bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Safety and Efficacy of Weight Training in Recent Breast Cancer Survivors to Alter Body Composition, Insulin, and Insulin-Like Growth Factor Axis Proteins
Authors: Schmitz Kathryn H. , Ahmed Rehana L. , Hannan Peter J. , Yee Douglas 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Background: This randomized controlled trial assessed the safety and effects of twice-weekly weight training among recent breast cancer survivors. Outcomes included body size and biomarkers hypothesized to link exercise and breast cancer risk.
Methods: A convenience sample of 85 recent survivors was randomized into immediate and delayed treatment groups. The immediate group trained from months 0 to 12; the delayed treatment group served as a no exercise parallel comparison group from months 0 to 6 and trained from months 7 to 12. Measures at baseline, 6 and 12 months included body weight, height, body fat, lean mass, body fat %, and waist circumference, as well as fasting glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), IGF-II, and IGF-binding protein-1, IGFBP-2, and IGFBP-3. Injury reporting was standardized.
Results: The intervention resulted in significant increases in lean mass (0.88 versus 0.02 kg, P &lt; 0.01), as well as significant decreases in body fat % (−1.15% versus 0.23%, P = 0.03) and IGF-II (−6.23 versus 28.28 ng/mL, P = 0.02) comparing immediate with delayed treatment from baseline to 6 months. Within-person changes experienced by delayed treatment group participants during training versus no training were similar. Only one participant experienced a study related injury that prevented continued participation.
Conclusion: Twice-weekly weight training is a safe exercise program for recent breast cancer survivors that may result in increased muscle mass, as well as decreased body fat % and IGF-II. The implications of these results on cancer recurrence or survival may become more evident with longer exercise intervention trials among breast cancer survivors.
Tissue-Specific Attenuation of Endogenous DNA I-Compounds in Rats by Carcinogen Azoxymethane: Possible Role of Dietary Fish Oil in Colon Cancer Prevention
Authors: Zhou Guo-Dong , Popovic Natasa , Lupton Joanne R. , Turner Nancy D. , Chapkin Robert S. , Donnelly Kirby C. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
I-compounds are bulky covalent DNA modifications that are derived from metabolic intermediates of nutrients. Some I-compounds may play protective roles against cancer, aging, and degenerative diseases. Many carcinogens and tumor promoters significantly reduce I-compound levels gradually during carcinogenesis. Colon cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States, whereas cancer of the small intestine is relatively rare. Here we have studied levels of I-compounds in DNA of colon and duodenum of male Sprague-Dawley rats treated with azoxymethane. The effects of dietary lipids (fish oil or corn oil) on colon and duodenal DNA I-compounds were also investigated. Rats fed a diet containing fish oil or corn oil were treated with 15 mg/kg azoxymethane. Animals were terminated 0, 6, 9, 12, or 24 hours after injection. I-compound levels were analyzed by the nuclease P1–enhanced 32P-postlabeling assay. Rats treated with azoxymethane displayed lower levels of I-compounds in colon DNA compared with control groups (0 hour). However, I-compound levels in duodenal DNA were not diminished after azoxymethane treatment. Animals fed a fish oil diet showed higher levels of I-compounds in colonic DNA compared with corn oil groups (mean adduct levels for fish and corn oil groups were 13.35 and 10.69 in 109 nucleotides, respectively, P = 0.034). Taken together, these results support claims that fish oil, which contains a high level of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, may have potent chemopreventive effects on carcinogen-induced colon cancer. The fact that duodenal I-compounds were not diminished by azoxymethane treatment may have been due to the existence of tissue-specific factors protecting against carcinogenesis. In conclusion, our observations show that endogenous DNA adducts may serve not only as sensitive biomarkers in carcinogenesis and cancer prevention studies, but are also helpful to further our understanding of the chemopreventive properties of ω-3 fatty acids and mechanisms of carcinogenesis.
