bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population concentration in United States city‐systems from 1790 to 2000: historical trends and current phases
Authors: Otterstrom Samuel M. 
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACTAmong the industrialised nations of the world, the USA has a relatively short history of urbanisation. This fact and the ready availability of reliable historical data have made the USA a fertile place for studying the nature of urban and regional growth from its earliest beginnings. This paper analyses the patterns of city and hinterland, or city‐system, population concentration in the United States from 1790 to 2000. The Hoover index is employed to calculate population concentration in 46 city‐systems for each federal census. A model showing three phases in city‐system population concentration is proposed. Recent population trends are then used to map the current concentration phases of the US city‐systems. Much of the central part of the country and the mountain west should concentrate in population during the next decade while many of the Northeastern, Florida, and Californian city‐systems are more likely to experience population deconcentration.
Planning, policy and polarisation in Vancouver's downtown eastside
Authors: Smith Heather A. 
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACTWidely known as Vancouver's ‘skid road’ the Downtown Eastside struggles with the pressures of socio‐spatial polarisation. While the neighbourhood has experienced deepening poverty, widening disadvantage, the entrenchment of an open air drug market, epidemic levels of HIV/AIDS and rising crime rates, it has also undergone extensive residential and commercial revitalisation. This paper explores, qualitatively, the City of Vancouver's policy and planning role in the spatial and temporal collision of both upgrading and downgrading within this single urban neighbourhood. Particular attention is paid to the unintended geographic and social impacts of municipal policy and the challenges faced by the city in attempting to address the conflicting expectations of community interests and the possibility of diametrically opposed, yet equally possible, neigh‐bourhood futures. The paper points to the necessity of continued research on the local dynamics, policy implications and scale of intra‐urban socio‐spatial polarisation.
The electrocardiogram in ST elevation acute myocardial infarction: correlation with coronary anatomy and prognosis
Authors: Birnbaum Y , Drew B J 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
The electrocardiogram is considered an essential part of the diagnosis and initial evaluation of patients with chest pain. This review summarises the information that can be obtained from the admission electrocardiogram in patients with ST elevation acute myocardial infarction, with emphasis on: (1) prediction of infarct size, (2) estimation of prognosis, and (3) the correlations between various electrocardiographic patterns and the localisation of the infarct and the underlying coronary anatomy.
Cellular profile of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in Turkish miners
Authors: Kayacan O , Beder S , Karnak D 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
Pneumoconiosis is still a health problem in Turkey and has a relatively high incidence. Retired underground miners were investigated to document alveolitis, and to observe the difference in the cellular profiles of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid with or without pneumoconiosis.
Twenty nine retired male miners and 17 controls, eight non-smokers (four male, four female) and nine smokers (six male, three female), without any dust exposure were evaluated. According to the International Labor Office 1980 classification system, the miners were allocated to three subgroups: eight without pneumoconiosis, 11 with simple pneumoconiosis, and 10 with progressive massive fibrosis (PMF). Spirometric tests and arterial blood gases analysis were done and fibreoptic bronchoscopy and BAL were performed in all subjects.
The study and the control subjects were comparable in respect to age, smoking habits, except the non-smoker controls, and the duration of dust exposure, except the controls. The amount of recovered BAL fluid was lower in all miners compared with the non-smoker controls (p&lt;0.05). The amount of recovered BAL fluid and the total cell count correlated significantly (r = 0.48, p&lt;0.01). The percentage of lymphocytes in the BAL fluid of miners without pneumoconiosis and with PMF (p&lt;0.05) and that of simple pneumoconiosis (p&lt;0.01) was significantly lower compared with the non-smoker controls.
Alveolitis was not a representative feature of Turkish subjects with an occupational history of underground mining, and BAL fluid cellular profile did not seem to be different in miners with or without pneumoconiosis.
Laparoscopic colon resection with intraoperative polyp localisation with high resolution ultrasonography coupled with colour power Doppler
Authors: Panaro F , Casaccia M , Cavaliere D , Torelli P 
Published: September 2003

Abstract
A 40 year old woman with a 3 cm sigmoid polyp lesion who underwent a laparoscopic colon resection after intraoperative localisation of the lesion using laparoscopic ultrasonography coupled with colour power Doppler is described. She has successful intraoperative detection of the polyp followed by radical laparoscopic removal of the lesion. The advantage of using laparoscopic high resolution ultrasonography coupled with colour power Doppler to locate colonic polyp lesions during a laparoscopic colon resection is that intraoperative colonoscopy can be avoided. Intraoperative ultrasonography of the colon can accurately localise colonic polyp lesions that are not detectable during laparoscopy and represents a quick and effective alternative to other imaging techniques.
ON THE POLEMICAL NATURE OF 2 (SLAVONIC) ENOCH: A REPLY TO C. BÖTTRICH
Authors: Orlov Andrei 
Published: September 2003

