bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human brain atlas: For high‐resolution functional and anatomical mapping
Authors: Roland P. E. , Graufelds C. J. , Wǎhlin J. , Ingelman L. , Andersson M. , Ledberg A. , Pedersen J. , Åkerman S. , Dabringhaus A. , Zilles K. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe present the new computerized Human Brain Atlas (HBA) for anatomical and functional mapping studies of the human brain. The HBA is based on many high‐resolution magnetic resonance images of normal subjects and provides continuous updating of the mean shape and position of anatomical structures of the human brain. The structures are transformable by linear and nonlinear global and local transformations applied anywhere in 3‐D pictures to fit the anatomical structures of individual brains, which, by reformatting, are transformed into a high‐resolution standard anatomical format. The power of the HBA to reduce anatomical variations was evaluated on a randomized selection of anatomical landmarks in brains of 27 young normal male volunteers who were different from those on whom the standard brain was selected. The HBA, even when based only on standard brain surface and central structures, reduced interindividual anatomical variance to the level of the variance in structure position between the right and left hemisphere in individual brains. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chloracylierung und Bromacylierung von Carbonylverbindungen. IV. Bildungsmechanismus von Carbonsäure‐(1‐halogenalkyl)estern
Authors: Bigler Peter , Neuenschwander Markus 
Published: December 2004

Chloroacylation and bromoacylation of carbonyl compounds IV. Investigations of the reaction mechanismThe kinetics of the Lewis acid catalyzed reaction between acyl chlorides and carbonyl compounds (especially aldehydes) is investigated by 1H‐NMR.‐spectroscopy. With acetyl chloride as starting material a second order reaction is observed; the rate of the reaction increases in polar solvents as well as with increasing electron‐donating capacity of the aldehyde. ‐ With benzoyl chloride as starting material the reaction is first order with respect to benzoyl chloride, but zero order with respect to the aldehyde. The reaction rate is strongly influenced by the substituents of the benzoyl chloride. ‐ Two polar reaction mechanisms which are in accord with these results are outlined and discussed.
Nucleoside und Nucleotide, Teil 12. Synthese von Dinucleosidmonophosphaten mit 1‐(2′‐Desoxy‐β‐D‐ribofuranosyl)‐2(1H)‐pyrimidon als Baustein
Authors: Volz Ernst , Tamm Christoph 
Published: December 2004

Nucleosides and Nucleotides. Part 12. Synthesis of Dinucleoside Monophosphates Containing 1‐(2′‐Deoxy‐β‐D‐ribofuranosyl)‐2(1H)‐pyrimidoneThe connexion of the modified nucleoside 1‐(2′‐deoxy‐β‐D‐ribofuranosyl)‐2(1H)‐pyrimidone (Md, 2) with the natural nucleotides pTd and pGd is described. The protected dinucleoside monophosphates (MeOTr)MdpTd (6) and (MeOTr)MdpG (9) were prepared by the standard phosphodiester method using DCC as condensing agent. MdpTd (7) was obtained by treatment of 6 with formic acid/methanol 7 : 3 at 0° 9 was converted to the free dinucleoside monophosphate MdpGd (11) by removing the N‐isobutyryl‐ and p‐methoxytrityl protecting group on consecutive treatment with 0.04N CH3ONa in CH3OH and HCOOH/CH3OH 7:3 at 0° respectively. Enzymatic degradation of the free dinucleoside of the free dinucleoside monophosphates 7 and 11 yielded the corresponding nucleosides and nucleotides in the correct ratios.
The dexamethasone suppression test as a predictor of response to desipramine
Authors: Bielski Robert J. , West Charles L. , Shafer Christine L. , Holmes Gregory H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThirty‐four endogenously depressed outpatients were treated with desipramine following dexamethasone suppression tests (DSTs). When mean change scores on the Hamilton scale were compared between DST‐suppressors and non‐suppressors there was a clear trend toward more favourable response in the non‐suppressors. However, this finding fell just short of reaching statistical significance. Ten out of 13 DST‐non‐suppressors (77 per cent) responded to desipramine, while 10 out of 21 suppressors (48 per cent) responded. This difference was not significant.
