bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zeta 6 on the Immediacy of Form
Authors: Wedin Michael V. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWedin discusses Aristotle's claims in Metaphysics Zeta 6 that the essence of a thing is to be sought among its per se attributes, and that each thing that is primary and spoken of per se, e.g. primary substance, is the same as its essence. Wedin argues that the Zeta 6 Thesis, i.e. that the essence of a thing is the thing's immediate essence, is a crucial requirement of the explanatory role of essence as the substance of c‐substances. According to Wedin, Aristotle introduces this requirement in order to establish that a thing's essence cannot depend on another essence. Form must be the essence; if form cannot explain the nature of the thing of which it is the form, there would be the threat of a regress of explanatory forms. At the end of the chapter, Wedin considers the problem that the identity of a thing and its essence is a requirement that can be met by non‐substance items, but he denies that this leads to a dilution of the conception of substance.
Generality and Compositionality: Z.13's Worries About Form
Authors: Wedin Michael V. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWedin offers an interpretation of Metaphysics Zeta 13, a very important and difficult chapter, where Aristotle apparently denies that substance is a universal, having, on most accounts, already claimed that form is substance, and that form is a universal. This interpretation of the argument of Z.13, Wedin argues, threatens the possibility of attaining a definition of substance, and places in doubt what has gone before in the treatise. According to Wedin, what Aristotle is concerned with in Z.13 is not the denial that substance is a universal but rather with the denial that anything predicated universally of a c‐substance is the substance‐of the c‐substance, which Wedin calls ‘Weak proscription’. In Wedin's account of Z.13, then, Aristotle is continuing to pursue issues first raised in Z.10–11 that have to do with the relations between form and definition, and form and the universal. Wedin also argues that the dilemma at the conclusion of Z.13, regarding the definability of substance, is resolved in Z.16, with the notion of ‘Dual Complexity’, according to which the parts of a form exist potentially in the form, just as the parts of the c‐substance exist potentially in the c‐substance.
Form and Explanation
Authors: Wedin Michael V. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAristotle claims in Metaphysics Z.17 that form is both a cause and principle of c‐substances. In this chapter, Wedin argues that the explanatory, or causal, role of form is in the background of the entire discussion, and indeed directs much of the argumentation of Metaphysics Zeta. Form is the cause of some matter being a unity and not a heap, because form alone explains how the material parts of a thing are united in a single whole. Wedin draws together the main results of the preceding investigation of Zeta—that form is essence, that form must not contain matter or actual parts, and that form must not be a certain kind of universal—and he argues that these constraints on form are designed to serve the explanatory role that Aristotle explicitly gives to form in Z.17. Wedin emphasizes that the notions isolated in the examination of the earlier chapters, such as the purity of form, weak proscription, and dual complexity, each contribute to the account of form as the explanatory principle of c‐substance.
Parties Without Partisans
Authors: Wattenberg Martin P. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis is a broad cross‐national study of the role of political parties in contemporary democracies. Leading scholars in the field assess the evidence for partisan decline or adaptation for 20 OECD nations. This book documents the broadscale erosion of the public's partisan identities in virtually all advanced industrial democracies. It demonstrates how political parties have adapted to partisan dealignment by strengthening their internal organizational structures and partially isolating themselves from the ebbs and flows of electoral politics. Centralized, professionalized parties with short time horizons have replaced the ideologically driven mass parties of the past. Parties without Partisans is the most comprehensive cross‐national study of parties in advanced industrial democracies in all of their forms—in electoral politics, as organizations, and in government.
Unthinkbale Democracy
Authors: Dalton Russell J. , Wattenberg Martin P. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Discusses the many important functions that parties play within the democratic process, classifying them according to V.O. Key's general framework of parties in the electorate, as organizations, and in government. The chapter then asks whether social and political changes in advanced industrial democracies are eroding these roles. Two competing hypotheses are outlined to possibly account for these trends—dissatisfaction with party performance and the process of modernization.
Political Parties as Campaign Organizations
Authors: Farrell David M. , Webb Paul 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Considers the organizational consequences for parties of the professionalization of election campaigning. This process has gone through three main stages, from pre‐modern, through the TV‐dominated modern stage, and onto the current advanced‐modern stage of campaigning personified by the use of new telecommunications technology. The chapter shows party organizations to be highly adaptive, investing heavily in time and resources in the new campaign techniques, professionalizing, and centralizing their organizations (particularly around their top leaderships), and paying far more attention to image and specific campaign issues as opposed to traditional ideological standpoints. There has been a shift from parties selling themselves to voters to designing an appropriate product to match voter needs. Because of these changes, contemporary political parties have repositioned themselves to survive the uncertainties of operating as representative institutions in the increasingly participatory age of the end of the millennium.
