bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Macrophage Second edition
Authors: Burke Bernard , Lewis Claire E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The field of macrophage research has grown enormously since publication of the first edition of this book. The Macrophage, Second Edition provides a unique, comprehensive review of the current scientific knowledge of the multifaceted role of this important and intriguing cell in health and disease. In 16 chapters, written by experts in the field, it covers the basic biology and diverse functions of macrophages in specific diseases and the complex interactions between macrophages and other cells. Ranging from their role in the defence against pathogens, their role as hosts for pathogens (including HIV), their complex roles in diseases such as arthritis and cancer, and their potential for use in novel gene therapy approaches to disease treatment, the book gives an up to the minute account of active macrophage research. The editors have included a broad range of topics that will appeal not only to immunologists and cell biologists but will also be of interest to those working in the specific disease areas covered.
Macrophages in parasitic infection
Authors: Vray B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Due to their widespread distribution in vertebrate host tissues and cavities, macrophages are among the first cells to encounter and then to combat invading microorganisms. However, in their non-activated (or resting state) and also in their primed state, they can act as ‘host cells’ of these microorganisms. Various ligand–receptor systems are involved in recognition/adhesion systems. For instance, fibronectin (FN) is a plasmatic dimeric multifunctional glycoprotein binding many microorganisms to their host cells. Macrophages and some parasites express both receptors for carbohydrate residues and glycoconjugates which serve as ligands so that double receptor–ligand systems modulate parasite–macrophage binding as shown by various in vitro experiments using lectins or sugars. In addition, opsonins [complement (C) or specific antibodies] also contribute to recognition/adhesion systems. As a result, protozoan parasites can invade macrophages through various parasite and macrophage molecules.
5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor immunoreactivity co-localizes with sensory neurotransmitters in the human trigeminal ganglion
Authors: Hou Mingyan , Kanje Martin , Tajti Janos , Uddman Rolf , Edvinsson Lars 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In human intracranial vessels, antimigraine drugs cause vasoconstriction via 5-HT1B receptors. In vivo studies in animals have shown that triptans inhibit peripheral responses evoked by trigeminal stimulation. These responses are sensitive to blockade by calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor agonists and neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonists, respectively. Triptans and NK1 receptor antagonists also inhibit nociceptive transmission within the trigeminal nucleus caudalis and prevent the activation of second-order sensory neurons in this nucleus, probably through a similar mechanism.
Encapsulation of sumatriptan does not delay its absorption
Authors: Milton K Ashley , Kleinermans D , Scott N , Cooper J D H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Encapsulation is a standard method of maintaining the blinding of study treatments when it is not feasible to obtain placebo for use as a comparator drug. However, encapsulation can potentially change the dissolution characteristics of a marketed tablet; therefore, in vitro dissolution testing is required. In addition, the decreased in vitro dissolution of ‘stressed’ encapsulated sumatriptan (i.e. a tablet stored for long periods) is a potential indicator of reduced bioavailability.
.Sumatriptan: looking back and looking forward
Authors: Mansbach Hank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sumatriptan revolution in migraine therapy began 10 years ago when the introduction of sumatriptan brought, for the first time, to the majority of patients prompt migraine relief that facilitates rapid resumption of normal daily activities. In the decade since sumatriptan was introduced, hundreds of studies have reinforced its consistent efficacy, its rapid onset and long duration of action, its tolerability, and its pharmacoeconomic advantages. The utility of sumatriptan has been shown to extend to menstrual migraine, cluster headache, and the treatment of non-migraine headaches in patients with a previous diagnosis of migraine.
Frovatriptan— simplifying clinical practice in migraine
Authors: Keywood Charlotte 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The triptans have revolutionized the acute treatment of migraine, and are widely acknowledged to have improved the quality of life for migraine sufferers throughout the world. As a class, the triptans are highly effective, however, there are ongoing concerns about safety and tolerability and the potential for adverse drug interactions. Frovatriptan is a new triptan that has been specifcally designed to overcome some of the disadvantages associated with earlier agents.
Overuse of new 5-Ht agonists (zolmitriptan and naratriptan) in migraine patients: clinical features
Authors: Lantéri-Minet M , Alchaar H , Coullet P , Chatel M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inappropriate use of headache medication may contribute to the development to chronic daily headache. Potentially, each component contained in analgesics or drugs used for the treatment of migraine attacks probably could induce chronic daily headache. Triptans can also lead to drug-induced headache. Triptan-induced headache is not defined by the International Headache Society (IHS) classification which was published before sumatriptan was marketed in Europe and the United States. However, the occurrence of overuse in migraine patients treated by sumatriptan has been clearly demonstrated by pharmacoepidemiological studies (see review in ref. 1).
