bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of GH replacement therapy in adults on serum levels of leptin and ghrelin: the role of lipolysis
Authors: Vestergaard E T , Hansen T K , Nielsen S , Moller N , Christiansen J S , Jorgensen J O L 
Published: September 2005

Objective: The regulation and function of systemic ghrelin levels appear to be associated with food intake and energy balance rather than GH. Since GH, in turn, acutely induces lipolysis and insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, we aimed to study the isolated and combined effects of GH, free fatty acids (FFAs) and insulin sensitivity on circulating ghrelin levels in human subjects.
Design: Seven GH-deficient patients (aged 37 ± 4 years (mean ± s.e.)) were studied on four occasions in a 2 × 2 factorial design with and without GH substitution and with and without administration of acipimox, which lowers FFA levels by inhibition of the hormone-sensitive lipase, in the basal state and during a hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp.
Results: Serum FFA levels decreased with acipimox administration irrespective of GH status. The GH-induced reduction in insulin sensitivity was countered by acipimox. Fasting ghrelin levels decreased insignificantly during GH administration alone, but were reduced by 33% during co-administration of GH and acipimox (Aci) (in ng/l): 860 ± 120 (−GH − Aci), 711 ± 130 (−GH + Aci), 806 ± 130 (+GH − Aci), 574 ± 129 (+GH + Aci), P < 0.01. The clamp was associated with a further, moderate lowering of ghrelin. GH and acipimox induced a reciprocal 25% increase in serum leptin levels (μg/l): 11.2 ± 4.4 (−GH − Aci), 11.7 ± 4.4 (−GH + Aci), 11.5 ± 4.4 (+GH − Aci), 13.9 ± 4.2 (+GH + Aci), P = 0.005.
Conclusion: Our data suggest that antilipolysis via suppression of the hormone-sensitive lipase in combination with GH administration is associated with significant and reciprocal changes in ghrelin and leptin.
Epidermal Growth Factor Is a Neuronal Differentiation Factor for Retinal Stem Cells In Vitro
Authors: Angénieux Brigitte , Schorderet Daniel F. , Arsenijevic Yvan 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Stem cells are a tool for in vitro elucidation of the putative role of factors on cell fate. Herein we analyze the role of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on progeny derived from retinal stem cells (RSCs). We isolated cells from neuroretinas of neonate mice. All the proliferating cells harbored the radial glia marker RC2, expressed transcription factors usually found in radial glia (Mash1, Pax6), and met the criteria of stem cells: high capacity of expansion, maintenance of an undifferentiated state, and multipotency demonstrated by clonal analysis. We analyzed the differentiation 7 days after transfer of the cells in different culture media. In absence of serum, EGF led to the expression of the neuronal marker β-tubulin-III and acquisition of neuronal morphology in 15% of the cells. Analysis of cell proliferation by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation revealed that EGF mainly induced the formation of neurons without stimulating cell cycle progression. Moreover, a pulse of 2-hour EGF stimulation was sufficient to induce neuronal differentiation. Some neurons were committed to the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) phenotype, as revealed by the expression of retinal ganglion markers (Ath5, Brn3b, and melanopsin) and in a few cases to other retinal phenotypes (photoreceptors [PRs] and bipolar cells). We confirmed that the late RSCs were not restricted over time and that they conserved their multipotency by generating retinal phenotypes that usually appear at early (RGC) or late (PRs) developmental stages. Our results show that EGF is not only a factor controlling glial development, as previously shown, but also a potent differentiation factor for retinal neurons, at least in vitro.
