit. Simax PSC 1241 (2-CD set).
Samuil Feinberg's Piano Sonatas
Authors: MacDonald Calum 
Published: October 2004

FEINBERG: Piano Sonatas Nos. 1, op.1 (1915)1, 2, op.2 (1915–16)2, 3, op.3 (1916)2, 4, op.6 (1918)1, 5, op.10 (1920–21)1, 6, op.13 (1923)2. 1Nikolaos Samaltanos, 2Christophe Sirodeau (pnos). BIS-CD-1413.FEINBERG: Piano Sonatas Nos. 7, op.21 (1924–28)2, 8, op.21a (1933–34)2, 9, op.29 (1939)1, 10, op.30 (1940–44)1, 11, op.40 (1952)1, 12, op.48 (1962)2. 1Nikolaos Samaltanos, 2Christophe Sirodeau (pnos). BIS-CD-1414.
John McCabe CD round-up
Authors: Conway Paul 
Published: October 2004

JOHN McCABE: Concerto for Piano and Wind Quintet; Musica Notturna; Fauvel's Rondeaux; Postcards for wind quintet. The Fibonacci Sequence. Dutton CDLX 7125.‘Old City New Image’. McCABE: String Trio; String Quartet No. 2. DAVID ELLIS: Trio for violin, viola and cello; String Quartet No. 1. Camerata Ensemble. Campion Cameo 2027.McCABE: Piano Concerto No. 2; Concertante Variations on a theme of Nicholas Maw; Six-Minute Symphony; Sonata on a Motet. Tamami Honma (pno), St Christopher Chamber Orchestra c. Donatas Katkus. Dutton CDLX 7133.‘Tenebrae’. McCABE: Variations; Intermezzi; Sostenuto (Study No. 2); Capriccio (Study No. 1); Aubade (Study No. 4); Tenebrae; Scrunch (Study No. 8); Evening Harmonies (Study No. 7). Tamami Honma (pno). Metier MSV CD92071.
MORTON GOULD McKINLEY
Authors: Johnson Bret 
Published: October 2004

MORTON GOULD: Symphony No. 2. HARBISON: Cello Concerto1. STUCKY: Son et Lumière. GABRIEL GOULD: Watercolors2. 1David Finckel (vlc), 2Robert Sheena (cor anglais), Albany Symphony Orchestra c. David Alan Miller. Albany TROY 605.McKINLEY: Violin Concerto1; Symphony of Winds; Sinfonie Concertante2. 1Janet Packer (vln), Warsaw National Philharmonic c. Jerzy Svoboda, 2Silesian Philarmonic Orchestra c. Joel Suben. MMC2119.McKINLEY: Wind, Fire, and Ice1; Mostly Mozart2; Silent Whispers3. 1Victoria Griswold (pno), London Symphony Orchestra c. Roger Briggs, 2Royal Liverpool Philharmonic c. Gerard Schwarz, 3Warsaw Philharmonic c. Robert Black. MMC2134.McKINLEY: Symphony No. 6, Prague1. STEWART: Scherzo. BIGGS: Salutation. ROSSI: Moon-Mirror. 1Roman Janal (bar), Czech Radio Symphony c. Vladimir Valek. MMC2123.
Frédéric Rapin, Musik in Luzern, Rhapsodische Kammermusik aus der Schweiz’. ERNST LEVY, HERMANN SUTER
Authors: Palmer Peter 
Published: October 2004

‘Frédéric Rapin: Concertos suisses pour clarinettes’. Works by HERBERT FRIES, ARMIN SCHIBLER, JEAN BINET, JEAN BALISSAT, ANDOR KOVACH and ALEXIS CHALIER. Frédéric Rapin (cl), Kammerorchester Arpeggione Hohenems c. Jean-François Antonioli. Musiques Suisses Grammont Portrait MGB CTS-M 80.‘Musik in Luzern: Kammermusik Duo Lang’. FRITZ BRUN: Sonata No. 1 for Violin and Piano. THÜRING BRÄM: Album ‘Goodbye Seventies’. With works by MENDELSSOHN and RACHMANINOV. Brigitte Lang (vln), Yvonne Lang (pno). GALLO CD-1084.‘Rhapsodische Kammermusik aus der Schweiz’. ERNST LEVY: Quintet in C minor for 2 violins, viola, cello and double bass1. HERMANN SUTER: Sextet in C major for 2 violins, viola, 2 cellos and double bass2. FRANK MARTIN: Rhapsodie for 2 violins, 2 violas and double bass3. Florian Kellerhals, Stefan Häussler (vlns), 2,3Nicolas Corti, 1,3Bodo Friedrich (vlas), Imke Frank, 2Matthias Kuhn (vcs), Andreas Cincera (db). Musiques Suisses MGB CD 6201.HERMANN SUTER: Symphony in D minor. HANS JELMOLI: Three Pieces for Orchestra from the comic opera Sein Vermächtnis. Moscow Symphony Orchestra c. Adriano. Sterling CDS-1052-2.
The United States and state-building in Iraq
Authors: Tripp Charles 
Published: October 2004

