bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immediate and delayed incorporations of events into dreams: further replication and implications for dream function
Authors: Nielsen Tore A. , Kuiken Don , Alain Geneviève , Stenstrom Philippe , Powell Russell A. 
Published: November 2004

SummaryThe incorporation of memories into dreams is characterized by two types of temporal effects: the day‐residue effect, involving immediate incorporations of events from the preceding day, and the dream‐lag effect, involving incorporations delayed by about a week. This study was designed to replicate these two effects while controlling several prior methodological problems and to provide preliminary information about potential functions of delayed event incorporations. Introductory Psychology students were asked to recall dreams at home for 1 week. Subsequently, they were instructed to select a single dream and to retrieve past events related to it that arose from one of seven randomly determined days prior to the dream (days 1–7). They then rated both their confidence in recall of events and the extent of correspondence between events and dreams. Judges evaluated qualities of the reported events using scales derived from theories about the function of delayed incorporations. Average ratings of correspondences between dreams and events were high for predream days 1 and 2, low for days 3 and 4 and high again for days 5–7, but only for participants who rated their confidence in recall of events as high and only for females. Delayed incorporations were more likely than immediate incorporations to refer to events characterized by interpersonal interactions, spatial locations, resolved problems and positive emotions. The findings are consistent with the possibility that processes with circaseptan (about 7 days) morphology underlie dream incorporation and that these processes subserve the functions of socio‐emotional adaptation and memory consolidation.
The effects of sleep debt and monotonous work on sleepiness and performance during a 12‐h dayshift
Authors: Sallinen Mikael , Härmä Mikko , Akila Ritva , Holm Anu , Luukkonen Ritva , Mikola Hannu , Müller Kiti , Virkkala Jussi 
Published: November 2004

SummaryThe study examined the effects of the amount of preceding sleep and work pace on sleepiness and cognitive performance during a 12‐h dayshift. Twelve process operators (aged 28–56 years) completed a study with four single 12‐h dayshifts and preceding night sleep in the laboratory. A simulated distillation process served as a work task. The 12‐h shifts differed from each other in terms of the amount of preceding night sleep (23:00–06:30 hours or 2:30–6:30 hours) and work pace (slow or fast). All shifts contained four work simulation sessions of 1.5 h, and each of them included a 15‐min alarm session. Cognitive performance was also measured with a 10‐choice reaction time test and a mental subtraction test. Objective sleepiness was measured with a continuous electroencephalography/electro‐oculography (EEG/EOG) recording during the work periods and with a sleep latency test. Subjective sleepiness at work was measured with the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale. Sleep debt increased the proportion of EEG/EOG‐defined and subjective sleepiness at work, but did not impair work or test performance. The fatiguing effect of monotonous work as indicated by EEG/EOG‐defined sleepiness was comparable with the effect of sleep debt. The alarm epochs in the middle of monotonous work temporarily decreased EEG/EOG‐defined sleepiness. Sleep debt or monotonous work did not have a significant effect on the results of the sleep latency test. None of the sleepiness or performance measures indicated the impairment of a subject's functional capacity at the end of the 12‐h shift. Our results suggest that monotonous work is at least as harmful as moderate sleep debt for alertness at work. The results support the view that the last hours of a single 12‐h dayshift with frequent pauses are not associated with an increase in sleepiness or performance errors.
Daytime variation in performance and tiredness/sleepiness ratings in patients with insomnia, narcolepsy, sleep apnea and normal controls
Authors: Schneider C. , Fulda S. , Schulz H. 
