bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aeration is submerged fermentation
Authors: Brandl E. , Schmid A. , Steiner H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractObservations on quantitative relationships between oxygen diffusion rate and product formation were made with penicillin, bacitracin, and gluconic acid. For penicillin and gluconic acid formation, no toxic oxygen concentration could be achieved in the broth, whereas concentration above approximately 7 mg. O2/l. suppressed the bacitracin yield to an ever increasing extent. The intensity of mixing was measured by means of distributing a dye. With penicillin formation as an example, it was shown that the antibiotic yield is not only dependent on maintenance of a certain oxygen diffusion rate, but also on ensuring a necessary minimal mixing.
Aeration of concentrated activated sludge
Authors: Stiefel Robert C. , Washington Donald R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA multiphase project has been planned to develop a new biological process capable of economically treating high BOD wastes. Herein is presented the results of the first phase of the program, in which the feasibility of growing concentrated microbial cultures was investigated and the oxygen and power requirements for maintaining such cultures were determined. An example is given of the scale‐up of power requirements for oxygen transfer in a prototype system.
Gas monitor and control unit for cell culture system
Authors: Harrish George , Mount David T. , McLimans William F. , Tunnah Kenneth , Scheele Steven , Moore George E. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe Meta‐Stat gas monitor, a component instrument which automatically monitors and controls the pH and gas content of the liquid phase in suspension cell‐culture systems, has been developed to provide continuous pH control within ± 0.015 units, as well as continuous oxygen control within 0.5% of the preset level in the range of 0–40% O2.
Fermentation of methane
Authors: Wolnak B. , Andreen B. H. , Chisholm J. A. , Saadeh M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFrom soil and from the plant Elodea, we have isolated an organism which has not, yet been identified; it is a comparatively large Bacillus, which thriven in a medium of mineral salts saturated with a gaseous mixture of 40%, methane (or natural gas), 40% oxygen, 15% nitrogen, and 5% carbon dioxide. The isolated cells have amino acid and vitamin contents comparable to, or, in some cases greater than, those found in such nutrients as yeast, fish meal, or milk solids.
Equipment for hydrocarbon fermentations
Authors: Blakebrough N. , Shepherd P. G. , Nimmons I. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAlthough air‐lift fermentors have been employed industrially and in the laboratory, little information has been published on the effects of design on performance. With respect to both liquid circulation and mass transfer, not only the actual rates but the efficiency in relation to power consumption is strongly influenced by lift height and diameter, submergence ratio, and air‐flow rate. Relatively wide tubes, operating at high submergence ratios and rather low air‐flow rates favor high efficiency. Since these conditions lead to rather low absolute values of circulation and mass‐transfer rates, the microbial population which can be supported will also be rather small. Mass transfer can be increased by the insertion of an orifice some distance; above the air‐inlet point and by suitable arrangement of the discharge from the air lift into the headspace of the fermentor.
Dynamics of microbial propagation: Models considering inhibitors and variable cell composition
Authors: Ramkrishna D. , Fredrickson A. G. , Tsuchiya H. M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMathematical models for microbial growth in batch and continuous cultures are formulated. The models have been referred to as distributed models since the microbial population in a culture is looked upon as protoplasmic mass distributed uniformly throughout the culture. Growth is regarded as the increase in this mass by conversion of medium components into biological mass and metabolic products. Two sets of models have been presented. The first arise from introducing additional considerations into the model proposed by Monod to account for the stationary phase and the phase of decline in a batch culture. These have been referred to as unstructured, distributed models since they do not recognize any form of structure in the protoplasmic mass. The models in the second set are referred to as structured, distributed models. Structure is introduced by considering the protoplasmic mass to be composed of two groups of substances which interact with each other and with substances in the environment to produce growth. The structured models account for the dependence of growth on the past, history of the cells; thus they predict all growth phases observed in batch cultures, whereas the unstructured models do not predict a lag phase. The full implications of the models for continuous propagation, as determined by the method of stability analysis and transient calculations, are discussed. The models prediet a number of new results and should be confronted with experiments.
