bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Child in hospital: family experiences and expectations of how nurses can promote family health
Authors: Hopia Hanna , Tomlinson Patricia S , Paavilainen Eija , Åstedt‐Kurki Päivi 
Published: January 2005

Aims and objectives.  This study set out to explore, from the family's point of view, ways in which nursing staff can promote family health during the child's hospital stay.Background.  Having a child in hospital is a major source of stress and anxiety for the whole family. Earlier studies have described parental coping strategies, ways to strengthen those strategies and to support parental participation in child care, but no one has studied the promotion of family health during the child's hospitalization from the family's point of view.Design.  Interviews were conducted in 2002 with 29 families who had a child with a chronic illness which were receiving or had received treatment on the paediatric wards of two Finnish hospitals.Methods.  Data analysis was based on the grounded theory method, proceeding to the stage of axial coding. Data collection and analysis phases proceeded simultaneously.Results.  Five domains were distinguished in the promotion of family health: (1) reinforcing parenthood, (2) looking after the child's welfare, (3) sharing the emotional burden, (4) supporting everyday coping and (5) creating a confidential care relationship.Conclusions.  The results strengthen the knowledge base of family nursing by showing how nursing staff can promote family health during the child's hospital stay.Relevance to clinical practice.  The results have a number of practical applications for nursing, both for clinical practice and research. The results can be used in paediatric hospital wards caring for chronically ill children and their families. The five domains of family health promotion described here should be tested in other paediatric wards and in other geographical locations.
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG): the role and perspective of nurses
Authors: Todd Vi , Rosendaal Guido Van , Duregon Kelly , Verhoef Marja 
Published: January 2005

Aims and objectives.  To study the perspectives of nurses on (i) the process of decision‐making regarding the placement of feeding gastrostomies, (ii) their role in the process, (iii) the impact this participation has on them personally and (iv) gastrostomy placement in general.Background.  The decision to commit patients to long‐term feeding using a gastrostomy tube can be very difficult, particularly when the anticipated benefits are uncertain. Strategies to improve such decision‐making are required. Nurses are in an excellent position to provide valuable insights regarding this decision‐making and their increased participation in this process might substantially improve it.Design.  A cross‐sectional, exploratory design using in‐depth semi‐structured interviews and a self‐administered questionnaire.Methods.  In‐depth semi‐structured interviews with 17 nurses experienced in percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy decision‐making were undertaken and analysed.Results.  Individuals making decisions regarding feeding gastrostomy placement were observed to be insufficiently informed regarding the device and the ramifications of its placement. Nurses were perceived to play an important, although underused, role in decisions to commit patients to long‐term feeding. Participation in the making of these decisions may be stressful to nurses, particularly when the only result anticipated is the sustaining of a life of poor quality. Sixteen nurses reported that they would not want to have a gastrostomy for themselves if they were unable to maintain some quality of life. Strategies that could improve decision‐making were suggested.Conclusions.  Decision‐making could be improved by providing better information to decision makers. A team‐orientated approach and more active dialogue with regard to care planning among health professionals, especially between doctors and nurses is needed. Effective decisions regarding feeding gastrostomy placement require adequate resources, especially sufficient time for caregivers to communicate effectively with those who must make these decisions.Relevance to clinical practice.  The role of nurses in decision‐making regarding commitments to long‐term feeding using gastrostomy tubes could be effectively augmented.
