bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetics and rhythm of body contractions in the spongeTethya wilhelma(Porifera: Demospongiae)
Authors: Nickel Michael 
Published: December 2004

SUMMARYSponges of the species Tethya wilhelma display rhythmic body contractions, which were analyzed by digital timelapse imaging and semi-automated image analysis. For the first time, differential, quantitative data on sponge behaviour could be obtained. The sponges are able to reduce their body volume by up to 73.3% during regular contractions. Each contraction cycle follows a characteristic pattern of four phases, permitting analysis of the kinetics of contraction and expansion. Long-term observations (for &gt;7 days) reveal that the sponge contractions display a day-night periodicity in which contraction cycles are significantly longer during the dark hours. The contractions seem to be mediated by the pinacoderm; they are triggered locally and spread over the sponge surface at 12.5 μm s-1. If two individuals of a clone are fused, the individual contraction rhythm of both sponges persists for several days, until a single new individual sponge is formed with a synchronized rhythm. The reported results and techniques establish T. wilhelma as a model organism for research on the development of aneural signal transduction and integration during early Metazoan evolution.
Ammonia excretion in aquatic and terrestrial crabs
Authors: Weihrauch Dirk , Morris Steve , Towle David W. 
Published: December 2004

SUMMARYThe excretory transport of toxic ammonia across epithelia is not fully understood. This review presents data combined with models of ammonia excretion derived from studies on decapod crabs, with a view to providing new impetus to investigation of this essential issue. The majority of crabs preserve ammonotely regardless of their habitat, which varies from extreme hypersaline to freshwater aquatic environments, and ranges from transient air exposure to obligate air breathing. Important components in the excretory process are the Na+/K+(NH4+)-ATPase and other membrane-bound transport proteins identified in many species, an exocytotic ammonia excretion mechanism thought to function in gills of aquatic crabs such as Carcinus maenas, and gaseous ammonia release found in terrestrial crabs, such as Geograpsus grayi and Ocypode quadrata. In addition, this review presents evidence for a crustacean Rhesus-like protein that shows high homology to the human Rhesus-like ammonia transporter both in its amino acid sequence and in its predicted secondary structure.
Cold-stable eye lens crystallins of the Antarctic nototheniid toothfishDissostichus mawsoniNorman
Authors: Kiss Andor J. , Mirarefi Amir Y. , Ramakrishnan Subramanian , Zukoski Charles F. , DeVries Arthur L. , Cheng Chi-Hing C. 
Published: December 2004

SUMMARYThe eye lenses of the Antarctic nototheniid fishes that inhabit the perennially freezing Antarctic seawater are transparent at –2°C,whereas the cold-sensitive mammalian and tropical fish lenses display cold-induced cataract at 20°C and 7°C, respectively. No cold-cataract occurs in the giant Antarctic toothfish Dissostichus mawsoni lens when cooled to temperatures as low as –12°C, indicating highly cold-stable lens proteins. To investigate this cold stability, we characterised the lens crystallin proteins of the Antarctic toothfish, in parallel with those of the sub-tropical bigeye tuna Thunnus obesusand the endothermic cow Bos taurus, representing three disparate thermal climes (–2°C, 18°C and 37°C, respectively). Sizing chromatography resolved their lens crystallins into three groups,α/βH, β and γ, with γ crystallins being the most abundant (&gt;40%) lens proteins in fish, in contrast to the cow lens where they comprise only 19%. The upper thermal stability of these crystallin components correlated with the body temperature of the species. In vitro chaperone assays showed that fish α crystallin can protect same-species γ crystallins from heat denaturation, as well as lysozyme from DTT-induced unfolding, and therefore are small Heat Shock Proteins (sHSP)like their mammalian counterparts. Dynamic light scattering measured an increase in size of αγ crystallin mixtures upon heating, which supports formation of the αγ complex as an integral part of the chaperone process. Surprisingly, in cross-species chaperone assays, tunaα crystallins only partly protected toothfish γ crystallins, while cow α crystallins completely failed to protect, indicating partial and no αγ interaction, respectively. Toothfish γ was likely to be the component that failed to interact, as the supernatant from a cowα plus toothfish γ incubation could chaperone cow γcrystallins in a subsequent heat incubation, indicating the presence of uncomplexed cow α. This suggests that the inability of toothfish γcrystallins to fully complex with tuna α, and not at all with the cowα crystallins, may have its basis in adaptive changes in the protein that relate to the extreme cold-stability of the toothfish lens.
Partitioning heat loss from mallard ducklings swimming on the air–water interface
Authors: Banta Marilyn R. , Lynott Aaron J. , VanSant Matthew J. , Bakken George S. 
Published: December 2004

