bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interactions between arterial chemoreceptors and other inputs
Authors: Daly M de Burgh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are considerable differences in the way the carotid bodies are integrated with other inputs. The carotid chemoreceptor reflex vasoconstrictor response is enhanced by unloading and diminished by stimulating the carotid baroreceptors, respectively. Thus, gain of the carotid baroreceptor reflex response relating carotid sinus pressure to vascular resistance in muscle is increased during carotid chemoreceptor activation. Stimulation of atrial receptors brings about a reflex increase in renal blood flow due to vasodilatation, a response which is enhanced when carried out on a background ofvasoconstriction evoked by excitation of the carotid bodies. The reflex cardioaccelerator response occurring on stimulation of the atrial receptors is mediated entirely by way of sympathetic efferents which constitute a separate group of fibres, there being no convergence of projections of the atrial receptors with either the carotid chemoreceptors or baroreceptors.
Bird Families Of The World: Pelicans, Cormorants And Their Relatives
Authors: Nelson J Bryan , Mackay Andrew , Busby John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pelecaniformes are a large and important group of seabirds, containing many spectacular species. This book addresses the breeding biology of the six pelecaniform families, which comprise the closely-related core groups (pelicans, cormorants/shags, darters, gannets/boobies) and their more distant relatives, the frigate birds and tropic birds. Many fundamental questions can be addressed through the pelecaniformes: Why do they breed in colonies? What are the links between their feeding methods and their reproduction? What part does territorial and pairing behaviour play in their life-cycles? These and scores of comparable issues, including those related to man, are woven here into a richly interpretative text. The author’s approach to the subject is threefold. First, the pelecaniformes are placed within the framework of four discrete disciplines, with chapters on evolutionary relationships, comparative behaviour, ecology, and the birds’ relationship with humans. Secondly, each of the six families is discussed, elucidating the range of taxonomy, behaviour, and ecology within each. Finally, we progress to specific level, using the same structure as for the family accounts. In this way, each of the 60-odd species can be understood not just as discrete units, but as part of their family and order. The book is unique in its coverage of the entire order and in its combination of facts and interpretation. Pelicans, Cormorants, and their Allies will enable readers not only to identify the many spectacular species which make up this large and important group of seabirds, but also to understand their breeding biology.
General Introduction
Authors: Nelson J Bryan , Mackay Andrew , Busby John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every seabird addresses the same basic issues and has evolved its own adaptive web. The various ways in which the pelecaniforms deal with their social requirements, such as breeding space and the relationship between partners and between parents and young, throws light on social behaviour in general. Similarly, the links between feeding/for aging and the entire complex edifice of breeding strategy in the different pelecaniforms is relevant to those same issues in other seabirds. Combining the general and the particular in this book has been complicated by the need to deal with six variably divergent families, two of which (tropicbirds and frigatebirds) are very different from the remainder and may not even belong within the Pelecaniformes.
Cormorants and Shags
Authors: Nelson J Bryan , Mackay Andrew , Busby John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ADULT M PRE-BREEDING: Head, neck, lower back, rump, underparts glossed green; upper back, scapulars, wing-coverts greyish, with black edges to feathers. Wings, tail blackish. Straggly ear-plumes vary from whitish (W) to black (E). Eye bright green, eyelids blue with (floridanus)white spots, or orange-yellow. Gape startlingly blue; lores, face, gular skin orange; bill black mottled grey or yellow, upper mandible pale yellow-blue with darker lines and blotches. Legs, feet black.
Anhinga and Darter
Authors: Nelson J Bryan , Mackay Andrew , Busby John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ADULT M PRE-BREEDING: Black body plumage; green-glossed, head and neck browner due to elongated, transitory brownish white filoplumes on hindneck and head, bordering central mane. Elongated scapulars, wing-coverts and longest proximal secondaries silvery white; other wing feathers black; alulars unusually long. Longest wing-covert feathers corrugated. All 14 tail feathers black (mid-pair corrugated with c. 30 transverse flutings) becoming browner towards tip and tipped with brownish white. Bill nondescript dusky greenish on upper mandible, more yellow lower mandible; early in courtship becomes orange red.
Tropicbirds
Authors: Nelson J Bryan , Mackay Andrew , Busby John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ADULT M PRE-BREEDING: Mainly silky white, may be suffused with variable amounts pink. Conspicuously black wing-tips on upper surface due to black outer four primaries and their coverts and some black on inner secondaries. Underwing white. Large patch of blackish vermiculations on back extends onto upper tail. Black eyestripe may continue onto nape but much reduced or absent in Red Sea–Indian Ocean. Underparts white with some grey on flanks. Long white tail streamers with black shafts. Bill stout and red, iris dark brown. Legs pale, webs black. On Ascension feet varied from pale pink to chrome yellow.
