bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional evaluation of inhibition of autonomic transmitter release by autoantibody from lambert eaton myasthenic syndrome
Authors: Houzen Hideki , Hattori Yuichi , Kanno Morio , Kikuchi Seiji , Tashiro Kunio , Motomura Masakatsu , Nakao Youko , Nakamura Tatsufumi 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effects of the anti–voltage‐gated Ca2+ channel (VGCC) antibody obtained from patients with Lambert‐Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) on autonomic neurotransmission were studied in in‐vitro experiments. The releases of acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine from the autonomic nerves were evaluated by changes in the contractile responses of guinea pig taenia caeci and left atria to electric field stimulation, respectively. Incubations for 6 hours with LEMS serum and IgG, both of which contain anti‐VGCC antibody, markedly suppressed the parasympathetic response but did not affect the sympathetic response. Pharmacological experiments with specific blockers to the VGCC subtypes showed that the Q‐type VGCC is closely linked to the genesis of the parasympathetic responses. We suggest that the anti‐VGCC antibody from the LEMS patients specifically reduces the ACh release from the parasympathetic nerve by binding to the Q‐type VGCC.
Codon 219 lys allele of PRNP is not found in sporadic Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease
Authors: Shibuya Satoshi , Higuchi June , Shin Ryong‐Woon , Tateishi June , Kitamoto Tetsuyuki 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe polymorphism at codon 219 of the prion protein gene (PRNP) was found in the general Japanese population with 6% allele frequency. Herein, we examined 85 cases of sporadic Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease (CJD) for the codon 219 polymorphism. The codon 219Glu/Lys heterozygous polymorphism was not found in these CJD cases. In addition, we examined 43 patients with dementia of non‐CJD origin, and 4 were found to have the codon 219 Glu/Lys heterozygous polymorphism with a similar allele frequency as in the general population. Thus, the codon 219Glu/Lys heterozygous polymorphism might be uniquely excluded from sporadic CJD.
The apolipoprotein E ε4 allele is not a significant risk factor for frontotemporal dementia
Authors: Geschwind Dan , Karrim Juliana , Nelson Stanley F. , Miller Bruce 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFrontotemporal dementia (FTD) is the most common early‐onset non‐Alzheimer's dementia (non‐AD). Although the role of the ε4 allele of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) has been well established in AD, studies of ApoE allele distribution in patients with FTD have produced variable results. We studied 33 rigorously diagnosed FTD patients, including several who wre pathologically confirmed, and compared the fequency of the ε4 allele in patients with FTD with the frequency in those with early‐onset AD (EOAD), in those with late‐onset AD (LOAD), and in non‐demented elderly controls. The frequency of ApoE ε4 was 21% in patients with FTD, significantly less than the ApoE ε4 frequency in those patients with EOAD (38%) and those with LOAD (40%), but not significantly different from the ApoE ε4 frequency in elderly controls (13%).
Role of collateral flow on cerebral hemodynamics in patients with unilateral internal carotid artery occlusion
Authors: van Everdinge K. J. , Visser G. H. , Klijn C. J. M. , Kappelle L. J. , van Der Grond J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the role of collateral blood flow via the anterior and posterior communicating arteries (ACoA and PCoA) and via the ophthalmic artery (OphA) on cerebral hemodynamics, metabolism, and border zone infarcts in 57 patients with unilateral symptomatic occlusions of the internal carotid artery. Collateral flow via the ACoA and PCoA was determined with magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) and collateral flow via the OphA with transcranial Doppler (TCD). Volume flow was studied with MRA, metabolism with 1H MR spectroscopy, CO2 reactivity with TCD, and the incidence of border zone infarcts with MRI. Compared with controls, patients had deteriorated volume flow, metabolism, and CO2 reactivity. No differences were found between patients with and patients without collateral flow through the ACoA and/or PCoA, or between patients with or without collateral flow via the OphA. Patients without collateral flow via any of these collaterals had decreased volume flow in the middle cerebral artery, decreased N‐acetylaspartate/choline, and increased lactate/ N‐acetylaspartate, compared with the other patients. Patients with symptomatic internal carotid artery occlusion have deteriorated cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism. Different collateral flow patterns via the ACoA, PCoA, or OphA have no effect on the hemodynamic and metabolic parameters, as long as one of these pathways is present.
