bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Belonging To America: Rights And Membership
Authors: Walker Samuel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It was a poignant moment in the hearings to confirm Ruth Bader Ginsburg for a seat on the U.S. Supreme Court, one of the most powerful positions in the country. She recalled an incident from her childhood in which her family, on a vacation trip through Pennsylvania, passed a hotel with a sign reading “No Dogs or Jews.” This episode dramatizes in a very personal and painful way the issue of rights and membership in America. It serves as an ugly reminder of the history of prejudice and discrimination. In the America of the 1950s, a time often recalled today as one of harmony and tranquillity, even the vilest expressions of prejudice were publicly displayed. Hotels and vacation resorts across the country openly barred Jews, sometimes advertising for “Christian” guests. The leading colleges and universities maintained exclusionary quotas limiting the number of Jewish students. Many employers openly refused to hire Jews. Women were barred from the country clubs where men golfed and conducted business. And, of course, de jure segregation prevailed throughout the South, with separate schools, and even public drinking fountains designated “White” and “Colored.”
Is The Free Exercise Clause Different?
Authors: Smith Steven D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter I referred to “ the religion clauses” as if they constituted a unitary provision. This undifferentiated treatment may seem to overlook a critical distinction. It is conceivable, after all, that the establishment clause was a purely jurisdictional measure but that the free exercise clause was more than that. Arguing in this vein, some scholars have acknowledged the difficulty of extending the establishment clause to the states through “ incorporation” into the Fourteenth Amendment, but have argued that the free exercise clause does contain independent substantive content that can support constitutional restrictions applicable to the national and state governments. The position urged by scholars like Amar necessarily assumes a significant difference in the content and purposes of the establishment and free exercise clauses. In the modern context, that assumption seems natural enough. Judges and scholars have devoted considerable analysis, after all, to explaining how the establishment clause differs from the free exercise clause. This analysis has often depicted the clauses as not merely independent in content but as opposed in their basic purposes: The establishment clause has been understood as prohibiting ( at least in some circumstances) governmental support for or accommodation of religion, while the free exercise clause has been understood as requiring ( at least in some circumstances) governmental accommodation of religion. Extensive analysis has been dedicated to resolving, or at least reducing, this perceived conflict between the clauses.
The Young Turks In Opposition
Authors: Hanioğlu M Şükrü 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is the first in-depth study of the secret society called CUP (Committee of Union and Progress), based on their own papers. It pays special attention to the Young Turks as an intellectual movement which continues to influence the thinking of Turkish intellectuals in the 1990s. It also provides important insights into diplomatic relations between the Ottoman Empire and the so-called Great Powers of Europe at the turn of the century.
Dominance by Default
Authors: Zimring Franklin E , Hawkins Gordon 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Incapacitation now serves as the principal justification for imprisonment in American criminal justice: offenders are imprisoned in the United States to restrain them physically from offending again while they are confined. The singular importance of incapacitation as a purpose of imprisonment is of relatively recent vintage. In the 1970s, the rhetoric of rehabilitation was a dominant feature of the literature and discussion of imprisonment, and the deterrence justification was more prominent than incapacitation in debates about punishment. It is only in the last fifteen years that something approaching a consensus about the priority of restraint has begun to emerge.
An Experiment Abandoned
Authors: Drescher Seymour 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the decades following British emancipation, commentators had occasionally noted that for an experiment to qualify as such, one had to assume some terminal or measuring point. As with a revolution or a novel, however, the most difficult part to invent was the end. The results of emancipation had been complicated by a long series of unanticipated changes: the ending of colonial sugar protection, the continued flow of African slaves to the labor zones of the Americas, the closing and reopening of the indentured labor flow to British tropical frontiers, and the expansion of alternative forms of coerced labor and sources of sugar production.
The Sensualist Turning Point
Authors: Steinbrügge Lieselotte , Selwyn Pamela E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The writings of Thomas and Roussel may be regarded as occupying representative positions in the late-Enlightenmentquerelle des femmes. The many reviews of Thomas’ Essai sur les femmes (Essay on Women) in contemporary journals, and the fact that it inspired Diderot’s own essay Sur les femmes, point to the work’s broad reception. Roussel ‘s Systeme physique et moral de la femme (Systematic Overview of Woman as Physical and Moral Being) went through numerous editions into the second half of the nineteenth century.
