bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bone and joint disorders
Authors: Marshall Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The rheumatic diseases affect the bones, joints, and connective tissue. Skeletal abnormalities may themselves complicate the management of anaesthesia in particular with relation to the airway. Deformities may make the use of regional anaesthesia including spinals and epidurals difficult or impossible. Some disorders are associated with relevant systemic features including anaemia. Use of NSAIDs and steroids is common and side effects are potentially serious. Some causes of bone and joint disorders have particular relevance for surgical care. Rheumatoid arthritis: Symmetrical deforming arthropathy with systemic features. See below. Other connective tissue disorders: These include systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS), and other rare conditions. Autoimmune multisystem disorders with a chronic course are commonly treated with steroids.
Recognizing and managing seriously ill surgical patients
Authors: Wilson lain , Nicholls Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If seriously ill patients are recognized and treated early in the course of their condition, they have an improved chance of survival, less chance of requiring intensive care, and a reduced risk of cardiac arrest. Serious illness may be caused by any process that results in severe physiological derangement. If untreated, progression to organ system failure and death is common. Patients who are severely ill may complain (but are often too ill to do so), may display abnormal signs, or have deranged physiological values and laboratory data. By responding to these at an early phase, deterioration may be stopped. The principles of management of this group of patients includes: recognition of the patient initial treatment liaison with senior colleagues and other specialities including intensive care overall management plan.
Cardiorespiratory arrest
Authors: Wilson lain , Nicholls Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cardiac arrest occurs when a patient suddenly loses consciousness with no cardiac output. Immediate access to defibrillation and basic life support give the patient the best chance of survival. Cardiac arrest may occur with VF, pulseless VT, asystole, or electromechanical dissociation (also known as pulseless electrical activity- PEA). A variety of clinical conditions may lead to cardiac arrest. Some of these should be detected before cardiac arrest occurs. Cardiac arrest may occur unexpectedly in AMI, major PE, or with severe underlying heart disease. Otherwise cardiac arrest on a surgical ward will often be preceded by warning signs such as hypotension, tachycardia, chest pain, dyspnoea, fever, restlessness, or confusion. Hypoxaemia, hypovolaemia, and sepsis may progress to cardiac arrest unless rapidly diagnosed and corrected.
Haemoptysis
Authors: Nicholls Anthony , Wilson lain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Postoperative haemoptysis is rare, but alarming and important. It may be the only clue to PE when this presents as minor pulmonary infarction. This is the major diagnosis to exclude. True haemoptysis is bleeding from below the larynx. After endotracheal intubation apparent haemoptysis may arise from oral, nasal, or pharyngeal bleeding. Exclude haematemesis. Stomach contents are acid. PE: Pulmonary infarction may present with expectoration of frank blood clots or blood-stained sputum. Dyspnoea may be relatively mild unless a major PE supervenes. Is the patient at high risk of PE? Get CXR, ECG, and blood gases. Haemoptysis with hypoxia and a clear CXR is highly suggestive of a PE and should be treated as such (p. 288). Pulmonary oedema: Haemoptysis here is typically pink frothy sputum, but may be frank blood from a ruptured pulmonary vein.
Electrolyte imbalance
Authors: Nicholls Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hyponatraemia is both common and potentially fatal. The resultant fall in plasma osmolality causes water to move into cells. This can cause cerebral oedema, and is responsible for the neurologic symptoms seen. If the serum Na+ is &lt;120 mmol/1 the patient is likely to have a reduced level of consciousness and/or confusion, and be at risk of seizures. Modest hyponatraemia (&gt; 125 mmol/1) may indicate an underlying disorder needing attention, but in itself is unlikely to be clinically important as it is well tolerated. Preoperative hyponatraemia may be either acute or chronic, and this affects both the urgency for and type of therapy. Ideally significant hyponatraemia detected preoperatively should be diagnosed and corrected before surgery and anaesthesia. Acute postoperative hyponatraemia is much more likely to cause cerebral symptoms and may prove fatal. The rate of change of serum Na+ is of more importance than the actual level.
Postoperative diarrhoea
Authors: Nicholls Anthony , Wilson lain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diarrhoea is common on all hospital wards and often arises as a post­ operative problem. It consumes many hours of nursing time, puts patients at risk of fluid and electrolyte loss, and predisposes to pressure sores. Diarrhoea is technically the passage of&gt; 300 ml stool daily. Patients may refer to diarrhoea when they simply have frequent stools. It is the volume and consistency of a diarrhoeal stool that matters. Common in the elderly. Usually caused by a combination of opioids, dietary change, and immobility. May present with copious incontinence of mucoid stools. Diagnosed by rectal examination (occasionally aided by a plain abdominal radiograph). May simply be due to overenthusiastic prescription of laxatives to pre-empt opioid-induced constipation. May be a side-effect of some antacids.
