bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ecology of the Indonesian Seas
Authors: Tomascik Tomas , Mah Anmarie Janice , Nontji Anugerah , Moosa Mohammad Kasim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Located between the Pacific and Indian Oceans, and between the Asian and Australian continents, the seas of the Indonesian Archipelago have a significant role in global weather patterns and oceanic circulation. The dynamic interplay between geological, physical, chemical, and biological processes, past and present, has given rise to one of the most diverse marine regions on the planet. The exceptional marine and coastal ecosystem diversity of the Indonesian archipelago provides hundreds of habitats that support thousands of species. This treasure trove of marine biodiversity has sustained the people of the archipelago for thousands of years. Population growth and socio-economic development place many of these resources at increasing risk of overexploitation. Using maps and numerous illustrations, The Ecology of the Indonesian Seas describes the complex and ecologically vulnerable coastal and marine ecosystems of the region in rich detail. Discussion of development, resource use and ecologically sustainable management plans is also incorporated. The first step towards sustainable use of marine and coastal resources, this book will be a valuable tool for ecologists, marine biologists, resource managers, government planners, and all those with an interest in the ecology of the region. Bound in two parts, of which this is the first, this book is part of The Ecology of Indonesia series.
Non-Scleractinian Cnidaria
Authors: Tomascik Tomas , Mah Anmarie Janice , Nontji Anugerah , Moosa Mohammad Kasim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even though scleractinian corals are the primary’ builders of present-day coral reefs, skeletal material of other groups, both plant and animal, is incorporated into the construction of the reef matrix. In fact, incorporation, cementation and consolidation of all these calcareous materials, including the corals, is a primary requirement of reef-building, since scleractinian corals rarely, if ever, do it alone. However, large aggregations of massive species, such as Porites, can locally make a significant contribution to die reef matrix (fig. 8.1). While large aggregations of massive Pontes spp. are a common feature of many back-reef and lagoonal environments, they have also been found on the seaward slopes of actively growing reefs. In these instances, they seem to play an important role in the lateral expansion of the reefs. However, on many Indonesian coral reefs, the octocorals (Octocorallia) are a consequential, if not the dominant, component of the coral reef community in terms of abundance, biomass, as well as diversity (fig. 8.2). Class Anthozoa, to which the scleractinian reef-building corals belong, is represented by a number of other groups of organisms that deposit hard skeletons. The Octoco-
Environmental Factors
Authors: Tomascik Tomas , Mah Anmarie Janice , Nontji Anugerah , Moosa Mohammad Kasim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Indonesian Archipelago is one of the most complex marine domains on the planet. The complexity of the Indonesian marine environment (i.e., physical, chemical and biological) is a reflection of its geologic history and atmosphericoceanic interactions. Indonesian seas are among the most productive in the world, and support important coastal and offshore fisheries that are a significant source of protein for millions of coastal people throughout the archipelago. The high productivity of the intra-archipelagic seas is related mainly to high discharge rates of terrigenous material (e.g., nutrients and organic matter) from numerous rivers on Sumatra, Java, Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Irian Jaya, and to various types of geostrophic upwellings which are most pronounced in the eastern parts of the archipelago and along the south coast of Java, Bali and the Lesser Sunda Islands (Wetsteam et al. 1990; Zijlstra et al. 1990). Significant local upwelling also occurs in numerous straits throughout the archipelago, where high-velocity currents cause vertical entrainment of deeper water masses. In addition, many coral reefs in areas with high tidal ranges generate their own daily upwelling events during flood tides by tidal suction (Wolanski 1992). Cold updrafts experienced by divers along steep reef slopes and drop-offs are a manifestation of this common “upwelling” phenomenon throughout the archipelago.
