bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ethics of Advising
Authors: Jonas Monique 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
We give and receive advice daily, to good and bad effect and across a wide range of relational contexts, yet philosophers have devoted little attention to the ethics of advising. This book fills that gap. It offers a new theory of advising as an act of help with practical reasoning and explores its implications across a range of personal and professional contexts. At its heart is a ground-breaking account of the norms of advice, rooted in advice’s defining purpose: to help an advisee see how to proceed. Our ethical expectations of advice, advisors, and the advice relationship are drawn out through a series of cases that evoke reactive attitudes such as resentment and gratitude. This book addresses common concerns about advising, relating to manipulative techniques, conflicts of interest, the disruptive effects of power upon advice relationships, how responsibility for advised acts should be apportioned, and how the norms of advice apply in professional and personal settings. It explains what is ethically problematic about certain strategic invocations of an advice relationship and offers guidance about how to balance role responsibilities and responsiveness to advisees across professional contexts including policy advice, law, and medical practice. It explains how advice from strangers can be received well or badly, and develops rules of practice for advice within close relationships.
The Norms of Advice
Authors: Jonas Monique 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
We have ethical expectations of advisors, but it is not easy to say what they are. This chapter offers the first contemporary account of the norms of advice. The ethical dimensions of advising, and its susceptibility to resentment, cannot be fully appreciated unless one sees advice as an act of help, with all the implications for dignity that brings. The chapter begins with an exploration of dignity, before presenting five norms of advice: that advice should address the advisee as a practical reasoner; be discretionary; other-regarding; sincere; and based upon the advisor’s best knowledge and reasoning. The ways in which each norm upholds advice’s illocutionary point (to help an advisee see how to proceed) and preserves its distinctive illocutionary force (which allows us to recognize speech as advice) are explained via a series of cases.
The Advice Relationship
Authors: Jonas Monique 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Advice can be used for purposes other than help with practical reasoning, some of which strain trust within an advice relationship. This chapter examines ethical expectations of advisors and advisees that go beyond the norms of advice. Two cases are presented in which advice is sought for strategic purposes, to reduce the advisee’s exposure to blame or criticism. Next, a case of strategic advising is examined, in which advice serves as a poor substitute for the practical help that an advisor owes. The implications of strategic deployments of advising for trust within advice relationships are drawn out, and then a different threat is introduced: advisor over-identification with an advisee’s practical project. Eric Wiland’s reading of a controversial legal case serves as a basis for exploring the limits of advice as a form of help. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the relational dynamics of helping relationships.
On Pictorial Representation (1998)
Authors: Wollheim Richard 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Wollheim delivers his well-known theory of pictorial representation, and defends it briefly against both Semiotic and Resemblance views. His criticisms of semiotic approaches are here handled at a very general level: Wollheim finds this in violation of the ‘fundamental requirement’ that ‘pictorial representation is a perceptual, more narrowly a visual, phenomenon’. Resemblance Theory, on the other hand, passes the ‘minimal requirement’, but does not pass the ‘amplified requirement’ that representational seeing ‘will be, or include, a visual awareness of the thing represented’. According to Wollheim, his theory—founded on childlike experiences of seeing animals in clouds and the like—straightforwardly passes the test, and he defends the theory against the often-posed criticism that his use of seeing-in is phenomenologically too thin. He stresses the ‘permeability to thought’ of his theory, and closes with his finding ‘place for imagination in my account of representational meaning, but it is a place that is ancillary to seeing-in and is relevant only to certain paintings.’
Review of Problems of Art, by Susanne K. Langer (1957)
Authors: Wollheim Richard 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This short review is included because it expresses why Susanne Langer (1895–1985), such a seminal figure in Anglo-American aesthetics, was largely discounted by Wollheim in subsequent writings. As in her Philosophy in a New Key (1941) and Feeling and Form (1953), works of art are presentational symbols of ‘non-discursive’ communication that are not apprehended as the sums of individual, largely conventional elements, as in the grammatical and logical functions of language. Non-discursive symbolic artefacts have natural, non-conventional meanings, ones that manifest the ‘life of feelings’. The big problem is that to consider artworks as symbols consigns their makers to the role of mere discoverers of symbols, as if they had their meaning independent of the activity; whereas artworks are things newly composed, their meanings made. The lesser problem highlights Langer’s eagerness to accommodate criticism of her theory by verbal reformulation, which is a sign, as Wollheim sees it, of the blithe attitude that ‘deep down inside [she] possesses the truth, if only [she] could bring it to the surface’.
