bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Old wine in new bottles
Authors: Stricker George 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe matrix model as described by C.R. Snyder and T.R. Elliott (this issue) is presented as an alternative to the Boulder model of training. In fact, it appears to be a reconceptualization of clinical psychology, and this newer vision of the field might best be implemented within a Boulder model format. The extensive requirements that are developed would best be approached through changes in postdoctoral rather than doctoral education. Interestingly, professional schools, despite being disparaged, may be the most likely place for this model to take root. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol.
Novel expression of liver FBPase in Langerhans islets of human and rat pancreas
Authors: Yáñez Alejandro J. , Bertinat Romina , Spichiger Carlos , Carcamo Juan G. , de los Angeles García María , Concha Ilona I. , Nualart Francisco , Slebe Juan C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSeveral reports have indicated the absence of gluconeogenic enzymes in pancreatic islet cells. In contrast, here we demonstrate that liver fructose‐1,6‐bisphosphatase (FBPase) is highly expressed both in human and rat pancreas. Interestingly, pancreatic FBPase is active and functional, and is inhibited by AMP and fructose‐2,6‐bisphosphate (Fru‐2,6‐P2). These results suggest that FBPase may participate as a component of a metabolic sensing mechanism present in the pancreas. Immunolocalization analysis showed that FBPase is expressed both in human and rat Langerhans islets, specifically in β cells. In humans, FBPase was also located in the canaliculus and acinar cells. These results indicate that FBPase coupled with phosphofructokinase (PFK) plays a crucial role in the metabolism of pancreatic islet cells. The demonstration of gluconeogenic recycling of trioses as a new metabolic signaling pathway may contribute to our understanding of the differences between the insulin secretagogues trioses, fructose, and glucose in pancreas. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of cell‐cycle regulators in lung cancer
Authors: Caputi Mario , Russo Giuseppe , Esposito Vincenzo , Mancini Alessandro , Giordano Antonio 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Histologically, 80% of lung cancers are classified as non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and the remaining 20% as small‐cell lung cancer (SCLC). Lung carcinoma is the result of molecular changes in the cell, resulting in the deregulation of pathways controlling normal cellular growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. This review summarizes some of the most recent findings about the role of cell‐cycle proteins in lung cancer pathogenesis and progression. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
T‐antigen of the human polyomavirus JC attenuates faithful DNA repair by forcing nuclear interaction between IRS‐1 and Rad51
Authors: Trojanek Joanna , Croul Sidney , Ho Thu , Wang Jin Ying , Darbinyan Armine , Nowicki Michal , Valle Luis Del , Skorski Tomasz , Khalili Kamel , Reiss Krzysztof 
Published: June 2005

