bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reproductive biology of captive alpine ibex (Capra i. ibex)
Authors: Stüwe Michael , Grodinsky Carolyn 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe studied the reproductive biology of alpine ibex bred at the Peter & Paul Wildlife Park, St. Gallen, Switzerland, from 1930 through 1943 and 1968 through 1983. Peter & Paul Wildlife Park had supplied most of the original stock used to reestablish ibex populations in the European Alps after they had become extinct.Ibex females were seasonally polyestrous. Their estrous cycle averaged 20 days, and their gestation period averaged 167 days. Females between 1 and 15 years of age on average produced 0.78 young per year; females between 3 and 13 years of age produced 0.99 young per year. The average age at which captive ibex females gave birth was 8.44 years. Sex ratio at birth was unbiased. More singletons than twins were born, but the proportion of twins born during the years 1968 through 1983 was higher than during the earlier study period. There were no differences in the survival rates of male or female and single or twin offspring.
Management and husbandry of ruffed lemurs, Varecia variegata, at the San Diego Zoo. II. Reproduction, pregnancy, parturition, litter size, infant care, and reintroduction of hand‐raised infants
Authors: Brockman Diane K. , Willis Mary S. , Karesh William B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDetailed descriptions of ruffed lemur reproductive biology and behavior are presented, including data on pregnancy, parturition, litter size, and infant care. As with various other prosimians, ruffed lemurs are reproductively photosensitive and seasonally polyestrous. Litters of one to six infants are born from March through July after a gestation length of 102 days. The most frequent litter size in captivity is twins, followed by singletons. Females give birth in nest boxes, usually between the hours of 2000 and 0400. Maternal neglect is associated with low birth weight, infant hypothermia, and large litter size. Infants rejected by the dams are artificially reared in a nursery setting and reintroduced to adult animals at 4–6 months of age.
Social enrichment of the environment with infants for singly caged adult rhesus monkeys
Authors: Reinhardt Viktor , Dan Houser W. , Eisele Stephen G. , Champoux Maribeth 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe practicability of social enrichment for singly caged adult rhesus monkeys was examined. Twenty‐nine weaned rhesus monkey infants were removed from breeding troops to avoid overcrowding and were placed with unfamiliar singly caged adults. An adult‐infant pair was considered compatible when (1) the two animals started huddling with each other within the first 5 days after pair formation and (2) the infant showed no signs of depression and took its share from a limited amount of favored food. Adult‐infant pairs were compatible in 90% (26/29) of cases. Compatibility depended neither on the sex, age, and origin of the adult nor on the sex of the infant. There was no evidence that partners lost interest in each other during 7–11 months of follow‐up observations. Three adults exhibiting stereotypical behavior abandoned their peculiar habits after they had lived with their young companions for 4 months. It was concluded that the often‐heard notion that rhesus monkeys are highly aggressive should not prevent simple attempts to provide singly caged animals with a companion.
Submarine foraging behavior of alcids in an artificial environment
Authors: Duffy David Cameron , Todd Frank S. , Siegfried W. R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe used an artificial environment at Sea World, Inc, San Diego, to study underwater foraging behavior of alcids. Larger birds dove longer and had greater wingbeat frequencies. The pigeon guillemot Cepphus columba was the only species to use both feet and wings for propulsion; all others used just wings. Aggressive interactions underwater were common. Competition among alcids in the wild may occur primarily underwater, and artificial environments may be the best means to study such interactions.
Use of novel objects to enhance environments of captive chimpanzees
Authors: Paquette Daniel , Prescott Jacques 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA small group of chimpanzees was allowed to manipulate different quantities of novel objects in order to enhance their captive conditions. This procedure led to a general increase in the manipulation frequency by the apes. It decreased their inactivity and their self‐grooming, and almost eliminated the abnormal behaviors displayed by one individual. The distribution of novel objects did not affect the total frequency of social interactions and did not increase the aggressivity of the animals, even though dominant individuals secured most of the objects when only a small number of them were available. Following their familiarization with the novel objects, the chimpanzees' manipulation frequency decreased whereas self‐grooming and abnormal behaviors were increased. Suggestions are made on how to maximize the use of a limited bank of toys to occupy captive chimpanzees.
