bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acuity of selective mechanisms operating on ABO, Rh, and MN blood groups
Authors: Srikumari C. R. , Rajanikumari J. , Rao T. Venkateswara 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSelection in ABO, Rh, and MN blood groups was studied in 216 matings and their children in an endogamous population. Incompatibility status with respect to these three systems was considered simultaneously.There is no effect of incompatibility on number of pregnancies. Analysis of variance between groups confirms that prenatal loss is associated with incompatibility, and it is greater when the matings are incompatible for any two systems.There is no significant intergenerational change in ABO and Rh polymorphisms. Segregation analysis for the ABO system suggests that there is no significant difference in the proportion of A, B, and O children, based on the compatibility of the parents, while analysis for Rh‐D system showed a segregation distortion which is not related to the known antigenic specificities (mother‐child incompatibility).
Partial correlation of distance matrices in studies of population structure
Authors: Dow Malcolm M. , Cheverud James M. , Friedlaender Jonathan S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAnthropological studies of human population structure commonly compare various monogenic and polygenic (metric) distance matrices to distance matrices obtained from measures of geographical dispersion, linguistic differences, and migration patterns in an attempt to infer something about the effects of evolutionary factors (drift and differential selection, in particular). It is, though, commonly recognized that geography, language, and migration patterns may be intercorrelated due to the common effects of historical and social processes. Previous attempts to deal with the problems of assessing relative effects among such sets of intercorrelated factors using partial correlations have resulted in coefficients that are either not well defined or have no known sampling distribution or both. Here, we outline a general approach to partialling distance matrices that results in well‐defined coefficients and valid significance testing procedures. Application of the matrix partialling methods to a variety of distance matrices obtained for a sample of eight ethnolinguistic groups from the Harvard Solomon Islands Expedition (Friedlaender et al., 1986) reveals a close association between language dissimilarity and dermatoglyphics controlling for geography, thus reinforcing earlier suggestions that dermatoglyphics, properly used, reflect historical relationships of groups in this region better than do anthropometry, odontometrics, or small batteries of blood polymorphisms.
Mortuary practices at the Krapina Neandertal site
Authors: Russell Mary D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIt has often been reported that the Krapina Neandertal remains bear incised linear striations which appear to be cutmarks. Here, the plausibility of the striations as cutmarks is tested by comparing them to Mousterian butchery marks on large fauna and to cutmarks on modern human skeletons known to have been defleshed with stone tools. The anatomical location, gross appearance, and frequency of occurrence of the striations on the Krapina material do not resemble Mousterian butchery marks on reindeer. The Krapina striations do closely match authenticated cutmarks on 22 modern human skeletons defleshed with stone tools after partial decomposition, preparatory to secondary burial. Data are presented supporting the hypothesis that the striations on the Krapina Neandertal remains are consistent with postmortem processing of corpses with stone tools, probably in preparation for burial of cleaned bones.
Genetic structure of Utah Mormons: Isonymy analysis
Authors: Jorde L. B. , Morgan K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIsonymy analysis is reported for a sample of 188,895 marriages extracted from the Utah Genealogical Database. Inbreeding rates estimated by isonymy are low, ranging from 0.005 for the earliest marriage cohort (1800–1809) to 0.0008 in the most recent cohort (1950–1959). The inbreeding values decrease considerably through time, but they are consistently higher than inbreeding values estimated from pedigrees. Several explanations are offered for this, including polyphyletism of surnames and the presence of Scandinavian patronyms in this population. Random isonymy between subdi‐visions is also compared with random kinship estimated from migration matrices. In terms of within‐subdivision kinship, the two approaches yield similar results. However, the results are quite dissimilar for between‐subdivision kinship. This reflects the recent and nonrandom settlement of Utah by different ethnic groups with different surname distributions. In later time periods, the correlations between the two types of kinship estimates increase, showing that migration patterns (which are strongly determined by geographic distance) exert an increasing influence on the distribution of surnames. Logistic regression is performed on a subset of marriages (n = 88,2021, using isonymous vs. nonisonymous marriage as the dependent variable. The independent variables are year of marriage, geographic distance between husband's and wife's birth‐places, endogamous vs. exogamous marriage, and population sizes of husband's and wife's birthplaces. Year of marriage and geographic distance are shown to be significant independent predictors of isonymous marriage.
