bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Value of Wind Profiler Data in U.S. Weather Forecasting
Authors: Benjamin Stanley G. , Schwartz Barry E. , Szoke Edward J. , Koch Steven E. 
Published: December 2004

An assessment of the value of data from the NOAA Profiler Network (NPN) on weather forecasting is presented. A series of experiments was conducted using the Rapid Update Cycle (RUC) model/assimilation system in which various data sources were denied in order to assess the relative importance of the profiler data for short-range wind forecasts. Average verification statistics from a 13-day cold-season test period indicate that the profiler data have a positive impact on short-range (3–12 h) forecasts over the RUC domain containing the lower 48 United States, which are strongest at the 3-h projection over a central U.S. subdomain that includes most of the profiler sites, as well as downwind of the profiler observations over the eastern United States. Overall, profiler data reduce wind forecast errors at all levels from 850 to 150 hPa, especially below 300 hPa where there are relatively few automated aircraft observations. At night when fewer commercial aircraft are flying, profiler data also contribute strongly to more accurate 3-h forecasts, including near-tropopause maximum wind levels. For the test period, the profiler data contributed up to 20%–30% (at 700 hPa) of the overall reduction of 3-h wind forecast error by all data sources combined. Inclusion of wind profiler data also reduced 3-h errors for height, relative humidity, and temperature by 5%-15%, averaged over different vertical levels. Time series and statistics from large-error events demonstrate that the impact of profiler data may be much larger in peak error situations.
Three data assimilation case studies from cold and warm seasons are presented that illustrate the value of the profiler observations for improving weather forecasts. The first case study indicates that inclusion of profiler data in the RUC model runs for the 3 May 1999 Oklahoma tornado outbreak improved model guidance of convective available potential energy (CAPE), 300-hPa wind, and precipitation in southwestern Oklahoma at the onset of the event. In the second case study, inclusion of profiler data led to better RUC precipitation forecasts associated with a severe snow and ice storm that occurred over the central plains of the United States in February 2001. A third case study describes the effect of profiler data for a tornado event in Oklahoma on 8 May 2003. Summaries of National Weather Service (NWS) forecaster use of profiler data in daily operations, although subjective, support the results from these case studies and the statistical forecast model impact study in the broad sense that profiler data contribute significantly to improved short-range forecasts over the central United States where these observations currently exist.
Successful treatment of severe bleeding in hemophilic target joints by selective angiographic embolization
Authors: Mauser-Bunschoten Eveline P. , Zijl Jacco A. C. , Mali Willem , van Rinsum A. Cees , van den Berg H. Marijke , Roosendaal Goris 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBleeding into the joints is common in patients with hemophilia. After total knee or elbow replacement, profuse intraarticular bleeding unresponsive to high-dose clotting factor replacement sometimes occurs. In some patients who have severely damaged elbow or knee joints the same profuse bleeding pattern can be seen. To control bleeding in these patients, selective catheterization with a microcatheter and therapeutic embolization with microcoils was performed whenever a severe blush or microaneurysm was observed on angiography. Over 12 years, in 23 cases of massive joint bleeding in 18 patients with hemophilia selective catheterization was performed. In 15 cases the bleeding was postoperative and in 8 spontaneous. Results of angiographic imaging revealed vascular blush, false aneurysm, true aneurysm, and arteriovenous shunt in combination with an aneurysm as cause of bleeding. In 2 patients, the cause of bleeding was not found. In 21 cases an embolization procedure was performed, in which the bleeding was completely controlled by a single procedure in 14 cases. Recurrence of the bleeding occurred in 7 cases and required a second embolization procedure; in one patient even a third embolization was required to stop the bleeding completely. No difference in the outcome, that is, clinical end of bleeding and joint range of motion, was observed, when comparing postoperative and spontaneous bleeding.
One-step Synthesis of Single-crystalline CdSe Nanorods via γ-Ray Irradiation
Authors: Zhao Qingchun , Chen Wenming , Zhu Qingren 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
High aspect ratio single-crystalline CdSe micrometer rods with a uniform and smooth surface texture are synthesized via γ-ray irradiation at 170 °C. The length of the rods and the diameter of the CdSe micrometer rods are about tens micron and 240–300 nm, respectively.