Barrier Reef
Authors: Tomascik Tomas , Mah Anmarie Janice , Nontji Anugerah , Moosa Mohammad Kasim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The offshore coral reefs of the Indonesian Archipelago exhibit a high degree of geomorphological complexity. Reef types present range from the classical Darwinian barrier reefs and atolls, to a variety of shelf reefs (e.g., patch and barrier) and oceanic platform reefs. The vast majority of these reefs are found in the central and eastern parts of the archipelago. With the exception of the Kepulauan Seribu patch reef complex (Sunda Shelf) and the reefs of the Spermonde Archipelago (i.e., Spermonde Barrier Reef), it appears that little is known about the offshore reefs of Indonesia.
Anthopogenic Threats
Authors: Tomascik Tomas , Mah Anmarie Janice , Nontji Anugerah , Moosa Mohammad Kasim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anthropogenic threats to shallow-water coastal ecosystems such as coral reefs, seagrass beds, mangroves, intertidal mud flats, rocky shores, and beaches (among others) are numerous. Addressing the serious issue of marine and coastal degradation in Indonesia will require development and implementation of new management plans for the coastal and marine sector, and integrated marine and coastal zone management is the key process. “What is evident from, a number of case studies, such as Kepulauan Seribu (Brown 1986), Jakarta Bay (Tomascik et al. 1994; Suharsono and Tuti 1994) and the inner Ambon Bay, is that side-stepping current environmental issues and spending limited resources to speculate about issues such as the upcoming climate change is questionable, since many shallowwater ecosystems will be lost even before any significant changes in sea level rise are manifested.
Oxidation of the C—H bond
Authors: Bhatia B , Punniyamurthy T , Iqbal J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of methodology for asymmetric functionalization of the C—H bond offers a challenge in the strive for acquiring optically active building-blocks from simple starting materials. Asymmetric synthesis has emerged as an exciting area of chemistry by judiciously employing the principles of organic synthesis, molecular recognition, metal coordination chemistry, and catalysis. Among the various strategies available for exploiting the pools of chiral compounds, catalytic asymmetric induction offers a distinct advantage in achieving a high level of enantioselectivity during bond formation mainly due to the influence of asymmetry possessed by the ligands in the catalyst. The titanium-catalysed epoxidation1−3 of allylic alcohols, the osmium-catalysed dihydroxylation4−7 of alkenes, the copper-catalysed cyclopropanation8−10 of alkenes, and the ruthenium-catalysed asymmetric hydrogenation11,12 of alkenes are outstanding achievements in the catalytic asymmetric induction approach. Another approach is inspired by the analogy derived from nature, where the monooxygenase enzymes are, for example, known to effect stereospecific oxidation of organic compounds. This biomimetic approach has led to widespread research activity in this area and as a result an impressive start has been made in achieving good levels of selectivity in the oxidation of organic substrates by employing well-crafted small molecular catalysts. The possibility of mimicking the enantio-selective reaction of monooxygenases is a highly viable proposition from the point of view of synthetic organic chemists. Indeed, the design and development of synthetic monooxygenase mimics that catalyse enantioselective epoxidation of unfunctionalized alkenes have already made an impressive impact on stereoselective synthesis mainly due to the pioneering efforts of the research groups of Groves, Jacobsen,15,17 and Katsuki,18−22 respectively. On the other hand, the enantioselective oxidation of the saturated C—H bond has proven more difficult to accomplish with synthetic catalysts. Consequently, there has been continual effort to achieve a high level of enantioselectivity in the oxidation of the saturated C—H bond over the past few years. The following sections deal with the results achieved so far on the enantioselective oxidation of the C—H bond by employing chiral catalysts derived from ligands easily prepared from simple and easily accessible starting materials. The emphasis is on the experimental procedures of those reactions which are operationally simple and easy to perform on a synthetically useful scale.
