bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Status of the p53, p16, RB1, and HER-2 genes and chromosomes 3, 7, 9, and 17 in advanced bladder cancer: correlation with adjacent mucosa and pathological parameters
Authors: Gallucci M , Guadagni F , Marzano R , Leonardo C , Merola R , Sentinelli S , Ruggeri E M , Cantiani R , Sperduti I , Lopez F de la I , Cianciulli A M 
Published: March 2005

Aims:To evaluate a panel of well known genetic alterations for frequency of changes in bladder cancer that could be considered genomic instability determinants or adjunctive prognostic predictors.Methods:Fluorescence in situ hybridisation analysis was performed to evaluate chromosomes 3, 7, 9, and 17 and the 9p21 (p16), 17p13.1 (p53), 13q14 (RB1), and 17q11.2 (HER-2) chromosomal loci in 48 muscle invasive bladder cancer specimens and the adjacent normal mucosa.Results:There were significant differences between the frequency of chromosome 7 monosomy/polysomy and 17 monosomy in the two groups (tumours and adjacent mucosa) (p  =  0.004, p  =  0.037, and p  =  0.015, respectively). There were no differences in the frequency of gene deletions between tumours and the adjacent mucosa. 17q11.2 amplification was found in 14.5% of tumours examined, but not in the non-malignant epithelium. Chromosome 3, 7, and 17 monosomy and the RB1 heterozygous deletion were significantly associated with stage T3–4 (p  =  0.03, p  =  0.04, p  =  0.04, and p  =  0.03, respectively).Conclusions:These results demonstrate the importance of chromosomes 3, 7, and 17 and gene alterations in bladder cancer progression, highlighting their usefulness as prognostic markers. Larger studies with longterm follow up of these patients are needed to determine the validity and clinical relevance of these genetic findings, and molecular prognostic markers should be incorporated into phase II and III trials to define their roles in predicting clinical outcome.
High co-prevalence of genogroup 1 TT virus and human papillomavirus is associated with poor clinical outcome of laryngeal carcinoma
Authors: Szládek G , Juhász A , Kardos G , Szőke K , Major T , Sziklai I , Tar I , Márton I , Kónya J , Gergely L , Szarka K 
Published: March 2005

Background:The aetiology and factors leading to the progression of laryngeal cancer are still unclear. Although human papillomavirus (HPV) has been suggested to play a role, reports concerning the effect of HPV infection on tumour development are controversial. Recently, transfusion transmitted virus (TTV) was suggested to play a role in certain infections as a causative or coinfecting agent.Aims:To investigate whether the development and progression of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma is associated with coinfection with TTV and HPV.Methods:The prevalence of TTV and HPV was investigated using the polymerase chain reaction in tissue samples from 40 healthy individuals, 10 patients with recurrent papillomatosis, five patients with papillomatosis with malignant transformation, and 25 patients with laryngeal carcinoma. The obtained prevalence data were compared and analysed statistically.Results:In the 11 patients with carcinoma who had metastasis or relapse there was a high rate of coinfection with genogroup 1 TTV and HPV (eight of 11), whereas in the 14 without tumour progression no coinfection was found. Coinfection was associated with significantly lower tumour free survival in patients with carcinoma (p < 0.001). Furthermore, four of five patients who had papillomatosis with malignant transformation were coinfected with genogroup 1 TTV and HPV.Conclusions:Although the nature of cooperation between HPV and TTV needs to be investigated further, coinfection with genogroup 1 TTV and HPV appears to be associated with poor clinical outcome in laryngeal cancer.
