bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Struggle for a Second Front
Authors: Kennedy David m. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Late on the evening of Armistice Day, November 11, 1943, Roosevelt and a handful of aides stole away from the White House and boarded the presidential yacht Potomac. At dawn the president’s little craft lay alongside the massive battleship Iowa, anchored in Chesapeake Bay. A special rig hoisted the commander-in-chief up onto the Iowa’s main deck. The dreadnought weighed anchor and headed out to the open sea. Eight days later the presidential party disembarked at Oran, in French North Africa. Roosevelt transferred to a specially fitted Army Air Corps Douglas C-54 transport plane, whimsically named “the Sacred Cow.” His ultimate destination was Teheran and his first-ever meeting with Stalin. But the Sacred Cow first touched down at Cairo. It was not a stop that the president had originally wanted, and not one he anticipated with relish.
The Cauldron of the Home Front
Authors: Kennedy David m. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On September 9, 1942, shortly before the sun peeped over the North American continent’s western edge and drove the night from the sea, Japanese submarine I-2 5 porpoised to the surface of the Pacific Ocean a few miles off the Oregon coast. Moving with practiced efficiency in the darkness, its crew assembled a fragile, single-engine fioat plane on the boat’s deck, slung two 168-pound incendiary bombs under its wings, and pitched it skyward with a catapult. Guided by the beam from the Cape Blanco lighthouse, Warrant Officer Nobuo Fujita piloted his little aircraft over the coastal cliffs and into American airspace. As dawn was breaking, he released his two bombs into the dense pine and fir woods near the logging town of Brookings, wheeled oceanward again, and rendezvoused with his mother ship. Submarine, pilot, and airplane, swiftly restowed with folded wings into the boat’s minuscule cargo hold, dove to safety.
Endgame
Authors: Kennedy David m. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the morning of January 20, 1945, Franklin Roosevelt fitted his wasted legs into his heavy steel braces for the first time in four months. He was wheeled to the south portico of the White House, rose laboriously from his chair with the help of his son James, and gripped a lectern to deliver his fourth inaugural address, the briefest in American history, just 573 words. “We have learned that we must live as men and not as ostriches,” he said. “We can gain no lasting peace if we approach it with suspicion and mistrust—or with fear.” The perfunctory ceremony was over in minutes. As the president withdrew, observers murmured about his pallor and gauntness. He had lost almost twenty-five pounds since the preceding summer. James told him frankly that he looked like hell. When the presidential party went back inside the White House, FDR sat his son down to talk about his will and about the funeral instructions he had deposited in the White House safe. He did not disclose that ten months earlier the cardiologist Howard G. Bruenn had diagnosed him with hypertension, hypertensive heart disease, and failure of the left ventricular chamber. In plain language, Bruenn described the president’s health as “God-awful.” But as he had done for years with his paralysis, Roosevelt did his best willfully to ignore his cardiovascular illness. Though Bruenn prevailed upon him to cut his working day back to just a few hours, the president concealed the severity of his condition from others, asked no questions of his physician, and tried to carry on m public as if nothing in his life had changed.
Officials and Municipal Functions
Authors: Dmitriev Sviatoslav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We do not have any direct information about whether or not city officials in Asia were paid. One inscription tells us that the agoranomos Aristarchos, son of Demetrios, from Erythrae, used the proceeds from his office to embellish his city by having a marble altar built. However, this inscription refers to an ex-official. Such proceeds are likely to have come from fines and dues which the agoranomos and probably other city officials had the right to impose. A letter of Eumenes II to Tyraion in Phrygia shows that the proceeds from the office of the agoranomos in a subject city went to the royal treasury. Inscriptions from Asian cities reveal that gymnasiarchs could impose small fines in Ceos, as ynomoi in Pergamum, neopoioi in Samos, agoranomoi in Selymbria, and other officials elsewhere. At least some offices in Hellenistic Athens could bring in revenues as well.
Greek Cities under Hellenistic and Roman Rulers
Authors: Dmitriev Sviatoslav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many principles and features of city administration in Asia Minor survived intact from the coming of Alexander till the arrival of the Romans. The same words with broad meaning continued to be used, and no administrative terminology in the strict sense was created. Depending on the perspective adopted in a document, offices were classified in more than one way, and officials with various kinds of responsibilities could he placed in the same or different categories. The Greeks continued to conceptualize city administration not by technical notions or fields and levels of administration defined a priori but by grouping city offices according to each case. Common people still had access to many offices because their expenditures were reimbursed. No permanent relations of subordination were ever established among numerous city officials because all the important matters continued to be decided by the people’s assemblies. The latter displayed its power hy assuming legislative initiative and electing temporary commissions that dealt with specific problems and were directly responsible to the assembly. The number of city officials who could bring forward legislative proposals before the people’s assembly remained strictly limited throughout the Hellenistic period.
