bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tokelau, New Zealand, and the United Nations 1948 to 1984
Authors: Wessen Albert F , Hooper Antony , Huntsman Judith , Prior Ian A M , Salmond Clare E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although life in Tokelau remained relatively undisturbed by the Second World War, the atolls were quickly caught up in the widespread changes in the international order which came with its ending. As in the past, the changes in Tokelau stemmed largely from initiatives taken from abroad, and were heavily influenced by New Zealand and its larger Pacific foreign policy, particularly that regarding Western Samoa.
Development and change on the atolls: 1967 to 1984
Authors: Wessen Albert F , Hooper Antony , Huntsman Judith , Prior Ian A M , Salmond Clare E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tokelauan villages have their own clearly defined rhythms and preoccupations-as do all remote and isolated communities. Daily life goes on, for the most part, caught within fixed and regular limits - the demands of subsistence, the vagaries of weather and crops, social and institutional obligations, births, deaths, and the regular slow process of seasonal change. During the late 1960s ships visited Tokelau from Apia only once every three months, staying only a day or so offshore at each atoll while transshipping mail, cargo, and passengers. Only a few households had radios; urgent messages still came and went only by Morse code, through the crackles and static of isolation. Life in Tokelau was largely village-oriented, oblivious for long calm stretches to the concerns of the outside world- even when, however fleetingly, these happened to affect Tokelau.
Physiological consequences of migration and of changing life-styles
Authors: Wessen Albert F , Hooper Antony , Huntsman Judith , Prior Ian A M , Salmond Clare E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Migration from one community to another often entails drastic changes in fact, for the individual it is likely to be one of life’s major changes. At the very least, migrants must learn to relate to new places and people, and even if their daily activities change minimally, adaptation must take place on many levelsbiological, psychological, sociological, and, perhaps, spiritual. Migration, therefore, is epidemiologically relevant (Wessen 1971). The greater the differences between one’s old and new settings, both as to status and as to what is expected of one, the more difficult the adjustment is likely to be, and the greater the possibility of dissonance and stress. And the fewer the resourcesof relatives and friends, of knowledge, and of material goodswhich the migrant brings from place of origin to destination, the more vulnerable and unaided he or she will be in coping with the new life-style and the new set of expectations.
Epilogue: migration and health in a small society
Authors: Wessen Albert F , Hooper Antony , Huntsman Judith , Prior Ian A M , Salmond Clare E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Long-term studies, by their nature, tend to carry the theoretical baggage of the time when they were formulated; yet they rarely conform to initial expectations because historical situations do not develop exactly as predicted, and unforeseen factors inevitably intervene. The advantage of the Tokelau Island Migrant Study is just this: we have been able both to document unpredicted changes and to take account of them in our analyses. Thus the thrust of the study has been both modified and amplified during its twenty- year history. Its data are unique, both in terms of the documentation of the health status of an entire small population over almost a generation and of the correlative research on the ethnography and social history of the society within which that population had lived in relative isolation for so many generations. At this point, what conclusions can be drawn from these parallel studies?
Proprioception as a link between body space and extra-personal space
Authors: Roll Jean Pierre , Roll R Égine , Velay Jean-Luc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to perform actions successfully, it is necessary to interrelate two spaces, both of which are known to the subject: these have been classically termed body space and extra-personal space. The key to adapting action to goals lies in the specificity of the nervous processes responsible for coding and then representing each of these two spaces. But over and above this processing, it is the mechanisms dealing with the integration of these two spaces into a single entity encompassing both the subject and his environment that are worth elucidating. We are far from having a complete picture of the nervous mechanisms underlying the specific coding of each of these spaces, but the biggest gap in our knowledge probably concerns how a common reference system for body and external space is built up(Gurfinkel et al. 1988; Paillard 1988 and Chapter 10, this volume; Roll et al. 1990).
Introduction
Authors: May Robert M , Southwood T R E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Earlier ecological studies, both empirical and theoretical, tended to see populations of plants and animals as living in a homogeneous world. While this represented a sensible first step, it is becoming increasingly clear that many—and possibly most—species inhabit environments that are patchy in space and variable in time. The various chapters in this book show how such spatial patchiness and temporal variability can have important effects at every level of ecological organization, from the life histories and behaviour of individuals, through the dynamics of populations, to the structure and function of communities of interacting plants and animals.
The response of plants to patchy environments
Authors: Sutherland W J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many species of plant, such as strawberries, bracken, elms, and 22 per cent of the British Flora (Table 3.1) grow by means of clonal growth so that the plant gradually spreads over the ground. Stoloniferous and rhizomatous species are particularly frequent in wet habitats (Table 3.1) perhaps because the open mud exposed during the summer is suitable for rapid colonization. The pattern of the spread is analogous to the search path of a foraging animal (Grime 1979). Just as an animal moves to exploit fresh resources a plant grows to use unexploited nutrients, water or light. However, unlike most animals, plants often leave a record of their pattern of movement.
