bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A prospective study of 1152 hospital autopsies: I. Inaccuracies in death certification
Authors: Cameron H. M. , McGoogan E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractComparison of certified clinical diagnoses with autopsy findings showed that, while the major cause of death was confirmed in 61 per cent. of cases, many diagnoses—both major and contributory—were wrong; many clinical diagnoses were either disproved or relegated to a less important role, and many autopsy findings had not apparently been anticipated. Accuracy was particularly poor in some clinical categories: notably cerebro‐vascular disease and infections. In these, the diagnosis was more often wrong than right. Thus, death certificates are unreliable as a source of diagnostic data.The clinician's confidence in his major diagnosis bore a fairly close relationship to the frequency of its confirmation. Nevertheless, even when certified as “fairly certain”, the major diagnosis was wrong in about one‐quarter of these cases.An attempt was made to assess the significance of incorrect diagnoses; one half of these might be clinically significant.Diagnostic accuracy did not improve with the time spent in hospital, and it bore an inverse relationship to the patient's age.
A prospective study of 1152 hospital autopsies: II. Analysis of inaccuracies in clinical diagnoses and their significance
Authors: Cameron H. M. , McGoogan E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA further analysis of 1152 hospital autopsies provides data on inaccuracies of specific diagnoses; there are many examples of overdiagnosis and underdiagnosis. All were encountered in a routine hospital autopsy service and their frequency confirms the importance of the hospital autopsy in medical audit. A knowledge of the misdiagnoses which recur frequently could provide guidance in the selection of cases for autopsy.
The effect of tobacco smoke, with or without phenylmethyloxadiazole (PMO), on rat bronchial epithelium: A light and electron microscopic study
Authors: Jeffery Peter K. , Reid Lynne M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe effect of whole cigarette smoke on rat airway epithelium and of the addition of an anti‐inflammatory drug, phenylmethyloxadiazole (PMO), to the tobacco, was studied in experiments extending up to 6 weeks. Two airway levels were studied, the left main extrapulmonary bronchus and a distal intrapulmonary bronchiolus.After cigarette smoke alone, the greatest change was found in the main extrapulmonary bronchus where there was an increase in epithelial thickness due to cell hypertrophy and a change in cell shape. The number of cells increased in proportion to the duration of exposure. Hyperplasia was not preceded by epithelial degeneration or necrosis. In the animals exposed to tobacco smoke alone, ciliated, mucous and basal cells increased whilst intermediate and epithelial serous cells decreased in number.The appearance of cells intermediate in structure suggests that epithelial serous cells transformed into mucous cells. The change involved an increase in secretory granule size, number and electronlucency, the last probably reflecting a chemical alteration in the glycoprotein. In ciliated cells, mitochondria increased in length. The concentration of dividing cells increased, notably at days 1 and 7.Addition of PMO to the tobacco, 2 per cent. by weight, diminished the increase in bronchial epithelial thickness, cell size, mucous cell number and percentage of dividing cells seen after tobacco smoke alone: the shift in proportion of the various cell types was similar except that the increase in ciliated cell number was much greater than the increase seen with tobacco smoke alone.
Macrophages in non‐hodgkin lymphomas and hairy cell leukaemia
Authors: Katz D. R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMethods used in the study of human mononuclear phagocytes in vitro were applied to surgical specimens from 49 patients with non‐Hodgkin lymphomas and eight patients with hairy cell leukaemia.Two of the tumours (both classified as “true histiocytic” neoplasms by the Kiel criteria) were distinguished by the presence of atypical macrophages in the in vitro system. In one the atypical cells were adherent; In the other example they were non‐adherent. These tumours were the only examples of mononuclear phagocyte neoplasia identified in this series. All the remaining 47 cases of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma were judged to be of lymphoid origin.While initial observations on hairy cell leukaemia‐derived spleen cells suggested macrophage neoplasia, this impression does not stand up to more detailed analysis. The findings are more in keeping with a B lymphoid cell lineage.In hairy cell leukaemias and low grade lymphoma the proportion of macrophages per gram weight of tissue is diminished. This suggests a deficiency of macrophage functional activity compared with normal; the nature of this defect is not clear.