Regulation of PTH secretion and synthesis and of parathyroid cell proliferation
Authors: Silver Justin , Kilav Rachel , Sela-Brown Alin , Naveh-Many Tally 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The regulation of PTH production is of great interest to nephrologists because its abnormal activity is such a frequent complication in patients with chronic renal failure. Chronic renal failure is usually associated with a large increase in serum PTH, secondary hyperparathyroidism, although sometimes there is an inappropriate decrease in serum PTH that is a feature of dialysis patients with adynamic bone disease. There is therefore an intense interest in understanding how the parathyroid (PT) is regulated, in order to devise effective treatment strategies. This review will summarize experimental data that may provide some light in understanding the regulation of the PT.
Vitamin D metabolism and action in chronic renal failure
Authors: Hsu Chen H , Young Eric W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Abnormal calcitriol [1,25(OH)2 vitamin D] metabolism plays a major role in the pathophysiology of renal osteodystrophy and other alterations of mineral metabolism associated with chronic renal failure. Growing knowledge of the protean biological actions of calcitriol suggests that abnormal calcitriol metabolism may also play a role in other homeostatic perturbations associated with renal failure such as abnormal immune function, impaired growth and development, and abnormal cardiac and skeletal muscle function. In view of the central and enlarging role of calcitriol in the pathophysiology of the uremic syndrome, it is important to understand the nature of altered calcitriol metabolism in renal failure. Emerging evidence has focused on three primary areas of altered calcitriol metabolism in renal failure: diminished production of calcitriol, decreased concentration of the calcitriol receptor, and altered DNA binding properties of the receptor–hormone complex. These alterations result in attenuated end-organ responsiveness to calcitriol and the consequent abnormalities of mineral metabolism and other functions. The nature of the alterations in calcitriol metabolism are reviewed in detail in this chapter.
Imaging and intervention of parathyroid hyperplasia
Authors: Fukagawa Masafumi , Kitaoka Masafumi , Tominaga Yoshihiro , Kurokawa Kiyoshi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marked parathyroid hyperplasia is one of the characteristic features of severe secondary hyperparathyroidism, which is the main cause of bone abnormalities in uremic patients.3,4 Thus, the evaluation of parathyroid hyperplasia is an essential step for the management of hyperparathyroidism in uremic patients. At present, non-invasive evaluation of parathyroid hyperplasia is achieved by several methods of parathyroid imaging.
The use of bone histomorphometry in renal osteodystrophy
Authors: Goodman William G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Iliac crest bone biopsy and quantitative histomorphometry of bone have contributed greatly to our understanding of the metabolic bone diseases that affect patients with chronic renal failure. These techniques provide information about the structural characteristics of both cancellous and cortical bone and the state of mineralization of bone as a tissue. The number and appearance of various bone cells including osteoblasts and osteoclasts can be determined, and the technique of double tetracycline labeling makes it possible to directly assess the collective activity of osteoblasts by measuring the rate of bone formation. The extent of fibrous tissue accumulation within the marrow space in high turnover lesions of renal osteodystrophy can be quantified, and histochemical methods can be used to detect the presence of substances such as aluminum and iron that may inadvertently accumulate in bone in certain patients with chronic renal failure. Bone aluminum content can also be measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy in small additional samples of tissue collected at the time of biopsy. The deposition of oxalate crystals in bone and within bone marrow can be documented in those with either congenital or acquired oxalosis.7 As such, quantitative bone histomorphometry provides direct assessments of the structural features and metabolic status of bone.
Medical therapy in dialysis patients
Authors: Ritz Eberhard , Schömig Michael , Odoni Giulio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is consensus that development of secondary hyperparathyroidism should be prevented in the pre-dialytic stage of renal failure (see Chapter 18 in this issue). The sad reality is that the majority of patients reach end-stage renal failure without seeing a nephrologist and without appropriate management of disturbed calcium phosphate metabolism. As a result, hyperparathyroidism and osteitis fibrosa continue to be a problem. This is all the more important since Mizumoto documented that the strongest predictor of uncontrollable advanced hyperparathyroidism on dialysis was the PTH concentration at the time of admission to renal replacement therapy. Uncontrolled evidence from Nordal also suggests that bony lesions in uremic patients can only be reliably prevented if vitamin D treatment had started early. In the past, the major problem in dialyzed patients was uncontrolled hyperparathyroidism and osteitis fibrosa. More recently, the frequency of advanced hyperparathyroidism, although still high, has diminished. The situation has become more complex, however, because a variety of other skeletal problems have gained clinical importance. Although the tragic episode of bone disease from aluminum intoxication is a chapter of the past, at least in Western Europe, other skeletal problems such as f32m-amyloidosis, bone loss (osteopenia), particularly in post-menopausal women, and the very controversial entity of ‘low bone turnover’, so-called adynamic bone disease, have gained prominence. The clinical significance of high bone turnover is uncertain. It predisposes to hypercalcemia, but whether the bone fracture rate is increased is controversial and not very plausible in view of the absence of bone fractures in non-renal patients with hypoparathyroidism. Ideally, maintenance hemodialysis should be only a stage of transit until patients are transplanted. According to dialysis registries6 a failed transplant has become a major reason for renal replacement therapy. Consequently, late consequences of steroid therapy have also become more frequent.
