bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender‐Related Effects of Information Technology Implementation
Authors: Zauchner Sabine , Korunka C. , Weiss A. , Kafka‐Lützow A. 
Published: March 2003

In investigating gender‐related effects of information technology implementation the contextual factors (e.g. job design, implementation management, external workload) need to be taken into account. In the Vienna Implementation Studies the effects of technology implementation on users' stress levels and satisfaction were investigated in longitudinal research designs.In our previous study, the 1st Vienna Implementation Study, negative effects of the technology implementations were shown in more women than men. It was argued that women due to their lower qualified jobs and due to the lack of participation, also experienced more negative consequences. In the 2nd Vienna Implementation Study effects of ‘continuous’ implementation of information technology on 212 clerical workers (n women: 142; n men: 70) were investigated. No gender‐related effects of information technology implementation were found, nor did women and men differ in job characteristics and in participation in the implementation process.It can be concluded from the two studies that potential differences between women and men are caused by differences in the contextual factors of job design and participation. Further, it emerged from our studies that women — at least in the field of clerical jobs — have benefited from the introduction of technology.
The Changing Distribution of Income: Evidence and Explanations
Authors: Atkinson Anthony B. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
This article is concerned with the economics of the distribution of income, emphasizing aspects which have been missing from the recent literature. It begins with factor shares and the rise in real interest rates. These are important in their own right and in relation to the determination of wage differentials. The paper questions the conventional wisdom which locates rising inequality and unemployment solely in a shift in demand away from unskilled workers. This explanation is too partial in its approach, is hard to reconcile with the empirical evidence, and ignores labour market institutions and the role of social norms. In seeking to explain the experience of different countries, we need to look not just at wages but also at the capital market, and should not be limited to a simple competitive supply-and-demand story.
Optimal Policy for Financial Market Liberalizations: Decentralization and Capital Flow Reversals
Authors: Eicher Theo S. , Turnovsky Stephen J. , Walz Uwe 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Financial market liberalizations are an integral part of economic development. While initial booms in investment and output are commonly seen as signs of successful deregulation, they often reverse at a later stage as international capital flows turn negative and economic growth slows markedly. Such reversals of fortunes have commonly been attributed to incorrect policies that supposedly followed the initial, appropriate measures. It is unclear, however, if capital flow reversals are actually the result of policy reversals, or if they occur as part of the normal transition when financial liberalization is accompanied by a single suboptimal policy. The later hypothesis has not been explored in the theoretical literature.
We construct a general equilibrium growth model of a small open economy, in which capital flow reversals are the result of a single, suboptimal policy imposed at the beginning of the financial liberalization. We show how improper taxation of foreign borrowing initially leads to strong growth fuelled by an investment boom and foreign borrowing. Still along the transition, however, the model predicts that capital flows must reverse endogenously at a later stage, as the debt burden rises and the country-specific risk premium increases. Our data on the Latin American and East Asian countries provide strong support for our hypothesis.
Entrepreneurship, Economic Risks, and Risk Insurance in the Welfare State: Results with OECD Data 1978±93
Authors: Ilmakunnas Pekka , Kanniainen Vesa 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
We find evidence in the OECD cross-country data to support the Knightian view that non-diversifiable economic risks shape equilibrium entrepreneurship in an occupational choice model. Differential social insurance of entrepreneurial and labor risk is found to be statistically significant and detrimental to entrepreneurship. The crowding-out effect of public production of private goods on entrepreneurship dominates the crowding-in effect of public production of public goods in the OECD data. Weak evidence is found for the proposition that the rate of entrepreneurship is related to the degree of income inequality and to the union power in the economy. The results also suggest that in countries with low GDP per capita ratio, self-employment is high.
Trade Policies for Exporting Industries under Free Entry
Authors: De Santis Roberto A. , Stähler Frank 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
This paper computes optimal export taxes and domestic production subsidies for exporting industries under free entry.We show that domestic welfare is not at maximum, as is typically believed, when the export price is a monopoly price, and the domestic price is a competitive price, because a market structure effect has to be taken into account. Furthermore, we show that the optimal tax/subsidy formulas for an oligopoly coincide with those under perfect competition, if foreign and domestic demand functions are both linear. We also discuss optimal trade policies when only one instrument is available, and we run numerical simulations to determine and compare optimal trade taxes under endogenous and exogenous market structures.
Inflationary Financing of Government Expenditure in an Endogenous Growth Model
Authors: Palokangas Tapio 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
This paper analyses the role of inflation in economies with endogenous growth and congestion in public services. Optimal policy rules are derived for public services and investment. The other findings are as follows. Monetary policy should maximize economic growth. The more inefficient the public sector is, the higher the growth-maximizing inflation rate is. If a currency union accepts a new member with an inefficient public sector, this will boost inflation in the union and decrease growth and welfare in all member economies of the union.
The Revenge Of The ‘Untere Seelenvermögen’ In Schiller’s Plays
Authors: Bell Matthew 
Published: March 2003

