bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relations between captive and noncaptive weights in anthropoid primates
Authors: Leigh Steven R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study explores the relations between captive and noncaptive (literature‐reported wild) adult weights in 53 anthropoid primate species. Based on recent studies of variation in growth among wild populations, it is expected that captive and wild weights are highly correlated. In addition, the lack of a relation between species size and captive and wild weights is anticipated. Differences between wild and captive weights are investigated. Correlations between captive and wild weights are high. Within groups of closely related species, correlations can be expected to average r = .95 for both males and females. At low taxonomic levels (within genera), correlations are not generally as high. However, captive and noncaptive intrageneric correlations are comparable to intrageneric correlations based solely on wild weights reported by different literature sources. Size appears to be unrelated to differences in captive and wild weights. Species that appear to be at elevated risk of obesity are identified. This analysis finds that deviations between captive and wild weights are positively related to growth duration (measured for captive primates). This finding implies that, in long‐growing species, wild weights may underestimate asymptotic size. Hypotheses explaining this phenomenon are developed. In general, extensive overlap in weight between samples of captive and wild primates is documented. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Perch color preference in juvenile green tree pythons, Chondropython viridis
Authors: Garrett Clay M. , Smith Brian E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractGreen tree pythons, Chondropython viridis, are polymorphic for color as juveniles, commonly being primarily yellow or brown until becoming mostly green at about 1 year of age. We tested the hypothesis that the different morphs arose as a result of selection for differential background matching, yellow morphs selecting light‐colored backgrounds, and brown morphs selecting dark‐colored backgrounds. Twelve yellow and eight brown morphs were placed repeatedly in individual testing enclosures and allowed to choose between black and white or yellow and brown halves of a t‐perch. Trials showed that both color morphs preferred dark over light perches. We tentatively suggest that individuals chose dark‐colored perches for purposes of concealment. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Semen evaluation of giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) at the Wolong Reserve
Authors: Chen Meng , Zhang Guiquan , Mainka Susan A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSemen from 4 wild‐caught giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) held at the China Conservation and Research Centre for the Giant Panda was collected (22 samples during 1991–1993) by electroejaculation, and evaluated for use in artificial insemination.Semen characteristics (mean ± SD) recorded were as follows: semen volume–1.5 ± .9 ml (range—0.3–3.5); sperm density 1.5 ± 0.1 × 109/ml (range—0.24–4.2); motility 79 ± 10% (range—60–95); abnormal sperm 14 ± 5% (range—10–27); and pH 7.1 ± 0.2 (range—6.7–7.5).There were significant differences from year to year (P < 0.05) in semen volume collected and in the percentage abnormal sperm in 1993 compared to other years. There were no significant differences among semen produced from the four different pandas.Data collected were similar to reports for other giant pandas, and semen from all 4 giant pandas was considered suitable for use in artificial insemination. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes in incubation sharing in one pair of captive California condors (Gymnogyps californianus)
Authors: Harvey Nancy C. , Hartt Ernest W , Leete Allison J. , Preston Kris 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThree years of behavioral data were collected on incubation behavior in one pair of captive condors (Gymnogyps californianus) at the San Diego Wild Animal Park. Data were collected from daily video tape reviews of the nest box. The amount of time each bird was in the nest box, and whether it was on or off the egg were recorded, along with any aggressive interactions observed in the nest. For the first 2 years, the female incubated the egg(s) significantly more than the male. During the third year, the male increased his incubation time on the egg, resulting in no difference between the two sexes in incubation time. Changes in male incubation behavior may be a result of several factors: increased compatibility between the pair, social maturation, and/or increased dominance on the part of the male. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assimilation of new founders into existing captive populations
