bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tom Parker
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes ex-cop Tom Parker, who was working on organized crime in St. Louis when the hijacking of American Flight 119 unfolded. It discusses how most agents became G-men when someone suggested that the FBI would be a good fit for them, noting that they had been cops, lawyers, accountants, military officers, and schoolteachers before joining the agency. Parker was supervising a wiretap in St. Louis when he heard about the hijacking and rushed to the airport. The chapter describes how American Airlines convinced the hijacker that it needed to replace the pilots because they had been on duty for more hours than federal regulations allowed. This gave the FBI an opportunity to replace one of the American pilots with Parker as a switch pilot.
Cadillac Impact
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes David Hanley’s attempt to end the hijacking of American Flight 119 by trying to hit the plane with his Cadillac Eldorado. When Hanley crashed through the fence, FBI agents tried to intercept him and stop him. At the last second, Hanley swerved, careening off the nose wheel before slamming to a stop, smashing up against the landing gear under the port wing, and rocking the plane backward. FBI agents ran to the demolished Cadillac and tried to rescue Hanley, who hung motionless over the driver’s-side door. Because of the car slamming into the plane and the danger of fire due to the leaked fuel, the hijacker panicked and intended to either kill his hostages or blow up the plane with his grenade.
The Boeing 727
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Boeing 727, which began commercial flight in 1964. It begins by tracing the history of jets, looking at the Douglas Company’s DC-3, which made commercial airlines profitable beginning in 1936. The Boeing 707 was the first successful jet airliner, and the Boeing 727 pushed the boundaries of commercial jet performance. Jack Steiner, the head of the 727 program, and his engineers gave it full hydraulically boosted controls, giving it sports-car handling compared with the 707’s school-bus feel. The 727 was also the first airliner to have an auxiliary power unit, which meant that it could start its main engines without assistance from ground equipment. It also had aft stairs, which could be opened in flight. The hijacker of American 119 had selected the right plane.
Peru, Indiana
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a background of Peru, Indiana. Like a lot of rural communities, the population of Peru had declined over the previous decade to about 14,000. In the early 1800s, the Miami Indians lived along the banks of the Wabash River, where Peru now stands. The town was chosen as the seat of Miami County in the 1830s, before it was much more than just a name on a map. What kept Peru on the map was the circus, but it was devastated by a 1913 flood. The chapter recounts how John Dillinger raided the Peru police station in October 1933 as part of a fourteen-month crime spree that made him one of the most famous bank robbers of the time. In 1972, for visitors needing a place to stay, there was only one option: the Peru Motor Lodge. For the FBI agents who needed a place to stay during the search for the hijacker of American 119, the Peru Motor Lodge was the obvious choice.
The Arrest
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the arrest of Martin McNally for the hijacking of American Flight 119. FBI special agent Neil Welch put out a call for agents, police officers, and Detective Robert Krichke’s narcotics squad to assemble at the Wyandotte, Michigan, police station, and he also called on Jim Petty to learn how McNally would react to being arrested. Dick Marquise, a newcomer to the American Flight 119 investigation, received information and orders to participate in the arrest. Marquise held a shotgun throughout the arrest but then realized after the event that he was carrying no bullets in a potential shootout. The chapter notes the meek demeanor of McNally during the arrest.
Take Me to Cuba
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses how airline hijackings surged in 1968, with most of the perpetrators being only homesick Cubans. From 1968 to 1970, there were at least twenty hijackings by Cubans desperate to return home. Airlines had learned that if they complied with hijackers’ demands, no one would get hurt, and passengers would be little more than inconvenienced. Moreover, some travelers were deliberately booking flights in hopes of being hijacked and having colorful stories to tell. The chapter also mentions how airline hijacking became another expression of teen angst following numerous news accounts of hijacking and little resistance from air crews, referencing the cases of fourteen-year-old David Booth and seventeen-year-old Roger Pastorcich.
A Means of Escape
Authors: Wigger John 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers how hijackers escaped after demanding ransom. Paul Cini was the first hijacker to consider using parachutes to escape, but he never made it off the plane because he was too scared to jump. Cini was quickly forgotten when D.B. Cooper parachuted from the aft stairs of a 727 and vanished into the night. The chapter notes how dozens of copycats followed D.B. Cooper’s plans, but only five were able to jump. More than anything, the hijackers of this era were looking for respect, a way to give their lives meaning instead of just taking money for ransom.