Preamble
Authors: Coady C A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It may be helpful to set the scene for the detailed discussion that follows by presenting some examples of major political decisions that appear to have a moral dimension but for which problems have acutely arisen about the relevance of that dimension or the practicality of considering it.
First, there is the 2003 invasion of Iraq by a coalition led (and dominated) by the United States. The most salient public justifications for this were indeed couched in terms that have a moral overtone. Iraq was said to have had weapons of mass destruction that might be used aggressively against its neighbours and the invasion was necessary to prevent this.
Concerning Ideals
Authors: Coady C A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ideals have had something of a bad press amongst intellectuals in the last third of the twentieth century. Often enough, they have been denounced as dangerous and delusional, especially though not exclusively by the realist thinkers we discussed earlier. On the other hand, many theorists ignore them altogether, partly, perhaps, because of the belief that they have been shown to be dangerous and delusional and hence require no more attention, but also because the emphasis of philosophical inquiry has been concentrated elsewhere.
Politics and Lying
Authors: Coady C A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dishonesty has always been perceived in our culture, and in all cultures but the most bizarre, as a significant human vice. Moreover, the specific form of dishonesty known as lying has generally been scorned, and the habitual liar treated with contempt. Hence, the accusation of lying is a potent tool in politics, as Tony Blair and George Bush have been discovering to their cost, because exposure of their deceptive conduct over Iraq, frequently characterized as lying, seemed part of the cause of their electoral unpopularity.
Inflecting Irish Nouns: Plural Types
Authors: Carnie Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the next few sections, we will examine how the plural of Irish nouns is formed. As previously mentioned, although some striking correspondences exist, there is no one-to-one mapping between the declension class and the way the noun forms the plural case forms in Irish. Because of this, I have separated out plurals from the declensions. Plurals are all indicated with a w (for ‘ ‘weak ‘ ‘), which differ among the case forms, or s (for ‘ ‘strong ‘ ‘), which are identical in all the cases aside from differences in articles and mutations. As a reminder, the determiners (articles) for the plural are as follows, where the diacritic marking the mutation isn ‘t normally written.
Where’s Phi? Agreement as a Postsyntactic Operation
Authors: Bobaljik Jonathan David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One striking aspect of the study of φ-features (person, number, gender) is their propensity to enter into agreement dependencies, morphologically signaled on elements in the clause distant from their source. Russian (1) illustrates: morphemes expressing the features of the NP meaning "girl(surface on the finite verbs and on coreferential pronouns.)
Palatine Politics: Cavendish, Mansﬁeld, and Hobbes
Authors: Malcolm Noel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout the 1620s, English public opinion was constantly concerned, and occasionally obsessed, with the issue of the Palatinate. Anyone with access to printed or written news, or with contacts in Parliament and at Court, would have followed the ups and downs— mostly downs— of the Elector Palatine’s fortunes and would have held some opinions about the ineffectual attempts of James I and Charles I to help him. This must be all the more true of Thomas Hobbes, since he was closely attached to a prominent political figure, Lord Cavendish, whose sympathies with the Palatine cause were especially strong.
Descartes on Anti-individualism
Authors: Burge Tyler 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In’Cartesian Error and the Objectivity of Perception’1, I made what I now regard as an important mistake in the interpretation of Descartes. I construed him as an individualist about thoughts. In this paper I would like to explain why this construal is at best doubtful. I would also like to use the occasion to explore Descartes’s views of mental substances and mental attributes, and about reference to the physical world.
Speech, Song, and the Transparency of Medium: On Operatic Metaphysics
Authors: Kivy Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Desdemona sings the “Willow Song” in Verdi’s Otello, she sings a song in the world of that work, her world, just as I sing a song in the real world, my world, when I sing “Melancholy Baby” in the shower. But when Desdemona converses with Iago, she also sings, whereas when I converse with my plumber about why my shower won’t work, I do not sing: I speak.
Infertility
Authors: Davies Melanie , Webber Lisa , Overton Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Infertility is a significant health issue and one that has received increasing media attention in the UK and elsewhere in recent years. For affected couples, it is the cause of substantial distress and feelings of isolation that can lead to associated anxiety and depression. This is compounded by a perceived lack of support from health services as well as a lack of available information regarding its management. This book provides current information and practical advice on the underlying causes, diagnosis and management of infertility in a clear and concise style that is accessible to patients. The book covers all aspects of infertility from investigation, treatment, successful pregnancy and coping with childlessness. The text is written in a plain-spoken style that is easy to read and absorb, with liberal use of bullet points, diagrams, graphs, photographs, tables and other illustrations. Case studies and patient perspectives are included throughout the text to bring key concepts to life.
