bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intrapocket Anesthesia for Scaling and Root Planing in Pain‐Sensitive Patients
Authors: Magnusson Ingvar , Geurs Nico C. , Harris Pearl A. , Hefti Arthur F. , Mariotti Angelo J. , Mauriello Sally M. , Soler Lina , Offenbacher Steven 
Published: February 2005

Background: In 2 previous multicenter studies evaluating the efficacy of a novel anesthetic gel (lidocaine 25 mg/g plus prilocaine 25 mg/g), there was a rather small, although statistically significant, overall difference between the active and placebo gels. There were, however, large center variations. At centers where the placebo‐treated patients reported high pain scores, the difference between treatments was large, suggesting that the anesthetic gel is most effective in patients who experience the procedure as painful. The present multicenter, double‐blind, randomized study evaluated the anesthetic effect of this gel in pain‐sensitive patients by using a visual analog scale (VAS) and a verbal rating scale (VRS).Methods: One hundred thirteen (113) patients with moderate to severe periodontitis were screened for pain sensitivity upon probing. Eighty‐five reported VAS ≥30 mm on probing and were included in the treatment phase (43 anesthetic and 42 placebo gel). The periodontal pockets of one quadrant in each patient were treated with gel for 30 to 45 seconds, followed by scaling and/or root planing.Results: The results were similar between centers. The median overall VAS pain score was 11 mm in the anesthetic group and 27 mm in the placebo group. The Hodges‐Lehmann point estimate of the treatment difference was 10 mm (P = 0.004). No pain or only mild pain was reported by 70% in the anesthetic group and by 48% in the placebo group (P = 0.003). Two patients in the anesthetic group and 7 patients in the placebo group required rescue anesthesia.Conclusions: This study confirms the favorable anesthetic efficacy of active gel over placebo in selected pain‐sensitive patients. It suggests that the gel may be a valuable alternative to conventional injection anesthesia. J Periodontol 2003;74:597‐602.
Efficacy of Subgingival Irrigation Using Herbal Extracts on Gingival Inflammation
Authors: Pistorius Alexander , Willershausen Brita , Steinmeier Eva‐Maria , Kreisler Matthias 
Published: February 2005

Background: The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficacy of an herbal‐based mouthrinse in combination with an oral irrigator in reducing gingival inflammation.Methods: A total of 89 patients (45 females, 44 males; mean age 49.1 ± 1.31 years) were included in this prospective, randomized, double‐blind clinical study and allocated to 3 treatment groups: group 1 (n = 34), treated with an oral irrigator with subgingival tips and an herbal‐based mouthrinse; group 2 (n = 29), the oral irrigator was applied in combination with a conventional mouthwash; and group 3 (n = 26), treated with the conventional mouthwash without subgingival irrigation. Data collected at baseline and after 4, 8, and 12 weeks included gingival index (GI), sulcus bleeding index (SBI), plaque index (PI), and probing depth (PD).Results: Over a period of 3 months, GI decreased from 1.80 ± 0.04 to 1.56 ± 0.04 in group 1; from 1.79 ± 0.05 to 1.68 ± 0.04 in group 2; and remained nearly constant in group 3 (from 1.79 ± 0.05 to 1.81 ± 0.04). Differences between the groups were significant (analysis of variance, P <0.05). SBI values in group 1 were reduced from 2.51 ± 0.06 to 2.13 ± 0.06 after 3 months and were significantly lower than in group 2 (P = 0.001) and 3 (P = 0.002), with SBIs of 2.44 ± 0.06 and 2.42 ± 0.07, respectively, after 12 weeks. A reduction in PI was noted for all 3 groups throughout the follow‐up period, with no statistically significant differences. Probing depths were not reduced significantly in any group.Conclusion: Subgingival irrigation with an herbal‐based mouthrinse led to a significant reduction in both SBI and GI. This regimen can, therefore, be recommended as an adjunctive procedure to reduce gingival inflammation. J Periodontol 2003;74:616–622.
