bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Refocusing on—Crimes Against—Humanity
Authors: Kieser Hans-Lukas 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis chapter contrasts the terms genocide and democratic social contract. It not only takes seriously the exterminatory rejection of human rights-based polities in the pursuit of social engineering by génocidaires, but also—in the vocabulary of Enlightenment—positively emphasizes the prime concern of a society based on “the common good” as democratically agreed on in a social contract. Related to its key argument, the chapter brings ancient and modern religion from the margins to center stage in genocide studies. By examining genocidal intent in the holy scriptures, it underlines (ethno)religious categorizations in genocides. It exposes the tension between such categories and the age-old faith in the sacredness of life in general and the dignity of human life in particular, on which human rights and democratic social contracts are based. Genocides may sign enduring “scapegoat-based” social pacts. As crimes against humanity, however, they are above all failures in concluding valid social contracts.
The Victims of “Safety”: The Destiny of Armenian Women and Girls Who Were Not Deported from Trabzon
Authors: Aleksanyan Anna 
Published: December 2023

AbstractGiven its proximity to the Russian border, the city of Trabzon was a strategic port for the Young Turk government against the backdrop of war with Russia. While there is an extensive body of literature about Trabzon during the Armenian Genocide, the experiences of Armenian women and girls who stayed in the city remain unexamined. This chapter draws on the Trabzon trials and survivor testimonies to explore their experiences.While Trabzon Armenians received an official order of deportation, on June 26, 1915, the Vali Cemal Azmi made an “exemption” for Armenian women in later stages of pregnancy and for children “when the parents so desired.” Girls up to 15 years old and boys up to 10 years old remained and were placed in large houses throughout the city. After four years, all male children disappeared, and the girls who survived mostly did so in Turkish households to which they were given as gifts or sold to serve as a wives, servants, or sex slaves.In 1919, the Turkish Courts-Martial brought the perpetrators of the Armenian Genocide to trial in Constantinople. Cemal Azmi, Yenibahçeli Nail, who was the Committee on Union and Progress secretary for Trabzon, and five officials who worked with him stood before the court. The charges against them included organizing and implementing the massive annihilation of the Trabzon Armenians, the plunder of their property, the rape and murder of women and children, and the drowning of around 50 pregnant women in the Black sea. There were 20 sessions of the Trabzon trial, held between March 26 and May 20, 1919, during which witnesses and survivors testified. Among them were Misses Siranush Manukian, Philomene Nurian, Sofia Makhokhian, Aruseak Gylchian, Miss Arabian, and other women who witnessed mass drownings, were survivors of rape, forced marriages, and forced prostitution. The trial was extensively covered by both the Armenian and the Turkish press, whose representatives were present at the daily hearings. Close examination of these women's testimonies and other shreds of evidence of this trial shows how gendered the Armenian genocide was and how women were targeted for both their gender and national identity.
“Special Kind of Refugees”: Assisting Armenians in Erzincan, Bayburt, and Erzurum
Authors: Darbinyan Asya 
Published: December 2023

AbstractOver 200,000 Armenians became displaced persons during the First World War as a result of the war on the Caucasus battlefront and the genocide in the Ottoman Empire. Drawing upon previously untapped material from Armenian, Georgian, and Russian archives and libraries, this chapter reflects on that mass population movement, examines the resulting humanitarian crisis, and analyzes Armenian refugee relief work. It shows that because of the complex structure of the empire, the nature of humanitarianism in imperial Russia was multilayered and heterogeneous. To control and coordinate the large population movements in the eastern occupied regions of the Ottoman Empire and in Transcaucasia, imperial Russian authorities needed to organize and facilitate proper registration of refugees: a challenging task in times of war, epidemics, and humanitarian crises. They also had to define who was and who wasn’t a refugee.This chapter reflects on Russian military and civil authorities’ responses to the refugee movements in newly occupied areas of the Ottoman Empire—Erzincan, Bayburt, Erzurum— in summer 1916 and emphasizes the new directions and challenges of relief work. It shows how the relief committees and agencies adjusted to the changing dynamics on the warfront and in the occupied regions and shaped their relief strategies and methods according to the emerging needs of various categories of refugees. Hence, it contributes to key discussions in interdisciplinary research on refugees and to the emerging literature on relations between humanitarianism and imperialism. Finally, it offers a more nuanced understanding of Armenian-Russian relations in this period.
