bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced mode‐adaptive fine granularity scalability
Authors: Peng Wen‐Hsiao , Chen Yen‐Kuang 
Published: March 2004

AbstractIn this article, we present a scalable video compression algorithm to deliver higher compression efficiency with limited drifting error. MPEG‐4 Fine Granularity Scalability (FGS) compresses the video into a base layer and an enhancement layer. Currently, because the enhancement layer is predicted from the poor‐quality base layer, the compression efficiency is low. To improve the compression efficiency, we construct enhancement‐layer predictors from (1) macroblocks of current reconstructed base‐layer frame, (2) macroblocks of previously reconstructed enhancement‐layer frame, and (3) the average of previous two. On the other hand, the unpredictable receiving manner of enhancement layer could cause predictor mismatch error. The predictor mismatch error further results in drifting error. To minimize the drifting error, we create an adaptive mode‐selection algorithm, in the encoder, which first smartly estimates possible drifting error of the decoder side and then uses the best macroblock modes wisely. In this article, we show that predictors constructed jointly from the base‐layer frame and the enhancement‐layer frame can reduce the drifting error. And, predictors constructed from the base‐layer frame can stop the drifting error. As compared to other advance FGS schemes, our algorithm shows 0.3–0.5 dB PSNR improvement with a less complex structure. Although compared to MPEG‐4 FGS, more than 1–1.5 dB quality improvement can be gained. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol 13, 308–321, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ima.10090
Adsorption equilibrium of amino acids and antibiotics on non‐ionic polymeric sorbents
Authors: Lee Jae Wook , Shim Wang Geun , Yang Woo Chul , Moon Hee 
Published: March 2004

AbstractAdsorption equilibria of two amino acids (phenylalanine and tryptophan) and two antibiotics (penicillin G and cephalosporin C) from aqueous solutions onto non‐ionic polymeric sorbents (XAD‐4 and XAD‐16) were investigated under various experimental conditions such as pH, temperature and organic solvents. The assumption that amino acids adsorbed on polymeric sorbents were desorbed by competitive adsorption with organic solvent as a desorbate was verified using binary adsorption data for amino acids (phenylalanine and tryptophan) and organic solvents (isopropyl alcohol and methanol) on XAD‐4 and XAD‐16. The experimental data were predicted by using multicomponent adsorption models of an Extended‐Langmuir (EL) equation and an ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) based on the Langmuir equation as a single‐component isotherm. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Adsorption of Cu(II) from aqueous solutions by tannins immobilized on collagen
Authors: Liao Xuepin , Lu Zhongbing , Zhang Mina , Liu Xin , Shi Bi 
Published: March 2004

AbstractNovel adsorbents were prepared by immobilizing tannins on collagen fibre matrices. Their adsorption properties, including adsorption equilibrium, adsorption kinetics, and column adsorption kinetics to Cu(II) were investigated. Immobilized Myrica rubra tannin and black wattle tannin exhibited significantly higher adsorption capacity than larch tannin and the adsorption isotherms of these three immobilized tannins can be described by the Freundlich model. Detailed adsorption studies of immobilized black wattle tannin to Cu(II) indicated that temperature had little effect on the adsorption isotherms whereas the effect of pH was significant. Adsorption rate data fitted well to a pseudo‐second‐order rate model, and the adsorption capacity calculated by this model was consistent with the result of actual measurement at relatively higher adsorption temperatures. Immobilized black wattle tannin also had excellent column adsorption kinetic properties and high binding capacity. The adsorptivity of the column was stable even after repeated adsorption–desorption cycles. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Androgen and estrogen receptors expression in the rat exorbital lacrimal gland in relation to “harderianization”