Hypersecretion of mucus glycoprotein by the gallbladder epithelium in experimental cholelithiasis
Authors: Lee S. P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn three models of cholelithiasis (dihydrocholesterol‐fed rabbits, cholesterol‐cholic acid‐fed mice, and Lincomycin‐treated guinea pigs), the quantity and chemical composition of gallbladder epithelial mucin have been studied using (1) a spectrum of histochemical glycoprotein stains, and (2) biochemical extraction, purification and analysis of the carbohydrate components of epithelial mucin. Despite the diverse mechanism of stone induction and difference in stone composition, a common pattern of response by the epithelial mucin was observed in all three models. There was a quantitative increase in epithelial mucus production at a time before stones were formed and this increase persisted till stones were formed. There was no difference, qualitatively, between mucus produced by normal and stone‐forming gallbladders.
The ultrastructural morphology of the mesangial cell in IgA nephropathy
Authors: Ng Wing ‐Ling 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBy means of electron microscopy, three types of mesangial cell change were identified in IgA nephropathy. They represented proliferative, phagocytic and resting mesangial cells. The proliferative mesangial cells were characterised by the presence of centrioles, numerous free ribosomes, well developed Golgi apparatus and SER. They were found in the proliferative forms of IgA nephropathy. Phagocytic mesangial cells had numerous spinous cytoplasmic processes, better differentiated RER and numerous dense bodies and lipid inclusions. They were found in all histological forms of IgA nephropathy. The resting mesangial cells were unusual and were occasionally present in cases with normal numbers of mesangial cells.
Vasculotoxic effects of dietary testosterone, estradiol, and cholesterol on chick artery
Authors: Toda Takayoshi , Leszczynski Dennis , Kummerow Fred 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFive‐day‐old female chicks were fed diets containing testosterone, estradiol, and cholesterol for 2 months. Cholesterol supplementation of 1 per cent. resulted in production of lipid vacuoles in the interlamellar connective tissue cells and to a lesser extent in the smooth muscle cells in the aorta; cholesterol had no effect on the coronary artery. The vasculo‐toxic nature of estrogen was indicated when 0·05 per cent, dietary estradiol produced more accumulations of lipid vacuoles in smooth muscle cells, more extracellular lipid, and more smooth muscle cell death than cholesterol feeding. A dietary combination of cholesterol plus estradiol produced severe lipid deposition throughout the entire thickness of ascending aorta, and degenerative atherosclerotic changes in the coronary artery. Combined testosterone and estradiol supplementation resulted in peculiar dwarf chickens which exhibited increased vascular smooth muscle cell mitosis and degeneration.
The influence of experimental hypo‐ and hyperthyroid states on acute and chronic inflammatory reactions: Modified response to non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory agents
Authors: Sena Luigi , Torrielli Mario V. , Franzone Josè , Curzio Marina , Cirillo Rocco 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHyperthyroid and hypothyroid states were induced in rats by administration of triiodothyronine or surgical thyroparathyroidectomy. The anti‐inflammatory activity of Indomethacin, Oxametacine and Phenylbutazone was evaluated in these animals using paw oedema provoked by carrageenan granulomas induced by cotton pellets and polyarthritis induced by Freund complete adjuvant.Our results indicate that the hyperthyroid state leads to a significant inhibition of the acute inflammatory response to carrageenan, while hypothyroidism has no effect. There was a marked increase in the anti‐inflammatory activity of Indomethacin and Phenylbutazone in hyperthyroid rats. By contrast, in thyroparathyroidectomised animals the anti‐inflammatory effect of these drugs appeared less than in euthyroid rats.The hyperthyroid state slightly inhibited the development of the cotton pellet‐induced granuloma, while hypothyroidism enhanced it. Treatment of hypothyroid animals with the anti‐inflammatory drugs resulted in a significant decrease in the size of the granuloma. In the hyperthyroid state, the activity of the compounds appeared similar to that detected in euthyroid rats.Neither hyperthyroidism, nor hypothyroidism affected the inflammatory response to mycobacterial adjuvant, or the effect of anti‐inflammatory drugs on the response.These results suggest that thyroid hormones may influence, to various degrees the development of acute inflammation due to carrageenan, and chronic inflammation due to implanted cotton pellets. Our results indicate also that hyper‐ and hypothyroid states can modify the response of the rat to some non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs.
