bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
spateGAN: Spatio‐Temporal Downscaling of Rainfall Fields Using a cGAN Approach
Authors: Glawion Luca , Polz Julius , Kunstmann Harald , Fersch Benjamin , Chwala Christian 
Published: October 2023

AbstractClimate models face limitations in their ability to accurately represent highly variable atmospheric phenomena. To resolve fine‐scale physical processes, allowing for local impact assessments, downscaling techniques are essential. We propose spateGAN, a novel approach for spatio‐temporal downscaling of precipitation data using conditional generative adversarial networks. Our method is based on a video super‐resolution approach and trained on 10 years of country‐wide radar observations for Germany. It simultaneously increases the spatial and temporal resolution of coarsened precipitation observations from 32 to 2 km and from 1 hr to 10 min. Our experiments indicate that the ensembles of generated temporally consistent rainfall fields are in high agreement with the observational data. Spatial structures with plausible advection were accurately generated. Compared to trilinear interpolation and a classical convolutional neural network, the generative model reconstructs the resolution‐dependent extreme value distribution with high skill. It showed a high fractions skill score of 0.6 (spatio‐temporal scale: 32 km and 1 hr) for rainfall intensities over 15 mm h−1 and a low relative bias of 3.35%. A power spectrum analysis confirmed that the probabilistic downscaling ability of our model further increased its skill. We observed that neural network predictions may be interspersed by recurrent structures not related to rainfall climatology, which should be a known issue for future studies. We were able to mitigate them by using an appropriate model architecture and model selection process. Our findings suggest that spateGAN offers the potential to complement and further advance the development of climate model downscaling techniques, due to its performance and computational efficiency.
Testing Apparatus Stiffness Variations With Application to Rock and Sediment Deformation
Authors: Ikari Matt J. , Haberkorn Philipp 
Published: October 2023

AbstractFrictional slip instability, resulting in intermittent “stick‐slip” rather than continuous sliding, is a phenomenon that depends on the frictional properties of the sliding area and the stiffness of the surrounding material. For geomechanical rock and sediment testing, the stiffness of the testing apparatus partially controls the occurrence of stick‐slip sliding behavior. Under a wide range of conditions, we directly measured the shear loading stiffness of five direct‐shear apparatuses in the Marine Geotechnics laboratory at MARUM, University of Bremen. Under constant normal stress, the shear loading and unloading curves are non‐linear and exhibit significant hysteresis. Shear stiffness values generally increase with increasing normal and shear stresses. Absolute values of stiffness as well as their dependency on shear and normal stress vary amongst the apparatuses despite the same basic apparatus design. For the application of stiffness concepts to stick‐slip sliding in the Earth, for example, earthquakes, the most appropriate stiffness value is obtained at a shear stress value comparable to the sample strength, and measured during stress unloading. Well‐characterized apparatus stiffness under a wide range of testing conditions is recommended to optimize analyses of laboratory friction data.
The Relationship of Exohiss Waves With Plasmaspheric Hiss Distribution and Solar Wind Parameters
Authors: Seo Jiwoo , Kim Kyung‐Chan 
Published: October 2023

AbstractExohiss waves below 0.1 electron cyclotron frequency (fce) are structureless whistler‐mode emissions typically observed in the plasmatrough. Plasmaspheric hiss may possibly propagate from the plasmasphere into the plasmatrough and evolve into exohiss waves. We investigated the relationship of exohiss occurrence and characteristics with plasmaspheric hiss occurrence and solar wind parameters, analyzing Van Allen Probe observations from 1 October 2012 to 28 February 2018. Exohiss waves observed in the plasmatrough occurred more frequently on the dayside than the nightside, which was consistent with the plasmaspheric hiss distribution in the plasmasphere. Exohiss occurrence gradually increased up to ∼4 hr after hiss measurements and showed a magnetic local time dependence on the plasmaspheric hiss amplitude. We also determined the relative contribution of each solar wind parameter to exohiss distribution as based on exohiss measurements made 0–4 hr after plasmaspheric hiss measurements. A stronger southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) BZ limited the region of exohiss occurrence to the prenoon sector, again consistent with the distribution of plasmaspheric hiss. Prenoon exohiss was also observed for stronger dynamic pressure (PSW), but the plasmaspheric hiss appeared in the postnoon sector. This discrepancy indicated that prenoon exohiss is locally excited rather than a product of plasmaspheric hiss leakage. In addition, during enhanced solar wind conditions with southward IMF BZ or higher PSW, the intensity of the lower‐band chorus was enhanced even below 0.1fce, corresponding to the frequency range of the exohiss, implying that the nightside exohiss may be related to the evolution of low‐frequency chorus waves.
Functional connectivity of amygdala subnuclei in PTSD: a narrative review
Authors: Haris Elizabeth M. , Bryant Richard A. , Williamson Thomas , Korgaonkar Mayuresh S. 
Published: October 2023

