bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Target tissue specificity of retinoic acid‐induced stress proteins and malformations in mice
Authors: Anson J. F. , Laborde J. B. , Pipkin J. L. , Hinson W. G. , Hansen D. K. , Sheehan D. M. , Young J. F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRetinoic acid (RA) is teratogenic in rodents and also induces the synthesis of stress proteins in fetal mouse limb buds. To determine if the RA induction of stress proteins is target tissue specific, pregnant CD‐1 mice were gavaged with 100 mg/kg RA on day 11 of gestation, and nuclei isolated from tissues susceptible to RA‐induced malformations (target tissues) as well as nuclei isolated from nontarget tissues were examined for stress protein synthesis and malformations. Forelimb and hindlimb (target tissues), as well as heart and tail (nontarget tissues), were removed from embryos 2.5 hours after RA treatment (1.5 hr after [3H]leucine labeling). Cell nuclei were isolated, stained with a DNA specific fluorochrome, propidium iodide, and sorted from the G0 + G1 and G2 + M phases of the cell cycle. Forelimb and hindlimb target tissues showed the synthesis in these embryonic nuclear proteins of an 84,000 relative molecular mass (Mr) protein and a 90,000 Mr protein following RA treatment. Two 20,000–25,000 Mr stress proteins were also labeled both in forelimb and hindlimb. Forelimb and hindlimb from untreated dams showed no stress protein labeling. Neither heart nor tail, nontarget tissues, showed any stress protein labeling following RA treatment. Classical teratological evaluation of embryos treated on GD 11 and sacrificed on GD 17 showed that 100% of the fetuses had forelimb and/or hindlimb malformations, while no malformations were observed in either the heart or tail. Based on the correlation of teratological anomalies with the identification of stress proteins in target tissue only, we postulate that stress proteins may be involved in the teratogenic process. Further work is necessary to establish whether a causal relationship exists.
Holoprosencephaly in a fetal macaque (Macaca nemestrina) following weekly exposure to ethanol
Authors: Siebert Joseph R. , Astley Susan J. , Clarren Sterling K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPrevious studies in rodents have indicated that the facial changes of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) closely resemble those of a mild form of holoprosencephaly. In order to examine this relationship in non‐human primates, we evaluated a 133‐day gestation macaque (Macaca nemestrina) with holoprosencephaly, median cleft lip and palate, and encephalocele. The mother had been given ethanol once per week (1.8 g/kg body weight) from weeks 2 to 19 postconception. Diagnosis of holoprosencephaly was made following ultrasound evaluation for polyhydramnios and delivery of the female fetus by caesarean section. Another fetus of identical age was delivered by caesarean section for use as a control. Both fetuses were studied by anthropometric, gross, radiographic, and histologic techniques. In the fetus exposed to alcohol, no extracranial anomalies were identified and the karyotype was normal. The brain was micrencephalic, with absent olfactory bulbs, tracts, optic nerves and chiasma, fused frontal lobes, and a single, dilated lateral ventricle; a parietooccipital encephalocele consisted of thin, dysplastic cortex bordering the ventricle; the cerebellum was dysplastic and superiorly displaced. Within the craniofacial complex, anophthalmia was bilateral; premaxillary components were absent, palatal shelves separate, the maxillae closeset, and the ethmoid bone small and deformed. Most of these defects are similar to those encountered in humans with holoprosencephaly and support the hypothesis of shared etiologic and pathogenetic relations between the facial anomalies of fetal alcohol syndrome and holoprosencephaly.
