bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CK2 Protein Kinase Is Stimulated and Redistributed by Functional Herpes Simplex Virus ICP27 Protein
Authors: Koffa Maria D. , Kean Joy , Zachos George , Rice Stephen A. , Clements J. Barklie 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT
It has been shown previously (S. Wadd, H. Bryant, O. Filhol, J. E. Scott, T.-T. Hsieh, R. D. Everett, and J. B. Clements, J. Biol. Chem. 274:28991-28998, 2000) that ICP27, an essential and multifunctional herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) protein, interacts with CK2 and with heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein K (hnRNP K). CK2 is a pleiotropic and ubiquitous protein kinase, and the tetrameric holoenzyme consists of two catalytic α or α′ subunits and two regulatory β subunits. We show here that HSV-1 infection stimulates CK2 activity. CK2 stimulation occurs at early times after infection and correlates with redistribution of the holoenzyme from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Both CK2 stimulation and redistribution require expression and cytoplasmic accumulation of ICP27. In HSV-1-infected cells, CK2 phosphorylates ICP27 and affects its cytoplasmic accumulation while it also phosphorylates hnRNP K, which is not ordinarily phosphorylated by this kinase, suggesting an alteration of hnRNP K activities. This is the first example of CK2 stimulation by a viral protein in vivo, and we propose that it might facilitate the HSV-1 lytic cycle by, for example, regulating trafficking of ICP27 protein and/or viral RNAs.
Visually guided injection of identified reticulospinal neurons in zebrafish: A survey of spinal arborization patterns
Authors: Gahtan Ethan , O'Malley Donald M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe report here the pattern of axonal branching for 11 descending cell types in the larval brainstem; eight of these cell types are individually identified neurons. Large numbers of brainstem neurons were retrogradely labeled in living larvae by injecting Texas‐red dextran into caudal spinal cord. Subsequently, in each larva a single identified cell was injected in vivo with Alexa 488 dextran, using fluorescence microscopy to guide the injection pipette to the targeted cell. The filling of cells via pressure pulses revealed distinct and often extensive spinal axon collaterals for the different cell types. Previous fills of the Mauthner cell had revealed short, knob‐like collaterals. In contrast, the two segmental homologs of the Mauthner cell, cells MiD2cm and MiD3cm, showed axon collaterals with extensive arbors recurring at regular intervals along nearly the full extent of spinal cord. Furthermore, the collaterals of MiD2cm crossed the midline at frequent intervals, yielding bilateral arbors that ran in the rostral‐caudal direction. Other medullary reticulospinal cells, as well as cells of the nucleus of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (nMLF), also exhibited extensive spinal collaterals, although the patterns differed for each cell type. For example, nMLF cells had extensive collaterals in caudal medulla and far‐rostral spinal cord, but these collaterals became sparse more caudally. Two cell types (CaD and RoL1) showed arbors projecting ventrally from a dorsally situated stem axon. Additional cell‐specific features that seemed likely to be of physiological significance were observed. The rostral‐caudal distribution of axon collaterals was of particular interest because of its implications for the descending control of the larva's locomotive repertoire. Because the same individual cell types can be identified from fish to fish, these anatomical observations can be directly linked to data obtained in other kinds of experiments. For example, 9 of the 11 cell types examined here have been shown to be active during escape behaviors. J. Comp. Neurol. 459:186–200, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Efficient gene delivery into murine ovarian cells by intraovarian injection of plasmid DNA and subsequent in vivo electroporation
Authors: Sato Masahiro , Tanigawa Maya , Kikuchi Natsuko , Nakamura Shingo , Kimura Minoru 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSummary: We describe the use of direct injection of circular plasmid DNA and subsequent in vivo electroporation (EP) for efficient gene delivery to the ovarian cells, including follicular cells and oocytes of mice. When Trypan blue (TB) was injected into the central portion of an ovary by a glass micropipette, rapid dispersion of TB to each preantral and antral follicle was observed. Injections of lacZ‐expressing plasmid DNA and subsequent in vivo EP resulted in transfection of follicles with efficiencies ranging from 8–60%, together with cells in the thecal portion of the ovary. Of the lacZ‐positive follicles, some oocytes were also positive for lacZ activity. These findings suggest that a solution introduced inside the ovary is rapidly dispersed to each follicle. With this technique, we expect great progress in genetic engineering in murine ovary. genesis 35:169–174, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CD4 segregates into specific detergent‐resistant T‐cell membrane microdomains
