bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Concerning Preludes to Dances, Such as Toccatas
Authors: Praetorius Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Atoccata is a preamble or prelude played by an organist when he first sits down at the organ or harpsichord [Clavicymbalum], before he begins the motet or fugue [Fugen]. It is extemporized with simple, individual chords and figurations, etc. But each [player] has his own manner of executing it, and treating it here at any length is unnecessary; I also consider it too paltry a matter to prescribe this or that way of doing it.
I have collected many splendid toccatas by the foremost Italian and Netherlandish organists — and in my own modest way even added some myself, with the intention of publishing them. But for certain reasons I have as yet not set about doing it.
Notation of Tripla and Sesquialtera How the Singing of Tripla and Sesquialtera Proportions May Be Better and More Conveniently Shown
Authors: Praetorius Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
consider it worth the effort to color the breve in tripla and the semibreve in sesquialtera proportion whenever they are sung in hemiola rhythm, so that the beat in both tripla and sesquialtera might be more conveniently observed and comprehended. Furthermore, it must be pointed out that many [composers] up to now have observed perfection also in sesquialtera, so that when a semibreve is perfected by a following semibreve, they would not have placed a dot; where need might require it, they would have removed perfection by means of coloration. In fact the majority of recent [theorists], to whom Seth Calvisius also granted his own approval, do not observe this practice, but always add a dot to a semibreve, although it is perfect in sesquialtera, and a dot to the breve in tripla.
How the Various Choirs are Distinguished by Numbers
Authors: Praetorius Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It would be remiss of me not to mention here that there are various methods and opinions on how to differentiate among the choirs. . Some start counting from below and call the lowest choir primus chorus and the next one secundus, etc. If the concerto is arranged for two choirs the higher one is secundus, but if there are three, then ter tius, four, quartus, and so forth. The reason for this is that the lowest choir, as the very foundation, has to be present first, and because of this should take preference. For unless someone has faithfully laid the foundation, whatever he builds will fall down.
Two Separate Yet Most Intimate Things
Authors: Berry Stephen W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his first published poem, Tamerlane, Edgar Allan Poe adopted the persona of a defeated and world-weary warrior lamenting life from his deathbed. A shepherd in his youth, Tamerlane lived high above the world on a mighty mountaintop, sleeping soundly under a vast and open sky. There he wanted for nothing. He lived a life of simple pleasures and cares with a woman of unsurpassed beauty and goodness providing him all the companionship he could ever need.
“Of Moral Qualities That Would Render Them an Ornament to Their Sex”
Authors: Williams Carol J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Euro-American women arrived in the Northwest later and in smaller numbers than men, and perhaps for this reason their contributions to settlement have been seriously underestimated. Colonial modernization, conventional history suggests, was fueled by a male elite leadership striving for economic success, with their pursuits occasionally vexed by the more than 20,000 volatile working-class bachelors drawn to the region by the promise of gold. This narrative was firmly embedded in the emigrant guides, which reveal much about masculine needs and expectations but little of settler women or their responses to the indigenous women they encountered daily on the frontier 1. Unconventional sources provide an alternative to this masculinist narrative. Diaries, letters, published memoirs, and oral histories convey not only the heightened sense of elite settler women’s social and cultural importance as mothers in service to the nation but also the perception of threats, real or imagined, from women of other classes and races.
Indigenous Uses of Photography
Authors: Williams Carol J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite assertions that Native Americans were irrevocably tied to a deep premodern state, evidence shows that they did participate in modernization. In their rapid transformation from hunter-gatherers to maritime traders and, later, to industrial and entrepreneurial laborers in the settlers’ resource-based economy, Native Americans progressively adapted to modernity in two characteristic ways: they embraced introduced technologies and they began to strategically acquire manufactured goods. As early as 1862, northwest coastal peoples demonstrated curiosity in the technology of the camera, collecting photographs for private contemplation. Moreover, as coastal people adapted to the Euro-American settlement, their use of photography expanded. By 1890, Native individuals and families began to frequent commercial portrait studios in unprecedented numbers, and individual portraits were increasingly integrated into the ceremonial commemoration of ancestors.
The Hidden Alternative
Authors: Menikoff Jerry , Richards Edward P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we showed in chapter 9, informed consent is at its heart about choice: letting persons who are being asked to enroll in a study decide whether or not they really want to be in that study. Depending on the type of study, that decision may or may not have important consequences for a person’s health. There is one very common type of clinical trial that most starkly ups the ante in terms of health consequences: a study in which subjects will be randomized 50:50 between some “new” treatment and standard care (which may not be very eﬀective). People often do not realize that the new treatment in many such situations could be obtained directly from a doctor. In such circumstances, the patient has a choice among three options: (1) standard care (perhaps largely ineffective), (2) being in the study (which gives them a 50% chance of getting the new treatment), or (3) directly getting the new treatment outside of the study.