Characterization of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Isolated from Mouse Fetal Bone Marrow
Authors: Wang Xiaoli , Hisha Hiroko , Taketani Shigeru , Adachi Yasushi , Li Qiang , Cui Wenhao , Cui Yunze , Wang Jianfeng , Song Changye , Mizokami Tomomi , Okazaki Satoshi , Li Qing , Fan Tianxue , Fan Hongxue , Lian Zhexiong , Gershwin M. Eric , Ikehara Susumu 
Published: September 2005

AbstractMesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are defined as cells that can differentiate into multiple mesenchymal lineage cells. MSCs have some features (surface molecules and cytokine production, etc.) common to so-called traditional bone marrow (BM) stromal cells, which have the capacity to support hemopoiesis. In the present study, we isolated murine MSCs (mMSCs) from the fetal BM using an anti-PA6 monoclonal antibody (mAb) that is specific for bone marrow stromal cells. The mMSCs, called FMS/PA6-P cells, are adherent, fibroblastic, and extensively expanded and have the ability to differentiate not only into osteoblasts and adipocytes but also into vascular endothelial cells. The FMS/PA6-P cells produce a broad spectrum of cytokines and growth factors closely related to hemopoiesis and show good hemopoiesis-supporting capacity both in vivo and in vitro, suggesting that they are a component of the hemopoietic stem cell niche in vivo. Interestingly, although the FMS/PA6-P cells express a high level of the PA6 molecule, which is reactive with anti-PA6 mAb, they gradually lose their ability to express this molecule during the course of differentiation into osteoblasts and adipocytes, indicating that the PA6 molecule might serve as a novel marker of mMSCs.
Paint
Authors: Van De Mark Michael R. , Sandefur Kathryn D. , Durham Katherine A. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Paint has one of the most important roles in our economy. Its job is to protect homes, cars and infrastructure from all adversities and at the same time add appearance and aesthetics to the painted item. The main functions of a paint are to protect and beautify the substrate it is applied to. Paint is a liquid coating that is pigmented to produce an opaque solid film after application.
Paints have been used for about 30,000 years. Ancient paintings have been found on the walls of caves in France. These early coatings were decorative and were made from naturally occurring materials. Over the years different technologies have evolved to meet the challenges. Alkyds were an early improvement over oil type paints. Latex technology came out of WWII and the search for a rubber replacement. Today higher solids coatings and solvent free paints are coming out of the environmental movement.
This article discusses the different types of paints commonly used in architectural applications, which include house and trade sales paints. Coatings commonly encountered in architectural applications include primers, stains, varnishes, sealers, interior and exterior house paints. Today these coatings may be obtained in a variety of types including oil‐based, latex, urethane, and others. The choice of color is almost endless in most interior and exterior house paints thanks to the industries ability to tint and the advent of the color computer (spectrophotometer). The choice of pigment, resin, extender, solvents, and additives type, as well as the amount, all play an important role in the performance of a paint. The manufacturing of the paint requires the quantitative addition and mixing of components in the correct order to produce a consistent paint. The paint manufacturer must meet, through rigorous testing, the needs of the specific application. The coating, however, is only as good as the surface preparation. The end user must use the paint in accordance with the manufacturer’s guidelines or the paint may fail.
Paints have been a bargain over the years. The price of a gallon of paint has remained low even though the price of other goods has increased. The application of technology and economy of scale has allowed this savings over the years. Early latex paints were not good performers, today they out perform most oil‐based products. As technology continues to evolve, it will improve coatings even further.
