bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protease inhibitors potentiate chemotherapy-induced neutropenia
Authors: Bower Mark , McCall-Peat Neil , Ryan Natalie , Davies Liz , Young Anne Marie , Gupta Srirupa , Nelson Mark , Gazzard Brian , Stebbing Justin 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Pharmacokinetic interactions between chemotherapy and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) are described, but there are few data on their clinical relevance. Patients with systemic AIDS-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma (ARL) were treated with concomitant HAART and infusional cyclophosphamide-doxorubicin-etoposide (CDE) chemotherapy. We compared neutropenia according to whether patients received protease inhibitor (PI)-based HAART or non-PI regimens. Differences in survival, response rates, immunologic parameters, and virologic parameters were also investigated. The day-10 (Mann-Whitney U test; P = .012) and day-14 (P = .025) neutrophil counts were significantly lower in patients receiving PIs, though there were no differences in the number of days of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) administered between groups (P = .16). Grade 3 or 4 infections requiring hospitalization were recorded for a total of 58 (31%) of 190 cycles of CDE: 23 (48%) of 48 when prescribed PIs and 35 (25%) of 142 with concomitant PI-sparing HAART (χ2 test; P = .0025). There were no statistically significant differences in the response rates, relapse-free survival, or disease-free survival between patients receiving PIs and those not receiving PIs. PI-based HAART appears to significantly potentiate the myelotoxicity of CDE chemotherapy. This potentiation may be a consequence of microsomal enzyme inhibition reducing the metabolism of cytotoxics in this regimen.
Efficacy, safety and tolerability of an orally administered cannabis extract in the treatment of spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study
Authors: Vaney C , Heinzel-Gutenbrunner M , Jobin P , Tschopp F , Gattlen B , Hagen U , Schnelle M , Reif M 
Published: July 2004

Objective: Cannabis may alleviate some symptoms associated with multiple sclerosis (MS). This study investigated the effect of an orally administered standardized Cannabis sativa plant extract in MS patients with poorly controlled spasticity. Methods: During their inpatient rehabilitation programme, 57 patients were enrolled in a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study of cannabis-extract capsules standardized to 2.5 mg tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and 0.9 mg cannabidiol (CBD) each. Patients in group A started with a drug escalation phase from 15 to maximally 30 mg THC by 5 mg per day if well tolerated, being on active medication for 14 days before starting placebo. Patients in group B started with placebo for seven days, crossed to the active period (14 days) and closed with a three-day placebo period (active drug dose escalation and placebo sham escalation as in group A). Measures used included daily self-report of spasm frequency and symptoms, Ashworth Scale, Rivermead Mobility Index, 10-m timed walk, nine-hole peg test, paced auditory serial addition test (PASAT), and the digit span test. Results: In the 50 patients included into the intention-to-treat analysis set, there were no statistically significant differences associated with active treatment compared to placebo, but trends in favour of active treatment were seen for spasm frequency, mobility and getting to sleep. In the 37 patients (per-protocol set) who received at least 90% of their prescribed dose, improvements in spasm frequency (P- 0.013) and mobility after excluding a patient who fell and stopped walking were seen (P- 0.01). Minor adverse events were slightly more frequent and severe during active treatment, and toxicity symptoms, which were generally mild, were more pronounced in the active phase. Conclusion: A standardized Cannabis sativa plant extract might lower spasm frequency and increase mobility with tolerable side effects in MS patients with persistent spasticity not responding to other drugs.
Plasma Ghrelin in Obesity before and after Weight Loss after Laparoscopical Adjustable Gastric Banding
Authors: Hanusch-Enserer Ursula , Cauza Edmund , Brabant Georg , Dunky Attila , Rosen Harald , Pacini Giovanni , Tüchler Heinz , Prager Rudolf , Roden Michael 
Published: July 2004

