bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Emotion and Health
Authors: Cacioppo John T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The proposition that emotion is a consequence of ill health is uncontroversial. A voluminous literature confirms that one of the best predictors of overall happiness in adults of all ages is health and physical fitness (Myers, 1992). This body of research further shows that emotions are especially stirred by ill health, chronic pain, fatigue, or threat of death. The underlying mechanisms for the effect of ill health on emotion are less straightforward and more fascinating than the effect itself, however. Maier and Watkins (1998), for instance, review evidence that an infection triggers a centrally orchestrated sickness response, which is mediated by vagal afferents and includes behavioral (e.g., lethargy), autonomic (e.g., fever), and neuroendocrine (e.g., cytokine) components. One’s energy and affect are down when one becomes ill in part because one’s cytokines (e.g., interleukin-1) are up. The mechanisms by which cytokines affect the brain and emotion are also becoming clearer. Cytokines signal through the vagus nerve; they trigger small signal molecules that then diffuse into brain tissue, and cytokines themselves cross the blood-brain barrier. Once in the brain cytokines influence various neurotransmitters that impact moods and emotion, such as serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine (e.g., Dantzer, Bluthe, Laye, Bret-Dibat, Parnet, & Kelley, 1998; Weiss, Sundar, Becker, & Cierpial, 1989; cf. Sternberg, 2000). The ill health of an individual with whom one is connected can also affect one’s own emotions, which calls forth an entirely different class of mechanisms ranging from cognitive appraisals of the demands of caring for the individual to sympathic and empathic responses to emotional contagion (Hatfield, Cacioppo, & Rapson, 1994). Additional details about the various mechanisms by which emotion is a consequence of health can be expected in the coming decades. What they all have in common thus far is the notion that the emotions that result from health or ill health foster adaptive actions, self-regulation, and social coordination. The proposition that emotion can influence health or disease has been more controversial in recent history. Socrates (496–399 B.C.) and Hippocrates (466–375 B.C.), however, regarded emotion as a determinant of health and disease. In the 3rd century B.C., the Greek physician Erasistratos diagnosed a young man’s debilitating attacks as caused by an emotional affliction—lovesickness (Mesulam & Perry, 1972)—and to this day, across the doorway of the building housing one of the first pharmacies in Switzerland, is an inscription that proclaims cures for all but lovesickness. In contrast, for most of the 20th century, “medical” maladies of the ilk suffered by Erasistratos’s patient have been viewed as falling in the realm of mental (see Part 9 this volume) rather than physical health, a view fostered ironically by Sigmund Freud’s seminal work on the role of “psychic determinism” in somatic conversion hysteria.
Emotional Expression and Cancer Progression
Authors: Giese-Davis Janine , Spiegel David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interest in the relationship between emotion and cancer began as far back as Galen’s observation that cancer patients seemed melancholy, a term used for someone who was both depressed and emotionally reserved and nonassertive. More recently, there has been a literature suggesting that cancer patients or those likely to develop cancer are emotionally suppressive, especially of negative emotions such as anger. They have been characterized as the converse of “type A” personalities—hostile and impatient—who are at risk for heart disease. Cancer patients have been labeled as “type C”—unassuming and nonassertive, prone to suppress awareness and expression of their own feelings in the service of making others feel better (Temoshok, 1987), or human shock absorbers. This picture has been further complicated by a popular literature recommending a kind of emotional straitjacket for cancer patients, maintaining a “positive attitude.” The implication is that giving in to fear, anger, or sadness constitutes yielding to the illness, and might actually promote progression of the disease in the body, a distortion of the Cartesian dictum Cogito ergo sum (I think therefore I am) to Senti ergo sum (I feel sick—distressed—therefore I am sick). These popular misconceptions highlight the importance of solid empirical information about the relationship between emotion and cancer, and the delivery of clear messages to the lay public about these findings. Patients are actually struggling to suppress natural reactions to their illness or are avoiding discussion of these emotions with loved ones and physicians, out of fear that they may worsen their condition. Cancer necessarily evokes strong emotions in relation to existential issues, body damage, treatment side effects, loss of abilities, pain, fatigue, and a host of other problems. Research linking coping with these emotions and survival is easily misconstrued in ways that further burden patients. In the current review, we will present a perspective on the associations between emotional state/emotional expression and its relationship to cancer incidence, progression, and survival. This review is not meant to be comprehensive, but is intended to highlight consistent themes, point out statistical and methodological shortcomings, and provide suggestions for future research in this area. Though our initial intention was to review only the cancer progression associations, many of the relevant epidemiological and prospective studies examine hypotheses that involve cancer incidence or onset, as well as progression or mortality, so we present both. Our conclusion is that the most consistent findings from converging sources highlight the importance of two constructs—depression and repression.