Framing Pieces
Authors: Whittier-Ferguson John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Framing Pieces, Whittier-Ferguson recovers and explores drafts, notes, glosses, essays, and guides that high modernists, such as James Joyce, Virginia Woolf, T.S. Eliot, and Ezra Pound generated in order to interpret their own work. These archival materials reveal a complex picture of how texts like Finnegan’s Wake, A Room of One’s Own, Three Guineas, and ABC’s of Reading were annotated and framed by their authors, and how the authors illuminated and obscured various aspects of the annotations. Whittier-Ferguson also examines the first editions and periodicals in which these works appeared to show how modernist writers gauged the extent of their audience and tried to control their readers’ encounters with their writing.
“To Throw The Labor Of The Artist Upon;: The Shoulders Of The President Of The United States” The House And Senate Wings
Authors: Scott Pamela 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Much of the interior of the Capitol was designed to be open to the public (Cat. 85). For the legislative chambers, this meant two-story rooms with public galleries overlooking the proceedings on the floor below. The crypt, intended as a pilgrimage place-either Washington’s monument or his mausoleum-had to be capable of accommodating crowds while providing support for the Rotunda floor above. The Rotunda itself was perceived from the beginning as a place set apart for specifically public purposes, a “Hall of the People.” The connective tissue between these large spaces-vestibules, staircases, hallways-served as a circulation system as well as a buffer between the public and the offices and committee rooms. Beginning in 1808, Benjamin Henry Latrobe used the Capitol’s ancillary spaces to create such symbolically significant places as the corncob vestibule and the tobacco-leaf rotunda. Architecturally, he made them directional indicators, but more important, he increased their apparent size through a number of visual devices in order to make the entire Capitol seem larger and more impressive than it really was in comparison with contemporary European public buildings. Multiple entries that led to specific areas, such as two on the south wall that opened directly into staircases going up to the House gallery, contributed to the aggrandizement of the Capitol.
Conclusion
Authors: Kindleberger Charles P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This conclusion is in two parts. One part covers the national cycle and especially aging, the other the nature of succession of world economic primacy. It reprises, if you will, chapters 2 and 3. Since starting to write this book at the beginning of 1993, I have learned that another economist is working on a book on the “national life cycle,” like mine in an historical dimension, but going back to Greece and Rome, and in cycles of five hundred and two hundred years as the author comes up to modern times, when fifty-year cycles take over (Athanas, forthcoming). Christos Athanas is also interested in the analogy of nations with human beings, postulating an adult productive life cycle of homo sapiens of fifty years. He acquainted me with a study by Daniel J. Levinson, The Seasons of a Man Life (1978), which divides the human life span into childhood and adolescence (to age 22), early adulthood (17 to 45), middle adulthood (40 to 65), late adulthood (after 80). Peak biological functioning runs from 20 to 40 years of age. By age 20 a man is close to his full height, strength, sexual capacity, cardiac and respiratory capacity, and general biological vigor, and close to his peak in intelligence, memory, and capacity for abstract thought. These aspects of life are generally stable to age 40, which in his (Levinson’s) intuition is a critical time, though some men start to decline at 30. Levinson looked for some attribute like menopause in women which brought about changes in men, but was unable to find it (ibid., pp. 21-24).
The Countertype
Authors: Mosse George L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The construction of masculinity had fashioned a stereotype that in its “quiet grandeur” and self-control reflected the view society liked to have of itself. It was relatively easy to identify with such an unambiguous symbol whose external appearance reflected the moral universe, a normalcy that set the standard for an acceptable way of life. But this ideal of masculinity, indeed modem society as a whole, needed an image against which it could define itself. Those who stood outside or were marginalized by society provided a countertype that reflected, as in a convex mirror, the reverse of the social norm. Such outsiders were either those whose origins, religion, or language were different from the rest of the population or those who were perceived as asocial because they failed to conform to the social norms. For those so marginalized, the search for an identity proved difficult and painful. However, not all outsiders faced the same problems, though basically their options were limited to a denial of their identity or its co-optation by the acceptable norm, until—in the last decades of the nineteenth century—these choices were increased by acts of selfemancipation.
A Note On The Text
Authors: Hirst Robert H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This text of Extract from Captain Stormfield’s Visit to Heaven is a photographic facsimile of a copy of the first American edition, all known copies of which are dated 1909 on the title page. The first edition was published on October 14, 1909 (BAL 3511). The original volume reproduced here is in the Mark Twain Papers, The Bancroft Library, University of California at Berkeley (PS1322/C25/1909/copy 5).
