bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Broadcasting in Italy
Authors: Mazzoleni Gianpietro 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Issues of broadcasting, i.e., its role in society and its impact on culture, the attempts by political powers to master it and the uncertainties of its future development, are, as in several other countries, at the top of the agenda of public debate in Italy. Nevertheless, one such issue is probably more acute in Italy than elsewhere: the impact of party influences on the broadcasting system. This is due to the extreme ubiquity of Italian parties in almost all sectors of civic and economic life. Their presence is both manifest and indirect, institutional and informal. In the last few years, according to some political analysts, their grasp appears to have been declining. In particular, party control over the electronic mass media, traditionally close, has been challenged by a series of economic, technological and legal developments.
Cross Cultural Research on Alcohol: A Ouoi Bon?
Authors: Babor Thomas f. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the most important developments in alcohol studies in recent years is the realization that this relatively young and disparate field is outgrowing the watertight compartments in which its youth was spent. As the fund of knowledge grows and improvements are made in methods of inquiry, it has become increasingly evident that there are a multitude of questions that cannot be answered within the self-imposed limits of single disciplines.
Alcohol Use, Abuse, and Dependency in West Germany: Lifetime and Six Month Prevalence in the Munich Follow up Study
Authors: Wttichen Hans Ulrich , Bronisch Thomas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Despite many regional differences, central European countries including Austria, West Germany, East Germany, and some German-speaking parts of Switzerland have shared for almost 2 centuries quite similar patterns of alcohol consumption. This holds true not only for the amount of alcohol consumed and drinking habits, but also for attitudes towards alcoholism. Moderate drinking is encouraged, even demanded, and alcoholism is condemned as manifest “lack of will power.” Consumption patterns were strongly influenced in the first half of the nineteenth century by the humanistic and puritanical ideals of a strong temperance movement. It was at this time that the first inpatient facilities for the treatment of alcoholics (“Trinkerheilstatte” or drinkers’ sanatoria), were The authors would like to thank Dipl. Inf. Hildegard fister for the statistical analyses and her advice on an earlier draft of this paper.
The Measurement and Movement of Human Thought
Authors: Cloninger C Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An adequate psychology of self-awareness requires a more precise description of the basic concepts of gifts, listening to the psyche, and the path of the psyche than has been given by transcendentalists. Furthermore, we need to develop the scientific psychology of well-being in more detail to be able to describe and analyse the American transcendentalist movement. All three concepts are interrelated, so I will focus on the path of the psyche and describe the other two concepts in relation to it. I began the development of a fuller description of the path of conscious ness by extending the work of Hegel, who had given the most detailed previous description of the path of consciousness in psychological terms.
The American Foreign Policy Style in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of his 1895 novel, The Time Machine, H. G. Wells has his main character, the otherwise unnamed “Time Traveller,” point out to his friends that any physical object has to have four dimensions: “It must have Length, Breadth, Thickness, and-Duration.” The first three were obvious, but, “through a natural infirmity of the flesh,” most people tended to overlook the fourth.’ Infirmities of the flesh-and of the intellect-are real enough, and one of their effects is to limit the capacity of individuals and nations for self analysis. It is never easy, whether in the realm of interpersonal or international relations, to “see ourselves as others see us.” Just as individuals (at least those who can afford it) expand self-awareness through psychoanalysis, so nations tend to rely on perceptive outsiders for the clinical detachment that produces insights into their own character. Infirmities-whether of energy, imagination, or honesty-keep them from achieving this themselves. The problem has been greater for Americans than for most other people, because the very pervasiveness of this country’s influence throughout the world has prohibited the use of distance-the great advantage of foreign observers-to gain detachment. One liability of living in the “American century is that Americans who move through space so often encounter their own culture in its transplanted forms. And, whether for better or for worse, American culture has, rather like kudzu, transplanted very well indeed.
Intelligence, Espionage, and Cold War History
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We have learned a great deal over the past two decades about the impact of the “intelligence revolution” on World War II strategy.’ That knowledge has led, in turn, to a reassessment of the role of intelligence in earlier periods, and to the emergence of intelligence “studies” as a distinct sub-discipline, complete with its own newsletters, journals, organizations, scholarly meetings, and university courses. But this proliferation of scholarship thins out with the conclusion of the war. It is as if the possibilities for serious research on intelligence end with September, 1945, in a manner almost as decisive as President Harry S. Truman’s when in that same month he abolished with the stroke of a pen the first full-scale intelligence organization the United States had ever had, the Office of Strategic Services. The two phenomena are not, of course, unrelated: the very fact that OSS did not survive into the postwar era has made possible the declassification of most of its records. There is little reason to expect comparable openness anytime soon for the records of the Central Intelligence Group, which Truman created only four months after dismantling OSS, or for those of its more famous successor, the Central Intelligence Agency, whose official existence dates from July, 1947.4 Nor does documentation on code breaking activity in Great Britain and the United States-documentation that for the wartime years has largely sparked scholarly interest in intelligence matters-seem likely to be made available soon for the early postwar era.