AbstractWeight reduction after gastric bypass surgery has been attributed to a decrease of the orexigenic peptide ghrelin, which may be regulated by insulin and leptin. This study examined effects of long-term weight loss after laparoscopical adjustable gastric banding on plasma ghrelin and leptin concentrations and their relationship with insulin action. Severely obese patients (15 women, three men, 36 ± 12 yr) underwent clinical examinations every 3 months and modified oral glucose tolerance tests to assess parameters of insulin sensitivity and secretion every 6 months. After surgery, body mass index fell from 45.3 ± 5.3 to 37.2 ± 5.3 and 33.6 ± 5.5 kg/m2 at 6 and 12 months, respectively (P &lt; 0.0001). This was associated with lower (P &lt; 0.0001) plasma glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, waist circumference, and blood pressure. Plasma leptin decreased from 27.6 ± 9.5 to 17.7 ± 9.8 (P = 0.0005) and 12.7 ± 5.1 ng/ml (P &lt; 0.0001). Plasma ghrelin was comparable before and at 6 months (234 ± 53; 232 ± 53 pmol/liter) but increased at 12 months (261 ± 72 pmol/liter; P = 0.05 vs. 6 months). At 6 and 12 months, ghrelin levels correlated negatively with fasting plasma insulin levels and hepatic insulin extraction but not with body mass or insulin action.In conclusion, prolonged weight loss results in a rise of fasting ghrelin concentrations that correlates with fasting insulin concentrations but not improvement of insulin sensitivity.
Longitudinal Study on Growth and Body Mass Index before and after Diagnosis of Childhood Craniopharyngioma
Authors: Müller Hermann L. , Emser Angela , Faldum Andreas , Bruhnken Gina , Etavard-Gorris Nicole , Gebhardt Ursel , Oeverink Rudolf , Kolb Reinhard , Sörensen Niels 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
We analyzed whether childhood craniopharyngioma predisposes to obesity and growth impairment. Height/length, body mass index (BMI), and hypothalamic involvement were evaluated in 90 patients at standardized ages and time points before, after, and at the time of diagnosis. Relevant decreases in height sd score (SDS) started at 10–12 months of age and persisted until diagnosis of childhood craniopharyngioma. Relevant increases in BMI SDS were detectable between 4 and 5 yr of age. Postoperative BMI SDS (yr 1–6) had a weak positive correlation with BMI SDS at the time of diagnosis. In linear regression analysis, hypothalamic tumor involvement (P &lt; 0.001), ponderal index at birth (P = 0.014), and BMI SDS at age 6–7 months (P = 0.029) and at age 5 yr (P &lt; 0.001) had relevant and independent impacts on the development of obesity. Patients with hypothalamic involvement (n = 48) presented lower ponderal index and BMI SDS at birth and higher BMI SDS at the time of diagnosis (P &lt; 0.001) as well as during annual follow-up (P &lt; 0.001) compared with patients without hypothalamic involvement (n = 42). From childhood (3.5–4 yr) to the time of diagnosis, growth rates were reduced for patients with hypothalamic tumor involvement. Patients without hypothalamic involvement presented reduced growth rates in early infancy (age 10–12 months) that persisted until diagnosis. We conclude that reduced growth rates occur quite early in history; BMI SDS increases occur later and are predictive of obesity. Hypothalamic involvement is the major risk factor for obesity in patients with childhood craniopharyngioma.
Impaired Leydig Cell Function in Infertile Men: A Study of 357 Idiopathic Infertile Men and 318 Proven Fertile Controls
