bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prediction of extraprostatic cancer by prostate specific antigen density, endorectal MRI, and biopsy Gleason score in clinically localized prostate cancer
Authors: Horiguchi Akio , Nakashima Jun , Horiguchi Yutaka , Nakagawa Ken , Oya Mototsugu , Ohigashi Takashi , Marumo Ken , Murai Masaru 
Published: May 2003

AbstractBackgroundsThe present study was designed to identify the preoperative parameters, including PSA‐based parameters, and endorectal MRI, predictive of pathological stage in males who underwent radical prostatectomy.MethodsWe studied 114 patients who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy for clinically localized prostate cancer. Clinical stage was assessed by DRE, pelvic CT scan, endorectal MRI, and bone scan. The correlation between the preoperative parameters, including PSA‐based parameters, clinical stage, and histological findings of biopsy specimens, and the pathological stage was analyzed. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify a significant set of independent predictors for local extent of disease.ResultsSeventy‐six (66.6%) patients had organ confined cancer and 38 (33.4%) patients had extraprostatic cancer. Of the 38 patients with extraprostatic cancer, four had seminal vesicle involvement, while, none had pelvic lymph node involvement. Biopsy Gleason score, PSA, PSA‐α1‐antichymotrypsin (PSA‐ACT), PSA‐density (PSAD), PSA‐transition zone density, PSA‐ACT density, and PSA‐ACT transition zone (TZ) density were significantly higher and percent free PSA was lower in the patients with organ confined cancer than those with extraprostatic cancer (P < 0.01). PSAD showed the largest area under the ROC curve (AUC) among those parameters (AUC = 0.732). Sixty‐eight (74.7%) of 91 patients with T2 on endorectal MRI had organ confined cancer, while 15 (65.2%) of 23 patients with T3 had extraprostatic cancer (P < 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that Gleason score (≥7 vs. ≤6), endorectal MRI findings, and PSAD were significant predictors of extraprostatic cancer (P < 0.01).ConclusionsThe present study demonstrated that preoperative PSAD was the most valuable predictor among PSA‐based parameters for extraprostatic disease in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer. The combination of PSAD, endorectal MRI findings, and biopsy Gleason score can provide additional information for selecting appropriate candidates for radical prostatectomy. Prostate 56: 23–29, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ErbB1 and prostate cancer: ErbB1 activity is essential for androgen‐induced proliferation and protection from the apoptotic effects of LY294002
Authors: Tørring Niels , Dagnæs‐Hansen Frederik , Sørensen Boe Sandahl , Nexø Ebba , Hynes Nancy E. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractBackgroundAndrogens play a critical role in proliferation and survival of prostate cancer cells, but the mechanisms leading to these effects are poorly understood. ErbB receptor tyrosine kinases have been implicated in the development of prostate cancer.MethodsWe examined the interaction between the ErbB receptors and androgens using the LNCaP androgen‐sensitive prostate tumor model.ResultsIn the absence of androgens, the cells have low levels of ErbB1 and relatively high levels of ErbB2. Addition of androgens to the medium reversed the ratio; ErbB1 levels rose and ErbB2 levels dropped in response to treatment with the synthetic hormone, R1881. Expression of ErbB activating ligands was found to be constitutive and androgen‐independent. The androgen‐induced proliferation of LNCaP cells was completely inhibited by the addition of the small molecule ErbB1 tyrosine kinase inhibitors CGP59326 and the bispecific inhibitor (PKI166) for ErbB1 and ErbB2 to the culture medium. Furthermore, in the absence of androgens the relatively low proliferative level was further significantly reduced in the presence of CGP59326. Inhibition of PI3K activity by LY294002 led to induction of apoptosis in androgen‐deprived LNCaP cells. Androgen‐mediated rescue from LY294002‐induced apoptosis was inhibited by addition of CGP59326 to the cells.ConclusionsThese results suggest a model whereby androgens promote an increase in the activity of the epidermal growth factor (EGF)‐network by increasing ErbB1 levels, and this activity of is essential for androgen‐induced proliferation and survival of the prostate cancer LNCaP cell line. Prostate 56: 142–149, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three immunoassays based on monoclonal antibodies specific for prostate specific antigen (PSA), α‐1‐antichymotrypsin (ACT), and the PSA–ACT complex
