bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of artificial neural network and logistic regression models for prediction of mortality in head trauma based on initial clinical data
Authors: Eftekhar Behzad , Mohammad Kazem , Ardebili Hassan Eftekhar , Ghodsi Mohammad , Ketabchi Ebrahim 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Background
In recent years, outcome prediction models using artificial neural network and multivariable logistic regression analysis have been developed in many areas of health care research. Both these methods have advantages and disadvantages. In this study we have compared the performance of artificial neural network and multivariable logistic regression models, in prediction of outcomes in head trauma and studied the reproducibility of the findings.

Methods
1000 Logistic regression and ANN models based on initial clinical data related to the GCS, tracheal intubation status, age, systolic blood pressure, respiratory rate, pulse rate, injury severity score and the outcome of 1271 mainly head injured patients were compared in this study. For each of one thousand pairs of ANN and logistic models, the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, Hosmer-Lemeshow (HL) statistics and accuracy rate were calculated and compared using paired T-tests.

Results
ANN significantly outperformed logistic models in both fields of discrimination and calibration but under performed in accuracy. In 77.8% of cases the area under the ROC curves and in 56.4% of cases the HL statistics for the neural network model were superior to that for the logistic model. In 68% of cases the accuracy of the logistic model was superior to the neural network model.

Conclusions
ANN significantly outperformed the logistic models in both fields of discrimination and calibration but lagged behind in accuracy. This study clearly showed that any single comparison between these two models might not reliably represent the true end results. External validation of the designed models, using larger databases with different rates of outcomes is necessary to get an accurate measure of performance outside the development population.
Transcriptional slippage in bacteria: distribution in sequenced genomes and utilization in IS element gene expression
Authors: Baranov Pavel V , Hammer Andrew W , Zhou Jiadong , Gesteland Raymond F , Atkins John F 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Background
Transcription slippage occurs on certain patterns of repeat mononucleotides, resulting in synthesis of a heterogeneous population of mRNAs. Individual mRNA molecules within this population differ in the number of nucleotides they contain that are not specified by the template. When transcriptional slippage occurs in a coding sequence, translation of the resulting mRNAs yields more than one protein product. Except where the products of the resulting mRNAs have distinct functions, transcription slippage occurring in a coding region is expected to be disadvantageous. This probably leads to selection against most slippage-prone sequences in coding regions.

Results
To find a length at which such selection is evident, we analyzed the distribution of repetitive runs of A and T of different lengths in 108 bacterial genomes. This length varies significantly among different bacteria, but in a large proportion of available genomes corresponds to nine nucleotides. Comparative sequence analysis of these genomes was used to identify occurrences of 9A and 9T transcriptional slippage-prone sequences used for gene expression.

Conclusions
IS element genes are the largest group found to exploit this phenomenon. A number of genes with disrupted open reading frames (ORFs) have slippage-prone sequences at which transcriptional slippage would result in uninterrupted ORF restoration at the mRNA level. The ability of such genes to encode functional full-length protein products brings into question their annotation as pseudogenes and in these cases is pertinent to the significance of the term 'authentic frameshift' frequently assigned to such genes.
Novel monoclonal antibodies detect elevated levels of the chemokine CCL18/DC-CK1 in serum and body fluids in pathological conditions
Authors: Van der Voort Robbert , Kramer Matthijs , Lindhout Ernst , Torensma Ruurd , Eleveld Dagmar , Van Lieshout Antoine W T , Looman Maaike , Ruers Theo , Radstake Timothy R D J , Figdor Carl G , Adema Gosse J 
Published: February 2005

