bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Malaria Prevalence in Toddlers: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Cyril Uangbaoje A. , Elizabeth Okhuoya U. , Darlington Okoduwa , David Ajakaiye , Stephen Abebe E. , Goodluck Salami B. , Meshach Osejele I. , Jeremy Oiku A. , Precious Akhaine J. 
Published: February 2024

Background: Malaria is one of the most important public health and life-threatening parasitic infections caused by the protozoan parasite- Plasmodium. The WHO Global technical strategy for malaria 2016–2030, updated in 2021, provides a technical framework for all malaria-endemic countries. It is intended to guide and support regional and country program as they work towards malaria control and elimination.
Objectives: This study assessed the prevalence of malaria in toddlers in a tertiary health facility in developing countries between January and December 2021.
Methodology: The study involved the use of patient’s case notes, A total of 104 case notes were selected using simple random technique. A checklist was generated from the collection of data. Data was analyzed using the statistical package for scientific solution (SPSS) software version 21.0. for descriptive statistics. The Chi square test was used to test for associations. The level of significance was set as P < 0.05.
Results: It was discovered that Half (50%) of the toddlers were 2years old, a little above half (52.9%) were male and the mean age was 2.31 with a standard deviation of 3.02. studies. On the financial implication of malaria treatment study revealed that 76.9% spent between ₦1500 - ₦1900 and artesunate was the most common antimalarial used and most children spent up to 3 days on admission
Conclusion: Findings from this study reveals that the prevalence is common among toddlers especially in 2years old. The average amount spent on antimalarial purchase is relatively fair based on the drugs the patients can afford. The highest prevalence was seen in July (62%) and the least prevalence was seen in January (30%).
Structural and Morphological Analysis of Untapped Clay Deposits in Itu Local Government Area Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria and its Potentials as Raw Material for Petroleum Refining
Authors: Edemumoh Emmanuel E. , Uwanta Emaime J. , Awaka-Ama Joachim J. , Udo Godwin J. , Etukudo Nsikan J. , Nyong Aniedi E. , Igwe Raphael , Okon Christiana P. , Abasi Elvis O. 
Published: February 2024

This work describes scanning electron microscope and XRD characterization of untapped clay deposits in Itu Local Government Area Akwa Ibom State and its potentials as raw material for petroleum refining. The structure and morphology of the raw kaolin clay and metakaolin were analyzed using XRD and SEM. The XRD data indicates 48.0 % quartz, 30.0% kaolinite, 3.0 % chlorite, 16.0 % illite and 2.0% albite in the raw kaolin and 68.3 % quartz, 17.3 % orthoclase, 5.9 % muscovite, 1.8 % illite , 6.68 %, albite in the metakaolin from Ikot Uso Akpan and 16.2 % kaolinite, 67.0% quartz, 2.5 % muscovite, 5.5 % orthoclase, 1.4 % chlorite, and 7.0 % albite were revealed in Ekim Itam raw kaolin. 66.0 % quartz, 10.0 % muscovite, 15.0 % orthoclase, 5.0 % illite, 5.0 % albite were recorded in the metakaolin. The XRD results confirmed the presence of quartz and alumina mineral phases from both kaolin deposits. Calcination at 1000oC increased the crystalline structure of the metakaolin and did not significantly modify surface morphology of the kaolin indicating stability of kaolin structure, one the desired property of a good zeolite. The SEM results indicated heterogeneous size and spongy like porous shape. There was no significant change in the surface morphology of the heterogeneous size calcined kaolin compared with untreated kaolin. The SEM results of the metakaolin kaolin also indicated cubic crystalline structure with well-defined edges. With adequate modification the studied kaolin could be a promising raw material for synthesis of zeolite suitable for bio and fossil fuel processing.