Authors: Wan X. Steven , Xu Y. Anne , Ware Jeffrey H. , Kennedy Ann R. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDProstate specific antigen (PSA) has been widely used as a biomarker for the screening and diagnosis of prostate cancer. PSA in serum predominantly exists as a complex with α‐1‐antichymotrypsin (ACT), and measurement of free PSA and the PSA–ACT complex may improve the utility of the serum PSA assay for differential diagnosis of prostate cancer and non‐malignant prostate diseases, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).METHODSMonoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against PSA, ACT, and the PSA–ACT complex were produced by immunizing mice with an incubated mixture of PSA and ACT, and characterized by Western blot analyses and several enzyme‐linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) methods.RESULTSThe MAbs produced in this study are capable of distinguishing the PSA–ACT complex from free PSA and ACT. Four MAbs have been selected and utilized to construct three ELISA systems for the separate measurements of free PSA, the PSA–ACT complex, and total PSA.CONCLUSIONSThe three PSA assay systems developed in this study can specifically measure free PSA, total PSA, and the PSA–ACT complex with equal molar sensitivity. It is expected that these PSA assay systems could be useful in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Prostate 56: 131–141, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Glutathione S‐transferase pi is upregulated in the stromal compartment of hormone independent prostate cancer
Authors: Li Ming , Ittmann Michael M. , Rowley David R. , Knowlton Anne A. , Vaid Ajula K. , Epner Daniel E. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractBackgroundGlutathione S‐transferase (GST) pi is a detoxifying enzyme abundant in normal prostate basal cells but only rarely expressed in prostate cancer cells. The current studies are the first to focus on GST pi in the stromal compartment of prostate tumors.MethodsWe employed immunohistochemical, immunofluorescence, and Western blot analysis to measure GST pi expression and subcellular localization in 21 primary and metastatic tumors from patients with hormone independent prostate cancer, as well as seven lymph node metastases and six prostatectomy specimens.ResultsGST pi was detectable in stromal cells in 17 of the 21 hormone independent prostate tumors. GST pi tissue distribution in hormone independent tumors coincided with vimentin staining, suggesting that GST pi is expressed by reactive fibroblasts and/or myofibroblasts.ConclusionsThe current results suggest that prostate cancer cells induce an injury response in the stroma during progression to hormone independence, which results in GST pi expression. Stromal GST pi may contribute to chemoresistence of advanced prostate cancer. Prostate 56: 98–105, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Proteomic analysis of human prostasomes
Authors: Utleg Angelita G. , Yi Eugene C. , Xie Tao , Shannon Paul , White James T. , Goodlett David R. , Hood Leroy , Lin Biaoyang 
Published: May 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDProstasomes are secretory particles in human seminal fluid. Other than a microscopic description of these secretory particles and an incomplete two–dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) study, little is known about the composition of proteins in prostasomes.METHODSWe employed a direct iterative approach using Gas phase fractionation and microcapillary HPLC‐tandem mass spectrometry (μLC‐MS/MS) to catalogue the prostasome proteome.RESULTSWe identified 139 proteins that can be divided into the following categories: (1) enzymes (33.8% of total), (2) transport/structural (19.4% of total), (3) GTP proteins (14.4% of total), (4) chaperone proteins (5.8% of total), (5) signal transduction proteins (17.3% of total), and (6) unannotated proteins (9.4% of total). A total of 128 of the 139 proteins have not previously been described as prostasomal.CONCLUSIONSThe proteins identified can be used as reference dataset in future work comparing prostasome proteins between normal and pathological states such as prostate cancer, benign prostatic hyperplasia, prostatitis, and infertility. Prostate 56: 150–161, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic structure in otter (Lutra lutra) populations in Europe: implications for conservation
Authors: Randi Ettore , Davoli Francesca , Pierpaoli Massimo , Pertoldi Cino , Madsen Arksel Bo , Loeschcke Volker 
Published: May 2003

AbstractDuring the twentieth century otter (Lutra lutra) populations in central and western Europe declined and became fragmented because of habitat alterations, chemical pollution and direct persecution. In this study we used microsatellites to describe spatial patterns of genetic diversity and subdivision in otters from eight populations in Europe. Genetic diversity was moderately high within populations (He = 0.45–0.77), and significantly partitioned among locations (FST= 0.17; RST= 0.16; P < 0.001). A Bayesian cluster analysis of multilocus genotypes assigned individuals to seven genetically distinct groups, which were partly concordant with the geographical origin of the samples. An assignment test of the individuals to the populations showed that the Danish and, to a lesser extent, the Spanish populations were unique and distinct, whereas the other populations were partially admixed. Inference of past demographic fluctuations from coalescent analysis suggested that otter populations probably declined several thousand years ago, with the exception of the Irish population for which no such decline could be detected. No genetic evidence for recent bottlenecks was found. The historical decline could stem from post‐glacial founding events and recolonization of northern Europe after the last glacial maximum, or from more recent dry stages in the early Holocene in central Europe. On the basis of these results, we recommend that recovery plans should promote the expansion of existing natural populations through improvements of river and wetland habitats.
