bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of solar eclipse on the behavior of a captive group of hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas)
Authors: Gil‐Burmann Carlos , Beltrami Marcial 
Published: June 2003

AbstractTo date there have been no systematic studies on the effects of a solar eclipse on the behavior of nonhuman primates. However, some descriptive studies have reported an increase in inactivity levels and congregation of individuals during a solar eclipse. The aim of the present work was to carry out a systematic study of the effect of a solar eclipse on the behavior of baboons at an individual, gender, and one‐male unit (OMU) level. On 3 November 1994, Chile experienced a solar eclipse. A hamadryas baboon colony grouped in two OMUs at the Zoo of Santiago de Chile was observed 2 days before the solar eclipse (control situation), and during the eclipse for the same time period. Two observers simultaneously sampled the data. An all‐occurrence sampling method was used to collect data on threats and attacks made by adult individuals. Simultaneously, instantaneous samplings of 1 min each were used to record behavioral states of the two males and two females. In relation to the control situation, the effect of the solar eclipse on baboon behavior was a reduction in the rates of locomotion and threats, and an increase in the rates of inactivity and grooming, but not significantly so in all the focal individuals. Behavioral changes were more marked in males than in females, but did not differ between the two OMUs. Air temperature and humidity were similar in the two situations, and can therefore be discarded as causal effects on the behavioral changes of the baboons during the eclipse. Zoo Biol 22:299–303, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Sons, Inc.
Nutritional status of free‐ranging Mexican howler monkeys (Alouatta palliata mexicana) in Veracruz, Mexico: Serum chemistry; lipoprotein profile; vitamins D, A, and E; carotenoids; and minerals
Authors: Crissey Susan D. , Silva Juan Carlos Serio , Meehan Tom , Slifka Kerri A. , Bowen Phyllis E. , Stacewicz‐Sapuntzakis Maria , Holick Michael F. , Chen Tai C. , Mathieu Jeffrey , Meerdink Gavin 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe purpose of this work was to measure important nutritional status parameters for a group of free‐ranging Mexican mantled howler monkeys (A. palliata mexicana) and compare those data to published data for primates. The nutritional status of six free‐ranging Mexican mantled howler monkeys was examined using biochemical analysis. Blood samples were analyzed for serum chemistry; lipids; vitamins D, A, and E; carotenoids; and minerals. Serum chemistries were somewhat different from published values, but did not indicate clear abnormalities. Circulating lipids were not different from those in captive primates. Circulating vitamin D metabolites (83±16.3 for 25(OH)D ng/mL; 563±53.8 for 1,25(OH)2D pg/mL) were similar to those in wild‐caught tamarins (Saguinus oedipus), lower than some published data for captive Cebidae and Callitrichidae, and higher than for Old World primates. Serum concentrations of retinol (16.5±1.64 μg/dl) were similar to those in captive spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi). Retinyl palmitate and retinyl stearate was present in howler samples and may have reflected recent dietary intake. Circulating α‐tocopherol (997±97.6 μg/dl) was similar to published values for other primates. Carotenoid levels in howlers were within the ranges reported for many primates. A significant finding was the presence of cadmium in samples that should be further studied. The number of individuals sampled was limited, and further investigation into the effects of seasonality is needed. However, this information provides new data for howler monkeys and for free‐ranging primates in general. Zoo Biol 22:239–251, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cool temperatures elicit reproduction in a biologically invasive predator, the brown treesnake (Boiga irregularis)
