bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunopeptidometric Assay for Enzymatically Active Prostate-Specific Antigen
Authors: Wu Ping , Zhu Lei , Stenman Ulf-Håkan , Leinonen Jari 
Published: February 2004

Abstract
Background: Determinations of certain forms of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) have been shown to increase the specificity for prostate cancer (PCa). One such variant, proteolytically active PSA, is a potentially useful tumor marker, but it is not specifically recognized by antibodies. Using phage display libraries, we previously identified a “family” of peptides that bind specifically to active PSA. We used these to develop an immunopeptidometric assay (IPMA) that specifically detects this form of PSA.
Methods: Microtitration plates coated with a PSA antibody were used to capture PSA, and a PSA-binding glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion peptide was used as a tracer. Bound tracer was detected with an antibody to GST labeled with a europium chelate. PSA isoenzymes with high and low enzymatic activity were used to study binding specificity.
Results: The IPMA detected enzymatically active PSA but not internally cleaved PSA and pro-PSA, which are enzymatically inactive. The assay detected 1–10% of free PSA in serum from PCa patients.
Conclusions: Peptides identified by phage display can be used to develop assays with unique specificities for enzymatically active PSA. IPMA represents a new assay principle with wide potential utility.
High-Level Multiplex Genotyping of Polymorphisms Involved in Folate or Homocysteine Metabolism by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Meyer Klaus , Fredriksen Åse , Ueland Per Magne 
Published: February 2004

AbstractBackground: Increased plasma total homocysteine (tHcy), a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is related to genetic, environmental, and nutritional factors, in particular folate status. Future large epidemiologic studies of the genetic basis of hyperhomocysteinemia will require high-throughput assays for polymorphisms of genes related to folate and Hcy metabolism.Method: We developed a high-level multiplex genotyping method based on matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for the detection of 12 polymorphisms in 8 genes involved in folate or Hcy metabolism. The assay includes methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677C&gt;T and 1298A&gt;C, methionine synthase (MTR) 2756A&gt;G, methionine synthase reductase (MTRR) 66A&gt;G, cystathionine β-synthase (CBS) 844ins68 and 699C&gt;T, transcobalamin II (TCII) 776C&gt;G and 67A&gt;G, reduced folate carrier-1 (RFC1) 80G&gt;A, paraoxonase-1 (PON1) 575A&gt;G and 163T&gt;A, and betaine homocysteine methyltransferase (BHMT) 742G&gt;A.Results: The failure rate of the assay was ≤1.7% and was attributable to unsuccessful DNA purification, nanoliter dispensing, and spectrum calibration. Most errors were related to identification of heterozygotes as homozygotes. The mean error rate was 0.26%, and error rates differed for the various single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Identification of CBS 844ins68 was carried out by a semiquantitative approach. The throughput of the MALDI-TOF MS assay was 1152 genotypes within 20 min.Conclusions: This high-level multiplex method is able to genotype 12 polymorphisms involved in folate or Hcy metabolism. The method is rapid and reproducible and could facilitate large-scale studies of the genetic basis of hyperhomocysteinemia and associated pathologies.
Evaluation of an intervention program for the reduction of bullying and victimization in schools
Authors: Baldry Anna C. , Farrington David P. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe present study evaluates the effect of an intervention program on the reduction of bullying and victimization in schools with a sample of 239 students aged 10–16 years old in Rome, Italy. The program deals with bullying and violence. It consists of three videos and a booklet that help students to develop the social cognitive competence skills to understand the negative consequences of aggressive behavior. The intervention was evaluated using an experimental design with pre‐test and post‐test analyses. Students were randomly allocated to experimental or control classes. Students completed a self‐report questionnaire in which they were asked to indicate on a 5–point scale how often they were victimized or bullied others. Victimization and bullying were assessed by using questions about specific types of actions, a composite measure of victimization and bullying, and a single question about victimization and bullying in general. Results showed that the program worked best for older students, but not for younger ones who in some cases reported an increased level of victimization after the intervention. For older students there was a decrease in victimization according to the sum of types of behavior for the experimental group, but an increase for the control group. The same result was found for direct victimization, having belongings stolen, and being called nasty names. Therefore, the program seemed to be beneficial for older students but possibly damaging for younger students. It is suggested that the program could have worked better with older students because of the cognitive skills it required. Younger students could have reported higher levels of bullying after the intervention because they became more sensitized to the topic of bullying. Aggr. Behav. 30:1–15, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Does perpetrator punishment satisfy victims' feelings of revenge?
Authors: Orth Ulrich 
Published: January 2004

