bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do Hispanic nonprofits foster Hispanic philanthropy?
Authors: Cortés Michael 
Published: June 2004

AbstractNeglect of Hispanic communities by most nonprofit organizations may help explain why relatively few Hispanics practice conventional forms of philanthropy. However, there is evidence that Hispanics in the United States support informal, traditional voluntary associations in their own communities. Historically, cultural traditions and informal mutual assistance have led to the formation of nonprofit corporations controlled by members of the Hispanic communities they serve. In the past two decades, the number of formal Hispanic nonprofits has grown rapily. It remains to be seen if the recent increase in Hispanic tax‐exempt organizations will change patterns of giving among the nation's growing Hispanic population.
Hispanic women: Nurturing tomorrow's philanthropy
Authors: Parra Olga Villa 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis chapter explores the rich dynamics Hispanic women bring to the philanthropic tradition. Little is written on Hispanic women in the field of philanthropy. This chapter presents a conversation that raises a few questions, provides examples of a few inspiring role models, and looks to the future importance of Hispanic women in the world of philanthropy. The U.S. Census Bureau gives population data for Hispanic women, their rising numbers, and their continued success in business. But we must continue to have ongoing conversations about charity, benevolence, and philanthropy. The notion of doing something for the good of the community is not new to Hispanic women. How they understand philanthropy and the common good is the focus of this chapter.
The effectiveness of fundraising training in Hispanic religious organizations
Authors: Wagner Lilya , Hall‐Russell Cheryl 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe Indiana University Center on Philanthropy conducted the Hispanic Stewardship Development Partnership project over a three‐year period, focusing on the development and implementation of fundraising training and practice in seven U.S. Hispanic church and parachurch organizations. This chapter presents research and conclusions on the effectiveness of fundraising training and the results of practical application of principles and practices by the partners in the project. These suggestions are valuable for practitioners working with the Hispanic sectors of U.S. society.
The Internet and the regulation of the nonprofit sector
Authors: Johnston Michael 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBecause the Internet is often touted as a communications technology that can reinvigorate politics and democracy, it is intriguing to see that there is so little opportunity for citizens to give their input on the regulation of nonprofits and the Internet. This chapter calls for an opportunity for citizens to participate in this debate on future regulation, through government or a nonprofit consultative process.
Nonprofit accountability and the National Center for Charitable Statistics
Authors: Pollak Thomas H. , Lampkin Linda M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractUltimately, nonprofits are accountable to members of the public as they are enjoy the benefits of tax‐exempt status and receive tax‐deductible donations from individuals and organizations. The National Center for Charitable Statistics describes its efforts to provide more high quality data on charities that will help give researchers, policymakers, and the public the ability to assess the impact and increase the accountability of these organizations.
Philanthropic studies curricula in higher education
Authors: Ashcraft Robert F. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractUndergraduate, graduate, and extended programs in philanthropic studies are one of the fastest‐growing academic fields in higher education. Most curricular models are located within nonprofit management education programs. The American Humanics, Inc. undergraduate model is of particular interest because of its link between a liberal arts education philosophy and professional preparation for careers in the nonprofit sector.
Bilder aus dem Zellinnern
Authors: Bührke Thomas 
Published: June 2004

AbstractSeit über zehn Jahren arbeiten Wolfgang Baumeister und Kollegen vom Max‐Planck‐Institut für Biochemie in Martinsried an der Entwicklung der Elektronentomographie. Jetzt gelang es ihnen mit dieser Methode erstmals, Bilder aus dem Zellinnern eines Vielzellers aufzunehmen.
Eiszeiten auf dem Mars
Authors: Bührke Thomas 
Published: June 2004

AbstractSeit vier Jahren liefert die NASA‐Sonde Global Surveyor hochaufgelöste Bilder vom Mars. Auf einigen sind in der Eiskappe des Nordpols (Abbildung 1) stufenförmige Ablagerungen erkennbar. Ein Team um Jacques Laskar vom Institut für Himmelsmechanik in Paris brachte diese jetzt mit vergangenen Klimaperioden in Verbindung [1].
Chaos für die Schule!: Nichtlinearität und Strukturbildung
Authors: Nordmeier Volkhard , Schlichting Hans Joachim 
Published: June 2004