New Imperatives Of Human Security
Authors: Haq Mahbub Ul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Another perception will change as well. Human security will be regarded as universal, global and indivisible. The same speed that has brought many modern products and services to our doorsteps has brought much human misery to our backyards. Every drug that quietly kills, every disease that silently travels, every form of pollution that roams the globe, every act of terrorism that destroys life senselessly-imagine for a moment that they all carried a national label of origin, much as traded goods do, and there will be a sudden shocked recognition that human security concerns are more global today than global trade. A third perception will change-it will be recognized that poverty cannot be stopped at national borders. Poor people can be stopped. But not the tragic consequences of their poverty. Those consequences travel without a passport-and in unpleasant forms. Drugs, AIDS, pollution and terrorism stop at no national frontier today.
Czechoslovakia between Stalin and Hitler
Authors: Lukes Igor 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is a diplomatic history of events leading up to the Munich crisis in 1938 in which Great Britain and France decided to appease Hitler's demands to annex the Sudentenland. While much has been written on this period, Igor Lukes' study is the most comprehensive to date and also the first to integrate a full understanding of the Czech role with wider events.
Preferences and Politics
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The drafting of the U.S. Constitution, it is often said, signaled a rejection of conceptions of politics founded on classical ideals in favor of a quite different modern view. The precise terms of the supposed shift are not altogether clear, but it is possible to identify the most prominent strands. The classical conception assumes a relatively homogeneous people and prizes active participation by the polity’s citizenry. In the classical conception, the polity is selfconsciously concerned with the character of the citizens; it seeks to inculcate virtue in them and to profit from a commitment to the public good. Plato said that politics is the “art whose business it is to care for souls”; and under the classical conception, civic virtue, not private interest, is the wellspring of political behavior. Whether or not the state imposes a “comprehensive view” on the nation, it relies relatively little on private rights to constrain government. The underlying vision of “republican” politics is one of frequent participation and deliberation in the service of decision, by the citizenry, about the sorts of values according to which the nation will operate.
Introduction Or, “Speaking Sweetly Of Phillis Wheatley”
Authors: Reid-Pharr Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This work is concerned most faithfully with questions of history and in particular the question of how one might properly historicize the blackness of Black America, how one might unpack the common sense of that deep tendency within black intellectual life to insist upon black singularity, to conjure that which is pure, unique, that which is decidedly black. I have insisted, therofore, upon the modest assumption that racial and national identity exist within history and are thus permeable and dynamic. The blackness of early national America does not and cannot fit snugly or seamlessly our contemporary realities.
Clean House Peculiar People
Authors: Reid-Pharr Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Even though I have struggled in this study to demonstrate that (black) bodies both constitute and are constituted by domesticity, by households, I do not want to suggest a simple symbiosis between body and house. Instead, I maintain an emphasis on ambiguity and indeterminacy, arguing that corporeal existence is always and inevitably awkward and unstable, even as it is figured as transparent and natural. Thus, by collapsing notions of domesticity and corporeality into one another, by insisting that they are essentially one and the same, I do not mean to resuscitate the very conceptual rigidity that I have attempted to combat. Domesticity should not be understood, then, as a static phenomenon, the achievement of a sort of guarded peace between individual desire and communal interest.
Developing Despite Monopoly, 1660-80
Authors: Sommerville C John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Histories of English journalism pass rapidly over the period 1655–95 as a dead spot, the era of a managed press when the promise of mid century experiments went unrealized. The perspective of those historians, of course, is that of the journalists-what they were trying to do and what they were kept from doing.’ From that viewpoint it was a frustrating period. Our perspective is that of readers-what they paid money for and read week after week through those decades, and how it shaped their thinking. Our evidence is in the papers historians dismiss as censored and therefore illegitimate. What is impressive is how the dynamics of periodicity broke through constraints, to maintain a news consciousness. We have not concentrated so much on the journalists’ putative concern to inform their public as on their desire to market their product. And even official newspapers must be sold, in order to have the desired effect. The period of the English Restoration gives us a chance to test the theory that the demands of periodicity can overcome the intentions of editors. The development of the London Gazette shows how subtle those pressures can be. Observing this process may affect the way we think about the press, even in totalitarian countries.