AbstractCriminal victimization often provokes strong feelings of revenge. Two studies were conducted to investigate whether legal punishment of the perpetrator reduces victims' feelings of revenge. A cross‐sectional study of 174 crime victims revealed that punishment severity does not predict feelings of revenge at a time several years after the trial. A longitudinal study of 31 crime victims revealed that, for the time interval from a few weeks before the trial to a few weeks after the trial, punishment severity significantly predicts a decrease in feelings of revenge; nevertheless intraindividual and interindividual stability of these feelings was high. Taken together, results of the two studies suggest that perpetrator punishment only partially, and moreover only transitorily, satisfies victims' feelings of revenge. Therefore, satisfaction of victims' feelings of revenge cannot be taken as empirical justification for tightening of sentencing norms. Aggr. Behav. 30:62–70, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association between measures of aggression and bullying among juvenile and young offenders
Authors: Ireland Jane L. , Archer John 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThis study addresses the relationship between aggression and behaviors indicative of bullying in a sample of incarcerated male juvenile and young offenders. The study also addresses whether or not offenders who bully others and/or are bullied themselves can be identified by the type of aggression that they report. Ninety‐five juvenile and 196 young offenders completed a self‐report behavioral checklist (DIPC: Direct and Indirect Prisoner Behavior Checklist) that addressed their experience of and involvement in behaviors indicative of bullying. They also completed the Aggression Questionnaire (AQ), a measure of physical and verbal aggression, anger and hostility. Four categories of offenders were identified from the DIPC ‐ pure bullies, pure victims, those who were both bullies and victims (bully/victims), and those not‐involved in bullying behavior. As predicted, behaviors measured on the DIPC that were indicative of ‘bullying others’ correlated positively with scores on the AQ. There was no indication, however, that physical AQ and physical bullying on the DIPC were the same constructs. There was a closer association between verbal AQ scores and verbal bullying on the DIPC. Bullies and bully/victims reported higher levels of physical and verbal aggression, and bully/victims reported higher levels of hostility and anger, than the other categories. It is concluded that although there are similarities between the AQ and the DIPC, there is no evidence that they are measuring the same type of aggression, although different groups involved in bullying can be partly distinguished by their scores on the AQ. Aggr. Behav. 30:29–42, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mathematics in chemical engineering: A 50 year introspection
Authors: Ramkrishna Doraiswami , Amundson Neal R. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractA review is made of the role of mathematics in the field of chemical engineering in the latter half of the twentieth century. The beginning of this era was marked by the concerted effort of a few to raise the mathematical consciousness of the profession to think fundamentally about processes. We have accomplished this review by providing a rough structure of the areas of mathematics, deliberating on how each area has matured through growing applications, to conclude that mathematics is the main medium to meditate not only about processes, but even about materials and products. As we are clearly entering another era where the domain of chemical engineering is expanding into new areas with a focus on discovery oriented high throughput technology, modeling and rapid computation must provide the guidelines for rational interpretation of multitudes of observations. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical EngineersAIChE J,50: 7–23, 2004
Simulation of buoyancy driven bubbly flow: Established simplifications and open questions
Authors: Sokolichin A. , Eigenberger G. , Lapin A. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractAn assessment is given of the present state of modeling and simulation of buoyancy driven gas‐liquid bubble flow based on the two‐fluid approach. Main points of discussion comprise the admissible model simplifications in order to obtain a more easily solvable model together with the question of which physical effects are of prime importance and which reliable correlations can be recommended or are still missing. It is shown that, for most practical cases, the two‐fluid model can be simplified to a formulation which allows for the application of efficient solution strategies for single‐phase flow. From the different interaction forces between gas and liquid, pressure and drag force are most important, whereas no sound experimental basis is available for (lateral) lift forces. So far, lift forces have primarily been used empirically to adjust the gas distribution to the experimental observation. The main open question concerns the prope! r modeling of turbulence in gas‐liquid bubble flow since it affects both the mixture viscosity and the bubble dispersion. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 24–45, 2004
Fractal analysis of permeabilities for porous media
Authors: Yu Boming , Liu Wei 
Published: January 2004