On the Verge of Death and Survival: Krikor Bogharian’s Diary
Authors: Kurt Ümit 
Published: December 2023

AbstractIn recent decades, much important work has been done on the Armenian deportation and genocide that draws on previously inaccessible Ottoman archival materials. However, in the process, there has been a corresponding tendency to downplay, either explicitly or through neglect, the value of largely untapped Armenian-language source materials, including personal memoirs and diaries. Until recently, few researchers in this area have possessed the language skills to hone in on both Armenian-language and Ottoman Turkish-language materials, and as a result, scholars who rely predominantly on one set of sources have tended to marginalize the other. A more well-rounded approach that is able to make use of sources in various languages can only benefit the field. This chapter builds on one such source, a diary, written by a young Krikor Bogharian (1897–1975), who takes us to early twentieth-century Aintab, modern-day Gaziantep, fifty-five kilometers to the west of the Euphrates and forty-five kilometers to the north of the modern Turkish-Syrian border.The Armenian deportation is examined through the first-person account of an Armenian from the city of Aintab. This chapter, based on the diary entries Bogharian penned as he struggled through this disastrous time, sheds light on the deportation experiences of Aintab Armenians. While sharing the tales of extraordinary suffering faced by ordinary people who were exiled and annihilated, it narrates the stories of those who survived to tell their tale as they trekked through the desert under unimaginable conditions. The chapter presents detailed information about both the personal and the family life of Bogharian, in addition to the suffering endured by his fellow deportees. Drawing on a valuable non-state primary source, this chapter explores what being a survivor entailed in a genocidal moment.
Categories and Their Interstices: The Armenian Genocide Beyond Resistance and Accommodation
Authors: Mouradian Khatchig 
Published: December 2023

AbstractDuring the Armenian Genocide, some deportees were afforded the opportunity to avoid subsequent waves of deportation and massacres by working for the Ottoman Turkish military (or civilian) authorities, who needed their skills and were willing to “pay” for it by sparing their lives. Having secured a job in the military’s hospitals and workshops thanks to their training, connections, and often bribes, these deportees often paid it forward, providing compatriots with food and medication, offering hideouts, facilitating their escape from concentration camps, and sometimes managing to procure jobs for them in the military. This chapter proposes referring to these actors as interstitials—those operating in the interstices of collaboration and resistance. The study of these actors offers insight into an underexplored phenomenon in Armenian genocide studies, long dominated by cookie-cutter categories. Serving the Ottoman war effort and assisting those whom the state targeted for annihilation, interstitials invite us to think about mass atrocity not only through less stringent categories—a recent trend in the scholarship—but outside of them. In this approach, we entertain the possibility that members of the targeted group can, at the same time, work to save their own skin and help other victims, collaborate with perpetrators and resist their genocidal policies.
Networks of Interlocking Leaders: Exploring the Links and Identifying the Elites in four European countries
Authors: Lee Jayeon , Platek Daniel , Scaramuzzino Roberto 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis chapter aims at analysing the inter-organisational networks emerging from interlocking leaders among the most resourceful, national-level civil society organisations (CSOs) in four European countries. By comparing four different country contexts, we analyse differences in the characteristics of networks, find different mechanisms that seem to structure organisational links across the cases, and identify who the most powerful actors are based on the CSOs’ network positions. While we find small components of tightly connected organisations in the Italian and Polish cases, mainly around similar policy areas, these contexts are characterised by overall fragmentation. In Sweden and in the UK, on the other hand, we find that there are a handful of key CSOs that link the majority of the resourceful organisations, thus occupying powerful network positions.