SUMMARYWater birds whose young begin swimming while downy are interesting because hypothermia and mortality are associated with wetting. While wetting is known to increase heat loss, little is known about basic issues, such as the amount of heat lost to air vs water during surface swimming. To partition heat loss to air and water, we measured the body temperature, metabolism and thermal conductance of 2–3-day-old mallard ducklings (Anas platyrhynchos) swimming under different combinations of air and water temperature. Ventral down remained dry or was wetted only on the surface, and most ducklings could maintain Tb&gt;39°C for 1 h while swimming on water as cold as 5°C. Ducklings were at or below thermal neutrality when swimming in water at Tw=30°C even when air temperature Ta=45°C. Heat loss from ducklings with dry down to air and water was partitioned by fitting data to a heat transfer model of the form M=G(Tb–Tw)+Ke(Tb–Ta). For an average 48 g duckling, thermal conductance to water increased with water temperature, G=0.0470(1+1.059×10–6Tw4)W/°C-animal. Conductance to air was Ke=0.0196 W/°C-animal for all air temperatures. Thus, a minimum of 70% of metabolic heat production is lost to water, and this fraction increases with increasing temperature.
Functional characterisation of theAnophelesleucokinins and their cognate G-protein coupled receptor
Authors: Radford Jonathan C. , Terhzaz Selim , Cabrero Pablo , Davies Shireen-A. , Dow Julian A. T. 
Published: December 2004

SUMMARYIdentification of the Anopheles gambiae leucokinin gene from the completed A. gambiae genome revealed that this insect species contains three leucokinin peptides, named Anopheles leucokinin I-III. These peptides are similar to those identified in two other mosquito species, Aedes aegypti and Culex salinarius. Additionally, Anopheles leucokinin I displays sequence similarity to Drosophila melanogaster leucokinin.Using a combination of computational and molecular approaches, a full-length cDNA for a candidate leucokinin-like receptor was isolated from A. stephensi, a close relative of A. gambiae. Alignment of the known leucokinin receptors – all G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)– with this receptor, identified some key conserved regions within the receptors, notably transmembrane (TM) domains I, II, III, VI and VII.The Anopheles leucokinins and receptor were shown to be a functional receptor-ligand pair. All three Anopheles leucokinins caused a dose-dependent rise in intracellular calcium([Ca2+]i) when applied to S2 cells co-expressing the receptor and an aequorin transgene, with a potency order of I&gt;II&gt;III.Drosophila leucokinin was also found to activate the Anopheles receptor with a similar EC50 value to Anopheles leucokinin I. However, when the Anopheles peptides were applied to the Drosophila receptor, only Anophelesleucokinin I and II elicited a rise in [Ca2+]i. This suggests that the Anopheles receptor has a broader specificity for leucokinin ligands than the Drosophila receptor.Antisera raised against the Anopheles receptor identified a doublet of approx. 65 and 72 kDa on western blots, consistent with the presence of four N-glycosylation sites within the receptor sequence,and the known glycosylation of the receptor in Drosophila. In Anopheles tubules, as in Drosophila, the receptor was localised to the stellate cells.Thus we provide the first identification of Anopheles mosquito leucokinins (Anopheles leucokinins) and a cognate leucokinin receptor, characterise their interaction and show that Dipteran leucokinin signalling is closely conserved between Drosophila and Anopheles.
The fluid dynamics of flight control by kinematic phase lag variation between two robotic insect wings
Authors: Maybury Will J. , Lehmann Fritz-Olaf 
Published: December 2004

SUMMARYInsects flying with two pairs of wings must contend with the forewing wake passing over the beating hindwing. Some four-winged insects, such as dragonflies, move each wing independently and therefore may alter the relative timing between the fore- and hindwing stroke cycles. The significance of modifying the phase relationship between fore- and hindwing stroke kinematics on total lift production is difficult to assess in the flying animal because the effect of wing-wake interference critically depends on the complex wake pattern produced by the two beating wings. Here we investigate the effect of changing the fore- and hindwing stroke-phase relationship during hovering flight conditions on the aerodynamic performance of each flapping wing by using a dynamically scaled electromechanical insect model. By varying the relative phase difference between fore- and hindwing stroke cycles we found that the performance of the forewing remains approximately constant, while hindwing lift production may vary by a factor of two. Hindwing lift modulation appears to be due to two different fluid dynamic phenomenons: leading edge vortex destruction and changes in strength and orientation of the local flow vector. Unexpectedly, the hindwing regains aerodynamic performance near to that of the wing free from forewing wake interference, when the motion of the hindwing leads the forewing by around a quarter of the stroke cycle. This kinematic relationship between hind- and forewing closely matches the phase-shift commonly used by locusts and some dragonflies in climbing and forward flight. The experiments support previous assumptions that active neuromuscular control of fore- and hindwing stroke phase might enable dragonflies and other functionally four-winged insects to manipulate ipsilateral flight force production without further changes in wing beat kinematics.
Stroke patterns and regulation of swim speed and energy cost in free-ranging Brünnich's guillemots
Authors: Lovvorn James R. , Watanuki Yutaka , Kato Akiko , Naito Yasuhiko , Liggins Geoffrey A. 
Published: December 2004