Professor Gombrich [Review of Meditations on a Hobby Horse] (1964)
Authors: Wollheim Richard 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Ernst Gombrich (1909–2001) was perhaps more than any other thinker the main inspiration, or rather the main point of departure, for Wollheim’s theories of pictorial expression, representation, and style. For style, aside from its many miscellaneous appearances in his work as well as ‘Pictorial Style: Two Views’, we have the three pieces in Part II of this volume. This essay concentrates on expression as described in Gombrich’s essays in his Meditations on a Hobby Horse (1963). For all the praise Wollheim grants him, he finds Gombrich struggling when it comes to that crucially important concept of expression. Gombrich’s maxim is that artistic expression depends on the ‘spectator’s capacity to anticipate to some extent the alternatives between which he has to choose’; this ‘completely disregard[s] the existence of those elements which are charged by nature with physiognomic significance and which can be safely used by the artist in the certainty that they will effect a resonance in the spectator’, and equally it ignores the ‘structure of the personality or ego’.
The Core of Aesthetics (1991)
Authors: Wollheim Richard 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Wollheim’s is a less-than-laudatory account of the ‘three or four dismal decades analytic aesthetics’ running to the 1960s: ‘The problem was that [ ... ] [because of the Kantian focus on beauty] the phenomena of art were invisible’, that ‘for it the distinctive character of art was irrelevant’. The culprit was the Kant-related idea that we all possess aesthetic judgement placed on the individual, the viewer. Among the first texts to redirect the nature of aesthetic questions was Goodman’s Languages of Art (1968), which attempted to create ‘a general theory of symbols’—artefacts with symbolic meaning, thereby focusing aesthetics squarely on works of art rather than the spectator’s experience. Wollheim concentrates on the question of whether ‘allographic’ arts, such as poetry and music, are really identified as Goodman thinks by their being inscribed sequences of words or notes; or whether by contrast they are identified by involving their circumstances of production. Wollheim thinks that common sense strongly favours the latter, and gives the example of a young man in Southern Californian who happens to write a poem word-for-word the same as a well-known (though not to him of course) medieval quatrain.
Why Is Drawing Interesting? (2005)
Authors: Wollheim Richard 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Wollheim first defends essentialism, not of art per se but of the individual arts: ‘Mere designation, designation of some practice and its materials as art’, he says, ‘settles nothing, whatever certain thinkers say.’ We must rather advert to ‘a corpus of serious work, issuing from some recognizable and repeatable process, and expressing some worthwhile human meaning in an accessible form’. In the case of each art, art materials are turned into media that resonate with human psychology. In the case of drawing in particular—after a quick explanation of the role of seeing-in—comes a surprising and deeply compelling link with style, in the bodily sense discussed in other essays in this volume. Aside from strict ‘delineation’—the rendering only of outline shape—drawing must be ‘understood through the co-operation between artist and spectator [which crucially includes the artist himself], and, in both cases, it is ultimately the hand of the artist that has to respond to the eye of the spectator.’ The substance of this can only be learned ‘patiently looking at drawings’; here we see the ‘triumphs [ ... ] of the embodied mind.’
The Goals (If Any) of Landscape Evolution
Authors: Phillips Jonathan D 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Earth surface systems (ESS) often exhibit trends of development and self-organization that increase their efficiency, productivity, and stability. This has generated theories, hypotheses, and speculations that ESS develop to achieve better adapted or optimal states, denoted by the umbrella term goal functions. Proposed goal functions in a broad range of ecological, geophysical, hydrological, pedological, and geomorphological processes and entities are reviewed. While in many cases it is quite clear why the system states associated with the goals are advantageous, ESS are supra-organisms, not super-organisms, and have no intentionality or purpose. This chapter argues that the apparent goal-seeking is better explained as emergent behavior arising from selection.
Introduction
Authors: Dijkstra Hylke , von Allwörden Laura , Schütte Leonard , Zaccaria Giuseppe 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter introduces the rationale of the book. It notes that international organizations (IOs) are regularly challenged in ways that put their ability to perform core functions at risk. While the literature has focused on the various existential challenges, scholars rarely look at the responses by IOs. This chapter introduces the argument that IO institutional actors can be surprisingly proactive when their own organizations get challenged. The chapter notes that they can use behavioural and discursive strategies, through either adaptation or resistance, to cope with existential challenges. While institutional actors try to tailor their responses to the specific types of existential challenges, their ability to do so depends on the quality of their leadership, organizational structure, and external networks. The chapter concludes by clarifying the methodology which includes six case studies of IOs facing existential challenges informed by more than hundred interviews with relevant diplomats, IO officials, and other stakeholders.