Authors: Odum R. Andrew 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWhen new founders are added to an existing captive population, it is useful to establish a target number of offspring from each of these new founders that will maximize the amount of gene diversity retained in the captive population. This article presents a method for calculating an optimal number of offspring that should be produced from each new founder by considering the retention of founder genomes from dead and non‐reproductive founders. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of DNA fingerprinting in planning a breeding program for the riverine rabbit (Bunolagus monticularis)
Authors: Dippenaar S. M. , Ferguson J. W. H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe riverine rabbit (Bunolagus monticularis) is an endangered and endemic species found within a small geographic range in semiarid southern Africa. A captive breeding program has been initiated for reintroducing rabbits into suitable but vacant habitat. DNA fingerprinting was used to identify individuals within a captive group suitable for inclusion in a larger captive breeding program. This methodology allowed the ranking of suitabilities of these individuals, and the results emphasize the need to capture wild rabbits over a wide geographic area for setting up a larger founder population. A statistical technique for inferring linkage between fingerprint probes was used. Fingerprinting methodology allowed a genetic basis for planning the captive breeding program. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of exogenous prostaglandin‐F2α (PGF2α) on pregnancy status in white‐tailed deer
Authors: Becker Susan E. , Katz Larry S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAs part of a study to develop contraceptive methods for white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), it was necessary to terminate pregnancies in some does. The abortifacient chosen was PGF2α. At 76 days or less of gestation, PGF2α administration (10 mg i.m.) did not decrease mean serum progesterone (P) concentrations, and only one doe of 13 aborted. Re‐administration of PGF2α (15 mg i.m.) on approximately day 97 of gestation (21 days after the first injection) did not alter mean serum P concentrations 6 days postinjection, and only one doe of 11 aborted. A third injection of PGF2α (25 mg i.v.) on approximately day 113 of gestation (16 days after the second injection) tended to decrease mean P concentrations by 1.4 ng/ml 2 days following treatment, and no doe of 11 aborted. A fourth injection of PGF2α (50 mg i.m.) on approximately day 124 of gestation (11 days after the third injection) decreased mean P concentrations by 2.9 ng/ml 2 days following treatment (P < 0.05), and two of 11 does aborted. Finally, a combination of 50 mg PGF2α and 15 mg betamethasone was administered i.m. to the remaining pregnant does on approximately day 140 of gestation (16 days after the fourth injection). Mean serum P concentrations decreased from 4.8 ± 0.4 ng/ml to 0.7 ± 0.2 ng/ml 3 days postinjection, a mean decrease of 4.1 ng/ml (P < 0.05). This treatment induced abortion in five of seven does. These data suggest that PGF2α alone, at a dose that causes luteolysis and pregnancy termination in cows and goats, does not do so in pregnant white‐tailed deer. However, a combination of betamethasone and PGF2α may prove to be an effective lu‐teolytic agent or abortifacient for white‐tailed deer. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epidemiologic assessment of reproductive success and infant mortality in ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata)
Authors: Weigler Benjamin J. , Feeser Patricia L. , Grant Sandra M. , Norris Cynthia A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRetrospective epidemiologic evaluation of 27 years of colony data (1966–1993) from a large breeding center for ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata) was used to quantitatively assess the risk imposed by different management variables on reproductive success (littering) and infant viability (litter death). Logistic regression analysis was used, both with and without a term to account for extra‐binomial variation in the data (random effects) associated with repeated assessments of individual lemur dams during the study period. Population‐based littering rates are defined and shown not to fluctuate substantially over time, although the proportion of females given the opportunity to breed was drastically reduced in 1986 due to changes in the species management strategy and limited breeding center space resources. No management‐related factors were found to be associated with littering success. However, young age of dam (odds ratio = 4.3, P = 0.016) and housing in natural habitat enclosures (odds ratio = 6.5, P = 0.003) significantly predicted complete litter mortality by 48 hr post‐partum. Varecia females >15 years of age (8 dams, 42 observation‐years) produced 18 litters and 37 infants, 31 of which survived at least 48 hr. Use of established epidemiologic methods to analyze data from existing colony records should be used to help direct the management of this endangered species toward maximally efficient goals, especially in light of current conservation resource limitations. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Non‐invasive giant panda paternity exclusion
