bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The level and origin of amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) in the digestive tract of chicks receiving trypsin inhibitors in their diet
Authors: Nitsan Zafrira , Madar Z. 
Published: September 2005

1. Amylase (EC 3.2.1.1) activity found in the intestinal tract of chicks posterior to the stomach is of endogenous origin, as amylase in the food is inactivated by the low pH in the stomachs.2. Ingestion of raw soya-bean diet (RSD) or of heated soya-bean diet (HSD) supplemented with trypsin inhibitors induced higher amylase activities in the lower part of the small intestine and caecum as compared with HSD.3. Ingestion of RSD after ligation at the end of the duodenum, end of the ileum or one of the caeca, or injection of soya-bean trypsin inhibitor into a ligated caecum, indicated that there is no amylase synthesis by the intestinal tract cells or microflora as a response to the presence of RSD or trypsin inhibitors.4. It seems that amylase found in the digestive tract of the chick is of pancreatic origin and that RSD or trypsin inhibitors induce higher pancreatic amylase secretion than HSD which (the additional amylase) accumulates mainly in the caeca.
Estimation of rate of protein synthesis by constant infusion of labelled amino acids in pigs
Authors: Simon O. , Münchmeyer R. , Bergner H. , Zebrowska Teresa , Buraczewska Lucyna 
Published: September 2005

1. The fractional synthetic rates of tissue proteins were studied in growing pigs using the constant-infusion technique of tracer-labelled amino acids ([14C]leucine and [14C]lysine) and the mathetmatical model for calculation, employed in rats by Garlick, Millward & James (1973).2. During a 6 h infusion, samples were taken from blood and muscle and at the end of the infusion from liver, muscle, pancreas, heart, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon, and skin. The specific radioactivity of free and protein-bound leucine and lysine was estimated.3. A quasi-steady-state in the specific radioactivity of free plasma leucine and lysine was reached within approximately 2 h, the rate-constants being 35 and 48/d respectively.4. The specific radioactivity of free leucine and lysine in plasma was used to calculate the flux of these amino acids. It was found to be higher than the daily intake.5. The average fractional rate of protein synthesis in muscle and heart was 8.1 %/d, in small and large intestine the values were 50 and 33 %/d respectively and in liver and pancreas more than 100 %/d.6. The calculation of protein synthetic rate in pig tissue using the constant-infusion method of labelled amino acids seems to be a suitable tool for study of this species.
Studies on the nutrition of marine flatfish. The pyridoxine requirement of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus)
Authors: Adron J. W. , Knox D. , Cowey C. B. , Ball G. T. 
Published: September 2005

1. Diets containing graded levels of pyridoxine hydrochloride (to supply 0.26–30 mg pyridoxine/kg) were given to seven duplicate groups of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) for 12 weeks and their growth rate was measured during this period.2. Good growth was obtained on all treatments except those groups given less than 1.0 mg pyridoxine/kg diet. These fish grew normally until weeks 8–10 but thereafter their weight gain was significantly less than that for other treatments.3. Measurements of aspartate aminotransferase (EC2.6.1.1) in muscle and liver and of alanine aminotransferase (EC2.6.1.2) in liver of the turbot showed that the activities of these enzymes increased with increasing dietary pyridoxine intake up to a level of 2.5 mg pyridoxine/kg. The activities of these enzymes were not further enhanced by additional dietary pyridoxine.4. Percentage stimulation of these enzymes by pre-incubation of extracts with pyridoxal phosphate was minimal with those groups of turbot given 2.5 mg pyridoxine/kg diet or more.5. It is concluded that the dietary requirement of turbot for vitamin B6can be safely met with a diet containing between 1.0 and 2.5 mg pyridoxine/kg.6. An eighth group of turbot given the pyridoxine antagonist 4-deoxypyridoxine hydrochloride (20 mg/kg) showed retarded growth after 2 weeks, together with a high mortality rate.
The effect of alcohol on resting metabolic rate
Authors: Rosenberg Kathryn , Durnin J. V. G. A. 
Published: September 2005

