bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GOLGI FROM COCCOLITHUS PELAGICUS (PRYMNESIOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Wainwright Irene M. , Kwon Duck‐Kee , Gonzalez Elma 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTCells of the marine alga Coccolithus pelagicus (Wal‐lich)J. Schiller grown in axenic cultures were homogenized and fractionated. The distribution of organelle markers was assessed enzymatically after centrifugation through zonal, density, and flotation gradients made with sucrose, sorbitol, or Percoll. Mitochondria (1.19 g·cm‐3) and chloroplasts (1.15 g·cm‐3) were recovered in sucrose gradients at densities similar to those observed for higher plants and most algae. The position of endoplasmic reticulum and plasma membrane in the gradients was monitored by NADPH cytochrome c reductase and vanadate‐sensitive Mg2+‐ATPase, respectively. Higher plant Golgi markers, latent undine diphosphatase (UDPase) and glucan synthase I, were colocalized at a density range including two peaks of activity at 1.13–1.15 g·cm‐3.Bound calcium was associated with high density (1.15 g·cm‐3) membranes. Ca2+‐stimulated ATPase was found at high levels on membranes that did not coisolate with the latent UDPase‐containing membranes. The Ca2+‐stimulated ATPase, a possible participant during calcification, was associated with a chloroplast‐enriched fraction in all the organelle separation systems. However, about 30% of the total activity was separated from both the chloroplasts and Golgi on 0–70% Percoll gradients containing 0.4 M sucrose. The possible relationship of the Golgi and the high‐density organelle exhibiting Ca2+‐stimulated ATPase to coccolithogenesis and the process of calcification and crystal formation is discussed.
DISTINCTION OF SOUTH AMERICAN HAPLOGLOIA ANDERSONII AND CHORDARIA LINEARIS (PHAEOPHYCEAE) BASED ON DIFFERENCES IN SEXUAL REPRODUCTION, MORPHOLOGY, ECOPHYSIOLOGY, AND DISTRIBUTION1
Authors: Peters Akira F. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACT Haplogloia andersonii (Farlow) Levring is an anti‐tropical species that occurs on cold and warm‐temperate Pacific coasts of both Americas. In its habit it resembles the subantarctic species Chordaria linearis (Hooker et Harvey) Cotton. Culture studies show that the species differ in morphology and ecophysiology of their microscopic gametophytes and in gamete behavior. Details of sporophyte anatomy are presented that also allow the distinction of field plants. In South America, H. andersonii occurs only on the Pacific coast, from central Perú (14°S) to southern Chile (50°S). Chordaria linearis occurs on the Pacific coast from Chiloé Island (43°S) to Cape Horn (56°S). In the shared area the species may co‐occur. On the Atlantic coast, C. linearis was newly collected at a locality in northern Patagonia (41°S). In addition, C. linearis occurs in Antarctica. Haplogloia moniliformis Richer, recently described from Macquarie Island, is probably synonymous with Chordaria linearis.
SEPARATION OF CHLOROPHYLLS c1c2, AND c3 OF MARINE PHYTOPLANKTON BY REVERSED‐PHASE‐C18‐HIGH‐PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY1
Authors: Kraay Gijsbert W. , Zapata Manuel , Veldhuis Marcel J. W. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTWe separated chlorophylls c1 c2, and c3 of marine phytoplankton together with other pigments by a modification of the commonly applied reversed‐phase‐C18‐high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐C18‐HPLC) method. However, the chlorophyll c‐like pigment 2,4, Mg‐divinylpheoporphyrin as monomethyl ester, co‐eluted with chlorophyll c1. The method involves optimization of the mobile phase by using a very high ion strength solvent in combination with a high carbon loaded RP‐C18 column. Fingerprints of the various taxonomic groups of algae can thus be developed in a single run, including separation of the carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin.
