bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunopharmacologic Analysis of an Autologous, Hapten-Modified Human Melanoma Vaccine
Authors: Berd David , Sato Takami , Maguire Henry C. , Kairys John , Mastrangelo Michael J. 
Published: December 2003

PurposeWe have previously reported a clinical trial of a human cancer vaccine consisting of autologous tumor cells modified with the hapten, dinitrophenyl (DNP), in patients with clinical stage III melanoma. Here we present a follow-up report expanded to 214 patients with 5-year follow-up.Patients and MethodsTwo hundred fourteen patients with clinical stage III melanoma (117 patients with stage IIIC and 97 patients with stage IIIB) who were melanoma-free after standard lymphadenectomy were treated with multiple intradermal injections of autologous, DNP-modified vaccine mixed with bacille Calmette-Guérin. Four vaccine dosage schedules were tested sequentially, all of which included low-dose cyclophosphamide. Patients were tested for delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to autologous melanoma cells, both DNP-modified and unmodified, and to control materials.ResultsThe 5-year overall survival (OS) rate of the 214 patients was 44%. DTH responses to unmodified autologous melanoma were induced in 47% of patients. The OS of this DTH-positive group was double that of DTH-negative patients (59.3% v 29.3%; P < .001). In contrast, positive DTH responses to DNP-modified autologous melanoma cells and to purified protein derivative developed in almost all patients but did not affect OS. Surprisingly, the OS after relapse was also significantly longer in patients who developed positive DTH to unmodified tumor cells (25.2% v 12.3%; P < .001). Finally, the development of DTH was dependent on the schedule of administration of the vaccine, specifically, the timing of an induction dose administered at the beginning of the treatment program.ConclusionThis study underscores the importance of the immunopharmacology of the autologous, DNP-modified vaccine and may be relevant to other cancer vaccine technologies.
CCAAT/Enhancer Binding Protein Homologous Protein (DDIT3) Induces Osteoblastic Cell Differentiation
Authors: Pereira Renata C. , Delany Anne M. , Canalis Ernesto 
Published: December 2003

Abstract
CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) homologous protein (CHOP/DDIT3), a member of the C/EBP family of transcription factors, plays a role in cell survival and differentiation. CHOP/DDIT3 binds to C/EBPs to form heterodimers that do not bind to consensus Cebp sequences, acting as a dominant-negative inhibitor. CHOP/DDIT3 blocks adipogenesis, and we postulated it could induce osteoblastogenesis. We investigated the effects of constitutive CHOP/DDIT3 overexpression in murine ST-2 stromal cells transduced with retroviral vectors. ST-2 cells differentiated toward osteoblasts, and CHOP/DDIT3 accelerated and enhanced the appearance of mineralized nodules, and the expression of osteocalcin and alkaline phosphatase mRNAs, particularly in the presence of bone morphogenetic protein-2. CHOP/DDIT3 overexpression opposed adipogenesis, and did not cause substantial changes in cell number. CHOP/DDIT3 overexpression did not modify C/EBPα or -β mRNA levels but decreased C/EBPδ after 24 d of culture. Electrophoretic mobility shift and supershift assays demonstrated that overexpression of CHOP/DDIT3 decreased the binding of C/EBPs to their consensus sequence by interacting with C/EBPα and -β, confirming its dominant-negative role. In addition, CHOP/DDIT3 enhanced bone morphogenetic protein-2/Smad signaling. In conclusion, CHOP/DDIT3 enhances osteoblastic differentiation of stromal cells, in part by interacting with C/EBPα and -β and also by enhancing Smad signaling.
