bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deities, Themes, and Concepts
Authors: Hansen William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When a deity is away (or distracted or incapacitated or angry), his or her cosmic province ceases to function. Since it was time for Sisyphos to die, Thanatos (Death) came to fetch him, but the wily Sisyphos managed to bind Thanatos to a chair, whereupon humans and animals ceased to die. Only when Thanatos was freed did death once again become a feature of the world (scholiast Homer Iliad 6.153). In this story death occurs when the god Thanatos comes and fetches a person; accordingly, if the god is prevented from carrying persons away, no one dies. The theme of the incapacitated deity also appears in a myth in which the monster Typhon wrestled with Zeus and managed to remove the god’s sinews, leaving Zeus unable even to walk until his allies stole the sinews back (Apollodoros [Apollodorus] Library 1.6.3). In a different version, Typhon stole Zeus’s thunderbolts, and Zeus could not function as weather god until he had regained them.
Ukraine Enters the Age of Mass Politics
Authors: Yekelchyk Serhy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the dawn of the twentieth century, Ukraine was absent from the political map of Europe. The border between the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires divided present-day Ukrainian territory into a larger eastern part and a smaller western one, whose historical trajectories were increasingly divergent. Eastern, or Dnepr, Ukraine had lost the last vestiges of political autonomy in the eighteenth century, and vague memories of Cossack glory and ancient freedoms were all that remained of the Ukrainian political tradition. Western Ukraine, the regions of eastern Galicia, Bukovina, and Transcarpathia, was even further removed from its historical statehood during the princely era. To patriotic intellectuals at the time, defining “Ukraine” on the basis of its regions' distant claims to historical autonomy appeared difficult. Instead, nineteenth-century nationalism provided a new idea of what Ukraine was, namely, a territory populated by ethnic Ukrainians. By the late nineteenth century, an imaginary Ukraine stretching through the possessions of both the Romanovs and the Habsburgs already existed in the minds of nationalist activists.
Soviet Ukraine in the ????s:The Ukrainization Drive
Authors: Yekelchyk Serhy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Ukrainian lands that became part of the Soviet state were constituted as the Ukrainian Socialist Soviet Republic. Although in 1936 for some reason the Kremlin reversed the word order, making Ukraine and other republics “Soviet Socialist,” the nature of the republic’s sovereignty changed little in the next seventy years. Moscow made all major decisions concerning Ukraine, and every political turn of the centre was immediately imitated in the Soviet Ukrainian capital of Kharkov. Nevertheless, Ukrainian statehood mattered. For the first time in modern history, eastern Ukrainians had a territorial entity with borders closely corresponding to the ethnic boundaries of Ukrainian settlement. A part of the Soviet Union, the Ukrainian republic nonetheless provided a symbolic national homeland for generations of Soviet Ukrainians.
Ukraine under Stalin's Heirs
Authors: Yekelchyk Serhy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Stalin died in March 1953, leaving his successors a multinational world power, a socialist state covering a sixth of the globe's dry land and controlling additional satellites in Europe and Asia. Having won the bloodiest war in human history, the Soviet Union quickly managed to restore its industrial base. The Kremlin had eliminated all enemies real and imagined, including the almost complete suppression of Ukrainian nationalist insurgents in the newly incorporated territories. Stalinist bureaucrats did not fully control the fabric of everyday life, but they boasted the creation of a new Soviet person. Indeed, throughout the country, an increasing number of citizens had internalized Communist ideology and Soviet patriotism. Yet, Stalin's heirs realized that they could no longer ask for sacrifices from the people without providing them with a better life. They repudiated terror and eliminated the worst irrational features of Stalinist governance, while preserving their commitment to the socialist project. For more than thirty years, the successors of Stalin tried to construct Soviet “normalcy”-a socialist society not burdened by wars, reconstructions, and the purging of enemies.
Politics in Verginia: 1758-1774
Authors: Nagel Paul C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While he could be as self-centered as Colonel Phil, Richard Henry’s nature was far more complex. Even his imposing presence was misleading, for he was actually frail. He suffered from epilepsy and he sometimes drank to excess. The fingers from his left hand were missing, blown off when a gun exploded during a mishap while hunting swans in 1767. He kept the deformity covered with black silk, leaving only the thumb exposed. Such delicacy, however, did not preclude Richard Henry’s being a fierce hater. A brutal political foe, yet he was just as strenuously affectionate and loyal toward his friends. Particularly, Richard Henry was devoted to his brothers, who often called him R.H. They appeared willing to follow his every command of which he uttered many, usually beginning: “You will “Because of animosity in the family toward Colonel Phil and because of the comradeship Richard Henry offered his brothers, his residence at Chantilly replaced Stratford as capital for the Lee family. Chantilly became the brothers’ rallying point. Even so, a walk of three miles was all that separated the two dwellings, and relations between Stratford and Chantilly were never broken.