AbstractWhile the amygdala is often implicated in the neurobiology of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the pattern of results remains mixed. One reason for this may be the heterogeneity of amygdala subnuclei and their functional connections. This review used PRISMA guidelines to synthesize research exploring the functional connectivity of three primary amygdala subnuclei, basolateral (BLA), centromedial (CMA), and superficial nuclei (SFA), in PTSD (N = 331) relative to trauma-exposed (N = 155) and non-trauma-exposed controls (N = 210). Although studies were limited (N = 11), preliminary evidence suggests that in PTSD compared to trauma-exposed controls, the BLA shows greater connectivity with the dorsal anterior cingulate, an area involved in salience detection. In PTSD compared to non-trauma-exposed controls, the BLA shows greater connectivity with the middle frontal gyrus, an area involved in attention. No other connections were replicated across studies. A secondary aim of this review was to outline the limitations of this field to better shape future research. Importantly, the results from this review indicate the need to consider potential mediators of amygdala subnuclei connectivity, such as trauma type and sex, when conducting such studies. They also highlight the need to be aware of the limited inferences we can make with such small samples that investigate small subcortical structures on low field strength magnetic resonance imaging scanners. Collectively, this review demonstrates the importance of exploring the differential connectivity of amygdala subnuclei to understand the pathophysiology of PTSD and stresses the need for future research to harness the strength of ultra-high field imaging to gain a more sensitive picture of the neural connectivity underlying PTSD.
Quantitative three-dimensional local order analysis of nanomaterials through electron diffraction
Authors: Schmidt Ella Mara , Klar Paul Benjamin , Krysiak Yaşar , Svora Petr , Goodwin Andrew L. , Palatinus Lukas 
Published: October 2023

