bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Parker Simon B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While each of the preceding chapters may be read as a separate study, together they shed light on three general topics. This comparison of epigraphic and biblical narratives contributes to our appreciation of the literary character of each; to our reconstruction of the transmission of certain stories and types of stories; and to our recognition of the role of the deity in different kinds of stories. This concluding chapter addresses these three topics in turn.
James Weldon Johnson (June 17, 1871-June 26, 1938)
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1871 Born to James and Helen Louise Dillet Johnson on June 17, in Jacksonville, Florida. 1884 Makes trip to New York City. 1886 Meets Frederick Douglass in Jacksonville. 1887 Graduates from Stanton School, Jacksonville. Enters Atlanta University Preparatory Division. 1890 Graduates from Atlanta University Preparatory Division. Enters Atlanta University’s freshman class. 1891 Teaches school in Henry County, Georgia, during the summer following his freshman year. 1892 Wins Atlanta University Oratory Prize for “The Best Methods of Removing the Disabilities of Caste from the Negro.” 1893 Meets Paul Laurence Dunbar at the Chicago World’s Fair. 1894 Receives B.A. degree with honors from Atlanta University. Delivers valedictory speech, “The Destiny of the Human Race.” Tours New England with the Atlanta University Quartet for three months. Is appointed principal of Stanton School in Jacksonville, Florida, the largest African-American public school in the state. 1895 Founds the Daily American, an afternoon daily serving Jacksonville’s black population. 1896 Expands Stanton School to high school status, making it the first public high school for blacks in the state of Florida. 1898 Becomes the first African American to be admitted to the Florida bar.
Report of the Secretary for the Board Meeting of December 1920
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the convening of Congress the National Office has had assurances from both Senator Curtis, who introduced the Anti-Lynching Bill in the Senate, and Congressman Dyer, who introduced the Anti-Lynching Bill in the House, that they will immediately become active in pushing these measures. The branches of the Association have been asked to urge upon their members and others to write their senators and representatives requesting that they vote for these measures. Congressman Dyer is to be one of the speakers at an Anti-Lynching Meeting which is to be held by the Brooklyn Branch on December 9, at the Academy of Music. The other speakers will be Senator Joseph I. France of Maryland, Mrs. Mary B. Talbert, and the Assistant Secretary [Walter White].
Report of the Secretary for the Board Meeting of March 1921
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In keeping with the suggestion made at the annual meeting of the Anti-Lynching Committee, influential and wealthy persons are being written to with a view to interesting them in the fight the Association is making against lynching, to the extent of making a substantial contribution to this work. New Jersey Legislature On February 16 a letter was received from Dr. W. G. Alexander, member of the House of Assembly of New Jersey, requesting that the Association prepare for him immediately the kind of Memorial or Resolutions it would like to have passed in the New Jersey Legislature asking Congress to make lynching a federal crime. The following resolutions were drawn and sent to Dr. Alexander: Whereas, sixty-five persons were lynched in the United States in 1920, one of the victims of mob murder being a woman and eight being burned at stake.
Report of the Secretary for the Board Meeting of October 1924
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the last meeting of the Board Mr. James A. Cobb of the Legal Committee stated that besides the Washington Segregation Case there were five similar cases pending in various parts of the United States. Washington Segregation Case As suggested by Mr. Cobb at the last meeting of the Board the National Office sent out in September a press release giving detailed information regarding the Washington Segregation Case. This release was in the main a statement by Mr. Cobb in which he stressed the importance of securing if possible from the United States Supreme Court a favorable decision, since this bar against colored people, if sustained, would have the practical effect of nullifying the victory won in the Louisville Segregation Case. On Saturday morning, October 4, a conference on the Washington Segregation Cases with Mr. Louis Marshall was held at his office. Present at the conference were Mr. Marshall, Mr. Arthur B. Spingarn, Mr. Cobb, Mr. Stockton, and the Secretary. The case was discussed in all of its important phases. Mr. Marshall made suggestions growing out of his study of the brief and the record. He advised that as promptly as possible an application for a writ of certiorari be made in order that the case might be brought before the Court in all of its phases in the event of the Court’s ruling that the case as brought up on appeal was not before it. Mr. Cobb stated that he would take immediate steps to make the application. Mr. Marshall expressed the opinion that the case should not rest entirely upon constitutional grounds but should include the broad question of policy. He also expressed his willingness to give his aid in arguing the case before the Supreme Court.