Spinning the stories of our lives
Authors: Marsh Elizabeth J. , Tversky Barbara 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe way people talk about past events can affect the way they remember them (Tversky & Marsh, 2000). The current research explores how people naturally talk about events from their own lives. Participants recorded what, when, and how they told others about events from their lives. In general, participants talked about recent emotional events, and told them primarily to peers in order to convey facts and/or to entertain. Not all distorted retellings were regarded as ‘inaccurate.’ Participants labeled 61% of their retellings as distorted (containing exaggerations, omissions, minimizations, or additions) but only 42% of their retellings as inaccurate. Social context shaped the stories people told: they changed stories for different audiences; they exaggerated to entertain and simplified to inform. People construct stories as they retrieve and use memories in a social context. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Delaying execution of intentions: overcoming the costs of interruptions
Authors: McDaniel Mark A. , Einstein Gilles O. , Graham Thomas , Rall Erica 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIn real‐world settings, execution of retrieved intentions must often be briefly delayed until an ongoing activity is completed (delayed‐execute prospective memory tasks). Further, in demanding work settings, the ongoing activity itself can be interrupted. Experiment 1 examined the effects of the delay length (5, 15, 40 s), the presence of an interruption within that delay, and the length of the interruption on prospective memory performance. Delay length did not significantly affect performance, but interruptions produced significant decrements in performance relative to a delay alone. The length of the interruptions (10 vs. 20 s) did not significantly affect performance. Experiment 2 replicated the negative effects of interruptions, and found that these effects could be overcome with a simple external mnemonic. We suggest that in demanding work environments where interruptions are likely, external cues are advisable, especially where prospective memory failures have critical consequences. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Timing moderates the effects of repeated suggestive interviewing on children's eyewitness memory
Authors: Melnyk Laura , Bruck Maggie 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe relative role of the timing and repetition of misinformation on the accuracy of children's recall was examined in two experiments. Kindergarten children participated in a magic show and about 40 days later had a memory test. Between the magic show and the memory test, the children were suggestively interviewed either one time in a relatively ‘early’ interview (temporally closer to the magic show than the memory test) or a relatively ‘late’ interview (closer to the memory test than the magic show), or in both suggestive interviews. The timing of the suggestive interviewing was manipulated so that the interview was temporally distant from the event or memory test or temporally close to the event or memory test. Repeated interviewing heightened misinformation effects only when the children received the two interview sessions temporally close to the event and memory test. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and properties of methyl methacrylate and fluoroacrylate copolymers for plastic optical fiber cladding
Authors: Choi Dong‐il , Yeom Eun Hee , Park Min , Kim Jun Kyung , Kim Byoung Chul 
Published: June 2004

AbstractCopolymers of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and fluoroacrylate (FA), with different FA content (0–100 wt %), were prepared by bulk polymerization. The chemical structure was identified by 1H‐NMR and other physical properties were measured by DSC, Abbé refractometer, X‐ray diffractometry, polarized optical microscopy, and DMA. The copolymers were confirmed as random copolymers by Fineman–Ross analysis and first‐order Markov statistics. Increasing the FA content from 0 to 100 wt % decreased the refractive index from 1.492 to 1.368. Copolymers with FA content higher than 70 wt % crystallized and led to low transparency and poor thermal properties. On the other hand, copolymers with FA content lower than 70 wt % was thermally stable (Tg was as high as 60°C) and transparent. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2082–2089, 2004
Preliminary study on fiber splitting of bicomponent meltblown fibers
Authors: Sun Christine (Qin) , Zhang Dong , Liu Yanbo , Xiao Regina 
Published: June 2004

AbstractSide‐by‐side bicomponent meltblown fiber webs were developed on REICOFIL® bicomponent (bico) meltblown line at The University of Tennessee's Textiles and Nonwovens Development Center (TANDEC), using polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polyamide (PA), polytrimethylene terephthalate (PTT), and so forth. The posttreatment was performed by hydroentanglement to investigate the fiber‐splitting behavior in this research. Microscopy analysis and SEM were applied to examine the web structure. The change in web property after posttreatment and the adhesion mechanism of the polymer interface were also addressed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2090–2094, 2004
