bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review of drug development and therapeutic role of cholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Sramek John J. , Zarotsky Victoria , Cutler Neal R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractResearchers have for some time appreciated the role of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in Alzheimer's disease, and have realized the development of a number of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Bridging and dynabridging studies have played an important role in the development of these agents. Several acetylcholinesterase inhibitors have demonstrated tolerability and efficacy in a number of clinical trials. The most common adverse events associated with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are cholinergic in nature, namely nausea and vomiting. The various properties of the three acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in clinical use today provide the clinician with the only meaningful treatment choices for Alzheimer's disease (AD) at the present time. Drug Dev. Res. 56:347–353, 2002. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of meta‐analysis of clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: López Arrieta Jesús M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a growing worldwide medical, social, and economic problem. In all countries, both prevalence and incidence of this disorder increase with age. The task of translating scientific clinical research into effective interventions for dementia has proved to be a difficult challenge. Data about the effects of therapeutic interventions come from several sources of evidence, ranging from studies with little potential for systematic bias and minimal random error, such as well‐designed randomized controlled trials, through controlled but nonrandomized cohort and case‐control studies, all the way to opinions based on laboratory evidence or theory. Although clinical trials are widespread in AD, there is increasing recognition that the results of studies do not necessarily apply to the type of patients that are seen by clinicians because of differences in patient characteristics, comorbidities, cotherapies, severity of disease, compliance, local circumstances, and patients preferences, which may differ sufficiently from those in the trial situation to attenuate or change the benefit‐to‐risk ratio. There are several methods to address those issues, like pragmatic trials and n‐of‐1 trials. When data from randomized clinical trials do not provide clear answers from sufficiently similar studies in the magnitude of effect sizes, lack of statistical significance, or identification of subgroups, systematic reviews and meta‐analysis may help to provide a better summary of the data. A major difference between a traditional review and a systematic is the systematic nature in which studies are chosen and appraised. Traditional reviews are written by experts in the field who use differing and often subjective criteria to decide what studies to include and what weight to give them, and hence the conclusions are often very diverse, depending on the reviewer. Publication and selection bias is a major concern of traditional reviews. Systematic reviews and meta‐analysis are being increasingly used in dementia, propelled by the Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group, to make decisions about treatment, management, and care and to guide future research. This narrative review describes the rationale for randomized clinical trials and systematic reviews in dementia, particularly AD. Drug Dev. Res. 56:401–411, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs as therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Golde Todd E. , Eriksen Jason L. , Weggen Sascha , Sagi Sarah A. , Koo Edward H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractOne feature of the end‐stage pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the presence of numerous inflammatory markers associated with the amyloid β protein (Aβ) deposits in the brain. Experimental data strongly suggests that Aβ aggregates can incite an inflammatory response, but there are also data suggesting that inflammation can promote Aβ production and deposition. Thus, antiinflammatory drugs may have some role in AD therapy. This idea is supported by epidemiologic data, which shows that long‐term use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) confers protection from the development of AD. Significantly, oral salicylates have not been consistently shown to confer protection. Such studies have raised questions regarding the target or targets of NSAIDs that account for their apparent protection from AD. We have recently found that some NSAIDs have a novel mechanism of action, namely, selective lowering of the pathogenic Aβ42 peptide, that could contribute to their efficacy in AD. Further study will be needed to determine if the classic antiinflammatory properties of NSAIDs, the Aβ42‐lowering property, another known or unknown property, or a combination of these contributes to NSAIDs apparent ability to protect individuals from the development of AD. Drug Dev. Res. 56:415–420, 2002. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Elevated glutathione as a therapeutic strategy in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Butterfield D. Allan , Pocernich Chava B. , Drake Jennifer 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAlzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by progressive loss of memory and cognition. Our laboratory and many others have shown that the AD brain is under extensive oxidative stress. Numerous therapeutic approaches to AD therapy have been hypothesized. Among these are exogenous antioxidants. We suggest that the body's own endogenous antioxidant systems should be mobilized against the oxidative stress inherent in AD brain. One of the most versatile antioxidants in the brain is glutathione. Glutathione is capable of protecting the cell against reactive oxygen species, redox metal ions, and reactive lipid peroxidation products and other electrophiles associated with AD. There are many ways to increase glutathione levels, and one or more of these ways to increase glutathione in the brain may be a promising therapeutic strategy for AD. Drug Dev. Res. 56:428–437, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of GSK‐3β in Alzheimer's disease pathology