Nanotechnology
Authors: Milev Adriyan S. , Kannangara G. S. Kamali , Wilson Michael A. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAlong with genetic engineering, nanotechnology appears to be the other big growth area of this century. Nanotechnology means building useful things at the 10−9m level. Nanotechnology is not synonymous with chemistry, since it is more specific and concerned with observing atoms and molecules and manipulating them through visual observation at the nanoscale level. However, it may eventually encompass all of chemistry and a large part of physics and molecular biology. Feynman’s and Drexler’s definitions now define the field of molecular nanotechnology, which is sometimes also called molecular manufacturing. The latter is a poor description, since it is synonymous with synthetic chemistry. Other terms, such as molecular engineering, have also been used, but these terms have also broadened to include manipulating larger than atomic entities and the ability to design and manufacture materials and devices that are tens or hundreds of atoms across. Once material sizes are reduced below 100 nm, they begin demonstrating an array of unique properties based on quantum mechanical effects, rather than the familiar Newtonian mechanics that operate in the macroscopic scale. There are two fundamental strategies used to produce very small machines or devices. The “top‐down” approach takes a chunk of material and by physical methods carves out the desired nanostructure. The “bottom‐up” approach is the most promising since increasingly complex structures are intentionally assembled from nanoscale components to build larger scale devices. This article provides a short overview of current nanotechnology with special emphasis on fullerene and carbon nanotube properties and applications that have been pursued during the past decade. Development in covalent and non covalent fullerene and carbon nanotube functionalization led to the preparation of new supramolecular architectures such as electron acceptors for photo induced energy transfer. These molecular structures feature marked properties as a consequence of the existence of the fullerene or carbon nanotube components. A review of efficient ways on the organic functionalization of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes is also provided. Langmuir‐Blodgett and self assembly are two commonly used techniques for organizing functionalized fullerenes and nanotubes in highly ordred thin films. Characterization techniques for these films are briefly presented.
Paint and Finish Removers
Authors: White David L. , Bardole Jay A. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Finish removers play an important role in the recycling of durable goods. Finishes are removed from antiques in the process of restoration. Original equipment manufacturers remove coatings from rejected parts. Lead‐based paints are removed for the safety of those living in lead exposure environments. Finishes are removed from woods, metals, and plastics. No single type of remover can be effective in all of the 107 different applications in which removers are used. Finish removers include a major active component. The formulator can also choose from cosolvents, diluents, evaporation retardants, emulsifiers, activators, thickeners, and corrosion inhibitors to make the remover best suited for any application. Considerations important when selecting a finish remover include how well it works, how quickly it works, and the cost per amount of work done. It is also important to consider the safety of the person using the remover and the impact the finish removal process will have on the environment. Manufacturing is best done in closed kettles for the protection of the worker and the environment.
Perfumes
Authors: Schreiber William L. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
This article surveys the essential aspects of perfume creation and the fragrance industry, providing brief notes on the history of fragrance use and a list of odor descriptors. It discusses the creation of and illustrates with examples both fine and functional fragrances, summarizing in particular the performance requirements of the latter group in a number of applications. It describes different perfume ingredients, natural as well as synthetic, and offers information about their origin, fragrance characteristics, and uses. In addition, it examines the chemical structures and odors of some typical aroma chemicals by functional groups.The article also covers such topics on fragrance research as the analysis of natural products, synthesis of aroma chemicals, structure–odor considerations, process research and development, and psychological effects of fragrance. Finally, it reviews the manufacture and quality control of perfumes and ingredients, and supplies an overview of the economic, safety, environmental, and regulatory aspects of the industry.
Pesticides
Authors: Leng Marguerite L. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: September 2005

AbstractA pesticide is any substance or mixture of substances used to control living organisms that cause damage or economic loss, or transmit or produce disease, including such animals as insects or mice, unwanted plants, microorganisms such as those causing plant diseases, or viruses. Early pesticides were simple, often toxic inorganic compounds having a broad spectrum of activity, and often applied indiscriminately at high rates. Newer crop protection agents are generally complex organic chemicals, which may bind to a specific enzyme receptor. Some commercial pesticides are biological agents.Pesticide use in the United States include herbicides (the largest sector), insecticides, fungicides, and others, including household disinfectants, repellents, rodenticides, etc. All pesticides produced and used in the United States must be reviewed and registered by the U.S. EPA. Extensive studies on chemistry, residues in treated food commodities, environmental fate, and toxicity to laboratory animals and wildlife, to demonstrate that proposed uses do not cause undue harm to humans or the environment, are required. The use of genetically modified microorganisms as pesticides and their impact is discussed. Problems for the agrochemical industry and for government regulators include the lack of harmonization of study requirements in developed countries, and public perception that pesticides are not adequately tested and are inherently harmful.