Ameltolide. I: Developmental toxicology studies of a novel anticonvulsant
Authors: Higdon Gary L. , McKinley Edmund R. , Markham Janet K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAmeltolide, a novel anticonvulsant agent, has been shown in animal models to be effective in controlling seizures. The developmental toxicity of ameltolide was evaluated in two species. Naturally mated rats and rabbits were dosed once daily by gavage on gestation days (GD) 6–17 and 6–18, respectively. Rats were given doses of 0, 10, 25, or 50 mg/kg; rabbits were given 0, 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg. Laparotomy was performed on rats on GD 20 and on rabbits on GD 28. In rats, maternal toxicity was indicated at the 25‐ and 50‐mg/kg dose levels by depressed body weight gain. Fetal body weight was depressed at the 50‐mg/kg dose level. Fetal viability and morphology were not affected. The no‐observed effect levels (NOEL) for adult and developmental toxicity in the rat were 10 and 25 mg/kg, respectively. In rabbits, maternal toxicity was indicated by a net loss in body weight at the 50‐ and 100‐mg/kg dose levels. Fetal viability and body weight were depressed at the 100 mg/kg dose level. Shortened digits occurred on the right forepaw of one fetus at the 50‐mg/kg dose level (in conjunction with severe maternal toxicity) and on the hindpaws of two fetuses from separate litters at the 100‐mg/kg dose level. Incomplete ossification of the phalanges occurred on the forepaws of nine fetuses from four litters at the 100‐mg/kg dose level. Ameltolide was weakly teratogenic in the rabbit. The NOEL for adult and developmental toxicity in the rabbit was 25 mg/kg.
Effects of the Ay gene on susceptibility to hydrocortisone fetotoxicity and teratogenicity in mice
Authors: Teramoto Shoji , Hatakenaka Noriyuki , Shirasu Yasuhiko 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEffects of the Ay gene, a coat color gene, on susceptibility to hydrocortisone fetotoxicity and teratogenicity were investigated by using the congenic strain of C57BL/6‐Ay (Ay/a) which had been maintained by repeated back‐crosses of the Ay gene to the C57BL/6 (a/a) background. Matings were conducted as follows (female × male): group I, a/a × a/a; group II, a/a × Ay/a; and group III, Ay/a × a/a. Pregnant females were subcutaneously given daily doses of 0, 12.5, 25, or 50 mg/kg of hydrocortisone on days 10–13 of pregnancy. On day 18 of pregnancy, fetuses were sexed, weighed, and examined for external abnormalities. In group I, the mean fetal weight was significantly decreased at a dose of 25 mg/kg or more. The incidences of cleft palate were 3.2 and 22.7% at 25 and 50 mg/kg, respectively. In group II, in which half of the fetuses were expected to carry the Ay gene, the mean fetal weight was decreased significantly at 12.5 mg/kg or more. The incidence of cleft palate in group II at 50 mg/kg was 44.2%, which was significantly higher than that in group I. In group III, in which maternal mice as well as half of their fetuses carried the Ay gene, a decrease in the mean fetal weight was greater than in group II. In addition, the mean percentage of fetal resorptions was significantly increased at 50 mg/kg. The incidence of cleft palate in group III was significantly increased at 25 mg/kg (10.5%) when compared with those in groups I and II. These results indicate that the Ay gene may be associated with susceptibility to hydrocortisone fetotoxicity and teratogenicity in mice.