Duce: The Contradictions of Power
Authors: Williamson Peter J. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Eighty years after the fall of Benito Mussolini, controversy remains about what his dictatorship represented. This reflects the different sides to the Duce’s leadership: while adept at nurturing and enforcing his personal political power, Mussolini’s lack of insight into the requirements of governance prevented him from converting this power into influence to achieve his aims. His efforts to maintain the support of Italy’s conservative elites—economic, social, and political—also created tensions with his radical Fascist ambitions, diminishing the momentum behind his regime. Mussolini is frequently portrayed as a charismatic leader, but his rule was secured principally by repressive means of coercion, violence and a “spoils system.” Nonetheless, his personality cult had significant popular appeal, even if based upon a political myth. This enabled him to consolidate his position and to dominate his Fascist colleagues—but at a price of over-centralized, dysfunctional decision-making. Mussolini’s Fascist rule saw the establishment of a political, economic, and social order in Italy that was distinctly conservative in character and protective of the existing social order. Beyond that, the regime struggled to successfully pursue Mussolini’s radical nationalist-Fascist aims, particularly that of social engineering the character of Italians and achieving territorial expansion. Many of the regime’s economic and social policies in support of these aims significantly failed to deliver the expected results as the regime pursued stability over serious radical change.
Introduction
Authors: Williamson Peter J. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers existing assessments by historians of Mussolini and how these would benefit from further development. Such assessments tend to focus upon a range of broad features of his rule, notably his personal opportunism, the extent to which he was an ideological politician with nationalist-Fascist ambitions for Italy, and how far he was a benevolent or malevolent dictator, but do not explore in depth the actual way he operated as a political leader. Where the operation of his leadership is examined, it concentrates largely upon his personality and underplays the structural constraints and contradictory tensions his leadership faced. It is argued that, to get a fuller understanding of what drove his leadership behavior, it is necessary to broaden the considerations and examine collectively his comprehension of political leadership, the social forces and institutional arrangements that set parameters around the judgements he made, as well as his personal psychological make-up and experiences. It also argues that Mussolini can be better judged by considering the outcomes achieved by his rule, not only what he professed to do.
Mussolini’s Power as Leader
Authors: Williamson Peter J. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers two institutions—the Fascist Party and the Catholic Church—that from the outset represented a challenge to Mussolini’s personal authority. Consideration is given to how the Fascist movement and Party had been instrumental in his coming to power, but the continuing militancy and violence of some local Party leaders threatened his aim of normalization to reassure the regime’s conservative support base and in his mind were potential rivals to his position. Once he consolidated his own power, he embarked on a series of initiatives to gain central state control over local parties which by 1927 had largely removed the threat to his personal position. The Lateran Accords agreed in February 1929 saw a reconciliation of the Catholic Church under Pope Pius XI with the Fascist state that helped give the regime considerable legitimacy. For Mussolini it however represented a compromise that sat uncomfortably with his totalitarian ambitions, while Pius XI became increasingly doubtful about such ambitions and the regime’s moves to European war, although his successor Pius XII (March 1939) proved more conciliatory towards Fascist policies.
Mussolini and Reshaping the State
Authors: Williamson Peter J. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers attempts by Mussolini to mobilize the population behind his Fascist projects, particularly military ones, the principal vehicle for which was to be the Fascist Party. The Party and its associated bodies by 1939 had over 25 million members of which approximately a third were young people. The Party, which was resented for its repressive and corrupt nature, struggled to mobilize Italians because membership was driven by incentives and sanctions rather than true commitment to the cause, while an emphasis on hierarchical control and obedience produced passive compliance rather positive commitment behind Fascist aims. Mussolini was frustrated at the inability to create “new Italians” but his promotion of a highly regimented Party created an organization of stasis that belied his radical notions for an anthropological revolution. Women’s sections of the Party represented for women the first taste of any form of political participation, but the role of women was confined to providing services of support for the Party rather than direct political engagement.
The Ukraine War and Russia’s Africa Strategy
Authors: Ramani Samuel 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The final chapter of this book examines how Russia’s presence in Africa weathered the Ukraine War and corresponding Western sanctions. The February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine created a quandary for African countries. Eritrea was the only country that regularly voted with Russia in the UN General Assembly, while nations that condemned Russian aggression refrained from imposing sanctions. Led by South Africa, a sizeable bloc of African countries pursued a policy of non-alignment and framed their neutral stance as being supportive of peace. Russia’s weaponization of food, which was only partially ameliorated by the July 2022 Black Sea grain deal, did not cause African countries to abandon their non-aligned position. To capitalize on this limited backlash, Russia elevated Africa’s place in its multipolar foreign policy vision and redirected dwindling military resources to preserving its military presences in Mali, CAR, and Libya.