Authors: Zhang Ya‐Ping , Ryder Oliver A. , Zhao Qing‐Guo , Fan Zhi‐Yong , He Guang‐Xing , Zhang An‐Ji , Zhang He‐Ming , He Ting‐Mei , Yucun Chen 
Published: June 2005

AbstractGiant panda hair samples obtained by noninvasive methods served as a source of DNA for amplification of seven giant panda microsatellite loci utilizing the polymerase chain reaction. Thirteen giant pandas held in Chinese zoos were tested for identification of paternity. Some males listed as sires have been excluded as the biological father of captive‐born giant pandas. Because of the death of some potential sires, paternity is still not assigned for some giant pandas, although there is a high likelihood that paternity assignment could be made if postmortem samples are available for genetic analysis. The DNA microsatellite variation assayed by the test we have developed provides a rapid, highly informative, and noninvasive method for paternity identification in giant pandas. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Non‐invasive monitoring of ovarian function in several felid species by measurement of fecal estradiol‐17β and progestins
Authors: Graham L. H. , Goodrowe K. L. , Raeside J. I. , Liptrap R. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn extraction and assay procedure to measure fecal estradiol‐17β and progestin concentrations in several cat species was developed and validated for use for noninvasive monitoring of ovarian function. Fecal samples were collected over a range of 3–20 months from female tigers (three), lions (three), snow leopards (three), cheetahs (two), caracals (two), and domestic cats (five). Samples were extracted with 90% methanol, lipids removed with petroleum ether, and the estradiol and progestins in the methanol measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) fractionation and subsequent RIA of the fractions indicated that the estradiol‐17β antiserum cross‐reacted primarily with estradiol‐17β in the feces of lions and tigers and was assumed to be specific for estradiol‐17β in the feces of other species as well. However, there were several immunoreactive compounds, presumably progesterone metabolites, excreted in the feces which varied both quantitatively and qualitatively among species. The behavior of tigers, lions, cheetahs, and caracals was visually monitored during the collection period and frequency of sexual behaviors was positively correlated with increases in fecal estradiol in all species observed. The mean fecal estradiol‐17β peaks were as follows: tigers, 128.0 ± 13.1; lions, 186.0 ± 14.8; snow leopards, 136.7 ± 15.9; cheetahs, 140.9 ± 9.0; caracals, 24.5 ± 4.0; and domestic cats 158.9 ± 19.3 ng/gm. Fecal progestin concentrations rose significantly (P < 0.001) only after breeding or during pregnancy and were as follows: tigers, 5.6 ± 0.6; lions, 1.9 ± 0.1; cheetahs, 8.4 ± 1.1; and caracals, 2.4 ± 0.4 μg/gm. Fecal progestins were elevated for one‐half to two‐thirds of the gestation length during presumed pseudopregnancy but remained elevated throughout successful pregnancies. These results suggest that ovarian function can be monitored noninvasively in the family Felidae by the measurement of fecal estradiol‐17β and progestin concentrations. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Monitoring ovarian function in scimitar‐horned oryx (Oryx dammah) by measurement of fecal 20α‐progestagen metabolites
Authors: Shaw H. J. , Green D. I. , Sainsbury A. W. , Holt W. V. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe feasibility of monitoring ovarian function in scimitar‐horned oryx (Oryx dammah) by measurement of fecal 20α‐progestagens was investigated. Fecal samples were collected daily or on alternate days over a 4–11 month period from five oryx during natural (n = 4) or synthetic PGF2α (cloprostenol)‐controlled (n = 1) cycles. Of the four oryx undergoing natural cycles, three had regular access to a vasectomised male, and mating dates were recorded. Ultrasonography was used to monitor changes in reproductive tract morphology in the female administered with cloprostenol. Neutral steroids were extracted from feces with methanol:petroleum ether (2:1 v/v) after first removing phenolic steroids with potassium hydroxide (1 M). The concentration of 20α‐progestagens in the methanol