Bacteraemia prediction in emergency medical admissions: role of C reactive protein
Authors: Wyllie D H , Bowler I C J W , Peto T E A 
Published: March 2005

Aim:To define the contribution made by C reactive protein (CRP) measurement to bacteraemia prediction in adults with medical emergencies in the UK.Methods:This two year cohort study involved 6234 patients admitted as emergency cases to the acute medical or infectious diseases services of the Oxford Radcliffe Hospitals, in whom blood cultures were taken on arrival. The main outcome measures were bacteraemia risk associated with admission CRP concentrations, lymphocyte counts, and neutrophil counts.Results:The quantitative associations between CRP concentration, admission lymphocyte count, and neutrophil count were defined. Risk of bacteraemia rose continuously as the CRP increased: no “cutoff” value was evident. Models examining combinations of CRP, neutrophil count, and lymphocyte count were developed and validated using a split sample technique. CRP contributed to a model including lymphocyte and neutrophil counts, but its effect was small. CRP alone performed no better than either a model combining lymphopenia and neutrophilia, or than lymphopenia alone.Conclusions:In patients with acute medical emergencies who are suspected of bacteraemia clinically, CRP concentrations, although associated with bacteraemia, have a limited role in bacteraemia prediction.
Results of a questionnaire regarding criteria for adequacy of endometrial biopsies
Authors: Phillips V , McCluggage W G 
Published: March 2005

Aims:Pathologists are faced with increasing numbers of endometrial biopsies containing scant tissue. Anecdotal evidence points to significant variation among pathologists regarding criteria used to assess adequacy, and no standard recommendations exist. An initial audit showing variation in endometrial biopsy adequacy reporting prompted this assessment of the criteria used by specialist gynaecological pathologists for the classification of adequacy.Methods:A questionnaire regarding criteria used for endometrial biopsy assessment adequacy was sent to members of the British Association of Gynaecological Pathologists and the National Gynaecological Pathology External Quality Assessment Scheme (UK). One hundred and thirty questionnaires were distributed and 61 pathologists responded.Results:The responses showed great variation in criteria used to classify endometrial biopsies as adequate. Most respondents felt it would be useful if criteria were proposed to aid this assessment.Conclusions:Wide variation exists among specialist gynaecological pathologists regarding what constitutes an adequate endometrial biopsy. The gynaecologist should interpret the biopsy report in the light of clinical, radiological, and hysteroscopic features. The presence of scanty tissue in postmenopausal women with a thin endometrium and no focal lesion is expected, and is not a reason for repeat biopsy. Pathologists should exercise caution before classifying endometrial biopsies as inadequate, because this may have medicolegal and management implications.
The Intraparietal Sulcus and Perceptual Organization
Authors: Cusack Rhodri 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The structuring of the sensory scene (perceptual organization) profoundly affects what we perceive, and is of increasing clinical interest. In both vision and audition, many cues have been identified that influence perceptual organization, but only a little is known about its neural basis. Previous studies have suggested that auditory cortex may play a role in auditory perceptual organization (also called auditory stream segregation). However, these studies were limited in that they just examined auditory cortex and that the stimuli they used to generate different organizations had different physical characteristics, which per se may have led to the differences in neural response. In the current study, functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to test for an effect of perceptual organization across the whole brain. To avoid confounding physical changes to the stimuli with differences in perceptual organization, we exploited an ambiguous auditory figure that is sometimes perceived as a single auditory stream and sometimes as two streams. We found that regions in the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) showed greater activity when 2 streams were perceived rather than 1. The specific involvement of this region in perceptual organization is exciting, as there is a growing literature that suggests a role for the IPS in binding in vision, touch, and cross-modally. This evidence is discussed, and a general role proposed for regions of the IPS in structuring sensory input.
Partially Distributed Representations of Objects and Faces in Ventral Temporal Cortex
Authors: O'Toole Alice J. , Jiang Fang , Abdi Hervé , Haxby James V. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractObject and face representations in ventral temporal (VT) cortex were investigated by combining object confusability data from a computational model of object classification with neural response confusability data from a functional neuroimaging experiment. A pattern-based classification algorithm learned to categorize individual brain maps according to the object category being viewed by the subject. An identical algorithm learned to classify an image-based, view-dependent representation of the stimuli. High correlations were found between the confusability of object categories and the confusability of brain activity maps. This occurred even with the inclusion of multiple views of objects, and when the object classification model was tested with high spatial frequency “line drawings” of the stimuli. Consistent with a distributed representation of objects in VT cortex, the data indicate that object categories with shared image-based attributes have shared neural structure.