New vitamin D analogs and calcimimetics
Authors: Coburn Jack W , Maung Hla M , Frazão João M , Elangovan Loganathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The management of secondary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) is a problem in many patients with end-stage renal disease. Current management which includes dietary phosphate restriction, use of phosphate-binding agents, and therapy with calcitriol or alfacalcidol is often unsuccessful. Both daily and intermittent calcitriol or alfacalcidol can cause hypercalcemia and aggravate hyperphosphatemia.
Nurses and Patients
Authors: Downie R S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
NURSES are linked in the contemporary consciousness with the squeaky-clean conditions of the modern hospital. But of course modern nursing has its origins in the appalling conditions of field hospitals, which are described by Florence Nightingale. It is also easy to forget about the many contexts in which the modern nurse works, and a more specialized work would need to include material on midwives and the male nurse. But I have included a few important people from porters to chaplains whose work is often ignored. Patients, of course, are at the Centre of health care, but patients are closely associated with ambulances, hospitals, visitors, chaplains, and many other aspects of health care. There is one other side to health care which nowadays threatens to engulf all the others-management. The piece by an anonymous writer to the Lancet in the 1960s is prophetic of what has now come about.
Ethics and Purpose
Authors: Downie R S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ETHICS have been integral to medical practice since the ancient Greeks, but for many centuries they were delivered exclusively in the form of codes. Codes are still being produced, but nowadays the precepts of codes are supplemented by ethical argument. But good ethical arguments are not the same as traditional slogans and this emerges when we see them used in the comic context of the reluctant cannibal.
Setting the policy agenda
Authors: Babor Thomas , Caetano Raul , Casswell Sally , Edwards Griffith , Giesbrecht Norman , Graham Kathryn , Grube Joel , Gruenewald Paul , Hill Linda , Holder Harold , Homel Ross , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Pitkyäranta, Russia, Anatoly Iverianov, a 45-year-old log cutter, attributed the two heart attacks he suffered in 1998 to the fact that ‘I’ve been drinking and smoking a lot’. Indeed, after a third heart attack ended his life soon after his news interview (Wines 2000), the autopsy results listed chronic alcoholism as the probable cause of death. As in other parts of Russia, violence, suicide, and cardiovascular disease play major roles in the precipitous decline in life expectancy observed here over the past decade. Alcohol control policies instituted in 1985 led to a reduction in drinking and an increase in life expectancy, but those policies were soon reversed.
Section overview: strategies and interventions to reduce alcohol-related harm
Authors: Babor Thomas , Caetano Raul , Casswell Sally , Edwards Griffith , Giesbrecht Norman , Graham Kathryn , Grube Joel , Gruenewald Paul , Hill Linda , Holder Harold , Homel Ross , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As indicated in Chapter 1, alcohol policy is broadly defined as any purposeful effort or authoritative decision on the part of governments or non-government groups to minimize or prevent alcohol-related consequences. Policies may involve the implementation of a specific strategy with regard to alcohol problems (e.g., increase alcohol taxes), or the allocation of resources that reflect priorities with regard to prevention or treatment efforts. Although the focus of the chapters in this section is on policies that reduce alcohol-related harm, policies that result in increasing harm are also examined in this book (see Chapter 14), thus providing insight into the public health risks associated with ill-advised policy decisions. This chapter considers research conducted not only to evaluate the effects of specific alcohol policies, but also studies of prevention strategies (e.g., alcohol education in schools) and other interventions (e.g., screening and brief counselling for high-risk drinkers) that have been evaluated prior to being implemented as formal alcohol policies.
Education and persuasion strategies
Authors: Babor Thomas , Caetano Raul , Casswell Sally , Edwards Griffith , Giesbrecht Norman , Graham Kathryn , Grube Joel , Gruenewald Paul , Hill Linda , Holder Harold , Homel Ross , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Education and persuasion strategies are among the most popular approaches to the prevention of alcohol-related problems. In this chapter, these strategies are examined in several contexts and settings, including schools, colleges, and communities.
Alcohol policymaking: putting the strategies into effect
Authors: Babor Thomas , Caetano Raul , Casswell Sally , Edwards Griffith , Giesbrecht Norman , Graham Kathryn , Grube Joel , Gruenewald Paul , Hill Linda , Holder Harold , Homel Ross , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous section of this book provided a critical review of a wide range of intervention strategies designed to prevent or minimize alcohol-related problems. If an understanding of the evidence were all that were necessary to put an effective range of strategies into practice, the world would undoubtedly experience far fewer alcohol-related problems. But there is a gap between the possible and the practical, which is linked by the process of alcohol policymaking. That process is the concern of this and the next two chapters.
