bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantifying Competitive Fitness in Yeast with High‐Throughput Fluorescence Microscopy Imaging
Authors: Sumanarathne Aruni S. , Gerstein Aleeza C. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractCompetitive fitness is a fundamental concept in evolutionary biology that captures the ability of organisms to survive, reproduce, and compete for resources in their environment. Competitive fitness is typically assessed in the lab by growing two or more competitors together and measuring the frequency of each at multiple time points. Traditional microbial competitive fitness assays are labor intensive and involve plating on solid medium and counting colonies. Here, we describe a method to quantitatively measure competitive fitness using fluorescence microscopic imaging and machine‐learning‐enabled image analysis to directly count the number of cells from each competitor in the mixed population. This high‐throughput, primarily automated, and efficient process gives accurate and reproducible results for competitive fitness. Here, we describe the entire process, from sample preparation through microscopy to quantification, and provide instructions and scripts for the image analysis, fitness calculations, and sample data visualizations. © 2025 The Author(s). Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.Basic Protocol 1: Sample preparationBasic Protocol 2: Photographing fluorescing and non‐fluorescing cells using an EVOS microscopeBasic Protocol 3: Counting fluorescing and non‐fluorescing cells with Orbit Image AnalysisBasic Protocol 4: Getting the average cell counts per well and changing the file namesBasic Protocol 5: Calculating competitive fitness using R
A Low‐Profile, Aperture‐Coupled, Diagonal Square Fractal Antenna for Dual‐Band Vehicular Communication
Authors: Rajpoot Shalikram , Ghosh Sourav , Swati M. V. 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTThis paper presents the design of a simple, compact diagonal square fractal (DSF) Antenna suitable for dual‐band Vehicular Communication applications. The proposed DSF antenna has etched on RT/Duroid 5880 substrate with the volume of 20.42 22.71 4.72 mm3 respectively. It consists of dual substrate layers, a square radiation patch with three iterations, and a rectangular aperture‐coupled slotted in‐ground plane. The proposed antenna is intended to operate at 5.9 GHz of the dedicated short‐range communication (DSRC) band (IEEE 802.11p) for vehicle‐to‐vehicle (V2V) communication and vehicle‐to‐infrastructure (V2I) communication system at 9.5 GHz in the X‐band. The proposed antenna has achieved comparatively better and stable gains of 2.43 and 7.88 dBi with fractional bandwidth of 12.95% and 10.89% at DSRC‐band and X‐band, respectively, which provides the scope for using this antenna for various applications in vehicular communication. Desirable stable radiation patterns have been obtained in both planes' indicating relative stability at both frequencies. The efficiencies of 93.34% and 96% are observed at both resonance frequencies. A close agreement between the simulated and experimental results has been achieved. The proposed antenna can apprehend the qualities of ease of fabrication and smaller dimensions to be mounted in autonomous vehicles and vehicle networking communication system equipment and also accomplish noble wireless transmission capabilities in terms of gain, fractional bandwidth, and radiation efficiency from vehicles to vehicles and vehicle to infrastructure.
Advancements in Aquasomes‐Based Topical Drug Delivery for Enhanced Dermatological Treatments
Authors: Das Soumick , Bishal Amlan , Debnath Biplab , Mukherjee Swarupananda 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTBackgroundAquasomes are novel nanoparticulate carriers that are applied topically to deliver medications, particularly in dermatology. These carriers are composed of a polyhydroxy oligomer layer covering a solid core, usually composed of ceramic or calcium phosphate. The bioactivity of delicate molecules, such as proteins, peptides, and genetic material, is preserved by this special structure. Aquasomes are especially useful for improving the stability, bioavailability, and controlled release of therapeutic substance, while reducing systemic absorption and unfavorable side effects.MethodThe efficacy of aquasomes in treating dermatological conditions has been the subject of recent research. Their capacity to administer anti‐inflammatory medications for ailments like acne, psoriasis as well as wound healing has been investigated. Additionally, research has looked into how well aquasomes can help bigger molecules pass through the epidermal barrier. The effectiveness, safety, as well as skin irritation of aquasomes have been evaluated through comparisons with traditional topical formulations.ResultsAquasomes were less irritating and more effective than conventional topical applications for localized skin conditions. Furthermore, a 2024 study showed that aquasomes improved the ability of big molecules to pass through the epidermal barrier, which made them appropriate for noninvasive medication administration.ConclusionIn the fields of dermatology and cosmetics, aquasomes hold great promise as a topical treatment delivery system. With fewer adverse effects, they provide improved stability, bioavailability, along with controlled drug release. The therapeutic value for dealing with skin conditions and enhancing cosmetic formulations will be maximized with continued research to optimize their properties.