Evidence for Multiple, Distinct Representations of the Human Body
Authors: Schwoebel John , Coslett H. Branch 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Previous data from single-case and small group studies have suggested distinctions among structural, conceptual, and online sensorimotor representations of the human body. We developed a battery of tasks to further examine the prevalence and anatomic substrates of these body representations. The battery was administered to 70 stroke patients. Fifty-one percent of the patients were impaired relative to controls on at least one body representation measure. Further, principal components analysis of the patient data as well as direct comparisons of patient and control performance suggested a triple dissociation between measures of the 3 putative body representations. Consistent with previous distinctions between the “what” and “how” pathways, lesions of the left temporal lobe were most consistently associated with impaired performance on tasks assessing knowledge of the shape or lexical-semantic information about the body, whereas lesions of the dorsolateral frontal and parietal regions resulted in impaired performance on tasks requiring on-line coding of body posture.
Real-Time Forecasting for the Antarctic: An Evaluation of the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS)*
Authors: Bromwich David H. , Monaghan Andrew J. , Manning Kevin W. , Powers Jordan G. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
In response to the need for improved weather prediction capabilities in support of the U.S. Antarctic Program’s field operations, the Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS) was implemented in October 2000. AMPS employs the Polar MM5, a version of the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model optimized for use over ice sheets. The modeling system consists of several domains ranging in horizontal resolution from 90 km covering a large part of the Southern Hemisphere to 3.3 km over the complex terrain surrounding McMurdo, the hub of U.S. operations. The performance of the 30-km AMPS domain versus observations from manned and automatic weather stations is statistically evaluated for a 2-yr period from September 2001 through August 2003. The simulated 12–36-h surface pressure and near-surface temperature at most sites have correlations of r &gt; 0.95 and r &gt; 0.75, respectively, and small biases. Surface wind speeds reflect the complex topography and generally have correlations between 0.5 and 0.6, and positive biases of 1–2 m s−1. In the free atmosphere, r &gt; 0.95 (geopotential height), r &gt; 0.9 (temperature), and r &gt; 0.8 (wind speed) at most sites. Over the annual cycle, there is little interseasonal variation in skill. Over the length of the forecast, a gradual decrease in skill is observed from hours 0–72. One exception is the surface pressure, which improves slightly in the first few hours, due in part to the model adjusting from surface pressure biases that are caused by the initialization technique over the high, cold terrain.
The impact of the higher-resolution model domains over the McMurdo region is also evaluated. It is shown that the 3.3-km domain is more sensitive to spatial and temporal changes in the winds than the 10-km domain, which represents an overall improvement in forecast skill, especially on the windward side of the island where the Williams Field and Pegasus runways are situated, and in the lee of Ross Island, an important area of mesoscale cyclogenesis (although the correlation coefficients in these regions are still relatively low).
Risk-based early prevention in comparison with routine prevention of dental caries: a 7-year follow-up of a controlled clinical trial; clinical and economic aspects
Authors: Pienihäkkinen Kaisu , Jokela Jorma , Alanen Pentti 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
The results in an earlier study with 2–5-year-old children indicated that, in comparison with conventional prevention, a risk-based prevention programme was effective in reducing dental caries in a low-caries community. The aim of the present study was to examine the clinical and economic findings seven years after the cessation of the targeted programme, from the perspective of public health care.

Methods
The present material was collected from the dental records of the public health care centres, and included all dental visits after the 5-year examination until the 12-year examination. The groups were compared in relation to clinically detected caries at the age of 12 years, the number of dental visits needed from 5 to 12 years of age, and the estimation of running costs during these years. Statistical analyses included univariate analysis of variance, and calculation of absolute risk reduction and number needed to treat (NNT) values.

Results
At the age of 12 years, DMF was significantly related to the risk category determined ten years earlier, in both study groups. In the risk-based group, the absolute risk reduction for caries in permanent dentition was 0.13 (95% confidence interval 0.06 – 0.21), and the associated NNT value was 8 (95% confidence interval 5 – 17). The total number of preventive, as well as restorative visits was lower in the risk-based than in the routine prevention group. The findings indicate that early risk-based prevention can be correctly targeted, clinically effective, and economically profitable also from the long-term point of view.

