bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PERCEPTION OF CHEESE: A COMPARISON OF QUALITY SCORING, DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS AND CONSUMER RESPONSES
Authors: HERSLETH MARGRETHE , ILSENG MARI AUSTVOLL , MARTENS MAGNI , NÆS TORMOD 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACT The main objective of this study was to study perception of cheeses by comparing quality scores from expert assessors, descriptive profiling data from selected assessors and consumer responses. Twelve cheeses were evaluated by expert assessors and profiled by selected assessors. Five cheeses were selected for consumer testing and rated for hedonic liking, plus flavor intensity and degree of soft/firm texture. Analysis of variance and multivariate analyses of the data showed that the expert assessors scores for consistency, flavor and overall quality correlated positively with descriptive profiling attributes as mature flavor/odor, firmness, graininess and dryness of the cheeses. Preference mapping showed an even distribution of the consumers in the sensory map, which indicated different sensory segments. Some consumers preferred a firm cheese with a mild, mature flavor and others preferred a doughy cheese with more acid, fermented flavor. The expert assessors represented the preferences of the first group in their scoring procedure.
STORAGE STABILITY AND SENSORY ANALYSIS OF UHT‐PROCESSED WHEY‐BANANA BEVERAGES
Authors: KOFFI ERNEST , SHEWFELT ROBERT , WICKER LOUISE 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACT Selected characteristics of whey‐fortified banana beverages stored at 4, 20, 30 and 40C were monitored at specific time intervals over a 60‐day storage period. The particle volume mean diameter (D43) remained unchanged for the entire study and the particle surface area mean diameter (D32) changed only in the first week. The products remained light‐colored (L*∼71) for 60 days; redness (a*), yellowness (b*) and saturation (C*) increased with time at elevated storage temperatures. The Hue (H*) was smaller at elevated temperatures. A sensory descriptive analysis panel generated terms to describe and quantify the sensory characteristics of the whey‐banana beverage stored at 4C. The product was a sour, sweet, smooth beverage, with distinctive banana flavor and minimum off‐flavor. A consumer panel indicated that sourness and acidity were critical quality factors. The main differences detected were for sedimentation (greater at 40C) and serum separation (minimum at 4C).
A SURVEY OF PORK QUALITY OF DOWNER PIGS
Authors: CARR S.N. , GOODING J.P. , RINCKER P.J. , HAMILTON D.N. , ELLIS M. , KILLEFER J. , MCKEITH F.K. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACT Pigs from four commercial packing facilities were utilized to characterize the impact of downer pigs on meat quality and the impact of respiratory health on downer pigs. Lungs of downer pigs were evaluated for pneumonia and the pH of the longissimus was measured at approximately 45 min postmortem on 246 carcasses. At approximately 24 h postmortem, subjective color, marbling, firmness of the loin, carcass conformation, gender, objective loin color and ultimate pH of the longissimus were determined on 229 carcasses. Muscle score, 45 min pH and lung score averaged 2.14, 6.32 and 1.67, respectively. Subjective color, marbling, firmness, Minolta L‐value, pH and drip loss averaged 3.75, 2.72, 3.16, 45.72, 6.00 and 1.91%, respectively. Downer pigs tended to produce pork that was dark in color with a relatively high ultimate pH and low drip loss. Virtually no relationship was observed between downer pigs and lung score.
PROCESSING TIME AND BINDER EFFECT ON THE QUALITY OF RESTRUCTURED ROLLS FROM HOT‐BONED BEEF
