bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of subsidies on R&D in the financial crisis—the role of financial constraints of firms and banks
Authors: Giebel Marek , Kraft Kornelius 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
We analyze the effect of subsidies on firm R&D, conditional on firms’ access to external financing during the financial crisis when access to external financing was particularly difficult. Specifically, we determine whether subsidies can mitigate or completely offset the effect of external financing constraints of firms or banks. Financial constraints are considered through (i) firms’ credit ratings, and (ii) the capital reserves of their banks. Subsidies were found to help maintain R&D investments during the crisis, especially when financial constraints were present. After the crisis, the subsidized firms reached the level of R&D spending they had prior to the crisis.
Simulating dispersal in a complex coastal environment: the Eastern Shore Islands archipelago
Authors: Ma Yongxing , Wu Yongsheng , Jeffery Nicholas W , Horwitz Rachel , Xu Jinshan , Horne Ed , Stanley Ryan R E 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The Eastern Shore Islands (ESI) archipelago on the Scotian Shelf supports a rich variety of biogenic habitats and associated diversity of coastal species. The unique and complex geometry of the ESI coastline has a significant impact on circulation and, correspondingly, influences the dispersal of nearshore organisms. For many coastal areas, the ability to accurately resolve the dispersal processes is contingent on the availability of oceanographic models that can resolve fine-scale coastal boundary conditions, including coastlines and bathymetric features. We applied a high-resolution ocean circulation model and Lagrangian particle tracking in the ESI to simulate dispersal of nearshore organisms. Our results revealed predominant southwest–northeast transport that was associated with a nearshore reversal flow. While transport among different zones of the study region is mainly determined by residual currents over the long term, tidal currents dominate patterns of particle dispersal over shorter time scales. An analysis of Lagrangian coherent structures found that they were consistently associated with the mouths of bays, demonstrating that the islands and associated oceanographic processes promote self-retention. These results highlight how complex coastlines and associated oceanographic processes promote retention and underline the need to resolve these fine-scale physical and oceanographic features when estimating biophysical dispersal in the coastal environment.
Phenylacetaldehyde induced olfactory conditioning in Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae) larvae
Authors: Ali Md Zeeshan , Anushree Anushree , Bilgrami Anwar L , Ahsan Aarif , Ola Mohammad Shamsul , Haque Rizwanul , Ahsan Jawaid 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Phenylacetaldehyde (PAH), an aromatic odorant, exists in varied fruits including overripe bananas and prickly pear cactus, the 2 major host fruits of Drosophila melanogaster. It acts as a potent ligand for the Ionotropic receptor 84a (IR84a) and the Odorant receptor 67a (OR67a), serving as an important food and courtship cue for adult fruit flies. Drosophila melanogaster larvae respond robustly to diverse feeding odorants, such as ethyl acetate (EA), an aliphatic ester. Since the chemical identity and concentration of an odorant are vital neural information handled by the olfactory system, we studied how larvae respond to PAH, an aromatic food odorant with aphrodisiac properties for adult flies. Our findings revealed that PAH attracted larvae significantly in a dose-dependent manner. Larvae could also be trained with PAH associated to appetitive and aversive reinforcers. Thus, like EA, PAH might serve as an important odorant cue for larvae, aiding in food tracking and survival in the wild. Since IR84a/IR8a complex primarily governs PAH response in adult flies, we examined expression of Ir84a and Ir8a in early third-instar larvae. Our experiments showed the presence of Ir8a, a novel finding. However, contrary to adult flies, PAH-responsive Ir84a was not found. Our behavioral experiments with Ir8a1 mutant larvae exhibited normal chemotaxis to PAH, whereas Orco1 mutant showed markedly reduced chemotaxis, indicating an OR-mediated neural circuitry for sensing of PAH in larvae. The results obtained through this study are significantly important as information on how larvae perceive and process PAH odorant at the neuronal level is lacking.