Phenological responses to climate change across taxa and local habitats in a high‐Arctic arthropod community
Authors: Gerlich Hannah Sørine , Holmstrup Martin , Schmidt Niels M. , Høye Toke T. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractClimate change has led to pronounced shifts in phenology, varying across taxa. The Arctic is experiencing particularly rapid warming, but long‐term data on phenological changes are rare in this region, especially for arthropods—a diverse taxonomic group that form important links to other trophic levels. Understanding the environmental drivers of arthropod phenological variation is necessary for predicting future trends across taxa and habitats to climate change. Here, we analyze temporal trends and climate associations in arthropod phenology using 25 years of standardized monitoring data from four habitat types in high‐Arctic Greenland. We observed earlier peak activity in the arthropod community, with responses varying considerably among families and habitats. Snowmelt timing was a key driver of peak activity, especially for late‐active taxa, while temperature was a less important driver, but arthropods generally exhibited earlier activity with warming. Responses in the duration of activity were more complex, with family‐ and habitat‐specific responses to climate variation. Notably, taxa in habitats with late snowmelt responded strongly to snowmelt timing, while those in the pond habitat responded strongly to temperature. Mixed feeders and parasitoids showed rapid peak phenological shifts to earlier snowmelt and warming; however, mixed feeders shortened their activity periods, while parasitoids extended theirs. Our findings highlight the complexity of arthropod community phenological responses to climate change, with potential implications for trophic interactions dependent on temporal overlap. By analyzing phenological metrics across entire activity seasons for taxa with different functional and life‐history traits, we identify general trends and consistent patterns that enhance our understanding of arthropod responses to climate change.
Sparse subalpine forest recovery pathways, plant communities, and carbon stocks 34 years after stand‐replacing fire
Authors: Kiel Nathan G. , Mavencamp Eileen F. , Turner Monica G. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractChanging global climate and wildfire regimes are threatening forest resilience (i.e., the ability to recover from disturbance). Yet distinguishing areas of “no” versus “slow” postfire forest recovery is challenging, and consequences of sparse tree regeneration for plant communities and carbon dynamics are uncertain. We studied previously forested areas where tree regeneration remained sparse 34 years after the large, stand‐replacing 1988 Yellowstone fires (Wyoming, USA) to ask the following questions: (1) What are the recovery pathways in areas of sparse and reduced forest recovery and how are they distributed across the landscape? (2) What explains variation in postfire tree regeneration density (total and by species) among sparse recovery pathways? (3) What are the implications of sparse recovery for understory plant communities? (4) How diminished are aboveground carbon stocks in areas of sparse postfire forest recovery? Tree densities and species‐specific age distributions, understory plant communities, and carbon stocks were sampled in 55 plots during summer 2022. We detected three qualitatively distinct sparse recovery pathways (persistent sparse or non‐forest, continuous tree infilling, and recent seedling and sapling establishment). Nearly half of the plots appeared “locked in” as persistently sparse or non‐forest, while the remaining may be on a slow path to forest recovery. Plots with nearby upwind seed sources as well as in situ seed pressure from young postfire trees appear likely to recover to forest. Where trees were sparse or absent, plant communities resembled those found in meadows, capturing compositional changes expected to become more common with continued forest loss. However, forest‐affinity species persisted in mesic locations, indicating mismatches between some plant communities and future forest change. Aboveground carbon stocks were low owing to minimal tree reestablishment. Almost all (96%) carbon was stored in coarse wood, a sharp departure from C storage patterns where forests are recovering. If not offset by future tree regeneration, decomposition of dead biomass will protract postfire aboveground carbon stock recovery. As global disturbance regimes and climate continue to change, determining the drivers of ecosystem reorganization and understanding how such changes will cascade to influence ecosystem structure and function will be increasingly important.