Authors: FAROUK M.M. , HALL W.K. , WIELICZKO K.J. , SWAN J.E. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACT The effects of time postmortem and binders on the quality of raw and cooked restructured beef rolls were determined. The use of prerigor meat (1–5 h postmortem) or Activa resulted in higher bind strength for both raw and cooked rolls than the use of postrigor meat (25 h postmortem) or alginate, respectively. Use of prerigor meat or alginate gave a higher cook yield compared to postrigor meat or Activa binder, respectively. Raw slices of product made with Activa were lighter in color, redder and more yellow (higher Hunter L*, a* and b* values) than products made with alginate. Binder had no effect on aerobic plate counts. Raw slices of Activa bound product had better color and overall appearance than product made with alginate; however, cooked rolls made with alginate were more tender and friable and had better overall eating quality, than Activa bound rolls.
GLYCOGEN, GLUCOSE AND GLUCOSE‐6‐PHOSPHATE CONTENT IN FRESH AND COOKED MEAT AND MEAT EXUDATE FROM CARRIERS AND NONCARRIERS OF  THE RN– ALLELE
Authors: ENFÄLT ANN‐CHARLOTTE , HULLBERG ANJA 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to investigate the content of glycogen, glucose and glucose‐6‐phosphate (G‐6‐P) in fresh and cooked meat and meat exudate (purge and cooking loss) from carriers (RN–/rn+) and noncarriers (rn+/rn+) of the RN– allele. Loins (M. longissimus dorsi) from 13 commercial crossbred female pigs were used. The total content of glycogen, glucose and G‐6‐P was significantly higher in RN–carriers compared with noncarriers both in fresh and cooked muscle, as well as in fresh and cooked meat exudate. Also the sum of glucose and G‐6‐P was higher in all fractions for the RN– carriers compared with noncarriers. Loins from the RN– carriers had lower ultimate pH and higher drip, purge and cooking loss compared with loins from noncarriers. We conclude that after the postmortem process in RN– carriers there is muscle glycogen left which is subsequently released with meat exudate during storage and cooking, lowering the glycogen level in the cooked meat.
A Prototype Manipulator for Magnetic Resonance-Guided Interventions Inside Standard Cylindrical Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scanners
Authors: Tsekos Nikolaos V. , Özcan Alpay , Christoforou Eftychios 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe aim of this work is to develop a remotely controlled manipulator to perform minimally invasive diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in the abdominal and thoracic cavities, with real-time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guidance inside clinical cylindrical MR scanners. The manipulator is composed of a three degree of freedom Cartesian motion system, which resides outside the gantry of the scanner, and serves as the holder and global positioner of a three degree of freedom arm which extends inside the gantry of the scanner. At its distal end, the arm’s end-effector can carry an interventional tool such as a biopsy needle, which can be advanced to a desired depth by means of a seventh degree of freedom. These seven degrees of freedom, provided by the entire assembly, offer extended manipulability to the device and a wide envelope of operation to the user, who can select a trajectory suitable for the procedure. The device is constructed of nonmagnetic and nonconductive fiberglass, and carbon fiber composite materials, to minimize artifacts and distortion on the MR images as well as eliminate effects on its operation from the high magnetic field and the fast switching magnetic field gradients used in MR imaging. A user interface was developed for man-in-the-loop control of the device using real-time MR images. The user interface fuses all sensor signals (MR and manipulator information) in a visualization, planning, and control command environment. Path planning is performed with graphical tools for setting the trajectory of insertion of the interventional tool using multislice and∕or three dimensional MR images which are refreshed in real time. The device control is performed with an embedded computer which runs real-time control software. The manipulator compatibility with the MR environment and image-guided operation was tested on a 1.5T MR scanner.
The Speaking Machine of Wolfgang von Kempelen
Authors: Dudley Homer , Tarnoczy T. H. 
Published: September 2005