Sudden death and myocardial necrosis in cattle
Authors: Bradley R. , Markson L. M. , Bailey J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSudden death in cattle, especially calves, is a common problem of farm practice. Some cases are associated with significant cardiac lesions; in others, although necropsy suggests cardiac failure to be the cause of death, histological examination of H & E sections fails to demonstrate conclusively the site and nature of the lesion. We have studied 26 animals which died suddenly and in which the only pathological abnormalities detected were definite or equivocal myocardial necrosis. Three types of necrosis were identified: myodegeneration, contraction band necrosis and coagulation necrosis. Vacuolation of myocytes occurred in control hearts only in the sub‐endocardial myocardium, but was found more extensively in diseased hearts. Paraffin sections of myocardium stained by von Kòssa's method or by haematoxylin‐basic fuchsin‐picric acid improved the detection of myocardial necrosis. Some myocardium was examined by electron microscopy which detected early myocardial necrosis in some equivocal cases and defined the nature of the lesion in more advanced cases. Early changes were an increase in the number of type A mitochondrial inclusions which did not contain significant quantities of calcium but which increased in number after death, albeit to a lesser degree, even in control material. This was followed by deposition of electron‐dense granules and spicules (Type B inclusions) and totally electron‐opaque mitochondria in association with contraction band necrosis. X‐ray microanalysis showed type B inclusions and electron‐opaque mitochondria to have peaks for calcium. It is suggested that myocardial cell death in animals having such lesions resulted from mitochondrial calcium overload. The findings are discussed in relation to nutritional myopathies of ruminants and human myocardial disease associated with sudden death, and to experimental myocardial ischaemia.
Fat accumulation in the rat heart during fasting
Authors: Adams M. G. , Barer R. , Joseph S. , Om'iniabohs F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFollowing a short period of fasting, with free access to water, lipid droplet accumulation (LDA) occurs in many glandular organs as well as in the heart of several species. The present work describes the changes in the hearts of male and female rats of different ages (6, 12, 18 and 24 weeks) deprived of food for 1, 2 and 3 days. LDA was demonstrated by staining with Oil Red O and a special “scoring” system was developed based on sections arbitrarily divided into five regions for each ventricle and two for each atrium. Three standard section were studied from each heart. This system largely avoided problems arising from the uneven distribution of fats in different parts of the heart.In control animals very little fat was seen in any part of the heart. The pattern of changes was similar in males and females but the degree of LDA was usually much greater in the male. In both sexes LDA increased after 1 day and usually reached a peak by the second day, followed by a sharp decrease, returning to almost normal. However in both sexes the response in the 18‐week‐old animals was minimal, with no clear peak.The LDA was always maximal in the R Ventricle, followed by the L ventricle. The heaviest deposition occurred in the superior parts of the ventricles, close to the atria. LDA was comparatively rare in the atria. Fat appeared to be longest in the most heavily loaded regions. Recovery from LDA was rapid, being almost complete 24 hr after returning to a normal diet. Again the most heavily loaded regions retained longest.These findings are discussed in relation ot possible anatomical factors such as the distribution of blood vessels. It It unlikely that such factors offer an adequate explanation and it is suggested that since the uptake of fats into the heart is probably controlled by lipoprotein lipase the distribution of this enzyme in different parts of the heart should be investigated. The histochemical changes are also discussed in relaion to previous biochemical work. Finally it is pointed out that it is common procedure to fast experimental animals overnight and even such a brief period could bring about considerable histological and metabolic changes.