Effects of stearic acid coated talc, CaCO3, and mixed talc/CaCO3 particles on the rheological properties of polypropylene compounds
Authors: Kim Kwang‐Jea , White James L. , Eun Shim Sang , Choe Soonja 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe effect of the stearic acid coated fillers and their geometry on the shear/dynamic viscosity and complex viscosity has been investigated using polypropylene (PP) compounds filled with stearic acid uncoated and coated talc, calcite, and mixed talc/calcite particles. The viscosity was measured over a wide range of shear rates (10−8 to 103) using a capillary, cone‐plate and sandwich rheometer. Overall, the rheological properties of the compounds exhibited different behavior upon different filler systems, stearic acid involvement, shear stress or strain, and frequencies due to stearic acid involvement. This implies that the stearic acid lowers the interfacial force between the filler surface and the resin matrix, followed by a favorable processing. In addition, at very low shear stresses, the viscosity of talc(un) compounds was higher than calcite(un) ones; at very high shear stresses, on the other hand, talc compounds became lower than calcite(un) compounds. This is interpreted as due to the different geometry between talc and calcite. The yield value as a function of shear stress was observed for all filler systems and exhibited lower than that obtained from the extrapolation. Furthermore, the Cox–Merz relation between the complex and shear viscosity for both the stearic acid uncoated and coated compounds is found not valid. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2105–2113, 2004
Fly ash particles and precipitated silica as fillers in rubbers. I. Untreated fillers in natural rubber and styrene–butadiene rubber compounds
Authors: Sombatsompop N. , Thongsang S. , Markpin T. , Wimolmala E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIn this study, we investigated the effects of untreated precipitated silica (PSi) and fly ash silica (FASi) as fillers on the properties of natural rubber (NR) and styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) compounds. The cure characteristics and the final properties of the NR and SBR compounds were considered separately and comparatively with regard to the effect of the loading of the fillers, which ranged from 0 to 80 phr. In the NR system, the cure time and minimum and maximum torques of the NR compounds progressively increased at PSi loadings of 30–75 phr. A relatively low cure time and low viscosity of the NR compounds were achieved throughout the FASi loadings used. The vulcanizate properties of the FASi‐filled vulcanizates appeared to be very similar to those of the PSi‐filled vulcanizates at silica contents of 0–30 phr. Above these concentrations, the properties of the PSi‐filled vulcanizates improved, whereas those of the FASi‐filled compounds remained the same. In the SBR system, the changing trends of all of the properties of the filled SBR vulcanizates were very similar to those of the filled NR vulcanizates, except for the tensile and tear strengths. For a given rubber matrix and silica content, the discrepancies in the results between PSi and FASi were associated with filler–filler interactions, filler particle size, and the amount of nonrubber in the vulcanizates. With the effect of the FASi particles on the mechanical properties of the NR and SBR vulcanizates considered, we recommend fly ash particles as a filler in NR at silica concentrations of 0–30 phr but not in SBR systems, except when improvement in the tensile and tear properties is required. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2119–2130, 2004
Regioregular poly(3‐alkylthiophenes): Synthesis, characterization, and application in conductive fabrics
Authors: Daoud Walid A. , Xin John H. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractPoly(3‐dodecylthiophene) (P3DDT) and poly(3‐decylthiophene) (P3DT) with high contents of head‐to‐tail linkages (86 and 85%, respectively) were synthesized in high yields by a facile oxidative polymerization with ferric chloride in chloroform at room temperature. We believe that the low concentration and ultraslow addition of monomers to ferric chloride contributed to the high regioregularity. Differential scanning calorimetry thermograms indicated that the formed polymers consisted of crystalline, quasiordered, and disordered phases, which is a common feature of highly regioregular polymers. We prepared conductive fabrics with specific resistance of 30 and 100 Ω/sq by impregnating polyamide fabrics in a chloroform solution of P3DDT and P3DT, respectively. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2131–2135, 2004
Unidirectional hemp and flax EP‐ and PP‐composites: Influence of defined fiber treatments
