bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing flashbulb memories of September 11 and the death of Princess Diana: effects of time delays and nationality
Authors: Kvavilashvili Lia , Mirani Jennifer , Schlagman Simone , Kornbrot Diana E. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThis study examines flashbulb memories of a salient recent and a distant public event to assess patterns of forgetting in the formal characteristics of these memories. Memories of a recent event (September 11) were compared to memories of a distant event (the death of Princess Diana) in several samples of British and one sample of Italian participants. In British participants, the 51‐month old memories of the death of Princess Diana were as detailed and specific as their memories of a 3‐month old event, September 11. Moreover, their memories of Princess Diana were not different from memories of September 11 collected immediately or very soon after September 11 in two other groups of British participants. Results suggest that flashbulb memories of a distant public event can be as detailed, specific and vivid as memories of a very recent event. For Italian participants, however, flashbulb memory scores for September 11 were reliably higher than for the death of Princess Diana. There was also a small albeit reliable loss of specificity in British participants' memories of September 11 over the subsequent three months. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Event memory and autobiographical memory for the events of September 11, 2001
Authors: Pezdek Kathy 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThis research compares event memory and autobiographical memory for an event that was experienced to be more distressing, with more significant and widespread consequences than was any other event for which memory has been studied in a large sample. Memory for the events of September 11 was assessed seven weeks later in three samples: (a) 275 college students from Manhattan; (b) 167 college students from California; and (c) 127 college students from Hawaii. Whereas event memory was most accurate in the New York sample most involved in and most distressed by the events, autobiographical memory was reported with the least detail in this sample. This finding is consistent with the prediction that it is the synergy of arousal and rehearsal that affects memory for stressful events. Constructive memory distortions are also evident in the data; 73% of the respondents reported (incorrectly) that on September 11, they saw on television, the videotape of the first plane striking the first World Trade Center tower. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Autobiographical and event memory for 9/11: changes across one year
Authors: Tekcan Ali İ. , Ece Berivan , Gülgöz Sami , Er Nurhan 
Published: January 2004

AbstractWe tested Turkish participants' (n=483) autobiographical and event memory for the events of September 11, 2001 3 days, 6 months, and 1 year after the event. The amount of autobiographical detail participants reported was very high after one year. The accuracy of event memory was moderate at 3 days, and declined sharply by 6 months. The consistency of autobiographical memory was higher than that of event memory at all time lags; however, there was no interaction between time lag and memory type. The data also provided partial support for Pezdek's (2003) conceptualization that the degree of involvement has different effects on event and autobiographical memory. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reconstructing the serial order of events: a case study of September 11, 2001
Authors: Altmann Erik M. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractParticipants reconstructed the serial order of events associated with the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Accuracy was stable as the retention interval doubled from 9 weeks to 18 weeks, but most participants (63%) made errors sequencing even the ‘unforgettable’ events of that day, with most errors (72%) falling within one position of being correct. This positional gradient (near misses more common than far misses) mirrored that found in laboratory studies of order memory, despite basic differences in how ordinal information was presented to observers, suggesting that the positional gradient may generalize across many different circumstances of serial‐order reconstruction. Monte Carlo simulations illustrate this possibility by showing that simple constraints on pairs of events explain substantial variance in the data. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reactions to and memories for the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in adults with posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Qin Jianjian , Mitchell Karen J. , Johnson Marcia K. , Krystal John H. , Southwick Steven M. , Rasmusson Ann M. , Allen Elizabeth S. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractWe examined emotional reactions to and subsequent memory for the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in individuals with a history of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Surveys were conducted among clients, staff, and visitors of a Veterans Administration Hospital approximately one month and again 10 months after the attacks. As compared to a trauma‐control group matched on age, sex, education, and veteran status, PTSD participants reported being more negatively affected by the attacks in the follow‐up, but not in the initial survey. PTSD and matched trauma control participants were similar in various measures of their initial autobiographical memory and event memory for factual details of the attacks. However, within‐subject comparison revealed significant forgetting over the 9 months in event memory only for the PTSD participants. Furthermore, PTSD participants exhibited a tendency to inflate the emotional aspects of their memory over time. Finally, only in the PTSD group, age was negatively correlated with event memory, suggesting an accelerated memory decline with age associated with PTSD. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Narratives of 9/11: relations among personal involvement, narrative content and memory of the emotional impact over time
Authors: Fivush Robyn , Edwards Valerie J. , Mennuti‐Washburn Jean 
Published: January 2004

AbstractPrevious research has documented the beneficial effects of expressive narrative writing, and especially the inclusion of cognitive processing and emotion words, for alleviating stress. In this study, 65 mostly white Emory University undergraduates of Judeo‐Christian backgrounds recalled their emotional reaction upon hearing the news of 9/11 within 2 months of the event, and again one month and 6 months later. Between the initial and one month assessment, participants engaged in expressive writing for 20 minutes a day for 5 consecutive days. Individuals who had higher personal involvement in the events of 9/11, through knowing someone who was killed or having lived in the affected areas, recalled being more shocked and upset upon hearing the news across time, and used fewer cognitive processing and positive emotion words in their narratives, than those with no direct involvement. Individuals who used more cognitive processing and emotion words in their narratives subsequently recalled being less shocked and upset upon hearing the news. Implications of these finding for emotional memory and emotional regulation are discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How has the 9/11 terrorist attack influenced decision making?