Mythographus Vergilianus
Authors: Cameron Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In addition to mytholological paraphrase/companions for both Ovid and Germanicus, it has not (I think) been realized that we also have what amounts to another for Vergil, embedded in the various late antique commentaries, principally (of course) Servius. Given the enormous bulk of the various Vergil scholia (1,660 pages in the Thilo-Hagen edition, plus a further 270 pages of Hagen’s Scholia Bernensia), most only consult it occasionally for specific passages, and fewer still dip into Filargirius and Ps-Probus. The few who have studied the corpus as a whole have usually been interested in its value either for the textual criticism of VergiJI or for the teaching of Latin in late antiquity. Any one who has read more than half a dozen pages at length is likely to be aware that Servius devotes much space to explaining mythological allusions, but it is perhaps only medievalists who appreciate quite how much mythographic material he offers. The Servian corpus’ is by far the fullest and most important source for those central medieval mythographic texts, the first and second Vatican mythographersand for the medieval Latin West in general.
The Roman Poets
Authors: Cameron Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mythological allusions and comparisons are a very conspicuous feature of Roman poetry. Take Propertius. “How,” asks Oliver Lyne, “did Propertius acquire his knowledge of the myths he uses? More importantly, what sort of familiarity did his readers have with this type of myth, and how did they acquire it?” Apart from the classical poets, he suggests two possible sources: mythographic handbooks, and the mythological paintings that decorated so many walls in Pompeii and no doubt most other Italian towns.
Chapter Two
Authors: Olivelle Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Learn the Law always adhered to by people who are erudite, virtuous, and free from love and hate, the Law assented to by the heart. Excursus: Desire To be motivated by desire* is not commended, but it is impossible here to be free from desire; for it is desire that prompts vedic study and the performance of vedic rites. 3lntention is the root of desire;* intention is the wellspring of sacrifices; and intention triggers every religious observance and every rule of restraint-so the tradition declares. 4Nowhere in this world do we see any activity done by a man free from desire; for whatever at all that a man may do, it is the work of someone who desired it.* 5By engaging in them* properly, a man attains the world of the immortals and, in this world, obtains all his desires just as he intended.+
Chapter Six
Authors: Olivelle Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
+1After living this way in the householder’s order according to rule, a twice-born bathgraduate should duly live in the forest, controlling his self and mastering his organs.* When a householder sees his skin wrinkled, his hair turned gray, and his children’s children, he should take to the wilderness. 3Giving up village food and all his belongings, he should go to the forest, entrusting his wife to his sons or accompanied by her. Taking with him his sacrificial fires and the implements required for his domestic fire rituals, he should depart from the village to the wilderness and live there with his organs controlled. Using various kinds of ritually clean sage’s food (3.257 n.), or vegetables, roots, and fruits, he should continue to offer the same great sacrifices (3.68-70) according to rule. 6He should wear a garment of skin or tree bark;* bathe in the morning and evening; always wear matted hair; and keep his beard, body hair, and nails uncut.
Chapter Eight
Authors: Olivelle Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the king is going to try a case, he should enter the court modestly accompanied by Brahmins and counselors who are experts in policy.* 2Seated or standing there, dressed in modest clothes and ornaments, and raising his right hand,* he should look into the cases of the plaintiffs 3every day in accordance with the standards of the region and those specified in the legal texts, lawsuits that fall individually* under the eighteen avenues of litigation. 0f these, (i) the first is non-payment of debts; (ii) deposits; (iii) sale without ownership; (iv) partnerships; (v) non-delivery of gifts; 5(vi) non-payment of wages; (vii) breach of contract; (viii) cancellation of a sale or purchase; (ix) disputes between owners and herdsmen; 6(x) the Law on boundary disputes; (xi) verbal assault; (xii) physical assault; (xiii) theft; (xiv) violence; (xv) sexual crimes against women;* 7(xvi) Law concerning husband and wife; (xvii) partition of inheritance; and (xviii) gambling and betting. These are the eighteen grounds on which litigation may be instituted in this world.
Chapter Ten
Authors: Olivelle Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Four Classes !Devoted to their respective activities, the three twice-born classes should study the Veda; but it is the Brahmin who should teach them, not the other two-that is the firm principle. 2The Brahmin must know the means of livelihood of all according to rule, and he should both teach them to the others and follow them himself. Because of his distinctive qualities, the eminence of his origin, his observance of restrictive practices, and the distinctive nature of his consecration, the Brahmin is the lord of all the classes. Three classes-Brahmin, K atriya, and Vaisya-are twice-born; the fourth, SUdra, has a single birth. There is no fifth. In all the classes, children born in the direct order of class* to wives who are of equal cla-,s and married as virgins should be recognized as belonging to the same class by birth. 6Sons fathered by twice-born men on wives of the class immediately below theirs are considered only “similar,” disdained as they are due to their mother’s defect.