Authors: Ferrara Diana , Monteforte Rossella , Baccari Gabriella Chieffi , Minucci Sergio , Chieffi Giovanni 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe rat exorbital lacrimal glands (ELG) are particularly interesting for their biochemical and morphological sexual differences. Our histochemical and ultrastuctural observations confirm a phenomenon termed “harderianization” that occurs in the ELG of males and females at three months of age. The “harderianization” consists of the appearance of lipid foci in the ELG; this effect increases at six months of age only in the male glands, while it is not detectable in those of females. Histochemical tests for mucosubstances and proteins evidenced that while the secretory granules of male ELG are prevalently composed of sulphate substances, those of the female are composed of acid substances, and only a few cells positive to proteins were seen in the acinar epithelium of the glands. Moreover, we demonstrated by RT‐PCR the presence of androgen and estrogen receptors in the rat ELG of both sexes. Androgen receptor transcript is always present in male and female ELG while the expression of estrogen receptor is not more detectable in the ELG of males at six months of life. In conclusion, our results suggest that estradiol may prevent the further lipid degeneration of the female ELG at six months of life. In addition, the disappearance of both the “harderian lipid” foci in the female gland and of estrogen receptor in the male gland indicates a probable involvement of estrogens in the phenomenon of “harderianization.” J. Exp. Zool. 301A: 297–306, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low‐temperature Raman spectra of monohydrated L‐asparagine crystals
Authors: Moreno A. J. D. , Freire P. T. C. , Melo F. E. A. , Mendes Filho J. , Nogueira M. A. M. , Almeida J. M. A. , Miranda M. A. R. , Remédios C. M. R. , Sasaki J. M. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractPolarized Raman spectra of monohydrated L‐asparagine (C4N2O3H8·H2O) were studied at temperatures ranging from 300 to 10 K. The wavenumbers of most modes were found to increase linearly upon cooling, although some bands showed an exponential behaviour, which is discussed in terms of anharmonicities of vibrations associated with hydrogen bonds. Evidence was found of a structural phase transition at low temperature by analysis of the external mode region of the spectra. An x‐ray diffraction investigation confirmed the occurrence of a structural change between 140 and 150 K. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microrheology of chemically crosslinked polymer gels by diffusing‐wave spectroscopy
Authors: Narita Tetsuharu , Knaebel Alexandra , Munch Jean‐Pierre , Zrínyi Miklós , Candau Sauveur Jean 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe Brownian motion of probe particles in aqueous solutions of poly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA) and in chemically crosslinked PVA gels has been studied by diffusing‐wave spectroscopy (DWS). At long time scales the measurements allow us to determine the effect of the crosslinking ratio on the macroscopic viscosity of sols and the shear modulus of gels. The local shear modulus of gels as obtained from the characteristic length of the Brownian cage was found to agree with that measured by classical rheometry and dynamic light scattering (DLS). These microrheological techniques were applied to two polymer gel systems. Substrate induced gradient structure of hydrogels was studied from a microrheological point of view using DLS. It is clearly seen that hydrophobic substrate induces weakly crosslinked network formation at the interface region up to a few millimeters as expected from other experimental facts. Magnetic particle motion in gels under external magnetic field was investigated by DWS. The translational motion of the magnetic particles in gels due to the alternating magnetic force can be detected and found to be superimposed on the relaxation due to the thermal motion.
A hybrid polymer gel and its static nonergodicity
Authors: Zhao Yue , Wu Chi 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWe used a thermally reversible hybrid gel made of billions of physically jam‐packed, swollen, thermally sensitive poly(N‐isopropyl‐acrylamide) chemical microgels. Laser light scattering study on a series of such hybrid gels formed at different gelling rates and temperatures revealed that the position‐dependence of the scattering speckle pattern (static nonergodicity) came from large voids formed during the sol‐gel transition. With proper preparation, such nonergodicity is completely removed, indicating that the static nonergodicity generally observed in a gel is not intrinsic, but comes from clustering “island” structures formed during the gelation process.