Periodontal Repair in Dogs: Evaluation of a Bioabsorbable Space‐Providing Macro‐Porous Membrane with Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein‐2
Authors: Wikesjö Ulf M.E. , Lim Won Hee , Thomson Robert C. , Cook Alonzo D. , Wozney John M. , Hardwick W. Ross 
Published: February 2005

Background: Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (rhBMP‐2) technologies have been shown to significantly support alveolar bone formation. Biomaterial limitations, however, have restricted the biologic potential for onlay indications. The objective of this study was to evaluate regeneration of alveolar bone and periodontal attachment, and biomaterials reaction following surgical implantation of a spaceproviding, bioabsorbable, macroporous, polyglycolic acid‐trimethylene carbonate (PGA‐TMC) membrane combined with a rhBMP‐2 construct in a discriminating onlay defect model.Methods: Routine supraalveolar periodontal defects were created at the mandibular premolar teeth in 9 beagle dogs. Contralateral jaw quadrants in subsequent animals were randomly assigned to receive the domeshaped PGA‐TMC (100 to 120 μm pores) membrane with rhBMP‐2 (0.2 mg/mL) in a bioresorbable hyaluronan (Hy) carrier or the PGA‐TMC membrane with Hy alone (control). The gingival flaps were advanced to submerge the membranes and teeth and sutured. Animals were euthanized at 8 and 24 weeks postsurgery for histologic observations.Results: Jaw quadrants receiving the PGA‐TMC membrane alone experienced exposures at various time points throughout the study. Jaw quadrants receiving the PGA‐TMC/rhBMP‐2 combination remained intact, although one site experienced a late minor exposure. Newly formed alveolar bone approached and became incorporated into the macroporous PGA‐TMC membrane in sites receiving rhBMP‐2. The PGA‐TMC biomaterial was occasionally associated with a limited inflammatory reaction. Residual PGA‐TMC could not be observed at 24 weeks postsurgery. Residual Hy could not be observed at any time interval. Regeneration of alveolar bone height (means ± SD) was significantly increased in sites receiving the PGA‐TMC/rhBMP 2 combination compared to control (3.8 ± 1.3 versus 0.7 ± 0.5 mm at 8 weeks and 4.6 ± 0.8 versus 2.1 ± 0.4 mm at 24 weeks; P <0.05). Limited cementum regeneration was observed for PGA‐TMC/rhBMP‐2 and PGA‐TMC control sites. Ankylosis compromised regeneration in sites receiving PGA‐TMC/rhBMP‐2.Conclusions: The bioabsorbable, space‐providing, macroporous PGA‐TMC membrane appears to be compatible biomaterial for bone augmentation procedures. rhBMP‐2 significantly enhances alveolar bone augmentation and soft tissue healing when combined with the PGA‐TMC membrane. J Periodontol 2003; 74:635‐647.
Evaluation of Hard Tissue Replacement Composite Graft Material as a Ridge Preservation/Augmentation Material in Conjunction with Immediate Hydroxyapatite‐Coated Dental Implants
Authors: Yukna Raymond A. , Castellon Paulino , Saenz‐Nasr Ana M. , Owens Kris , Simmons Jason , Thunthy Kavas H. , Mayer Elizabeth T. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Immediate placement of dental implants (DI) in fresh extraction sockets is associated with remaining voids around the DI and often a partial dehiscence or thin facial alveolar plate. Bone replacement grafts are often used to correct these problems. This study evaluated the use of a layered composite of PMMA (poly‐methyl‐methacrylate), PHEMA (poly‐hydroxyl‐ethyl‐methacrylate), and calcium hydroxide grafts (HTR) as a ridge preservation/ augmentation material used in conjunction with an immediate DI placement technique.Methods: Twenty‐three patients requiring 1 or 2 extractions that were treatment planned for immediate DI placement received 4.0 or 3.25 mm diameter hydroxyapatite‐coated cylindrical implants in the extraction sockets. HTR was used to fill the remaining socket void and enhance the facial ridge width. A collagen hemostatic was placed to cover the DI sites, flaps released, and primary closure attempted with sutures. DI uncovering was performed at about 6 months. Measurements were taken to the nearest 0.5 mm of the internal socket width and total ridge width at DI placement and uncovering.Results: Thirty DIs were placed in the 23 patients. Mean initial internal socket width was 6.9 mm. The total ridge width showed a mean change from 9.1 mm to 8.4 mm; 60% of the areas showed a net increase or no change, while 40% showed a decrease in overall ridge width. DI success rate was 97% out to 6 months of loading.Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that HTR is a useful adjunct in the placement of immediate DIs for filling of socket voids and preservation of ridge width. J Periodontol 2003;74:679‐686.