Lack of Association between EBV and Breast Carcinoma
Authors: Perrigoue Jacqueline G. , den Boon Johan A. , Friedl Andreas , Newton Michael A. , Ahlquist Paul , Sugden Bill 
Published: September 2005

AbstractMultiple conflicting findings have been presented which indicate that EBV may be found in anywhere from 0% to 51% of breast carcinomas. When EBV has been found causally associated with other human cancers, its DNA and one or more of its viral products have been detected in most tumor cells of a given biopsy. To test whether EBV has such an association with breast cancer, we measured the number of viral DNA molecules per cell in matched normal and tumor biopsies from 45 patients using real-time quantitative PCR. In no case could EBV DNA consistently be detected, with either of two different probes, at levels above 0.1 molecules per cell in two sections of the tumor samples. These levels of detection match those detected in EBV-negative cell lines and therefore likely represent noise in the assays. Equally importantly, the distribution of these low signals was the same between tumors and their matched normal controls. We conclude that EBV does not contribute to the development of breast cancers as it does to epithelial cancers such as nasopharyngeal and gastric carcinomas or to Burkitt's and Hodgkin's lymphomas.
Ductal Lavage of Fluid-Yielding and Non–Fluid-Yielding Ducts in BRCA1 and BRCA2 Mutation Carriers and Other Women at High Inherited Breast Cancer Risk
Authors: Kurian Allison W. , Mills Meredith A. , Jaffee Margo , Sigal Bronislava M. , Chun Nicolette M. , Kingham Kerry E. , Collins Laura C. , Nowels Kent W. , Plevritis Sylvia K. , Garber Judy E. , Ford James M. , Hartman Anne-Renee 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Objective: Nipple fluid production and atypical breast duct cells in women at high risk of breast cancer have been associated with further increased risk. Most publications on ductal lavage for cell collection report cannulating fluid-yielding ducts only. We report lavage of fluid-yielding and non–fluid-yielding ducts in women at high inherited breast cancer risk.
Methods: A pilot breast cancer screening study including ductal lavage was conducted in 75 women at high inherited risk, 56 (74.7%) of whom had BRCA1/2 mutations. Ductal lavage was attempted in any duct identifiable with a catheter.
Results: Ducts were successfully catheterized in 60 of 75 patients (80%). Successfully catheterized patients were younger (median age 41 versus 53 years, P = 0.0003) and more often premenopausal (51.7% versus 20%, P = 0.041). Thirty-one successfully catheterized patients [51.6%, 95% confidence interval (39.4-63.9%)] had non–fluid-yielding ducts only. Seventeen patients [28.3% (18.5-40.9%)] had atypical cells. Twelve of seventeen [70.6% (46.8-87.2%)] samples with atypia were from non–fluid-yielding ducts. Patients with non–fluid-yielding ducts (versus fluid-yielding ducts) were more likely to have had prior cancer (48.4% versus 17.2%, P = 0.014) or chemotherapy (45.2% versus 17.2%, P = 0.027); this was also true in patients with atypia from non–fluid-yielding ducts.
Conclusion: Successfully lavaged women were younger and more often premenopausal. Atypical cells can be found in non–fluid-yielding ducts in patients at high inherited breast cancer risk. Non–fluid-yielding ducts, and atypia from non–fluid-yielding ducts, are more common in patients with prior cancer and chemotherapy. Larger studies are needed to identify risk factors and prognostic significance associated with atypia and non–fluid-yielding ducts in high-risk populations, and define their role as biomarkers.
XRCC1Polymorphisms and Cancer Risk: A Meta-analysis of 38 Case-Control Studies
Authors: Hu Zhibin , Ma Hongxia , Chen Feng , Wei Qingyi , Shen Hongbing 
Published: September 2005

AbstractSeveral potential functional polymorphisms (Arg194Trp, Arg280His, Arg399Gln) in the DNA base excision repair gene X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1) have been implicated in cancer risk. Our meta-analysis on total of 11,957 cancer cases and 14,174 control subjects from 38 published case-control studies showed that the odds ratio (OR) for the variant genotypes (Trp/Trp + Arg/Trp) of the Arg194Trp polymorphism, compared with the wild-type homozygote (Arg/Arg), was 0.89 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.81-0.98] for all tumor types without between-study heterogeneity. Similarly, the overall risk for the combined variant genotypes (His/His + Arg/His) of the Arg280His, compared with the wild homozygote (Arg/Arg), was 1.19 (95% CI, 1.00-1.42). However, there was no main effect in either recessive or dominant modeling for the Arg399Gln, and the variant Gln/Gln homozygote was not associated with overall cancer risk (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.90-1.14). The analyses suggest that XRCC1 Arg194Trp, Arg280His polymorphisms may be biomarkers of cancer susceptibility and a single larger study with thousands of subjects and tissue-specific biochemical and biological characterization is warranted to further evaluate potential gene-to-gene and gene-to-environment interactions on XRCC1 polymorphisms and cancer risk.