From Social Integration to Electoral Contestation
Authors: Scarrow Susan E. , Webb Paul , Farrell David M. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAssembles new cross‐national evidence on changes in the internal distribution of power within political parties. It hypothesizes that ongoing changes in candidate selection, leadership selection, and policy‐making enable more party supporters to participate in party decision‐making, but that these changes may coincide with a strengthening of central party powers. The chapter concludes that grass‐roots party members (and sometimes even non‐member supporters) commonly play a significant role in selecting legislative candidates and in legitimizing election programmes, though party elites generally retain vetoes over candidate‐selection and enjoy considerable autonomy in shaping party policy. However, the remains of the classic mass party model are especially evident in the significant number of parties that have congress delegates decide on the question of leadership. In these cases, the influence of the sub‐leadership stratum has not been completely eroded. Although patterns are mixed, there are now more instances around the democratic world where party leaders operate a coalition of power in which grass‐roots members are significant junior partners.
On the Primacy of Party in Government
Authors: Thies Michael F. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractArgues that despite voluminous evidence of party decline in the electorate, parties in government can survive, even prosper, because the core of the party is and always has been located at the level of government. As long as the organizational structure of the government party serves members in their attainment of policy goals, the parties will survive, irrespective of the strength of partisan loyalties. Thus, the observed decline of partisan attachments in the electorate does not spell doom for the partyness of government. Instead, it may simply mean that the core issues that define the current slate of parties in government are not as salient to voters as in the past. If partisan cues do not help voters to choose whom to support at election time, party in the electorate might seem to decline without any particular consequences for party in government.
Partisan Change and the Democratic Process
Authors: Dalton Russell J. , Wattenberg Martin P. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This summarizes the findings of this book. Partisanship in the electorate is clearly declining in many respects, but there has been little impact on parties in government to date. In the meantime, parties as organizations have neither declined nor stayed stable, but rather adapted to a much‐changed political environment. Thus, V.O. Key's distinction between the three different levels of parties becomes crucial to keep in mind when considering the topic of partisan change in advanced industrialized democracies. The chapter offers several scenarios concerning how foreseeable changes in communication technology may affect parties in the near future.
The Impact of Candidate Traits in American Presidential Elections
Authors: Bartels Larry M. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to provide a systematic test of the conventional wisdom that personality is key in contemporary American electoral politics. Using survey data from the six most recent presidential elections, the contours are examines of the candidates’ images (traits), the bases of those images in voters’ more fundamental political predispositions, and the impact of voters’ assessments of the candidates’ personal qualities on individual voting behaviour and on aggregate election outcomes. In stark contrast with the popular conception of contemporary electoral politics as candidate–centred and image–driven, it is argued that candidates’ images are largely epiphenomenal and have only a modest impact on election outcomes. This conclusion is underlined by the analysis given of the 2000 (Bush vs. Gore) presidential election, in which the estimated impact of voters’ assessments of the candidates’ personalities was even smaller than in the previous five elections considered here, although quite probably large enough to be decisive in an election decided by a few hundred votes in a single state.
The Nonpersonalization of Voting Behavior in Germany
Authors: Brettschneider Frank , Gabriel Oscar W. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The federal elections of 1998 were the first time in Germany that notions of personalization and presidentialization were discussed during an election; before that German voters chose, at least formally, between competing parties rather than between competing chancellor candidates, and only a minor role was accorded to the personalities and circumstances of candidates. The first part of this chapter analyses the role that voters’ orientations towards the chancellor–candidates has played in the broad context of electoral choice, paying particular attention to the influence of candidate orientations on the voting choices of people lacking any long–term party identification; this part of the analysis is based on data pertaining to all the electoral contests fought in Germany from 1961 to 1998. The second part of the chapter analyses the various components of the chancellor–candidates’ images: does the way in which voters evaluate the candidates simply reflect existing patterns of party identification, or do the voters construct their own candidate orientations by fitting separate pieces into a pattern, each of which refers to specific attributes of the candidates as perceived and evaluated by them; and are the proponents of the personalization thesis right in assuming that the candidates’ images are largely determined by the voters’ perceptions of the candidates’ personalities rather than by their performance? These questions are answered with specific reference to data collected by the 1998 German Election Study. Despite the apparent personal favouring of Schröder over Kohl in 1998, it is concluded that there is no real evidence that chancellor–candidates’ personalities and other personal characteristics play any stronger role in German voting patterns than they have in the past.