The physiological motions involved in speaking can be indicated to the eye or to the ear. For the eye suitably chosen symbols may be written to indicate the physiological positions assumed informing each sound; for the ear synthetic sounds may be produced by motions in a mechanism built to simulate the speech organs. The degree of phonetic success may be estimated in the case of the visible symbols by listening to sounds formed when the indicated physiological processes are carried out, and in the case of the speech-simulating mechanism by comparing the synthetic speech produced to normally spoken speech. Significant advances along both the visual and the aural lines are described from earliest times down to the present.
Wolfgang von Kempelen produced the first speaking machine worthy of the name around 1780. This paper gives his background, a description of the apparatus he built, and a discussion of the methods used in producing the various sounds, fitting his work into the over-all picture of speech-imitating devices from the speaking of idols of ancient times down to the automatic electrical reconstructing of speech in the vocoder. For portraying to the eye the physiological characteristics of speech there are discussed the more outstanding methods from claimed symbolic alphabets of ancient languages down to the recent spectrographic visible speech.
Ultrasonic Measurement Techniques Applicable to Small Solid Specimens
Authors: McSkimin H. J. 
Published: September 2005

Phase comparison at high ultrasonic frequencies is found to be particularly suited to velocity of propagation measurements (and hence measurement of elastic constants) for small solid specimens such as single crystals. Both longitudinal and transverse waves may be used, with accurate results possible even when the specimen loss becomes high.
A pulse technique is used which allows exact determination of the number of wave-lengths in the acoustic path, and a direct measurement of phase shift at reflecting interfaces. The use of λ/4 plastic coupling seals to minimize errors is explained; necessary theoretical analysis is included.
Illustrative data for fused silica and single crystal germanium are given.
The Velocity of Sound through Tissues and the Acoustic Impedance of Tissues
Authors: Ludwig George D. 
Published: September 2005

The velocity of sound through various animal organ tissues and through living human tissues is measured, using an ultrasonic pulse method, at 1.25 and 2.5 Mc. The effect of anisotropy (fiber direction) on velocity is determined with beef muscle. Values obtained with the beam traversing the tissue perpendicularly to the long axis of the muscle bundles do not differ significantly from those found with the energy directed parallel with the muscle fibers.
Velocity through living human tissues, consisting mostly of muscle, is measured by transmitting the ultrasound through various thicknesses of the arm, leg, and thigh.
Specific gravities of the tissues are measured. The characteristic acoustic impedances (ρc values), calculated from the density and velocity data, vary between 1.5×105 and 1.7×105 g/cm2/sec. The imaginary component of tissue impedance is calculated and found to be negligible at the frequencies at which these measurements are made.
Some Observations on Pitch and Frequency
Authors: Davis H. , Silverman S. R. , McAuliffe D. R. 
Published: September 2005

“Tone-pips” were produced by brief rectangular electrical pulses being delivered through two sound-effects filters in cascade with both high and low cut-offs set at 2000 cps. Nearly all of the acoustic energy of the final signal was found to be concentrated in a band about an octave wide and centering at 2000 cps. The pulsing frequency was varied independently between 90 and 150 pips per second.
Listeners describe the resulting sound as a “metallic buzz.” Listeners vary greatly in their ability to identify the two “pitches” present in this sound and in the accuracy with which they match with a pure tone either the pulsing frequency (about 130 per second) or the band-pass frequency (2000 cps in the present series). Errors of exactly one octave are particularly common.
In the theoretical discussion we argue that the “pitch” of a pure tone is a double attribute compounded of “buzz” (correlated with frequency of volleys of nerve impulses) and “body” (correlated with position of maximum stimulation on the basilar membrane).
A Hot-Wire Ultrasonic Interferometer and its Application to Vapors
Authors: Matta K. , Richardson E. G. 
Published: September 2005

A fixed path ultrasonic interferometer for use in vapors is described, in which the stationary wave system between the quartz source and the reflector is explored by a traveling hot-wire. The hot-wire is calibrated for its change of resistance in terms of velocity-amplitude in the ultrasonic wave system. A correction is made for diffraction of the ultrasonic beam.
In this apparatus wavelength and absorption measurements are made in ether, ethylene, benzene, carbon disulphide, and acetaldehyde vapors. All show an absorption considerably greater than the theoretical values based on the Stokes-Kirchhoff equations.
The Velocity of Sound in Sea Water
Authors: Weissler Alfred , Del Grosso Vincent A. 
Published: September 2005