Periodicity and Press Freedom, 1670-90
Authors: Sommerville C John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
we are used to thinking of the press as an instrument that can be turned on government to create pressure for change. But whence comes the pressure that is needed to win press freedom where it had not existed? To all appearances, the restored Stuart monarchy had succeeded in strangling the infant press. It may seem paradoxical to look at the controlled press itself as part of the explanation for the Revolution of 1688 and its associated changes. And yet the bare existence of periodical publication and of coffeehouse periodicity generated a public opinion that helped win press freedom and liberate the political classes from an unacceptable dynasty. Even the official London Gazette inadvertently helped in this process. It all has to do with events in the late 1670s and early 1680s that historians call the Popish Plot and Exclusion Controversy. Taking stock of the situation after 1660, we recall that only one newspaper was allowed, and eventually that it issued directly from a government office. In 1665 the London Gazette was joined by the Philosophical Transactions, and there were other publications that kept up the habit of weekly appearance, even if only in an obscene vein. Beginning in March 1676 and running for a year and a half, Poor Robin’s Intelligence was heir to John Crouch’s pornographic periodicals. Not as grossly obscene as Crouch, it could better be described as ribald, and in fact, knew enough to refer to Rabelais.’ Why it needed to appear periodically is a mystery, unless it has to do with profits. But it must have been profitable to run so long, and the copies that survive look like they have passed through hundreds of hands. One almost feels sorry for the licenser, Roger L’Estrange, who had to read each one carefully to make sure it could not be taken as political comment.
Jurismania
Authors: Campos Paul F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Jurismania, Paul Campos asserts that our legal system is beginning to exhibit symptoms of serious mental illness. Trials and appeals that stretch out for years and cost millions, 100 page appellate court opinions, 1,000 page statutes before which even lawyers tremble with fear, and a public that grows more litigious every day all testify to a judicial overkill that borders on obsessive-compulsive disorder. Campos locates the source of such madness, paradoxically, in our worship of reason and the resulting belief that all problems are amenable to legal solutions. In insightful discussions of a wide range of cases, from NCAA regulations of student-athletes to the Simpson trial, from our most intractable social disputes over abortion and physician-assisted suicide to the war on drugs and the increasingly fastidious attempts to regulate behavior in public spaces, Campos shows that the mania for more law exacerbates the very problems it seeks to remedy. In his final chapter, the author calls instead for a humbling recognition of the limits of reason and a much more modest role for our legal system. Clearly written and laced with a delicious wit, Jurismania gives us a CAT-scan of the American legal mind at work. It reveals not only that the patient is even worse off than we imagined, but also clarifies the many reasons why.
Contemporary Peoples/ Contested Places
Authors: Deutsch Sarah , Sanchez George J , Y.Okihiro Gary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Toward the end of the summer of 1924, the Los Angeles Times Illustrated Magazine ran a one-page article extolling the virtues of southern California. In “Where Folks Are Folks,” the author characterized Los Angeles as “the most American of American cities” because in Los Angeles, in contrast to the East, “the native American” (i.e., the nonimmigrant) was still “in the great majority.” Like other important metropolises, Los Angeles had high buildings and high culture. But whereas New York was “overrun with Europeans,” its ill-natured crowds “a nightmare to the traveler,” Los Angeles was still the archetypical “middle-class American city, a metropolis with small-town ways-American ways.” In the mind of this booster, Los Angeles was nothing less than “America regenerated, more eastern than the East,”which had “become continental European.” The many promoters of the urban American West in the early twentieth century who extolled the absence of teeming immigrant masses ignored that the industrial and agricultural expansion that generated urban growth had, in fact, attracted large numbers of immigrants. The downtown region of Los Angeles and the areas just south and east of it held heavy concentrations of foreign-born and nonwhite newcomers. Ignored by promoters and largely excluded from the city’s ruling elite, the Southside and the Eastside made up the “other” Los Angeles. Boyle Heights, an Eastside community, became the city’s most heterogeneous region from the 1920s through the 1950s.
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor and Other Modulators of Angiogenesis
Authors: Deuel Thomas F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Understanding the complexity of the formation of the vascular system and its regulation has been exceedingly difficult since this is also the study of organogenesis. Remarkable advances in the identification and characterization of factors capable of inducing new blood vessel growth have recently made study of the important processes of neovascularization and maintenance of blood vessels at the molecular level possible. These advances have assumed additional importance since it is now apparent that new therapies can be developed that effectively modify disease processes that depend upon angiogenesis for progression.
The Colonial Phase
Authors: Jensen Merrill 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For nearly three centuries the New World was a part of the colonial empires of western European nations, most notably Spain, Portugal, France, and England. It was not until nearly three centuries after Columbus’ first voyage in 1492 that the first of the European colonies began the movement that was to free most of the New World from European domination by the 1820’s. In 1776 thirteen of England’s thirty American colonies declared their independence as the United States of America. It has been only 190 years since the founding of the United States in 1776, as contrasted with the 284 years of colonial history which preceded it. Thus the colonial history of the New World is far longer than its history as a group of independent nations.