Submerged acetification of a vinegar base produced from waste pineapple juice
Authors: Richardson K. C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSubmerged acetification experiments were performed to determine conditions necessary for the production of a satisfactory vinegar from waste pineapple juice using a pure culture inoculum. Vinegars containing up to 7%, by weight of acetic acid could be produced in less than 24 hr. with a conversion efficiency greater than 90% in both laboratory and pilot plant equipment. None of the bacterial nutrients added to the juice improved either the rate of production or the yield of acetic acid. Oxygen transfer during the process is discussed.
The motion of liquid inside a closed vibrating vessel
Authors: Nyborg W. L. , Rodgers A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractStudies are made of the behavior of liquid contents in a closed cylindrical vessel vibrated vertically along its axis. The situation is one which had been investigated by Rodgers and Hughes (1960) because of applications in microbiology and biochemistry. By use of motion pictures it was found that surface waves develop, sonic fog is produced, and air bubbles are formed at the onset of the motion. Bubbles then move downward until, under conditions of practical interest, air is divided equally between top and bottom of the vessel. Steady‐state vertical oscillation of the central liquid body then ensues, superposed on turbulent action of air–water mixtures at the top and bottom of the vessel. Reference is made to available theory for surface wave excitation, and bubble migration. A nonlinear differential equation is considered for the steady‐state oscillation.
Production of Semliki Forest Virus from hamster kidney cells in deep culture vessels
Authors: Telling R. C. , Radlett P. J. , Mowat G. N. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe growth of Semliki Forest Virus in stirred culture vessels at volumes of 4 and 301. is described. Virus can be produced on a large scale in deep culture using industrial type vessels. Control of pH within close limits is important for maximum production of infective virus. With the parent, strain of SFV, virus yields were found to be influenced by an interference phenomenon which was apparently not due to interferon. Growth of a cloned strain of SFV obtained by serial selection of large plaques was not affected by this phenomenon. The cloned strain, when inoculated at a cell/virus input ratio of 1:1, gave maximum virus titers of 1010 p.f.u./ml., indicating an average yield of 10,000 p.f.u/BHK cell.
Traditional fermented foods
Authors: Hesseltine C. W. , Wang Hwa L. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor centuries, diverse plant and animal materials have been fermented by various bacteria, yeasts, and fungi to make excellent foods. The kinds of micro organisms used in traditional fermentation are restricted to a relatively few genera, including Aspergillus, Rhizopus, Mucor, Actinomucor, Monascus, Saccharomyces, Neurospora, Acetobacler, Bacillus, and Lactobacillus. The two principal advantages of food fermentations over other processes are to add flavor and to prevent spoilage. Fermented fish is a common food in the Orient and may have been the first product made by fermentation. Flavor is especially important in vegetable diets based on bland foods such as rice. Shoyu is the best, known oriental food fermentation, and it is very widely used as a flavoring agent. Be sides this fermentation, there are a large number of additional ones not so well known outside the Orient, whose products serve as seasoning or flavoring agents. Miso and natto are prepared from soybeans in Japan. Sufu is a cheese like product made from soybean milk in China. Tempeh and ontjom are Indonesian foods prepared from soybeans and peanuts, respectively. These food fermentations are discussed with emphasis on how they are produced and the flavor formed.
Self‐priming aerator and mechanical defoamer for microbiological processes
Authors: Ebner H. , Pohl K. , Enenkel A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe design and operational characteristics of a sell‐priming aerator are described. The aerator works without a compressor. H sucks the desired air quantity into the tank and distributes it, uniformly and in very fine bubbles over a certain cross‐section. The design and operational characteristics of a mechanical defoamer are described. The defoamer is mounted to the top of the fermentation tank and separates foam by centrifugal force into air and liquid. It is capable of handling foams of different composition and quality without, the addition of anti foam agents. Using submerged vinegar fermentation, production of baker's yeast., and industrial waste, water treatment as examples, the performance of aerators and defoamers of different, sizes is discussed.