Trust as Social Infrastructure in Somali Trading Networks
Authors: Carrier Neil , Elliott Hannah 
Published: September 2023

AbstractBased on ethnographic work in Nairobi’s Eastleigh district and elsewhere in Somali East Africa, this chapter scrutinizes the everyday functioning of trust in business transactions at the interface between kinship and religion. Trust, the authors explain, is a normative discourse that promotes mutuality in trade between fellow Somalis and adherents of Islam. These discourses lubricate the flow of capital and goods and create affirmative counter-narratives to often overly negative depictions of Somali society. Where insurance, Letters of Credit, bank loans, identity cards, and licenses for trade and transport are lacking, acts of trusting help circumvent such limitations, even though trusting remains a risky business.
Raising Fiscal Revenues
Authors: Musa Ahmed M. , Varming Kirstine Strøh , Stepputat Finn 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the political economy of taxation by a host of state, state-like and non-state authorities in the Somali territories. Taxation is at the heart of state making, but Somali state(s) don’t have a monopoly on taxation. The authors shed light on the multiple revenues generated from the taxation of commodity flows, on the politics of circulation that evolve as different authorities compete over revenues from different hubs and routes in the region, and on various “tax games” playing out between traders and taxing authorities, ranging from tax bargaining to avoidance of heavily taxed routes. Finally, the chapter considers the effects of trade taxation on fiscal social contracts, state (un-) making, and inequality among larger and smaller trade operators.
Bushmeat and Zoonosis
Authors: Trefon Theodore 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Chapter 8 makes the connection between consumption of wild animals and zoonotic diseases—meaning diseases that are transmitted to humans from wild animals. Although there are thousands of them, this chapter looks at three case studies: Covid-19, the origins of which remain unclear, and HIV and Ebola, which both emerged in Central Africa through human–wildlife contact. Instead of delving into medical and biological complexities of zoonotic diseases, the value-add of this chapter is its focus on the social and cultural dynamics connecting people, wild animals, and disease.
Legality, Legitimacy and Enforcement
Authors: Trefon Theodore 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Chapter 9 argues that the legal frameworks adopted by the governments in the countries of the Congo Basin are unable to sustainably manage wildlife for a host of reasons—one of which is the persistent problem of poor public service provision. It analyzes the legality–legitimacy dichotomy and points out the overwhelming obstacles to enforcing laws, concluding that despite important advances in designing alternative livelihood strategies and launching behaviour change campaigns, laws without social appropriation cannot be effective.
The Economy
Authors: Hansbury Paul 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Unlike other post-Soviet republics, independence did not bring wholescale liberalization or privatization to Belarus. The structure of the economy did undergo changes, nonetheless, and this short chapter describes the main economic activities contributing to the country’s GDP in the years leading up to its political crisis in 2020. It looks at Belarus’s role in oil refining, gas transit, and manufacturing, and its strong position in the potash and fertilizer marketplace. The chapter also sheds light on Belarus’s role in the arms trade and the global shadow economy, such as the illegal tobacco trade. It closes with an evaluation of the extent of Russia’s support for the Belarusian economy, and Belarus’s efforts to extract “rent” from Russia.
Viral Convergence
Authors: Powell Catherine 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Even as Black intellectuals and leaders have sought to address the country’s “raced” nature—, and the ways this intersects with the nation’s narrow and privileged conception of national security—racism remains a deadly virus in the United States. This chapter argues that to live up to America’s founding ideals, national security observers must broaden the lens for analysis beyond military security to encompass economic, physical, and human security. This more expansive understanding of “security” in turn calls for transformative change, beyond incremental reform, with respect to policing, poverty, and racism.
