bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A mating system to reduce inbreeding in selection programmes: Theoretical basis and modification of compensatory mating
Authors: Nomura T. 
Published: March 2003

IntroductionIncreased rate of inbreeding in selection programmes may have an important effect on mid‐ and long‐term selection response and reproductive performance through reduction in genetic variance and inbreeding depression. Selection on an inherited trait inflates the rate of inbreeding and reduces the effective population size (R obertson 1961; S
antiago and C
aballero 1995). This can be particularly important in selection based on index with information from relatives (L
ush 1947) or best liner unbiased prediction (BLUP) with an animal model (H
enderson 1984).In recent years, various methods have been proposed to reduce the rates of inbreeding in selection programmes while keeping genetic gains at the same level. These methods assume various selection and mating strategies. G rundy et al. (1994) showed that the use of biased heritability estimates for BLUP evaluation is one of the simplest and most efficient methods. A direct reduction in the weight on family mean in index selection (T
oro and P
erez‐E
nciso 1990), selection for weighted ancestral Mendelian sampling estimates (W
oolliams and T
hompson 1994; G
rundy et al. 1998) and limited use of selected parents (T
oro and N
ieto 1984; W
ei 1995) have also been shown to be efficient methods.Other methods include nonrandom matings of selected parents, such as factorial mating designs (W oolliams 1989), minimum coancestry mating (T
oro et al. 1988) and compensatory mating (S
antiago and C
aballero 1995). Simultaneous optimization of the selection of candidates and their mating allocations has been also considered through mate selection with linear programming techniques (T
oro and P
erez‐E
nciso 1990). Among these methods, compensatory mating is a very simple and efficient method (G
rundy et al. 1994; S
antiago and C
aballero 1995; C
aballero et al. 1996). This mating system was derived from the theoretical consideration on effective population size under selection (S
antiago and C
aballero 1995). Although S
antiago and C
aballero (1995) considered that implementation of this mating could counteract the cumulative effect of selection on the effective population size, the theoretical basis has been little studied.In this paper, the author gives the theoretical basis of compensatory mating. A modification to enhance the effect of compensatory mating is also proposed and the efficiency is examined by stochastic simulation.
Simultaneous identification of two MspI polymorphisms of the porcine myogenin gene in Hungarian breeds
Authors: Anton I. , Fésüs L. , Zsolnai A. 
Published: March 2003

SummarySimultaneous analysis of two myogenin (MYOG) loci has been carried out using polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) tests in DNA isolated from blood samples collected from four different pig breeds (Hungarian Large White, Duroc, Mangalica and Hungarian Landrace). The following MYOGA frequency values have been obtained: Hungarian Large White 0.2416; Duroc 0.0900; Mangalica 0.6617; Hungarian Landrace 0.2361. The MYOG2 allele was found in Duroc and Mangalica breeds only. This test allows the analysis of two loci of the MYOG gene in parallel, which might be used in marker assisted selection programmes in the near future. Ongoing studies on the possible effects of the MYOG types on carcass and growth traits are outlined.
Effect of amount and degradability of dietary starch on animal performance and meat quality in beef bulls
Authors: Fiems L. O. , De Campeneere S. , Cottyn B. G. , Vanacker J. M. , D B. G. J. , ’Heer . , Boucqué C.H. V. 
Published: March 2003

Introduction  Even at a similar energy concentration of the diet, energy source may affect animal performance. O
wens et al. (1997) reported that daily dry matter (DM) intake tended to be lowest for wheat‐based diets and highest for milo and oat‐based diets. O’M
ara et al. (1997) found a lower pH and less ammonia in the rumen of lactating cows, when unmolassed beet pulp was replaced with ground wheat. Contrary to the results of O’M
ara et al. (1997), M
alestein et al. (1984) found a greater risk for lactic acidosis for citrus and beet pulp than for maize meal and tapioca. For years it has been known that rapidly degradable carbohydrates may provoke acidosis (H
untington and B
ritton 1979; F
iems et al. 1993). Furthermore, low ruminal pH may inhibit cellulose digestion (M
ould et al. 1983) and decrease efficiency of microbial protein synthesis (R
ussell et al. 1979).As energy concentration of the diet is important for finishing cattle (B oucqu&
eacute; et al. 1980), the amount of roughage is rather limited. This may result in sub‐clinical acidosis with a negative impact on animal performance (O
wens et al. 1998), especially when the diet is rich in rapidly fermentable carbohydrates. Therefore an experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of energy source in the finishing diet on voluntary daily feed intake, daily liveweight gain, feed efficiency, blood metabolites and carcass quality.Energy source may also affect meat quality. C asteels et al. (1969) found differences in meat colour when concentrates were based on cereals or sugarbeet pulp. W
ood (1984) reported that the concentrate : forage ratio in the diet affects the fatty acid composition of body fat through an increase in propionate production in the rumen. Therefore the effect on meat quality was also studied.
Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on energy metabolism in growing‐finishing pigs
Authors: Müller H. L. , Kirchgessner M. , Roth F. X. , Stangl G. I. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe effect of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on energy metabolism was studied in a respiration experiment with 20 growing pigs. From 70 kg liveweight onwards the animals received isoenergetic rations containing 0 or 3% CLA on the basis of metabolic bodyweight. Between 95 and 100 kg liveweight the gas exchange of each animal was measured over 48 h in a respiration chamber. This was preceded by a 5‐day quantitative determination of faeces and urine. The heat production and energy retention of the animals were determined by the carbon–nitrogen balance technique and the RQ method. Additionally several parameters of blood serum were determined. CLA had no effect on digestibility and metabolizability of energy, nor were gas exchange and heat production (HP) of the animals affected by the treatment. Average heat production across all measurements was 628 kJ/kg W0.75 in the control group and 636 kJ/kg W0.75 in the CLA group. No difference in fat deposition was observed (control 386, CLA group 379 kJ/kgW0.75). The N balance on the other hand was 2.2 g/day higher in the CLA‐supplemented animals. This caused retained protein energy, as a proportion of total energy retention, to increase from 24.2 to 25.8%. The ratio of retained protein energy to fat energy was 10% higher in the CLA‐treated animals than in the controls. Body mass increase over the trial as a whole was unaffected (control 27.6, CLA group 28.1 kg, equivalent to daily gains of 931 and 946 g, respectively). Blood serum lipoproteins exhibited few CLA‐induced changes. The greatest effects were observed in triacylglycerols, which were raised in the CLA animals compared with the controls. The ratio of cholesterol‐low‐density lipoprotein to cholesterol‐high‐density lipoprotein rose by 17% as a result of CLA treatment. Serum concentrations of albumin, creatinine, urea and glucose were unchanged. In conclusion, the study showed that supplementation with CLA under isoenergetic feeding conditions with a strongly positive energy balance has no marked effect on total metabolism, although a slightly enhanced deposition of protein was evident.
Metabolic changes during the perinatal period in dairy sheep in relation to level of nutrition and breed. I. Late pregnancy
Authors: Charismiadou M. A. , Bizelis J. A. , Rogdakis E. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe effects of level of nutrition during pregnancy on the development of the mammary gland, on various biochemical parameters, on feed intake and on body weight were investigated in Chios (CH) and Karagouniko (K) ewes. Thirty pregnant ewes of both breeds were randomly assigned to groups A and B, which received 110% of their energy requirements for maintenance plus pregnancy for two foetuses and 90% of their maintenance energy requirements, respectively. In a second experiment, 34 pregnant Chios ewes were assigned and fed as in the first trial, but they were slaughtered on day 140 of pregnancy to study udder characteristics. The feed intake and the body weight in pregnancy were higher in ewes of group A and K ewes than of groups B (p 0.001) and CH (p 0.01), respectively. Plasma glucose concentration tended to be higher in group A than group B. Group A ewes had significantly decreased plasma free fatty acids (p 0.001) and β‐hydrobutyric acid (p 0.05), but higher insulin (p 0.01) concentrations, whereas serum T4 concentrations were higher in K than in CH ewes (p 0.01), during the last 10 days of pregnancy. The fat cell diameter and the NADP‐isocitrate dehydrogenase activity of the adipose tissue were higher in ewes of group A than group B, on the day 7 before lambing. In the second experiment, the underfed CH ewes had significantly lower empty udder weight (p 0.05), smaller udder (p 0.05), smaller teat length (p 0.01), lower mammary gland weight (p 0.05), less total content of DNA (p 0.05) and less fat percentage of mammary gland (p 0.01) in comparison with the well‐fed CH ewes. It is concluded that undernutrition during pregnancy causes considerable changes in the ewe's metabolism, mainly in the adipose tissue. Furthermore, the level of nutrition significantly affected udder development.
