bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Defamation and Fiction
Authors: Barendt Eric 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The application of defamation (or libel) law to fiction is one aspect of the law of literature. Recently, a prominent English writer on law and literature has implied it is a minor issue, hardly worthy of attention even in a book as comprehensive in its treatment of the field as Richard Posner’s Law and Literature. Certainly, it seems of little interest to most members of the law and literature movement, concerned as they are with larger ques¬ tions of the interpretation of legal and literary texts and of the treatment in literature of legal issues. Libel lawyers too pay little attention to the topic. Admittedly, there were a number of US law review articles in the 1980s, but there have been few of note in the last ten years. Nor have I found any academic study of this topic in English legal literature.
Capturing Childhood: The Indian Child in the European Imagination
Authors: McGillivray Anne 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The child of Rousseau’s noble savage was also his untutored Emile. Residential schooling, a tutorial regime for Indian childhood, was installed by Canada in the late nineteenth century. The schools were to eradicate Indian culture by pressing the child into Christian citizenship, in the larger moral commodification of childhood in which children were culturally severable and transformable. Assimilation did not succeed. Many children were abused sexually and physically. Canada apologized in 1997 and by 1998, 1,200 former pupils had filed lawsuits.
Legalizing Violence: Fanon, Romance, Colonial Law
Authors: Boire Gary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In his ‘Critique of Violence,’ written in the early 1920s, Walter Benjamin remarks that ‘all violence as a means is either lawmaking or lawpreserving’ (my emphasis)1 He cautions, however, that this ‘lawpreserving violence, in its duration, indirectly weakens the lawmaking violence represented by it, through the suppression of hostile counter-violence’. In more ways than one Benjamin’s concept of a paradoxical violence—law-making, law-preserving, yet law-destroying—inflects Frantz Fanon’s psychoanalytical deconstructions of imperial power and, by extension, that power’s embodiment within colonial law.
Law as Performance
Authors: Balkin J M , Levinson Sanford 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The analogy between law and the literary text has been central to the law-as-literature movement since its inception. Both of us have contributed to the development of this analogy, and both of us have learned much from it. Yet every analogy has its limitations, and we think it is time to move on. We believe that the comparison between law and the literary text interpreted by an individual reader is inadequate in important respects. A much better analogy, we think, is to the performing arts-music and drama-and to the collectivities and institutions that are charged with the responsibilities and duties of public performance. In other words, we think it is time to replace the study of law as literature with the more general study of law as a performing art.
European union exchange rate policy?
Authors: Hugo J Hahn 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In mid-January 1999, shortly after the birth of European monetary union and the 10.01 simultaneous introduction of the single European currency, a Hamburg weekly newspaper and a Paris daily published a statement by the French Finance Minister and his then counterpart in the German Finance Ministry in the form of a ‘memorandum’ arguing inter alia against ‘excessive appreciation of the Euro’ and, with reference to Article 111(2) of the EC Treaty (ex Article 109(2)), in favour of the formulation of ‘general guidelines for exchange rates’ (in the German version), whereas the same passage in the French version followed the text of the Treaty and referred to ‘general orientations for exchange rate policy’.
The Nobel Prize and Sweden
Authors: Hargittai István 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A Swedish professor, who is deeply interested in Nobel affairs but annoyed by the criticism about some omissions among the Nobel laureates, exclaimed recently: ‘The Academy could get rid of all criticism by forgetting about the prizes. But then little Sweden in a dark corner of Northern Europe would lose the unique contact with the world events in science.’1For us outsiders it is hard to imagine how emotional the cold Swedes may become about the Nobel Prize. It is a national affair in Sweden. Come October even the cab drivers seem to participate in the guessing game. Of course, the Nobel Prize is the only science award, worldwide, that is appreciated by the general public, not just the scientists.
What turned you to science?
Authors: Hargittai István 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A wide variety of factors have drawn future Nobel laureates to science. My observations come mostly from my conversations with Nobel prize winners of the last decades of the twentieth century, and some readings. The most frequent sources of inspiration were a book, a chemistry set1(and not only for future chemists) or other experimentation at home, and a teacher, especially a high school teacher. The home environment, family members, or a family friend are also important sources of inspiration. In many cases the various sources blended. Many future laureates took up science when they were in their early teenage years, while others first completed medical school, during or after which they were exposed to scientific research and changed from medicine to research. Music and some humanities were great competitors and what tipped the balance in most cases were a taste for research and a good mentor.