Skull shape and size changes in different subpopulations of the California Sea Lion (Zalophus californianus) in Mexico
Authors: Aguilar Medrano Rosalía , Cruz Escalona Víctor Hugo , Payán Alcacio Juan Ángel , de Oliveira Larissa Rosa , Ornelas Vargas Arelly , Hernández Camacho Claudia J , Peredo Carlos Mauricio 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) are distributed along the Gulf of California and northeastern Pacific coast. Genetic studies have suggested the existence of 3 to 4 subpopulations in Mexico—1 on the Pacific coast of the Baja California peninsula (PC) and 3 in the Gulf of California—but the extent of this divergence is unclear, and it remains unknown if these subpopulations are morphologically distinct. In this context, we analyzed variation in skull size and shape of adult males between 5 and 13 years of age among 2 (north and central) of the 3 subpopulations of Z. californianus from the Gulf of California and the PC in Mexico. However, since the sample sizes for the 2 subpopulations in the Gulf of California were small, we merged all samples into 1 that we called the Gulf of California (GC) subpopulation. Artificial neural networks and geometric morphometrics were used to analyze skull images to quantify the extent to which these geographically separated subpopulations are undergoing morphological divergence. Our results find no significant differences in size in any view between the 2 subpopulations, but significant differences in the morphology of the dorsal, ventral, and lateral views of the skull between the 2 subpopulations. Overall, Z. californianus from the GC subpopulation have wider and lower skulls, extended back and outward with a more voluminous (bulky) nuchal crest, and narrow rostrum in comparison with skulls of Z. californianus from the PC subpopulation. Results concur with a previous genetic-based study, demonstrating that Z. californianus from both subpopulations in Mexico are diverging in their skull morphology and perhaps suggesting that they are experiencing different evolutionary pressures.
JWST observations of the Ring Nebula (NGC 6720): I. Imaging of the rings, globules, and arcs
Authors: Wesson R , Matsuura Mikako , Zijlstra Albert A , Volk Kevin , Kavanagh Patrick J , García-Segura Guillermo , McDonald I , Sahai Raghvendra , Barlow M J , Cox Nick L J , Bernard-Salas Jeronimo , Aleman Isabel , Cami Jan , Clark Nicholas , Dinerstein Harriet L , Justtanont K , Kaplan Kyle F , Manchado A , Peeters Els , Van de Steene Griet C , van Hoof Peter A M 
Published: December 2023

ABSTRACT
We present JWST images of the well-known planetary nebula NGC 6720 (the Ring Nebula), covering wavelengths from 1.6 to 25 $\, \mu$m. The bright shell is strongly fragmented with some 20 000 dense globules, bright in H2, with a characteristic diameter of 0.2 arcsec and density nH ∼ 105–106 cm−3. The shell contains a narrow ring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission. H2 is found throughout the shell and also in the halo. H2 in the halo may be located on the swept-up walls of a biconal polar flow. The central cavity is filled with high-ionization gas and shows two linear structures which we suggest are the edges of a biconal flow, seen in projection against the cavity. The central star is located 2 arcsec from the emission centroid of the cavity and shell. Linear features (‘spikes’) extend outward from the ring, pointing away from the central star. Hydrodynamical simulations reproduce the clumping and possibly the spikes. Around 10 low-contrast, regularly spaced concentric arc-like features are present; they suggest orbital modulation by a low-mass companion with a period of about 280 yr. A previously known much wider companion is located at a projected separation of about 15 000 au; we show that it is an M2–M4 dwarf. NGC 6720 is therefore a triple star system. These features, including the multiplicity, are similar to those seen in the Southern Ring Nebula (NGC 3132) and may be a common aspect of such nebulae.
