bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimising of culture conditions and stimulation of head kidney macrophages from Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L.
Authors: Steiro K. , Johansen A. , Gildberg A. , Bøgwald J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe cultivation of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua L., head kidney macrophages was optimal at 4–6 °C. The viability of cells in culture was examined by the trypan blue exclusion test 2, 5 and 7 days after seeding. Simultaneously, the number of adherent cells at the various times was checked. The morphology of the cells was also evaluated during the cultivation period. Enhanced respiratory burst activities were demonstrated in macrophages after stimulation with known immunostimulants like lipopolysaccharide, tuftsin and an acid peptide fraction previously shown to stimulate Atlantic salmon leucocytes efficiently. Generally, the Atlantic cod macrophages seemed to respond to a lesser extent compared with macrophages obtained from both mammalian and other fish species.
Evaluation of weight management services provided by dietitians within a community trust
Authors: Keppie  , Lyon  
Published: March 2003

Background: The British Dietetic Association has produced guidelines as to how dietitians should be trying to manage obesity, and locally within Leicestershire Nutrition and Dietetic Service dietitians have set up initiatives to improve obesity management Funding from the Department of Health made it possible to carry out an evaluation of the weight management services provided. Method: A retrospective record card audit of overweight or obese patients who had completed an episode of care in a defined time period was carried out. In total 167 patient record cards were audited. The patient profile was characterized in terms of gender, age, body mass index (BMI) at start and end of treatment, source of referral and reason for referral. Information was collected on dietary targets set and achieved. A Patient Satisfaction Survey was sent to each patient at the end of the episode of care. Criteria set for successful weight loss was 5 kg or 5% starting body weight. Success in achieving dietary targets was defined as meeting > 50% of targets Results: In total 50% (n = 83) of patients achieved weight loss or maintained their weight. 12% of patients (n = 20) were successful in losing 5 kg body weight, 38% of patients (n = 63) lost up to 5 kg or stayed the same, 13% of patients (n = 22) gained weight and 19% of patients (n = 31) failed to return after the first appointment. Most patients achieved some dietary changes suggested although there was discrepancy between reported change by patients which would have been expected to lead to weight change and actual weight change recorded at the end of treatment. The service offered by the Leicestershire Nutrition & Dietetic Department was generally well received by patients. Conclusions: Further review of methods of managing obese patients within the time constraints of community clinics is needed, including monitoring and long‐term support, and the reliable recording of dietary change.
Are there intergenerational differences in the diets of young children born to first‐ and second‐generation Pakistani Muslims in Bradford, West Yorkshire, UK?
Authors: Parsons S. , Godson J. H. , Williams S. A. , Cade J. E. 
Published: March 2003

Summary Introduction: In previous reports, the diets of second‐ compared with first‐generation adults have shown greater signs of acculturation. This study aimed to assess whether this was also true amongst 3‐year‐old UK‐born children of first‐ (1G) (n=117) and second‐generation (2G) (n=109) Pakistani mothers in Bradford. Materials and methods: A random sample of mothers was selected (n=320), with generation groups matched for month of birth, sex of child and district of residence. Home‐based interviews were undertaken by multilingual female interviewers. Mother's social characteristics and infant feeding practices were examined and a 24‐h dietary recall for the child was collected. Child's position in the family was not considered in this analysis. Results: Interviews were completed for 226 mothers (117, 1G and 109, 2G). The groups varied according to educational background, linguistic ability and employment status, but analysis of dietary recall indicated more similarities between the groups than differences. For example, traditional foods were limited to midday or evening meals, snacks usually consisted of crisps and biscuits, and sweetened milk or tea was consumed at breakfast. Some differences did exist: water was more likely to be consumed by children of 1G mothers at the midday and evening meals; fish and chips were a more frequent food item among those of 2G mothers. Conclusion: Evidence of dietary transition between groups was minimal using this methodology. This may be due to the cohesive nature of the Pakistani community resulting in it evolving in unison, or because all young children may be subject to similar dietary and cultural expectations and pressures.
Weight loss and possible reasons for dropping out of a dietary/behavioural programme in the treatment of overweight patients
Authors: Garaulet M. , Pérez‐Llamas F. , Zamora S. , Tebar F. J. 
Published: March 2003