The N.A.A.C.P.’s Fight Against Lynching
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Johnson in this address recounts the NAACP’s efforts to abolish lynch ing. He discusses the Association’s eight-year systematic, tenacious, and organized actions to wipe out the heinous act. The NAACP relied heavily upon publicity to educate the public on the issue of lynching. Consequently, there was some appreciable effect, and out of that grew Federal legislation. This address was given at the NAACP’s Annual Meeting on January 3, 1923. I shall not take any time to go over all the various steps in the fight against lynching, especially in these recent months. Nevertheless, there is a good deal to be learned from the results and from the benefits which have come from that fight. There has been a fight against lynching going on for some time in this country. The first that I remember was protest made a number of years ago against the burning of Sam Hose, and there was one voice which rang out stirring against it in almost scathing indictment of American civilization, and that voice was the voice of a man whom perhaps America thinks of generally as an infidel; but his was one of the greatest brains and one of the biggest hearts that America ever knew. That man was Robert Ingersol. In that day when Robert Ingersol spoke and spoke as he did about the lynching of Sam Hose, it took some bravery to do it. When ministers of the gospel were silent this so-called atheist spoke out. In years following there were sporadic and individual voices here and there, but the recognized, systematic fight against lynching began with the work of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
Presiding at Annual Mass Meeting Speech
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this speech Johnson reviews the NAACP’s work during the preceding year, 1923. He states that one of the NAACP’s objectives is to take stock of what has been gained so that the Association’s staff will move forward with the strength and confidence of hindsight. This address was given at the Annual Mass Meeting of the NAACP in New York City on January 6, 1924. Ladies and Gentlemen: We are met together today for two purposes-first, to take stock of what the past twelve months show for us and to reassemble, as it were, our lines of battle for the continuance of the struggle that is before us.
Address Before the Twentieth Annual Meeting of the N.A.A.C.P.
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the following address, Johnson speaks to the Twenty-first Annual Meeting of the Association in 1931. As he retires from the NAACP he pronounces the organization and its aims and its achievements as now part of American history. Johnson further discusses the numerous hurdles the NAACP has overcome and some disadvantages that continue to plague the organization. In his new role as Vice-President and member of the Board, he reaffirms his commitment to the work of the NAACP. Madam Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen: I must speak to you briefly, because of the hour for one thing. I know that in speaking of the work of the N.A.A.C.P I cannot trust myself to speak briefly, and for that reason I am going to confine myself more or less to some notes which I have jotted down.
Walter White (July 1, 1893-March 21, 1955)
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1893 Born to George and Madeline Harrison White on July l in Atlanta, Georgia. 1905 Witnesses the Atlanta race riot at the age of twelve. Helping to defend his home and family against a mob of bloodthirsty whites, he realizes his identity as an African American. 1912 Enters Atlanta University’s freshman class. 1916 Graduates from Atlanta University and works as an insurance agent for Standard Insurance Company in Atlanta. Helps to form the Atlanta branch of the NAACP and spearheads the campaign against the mounting racial discrimination as practiced by the Atlanta Board of Education. 1917 Meets James Weldon Johnson in Atlanta. Johnson persuades him to join the staff of the national office of the NAACP. 1918 Joins the staff of the NAACP in New York City on January 31. His major areas of responsibility include helping to coordinate the legal program. 1919 Volunteers to undertake the dangerous task of investigating some of the most sinister crimes of lynching in the south. Because of his blue eyes, blond hair, and overall Caucasian appearance, is able to “pass.” The NAACP uses his findings as data for their publication Thirty Years of Lynching. This work, the first statistical analysis of lynching, is published by the Association.
Report of the Secretary for the Board Meeting of February 1932
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On March 25, 1931, nine African-American boys, aged 14 to 20, were charged with raping two white girls. The incident allegedly occurred while the boys were traveling on a freight train at Pain Rock, Alabama. Subsequently, eight of the youths were convicted and sentenced to death. The 14-year-old received life imprisonment. The defendants were initially represented by the NAACP’s legal team. The Communist Party intervened through the International Labor Defense (ILD). The NAACP wanted no association with the Communist Party; therefore, the NAACP withdrew from the case.] In accordance with the resolution passed at the January meeting of the Board, that resolution by which the N.A.A.C.P. withdrew from the Scottsboro Cases was sent to the parents and guardians of the defendants and to the press of the coun try. Since the passage of the resolution, letters have been received from two of the defendants asking that the Association remain in the cases, or at least take their individual cases; and on January 13 the following telegram was received from the Chattanooga Ministers Alliance: The Interdenominational Ministers Alliance understand by press report that the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People has withdrawn from the Scottsboro Case their legal aid in the defense of nine Negro boys. In view of the fact that the I.L.D. Legal force has all but gone to pieces because of questionable tactics and other developments and that the boys might be brought into court without legal aid, we beg you to prevail with your Board that the N.A.A.C.P. re-enter the case.