Authors: Bledzki A. K. , Fink H.‐P. , Specht K. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIn some technical areas, mainly in the automotive industry, glass fiber reinforced polymers are intended to be replaced by natural fiber reinforced polymer systems. Therefore, higher requirements will be imposed to the physical fiber properties, fiber‐matrix adhesion, and the quality assurance. To improve the properties of epoxy resins (EP) and polypropylene (PP) composites, flax and hemp fibers were modified by mercerization and MAH‐PP coupling agent was used for preparing the PP composites. The effects of different mercerization parameters such as concentration of alkali (NaOH), temperature, and duration time along with tensile stress applied to the fibers on the structure and properties of hemp fibers were studied and judged via the cellulose I–II lattice conversion. It was observed that the mechanical properties of the fibers can be controlled in a broad range by using appropriate mercerization parameters. Unidirectional EP composites were manufactured by the filament winding technique; at the PP matrix material, a combination with a film‐stacking technique was used. The influence of mercerization parameters on the properties of EP composites was studied with hemp yarn as an example. Different macromechanical effects are shown at hemp‐ and flax‐PP model composites with mercerized, MAH‐PP‐treated, or MAH‐PP‐treated mercerized yarns. The composites' properties were verified by tensile and flexural tests. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2150–2156, 2004
‘And what about residential…?’ Re‐conceptualizing residential treatment as a stop‐gap service for youth with emotional and behavioral disorders
Authors: McCurdy Barry L. , McIntyre E. K. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe need for residential services for youth with the most intractable emotional and behavioral problems continues to exist despite advances made in developing community‐based systems of care. Residential treatment centers (RTCs), considered one of the most restrictive service settings, have changed little over the years and have not fared well in outcome evaluations. Despite these factors, admissions to RTCs continue to increase. In an attempt to contemporize and bring the RTC more in line with current practice, a stop‐gap model of service delivery is recommended. The stop‐gap model, incorporating evidence‐based practices, is intended to have an immediate and positive impact on the barrier behaviors that keep youths in the most restrictive environments. The twofold goal of the stop‐gap model is to interrupt the youth's downward spiral imposed by increasingly disruptive behavior and, simultaneously, to prepare the post‐discharge environment for the youth's timely reintegration. Strategies for evaluating the effectiveness of the stop‐gap model are recommended. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Separating the influences of escape and access to preferred activities on problem behavior occurring in instructional contexts
Authors: Fritz Jennifer N. , DeLeon Iser G. , Lazarchick William N. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractTwo individuals with developmental disabilities were observed to engage in destructive behavior when demands were presented, suggesting that the behaviors were maintained by negative reinforcement. Subsequent analyses revealed that (i) the behavior problems persisted when the participants were asked to cease a high‐probability, ongoing activity (walking) while demands were not presented and (ii) problem behaviors ceased when the participants were trained to request access to walking through appropriate means. These findings suggested that the presentation of demands, per se, was not the critical variable in maintaining destructive behavior. Rather, it appeared that restricting the participants from walking, which was only coincidentally necessary in the initiation of demands, set the occasion for the aberrant responses. Subsequent analyses were conducted with one participant to further strengthen this hypothesis. These findings are discussed in terms of the utility of seeking out idiosyncratic and individualized behavioral functions subsequent to initial assessments and their contribution to the growing body of literature regarding the complex interactions of destructive behavior and other naturally occurring high‐rate behaviors. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mono and diterpene production in Escherichia coli