Identification and Characterization of Two Parathyroid Hormone-Like Molecules in Zebrafish
Authors: Gensure Robert C. , Ponugoti Bhaskar , Gunes Yasemin , Papasani Madhusudhan R. , Lanske Beate , Bastepe Murat , Rubin David A. , Jüppner Harald 
Published: December 2003

AbstractZebrafish (Danio rerio) have receptors homologous to the human PTH (hPTH)/PTHrP receptor (PTH1R) and PTH-2 receptor (PTH2R) and an additional receptor (PTH3R) with high homology to the PTH1R. To find natural ligands for zPTH1R and zPTH3R, we searched the zebrafish genomic database and discovered two distinct regions that, when translated (zPTH1 and zPTH2), showed high homology to hPTH. Isolation of cDNAs and determination of the intron/exon boundaries revealed genomic structures which were similar to known PTHs. Peptides consisting of the first 34 amino acids after the pre- and prosequences of the zebrafish PTHs (zPTHs) were synthesized and were shown to be fully active at the hPTH1R. zPTH2(1–34) was, however, approximately 30-fold less potent at the zPTH1R than hPTH(1–34), hPTHrP(1–36), and zPTH1(1–34). When tested with zPTH3R, zPTH1(1–34) and hPTHrP(1–36) showed similar potencies, whereas the potency of zPTH2(1–34) was moderately (3-fold) reduced. To determine whether other fishes have multiple PTHs, we searched the genomic database of the Japanese pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes) and identified zPTH1 and zPTH2 homologs. Phylogenetic analysis showed that PTHs from zebrafish and pufferfish are more closely related to each other than to known mammalian PTH homologs or to PTHrP and tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues. This is consistent with evolution of two teleost PTH-like peptides occurring after the evolutionary divergence between fishes and mammals. Overall, the PTH system appears more complex in fishes than in mammals, providing evidence of continued evolution in nontetrapod species. The availability of multiple forms of fish PTH and their receptors provide additional tools for PTH ligand/receptor structure-function studies.
Estrogen Replacement Reverses the Hepatic Steatosis Phenotype in the Male Aromatase Knockout Mouse
Authors: Hewitt Kylie N. , Pratis Kyriakos , Jones Margaret E. E. , Simpson Evan R. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe aromatase knockout (ArKO) mouse cannot synthesize endogenous estrogens due to a disruption to the Cyp19 gene. Previously we have shown both male and female ArKO mice have an age progressive obese phenotype and a sexually dimorphic disruption to hepatic cholesterol and triglyceride homeostasis. Only ArKO males have elevated hepatic triglyceride levels leading to hepatic steatosis partly due to an increase in expression of enzymes involved in de novo lipogenesis and transporters involved in fatty acid uptake. In this study ArKO males were treated with 17β-estradiol (3 μg/ kg·d) at 18 wk old for 6 wk. Wild-type controls were not treated, and ArKO controls received vehicle oil injections. Estrogen replacement reverses the previously reported obese and fatty liver phenotypes; this was achieved by reductions in gonadal, visceral, and brown adipose tissue weights and significantly decreased hepatic triglyceride levels. Estrogen deficiency led to a significant up-regulation of hepatic fatty acid synthase expression, which was reduced with 17β-estradiol replacement, although not quite reaching significance. Acetyl Coenzyme A carboxylase α mRNA expression showed no significant changes. Expression of transcripts encoding adipocyte differentiated regulatory protein, a fatty acid transporter, was significantly elevated in estrogen-deficient males, and 17β-estradiol replacement significantly reduced these levels. Scavenger receptor class b type 1 showed no significantly changes. This study reveals that the previously reported disruption to triglyceride homeostasis in estrogen-deficient males can be reversed with 17β-estradiol treatment, indicating an important role for estrogen in maintaining triglyceride and fatty acid homeostasis in males.
Factors Affecting Dental Attendance following Treatment for Dental Anxiety in Primary Dental Care
Authors: Dailey Yvonne-Marie , Crawford Alex N , Humphris Gerry , Lennon Michael A 
Published: December 2003

Aim To explore factors affecting patients’ dental attendance behaviour following referral from a dental anxiety clinic to a general dental practitioner. Design A four-year follow up of patients who completed a course of treatment for dental anxiety by conducting semi-structured interviews, face-to-face or by telephone, with confirmation of dental attendance from the dental records. Subjects Forty-one patients who had completed a course of treatment for dental anxiety, in a specially designed community clinic. Mean time since last dental visit before treatment was 7.8 years (range 0.5–29). Results Twenty-three patients were successfully followed up and 11 (47%) were receiving regular asymptomatic dental care. The dental anxiety scores of those who subsequently became asymptomatic attenders were significantly lower at follow-up than the patients who became symptomatic attenders (P=0.01). Effective dentist-patient communication was a common theme of the interviews. Conclusions At four-year follow-up, dental anxiety was substantially lower in those who subsequently became asymptomatic attenders than those who became symptomatic attenders. A positive dentist-patient relationship had developed with the asymptomatic attenders.
