bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social justice in undergraduate medical education: a meta-synthesis of learners’ perspectives
Authors: Khan Nagina , Rogers Anne , Serafimov Alex , Sehdev Simran , Hickman Marie , Sri Anna , Dave Subodh 
Published: December 2023

IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic has illuminated disparities and inequities in healthcare globally, making it a necessity to identify, and address social and structural determinants of people’s everyday lives. Medical schools and education need to respond to and address social justice in undergraduate education. Social justice in medical education has the potential to be a foundational block to support the initiatives that have or are being implemented in our health systems.MethodsWe carried out a meta-synthesis and used an interpretative approach for the analysis. Searches were conducted of three databases: PsycINFO, Embase and Medline and were carried out in May 2021. We excluded articles that were not related to undergraduate medical students. The aim of this review was to explore literature on SJ teaching to elicit the experiences of learners to inform future SJ teaching and curriculum.ResultsUsing meta-synthesis methodology, four themes emerged: personal growth of learners and professional identities; developing commitment to working with marginalised populations in their environments; integrating traditional clinical skills with advocacy, interests in human rights and SJ work; learning processes and methods.ConclusionsFindings confirm that SJ in undergraduate medical education has an essential role. However, social justice in medical education was understood as a non-essential piece of professionalism, or as something to be learnt in the abstract method rather than as a part of everyday practice realities. Our findings suggest that creating globally competent doctors through a globally equivalent curriculum, which is balanced and with a locally invested training programme could lead to a supply or workforce that is fit for purpose for local populations.
‘Your CV looks amazing but I am sorry, you didn’t get the job’: analysing experiences of global majority physiotherapists aspiring to and working at consultant level practice in the UK
Authors: Walumbe Jackie , Wright Andrea , Adonis Adine , Hammond John , Ramdharry Gita 
Published: December 2023

IntroductionEffective leadership shapes organisational culture to deliver world class healthcare. Racially minoritised individuals rarely access opportunities leading to leadership positions. This paper expands on themes from qualitative research which explored experiences of qualified physiotherapists from racially minoritised backgrounds aspiring to (or working at) consultant level and codesigned recommendations that challenge inequitable practices which perpetuate unearned privilege.MethodsThe study used critical discourse analysis to understand the experiences of aspirants. Participants were recruited purposively using snowball sampling via professional diversity networks and social media. Semistructured interviews were conducted remotely. Externally facilitated focus groups supported cocreating research outcomes and strategies for action. Secondary analysis extends our initial analysis to focus on two themes, critically considering these in the context of the role of leadership.ResultsData drawn from 17 participants from self-identified racialised groups who were either in consultant level positions, or aspiring to be, were included in secondary analysis. Analysis identified structural racism as an enduring social wrong, existing within different levels of organisations. Managerial ‘gatekeepers’ created barriers to career progression by not recognising skills, knowledge and experience. Pathways to career progression were hidden and unwieldy, operated by managers in ways that restricted leadership opportunities disproportionately to white peers. These challenges created a sense of ‘un-belonging’ resulting in negative health impacts.ConclusionGatekeepers maintaining racist cultural practices and policies were key in upholding the hegemonic status quo. Collective strategies enabled a sense of ontological belonging and empowerment for participants and may be helpful for those experiencing similar concerns in their workplaces.
Burden of systemic lupus erythematosus in clinical practice: baseline data from the SLE Prospective Observational Cohort Study (SPOCS) by interferon gene signature
Authors: Arnaud Laurent , Furie Richard , Morand Eric F , Aringer Martin , Peschken Christine , Desta Barnabas , Rapsomaniki Eleni , Hedberg Jonatan , Knagenhjelm Jacob , Seo Caroline , Grünfeld Eén Tina , Sorrentino Alessandro , Tummala Raj , Stirnadel-Farrant Heide A , Ding Bo 
Published: December 2023