Extracellular localization of proteasomes in human sperm
Authors: Morales Patricio , Pizarro Eduardo , Kong Milene , Jara Marcos 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe proteasome, a multienzymatic protease complex is present in human sperm. Here we present evidence indicating that the proteasome has an extracellular localization, on the plasma membrane of the sperm head. Motile sperm (>90%) in PBS were incubated with the proteasome inhibitors clasto‐lactacystin β‐lactone or epoxomicin. Then, the substrate Suc‐Leu‐Leu‐Val‐Tyr‐AMC (SLLVY‐AMC) was added and the enzyme activity evaluated in a spectrofluorometer. Other aliquots were resuspended in Tyrode's medium and incubated at different concentrations for various times with or without inhibitors in the presence of 0.4% azocasein. Hydrolysis of azocasein was evaluated at 440 nm. In addition, sperm membrane proteins were obtained incubating the sperm with Triton X‐114 or with 0.5 M KCl plus Triton X‐100 and removing insoluble material by centrifugation at 5,000g for 40 min. Proteasomal activity was evaluated with SLLVY‐AMC and its presence corroborated by Western blotting. Formaldehyde fixed, unpermeabilized sperm were incubated with anti‐proteasome monoclonal antibodies and evaluated using indirect immunofluorescence. The effect of proteasome inhibitors upon the progesterone‐induced acrosome reaction was also evaluated. Results indicated that (a) whole, intact sperm were able to hydrolyze the proteasome substrates SLLVY‐AMC and azocasein; this activity was inhibited by proteasome inhibitors; (b) proteasomal activity was detected in soluble sperm membrane protein preparations and Western blotting revealed the presence of the proteasome in these fractions; (c) indirect immunofluorescence revealed staining of the head region, particularly of the post acrosomal region; and (d) the proteasome plays an important role during the acrosome reaction. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 68: 115–124, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel response of wild‐type duckweed (Lemna paucicostata Hegelm.) to heavy metals
Authors: Li Tianyu , Xiong Zhiting 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe responses of wild‐type Lemna paucicostata, used as the experimental stock, to seven heavy metals were investigated with a hydroponic culture in a culture facility. The results showed that six of the metals could induce L. paucicostata to release daughter fronds from the mother frond before maturity, resulting in breakup of the colony. This phenomenon is novel and has not been reported before. Six of the heavy metals investigated—copper, cadmium, nickel, zinc, mercury, and chromium—could induce this response, but sensitivity and response of the plant varied. When Cu2+ at a concentration of 0.2 μmol/L was added, the response was significantly different from that of the control after a 2‐h exposure. The response to cadmium (0.8 μmol/L) was significantly different after a 6‐h exposure; to zinc (10 μmol/L) and nickel (5 μmol/L), after 5 and 7 h, respectively. But for lead, even at a concentration of 80 μmol/L for 96 h, no colony breakup was induced. The response to heavy metals occurred within 24 h; increasing the exposure by another 24 h had nearly no additional effect on the colony breakup. When the response was over, the number of colonies with fronds varied with the inducement capacity of the metal. Nutrients could affect the sensitivity of L. paucicostata to some heavy metals, such as mercury, chromium, zinc, and nickel, but not to copper and cadmium. Sensitivity was also changed when CuCl2 was used as the copper source instead of CuSO4. These results indicate that some heavy metals could serve as a toxicant for inducing L. paucicostata to release daughter fronds in advance. This change might involve a stress response such as ethylene production. Also discussed is the possibility of this response as a biomarker in a bioassay. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 19: 95–102, 2004
Concurrency and Refinement in the Unified Modeling Language
Authors: Davies Jim , Crichton Charles 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
This paper defines a formal semantics for a subset of the Unified Modeling Language (UML). It shows how suitable combinations of class, object, state, and sequence diagrams can be associated with patterns of interaction, expressed in the event notation of Communicating Sequential Processes (CSP). The diagram semantics is then extended to give a meaning to complete models – suitable combinations of diagrams – and thus a concurrency semantics for object models written in UML. This model semantics is in turn used to define a theory of refinement, based upon existing notions of data and process refinement.
Treatment of Pancreatic Exocrine Deficiency
Authors: Sarner Martin 
Published: March 2004

AbstractIn treating pancreatic exocrine insufficiency the diagnosis of a cause, wherever possible, is a first step. If there is an obstructing lesion, then its relief may be curative. Adequate management depends on dietary manipulation and enzyme replacement. A reduction in fat intake, with accentuation of protein and carbohydrate consumption, is recommended. For enzyme replacement, enteric‐coated microspheres are required, taken with adequate acid‐suppression with a proton‐pump inhibitor. The enzyme supplements, using standard preparations of pancreatin, usually of porcine source, may be as much as 4 to 8 tablets per meal and should be taken with food. Endocrine insufficiency usually requires insulin.
