bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Artistry of Catullus 67
Authors: Macleod Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is still a matter of controversy what the situation underlying Catullus 67 is. This paper is not designed to swell the ample literature on that topic, but to further a little the interpretation of the poem as such. However, since some account of the ‘story ‘ must be presupposed here, I begin by indicating, so far as is essential, what it is. It is not necessary to answer all the questions which might be raised about this story: it is enough that it be conceivable. Indeed, not all the Brixian gossip, or the door ‘s version of it, need be taken to be true. It should, however, be possible to discern the elements of a tale. That is what we should expect in a poem which no doubt, like Catullus ‘ other poems of provincial scandal (e.g. 17 or 59),2 was written mainly for an urban readership. My main purpose, then, is to show some reasons why it might appeal to such readers, to whom the personalities would have meant nothing and its style and art would be everything.
Propertius 2.261
Authors: Macleod C w. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Propertius 2.26 appears in the manuscripts as a single piece of 58 lines. But van Lennep and then Burman decided a new poem should begin at line 21, and nearly all editors since have agreed: only Hertzberg, followed by Paley and Phillimore, protested against the division. This brief paper tries to vindicate the unity of the poem with some fresh arguments.
39-68)
Authors: Macleod Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The old poet Callimachus hopes to cast off age as a snake does its outworn skin:1 the young poet Lollius is to cast off his aged and crabbed Muse. Callimachus ‘ Muses do not put away their friends in old age: Lollius is to abandon his Muse who is herself disagreeable as old age is. Callimachus prays to become like an animal, the cicada: Lollius ‘ Muse is not human either, but because she is the opposite of what poetry normally represents, humanitas. Callimachus hopes to feed on dew: Lollius will want to tuck into a proper dinner. The word empta sheds a sidelight on the text, or textual history, of Callimachus.
Ethics And Poetry In Horace ‘s ODES
Authors: Macleod C W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A generally recognized achievement of Horace is his working into Latin lyric poetry the moral teachings of Greek philosophy. But it is still worth while to ask how deeply he absorbed, and how significantly he shaped them. This question demands not a sweeping answer based on a mere set of references, but patient examination of individual odes; for as a poet, Horace naturally couches his thought in poems, which are, as it happens, highly elaborate works of art. This paper takes two pieces for such consideration and suggests that the coherence of their argument and the particulars of their diction may be better appreciated if they are read in relation to Epicurean ethics. My method is tentative and cumulative: there is no reason to presuppose the justice of such a reading, and it is justified only if it illumines the whole poem in detail (as it surely does 3.29). The purpose of this paper, then, is not to attach a scholastic label to Odes 1.20 and 2.3, but to bring out their meaning and coherence.
Ethics And Poetry In Horace ‘S Odes: II (1.7; 2.9)
Authors: Macleod C W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a previous paper (Greece & Rome 26 (1979), 21-31) I began to consider how Horace in the Odes gives poetic shape to moral philosophy, or reflections on how to live. This article tries to take the same topic a little further. The poems considered there were close to the teachings of Epicurus; the ones treated here are less markedly so. But Horace ‘s ethics, like his poetic imitatio as a whole, are not a slavish reproduction, but a re-creation. They are, moreover, as is proper, related to his life and work as a poet: Odes 1.31 is the most overt expression of this, but by no means the only one. It is strikingly true of Odes 1.7 and 2.9 because both echo in a significant and original way the aesthetic programme of Callimachus, giving it, as Horace often does, an ethical dimension.1
Horatian Imitatio And Odes 2.5
Authors: Macleod C W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Horace ‘s ambition in the Odes as he states it at the end of the first poem is to have himself ranked with the lyric writers of ancient Greece. To join them, he had to imitate them. Imitation can have many levels; and the relation Horace indicates to the reader between his own work and the Greek lyrists ‘ covers a wide variety of connections. Most obvious of these is the reproduction of lyricmetres, above all the Sapphic and Alcaic stanzas. Likewise obvious are verbal echoes, especially those which begin a poem: thus in Odes 1.18 or 1.37 the first words translate the first words of poems of Alcaeus; or the description of winter and the invitation to drink which begin Odes 1.9 contain elements taken from another Alcaean opening. We can count on it that Odes which start in this way develop very differently from the Greek poem they allude to; but it is not only in such divergences that Horace shows himself original. For imitation itself can be conceived as a form of originality. This is in Horace ‘s case partly because to imitate Sappho and Alcaeus is a novel thing to do:
The Poet, The Critic, And The Moralist: Horace,Epistles 1.19
Authors: Macleod Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I begin by quoting from two valuable recent works on Horace. Professor Brink in his Horace on Poetry (1964) writes: ‘The centre of the short piece lies in lines 21-34. Readers, among them critics and poets, had denied one aspect of the Odes which was surely above criticism-the striking originality of these poems.