Cardiac Troponin I Concentrations, but Not Electrocardiographic Results, Predict an Extended Hospital Stay after Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery
Authors: Salamonsen Robert F , Schneider Hans-Gerhard , Bailey Michael , Taylor Andrew J 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Background: Cardiac damage in coronary artery graft (CABG) surgery is an important contributor to postoperative cardiac dysfunction and delayed hospital discharge. Currently, no simple method exists for its quantification.
Methods: In a prospective study of 300 patients having routine CABG surgery, we compared cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations at 6 and 24 h after surgery with electrocardiographic (ECG) results as predictors of an extended postoperative stay in the intensive care unit (ICU) and in the hospital. We stratified outcome variables by tertiles of cTnI concentration and studied the significance of differences between outcome variables across tertiles.
Results: Multivariate analysis showed that 24-h cTnI is a significant predictor of increased postoperative ICU stay (P = 0.012) and postoperative hospital stay (P = 0.024). For 6-h cTnI, corresponding significance values were P = 0.29 and 0.9. ECG was of no value (P = 0.39 and 0.47). Differences in 24-h cTnI were highly significant, particularly for lowest vs highest tertiles, and allowed stratification of risk into “low” (&lt;10 μg/L), “equivocal” (10–20 μg/L), and “high” (&gt;20 μg/L).
Conclusions: Use of a single 24-h cTnI value to quantify perioperative myocardial damage identifies patients who are at greater risk of extended ICU and hospital stays. This strategy could assist in allocation of patients to different management streams after CABG surgery.
Hot-pressing stress graded aspen veneer for laminated veneer lumber (LVL)
Authors: Wang Brad Jianhe , Dai Chunping 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Aspen (Populus tremuloides) is emerging as an important species for laminated veneer lumber (LVL) products in North America. During LVL manufacturing, both veneer stress grades and hot-pressing schedules are vital to product performance. In this study, an experimental design with four three-level variables comprising veneer moisture content (MC), veneer stress grade, platen pressure, and glue spread level was employed to investigate their effects on pressing behavior and stiffness and strength properties of LVL panels. The results show that, within the ranges studied, glue spread level and platen pressure were the two most important variables affecting the hot-pressing time needed for the innermost glueline to reach a target temperature of 105°C. The MC from the glue (mainly in the glueline) affected the rise of the innermost temperature more significantly than the MC in the veneer. Among the four variables studied, veneer stress grade and veneer MC were the two dominant variables that affect LVL stiffness and strength properties. Flat-wise and edge-wise bending stiffness (MOE) and strength (MOR) of LVL panels made from higher stress grade veneers were higher compared to those made from lower stress grade veneers, but there was no direct correlation between LVL shear strength and veneer stress grade. In addition, LVL edge-wise bending stiffness had the highest veneer MC tolerance among all LVL stiffness and strength properties. Further, LVL stiffness enhancement (the ratio of LVL MOE over veneer MOE) was lower with higher stress grade veneers than with lower stress grade veneers. These findings are useful for manufacturing high-stiffness LVL for engineered applications.
Bioactive phenolic substances in important tree species. Part 3: Knots and stemwood of Acacia crassicarpa and A. mangium
Authors: Pietarinen Suvi P. , Willför Stefan M. , Sjöholm Rainer E. , Holmbom Bjarne R. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Polyphenols in heartwood, sapwood, and knots of Acacia crassicarpa and Acacia mangium were analysed using GC, GC-MS, HPSEC, and NMR. Melacacidin and isomelacacidin dominated in A. crassicarpa and teracacidin and its ketone in A. mangium. Also, bi- and triflavonoids were tentatively identified in the samples. The amounts of polyphenols were larger in the knots than in the heartwood of both species, while the composition within the species was the same.
