bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunohistochemical localization of tyrosine hydroxylase in corneal nerves
Authors: Marfurt Carl F. , Ellis Lawrence C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe sympathetic innervation of the mammalian cornea is thought to play an important role in the regulation of epithelial ion transport, mitogenesis, and wound healing following corneal injuries. Anatomically, the three‐dimensional organization and relative density of corneal sympathetic innervation in many species remains inadequately described. In the present study, the sympathetic innervation of five different mammals (guinea pig, rat, mouse, hamster, and human) was studied in corneas sectioned parallel to the main axis of fiber orientation by labeling the fibers immunohistochemically with antiserum against tyrosine hydroxylase and an avidin‐biotin‐diaminobenzidine technique. The results showed that each species displayed a distinctive pattern and density of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive (TH‐IR) corneal innervation that was unique to that species. The overall level of TH‐IR innervation was highest in the guinea pig, moderate in the human, hamster, and rat, and lowest in the mouse. In all species examined, TH‐IR nerves were most numerous in the corneoscleral limbus where they either formed intimate associations with blood vessels or coursed through the connective tissue matrix apparently unrelated to vascular elements. Other TH‐IR nerves entered the cornea proper in radially directed stromal nerve bundles to give rise to subepithelial plexuses of varying complexity. Occasional intraepithelial penetrations were observed in the guinea pig, human, and rat. Removal of the superior cervical ganglion resulted in the total loss of TH‐IR staining from guinea pig and hamster corneas and in the substantial but incomplete loss of TH‐IR staining from rat and mouse corneas, thus demonstrating their predominantly sympathetic origin. Combined sympathetic and sensory ocular denervation in the rat eliminated almost all corneal and limbal TH‐IR immunostaining, thus suggesting a minor TH‐IR sensory component in this species. In agreement with this conclusion, small numbers of TH‐IR sensory neurons and an abundance of TH‐IR fibers were observed in the trigeminal ganglia of the rat and guinea pig. Removal of the rat main ciliary ganglion resulted in the loss of additional TH‐IR fibers from the chamber angle and iris, thereby confirming a partial parasympathetic contribution to the rat iridial TH‐IR innervation. Following unilateral removal of the superior cervical ganglion in rats and guinea pigs, the contralateral cornea contained increased numbers of TH‐IR nerves, suggesting an upregulation of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in some contralateral axons. In summary, these data have shown pronounced interspecies differences in the organization and density of the mammalian corneal TH‐IR innervation that may reflect species‐specific variation in the level of sympathetic control over select aspects of corneal physiology. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Deafferentation‐induced changes in neuropeptides of the adult rat dorsal horn following pronase injection of the sciatic nerve
Authors: El‐Bohy Ashraf , Lamotte Carole C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effect of deafferentation on the neuropeptides substance P (SP), calcitonin generelated peptide (CGRP), somatostatin (SS), and cholecystokinin (CCK) in the lumbar dorsal horn of the adult rat was examined by the indirect immunohistochemical method. Deafferentation was induced by injecting the sciatic nerve of anesthetized rats with proteolytic enzymes (20 mg pronase), which cause selective death of the nerve's ganglion cells and degeneration of their terminal arborization in the spinal cord. The density of immunolabel of each peptide was determined by using a computerized densitometry analysis system in two animal groups, i.e., short‐term (10–13 days after injection) and long‐term (4–9 months). In both groups, the deafferentation produced a significant ipsilateral depletion of CGRP, SP, CCK, and SS immunoreactivity. This depletion was limited to the area occupied by the sciatic terminals in the dorsal horn. In the long‐term group, the loss of CGRP and SP staining was significantly less than that in the short‐term animals, thus indicating partial recovery. A similar, but not statistically significant, trend was observed for CCK and SS. The large decrease in CGRP and SP seen in short‐term animals reflects the large contribution of the sciatic nerve to the lumbar dorsal horn. The partial recovery of peptides demonstrates the plasticity of the nervous system and may parallel sprouting of primary afferents from other nerves, such as the saphenous nerve, as we have demonstrated in previous studies. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reorganization of mossy fiber synapses in male and female hypothyroid rats: A stereological study