To what extent does a ‘rehabilitation of the senses’ take place in Schiller’s writing? Traditionally, Schiller criticism has seen mind and body as equal partners, ideally in harmony, but actually in conflict. But recent theoretically‐inclined criticism would tend to see the body in Schiller’s writing as a false replica that has been created by a domineering rationality. In the analysis offered here, mind‐body con‐flict in Schiller’s writing is seen in the context of dramatic ‘hubris and revenge’ plots. The ‘lower mental faculties’ take revenge on reason for its political hubris. The moment of revenge is presented as a psychosomatic crisis or ‘revolution’, which is accompanied by symbols of disrupted harmony. In the early plays, crisis is part of a teleological anthropology inherited from classical medicine; the violent crisis brought on by political rationality can be curative. But after the French Revolution Schiller limits the extent of the violence in psychosomatic crises. Real revenge is excluded as the world of the dramas is reorganised according to the rationality of the ‘aesthetic state’.Exemplo quodcumque malo committitur, ipsi displicet auctori. prima est haec ultio, quod se iudice nemo nocens absolvitur, improba quamvis gratia fallaci praetoris vicerit urna.
Der reiche Mann und die arme Frau: German Women Writers and the Eighteenth–Century Literary Market–Place
Authors: Fronius Helen 
Published: March 2003

How did women writers, despite obvious disadvantages, engineer their entry into the literary market in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries? An examination of women's correspondence with publishers such as Georg Joachim Göschen and Friedrich Nicolai goes some way towards providing an explanation. These letters, all unpublished, reveal the full extent of women's proactive pursuit of publication, in defiance of contemporary gender ideology. They also indicate the way in which women authors were able to use eighteenth–century gender constructs to their own advantage: to enhance the sale of their publications and to appeal to publishers. At the same time, they did not feel bound by the behaviour prescribed for them, and show themselves to have been adept at playfully manipulating the gender code. Correspondence is shown to bridge the gap between the private and the public sphere, thereby allowing women to become their own agents and publicists in the eighteenth–century market–place.Was will der Buchhändler der Dichterin, der reiche Mann der armen Frau, für den Bogen dieser [Arbeit] geben? Bald erbitt ich mir Antwort auf diese Frage.
‘Hannibal at our Gates’: Loyalists and Fifth‐columnists during the Bishops' Wars – the Case of Yorkshire1
Authors: Scott David 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
This article examines the response of the Yorkshire gentry to the king's call for military assistance against the Covenanters in the Bishops' Wars of 1639–40. Based upon detailed analysis of royal efforts to mobilize the county's formidable militia forces, it suggests that by 1640 a number of leading Yorkshiremen were working in concert with the king's aristocratic opponents in order to encourage the Scots to invade and thus force the summoning of a new parliament. It also tests the contention that men's attitudes towards the Scots in 1639–40 correlate with their political alignment during the Civil War.
The British Electoral System, 1885–1970
Authors: Catterall Peter 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
At a time when the electoral system is coming under renewed scrutiny, this article examines the origins and creation of the present system in 1884-5, and its subsequent survival. This is the first such analysis to draw upon Public Record Office and party archives. Whilst showing that the political classes have been quite prepared to consider the merits of alternatives, particularly S.T.V., for Ireland or in colonial settings, they have usually been seen as less appropriate for Westminster. In exploring why that should be the case this article seeks to provide a new explanation for the longevity of the electoral arrangements of 1885.
A culture of consolation? Rethinking politics in working-class London, 1870–1914*
Authors: August Andrew 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
In their communities, and in interactions with authorities and profit-seekers, residents of late Victorian London working-class districts struggled forcefully over the distribution of power, resources and prestige. They battled one another, in households and neighbourhoods, enforcing hierarchies and unequal access to resources. Philanthropists met hostile, manipulative and assertive poor people. Working-class Londoners resisted unwelcome state incursions and exploited government resources toward their own ends. They also fought employers and landlords over resources and power. Though their involvement in unions and socialist politics was uneven, these working-class Londoners participated actively in a pervasive politics of everyday life.
Isolation and Isotopic Analysis of Individual Amino Acids from Archaeological Bone Collagen: A New Method Using Rp‐hplc
Authors: O'Connell T. C. , Hedges R. E. M. 
Published: March 2003