Attenuation of apoptosis and enhancement of proteoglycan synthesis in rabbit cartilage defects by hyperbaric oxygen treatment are related to the suppression of nitric oxide production
Authors: Yuan Li‐Jen , Ueng Steve W. N. , Lin Song‐Shu , Yeh Wen‐Ling , Yang Chuen‐Yung , Lin Paul Y. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractProinflammatory cytokine, nitric oxide (NO) and localized hypoxia‐induced apoptosis and proteoglycan (PG) degradation are thought to be correlated to the degree of cartilage injury. This study evaluated hyperbaric oxygen (HBO)‐induced changes in joint cavity oxygen tension, antigenickeratan sulfate (KS) content, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, PG synthesis, and cell apoptosis in full‐thickness defects of rabbit cartilage. The HBO group was exposed to 100% oxygen at 2.5 atm for 2 h daily, 5 days per week. Meanwhile, the control group was kept in housing cages with normal air. The joint cavity oxygen tension was determined with an oxygen sensor. Blood serum KS was quantified by competitive indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). After sacrifice, specimen sections were sent for histological and histochemical examination with a standardized scoring system. In situ analysis of iNOs expression and apoptosis detection were performed using immunostaining and TUNEL staining, respectively and quantified by a computerized imagine analysis system. This study demonstrated that HBO treatment increased joint cavity oxygen tension but decreased blood KS content. Histological and histochemical score results showed that HBO treatment significantly increased the cartilage repair. Moreover, immunostaining and TUNEL staining showed that HBO treatment suppressed the iNOs expression and apoptosis of chondrocytes, respectively. Accordingly, HBO offers a potential treatment method for cartilage injury. © 2004 Published by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of Orthopaedic Research Society.
Liberalism and the democratic peace
Authors: MacMillan John 
Published: March 2004

Recent trends in Democratic Peace theory have called into question the orthodox ‘separate democratic peace’ position that liberal states are peace-prone only in relations with other liberal states. This article seeks to recast the bases and scope (or parameters) of the relationship between liberalism – primarily left-liberalism – in domestic politics and peace-proneness in foreign affairs, to the effect that whilst this is manifest more broadly than conventionally understood, it is far from universal or undifferentiated. Whilst liberal ‘norms’ – as indicators of the legitimacy of force – are an important factor in determining when liberals will and will not support the use of force, liberals are also shown to have a higher threshold for the use of force than other groups on the mainstream domestic political spectrum (usually to the Right), indicating greater unwillingness to use force. The cases examined are reasonably neutral, not cherry-picked, in that they are drawn from the three major conflicts of the twentieth century and, as a starting point for the examination of liberal imperialism, Gladstone's Second Ministry (1880–1885).Whilst the above findings are presented as highly significant for understanding the character
of liberal peace-proneness and an advance on the separate democratic peace position, the
argument is necessarily qualified in an effort to reflect the political complexities of the
phenomenon and the limitations of liberal norms as an explanatory factor. It is, however,
these very qualifications that put the politics back into the research agenda and connect the
knowledge claims to a wider body of academic scrutiny which, ultimately, should lead to a
fuller understanding of the relationship between liberalism, democracy and peace.
The rise (and decline) of American regional science: lessons for the new economic geography?
Authors: Barnes Trevor J. 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Regional science weaves in and out of the story of post-war economic geography. The vision of one man, the American economist Walter Isard, regional science represented the first systematic attempt to further joint work between geographers and economists. Within this context, the tasks of the paper are twofold. The first is to provide an interpretative history of the rise of regional science, and to a much lesser extent its decline. The interpretative framework derives from science studies, and in particular the work of Bruno Latour. The history is based on archival material and interviews. The second is to speculate briefly on the implications of both the interpretive framework used in the paper, and the history of regional science told, for the new economic geography that similarly attempts to convene discussions between economists and geographers.
Vanishing cities: what does the new economic geography imply about the efficiency of urbanization?