AbstractA fractal analysis of permeabilities for porous media, both saturated and unsaturated, is presented based on the fractal nature of pores in the media. Both the fractal‐phase permeability and the fractal relative permeability are derived and found to be a function of the tortuosity fractal dimension, pore‐area fractal dimension, phase fractal dimension, saturation, and microstructural parameters. The proposed models for permeabilities—both the phase permeability and the relative permeability—do not contain any empirical constant. The validity of the present analysis is verified by a comparison with the existing measurements, and excellent agreement between the model predictions and experimental data is found. In addition, the present work reveals that the relative permeability depends not only on saturation but also on the two fractal dimensions, pore fractal dimension (at porosity greater than 0.90), and tortuosity fractal dimension, which characterize the fractal characters of capillaries in porous media. The two fractal dimensions may be the two of the important mechanisms affecting the relative permeability in porous media, and this is a supplement to the available conclusion on relative permeability. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 46–57, 2004
Mechanism of mass‐transfer enhancement in textiles by ultrasound
Authors: Moholkar Vijayanand S. , Warmoeskerken Marijn M. C. G. , Ohl Claus Dieter , Prosperetti Andrea 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe intensification of wet textile processes, such as cleaning and dyeing, by application of ultrasound is well known. In these processes, mass transfer in the interyarn and intrayarn pores of the textile is the basic physical phenomenon. The results of experiments on textile cleaning, based on basic principles of acoustics and cavitation, coupled with analysis of the surface and cross section of the ultrasound‐treated textile and high‐speed imaging of the cleaning process, are reported. It is revealed that transient cavitation in the vicinity of the textile surface, and not the ultrasound wave itself, is the physical mechanism responsible for the enhanced cleaning effect. Intense microconvection due to the transient bubble motion driven by ultrasound enhances fluid flow and, thus, mass transfer through the textile. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 58–64, 2004
Mass transfer between flowing fluid and sphere buried in packed bed of inerts
Authors: Guedes de Carvalho J. R. F. , Delgado J. M. P. Q. , Alves M. A. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe equations describing fluid flow and mass transfer around a sphere buried in a packed bed are presented, with due consideration given to the processes of transverse and longitudinal dispersion. Numerical solution of the equations was undertaken to obtain point values of the Sherwood number as a function of the Peclet and Schmidt numbers over a wide range of values of the relevant parameters. A correlation is proposed that describes accurately the dependence found numerically between the values of the Sherwood number and the values of Peclet and Schmidt numbers. Experiments on the dissolution of solid spheres (benzoic acid and 2‐naphthol) buried in packed beds of sand, through which water was forced, at temperatures in the range 293 K to 373 K, gave values of the Sherwood number that were used to test the theoretical results obtained. Excellent agreement was found between theory and experiment, including the large number of available data for naphthalene–air, and this helps establish the proposed correlation as “general” for mass transfer between a buried sphere and the fluid (liquid or gas) flowing around it. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 65–74, 2004
Characterization of trailing vortices generated by a Rushton turbine
Authors: Escudié Renaud , Bouyer Denis , Liné Alain 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe discharge flow of a Rushton turbine is characterized by a counter‐rotating vortex pair generated behind the impeller blade. The objective here is to characterize these trailing vortices. To this end, PIV measurements were synchronized with blade position. These measurements were performed to identify and locate the trailing vortices, according to an identification technique proposed to detect a vortical region. The advantage of this method for determining the trailing vortex is highlighted after comparison to previous techniques. The trajectory of the vortices is deduced and it is shown to follow the phase‐averaged velocity field induced by the impeller. The trailing vortices were characterized in terms of size and velocity circulation within the vortex. The interactions between these organized structures and turbulence were also illustrated. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 75–86, 2004
Separation characteristics of swirl‐tube dust separators
Authors: Peng Weiming , Hoffmann Alex C. , Dries Huub 
Published: January 2004

AbstractExperimental results for the overall efficiency, pressure drop, and grade efficiency curves (GECs) in a laboratory cylindrical swirl tube with inlet vanes are given and compared with experimental data and model predictions for a tangential‐inlet, cylinder‐on‐cone cyclone, tested in the same rig. The results show that the performance of swirl tubes is comparable with that of cyclones in spite of the simpler body shape, and also that swirl tubes are more compact than cyclones when operating at the same pressure drop and capacity and with the same cut point (efficiency). The S shape of the GEC in swirl tubes, however, differs in steepness from that of conventional cyclones. That steepness m (larger m, steeper GEC, that is, sharper cut) had values between 2.5 and 3 in the swirl tube and around 4 in the cyclone. The values found for the swirl tube are still well within the range of 2–4 often seen in industrial cyclones. The swirl tube GEC, while less steep around the 50% mark, is steeper at larger particle sizes. Using Stokesian scaling, the GECs from the laboratory swirl tube, which was working alone, are also compared with experimental GECs from a commercial swirl‐tube installation, in which the swirl tubes work in parallel. The commercial GEC is found to be slightly less steep: this, in fact, favors the separation of “microfines” (responsible for equipment fouling), while the separation of coarse particles remains sufficiently large. Underperformance of the commercial installation due to cross talk could not be detected. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50:87–96, 2004
Vacuum drying of wood with radiative heating: I. Experimental procedure
Authors: Perré Patrick , Mosnier Stéphane , Turner Ian W. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractExperimental results for the vacuum drying of wood with radiative heating are presented. In particular, the temperature and pressure measurements at different locations within the board are provided, as are the overall drying curves. The heat source is such that the temperature at the end of the process remains low (≈150°C), and under these conditions, the drying process resembles convective drying with superheated steam. Further important details concerning the internal transfer mechanisms that are induced by this drying process can be pointed out by comparing results for sapwood and heartwood of different species (Picea abies, Abies alba and Fagus silvatica). These extensive experimental data sets will be used in Part II of this work for the purposes of assessing the accuracy and predictive ability of two different drying models and for analyzing the vacuum drying process further at a fundamental level. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50:97–107, 2004
Vacuum drying of wood with radiative heating: II. Comparison between theory and experiment
Authors: Turner Ian W. , Perré Patrick 
Published: January 2004