The influence of nuclear background on the biochemical expression of 3460 Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy
Authors: Cock H. R. , Tabrizi S. J. , Cooper J. M. , Schapira A. H. V. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe role of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations in the pathogenesis of Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) has yet to be characterized. Several clinical feature of the disease imply that nuclear genes might also be involved in its expressions. We have confirmed the presence of a severe NADH:coenzyme Q1 reductase (complex I) defect in association with the A3460G mtDNA LHON mutation in cultured fibroblasts compared with age‐matched controls. This defect was not seen in clonal fibroblasts with 0% mutant mtDNA developed from a heteroplasmic A3460G LHON subject, confirming the association between the A3460G mutation and the complex I defect. Cybrids prepared from the fusion of enucleated fibroblasts homplasmic for the A3460G mutation with 206 (osteosarcoma) cells lacking mtDNA (ρo) also had a severe deficiency of complex I activity. However, in A3460G LHON fusion cybrids containing a different nuclear background, A549 ρO (lung derived), this biochemical defect was not apparent in all the clones studied. These results suggest that the nuclear environment can influence the expression of the biochemical defect in LHON patients with the A3460G mutation.
The α‐synuclein Ala53Thr mutation is not a common cause of familial Parkinson's disease: A study of 230 European cases
Authors: Vaughan Jenny , Durr Alexandra , Tassin Johann , Bereznai Benjamin , Gasser Thomas , Bonifati Vincenzo , De Michele Giuseppe , Fabrizio Edito , Volpe Gianpiero , Bandmann O. , Johnson William G. , Golbe Lawrence I. , Breteler Monique , Meco Giuseppe , Agid Yves , Brice Alexis , Marsden C. David , Wood Nicholas W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe report the results of a screen of 230 European familial index cases of Parkinson's disease for the recently described Ala53Thr mutation in the α‐synuclein gene in an autosomal dominant Parkinson's disease kindred. No mutations were found from this broad white population, and we therefore conclude that although of great interest, this mutation is a very rare cause of familial Parkinson's disease.
Infrequent detection of human herpesvirus 6 DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from multiple sclerosis patients
Authors: Mayne Michael , Krishnan Jay , Metz Luanne , Nath Avindra , Auty Anthony , Sahai Beni M. , Power Christopher 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSeveral studies have suggested an association between human herpesvirus 6 (HHV‐6) infection and multiple sclerosis. As HHV‐6 is predominantly a T‐cell tropic virus, we examined the frequency of detection of HHV‐6 genome in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from relapsing–remitting (n = 32) and chronic progressive (n = 14) patients and from healthy (n = 17) and neurological (n = 7) controls. Two sensitive polymerase chain reaction assays were used to target different regions within the HHV‐6 genome. Depending on the polymerase chain reaction assay used, the detection of HHV‐6 genome ranged from 11.7 to 23.5% (controls), 3.1 to 23.0% (relapsing–remitting), and 14.2 to 28.5% (chronic progressive). Although these observations do not exclude a pathogenic role for HHV‐6 in multiple sclerosis, they indicate a lack of correlation between HHV‐6 infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the development of multiple sclerosis.
β‐Chemokines MCP‐1 and RANTES are selectively increased in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with human immunodeficiency virus–associated dementia
Authors: Kelder Wendy , McArthur Justin C. , Nance‐Sproson Tish , McClernon Daniel , Griffin Diane E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractHuman immunodeficiency virus–associated dementia (HAD) is associated with increased numbers of activated central nervous system (CNS) macrophages. Chemokines, which regulate infiltration of macrophages, were measured in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐negative and HIV‐positive individuals with and without neurological disese. Monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)‐1 and RANTES (but not MCP‐3), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)‐1α, MIP‐1β, or interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) was higher in HAD. MCP‐1 correlated with CSF viral load and severity of dementia, and it increased over time in patients who developed dementia.