Can Children Be Enrolled in Studies That Are Bad for Them?
Authors: Menikoff Jerry , Richards Edward P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 13, we attempted to show that the current regulations are somewhat hypocritical in suggesting that almost all of the studies being conducted today are either “good” for the children who participate or else impose at most very minor risks. The real world doesn’t work that way: the fact that important studies may be bad choices for the subjects is as true for children as for adults. Yet failing to conduct an adequate amount of research will, in the end, hurt children overall as a group. Thus, as a policy matter, the right choice involves conducting an appropriate amount of research, even if it involves exposing some children to significant risks with no offsetting benefits. But what about the well-being of the children in such studies? Can we conduct such research and yet still be true to our underlying legal concepts?
Compensating Researchers: Dealing with Conflicts of Interest
Authors: Menikoff Jerry , Richards Edward P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 16, we examined the issues raised by paying research subjects to participate in studies. While paying subjects very large amounts of money is controversial and still relatively uncommon, allowing researchers to earn substantial amounts of money from their research activities—as we saw in the discussion of what happened to John Moore—is quite common and is even encouraged by government policies. Only in the past few years, however, have a growing crescendo of voices raised questions about the conflicts of interest that such financial interests are creating.
Theory and Practice Of Psychiatry
Authors: Cohen Bruce J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Based on years of teaching psychiatry to medical students and residents, this single-authored textbook offers a conversational yet detailed guide to modern psychiatric theory and practice. Exploring various approaches to psychiatric disorders, including neurobiology, dimensional personality assessment, behavioural science, and psychodynamic and cognitive theories, it lucidly illustrates each approach’s strengths and weaknesses and suggests how clinicians can interweave them in working with patients. Using clinical vignettes and recent research findings to illustrate the connections between phenomenology, pathophysiology, and treatment, it covers all of the major psychiatric disorders and includes tables listing their DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria. The book offers balanced coverage of subjects that receive scant attention in other introductory textbooks, including the limitations of the DSM-IV categorical approach to psychiatric diagnosis, controversies surrounding the dissociative disorders and ‘recovered memories,’ and the prescription of stimulant medications to children with suspected attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Later chapters provide practical guidelines for estimating a patient’s risk of suicide and violence and for assessing competence to consent to medical or psychiatric treatment. In eschewing a dry recitation of clinical syndromes for an engaging discussion aimed at teaching the reader how to ‘think psychiatrically,’ the book will appeal to medical students, psychiatric residents, mental health clinicians, and primary care physicians.
Aldo Leopold: Blending Conversations about Public and Private Lands
Authors: Knight Richard L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the shelves of published American works, there resides a slim volume of essays written by an Iowan who became a forester, then a wildlife manager, and later a teacher, and who died a visionary. These essays, written during the early morning hours in his office on the Madison campus of the University of Wisconsin, were drawn from his experiences at a shack on a sand county farm along the banks of the Wisconsin River.
From the Balance of Nature to the Flux of Nature: The Land Ethic in a Time of Change
Authors: Callicott J Baird 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the fall of 1905, Aldo Leopold was a college freshman in the Sheffield Scientific School at Yale University. That same year, Research Methods in Ecology, by Frederic Clements, was published. It was the first textbook in what was then a brand new scientific discipline. Doubtless, it was required reading for Leopold’s training at the Yale Forest School, which he completed in 1909. Clements (1905) believed that a “plant association” or community was a “superorganism.”
Aldo Leopold: Conservationist and Hunter
Authors: Mech L David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This little-quoted entry from Aldo Leopold’s Round River journals (Leopold 195 3, 24-25) may shock the average new-millennium conservationist. By today’s standards, the passage is not exactly environmentally correct, and not just because Leopold referred to the majestic peregrine falcon as a “duckhawk:’ Of course, all but the extreme purist will overlook the acts described here and committed in 1922 that today would be considered major transgressions.
Beyond the Perception-Behavior Link: The Ubiquitous Utility and Motivational Moderators of Nonconscious Mimicry
Authors: Chartrand Tanya L , Maddux William W , Lakin Jessica L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We live in a social world, which necessitates interacting with a wide variety of people on a regular basis. Our contact with loved ones, friends, colleagues, neighbors, and strangers often influences what we say, feel, think, and do. This is neither surprising nor controversial; one can easily visualize ways in which we emotionally, cognitively, and behaviorally respond to the presence of others in social environments. While many of these influences are obvious, less obvious is the notion that the mere act of perceiving another person can have direct, unmediated effects on our behavior. Perception and behavior are inextricably intertwined such that people automatically behave as they perceive. This “perception-behavior link” refers to the unintentional, nonconscious effects of social perception on social behavior.
