bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
β-Scorpion toxins
Authors: Rochat H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
β-Toxins are responsible for the life hazard constituted, in Central and South America, by scorpion stings. They are qualitatively and quantitatively the most important polypeptides of the venom. They are made of one single polypeptide chain of 60 to 66 amino acid residues crosslinked by four disulfide bridges (Possani et al. 1981; Bechis et al. 1984; Martin-Eauclaire et al. 1987; Ceard et al. 1992; Zamudio et al. 1992). The structure of variant 3 from Centruroides sculpturatus Ewing has been deter¬ mined at high resolution by X-ray crystallography (Fontecilla-Camps et al. 1980). This protein although poorly active on mouse has an amino acid sequence very close to that of the most potent β-toxins: it shows a common structure made up of one a-helix and one triple stranded β-sheet maintained in position by two conserved disulfide bridges (Cys-25 and Cys-51, Cys-29 and Cys-53). Two more disulfide bridges link in one hand loops protruding from this region (Cys-16 and Cys-41) and, on the other hand, the (-terminal end of the chain to the N-terminal region (Cys-12 and Cys-72). On one side of the molecule, a hydrophobic surface exists, which has been implicated in the high affinity binding of β-toxins to their pharmacological target (Fontecilla-Camps et al. 1980). β-Toxins were defined as those toxins which behave like toxin II of Centruroides Suffusus suffusus (Css II): they bind to site 4 of the voltage-dependent sodium channel present in rat brain synaptosomes (Jover et al. 1980) modifying the activation process and inducing repetitive firing on frog myelinated nerve on voltageclamp conditions (Couraud et al. 1982; Martin-Eauclaire and Couraud 1995).
Excitatory insect selective neurotoxins from scorpion venoms
Authors: Zlotkin E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The lethal and paralytic capacity of Buthinae scorpion venoms to insects can be attributed substantially to their inclusion of the excitatory insect selective neurotoxins (Zlotkin 1986).Four separate excitatory insect toxins have been isolated so far by conventional methods of column chromatography from the venoms of the following Buthinae scorpions: Androctonus australis Hector (AaH IT, Zlotkin et al. 1971a and b), Buhotus judaicus (BJ IT1, Lester et al. 1982), Androctonus mauretanicus (Am IT1, Zlotkin et al. 1979), and Leinrus quinguestriatus quinguestriatus (Lqq IT1, Zlotkin et al. 1985). AaH IT was the first insect selec¬ tive toxin to be identified and studied and its covalent structure is presented in Fig. 1 (Darbon et al. 1982).
Anthopleurin-A, -B, and -C (anemone toxin)
Authors: Shibata S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Table 1 summarizes the properties of the three anthopleurins. All three substances are very soluble in water and quite stable at pH 1.0-8.0, but lose positive inotropic activity increasingly fast as the pH rises above 8.0. Figure 1 indicates the amino acid sequences of AP-A (Tanaka et al. 1977) and AP-C, and the partial sequence of the major constituent of AP-8.The cysteine crosslinks in AP-A have been determined to be 4-46, 6-36, and 29-47 as shown in Fig. 2. Conformational studies have been carried out using laser Raman, circular dichroism, fluorescence spectral studies, and Chou-Fasman calculations (lshizaki et al. 1979) as well as carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry (Norton and Norton 1979).
Calitoxins
Authors: Cariello L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sea anemones, in common with other members of the phylum Cnidaria (Coelenterata), possess numerous tentacles containing specialized stinging cells or cnidocytes. These stinging cells are equipped with organelles known as ‘nematocysts’ that contain small threads that are forcefully everted when stimulated mechanically or chemically. Anemones use this venom apparatus in the capture of prey, as well as for defence against predators.Peptides and proteins figure prominently amongst the various classes of sea anemone toxins isolated and characterized to date. It is now recognized that this group of toxins consists of three classes of polypeptides, two made up of molecules containing 46-49 AA residues (type 1), and one of shorter polypeptides containing 27-31 residues (type 2). All these polypeptides have a paralysing effect on the sodium channels exerted through a prolonged depolarization of the nerve terminals, thereby causing massive transmitter release.