Biosynthesis of D‐mannitol from D‐glucose by Aspergillus candidus
Authors: Smiley K. L. , Cadmus M. C. , Liepins Patricia 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMannitol has long been known as a product of glucose metabolism by some strains of Aspergillus. Apparently no concerted effort, has been made to develop a practical fermentation process to make mannitol. Work at the Northern Laboratory has shown that nearly all strains of white Aspergillus produce significant amounts of mannitol; many strains of black Aspergillus also have this characteristic. Aspergillus candidus NRRL 305 is an exceptionally good mannitol producer. Studies on a fermentation process were conducted in 20‐1, stainless steel fermentors, without baffles. Czapek‐Dox medium, modified by addition of corn meal, yeast extract, and enzymatically hydrolyzed casein was the most satisfactory medium tested. Suitable increments of glucose were fed daily to the fermentors. The duration of the fermentation was from 10 to 16 days. The effects of agitation, aeration, temperature, and pH of the medium were studied. Under optimal conditions yields of mannitol approached 50% of the glucose consumed.
Kinetic behavior of heterogeneous populations in completely mixed reactors
Authors: Gaudy A. F. , Ramanathan M. , Rao B. S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe kinetic behavior of heterogeneous microbial populations was studied in a continuous flow completely mixed reactor operated at various dilution rates. Glucose was used as the growth‐limiting nutrient. The physiological growth parameters for cells harvested from continuous flow reactors were determined using batch experiments. It, was found that the growth parameters, maximum growth rate (μm), saturation constant (ks), and cell yield (Y) vary for each dilution rate, and cannot be considered as precise constants in depicting the kinetic behavior of heterogeneous populations. In addition, it was found that the yield coefficients obtained from batch experiments were always lower than those obtained from continuous flow experiments. Levels of substrate and biological solids calculated for different dilution rates using growth constants from batch experiments did not agree with the experimental values observed in steady‐state experiments. However, when the yield values from, the continuous flow experiments were used in conjunction with batch values for μm and ks the theoretical and experimental dilute‐out curves agreed fairly closely (within the range needed for engineering prediction) until the culture began to wash out of the unit. In general, the data substantiated the use of the single phase relationship between growth rate and substrate concentration described by the Monod equation, μ = μmS/(ks + s).
A kinetic study of the alcoholic fermentation of grape juice
Authors: Holzberg I. , Finn R. K. , Steinkraus K. H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe alcoholic fermentation of grape juice by a wine yeast was studied batchwise at pH 3.6 and 4.05 to develop kinetic equations relating cell concentration, N, to product concentration, P. In the exponential growth phase

where A, B, and C are constants, and μ is the specific growth rate. In the stationary phase, where the cell population is constant,

was found to apply. This equation, which incorporates a stoichiometric constant, Pm, predicted correctly the operation of a continuous fermentor at pH 3.6 and at 4.05. To study more fully the effect of alcohol concentration on yeast growth, a continuous fermentor was used in which the grape juice feed was supplemented with pure alcohol. At pH 3.6 the specific growth rate varied as,

There was no growth inhibition below an alcohol concentration of 2.6 g./100 cc., but inhibition was complete above 6.85 g./100 cc. This is a modified form of the relation suggested by Hinshelwood.1 The data suggest that growth in batch culture was limited not only by alcohol but also by some other factor, probably a nutritional deficiency.
The role of bacteria in copper mining operations
Authors: Beck Jay V. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe results of our survey of several mining operations have shown in every instance typical T. ferrooxidans bacteria to be present in the leaching solutions. The numbers of bacteria found are in general what, one would expect considering the chemical reactions occurring in these processes. A major difficulty is encountered when one considers the complex and unknown series of events which occur, as the bacteria‐bearing, acidic, ferric‐ion solution penetrates the massive ore dumps. Laboratory studies show microbial activity to be the major cause of rapid solubilization of copper sulfide ores. Field studies suggest that microbial activity cannot explain all observations in a typical leaching operation.
