bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tobacco Use Outcomes Among Patients With Lung Cancer Treated for Nicotine Dependence
Authors: Cox Lisa Sanderson , Patten Christi A. , Ebbert Jon O. , Drews Amanda A. , Croghan Gary A. , Clark Matthew M. , Wolter Troy D. , Decker Paul A. , Hurt Richard D. 
Published: October 2002

PURPOSE: There is a current lack of consensus about the effectiveness of nicotine dependence treatment for cancer patients. This retrospective study examined the 6-month tobacco abstinence rate among lung cancer patients treated clinically for nicotine dependence. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A date-of-treatment matched case control design was used to compare lung cancer patients (201 lung cancer patients, 41% female) and nonlung cancer patients (201 controls, 45% female) treated in the Mayo Clinic Nicotine Dependence Center between 1988 and 2000. The intervention involves a brief consultation with a nicotine dependence counselor. A treatment plan individualized to the patient’s needs is then developed. The primary end point was the self-reported, 7-day point prevalence abstinence from tobacco at 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: At baseline, compared with the controls, the lung cancer patients were significantly older (P < .001), reported higher motivation to stop smoking (P = .003), and were at a higher stage of change (P = .002). The 6-month tobacco abstinence rate was 22% for the lung cancer patients compared with 14% of the control patients (P = .024). After adjusting for age, sex, baseline cigarettes smoked per day, and stage of change, no significant difference was detected between lung cancer patients and controls on the tobacco abstinence rate. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that nicotine dependence treatment is effective for patients with a diagnosis of lung cancer. The majority of lung cancer patients were motivated to stop smoking.
Effect of Timing of Pulmonary Metastases Identification on Prognosis of Patients With Osteosarcoma: The Japanese Musculoskeletal Oncology Group Study
Authors: Tsuchiya Hiroyuki , Kanazawa Yoshimitsu , Abdel-Wanis Mohamed E. , Asada Naohiro , Abe Satoshi , Isu Kazuo , Sugita Takashi , Tomita Katsuro 
Published: October 2002

PURPOSE: The prognostic value of the time of identification of lung metastasis was investigated in 280 patients with metastatic lung osteosarcoma as a multi-institutional study of the Japanese Musculoskeletal Oncology Group. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The 280 patients with lung metastasis were divided into four groups: group 1, patients with lung metastasis identified at initial presentation; group 2, those with lung metastasis identified during preoperative chemotherapy; group 3, those with lung metastasis identified during postoperative chemotherapy, and group 4, those with lung metastasis identified after completion of treatment. Survivals of the four groups were compared. Additionally, the effects of number of metastatic nodules, metastasectomy, and the effect of chemotherapy on the primary tumor on survival of the four groups were analyzed. RESULTS: There were 46 patients in group 1, 30 in group 2, 94 in group 3, and 110 in group 4. The overall 2-year survival rates from the time of identification of lung metastasis were 33%, 31%, 24%, and 40% for groups 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively, whereas the 5-year survival rates were 18%, 0%, 6%, and 31%, respectively. Patients in group 4 thus demonstrated significantly better prognosis than any of the other patients (P < .0001). CONCLUSION: Time of identification of lung metastasis is an important prognostic factor. In terms of clinical behavior, groups 2 and 3 are completely different than group 4. These data ensure the need to stratify stage III osteosarcomas into subgroups according to the time of diagnosis of lung metastases. To improve the survival of osteosarcoma patients, new treatment modalities should be introduced into the treatment armamentarium for lung metastasis from osteosarcoma, especially in groups 1, 2, and 3.
Phase III Study of Gemcitabine in Combination With Fluorouracil Versus Gemcitabine Alone in Patients With Advanced Pancreatic Carcinoma: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group Trial E2297
Authors: Berlin Jordan D. , Catalano Paul , Thomas James P. , Kugler John W. , Haller Daniel G. , Benson Al Bowen 
Published: October 2002