Scyllatoxin (Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus)
Authors: Hugues M , Lazdunski M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Scyllatoxin (sequence accession number to the Swiss Prot databank: P16341 SCKL LEIQH) is a peptidic neurotoxin which specifically blocks low conductance Ca2+-dependent K+ channels (sK) (Chicchi et al. 1988; Auguste et al. 1990). These channels have previously been demonstrated to be associated with apamin receptors, another peptidic toxin with 18 amino acids purified from bee venom (Hugues et al. 1982a,b). Scyllatoxin is composed of 31 amino acids and is reticulated by three disulphide bridges. Structure-function studies have shown that Arg6, Arg13, and His31 are crucial for toxin/receptor interaction and for biological activity of the toxin. Chemical modification of Lys20, 25, 30 residues or Glu27 does not alter binding capacity but seriously alters biological activity (Auguste et al. 1992a). The spatial structure of scyllatoxin has been determined using 2D NMR and data obtained have shown that Arg6 and Arg13 were positioned in space in a way which mimics the active centre of apamin which is constituted of Arg13 and Arg14, two contiguous arginine residues (Martins et al. 1990). The brain distribution of scyllatoxin receptors is similar to that of apamin receptors, which is not surprising since both toxins have the same biological target. However, scyllatoxin is able to discriminate between three classes of receptors which it recognizes with different affinities: less than 70 pM for high affinity receptors; between 100 and 500 pM for medium affinity receptors; and more than 800 pM for low affinity receptors (Auguste et al. 1992a). An endogeneous equivalent of scyllatoxin exists in mammalian tissues (Auguste et al. 1992b).
Apamin (honey bee Apis mellifera)
Authors: Repp H , Dreyer F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Apamin was first purified by Habermann and Reiz (Habermann and Reiz 1965) using gel filtration followed by acidic ion exchange chromatography. Apamin can be purchased from Alomone Labs, Bachem, Calbiochem, Latoxan, and RBI. It is offered either as native or synthetic product. The central effects of apamin can be used as a test for its biological activity (Habermann 1972).Toxicity of apamin is tested by intravenous or intraventricular injection. After peripheral application of at least 0. 5 mg/kg, mice display the typical neurotoxic symptoms. Mouse LD50 is 4 mg/kg when administered intravenously but about 3000-fold lower for intraventricular application (Habermann 1972, 1977).
MCD peptide (honey bee Apis mellifera)
Authors: Repp H , Dreyer F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like apamin, MCD peptide constitutes not more than 2 per cent of dry weight of honey bee crude venom (Habermann 1972). The MCD peptide molecule possesses two disulfide bridges between Cys3/Cys15 and Cys5/Cys19. NMR spectroscopy studies demonstrated that the N-terminal residues lle1-Cys5 form a /Hurn and the residues His13-Asn22 on the (-terminus are in an a-helical structure (Kumar et al. 1988). This conformation is very similar to that of apamin. In contrast to apamin, MCD peptide is barely neurotoxic when applied intravenously, but intraventricular injection results in arousal and, at higher concentrations, epileptiform seizures leading ultimately to death (Habermann 1977). These actions are brought about by the blockade of a subtype of the delayed outward rectifier K+ channel (Dreyer 1990; Strong 1990; Garcia et al. 1991). Distinct from its central action, MCD peptide causes degranulation of mast cells and subsequent histamine release. Furthermore, MCD peptide has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory activity in the carrageenin-induced oedema model of the rat hind paw (Ziai et al. 1990) but this effect arises from mast cell degranulation in vivo (Banks et al. 1990).