Authors: Mathies Tom , Miller Lowell A. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractTwo different temperature regimes for eliciting reproduction in male and females of the Guam form of the brown treesnake were investigated. Males and females maintained at 24°C followed by a 60‐day cool period at 19°C exhibited substantial reproductive activity, and the females that produced clutches did so during a brief period after return to 24°C. In contrast, individuals maintained at 28°C followed by an identical 19°C cooling period exhibited relatively little reproductive activity, and although some females became vitellogenic, none produced eggs. Reproductive activity was virtually absent in all individuals in both groups 7 months after the end of the cool period. Thus, a period of cool temperatures elicits reproductive activity in both sexes and the effect is transitory. Temperatures experienced during the cool period were much lower than the snakes would experience on Guam, and temperatures there are also relatively invariant. Thus, it is possible that only minor fluctuations in temperature are sufficient to elicit reproduction in the Guam population. Because the Guam form does well under, and responds reproductively to, unusually cold temperatures for a lowland tropical reptile, concern that it may have the capacity to invade extralimital temperate areas is warranted. Zoo Biol 22:227–238, 2003. Published 2003 by Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Activity‐based exhibition of five mammalian species: Evaluation of behavioral changes
Authors: White Brent C. , Houser Lisa A. , Fuller Jodi A. , Taylor Steve , Elliott Jennifer L.L. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractActivity‐based management of captive animals involves the training and movement of animals among several exhibits and holding areas. We studied the effectiveness of this system in producing variation in behavior, controlling stereotypies, and eliciting natural behaviors. Twelve animals representing five species of mammals (orangutans, siamangs, tapirs, babirusa, and Sumatran and Siberian tigers) were the subjects of focal observations measuring activity levels, stereotypies, natural behaviors, and space utilization. Statistical analysis was used to assess the association between variation in behavior and the movement among the four exhibits. For several animals, the persistence of behavioral changes was studied over a period of 3 years. We also examined the influence of the previous animal in the exhibit on the focal animal. Moving animals among the exhibits affected activity levels and/or space utilization in all animals in the activity‐based management system. In cases for which 3‐year data were available, there was evidence of habituation to the novelty of changing exhibits. Stereotypies, usually in the form of pacing, were affected by exhibits, providing the opportunity to manipulate these behavior patterns by exhibit placement. Natural behaviors in the form of urine‐spraying by the female tapir and the Sumatran tiger were affected by which animal had previously been in the exhibit. The results support the conclusion that exposure to varying exhibits produces variation in the behavior of the animals and elicits natural behaviors that would be unlikely to occur in a traditional single‐species exhibit. Activity‐based management provides unique opportunities for the behavioral enrichment of captive animals. Zoo Biol 22:269–285, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of the genetic management of the endangered black‐footed ferret (Mustela nigripes)
Authors: Wisely Samantha M. , McDonald David B. , Buskirk Steven W. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractEmpirical support for the genetic management strategies employed by captive breeding and reintroduction programs is scarce. We evaluated the genetic management plan for the highly endangered black‐footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) developed by the American Zoo and Aquarium Associations (AZA) as a part of the species survival plan (SSP). We contrasted data collected from five microsatellite loci to predictions from a pedigree‐based kinship matrix analysis of the captive black‐footed ferret population. We compared genetic diversity among captive populations managed for continued captive breeding or reintroduction, and among wild‐born individuals from two reintroduced populations. Microsatellite data gave an accurate but only moderately precise estimate of heterozygosity. Genetic diversity was similar in captive populations maintained for breeding and release, and it appears that the recovery program will achieve its goal of maintaining 80% of the genetic diversity of the founder population over 25 years. Wild‐born individuals from reintroduced populations maintained genetic diversity and avoided close inbreeding. We detected small but measurable genetic differentiation between the reintroduced populations. The model of random mating predicted only slightly lower levels of heterozygosity retention compared to the SSP strategy. The random mating strategy may be a viable alternative for managing large, stable, captive populations such as that of the black‐footed ferret. Zoo Biol 22:287–298, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Considerations on the diet composition and feeding rate of dermersal sharks in 15 European public aquaria