Effect of ACE inhibition on the fetal kidney: Decreased renal blood flow
Authors: Martin Rick A. , Jones Kenneth L. , Mendoza Arturo , Barr Mason , Benirschke Kurt 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe kidneys of nine fetuses whose mothers were chronically hypertensive were examined microscopically. Three of these mothers used antihypertensive agents throughout pregnancy including one who used an angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. The tubular defects found in these kidneys were compared to the kidneys of 20 normal controls, 13 fetuses with various multiple malformation syndromes and six cases of the twin to twin transfusion syndrome. Evidence from these cases as well as the literature suggest that the primary mechanism by which ACE inhibitors affect development of the fetal kidney is through decreased renal blood flow. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The warfarin embryopathy: A rat model showing maxillonasal hypoplasia and other skeletal disturbances
Authors: Howe Andrew M. , Webster William S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSprague‐Dawley rats were given daily subcutaneous doses of sodium warfarin (100 mg/kg) and vitamin K1 (10 mg/kg) for up to 12 weeks, starting on the day after birth. This dosing regimen creates an extrahepatic vitamin K deficiency while preserving the vitamin K‐dependent processes of the liver. Control rats received either vitamin K1 only or were untreated. All rats survived without any signs of hemorrhage. The warfarin‐treated rats developed a marked maxillonasal hypoplasia associated with a 11–13% reduction in the length of the nasal bones compared with controls. The length of the posterior part of the skull was not significantly different from controls. In the warfarin‐treated rats, the septal cartilage of the nasal septum showed large areas of calcification, not present in controls, and abnormal calcium bridges in the epiphyseal cartilages of the vertebrae and long bones. The ectopic calcification in the septal cartilage may have been the cause of the reduced longitudinal growth of the nasal septum and the associated maxillonasal hypoplasia.It is proposed that (1) the facial features of the human warfarin embryopathy are caused by reduced growth of the embryonic nasal septum, and (2) the septal growth retardation occurs because the warfarin‐induced extrahepatic vitamin K deficiency prevents the normal formation of the vitamin K‐dependent matrix gla protein in the embryo. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effects of continuous exposure to 20‐kHz sawtooth magnetic fields on the litters of CD‐1 mice
Authors: Wiley M. J. , Corey P. , Kavet R. , Charry J. , Harvey S. , Agnew D. , Walsh M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMated CD‐1 mice were exposed to 20‐kHz sawtooth magnetic fields similar to those associated with video display terminals (VDT). Four groups of animals were continuously exposed from day 1 to day 18 of pregnancy to field strengths of 0, 3.6, 17, or 200 μT. There were no less than 185 mated dams in each exposure group. On day 18, the dams were sacrificed and assessed for weight gain and pregnancy. The litters were evaluated for numbers of implantations, fetal deaths and resorptions, gross external, visceral and skeletal malformations, and fetal weights. There were no less than 140 pregnant females in each group, and there were no significant differences between any of the exposure groups and the sham group (0 μT) for any of the end points. The results of this study do not support the hypothesis that the 20‐kHz VLF magnetic fields associated with video display terminals are teratogenic in mammals. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An unusual mosaic karyotype detected through prenatal diagnosis with duplication of 1q and 19p and associated teratoma development
Authors: Schwartz S. , Raffel L. J. , Sun C.‐C. J. , Waters E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA 40‐year‐old white woman underwent amniocentesis for advanced maternal age at 15.4 weeks gestation. Fetal chromosome analysis demonstrated two distinct cell lines: [46,XX,t(1;19)(p11;p11)]—10%; and [47,XX, t(1;19)(p11;p11) + der(1)t(1;19)(p11;q11)]—90%. The latter karyotype was trisomic for both 1q and 19p. The mother carried the balanced translocation; the father had a normal karyotype. Amniotic fluid α‐fetoprotein level was elevated and an acetylcholinesterase band was detected. Level II ultrasonography at 17 and 24 weeks revealed several abnormalities, including a large facial cleft and a probable facial teratoma and intracranial tumor. Autopsy following pregnancy termination confirmed the presence of both. Chromosome evaluation of 172 metaphases of both the epignathus and the intracranial teratoma demonstrated a predominance of the cell line with 47 chromosomes (166/172 = 96.5%), while from nonteratoma tissue (lung, liver, skin, and brain) only the balanced karyotype was detected. These observations suggest that the chromosomal imbalance is instrumental in the etiology of the teratoma. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oral contraceptive use after conception in relation to the risk of congenital urinary tract anomalies
