bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diabetes
Authors: Mann Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is a major cause of serious morbidity and the commonest cause of mortality among people with diabetes. It accounts for much of the excess morbidity and mortality associated with both insulin dependent (IDDM) and non insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM). There are four major issues which are considered in this chapter: Over many decades, autopsy studies have suggested that people with diabetes have more extensive coronary atherosclerosis than non-diabetic people of the same age. The early studies were potentially biased since patients with diabetes may be more likely to come to autopsy than people without diabetes.
Secondary prevention of coronary heart disease
Authors: Lancaster Tim , Sleight Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Survivors of myocardial infarction have a four to eight times increased risk of recurrence and death. Coronary artery disease is common, so this represents a high absolute risk. In the British Regional Heart Study 14 per cent of 242 men with electrocardiographic signs of definite infarction had reinfarctions over a 4.2 year follow-up, compared with only 2 per cent of those with a normal electrocardiogram at entry to the study. Focusing clinical resources on such patients is attractive because of the health gain that can be achieved from small reductions in their high absolute risk, and because they may be more highly motivated to change damaging behaviours and comply with medical treatment.3 Unfortunately, effective treatments are not offered as often they could be, perhaps because physicians mistakenly believe that it is too late to improve coronary disease once infarction has occurred.
Reasons for note keeping
Authors: Guly H R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To remind the doctor of details of the consultation. The patient will often be asked to return for review or may reattend without an appointment if their symptoms become worse. Many patients need reports written for an employer, the police or an insurance company. A doctor seeing 40 patients a shift, will find it impossible to remember details of every patient even a week later, let alone the following year, but, not infrequently, if shown the notes of a patient seen several years earlier, will be able to remember much about the patient, the injury, and the consultation.
Thoracic and lumbar injuries
Authors: Guly H R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When talking to someone who presents with a back injury or back pain it is wise at an early stage in taking the history to ask them to point to the site of the pain. It is very common for patients who say they have injured their back to have an injury of the posterior chest wall or loin rather than the spine. This will affect the way you approach the history and examination and early identification of the injured area will speed the consultation.
Elbow injury
Authors: Guly H R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is important to take an accurate history of the mechanism of injury as there are a number of mechanisms which may give clues to the diagnosis. In one injury in particular the history alone is almost diagnostic. The ‘pulled elbow’ (sub luxation of the proximal radio-ulnar joint) in children is caused by a longditudinal force applied to the forearm.
Hand injury
Authors: Guly H R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The middle finger can also be described as the long finger to avoid any confusion in the similar sound of little and middle. The metacarpals are normally numbered 1 to 5 but they too can be described in relation to their digit (e.g. the first metacarpal can be described as the thumb metacarpal, the second as the index metacarpal etc.) The web spaces are usually numbered 1 to 4 but can be described as e.g. ‘Web between index and middle’.
Forefoot injury
Authors: Guly H R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Other nomenclatures have been described including one based on the nursery rhyme ‘This little piggy goes to market... .’ but this will be incomprehensible to those unfamiliar with English nursery rhymes. If names are used, the big, little, and middle toes are easily identifiable and the other two can be named after the equivalent fingers (i.e. the index and ring toes). 3 Whereas the sides of a finger are described as radial and ulna, the sides of a toe are best described as medial and lateral.
Developmental anatomy and physiology
Authors: Woolf Adrian S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The more complicated an organ in its development the more subject it is to maldevelopment, and in this aspect the kidney outranks most other organs (Potter 1972).Thus wrote Edith Potter in 1972 when she provided the most complete summary of the normal and abnormal development of the kidney, or nephrogenesis. Her work describes in detail the complex normal morphogenesis of the kidney and classifies the histopathology of diseases such as the renal dysplasias, cystic diseases, and Wilm’s tumours that, she argued, appeared to arise from abnormal development. Two decades on, the science of molecular and cellular biology has begun to dissect both the pathways of normal nephrogenesis and the genetic mutations which lead to a wide range of inherited and congenital aberrations of renal anatomy and physiology (Woolf 1997).
Prenatal diagnosis
Authors: Crawfurd Martin d’A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clearly, genetically determined renal disorders are not sufficiently common to warrant routine prenatal screening, although more common developmental anomalies may be detected routinely. Definitive prenatal diagnosis in high-risk pregnancies is based on the techniques of prenatal diagnosis in use for genetic disorders in general. This subject has been extensively reviewed, as for example in a recent monograph (Brock et al. 1992). The techniques specifically relevant to renal genetic disorders fall into two main categories: fetal sampling procedures combined with cytogenetic, biochemical, or molecular genetic analyses; and imaging techniques. Recent advances that use various techniques of fetal cell enrichment combined with PCR-based DNA analyses for the analyses of fetal cells isolated from the maternal circulation raise hopes that this may prove feasible in future (Adinolfi 1992; Busch et al. 1994; Lo et al. 1994).