Developmental change in the position of the fetal human larynx
Authors: Magriples Urania , Laitman Jeffrey T. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe position of the mammalian larynx has been shown to be an important determinant in breathing, swallowing, and vocalizing patterns. While the growth of the adult human larynx has been studied extensively, detailed examination of fetal development has not been undertaken. Thus, crucial developmental change in the fetal period and the effects of this change on normal maturation are still unclear. This study has examined the development of the larynx and its topography during the fetal period. Thirty specimens were preserved in 10% buffered formaldehyde solution for a period of 6 weeks, after which mid‐sagittal sections were performed. Fetal ages were calculated from femur diaphyseal lengths and ranged from 15 to 29 weeks. Direct measurements were taken to determine the growth and position of the larynx and trachea relative to the vertebral column and soft palate. Results show that the upper and lower levels of the larynx correspond to the basiocciput and the lower border of the third to upper border of the fourth cervical vertebrae, respectively. The epiglottic cartilage was present at 15 weeks. By 21 weeks, the epiglottis was well developed and in close palatal apposition. At 23 to 25 weeks, the epiglottis and soft palate were found to be in full contact. The acquisition of this contact may be related to fetal respiratory viability.
Possible case of hyperparathyroidism in a roman period skeleton from the Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt, diagnosed using bone histomorphometry
Authors: Cook Megan , Molto El , Anderson Colin 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA histomorphometric study of thin femoral head sections of a skeletal sample from the Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt, dated from circa 36 B.C. to 400 A.D., identified an adult female (Dk31‐A1) in her mid‐50s with a high percentage resorption surface with tunneling resorption as is typically found in hyperparathyroidism. Five static histomorphometric bone parameters were measured with the following results for this individual: 1) mean wall thickness, 41.94 μm, 2) trabecular bone volume, 18.54%, 3) surface volume, 4,070 mm2/cm3, 4) mean trabecular diameter, 132 μm, and 5) total resorption surface, 12.31%. The overall histomorphometric features and differential diagnosis support the diagnosis of hyperparathyroidism. We conclude that histomorphometry of dried bone, particularly in this case where preservation is ideal, is a valuable investigative technique for palaeopathology.
Seed‐eating by West African cercopithecines, with reference to the possible evolution of bilophodont molars
Authors: Happel Ruth 
Published: August 2005

AbstractData on tooth use in eating fruits and seeds were collected on 12 West African monkeys representing five species of cercopithecines, Cercopithecus aethiops, Cercopithecus campbelli, Cercocebus atys, Erythrocebus patas, and Papio papio. Field observations and information in the published literature were used to select fruits for captive feeding trials. A total of over 27,000 tests were conducted to determine the preferences of the monkeys for 78 fruits. Data were collected on the selection of fruit parts, as well as tooth use, in eating 88 fruit species.All five monkey species had remarkably similar fruit part preferences. Seeds were eaten in 86% of the tested fruits and represent the fruit part most frequently eaten by all the tested monkeys. With few exceptions, molars were used to puncture and crush the seeds. It is suggested that the development of bilophodont molars might be an adaptation by Old World monkeys to seed predation. Given their large size relative to other arboreal frugivores, seed predation could provide a dietary niche for Old World monkeys.
Antigen and haplotype frequencies at three human leucocyte antigen loci (HLA‐A, ‐B, ‐C) in the Pawaia of Papua New Guinea
Authors: Bhatia Kuldeep , Prasad Madhuri Lata , Barnish Guy , Koki George 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe genetic profile of the Pawaia, a seminomadic, linguistic isolate from the highlands fringe of Papua New Guinea, is described in terms of antigen and haplotype frequencies at three class I human leucocyte antigen loci (HLA‐A, ‐B, and ‐C). The Pawaia, like other Papua New Guinea populations, exhibit restricted polymorphisms at all three loci studied, both in the number of alleles segregating and in the level of average heterozygosity. An extremely high frequency (52.9%) of HLA‐B27, the antigen implicated in the pathogenesis of seronegative arthropathies, was found. A novel HLA‐C locus specificity, CNG, resulting probably from a gene duplication event, was also observed in significant numbers. Although the gene frequency comparisons suggest their strong affinities with the highlanders, the Pawaia haplotypes reveal significant admixture from other neighbouring groups as well. The usefulness of HLA haplotypes in tracing the movements of human populations in the New Guinea area is discussed.
Metastasizing carcinoma in a medieval skeleton: Differential diagnosis and etiology
Authors: Grupe Gisela 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe paper describes the skeleton of an aged adult male from the Middle Ages who most probably suffered from a bronchogenetic carcinoma. The differential diagnosis is based on macroscopic and microscopic examination, X‐ray studies, and trace element analysis. Hypothesis for the etiology of the disease are discussed.