Authors: Sacco Katiuscia , Galletto Valentina , Blanzieri Enrico 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThis paper investigates the effects of September 11, 2001 terrorists' attack on decision making. It was hypothesized that after terrorists' attacks people would make more conservative and less risky decisions, as a way of compensating for the feelings of insecurity caused by the disaster. Prospect Theory is used as theoretical framework. This theory has successfully accounted for decision making under normal circumstances. To verify whether and how the terrorists' attack against the USA influenced individual decision making processes, two samples of Italian university students were tested, one month and six months after the disaster. The results show the emergence of two tendencies, which are absent during ‘normal’ historical periods: a strong, long‐term lasting search for security when the outcome of a decision is perceived as a gain, and a medium‐term risk avoiding behavior in the loss domain. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isaac, Ishmael, and Janus: past and future lessons regarding the ethnic categorization of faces
Authors: Rice Diana R. , Mullen Brian 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe events of 9/11/2001 have stimulated an unprecedented degree of attention to, and efforts to identify, individuals of Arab descent. Following the Holocaust, social psychologists studied the extent to which Jewish and Non‐Jewish people could accurately categorize faces as Jewish vs. Non‐Jewish. This study provides a systematic analysis of the results of these earlier studies of the categorization of Jewish faces, with an eye toward informing the current cultural fixation upon the categorization of Arab faces. A meta‐analysis was conducted upon all available tests of the accuracy of categorization of Jewish and Non‐Jewish faces, allowing the empirical scrutiny of three models of facial perception. Judges can categorize Jewish faces to a significant, albeit extremely small degree; judges can categorize Non‐Jewish faces to a much greater degree. Results are most consistent with a model of facial perception that incorporates variations of cognitive representations of groups as a function of group size. These results suggest that training protocols for airport security guards should engage exemplar cognitive representations, emphasizing distinguishing features (rather than ethnic category membership) of faces. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prader–Willi syndrome: Causes of death in an international series of 27 cases
Authors: Schrander‐Stumpel Constance Th.R.M. , Curfs Leopold M.G. , Sastrowijoto Prapto , Cassidy Suzanne B. , Schrander Jaap J.P. , Fryns Jean‐Pierre 
Published: January 2004

AbstractPrader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is a complex condition with many medical and psychological features. In individuals with this syndrome, causes of death were studied. Data of 27 case reports were collected. Ages at death ranged from neonatal to 68 years. None of the individuals were treated with growth hormone (GH). Most cases were not completely documented and autopsy was performed in a minority of cases only. In five cases, death was considered not to be causally related to PWS. Hypotonia with hypoventilation was noted in the babies, and acute respiratory illness with unexpected sudden death was experienced in young children with PWS. Two young children died after a short period of fever and gastroenteritis. Obesity and its complications leading to death were pronounced in the adult group. One (possibly two) adult(s) died from gastric dilatation and shock. Based on these data, some cautious conclusions can be drawn. In babies with PWS hypoventilation is a risk factor; upper airway infection may be more serious than anticipated and any other clinical features pointing to an infection should be taken very seriously. Therefore, young infants with PWS hospitalized with an upper airway infection and/or hypoventilation or gastroenteritis symptoms, should be closely monitored. Early diagnosis and prevention of overweight is a major factor in preventing early causes of death in individuals with PWS. In the adult group, weight reduction is important but difficult to manage. Sleep apnea should be recognized and treated. Pain in the upper stomach and/or vomiting should be taken as a possible sign of acute intestinal dilatation; intravenous support may be life saving. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two cases of tetrasomy 9p syndrome with tissue limited mosaicism
Authors: Lloveras Elisabet , Pérez C. , Solé F. , Zamora L. , Lladonosa A. , Espinet B. , Silvestre E. , Serra J. , Vendrell T. , Fernández B. , Salido M. , Plaja A. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractTetrasomy of short arm of chromosome 9 constitutes a clinically recognizable chromosomal syndrome. Isochromosome 9p shows a strong propensity to tissue‐limited mosaicism. It occurs predominantly in peripheral blood cultures, often at a lower frequency or even absent in skin, amniotic fluid or chorionic villous cell cultures. Tissue‐limited nature of mosaicism may render prenatal detection of this condition very difficult. Herein, we report two new cases of mosaic tetrasomy 9p. Conventional cytogenetics (CC) and FISH studies demonstrated a differential expression of the mosaicism in several tissues. We review the literature and discuss the implications of these findings in cytogenetic prenatal diagnosis. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Aluminum(I) and Gallium(I) Compounds: Syntheses, Structures, and Reactions
