bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Johnson’s Shakespeare
Authors: Parker G F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study concerns itself with Shakespeare no less than with Johnson. For Johnson;s account of ’the poet of nature’ is here maintained to be no dead commonplace but a radically challenging proposition; its cutting edge is brought out by a series of contrasts with the leading Romantic critics - Coleridge, Schlegel, and Hazlitt - and the dichotomies which emerge are found to reflect tensions exhibited by or explored within the plays themselves. The need for unexpectedly fundamental choices in our own reading of Shakespeare is implied. The author relates Johnson's feeling for general nature to the scepticism characteristic of his thought, and concludes with a fresh and provocative discussion of Johnson’s response to the ‘unnatural deeds of Shakespearean tragedy. The Central section of the Preface to Shakespeare is reprinted here, as are many of the most critically interesting notes, so that this book offers a virtual anthology of Johnson’s Shakespeare criticism as well as a commentary upon it. evaluation of Shakespeare as ‘the poet of nature’ was no mere commonplace but a radically challenging proposition. In this study his ideas are contrasted with the leading Romantic critics Coleridge, Hazlitt, and A. W. Schlegel. A large part of his Preface to Shakespeare is reprinted as are many of the most critically interesting notes, providing a virtual anthology of Johnson’s Shakespeare criticism.
Introduction
Authors: Newlyn Lucy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first rule I have observed in notes on Milton and others is to take for granted that no man had ever a thought onginate in his own mind; in consequence of which, if there is anything in a book like It before, it was certainly taken from that. And you may go on, particularly by their likenesses, to the time of the deluge, and at last it amounts to this: that no man had a thought but some one found it, and It has gone down as an heirloom which one man is lucky enough to get and then another.
Reception
Authors: Newlyn Lucy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘I am sick of hearing of the sublimity of Milton’, complains Mary Wollstone-craft, m the chapter on reading m her Education of Daughters (1787). Even without entering mto the quest10n of Milton’s patriarchal reputation (which, according to Joseph Wittreich’s research, was less widespread m the eighteenth century than we might assume), it is not difficult to imagine the causes of her impatience. Between 1705 and 1800, Paradise Lost alone was published over a hundred times: along with The Pilgrim’s Progress and the Bible, it was the most widely read book of the century Passages from it were excerpted and anthologized for the moral edificat10n of the young and the female, not least by Wollstonecraft herself. Children, familiarized with it during the early stages of their education, were encouraged to read it as a kmd of primer; and in the popular imagination it acquired the status of a biblical text.
The British Convention
Authors: Barrell John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea of a national association which could claim either to represent the sovereign people, or at least to be more fully representative of the people than the corrupt House of Commons, was developed in the 1770s by Obadiah Hulme, James Burgh, and John Cartwright.1 By either claim such an association, sometimes imagined as meeting in a convention of delegates, would have the right as well as the power to command or overawe the legislature, to demand rather than petition for particular measures or for parliamentary reform, and (though this was never quite spelled out by Hulme or Burgh) to resist a government which refused to accept its demands. This Whig tradition of conventionism entered practical politics in the years of agitation for reform in the first years of the 1780s, and was closely linked with the developing sense, expressed among others by the Duke of Richmond, that the House of Commons would never reform itself, and could be reformed only by ‘the people at large’. The fragmented reform movement of those years, divided between the moderate proponents of county reform and the sup porters of universal manhood suffrage, was divided also on the question of the authority with which the association and its conventions were supposed to speak.
Donne’S Funeral Poems And Anniversaries
Authors: Kay Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The importance of Donne’s Anniversaries in the history of the English elegy is immense, and an entire elegiac tradition (as later chapters will show) derived from them. In this chapter Donne’s career as elegist is considered chronologically, and I hope to show that his funeral verses—most particularly those composed during the years 1609—14 when funeral elegies apparently constituted his major poetic occupation—represent a development from faltering imitation to generic innovation of the highest order of sophistication and accomplishment.
John Shakespeare’s Fortunes
Authors: Honan Park 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the late1560s Stratford had only about a dozen streets, fewer than 240 households, and a populace (lately reduced by epidemic) of1,200 people at most; yet relatively speaking the market town was not small. A day’s ride to the north, Birmingham with its lorimers (makers of metal parts for bridles and saddles), nailers, and other metal craftsmen was about the same size, and the red-walled, cloth-manufacturing city of Coventry less than twenty miles from Stratford had only 7,000 or 8,000 people —though it was one of the largest English towns. The largest city outside London was Norwich, with fewer than 15,000 inhabitants. Liverpool had 900 or 1,000, Gloucester about 5,000, Worcester no more than 7,000. A majority of the Queen’s subjects lived in tiny, scattered villages and hamlets of fifty or sixty people or less.