Published: November 2004

SummaryDaytime tiredness or sleepiness and deficits in cognitive performance are common complaints in sleep disordered patients. Till now there are few studies comparing patients from different diagnostic groups of sleep disorders in the same experimental protocol. We studied the time course of cognitive functions and subjective alertness in a parallel group design with four groups of patients [narcolepsy, untreated or treated obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), or psychophysiological insomnia] and a control group of subjects without sleep complaints. Each group consisted of 10 subjects, matched for age and gender. After a night with polysomnography, subjects were studied for 10 h from 08:00 hours to 18:00 hours at 20 min intervals under standardized environmental conditions. Four psychological tests were applied, (1) a critical flicker fusion (CFF) test to measure optical fusion threshold (alertness); (2) a paper‐and‐pencil visual line tracking test (selective attention); (3) a visual analog scale (VAS) for tiredness/sleepiness; and (4) the Tiredness Symptoms Scale (TSS), a 14 items check list. Each test session lasted for 8 min, followed by a 12 min pause. The level and time course of cognitive performance and self‐rating data were analysed with hierarchical linear mixed effects models. Cognitive tests showed decrements in alertness and selective attention in untreated patients with insomnia, narcolepsy, and sleep apnea. Narcoleptic patients and untreated OSA had a lower CFF threshold than controls, and for narcoleptic patients the time course differed from that of all other groups. In the visual tracking test the performance of all groups of patients was worse compared with normal controls. Self‐rated tiredness/sleepiness was significantly more pronounced in the three groups of untreated patients than in control subjects.
Inter‐ and intra‐individual variability in performance near the circadian nadir during sleep deprivation
Authors: Frey Danielle J. , Badia Pietro , Wright Kenneth P. 
Published: November 2004

SummaryThe study purpose was to assess inter‐ and intra‐individual variability in neurobehavioral function near the circadian nadir during sleep deprivation and conduct exploratory factor analyses to assess relationships among alertness and performance measures during sleep deprivation. Twenty‐five healthy individuals (16 females) aged 18–25 years participated. Participants were sleep deprived for two nights under controlled laboratory conditions using a modified constant routine procedure. A comprehensive battery of neurobehavioral performance tests, subjective sleepiness (SSS), and objective alertness (MWT) were assessed. Seventeen of the 22 neurobehavioral measures were impaired by sleep deprivation (all P < 0.01). The use of multiple neurobehavioral performance measures revealed impairments for all individuals during sleep deprivation. However, sleep deprivation effects were task dependent within and between individuals. Gender contributed minimally to inter‐individual variability in performance. Exploratory factor analysis reduced the 22 measures to seven independent factors. Our findings indicate that no individual was especially vulnerable or resistant to the performance impairing effects of sleep deprivation. Instead, inter‐ and intra‐individual variability in performance during sleep deprivation was task dependent. The finding that subjective sleepiness and objective alertness were not related to any performance measure during sleep deprivation suggests that these measures may assess independent brain functions.
Effect of cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia on sleep architecture and sleep EEG power spectra in psychophysiological insomnia
Authors: Cervena Katerina , Dauvilliers Yves , Espa Fabrice , Touchon Jacques , Matousek Milos , Billiard Michel , Besset Alain 
Published: November 2004

SummaryThere is now an overwhelming preponderance of evidence that cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia (CBT‐I) is effective, as effective as sedative hypnotics during acute treatment (4–8 weeks), and is more effective in long term (following treatment). Although the efficacy of CBT‐I in the treatment of chronic insomnia is well known, however there is little objective data on the effects of CBT‐I on sleep architecture and sleep EEG power densities. The present study evaluated, first, subjective change in sleep quality and quantity, and secondly the modifications occurring in polysomnography and EEG power densities during sleep after 8 weeks of CBT‐I. Nine free drug patients with psychophysiological insomnia, aged 33–62 years (mean age 47 ± 9.7 years), seven female and two male participated in the study. Self‐report questionnaires were administered 1 week before and 1 week after CBT‐I, a sleep diary was completed each day 1 week before CBT‐I, during CBT‐I and 1 week after CBT‐I. Subjects underwent two consecutive polysomnographic nights before and after CBT‐I. Spectral analysis was performed the second night following 16 h of controlled wakefulness. After CBT‐I, only scales assessing insomnia were significantly decreased, stages 2, REM sleep and SWS durations were significantly increased. Slow wave activity (SWA) was increased and the SWA decay shortened, beta and sigma activity were reduced. In conclusion CBT‐I improves both subjective and objective sleep quality of sleep. CBT‐I may enhance sleep pressure and improve homeostatic sleep regulation.