Occlusal Caries Diagnosis in Molar Teeth from Bitewing and Panoramic Radiographs
Authors: Thomas Michael F , Ricketts David NJ , Wilson Ronald F 
Published: December 2003

Introduction Previous studies have implied that the panoramic radiograph was inferior to the bitewing radiograph for caries diagnosis. However, these clinical studies lacked a method of validation. The aim of this study was to use an electronic caries meter (ECM II, LODE, Groningen, The Netherlands) to validate occlusal caries diagnosis made from bitewing and panoramic radiographs. Materials and Method Forty-nine Army recruits were examined with the ECM, and had bitewing and panoramic radiographs taken. In total 299 molar occlusal surfaces were available for examination. Seven examiners viewed the bitewing and panoramic radiographs on two separate occasions and assessed each occlusal surface for dentine caries as 1: almost definitely no caries, 2: probably no caries, 3: unsure, 4: caries probably present, and 5: caries almost definitely present. This was repeated on 20% of the radiographs at two further separate sittings. ECM conductance readings greater than 9 were taken to indicate dentine caries. Examiner decisions that caries was probably and definitely considered to be present were taken as positive diagnoses. Results Bitewing and panoramic radiographs provided sensitivity values of 0.25 and 0.19 and specificity values of 0.93 and 0.97 respectively. ROC analysis indicated no statistically significant difference in diagnostic quality between the bitewing and panoramic radiographs. Intra-examiner reproducibility was found to be poor to moderate (Kappa values for bite-wing = 0.31–0.44, panoramic = 0.07–0.54). Conclusion No difference in overall diagnostic performance was found between bitewing and panoramic radiographs for the diagnosis of occlusal dentine caries.
An Evaluation of Attitudes of Midlands Female Dentists to General Dental Practice: Will it Impact upon the Future Delivery of Primary Dental Care?
Authors: Thomas David J 
Published: December 2003

Introduction Both anecdotal evidence and research indicate that there is a developing manpower shortage in the delivery of dental care in the UK. With the predicted increase in registered female dentists, it is possible that future changes in work patterns might occur. If they are occurring, it is important to understand the needs of these female dentists in order to maximise efficient delivery of dental care. The aim of the study was to identify any gender differences that might exist in attitudes to the delivery of primary dental care within general dental practice in the Midlands. Method A Likert-style questionnaire was sent to all private and registered NHS GDPs who worked within the areas covered by three Midland health authorities. Results The results indicated that the clinical practice of female GDPs appears to involve less private work than their male counterparts and they seem less inclined than male GDPs to proactive development of private practise. Females were less likely than males to be principals and also less likely than males to employ other dentists. Female GDP attitudes towards management, net income and stress at work appears to differ to those of their male counterparts. There was little difference in gender attitude towards professional ethics and maintenance of clinical standards.
Metabolic and neuropsychological phenotype in women heterozygous for ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency
Authors: Gyato Kunsang , Wray J. , Huang Z. J. , Yudkoff M. , Batshaw Mark L. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractWe compared neurocognitive indices with clinical status, mutation analysis, and urea synthetic capacity in 19 women heterozygous for ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. Although as a group, these women had average IQ scores, they displayed a specific neuropsychological phenotype with significant strengths in verbal intelligence, verbal learning, verbal memory, and reading, and significant weaknesses in fine motor dexterity/speed and nonsignificant weaknesses in nonverbal intelligence, visual memory, attention/executive skills, and math. This suggests selective vulnerability of white matter and better preservation of gray matter. When the group was divided into symptomatic and asymptomatic subgroups, based on either clinical history or residual urea synthetic capacity, the asymptomatic subgroup outperformed the symptomatic subgroup on all tested domains of neuropsychological functioning. Furthermore, the amount of residual urea synthetic capacity was predictive of several end point cognitive measures. There was no correlation between neonatal versus late‐onset mutation or between normal or abnormal allopurinol challenge and neuropsychological outcome. In sum, we identified a specific metabolic and neurocognitive phenotype in women heterozygous for ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency. The findings support the importance of maintaining meticulous metabolic control in children with urea cycle disorders, because even mildly symptomatic subjects demonstrate cognitive deficits.