Urinary kallikrein excretion after DDAVP during lithium treatment
Authors: Waller D. G. , Campbell S. K. , Albano J. D. M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSeveral factors are believed to contribute to impaired responsiveness to arginine vasopressin (AVP) during lithium treatment. The renal kallikrein–kinin system is reported to antagonize the renal effects of AVP in vitro but there are no reports of its activity during lithium treatment. Urinary active kallikrein excretion in 18 lithium‐treated patients was found to be lower than that in eight healthy volunteers. Following intravenous administration of an AVP analogue, des‐amino‐D‐arginine‐vasopressin, to the lithium‐treated patients, the urinary excretion of active kallikrein was unchanged, despite an impaired urine‐concentrating ability. These results suggest that stimulation of renal kallikrein does not contribute to inhibition of the action of AVP, and thus the genesis of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus during lithium treatment.
Signal detection analysis of information processing in patients receiving prophylactic lithium therapy
Authors: Johnson F. Neil 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThere are numerous indications in the literature that lithium may affect the processing of sensory information, but no work involving human subjects has provided a direct test of this hypothesis. The present study attempted to provide such a demonstration by carrying out a signal detection analysis of information processing in a number of subjects undergoing prophylactic treatment with lithium. It was found that lithium impaired information processing in accordance with the hypothesis. In addition, efficiency of information processing was directly related to a global clinical rating of mood state, providing further evidence in support of an information processing model of manic‐depressive illness. A relationship also noted between mood state and response bias suggested that there may be two quite distinct psychological mechanisms underlying affective dysfunction, and that these might relate to the lithium responder‐non‐responder dichotomy.
Sublingual lormetazepam in the treatment of sleep disorders in general practice patients
Authors: Sastre‐Y‐Hernandez M. , Visser P. , Schütt B. , Fichte K. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe sublingual form of the benzodiazepine hypnotic lormetazepam was developed with the aim of attaining greater flexibility in the treatment of sleep disorders. The object is to achieve rapid onset of hypnotic effect and provide patients with a form of medication which they can take after having gone to bed and only if they have difficulty in falling asleep. In a placebo‐controlled crossover double‐blind study the hypnotic effect, side‐effects and acceptance of lormetazepam sublingual (1 mg) were investigated in 60 patients with sleep disorders receiving treatment from physicians in independent practices. The study was conducted over a total of 2 weeks, the patients receiving lormetazepam and placebo for 7 days respectively, changing over in the second week. The results show that in the sublingual form lormetazepam (1) is distinctly better than placebo as regards hypnotic efficacy, particularly with respect to the reduction of sleep latency; (2) does not lead to a significantly higher rate of concomitant symptoms than placebo; and (3) is well accepted by the patientsin the wafer form.
Cilobamine in the treatment of atypical depression
Authors: Wager Steven , Quitkin Frederic , Stewart Jonathan , McGrath Patrick , Harrison Wilma , Markowitz Jeffrey , Tricamo Elaine 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSixteen patients meeting our criteria for atypical depression were treated in a 7‐week single‐blind pilot study with cilobamine mesylate, an investigational antidepressant structurally distinct from tricyclic antidepressants (TCA) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI). Nine patients (56 per cent) responded to cilobamine. Cilobamine patients were compared with a group of similar patients receiving placebo for 6 weeks in a separate double‐blind study. The response rate to cilobamine was superior to that of placebo. Cilobamine patients also showed significantly greater improvement in Hamilton Depression Scale scores than did placebo patients. Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of MAOIs in atypical depression. This study suggests that certain antidepressants which are not MAOIs, and are free of dietary restrictions and the risk of hypertensive crises, may also be effective in atypical depression.