Growth, development, and management of renal disease in children
Authors: Maxwell Heather 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the goals of management of children with chronic renal disease is to ensure continued growth and development. Short stature, however, is a significant problem, and for many children it is the only visible sign of disease.This chapter addresses growth and development in children with renal disease. Growth in specific renal conditions will be mentioned in the relevant chapters; more general issues will be dealt with here. The effect of renal disease on growth is influenced by a number of factors, the most important of which are age and type of renal disease.
Cystic diseases of the kidney
Authors: Gabow Patricia A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The renal cystic diseases encompass a wide array of disorders which vary in their modes of inheritance, their associated abnormalities, and the degree to which they impact the health of the individual. Renal cystic disease can be congenital, inherited, or acquired (Table 8.1) (Gilbert Barness et al. 1990). The number of disorders which are accompanied by renal cysts suggests that they are a somewhat non-specific kidney response to a variety of genetic and non-genetic aberrations. Renal cysts can be an isolated abnormality or a part of systemic disease. Similarly, cysts can be an incidental finding discovered during abdominal imaging procedures, surgery, or autopsy or can contribute to significant morbidity and mortality.
Disorders of the basement membrane: hereditary nephritis
Authors: Flinter Frances A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alport’s syndrome is a predominantly X-linked hereditary glomerulonephropathy which is associated with sensorineural deafness and characteristic eye lesions. The gene frequency of Alport’s syndrome is about 1 in 5000, and the disease accounts for about 0.6% of all patients who start renal replacement therapy in Europe (Atkin et al. 1988a). The recent cloning of a gene involved in at least 40% of cases means that accurate carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis are becoming available, and should soon be followed by an improved understanding of the pathology of the disease at a molecular level.
Bardet-Biedl syndrome
Authors: Parfrey Patrick S , Green, Jane , Harnett John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Traditionally, Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome has been described as characterized by retinal dystrophy, polydactyly, obesity, mental retardation, and hypogenitalism (Ammann 1970; McKusick 1988). However, it is likely that this syndrome comprises two genetic disorders: the Laurence-Moon and Bardet-Biedl syndromes (Bartlet 1920; Biedl 1922; Schachat and Maumenee 1982; Lancet 1988). In the former, polydactyly is rare and spastic paraparesis dom inates, whereas in the latter syndrome neurologic manifestations are very unusual and renal abnormalities are frequent (Harnett et al. 1988). We have suggested that the cardinal manifesta tions ofBardet-Biedl syndrome are dystrophic extremities, retinal dystrophy, obesity, hypogeni talism in males, and renal abnormalities (Green et al. 1989). This chapter will focus on the manifestations (Table 14.1.1) and management ofBardet-Biedl syndrome.
Mitochondrial cytopathies and other rare inherited diseases affecting the kidney
Authors: Cameron J Stewart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are a large number of rare inherited disorders, in many of which survival is limited and the conditions are rarely if ever seen in renal units dealing with adult patients. These conditions are more the subject of specialist paediatric nephrology, and accounts of them have been given by Crawford (1988), Gilbert-Barness et al. (1989), McKusick (1990), Barness and Opitz (1993), and Clarren (1994). This brief account is confined to inherited disorders which are likely to be encountered, albeit rarely in most cases, in adult clinics and which are not dealt with elsewhere in this book. Some rare inherited disorders affecting the glomeruli are dealt with elsewhere in this book, including familial dysautonomia, acro-osteolysis, collagen type III nephropathy, and famil ial fibronectin glomerulopathy.
Obtaining consent
Authors: Montague Alan , Hopper Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is about obtaining valid consent in any circumstance. The law is outlined in Chapter 10. Consent does not require any formality, it can be verbal or even a gesture, such as baring a limb for an injection, but it is sensible to demand a signature for anything invasive, complex, risky, or involving sedation or general anaesthesia.
Consent
Authors: Montague Alan , Hopper Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In law the very basis of all we are allowed to do to a patient stems from their agreement that we shall do it. ‘The fundamental principle, plain and incontestable, is that every person’s body is inviolate’.1 The law sees consent as a part of everyday affairs and not confined to medical contexts. Note that consent obtained by fraud or deceit is no consent2 and that no one can consent to an illegal act.3
In vivo models of PKO in non-murine species
Authors: Benjamin D. Cowley , Vincent H. Gattone 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cystic kidney disease has been reported in numerous animal species (Table 4.1) and murine models of this disease are reviewed in another chapter. Many of the reports listed in Table 4.1 described isolated or limited numbers of cases, and therefore the characteristics of cystic disease in these animals are not well defined. In this review, we will concentrate on non-murine models of cystic kidney disease that have been used or continue to be used in attempts to understand pathogenetic mechanisms of polycystic kidney disease (PK.D).