Early life stage bottleneck determines rates of coral recovery following severe disturbance
Authors: Speare Kelly E. , Enright Lauren N. , Aplin Allison , Adam Thomas C. , Edmunds Peter J. , Burkepile Deron E. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractUnderstanding how foundation species recover from disturbances is key for predicting the future of ecosystems in the Anthropocene. Coral reefs are dynamic ecosystems that can undergo rapid declines in coral abundance following disturbances. Understanding why some reefs recover quickly from these disturbances whereas others recover slowly (or not at all) gives insight into the drivers of community resilience. From 2006 to 2010 coral reefs on the fore reef of Moorea, French Polynesia, experienced severe disturbances that reduced coral cover from ~46% in 2005 to <1% in 2010. Following these disturbances, coral cover increased from 2010 to 2018. Although there was a rapid and widespread recovery of corals, reefs at 17 m depth recovered more slowly than reefs at 10 m depth. We investigated the drivers of different rates of coral recovery between depths from 2010 to 2018 using a combination of time‐series data on coral recruitment, density, growth, and mortality in addition to field experiments testing for the effects of predation. Propagule abundance did not influence recovery, as the density of coral recruits (spat <6 months old) did not differ between depths. However, mortality of juvenile corals (≤5 cm diameter) was higher at 17 m, leading to densities of juvenile corals 3.5 times higher at 10 m than at 17 m depth. Yet, there were no differences in the growth of corals between depths. These results point to an early life stage bottleneck after settlement, resulting in greater mortality at 17 m than at 10 m as the likely driver of differential coral recovery between depths. We used experiments and time‐series data to test mechanisms that could drive different rates of juvenile coral mortality across depths, including differences in predation, competition, and the availability of suitable substratum. The results of these experiments suggested that increased coral mortality at 17 m may have been influenced by higher intensity of fish predation, and higher mortality of corals attached to unfavorable substratum. In contrast, the abundance of macroalgae, a coral competitor, did not explain differences in coral survival. Our work suggests that top‐down processes and substratum quality can create bottlenecks in corals that can drive rates of coral recovery after disturbance.
Synthesis and Alkyne Metathesis Activity of Rhenium Carbyne Complexes with PS‐Chelating Ligands
Authors: Yiu Tsang Long , Cheung Kong Lam , Sung Herman H. Y. , Williams Ian D. , Jia Guochen 
Published: January 2025

AbstractInspired by the catalytic alkyne metathesis activity of Re(V) carbyne complexes supported by phosphinophenolate (PO) ligands, new Re(V) carbyne complexes with analogous phoshorus‐sulfur hybrid chelating ligands were synthesized. Treatment of Re(≡CR)Cl2(PMePh2)3 (R = CH2Ph, Ph) with (2‐thiophenyl)diphenylphosphine (Ph2P‐o‐C6H4SH, PSH) in the presence of NEt3 produced the six‐coordinated PS complexes Re(≡CR)(PMePh2)(PS)2 (PS = Ph2P‐o‐C6H4S), which reacted with [(η6‐cymene)RuCl2]2 to give five‐coordinated trigonal bipyramidal complexes Re(≡CR)(PS)2 and (η6‐cymene)RuCl2(PMePh2). The complex Re(≡CCH2Ph)(PS)2 can be oxidized to give the sulfinate complex Re(≡CCH2Ph)(H2O)(PSO)2 (PSO = Ph2P‐o‐C6H4SO2). The thiophenolate complexes Re(≡CR)(PMePh2)(PS)2 and Re(≡CR)(PS)2 showed marginal alkyne metathesis activity at 100 °C, whereas the sulfinate complex Re(≡CCH2Ph)(H2O)(PSO)2 is unreactive toward alkyne metathesis reactions under similar condition. DFT calculations reveal that the lower metathesis activity of the thiophenolate and sulfinate complexes compared with that of PO complexes can be related to the thermochemistry of alkyne coordination to five‐coordinated species Re(≡CR)(PX)2 (X = O, S, SO). The alkyne coordination to give an alkyne‐alkylidyne complex is thermodynamically favored for Re(≡CR)(PO)2, but is unfavored for Re(≡CR)(PS)2 and Re(≡CR)(PSO)2, resulting in a higher barrier for alkyne metathesis in PS and PSO systems.