Authors: Planel Emmanuel , Sun Xiaoyan , Takashima Akihiko 
Published: October 2002

AbstractGlycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK‐3β) is an important regulatory kinase involved in multiple processes such as metabolic control, embryonic development, cell death, and oncogenesis. It has been found to interact with many molecules associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) such as the microtubule‐associated protein tau, presenilin 1, the amyloid‐β peptide, the amyloid precursor protein, and acetylcholine. Furthermore, GSK‐3β might be involved in brain aging and longevity. As GSK‐3β is associated with so many components of AD pathology, we review the current data on the role of this kinase in tau hyperphosphorylation, then look at its association with AD‐related molecules and pathways, and finally discuss its involvement in cell death and aging. We attempt to integrate all these data to arrive at the proposition that GSK‐3β is a pivotal molecule in the evolution of AD and that developing drugs directed at this kinase might prove to be beneficial in the treatment of this devastating disease. Drug Dev. Res. 56:491–510, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chimeric analysis of Notch2 function: A role for Notch2 in the development of the roof plate of the mouse brain
Authors: Kadokawa Yuzo , Marunouchi Tohru 
Published: October 2002

AbstractNotch proteins are transmembrane receptors involved in cell‐fate determination throughout development. Targeted disruption of either the Notch1 or Notch2 gene in mice results in embryonic lethality around embryonic day (E) 10.5 with widespread cell death. Although Notch1‐deficient mice show disorganized somitogenesis, Notch2 mutants did not show definitive abnormalities in any tissue expressing high levels of the Notch2 gene, including the central nervous system. To study Notch2 function in development beyond the embryonic lethal stage, we performed chimeric analysis between Notch2 mutant and wild‐type mouse embryos. Chimeric embryos developed normally and homozygous Notch2 mutant‐specific cell death was not observed. Although chimeric embryos showed normal mosaicism until E9.5 in all tissues studied to date, Notch2 homozygous mutant cells failed to contribute to formation of the roof plate of the diencephalon and mesencephalon at later developmental stages, when Notch2 is normally expressed at high levels at there. Furthermore, Notch2 heterozygous mutant cells were also excluded from the roof plate of the chimera, however, Notch2 heterozygous mutant mice developed normally. We also showed that Wnt‐1 and Mash1 expression patterns at the roof plate were disorganized in Notch2 homozygous mutant embryos. These results indicate that Notch2 plays an important role in development of the roof plate of the diencephalon and mesencephalon, and suggest that cellular rearrangement is involved in this process. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Notch1 and Jagged1 expression by the developing pulmonary vasculature
Authors: Taichman Darren B. , Loomes Kathleen M. , Schachtner Susan K. , Guttentag Susan , Vu Colynda , Williams Patrick , Oakey Rebecca J. , Baldwin H. Scott 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe molecular mechanisms of pulmonary vascular development are poorly understood. Cell‐specific developmental pathways are influenced by cell–cell signaling. Notch signaling molecules are highly conserved receptors active in many cell‐fate determination systems. Recent observations of Notch molecules and a Notch ligand, Jagged1, suggest their importance in vascular morphogenesis, and particularly pulmonary vascular development. We performed a systematic evaluation of Notch1/Jagged1 gene and protein expression in the developing mouse lung from embryonic day 11 until adulthood by using quantitative PCR, immunofluorescence, and electron microscopic analysis. mRNA transcripts for Notch1‐4 and Jagged1 increased progressively from early to later lung development, accompanied by a simultaneous rise in endothelial cell‐specific gene expression, a pattern not seen in other organs. Notch1 mRNA was identified on both epithelial and mesenchymal structures of the embryonic lung. Immunofluorescence staining revealed the progressive acquisition of Notch1 and Jagged1 proteins by the emerging endothelium. Notch1 and Jagged1 were seen initially on well‐formed, larger vessels within the embryonic lung bud and progressively on finer vascular networks. Each was also expressed on surrounding nonvascular structures. The localization of Notch1 and Jagged1 on endothelial cell surface membranes within the alveolar microvasculature was confirmed by immuno‐electron microscopy. These temporal and spatial patterns in Notch1/Jagged1 gene and protein expression suggest multiple potential paths of cell–cell signaling during lung development and vascular morphogenesis. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional analysis of cis‐regulatory elements controlling initiation and maintenance of early Cdx1 gene expression in the mouse