Carceral Secrecy and (In)Security
Authors: Armstrong Andrea 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter situates the experiences of Black and Latine incarcerated women and femmes within the context of carceral secrecy. Secrecy is often invoked as a necessary element of ensuring traditional conceptions of security. Carceral spaces, which disproportionately confine Black and Latine women and femmes, present an opportunity to critically examine how secrecy can enable insecurity for incarcerated women and femmes of color and their communities simultaneously with the alleged production of generalized security for all. By virtue of their confinement within these secret, gendered, and racialized carceral spaces, incarcerated women and femmes of color experience distinct physical and mental harms. These harms also flow outward, harming their communities as well. Employing an intersectional analysis focusing on incarcerated women and femmes of color raises questions of “security for whom” and highlights how disrupting secrecy is a critical piece of reimagining security.
This Border Called My Skin
Authors: Ramji-Nogales Jaya 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Immigration law in the United States constructs and perpetuates racist imaginaries of national security that locate the border on people of color, including and extending beyond migrants. This chapter engages with the concept of “foreignness,” a label that contains within it race, religion, and language, enabling and obscuring their use as mechanisms of control. Immigration law performs the work of racial, religious, and linguistic discrimination through distinctions facially based on nationality. This exclusion based on foreignness is amplified through the invocation of national security. Examining several points in the historical development of the concept of national security in immigration law, the chapter illustrates the work that foreignness performs in defending White supremacy and justifying the unequal distribution of political and economic power. By recovering that history and surfacing the roles of foreignness and national security, this chapter aims to begin unraveling the power of these concepts and the harm that they inflict on people of color.
Militarized Biometric Data Colonialism
Authors: Hu Margaret 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter contends that the unprecedented collection of biometric data of the Afghan people by and under the direction of the United States from 2001 to 2021 transformed into both a method for data colonization and resource extraction, as well as a vehicle for surveillance capitalism. The U.S. military scanned fingerprints, facial recognition images, DNA, and other biometric identifiers of the Afghan population for almost two decades. Biometric data eventually formed the cornerstone of the Afghan government’s “identity management” strategy, used for identity cards, election security, and other daily governance objectives. After beta testing of biometric and cybersurveillance technologies abroad, these technologies have migrated to the United States and have been revealed in instances of militarized policing, especially within communities of color. The long-term risks of biometric-enabled warfare and militarized expansion of biometric cybersurveillance can be better understood as a form of data colonialism and the targeted surveillance of digitized “others.” Interrogating the racialized impact of biometric cybersurveillance renders visible an experiment of sociotechnical control and coercion in both foreign and domestic spheres.
The Infrastructure of Catholicism
Authors: Begadon Cormac 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The period c.1746–1829 was one which saw many significant changes to the infrastructure of Catholicism in Britain and Ireland. In this regard the most visible signs of the evolving nature of the Catholic communities were the developments in their physical and pastoral infrastructures. This evolution was not uniform, however, and improvements varied between, and within, the four nations. Yet while the infrastructure of Catholicism developed unevenly in the towns and cities, villages and townlands of England, Ireland, Scotland, and Wales, there was an overriding sense of improvement and modernization, however gradual this may have been. This was brought about not only by changes in the political and social landscapes affecting the respective Churches, but also was as a result of better economic fortunes and, crucially, patterns of migration. This chapter documents the evolution of the infrastructure of Catholicism in Britain and Ireland, with particular attention to pastoral structures and demographics, chapel-building, elementary education, and finances.
Catholic Belief and Practice
Authors: Phillips Peter 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The setting of Catholic liturgies in Britain and Ireland changed significantly between the 1740s and the 1820s, as population increase and a growing sense of toleration encouraged the construction of new chapels, although the pace of change varied considerably across the four nations. This ensured the continued use of irregular liturgical venues, frequently as a result of poverty and the attendant inadequate resources. Even in London, alongside the liturgically rich experience of the embassy chapels, Mass was still celebrated in garrets, and Catholics gathered in hired rooms at local inns to hear sermons until late in the eighteenth century. In many locations, the celebration of the sacraments moved out from their former domestic settings to larger and more public gatherings in local chapels. Prayer books were increasingly available; preaching and devotions like Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament became more common. The bishops, particularly in Ireland, attempted to regulate what they viewed as unseemly practices which had become attached to certain events like the burial of the dead and the celebration of local holy sites. In England, seigneurial Catholicism gave way to urban congregations swollen by Irish immigration. At the beginning of the industrial age, the Church, by the imposition of clerical dominance over the laity, had in its own way made a clear option for the poor: the clergy went out into the industrial slums administering spiritual and material comfort to the Catholic masses amidst the dire poverty and disease of the inner-city cellars, courts, and tenements in which they clustered.