AbstractStructure-property relationships in ordered materials have long been a core principle in materials design. However, the introduction of disorder into materials provides structural flexibility and thus access to material properties that are not attainable in conventional, ordered materials. To understand disorder-property relationships, the disorder – i.e., the local ordering principles – must be quantified. Local order can be probed experimentally by diffuse scattering. The analysis is notoriously difficult, especially if only powder samples are available. Here, we combine the advantages of three-dimensional electron diffraction – a method that allows single crystal diffraction measurements on sub-micron sized crystals – and three-dimensional difference pair distribution function analysis (3D-ΔPDF) to address this problem. In this work, we compare the 3D-ΔPDF from electron diffraction data with those obtained from neutron and x-ray experiments of yttria-stabilized zirconia (Zr0.82Y0.18O1.91) and demonstrate the reliability of the proposed approach.
Concentration of asset owners exposed to power sector stranded assets may trigger climate policy resistance
Authors: von Dulong Angelika 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThoroughly assessing the owners and distribution of stranded assets in a 2 °C scenario is essential to anticipate climate policy resistance. We employ novel data to analyze owners and incidence of asset stranding in the power sector globally. We show that Asia-Pacific, Europe, and the US are highly exposed to stranded assets, especially coal plants. Stranded assets are highly concentrated in a few asset owners in some countries (e.g., India). Even if owners are more equally exposed (e.g., in the US) they can vary considerably in the asset stranding timing due to differences in plant fleets’ age profile. European, US, and Chinese asset owners own large shares of stranded coal plants abroad. Listed owners may face stranded assets of up to 78% of their share price or more than 80% of their equity. Asset stranding exposure positively correlates with ownership of alternative energy assets. India stands out owning many stranded assets but little alternative energy.
Distantly related Alteromonas bacteriophages share tail fibers exhibiting properties of transient chaperone caps
Authors: Gonzalez-Serrano Rafael , Rosselli Riccardo , Roda-Garcia Juan J. , Martin-Cuadrado Ana-Belen , Rodriguez-Valera Francisco , Dunne Matthew 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe host recognition modules encoding the injection machinery and receptor binding proteins (RBPs) of bacteriophages are predisposed to mutation and recombination to maintain infectivity towards co-evolving bacterial hosts. In this study, we reveal how Alteromonas mediterranea schitovirus A5 shares its host recognition module, including tail fiber and cognate chaperone, with phages from distantly related families including Alteromonas myovirus V22. While the V22 chaperone is essential for producing active tail fibers, here we demonstrate production of functional A5 tail fibers regardless of chaperone co-expression. AlphaFold-generated models of tail fiber and chaperone pairs from phages A5, V22, and other Alteromonas phages reveal how amino acid insertions within both A5-like proteins results in a knob domain duplication in the tail fiber and a chaperone β-hairpin “tentacle” extension. These structural modifications are linked to differences in chaperone dependency between the A5 and V22 tail fibers. Structural similarity between the chaperones and intramolecular chaperone domains of other phage RBPs suggests an additional function of these chaperones as transient fiber “caps”. Finally, our identification of homologous host recognition modules from morphologically distinct phages implies that horizontal gene transfer and recombination events between unrelated phages may be a more common process than previously thought among Caudoviricetes phages.
Sleeping Beauty transposon mutagenesis identified genes and pathways involved in inflammation-associated colon tumor development
Authors: Shimomura Kana , Hattori Naoko , Iida Naoko , Muranaka Yukari , Sato Kotomi , Shiraishi Yuichi , Arai Yasuhito , Hama Natsuko , Shibata Tatsuhiro , Narushima Daichi , Kato Mamoru , Takamaru Hiroyuki , Okamoto Koji , Takeda Haruna 
Published: October 2023

AbstractChronic inflammation promotes development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). To comprehensively understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the development and progression of inflamed CRC, we perform in vivo screening and identify 142 genes that are frequently mutated in inflammation-associated colon tumors. These genes include senescence and TGFβ-activin signaling genes. We find that TNFα can induce stemness and activate senescence signaling by enhancing cell plasticity in colonic epithelial cells, which could act as a selective pressure to mutate senescence-related genes in inflammation-associated colonic tumors. Furthermore, we show the efficacy of the Cdk4/6 inhibitor in vivo for inflammation-associated colonic tumors. Finally, we functionally validate that Arhgap5 and Mecom are tumor suppressor genes, providing possible therapeutic targets for CRC. Thus, we demonstrate the importance of the inactivation of senescence pathways in CRC development and progression in an inflammatory microenvironment, which can help progress toward precision medicine.
An automated single-molecule FRET platform for high-content, multiwell plate screening of biomolecular conformations and dynamics
Authors: Hartmann Andreas , Sreenivasa Koushik , Schenkel Mathias , Chamachi Neharika , Schake Philipp , Krainer Georg , Schlierf Michael 
Published: October 2023

AbstractSingle-molecule FRET (smFRET) has become a versatile tool for probing the structure and functional dynamics of biomolecular systems, and is extensively used to address questions ranging from biomolecular folding to drug discovery. Confocal smFRET measurements are amongst the widely used smFRET assays and are typically performed in a single-well format. Thus, sampling of many experimental parameters is laborious and time consuming. To address this challenge, we extend here the capabilities of confocal smFRET beyond single-well measurements by integrating a multiwell plate functionality to allow for continuous and automated smFRET measurements. We demonstrate the broad applicability of the multiwell plate assay towards DNA hairpin dynamics, protein folding, competitive and cooperative protein–DNA interactions, and drug-discovery, revealing insights that would be very difficult to achieve with conventional single-well format measurements. For the adaptation into existing instrumentations, we provide a detailed guide and open-source acquisition and analysis software.
Mesophotic coral bleaching associated with changes in thermocline depth
Authors: Diaz Clara , Foster Nicola L. , Attrill Martin J. , Bolton Adam , Ganderton Peter , Howell Kerry L. , Robinson Edward , Hosegood Phil 
Published: October 2023