Introduction
Authors: Clementi F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) are the target of the toxins described in this chapter, which bind to them with high affinity. These toxins were instrumental in AChRs purification experiments in the early 1970s and allowed a comprehensive understanding of their biophysical and functional properties.AChRs are cationic ion channels whose probability of aperture is increased by acetylcholine (ACh). They belong to a super family of ligand-gated ion channels, which includes GABAA, glycine, and serotonin 5HT3 receptors (Stroud et al. 1990; Changeux 1993; Devillers-Thiery et al. 1993; Ortells and Lunt 1995).AChRs are key molecules in cholinergic transmission at the neuromuscular junction, the sympathetic ganglia, the retina, and various brain areas; they can be postsynaptic (muscle and ganglia) or presynaptic, as in a number of CNS nuclei (i.e. striatum).
α-Latroinsectotoxin (Latrodectus mactans tredecimguttatus)
Authors: Grishin E V , Khvotchev M V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The presynaptic receptor of α-LIT is not identified. Studies of the a-latrotoxin receptor reveal the functional importance of a new class of synapse-specific proteins, the neurexins (Petrenko, 1993). Characterization of the α-LIT receptor, which is likely to be an insect analogue of neurexins, will provide a useful model to study their role in maintenance and development of the nervous system. Of great interest is the nature of the tight and specific coupling of α-LIT to its receptor. This interaction can be mediated by Ank repeats that form a prominent motif of protein recognition. α-LIT can also be used as a selective marker of the active zone in insect presynaptic membranes.
Kinesin, C-terminal motor domain
Authors: Endow Sharyn A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the kinesin microtubule motor proteins that have been identified over the past seven years have the conserved motor domain at the C terminus of the protein instead of the N terminus. Several of these proteins have been shown to move towards microtubule minus ends instead of plus ends, like the other kinesin proteins. This ‘backwards’ polarity of movement on microtubules is likely to be a general characteristic of this group of kinesin motor proteins. The C-terminal motor kinesins have been found in fungi, plants and animals, and perform diverse roles in the cell in spindle assembly and motility, and transport of vesicles/organelles along axonal microtubules.
Spectrins
Authors: Morrow Jon S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
First identified in the mammalian erythrocyte, spectrins are now recognized as ubiquitous proteins present in all metazoan organisms including plants. Because of this great diversity, a bewildering array of names, such as fodrin, calspectin, brain spectrin, spectrin G, lung spectrin, γ spectrin, 1W260/240, and so on, have been applied to what are essentially the same or very similar molecules. Alternative mRNA splicing also generates additional isoform diversity. To resolve this confusion, mammalian spectrins are now named based on their gene of origin, and whether they are an ‘alpha’ or ‘beta’ spectrin.
Ancestral inference from gene trees
Authors: Griffiths R C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A sample of DNA sequences contains information about their ancestry. Under an assumption of nonrecurrent point mutations a unique gene tree can be constructed as a perfect phylogeny. There is much interest in thinking of the DNA sequence data as a tree. The likelihood of a gene tree under a coalescent model of evolution can be found by an importance sampling technique, thus allowing maximum likelihood estimation of parameters using the full information in the data. The distribution of the time to the most recent common ancestor and ages of mutations in the gene tree, conditional on its topology, can also be found by simulation. There are many questions of interest about ancestry that can be asked from sequences in a subdivided population. Explicit formulae are available for the marginal distribution of ages of single mutations.
Introduction
Authors: Pratt George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An alarmingly large proportion of musicians, questioned about their own experiences of aural training, admit that they disliked it, thought they were bad at it, and have found it largely irrelevant to their subsequent engagement in music. Something is clearly wrong. Aural perception is self-evidently indispensable in musical activity, in creating through composing, re-creating in performance, responding as a critical listener. Either many musicians should have taken up other careers, as brain-surgeons, say, or bookmakers, or else the content and methods of aural training and testing are inappropriate to their presumed purpose of developing musical perceptions.
Numerical Analysis And Optimization
Authors: Allaire Gregoire 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This text, based on the author's teaching at École Polytechnique, introduces the reader to the world of mathematical modelling and numerical simulation. Covering the finite difference method; variational formulation of elliptic problems; Sobolev spaces; elliptical problems; the finite element method; Eigenvalue problems; evolution problems; optimality conditions and algorithms and methods of operational research, and including a several exercises throughout, this is an ideal text for advanced undergraduate students and graduates in applied mathematics, engineering, computer science, and the physical sciences.