Who Gets a Seat at the Table? Civil Society Incumbents and Challengers in the European Parliament’s Consultations
Authors: Landorff Laura 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis chapter explores the participation of animal welfare civil society organisations (CSOs) in the European Parliament’s (EP’s) public hearings and in the Intergroup on the Welfare and Conservation of Animals to reveal who gets a seat at the table when EU parliamentarians consult civil society on animal welfare policies. Theorising the EP as a Strategic Action Field (SAF), animal welfare CSOs invited to official EP public hearings are conceptualised as incumbents, while animal welfare CSOs invited to unofficial Intergroups are perceived as challengers. Drawing on an original sample that covers 84 Intergroup meetings and 43 EP public hearings during the 8th and ongoing 9th EP, this chapter shows how animal welfare organisations challenge established civil society practices in the EP by using the Intergroup as a venue to facilitate cooperation, resource concentration, and access to political elites beyond official parliamentary structures.
Reproduction of Elites in Hong Kong through the Hong Kong Jockey Club
Authors: Lai Pui Chi 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis chapter will show how the Hong Kong Jockey Club (HKJC), a sports, gambling, and charitable establishment, filled the institutional void in colonial Hong Kong, an embryonic civil society. It gives new insight into the potential of a civil society organisation to form an institutional base for the elite. The HKJC provided a platform for the elite to build and facilitate interrelated networks, revealing the integration and more specifically the reproduction of the elite in Hong Kong society. The elites played multiple roles as social and economic leaders-cum-politicians in the oversimplified state-society dichotomy, also bridging the gap between the ruling regime and society. However, in the run-up to the handover of Hong Kong in 1997, the elite formation and composition and political situation in Hong Kong society started to change, thus challenging the role of the HKJC in contemporary society.
Etiology and Pathogenesis of Graves’ Orbitopathy
Authors: Wiersinga Wilmar M. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractOrbital fibroblasts (OF) expressing functional TSH receptors (TSHR) have been recognized as the target cells of the autoimmune attack in Graves’ orbitopathy (GO). Immunocompetent cells infiltrate the orbit, and present antigens (TSHR) to T-cells. Activated T-cells, cytokines and TSHR antibodies bind to OF, and induce secretion of excessive amounts of hydrophylic glycosaminoglycans (like hyaluronan) and differentiation of a subset of OF into mature fat cells (adipogenesis). The subsequent increase of extraocular muscle and orbital fat volume explain in a mechanistic way the symptoms and signs of GO. Genetic immunization of experimental animals with TSHR A-subunit (but not with IGF-1Rα) plasmid generates a fair mouse model of GO. Simultaneous activation of TSHR and IGF-1R potentiates the HA response induced by TSHR antibodies, but IGF-1R stimulating antibodies are absent and TSHR-stimulating antibodies do not recognize the IGF-1R. Crosstalk between TSHR and IGF-1R might occur by binding arrestin-β-1, which could act as a scaffold bringing both receptors closer together. One TSHR signaling pathway might be independent from the IGF-1R, whereas another TSHR pathway interacts downstream with the IGF-1R signaling pathway. Susceptibility genes for Graves’ hyperthyroidism are the same as for GO. Smoking is a preventable risk factor for GO. Recent data suggest hypercholesterolaemia also carries a risk.
