bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sodium Hydro(isothiocyanato)borates: Synthesis and Structures
Authors: Nöth Heinrich , Warchhold Marcus 
Published: March 2004

AbstractSodium thiocyanate reacts in THF solution with 18‐crown‐6 to give the molecular compound Na(18‐crown‐6)(THF)NCS (3) with the N atom of the NCS anion oriented towards Na+. The same reaction with 15‐crown‐5 yields the ion pair Na(15‐crown‐5)NCS (4). In contrast, Na(NCS)(py)4, obtained by treating a solution of Na(H3BNCS) in THF with pyridine, yields Na(py)4(NCS) (5), which has a chain structure with hexacoordinate Na atoms coordinated to five N atoms and an S atom. Na(NCS) in THF adds 1 equiv. of BH3 to give Na(H3BNCS)·nTHF. Addition of 18‐crown‐6 to this solution yields crystals of the salt [Na(18‐crown‐6)(THF)2][H3BNCS] (1), as shown by X‐ray crystallography. Both the cation and the anion show site disorder. However, when 15‐crown‐5 is used for complexation, the salt [Na(15‐crown‐5)(THF)][H3BNCS] (2) can be isolated. Its anion shows an almost linear B−N−C−S unit. Only a mixture of (catecholato)(isothiocyanato)borates results on treating Na(NCS) in THF with catecholborane. However, the borate Na[catB(NCS)2] is readily formed by adding Na(NCS) to B‐(isothiocyanato)catecholborane. Single crystals of this compound were obtained as the salt [Na(18‐crown‐6)(THF)2][catB(NCS)2] (6). On the other hand, the reaction of Na(NCS) with 9‐borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9‐BBN) in THF yields Na[(9‐BBN)NCS)]·nTHF, and, on addition of 18‐crown‐6, the complex [Na(18‐crown‐6)(THF)2][(9‐BBN)NCS] was isolated. Suitable crystals for X‐ray structure determination were, however, only obtained by crystallization from tetrahydropyran. This solvate has the rather unusual structure [Na(18‐crown‐6)(thp)2][{(9‐BBN)NCS}2Na(thp)4] (8). The sodiate anion has an Na atom coordinated by two S and four O atoms. DFT calculations support these experimental results: The (isothiocyanato)borates are more stable than the thiocyanato isomers. For the latter a bent structure of the B−S−C−N unit with a B−S−C bond angle of 105.7° is predicted. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
One‐Dimensional Magnetism in New, Layered Structures: Piperazine‐Linked Copper and Nickel Oxalate Chains
Authors: Keene Tony D. , Ogilvie Helen R. , Hursthouse Michael B. , Price Daniel J. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractTwo new coordination network materials with the composition M(pip)(ox) ( pip = piperazine; ox = oxalate; M = Ni, Cu) have been synthesised under ambient and hydrothermal conditions. These compounds adopt related structures, both consisting of intersecting [M(pip)]∞ and [M(ox)]∞ chains, which result in layered structures. The nickel compound crystallises in P$\bar 1$
. The metal ions are octahedrally coordinated and are linked by symmetric chelating bridging oxalate ions. In contrast, the copper compound crystallises in the chiral space group P212121. Here the copper atom displays square pyramidal coordination geometry and the oxalate ions bridge metals in an unsymmetric fashion resulting in a polar metal‐oxalate chain structure. The magnetic behaviour is determined by the nature of the exchange‐coupled network. Only the antiferromagnetic interaction mediated by the bridging oxalate group is significant and the compounds are well modelled as 1‐D antiferromagnetically coupled chains. For the copper compound (S = 1/2) we determined J/kB to be −25.9 K, while the nickel compound (S = 1) shows a larger exchange coupling (J/kB = −42.2 K). In the nickel compound we see a significant deviation between the observed and calculated magnetic susceptibilities at the lowest experimental temperatures. This may be due either to the formation of a Haldane quantum antiferromagnetic ground state or to single‐ion zero‐field splitting effects. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Electronic Interactions in Dinuclear Platinum and Palladium Ethynylferrocene and Ferrocenylvinylidene Complexes