RANDAmerica's Role in Nation-Building: from Germany to Iraq (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2003)Imaging IraqOn the back cover of this book there is a warm endorsement of its contents by none other than Paul Bremer, effectively the US Governor General of Iraq from May 2003 until June 2004. He claims to regard the book as ‘a marvellous “how to” manual for post conflict stabilization and reconstruction. I have kept a copy handy for ready consultation since my arrival in Baghdad.’ Events in Iraq during the past year would suggest either that he misplaced his copy of the book early in the occupation – or simply chucked it behind a sofa when he realised that it no longer told him what he wanted to know.
Is the distribution of the arid‐occurring otomyine rodents of southern Africa related to physiological adaptation or refuge type?
Authors: Jackson T. P. , Bennett N. C. , Spinks A. C. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractAspects of the physiology of the arid‐occurring otomyine rodents of southern Africa (Parotomys brantsii, Parotomys littledalei and Otomys unisulcatus) were examined, including: (1) renal function; (2) thermal physiology. Parotomys littledalei exhibited a maximum predicted urine‐concentrating ability similar to other arid‐occurring rodents. Maximum concentrating abilities were moderate for O. unisulcatus and low for P. brantsii. The extension of P. littledalei into the driest regions, in which it occurs allopatrically, suggests the importance of renal function in determining the distributional limits of these species. The thermophysiology of these otomyine species demonstrated a mixed ability to cope with aridity. Typical of arid‐occurring diurnal rodents, all became hyperthermic at high ambient temperatures. However, none exhibited several additional thermophysiological characteristics common to arid‐occurring rodents. Thus, resting metabolic rate was not lower than expected for body size, while lower critical temperatures were relatively low and the thermal neutral zone was broad. Nevertheless, the upper limit of thermoneutrality of P. littledalei was lower than that of P. brantsii or O. unisulcatus. The failure of P. littledalei to occur in hotter areas, in which P. brantsii occurs, seems to be related to its thermal physiology. Whereas renal function or thermophysiology may influence the arid extension of P. brantsii and P. littledalei, the high vulnerability of its refuges to fire damage may limit the distribution of O. unisulcatus. Reviewing the thermophysiology of the Otomyinae from more mesic habitats, we argue that their thermophysiology is more closely related to refuge type than aridity. Compared to the apparently specialized physiological mechanisms used by omnivorous or granivorous desert rodents, our study suggests behavioural adaptations such as refuge type and food selection are more important to the survival of these herbivorous desert rodents.
A gastrointestinal role for the amphibian ‘diaphragm’ of Xenopus laevis
Authors: Pickering Mark , Campion Deirdre , Jones James F. X. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe ‘diaphragm’ of Xenopus laevis has close anatomical relations to the lower end of the oesophagus. In mammals, the crural diaphragm acts as a pinch valve at the gastro‐oesophageal junction and is an important component of the gastro‐oesophageal reflux barrier. The present study analysed the effect of amphibian ‘diaphragm’ contraction on oesophageal pressure using a superfused in situ oesophago‐diaphragmatic preparation of large female Xenopus. Three‐dimensional reconstruction of the oesophageal pressure profile was performed using four‐port oesophageal infusion manometry. Bilateral electrical stimulation of the nerves supplying the ‘diaphragm’ of Xenopus increased the pressure volume vector of 5 mm of oesophagus (centred around the insertions of the diaphragm) from 20.4 ± 16 to 553.6 ± 232 mm · mmHg2 (mean ± SD). This was a statistically significant increase and statistically significantly higher than that evoked by electrical stimulation of both vagi (28.1 ± 30.7 mm·mmHg2). The amphibian ‘diaphragm’ seems to be functionally similar to the mammalian crural diaphragm. By analogy, we suggest that the original role of the diaphragm was not respiratory but gastrointestinal.
Sexual dimorphism in head shape and diet in the cottonmouth snake (Agkistrodon piscivorus)
Authors: Vincent Shawn E. , Herrel Anthony , Irschick Duncan J. 
Published: October 2004

AbstractSexual dimorphism is a common phenomenon among animals. The usual cause cited for sexual dimorphism in animals is sexual selection acting through female choice or male–male combat. Natural selection acting to reduce resource competition between the sexes, however, is an important alternative evolutionary scenario, but this possibility has received little empirical study. Here this issue is addressed by examining the relationships among body size, head shape and the functional aspects of diet in the adult male and female cottonmouth snake Agkistrodon piscivorus. In this species, males are larger in overall body and head size. Whereas an analysis of gross head measurements (simple linear head dimensions) shows little dimorphism in head shape, a more detailed analysis of head shape (using digital images of the snakes’ heads) revealed some subtle, yet functionally significant, differences in head shape between adult male and female cottonmouths. Specifically, male cottonmouths have longer quadrate bones, and have greater lateral surface areas than females. Male cottonmouths also consumed relatively taller prey (prey size relative to snake body size) than conspecific females, and the sexes consumed significantly different proportions of prey. Because the size of the quadrate bone is a strong determinant of maximum gape in snakes, we suggest that the observed shape differences may reflect functional differences in maximum gape between similarly sized male and female cottonmouths. In turn, such differences in maximum gape width may explain why males consume taller prey than similarly sized females.