1. There was a significant increase in oxygen consumption in ten women after small intakes of alcohol.2. No significant difference was found between the average increase in metabolic rate over 3 h after an isoenergetic meal of food or of food plus alcohol. However, during the last half of the 3 h postprandial period, the increased O2 consumption was significantly greater after the meal including alcohol.3. Possible explanations for the contradictory results in the literature are discussed.
Environmental temperature and choice feeding of the broiler
Authors: Cowan P. J. , Michie W. 
Published: September 2005

1. Broilers were kept under environmental temperature regimens of 16, 21, 26 or 31° and given, 22–57 d of age, either a complete diet or free-choice of whole wheat and a higher-protein food containing either 252 or 516 g crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25)/kg.2. Broilers maintained at 16 and 21° consumed food at a significantly higher rate than those kept at 26° and the latter had a significantly higher food intake rate than broilers kept at 31°, for each feeding treatment. Compared with 21° the 57 d body-weight of broilers kept at 26° and 31° was significantly reduced.3. When kept under the 16, 21, 26 and 31° regimens, the amount of whole wheat in the food consumed by the broilers choice-fed with wheat and the 252 g crude protein/kg food was 56, 55, 48 and 46% respectively. The corresponding values for the broilers on the second choice-feeding treatment were 80, 76, 79 and 72%.4. Except for a single instance the choice-fed broilers grew at a significantly slower rate than broilers given the complete diet.
Factors affecting the voluntary intake of food by sheep
Authors: Grovum W. L. , Phillips G. D. 
Published: September 2005

1. Twelve sheep fitted with abomasal cannulas were givenad lib.access to a diet of chopped lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay to ascertain if the amount of digesta being transported by the intestines was limiting intake. If this was the situation, pumping a solution of the bulk-laxative methylcellulose (100 g/kg; MC) into the abomasum should have reduced intake in proportion to the mass of digesta attributable to the MC and associated water. In preliminary experiments faecal water and wet matter ouptuts increased by 6.2 and 7.4 g/g MC powder respectively.2. The infusion of 2.95 kg MC/d did not affect food intake even though wet faecal output increased from a control value of 2.436 to 4.616 kg/d. The transit time of51Cr-EDTA through the intestines decreased only slightly during the infusion indicating that MC produced a marked increase in the mass of intestinal contents. Increasing the rate of infusion to 5.336 kg/d increased wet faecal output to 5.437 kg/d, did not change transit time but significantly decreased food intake presumably to protect the intestines from overdistension. After stopping the infusion, food intakes and faecal outputs returned to control values but transit time remained unchanged. The intake of chopped lucerne hay by sheep was not limited by the capacity of the small and large intestines to transport bulk as intake was maintained even though wet faecal output was doubled and the intestines apparently became markedly distended.
Protein degradation and optimum urea concentration in cereal-based diets for sheep
Authors: Mehrez A. Z. , Ørskov E. R. 
Published: September 2005

1. Early-weaned lambs were used to estimate the concentration of urea required to give the maximum intake and utilization of maize or barley with either a high (HPB) or low (LPB) protein content.2. Approximately the same concentration of urea (7–11 g urea/kg feed) was required for maximum intake and feed utilization of both HPB and LPB. With maize there was no increase in intake, live weight gain, digestion and feed conversion as a result of adding more than 7 g urea/kg.3. The proportion of protein degraded in the rumen was estimated by the synthetic fibre bag technique to be 0.69, 0.82 and 0.54 for HPB, LPB and maize respectively. The similarity in concentration of urea required for the optimum utilization of LPB and HPB might be explained by differences in the extent of degradation of protein in the rumen, but the lower concentration of urea required for maize cannot be similarly explained.4. From estimates of yield of microbial protein in the rumen, the extent of rumen fermentation and the measured extent of protein degradation, theoretical requirements for urea were calculated and compared with other predictions and with the experimentally determined values. For barley, predicted values agreed reasonably well with experimental ones, but for maize all values, including those derived by a new system adopted by the Agricultural Research Council (ARC) Working Party, were too high.
A comparison of the voluntary intake and digestion of a range of forages at different times of the year by the sheep and the red deer (Cervus elaphus)
Authors: Milne J. A. , Macrae J. C. , Spence ANGELA M. , Wilson S. 
Published: September 2005

