bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical course of chronic periodontitis
Authors: Schätzle Marc , Löe Harald , Lang Niklaus P. , Heitz‐Mayfield Lisa J. A. , Bürgin Walter , Ånerud Åge , Boysen Hans 
Published: September 2003

AbstractAim: The purpose of this study was to assess the rate of attachment loss during various stages of adult life in a well‐maintained middle‐class population.Material and Methods: The data originated from a 26‐year longitudinal study of Norwegian males who had received regular and adequate dental care and practised daily oral home care. The initial examination in 1969 included 565 individuals aged between 16 and 34 years. Subsequent examinations took place in 1971, 1973, 1975, 1981, 1988 and 1995. Thus, the study covers the age range of 16–59 years. The rate of the annual attachment loss was calculated as the difference between the individual mean attachment loss between two examinations divided by the years between examinations. The mean annualized relative risk of attachment loss was calculated as the frequency distribution of sites with initial periodontal attachment loss (loss of attachment at the first time of occurrence 2 mm) and healthy sites (loss of attachment always <2 mm). For comparison of significant changes in annual attachment loss rates between the age groups and mean annualized relative risks of attachment loss as they proceeded through adult life, the Wilcoxon Mann–Whitney U‐test was used.Results: The mean overall individual attachment loss during 44 years (between 16 and 59 years) totaled 2.44 mm (range 0.14–2.44 mm), averaging an annual mean rate of 0.05 mm/year. The highest annual rate of attachment loss occurred before 35 years of age (0.08–0.1 mm/year), after which the mean annual rate decreased to about 0.04–0.06 mm/year for the next three decades of life leading to 60 years. The mean annualized relative risk of initial attachment loss increased significantly from adolescence (1.2%) to the maximum at 30–34 years of age (6.9%). After the age of 34 years, the risk of initial attachment loss decreased again, but after the age of 40 years, another continuous increase was observed.Conclusions: Over a 26‐year period, 25% of the subjects went through adult life with healthy and stable periodontal conditions. The remaining 75% developed slight to moderately progressing periodontal disease with progression rates varying between 0.02 and 0.1mm/year with a cumulative mean of loss of attachment of 2.44mm as they approached 60 years of age. The annual mean rate and the mean annualized risk of initial attachment loss were highest between 16 and 34 years of age. Only 20% of the sites continued to lose further attachment during the remainder of the observation period, and less than 1% of the sites showed substantial loss of attachment (>4mm).
Levofloxacin Disposition in Cerebrospinal Fluid in Patients with External Ventriculostomy
Authors: Pea Federico , Pavan Federica , Nascimben Ennio , Benetton Claudio , Scotton Pier Giorgio , Vaglia Alberto , Furlanut Mario 
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACTIn vitro levofloxacin exhibits both potent or intermediate activity against most of the pathogens frequently responsible for acute bacterial meningitis and synergistic activity with some beta-lactams. Since levofloxacin was shown to penetrate the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during meningeal inflammation both in animals and in humans, the disposition of levofloxacin in CSF was studied in 10 inpatients with external ventriculostomy because of communicating hydrocephalus related to subarachnoid occlusion due to cerebral accidents who were treated with 500 mg of levofloxacin intravenously twice a day because of extracerebral infections. Plasma and CSF concentration-time profiles and pharmacokinetics were assessed at steady state. Plasma and CSF levofloxacin concentrations were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography. The peak concentration of levofloxacin at steady state (Cmax ss)was 10.45 mg/liter in plasma and 4.06 mg/liter in CSF, respectively, with the ratio of theCmax ssin CSF to theCmax ssin plasma being 0.47. The areas under the concentration-time curves during the 12-h dosing interval (AUC0-τs) were 47.69 mg · h/liter for plasma and 33.42 mg · h/liter for CSF, with the ratio of the AUC0-τfor CSF to the AUC0-τfor plasma being 0.71. The terminal-phase half-life of levofloxacin in CSF was longer than that in plasma (7.02 ± 1.57 and 5.51 ± 1.36 h, respectively;P= 0.034). The ratio of the levofloxacin concentration in CSF to the concentration in plasma progressively increased with time, from 0.30 immediately after dosing to 0.99 at the end of the dosing interval. In the ventricular CSF of patients with uninflamed meninges, levofloxacin was shown to provide optimal exposure, which approximately corresponded to the level of exposure of the unbound drug in plasma. The findings provide support for trials of levofloxacin with twice-daily dosing in combination with a reference beta-lactam for the treatment of bacterial meningitis in adults. This cotreatment could be useful both for overcomingStreptococcus pneumoniaeresistance and for enabling optimal exposure of the CSF to at least one antibacterial agent for the overall treatment period.
Identifying Antimicrobial Resistance Genes with DNA Microarrays
Authors: Call Douglas R. , Bakko Marlene K. , Krug Melissa J. , Roberts Marilyn C. 
Published: September 2003