Screening for Deleterious Nonsynonymous Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Genes Involved in Steroid Hormone Metabolism and Response
Authors: Johnson Melissa M. , Houck John , Chen Chu 
Published: September 2005

AbstractTo facilitate selection of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) for molecular epidemiologic studies investigating the hormonal carcinogenesis hypothesis, we used two sequence homology–based tools [Sort Intolerant from Tolerant (SIFT) and Polymorphism Phenotype (PolyPhen)] to predict the potential impact a nonsynonymous SNP (nsSNP), which results in an amino acid substitution, may have on the activity of proteins encoded by genes involved in the steroid hormone metabolism and response pathway. We screened 137 variants. Of these, 28% were predicted by SIFT and PolyPhen as having a potentially damaging effect on protein function. Investigation into the association of these variant alleles with hormone-related cancers may prove to be fruitful.
Flavonoids and Breast Cancer Risk in Italy
Authors: Bosetti Cristina , Spertini Luana , Parpinel Maria , Gnagnarella Patrizia , Lagiou Pagona , Negri Eva , Franceschi Silvia , Montella Maurizio , Peterson Julie , Dwyer Johanna , Giacosa Attilio , La Vecchia Carlo 
Published: September 2005

AbstractFew epidemiologic studies have investigated the potential relation between flavonoids and breast cancer risk. We have applied recently published data on the composition of foods and beverages in terms of six principal classes of flavonoids (i.e., flavanones, flavan-3-ols, flavonols, flavones, anthocyanidines, and isoflavones) on dietary information collected in a large-case control study of breast cancer conducted in Italy between 1991 and 1994. The study included 2,569 women with incident, histologically confirmed breast cancer, and 2,588 hospital controls. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals were estimated by multiple logistic regression models. After allowance for major confounding factors and energy intake, a reduced risk of breast cancer was found for increasing intake of flavones (OR, 0.81, for the highest versus the lowest quintile; P-trend, 0.02), and flavonols (OR, 0.80; P-trend, 0.06). No significant association was found for other flavonoids, including flavanones (OR, 0.95), flavan-3-ols (OR, 0.86), anthocyanidins (OR, 1.09), as well as for isoflavones (OR, 1.05). The findings of this large study of an inverse association between flavones and breast cancer risk confirm the results of a Greek study.
The 1944-1945 Dutch Famine and Subsequent Overall Cancer Incidence
Authors: Elias Sjoerd G. , Peeters Petra H.M. , Grobbee Diederick E. , van Noord Paulus A.H. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Caloric restriction seems to be the most potent dietary intervention to protect against a variety of cancers in animals. We investigated whether overall cancer risk is affected in humans after exposure to a brief famine, followed by a period of abundance. We used data of ∼15,000 women who were exposed at various degrees to the 1944-1945 Dutch famine at ages between 2 and 33 years. Between 1983 and 1986, these women were asked about their individual experiences of famine exposure (“absent,” “moderate,” or “severe exposure”). During follow-up until January 2000, 1,602 new cancer cases were identified by the regional cancer registry. We assessed the relation between famine and total cancer risk by weighted Cox regression models, in which a 15% random sample was used to represent person-years lived in the entire cohort. In these models, we adjusted for potential confounders. Overall cancer risk was increased in women having been severely famine exposed compared with women having been unexposed (hazard ratio, 1.25; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-1.55). Exclusion of breast cancer cases from our analyses showed that this increase in risk was largely driven by the previously reported increase in breast cancer risk: women who were severely exposed to the famine were at a 1.12 (95% confidence interval, 0.87-1.43) times increased risk of non-breast cancer compared with the unexposed. In conclusion, we found no indications that this brief famine has affected overall cancer risk, exclusive of breast cancer. Counteracting increased caloric intake following the famine, however, may have obscured any relation.