AbstractModellsysteme können Schülern die Grundlagen der nichtlinearen Physik anschaulich vermitteln. Sie schlagen so einen Bogen von der Schulphysik zur aktuellen Forschung. Ein solches Modellsystem ist das chaotische Wasserrad, das Lehrer auf einfache Weise für den Schulunterricht nachbauen können. Im Wesentlichen steuert der Zufluss des Wassers das Verhalten des Wasserrads. Wächst er, so durchläuft das Rad von der geordneten, gleichförmigen Drehung bis zum Chaos verschiedene Phasen von Bewegungsfiguren. Das Experiment kann grundlegende Modelle und Begriffe der Chaostheorie demonstrieren: lokale und globale Bifurkationen und verschiedene Übergänge ins Chaos.
Xerxes' falsche Tochter: Radiokarbon‐Datierung
Authors: Morgenroth Gerhard 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIn Pakistan tauchte eine weibliche Mumie auf, deren Alter zunächst auf 2500 Jahre geschätzt wurde. Einer solcher Fund in Asien, noch dazu einer Tochter des altpersischen Großkönigs Xerxes, war eine archäologische Sensation. Doch die Mumie ist eine Fälschung. Das Erlanger AMS‐Labor konnte durch Bestimmung des 14C‐Gehalts von Knochen‐ und Gewebeproben zweifelsfrei belegen, dass die Tote 1995 noch lebte. AMS steht für Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, zu Deutsch Beschleuniger‐Massenspektrometrie. Dieses Verfahren separiert mit einem kleinen Teilchenbeschleuniger, Ablenk‐Kondensatoren und ‐Magneten die Kohlenstoff‐Isotope aus der Probe. Wegen seiner hohen Empfindlichkeit benötigt es nur sehr kleine Proben.
Dienstreisen in Sachen Mathematik
Authors: Loos Andreas 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFreunde beschrieben ihn übereinstimmend als schrägen Vogel, der mit wenig mehr als ein paar Plastiktüten oder einer Ledermappe durch die Welt gondelte. Seit seiner Promotion mit 21 Jahren war er immer auf dem Sprung. Ein Biograf vergleicht seine Reiserouten sogar mit der Bewegung Brownscher Teilchen — deren Mathematik den Gesuchten ebenfalls beschäftigt hat.
Kreise um das Schwarze Loch
Authors: Schödel Rainer 
Published: June 2004

AbstractSeit Mitte der 1980er Jahre mehren sich die Hinweise darauf, dass im Zentrum der Milchstraße ein massereiches Schwarzes Loch existiert. Dennoch konnten alternative Modelle zur Erklärung der Materiekonzentration nicht ausgeschlossen werden. Die Beobachtung des Umlaufs eines Sterns mit einer Periode von nur 15 Jahren um das zentrale unsichtbare Objekt in unserer Milchstraße legt jedoch nun zwingend nahe, dass sich dort tatsächlich ein Schwarzes Loch mit 3, 7 Millionen Sonnenmassen verbirgt [1].
Neue Physik im Vakuum
Authors: Ziegler Thomas 
Published: June 2004

AbstractEinige Theorien zur Vereinheitlichung der vier bekannten Naturkräfte sagen neue Teilchen, Kräfte oder die Existenz von mehr als drei Raumdimensionen voraus. Mit der heute erreichbaren Messgenauigkeit sollten sich diese bei geringen Abständen in einem Abweichen von bekannten Gesetzen, wie dem Newtonschen Abstandsgesetz der Gravitation, bemerkbar machen. Bei solchen Experimenten stellt die Casimir‐Kraft die wichtigste Unsicherheit in der Beschreibung des Messaufbaus dar. Theoretiker von der Purdue University und dem Wabash College haben nun eine Lösung dieses Problems vorgeschlagen [1].
Holographie mit Neutronen
Authors: Krexner Gerhard 
Published: June 2004