Genetic heterogeneity
Authors: Anderson Roy M , May Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 8, we mentioned that the apparent decrease in the force of infection at older ages, seen in so many of the data, could in part by caused by genetic heterogeneity in response to infection. The importance of this issue was seen in Chapter 9, where we found that estimates of the level of herd immunity required for eradication of infection depend significantly on the degree to which intrinsic transmissibility really does decline among older age groups. Although there has been, in recent years, a growing amount of work on age-related, social, and other heterogeneities in host populations, the possibility of genetic heterogeneity continues to be neglected in most epidemiological studies involving microparasites. This is understandable, because there is not much concrete evidence on which to base such studies.
The basic model: dynamics
Authors: Anderson Roy M , May Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding chapter focused on equilibrium results and (where possible) compared prediction with observations on the assumption that the parasite population under study was at its stable endemic state within a host community of constant size and stable age distribution. These assumptions can be relaxed in order to consider what happens when the parasite population is perturbed from its steady state by control intervention or environmental change. We examine four topics of practical interest, namely, the decay in parasite abundance following the cessation of transmission, reinfection following drug treatment, the dynamic consequences of repeated mass chemotherapy, and temporal changes induced by targeted or selective chemotherapy.
Nutritional interactions between hosts and parasites
Authors: Crompton D W T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The late C. P. Read considered the nutritional relationship between the host and parasite to be the hallmark of parasitism, and stated that nutrition is the primary consideration in the ecology of those organisms which use other living systems as habitat and food (Read 1950, 1968; see also Chapter 2 by Cheng, this volume). Nutrition, like parasitism, is difficult to define succinctly. A practical approach is to view nutrition as the process of furnishing the cells of the body with that portion of the external chemical environment needed for the optimum functioning of the metabolic reactions involved in growth, development, production, reproduction, and maintenance (Scott et al. 1976). In parasitism, there must be a phase in the life history when all the nutrients are obtained either directly from the host’s food and digestion products or, more commonly, from assimilated food substances obtained from the host’s tissues and metabolites.
Calcium Ions in Nerve Cell Function
Authors: Kostyuk Platon G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book, Professor Kostyuk reviews the progress that has been made in recent years in understanding the mechanisms by which calcium ions regulate nerve cell function. He covers all aspects of the topic, from the interaction of calcium ions with the external surface of the plasma membrane, to the function of transient changes in cytoplasmic calcium concentration. A major part of the book is devoted to a discussion of the different types of receptor- and voltage-operated calcium channels, and the basis of their selectivity, gating, inactivation, and pharmacological modulation. Professor kostyuk then describes the development of calcium conductance during ontogenesis, before discussing the fate of calcium ions in the cell. He assesses the contribution made by the release of calcium from internal stores to cytoplasmic calcium transients, and analyses mechanisms by which this release may be controlled. The first book in the Oxford Neuroscience Series, Calcium Ions in Nerve Cell Function meets the need for a comprehensive book drawing together the enormous body of research on this important topic. It has been written with a wide audience of neuroscientists in mind: it will be indispensable to specialists in the field, but will also provide an accessible review for non-specialists.
Korsakoffs psychosis: a neuropsychological and positron emission tomography study of two cases
Authors: Perani D , Kartsounis L D , Costello A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wernicke’s encephalopathy and Korsakoffs psychosis are indistinguishable pathologically but can be clearly defined from a clinical point of view (Victor et al. 1971). Wernicke’s disease is a neurological disorder of acute onset, characterized by nystagmus, gaze palsies, ataxia of gait, and a global confusional state, occurring all together or in various combinations. By contrast, Korsakoff’s psychosis refers to an abnormal mental state in an otherwise alert and responsive patient, characterized by a severely affected memory and learning with relative sparing of other cognitive functions.
The lessons of history
Authors: Winsor Mary Pickard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biologists sometimes refer to their own history as though lessons can be drawn from it, but they should be aware that statements about the past can have histories of their own. Julian Huxley’s claim that evolution had little effect on systematics is a case in point. His source was J. S. L. Gilmour, and one of Gilmour’s key sources was F. A. Bather, who was reporting in 1927 what he recalled of the late 1880s. Each of these three men put a different interpretation upon this bit of history, in accordance with their different beliefs about the proper relationship between classification and evolution. Unpublished letters show some of the personal dynamics behind Bather’s recollection. F. Wachsmuth and C. Springer had chosen to avoid phylogenetic speculation, at a time when Bather was enthusiastic about it. A. Agassiz had constructed a mathematical argument against the possibility of building probable trees, an argument Bather rejected. Bather’s biased testimony was transformed by Gilmour and Huxley into historical fact.