Consequences of neonatal seizures in the rat: Morphological and behavioral effects
Authors: Holmes Gergory L. , Gairsa Jean‐Luc , Chevassus‐Au‐Louis Nicolas , Ben‐Ari Yehezkel 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWhereas neonatal seizures are a predictor of adverse neurological outcome, there is controversy regarding whether seizures simply reflect an underlying brain injury or can cause damage. We subjected neonatal rats to a series of 25 brief flurothyl‐induced seizures. Once mature the rats were compared with control littermates for spatial learning and activity level. Short‐term effects of recurrent seizures on hippocampal excitation were assessed by using the intact hippocampus formal preparation and long‐term effects by assessing seizure threshold. Brains were analysed for neuronal loss, sprouting of granule cell axons (mossy fibers), and neurogenesis. Compared with controls, rats subjected to neonatal seizures had impaired learning and decreased activity levels. There were no differences in paired‐pulse excitation or inhibition or duration of afterdischarges in the intact hippocampal preparation. However, when studied as adults, rats with recurrent flurothyl seizures had a significantly lower seizure threshold to pentylenetrazol than controls. Rats with recurrent seizures had greater numbers of dentate granule cells and more newly formed granule cells than the controls. Rats with recurrent seizures also had sprouting of mossy fibers in CA3 and the supragranular region. Recurrent brief seizures during the neonatal period have long‐term detrimental effects on behavior, seizure susceptibility, and brain development.
Aicardi‐Goutières syndrome: An update and results of interferon‐α studies
Authors: GoutièRes Françoise , Aicardi Jean , Barth Peter G. , Lebon Pierre 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTwenty‐seven patients with familial encephalopathy with calcification of the basal ganglia and chronic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) lymphocytosis (Aicardi‐Goutières syndrome) are reviewed. In 19 children, the onset was within the first 4 months of life. Most patients had normal head circumference at birth, but 21 developed microcephaly between 3 and 12 months. Neuroimaging showed severe and progressive brain atrophy in all patients. The extent and intensity of the calcification was variable even in the same sibship. CSF lymphocytosis persisted beyond 12 months of age in 7 children. High levels of interferon‐α were found in serum and CSF in 14 patients. The higher CSF levels suggest intrathecal synthesis. Tubuloreticular inclusions related to the presence of interferon were found in 4 additional children. The 19 patients still alive (6 older than 10 years) are profoundly disabled. However, the syndrome may present with individual variations in severity, rapidity of evolution, and imaging features. Neuropathological examination in 2 patients failed to detect significant inflammatory lesions and showed only foci of necrosis and wide‐spread demyelination. This study supports an autosomal recessive inheritance for this syndrome. The high level of interferon‐α is not explained but may play a role in the pathogenesis of the disorder.
On the finer structure of the synapse of the Mauthner cell with especial consideration of the ‘Golgi‐net’ of bethe, nervous terminal feet and the ‘nervous pericellular terminal net’s of held
Authors: Marui Kiyoyasu 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn the ‘axone cap’ and on the surface of Mauthner's cell a Golgi net structure was very distinctly demonstrated by means of Levaditi's method; in Heidenhain and other preparations a similar network was brought out. The Golgi net is of glious nature and is in close relation to the nervous elements in the synapse. According to the results of this study, the unmedullated parts of the nerve fibers are also enveloped in a sheath of glious tissue; the finer structure of this glia sheath is as yet unknown.
A contribution to the study of vasomotor reflexes
Authors: Ogata D. , Vincent Swale 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn dogs under ether or chloroform, stimulation of sensory nerves (saphenous, tibial, peroneal, sciatic, ulnar, and median) causes usually increased respiratory movements when narcosis is not profound or curare is not employed. These increased movements produce a fall of blood‐pressure, and when they are very violent, one cannot obtain any pressor reflex even with a strong stimulation. When much increased respiratory movements are prevented by very deep narcosis or brain compression, fall of blood‐pressure due to this cause does not occur. Mechanical interference with the circulation as a result of the increased movements of the thoracic walls seems to be the main cause of this fall, since it can be eliminated by opening the thorax. When this complication is not taken into careful consideration the results of vasomotor experiments are liable to be misinterpreted.