Authors: Andersson A.-M. , Jørgensen N. , Frydelund-Larsen L. , Rajpert-De Meyts E. , Skakkebæk N. E. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractTo investigate whether an impaired Leydig cell function is present in severely oligospermic men, serum testosterone (T), LH, estradiol (E2), and SHBG levels in 357 idiopathic infertile men were compared with levels in 318 proven fertile men. In addition, the T/LH ratio, E2/T ratio, and calculated free T index (cFT) were compared between the two groups.A shift toward lower serum T levels, cFT, and T/LH ratio and higher serum LH, E2, and E2/T levels was observed in the group of infertile men. On average, the infertile men had 18, 26, and 34% lower serum T, cFT, and T/LH levels, respectively, and 19, 18, and 33% higher serum LH, E2, and E2/T levels, respectively, than the fertile men. Twelve percent of the infertile men had a serum T level that fell below the 2.5 percentile of the fertile levels, and 15% of the infertile men had a LH level that was above the 97.5 percentile of the fertile levels.Thus, the group of infertile men showed significant signs of impaired Leydig cell function in parallel to their impaired spermatogenesis. The association of decreased spermatogenesis and impaired Leydig cell function might reflect a disturbed paracrine communication between the seminiferous epithelium and the Leydig cells, triggered by distorted function of the seminiferous epithelium. On the other hand, the parallel impairment of spermatogenesis and Leydig cells may reflect a congenital dysfunction of both compartments caused by a testicular dysgenesis during fetal/infant development.
Protein-Tyrosine Phosphatase, Nonreceptor Type 11 Mutation Analysis and Clinical Assessment in 45 Patients with Noonan Syndrome
Authors: Yoshida Rie , Hasegawa Tomonobu , Hasegawa Yukihiro , Nagai Toshiro , Kinoshita Eiichi , Tanaka Yoko , Kanegane Hirokazu , Ohyama Kenji , Onishi Toshikazu , Hanew Kunihiko , Okuyama Torayuki , Horikawa Reiko , Tanaka Toshiaki , Ogata Tsutomu 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
We report on PTPN11 (protein-tyrosine phosphatase, nonreceptor type 11) mutation analysis and clinical assessment in 45 patients with Noonan syndrome. Sequence analysis was performed for all of the coding exons 1–15 of PTPN11, revealing a novel 3-bp deletion mutation and 10 recurrent missense mutations in 18 patients. Clinical assessment showed that 1) the growth pattern was similar in mutation-positive and mutation-negative patients, with no significant difference in birth length [−0.6 ± 2.2 sd (n = 10) vs. −0.6 ± 1.4 sd (n = 21); P = 0.95], childhood height [−2.6 ± 1.1 sd (n = 14) vs. −2.1 ± 1.6 sd (n = 23); P = 0.28], or target height [−0.4 ± 0.9 sd (n = 14) vs. −0.2 ± 0.7 sd (n = 17); P = 0.52]; 2) pulmonary valve stenosis was more frequent in mutation-positive patients than in mutation-negative patients (10 of 18 vs. 6 of 27; P = 0.02), as was atrial septal defect (10 of 18 vs. 4 of 27; P = 0.005), whereas hypertrophic cardiomyopathy was present in five mutation-negative patients only; and 3) other features were grossly similar in the prevalence between mutation-positive and mutation-negative patients, but hematological abnormalities, such as bleeding diathesis and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, were exclusively present in mutation-positive patients (5 of 18 vs. 0 of 27; P = 0.007). The results suggest that PTPN11 mutations account for approximately 40% of Noonan syndrome patients, as has been reported previously. Furthermore, assessment of clinical features, in conjunction with data reported previously, implies that the type of cardiovascular lesions and the occurrence of hematological abnormalities are different in mutation-positive and mutation-negative patients, whereas the remaining findings are similar in the two groups of patients.
Medication Adherence and Associated Hemoglobin A1c in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Krapek Kimberley , King Kathleen , Warren Susan S , George Karen G , Caputo Dorothy A , Mihelich Karen , Holst Elizabeth M , Nichol Michael B , Shi Sheng G , Livengood Kevin B , Walden Steve , Lubowski Teresa J 
Published: July 2004