ABSTRACT

We developed and tested a glass-based microarray suitable for detecting multiple tetracycline (
tet
) resistance genes. Microarray probes for 17
tet
genes, the β-lactamase
bla
TEM-1
gene, and a 16S ribosomal DNA gene (
Escherichia coli
) were generated from known controls by PCR. The resulting products (ca. 550 bp) were applied as spots onto epoxy-silane-derivatized, Teflon-masked slides by using a robotic spotter. DNA was extracted from test strains, biotinylated, hybridized overnight to individual microarrays at 65°C, and detected with Tyramide Signal Amplification, Alexa Fluor 546, and a microarray scanner. Using a detection threshold of 3× the standard deviation, we correctly identified
tet
genes carried by 39 test strains. Nine additional strains were not known to harbor any genes represented on the microarray, and these strains were negative for all 17
tet
probes as expected. We verified that R741a, which was originally thought to carry a novel
tet
gene,
tet
(I), actually harbored a
tet
(G) gene. Microarray technology has the potential for screening a large number of different antibiotic resistance genes by the relatively low-cost methods outlined in this paper.
Protection from endotoxemia by adenoviral-mediated gene transfer of human bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein
Authors: Alexander Scott , Bramson Jonathan , Foley Ronan , Xing Zhou 
Published: September 2003

AbstractSepsis represents a growing concern in high-risk patients and there has been a lack of effective preventives and therapies. Bacterial/permeability increasing protein (BPI) is a human neutrophil granule-associated defense molecule specific for Gram-negative bacteria and their products. To develop a BPI-transgene–based prophylactic or therapeutic modality, we have developed a recombinant, replication-deficient adenoviral vector expressing full-length human BPI protein (AdhBPI). The expression of BPI is under control of a murine cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. Using in vitro and in vivo systems, AdhBPI-mediated gene transfer led to extracellular secretion of BPI protein, which effectively neutralized endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) and markedly reduced the production of proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and macrophage inflammatory protein 2 (MIP-2) by freshly isolated murine alveolar macrophages. By using a mouse model of nonlethal sepsis elicited with LPS, we demonstrated that in vivo gene transfer of BPI was able to markedly inhibit the effect of a large dose of LPS on cytokine responses when injected intraperitoneally. Furthermore, such in vivo BPI gene transfer also improved the survival of mice suffering from lethal septic shock elicited by intraperitoneal injection of d-galactosamine and LPS. Thus, our results suggest that human BPI gene transfer vector has the potential to be used as a therapeutic agent for septic conditions.
Antimalarial drug discovery: old and new approaches
Authors: Rosenthal Philip J. 
Published: September 2003

SUMMARYNew drugs against malaria are greatly needed. Many approaches to antimalarial drug discovery are available. These approaches must take into account specific concerns, in particular the requirement for very inexpensive and simple to use new therapies and the need to limit the cost of drug discovery. Among important efforts that are currently ongoing are the optimization of therapy with available drugs, including the use of combination therapy, the development of analogs of existing agents, the discovery of natural products, the use of compounds that were originally developed against other diseases, the evaluation of drug resistance reversers, and the consideration of new chemotherapeutic targets. The last category benefits from recent advances in malaria research technologies and genomics and is most likely to identify new classes of drugs. A number of new antimalarial therapies will likely be needed over the coming years, so it is important to pursue multiple strategies for drug discovery.
Laxity of the elbow after experimental excision of the radial head and division of the medial collateral ligament
Authors: Jensen S. L. , Deutch S. R. , Olsen B. S. , Søjbjerg J. O. , Sneppen O. 
Published: September 2003