FATE OF THE TOXIC CYCLIC HEPTAPEPTIDES, THE MICROCYSTINS, FROM BLOOMS OF MICROCYSTIS (CYANOBACTERIA) IN A HYPERTROPHIC LAKE1
Authors: Watanabe Makoto M. , Kaya Kunimitsu , Takamura Noriko 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTThe in situ fate of the toxic cyclic heptapeptides, the microcystins, produced by blooms of Microcystis was examined at two stations in a hypertrophic Japanese lake. Microcystins were detected in all samples of Microcystis with quantities varying seasonally and spatially (230–950 μg · g dry wt−1 at St. 1 and 160–746 μg · g dry wt−1 at St. 2) and composed of microcystin‐LR, ‐RR, and‐YR. Microcystin‐RR was the dominant toxin in most samples. A large amount of microcystin (1.1 μg · L−1) was detected in only one sample of filtered lake water. Accumulation of microcystin in zooplankton was indirectly estimated from a newly developed equation model. Large amounts of microcystin (75–1387 μg · g dry wt−1) were accumulated in the zooplankton community, which consisted of two cladocerans, Bosmina fatalis Burckhardt and Diaphanosoma brachyurum Lieve, and a copepod, Cyclops vicinus Uljanin, that co‐occurred with the toxic Microcystis blooms. The maximum percent of microcystin content in zooplankton to that in Microcystis was 202%. Among the three species of zooplankton, only B. fatalis seemed to be responsible for accumulation of the microcystins because C. vicinus appeared to avoid contact with Microcystis cells and D. brachyurum did not consume colonies of Microcystis. Microcystins may be transferred to higher trophic levels through B. fatalis.
EFFECTS OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS ON THE ENDOSYMBIONT LOAD OF RHOPALODIA GIBBA AND EPITHEMIA TURGIDA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: DeYoe Hudson R. , Lowe Rex L. , Marks Jane C. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTDiatoms of the family Epithemiaceae possess a unicellular nitrogen‐fixing cyanobacterial endosymbiont. We investigated the potential of extracellular nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations to affect the endosymbiont load of Rhopalodia gibba O. Müll, and Epithemia turgida Ehr. in field and culture populations. In a growth chamber experiment, monoclonal cultures of R. gibba were exposed to three levels of nitrate‐nitrogen. Nutrient‐diffusing substrates were used in a lake environment to create nine microhabitats of varying nitrogen and phosphorus ratios for natural populations of R. gibba and E. turgida. The number of endosymbionts per diatom increased as ambient nitrogen became limiting; mean endosymbiont volume increased as nitrogen increased. The mean endosymbiont surface area: volume ratio decreased with increasing nitrogen. Total endosymbiont volume per diatom (the product of the number of endosymbionts per diatom and their individual biovolumes) did not have a simple response to increasing nitrogen. Phosphorus limitation uncoupled the relationship between endosymbiont load and nitrogen. We suspect that flexibility of the endosymbiont load can reduce the metabolic cost to the diatom if the endosymbionts are dependent on the diatom for a resource.
CUTICLES FROM CHONDRUS CRISPUS (RHODOPHYTA)1
Authors: Craigie James S. , Correa Juan A. , Gordon Margaret E. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTA simple, nondestructive physical process was developed for routinely isolating the outermost layers from female, male, and sporophyte fronds of Chondrus crispus Stack‐house. Yields of pure cuticles from apical segments ranged from 0.74 to 2.35% on a dry weight basis after 5–7 d of culture. These undegraded cuticles were examined by electron microscopy (scanning and transmission electron microscopy), spectroscopy (infrared and X‐ray), and chemical means.Cuticles isolated from female or male fronds were characterized by parallel arrays of electron‐dense lamellae (typically 6–14) alternating with more electron‐transparent regions. The thickness and uniformity of these lamellae provide the physical basis for the iridescence characteristic of C. crispus fronds. Sporophyte fronds are not iridescent. This phenomenon may be explained by the fewer electron‐dense cuticular lamellae (usually three to seven) and the fact that these lamellae anastomose freely to form a thin cuticle with a highly irregular substructure. Elements detected by X‐ray analysis, in addition to carbon and oxygen, included Mg, Br, S, and Ca in both gametophyte and sporophyte cuticles. Major features of FTIR spectra of all cuticles were absorbances due to proteins. A strong band, indicative of sulfate ester, occurred near 1250 cm−1 in all cuticle preparations. Gametophyte, but not sporophyte, cuticles absorbed at 935, 846, and 800 cm−1 consistent with the presence of kappa and/or iota carrageenan. Amino acid analyses showed that sporophyte and gametophyte cuticles were generally similar in gross composition. All contained proline as the principal residue together with significant amounts of cysteine, methionine, and lysine. Protein contents calculated from these analyses ranged from 37.6 to 44.4% on a dry weight basis as compared to 51.5–56.7% calculated from total nitrogen values. Up to 75% of the cuticle mass was solubilized by sodium dodecyl sulfate‐β‐mercaptoethanol. Three similar migrating bands were seen in female and male cuticle extracts on sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; however, none of the three weaker bands from sporophyte cuticles comigrated with those from gametophytes. Chloroform‐methanol extraction removed < 3.3% of the cuticle mass, suggesting that lipids were minor components.