Overview of fertility and the biological clock
Authors: Davies Melanie , Webber Lisa , Overton Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You are not alone if you are having difficulty getting pregnant. It is estimated that one in seven couples have difficulty getting pregnant. Worldwide, 80 million couples have some difficulty in getting pregnant. Many couples prefer to keep this fact private, and so it is not until you start talking about your problems that you discover that some of your friends and family may be or have been in a similar situation.
Ovarian hyperstimulation
Authors: Davies Melanie , Webber Lisa , Overton Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (also called OHSS) is an illness that can occur in women receiving fertility drug treatment. The ovaries become enlarged and tender. Fluid can build up in the abdomen and sometimes around the lungs. This may require hospital admission and treatment until the symptoms settle down. The condition may last a few days or a few weeks. Although many women going through IVF have mild symptoms, severe OHSS is not common. About one or two in 100 women may need hospital admission. OHSS is more likely to occur in women who become pregnant.
Fertility and the older woman
Authors: Davies Melanie , Webber Lisa , Overton Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Women’s fertility is very dependent on age. Girls are born with all the eggs for their lifetime already present in the ovaries. In fact, the number of eggs is greatest before birth at over a million, and there is a steady loss of eggs even before the onset of monthly periods in the teens. During adult life, several eggs start to develop each month, but usually only one egg matures and is released at ovulation and the others die. Egg numbers are estimated at around 25 000 at age 37. The process of egg loss becomes faster in the late thirties and forties, and less than 1000 eggs are left by the age of 50.
Introduction
Authors: Shafer-Landau Russ 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oxford Studies in Metaethics is devoted to providing an annual selection of some of the most exciting new work in the foundations of ethics. I am pleased that this aim has been so successfully met in this second volume of the series The entries begin with an essay by T. M. Scanlon, in which he offers his latest thoughts on a central metaethical topic: the relationship between wrongness and practical reasons. Scanlon ‘s work has been very influential in this area. Here he offers a reappraisal of that work, situated in a context that seeks to account for the shift from motivational concerns to those centrally to do with practical reason, within the literature devoted to metaethics.
Moral Obligation and Accountability
Authors: Darwall Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philosophers typically characterize morality ‘s distinctive normativity in terms of the categorical character and overriding weight or absolute priority of the reasons for acting that a moral obligation purports, at least, to provide. Attempts within the Kantian tradition to vindicate moral obligation in these terms generally proceed from the practical standpoint; they argue that an agent is committed by constraints of rational deliberative thought to treating the moral law as supremely authoritative. These attempts are almost universally judged to fail, however, except by their most enthusiastic proponents.
Normativity
Authors: Thomson Judith Jarvis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What are commonly called normative judgments fall, intuitively, into two classes. First, there are what I will call evaluatives: these include judgments to the effect that a certain state of affairs would be good or bad for Smith, or for England, judgments to the effect that a certain experience was delightful or dreadful, judgments to the effect that a certain carving knife is a well-made or defective carving knife, and so on. The evaluatives also include comparatives, such as that this is or would be a better so and so than that. Second, there are what I will call directives: these include judgments to the effect that something or someone ought or ought not do this or that— as, for example, that Jones ought to be kind to his little brother.
The longer term
Authors: Daisley Audrey , Tams Rachel , Kischka Udo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As you will have seen throughout this book, it is very difficult to make an accurate prediction of recovery and progress after a head injury. The effects of head injury on the family can be lifelong, requiring the family to make considerable adjustments to many aspects of their lives. Every head injury is unique and each individual and their family will have a different experience, taking different pathways through the head injury journey. As you have seen from earlier chapters, spontaneous changes to the brain occur in the months and even first years after injury. This period of recovery continues for much longer than initially thought, but does slow down over time and usually leaves some longer-term difficulties. While a negative outcome is not inevitable, if your relative does have persisting problems in the areas described (particularly in behaviour and thinking) it can be very hard to get back to normal family and work life. In many instances it is not possible to resume life as it was before, or fully resume previous roles and interests. The individual with the injury and the family are then faced with adjusting to changes in lifestyle, family roles, ways of being together, financial circumstances, and a future that may seem uncertain. As outlined earlier, this process of adjustment takes time and differs for everyone. There are key practical issues faced by families in the longer-term.