Summer Kings in Conflict The Popular Perspective in The Troublesome Raigne of King John, and The Misfortunes of Arthur
Authors: Billington Sandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To begin with, it is necessary to establish the validity of claims for critical reassessment, and to demonstrate the ingenuity with which popular structures were absorbed and reinterpreted in the drama. One of the earliest popular Chronicle plays was The Troublesome Raigne of King John, and it can be seen that this contains one of the most well-balanced and extended of summer game dramatizations. The complex politics of the plot are held together as an elaborate king game based on the fortunes of the main protagonist, John. As one might expect, in Part I he ascends, and in Part falls, but the point is woven in organically rather than being left as an undramatic, literary allusion to Fortune’s wheel. The two-part story is told without act divisions, and it is the central hiatus between the two parts which is integral to its structure.
‘Light amid the encircling gloom’
Authors: White Norman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Early in 1876 Hopkins was also engaged on the three Silver Jubilee poems. The Catholic hierarchy had been restored to Britain in 1850, and in the following year a bishop had been appointed to the diocese of Shrewsbury, which included the six counties of North Wales. In 1876 the silver jubilee of the first Bishop, James Brown, was celebrated. It was a time for rejoicing over the past and hope for the future.
Malory and Prose Romance
Authors: Gray Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this period prose came to be used for the writing of ‘romance’. This was a significant development in the history of English prose fiction, and it produced in Sir Thomas Malory one of the greatest writers of English prose. His work certainly towers above the achievements of others in this genre, but the other prose romances do not deserve to be consigned to oblivion. Our necessarily selective account will in this chapter consider a number of examples which probably pre-date Malory and Malory’s own work; the two subsequent chapters will treat those written later, and some shorter fictional tales.
Hoccleve and Lydgate
Authors: Gray Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chaucer’s poetry continued to be copied and read after his death. One interesting testimony to this is to be found in the ‘Moral Balade’ of Henry Scogan, to whom Chaucer had written a witty short poem, Lenvoy de Scogan, probably in the later 1390s. Scogan became tutor to the four sons of Henry IV and his own ‘Moral Balade’ (?1406 ?1407), which he calls a ‘litel tretys’, ‘writen with myne owne hand full rudely’, addressed to ‘my noble sones, and eek my lordes dere’ may have been read to them, according to John Shirley (see p. 100), the scribe of one of the two surviving manuscript copies, at a supper of a meeting of merchants in the Vintry. It is certainly full of good ‘advice to princes’.
Introductory
Authors: Gray Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of the earlier English drama used to be wonderfully clear. It was a simplified and vulgarized account which derived ultimately from the great E. K. Chambers’s The Medieval Stage and which afforded some highly memorable patterns: the ancient drama died out completely, but then there was a new start in the liturgical plays (in Latin and inside the church); then these gave way to mystery plays (in the vernacular and outside the church); these in turn gave way to morality plays (in the vernacular and increasingly dissociated from the church); then the early sixteenth century brought secular ‘interludes’ and ‘school plays’; then came the rediscovery of Roman comedy and Senecan tragedy, and, finally, with the establishment of professional London theatres the way was open for Marlowe and Shakespeare.
Invisible Bullets
Authors: Greenblatt Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his notorious police report of 1593 on Christopher Marlowe, the Elizabethan spy Richard Baines informed his superiors that Mar lowe had declared, among other monstrous opinions, that “Moses was but a Juggler, and that one Heriots being Sir W Raleighs man Can do more than he.” The “Heriots” cast for a moment in this lurid light is Thomas Harriot, the most profound Elizabethan mathematician, an expert in cartography, optics, and navigational science, an adherent of atomism, the first Englishman to make a telescope and turn it on the heavens, the author of the first original book about the first English colony in America, and the possessor throughout his career of a dangerous reputation for atheism.2 In all of his extant writings, private correspondence as well as public discourse, Harriot professes the most reassuringly orthodox religious faith, but the suspicion persisted. When he died of cancer in 1621, one of his contemporaries, persuaded that Harriot had challenged the doctrinal account of creation ex nihilo, remarked glee fully that “a nihilum killed him at last: for in the top of his nose came a little red speck (exceeding small), which grew bigger and bigger, and at last killed him.”