Influence of environmental manipulation and nest‐box availability on reproductive success of captive cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus)
Authors: Millam J. R. , Roudybush T. E. , Grau C. R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEnvironmental conditions greatly influenced breeding induced by nest‐box presentation in pair‐bonded cockatiels. Thirty‐six pairs were first held under nonstimulatory environmental conditions for 13 weeks. To provide potential breeding cues, photoperiod, light intensity, ambient temperature, and humidity were then increased over a 12‐day period; millet was replaced by a nutritionally adequate, crumbled diet; and nest‐boxes were presented. Compared to previous trials performed under more constant conditions, number of pairs laying eggs, pair‐day egg production, clutch size, and chick hatch weight were significantly increased.In experiment 2, either millet or crumbled diet was fed to 36 pairs during a 9‐week nonstimulatory period. Both groups were then exposed to stimulatory environments, fed crumbled diet, and presented with nest‐boxes. Their reproductive performances were not different, indicating that diet change was not required to stimulate breeding.In experiment 3, birds were fed crumbled diet throughout the trial. Nest‐boxes were presented to 31 pairs during nonstimulatory conditions (group 1) or to 28 pairs during the transition to stimulatory conditions (group 2). Percent of pairs laying (85.7 v. 16.7), pair‐day egg production (0.279 ± 0.036 v. 0.036 ± 0.014), and clutch size (9.1 ± 1.0 v. 4.6 ± 1.2) were greater in group 2, indicating that nest‐box presentation is an insufficient stimulus to evoke maximal breeding under nonstimulatory environmental conditions.
Infant mortality in mother‐reared captive chimpanzees at Taronga Zoo, Sydney
Authors: Courtenay Jackie 
Published: June 2005

AbstractInfant mortality in mother‐reared chimpanzees was examined from the records of Taronga Zoo, Sydney, Australia. Sex‐specific mortality probabilities were calculated using standard demographic techniques. Male mortality was found to be considerably higher than female mortality. Using the same techniques, changes in infant mortality over time were calculated, with particular reference to changes that had occurred since the chimpanzees were transferred to a new open air enclosure in 1980. Mortality was found to have decreased dramatically since the move to the new enclosure, but the observed decline was exaggerated by the very high proportion of female infants. The main causes of infant death as ascertained from the zoo records were pneumonia and trauma. In addition, undetermined causes in the first day of life were numerous. An examination of the contexts of infanticide in wild and captive chimpanzees revealed slight differences, but factors such as aggression towards unfamiliar individuals and redirected aggression were common to both. Cannibalism in the zoo has so far been limited to the bodies of stillborn infants.
Reproductive anatomy of three nulliparous female Asian elephants: The development of artificial breeding techniques
Authors: Balke J. M. E. , Barker I. K. , Hackenberger M. K. , McManamon R. , Boever W. J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDetailed gross examinations of the reproductive tracts of three mature female nulliparous Asian elephants were conducted to develop artificial insemination (AI) techniques. Of primary concern was the determination of the length characteristics and the size and configuration of the foramina between segments of the tract. The elephants were 13, 28, and 40 years of age and had been maintained in captivity for most of their lives. One elephant died naturally and two were euthanized for health reasons. The reproductive tracts of two of the elephants were manually palpated in situ via the urogenital canal. A fibreoptoscope was used to visualize the internal structures of the terminal reproductive tract of one elephant and to deposit dye into the vagina. The reproductive organs were removed from the body cavity, dissected, measured, and photographed. The major anatomical obstacles to overcome for standard AI procedures (the passage of an AI pipette into the reproductive tract) were the length of the urogenital canal (85–97 cm), the constriction at the urogenital‐vaginal junction, and the tight cervix. The reproductive anatomy was compared to that of previous dissections reported in the literature.
