bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of progesterone on prostaglandin F2α secretion and outcome of pregnancy during cloprostenol-induced abortion in mares
Authors: Daels Peter F. , Besognet Bruno , Hansen Betty , Mohammed Hussni , Odensvik Kristina , Kindahl Hans 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To determine the role of progesterone in the regulation of endogenous prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) secretion during cloprostenol-induced abortion and to investigate use of progestins to prevent prostaglandin-associated abortion.

Animals
16 pregnant mares.

Procedure
To induce abortion, cloprostenol (250 μg/d) was administered daily until fetal expulsion or for up to 5 days. In experiment 1, 8 mares, 98 to 153 days’ pregnant, received progesterone (300 mg/d) at 24-hour intervals for 5 days, starting 18 hours after the first cloprostenol administration. In experiment 2, 8 mares, 93 to 115 days’ pregnant, received altrenogest (44 mg/d) at 24-hour intervals, starting 12 hours after the first cloprostenol administration. Historic control mares, 82 to 102 days’ pregnant, received cloprostenol (250 μg/d) daily until fetal expulsion.

Results
In control mares, fetal expulsion occurred after 2 to 3 cloprostenol administrations and was associated with significant increases in PGF2α secretion. Abortion did not occur in 5 of 8 progesterone-treated mares and 8 of 8 altrenogest-treated mares, and endogenous PGF2α secretion was inhibited, compared with values in aborting mares.

Conclusion
Circulating progestogen concentrations may have a role in the outcome of pregnancy during prostaglandin-induced abortion. Altered prostaglandin secretion may be a reflection of a direct effect of progesterone or may be caused by the abortion process.

Clinical Relevance
Progestogens might be useful for prevention of abortion in mares in which pregnancy is at risk owing to diseases that are associated with excess prostaglandin secretion. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1331-1337)
Quantification of phenylbutazone in equine sera by use of high-performance liquid chromatography with a nonevaporative extraction technique
Authors: Peck K. E. , Ray A. C. , Manuel G. , Rao M. M. , Foos J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To develop a sensitive, rugged high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the measurement of phenylbutazone (PBZ) in equine sera, using a rapid, nonevaporative extraction technique.

Sample Population
Sera from 5 nonexercising adult horses.

Procedure
After addition of sodium chloride and acetonitrile to serum samples, reverse-phase HPLC analysis for PBZ and oxyphenbutazone (OXY) was performed directly on extracts, using diode array UV spectrophotometric detection. Probenecid was used as an internal standard. Data were evaluated by standard means of statistical analysis.

Results
Recoveries of PBZ, OXY, and probenecid from spiked samples were acceptable (ie, ≥ 80%) and within-run retention times were reproducible. Chromatograms were free of interfering substances, and linearity of calibration curves was observed throughout operational ranges. Coefficients of variation at each fortified PBZ concentration were in the 5 to 10% range. The method was applicable to analysis of PBZ and OXY in serum extracts from horses dosed with PBZ (4.4 mg/kg of body weight, IV) in a controlled environment. Track samples analyzed by use of this method and a conventional liquid/liquid extraction method gave comparable results (mean deviation, 1.6%) for PBZ concentrations.

Conclusion
The HPLC protocol described is suitable for measuring PBZ and OXY in equine sera to regulate PBZ administration in horses involved in parimutuel racing. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1522–1524)
Effect of bethanechol or erythromycin on gastric emptying in horses
Authors: Ringger N. C. , Lester G. D. , Neuwirth L. , Merritt A. M. , Vetro T. , Harrison J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To investigate the prokinetic effect of bethanechol and erythromycin in the upper gastrointestinal tract of healthy horses by measuring the gastric emptying (GE) rate of a radioactive meal.

Animals
4 healthy adult horses.

