bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic resonance histology for morphologic phenotyping
Authors: Johnson G. Allan , Cofer Gary P. , Fubara Boma , Gewalt Sally L. , Hedlund Laurence W. , Maronpot Robert R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMagnetic resonance histology (MRH) images of the whole mouse have been acquired at 100‐micron isotropic resolution at 2.0T with image arrays of 256 × 256 × 1024. Higher resolution (50 × 50 × 50 microns) of limited volumes has been acquired at 7.1T with image arrays of 512 × 512 × 512. Even higher resolution images (20 × 20 × 20 microns) of isolated organs have been acquired at 9.4T. The volume resolution represents an increase of 625,000× over conventional clinical MRI. The technological basis is summarized that will allow basic scientists to begin using MRH as a routine method for morphologcic phenotyping of the mouse. MRH promises four unique attributes over conventional histology: 1) MRH is non‐destructive; 2) MRH exploits the unique contrast mechanisms that have made MRI so successful clinically; 3) MRH is 3‐dimensional; and 4) the data are inherently digital. We demonstrate the utility in morphologic phenotyping a whole C57BL/6J mouse. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;16:423–429. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
1H and 31P spectroscopy and bioenergetics in the lateralization of seizures in temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Hetherington Hoby P. , Pan Jullie W. , Spencer Dennis D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractOver the past decade, 1H and 31P spectroscopy measurements have demonstrated that significant metabolic alterations occur in temporal lobe epilepsy. However, to most accurately interpret these changes, metabolic heterogeneity and differences between gray and white matter must be accounted for. These alterations, decreased NAA and the ratio of phosphocreatine/inorganic phosphate, can be reversed with successful treatment of seizures. The reversibility of these two measures is consistent with the localization of NAA synthesis to neuronal mitochondria and the important role for bioenergetics in the pathophysiology of temporal lobe epilepsy. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;16:477–483. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Screening and diagnosis of β‐ureidopropionase deficiency by gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric analysis of urine
Authors: Ohse Morimasa , Matsuo Masafumi , Ishida Akihito , Kuhara Tomiko 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DHPDase), dihydropyrimidinase (DHPase) and β‐ureidopropionase (βUPase) are the enzymes that catalyze the first, second, and third steps of the degradation of pyrimidines, respectively. β‐Ureidopropionate (βUP) and β‐ureidoisobutyrate (βUIB) are increased in the urine of patients with βUPase deficiency. The original case in which βUPase deficiency was discovered by NMR spectroscopy was an 11‐month‐old patient who presented with hypotonia and dystonic movement. We detected a second but asymptomatic case during a pilot study of neonatal screening with filter‐paper urine, urease pretreatment and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The urease pretreatment of urine without fractionation resulted in a high recovery of these polar ureide compounds and allowed the highly sensitive GC/MS detection and diagnosis of βUPase deficiency. βUP and βUIB were identified using GC/MS techniques. In the urine of the neonate with βUPase deficiency, βUP and βUIB were persistently increased. Thymine, 5,6‐dihydrothymine and 5,6‐dihydrouracil were increased only moderately but significantly. It is known that thymine and uracil increase markedly in DHPDase deficiency, and 5,6‐dihydrothymine and 5,6‐dihydrouracil increase in DHPase deficiency. Therefore, βUPase deficiency can be differentially diagnosed from the first and second enzyme deficiencies. Application of this specific and sensitive diagnostic procedure will lead to an understanding of the clinical heterogeneity of βUPase deficiency. Furthermore, the identification of patients with defects in pyrimidine metabolism will enable doctors to avoid cancer chemotherapy with pyrimidine analogues such as 5‐fluorouracil, which could be dangerous for these patients. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maturation‐dependent neurotoxicity of lead acetate in vitro: Implication of glial reactions