1. Comparisons were made between castrated male Scottish Blackface sheep and red deer (Cervus elaphus) of voluntary forage intake (VFI), digestibility and the mean retention time (MRT) of a particulate-phase marker (103Ru-phenanthroline) in the alimentary tract, when a range of forages: dried-grass pellets, chopped dried grass, fresh-frozen Agrostis-Festuca spp. and heather (Calluna vulgaris, L. Hull) were given at different times of the year.2. On both the dried-grass-pellet and chopped dried-grass diets the red deer and sheep ate similar quantities. Both species had a higher VFI of dried-grass pellets in July than in November. The sheep digested the dried-grass-pellet diet better than the red deer and this was associated with a longer MRT of the particulate-phase marker in the alimentary tract.3. The VFI of Agrostis-Festuca spp. and heather by the red deer was twice that of the sheep. The VFI of heather by the sheep increased by 32 % between January and April, and the VFI of both the Agrostis-–Festuca spp. and heather diets by the red deer increased by 65–70 %. The sheep digested the Agrostis–Festuca spp. better than the red deer but the red deer digested the heather slightly better than the sheep. MRT of the particulate-phase marker was greater for the sheep than for the red deer on both diets. The digestibility and MRT of both diets in the red deer did not decrease with the seasonal increase in VFI, suggesting a possible hypertrophy of the alimentary tract.
Hepatic ketone-body metabolism in developing sheep and pregnant ewes
Authors: Varnam G. Carole E. , Jeacock Marjorie K. , Shepherd D. A. L. 
Published: September 2005

1. In order to establish whether or not there is a relationship between the blood ketone-body concentrations and the potential ability of the liver to synthesize ketone bodies in sheep on varying nutritional regimens, a study has been made of the concentrations of acetoacetate and 3-hydroxybutyrate in blood and the activities of enzymes concerned with ketogenesis in liver of developing sheep from mid-way through gestation to maturity, in pregnant ewes from mid-way through pregnancy and in starved pregnant and non-pregnant ewes.2. During development the most marked change in blood 3-hydroxybutyrate concentration occurred when the lambs were weaned. Blood acetoacetate concentrations did not change during development. When mature ewes were starved both 3-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate concentrations in blood were increased.3. Changes found in the activity of 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (EC1.1.1.30) in the liver were correlated with the changes in blood 3-hydroxybutyrate concentrations during development but no such relationship existed in pregnant or fasted ewes. No correlation was found between the ability of the liver to synthesize acetoacetate and blood ketone body concentrations in either developing or pregnant adult sheep. The rate of acetoacetate production expressed per g liver increased during foetal life but values observed in lambs 1 d after birth were similar to those found in suckling and mature sheep. During the last month of pregnancy and when non-pregnant sheep were starved the hepatic potential for ketogenesis was increased. During development the activity of acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase (EC2.3.1.9) was correlated with the rate of hepatic acetoacetate production.4. These changes have been contrasted with those that occur in developing and starved adult rats.5. It is concluded that hepatic production of ketone bodies cannot be the only factor in the regulation of blood ketone body concentrations in developing and pregnant sheep.
Nτ-Methylhistidine in human skeletal and smooth muscle proteins
Authors: Holbrook I. B. , Gross E. , Irving M. H. 
Published: September 2005

1. Fifteen pieces of rectus abdominus muscle and fifteen pieces of taenia muscle were removed from patients undergoing various surgical procedures.2. The muscles were extracted, hydrolysed and the content of Nτ-methylhistidine was measured.3. The rectus muscles contained 3.13±0.7 μmols Nτ-methylhistidine/g fat-free dry solid andthe taenia muscles 2.4±0.6 μmols/g fat-free dry solid. There was a statistically significant difference (P< 0.05) between these values using the Student's unpairedttest, although this could have been due to contamination of the taenia muscles with connective tissue.4. The muscle content of Nτ-methylhistidine was at least 40% higher than the only other reported value and therefore the method of calculating muscle protein breakdown based on Nτ-methylhistidine excretion requires revision.
Effect of varying energy and protein intake on nitrogen balance in adults engaged in heavy manual labour
Authors: Iyengar A. , Narasinga Rao B. S. 
Published: September 2005