AbstractCC chemokine ligand 18/dendritic cell-chemokine 1 (CCL18/DC-CK1) is a CC chemokine, preferentially expressed by DC, which acts as a chemoattractant for naive T cells and mantle zone B cells. Applying a newly developed CCL18/DC-CK1 sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, we demonstrate that DC secrete high amounts of CCL18/DC-CK1 and that this expression can be increased by interleukin-10. High levels of CCL18/DC-CK1 were also detected in human serum (average of 88 ng/ml). Moreover, elevated CCL18/DC-CK1 levels were detected in synovial fluid from rheumatoid arthritis patients and in drain fluid (average of 254 ng/ml and 122 ng/ml, respectively). Immunoprecipitation experiment using anti-CCL18/DC-CK1 monoclonal antibodies revealed a protein of 6–7 kDa in serum and drain fluid that was indistinguishable from recombinant CCL18/DC-CK1 on Western blot and in re-aggregation assays. The concentration of CCL18/DC-CK1 found in human serum is in the same order of magnitude as was previously reported to completely inhibit CCL11/eotaxin-induced CC chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3) activation and consequent migration of eosinophils. CCL18/DC-CK1 may therefore function as an agonist (for naive T and B cells) and as an antagonist for CCR3-expressing leukocytes such as eosinophils.
Joint Attention, Self‐Recognition, and Neurocognitive Function in Toddlers
Authors: Nichols Kate E. , Fox Nathan , Mundy Peter 
Published: February 2005

AbstractRecent studies have attempted to understand the processes involved in joint attention because of its relevance to both atypical and normal development. Data from a recent study of young children with autism suggests that performance on a delay nonmatch to sample (DNMS) task associated with ventromedial prefrontal functions, but not an A‐not‐B/delayed response task associated with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, was related to joint attention skills (Dawson et al., 2002). Recent research also suggests that joint attention is associated with dorsalmedial brain systems linked to self‐monitoring (Mundy, 2003). This study investigated the relations among joint attention, DNMS, and self‐recognition performance in a longitudinal study of 39 normally developing toddlers from 14 to 18 months. The results indicated that development on the DNMS and self‐recognition tasks, but not a means end task, predicted joint attention at 18 months. Further analysis showed that the model was only significant for initiating joint attention (IJA). The implications of these results for the neuro‐development of IJA are discussed.
12‐Month‐Old Infants Represent Probable Endings of Motion Events
Authors: Wagner Laura , Carey Susan 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis experiment investigated 12‐month‐old infants' ability to link an event's beginning to its probable ending. Following Csibra, Biro, Koos, and Gergely (2003), infants were habituated to a simple chasing event involving animated balls, and at test saw 2 possible endings: either 1 ball caught the other or failed to do so. Two controls were added to the previous work. First, the total amount of motion was controlled in the test endings; second, the endings were paired with a nonchasing beginning to ensure that behavior at test reflected representation of the event beginning itself. The results replicated Csibra et al.'s finding that infants look longer at the noncatching ending following the chasing beginning; moreover, infants showed no preference for either ending following the no‐chasing beginning. This study supports the claim that infants can calculate the rational ending of a goal‐directed motion event.
A Comparison of Infants' Categorization in Paired and Successive Presentation Familiarization Tasks
Authors: Oakes Lisa M. , Ribar Rebecca J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThree experiments directly compared infants' categorization in variations of the visual familiarization task. In each experiment, 4‐ or 6‐month‐old infants were familiarized with a collection of dogs or cats and then their response to novel dogs and cats was assessed. In Experiment 1, 4‐month‐old infants responded to the exclusive distinction of dogs or cats when tested in a paired‐comparison task. In Experiments 2 and 3, 6‐month‐old infants, but not 4‐month‐old infants, responded to this same distinction in a successive presentation task, even when the amount of familiarization was equated to that of the paired comparison task. Therefore, familiarization with a particular set of stimuli does not induce infants to respond to a single category but rather they respond to different categories depending on features of the task.
Norfloxacin-Induced Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
Authors: Sahin Mustafa Turhan , Ozturkcan Serap , Inanir Isil , Filiz Elif E 
Published: February 2005