The Poetics of Abjection in Beloved
Authors: Raynaud Claudine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Morrison’s Beloved, the evocation of the Middle Passage is no sea yarn.1 A layering of different moments painstakingly brought to the slave daughter’s consciousness, the passage takes the shape of a strangely circular text composed of fragments of “images” that hardly add up to a narrative.2 In between the laconic notations, the textual blanks bear witness to the effort to find words that would translate the visions into language. All the while, for the reader, the text itself represents a thwarted attempt at articulation, the gaps not pauses for breath but real blanks suffocating loct of barred meaning, silences that spell the insistent closeness of chos.
Surviving through a Pattern of Timeless Moments A Reading of Caryl Phillips’s Crossing the River
Authors: Julien Claude 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If we admit that identity is founded on memory, fictions about the Middle Passage have proved to be the medium where the hurt of being torn away and dispersed can well up from its watery tomb. For example, Alex Haley’s Roots (cliche-ridden as it is with the guilt feelings of liberal America) stands out as a pioneering story, and the mysteries, wonders, mysticism, and nimble sarcasm of Charles Johnson’s Middle Passage have given the full measure of poetic creation in this respect.
The Color of Money: Economic Structures of Race and Gender under Slavery
Authors: Boesenberg Eva 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this essay, I shall approach the complexities of “race,” gender, and money under slavery in the American South. Particularly, I want to explore the slaves’ own representation of the nexus between money and gender once they had escaped the masters’ symbolic economy where their place was predetermined, immutable, and ambiguous with regard to gender. Black people deported to North America might have experienced slavery on the African continent, but their commodification in the New World represented a new dimension of dehumanization. Quite literally, freedom and personhood depended on money in a slaveholding economy. The profit motive, which had occasioned the slaves’ transatlantic passages in the first place, was inscribed in the social structures of the “peculiar institution” with startling consistency. Treated as chattel and assigned a cash equivalent, the slaves were depersonalized further by the degree of abstraction inherent in monetary language, which screens contextual relations and reduces vastly different activities, objects, and relations to a common denominator.
The Enigma of the Return
Authors: Gysin Fritz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent novelistic attempts to deal with a real or imaginative return to Africa more often than not foreground the enigmatic quality of that endeavor. Not only is the path of the return frequently frought with insurmountable obstacles but the ties of African American fictional characters to their African origins are much more ambiguous, precarious, and tenuous than some advocates of Afrocentrism would like us to believe. The problem of direction emerges as a major issue. In contemporary, and especially in postmodern African American fiction, most aesthetically successful “re-memories” are repetitions of the enforced process of emigration from Africa to America. In more theoretical terms, in a majority of novels we witness attempts to return on the level of discourse (narration), such as an intention to go back to the roots, or on the level of text (recit), such as the use of analepsis, while on the story (histoire) level, the spatial, and sometimes even the temporal, direction is forward. When we witness an actual return to the source on the levels of story or text, the attempt stops short of reaching the tautological center of origins, Ellison’s “Blackness of Blackness,” 1 or, if that center is reached, the confusion there calls the whole enterprise into question, and the expected transformation, catharsis, or healing process remains highly enigmatic.
Passages to Identity: Re-Membering the Diaspora in Marshall, Phillips, and Cliff
Authors: Garvey Johanna X K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“It appeared she had brought the memorabilia of a lifetime-and of the time that reached beyond her small life-and dumped it in a confused “heap in the room. It expressed her: the struggle for coherence, the hope and desire for reconciliation of her conflicting parts, the longing to truly know and accept herself” (401). This description of the semi-chaos of Merle Kinbona’s room in Paule Marshall’s The Chosen Place, The Timeless People (New York: Vintage, 1969) echoes the museumlike quality of the fictive Bourne Island where the narrative unfolds-a place “where one not only felt that other time existing intact, still alive, a palpable presence beneath the everyday reality, but saw it as well at every turn, often without realizing it. Bournehills .might have been selected as the repository of the history which reached beyond it to include the hemisphere north and south” (402). Written over twenty-five years ago, this novel by an African American woman with familial roots in Barbados explores issues of race, history, and identity that also inform more recent texts about the African diaspora and its roots/routes in the Middle Passage and slavery.
Meaning, Misinterpretations, and Medicine: A cognitive Behavioral Approach to Understanding Health Anxiety and Hypochondriasis
Authors: Salkovskis Paul M , Warwick Hilary M C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On an Internet bulletin board, someone reported that ‘‘my psychiatrist has just told me that I am suffering from DSM-IV.” As therapists and researchers working with the problems characterized by severe and persistent health anxiety, we also suffer from DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1994), not least because it defines health anxiety as the somatoform disorder “Hypochondriasis.” This classification is theoretically misleading, as it diverts attention away from the importance of anxiety and therefore threat, and onto more superficial characteristics of the problem.
