bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The EU Water Framework Directive: part 2. Policy innovation and the shifting choreography of governance
Authors: Page Ben , Kaika Maria 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis paper is an analysis of the policy innovations of the European Union's Water Framework Directive and their relationship to a range of economic and geographical interests. It follows a previous paper describing the process of the making of the WFD in relation to the new EU co‐decision process. This paper argues that the innovative aspects of the policy reflect a context in which the broader governance arrangements for water management in Europe are shifting in dramatic ways. The paper identifies the aspects of the WFD that are innovative by comparing it with previous European directives related to water management legislation. The paper then describes the state of Europe's freshwater resources as a basis for understanding the regional geography of interests in the policy‐making process and examines the contrasting interests of state, market and civil society institutions and their impact on the final draft. The paper ends by bringing the history of the WFD up to date by looking at the initial responses of the key actors to the final WFD and at recent developments in relation to implementation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Estrogen alters amyloid precursor protein as well as dendritic and cholinergic markers in a mouse model of Down syndrome
Authors: Granholm Ann‐Charlotte , Sanders Linda , Seo Hyemyung , Lin Ling , Ford Kerstin , Isacson Ole 
Published: December 2003

AbstractIndividuals with Down syndrome (DS) develop the pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease at an early age, later followed by memory decline and dementia. Women with DS are twice as likely to undergo early menopause, and levels of estradiol correlate with onset of cognitive decline in these women. We have demonstrated that a mouse model of DS, mice with segmental trisomy of chromosome 16 (Ts65Dn), develop a significant deficit in both reference and working memory as young adults (6–10 months of age), coupled with phenotypic loss of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain and altered growth factor levels. In the present study we examined cholinergic and dendritic markers in the hippocampal formation and levels of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) in different brain regions of Ts65Dn mice treated with estradiol for 60 days. The density of the dendritic marker Map2 was significantly decreased in the hippocampal formation of middle‐aged trisomic mice (9–15 months old), and the density of cholinergic neurites (acetylcholinesterase [AChE] histochemistry) was also decreased in specific layers of the hippocampus. Treatment with 17β‐estradiol alleviated the decreases in Map2 and AChE staining, but had no effect on full‐length APP levels in the hippocampus. In contrast, a main effect of treatment on APP levels in the striatum was noted, with significant elevations observed in controls and trisomics. These findings demonstrate that estrogen can alleviate deficits in cholinergic and dendritic elements in the hippocampal formation and further strengthens the rationale to explore estrogen replacement therapy in women with DS. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Projections from the periamygdaloid cortex to the amygdaloid complex, the hippocampal formation, and the parahippocampal region: A PHA‐L study in the rat
Authors: Majak Katarzyna , Pitkänen Asla 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe periamygdaloid cortex, an amygdaloid region that processes olfactory information, projects to the hippocampal formation and parahippocampal region. To elucidate the topographic details of these projections, pathways were anterogradely traced using Phaseolus vulgaris leukoagglutinin (PHA‐L) in 14 rats. First, we investigated the intradivisional, interdivisional, and intra‐amygdaloid connections of various subfields [periamygdaloid subfield (PAC), medial subfield (PACm), sulcal subfield (PACs)] of the periamygdaloid cortex. Thereafter, we focused on projections to the hippocampal formation (dentate gyrus, hippocampus proper, subiculum) and to the parahippocampal region (presubiculum, parasubiculum, entorhinal, and perirhinal and postrhinal cortices). The PACm had the heaviest intradivisional projections and it also originated light interdivisional projections to other periamygdaloid subfields. Projections from the other subfields converged in the PACs. All subfields provided substantial intra‐amygdaloid projections to the medial and posterior cortical nuclei. In addition, the PAC subfield projected to the ventrolateral and medial divisions of the lateral nucleus. The heaviest periamygdalohippocampal projections originated in the PACm and PACs, which projected moderately to the temporal end of the stratum lacunosum moleculare of the CA1 subfield and to the molecular layer of the ventral subiculum. The PACm also projected moderately to the temporal CA3 subfield. The heaviest projections to the entorhinal cortex originated in the PACs and terminated in the amygdalo‐entorhinal, ventral intermediate, and medial subfields. Area 35 of the perirhinal cortex was lightly innervated by the PAC subfield. Thus, these connections might allow for olfactory information entering the amygdala to become associated with signals from other sensory modalities that enter the amygdala via other nuclei. Further, the periamygdalohippocampal pathways might form one route by which the amygdala modulates memory formation and retrieval in the medial temporal lobe memory system. These pathways can also facilitate the spread of seizure activity from the amygdala to the hippocampal and parahippocampal regions in temporal lobe epilepsy. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prenatal administration of morphine decreases CREBSerine‐133 phosphorylation and synaptic plasticity range mediated by glutamatergic transmission in the hippocampal CA1 area of cognitive‐deficient rat offspring