The MTHFR C677T Polymorphism and Colorectal Cancer: The Multiethnic Cohort Study
Authors: Le Marchand Loïc , Wilkens Lynne R. , Kolonel Laurence N. , Henderson Brian E. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is a key regulatory enzyme in the metabolism of folate, a nutrient that has been inversely related to colorectal cancer risk. The common C677T variant in the MTHFR gene results in a reduced activity of this enzyme, thereby increasing the availability of folate for the production of thymidylate and purine for DNA synthesis and repair. We investigated the association of the 677TT genotype with colorectal cancer in a case-control study of 822 cases and 2,021 controls nested within the Multiethnic Cohort Study. The Multiethnic Cohort Study is a large prospective study of men and women of Japanese, White, African American, Latino, and Native Hawaiian origin, residing in Hawaii and Los Angeles. After adjusting for covariates, we found an inverse association between colorectal cancer risk and the TT genotype, with odds ratios (OR; and 95% confidence intervals) for the CC, CT, and TT genotypes of 1.00, 1.01 (0.84-1.21), and 0.77 (0.58-1.03), respectively. This association was similar in both sexes, stronger at high levels of folate intake, and limited to light and nondrinkers (P for interaction with ethanol = 0.02). An analysis by subsite (rectum versus colon) and stage (regional/distant versus in situ/localized) showed that the inverse association with the TT genotype was limited to colon tumors, especially those diagnosed at an advanced stage. The OR for the TT versus CC genotype for early- and late-stage colon cancer was 0.88 (0.58-1.33) and 0.52 (0.32-0.85), respectively (P for difference in OR = 0.04). The frequency of the T allele was relatively low in African Americans (0.13) and Native Hawaiians (0.22), consistent with their greater likelihood of presenting at a late stage when diagnosed with colorectal cancer. This study corroborates previous findings of an inverse association of the MTHFR 677TT genotype with colorectal cancer, especially at high levels of folate and low levels of ethanol intake. It also suggests that this effect may be specific to advanced colon cancer.
Oral Contraceptive Use, Reproductive Factors, and Colorectal Cancer Risk: Findings from Wisconsin
Authors: Nichols Hazel B. , Trentham-Dietz Amy , Hampton John M. , Newcomb Polly A. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
We investigated the association of oral contraceptive (OC) use and reproductive factors with colorectal cancer risk in a large population-based case-control study. Cases were women ages 20 to 74 years, living in Wisconsin, with a new diagnosis of colon (n = 1,122) or rectal (n = 366) cancer. Control participants were randomly selected from population lists of similarly aged female Wisconsin residents (n = 4,297). Risk factor information was collected through structured telephone interviews. Compared with never users, OC users had an odds ratio (OR) of 0.89 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.75-1.06] for colorectal cancer. OC use associations did not differ significantly between colon and rectal cancer sites; however, when compared with never users, recent OC users (&lt;14 years) seemed at reduced risk of rectal cancer (OR, 0.53; 95% CI, 0.28-1.00). Women with age at first birth older than the median (23 years) had 0.83 times the risk of colon cancer compared with women with age at first birth below the median (95% CI, 0.70-0.98). We observed an inverse trend between increasing parity and rectal cancer risk (P = 0.05). Compared with nulliparous women, women with five or more births had 0.66 times the risk of rectal cancer (95% CI, 0.43-1.02). Compared with postmenopausal women, premenopausal women were at reduced risk (OR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.47-0.97) of colorectal cancer. No significant associations were observed between colorectal cancer risk and age at menarche or age at menopause. These findings suggest differential roles of reproductive factors in colon and rectal cancer etiology.
Design Options for Molecular Epidemiology Research within Cohort Studies
Authors: Rundle Andrew G. , Vineis Paolo , Ahsan Habibul 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Past discussions of the relative strengths of nested case-control and case-cohort designs have not fully considered cohorts with stored biological samples in which biomarker analyses are planned. Issues related to biomarker analyses can affect an investigator's choice of design and the conduct of these two designs. The key issues identified are effects of analytic batch, long-term storage, and freeze-thaw cycles on biomarkers. In comparison with the nested case-control design, the case-cohort design is less able to handle these challenges. Problems arise because most implementations of the case-cohort design do not allow for simultaneous evaluation of biomarkers in cases and reference group members, and there is no matching. By design, the nested case-control study controls for storage duration and the batching of biological samples from cases and controls is logistically simple. The allowance for matching also means that subjects can be matched on the number of freeze-thaw cycles experienced by the biological sample. However, the matching generates complex data sets that can be more difficult to analyze, and the costly biomarker data generated from the controls has few uses outside of testing the specific hypotheses of the study. In addition, because the same subject can serve as a control and a case, or multiple times as a control, biomarker analyses and sample batching can be more complex than initially anticipated. However, in total, of the two designs, the nested case-control study is better suited for studying biomarkers that can be influenced by analytic batch, long-term storage, and freeze-thaw cycles.