Authors: Yip John H. K. , Wu Jianguo , Wong Kwok‐Yin , Ho Kam Piu , Koh Lip Lin , Vittal Jagadese J. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe complex [Pd2(dppm)2(μ‐η1:η1‐H−C=C−Fc)Cl2] (2) and its vinylidene isomer [Pd2(dppm)2(μ‐C=CH−Fc)Cl2] (3) [dppm = bis(diphenylphosphanyl)methane, Fc = ferrocenyl unit, CpFeC5H4] have been synthesized and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Both 2 and 3 are A‐frame structures with long Pd−Pd distances of 3.2055(9) Å (2) and 3.1002(2) Å (3), respectively, and square‐planar metal coordination. The cyclic voltammograms (CV) of the complexes are measured and compared with that of [Pt2(dppm)2(μ‐η1:η1‐H−C=C−Fc)Cl2] (1). The CV of 2 and 3 consist of a nearly reversible Fc‐oxidation, an irreversible oxidation and a small reversible couple. The E1/2 values (vs. Cp2Fe+/Cp2Fe) of the Fc‐groups in complexes 1−3 follow the order 2 (−75±8 mV) > 1 (−108±10 mV) > 3 (−124±8 mV). The difference in the E1/2 values is explained by the orbital interactions between the acetylene and vinylidene groups with Pt2 and Pd2 cores. Our analysis shows that the metal‐to‐ligand π back‐bonding and ligand‐to‐metal σ‐donation have determining effects on the electronic interactions between the dimetallic centers and the bridgehead ligands. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
A Novel Open‐Framework Zinc Phosphite, Zn3(HPO3)4·Ni(en)2(H2O)2, Templated by a Transition‐Metal Complex
Authors: Lin Zhi‐En , Zhang Jie , Zheng Shou‐Tian , Yang Guo‐Yu 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA new three‐dimensional zinc phosphite, Zn3(HPO3)4· Ni(en)2(H2O)2, which is the first example of an open‐framework metal phosphite templated by a transition‐metal complex, was hydrothermally synthesized. The connectivity of the strictly alternating ZnO4and HPO3units results in a three‐dimensional framework with intersecting 8‐ring and 12‐ring channels, in which the transition‐metal complexes reside. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Synthesis, Structural Characterization and Fluorescence Properties of Organoselenium Compounds Bearing a Ligand Containing Both Bulky and Nonbonding Groups − The First Observation of Both Intramolecular Se···N and Se···O Interactions in a Diselenide Structure
Authors: Kandasamy Karuppasamy , Kumar Sangit , Singh Harkesh B. , Butcher Ray J. , Holman K. Travis 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe synthesis of bis[3‐(4,5‐dihydro‐4,4‐dimethyl‐1,3‐oxazol‐2‐yl)‐4‐(3,5‐dimethylphenyl)‐2‐naphthyl] diselenide, R2Se2(4), was achieved by a facile ortholithiation route. Further reaction of the diselenide with a stoichiometric amount of SO2Cl2or Br2afforded the corresponding selenenyl halides RSeX [X = Cl (5), X = Br (6)]. The novel selenenyl iodide RSeI (7), in which the selenium and iodine are covalently bonded to each other, was obtained by treatment of the diselenide with an equimolar amount of iodine. The stable aryl benzyl selenide8was prepared by the reaction of benzyl chloride with lithium areneselenolate (3) at low temperature. Surprisingly, the reaction of the diselenide with 1,2‐dibromo‐o‐xylene gave the selenenyl bromide (6) instead of the arylselenium derivative9. Elemental analysis, multinuclear (1H,13C,77Se) NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric techniques were used for the identification of products. Compounds4,6,7, and8were also characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Synthesis, Structure and Photoluminescent Studies of a Novel Supramolecular [Ag(phen)(CN)]·(phen) Complex