AbstractJC polyomavirus (JCV), which infects 90% of the human population, is detectable in human tumors. Its early protein, JCV T‐antigen, transforms cells in vitro and is tumorigenic in experimental animals. Although T‐antigen‐mediated transformation involves genetic alterations of the affected cells, the mechanism underlying this genomic instability is not known. We show that JCV T‐antigen inhibits homologous recombination DNA repair (HRR), which results in an accumulation of mutations. T‐antigen does not operate directly but utilizes a cytosolic molecule, insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS‐1). Following T‐antigen‐mediated nuclear translocation, IRS‐1 binds Rad51 at the site of damaged DNA. This T‐antigen‐mediated inhibition of HRR does not function in cells lacking IRS‐1, and can be reproduced in the absence of T‐antigen by IRS‐1 with artificial nuclear localization signal. Our observations define a new mechanism by which viral protein utilizes cytosolic molecule to inhibit faithful DNA repair, and suggest how polyomaviruses could compromise stability of the genome. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of liver function in transdifferentiated hepatocytes
Authors: Burke Zoë D. , Shen Chia‐Ning , Ralphs Kate L. , Tosh David 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe previously demonstrated that dexamethasone (Dex) induces the transdifferentiation (or conversion) of the pancreatic progenitor cell line AR42J‐B13 (B13) to hepatocytes based on the expression of liver proteins. We have extended our original observations to determine: (1) the effects of Dex on pancreatic gene expression; (2) the time course of expression of liver enriched transcription factors during conversion from pancreatic to hepatic phenotype; (3) the functional potential of transdifferentiated hepatocytes; (4) the proliferative capacity of transdifferentiated hepatocytes; and (5) whether ectopic expression of transcription factors can induce the hepatic phenotype in pancreatic B13 cells. The results were as follows. The B13 cell markers amylase, synaptophysin, and neurofilament were lost in transdifferentiated hepatocytes compared to control cells and the liver enriched transcription factors C/EBPβ and C/EBPα were induced first, followed by HNF4α and then RXRα. Using RT‐PCR analysis and immunolocalisation studies, we detected hepatic markers (e.g., apolipoprotein B) in Dex‐treated cells. In transdifferentiated hepatocytes albumin was secreted, insulin stimulated lipid deposition and ciprofibrate enhanced the expression of catalase. Proliferation of transdifferentiated hepatocytes is promoted in the presence of HGF and NEAA as indicated by the co‐expression of the cell cycle markers cyclin D and phosphohistone H3 with liver proteins. Lastly, ectopic expression of C/EBPα or C/EBPβ in AR42J‐B13 cells was sufficient to induce transdifferentiation, based on nuclear localization of HNF4α and induction of UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase expression. These results indicate that the B13 progenitor cell model is suitable for studying liver function and for understanding the molecular and cellular events that occur during transdifferentiation. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A critical overview of ESEM applications in the biological field
Authors: Muscariello Livio , Rosso Francesco , Marino Gerardo , Giordano Antonio , Barbarisi Manlio , Cafiero Gennaro , Barbarisi Alfonso 
Published: June 2005

AbstractScanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is a powerful research tool, but since it requires high vacuum conditions, the wet materials and biological samples must undergo a complex preparation that limits the application of SEM on this kind of specimen and often causes the introduction of artifacts. The introduction of Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM), working in gaseous atmosphere, represented a new perspective in biological research. Despite the fact that many biological applications have demonstrated the convenience of ESEM, the full potentialities of this technology are still under investigation. In this review, the exploration of the recent literature data confronted with the first results obtained in our experimental work suggest that ESEM represents an important extension of conventional scanning microscopy. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative studies of autonomic function
Authors: Hilz Max J. , Dütsch Matthias 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDysfunction of the peripheral and central autonomic nervous system is common in many neurological and general medical diseases. The quantitative assessment of sympathetic and parasympathetic function is essential to confirm the diagnosis of autonomic failure, to provide the basis for follow‐up examinations, and potentially to monitor successful treatment. Various procedures have been described as useful tools to quantify autonomic dysfunction. The most important tests evaluate cardiovascular and sudomotor autonomic function. In this review, we therefore focus on standard tests of cardiovascular and sudomotor function such as heart‐rate variability at rest and during deep breathing, active standing, and the Valsalva maneuver, and on the sympathetic skin response. These tests are widely used for routine clinical evaluation in patients with peripheral neuropathies. Refined methods of studying heart‐rate variability, baroreflex testing, and detailed measures of sweat output are mostly used for research purposes. In this context, we describe the spectral analysis of slow modulation of heart rate or blood pressure, reflecting sympathetic and parasympathetic influences, and consider various approaches to baroreflex testing, the thermoregulatory sweat test, and the quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test. Finally, we discuss microneurography as a technique of direct recording of muscle sympathetic nerve activity. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Heat shock proteins and neuromuscular disease
Authors: Nishimura Robert N. , Sharp Frank R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe heat shock proteins are families of proteins with known activities that include chaperoning nascent peptides within the cell and cytoprotection. Most work on the nervous system has related to the role of heat shock proteins in neuroprotection from either hypoxic‐ischemic or traumatic injury. The role of these proteins during normal physiological activity and injury is still under investigation. Heat shock proteins in neuromuscular disease have been investigated to some extent but were largely neglected until recently. The goal of this review is to summarize the evidence linking heat shock proteins with neuromuscular disease and to provide some insight into the roles or functions of these proteins in disease states. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Fracture toughness evaluation of adjacent flow weld line in polystyrene by the SENB method
Authors: Yamada Koji , Tomari Kiyotaka , Ishiaku Umaru Semo , Hamada Hiroyuki 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFracture toughness of adjacent flow weld lines, defined as weld lines that occur when two flow fronts meet and continue to flow together in the same direction (meld line or hot weld line), was evaluated by the single‐edge notched‐bend (SENB) method using three differently‐shaped obstructive pins. Although the fracture toughness varied depending upon the shapes of the pin, the values could be standardized as the distance from the meeting point of the two flow fronts flowing around the pin. The fracture toughness decreased drastically from the meeting point along the weld line and then slightly increased. These characteristic features could be explained by flow‐induced molecular orientation at the weld line interface. The molecules around the meeting point that were initially oriented parallel to the weld line due to fountain flow were able to relax, and then entanglement across the weld line interface developed because the flow stopped in the middle of the filling process, resulting in high fracture toughness. In contrast, the material at the downstream side of the weld line continued flowing during the filling process, being stretched along the flow direction. So, the molecular orientation at this area could not relax. In addition, the V‐notch shape, i.e., the depth and length at the surface of the weld line, which also varied depending on the shape of the obstacles, was considered to be identical when the meeting point was allowed to be a datum point. Thus, the meeting point was found to be a significant factor when the properties of weld lines are investigated. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 45:1059–1066, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers
Instability of Magnetic Resonance in Single Crystal Spheres of Yttrium Iron Garnet
Authors: Masters Joseph I. 
Published: June 2005

