bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
معوقات استخدام التقنيات التعليمية في تدريس ذوي الاحتياجات الخاصة من وجهة نظر المعلَمات بمدينة سبها "دراسة ميدانية "
Authors: قسم نجوي , امهبج فاطمة 
Published: January 2024

تتناول هذه الدراسة التعرف على " معوقات استخدام التقنيات التعليمية في تدريس ذوي الاحتياجات الخاصة من وجهة نظر المعلَمات بمدينة سبها " تعزى لمتغيرات (نوع الإعاقة - عدد سنوات الخبرة التعليمية – عدد الدورات التدريبية المتحصل عليها في مجال التقنيات التعليمية). واستخدام استبيان "معوقات التقنيات التعليمية" من إعداد الباحثتين، ويضم (23) فقرة موزعة على (3) محاور، واشتملت عينة البحث علي (60) معلمة، حيث توصلت الدراسة إلى وجود معوقات لاستخدام التقنيات التعليمية في تدريس ذوي الاحتياجات الخاصة من وجهة نظر المعلمات بمدينة سبها، كما يشير المتوسط الحسابي لاستبيان ككل وللمحاور. أما بالنسبة لمتغيرات الدراسة تبين أنه لا توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية في معوقات استخدام التقنيات التعليمية في تدريس ذوي الاحتياجات الخاصة من وجهة نظر المعلمات بمدينة سبها تعزى لمتغير (نوع الإعاقة - سنوات الخبرة التعليمية). أما بالنسبة لمتغير "عدد الدورات التدريبية المتحصل عليها في مجال التقنيات التعليمية": (دورة- دورتين-ثلاث دورات وأكثر)، فتبين إن هناك فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية على الاستبيان ككل، أما بالنسبة للمحاور فأنه لا توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية للمحور الأول" معوقات إلمام المعلم باستخدام الوسائل التعليمية "وفق (دورة-دورتين- ثلاث دورات وأكثر). من وجهة نظر المعلمات. في حين توجد فروق ذات دلالة إحصائية على المحور الثاني والثالث "أهداف تحقيق الخطة التربوية باستخدام التقنيات التعليمية - معوقات ذوي الاحتياجات الخاصة باستخدام التقنيات التعليمية". تبعاً لمتغير عدد الدورات التدريبية المتحصل عليها في مجال التقنيات التعليمية من وجهة نظر المعلمات بمدينة سبها وكانت لصالح عدد الدورات (ثلاث دورات وأكثر).
دلالة اسم الفاعل في الحديث الشريف
Authors: راشد عياد 
Published: January 2024

تنوعت مصادر اللغة العربية ، وكان من بينها الحديث الشريف الذي يحل في المرتبة الثانية بعد القرآن الكريم ، وقد لقي من الاهتمام به عند العلماء لغويين وفقهاء درجة كبيرة لا تقل عن غيره من المصادر الأخرى ، وأخص بالذكر من هؤلاء الفقهاء علماء المالكية الذين بلغوا شأوا كبيرا في استدلالهم بأحاديث سيد الخلق ـــ صلى الله عليه وسلم ـــ في مختلف القضايا الفقهية ومن هؤلاء العلماء أبو العباس شهاب الدين أحمد بن إدريس الصنهجاني القرافي المالكي ( ت 684 هـ ) الذي ألف مجموعة مصنفات من بينها كتاب الذخيرة الذي احتوى على عدد كبير من الأحاديث الشريفة جاءت مبثوثة في أبواب الفقه المختلفة ،وقد شد انتباهي ظاهرة من ظواهر علم الصرف برزت في هذه الأحاديث ألا وهي اسم الفاعل ، فماذا يعني هذا الاصطلاح ؟ وما طريقة صوغه ؟ وما دلالته في كلام الرسول ـــ صلى الله عليه وسلم ـــ ويرجع سبب اختياري هذا الموضوع إلى أن اسم الفاعل من أكثر المشتقات أهمية في الدرس الصرفي والدلالي ؛ لكثرة دورانه في الكلام ، ولشبهه بالفعل المضارع ,وسيجيب هذا البحث على عدة من التساؤلات ايضا منها : ماهي دلالة اسم الفاعل الزمنية في الحديث النبوي الشريف ؟ وما دلالته من حيث الكثرة والمبالغة؟ .
Características y retos para el mejor desempeño de los Tribunales de Honor de las universidades públicas.
Authors: Ramirez Arroyo Rafael , Miguel Castro Milciades Leónidas 
Published: January 2024