The Poetry Of Ethics: Horace, Epistles 1
Authors: Macleod By C W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What Horace des1;fibes in this context, at the very beginning of the book, is a kind of conversion to philosophy;1 and so the reader is at once drawn to ask what philosophy means to the poet, Before considering this question by scrutiny of the poems, two more general ones should be raised: first, what are the dominant features of ancient ethics as a whole and how far does it differ from modern ethical systems or moral thinking?2 Second, what part did moral philosophy play in the life of Romans in Horace ‘s time? The answers I shall give to these very large questions are pragmatic and limited: they are meant simply as preparation for considering Horace ‘s Epistles.
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λvais: a Study in Ancient Mysticism, with a note on Origen, Contra Celsum 7. 42
Authors: Macleod Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mystic ‘s aspiration is often conceived as a search for the timeless, an escape from ‘the trailing consequence of further days and hours ‘ to a ‘still centre ‘; and this is no less true in antiquity than thereafter. It is also characteristic of ancient mysticism to appear in a philosophical guise. This paper is designed to illustrate some forms of that universal aspiration and some of the reasoning which underlies it in antiquity. I begin and end with Gregory of Nyssa: this is because, standing both in close connection and in sharp contrast with the body of ancient mysticism, he provides a standpoint from which to survey and delineate it; and his own doctrines, which likewise have a rational foundation, laid in the polemic against the Arians, represent a distinctive and peculiarly Christian account of man ‘s relation to timeless or infinite being.
Antiochus of Ascalon
Authors: Barnes* Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Antiochus of Ascalon was a very great man indeed. Scholarch of the Athenian Academy and intimate of Roman senators, he determined the course of philosophy and influenced the history of nations. His writings are lost; but they can be read at one remove in numerous texts whose authors were too coy to mention his name—in the pages of Cicero and Sextus, in the essays of Arius Didymus and Albinus, in the letters of Seneca, in the miscellanies of Clement of Alexandria, in the late Greek commentaries on Aristotle. As an historian of philosophy, Antioch us fixed the character and form of his subject. As a philosopher, he revived Platonism and thus prepared the way for the dominant philosophy of the later Imperial period.
Draco’s Law and the Killer’s Intent
Authors: Carawan Edwin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The extant fragment of Draco’s law refers to the killer’s intentions three times in the first ten lines, but it gives no clear indication of how those intentions were to be weighed. Scholars have readily supposed that the trial judges were called upon to decide precisely this question of whether the killing was intentional or not, and because our fragment seems to apply only to unintentional homicide, intentional murder must have been treated elsewhere. But those who maintain this theory have had to treat as late intrusions any terminology that seems out of place in an archaic law for unintentional killing. This chapter is largely devoted to these matters, intentionality in Draco’s law and the authenticity of the relevant provisions. In the first section we shall re-examine the key volitional terms describing the killer’s involvement and state of mind (§1). The following sections take up the reconstruction of procedure with particular regard to questions of malice (§§2-3). As we shall see in the chapters ahead, this aspect of the primitive procedure greatly affected the division of jurisdiction—how murder and other homicides were divided among the several courts—and the weighing of probable intentions ultimately offered the greatest scope for rhetorical art.
Preliminaries, Out-of-Court Remedies, and Trial
Authors: Carawan Edwin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The questions at issue in homicide trials were largely defined by the division of jurisdiction among the three major courts in the generations after Draco’s law. At trial the judges were asked to decide for the plaintiff or for the defendant on one of three issues: whether the killer acted with malice aforethought; whether one who acted without malice was none the less responsible for the fatality; or whether some threat or compelling circumstance recognized by law was seen to cause and justify an intentional act of lethal force. We have no evidence that a question of the killer’s identity, for instance, was ever a principal issue until the late fifth century, and then it was treated as highly exceptional and paradoxical; special procedural devices were employed to bring this question in (Chs. 5 § 1 and 9 § 1). We now turn to examine the procedural rules that shaped the arguments, rules governing the preliminaries, the trial, and the consequences. These rules first of all enabled the basileus to determine the admissibility of the charges and the plea, and thus to decide which court would hear the case. There were rules regarding the oaths and evidence to be submitted in preliminary hearings, and these, too, put some constraints on the arguments offered at trial. The aim of this chapter will be to discover the general parameters of this process.