Evolutionary and morphological significance of the deflecting wrinkle in the lower molars of the hominoidea
Authors: Swindler Daris R. , Ward Steven 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe deflecting wrinkle is a well‐known character state of the lower m2 and M1 of the human dentition, but there is little information regarding its presence in great apes. The deflecting wrinkle is more frequent on M2‐3 in all extant pongid genera studied in this paper except Pan paniscus, in which M1 has the highest frequency (16.0%) and in which this wrinkle is absent on M3. In Gorilla, it is absent on M1, with only a low incidence on M2‐3. Its greatest frequency in Pongo is always on M2 (20.2%), which is the greatest expression of the trait in the great apes. We interpret the presence of the deflecting wrinkle as an incidental effect and suggest that it represents a plesiomorphic character state in the Hominoidea.
Inbreeding and genetic disease in Sottunga, Finland
Authors: O'Brien Elizabeth , Jorde Lynn B. , Rönnlöf Björn , Fellman Johan O. , Eriksson Aldur W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe contribution of inbreeding to the prevalence of recessive genetic diseases in the Åland Island parish of Sottunga is investigated. Genealogical data for 3,030 individuals spanning up to 15 generations were used to estimate inbreeding. This small island community shows a low average inbreeding value of .0031 for the period 1725–1975. A cohort analysis shows that inbreeding increased from 1750 to 1900, when maximum inbreeding for those born in Sottunga reached .0057. A sharp decline in inbreeding occurred thereafter. Individuals with island‐born parents made the largest contributions to inbreeding in all time periods compared to those with one or two migrant parents. These trends are consistent with changing migration patterns and isolate breakdown in Åland since 1900. An analysis of pedigree development demonstrates that remote consanguinity contributed more to inbreeding through time than close consanguinity. Both the number of common ancestors and the number of paths of relationship between spouses increased dramatically through time, the latter at a much faster rate. The contribution to average inbreeding per path, however, diminished rapidly through time. This analysis indicates that inbreeding does not account for the high incidence of autosomal recessive disorders, such as tapetoretinal disease, found in the parish.
Two possible cases of trephination from Australia
Authors: Webb Stephen G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCranial surgery has been performed for thousands of years among a wide range of cultures. Although the extent of its use has varied, ethnographically the operation has almost always been used as a form of medical treatment following cranial trauma or as a remedy for head pain. This paper describes two cases of cranial trauma on Australian Aboriginal remains from widely separated areas of the continent. The position and morphology of the trauma, as well as other associated features, suggest that these individuals underwent some form of surgical procedure. The features are similar to those found on accepted cases of trephination from elsewhere. If these individuals did undergo some sort of trephination, they are the first to be reported from Australia. Confirmation of the diagnosis would also increase our understanding of the geographical range of the technique in this part of Oceania, which was known previously only from parts of Melanesia.
Reflections on the face of Japan: A multivariate craniofacial and odontometric perspective
Authors: Brace C. L. , Brace M. L. , Leonard W. R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCraniofacial variables for modern and prehistoric Japanese were subjected to multivariate analysis to test the relationships of the people of Japan with mainland Asian and Oceanic samples. The modern Japanese are tied to Koreans, Chinese, Southeast Asians, and the Yayoi rice agriculturalists who entered Japan in 300B.C.Together they make up a Mainland‐Asia cluster of related populations. The prehistoric Jømon foragers, the original inhabitants of the Japanese archipelago, are the direct ancestors of the modern Ainu, who made a recognizable contribution to the warrior class—the Samurai—of feudal Japan. Together, they are associated with Polynesians and Micronesians in a Jømon‐Pacific cluster of related populations. Jømon‐to‐Ainu tooth size reduction proceeded at the same rate as that observable in the post‐Pleistocene elsewhere in the Old World.
Hardness as a basis of fruit choice in two sympatric primates
Authors: Kinzey Warren G. , Norconk Marilyn A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFruit color and size are significant determinants of food choice in mammals and birds, but hardness, an important physical property of fruit and seeds, has generally been overlooked as a determinant of food choice in studies of mammalian foraging behavior. Two methods were used to determine fruit hardness during a field study of two sympatric primates, the black spider monkey (Ateles paniscus) and the bearded saki monkey (Chiropotes satanas) in Surinam. We measured both puncture resistance of fruit pericarp and crushing resistance of seeds. Puncture resistance of the pericarp of some fruit opened by Chiropotes was as much as 15 times greater than that of all fruit successfully opened by Ateles. In contrast, crushing resistance of species of seeds masticated by Chiropotes was significantly lower than that of seeds swallowed by Ateles. These data demonstrate that hardness of both fruit pericarp and seed may play a significant role in food choice among sympatric vertebrates. Measurements of both puncture resistance of the pericarp and crushing resistance of the seed are necessary for understanding the significance of fruit hardness in these primates.
