bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The evolution of clinical audit as a tool for quality improvement
Authors: Berk Michael , Callaly Thomas , Hyland Mary 
Published: June 2003

AbstractClinical auditing practices are recognized universally as a useful tool in evaluating and improving the quality of care provided by a health service. External auditing is a regular activity for mental health services in Australia but internal auditing activities are conducted at the discretion of each service. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of 6 years of internal auditing activities in a mental health service. A review of the scope, audit tools, purpose, sampling and design of the internal audits and identification of the recommendations from six consecutive annual audit reports was completed. Audit recommendations were examined, as well as levels of implementation and reasons for success or failure. Fifty‐seven recommendations were identified, with 35% without action, 28% implemented and 33.3% still pending or in progress. The recommendations were more likely to be implemented if they relied on activity, planning and action across a selection of service areas rather than being restricted to individual departments within a service, if they did not involve non‐mental health service departments and if they were not reliant on attitudinal change. Tools used, scope and reporting formats have become more sophisticated as part of the evolutionary nature of the auditing process. Internal auditing in the Barwon Health Mental Health Service has been effective in producing change in the quality of care across the organization. A number of evolutionary changes in the audit process have improved the efficiency and effectiveness of the audit.
Reframing the evaluation of qualitative health research: reflections on a review of appraisal guidelines in the health sciences
Authors: Eakin Joan M. , Mykhalovskiy Eric 
Published: June 2003

AbstractIn this article, we explore the form of evaluation put forward by guidelines used in the health sciences for appraising qualitative research and we begin to articulate an alternative posture. Most guidelines are derivative of the modes of assessment developed by clinical epidemiologists as part of the promotion of evidence‐based medicine (EBM). They are predominantly proceduralist in orientation, equating quality with the proper execution of research techniques. We argue that this form of judgment assumes a fixed relationship between research practice and knowledge generated, and tends to over‐simplify and standardize the complex and non‐formulaic nature of qualitative inquiry. A concern with methods as objects of judgment in and of themselves restricts the reader's field of vision to the research process and diverts attention away from the analytic content of the research. We propose an alternative ‘substantive’ perspective that focuses on the analysis put forward, and regards methods as resources for engaging with and understanding the substantive findings and topic of inquiry. An important challenge is to find a way to embody such a form of judgment in practical assessment tools.
Inductive reasoning in medicine: lessons from Carl Gustav Hempel's ‘inductive‐statistical’ model
Authors: Gandjour Afschin , Lauterbach Karl Wilhelm 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to discuss both the fundamental requirements of sound scientific explanations and predictions and common fallacies that occur in explaining and predicting medical problems. To this end, the paper presents Carl Gustav Hempel's ‘covering‐law’ model (1948 and 1962) and reviews some of the criticism of the model. The strength of Hempel's model is that it shows that inductive arguments, when applied with the requirement of maximal specificity, can serve as explanations as well as predictions. The major weakness of the ‘covering‐law’ model, its inability to portray causal relatedness, has been addressed by philosophers such as Wesley Salmon. While few philosophers today agree with the ‘covering‐law’ model in its original formulation, there is widespread consensus that the law has made a central contribution to describing the fundamental requirements of sound scientific explanations. Applying this model and its revisions in the medical context may help uncover potentially undetected fallacies in reasoning when explaining and predicting medical problems.
Evaluation of screening for a cancer: annotated catechism of the Gold Standard creed
Authors: Miettinen Olli S. , Yankelevitz David F. , Henschke Claudia I. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractEven non‐scientific people are generally aware of, and commonly also personally affected by, the confusion and debates that arose from two recent systematic reviews and their associated meta‐analyses of the published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that had been designed to assess the usefulness of screening for breast cancer. With nothing about the principles of research on cancer screening learned from this debacle, an RCT on screening for lung cancer has just been launched in the same ‘gold standard’ framework; and so in about 10 years, and upon expenditure of hundreds of millions of dollars, we are said to be able to learn whether the screening saves lives and whether it thereby is justifiable as a matter of public policy. We here examine the core tenets and precepts in this ‘gold standard’ line of thinking, and we argue that they are matters of belief at variance with the dictates of reason.