Authors: Yang San Nan , Huang Li‐Tung , Wang Chih‐Lu , Chen Wu‐Fu , Yang Chin‐Hwa , Lin Shinn‐Zong , Lai Min‐Chi , Chen Shyi‐Jao , Tao Pao‐Luh 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe central nervous system (CNS) exhibits remarkable plasticity in early life and can be altered significantly by various prenatal influences. We previously showed that prenatal exposure to morphine altered kinetic properties of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor‐mediated synaptic currents in the hippocampus of young rat offspring at the age of 14 days (P14). The present study further investigates whether NMDA receptor‐mediated synaptic plasticity and/or cyclic adenosine monophosphate‐responsive element‐binding protein (CREBSerine‐133), an important transcription factor underlying learning and memory, can be altered by prenatal morphine exposure in these offspring. Subsequently, the Morris water maze task was performed at the older ages (P28‐P31). The magnitude of long‐term depression (LTD) generated by a low‐frequency stimulation (LFS, 1 Hz for 15 min) in hippocampal slices from the vehicle‐control offspring (P14) was significantly larger than that in slices from the morphine‐treated offspring, although there was no such difference in the magnitude of long‐term potentiation (LTP) elicited by a high‐frequency stimulation (100 Hz for 1 s) between the two groups. Comparison of the expression range of glutamatergic synaptic plasticity in slices from the vehicle‐control and morphine‐treated offspring, calculated as the difference in the maximal magnitude between LTP and LTD, demonstrated a remarkably smaller range in the slices from the morphine‐treated offspring. In addition, the decreased phosphorylation of CREBSerine‐133 and the impaired ability of spatial learning were also seen in the morphine‐treated offspring, as compared with the vehicle‐control offspring. Collectively, the study suggests that maternal exposure to morphine reduces the range of synaptic plasticity by decreasing the expression of LTD, but not of LTP, in CA1 pyramidal neurons of the hippocampus from rat offspring. More importantly, decreased phosphorylation of CREBSerine‐133 may play a role for the impaired spatial learning and memory in rat offspring exposure to prenatal morphine. Thus, the findings here may provide important insights into cellular/molecular mechanisms underlying pathophysiological changes in the CNS of young offspring from morphine‐addicted mothers and serve as a basis for possible therapeutic intervention. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retrograde amnesia and the volume of critical brain structures
Authors: Kopelman M.D. , Lasserson D. , Kingsley D.R. , Bello F. , Rush C. , Stanhope N. , Stevens T.G. , Goodman G. , Buckman J.R. , Heilpern G. , Kendall B.E. , Colchester A.C.F. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThere are many controversies concerning the structural basis of retrograde amnesia (RA). One view is that memories are held briefly within a medial temporal store (“hippocampal complex”) before being “consolidated” or reorganised within temporal neocortex and/or networks more widely distributed within the cerebral cortex. An alternative view is that the medial temporal lobes are always involved in the storage and retrieval (reactivation) of autobiographical memories (multiple trace theory). The present study used quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 40 patients with focal pathology/volume loss in different sites, to examine the correlates of impairment on three different measures of RA. The findings supported the view that widespread neural networks are involved in the storage and retrieval of autobiographical and other remote memories. Brain volume measures in critical structures could account for 60% of variance on autobiographical memory measures (for incidents and facts) in diencephalic patients and for 60–68% of variance in patients with frontal lesions. Significant correlations with medial temporal lobe volume were found only in the diencephalic group, in whom they were thought to reflect thalamic changes, but not in patients with herpes encephalitis or hypoxia in whom the temporal lobes were particularly implicated. The latter finding fails to support one of the main predictions of multiple trace theory, as presently expounded. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retrograde and anterograde object recognition in rats with hippocampal lesions
Authors: Gaskin Stephane , Tremblay Annie , Mumby Dave G. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractRetrograde and anterograde object‐recognition memory was assessed in rats with cytotoxic lesions of the hippocampal formation (HPC), using a paradigm based on the natural tendency of rats to spend more time exploring novel objects than familiar objects. The rats were allowed to explore a sample object for 5 min/day on 5 consecutive days, either 5 weeks or 1 week before surgery. After surgery, retrograde recognition was assessed by comparing the amount of time spent exploring the sample versus a novel object in a free‐choice situation. Control rats spent more time exploring the novel object than the sample objects from both presurgery time periods, whereas rats with HPC lesions did not discriminate between the novel objects and sample objects from either presurgery time period. Despite their deficits on the retrograde recognition test, the rats with HPC lesions performed like control rats on anterograde recognition tests, displaying a strong exploratory preference for novel objects over sample objects, with retention delays of either 15 min or 24 h. The findings suggest that extrahippocampal circuitry is capable of supporting object recognition, but only if the HPC does not participate in encoding the original encounter with the object. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unilateral inner ear damage results in lasting changes in hippocampal CA1 field potentials in vitro