ObjectiveThe longitudinal Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Prospective Observational Cohort Study (SPOCS) aims to assess SLE disease course overall and according to type I interferon 4 gene signature (IFNGS). Here, we describe SPOCS patient characteristics by IFNGS and baseline disease activity.MethodsSPOCS (NCT03189875) is an international study of patients with SLE according to Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics (SLICC)/American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria. Enrolled patients from 135 centres in 8 countries were followed biannually for ≤3 years from June 2017 to November 2022. Baseline demographics, disease characteristics, organ system involvement/damage and flares were analysed descriptively according to SLE Disease Activity Index-2000 score (SLEDAI-2K <10/≥10) and IFNGS status (high/low).ResultsThe study population (n=823) was 93.2% female, with mean (SD) age 45.3 (13.9) years and 11.1 (9.2) years since diagnosis; 52.4% had baseline SLICC/ACR Damage Index score ≥1. Patients with SLEDAI-2K scores ≥10 (241 of 584, 41.3%) vs <10 were younger (mean 42.8 (13.7) vs 46.6 (14.2) years; nominal p=0.001), had shorter SLE duration (10.4 (8.6) vs 12.4 (9.6) years; nominal p=0.012) and more severe flares (12.9% vs 5.3%; nominal p=0.001). IFNGS-high patients (522 of 739, 70.6%) were younger than IFNGS-low patients at first SLE manifestation (30.0 (12.7) vs 36.8 (14.6) years; nominal p<0.001). Proportions of IFNGS-high patients differed according to race (nominal p<0.001), with higher proportions among Asian (83.3%) and black (86.5%) versus white patients (63.5%). Greater proportions of IFNGS-high versus IFNGS-low patients had haematological (12.6% vs 4.1%), immunological (74.4% vs 45.6%) or dermal (69.7% vs 62.2%) involvement.ConclusionsWe identified key characteristics of patients with high disease activity and/or elevated type I IFN signalling, populations with SLE with high unmet needs. Baseline SLEDAI-2K ≥10 was associated with shorter disease duration and more severe flares. IFNGS-high patients were younger at diagnosis and had distinct patterns of organ involvement, compared with IFNGS-low patients.
On torsion contribution to chiral anomaly via Nieh–Yan term
Authors: M. Rasulian Ida , Torabian Mahdi 
Published: December 2023

AbstractIn this note we present a solution to the question of whether or not, in the presence of torsion, the topological Nieh–Yan term contributes to chiral anomaly. The integral of Nieh–Yan term is non-zero if topology is non-trivial; the manifold has a boundary or vierbeins have singularities. Noting that singular Nieh–Yan term could be written as a sum of delta functions, we argue that the heat kernel expansion cannot end at finite steps. This leads to a sinusoidal dependence on the Nieh–Yan term and the UV cut-off of the theory (or alternatively the minimum length of spacetime). We show this ill-behaved dependence can be removed if a quantization condition on length scales is applied. It is expected as the Nieh–Yan term can be derived as the difference of two Chern class integrals (i.e. Pontryagin terms). On the other hand, in the presence of a cosmological constant, we find that indeed the Nieh–Yan term contributes to the index with a dimensionful anomaly coefficient that depends on the de Sitter length or equivalently inverse Hubble rate. We find similar result in thermal field theory where the anomaly coefficient depends on temperature. In both examples, the anomaly coefficient depends on IR cut-off of the theory. Without singularities, the Nieh–Yan term can be smoothly rotated away, does not contribute to topological structure and consequently does not contribute to chiral anomaly.
Soft theorems and memory effects at finite temperatures
Authors: Solanki Divyesh N. , Bhattacharjee Srijit 
Published: December 2023