Venue
Authors: Hargittai István 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A decisive influence for a research career is for it to be launched in a strong environment. The adviser counts the most, but the whole atmosphere is important, the other professors and fellow students, the technological level of the institution, the visitors, and so on. The research seminar is probably the single most critical ingredient in shaping the young researcher’s career. It broadens his horizon, introduces him to new fields and outside scientists, with different styles and approaches, and teaches him how to conduct scientific discussions. The beginner sees how questions are asked and answered, witnesses the debates, and gradually becomes part of the process. A diverse selection of examples, of both great venues and lesser known ones, will come up in our discussion, often as seen through the eyes of the Nobel laureates, looking back.
Mentor
Authors: Hargittai István 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the most common features about the research careers of Nobel laureates is that many have worked at some point under a former or future Nobel laureate or with someone closely associated with a laureate. Hans Krebs (M53) constructed a genealogy of Nobel laureate biochemists and all, without exception, came from laboratories of Nobel laureates or future Nobel laureates. When John Walker (C97) finished chemistry studies, he became a PhD student of Edward Abraham in Oxford. Abraham had been part of the penicillin team during the Second World War, and a PhD student of Robert Robinson (C47), before he went to work with Boris Chain (M45). When Walker visited the Justus von Liebig Museum in Giessen, Germany, he realized that through Abraham and Robinson he descended from the great German chemists in a scientific genealogy. Walker appreciates how Abraham guided him in reading appropriate literature, like the paper by Jacob (M65) and Monod (M65). Such guidance was crucial as there were no formal requirements or mandatory course work; it was only the opportunity that was provided. Edward M. Purcell (P52) is another good example of a Nobel lineage member. John Van Vleck (P77), who was one of his teachers in graduate school, had been involved in developing microwave radar during the Second World War, heading a group of researchers in which he succeeded Norman Ramsey (P89). The division head to whom Purcell reported was I. I. Rabi (P44). Later, at Harvard, Nicolaas Bloembergen (P81) was one of Purcell’s graduate students.
Un dimanche a la campagne: Nostalgia, Painting, and Depressive Masochism
Authors: Powrie Phil 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
IN the introduction to this section I explored various ways in which this film is nostalgic: the reference to the tradition de qualite implied by the use of a Bost novel, the pre-First World War setting, rurality, and the emphasis on childhood. But at its most basic it is a film about a painter and his relationship with his work, and nostalgia is also, and more importantly, constructed by continual reference to painting. Apart from the discussions concerning Monsieur Ladmiral’s career as a painter, many shots are patterned on recognizable paintings in the French Impressionist and Nabi tradition. My concern here is with the implications, both practical and theoretical, of such intertextual references. I shall argue that painting, far from being superstructural decoration, is essential for the construction of nostalgia, and allows us to develop a theory of the nostalgia film which can build upon Higson’s ideological analysis of the British heritage film, by introducing the psycho¬ analytic paradigm which emphasizes the spectator’s position in relation to the work of the film.
Jean de Florette and Manon des Sources: Nostalgia and Hysteria
Authors: Powrie Phil 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
IN this chapter I shall argue that the popularity of Jean de Florette and Manon des Sources lies first in their reference to Pagnol’s 1930s popular comedies (nostalgia for rural community as well as nostalgia for the golden age of French cinema), and second in the fact that they are melodrama. I shall examine the differences between Berri’s films and Pagnol’s original film Manon des Sources (1952), as well as the novel he based on that original (1962). From this examination I shall draw the conclusion that Berri’s films fail to implement the notion of community upon which their success is predicated, and that this failure is bound up with the most striking feature of the films as melodrama: the repression of female characters and the foregrounding of an hysterical sexuality.
Coup de foudre: Nostalgia and Lesbianism
Authors: Powrie Phil 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Coup de foudre (1983) is usually seen as an example of mainstream lesbian film, and has often been bracketed with similar Hollywood films from the 1980s, such as Lianna (1983) and Desert Hearts (1986) (see Holmlund 1991; Merck 1986; Straayer 1990). This might on the face of it seem surprising, given that lesbianism in Coup de foudre is closeted behind gestures and dialogue which are more likely to lead to the conclusion that it is a film about female bonding. Coup de foudre is also a nostalgic film, and it is the uneasy marriage between female bonding/covert lesbianism and nostalgia which I shall explore in this chapter. I shall be arguing that this marriage is important because it allows the spectator more easily to construct a female perspective, predicated on the rejection of patriarchal law. In this respect, lesbianism is tangential to the film’s concerns, although this is not to deny the validity of lesbian counter-readings. By linking nostalgia and lesbianism, however, the film creates ambivalence, since its nostalgia is clearly predicated, as indeed one might expect from the Kleinian analysis outlined in the chapter on Un dimanche a la campagne, on nostalgia for both father and mother. Far from suggesting that this ambivalence is contradictory, as if lesbianism excluded nostalgia for the father, I shall show how it is a crucial part of the function of nostalgia.