PHOTOREGULATION OF PHYCOBILISOME STRUCTURE DURING COMPLEMENTARY CHROMATIC ADAPTATION IN THE MARINE CYANOPHYTE PHORMIDIUM SP. C861
Authors: Ohki Kaori , Fujita Yoshihiko 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTChanges in the molecular structure of phycobilisomes during complementary chromatic adaptation were studied in the marine cyanophyte Phormidium sp. C86. This strain forms phycoerythrin (PE)‐less phycobilisomes under red light but synthesizes PE‐rich phycobilisomes under green light. Analysis of phycobiliprotein composition and electron microscopic examination of phycobilisomes in ultra‐thin sections of cells and of isolated phycobilisomes were performed for cells acclimated to red and green light, respectively. The structure of phycobilisomes formed under red light conditions was typically hemidiscoidal. Phycobilisomes in cells acclimated to green light were twice as large in size as those in cells acclimated to red light. This increase in phycobilisome size was a result of the increase in the molar ratio of antenna pigment (PE and phycocyanin) to allophycocyanin, from 3.5 to 11.3. Pigment composition and fine structure of phycobilisomes formed under green light were similar to those of “nonhemidiscoidal” phycobilisomes reported in Phormidium persicinum. These results suggest that changes occur not only in the molecular species of peripheral rods but also in the structure of rods and probably of cores in relation to their connection with rods during chromatic adaptation of Phormidium sp. C86.
HIGH‐PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY OF PHYTOPLANKTON PIGMENTS USING A POLYMERIC REVERSED‐PHASE C18 COLUMN1
Authors: Van Heukelem Laurie , Lewitus Alan J. , Kana Todd M. , Craft Neal E. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTA high‐performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method is described that allows improved resolution of several chemotaxonomically significant phytoplankton pigments. The protocol, which employs two pumps and a modified Mantoura and Llewellyn (1983) solvent system, can be easily adapted for many HPLC systems currently in use. The most unique aspect of the method is the use of a polymeric C18 reversed phase HPLC column (VYDAC 201TP). In comparison to the monomeric C18 columns typically used in the characterization of phytoplankton pigments, polymeric C18 columns offer superior selectivity for structurally similar compounds. The protocol was evaluated for the ability to resolve most of the phytoplankton pigments of diagnostic importance using algal cultures from nine classes. Pigment pairs that were resolved by the method include a) lutein and zeaxanthin, b) neoxanthin and 19′‐hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin, and c) α‐carotene and β‐carotene, and partial resolution of chlorophyll c1 and chlorophyll c2.
Sepsis strategies: an ICU package?
Authors: Ruffell Alison J 
Published: October 2004

Summary• Mortality of patients with severe sepsis remains at unacceptable levels and recent new strategies are not being widely embraced• Five strategies are discussed within this article [low tidal volumes in acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome, early goal‐directed therapy, drotrecogin alfa (activated), moderate dose corticosteroids and tight control of blood glucose]• The critical care nurse plays a leading role in the detection, monitoring and treatment of patients with severe sepsis• The role of the critical care nurse within the multidisciplinary team is explored• Education, combination of strategies and the use of protocols are discussed
An exploration of the ethical dimensions pertinent to gaining consent for thrombolysis
Authors: Humphreys Melanie , Smallwood Andrew 
Published: October 2004

Summary• This paper explores some of the pertinent ethical principles involved in gaining consent in thrombolysis, relevant to both nurses and paramedics• It describes ethical concerns regarding this practice• Two key themes that have been explored are around the issue of autonomy and paternalism• With nurse‐initiated thrombolysis gaining momentum, an awareness of key ethical dimensions is fundamental
Ms B and legal competence: interprofessional collaboration and nurse autonomy
Authors: Goodman Benny 
Published: October 2004

Summary• Ms B's wish for withdrawal of treatment was refused• The nurses’ role and autonomy in the decision‐making is unclear• Historically, tensions have existed in the doctor–nurse relationship• Interprofessional collaboration is encouraged in order to facilitate team working• Evidence is lacking that this is working and suggests continuing problems• Legal and ethical education needs emphasizing in order to ensure respect for patient autonomy
Small nonspecialized farming as a protective factor against immediate‐type occupational respiratory allergy?
Authors: Walusiak J. , Krawczyk‐Adamus P. , Hanke W. , Wittczak T. , Pałczyński C. 