AbstractWe study the soft theorems for photons and gravitons at finite temperatures using the thermofield dynamics approach. The soft factors lose universality at finite temperatures as the soft amplitudes depend on the nature (or spin) of the particles participating in the scattering processes. However, at low temperatures, a universal behavior is observed in the cross-section of the soft processes. Further, we obtain the thermal contribution to the electromagnetic and gravitational memory effects and show that they are related to the soft factors consistently. The expected zero temperature results are obtained from the soft factors and memories. The thermal effects in soft theorems and memories seem to be sensitive to the spin of the particles involved in scattering.
Spatial Gene-Expression Profiling Unveils Immuno-oncogenic Programs of NF1-Associated Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor Progression
Authors: Mitchell Dana K. , Burgess Breanne , White Emily E. , Smith Abbi E. , Sierra Potchanant Elizabeth A. , Mang Henry , Hickey Brooke E. , Lu Qingbo , Qian Shaomin , Bessler Waylan , Li Xiaohong , Jiang Li , Brewster Kylee , Temm Constance , Horvai Andrew , Albright Eric A. , Fishel Melissa L. , Pratilas Christine A. , Angus Steven P. , Clapp D. Wade , Rhodes Steven D. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract

Purpose:
Plexiform neurofibromas (PNF) are benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNST) associated with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Despite similar histologic appearance, these neoplasms exhibit diverse evolutionary trajectories, with a subset progressing to malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST), the leading cause of premature death in individuals with NF1. Malignant transformation of PNF often occurs through the development of atypical neurofibroma (ANF) precursor lesions characterized by distinct histopathologic features and CDKN2A copy-number loss. Although genomic studies have uncovered key driver events promoting tumor progression, the transcriptional changes preceding malignant transformation remain poorly defined.

Experimental Design:
Here we resolve gene-expression profiles in PNST across the neurofibroma-to-MPNST continuum in NF1 patients and mouse models, revealing early molecular features associated with neurofibroma evolution and transformation.

Results:
Our findings demonstrate that ANF exhibit enhanced signatures of antigen presentation and immune response, which are suppressed as malignant transformation ensues. MPNST further displayed deregulated survival and mitotic fidelity pathways, and targeting key mediators of these pathways, CENPF and BIRC5, disrupted the growth and viability of human MPNST cell lines and primary murine Nf1-Cdkn2a-mutant Schwann cell precursors. Finally, neurofibromas contiguous with MPNST manifested distinct alterations in core oncogenic and immune surveillance programs, suggesting that early molecular events driving disease progression may precede histopathologic evidence of malignancy.

Conclusions:
If validated prospectively in future studies, these signatures may serve as molecular diagnostic tools to augment conventional histopathologic diagnosis by identifying neurofibromas at high risk of undergoing malignant transformation, facilitating risk-adapted care.
Induced Endothelial Cell Cycle Arrest Prevents Arteriovenous Malformations in Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia
Authors: Genet Gael , Genet Nafiisha , Paila Umadevi , Cain Shelby R. , Cwiek Aleksandra , Chavkin Nicholas W. , Serbulea Vlad , Figueras Agnès , Cerdà Pau , McDonnell Stephanie P. , Sankaranarayanan Danya , Huba Mahalia , Nelson Elizabeth A. , Riera-Mestre Antoni , Hirschi Karen K. 
Published: December 2023

BACKGROUND:
Distinct endothelial cell cycle states (early G1 versus late G1) provide different “windows of opportunity” to enable the differential expression of genes that regulate venous versus arterial specification, respectively. Endothelial cell cycle control and arteriovenous identities are disrupted in vascular malformations including arteriovenous shunts, the hallmark of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT). To date, the mechanistic link between endothelial cell cycle regulation and the development of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) in HHT is not known.

METHODS:

We used BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) 9/10 blocking antibodies and endothelial-specific deletion of activin A receptor like type 1 (
Alk1
) to induce HHT in Fucci (fluorescent ubiquitination-based cell cycle indicator) 2 mice to assess endothelial cell cycle states in AVMs. We also assessed the therapeutic potential of inducing endothelial cell cycle G1 state in HHT to prevent AVMs by repurposing the Food and Drug Administration–approved CDK (cyclin-dependent kinase) 4/6 inhibitor (CDK4/6i) palbociclib.