BACKGROUND: Tight blood glucose control has been correlated with a reduction in diabetes complications. Adherence to antidiabetic medications is crucial to achieving blood glucose control. OBJECTIVE: To assess the relationship between good glucose control [glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels] and adherence to prescribed treatment in patients on a stable medication regimen for type 2 diabetes. METHODS: The Morisky survey, a 4–item questionnaire that predicts patient medication-taking behavior, was used to assess adherence in 301 patients. The relationship of HbA1c to Morisky score was evaluated, controlling for other variables related to patient demographics and clinical characteristics. Data were analyzed using a general linear model on log (HbA1c). RESULTS: Unadjusted mean HbA1c values (capped at 14.0%) for patients with Morisky scores of 0 or 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 8.92%, 8.67%, 7.74%, and 7.60%, respectively. Of all patients, 13.0%, 14.0%, 24.3%, and 48.8% had scores of 0 or 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Good adherence (Morisky score ≥3) was associated with a 10% lower total HbA1c (p = 0.0003) adjusted for all other factors in the model. Duration of diabetes (5–10 y) and presence of diabetes complications were also significantly associated with HbA1c (p = 0.026 and 0.002, respectively). Adherence was poor in 27% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that patients with a higher score on the Morisky scale had a lower associated HbA1c measurement. The Morisky score may be an efficient tool for identifying patients with poor medication-taking behavior who can then be targeted for directed adherence counseling services.
Fluorine Compounds, Inorganic, Ammonium
Authors: Papcun John R. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThere are two fluoride salts of ammonia: ammonium fluoride, principally a laboratory reagent, and ammonium bifluoride, used primarily as a less hazardous substitute for hydrofluoric acid. In addition to frosting glass, uses of the bifluoride include removing scale from boiler tubes and defouling oil wells. Properties, manufacture, and applications are described.Lithium fluoride resembles the alkaline‐earth fluorides more closely than the alkali metal fluorides. It is used primarily in the ceramics industry. Properties and manufacture are described.Magnesium fluoride has a very low chemical reactivity and high optical transparency. It finds application in uv windows. Properties and manufacture are described.The two stable potassium fluoride salts, potassium fluoride and potassium bifluoride, both have commercial value. The former as a flux, in electroplating, and in synthesis; the latter as a flux and in the manufacture of fluorine. Properties and manufacture are described.
Fluorine Compounds, Inorganic, Antimony
Authors: Mahmood Tariq , Lindahl Charles B. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAntimony and arsenic both form a trifluoride and a pentafluoride as well as a very stable hexafluoroantimonate and a hexafluoroarsenate ion, respectively. The chemistry of antimony fluoride compounds is well studied. Antimony trifluoride is used as a mild fluorinating agent for the production of fluorocarbons and for nonmetals and metals for the replacement of other halides. It is also used in the manufacture of fluoride glass. Antimony pentafluoride is a moderate fluorinating agent and a powerful oxidizer. It is used to saturate double bonds and in the production of intercalated compounds of graphite. It is also used to produce superacid systems. Anhydrous metal salts can be used as uv catalysts for the production of polymers.Arsenic trifluoride is used as a fluorinating agent, in semiconductors, and in the synthesis of hexafluoroarsenates. Arsenic pentafluoride is used as a fluorinating agent, in ion implantation, and to produce conductive polymers. However, environmental and regulatory concerns have severely limited these applications.
Fluorine Compounds, Inorganic, Barium
Authors: Mahmood Tariq , Lindahl Charles B. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Barium fluoride is used commercially in combination with other fluorides for arc welding, electrode fluxes, and in the manufacture of fluorophosphate glasses and infrared transmitting windows. Properties and preparation methods are given.
Boron trifluoride is widely used as an acid catalyst, especially for the production of petroleum and polymer products, such as in the manufacture of synthetic lubricants and in the preparation of hydrocarbon resins. Boron trifluoride is also finding increased use as a chemical reagent in the synthesis of boron‐containing materials of various types.
Reactions of boron trifluoride are outlined. The types of complexes formed between boron trifluoride and oxygen‐containing compounds, as well as other complexing agents, are discussed. Methods of handling boron trifluoride are described.
Fluorine Compounds, Inorganic, Boron Trifluoride
Authors: Evans Francis , Mani Ganpat 
Published: July 2004