Los Tribunales de Honor Universitarios son órganos instructores que emiten juicios de valor y recomiendan sanciones establecidas en la Ley Universitaria ante inconductas cometidas por estudiantes y docentes universitarios (estos últimos también cuando cumplen funciones de gobierno o administrativas); se encuentran regulados por la Ley Universitaria y supletoriamente por la Ley del Procedimiento Administrativo General y para casos específicos la Ley del Servicio Civil.De la evaluación legal efectuada se han identificado falencias en la tipificación y competencia específica del docente del curso y del Tribunal de Honor en el caso de inconductas cometidas por estudiantes, así como del director de departamento académico y del Tribunal de Honor Universitario ante sanciones con amonestación y suspensión.
Así mismo, en el caso específico de evaluación de posibles delitos, los Tribunales de Honor Universitario solo pueden emitir dictámenes proponiendo sanciones cuando se cuente con la sentencia firme ante el juzgamiento por parte del Poder Judicial, pudiendo recomendar únicamente la adopción de la medida cautelar de suspensión del docente ante el Consejo Universitario, siendo necesario regular el procedimiento acerca de la imposición de este tipo de medida cautelar.
Finalmente, debe garantizarse el derecho a la doble instancia, por lo cual se recomienda que las universidades cuenten con un único Tribunal de Honor Universitario como instructor (o primera instancia) o Consejo de Facultad como primera instancia y Consejo Universitario como órgano encargado de resolver recursos de apelación; todo lo cual exige la necesidad que las universidades públicas cuenten con un procedimiento administrativo sancionador propio.
Democracia, direitos e política fiscal: desafios para a reconstrução democrática brasileira sob o novo marco fiscal
Authors: Tavares Francisco Mata Machado , Deccache David 
Published: January 2024

Vasta e eclética literatura da ciência política contemporânea identifica a mútua implicação entre os processos de desdemocratização observados a partir dos anos 2010 e o primado das políticas fiscais de austeridade, em especial no Sul Global. A partir desta premissa, discutem-se os riscos que o chamado Regime Fiscal Sustentável, implementado por meio da LC200/2023, apresenta para a reconstrução democrática e constitucional do Brasil. Uma justificação teórica sobre a centralidade da dimensão fiscal nas democracias da modernidade é seguida por uma discussão específica acerca dos problemas econômicos e políticos associados à fiscalidade austera. Sobre estas bases, produzem-se interpretações e simulações de cenários que indicam a incompatibilidade entre a regra fiscal aprovada no Brasil em 2023 e a implementação satisfatória de políticas públicas que concretizem preferências eleitorais e direitos fundamentais.
Palavras-chave: Desdemocratização; Austeridade; Regime Fiscal Sustentável; Custeio dos Direitos Fundamentais.
The Relationship Between Serum Growth Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF-15) Levels and Clinical Outcomes in Infertile Women Receiving In-vitro Fertilization Treatment
Authors: AYAZ Ercan , GÖRKEM Ümit , KAN Özgür , TOĞRUL Cihan , ŞİMŞEK Ülkü , HAN Orkun 
Published: January 2024

Objective: It has been reported in many studies that Growth Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF-15) has an important role in physiological or pathological processes. As there is no study in the current scientific literature examining the status of GDF-15 in infertility and its treatment outcomes, we aimed to investigate this.
Material and methods: According to their ovarian reserve characteristics, 88 infertile women were divided into three groups: normal ovarian reserve (NOR), diminished ovarian reserve (DOR), and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Estradiol (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), anti-mullerian hormone (AMH), and GDF-15 levels were measured in their serum. The antagonist protocol patients' total oocyte, meiosis II (MII) oocytes, embryo count, and clinical pregnancy rates were documented.
Results: In terms of serum GDF-15 concentrations, there was no statistically significant difference among the mean values of the three study groups. The mean FSH level at baseline was substantially higher in the DOR group compared to the PCOS group. The median serum AMH levels of all three groups were found to be statistically different. The antagonist protocol patients' total oocytes, meiosis II (MII) oocytes, embryo count, and clinical pregnancy rates were documented.
Conclusion: In the present study, a significant and strong correlation between serum GDF-15 level and consequent embryo number was detected. Thereby, serum GDF-15 level may be considered to be a biomarker for predicting IVF clinical outcomes.
Rural migrant labourers and their livelihood during COVID-19 in India
Authors: Rajak Dinesh 
Published: January 2024