This paper presents a new method for the isolation and isotopic analysis of some individual amino acids from proteins. The technique and its constituent steps are discussed; then isotopic analyses of amino acids from several samples of bone collagen from the Late Roman site of Poundbury, Dorset, UK are presented.The applications of the method are discussed, as well as some advantages of this technique relative to other methods. Although developed for use with archaeological bone collagen, the technique is equally applicable to other proteinaceous materials. The use of reversed‐phase HPLC avoids problems of isotopic fractionation inherent in using ion‐exchange HPLC. Amino acids are isolated preparatively, allowing both carbon and nitrogen isotopic values to be measured on a single sample using CF‐IRMS. Since amino acids are isotopically analysed in an underivatized form (unlike GC‐C‐IRMS), the method also presents the possibility of collecting the CO2 generated during CF‐IRMS: this would allow the subsequent dating by 14C‐AMS of individual amino acids isolated from archaeological samples.
A New Methodology for the Provenance of Marble Based on EPR Spectroscopy
Authors: Polikreti K. , Maniatis Y. 
Published: March 2003

Fifteen years of research in investigating the characteristics of the EPR spectra of different types of white marble from several quarries in the Eastern Mediterranean has produced an accumulation of a large number of data, and much experience. Statistical treatment of these EPR data (statistical distributions and parameter correlations), has led to the selection of 10 parameters that are useful for quarry discrimination. Apart from the EPR parameters, the maximum grain size, measured with a stereomicroscope, has been found very useful. Boxplots have been found to be very useful as a first easy visual tool for evaluating the discrimination capacity of each parameter.On the basis of these results, a new methodology for determining the provenance of an archaeological sample was developed in stages, using a different pair or combination of parameters each time. In the first stage, the Penteli, Naxos, Hymettus and Proconnessus quarries are completely separated from each other. However, overlapping occurs between the parameter fields of Paros and Proconnessus, Paros and Hymettus and between the two archaic quarries of Melanes and Apollon on Naxos. If the sample is located in a non‐overlapping area, its provenance is obvious and easily determined. If the sample lies in one of the above three overlapping areas, an additional stage is necessary, in which other parameters are used to eliminate or decrease the overlap. Despite the partial overlapping of Paros with other quarries, the famous Lychnites marble of Paros, which was quarried underground, is clearly distinguished.
Managed Care, Access to Specialists, and Outcomes among Primary Care Patients with Pain
Authors: Grembowski David E. , Martin Diane , Diehr Paula , Patrick Donald L. , Williams Barbara , Novak Louise , Deyo Richard , Katon Wayne , Dickstein Deborah , Engelberg Ruth , Goldberg Harold 
Published: March 2003

Objective. To determine whether managed care controls were associated with reduced access to specialists and worse outcomes among primary care patients with pain.Data Sources/Study Setting. Patient, physician, and office manager questionnaires collected in the Seattle area in 1996–1997, plus data abstracted from patient records and health plans.Study Design. A prospective cohort study of 2,275 adult patients with common pain problems recruited in the offices of 261 primary care physicians in Seattle.Data Collection. Patients completed a waiting room questionnaire and follow‐up surveys at the end of the first and sixth months to measure access to specialists and outcomes. Intensity of managed care controls measured by plan managed care index and benefit/cost‐sharing indexes, office managed care index, physician compensation, financial incentives, and use of clinical guidelines.Principal Findings. A financial withhold for referral was associated with a lower likelihood of referral to a physician specialist, a greater likelihood of seeing a specialist without referral, and a lower patient rating of care from the primary physician. Otherwise, patients in more managed offices and with greater out‐of‐network plan benefits had greater access to specialists. Patients with more versus less managed care had similar health outcomes, but patients in more managed offices had lower ratings of care provided by their primary physicians.Conclusions. Increased managed care controls were generally not associated with reduced access to specialists and worse health outcomes for primary care patients with pain, but patients in more managed offices had lower ratings of care provided by their primary physicians.
Managing Costs, Managing Benefits: Employer Decisions in Local Health Care Markets
Authors: Christianson Jon B. , Trude Sally 
Published: March 2003