Authors: Millán J. , Cerny J. , Horejsi V. , Alonso M.A. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:In T cells, glycolipids, glycoproteins attached to the membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor, and Src‐like tyrosine kinases are highly enriched in a membrane fraction resistant to solubilization by nonionic detergents. We have investigated the distribution of CD4 in T‐cell membranes and found that approximately 10% of the CD4 co‐receptor is associated with detergent‐insoluble membrane microdomains, whilst the remaining 90% is in soluble membranes. Moreover, approximately 60% of the “insoluble CD4” is present in membrane microdomains containing GPI‐anchored proteins and high glycolipid‐dependent kinase activity, whereas the remaining 40% displays no association with GPI‐anchored proteins and lacks glycolipid‐associated kinase activity. These results indicate that CD4 segregates at least into three different membrane microenvironments: 1) soluble membranes; 2) insoluble membrane microdomains containing GPI‐anchored proteins; and 3) insoluble membrane microdomains devoid of GPI‐anchored proteins. The level of CD4 in insoluble membranes was not modified upon triggering activation by T‐cell receptor‐crosslinking but detectable amounts of CD3 subunits were recruited into these specialized membranes under those conditions. The physical separation of CD4 into different membrane microenvironments raises the possibility of that some of the multiple functions of CD4 might segregate into distinct types of lipid microenvironment. The fact that components of T‐cell receptor/CD3 complex were recruited into insoluble membranes upon stimulation is consistent with the CD4 present in this membrane fraction might participate in T‐cell receptor‐triggered activation events.
HLA class I allele distributions in six Pacific/Asian populations: evidence of selection at the HLA‐A locus
Authors: Bugawan T.L. , Mack S.J. , Stoneking M. , Saha M. , Beck H.P. , Erlich H.A. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:The distributions of HLA‐A alleles in six Pacific/Asian populations, Malay, Papua New Guinea (PNG) Highlands, two Indonesian groups, and two PNG Lowland groups, as well as the distribution of the HLA‐B alleles in the PNG Highlands population, were determined using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) immobilized sequence‐specific oligonucleotide (SSO) probe typing methods. The allele frequency distributions at the HLA class II loci, DRB1, DQB1 and DPB1 were also determined by PCR/SSO methods in an additional study of the same populations. In most of these populations, the HLA‐A*2402 allele was the most frequent, attaining a frequency of 0.78 in the PNG Highlands. A*1101 was the next most frequent allele, followed in frequency by the *3401 allele. The HLA‐B*1506, *4001, *5601 and *5602 alleles comprised 73% of the allele diversity at the B‐locus in the PNG Highlands. Two previously unreported HLA‐A alleles were identified in Indonesians and Malays, based on novel probe reactivity patterns. Cloning and sequencing identified these as A*1104 and *2410. Sequence comparisons show that these new alleles differ at codon 187 from their putative parental alleles (*1101 and *2403) by dinucleotide changes in the first two codon positions. These changes involve a Thr to Arg (CG to AC) and an Arg to Thr substitution (AC to CG) at position 187; residues at this position participate in pocket A of the peptide binding groove. Comparison of the HLA‐A allele frequency distributions indicate that Malays are the most diverse (heterozygosity (h)=0.88) and the PNG Highlanders are, by far, the least diverse (h=0.37) of the groups studied. However, the diversity of B‐locus alleles in the PNG Highlanders (h=0.91) was greater than that observed at the A‐locus of any of the populations reported here. The remarkably high allele frequency of A*2402 in the PNG Highlands could reflect founder effects and population bottlenecks, genetic drift, or positive directional selection. The distribution of the HLA‐B locus alleles and class II alleles, as well as mtDNA sequence data in the PNG Highlands indicates a reasonably high level of diversity at other loci, arguing that the high frequency of A*2402 cannot be attributed entirely to founder effects, bottlenecks, or drift and suggests the operation of positive selection for the A*2402 allele in this population Note.
Analysis of HLA genes and haplotypes in Ainu (from Hokkaido, northern Japan) supports the premise that they descent from Upper Paleolithic populations of East Asia
Authors: Bannai M. , Ohashi J. , Harihara S. , Takahashi Y. , Juji T. , Omoto K. , Tokunaga K. 
