bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Is Psychedelic Experience?
Authors: Lyon Aidan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces the book's central question: what is a psychedelic experience? Upon reviewing the exchanges between Aldous Huxley and Humphry Osmond concerning their introduction of the term 'psychedelic', the chapter proposes that we should understand the notion along the lines they intended. Their idea was that substances such as psilocybin and LSD induce experiences that reveal hidden parts or aspects of the mind and, therefore, should be called “psychedelics” or mind-revealers. This was a novel and profound insight into the nature of these substances. However, it is also an empirical hypothesis that may be false and, therefore, should be tested. The chapter argues that in order to do this, we first need to explicate the concept of psychedelic experience in more precise terms so that we can know what kind of evidence may be marshalled in support of – or against – the hypothesis.
Memory
Authors: Lyon Aidan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the idea that some memory recollections count as psychedelic experiences and that they can occur spontaneously, during and after meditation, and as a result of consuming psychedelic substances. The chapter also introduces the concept of mindfulness and unpacks the deep and important connection between mindfulness and memory. This analysis of mindfulness is then used for formulating a definition of mindfulness in terms of psychedelic space, as well as one in terms of mindfulness being the opposite of a psychecryptic (mind-concealing) state. The chapter then reviews the evidence that meditation and psychedelics can reveal hidden memories, arguing that while the evidence supports these hypotheses, the empirical research is not yet definitive. In particular, it is proposed that empirically verifying the accuracy of memories revealed during psychedelic-assisted therapy is a particularly salient way of testing the hypothesis that psychedelics are, indeed, psychedelic.
Hallucinations
Authors: Lyon Aidan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses the question of whether psychedelic-induced hallucinations are evidence against the hypothesis that psychedelics reveal the mind. While, at first glance, this may appear to be the case, the chapter argues that some (but perhaps not all) hallucinations induced by psychedelics do involve mind-revelation. In particular, by analysing mathematical models of how the primary visual cortex generates low-level geometric hallucinations, the chapter argues that these hallucinations are revelations of the early stages of our perceptual processes. The chapter also discusses the possibility that other kinds of hallucinations may be mind-revealing in other ways (such as being vehicles for unconscious contents) and that some hallucinations are merely distortions of the mind (rather than revelations of it), perhaps arising as by-products of other effects that involve mind-revelation (such as revealing hidden memories).
Creativity
Authors: Lyon Aidan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses another potential objection to the hypothesis that psychedelics reveal the mind: if psychedelics induce creativity and the generation of novel ideas, then this suggests that they are mind-creating, rather than mind-revealing. The chapter argues that while some cases of psychedelic-induced creativity are instances of mind-creation, other cases are likely due to mind-revelation. After reviewing the science of human creativity and related unconscious processes, the chapter argues that psychedelics (and meditation) can enhance creativity by revealing unconscious ideas and creative processes. The chapter also reviews the empirical evidence that meditation and psychedelics tend to enhance creativity and assesses to what extent this evidence indicates that they do so via the revelation of the mind.
Mystical Experience
Authors: Lyon Aidan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter tackles the issue of whether mystical experiences are psychedelic -- that is, whether they are mind-revealing. The chapter argues that to answer this question, we need to be able to define mystical experiences and that this cannot be done, given their ineffability. Nevertheless, the chapter demonstrates how we can deepen our understanding of mystical experiences and asks whether they are psychedelic by engaging with their ineffability seriously. As part of this demonstration, the chapter explores the parallels between the ineffability of mystical experiences and that of maximal uncertainty. It also highlights and discusses the significance of the emphasis that many mystical traditions place on subjective uncertainty and intellectual humility.
Global Trade and the Shaping of English Freedom
Authors: Pettigrew William A. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book offers a new account of the connections between seventeenth-century English history and the history of the rest of the world. Eschewing nationalist narratives, it demonstrates how greater engagement with the world beyond Europe shaped signature aspects of the English experience. Early modern trading corporations are the central actors in the story. The book offers a profoundly altered reading of the practices of these entities. The companies were not monolithic entities pursuing narrow nationalist interests overseas. Nor were they inefficient monopolies doomed to commercial failure. In the seventeenth century, as this book shows, they were driven and transformed by the immediate and local interests of company agents and their foreign networks. Because the trading companies were the most important bridge between international contexts and English legal and political debates, they connect non-European power and preference to those debates. These unappreciated actors within the corporate sphere play leading roles in this book as the shapers of English debate about the meaning of English freedom and the futures of the trades they participated in overseas. The book offers a new perspective on the foreign actors who shaped English commercial and legal ideas and practices in the seventeenth century, as well as the Ottoman, Bantenese, Huedan, Siamese, and Mughal contributions to the ideological, institutional, and procedural underpinnings that would develop, slowly but surely, into the British Empire.
