bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diffusion of the Systemic Approach in Japan: Gauge and Industrial Standards
Authors: Baba Yasunori , Kuroda, Shoichi , Yoshiki Hiroshi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some researchers in the West generalize that manufacturing has evolved through a series of epochs. These include: the invention of maching tools and the English system of manufacture (1800), special-purpose tools and the interchangeability of components in the American system of manufacture (1850), and scientific management and the engineering of work in the Taylor system (1900)-all relating to the material world of mechanization; statistical process control and the dynamic world (1930), information processing and the era of numerical control, as well as emergent intelligent systems-making the intellectual leap from mechanization to information processing (Jaikumar 1988). In parallel with the changes in machines and quality of human labour, each epoch is characterized by a fundamental shift in the organization of work and the nature of the firm. Jaikumar clarifies: ‘Each of the six epochs focused on a particular aspect-accuracy, precision, reproducibility, stability, adaptability, and versatility ‘; and thus the history of Western manufacturing is portrayed as the evolution from an art to a science.
Production Technology and Productivity Growth in the Japanese Electrical Machinery Industry
Authors: Suzuki Kazuyuki 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is often pointed out that the major source of the international competitiveness of the Japanese processing and assembling industry is its outstanding production technology. Recently, Made in America, a report by the MIT Commission on Industrial Productivity, concluded that the main disadvantage of the US manufacturing industry compared with its Japanese counter parts was that US firms tend to neglect the continuous improvement of production technology (Dertouzos et al. 1989: ch. 5, esp. 74-7).
Technological Progress in Japanese Environmental Problems
Authors: Miyagawa Tsutomu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Technological developments in pollution control or environmental improvement are rarely dealt with in textbook economics, though many people benefit a great deal from them. Textbook economics shows that standard technical progress not only contributes to corporate profits, but also increases overall the social benefits arising from the externalities of new knowledge. In addition to the externality of standard new technology, technological developments for pollution control or environmental improvement result in another externality, in the sense that such developments provide public goods such as clean air, clean water, or a calm environment. While they bring larger social profits than standard technical progress, however, the corporate profits do not change as a result of such progress. Technologies for pollution control and environmental improvement seem to be similar to defence technologies in that the difference between social benefits and private benefits is too large.
The Role of the Japanese Higher Education System in Relation to Industry
Authors: Yamamoto Shinichi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has been widely said that the Japanese education system has played a pivotal role in the development of Japan ‘s economy and industry (Monbusho 1990; US Department of Education 1987; Cummings 1991). Universities have been training future engineers and researchers who go on to work for industry, and they have also been creating and introducing (from Western countries) new technology and knowledge which is then transferred to the industrial sector. Furthermore, Japanese higher education has the important function of identifying highly qualified manpower through its demanding entrance examination system, in which school leavers must demonstrate their knowledge and capabilities. In this chapter I want to provide an overview of the role of higher education in relation to industry, referring to some problems that stem from the character of the Japanese education system.
France: The Idiosyncrasies of Volontarisme
Authors: Dormois Jean-Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The French ordinarily claim precedence in inventing the concept of industrial policy. The roots of dirigisme, the control by the political authority of the development of the national economy, can be traced back to Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Louis XI V’s eminent minister. Henceforth national economics, the idea that ‘national economic strength is measured by productive capacity and that productive capacity can be increased by state aid’ (Clough 1939: 324) permeated French political and economic life. The imperative for the active involvement of the state in the deployment of industrial potential may have originated with the mercantilist theories of Mont chrestien and Richelieu.
Russia: A Comparative Economic Systems Interpretation
Authors: Davis Christopher Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The industrial policies of the Russian Empire and its successor states during the twentieth century have been of considerable importance to Europe for several reasons.1 First, until the 1990s Russia/USSR consistently occupied an extreme position in the spectrum of industrial policies associated with maxima] state intervention. The success of these policies has varied over time, as have foreign perceptions. For many years, Soviet ideology and theories concerning industrial ownership, structure, priorities, and labour relations exerted powerful influences on debates and practices in Western Europe. Second, industrial polices appeared to have played a key role in transforming the backward Tsarist economy into a powerful, modem one capable of producing advanced civilian machinery and weapons. One result was that the USSR became a major market for European industrial exports.