Chapter Two
Authors: Parsons Lynn Hudson 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1817 Andrew Jackson and John Quincy Adams each turned fifty. They belonged to what might be called the “second generation” of American political leaders, born in the eighteenth century but too young to have played any significant role in the outcome of either the American Revolution or the establishment of the Republic. (Jackson’s teenage confrontation with the British officer would nonetheless be highlighted in his presidential campaigns.) Their contemporaries, all of whom emerged on the national scene in the years following the War of 1812, included Henry Clay of Kentucky, John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, and Martin Van Buren of New York, each of whom was destined to play a significant role in the lives of both Jackson and Adams. The new president, James Monroe, however, belonged to the “first generation,” along with Washington, Jefferson, Madison, and John Adams. The “last of the cocked hats,” Monroe took the oath of office in March 1817 wearing the knee breeches and shoe buckles of an earlier day.
Chapter Three
Authors: Parsons Lynn Hudson 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1824, for the first time, most American adult white males had the opportunity to participate in a presidential election. That year’s election is the first for which we have meaningful returns. It also remains the only election thus far to be resolved by the House of Representatives in accordance with the Constitution’s Twelfth Amendment. The House awarded the presidency to John Quincy Adams and denied it to Andrew Jackson, bringing about a permanent rupture between the two men. The outcome guaranteed that all future presidential elections would be conducted under rules not envisioned by the Founders of the Republic.
The Revelationist Tradition
Authors: Turvey Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We have seen how the belief that human vision fails to see the true nature of reality informs the work of Epstein, Vertov, Balázs, and Kracauer, and we have located the immediate sources of this belief. In this chapter I examine more closely the various truths about reality that are revealed by the cinema, according to these theorists, and ask whether the naked eye is really too weak to see them, as they argue.
Due to the influence of Bergson’s metaphysics, the most important of these truths for Epstein is mobility, and we have already examined the spatial implications of this concept for his flim theory, his claim that the cinema reveals the inner mobile essence or being of objects normally invisible to human sight.
The Lure of Visual Skepticism
Authors: Turvey Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A distrust of human vision has played a foundational role in flim theory. It helped give rise to the revelationist tradition within classical flim theory and has continued to inform flim theorizing since the 1960s. Where does this visual skepticism come from, and what explains its enduring appeal to flim theorists?
The answer can be found in artistic modernism where, as much recent scholarship in art history and other disciplines has demonstrated, there is a marked distrust of sight. Rosalind Krauss, for example, has argued that there is a reaction among certain avant-garde artists from the 1920s onward against an idealization of vision that, she believes, is a feature of much modernist art, especially abstract painting and sculpture.
Premises and Concepts Underlying the Study of the Qafzeh Lithics
Authors: Hovers Erella 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The assumption underlying prehistoric research is that all the Ends derived from asedimentologically discrete stratigraphic horizon at a given locality have temporal and spatial unity and constitute a discrete assemblage (Clarke 1979). This is clearly a relative, heuristic premise rather than an absolute measure of contemporaneity, as contexts that represent genuine, human life situations are rarely encountered in the prehistoric record (as discussed by Adler, Prindiville, and Conard 2003). A vast literature, drawing on empirical studies from numerous geographic regions and different time periods, has dealt with these questions (e.g., Bordes 1975; Clark and Kleindienst 2001; Leakey 1971; Villa 1983). The extent to which archaeological data resemble a real-life scenario is largely dependent on site formation processes. Archaeological deposits, more often than not are palimpsests (Binford 1982), documenting the longterm recurrent operation of cultural systems in any single locale. Many complex and diverse natural processes, as well as anthropogenic ones, affect the formation of the archaeological record during and after deposition. Natural processes may include hydraulic action, bioturbation by burrowing and denning animals, trampling, chemical diagenesis that affects both bones and sediments, or paleo-geochemical conditions that differentially affect artifacts across the site’s space.