PURPOSE: Gemcitabine is generally considered to constitute first-line therapy for pancreatic cancer. To determine whether the addition of fluorouracil (5-FU) improves on the results from single-agent gemcitabine, the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) compared gemcitabine plus bolus 5-FU with gemcitabine alone for patients with advanced pancreatic carcinoma.PATIENTS AND METHODS: This trial involved patients with biopsy-proven, advanced carcinoma of the pancreas not amenable to surgical resection. Patients were randomized to receive either gemcitabine alone (1,000 mg/m2/wk) weekly for 3 weeks of every 4 or to receive gemcitabine (1,000 mg/m2/wk) followed by 5-FU (600 mg/m2/wk) weekly on the same schedule. The primary end point of the trial was survival, with secondary end points of time to progression and response rate.RESULTS: Of 327 patients enrolled over 18 months, 322 were eligible. Overall, the median survival was 5.4 months for gemcitabine alone and 6.7 months for gemcitabine plus 5-FU (P = .09). Progression-free survival for gemcitabine alone was 2.2 months, compared with 3.4 months for gemcitabine plus 5-FU (P = .022). Objective responses were uncommon and were observed in only 5.6% of patients treated with gemcitabine and 6.9% of patients treated with gemcitabine plus 5-FU. Most toxicities were hematologic or gastrointestinal; no significant differences were noted between the two treatment arms.CONCLUSION: 5-FU, administered in conjunction with gemcitabine, did not improve the median survival of patients with advanced pancreatic carcinoma compared with single-agent gemcitabine. Further studies with other combinations of gemcitabine and 5-FU are not compelling, and clinical trial resources should address other combinations and novel agents.
Synthesis of New 2-(Aminomethyl)-4-phenylpyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxalines and their Preliminary In-vivo Central Dopamine Antagonist Activity Evaluation in Mice
Authors: Guillon J , Boulouard M , Lisowski V , Stiebing S , Lelong V , Dallemagne P , Rault S 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
In the search for antipsychotic agents that are not associated with extrapyramidal side effects, efforts have been focused on finding selective D4-receptor antagonists and investigating their pharmacology. Our laboratory has developed a synthesis program for new pyrroloquinoxalines with therapeutic potential. We have described the synthesis of some new pyrroloquinoxalines with substituted arylpiperazino or aryltetrahydropyrido chain at position 3 of the quinoxaline ring (2-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-ylmethyl)-4-phenylpyr-rolo[1,2-a]quinoxalinium oxalate (3a), 2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-ylmethyl]-4-phenylpyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalinium oxalate (3b), 2-[4-(3-trinuoromethylphenyl)piperazin-1-ylmethyl]-4-phenylpyrrolo[l,2-a]quinoxalinium oxalate (3c), 2-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-ylmethyl]-4-phenylpyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalinium oxalate (3d), 2-(4-pyridin-2-ylpiper-azin-1-ylmethyl)-4-phenylpyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalinium oxalate (3e), and 2-(4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-1-ylmethyl)-4-phenylpyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoxalinium oxalate (3f)).
A preliminary pharmacological study of these products was conducted using climbing behaviour induced by apomorphine (2.5 mg kg−1, s.c.) in mice. The derivatives were administered intraperitoneally 30 min before apomorphine. Haloperidol, chlorpromazine and clozapine were used as references.
Among this series, 3b, 3c and 3f revealed a central dopamine antagonist activity. The most active derivative was 3b, which exhibited a profile relatively close to clozapine.
Inhibitory Effects of Amlexanox on Carbachol-induced Contractions of Rabbit Ciliary Muscle and Guinea-pig Taenia Caecum
Authors: Watanabe Noriko , Tominaga Yukari , Mizutani Kazuya , Ogawa Takahiro , Tsunobuchi-Ushijima Hiromi , Gomi Yasuo 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Instillation of amlexanox, an anti-allergic drug, over a long period improves myopia in some allergy patients and in monkeys. The relaxing effect of amlexanox on persistent contraction of ciliary muscle may be involved in the improvement of myopia. In this study, the mechanism of the noncompetitive inhibition of carbachol-induced contractions by amlexanox (1–100 μM) was investigated in isolated smooth muscle preparations of the rabbit ciliary body and guinea-pig taenia caecum.