The taxonomic status, distribution and conservation of the lowland anoaBubalus depressicornisand mountain anoaBubalus quarlesi
Authors: BURTON J. A. , HEDGES S. , MUSTARI A. H. 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACT1. The anoas are two species of dwarf buffalo, the lowland anoaBubalus depressicornisand mountain anoaBubalus quarlesithat are endemic to the island of Sulawesi, Indonesia. The classification of the subgenusAnoawithinBubalusis upheld by assessment of recent genetic and morphological research. The classification of anoas into two species is still debated, but with the absence of significant opposing evidence, this position is adopted here.2. Information about the distribution of the two species is presented that adds to but largely supports existing reports. However, it is still uncertain whether the two putative species are sympatric or parapatric in their distribution. A review of anoa distribution from historical reports and recent field data (1990s to 2002) highlights their decline throughout Sulawesi, especially in the southern and north‐eastern peninsulas. The decline has been attributed to local hunting for meat and habitat loss. Most populations are rapidly becoming fragmented, suggesting that the conservation of viable populations may eventually require management of metapopulations.3. There is an urgent requirement for conservation efforts to: (i) protect anoas from hunting; (ii) prevent habitat loss in key sites; (iii) complete genetic studies to better determine the number of anoa taxa and Management Units and assess their distribution; and (iv) determine the status of the remaining anoa populations.
Fractal dimensions characterizing mammal teeth: a case study involving Elephantidae
Authors: STONE J. , TELFORD M. 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACT1. Dental features frequently have provided data for producing and deducing mammal taxonomies and phylogeny, yet quantitative or statistical analyses for describing intricacies that characterize tooth form are wanting.2. A method for determining fractal dimensionsDthat characterize enamel ridges constituting occlusal surfaces for teeth in some mammal species is presented;Dquantify complexity (i.e. convolution). The method is exemplified with an analysis that was conducted on teeth from the Family Elephantidae.
Effectiveness of an acoustic lure for surveying bats in British woodlands
Authors: HILL DAVID A. , GREENAWAY FRANK 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACT 1. A field experiment was used to test the effectiveness of a synthesized bat call as an acoustic lure to attract bats into mist nets in woodlands in southeast England. The stimulus was modelled on a social call of the rare Bechstein's bat Myotis bechsteinii. 2. In the Test condition, when the synthesized call was played, 23 bats of four species were captured, including six Bechstein's bats. In the Control condition, when no calls were played, only one bat was caught. 3. The bat call synthesizer is an effective tool for increasing capture rates for bats. Used as part of a systematic survey programme, it has the potential to provide the first baseline data on the distribution of bats in British woodlands.
Phylogeography and population genetics of the endangered Amazonian manatee, Trichechus inunguis Natterer, 1883 (Mammalia, Sirenia)
Authors: CANTANHEDE ANDRÉA MARTINS , DA SILVA VERA MARIA FERREIRA , FARIAS IZENI PIRES , HRBEK TOMAS , LAZZARINI STELLA MARIS , ALVES‐GOMES JOSÉ 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe used mitochondrial DNA control region sequences to examine phylogeography and population differentiation of the endangered Amazonian manatee Trichechus inunguis. We observe lack of molecular differentiation among localities and we find weak association between geographical and genetic distances. However, nested clade analysis supports restricted gene flow and/or dispersal with some long‐distance dispersal. Although this species has a history of extensive hunting, genetic diversity and effective population sizes are relatively high when compared to the West Indian manatee Trichechus manatus. Patterns of mtDNA haplotype diversity in T. inunguis suggest a genetic disequilibrium most likely explained by demographic expansion resulting from secession of hunting and enforcement of conservation and protective measures. Phylogenetic analysis of T. manatus and T. inunguis haplotypes suggests that T. inunguis is nested within T. manatus, effectively making T. manatus a paraphyletic entity. Paraphyly of T. manatus and recent divergence times of T. inunguis and the three main T. manatus lineages suggest a possible need for a taxonomic re‐evaluation of the western Atlantic Trichechus.
Evidence for shared ancestral polymorphism rather than recurrent gene flow at microsatellite loci differentiating two hybridizing oaks (Quercusspp.)
Authors: MUIR GRAHAM , SCHLÖTTERER CHRISTIAN 
Published: January 2005

AbstractQuercus petraeaandQuercus roburare two closely related oak species, considered to hybridize. Genetic markers, however, indicate that despite sharing most alleles, the two species remain separate genetic units. Analysis of 20 microsatellite loci in multiple populations from both species suggested a genome‐wide differentiation. Thus, the allele sharing between both species could be explained either by low rates of gene flow or shared ancestral variation. We performed further analyses of population differentiation in a biogeographical setting and an admixture analysis in mixed oak stands to distinguish between both hypotheses. Based on our results we propose that the low genetic differentiation among these species results from shared ancestry rather than high rates of gene flow.