Producing language
Authors: Ferreira Fernanda 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter details the process of producing language. A two-stage model of language production separates into two discrete stages the processes related to generating the meaning and structure of the utterance and those involved in generating its sound pattern. However, although speech error analyses are informative, psycholinguists realized it was important to test the core assumptions of speech error models using experimental investigations. The chapter also considers the key concept of Easy-First and structural priming as per Kathryn Bock’s studies. It explains that language production includes a stage during which people verify that what they are about to say conforms to the rules of the language and the norms of the situation.
Individual differences in language processing
Authors: Ferreira Fernanda 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines individual differences in language processing. It explains that the study of language processing is the study of how people understand sentences or some other chunk of language since people vary in how well they comprehend a sentence, paragraph, story, or essay. The most widely studied individual differences characteristic is working memory, which refers to the cognitive system used for maintaining information in an active form so that the information can be retrieved and processed. The chapter explains that some of the important individual differences characteristics are divided into the categories of domain-general and domain-specific abilities. It also looks into the role of psychometrics and Event-Related Potentials.
Before and beyond the Reformation
Authors: Murphy Andrew R. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Although the modern roots of toleration lie in religious controversies during the Reformation era, efforts to achieve peaceful coexistence are not restricted to those contexts. This chapter explores toleration in the Roman empire, the Achaemenid empire, and under the Indian emperors Ashoka and Akbar. It also considers the medieval era, when Jews, Muslims, and Christians lived together under Muslim rulers; the Ottoman millet system, which provided ethnic and religious communities with limited self-government authority; and the important role played by early Christianity in articulating ideas about religious liberty. Rulers seeking political obedience and smooth administration frequently saw the value of permitting distinctive cultural and religious practices.
The Beautiful Voice in Opera: The Injustice of Vocal Discrimination
Authors: Gracyk Theodore 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This essay focuses on certain norms of Western opera, most notably the long-standing practice of excluding those who possess unattractive voices from leading roles in opera productions. Aging voices are sometimes accepted, but otherwise the institution of Western opera reflects and reinforces the common social bias against people with unattractive voices. Resistance to casting ugly voices in leading opera roles is an overlooked category of the marginalization and silencing of a whole class of voices in the performing arts. I consider arguments that might be given in support of continuing this practice, but I argue that they fail. Current practice merits ethical censure, both for the selection process that is part of the means of production and, especially, for the attitude that the audience is prompted to deploy in engaging with the drama.
TargetCLP: clathrin proteins prediction combining transformed and evolutionary scale modeling-based multi-view features via weighted feature integration approach
Authors: Ullah Matee , Akbar Shahid , Raza Ali , Khan Kashif Ahmad , Zou Quan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Clathrin proteins, key elements of the vesicle coat, play a crucial role in various cellular processes, including neural function, signal transduction, and endocytosis. Disruptions in clathrin protein functions have been associated with a wide range of diseases, such as Alzheimer’s, neurodegeneration, viral infection, and cancer. Therefore, correctly identifying clathrin protein functions is critical to unravel the mechanism of these fatal diseases and designing drug targets. This paper presents a novel computational method, named TargetCLP, to precisely identify clathrin proteins. TargetCLP leverages four single-view feature representation methods, including two transformed feature sets (PSSM-CLBP and RECM-CLBP), one qualitative characteristics feature, and one deep-learned-based embedding using ESM. The single-view features are integrated based on their weights using differential evolution, and the BTG feature selection algorithm is utilized to generate a more optimal and reduced subset. The model is trained using various classifiers, among which the proposed SnBiLSTM achieved remarkable performance. Experimental and comparative results on both training and independent datasets show that the proposed TargetCLP offers significant improvements in terms of both prediction accuracy and generalization to unseen data, furthering advancements in the research field.
BHSo2 The lived experience of parastomal hernia: a qualitative study exploring the lived experience of patients with a parastomal hernia
Authors: Blackwell Sue 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Aim
This study aimed to understand the lived experience of patients with a parastomal hernia, including their perceptions, priorities and experiences of living with and having treatment for a parastomal hernia.

Methods
Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with patients living with an intestinal stoma who have either had surgical treatment or conservative management for a parastomal hernia. Interviews were audio recorded and professionally transcribed prior to framework analysis via NVivo. Patients were recruited via patient support charities and social media.

Results
Currently 21 participants have been interviewed (11 female, 10 male) age range 24–87. Indication for index surgery were: 7 colorectal cancer, 9 IBD, 2 incontinence, 3 other. 8 have had a PSH repair, 7 have had a recurrence. 4 have had more than one repair. Two have a bulge but have not had a PSH diagnosed by a healthcare professional. Median time from index surgery to developing a PSH was 2 years.