Phylogeny of human β‐globin haplotypes and its implications for recent human evolution
Authors: Long Jeffrey C. , Chakravarti Aravinda , Boehm Corinne D. , Antonarakis Stylianos , Kazazian Haig H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe evolutionary histories and relationships among African, Eurasian, and Pacific Island populations are investigated by using observation on five polymorphic restriction sites in the β‐globin gene cluster. We present new data on 222 chromosomes from a global sample and combine these with previously published observations on 591 chromosomes. It is shown that the data are rich in rare haplotypes and that rare variants are not helpful for standard methods of population structure analysis. Consequently, a new approach is developed. We first consider the phylogeny of β‐globin haplotypes. The roles of mutation, gene conversion, and recombination in the generation of haplotype diversity are specifically focused upon. The relationships among human populations are then inferred from the phylogenetic relationships among the haplotypes, their presence or absence, and frequencies within populations. Questions regarding whether or not a phyletic process can account for relationships among the major geographical populations and whether or not an extant human population exhibits the qualites that would be expected of an ancestral group are addressed. The results of this analysis support an African origin for modern Homo sapiens and a phyletic structuring of the major geographical regions. However, it is shown that divergence times for the various populations cannot be determined from these data.
Phylogenetic relationships among the Notharctinae of North America
Authors: Covert Herbert H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractStudy of over 1,000 specimens representing all notharctine genera and species leads to the conclusion that current concepts about the relationships of genera within the Notharctinae are incorrect. The following describes the more probable relationships among these genera. 1) Smilodectes and Notharctus are more closely related to each other than either is to any known early Eocene notharctine. Synapomorphies linking these genera include relatively narrow upper and lower molars, a relatively low‐crowned P4, and paraconid size reduction on M1–3. 2) Among known Wasatchian notharctines, a clade consisting of Copelemur tutus and Cop. praetutus shares several lower molar synapomorphies with the Notharctus–Smilodectes clade, and therefore appears to form the Wasatchian sister group of Bridgerian notharctines. Synapomorphies documenting this relationship include well‐developed entoconid notches on P4–M2, an anteriorly placed paraconid on M2, and a long premetacristid on M2. 3) Copelemur and Pelycodus are independently derived from early North American Cantius.Recent suggestions that the European adapine taxa Leptadapis priscus and Microadapis sciureus share special phylogenetic relationships with Smilodectes are rejected. The reduced (or lack of a) paraconid and morphology of the paracristid and other features identified as synapomorphies linking these adapines with Smilodectes are also characteristic of most other adapines as well (e.g., other species of Leptadapis, Adapis, Europolemur, and Anchomomys). Such traits developed independently in Smilodectes, which is clearly a notharctine on the basis of many synapomorphies and thus are not evidence of a close phylogenetic relationship between Smilodectes and L. priscus or M. sciureus.
Interproximal grooving and task activity in Australia
Authors: Brown Tasman , Molnar Stephen 
Published: August 2005

AbstractInterproximal grooving was recorded in 85 ninetheenth century aboriginal skulls from Swanport in South Australia. One or more grooved teeth were noted in 41% of individuals, but the frequency of grooving in males was twice that in females. Distal surface grooving was noted in 93 teeht in contrast to only five instances of mesial grooving. The lesions were similar in appearance to those reported in many other population—confined primarily to the premolar‐molar region, located at the cementoenamel junction, directed horizontally, and usually clean‐cut and free of caries. Stripping of animal sinews between the clenched posterior teeth has been recored on film as a common task activity in traditional aborginal society. In our opinion, task activity and not toothpicking was the likely cause of the observed interproximal grooving in the aboriginals.
Demography and social organization of free‐ranging Lemur catta in the Beza Mahafaly Reserve, Madagascar
Authors: Sussman Robert W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn 1987, a long‐term study of the demography of Lemur catta was begun in southern Madagascar. Eighty‐five ringtailed lemurs were captured, marked, and released. Adult age classes were estimated using patterns of dental attrition. Including young, 155 individuals from nine groups were identified and monitored over 18 months. The study population of the reserve remained stable, with a growth rate of 0.98. Group sizes ranged from nine to 22 individuals (mean 14). Home ranges were larger (32 ha) and population densities lower (135/km2) than those for previously studied populations, and there was a relationship between habitat quality (e.g., no. of large trees) and these factors. At the beginning of the study, there were more adult males than females, but the sex ratio reached 1.00 by the last census. Females first gave birth at 3 years of age, and 80% or more of the females gave birth in 2 consecutive years. Fifty‐two percent of the infants died in the first year and, given preliminary findings, only 40% of those born reach adulthood. Age‐specific fertility patterns were similar to those reported for anthropoid primates. Forty‐seven percent of the adult males migrated or were missing within a year. This included 78% of the 3–4 year olds and 38% of older age classes. No females were observed to migrate. One group split during the study. Demographic patterns are discussed and related to patterns in other populations of ringtailed lemurs as well as in anthropoids.