Extended One‐Step Methods: An Exponential Fitting Approach
Authors: Van Daele M. , Vanden Berghe G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractExponentially fitted versions of the extended one‐step methods for first‐order ODEs are constructed following the six‐step flow chart introduced by Ixaru and Vanden Berghe in Exponential fitting, (Mathematics and Its Application 568, Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004) and their properties are examined. It is shown how formulae for optimal frequencies can be constructed. Some numerical experiments illustrate the use of the developed algorithms. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Incomplete Cholesky Preconditioners with Band‐Diagonalization for Sparse Symmetric Systems
Authors: Itoh Taku , Fujimoto Daichi , Kitagawa Takashi , Nakata Susumu 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn this paper, we present a preconditioning method based on Incomplete Cholesky Decomposition (ICD) combined with a band‐diagonalization strategy which enables an efficient ICD. The performance of the ICD preconditioner for sparse symmetric systems has a close relationship to the number of fill‐ins of the exact Cholesky decomposition and the number can be decreased by the band‐diagonalization. We consider an implicit surface reconstruction as a typical problem which has a property that the coefficient matrix can be transformed into a band‐diagonal structure at a low computational cost. The effectiveness of the preconditioning is shown as a result of some numerical experiments. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fracture behavior of PVC/Blendex/nano‐CaCO3 composites
Authors: Chen Ning , Wan Chaoying , Zhang Yong , Zhang Yinxi , Zhang Changming 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPVC/Blendex/Nano‐CaCO3 composites were prepared by melt‐blending method. The Blendex (BLENDEX® 338) (GE Specialty Chemicals Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China) was an acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene copolymer with high butadiene content. The fracture behavior of PVC/Blendex/nano‐CaCO3 composites was studied using a modified essential work of fracture model, U/A = u0 + udl, where u0 is the limiting specific fracture energy and ud is the dissipative energy density. The u0 of PVC/Blendex blend could be greatly increased by the addition of nano‐CaCO3, while the ud was decreased. Nano‐CaCO3 with particle size of 38 nm increased the u0 of PVC/Blendex blend more effectively than that with particle size of 64 nm, when nano‐CaCO3 content was below 10 phr. Both the u0 and ud of PVC/Blendex/nano‐CaCO3 composites were not much affected by increasing specimen thickness from 3 mm to 5 mm, while the two fracture parameters were increased with increasing loading rate from 2 mm/min to 10 mm/min, and ud was found to be more sensitive to the loading rate than u0. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 953–961, 2005
Study on water resistance of paper treated with polyacrylate microlatex
Authors: Xu Peng , Zhong Wei , Wang Haitao , Lin Yijian , Du Qiangguo 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPolyacrylate microlatexes were synthesized by microemulsion polymerization of acrylic monomers in the presence of cationic emulsifiers using a modified process. Paper treated with some of the polyacrylate microlatexes showed good water resistance. Paper's water resistance and its relation to the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the copolymer, the particle size of the microlatex, and the emulsifier were studied. It was found that paper fiber can be uniformly coated by cationic microlatexes with polymers of lower Tg, resulting in higher resistance to water penetration. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 962–966, 2005
Synthesis and properties of side‐chain liquid‐crystalline polysiloxanes containing hemiphasmidic mesogens
Authors: Yao Dan‐shu , Zhang Bao‐Yan , Sun Qiu‐Ju , Zhang Li‐Feng 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe synthesis of hemiphasmidic monomers 4‐[(3,4,5‐triethoxy)benzoyloxy]‐4′‐[(p‐allyloxy)benzoyloxy]biphenyl (M1), 4‐[(3,5‐diethoxy)benzoyloxy]‐4′‐[(p‐allyloxy)‐benzoyloxy]biphenyl (M2), and of the corresponding side‐chain liquid‐crystalline polysiloxanes (P1, P2) was carried out. For comparison, rodlike monomer 4‐[(p‐ethoxy)‐benzoyloxy]‐4′‐[(p‐allyloxy)benzoyloxy]biphenyl (M3) and its polysiloxanes (P3) were also prepared. The chemical structures of the monomers and polymers obtained were confirmed by FTIR and 1H‐NMR spectra. Their mesomorphic properties and phase behavior were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing optical microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction measurements. The relationship between structures and properties was discussed. It was observed that M1 and M3 were enantiotropic nematic phase, M2 was monotropic mesophase, and their poly(methylsiloxanes) (P1–P3) possessed a broad range enantiotropic nematic phases and high thermal stability. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 946–952, 2005
Surface photografting polymerization of vinyl acetate, maleic anhydride, and their charge‐transfer complex. VI. Charge‐transfer complex (2)