Published: March 2003

Acknowledgments:We thank Prof. Masafumi Takiguchi, Kumamoto University, Dr. Marie Lau, UCLA, and Mr. Hiromitsu Takei, Japanese Red Cross Ibaraki Blood Center, for providing us with standard genomic clones and standard genomic DNAs. We also thank Dr. Tadashi Imanishi, Mr. Hidenori Tanaka, Mr. Kouichi Kashiwase, and Dr. Atsuko Ogawa, Japanese Red Cross Central Blood Center, for helpful discussions. This study was partially supported by Grant‐in‐Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture.Abstract:The Ainu people are assumed to be the descendants of pre‐agricultural native populations of northern Japan, while the majority of population of present‐day Japan (Hondo‐Japanese) is considered to have descended mainly from post‐neolithic migrants. Sequence‐level polymorphisms of the HLA‐class I (HLA‐A and HLA‐B) genes were investigated in DNA samples of 50 Ainu living in Hidaka district, Hokkaido. HLA‐A*2402, A*0201, A*0206, A*2601, A*3101, B*1501, B*5101, B*3901, and B*3501 were observed at frequencies of more than 10% and most of these have previously been found in populations of not only Asians but also North and South American Indians. A*68012, which has not so far been detected in Hondo‐Japanese, was found in the Ainu (3%). On the other hand, several alleles common in Hondo‐Japanese, including HLA‐A*3303, A*1101, B*4403, B*5201, B*5401, B*4601, and B*0702 were infrequent in Ainu (0–1%). Correspondence and neighbor‐joining analyses of various populations based on HLA‐A, ‐B and ‐DRB1 gene frequencies enabled distinction between Asian, Native South American, European, and African populations. The Ainu, as well as Tlingit (Na‐Dene), were placed midway between other East Asians, including Hondo Japanese, and Native South Americans (Amerindians) in the correspondence analysis. Furthermore, several HLA‐A‐B and HLA‐B‐DR‐DQ haplotypes common in the Ainu, are shared with some Native American populations. These observations strongly suggest a unique place for the Ainu as descendants of some Upper Paleolithic populations of East Asia, from whom some Native Americans may have descended.
On the MICA deleted‐MICB null, HLA‐B*4801 haplotype
Authors: Ota M. , Bahram S. , Katsuyama Y. , Saito S. , Nose Y. , Sada M. , Ando H. , Inoko H. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:A 100‐kb deletion including the MICA gene was recently reported in the HLA‐B48 (B*4801)‐associated haplotype in Japanese. Interestingly, this MICA deletion is accompanied by a MICB null allele, MICB0107N. In order to further investigate the universality of the apparent tight linkage between these two events, we present data on high‐resolution deletion mapping of eight HLA‐B48‐homozygous individuals. Among these, five carried the MICA deletion linked to MICB0107N, as originally reported. Conversely, the remaining three possessed an intact MICA gene of MICA008 or MICA010 allelic variant associated this time with a putative expressed MICB allele, MICB0102. These results may imply that the expression of both MICA and MICB molecules is indispensable to viability through a yet‐to‐be understood mutual interaction in immune surveillance.
HLA class II alleles in Japanese patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Associations with anti‐platelet glycoprotein autoantibodies and responses to splenectomy
Authors: Kuwana M. , Kaburaki J. , Pandey J.P. , Murata M. , Kawakami Y. , Inoko H. , Ikeda Y. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:HLA class II alleles and immunoglobulin allotypes were determined in 83 Japanese patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) and 114 race‐matched healthy controls. Distribution of DRB and DQB1 alleles as well as G1M(f, z), G2M(n+, n−), and KM(1, (1,2), 3) were not different between ITP patients and healthy controls, while DPB1*0201 was marginally increased in ITP patients vs. healthy controls (51% vs. 28%, Pc=0.04, OR=2.6 [1.4–4.8]). In contrast, strong associations between anti‐glycoprotein autoantibodies and HLA class II genes were found as follows: anti‐GPIIb‐IIIa antibody with DRB1*0405 and DQB1*0401; and anti‐GPIb‐IX antibody with DRB1*0803 and DQB1*0601. When factors influencing therapeutic responses to splenectomy were examined, a poor response was correlated with the presence of DRB1*0405, DQB1*0401 and anti‐GPIIb‐IIIa antibody (P=0.01, 0.002, and 0.03, respectively). Our results indicate that HLA class II genes influence the production of anti‐glycoprotein antibody specificities rather than the development of ITP. In addition, HLA class II genotyping could be useful in predicting therapeutic responses to splenectomy in Japanese patients with ITP.