Further cytological characteristics of a male‐sterile mutant in soybean affecting cytokinesis and microspore development
Authors: Bione N. C. P. , Pagliarini M. S. , Almeida L. Alves DE , Röbbelen R. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractA spontaneous male‐sterile mutation affecting microspore development has been found in BR97‐13509H line of the official Brazilian soybean breeding programme. Slightly abnormal and irregular chromosome segregation occurred in both meiotic divisions, albeit insufficient to explain total pollen sterility. The main cause of male sterility was the absence of cytokinesis after telophase II. Instead of the typical tetrads of microspores, four‐nucleate coenocytic microspores were formed. Coenocytic microspores resulting from the absence of cytokinesis have also been described in ms1 and ms4 male‐sterile soybean mutants, although with certain differential characteristics. In the BR97‐13509H mutant line, after interphase the four nuclei were rejoined in one or two metaphase plates and progressed through the first pollen mitosis. Pollen then underwent a progressive process of degeneration characterized by continuous cytoplasmic shrinkage. The second pollen mitosis failed to occur, and pollen sterility became total.
Identification of a major QTL in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) associated with resistance to witches’ broom disease
Authors: Queiroz V. T. , Guimarães C. T. , Anhert D. , Schuster I. , Daher R. T. , Pereira M. G. , Miranda V. R. M. , Loguercio L. L. , Barros E. G. , Moreira M. A. , Wricke G. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe witches’ broom disease caused by the fungus Crinipellis perniciosa is the main limiting factor for cocoa production in South America and the Caribbean. In Brazil, this disease affects almost all cocoa‐growing regions, causing serious economic, social and ecological damage. The aim of this study was to map genomic regions associated with resistance to C. perniciosa using an F2 population derived from a cross between ‘Scavina‐6’(resistant) and ‘ICS‐1’(susceptible). The phenotypic index was determined as the average number of vegetative witches’ brooms per canopy area of each plant, the witches’ brooms were counted and eliminated during six field evaluations between May 1998 and August 1999. A total of 124 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and 69 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers were mapped along 25 linkage groups covering 1713 cM of cocoa genome. After employing single factor and composite interval mapping analyses, a major quantitative trait loci (QTL) flanked by the marker AV14.940 was identified in the linkage group 11, explaining almost 35% of the resistance to witches’ broom. The present result suggests that this QTL acts as a major dominant component of resistance to this pathogen, with great potential for use in marker‐assisted selection procedures in cocoa breeding programmes.
Alkaloid accumulation in capsules of the selfed and cross‐pollinated poppy
Authors: Bernáth J. , Németh É. , Petheõ F. , Friedt W. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractIn harmony with international regulations the creation of poppy cultivars with high alkaloid content as well as free of alkaloids is in progress. In the course of selection procedures, five poppy cultivars of high chemical diversity, ‘Kheops’, ‘AT, ‘Tebona’, ‘Kék Gemona’ and ‘Przemko’, were selfed and crossed in two successive years (2000‐01). After full ripening, both the biomass production and the alkaloid content of capsules of selfed and crossed plants were determined. When the castrated alkaloid‐free cultivar ‘Przemko’ (accumulating only 0.01 mg/100 g morphine in capsules) was pollinated with cultivars rich in alkaloids, the morphine content of its capsules increased to 0.9‐7.5 mg/100 g‐values. Based on the well‐known biosynthetic background of poppy alkaloids, this can be explained by promotion of (S)‐norcoclaurine synthesis, which seems to be suppressed in alkaloid‐free plants; but tissues of the developing hybrid seeds, which contain a combined gene pool of both alkaloid‐free cultivar and that of the pollen donor plants, release this suppression. The chemical metaxenia also manifested itself in other combinations. In particular, the appearance of narcotine (0.1‐1.1 mg/100 g) in the narcotine‐free cultivars ‘Kheops’, ‘A1’ and ‘Przemko’ can be explained biochemically. If the narcotine‐type plants ‘Kék Gemona’ (accumulating 11.3 mg/g narcotine) were used for pollination, the developing seed tissue, which contains the gene pool of narcotine biosynthesis, might contribute to the suppression of the activity of 1,2‐dehydroreticuline reductase, which leads to the accumulation of narcotine at the cost of morphinanes.