1. The effect of varying energy and protein intake on nitrogen balance in adult men engaged in heavy manual labour was investigated.2. Low protein and energy levels resulted in negative N balance and urea index (Waterlow, 1963) was decreased.3. Urinary excretion of hydroxyproline was found to be sensitive to dietary protein level, but not to energy.
Vitamin B-complex deficiency and visual acuity
Authors: Damodaran Malathi , Rameshwar Sarma K. V. , Tiar Achmad , Nadamuni Naidu A. 
Published: September 2005

1. A study was carried out on 973 school children to find out any relationship between vitamin B-complex deficiency signs and defective vision, and the effect of supplementation of B-complex vitamins on visual acuity.2. The results of the study showed a significant association between presence of clinical signs of vitamin B-complex deficiency and defective vision.3. Supplementation with vitamin B-complex was found to have beneficial effect in improving the visual-acuity status of defective children and in preventing visual defects from developing.4. It is concluded, therefore, that from the present study it appears that the relationship between vitamin B-complex deficiency and visual defects could be one of ‘cause and effect’.
Effects of dietary proteinase inhibitors from field bean (Vicia faba L.) and field-bean meal on pancreatic function in the rat
Authors: Abbey Bene W. , Norton G. , Neale R. J. 
Published: September 2005

1. Male weanling rats were fed casein diets containing 1.25, 2.5, 5.0 and 10 g/kg active or autoclaved proteinase inhibitors (PI) from field bean (Vicia faba L.), and raw- and autoclaved-field-bean meal (FBM) diets. After 7, 14 and 21 d on the diets pancreas weights were measured and pancreas and intestinal trypsin (EC 3.4.4.4) and chymotrypsin (EC 3.4.4.5) assayed.2. Pancreas weights increased on the raw FBM and active-PI-supplemented diets. Maximum pancreatic hypertrophy measured as the percentage increase above controls was observed after 14 d in rats fed on raw FBM. The same percentage increase in pancreas size compared with appropriate controls was obtained with rats fed casein diets supplemented with 5 g active PI/kg.3. Pancreas trypsin and chymotrypsin levels decreased with increasing dietary PI level. Similarly, lower pancreas trypsin and chymotrypsin levels were observed in rats given raw FBM.4. Intestinal trypsin and chymotrypsin increased with increasing dietary PI inclusion level. Although the magnitude of this response decreased with the period of feeding the differences in enzyme levels were still significant even after 21 d.5. It was concluded that the PI alone in raw-FBM diets could not entirely be responsible for the enlargement of the pancreas and the excess secretion of pancreatic enzymes since in synthetic diets PI levels of five times those in FBM were required to produce responses of similar magnitude.
Toxicity of shoti (Indian arrowroot: Curcuma zedoaria) for rats and chicks
Authors: Latif M. A. , Morris T. R. , Miah A. H. , Hewitt D. , Ford J. E. 
Published: September 2005

1. A flour was prepared from rhizomes of shoti (Curcuma zedoaria) in such a way that most of the protein was retained. The crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25) content in this product was 155 g/kg, compared with approximately 10 g/kg in commercial shoti flour.2. The high-protein flour proved highly toxic to 5-week-old rats and caused 100% mortality within 6 d when given at 320 g/kg diet.3. Fresh rhizomes were minced and dried, and the resulting meal was given to weanling rats at 400 g/kg diet. All the animals lost weight rapidly, and two of the five rats died within 4 d.4. This same shoti meal was given to 1-d-old chicks at 100 and 200 g/kg diet. All the chick survived the test period (20 d), but body-weight, food intake and efficiency of food conversion decreased with increase in the level of shoti meal in the diet.5. The traditional method of preparing shoti involves prolonged washing in changes of water, which removes most of the protein and other water-soluble nutrients and, presumably, a toxic constituent. Further investigation is needed to identify the toxic principle, and to discover a less wasteful procedure for removing it.
The influence of dietary carbohydrate and fat on kidney calcification and the urinary excretion ofN-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase (EC3.2.1.30)
Authors: Kang S. S. , Price R. G. , Yudkin J. , Worcester N. A. , Bruckdorfer K. R. 
Published: September 2005

1. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed on diets containing either sucrose or starch as the carbohydrate component. In one experiment, the diets also contained 200 g either butter or polyunsaturated margarine/kg; in a second experiment, the diets contained less fat in the form of 20 g maize oil/kg.2. Over a period of 11 months assays were made in the urine of several ions and of the activity of the enzymeN-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase (β-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D glucoside acetamidodeoxygluco-hydrolase;EC3.2.1.30); at 13 months, examination was made of some of the abdominal viscera, especially of the kidneys.3. In rats fed on the higher amount of fat, dietary sucrose produced a higher activity of the enzyme than did dietary starch, and a greater excretion of inorganic phosphate.4. With both the higher and lower amounts of dietary fat, sucrose led to an increase in the weight of the liver and of the kidneys, and an increase in the concentration of calcium and of phosphate in kidney tissue. With the higher amount of fat, sucrose also produced an increase in the concentration of magnesium in the kidney. There was no difference in the concentration of any of the ions assayed in the plasma or, apart from inorganic phosphate, in the urine.5. The kidneys of the sucrose-fed rats showed nephrocalcinosis, mostly in the cortico-medullary region, and basophilic deposits in the tubules. Attention is drawn to this unusual occurrence of nephrocalcinosis in male rats.
The relationship between hormonal balance and growth in malnourished children and rats
Authors: Lunn P. G. , Whitehead R. G. , Cole T. J. , Austin S. 
Published: September 2005

1. Plasma concentrations of insulin, cortisol and growth hormone, and growth velocities have been measured in a group of Gambian village children up to 3 years of age. All three hormones showed changes in concentration with age, as did rates of growth.2. Plasma insulin concentrations in the children were directly correlated with velocity of growth in height and weight, whereas cortisol concentrations showed inverse relationships. The values for insulin:cortisol concentration correlated more closely with growth velocity than did either hormone individually. Growth hormone values in plasma exhibited only marginal correlations with growth in height or weight, and these were negative.3. Similar relationships between these hormones and growth were obtained from an animal experiment in which the rates of growth of rats were altered by restricting dietary intake of protein or energy or both.4. Possible mechanisms for these observations are discussed in the light of recent knowledge concerning the hormonal control of growth rates.
Artificial rearing of pigs
Authors: Newport M. J. , Storry J. E. , Tuckley B. 
Published: September 2005

1. Pigs were weaned at 2 d of age and fed on a milk substitute at hourly intervals. They were slaughtered at 28 d of age.2. The diets contained 730 g dried skim-milk and 270 g fat/kg dry matter (DM). Three diets were compared in which the fat was supplied as soya-bean oil (SO) (diet A), equal amounts of SO and medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) (diet H), or 246 g MCT and 24 g SO (diet I)/kg DM. In the latter diet, SO ensured that the diet had an adequate content of essential fatty acids.3. Growth rate (2–28 d of age) was reduced (P< 0.05) by the high-MCT diet (diet I) compared with the medium-MCT diet (diet H), but in comparison with diet A, the differences were not significant (P> 0.05). The feed: gain ratio (g DM consumed/g live-weight gain) was not affected by the type of dietary lipid.4. Diet I increased the proportion of crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25) (g/kg wet weight) in the carcass but did not increase N retention (g/d per kg live weight). The proportion of fat in the carcass was reduced, particularly by diet I (P< 0.001), and was inversely related to an increase mainly in the water content, and to a lesser extent, in the crude protein content of the carcass. The liver weight (g/kg live wt) was greatly increased by MCT (P< 0.01 orP< 0.001).5. Approximately 20, 44 and 80% of the fatty acids in the carcass of pigs on the SO, diet H and diet I respectively could not have been derived from direct deposition of the dietary fatty acids, but rather byde novosynthesis from carbohydrate or elongation of shorter-chain fatty acids.MCT increased the concentrations in the blood, taken 1 h after feeding, of total lipid, phospholipid, cholesterol and cholesterol ester, indicating incomplete oxidation of the caprylic and caprylic and capric acids in MCT by the liver, and their incorporation, after chain elongation, into plasma lipids.