bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
VARIATION IN THE GROUP-SPECIFIC CARBOHYDRATE OF GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: McCarty Maclyn , Lancefield Rebecca C. 
Published: June 2004

The phenomenon of apparent loss of group-specific carbohydrate in the course of mouse passage of group A streptococci has been subjected to further study, and several additional variants showing this property have been described. The loss of group reactivity is shown to be due to an alteration in the chemical structure and serological specificity of the cell wall carbohydrate. This alteration appears to be essentially the same in each of the variants available for study. The carbohydrate of the variant strains (V) contains the same two monosaccharide components as the group A carbohydrate (A), but they are present in different proportions. Precipitating sera reactive with V carbohydrate have been prepared, and the A and V carbohydrates have been compared by qualitative and quantitative precipitin analysis.
A second type of variation has been encountered during mouse passage. This variation is characterized by the occurrence of a cell wall carbohydrate (I) intermediate in chemical and serological properties between the A and V carbohydrates. The I carbohydrate reacts with both A and V antisera and does not appear to be a simple mixture of A and V carbohydrate. Similarly, antisera against the intermediate strain contain antibodies reactive with both A and V carbohydrates, and evidence is presented indicating that in part this represents antibody with double specificity.
THE SPECIFIC AMINO ACID REQUIREMENTS OF A HUMAN CARCINOMA CELL (STRAIN HELA) IN TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Eagle Harry 
Published: June 2004

The amino acid requirements of a human uterine carcinoma cell (HeLa strain) have been defined. The 12 compounds previously found to be essential for the growth of a mouse fibroblast proved similarly essential for this human epithelial cell. They included arginine, cyst(e)ine, histidine, and tyrosine, in addition to the eight amino acids required for nitrogen balance in man (isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine). Only the L-amino acids were active; the D-enantiomorphs had no demonstrable effect at physiologic concentrations.
The minimum concentrations required for survival and limited growth varied from 0.003 µM per ml. for L-tryptophan, to 0.1 µM per ml. for L-lysine. The concentrations permitting optimum growth similarly varied from 0.01 µM per ml. for tryptophan, to 0.1 µM per ml. for leucine, isoleucine, threonine, lysine, and valine. The latter optimum concentrations of the individual amino acids were closely correlated with their serum levels. With at least six of the amino acids, high concentrations, in the range 1 to 10 µM per ml., caused a definite growth inhibition.
In the absence of a single essential amino acid, degenerative changes occurred in the cells, culminating in their death and dissolution. In the early stages, however, these degenerative changes could be reversed by the restoration of the missing component.
STUDIES ON THE IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO FOREIGN TUMOR TRANSPLANTS IN THE MOUSE
Authors: Mitchison N. A. , Dube O. L. 
Published: June 2004

The relation between serum antibody and resistance to tumor homografts in the mouse has been investigated. Production of serum antibody in response to homografts of a transplantable sarcoma (Sarcoma 1) was demonstrated, by cytotoxic action on the cells of the tumor, and also by a hemagglutinin test. The simpler and more repeatable hemagglutinin test was further investigated.
Peak hemagglutinin titres were reached after the immunizing homografts underwent breakdown. Following transfer of lymph node cells from immunized mice into hosts of the same strain, hemagglutinin could be detected in the host serum. The course of its production showed that this secondary antibody was not elicited by transferred antigen, nor could it be due to transfer of preformed antibody. The cells developed the capacity to transfer hemagglutinin production later than the power to transfer heightened graft resistance. Spleen cells also transferred hemagglutinin production, at a later stage after immunization and to a lesser extent than cells from the regional lymph nodes.
Implantation of the sarcoma in mice pretreated with certain preparations of lyophilized or frozen tissue stimulated hemagglutinin production, although the tumor grew progressively. The regional lymph nodes participated in the response: they could transfer hemagglutinin production into secondary hosts, but not graft resistance, and indeed appeared to diminish resistance. Lymph node cells from immunized donors conferred protection against the tumor on pretreated mice. Lymph nodes from normal donors also appeared in some experiments to confer protection although the effect was obscured by the rapidity with which the growing tumor became immunologically invulnerable.
The fate of lymph node cells stained with acriflavine was followed after transfer. No effect of the staining on the power of the cells to confer immunity could be detected. Cells transferred to the peritoneal cavity passed into various host tissues, but were not found in test homografts.
The conclusion is drawn that the hemagglutinating antibody is distinct from the antibody effective in combating homografts. The similarity in this respect between the homograft reaction and sensitization is emphasized in discussion.
STUDIES ON THE IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO FOREIGN TUMOR TRANSPLANTS IN THE MOUSE
Authors: Andreini P. , Drasher M. L. , Mitchison N. A. 
Published: June 2004