SUMMARYLoggers were attached to free-ranging Brünnich's guillemots Uria lomvia during dives, to measure swim speeds, body angles, stroke rates,stroke and glide durations, and acceleration patterns within strokes, and the data were used to model the mechanical costs of propelling the body fuselage(head and trunk excluding wings). During vertical dives to 102–135 m,guillemots regulated their speed during descent and much of ascent to about 1.6±0.2 m s–1. Stroke rate declined very gradually with depth, with little or no gliding between strokes. Entire strokes from 2 m to 20 m depth had similar forward thrust on upstroke vs downstroke,whereas at deeper depths and during horizontal swimming there was much greater thrust on the downstroke. Despite this distinct transition, these differences had small effect (&lt;6%) on our estimates of mechanical cost to propel the body fuselage, which did not include drag of the wings. Work stroke–1 was quite high as speed increased dramatically in the first 5 m of descent against high buoyancy. Thereafter, speed and associated drag increased gradually as buoyancy slowly declined, so that mechanical work stroke–1 during the rest of descent stayed relatively constant. Similar work stroke–1 was maintained during non-pursuit swimming at the bottom, and during powered ascent to the depth of neutral buoyancy (about 71 m). Even with adjustments in respiratory air volume of ±60%, modeled work against buoyancy was important mainly in the top 15 m of descent, after which almost all work was against drag. Drag was in fact underestimated, as our values did not include enhancement of drag by altered flow around active swimmers. With increasing buoyancy during ascent above 71 m, stroke rate, glide periods, stroke acceleration patterns, body angle and work stroke–1 were far more variable than during descent; however, mean speed remained fairly constant until buoyancy increased rapidly near the surface. For dives to depths &gt;20 m, drag is by far the main component of mechanical work for these diving birds, and speed may be regulated to keep work against drag within a relatively narrow range.
The Police Legitimacy Crisis and Police Law Reform in China: Part I
Authors: Wong Kam C. 
Published: December 2004