The evolutionary and ecological importance of environmental stress
Authors: Hoffmann Ary A , Parsons Peter A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Periods of extreme environmental stress have been emphasized in many areas of the evolutionary and ecological literature. We briefly describe some of these areas to give an overview of the biological importance of environmental stress, including patterns in the fossil record, the impact of unusual climatic conditions on populations and the association between climatic extremes and species distributions. Attempts to classify organisms by the nature of their habitats also incorporate stress, and these are briefly discussed along with the interaction between stress and competition.
Stress and Protein variation
Authors: Hoffmann Ary A , Parsons Peter A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We start an overview of genetic variation in stress response at the protein level, before moving to the chromosomal, developmental, and organismic levels in Chapters 4 and 5. Here we consider effects of environmental stress on enzymes and heat-shock proteins, and conclude by discussing the importance of stress in selection on protein polymorphisms.
General stress resistance
Authors: Hoffmann Ary A , Parsons Peter A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Resistance to environmental stress may involve mechanisms that are highly specific for one type of stress, such as detoxification pathways restricted to a particular class of insecticide, or may cover different stresses, and have a common physiological/biochemical basis. We have already encountered a general resistance mechanism in the form of heat shock proteins that are induced by a variety of agents and may provide protection against a range of stresses (Section 3.2). If such general mechanisms are common, then individuals may have high or low resistance levels for a range of stresses, and selection for increased resistance to one stress will increase resistance to other stresses.
The evolution of gametes-from motility to double fertilization
Authors: Bruce Knox R , Ducker Sophie C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Considerable advances have occurred in the understanding of the structure and evolution of the male gamete of plants. Motile sperm were animalcules in the seventeenth century, and the flagellated sperms of plants were not recognized until the end of the eighteenth century. With the advent of high resolution electron microscopy in the twentieth century, together with molecular approaches including monoclonal antibody technology, analysis of their structural and heritable characteristics is a reality. Motile male gametes are most complex in early gymnosperms, the cycads and Ginkgo. What cytological changes have accompanied the evolution of motile sperm in these systems?
Competition and marine plant-animal interactions
Authors: Underwood A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Competitive interactions for food are widespread amongst marine invertebrate grazers. The common occurrence of such interactions is due to the unpredictable increases in density of grazers that can occur as a result of large fluctuations in the timing and intensity of settlement or recruitment from planktonic stages. In addition, the supplies of algal foods, particularly microalgae that are consumed by many intertidal grazing gastropods, are also variable. Thus, a superfluity of grazers, or shortage of resource, may happen in any area without regard to any previous abundances of the food or its consumers. Despite the widespread nature of competitive interactions for food, general synthesis is not yet possible about many aspects of this process. These include the nature of symmetry or asymmetry of competition, particularly where grazers have different modes of feeding. It is not yet clear whether competition will necessarily lead to local exclusion of species from patches of a habitat. These areas of uncertainty are discussed with respect to suitable designs of experimental analyses of this widespread process in benthic systems.
Distribution of brain neuronal CCK. An in situ hybridization study
Authors: Vanderhaeghen J -J , Schiffmann S N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
CCK-like immunoreactivity was discovered in the vertebrate central nervous system in the mid 1970s (Vanderhaeghen et al. 1975). It was shown later that most of the immunoreactivity corresponds to the carboxyl terminal octapeptide of CCK (Dockray 1976) in its sulphated biologically active form (Robberecht et al. 1978). Several immunohistochemical studies have mapped the distribution of CCK octapeptide (CCK-8) in rat brain (Innis et al. 1979; Larsson and Rehfeld 1979; Vanderhaeghen et al. 1980, 1981; Vanderhaeghen 1985). Preprocholecystokinin (preproCCK) has been cloned in the rat (Deschenes et al. 1984) as well as in man (Takahashi et al. 1985), and is identical in brain and gut. Localization of CCK mRNA has been conducted using Northern blot analysis (Burgunder and Young 1988; Voigt and Uhl 1988; Iadarola et al. 1989). Recently, two extensive mapping studies of CCK mRNA using in situ hybridization histochemistry (ISHH) (Ingram et al. 1989; Schiffmann and Vanderhaeghen 1991) have confirmed the immunohistochemical studies. In addition, some selected regions such as the thalamus and the mesencephalon have also been reported to contain CCK mRNA (Siegel and Young 1985; Burgunder and Young 1988, 1989a, b; Savasta et al. 1988, 1989, 1990; Voigt and Uhl 1988; Seroogy et al. 1989). In addition, studies on human brain material have recently been performed (Palacios et al. 1989; Schalling et al. 1989; Savasta et al. 1990). CCK mRNA is also present in large motoneurons of the rat spinal cord (Schiffmann and Vanderhaeghen 1991). Identification of CCK mRNA has changed our understanding of the brain distribution of CCK. Indeed, immunohistochemistry, particularly on human tissue, favours visualization of terminals, whereas ISHH favours visualization of neuronal perikarya. In this chapter we summarize our experience of the use of ISHH for mapping CCK perikarya in the rat brain.