Oxidation ofhetero atoms
Authors: Kagan H B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the later Palaeocene and early Miocene, catarrhine primates and the evolving hominoids had adaptations for frugivorous diets, with the emphasis on soft foods. Early in the middle Miocene the hominoids underwent a major shift, both in morphology and in habitat, with the morphology characterized by thickened enamel on the molars, enlarged incisors and massive jaws. The diet indicated by this morphology is interpreted as still mainly frugivorous but with changed emphasis, possibly towards harder objects. The thick-enamelled hominoids are found associated with more open forest habitats, and the distribution of food resources in equivalent habitats today is discontinuous both in time and in space, leading to evolutionary pressures particularly affecting locomotion, brain size and social behaviour. The earliest known hominid fossils differed little in dental and mandibular morphology from the middle Miocene apes, and the implied dietary similarity, together with ape-like patterns of dental development and retained arboreal adaptations of the postcrania, suggests little change in the foraging strategies of the earliest hominids compared with their ape ancestors and further suggests similarity in evolutionary grade. This similarity may have extended to other aspects of behaviour, for example to patterns of tool making and use, which may have been similar in the common ancestor of apes and humans to the pattern shared by the earliest australopithecines and chimpanzees.
Oxidation using a biocatalyst
Authors: Azerad R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the first demonstration by Murray and Peterson1−3 that a filamentous fungus, Rhizopus arrhizus,was able to convert progesterone to lla-hydroxy-progesterone efficiently (Scheme 5.1.1), many substances, either of natural or synthetic origin, have been examined using a variety of microorganisms (bacteria or fungi). Only a few examples will be given here. For a more exhaustive coverage, the reader is referred to books 4−6 or reviews dedicated to the microbial hydroxylation of the most common substrate groups such as steroids,7−13 alkaloids,8,14−16 terpenes,17,18 and synthetic materials.
Introduction to the cuckoos
Authors: Payne Robert B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The parasitic breeding behavior of cuckoos has fascinated people for centuries. The brood-parasitic cuckoos lay their eggs in the nests of other kinds of birds, and never rear their own young (Johnsgard 1997, Rothstein and Robinson 1998, Davies 2000). The natural history of the Common Cuckoo Cuculus canorus and the Great Spotted Cuckoo Clamator glandarius, the two species that live in Europe where they have been observed for many years, is well known. In Classic times,Aristotle studied the brood-parasitic behavior of Common Cuckoos (Friedmann 1964b,Aristotle 1991), and in Britain Shakespeare referred to cuckoos in his plays. The term “cuckoldry” was often used in the sense of an adulterous affair, and the implications of immorality in a later period led to a censored version of Shakespeare that eliminated the term “cuckold” (Bowdler 1861, Hamilton 1996). Many other species of brood-parasitic cuckoos live in Africa, Asia and Australia and in Central and South America where they have been watched by resident naturalists. Brood-parasitic cuckoos are diverse with 56 species in the Old World and three in the New World.
Block copolymers in dilute solution
Authors: Hamley Ian W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The formation of micelles in a solvent that is selective for one of the blocks is one of the most important and useful properties of block copolymers. For example, micelles formed by block copolymers can solubilize otherwise insoluble substances, they can be used to microscopically ‘mix’ incompatible substances and they can stabilize colloidal particles or form microemulsions.
Library synthesis on resin beads
Authors: Terrett Nicholas K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The synthesis of combinatorial libraries usually employs solid phase chemistry. The recent renaissance and growth of interest in solid supported chemistry stems from the opportunity to use filtration as a separation technique to purify both intermediates and final compounds. The ability to synthesize compounds on a resin bead for example, to force the reaction to completion by the addition of excess reagents and monomers, and then being able to remove all the unwanted materials by a simple filtration and wash is at the heart of many library syntheses (Fig. 2.1).This is not to say however, that solution methods are no longer suitable for combinatorial libraries. With appropriate chemistry, either that which is high yielding or that generates products which allow simple liquid-liquid extraction, solution phase library synthesis is highly feasible (see Chapter 4) and indeed has been chosen as a preferred strategy by many academic and industrial groups.