Insights into the cellular mechanisms of desiccation tolerance among angiosperm resurrection plant species
Authors: VICRÉ M. , FARRANT J. M. , DRIOUICH A. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTWater is a major limiting factor in growth and reproduction in plants. The ability of tissues to survive desiccation is commonly found in seeds or pollen but rarely present in vegetative tissues. Resurrection plants are remarkable as they can tolerate almost complete water loss from their vegetative tissues such as leaves and roots. Metabolism is shut down as they dehydrate and the plants become apparently lifeless. Upon rehydration these plants recover full metabolic competence and ‘resurrect’. In order to cope with desiccation, resurrection plants have to overcome a number of stresses as water is lost from the cells, among them oxidative stress, destabilization or loss of membrane integrity and mechanical stress. This review will mainly focus on the effect of dehydration in angiosperm resurrection plants and some of the strategies developed by these plants to tolerate desiccation. Resurrection plants are important experimental models and understanding the physiological and molecular aspects of their desiccation tolerance is of great interest for developing drought‐tolerant crop species adapted to semi‐arid areas.
Physiological and anatomical changes during the early ontogeny of the heteroblastic bromeliad, Vriesea sanguinolenta, do not concur with the morphological change from atmospheric to tank form
Authors: ZOTZ G. , ENSLIN A. , HARTUNG W. , ZIEGLER H. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTTwo distinct morphological forms characterize the ontogeny of many epiphytic bromeliads. Smaller plants exhibit an atmospheric habit, while larger plants form water‐impounding tanks. The study of the functional significance of heteroblasty in epiphytes is severely hampered by considerable size‐related variation in morphological, anatomical and physiological parameters. To overcome this problem, plants of varying size of both atmospheric and tank form were included in the present study with Vriesea sanguinolenta. The results show that virtually all morphological, anatomical and physiological characteristics vary during ontogeny, but changes were rarely directly related to the step change in gross morphology. Changes were either: (1) gradual from smallest atmospheric to small tank (e.g. leaf divergence angles, reduction in photosystem II efficiency during drought, speed of recovery after drought); (2) there was no change between atmospheric and small tank, but a gradual or step change within the tank form (stomatal density, relationship of leaf N and specific leaf area); or (3) developmental patterns were more complicated with decreases and increases during ontogeny (photosynthetic capacity, carbon isotope ratios, abscisic acid levels during drought). Although the comparisons between ontogenetic phases were always confounded by size differences, a hypothetical small tank plant is expected to suffer higher water loss than a real atmospheric, whereas a hypothetical, large atmospheric plant would show reduced access to resources, such as nutrients, in comparison with the real tank. The present results are consistent with the notion of heteroblasty as an adaptation of early ontogenetic stages to drought, but highlight that size‐related variation greatly modifies any difference directly associated with the step change from atmospheric to tank.
Microarray analysis of salicylic acid‐ and jasmonic acid‐signalling in responses of Nicotiana attenuata to attack by insects from multiple feeding guilds
Authors: HEIDEL A. J. , BALDWIN I. T. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTResistance to herbivore attack is elicited by damage‐ and herbivore‐specific signals. To understand the role of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signalling in the herbivore‐induced transcriptional responses of the native tobacco Nicotiana attenuata, a comparison was made of the responses in undamaged systemic leaves after attack by five herbivore species (Manduca sexta, Spodoptera littoralis, Trichoplusia ni, Tupiocoris notatus and Myzus nicotianae) from three feeding guilds and to elicitation by SA, BTH and methyl‐JA with a 789‐gene oligo‐microarray and measured endogenous SA and JA levels. Systemic responses to M. sexta attack were similar to the responses in locally attacked tissues; however, the up‐regulation of genes (such as proteinase inhibitor, PI) was more attenuated and resembled the responses to attack from the other Lepidopteran, S. littoralis, and to methyl‐JA elicitation. Responses to attack from the puncture‐feeding T. notatus repressed some JA‐elicited genes (PI) elicited by the leaf‐chewing Lepidopterans and most closely resembled SA elicitation. Attack from the phloem‐feeding M. nicotianae aphids elicited few responses. Treatment with the SA‐mimic BTH induced both SA‐ and JA‐elicited genes and most closely resembled the aphid response. SA concentrations were uniformly increased by herbivore attack and correlated with the down‐regulation of photosynthetic genes in all treatments.