Authors: Lickert Heiko , Kemler Rolf 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMembers of the Caudal‐related homeobox gene family are implicated in anteroposterior (AP) patterning and posterior axis elongation in mammals. Previously, we found that Caudal‐related homeobox gene1 (Cdx1) is directly regulated by the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway, and we identified Wnt/β‐catenin responsive elements in the Cdx1 promoter. Here, we have generated a series of transgenic mouse lines to determine if the Cdx1 promoter region (−3.6 kb to −0.7 kb) sufficient to drive reporter gene expression in the normal Cdx1 expression domains. A 0.7‐kb Cdx1 upstream regulatory sequence is sufficient to give the early phase of Cdx1 expression in the primitive streak. However, none of the reporter constructs was able to drive expression in the definitive endoderm at later stages of development. More detailed analysis of the cis‐regulatory elements of this 0.7‐kb Cdx1 promoter region revealed that two Wnt/β‐catenin responsive elements are important for initiation of Cdx1 expression in the primitive streak and one retinoic acid response element for maintenance. Our analysis demonstrates that the early Cdx1 expression is regulated through the caudalizing Wnt/β‐catenin and RA activities. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effectiveness evaluation of shielding material in reducing electromagnetic interference of cardiac pacemaker induced by portable information terminals
Authors: Wang Jianqing , Ohshima Takeshi , Fujiwara Osamu 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn order to guard continuously patients with a cardiac pacemaker from radio waves emitted by the portable information terminal, an effective way is to shield the human body electromagnetically with a shielding material. There remain many unknown points regarding the effectiveness of wearing the shielding material. The authors have proposed a model for estimating the electromagnetic interference (EMI) with the pacemaker as a receiving antenna. This paper applies the model to the qualitative evaluation of the EMI reduction produced by wearing the shielding material. The result of the proposed evaluation method is compared to the result of the conventional evaluation method, which is based on the reduction of the electromagnetic field in the torso not containing a pacemaker. It is found that, although the conventional method does not reflect exactly the true EMI reduction for the pacemaker, it is useful as a preliminary evaluation of the EMI level for the pacemaker. The elliptic cylinder torso model, composed of three layers of skin, fat, and muscle, is considered, and the reductions of the EMI level by the conductive and the magnetic sheets for the pacemaker are evaluated by the proposed method. The following results are obtained. When the antenna is placed at a distance of 1 cm from the torso, the EMI reduction effect of the magnetic material is equivalent to placing the antenna at 7 cm, and that of the conductive sheet is equivalent to placing the antenna at more than 20 cm. The latter result indicates that, even if the antenna approaches within 1 cm of the torso, the equivalent distance satisfying essentially the guideline (22 cm) of the Japanese Pacemaker Association is realized, if the conductive sheet is worn on the torso. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(1): 48–53, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10023
Performance analysis of RAKE receiver in W‐CDMA downlink
Authors: Hara Yoshitaka , Park Duk‐Kyu , Kamio Yukiyoshi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this paper, we theoretically analyze the received signal performance during reception by a RAKE receiver at the terminal in wideband DS‐CDMA (W‐CDMA: wideband code division multiple access) downlink and evaluate the characteristics by a simulation. This theoretical analysis considers the long code and Walsh code used in the W‐CDMA downlink, signal transmission to many users, and transmission beamforming at the base station. We derive an exact solution of the signal‐to‐interference‐plus‐noise ratio (SINR) after RAKE reception at the terminal. In this process, the interference signals exhibit correlation between the RAKE fingers of the terminal in the W‐CDMA downlink. The simulation verifies the derived SINR equation. In addition, we evaluate the signal characteristics of the RAKE reception at the terminal in a fading environment and discuss the differences from the theoretical values. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(1): 24–37, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.10037
An adaptive multipath estimation/elimination technique for GPS signals reception
Authors: Minami Masateru , Morikawa Hiroyuki , Aoyama Tomonori , Mizumachi Moriyuki 
Published: October 2002

AbstractRecently, with advances in differential GPS (DGPS) technology, the measurement performance of GPS has improved significantly. In this environment, degradation of the measurement performance of GPS due to multipath error that cannot be eliminated by the DGPS technique is a serious problem. In this paper, as a multipath solution in GPS, multipath estimation is carried out with an adaptive filter based on the least squares method. A method is presented to reduce the locking error in code phase locking and carrier phase locking by eliminating the multipath effect from the received signal correlation. Also, by means of computer simulation, the effectiveness of the present method is confirmed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(1): 74–82, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.1148
Performance evaluation of TCP over ABT protocols
Authors: Ata Shingo , Murata Masayuki , Miyahara Hideo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractABT (ATM block transfer) has been considered an efficient protocol for high‐burst data transmission in ATM networks. The characteristics of ABT in the ATM service class have already been investigated. For practical applications, however, it is necessary to consider an upper layer having its own congestion‐control mechanism, apart from the ABT. This paper analyzes the characteristics of a TCP (transmission‐control protocol) for the Internet which has become very popular recently, when this is used for the upper layer of the ABT. It is shown to be possible to separate the congestion control and the error‐recovery service, since the congestion control is carried out effectively in the ABT by the retransmission mechanism of TCP, without using the congestion control of TCP. However, for high performance it is necessary to tune the retransmission timer of the TCP as discussed in this paper. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 86(1): 97–104, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.1150