Further chain reactions of stannanes
Authors: Zard Samir Z 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Except for Sections 3.8 and 3.9, where we shall examine the synthetic potential of generating stannyl radicals by ,ᵝ-scission (in contrast to hydrogen abstraction from a triorganotin hydride), most of this chapter will be devoted to radical rearrangements. A radical cyclization may be considered as a special case of a rearrangement (or isomerization) process. The radical site thus moves along the molecule from one position to another, with one or more new CT-bonds being formed at the expense of a corresponding number of ᚂ-bonds.
Introduction
Authors: Goldstein Barry J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Covalent modification of proteins by phosphorylation and déphosphorylation has long been appreciated to be an essential physiological mechanism for the control of cellular function. The extensive molecular and biochemical characterisation of tyrosine kinases that has taken place through the 1980s has now been followed by studies on a rapidly emerging super - family of complementary enzymes, the protein-tyrosine phosphatases (P TP ases; EC 3.1.4.38), which reverse the effect of the kinases and serve to dephosphorylate protein-tyrosine residues of cellular substrate proteins [16, 26]. Work on reversible protein phosphorylation was highlighted by the awarding of the 1992 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Drs Edmond Fischer and Edwin Krebs for their fundamental contributions in this area. Although the phosphorylation of protein-tyrosine residues represents only a small fraction of the overall modification of cellular proteins by phosphorylation, which occurs primarily on serine and threonine residues, this reversible protein alteration has been demonstrated to be involved in many critical aspects of cellular physiology. Reversible tyrosine phosphorylation mediates the regulation of cell growth, cell division and differentiation as well as responses to tyrosine kinases that are expressed in cells as plasma membrane receptors or as non-receptor tyrosine kinases. PTPases have been considered to balance the steady-state phosphorylation of a variety of cellular tyrosine kinase substrates and influence cellular signal transduction by attenuating the activity of activated (autophosphorylated) tyrosine receptor kinases or by participating in an on–off switching mechanism mediated by reversible tyrosine phosphorylation of substrate proteins involved in downstream signalling.
Applications of phosphorus (III) and (V) compounds as reagents in synthesis
Authors: Alan Aitken R , Karodia Nazira 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phosphorus compounds play a key role in organic synthesis and in many cases they provide the reagent of choice to bring about a particular transformation. Central to this is the great affinity of phosphorus for oxygen and sulfur. The main reaction types which may be identified are: (i) deoxygenation and desulfurization, (ii) halogenation, (iii) dehydrative coupling and cyclization, (iv) sulfurization, and (v) miscellaneous processes. In this chapter these areas are considered in turn and examples of typical reaction protocols are given for each. In doing this we have included not only organophosphorus reagents but also some important inorganic phosphorus compounds, which are among the most valuable and powerful reagents available to the synthetic chemist. A detailed treatment of the use of organophosphorus reagents in many of the reaction types considered here is available in the relevant chapters of a 1979 monograph.
Human evolution: our turbulent genes and why we are not chimps
Authors: Dover Gabriel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We might not know why we are the way we are, but the one thing which is certain is that we sometimes regard ourselves, Homo sapiens sapiens,as qualitatively different from the rest of the living world. The species-centric question that would arise in most minds is, I believe, ‘why is our species different from all other species?’, rather than considering the more modest question of why we are not chimps.
The mechanical telegraph
Authors: Solymar Laszlo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The seventeenth century did not start well for independent thinking. In the year 1600 Giordano Bruno, a believer in the Copernican system, was burnt at the stake. Galileo, another believer, escaped a similar fate only by recanting his views in 1633. However, looking at the century as a whole, it was undoubtably the beginning of modern science. Besides Galileo, Kepler and Harvey, who entered the century as mature men, it was the century of Descartes, Leibniz, Newton and Pascal, and of many others like Fermat, the mathematician, Torricelli with his barometer, Boyle and Marriotte of gas laws fame, von Guericke with his electric friction machine and unbreakable hemispheres, Vernier of the Vernier scale, and universal geniuses like Huygens and Hooke.