Authors: Zheng Yiwen , Kerr D. Steven , Darlington Cynthia L. , Smith Paul F. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractWe investigated the effects of a surgical lesion of one vestibular inner ear (unilateral vestibular damage [UVD]) on the field potential responses of CA1 neurons in vitro. Hippocampal slices were removed from rats at 4–6 weeks or 5–6 months post‐UVD, and the field responses of CA1 neurons to electrical stimulation of the Schaffer collateral commissural pathway were analyzed. Compared with slices from sham and naive control animals, slices from UVD animals at 5–6 months post‐UVD exhibited decreases in the population spike amplitude, the somal field excitatory postsynaptic potential (sfEPSP) slope, and the field EPSP (fEPSP) slope. For the population spike amplitude and fEPSP slope, this effect was observed in both CA1 ipsilateral and contralateral to the UVD. On both the ipsilateral and contralateral sides, paired‐pulse testing showed increases in paired‐pulse inhibition at the shortest interstimulus intervals (ISIs), with increases in paired‐pulse facilitation at longer ISIs. This study provides the first evidence that peripheral vestibular damage can produce long‐term changes in hippocampal electrophysiological activity in vitro. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crime scene actions and offender characteristics in a sample of Finnish stranger rapes
Authors: Häkkänen Helinä , Lindlöf Petri , Santtila Pekka 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe crime scene actions employed by offenders in stranger rapes were analysed in relation to offender characteristics. Data were drawn from an official police database and consisted of stranger rapes occurring in Finland between 1992 and 2001 (n = 100). The structure of dichotomous variables derived through a content analysis of crime scene actions and offender characteristics were analysed with non‐metric multidimensional scaling (MDS). The first analysis revealed three separate action themes, with thematic emphases on Hostility, Involvement or Theft. The MDS‐solution for offender characteristics suggested four themes: Conventional; Psychiatric/Elderly; Criminal/Violent; and Criminal/Property. Each case was assigned to one of the themes or as a hybrid in order to analyse the associations between action themes and characteristics. The only significant association was found between the action theme, Theft and characteristics theme Criminal/Property. The results are discussed in relation to previous research. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lessons from serial murder in South Africa
Authors: Hodgskiss Brin 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe systematic study of serial murder in South Africa is a newly developed field. This research demonstrates the similarities and differences between South African serial murderers and those found elsewhere. The most marked difference is the higher incidence of cross‐ethnic offending, the lower rate of ‘team killers’, and the lack of female serial murderers in South Africa. South African offenders display similar geographical behaviours to foreign serial murderers. Overall, South African offenders display more behaviour in common with their non‐European counterparts than serial murderers from the USA. South African serial murderers display certain diagnostic and developmental features that are different from those reported in North American serial murderers. Of these, the most notable is the seeming lack of sexually violent conscious fantasy. There are also fundamental similarities in experience: exposure to traumatic experiences, and profound interpersonal isolation and distance. This ambivalence is also noted in discussions of the evolution of behaviour in the offences, and in the discussion of motives in serial murder. This demonstrates areas that previous studies of serial murder need to explore further. This study also highlights the need for research into the ways in which offence behaviours are affected by the social environment. Finally, the analysis of serial murderers in South Africa suggests ways in which serial murder can be tackled. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Individual differences in distance travelled by serial burglars
Authors: Snook Brent 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis paper uses police data on a sample of 41 serial burglars committed in the city of St John's, Canada and surrounding areas, to examine individual differences in distances travelled. In accord with findings from studies in other locations, results show that serial burglary is a localised activity. Differences between serial burglars in distances they travel are related to the burglars' age, method of transportation and value of property stolen. These results are discussed in terms of existing explanations of distances that serial burglars travel to select targets and implications for police decision‐making. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of visual imagery in the enhanced cognitive interview: guided questioning techniques and individual differences
Authors: Davis Michael R. , McMahon Marilyn , Greenwood Kenneth M. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe cognitive interview utilises mnemonics and other techniques to facilitate obtaining information from victims and witnesses. Research has indicated superior recall to standard police interviews. However, there has been minimal research regarding the role of individual differences. One area that has generated spirited theoretical debate is imagery ability, as guided imagery questioning is an important part of the enhanced cognitive interview. Imagery is also arguably an integral part of several mnemonics employed in the technique. The present study investigated the role of individual differences in imagery ability, as well as the effect of explicit instructions to image, on recall performance. Participants completed the Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ), witnessed a film of a simulated crime, and were interviewed using the cognitive interview or a structured interview. While recall in the cognitive interview was superior, VVIQ scores had little relationship with recall of information. Further, recall elicited by guided imagery differed only minimally from that obtained using standard questioning in the structured interview. These results suggested that the relaxation and rapport building common to questioning in both interview conditions may evoke spontaneous imagery that is comparable to explicit instructions to image, regardless of individuals' inherent imagery ability. Future directions are discussed, including research focused on individual differences and a practical emphasis on context reinstatement and social facilitative techniques. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Offender profiling and investigative psychology