Tuber yield and quality of 4x‐2x (FDR) potato progenies derived from the wild diploid species Solanum berthaultii and Solanum tarijense
Authors: Buso J. A. , Boiteux L. S. , Peloquin S. J. , Salamini F. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractField experiments were carried out in order to evaluate 4x‐2x families derived from crosses between elite 4x potato cultivars and 2x Tuberosum‐Solanum tarijense and 2x Tuberosum‐Solanum berthaultii clones. Three traits were assessed: total tuber yield (TTY), haulm maturity (HM) and general tuber appearance (GTA). The degree of heterosis of these hybrid families was evaluated by comparison with the respective 2x and 4x parents as well as with seven 4x cultivars. The parental haploid species hybrids derived from S. berthaultii and S. tarijense combined two or more positive horticultural characteristics. Expressed as yield percentage of the 4x parents, the TTY of the families ranged from 53% to 246%. For TTY, the best 4x‐2x hybrid family ranked better than seven out of nine elite 4x cultivars. Some families had GTA scores in the range of the highly selected 4x cultivars. The families, however, were generally later maturing than the 4x parent group. Specific combining ability for TTY and GTA were the only two significant sources of variation observed in this genetic material. Parent‐offspring correlation coefficients were low for all traits, and indicated that parental performance would not be informative at either ploidy level. These results parallel previous investigations with distinct haploid species hybrids where a 4x‐2x breeding scheme was found to be an effective strategy for increasing progeny TTY over the 4x parents. However, the high degree of heterosis for TTY along with good GTA scores observed in certain cross combinations derived from these unadapted 2x species was a somewhat surprising result. Thus far, the importance of these two South American wild potato species, from the potato‐breeding standpoint, has been limited to the fact that they are natural reservoirs of major genes controlling resistance against important diseases and insects. However, the level of performance of some 4x‐2x families in comparative assays with elite cultivars suggests the unanticipated possibility of introgressing genetic factors from S. berthaultii and S. tarijense with positive effects on quantitative traits of horticultural importance along with these major resistance genes.
Identification and characterization of microsatellites in eggplant
Authors: Nunome T. , Suwabe K. , Iketani H. , Hirai M. , Wricke G. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe potential of microsatellite markers for use in genetic studies in eggplant, Solanum melongena, has been evaluated. A genomic library of eggplant was screened for GA and GT repeat motifs to isolate microsatellite clones. The frequency of each repeat motif in the eggplant genome was found to be every 3200 kb for GA repeats and every 820 kb for GT repeats. Sixty‐one per cent of GT repeats were found to directly flank AT repeats. A total of 37 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer pairs were designed, 23 of which amplified a single product or several products. The level of microsatellite polymorphism was evaluated by using S. melongena lines and related Solanum species. Two to six alleles per primer pair were displayed in the S. melongena lines and two to 13 alleles were displayed in the Solanum relatives. Seven microsatellites showed polymorphism between parental lines of the mapping population and segregated in a codominant Mendelian manner. These microsatellite loci were distributed throughout the linkage map.
Mapping of the Vrn‐B1 gene in Triticum aestivum using microsatellite markers
Authors: Leonova I. , Pestsova E. , Salina E. , Efremova T. , Röder M. , Börner A. , Fischbeck G. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractAn F2 population segregating for the dominant gene Vrn‐B1 was developed from the cross of the substitution line ‘Diamant/'Miro‐novskaya 808 5A’ and the winter wheat cultivar ‘Bezostaya 1′. Microsatellite markers (Xgwm and Xbarc) with known map locations on chromosome 5B of common wheat were used for mapping the gene Vrn‐B1. Polymorphism between parental varieties was observed for 28 out of 34 microsatellite markers (82%). Applying the quantitative trait loci mapping approach, the target gene was mapped on the long arm of chromosome 5B, closely linked to Xgwm408. The map position of Vrn‐B1 suggests that the gene is homoeologous to other vernalization response genes located on the homoeologous group 5 chromosomes of wheat, rye and barley.