AbstractAdam's story occupies a prominent place in 2 Slavonic (Apocalypse of) Enoch. The traditions pertaining to the first human can be found in all the sections of the book. In these materials Adam is depicted as a glorious angelic being, predestined by God to be the ruler of the earth, but falling short of God's expectations. The article argues that the extensive presence of Adamic materials in 2 Enoch has a polemical nature since it is related to the long-lasting competition between Adamic and Enochic traditions. The analysis shows that the polemics taking place in 2 Enoch involve a rewriting of "original" Adamic motifs and themes when the details of Adam's "story" are transferred to a new "hero," the seventh antediluvian patriarch. The features of Adam's story, his roles and offices, are used in 2 Enoch as the building blocks for creating the new, celestial identity of the elevated Enoch. In the course of these polemical appropriations, the elevated angelic status of the prelapsarian Adam, his luminosity, his wisdom, and his special roles as the king of the earth and the steward of all earthly creatures are transferred to the new occupant of the celestial realm, the patriarch Enoch, who, near the Lord's throne, is transformed into one of the glorious ones initiated into the highest mysteries by the Lord, becomes the "manager of the arrangements on the earth," and writes down "everything that nourished" on it. The investigation of Adamic polemics in 2 Enoch demonstrates that a number of important passages associated with early Jewish mysticism, such as the motif of the Divine Face in chapters 22 and 39, the future prominent role of Enoch-Metatron as the governing power on the earth, and his title "Youth," belong to the primary text, since they play a decisive role in Adamic polemics of the Slavonic apocalypse.
ALTAR MEDIA'S LIVING WORD : TELEVISED CHARISMATIC CHRISTIANITY IN GHANA
Authors: De Witte Marleen 
Published: September 2003

AbstractIn many parts of Africa, charismatic-Pentecostal churches are increasingly and effectively making use of mass media and entering the public sphere. This article presents a case study of a popular charismatic church in Ghana and its media ministry. Building on the notion of charisma as intrinsically linking religion and media, the aim is to examine the dynamics between the supposedly fluid nature of charisma and the creation of religious subjects through a fixed format. The process of making, broadcasting and watching Living Word shows how the format of televisualisation of religious practice creates charisma, informs ways of perception, and produces new kinds of religious subjectivity and spiritual experience. Through the mass mediation of religion a new religious format emerges, which, although originating from the charismatic-Pentecostal churches, spreads far beyond and is widely appropriated as a style of worship and of being religious.
The effects of the psychiatric label ‘borderline personality disorder’ on nursing staff's perceptions and causal attributions for challenging behaviours
Authors: Markham Dominic , Trower Peter 
Published: September 2003

Objectives:The aim of the study was to investigate how the psychiatric label ‘borderline personality disorder’ (BPD) affected staff's perceptions and causal attributions about patients' behaviour.Methods and design:The study utilized a within‐participants questionnaire methodology and participants comprised qualified mental health nursing staff. The questionnaire contained descriptions of challenging behaviour in which the patient was described with a diagnosis of depression, schizophrenia or BPD. Participants were asked to identify a likely cause of the behaviour and then on a Likert‐type scale rate attributions of internality, stability, globality and controllability. In addition they recorded their level of sympathy with the patient and their optimism for change.Results:Patients with a label of BPD attracted more negative responses from staff than those with a label of schizophrenia or depression. Causes of their negative behaviour were rated as more stable and they were thought to be more in control of the causes of the behaviour and the behaviour itself. Staff reported less sympathy and optimism towards patients with a diagnosis of BPD and rated their personal experiences as more negative than their experiences of working with patients with a diagnosis of depression or schizophrenia.Conclusions:Staff regard patients with a BPD label to be more in control of negative behaviour than patients with a label of schizophrenia or depression. In accord with Weiner's (1985) model, attributions of control were inversely related to staff sympathy. Addressing attributions of control may provide a means to modify staff sympathy towards patients with a diagnosis of BPD and counteract their negative experiences.
An exploration of pre‐sleep cognitive activity in insomnia: Imagery and verbal thought
Authors: Nelson Julia , Harvey Allison G. 
Published: September 2003