A study was made of variation in weight of the host lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus, after implantation of transplantable tumors in susceptible and
See PDF for Structure
non-susceptible hosts. The lymph nodes and spleens of non-susceptible hosts increased in weight during the period when the organs were participating in the immunological response, though an increase also took place in susceptible hosts. Variations in protein nitrogen and pentose- and desoxypentosenucleic acid of the draining lymph nodes of non-susceptible mice were also studied. The protein nitrogen content increased with the weight of the nodes. Increase in the PNA/DNA ratio occurred while the lymph node cells were engaged in production of antibody. Increase in the PNA/DNA ratio was interpreted as an increase in PNA per cell, and therefore of the rate of protein synthesis.
ALLERGIC NEURITIS: AN EXPERIMENTAL DISEASE OF RABBITS INDUCED BY THE INJECTION OF PERIPHERAL NERVOUS TISSUE AND ADJUVANTS
Authors: Waksman Byron H. , Adams Raymond D. 
Published: June 2004

In experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), produced by injecting rabbits with whole rabbit spinal cord together with tubercle bacilli and mineral oil, lesions comparable to those seen in the central nervous system are found in the nerve roots, spinal ganglia, and peripheral nerves. When special fractions of bovine white matter are used as antigen in rabbits, the same distribution of lesions is seen but peripheral nerve involvement is relatively less frequent.
When rabbit sciatic nerve or spinal ganglia are used as antigen in rabbits, lesions occur only in the roots, ganglia, and peripheral nerves. Lesions are not produced in the central nervous system, nor is there a meningitis. This disease picture has been called experimental allergic neuritis (EAN). The antigenicity of rabbit nerve is not impaired by autoclaving. Sciatic nerve of other mammalian species produces the same disease in rabbits as does rabbit nerve.
Optic nerve, used as antigen, produces the typical picture of EAE, not EAN. The optic nerves are not affected in EAN, whereas they commonly contain lesions in EAE.
There are differences of symptomatology, referable to the difference in distribution of lesions, between EAE and EAN. The spinal fluid of EAE shows an increase both in the number of cells and in the total protein content. In EAN, the same changes in protein are observed, but usually the cell count remains normal. The cell count appears to be related to the involvement of cerebral and spinal meninges, which is an almost invariable accompaniment of EAE. The skin tests and serologic studies made with homologous and heterologous antigens were essentially non-contributory, apparently as a consequence of the diversity of antigens present in the inoculated materials.
The similarity between EAN and certain of the human polyneuritides is indicated and discussed.
STUDIES WITH THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE OF VIRUS-HOST RELATIONSHIPS IN EHRLICH ASCITES TUMOR CELLS
Authors: Friedlaender Marlene , Moore Dan H. , Love Robert , Brown Ray A. , Koprowski Hilary 
Published: June 2004

Sections of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells infected with anopheles A virus revealed particles in the cytoplasm, which were identified as the virus on the basis of their consistent size and internal structure; their high opacity in the electron beam after fixation with osmic acid; the localized occurrence, within a certain time interval following infection, of high concentrations of such particles within the cell; the absence of similar particles in uninoculated tumor cells and cells infected with other viruses, and the appearance of such particles in infected chorioallantoic membrane.
The particles are spheroid, with a transparent 25 to 30 mµ core, surrounded by an opaque complex shell 12 to 17 mµ in thickness. Apparently "hollow," globular components of this shell have outer and inner diameters of approximately 12 mµ and 5 to 7 mµ respectively. The validity of an additional outer envelope is discussed.
Particles are frequently embedded in a matrix, and their alignment and grouping are discussed. Markedly dense populations are found near nuclear concavities. Some infective changes in the cell are described, for example the formation of newly observed virus-induced necrotic regions.
STUDIES ON SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTION FOLLOWING IONIZING RADIATION
Authors: Gordon Lee E. , Ruml David , Hahne Helen Jo , Miller C. Phillip 
Published: June 2004