Interactive singing of a male Mueller's gibbon with a simulated neighbor
Authors: Maples E. G. , Haraway M. M. , Collie L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study provides evidence for interactive singing, or countersinging, in the dawn song of a male Mueller's gibbon. Tape‐recorded answering calls from a simulated neighbor were initiated at the subject's baseline rate (every 18 sec), then successively at every 14 sec, 10 sec, 18 sec, 22 sec, and 26 sec. Two types of evidence for interactive singing were considered. First, the subject's initiation rate significantly increased when the initiation rate of the simulated neighbor increased (but did not decrease when the simulated neighbor's rate decreased). Second, the subject's rate of interruption of the simulated neighbor's vocalizations remained at the same low level regardless of the initiation rate of the simulated neighbor; these interruption rates were, in all cases, significantly lower than would have been expected by chance if interactive singing were not occurring. Evolutional value of interactive singing is considered in relation to demonstration of individual fitness and achievement of clear communication between neighboring groups.
A note on the labial swelling of a pregnant orang‐utan, Pongo pygmaeus abelii
Authors: Sodaro Carol Ann 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLabial swellings following copulation were recorded during each of seven pregnancies for an adult female Sumatran orang‐utan (Pongo pygmaeus abelii). These swellings persisted throughout pregnancy and disappeared within a short time after the termination of pregnancy. Labial swellings may be a useful tool in diagnosing pregnancy in orang‐utans.
Giraffe restraint, habituation, and desensitization at the Cheyenne Mountain Zoo
Authors: Calle Paul P. , Bornmann John C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe giraffe restraint device manufactured at the Cheyenne Mountain Zoo has the capability to fully support the weight of an immobilized adult giraffe in an upright posture and allow physical restraint of giraffe. The unit has been used for either chemical or physical restraint 74 times, in 22 months, on seven different adult giraffe, without animal or personnel injuries. Habituation and desensitization of the giraffe are critical prerequisites for the successful use of the giraffe restraint device.Yohimbine effectively reversed the effects of xylazine sedation of giraffe. A drug combination of detomidine and azaperone offers promise as an alternative to either physical restraint or immobilization of giraffe for selected clinical and investigative procedures.Using the restraint device it has been possible to perform tuberculin testing, venipuncture, vaginal examination, rectal palpation, rectal ultrasound, cervical catheterization, hoof‐trimming, and placement of a hoof block on awake, habituated, and desensitized giraffe.
Optimal dose of human chorionic gonadotropin for inducing ovulation in the ferret
Authors: Mead Rodney A. , Joseph M. M. , Neirinckx Sandra 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe optimal dose of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) for induction of ovulation was determined by comparing the ovulatory response of 119 mated ferrets (controls) with that of estrous females induced to ovulate with five different dosages of hCG. Copulation induced formation of 12.7 ± 4.5 corpora lutea (CL) in all 119 females and resulted in a 90.7% conception rate as evidenced by finding approximately eight blastocysts/female in the uteri of 108 ferrets. All doses of hCG tested induced ovulation; however, the lower doses (50 and 75 IU) resulted in a lesser percentage of females ovulating. The highest doses of hCG (150 and 300 IU) resulted in fewer CL/female being formed. The optimal dose of hCG for simulating copulation induced ovulation was 100 IU. Tubal transport of unfertilized oocytes in pseudopregnant females was found to be significantly retarded when compared to the rate of transport of embryos in the control group.
Training in zoo biology, captive breeding, and conservation
Authors: Waugh David 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDifferent types of training in zoo biology, captive breeding, and conservation are discussed and the availability of a variety of programs documented. Emphasis is given to the need for more training in general, and especially for less‐developed countries where zoos have much potential yet to be realized. The aims, structure, content, and impact of the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust's International Training Program are examined.