Procedure
After food was withheld for 12 hours, horses were given 370 MBq of 99mTc-labeled sulfur colloid incorporated into egg albumen and 37 MBq of 111In-labeled diethyltriaminepentaacetic acid in 120 ml of water via nasogastric intubation. Intravenously administered treatments were 0.9% NaCl solution, erythromycin (0.1 or 1.0 mg/kg of body weight), or bethanechol (0.25 mg/kg). All drugs were given in 10 ml of 0.9% NaCl solution. Dualphase scintigraphic images were obtained by use of a gamma camera. The best-fit function was determined for each study, and the resultant curves were then analyzed by use of least squares nonlinear regression. Two variables, time to 50% emptying of the stomach (T-50) and slope of the emptying curve, were derived from the calculated power exponential equation.

Conclusions
Treatment had a significant (P < 0.05) overall effect on T-50 of solid-phase GE. The T-50 of bethanechol (30.09 ± 10.01 minutes), erythromycin at 0.1 mg/kg (59.08 ± 10.01 minutes), and erythromycin at 1 mg/kg (60.50 ± 10.01 minutes) were significantly shorter than T-50 after saline administration (89.97 ± 10.01 minutes). There was a trend (P = 0.09) for the slope of solid-phase GE of bethanechol and erythromycin (0.1 mg/kg; P = 0.37) to be steeper than that of saline solution. For liquid-phase GE, the T-50 and the slope of bethanechol differed significantly (P < 0.05) from those for saline solution.

Clinical Relevance
Bethanechol and erythromycin significantly increased solid-phase GE in healthy horses and may have value for use as prokinetic agents in certain gastrointestinal tract diseases. (Am J Vet Res 1996;57:1771–1775)
Effect of treatment with erythromycin on bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cell populations in foals
Authors: Lakritz Jeffrey , Wilson W. David , Watson Johanna L. , Hyde Dallas M. , Mihalyi Judy , Plopper Charles G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether oral administration of erythromycin alters the inflammatory response to bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in young horses.

Animals
12 healthy, unweaned, mixed-breed foals of either sex, between 2 and 4 months old.

Procedure
BAL was performed; 250 ml of phosphate-buffered saline solution (300 mOsm, pH 7.4) was administered in 50-ml aliquots. Foals were carefully monitored for 4 days, then erythromycin base (25 mg/kg of body weight, PO, q 12 h) was given to foals of the treated group. After 4 days, foals were re-anesthetized, and the same lung was relavaged. Cytologic examination was performed on BAL fluid (BALF) samples from both groups of foals. At 12 hours after administration of the final dose, erythromycin A and anhydroerythromycin A concentrations were determined in plasma of treated foals.

Results
In the second BALF sample from the same lung of control foals, percentage of neutrophils was significantly increased (3 ± 38.0%), compared with that from erythromycin-treated foals (4.88 ± 3.66%, P < 0.05), and was associated with apparent decrease in the ability of BALF cells from erythromycin-treated foals to migrate toward a chemoattractant source. Significantly fewer BALF cells adhered to a cell culture substratum after erythromycin treatment of foals. Erythromycin A was not detected in plasma of any treated foal at the time of the second BAL; anhydroerythromycin A, a degradation product of erythromycin, was detected in plasma of 5 of 6 foals (mean concentration, 0.2 ± 0.06 µg/ml).

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
BAL induces neutrophilic inflammation, which persists for at least 4 days in the lungs of young horses. Erythromycni (25 mg/kg, PO, q 12 h) diminishes this inflammatory response through a mechanism that may involve alteration of BALF cell function. Degradation of erythromycin to biologically active products or presence of parent drug in pulmonary secretions may be responsible for alterations in pulmonary lavage cell Chemotaxis and adherence. Erythromycin administered orally to foals at clinically relevant doses appears to have nonantimicrobial effects that may interfere with host cell metabolism and decrease inflammatory reponses in airways. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:56–61)
Detection of antibodies to Salmonella lipopolysaccharide in muscle fluid from cattle
Authors: Hoorfar J. , Wedderkopp A. , Lind P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To compare muscle fluid with serum samples for detection of antibodies to Salmonella lipopolysaccharide.

Sample Population
Muscle fluid and serum samples from 2 cattle populations: 1 from the island of Bornholm with no history of salmonellosis (n = 39), and the other from the S dublin-enzootic areas of Jutland (n = 144).