Authors: Canter David 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe origins of ‘Offender Profiling’ in the advice given by police medical advisors and other experts to criminal investigations are briefly outlined. The spread of such advice to police enquiries across the United States in the early 1970s, culminating in its uptake by Special Agents of the FBI in the mid‐1970s and the widespread promotion of their services through the fictional writings of Thomas Harris and others is noted.The development beyond the early application to serial killer investigations, and the focus on psychopathological explanations, to cover the full gamut of crime from, for instance, arson and burglary to terrorism, is briefly reviewed. The consideration of the social psychological processes inherent in criminality as well as the characteristics of individual offenders also broadens out the concerns of the field. The linking of crimes to a common offender as well as predicting their future actions further widens the range of issues to be dealt with.The many psychological and practical questions raised by these ‘profiling’ activities are summarised. These include questions of inference and prediction, about criminals and their crimes, both about their characteristics and about the spatial patterns of their activities. Related topics concerning the sources of information for both investigators and research are also summarised. These cover the full range from interviewing witnesses to the management of informants. The complexity of information management and inference derivation points to the need to understand investigative decision‐making and how it can be supported.These other issues, beyond those inherent in ‘profiling’, such as data integrity and investigative decision support, taken with the central ‘profiling’ questions leads to the identification of a new domain of applied psychology, ‘Investigative Psychology’. It is argued that the core topic of this domain, as in any emerging science, is how to appropriately describe and classify the central matters under consideration, i.e. criminals and their activities. The difficulties in setting up reliable, robust and valid classification schemes are discussed and approaches to overcoming these difficulties considered. It is emphasised that although many researchers have found Multi‐Dimensional Scaling procedures to be productive they are only one of many fruitful sets of approaches that are possible.The increasing variety of areas, for which Investigative Psychology is relevant, from tax evasion to peace keeping, and from evidence in court to organisational threat management, is briefly reviewed. In conclusion it is noted that Investigative Psychology can be considered as a general approach to problem solving relevant far beyond criminal investigations. This newJournal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profilingtherefore has rich and wide‐ranging potential. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 3D mortar method for solid mechanics
Authors: Puso Michael A. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractA version of the mortar method is developed for tying arbitrary dissimilar 3D meshes with a focus on issues related to large deformation solid mechanics. Issues regarding momentum conservation, large deformations, computational efficiency and bending are considered. In particular, a mortar method formulation that is invariant to rigid body rotations is introduced. A scheme is presented for the numerical integration of the mortar surface projection integrals applicable to arbitrary 3D curved dissimilar interfaces. Here, integration need only be performed at problem initialization such that coefficients can be stored and used throughout a quasi‐static time stepping process even for large deformation problems. A degree of freedom reduction scheme exploiting the dual space interpolation method such that direct linear solution techniques can be applied without Lagrange multipliers is proposed. This provided a significant reduction in factorization times. Example problems which touch on the aforementioned solid mechanics related issues are presented. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust and efficient domain decomposition preconditioners for adaptive hp finite element approximations of linear elasticity with and without discontinuous coefficients
Authors: Bauer Andrew C. , Patra Abani K. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractAdaptive finite element methods (FEM) generate linear equation systems that require dynamic and irregular patterns of storage, access, and computation, making their parallelization difficult. Additional difficulties are generated for problems in which the coefficients of the governing partial differential equations have large discontinuities. We describe in this paper the development of a set of iterative substructuring based solvers and domain decomposition preconditioners with an algebraic coarse‐grid component that address these difficulties for adaptive hp approximations of linear elasticity with both homogeneous and inhomogeneous material properties. Our solvers are robust and efficient and place no restrictions on the mesh or partitioning. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.