Microsatellite genotyping errors: detection approaches, common sources and consequences for paternal exclusion
Authors: HOFFMAN J. I. , AMOS W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMicrosatellite genotyping errors will be present in all but the smallest data sets and have the potential to undermine the conclusions of most downstream analyses. Despite this, little rigorous effort has been made to quantify the size of the problem and to identify the commonest sources of error. Here, we use a large data set comprising almost 2000 Antarctic fur seals Arctocephalus gazella genotyped at nine hypervariable microsatellite loci to explore error detection methods, common sources of error and the consequences of errors on paternal exclusion. We found good concordance among a range of contrasting approaches to error‐rate estimation, our range being 0.0013 to 0.0074 per single locus PCR (polymerase chain reaction). The best approach probably involves blind repeat‐genotyping, but this is also the most labour‐intensive. We show that several other approaches are also effective at detecting errors, although the most convenient alternative, namely mother–offspring comparisons, yielded the lowest estimate of the error rate. In total, we found 75 errors, emphasizing their ubiquitous presence. The most common errors involved the misinterpretation of allele banding patterns (n = 60, 80%) and of these, over a third (n = 22, 36.7%) were due to confusion between homozygote and adjacent allele heterozygote genotypes. A specific test for whether a data set contains the expected number of adjacent allele heterozygotes could provide a useful tool with which workers can assess the likely size of the problem. Error rates are also positively correlated with both locus polymorphism and product size, again indicating aspects where extra effort at error reduction should be directed. Finally, we conducted simulations to explore the potential impact of genotyping errors on paternity exclusion. Error rates as low as 0.01 per allele resulted in a rate of false paternity exclusion exceeding 20%. Errors also led to reduced estimates of male reproductive skew and increases in the numbers of pups that matched more than one candidate male. Because even modest error rates can be strongly influential, we recommend that error rates should be routinely published and that researchers make an attempt to calculate how robust their analyses are to errors.
SHORT COMMUNICATION: Do farmers reduce genetic diversity when they domesticate tropical trees? A case study from Amazonia
Authors: HOLLINGSWORTH P. M. , DAWSON I. K. , GOODALL‐COPESTAKE W. P. , RICHARDSON J. E. , WEBER J. C. , SOTELO MONTES C. , PENNINGTON R. T. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAgroforestry ecosystems may be an important resource for conservation and sustainable use of tropical trees, but little is known of the genetic diversity they contain.Inga edulis, a widespread indigenous fruit tree in South America, is used as a model to assess the maintenance of genetic diversity in five planted vs. five natural stands in the Peruvian Amazon. Analysis of five SSR (simple sequence repeat) loci indicated lower allelic variation in planted stands [mean corrected allelic richness 31.3 (planted) and 39.3 (natural),P = 0.009]. Concerns regarding genetic erosion in planted Amazonian tree stands appear valid, although allelic variation on‐farm is still relatively high.
A population‐based study of the recurrence of developmental disabilities – Metropolitan Atlanta Developmental Disabilities Surveillance Program, 1991–94
Authors: Van Naarden Braun Kim , Autry Andrew , Boyle Coleen 
Published: January 2005

SummarySerious developmental disabilities (DD) are quite common and affect approximately 2% of all school‐aged children. The impact of DDs with respect to the need for special education services, medical care and the demand on family members can be enormous. While this impact can be magnified for families with more than one child with a DD, little is known regarding the epidemiology of recurrence of DDs. When the cause of a DD is unknown, genetic counsellors rely on recurrence risk estimates which for DDs are over 10 years old. The objectives of our study were to: (1) assess the contribution of recurrent cases to the prevalence of DDs; (2) provide current, population‐based recurrence risk estimates; and (3) examine characteristics of the first affected child as predictors of recurrence. Two population‐based data sources were used to identify all children born to the same mother during the period 1981–91 in the five‐county metropolitan Atlanta area with at least one of four DDs: mental retardation (MR), cerebral palsy, hearing loss, or vision impairment. Recurrence risk estimates for these DDs ranged from 3% to 7% and were many times higher than the background prevalences. The risk of recurrence of DDs was greatest for MR – approximately eight times greater than the baseline MR prevalence. Isolated mild MR (IQ 50–70) was highly concordant between siblings with MR. Sex, race, and birthweight of the index child, maternal education, and maternal age were not significantly associated with recurrence risk. Further research is needed to investigate the roles of genetic and environmental factors on the recurrence of DDs, particularly isolated mild MR.