The 9/3 Min Running Test: A Simple and Practical Approach to Estimate the Critical and Maximal Aerobic Power
Authors: Ruiz‐Alias Santiago A. , Marcos‐Blanco Aitor , Fernández‐Navarrete Iván , Pérez‐Castilla Alejandro , García‐Pinillos Felipe 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTThis study aims to determine the validity of the linear critical power (CP) and Peronnet models to estimate the power output associated with the second ventilatory threshold (VT2) and the maximal aerobic power (MAP) using two‐time trials. Nineteen recreational runners (10 males and 9 females and maximum oxygen uptake: 53.0 ± 4.7 mL/kg/min) performed a graded exercise test (GXT) to determine the VT2 and MAP. On a second test, athletes performed two‐time trials of 9 and 3 min interspaced by 30 min. The CP was determined from the linear CP model and compared with the power output associated with the VT2. The MAP was determined from the linear Peronnet model, established at 7 min, and compared with the MAP determined in the GXT. The CP model was valid for determining the VT2, regardless of sex (p = 0.130; 9/3 vs. GXT: 3.5 [−1.1 to 8.2] W). The MAP was overestimated (p = 0.015) specifically in males (9/3 vs. GXT: 9.2 [3.3 to 15.1] W) rather than in females (p = 9/3 vs. GXT: 1.7 [−4.4 to 8.0] W). Therefore, MAP estimates were determined introducing the CP and W' parameters to a stepwise multiple linear regression analysis. For females, the CP was the unique significant predictor of MAP (p < 0.001) explaining 96.7% of the variance. In males, both CP and W' were significant predictors of MAP (p < 0.001) explaining 97.7% of the variance. Practitioners can validly estimate the VT2 and MAP through a practical testing protocol in both male and female recreational runners.
Multi‐Wound Classification: Exploring Image Enhancement and Deep Learning Techniques
Authors: Odame Prince , Ahiamadzor Maxwell Mawube , Derkyi Nana Kwaku Baah , Boateng Kofi Agyekum , Sarfo‐Acheampong Kelvin , Tchao Eric Tutu , Agbemenu Andrew Selasi , Nunoo‐Mensah Henry , Agyapong Dorothy Araba Yakoba , Kponyo Jerry John 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTWounds contribute to 30%–42% of hospital visits and 9% of deaths but remain underreported in Africa. Diseases and surgeries increase wound prevalence, especially in rural areas where 27%–82% of people live, and health facilities are poor or non‐existent. This research aims to design a disease‐related wound classification model for online diagnosis and telemedicine support for traditional health practitioners and village health workers. This paper focuses on wounds from diabetic ulcers, pressure ulcers, surgery, and venous ulcers. The approaches used included Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) with machine and deep learning models, Discrete Wavelet Transformations (DWT) with a novel Gated Wavelet Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model, and FixCaps, an improved version of Capsule Networks utilizing Convolutional Block Attention Module (CBAM) to reduce spatial information loss. The performance metrics showed similar results for the first two approaches, but FixCaps was the most proficient, with accuracy, precision, recall, and F‐score of 93.83%, 95.41%, 88.63%, and 90.93% respectively. FixCaps had trainable parameters of about 8.28 MB compared with the 195.64 MB of the Gated Wavelet CNN Model.