Lithic Production: 1. The Cores
Authors: Hovers Erella 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cores in a lithic assemblage bear indications of the manner in which they were last Vaked. They are informative about knapping procedures employed during the most recent stage of their usage. Often the reasons for discontinuing their exploitation (among which may be discard due to physical fault in the raw material or core exhaustion) can also be deciphered. Just how much information can be derived from cores about the earlier stages of reduction is more dificult to establish. It is likely that a single knapping concept (e.g., Levallois) was used throughout the reduction process of any given core. This does not mean necessarily that the methods and modes of Vaking (see below) remained unchanged throughout the whole sequence. When lithic reduction was initiated on small nodules, size restrictions would constrain the number of core reshaping cycles and thus the exploration of any technological repertoire to its fullest extent. In such instances, core reduction would likely be limited to the single set of tactics initially opted for. On the contrary, where raw material was ubiquitous and came in the form of large nodules, Vint knappers could often be more Vexible and several methods of Vaking might have been used along the process of working on a single core, hampering our attempts to reconstruct reduction processes based on core properties.
Junction
Authors: Ayers Edward L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Southern Landscape of 1880 bore the signs of the preceding twenty years. Symmetrical rows of slave cabins had been knocked into a jumble of tenant shacks. Fields grew wild because it did not pay to farm them. Children came upon bones and rusting weapons when they played in the woods. Former slaveowners and their sons decided which tenants would farm the best land and which tenants would have to move on. Confederate veterans at the court house or the general store bore empty sleeves and blank stares. Black people bitterly recalled the broken promises of land from the Yankees and broken promises of help from their former masters and mistresses. Everyone labored under the burdens of the depression that had hobbled the 1870s. Men talked of the bloodshed that had brought Reconstruction to an end a few years before.
Voices
Authors: Ayers Edward L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Music and Holiness religion offered some people of the New South their best opportunity to be heard. Young black men of the cities and plantation districts seized on music as their chance for freedom and respect. Discontented people of both races and genders made new churches their own. The South became the crucible for the blues, jazz, and country music, the crucible for new denominations that were to spread throughout the world.
The stories of the people who created this music and religion testify to the creative energies unleashed by the making of the New South. The musicians and preachers were young, come of age in the 1880s and 1890s, eager for new experiences. Seldom staying long in one place, they followed the rail lines across the South. Those who played and those who preached incorporated new ideas and styles from outside the South into their own distinctly Southern vocabularies. Ironically, then, what the twentieth century would see as some of the most distinctly Southern facets of Southern culture developed in a process of constant appropriation and negotiation. Much of Southern culture was invented, not inherited.
Abortion Rights
Authors: Rao Radhika 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As one legal scholar observes, “it has been striking to watch the United States Supreme Court wrestle with the problems of abortion as though pregnancy were a phenomenon unique to the United States.”1 Other legal systems confront the same basic questions of when life begins, whether fetus is a person entitled to legal protection, and who should possess the power to decide. Their choices illustrate alternate possibilities and illuminate the character of American law. Comparative study demonstrates that abortion rights may stem from a constitution, a statute, local law, or even international obligations. They may be conceptualized as procedural or substantive, and they may take the form of negative rights or affirmative obligations. Comparative study also highlights the divergence between the articulation of a right and its realization.
Affrmative Action and Benign Discrimination
Authors: Bhagwat Ashutosh 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In many nations the government and the private sector provide preferences––in the allocation of benefits such as university admissions, employment, and contracts––to specific groups who have been subject to past discrimination, or who are for some other reason specially disadvantaged in the relevant society. The “preferred” groups might be defined by gender, race, ethnicity, national origin, religion, caste, language, or any number of other, sometimes overlapping factors. Such policies assume a variety of names. For example, in the United States, they are generically referred to as “affirmative action,” in South Africa as “Black Economic Empowerment,” and in India as “reservations.” While different in particulars, each policy allocates benefits partially or absolutely based on membership in a favored group. Such policies are controversial because membership in the favored group is typically determined by a characteristic, such as race, gender, or caste, that is otherwise a forbidden ground for discrimination. As a consequence, preferential policies themselves have been subject to constitutional challenge in a number of countries.
Free Speech and the Incitement of Violence or Unlawful Behavior: Statutes Directed at Speech
Authors: Gey Steven G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Virtually all modern legal systems that are based on a written constitution have some type of formal protection for freedom of speech and the press. Many of these constitutional provisions are phrased broadly and can easily be interpreted to protect aggressive advocacy. The key question is often not whether the relevant constitutional provisions protect incitement but rather, what level of proof does the government have to muster before punishing someone who engages in speech that could incite unlawful behavior? When attempting to ascertain a particular legal system’s degree of legal protection for speech that takes the form of incitement, it is helpful to take into account three common considerations. The first is the context in which the speech occurs. The issue of context turns on the likelihood and immediacy of the harm that the government believes will flow from the speech in question. In other words, does the government’s fear of an unlikely and distant harm provide a sufficient rea- son to suppress speech? A subsidiary question deals with the nature of the harm that the government is allowed to protect against. Is the government allowed to suppress speech in order to protect against minor or insignificant harms, or must the government assert that the speech in question will lead to a serious harm? Also, must the nature of the harm take the form of a physical threat to other citizens or property, or may the harm be abstract or ideological? Can the government suppress speech that incites peaceful civil disobedience to protest government policies? Finally, must the harm that is being incited be political in nature? In other words, does the legal system in question permit.