Procedure
Salmonella dublin (O:1,9,12), S typhimu-rium (O:1,4,5,12), and Salmonella O:9-blocking ELISA were used for testing the samples.

Results
In the S dublin ELISA, all serum and muscle fluid samples from cattle on the island of Bornholm had OD450 values well below the cutoff value (0.5). For samples obtained from cattle in the enzootic areas of Jutland, high correlation was found between serum and muscle fluid samples (rs = 0.89, P < 0.001). In addition, 19% (28/144) of the cattle had ELISA-positive muscle fluid and serum samples; 2% (3/144) had positive results for muscle fluid only, whereas 1 animal had positive results for serum only (κ = 0.91, P < 0.0001; sensitivity and specificity of 97%). The same samples had similar significant correlation in the S typhimurium ELISA (rs = 0.88, P < 0.001, κ = 0.7, P < 0.001; sensitivity of 73% and specificity of 98%) and the O:9-blocking ELISA (rs = 0.49, P < 0.001).

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
Muscle fluid samples taken at slaughter can be used as a practical alternative to serum samples for surveillance of Salmonella infections in cattle. (Am J Vet Res I997;58;334-337)
Three-dimensional culture of canine articular chondrocytes on multiple transplantable substrates
Authors: Cook James L. , Kreeger John M. , Payne John T. , Tomlinson James L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine the effects of transplantable substrates on canine chondrocytes grown in three-dimensional culture.

Animals
3 canine cadavers.

Procedure
Articular cartilage harvested from canine cadavers was used to obtain chondrocytes for primary culture. Subcultured chondrocytes were grown in agarose alone (AG), or in agarose on canine cancellous bone (CB), polypropylene mesh, or oxidized regenerated cellulose substrate. Cell proliferation, proteoglycan and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) production, and collagen production were assessed on days 3, 6, 10, 15 and 20.

Results
Chondrocytes from groups AG and CB proliferated and produced matrix over the entire 20-day study period. Group-CB chondrocytes had significantly more GAG than did chondrocytes of all other groups on days 6 (P = 0.0297) and 15 (P = 0.00272). Those of groups AG and CB contained significantly (P = 0.0235) more GAG on day 20. Chondrocytes of the polypropylene mesh group proliferated and produced matrix through day 10 in culture, but were no longer viable and had no matrix production on days 15 and 20. Regenerated cellulose appeared to be toxic to canine chondrocytes during all stages of in vitro three-dimensional culture.

Conclusions
Three-dimensional culture of canine chondrocytes in agarose appears to produce favorable results with respect to chondrocyte proliferation and matrix production. Canine CB appears to have beneficial effects with regard to early GAG synthesis. Polypropylene mesh and oxidized regenerated cellulose had detrimental effects on cellular proliferation and matrix production. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:419–424)
Effect of transportation on the composition of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from horses
Authors: Hobo Seiji , Oikawa Masa-aki , Kuwano Atsutoshi , Yoshida Kohei , Yoshihara Toyohiko 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To study the effects of extended transportation on the composition of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) obtained from horses.

Animals
30 horses (14 males, 16 females; 25 Thoroughbreds and 5 Thoroughbred-Arabian crossbreds; 27 to 30 months old) without a history or clinical signs of respiratory tract disease. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed on nontransported control horses (groups 1 and 2) and transported horses (group 3).

Procedure
20 horses were used to determine the effect of 41 hours of transportation on the composition of BALF (group 3). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was analyzed for recovered volume, number and distribution of nucleated cells, total protein and phospholipid concentrations, and phospholipid composition.