In half of the normal mice examined, cultures of mesenteric lymph nodes were positive for enteric bacteria. When a non-pathogenic microorganism, Serratia marcescens, was established in the intestinal tract by administering it to mice in their drinking water, it, too, was recovered from the mesenteric lymph nodes of almost half of the normal mice examined. From these findings it was concluded that bacteria in small numbers were able to pass from the lumen of the unirradiated gut as far as the regional lymph glands. Such bacteria, except the pathogen, Salmonella, were rarely found in liver or spleen, never in the blood of the normal mice.
After x-irradiation with 700 r, the incidence of positive cultures showed the liver or spleen became infected with enteric microorganisms before the blood stream was invaded. It appears, therefore, that these elements of the reticulo-endothelial system were able for a time to maintain the sterility of the blood after failure of the more immediate defenses against bacterial invasion from the intestinal tract. It is concluded that if any increased migration of bacteria through the intestinal mucosa resulted from the radiation injury, the increase must have occurred very soon after irradiation.
STUDIES ON HYPERSENSITIVITY OF HUMAN TISSUES IN VITRO
Authors: Gangarosa Eugene J. , Inglefield Joseph T. , Thomas Cyril G. A. , Morgan Herbert R. 
Published: June 2004

A new simple method of evaluating specific cytotoxicity to tuberculoprotein in the study of tuberculin hypersensitivity in vitro by comparing cell populations is presented. Utilizing this technic it was possible to reproduce Rich's results (1, 2) using human tissues of reticuloendothelial origin. The demonstration of the specific cytotoxic phenomenon in tuberculin-sensitive human tissues indicates that the principle elaborated by Rich (2) of specific changes in the individual fixed tissue cells in tuberculin hypersensitivity, possibly related to cellular antibodies, applies to human subjects as well as to the animals heretofore studied.
Preliminary observations suggest that macrophages from donors with clinically active tuberculosis are more sensitive to tuberculoprotein than macrophages from tuberculin-positive donors without clinically active disease.
Macrophages from tuberculin-positive donors appeared to be more sensitive to tuberculoprotein than fibroblasts derived from the same tissue. An inhibition of cell proliferation was seen when both cell types were exposed to PPD. In addition macrophages responded to tuberculoprotein with gross morphological changes and eventual cytolysis.
THE SWINE LUNGWORM AS A RESERVOIR AND INTERMEDIATE HOST FOR SWINE INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: Shope Richard E. 
Published: June 2004

Twenty-five swine, infested with lungworms infected with masked swine influenza virus, were exposed to adverse weather conditions on one or more occasions. Of these, 4 came down with apparent swine influenza, while 6 others developed serological evidence of infection with swine influenza virus. The remaining 15 prepared swine, as well as 8 lungworm-free control swine, failed to show evidence of swine influenza virus infection, despite repeated exposures to adverse weather.
The data presented indicate that, in the 10 swine in which swine influenza virus infections were elicited, some feature of the weather to which the animals were exposed was responsible for provoking masked influenza virus to infectivity. The exact constituent of the meteorological complex comprising "weather", responsible for the provocation, cannot be determined from the data obtained.
THE GLOMERULUS IN EXPERIMENTAL RENAL DISEASE IN RATS AS OBSERVED BY LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Authors: Piel Carolyn F. , Dong Luther , Modern F.W.S. , Goodman Joseph R. , Moore Roger 
Published: June 2004