The Essential Relevance of Nuclear Weapons
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is not given to many generations to witness a completely unprecedented event. The collapse of empires, the overthrow of dynasties, the outbreak of plagues, the onset of revolutions, and even the improvement of the human condition itself-all of these are categories of events, which means that they have happened before and will almost certainly happen again. There are very few occurrences of which it can be said that nothing like them has ever taken place; there are not very many true points of departure in human affairs, after which nothing can be even remotely similar again. But what took place in the New Mexico desert on July 161 19451 surely qualifies as such an occurrence. The first test explosion of an atomic bomb-together with the actual use of that weapon three weeks later against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki-was as sharp a break from the past as any in all of history. Theory had intersected reality to produce a weapon that was regarded at the time as unlike any other that had ever been invented, and that is still so regarded today, almost half a century later. The result, it now appears, has been a fundamental-and possibly permanent change in human behavior.
Of Steps and Their Authorship
Authors: Aloff Mindy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Dying Swan (Le Cygne) This famous ballet solo, created in St. Petersburg in 1905 by Michel Fokine for the young Anna Pavlova, has been danced by many ballerinas around the world, each of whom has changed or adjusted the choreography to her technique and temperament. Indeed, as early as the mid-1920s, Fokine, by then permanently transplanted to the West, published an official version of the choreography, a “detailed description of the dance,” accompanied by thirtysix photographs of Vera Fokina demonstrating the ballet’s key sequential poses (J. Fischer and Brother, New York, ca. 1925). This document would not have been available to the Soviet ballet companies that preserved the solo as a ballerina vehicle, which would account for Kirov-trained Natalia Makarova’s assertion below that Fokine had really provided only a sketch of the steps for Pavlova, when, as his description makes clear, he had also set specific poses and a dramatic throughline—elements from which Pavlova herself may have departed over time. Still, Makarova’s account of learning the dance (which she performed beautifully on her own terms) and of its tradition in Soviet Russia conveys an excellent example of how choreography is transmuted—and, sometimes, radically altered—in order to serve the varying gifts of individual performers:
Dancing and Related Theatrical Professions
Authors: Aloff Mindy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Rope Dancing Alexander Placide (1750–1812) was an eighteenth-century pantomimist and the scion of the Placide theatrical family. He had trained in London with Philip Astley (commonly thought of as the father of the modern circus) and had become, among other things, a virtuoso at rope dancing—that is, at dancing on a tightrope, which was popular in the Colonies and the United States during much of the century. Early American musical theater historian Julian Mates reports that “Boston’s Exhibition Room opened, in 1792, with ‘Tight and Slack-Rope Performances,’ and Rickett’s second Philadelphia circus featured tight-rope performers who doubled in pantomime and ballet.” Henry J. Colton was one eyewitness to Placide: The first time I saw him was at Charleston . . . dancing the tight rope. At that period it was considered a great and graceful feat of address and always drew crowded houses. Placide had with him a pantomime dancer.
Dancing and the Movies
Authors: Aloff Mindy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Red Shoes I am often asked why The Red Shoes [1948], of all our films, became such a success in every country of the world. More than a success, it became a legend. Even today, I am constantly meeting men and women who claim that it changed their lives. This is natural enough, for women who were girls at the time, and who were growing up in countries that had been wracked by war. But my friend Ron Kitaj, who was thinking of becoming an art student at the time, has told me the same thing. “It changed my direction,” he said. “It gave art a new meaning to me.” These are personal reactions, but I think that the real reason why The Red Shoes was such a success was that we had all been told for ten years to go out and die for freedom and democracy, for this and for that, and now that the war was over, The Red Shoes told us to go and die for art. —Powell, p. 653 Akira Kurosawa, ca. 1945 During the war [World War II] I had been starved for beauty, so I rushed headlong into the world of traditional Japanese arts as to a feast. I may have been motivated by a desire to escape from the reality around me, but what I managed to learn despite the motive was nevertheless of great value to me. I went to see the Noh for the first time. I read the art theories the great fourteenth-century Noh playwright Zeami left behind him.
Enter Miss Brice
Authors: Goldman Herbert G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Frank Keeney had interests in two other Brooklyn theaters be­sides the one he owned on Fulton Street, and Fanny’s next amateur night appearance was at one on Flatbush Avenue. This time, she did not pick her money up until she finished singing. The result was that she missed the laughs she had gotten at Keeney’s. Fanny soon went back to picking up the money.