Overview:Patients with insomnia commonly report that unpleasant intrusive thoughts and images prevent them falling asleep. Previous research has documented the topics people with insomnia think about during the pre‐sleep period, but has not yet distinguished between different types of cognitive activity. Given that research relating to the anxiety disorders suggests that different types of cognitive activity, in particular images and verbal worry, are functionally independent, the present study aimed to provide a detailed phenomenological investigation of imagery and verbal thought in insomnia.Design and method:A semi‐structured interview, designed to assess the content and management of pre‐sleep images and verbal thought, was administered to individuals with sleep‐onset insomnia (N = 34) and good sleepers (N = 38) immediately following an afternoon nap. During the nap, heart rate and sleep‐onset latency were measured objectively.Results:The insomnia group was more likely than the good sleeper group to report negative images than positive images. The start, direction and stopping of pre‐sleep images was rated as less controllable than pre‐sleep verbal thoughts.Conclusion:Participants disengaged more from images compared with verbal thoughts, and the insomnia patients reported feeling less calm and relaxed at the end of the salient verbal thought compared with the good sleepers.
Horizontal rhythmical eye movements consistently diminish the arousal provoked by auditory stimuli
Authors: Barrowcliff Alastair L. , Gray Nicola S. , MacCulloch Sophie , Freeman Tom C. A. , MacCulloch Malcolm J. 
Published: September 2003

Objectives:Theoretical models implicating the orienting reflex as an explanatory mechanism in the eye‐movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) treatment protocol are contrasted and tested empirically. We also test whether EMDR effects are due to a distraction effect.Design:A repeated measure design is used in two experiments. The first experiment employed two independent variables, eye condition (moving vs. stationary) and tone (a pseudo‐randomized series of low and high intensity tones). In Expt 2, eye condition was replaced by attentional demand conditions (low or high). In both cases, electrodermal responses served as the dependent variable.Method:Participants were recruited from the Psychology Department at Cardiff University. In Expt 1, participants were required to either pursue a moving stimulus following auditory challenge or engage in an eyes‐stationary task. In Expt 2, the task following auditory challenge required participants to identify specific items from letter strings in low and high attentional demand conditions.Results:Lower levels of electrodermal arousal were identified in tasks eliciting eye movements, compared to no eye movements. This effect was not due to the attentional requirements of the task.Conclusions:Eye movements following auditory challenge result in an effect of psychophysiological de‐arousal. This supports the reassurance reflex model of EMDR proposed by MacCulloch and Feldman (1996).
How robust is performance on the National Adult Reading Test following traumatic brain injury?
Authors: Riley Gerard A. , Simmonds Lincoln V. 
Published: September 2003