Oral health in the twenty first century
Authors: Murray John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this book is to draw together current epidemiological and clinical knowledge on the prevention of oral and dental diseases in order to highlight the tremendous improvement in oral health, which would occur if a preventive philosophy underpinned our approach to oral disease. The mouth contains a number of different tissues, some of which, such as mucous membrane, connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves, muscle, and bone, are found throughout the body. Any of these tissues can suffer from infection, trauma, degeneration, or neoplastic change. Of overwhelming importance to the condition of the mouth are its two specialized tissues—the teeth and the periodontium. Indeed, dental caries and periodontal disease are so widespread that virtually everybody in the world, certainly every adult, has either one or both of these conditions.
Village Life In Nazi Germany
Authors: Wilke Gerhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The village of Korie in northern Hesse is situated in hilly countryside along the Fulda River, about 20 kilometres south of the town of Kassel (not far from today’s East-West German border). Built on the main historical trade route of the region the Nurnberger Landstrasse-the village had early links with the regional market centres of Melsungen, Kassel, Rotenburg and Hersfeld; and communications were greatly improved by the building of a railway through the village in 1848 and the opening of a local station in 1892. Largely because the railway made it possible for people to live in Korie and work in Kassel, the village did not suffer the decline which affected many other rural communities as people left for the city: in 1864 Korie had 595 inhabitants; by 1895 its population stood at 619; and by 1939 it had risen to 1,039, all Protestant.
Hitler and the Germans
Authors: Kershaw Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For almost a decade after 1933, Hitler enjoyed a remarkable degree of popularity among the great majority of the German people. However dramatic and spectacular his political career, concentration on Hitler’s character and personality-in some respects bizarre, in others downright mediocre and wholly unpleasant-can nevertheless do little to explain the magnetism of his popular appeal. Nor can his extraordinary impact on the German people in these years be accounted for satisfactorily by seeing in Hitler’s personal Weltanschauung (notably in his obsessions with the ‘Jewish Question’ and with Lebensraum) a mirror image of the motivation of Nazism’s mass following. Recent research has done much to qualify such assumptions, suggesting too that even deep into the period of the dictatorship itself Hitler’s own ideological fixations had more of a symbolic than concrete meaning for most Nazi supporters.
Introduction
Authors: Kramer Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This text by one of Europe’s avant-garde intellectuals was published in 1909. It reads like a prescription for the massive destruction of Europe’s cultural heritage and mass killing that ensued in the years 1914 to 1918. Its author was an Italian poet and extreme nationalist, Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, who proclaimed his ideas in the manifesto of Futurism from which the quotation is taken.
Trench Warfare and its Consequences
Authors: Kramer Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trench warfare has been described many times, so we may focus on the main developments, the essential differences between the belligerents, and the effects on the men. As explained in Chapter 2, it was not an innovation of the Great War; European armies made trench digging a part of their training before 1914, although all the belligerents shared the assumption that only a strategy of the offensive could win a war.
War, Bodies, and Minds
Authors: Kramer Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thus began one of the poems most often quoted by soldiers in their letters and diaries in the First World War. The evocation of heroic death in a green and pleasant land could be from a contemporary English poem, but it was in fact by the German poet Jacob Vogel, who served as a medical officer in the Thirty Years War (1618-48), and whose verse was often found in students’ song-books in the nineteenth century.
Introduction
Authors: Hopkirk Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AN absolutely first-class man,’ noted the Viceroy of India on the personal file of Lieutenant-Colonel Frederick Bailey, the author of this remarkable narrative, before sending him through the passes into Bolshevik Central Asia on the hazardous mission which it describes. Although the modest Bailey would not have dreamed of revealing Lord Chelmsford’s glowing commendation, and would not have thanked me for doing so now, few who knew this deceptively mild-looking but formidable officer would have quarrelled with the Viceroy’s judgement.
Persia To Kashgar
Authors: Bailey Lt.-Col. F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One day in March 1918, when in Shushtar in the province of Arabistan in South Persia, I received a startling telegram: Was I medically fit for a long and arduous journey? I replied that I was. Then, a reply: Would I go to Kashgar in Chinese Turkestan, passing through India to receive orders as to what I was to do?
In The Desert
Authors: Bailey Lt.-Col. F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On December 17th we left our quarters in the female hospital, where I had so long been the guest of Haider Khoja Mirbadalev, and joined my two Indian soldiers and the Russians at a dacha, a hut where the Turkoman officer, Azizov, was living. Here the party was finally organized for the journey.