HLA‐DRB1 DNA sequencing based typing: an approach suitable for high throughput typing including unrelated bone marrow registry donors
Authors: Sayer D. , Whidborne R. , Brestovac B. , Trimboli F. , Witt C. , Christiansen F. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:The HLA‐DRB1 sequencing based typing strategies reported to date require separate amplifications of each sample with a series of group‐specific primers followed by sequencing of any resulting polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products. Whilst this results in high resolution typing in the majority of cases, a number of unnecessary amplifications are performed. We report here a novel approach where amplification of the second exon of HLA‐DRB1 is performed in a single tube for all alleles. Retrospective analysis of 642 consecutive Western Australian unrelated bone marrow registry donors has shown that this approach results in unambiguous typings in 71.1% of cases. Ambiguities can be readily resolved if necessary with a single additional sequencing reaction on the original PCR product.
Critical evaluation of prognostic factors in childhood asthma
Authors: Van Bever H. P. , Desager K. N. , Hagendorens M. 
Published: March 2003

Current knowledge of the natural history of asthma is improving through the establishment of a more precise definition of asthma linked with information from a number of large‐scale longitudinal studies. Risk factors for the development of childhood asthma are now more clearly understood. They include gender, atopic status, genetic and familial factors, respiratory infections, and outdoor and indoor pollution (1). In the present review two types of asthma and their prognosis will be discussed:

Asthma in preschool children and its risk factors for evolution towards persistent childhood asthma.
Asthma in older children and its risk factors for evolution towards adult asthma.
Ultraweak light emission, free radicals, chilling and light sensitivity
Authors: Hideg Éva , Olof Björn Lars 
Published: March 2003

Ultraweak light emission (UWLE) was measured from leaves of various chilling‐sensitive (Lycopersicon esculentum, Cucumis sativus and Phaseolus vulgaris) and ‐tolerant (Pisum sativum and Vicia faba) plants after exposure to low (4‐7°C) temperature in the light. UWLE increased upon chilling treatment combined with illumination with 200 µmol m−2 s−1 PAR in all plants, by about 30% in tolerant and by more than 100% in sensitive plants. It increased more when applied together with 400 µmol m−2 s−1 PAR: by 90‐100% and by 250‐280% in chilling‐tolerant and ‐sensitive plants, respectively. Free radical production was detected by spin‐trapping EPR spectroscopy in thylakoid membranes isolated from the chilling‐treated Lycopersicon esculentum and Vicia faba leaves. After 12 h chilling at 200 µmol m−2 s−1 PAR, free radical production was approximately 3 times greater in the former than in the latter species. The same ratio was approximately 6 if chilling was carried out at 400 µmol m−2 s−1 PAR, indicating the role of photooxidative stress in chilling injury.Our results also confirm that the stress‐induced increase in UWLE is an indicator of free radical production and offers the possibility of using UWLE for monitoring the effect of chilling on temperature‐sensitive plants in an early stage.
Characterisation of glutathione transferases and glutathione peroxidases in pea (Pisum sativum)
Authors: Edwards Robert 
Published: March 2003

Glutathione peroxidases (GPOXs) and glutathione transferases, also termed glutathione S‐transferases (GST, EC 2.5.1.18), with activities toward a range of xenobiotic substrates including herbicides, have been characterized in etiolated pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Feltham's First) seedlings. Crude extracts showed high activity toward a range of GST substrates including 1‐chloro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene (GSTC activity) and the herbicide fluorodifen (GSTF) but low activities toward chloroacetanilides and atrazine. Treatment of the pea seedlings with the herbicide safener dichlormid selectively increased the activity of GSTC and the GST which detoxified atrazine. This induction was restricted to the roots and was not observed with any of the other GST or GPOX activities. In contrast, treatment with CuCl2 increased GPOX activity in the root but had no effect on any GST activity, while treatment of epicotyls with elicitors of the phytoalexin response increased GST activity toward ethacrynic acid, but had no effect on other GST or GPOX activities.The major enzymes with GSTC, GSTF and GPOX activities were purified from pea epicotyls 3609‐fold, 1431‐fold and 1554‐fold, respectively. During purification by hydrophobic interaction chromatography and affinity chromatography using S‐hexyl‐glutathione as ligand all three activities co‐eluted but could be partially resolved by anion exchange chromatography and gel filtration chromatography. Both GSTC and GPOX had a molecular mass of 48 kDa and their activities were associated with a similar 27.5‐kDa subunit but distinct 29‐kDa subunits. GSTF could be resolved into two isoenzymes with molecular masses of 49.5 and 54 kDa. GSTF activity was associated with a unique 30‐kDa subunit in addition to 27.5‐ and 29‐kDa peptides, suggesting that the two isoenzymes were composed of differing subunits. These results demonstrate that peas contain multiple GST isoenzymes some of which have GPOX activity and that the various activities are differentially responsive to biotic and abiotic stress.