The global crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic has led to severe economic, social, and cultural impacts. In India, it has uncovered the harsh reality of the rural migrant labourers, by exposing the risks of their working and living conditions and the chronic homelessness they face in the city. The sudden enforcement of the lockdowns during the pandemic intensified the pre-existing vulnerabilities of the rural migrant labourer force living in the cities. Homeless and forced to return to their villages, the rural migrant workers and their families faced yet another form of marginalisation in their native hometowns as ‘vectors’ of the disease. In light of this context, this paper attempts to explore and understand the experience of migrant labourers during COVID-19 towards issues concerning their livelihood, health, social security, and their experiences of stigma. Furthermore, it also delves into finding the kinds of alternative strategies adopted by the State to resolve and care for these communities. This study critically looks into these aspects through primary empirically collected data, in Muda, a small remote village in Damoh district in the northern part of Madhya Pradesh, a socio-economically backward region of India, with the help of existing secondary information about the region and communities. The study identified that migrants faced significant food, shelter and security challenges at both their place of employment in the city as well as their hometown in the remote village of Muda.
Using metacognition to understand memory performance in children
Authors: Hayre Rumandeep K. , Colloff Melissa F. 
Published: January 2024

Children are often perceived as unreliable witnesses which could affect the treatment of this vulnerable group within the criminal justice system. Metacognition is a complex and higher-order skill which is used to help us reflect on whether our memory for a past event is correct or not. In this review, we consider theoretical and empirical evidence on the development of this skill and its application for improving child interview procedures.Author note:This work was supported by an ESRC grant (1001128) to M.C.
IMAGÉTICAS DE UM NORDESTE BRASILEIRO PLURAL, DIVERSO E MULTIFACETADO
Authors: Rodrigues Frederico do Nascimento , Dantas Eustógio Wanderley Correia 
Published: January 2024

Este artigo faz investigação pautada em um contexto histórico, por meio de movimentos progressivos-regressivos, representativos de uma pesquisa diacrônica. A partir deste, investigam-se desdobramentos que delineiam imagéticas de um nordeste multifacetado, plural, diverso, virtuoso e “moderno”, pautado em duas imagens: agronegócio, produtor de frutas e grãos, a reproduzir primeira imagética na hodiernidade; e o turismo litorâneo, representativo da segunda imagética. Essas imagens, grosso modo, dinamizam/modificam as paisagens e as atividades que englobam escala nacional/internacional, gerando fluxos de commodities e de pessoas, respectivamente. Nesse ínterim, observa-se nova variável que adentra as ambiências litorâneas/sertanejas nordestinas, que adere a novas perspectivas, passando a ter visibilidade não só pelo turismo, mas também pela produção de energia eólica, solar e mais recentemente de hidrogênio verde. Nesse contexto, assiste-se ao delineamento de uma terceira imagética, a qual convencionou-se chamar de o “Nordeste que descobriu os ventos”, e passa a investir de forma pujante na produção de energia “sustentável”, a partir dos ventos, propagando uma imagem virtual e positiva da região fundida ao agronegócio e ao turismo litorâneo. Assiste-se a uma parcela de empresários privilegiados que atuam no setor agrícola, turístico e/ou eólico que eclipsam imagens negativas do passado de um Nordeste pobre, da semiaridez e da fome. Desse modo, cria-se a imagem de uma região de possibilidades a atrair investimentos em âmbito nacional/internacional, contribuindo na concepção do moderno e atrativo. Debruça-se, então, em uma investigação qualitativa, com aferições quantitativas, um estudo exploratório, por meio do qual realizam-se procedimentos técnico-metodológicos como observação, entrevistas, pesquisa documental, levantamento bibliográfico, dados primários/secundários, elaboração de quadros, gráficos e produção cartográfica.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Espaço; Tempo; Agronegócio; Turismo; Eólica; Litoral.
FEIRAS LIVRES DO MÉIER (RJ): REDES E FENÔMENOS DE DIGITALIZAÇÃO
Authors: Malafaia Francisco Rocha 
Published: January 2024