Authors: Zurich Marie‐Gabrielle , Eskes Chantra , Honegger Paul , Bérode Michèle , Monnet‐Tschudi Florianne 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDespite a wealth of data on the neurotoxic effects of lead at the cellular and molecular levels, the reasons for its development‐dependent neurotoxicity are still unclear. Here, the maturation‐dependent effects of lead acetate were analyzed in immature and differentiated brain cells cultured in aggregates. Markers of general cytotoxicity as well as cell‐type‐specific markers of glial and neuronal cells showed that immature brain cells were more sensitive to lead than the differentiated counterparts, demonstrating that the development‐dependent neurotoxicity of lead can be reproduced in aggregating brain cell cultures. After 10 days of treatment, astrocytes were found to be more affected by lead acetate than neurons in immature cultures, and microglial cells were strongly activated. Eleven days after cessation of the treatment, lead acetate caused a partial loss of astrocytes and an intense reactivity of the remaining ones. Furthermore, microglial cells expressed a macrophagic phenotype, and the loss of activity of neuron‐specific enzymes was aggravated. In differentiated cultures, no reactive gliosis was found. It is hypothetized that the intense glial reactions (microgliosis and astrogliosis) observed in immature cultures contribute to the development‐dependent neurotoxicity of lead. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional reconnections established by central respiratory neurons regenerating axons into a nerve graft bridging the respiratory centers to the cervical spinal cord
Authors: Gauthier P. , Réga P. , Lammari‐Barreault N. , Polentes J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe present work investigated, in adult rats, the long‐term functional properties and terminal reconnections of central respiratory neurons regenerating axons within a peripheral nerve autograft bridging two separated central structures. A nerve graft was first inserted into the left medulla oblongata, in which the respiratory centers are located. Three months later, a C3 left hemisection was performed, and the distal tip of the graft was implanted into the C4 left spinal cord at the level of the phrenic nucleus, a natural central inspiratory target. Six to eight months after medullary implantation, the animals (n = 12) were electrophysiologically investigated to test 1) the phrenic target reinnervation by analyzing the phrenic responses elicited by bridge electrical stimulation and 2) the bridge innervation by unitary recordings of the spontaneous activity of regenerated axons within the nerve bridge. In the control group (n = 6), the medullary site of implantation corresponded to the dorsolateral medulla, a region known to be an unsuitable site for inducing respiratory axonal regrowth after nerve grafting. Stimulation of the nerve bridge never elicited phrenic nerve response, and no respiratory units were found within the nerve bridge. In the experimental group (n = 6), the proximal tip of the nerve bridge was implanted within the ventrolateral medulla at the level of the respiratory centers. Electrical stimulation of the nerve bridge induced phrenic nerve responses that reflected a postsynaptic activation of the phrenic target. Subsequent unitary recordings from teased fibers within the bridge revealed the presence of regenerated inspiratory fibers exhibiting discharge patterns typical of medullary inspiratory neurons, which normally make synaptic contacts with the inspiratory phrenic target. These results indicate that, when provided with an appropriate denervated target, central respiratory neurons with regenerated axons along a nerve bridge can remain functional for a long period and can make precise and specific functional reconnections with central homotypic target neurons. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chondroitin and keratan sulfates have opposing effects on attachment and outgrowth of ventral mesencephalic explants in culture
Authors: Macé K. , Saxod R. , Feuerstein C. , Sadoul R. , Hemming F.J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDuring rat brain development, striatal proteoglycan (PG) expression shows specific spatio‐temporal modifications suggesting a possible role in the guidance of its dopaminergic afferents. The effects of individual glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) on dopaminergic (DA) neuronal adhesion and outgrowth were therefore studied. We tested the behavior of dissociated embryonic rat mesencephalic cells cultivated on substrate‐bound GAGs. Neuronal attachment was very limited and quantitative morphometry revealed variations in DA fiber outgrowth depending on the type and the concentration of GAG used. Next, we developed a cryoculture system to examine how neurons react toward GAGs expressed in situ. Rat brain slices from different developmental stages were used as substrates for embryonic mesencephalic explants. Preferential regions of adherence and outgrowth were observed: the striatum was found to be the most permissive, whereas the cortex was inhibitory. Western blotting experiments confirmed quantitative and qualitative changes in chondroitin sulfate (neurocan, phosphacan) and keratan sulfate (KS) containing PGs in these substrates and enzymatic digestion of GAGs before cryoculture revealed a substantial involvement of PGs in DA neuron adhesion and outgrowth. In particular, CSPGs seemed to mediate the permissive effect of the striatum, whereas KS confers an inhibitory effect to the cortex. PGs may thus be important for limiting midbrain projections to the striatum during development and for maintaining topography in the adult. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protein tyrosine phosphatase σ‐deficient mice show aberrant cytoarchitecture and structural abnormalities in the central nervous system