Nephrotoxic serum disease in rats has been studied by light and electron microscopy from 1 hour to 10 weeks after production of the disease.
By light microscopy leucocytic infiltration of the glomerular capillary was observed between the 3rd and 6th hour. At 6 hours an increase in colloidal iron-positive material was observed coating the extraluminal surface of the capillaries. Also at this time swelling of the endothelial cells becomes prominent. By 72 hours, thickening of the basement membrane was observed. Glomerular capillary thrombi were observed in approximately half the tissue examined in the first 2 weeks of disease. 50 per cent of the animals showed severe chronic lesions, exudation into the capsular space, crescent formation, and obliteration of glomeruli.
At 1 hour electron microscopic pictures showed that osmophilic material may line the foot processes of the epithelial cells and obliterate all but narrow channels of the space between the feet. By 6 hours thickening of the basement membrane was prominent. This change persisted throughout 10 weeks of observation. The tissue from animals which had severe chronic alterations by light microscopy revealed changes which could not be interpreted at this time.
GLUTAMIC-OXALOACETIC TRANSAMINASE ACTIVITY OF SERUM IN MICE WITH VIRAL HEPATITIS
Authors: Friend Charlotte , Wróblewski Felix , La Due John S. 
Published: June 2004

Experimental infectious mouse hepatitis is associated with an increase in glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase activity of the serum (SGO-T).
A relationship appears to exist between the rise in SGO-T activity and (a) the size of the virus inoculum, (b) the blood virus titer, and (c) the degree of liver necrosis.
Trauma to the liver following partial hepatectomy results in a rise in SGO-T activity in mice.
Although mouse hepatitis differs from human hepatitis in the incubation period, histological changes, and natural course, both infections bring about comparable changes in SGO-T activity.
GLOMERULONEPHRITIS PRODUCED IN DOGS BY SPECIFIC ANTISERA
Authors: Seegal Beatrice Carrier , Hasson Margo W. , Gaynor Evelyn C. , Rothenberg Mildred S. 
Published: June 2004

The injection of rabbit antidog-placenta serum in 11 dogs resulted in an acute nephritis which was fatal within a month in 4, progressed to a chronic disease in 5, and healed in 2 animals. The nephritis produced in 5 dogs by the injection of rabbit antidog-kidney serum was comparable to that following the injection of antiplacenta serum.
The manifestations of the acute disease included edema, hypertension, proteinuria, cylindruria, hematuria, nitrogen retention, hypoalbuminemia, hypercholesterolemia, increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and anemia. The non-fatal chronic nephritis was characterized by proteinuria, cylindruria, and hematuria. With the onset of renal failure elevation of the blood urea nitrogen again occurred.
Antiplacenta serum did not cause abortion when injected into pregnant dogs, nor did pregnancy modify the subsequent development of nephritis.
GLOMERULONEPHRITIS PRODUCED IN DOGS BY SPECIFIC ANTISERA
Authors: Bevans Margaret , Seegal Beatrice Carrier , Kaplan Ruth 
Published: June 2004

The intravenous injection of rabbit antidog-placenta or antidog-kidney serum produced immediate evidence of glomerulonephritis in dogs. The lesions produced by the two agents were indistinguishable.
The glomerulonephritis so induced may terminate in death within 8 days, may progress to a chronic form or may heal. The acute phase of the nephritis was usually associated with severe exudative and necrotizing renal lesions, while the pathologic sequences in surviving dogs were essentially reparative. However, 1 dog of 8 in the chronic phase developed a progressive chronic nephritis and died in uremia.
THE EFFECT OF NUTRITIONAL DISTURBANCES ON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MICE TO STAPHYLOCOCCAL INFECTIONS
Authors: Smiths J. Maclean , Dubos René J. 
Published: June 2004