Este artigo tem como tema de estudo duas feiras livres que ocorrem no Grande Méier, 13° região administrativa do Município do Rio de Janeiro, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil e tem como objetivo investigar os fenômenos de digitalização de seus serviços e comércios no contexto do pós estágio de pandemia do vírus covid 19, nos anos de 2021-2022, no qual houve uma aceleração e diversificação desta digitalização de atividades. Realizou-se uma entrevista semiestruturada, com perguntas pré-elaboradas na forma de um questionário, tendo o objetivo de descobrir vivências, práticas e perspectivas que apenas um questionário padronizado não seria capaz de hipotetizar ou quantificar. Como resultado da pesquisa, destaca-se que, embora presente, a digitalização do comércio de feira ocorreu de forma limitada nos espaços estudados e que, embora geograficamente muito próximos, apresentaram dinâmicas muito distintas um do outro.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Grande Méier Rio de Janeiro; Ciberespaço; Comércio Varejista; Covid 19; Economia Informal
PERENCANAAN PERKUATAN LERENG DENGAN SOIL NAILING DAN GABION PADA AREA TOWER T-97 KWANGKO KAB.DOMPU
Authors: - Rista adekayanti 
Published: January 2024

Abstrak.
Kestabilan lereng sangat penting bagi keselamatan dan keamanan masyarakat terutama yang berada disekitar lereng tersebut. Lokasi penelitan berada pada pada area tower-T97 Kwangko Kab. Dompu. Lereng yang berada dilokasi penelitian telah mengalami keretakan yang mengakibatkan lereng tersebut dapat dikatakan tidak aman. Dilakukan penelitian ini adalah dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui angka keamanan dari lereng asli, lereng setelah diberi perkuatan. Perkuatan yang digunakan berupa Soil Nailing dan Gabion dengan metode Morgestern Price dan Sarma. Analisis pada lereng dilakukan dengan menggunakan aplikasi GeoStudio. Dari analisis lereng asli mendapatkan angka keamanan 1,014 dimana kurang dari 1.5. Untuk lereng yang diberi perkuatan Soil Nailing dengan metode Morgestern Price dan Sarma mendapatkan angka keamanan 1.638 sedangkan untuk lereng yang diberi perkuatan Gabion dengan metode yang sama mendaptkan angka keamanan 2.325. Untuk penelitian selanjutnya dapat menggunakan metode atau perluatan lain agar dapat dijadikan perbandingan untuk penelitian selanjutnya.

Kata kunci: Lereng, Angka Keamanan, Soil Nailing, Gabion
Abstrak. Kestabilan lereng sangat penting bagi keselamatan dan keamanan masyarakat terutama yang berada disekitar lereng tersebut. Lokasi penelitan berada pada pada area tower-T97 Kwangko Kab. Dompu. Lereng yang berada dilokasi penelitian telah mengalami keretakan yang mengakibatkan lereng tersebut dapat dikatakan tidak aman. Dilakukan penelitian ini adalah dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui angka keamanan dari lereng asli, lereng setelah diberi perkuatan. Perkuatan yang digunakan berupa Soil Nailing dan Gabion dengan metode Morgestern Price dan Sarma. Analisis pada lereng dilakukan dengan menggunakan aplikasi GeoStudio. Dari analisis lereng asli mendapatkan angka keamanan 1,014 dimana kurang dari 1.5. Untuk lereng yang diberi perkuatan Soil Nailing dengan metode Morgestern Price dan Sarma mendapatkan angka keamanan 1.638 sedangkan untuk lereng yang diberi perkuatan Gabion dengan metode yang sama mendaptkan angka keamanan 2.325. Untuk penelitian selanjutnya dapat menggunakan metode atau perluatan lain agar dapat dijadikan perbandingan untuk penelitian selanjutnya.
Kata kunci: Lereng, Angka Keamanan, Soil Nailing, Gabion
PENINGKATAN SIKAP KARAKTER MANDIRI SISWA KELAS IV SEKOLAH DASAR PADA MODEL COOPERATIVE LEARNING TIPE JIGSAW
Authors: Fadliansyah Fauzi 
Published: January 2024