AbstractAs global temperatures continue to rise, shallow coral reef bleaching has become more intense and widespread. Mesophotic coral ecosystems reside in deeper (30–150 m), cooler water and were thought to offer a refuge to shallow-water reefs. Studies now show that mesophotic coral ecosystems instead have limited connectivity with shallow corals but host diverse endemic communities. Given their extensive distribution and high biodiversity, understanding their susceptibility to warming oceans is imperative. In this multidisciplinary study of an atoll in the Chagos Archipelago in the central Indian Ocean, we show evidence of coral bleaching at 90 m, despite the absence of shallow-water bleaching. We also show that the bleaching was associated with sustained thermocline deepening driven by the Indian Ocean Dipole, which might be further enhanced by internal waves whose influence varied at a sub-atoll scale. Our results demonstrate the potential vulnerability of mesophotic coral ecosystems to thermal stress and highlight the need for oceanographic knowledge to predict bleaching susceptibility and heterogeneity.
Plastid-localized xanthorhodopsin increases diatom biomass and ecosystem productivity in iron-limited surface oceans
Authors: Strauss Jan , Deng Longji , Gao Shiqiang , Toseland Andrew , Bachy Charles , Zhang Chong , Kirkham Amy , Hopes Amanda , Utting Robert , Joest Eike F. , Tagliabue Alessandro , Löw Christian , Worden Alexandra Z. , Nagel Georg , Mock Thomas 
Published: October 2023

AbstractMicrobial rhodopsins are photoreceptor proteins that convert light into biological signals or energy. Proteins of the xanthorhodopsin family are common in eukaryotic photosynthetic plankton including diatoms. However, their biological role in these organisms remains elusive. Here we report on a xanthorhodopsin variant (FcR1) isolated from the polar diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus. Applying a combination of biophysical, biochemical and reverse genetics approaches, we demonstrate that FcR1 is a plastid-localized proton pump which binds the chromophore retinal and is activated by green light. Enhanced growth of a Thalassiora pseudonana gain-of-function mutant expressing FcR1 under iron limitation shows that the xanthorhodopsin proton pump supports growth when chlorophyll-based photosynthesis is iron-limited. The abundance of xanthorhodopsin transcripts in natural diatom communities of the surface oceans is anticorrelated with the availability of dissolved iron. Thus, we propose that these proton pumps convey a fitness advantage in regions where phytoplankton growth is limited by the availability of dissolved iron.
Cascaded hard X-ray self-seeded free-electron laser at megahertz repetition rate
Authors: Liu Shan , Grech Christian , Guetg Marc , Karabekyan Suren , Kocharyan Vitali , Kujala Naresh , Lechner Christoph , Long Tianyun , Mirian Najmeh , Qin Weilun , Serkez Svitozar , Tomin Sergey , Yan Jiawei , Abeghyan Suren , Anton Jayson , Blank Vladimir , Boesenberg Ulrike , Brinker Frank , Chen Ye , Decking Winfried , Dong Xiaohao , Kearney Steve , La Civita Daniele , Madsen Anders , Maltezopoulos Theophilos , Rodriguez-Fernandez Angel , Saldin Evgeni , Samoylova Liubov , Scholz Matthias , Sinn Harald , Sleziona Vivien , Shu Deming , Tanikawa Takanori , Terentiev Sergey , Trebushinin Andrei , Tschentscher Thomas , Vannoni Maurizio , Wohlenberg Torsten , Yakopov Mikhail , Geloni Gianluca 
Published: October 2023