Family Policy and Political Economy
Authors: Shirley Ian , Pool Peggy Koopman-Boyden Ian , John St. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early twentieth century, New Zealand commentators wrote of a ‘theory of fair wages ... sufficient to give the worker a decent living according to the colonial standard’ (Le Rossignol and Stewart, 1910: 239). Since the average ‘worker’ of the time was male and since ‘normal needs’ encompassed domestic responsibilities, the ‘fair wage’ was soon defined as being a family wage sufficient to support a wife and two or three children. With the election of the first Labour government in 1935, the family wage was enshrined in legislation. Government established base wage rates for adult male workers to enable a man ‘to maintain a wife, and three children in a fair and reasonable standard of comfort’ (Woods, 1963).
Families and Social Services
Authors: Shirley Ian , Pool Peggy Koopman-Boyden Ian , John St. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Responsiveness to family change requires more than attention to income, workplace adaptations, and family ]aw. It also requires a wider range of supports for improved quality of life (health care, child care, and housing) and special help for families and children with special needs (Supplemental Security Income, child welfare, and nutrition). The programmes grouped in this chapter make little claim for coherence, but they do constitute a significant and distinctive component of family policy. Historically, these programmes were in the province of state and local government and private agencies but since the mid-l960s have increasingly involved the federal government, usually though not always working through or sharing with the lower tiers.
Labor Market Consequences of Retrenchment for Civil Servants in Ghana
Authors: Yunger Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the past decade, inefficiencies in the public sector have drawn the attention of development economists working to understand the causes of Africa’s worsening economic performance. Governments and state-owned enterprises have not been able to provide the services and goods they were created to provide in an efficient, cost-effective manner. One important cause of these inefficiencies is the public sector’s employment practices. Driven in part by the widely held notion that the public sectors should lead their countries’ development efforts, and in part by political patronage, African governments and their agencies increased staffing levels at a rapid pace after independence; most continue to do so. At first, these practices cause fiscal problems as the wage bill increases and fiscal deficits grow. But that is only the first manifestation of excessive employment. The problems run much deeper in Africa. Once governments reach the limit of what they can finance through tax revenue, aid, and the inflation tax, they are forced to cut back other expenditures to make wage payments. Typically, capital spending goes first.
Market Liberalization and the Role of Food Aid in Mozambique
Authors: Dorosh Paul , Ninno, Carlo del , Sahn David E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Momentous changes swept Mozambique from 1987 to 1993. Major economic reforms were enacted, liberalizing markets after more than a decade of pervasive state controls. A severe drought struck in 1991 and 1992, decimating harvests and threatening widespread famine. Most important, a settlement of the long civil war was finally reached in late 1992, bringing hope of peace and improved welfare to the country’s large rural population.
Sugar Refining in Bristol
Authors: Morgan Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the seventeenth century onwards, Bristol’s economy was inextricably interwoven with her Atlantic outlook and with her role as a consumption centre, and sugar refining was the major industry that linked these two vital aspects of her commercial development. Sugar first appeared as an import at Bristol in the reign of Edward IV.2 At that time it was still a luxury commodity, cultivated around the Mediterranean, that had not yet replaced honey as a sweetener in the Western European diet Modest quantities of sugar arrived at Bristol’s wharves and quays throughout the medieval, Tudor, and early Stuart periods.
Introduction: Japan’s ‘Miracle’ in Perspective
Authors: Gourvish Terry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The significance in business and economic history of Japan’s startling rise in international competitiveness since the mid-1950s has not only given business historians much food for thought but has also served to expand considerably the amount of English-language writing on modern Japan.’ Such work increased enormously from the 1960s, and included ‘miracle’ identifiers such as Hewins, Stone, Khan, and Vogel, who used Japan to make criticisms of Britain and the United States.
The Links between Economic Growth, Poverty Reduction, and Social Development: Theory and Policy
Authors: Taylor Lance , Mehrotra Santosh , Delamonica Enrique 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The overview of ten country experiences in Chapter 2 showed that while all had achieved high levels of health and educational indicators, their poverty-reduction outcomes were diverse. Even more varied was their income growth. While some had dramatically transformed their economies in terms of the structure of output and employment, in many cases there had been little evidence of a ‘Great Transformation—even over a relatively long 30-to 40-year period of analysis.