Scavenging of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in blue‐green algae (cyanobacteria)
Authors: Obinger Christian , Regelsberger Günther , Pircher Andrea , Strasser Georg , Peschek Günter A. 
Published: March 2003

Blue‐green algae (cyanobacteria) have evolved as the most primitive, oxygenic, plant‐type photosynthetic organisms. Within a single prokaryotic cell, they have uniquely accommodated both oxygenic photosynthesis and aerobic respiration, which are known to produce superoxide and hydrogen peroxide as inevitable byproducts. Two types of superoxide dismutase have been characterized in both N2‐fixing and non‐N2‐fixing cyanobacteria, namely cytosolic iron‐containing superoxide dismutase and thylakoid‐bound manganese‐containing superoxide dismutase. No qualitative differences between various cell types (vegetative cells, heterocysts) were found. In contrast to chloroplasts, most of the cyanobacterial species show catalatic activity. From two species the corresponding enzymes have been characterized as typical prokaryotic (bifunctional) catalase‐peroxidases with homologies to cytochrome c peroxidases and ascorbate peroxidases. In addition to catalatic activity, some strains exhibit ascorbate peroxidase activity, but to date there are no reports detailing purification and characterization.Cyanobacteria were found to contain low intracellular ascorbate concentrations (30‐100 µM) and 2‐5 mM glutathione. Both monodehydroascorbate and glutathione reductase activities were detected in most species examined, whereas dehydroascorbate reductase activity was absent. The question as to whether a glutathione‐ascorbate cycle exists in cyanobacteria cannot be answered at present.
Immune parameters relevant to neural xenograft survival in the primate brain
Authors: Cicchetti F. , Fodor W. , Deacon T. W. , Van Horne C. , Rollins S. , Burton W. , Costantini L. C. , Isacson O. 
Published: March 2003

Cicchetti F, Fodor W, Deacon TW, van Horne C, Rollins S, Burton W, Costantini LC, Isacson O. Immune parameters relevant to neural xenograft survival in the primate brain. Xenotransplantation 2003: 10: 41–49. © Blackwell Munksgaard, 2003The lack of supply and access to human tissue has prompted the development of xenotransplantation as a potential clinical modality for neural cell transplantation. The goal of the present study was to achieve a better understanding of the immune factors involved in neural xenograft rejection in primates. Initially, we quantified complement mediated cell lysis of porcine fetal neurons by primate serum and demonstrated that anti‐C5 antibody treatment inhibited cell death. We then developed an immunosuppression protocol that included in vivo anti‐C5 monoclonal antibody treatment, triple drug therapy (cyclosporine, methylprednisolone, azathioprine) and donor tissue derived from CD59 or H‐transferase transgenic pigs and applied it to pig‐to‐primate neural cell transplant models. Pre‐formed αGal, induced αGal and primate anti‐mouse antibody (PAMA) titers were monitored to assess the immune response. Four primates were transplanted. The three CD59 neural cell recipients showed an induced anti‐αGal response, whereas the H‐transferase neural cell recipient exhibited consistently low anti‐αGal titers. Two of these recipients contained surviving grafts as detected by immunohistochemistry using selected neural markers. Graft survival correlated with high dose cyclosporine treatment, complete complement blockade and the absence of an induced PAMA response to the murine anti‐C5 monoclonal antibodies.