bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dopamine re‐uptake inhibitor GBR‐12909 induction of aberrant behaviors in animal models of dopamine dysfunction
Authors: Loupe Pippa S. , Bredemeier Jonna D. , Schroeder Stephen R. , Tessel Richard E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMany individuals with mental retardation exhibit chronic aberrant behaviors (CABs) that includes hyperactive, stereotyped, aggressive, and self‐injurious behaviors. Brain imaging studies have found that several of these individuals have abnormalities in their dopaminergic neurotransmitter systems that are thought to be responsible in part, for the development of these behaviors. The present study evaluated the effects of a selective dopamine re‐uptake blocker, GBR‐12909 in three animal models of varying striatal dopamine concentrations. The three animal models included the neonatal 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA)‐lesioned rat, a model of dopamine neuronal depletion, the prenatal methylazoxymethanol (MAM)‐exposed rat, a model of hyper‐dopaminergic innervation and control rats, a model of normal dopaminergic function. The animals were given five daily injections of GBR‐12909 and videotaped observations were conducted immediately following the injections and 6 h later. The results of the study indicate that the MAM‐treated rats exhibited more hyperactive behaviors than either the 6‐OHDA or the control animals in response to the GBR‐12909 injections. However, the 6‐OHDA and control rats exhibited more self‐injurious behaviors than the MAM rats. Interestingly, the topography of the self‐injurious behavior exhibited differed from that we have previously observed in 6‐OHDA lesioned rats following dopamine agonists and resembles the mouthing behaviors seen in some individuals with mental retardation, in particular those with Rett syndrome. These findings indicate the models of varying dopaminergic function interact differently with a dopamine re‐uptake blocker than dopamine agonists and that the partially dopamine depleted model may model the behaviors seen in individuals with Rett syndrome.
Rapid confirmation of Southeast Asian and Filipino α‐thalassemia genotypes from newborn screening specimens
Authors: Bhardwaj Urvashi , Zhang Yao‐Hua , Blackburn William , McCabe Linda L. , McCabe Edward R.B. 
Published: October 2002

Abstractα+‐Thalassemia (−α) is prevalent throughout tropical and subtropical regions of world, whereas α0‐thalassemia (−−) occurs at higher frequency in Southeast Asia. Homozygosity for the α0‐thalassemia deletion (−−/−−) is a serious health problem in Southeast Asia and the Philippines and is responsible for the majority of hydrops fetalis in this region. Asian immigration in United States has impacted the demography of genetic disease in U.S. As Asians comprise of 10% of all California births and represent a population at highest risk for α0‐thalassemia, we developed a rapid and efficient PCR approach to detect the common α0‐thalassemia deletions in Southeast Asians and Filipinos using newborn screening specimen. Am. J. Hematol. 71:56–58, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Periventricular cerebral white matter lesions predict rate of cognitive decline
Authors: De Groot Jan Cees , De Leeuw Frank‐Erik , Oudkerk Matthijs , Van Gijn Jan , Hofman Albert , Jolles Jellemer , Breteler Monique M. B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe prospect of declining cognitive functions is a major fear for many elderly persons. Cerebral white matter lesions, as commonly found with magnetic resonance imaging, have been associated with cognitive dysfunction in cross‐sectional studies. Only a few longitudinal studies using small cohorts confirmed these findings. We examined the relation between severity of white matter lesions and cognitive decline over a nearly 10‐year period in 563 elderly subjects sampled from the general nondemented Dutch population. Severity of white matter lesions was scored for periventricular and subcortical regions separately using an extensive semiquantitative scale. Cognitive function was measured by the Mini‐Mental State Examination at regular time intervals during 1990 to 2000, and magnetic resonance imaging scans were made in 1995 to 1996. More severe white matter lesions were associated with more rapid cognitive decline over a mean follow‐up period of 7.3 years (standard deviation, 1.5). After adjusting for age, gender, educational level, measures of depression, and brain atrophy and infarcts, subjects with severe periventricular white matter lesions experienced cognitive decline nearly three times as fast (0.28 Mini‐Mental State Examination points/year [95% confidence interval, 0.20–0.36]) as the average (0.10 points/year [95% confidence interval, 0.09–0.11]). There was no independent relationship between severity of subcortical white matter lesions and rate of cognitive decline.
