bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High mountains in latitude life zones: a worldwide perspective
Authors: Nagy Laszlo , Grabherr Georg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
High mountains occur across all continents, from the Arctic to as far as 55°S, disregarding Antarctica (Fig. 2.1), in all broadly defined latitude zones (arctic, boreal, temperate, subtropical, and tropical) (Table 2.1). The definition of these broad latitude zones follows a simple model of a presumed climate effect, temperature, in particular, on living organisms from the Equator to the poles. However, there are difficulties in generalizing even simple temperature–vegetation latitude zone models. For example, a well-fitting Europe-wide model that uses annual mean temperatures to delineate vegetation zones (Ozenda 1994) has little applicability when extended to the scale of Eurasia, or beyond (Fig. 2.2). Temperature depends not only on the distance from the Equator, but indirectly, on the distance from the oceans; continentality is an important factor that results in such cold winters in Siberia that the annual temperatures average below zero there. According to the simple model in Fig. 2.2, this would cause a temperature climate akin to that in the Arctic. A much-refined pattern in variability is observed when a measure of growing season length is introduced (Fig. 2.3). In addition to temperature, the amount of precipitation, both in absolute terms, and relative to temperature and vegetation cover is important for living things. The main areas that have an arid or desert climate are shown in Fig. 2.4.
Concluding remarks
Authors: Nagy Laszlo , Grabherr Georg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alpine environments are ‘cold’; however, in other aspects they encompass a large variability along three main axes: altitude, moisture, and seasonality (Fig. 11.1). There are many combinations possible in an environmental space that is bounded by these variables. Arctic alpine environments have a high seasonality, low precipitation, and negligible air density impact (bottom back left-hand side of Fig. 11.1). At the opposite end of the spectrum, aseasonal tropical alpine environments have very little seasonality, medium to high precipitation, and a marked reduction in air density (top front right-hand in Fig. 11.1). Ordering mountain regions in this way highlights the variety of alpine environments world-wide.
This virtual ordination space allows us to recount what we know about alpine environments, their habitats and biology. With regard to biodiversity, the effort in terms of coverage of alpine areas and organism groups has been uneven. On average, we have a reasonably good knowledge of the vascular plant flora of all the mountain regions (sometimes found in little known local literature). This knowledge can be in the form of very detailed accurate accounts in extensive mountain ranges where there is a long tradition of research. Few mountain range level accounts, if any match that in the Alps (Flora Alpina; Aeschimann et al. 2004), the existence of which allowed a recent systematic assessment of plant diversity patterns at the scale of the whole Alps range (INTRABIODIV). This is not the general pattern, however, and in most botanically well-known mountain ranges one has to piece the jigsaw together from country accounts (e.g. Scandinavia), or county-and state-level accounts (e.g. North American ranges).
Patients with upper gastrointestinal cancers
Authors: Watson Dr Max , Barrett Ann , Spence Roy AJ , Twelves Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patients who are suitable for radical surgery do substantially better than those who are not. This is complex surgery best done by a specialized team. Surgery remains the only potentially curative modality for tumours in the lower two-thirds of oesophagus. By contrast, surgery is usually not appropriate for patients with tumours of the upper third, which require management in collaboration with specialist head and neck surgeons and oncologists. Unfortunately as a result of the tendency of oesophageal tumours to spread longitudinally through the submucosa, circumferentially to other mediastinal structures, and to lymph nodes early in their course, the results from surgery are disappointing. Neo-adjuvant chemotherapy with cisplatin and 5-fluorouracil improves resectability and reduces the likelihood of local and distant relapse. Studies have not as yet established that the increased morbidity is justified in terms of response and survival benefits Chemoradiotherapy may also be used with radical intent in tumours in the lower two-thirds of oesophagus in patients with localized disease who are unfit for surgeryEndoscopic placement of stents or radiotherapy may provide palliation.