Instabilities in YIG spheres that exist above certain threshold power values of cw microwave field are studied using samples of about 14−12 mm diam, that have low power line widths of 1 oe or less. Whereas the characteristic behavior such as asymmetrical line shape, “jump” effect etc. is somewhat similar to that reported for disks, the phenomenon is generally different.
It has been determined that this instability, which can occur at cw power levels below the threshold for significant spin wave growth, is due entirely to the heating effect of resonance absorption upon the anisotropy energy of the crystal lattice. As a result, the instability is characterized by a threshold curve that follows both the extrema and symmetry of the anisotropy curve for a given orientation. A straightforward theoretical explanation based on familiar relationships is outlined which fits the instability threshold vsorientation curve. The temperature instability provides a technique for measuring the “g” factor that is believed to be more direct than previous methods.
Long Term Magnetic Stability of Alnico and Barium Ferrite Magnets
Authors: Kronenberg K. J. , Bohlmann M. A. 
Published: June 2005

Alnico and barium ferrite materials do not age at room temperature. The decreases in remanence, occurring with time, are adjustments by the magnet to its environment. Remanence adjustment proceeds with the logarithm of time and amounts to 2% or less one year after magnetization. Remanences in magnets with Hci &gt; 2200 oe show no changes. Also, the smaller the irreversible susceptibility at the operating point, the more stable is remance. Remanences can be stabilized completely by preadjustment.
Alnico V magnets are more stable than similar Alnico III magnets, even when the Alnico V magnets operate at a higher susceptibility. Néel's theory suggests that the oriented material is more stable than the isotropic material because larger volumes are involved in each magnetization reversal. To explain relatively large domain-like regions of reversal, we have to assume that magnetic regions cooperate during the magnetization reversal.
High-Speed Ferrite Rotating Half-Wave Plate
Authors: Coale Franklin S. 
Published: June 2005