Peningkatan karakter mandiri siswa dibutuhkan model pembelajaran yang dapat mendorong siswa dalam berkarakter mandiri yaitu model cooperative learning tipe jigsaw dan media neo snake and ladder game. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) mengetahui keefektifan model cooperative learning tipe jigsaw terhadap peningkatan karakter mandiri siswa. Penelitian yang digunakan yaitu mix method dengan desain concurrent embedded. Penelitian dilakukan pada siswa kelas IV di SD Negeri Sukaratu 4 dan SD Negeri Sukaratu 1, Pandeglang Banten. Jenis data penelitian diperoleh dari pretest-posttest, observasi dan wawancara. Analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah uji normalitas, uji homogenitas, uji t independen sampel t-test, dan uji n gain. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: (1) model pembelajaran cooperative learning tipe jigsaw efektif terhadap peningkatan karakter mandiri siswa yang ditandai dengan mencapai ketuntasan klasikal, rata-rata peningkatan karakter mandiri model pembelajaran cooperative learning tipe jigsaw game lebih baik dari pada peningkatan karakter mandiri pada kelas dengan menggunakan pembelajaran konvensional
PENERAPAN E LEARNING BERBASIS BLOG UNTUK MENINGKATKAN HASIL BELAJAR KOGNITIF DAN KARAKTER MANDIRI PADA PEMBELAJARAN TEMATIK KELAS V SEKOLAH DASAR
Authors: K Khotimah Amalia 
Published: January 2024

Pembelajaran dengan E-learning merupakan bentuk dari pembelajaran yang memanfaatkan teknologi yaitu internet untuk meningkatkan kualitas pembelajaran peserta didik dalam menggunakan fungsi dari teknologi dan informasi untuk interaksi antara peserta didik dengan guru, dalam memberikan pengayaan materi dan pengembangan metode yang akan digunakan dalam pembelajaran. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh penerapan E-learning berbasis blog dalam meningkatkan hasil belajar kognitif dan karakter mandiri pada pembelajaran tematik kelas V Sekolah Dasar. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain Quasy Experimental Design dengan objek penelitian dua kelas yang terdiri dari kelas kontrol (SDN Kalipancur 02) dan kelas eksperimen (SDN Kalipancur 01). Sampel berjumlah 63 peserta didik. Hasil penelitian ini adalah terjadinya peningkatan hasil belajar dan karakter mandiri siswa secara signifikan. Diperoleh peningkatan rata-rata hasil belajar sebesar 84% berada pada kategori sangat baik. Selain itu penerapan pembelajaran menggunakan E-learning Berbasis Blog pada pelajaran tematik menjadikan skor kemandirian siswa lebih tinggi pada indikator hasrat bersaing untuk maju dan dapat bekerja sendiri dengan skor lebih dari 80% yang berada pada kategori sangat tinggi. Rata-rata uji N-Gain sebesar 0.49 yang berada dalam kategori sedang. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan hasil belajar kognitif pada kelas eksperimen menggunakan E-Learning Berbasis Blog lebih efektif dibandingkan kelas kontrol yang menggunakan google classroom.
Penghayatan Terhadap Kebhinekatunggalika-an dan Nilai-Nilai Pancasila di SMAN 10 Palembang dalam Menguatkan Identitas Manusia Indonesia
Authors: Patmawati  
Published: January 2024