Authors: Anas Alex 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
How should the size and number of cities evolve optimally as population grows? Stripped of the constraints of geography itself, the setup of the new economic geography (NEG) implies that de-agglomeration (or de-urbanization) is efficient. The number of cities increases while the size of each decreases on the optimal path until the economy suddenly disperses to tiny towns of stand-alone firms each specializing in a unique good. The cause of this narrow result is the NEG's strong emphasis on intercity trade to satisfy the taste for more goods. For the same aggregate population, a system of smaller cities saves time lost in commuting, has a larger labor supply, and makes more goods than does a system of larger cities. Falling interurban trading costs favor this de-urbanization process. Only if intraurban commuting costs fall sufficiently, can a pattern of growing city sizes be efficient with growing population. Of course, when the number of cities or the geographic space itself is limited or asymmetric, then agglomeration can arise as an artifact of the constraints imposed by geography as demonstrated by numerous NEG models. This reveals that the central agglomerative force in the NEG is space itself and not the underlying economic relations.
Disequilibrium in the Ross of Mull Contact Metamorphic Aureole, Scotland: a Consequence of Polymetamorphism
Authors: WHEELER J. , MANGAN L. S. , PRIOR D. J. 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
The Ross of Mull pluton consists of granites and granodiorites and intrudes sediments previously metamorphosed at amphibolite facies. The high grade and coarse grain size of the protolith is responsible for a high degree of disequilibrium in many parts of the aureole and for some unusual textures. A band of metapelite contained coarse garnet, biotite and kyanite prior to intrusion, and developed a sequence of textures towards the pluton. In Zone I, garnet is rimmed by cordierite and new biotite. In Zone II, coarse kyanite grains are partly replaced by andalusite, indicating incomplete reaction. Coronas of cordierite + muscovite around kyanite are due to reaction with biotite. In the higher-grade parts of this zone there is complete replacement of kyanite and/or andalusite by muscovite and cordierite. Cordierite chemistry indicates that in Zone II the stable AFM assemblage (not attained) would have been cordierite + biotite + muscovite, without andalusite. The observed andalusite is therefore metastable. Garnet is unstable in Zone II, with regional garnets breaking down to cordierite, new biotite and plagioclase. In Zone III this breakdown is well advanced, and this zone marks the appearance of fibrolite and K-feldspar in the groundmass as a result of muscovite breakdown. Zone IV shows garnet with cordierite, biotite, sillimanite, K-feldspar and quartz. Some garnets are armoured by cordierite and are inferred to be relics. Others are euhedral with Mn-rich cores. For these, the reaction biotite + sillimanite + quartz → garnet + cordierite + K-feldspar + melt is inferred. Using a petrogenetic grid based on the work of Pattison and Harte, pressure is estimated at 3·2 kbar, and temperature at the Zone II–III boundary at 650°C and in Zone IV as at least 750°C.
HLA‐DQB1 Alleles May Influence the Surface Expression of DQ Molecules in Lymphomononuclear Cells of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Patients
Authors: Fernandes A. P. M. , Foss M. C. , Donadi E. A. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractTo evaluate the expression of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class II (DR and DQ) molecules on lymphomononuclear cells involved in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, we studied 20 patients and 20 controls matched to patients for age, sex and HLA class II profile. The coexpression of HLA and CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19 and CD14 molecules was evaluated by flow cytometry. HLA‐DRB1, ‐DQA1 and ‐DQB1 alleles were assigned using amplified DNA hybridized with sequence‐specific primers. The fluorescence intensity of HLA‐DR and ‐DQ molecules observed on the surface of the lymphomononuclear cells of patients did not differ significantly from controls. Patients presented decreased percentage of double‐positive CD4+/DQ+ cells and increased percentage of CD19+/DR+ cells, irrespective of the HLA class II profile; however, the more dramatic alteration of the lymphomononuclear phenotype profile was observed for patients possessing the HLA‐DQB1*0201 allele. These patients exhibited decreased percentage of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD19+ and CD14+ cells bearing HLA‐DQ molecules and decreased fluorescence intensity for HLA‐DQ molecules on CD19+ cells compared to patients without the DQB1*0201 allele. Although type 1 diabetes patients shared CD4/DQ or CD19/DR phenotype abnormalities, patients typed as DQB1*0201 presented additional abnormalities in terms of DQ expression and cell phenotypes bearing DQ molecules.