We studied the stabilising effect of prosthetic replacement of the radial head and repair of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) after excision of the radial head and section of the MCL in five cadaver elbows. Division of the MCL increased valgus angulation (mean 3.9 ± 1.5°) and internal rotatory laxity (mean 5.3 ± 2.0°). Subsequent excision of the radial head allowed additional valgus (mean 11.1 ± 7.3°) and internal rotatory laxity (mean 5.7 ± 3.9°). Isolated replacement of the radial head reduced valgus laxity to the level before excision of the head, while internal rotatory laxity was still greater (2.8 ± 2.1°). Isolated repair of the MCL corrected internal rotatory laxity, but a slight increase in valgus laxity remained (mean 0.7 ± 0.6°). Combined replacement of the head and repair of the MCL restored stability completely. We conclude that the radial head is a constraint secondary to the MCL for both valgus displacement and internal rotation. Isolated repair of the ligament is superior to isolated prosthetic replacement and may be sufficient to restore valgus and internal rotatory stability after excision of the radial head in MCL-deficient elbows.
Thermomechanical properties, phase structure, and conductivity of organic/inorganic hybrid material filled with a conductive filler
Authors: Matsumura Tomoyuki , Ochi Mitsukazu , Nagata Kazuya 
Published: September 2003

AbstractNovel epoxy‐based organic/inorganic hybrid materials filled with carbon black (CB) were synthesized from an epoxy resin and silane alkoxide via a sol–gel process. The phase structure and thermal and mechanical properties of the hybrid materials were studied in detail. It was revealed by transmission electron microscope observations that the filled CB particles formed a secondary aggregation structure and were uniformly dispersed in the aggregate. The storage modulus in the rubbery region increased and the peak area of the tan δ curve in the glass‐transition region decreased with the hybridization of silica. Moreover, the conductive properties of the CB‐filled hybrid systems were investigated. In the same volume fraction of CB, the conductivity of the hybrid systems was much higher than that of the unmodified system. This result was attributed to the excluded volume effect of the silica network. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 1980–1984, 2003
Chain extension and mechanical properties of unsaturated aliphatic copolyesters based on poly(L‐lactic acid)
Authors: Park Eun‐Soo , Cho Hae‐Chul , Kim Mal‐Nam , Yoon Jin‐San 
Published: September 2003

AbstractChain extension of poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) with unsaturated groups (PLBM) was attempted using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) and the resulting variation in molecular weight and mechanical properties was explored. Bulk copolymerization of L‐lactic acid (LA)/1,4‐butanediol (BD)/maleic acid (MA) (100/1/1) isomerized some of the cis‐structured maleate units into trans‐structured fumarate units. The optically active LA promoted isomerization during the condensation polymerization. Chain extension of PLBM with BPO did not bring about a discernible increase in the molecular weight when the chain extension was carried out in various solvents with different radical abstraction abilities. In contrast, the hot pressing of PLBM containing BPO increased the molecular weight and sometimes produced chloroform‐insoluble gels depending on the BPO concentration and temperature. The chain extension at low temperatures increased the flexibility of PLBM considerably. However, PLBM lost the flexibility precipitously as the chain‐extension temperature increased above 120°C. The biodegradation rate of PLBM was much slower than that of PLLA. The biodegradation rate was further lowered by the chain extension. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 1802–1807, 2003
Lay rationalism and inconsistency between predicted experience and decision
Authors: Hsee Christopher K. , Zhang Jiao , Yu Fang , Xi Yiheng 
Published: September 2003

AbstractDecision‐makers are sometimes depicted as impulsive and overly influenced by ‘hot’, affective factors. The present research suggests that decision‐makers may be too ‘cold’ and overly focus on rationalistic attributes, such as economic values, quantitative specifications, and functions. In support of this proposition, we find a systematic inconsistency between predicted experience and decision. That is, people are more likely to favor a rationalistically‐superior option when they make a decision than when they predict experience. We discuss how this work contributes to research on predicted and decision utilities; we also discuss when decision‐makers overweight hot factors and when they overweight cold factors. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improvement of the digestibility of the proteins of the red alga Palmaria palmata by physical processes and fermentation
Authors: Marrion Olivier , Schwertz Annie , Fleurence Joël , Guéant Jean Louis , Villaume Christian 
Published: September 2003