Dynamic measurement of the volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient in fermentation systems
Authors: Bandyopadhyay B. , Humphrey A. E. , Taguchi H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA rapid and internally consistent technique has been developed to measure the volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient, kLa, in fermentation systems. The method consists of tracing the dissolved O2 concentration of the fermentation broth during a short interruption of the aeration. The O2 concentration trace thus obtained can be analyzed to determine the values of kLa. Additional experiments on prolonged O2 starvation, carried out to find the limitation of the technique, suggest that O2 uptake rate will vary if a prolonged (2–10 min.) O2 starvation occurs.
Long‐lived steam‐sterilizable membrane probes for dissolved oxygen measurement
Authors: Bokkowski John D. , Jhonson Marvin J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSteam‐sterilizable membrane probes that are virtually maintenance‐free and capable of operation for over 1 year are described. The probes can withstand repeated steam sterilizations. They have a silver cathode, a lead anode, an acetate buffer, and a Teflon membrane. The probes have a linear response from below 0.00002 to over 0.2 atm. of oxygen.
Sterilization with gaseous ethylene oxide: A review of chemical and physical factors
Authors: Ernst Robert R. , Doyle John E. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAlthough the basic parameters for ethylene oxide sterilization are established, it is sometimes difficult to attain in practice where the principal limiting factor is moisture availability. There are situations which can limit or enhance the dynamics of sterilization. Such factors, if overlooked, could upset experiments and lead to erroneous conclusions, or defeat the sterilization process entirety. Such are, namely: stratification effects, diffusion barriers, moisture‐reducing effects, polymerization, and temperature distribution gradients.
Vortex behavior in the waldhof fermentor
Authors: Tsao George Tsu Ning 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis is the first part of a systematic study on the mechanisms of the Waldhof fermentor. When an agitator is rotating in a liquid, a vortex will develop on the surface. Air is dispersed into the liquid when the vortex is deep enough to reach the agitator. This is the basic mechanism of air dispersion in a Waldhof fermentor. In this work, experimental results, empirical correlations, and theoretical equations were obtained to relate the vortex depth to a number of physical factors including agitator diameter, agitator speed, tank diameter, liquid depth, liquid viscosity, and so on. The vortex depth was found a function of both Reynolds number and Froude Number.
Mathematical representation of batch culture data
Authors: Edwards Victor H. , Wilke Charles R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA generalized logistic equation is proposed for the mathematical representation of batch culture kinetic data. Properties of the equation are discussed. A computer program is used to fit the generalized equation to both artificial and actual batch culture data. The equation is shown to be capable of fitting data exhibiting lag, exponential, deceleration, stationary, and death phases, as well as diauxic growth. The fitted equation is useful for differentiation, interpolation, and other manipulations of the data, and it is a convenient means of data storage.
Apparatus for simultaneous spectrophotometric and polarographic measurements
Authors: Ribbons D. W. , Hewett A. J. W. , Smith F. A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe have recently constructed a 10‐mm, light path quartz cuvet which will accept a Clark oxygen electrode; it is temperature controlled and is suitable for use in a Unicam (Cambridge, England) SP 800 recording spectrophotometer. Several enquiries have prompted this publication, although such an apparatus was mentioned much earlier by Chance and Williams,1 and has been used extensively.Figure 1a, b, c, and d and their legends provide sufficient detail for the construction of the cuvet and provision of the commercially available electrode, quartz faces, stirring motor and disk magnet. Circuit diagrams for temperature control (range 22–38°C., ± 0.2°C.) and stirrer speed control are shown in Figure 2a and b. The cuvet is shown situated in the spectrophotometer cell housing in Figure 3, and the cuvet with its associated equipment is shown in Figure 4.