Evidence‐Based Mucogingival Therapy. Part 1: A Critical Review of the Literature on Root Coverage Procedures
Authors: Pagliaro Umberto , Nieri Michele , Franceschi Debora , Clauser Carlo , Pini‐Prato Giovanpaolo 
Published: February 2005

Background: Systematic reviews of the literature are an increasingly important tool for providing evidence‐ based guidance to the practitioner. This review article and a companion paper deal with the surgical coverage of exposed root surfaces, but their aim is to promote a more up‐to‐date way of writing and publishing scientific articles in this field. This article presents the published data about surgical root coverage in table form and its aim is to identify updated minimum standards for data presentation.Methods: Manual and computer‐assisted searches were conducted to find the articles published on this topic during the 30‐year period from 1970 to 2000. Articles that described the surgical procedure and reported at least the number of treated recessions and the duration of the follow‐up, including case series, controlled studies, and randomized trials were selected and data were arranged in tables.Results: Only 90 of the 290 articles that dealt with root coverage met the entry criteria; 25 of these were found only through manual searching. The overall clinical outcomes of different techniques appear to be satisfactory, but the published evidence is of little help in deciding which procedure is best suited for each clinical situation. Only a more homogeneous way of collecting and reporting clinical data and especially outcome measures will allow for an effective reanalysis which could help in everyday clinical decision making. Perhaps studies should be carried out and presented keeping in mind that the published results of sound clinical studies will, sooner or later, be reviewed and compared with other studies.Conclusion: A standard format with minimum requirements for data collection and presentation should be established and imposed by international journals in order to provide readers and researchers with more useful information. J Periodontol 2003;74:709‐740.
Prostaglandin E2‐Mediated Regulation of Immunoglobulin G2 via Interferon Gamma
Authors: Tanaka Shigehisa , Barbour Suzanne E. , Best Al M. , Schenkein Harvey A. , Tew John G. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Patients with localized aggressive periodontitis (LAgP) produce elevated levels of IgG2 both in vivo and in vitro. Responses to the periodontitis‐associated pathogens Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis are dominated by IgG2, and these IgG2 responses are associated with reduced extent and severity of disease. Little is known about regulation of the IgG2 subclass, although prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) (a mediator known to polarize responses toward Th‐2) and interferon (IFN)‐γ (a Th‐1 mediator) both promote IgG2 production. This unusual relationship prompted the hypothesis that, in certain circumstances, PGE2 enhances rather than inhibits IFN‐γ production.Methods: To test this hypothesis, indomethacin (IND)‐treated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBL) cultures from healthy volunteers were stimulated with pokeweed mitogen (PWM), and the cultures were manipulated by adding PGE2, rIFN‐γ, rIL‐1α, rIL‐1β, rIL‐6, or rIL‐12. Production of IgG1, IgG2, IFN‐γ, and PGE2 was monitored by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.Results: Indomethacin treatment inhibited IgG1 and IgG2 production, and PGE2 restored both immunoglobulins in PWMstimulated cultures. Remarkably, addition of IFN‐γ also restored IND‐suppressed IgG2 but not IgG1. In contrast, addition of rIL (interleukin)‐1α, rIL‐1β, rIL‐6, or rIL‐12 did not restore IgG2 responses. Furthermore, IND suppressed IFN‐γ production and PGE2 increased IFN‐γ levels. Kinetic studies indicate that PGE2 production occurred on the first day of culture, followed by IFN‐γ two days later.Conclusions: These findings support the concept that in certain circumstances, PGE2 production can lead to increased IFN‐γ and that this IFN‐γ selectively promotes IgG2 responses. These data suggest that the elevated PGE2 observed in LAgP patients may contribute to increased IFN‐γ production and help explain elevated IgG2 responses. J Periodontol 2003;74:771‐779.