Objective:To investigate whether National Adult Reading Test (NART) performance may be impaired by severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).Method:A sample of 26 people who had been given a NART within 12 months of a severe TBI was given a second NART at least 12 months after the first NART.Results:Mean performance on the second NART was significantly better than performance on the first NART. Of the participants, 11 (42%) showed an improvement of more than 5 IQ points in respect of the verbal IQ estimates based on their NART scores, with three participants showing an improvement of 20 points. In applying the NART to determine the presence of an acquired intellectual impairment, use of the first NART scores alone would have resulted in such impairments being missed in at least 25% of a subsample of 16 participants for whom an actual verbal IQ had been obtained at the time of the first NART.Conclusion:An NART given within 12 months of a severe TBI runs the risk of significantly underestimating pre‐morbid IQ. If applied in this context, it is recommended that the NART score is used in conjunction with other methods of estimation, such as those based on demographic data.
Factors predicting long‐term survival in low‐risk diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Møller Michael B. , Pedersen Niels T. , Christensen Bjarne E. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe International Prognostic Index (IPI) is widely used for risk stratification of patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). However, even among patients with low‐risk disease, according to the IPI a substantial proportion of patients ultimately succumb to their disease. Using mature population‐based data from the Danish Lymphoma Group, we analyzed if prognostic clinical pretreatment factors could be identified in patients with low‐risk DLBCL. One hundred seventy‐seven patients, all with a prognostic profile as favorable as possible according to the IPI and treated with anthracycline‐based combination chemotherapy (92%) or loco‐regional radiotherapy/surgery (8%) with curative intent were included. The median age was 50 years and 170 achieved complete remission. The median follow‐up time was 11 years. Twenty‐six patients relapsed, with a median time to relapse of 12.1 months. Overall survival at 5 years and 10 years was 85% and 75%, respectively. Stage II was associated with poor response to treatment (P = 0.044). In a multivariate analysis, Stage II (P = 0.001) and age >50 years (P = 0.043) were independently associated with poor outcome. Patients without these adverse factors had an excellent prognosis, with a survival at 5 and 15 years of 90% and 80%, respectively. In contrast, patients with both adverse factors had poor outcome, with survival at 5 and 15 years of 70% and 29%, respectively (P < 0.001). The present data suggest that risk stratification of DLBCL patients with a favorable IPI score can be improved by the simple use of two clinical pretreatment factors. Am. J. Hematol. 74:94–98, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two factor XI mutations in a Chinese family with factor XI deficiency
Authors: Au W.Y. , Cheung J.W. , Lam C.C.K. , Kwong Y.L. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractWe describe a Chinese family with factor XI deficiency, the first reported to date. The proband had factor XI activity of 1% and was heterozygous for two nonsense mutations, an exon‐8 C713→T mutation resulting in Gln263→Term, and an exon‐10 C979→A mutation resulting in Tyr351→Term. Two daughters were heterozygous for the Gln263→Term mutation and two for the Try351→Term mutation. All showed a reduction of factor XI activity to about 50%. The Gln263→Term mutation has been described in two Japanese families, and it remains to be determined whether a common founder exists between the three kindreds. The Try351→Term mutation is novel. Am. J. Hematol. 74:136–138, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss Inc.
High‐resolution methylation analysis of the hMLH1 promoter in sporadic endometrial and colorectal carcinomas
Authors: Strazzullo Maria , Cossu Antonio , Baldinu Paola , Colombino Maria , Satta Maria P. , Tanda Francesco , De Bonis Maria L. , Cerase Andrea , D'Urso Michele , D'Esposito Maurizio , Palmieri Giuseppe 
Published: September 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDMicrosatellite instability (MSI) has been reported in endometrial carcinoma (EC) and in colorectal carcinoma (CRC), primarily as a result of defective DNA mismatch repair (MMR). The MMR gene hMLH1 commonly is inactivated in both EC and CRC. In the current study, epigenetic mechanisms involved in hMLH1 inactivation have been investigated to further elucidate the role of these mechanisms in the pathogenesis of EC and CRC.METHODSPolymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based microsatellite analysis performed on paraffin‐embedded tissues was used to select 42 sporadic carcinomas (21 ECs and 21 CRCs) with MSI. Immunohistochemistry (IHC), using the anti‐hMLH1 antibody, and mutation analysis, using denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography and automated sequencing, were performed on unstable carcinoma samples. Methylation analysis, using modified protocols for bisulfite treatment and methylation‐specific PCR (MSP), was performed on DNA from archival tissue samples.RESULTSNo MSI‐positive tumor samples with normal hMLH1 immunostaining (n = 7) exhibited hMLH1 promoter methylation, whereas 8 of 35 unstable cases with loss of hMLH1 expression (23%) exhibited MSP amplification. Among analyzed cases, germ‐line mutations of hMLH1 were found in 4 of 20 unmethylated samples (20%) and in 0 of 8 methylated samples. Bisulfite sequencing of amplification products from methylated samples demonstrated that almost all CpG dinucleotides within the hMLH1 promoter elements underwent methylation.CONCLUSIONSAlthough an MMR gene other than hMLH1 may be responsible for genetic instability in MSI‐positive/IHC‐positive tumors, the presence of MSP amplification and allelic deletions within the hMLH1 locus in subsets of MSI‐positive/IHC‐negative cases strongly suggests that hMLH1 promoter methylation may contribute to the inactivation of both hMLH1 alleles. Bisulfite analysis suggests that the mechanisms of hMLH1 silencing may depend on CpG density rather than site‐specific methylation. Cancer 2003;98:1540–6. © 2003 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.11651
Histomorphology and grading of regression in gastric carcinoma treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy
Authors: Becker Karen , Mueller James D. , Schulmacher Christoph , Ott Katja , Fink Ulrich , Busch Raymonde , Böttcher Knut , Siewert J. Rüdiger , Höfler Heinz 
Published: September 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDNeoadjuvant chemotherapy has shown some success in the treatment of gastric carcinoma, but objective parameters for measuring its effects are lacking. The authors performed the current study to determine which histomorphologic features are correlated with patient prognosis after chemotherapy.METHODSThirty‐six patients with gastric carcinoma were treated with a combination of etoposide, doxorubicin, and cisplatin. The entire tumor beds of the specimens were evaluated histologically and compared with specimens treated with surgery alone. Thirty‐four patients were available for survival analysis (follow‐up period, 60–130 months).RESULTSNone of the 36 patients had complete tumor regression, 4 patients had marked regression (less than 10% viable tumor), 9 patients had regression to 10–50% remaining viable tumor, and 23 patients had more than 50% viable tumor remaining. Currently, 9 patients are still alive (5‐year survival rate, 27%). Tumor regression was found to be correlated significantly with survival (P = 0.01), but tumor size (P = 0.002) and lymphatic vessel invasion (P = 0.003) were better predictors of prognosis.CONCLUSIONSHistologic tumor regression grade is an objective measure of the effects of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with gastric carcinoma, but its accuracy may be improved by adding additional staging variables such as tumor size and lymphatic vessel involvement. Cancer 2003;98:1521–30. © 2003 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.11660