Cell transplantation for stroke
Authors: Savitz Sean I. , Rosenbaum Daniel M. , Dinsmore Jonathan H. , Wechsler Lawrence R. , Caplan Louis R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCell transplantation has emerged as an experimental approach to restore brain function after stroke. Various cell types including porcine fetal cells, stem cells, immortalized cell lines, and marrow stromal cells are under investigation in experimental and clinical stroke trials. This review discusses the unique advantages and limitations of the different graft sources and emphasizes the current, limited knowledge about their biology. The survival, integration, and efficacy of neural transplants in stroke patients will depend on the type, severity, chronicity, adequacy of circulation, and location of the stroke lesion. Ann Neurol 2002;52:266–275
Knowledge management in three organizations: An exploratory study
Authors: Gray Southon F. C. , Todd Ross J. , Seneque Megan 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA major professional concern for people undertaking knowledge management initiatives is interpreting the field for managers and others in their organization. This exploratory research sought to investigate the dynamics of knowledge in organizations: how (if at all) it was perceived, interpreted, utilized, and integrated into the functions, processes, and outputs of the organization. Three organizations with differing functions and outputs were studied: a law firm, an educational institution, and a suburban local council, each being between 100 and 200 employees in size. Semistructured interviews (both individual and small group) were carried out with people at all levels to gather perceptions of the dynamics of knowledge in that organization. It was found that knowledge structures and cultures differed substantially between organizations, and were heavily influenced by the commercial environment and the governing structures. People at all levels had substantial awareness of the nature of knowledge within the organization, and there were a significant number of initiatives targeted at improving the way that knowledge was used. The concept of knowledge itself was quite unproblematic, although it was considerably more complex and nuanced than most definitions allow for. Information services had an important, although not a central role in knowledge dynamics. These findings raise a number of questions about the suitability of much knowledge management theory.
Knowledge management: Hype, hope, or help?
Authors: Blair David C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis article examines the nature of Knowledge Management—how it differs from Data Management and Information Management, and its relationship to the development of Expert Systems and Decision Support Systems. It also examines the importance of Communities of Practice and Tacit Knowledge for Knowledge Management. The discussion is organized around five explicit questions. One: What is “knowledge”? Two: Why are people, especially managers, thinking about Knowledge Management? Three: What are the enabling technologies for Knowledge Management? Four: What are the prerequisites for Knowledge Management? Five: What are the major challenges for Knowledge Management?
Conceptualizing documentation on the Web: An evaluation of different heuristic‐based models for counting links between university Web sites
Authors: Thelwall Mike 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAll known previous Web link studies have used the Web page as the primary indivisible source document for counting purposes. Arguments are presented to explain why this is not necessarily optimal and why other alternatives have the potential to produce better results. This is despite the fact that individual Web files are often the only choice if search engines are used for raw data and are the easiest basic Web unit to identify. The central issue is of defining the Web “document”: that which should comprise the single indissoluble unit of coherent material. Three alternative heuristics are defined for the educational arena based upon the directory, the domain and the whole university site. These are then compared by implementing them on a set of 108 UK university institutional Web sites under the assumption that a more effective heuristic will tend to produce results that correlate more highly with institutional research productivity. It was discovered that the domain and directory models were able to successfully reduce the impact of anomalous linking behavior between pairs of Web sites, with the latter being the method of choice. Reasons are then given as to why a document model on its own cannot eliminate all anomalies in Web linking behavior. Finally, the results from all models give a clear confirmation of the very strong association between the research productivity of a UK university and the number of incoming links from its peers' Web sites.