Demographic monitoring of an entire species (the northern hairy‐nosed wombat, Lasiorhinus krefftii) by genetic analysis of non‐invasively collected material
Authors: Banks Sam C. , Hoyle Simon D. , Horsup Alan , Sunnucks Paul , Taylor Andrea C. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractSuccessful management of endangered species may be greatly facilitated by the ability to monitor population trends. The Australian northern hairy‐nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus krefftii) is one of the world's most endangered mammals, but precise abundance estimation by trapping surveys has proven exceedingly difficult. A mark‐recapture study was conducted in the sole remaining L. krefftii population, based on microsatellite identification of individuals and their gender from DNA in remotely collected single hairs. Population size was estimated to be 113 (95% confidence interval of 96 to 150). This suggests an increase in population size over the previous estimate of 65 (95% CI 42–186) in 1993, although the estimates did not differ significantly. There was a significant male bias in the sex ratio (2.25 males:1 female), in agreement with recent trapping surveys. The non‐invasive approach used here is vital for estimating population size and trends, and hence it is the most important recent advance in the conservation management of the northern hairy‐nosed wombat.
The frequency and severity of catastrophic die‐offs in vertebrates
Authors: Reed David H. , O'Grady Julian J. , Ballou Jonathan D. , Frankham Richard 
Published: May 2003

AbstractRare bouts of extreme environmental perturbations (catastrophes) have been predicted to have a major influence on the probability of extinction. Yet very little information is available on the frequency and severity of catastrophes. Improving the available information concerning catastrophe parameters would allow for an evaluation of their effect and a start towards understanding their causes. We used the Global Population Dynamics Database to determine the frequency and severity of die‐offs in 88 species of vertebrates. We define a catastrophe as any 1‐year decrease in population size of 50% or greater. The data yielded three findings. (1) The frequency of severe die‐offs in vertebrate populations is strongly related to the generation length of the organism. (2) The probability of a severe die‐off for a particular population is approximately 14% per generation. (3) The frequency of die‐off severity can be modelled as a modified power function with the frequency of die‐offs decreasing with increasing magnitude of effect. The distribution is not consistent with catastrophes stemming from environmental sources different than those responsible for smaller fluctuations, but seems to represent the tail of a continuous distribution of environmental perturbations.
Fire, demography and the persistence of siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus: Hylobatidae) in a Sumatran rainforest
Authors: O'Brien Timothy G. , Kinnaird Margaret F. , Nurcahyo Anton , Prasetyaningrum Maya , Iqbal Muhammad 
Published: May 2003

AbstractWe show a direct impact of El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) related fires on the demography and persistence of the siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus), a frugivorous, Southeast Asian rainforest primate. Siamang groups affected by ENSO‐related wildfires in a Sumatran rainforest were significantly smaller and experienced significantly lower infant and juvenile survival. Likelihood of infants surviving to subadults was higher by a factor of 2.8 for groups in undisturbed habitat. Burn groups had access to 48% fewer reproductive‐size strangling fig trees in their territories, compared to non‐burn groups. Dietary and foraging behaviour changes associated with habitat disturbance may result in lower productivity and higher mortality of young animals. Reproductive potential of burn groups is insufficient to offset low survival and groups are unlikely to persist for more than two generations. Increasing frequency of ENSO events increases the likelihood that siamang and other long‐lived species that rely on fruiting trees will experience multiple fires within one generation; the resulting reduction in seed dispersal services will slow recovery of burned forest.
Economics and the design of nature conservation policy: a case study of wild goose conservation in Scotland using choice experiments
Authors: Hanley Nick , MacMillan Douglas , Patterson Ian , Wright Robert E. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThis paper applies the ‘choice experiment’ method to investigate public preferences over the design of wild goose conservation policy in Scotland. We argue that this method can shed useful light on the design of conservation policy, allowing policy‐makers to take account of people's preferences, be they members of the general public (whose taxes often pay for conservation actions), local residents more directly affected by the policy, or visitors to wildlife areas. Preferences can be quantified in economic terms, so that the costs and benefits of different policy designs can be compared. In our study, we find that the general public, local residents and visitors have very different preferences for the conservation of geese. Whether geese are shot, the endangered status of geese, the spatial targeting of conservation and the size of the goose population all have impacts on the perceived benefits of conservation. In general, though, people are willing to pay for wild geese conservation.