Iphigenia and the Glorious Revolution
Authors: Hall Edith , Macintosh Fiona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In1749thenotorious Elizabeth Chudleigh, a maid of honour at the court of the Princess of Wales, appeared at a masquerade almost bare-breasted in the role of Iphigenia. ‘So naked was she’, wrote Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, ‘that the high priest might easily inspect the entrails of the victim’; Horace Walpole thought she might just as well have appeared, entirely unclothed, as Andromeda. Although the apparel of Greek and Roman goddesses and heroines was common currency at masked balls, this particular costume exceeded all conventional bounds of decency; several semi-pornographic prints of Miss Chudleigh’s exploit entered circulation (see Fig. 2.1).
Medea and Mid-Victorian Marriage Legislation
Authors: Hall Edith , Macintosh Fiona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Euripides’ Medea has penetrated to parts of modernity most mythical figures have not reached. Since she first rolled off the printing presses half a millennium ago, she has inspired hundreds of performances, plays, paintings, and operas. Medea has murdered her way into a privileged place in the history of the imagination of the West, and can today command huge audiences in the commercial theatre. Yet in Britain, at least, her popularity on the stage is a relatively recent phenomenon. Medea has transcended history partly because she enacts a primal terror universal to human beings: that the mother-figure should intentionally destroy her own children. Yet this dimension of the ancient tragedy was until the twentieth century found so disturbing as largely to prevent unadapted performances. On the British stage it was not until 1907 that Euripides’ Medea was performed, without alteration, in English translation (see Ch. 17).
Prayer and the Cult of the Dead
Authors: Pulleyn Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far we have been discussing prayers addressed to gods. In this chapter, we shall look at the vast subject of the cult of deceased human beings and the prayers that were made to them.1 It is important at the outset to look at the question of how far there is any significant difference between the cult of the ordinary dead and the cult of heroes. In principle, any dead person could receive offerings and be expected to confer benefits in return.2 There are two main differences between heroes and the ordinary dead. The first is that heroes are, so to speak, public property. Anybody can appeal to them. The ordinary dead, however, are purely within the care of their own descendants. It is not anybody else‘s business to visit their graves.3 As Rohde concludes, ‘The cult paid by the family to the spirits of their ancestors is hardly distinguished, except by the greater limitation of the circle of worshippers, from the worship of underworld deities and heroes.4 The second difference is that heroes are thought of as a more constant presence.
Calling First Principles into Question
Authors: Pereiro James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Manning was able to appreciate the Catholic elements present in the Church of Rome and sadly missing in the English Church, the virtues of the one and the deficiencies of the other; a contrast which was to be raised to fever pitch by the younger Tractarianism. Many thought that the furore created by the publication of Tract go called for a period of prudence and consolidation; Catholic principles and practices needed a trouble-free time to settle in the minds and hearts of people. The British Critic of Ward and Oakley would not hear that advice of prudence, and its tone of almost unqualified praise for the Roman elements and system often went hand in hand with repeated criticisms of the Church of England.
The First Vatican Council
Authors: Pereiro James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Council was solemnly opened by Pius TX on 8 December 1869, the feast of the Immaculate Conception. The first General Congregation took place two days later, and in it were announced the names of those Council Fathers appointed by the Pope to the congregation De Postulates. Their task, according to the Regalement of the Council, was to consider the bishops’ proposals on new topics to be introduced in the Council, and to report them, with their opinion, to the Pope, on whom the final decision rested. The congregation had an all-important role to play, given that, as decided during the preparatory work of the Council, the introduction of the subject of the Pope’s infallibility had been left to the initiative of the Council Fathers. The actual list of twenty-six members of the congregation included a wide spectrum of shades of opinion on the infallibility of the Roman Pontiff as represented in the Council. Among their number were three. of the main promoters of the definition: Archbishop Victor Decamps of Malines, Arch-bishop Manning, and Conrad Martin, Bishop of Paderborn.
‘Lies Resembling Truth’
Authors: Finkelberg Margalit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In so far as the song is understood as a truthful account of events that really happened, and in so far as a catalogue-like sequence seems to be the form in which Homer conceived of a truthful account, any arrangement of events differing from the point-bypoint sequence would be precluded in the ‘poetics of truth’. At the same time, it is not difficult to discern that the lilad and the Odyssey themselves can hardly be envisaged as forming the point-by-point narrative sequence presupposed by Homer’s own poetics. Both compositlonal unity and narrative diversity, the two signal characteristics of the Homeric epics, would make it impossible to account for them in such terms.
Towards Fiction
Authors: Finkelberg Margalit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Generally speaking, it is doubtful whether the traditional idiom of the Muses as attested in Homer and Hesiod can be fully applicable to the sort of poetry which flourished in the seventh and sixth centuries BC and which is conventionally labelled as ‘lyric’. We saw that the Muses of the epic tradition were essentially eyewitnesses of past events, who transferred their knowledge of these events to the poet and thus guaranteed the truthfulness of his account. Now in so far as most Greek ‘lyric’ poetry, both sung and recited, was, perhaps with the exception of Stesichorus’, presumably first person poetry dealing with the here and now rather than the historical past, we may well wonder for what particular purpose the ‘lyric’ poets would have needed the Muses’ help at all. Examination of the Muses’ role in each separate genre of ‘lyric’ poetry gives us the answer.