phase was measured by enzymeimmunoassay. Excretion of 20α‐progestagens in all females followed a cyclic pattern corresponding to the follicular and luteal phases of the ovarian cycle. Concentrations of fecal 20α‐progestagens were on average twentyfold greater during the luteal phase compared with the follicular phase. Mean (±SD) ovarian cycle length, based on fecal progestagen profiles, was 24.4 ± 2.2 days with mean (±SD) luteal and follicular phase lengths of 18.7 ± 2.8 and 5.7 ± 1.6 days, respectively. Mating by a vasectomized male occurred when 20α‐progestagen concentrations were still elevated or declining. Similarly, fecal progestagens did not return to follicular phase concentrations for 4–5 days after administration of cloprostenol, and a 4 day delay was observed between ovulation, as visualized by ultrasound scanning, and a rise in fecal 20α‐progestagens. These data suggest a time lag of approximately 4 days between reproductive events and changes in fecal 20α‐progestagen concentrations. We conclude that measurement of immunoreactive 20α‐progestagen concentrations in feces has limited application for predicting ovulation or accurately timing inseminations because of delay in steroid excretion, but will enable noninvasive monitoring of ovarian cycles in scimitar‐horned oryx for fertility assessment and for determining the outcome of artificial insemination programs. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Breeding orange‐winged Amazon parrots in captivity
Authors: Millam J. R. , Kenton B. , Jochim L. , Brownback T. , Brice A. T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCaptive propagation of parrots for the companion bird trade provides a potential means of reducing the economic incentive to capture these birds from the wild. To test whether environmental and social manipulations might stimulate reproduction in captive, wild‐caught orange‐winged Amazon parrots (Amazona amazonica), we compared reproductive performance in pairs presented with nest boxes (controls) or nest boxes plus additional environmental and social manipulations (enriched group) consisting of misting, fruit supplementation, nest hole restriction, enlarged nest boxes, and pair separation/reunification. In the first breeding trial, in 1990, enriched pairs were more likely to lay eggs (six of seven enriched pairs vs. one of eight control pairs; P < 0.09). When treatments were reversed the following years (e.g., 1990 controls were exposed to enriched conditions in 1991), reproductive performance was not different between the groups (four of seven enriched pairs laid eggs vs. five of seven control pairs), although three pairs in the 1991 enriched group laid eggs which had not laid eggs before. These results are consistent with the idea that while enriched environments may enhance the probability of a first episode of egg laying in captivity, once pairs have laid eggs in captivity, little stimulation beyond that provided by nest box presentation is required to reinitiate egg laying. The environmental and social manipulations of the enriched conditions could be useful in increasing reproductive performance of captive Amazon parrots for the companion bird trade. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Wounding aggression during the formation and maintenance of captive, multimale chimpanzee groups
Authors: Alford P. L. , Bloomsmith M. A. , Keeling M. E. , Beck T. F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAlthough the multimale community is the natural social organization of chimpanzees, both wild and captive adult males have killed other adult males and infants in intercommunity conflicts and intragroup aggression. Despite the potential for serious aggression, the formation of captive, multimale social groups is desirable for the efficient, long‐term, humane housing of chimpanzees in socially and physically enriched environments and for the education of zoo visitors. The University of Texas Science Park (UTSP) has maintained multimale groups of chimpanzees for 14 years. In the UTSP outdoor corral housing, multimale/multifemale social groups of unrelated adult and adolescent chimpanzees (42 F, 46 M) were formed by a series of 397 individual introductions. Wounding aggression was minimal during introductions of females to males or other females and upon male‐male introductions of formerly single‐caged adolescent and young adult males having had long‐term prior visual familiarity. Serious wounding occurred during male‐male introductions when there were major discrepancies in the age and social experience of the subjects or when adult, socially experienced males were reintroduced to former group mates following lengthy separations. Male wounding in the eight established long‐term groups of 5–11 adults (2–7 males) averaged 1.4 episodes per male‐year of residence; 14% of male wounding episodes required surgical therapy. Adult wounding was significantly associated with the presence of one or more group females with maximally tumescent genital swellings. No male‐perpetrated infanticides occurred. Not all multimale groupings are successful, but the majority of formerly laboratory‐housed chimpanzees may live and reproduce safely in multimale groups. Experience with all‐male groups at UTSP suggests that bachelor groups are also practical for long‐term housing. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ISIS and studbooks, very high census correlation for the North American zoo population: A reply to Earnhardt, Thompson, and Willis