AbstractPalmaria palmata (dulse) is an edible red alga constituting a potential protein source in human diet. However, previous studies showed that the digestibility of dulse proteins is bad because of the cell‐wall encapsulating cytoplasmic proteins and the presence of fibers. The water‐soluble xylan, present in high proportions in dulse, could be involved to explain the weak digestibility of proteins. To limit the influence of fibers and to improve the nutritional quality of these proteins, we have treated dulse by physical processes or by fermentation by moulds. After a 30 min predigestion by pepsin followed by a 6 h digestion into a cell dialysis containing porcine pancreatin, the correctedin vitro digestibility of crude dulse was very low (about 1.5% after correction by digestibility blank). Thein vitro protein digestibility was estimated to 58% of that of casein for dulse samples obtained after washing in demineralized water and grinding in liquid nitrogen. Thein vitro protein digestibility of fermented samples was 45%–65% of that of casein. After physical treatment, the digestibility improvement was related to the elimination of soluble molecules such as xylan and mineral salts. The improvement observed after fermentations seemed due to the degradation of insoluble fibers.
Towards the Synthesis of Azoacetylenes
Authors: Denonne Frédéric , Seiler Paul , Diederich François 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe synthesis of azoacetylenes (=dialkynyldiazenes) 1 and 2 has been investigated. They represent a still elusive class of chromophores with potentially very interesting applications as novel bistable photochemical molecular switches or as antitumor agents (Fig. 1). Our synthetic efforts have led us alongside three different approaches (Scheme 1). In a first route, it was envisioned to generate the azo (=diazene) bond by photolysis of N,N′‐dialkynylated 1,3,4‐thiadiazolidine‐2,5‐diones that are themselves challenging targets (Scheme 2). Attempts are described to obtain the latter by alkynylation of the parent heterocycle with substituted alkynyliodonium salts. In a conceptually similar approach, the no‐less‐challenging dialkynylated 9,10‐dihydro‐9,10‐diazanoanthracene (29) was to be generated by alkynylation of the unsubstituted hydrazine 28 (Scheme 6). In a second route, the generation of the NN bond from Br‐substituted divinylidenehydrazines (ketene‐azines) 35 was attempted in a synthetic scheme involving an aza‐Wittig reaction between azinobis(phosphorane) 36 and (triisopropylsilyl)ketene 37 (Scheme 7). Finally, a third approach, based on the formation of the central azo bond as the key step, was explored. This route involved the extrapolation of a newly discovered condensation reaction of N,N‐disilylated anilines with nitroso compounds (Scheme 11, and Tables 1 and 2) to the transformation of N,N‐disilylated ynamine 55 and nitroso‐alkyne 54 (Scheme 13).
Phenanthrene‐Derived DNA Hairpin Mimics
Authors: Stutz Alfred , Langenegger Simon M. , Häner Robert 
Published: September 2003

AbstractSelf‐complementary oligodeoxynucleotides containing 3,6‐disubstituted phenanthrenes adopt highly stable, hairpin‐like structures. The thermodynamic stability of the hairpin mimics depends on the overall length of the phenanthrene building block. Hairpin loops composed of a phenanthrene‐3,6‐dicarboxamide and ethylene linkers were found to be optimal. The hairpin mimics are more stable than the analogous hairpins containing either a dT4 or dA4 tetraloop. Model studies indicate that the thermodynamic stability of the hairpin mimics is primarily due to aromatic stacking of the phenanthrene‐3,6‐dicarboxamide onto the adjoining base pair of the DNA duplex.
Preschoolers' and adults' attributions of who causes interpersonal events
Authors: Corrigan Roberta 
Published: September 2003