A Second Comeback or a Final Farewell? The Volvo Trajectory, 1973-1994
Authors: Berggren Christian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The year of the first oil crisis, 1973, marked the end of an era for the Western automobile producers, and for the Swedish car makers Volvo and Saab in particular. During the 1950s and 1960s, they had enjoyed rapid growth and prospered in spite of being small-scale producers together accounting for only 1 per cent of global car production. Operating in a small open economy, Volvo and Saab were severely affected by the sudden transition to a low growth market. In 1974, Volvo announced its first deal in a strategy for continued expansion: the acquisition of the DAF company in the Netherlands. The same year, Volvo also inaugurated two new plants in Sweden, Kalmar and Skovde, both designed according to socio-technical principles, by means of which Volvo hoped to solve its severe personnel problems and safeguard future worker recruitment. These two events, the acquisition in the Netherlands and the high-profile departure from a Fordist plant design in Sweden, highlight two themes which continued to shape Volvo’s agenda into the 1980s and 1990s. The company’s struggle to survive as an independent automobile maker in a small, open economy has shaped its strategic orientation. Its efforts to respond to Swedish labour market pressures formed the basis for a distinctive production model.
Inflation, Economic Performance, and Employment Rights
Authors: Deakin Simon , Ewing Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the system of labour law which would be required to underpin an economic strategy aimed at containing inflation and enhancing competitiveness, without having resort to mass, long-term unemployment as an instrument of labour discipline. In addition to there being a good case from the point of view of social justice for the enactment of more effective legal protection for workers, a strong economic case exists for regulation aimed at promoting co-operation between management and labour and enhancing competitiveness by placing incentives on both firms and individuals to invest in labour quality. The basic elements of such a labour law system in Britain would include legal guarantees of work-force representation at the level of the firm, the existence of representative institutions at sector level to regulate working conditions, and the enactment of a comprehensive labour code designed to ensure respect for the basic rights at work of the worker. Particularly important here is the issue of collective bargaining at multi-employer level, which can operate as a mechanism for reducing inflationary pressures.
Devising a Strategy for Pay
Authors: Smith John Grieve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of the 1980s, an observer of the British economic-policy debate might have been forgiven for believing that it was largely a technical tussle between ‘Keynesians’ and ‘monetarists’ about the respective roles of fiscal and monetary policy. But a decade and a half later, the conflict between those who supported the post-war Keynesian consensus and those who sought to overthrow it can be seen to be much more fundamental. For as Beveridge and others clearly foresaw, the maintenance of full employ ment after the war went hand-in-hand with a revolution in the structure of society. In his 1944 Report on Full Employment in a Free Society Beveridge maintained that ‘the labour market should always be a seller’s market rather than a buyer’s market. From this, on the view of society underlying this Report-that society exists for the individual-there is a decisive reason of principle ... A person who cannot sell his labour is in effect told he is of no use.’ Such a change in the balance of power within society would have pervasive effects on the distribution of income and the bargaining power of the trade unions. Beveridge warned of ‘a real danger that sectional wage bargaining, pursued without regard to its effects upon prices, may lead to a vicious spiral of inflation’. As a consequence he maintained that ‘so long as freedom of collective bargaining is maintained, the primary responsibil ity of preventing a full employment policy coming to grief ... will rest on those who conduct the bargaining on behalf of labour’.
Economic Crisis and Health Policy Responses
Authors: MUSGROVE PHILIP 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Health Policy’ is something less well defined and much less quantitative than the phenomena demography normally deals with, so it seems appropriate to begin by explaining just what questions will be treated in what follows. This will also serve to make it clear that the approach of this paper is rather skeptical and conceptual, and has little new empirical information to offer. Economic crisis versus structural adjustment is difficult to distinguish the demographic consequences of structural adjustment from the reactions to the economic crisis which provokes the need for adjustment whether or not that adjustment is part of a formal programmer involving short-term foreign assistance and policy advice from institutions such as the World Bank.
Global Aspects of a Development Strategy
Authors: Mllleron Jean-Claude 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the end of World War II until the mid-1960s the United States held a dominant position in the world economy, characterized by its relative importance in world GDP (more than one-third in 1950compared with less than one-fourth today), a system of fixed exchange rates related to gold through the dollar and post-war hegemonic power with respect to Japan and Europe. The Cold War clearly reinforced US leadership within the western hemisphere, and the actions taken by the United States affected-often in a positive way, such as through Marshan Aid-the welfare of the rest of the world much more than any country in the rest of the world could affect the United States. But the progressive emergence of the European Community in the 1950s represents an important step towards more economic and social coordination.