Patients with tumours of the central nervous system
Authors: Watson Dr Max , Barrett Ann , Spence Roy AJ , Twelves Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Where it is possible, surgical resection alone for some low-grade tumours may be curative. Radiotherapy may be used as an alternative or adjunct to surgery. For higher grade lesions, decompression of the tumour may provide palliation and facilitate post-operative radiotherapy. Radiotherapy may be given if surgery is incomplete depending on the site. Delayed radiotherapy is probably as effective as immediate radiotherapy in this situation. It has recently been shown that the addition of chemotherapy to radiotherapy has an advantage in some patients.
Patients with sarcomas
Authors: Watson Dr Max , Barrett Ann , Spence Roy AJ , Twelves Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These rare malignant tumours of mesenchymal origin account for around 1% of all cancers but often occur in young people. In the past, treatment involved mutilating surgery and the prognosis was generally poor. Advances in surgery and chemotherapy mean that amputation is often avoided and survival has improved. Sarcomas may arise almost anywhere in the body and typically present with a slow-growing mass and/or pain. They are difficult to diagnose because they are rare. Symptoms are often non-specific and they can be hard to distinguish from much more common benign tumours. X-ray abnormalities are easily missed, and histological diagnosis can be difficult, so specialist pathology and radiology are vital. Unfortunately, in many patients the diagnosis is delayed.
Two surveys of mainland county biochemistry, diet and lifestyle (1983 and 1989) Reliability re-survey in selected mainland counties (1993)
Authors: Chen Junshi , Peto Richard , Pan Wenharn , Liu Boqi , Campbell T Colin , Boreham Jillian , Parpia Banoo , Cassano Patricia , Chen Zhengming , Feng Zulin , Gelband Hellen , Li Junyao , Pan Hongchao , Root Martin , Wu Yanping , Youngman Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1983, a survey of biochemistry, diet and lifestyle was undertaken in 65 of the 69 counties. In 1989, a more detailed survey was undertaken in all 69 of the counties, involving analyses of samples from adults aged 35 to 64 of plasma, of red blood cells, and, from men only, of urine; a three-day weighed household dietary survey, used to estimate average daily intakes of a wide variety of foods and nutrients per “reference man”; questionnaires (including some physical measurements) about dietary, lifestyle, anthropometric, social and economic factors, representing either the individuals being interviewed, their families, or their communities; and geographic characteristics of the county.
Mechanisms of inflammatory hyperalgesia
Authors: Inglis Julia J , Hunt, Stephen P , Kidd Bruce L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ability of the immune response to recognize and eliminate foreign bodies such as viruses and tumours is essential to our survival. However in autoimmune diseases this process falters, and self is recognized as foreign and hence is attacked by the immune system. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by inflammation and destruction of the synovial joints. The small joints of the hands, feet, and knees tend to be worst affected, often with symmetrical inflammation. RA affects around 1 per cent of the population with an average age of onset of 35–45 years, with 75 per cent being female. The aetiology of the illness is unknown, with genetic, environmental and infectious factors implicated in disease susceptibility and severity. Whatever the initial trigger, the result is the infiltration of the synovium with leukocytes, proliferation of synovial fibroblasts, increased vascularity and the eventual degeneration of collagen and bone epiphyses.
Pathophysiological considerations in trigeminal neuralgia
Authors: Nurmikko T J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of the old tradition of pain medicine rested on simple principles, such as provision of pain relief by nerve blockade or necrolysis. Early pain clinicians were impressed by their observations on interruption of afferent pathways leading to major analgesia, albeit short-lived, and assumed that the same approach would be applicable to chronic pain. It eventually became clear that this view was overly simplistic and that in most cases neurodestructive methods fail, and the pain tends to recur and may even increase in intensity. From what is known today of multiple pain pathways, neuroplasticity, and post-injury neural recovery such a failure is no surprise. It is of interest that while these methods eventually fell into disrepute and are hardly used in chonic pain, the opposite happened in the surgical treatment of trigeminal neuralgia (TN) which really got underway over 100 years ago.