Split‐plot microarray design allows sensitive detection of expression differences after ultraviolet radiation in the inbred parental lines of a key maize mapping population
Authors: BLUM J. E. , CASATI P. , WALBOT V. , STAPLETON A. E. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTGene expression levels were quantified after ultraviolet radiation treatment in the parental inbred lines of the maize mapping (IBM) population. This allows us to take advantage of natural variation between maize lines to analyse variation in gene expression. Using a statistically sound split‐plot experiment cDNAs were identified with differently regulated expression in B73 and Mo17 after UV treatment. Fewer genes were down‐regulated in B73; this global strain difference in the number of genes up‐ and down‐regulated does not appear to reflect general hybridization differences. Contrary to our expectation, there was a higher proportion of highly expressed genes (based on EST recovery) that were differently expressed by UV between lines. Genes affected by UV (but not significantly different between B73 and Mo17) include gene types proposed to function in UV acclimation and adaptation based on experiments in other species or other experiments in maize. Several new functional classes were identified as UV‐regulated, including genes encoding proteins that modulate chromatin structure.
Identification of genes regulated by dark adaptation and far‐red light illumination in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana*
Authors: SATO‐NARA K. , NAGASAKA A. , YAMASHITA H. , ISHIDA J. , ENJU A. , SEKI M. , SHINOZAKI K. , SUZUKI H. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTRoots in the soil are illuminated by far‐red (FR) light passed through plant tissues in the daytime, and are in complete darkness at night. To evaluate whether gene expression of roots is affected by a dark‐FR light cycle, gene expression profiles were analysed for dark‐adapted versus light‐grown plants and for FR light‐illuminated versus dark‐adapted plants using the RIKEN Arabidopsis full‐length cDNA microarray (containing approximately 7000 independent, full‐length cDNA groups). Among candidate dark‐ and FR‐regulated genes, several were further analysed. Eleven dark‐inducible and five dark‐repressed genes were characterized. Almost all the dark‐inducible and –repressed genes were oppositely regulated by FR light illumination. The functions of dark‐ and FR‐responsive genes and the significance of FR light‐regulated gene expression in roots under ground are discussed.
Impact of soluble sugar concentrations on the acquisition of freezing tolerance in accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana with contrasting cold adaptation – evidence for a role of raffinose in cold acclimation
Authors: KLOTKE J. , KOPKA J. , GATZKE N. , HEYER A. G. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTIn the present study the cold acclimation potential of two accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana was investigated. Significant variation was found for basic tolerance as well as the capacity to acclimate to freezing temperatures. During cold acclimation, levels of soluble sugars increased in both genotypes, but raffinose accumulation discriminated the more tolerant accession Col‐0 from C24. Concentrations of other compatible solutes such as proline and glutamine were also higher in cold‐acclimated Col‐0 than C24 plants. Changes of invertase activity during cold exposure corresponded to changes in sucrose and fructose, but not glucose concentrations and were consistent with an initial chilling response and a later decline in hexose metabolization. When vacuolar invertase was suppressed by siRNA expression, reduced sucrolytic activity resulted in elevated leaf sucrose concentration, whereas the fructose content was strongly reduced. This led to elevated freezing tolerance in the cold‐tolerant genotype Col‐0, but not in C24. The most pronounced metabolic changes in invertase‐inhibited Col‐0 plants occurred for proline and glutamine concentrations, indicating indirect metabolic effects of altered sugar concentrations.