Motivational Sources of Unintended Thought: Irrational Intrusions or Side Effects of Rational Strategies?
Authors: Higgins E Tory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For over a century, psychologists have been fascinated with unconscious mechanisms that influence people’s thought processes. In the early twentieth century, the mechanisms that received the most attention were motivational, especially psychodynamic mechanisms. Attention shifted in the late twentieth century to cognitive mechanisms, especially those associated with automaticity. The purpose of this chapter is to return attention to the role of motivational mechanisms in unintended thought, but with a different perspective on the nature of the underlying mechanisms.
Building The Kingdom
Authors: Bushman Claudia Lauper , Bushman Richard Lyman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mormonism is one of the world’s fastest growing religions, doubling its membership every 15 years. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (the formal denomination of the Mormon church) is now 10 million strong, with more than half of its membership coming from outside the United States. More than 88 million copies of The Book of Mormon have been printed, and it has been translated into more than 50 languages. Mormons in America tells the tumultuous story of this religious group, from its humble origins in small-town New York State in 1830 to its present heyday. Claudia and Richard Bushman introduce us to charismatic leaders like Joseph Smith and Brigham Young, go deep behind Mormon rites and traditions, take us along the adventurous trail of the Mormon pioneers into the West, evoke the momentous erection of Salt Lake City in the desert, and draw us into the dozens of skirmishes, verbal attacks, and court battles between Mormons and their neighbors, other religions, the media, and the American government. Religion in American Life explores the evolution, character, and dynamic of organized religion in America from 1500 to the present day. Written by distinguished historians of religion, these books weave together the varying stories that compose the religious fabric of the United States, from Puritanism to alternative religious practices. Primary source material coupled with handsome illustrations and lucid text make these books essential in any exploration of America’s diverse nature. Each book includes a chronology, suggestions for further reading, and an index.
Joseph Smith’s First Visions, 1820–30
Authors: Bushman Claudia Lauper , Bushman Richard Lyman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mormonism, one of the world’s fastest growing Christian religions, doubles its membership about every 15 years. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (the formal name of the Mormon church) now claims more than 10 million members, more than half of whom are outside the United States. Within a decade after its organization in New York State in 1830 the church had more than twenty thousand adherents, and it has grown rapidly ever since.
Zion, 1831–37
Authors: Bushman Claudia Lauper , Bushman Richard Lyman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the small band of Mormons straggled into Kirtland, Ohio, during the winter and spring of 1831, the new church was still largly undefined. The Book of Mormon, the church’s most distinctive feature, provided no creed or program for action. Like the Bible, the Book of Mormon was a sprawling compilation of history, sermons, prophesies, and visions with no single, outstanding doctrine other than faith in Christ. Joseph Smith’s revelations reaffirmed such basic Christian principles as repentance, but they only faintly outlined a special mission. The titles of church officers-elder, priest, teacher, and deacon-were familiar from Protestant churches, but the particular character of the new church was yet to be determined.
Mormon Women, 1831–90
Authors: Bushman Claudia Lauper , Bushman Richard Lyman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the nineteenth century, easterners considered Mormon women to be pitiful and oppressed. Besides the usual difficulties of pioneer living-the isolation, the privations, and the discomforts-they lived under the rule of “that dictator” Brigham Young. Many women lived in polygamous households as second or third wives, sharing husbands and limited incomes. Women in the East, striving for rights of their own, considered Mormon women slaves and concubines, prisoners who must be liberated from their prisons.
Confocal Microscopy
Authors: Wilson Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is probably fair to say that the development and wide commercial availability of the confocal microscope has been one of the most significant advances in light microscopy in the recent past. The main reason for the popularity of these instruments derives from their ability to permit the structure of thick specimens of biological tissue to be investigated in three dimensions. They achieve this important goal by resorting to a scanning approach togetherwith a novel (confocal) optical system.
The traditional wide-field conventional microscope is a parallel processing system that images the entire object field simultaneously. This is quite a severe requirement for the optical components. We can relax this design requirement if we no longer try to image the whole object field at once. The limit of this constraint relaxation is to require an image of only one point on the object at a time. In this case, all that we ask of the optics is that it provide a good image of one point. The price that we have to pay is that we must scan to build up an image of the entire field. The answerto the question as to whetherthis price is worth paying will, to some extent, depend on the application in question.