Comparison of Prostate-Specific Antigen and Hormone Levels among Men in Singapore and the United States
Authors: Cheng Iona , Yu Mimi C. , Koh Woon-Puay , Pike Malcolm C. , Kolonel Laurence N. , Henderson Brian E. , Stram Daniel O. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Prostate cancer incidence rates markedly vary between countries. The highest rates of prostate cancer are observed in Western countries such as the United States, whereas the lowest rates are seen in Asian countries such as Singapore. To gain an understanding of the difference in prostate cancer burden between low-risk and high-risk populations, we examined serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels among Singapore-Chinese men (n = 315) from the Singapore Chinese Health Study and African-American (n = 440), U.S. White (n = 355), U.S. Latino (n = 523), and Japanese-American (n = 349) men from the Hawaii-Los Angeles Multiethnic Cohort Study. All men had no history of prostate cancer at the time of blood draw. PSA measurements were assayed by one centralized diagnostic facility. Testosterone and 3α-androstanediol glucuronide levels were examined in a subsample of men. Scheffe's multiple comparison tests were used to evaluate differences in PSA and hormone levels between groups. PSA levels among the Singapore-Chinese (geometric mean = 1.43 ng/mL) were similar to that of African-Americans (1.46 ng/mL), U.S. Whites (1.28 ng/mL), and Japanese-Americans (1.22 ng/mL) and significantly higher than U.S. Latinos (1.18 ng/mL; P = 0.038). Although there was a strong correlation (R2 = 0.89) between PSA levels and U.S. ethnic group–specific prostate cancer incidence rates before PSA screening (1983-1987), the levels among the Singapore-Chinese completely failed to relate to their low incidence rate. Testosterone and 3α-androstanediol glucuronide levels did not reflect racial/ethnic patterns of disease. Our results highlight a potentially large group of Singapore-Chinese men with undiagnosed prostate cancer. Given that the overall mortality rate of prostate cancer in Singapore is low, these undiagnosed cancers may be of nonaggressive type. Alternatively, PSA may be a poor marker of prostate cancer in this low-risk population.
Energy Balance and Breast Cancer Risk
Authors: Malin Alecia , Matthews Charles E. , Shu Xiao-Ou , Cai Hui , Dai Qi , Jin Fan , Gao Yu-Tang , Zheng Wei 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
We evaluated the hypothesis that a pattern of behavioral exposures indicating positive energy balance [i.e., less exercise/sport activity, high body mass index (BMI), or high energy intake] would be associated with an increased breast cancer risk in the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study, a population-based study of 1,459 incident breast cancer cases and 1,556 age frequency-matched controls. Participants completed in-person interviews that collected information on breast cancer risk factors, usual dietary intake and physical activity in adulthood. Anthropometric indices were measured. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated by logistic regression to describe the individual and joint effects of the exposures on breast cancer risk. Lack of exercise/sport activity, low occupational activity, and high BMI were all individually associated with increased risk of breast cancer [odds ratios (OR) ranged from 1.49 to 1.86]. In general, women with lower exercise/sport activity level and higher BMI, or those with higher energy intake, were at an increased risk compared with women who reported more exercise/sport activities, had lower BMIs, or reported less energy intake. There was a significant multiplicative interaction (P = 0.02) between adult exercise/sport activity and BMI, with inactive women in the upper BMI quartile being at increased risk (OR, 2.16; 95% confidence interval, 1.25-3.74) compared with their active and lean counterparts. This association was stronger in postmenopausal than in premenopausal women, and nonexercising postmenopausal women with higher BMIs were at substantially increased risk (OR, 4.74; 95% confidence interval, 2.05-12.20). Our study suggests that promotion of behavior patterns that optimize energy balance (weight control and increasing physical activity) may be a viable option for breast cancer prevention.