Discussion summary Modulation of pain
Authors: Jensen Troels Staehelin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Decades ago, research was mainly directed versus the inhibitory control exerted by the brain and brainstem on spinal cord mechanisms. In recent years, focus has been directed at the facilitating mechanisms controlling spinal cord and trigeminal mechanisms in processing noxious input. Important facilitating mechanisms in the lower brainstem have been clarified, using mainly electrophysiological and pharmacological techniques. The major research has been directed towards spinal cord mechanisms. An important issue was raised at the seminar by Barry Sessle, who posed the question of whether the spinal cord and the trigeminal systems are identical in terms of these facilitatory and inhibitory inputs.
Chlorophyll C Pigments And Their Distribution In The Chromophyte Algae
Authors: Jeffrey S W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The presence of chlorophyll c is a basic characteristic of the Chromophyte algae. Two light-harvesting chlorophyll c species are known, c 1 and c 2, which differ from all other chlorophylls in being porphyrin rather than chlorin derivatives. Structural similarities to the known chlorophyll a precursors, Mg 2,4-divinyl pheophorphyrin a 5 monomethyl ester (Mg 2,4D) and protochlorophyllide a, suggest that chlorophyll c biosynthesis may occur as a closely related branch of the biosynthetic pathway to chlorophyll a.
Distribution Patterns Of Carotenoids In Relation To Chromophyte Phylogeny And Systematics
Authors: Bjørnland Terje , Liaaen-Jensen Synnøve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A brief introduction to carotenoid chemistry, minimum requirements for proper characterization and unequivocal identification of carotenoids, as well as progress in chromatographic and spectrometric methods are given.
Relationships Between The Chromophyte Algae: The Evidence From Studies Of Mitosis
Authors: Green J C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The data obtained from studies of the fine structure of mitosis have allowed the elucidation of systematic affinities and a reassessment of phylogenetic relationships amongst certain algae, notably the green algae. Comparisons of the mitotic process in the chromophyte algae (algae containing chlorophylls a and c, but excluding here the dinoflagellates) are hampered, however, by the paucity of information on several of the major taxa with only a few groups (e.g. the diatoms and prymnesiophytes) having been examined in some detail.
Phylogenetic Relationships Of Dinoflagellates And Their Plastids
Authors: Dodge John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most photosynthetic dinoflagellates possess chlorophyll c, so it might be assumed that this group should be regarded as a component of the chromophyte series of algae. However, recent studies indicate that the chloroplasts are rather varied both in structure and pigment composition and almost certainly have been derived by endosymbiosis of eukaryotes. This process must have happened several times and is still being ‘experimented with’ by present-day dinoflagellates. The possible phylogenetic relationships of the Dinophyta are investigated by reference to the cell covering, flagella, nucleus and mitosis, mitochondria, ejectile organelles, and RNA. The strongest link to emerge is with the Ciliata with which the dinoflagellates may have shared a common ancestor.
Corethron And MallomonasõSome Striking Morphological Similarities
Authors: Crawford R M , Round F E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The marine, centric diatom Corethron is unique among the group in having separate, articulating components to the valves. These components (spines) and the valve structure are compared to the bristles and scales in a number of species of Mallomonas, especially M. plumosa. The close association of characters of strong resemblance is taken to indicate homology. The implications of such conclusions are briefly considered with respect to the phylogenetic relationships between the Synureae or Synurophyceae and the diatoms. We con” sider that the evidence lends further support to our proposal that the diatom frustule is derived from the wall of a scaly ancestor.