Gene set correlation enrichment analysis for interpreting and annotating gene expression profiles
Authors: Chang Lan-Yun , Lee Meng-Zhan , Wu Yujia , Lee Wen-Kai , Ma Chia-Liang , Chang Jun-Mao , Chen Ciao-Wen , Huang Tzu-Chun , Lee Chia-Hwa , Lee Jih-Chin , Tseng Yu-Yao , Lin Chun-Yu 
Published: December 2023

AbstractPathway analysis, including nontopology-based (non-TB) and topology-based (TB) methods, is widely used to interpret the biological phenomena underlying differences in expression data between two phenotypes. By considering dependencies and interactions between genes, TB methods usually perform better than non-TB methods in identifying pathways that include closely relevant or directly causative genes for a given phenotype. However, most TB methods may be limited by incomplete pathway data used as the reference network or by difficulties in selecting appropriate reference networks for different research topics. Here, we propose a gene set correlation enrichment analysis method, Gscore, based on an expression dataset-derived coexpression network to examine whether a differentially expressed gene (DEG) list (or each of its DEGs) is associated with a known gene set. Gscore is better able to identify target pathways in 89 human disease expression datasets than eight other state-of-the-art methods and offers insight into how disease-wide and pathway-wide associations reflect clinical outcomes. When applied to RNA-seq data from COVID-19-related cells and patient samples, Gscore provided a means for studying how DEGs are implicated in COVID-19-related pathways. In summary, Gscore offers a powerful analytical approach for annotating individual DEGs, DEG lists, and genome-wide expression profiles based on existing biological knowledge.
Why Musical Theatre?
Authors: Savran David 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The Broadway musical has become the most mobile form of theatre in the world. It migrates not only as a body of globetrotting works such as The Lion King, but also as a set of musical theatre forms and conventions uniquely adaptable to local traditions. This Introduction answers the big questions: what is a musical? Why is it the great success story of US theatre? How has it been assimilated to musical theatre traditions around the world? Examining Germany and South Korea, it studies how producers have started using overseas productions of musicals as far-flung Broadway tryouts, focusing on two productions that later moved to New York: Rocky: The Musical and Dreamgirls.
Musical Comedy Recalibrated
Authors: Savran David 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Since the 1990s, there has been an explosion in state-subsidized German theatres of music theatre that features an original score played by live musicians. These plays, however, are performed by actors trained in spoken rather than musical theatre and, despite their obvious kinship with musicals, are very rarely classified as such. Among German directors making musicals in everything but name, one of the most celebrated is Herbert Fritsch, who has directed plays, musicals, opera, operetta, and his own eccentric mixtures of farce, musical theatre, and the work of the twentieth-century avant-garde. This chapter analyzes several of his most distinctive and unusual works, including the Swiss musical Der schwarze Hecht (The Black Pike) and Zelt (Tent), a performance piece centered on a twenty-minute, off-the-wall, Austrian hootenanny.
Celebrating the Great Tralala
Authors: Savran David 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Musicals in Germany are performed more and more frequently in state-subsidized opera houses where they receive far more sumptuous productions than they could ever expect on Broadway. Among directors of music theatre, Barrie Kosky, who was artistic director of the Komische Oper Berlin between 2012 and 2022, has become especially celebrated for bringing the glamour and pizzazz of Broadway to Berlin. Kosky is unique among directors based in Germany for his mastery of the Broadway idiom and his ability to make musicals speak directly and powerfully to contemporary audiences. His productions of Kiss Me, Kate, West Side Story, Candide, Fiddler on the Roof, and The Threepenny Opera reconceived the originals while leaving the scores intact, to give them an immediacy, splendor, and relevance that their recent Broadway revivals lacked.
Defining Some Really Basic Terms
Authors: Spector Stephen 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
If you’re like most of my students, you don’t love grammar jargon. I don’t either. When I teach, I use only the terms that my students really need to know in order to learn how to write well in formal contexts. I take the same approach in this book. The lessons don’t always define basic grammar terms, though, so let’s review some of them here.
Apostrophes That Mark the Possessive Case
Authors: Spector Stephen 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Keep in mind that apostrophes don’t only signify ownership. They also can show association, affiliation, or some other sort of relationship. As David Marsh, the editor of The Guardian newspaper’s style guide, points out, the phrase David’s book shows David’s ownership, but David’s favorite football team doesn’t.1 In the same way, Iron Man’s armor refers to the armor that Iron Man owns. But the average woman’s inferior indicates a relationship or association.
