bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infections with Rash
Authors: Swartz Morton N 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The patient with fever and a rash represents an important diagnostic challenge, since causes of this syndrome include acute systemic infections requiring early diagnosis and prompt therapy. For purposes of this discussion we will consider only systemic infections in which rash is a significant element. Infections originating in the skin or its appendages (e.g., pyodermas such as impetigo, erysipelas, cellulitis) are often accompanied by fever, but they have a different pathogenesis and will be considered elsewhere (Chapters 52 and 53). While the febrile rash syndrome (FRS) should initially raise the concern of an infectious etiology, the differential diagnosis can be broad, including drug eruptions, vasculitides of various types, and infiltrative processes including leukemias and Sweet’s syndrome.
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections
Authors: Smith Charles B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The most common infectious diseases of man are those that involve the upper respiratory tract and adjacent sinuses, middle ear, pharynx, epiglottis, and larynx. Although the severity of most upper respiratory tract infections (URls) is limited to the “temporarily annoying” category, these illnesses are the leading causes of time lost from work in most developed societies, and the resources spent on finding relief represent a significant health care expenditure. Occasionally these minor infections can become severe and lead to organ damage or death.
Acute Pneumonia
Authors: Chang Feng Yee , Yu Victor L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Pneumonia is not only a common infection; it is the leading cause of death from infectious diseases in the developed countries. Correct diagnosis is paramount if cost-effective antimicrobial agent therapy is to be prescribed. With an increase in the number of potential microbial etiologies and emerging resistance to antibiotics, controversies regarding empiric antibiotic therapy and use of invasive diagnostic procedures have arisen. On the other hand, the modem era which brought us effective antimicrobial agents now also promises to bring newer diagnostic methods based on molecular biology.
Diarrhea and Gastroenteritis
Authors: DuPont Herbert L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Acute diarrhea and gastroenteritis are common medical complaints and can be serious health problems for certain well-defined populations. The frequency of diarrhea in the developing world varies according to region. In these areas, outside cholera endemic regions, diarrhea as a public health problem is primarily found in children &lt;5 yr of age. The total number of estimated cases of acute diarrheal disease in this age group in the developing world may be as many as 1 billion cases annually.
Infective Endocarditis
Authors: Karchmer Adolf W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Infective endocarditis is the term applied to microbial infections involving the endothelial surface of the heart. This infection primarily occurs on the leaflets of heart valves, but occasionally on the low-pressure side of a ventricular septal defect, on chordae tendineae, or on the mural endocardium at the site of impact of a regurgitant jet of blood or an intracardiac foreign body such as an intravascular catheter or a pacer lead.
Myocarditis and Pericarditis
Authors: Lerner A Martin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Myocarditis and pericarditis refer to inflammation of the heart muscle or pericardia! membranes. They may be acute, subacute, or chronic in presentation and can be caused by direct invasion by a pathogenic bacterium, fungus, or virus, or represent an autoimmune response stimulated by these agents. Pericarditis is often accompanied by the development of a pericardia! effusion which may in some cases acutely lead to pericardial tamponade.
Infectious and Postinfectious
Authors: Abebe Mekonnen , Kaufman, Lee D , Luft Benjamin J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Infectious arthritis is a potentially serious condition with significant morbidity and disability if not detected and treated early. Staphylococcus aureus remains the most common cause of infectious arthritis in adults and children over the age of 2 yr, while Hemophilus influenzae type b is the most frequent cause between the ages of 6 mo and 2 yr, although the incidence of H.
Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Corey Lawrence 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The last decade has brought continued advances in the use of agents that inhibit the human immunodeficiency viruses. It is now well established that antiretroviral therapy slows down the progression of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and can prolong survival. However, the high replication rate of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the ability of the virus to develop resistance to antivirals, and the relatively low individual potency of many of the currently licensed agents has meant that combination chemotherapy must be utilized.
Coming to Maturity: Early Legal Scholarship
Authors: White G Edward 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1876 Holmes wrote a letter to Emerson that captured his scholarly mission between 1865 and the early 1880s. He said in the letter that ‘I have learned, after a laborious and somewhat painful period of probation, that the law opens a way to philosophy as well as anything else.’1 Just as the years between I 864 and I 882 were momentous in the personal and professional spheres of Holmes’ life, they were momentous in his development as a legal scholar. During that period Holmes, after considerable effort and some false starts, developed an approach to scholarship in which legal history, philosophy, and discussion of contemporary issues of policy were integrated in an original and distinctive fashion, an integration that can be seen to be the principal basis of The Common Law’s scholarly eminence. It was also during that period that Holmes finally succeeded in applying to the field of law the substantive and methodological concerns that had attracted him in his undergraduate essays, and thereby demonstrated to himself as well as to others that the law was capable of extended interpretive treatment.