Comparative pharmacokinetics of single doses of doxylamine succinate following intranasal, oral and intravenous administration in rats
Authors: Pelser Andries , Müller Douw G. , du Plessis Jeanetta , du Preez Jan L. , Goosen Colleen 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe intranasal route of administration provides a potential useful way of administering a range of systemic drugs. In order to assess the feasibility of this approach for the treatment of nausea and vomiting, doxylamine succinate was studied in rats for the pharmacokinetics (AUC, Cmax, tmax) following intranasal, oral and intravenous administrations.Subjects (six male Sprague–Dawley rats per time interval for each route of administration) received 2‐mg doses of doxylamine succinate orally and I‐mg doses intranasally and intravenously, respectively. The various formulations were formulated in isotonic saline (0.9% w/v) at 25±1°C. Doxylamine succinate concentrations in plasma were determined with a high‐performance liquid chromatographic assay and a liquid–liquid extraction procedure. Intranasal and oral bioavailabilities were determined from AUC values relative to those after intravenous dosing.Intranasal bioavailability was greater than that of oral doxylamine succinate (70.8 vs 24.7%). The intranasal and oral routes of administration differed significantly from the intravenous route of administration. Peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was 887.6 ng/ml (S.D. 74.4), 281.4 ng/ml (S.D. 24.6) and 1296.4 ng/ml (S.D. 388.9) for the intranasal, oral and intravenous routes, respectively. The time to achieve Cmax for the intranasal route (tmax=0.5 h) was faster than for the oral route (tmax=1.5 h), but no statistically significant differences between the Cmax values were found using 95% confidence intervals. The results of this study show that doxylamine succinate is rapidly and effectively absorbed from the nasal mucosa. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental management systems, communicative action and organizational learning
Authors: Burström von Malmborg Fredrik 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn recent years, an increasing number of private as well as public organizations have been engaged with implementation and use of environmental management systems (EMSs). This raises questions as to the reasons for implementing an EMS and, not least, about the roles and contributions of an EMS in an organization. Based in particular on research on contemporary municipal environmental management in Sweden, and also drawing on EMS research and experiences in other countries, this paper argues that an EMS may be understood not only as a technical tool for analytical management, as is traditionally done, but also as a tool for communicative action and organizational learning. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Does European citizenship breed xenophobia? European identification as a predictor of intolerance towards immigrants
Authors: Licata Laurent , Klein Olivier 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe European Union is generally perceived as endorsing universalistic and multi‐cultural values. However, social identity and self‐categorization theories predict that, when certain conditions are met, a negative relation between ingroup identification and tolerance towards outgroup members should be observed. We argue that the creation of the status of ‘Citizen of the Union’ in Maastricht may contribute to meeting those conditions and therefore to increase intolerance towards resident foreigners. If that is the case, a paradoxical situation could emerge, in which people's levels of tolerance towards foreigners would contradict group values. We examined the relations between values associated with Europe, European and national identification, and tolerance towards foreigners through a survey study with a—non‐representative—sample of undergraduate French‐speaking Belgian students. Results show that Europe was generally associated with humanistic values. But they also reveal that strong European identifiers tended to express more xenophobic attitudes than weak European identifiers, whilst national identification was not related with such attitudes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A computational strategy for protein function assignment which addresses the multidomain problem
Authors: Pérez A. J. , Rodríguez A. , Trelles O. , Thode G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA method for assigning functions to unknown sequences based on finding correlations between short signals and functional annotations in a protein database is presented. This approach is based on keyword (KW) and feature (FT) information stored in the SWISS‐PROT database. The former refers to particular protein characteristics and the latter locates these characteristics at a specific sequence position. In this way, a certain keyword is only assigned to a sequence if sequence similarity is found in the position described by the FT field. Exhaustive tests performed over sequences with homologues (cluster set) and without homologues (singleton set) in the database show that assigning functions is much ‘cleaner’ when information about domains (FT field) is used, than when only the keywords are used. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Curcumin inhibits interleukin 8 production and enhances interleukin 8 receptor expression on the cell surface
