bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of residues of endosulfan in human blood by a negative ion chemical ionization gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric method: impact of long‐term aerial spray exposure
Authors: Ramesh Atmakuru , Ravi Perumal Elumalai 
Published: February 2003

AbstractA new and sensitive analytical method using negative ion chemical ionization gas chromatography/mass spectrometry in selective ion monitoring (SIM) mode has been developed for the determination of residues of endosulfan in the human blood. The residues of endosulfan are extracted from whole blood samples without separating the serum by the addition of 60% sulfuric acid at 10 °C followed by partition with hexane + acetone (9 + 1 by volume). The total endosulfan is quantified as the sum of alpha‐endosulfan, beta‐endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate in SIM mode. The mass‐fragment ions used for this purpose that are monitored for in SIM mode include endosulfan diol: 95, 169, 214, 313, alpha‐endosulfan: 99, 242, 270, 406, beta‐endosulfan: 99, 242, 270, 406, and endosulfan sulfate: 97, 353, 386. Recovery experiments were conducted at the concentration range 1.0–100 pg ml−1. Results showed 112–98% recovery of total endosulfan from the whole blood samples. The relative standard deviation was 1.49–2.68%. The method was found to be highly sensitive in quantifying endosulfan residues down to the 0.1 pg ml−1 level. Conversion of endosulfan to endosulfan diol was found to be less than 0.1% under the conditions used. The results were compared with published data. The applications of the analytical method for the determination of endosulfan residues in real samples was tested by analyzing 106 human blood samples collected from a population living in Padre village, Kasargode District, Kerala, India, where aerial spraying of endosulfan has been a common agricultural practice over the years. The results showed that none of the blood samples contained residues of endosulfan (alpha‐endosulfan + beta‐endosulfan + endosulfan sulfate) or endosulfan diol. The results were confirmed by the detection of the appropriate amounts in a number of these samples which had subsequently been spiked with endosulfan.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of the combined treatment of insecticides and an attractant for the control of Phloeotribus scarabaeoides, a pest of Olea europea
Authors: Rodríguez Estefanía , Campos Mercedes , Sánchez Raya Aniceto J , Peña Aránzazu 
Published: February 2003

AbstractDifferent insecticides have been tested for the control of the olive bark beetle, Phloeotribus scarabaeoides Bern. This scolytid can be managed at two points in its biological cycle: in pruned logs, where it excavates reproduction galleries, or in living trees, after emergence from the logs, where it digs feeding galleries. In mortality laboratory bioassays, the efficiency of organophosphorus insecticides has been ranked as follows: chlorpyrifos + dimethoate < formothion < methidathion. Formothion and methidathion, the two most efficient, were sprayed on olive logs together with a pyrethroid insecticide, deltamethrin, and a formulation which combined an organophosphorus (fenitrothion) and a pyrethroid (cypermethrin) insecticide. Deltamethrin inhibited the excavation of new reproduction galleries and induced a repellent effect on the olive pest. In contrast, none of the organophosphorus insecticides or the combination, fenitrothion + cypermethrin, were able to control the olive bark beetle. In olive trees, deltamethrin controlled this olive pest without showing the repellent effect observed for logs. Ethylene, a plant hormone, has been reported as an attractant for the olive bark beetle. The use of dispensers which released ethylene increased the number of P scarabaeoides approaching the treated olive trees, thus favouring its use in a lure‐and‐trap control system.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Toxicity of cyanogen to insects of stored grain
Authors: Hooper Jacqueline L , Desmarchelier James M , Ren Yonglin , Allen Sylvia E 
Published: February 2003