The development of the motor nuclei of the hindbrain of the chick, Gallus domesticus
Authors: Eckardt Lisgar Bowne , Elliott Rush 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA study of the development of the motor‐nuclei of the hindbrain of the domestic fowl, Gallus domesticus, during the entire period of incubation has been made, including the time of appearance of the nuclear groups and the subsequent differentiation of each. The nuclear pattern presented by this form is very similar to that of other avian forms as recorded in the literature.
Nerve endings in the human pleura pulmonalis
Authors: Larsell O. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractVasomotor fibers are found in the blood vessels of the human pleura pulmonalis. They reach the pleura by way of the inter‐lobular septa and the blood vessels which find their way to the pleura by this route. Ultimately, however, they are derived from the periarterial plexus at the hilnm of the lung.
Intralaminar, interlaminar, callosal, and thalamocortical connections in frontal and parietal areas of the albino rat cerebral cortex
Authors: Jacobson Stanley 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe present study represents an attempt to relate intracortical connections as seen with the Nauta degeneration method to those seen with the Golgi neuron stain.Lesions were placed in frontal or parietal cortex of 20 albino rats. Fourteen of the brains were prepared with the Nauta ('57) method or a modification of this method (Jacobson, '63).Only in parietal areas 3, 1, 2 were lesions limited to layers I through IV. In these brains the Nauta methods revealed only intercortical (callosal) and interlaminar connections (from II through IV to V and VI). Lesions which extended into layer V of forntal and parietal cortex showed the following connections: intercortical, interlaminar (connecting Vb to VIa); intralaminar fibers (spreading tangentially in V); extracortial to striatum and brain stem. A lesion into layer VI of frontal and parietal cortex showed more callosal and projection fibers, and the intracortical portion of the thalamocortical fiber was cut. Thalamocortical fibers ran tangentially and obliquely in VI vertically in V through I, and tangentially in I, and formed pericellular degenaration in layers VI through IIIb and preterminal degeneration in VI through IIIb, and I. The brains prepared with the Marchi or Gudden method did not show these details. In brains stained with the Golgi rapid method, axons of thalamic and cortical neurons were seen whose distribution corresponded to these connections.
A quantitative analysis of the distribution of ganglion cells in the cat's retina
Authors: Stone Jonathan 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCanglion cell density maps of the cat's retina have been constructed from whole‐mounts of the retina stained with methylene blue. The main features of the maps are first, a great increase in density at the specialized central area, and second, a horizontally orientated “arm” of relatively high density extending from the central area into nasal and temporal retinae. The variation of ganglion cell size with density has been examined in the same preparations. This analysis showed that the cells are smallest at the central area, and increase in size as ganglion cell density decreases. Whole‐mount preparations have also been made of the monkey's retina, allowing comparison between the central areas of cat and monkey retinae.
A degeneration study of the course and extent of the pyramidal tract of the opossum
Authors: Bautista Nestor S. , Matzke Howard A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe pyramidal tract was studied in 12 adult opossums. The method employed consisted of unilateral ablation of the motor cortex followed by selective staining of the resulting fiber degeneration with Nauta's silver technique. The results showed that in the upper part of its course the pyramidal tract followed a course similar to that found in other mammals. It descends in the internal capsule, cerebral peduncle, basal pons and the pyramids of the medulla oblongata where it decussates. It then continues to descend in the dorsal funiculus through the entire cervical cord. In the spinal cord fibers appeared to terminate among neurons at the base of the dorsal gray column. No degeneration could be traced directly into cranial and spinal nerve nuclei.