Summary Objectives: To evaluate the weight loss of a dietary/behavioural weight reduction programme and causes for drop‐out. Methods: 90 overweight patients with a mean weight of 79±17 kg and BMI of 28.8±5 kg m−2 who attended a clinic to lose weight were subjected to a dietary/behavioural weight reduction programme. Treatment consisted in behavioural therapy with nutritional education, diet and physical activity. To evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment the following were considered: percentage of individuals who completed the treatment, weight reduction, average rate of weight reduction and percentage of individuals who completed the follow‐up period. To determine the reasons for dropping out, an open‐ended questionnaire was administered by telephone by trained clinical personnel. Results: 43% of patients completed the treatment, mean weight loss was 9 kg and the mean rate of weight loss was 0.8 kg week−1. Reasons for dropping out were: vacations (23%), search for faster or fad diets (23%), social pressures (11%), excessive duration of the treatment (9%); failure to understand the diet (9%); differences within the group (7%); and illness and pregnancy (7%). Conclusions: Dietary/behavioural treatment is effective in clinical practice and especially adequate for men and young women. It is not satisfactory for individuals with very high BMI (> 35 kg m−2). Vacations, social causes and the search for ‘miracle’ diets were the principal reasons for drop‐out.
Taste preference for oral calorie supplements in children with cystic fibrosis, healthy children and healthy adults
Authors: Poustie V. J. , Watling R. M. , Ashby D. , Smyth R. L. 
Published: March 2003

Summary Background: Calorie supplements are commonly prescribed to improve the nutritional status of children with cystic fibrosis. Although the palatability of these products has been extensively researched in adults, little work has been carried out in either healthy children or children with cystic fibrosis. The aim of this study was to identify which type of supplement was preferred by children with cystic fibrosis, healthy children and healthy adults. Methods: 23 children with cystic fibrosis, 65 healthy children and 40 healthy adults were recruited to the study. All were asked to taste four of the main types of prescribable supplements available and indicate which they preferred. Results: The preference score for the fresh milk supplement was significantly higher than the scores for the other three supplements. There was no apparent difference between the taste preferences of the three groups studied. Conclusions: The results of this study indicate that children with cystic fibrosis have similar taste preferences for calorie supplements to healthy children and adults. The fresh milk supplement was preferred by the majority of the subjects, which suggests that when starting a patient on calorie supplements a fresh milk product should be offered first. The preference testing method used here is quick and easy to do and may be useful for assessing patient preferences at the bedside.
Dietary assessment in the elderly: application of a two‐step semi‐quantitative food frequency questionnaire for epidemiological studies
Authors: Klipstein‐Grobusch K. , Witteman J. C. M. , den Breeijen J. H. , Goldbohm R. A. , Hofman A. , de Jong P. T. V. M. , Pols H. A. , Grobbee D. E. 
Published: March 2003

Summary Objective: Description and application of an adapted semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ) for dietary assessment in the elderly population of the Rotterdam Study. Design: Dietary assessment consisting of a two‐step approach was performed in 5434 participants (2225 men, 3029 women) of the Rotterdam Study from 1990 to 1993, a population‐based prospective cohort of 7983 subjects aged 55–95 years (participation rate 78%). Statistical analysis: Nutrient intake was calculated for men and women in four age groups (55–64 years, 65–74 years, 75–84 years, 85–95 years) and linear trend analysis for differences in mean nutrient intake across age groups (55–64 years, 65–74 years, 75–95 years) by regression analysis was conducted. The influence of baseline characteristics on energy and nutrient intakes adjusted by age and sex was investigated by one‐way‐analysis of variance. Results: The adapted SFFQ made it possible to measure nutrient intake in the elderly within a limited time frame (2×20 min) across a wide age range (55–95 years). For nutrient intake we observed a general decline in mean intake of energy and most nutrients with age in men. In women the relation with age was not consistent: for most nutrients mean intake showed a decrease with age (e.g. water, magnesium, potassium), for some an increase (e.g. total fat, saturated fat, mono/disaccharides), and some nutrients showed no substantial change (e.g. calcium, retinol). Reported nutrient intake was influenced by body mass index, smoking status, socioeconomic status and activities of daily living. A prescribed diet was reported by 12.9% of participants and 34.6% used supplements on a regular basis. Conclusions: The described two‐step approach for dietary assessment in the elderly facilitated collection of data on dietary habits across a wide age range and within a limited time frame making it a suitable instrument for application in large‐scale epidemiological studies in the elderly.
Nutrition audit at a community hospital
Authors: Mitchell H. 
Published: March 2003

Summary Background: The Department of Health (DoH) guidelines on hospital catering recognize the benefits of good nutrition in the reduction of medical complications and length of stay. Audit checklists are available to monitor implementation of these guidelines. Aims: To describe current feeding practice in a community hospital; evaluate qualitative aspects of patients’ mealtimes and to audit the food provided in relation to DoH guidelines and reference nutrient intakes. Methods: Qualitative data were collected at mealtimes by observation and recorded on a standard proforma. Nursing staff completed short questionnaires concerning food availability and support for patient feeding. Menus were compared with DoH guidelines using a standard checklist. Food intake data were collected over a 48‐h period for a group of patients (n=8) and comparison made with Reference Nutrient Intakes. Results: Qualitative aspects of mealtimes were satisfactory, mealtimes were relaxed and pleasant. Using the DoH checklist, menus met national guidelines for vitamin C, fibre, iron and folate. However, analysis of dietary intakes showed low intakes of iron, fibre, vitamin D and folate. Conclusion: Some aspects of food provision require attention and this would be facilitated by the setting up of a hospital food committee to set goals and monitor progress.
A nutritional screening tool for use by nurses in residential and nursing homes for elderly people: development and pilot study results
Authors: Wright L. 
Published: March 2003