Report of the Secretary for the Board Meeting of January 1934
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Overview Today we inaugurate a new and, we hope, a more satisfactory method of reporting to the Annual Meeting on the past year’s activities. Instead of a long and detailed account of the wide variety of cases, issues, procedures, and the like, the Secretary gives only a terse statement of the highlights of the year’s work. Most of you who attend these annual meetings have closely followed the work during the year and are already familiar with most of the cases reported. We attempt, therefore, to spare you the necessity of listening to an over-long account. A committee numbering among its members some of the most distinguished medical authorities of America has at the invitation of the Association made a detailed study of the difficulties in Harlem Hospital, the only tax-supported institution in the country which has to so large an extent a mixed staff. The inquiry was broadened to include the whole field of medical opportunity for Negro doctors and nurses. The committee’s report of more than 80,000 words establishes a new yardstick in the matter of opportunity for service in tax-supported hospitals and in medical schools which, because of the distinction of the committee making the report, is of nation-wide significance. Two of the recommendations which will have most effect are for the ending of discrimination against Negroes in medical schools and of denial of opportunity to serve on the staffs of tax-supported hospitals through out the country.
Report of the Secretary for the Board Meeting of February 1936
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following a number of conferences in Washington with Senator Costigan, Senator Frederick F. Van Nuys, and others, a new strategy with regard to getting a federal anti-lynching law passed by the present session of Congress has been decided upon: On January 6 Senator Van Nuys, who was chairman of the subcommittee which conducted the hearings on the Costigan-Wagner Bill last spring and who meeting will be the school conditions in Harlem. The Special Counsel will talk on the Association’s legal work. Publicity During January the Association received a great deal of publicity on (1) the winning of the University of Maryland cases; (2) the questioning and picketing of Senator William E. Borah on his stand on the anti-lynching bill.
Report of the Secretary for the Board Meeting of August 1940
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Association’s Thirty-first Annual Conference was held at Philadelphia, Penn sylvania, June 18-23. There were in attendance four hundred delegates from thirty-three states and the District of Columbia, representing the Association’s Senior Branches. Also, Youth Councils and College Chapters were well represented. Delegates showed a keen interest in the various topics discussed at the business sessions, as many as time allowed taking part in the discussions. The keynote speech of the Conference was delivered by the Association’s Pres ident, Mr. Arthur B. Spingarn, at the opening session on Tuesday evening, June 18. Mr. Spingarn followed Mr. John L. Lewis, Chairman of the Congress of Indus trial Organizations. Other speakers at the evening sessions were: Mr. Earl B. Dickerson, Chicago, Illinois; Dr. Russell L. Cecil, New York City, who made the presentation of the Spingarn Medal; Mr. Herbert E. Millen, Philadelphia; Dean William H. Hastie, chairman of the Association’s National Legal Committee; Mr. Aubrey Williams, Administrator of the National Youth Administration; and the Assistant Secretary. On Sunday afternoon the speakers were Hon. Fiorello H. La Guardia, Mayor of the City of New York; and the Association’s Secretary.
I Investigate Lynchings
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Walter White joined the staff of the NAACP he became a zealous crusader against lynching. His novel Fire in the Flint, published in 1925, is one of the most compelling on the subject. His nonfiction Rope and Faggot: A Biography of Judge Lynch, published in 1927 and written on a Guggenheim fellowship, became the first significant work on the phenomenon of lynching. The following essay is an account of White’s personal investigations of lynching. This article was written in 1929. Nothing contributes so much to the continued life of an investigator of lynchings and his tranquil possession of all his limbs as the obtuseness of the lynchers themselves. Like most boastful people who practice direct action when it involves no personal risk, they just can’t help but talk about their deeds to any person who manifests even the slightest interest in them. Most lynchings take place in a small towns and rural regions where the natives know practically nothing of what is going on outside their immediate neighborhoods. Newspapers, books, magazines, theaters, visitors, and other vehicles for the transmission of information and ideas are usually as strange among them as dry point etchings. But those who live in so sterile an atmosphere usually esteem their own perspicacity in about the same degree as they are isolated from the world of ideas. They gabble on ad infinitum, apparently unable to keep from talking.