OBJECTIVE: To report a case of toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) in a man who was treated with oral norfloxacin for prostatitis. CASE SUMMARY: A 40-year-old man presented with a severe skin reaction, which was diagnosed as TEN. He had received norfloxacin 800 mg/day over a 14-day period for prostatitis and, 10 days after finishing the treatment regimen, he developed cutaneous and mucous lesions typical of TEN. After a prolonged hospitalization and treatment with oral prednisolone therapy, fluid resuscitation, and wound dressing, the man recovered. DISCUSSION: TEN is an infrequent, yet often fatal, severe systemic and cutaneous disease that is most often an adverse drug reaction. There are few case reports of TEN induced by fluoroquinolones. A MEDLINE search (1966–February 2005) revealed no reports of toxic epidermal necrolysis, but one incidence of Stevens—Johnson syndrome due to norfloxacin therapy. An objective causality assessment suggests that TEN was probably related to norfloxacin in this patient. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, this is the first case of TEN associated with the use of oral norfloxacin. We hope that this case report creates awareness that norfloxacin-induced TEN is possible.
Low Trough Plasma Concentrations of Nevirapine Associated with Virologic Rebounds in HIV-Infected Patients Who Switched from Protease Inhibitors
Authors: Duong Michel , Buisson Marielle , Peytavin Gilles , Kohli Evelyne , Piroth Lionel , Martha Benoit , Grappin Michèle , Chavanet Pascal , Portier Henri 
Published: February 2005

