bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Albumin quotient, IgG concentration, and IgG index determinations in cerebrospinal fluid of neonatal foals
Authors: Andrews Frank M. , Geiser Dennis R. , Sommardahl Carla S. , Green Eleanor M. , Provenza Melanie 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Total protein (tp), albumin, and IgG concentrations were measured in csf from the atlanto-occipital (ao) and lumbosacral (ls) sites and in serum of 15 clinically normal neonatal foals ≤ 10 days old (mean, 7.0 days). The albumin quotient (aq; csf albumin/serum albumin × 100) and IgG index ([csf IgG/serum IgG] × [serum albumin/csf albumin]), indicators of blood-brain barrier permeability and intrathecal IgG production, respectively, were then calculated.
Mean ± sd values obtained from the foals of this study were: serum albumin, 2,900 ± 240 mg/dl; serum IgG, 1,325 ± 686 mg/dl; ao csf total protein (tp), 82.8 ± 19.2 mg/dl; ls csf tp, 83.6 ± 16.1 mg/dl; ao csf albumin, 52.0 ± 8.6 mg/dl; ls csf albumin, 53.8 ± 15.7 mg/dl; ao csf IgG, 10.2 ± 5.5 mg/dl; ls csf IgG, 9.9 ± 5.7 mg/dl; ao aq, 1.86 ± 0.29; ls aq, 1.85 ± 0.51, ao IgG index, 0.52 ± 0.28; and ls IgG index, 0.48 ± 0.27. Significant difference between values for the ao and ls sites was not found. A csf albumin concentration > 85.2 mg/dl or aq > 2.4, as determined by mean ± 2 sd, may indicate increased blood-brain barrier permeability. An IgG index value >1.0 may indicate intrathecal IgG production.
Values obtained for foals of this study should serve as baseline for comparison in the evaluation of blood-brain barrier permeability and intrathecal IgG production in neonatal foals with neurologic disease.
Cerebrospinal fluid variables in clinically normal foals from birth to 42 days of age
Authors: Furr Martin O. , Bender Holly 
Published: January 2024

Summary
To determine the effects of age on each analyte, csf variables were evaluated in healthy foals from birth through 42 days of age. Cerebrospinal fluid was collected from 14 clinically normal, naturally delivered cross-bred foals and was analyzed for glucose, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and total protein concentrations, total and differential wbc counts, rbc count, and lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, and creatine kinase activities. Samples were collected in 3 foals < 48 hours old, and at 11 to 14 days of age in 4 foals, 21 to 22 days of age in 3 foals, and 31 to 42 days of age in 4 foals. Each foal was tested only once, to avoid any effects of csf sample collection on subsequent analysis. Regression analysis confirmed age-related effects on csf glucose, protein, and magnesium concentrations, but did not indicate an effect of age on csf sodium and potassium concentrations or cell counts. Results indicate that csf glucose concentration decreases with age; foals < 2 days old had the highest csf glucose values, 98.8 ± 12.0 mg/dl (mean ± 1 sd). In foals 10 to 14 days old, csf glucose concentration was 67.3 ± 12.0 mg/dl, was 65.3 ± 4.5 mg/dl in foals 21 to 22 days old, was 70.0 ± 5.4 mg/dl in foals 31 to 42 days old, and was 51.1 ± 2.5 mg/dl in adults. Protein values in csf also decreased with age: 109.0 ± 9.7 mg/dl in foals <2 days old, 81.0 ± 22.8 mg/dl in foals 10 to 14 days old, 60.5 ± 22.4 mg/dl in foals 21 to 22 days old, and 58.5 ± 17.0 mg/dl in foals 31 to 42 days old. The csf protein concentration was 60.3 ± 10.8 mg/dl in adult horses. Magnesium concentration in csf increased slightly with age, then decreased after 22 days of life. In foals < 2 days old, the value was 2.43 ± 0.16 mg/dl. Values in older foals and horses were: 2.51 ± 0.08 mg/dl in foals 10 to 14 days old, 2.65 ± 0.05 mg/dl in 21- to 22-day-old foals, 2.55 ± 0.05 mg/dl in 31- to 42-day-old foals, and 2.35 ± 0.09 mg/dl in adult horses.
Mean csf sodium and potassium concentrations were 151.7 ± 3.7 mmol/L and 3.14 ± 0.54 mmol/L, respectively, for all ages. There was no effect of age on these analytes. Values for csf enzymes were considered invalid for the assay technique used and were not further analyzed.