Milestones In Matrix Computation: Selected Works Of Gene H. Golub, With Commentaries
Authors: Chan Raymond H , Greif Chen , O’Leary Dianne P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The text presents and discusses some of the most influential papers in Matrix Computation authored by Gene H. Golub, one of the founding fathers of the field. The collection of 21 papers is divided into five main areas: iterative methods for linear systems, solution of least squares problems, matrix factorizations and applications, orthogonal polynomials and quadrature, and eigenvalue problems. Commentaries for each area are provided by leading experts: Anne Greenbaum, Ake Bjorck, Nicholas Higham, Walter Gautschi, and G. W. (Pete) Stewart. Comments on each paper are also included by the original authors, providing the reader with historical information on how the paper came to be written and under what circumstances the collaboration was undertaken. Including a brief biography and facsimiles of the original papers, this text will be of great interest to students and researchers in numerical analysis and scientific computation.
Interest Groups and the European Court of Justice
Authors: McCown Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Court cases are effective if, often, expensive opportunities to strike down or rewrite legislation, from local regulations up to constitutional provisions. Moreover, winning before a court is not a matter of persuading officials of a majority preference or the representatives of a cause, so courts can be very appealing venues for minority interests to challenge rules. If the case is decided by a constitutional court, there are few means, besides the court overturning its own ruling, to change the decision, so successful litigants not only secure a desired change but one that is very insulated from other challenges. It is no surprise, then, that courts whose decisions have significant policy implications are the focus of interest group attention. European Union (EU) lobbyists have found that the supranational level of government is no exception – the European Court of Justice (ECJ) has proved to be a highly successful venue in which to seek policy change and many organized interests have long cultivated strategies for targeting it, albeit with varied success. This chapter will discuss the ECJ as a target of lobbying, the strategies developed by EU interest groups and the factors that shape selection of these strategies.
Politics of Food: Agro-Industry Lobbying in Brussels
Authors: Grant Wyn , Stocker Tim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The European agro-food industry is the third largest employer in Europe, with some 11 million still employed in agriculture and 4.1 million in the food and drink manufacturing industries. Food processing is the largest manufacturing sector in the European Union (EU). These figures do not encompass catering or food retailing. However, its interest in a volume of this kind does not arise primarily from its economic importance, but from the challenges it has faced in recent years and the ways in which it has responded to them.
Forced Oscillations: Harmonic And Subharmonic Response, Stability, And Entrainment
Authors: Jordan D W , Smith P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We consider second-order differential equations of the general form x f (x, x) F cos ωt, which have a periodic forcing term. When the equation is linear the structure of its solutions is very simple. There are two parts combined additively. One part, the ‘free oscillation ‘ is a linear combination of the solutions of the homogeneous equation and involves the initial conditions. The second part, the ‘forced solution ‘, is proportional to F and is independent of initial conditions. When damping is present the free oscillation dies away in time. This independence of the free and the forced components, and the ultimate independence of initial
Poets
Authors: Nettle Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have now reached the fifth and final big personality dimension. This is—perhaps fittingly, as we shall see—the most mysterious and difficult to pin down of the five. It is the dimension called variously ‘Culture’, ‘Intellect’, or, the label I prefer, ‘Openness to experience’. Early conceptions of the fifth factor had it running from ‘boorish’ at one extreme to ‘cultured’ or ‘sophisticated’ at the other. Clearly, culture and sophistication are partly the products of socioeconomic opportunity rather than temperament, and, as five-factor authorities Robert McCrae and Paul Costa wryly note, ‘if this characterization had been confirmed by subsequent research, the topic of Openness would perhaps have belonged in a handbook of sociology, not personality psychology’.