Published: October 2004

Background:  In Poland small, nonspecialized farms, growing different crops and raising usually a few animals of various species constitute the majority.Objective:  The aim of the case–control study was to evaluate the risk factors of work‐related respiratory symptoms and occupational asthma and/or rhinitis in Polish farmers and investigate whether the farming characteristics may have influence on the prevalence of atopy and allergic diseases.Methods:  The study groups comprised 100 cases who were farmers reporting work‐related asthmatic and/or rhinitis symptoms from randomly selected family doctors practices (80 of 353) and 102 healthy controls. All subjects were examined by means of a questionnaire, skin prick tests (SPT) to common and occupational allergens, total serum immunoglobulin (Ig)E level and the presence of specific IgE and allergen‐specific inhalation challenge tests were performed. The provocation tests were monitored with the spirometry, histamine challenge test and evaluation of nasal symptoms score and nasal washings.Results:  Respiratory allergic disease was recognized in 68 symptomatic patients, including 41 cases because of occupational allergens (asthma n = 38, rhinitis n = 41). Step‐wise logistic regression analysis confirmed the protective role of small farms against the development of work‐related symptoms (OR 0.23; 95% CI 0.11, 0.47) as well as the significance of positive SPT to cereals (OR 5.55; 95% CI 1.6, 19.21) and storage mites (OR 3.73; 95% CI 1.27, 10.96) as a risk factor of these symptoms. Cereal farming (OR 13.75; 95% CI 2.39, 78.83) and positive SPT to cereals (OR 26.92; 95% CI 5.33, 135.9) and storage mites (OR 44.07; 95% CI 8.40, 231.1) were found to be significant risk factors of occupational asthma and/or rhinitis.Conclusions:  Cereal farming and hypersensitivity to cereals plays the significant role in the development of occupational asthma among Polish farmers. It also seems that working on small farms may protect farmers against work‐related respiratory symptoms that are mostly because of allergy.
Bet v 1 homologues in strawberry identified as IgE‐binding proteins and presumptive allergens
Authors: Karlsson A. L. , Alm R. , Ekstrand B. , Fjelkner‐Modig S. , Schiött Å. , Bengtsson U. , Björk L. , Hjernø K. , Roepstorff P. , Emanuelsson C. S. 
Published: October 2004

Background:  No strawberry allergen has so far been identified and characterized.Methods:  Serum samples were collected from patients with a suggestive case history of adverse reactions to strawberry and other fruits. Extracts from fresh and frozen strawberries were analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE), Western blotting and mass spectrometry. Patient blood samples were analysed for inhibition of IgE binding and basophil degranulation.Results:  Several IgE‐binding proteins could be detected. In more than half of the patient sera, a 20/18‐kDa doublet band was observed in Western blotting. These two bands were excised and analysed by mass spectrometry showing the presence of proteins belonging to the Bet v 1 family of allergens. Inhibition of the IgE binding to the 20/18‐kDa doublet was obtained by addition of two recombinantly expressed allergens belonging to the Bet v 1 family (Bet v 1 and Mal d 1) and strawberry protein extract. In a cell‐based assay of patient blood samples, basophil degranulation could be induced by strawberry protein extract and by Bet v 1 and Mal d 1.Conclusions:  We conclude that strawberry homologues to Bet v 1 may be allergens of importance for adverse reactions to strawberry.
Effect of tree pollen specific, subcutaneous immunotherapy on the oral allergy syndrome to apple and hazelnut
Authors: Bucher X. , Pichler W. J. , Dahinden C. A. , Helbling A. 
Published: October 2004

Background:  The efficacy of specific immunotherapy (SIT) in pollen allergy is well established. However, its effect on pollen associated food allergy particularly the oral allergy syndrome (OAS) is not definitely ascertained.Objective:  The purpose of this controlled prospective study was to investigate whether SIT with tree pollen, mainly birch, has an effect on OAS induced by apple or hazelnut in birch pollen‐allergic individuals.Methods:  Twenty‐seven birch pollen‐allergic subjects with OAS induced by apple or hazelnut underwent open oral provocation tests (OPT) with increasing doses (1 to 128 g) of fresh apple or ground hazelnut 1 year apart. Fifteen of 27 subjects were treated with SIT and 12 were not. Skin‐prick test with birch pollen, apple and hazelnut, and specific serum IgE, IgG and IgG4 to rBet v 1, apple and hazelnut were determined.Results:  Thirteen of 15 (87%) SIT‐treated subjects could eat significantly (P < 0.001) more of apple or hazelnut without any symptoms/signs. The average tolerated quantity increased from 12.6 to 32.6 g apple after 1 year in this group. In contrast, only one of 12 (8%) individuals without SIT was able to consume a higher amount without symptoms. On evaluating laboratory parameters, only IgG4 antibodies to rBet v 1 were found to be significantly (P < 0.01) increased in the SIT‐treated group after 1 year.Conclusions:  The study shows that SIT with extracts containing birch pollen has a positive impact on OAS to apple or hazelnut in birch pollen‐allergic individuals. In spite of this outcome, the amount of apple/hazelnut tolerated is still small. Thus, the effect of SIT on the patients’ management of OAS remains limited.