Absorption and metabolism of α‐ketoglutarate in growing pigs
Authors: Kristensen N. B. , Jungvid H. , Fernández J. A. , Pierzynowski S. G. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe portal appearance of enteral α‐ketoglutarate (AKG) and the effect of enteral or parenteral AKG on portal net appearance of glucose, short‐chain fatty acids, alanine, aspartate, glutamate, glutamine, proline and insulin were investigated in three growing pigs. During the experimental samplings the pigs were fed hourly with a standard feed mix with 5% glucose (control), 5% AKG (enteral) or no feed additive but continuously infused with AKG into the mesenteric vein in an amount equivalent to 5% of feed intake (parenteral). The arterial plasma concentration of AKG increased (p < 0.05) following both enteral (from 16±2 to 22±3 μmol/l) and parenteral (from 16±2 to 425±27 μmol/l) administration of AKG. With the enteral treatment 4±1% of the AKG could be accounted for in the portal vein, however, with the parenteral treatment 86±5% could be accounted for in the portal vein. The arterial plasma concentration of proline increased (p < 0.05) with the enteral treatment (365 ± 3 to 443 ± 39 μmol/l), but was not affected by the parenteral treatment (p > 0.10). The plasma concentration glutamine decreased (p < 0.05) with the parenteral treatment only. The portal net appearance of proline showed a numerical increase with the enteral treatment but no other affects on arterial concentrations or portal net appearance were found. A small accompanying study showed that only small amounts of enteral AKG was present in the small intestine. It was therefore concluded that enteral AKG has a low availability to peripheral tissues either because it is absorbed and metabolized in the stomach and duodenum or because it is metabolized by microbes in the stomach. The study showed that AKG is metabolized differently following enteral and parenteral application in growing pigs.
Reproduction of the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) after feeding or food deprivation in winter
Authors: Asikainen J. , Mustonen A.‐M. , Nieminen P. , Pasanen S. , Araja‐Matilainen H. , Hyvärinen H. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe wild raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides, Canidae, Carnivora) goes through autumn fattening followed by winter sleep. Farmed raccoon dogs also exhibit autumn fattening but not winter sleep, as a result of daily feeding and lack of nests. We studied the effects of food deprivation and winter sleep or active winter feeding on the physiology and reproduction of farm‐born raccoon dogs. Eighty‐six animals were put on a 2‐month fast in November–December. The fast caused no deleterious effects on the health of the raccoon dogs. In the spring the food‐deprived animals had slightly more cubs per mated female than the fed animals. There was a significant negative correlation between the number of cubs obtained and the mean body mass of the females at the beginning of the mating season. The highest mean number of cubs was obtained by the females that weighed 5–7 kg. The results indicate that the raccoon dog is finely adapted to a long period of food deprivation in the winter. Furthermore, winter sleep and food deprivation could be introduced to farm conditions by providing the raccoon dogs with nestboxes and withholding food for a period of 6–8 weeks in mid‐winter.
Characterization of 18:1 and 18:2 isomers produced during microbial biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids from canola and soya bean oil in the rumen of lactating cows
Authors: Loor J. J. , Bandara A. B. P. A. , Herbein J. H. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryRuminal production of biohydrogenation intermediates in response to unsaturated oils was assessed using 24 Jersey cows fed a control diet or the control diet supplemented at 35 g/kg dry matter (DM) with canola, soya bean, or a mixture of equal amounts of canola plus soya bean oil for 4‐weeks. Total fatty acid content averaged 63 or 35 g/kg DM for oil‐supplemented diets or control. Oleic acid accounted for 6, 29, 21 or 12 g/kg DM in the control, canola, mixture, or soya bean oil diet, respectively. Linoleic acid averaged 17, 19, 26, or 33 g/kg DM and linolenic acid 5, 5, 6 or 8 g/kg DM for control, canola, mixture, or soya bean oil. Concentrations of cis12‐, trans11‐, trans13+14, and trans15‐18:1 were 0.81, 2.99, 2.24, and 0.73 mg/g rumen fluid, respectively, in response to soya bean oil and were 126, 90, 45, and 38% greater compared with other diets. Trans11cis15‐, cis9trans11‐ and cis9 cis11‐18:2 also were greater when soya bean oil (0.30, 0.34 and 0.01 mg/g, respectively) was fed compared with other treatments (0.12, 0.21 and 0.004 mg/g, respectively). Feeding canola oil resulted in greater concentrations of trans4‐, trans5‐, trans6+7+8‐, trans9‐ and trans10‐18:1 (0.20, 0.25, 0.87, 0.39 and 0.70 mg/g, respectively) compared with other diets (0.09, 0.15, 0.36, 0.20 and 0.46 mg/g, respectively). Trans10cis12‐18:2 concentration did not differ as a result of diet and averaged 0.002 mg/g rumen contents. The pattern of 18:1 and 18:2 isomers formed during ruminal biohydrogenation depends greatly on dietary profile of unsaturated fatty acids.