The susceptibility of mice to intravenous injection of coagulase-positive hemolytic staphylococci was estimated by (a) observing the extent and time of mortality of infected animals; (b) determining the number of colonies of cocci that could be recovered from the liver and spleen at various intervals of time after infection.
Complete deprival of food for 36 to 48 hours immediately before infection was found to increase susceptibility. This infection-enhancing effect was further increased by allowing the animals to drink a 5 per cent glucose solution instead of water or saline during the fasting period. In contrast, sodium lactate partially corrected the effect of fasting. The infection-enhancing effect of fasting was reversible.
Mice prevented from gaining weight for several weeks either by restricting their daily food intake, or by feeding them ad lib. an inadequate diet, appeared just as resistant to staphylococcal infection as did mice that gained weight rapidly on an unrestricted, complete diet.
THE KINETICS OF IRON METABOLISM IN SWINE WITH VARIOUS EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED ANEMIAS
Authors: Bush J. A. , Jensen W. N. , Ashenbrucker Helen , Cartwright G. E. , Wintrobe M. M. 
Published: June 2004

Ferrokinetic studies were performed on 3 swine given phenylhydrazine, 3 swine deficient in pyridoxine, and 3 swine deficient in pteroylglutamic acid. Body surface radioactivity was measured in 2 pteroylglutamic acid-deficient animals.
In the animals given phenylhydrazine, the mean erythrocyte survival time was 5 days. The plasma iron turnover rate was increased about fourfold, and the rate of erythropoiesis was four to five times greater than that in the control pigs.
In the pyridoxine-deficient swine, the mean erythrocyte survival time was within the limits of normal. The plasma iron turnover rate was increased fourfold, but the rate of erythropoiesis was approximately one-fourth the normal mean value. These data are interpreted as indicating that the anemia associated with this deficiency is a result of an inability of the bone marrow to produce a normal number of erythrocytes.
In the pteroylglutamic acid-deficient swine, the mean erythrocyte survival time was 17 days. The plasma iron turnover rate was 5 times the normal mean value. The rate of erythropoiesis was 1.6 times greater than the mean value in the control pigs. These data are interpreted as indicating that anemia develops in this deficiency as a result of a combination of a shortening of the erythrocyte survival time and a limitation of the capacity of the bone marrow to increase red cell production to the same degree as a normal marrow.
The radioactivity in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow of the pteroylglutamic acid-deficient swine, as determined by measurement of the radioactivity over the body surface, declined more slowly than in control pigs.
LATENT VIRAL INFECTION OF CELLS IN TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Morgan Herbert R. ,   With the Technical Assistance of John P. Bader
Published: June 2004

Chick embryo tissues maintained for from 11 to 28 days in Hank's balanced salt solution lost their capacity to support the multiplication of psittacosis virus. The virus however infected such cells, as active multiplication of the virus occurred on the addition of beef embryo extract to this nutritionally poor medium at any period up to 28 days of cultivation in balanced salt solution. The virus remained in a state of latency for as long as 15 days in these starved cells in a non-infectious phase.
These results obtained in this in vitro model system for the investigation of latent infections of cells with psittacosis virus suggest that cell nutrition as well as an alteration in the immunological defenses of the host may prove to be an important factor in the activation of latent viral infections.
ANTIGENICITY OF RAT COLLAGEN
Authors: Rothbard Sidney , Watson Robert F. 
Published: June 2004

Reverse anaphylactic shock was induced in rats by intravenous injection of serum containing complement-fixing antibodies, obtamed by immunization of rabbits with purified preparations of rat tail collagen. Normal rabbit serum or serum containing antibodies to collagen from tunica of carp swim bladder was without effect. The clinical and pathological findings resembled those described by previous workers studying direct and reverse anaphylactic reactions induced in the rat with other antigens. Thrombocytopenia, leukopenia with rebound leukocytosis, delayed blood coagulability, lowering of serum complement and the development of a refractory state to the antibody after the initial shock—all compatible with anaphylaxis—were demonstrated. The reacting substance was found to be in the gamma globulin fraction of the serum, and the antibody titer appeared to be correlated with the degree of shock and vascular injury.
Collagen injury in rats dying from acute shock or in those injected with repeated sublethal doses was not demonstrated by the methods employed; techniques by which lesions of collagen might be induced are discussed.
Absorption experiments indicated that anti-rat collagen rabbit serum is specifically directed to a substance, apparently collagen, in the rat; it is likely that the combination of the antibody and collagen induces anaphylactic shock. These studies, made in vivo, provide further evidence of antigenic and immunological differences between acid-soluble rat and fish collagens.