Authors: Huang Xiao‐Chun , Zheng Shao‐Liang , Zhang Jie‐Peng , Chen Xiao‐Ming 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA novel AgI complex [Ag(phen)(CN)]·(phen) (phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline) has been solvothermally synthesized and characterized by X‐ray diffraction. The crystal packing reveals unprecedented threefold interpenetrating three‐dimensional four‐connected networks self‐assembled through C‐H···N hydrogen bonds and π···π stacking interactions, which are stabilized by strong C‐H···π interactions between the three independent networks. The photoluminescent properties have been investigated by molecular orbital (MO) calculations, showing that the luminescent properties of the complex in the solid state are due to both a πL⇄πL* transition of the uncoordinated phen species and metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer (MLCT), admixed with the cyanide‐to‐ligand charge transfer (XLCT) of the [Ag(phen)(CN)] species. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Allylpalladium(II) Complexes with Aminophosphane Ligands: Solution Behaviour and X‐ray Structure of cis‐[Pd(η3‐CH2CHCHPh){Ph2PCH2CHPhNH(2,6‐C6H3iPr2)}][PF6]
Authors: Camus Jean‐Michel , Andrieu Jacques , Richard Philippe , Poli Rinaldo 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA new β‐aminophosphane L2 [Ph2PCH2CH(Ph)NH(2,6‐C6H3iPr2)], bearing an asymmetric carbon atom and a vicinal prochiral nitrogen centre and (η3‐allyl)palladium complexes of general formula [Pd(η3‐C3H4R){η2‐Ph2PCH2CH(Ph)NHAr}][PF6] (1−6) (R = H, Me or Ph and Ar = Ph or 2,6‐C6H3iPr2) have been synthesised. NMR spectroscopic studies and a crystal structure analysis of complex 6 (R = Ph, Ar = 2,6‐C6H3iPr2) confirmed the highly diastereoselective coordination of the nitrogen atom. Because of the allyl fluxionality and the presence of asymmetric centres, all the complexes exist in solution as mixtures of up to four diastereomers. For the monosubstituted allyl complexes [Pd(η3‐C3H4R){Ph2PCH2CH(Ph)NHAr}][PF6] (3−6, R = Me or Ph) only cis/trans‐P and endo/exo isomers with syn‐oriented allyl substituents have been observed in solution. The diastereomeric distribution is subject to a steric control since a modification of the steric bulk of the allyl substituents and/or N‐aryl groups strongly affect the isomers ratio. An X‐ray diffraction study of compound 6 reveals a mixture of endo and exo cis‐P syn isomers and corresponds to the first cis‐P isomer crystal structure for an N,P‐ligand allyl complex. A phase‐sensitive 2‐D NOESY NMR analysis showed that complex 1 undergoes a selective syn‐anti exchange isomerisation, involving exclusively a trans‐P opening of the η3‐allyl moiety. Therefore, η3‐η1‐η3 rearrangements in allylic complexes 1−6 were assumed to occur via the regioselective formation of a σ‐allyl intermediate. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Reactivity of Organoelement Subhalides of Gallium and Indium — Ga−Ga and In−In Bonds Bridged by Carboxylato Ligands
Authors: Uhl Werner , El‐Hamdan Abdelhakim 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe organoelement subhalides R2Ga2I2 (5) and R3In3I2 [6; R = C(SiMe3)3] reacted with silver benzoate AgOOCC6H5 to yield the dicarboxylato dielement compounds R2E2(µ‐OOCC6H5‐O,O′)2 (7, E = Ga; 8, E = In). Both compounds possess E−E single bonds bridged by the chelating carboxylato ligands. The chelating groups are arranged perpendicular to one another. Owing to the small bite of the carboxylato group very short E−E bond lengths of 240.5 pm (Ga−Ga) and 265.4 pm (In−In) were observed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Pr6O11 Single‐Crystal Nanotubes from a Molten‐Salt Synthetic Method