AbstractAdults and 4‐year‐olds explained who caused prosocial or antisocial interactions between two characters who differed in two dimensions that underlie interpersonal traits. Participants saw pictures depicting every pairwise combination of four characters (good/powerful, good/weak, bad/powerful or bad/weak) as initiators or recipients of six actions. Both children and adults made causal attributions to ‘good’ characters for prosocial behaviours and to ‘bad’ characters for antisocial behaviours. Potency influenced the frequency of attributions. Adults and children differed in the justifications of their attributions and in their reconciliations of contradictory information, e.g. a positive character initiating an antisocial act. Explanations of social events are based on characteristics of both interactants in combination with whether the event is prosocial or antisocial. The findings thus extend work on children's ‘theory‐of‐mind’ to the realm of interpersonal interactions, where beliefs, desires or dispositions of either of two characters can cause an event. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Late‐glacial reoccupation of the British Isles and the Creswellian
Authors: Barton R. N. E. , Jacobi R. M. , Stapert D. , Street M. J. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis paper presents a review of AMS radiocarbon dating evidence for human occupation of Britain during the Late‐glacial Interstadial. The dates are all on humanly modified materials, including artefacts, and on human bone. The CalPal program is used to test whether the earliest evidence of human presence shows any correlation with more widespread climatic events, and if the British chronology differs significantly from that of neighbouring regions of northwest Europe. In the second part of the paper a number of well‐dated sites with British Late Upper Palaeolithic ‘Creswellian’ technology are examined and compared with lithic assemblages from The Netherlands and Belgium. The main conclusions of this work are that expansion of human populations into the northern edge of the upland zone just before or at the beginning of GI‐1 was followed by repopulation of the British Isles possibly with very little time‐lag. The British Creswellian sites offer evidence of this earliest resettlement, which is mainly focused on the upland margins of western and central Britain. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reactive intermediates of the reduction of SO2 on activated carbon
Authors: Humeres Eduardo , Peruch Maria da Gloria B. , Moreira Regina F. P. M. , Schreiner Wido 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe reduction of SO2 on activated carbon was studied in the range of 600–700°C in a differential reactor under steady‐state conditions and under chemically controlled kinetics. Initial rates of carbon conversion and gas reagent were calculated from the mass balance of the gaseous products. The kinetics was first‐order with respect to carbon and first‐order with respect to the partial pressure of SO2. The activation parameters were ΔH≠= 21.5 kcal mol−1 and ΔS≠=−211 cal mol−1 K−1. The activated carbon was ca. 105 times more reactive than graphite, and determined by the enthalpy of activation. The main reaction products were CO2 and sulfur. CO and COS were produced from consecutive reactions of the primary products. During the pre‐steady state, the sulfur content of the carbon increased to a plateau where the reaction reached the steady state condition. This sulfur was shown to be chemically bound to the carbon matrix and represents the stable reactive intermediates of the reduction of SO2. The XPS spectrum of the residual carbon C(S) showed two forms of sulfur bound to carbon: non‐oxidized sulfur (sulfide and/or disulfide) and oxidized sulfur (sulfone, sulfoxide, sulfenate, sulfinate). The sulfur intermediates C(S) reacted with SO2 at the same rate as pure activated carbon and with CO2 to produce SO2 by the reverse reaction. The reaction of C(S) with CO produced COS. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“Respect for Autonomy” in Genetic Counseling: An Analysis and a Proposal
Authors: White Mary Terrell 
Published: September 2003

AbstractRespect for autonomy in genetic counseling is generally understood as a negative right: as clients' right to noninterference in decision‐making. In order to promote client autonomy, genetic counseling is nondirective, an approach that minimizes risks of counselor influence in the decision‐making process. But by minimizing counselor involvement, nondirective counseling may permit clients to make decisions that are partially informed or poorly reasoned. Alternatively, clients may be better served if autonomy is construed as a positive right: as clients' right to a maximally enhanced decision‐making process. This interpretation of autonomy suggests a counseling approach in which the deliberative process is central and takes place through dialogue. Dialogical counseling remains nonprescriptive but holds counselors responsible for ensuring that decisions are thoroughly and carefully considered. The goal is a good decision, defined as one in which clients' values and goals, identified through the deliberative approaches of authenticity, effective deliberation, and moral reflection, are in equilibrium. By this means, counselors may more reliably meet clients' needs while simultaneously demonstrating a limited degree of professional accountability.