Subgingival Microflora in Turkish Patients with Periodontitis
Authors: Dog͠an Başak , Antinheimo Johanna , Çetiner Deniz , Bodur Ayşen , Emingil Gülnur , Buduneli Eralp , Uygur Cem , Firatli Erhan , Lakio Laura , Asikainen Sirkka 
Published: February 2005

Background: No information exists on periodontitis‐associated subgingival microbiota from Turkey. We determined the occurrence, interspecies relationships, and clonal characteristics for a group of periodontal bacteria in a Turkish study population.Methods: Subgingival microbial samples were obtained from patients with localized (LAgP, N = 18) or generalized (GAgP, N = 17) types of aggressive periodontitis, generalized chronic periodontitis (GCP, N = 14), and non‐periodontitis subjects (N = 20). Culture methods were used to recover 6 periodontal bacterial species and yeasts, and a polymerase chain reaction technique was used to detect Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Intraspecies characterization of A. actinomycetemcomitans was carried out by serotyping and genotyping.Results: All species, except for Micromonas micros (formerly Peptostreptococcus micros) occurred more frequently (P <0.05) in periodontitis than non‐periodontitis subjects. Detection frequencies for Tannerella forsythensis (formerly Bacteroides forsythus) and Campylobacter rectus differed among the periodontitis subgroups; the lowest frequency occurred in LAgP. The mean proportions of A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, and C. rectus were higher (P <0.008) in GAgP than in non‐periodontitis subjects. Significant positive associations were seen between 7 of the 22 possible combinations (P <0.05). A. actinomycetemcomitans serotype c (34%) and non‐serotypeable isolates (34%) were the most common antigenic types among the 305 strains analyzed. Eleven arbitrarily primed (AP)‐PCR genotypes were distinguished among 273 isolates from 29 subjects. Yeasts were found in 23% of the 69 subjects.Conclusions: The results on the Turkish study population were generally in line with earlier reports on the occurrence and interspecies relationships of certain bacteria in periodontitis. However, A. actinomycetemcomitans was not overrepresented in LAgP, and the serotype distribution resembled that reported from the East. The high frequency of non‐serotypeable isolates suggests local characteristics of the species. J Periodontol 2003; 74:803‐814.
Relationship of Destructive Periodontal Disease to the Acute‐Phase Response
Authors: Craig Ronald G. , Yip Julie K. , So Man Ki , Boylan Robert J. , Socransky Sigmund S. , Haffajee Anne D. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Destructive periodontal diseases have been associated with an increased risk of atherosclerotic complications; however, the potential mechanisms are yet to be deﬁned. Inflammation plays a central role in atherosclerosis since C‐reactive protein (CRP), an acute‐phase protein monitored as a marker of inﬂammatory status, has been identiﬁed as a major risk factor for atherosclerotic complications. Recent reports that destructive periodontal diseases can increase CRP values present the possibility that the acute‐phase response may link these 2 disease processes. The objective of the present investigation was to determine the effect of destructive periodontal disease status, severity, and progression on components of the acutephase response in an urban minority population.Methods: Clinical measurements recorded included probing depth, attachment level, gingival erythema, bleeding upon probing, suppuration, and plaque. Disease progression was deﬁned as a>2 mm loss of attachment 2 months post‐baseline. Serum antibody was measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. CRP was measured using a high‐sensitivity CRP (hsCRP) assay. A commercial laboratory measured serum glucose (non‐fasting), albumin, cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides, low‐density lipoprotein (LDL), and iron.Results: Increased serum IgG antibody to Porphyromonas gingivalis, but not to 5 other species, was associated with periodontal disease status, increased severity, and progression as were age, male gender, and smoking. Cholesterol and LDL were increased in disease, and HDL and iron were increased in health. hsCRP, glucose, and cholesterol increased with disease progression. By regression analysis, IgG antibody to P. gingivalis correlated with age, probing depth, and hsCRP, and negatively correlated with albumin and iron. By logistic regression, subjects who experienced multiple sites of disease progression and elevated antibody to P. gingivalis increased the odds ratio of hsCRP >2.08 mg/l by 14.1 and 5.6, respectively.Conclusion: These results suggest that destructive periodontal disease and disease progression are associated with changes in serum components consistent with an acute‐phase response. J Periodontol 2003;74:1007‐1016.
Evaluation of a Novell Alloplast for Osseous Regeneration in the Rat Calvarial Model
Authors: Francis Paul O. , McPherson James C. , Cuenin Michael F. , Hokett Steven D. , Peacock Mark E. , Billman Michael A. , Sharawy Mohamaed 
Published: February 2005

Background: Alloplasts are inert foreign bodies acting as osteoconductive space maintainers during osseous wound healing. They may also function as carriers for growth factors that are known to enhance neovascularization and osteoinduction; human recombinant transforming growth factor beta (rhTGF‐β1) is one such factor. The purpose of this study was to evaluate di‐vinyl styrene beads (DVSb) and rhTGF‐β1 effects on osseous regeneration in the rat calvaria critical‐sized defect model.Methods: Di‐vinyl styrene beads (DVSb) with and without rhTGF‐β1 were placed between membranes in a critical alsized defect in the rat (Rattus norvegicus) calvaria. Actual bone fill; percentage bone fill; bone formation rate (BFR); and mineralization at 3, 6, and 12 weeks postsurgery were measured using densitometry, histomorphometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and vital staining with tetracycline‐HCI.Results: Mean radiographic density and percentage fill were statistically greater for DVSb treatment groups as compared with controls (P≤0.05). BFR was consistently between 3 and 7 µmper day for all groups; alloplast group BFR was significantly greater than controls or rhTGF‐β1 the groups at 6 weeks (P≤0.05); however, at 3 and 12 weeks, the control BFR was greater than treatment groups (P≤0.05). Membranes often collapsed and little bone fill or mineralization occurred in defects without DVSb. Mineralization appeared to occur adjacent to the allo‐plast by 12 weeks in the histologic and SEM sections. While DVSb fibrous attachment occurred in some specimens, there was no evidence of an inflammatory response.Conclusion: Di‐vinyl styrene beads, with or without rhTGF‐β1, significantly enhance bone regeneration in the rat calvaria defect model. J PeriodontoI 2003;74:1023‐1031.