The Leadership Factor in the Russian Presidential Election of 1996
Authors: Colton Timothy J. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
There are good reasons to suppose that electoral politics will be more leadership driven in a democratizing or semi–democratic nation than in older democratic polities possessing entrenched party systems and coherent issue agendas. The Russian Federation’s watershed election of June–July 1996, in which its founding president, Boris Yeltsin, staged a stirring comeback to defeat the neo–Communist opposition and earn a second term in office, offers an opportunity to put this proposition to the test. The chapter demonstrates that the perceptions of the personal characteristics of the presidential candidates exerted substantial effects on the choices of the Russian electorate in 1996. Thorough examination discloses that these, and the underlying dynamic of transitional politics, were highly complex. The different sections of the chapter are: The New Russia and the 1996 Election; Sizing up the Candidates; Leadership Evaluations and the Vote – taking third variables into account, modelling the phenomenon, estimating leadership effects, differences across candidates and voters; and Conclusion.
The Futures of European Capitalism
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractEuropean countries’ political‐economic policies, practices, and discourses have changed profoundly in response to Europeanization, even more so than in response to globalization, but they have not converged. National policies may now be more similar, especially where they follow from common European policies, but they are not the same. National practices, although moving in the same general direction toward greater market orientation continue to be distinguishable into not just one or even two but three varieties of capitalism. And national discourses that generate and legitimize changes in policies and practices not only remain distinct, they matter. The book spans fields and combines theoretical insights with innovative methods to show that European countries have followed very different pathways of economic adjustment, and will continue to do so into the future. Of the three cases used in illustration, France is shown to have undergone the greatest amount of adjustment, having largely abandoned its interventionist policies and transformed its state‐led capitalism in response to both globalization and Europeanization, but without the benefits of a fully legitimizing discourse. Britain, by contrast, adjusted mainly in response to globalization while anticipating many of the pressures of Europeanization, and came up with a transformative discourse that largely legitimized its neo‐liberal policies and its move toward greater market capitalism. Germany, finally, felt global and European pressures latest, not until the 1990s, at which point it slowly began to alter its social market policies and to make its managed capitalism more competitive, also without the benefits of a fully legitimizing discourse.
The Dynamics and Mechanics of Policy Adjustment in Britain, Germany, and France
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWhatever the convergent pressures of globalization and Europeanization, countries have manifested divergent policy responses, depending upon a number of significant variables. This chapter identifies five mediating factors that shed light on the dynamics of policy adjustment—economic vulnerability, political institutional capacity, policy legacies, policy preferences, and discourse—to elucidate the different sequencing of responses of Britain, Germany, and France in monetary, industrial, labour, and social policy. It then adds the EU‐specific institutional constraints—the decisions that may provide more or less specified rules, suggested rules, or no rules at all—to help explain the mechanics of policy adjustment in such sectors as European monetary integration, financial services, telecommunications, electricity, and transport.
Discourse as Framework for Analysis: Policy Construction and Legitimization for Changing Policies and Practices
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractTo explain the often radical changes in policies and practices that depend on overcoming entrenched interests, institutional obstacles, and cultural blinkers to change, the usual explanations in terms of rational choice, historical, and sociological institutionalism will not do. This chapter provides a new framework for the analysis of such change, by examining discourse in institutional context or discursive institutionalism. Discourse consists of both a set of ideas containing cognitive and normative elements and an interactive process consisting of a coordinative discourse of policy construction among policy actors and a communicative discourse of policy legitimization between political actors and the public. In Britain, France, and Germany, such discourse differs not only in ideational content but also in the relative importance of the coordinative or communicative discourses—largely related to differences in single‐actor and multi‐actor systems—which is only further complicated by the addition of the European level. After discussing how discourse matters in terms of its substantive content and where discourse matters in terms of institutional context, the chapter ends with a discussion of the causal influence of discourse or when discourse matters.