The reproductive biology of female Père David's deer (Elaphurus davidianus)
Authors: Wemmer Chris , Halverson Tim , Rodden Melissa , Portillo Timothy 
Published: June 2005

AbstractData for this study came from breeding records of 27 Père David's (Elaphurus davidianus) hinds maintained in large pastures and from estrous records of four hand‐reared nulliparous hinds. The mean estrous cycle length ranged from 17.5 to 19.6 days. Standing estrus resembled that of other cervids, except that a low, moaning vocalization was given in response to contact, and activity (as measured by pedometers) did not increase. Mean gestation length was 183.38 ± SD 6.11 days (n = 21), and nearly all females conceived in the second and third years. The median interbirth interval was 362 days. The median birth date was April 8, and 80% of the births occurred over a 9.5‐week period. Multiparous hinds gave birth an average of 20.5 days earlier in the season than primiparous hinds. There was no dimorphism in birth weight. The results are discussed in light of comparative data for other species.
The reproduction and growth of Phrynosoma ditmarsi (sauria: Iguanidae) in captivity
Authors: Montanucci Richard R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAspects of the reproduction and growth of Phrynosoma ditmarsi from Sonora, Mexico, were observed in captivity. Lizards were maintained indoors with a seasonally adjusted photoperiod. Mating occurred from August through December, with the majority of copulations observed in August, September, and October. Lizards were over‐wintered between temperatures of 13°C and 16°C, with occasional drops to 8° C. The female reproductive cycle is not completely understood. Females may have stored sperm over the winter months, with ovulation and fertilization occurring in the following spring. Alternatively, embryogenesis may have been interrupted during the winter. Parturition occurred in June and July. Males became sexually mature at 13 months of age. Females first copulated at this age, resulting in the production of young at 24 months of age. Courtship and non‐receptive behaviors were similar to those of other Phrynosoma.
Urinary androstenedione and luteinizing hormone concentrations during musth in a mature African elephant
Authors: Brannian John D. , Griffin Frank , Terranova Paul F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMusth has not been well documented in captive African elephants. A 37‐year‐old African bull elephant in the Kansas City Zoological Park was observed during periods of behavioral musth and non‐musth. Androstenedione and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations in urine were measured by radioimmunoassay. Urinary androstenedione and LH levels were significantly higher in musth urine than in non‐musth samples. A positive correlation (P > 0.001) existed between urinary LH and androstenedione concentrations. These results indicate that musth can occur in a zoo‐maintained African elephant and that urinary androgen levels are elevated during musth, possibly as the result of LH stimulation of testicular steroidogenesis.
Hand‐raising a philippine tarsier, Tarsius syrichta
Authors: Haring David M. , Wright Patricia C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn infant female tarsier (Tarsius syrichta) weighing 20 g at birth was removed for hand‐raising at 1 day of age. The infant was maintained in an incubator (32°C, 80% humidity), and fed every 2–3 hours for the first 10 days of life. The infant received a varied formula for the first 4 days. Esbilac (3.3–8.0 cc daily) was given for days 5–10. From days 11 to 67 the infant was fed 6.5–8.0 cc of formula seven times daily. A liver fortified formula was introduced on day 53. Birthweight doubled by day 41 and tripled by day 101. The animals first successful jump was observed at day 25. On day 68 she captured and ate her first live prey. Introduction to adult tarsiers began on day 60. This is the first successful hand‐raising of any species of tarsier, which is a genus that reproduces poorly in captivity.
DNA “fingerprints” and paternity ascertainment in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Ely John , Ferrell Robert E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHighly variable regions of DNA are found in a wide diversity of organisms and are typically composed of alleles consisting of a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs) of a short core sequence. DNA fingerprinting probes are VNTR probes that simultaneously detect a large number of similar VNTRs in the target DNA. The highly polymorphic pattern observed in a DNA fingerprint allows resolution of questions concerning individual identification. M13 phage was used to fingerprint captive chimpanzees for paternity ascertainment. Although the probability of band sharing among captive chimps appears to be higher than among some other reported captive and feral animal populations, the probe is highly useful and can be expected to become more widely used in the genetic management of captive populations.