A novel approach for constructing a ferrite rotating half-wave plate for use as a frequency translator or an amplitude modulated single sideband modulator is presented. This is accomplished through the use of a four-wire balanced transmission line for generating both the rotating microwave fields and the rotating low frequency magnetizing fields. The principles of operation of this type modulator should allow modulation frequencies in excess of 10 Mc/sec.
Eddy current losses, which usually limit the high frequency modulation of ferrite single sideband modulators are minimized by passing high currents down the wires of the four-wire transmission line to generate the magnetizing field at the modulation frequency. The magnetic fields which are developed are sufficient to cause 180° relative phase shift between the orthogonal microwavecomponents. The magnetizing fields are phased in quadrature so that a rotating magnetic field is developed whose speed of rotation is determined by the frequency of the magnetizing field. The resultant microwave frequency shift is twice the frequency of the magnetizing field due to the inherent action of the half-wave plate.
If the amplitude of the magnetizing field is varied, then the relative phase shift produced by magnetic birefringence is no longer 180° but may be some value between 0° and 180°. This in effect produces a frequency translated signal whose amplitude varies with the magnitude of the magnetizing field.
Intrinsic and Anneal-Induced Anisotropy in Cobalt-Substituted W-Type Hexagonal Oxides
Authors: Bickford L. R. 
Published: June 2005

The intrinsic and anneal-induced anisotropy of cobalt-substituted hexagonal ferrous W compounds containing some vacancies in lattice sites normally occupied by metal ions were measured by the torque method. Six oriented polycrystalline samples, corresponding to y = 0.03, 0.06, 0.12, 0.24, 0.45, and 0.9 in the formula BaCoyFe17.9−yO27, and one single crystal of composition Ba0.27Sr0.73Co1.845Fe16.155O27, were investigated. The results confirm the prediction that the cobalt ions and vacancies would be located in the spinel portion of theW lattice and therefore respond to magnetic annealing in much the same way as in the ferrite system CoxFe3−xO4. The contribution per cobalt ion to the anneal-induced anisotropy constant Ku was found to be approximately the same in the two systems (ca 3×10−16 erg/cobalt ion for annealing at 100°C). Other points of comparison include the dependence on cobalt concentration of Ku and the relaxation times characterizing the annealing process, the activation energy and the variation of Ku with temperature of anneal.
The first-order intrinsic hexagonal anisotropy constant K1 becomes more negative with increasing cobaltconcentration reaching a value of −4.35×106 erg/cc at 27°C for the single crystal. The value of K3, the constant which determines the anisotropy in the basal plane, is much larger for this crystal than for any other hexagonal oxide reported so far (K3 = −1.22×104 erg/cc at 27°C and +1.35×105 erg/cc at −196°C). Two of the compositions (y = 0.45 and 0.9) have cones of easy magnetization at −196°C.
Anisotropy and Inversion in Permalloy Films
Authors: Smith D. O. , Huber E. E. , Cohen M. S. , Weiss G. P. 
Published: June 2005

A phenomenological model of field-induced and oblique-incidence anisotropy in Permalloy films is proposed. It is assumed that the field-induced structure does not introduce any local spatial dispersion in the macroscopic magnetization M; the opposite is assumed for oblique-incidence structure. In addition it is assumed that the oblique-incidence dispersion is anisotropic, being least when M is perpendicular to the depositing beam.
Support for the model comes from anisotropies, found for oblique-incidence films only, in the following measurements: resonance line width, transmission of polarized light, and resistivity. A primary success of the model is the prediction of a correlation between anisotropy and inversion (Hw/Hk&gt;1). Inverted films can be made by crossing the field-induced and oblique-incidence anisotropies at 90°. Such films exhibit a “locked”state in which opposite rotation of M in local regions occurs; this implies centers of spatial dispersion and provides the connection with oblique-incidence anisotropy.
A method of inducing anisotropy by means of a moving substrate is described. The assumption of local dispersion is shown to apply to this type of anisotropy also.
Finally, a guide to understanding the interdependence of Hk and Hw is given in terms of the anisotropy model: field-induced structure does not have any effect on Hw, while oblique-incidence structure can be a primary determinant for Hw.
Review article: practical management of inflammatory bowel disease patients taking immunomodulators
Authors: SIEGEL C. A. , SANDS B. E. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryAzathioprine, mercaptopurine, methotrexate, ciclosporin and tacrolimus all have their respective niches in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. These immunomodulators are potent and effective medications; however, they potentially have serious toxicity. To maximize benefit and minimize risk, clinicians must understand the mechanism of action, appropriate indications, range of toxicity and proper dosing of these medications. Furthermore, once initiating therapy, patients need to be monitored appropriately for evidence of efficacy and toxicity.This review includes the rationale behind recommendations for the management and monitoring of patients using immunomodulators. For the purine antagonists – azathioprine and mercaptopurine – the evidence for utility of thiopurine methyltransferase testing and mercaptopurine metabolite monitoring is addressed. The roles of liver biopsy and screening for methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase mutations in patients taking methotrexate are reviewed. With appropriate monitoring, the calcineurin inhibitors – ciclosporin and tacrolimus – can be used safely and effectively.Immunomodulators are important agents for the treatment of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, and prescribing clinicians should be comfortable recognizing both their value and their limitations.
Most Helicobacter pylori strains of Kolkata in India are resistant to metronidazole but susceptible to other drugs commonly used for eradication and ulcer therapy
Authors: DATTA S. , CHATTOPADHYAY S. , PATRA R. , DE R. , RAMAMURTHY T. , HEMBRAM J. , CHOWDHURY A. , BHATTACHARYA S. K. , BERG D. E. , NAIR G. B. , MUKHOPADHYAY A. K. 
Published: June 2005