Authors: Wang Xun , Zhuang Jing , Li Yadong 
Published: March 2004

AbstractPr6O11 single‐crystal nanotubes with a typical 3‐D crystal structure in the bulk have been successfully obtained through a template‐free molten‐salt synthetic method, the formation of which has been attributed to the periodical defect cluster distribution in the Pr6O11 species. It is believed that the synthesis of this new type of 3‐D nanotubes will be helpful to explore more rational synthetic methods to nanotubes of 3‐D compounds. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of MPS3 Materials (M = Mn, Cd) Using a Dewar‐Ampoule Device
Authors: Villanueva A. , Morales‐Varela M. C. , Ruiz‐Hitzky Eduardo 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWe report on an easy procedure for the synthesis of inorganic solids such as MPS3 materials (M = Mn, Cd) which uses a simple device consisting of a silica ampoule that is divided into a Dewar zone (hot zone) and a nonisolated part (cold zone), which is able to operate inside domestic microwave ovens. This is a rapid and advantageous method applied for the first time to the preparation of inorganic solids. It involves a heat concentration within the Dewar zone that allows the required temperature for the reaction between the components to be reached. In this way, a mixture of S, P, and a transition metal such as Mn or Cd, placed in the Dewar zone gives MPS3 compounds. The temperature gradient assures the vapor phase transport to the cold zone. The resulting MPS3 crystals are deposited within a few minutes in the cold area, in contrast to other conventional procedures requiring long periods of treatment or more complicated procedures for the synthesis of similar products. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
A Blue Photoluminescent 2‐D Coordination Polymer Constructed by Dinuclear Zinc(II) Subunits [Zn2(oz)2] [Hoz = 2‐(2′‐Hydroxyphenyl)‐2‐oxazoline] and Dicyanamide
Authors: Zhang Jing , Gao Song , Che Chi‐Ming 
Published: March 2004

AbstractSubstitution of the terminal oz group of the dinuclear [Zn(oz)2]2 complex (1) with dicyanamide [where Hoz = 2‐(2′‐Hydroxyphenyl)‐2‐oxazoline] results in the formation of a 2‐D coordination polymer [Zn(oz)N(CN)2]n (2) based on [Zn2(oz)2] subunits. Both compounds exhibit strong blue photoluminescence but the coordination polymer 2 has greater thermal stability than the dinuclear complex 1. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Binary and Ternary Cluster Complexes Containing Gold‐Selenium, Gold‐Indium‐Selenium and Gold‐Gallium‐Tellurium − Synthesis and Structures of [Au5Se2(PPh3)4]Cl, [(Au3Se)2{Ph2P(CH2)6PPh2}3]Cl2, [Au10Se4{Ph2P(CH2)5PPh2}4]InCl5, [Au4(SeInCl3)2{Ph2P(CH2)5PPh2}2], [Au2(TeGaCl3){Ph2P(CH2)6PPh2}]2 and [Au8Se4In{Ph2P(CH2)2PPh2}4](InCl4)3
Authors: Olkowska‐Oetzel Jolanta , Sevillano Paloma , Eichhöfer Andreas , Fenske Dieter 
Published: March 2004