Conclusion
Early prevention of dental caries also has long-term benefits in a 7-year follow-up perspective. This seems to hold true as regards targeting, as well as clinical and economic effectiveness. Success in risk-based prevention enables successful work division, and consequently, economic effectiveness.
Heterologous expression of the filarial nematode alt gene products reveals their potential to inhibit immune function
Authors: Gomez-Escobar Natalia , Bennett Clare , Prieto-Lafuente Lidia , Aebischer Toni , Blackburn Clare C , Maizels Rick M 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBackgroundParasites exploit sophisticated strategies to evade host immunity that require both adaptation of existing genes and evolution of new gene families. We have addressed this question by testing the immunological function of novel genes from helminth parasites, in which conventional transgenesis is not yet possible. We investigated two such novel genes fromBrugia malayitermedabundant larval transcript (alt), expression of which reaches ~5% of total transcript at the time parasites enter the human host.ResultsTo test the hypothesis that ALT proteins modulate host immunity, we adopted an alternative transfection strategy to express these products in the protozoan parasiteLeishmania mexicana. We then followed the course of infectionin vitroin macrophages andin vivoin mice. Expression of ALT proteins, but not a truncated mutant, conferred greater infectivity of macrophagesin vitro, reaching 3-fold higher parasite densities. alt-transfected parasites also caused accelerated diseasein vivo, and fewer mice were able to clear infection of organisms expressing ALT.alt-transfected parasites were more resistant to IFN-γ-induced killing by macrophages. Expression profiling of macrophages infected with transgenicL. mexicanarevealed consistently higher levels of GATA-3 and SOCS-1 transcripts, both associated with the Th2-type response observed inin vivofilarial infection.ConclusionLeishmaniatransfection is a tractable and informative approach to determining immunological functions of single genes from heterologous organisms. In the case of the filarial ALT proteins, our data suggest that they may participate in the Th2 bias observed in the response to parasite infection by modulating cytokine-induced signalling within immune system cells.
Regulated expression of platelet factor 4 in human monocytes—role of PARs as a quantitatively important monocyte activation pathway
Authors: Schaffner Andreas , Rhyn Petra , Schoedon Gabriela , Schaer Dominik J 
Published: March 2005

AbstractHuman mononuclear phagocytes have recently been shown to express constitutively and even more so, upon stimulation with bacteria, fungi, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), zymosan, or thrombin platelet basic protein (PBP). This CXC chemokine as well as platelet factor 4 (PF4), which is located genomically at a short distance from the PBP, were previously considered to be specific markers for the megakaryocyte cell lineage. Both chemokines have signaling and antimicrobial activity. In the present studies, transcriptional and expressional regulation of PF4 and related chemokines was studied in human monocytes. As shown by quantitative mRNA analysis, Western blots, radioimmunoprecipitation of cell extracts, and immunofluorescence and quantitatively with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, human monocytes express PF4 in the same order of magnitude as the known, regulated CXC chemokine interleukin (IL)-8. Expression of PF4 is up-regulated at the mRNA and protein level by thrombin and mediated by proteinase-activated receptors (PARs), resulting in a 32- to 128-fold higher mRNA level and leading to an up-to-sixfold increase of the peptide concentration in monocyte culture supernatants. Thrombin and the synthetic ligand of PAR-1 and PAR-2, SFLLRN, also induced comparable increases in the levels of mRNA for PBP, IL-8, regulated on activation, normal T expressed and secreted (RANTES), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and macrophage-inflammatory protein-1α and increased synthesis of these chemokines as shown by immunofluorescence or a quantitative immunobead-based method. The induction of increased mRNA levels for all chemokines by SFLLRN was unsurpassed by LPS, zymosan, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and IL-1. Activation of monocytes through PARs represents an alternate activation mechanism, independent from IFN-γ, TNF-α, or other signaling pathways.