AbstractJeder kennt sie, die räumlich wirkenden Hologramme, die es seit dreißig Jahren etwa zu kaufen gibt. Sie werden mit sichtbarem Laserlicht erstellt. Grundsätzlich spricht nichts dagegen, Hologramme auch mit Materiewellen anzufertigen. Einer internationalen Forschergruppe gelang kürzlich am Institut Laue‐Langevin (ILL) in Grenoble erstmals die holographische Abbildung eines Atomgitters mit Neutronen [1].
Prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus infection in Italian infants hospitalized for acute lower respiratory tract infections, and association between respiratory syncytial virus infection risk factors and disease severity
Authors: Lanari M. , Giovannini M. , Giuffré L. , Marini A. , Rondini G. , Rossi G. A. , Merolla R. , Zuccotti G.V. , Salvioli G.P. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis study was designed to collect data on the prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection in Italy in infants hospitalized for lower respiratory tract infections, and to evaluate which of the recognized risk factors might be associated with disease severity. Thirty‐two centers throughout Italy participated in the study. Over a 6‐month period (November 1,1999 to April 30, 2000), we evaluated all children < 2 years of age hospitalized for lower respiratory tract infections. All subjects were tested for RSV within 24 hr of hospitalization by using an immuno‐enzymatic diagnostic test (Abbott Testpack, RSV). Logistic regression was used to identify the factors that might be associated with more severe disease or could increase the likelihood of RSV positivity in hospitalized infants.Out of a total of 1,232 children enrolled, 40.6% were found to be RSV‐positive (RSV+). The peak of the RSV epidemic occurred in February, while the lowest prevalence of RSV positivity was seen in November (P < 0.05). A high proportion of study subjects had low birth weight and low gestational age. The clinical diagnosis at hospitalization was bronchiolitis in 66.7%, pneumonia in 15.3%, and wheezy bronchitis in 18.1%. In the bronchiolitis group, a higher prevalence of RSV+ was found in patients with gestational age  ≤ 33 weeks or 34–35 weeks, as compared to those with a gestational age ≥ 36 weeks (P < 0.04). No differences were found in the proportion of RSV+ patients in the three gestational age subgroups with pneumonia and wheezy bronchitis (P > 0.05, each comparison). Independent of the clinical diagnosis at admission, RSV infection was associated with more severe respiratory impairment. Environmental smoke exposure was higher in subjects with bronchiolitis than in those with wheezy bronchitis (P < 0.04), and RSV+ was positively related with the birth order (P < 0.05). The presence of older siblings and birth order plays an important role in RSV infection.The collected data show that, in Italy, RSV is an important cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants. Gestational age, birth order, birth weight, and exposure to tobacco smoke affected the prevalence and severity of RSV‐related lower respiratory tract disease. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:458–465. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Respiratory impedance response to a deep inhalation in children with history of cough or asthma
Authors: Marchal François , Schweitzer Cyril , Moreau‐Colson Catherine 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe aim of this study was to describe the change in respiratory impedance induced by a deep inhalation (DI) in children who developed a positive response to inhalation of methacholine (Mch). Eighteen children aged 4.5–12.5 years, presenting with chronic cough or doctor‐diagnosed asthma, were studied at baseline after inhalation of Mch and after inhalation of a bronchodilator. Respiratory resistance (Rrs) and reactance (Xrs) were measured by the forced oscillation technique, varying transrespiratory pressure at 12 Hz around the head. The tidal flow (V′) and volume (V) dependence of Rrs before and after the DI was characterized according to the equation Rrs = K1 + K2 · |V′| + K3 · V.DI induced no significant change at baseline or after inhalation of a bonchodilator. During Mch challenge, Rrs and K1 were significantly lower, and K3 and Xrs significantly less negative after DI than before, during both inspiration and expiration; there was no change in K2.We conclude that DI results in a decrease in Rrs in children with induced bronchoconstriction. The associated changes in Xrs, K1, and K3, and lack of decrease in K2, suggest that dilatation of airways occurs at the bronchial level, with little contribution of the upper airways or of a change in breathing patterns. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:411–418. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histology of childhood bronchiolitis obliterans*
Authors: Mauad Thais , Dolhnikoff Marisa 
Published: June 2004