Blood-brain transfer of the CCK antagonists L-365,260 and devazepide
Authors: Hargreaves Richard J , Lin Juinn H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of a blood-brain barrier was first formulated at the turn of the century as a result of experiments which showed that some dyes and pharmacologically active compounds did not stain or affect the brain when injected into the bloodstream, but did so when injected into the cerebrospinal fluid. It was not until the 1960s that it became clear that the anatomical basis of the blood-brain barrier comprised the cerebral capillary endothelium in which adjacent cells were joined together at all points of contact by tight intercellular junctions making a virtually continuous monocellular layer. In an early paper on ionic exchange across living membranes, Krogh (1946) suggested that the permeability properties of the cerebral capillaries were those of the endothelial cell membrane and that the design of drugs intended to act in the CNS should concentrate on lipid solubility as one of the primary factors determining rate of entry into the brain. Most solutes that pass through the blood-brain barrier must do so by dissolution in the membranes and cytoplasm of the capillary endothelial cells. As a result, transcellular movement is influenced by the lipid (membrane) solubility of a compound and its diffusion rate. In turn, these factors are dependent upon the fraction of drug in capillary plasma that is not ionized at physiological pH and upon molecular size. Brain uptake of solutes may also be affected by plasma protein binding. It was hypothesized that protein bound drug was not available for transfer from capillary plasma to brain since the high molecular weight, and sometimes electrical charge, of plasma proteins prevented their movement with bound drug from the vascular compartment. However, studies have now indicated that this may be an over simplification since the brain penetration of many drugs and hormones that are plasma protein bound is greater than would be predicted from free drug concentrations (Pardridge and Landaw 1984).
Introduction
Authors: Smith G P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is almost 20 years since CCK was first reported to inhibit food intake (Gibbs et al. 1973). The chapters in this part of the volume provide a reasonably complete review of the current understanding of this phenomenon. Given that the editors chose the topics and the authors did not consult one another, it is interesting that the chapters read like a family album - each chapter shares common features with the others, but each is distinctly different.
CCK-monoamine interactions and satiety in rodents
Authors: Cooper Steven J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At first sight, the problem posed by satiety is quite straightforward. To illustrate this, I begin by drawing a comparison between the feeding habits of a laboratory rat, housed alone, and driving a car. To achieve the required degree of experimental control, the rat is normally given free access to diet of standard composition (or the food is given on a fixed schedule of restricted access) and environmental factors (such as temperature, lighting, capacity of the living space) are held constant. We can appreciate the analogy between the rat’s living under such uniform conditions and its eating requirements, and the task of driving a vehicle under constant conditions and having to take account of fuelling requirements.There are occasions when we drive a car on a straight flat road with a good surface; there may be little additional traffic, low wind resistance, a constant load, and a constant speed to maintain. If a fuel of known quality is used and the available quantity is monitored, then the question of anticipating fuel requirements on the journey is simple to answer. The decision to stop for fuel can occur at any time, provided that the fuel does not run out and there is a petrol station available, at that time.In a similar way, approaching the question of satiety solely in relation to the normal laboratory-maintained rat encourages us to see a simple process operating by virtue of simple mechanisms. In the case of driving a car under constant conditions, ‘satiety’ signifies the end of refuelling and usually indicates that enough fuel has been taken for the next leg of a predictable journey. In the rat, satiety signifies the end of feeding and indicates that enough food has been consumed until the next meal.
Does hippocampal CCK influence dopaminergic input to the nucleus accumbens? Some anatomical observations
Authors: Totterdell S , Smith A D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The peptide CCK is widely distributed in the brain, where it is thought to act as a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator (Crawley, 1988). Concentrations are high in the cerebral cortex and also in the hippocampus (Beinfeld, 1983), where it is considered to be located in intrinsic and projection neurons (Handelman et al. 1983). Levels of CCK are reported to be decreased post mortem in the hippocampus and amygdala of patients diagnosed as schizophrenic (Roberts et al. 1983).Neurons in the hippocampus project to the nucleus accumbens (Kelley and Domesick 1982), an area which also receives dopaminergic input from the ventral tegmental area (VTA). There is considerable evidence that CCK coexists with dopamine in at least some of the VTA neurons which project to the nucleus accumbens (Hokfelt et al. 1980), and this has led to studies of the interactions between CCK and dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. However, it might also be possible for CCK in the hippocampus to influence dopamine activity in the nucleus accumbens. Therefore we investigated whether the neurons which project from the hippocampus to the nucleus accumbens receive input from intrinsic hippocampal CCK neurons, and whether this hippocampal input forms contacts with the same neurons in the nucleus accumbens that receive input from the VTA.