BACKGROUND: The substitution of a nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) for protease inhibitors (PIs) has demonstrated its suitability to maintain virologic response. However, the switch from PIs to an NNRTI could fail for a number of reasons, including NNRTI-associated toxicity and emergence of NNRTI-resistant variants. OBJECTIVE: To describe the virologic failures among 74 HIV-infected patients who switched from PIs to nevirapine. METHODS: Virologic failure was defined as any rebound of the plasma HIV-RNA (pVL) levels >1000 copies/mL on one occasion or 2 consecutive intermittent viremia episodes defined as increases of the pVL >20 copies/mL but <1000 copies/mL. Virologic failures were investigated retrospectively by determining nevirapine trough concentrations and performing genotypic resistance analysis. RESULTS: The mean nevirapine concentration was significantly lower in patients with virologic failure in comparison with patients with virologic response (2572 ± 1642 vs 4550 ± 2084 ng/mL, respectively; p = 0.003). In multivariate analysis, the mean duration of undetectable pVL before the switch and the mean plasma concentration of nevirapine were significantly associated with virologic success with relative rates of 1.39 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.76, p = 0.006) and 2.7 (95% CI 1.37 to 5.41, p = 0.01), respectively. In patients with pVL >1000 copies/mL, nevirapine mutations and nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor mutations were found in 80% of the cases. CONCLUSIONS: The risk of virologic failure after the switch from PI to nevirapine is higher in cases of inadequate nevirapine plasma concentrations. Our data support prospective monitoring of nevirapine plasma concentrations to detect low concentrations prior to the emergence of resistance mutations.
Laboratory Tests on the Rate of Piping Erosion of Soils in Embankment Dams
Authors: Wan CF , Fell R 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
The Slot Erosion Test and the Hole Erosion Test have been developed as fast and simple tests for studying the erosion characteristics of soil in cracks in embankment dams. The erosion characteristics are described by the Erosion Rate Index, which measures the increase of erosion rate with respect to an increase in the hydraulic shear stress; and the Initial Shear Stress, which represents the minimum hydraulic shear stress when erosion starts. Knowledge of these erosion characteristics aids in the prediction of the likelihood of embankment dam failure due to piping erosion in a risk assessment process.
Values of the Erosion Rate Index span from 0 to 6, indicating that the changes in erosion rates in response to changes in hydraulic shear stress can differ by up to 106 times across different soils. The Erosion Rate Index is apparently influenced by the soil fines and clay-sized content, plasticity, dispersivity, water content, dry density, degree of saturation, clay mineralogy, and possibly the presence of cementing materials such as iron oxides. Coarse-grained, noncohesive soils, in general, erode more rapidly and have lower Initial Shear Stresses than fine-grained soils.
Estimation of Stress Field Near a Notch Root of 3-D Structures with a Few Strain Data and the Body Force Method
Authors: Yoshimura T , Harada T , Noguchi H , Yoshimura T 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
A method is proposed for estimating stress fields using a few surface strain data, obtained either from strain gages or from finite-element analysis (FEA), and the body force method (BFM). A notch in a three-dimensional structural surface is considered to be an observed domain. The observed domain is treated as a pseudo-3-D plate, not a part of a 3-D body. In other words, the body force is distributed in the observed domain to add a 3-D influence to a plane stress problem. In this paper, the results by elastic finite-element method (FEM) analysis are used instead of the strain gage outputs on actual structures to investigate the application limit of the present method. It is possible to obtain the maximum stress value within 10% error by self-assessment of the result with the present method.
Stress Concentration Factor Formulas Useful for Any Dimensions of Shoulder Fillet in a Flat Test Specimen Under Tension and Bending
Authors: Noda NA , Takase Y 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
In this work stress concentration factors Kt for a flat bar with fillets are considered on the basis of exact solutions now available for special cases and accurate numerical results. Then, a convenient Ktformula useful for any dimensions of the fillet is proposed. The conclusions can be summarized as follows.
1. For the limiting cases of deep (d) and shallow (s) fillets, the body force method is used to calculate the Ktvalues. Then, the formulas are obtained as Ktd and Kts.
2. On the one hand, upon comparison of Kt and Ktd, it is found that Kt is nearly equal to Ktd if the fillet is deep or blunt.
3. On the other hand, if the fillet is sharp or shallow, Kt is controlled mainly by Kts and the fillet depth.
4. The fillet shape is classified into several groups according to the fillet radius and fillet depth. Then, the least-squares method is applied for calculation of Kt/Ktd and Kt/Kts.
5. Finally, convenient formulas are proposed that are useful for any dimensions of fillet in a flat bar. The formulas give SCFs with less than about 1 % error in most cases for any dimensions of fillet under tension and bending.
Residual Stress Measurement in Ion-Exchanged Glass by Iterated Birefringence and Etching
Authors: Abrams M , Shen J , Green D 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Residual stresses play an important role in controlling fracture behavior in ion-exchanged glass. In this work, the internal tensile stress resulting from ion exchange is measured using conventional birefringence methods. By progressively etching thin layers from the glass surface, the compressive stress in the removed layer can then be determined from the change in the compensating internal tensile stress, producing a stress profile as a function of depth. Specimen geometry, surface roughness, and configuration of the optical system are examined in order to improve the accuracy of the method.
Characteristics of Macrodeformation Behavior of the Cycling Failure Specimens of a Fe-Cr-Ni Alloy Under In-phase and Out-of-phase Thermomechanical Fatigue