Authors: Dohmeier Carsten , Loos Dagmar , Schnöckel Hansgeorg 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBy the end of the last century there were already the first indications of the possible existence of Al1 halides. However, it was only through the pioneering works of W. Klemm, who would have celebrated his 100th birthday on January 6, 1996, that detailed spectroscopic investigations became possible. Since the end of the 1970s the reactivity of AlX and GaX species in solid noble gases has been confirmed by numerous examples. In recent years formally monovalent Al and Ga species have been successfully synthesized on a preparative scale. In addition to the first halides, organometallic compounds with metal–metal bonds have been isolated and investigated with regard to their chemical properties. The fundamental importance of such species has been documented in this journal among others in the form of two highlight articles in which experimental and theoretical aspects have been examined with examples, and parallels and differences with respect to boron chemistry have been illustrated. This review is intended to give an account of the chronological development of this research area over the last few years, but an attempt is also made to categorize the experimental results achieved not only with respect to structure, thermodynamics, and reactivity, but also with the aid of quantum chemical calculations and by comparative considerations.
Nonstabilized Alkyl Complexes and Alkyl‐Cyano‐Ate Complexes of Iron(II) and Cobalt(II) as New Reagents in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Kauffmann Thomas 
Published: January 2004

AbstractAlkyl transition metal reagents are being increasingly used for alkylations in organic synthesis. They have various advantages over alkyllithium and alkyl‐magnesium reagents including higher selectivity, lower basicity, and—as long as the transition metal is not in its highest oxidation state—their willingness to undergo oxidative addition with electrophiles. Alkyl derivatives of FeII and CoII, which are not stabilized by special ligands but still can be easily handled, are in many cases superior to the well‐known alkyl–CuI and ‐MnII reagents and can also undergo unexpected reactions. The introduction of alkyl‐cyanoate complexes of FeII and CoII, the cyanide ligands of which (in contrast to neutral π‐acidic ligands) do not reduce the reactivity, has led to further advances. Reaction mechanisms will be discussed and comparisons will be made with alkylating reagents containing CuI, MnII, NiII, or TiIV as well as with Pd‐catalyzed coupling reactions. Furthermore, it will be shown that super‐ate FeII complexes are almost certainly the reactive species in highly selective catalytic alkylations.
Self‐Assembly in Natural and Unnatural Systems
Authors: Philp Douglas , Stoddart J. Fraser 
Published: January 2004

AbstractAlthough there are no fundamental factors hindering the development of nanoscale structures, there is a growing realization that “engineering down” approaches, in other words a reduction in the size of structures generated by lithographic techniques below the present lower limit of roughly 1 μm, may become impractical. It has, therefore, become increasingly clear that only by the development of a fundamental understanding of the self‐assembly of large‐scale biological structures, which exist and function at and beyond the nanoscale, downwards, and the extension of our knowledge regarding the chemical syntheses of small‐scale structures upwards, can the gap between the promise and the reality of nanosystems be closed. This kind of construction of nanoscale structures and nanosystems represents the so‐called “bottom up” or “engineering up” approach to device fabrication. Significant progress can be made in the development of nanoscience by transferring concepts found in the biological world into the chemical arena. Central to this mission is the development of simple chemical systems capable of instructing their own organization into large aggregates of molecules through their mutual recognition properties. The precise programming of these recognition events, and hence the correct assembly of the growing superstructure, relies on a fundamental understanding and the practical exploitation of non‐covalent bonding interactions between and within molecules. The science of supramolecular chemistry—chemistry beyond the molecule in its very broadest sense—has started to bridge the yawning gap between molecular and macro‐molecular structures. By utilizing inter‐actions as diverse as aromatic π–π stacking and metal–ligand coordination for the information source for assembly processes, chemists have, in the last decade, begun to use biological concepts such as self‐assembly to construct nanoscale structures and superstructures with a variety of forms and functions. Here, we provide a flavor of how self‐assembly operates in natural systems and can be harnessed in unnatural ones.
What Can We Learn from Molecular Recognition in Protein–Ligand Complexes for the Design of New Drugs?