Authors: Janse Max 
Published: June 2003

AbstractTo get an overview of the feeding practices applied to dermersal sharks in captivity, a questionnaire was sent to 15 European public aquaria. The most common dermersal shark species kept in the participating aquaria are Carcharhinus plumbeus (n=9), Carcharias taurus (n=7), and C. melanopterus (n=6). Body weight (BW) was calculated using captive estimated body length (BL) and actual weight data obtained from commercial fisheries. The estimated BW for C. plumbeus in all participating aquaria is higher than the calculated BW. The feeding rate (FR) for adult C. plumbeus varied widely within participating aquaria (2.3–11.5% BWcal/week or 32–112 kcal/kg BWcal/week). The FR for adult C. plumbeus was lower (1.2–7.9% BWest/week or 17–99 kcal/kg BWest/week) using the estimated BW. Adult Carcharias taurus were fed at 1.3–5.0% BWcal/week or 70–170 kcal/kg BWcal/week. Negaprion brevirostris was fed at 5.0% BWest/week or 57 kcal/BWest/week. The relationship between FR and estimated BW is expressed as FR=54.5 e−0.033BW. In this study, the feeding frequency for C. plumbeus varied between 1–7 times a week, with an average of 3.3 times a week. Diet in all aquaria consisted of both lean and fatty fish, and sometimes squid or crustaceans. Supplementation of vitamins is common practice in 80% of the surveyed aquaria, although a wide variety of quantity and quality was observed. Ten aquaria (66%) add iodine, as potassium iodide (0.4–12.5 mg KI/kg BW/week) or calcium‐iodate (322–1,500 mg/kg food/week), to their food. Zoo Biol 22:203–226, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three New Species of Stigmidium s. l. (lichenicolous ascomycetes) on Acarospora and Squamarina
Authors: Calatayud Vicent , Triebel Dagmar 
Published: June 2003

AbstractStigmidium cartilagineae Calatayud &Triebel (on the apothecial discs of Squamarina cartilaginea), a lichenicolous fungus belonging to Stigmidium s. str., is described as new. Two other species of Stigmidium s. 1. with a net of branched and anastomosing, rudimentary interascal filaments are also described as new to science: Stigmidium rouxianum Calatayud & Triebel (on Acarospora cervina) and S. squamarinicola Calatayud & Triebel (on the thallus of Squamarina spp.). They are related to Stigmidium psorae and treated here as ‘Stigmidium’ psorae group. To facilitate discussion of the distinguishing features of this group, a table comparing the terms referring to hamathecial hyphae in pyrenocarpous ascomycetes is presented.
Opegrapha cladoniicola, a new lichenicolous fungus from Hawaii
Authors: Ertz Damien , Diederich Paul 
Published: June 2003

AbstractA new species Opegrapha cladoniicola, lichenicolous on the podetia of Cladonia ochrochlora, is described from Hawaii. It is the first known Opegrapha species found growing on Cladonia.
Buellia tesserata and dimelaena radiata, two closely related species
Authors: Rico Victor J. , Calatayud Vicent , Giralt Mireia 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe morphology, anatomy, ecology and distribution of Buellia tesserata and Dimelaena radiata are discussed. New data on their chemistry are given. The present study reveals a very close relationship between both taxa and consequently their different generic position is questioned. Buellia fimbriata is reduced to synonymy with Buellia tesserata.
Notes on the genus Polycoccum (Ascomycota, Dacampiaceae) in Spain, with a key to the species
Authors: Atienza Violeta , Calatayud Vicent , Hawksworth David L. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractComments on and a key to the 13 Polycoccum species known in Spain are presented, including synopses of their world distributions. Amongst these is P. rubellianae sp. nov., a lichenicolous fungus growing on thalli of Caloplaca rubelliana in eastern Spain (Valencia). It has relatively small ascomata, the lower part pale brown, and also small ascospores which are coarsely verrucose and have a thick gelatinous sheath when young. The new species is associated with a Phoma-like anamorph. The identity and systematic position of P. opulentum requires further study as the name has been applied to different species, and the occurrence of P. marmoratum in Spain is in need of confirmation. The Spanish record of P. arnoldii on Lecania cyrtella probably refers to another yet undescribed species.