Conversion of Natural Substances by Microbial Enzymes
Authors: Tamm Ch. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractMicro‐organisms form enzymes that catalyze many reactions which are difficult to carry out in the laboratory or which involve many steps. Enzymes even react with substances which are normally foreign to them. The frequently high stereospecificity of microbiological reactions is of particular significance. The most important types of reactions are: hydroxylations, dehydrogenations (oxidations), and hydrogenations (reductions), cleavage of ester and C‐C bonds, and transglycosidations. The variety of the compounds converted is extremely great.
Elastomeric Fibers Based on Polyurethanes
Authors: Rinke H. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractHighly elastic polyurethanes suitable for fiber production can be obtained by various synthetic routes based on diisocyanate polyaddition processes. Macrodiisocyanates obtained from long chain diols and diisocyanates are allowed to react with polyamines during fiber formation (chemical spinning process) or the macrodiisocyanates are treated in solvents (e.g. dimethylformamide) with polyamines to give highly viscous, spinnable solutions of polymer. Both methods yield highly elastic polymers with wide‐mesh network structures. The production of polyurethane fibers and their structures and physical properties are described.
Theories of Ion‐Exchange Column Performance: A Critical Study
Authors: Helfferich F. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractMany theories of ion‐exchange column performance, differing widely in their simplifying assumptions and their results, have been advanced. For successful application it is vital to choose, in each particular case, the most appropriate theory. this requires a thorough general understanding of the phenomena and a precise knowledge of the consequences of the simplifying assumptions. The most important qualitative characteristics of ion‐exchange columns are outlined, especially the formtion of self‐sharpening and non‐sharpening boundaries and of constant and proportionate patterns. The commonly used quantitative theories and calculation methods are then discussed and their adequacy, their shortcomings, and the ranges of their applicability are critically studied.
Biology and Biochemistry of Reproduction and Contraception
Authors: Jöchle W. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractMaturation of sperm and ovum are not autonomous processes. Rather, germ cell activity is controlled by a regulatory center in the hypothalamus. This assures germ cell maturation, fertilization, and development of the fetus until birth. Command, functional release, and feedback take place by humoral paths which involve gonadotropin releasers, gonadotropins, and sex harmones. Even in antiquity, attempts at birth control involved a search for substances which might inhibit the essential physiological and biochemical reproductive processes. This report deals with more recent efforts along these lines.
Syntheses Using Pyridinium Salts (IV)
Authors: Kröhnke F. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractCleavage of N‐phenylpyridinium or N‐vinylpyridinium salts with secondary aliphatic amines leads to aromatic amino compounds or enamines which are often unobtainable by other routes. The other fragment, glutacondialdehyde or its monoanil, gives azulenes, as shown by Ziegler and Hafner, as well as König; these compounds can also be prepared from alkylpyridinium salts with cyclopentadienylsodium (Hafner). Syntheses of labile aldehydes which are otherwise difficult to obtain and of α‐ketocarboxylic acids, starting from pyridinium salts and proceeding via nitrones or α‐cyanoanils, are illustrated by many new examples. Benzimidazoles, benzothiazoles, and amidines are accessible from pyridinium salts via nitrones or α‐cyanoanils; cyanoanils can be transformed into quinoxalines (including xanthopterine), perimidines, etc. Furthermore, nitrosonaphthols and nitrosonaphthylamines react with pyridinium salts containing an active methylene group on the nitrogen, leading to new ring systems. Further synthetic possibilities arise from nucleophilic displacements of the pyridine in pyridinium salts by SN 2 reactions. Combination of the route via nitrones with the methods of Arndt‐Eistert, Ortoleva‐King, or with chloromethylation constitutes a significant enlargement of its range of application. The formation of α‐cyanoanils from diazoketones permits synthesis of α‐keto‐β‐amino acids from α‐amino acids, or of phenylglyoxylic acids from benzoic acids by chain extension.