In 1978 the third plenary session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (CCCP) set a new course of development for China, ie modernisation by way of economic reform and market opening. The reform movement changed China socially, politically, economically, and culturally. The gongan or public security is a part of that transformation process. This article is a first attempt to investigate and report upon People's Republic of China (PRC) police law reform effort — objectives, process and result — since 1978. In so doing, the article catalogues the past, describes the present, and speculates upon the future. The paper argues that police law reform in China is a reaction to a growing police legitimacy crisis attenuating the police-public relationship. This research report will be published in two issues. In this first article, The Police Legitimacy Crisis and Police Law Reform in China: Part I, I will make the case for police law reform in China politically, historically and doctrinally. The second article, The Police Legitimacy Crisis and Police Law Reform in China: Part II, will detail and discuss the direction, promulgation, actualisation and concluding observations of PRC police law reform.
Outside of social movements: Dilemmas of indigenous handicrafts vendors in Guatemala
Authors: Little Walter E. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTIn Antigua, Guatemala, Maya handicrafts vendors work in a tourism marketplace that brings together multiple ethnolinguistic groups and international visitors. In this article I discuss the interrelationship between occupation and social movements to examine the essentialized identities propagated by the Maya Movement and Ladino racism. I argue that making a living helps shape the interrelated processes of economic and political mobilization. I use work and local political contexts, in particular, to illustrate why vendors do not embrace established social movements.
The culture‐conscious Brazilian Indian: Representing and reworking Indianness in Kayabi political discourse
Authors: Oakdale Suzanne 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTIn this article, I examine a Brazilian indigenous people's self‐conscious use of the ideas of “culture” and “Indian ethnicity.” Whereas analysts usually discuss indigenous use of these concepts in the context of high‐profile national or transnational intercultural events, I look at how retrospective accounts of participation in such events are woven into local political discourse. I focus on how two Amazonian leaders represent their participation in past events of cultural display as a means of mounting very different arguments about their eligibility for positions of authority in their community. I argue that local frames of reference, for example, those relating to the culturally appropriate conduct of politics, must be considered in assessing the significance and meaning of cultural performances, even when the staging of indigenous culture is performed principally for a nonlocal audience.
The organization of ideological diversity in discourse: Modern and neotraditional visions of the Tongan state
Authors: Philips Susan U. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTIn current cultural anthropology, under the influence of postmodernism, considerable attention is given to the multiplicity of interpretive perspectives with which people contend in making sense of their daily experiences. In this article I examine diverse representations of the nation‐state in Tonga and other Pacific microstates. My focus is on the configuration of ideological diversity in the Tongan Magistrate's Courts compared with configurations of traditional and modern nationalist ideologies in other Tongan political domains and in other Pacific nations. Some contemporary anthropological accounts represent ideological diversity as plural, fluid, and rapidly changing. Other accounts of ideological diversity emphasize the oppositional structuring of ideas and the power struggle for ideological domination. I argue that it is useful to think of an ecology of ideas, in which multiple ideas move across discourse domains, becoming implanted in hospitable discourse environments, much as plants move into new environments.
National subjects: September 11 and Pearl Harbor
Authors: White Geoffrey M. 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTDespite a long tradition of writing on collective representations of the past, anthropology has contributed relatively little to the expanding literature on national memory. Yet ethnographic approaches have the facility to delineate practices that create historical narrative and give it emotive power while keeping in view longer‐term political forces that underwrite dominant imaginaries. In this article I inquire into the discursive origins of emotional involvement in national history by juxtaposing two events of spectacular violence, September 11 and Pearl Harbor. Focusing on the representation of these events in public culture and at memorial sites, I argue that personal narratives play a central role in formations of national subjectivity, at times emotionalizing dominant memories and at other times opening possibilities for alternative visions.
The aesthetics of absence: Rebuilding Ground Zero
Authors: Sturken Marita 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTIn this article, I examine the narratives and meanings that have been projected onto the space of Ground Zero in New York City since September 11, 2001, how they have been deployed for various political agendas, and how they have informed the ways in which the site will be rebuilt and memorialized. I investigate the changing meanings attributed to the dust and the footprints of the World Trade Center buildings and the debates over architectural designs and the proposed memorial.
The military and militarization in the United States
Authors: Ben‐Ari Eyal 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTI examine three ethnographies of the U.S. military and of militarization in the contemporary United States. These phenomena have hitherto received little scholarly attention by anthropologists. After describing the contents of the three volumes, I suggest that their wider import for anthropology lies in their demonstration of the usefulness of the discipline's theories and analytical tools for analyzing the political economy of militarization and the unique character of an organization specializing in violence.
Nuclear technoaesthetics: Sensory politics from trinity to the virtual bomb in Los Alamos
Authors: Masco Joseph 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTIn this article I investigate the politics of nuclear weapons production by examining how weapons scientists have experienced the exploding bomb at the level of sense perception through three experimental regimes: underground testing (1945–62), aboveground testing (1963–92), and stockpile stewardship (1995–2010). I argue that, for weapons scientists, a diminishing sensory experience of the exploding bomb has, over time, allowed nuclear weapon research to be increasingly depoliticized and normalized within the laboratory. The result is a post–Cold War nuclear project that assesses the atomic bomb not on its military potential as a weapon of mass destruction but, rather, on the aesthetic pleasure afforded by its computer simulations and material science.
Doing anthropology in sound
Authors: Feld Steven , Brenneis Donald 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTSound has come to have a particular resonance in many disciplines over the past decade. Social theorists, historians, literary researchers, folklorists, and scholars in science and technology studies and visual, performative, and cultural studies provide a range of substantively rich accounts and epistemologically provocative models for how researchers can take sound seriously. This conversation explores general outlines of an anthropology of sound. Its main focus, however, is on the issues involved in using sound as a primary medium for ethnographic research.
“If she's a vegetable, we'll be her garden”: Embodiment, transcendence, and citations of competing cultural metaphors in the case of a dying child
Authors: Rouse Carolyn 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTIn this article, I explore a struggle between parents and medical professionals to define the meaning and value of a critically ill child, Jasperlynn. I argue that the parents, who refused to sign a do‐not‐resuscitate (DNR) order, transformed the perceptions of the medical professionals by affiliating themselves with powerful moral signifiers. In particular, I explore the roles of embodiment and transcendence as they relate to the contest over the assignment of cultural metaphors defining Jasperlynn's life. I use the term embodiment‐by‐proxy to describe the ways in which the parents and the professionals each attempted to change the others' dispositions toward Jasperlynn, or to become what Thomas Csordas calls “specialists in cultural objectification.” Ultimately, the only weapon the parents had in their struggle to change the value and meaning of Jasperlynn's life was their newly acquired religious consciousness. Through the family's demonstration of their deep commitment to God and family, many professionals came to realize that the value of Jasperlynn's life lay in her relationship to her parents. In effect, the parents were able to transform medicine's object to include the family.
Gender and decision making in Balinese agriculture
Authors: Jha Nitish 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTTo be analytically useful, the concept of the division of labor needs to take into account decision making as a gendered activity. Decision making is all‐important in the retinue of agricultural activities, but gender dynamics in various social units differentially affect the participation of women in it. In Bali, households and irrigation communities, called subak, each manage different aspects of rice cultivation. Distinct sets of factors account for the dissimilar participation of women and men in decision making in the two domains.