Abu al-Mafakhir Mahmud Abdulkadir, the Skinner brothers, and the Constitutional Right to Free Trade, 1650–1668
Authors: Pettigrew William A. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores how, in the case of the East India Company, a joint stock company, the Company’s monopoly created more incentives for company members to defraud it. In Banten and Jambi, company officials learned that the cultivation of local political support would provide a route for personal enrichment and a legal and political means to dodge the Company’s enforcement privileges. This was especially true at a time when, as in the 1650s, the charter powers of the Company had been undermined at home. Merchants, such as the brothers Frederick and Thomas Skinner, expected to use their malfeasant gains in Jambi and Banten to pay for the instruction of legal counsel to protect them against the Company’s claims at home. The resulting legal disputes in England led to the formulation of new constitutional freedoms that would later prove crucial to the legal basis of trade deregulation. In the short term, however, the political influence of the East India Company helped them secure new enforcement powers for their monopoly which proved especially threatening to English freedom and therefore would become focal points for further anti-company action.
Prince Bibe of Ouidah and the Freeing of the English Slave Trade, 1679–1694
Authors: Pettigrew William A. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The new enforcement powers that the East India Company had secured in response to the case brought against it by the interloper, Thomas Skinner, would become a part of the design of a new joint stock trading company, the Royal African Company. In this chapter, attempts by the Company to deploy these powers were utterly undermined in one region of West Africa by a commercial strategy developed by the governors of Ouidah. This strategy prevented any single European company achieving commercial dominance in the region. Instead, the officials at Ouidah enticed Company agents and English interlopers to establish a precedent for independent trade. One state strategy cancelled the other out. This precedent would prompt and inspire a domestic English campaign against the Company to prevail in that celebrated free access to overseas trade as an intrinsic English benefit. A free trade in enslaved people was the product of an alliance between pamphleteers in London and the commercial vision of the rulers of the West African coast.
Itimad Khan and the Statute to Suppress Piracy, 1694–1700
Authors: Pettigrew William A. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter shows how the Mughal state changed the way the English state intercepted and punished pirates in both the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. It did not distinguish between the state-sanctioned authority of the Company and the English pirates who infested their shipping lanes. The Company had to use state power to prove that there was a distinction. The Mughals forced the East India Company to lobby the English state to secure these changes. Having been outmaneuvered by the White brothers, the East India Company learned to work alongside the English state. This relationship helped pave the way for the endurance of this Company while the Levant Company and Royal African Companies lost commercial primacy. The Company learned how to harness the cross-cultural alliance that was forced on it by the Mughal state in ways that helped ensure its survival and restrict the number of pirates in circulation. In this way, the Company implemented the Mughal Empire’s insistence that limits be placed on the operation of English freedom overseas.
Conclusion
Authors: Pettigrew William A. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The final chapter provides three snapshots from the middle of the eighteenth century in areas similar to those discussed in the main chapters of this volume—Southeast Asia, the Ottoman Empire, and West Africa—to show how the cross-cultural alliances operated in ways that differed from the earlier cases in the seventeenth century. The English corporate officials in each did not feel compelled to respond to the non-European actors pressurising them. The chapter suggests that this change marks the beginning of British Empire. The chapter offers a summary of the argument of the book.
Introduction to the Legal Framework for Corporate Finance
Authors: Ferran Eilís , Howell Elizabeth , Steffek Felix 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter anchors the book by identifying the private company limited by shares as the most popular organizational form for modern businesses of economic significance and outlining its advantages as an organizational form through which to limit financial risks and to raise large amounts of finance from investors whilst keeping the day-to-day running of the business concentrated in the hands of a relatively small group of managers. The chapter explains how corporate finance law and regulation draw on company law, capital markets law, commercial law, and insolvency law, and outlines the interrelationship between law, regulation, and market practice. The chapter also provides a roadmap through the principal sources of law and regulation relating to corporate finance practice in the UK, including post-Brexit adaptations.