AbstractChildhood bronchiolitis obliterans (CBO) is an uncommon disease characterized by persistent signs and symptoms of obstructive respiratory disease after an acute bronchiolar injury. It is considered to be a complication of viral infection, most often of adenovirus, and is usually classified as a constrictive‐type bronchiolitis obliterans (BO). Few reports have described its histology. We present the histopathological features of 34 pediatric patients with a diagnosis of BO, comprising 30 open lung biopsies (OLB), 2 lobectomies, and 2 autopsies. Quantitative analysis was performed on the OLB to better characterize the morphological changes observed in these lungs.Of 37 patients, 25 were male and 9 were female, ranging from 7 months to 15 years of age. Airway diameter in terminal bronchioles varied from 50–600 μm. Ninety‐seven percent of the CBO were of constrictive type, with variable degrees of airway obstruction. Chronic inflammation in the bronchioles was mild in 63% of the patients. Aggregates of foamy macrophages, mucostasis, and bronchiectasis appeared in, respectively, 93%, 40%, and 30% of the biopsies. There was more hyperinflation than atelectasis (40.1% and 24.3%, respectively). Lobectomies and autopsies showed more severe bronchiolar obliteration, associated with bronchiectasis.The results show that CBO is characterized histologically mainly by a constrictive pattern, with variable degrees of inflammation and airway obliteration. Secondary signs of airway obstruction are invariably present. Mild histological changes may predominate and should be carefully evaluated by the pathologist. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:466–474. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prediction of duration of hospitalization in respiratory syncytial virus infection
Authors: Kneyber Martin C.J. , Moons Karel G.M. , Groot Ronald de , Moll Henriëtte A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIdentification of variables that predict duration of RSV‐associated hospitalization may be useful in the identification of preventive and therapeutic strategies. A recently published prediction model (Michigan model) for the duration of hospitalization in RSV infection demonstrated good discrimination between children with and without an increased likelihood of a hospital stay  ≥ 7 days, based on variables such as log weight, congenital heart disease, failure to thrive, premature birth, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, other pulmonary diseases, miscellaneous conditions, early mechanical ventilation, and early ribavirin treatment (receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area, 0.89). Validation of this model is of particular interest for Europe, since the mean duration of hospitalization in The Netherlands is approximately twice that in the USA. The objective of the current study was 1) to validate the Michigan model for RSV hospitalized patients in a large university hospital in The Netherlands, and 2) to develop our own prediction model for a prolonged hospital stay. Data from 177 children younger than 12 months of age admitted with confirmed RSV infection to the Sophia Children's Hospital Rotterdam between 1992–1995, were used for valiation of the Michigan model and derivation of the Rotterdam model.Mean duration of hospitalization for the Rotterdam database was 10.3 (±6.3) days, with a median of 9 days; 138 (78%) patients had a hospital stay  ≥ 7 days. The Michigan model performed poorly when applied to the Rotterdam database, with an ROC area of 0.65 (95% CI, 0.57–0.73). The Rotterdam prediction model (hospital stay  ≥ 9 days, the median in our database) considered weight and need for oxygen supplementation. The ROC area was 0.65 (95% CI, 0.57–0.73). When using data from patients for the 1995–1996 season, the ROC area was 0.52 (95% CI, 0.34–0.72). The Michigan and the Rotterdam models failed to identify a considerable number of patients who had a prolonged hospital stay, with a low false‐positive rate. We conclude that neither the Michigan, nor the Rotterdam model reliably predicted the duration of hospitalization based on demographic and clinical variables. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:453–457. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Attenuation of pressure swings along the endotracheal tube is indicative of optimal distending pressure during high‐frequency oscillatory ventilation in a model of acute lung injury
Authors: van Genderingen Huibert R. , van Vught Adrianus J. , Duval Elisabeth L.I.M. , Markhorst Dick G. , Jansen Jos R.C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe tested the hypothesis that during high‐frequency oscillatory ventilation, the oscillatory pressure ratio (OPR) is minimal at the optimal mean airway pressure (Paw). OPR is defined as the ratio of pressure swings at the distal end and the proximal opening of the endotracheal tube. Optimal Paw was assumed to be the lowest Paw at which the physiological shunt fraction was below 0.1. Acute lung injury was produced by saline lung lavage of pigs who were then subjected to a stepwise increase of Paw to impose underinflation, optimal inflation, and overdistention (inflation phase), followed by a stepwise decrease of Paw (deflation phase).OPR reached a minimum of 0.10 ± 0.01 at Paw = 31 ± 4 cm H2O during the inflation phase and a minimum of 0.04 ± 0.01 at Paw = 18 ± 1 cm H2O during the deflation phase. Optimal Paw was 31 ± 4 cm H2O on the inflation limb and 14 ± 2 cm H2O on the deflation limb. Paw at the minimal OPR was not significantly different from the optimal Paw during the inflation phase, and slightly but significantly higher (4.1 ± 1.6 cm H2O) during the deflation phase.In conclusion, a consistent relationship was found between OPR and Paw, with a minimum in all animals. The minimal OPR coincides fairly well with the Paw where oxygenation is optimal. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:429–436. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Amphotericin B‐induced hepatorenal failure in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Mohan Uthara R. , Bush Andrew 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAlthough nephrotoxicity is a common and well‐recognized side effect of amphotericin B, hepatotoxicity is rare. We report on a 9‐year‐old girl with cystic fibrosis who developed fulminant renal and hepatic dysfunction following a short course of intravenous amphotericin B for a suspected aspergillus infection, although she did not have clinical evidence of invasive aspergillosis. The toxicity became apparent after changing to liposomal amphotericin. This association of renal and hepatotoxicity with liposomal amphotericin B has not previously been reported in children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:497–500. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential effect of dexamethasone and hydrocortisone on alveolar growth in rat pups
Authors: Fayon Michael , Jouvencel Philippe , Carles Dominique , Choukroun Marie Luce , Marthan Roger 
Published: June 2004