The Flagellar Apparatus Of The Oomycetes And Hyphochytriomycetes
Authors: Barr D J S , Désaulniers N L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The zoosporic fungi are a polyphyletic group comprising four classes. Two of these, the Oomycetes and Hyphochytriomycetes, are related to the chromophyte algae. The Oomycetes have two types of zoospores. One is reniform with two laterally attached flagella, and the other pyriform with two anteriorly or subapically attached flagella. In both types the anteriorly directed flagellum contains mastigonemes whereas the posterior flagellum is smooth and typically longer. The flagellar apparatus in oomycetous zoospores includes up to six distinct arrays (rootlets) of microtubules. The Hyphochytriomycetes have a single, anteriorly directed flagellum that contains mastigonemes, and the flagellar apparatus includes three rootlets. The flagellar apparatuses in the Oomycetes Phytophthora parasitica and Lagena radicicola have been analysed and are compared with Hyphochytrium catenoides.
Food and Feeding Behaviour
Authors: Feigenbaum David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All species of chaetognaths are carnivorous and may feed on several trophic levels. The benthic species are small and are minor constituents of their ecosystems but planktonic chaetognaths are often abundant. Since they are food for a wide variety of larger organisms (Bigelow 1924; David 1955; Reeve 1966) they occupy a central and sometimes important position in planktonic food webs.
Life history variation in female threespine stickleback
Authors: Baker John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A life history can be viewed as a suite of co-adapted traits fashioned by natural selection to solve a particular ecological problem (Stearns 1976; Tuomi et al. 1983). Selection may act on individual traits in different manners, producing an overall life history that is a compromise among varying selection pressures. Life histories are thought to vary among populations within species, and among species, in a manner that reflects adaptation to local environmental conditions (e.g. Leggett and Carscadden 1978). Because much of the variation in life history traits may have a genetic basis, conditions experienced by a taxon in the past may have moulded some aspects of life history that are not currently adaptive (Ballinger 1983; Dunham et al. 1988). Therefore, phylogenetic constraints and historical relationships among populations and species must be accounted for in assessing the evolution of life histories (Wanntorp et al. 1990). The evolution of life history traits may be further constrained by genetic correlations and covariances among characters (Trendall 1982; Tuomi et al. 1983; Gaillard et al. 1989) and by physiological and energetic limitations on variation.
Palaeobiology and evolution of threespine stickleback
Authors: Bell Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fossil record provides a unique chronological perspective on evolutionary processes. Although it is fragmentary and interpretation of palaeobiological evidence is difficult (Levinton 1988; Hoffman 1989), the fossil record is the only source for most information on rates and patterns of evolutionary change, timing of origin and extinction of taxa, past existence of extinct forms, and previous geographical and ecological distributions. Information from the fossil record has an important role to play in our understanding of evolutionary processes.
Trophic strategies among heterotrophic flagellates
Authors: Sanders Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Flagellates are common and abundant in most natural habitats and fulfil every trophic role from primary producer to carnivore. Many are voracious feeders on bacteria and play an important part in nutrient cycling and the degradation of organic matter. Osmotrophic (saprozoic) species are found in organically enriched environments with bacterivores, but are usually a minor component of the community in these habitats. Free-living flagellates can have a significant impact as grazers of algae, and, although few data exist, flagellate predation on other protists and metazoan gametes may affect the population dynamics of the prey species. Many flagellates with photosynthetic abilities are known to ingest prey ranging from bacteria to ciliates. The feeding habits of most species of heterotrophic flagellates are only superficially known. Given their ubiquitous nature, the quantitative and behavioural trophodynamics of heterotrophic flagellates is undoubtedly central to their ecological significance and to the flow of energy and materials through the microbial food web.