Evaluation of parsley for resistance to the pathogens Alternaria radicina, Erysiphe heraclei, Fusarium oxysporum, and celery mosaic virus (CeMV)
Authors: Marthe F. , Scholze P. , Kramer R. , Proll E. , Hammer K. , Wricke G. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractResistance tests of 127 parsley accessions (Petroselinum crispum) were carried out during 2 years of field investigations involving natural infection for black leaf spot (Alternaria radicina), mildew (Erysiphe heraclei), leaf chlorosis (Fusarium oxysporum) and viruses, particularly celery mosaic virus (CeMV). In this first extensive evaluation of parsley for all tested pathogens accessions were found to be free of symptoms.Varieties of vars.crispumandtuberosumcontained more accessions weakly infected or immune to black leaf spot than vars.vulgareandneapolitanicum. In a separate test five var.crispumaccessions showed significantly reduced disease ratings, indicating their potential as sources of resistance. Mildew attacked almost the same number of accessions in both years: 29 accessions of var.crispumshowed no symptoms, but 16 of the var.tuberosumaccessions were highly susceptible. Whereas in the var.vulgareone half of the introductions were moderately or strongly infected by viruses, mainly CeMV, a high number of plants remained uninfected in the vars.crispum, neapolitanicumandtuberosum. In the case ofF. oxysporum, the greatest amount of infection was in the var.crispumduring both years. The sources of resistance described including multiple resistance would be of interest in future breeding programmes for resistance to the parsley pathogens discussed.
Inheritance of tolerance to zinc deficiency in barley
Authors: Genc Y. , Shepherd K. W. , Mcdonald G. K. , Graham R. D. , Leon J. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractBarley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is often grown on alkaline zinc (Zn)‐deficient soils where reductions in yield and grain quality are frequently reported. Currently, the use of Zn‐based fertilizer along with Zn‐deficiency‐tolerant genotypes is considered the most thorough approach for cropping the Zn‐deficient soils; however, developing or breeding genotypes with higher Zn efficiency requires a good understanding of the inheritance of tolerance to Zn deficiency. This study was conducted to determine genetic control of this trait in barley. Two parental cultivars ('Skiff, moderately tolerant; and ‘Forrest’, sensitive), 185 F2 plants, and 48 F2‐derived F3 families from this cross were screened to determine inheritance of tolerance to Zn deficiency using a visual score of deficiency symptoms. The segregation ratios observed indicated that greater tolerance to Zn deficiency in ‘Skiff compared with ‘Forrest’ at the seedling stage is controlled by a single gene with no dominance. The results also indicate that visual scores are useful for genetic analysis of tolerance to Zn deficiency.
Identification of a molecular marker linked to an Agropyron elongatum‐derived gene Lr19 for leaf rust resistance in wheat
Authors: Cherukuri D. P. , Gupta S. K. , Charpe A. , Koul S. , Prabhu K. V. , Singh R. B. , Haq Q. M. R. , Chauhan S. V. S. , Weber W.E. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe leaf rust resistance gene Lr19, transferred from Agropyron elongatum into wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) imparts resistance to all pathotypes of leaf rust (Puccinia recondita f.sp. tritici) in South‐east Asia. A segregating F2 population from a cross between the leaf rust resistant parent ‘HW 2046’ carrying Lr19 and a susceptible parent ‘Agra Local’ was screened in the phytotron against a virulent pathotype 77‐5 of leaf rust with the objective of identifying the molecular markers linked to Lr19. The gene was first tagged with a randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) marker S73728. The RAPD marker linked to the gene Lr19 which mapped at 6.4 ± 0.035 cM distance, was converted to a sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) marker. The SCAR marker (SCS73719) was specific to Lr19 and was not amplified in the near‐isogenic lines (NILs) carrying other equally effective alien genes Lr9, Lr28 and Lr32 enabling breeders to pyramid Lr19 with these genes.