Introduction: Familia and Families
Authors: Gardner Jane F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to Roman law, Roman society was made up offamiliae; in real life, the Romans belonged to families. The two might sometimes coincide in composition, but only to a limited extent and for limited periods of time, since whereas theJamilia, being a legal construct, had a universal and unchanging, clearly defined structure and a fixed membership, with only a few variables, there were almost infinite possibilities of variation in the make-up of individual family groups, and these could also undergo considerable alterations, from the point of view of an individual, within his or her lifetime. Another difference was that thefamilia was self-contained; it not only had a very restricted membership but it was entirely separate and discrete from all other familiae. Families, on the other hand, overlapped with each other, and were constantly creating new overlaps, through the usual means of marital couplings and births. The main thing that the familia and families had in common was biological connection between the persons each contained. This was real for ‘real’, i.e. natural, families, while for the familia there was a presumption that those free persons under the control of its legal head, the paterfamilias, were biologically descended from him-although such descent could also be fictitiously created by the legal mechanism of adoption.
Commentary
Authors: Whitehead David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fragments which precede the continuous section of the speech cannot be placed in a clearly determinable order. This is emphasized by even an editor like Colin (87, 95, 100) so bold in restoring and/or interpreting them individually. The general thrust of at least some of them brings out a theme plainly enough nonetheless: H is seeking to underline the disreputability of those now honoured and rewarded in Athens”Macedonians and their supporters by recalling honorands of former days.
Introduction
Authors: Whitehead David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Another relevant consideration, not explicitly mentioned by Babington, is H’s authorship of both of the other speeches known to have been committed to the Harris–Arden papyrus: see the Introductions to Lyk. and Dem. Thus, ‘putting all circumstances together, we cannot doubt that the genuineness of this Oration is satisfactorily established’ (Babington, Lyk./Eux. ed. pr., p. xv).
Introduction
Authors: Whitehead David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Although a friend of Demosthenes and Lysikles and Lykourgos and their associates, he did not remain so to the end; but when Lysikles and Lykourgos were dead, and Demosthenes was on trial for taking bribes from Harpalos, he prosecuted him, having been chosen from all to do so because he alone stayed unbribed.’
The Seleukid past in Asia Minor (281-223 BC)
Authors: Ma John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 23 Dystros, year 103 SE (2rn/9), Antiochos III, on theeve of his eastern expedition, sent a 7rpoa:;ayµ,a to Zeuxis, the governor of cis-Tauric Asia. The king appointed his chamberlain, Nikanor, ‘high-priest of all the shrines in all the land beyond the Taurus’, at Nikanor’s own request. In addition, ‘we thought necessary that Nikanor should be in charge of the sanctuaries, and that their revenues and the other matters should be administered by him, just as under our grandfather by Dion’; furthermore, Nikanor was to be mentioned ‘in the contracts and the other documents for which it is usual’.1 Zeuxis duly passed on the instructions: a copy was found in northern Mysia; Nikanor is named as ‘high-priest’ in documents from Amyzon and Xanthos.2 The prostagma apparently belongs to ‘the continuing administrative work ... that the king routinely dealt with, while on major campaigns, to keep the empire ticking over’.3 But in spite of its mundane appearance, the prostagma on Nikanor deserves closer attention, for it is based on arresting Seleukid assumptions about the geography and history of Asia Minor.
Myth, Memory, and the Chorus: ‘Tragic Rationality’
Authors: Gould John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite my title this paper is not a reply to Moses Finley’s classic paper of 1965.My concern here is with the deployment of myth in Greek tragedy: that is, with an aspect of the fictionality of tragic theatre. I shall use the deployment of myth in tragedy, and its variable use by both chorus and heroic characters, to try to illuminate the distinction between ‘myth’ and ‘logos’ which is the starting point and focus of all our discussions in this volume.
Mythology: Reflections from a Chinese Perspective
Authors: Lloyd Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I Shall start from two positions, both of which have a certain prima-facie plausibility, but which seem to be in conflict with one another. The first is the idea that every society has its myths. Maybe a particular society will not have myths of a particular kind, say cosmogonic myths or myths to do with technological inventions or myths involving monstrous beasts. Maybe also whatever distinctions we ourselves choose to draw between myths, legends, sacred tales, and folk tales, may, in certain cultures, be eroded or difficult to apply.