Authors: Hidaka Hideki , Ishiko Takatoshi , Furuhashi Takashi , Kamohara Hidenobu , Suzuki Shunji , Miyazaki Masashi , Ikeda Osamu , Mita Seiji , Setoguchi Toshiaki , Ogawa Michio 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDCurcumin, the yellow pigment in turmeric, has been shown to prevent tumor progression in a variety of tissues in rodents. The authors investigated the effect of curcumin on human carcinoma cell lines to determine whether constitutive interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) production of tumor cells was correlated with nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB) activation and cell growth activity.METHODSA human pancreatic carcinoma cell line, SUIT‐2, was incubated with various concentrations of curcumin for 2 hours. Biologic features, including IL‐8 production, DNA binding activity, transactivation of NF‐κB, cell growth activity, cell viability, and the expression of IL‐8 receptors (CXCR1 and CXCR2) were analyzed.RESULTSThe constitutive production of IL‐8 was inhibited by curcumin at concentrations of 10–100 μM in a dose dependent manner. NF‐κB activity was reduced significantly by curcumin treatment. Pretreatment with curcumin inhibited the growth rate of carcinoma cells significantly. Such cell growth inhibition by curcumin was not recovered by exogenous recombinant IL‐8. The investigation of expression in IL‐8 receptors, CXCR1 and CXCR2, revealed that the expression of both receptors was enhanced remarkably by curcumin. Exogenous IL‐8 could not recover this enhancement of IL‐8 receptors. These results suggest that curcumin inhibits IL‐8‐induced receptor internalization.CONCLUSIONSThe authors concluded that curcumin contributed not only to the inhibition of IL‐8 production but also to signal transduction through IL‐8 receptors. These data suggest that curcumin reduces numerous IL‐8 bioactivities that contribute to tumor growth and carcinoma cell viability. From this point of view, curcumin is a potent anticancer agent that inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL‐8, by tumor cells. Cancer 2002;95:1206–14. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10812
Magnetic resonance imaging as a supplement for the clinical staging system of Durie and Salmon?
Authors: Baur Andrea , Stäbler Axel , Nagel Dorothea , Lamerz Rolf , Bartl Reiner , Hiller Erhard , Wendtner Clemens , Bachner Fridleif , Reiser Maximilian 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThis study evaluated the prognostic value of a three‐grade staging system of spinal involvement using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with multiple myeloma and determined its usefulness as an independent parameter in the staging system of Durie and Salmon.METHODSSeventy‐seven previously untreated patients with multiple myeloma underwent MRI of the thoracic and lumbar spine with unenhanced T1‐weighted spin echo and short‐tau inversion time inversion recovery sequences. The patients were evaluated according to their infiltration patterns and the extent of bone marrow involvement was staged using a three‐grade scale: Stage I, no focal or diffuse infiltration; Stage II, 1–10 foci or mild diffuse infiltration; Stage III, more than 10 foci or strong diffuse infiltration.RESULTSThe infiltration patterns had no significant effect on survival. Of 77 patients, 25 would have been understaged using the standard staging system of Durie and Salmon without the findings of MRI and 8 patients would have been understaged if the staging was based only on MRI. The combination of the staging system of Durie and Salmon and MRI was highly significant with respect to survival (P < 0.0001, log rank analysis). MRI staging I–III was independent of the staging system of Durie and Salmon (Cox regression model).CONCLUSIONSA three‐grade staging of spinal MRI provides a significant prognostic tool for patients with multiple myeloma. The authors propose including it in the staging system of Durie and Salmon. Cancer 2002;95:1334–45. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10818
Efficient output waveform evaluation of a CMOS inverter based on short‐circuit current prediction
