bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retinal transplants in congenitally blind mice: Patterns of projection and synaptic connectivity
Authors: Horsburgh Gwynn M. , Lund Raymond D. , Hankin Mark H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractEmbryonic retinae were transplanted onto the midbrain of neonatal congenitally anophthalmic mice and neonatal mice from which both eyes had been removed. When donor mice of the AKR strain were used, the detailed patterns of the transplant projections to the host brain were demonstrated with an antibody to Thy‐1.1, which specifically stains neural tissue derived from AKR donors. Many of the subcortical visual centers were innervated, and only small differences were encountered between anophthalmic and eye‐enucleated mice. The terminal arbors of transplant‐derived axons could not be classified as in normal animals, although several distinct arbor types were seen. In the superior colliculus, the laminar arrangements that characterize normal retinal arbors were disrupted. Despite this, the synaptic patterns formed by transplant derived axons in the superior colliculus of anophthalmic mice compared very closely with those of retinal axons in normal, sighted animals. These observations indicate that the ability of a retinal transplant to innervate the host brain and to form the synaptic arrays characteristic of optic terminals are not dependent on prior innervation, nor do they appear to be influenced by the events that follow eye removal. (e) 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
NGF receptor (p75)‐immunoreactivity in the developing primate basal ganglia
Authors: Kordower Jeffrey H. , Mufson Elliott J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe distribution of the p75 nerve growth factor receptor (NGFr) was determined within the developing human basal ganglia in specimens between weeks 16 through 40 of gestation, 5 years of age, and adulthood. Although NGFr‐immunoreactive neurons were rarely seen in the caudate nucleus, a few such neurons were seen in the putamen between prenatal weeks 16 and 26 of development. At 26 and 40 weeks of gestation, the putamen also displayed NGFr‐immunoreactive fibers of putative basal forebrain origin. Some of these fibers coursed through the putamen en route to the cortex while others appeared to remain within the putamen. The external segment of the globus pallidus contained dense collections of NGFr‐immunoreactive neurons between 16 and 26 weeks of gestation, whereas the internal segment was devoid of immunoreactive perikarya. A few NGFr‐immunoreactive neurons were observed within the globus pallidus at embryonic week 40. The expression of NGFr‐immunoreactive neurons within the external segment of the globus pallidus was paralleled by a dense granular NGFr‐immunoreactive terminal‐like staining pattern within the subthalamic nucleus. This staining pattern was most intense at midgestation (weeks 21–26) and was not observed at 40 weeks of gestation or in adulthood. Interestingly, a similar NGFr‐immunoreactive terminal‐like pattern was also observed within the monkey subthalamic nucleus at embryonic day 120. These data indicate that NGF receptor mediated mechanisms may underlie developmental processes within the primate basal ganglia. The absence of NGFr‐immunoreactive neurons within the caudate nucleus, and the paucity of such neurons in the putamen, suggests that NGF receptors play a limited role in primate neostriatal development. Alternatively, developmental events mediated through NGF receptors may occur prior to embryonic week 16. Furthermore, an NGFr/trophic interaction appears to underlie the development of the pallidal‐subthalamic nucleus pathway. 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructure of the extraocular photoreceptor in the genitalia of a butterfly, Papilio xuthus
Authors: Miyako Yumiko , Arikawa Kentaro , Eguchi Eisuke 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis paper describes the ultrastructure of a sensory neuron found in the extraocular photoreceptive site on the butterfly genitalia. Our previous studies have shown that there are two pairs of the photoreceptive sites in a butterfly (four per individual). Each photoreceptive site is recognizable by a transparent area in the pigmented cuticle of the genitalia. From the nerve that extends from the transparent cuticle to the last abdominal ganglion, a sustained train of single unit spikes can be recorded in response to a light flash. The single unit spikes disappear when the transparent cuticle is covered, thus indicating that a single photoreceptor exists close to it.Here, we examined complete serial semithin sections of plastic‐embedded photoreceptive sites of both male and female, and observed an ovoid structure close to the transparent cuticle. The structure contained the cell body of a sensory neuron whose axon was in the nerve branch from which the photoresponse had been recorded. Further electron microscopy revealed that the cell body extended a few distal processes that protrude tubular membrane from the tip, forming a structure resembling the phaosome (from Greek;phaos = light, some = body) which was first described in the earthworm dermal photoreceptors. The sensory neuron was also found in a surgically isolated nerve‐photoreceptor preparation that responded to the light. We therefore propose that the phaosome‐containing sensory neuron is the butterfly genital photoreceptor. 