Pharmacologic Strategies for Hypochondriasis
Authors: Fallon Brian A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Very little controlled research has been conducted on the phannacotherapy of hypochondriasis as a primary disorder. However, the therapeutic nihilism regarding the pharmacotherapy of hypochondriasis that characterized so much of the pre- 1990s has now been replaced by cautious optimism that specific pharmacologic agents may be particularly helpful. Given the paucity of information about the pharmacotherapy of hypochondriasis, this chapter will present what is known, re viewing the extant literature using case reports, small series, and controlled studies.
The Device of Race: An Introduction
Authors: Elam Harry J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As our title, African American Performance and Theater History: A Critical Reader, suggests, this anthology explores the intersections of race, theater, and performance in America. The interactions among them are always dynamic and multidirectional. Accordingly, the social and historical contexts of production can critically affect theatrical performances of blackness and their meanings. At the same time, theatrical representations and performances have profoundly impacted African American cultural, social, and political struggles. This book argues that analyzing African American theater and performance traditions offers insight into how race has operated and continues to operate in American society. Significantly, this examination of African American theater and performance history reflects not only on the historical evolution and cultural development of racial representations but also on the continuity and continuum of performance theories and theatrical practices over time. Dramatic tropes, aesthetic and cultural images, artistic agendas, and political paradigms are repeated and revised as the past is continually made present, and the present is constituted in the African American past.
Facial Expressions as Indicators of Appraisal Processes
Authors: Kaiser Susanne , Wehrle Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Appraisal theorists following a componential approach, as proposed by Smith and Ellsworth (1985), Frijda (1986), Roseman (1984), or Scherer (1984c), share the assumption that (1) emotions are elicited by a cognitive evaluation of antecedent situations and events and that (2) the patterning of the reactions in the different response domains (physiology, expression, action tendencies, feeling) is determined by the outcome of this evaluation process. In line with this reasoning, several researchers have presented the idea of analyzing facial expressions as indicators of appraisal processes in addition to or as an alternative to verbal report measures (Frijda & Tcherkassof, 1997; Kaiser & Scherer, 1998; Pope & Smith, 1994; Smith & Scott, 1997).
Crossmodal Attention Shifts
Authors: Wright Richard D , Ward Lawrence M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What we see may dominate our perceptual world, but objects are seldom only visual. Most environments in which we find ourselves are filled with sounds, smells, touches, and tastes as well as sights. Important environmental events such as the approach of a hungry lion generate information in several modalities. It could be slow visual movement, the sound of rustling tall grass, and perhaps a faint scent of musk; or fast visual movement, a loud roar, and the smell of rotting meat on the breath of the attacking (and too close!) cat.
Parent–Offspring Conflict
Authors: Trivers Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In early 1971 I decided to work on what I thought of as a biological theory of the family, a theory that would have variables such as sex and age and other relevant parameters and would derive how natural selection was acting on members of the family. There was only one problem: individuals in a family were related to each other, and somehow you had to take this relatedness into account when describing natural selection acting on the participants. I puzzled about the matter for some time and, in my usual style, consulted with advanced graduate students and relevant faculty, but without getting any help.
Deconstructing the Serengeti
Authors: Tappen Martha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The expansion of meat-eating by hominids beyond the level of extant apes had repercussions for hominid ecology, anatomy, and social behavior. In recent years many have attempted to develop explicit models of hominid behavior based on the ecological distribution of animal and plant foods in modem African savannas. The modem environments used as analogs by most workers emphasize very dry, very seasonal areas of modem Africa. This has limited our view of the spatial and temporal distribution of available animals. However, the true variety of modem African savannas demonstrates greater variability that would influence meat-eating. In wetter savannas scavenging would be much less predictable, with very high search costs and relatively low returns.
A Comparison of Social Meat-Foraging by Chimpanzees and Human Foragers
Authors: Stanford Craig B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chimpanzees and traditional human foragers are among the few higher primates that actively hunt mammalian prey for a part of their subsistence. Both hunt socially, and meat is a relatively small part of the overall diet for both chimpanzees and most human hunter-gatherers. Most attempts to understand the hunting and meat-eating behavior of chimpanzees have likened these apes to social carnivores, such as wolves and lions. Those species are, however, obligate meat-eaters and, therefore, make hunting decisions daily based on where to find prey and how to capture, not whether to forage for it versus plant foods. A more appropriate comparison is with traditional human foragers of the tropics and subtropics because both hunter-gatherers and chimpanzees forage primarily for plant foods, making decisions about whether to pursue meat on an hourly or daily basis. Seeing both chimpanzees and humans as omnivores that have evolved separate suites of adaptations valuable for foraging, including meat foraging, allows us to pose a number of theoretical questions relating to the ecology of meat procurement. Because the last common ancestor of chimpanzees and modern humans likely resembled a chimpanzee in at least some important ways (Wrangham 1987; Moore 1996), a comparison of the meat-foraging adaptations of the two species should help us understand key behaviors involved in the divergence of the hominid phylogeny as well as the behavioral ecology of the common ancestor.