The Polar
Authors: Powrie Phil 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
THE polar, or police thriller, is one of the staple genres of French cinema. In 1980, for example, 24 of the 160 French or majority French co-productions were polars (15 per cent). Their popularity can be gauged by the fact that of the 159 films (including US films) in the period 1980-87 to have more than 500,000 spectators in Paris, 16 were polars (ro per cent). It is a genre which has often been seen as a rite of passage for young film-makers, because a polar is assured of a reasonable success. A number of young film¬ makers began their careers at the beginning of the decade with polars, and went on to become well established: Arcady with Le Grand Pardon (1982), Beineix with Diva (1980), Behat with Urgence (1985), Missiaen with Tir groupe (1982).
Subway: Identity and Inarticulacy
Authors: Powrie Phil 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I s HALL begin my analysis of Subway with what one could call the orthodox view of the cinema du look, as vacuous hyper-realist surface. A recent expression of this view can be found in Buss’s history of the French polar, or police thriller. He is here referring to a much-remarked sequence of Subway, where Helena/Adjani, bored with the society dinner she is attending with her husband, tells the assembled• company to ‘fuck off’ (‘je vous emmerde’): Buss is here repeating the view of critics such as the Cahiers du cinema, forcefully expressed during the 1980s. My problem with this view is that it takes little account of the ideology of the cinema du look, and even less the theoretical positions in which it places the spectator. I shall therefore briefly review two commonplaces concerning the ideological function of the polar, namely that it is uniquely placed to comment on society, and that the genre vehicles a complex and shifting debate in terms of national identity, particularly in relation to the USA. I shall then return to Subway to show how the film’s ‘meaning’ is not just valueless, simplistic, superficial rejection, but a more complex interference of intertextual
Tenue de soiree: The ‘Suffering Macho’
Authors: Powrie Phil 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
BLIER is often seen, like Pialat, as one of the major auteurs of the 1980s. Like Pialat, his career began in the 1960s. But more than Pialat, his films, since Les Valseuses, of which Tenue de soiree is more or less a remake, focus resolutely on the crisis of masculinity. Tenue de soiree in fact gathers together many of the issues linked to nostalgia and the repositioning of masculinity, and the paradoxes they engender. Tenue de soiree is postmodern in its amoral derision, but it is also nostalgic cinematographically, in that it harks back to the films of the 1930s and the 1950s, as well as the film whose succes de scandale put both Blier and Depardieu on the cinematic map, Les Valseuses. Tenue de soiree is also nostalgic in its concerns, since it is a misogynistic reply to feminism. Its misogyny is, as so often in Blier’s work, a provocation, but that provocation is essential to the hazardous but in the end unsuccessful repositioning of masculinity underlying the films studied in this book. Like Trois hommes et un couffin, it at least has the merit of making that_repositioning its unambiguous central message, even if that message is devalued by the comic genre to which the film belongs. And yet, unlike Trois hommes et un couffin, it is less comedy than black humour, albeit suffused with a pathos typical of Blier’s films.
Introduction
Authors: Millard Kenneth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book is intended as a guide to late twentieth-century American fiction for the undergraduate student and the general reader. The principal objective has been to offer substantial and detailed interpretations of the primary texts, and to suggest contexts in which those novels might usefully be considered. The discussions of the novels attempt to achieve a balance between interpretation and sometimes necessary expository comments, although even exposition is interpretative in the way that it prioritizes certain aspects of narrative above others. The chapters take certain subject areas in American life and investigate their representation in fiction. This is necessarily a two-way process in which the reading of fiction conditions what the reader deems to be important in the American social text, and this relationship is one of the most difficult issues that this book seeks to tacitly manage: how does a critic move with confidence between the literary text and the social text? Clearly, it is no simple correspondence.
Gender and History
Authors: Millard Kenneth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Hayden White’s Metahistory (1973) was an important work of historiography, a book that revealed the ways in which any understanding of history is powerfully conditioned (even determined) by the linguistic form that it takes. This occurs because historical narratives are structured in terms of the devices of language, tropes or ‘proto¬ cols’, that are anterior to historical consciousness. For White, the historian’s methodology is always crucially anticipated by the structures of language in ways that strongly influence the perspective on any history that claims to have been arrived at independently, naturally or dispassionately. The shapes of historical narrative cannot be innocent, but work in the service of power, and that power exists prior to historical consciousness.
Sport
Authors: Millard Kenneth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For a variety of social and historical reasons, sport occupies a different place in American culture than it does in Europe. In the United States sport is the distillation of that competitive spirit that is integral to a free-market culture and it dramatizes vividly the ethos of success that is central to American life. As the Washington Redskins’ George Allen put it, ‘Every time you win, you’re reborn; when you lose, you die a little’, or as Leo Durocher of the Brooklyn Dodgers said ‘Nice Guys finish last’. Sport is also part of the democratic spirit of American society, a revered arena of the rags-to-riches narrative regardless of social or ethnic background, and sport is important because it tells a story of how ‘a frontier people becomes the richest industrial nation in the world The real descendants of Davy Crockett and Mike Fink are Babe Ruth and Dizzy Dean’.