In ciliary muscles, amlexanox (100 &#x006e;̈m) inhibited both the phasic and tonic components of carbachol-induced contractions even in the presence of cyclopiazonic acid (10 &#x006e;̈m) where the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum was impaired, while diltiazem (3.2, 32μM) did not. In taenia caecum, diltiazem (3.2 μM) slightly inhibited the phasic component and abolished the tonic component of carbachol-induced contractions. Amlexanox also abolished the tonic component, but it did not decrease the 45Ca2+ uptake into taenia caecum smooth muscle cells induced by carbachol. Amlexanox did not increase the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclicAMP) content of ciliary muscles in the presence of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (10 μm), while forskolin (1 μm) did. Gel-shift assay showed that the inhibition of carbachol-induced contractions by amlexanox was accompanied by a decrease in phosphorylation of the 20-kDa myosin light chain in taenia caecum tissue preparations. Amlexanox had no effect on calmodulin activity, whereas it inhibited phosphorylation of the myosin light chain by purified myosin light-chain kinase from chicken gizzard.
These results suggested that amlexanox may not affect either Ca2+ mobilization or calmodulin activity, although it inhibits myosin light-chain kinase, which may inhibit carbachol-induced contraction.
On the In-vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Oleuropein and Hydroxytyrosol
Authors: Bisignano Giuseppe , Tomaino Antonio , Cascio Rossella Lo , Crisafi Giuseppe , Uccella Nicola , Saija Antonella 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Secoiridoides (oleuropein and derivatives), one of the major classes of polyphenol contained in olives and olive oil, have recently been shown to inhibit or delay the rate of growth of a range of bacteria and microfungi but there are no data in the literature concerning the possible employment of these secoiridoides as antimicrobial agents against pathogenic bacteria in man.
In this study five ATCC standard bacterial strains (Haemophilus influenzae ATCC 9006, Moraxella catarrhalis ATCC 8176, Salmonella typhi ATCC 6539, Vibrio parahaemolyticus ATCC 17802 and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923) and 44 fresh clinical isolates (Haemophilus influenzae, eight strains, Moraxella catarrhalis, six strains, Salmonella species, 15 strains, Vibrio cholerae, one strain, Vibrio alginolyticus, two strains, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, one strain, Staphylococcus aureus, five penicillin-susceptible strains and six penicillin-resistant strains), causal agents of intestinal or respiratory tract infections in man, were tested for in-vitro susceptibility to two olive (Olea europaea) secoiridoides, oleuropein (the bitter principle of olives) and hydroxytyrosol (derived from oleuropein by enzymatic hydrolysis and responsible for the high stability of olive oil). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) calculated in our study are evidence of the broad antimicrobial activity of hydroxytyrosol against these bacterial strains (MIC values between 0.24 and 7.85 μg mL−1 for ATCC strains and between 0.97 and 31.25 μg mL−1 for clinically isolated strains). Furthermore oleuropein also inhibited (although to a much lesser extent) the growth of several bacterial strains (MIC values between 62.5 and 500 μg mL−1 for ATCC strains and between 31.25 and 250 μg mL−1 for clinical isolates); oleuropein was ineffective against Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis.
These data indicate that in addition to the potential employment of its active principles as food additives or in integrated pest-management programs, Olea europaea can be considered a potential source of promising antimicrobial agents for treatment of intestinal or respiratory tract infections in man.
Piping elbows with cracks Part 2: Global finite element and experimental plastic loads under opening bending
Authors: Yahiaoui K , Moffat D G , Moreton D N 
Published: October 2002