On Racist Textbooks
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The NAACP became concerned about a New York City Board of Education textbook which was called to the attention of the Association. The book, How the United States Became a World Power, about black life during the Reconstruction era, is filled with inaccuracies and stereotypes. In the following essay, Walter White recommends to the NAACP Board of Directors that a representative from the Association evaluate the New York City Board of Education’s textbooks, especially on history and civics. This essay was written in 1932. Effort was made some months ago to get the New York Women’s Auxiliary to appoint a committee to go over all the text books, especially history and civic text books, to compile material such as the above and to prepare therefrom an au thoritative document as the basis for a protest to the Board of Education and to the Mayor. No city in the country offers a more likely chance of successful elimination of such paragraphs than New York, and especially in view of the coming elections. The example set by New York would undoubtedly be followed by branches in other cities.
A Sign of Political Change in the South
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the following article Walter White praises Governor W. Kerr Scott of North Carolina for appointing Dr. Frank P. Graham as the new U.S. senator. White writes here that Graham’s appointment adds to the growing number of southern congressmen who are able to think beyond selfish geographical lines. The most dramatic, because of its unexpectedness, and the most heartening evidence of the political metamorphosis in the South is the appointment by Governor W. Kerr Scott of North Carolina of Dr. Frank P. Graham as the new United States Senator in North Carolina last week. I found the politicians stunned and the people jubilant. More than fifty persons had been urged upon Governor Scott for the appointment by various political factions. It would appear that none except Governor Scott and Senator Graham knew that North Carolina’s most distinguished citizen was being considered for the post.
Speeches, Essays, and Articles, 1955-1976
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Roy Wilkins received the following letter from a person who had followed his writings in the many publications he wrote for during his long career. Mrs. Roy Wilkins thought that this letter captured the substance of her husband as a hu man being and as a leader of civil rights for all Americans. In fact she used the letter as a preface to a collection of her husband’s speeches, essays, and articles that she herself published. I feel, that as one of your reader audience, you should know how much you inspire me. You maintain a universal tone in the human dilemma of wanting to love and to be loved, to feel worthwhile, to believe that others feel that we are worthwhile. The Negroes’ dilemma is a silhouette of every man’s fear of neglect, deprivation, and isolation. In view of the uprising in some of the big cities, it is more important that we keep our cool and plough ahead with our aspirations for mankind.
Freedom, Franchise, and Segregation
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The NAACP and The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art in New York City have a very special relationship that extends to the founding of the Association in 1909. The founders often met at Cooper Union to bring forth plans for the development of the NAACP. In the cen tennial year of Cooper Union, Roy Wilkins underscores the unswerving and unyielding forward push of the Association and its accomplishments since its founding. In his optimistic fashion he expresses his belief that success is inevitable. This address, given in 1959, was broadcast on Station WNYC in New York City. It is a privilege to have a small part in the celebration of the centennial year of The Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art and to speak here in this famous Forum where so many issues of importance to our nation and to the world have had an airing. In many a year since the founding of our country it must have seemed to anxious students that freedom of speech and freedom of assembly were about to be curtailed, if not abolished. The tensions that develop with wars, the fervors distilled in political and economic conflict, and the emotions stirred by debate over human rights, here and abroad, have threatened these and other precious free dons from time to time. The Bill of Rights has escaped, often by the skin of its teeth. The courts which dared to interpret it and other clauses in our Constitution have had to meet and defeat challenges of greater or lesser intensity.
Medgar W. Evers: In Memoriam
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The following are remarks by Roy Wilkins at the funeral of Medgar W. Evers on June 15, 1963, in Jackson, Mississippi. Evers, NAACP field secretary for Mississippi, died after being shot down from ambush in front of his home in Jackson on June 12. There have been martyrs throughout history, in every land and people, in many high causes. We are here today in tribute to a martyr in the crusade for human liberty, a man struck down in mean and cowardly fashion by a bullet in the back. The N.A.A.C.P. has had its share of sufferers: John R. Shillady, one of the earliest N.A.A.C.P. executive secretaries who was badly beaten by a mob in Austin, Tex., in 1919; Elbert Williams, secretary of the Brownsville, Tenn., N.A.A.C.P. who was lynched in 1940; Rev. George W. Lee. officer of the Belzoni, Miss., N.A.A.C.P., who registered to vote and was assassinated in 1955; Harry T. Moore, N.A.A.C.P state secretary for Florida and his wife. both murdered in their beds in Mims, Fla..
We Want Freedom Now!
Authors: Wilson Sondra Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this keynote address to the Fifty-fourth NAACP Convention, Roy Wilkins told the audience, “There will be a march on Washington as a living petition for the redress of old grievances, a march of decency and dignity.” Secretary Wilkins’s declaration was ratified by the convention, and a resolution was passed committing the NAACP to “cooperate, support, and participate in a March on Washington or other mass demonstrations which may be jointly sponsored, planned, and executed by those organizations and individuals similarly commited to enactment.” The following is Wilkins’s speech at the 1963 March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.