Defining Child Abuse and Neglect
Authors: Brittain Charmaine R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since the case of Mary Ellen Wilson garnered headlines as the first child rescued from an abusive situation in 1876, the plights of children who are abused and neglected have captured our attention and mobilized our resources. We have learned much about diagnosing child abuse and neglect and even more about providing effective intervention and treatment. The first step in helping maltreated children is to identify those who have been abused or neglected and often this is done through a medical diagnosis. Over the years, in the retelling of Mary Ellen Wilson’s story, myth has sometimes been confused with fact. Some of the inaccuracies may stem from colorful but erroneous journalism, others from simple misunderstanding of the facts, and still others from the complex history of the child protection movement in the United States and Great Britain and its link to the animal welfare movement. While it is true that Henry Bergh, president of the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), was instrumental in ensuring Mary Ellen’s removal from an abusive home, it is not true that her attorney—who also worked for the ASPCA—argued that she deserved help because she was “a member of the animal kingdom.” The real story—which can be pieced together from court documents, newspaper articles, and personal accounts—is quite compelling, and it illustrates the impact that a caring and committed individual can have on the life of a child.
Child Abuse by Poisoning
Authors: Moore Joyce K , Smith Jean C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr. C. Henry Kempe first referred to poisoning as a form of child abuse in 1962. Since that date, workers in both the medical and CPS fields have become increasingly aware of this and other less obvious forms of maltreatment. In 1993, the American Association of Poison Control Centers reported 5,400 toxin exposures in children as being due to “malicious intent” on the part of a caregiver (Litovitz, Clark, & Soloway, 1994). Literature reviews have shown hundreds of published cases of children poisoned by alcohol, illicit drugs, prescription drugs, over-the-counter medications, folk remedies, and common household substances (Bays & Feldman, 2001). For purposes of identification and intervention, poisoning as a form of child maltreatment may be divided into four distinct categories: (1) impulsive acts under stress, (2) bizarre child-rearing practices, (3) neglect (lack of supervision), and (4) pediatric condition falsification (Munchausen’s syndrome by proxy). With increased reporting, the patterns of these four categories have become more clearly defined.
Neglect
Authors: Sirotnak Andrew P , Moore Joyce K , Smith Jean C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A school official calls the local CPS office with concerns of a student who might be neglected. He seems hungry and thin. He is poorly kept and looks and smells dirty. A medical provider voices concern about an infant who is not growing properly. Her mother seems distant and unconcerned. These and similar situations may be problems of neglect, the most prevalent form of child maltreatment in the United States today. These cases are difficult not only in their frequency but also in the obscurity of their diagnosis and variety of treatments. In our society, neglect is easily confused with poverty, ignorance, or parents or caregivers who are overwhelmed with other problems. The treatment of neglect is often protracted, combining the efforts of many different agencies and professionals. The medical provider will work with a CPS worker not only in treating the child’s immediate problem but also in monitoring his growth and development through the course of his treatment. In this form of maltreatment, the combined efforts of many professionals are crucial.
Child Abuse Fatalities
Authors: Sirotnak Andrew P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The death of a child as a result of abuse or neglect often represents the tragic failure of our society to identify at-risk families and to protect vulnerable children. Yet even in the most well-designed and well-delivered community systems of child protection and public health, children will die from physical abuse or neglect. Data from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2005) for 2003 showed that an estimated 1,500 children died from abuse or neglect for an incidence rate of 2.00 per 100,000 children. Children under 4 years of age accounted for 78.7% of child fatalities and children less than or equal to 1 year accounted for almost 60% of all fatalities. Inconsistent state reporting, uninvestigated suspicious child deaths, and deaths misidentified as accidental or SIDS are factors in these numbers being an estimate only. Most children are killed by a parent or caregiver; often both parents or caregivers are responsible and both genders are equally victimized. Despite many high-profile cases in recent years, the national data reports that only 10.7% of these families had received services in the five years prior to the deaths.