Effect of mimicking prepartum concentration of estradiol-17β on the inflammatory response to endotoxin in gilts
Authors: Magnusson Ulf , Holst Henrik , Kindahl Hans , Karlsson Åsa 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The effect of mimicking prepartum concentration of estradiol-17β on the inflammatory response to endotoxin in gilts was studied. The study was performed in a split-litter design and comprised 5 pairs of littermates. A catheter was inserted into the jugular vein 2 days prior to the start of the study. In each pair, 1 littermate was treated im with 2.5 mg of estradiol-17β/75 kg of body weight, and the other littermate was given peanut oil im as a control. The day after treatment, all gilts were challenge-exposed with a Salmonella typhimurium-derived endotoxin (1 µg/kg, iv) and the inflammatory response to challenge exposure was monitored. There was no effect of estradiol treatment on the transient clinical signs of endotoxemia or on the increase in rectal temperature. The increase in blood concentrations of prostaglandin F2α metabolite and cortisol after endotoxin challenge exposure was not affected by estradiol. Decrease in number of circulating blood mononuclear cells and polymorphonuclear leukocytes was not changed by estradiol treatment. Taken together, mimicking prepartum concentration of estradiol did not affect either the magnitude or the kinetics of the inflammatory response to endotoxin in gilts. Relevance of these findings to development of endotoxinmediated diseases, such as the postpartum agalactia syndrome, needs further study.
Cardiorespiratory effects of glycopyrrolate-butorphanol-xylazine combination, with and without nasal administration of oxygen in dogs
Authors: Jacobson John D. , McGrath Charles J. , Ko Jeff C. H. , Smith Eric P. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Cardiopulmonary consequences of iv administered glycopyrrolate (0.01 mg/kg of body weight), followed in 11 ± 2 minutes by butorphanol (0.2 mg/ kg) and xylazine (0.5 mg/kg), were evaluated in 6 dogs, with and without nasal administration of oxygen (100 ml/kg/min). Glycopyrrolate caused significant (P < 0.05) increases in heart rate and cardiac index and significant (P < 0.05) decreases in stroke index.
Subsequent administration of butorphanol and xylazine was associated with significant (P < 0.05) increases in systemic vascular resistance, mean arterial blood pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure, central venous pressure, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, PaCO2, venous admixture, oxygen extraction ratio, and hemoglobin concentration. It caused significant (P < 0.05) decreases in cardiac index, stroke index, breathing rate, minute volume index, oxygen delivery, and oxygen consumption. Mean arterial blood pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, tidal volume index, and minute volume index were significantly (P < 0.05) higher when dogs were breathing room air. The arterial and venous PO2 and PCO2, and venous oxygen content were significantly (P < 0.05) higher, and the arterial and venous pH, and oxygen consumption were significantly (P < 0.05) lower when oxygen was administered. Pulsus alternans and S-T segment depression were observed in dogs of both groups. Ventricular premature contractions were observed in 1 dog breathing room air.
All dogs were intubated briefly 15 minutes after administration of butorphanol and xylazine. Time to first spontaneous movement was 45 minutes. All dogs remained in lateral recumbency without physical restraint for 60 minutes.
Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry of canine femurs with and without fracture fixation devices
Authors: Markel Mark D. , Bogdanske John J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The effect of 5 fracture fixation methods on bone mineral density (bmd) measurement of femurs, using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (dxa) was determined in a canine model. Six regions of interest were measured, including the entire femur, the diaphysis of the femur, and small regions centered over the middiaphysis of the bone (lateral middiaphyseal cortex, medial middiaphyseal cortex, middiaphyseal medullary canal, and total middiaphysis). Eight unpaired femurs were collected and scanned by use of dxa before (5 separate scans/femur) and after (5 separate scans/femur) fixation by use of 1 of 5 fixation methods. These fixation methods included: intramedullary (im) nail; im nail and cerclage wires; im nail and external skeletal fixation; locked im nail; and a dynamic compression plate (dcp). All implants were made of stainless steel. The im nail fixation devices caused significant decreases in the dxa measurement of bmd in the small regions of interest, compared with femurs without fixation devices (mean decrease, 37.3%; P < 0.05). The locked nail caused similar, but larger, decreases in the dxa measurement of bmd, compared with the im nail fixation methods (P < 0.05). Plate fixation caused a small, but significant (P < 0.05), decrease (2.8%) in the dxa measurement of bmd in the large regions of interest, but when all regions were averaged, it did not cause significant change in this measurement, compared with femurs without fixation devices. Plate fixation caused a large change in the dxa measurement of bmd in 1 region only, in the lateral cortical bone under the plate where the dxa measurement of bmd was increased 13.3% over that in femurs without fixation devices (P < 0.05). In femurs without fixation devices, the precision error ranged from 0.5% for large regions of interest to 2.4% for small regions of interest. None of the fixation methods altered the precision error of large regions of interest (P > 0.05). In contrast, the precision errors of the small regions of interest were increased by the im fixation methods and the locked im nail. When all regions were combined, im fixation methods caused significant (P < 0.05) increase in the precision error, compared with femurs without fixation devices (mean increase, 157%; range, 121 to 193%). Plate fixation did not change the precision error of any region of interest, compared with femurs without fixation devices (P > 0.05; power = 0.8 at Δ = 64%).
Examination of the activities of 43 chemotherapeutic agents against Neospora caninum tachyzoites in cultured cells
Authors: Lindsay David S. , Rippey Natasha S. , Cole Rebecca A. , Parsons Lisa C. , Dubey J. P. , Tidwell Richard R. , Blagburn Byron L. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Neospora caninum causes serious disease in dogs, and it, or a similar parasite, is a major cause of abortion in cattle. Little is known about the susceptibility of this protozoan to antimicrobial agents. We studied several antimicrobial agents to determine which classes might have activity against this parasite. We also determined whether activity of such agents was coccidiocidal or coccidiostatic. A 2-day of treatment, monoclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassay and a 5-day of treatment, cell culture flask (ccf), lesion-based assay were developed to examine the ability of test agents to inhibit tachyzoite multiplication. Seven sulfonamides were examined, with the following activities observed: sulfathiazole ≥ sulfamethoxazole > sulfadiazine > sulfaquinoxaline ≥ sulfamethazine > sulfadimethoxine > sulfamerazine. Dapsone, a sulfone, had little activity. Six dihydrofolate reductase/thymidylate synthase inhibitors were examined, with the following activities observed: piritrexim > pyrimethamine > ormetoprim > trimethoprim = diaveridine > methotrexate. Six ionophorous antibiotics were examined; lasalocid, maduramicin, monensin, narasin, and salinomycin had equivalent activities, but alborixin was toxic for host cells at the lowest concentration examined. Three macrolide antibiotics—azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin—were examined and had equivalent activities. Two tetracycline antibiotics, doxycycline and minocycline, were examined and had equivalent activities. Three lincosamide antibiotics were examined, with the following activities observed: clindamycin hydrochloride > clindamycin phosphate > lincomycin hydrochloride. Pentamidine and 6 of its analogs were examined, and only hexamidine and 1,4-Di[4-(2-imidazolinyl)-2-methoxy-phenoxy]butane had activity. Eight miscellaneous antiprotozoal agents were examined for activity. Amprolium, metronidazole, paromomycin, and roxarsone had little activity. Arprinocid, diclazuril, nitrofurazone, and robenidine had good activity. Eleven agents were examined in both assays, whereas 32 agents were examined in the ccf assay only. The enzyme immunoassay and ccf assay provided similar results for agents that rapidly killed tachyzoites. However, agents that inhibited development, but were not rapidly fatal for tachyzoites, had better activity in the ccf assay. Of the classes of agents examined, the dihydrofolate reductase/thymidylate synthase inhibitors, 2 of the 6 pentamidine analogs, and the ionophores were coccidiocidal and the sulfonamides, macrolides, tetracyclines, and lincosamides were coccidiostatic. Of the miscellaneous agents examined, arprinocid, nitrofurazone, and robenidine were coccidiocidal and diclazuril was coccidiostatic.