Shubert Sonata
Authors: Goldman Herbert G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Ziegfeld Follies was and remains the ultimate in theatrical glamor. It was Broadway at its finest-the most gorgeous sets and costumes, the most beautiful women, the greatest use of lights and color, and the greatest comedians in theatre history. Being in the Follies was a source of pride and great success to all the performers especially to the teen-aged girls.
Nick Arnstein
Authors: Goldman Herbert G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
He was born Julius Wil ford Arndstein in Norway on July 1, 1879, the son of a German Jew named Moses Arndstein and his Dutch wife, Thekla Van Shaw. Brought to the United States in babyhood, he received a good education and worked as a contractor for a time. But Nick was like French Charlie; he quickly became bored. Only certain women called him “Jules,” an Anglicization that he much preferred to “Julius.” To friends, acquaintances, and “business” partners, he was Nick, a diminutive of “Nickelplate,” the nickname he had gotten in his teens because the wheels of his bicycle had nickel-plated spokes.
What Every Woman Nose
Authors: Goldman Herbert G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Fourteenth Annual Production of the Ziegfeld Follies opened at the New Amsterdam Theatre on Tuesday night, June 22, 1920. Advance reports from Atlantic City, where the show had its usual pre-Broadway tryout, said that this particular edition needed much more work than usual-reports that were confirmed when the show reached New York. Sime Silverman said the 1920 Follies “was in bad shape in comedy when starting off at the New Amsterdam. It was badly off in all other departments as well, other than production. Ziegfeld never falls down on the producing end. But comedy is sadly missed in a great big long time running show like the Follies, especially when there is no decided musical hit, also happening in this season’s performance.”
Life Without Roses
Authors: Goldman Herbert G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Fanny’s whole life changed when she moved out to California. “Back in New York,” she told one interviewer, “I get up at noon, maybe one o’clock. Out here I get up at 8 A.M. Back east I never ate breakfast. Since I’ve been in pictures I’ve had my first bowl of oatmeal in a third of a century.”
Inventing the Artisanat, 1900-1925
Authors: Zdatny Steven M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By reputation and fact, France has been the pre-eminent nation of small manufacture and skilled craftsmen. “There is no doubt,” wrote Andre Siegfried, “that the type most representative of French qualities is that of the artisan; thus it is necessary to defend him, to encourage him, to permit him to survive.”1 It may therefore seem paradoxical to say that France had no “artisanat” before the World War I, at least none aware of its own existence and organized accordingly.
Vichy: The Broken Promise
Authors: Zdatny Steven M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In June 1940 the Third Republic voted itself out of existence. Artisans, like a majority of their compatriots, waved farewell, not too sadly, and got on the bandwagon to Vichy. Albert Paulin, the socialist champion of artisanal causes in the Chamber of Deputies, cast his vote for Marshal Petain and was rewarded with a place on Vichy ‘s new National Council. Albert Coustenoble, president of the APCMF, was also asked to join the Council and accepted. Indeed, the bulk of the artisanal movement greeted Petain ‘s National Revolution with optimism.
Primate Paternalistic Investment: A Cross-Species View
Authors: Taub David , Mehlman Patrick 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The keystone of mammalian evolution is intrauterine gestation and the attendant physiological adaptations of females that allow them to provide all nourishment to neonates after parturition. These adaptations have had revolutionary consequences on the evolution of diverse social systems and mating patterns (Trivers, 1972; Brown, 1975; Maynard-Smith, 1977; Wittenberger and Tilson, 1980; Williams, 1966; Gubernick and Klopfer, 1981) as well as intensifying the mother-offspring bond (Trivers, 1972), which is the central configuration of all mammalian social systems.
Male Sexual Behavior: Monkeys, Men, and Apes
Authors: Nadler Ronald D , Phoenix Charles H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As was stated in the introductory chapter, the objective of the remaining individual chapters is to describe results of research on nonhuman primates from which we have learned something of significance about human behavior. If we hope to map the specifics of behavior, anatomy, and physiology, it is of course true that we cannot learn about one species by studying another. Nonetheless, if we take a wider, and perhaps more meaningful, view, it is possible to learn something about one species that is generally applicable to others.
The Anatomy of a Patriotic Society
Authors: Coetzee Marilyn Shevin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Founding an association like the Army League demanded careful planning and coordination; maintaining it over a period of time as an influential association was another matter. The Army League’s commitment to securing a larger and more efficient army was apparent in the relentless crusade it waged for the passage of the 1912 and 1913 army bills. Its effectiveness as an association, however, cannot be judged solely by the adoption of these measures. To survive it had to balance the attainment of its goals with the maintenance of a relatively consistent degree of participation and interest in those goals. Accordingly, associations such as the Army League sought to establish a broad and durable network of branches as the medium of popular participation, and to supplement ideological appeals with a variety of social or economic incentives.