The inhibitory effects of UV‐B radiation (280–315 nm) on Gunnera magellanica growth correlate with increased DNA damage but not with oxidative damage to lipids
Authors: GIORDANO C. V. , GALATRO A. , PUNTARULO S. , BALLARÉ C. L. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTDamage to DNA and disruption of membrane integrity by lipid peroxidation processes are two of the proposed causes of UV‐B‐induced growth inhibition in plants. However, the relative significance of these different types of molecular damage has not been established in experiments carried out under realistic physiological conditions. Plants of Gunnera magellanica (a native herb from southern Patagonia) were exposed to a gradient of biologically effective UV‐B doses (from 0 to 6.5 kJ m−2 d−1 of UV‐Bbe) in a greenhouse study. Leaf expansion was measured and sensitive techniques were used to detect damage to DNA (in the form of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers; CPDs) and lipid peroxidation (via electronic‐paramagnetic resonance; EPR). Leaf expansion decreased and the CPD density increased with increasing UV‐B doses, but the degree of lipid peroxidation remained unaffected. The highest UV‐B dose induced a transient oxidative stress situation (as evaluated using the ratio of ascorbyl radical to ascorbate, A·/AH–), which was rapidly controlled by an increase in the ascorbate pool. The present results suggest that under a range of UV‐Bbe doses that overlaps the range of doses that G. magellanica plants experience in their natural environment, growth inhibition is better explained by DNA damage than by increased lipid peroxidation.
Dual targeting of Myxococcus xanthus protoporphyrinogen oxidase into chloroplasts and mitochondria and high level oxyfluorfen resistance
Authors: JUNG S. , LEE Y. , YANG K. , LEE S. B. , JANG S. M. , HA S. B. , BACK K. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTMuch attention has been paid to the signal sequences of eukaryotic protoporphyrinogen oxidases (protoxes); both the organelles targeted by protoxes and the role of protoxes in conferring resistance against protox‐inhibiting herbicides, such as oxyfluorfen, have been examined. However, there have been no reports on the translocation of prokaryotic protoxes. This study investigated the targeting ability of Myxococcus xanthus protox in vitro and in vivo. In an in vitro translocation assay using a dual import system, M. xanthus protein was detected in chloroplasts and mitochondria, suggesting that the M. xanthus protox protein was targeted into both organelles. In order to confirm the in vitro dual targeting ability of M. xanthus, we used a stable transgenic strategy to investigate dual targeting in vivo. In transgenic rice plants overexpressing M. xanthus protox, M. xanthus protox antibody cross‐reacted with proteins with predicted molecular masses of 50 kDa from both chloroplasts and mitochondria, and this in vivo transgene expression corresponded to a prominent increase in chloroplastic and mitochondrial protox activity. Seeds from the transgenic lines M4 and M7 germinated in solid Murashige and Skoog media of up to 500 µm of oxyfluorfen, whereas wild‐type seeds did not germinate in 1 µm. After 4‐week‐old‐rice plants were treated with oxyfluorfen for 3 d, lines M4 and M7 exhibited normal growth, whereas the wild‐type line was severely bleached and necrotized. The herbicidal resistance is attributed to the insignificant accumulation of photodynamic protoporphyrin IX in cytosol because the high chloroplastic and mitochondrial protox activity in oxyfluorfen‐treated transgenic lines, compared with that in oxyfluorfen‐treated and untreated wild‐type plants, metabolizes protoporphyrinogen IX to chlorophyll and heme. A practical application of the dual targeting of M. xanthus protox for obtaining outstanding resistance to peroxidizing herbicides is discussed.
Evaporation of a model skin lotion with beta‐hydroxy acids
Authors: Al Bawab A. , Friberg S. E. , Fusco C. 
Published: November 2004

SynopsisTwo β‐hydroxy acids, malic and salicylic acids were combined with a non‐ionic surfactant, a commercial pentaoxyethylene sorbitan mono‐oleate and water to form a simple model of a skin lotion and the phase diagrams were determined. One emulsion formulation with relative amounts of the three components similar to those in commercial lotions was used to observe microscopically the changes in the emulsion structure during evaporation. The microscope images were subsequently compared to the information from the phase diagram under equilibrium conditions. The results showed the behavior of the systems of the two acids to be distinctly different; as exemplified by that of a typical formulation with 3% by weight of acid and 5% of surfactant. The malic acid system consisted of vesicles, exclusively formed by the surfactant and water, in an aqueous molecular solution of the acid and the initial evaporation resulted in an increase of the acid concentration in the aqueous solution to reach 35.5%, before solid crystals of the acid solid solution appeared. The salicylic acid formulation, on the other hand, already at the beginning of the determination consisted of water, particles of the acid solid solution and surfactant vesicles. In both cases the remaining deposit after total evaporation was particles of a solid acid solution and liquid surfactant.