Age‐specific incidence of neoplasms in untreated NZR/Gd rats: An inbred strain with cardiovascular tumours and liver glycogen storage disease
Authors: Goodall C. M. , Doesburg R. M. N. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractNZR/Gd is a new inbred strain of albino rats subject to epithelial mesotheliomas of the heart and also to hepatic glycogen storage disease. The age‐specific incidences of neoplasms in 650 untreated NZR rats are tabulated by sex and histopathologic type. In males the most common neoplasms were atrio‐caval mesotheliomas (12 per cent.) and lung adenomas (10 per cent.), while in females most were pituitary adenomas (23 per cent.), lung adenomas (10 per cent.) or tumours of breast (7 per cent.), heart (4 per cent.) or liver or uterine cervix (3 per cent.). Uncommon tumours (less than 2 per cent.) were pancreas islet cell adenomas, lymphoma, hemangioma, fibroma or tumours of kidney, ovary or bile ducts. The detailed histopathology of the atrio‐caval tumours reported earlier was confirmed, but it now appears there is a male preponderance (4:1), and larger tumours showed their malignancy by invasion of adjacent structures and occasionally by distant metastasis. In males the primary site was evenly divided between right atrium and inferior vena cava. Metastasis of tumours of all types was uncommon, but multiple primary tumours were frequently found, especially in the endocrine system of female rats. Almost one‐third of the tumours were associated with at least one other neoplasm arising in a different tissue.Overall tumour statistics in NZR/Gd rats were quite similar to other inbred strains for which quantitative reports are available, and the virtual absence of other diseases and long life‐span (up to 1250 days) indicated no serious effect of the hepatic glycogen storage disease on survival. The NZR rats seem to be unique in producing atrio‐caval mesotheliomas. and they have a much higher incidence of alveolar lung adenomas (10 per cennt.) tham other reported strains.
Uric acid crystal‐induced nephropathy: Evidence for a specific renal lesion in a gouty family
Authors: Farebrother D. A. , Pincott J. R. , Simmons H. A. , Warren D. J. , Dillon M. J. , Cameron J. S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractGout is principally a disease of middle‐aged men. There has been a lot of discussion over the cause of the renal lesion, whether it is age, hypertension or crystal induced, as single factors or in combination.We have recently been able to study renal biopsies from three related young women with an hereditary gout, and another girl with 2,8‐dihydroxyadenine crystal nephropathy. All were normotensive. These findings were compared with the findings of a crystal‐induced nephropathy in pigs. In the renal biopsies many stages of acute and chronic nephritis were found which were similar to the crystal nephropathy in the pigs. We concluded that the cause of the original lesion in the women was crystal deposition in the tubules, that crystals were not necessary to keep a non‐specific nephritis active and that age and hypertension need not be contributory factors.
Hepatic collagen synthesis in a rat model of cirrhosis, and its modification by colchicine
Authors: Tanner M. S. , Jackson D. , Mowat A. P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCarbon tetrachloride inhalation in phenobarbitone‐treated rats caused a rapid rise in hepatic prolyl hydroxylase activity which was followed by an increase in hepatic collagen and free proline concentrations. Colchicine in a dose of 5 μg/day largely prevented the increase in hepatic collagen. This effect was not mediated by impairment of prolyl hydroxylase activity. Colchicine is of potential therapeutic value in preventing the progression of chronic liver disease to cirrhosis.