Anatomy of the Orbit: Overall Skeletal and Topographical Configuration
Authors: Cornelius Carl-Peter , Gooris Peter J. J. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractObjective: The intent of this chapter is to provide a systematic reappraisal of the bony anatomy of the orbit. The studies and the available literature on this topic are ever-expanding. The present knowledge shall be put into perspective.Material and Methods: Textbook and atlas descriptions served as a starting point for a comprehensive outline of the osseous anatomy of the orbits. To deepen the insight and understanding, a small selection of recent reports on specific structures has been reviewed. For visual purposes, photographs of PMHS (post mortem human subject) specimens and illustrations were used.Review/Results: The most distinctive feature of each orbit is the quadrangular pyramidal shape with a tetrahedron spire making up the orbital apex. The bony elements of the orbits are delineated with the sphenoid as backward foundation and starting base for the overall architectural composition. A closer look goes into the openings within the orbital precincts and reveals the subtleties and variations of the fissures, canals, grooves, foramina, notches, and fossae monitoring recent publications. The research modalities of these studies have shifted from dry skull investigations and PMHS dissections to modern imaging techniques (CT, MRI, CBCT) within defined living populations facilitating the analysis of hidden spaces or hard-to-reach structures in a non-destructive manner. Additional advantages of imaging include quantification and a detailed morphometric evaluation in the spirit of computational anatomy.Conclusion: In essence, the combination of traditional anatomic knowledge and the understanding of the tremendous complexity of variations characterized in new publications demands for a patient-specific diagnostic workup as exemplified in this book. As a matter of fact, however it is more likely to recognize and grasp features that one knows or knows about from previous intensive learning.
Orbital Cellulitis as a Result of Spread of Odontogenic Infection
Authors: Gooris Peter J. J. , Mensink Gertjan , Noorlag Rob , Bergsma J. Eelco 
Published: December 2023

AbstractA case is reported of a female patient who presented with a fulminant spread of an infection of odontogenic origin. The infection extended into the orbit where orbital abscess formation developed which resulted in loss of the affected globe.Different routes of spread of an infection of the dentition, per continuitatem and by venous facial vasculature are discussed.
The Promised Land of Inclusive Peace: NGO Mediators as Norm Entrepreneurs of Inclusion
Authors: Palmiano Federer Julia 
Published: December 2023

AbstractIn this chapter, I apply the concept of “normative agency” to NGO mediators promoting one of the salient and “buzziest” norms (Hellmüller, Conflict Intervention and Transformation: Theory and Practice. Rowman & Littlefield International, 2019) in contemporary peace mediation: the normative imperative of “inclusive peace.” First, I discuss how “inclusivity” has become a central topic of debate in literature on mediation. Second, through harnessing different conceptual approaches, I break down a mediator’s normative agency by inductively assessing the ability with which (1) NGO mediators can interpret norms in the normative frameworks outlined by their mandate-givers and frame them in certain ways to the negotiating parties, (2) NGO mediators engage in a set of practices that intentionally promote norms (their interpretation) and (3) NGO mediators wield the power to frame discourses and conduct these practices in the first place. Third, I discuss the limits of their normative agency and the risks of successful norm localization, as counterintuitive as that sounds. Multiple working definitions of inclusion being promoted by several NGO mediators working with negotiating parties with varying degrees of coordination and coherence may risk multiple interpretations of the norm, while also giving “recipients” the opportunity to reinterpret or redefine the norm in a way that appeals most to them.
Conclusion: Should NGO Mediators Promote Norms?
Authors: Palmiano Federer Julia 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis concluding chapter synthesizes the main findings of the book and suggests some probing questions for future research agendas and larger soul-searching questions for both scholars and practitioners of peace mediation. While the book illustrates how NGO mediators do possess the agency to act as norm entrepreneurs of inclusion in mediation processes, given the unintended negative outcomes of the localization of inclusivity, it suggests that the assumption that mediators should promote liberal (and Western-centric) norms at all should be re-examined in a critical light. Yet the growth of the normative framework shows no signs of abating, with clauses in a growing number of ceasefire and peace agreements (for instance in South Sudan or Colombia) explicitly mentioning international norms such as gender equality and inclusivity. While widespread debate exists between mediation practitioners, the voices of national actors themselves often fall to the wayside. As armed conflicts become more violent and protracted and peace processes become more complex, the need to understand the role norms play in mediation processes remains imperative.