Antidepressant drugs given repeatedly increase the behavioural effects of methoxamine
Authors: Maj J. , Rogóz̊ Z. , Skuza G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn this study we investigated the effect of imipramine, citalopram and mianserin on behavioural effects of methoxamine, an α1‐adrenoceptor agonist, in the rat. Methoxamine (25 and 50 m̈g) given into the brain lateral ventricle, increases the exploratory activity assessed in the open field test (time of walking, ambulatory activity, rearing + peeping). The studied antidepressants, administered repeatedly (10 mg/kg p.o., twice daily, 14 days) but not in single doses, enhance the above effects of methoxamine. The results provide further arguments for the hypothesis that antidepressant drugs administered repeatedly induce a functional α1‐adrenoceptor up‐regulation.
Controlled comparison of milnacipran (F2207) 200 mg and amitriptyline in endogenous depressive inpatients
Authors: Ansseau M. , Von Frenckell R. , Papart P. , Mertens C. , De Wilde J. , Botte L. , Devoitille J.‐M. , Evrard J.‐L. , De Nayer A. , Koch‐Bourdouxhe S. , Darimont P. , Lecoq A. , Mirel J. , Couzinier J. P. , Demarez J.‐P. , Serre C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA multicentre study compared the antidepressant efficacy and the tolerance of milnacipran (200 mg/d) and amitriptyline (150 mg/d) in two parallel groups of 43 major depressive inpatients, endogenous subtype, as defined by Research Diagnostic Criteria. The duration of the study was 4 weeks, with weekly assessments by means of the Montgomery and Asberg depression scale (MADS), the Hamilton depression scale, the Clinical Global Impressions (CGI) and a checklist of symptoms and side‐effects. Results showed similar improvement in both groups but better tolerance with milnacipran (less drowsiness and anticholinergic side‐effects), reflected in the better scores on the therapeutic index of the CGI. The clinical profile of the two drugs was somewhat different with more transitory sedation with amitriptyline and more improvement in concentration difficulties with milnacipran during the first weeks of the study associated with more effect on retardation with milnacipran at the end of the study.
Desglycinamide‐(Arg8)‐vasopressin in five trials with memory‐disturbed patients
Authors: Hijman R. , Jolles J. , Verhoeven W. M. A. , van Ree J. M. , Elderson A. , de Wied D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA series of five consecutive clinical trials were performed in which the neuropeptide desglycinamide‐(Arg8)‐vasopressin (DGAVP) was administered to human subjects suffering from cognitive and memory complaints. The patients selected for the study were carefully screened with the aid of neuropsychological assessment procedures. The trials were conducted according to a structured design in which the variables ‘dose’, ‘route of administration’, ‘treatment schedule’, ‘diagnostic group’, and ‘severity of deficit’ were varied from trial to trial in order to find optimal conditions for the possible expression of a peptide effect. The results indicate a statistically significant effect of DGAVP on word list learning in patients with mild brain trauma, suggesting that learning performance and memory retrieval are improved after peptide treatment in these patients. Patients with more severe brain trauma did not respond to peptide treatment. Some DGAVP effects, e.g. increased speed of memory search, were observed in patients with age‐associated memory deficits.
Drug‐induced creutzfeldt‐jakob like syndrome: A review
Authors: Fear Christopher F. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractCreutzfeldt‐Jakob disease is an untreatable degenerative disorder which presents problems in diagnosis. The clinical picture is said to be characterised by dementia, myoclonus and periodic triphasic discharge on the electroencephalogram. The high profile given to this disorder recently will lead inevitably to more diagnoses being made. There have been reports of a syndrome identical to CJD which is due to psychotropic drugs, particularly lithium, and which resolves spontaneously on discontinuation of the responsible medication. The available reports of this syndrome are reviewed and consideration is given to its validity and possible mechanisms by which it may be produced.
Plasma noradrenaline, adrenaline and DHPG responses to clonidine in control and depressed subjects
Authors: Healy D. , Paykel E. S. , White W. , Whitehouse A. M. , Ashby M. , Brown M. , Theodorou A. E. , Lawrence K. M. , Horton R. W. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPlasma noradrenaline, adrenaline and DHPG were measured in depressed and control subjects before and after a challenge test with clonidine 1.3 μg/kg. Significant falls in all three variables were found, but there were no differences between the two groups on either baseline or post‐challenge test values. No correlation was found between these catecholamine responses to clonidine and clonidine‐induced changes in growth hormone, blood pressure, or pulse rate. There were also no correlations between plasma catecholamine levels and platelet adrenergic receptor binding or plasma cortisol. These findings do not support the hypothesis of a generalized adrenergic deficit in major depressive disorder.