Autosornal recessive polycystic kidney disease: clinical and genetic profiles
Authors: Guay-Woodford Lisa M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) is an inherited malformation complex that involves the kidney and the biliary tract. ARPKD encompasses a spectrum of clinical and histopathological manifestations. Yet, there are two invariant features: (1) fusiform dilatation of the renal collecting ducts; and (2) biliary dysgenesis associated with portal tract fibrosis (Bernstein and Slovis 1992).
Polycystic liver disease
Authors: Torres Vicente E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘Polycystic liver disease’ (PLO) is often used to describe a condition with numerous cysts scattered throughout the liver parenchyma (Poinso et al. 1954; Melnick 1955; Peltokallio 1970; Sanfelippo et al. 1974; Vauthey et al. 1991). Whether PLD exists as an entity independent from autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (AOPKD) has been controversial. In this chapter we will consider under PLO: (1) the association of hepatic cysts with AOPKD; (2) the familial aggregation of hepatic cysts with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance in the absence of renal cystic disease; and (3) the sporadic presentation of numerous hepatic cysts in patients without renal cysts and without a personal or a family history of other conditions associated with hepatic cysts.
Intracranial aneurysms in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
Authors: Yves Pirson , Dominique Chauveau 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intracranial aneurysm (ICA) rupture entails a 30 to 50 per cent mortality rate in the general population. The association of ICA and autosomal dominant polycys tic kidney disease (ADPKD) has been established for many years. Although it remains a rare manifestation of ADPKD, ICA rupture is part of the spectrum of extrarenal features that may occur at any time in the ADPKD patient. (Pirson and Griinfeld 1992).
Men at work
Authors: Skan Delia , Addley Ken 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
General practitioners are likely to come across work related illness more often nowadays because of the rapid increase in small businesses which cannot afford their own full-time medical advisor. This chapter is written by two occupational physicians both of whom used to be GPs. They highlight the importance of history taking, social class and common illnesses in men at work. The reluctance of men to consult is again pointed out. However the type of illness is dictated by the type of work more than by gender. Alcohol appears again as it relates to work. Some employers are adopting enlightened attitudes to both alcohol abuse and to psychological problems in the workplace.
Problems of not working
Authors: Beale Norman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Lying in harbour rots good ships and good men’ is a maxim attributed to Lord Nelson. Like all successful military leaders he had an innate grasp of the male psyche. He understood that idle men are soon unhappy. The sooner he could put to sea and divert his sailors with activity, however repetitive or unpleasant, the fewer the disciplinary problems for him and his officers. Unfortunately, national economies cannot be run along the lines of nineteenth-centurybattleships.
Male Sexuality and its Problems
Authors: Barrett Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Men are supposed to think about sex a lot and, if that is the case, purchases of this book may be made on the merits or otherwise of this chapter while the purchaser is perusing it in the bookshop. We think you will have made a good decision. Men often find it difficult to talk to GPs about their sexual problems, and GPs in turn fear that sexual counselling may take more time than is available. The author discusses normal and abnormal male sexual function, and uses case histories to illustrate specific approaches that GPs may find useful. He deals with both psychological and physical causes of sexual problems; the latter may well be underestimated and need to be considered. The chapter deals mostly with heterosexual problems as little seems to be known in the medical world about the sexual problems of homosexual men.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Authors: Kinghorn George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Genito-urinary medicine (GUM) has become a more prominent specialty over the last 20 years, and general practitioners are more likely to work with genito-urinary physicians as our patients increasingly acquire sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). GPs have not traditionally been involved bypatients who suspect a venereal origin to their symptoms. Our lack of expertise in the field has, in part, contributed to patients bypassing us. However, the changing epidemiology of STDs, the changing role of the GU clinics, and health education means that general practice will be increasingly involved in the management of the more chronic conditions. This chapter provides an introduction to the common STDs and their management.
Nucleosomes and lupus nephritis
Authors: Berden Jo H M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Renal involvement is one of the most serious complications of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).1 It has a major impact on morbidity and mortality. The incidence of renal disease in SLE varies with the criteria used to define renal involvement and the selection of the patients. Using clinical parameters, the incidence varies from 45 to 75 per cent, but it is reasonable to assume that, on average, two-thirds of the patients with well-documented SLE will develop renal symptoms during their disease course. However, if renal tissue from SLE patients is analyzed using immunofluorescence and or electron microscopy, abnormalities are found in almost all cases, regardless of the presence or absence of clinical symptoms. Like the disease itself, lupus nephritis is highly variable in its clinical presentation, ranging from mild proteinuria to a rapidly progressive course leading to renal insufficiency within days.