Authors: He Q , Qian Y 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Characteristics of macrodeformation behavior of the cycling failure specimens of a Fe-Ni-Cr alloy were studied under in-phase and out-of-phase synchronization of thermal cycling with mechanical cycling. Varied hysteresis loops characterize different cycling hardening behavior under in-phase and out-of-phase thermomechanical fatigue (TMF). Out-of-phase caused stronger hardening and severe asymmetry of cycling stress leading to a shorter failure life. Meanwhile thermomechanical cycling weakening hardening behavior occurred in the higher temperature region in each cycling. Asymmetry of the configuration change of the specimen is evident under Out-of-phase.
UV Absorber Permanence and Coating Lifetimes
Authors: Pickett JE 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Delamination is the ultimate failure mechanism of a coating. Delamination times often are closely related to the dose of ultraviolet (UV) radiation reaching the substrate or primer, and this dose is related to the UV absorbing capability of the overlying coating. Organic UV absorbers are not permanent, and their photodegradation is an important factor in determining coating lifetime. The kinetics and some of the chemistry of UV absorber photodegradation have been studied extensively over the past decade and applied to coating lifetime prediction. Rates of UV absorber loss vary widely and are highly dependent on the coating matrix, so must be determined on a case-by-case basis. Simple zero- or first-order kinetic schemes give rates that are dependent on the initial absorbance of the sample. This paper discusses a more reliable kinetic equation and applies the rate constant to prediction of delamination times.
Remarkable Solvent Effects of Oxygen- and Sulfur-Containing Compounds on the Propagation Rate of Methyl Methacrylate
Authors: Harrisson Simon , Barner-Kowollik Christopher , Davis Thomas P. , Evans Richard , Rizzardo Ezio , Stenzel Martina , Yin Ming 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
The propagation kinetics of methyl methacrylate (MMA) in the presence of a number of oxygen- and sulfur-containing compounds have been investigated. Solvents used were 2-methyl-1,3-dioxepane (MDOP), 2,6-dithiaheptane (DTHP) and 1,5-dithiacyclooctane (DTCO). In the presence of DTHP and DTCO, the propagation rate coefficient, k
p, of MMA was found to be 25% to 100% higher compared to bulk polymerisations under the same conditions. The significant increase of k
p was explained by electron donation from the sulfur-containing solvents, which increased the reactivity of the macroradicals. MDOP had no observable effect on k
p. The solvent influence on polymer tacticity was also studied using both 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. No significant influence of the solvent on polymer tacticity was found.
Encounter Rate of Chemically Reactive Species in Highly Diluted Polymer Solutions Investigated by Fluorescence Quenching
Authors: Schlepegrell Andreas , Rynka Stephan , Adams Jörg , Fuhrmann Jürgen 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Stern–Volmer constant is used as a criterion for a diffusion controlled encounter rate and studied in the time domain around 100 ns and in the distance domain around 30 nm in highly diluted polystyrene-cyclohexane solutions at θ-temperature. By choice of the θ-situation the thermodynamic influence on the encounter rate is small and the Stokes–Einstein hydrodynamics prevails within the investigated time and distance domain. The internal viscosity at the overlap concentration depends on molecular weight like the segmental density of the polymer does in this homogeneous situation. In highly diluted situation the molecular weight effect levels off if the center of mass distance gets larger than twice the coil diameter. This is illustrated by a cell model combined with a cell specific obstacle model.
Influence of Salts During Hydrothermal Biomass Gasification: The Role of the Catalysed Water-Gas Shift Reaction
Authors: Kruse Andrea , Dinjus Eckhard 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Near-critical and supercritical water is an unusual reaction medium with extraordinary properties, varying with temperature and density. This opens the opportunity for new reactions and new technical processes. In the studies of synthesis reactions, total oxidation and biomass gasification interesting effects of salts are observed. These effects are assumed to be caused by complex formation, acidity/basicity or the presence of active hydrogen due to the water-gas shift reaction. The water-gas shift reaction is catalysed by salts and lead to the formation of hydrogen, which might react with other compounds.
This article focuses on the salt effects during hydrogen production by biomass gasification in supercritical water. This is a very interesting process to make use of “wet biomass”, which is up to now not applied in a technical process. Here salts influenced the main reactions pathways. Possible reasons are discussed.
Dimerization of Pyrazole in Slit Jet Expansions
Authors: Rice Corey A. , Borho Nicole , Suhm Martin A. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Pyrazole dimer is observed for the first time in a free jet expansion. Its IR-active N–H stretching vibration is shifted by −269 cm−1 relative to the monomer. Along the 600 mm slit jet expansion, the average number density of pyrazole dimers is ∼ 1011 cm−3. Exploratory quantum chemical calculations including electron correlation are in good agreement with the observed frequency shift and confirm reciprocal hydrogen bonding with bent hydrogen bonds in a planar C2

h
structure, as postulated by W. Hückel 65 years ago in this journal. Nanomatrix isolation spectra can be obtained by using Ar as the carrier gas. The more strongly coupled vibrational dynamics in pyrazole trimer is illustrated.
Pump–Probe Spectroscopy of Cycloheptatriene: Transient Anisotropy and Isotope Effect
Authors: Hippler H. , Olzmann Matthias , Schalk O. , Unterreiner A.-N. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract
Internal conversion processes of 1,3,5-cycloheptatriene (CHT) and its perdeuterated counterpart (CHT-d8) in liquid cyclohexane have been studied by performing pump–probe experiments. The excitation and probe wavelength were 263 nm and 395 nm, respectively; the time resolution was 50 fs. Temporal absorption and transient anisotropy profiles were monitored. The experimental findings are consistent with the following mechanism: After excitation, the system undergoes a fast internal conversion associated with a molecular reorientation. The characteristic times are (110±10) fs for CHT and (150±20) fs for CHT-d8. The transient anisotropy as well as the isotope effect are consistent with a [1,7] hydrogen shift as reorientation mechanism. Moreover, initial anisotropies indicate that coherence effects between two excited states at early times may occur.