The effect of inositol on lithium‐induced polyuria—polydipsia in rats and humans
Authors: Bersudsky Y. , Vinnitsky I. , Grisaru N. , Yaroslavsky U. , Gheorghiu S. , Ivgi D. , Kofman O. , Belmaker R. H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIt has been proposed that lithium acts by inhibiting inositol monophosphatase, thereby lowering tissue inositol levels. We therefore studied inositol effects on a prominent lithium side‐effect, polyuria—polydipsia, in rats and in humans. Rats were treated with daily injections i.p. LiCl for 14 days and were given 2.5 per cent inositol, 2.5 per cent mannitol or no additive in their drinking water. Fourteen patients complaining of lithium side‐effects were recruited for the study after approval by the Helsinki Committee. Patients were treated with inositol in 500 mg capsules, two capsules three times daily for 5 days. In both experiments inositol ameliorated Li‐induced polyuria—polydipsia. However, mannitol had similar but less powerful and perhaps less lasting effects in rats.
Changes of lymphocyte beta‐adrenergic receptors and platelet serotonin reuptake sites in aging and dementias
Authors: Rozza A. , Scavini C. , Steardo L. , Guaita A. , Favalli L. , Racagni G. , Brunello N. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe have studied the kinetic constants of β;‐adrenergic receptors in lymphocytes and of serotonin uptake sites in platelets from adult and elderly volunteers and from aged patients with a diagnosis of multi‐infarct dementia (MID) or senile dementia of Alzheimer's type (SDAT). The results showed that in the physiological aging process, β;‐adrenergic receptor density is reduced and 5HT transport system is enhanced. MID is associated to a loss of β;‐adrenoceptor affinity and a slight increase in the capacity of 5HT uptake. The kinetic constants of both β;‐adrenergic receptors in lymphocytes and 5HT uptake sites in platelets from SDAT patients were comparable to those observed in the adult population, being thus different from those found in the aged matched volunteers.These changes could be interpreted as resulting from compensatory mechanisms that replaced altered plasma monoamine concentrations. The apparent absence of such changes in SDAT patients could suggest the lack of these compensatory effects.
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome associated with the use of risperidone, an atypical antipsychotic agent
Authors: Lee Heidi , Ryan James , Mullett George , Lawlor Brian A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractNeuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a rare and sometimes fatal adverse reaction to neuroleptic drugs. Atypical antipsychotic agents, such as risperidone, are thought to be less likely to cause NMS because of their pharmacological profile. This is a case report of NMS associated with risperidone treatment.
The effect of tryptophan on brain 5‐HT function: A review
Authors: Cowen P. J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAdministration of l‐tryptophan (TRP), the amino acid precursor of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT), to animals increases brain 5‐HT synthesis and in some circumstances, the release of 5‐HT in terminal fields. TRP also appears to increase brain 5‐HT neurotransmission in humans because neuroendocrine studies have shown that intravenous TRP produces a dose‐related increase in plasma prolactin concentration, probably via indirect stimulation of postsynaptic 5‐HT1A receptors. The effect of TRP on prolactin release in humans is enhanced by several effective antidepressant treatments including tricyclic antidepressants, selective 5‐HT re‐uptake inhibitors, monoamine oxidase inhibitors and lithium. The ability of these drugs to augment the effect of TRP on brain 5‐HT function may represent the pharmacological mechanism that underpins the utility of TRP in combination drug treatments of refractory depression.
Some problems concerning the assessment of arterial prosthetic materials
Authors: Wesolowski Sigmund A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe problems with the experimental and clinical assessment of arterial prosthetic materals vary from species‐transfer of data to vested interests once an implantale device has been perfected for human trail. In spite of all the problems which arise, there has been a steady increase in our knowledge of the basic healing pattern of implanted arterial prostheses and the elaboration of specific paths for improvement of prosthetic design. Further development will be linked closely to the active participation of the biomedical researcher in areas of biophysical and bioengineering investigations.