Biomedical Imaging Using Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Fujimoto James G , Chen Yu , Aguirre Aaron 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an emerging optical imaging modality for biomedical research and clinical medicine. Optical coherence tomography can perform high-resolution, cross-sectional tomographic imaging in materials and biological tissues by measuring the echo time delay and magnitude of back-reflected or backscattered light (Huang et al., 1991a; Fujimoto, 2003). In medical applications, OCT has the advantage that it can perform optical biopsy, imaging tissue structure in situ and in real time, without the need to remove and process specimens as in conventional excisional biopsy and histopathology. Optical coherence tomography can achieve axial image resolutions of 1 to 15µm; one to two orders of magnitude higher than standard ultrasound imaging. This chapter provides an overview of OCT technology and applications.
Optical coherence tomographic imaging is analogous to ultrasound imaging, except that it uses light instead of sound. Figure 7.1 shows how OCT works. Optical coherence tomography performs cross-sectional imaging by measuring the time delay and magnitude of optical echoes at different transverse positions. The dimensions of internal structures can be determined by measuring the “echo” time for light to be back-reflected or backscattered from structures at different depths or axial distances (axial scans). A cross-sectional image is generated by scanning the optical beam in the transverse direction and performing successive axial scan measurements. This generates a two-dimensional data set that is a measurement of the back-reflection or backscattering in a cross-sectional plane through the material or biological tissue.
Fluorescence Imaging in Medical Diagnostics
Authors: Andersson-Engels Stefan , Svanberg Katarina , Svanberg Sune 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Humans orient themselves in the world largely utilizing their vision. The physical data recording in the retina of the eye is merged with extremely advanced data processing by the brain, by means of which it is possible to recognize objects and make sense of observations. Human vision largely works on the principle of imaging reflectance spectroscopy, during which the spectroscopic content is retrieved from the different color sensitivity of the retinal cones. However, the eye is sensitive in a very small region of the electromagnetic spectrum: from 400 (violet) to 700 nm (dark red). Obviously, a lot of information is available from other wavelength bands, and such data are now being utilized by spectroscopic and imaging systems largely extending the capability of the eye.
It is also well-known that the fluorescence phenomenon can reveal properties now invisible to the naked eye. By inducing fluorescence using invisible ultraviolet light, visible emitted light carries information additional to the one obtained in reflected light. Well-known applications of fluorescence techniques are found in the forensic science, art inspection, and microscopy fields. Passports, monetary bills, and credit cards all carry numbers, letters, and images only visible in fluorescence.
Fluorescence and Spectroscopic Markers of Cervical Neoplasia
Authors: Pavlova Ina , Drezek Rebekah , Chang Sung , Arifler Dizem , Sokolov Konstantin , Macaulay Calum , Follen, Michele , Richards-Kortum Rebecca 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The effective screening, diagnosis, and treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in the developed world reduce the mortality resulting from cervical cancer enormously. This is an area of intensive undertaking. Tragically, in the developing world, where these resources are not available, this disease is the leading cause of cancer death among women. Inexpensive, real-time diagnostic tools based on optical spectroscopy have the potential to reduce mortality associated with cervical cancer. Because detection of cancer is provided in real time, optical methods could enable combined detection and treatment in a single visit. The difficulties of follow-up contact in many developing countries makes the implementation of a see-and-treat methodology the only logical choice. As part of the new managed health reality in the developed world, there is an important need for improved screening and detection methods for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia that are both sensitive and cost-effective. Recent developments in optical diagnostic technologies have the potential to address both of these issues. Many groups have demonstrated that techniques based on quantitative optical spectroscopy have the potential to fulfill this need by providing accurate, objective, and instantaneous point-of-care diagnostic and screening tools (Alfano et al., 1987; Hung et al., 1991; Richards-Kortum et al., 1991; Schomacker et al., 1992; Lam et al., 1993a,b; Mahadevan et al., 1993; Ramanujam et al., 1994a,b; Richards-Kortum, 1994; Zuclich et al., 1994; Mourant et al., 1995; Vo-Dinh et al., 1995; Cothren et al., 1996; Ramanujam et al., 1996a,b,c; Zangaro et al., 1997; Lam et al., 1998; Perelman et al., 1998; Pogue et al., 1998; Tumer et al., 1998; Zuluaga et al., 1998; Brookner et al., 1999; Hornung et al., 1999; Utzinger et al., 1999; Harries, 1995; Mitchell, 1998). However, the connections among these optical signatures and the underlying morphology and biology are not well understood.