Judicial Intervention and Social Control
Authors: Rhine Edward E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In classic studies by Gresham Sykes, Richard Cloward, and others, it was found that prison officials governed largely by entering into informal bargains with inmates.1 Well into the 1960s, prison officials could rely on a shared convict code of conduct and tacit cooperative arrangements with inmate leaders to ensure a modicum of order and stability behind bars.
Recent studies indicate that informal accommodations and tradeoffs between inmates and staff remain a key tool of prison gover The views presented herein are those of the author and are not those of the Administrative Office of the Courts or the Judiciary of New Jersey.
Crain: Nonreformist
Authors: Reform Prison 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The West Virginia Penitentiary in the state’s northern panhandle was, for many years, an ancient living paradox. This artifact of Civil War-era construction was just the sort of prison thought to “breed violence.” Conditions were terrible. Sewage leaked into the tiny cells, and the entire edifice was infested with rats and lice. In poorly ventilated and heated cells, inmates sweltered in the summer heat and huddled under mounds of blankets in the cold of winter. Critics, including some state legislators, said that the penitentiary must be replaced-before the inmates’ anger boiled over.
May Guarding the Atlantic Line
Authors: Heinrichs Waldo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At dawn on April 6 the German army burst from Bulgaria into Yugoslavia and Greece, preceded by air attacks that destroyed the command and communication center of the Yugoslav army in Belgrade and 41,000 tons of shipping at Piraeus. This was blitzkrieg in its most stunning form carried on by fast, powerful, elite units-no less than six armored divisions, the Adolf Hitler and Das Reich SS Divisions, two other motorized divisions, and two mountain divisions-besides infantry.
The Building of a Garden City, 1899-1920
Authors: Buder Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Not surprisingly, To-morrow was dismissed cavalierly by reviewers. They found it a moderately interesting and well-done instance of a type of utopian thinking spurred by the commercial success of Edward Bellamy’s Look ing Backward. The reviewer for the Times described Howard’s garden city as “ingenious” and snidely noted: “The only problem is to create it; but that is a small matter to utopians.” Edward Pease in the Fabian News reflected: “proposals for building new [cities] are about as useful as arrangements for protection against visits from Mr. Wells’ Martians.” According to Pease, the problem was to learn to make the best of existing cities. Behind his opinion was a strong and important ideological stance.1
The International Movement, 1900-1940
Authors: Buder Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Howard believed the Garden City’s appeal universal. “To solve the great problem of the city for England,” he wrote in 1901, “is to solve it for all of Europe, America, Asia, and Africa.” Many outside England heard his mes sage, but its ambiguity left much room for misunderstanding. The Garden City movement abroad attracted diverse groups and types. Prominent among early supporters were enthusiasts interested in the Gar den City concept as a middle path between state socialism and unbridled individualism, as well as Anglophiles entranced by visions of tasteful cottages in picturesque English settings. Urban critics found in it a comprehensive means to lessen congestion, while those desiring a more humane capital ism hoped to reconcile the classes by way of model industrial villages and tenent copartnership.
British New Towns, 1945-1980
Authors: Buder Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Britain’s passage of the New Town Act of 1946 made the building of new cities for the first time in modern Western history a concern of long-term national planning. Once again, Britain led the way in a planning experiment which received much attention, especially in the period from 1960 to 1975 when other nations appeared eager to emulate the British example. Writing in the late 1980s, the future of the New Town program remains in question, as indeed does the “modern welfare state” with which it is closely identified. Yet while awaiting history’s final verdict, it would be useful to appraise the enthusiasm for new towns after World War II and what happened to Howard’s vision once it became an instrument of government policy.
The Future of the Garden City
Authors: Buder Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Many nations planned new communities after World War II. Differing greatly in intention, design, and scale, they ranged from monumental capitals for Brazil and India to modest development towns by Third World nations seeking to modernize-but all fell under the professional rubric of “new-town planning” as the term “garden city” retreated from use. In most urbanized Western nations, however, new-town interest was principally channeled into schemes to decongest the central city and restructure metro politan land use. Despite great attention given the “British experiment,” efforts elsewhere rarely followed its example closely, though a borrowing of ideas inevitably occurred.
Prelude: Why a Quest for Legitimacy?
Authors: Franck Thomas M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the international system, rules usually are not enforced yet they are mostly obeyed. Lacking support from a coercive power comparable to that which provides backing for the laws of a nation, the rules of the international community nevertheless elicit much compliance on the part of sovereign states. Why do powerful nations obey powerless rules? That is the subject of this excursion into power: more precisely, the power which rules exert on states, both the weak and, more remarkably, the strong. A series of events connected with the role of the U.S. Navy in protecting vessels in the Persian Gulf brings this question to life.