Syntheses of s‐Triazine and Substituted s‐Triazines
Authors: Bredereck H. , Effenberger F. , Hofmann A. , Hajek M. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractIn the last account of our investigations in the amide field [1], we reported inter alia on the preparation and reactions of trisformamidomethane. Further work with this compound led to simple syntheses particularly of heterocyclic compaunds. Following the pattern of these syntheses, compounds other than trisformamidomethane were employed for formylation and ring‐closure; these included formates, orthoformates, formamidine, dimethylformamide diethylacetal, and formamide. Part of this recent research is reported below.
Neighboring Group and Substituent Effects in Organosulfur Compounds
Authors: Gundermann K. D. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThioether groups participate in nucleophilic substitution reactions at adjacent carbon atoms, in the addition of alkane and arenesulfenyl halides onto olefinic double bonds, and in elimination reactions which lead to olefins and which proceed via intermediate episulfonium ions. Studies of alkylthioacrylic acid derivatives, which are readily synthetized because of the neighboring group effect, show that the presence of thioether groups in the α‐position of acrylic acid systems leads to particularly high reactivity in “head‐to‐head” dimerizations.
The Course of the Willgerodt‐Kindler Reaction of Alkyl Aryl Ketones
Authors: Asinger F. , Schäfer Wolfgang , Halcour K. , Saus A. , Triem H. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractKetones react with sulfur and NH3 or amines at room temperature to produce Δ3‐thiazolines, 5‐alkylidene‐Δ3‐thiazolines, Δ3‐imidazoline‐5‐thiones, hexathiacycloheptane derivatives, α,α′‐dioxodisulfides, bis‐(1‐aralk‐1‐yl) disulfides, or thiocarboxamides, depending on the coreactant and on the reaction conditions. It was recognized that the formation of all of these numerous types of compounds can be explained basically by primary thiolations and geminal dithiolations, which in conjunction with their reverse reaction (desulfurization) and the assumption of a thioreductone equilibrium permit a new interpretation of the course of the Willgerodt‐Kindler reaction of alkyl aryl ketones.
Complex Formation with Organoaluminum Compounds
Authors: Lehmkuhl H. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractFrom theoretical considerations of the Lewis‐acid character of the organoaluminum compounds AlR3 and AlEt2X and of possible combinations of these acids with Lewis bases‐chiefly anions combined with alkali metal ions – by reactions analogous to neutralizations, as well as on the basis of experimental findings, the compounds AlEt2X and the alkali salts MY can be arranged in the order of their tendency to form complexes, in dependence on the nature of X and Y, respectively. – Numerous displacement reactions, in which a stronger complexing group replaces a weaker one, confirm these series. These reactions have led to the formation of new complex compounds of alkylaluminum with the hitherto unknown alkyls of calcium, strontium, and barium, and also to the preparation of [NEt4][AlEt4] and [SbEt4][AlEt4]. Displacement of ethylsodium from NaAIEt4 with the aid of NaOR – which is readily complexed – in the presence of benzene provides a simple mode of conversion of alkylaluminum into phenylaluminum compounds:

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Recent Developments in the Chemistry of Pteridines
Authors: Pfleiderer W. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe abundant experimental material available on the chenistry of the pteridines, as well as the reports given at the Third International Symposium on Pteridines have been reviewed and the most important results of the past ten years incorporated into the present article. Syntheses, reactions, and structural problems are reviewed and natural pteridines and their possible biochemical significance are discussed.
Tetramethylurea as a Solvent and Reagent
Authors: Lüttringhaus A. , Dirksen H. W. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractTetramethylurea is an excellent solvent for organic substances, particularly aromatic compounds. It is suitable as reactions. Being inert toward Grignard compounds, it is a useful solvent for reactions of the latter with compounds that are sparingly soluble in ether. Several industrially feasible syntheses of tetramethylurea are discussed.
Reactionss of Sodium Hydrazide with Organic Compounds
Authors: Kauffmann Th. , Hacker H. , Hage S. M. , Hansen J. , Henkler H. , Kosel Ch. , Lötzsch K. , Müller Horst , Rauch E. , Schoeneck W. , Schulz J. , Sobel J. , Spaude S. , Weber R. , Wolf D. , Zengel H. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe reactions of sodium hydrazide with organic compounds are reviewed for the first time. The great variety of these reactions is mainly due to the extraordinary ease with which the hydrazide ion adds onto unsaturated compounds, usually to form unstable adducts that achieve stability in various ways.