Extinctions in Mediterranean areas
Authors: Greuter Werner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Mediterranean area is known as a region of high floristic diversity. When one delimits the area, as was done for the purposes of the Med-Checklist (Greuter et al. 1984-9), to include all countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea plus Portugal, Bulgaria, the Crimea, and Jordan, its wild flora of c. 24 000 species comes close to one-tenth of the quarter million known vascular plant species of the globe (Greuter 1991). Jointly, the five areas of the world with a Mediterranean-type climate (the Mediterranean proper, California, central Chile, the Cape region, and south-western Australia) ‘total some 70 000 or more species and represent a major part of the higher plant diversity of the world, exceeding the combined floras of tropical Africa and Asia’ (Heywood 1993).
Population and birth control: an Anglican perspective
Authors: Harries Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Rt. Revd Richard Harries, Bishop of Oxford, was ordained in 1963 after Cambridge, theological college in Oxford, and a period in the Royal Corps of Signals. He served as a Curate in Hampstead until 1969 when he was appointed to a lectureship at Wells Theological College. In 1972 he became Vicar of All Saints, Fulham, and began to establish his considerable reputation as a broadcaster with his contributions to ‘Prayer for the Day’ on the BBC’s Today programme. He left Fulham in 1981 to take up a new appointment as Dean of King’s College, London. In 1987 he was appointed Bishop of Oxford.
The contributions of field research in the Gambia to the study of human adaptability
Authors: Huss-Ashmore Rebecca , Ulijaszek Stanley J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is one of the ironies of human adaptability research in Africa that some of the most interesting work has been carried out by investigators whose primary interest was not in human adaptation. The contributions that nutritionists, ecologists, and economists have made to human biology in African agricultural and pastoral societies have been considerable, nowhere more so than in the extensive programme of research undertaken in the Gambia since 1945. The Gambian research programme is interesting in the present context for three reasons. First, a massive volume of research has been carried out in this one very small country, encompassing child growth, nutrition, and infectious disease, as well as maternal health and nutrition and the energy costs of pregnancy, lactation, and agricultural work. Second, none of the researchers were anthro pologists or human biologists with a primary interest in human adaptability. Third, despite this, and despite the applied nature of the work, many of the questions investigated were framed as problems in adaptation.
Long-term monogamy in a river specialist-the Blue Duck
Authors: Williams Murray , Mckinney Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mallard-sized Blue Duck Hymenolaimus malacorhynchos, endemic to New Zealand, is found mostly on rivers of steep gradient, a distinctive and linear habitat subjected to brief and dramatic changes in flow at any time of year. Adult ducks live year-round as pairs confined to exclusive 0.5-1.5 km territories along the river bed. Only territory-holders attempt breeding. Pairs keep close company at all times, males regularly patrol the territory boundaries, and territory (and mate) ownership are subjected to frequent challenges. Field and laboratory studies have yielded no evidence of mate infidelity nor of any breeding relationship other than strict monogamy (Triggs et al. 1991; Williams 1991). Males and females both care for the ducklings until fledging, that parental care consisting primarily of vigilance’by the male and close guarding of the ducklings by the female. Both sexes are highly philopatric and birds resident in one catchment are effectively separate from those adjacent.
Mate fidelity and divorce in monogamous birds
Authors: Ens Bruno J , choudhury, sharmila , Black jeffrey m. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In contrast to most other phyla in the animal kingdom, the majority of bird species form a monogamous pair bond during the breeding season (Lack 1968). To be called a pair bond, the association between male and female should last considerably longer than the time needed for copulation, but the bond may be broken as soon as the female has finished laying eggs, as happens in several species of ducks. At the other extreme are some geese and swans, where male and female are close together every day and night of the year, even during migrations over thousands of kilometres. When we speak of monogamous, we mean socially monogamous, not sexually monogamous, since it has become clear that the first does not necessarily imply the latter (see Gowaty Chapter 2; Birkhead and M0ller Chapter 18). Especially in songbirds, extra-pair paternity seems common (Birkhead and Moller 1992).
The Nile Basin: Lessons from the Past
Authors: Abdel Mageed Yahia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Emile Lodwig, the famous German historian-geographer, made the for.. lowing remarks on the Nile when he visited Egypt and the Sudan in 1937: ‘Every time I have written the history of man there hovered before my mind’s eye the image of a river, but only once have I beheld in a river the image of man and his fate.’