Dexamethasone-induced haptoglobin release by calf liver parenchymal cells
Authors: Higuchi Hidetoshi , Katoh Norio , Miyamoto Toru , Uchida Eiji , Yuasa Akira , Takahashi Kiyoshi 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Parenchymal cells were isolated from the liver of male calves, and monolayer cultures formed were treated with glucocorticoids to examine whether haptoglobin, appearance of which is associated with hepatic lipidosis (fatty liver) in cattle, is induced by steroid hormones. Without addition of dexamethasone, only trace amounts of haptoglobin were detected in culture medium. With addition of dexamethasone (10−12 to 10−4M), considerable amounts of haptoglobin were released into the medium. Maximal release was observed at concentrations of 10−8 to 10−6M dexamethasone. Haptoglobin release was similarly induced by Cortisol, although the effect was less potent than that of dexamethasone. Actinomycin D (a known protein synthesis inhibitor) dose-dependently reduced amounts of haptoglobin released in response to 10−8M dexamethasone. Dexamethazone also induced annexin I, which is known to be synthesized in response to glucocorticoids. Dexamethasone treatment resulted in reduced protein kinase C activity in the cell cytosol, which has been shown to be an early event in dexamethasone-treated cells. Other than glucocorticoids, estradiol induced haptoglobin release, whereas progesterone was less effective. The association of haptoglobin with hepatic lipidosis can be reasonably explained by the fact that haptoglobin production by the liver is induced by glucocorticoids and estradiol, and these steroid hormones are triggers for development of hepatic lipidosis in cattle.
Long-term fate and effects of exercise on sternal cartilage autografts used for repair of large osteochondral defects in horses
Authors: Howard R. D. , Mcllwraith C. W. , Trotter G. W. , Powers B. E. , McFadden P. R. , Harwood F. L. , Amiel D. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Bilateral osteochondral defects (10 mm2 × 3 mm deep) were created on the distal articular surface of the radial carpal bone of ten, 2- to 3-year-old horses. One defect of each horse was repaired, using a sternal cartilage autograft (treated), and the other was left untreated (control). The horses were exercised on a high-speed treadmill at incrementally increased speed and duration over the course of 12 months. Horses were evaluated arthroscopically at 6 to 7 weeks, and clinical examinations were conducted weekly at exercise. Twelve months after surgery, carpuses of each horse were radiographed and clinically examined prior to euthanasia. A gross pathologic evaluation of each joint was conducted, and samples were collected for histologic, histochemical, histomorphometric, and biochemical evaluation. Radio-graphically, the grafted joints had more extensive evidence of arthropathy, and clinically, 8 of the 10 horses were more lame in the grafted limb. On the basis of histomorphometry, the repair tissue of the grafted defects contained a greater median percentage of hyaline cartilage (45%) than that of control defects (4.5%), and the control defects contained a greater percentage of fibrocartilage (82%) than did grafted defects (28.5%). A greater median percentage of repair tissue stained with safranin-O in the grafted defects (24.5%) than in the control defects (3.5%). On gross pathologic and histologic evaluation, repair tissue of the control defects had better continuity and was more firmly attached to the subchondral bone than was repair tissue of the grafted defects. Repair tissue of the grafted defects had extensive fissure and flap formation. Histologically, subchondral bone reactivity and fibroplasia was extensive in grafted joints. Repair tissue of grafted defects had a greater percentage of type II collagen (mean ± SEM, 83.5 ± 2.95%) than did controls (mean, 79.4 ± 3.87%) that was not statistically significant. Hexosamine content was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in repair tissue of the grafted defect (mean, 28.9 ± 3.00 mg/g of dry weight) vs control (mean, 20.6 ± 1.85 mg/g of dry weight). On the basis of this experimental model, sternal cartilage autografts cannot be recommended at this time for repair of osteochondral defects in athletic horses.
Influence of age, breed, and stage of pregnancy on hepatic ultrasonographic findings in cows
Authors: Braun Ueli , Gerber David 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Influence of age, breed, and stage of pregnancy on hepatic ultrasonographic findings of cows was determined. In addition, the relation between body weight, height at the withers, milk production, and the measurements determined via ultrasonography was investigated.
The liver of 186 cows was examined ultrasonographically. The cows comprised Swiss Braunvieh, Simmental, and Holstein breeds, and age ranged from 2.5 to 11.5 years. The ultrasonographic findings of the liver, gallbladder, caudal vena cava, and portal vein were described, and the position, size, thickness, and distal angle of the liver were determined. In addition, the position and diameter of the caudal vena cava and portal vein were determined. There was no significant difference between any of the variables determined and breed or age. Therefore, measurements for the 3 breeds and for the various ages were summarized into 1 group. There were significant correlations between body weight, milk production, and size and thickness of the liver.