Results
Total number of nucleated cells in BALF from group-3 horses increased by approximately fourfold after transportation. Total protein concentration in BALF from group-3 horses also increased by approximately fivefold after transportation. Total phosphorus concentrations in group-3 horses decreased significantly from time 0 to immediately after transportation. In group-3 horses, the most characteristic change in composition of BALF after transport was a significant decrease in the concentration of phosphatidylglycerol.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance
The decrease in phosphatidylglycerol concentration in BALF after transportation indicates a reduction in the quantity of surfactant. This change may reflect either a decreased production of surfactant by alveolar type II epithelial cells or an increased removal of surfactant from the alveolar region. It is likely that extended transportation resulted in a decreased concentration of surfactant in BALF. Such a decrease may reduce the pulmonary defence mechanisms in the alveolar region, possibly resulting in infection. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:531–534)
Hyaluronate concentration in tracheal lavage fluid from clinically normal horses and horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Tulamo Riitta-Mari , Maisi Päivi 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To establish concentration of hyaluronate (HA) in tracheal lavage fluid from healthy horses and horses with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Animals and Samples
Tracheal lavage fluid samples (n = 42) from 18 horses, 11 with COPD, and 7 control horses.

Procedure
Clinical examination of the respiratory tract, tracheal lavage, and blood sample collection were performed on horses without clinical signs of respiratory tract disease and horses with clinical signs of COPD. In some horses, 1 to 5 repeated examinations were performed at 1-week intervals. Tracheal lavage fluid samples were analyzed for cell numbers, and urea concentration (made in parallel with serum samples to evaluate sample dilution effect); HA was determined by radiometric assay.

Results
Mean (± SEM) HA concentration in tracheal lavage fluid samples was significantly (P = 0.005) higher in horses with COPD (1,880 [± 309] μg/L), compared with that in control horses (256 [± 72] μg/L). The increase in HA concentration in tracheal lavage fluid of COPD-affected horses was verified by repeated sample collection and analysis.

Conclusions
In horses with chronic respiratory tract inflammation such as COPD, tracheal lavage fluid HA concentration is about 7 times higher than reference values. High HA concentration in the tracheal or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid may reflect pathophysiologic changes in connective tissue around bronchi and bronchioli, leading to continuous increased production of HA in horses with advanced forms of COPD.

Clinical Relevance
Determination of tracheal lavage fluid HA concentration may be used as a marker of chronic inflammatory changes in the COPD-affected lung. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:729–732)
Effects of tromethamine buffer on coagulation variables and ionized calcium concentration in dogs
Authors: Moon P. F. , Barr S. C. , Erb H. N. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate coagulation variables in 2 groups of dogs after tromethamine administration.

Animals
13 Beagles.

Procedures
Both groups of dogs received a 30-minute IV infusion of 10 ml of 0.3M tromethamine/kg of body weight. In unsedated dogs (group 1, n = 8), prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, normalized ionized calcium concentration, platelet numbers, and platelet function were measured prior to treatment, at the end of the infusion, and 1 hour after the infusion. In xylazine-sedated dogs (group 2, n = 5), buccal mucosal bleeding time and plasma percentage of von Willebrand factor antigen were measured before and 1 hour after infusion, and fibrin degradation products concentration was measured 1 hour after infusion. Platelet function was assessed by determining platelet aggregation and by measuring ATP release from the aggregating platelets over 6 minutes, using a whole blood aggregometer, with 20, 10, and 5 μM ADP and 5 and 10 μg of collagen/ml as platelet activation agonists.

Results
There was no significant change in any of the variables measured in either group of dogs, compared with baseline values.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
When administered to healthy dogs, tromethamine does not change the coagulation indices measured. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:777–780)
Comparison of nested polymerase chain reaction, virus isolation, and fluorescent antibody testing for identifying feline herpesvirus in cats with conjunctivitis
Authors: Stiles Jean , McDermott Michelle , Willis Michelle , Roberts Wayne , Greene Craig 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To compare nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), virus isolation (VI), and fluorescent antibody (FA) testing to detect feline herpesvirus (FHV) in cats with naturally acquired conjunctivitis or respiratory tract disease, or both.

Samples
Swab and microbrush specimens from the conjunctiva and throat were taken from 46 cats, allotted to 3 groups (conjunctivitis only, respiratory tract disease and conjunctivitis, and clinically normal).

Procedure
Cells from microbrush specimens were digested and herpesvirus DNA was amplified, using a double round of PCR. Products were detected by use of agarose gel electrophoresis. The VI and FA tests were performed in routine manner.