Convergence through Legislation and Professional Cooperation
Authors: wessels Bob , Markell Bruce A , Kilborn Jason J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The challenges of coordinating vastly divergent insolvency procedures were significantly more acute as recently as the 1990s. Since that time, two important developments have smoothed the jagged conflicts among insolvency laws—at least modestly— in different but connected ways. First, some of the most fundamental conflicts of approach to insolvency cases are fading away as individual states converge around a rescue model. States are increasingly adopting and enhancing insolvency laws designed to facilitate reorganization of faltering businesses rather than immediately resorting to liquidation.
Connections
Authors: Post David G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It takes something—courage? insensitivity? obtuseness? all of the above?—to expose one ‘s ignorance to the world in print. It ‘s embarrassing to keep pointing out things you don ‘t understand; it undermines one ‘s credentials as an “expert,” and it can be unsettling to readers, who, one assumes, don ‘t want to know what you don ‘t know but what you do know. “Focus on what you do understand and can explain,” one imagines them saying; “save what you don ‘t and can ‘t for your next book, after you ‘ve figured it out.”
South Africa: The Basis for Imposing Corporate Income Tax in South Africa’s E-Commerce Environment
Authors: Mandy Kyle Eric 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The imposition of corporate tax in South Africa is regulated by the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962, as amended (the Income Tax Act). It contains no provisions aimed specifically at e-commerce or digital environments, and very few special provisions find application in these environments. It is therefore, largely, the general provisions of the Income Tax Act and the principles established in respect thereof that need to be interpreted and applied in the e-commerce context.
China: Taxation of E-Commerce in China
Authors: King (Chaowu Jin) Horace 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although China boasts the largest number of Internet users in the world, it does not yet have any specific law or regulation devoted to the taxation of e-commerce. To have a better idea of how such taxation is handled, a basic knowledge of China’s tax structure and e-commerce regulation is necessary. Although e-commerce in China is hardly different in any way from that of other countries, the tax structure is considerably different; this makes the issue of taxation on e-commerce more complicated.
Netherlands: Nexus for Purposes of Imposing Corporate Income Tax
Authors: Lambooij Machiel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses in general terms, without focusing on any specific jurisdiction, the concept of “nexus” with a taxing jurisdiction required for a person (the e-tailer) resident outside that jurisdiction to be subject to tax on its business profits earned in connection with its e-commerce activities. It then discusses specifics about The Netherlands’ position. The jurisdiction where the customers of the foreign e-tailer are based is hereinafter referred to as the source state. The term nexus refers to the threshold an e-tailer will have to surpass in terms of presence (physical, virtual, or otherwise) in the target jurisdiction in order to become taxable there on its profits. Profit allocation and other tax-base issues, once it has been established that there is sufficient relevant nexus, are not the subject of this article.
Israel: Direct Taxation of E-Commerce Transactions in Israel
Authors: Rosenberg George 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The sale of goods and services via the Internet has raised a number of regulatory issues, among them the matter of determining the basis of taxation of such transactions. This chapter will examine the Israeli tax system and its handling of direct taxation of Israeli residents and nonresidents. An overview of e-commerce in Israel will be provided. As is the case with many countries, Israel has also has opted not to enact specific tax rules for e-commerce transactions. This chapter will examine the possible reasons for this inaction.
United States: Tax Effects of Internet Telecommunications Services
Authors: Lavey* Warren G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is popular to say both that “the Internet changes everything” and that “death and taxes are inevitable.” According to this framework, it may be tempting to think about the issue of taxes on Internet telecommunications services as a new, unstoppable force (the Internet) meeting an immovable object (taxes). However, this framework is flawed in that both telecommunications services and taxes applicable to telecommunications services have been changing for at least a century, long before the advent of the Internet. Government authorities have proven quite adept at adopting legislation and revising regulations to make new telecommunications offerings and providers subject to high, industry-specific taxes. Since the spread of Internet telecommunications services, there have been changes in some of the taxes applicable to these and other telecommunications services. Yet, the processes of adapting taxes to new telecommunications technologies, offerings, and market structures have shown their resiliency with regard to the growing revenues of Internet telecommunications services and the growing demands for tax collections.