Positive effect of the high‐molecular‐weight glutenin allele, Glu‐D1d, on the bread‐making quality of common wheat
Authors: Tanaka H. , Nakata N. , Osawa M. , Tomita M. , Tsujimoto H. , Yasumuro Y. , Fischbeck G. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe seed storage proteins of wheat flour are the determinants of bread‐making quality. Many cultivars having good bread‐making quality carry the Glu‐D1d allele responsible for the development of glutenin, a major seed storage protein. The Glu‐D1d allele was introduced into four leading Japanese wheat cultivars by recurrent backcrossing and the quality of these near‐isogenic lines (NILs) was evaluated by the sodium dodecyl sulphate sedimentation value of their flour. The values for the NILs were significantly higher than for the corresponding recipient cultivars. However, the values did not reach the level of the cultivar that had been used as the donor of the Glu‐D1d allele.
Detection of endophytic fungi in Festuca spp. by means of tissue print immunoassay
Authors: Hahn H. , Huth W. , Schöberlein W. , Diepenbrock W. , Weber W. E. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractMany wild and cultivated grasses live in mutualistic symbiosis with endophytic fungi of the genera Neotyphodium and Epichloë. These associations are of agronomic importance because endophytes may induce a range of beneficial effects for the host plant but also produce alkaloids detrimental to livestock. Conventional detection of endophytes by means of histological staining is time‐consuming and not suited for large numbers of samples. Therefore, in order to simplify the detection of endophytic fungi the utility of tissue print immunoassay (TPIA) was studied and compared with the commonly used microscopic analysis. Ecotypes collected from natural grassland habitats and plants from field experiments were analyzed for endophyte infection. Both methods provided similar results. Based on stained or non‐stained mycelium in tissue prints, endophyte‐infected (E +) and endophyte‐free (E‐) tillers and inflorescences of Festuca pratensis, F. arundinacea and F. rubra were clearly distinguishable. Prints of cross sections of tillers allow the precise localization of endophyte infection within the plant tissues. Because TPIA allows the examination of endophytes in individual branches and segments of inflorescences it is a useful method for dissemination studies. Tissue print immunoassay appears to be a reliable method suited for routine work in research, practical grassland management and selection of defined E + or E‐ material for breeding.
Use of diploid self incompatible rose genotypes as a tool for gene flow analyses in roses
Authors: Debener T. , Dohm A. , Mattiesch L. , Forkmann G. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractA diploid rose genotype previously found to be self incompatible in greenhouse pollination experiments was analyzed in order to investigate the capacity to self fertilize under field conditions. A subset of 36 plants from open pollinations were analyzed by means of AFLP markers. All plants were found to be the result of outcrossing events, thereby demonstrating the utility of these kinds of rose genotypes as effective pollen sinks for future gene flow analyses under field conditions. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that isolation distances of 250 m from large rose plantations are insufficient to prevent gene flow between populations.
Evaluation of floral characteristics of barley in the semi‐arid climate of north Syria
Authors: Abdel‐Ghani A. H. , Parzies H. K. , Ceccarelli S. , Grando S. , Geiger H. H. , Graner A. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractPrevious studies have revealed that, in areas affected by severe drought, yielding ability and stability of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) could be improved by increasing the level of heterozygosity. One possible approach to increase the heterozygosity level is to improve the outcrossing rate. In view of that, the genetic variability and phenotypic correlation coefficients involving four floral traits related to outcrossing behaviour were investigated in 274 drought adapted barley lines from the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA's) current breeding programme. A significant quantitative variation existed in anther length and width, stigma length, and anther extrusion, which indicate that selection for these traits may be effective. Anther extrusion showed weak but highly significant positive correlations with anther and stigma length. Somewhat higher positive correlations were found between anther and stigma length. The results indicate that selection for high anther extrusion and longer anthers and stigmata may increase outcrossing in cultivated barley and consequently improve yielding ability through enhanced heterozygosity.