Experimental and finite element (FE) plastic load results of cracked piping elbows under opening in-plane bending are presented and compared with data from similar defect-free components. The elbows used were short-radius components with an outside diameter of 88.9 mm and thickness 5.49 mm. Axial (at the crown) and circumferential (at the intrados) blunt crack-like defects were produced using electric discharge machining (EDM) procedures. Both short (0 = 21° axial or 2β = 46° circumferential) and long (0 = 75° axial or 2β = 120° circumferential) defects were investigated with three depth-thickness ratios a/t = 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0. The FE simulations employed the measured true stress-strain properties for the elbow material and included geometric non-linear behaviour. The results obtained show that piping elbows under opening bending can tolerate substantial defects, with reductions in plastic loads compared with the defect-free component of the order of 15 per cent or less in most cases, except when the defect is through-wall and circumferential and covers an angle 2β = 120° or more, in which case the reduction in plastic load can be as high as 40 per cent.
Fuzzy logic methods in fatigue and creep
Authors: Harris J 
Published: October 2002

Fatigue and creep laboratory data for metals normally exhibit scatter, which implies an element of uncertainty or vagueness in the results. Such data are usually treated by empirical correlations or by mathematical models with some theoretical basis. Confidence limits are sometimes given based upon an assumed probability distribution. On a fine scale, fracture mechanics studies consider the mechanism of crack growth, assuming a uniformly smooth continuum. The treatments aim to provide design working stresses and also the reliability basis for the formulation of inspection and maintenance schedules. Further uncertainty in the interpretation of laboratory test data in terms of in-service material characteristics arises from a few other sources, even if the material types are nominally the same. Fuzzy logic is a natural means of expressing vague categories of information by means of fuzzy sets and also provides the means of performing logic operations on them. In this work, consideration is given to the application to some aspects of fatigue and creep. Some examples, including fuzzy boundaries between safe and unsafe states, are given to illustrate the methodology, the conclusions are also initially in the form of fuzzy sets. Compared with other methodologies, richer meaning is found in the results.
Static lateral compression of aluminium tubes: Strain gauge measurements and discussion of theoretical models
Authors: Avalle M , Goglio L 
Published: October 2002

This paper illustrates experimental results obtained by means of strain gauges applied on circular tubes during static lateral crushing. The aim of the work is to obtain an experimental insight regarding the strain field during lateral compression and to verify the known theoretical models. The experimental activity involved aluminium tubes of 80 and 100 mm diameter and 2 mm wall thickness. Up to thirty strain gauges were applied on the internal and external surfaces of each tube. Additional theoretical results were obtained by means of numerical simulation performed using a non-linear finite element code. The measurements are well fitted, both qualitatively and quantitatively, by the Reid-Reddy theoretical model.
Approximate method for the analysis of components undergoing ratchetting and failure
Authors: Lin J , Dunne F P E , Hayhurst D R 
Published: October 2002

An approximate method has been presented for the design analysis of engineering components subjected to combined cyclic thermal and mechanical loading. The method is based on the discretization of components using multibar modelling which enables the effects of stress redistribution to be included as creep and cyclic plasticity damage evolves. Cycle jumping methods have also been presented which extend previous methods to handle problems in which incremental plastic straining (ratchetting) occurs. Cycle jumping leads to considerable reductions in computer CPU (central processing unit) resources, and this has been shown for a range of loading conditions. The cycle jumping technique has been utilized to analyse the ratchetting behaviour of a multibar structure selected to model geometrical and thermomechanical effects typically encountered in practical design situations. The method has been used to predict the behaviour of a component when subjected to cyclic thermal loading, and the results compared with those obtained from detailed finite element analysis. The method is also used to analyse the same component when subjected to constant mechanical loading, in addition to cyclic thermal loading leading to ratchetting. The important features of the two analyses are then compared. In this way, the multibar modelling is shown to enable the computationally efficient analysis of engineering components.
Cyclic plasticity, creep and fracture in a Nimonic alloy
Authors: Rees D W A 
Published: October 2002

Deformation and fracture are examined for a cyclic loading condition in which a 24 h period of forward creep in IN 597 at 850°C is reversed (a) by a similar period of creep and (b) by fast monotonic strain-limited plasticity with and without a subsequent 1 h period of relaxation. When ratchetting is evident, it is shown that a life fraction rule based upon the Monkman—Grant law describes the observed behaviour and that, for a given creep stress, the accumulated creep strain—time plot correlates with a simple creep curve. At lower-magnitude creep dwell stresses a cyclic equilibrium state is achieved. The absence of ratchetting during equilibrium results in a net increase in rupture life and fracture strain when compared with those for simple creep under the same stress. Time-limited cyclic behaviour is compared with further cyclic tests in which the reversal occurs at fixed limits of total strain. These did not show an equilibrium condition but a progressive cyclic softening in which the creep time and strain successively diminished. Predictions to individual creep curves are made from the mechanical equation of state and the time hardening law. However, empiricism is preferred to describe the softening behaviour observed for the alloy more precisely. A theoretical assessment is made of the effect of imposing a period of relaxation at peak reversed strain upon cyclic creep deformation and life.
Material properties from small specimens using the punch and bulge test
Authors: Brookfield D J , Li W , Rodgers B , Mottershead J E , Hellen T K , Jarvis J , Lohr R , Howard-Hildige R , Carlton A , Whelan M 
Published: October 2002