Summary Background: Nutrition problems are associated with increased morbidity and mortality and poor quality of life in elderly patients. Development of a convenient and valid screening tool to identify those at risk is therefore important. Aim: The aim was to develop a quick and simple evaluation tool for use by nurses of the elderly population within nursing and residential homes in order to facilitate nutrition intervention. Methods: Two homes participated in this pilot study comparing the risk assessment by nurses using the tool developed with that obtained by dietitians using more detailed measures including a diet history and anthropometric measurements. Results: The results of the pilot study showed that further modifications needed to be made to the tool. However, there was general agreement between the Dietitian and Nurses of subjects at risk was. Conclusion: Further modifications need to be made to the tool. Staff training, especially in determination of body mass index is needed in order to implement the tool for widespread use in the nursing and residential homes.
A15. Public attitudes towards the healthiness of fruit juices
Authors: France K. I. 
Published: March 2003

Background Fruit juice is a major part of children’s diets and accounts for a large proportion of their fruit and vegetable servings. People may confuse fruit juice with fruit drinks. This can cause problems as people could possibly substituting a portion of fruit for a drink, which contains little or no fruit. Studies have shown that excessive consumption of fruit juice can lead to health problems in children, including short stature, obesity, nonorganic failure to thrive and carbohydrate malabsorption. An increase in dental erosion has also been noted which appears to correlate with an increase in fruit juice and carbonated beverage consumption.Aims The aim of this study was to find out what the general public’s attitudes are towards the healthiness of fruit juice.Methods A mini focus group and a questionnaire were the methods used for data collection. The subjects were parents of children aged 12 or under in a local primary school.Results Overall, the study group had a poor knowledge of the difference between fruit juice and drinks, and knowledge of sugar content was poor. The group had a good knowledge of fruit content. Fruit juice was regarded as being a health drink. They were unsure if excessive consumption could damage children’s health or not. Their main concern was regarding their children’s teeth. The factor identified as being most influential when choosing a drink was flavour, followed closely by healthiness. Nutritional knowledge was generally poor. The average daily intake of juice was 650 mL (22.8 floz), considerably more than the value recommended by several experts.Conclusion There is a need for nutritional education regarding the consumption of fruit juice. The public should be made more aware of the potential problems associated with excessive fruit juice consumption without discouraging fruit juice intake altogether, as it is an important source of fruit in the diets of young children.
Drink consumption in British preschool children: relation to vitamin C, iron and calcium intakes
Authors: Watt R. G. , Dykes J. , Sheiham A. 
Published: March 2003

Objective To examine the impact of soft drinks, fruit juices, milk and tea consumption on vitamin C, iron and calcium intakes in a large, representative sample of preschool children in the UK.Design Secondary analysis of 4‐day weighed dietary diaries.Sample 1675 children aged 1.5–4.5 years living in the UK in 1992/993.Results Fruit juice consumers, but not soft drink consumers, had higher vitamin C intakes and higher plasma ascorbate levels than nonconsumers (P < 0.001). However, overall intakes tended to exceed the RNI and 45% of children still had adequate intakes without the contribution of soft drinks and 56% without the contribution of fruit juice. Children who did not consume fruit juice or soft drinks were no more likely to have depleted levels of vitamin C than consumers. Tea drinkers had diets which were lower in iron and vitamin C than nonconsumers (P < 0.005). They had lower levels of haemoglobin (P < 0.05) but not ferritin. Children under 4 years old were less likely to meet the RNI for iron if they were tea drinkers (P < 0.005) but no more likely to be anaemic. Calcium intakes were significantly higher for whole milk consumers than for nonconsumers (P < 0.005) and 73% of overall calcium intake was predicted by quantity of all milks consumed. Whole milk consumers both under and over 4 years of age were significantly more likely to reach the RNI for calcium (P < 0.00005 and P < 0.05).Conclusions Preschool children’s drinking has an impact on their intakes of vitamin C, iron and calcium. In particular, intakes of calcium are closely linked to the amount of milk consumed in this age group.
What British children are eating and drinking at age 12–18 months
Authors: De La Hunty A. , Lader D. , Clarke P. C. 
Published: March 2003