Niche partitioning and photosynthetic response of alectorioid lichens from subalpine spruce–fir forest in north-central British Columbia, Canada: the role of canopy microclimate gradients
Authors: Coxson Darwyn S. , Coyle Michelle 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe distribution of alectorioid lichens in subalpine spruce-fir forests of north-central British Columbia is strongly influenced by vertical position within the canopy; Bryoria dominates upper canopy exposures, while Alectoria dominates lower canopy positions. The hypothesis that this height-related niche partitioning reflects differential growth responses to gradients in canopy microclimate is examined. Field measurements of canopy microclimate, taken over a 2-year period, were used in conjunction with laboratory-based measurements of net photosynthesis (NP) and dark respiration to model net assimilation (NA) response of Alectoria sarmentosa and Bryoria spp. (mixed collections of Bryoria fremontii and B. pseudofuscescens) at two different heights (15 and 4 m) within the canopy. Microclimate measurements indicate that lichen thalli are regularly hydrated from snowmelt events during the winter period (October-April), totalling 26 and 29% of the time, respectively, for Alectoria and Bryoria, though most winter hydration exposure (c. 75%) occurred in the dark. In the summer (May-September), rainfall was the major hydration source, with Alectoria and Bryoria each hydrated c. 16% of the time (45% of this in the dark). The NP temperature optimum (Topt) in light saturated thalli of Alectoria was 18.1 and 22.9°C, for winter and summer measurements, respectively. In Bryoria the corresponding seasonal rise in Topt was smaller, from 15.9 to 16.3°C. Both species showed an increase in maximum rates of NP during the summer period, from 1.52 to 1.92 mg CO2 g−1h−1 for Alectoria, and from 1.79 to 2.33 mg CO2g−1 h−1 for Bryoria. Although lichen hydration events peaked in early winter (October and November), NA modeling predicts that maximum growth should occur during the summer period. In Alectoria, higher rates of NA were predicted for thalli in lower canopy positions, especially during the summer months. In Bryoria, no clear trends of NA uptake with canopy position were observed. Thus, while NP response to gradients of canopy microclimate may provide a basis for niche partitioning in Alectoria, other factors (perhaps exclusionary) may be more important for Bryoria. One such factor is documented, namely the greater sensitivity of Bryoria to extended hydration exposure and we speculate that greater rates of fragmentation in upper canopy exposures may limit upper canopy biomass accumulation in Alectoria. Niche partitioning in these alectorioid lichens may therefore reflect both positive (growth responses) and negative (physical and physiological limitations) responses to gradients in canopy microclimate.
Chemotactically‐induced redistribution of CD43 as related to polarity and locomotion of human polymorphonuclear leucocytes
Authors: Zadeh A. Dehghani , Seveau S. , Halbwachs‐Mecarelli L. , Keller H.U. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractLeukocyte motility involves pseudopods extension at the leading edge and uropod contraction at the cell rear. Previous studies have shown that the glycoprotein CD43 redistributes to the uropod, when the cells develop polarity and locomotion. The present study addresses the question whether the accumulation of specific membrane molecules, such as CD43 at the contracted uropod precedes or follows development of polarity and locomotion. PMNs were labeled with fluorescent anti‐CD43 antibodies and guided to polarize in the direction of a chemoattractant‐containing micropipette or, once polarized, they were forced to reverse polarity and movement direction by placing the micropipette behind the uropod. This chemotactically‐induced reversal of polarity was used as an efficient tool to analyse the sequence of events. CD43, but not another abundant surface glycoprotein CD45, was concentrated at the uropod. This documents that CD43 redistribution is a selective phenomenon. During reversal of polarity and of locomotion direction, the geometric center of the cell clearly changed direction earlier than the center of anti‐CD43 fluorescence intensity. Thus, CD43 redistribution to the new uropod follows rather than precedes reversal of polarity, suggesting that CD43 redistribution is a consequence rather than a prerequisite for polarity and locomotion. PMNs making a U‐turn maintained the pre‐existing polarity and CD43 remained concentrated at the uropod, even when the front was moving in the opposite direction. Our data show that anterior pseudopod formation, rather than capping of CD43 at the uropod or the position of the uropod determines the direction of locomotion.
MAPK is involved in metaphase I arrest in oyster and mussel oocytes
Authors: Portillo‐López Amelia , Gould Meredith C. , Stephano José Luis 
Published: June 2003

AbstractOocytes of Crassostrea gigas and Mytilus galloprovincialis are arrested in metaphase I when they are spawned and ready to be fertilized. To investigate the role of MAP kinase in maintaining metaphase I arrest, oocytes were exposed to the MEK inhibitor U0126, and the effects on chromosome behavior and MAPK activity were examined by bisbenzimide staining and in immunoblots with anti‐phospho MAPK antibodies. Following treatment with 50 μM U0126, active MAPK was undetectable and oocytes resumed meiosis, forming enlarged polar bodies and undergoing chromosome decondensation. Prophase stage oyster oocytes maturing spontaneously in seawater completed germinal vesicle breakdown in the presence of U0126, but failed to arrest in metaphase I, and also formed polar bodies and underwent chromosome decondensation. Treatment of oyster oocytes with the protein synthesis inhibitor, emetine (500 μM), also caused them to resume meiosis, although substantial MAPK activity remained. Levels of phospho‐MEK also decreased during emetine treatment. 35 S‐methionine incorporation in emetine treated oocytes was reduced to only 5% of control values. These data show that, while active MAPK is necessary to maintain metaphase I arrest, other proteins are also required.