Authors: Madeira M. Dulce , Paula‐Barbosa Manuel M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThyroid hormone deficiency has been reported to interfere with synaptogenesis, particularly in those regions of the brain where the neurons display a late and protracted histogenesis, although the extent of the synaptic alterations remains unknown. To provide detailed quantitative data on the effects of hypothyroidism upon synapses, a link of the hippocampal circuitry was selected: the contact between mossy fibers and dendritic excrescences of CA3 pyramidal cells (MF‐CA3 synapses). Groups of six male and six female rats aged 30 and 180 days were analyzed separately after being treated as follows: (1) hypothyroid from day 0 until day 30 (30 day old hypothyroid group); (2) hypothyroid from day 0 until day 180 (180 day old hypothyroid group); (3) hypothyroid until day 30 and thenceforth maintained euthyroid (recovery group); and (4) and (5) 30 and 180 day old control groups, respectively. Timm staining, Golgi impregnation, and electron microscopy were employed to estimate the volume of the mossy fiber system, the number and size of mossy fiber boutons, and the number and related features of MF‐CA3 synapses.The volume of the mossy fiber system and the number of synaptic boutons were reduced in all experimental groups. The total number of synapses was decreased in 30 day old hypothyroid rats, but did not differ among 180 day old animals. Postsynaptic densities were shorter in hypothyroid and recovery groups than in controls, although the reduction was not as marked in recovery rats as it was in hypothyroid animals. Structural alterations were noted in the pre‐ and postsynaptic compartments of MF‐CA3 synapses of both 180 day old hypothyroid and recovery rats. These changes can be regarded as mechanisms of reorganization as they underlie the compensation for the hypothyroid‐induced numerical reduction of synapses observed in 30 day old animals and enable a complete catch‐up of their total number. However, synaptic reorganization was not fully achieved, as revealed by the reduction in the size of the synaptic sites in hypothyroid and recovery animals. Finally, we demonstrate that hypothyroidism did not interfere with the sex‐related differences of MF‐‐CA3 synapses described in normal rats. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structure, vascularization, and innervation of the mystacial pad of the rat as revealed by the lectin griffonia simplicifolia
Authors: Rice Frank L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe mystacial pad of the rat is endowed with rows of vibrissal follicle‐sinus complexes (F‐SCs) that receive a dense and rich variety of innervation, much of which is C fibers. Each F‐SC consists of a follicle at the core of a spindle‐shaped, encapsulated vascular sinus. Previous studies have shown that the B subunit of the lectin Griffonia simplicifolia (GSA I‐B4) binds selectively to a subset of small neurons in the trigeminal ganglion and to a subset of C fibers preferentially distributed to inner lamina II and outer lamina III of nucleus caudalis in the brainstem trigeminal complex in the rat. These laminae are also a major site of termination for afferents in superficial vibrissal nerves (SVNs) that innervate the upper portion of F‐SCs. To determine the peripheral distribution of the afferents that bind GSA I‐B4 mystacial pads from rats were prepared for fluorescence microscopy with GSA I‐B4 conjugated to rhodamine. At the neck of each F‐SC, nemerous circumferentially oriented bundles of fine‐caliber axonal profiles were labeled in the inner conical body, which receives nearly all of its innervation from the SVNs. A sparse, random distribution of fine‐caliber profiles from deep vibrissal nerves was labeled at the level of the cavernous sinus in the deep half of the F‐SCs.GSA I‐B4 also labeled a variety of nonneural structures. By binding to vascular linings, GSA I‐B4 revealed a dense, highly organized capillary system within the mesenchymal sheath that forms the inner lining of the vascular sinuses. Thus each F‐SC appears to have a closed capillary system within the open vascular sinus. Trabeculae within the lumen of the cavernous sinus were also revealed to span between the sinus capsule and the mesenchymal sheath only about midway along the length of the follicle instead of the entire deeper half, as was previously believed. In addition, GSA I‐B4 bound to the surface of follicular cells preferentially in the superficial half of the F‐SCs. Sweat glands within the intervibrissal fur and some cells within sebaceous glands in F‐SCs were also labeled as well as their ducts. The potential functional implications of these various features are discussed. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphology of interneurones in pathways from group II muscle afferents in sacral segments of the cat spinal cord
Authors: Jankowska E. , Riddell J. S. , Szabo‐Läckberg Z. , Hammar I. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe morphology of 12 sacral interneurones with peripheral input from group II muscle afferents was analyzed after intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The neurones were located in Rexed's laminae III–V overlying the pudendal (Onuf's) motor nucleus. The interneurones had medium sized elongated somata and dendrites projecting radially. All of the interneurones were funicular neurones and fell into two categories depending on whether their axons ran within the dorsal part of the lateral funiculus (DLF; n = 7) or within the ventral funiculus, or the ventral part of the lateral funiculus (VF or VLF; n = 4). The latter were located more rostrally. Within the DLF similar proportions of stem axons and secondary axonal branches descended and ascended. Within the VF and VLF all of the axons ascended. Collaterals of axons running in the DLF arborized primarily within the dorsal horn and the intermediate zone; none were found to approach the motor nuclei. In contrast, collaterals of axons running in the VF/VLF arborized in both the intermediate zone and the ventral horn and passed close to the motor nuclei. We conclude that sacral interneurones with group II input are morphologically nonhomogenous and that only those located most rostrally might have direct actions upon motoneurones. Both the axonal projections and the input (from group II but not from group I muscle afferents and from skin afferents) of sacral interneurones indicate that they are homologous to dorsal horn group II interneurones in the midlumbar segments. They appear, however, to form part of more local neuronal networks than their midlumbar counterparts. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cerebellar influences on accessory oculomotor nuclei of the rat: A neuroanatomical, immunohistochemical, and electrophysiological study