AbstractHigh-resolution X-ray spectroscopy in the sub-nanosecond to femtosecond time range requires ultrashort X-ray pulses and a spectral X-ray flux considerably larger than that presently available. X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) radiation from hard X-ray self-seeding (HXRSS) setups has been demonstrated in the past and offers the necessary peak flux properties. So far, these systems could not provide high repetition rates enabling a high average flux. We report the results for a cascaded HXRSS system installed at the European XFEL, currently the only operating high-repetition-rate hard X-ray XFEL facility worldwide. A high repetition rate, combined with HXRSS, allows the generation of millijoule-level pulses in the photon energy range of 6–14 keV with a bandwidth of around 1 eV (corresponding to about 1 mJ eV–1 peak spectral density) at the rate of ten trains per second, each train including hundreds of pulses arriving at a megahertz repetition rate. At 2.25 MHz repetition rate and photon energies in the 6–7 keV range, we observed and characterized the heat-load effects on the HXRSS crystals, substantially altering the spectra of subsequent X-ray pulses. We demonstrated that our cascaded self-seeding scheme reduces this detrimental effect to below the detection level. This opens up exciting new possibilities in a wide range of scientific fields employing ultrafast X-ray spectroscopy, scattering and imaging techniques.
Spatial transcriptomics reveals the distinct organization of mouse prefrontal cortex and neuronal subtypes regulating chronic pain
Authors: Bhattacherjee Aritra , Zhang Chao , Watson Brianna R. , Djekidel Mohamed Nadhir , Moffitt Jeffrey R. , Zhang Yi 
Published: October 2023

AbstractThe prefrontal cortex (PFC) is a complex brain region that regulates diverse functions ranging from cognition, emotion and executive action to even pain processing. To decode the cellular and circuit organization of such diverse functions, we employed spatially resolved single-cell transcriptome profiling of the adult mouse PFC. Results revealed that PFC has distinct cell-type composition and gene-expression patterns relative to neighboring cortical areas—with neuronal excitability-regulating genes differently expressed. These cellular and molecular features are further segregated within PFC subregions, alluding to the subregion-specificity of several PFC functions. PFC projects to major subcortical targets through combinations of neuronal subtypes, which emerge in a target-intrinsic fashion. Finally, based on these features, we identified distinct cell types and circuits in PFC underlying chronic pain, an escalating healthcare challenge with limited molecular understanding. Collectively, this comprehensive map will facilitate decoding of discrete molecular, cellular and circuit mechanisms underlying specific PFC functions in health and disease.
Identification of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus eggs based on image processing and elliptic fourier analysis
Authors: Gunara Nikko Prayudi , Joelianto Endra , Ahmad Intan 
Published: October 2023

AbstractDengue hemorrhagic fever is a worldwide epidemic caused by dengue virus and spread by infected female mosquitoes. The two main mosquito species vectors of the dengue virus are Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Conventionally, the identification of these two species’ egg is time-consuming which makes vector control more difficult. However, although attempts on efficiency improvements by providing automatic identification have been conducted, the earliest stage is at the larval stage. In addition, there are currently no studies on classifying to distinguish the two vectors during the egg stage based on their digital image. A total of 140 egg images of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus were collected and validated by rearing them individually to become adult mosquitoes. Image processing and elliptic Fourier analysis were carried out to extract and describe the shape difference of the two vectors’ eggs. Machine learning algorithms were then used to classify the shape signatures. Morphometrically, the two species’ eggs were significantly different, which Aedes albopictus were smaller in size. Egg-shape contour reconstructions of principal components and Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) revealed that there is a significant difference (p value $$< 0.000$$

<
0.000

) in shape between two species’ eggs at the posterior end. Based on Wilk’s lambda of the MANOVA results, the classification could be done using only the first 3 principal components. Classification of the test data yielded an accuracy of 85.00% and F1 score 84.21% with Linear Discriminant Analysis applying default hyperparameter. Alternatively, k-Nearest Neighbors with optimal hyperparameter yielded a higher classification result with 87.50% and 87.18% of accuracy and F1 score, respectively. These results demonstrate that the proposed method can be used to classify Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus eggs based on their digital image. This method provides a foundation for improving the identification and surveillance of the two vectors and decision making in developing vector control strategies.