Authors: Jianping Deng , Wantai Yang 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe photografting copolymerization of a low‐density polyethylene/vinyl acetate (VAC)–maleic anhydride (MAH) binary monomer system was studied from the perspective of dynamics. The total conversion percentage (CP) and grafting conversion percentage (CG) were measured by gravimetry. On the basis of plots of CP and CG as functions of the polymerization time, the total polymerization rate (RP) and grafting polymerization rate (RG) were calculated. In addition, the apparent activation energy (Ea) and the reaction orders of the photografting polymerization under different reaction conditions, such as the total monomer concentration and the concentration of benzophenone (BP), were determined also. The results showed that, in comparison with the photografting polymerization of the two single monomers (VAC and MAH), RP and RG noticeably increased for the VAC–MAH binary monomer system. When the total monomer concentration was kept at 4M, the apparent Ea's of the three photografting polymerization systems were as follows: for VAC ([MAH]/[VAC] = 0/4), Ea's for the total polymerization and grafting polymerization were 41.00 and 43.90 kJ/mol, respectively; for MAH ([MAH]/[VAC] = 4/0, Ea's were 39.65 and 43.23 kJ/mol, respectively; and for the VAC–MAH binary monomer system, Ea's were 34.35 and 40.32 kJ/mol, respectively. These results suggested that the polymerization of the binary system occurred more readily than the other two. The reaction orders of RP with respect to the total monomer concentration of the monomers and the concentration of BP were 1.34 and 0.81, respectively. According to these investigations, it could be inferred that in the binary monomer system, both the free monomers and charge‐transfer complex took part in the polymerization; to the termination of the propagating chains, two possible pathways, unimolecular termination and bimolecular termination, coexisted in this binary monomer system. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 910–915, 2005
Analogues of cyclolinopeptide a containing α‐hydroxymethyl amino acid residues
Authors: Zubrzak Paweł , Banaś Agnieszka , Kaczmarek Krzysztof , Leplawy Mirosław T. , Sochacki Marek , Kowalski Marek L. , Szkudlińska Barbara , Zabrocki Janusz , Di Lello Paola , Isernia Carla , Saviano Michele , Pedone Carlo , Benedetti Ettore 
Published: December 2004

AbstractLinear and cyclic cyclolinopeptide A (CLA) analogues containing α‐hydroxymethylleucine (HmL) in positions 1, 4, and 1&4, and α‐hydroxymethylvaline (HmV) in position 5, were synthesized by the solid‐phase peptide strategy and cyclized with the 1‐Ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)‐carbodiimide/1‐hydroxy‐7‐azabenzotriazole (EDC/HOAt) reagent. The peptides were examined for their immunosuppressive activity in the lymphocyte proliferation assays (LPA). Only HmL‐containing peptides demonstrated at about 25% lower immunosuppressive activity, but they are four times more soluble in water solutions than the native CLA. It seems from the LPA results that peptide [(HmL4)CLA] is the most promising for further studies. This peptide was characterized in solution, at room temperature in CDCl3, and the conformation compared with that observed for CLA in the solid state. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci), 2005
Novel gonadotropin‐releasing hormone antagonists with substitutions at position 5
Authors: Samant Manoj P. , Hong Doley J. , Croston Glenn , Rivier Catherine , Rivier Jean 
Published: December 2004

AbstractGonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonists with high potency and improved duration of action are needed for potential clinical applications. We synthesized four new antagonists (2–5) of GnRH homologues to Azaline B (1), with a common core sequence of [Aph(X)5, D‐Aph(Cbm)6]Azaline B. In these analogs, (X) contains hydrophobic aromatic moieties (like homoveratoyl in 2, homovanillyl in 3, 2,5‐dimethoxyphenylacetyl in 4, and 3,5‐dimethoxyphenylacetyl in 5) designed to improve the duration of action over that of Azaline B. These analogs were tested in vitro for their ability to antagonize the GnRH receptor and in vivo for duration of action in a castrated male rat assay. Analogs 2, 4, and 5 were potent in vitro, but were found to be short acting in vivo. However, analog 3 [Aph(Hvn)5,D‐Aph(Cbm)6]Azaline B is a potent human GnRH receptor antagonist in vitro (IC50 1.47 nM) and exhibits a longer duration of action than azaline B. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci), 2005
‘Brain Aided’ Musk Design
Authors: Kraft Philip 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis brief review, including new experimental results, is the summary of a talk at the RSC/SCI conference flavours & fragrances 2004 in Manchester, United Kingdom, 12–14 May, 2004. Musk odorants have been a classical domain for computer aided structure–odor relationship (SOR) studies, but, contrary to sandalwood or amber odorants, they belong to structurally very different substance classes, e.g., macrocycles, aromatic polycycles, and nitro arenes. Most SOR computer models are restricted to one class, excluding structural diversity to increase predictability. But even within a musk family, structural similarities are often due to a common synthetic access, and do not reflect binding requirements for the musk receptor. Beyond that, the importance of structural key features can be missed, which is discussed on the example of the (4S)‐Me group of Galaxolide®. By synthesis and olfactory evaluation of Galaxolide®‐like shaped macrobicycles as model compounds for conformationally constrained (12R)‐12‐methyltridecano‐13‐lactone, it was investigated how likely there is more than one musk receptor. Finally, the new family of so‐called linear musks is discussed, especially with respect to the conformational importance of the gem‐2′,2′‐dimethyl moiety in Helvetolide® and the additional 2′‐carbonyl group of Romandolide – structural features that strongly diminish the musk odor of macrocycles. On the example of 2‐methyl‐2‐[(E)‐1,2,4‐trimethylpent‐2‐enyloxy]propyl esters, the ‘brain‐aided’ design and conformational analysis of musk odorants is illustrated. The overview concludes with the synthesis, odor evaluation, and conformational discussion of the new musk odorant 2‐(3,3‐dimethylcyclohexyl)propanoic acid ethoxycarbonylmethyl ester.