Authors: Chatzigeorgiou A. , Nikolaidis S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA novel approach for obtaining the output waveform, the propagation delay and the short‐circuit power dissipation of a CMOS inverter is introduced. The output voltage is calculated by solving the circuit differential equation only for the conducting transistor while the effect of the short‐circuit current is considered as an additional charge, which has to be discharged through the conducting transistor causing a shift to the output waveform. The short‐circuit current as well as the corresponding discharging current are accurately predicted as functions of the required time shift of the output waveform. A program has been developed that implements the proposed method and the results prove that a significant speed improvement can be gained with a minor penalty in accuracy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of rock moisture on Schmidt hammer rebound: tests on rock samples from Marion Island and South Africa
Authors: Sumner Paul , Nel Werner 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn an assessment of the influence of internal rock moisture content on Schmidt hammer readings, rebound (R) values are found to decrease with increasing moisture content. For samples of basalt, sandstone and dolerite the maximum decrease in R‐values is found between oven dry values and saturated rock rebound values, the magnitude of which varies from 2 to 10 points on the R‐scale. A quartzite block has the greatest decline of 6 points at 60 per cent saturation. For certain rock types under differing site‐to‐site field moisture conditions the moisture effect can be a significant factor in the interpretation of the relative state of weathering from rebound values. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Internet job hunting: A field study of applicant experiences with on‐line recruiting
Authors: Feldman Daniel C. , Klaas Brian S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis field study examines the experiences of managers and professionals searching for jobs via the Internet.
Results suggest that facility with Internet navigation is significantly associated with the amount of general job
searching, particularly for those who want to explore job options initially in private without fear of retribution
from supervisors. The data also suggest that managers and professionals are more likely to use the Internet for
job hunting when the geographical scope of the job hunt is wide, when a major salary increase is desired, and when
both small and large firms are being considered as potential employers. Use of the Internet is perceived as a
somewhat less effective job search strategy than personal networking, but far superior to searching for jobs
through newspaper ads and “cold calling.” Major issues found to impede the effectiveness of
on‐line recruiting are the degree and speed of follow‐up on‐line applications, lack of
specific and relevant job descriptions on a company's Web site, concerns about the security of personal
information, and difficulty in customizing, formatting, and downloading resumes to companies' specifications.
The article concludes with recommendations for improving the effectiveness of on‐line recruiting. ©
2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effective Born radii in the generalized Born approximation: The importance of being perfect
Authors: Onufriev Alexey , Case David A. , Bashford Donald 
Published: October 2002

AbstractGeneralized Born (GB) models provide, for many applications, an accurate and computationally facile estimate of the electrostatic contribution to aqueous solvation. The GB models involve two main types of approximations relative to the Poisson equation (PE) theory on which they are based. First, the self‐energy contributions of individual atoms are estimated and expressed as “effective Born radii.” Next, the atom‐pair contributions are estimated by an analytical function fGB that depends upon the effective Born radii and interatomic distance of the atom pairs. Here, the relative impacts of these approximations are investigated by calculating “perfect” effective Born radii from PE theory, and enquiring as to how well the atom‐pairwise energy terms from a GB model using these perfect radii in the standard fGB function duplicate the equivalent terms from PE theory. In tests on several biological macromolecules, the use of these perfect radii greatly increases the accuracy of the atom‐pair terms; that is, the standard form of fGB performs quite well. The remaining small error has a systematic and a random component. The latter cannot be removed without significantly increasing the complexity of the GB model, but an alternative choice of fGB can reduce the systematic part. A molecular dynamics simulation using a perfect‐radii GB model compares favorably with simulations using conventional GB, even though the radii remain fixed in the former. These results quantify, for the GB field, the importance of getting the effective Born radii right; indeed, with perfect radii, the GB model gives a very good approximation to the underlying PE theory for a variety of biomacromolecular types and conformations. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 23: 1297–1304, 2002