Inflectional paradigms have bases too: Arguments from Yiddish
Authors: Albright Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is well known that the phonological form of a word can depend on its morphological structure. In serial approaches, this follows naturally from the fact that words have derivational histories: morphologically complex words undergo successive levels of phonological derivation as they are constructed, making them eligible for different phonological processes along the way. A crucial distinction is typically made, however, between derivational and inflectional morphology. Whereas derived forms usually have clear “bases of affixation”, inflected forms are usually not obviously constructed from one another. For this reason, they are generally not held to have the same formal influence on one another.
Guilty Robots, Happy Dogs
Authors: McFarland David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we interact with animals, we intuitively read thoughts and feelings into their expressions and actions - it is easy to suppose that they have minds like ours. And as technology grows more sophisticated, we might soon find ourselves interpreting the behaviour of robots too in human terms. It is natural for us to humanize other beings in this way, but is it philosophically or scientifically justifiable? How different might the minds of animals or machines be to ours? As David McFarland asks here, could robots ever feel guilty, and is it correct to suppose your dog can truly be happy? Can we ever know what non-human minds might be like, or will the answer be forever out of our reach? These are central and important questions in the philosophy of mind, and this book is an accessible exploration of the differing philosophical positions that can be taken on the issue. McFarland looks not only at philosophy, but also examines new evidence from the science of animal behaviour plus the latest developments in robotics and artificial intelligence, to show how many different - and sometimes surprising - conclusions we can draw about the nature of 'alien minds'.
Mindless Machines
Authors: McFarland David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we look at the behaviour of some simple robots, from both a scientific and a philosophical viewpoint. Although such robots, unlike our traffic-police-robot, are very simple machines they can exhibit quite complex behaviour. The interpretation of such behaviour depends very much on the viewpoint of the observer. From a scientific viewpoint, if the design of the robot is well understood its behaviour will be no surprise. From the viewpoint of naïve observers, however, the behaviour may seem baffling, mysterious, and much more complicated than it really is.
The Material Mind
Authors: McFarland David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen that animals and robots can, on occasion, produce behaviour that makes us sit up and wonder whether these aliens really do have minds, maybe like ours, maybe different from ours. These phenomena, especially those involving apparent intentionality and subjectivity, require explanation at a scientific level, and at a philosophical level. The question is, what kind of explanation are we looking for? At this point, you (the reader) need to decide where you stand on certain issues. Historically, a distinction has been made between material substances of the physical world and spiritual or mental substances of the non-material world. Monism claims that reality is made up of only one kind of substance, whereas pluralism claims that reality is made up of more than one kind of substance. The most famous form of pluralism is dualism, the doctrine that mind and matter are two distinct things, and that the one cannot be accounted for in terms of the other. Dualism gives rise to the question of how the mind is attached to the body, often called the mind–body problem.
The development of plato’s theory of ideas and the ‘Socratic question’
Authors: Fronterotta Francesco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
W. J. Prior’s ‘Socrates Metaphysician’ undermines almost three decades of quasi unanimity in the English-speaking world on a certain interpretation of Plato’s theory of Ideas with regard to the relationship between Plato and Socrates, and to the suggestion that this relationship evolved in various specific stages, corresponding to as many chronologically distinct groups of Platonic dialogues. This reading, set out in its standard English-language version by Gregory Vlastos, actually excludes any reference to the metaphysical theory of Ideas from the early dialogues that were supposedly entirely devoted to the ethical search for virtue and its definition (as the historical Socrates would have exercised it), and confines the introduction of Ideas to the middle and late dialogues, the only ones to be truly Platonic in their content.
Note on the Concept of Information in Perception
Authors: Hatfield Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The notion of information was widely invoked in psychology during the 1960s and 1970s, and it is now firmly entrenched in discussions of perception and cognition in psychology, cognitive science, and philosophy. Descriptions of perception point to information in the light reflected from objects, information transduced by receptors, information processed by perceptual systems, and information contained in perceptual representations and stored and retrieved from memory. Although the word ‘‘information’’ is common to all these discussions, the notion of information has undergone development, and more than one concept is now in play. Thus, some sorting out is needed in order to make clear which notions of information I favor, which not, and why.
Objectivity And Subjectivity Revisited Color As A Psychobiological Property
Authors: Hatfield Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philosophical theories of color divide into three. There are the so-called objectivists, who argue that color is a mind-independent property of objects. There are the subjectivists, who argue that color is not a property of objects, but an internal state of the perceiver or the subjective content of a perceiver’s experience. And there are the relationalists, who argue that color, considered as a property of objects, is a relational property; it is a property that surfaces and light sources have of causing experiences with various phenomenal characters in perceivers.