Authors: Berretta Sabina , Bosco Gianfranco , Giaquinta Genoveffa , Smecca Giuseppe , Perciavalle Vincenzo 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWith the aim to evaluate a possible neocerebellar control on eye movements, the projections from the cerebellar lateral nucleus (LN) to the accessory oculomotor nuclei (i.e., the nucleus of posterior commissure, the nucleus of Darkschewitsch, and the interstitial nucleus of Cajal), the putative neurotransmitters subserving this pathway, and the nature of the synaptic influences exerted by these projections were studied in adult rats.We used the orthograde transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugated with wheat germ agglutinin (WGA‐HRP) to identify the mesencephalic areas where cerebellofugal fibers terminate, and retrograde labeling with the fluorescent dye fluoro‐gold to estimate the incidence of cerebellar neurons projecting to the accessory oculomotor nuclei. Orthograde labeling showed that only a small contingent of cerebellofugal fibers reaches the contralateral accessory oculomotor nuclei. The retrogradely labeled cells were located primarily in the small‐celled part of LN.By immunohistochemistry, we observed that all the cells retrogradely labeled from the accessory oculomotor area were also stained by using glutamate or aspartate antisera, but none of them were double‐stained with a GABA antiserum.Electrical stimulation of the contralateral LN elicited changes in firing rate of a significant fraction of cells belonging to the accessory oculomotor nuclei (36.4% in the nucleus of posterior commissure, 47.1% in the nucleus of Darkschewitsch, and 44.6% in the interstitial nucleus of Cajal). In 57.8% of the cases, the responses were excitations, most of which had latencies and response characteristics compatible with a monosynaptic linkage. The remaining 42.2% of the cases were inhibitions with latencies ranging between 5 and 22 ms. Extracellular field potential recordings within the contralateral accessory oculomotor nuclei were interpreted as arising from impulses propagating along excitatory axons projecting in a bundle from the cerebellum. Stimulation of LN area in rats following intranuclear injection of kainic acid was not capable of evoking short latency excitations, so these responses can be considered to depend on the activation of LN efferents. The LN projection on accessory oculomotor nuclei could be part of the final precise control exerted by the neocerebellum on those brain structures concerned with movements of the eyes. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Descending projections of the songbird nucleus robustus archistriatalis
Authors: Wild J. Martin 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe descending, efferent projections of nucleus robustus archistriatalis were investigated in male zebra finches and greenfinches with injections of either biotinylated dextran amine or cholera toxin B‐chain conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. The results show that in addition to the well‐known projections to the tracheosyringeal motor nucleus and the dorsomedial nucleus of the intercollicular complex, there are other projections of comparable density to the ipsilateral nucleus ambiguus and nucleus retroambigualis. Within nucleus ambiguus, robustus axons terminate in close proximity to laryngeal motoneurons which were retrogradely labelled in the same bird by injections of cholera B‐chain into the laryngeal muscles; and within nucleus retroambigualis robustus axons terminate in relation to bulbospinal neurons previously shown to project to regions of spinal cord containing motoneurons innervating abdominal expiratory muscles (J.M. Wild, Brain Res. 606:119–124, 1993). These projections of nucleus robustus thus seem well placed to coordinate syringeal, laryngeal, and expiratory muscle activity during vocalization. Other relatively sparse, but distinct, projections of nucleus robustus were found to nucleus dorsolateralis anterior thalami, pars medialis, to a narrow region between the superior olivary nucleus and the spinal lemniscus, and to the rostral ventrolateral medulla. Neurons in these last two locations were retrogradely labelled bilaterally following injections of cholera B‐chain into nucleus retroambigualis of one side. Together with sparse contralateral projections of nucleus robustus to all brainstem targets receiving ipsilateral projections, potential pathways are thus identified by which the respiratory‐vocal activity controlled by one side of the lower medulla can be influenced by the nucleus robustus of either side, thereby possibly bringing about bilateral coordination of respiratory‐vocal output. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Topography of pyramidal neuron intrinsic connections in macaque monkey prefrontal cortex (areas 9 and 46)