Quotation Marks
Authors: Spector Stephen 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Quotation marks are so familiar that you might think they’ve been around for millennia. But they’re actually a pretty recent invention, historically speaking. Writers and readers got by without them for many centuries. In fact, they were created only three hundred years ago. Before that, scribes had tried various ways of making quotes visually distinct on the page, including writing them in capital letters or underlining them. Another trick was to put an ancient mark called a diple in the margins opposite quotes. In the sixteenth century, printers represented the diple with semicircular comma marks, and over time they transformed it from an annotation mark in the margins into a new kind of punctuation within the text. By 1714, English printers were using this mark as we do: to open and close quotes. One year later, the term “quotation mark” was born.2 By the end of the eighteenth century this mark was catching on, though even now the rules for how to use it haven’t totally settled down. Journalists have their own set of guidelines, for example. And the Americans and the British have different styles of punctuating quotes. This lesson illustrates American usage, but it includes a discussion of British practices as well.
Overture
Authors: Archibald John 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a summary of traditional, phonetics-based approaches to the study of L2 speech (both production and perception). By contextualizing this approach within the field of language learnability, I demonstrate the advantage of adopting phonological models to describe and explain the knowledge system of multilinguals. Relevant background in the philosophy of mind is provided to justify the modular, rationalist account provided in this book. The role of input (including frequency) is discussed. The chapter ends with a discussion of the levels of the prosodic hierarchy which are part of phonological representations and a recognition that phonology is cognition (not merely physics).
The Phonology/Morphology Interface
Authors: Archibald John 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the phonology/morphology interface to reveal how phonological matters are critical to understanding aspects of morphological behaviour in bilinguals. The chapter begins with an exploration of why certain L2 morphemes are omitted in production via the Prosodic Transfer Hypothesis. The framework of Distributed Morphology is introduced to explain aspects of the bilingual lexicon. Traditional psycholinguistic experimental results are presented and then discussed within the context of Distributed Morphology: a case study of L2 Swedish data and a case study of L2 German allomorphy. These case studies show the influence of Universal Grammar on the representations selected by the learners. The chapter concludes with a discussion of intraword codeswitching within a Distributed Morphology account and what these data reveal about the architecture of the multilingual grammar.
Bartholomew Price
Authors: Hollings Christopher D. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the Sedleian Chair had passed smoothly into the hands of mathematicians. Its first occupant during the century, George Leigh Cooke, may not have been the most active of professors, but the teaching that he did, and his academic interests, such as they were, served to secure the chair as one in applied mathematics. When Cooke died in 1853, the university was in the throes of reforms imposed upon it by the government, with the improvement of the professoriate and the provision of scientific teaching in the university being central to those reforms. Cooke’s successor as Sedleian Professor, Bartholomew Price (1818–98), was of the pro-reform party, and had previously pushed for the changes in policy from which he now benefitted. Like Cooke before him, Price would go on to hold the chair for over four decades. During this time, he built a career as a prominent academic administrator, politician, and accountant, revived the fortunes of the university press, and eventually rose to the Mastership of his alma mater Pembroke College. Alongside these various other roles, he would carry out his Sedleian teaching with the greatest of diligence, and produce a series of highly regarded textbooks. Over several decades, Price worked gradually to raise the standard of mathematical study in the university. A few short papers aside, he was not a mathematical researcher, but as an administrator, teacher, and publisher he had an enormous impact on mathematics in Oxford, and in Britain more generally.