Formation of Share Capital
Authors: Ferran Eilís , Howell Elizabeth , Steffek Felix 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with legal capital ‘pay in’ rules. These are the requirements that regulate the amount of share capital that is put into a company and the forms of consideration that a company can accept in return for its shares. This is a highly technical, rule-based area of the law. The chapter offers critical perspectives on the legal complexities and highlights ways in which practice has evolved to ensure that rigid rules do not get in the way of companies’ legitimate needs for capital. Topics covered include: the decline of minimum capital requirements, pricing of shares on allotment, valuation of non-cash consideration for shares in public companies, and merger relief and cashbox placings.
International Equity Offerings and Listings
Authors: Ferran Eilís , Howell Elizabeth , Steffek Felix 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 15 is about international equity offerings and listings. Topics discussed include strategies for developing a regulatory framework for international offerings (including convergence, mutual recognition, equivalence, substituted compliance, regulatory competition, and private placement exemptions) and the application of such concepts in practical settings. This includes the practical application of international standards and an examination of the EU’s equivalence regime for third countries, particularly with a consideration of the post-Brexit landscape. It covers the EU regulatory framework for cross-border offers and listings of securities, UK listing requirements and concessions for foreign issuers, and the UK listing reforms that are relevant to international activity.
Introduction
Authors: Hood Christopher , King Maia , McLean Iain , Piotrowska Barbara Maria 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Starting with a vignette about a serious and unexpected overspend by a key department (the Department of Health) in the mid-2000s, this chapter sketches out some features of the UK’s public expenditure profile under three governments over two decades (the early 1990s to the mid-2010s). It introduces the ‘fiscal constitution’ as the book’s main analytic focus, shows how that analysis relates to four varieties of literature about public spending control and what the study adds to a long line of earlier writing on that subject. It then sets out three overarching questions (how much changed over the period; what was the main direction of change; and what developments took place at the interface between formal and informal practice and between ‘political’ and ‘bureaucratic’ behaviour) and explains the plan of the book.
Devolved Administrations and Local Government
Authors: Hood Christopher , King Maia , McLean Iain , Piotrowska Barbara Maria 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Starting with a vignette about a scheme to incentivize firms in Northern Ireland to switch to renewable fuel sources (The Renewable Heat Initiative), this chapter explores spending by local authorities and devolved governments, the ‘vertical fiscal gap’ between spending and taxation and efforts to redistribute spending by ‘horizontal fiscal equalization’. It shows that the vertical fiscal gap changed little and argues that the biggest constitutional change for centuries in the position of the component countries of the UK—devolved parliaments and governments in Scotland and Wales and new governing arrangements in Northern Ireland—did not seriously threaten the UK government’s ability to control overall public expenditure. Inertia politics meant that the ‘Barnett Formula’ survived for distributing public expenditure around the UK. And the size factor (the small size of the devolved countries relative to England) limited the risk that devolution could undermine the Treasury’s control of overall UK public expenditure.
Letting Sleeping Dogs Lie
Authors: Hood Christopher , King Maia , McLean Iain , Piotrowska Barbara Maria 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Starting with a vignette describing a Treasury review of ‘administration costs’ (in the early 2000s), this chapter explores how a central input control (over running or administration costs, originally introduced in the 1980s but widely acknowledged to be seriously flawed as a measure of efficiency), survived with modifications over the whole period covered by the book. By contrast, output target controls linking measurable ‘deliverables’ to budget allocations (often claimed to be a major advance in the control of public expenditure) came and went. This chapter shows how administration cost control survived as a ‘valence’ issue in politics. By contrast, after a period in which both of the two main political parties embraced output controls to show determination to deliver public services effectively, output target controls came to be a ‘position’ issue dividing the two main political parties from the mid-2000s, and became less politically appetizing as public spending was squeezed.