AbstractFluoroboric acid and the fluoroborates are commercially important to a variety of industries. The acid is used in plating circuits, in metal finishing, in the production of aluminum, and as an acid catalyst. Main group metal and ammonium fluoroborates find use as fluxes, as catalysts, and in flame‐retardant manufacture. Transition‐ and other heavy‐metal fluoroborate salts are used in the plating industry and as catalysts. Properties and manufacture are described.
Fluorine Compounds, Inorganic, Copper
Authors: Meshri Dayal T. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract

Copper(II) fluoride forms several stable fluorides, all of which are interconvertible. Several methods of synthesis for CuF
2
have been reported and result in good yields.

Copper(II) fluoride is used as a fluorinating reagent, in superconductors, as a cathode material, for skeletal rearrangements of olefins, for isomerization, as a herbicide and termite repellant, as a catalyst, and for synthesis of heterocyclic tetraaromatics. Physical properties are discussed.
Desiccants
Authors: Cohen Alan P. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractDesiccants are classified by four drying mechanim: chemical reaction, physical absorption with constant relative humidity, physical absorption with variable relative humidity, and physical adsorption. Desiccants are further categorized by their use in static or dynamic drying applications. Various desiccants are discussed. Testing the compatibility of desiccants with the material being dried is briefly covered. The water capacity of some static desiccants and the efficiency (or effectiveness) of various desiccants in drying air and laboratory solvents are discussed. The dynamics of closed‐system drying is covered in some detail.Desiccants used in dynamic applications include both liquids (sulfuric acid, glycols) and solids (activated alumina, silica gel, molecular sieves). Solid adsorbent drying systems with multiple beds are described. The use of adsorption equilibrium plots and the influence of desiccant properties on mass transfer and useful dryer capacity is covered. The factors affecting cost‐effectiveness of desiccants are discussed, and some market data are given for solid adsorbent desiccants. Finally, the emerging uses of desiccants for energy storage and cooling are mentioned.
Fluorine Compounds, Inorganic, Fluoroboric Acid and Fluoroborates
Authors: Papcun John R. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractFluoroboric acid and the fluoroborates are commercially important to a variety of industries. The acid is used in plating circuits, in metal finishing, in the production of aluminum, and as an acid catalyst. Main group metal and ammonium fluoroborates find use as fluxes, as catalysts, and in flame‐retardant manufacture. Transition‐ and other heavy‐metal fluoroborate salts are used in the plating industry and as catalysts. Properties and manufacture are described.
Fluorine Compounds, Inorganic, Germanium
Authors: Mahmood Tariq , Lindahl Charles B. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractGermanium forms both a difluoride and a tetrafluoride as well as stable trifluorogermanite and hexafluorogermanite ions. Germanium difluoride is a white solid with mp 110C. It can be prepared by the reduction of GeF4by metallic Ge and by the reaction of stoichiometric amounts of Ge and HF. Germanium tetrafluoride is a gas that fumes strongly in air. It can be prepared by the thermal decomposition of BaGeF6or direct fluorination of Ge. GeF4is used in ion implantation to make semiconductor chips. It also acts as a Lewis acid to form complexes with many donor molecules.
Tetrachloroethylene
Authors: Hickman J. C. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract

Tetrachloroethylene [127‐18‐4], perchloroethylene, tetrachloroethene, CCl
2
+
= CCl
2
, commonly referred to as “perc,” is widely used in the dry‐cleaning industry as well as metal cleaning and vapor degreasing because of its excellent solvent properties. It has no flash point or flammable limits in air or oxygen. It is currently used as the feedstock in the production of CFC 113 (trichlorotrifluoroethane), but this end use will decline as CFC production is phased out under the Montreal Protocol. Demand for tetrachloroethylene was reported to be 610 thousand metric tons in 1987 worldwide. This article includes the physical and chemical properties of tetrachloroethylene, historical production and sales data within the United States, manufacturing locations and processes, as well as typical quality specifications. In addition, safety and toxicological considerations and environmental regulations pertinent to tetrachloroethylene are reviewed.
Trichloroethylene
Authors: Mertens James A. 
Published: July 2004

Abstract
Trichloroethylene, commonly referred to as “tri”, is a widely used vapor‐degreasing solvent. In recent years its popularity has fallen in favor of 1,1,1‐trichloroethane, mostly because of environmental restrictions on its use. Trichloroethylene has excellent solvency properties for a large number of natural and synthetic substances. This article includes physical and chemical properties, production, and use information. In addition, safety, toxicological, and environmental regulations pertinent to trichloroethylene are reviewed.
Pervaporation and vacuum membrane distillation processes: Modeling and experiments
Authors: Khayet Mohamed , Matsuura Takeshi 
Published: July 2004

AbstractTwo separation processes, pervaporation (PV) and vacuum membrane distillation (VMD), were studied using polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) flat‐sheet membranes for the separation of chloroform–water mixtures. Both PV and VMD membranes were prepared using the phase‐inversion method and the same polymer material. VMD membranes with different pore sizes were prepared using pure water as a pore‐forming additive in the PVDF/dimethylacetamide casting solution, whereas PV membranes were obtained with higher polymer concentration, without nonsolvent additives and with solvent evaporation before gelation. The mean pore size, porosity, and pore size distributions of the VMD membranes were determined. Water and formamide advancing and receding contact angles of PV membranes were measured. The swelling degree, the solubility parameter of PV membranes, and the interaction of the permeants with the PVDF polymer were calculated. In the VMD process, a more general theoretical model that considers the pore size distribution, the solution–diffusion contribution through nonporous membrane portion, and the gas transport mechanisms through membrane pores was developed based on the kinetic theory of gases. The contribution of each mechanism was analyzed. A comparative study was made between both membrane separation technologies. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1697–1712, 2004