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunocytochemical localization of midbrain estrogen receptor‐ and progestin receptor‐containing cells in female guinea pigs
Authors: Turcotte Joanne C. , Blaustein Jeffrey D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn the guinea pig midbrain, a low concentration of progestin receptors is induced by estradiol. This is in contrast to the mediobasal hypothalamus which has a large number of estradiol‐induced progestin receptors. Because the midbrain is an important site for the hormonal regulation of sexual behavior, we mapped the distribution of cells containing estrogen receptor‐ and estradiol‐induced progestin receptor‐immunoreactivity in that area. Estrogen receptor‐immunoreactive cells are found in midbrain sites previously reported, including the midbrain central gray, the tegmentum lateral and ventral to the central gray, peripeduncular region, and parabrachial nuclei. While progestin receptor‐immunoreactive cells were not detected without estradiol priming, estradiol‐induced progestin receptors were found throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the midbrain central gray and adjacent tegmental area. Progestin receptor‐immunoreactive cells were far fewer than estrogen receptor containing cells, had less cytoplasmic staining, and appeared restricted to the midbrain central gray, lateral and ventrolateral to the cerebral aqueduct and the adjacent tegmental area. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Topography of descending projections from the inferior colliculus to auditory brainstem nuclei in the rat
Authors: Caicedo Alejandro , Herbert Horst 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe examined the organization of descending projections from the inferior colliculus (IC) to auditory brainstem nuclei and to pontine and reticular nuclei in the rat by employing the anterograde axonal tracer Phaseolus vulgaris‐leucoagglutinin (PHA‐L). Small PHA‐L injections into cytologically defined subnuclei of the IC revealed that each subnucleus has a unique pattern of efferent projections.The central nucleus of the IC projects in a topographic order to the dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (DLL), the rostral periolivary nucleus (RPO), the ventral nucleus of the trapezoid body (VNTB), and the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN). It is assumed that this topography represents a cochleotopic arrangement. The external cortex of the IC projects to the nucleus sagulum (Sag), the RPO, the VNTB, and the DCN. Minor projections were found to pontine and reticular nuclei. Efferent fibers from the dorsal cortex of the IC terminate mainly in the Sag, while other nuclei of the auditory and extra‐auditory brainstem receive only minor projections. The intercollicular zone sends a moderate number of fibers to the DLL and very few, if any, to the remaining auditory brainstem nuclei. In contrast, fairly strong projections from the intercollicular zone to the reticular formation were found.The present data demonstrate that the four subnuclei of the IC have a differential pattern of descending projections to nuclei in the pontine and medullary brainstem. These parallel colliculofugal pathways, assumed to belong to functionally separate circuits, may modulate auditory processing at different levels of the auditory neuraxis. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cells of origin of the spinoparabrachial fibers in the rat: A study with fast blue and WGA‐HRP
Authors: Kitamura Taiko , Yamada Jinzo , Sato Hitoshi , Yamashita Kazuo 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe internal lateral (IL) subnucleus of the parabrachial nucleus (PB), which is one of the seven lateral subnuclei of the PB, receives information from the spinal cord. The IL subnucleus perhaps relays nociceptive signals to the intralaminar nuclei of the thalamus, apparently being implicated in the motivational‐affective component of pain reaction. However, cells of origin of spinal fibers to the IL subnucleus have not been investigated sufficiently. We intended to clarify these cells by injection of fast blue or wheat germ agglutinin‐conjugated horseradish peroxidase into the IL subnucleus and/or other lateral subnuclei in the rat. When the tracer was