The lining of branchial cysts studied by electron microscopy and enzyme histochemistry
Authors: Howie A. J. , Crocker J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe lining of five branchial cysts from patients aged from 17 to 51 was studied by histochemical methods for non‐specific acid esterase and acid phosphatase and by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The stratified squamous epithelium was shown to be a specialised structure, with a few microvillous cells on the surface and an intra‐epithelial network of channels containing lymphocytes, notably T cells, and mononuclear phagocytic cells. The appearance of the cyst lining was similar to that of the epithelium lining the crypts of palatine tonsils. The demonstration of a complex lympho‐epithelial lining of the cysts does not settle the controversial question of their origin, but it must be taken into account by hypotheses explaining the development of branchial cysts.
Curved striated and round bodies in glomerulopathies of children; an ultrastructural study
Authors: Yoshikawa N. , Cameron A. H. , White R. H. R. , Standring Dorothy M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractExtracellular curved striated bodies and round bodies were found in 62 and 41 per cent. respectively of 360 renal biopsies performed in children with a variety of nephropathies. They were observed in the basal lamina and mesangial matrix. The fact that they commonly occurred together appears to suggest a common aetiology and they are probably derived from altered protein of the basal lamina and mesangial matrix, or from proteins of immune deposits.
Resorption of bone by mouse peritoneal macrophages
Authors: Chambers T. J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn experimental system is described in which mononuclear phagocytes are shown to cause contact‐dependent resorption of bone powder in vitro. Endotoxin, which is known to stimulate macrophage functions, and which has also been shown to increase bone resorption in organ culture, increased bone dissolution by mononuclear phagocytes. On the other hand, parathyroid hormone and prostaglandin E2, hormones which increase the number and activity of osteoclasts, had no effect on resorption of bone powder by monnuclear phagocytes. This suggests that the osteoclast, which is probably derived from mononuclear phagocytes, is induced to respond to these hormones indirectly, following a primary hormonal effect on osteoblasts.
The mesothelium: A cytochemical study of “activated” mesothelial cells
Authors: Whitaker D. , Papadimitriou J. M. , Walters M. N.‐I. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe cytochemical profile of activated mesothelial cells differs from resting cells. The reaction products of enzymes associated with oxidative mechanisms of cell respiration were easily displayed in activated mesothelial cells; in resting mesothelial cells, only enzymes of the pentose pathway were readily demonstrable. Acid hydrolases were detected in greater quantity than in resting cells, possibly reflecting an increased potential for endocytosis. In addition, the cytochemical assays indicated increased Golgi activity as reflected by the demonstration of thiamine pyrophosphatase, while the content of ribonucleic acid was also increased. These cytochemical features compare well with the ultrastructure of active mesothelial cells which possess abundant ergastoplasm and a well‐developed Golgi apparatus. In comparison with peritoneal macrophages, activated mesothelial cells differ mainly in the quantity of reaction product, there being more in macrophages. The results were significantly different only in the demonstration of lipids which were never found in mesothelial cells, but were invariably present in macrophages. It is still unclear whether the acid mucopolysaccharide hyaluronic acid is produced by or merely transported through the mesothelium from the subserosal site.
Endothelial pavement patterns in human arteries
Authors: Helliwell Timothy , Smith Paul , Heath Donald 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe endothelium of the carotid arteries, pulmonary trunk and aorta from twelve human subjects aged between 42 and 86 yr was examined en face after staining of the cell borders with a silver nitrate solution. The three vessels each showed similar features with a background pattern of fusiform, mononuclear cells orientated in the longitudinal axis of the vessel. Superimposed on this was a highly variable pattern of small and large polygonal cells and, less commonly, giant cells. Many examples of an abrupt transition from one pattern to another were observed. Preparations which were also stained with haematoxylin showed that large polygonal cells and giant cells contained many nuclei, often arranged into one or more nuclear clusters. The endothelial pattern was related to the underlying intimal structure by taking transverse sections of selected arterial segments. Although a specific endothelial pattern could not be related to a particular intimal morphology, there was a tendency for increasing intimal fibrous thickening and lipid deposition to be associated with more disorganised endothelial patterns and with the presence of large, multinucleate endothelial cells.