Background Health and growth during the first 2 years of life demand adequate nutrition. Proportionate to the toddler’s size, the nutrient requirements exceed those of adults by up to six‐fold.Objective This study reports the first national survey to assess the diets of British children at 14 months.Methods The data were gathered by postal questionnaire sent to the mothers who had participated in the 1995 National Survey of Infant Feeding. The results were evaluated in respect of the recommendations from COMA for the UK.Results A total of 5069 children of average age 14 months were included. Bread and cereal were consumed frequently. Fifty per cent of the children ate raw fruit, 51% ate cooked vegetables, 34% ate meat and 76% drank cow’s milk daily. Consumption of sweetened drinks (such as squashes and carbonated drinks) was common. This study confirmed the influence of social, economic and educational inequalities on dietary practices.
Safety, acceptability and efficacy of a high‐energy, fibre‐containing oral nutritional supplement in malnourished patients: an observational study
Authors: Mayr P. , Kalde S. , Vogt M. , Kuhn K. S. 
Published: March 2003

We describe an open, uncontrolled, observational study to evaluate the safety, acceptability and efficacy of a high‐energy, fibre‐containing oral nutritional supplement in patients who were either malnourished or who had experienced recent, acute weight loss and therefore needed a high‐energy and/or fibre supplement.Assessments For assessment of safety and tolerance, occurrence of adverse events and oedema were to be documented during the 2‐week trial and routine blood biochemistry was measured. The acceptability of the oral nutritional supplement was rated by the patients. In order to assess efficacy, patients’ body mass index (BMI) was calculated at baseline and following 2 weeks of nutritional intervention.Results A daily intake of 400–600 mL of a high‐energy, fibre‐containing liquid nutritional supplement was well accepted and no adverse events or problems with compliance were recorded. The high acceptability was underlined by favourable ratings of taste, smell, texture and overall acceptability. The patients’ median (interquartile range) BMI increased from 18 kg m–2 (18–19 kg m–2) to 20 kg m–2 (19–20 kg m–2); this increase was highly significant (P < 0.001).Conclusion We conclude that a high‐energy, fibre‐containing nutritional supplement is safe, well tolerated and associated with improved nutritional status in malnourished patients.
A prospective study of the workload of a newly formed PEG advice team
Authors: Matthewson K. , White S. , Torrance A. , Clark S. , Bottrill P. 
Published: March 2003

BackgroundA multidisciplinary advice team may be the optimal way of providing the long‐term nutritional and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG)‐related care for patients dependent on PEG feeding but the workload involved is unknown.AimTo study prospectively the workload of a proactive, multidisciplinary PEG advice team over a 2‐year period.MethodsSeparate documentation from main case notes of each episode of the team’s contact with PEG or potential PEG patients, including assessment, advice and therapy given, from the time of its establishment, for four consecutive 6‐monthly periods.ResultsDuring the audit, 89 patients were referred to the team for consideration of PEG insertion and PEGs were placed in 74. Eighty‐nine additional patients were referred for follow up having had a PEG placed elsewhere. During the four audit periods the rate of new PEG insertions increased by 53%, the rate of PEG replacements by 315%, and the number of patients under the team increased from 16 to 70, an increase of 337%. Numbers of inpatient and outpatient consultations, and visits to other institutions by members of the team increased commensurately.ConclusionsThe rapidly increasing workload of the team suggests it is playing a valued role but there are significant resource implications.
A reassessment of the fat intake of children from meat and meat products and an estimate of haem iron intakes
Authors: Burgess L. , Hackett A. F. , Kirby S. , Maxwell S. , Nathan I. 
Published: March 2003

BackgroundIt is possible that fat intake from red meat has declined as a consequence of changes in animal husbandry and butchery practices. In particular, a study of the intake of vegetarian and meat‐eating children concluded that their fat intakes were similar, but the most recent information on the fat content of meat was not available. In addition, iron availability is probably as important as the total amount of iron consumed but estimates of haem iron intake are rarely made.MethodsThe dietary intake of 50 omnivorous children was reanalysed to produce new estimates of fat and haem iron intakes. Fat intake from meat and meat products only was recalculated using supplements to the food tables not available to the initial survey. Haem iron intake was calculated by discriminating between the different types of meat consumed and estimates of the proportion of iron which is in the haem form.ResultsThe recalculated diets had significantly lower energy (8.03–7.50 MJ), fat (79–73 g) and carbohydrate (257–237 g) levels. The proportions of energy from fat (36%) and carbohydrate (51%) were unaffected. Meat supplied 3.2 mg (33%) of the iron intake (9.6 mg) of which 1.3–1.5 mg (13–16% of the total) was estimated to be in the haem form. Children may be relatively unaffected by the changes in the composition of meat as such, if they consume highly processed foods which include, for example, rusk, pastry, breadcrumbs and batter.ConclusionsThe original estimates of the intake of fat of these omnivorous children from meat and meat products do appear to have been overestimates, but only as the weight of fat consumed not as a percentage of energy. Haem iron was found to supply a substantial proportion of the iron intake of these children and may account for their higher haemoglobin values.