AbstractGlucocorticoids are widely used in perinatology, since they decrease the incidence of respiratory distress syndrome and chronic lung disease. However, evidence is now increasing that their use in this age group may result in impaired alveolar lung growth and general development. The aim of this study was to determine whether a low dose of hydrocortisone (1 mg/kg/day for 11 days) was deleterious to lung growth in rat pups, as compared to an equivalent dose of dexamethasone.While both dexamethasone and hydrocortisone increased alveolar diameter with thinning of the interairspace walls, only dexamethasone reduced the overall internal surface area of the lung available for respiratory exchange. Changes were more marked with dexamethasone as compared to hydrocortisone, which did not appear to affect alveolar septation.In conclusion, a prolonged course of low‐dose hydrocortisone may be deleterious for alveolar lung growth in rat pups, but the changes are less marked than those caused by dexamethasone. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:443–448. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship between sputum inflammatory markers, lung function, and lung pathology on high‐resolution computed tomography in children with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Dakin Carolyn J. , Pereira J.K. , Henry Richard L. , Wang He , Morton John R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractHigh‐resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is a sensitive technique for early visualisation and location of cystic fibrosis (CF) bronchopathology, and has been shown to detect acute reversible and chronic changes. It would be expected to correlate with markers of the underlying pathological processes, such as sputum cytokines and cytology, as well as with pulmonary function tests (PFTs). Our aim was to study the relationship between PFTs, sputum cytology, and sputum cytokine interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) and HRCT in CF patients. Prospective standardized collection of sputum samples was performed at the time of routine annual high‐resolution CT scans. Forced expired volume in 1 sec (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were recorded. Sputum processing was selective, with dispersal by the three‐enzyme technique. IL‐8 measurements were by kit assay. HRCT scans were scored by a pediatric radiologist, blinded to clinical condition, using a modified Bhalla score.Forty‐three CT scans were performed on 34 children with CF between March 1998 and April 2000. Mean age was 12.3 years (range, 6–21 years), FEV1 (% predicted) was 67% (range, 23–120%), and mean modified Bhalla score was 11.2 (range, 0–22). Sputum IL‐8 concentration (mean, 86; range, 4–150 ng/mL) and total cell count (mean, 31.9 × 106/mL; range, 21.8–42.0 × 106/mL) were high. FEV1 and FVC correlated with modified Bhalla score (r = −0.66, P < 0.0001 for both), and most individual components of the score, especially mosaic perfusion (r = −0.64, r = −0.61 respectively, P < 0.0001) and extent of bronchiectasis (r = −0.61, P < 0.0001 for both). The combination of these two predicted 58% of the variability in FEV1 on analysis of variance (P < 0.0001). Sputum total cell count correlated weakly with modified Bhalla score (r = 0.38, P < 0.05) and with FEV1 and FVC (r = −0.36, P < 0.05; and r = −0.46, P < 0.01). Differential cell counts, cell viability, and IL‐8 did not correlate with modified Bhalla scores, or with reversible components such as mucus plugging, centrilobular nodules, or peribronchial thickening.In conclusion, pathological changes on HRCT correlated with lung function but not with sputum markers of inflammation. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2002; 33:475–482. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.