AbstractIn part I of this work extensive experimental data sets for the vacuum drying of wood with radiative heating were presented for sapwood and heartwood of different species (Picea abies, Abies alba, and Fagus silvatica). These data sets are used here to validate two previously developed drying models. The first drying model, which is known as TransPore, is a comprehensive model able to capture the intricately coupled heat‐ and mass‐transfer mechanisms that evolve throughout the drying process. The second model, which is known as Front_2D, uses a number of simplifying assumptions to reduce the complexity of the comprehensive model to a system that enables a semianalytical approach to be exploited for its solution. Although the first model provides a more accurate description of the entire process, the second model is able to produce representative solutions very efficiently in terms of overall computational times, making it a viable option for on‐line control purposes. The comparison with experimental data highlights that both models are able to capture all of the observed trends, allowing them to be used with confidence for investigating the vacuum drying process at a fundamental level. The new contribution of this work lies in the fact that both models are used here for the first time to simulate drying at a reduced external pressure. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 108–118, 2004
Kinetics of reactive extraction of penicillin G by amberlite LA‐2 in kerosene
Authors: Lee Sang Cheol 
Published: January 2004

AbstractPenicillin G was extracted by the carrier, Amberlite LA‐2, in a nonpolar organic solvent in a dispersed liquid–liquid extraction system. A mass‐transfer model for the system was developed for the purpose of getting a kinetic expression of the reaction between penicillin G and the carrier. The model takes into account the reaction at the interface between continuous aqueous phase and dispersed organic drops, and the diffusion of penicillin G in the dispersed organic drop. The calculated results from the model were in good agreement with the experimental data. Also, the validity of the model was certified by comparing the experimental data with the calculated results from the model at the wide range of Danckwert and Biot numbers used to determine which rate step has a larger effect on the extraction rate. In addition, the rate expression of the interfacial reaction determined here could be satisfactorily used to explain the effect of initial penicillin G concentration on penicillin G extraction by the carrier in previous ELM systems. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 119–126, 2004
Separation of CO2/N2 mixtures using MFI‐type zeolite membranes
Authors: Bernal M. P. , Coronas J. , Menéndez M. , Santamaría J. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractMFI‐type zeolite (ZSM5) membranes were prepared on alumina and stainless steel tubular supports and tested for the separation of CO2/N2 mixtures. The effect of several operating variables (temperature, feed and permeate pressures, feed composition, use of sweep gas, presence of water in the feed, membrane module configuration) was investigated. The separation between CO2 and N2 takes place because of the preferential adsorption of CO2, which hinders the permeation of N2 through the zeolite pore network. The best results in this work were obtained with a Na‐ZSM5 membrane, and using a large pressure gradient. In this case, a permeation flux as large as 9.2 kg/(m2 · h) [permeance of 2.6 × 10−6 mol/(m2 · s · Pa)] with a CO2/N2 separation factor of 13.7 was obtained. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 127–135, 2004
Inferential product quality control of a multistage batch plant
Authors: Lee Jay H. , Dorsey Andrew W. , Russell Stephen 
Published: January 2004

AbstractA modeling framework is developed that addresses the connectivity of a particular, but commonplace, batch plant configuration. Traditional inferential model building techniques such as partial least squares (PLS) and subspace identification are modified to allow for the identification of models that capture the correlation structure across the plant, so that when a disturbance or deviation is detected in one reactor, such information can be shared with other reactors to improve overall control performance. The ability to use information from other running reactors, as well as from previous batch runs, translates into more informed control decisions leading to better overall plant performance. The developed modeling strategy will be applied using data generated from simulating a rigorous model of the Nylon 6,6 process. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 136–148, 2004