Surficial Geology and Geomorphology of the North Slide, Thompson River Valley, British Columbia, Canada: Application of Fundamental Geoscience Information to Interpretations of Geospatial Monitoring Results
Authors: Huntley David , Rotheram-Clarke Drew , Sattler Kelvin , Elwood David 
Published: December 2023

AbstractOur study focuses on a slow-moving landslide in the Thompson River valley, south-central British Columbia, Canada, that has posed a hazard to the national railway transportation corridor since 1880. Real-time kinematic global navigation satellite systems, unoccupied aerial vehicles, and satellite synthetic aperture radar interferometry time-series show significant displacement encroaching on railway infrastructure. In this paper, geospatial relationships between landslide distribution and specific terrain features, and the environmental conditions triggering instability are determined from field-based geological observations. We describe how earth material stratigraphy, textures, and penetrative planar structures are important controls on sub-surface drainage, and how these factors influence the style, timing, and rate of slope displacement. West of the railway tracks, slide scarps extend across the toe slope, corresponding to narrow zones of high displacement, presence of perennial springs and seepage, and cutbank erosion along the river channel. Fluvial incision exposes weak, failure-prone units at the base of the fill sequence, and with ongoing channel migration promotes instability by altering landslide toe geometry. Currently, the zone of potential displacement does not extend upslope into the inactive (1880) main slide body, east of the tracks. Seasonal variations in hydrogeological conditions influence the spatial and temporal patterns of surface water and groundwater flow, in turn controlling the distribution of translational-rotational displacement of slide blocks, and rates of movement on reactivated shear surfaces that extend under Thompson River. Slope failure occurs along weak, sub-horizontal shear zones within poorly drained glaciolacustrine clay and silt units, overlain by rapidly drained glaciofluvial outwash gravel, and imperfectly drained till diamicton. River levels exert a complex control on landslide stability, influencing hydraulic gradients within the basal glaciolacustrine unit, particularly along rupture surfaces within it. Ground displacement occurs while river levels are at their lowest between February and March, before peak flows in June, or after July until December while storm-fed river levels progressively lower to the next winter minimum. Groundwater levels remain elevated in the slide body throughout the year, contained in porous gravel and sand beds, and along brittle fractures and sub-horizonal shear zones in silt-clay varve beds. Geospatial and temporal change-detection monitoring of active landslides and at-risk infrastructure, when benchmarked with terrain and hydrogeological observations, is a cost-effective hazard management practice that provides important geoscience information to help develop appropriate early warning, mitigation, adaptation, and risk reduction measures.
Climate Change as Modifier of Landslide Susceptibility: Case Study in Davao Oriental, Philippines
Authors: Beroya-Eitner Mary Antonette A. , Vicente May Celine T. M. , Dado Julie Mae B. , Dimain Marion Roel S. , Maquiling Joel T. , Cruz Faye Abigail T. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractRainfall-induced landslides are widely occurring phenomena that cause billions of US dollars annually in damage, and thousands of deaths globally. The Philippines, due to its climate, geographic location and topography, is among those countries most prone to the hazard. The strong climatic warming trend over the past decades has affected the rainfall pattern in the country, thus affecting the landslide distribution as well. This study aims to determine how the rainfall in our study area, Davao Oriental, is expected to change in the future in response to climate warming and how such a change may affect the landslide susceptibility pattern in the province. Results show that contrary to the general perception of increased landslide susceptibility due to a warming climate, a decreased susceptibility is anticipated in the study area. Despite this decrease, however, there remains high to very high landslide hazard for the northern part of the province well into the future, and risk reduction work is still needed in this area. Moreover, while the projected decrease in rainfall and landslide susceptibility is a positive sign concerning landslide hazard management, such a drying trend may spawn other hazards, including drought and water shortage, underscoring the need for a multi-hazard assessment that takes into account the complex interrelationships between different hazards. We deem the results of the study to be very important for better prioritization and more efficient allocation of resources for disaster risk management and reduction. The methodology developed for this study can be applied to other parts of the Philippines, and other regions as well.