injected into the IL subnucleus, many cells were labeled bilaterally in laminae I, V, and VII, and in the dorsolateral and dorsomedial parts of the lateral funiculus throughout the entire length of the spinal cord. A small number of labeled cells appeared ipsilaterally in laminae II–IV and VI in the upper cervical segments and contralaterally in laminae VIII and X throughout the spinal cord. Labeled cells in lamina I were more numerous ipsilaterally than contralaterally in the first two cervical segments but were more numerous contralaterally than ipsilaterally in the remaining spinal segments. Labeled cells were seen with a contralateral predominance in lamina VII, but with an ipsilateral predominance in lamina V and in the dorsolateral and dorsomedial parts of the lateral funiculus. With tracer injected into the lateral subnuclei of the PB, excluding the IL subnucleus, labeled cells were found primarily in lamina I throughout the entire length of the spinal cord. These results show that cells giving rise to spinoparabrachial fibers were more numerous and more widely distributed than previously reported. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuropeptides and a neuronal marker in cutaneous innervation during human foetal development
Authors: Terenghi G. , Sundaresan M. , Moscoso G. , Polak J. M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThere is evidence that foetal body movements first occur at 6 weeks gestation, and that the reflex arc is functional at 8 weeks. This correlates with the detection of the sensory neuropeptides calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) and substance P (SP) in spinal cord at 10 weeks gestation. However, the development of cutaneous neuropeptide‐containing nerves is not well documented in humans. We have investigated the early appearance and distribution pattern of CGRP, SP, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY), as well as those of the general neuronal marker protein gene product 9.5 (PGP) in various areas of foetal skin at different gestational ages. PGP‐immunoreactive nerves were first seen in the subepidermal plexus at 6 weeks gestational age. Initially, the immunoreactive nerves are thick, club‐shaped and distributed in the superficial dermis. Beaded adult‐like fibres become more numerous only at later ages (10–12 weeks), and extend from this plexus to penetrate the epidermis. Histologically, the skin of the hand develops faster than that of other body areas and at 9 weeks, more PGP‐immunoreactive nerves were seen in the palm than in the dorsum. Primitive sweat glands were first noted in axillary skin at 17 weeks, accompanied by a few PGP‐immunoreactive nerves. Occasional, small CGRP‐immunoreactive fibres were first noticed in the dermis at 7 weeks, but it was at 17 weeks that the presence of this neuropeptide was unequivocal in the subepidermal plexus. Sparse VIP‐, SP‐ and NPY‐immunoreactive fibres were not found until 16–17 weeks gestation, when they were seen in the dermis and around small blood vessels. These results show that development of nerves containing sensory neuropeptides precedes that of autonomic fibres, and that the former are present in developing cutaneous innervation after neuronal protein markers are detectable. The timing of the appearance of CGRP immunoreactivity in the skin correlates with that of the peptide in spinal cord, which is consistent with the reported reflex movements of the foetus. The morphological and functional development of cutaneous neuronal elements shows a close correlation that might provide some insight into the process of nerve regeneration in adult skin. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An aromatase‐associated cytoplasmic inclusion, the “stigmoid body,” in the rat brain: II. Ultrastructure (with a review of its history and nomenclature)
Authors: Shinoda Koh , Nagano Mamoru , Osawa Yoshio 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe ultrastructure of aromatase‐associated “stigmoid (dot‐like) structures,” which were detected in a previous study using light‐microscopic immunohistochemistry (Shinoda et al.: J. Comp. Neurol. 322:360–376, '92), were examined in the rat medial preoptic region, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial amygdaloid nucleus, and arcuate nucleus by pre‐ and post‐embedding marking with a polyclonal antibody against human placental antigen X‐P2 (hPAX‐P2) for immuno‐electron microscopic analysis. The immunoreactive stigmoid structure was identified as a distinct, non‐membrane‐bounded cytoplasmic inclusion (approximately 1–3 μm in diameter), which has a granulo‐fuzzy texture with moderate‐to‐low electron density in non‐immunostained preparations. It consists of at least four distinct granular and three distinct fibrillo‐tubular elements forming a granulo‐fibrillar conglomerate. This type of inclusions was formally termed the “stigmoid body” under the electron microscope. The stigmoid body is composed of the outer granulo‐fibrillar and inner hyaloplasmic compartments. The immunoreactivity for hPAX‐P2 is mainly localized to the former, especially to the low density granulo‐fuzzy materials associated with the fibrillo‐tubular elements. Identification of the ultrastructure of stigmoid body clarified their prevalence not only in the limbic and hypothalamic regions, but also in sex‐steroid‐sensitive peripheral tissues (e.g., peripheral sensory ganglia, ovary, testis) by consulting earlier electron‐microscopic studies.Reviewing the history and nomenclature of this inclusion body, we reorganized the terminology of related neuronal cytoplasmic inclusions, the terms of which have often been confused, and discussed its functional significance on the basis of the present and previously accumulated data. In conclusion, we emphasized the importance of the stigmoid bodies in the sex‐steroid‐sensitive neural system because of their large size, high frequency, specific distribution in brains and peripheral tissues, effects of sex‐steroids, and immunological and histochemical characteristics of the antibody marking the inclusion. The stigmoid bodies may provide a subcellular site for sex‐steroid metabolism in their target tissues and play a critical role in cytosolic modulation of their actions (e.g., by aromatization) prior to their receptor binding. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The organization of the descending ventral pallidal projections in the monkey
Authors: Haber S. N. , Lynd‐Balta E. , Mitchell S. J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis study describes the organization and topography of the descending efferent projections from the monkey ventral pallidum. The main efferent projections from the globus pallidus are to the subthalamus, to the thalamus, and to the substantia nigra. Although these projections have been well established for the dorsal pallidum, the projections of the ventral pallidum have not been explored in primates. The results of this study add an important link in how information from the limbic lobe is channeled through the basal ganglia in monkeys.Anterograde tracers, Phaseolus vulgaris‐leucoagglutinin, and tritiated amino acids were injected into various regions of the ventral pallidum. The descending efferent projection from the ventral pallidum in monkeys terminates primarily in the subthalmaic nucleus and adjacent lateral hypothalamus, in the substantia nigra, and in the lateral habenular nucleus. Although terminals are also found in the thalamus, these are relatively sparse. The projections to the subthalamic nucleus and the lateral hypothalamus are topographically arranged, while those to the substantia nigra are not.These results suggest that pathways from distinct pallidal regions that receive specific striatal input terminate in distinct regions of the subthalmic/hypothalamic regions, thus maintaining a topographic arrangement. Projections to the substantia nigra, however, overlap extensively, suggesting convergence of terminals from different ventral pallidal regions. The relatively small projection to the thalamus raises the question that without a prominent thalamic projection, is this system parallel to that described for the dorsal globus pallidus? © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphology and somatotopy of the central arborizations of rapidly adapting glabrous skin afferents in the rat lumbar spinal cord
Authors: Shortland Peter , Woolf Clifford J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe central arborizations in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord of 23 rapidly adapting (RA) A‐beta primary afferent neurons innervating different regions of the glabrous skin of the hindpaw were studied by the intra‐axonal injection of horseradish peroxidase in adult rats. A total of 284 arbors of the complex, simple, and blind‐ending variety were recovered. The arbors of RA afferents innervating the toes, paw pads, and non‐pad hindpaw differed from each other in branch pattern and dimensions. The simple and complex arbors, which are both bouton‐containing, were distributed mainly in laminae III–V, although some complex arbors projected dorsally into lamina IIi.The hindpaw glabrous skin afferent terminals were located in the lumbar enlargement from caudal L3 to rostral L6. A crude somatotopic organization was observed such that toes 1–5 were represented successively in more caudal positions from mid‐L4 to caudal L5. The paw pads were organized in a rostrocaudal sequence moving from the paw pads proximal to toe 1 across the foot to the paw pads proximal to toe 5, from caudal L3 to mid‐L5. Non‐pad hindpaw afferents were located in caudal L5. Overlap between toe, paw pad and non‐pad afferent central fields was present, however, and the central terminals of afferents with non‐adjacent peripheral receptive fields were shown to occupy the same region of the dorsal horn. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential expression of neuron‐glia cell adhesion molecule (Ng‐CAM) on developing axons and growth cones of interneurons in the chick embryo spinal cord: An immunoelectron microscopic study