Sequential interpenetrating polymer network of poly(ethyl methacrylate) and carboxylated nitrile rubber: Dynamic mechanical analysis and morphology
Authors: Manoj N.R. , Raut R.D. , Sivaraman P. , Ratna D. , Chakraborty B.C. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAn interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) based on poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA) and carboxylated nitrile rubber was synthesized. Peroxide crosslinked XNBR was swollen in ethyl methacrylate containing benzoyl peroxide as initiator and tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate as crosslinking agent. A full and sequential IPN is formed by the two independently crosslinked phases of XNBR and PEMA. Dynamic mechanical analysis of the 50/50 XNBR/PEMA IPN shows a single, broad peak whereas a 50/50 blend shows two distinct peaks, indicating the pinning down of a microheterogeneous structure during the IPN formation rather that macrophase separation as in blends. SEM analysis confirms the development of a cocontinuous intimate structure of the IPN. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1487–1491, 2005
Synthesis, characterization, and application of the sodium poly(styrenesulfonate) produced from waste polystyrene cups as an admixture in concrete
Authors: de Assunção Rosana M. N. , Royer Betina , Oliveira Juliana S. , Rodrigues Filho Guimes , de Castro Motta Leila A. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWasted polystyrene (PS) plastic cups were used in the synthesis of sodium poly(styrenesulfonate) (NaPSS). The produced polyelectrolyte was water‐soluble. The viscosimetric molecular weight was 126,146 g mol−1. The sulfonation of the polymer was estimated through FTIR spectroscopy and chemical analysis of the number of sulfonic groups. The presence of bands at 1326 and 1188 cm−1 in the infrared spectra was characteristic for sulfonic groups. The polymer was obtained with 60.3% of sulfonation. An aqueous solution of NaPSS was used as an admixture in concrete of portland cement. The results showed that the slump increasing of the concrete was up to 300% with 0.3% content of NaPSS per weight of cement. It was possible to reduce the water content of the concrete in 13.2% using NaPSS solution as an admixture. The compressive strength gain was 23.9% after 28 days of curing. The results indicated that NaPSS, produced from waste PS cups, can be satisfactorily used either as a plasticizer or as an admixture for water reduction in concrete. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1534–1538, 2005
New poly(amide imide)s containing bis(4‐trimellitimidophenyl) sulfone and hydantoin moieties in the main chain: Synthesis and properties
Authors: Faghihi Khalil , Naghavi Howra 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSeveral new poly(amide imide)s were synthesized through the polycondensation reactions of bis(4‐trimellitimidophenyl) sulfone [N,N′‐(4,4′‐diphenylsulfone) bistrimellitimide] with a number of hydantoin derivatives in a medium consisting of thionyl chloride, N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone, and pyridine. The polycondensations produced a series of novel poly(amide imide)s in high yields with inherent viscosities of 0.20–0.46 dL/g. The resulting poly(amide imide)s were characterized with elemental analysis, viscosity measurements, thermogravimetric analysis, derivative thermogravimetry, solubility testing, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. All the polymers were soluble at room temperature in polar solvents such as N,N‐dimethylacetamide, N,N‐dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, tetrahydrofuran, and N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1776–1782, 2005
Kinetic analysis of relaxation process for the epoxy network diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A/m‐xylylenediamine
Authors: Fraga F. , Castro‐Díaz C. , Rodríguez‐Núñez E. , Martínez‐Ageitos J. M. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe relaxation kinetic of the epoxy network diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (BADGE n = 0) and m‐xylylenediamine (m‐XDA) was analyzed from DSC experimental data, using different theoretical models. Based on a Petrie model, which involved separate contributions of temperature and structure, three characteristic parameters were calculated: a preexponential factor A, an apparent activation energy EH, and a parameter C, which indicate the dependency of relaxation time on structure. This model allowed us to calculate the relaxation function at different ageing temperatures. Another method used to study a relaxation kinetic was the Kovacs–Hutchinson model, which takes into account the dependency of the relaxation time on temperature and structure. The last model used was a two‐parameter equation from Williams–Watts, where the relaxation time is independent of temperature. Using data of characteristic times a master curve for the relaxation function was obtained. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1591–1595, 2005