Martial Law in the Land of Cockaigne
Authors: Greenblatt Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I want to begin this chapter with a sermon that Hugh Latimer, the great Protestant divine martyred during the reign of Mary Tudor, delivered before the Lady Catharine Bertie, duchess of Suffolk, in 1552. In the course of expounding his text, the Lord’s Prayer, Latimer tells of something that happened many years before in Cam bridge. He had gone with Thomas Bilney-the man who converted Latimer and who was himself martyred in the later years of Henry VIII’s rule-to the town prison to urge the condemned to acknowledge their faults and to bear patiently their punishments. Among the prisoners was a pregnant woman who had been convicted of murdering one of her children. The woman claimed that the child had been sick for a year and had died of natural causes. Her husband being away, she alone witnessed the death. She went, she said, to her neighbors and friends to seek their help to prepare the child for burial, but it was harvest time and no one was at home. Therefore alone, “in an heaviness and trouble of spirit,” she made the necessary preparations and buried the dead. But when her husband re turned home, he-who “loved her not; and therefore ... sought means to make her out of the way”-accused her of murdering the child. The accusation was believed by the Cambridge jury, and the woman was sentenced to be executed, the execution being delayed only until such time as she delivered her baby.
Introduction: New Learning and New Ignorance
Authors: Lewis C S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rough outline of our literary history in the sixteenth century is not very difficult to grasp. At the beginning we find a literature still medieval in form and spirit. In Scotland it shows the highest level of technical brilliance: in England it has for many years been dull, feeble, and incompetent. As the century proceeds, new influences arise: changes in our knowledge of antiquity, new poetry from Italy and France, new theology, new movements in philosophy or science. As these increase, though not necessarily because of them, the Scotch literature is almost completely destroyed. In England the characteristic disease of late medieval poetry, its metrical disorder, is healed: but replaced, for the most part, by a lifeless and laboured regularity to which some ears might prefer the vagaries of Lydgate. There is hardly any sign of a new inspiration. Except for the songs of Wyatt, whose deepest roots are medieval, and the prose of the Prayer Book, which is mostly translation, authors seem to have forgotten the lessons which had been mastered in the Middle Ages and learned little in their stead. Their prose is clumsy, monotonous, garrulous; their verse either astonishingly tame and cold or, if it attempts to rise, the coarsest fustian. In both mediums we come to dread a certain ruthless emphasis; bludgeon-work. Nothing is light, or tender, or fresh. All the authors write like elderly men. The mid-century is an earnest, heavy-handed, commonplace age: a drab age. Then, in the last quarter of the century, the unpredictable happens. With startling suddenness we ascend. Fantasy, conceit, paradox, colour, incantation return. Youth returns. The fine frenzies of ideal love and ideal war are readmitted. Sidney, Spenser, Shakespeare, Hooker—even, in a way, Lyly—display what is almost a new culture: that culture which was to last through most of the seventeenth century and to enrich the very meanings of the words England and Aristocracy. Nothing in the earlier history of our period would have enabled the sharpest observer to foresee this transformation.
Drab Age Verse
Authors: Lewis C S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ‘new company of courtly makers’ who came up, says Puttenham, at ‘the latter end’ of Henry VIII’s reign are usually, and rightly, taken to constitute a decisive novelty in the history of our literature. Yet they too had their precursors. During the later Middle Ages in England the lyric had suffered less than any other form. The tune of the shorter line, as anyone can see by comparing Lydgate’s Reason and Sensuality with his Troy Book, had never been so completely lost as that of the decasyllable; and in the lyric, which was nearly always written to be sung, it was still further supported and disciplined by the music. In the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries we were a very musical nation. The art flourished at the courts of Henry VI and Henry VIII, the names of Dunstable, Fairfax, and Cornish are still remembered by the historians of music, and Erasmus complimented us on our skill. Most, perhaps all, the lyric poetry of that age is to be regarded as words for music; hence purely literary judgement on it may be as unfair as the study-criticisms we make about plays we never saw acted.
Conclusions and Recent Developments
Authors: Milner N P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this final chapter is to draw together the results of McNicoll ‘s detailed investigations and to show how far they must be updated in the light of research over the last twenty years. It should be borne in mind that it is impossible to do complete justice to the complexity and detail of all the material in a summary chapter. I shall select three main arguments: strategic concepts, tactical concepts, and builders ‘ techniques.
The Arcadian System
Authors: Winter Nancy A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The region of Arcadia (Map 2) has produced several roofs resembling the Laconian system with its characteristic concave pan tiles, convex cover tiles, and disc acroteria. Although some early roofs in south Arcadia and Kynouria, the immediate neighbours of Laconia, conform also in the style of the antefixes, others further away or later in date possess a different form or style of decoration. In general, relief decoration on the antefixes, often figural, as may occur even on disc acroteria, a.practice thus far undocumented in Laconia itself, appears to be characteristic of Arcadia, where palmette finials and decorated geison tiles may also form part of this regional style.
The Aegean Island System
Authors: Winter Nancy A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Few of the Greek islands of the Aegean Sea, undoubtedly those with a supply of good clay, and some sites in north-eastern Greece also produced architectural terracottas for their sacred buildings, beginning about 560 BC if not earlier. These take slightly different forms from the roofs of the Greek mainland and seem in many respects closer to those of the mainland of Asia Minor (Map 5). In order to assess their dependence or unique character, a summary overview of the systems employed in Asia Minor will be presented.
