Key Prognostic Factors in Patients with Relapsed/Refractory Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma: An Evidence Based Systematic Literature and Medical Review
Authors: von Tresckow Bastian , Costa Pau Abrisqueta , Aggarwal Shivani , Hampp Christian , Walsh Laura , Thorley Eileen , Shah Mohsin , Ma Qiufei , Jimenez Ubieto Ana 
Published: December 2023

Introduction: A multi-center multi-country retrospective cohort study (ORCHID [NCT05338879]), using real-world data (RWD) from electronic medical records (EMRs) and research databases, for patients with relapsed/refractory diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (r/r DLBCL) treated with standard of care is being conducted to contextualize treatment outcomes in a single-arm trial. A systematic literature review (SLR) was carried out to identify baseline prognostic factors that will be evaluated for imbalances between cohorts in the single-arm trial and RWD study. This SLR was followed by an evidence-based clinical expert review of prognostic variables and ranking in order of importance for the ORCHID study as described herein.
Methods:The approach and methods of the SLR (International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews [PROSPERO] CRD42022307557) were informed by guidelines set forth by the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (Higgins et. al. 2021) and PRISMA (Page et. al. BMJ 2021) and described previously (Hampp et. al. ISPOR 2023). Following the conduct of the SLR, the identified potential prognostic variables were evaluated by the ORCHID study team to remove treatment-specific and outcome variables, determine their availability in the single-arm trial and ORCHID RWD study, and develop a questionnaire. In the questionnaire, prognostic variables were grouped by type of variable - clinical, laboratory data, molecular characteristic, or treatment characteristic. Each prognostic variable was reviewed by an international panel consisting of 3 clinical experts in the field of lymphoma who categorized the prognostic impact on treatment response and survival on a 5-point scale ranging from “Very high importance” to “Not important”. The clinicians were asked to consider possible correlation among the variables, possible effect modifiers, specific variable definitions (e.g., early chemoimmunotherapy failure), and whether there were any other prognostically important variables not captured in the questionnaire. For each variable, the clinical experts categorized the availability within routine care on a 3-point scale ranging from “Readily available” to “Limited availability”. The results of the 3 expert completed questionnaires were reviewed and the top 10 highest ranking variables were determined by summing the clinicians' categorization of prognostic impact and considering variable availability in the event of a tie. Individual interviews with each clinical expert were held to clarify variables and definitions, discuss discrepant categorization, and rank the prognostic variables from 1-10. Following the 3 interviews, the ranking of each variable was summed across the 3 experts to determine the final ranking.
Results: Across the 46 studies included, the SLR identified 36 prognostic factors, including patient demographics and clinical characteristics, disease and treatment characteristics, and laboratory data. Seven clinical outcomes with statistically significant associations were identified (most commonly, overall survival [OS], progression-free survival [PFS], and overall response rate [ORR]). No additional prognostic factors were identified by the clinical experts. The final ranked list of the 10 most important prognostic variables in descending order of importance includes: early chemoimmunotherapy failure, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status, refractory to last line of therapy (LoT), number of prior LoTs, double or triple-hit lymphoma, age at start of LoT, Internal Prognostic Index (IPI) risk classification, Ann Arbor disease stage, serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and Deauville score.
Conclusion:SLR-based identification of prognostic factors combined with expert clinical review provides an unbiased evaluation and ranking of the level of evidence to assist in selecting prognostic factors to collect for the ORCHID real-world cohort study. The appropriate selection of prognostic factors is critical for valid outcome estimation. These factors will be used for the evaluation of balance with the single-arm trial and for adjustment in a propensity score model. With this approach, the prognostic factors are chosen a priori to enable balancing of baseline covariates prior to outcome estimation.