Geordnete Kristallisation. Nucleation und Mineralisation
Authors: Thiele Heinrich 
Published: December 2004

Abstract1. With the help of ionotropic gels it is possible to duplicate native structures consisting of two materials, one of them the matrix. 2. Counter‐ions combined with the ionic groups on the ordered polyelectrolytes can be exchanged. With certain counter‐ions an insoluble, crystalline precipitate is formed immediately after the ion‐exchange process as an ordered reaction product, i.e., nucleation. 3. Ionotropic gels were crosslinked through the secondary hydroxyl groups (uronic acid residuals) in such a way that the rate of ion exchange was only slightly lower, that no great shrinkage resulted, and that the pores remained free of extraneous polymers. 4. The microscopic structure of ionotropic gels can be divided into (a) a part with secondary structure with micellar particles and hollow pores and (b) a part with tertiary structure with lamellae and isopores. 5. On crystallization in shrunken gels the crystals enter into the tertiary structure—both intracapillary as well as interlamellar—due to spatial reasons. 6. Through control of the shrinkage of the gels, one can regulate the way in which the ordered crystals enter into the two structures. 7. One can change the size of the crystallites by variation of the degree of crosslinking. The higher the degree of crosslinking, the smaller the crystallite. 8. By treatment with waves of ions one can increase the solid content of the gel to values from 50 to 70%. One obtains gels with a mechanical strength like that of bones, teeth, shells, or pearls. The phenomenon of intramicellar crystallization is reversible. Monovalent counter‐ions, as well as H‐ions, dissolve and extract the included secondary substance. One then obtains the original crosslinked gel. 10. The gel has always to be formed first. Without the ordered base structure (matrix) one obtains unordered crystallites such as occur in the chalklike fields of the pearl shells.
Studies on the stability and protein adsorption characteristics of heparinized polymer surfaces by radioisotope labeling techniques
Authors: Falb R. D. , Takahashi M. T. , Grode G. A. , Leininger R. I. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA series of studies were performed using S35‐labeled heparin to determine the amount and the permanancy of heparin grafted onto nonthrombogenic surfaces. The calculated thicknesses of the heparin layers (based on geometrical areas) ranged from 100 to 1500 A. It was shown that the surface having a 100‐A layer of attached heparin was nonthrombogenic. The stability of the heparin attached to polypropylene, silicone rubber, hydrin rubber, and graphite–benzalkonium‐heparin (GBH) surfaces in distilled water, isotonic saline, and human plasma was measured. The results showed that after exposure to water and saline, the first three surfaces retained most of the attached heparin (>90%) in contrast to the GBH surface which retained only 31%. After contact with human plasma for 3 hr at 37°C, polypropylene retained 32% and GBH surfaces 19% of the heparin which was initially present. In another series of experiments, the adsorption of P32‐labeled proteins onto unheparinized, quaternary ammonium, and heparinized surfaces was measured. The results indicated that the amounts of albumin, Hageman factor, thrombin, and γ‐globulin adsorbed onto heparinized surfaces were equal to or greater than the amounts adsorbed onto unheparinized surfaces. The implications of this in terms of the nonthrombogenicity of the heparinized surfaces are discussed.
Materials and design consideration for a compact artificial kidney
Authors: Levine Sumner N. , LaCourse William C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA design theory is developed for a compact artificial kidney utilizing microcapsules containing urease, ion exchange resin, and adsorbents for uric acid and creatinine. It is shown that the critical factor is the permeability property of the microcapsule wall and that an artificial kidney 10 cm in length and 2 cm in diameter is feasible.
The diffusion of urea through porous glass
Authors: Altug I. , Hair M. L. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWork on the rates of diffusion of urea through two different types of porous glass is reported and compared with data obtained using a commercial cellophane membrane from an artificial kidney. The results show that the rate of urea diffusion per unit area through the larger pored glass can be 3–4 times higher than through the cellophane membrane.