Objects and Animals
Authors: Plantzos Dimitris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A large number of Hellenistic intaglios draw their iconography from a wide repertory of simple motifs, depicting either animals or single objects. Many of the latter were, or are thought to have been, of a symbolic value, mostly religious or political. Since, however, the elements of their iconography are so few, an assessment of their significance can be precarious. These gems are also extremely difficult to date, as they present one with very little information compared with the intaglios discussed so far. Accordingly, the present chapter and the relevant entries in the catalogue (nos. 634-709) had to be selective. Only pieces with some significance were included here: either those with known provenance, or set in datable rings, or those with devices that can be reasonably interpreted and placed.
Introduction
Authors: Brown Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE pages that follow chart some of the difficulties inherent in reading Barthes. They arise from my feeling that those difficulties have not always been recognized, and that a tendency to try to fit Barthes into the various models of literary theory currently available leads to disappointment. It is true that Barthes himself contributed to so many of these models: Marxism, semiology, ideology critique, reader-response theory, structuralist narratology, psychoanalysis, deconstruction, and, to some extent, feminism. Yet his work seems to offer more than a mere contribution to these disciplines. The question lies in detecting the nature of this ‘more’. It is a question to which Barthes himself was extremely sensitive: hence the somewhat introverted and anxiously self-questioning nature of his writing. And his answers to this question were always given with an air of provisionality, as if it would not be long before he had found a better way of describing what it was he wanted to do. This theoretical insecurity coexisted with a tendency to keep moving. The first tendency is reflected in his moments of doubt about the value of his endeavour, his frequent sense of having reached an impasse, a theoretical aporia, or a moment of stagnation and repetition. The second tendency takes the form of a capacity for self-renewal, for discovering a new theoretical matrix which would enable him to tackle again, in a slightly different way, the questions that obsessed him throughout his career: how do human beings make meaning? How is this reflected in their social practices? And above all, perhaps: what is the function and status of literature among these practices? Here is an example of one way Barthes one kind of reader.
The Drifter Losing Ground
Authors: Brown Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Drift is a major theme in Barthes. But it is a paradoxical and self-referential theme, which questions the very possibility of extracting themes from Barthes’s work or of defining key notions in it. In following this word ‘drift’ across some of Barthes’s texts, my aim in these first two chapters will be to suggest the variety of ways drift intervenes in his writing, opening up a broad spectrum of meanings, and touching on a number of issues literary theory has been examining in recent years: politics, history, semantics, modernity, the status of science, and the value of the aesthetic. At the same time, I will show how drift refuses to be tied down and stabilized, baffling any desire to arrest the meanings it produces. A theme, etymologically, is something laid down: drift, however, floats.
Introduction
Authors: Crone Patricia , Zimmermann Fritz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Khārijites were the first sect to crystallize in the Islamic world and also the first to leave its heartlands for distant provinces in which they could hold their own against the majority in religious and sometimes in political terms as well. They are traditionally said to have emerged in the first civil war (656–61) and to have split into sub-sects in the second (684–92); their last bid for metropolitan power certainly came in the third civil war (744–50); thereafter, their centre of gravity shifted to the provinces. Even there they mostly died out, but the lbādī sub-sect survived, primarily in Oman and North Africa. The lbဝīs constitute less than 1 per cent of the total number of Muslims today, but, unlike many other tiny sectarian groups dotted about the landscape of the Middle East, they have a rich literary heritage stretching back to the formative centuries of Islam.
Gòngora And Barthes
Authors: Smith Paul Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Barthes is the least systematic of writers: we will find no consistent theory of sexuality to abstract from his texts. The label ‘feminist’ or ‘deconstructionist’ can perhaps be taken as referring to a particular body of criticism, however multiple and contradictory that body may be. But to proclaim oneself a ‘Barthesian’ would be senseless, since Barthes’s own career is one of continuous displacement and self-contradiction. Thus it is conventional, if not quite accurate, to draw a distinction between the early ‘scientific’ Barthes and the later ‘subjectivist’ Barthes. The watershed is taken as occurring in 1970 with the publication of the books on Balzac and Japan (S/Z and L’Empire des signes, respectively).S/Z in particular, a work which sets out a complex system for the analysis of narrative to which Barthes himself never returned, has been taken as emblematic of this insistent displacement and dispersal of self. The emphasis in Barthes’s later work would seem to shift from language to the body. While some critics (such as Culler)2 have seen this move as a retreat into subjectivism and mystification, it could also be read (in broadly Marxist fashion) as an attention to the materiality of the subject and to his or her position in history. These are questions which were neglected or repressed by the implicitly transcendental model of the subject implied by an earlier structuralism.