The Rail Industry
Authors: Bradshaw W P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sale of the railways in Britain is the last big network privatization. A major distinction between railways and the other utilities - gas, electric ity, water, and telecommunications-is that their product is not homo geneous. Rail transport and travel are provided in a market which provides highly competitive substitutes, many of which are subject to lighter or, indeed, no regulation. The tax treatment of some of these substitutes also gives rise to distortions. Rail travel has few of the monopoly characteristics to enable it to extract rent from users, and survival of railways depends on substantial and continuing subsidy. Also, coming late in the programme of privatization meant that the experience of regulating other utilities was taken into account in the restructuring of the railways. The Rail Regulator was in place well before the transfer of operations to the private sector took place, and he was able to play a formative role in the development of the new arrangements.
Demobilization: The Dialectics of PLA Troop Reduction
Authors: Shichor Yitzhak 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, Western and Asian countries have been warning, and warned, against the so-called “China threat.” These warnings reflect Beijing’s military-related policies, primarily the consistent increase in China’s defence expenditures since the early 1990s, its resumed acquisition of arms from the former Soviet Union, its continued nuclear tests, and its contribution to the proliferation of conventional, semi-conventional and, allegedly, non-conventional weapons. In their repeated at tempts to refute the “China threat” syndrome, Chinese leaders stress, among other things, the 25 per cent cut of about one million troops in the size of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), announced in the mid l 980s. Reportedly slicing it from about 4.2 million to about 3.2 million, this massive demobilization is usually treated, not only by China watch ers but also by the Chinese themselves, as an essential aspect of their ongoing defence reform which goes hand-in-hand with military-to civilian conversion.
Guarding China’s Domestic Front Line: The People’s Armed Police and China’s Stability
Authors: Cheung Tai Ming 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A single spark can light a prairie fire, Mao Zedong once proclaimed, and China today is as dry as a tinder-box. Rapid economic and social change is undermining the country’s stability. The authorities are struggling to cope with soaring crime, mass rural migration, rising urban unemployment, simmering ethnic discontent and numerous other problems. At the same time, the Communist Party’s legitimacy and organization is crumbling and the ruling elite waits nervously for ailing paramount leader Deng Xiaoping’s death.
Coherence and Limitations of French Industrial Policy during the Boom Period It Was Not So Bad After All
Authors: Mioche Philippe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Defined as a part of state economic policy, industrial policy is based on targets which are proposed or imposed on private or nationalized enterprises. This chapter proposes a chronology of the industrial policies conducted in France from 1945 to 1978, during the boom period which followed the Second World War. In particular I will try to evaluate their degree of continuity and coherence, and to characterize their nature.
Introduction
Authors: Ulph A List Air 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The contributions to this book are the output of a research project which aimed to study two key aspects of the international dimension of environmental policy. First, for trans boundary environmental problems, such as those of climate change and acid rain, it is necessary for countries to engage in some form of international environmental agreement to overcome the well-known incentives for free-riding. Second, even if pollution were an entirely domestic concern, countries are linked through trade, and environmental policies will affect the international competitiveness of particular sectors of an economy. This has led to fears that if governments become concerned about this loss of competitiveness they may set too lax environmental policies, essentially as a form of covert protection. A counter-claim has been that such strategic trade considerations may actually induce governments to set tough environmental policies to give their domestic producers a competitive advantage in developing ‘green’ tech-nologies ahead of their rivals. These two issues are closely linked, since an important consideration for a country deciding whether or not to join an international environmental agreement is the economic cost of having to set tougher environmental policies than at least some other countries, assuming that not all countries join the agreement. The project was designed to develop both theoretical and empirical economic models to explore these issues. For the second set of issues, the innovative feature of the project was that almost all of the extant theoretical and empirical analysis of the link between environmental policy and international trade had assumed competitive markets, and the project aimed to use the developments in the ‘new trade theory’ to reappraise this link for sectors where, because of significant economies of scale, markets were imperfectly competitive. This reappraisal concerns both the size of the impact of environmental policy on competitiveness and the policy implications that have been drawn about the design of environmental policy.
Environmental Regulations and Manufacturing Employment: A Study on Norwegian Micro Data
Authors: Golombek Rolf , Raknerud Arvid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last decades there has been increased concern for the environment in several countries. To control harmful emissions, regulators primarily impose environmental standards. While governments can be reluctant-particularly in a situation with high unemployment-to introduce environmental regulations, environmental measures have been welcomed by environmentalists who sometimes even argue that there is no conflict between environmental goals and a low rate of unemployment. This paper examines the impact of environmental regulations on employment by providing an empirical analysis of the relationship between environmental standards and manufacturing employment in Norway.