Crouching tigers, hidden prey: Sumatran tiger and prey populations in a tropical forest landscape
Authors: O'Brien Timothy G. , Kinnaird Margaret F. , Wibisono Hariyo T. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractWe examine the abundance and distribution of Sumatran tigers (Panthera tigris sumatrae) and nine prey species in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park on Sumatra, Indonesia. Our study is the first to demonstrate that the relative abundance of tigers and their prey, as measured by camera traps, is directly related to independently derived estimates of densities for these species. The tiger population in the park is estimated at 40–43 individuals. Results indicate that illegal hunting of prey and tigers, measured as a function of human density within 10 km of the park, is primarily responsible for observed patterns of abundance, and that habitat loss is an increasingly serious problem. Abundance of tigers, two mouse deer (Tragulus spp.), pigs (Sus scrofa) and Sambar deer (Cervus unicolor) was more than four times higher in areas with low human population density, while densities of red muntjac (Muntiacus muntjac) and pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina) were twice as high. Malay tapir (Tapirus indicus) and argus pheasant (Argusianus argus), species infrequently hunted, had higher indices of relative abundance in areas with high human density. Edge effects associated with park boundaries were not a significant factor in abundance of tigers or prey once human density was considered. Tigers in Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, and probably other protected areas throughout Sumatra, are in imminent danger of extinction unless trends in hunting and deforestation are reversed.
Science deficiency in conservation practice: the monitoring of tiger populations in India
Authors: Karanth K. Ullas , Nichols James D. , Seidenstricker John , Dinerstein Eric , Smith James L. David , McDougal Charles , Johnsingh A. J. T. , Chundawat Raghunandan S. , Thapar Valmik 
Published: May 2003

AbstractConservation practices are supposed to get refined by advancing scientific knowledge. We study this phenomenon in the context of monitoring tiger populations in India, by evaluating the ‘pugmark census method’ employed by wildlife managers for three decades. We use an analytical framework of modern animal population sampling to test the efficacy of the pugmark censuses using scientific data on tigers and our field observations. We identify three critical goals for monitoring tiger populations, in order of increasing sophistication: (1) distribution mapping, (2) tracking relative abundance, (3) estimation of absolute abundance. We demonstrate that the present census‐based paradigm does not work because it ignores the first two simpler goals, and targets, but fails to achieve, the most difficult third goal. We point out the utility and ready availability of alternative monitoring paradigms that deal with the central problems of spatial sampling and observability. We propose an alternative sampling‐based approach that can be tailored to meet practical needs of tiger monitoring at different levels of refinement.
Effects of introduced Rattus rattus on endemic small mammals in dry deciduous forest fragments of western Madagascar
Authors: Ganzhorn Jörg U. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractStudies on the effects of nonindigenous invasive species and habitat fragmentation on native ecosystems have become priorities for conservation biologists. This is relevant particularly for islands with high degrees of endemism. In the present paper the role of fragmentation and possible effects of introduced Rattus rattus on endemic rodents (Macrotarsomys bastardi and Eliurus spp.) and the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) were assessed for dry deciduous forests in Madagascar. Capture rates of endemic rodents declined significantly with declining fragment size. Macrotarsomys bastardi was never caught in primary forest fragments < 600 ha or outside the primary forest but captures of M. bastardi were correlated to changes in vegetation structure associated with fragmentation rather than to fragment size per se. Eliurus spp. were also found in small primary‐forest fragments and in secondary forests close to primary forests, suggesting that secondary forests can serve as buffer zones or corridors for this species. The lemur M. murinus was caught in all types of primary and secondary forest. This species did not seem to respond to fragmentation of primary forests. Even though it was found in most secondary‐forests, capture rates declined as these secondary forest formations increased in size. This indicates that secondary forests are suboptimal habitats for M. murinus. Rattus rattus were caught in all vegetation formations except for the open savanna. Their capture rates increased as forest fragments became smaller, indicating that mosaics of different habitat types are beneficial for introduced rats. There was no significant relation between capture rates of R. rattus and the endemic species. In conclusion, these results suggest that (1) native Malagasy rodents of the dry deciduous forest are more sensitive towards forest disturbance than M. murinus; (2) there is no indication for negative interactions between introduced rats and the native small‐mammal fauna.
Managing puma hunting in the western United States: through a metapopulation approach
Authors: Laundré John , Clark Tim W. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractTo achieve long‐term viability of hunted puma (Puma concolor) populations (even at historically low densities), we propose a management plan based on the metapopulation concept that designatessource areas(closed to hunting) andsink areas(open to hunting). We use 11 years of data from Idaho and Utah to demonstrate how the proposed management plan might be implemented. We use minimum and maximum densities of resident animals to calculate minimum and maximum effective population sizes, neighbourhood areas (regional management units) and usable habitat within the units. We designate sink and source areas based on their size, accessibility to hunters and juxtaposition. We show that closing 63% of puma habitat to hunting would ensure long‐term puma population viability while permitting traditional hunting levels in other areas. This system could be adapted to existing state (and interstate) hunting management units, and we outline several steps by which wildlife agencies might set up a process (including public participation) to manage puma hunting.