Techno‐Economic Evaluation of Synthetic and Natural Antioxidants Used for Enhancing Oxidation Stability of Biodiesel
Authors: Kahimbi Henry , Monge Emmanuel Stephen , Kichonge Baraka , Kivevele Thomas 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTThe oxidation stability of biodiesel is a critical factor affecting its storage and performance, necessitating the use of antioxidants to enhance its shelf life and reliability. Both natural and synthetic antioxidants have proven effective in improving the oxidation stability of biodiesel, with numerous studies demonstrating their ability to extend the induction period and delay oxidative degradation. However, while the technical efficacy of these antioxidants is well‐documented, the techno‐economic analysis that evaluates the cost‐effectiveness of using natural versus synthetic antioxidants remains unexplored. This creates uncertainty in selecting the most sustainable and economically viable antioxidant option. This study aimed to conduct a techno‐economic analysis comparing the cost‐effectiveness of synthetic and natural antioxidants in stabilizing biodiesel. The study evaluated synthetic antioxidants, specifically hydrogenated methoxy eugenol, and natural antioxidants derived from the methanolic extract of wild loquat plants, along with a comparison to commonly used synthetic antioxidants. Comprehensive simulations and modeling were conducted using Aspen Plus® V10 commercial simulation software in a block‐wise manner. The technical performance was assessed by considering the quantities and qualities of biodiesel, glycerol, and antioxidants. The synthetic antioxidant processes resulted in negative net present values and longer payback periods of 11.7 to 17.8 years, while natural antioxidants showed shorter payback periods ranging from 3.8 to 12 years. Natural antioxidants, particularly those extracted from clove wastes and wild loquat plant parts, demonstrated superior techno‐economic performance with the lowest operating and raw materials costs, shortest payback period, highest internal rate of return (IRR), and best profitability. Therefore, natural antioxidants are the most economically viable option for biodiesel stabilization, outperforming synthetic antioxidants in terms of operating costs, payback period, IRR, and profitability.
ChatGPT and Commodity Return
Authors: Gao Shen , Wang Shijie , Wang Yuanzhi , Zhang Qunzi 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTThis paper investigates the ability of a ChatGPT‐based indicator to forecast excess returns of the commodity futures index. Using ChatGPT to extract information from over 2.5 million articles from nine international newspapers, we demonstrate that our constructed commodity news ratio index significantly predicts future commodity returns, both in‐sample and out‐of‐sample. Furthermore, it outperforms traditional textual analysis methods, including Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) and Bag‐of‐Words (BoW), while indicating economic significance within an asset allocation framework. The results highlight the critical role of ChatGPT in forecasting commodity market dynamics and provide valuable insights for both financial market participants and researchers.
Research and Prospect of CCUS‐EOR Technology and Carbon Emission Reduction Accounting Evaluation
Authors: Lu Yanjun , Fan Qianbo , Yang Manping , Ma Jianguo , Meng Lan , Wu Zhaoran 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTAs a potential carbon emission reduction measure, carbon capture, utilization and storage technology is of great significance to achieve the goals of “carbon peak” and “carbon neutrality.” The implementation of carbon capture, utilization, and storage‐enhanced oil recovery (CCUS‐EOR) in the oil and gas industry serves the dual purpose of utilizing greenhouse gases as resources and enhancing oil recovery. This approach is a key strategy for achieving carbon emission reductions. In this study, the key problems of source‐sink matching, injection mode, oil displacement storage, and leakage were analyzed in conjunction with CCUS‐EOR technology used in both domestic and foreign oil fields. Additionally, the carbon emission reduction accounting methods of different oil fields were compared. Carbon source, carbon dioxide concentration, capture, and transportation mode are important influencing factors of carbon source selection. The project should follow the principle of proximity and select high‐concentration gas source as the development object in the early stage; the main methods of carbon dioxide injection are continuous carbon dioxide injection, alternating water and gas injection, and CO2 huff and puff among which injection speed and injection pressure are the key parameters; the underground occurrence state and storage capacity of carbon dioxide gas are dynamic changes in the process of oil displacement and storage; the three parts of surface leakage, injection wellbore leakage, and production well production are the key points of CCUS‐EOR project leakage. The corresponding monitoring methods are analyzed for different leakage modes; the CCUS‐EOR carbon emission reduction accounting method is comprehensively analyzed, and the application of carbon emission reduction accounting methods in major oilfields is compared. The accounting method of “life cycle assessment (LCA) + emission factor method + actual measurement method” is proposed. The research holds significant importance for enhancing the entire CCUS‐EOR technology chain and refining the CCUS‐EOR emission reduction accounting methodology. It also facilitates the integration of CCUS‐EOR projects into the carbon trading market, thereby enabling the efficient development of carbon assets in carbon dioxide flooding projects within oil and gas fields.