The Other Half
Authors: Nettle Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout this book, I have argued that natural selection maintains a range of different genetic variants relevant to personality traits in the human population, and that it does this because there is no ‘best-for-all-places-and times’ level of these traits. Thus, a big part of what determines the personality you have is which of these genetic variants you happen to be carrying. This view is well backed up by behaviour-genetic studies, which consistently show that personality traits have a heritable component. However, it cannot be all there is to the story. When behaviour geneticists estimate the size of this heritable component, they conclude that it is around 50 per cent.
What was mathematics in the ancient world? Greek and Chinese perspectives
Authors: Lloyd G E R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
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Two types of approach can be suggested to the question posed by the title of this chapter. On the one hand we might attempt to settle a priori on the criteria for mathematics and then review how far what we find in different ancient cultures measures up to those criteria. Or we could proceed more empirically or inductively by studying those diverse traditions and then deriving an answer to our question on the basis of our findings. Both approaches are faced with dificulties.
A Balkan trilogy: mathematics in the Balkans before World War I
Authors: Lawrence Snezana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since the invention of the term ‘the Balkans’, the area has attracted the attention of the international community for negative reasons: wars, atrocities, and incessant squabbling about the rightness or wrongness of ethnic or religious origin or denomination. An entirely different and more positive side to the people of the Balkans will be examined here: their efforts to introduce the pursuit of mathematics to the nations to which they belonged. The development of Balkan mathematics will be examined through the history of three national schools of mathematics.
The cognitive and cultural foundations of numbers
Authors: Chrisomalis Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every known human society has the capacity to manipulate quantity; in this sense, mathematics is panhuman. The extent to which any individual or group pays special attention to mathematical concepts, however, is crossculturally variable. The study of the cultural, (pre)historical, and social aspects of numeration and arithmetic—the foundations of mathematics—is preoccupied with the tension between the universal and specific aspects of the subject.
Writing the ultimate mathematical textbook: Nicolas Bourbaki’s Éléments de mathématique
Authors: Corry Leo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mathematical textbooks have played a significant role in the history of mathematics. Still, with a few—if important—exceptions, and especially in the twentieth century, mathematical textbooks do not in general convey new results. Rather, they attempt to summarize and present an updated picture of a discipline. Such summaries can hardly be neutral with regard to the body of knowledge they present. Writing a textbook involves much more than simply putting together previously dispersed results.
Estimating the Integrated Likelihood via Posterior Simulation Using the Harmonic Mean Identity
Authors: Raftery Adrian E , Newton Michael A , Satagopan Jaya M , Krivitsky Pavel N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The integrated likelihood (also called the marginal likelihood or the normalizing constant) is a central quantity in Bayesian model selection and model averaging. It is defined as the integral over the parameter space of the likelihood times the prior density. The Bayes factor for model comparison and Bayesian testing is a ratio of integrated likelihoods, and the model weights in Bayesian model averaging are proportional to the integrated likelihoods. We consider the estimation of the integrated likelihood from posterior simulation output, aiming at a generic method that uses only the likelihoods from the posterior simulation iterations. The key is the harmonic mean identity, which says that the reciprocal of the integrated likelihood is equal to the posterior harmonic mean of the likelihood. The simplest estimator based on the identity is thus the harmonic mean of the likelihoods. While this is an unbiased and simulation-consistent estimator, its reciprocal can have infinite variance and so it is unstable in general.
Riemannian Holonomy Groups and Calibrated Geometry
Authors: Joyce Dominic D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This graduate level text covers an exciting and active area of research at the crossroads of several different fields in Mathematics and Physics. In Mathematics it involves Differential Geometry, Complex Algebraic Geometry, Symplectic Geometry, and in Physics String Theory and Mirror Symmetry. Drawing extensively on the author ‘s previous work, the text explains the advanced mathematics involved simply and clearly to both mathematicians and physicists. Starting with the basic geometry of connections, curvature, complex and Kähler structures suitable for beginning graduate students, the text covers seminal results such as Yau ‘s proof of the Calabi Conjecture, and takes the reader all the way to the frontiers of current research in calibrated geometry, giving many open problems.