Hydrolysis of RNA to 5′‐nucleotide by seed sprouts, particularly malt sprouts
Authors: Laufer Louis , Gutcho Sidney 
Published: December 2004

AbstractConditions for the efficient conversion of commercial RNA to nucleoside 5′‐monophosphate by means of a phosphodiesterase in malt sprouts have been determined. A comparison of the enzyme content of the rootlets, stems, and kernels of various plant seedlings, including barley, rye, oat, wheat, rice, and beans shows maximum amounts in the rootlets, and minimum quantities in the ungerminated kernels. Of all the seedlings tested, (mung bean, soy bean, oat, wheat, rice, barley) barley gave the highest conversion of RNA to 5′‐nucleotides. Commercial malt sprouts prepared from 6 different malted barleys including 2‐rowed and 6‐rowed samples all showed about the same amount of phosphodiesterase content. Besides phosphodiesterase, other enzymes capable of hydrolyzing RNA and 5′‐nucleotides were found in sprouts. These included 3′‐phosphodiesterases, 5′‐nucleotidases, and nucleosidases. By carefully pretreating both extracts and the solid sprouts at elevated temperatures for a limited time and by the addition of minimum amounts of Zn+2, the action of these undesirable enzymes was either effectively destroyed or minimized so that the production of 5′‐nucleotides was maximized. It was found that suspensions of appropriately washed and treated barley malt rootlets are substantially more effective than aqueous extracts for converting RNA to 5′‐nucleotides.
Fermentative production of 5′‐purine ribonucleotide
Authors: Nara T. , Misawa M. , Kinoshita S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMicrococcus sodonensis KY 3765 and Arthrobacter citreus KY 3155 were found capable of accumulating IMP in media supplemented with hypoxanthine as a precursor. High concentrations of phosphate and magnesium salts were required for high yields of IMP. Manganese deficiency in the media was also essential. Excessive Mn2+ effects were also seen in the IMP fermentation carried out with an adenineless mutant, of Cornynebacterium glutamicum. In M. sodonensis, R5P‐like substances, 5‐phosphoribose pyrophosphokinase and IMP pyrophosphorylase, were leaked out, of the cells grown in suboptimal Mn2+ levels. This excretion was inhibited by high levels of Mn2+. Such a phenomenon was not noted in A. citreus. An adenineless mutant (KY 7208) of Brevibacterium ammoniagenes was found to accumulate an appreciable amount of IMP. The chemical changes in this fermentation showed that, hypoxanthine was first produced de novo, excreted, and then reconverted into IMP by a salvage pathway. When hypoxanthine was added to 7208 culture, IMP yield was increased appreciably. In fact exogenous 14C‐hypoxanthine was incorporated into 14C‐IMP. Subsequent experiments showed that indeed Br. ammoniagenes ATCC 6872, a parent culture of KY 7208, was able to produce IMP, GMP, and AMP, in good yield from hypoxanthine, guanine, and adenine, respectively.
Synthesis of guanosine and its derivatives from AICA‐riboside
Authors: Kumashiro I. , Yamazaki A. , Meguro T. , Takenishi T. , Tsunoda T. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA novel and convenient method for the synthesis of guanosine is described. The reaction of AICA‐riboside with sodium methylxanthate gave 2‐mercaptoinosine in almost quantitative yield. The latter was oxidized with hydrogen peroxide to afford inosine‐2‐sulfonic acids, which was readily animated to give guanosine in excellent yield. Similarly, the preparation of N2‐methylguanosine and N2,N2‐dimethylguanosine, minor constituents of transfer RNA, was also accomplished. Furthermore, this procedure was extended to the synthesis of 2′,3′‐O‐isopropylideneguanosine and the isopropylidene derivatives of various N2‐substituted guanosines from 2′,3′‐O‐isopropylidene‐AICA‐riboside. Guanosine via 2′,3′‐O‐isopropylideneguanosine was successfully phosphorylated to give 5′‐guanylic acid.
The preparation of rat‐liver mitochondria by conventional differential centrifugation and by zonal Centrifugation, after various disruption procedures: A comparative study
Authors: Klucis E. , Lloyd D. , Roach G. I. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractRat liver was subjected to three different, disruption procedures (homogenization, explosive decompression, and Chaikoff press) and mitochondria were subsequently isolated by conventional differential Centrifugation and by zonal Centrifugation. The properties of these mitochondria were investigated by polarographic measurement of oxygen uptake and they were examined by electron microscopy. All three methods of disruption gave mitochondria which showed respiratory control. Nitrogen cavitation gave the most reproducible conditions for cell breakage and zonal Centrifugation gave good separation of subcellular organdies in extracts produced by this method. Some separation of the heterogenous mitochondrial populations was achieved by zonal Centrifugation.