Pancasila dan Bhinneka Tunggal Ika adalah dua nilai yang sangat penting bagi bangsa Indonesia. Keduanya menekankan pentingnya toleransi dan persatuan di Indonesia dan menjadi hal yang sangat penting untuk dimiliki dalam menguatkan identitas manusia Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana penghayatan kebhinekatunggalika-an dan nilai–nilai pancasila dalam menguatkan identitas manusia indonesia yang diterapkan di SMAN 10 palembang. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan metode observasi, wawancara dan studi literatur yang akan mendeskripsikan bagaimana sekolah melaksanakan penghayatan terhadap kebhinekatunggalika-an dan nilai-nilai Pancasila. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa SMAN 10 Palembang telah menerapkan lingkungan sekolah yang berkebhinekatunggalika-an dan mengimplementasikan nilai-nilai Pancasila dengan baik terbukti dengan melakukan kegiatan diskusi bersama, mengadakan kegiatan jumat bersih, berdoa menurut kepercayaan masing-masing, bermusyawarah dalam mengambil keputusan, berlaku adil serta saling menghormati dan menghargai diantara pendidik dan peserta didik.
Managing the Welfare of Zebrafish in Laboratory: Overview of Prevailing Diseases and Health Issues
Authors: Lopes-Ferreira Monica , Gabriel dos Santos da Rosa João , Rodrigo Disner Geonildo , Lima Carla 
Published: January 2024

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a freshwater species native to South Asia belonging to the Cyprinidae family. Due to its easy housing and breeding, high fecundity, and rapid development, it has become a popular laboratory animal. Furthermore, zebrafish is an increasingly successful and widely used vertebrate model organism in scientific research, e.g., in drug discovery, particularly preclinical development, mainly because of its immune response and well-known genome. Nevertheless, zebrafish health in laboratory facilities is crucial. Both the water quality and pathogens control are directly related to the zebrafish welfare, which, under inappropriate conditions, may confound experimental findings, leading to irreproducible outcomes and invalid or misinterpreted results. Infections by Aeromonas and mycobacterium, for example, interfere with the results of experiments by altering physiological parameters. Likewise, infection of the nervous system by Pseudoloma neurophilia causes behavioral changes in zebrafish, leading to misinterpretation in behavioral studies. In this chapter, we seek to provide valuable contributions about zebrafish housing and husbandry conditions known to influence animal health, drawing attention to the most common diseases and pathogens that eventually may affect zebrafish in the laboratory.
The Prevalence and Antimicrobial Sensitivity of S. Aureus Isolated from Patient with Skin Wound Infections in Shaafi Hospital
Authors: Hussein Ahmed Saed , Dirie Fatuma Abdullahi , Osman Fartun Mohamed , Hirsi Hawa Ali 
Published: January 2024

Staphylococcal infections still remain an important cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide despite the development of antimicrobial agents. Staphylococcus aureus the most common cause of skin and soft tissue infections, such as boils and abscesses, as well as post-operative wound infections. The objective of this study was identifying the Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of S.aureus isolated from patient with skin wound infection in Shaafi hospital. The method used in this study was Cross sectional descriptive design involving using quantitative method. The swabs were collected from wound from patients attending Shaafi Hospital. Swabs were cultured and identified by using gram staining according to standard conventional methods. The isolated organisms were tested for sensitivity against the antimicrobial agents that are commonly used in hospitals. A total 50 wound swabs were collected from patients with symptoms of wound infection attending to Shaafi Hospital, in Mogadishu Somalia. Different age groups and both sexes were covered. Staphylococcus aureus strains were the predominant organism isolated 13 (26%) of total samples, and other 37 (74%). were no growth. The bacteria that isolated from the patients were resistant to Amoxyclav, Methicillin and penicillin, while 9 of them 69.2% were sensitive to Vancomycin and 4 of them 30.8% were resistant to Vancomycin so the highest frequency of sensitivity with observed with Vancomycin while Amoxyklav, Methcillin and Penicillin were highest resistant.
Bacterial species isolated were all susceptible to Vancomycin which may be selected as the drugs of choice for treatment of wound infection. The development of bacterial resistance against Penicillin among all isolates reflects the abuse of antibiotics in Somalia. We recommended the hospitals and doctors: - Bacterial culture to ensure the appropriate antibiotics, to encourage the patients coming hospital early stages of wound, since the culture is high expensive we recommended the doctor holding seminars that persuade that the culture is the best diagnosis of bacterial infections, we recommend the doctors to give the technicians seminars about swabbing, isolation and identification of bacteria