Molecular cloning and characterization of an adaptor protein Shc isoform from Xenopus laevis oocytes
Authors: Chesnel Franck , Heligon Christophe , Richard‐Parpaillon Laurent , Boujard Daniel 
Published: June 2003

AbstractIn order to gain further insight into IGF‐1 receptor signaling in Xenopus laevis oocytes and embryos, we have undertaken the characterization of the adapter protein Shc and studied its implication in oocyte maturation induced after IGF‐1 receptor activation, especially since expression of this molecule has been indirectly evidenced in Xenopus oocytes, eggs and embryos. We report herein the cloning from Xenopus postvitellogenic oocytes of a complementary DNA encoding a protein of 470 amino acids which shows the higher identity with the mammalian adaptor protein p52ShcA. Western blot analysis using homologous antibodies evidenced a 60‐kDa protein, p60XlShc, that is predominantly expressed in oocytes and in early embryos. We also demonstrate that, like p60XlShc, Grb2 and the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Sos are expressed in oocytes throughout vitellogenesis and in early embryos and that overexpression of a dominant‐negative form of Grb2 specifically inhibits insulin‐induced resumption of meiosis. We finally show that Grb2 binds to p60Shc in oocytes specifically upon insulin treatment. Altogether, these results suggest that Shc and Grb2‐Sos are implicated in ras‐dependent Xenopus oocyte maturation induced by insulin/IGF‐1; they also indicate that inability of insulin/IGF‐1 to activate the Ras‐MAPK cascade in vitellogenic oocytes does not result from an insufficient expression level of Shc, Grb2 and Sos.
Expression of Tra2β isoforms is developmentally regulated in a tissue‐ and temporal‐specific pattern
Authors: Chen Xianhua , Guo Lanping , Lin Wanmin , Xu Ping 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe contribution of Tra2‐regulated alternative splicing to mammalian development is unknown. To address the question, we initiated studies by systemically characterizing the gene expression profile of Tra2β isoforms in human fetal tissue at two different stages (11 and 16 weeks). Tra2β has at least five isoforms of transcripts (Tra2β1∼5). Tra2β1 encodes full‐length Tra2β proteins, whilst Tra2β3, 4 and 5 encode the truncated proteins. The results show that Tra2β1 transcript levels are developmentally regulated in a tissue‐ and temporal‐specific pattern, although expression is ubiquitous. Compared to Tra2β5, the expression of Tra2β3 and 4 transcripts is significantly restricted and more vigorously regulated in a tissue‐ and temporal‐specific pattern. Western blot analysis shows that Tra2β1 proteins are ubiquitously expressed, but at a relatively higher level in neural tissues than non‐neural tissues. However, there is no direct correlation between the transcript and protein levels for Tra2β1, suggesting that multiple mechanisms are involved in the regulation of Tra2β during development. This study indicates that Tra2β‐regulated splicing may contribute to the regulation of mammalian development in a tissue‐ and temporal‐specific pattern.
Possible origin of a membrane in the subsurface of the Earth
Authors: Trevors J.T. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractA location for the origin of life on Earth could have been an oil/water interface in the warm, subsurface environment of the Earth. The physico‐chemical conditions of the subsurface would include elevated, but eventually cooling temperatures, anaerobic conditions, and protection from intense surface radiation. This type of subsurface oil/water environment may have been ideal for the assembly of the first simple membrane(s), where no enzyme catalysis was needed. Once a stable, simple, continuous closed membrane was formed, one central component of the first cell(s) would have been present; a semi‐permeable open system that allowed the passage of both matter and energy in and out of the cell. Such an open system could also acquire novel functions, whereas a closed system would be unable to evolve.