Potassium
Authors: Chiu Kuen‐Wai ,   Updated by Staff
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Potassium, the third element in the alkali metal series, is manufactured by a reduction process using sodium and potassium chloride, operated at high temperature. Sodium chloride is the by‐product.
Potassium is itself a powerful reducing agent and can serve as an electron source for many chemical reactions. It forms liquid–metal alloys with other alkali metals. The potassium–sodium liquid alloys are ideal for use as heat‐transfer, electrical contact, and hydraulic fluids.
Commercially important potassium derivatives prepared from potassium metal include potassium–sodium alloys, alkoxides, amides, hydride, graphite, and superoxide. Most are utilized as reducing agents. A potassium–sodium dispersion provides higher reaction surface and allows reduction at lower temperatures than the individual metals. Potassium alkoxides are strong, nonnucleophilic bases that have good solubilities, selectivities, and stabilities, and are ideal for deprotonation reactions. Potassium graphite, an intercalation compound, can serve as a solid reducing agent. Potassium superoxide, a radical anion, is a strong oxidizing agent, generating oxygen in contact with moisture and carbon dioxide.
Cover Picture: Direct Correlation of Organic Semiconductor Film Structure to Field‐Effect Mobility (Adv. Mater. 19/2005)
Authors: DeLongchamp D. M. , Sambasivan S. , Fischer D. A. , Lin E. K. , Chang P. , Murphy A. R. , Fréchet J. M. J. , Subramanian V. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe use of near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy as a non‐destructive technique to quantify the simultaneous chemical conversion, molecular ordering, and defect formation of soluble oligothiophene precursor films intended for application in organic field‐effect transistors is demonstrated on p. 2340 by DeLongchamp and co‐workers. Illustrated from left to right, with increasing temperature: a) as‐cast, the molecules are weakly oriented; b) at the conversion onset, they become isotropic; c) after full conversion, they are strongly oriented and exhibit maximum field‐effect mobility; and d) overheating reduces film coverage and decreases their orientation, thus lowering their performance.
Myocardial injury or infarction associated with fat embolism in sickle cell disease: A report of three cases with survival
Authors: Dang Nghia C. , Johnson Cage , Eslami‐Farsani Mahmoud , Haywood L. Julian 
Published: September 2005

AbstractFat embolism represents a dread complication of sickle cell hemoglobinopathies. We present the details of three cases that, in addition to an acute chest syndrome, had serological and clinical parameters consistent with myocardial damage. A favorable outcome was obtained with judicious use of blood transfusion. Am. J. Hematol. 80:133–136, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Myelofibrosis‐associated massive splenomegaly: A cause of increased intra‐abdominal pressure, pulmonary hypertension, and positional dyspnea
Authors: Ziakas Panayiotis D. , Voulgarelis Michael , Felekouras Evagelos , Anagnostou Dimitra , Tzelepis George E. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractWe describe a patient with myelofibrosis, giant splenomegaly, and pulmonary hypertension related to increased intra‐abdominal pressure. Focusing on alterations in hemodynamic studies, we conclude that in patients with myelofibrosis, dyspnea, and hypoxemia, the measurement of intra‐abdominal pressure should be included in the initial evaluation. It is an inexpensive, non‐invasive diagnostic tool that can provide crucial information about the cause of dyspnea and disclose the pathogenetic link between massive splenomegaly and pulmonary compromise in myelofibrosis. Am. J. Hematol. 80:128–132, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pulmonary complications following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: Diagnostic approaches
Authors: Sirithanakul Kasem , Salloum Anan , Klein Jared L. , Soubani Ayman O. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractPulmonary complications are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Pulmonary infiltrates in such patients pose a major challenge for clinicians because of the wide differential diagnosis of infectious and noninfectious conditions. It is rare for the diagnosis to be made by chest radiograph, and commonly these patients will need further invasive and noninvasive studies to confirm the etiology of the pulmonary infiltrates. This review describes the role of the different diagnostic tools available to reach a diagnosis in a timely manner in this patient population. Am. J. Hematol. 80:137–146, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three novel polymorphisms in the β globin gene