The Role of Discourse in the Political Dynamics of Adjustment in Britain, France, and Germany
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe different trajectories of Britain, France, and Germany cannot be understood without reference to the substantive content and interactive processes of their discourses of policy construction and legitimization. The sustainability of Britain's early, radical move to neo‐liberal policies and more market capitalist practices has much to do with political actors’ transformative, communicative discourse that convinced the public that change was both necessary and appropriate in monetary policy, industrial policy, labour policy, as well as in the social assistance areas of social policy. France's later, more moderate neo‐liberal policies and its radical transformation of state capitalism owe much to political actors’ communicative discourse that was convincing on the necessity of reform in monetary and industrial policy arenas, but was unable to speak to the appropriateness of reform in social policy until the late 1990s. Finally, Germany's long delay on reform of its economic policies as well as of its managed capitalist practices are in part the result of the difficulties of generating a coordinative discourse capable of building agreement among policy actors on either the necessity or appropriateness of reform of the ‘social market economy’, in particular with regard to social and labour policy change.
Conclusion: The Futures of European Capitalism
Authors: Schmidt Vivien A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractWith regard to changes in policies, the book concludes that while countries have internationalized at different rates to varying degrees in different ways—with ‘internationalization’ rather than ‘globalization’, the better word to describe the process—Europeanization is a much stronger process, leading to much greater similarities in policies, even though differences remain. Moreover, Europeanization affects not only economic policies but also practices. Although nationally based varieties of capitalism continue to predominate today, in the future industrial sector‐based varieties reflecting the most internationally competitive of national varieties are more likely in an increasingly integrated Europe. As for discourse, these are certain to remain distinct even as they may serve to legitimate policies that are more and more similar and practices that are increasingly differentiated in terms of industrial sectors rather than national varieties of capitalism.
Virtue Ethics
Authors: Swanton Christine 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This book offers a comprehensive virtue ethics that breaks from the tradition of eudaimonistic virtue ethics. In developing a pluralistic view, it shows how different ’modes of moral response’ such as love, respect, appreciation, and creativity are all central to the virtuous response and thereby to ethics. It offers virtue ethical accounts of the good life, objectivity, rightness, demandingness, and moral epistemology.
Aristotle's De Interpretatione
Authors: Whitaker C. W. A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The De Interpretatione is one of Aristotle's core works, containing highly influential analyses of the basic elements of language and the nature of truth and falsehood, as well as the famous Sea‐battle paradox. As a whole, however, the treatise has been neglected; attention has concentrated on a few oases of interest, and scholars have been satisfied with the medieval view that the treatise is a discussion of the proposition, and forms the second part of the Organon, building on the categories and anticipating the formal logic of the Analytics. This book argues that the subject of the De Interpretatione is not the proposition, as has conventionally been supposed, but the contradictory pair of assertions, and that it is oriented not towards the formal logic of the Analytics, but to the Topics and Sophistic Refutations, the works in which Aristotle describes dialectic, the method of argument consisting in the asking and answering of dialectical questions. In posing a dialectical question, the questioner presents a contradictory pair of assertions and invites the answerer to select one or the other as true, hoping in the end to lead to a refutation, i.e. a proof that the contradictory of the answerer's thesis is true, and therefore the thesis itself is false. The ability to assign assertions to their pairs correctly, and to know in which cases the truth of one member of a pair does not imply the falsehood of the other, are vital tasks for the dialectician. The De Interpretatione's discussion of contradiction thus provides the theoretical background essential for dialectic.
Chapter 6: Contradictory Pairs
Authors: Whitaker C. W. A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter, which concludes the introductory section of the work, narrows the focus to simple assertions. Aristotle demonstrates with brilliant neatness that all such assertions either affirm or deny, and that moreover they may be ordered into pairs, one representing a pair of simple elements as combined, the other as separated. His approach reflects his ’internal’ theory of negation: very different from the Stoic ’external’ view more familiar to later logicians. His definition of negation does not presuppose anything about the truth or falsehood of the two members of a contradictory pair.
Chapter 8: The Second Exception to RCP; Hidden Complex Assertions
Authors: Whitaker C. W. A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Here, Aristotle exposes assertions that appear to make a single claim but which, because of the hidden complexity of one of their terms, actually make two claims. In such cases, both members of a contradictory pair may be false, and so RCP once again is violated. The background to this interest lies once again in the Topics, where we find a discussion of questions which are declared to be unanswerable, and which correspond to the contradictory pairs here in Ch.8. To answer a dialectical question is to select one member of a contradictory pair as true and reject the other as false: thus, by isolating those pairs in which RCP is violated, Aristotle marks out an area of questioning which a true dialectic must avoid.