AbstractRange‐finding studies on the toxicity of cyanogen to all stages of five species of stored product Coleoptera are reported. The species were Rhyzopertha dominica (F), Sitophilus granarius (L), Sitophilus Oryzae (L), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), Tribolium confusum Jacquelin du Val and Ephestia cautella (Walker). Exposures for 24 h to cyanogen at 1.3 mg litre−1 controlled all external stages. Control of internal stages of Sitophilus species was achieved by a 5‐day exposure to initial concentrations between 13.7 and 27.4 mg litre−1, whereas R dominica was controlled at 13.7 mg litre−1. Cyanogen showed similar toxicity to all tested external stages and, in this respect, was more similar to methyl bromide than to phosphine. Its toxicity to insects increased with both relative humidity and concentration of carbon dioxide. Cyanogen was toxic to insects whether applied as a gas or in an aqueous solution.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Biochemical study of resistance to imidacloprid in B biotype Bemisia tabaci from Guatemala
Authors: Byrne Frank J , Castle Steve , Prabhaker Nilima , Toscano Nick C 
Published: February 2003

AbstractSystemic uptake bioassays using excised cotton leaves confirmed resistance to imidacloprid in a Guatemalan population of the tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci Gennadius. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of naphthyl esterases identified the insects as B‐types. Upon collection from the field, resistance was determined to be 58‐fold relative to a susceptible strain originating in the Imperial Valley of California. Resistance levels increased to 126‐fold in this population during its continuous exposure to systemically treated cotton. In biochemical investigations, there was no detectable NADPH‐dependent mixed function oxidase metabolism of 14C‐imidacloprid at any time during the selection process. In contrast, microsomal preparations from housefly abdomens readily produced significant amounts of the mono‐hydroxy and olefin derivatives of the parent compound. Detoxification of imidacloprid by housefly MFOs may account for reports of lower toxicity of the insecticide towards this insect compared with whiteflies, despite similar binding properties between imidacloprid and the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in both species.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Wind tunnel studies on spray deposition on leaves of tree species used for windbreaks and exposure of honey bees
Authors: Ucar Tamer , Hall Franklin R , Tew James E , Hacker James K 
Published: February 2003

AbstractA wind tunnel study was conducted to determine pesticide deposition on commonly used windbreak tree species used as spray drift barriers and associated exposure of honey bees. Although it has been known that windbreaks are effective in reducing chemical drift from agricultural applications, there is still an enormous information and data gap on details of the dependence of the mechanism on the biological materials of the barriers and on standardization of relevant assessment methods. Beneficial arthropods like honey bees are adversely affected by airborne drift of pesticides. A study was initiated by first establishing a wind tunnel to create a controlled environment for capture efficiency work. Suitable spray parameters were determined after a preliminary study to construct and develop a wind tunnel protocol. A tracer dye solution was sprayed onto the windbreak samples and honey bees located in the wind tunnel at various simulated wind speeds. Analysis of data from this work has shown that needle‐like foliage of windbreak trees captures two to four times more spray than broad‐leaves. In addition, it was determined that, at lower wind speeds, flying bees tend to capture slightly more spray than bees at rest.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Association between organizational inequity and incidence of psychiatric disorders in female employees
Authors: KIVIMÄKI M. , ELOVAINIO M. , VAHTERA J. , VIRTANEN M. , STANSFELD S. A. 
Published: February 2003

Background. Prior research on work-related factors in the aetiology of psychiatric disorders has been concentrated on job control, job demands and social support. To broaden the view to managerial procedures, we examined whether the extent to which employees are treated with equity in the workplace predicts their mental health. Organizational equity refers to decision-making procedures, which are consistently applied, open, correctable and include input from affected parties (procedural justice). It also refers to respectful and considerate treatment of individuals by supervisors (relational justice).Method. A cohort of 1786 female hospital employees with no psychiatric disorder at baseline responded to a questionnaire on organizational equity. From the responses, both an individual score and a work unit mean score were assigned to each participant. The outcome was new reports of doctor-diagnosed psychiatric disorders during the 2-year follow-up. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were corrected for clustering of the data.Results. After adjustment for age and salary, odds ratio of new psychiatric disorders for self-reported low procedural justice was 1·9 (95% CI 1·1 to 3·2). Corresponding odds ratio for low procedural justice, as assessed with work unit mean scores, was 1·7 (95% CI 1·5 to 2·0). These associations remained statistically significant after additional adjustment for mental distress at baseline and job control, job demands and social support. Relational justice did not predict psychiatric disorders.Conclusion. Research on organizational equity provides new information about potential work-related determinants of mental health. Low procedural justice seems to be an independent risk factor for psychiatric disorders in female employees.
The internal and external validity of the Major Depression Inventory in measuring severity of depressive states
Authors: OLSEN L. R. , JENSEN D. V. , NOERHOLM V. , MARTINY K. , BECH P. 
Published: February 2003