Authors: Nadkarni A. , Sakaguchi T. , Gorakshakar A. , Phanasgaonkar S. , Colah R. , Mohanty D. , Kiyama R. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractWe report on three novel polymorphisms in and around the β globin gene. Two of them are intronic (IVS2) polymorphisms (IVS 2 nt 200–203 (−CTTT) and IVS2 82–83 (−AG)). The third is a novel G→C substitution at nt +1707 related to the β globin cap site. This +1707 G→C polymorphism was detected in 23.5% of chromosomes among 140 samples from India. It seems to be a novel but common polymorphism among Indians. There was no linkage between these novel polymorphisms and any β thalassemia mutation. Am. J. Hematol. 80:161–163, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Childhood and adult ALL: Differences in epigenetic lesions associated with cell cycle genes
Authors: Gutiérrez Marina I. , Siraj Abdul K. , Ibrahim Muna M. , Hussain Azhar , Bhatia Kishor 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe impact of silencing tumor suppressor genes involved in cell proliferation in adult and pediatric ALL is still unknown. We analyzed methylation of the master regulators (p73, p53, Rb), CDKIs (p27, p57), and the INK4 locus (p15) in childhood ALLs and describe a relatively low frequency. Comparisons with adult ALL showed that p57 clearly differed in children (7% methylation) and adults (50% methylation). While >20% of adult ALL Ph1 chromosome‐negative undergo methylation of p73, p57, and p15, only 3% of childhood ALL carried such anomalies, which is very significant when a higher fraction of pediatric patients has non‐Ph1 ALL than do the adult patients. We have studied a large p57 CpG island and expression by real‐time RT‐PCR. We observed that 53% of childhood leukemias lacked p57 transcripts, and the overall level was 8‐fold lower than in normal lymphocytes (P < 0.0001). However, no correlation with methylation was found. Thus, loss of p57 expression in the absence of methylation may be frequent in childhood ALL, suggesting that methylation is not the sole mechanism of p57 downregulation. Methylation differences in ALL may be age‐related or, alternatively, reflect different pathogenesis. Am. J. Hematol. 80:158–160, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term persistence of host cells detected by X‐chromosome gene‐based assay in patients undergoing gender‐mismatched hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Karasawa Masamitsu , Yamane Arito , Mitsui Takeki , Irisawa Hiroyuki , Sakura Tohru , Matsushima Takafumi , Tsukamoto Norifumi , Nojima Yoshihisa , Miyawaki Shuichi 
Published: September 2005

AbstractUsing our recently developed human androgen receptor (HUMARA) gene‐based chimerism assay, long‐term chimerism was investigated in female patients who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) with cells from male donors. After restriction digestion of samples, we detected a small number of female‐derived cells within a large population of male‐derived cells, with a sensitivity from 0.1% to 0.05%. Chimerism was examined in four patients with myeloid malignancies: two patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) from myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and one patient each with AML M3 and AML M4. All patients underwent myeloablative conditioning regimens and exhibited good clinical results during a median follow‐up period of 6.6 years (range, 3.4–7.5 years). Female‐derived cells were detected throughout the entire follow‐up period in all bone marrow samples, but they became undetectable in the peripheral blood samples of 3 patients. Moreover, the HUMARA band pattern suggests that these residual host cells were normal cells. This study confirms the usefulness of the HUMARA gene‐based assay, which showed that patients undergoing HCT frequently show mixed chimerism (MC) for a long period, especially in bone marrow, although the possibility of contamination by host stromal cells cannot be excluded. Am. J. Hematol. 80:101–105, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.