Authors: Reiling K. Kinkead , Yoshikuni Yasuo , Martin Vincent J.J. , Newman Jack , Bohlmann Jörg , Keasling Jay D. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMono‐ and diterpenoids are of great industrial and medical value as specialty chemicals and pharmaceuticals. Production of these compounds in microbial hosts, such as Escherichia coli, can be limited by intracellular levels of the polyprenyl diphosphate precursors, geranyl diphosphate (GPP), and geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP). To alleviate this limitation, we constructed synthetic operons that express three key enzymes for biosynthesis of these precursors: (1) DXS,1‐deoxy‐d‐xylulose‐5‐phosphate synthase; (2) IPPHp, IPP isomerase from Haematococcus pluvialis; and (3) one of two variants of IspA, FPP synthase that produces either GPP or GGPP. The reporter plasmids pAC‐LYC and pACYC‐IB, which encode enzymes that convert either FPP or GGPP, respectively, to the pigment lycopene, were used to demonstrate that at full induction, the operon encoding the wild‐type FPP synthase and mutant GGPP synthase produced similar levels of lycopene. To synthesize di‐ or monoterpenes in E. coli using the GGPP and GPP encoding operons either a diterpene cyclase [casbene cyclase (Ricinus communis L) and ent‐kaurene cyclase (Phaeosphaeria sp. L487)] or a monoterpene cyclase [3‐carene cyclase (Picea abies)] was coexpressed with their respective precursor production operon. Analysis of culture extracts or headspace by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry confirmed the in vivo production of the diterpenes casbene, kaur‐15‐ene, and kaur‐16‐ene and the monoterpenes α‐pinene, myrcene, sabinene, 3‐carene, α‐terpinene, limonene, β‐phellandrene, α‐terpinene, and terpinolene. Construction and functional expression of GGPP and GPP operons provides an in vivo precursor platform host for the future engineering of di‐ and monoterpene cyclases and the overproduction of terpenes in bacteria. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Kinetic studies on the aggregation of Aspergillus niger conidia
Authors: Grimm L.H. , Kelly S. , Hengstler J. , Göbel A. , Krull R. , Hempel D.C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMorphology has a crucial effect on productivity and the supply of substrate for cultures of filamentous fungi. However, cultivation parameters leading to the desired morphology are often chosen empirically as the mechanisms governing the processes involved are usually unknown. For coagulating microorganisms like Aspergillus niger the morphological development is considered to start with the aggregation of conidia right after inoculation. To elucidate the mechanism of this process, kinetic studies were carried out using an in‐line particle size analyzer. Based on the data obtained from these experiments a model for conidial aggregation is proposed in this article. It consists of two separate aggregation steps. The first one takes place immediately after inoculation, but only leads to a small decrease of total particle concentration. Most suspended conidia aggregate after a second aggregation step triggered by germination and hyphal growth. Aggregation velocity of this second phase is linearly dependent on the particle growth rate. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enabling multienzyme biocatalysis using nanoporous materials
Authors: El‐Zahab Bilal , Jia Hongfei , Wang Ping 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMultistep reactions catalyzed by a covalently immobilized enzyme‐cofactor‐enzyme system were achieved. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose dehydrogenase (GDH), and cofactor NADH were incorporated into two porous silica glass supports. One of the glass supports had pores of 30 nm in diameter, while the other was of 100‐nm pore size. Effective shuttling of the covalently bound NADH between LDH and GDH was achieved, such that regeneration cycles of NADH/NAD+ were observed. The glass of 30‐nm pore size afforded enzyme activities that were about twice those observed for the glass of 100‐nm pore size, indicating the former provided better enzyme‐cofactor integration. The effect of the size of spacers was also examined. The use of longer spacers increased the reaction rates by ≈ 18 times as compared to those achieved with glutaraldehyde linkage. It appeared that the concave configuration of the nanopores played an important role in enabling the multistep reactions. The same multienzyme system immobilized on nonporous polystyrene particles of 500‐nm diameter was only ≈ 2% active as the glass‐supported system. It is believed that the nanoporous structure of the glass supports enhances the molecular interactions among the immobilized enzymes and cofactor, thus improving the catalytic efficiency of the system. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Registered nurses' communication about abused children: rules, responsibilities and resistance
Authors: Nayda Robyn 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis paper provides an ethnomethodological perspective on registered nurses' communication about abused children. During the study, data were gathered in four ways. Nine hundred and ﬁfty South Australian hospital records of children were examined for nurses' documentation related to child abuse. Eleven paediatric department and emergency department registered nurses then responded to vignettes of suspected child abuse and were subsequently interviewed. Researcher journal entries about contextual issues served as the fourth stage of data collection. Data were analysed using Garﬁnkel's documentary method of interpretation. The ﬁndings included: nurses' use of codes of communication; denial and acts of resistance; and systematic malpractice. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.