Amino Acid Binding by 2‐(Guanidiniocarbonyl)pyridines in Aqueous Solvents: A Comparative Binding Study Correlating Complex Stability with Stereoelectronic Factors
Authors: Schmuck Carsten , Machon Uwe 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA series of guanidiniocarbonylpyridine receptors has been synthesized, and these compounds bind amino acids (carboxylate forms) in aqueous DMSO with association constants ranging from K = 30 to 460 M−1 as determined by NMR titration experiments. The differences in the complex stabilities can be correlated with steric and electrostatic effects with the aid of calculated complex structures. For example, the electrostatic repulsion between the pyridine nitrogen lone pair and the bound carboxylate makes anion binding less efficient than with the analogous pyrrole receptors previously introduced by us for carboxylate binding in water. Furthermore, steric interactions between the receptor side chain as in 2 b and the bound substrate also disfavor complexation.
Water‐Catalyzed Dehalogenation Reactions of the Isomer of CBr4 and Its Reaction Products and a Comparison to Analogous Reactions of the Isomers of Di‐ and Trihalomethanes
Authors: Zhao Cunyuan , Lin Xufeng , Kwok Wai Ming , Guan Xiangguo , Du Yong , Wang Dongqi , Hung Kam Fa , Phillips David Lee 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA combined experimental and theoretical study of the UV photolysis of a typical tetrahalomethane, CBr4, in water and acetonitrile/water was performed. Ultraviolet photolysis of low concentrations of CBr4 in water mostly leads to the production of four HBr leaving groups and CO2. Picosecond time‐resolved resonance Raman (Ps‐TR3) experiments and ab initio calculations indicate that water‐catalyzed OH insertion/HBr elimination of the isomer of CBr4 and subsequent reactions of its products lead to the formation of these products. The UV photolyses of di‐, tri‐, and tetrahalomethanes at low concentrations in water‐solvated environments are compared to one another. This comparison enables a general reaction scheme to be deduced that can account for the different products produced by UV photolysis of low concentrations of di‐, tri‐, and tetrahalomethanes in water. The fate of the (halo)formaldehyde intermediate in the chemical reaction mechanism is the key to determining how many strong acid leaving groups are produced and which carbon atom final product is likely formed by UV photolysis of a polyhalomethane at low concentrations in a water‐solvated environment.
Simulation of the Crystal Field Effect on the Pr3+ Ion in K2La1‐xPrxCl5 Ternary Chlorides.
Authors: Cybinska Joanna , Hoelsae Jorma , Lastusaari Mika , Legendziewicz Janina , Meyer Gerd , Wickleder Claudia 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Lead‐Free Piezoceramics.
Authors: Saito Yasuyoshi , Takao Hisaaki , Tani Toshihiko , Nonoyama Tatsuhiko , Takatori Kazumasa , Homma Takahiko , Nagaya Toshiatsu , Nakamura Masaya 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Tandem Allylic Substitution Using Chiral (2‐Phosphinophenyl)pyridine Ligand.
Authors: Ito Katsuji , Imahayashi Yoshikatsu , Kuroda Tomomi , Eno Shuuichiro , Saito Bunnai , Katsuki Tsutomu 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of a Novel Spiro Bisphosphinamidite Ligand for Highly Enantioselective Hydrogenation.
Authors: Lin Ching Wen , Lin Chi‐Ching , Lam F.‐L. , Au‐Yeung Terry T.‐L. , Chan Albert S. C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.