Augustus Love
Authors: Barrow-Green June 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Graduating as second wrangler in 1885, Augustus Love began his career as a lecturer in Cambridge, and it was at Cambridge that he produced the first edition of his classic treatise on elasticity (1892–3) which ran into four editions and is still in print today. Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1894, he moved to Oxford to take up the Sedleian Chair in 1899, a position he held until his death in 1940. Appreciated as a teacher and acclaimed for his research, in particular his discovery of what are now known as ‘Love waves’, which are important in seismology, he was the recipient of several awards, his work being especially appreciated in Germany. A stalwart of both the London Mathematical Society and the Royal Society, and one of the main organizers of the 1912 Cambridge International Congress of Mathematicians, Love was one of the best-known and distinguished British applied mathematicians of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
The life cycle of the Kuuk Thaayorre desiderative
Authors: Gaby Alice 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Any speaker motivated to broach a taboo topic must weigh the value of communicating effectively against the cost of potentially offending their interlocutor(s). This chapter proposes that it is this tension between clarity and politeness that explains the present day co-existence of twelve desiderative constructions (used to communicate about desired states of affairs) in the Paman language Kuuk Thaayorre (Cape York Peninsula, Australia). Specifically, the twelve constructions are argued to be the output of successive waves of conventionalization. This iterative conventionalization is argued to contribute to our understanding of the diachronic relationships between Particularized Conversational Implicatures, Generalized Conversational Implicatures, Conventional Implicatures and entailments.
Greek ἔγνωκα and the perfect of PIE *ǵneh3- ‘know’
Authors: Jasanoff Jay H. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The perfect of Gk. gignṓskein ‘recognize, know,’ which “should” have been 1 sg. *gégnōka ‘I know,’ is actually égnōka, with e- taking the place of the reduplication syllable *ge-. The historical reason for this irregularity sheds interesting light on the difference between synchronic and diachronic explanations. An OT-based synchronic account of égnōka is given by Zukoff (2017: 229). But the actual origin of the historical form égnōka was completely different from what might be said about it in a synchronic grammar. Historically, égnōka did not replace or “outrank” *gégnōka; *gégnōka never existed, because the root *ǵneh3- ‘know’ did not make a perfect at all in PIE. The synchronic form égnōka is historically the root aorist égnōn, morphologically renewed by substituting the productive endings of the “k-perfect” for the endings of the aorist. égnōka is thus not an anomalously reduplicated perfect; it is an augmented aorist masquerading as a perfect.
Sound symbolic words in Séliš-Ql’ispé
Authors: Thomason Sarah 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This paper analyzes sound-symbolic words in Séliš-Ql’ispé (a.k.a. Montana Salish), with a special focus on words with the shape C1VC2C2C2C2. The great majority of the language’s sound-symbolic constructions are onomatopoetic noise words (‘snap’, ‘crackle’, ‘pop’, ‘gurgle’, etc.), but a few represent now-you-see-it-now-you-don’t sights, e.g. ‘twinkle’. Examples are c’ossss ‘the sound of a rattlesnake rattling’, mal’l’l’l’ ‘a gurgling noise’, hiiiip ‘the sound of a ruffed grouse drumming’, and p’aqqqq’ ‘a bunch of little moving lights, like the sequins on a jingle-dress’. Formally, Séliš-Ql’ispé sound-symbolic words fall into four general categories that display varying degrees of embeddedness in the language’s morphological and syntactic structure and varying degrees of conventionalization. Functionally, all these expressive lexical items reflect the two tribes’ ecology in important ways, from local flora and fauna (e.g. ruffed grouse drumming) to cultural phenomena like the elaborate jingle-dresses worn at powwow celebrations. Finally, although it isn’t possible to trace the history of the language’s sound-symbolic formations definitively, the paper includes some tentative historical conclusions.
The structure of dialect diversity in Mono
Authors: Haynie Hannah J. , Toosarvandani Maziar 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The Uto-Aztecan language Mono is represented in published works by just a couple of varieties, yet dialect variation within the language is remarkably well documented in the field notes of Sydney M. Lamb. This chapter catalogs the regional variation in phonology, morphology, and lexical items within Mono represented in the Sydney M. Lamb Papers on California Indian Languages and uses information from these records to examine Mono dialect diversity. The analysis centers on two goals: (1) investigating spatial patterns in Mono speech and evaluating prior dialect grouping proposals, and (2) examining the mechanisms responsible for these patterns of variation. Prior small-scale dialect groupings are most identifiable in this dataset west of the Sierra Nevada, while eastern areas show more gradient differences. Innovative features contribute to the identification of at least Northwestern Mono, but layers of diffusion appear to dominate the overall formation of dialect diversity.