Background. We have developed the Major Depression Inventory (MDI), consisting of 10 items, covering the DSM-IV as well as the ICD-10 symptoms of depressive illness. We aimed to evaluate this as a scale measuring severity of depressive states with reference to both internal and external validity.Method. Patients representing the score range from no depression to marked depression on the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D) completed the MDI. Both classical and modern psychometric methods were applied for the evaluation of validity, including the Rasch analysis.Results. In total, 91 patients were included. The results showed that the MDI had an adequate internal validity in being a unidimensional scale (the total score an appropriate or sufficient statistic). The external validity of the MDI was also confirmed as the total score of the MDI correlated significantly with the HAM-D (Pearson's coefficient 0·86, P[les ]0·01, Spearman 0·80, P[les ]0·01).Conclusion. When used in a sample of patients with different states of depression the MDI has an adequate internal and external validity.
Social precursors to onset and recovery from episodes of common mental illness
Authors: PEVALIN DAVID J. , GOLDBERG DAVID P. 
Published: February 2003

Background. Social disadvantage and lack of social support have been identified as important risk factors for the onset and continuance of episodes of common mental illness. This study aimed to identify the social precursors to episodes of and recovery from common mental illness in a large, general population sample over eight yearly intervals.Method. The analytical samples were drawn from those aged [ges ]16 in the British Household Panel Survey from 1991 to 1998. The samples were: (1) onset – over 42 000 paired years from 10 204 persons; (2) recovery – over 10 000 paired years from 4878 persons; and (3) 1812 spells with observed onset and recovery. Markov and discrete-time complementary log–log models were used. Common mental illness was measured using the 12-item General Health Questionnaire.Results. Sex, age, changes in marital and employment status, physical health, family care and social support were all associated with differential rates of onset and recovery. Severity of disorder was associated with less likelihood of recovery and longer time to recovery.Conclusions. The study confirms many previous findings concerning social factors associated with onset and recovery. Low social support acted as expected by increasing chances of onset and decreasing chances of recovery. Other social factors such as separation or divorce, becoming and remaining unemployed, health limiting daily activities, caring for a sick relative all decreased chances of recovery. The chances of observing a change in state (either onset or recovery) decreased with the number of prior observations in that state. Reduced rates of recovery with increasing degrees of severity of distress was expected, but not previously demonstrated.
Determination of interface and bulk-trap states of IGFET’s using deep-level transient spectroscopy
Authors: Wang K. L. , Evwaraye A. O. 
Published: February 2003

A transient capacitance technique for measuring the interface states and bulk traps in IGFET’s is described. When the source and drain are biased properly, IGFET’s may be pulsed from deep depletion to accumulation. The change of surface potential and the space-charge region as a result of the pulsing affects the occupation of the interface states and bulk traps in the band gap. The capacitance transient when the pulse is restored represents the emission of majority carriers, and from this transient the interface-state and bulk-trap energies may be determined. Similarly, the emission transient of minority carriers may also be measured in terms of the gate capacitance transient by pulsing the source and drain to invert the surface.
Au-implanted IGFET’s were used as an example to demonstrate the technique. In addition to the gold levels in silicon, other defect levels were observed. These may be complexes of gold with other impurities and defects.
Abstract: Magnetostriction and magnetization of CeFe2
Authors: Melville D. , Al-rawi K. M. , Khan W. I. 
Published: February 2003