AbstractReactions of gold phosphane complexes [(AuX)(PR3)] (X = Cl, Br, I; R = organic moiety) with Se(SiMe3)2 lead to the formation of gold complexes with chalcogenide bridges. The reaction of the complex [Ph3PAuCl] and tBuSe(SiMe3) gives the cluster [Au5Se2(PPh3)4]Cl (1). The in situ preparation of the complex [(AuCl)2dpph] [dpph = Ph2P(CH2)6PPh2] by reaction of dpph with [Me2SAuCl], and subsequent reaction with Se(SiMe3)2, leads to the formation of [(Au3Se)2(dpph)3]Cl2 (2). Reactions of the gold(I) complex [(AuCl)2dpppe] [dpppe = Ph2P(CH2)5PPh2] with Se(SiMe3)2 and InCl3 in different molar ratios lead to the formation of [Au10Se4(dpppe)4]InCl5 (3) and [Au4(SeInCl3)2(dpppe)2] (4). The reaction of [(AuCl)2dpph] with Te(SiMe3)2 and GaCl3 produces the isostructural cluster compound [Au4(TeGaCl3)2(dpph)2] (5). From the reaction of Se(SiMe3)2 with [(AuCl)2dppe] [dppe = Ph2P(CH2)2PPh2] and InCl3 [Au8Se4In(dppe)4](InCl4)3 6 can be isolated. The structures of 1−6 were determined by X‐ray diffraction. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
[η5:η1‐(3,6‐tBu2Flu)SiMe2NtBu]Y(η1‐NC5H6)(py)2: A 1,4‐Hydride‐Addition Product to Pyridine that Provides Evidence for the First Fluorenyl(hydrido)metal (Group 3) Complex
Authors: Kirillov Evgueni , Lehmann Christian W. , Razavi Abbas , Carpentier Jean‐François 
Published: March 2004

AbstractReaction of pyridine with the “constrained geometry” fluorenyl(hydrido)yttrium complex {[(3,6‐tBu2Flu)SiMe2NtBu]Y(H)(THF)}2 selectively gives the 1,4‐addition product [η5:η1‐(3,6‐tBu2Flu)SiMe2NtBu]Y(η1‐NC5H6)(py)2, which was characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Multiproperty Molecular Materials: TTF‐Based Conducting and Magnetic Molecular Materials
Authors: Ouahab Lahcène , Enoki Toshiaki 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe chemistry and physics of molecule‐based materials are exciting subjects, and due to potential applications this area is being extensively investigated. Considerable effort is currently being made to design and to investigate new materials involving interplay or synergy between multiple physical properties. This microreview examines materials combining magnetism and electrical properties. Some fundamental background material is covered, together with a discussion of constraints on the design of molecular materials with these physical properties. Some examples from the literature are then related, in order to illustrate the achievements in this area. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Synthesis of a Metallamacrocyclic Re(CO)3 Complex Using a Tridentate Bridging Ligand
Authors: Brasey Thomas , Buryak Andrey , Scopelliti Rosario , Severin Kay 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe reaction of [ReBr3(CO)3][NEt4]2 with 3‐hydroxy‐1,2,3‐benzotriazine‐4(3H)‐one in the presence of base gave the ionic rhenium complex [ReBr(C7H4N3O2)(CO)3][NEt4] (2) which was crystallographically characterized. A neutral metallamacrocycle 3 was obtained upon abstraction of [NEt4]Br from complex 2. This complex cocrystallizes with an unusual C3‐symmetric [Ag(η2‐benzene)3(OH2)][BF4] complex as evidenced by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Cover Picture: Multiproperty Molecular Materials: TTF‐Based Conducting and Magnetic Molecular Materials (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 5/2004)
Authors: Ouahab Lahcène , Enoki Toshiaki 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe cover picture shows the crystal structure of CuII(hfac)2(TTF‐py)2(BF4)2 where hfac is hexafluoroacetylacetonate and TTF‐py is 4‐(2‐tetrathiafulvalenylethenyl)pyridine. This compound is an example arising from a new strategy for the design of new multifunctional materials in which the conducting and magnetic systems are covalently linked through a π‐conjugated bridge. A synergy between electron transport and magnetism is produced by long‐range magnetic coupling between localized spins through the mobile π‐electrons of the conducting networks. Details are discussed in the Microreview by L. Ouahab and T. Enoki on page 933 ff.