Authors: Flesness Nathan R. , Lukens David R. , Porter Stephen B. , Wilson Crispen R. , Grahn Larry V. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEarnhardt et al. (1995) ask (1) if the census data of ISIS are accurate enough for North American regional zoo collection planning, and (2) can the “raw” zoo records presently available from ISIS substitute for a formal studbook and be used directly for genetic and demographic analysis. To check census, they compared ISIS Abstracts with summary SSP© reports in AZA's Annual Report on Conservation and Science (AZA‐ARCS), assumed that they represented counts for the same population, and found only a moderate correlation (r = 0.835). We repeated their analysis and closely examined the 15 species with apparent census differences greater than 50. We find that most of the census differences arise because the two sources are not counting the same population. When nonzoo specimens are removed from census counts for just these 15 species, the overall correlation between ISIS and AZA‐ARCS (for the full 68 species) rises to 0.974. We conclude that ISIS census data are reasonably accurate for the North American zoo population. Earnhardt et al. (1995) find “raw” ISIS data unsuitable for genetic and demographic species management. This conclusion came from comparing 10 ISIS species datasets to the respective North American regional studbooks. We re‐examined the two taxa with the most reported discrepancies. For gorillas, studbook numbers on ISIS are indeed confused—in large part because multiple, conflicting studbook numbers are being assigned by different studbook keepers to individual specimens. For cinereous vultures, the large number of birth date discrepancies arise from records intentionally altered in the studbook, which substitutes arrival date for estimated or unknown birth dates of wild‐caught specimens. Whereas this studbook's minimum age convention may well be useful for certain analyses, we find that the ISIS data accurately reflects the holding zoo's records. We generally agree with Earnhardt et al. (1995) that at present, “raw” ISIS data for most species needs examination and “clean up” before they can be used for detailed genetic management. We believe that it would be extremely valuable and cost‐effective and continue improving zoo records and ISIS, so that the information is immediately useable for many management purposes. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clarification of genetic terms and their use in the management of captive populations
Authors: Lacy Robert C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSome of the concepts, terms, and methods used in the genetic management of captive populations have not been defined precisely in the scientific literature and consequently have been misunderstood and misused. The definitions and interrelationships among gene diversity, effective population size, founder genome equivalents, inbreeding, allelic diversity, mean kinship, and kinship value are presented here. It is important to understand what populations and generations are used as the baselines against which losses of genetic variation are measured. Gene diversity and founder genome equivalents are defined relative to a source population from which founders of the captive population were randomly sampled. Inbreeding and allelic diversity are assessed relative to the founders. The potential gene diversity that would result from an equalization of frequencies of founder alleles retained in the population can never be achieved because, among other limitations, the random process of gene transmission will prevent equalization of allele frequencies even if animals are bred optimally. The gene diversity achievable with the population can be determined by iterative production of hypothetical offspring from the pairs with lowest mean kinship. The long‐term objective for offspring production from each animal is also thereby generated. Mean kinships should be recalculated with each real or hypothetical birth and death, because offspring objectives based on current mean kinships might correlate poorly with the optimal long‐term offspring objectives. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.