Analysis of the transcript is currently ongoing, however initial themes include a lack of preparedness for development of a PSH, and for recurrence after surgical repair, as well as a sense of personal blame for development of a PSH.

Conclusion
This qualitative study has explored patients lived experience of parastomal hernia, and the impact that this may have on their quality of life. It has highlighted a number of areas that patients feel are important when discussing parastomal hernia and parastomal hernia treatment. This understanding can help healthcare professionals have better conversations with their patients.
BHSo6 A systematic review and meta-regression of factors affecting incisional hernia rates in midline incisions over a 10 year period
Authors: Smith Laurie , Coxon-Meggy Alexandra , Gwilym Brenig , Lukaszewicz Alex , Mckenna Matthew , Osinkolu Ife , Amro Chris , Fischer John , Torkington Jared , Bosanquet Dave 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Aims
Incisional hernia (IH) rates in midline incisions have been reported to be 12.8% in a systematic review of literature published in 2015. With updated guidance on abdominal wall closure techniques, the landscape of abdominal wall closure has changed. We aimed to update this literature to assess changes in both rates and risk factors for IH in midline incisions.

Methods
We undertook a systematic review of literature according to PRISMA guidelines and registered on PROSPERO. All papers reporting IH rates in midline incisions with primary suture closure between April 2013-October 2022 were included. Papers with two or more arms suitable for inclusion were extracted independently.

Results
Sixty three papers (21 RCTs, 36 cohort studies and 6 case-control studies), comprising 18 126 patients were included. The mean IH rate was 16.8% at a weighted mean follow up of 31.3 months. There was no significant increase in IH rates over time. Meta-regression identified two study level variables that correlated with an increase in IH rates (Use of radiology for diagnosis of IH and inclusion of patients undergoing a contaminated procedure) and one operative variable that corresponded with a decrease in rates (Small bites closure technique).

Conclusions
Incisional hernia rates have increased in midline incisions. Study level characteristics account for the majority of risk, suggesting standardisation of trial technique is aiding in IH detection. Small bites technique is associated with a significant reduction in IH rates, and future work should focus on strengthening the evidence base around this technique.
BHSeP4 Recurrent omphalitis after open mesh repair ofumbilical hernia: misdiagnosis or complication?
Authors: Wilkinson Danielle , Ibrahim Rashid , Hyder Zargham 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The use of prosthetic mesh has become the standard practice for repairing all types of hernia due to its low recurrence rate. However, there is a small risk of mesh migration and erosion into the bowel, which can result in major morbidities. One treatment option for this condition is a surgical resection of the affected segment of the bowel, along with the removal of the mesh. We report on a 62-year-old male who had a mesh that migrated through his small bowel 16 years after his hernia repair. This patient developed recurrent umbilical discharge, pain and was treated in the community for recurrent omphalitis by GP. Delayed diagnosis led to chronic enterocutaneous fistula, which was treated with laparotomy, en bloc resection of small bowel/umbilicus/old hernia mesh, along with retrorectus mesh reconstruction of abdominal wall.
BHSeP7 Patient case study: rebuilding a patient’s life not just their abdominal wall—experience from a tertiary hernia centre on the impact of abdominal wall reconstruction on quality of life
Authors: Birch Alice , Cocciolo Federica 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Large hernias with loss of domain are challenging to manage surgically and can be debilitating for patients. Pre-operative botulinum toxin injections into the abdominal wall can help chemically relax abdominal muscles to aid fascial closure.
The patient presented with a complex incisional hernia following a laparotomy, Hartmann’s procedure and splenectomy for perforated diverticular disease. Their CT scan showed a 16.5 × 17.5 cm defect, with a separate component involving their colostomy and lateral displacement of their muscle complexes. This significantly impacted the patient's quality of life, manifesting as moderate pain that hindered activities. They required dressings and antibiotics due to skin changes over the hernia. Furthermore, dissatisfaction with the cosmetic appearance of the hernia contributed to the overall burden on the patient.
The patient underwent pre-operative botulinum toxin injections prior to their abdominal wall reconstruction. They received 200 units divided equally between internal and external obliques. During their surgery they required a left sided transversus abdominus release and an &gt;5 cm mesh overlap was achieved in all directions. A post-operative CT scan conducted ten days after the surgery revealed no complications. The patient's recovery progressed well, leading to their discharge 12 days post-surgery.
The patient was reviewed post-surgery. Expressing high satisfaction with the surgical outcome, they conveyed a profound positive impact on their quality of life. The patient's newfound confidence in the improved cosmesis of their hernia was evident. Overall, the surgery proved transformative, liberating the patient from the burdens of frequent medical appointments and instilling a renewed sense of self-assurance.