Scanning Electron Microscope Evaluation of Two Methods of Resharpening Periodontal Curets: A Comparative Study
Authors: Moses Ofer , Tal Haim , Artzi Zvi , Sperling Alon , Zohar Ron , Nemcovsky Carlos E. 
Published: February 2005

Background: Effective root planing demands sharp cutting edges on dental curets. However, after several strokes, they become dull and must be resharpened frequently. The purpose of this study was to evaluate by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) the quality of the cutting edge of periodontal curets resharpened by 2 different methods.Methods: Forty new detachable Gracey curets were used in this study. After similar blunting, all instruments were resharpened either with 10 strokes using an Arkansas fine‐grit sharpening stone (AR), or with 7 strokes using a high‐grit and ‐density aluminum oxide stone (CH). The cutting edges of each instrument were examined using SEM at 1 mm and 2 mm from the tip before and after the resharpening procedure. Bevel measurement and the amount of functional and non‐functional wire edges (WE) on the cutting edge were evaluated. Data were statistically analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures, 2‐way ANOVA, and Fisher's exact test.Results: After blunting and resharpening, differences in bevel between groups were statistically non‐significant. Generally, after resharpening, there were significantly more functional and nonfunctional WE in the AR group than in the CH group. There were significantly more instruments with a complete absence of WE in the CH group.Conclusions: The CH stone resulted in a smoother and better cutting edge than the AR stone. The procedure was easy to perform and required fewer strokes of the curet on the stone.J Periodontol 2003;74:1032‐1037.
A Salivary Incubation Test for Evaluation of Oral Malodor: A Pilot Study
Authors: Quirynen Marc , Zhao Hong , Avontroodt Pieter , Soers Catherine , Pauwels Martine , Coucke Wim , van Steenberghe Daniel 
Published: February 2005

Background: Breath odor is scored by different techniques, each with its own shortcomings. Organoleptic ratings are uncomfortable for the patient, subjective, influenced by external parameters including food and cosmetics, and especially lack international calibration. Portable sulphide monitors are relatively expensive and neglect several major malodorous molecules (e.g., butyric and propionic acids, putrescine, and cadaverine). Gas chromatography necessitates expensive devices and experienced technicians. This pilot study explored the applicability of a new technique (saliva incubation) by comparing its discrimination power, in a morning bad breath inhibition study of antiseptics, to those of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) measurement devices and organoleptic ratings.Methods: After a professional cleaning, 8 periodontally healthy students abstained from all means of mechanical plaque control for 5 experimental periods of 7 days, with intervening washout periods of at least 2 weeks. During each experimental period, the students rinsed only twice daily with different antiseptics. At day 7, morning breath was scored clinically (volatile sulphide compound [VSC] level and organoleptic ratings), and 1.5 ml of saliva was collected and divided between 3 glass tubes that were sealed and incubated (37°C, anaerobic chamber). Immediately after collection and after 3 and 6 hours of incubation, the headspace air in one of the tubes was examined for VSC production and organoleptic measurements.Results: The investigations of the incubated saliva correlated well with the 7‐day intraoral VSC recordings and organoleptic ratings (P≤0.005). Moreover, evaluations showed a similar interproduct ranking for their efficacy in malodor control. The power analyses indicated a higher discrimination power for the saliva incubation test than for the intraoral registrations.Conclusions: The strong correlation between odor production of incubated saliva and clinical assessments suggests that the saliva incubation test may be used as an indirect method to measure oral malodor and can be employed to investigate the antimalodor effectiveness of oral hygiene products. J Periodontol 2003;74:937‐944.