Authors: Meathrel Karen , Adamek Tamara , Batt Jane , Rotin Daniela , Doering Laurie C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractProtein tyrosine phosphatase σ (PTPσ) is a member of the LAR family of receptor tyrosine phosphatases and is highly expressed in the nervous system during development. PTPσ is homologous to the Drosophila DLAR, which plays a key role in the targeting of axonal growth cones in flies. We have previously inactivated the Ptprs gene in mice and demonstrated stunted growth, developmental delays, and neurological and neuroendocrine defects in the PTPσ null animals. Here, we mapped the expression of the lac‐Z reporter gene included in the knockout cassette and surveyed the development of the CNS in these mice after birth. The strongest expression of β‐galactosidase (PTPσ) was observed in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, olfactory bulbs, and subependymal layer. Our analysis reveals hippocampal dysgenesis, reductions in the thickness of the corpus callosum and the cerebral cortex, and late expression of the growth‐associated protein 43 (GAP‐43) in the knockout animals. Architectural abnormalities in the brain and spinal cord were confirmed by immunoreactivity to neurofilament and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) antibodies. Several of these neural abnormalities were corrected with age, suggesting a delay in neurological development related to the knockout of the Ptprs gene. These data suggest that PTPσ is likely involved in neurogenesis, axonal growth, and axonal pathfinding in the maturation of the mammalian CNS. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estrogen inhibition of EAE involves effects on dendritic cell function
Authors: Liu Hong Yan , Buenafe Abigail C. , Matejuk Agata , Ito Atsushi , Zamora Alex , Dwyer Jami , Vandenbark Arthur A. , Offner Halina 
Published: October 2002

AbstractEstrogen has been found to have suppressive effects on the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model for the human disease multiple sclerosis. We have investigated the effects of 17β‐estradiol (E2) treatment on dendritic cells (DCs) in two different mouse models of EAE. The frequency of CD11b+/CD11c+ DCs was significantly decreased in the brain of mice protected from EAE induction by E2 treatment. In addition, the frequency of CD11c+/CD8α+ DCs producing tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α and interferon (IFN)γ in the spleen of E2‐treated mice was dramatically decreased compared to that in control mice with EAE, demonstrating an effect of E2 on DC function. In order to examine E2 effects on DCs in more detail, splenic DCs were cultured in the presence of granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) and interleukin (IL)‐4to promote maturation. E2 pretreatment was found to suppress the ability of cultured DCs bearing a mature phenotype to present Ag to myelin basic protein (MBP)‐specific T cells. Analysis of cytokine production demonstrated that E2 decreased TNFα, IFNγ and IL‐12 production in mature DCs. In addition, MBP‐specific T cells cocultured with E2‐pretreated mature DCs in the presence of antigen demonstrated a shift towards production of Th2 cytokines IL‐4 and IL‐10 and a concomitant decrease in the production of Th1 cytokines TNFα and IFNγ. Thus, E2 treatment appears to have multiple effects on the DC population, which may contribute to a down‐regulation or block in the activation of Th1 cells involved in the induction of EAE. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Urokinase‐type plasminogen activator inhibits amyloid‐β neurotoxicity and fibrillogenesis via plasminogen
Authors: Tucker H. Michael , Kihiko‐Ehmann Muthoni , Estus Steven 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAmyloid‐β (Aβ) appears central to Alzheimer's disease (AD), aggregates spontaneously, and is neurotoxic to neurons in vitro. Recently, several groups reported a familial AD locus on chromosome 10. Here, we note that urokinase‐type plasminogen activator (uPA) is located within this locus. Previously, we reported that uPA and its functional homolog, tissue‐type plasminogen activator, are induced by Aβ treatment of neurons in vitro as well as in a mouse model of Aβ accumulation in vivo. Moreover, the target of plasminogen activators, plasmin, degraded nonaggregated and aggregated Aβ and modulated Aβ toxicity and deposition. Here, we have evaluated the effects of uPA and plasminogen on Aβ fibril formation and neurotoxicity. We report that the combination of uPA and plasminogen, but neither alone, inhibits Aβ toxicity, reduces Aβ deposition in vitro, and inhibits Aβ fibrillogenesis. We interpret these observations as suggesting that uPA represents a possible candidate gene for the chromosome 10 familial AD locus. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The resource‐based view of strategy and its value to practising managers
Authors: Connor Tom 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
•A dominant theoretical paradigm in academic strategic management circles is the Resource‐Based View (RBV). This paper reviews the literature of this position and the extent to which the RBV may be seen as a source of practical guidance for managers seeking competitive advantage and strategic success.