A Tangled Bank: Reflections on the Tree of Life and Human Health
Authors: Colwell Rita R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing almost 150 years ago, Charles Darwin coined the name “tree of life” to describe the evolutionary patterns that link all life on Earth. His work set a grand challenge for the biological sciences—assembling the Tree of Life—that remains incomplete today. In the intervening years, we have come to understand better the significance of this challenge for our own species. As human activity alters the planet, we depend more and more on our knowledge of Earth’s other inhabitants, from microorganisms to mega fauna and flora, to anticipate our own fate. Aldo Leopold, the great naturalist and writer, wrote, “To keep every cog and wheel is the first precaution of intelligent tinkering” (1993:145–146). However, the simple fact is that we do not yet know “what’s out there,” and we are often unaware of what we have already lost. The total number of species may number between 10 and 100 million, of which approximately 1.7 million are known and only 50,000 described in any detail. Today, we are in a better position to carry forward Darwin’s program. Museums, universities, colleges, and research institutions are invaluable repositories for data painstakingly collected, conserved, and studied over the years.
The Fruit of the Tree of Life: Insights into Evolution and Ecology
Authors: Futuyma Douglas J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A milestone in the history of biology—and indeed of science and of society—was passed in February 2001, when two research groups announced completion of a “draft” of the human genome (International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium 2001, Venter et al. 2001). Even if some biologists felt that this event had rather less scientific significance than the public acclaim might suggest (because, after all, complete genome sequences had already been published for quite a few other species), the social and medical implications are undeniably immense. And for an evolutionary biologist, the most gratifying aspect of this historic event is that the leading publications are pervaded with evolutionary interpretation: “Most human repeat sequence is derived from transposable elements.” “The monophyletic LINE1 and Alu lineages are at least 150 and 80 Myr old, respectively.” “[M]ost protein domains trace at least as far back as a common animal ancestor.” “[C]onservation of gene order[between human and mouse] has been used to identify likely orthologues between the species, particularly when investigating disease phenotypes.”[All quotations are taken from International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2001).]
The Early Branches in the Tree of Life
Authors: Pace Norman R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of DNA sequencing technology in the last decades of the 20th century revolutionized biology, including the ways in which we can study the history of life. Before the availability of gene sequences, relationships of fossils were the main hope to chart the evolution of life. The character traits used to relate organisms in evolution were primarily morphological and could not be applied to microbial organisms. With gene sequences, contemporary organisms are related quantitatively in terms of nucleotide differences. Variation in sequences among modern organisms is a measure of the extent of biodiversity. Gene and now wholegenome sequences also allow the inference of maps of the history of evolution, in the form of phylogenetic trees. The results are illuminating and provide grist for conjecture and controversy on the evolutionary process. The purpose of this article is to tour the large-scale structure of the phylogenetic Tree of Life and to provide some interpretation of this emerging view of life’s history. I emphasize how our understanding of the extent of the tree has expanded because of recent molecular studies of microbial diversity in the environment.
The Diversification of Flowering Plants
Authors: Soltis Pamela S , Soltis Douglas E , Chase Mark W , Endress Peter K , Crane Peter R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we provide an overview of the phylogeny of flowering plants, with special emphasis on the root and major clades of the angiosperms, and patterns of radiation in the evolutionary history of angiosperms. Given the size of the angiosperm clade, we will not examine relationships within major clades in any detail; instead, we refer the reader to publications that focus on those clades or grades[e.g., basal angiosperms (Zanis et al. 2002), monocots (Chase et al. 2000), early-diverging eudicots (Hoot et al. 1999), asterids (Albach et al. 2001, Bremer et al. 2002)]. After this overview, we use the phylogeny to examine patterns of evolution in three important features of flowering plants: double fertilization and endosperm formation, closed carpels, and perianth structure and organization. The flowering plants are one of five clades of extant seed plants, and they are by far the largest, most diverse, and most important ecologically of all living embryophytes (land plants). There are at least 260,000 (Takhtajan 1997) species of flowering plants (i.e., five to six times the number of living species of vertebrates), classified in approximately 450 families (e.g., 453, as listed in Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II 2003).
Phylogeny of the Holometabolous Insects: The Most Successful Group of Terrestrial Organisms
Authors: Whiting Michael F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The radiation and diversification of the holometabolous insects stand as two of the grandest events in all of evolutionary history, representing an unprecedented explosion in species coupled with extensive anatomical and physiological specialization. The defining characteristic for Holometabola is complete metamorphosis: every insect in this group, with rare exception, passes through an egg, larval, pupal, and adult stage. This is in contrast to the non-holometabolous insect groups in which juveniles have more or less the same form as the adult, live in the same environment, and exploit similar resources. Although it has never been thoroughly tested, it is thought that the evolution of complete metamorphosis was the key innovation allowing these insects to partition habitats between adults and juveniles, resulting in a wider range of niches that could be occupied by the nascent species. And occupied they have. Holometabola includes well more than one million species representing roughly 80% of all described insect species and just more than half of the total number of described species on Earth today (Kristensen 1999, Wilson 1988). The immense size of this group and their unique morphological specializations present a serious challenge to phylogenetic systematics.