Results
Of 16 cats with conjunctivitis only, conjunctival specimens from 8 and throat specimens from 8 were FHV positive by PCR. None had positive results of VI or FA testing. Of 15 cats with respiratory tract disease and conjunctivitis, conjunctival specimens from 13 and throat specimens from 12 were FHV positive by PCR. A conjunctival specimen from 1 cat and throat specimens from 3 cats were FHV positive by VI. A conjunctival specimen from 1 cat was FHV positive by FA testing. Of 15 clinically normal cats, conjunctival and throat specimens from 2 cats were FHV positive by PCR; neither conjunctival nor throat specimens from these cats were FHV positive by VI or FA testing.

Conclusion
For cats with respiratory tract disease and conjunctivitis, or with conjunctivitis only, nested PCR was more sensitive at detecting FHV than was VI or FA testing.

Clinical Relevance
Nested PCR is a more sensitive test than the currently available VI and FA tests for identifying FHV in cats with conjunctivitis. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:804–807)
Distribution of glycoconjugates in the uterine tube (oviduct) of horses
Authors: Ball Barry A. , Dobrinski Ina , Fagnan Molly Sue , Thomas Philip G. A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To examine glycoconjugates in the isthmic and ampullar regions of the uterine tube (oviduct) of horses during estrus, diestrus, and pregnancy.

Sample Population
Oviductal samples from 17 mares.

Procedure
Oviducts were collected during estrus (n = 3), diestrus (n = 3), or pregnancy (n = 3), embedded, and snap frozen in liquid nitrogen. Frozen sections (5 to 6 μm in thickness) were stained with 100 μg/ml of fluorescein-isothiocyanate-conjugated lectin (30 min at 38.5 C) and were evaluated by use of epifluorescence microscopy and video image analysis. Specificity of lectins was established by blocking with the corresponding carbohydrate. Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA)-affinity studies on western blots of oviductal lavage fluid, oviductal explant conditioned media, and apical membrane proteins from isthmic and ampullar regions of oviducts were used to identify glycoproteins with galactosyl residues.

Results
Use of 4 lectins resulted in differential labeling of the luminal surface of the oviductal epithelium. Both DBA and soybean agglutinin labeled the apical epithelium of the isthmus, but not the ampullar oviduct. Soybean agglutinin resulted in more-intensely labeled epithelium in the isthmic region of oviducts during estrus and pregnancy than during diestrus. The DBA labeled a number of glycoproteins in conditioned media from both regions of the oviduct. These glycoproteins ranged from 14 to 200 kd, with major glycoproteins identified at 31 and 57 kd.

Conclusions
The predominant glycoconjugates in the oviduct of horses are galactosyl residues. There are regional differences in the distribution of these galactosyl glycoconjugates in the isthmic and ampullar oviduct. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:816–822)
Effect of combined staphylectomy and laryngotomy on upper airway mechanics in clinically normal horses
Authors: O'Rielly Jennette L. , Beard Warren L. , Renn Timothy N. , Padden Andrew J. , Hinchcliff Kenneth W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To investigate the effect of combined staphylectomy and laryngotomy on upper airway mechanics in clinically normal horses running on a treadmill.

Animals
6 Standardbreds.

Procedure
Upper airway mechanics were measured with horses trotting or pacing on a treadmill at 5, 8, and 10 m/s before and 6 weeks after combined staphylectomy and laryngotomy. Pharyngeal and tracheal inspiratory and expiratory pressure were measured by use of transnasal tracheal and pharyngeal side hole catheters connected to differential pressure transducers. A pneumotachograph mounted on the rostral end of an airtight face mask was used to measure airflow.

Results
Upper airway and translaryngeal inspiratory impedances were higher, respiratory rate was decreased, and inspiratory time was longer (P < 0.05) at all speeds after staphylectomy and laryngotomy.

Conclusion
Combined staphylectomy and laryngotomy significantly affects upper airway mechanics in clinically normal horses.

Clinical Relevance
Because combined staphylectomy and laryngotomy exerts a potentially adverse effect on upper airway mechanics in clinically normal horses, the procedure should only be performed when it is clearly indicated. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1018–1021)