CCK in experimental models of dyskinesia
Authors: Jon Stoessl A , Szczutkowski E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dyskinesias are involuntary movements which are usually rapid and relatively stereotyped. A number of different aetiologies are recognized, and a relative excess of dopaminergic activity is frequently thought to underly the movements. Tardive dyskinesia refers to those movements attributed to long-term use of neuroleptic medications, and it affects approximately 20 per cent of those individuals so exposed. Based on observations of enhanced dopamine receptor binding (Burt et al. 1977) and behavioural supersensitivity to dopamine agonists following chronic neuroleptic use (Tarsy and Baldessarini 1973), it has long been assumed that dopamine receptor upregulation is the critical underlying abnormality. That this is an oversimplification has been well argued by Fibiger and Lloyd (1984), and is further supported by recent electrophysiological (Jiang et al. 1990) and molecular biological (Van Tol et al. 1990) data. We were interested in the possible role of CCK in tardive dyskinesia for a variety of reasons:1. Chronic neuroleptics alter brain levels of CCK (Frey 1983; Fukamauchi et al. 1987a) and possibly also CCK binding (Chang et al. 1983; Fukamauchi et al. 1987b).2. There are complex biochemical, electrophysiological, and behavioural interactions between CCK and dopamine.3. Preliminary clinical reports indicated a beneficial effect of ceruletide in a few patients with tardive dyskinesia (Nishikawa et al. 1986).As a model of tardive dyskinesia, we have used the development of vacuous chewing mouth movements (VCMs) in rats, as previously described by others (Iversen et al. 1980; Waddington et al. 1983).
Behavioural and neurochemical evidence for an interaction of CCK with D1 dopamine receptors
Authors: Dourish C T , Hutson P H , Kitchener S J , O’Neill, M F , Suman-Chauhan N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The neuropeptide CCK has complex effects on brain dopaminergic neurotransmission, and both enhancement and inhibition of dopamine-mediated responses have been reported after treatment with CCK (Voigt and Wang 1984; Crawley et al. 1985). CCK has been shown to coexist with dopamine in a subpopulation of mesolimbic neurons that project from the ventral tegmental area of the mid-brain and innervate the posteromedian nucleus accumbens (Hokfelt et al. 1980). It has been proposed that CCK specifically enhances dopamine-mediated behaviour in brain regions that are innervated by CCK/ dopamine-containing neurons (Crawley et al. 1984, 1985). Thus injection of CCK into the posteromedian nucleus accumbens enhances the stimulant action of the dopamine agonist apomorphine injected into the same site (Crawley et al. 1985). In contrast, injection of CCK into the anterolateral region of the nucleus accumbens, which is innervated by dopamine neurons that do not contain CCK, blocks dopamine-mediated behaviour (Vaccarino and Rankin 1989).
CCK and opioid analgesia: introduction
Authors: Iversen Susan D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There has been a growing awareness that CCK and the opioids have opposite physiological effects on food intake, motor behaviour, and the responsiveness of animals to painful stimuli. The experimental findings in support of this statement have been reviewed in a number of the chapters in this volume. Furthermore, it appears likely that the CCK and opioid systems are not functionally independent. Drugs which increase or decrease CCK function modify the response to morphine, and a number of anatomical and neuropharmacological studies have demonstrated a functional interaction between CCK and opioids at various levels of the neural axis. It is in the area of pain perception that these findings have immediate clinical significance since morphine and related opioids are so widely used as analgesics. Opioid analgesics have many disadvantages: beyond the serious problem of tolerance and dependence are serious acute side-effects, including respiratory depression and constipation.The observation that CCK at physiological doses blocks opioid analgesia (ltoh et al. 1982; Faris et al. 1983) is now well confirmed, with the important corollary that CCK antagonist drugs which act on the CNS could be important adjuncts to morphine in the treatment of pain. The interaction between CCK and opioids in relation to food intake and motor behaviour has been less intensively investigated to date. It would be interesting to discover more about the anatomical relationships of CCK and opioid substrates in the circuitry mediating the control of food intake and motor behaviour, since diseases involving these systems may well offer additional targets for CCK antagonist or agonist drugs. It should not be assumed, however, that all the effects of CCK in the CNS involve an interaction with opioid systems. For example, there is no evidence at present that the anxiogenic effect of CCK-4 and the anxiolytic effect of CCK antagonists involve opioid systems (De Montigny 1989).