Introduction: The Postmodern, the Marginal, and the Minor
Authors: Harper Phillip Brian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book takes as a primary object of interrogation current theories on the nature of postmodernism as both social phenomenon and cultural praxis. Since at least the early 1980s, commentators from a wide range of disciplines have identified the postmodern condition with a heightened consciousness about the problematic nature of human subjectivity. To characterize it very roughly, postmodernist theory suggests that our sense of the individual human psyche as an integrated whole is a necessary misconception, and that various technological, economic, and philosophical developments of the late twentieth century demonstrate to us the psyche’s fundamentally incoherent and fragmentary, or “decentered,” nature. This decenteredness is manifested in the cultural realm through a number of signal effects and practices; in particular, characteristic fiction of the postmodern era thematizes psychic decenteredness in both its narrative structures and its depiction of the human subject. It is this latter claim about postmodern fiction’s presentation of a decentered subject that comprises the immediate object of my inquiry here. My interest lies not in disputing the validity of this characterization-indeed, I find it generally convincing-but rather in correlating this aspect of postmodernist fiction with comparable effects in other fictional modes. For if postmodernist fiction foregrounds subjective fragmentation, a similar decenteredness can be identified in U.S. novels written prior to the postmodern era, in which it derives specifically from the socially marginalized and politically disenfranchised status of the populations treated in the works.
The “New” Scientific Racism
Authors: Kühl Stefan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The late 1980s witnessed a revival of public interest in scientific racism on North American campuses. The media gave broad coverage to research by scholars in the United States and Canada that attempted to establish a scientific basis for classifying humans into “superior” and “inferior” genetic groups. For example, J. Philippe Rushton, professor at the University of Western Ontario, argued that whites and Asians are generally more intelligent and family-oriented than were blacks, while Johns Hopkins University sociology professor Robert Gordon advanced the claim that the high crime rate among American blacks correlated with their comparatively low intelligence level.
The Reception and Function of American Support in Nazi Germany
Authors: Kühl Stefan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1934, one of Hitler’s staff members wrote to Leon Whitney of the American Eugenics Society and asked in the name of the Fuhrer for a copy of Whitney’s recently published book, The Case for Sterilization. Whitney complied immediately, and shortly thereafter received a personal letter of thanks from Adolf Hitler. In his unpublished autobiography, Whitney reported a conversation he had with Madison Grant about the letter from the Fuhrer. Because he thought that Grant might be interested in Hitler’s letter he showed it to him during their next meeting. Grant only smiled, reached for a folder on his desk, and gave Whitney a letter from Hitler to read. In this, Hitler thanked Grant for writing The Passing of the Great Race and said that “the book was his Bible.
Conclusion
Authors: Kühl Stefan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Attempts to separate eugenics from the Nazi program of race improvement were only partially successful. The personal and ideological links between eugenics and mass sterilization and extermination were too obvious to be overlooked. Socialist eugenicists, who opposed Nazi race policies, distinguished themselves by avoiding the word eugenics. Instead, eugenicists such as Hermann Muller introduced terms like genetic load and cost of selection. Reform eugenicists who had supported parts of the Nazi race policies also backed away from the term eugenics after it had become tainted due to Nazi abuses. By 1954, the British Annals of Eugenics was renamed the Annals of Human Genetics; in 1969, Eugenics Quarterly, the successor of Eugenic News, was renamed the Journal of Social Biology. The pride with which scientists in the 1910s, 1920s, and 1930s referred to themselves as eugenicists had evaporated.