Authors: Böhm Hans‐Joachim , Klebe Gerhard 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe understanding of noncovalent interactions in protein–ligand complexes is essential in modern biochemistry and should contribute toward the discovery of new drugs. In the present review, we summarize recent work aimed at a better understanding of the physical nature of molecular recognition in protein–ligand complexes and also at the development and application of new computational tools that exploit our current knowledge on structural and energetic aspects of protein–ligand interactions in the design of novel ligands. These approaches are based on the exponentially growing amount of information about the geometry of protein structures and the properties of small organic molecules exposed to a structured molecular environment. The various contributions that determine the binding affinity of ligands toward a particular receptor are discussed. Their putative binding site conformations are analyzed, and some predictions are attempted. The similarity of ligands is examined with respect to their recognition properties. This information is used to understand and propose binding modes. In addition, an overview of the existing methods for the design and selection of novel protein ligands is given.
Carbenoid Complexes of Electron‐Deficient Transition Metals—Syntheses of and with Short‐Lived Building Blocks
Authors: Beckhaus Rüdiger 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe relation of thermodynamic stability and kinetic lability of σ‐organometallic compounds of transition metals, together with an improved understanding of the subtle interactions between central metal, ligands, and substrates, has increased the chemist's ability to plan organometallic syntheses. This article presents new results on intermediary and isolable synthetic building blocks incorporating metal–ligand multiple bonds of electron‐deficient transition metals; the main emphasis will be placed on compounds with titanium–carbon double bonds. This particular class of compounds is mainly generated by H‐transfer reactions starting from readily accessible alkyl and alkenyl derivatives. The preparative use of [L2Ti(CHR2)R′] derivatives as sources for [L2TiCR2] intermediates will be discussed, as well as the nature of these intermediates. Application of the same approach to vinyltitanium compounds [L2Ti(CHCH2)R] opens up an access to a short‐lived metallaallene derivative [L2TiCCH2] of an electron‐deficient transition metal. The reactivity of these synthetic building blocks is mainly characterized by the nucleophilic properties of the α‐C atoms as well as by the spatial orientation of the π‐bonding planes. Numerous cycloaddition products with unsaturated substrates could be isolated and characterized for the first time by using [L2TiCCH2] intermediates. Hence it is possible to compare the properties of a multitude of metallacyclic ring systems with those obtained from “Tebbe–Grubbs chemistry”, and in this context, the dependence of the properties of metallacyclic four‐membered rings on the substitution pattern is discussed. This class of compounds includes the metallaoxetanes, which have been obtained for the first time by the cycloaddition of the [CpTiCCH2] intermediate with cumulenes and metal carbonyls. The differing cycloreversion behavior of these metallaoxetanes enables the differentiation of species exhibiting classical and nonclassical reactivity. The number and position of the exocyclic double bonds are the determining factors of the reactivity of the formed metallacycles. The discussion of the products obtained from titanium methylene and vinylidene building blocks is an up‐to‐date report on the formation and applications of carbene complexes and carbene intermediates of group 4 metals.
Asymmetric Catalysis with Heterobimetallic Compounds
Authors: Shibasaki Masakatsu , Sasai Hiroaki , Arai Takayoshi 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThis review focuses on a new concept in catalytic asymmetric reactions that was first realized for the use of heterobimetallic complexes. As these heterobimetallic complexes function as both a Brønsted base and as a Lewis acid, just like an enzyme, they make possible a variety of efficient catalytic asymmetric reactions. This heterobimetallic concept should prove to be applicable to a variety of new asymmetric catalyses. The first part of this review describes the development of rare‐earth–alkali metal complexes such as LnM3tris(binaphthoxide) complexes (LnMB, Ln = rare‐earth metal, M = alkali metal), which are readily prepared from the corresponding rare‐earth trichlorides or rare‐earth isopropoxides, and their application to catalytic asymmetric synthesis. By using a catalytic amount of LnMB complexes several asymmetric reactions proceed efficiently to give the corresponding desired products in up to 98% ee: LnLB‐catalyzed asymmetric nitroaldol reactions (L = Li), LnSB‐catalyzed asymmetric Michael reactions (S  Na), and LnPB‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrophosphonylations of either imines or aldehydes (P  K). Applications of these heterobimetallic catalysts to the syntheses of several biologically and medicinally important compounds are also described. Spectral analyses and computational simulations of the asymmetric reactions catalyzed by the heterobimetallic complexes reveal that the two different metals play different roles to enhance the reactivity of both reaction partners and to position them. From mechanistic considerations, a useful activation of the heterobimetallic catalyses was realized by addition of alkali metal reagents. The second part describes the development of another type of heterobimetallic catalysts featuring Group 13 elements such as Al and Ga as the central metal. Among them, the AlLibis(binaphthoxide) complex (ALB) is an effective catalyst for asymmetric Michael reactions, tandem Michael–aldol reactions, and hydrophosphonylation of aldehydes.