Substrate distribution in fungus chambers in nests of Atta bisphaerica Forel, 1908 (Hym., Formicidae)
Authors: Moreira A. A. , Forti L. C. , Boaretto M. A. C. , Andrade A. P. P. , Rossi M. N. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:  Substrate distribution was studied in three adult colonies of the leaf‐cutting ant Atta bisphaerica Forel, 1908 using dye. Some supply holes were mapped using baits made from small plastic straws impregnated with citric pulp. Two holes, equidistant from one another, were then selected in each nest. The colonies were excavated completely 24 h after bait placement. During excavation, fungus chambers were checked for dye. We observed that the dyed baits were distributed in all sectors and at all depths regardless of where the baits had been placed. This supported the hypothesis that toxic baits placed in a single supply hole are uniformly distributed throughout the colony.
Effect of Cuticular Wax Layers of Green and Red Pepper Fruits on Infection by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides
Authors: Oh B. J. , Kim K. D. , Kim Y. S. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolate KG13 caused necrotic, sunken anthracnose symptoms on unwounded, wax‐removed, and wounded green pepper fruits and on wounded red fruits 7 days after inoculation. Hypersensitive reactions with small brownish discolorations, on some occasions, were found on unwounded red fruits. The isolate produced whitish symptoms with brown margins, but not the typical anthracnose on red fruits wax‐removed by chloroform treatment. Generally, wax‐removed red fruits, but not green ones, produced larger lesions and more conidia than untreated controls. Wounded pepper fruits had larger lesions than those with other treatments. More germinated conidia, appressoria, and infection hyphae were found on wax‐removed fruits than on controls; however, differences between green and red fruits were not found. Cuticular wax layers of fruits were dissolved partially by chloroform and the outer epidermal cells were disrupted slightly. Anthracnose development was negatively related with fruit developmental stage. Well‐developed fruits had more cuticular wax than less developed fruits. These results suggest that the cuticular wax layers of pepper fruits may play a significant role in fruit infection by C. gloeosporioides isolate KG13, and mainly determine the incompatibility of red fruits to the isolate. Biochemical differences may also play a role.
Nattrassia mangiferae, the Cause of Die‐Back and Trunk Cankers of Ficus religiosa and Branch Wilt of Psidium guajava in Iran
Authors: MIRZÂEE M. R. , MOHAMMADI M. , RAHIMIAN H. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn 2000, in the Jiroft region, south‐eastern Iran, a fungus subsequently identified as Nattrassia mangiferae was isolated from both Ficus religiosa, which showed branch die‐back and elongated cankers in trunks, and Psidium guajava (guava) trees, which showed branch die‐back. The pathogenicity of the fungus was demonstrated by fulfilling Koch's postulates. These diseases are a potential threat to the citrus industry and P. guajava production in the region. This is the first report of N.  mangiferae inciting die‐back and trunk cankers on F.  religiosa and die‐back on P. guajava.
The Interaction of Plasmodiophora brassicae and Arabidopsis thaliana: Parameters for Disease Quantification and Screening of Mutant Lines
Authors: Siemens J. , Nagel M. , Ludwig‐Müller J. , Sacristán M. D. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe soil‐borne obligate pathogen Plasmodiophora brassicae causes clubroot disease in species of Brassicaceae, including Arabidopsis thaliana. The host–pathogen interaction was studied with respect to the age of the plant at the time point of inoculation and to different infection pressures in order to establish a standardization of infection parameters and evaluation of disease extent for A. thaliana lines. Spore number per root weight, root and shoot weight of inoculated and non‐inoculated plants as well as infection rate and disease index (DI) were analysed and correlated. The disease extent of different lines was comparable as measured by the relation of root weight of inoculated and non‐inoculated plants (Ri/Rni index) and the DI. Most of the 71 screened A. thaliana lines turned out to be susceptible. However, the mutant lines tu8, tu3, det1‐1, and rhd3‐1 showed a certain degree of tolerance under specific culture conditions. The reactions of rhd3‐1 indicate that hypertrophy is a prerequisite for maturation of the pathogen. The reactions of the tu3 and tu8 mutants indicate a role of indole glucosinolates and indole‐3‐acetonitrile/IAA in development of clubroot disease.