The Lifestyle of Modernizing Berlin Jews
Authors: Lowenstein Steven M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The new Jewish elite that emerged during the Seven Years War helped pioneer an acculturated way of life in Berlin. The new style of living also went far beyond conspicuous consumption and luxury. It involved changes in cultural values, ways of educating children, dress, language, and forms of sociability and culture. By the 1770s Berlin was home not only to an acculturating elite but also to a nucleus of Enlightened Jewish intellectuals. The combined influence of the style of the elite and the teachings of the new intellectuals began to affect the way of life of growing numbers of Berlin Jews. The cultural milieu of Berlin Jewry in the two decades or so after the Seven Years War had several characteristics that are worth exploring. First, although the modem lifestyle began at the very top of the Jewish social scale, it soon spread to a broad cross section of the city’s Jewish population. Second, the changes during this period occurred peacefully and with only sporadic opposition of any sort. The community was not split into opposing camps of modernists and traditionalists. This is not to say that all Berlin Jews adopted the new cultural attitudes and practices; rather, the traditionalist and modernist milieus seemed to have lived side by side in a kind of “peaceful coexistence.” This relatively peaceful situation would change in the last years of the eighteenth century.
The Spoils of War
Authors: Davis Robert C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Throughout the early modern era the pugni captivated Venice. During the fall months of the battagliole season fascination for the event penetrated every corner of daily life, as people of all classes talked and indeed thought of little else for weeks at a time. It was a perpetual dialogue, mixing memories of previous encounters with expectations for future battles: in which the virtues of various capi and padrini were the subjects of wagers and fierce debates and where the chances of the champions who would meet in the next grudge match were discussed down to the finest detail. Apprentices avoided their work to argue about fighting styles and techniques, while their masters-those hundreds of fishermen, shipbuilders, porters, cobblers and butchers who would crowd the bridges on Sundays and holidays-argued and traded insults with one another when they met by chance in taverns and campi after work. These were no idle debates: when Venetians met and disagreed about the pugni, they could move quickly from words to blows to bloodshed, for these workers always had the knives, boathooks, cleavers, axes, and hammers of their trades close at hand. In the season of the battagliole these same passions were just as likely to seize the more cultivated members of society. Nobles politicking at the broglio and merchants doing business at the Mercerie or Rialto were no more restrained than ordinary working men in backing up their opinions with fists, daggers, or even pikes.
Settler Capitalism and the State in Australia
Authors: Kunitz Stephen J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 2 I argued that federal-state relationships were important to explaining differences in mortality patterns of indigenous peoples and that the low life expectancy of Aborigines was due to the fact that Aboriginal affairs have historically been the responsibility of the states. In Chapter 3 I argued that settler capitalism was especially important to accounting for the population decline in New Zealand and Hawaii. In this chapter I temporarily abandon the comparative method in order to examine in more detail the two issues raised in the preceding chapters. I shall do this with a case study of the population history and contemporary health of Aborigines in Queensland in Northern Australia (see Figure 4-1).
Natural Law
Authors: Grotius Hugo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Of the many approaches to the study of international rules, Natural Law boasts the lengthiest intellectual tradition. Indeed, Naturalism predates by many centuries the emergence of states, and thus the advent of “international” scholarship per se. Naturalists submit that the “law” consists of principles of right and wrong that transcend time, place, political system, religion, and culture. This law can be apprehended by human reason and remains eternally and universally valid, notwithstanding human legislative enactments (“positive law”).
The New Stream
Authors: Kennedy David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The New Stream of international legal scholarship has its roots in the Critical Legal Studies approach that became popular among American legal scholars focusing on domestic law during the 1980s. The application of this critical approach to international law was pioneered by David Kennedy, now a law professor at Harvard University. Like Critical Legal Studies, much of the New Stream scholarship utilizes the linguistic methodology of the French structuralists and draws its theoretic inspiration from the neo-Marxist Frankfurt school. New Stream scholars reject Positivism and Naturalism. In fact, they reject the very notion that law is an objective enterprise. The self-described project of the New Stream scholarship is to unite the theory and practice of international law in a manner that will restructure international social life.
Toward an Understanding of International Legal Rules
Authors: Arend Clark 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In a 1990 essay on recent works on international legal rules, Professor Phillip Trimble observed that “[t]o academics and practitioners alike, in-ternational law is a peripheral enterprise.”1 He then went on to cite a report prepared by John King Gamble and Natalie S. Shields in which they argue that “many academics still regard international law as ... a ‘fringe’ specialty, well meaning, even noble, but naive and largely irrelevant to the real world.”Similarly, many International Relations theorists have also questioned the importance of studying international rules within the discipline of International Relations.