Antimycotic activity of the essential oil of Satureja mutica Fisch & C.A. Mey from Iran
Authors: Behravan J. , Ramezani M. , Kasaian J. , Sabeti Z. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe antimycotic acitivities of different concentrations of the essential oil of Satureja mutica F., an endemic plant of Iran, was evaluated against four ﬁlamentous fungal and two yeast strains. The antifungal tests were conducted by a poisoned food technique against the ﬁlamentous fungi Aspergillus niger, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichoderma reesei and Microsporum gypseum, and by a microdilution assay against two yeast strains, Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The essential oil was found to be fungicidal at ≥0.25 µl/ml against the ﬁlamentous fungi. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the oil against the two yeast strains was found to be 1333 ppm (1/750 v/v). As such, the oil has a potential use as an antifungal chemotherapeutic against both ﬁlamentous fungal and yeast strains after toxicity tests, clinical trials and formulation to a suitable pharmaceutical dosage form. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aroma‐active compounds of Pinus densiﬂora (red pine) needles
Authors: Yu Eun Jeong , Kim Tae Hwan , Kim Kyoung Heon , Lee Hyong Joo 
Published: March 2004

AbstractVolatile components in the needles of Pinus densiﬂora (red pine), a conifer native to Korea, were extracted by simultaneous distillation–extraction. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry showed that α‐pinene is the most abundant compound, followed by β‐phellandrene, germacrene D, β‐caryophyllene, and myrcene. In aroma extract dilution analysis, α‐pinene (pine/fresh) was determined to be the most intense aroma‐active compound, with a high ﬂavour dilution factor. (Z)‐3‐Hexenal (green/apple) and bornyl acetate (pine/herbaceous) were also identiﬁed as important aroma‐active compounds. These aroma‐active compounds were also detected through headspace solid‐phase microextraction–gas chromatography–olfactometry, using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and Carboxen‐PDMS ﬁbres. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composition of the essential oil of Phlomis persica Boiss and Phlomis chorassanica Bunge from Iran
Authors: Sarkhail Parisa , Amin Gholamreza , Shaﬁee Abbas 
Published: March 2004

AbstractTwo essential oil samples obtained by hydrodistillation from aerial parts of Phlomis persica Boiss. and Phlomis chorassanica Bunge. (Lamiaceae), were analysed by GC and GC–MS; 41 compounds in the oil of P. persica, representing 97.3%, and 42 compounds in the oil of P. chorassanica, representing 99.5%, were identiﬁed. Both essential oils were rich in sesquiterpenes (81.3% and 90.1%, respectively) with germacrene D (32.5% and 51.5%, respectively) as the major component. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Parkin gene alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Wang Fang , Denison Stacy , Lai Jin‐Ping , Philips Leslie A. , Montoya Damien , Kock Norman , Schüle Birgitt , Klein Christine , Shridhar Viji , Roberts Lewis R. , Smith David I. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe Parkin gene is an extremely large gene (1.5 Mb) within the highly unstable FRA6E common fragile site (CFS) region, which is frequently altered in ovarian, breast, and hepatocellular carcinomas. Because Parkin/FRA6E has genomic similarities to FHIT/FRA3B and WWOX/FRA16D, two other large tumor‐suppressor genes that are within CFS regions, we were interested in characterizing Parkin gene alterations and their possible association with cancer. After analyzing 50 cancer‐derived cell lines including 11 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell lines, we found that one HCC cell line, PLC/PRF/5, had a detectable homozygous deletion encompassing exon 3. Using quantitative duplex PCR and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis to characterize the copy number changes of Parkin exons in HCC cell lines, we found that 4 of 11 HCC cell lines had heterozygous deletions of Parkin exons and one, Hep3B, had an exon duplication. Parkin protein expression was significantly decreased or absent in all 11 HCC cell lines. Furthermore, more than 50% of HCC primary tumors had decreased Parkin expression compared to that in normal liver tissue. Parkin gene–transfected PLC5 and Hep3B cells grew more slowly than vector‐only transfectants and also showed increased sensitivity to apoptosis induced by cell‐cycle inhibitors. Therefore, we suggest that Parkin may be involved in tumor suppression and that the loss of Parkin contributes to the development of hepatocarcinoma. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative trait linkage analysis by generalized estimating equations: Unification of variance components and Haseman‐Elston regression
Authors: Chen Wei‐Min , Broman Karl W. , Liang Kung‐Yee 
Published: March 2004

AbstractTwo of the major approaches for linkage analysis with quantitative traits in humans include variance components and Haseman‐Elston regression. Previously, these were viewed as quite separate methods. We describe a general model, fit by use of generalized estimating equations (GEE), for which the variance components and Haseman‐Elston methods (including many of the extensions to the original Haseman‐Elston method) are special cases, corresponding to different choices for a working covariance matrix. We also show that the regression‐based test of Sham et al. ([2002] Am. J. Hum. Genet. 71:238–253) is equivalent to a robust score statistic derived from our GEE approach. These results have several important implications. First, this work provides new insight regarding the connection between these methods. Second, asymptotic approximations for power and sample size allow clear comparisons regarding the relative efficiency of the different methods. Third, our general framework suggests important extensions to the Haseman‐Elston approach which make more complete use of the data in extended pedigrees and allow a natural incorporation of environmental and other covariates. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.