Renal vascular involvement in SLE
Authors: Appel Gerald B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of different histopathologic lesions of the renal vasculature may be involved in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Each lesion may have a unique pathogenesis and may lead to either trivial or major clinical consequences. Moreover, the treatment for the vascular lesions in SLE varies depending upon the nature and the severity of the renal lesions present.
Creating a coherent story in family therapy
Authors: Byng-Hall John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the first session Sara, aged six, was the first to speak. She sat up very straight, looked me in the eye, and said ‘I killed my brother’. The ‘A’ family, who had originated from South America, had been referred after a second cot death. Sara had been sleeping between her parents, and was found lying on top of her dead brother. It was the ultimate dreaded catastrophe another dead baby. Lightning does strike twice after all. Since then, the mother, Anna, had become reluctant to let the family out of her sight, and was largely housebound. Carlos aged eight was feeling very constrained and was running off, and father, Mario, had been coming in late at night, much to mother’s dismay. In addition there was a new baby, Zeta, aged four months, who everyone was watching like a hawk day and night.
The rehabilitation of rehabilitation: a narrative approach to psychosis*
Authors: Roberts Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a common view that where an action is incomprehensible or peculiarly destructive, whether publicly or privately, the person must be mad and sometimes they are. As a result of being found thus, the distressed man described above was deported to Austria instead of being charged for his actions. Where, the story continues, ‘as far as anyone knows he is still at large never having been heard of or see again’ (Gamboni, 1997).
Aetiology: causal and meaningful connections
Authors: Dickenson Donna , Fulford Bill (Kwm) 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a widespread belief that the problems with psychiatric diagnosis we encountered in the last two chapters will be resolved once we have a better picture of the underlying causes of mental disorder in the brain. The cases described in this chapter all show, in different ways, that this belief — the belief that ‘brain trumps mind’ — is mistaken in principle and may be abusive in practice.
Putting theory into practice: a sample teaching seminar
Authors: Dickenson Donna , Fulford Bill (Kwm) 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the general themes running through the cases described in Chapters 3-8 of this book has been the extent to which legitimately different ethical per spectives may bear on clinical problems in psychiatry. We have reflected this in the open nature of our discussions of these cases. Thus we have not prescribed ethical ‘solutions’ but, rather, have highlighted the issues, indicated relevant guidance, and reviewed alternative strategies. Those committed to a particular ideological point of view may find this approach unsatisfactory. It is important that such points of view are respected in psychiatry: there must be room for an Islamic ethic, a Christian ethic, a humanist ethic, and so on. But if there is an ethic guiding this book, it is of valuing diversity, of making room for individual perspectives within a framework of mutual respect. Everyone has their ethical sticking points, of course.
Paediatrics
Authors: Round Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In our new Key Questions Answered series, Paediatrics KQA has been to help the clinical medicine student learn and revise their paediatrics. Designed to be used on its own for revision and additional learning, this book can also be used to complement the Paediatrics: Understanding Child Health (An Oxford Core Text). Taking an integrative approach, this book covers the undergraduate medical curriculum and the Diploma of Child Health, giving a broad base of questions both knowledge based and data-interpretive and reasoning, and has full answers which contain additional learning points. There are more than 200 key questions testing both knowledge, data interpretation and reasoning skills. It also includes a section on how to approach MCQs: For example; commonly this means something is often encountered or its association is not a surprise. Rarely here the association is well-recognised but uncommon.
Nature of growth
Authors: Sinclair David , Dangerfield Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Growth as a concept is familiar to us all. As living organisms, we have all grown, and think we can speak from the experience. Parents set great store on seeing how their children are growing, and many readers may well remember being stood up against a convenient door or wall to be measured by their mothers. Nevertheless, not many parents understand the biological processes taking place in the child they are measuring which are causing it to grow bigger, or how their own child’s progress can be related to that of other children. The fact that growth is such a commonplace experience affecting all living things has perhaps hindered proper investigation of the factors involved, and it is only within the last 20 years or so that scientists have begun to understand the complex processes involved.
Growth in height and weight
Authors: Sinclair David , Dangerfield Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The human ovum measures about 100 µ,m in diameter, and is just visible to the naked eye. At birth, a baby is about 50 cm (20 in) long-roughly 5000 times as long as the ovum. Further growth in height after birth may take the adult to a height of (say) 175 cm (5 ft 9 in)-three and a half times the length of the baby. The process of growth is not uniform in human throughout life. Each region and part of the body can be shown to have its own growth rate and this can vary according to age as well.