Influence of Air Temperature on the Release of Ascospores of Venturia inaequalis
Authors: Rossi V. , Giosuè S. , Bugiani R. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract The influence of air temperature on the release pattern of Venturia inaequalis ascospores was studied by volumetric spore samplers in two spore sampling periods. In the first period (1991–1996; Passo Segni, Ferrara), 15 ascospore dispersal events were considered occurring in daylight, with high spore counts (168–5892 ascospores per m3 air per event), at an average temperature between 8.4 and 20.3°C. Both the length of the ascospore release period and distribution of airborne spores over time were significantly influenced by temperature. A logistic regression model was used to fit the proportion of ascospores trapped from the orchard air as a function of time after the beginning of the discharge event and air temperature. The accuracy of this equation was tested against data collected in the second spore sampling period (1997–2000; Sala Bolognese, Bologna, and Castelfranco, Modena); 16 dispersal events were considered, triggered by rainfall that occurred both in the dark and in daylight, with low to high spore counts (29–458 ascospores per m3 air per event), at an average temperature between 2.8 and 14.3°C. There was a general agreement between the proportion of ascospores trapped from the orchard air during these events and that estimated by using the logistic equation – in most cases, actual and estimated values showed a high coincidence. Statistical comparison showed a significant correlation (r=0.93, P < 0.01) between observed and estimated data.
Acute Enteritis or Gastroenteritis in Young Dogs as a Predisposing Factor for Intestinal Intussusception: a Retrospective Study
Authors: Rallis T. S. , Papazoglou L. G. , Adamama‐Moraitou K. K. , Prassinos N. N. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryVarious types of intestinal intussusception were diagnosed in 29 of 220 young dogs with acute enteritis or gastroenteritis, due to canine parvovirus (85 cases) or presumably to other infectious agents, inflammation or less common hypermotility and metabolic derangements (135 cases). As the other causes of the disease were excluded, acute enteritis or gastroenteritis was considered to be the most likely predisposing factor for the intestinal intussusception. The most common type of intussusception was found to be the ileocolic. Of the 21 dogs that underwent surgical resection and anastomosis of the intestine, 18 dogs recovered completely and three died due to complications. The high survival rate was due to the effective pre‐operative, surgical and post‐operative therapy.
Reference Values of Electrolyte Plasma Concentrations in Healthy Piglets During the First 48 Hours of Life
Authors: Wehrend A. , Failing K. , Tschachtschal J. , Bostedt H. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe aim of this study was to analyse the plasma concentrations of sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphate (P) and potassium (K) in mature, healthy suckling pigs during the first 2 days of life in order to obtain more detailed information about this aspect of the neonatal adaptation period. Blood samples were taken from 120 suckling piglets (30 min after birth, and then at 6, 24 and 48 h post‐natum). The control group consisted of 60 piglets at the ages of 1 and 2 weeks. All electrolyte concentrations showed a significant age influence (P < 0.001). Thirty minutes post‐partum a significant correlation between body temperature (T) and both Mg (P < 0.05; b = −0.13) and Ca (P < 0.05, b = −0.09) could be shown. In the sixth hour of life, there was a significant dependency between Ca (P < 0.05, b = 0.48) and body mass, whereas a relationship to sex could be established for P (P < 0.05). After the twenty‐fourth hour of life, there was a significant relationship between body T and both Mg (P < 0.05, b = −2.26) and P (P < 0.05, b = −6.54), as well as between body mass and Ca (P < 0.001, b = 0.89). After the forty‐eighth hour of life, statistically significant correlations between body mass and Na (P < 0.05, b = 25.72), P (P < 0.05, b = 4.92), and Ca (P < 0.001, b = 1.61) became apparent. At this point, K showed a significant dependency on T (P < 0.05, b = −0.80). It may thus be hypothesized that in the first phase following birth, disturbances in temperature regulation exert a primary influence on the level of neonatal vitality, whereas body weight becomes a deciding factor at a later point in time.