The retinal structure of (Aotes trivirgatus) the owl monkey
Authors: Jones Arthur E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis study reports the results of a light microscope examination of the eyes from 12 Aotes trivirgatus. Direct comparisons were made with the retinae of Macaca cynomologus and Macaca mulatta treated in the same way and stained at the same time.Both rods and cones are present in all Macaca retinae examined but never seen in the retinae of Aotes. The fovea of Macaca is described and the distribution of retinal but an increase in the number of ganglion cells in the fundus indicates an area centralis. Myelin staining is found in the optic fiber layer and inner plexiform layer of Aotes but not Macaca.
An experimental study of the fornix and hypothalamo‐tegmental tracts in the cat
Authors: Johnson Thomas N. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSingle electrolytic lesions were placed at various levels of the hippocampus, septum, and amygdala to elicit fiber degeneration from these structures in order to determine their efferent pathways to the hypothalamus. The Nauta silver Impregnation method for degenerated axons was used in this study. Fornix fibers of hippocampal origin were traced to the preoptic, dorsomedial, and posterior hypothalamic areas. Fornix fibers of septal origin were traced to preoptic, paraventricular, and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei. Degenerated fibers from the baso‐lateral amygdaloid nuclei were traced to the preoptic and ventromedial hypothalamic nuclei through the stria terminalis. Lesions were also placed in the anterior hypothalamic area, the dorsal hypothalamic area, the dorsomedial nucleus, the ventromedial nucleus, the paraventricular nucleus, and the posterior hypothalamic area. Degenerated fibers were traced from these nuclei to the midbrain tegmentum through the hypothalamo‐tegmental tracts.The hypothalamus, then can be considered a way station for impulses from the limbic lobe to lower brain stem centers.
Geniculo‐striate connections in the rabbit. I. Retrograde changes in the dorsal lateral geniculate body after destruction of cells in various layers of the striate region
Authors: Rose Jerzy E. , Malis Leonard I. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDorsal lateral geniculate body was examined for retrograde changes which follow radiation lesions placed in various cortical layers of the striate region.

Destruction of cells in a thin cortical strip (less than about 200 μ in stained sections) produces, at most, marginal changes in the dorsal lateral geniculate body regardless of which cortical layer is destroyed.
Lesions which are thicker than those mentioned produce, if located in layers 4, 4 and 5 or 5 and 6, definite degenerations. The thicker the lesion the more pronounced are the changes.
Destruction of layers 1 to 3 produces, at most, marginal changes. However, degenerations caused by destruction of layers 4 and 5 appear augmented if supragranular layers are concomitantly destroyed.
Destructions of layers 1 to 5 produce degenerations of a severity similar to those resulting from destructions of layers 1 to 6.
An effective cortical destruction located in some sector of the striate field produces changes in a restricted geniculate region. It is concluded that the survival of cells in a geniculate locus depends upon the entire vertical column of cortical cells rather than on any layer within this column.
Implications of the findings as regards the distribution of terminals of the geniculate neurons are considered. The significance of radiation damage to fibers and of fibers sprouting in the laminar lesion for interpretation of the findings is discussed.
An electron microscopic study of terminal degeneration in the inferior olive of the cat
Authors: Walberg F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAn electron microscopic study has been made of terminal bouton degeneration in the inferior olive of the cat following interruption of afferent fibers to the olive. Bouton degeneration is found already on the second day, when the boutons show an increased density of the matrix and a close packing of synaptic vesicles. On the seventh day many mitochondria show marked changes. They disintegrate, and their fragments usually fill the bouton entirely. The synaptic vesicles in such boutons have lost their individuality. Most of the degenerating boutons found at later stages are similar to those found on the seventh day. Degeneration proceeds slowly in the boutons. Occasionally mitochondria and synaptic vesicles can be recognized even at the 112‐day stage. At this time the degenerating boutons often show vacuolization. Where a degenerating bouton participates in a synaptic complex, thickening of the postsynaptic membrane is found even at the 112‐day stage. The dendritic pits found at the 14‐ and 36‐day stages and described in a previous publication (Walberg, '63b) are even more prominent at the one‐hundred‐twelfth day. Glial activity has not been observed. The relation between degenerating boutons and glial profiles, even at the 112‐day stage, is similar to that found in unoperated animals. A very long period is obviously required for the lysis of the degenerating boutons.