Imaging simulation of near‐field optical scanning microscope: Comparison between dielectric probe and metal‐coated aperture probe
Authors: Yoshida Takahiro , Tanaka Kazuo , Tanaka Masahiro 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this paper, a simulation code for a two‐dimensional photon scanning tunneling microscope (PSTM) is created by using the boundary element method based on the guided‐mode extracted integral equation. Imaging simulation is carried out for the cases of a dielectric probe or a metal‐coated probe and observation objects that are multiple dielectrics or metals. In the simulation, the transmission coefficient of the guided mode in a collection mode probe with an incident TE wave (s polarization) and the reflection coefficient of the illumination mode for the incident fundamental TE mode are derived. By a probe scan, the relationship between the output image and the observation object is studied. It is shown that the output image contrast decreases and the effect of interference pattern increases with a metal‐coated aperture probe, whereas the image characteristics on the output image are improved relative to those obtained with a dielectric probe. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(10): 7–16, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScienc (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10050
Effects of the HEMT parameters on the operation frequency of resonant tunneling logic gate MOBILE
Authors: Aoyama Tomoko , Ohno Yutaka , Kishimoto Shigeru , Maezawa Koichi , Mizutani Takashi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA MOBILE is a high‐speed logic gate exploiting the negative differential resistance of resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs). It consists of two serially connected RTDs and HEMTs, connected to the RTD(s) in parallel. Effects of various parameters should be considered to realize ultrahigh‐speed operation of the MOBILE. In particular, the ratio of the gate width of the HEMTs to the RTD area is the most important parameter, and should be optimized. In this paper we discuss the effects of this parameter on the operation speed based on the results of the circuit simulation under practical conditions, and show that the small gate width is essential to high‐speed operation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(10): 1–6, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10055
Estimation of camera parameters and compensation of image distortion by matching a priori known shape
Authors: Shibuya Yuichiro , Kumazawa Itsuo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper proposes a method for estimating position and pose of a camera by matching a picture of arbitrary known shape photographed by a camera and a template. In this method, since the three‐dimensional space and the observational image are matched by the global information of the picture, reading errors of the image can be prevented. Moreover, it can be expected that the camera parameters can be estimated in subpixel accuracy by compensating the deterioration of the edges using pixel representation of the picture in the global matching process. The distinctive feature of the proposed method is the use of a form description function in the description of the template. By doing so, the geometrical transformation can be performed easily without breaking down the shape of the picture, making it possible to apply the Gauss‐Newton method to the method of parameter estimation. Finally, the results of computer simulations are shown and the effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(10): 40–50, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10088
From data to nonlinear dynamics: Time series prediction via hierarchical Bayes approach
Authors: Matsumoto Takashi , Hamagishi Hiroaki , Sugi Junjiro , Saito Motoki , Chonan Yoshimasa 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn the framework of the hierarchical Bayesian approach, a method for nonlinear time series prediction using neural nets is proposed, and its particular applications are shown by examples. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 85(10): 71–83, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.10091
Error detection capability for variable length codes
Authors: Chujoh Takeshi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn many practical systems using variable length codes, a bit stream format is adopted in which synchronous codes are inserted at a certain interval. With such a format, random access to the bit stream becomes possible. If there is an error, resynchronization is possible. In this paper, a method is proposed to quantitatively express the relationship of error detection due to decoding of nonexisting code words in the presence of errors with self‐synchronization by coincidence of the suffix of the code words in the variable length codes used in the above systems. As a model for the channel, the Gilbert model, a classical burst error model, and the binary symmetric channel are used for analysis. It is found that error detection and the self‐synchronization are in a trade‐off relationship and that the reversible variable length codes that are instantaneously decodable in both directions have a high level of error detection capability in the sense that the codes are not self‐synchronized. These results can be used for error resilient technique in coding systems using variable length codes. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(1): 70–79, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10014