Chromatin Structure Of Plant Genes
Authors: Slatter Rosalind E , Gray John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plant growth and development requires a sophisticated programme of differential expression of nuclear genes. Individual plant cells express only specific sets of genes from the plant’s full gene complement, and knowledge of the mechanisms of differential gene expression is currently an important research objective. However, a full understanding of these processes is obviously a formidable task as it has been estimated that approximately 60000 genes are expressed during the life of a tobacco plant and these genes account for less than 5% of the nuclear genome (Kamalay and Goldberg, 1980). The plant’s transcription machinery is obviously able to identify the necessary genes amongst the vast excess of other genomic DNA and to transcribe them in the desired fashion. It seems reasonable to assume that the transcription apparatus is able to recognise certain features of the chromatin structure of genes to be transcribed, and that this structure is different from that of inactive genes. A major problem is to understand the changes in chromatin structure of active and inactive genes. Unfortunately, at the present time, it is often difficult to know if the detected alterations in chromatin structure are a prerequisite for or a consequence of changes in gene activity. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the chromatin structure of plant genes, with some emphasis on structural changes that may be correlated with changes in gene activity. An understanding of the organisation of genes in the plant nucleus is an essential part of any attempt to understand the mechanisms of differential gene expression in plants.
Oil crops for the pharmaceutical industry
Authors: Lapinskas Dr Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most oils (defined as long-chain fatty acids, normally in triglyceride form) derived from plants are used in pharmaceutical products primarily for their physical properties (Reynolds 1989). For instance, olive oil is used as a demulcent (to protect and soothe inflamed mouth tissue), as a mild laxative, as a component in emollient ointments and liniments, and as a lubricant; castor oil is a well-known ingredient of emollient creams, sesame oil is used as a solvent for steroids; and peanut oil is used as a mild enema and for softening ear wax. In addition, sunflower oil and soybean oil are used to provide energy and essential fatty acids for parenteral (e.g. intravenous) nutrition and some oils, such as castor oil, are used for making soaps and detergents which have medical uses. There is also a product (Lipiodol) based on a mixture of iodine with the ethyl esters of poppy seed oil which is used as a contrast medium for the visualization of the lymphatic system and nasal and other sinuses in radiography.
Conservation Goals and the Configuration of Biodiversity
Authors: Mcnaughton S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biodiversity in grasslands in the Serengeti National Park vanes widely. Consequently, the variety of food available to grazers also varies widely. Diversity varies hierarchically. The lowest spatial level is point diversity within sampling areas of small extent. The intermediate level is diversity of grassland swards or stands which contribute to diversity at two sub-levels: the communities of which they are members due to similarity of species composition, and the landscapes within which they occur. In the Serengeti grasslands, pattern diversity contributes to biodiversity at all levels. Within a sward about half of the diversity is due to pattern above the point level. At the level of point diversity species richness is almost five times as important as evenness. About half the diversity is variation in one place as compared to others, about a third variety of surrounding species, and about a tenth is due to how evenly species are represented. At the level of communities, classified by similarity of species composition of different swards, stand diversity is the overriding determinant. Integrity of species composition within communities means that there are similar grassland types throughout the ecosystem although they occur in different places. At the level of landscape regions, pattern diversity is an important element of vegetation diversity. However, less of the total variation in vegetation diversity is explained at this level than at any of the other levels, because it cannot be explained by either average diversity of stands or degrees of difference between stands. This is due to intergradation of different communities across a landscape.
Systematic Assessment of Taxic Diversity by Summation
Authors: Vane-Wright R I , Smith C R , Kitching I J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Combining data from many different taxonomic groups (up to 20 000 taxa has been suggested) will be necessary if meaningful priority areas analysis for conservation is to be achieved. Rapid analysis of data sets of more than about 1000 taxa using measures more complex than spanning-subtree weighting becomes prohibitively expensive, and coping with 20 000 is beyond present capability. Therefore, a method that combines the results of separate analyses in order to approximate the result of an all-inclusive analysis is required. Using data derived from owls, hawkmoths, milkweed butterflies, and tiger-beetles, analysed with the WORLDMAP program at regional (SE Asia) and national (Thailand) levels, we investigate methods for performing such combinations. An exact summation method is described for taxic richness, but for taxic difference measures (e.g. dispersion) we conclude that no similar exact solution exists. A heuristic measure, based upon re-ranking priority sequences, which can approximate the result of a combined analysis, is described and its limitations are discussed.