Laboratory measurements of sound velocity in sea water samples from the Caribbean and Middle Atlantic have been made by means of a three-megacycle ultrasonic interferometer. The results at various salinities and temperatures show that the velocity values in current use (Kuwahara's tables) are too low by approximately three meters/second.
In addition, variations in the dissolved air content were found to have negligible effect on sound velocity and absorption. The sulfate/chloride ratio was determined as quite constant in a given region of the sea. Finally, it was established that the velocity and adiabatic compressibility observed for sea water are explainable on the basis of a linear summation of the effects of the individual dissolved salts.
The Acoustic Properties of Flying Helmets
Authors: Wilkie D. R. 
Published: September 2005

A convenient and theoretically satisfactory method for measuring the sound attenuation of flying helmets is described in which a miniature microphone is employed to measure the sound intensity inside the helmet capsule. A theory of sound transmission through helmet capsules is proposed the validity of which is established by a direct comparison of theoretical with experimental results.
It is thus possible to design helmets which are considerably better than standard R. A. F. types. Comparison tests on one such helmet are described.
Phonograph Needle Drag Distortion
Authors: Rabinow J. , Codier E. 
Published: September 2005

In the following paper are included: the graphical synthesis which originally led to the belief that the tangential motion of a phonograph playback needle would cause distortion of the output signal; the mathematical analysis of the forces which would tend to cause such motion; and descriptions of equipment, tests, and conclusions reached.
These conclusions are, in brief, as follows: In a common type of crystal pick-up, equipped with the usual steel needle, tangential motion of the stylus tip does occur as postulated, ranging in amplitude up to 0.0012″, the amplitude of the motion being a function of the recorded frequency, the amplitude of recording, the radius of the groove in which the signal is recorded, recording speed, record and needle wear, and needle pressure. In addition to the tangential motion caused by the recorded signal, a vertical resonance occurring in the needle-pick-up arm system causes low frequency tangential motions of the needle tip (24 cps) with amplitudes of up to 0.0015″. Attempts to detect the distortion of the output signal caused by tangential motion were unsuccessful principally because of the presence of other distortions which masked the tangential motion distortion, and which could not be removed from the equipment used. However, since the existence of tangential motions and their amplitudes were established, it became possible to compute the cross-modulation products caused by such motion.
Sound Scattering by Thin Elastic Shells
Authors: Junger Miguel C. 
Published: September 2005

The theory of scattering of plane waves of sound is extended to scatterers in the form of thin elastic shells of cylindrical and spherical shape. As for all elastic scatterers, the scattering action is the resultant of: (1) “rigid body scattering,” i.e., the scattering which would be present if the scatterer were rigid and immovable; (2) “radiation scattering,” which represents the sound radiation from the shell undergoing forced vibrations under the influence of the incident wave pressure, and which is determined by the dynamic characteristics of the submerged shell. Contrary to solid scatterers, whose dynamic characteristics are little different in vacuum and in the fluid medium, the characteristics of shells are profoundly altered by fluid reaction. When the shell is excited near resonance, the scattering pattern resembles the dynamic response of the shell in that it is highly frequency sensitive.
The mathematical analysis proceeds by correlating the general solution of the wave equation in the fluid medium with the Lagrange equations of the elastic shell; the correlation is obtained by applying one boundary condition and by expressing the energy exchange between the two media in terms of generalized forces. This method should be applicable whenever (1) the solution of the wave equation is known in the appropriate coordinate system; (2) the equations of motion of the elastic scatterer freely vibrating in vacuum can be derived and solved.
An Experimental Study of Speech-Wave Probability Distributions
Authors: Davenport Wilbur B. 
Published: September 2005

Measurements were made of the first-probability distribution and of various conditional probability distributions of the speech wave instantaneous amplitude. Results obtained for several speakers indicate that the first-probability distribution varies exponentially with large values of amplitude and that increases in the conditional probabilities are noted for delay times of the order of magnitude of the pitch period.
Measurements were also made of the first-probability distribution of the duration of the speech-wave zero-crossing periods, and of the auto-correlation function of clipped speech.
These measurements were of the stationary, or “long-time,” speech-wave probability distributions. Most of the results are for speech waves recorded in an anechoic chamber. Some results are included for voices recorded in a live studio.
The Masking of Tones by White Noise as a Function of the Interaural Phases of Both Components. I. 500 Cycles
Authors: Jeffress Lloyd A. , Blodgett Hugh C. , Deatherage Bruce H. 
Published: September 2005