While investigating the high field magnetostriction of the highly magnetostrictive cubic laves phase compounds of the type RFe2 a sharp increase in the magnetostriction of polycrystalline CeFe2 was observed at fields of around 3 T and at temperatures below 150K. The first order change in strain increases with decreasing temperature and at 5K it amounts to approximately 150×10−6 which corresponds to a 200% increase in the parallel magnetostriction. The field at which the transition occurs decreases slowly with decreasing temperature. Magnetisation curves also show signs of a first order increase at the same fields but the change in magnetisation is only of the order of 8% at 5K.
Above approximately 150K the easy-direction of CeFe2 changes1 from [100] to a non-symmetry direction of the type [uuw]. This can be accounted for if the third order cubic anisotropy constant (K3) is significant. A tentative explanation for the observed discontinuities is presented in terms of first-order rotations of the magnetisation vector, made possible by relatively large values of K3.
1U. Atzmony and M. P. Dariel, Phys. Rev. B. 13, 4006 (1976).
Visual Localization Ability Influences Cross-Modal Bias
Authors: Hairston W. D. , Wallace M. T. , Vaughan J. W. , Stein B. E. , Norris J. L. , Schirillo J. A. 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
The ability of a visual signal to influence the localization of an auditory target (i.e., “cross-modal bias”) was examined as a function of the spatial disparity between the two stimuli and their absolute locations in space. Three experimental issues were examined: (a) the effect of a spatially disparate visual stimulus on auditory localization judgments; (b) how the ability to localize visual, auditory, and spatially aligned multi-sensory (visual-auditory) targets is related to cross-modal bias, and (c) the relationship between the magnitude of cross-modal bias and the perception that the two stimuli are spatially “unified” (i.e., originate from the same location). Whereas variability in localization of auditory targets was large and fairly uniform for all tested locations, variability in localizing visual or spatially aligned multisensory targets was much smaller, and increased with increasing distance from the midline. This trend proved to be strongly correlated with biasing effectiveness, for although visual-auditory bias was unexpectedly large in all conditions tested, it decreased progressively (as localization variability increased) with increasing distance from the mid-line. Thus, central visual stimuli had a substantially greater biasing effect on auditory target localization than did more peripheral visual stimuli. It was also apparent that cross-modal bias decreased as the degree of visual-auditory disparity increased. Consequently, the greatest visual-auditory biases were obtained with small disparities at central locations. In all cases, the magnitude of these biases covaried with judgments of spatial unity. The results suggest that functional properties of the visual system play the predominant role in determining these visual-auditory interactions and that cross-modal biases can be substantially greater than previously noted.
Actions Speak Louder Than Functions: The Importance of Manipulability and Action in Tool Representation
Authors: Kellenbach Marion L. , Brett Matthew , Patterson Karalyn 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
PET was used to investigate the neural correlates of action knowledge in object representations, particularly the left lateralized network of activations previously implicated in the processing of tools and their associated actions: ventral premotor cortex (VPMCx), posterior middle temporal gyrus (PMTG), and intraparietal sulcus (IPS). Judgments were made about the actions and functions associated with manipulable man-made objects (e.g., hammer); this enabled us to measure activations in response to both explicit and implicit retrieval of knowledge about actions associated with manipulable tools. Function judgments were also made about nonmanipulable artifacts (e.g., traffic light) providing a direct comparison for manipulable objects. Although neither the left VPMCx nor the left PMTG were selective for tool stimuli (nonmanipulable objects also activated these areas relative to a visual control condition), both regions responded more strongly to manipulable objects, suggesting a role for these cortical areas in the processing of knowledge associated with tools. Furthermore, these activations were insensitive to retrieval task, suggesting that visually presented tools automatically recruit both left VPMCx and left PMTG in response to action features that are inherent in tool representations. In contrast, the IPS showed clear selectivity for explicit retrieval of action information about manipulable objects. No regions of cortex were more activated by function relative to action judgments about artifacts. These results are consistent with the brain's preferential responsiveness to how we interact with objects, rather than what they are used for.
Common and Segregated Neuronal Networks for Different Languages Revealed Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Adaptation
Authors: Chee Michael W. L. , Soon Chun Siong , Lee Hwee Ling 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
The effect of word repetition within and across languages was studied in English-Chinese bilinguals who read rapidly presented word pairs in a block design and an event-related fMRI study. Relatively less increase in MR signal was observed when the second word in a pair was identical in meaning to the first. This occurred in the English-only and mixed-languages conditions. Repetition-induced reductions in BOLD signal change were found in the left lateral prefrontal and lateral temporal regions in both types of conditions in the block experiment, suggesting that processing in these regions is sensitive to semantic features present in words and characters, and that part of the semantic neuronal networks serving English and Chinese is shared. In addition, these regions showed greater absolute signal change in the mixed-languages trials relative to the English-only trials. These findings were mostly replicated in an event-related experiment. Together, the experiments suggest that while the networks for Chinese and English word processing have shared components, there are also components that may be language specific.
Time Course of Processes and Representations Supporting Visual Object Identification and Memory
Authors: Schendan Haline E. , Kutas Marta 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
Event-related potentials (ERPs) were used to delineate the time course of activation of the processes and representations supporting visual object identification and memory. Following K. Srinivas (1993), 66 young people named objects in canonical or unusual views during study and an indirect memory test. Test views were the same or different from those at study. The first ERP repetition effect and earliest ERP format effect started at ∼150 msec. Multiple ERP repetition effects appeared over time. All but the latest ones were largest for same views, although other aspects of their form specificity varied. Initial ERP format effects support multiple-views-plus-transformation accounts of identification and indicate the timing of processes of object model selection (frontal N350 from 148–250 to 500–700 msec) and view transformation via mental rotation (posterior N400/P600 from 250–356 to 700 msec). Thereafter, a late slow wave reflects a memory process more strongly recruited by different than same views. Overall, the ERP data demonstrate the activation of multiple memory processes over time during an indirect test, with earlier ones (within 148–400 msec) characterized by a pattern of form specificity consistent with the specific identification-related neural process or representational system supporting each memory function.
Long-Latency ERPs and Recognition of Facial Identity
Authors: Olivares Ela I. , Iglesias Jaime , Rodríguez-Holguín Socorro 
Published: February 2003