Associated techniques
Authors: Cotton Richard G H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Molecular biology forms the foundation for molecular genetics and thus most of the techniques routinely used in molecular genetics laboratories are well known, as are protocol publications (e.g. Sambrook et al. 1989; Ausubel et al. 1994). In this situation it barely seems necessary to include a discussion on this topic. However, it seems appropriate to cover some of the most recent developments in areas which are most intimately involved with mutation detection.
Behavioural defence
Authors: Hart Benjamin L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most animals live in environments that are, at times, teeming with parasites. Yet they survive, and even thrive, in such environments, to some degree because natural selection has enhanced behavioural defences against fitness-compromising parasites. Behavioural defences against parasites are complementary to the immune system (Wakelin and Apanius, Chapter 3) and other physiological mechanisms of resistance, and may be viewed as a first line of defence (Nelson et al. 1975).
Conclusion: evolution of host-parasite interactions
Authors: Moore Janice , Clayton Dale H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The eminent parasitologist Clark Read enjoyed talking about hookworms, not because he had an unnatural fondness for the blood-sucking worms, but because, to him, they illustrated a central concept in host-parasite evolution. Exposure to fifty hookworms has considerably different consequences for an internationally recognized athlete and a malnourished infant. The disparity is one between mild irritation on the one hand and severe illness or risk of death on the other. The hookworms may be the same, but the hookworm-human interaction is vastly different (Read, C. P. 1970).
Choice of species
Authors: Savill Peter , Evans Julian , Auclair Daniel , Falck Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What species should I plant? This question leads to one of the most important of all decisions in plantation forestry because of the long cycles involved. An incorrect choice can result in poor health or growth, and even the loss of a crop. During the decades between planting and harvesting the requirements of the trees must be well matched to the chosen site. It is foolish to take risks with trees that may sometimes be justifiable with annual crops. The stresses imposed by droughts, gales, frosts, and fires, some of which will inevitably occur over a plantation rotation of 50 or more years, could lead to serious disease or pest outbreaks or even death. The species selected for planting should therefore be those whose requirements throughout life are likely to be satisfied by the site and climate in question. They must also fulfil the objectives of the planting scheme.
Weed control and cleaning
Authors: Savill Peter , Evans Julian , Auclair Daniel , Falck Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the early stages of establishment of a tree crop, whether it originates from a plantation or from natural regeneration, the high availability of light, water, and nutrients can lead to an explosive development of herbaceous or woody vegetation. A plant is usually regarded as a weed if it grows where it is not wanted and is a positive nuisance in some way. However, some plants can have beneficial effects on the desired tree crop. Management of forest vegetation consists of selecting plants which are considered as favourable and eliminating those considered undesirable (Gama et al. 1987).
Plantations on disturbed land
Authors: Savill Peter , Evans Julian , Auclair Daniel , Falck Jan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A consequence of many mining and other industrial activities is the formation of disturbed land, often consisting of structureless material largely devoid of topsoil and subsoil (e.g. Fig. 14.1). Much of this land is ‘derelict’ and is defined as ‘land so damaged by industrial or other development that it is incapable of beneficial use without treatment’ (Wickens et al. 1995). Many such sites, epitomized by the colliery spoil heap in industrialized regions, are frequently ugly, may erode seriously, and become an environmental hazard. Quite apart from the loss of productive potential of the ground which has been spoilt, these other factors make rapid restoration an important priority. Experience has shown that the cost of restoring much of this kind of derelict land to agriculture is prohibitively expensive. Thus restoration, which used to be viewed as no more than the land being of an acceptable shape and appearing green, was frequently ‘solved’ by planting trees.
From Individual Behaviour to Population Ecology
Authors: Sutherland William J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Population dynamics and animal behaviour are two subjects that have developed almost independently, despite widespread acceptance of the idea that they must have been related. The major objective of this book is to demonstrate how aspects of the population ecology of vertebrates, such as population size, migration systems, and the response of populations to ecological change, can be directly and realistically related to behaviour. Building on the strong theoretical foundation that now underpins behavioural ecology, the author suggests how to extrapolate from behavioural interactions to population-level phenomena, and explains the reasoning behind his approaches. Each chapter presents a combination of theory and empirical examples, and a chapter on modelling techniques is included. This book will be stimulating and useful to students and researchers in behaviour, population ecology, and conservation biology.
Extinctions in the early history of the Metazoa
Authors: Hallam A , Wignall P B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although this book is, for obvious reasons, concerned essentially with the fate of Phanerozoic organisms, claims have been made for mass extinction of Vendian faunas immediately prior to the explosive Cambrian radiation, and these must be addressed. It will therefore be necessary initially to say something about correlation of strata across the Proterozoic-Cambrian boundary, a subject of considerable contention for many years. Important episodes of mass extinction also took place towards the end of the Early Cambrian, and a succession of extinctions among the dominant trilobite fauna in the Late Cambrian will also be considered.