Historically and Culturally Relative Adult
Authors: Hoare Carol Hren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In describing the adult who knows the self as historically and culturally relative, Erikson portrayed a highly sophisticated person, one who thinks at the metacognitive level of abstraction, is knowledgeable about history and cultural differences, and cares to be insightful about and open to other persons and ways of being in the world. Such an adult perceives that he or she lives in the total stream of history, in one unique life history, and in one sociopolitical system that is skewed culturally and era specifically. This is an adult who functions amid a disorienting awareness of distortion, who knows that his or her own way of living and of seeing things is particular to one cultural-societal niche, to one childhood and adulthood in one life, to one upbringing, to one social position, and to the one historical period in which he or she was some how deposited. It is also the adult who is not narrow of mind or so self-centered that he or she cannot place his or her unique self in someone else’s perspective of role, culture, or way of viewing life. Necessarily, this adult understands his or her biases and groomed need for them, all the while renouncing ethnic, racial, class, religious, and historical superiority.
Celtic Initials
Authors: Hendrick Randall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The modem Celtic languages are comprised of Irish, (Scots) Gaelic, Welsh, and Breton. These languages pose the fundamental problem for linguistic thought: How can we best explain overlapping patterns of similarity and dissimilarity between languages? One interesting line of explanation is to historicize these pattems. The Celtic languages share a common historical source, and a variety of historical forces have operated to make each one distinct with rich dialectal variety. While the historical perspective has proven productive elsewhere, it is not seriously appealed to as an explanation for the commonalities of word order among the Celtic languages; there is no “Celtic syntax” that correlates syntactic properties with specific non-linguistic aspects of Celtic history. Most linguists see the syntactic similarities as reflections of some “universal” principles or tendencies operative in language more generally. Some of the characteristics of each language might still be given a historical explanation, but the common historical source of the languages is displaced as an explanation for their syntactic similarities. In this way, the pattern of similarity and dissimilarity mentioned above is taken to bear on the question of what is the best way to understand the universal principles or tendencies that languages exhibit. It is in this light that the syntax of the Celtic languages is currently investigated.
Tense and N-Features in Modern Irish
Authors: Guilfoyle Eithne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within the Minimalist framework of Chomsky (1995), NPs check their N-features in the specifier of a functional category by LF at the latest. Several researchers have suggested that at spellout, Irish subjects check their N-features in the specifier of TP, while English subjects check their N-features in the specifier of AgrS, thus accounting for the VSO order of Irish as opposed to the SVO order of English (Bobaljik and Camie 1996, Guilfoyle 1993, Noonan 1994). To this point, however, nobody has proposed an independent motivation for the cross-linguistic difference in the strength of the N-features of Tense and AgrS in the two languages.
Locus Operandi
Authors: Freeze Ray , Georgopoulos Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we hope to provide new motivation for syntacticians to take a closer look at verb initial languages and, in particular, at VOS languages. Surface VOS languages are a distinct verb initial type, differing from VSO languages in many ways and posing different sets of questions. For example, VOS order presents no problem of composing an underlying VP, and many VOS languages are uniformly as left-headed as SOY languages are right-headed. A stronger sense of the properties of VOS languages can serve to round out many theories of syntactic phenomena. Recognition of VOS as a base order might strengthen analyses of VSO as a true (verb initial) base order in its own right, at least for some languages.
Mark Twain and Race
Authors: Fishkin Shelley Fisher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the earliest of his letters that survives to this day, seventeen year-old Sam Clemens wrote his mother from New York in 1853, ‘‘r reckon I had better black my face, for in these Eastern States niggers are [thought to be] considerably better than white people.”1 Sam’s sarcastic quip was clearly an exaggeration: for although free African Americans in the North may have been spared the lash that terrorized their enslaved brothers and sisters in the South, they were nonetheless subjected to countless indignities and humiliations solely for having black skin. It is not surprising that this teenager away from home for the first time spouted the racist views to which he had been exposed since his birth into a slaveholding family in the slave state of Missouri. What is surprising, however, is that this garden-variety knee-jerk racist would eventually go on to upend hierarchies of racial superiority with a daring that could shock even some of his most progressive peers and with a subtlety that would continue to derail his critics nearly a century after his death.