Pregnancy outcomes in smokers who develop pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Beste Lauren A. , England Lucinda J. , Schisterman Enrique F. , Qian Cong , Yu Kai F. , Levine Richard J. 
Published: January 2005

SummaryMaternal smoking reduces the risk of pre‐eclampsia, but has been reported to increase the risk of adverse outcomes related to the disease. We used data from the trial of Calcium for Pre‐eclampsia Prevention (CPEP) to explore whether clinical manifestations of pre‐eclampsia were altered by maternal smoking. CPEP was a randomised study of 4589 nulliparous women conducted in five US medical centres. Smoking history was obtained at study enrolment and women were monitored for the development of hypertension, proteinuria, and other medical complications.Among pre‐eclamptic women (n = 274), the risk of severe disease was not elevated in smokers (adjusted odds ratio 0.87 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.30, 2.51]). Compared with non‐smokers, gestational age (days, ±SE) at onset of pre‐eclampsia was not reduced in smokers (264.8 ± 1.5, and 268.2 ± 5.5, respectively, P = 0.48). The smoking‐attributable deficit in birthweight was not increased in pre‐eclamptic women compared with normotensive women (97 g [95% CI −49, 244] and 185 g [95% CI 141, 229] respectively).In conclusion, among women who developed pre‐eclampsia, smoking during pregnancy was not associated with disease severity. We found no evidence that pre‐eclampsia and smoking act synergistically to restrict fetal growth.
Why are the low birthweight rates in Brazil higher in richer than in poorer municipalities? Exploring the epidemiological paradox of low birthweight
Authors: Silva Antonio A. M. , Bettiol Heloísa , Barbieri Marco A. , Pereira Márcio M. , Brito Luiz G. O. , Ribeiro Valdinar S. , Aragão Vânia M. F. 
Published: January 2005

SummarySocio‐economic disadvantage is usually associated with low birthweight (LBW). However, it has been shown that Mexican Americans, despite being economically less advantaged, present LBW rates that are similar to or lower than those found among white women in the US. This fact has been called ‘the epidemiological paradox of low birthweight’. Natality data from Brazil revealed the existence of a similar paradox: LBW rates are higher in more developed than in less developed regions within the country. In this study, data from two population‐based cohort studies carried out in the nineties, including 2439 births in São Luís, a poor city in north‐eastern Brazil, and 2839 births in Ribeirão Preto, a socio‐economically well‐off city in south‐eastern Brazil, were used to explore this paradox.The method proposed by Wilcox and Russell and a graphic analysis of the frequency distribution of birthweight according to gestational age were used to provide indirect information about possible gestational age misclassification. Contrary to expectations, the LBW rate was higher in Ribeirão Preto than in São Luís (10.7 vs. 7.6%, P < 0.001), while preterm birth (PTB) rate (12.7 vs. 12.1%, P = 0.520) and percentage of small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) infants (12.5 vs. 13.5%, P = 0.290) were similar for the two cities. However, SGA rate among preterm infants was higher in Ribeirão Preto (16.4 vs. 9.8%, P = 0.014). A bimodal distribution of birthweight was observed for children with less than 32 weeks in São Luís. As estimated by the Wilcox and Russell method, the residual distribution was greater in Ribeirão Preto than in São Luís (3.4 vs. 2.4%). Part of the LBW paradox observed for the two cities was due to the higher PTB rate and higher number of preterm SGA infants in Ribeirão Preto.Factors such as greater medical intervention in preterm newborns close to the end of pregnancy in more developed municipalities, artefacts in the determination of gestational age, and the under‐registration of livebirths and registration of livebirths as stillbirths in less developed municipalities may explain why LBW rates in Brazil are higher in richer than in poorer municipalities.