The punch and bulge test provides a technique for the determination of material properties from small specimens. Although the test has been in use for a number of years, the behaviour of the specimen is not fully understood. A finite element analysis of the test has thus been undertaken and validated by comparison with results from experiments, giving good agreement for the punch force for two differing specimen materials. The finite element analysis has enabled punch force-displacement curves, von Mises stresses, equivalent plastic strains and vertical deflections for the upper and lower surfaces of the disc to be obtained. The finite element model has also been used to determine the relationship between the specimen yield stress and the punch force for elastic-perfectly plastic specimens. It is shown that a linear law applies over a 6:1 range of yield stresses and thus the punch and bulge test represents an effective method of yield stress measurement from small specimens. The effect of experimental artefacts on the punch force has been investigated through finite element analysis and physical experiment. The punch force is shown to be effectively insensitive to small uncertainties in the test fixture and experimental conditions. Yield stress results are thus not significantly influenced by experimental uncertainties.
Dynamic stabilization of the turn-milling process by parameter optimization
Authors: Pogacnik M , Kopac J 
Published: October 2002

The process of turn-milling was a subject of intensive research in the late 1980s, which was followed by a number of practical applications. However, this process has not been investigated as extensively as other conventional cutting processes (turning). The main limitations preventing wider use have been the kinematics (smaller shape elements) and the dynamic instability. This paper presents guidelines showing how to avoid dynamic instability by using optimum entry—exit conditions which can be achieved through a proper set-up of the process parameters. As a result, a decision diagram is proposed. The paper also presents the results of comparison with turning, showing that, at the same productivity, turn-milling enables better surface roughness and is much more suitable for high-speed cutting (HSC) machining than turning, where the centrifugal force restrains the process.
An initial investigation into active disassembly using shape memory polymers
Authors: Chiodo J D , Harrison D J , Billett E H 
Published: October 2002

The aim of the work was to demonstrate an alternative to conventional end-of-life (EOL) disassembly strategies such as robotic or hand dismantling. This initial investigation reports the disassembly of consumer electronic products using smart materials in the design of embedded releasable fasteners. A series of products was tested in a variety of different ways using shape memory polymers (SMPs). Tests were run on macroassemblies and subassemblies of telecommunications goods. The devices designed with SMP used two distinct properties of the material suited to active disassembly: the mechanical property loss (MPL), in this case a loss of rigidity in the thread of the SMP screws; the shape memory effect (SME), a change in form, resulting in this case in the loss of moulded thread from SMP shape memory effect screws. Once SMP components were developed and embedded into the candidate products, timed disassembly experiments were conducted. These tests used infrared, air jet and water bath methods for applying heat to trigger the SMP devices. Once the trigger temperature was reached, shape change and property loss occurred in the screws and brackets, allowing assembly release.
Designing and life cycle engineering—a systematic approach to designing
Authors: Eder W E 
Published: October 2002

Engineering a system for its whole life cycle involves the phase of designing the system, when all requirements for function, capabilities, life cycle and societal (economic, ergonomic, aesthetic, law conformance, etc.) properties should be established, and as far as possible fulfilled. Designing need not be just an intuitive and idiosyncratic procedure—it can be made more rational. Design Science has set itself the goal of providing a comprehensive theory. Theories cannot be directly applied. Methods and models derived from the theory can be applied if the relevant parts of the theory are understood (at least at an awareness level) by the applying designer, and the actions and documentation are demanded by design management. The resulting improvement in the process will also render the design process more transparent, and open to review and audit, as demanded by the ISO 9000 series of quality standards. Some contacts with the disciplines of systems engineering and life cycle engineering are indicated. Most formal models of design processes are formulated for novel design problems. They can help to clarify the problem in a more formalized way. Design Science can effectively be applied to novel or redesign problems.