The People, the Rules, and the Numbers
Authors: Hood Christopher , King Maia , McLean Iain , Piotrowska Barbara Maria 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Starting with a vignette about how a move to a new accounting regime in the 2000s created an opportunity for a major department (Defence) to increase its cash spending that caught its Treasury spending team unawares, this chapter begins by briefly describing the official rules and categories concerning public spending control numbers and some of the ways in which those rules and numbers changed over our period. Then it looks at how the rules were applied, exploring who saw what as problematic gaming of the numbers and what measures or mechanisms were adopted to keep such gaming in check. The Treasury’s efforts to limit ‘gaming’ by departments often involved efforts to get closer to departmental counterparts, but some major efforts to limit gaming by the Treasury itself went in the opposite direction, by changes in the formal organization designed to increase the social distance between the Treasury and other players.
Latin
Authors: Korenjak Martin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, the role of Latin in early modern science is discussed. There is a short sketch of the history of the language from antiquity to the early modern period in general. Next, the development of Latin into a language of science and its predominance in this function in the early modern period is explained and documented with some statistics. The relationship of Latin to other classical languages of learning, notably Greek and Arabic, and to contemporary European vernaculars is described. The rise of these and the concomitant demise of Latin as a language of science in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries are discussed. Finally, the peculiar character of scientific Latin, which lies mainly in its rich technical vocabulary, is described.
Philosophizing the Obvious?
Authors: Nili Shmuel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This introduction motivates and explains the book’s focus on unreasonable political views, and on the patently-indefensible policies they underlie. Patently-indefensible policies—by definition—feature no real moral puzzle, given their obvious wrongness. Such policies therefore seem like a much more natural cause for political activism than for political theory. The introduction starts to make the case that political theorists nonetheless can and should strive to make a distinctive contribution to the social effort to grapple with such policies. That contribution—labeled “strategic political theory”—starts with understanding what qualifies a view as “unreasonable” and a policy as “patently indefensible.” The introduction’s main task is to provide those basic building blocks, while providing an overview of their implications for each of the book’s chapters.
Strategic Environmentalism
Authors: Nili Shmuel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Continuing the strategic argumentation of chapter 5, this final chapter focuses on the fossil fuel industry’s ties with dictatorships. Linking oil and gas trade with dictators to environmental reform, the chapter suggests that the nonconsequentialist presumption against commercial ties with dictators can yield a distinctive argument for the development of green energy. More specifically, recognizing the unfortunate public salience of climate change skepticism in the United States, the chapter constructs an argument for the development of green energy that can appeal to Americans moderately skeptical of climate change and swayed by various forms of corporate rhetoric about environmental issues. Accepting—arguendo and in a qualified way—key empirical and normative assumptions of American environmental skeptics, the chapter proceeds in two stages. First, while environmentalists have often justified the development of green energy through references to future generations, the chapter tries to show that they need a present-oriented argument focused on negative duties to respect rights, in order to justify prioritizing the development of green energy to environmental skeptics in the United States. Second, the chapter constructs such an argument, calling on affluent democracies to develop green energy in order to be able to stop their complicity, through oil and gas trade, in dictators’ violation of their peoples’ property rights.
Introduction
Authors: Nicosia Marissa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Revolutionary ideas about temporality and politics thrived in early modern England. This introduction argues that chronicle plays that were written for the public stage and play pamphlets composed when the playhouses were closed during the civil wars provide unique insights into these temporal and political revolutions. Although standard critical narratives in literary studies assert that plays retelling narratives from chronicle history faded from popularity around the turn of the seventeenth century, scholars working in the fields of theater history and book history have long challenged this view and demonstrated that chronicle plays were distinctly popular in print and profitable in repertory. The introduction builds on these studies using the methods of historical formalism and critical bibliography to reveal the metaphoric and material ways that chronicle plays continued to make claims on the future as well as the past.
Almanac Time
Authors: Nicosia Marissa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 considers the similarities between chronicle plays and almanacs as material texts used for imagining time and as performative, interactive documents. Almanacs are a timekeeping tool that not only allows their user to locate the present day on the calendar, but also to consider their position in time in relation to past and future events because these almanacs include political prognostications, weather predictions, regnal tables, and historical chronologies, as well as a calendar for the year. Through readings of a range of almanacs, the chapter shows that the quotidian and chronicling functions of marking time in an almanac are saturated with political meaning. The chapter then turns to moments when physical or metaphorical almanacs appear in William Shakespeare’s 1 & 2 Henry IV and Sir John Oldcastle to argue that almanacs structure monarchical time through anachronism and temporal layering.