Factors influencing twins and zygosity
Authors: Hankins Gary V. D. , Saade George R. 
Published: January 2005

SummaryZygosity is influenced by many factors. Monozygotic twins occur spontaneously in approximately 1 in 250 births and are felt to increase twofold with ovulation induction techniques. Monozygotic twinning also increases in proportion to the number of blastocysts transferred during in vitro fertilisation. In contrast, dizygotic twinning appears to be influenced by race, genetic factors, maternal age, fertility enhancing drugs, folic acid supplementation, and maternal nutritional status.
Systemic analysis and zygosity determination of the RHD gene in a D‐negative Chinese Han population reveals a novel D‐negative RHD gene
Authors: Qun X. , Grootkerk‐Tax M. G. H. M. , Maaskant‐van Wijk P. A. , Van Der Schoot C. E. 
Published: January 2005

Background and Objectives  The aim of this study was to systemically analyse the genetic background of D negativity in a Chinese Han population.Materials and Methods  DNA of 74 D‐negative samples was analysed by using an RHD multiplex polymerase chain reaction (MPX PCR) for the presence of RHD and by PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR–RFLP) for RHD zygosity determination. Sixty‐five samples were additionally analysed by using real‐time quantitative PCR on RHD exon 7. RHD exon‐specific sequencing was performed on discrepant samples.Results  Forty‐six samples (62%) showed the absence of RHD‐specific exons by RHD MPX PCR and homozygous RHD negativity by PCR–RFLP. Twenty‐two samples (30%) showed a 1227G>A mutation, characteristic for the Del phenotype. Five (7%) samples showed all characteristics of the RHD(1–2)‐CE(3–9)‐D(10) hybrid gene. One sample (1·4%) showed a novel 933C>A nonsense mutation in RHD exon 6, which resulted in a premature stop codon.Conclusions  The RHD gene deletion, RHD‐CE‐D hybrid genes and one novel 93C>A mutation were found to be the three mechanisms that cause D negativity in our samples. The 1227G>A Del mutation was found to be the major cause of discrepant results between genotyping and phenotyping strategies, favouring genotyping of D‐negative samples.
Soil‐Borne Wheat Mosaic Virus (SBWMV) 37 kDa Protein Rescues Cell‐to‐Cell and Long‐Distance Movement of an Immobile Tobacco Mosaic Virus Mutant in Nicotiana benthamiana, a Non‐Host of SBWMV
Authors: Zhang C. , Machray G. C. , Cruz S. S. , Wilson T. M. A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTo verify the role and examine the functional range of the 37 kDa putative movement protein (MP) of soil‐borne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV), the 37 kDa gene was inserted into an infectious tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)‐based expression vector (p30B), to generate p30BMP. The 30 kDa cell‐to‐cell MP gene of TMV was then inactivated (in p30BMP to give p30BΔMP) by a frameshift mutation which removed 80 amino acids from its C‐terminus. Systemic infection of Nicotiana benthamiana plants occurred following inoculation with in vitro transcripts of p30BMP or p30BΔMP. Progeny viral RNAs from inoculated and systemically infected leaves were analysed by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and ApaI digestion, and by sequencing. The 30 kDa TMV MP or its truncated form were detected, respectively, in Western blots of cell wall protein extracts from p30BMP‐transcript or p30BΔMP‐transcript inoculated or systemically infected N. benthamiana leaves. High levels of SBWMV 37 kDa MP were detected in all cases. The results suggest that the 37 kDa protein of SBWMV, a monocotyledonous‐infecting furovirus, can complement both cell‐to‐cell and long‐distance movement functions in a defective heterologous virus (TMV) in N. benthamiana, a non‐host of SBWMV.