Objectives To better understand employer health benefit decision making, how employer health benefits strategies evolve over time, and the impact of employer decisions on local health care systems.Data Sources/Study Setting Data were collected as part of the Community Tracking Study (CTS), a longitudinal analysis of health system change in 12 randomly selected communities.Study Design This is an observational study with data collection over a six‐year period.Data Collection/Extraction Methods The study used semistructured interviews with local respondents, combined with monitoring of local media, to track changes in health care systems over time and their impact on community residents. Interviewing began in 1996 and was carried out at two‐year intervals, with a total of approximately 2,200 interviews. The interviews provided a variety of perspectives on employer decision making concerning health benefits; these perspectives were triangulated to reach conclusions.Principal Findings The tight labor market during the study period was the dominant consideration in employer decision making regarding health benefits. Employers, in managing employee compensation, made independent decisions in pursuit of individual goals, but these decisions were shaped by similar labor market conditions. As a result, within and across our study sites, employer decisions in aggregate had an important impact on local health care systems, although employers' more highly visible public efforts to bring about health system change often met with disappointing results.Conclusions General economic conditions in the 1990s had an important impact on the configuration of local health systems through their effect on employer decision making regarding health benefits offered to employees, and the responses of health plans and providers to those decisions.
Using a Standardized Donor Ratio to Assess the Performance of Organ Procurement Organizations
Authors: Stogis Sheryl , Hirth Richard A , Strawderman Robert L , Banaszak‐Holl Jane , Smith Dean G 
Published: March 2003

Objective. To develop a Standardized Donor Ratio (SDR) as an outcome measure for evaluating the effectiveness of organ procurement organizations (OPOs).Data Sources/Study Setting. All deaths by cause in the United States during 1993–1994 as reported in the Vital Mortality Statistics, Multiple Cause of Death files. The OPO‐specific data were provided by the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS).Study Design. Each OPO's expected number of donors was calculated by applying national donation rates to deaths with potential for donation in 24 age, sex, and race cells. The SDR was calculated by dividing the observed number of donors by the expected number. The X2 tests of the hypothesis that the OPO's performance differed from the national norm of 1.0 were performed. The SDR was compared to the existing performance standard based on the unadjusted number of donors per million live population in the OPO's service area. An ordinary least squares (OLS) regression assessed predictors of the SDR.Principal Findings. The SDRs ranged from 0.41 to 1.99. Twenty‐nine of 64 OPOs had SDRs significantly different than 1.0. The SDRs were positively associated with the percent of white living population and the number of organ types transplanted per transplant center served by the OPO.Conclusions. The SDRs can be used by Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), UNOS, and OPOs to target quality improvement initiatives, present more accurate comparisons of OPO performance, and develop public policy on the evaluation of the effectiveness of organ procurement efforts.
Racial Differences in Predictors of Dental Care Use
Authors: Gilbert Gregg H , Shah Ging R , Shelton Brent J , Heft Marc W , Bradford Edward H , Chavers L. Scott 
Published: March 2003

Objective. To test five hypotheses that non‐Hispanic African Americans (AAs) and non‐Hispanic whites (NHWs) differ in responsiveness to new dental symptoms by seeking dental care, and differ in certain predictors of dental care utilization.Data Sources/Study Setting. Florida Dental Care Study, comprising AAs and NHWs 45 years old or older, who had at least one tooth, and who lived in north Florida.Study Design. We used a prospective cohort design. The key outcome of interest was whether dental care was received in a given six‐month period, after adjusting for the presence of certain time‐varying and fixed characteristics.Data Collection/Extraction Methods. In‐person interviews were conducted at baseline and 24 months after baseline, with six‐monthly telephone interviews in between.Principal Findings. African Americans were less likely to seek dental care during follow‐up, with or without adjusting for key predisposing, enabling, and oral health need characteristics. African Americans were more likely to be problem‐oriented dental attenders, to be unable to pay an unexpected $500 dental bill, and to report postbaseline dental problems. However, the effect of certain postbaseline dental signs and symptoms on postbaseline dental care use differed between AAs and NHWs. Although financial circumstance was predictive for both groups, it was more salient for NHWs in separate NHW and AA regressions. Frustration with past dental care, propensity to use a homemade remedy, and dental insurance were significant predictors among AAs, but not among NHWs. The NHWs were much more likely to have sought care for preventive reasons.Conclusions. Racial differences in responsiveness to new dental symptoms by seeking dental care were evident, as were differences in other predictors of dental care utilization. These differences may contribute to racial disparities in oral health.
PART II Criticisms and Reconstructions Searle's Foole
Authors: Thalos Mariam 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT .In The Construction of Social Reality, John Searle promises a causal account of how social facts are constructed by human acts of intention, but specifically disavows a special theoretical space in that account for human motivation. This paper argues that such a story as Searle tells cannot serve as a causal account of society. A causal account must illuminate motivations, because doing so illuminates the aims and interests lacking which we cannot explain why these social practices come to be and not potential others. Thus Searle's would‐be account of society has a problem analogous to that of Hobbes, which Hobbes's own Foole poses, and that Hobbes never answers to anyone's satisfaction.