Introduction
Authors: Jack Belinda 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
French literature is generally proposed as a relatively unproblematic and valid subject or discipline. This is in spite of debates about, for example, the nature of the canon, and the status of regional literatures and their relationship to the canon (not to mention debates about the validity of studying literary production independently from other forms of cultural production). The institutionalization of the study of national literatures and their displacement of the classics as the principal ‘humane’ discipline occurred at a particular historical moment; the growth of empire and the rise of national literary disciplines happened simultaneously. It is only recently that the existence of francophone (and for that matter anglophone, lusophone, and hispanophone) literatures, which can no longer be unproblematically annexed to the mainstream European parent literature, has been fully acknowledged. Furthermore the nature of the relationship between the European literature and literatures in the European language (or a language closely related to it) is, increasingly, analysed not to reveal the latter as imitative or an extension of the European parent literature, but rather as fundamentally subversive, a rebellious child which obliges the parent to redefine his or her identity in relation to the next generation.
Antilles And French Guiana
Authors: Jack Belinda 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Suzanne Cesaire’s characterization of literary production on Martinique, in an article in Tropiques (1941), ‘Misere d’une poesie’, holds for French writing in the other French territories in the Caribbean. Poetry was the dominant genre and romanticism, Parnassianism, and symbolism had been the literary movements to which West Indian writers had contributed. The poets regarded as models were Baudelaire, Hugo, Verlaine, Leconte de Lisle (born on La Reunion), Theodore de Banville and Jose-Maria de Heredia (both born in Cuba). Classical forms dominated and the themes were conventional: the description of ‘exotic’ landscapes, melancholic meditations in the twilight hours, and so on.
Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Jack Belinda 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is now widely known that the assumption that African literature (as opposed to African literature in the European languages) began as a consequence of European influence is erroneous. Numerous typologies for a wide range of oral genres have been defined: panegyric and historical poems constituting the two major historical genres; proverbs and riddles making up two of the most important philosophical ones. Oral traditions undoubtedly represent the most significant source for much African literature in the European languages (most importantly francophone, anglophone, and lusophone). And whilst the oral traditions now compete with, and are threatened by, writing (to which they also continue to contribute), ever cheaper modem technologies, tape-recordings, radio, film, and video, for example, have also offered exciting possibilities for the traditional performed arts and modem variants.
The Faltering Republic and the New Dynamism in the ‘South’
Authors: Israel Jonathan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The character of the Republic and its institutions had been fundamentally altered by the Orangist revolution of 1747-51.1 Yet the fears and grievances which had brought it about had not been removed. The decay of Dutch industry continued as before. As early as 1750, the merchants of Amsterdam appeared to be reverting to their former pessimistic view of prospects for the Republic’s trade and shipping. The slide in the value of VOC shares at Amsterdam, from 584 to 492 per cent, between January and July 1750, was interpreted as a sign of lack of confidence in the Republic and its commerce2 and equally in the newly reformed structure of the VOC which followed from the naming of the hereditary Stadholder as ‘Chief Director’ (Opperbewindhebber) of the United East India Company, in 1749, with power to influence the choice of the other directors and, in Zeeland, to choose them outright.
Introduction: time and space
Authors: Langford Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Time may be seamless but historians are of necessity snippers and stitchers as they tailor the past. Sometimes they impose their own patterns regardless of pre-existing fashionings. More often they rely on earlier cutters of the cloth. For the scope of this volume there was a considerable number of choices to draw on. There are various ‘long’ eighteenth centuries, starting in 1660 or 1668 and ending in 1815 or1832. There are also ‘short’ eighteenth centuries, from 1702 or 1714 to 1783 or 1789 or 1793.
Enlightenment and faith
Authors: Hempton David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Once upon a time, interpretations of the religious and intellectual history of the British Isles from the Glorious Revolution to the end of the Napoleonic Wars were based upon a straightforward set of inter- locking propositions. The Church of England was regarded as a spiritually moribund, but exceptionally privileged establishment, with even less glorious episcopal outposts in Ireland, Wales, and Scotland. Old Dissent, with its roots deep in the seventeenth century and beyond, was seen as a tradition in which Calvinism inexorably surrendered to Unitarianism, piety to rationality, and political acquiescence to uncompromising resistance. Methodism was perceived as a peculiarly English species of counter-enlightenment enthusiasm designed to convert, delude, and, ultimately, subjugate the masses.