SummaryBackground : Helicobacter pylori infection is very common in India, as in other developing countries, but few data exist on the susceptibility of H. pylori to antimicrobial agents commonly used for eradication here.Aim : To determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of H. pylori strains from Kolkata, in eastern India.Methods : A total of 67 H. pylori strains isolated from gastritis and peptic ulcer patients of Kolkata were examined in the study. Minimum inhibitory concentration to the antibiotics was determined by the agar dilution method.Results : Most of the strains (85%) were resistant to at least 8 μg/mL of metronidazole and 7.5% strains were resistant to tetracycline, which was high when compared with other reports in India. All Kolkata strains were highly sensitive to clarithromycin, furazolidone and amoxicillin.Conclusions : Our results differed significantly from the few available reports on drug sensitivity profile of H. pylori from other parts of India, namely, Hyderabad, Mumbai and Lucknow. This finding supports the need for rigorous susceptibility testing as a guide to empirical treatment and more generally, to define the resistance patterns of H. pylori in particular geographical areas.
Relevance and variability of the severity of incontinence, and increased daytime and night‐time voiding frequency, associated with quality of life in men with lower urinary tract symptoms
Authors: Haltbakk Johannes , Hanestad Berit R. , Hunskaar Steinar 
Published: June 2005

OBJECTIVESTo estimate the distribution of the severity of urinary incontinence (UI) and daytime and night‐time voiding in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH); to estimate the proportion of ‘subjectively relevant’ symptoms within each severity category; to identify differences in quality of life (QoL) by degree of subjectively relevant daytime and night‐time symptoms; and to identify differences in QoL in men with subjectively relevant UI or no UI.PATIENTS AND METHODSData from a group of 480 men awaiting urological assessment for LUTS suggestive of BPH were collected by questionnaire shortly after referral from their general practitioner in 1997–2000. The International Continence Society – Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Index, Sandvik's Incontinence Severity Index, and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Survey – Abbreviated Version (WHOQoL‐bref) were used to assess symptoms and QoL.RESULTSThere was a large heterogeneity of self‐reported symptom severity and related bother in the three symptoms of UI, increased daytime voiding frequency and night‐time voiding in these referred patients. The WHOQoL‐bref showed significant group differences of subjectively relevant symptoms.CONCLUSIONThe perception of increased night and daytime frequency, as measured by symptom severity and bother, varied greatly. The severity of UI and its effect on men waiting for a urological assessment of LUTS suggestive of BPH also varied widely. In general, the symptoms and their impact were slight to moderate. The WHOQoL‐bref could be used to differentiate among groups of subjectively relevant symptoms, and in so doing supported information generated by the bother question.