Work by Hawkins, Hirsh, Licklider, Stevens, Webster, and others has shown the considerable reduction in masking which occurs when the interaural phase of either the signal or the noise is reversed, or when the interaural phase of the signal is shifted by various amounts. The present paper extends this work by shifting the interaural phases of the masking component of the noise and of the tone by various amounts between +180° and −180°, and also by shifting the noise timewise by amounts up to 4.0 milliseconds. The interaural phases of both the noise and the 500∼ tonal signal are therefore parameters of this study.
The results are in agreement with those already published, but show in addition large reductions in threshold even when the noise and the tone differ in their interaural phase positions by amounts less than 180°. They also show a periodic fall and rise of the masked threshold as the interaural time difference for the noise is varied. Finally, they show the importance of interaural correlation in determining the extent to which the binaural threshold will be lower than the monaural.
Automatic Recognition of Spoken Digits
Authors: Davis K. H. , Biddulph R. , Balashek S. 
Published: September 2005

The recognizer discussed will automatically recognize telephone-quality digits spoken at normal speech rates by a single individual, with an accuracy varying between 97 and 99 percent. After some preliminary analysis of the speech of any individual, the circuit can be adjusted to deliver a similar accuracy on the speech of that individual. The circuit is not, however, in its present configuration, capable of performing equally well on the speech of a series of talkers without recourse to such adjustment.
Circuitry involves division of the speech spectrum into two frequency bands, one below and the other above 900 cps. Axis-crossing counts are then individually made of both band energies to determine the frequency of the maximum syllabic rate energy with each band. Simultaneous two-dimensional frequency portrayal is found to possess recognition significance. Standards are then determined, one for each digit of the ten-digit series, and are built into the recognizer as a form of elemental memory. By means of a series of calculations performed automatically on the spoken input digit, a best match type comparison is made with each of the ten standard digit patterns and the digit of best match selected.
The Use of Binaural Tape Recording in Automotive Noise Problems
Authors: Apps David C. 
Published: September 2005

The record-playback method of making noise comparison tests provides realistic answers with a minimum of equipment and sophistication. Such a method is especially attractive in problems handled by making experimental changes which, taken individually, usually produce very small changes in level and quality of noise.
In automotive work, playback of single-channel recordings of interior car noise sensed by a single microphone sound unreal because of an emphasized bass, the cause of which is not known to the author. Directional effects also contribute to the lack of realism.
The use of a binaural magnetic tape recorder improves realism, which in turn enhances the resolution of smaller differences.
Action of Ultrasound on Nerve Tissue—a Review
Authors: Fry William J. 
Published: September 2005

This review is concerned with (1) certain physiological and structural changes produced in tissues of the central nervous system caused by high level ultrasound and (2) investigations into the physical mechanisms underlying these changes.
The cell bodies of neurons in the central nervous system are particularly susceptible to change by ultrasound. The effect of irradiation is immediately evident as a loss of function which may be reversible or irreversible depending on the dosage. Irreversible changes in function are accompanied by changes in the structure of the cell. The susceptibility of neurons studied so far is graded according to size, the larger neurons exhibiting a greater susceptibility. The dose of ultrasound can be adjusted to cause irreversible changes in neurons without causing any observable damage to the vascular and supporting components of the tissue. This selective and specific effect of ultrasound is being used as a tool in neuroanatomical studies now in progress and has considerable potential value in neurosurgery. The ultrasound alters the state of the nerve cells and, therefore, affords a basis for studying intracellular structure and function.
The physical basis for the ultrasonically produced biological effects has been investigated part. The following aspects of temperature have been analyzed and rejected: (1) High average (space) level, (2) interface heating, (3) rapid time rate of change, (4) temperature changes resulting from cavitation, (5) heating at gas nuclei. The phenomenon of cavitation is also shown to play no essential direct role in producing the effects.