RESULTS:

We found that endothelial cell cycle state and associated gene expressions are dysregulated during the pathogenesis of vascular malformations in HHT. We also showed that palbociclib treatment prevented AVM development induced by BMP9/10 inhibition and
Alk1
genetic deletion. Mechanistically, endothelial cell late G1 state induced by palbociclib modulates the expression of genes regulating arteriovenous identity, endothelial cell migration, metabolism, and VEGF-A (vascular endothelial growth factor A) and BMP9 signaling that collectively contribute to the prevention of vascular malformations.

CONCLUSIONS:
This study provides new insights into molecular mechanisms leading to HHT by defining how endothelial cell cycle is dysregulated in AVMs because of BMP9/10 and Alk1 signaling deficiencies, and how restoration of endothelial cell cycle control may be used to treat AVMs in patients with HHT.
An individualized tractography pipeline for the nucleus basalis of Meynert lateral tract
Authors: Crockett Rachel A. , Wilkins Kevin B. , Zeineh Michael M. , McNab Jennifer A. , Henderson Jaimie M. , Buch Vivek P. , Brontë-Stewart Helen M. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Background: At the center of the cortical cholinergic network, the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM) is crucial for the cognitive domains most vulnerable in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Preclinical evidence has demonstrated the positive impact of NBM deep brain stimulation (DBS) on cognition but early human trials have had mixed results. It is possible that DBS of the lateral NBM efferent white matter fiber bundle may be more effective at improving cognitive-motor function. However, precise tractography modelling is required to identify the optimal target for neurosurgical planning. Individualized tractography approaches have been shown to be highly effective for accurately identifying DBS targets but have yet to be developed for the NBM.
Methods: Using structural and diffusion-weighted imaging, we developed a tractography pipeline using manually segmented regions of interest for precise individualized identification of the lateral NBM target tract. Using dice similarity coefficients, the reliability of the tractography outputs was assessed across three cohorts to investigate: 1) whether this manual segmentation pipeline is more reliable than an existing automatic segmentation pipeline currently used in the literature; 2) the inter- and intra-rater reliability of our pipeline in research scans of patients with PD; and 3) the reliability and practicality of this pipeline in clinical scans of DBS patients.
Results: The individualized manual pipeline was found to be significantly more reliable than the existing automated pipeline for both the segmentation of the NBM region itself (p &lt; 0.001) and the reconstruction of the target lateral tract (p = 0.002). There was also no significant difference between the reliability of two different raters in the PD cohort (p = 0.25), which showed high inter- (mean Dice coefficient &gt;0.6) and intra-rater (mean Dice coefficient &gt;0.7) reliability across runs. Finally, the pipeline was shown to be highly reliable within the clinical scans (mean Dice coefficient = 0.77). However, accurate reconstruction was only evident in 7/10 tracts.
Conclusion: We have developed a reliable tractography pipeline for the identification and analysis of the NBM lateral tract in research and clinical-grade imaging of healthy young adult and PD patient scans.
ReCOGS: How Incidental Details of a Logical Form Overshadow an Evaluation of Semantic Interpretation
Authors: Wu Zhengxuan , Manning Christopher D. , Potts Christopher 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Compositional generalization benchmarks for semantic parsing seek to assess whether models can accurately compute meanings for novel sentences, but operationalize this in terms of logical form (LF) prediction. This raises the concern that semantically irrelevant details of the chosen LFs could shape model performance. We argue that this concern is realized for the COGS benchmark (Kim and Linzen, 2020). COGS poses generalization splits that appear impossible for present-day models, which could be taken as an indictment of those models. However, we show that the negative results trace to incidental features of COGS LFs. Converting these LFs to semantically equivalent ones and factoring out capabilities unrelated to semantic interpretation, we find that even baseline models get traction. A recent variable-free translation of COGS LFs suggests similar conclusions, but we observe this format is not semantically equivalent; it is incapable of accurately representing some COGS meanings. These findings inform our proposal for ReCOGS, a modified version of COGS that comes closer to assessing the target semantic capabilities while remaining very challenging. Overall, our results reaffirm the importance of compositional generalization and careful benchmark task design.
Data-driven Parsing Evaluation for Child-Parent Interactions
Authors: Liu Zoey , Prud’hommeaux Emily 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
We present a syntactic dependency treebank for naturalistic child and child-directed spoken English. Our annotations largely follow the guidelines of the Universal Dependencies project (UD [Zeman et al., 2022]), with detailed extensions to lexical and syntactic structures unique to spontaneous spoken language, as opposed to written texts or prepared speech. Compared to existing UD-style spoken treebanks and other dependency corpora of child-parent interactions specifically, our dataset is much larger (44,744 utterances; 233,907 words) and contains data from 10 children covering a wide age range (18–66 months). We conduct thorough dependency parser evaluations using both graph-based and transition-based parsers, trained on three different types of out-of-domain written texts: news, tweets, and learner data. Out-of-domain parsers demonstrate reasonable performance for both child and parent data. In addition, parser performance for child data increases along children’s developmental paths, especially between 18 and 48 months, and gradually approaches the performance for parent data. These results are further validated with in-domain training.
Interpreting Negative IOD Events Based on the Transfer Routes of Wave Energy in the Upper Ocean
Authors: Li Zimeng , Aiki Hidenori 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The present study adopts an energy-based approach to interpret the negative phase of Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) events. This is accomplished by diagnosing the output of hindcast experiments from 1958 to 2018 based on a linear ocean model. The authors have performed a composite analysis for a set of negative IOD (nIOD) events, distinguishing between independent nIOD events and concurrent nIOD events with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The focus is on investigating the mechanism of nIOD events in terms of wave energy transfer, employing a linear wave theory that considers the group velocity. The proposed diagnostic scheme offers a unified framework for studying the interaction between equatorial and off-equatorial waves. Both the first and third baroclinic modes exhibit interannual variations characterized by a distinct packet of eastward energy flux associated with equatorial Kelvin waves. During October–December, westerly wind anomalies induce the propagation of eastward-moving equatorial waves, leading to thermocline deepening in the central-eastern equatorial Indian Ocean, a feature absent during neutral IOD years. The development of wave energy demonstrates different patterns during nIOD events of various types. In concurrent nIOD–ENSO years, characterized by strong westerly winds, the intense eastward transfer of wave energy becomes prominent as early as October. This differs significantly from the situation manifested in independent nIOD years. The intensity of the energy-flux streamfunction/potential reaches its peak around November and then rapidly diminishes in December during both types of nIOD years.