•The theories of management academics should be of practical value to managers, otherwise such theories are of limited value. The test of the validity of theorizing about management is whether the theories produced help to improve the art of management. That is the criterion adopted in this paper.
•The RBV is an ‘inside‐out’ perspective, according to which, competitive success lies within the hands of managers themselves and it is from the point of view of practising managers that this paper examines competitiveness. Consequently, the assessment of the RBV will be a purely instrumental one. Does it help managers to manage better?
Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of fertilisation on the allyl isothiocyanate profile of above‐ground tissues of New Zealand‐grown wasabi
Authors: Sultana Tamanna , Savage Geoffrey P , McNeil David L , Porter Noel G , Martin Richard J , Deo Bas 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWasabi (Wasabia japonica (Miq) Matsum) is a developing crop in New Zealand and is valued for its spicy taste and pungent smell. It is popular as a condiment for traditional and modern Japanese foods. However, the limited area suitable for wasabi production in Japan has resulted in inability to meet increasing market demand. Isothiocyanates (ITCs) are sulphur compounds responsible for the unique flavour of wasabi, with allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) being the main compound responsible for the pungency. In this study, AITC tissue concentration and yield were measured in three above‐ground tissues of the wasabi plant to investigate the effects of different fertiliser, manure and lime treatments. The highest tissue concentration of AITC was found in the rhizomes, ranging from 1564 to 3366 mg kg−1 (fresh weight basis), while the petioles and leaves contained 254–373 and 453–643 mg kg−1 respectively. Fertilisation with ammonium sulphate produced the highest‐quality rhizomes (72% increase in AITC yield) and petioles (64% increase), but the best response in the leaves (51%) resulted from the manure treatment. Nitrogen fertiliser alone reduced the AITC yield by up to 15%. These results should help in formulating guidelines for production of high‐quality wasabi tops containing high levels of AITC.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Production of dialysable and reduced iron by in vitro digestion of chicken muscle protein fractions
Authors: Diaz Mariana , Vattem Dhiraj , Mahoney Raymond R 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMuscle foods enhance the absorption of non‐haem iron. We studied the effect of chicken muscle proteins on the production of reduced and dialysable iron following in vitro digestion. At equal protein levels, both soluble and insoluble muscle proteins increased dialysable iron 4–5‐fold. Removal of low‐molecular‐weight components from the soluble fraction caused a 17% drop in dialysable iron. In contrast, egg white had little effect and whey protein was inhibitory. Both soluble and insoluble proteins increased ferrous iron by 8–9‐fold and dialysable ferrous iron by 10–13‐fold. There was an excellent correlation between dialysable iron and sulphhydryl content for all the proteins tested. The results indicate that soluble and insoluble proteins in chicken muscle are equally effective at producing dialysable and reduced iron because of their similar sulphhydryl content.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of section of yam (Dioscorea cayenensis) tuber used in minisett on the biochemical properties of the resultant tuber