Authors: Li De‐Kun , Daling Janet R. , Mueller Beth A. , Hickok Durlin E. , Fantel Alan G. , Weiss Noel S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe authors conducted a case‐control study of the relation of OC use after conception to the occurrence of congenital urinary tract anomalies (CUTAs). Singleton CUTA cases with no known chromosomal abnormality from seven counties in western Washington State born during the period January 1, 1990‐December 31, 1991 were identified through the Washington State Birth Defect Registry. Controls without birth defects were randomly selected from singleton births that occurred in the same year as the cases in five large hospitals in King County. Mothers of the 118 cases and 369 controls were interviewed to obtain their contraceptive history as well as other information. Mothers of nine cases (7.6%) and eight controls (2.2%) had taken OCs at some time during the pregnancy. After adjustment for birth year and county of maternal residence, OC use after conception was associated with an almost five‐fold increased risk of having a baby with a CUTA [odds ratio (OR) = 4.8, 95 percent confidence interval (Cl), 1.6–14.1] relative to no contraception at or after conception. Use of other contraceptive methods after conception was not related to the risk of CUTAs. OC use during the 3 or 6 months prior to the conception also was not associated with the risk of CUTAs. Further adjustment for sociodemographic factors, reproductive history, perinatal exposure to exogenous agents, and past OC use did not change the results, nor did restricting the analysis to residents of King County. Our results are compatible with the hypothesis that oral contraceptive use after conception predisposes to the development of CUTAs in offspring; this hypothesis should be tested in other epidemiological studies of congenital malformations. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Teratogenic potential of corticosteroids in humans
Authors: Fraser F. C. , Sajoo Anaar 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe literature was surveyed in an attempt to assess whether corticosteroids have a detectable teratogenic effect. Reporting bias was illustrated by the fact that the frequency of malformations in offspring of women treated with corticosteroids was much higher in reports of single cases than in reports of series of cases. In the latter group there were 468 exposed women, and the frequency of malformations was 3.5%, no different from the usual population frequency. There were, however, 2 cases of cleft palate, whereas 0.2 cases would be expected; it is impossible to tell whether this is a real increase. We conclude that the teratogenic potential of corticosteroids is so low as to be undetectable from the data available. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Behavior in adult pairs of captive snow leopards (Panthera uncia)
Authors: Freeman Helen 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEight adult pairs of snow leopards (Panthera uncia) were observed for one to three years in the months December through March to determine the species' social and reproductive characteristics in captivity. To statistically examine the occurrence of behaviors as a function of estrus, the observation weeks were divided into three time blocks: before estrus, estrus, and after estrus. Using percentage of scan samples as an estimate of time spent in various behaviors, 16 behaviors and combined behavior categories were examined for (1) behaviors that differentiated successfully from unsuccessfully breeding pairs, (2) sex differences in behavior, (3) significant correlations between pair members, and (4) behaviors that showed time block effects. The rationale for identifying a behavioral profile of successful breeders in snow leopards was to aid zoos in their captive management programs by increasing their knowledge of the social behavior of this species. By finding correlates to breeding success, informed decisions on whether to change partners after a certain period of time, how to group the cats, and the optimum strategy for a survival plan can be made.
Propagation plans
Authors: Foose Thomas J. , Lande Russell , Flesness Nathan R. , Rabb George , Read Bruce 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOptimal plans to manage captive populations for propagation depend upon the goals of the program. Two basic goals have been proposed. The first and more frequent is preservation of genetic diversity in captivity for return to natural environments. The second is adapting a wild population to propagation in the captive environment. Each goal prescribes a general strategy for demographic and genetic management: a plan for return to natural environments and a plan for adaptation to the captive environment. These plans can be considered ends of a spectrum of possible management programs. Similarities and differences in the two plans are discussed. Practical contraints limit the implementation of the basic management plans.
Considerations on the conservation of alleles and of genic heterozygosity in small managed populations
Authors: Fuerst Paul A. , Maruyama Takeo 
Published: June 2005

AbstractData has been presented on the loss of alleles from populations of small fixed size. Emphasis has been placed on the effect which the allele frequency distribution and the interlocus distribution of heterozygosity will have on the pattern of allelic loss. Rare alleles are rapidly lost during the initial sampling period, and continue to be lost for several generations following the establishment of small population size. The nonequilibrium nature of the process of loss of genetic variability is stressed. The rapid loss of rare alleles and the preservation of intermediate and high frequency alleles will result in (1) heterozygosity declining much more slowly than allele number, and (2) the establishment of genetically similar populations when sampled from the same base population.