Authors: Shiga Taskashi , Shirai Toshio , Grumet Martin , Edelman Gerald M. , Oppenheim Ronald W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTo elucidate the role of neuron‐glia cell adhesion molecule (Ng‐CAM) in axonal pathway formation of avian spinal interneurons, we have examined the ultrastructural expression of Ng‐CAM in the developing spinal cord, by using a preembedding immunocytochemical method. Ng‐CAM immunoreactivity was punctate and was restricted to cell surfaces. In accordance with our previous light microscopic observations (Shiga et al., '90), the earliest developing spinal interneurons were Ng‐CAM‐positive on their cell bodies, axons, and growth cones. Axons and growth cones that were either fasciculated or in contact with each other strongly expressed Ng‐CAM, thus indicating the possible involvement of Ng‐CAM in fasciculation of axons and in the contact guidance of growth cones along preexisting axons. By using higher resolution immunoelectron microscopy, the present study has also revealed new information on the subcellular localization of Ng‐CAM on developing spinal interneurons, neuroepithelial cells, and floor plate cells. Although Ng‐CAM immunoreactivity was prominent on both axons and growth cones, these structures were Ng‐CAM‐negative when they contacted the basal lamina around the spinal cord. By contrast, Ng‐CAM was detectable on the surface of both neuroepithelial cells and floor plate cells only when they made contact with the Ng‐CAM‐positive axons and growth cones of interneurons. These results suggest that the subcellular distribution of Ng‐CAM is regulated differentially, depending on the apposing cell surfaces, and that such differential and developmentally regulated expression may contribute to the elongation, fasciculation, and guidance of spinal axons. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunocytochemical localization of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF)‐like peptides in the brain and heart of the treefrog Hyla japonica: Effect of weightlessness on the distribution of immunoreactive neurons and cardiocytes
Authors: Feuilloley Marc , Yon Laurent , Kawamura Kosuke , Kikuyama Sakae , Gutkowska Jolanta , Vaudry Hubert 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe localization of atrial‐natriuretic factor (ANF)‐like immunoreactivity was investigated in the brain and heart of the treefrog Hyla japonica by the indirect immunofluorescence technique. Concurrently, the effect of weightlessness on the distribution of ANF‐containing neurons and cardiocytes was studied in frogs that were sent into space for 9 days on the space station „MIR.”︁ In control animals, the amygdala contained the most prominent group of ANF‐immunoreactive cells and fibers. ANF‐positive neurons and nerve processes were also detected in other areas of the telencephalon such as the nucleus olfactorius, the pallium mediale, and the striatum. In „space frogs,”︁ the intensity of labeling of the amygdala and nucleus olfactorius was similar to that seen in control animals. In contrast, the pallium and the striatum of „space frogs”︁ were totally devoid of positive cell bodies. In the diencephalon, of all animals, numerous ANF‐immunoreactive perikarya and fibers were seen in the hypothalamus, the anterior thalamus, the infundibulum, and the median eminence. ANF‐positive cell bodies were also noted in the lateral forebrain bundle of control frogs but were absent in „space frogs.”︁ The major difference between control and „space frogs”︁ was observed in the posterior nuclei of the thalamus. In „space frogs,”︁ the nucleus posterocentralis thalami and the nucleus posterolateralis thalami exhibited large ANF‐immunoreactive perikarya, while, in control frogs, these nuclei only contained scarce positive nerve fibers. In the mesencephalon, ANF‐positive cell bodies and nerve processes were seen in the nucleus tegmenti mesencephali, the interpeduncular nucleus, and the nucleus cerebelli of all animals. However, stained perikarya were only observed in the nucleus reticularis isthmi of control frogs. In the heart, atrial cardiocytes exhibited intense ANF‐like immunoreactivity. ANF‐positive myocytes were also detected in the subpericardial region of the ventricle. The density and distribution of the staining were identical in the heart of control and „space frogs.”︁ These data support the concept that prolonged exposure to microgravity affects biosynthesis and/or release of ANF‐related peptides in discrete regions of the amphibian brain.