Authors: Wheatley Andrew O , Iyare Osarosemwen A , Asemota Helen N 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe effect of the section of yam (Dioscorea cayenensis) tuber used as planting material in minisett on the biochemical properties of the resultant tuber was studied. The biochemical parameters invertase (EC 3.2.1.26), acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2), peroxidase (EC1.11.1.7), polyphenol oxidase (EC 1.10.3.1), total sugars and starch were evaluated in tubers resulting from field‐grown and tissue culture‐derived setts of the cultivars Roundleaf and Blackwiss yellow yams. No significant differences were observed between tubers resulting from field‐grown and tissue culture‐derived setts relative to the parameters studied. Invertase activity was found to be highest in tubers from middle‐derived setts, while tail‐derived setts had the lowest activity for both cultivars. Middle‐derived tubers were also found to have significantly higher levels of acid phosphatase activity and starch content. However, middle‐derived tubers had the lowest level of total sugars. Polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase were also found to be significantly higher in tubers from middle‐derived setts. These results suggest a higher rate of active starch formation in tubers from middle‐derived setts.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Role of matrix metalloproteinase‐9 in in vitro invasion of esophageal carcinoma cells
Authors: Suzuki Tomotaka , Kuwabara Yoshiyuki , Iwata Hiroji , Mitani Masami , Shinoda Noriyuki , Sato Atsushi , Mitsui Akira , Sugiura Masahiko , Kato Joji , Fujii Yoshitaka 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesAlthough some investigators recently suggested that MMP‐9 may play a critical role in invasion and metastasis, along with MMP‐2, in esophageal carcinoma, there has been no direct evidence that MMPs play a critical role in the actual invasion of esophageal carcinoma cells. Here, we investigated the role of MMPs in the in vitro invasion of esophageal carcinoma cell lines (TE‐series).MethodsOur methods included in vitro invasion assay, gelatin zymography, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).ResultsFour cell lines (but not TE‐5) secreted MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 in the culture medium. Using a quantitative in vitro invasion assay, we found a significant (P = 0.002) correlation between the extent of in vitro invasion and the amount of MMP‐9, but not of MMP‐2, secreted into the conditioned medium in the four cell lines. In these cell lines, R‐94138, a specific MMP‐9 inhibitor, inhibited in vitro invasion in a dose‐dependent manner. Although TE‐5 did not secrete MMP‐2 or MMP‐9, the cells showed a strong in vitro invasion.ConclusionsOur data suggest that most of the esophageal carcinoma cell lines use MMP‐9 for in vitro invasion, but others may use proteinase(s) other than MMP‐9. J. Surg. Oncol. 2002;81:80–86. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is there a minimum number of lymph nodes that should be histologically assessed for a reliable nodal staging of T3N0M0 colorectal carcinomas?
Authors: Cserni Gábor , Vinh‐Hung Vincent , Burzykowski Tomasz 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesBecause of the existing controversy, we searched for a cutoff value for the number of lymph nodes (LNs) to be examined in order to establish a reliable node‐negative stage in colorectal carcinomas (CRCs).MethodsFrom the SEER database, 8,574 T3N0M0 first, single, histologically confirmed, surgically treated CRCs, with at least 1 LN examined histologically, were considered. As a first approach, the relationships between number of examined LNs and 5‐ and 10‐year overall survival (OS) rates, computed by the Kaplan‐Meier method, were assessed. Next, multivariate analysis was performed; a proportional hazards model was fitted to the data and used to obtain a smoothed plot of the martingale residuals vs. the number of negative LNs.ResultsBoth OS rates displayed an improvement with an increase of number of LNs examined. The smoothed plot of the martingale residuals against the number of negative LNs was reasonably linear.ConclusionsBoth approaches suggest that there is no cutoff value for the number of LNs to be examined for an adequate nodal staging; for a reliable pN0 staging, as many LNs should be assessed as possible. However, qualitative features of lymph nodes (e.g., those identified by sentinel lymphadenectomy) may alter this recommendation. J. Surg. Oncol. 2002;81:63–69. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.