In 3 pregnant cows, the liver was examined ultrasonographically 8 times during the course of pregnancy. Positive correlation was detected between stage of pregnancy and diameter of the caudal vena cava. There was a negative correlation between stage of pregnancy and diameter of the portal vein.
In 23 cows, the ultrasonographically determined measurements of the liver were compared with those determined at slaughter. Weight of the liver correlated well to thickness of the liver determined via ultrasonography.
Protection against enteric septicemia of catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) by immunization with the R-mutant, Escherichia coli (J5)
Authors: Tyler Jeff W. , Klesius Philip H. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The protective effects of immunization with the rough (R) mutant, Escherichia coli (J5), were evaluated in an experimental model of Edwardsiella ictaluri-induced enteric septicemia of catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Groups of 18 to 25 fish were administered killed E coli (J5) with or without an aluminum hydroxide (alum) adjuvant by intraperitoneal (ip) or IM route. Vaccinated fish were experimentally infected with virulent Ed ictaluri. Fish were monitored to determine survival after Ed ictaluri infection. Fish that received E coli (J5) in alum IP had enhanced survival (92%), compared with fish given E coli (J5) IP only (54%, P < 0.05) or fish given saline solution IP (56%, P <0.05). Fish given E coli (J5) in alum IM had intermediate survival (77%), which did not differ significantly (P> 0.05) from survival of fish in the other 3 vaccination groups. Serologic responses to Ed ictaluri and E coli (J5) before and after immunization with Ecoli (J5) were determined, using whole-cell elisa. Serologic recognition of both whole cell antigens increased significantly (P< 0.10) in all groups; however, the most pronounced increase was observed in fish that received Ecoli (J5) in alum IP. These results indicate the IP administration of Ecoli (J5) in alum protects against enteric septicemia of catfish.
Effects of protein, lipid, or carbohydrate supplementation on hepatic lipid accumulation during rapid weight loss in obese cats
Authors: Biourge Vincent C. , Massat Bruno , Groff Joseph M. , Morris James G. , Rogers Quinton R. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Effects of restricted tube-feeding (25% of energy requirements) of protein, lipid, or carbohydrates on body weight loss; hematologic and clinical chemical variables; plasma lipid and amino add concentrations; nitrogen balance; and hepatic histologic features and lipid concentrations were compared with values in voluntary-fasting cats (control, con). Twelve obese cats (6.1 ± 0.1 kg, > 40% above optimal body weight) were randomly assigned to 4 matched treatment groups (n = 3)—protein (pro), lipid (lip), carbohydrate (cho), and con—and were offered a low-palatability diet for 4 weeks. Cats of the pro, lip, and cho groups were also tube-fed isocaloric amounts (88 kcal of metabolizable energy) of a casein-soybean protein mixture, com oil, or a dextrin-dextrose mixture, respectively, during the 4 weeks. All cats fasted, rather than eat the low-palatability purified diet. Cats of the pro group lost weight at a lower rate (P < 0.05) than did cats of other groups. After 4 weeks of fasting, serum alkaline phosphatase activities were higher than reference values in all cats of the con and lip groups and in 2 cats of the cho group. At that time, 1 cat of the lip group had lethargy, hepatomegaly, and hyperbilirubinemia. Total hepatic lipid and triglyceride concentrations increased in all groups during the study, but the increase was significantly (P < 0.05) less in cats of the pro group, compared with those of the con and lip groups, and those of the cho group, compared with those of the lip group. Hepatic total lipid and triglyceride concentrations correlated well with lipid score for liver biopsy specimens when lipidosis was mild or severe, but not as well in association with the intermediate lipidosis. Cats of the PRO group were in nitrogen balance after 2 weeks of fasting. All other cats remained in negative nitrogen balance during the fast, although less nitrogen was lost by cats of the cho and lip groups than by cats of the con group. Plasma aminograms indicated that methionine and arginine might become limiting for protein synthesis during fasting in cats.
Results indicate that dietary protein reduces hepatic lipid accumulation and nitrogen balance is maintained during rapid weight loss in obese cats. Ingestion of only lipids increases the risk of inducing hepatic lipidosis. Ingestion of carbohydrates reduces hepatic lipid accumulation, but is not as effective as protein in preventing all the clinical manifestations of hepatic lipidosis.