Genetic variation in carbon isotope discrimination in six European populations of Castanea sativa Mill. originating from contrasting localities
Authors: Lauteri M. , Pliura A. , Monteverdi M. C. , Brugnoli E. , Villani F. , Eriksson G. 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the variability of physiological performances of Castanea sativa Mill. in relation to drought tolerance, among and within European populations coming from contrasting environmental conditions. Forty-eight open-pollinated families from a stratified sample (temperature/precipitation) of six naturalized populations from Spain, Italy and Greece were grown for one growth period under two temperature regimes (25 and 32 °C), in combination with two watering regimes in growth chambers. Complementary to growth traits analysed in a previous study, carbon isotope discrimination (Δ), a complex physiological trait involved in acclimation and adaptive processes, was studied. anova indicated significant Δ variability for C. sativa populations across Europe and, thereby, variation in adaptedness to drought. The European pattern of Δ variability matches the previously reported one for the centre of origin of C. sativa (Ponto-Caucasian region). This suggests that common mechanisms of drought adaptedness, involving both genetic and physiological determinants, give C. sativa the capacity to colonize a wide range of site conditions. The highest Δ values, indicating the lowest water-use efficiency (WUE), were found within each treatment for populations originating from Mediterranean drought-prone sites. These populations also had the highest phenotypic plasticity of Δ. Significant among-family genetic variation in Δ was found. The heritability based on the joint anova was estimated at 0.31 ± 0.07. The estimates of the coefficients for the additive variance varied in the range 2.6–4.0%, suggesting possibilities for selection on WUE and adaptedness to drought. The genetic correlations between Δ and growth traits were generally strong and negative, especially in the two high temperature treatments.
No place like home: competition, dispersal and complex adaptation
Authors: Hadany L. , Eshel I. , Motro U. 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
In many groups of organisms the location of settling is determined by competition, and fitter individuals tend to settle closer to their natal territory than less fit ones. In this work we study the implications of this phenomenon to the problem of adaptation and speciation on a rugged adaptive landscape. One consequence of fitness-associated dispersal (FAD) is that individuals with high fitness are more likely to experience inbreeding, especially with other fit individuals. Another consequence is that when dispersal is costly, the less fit individuals are more likely to pay the cost. When a rare and advantageous allelic combination appears, FAD may increase its chances to spread in the population. In a two-locus two-alleles model with negative epistasis, we find that FAD significantly shortens the waiting time for an adaptive peak shift in comparison with random dispersal.
CONTRAST‐ENHANCED ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF PANCREATO‐BILIARY DISEASES
Authors: Hirooka Yoshiki , Itoh Akihiro , Goto Hidemi 
Published: October 2004

In diagnostic imaging, techniques represented by computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), diagnosis by evaluation of plain images in combination with contrast‐enhanced images is considered important. Recently, the ultrasound contrast media that can be administered from peripheral veins have been developed, and their utility is reported not only for the circulatory organ area but also the digestive organ area, mainly for liver diseases. As for the pancreato‐biliary diseases, there often are the cases that visualization of the diseases itself is not easy by transabdominal ultrasonography, so, the evaluation of contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography remains difficult. In contrast, endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is thought to be one of the most valuable modality for those diseases.The mainstream of an operation method of EUS was mechanical radial type, but in late years, endoscopic ultrasonography of an electronic linear method and an electronic radial method have been developed. Because an electronic scan method was adopted, we get possible to apply technology of color Doppler flow imaging and power Doppler flow imaging and harmonic imaging methods to EUS.We would like to outline the usefulness of contrast‐enhanced color/power Doppler EUS and contrast‐enhanced harmonic EUS, moreover, tissue harmonic imaging and three dimensional imaging, on the basis of our experiences.