Pathology and diseases of great apes at the National Zoological Park
Authors: Munson Linda , Montali Richard J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractKnowledge of the diseases of great apes in captivity is essential for captive management of self‐sustaining populations. This survey of medical and pathology records of orangutans, gorillas, and one chimpanzee at the National Zoological Park was conducted to provide a data base for improving health care of captive apes. Strongyloidiasis, balantidiasis, and entamoebiasis were recurrent problems in adult and juvenile apes of all species. Cardiac fibrosis also was prevalent in middle‐aged apes and was a major cause of mortality. Bacterial infections were prevalent in perinatal orangutans and resulted in the death of two. For gorillas, rheumatoid arthritis associated with mycoplasma infections, and infertility were major problems. Because the pathogenesis of many of these lesions is unknown, survival of great ape populations in captivity may depend on future research on these problems.
Placental implications for pregnancy complications in the chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Soma Hiroaki 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPlacentas from 28 term chimpanzee pregnancies, including two sets of dichorionic‐diamniotic twin‐pregnancies, were examined and compared histopathologically with those obtained from 171 small‐for‐dates (SFD), 306 premature, and 77 pregnancy toxemic human infants. Term infant and placental weights for the chimpanzee were generally smaller than for any of the human categories studied. Macroscopically, the chimpanzee placentas showed a high frequency of extrachorialis, infarctions, intervillous thrombi, and marginal hemorrhages, pathologies frequently associated with pregnancy toxemia and abruptio placenta in the human being. Yet, ultrastructurally, the chimpanzee chorionic villi evidenced well‐developed organella, syncytial microvilli, and chorionic capillaries, although villitis and inflammation of the membranes and cord were not infrequently seen. These findings suggest that chimpanzees may suffer the same obstetric complications seen in human pregnancies.
Mountain gorilla life histories, reproductive competition, and sociosexual behavior and some implications for captive husbandry
Authors: Watts David P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractNew data on modal patterns of, and variability in, mountain gorilla life history tactics and sociosexual behavior, collected during long‐term fieldwork at the Karisoke Research Centre, are presented here. These data show that immature males and females develop sociosexual relationships with both peers and adults, and that these relationships—which contribute to more complex social relationships—often lead to mating between natal females and males who are “familiar” partners. They also show that within‐group reproductive competition between males can reach considerable levels, but that immature males are sometimes able to copulate with both nulliparous and parous females; that unrelated silverbacked males can reside in the same all‐male group but become intolerant of each other if females join the group; and that, whereas females sometimes compete with each other for opportunities of copulate, their probability of conceiving is probably not decreased by any inability to control the mating situation. This information may contribute to continued improvement in the husbandry of captive gorillas.
Comparison of black‐footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) and domestic ferret (M. putorius furo) courtship activity
Authors: Miller Brian J. , Anderson Stanley H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBecause of the scarcity of the endangered black‐footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) and the amount of knowledge necessary for their conservation, surrogate research can play an important role in recovery. In this paper, we investigate surrogate behavioral research potential by comparing courtship behavior of the black‐footed ferret to the congeneric domestic ferret (M. putorius furo). Ten female domestic ferrets were bred to five male domestic ferrets and eight female black‐footed ferrets were bred to five black‐footed ferret males. Courtship activities were defined, analyzed, and quantitatively compared between both groups. Lag sequential analysis of was used to prepare the behavioral matrices, and matrix cells were compared between groups with an equality of proportions test. Courtship patterns did not differ significantly between the two closely related species, and the domestic ferret would probably be an adequate surrogate for reproductive behavior research on the black‐footed ferret.