Significance Statement
The present study provides an interpretation of wave energy transfer episodes in the upper ocean during the negative phase of the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) based on the diagnosis of hindcast experiments. The results suggest that the reflection of Kelvin and Rossby waves at the eastern and western boundaries of the Indian Ocean (IO), respectively, accompanied by variations in thermocline depth, plays a crucial role in the development process of IOD events. Specifically, during the negative phase of the IOD, the tropical IO exhibits positive signals of energy-flux streamfunction in the Northern Hemisphere, along with positive signals of energy-flux potential associated with westerly wind anomalies occurring in October–December. These findings highlight the significance of these factors in shaping the characteristics of negative IOD events.
The strategies used by adults with visual impairment
Authors: Nastasi Julie Ann 
Published: December 2023

Introduction: Current research on visual impairment focuses on children and older adults with visual impairment. This study explored the strategies for living used by three middle-aged adults with visual impairment. Method: A qualitative study with five interviews and three observation sessions was conducted with middle-aged adults with visual impairment. Data were analyzed by participant and across participants using open, axial, and selective coding. Codes were refined throughout the process yielding the themes of the study that were verified by the participants in the final interview. Results (or Findings): The following themes emerged from the study: incorporating useful strategies and technology into everyday life, socialization through participation in activities, utilizing state services to facilitate independence, desire for autonomy, and challenges in everyday life. Conclusion: The study highlights the importance of independence in everyday life through adaptive techniques/adaptation and a desire for autonomy.