Effects of inbreeding in the budgerigar Melopsittacus undulatus (Aves: Psittacidae)
Authors: Daniell A. , Murray N. D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTwo breeding programmes carried out by budgerigar breeders have been analysed in order to detect effects of inbreeding on fitness characters. The results from the two programmes are conflicting: inbreeding has no effect on clutch sizes and a deleterious effect on fledging success in one stock, whilst in the other stock, inbreeding either did not affect, or significantly increased, values for clutch size, egg fertility and hatchability, and fledging success. Two possible interpretations of this heterogeneity are (1) that the early history of the particular genotypes in the second stock led to tolerance of inbreeding or (2) that the result from the first stock is a consequence of inbreeding a trait modified by directional selection during domestication. These possibilities can be distinguished by further observations. In general, the use of results from even recently domesticated animals to estimate the impact of inbreeding in undomesticated populations is unwise. The existence of significant information in amateur breeders' records is of importance in broadening our understanding of these problems.
Visitors excite primates in zoos
Authors: Chamove Arnold S. , Hosey Geoffrey R. , Schaetzel Peter 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFifteen species of primate were observed to assess the effects of zoo visitors on their social behavior. When visitors were present primates were less affiliative, more active, but more aggressive. These changes were particularly marked in arboreal monkeys, especially in smaller species, and were reduced by 50% by lowering the height of spectators. Detailed observations of a group of mandrills indicated that with increasing numbers of visitors the monkeys showed a linear increase in attention to visitors, in activity, and in stereotyped behavior. All of these effects are consistent with an interpretation that visitors are a source of stressful excitement rather than of enrichment.
Reproduction in a little‐known New Guinea Python, Liasis papuanus (Peters and Doria)
Authors: Tryon Bern W. , Whitehead Jon 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe Papuan python Liasis papuanus, a large (exceeding 5 m) boid species inhabiting Papua New Guinea and Irian Iaya, is currently known from fewer than 20 museum specimens and is seldom seen in living zoological collections. Of an estimated 10 to 15 living specimens imported into the United States during the last two decades, seven have been housed at the Knoxville Zoological Park. In 1984–85, one pair bred successfully, resulting in the first known captive breeding of this species. We describe the husbandry of adults and hatchlings and reproductive behavior in the adult pair, as well as brooding behavior of the female that resulted in a significant increase in coil temperatures. Data on eggs and on the growth of ten hatchlings over a 2.5‐year period are given.
Longitudinal observation of attine (Atta cephalotes isthmicola) ants (Hymenoptera; Formicidae)
Authors: Weiss Burton A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA colony of the leaf‐cutting Attine (Atta cephalotes isthmicola) ants was cultured and observed in the laboratory. During the 114 month life of the colony, a maximum garden volume of 54 L. was attained. The colony used a total of 139,902 g of substrate at a maximum rate of 2,660 g per month and occupied one hundred forty‐four 1.25 L. chambers. Observations on the colony ranged from behavior of the castes to biochemistry and the absence of cholesterol. The dramatic display quality of Attine colonies for zoological exhibit is discussed.
Proceptive calling by female lion‐tailed macaques
Authors: Lindburg Donald G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDuring 6 years of monitoring breeding groups of lion‐tailed macaques, it was discovered that females regularly emitted a non‐copulatory vocalization during the follicular portion of the menstrual cycle. In the majority of cases females focused visually on a particular male when calling. Two‐thirds of all calls were directed at males living outside the group. The responses of targeted males were consistent with the evidence from its temporal pattern that calling is a behavior used by females to draw attention to their willingness to receive copulations. Given that lion‐tails are highly arboreal, it is postulated that in the wild state females use calls to attract the attention of males under conditions of limited visibility. As an unambiguous indicator of receptivity, this vocalization may facilitate the reproductive management of captive populations.