Electric Power Generation
Authors: Duchin Faye , Lange Glenn-Marie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The production and use of electricity are closely associated with industrialization and economic growth. Electricity is also closely associated with atmospheric pollution when it is generated through the combustion of fossil fuels. In this chapter, the regional distribution of electricity production is discussed, and control totals are developed for historical years. Changes made to improve the representation of production and use of electricity in the World Model are described. The most promising alternative technologies and improvements to conventional technologies for producing electricity are identified, and estimates of the relative capital and operating costs and fuel efficiencies of both conventional and alternative technologies are developed. These data are used for the construction of World Model parameters governing production of electricity for future years under the OCF scenario.
Introduction
Authors: Anaya S James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Half a millennium ago, people living on the continents now called North and South America began to have encounters of a kind they had not experienced before. Europeans arrived and started to lay claim to their lands, overpowering their political institutions and disrupting the integrity of their economies and cultures. The European encroachments frequently were accompanied by the slaughter of the children, women, and men who stood in the way. For many of the people who survived, the Europeans brought disease and slavery. Similar patterns of empire and conquest extended to other parts of the globe, resulting in human suffering and turmoil on a massive scale.
Developments within the Modern Era of Human Rights
Authors: Anaya S James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The preceding chapter demonstrated that the normative discourse and related patterns of official behavior in international law have long had implications for the status and rights of peoples who are indigenous to lands subject to colonization and its legacies. Shaped by Western perspectives and political power, international law developed a complicity with the often brutal forces that wrested lands from indigenous peoples, suppressed their cultures and institutions, and left them among the poorest of the poor. Within this century, however, there have been significant advancements in the structure of world organization and shifts in attendant normative assumptions. These changes have engendered a reformed system of international law, and the reformed system, in turn, has provided fertile ground for social forces to further alter, and eventually reverse, the direction of international law where it concerns the indigenous peoples of today. This chapter begins by discussing briefly the contemporary international legal system, identifying its move away from state centered positivism and its growing concern for individuals and groups upon precepts of world peace and human rights. The chapter goes on to describe developments within the modern human rights frame and their culmination in a new generation of conventional and customary international law concerning indigenous peoples.
Early English Paradigms for New World Natives
Authors: Vaughan Alden T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Perceptions of people unlike ourselves are not made in a cultural vacuum. Each observer brings to his or her contact with an “other” certain assumptions or expectations that determine to a large extent our initial attitudes toward people outside our own group. Some of the shaping preconceptions are individual that is, based on the observer’s particular experiences; others are collective—national or regional or even continental—for they draw on an extended society’s, rather than an individual’s, prior contact with similar beings or prior assumptions about people of other cultural groups. This essay is about the rise and fall of several fundamental perceptions that a large porti7Jn of the English people and their compatriots who moved to British America held in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries as they contemplated the New World’s natives.
Double Bind Number Four: Femininity/Competence
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
More than two decades ago, a ground-breaking study by psychologist Inge Broverman and her colleagues concluded that the characteristics psychologists defined as feminine were inconsistent with maturity and primarily negative. These characteristics included being easily influenced, emotional, and illogical. By contrast, the traits seen as masculine were those associated with mental health and psychological maturity: beeing direct and logical, able to easily make decisions.
The Notion Of The Works
Authors: Bradley Betsy Hunter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Factory buildings and manufacturing works appear throughout the American cultural landscape. The buildings of industry stand in small towns near streams that provided waterpower, along filled-in canals and forgotten turn-pike arteries, near sources of raw materials, and alongside commercial ports. They dominate sections of large cities and extend along rail corridors in industrial areas. Each factory is an essay in pragmatism and functional beauty derived from the attempt to perfectly adapt means to an end. Yet, oddly enough, we know little about these structures in which the prosperity of our nation was generated and the laborers of industry spent their work days. It is the intent of this book to explain what these manufacturing facilities are and why they look the way they do.
Architectural Components of the Works
Authors: Bradley Betsy Hunter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Only three main types of industrial buildings comprised the works. The functional divisions of the works that gave structures their common names-the foundry and the machine shop, for example-were all housed either in one-story production sheds or in multistory industrial lofts. Production sheds served as machine, forge, and erecting shops as well as foundries. Lofts might house the entire works or be adapted for use as office buildings or pattern storehouses. The works powerhouse was the third major building type in the works. Testing departments, laboratories, storehouses and other functions were housed in buildings so diverse that generalizations about their architectural character are difficult to develop.