AbstractN400 brain event-related potential (ERP) is a mismatch negativity originally found in response to semantic incongruences of a linguistic nature and is used paradigmatically to investigate memory organization in various domains of information, including that of faces. In the present study, we analyzed different mismatch negativities evoked in N400-like paradigms related to recognition of newly learned faces with or without associated verbal information. ERPs were compared in the following conditions: (1) mismatching features (eyes-eyebrows) using a facial context corresponding to the faces learned without associated verbal information (“pure” intradomain facial processing); (2) mismatching features using a facial context corresponding to the faces learned with associated occupations and proper names (“nonpure” intradomain facial processing); (3) mismatching occupations using a facial context (cross-domain processing); and (4) mismatching names using an occupation context (intra-domain verbal processing). Results revealed that mismatching stimuli in the four conditions elicited a mismatch negativity analogous to N400 but with different timing and topo-graphical patterns. The onset of the mismatch negativity occurred earliest in Conditions 1 and 2, followed by Condition 4, and latest in Condition 3. The negativity had the shortest duration in Task 1 and the longest duration in Task 3. Bilateral parietal activity was confirmed in all conditions, in addition to a predominant right posterior temporal localization in Condition 1, a predominant right frontal localization in Condition 2, an occipital localization in Condition 3, and a more widely distributed (although with posterior predominance) localization in Condition 4. These results support the existence of multiple N400, and particularly of a nonlinguistic N400 related to purely visual information, which can be evoked by facial structure processing in the absence of verbal-semantic information.