The telephone
Authors: Solymar Laszlo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mechanical telegraph was born in war. The electrical telegraph, although born in peace, soon became an instrument of war, and as has been seen, played a significant role in politics both internal and external. In contrast, the telephone made no major impact upon the battle-field. It might have made Mrs Jones an enemy of Mrs Smith on account of what she said about her to Mrs Robinson in the course of their lengthy telephone conversations but it did not in many other ways contribute to the spread of hostilities. Its effect on matters diplomatic was also slight. It rose to importance only in recent times with the establishment of the hot line between Kruschev and Kennedy.
The telephone revisited
Authors: Solymar Laszlo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The telephone made great strides ahead in a very short time. By 19n, as mentioned in Chapter 5, it was possible to make a call from New York to Denver, 4300 km away, but obviously that was not far enough. Ambitions were much higher: firstly, to span the continent from New York to San Francisco, secondly to establish telephone connections between the US and Europe, and finally to enable people to conduct conversations between any two points on Earth.
The solid state revolution
Authors: Solymar Laszlo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Solid state physics, as the name implies, is concerned with the physical properties of solid bodies, in particular what happens to them when they are exposed to external influences e.g. heated, voltage applied across them or light shone upon them. This was of course a science that was already flourishing in the nineteenth century but with serious limitations. The theories available at the time could explain only a fraction of the experimentally found phenomena. Entirely new departures were needed.
Digitalization
Authors: Solymar Laszlo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An analogue signal, like voice, can take any value. Its amplitude is low when we whisper and high when we shout. The job of the telephone network is faithfully to reproduce all those voice signals, however long the line is. It’s not an easy thing to do. The difficulty is with noise. It is bound to distort the signal. Take lightning for example. It causes an electrical disturbance which clearly affects the amplitude of the voice signal. When the signal is demodulated and turned back into sound a sharp, unpleasant click is heard.
Stochastic Model of Liquid Filtration in Porous Media with Large-Scale Inhomogeneities
Authors: Aprosin D V , Brenerman M H , Kessel A R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Universally accepted hydrodynamical models of oil displacement are applicable only when the oil stratum has micro-scale inhomogenities and can be modelled as a continuous medium. For solid-liquid stratums with large scale inhomogeneities, an alternative stochastic approach is suggested here using dynamic percolation theory instead of traditional differential equations. A system of kinetic equations is obtained on a regular lattice, analogous to those in statistical physics. Numerical simulations find the non-stationary pumping regimes which give larger displacement fluxes than in the stationary case. The model explains the existence of a liquid phase with closed clusters, the non-linear variation from Darcy’s law, and the existence of a pressure threshold of the “phase transition”.
Stochastic Geometric Model of Combustion in Two-Phase Turbulent Flow
Authors: Brenerman M H , Kessel A R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The universally accepted continuous mixture (CM) models are valid for describing two-phase flows (TPF) with inhomogenities, whose characteristic size is much less than the scale of the problem. Generally speaking, TPF characterized by large-scale inhomogeneities cannot be described by CM models. A combined Eulerian-Lagrangian mathematical model of combustion in TPF with large-scale inhomogenities is presented here. It treats the kinetics of the carrying phase as a random process and the kinetics of the dispersed phase as a random walk (macro-scale Lagrangian approach). The interaction between the particles and the carrying phase is chosen in a classical form (micro-scale Eulerian approach). Differential equations are replaced by a random walk simulation scheme. This approach takes into account some phenomenological details of TPF and explains the effect of incomplete burning, which contradicts CM models.
Nonclassical β-lactam antibiotics
Authors: Cabri Walter , Fabio Romano Di 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since their discovery 60 years ago, β-lactam antibiotics have been used in the fight against infectious diseases, one of the main causes of death at the beginning of the last century, and have contributed to a marked rise in life expectancy. The early demonstration of the clinical usefulness of the first series of naturally occurring penicillins and the rapid spread of resistant bacteria strains soon after their introduction in clinical practice fuelled an extensive and continuous effort by the pharmaceutical industry to find more potent and efficacious antibacterial agents.