Authors: Levitt Jonathan B. , Lewis David A. , Yoshioka Takashi , Lund Jennifer S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAn understanding of the normal organization of prefrontal cortex is essential to the recognition of pathology underlying human behavioral disorders believed to depend on this region. We have therefore studied the pattern of intrinsic intra‐ and interlaminar pyramidal neuron connectivity in prefrontal areas 9 and 46 (of Walker) in macaque monkey cerebral cortex (anterior to the arcuate sulcus between the principal sulcus and midline). We made focal (200–400 μm) injections of biocytin and mapped the pattern of orthogradely transported label. Injections made into the superficial layers label wide‐ranging lateral projections within the same areas of prefrontal cortex. Projections local to such small injections form a narrow band of terminals in layers 1–3 (200–400 μm wide, 2–4 mm long) centered on the injection site. Collateral fibers spread orthogonal to this terminal band, making frequent bifurcations, to establish a series of parallel bands of terminals with uninnervated bands between, spaced regularly across the cortex (center to center 500–600 μm). The entire pattern of terminal label is stripelike, with occasional narrower interbands and crosslinks between the bands, and can extend over 7–8 mm across the cortex. These projections arise from pyramidal neurons in layers 2, 3, and 5 and terminate in layers 1–3. The stripelike pattern contrasts with patchlike patterns in other cortical regions (V1, V2, V4, motor, somatosensory) and is smaller in scale than stripelike zones of corticocortical afferent terminals to this region, reported to be 300–750 μm wide and spaced 1.0–1.5 mm center to center. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modulation of low‐affinity nerve growth factor receptor in injured adult rat spinal cord motoneurons
Authors: Rende Mario , Provenzano Carlo , Tonali Pietro 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSpinal and brainstem motoneurons of the adult rat reexpress low‐affinity nerve growth factor receptor (LNGFR) and its mRNA after axotomy. We have previously reported the time courses of this reexpression after cut (no regeneration) or crush (followed by regeneration) of the sciatic nerve. We have shown that the length of the different phases of this reexpression (appearance, maintenance and disappearance) can vary according to the type of axotomy. With the present study we expand our previous data and describe and analyze the modulation the LNGFR expression in adult spinal cord motoneurons following different lesion paradigms. In one approach we have imposed three traumatic injuries that still allow regeneration of the sciatic nerve but with a different time course with respect to the crush injury (application of a silicone regeneration chamber, multiple crushes and delayed repair of ligated nerves). In a second approach, we have determined the capability of three toxic or metabolic injuries to induce LNGFR expression without any direct trauma of the nerve (experimental diabetogenesis, botulinum and alpha‐bungarotoxin intoxication and 2,5‐hexanedione intoxication). In a third approach, we have investigated the effect of the block of the axoplasmic transport on the LNGFR expression following different topical applications of vincristine combined with a nerve crush. The results we present are consistent with the idea that: (1) LNGFR immunoreactivity in adult motoneurons is expressed by motoneurons that are attending to an axonal outgrowth and not a generic signal of cellular damage or impairment of the motor function; (2) LNGFR expression in these motoneurons is related to and parallels the outgrowth process time frame, and (3) the signal/s that trigger and sustain this reexpression may be retrogradely transported from the periphery. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crustacean cardioactive peptide‐immunoreactive neurons in the hawkmoth Manduca sexta and changes in their immunoreactivity during postembryonic development
Authors: Davis Norman T. , Homberg U. , Dircksen H. , Levine R. B. , Hildebrand J. G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAn antiserum against crustacean cardioactive peptide was used, in indirect immunocytochemistry on whole‐mounts and Vibratome sections, to map immunoreactive neurons at various stages of postembryonic development of the hawkmoth Manduca sexta. About 90 immunoreactive neurons were identified. Many of these cells are immunoreactive at hatching and persist into the adult stage; others become immunoreactive late in postembryonic development. During adult development, transient immunoreactivity is expressed in several cells in the subesophageal and thoracic ganglia. Two sets of immunoreactive neurons are found in the protocerebrum of larvae, but only one of these sets persists into the adult stage. Paired lateral interneurons and neurosecretory neurons are segmentally repeated in the abdominal ganglia and are present from the first larval stage to the adult; the abdominal interneurons project contralaterally to arborizations in adjacent ganglia, and some ascend to tritocerebral arborizations. The abdominal neurosecretory cells, which correspond to a pair of cells reported to contain bursicon, project posteriorly to neurohemal release organs. Motor neurons of dorsal external oblique abdominal muscles become immunoreactive in the fourth larval stage. Paired median neurosecretory cells of abdominal ganglia become immunoreactive during the fifth larval stage. The immunoreactive median and lateral abdominal neurosecretory cells are a subset of a group of cells known to contain cardioactive peptides. Paired lateral neurosecretory cells of the subesophageal ganglion become immunoreactive during pupation and project to the corpor cardiaca and aorta of the adult. Many of the neurons identified here are comparable to crustacean cardioactive peptide‐immunoreactive cells described previously in locusts and the mealworm beetle. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.