bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Policy reforms for sustainable irrigation management – a case study of Indonesia
Authors: Oad Ramchand 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper is based on the results of a one‐year study and analysis of irrigated agriculture in Indonesia (1997–98). The overall purpose of the study was to review past policy approaches to irrigation development and management, evaluate their effectiveness, and recommend options for the future. The results show that in spite of large government expenditures in irrigation development, crop productivity (cropping intensity and yields) has remained stagnant through the 1990s. The financial and political crises of 1998 have further led to mass poverty, especially in rural Indonesia. The paper concludes that the Indonesian policy makers must once again restore high‐quality rural growth by promoting sustainable uses of land and water resources. It suggests appropriate policy reforms and programs that can promote the desired productivity of irrigated agriculture in Indonesia. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Compensation of irrigation professionals: three Asian irrigation agencies12
Authors: Kikuchi Masao , Merrey Douglas J. , Dassenaike Lalith 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper analyzes trends in the level of compensation of irrigation engineers in three irrigation agencies in three countries, Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Pakistan. The paper tries to relate these trends to the performance of the agencies, to understand promotion policies and their relationship to performance and compensation, and to compare the current level of irrigation engineers' compensation to that in other professions. In the Philippines and Sri Lanka, irrigation engineers' compensation has declined continuously, reaching a 1995 low that is one‐half of what they received in 1965 in real terms. Irrigation engineers' compensation in these countries was also considerably less than for engineers working in private firms and even in other government agencies. In contrast, irrigation engineers in one Pakistani agency have enjoyed a significant increase in their compensation, largely because of the high level of benefits. Trends in the performance of the three agencies studied showed a strong positive correlation with the trends in engineers' compensation, suggesting the plausibility of a relationship but not proving it. The crudeness of the data and the analysis is such that no causal relationship is established, but there is a plausible case that compensation of irrigation professionals needs to be increased as part of a program to increase irrigation agency performance in developing countries. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Expression of cytochrome p‐450s and glutathione s‐transferases in the rat liver during water deprivation: effects of glucose supplementation
Authors: Kim Sang Geon , Kim Eun Jung , Kim Yoon Gyoon , Lee Myung Gull 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPharmacokinetic profiles of therapeutic agents change in dehydrated animals. The present study was designed to determine the expression of xenobiotic‐metabolizing enzymes in the rat liver and the effect of glucose supplementation during water deprivation.Deprivation of water intake, which reduced food intake, resulted in no significant change in the cytochrome P‐450 1A2, 2B1/2, 2C11 and 3A1/2 expression. Cytochrome P‐450 2E1, however, was three‐fold induced with an increase in the mRNA. Rehydration of 48‐h water‐deprived rats for the next 24 h with free access to foods restored the P‐450 2E1 level to that of the control, although rehydration with 20% food supply failed to normalize the P‐450 2E1 expression. Water deprivation caused a reduction in the plasma insulin level, which was prevented by rehydration with a sufficient food supply. The plasma insulin level was inversely related to the P‐450 2E1 expression. Glucose feeding instead of foods during dehydration prevented P‐450 2E1 induction in the absence of recovering the plasma insulin level. Western blot analysis revealed that the hepatic rGSTA2 level was 30% decreased in dehydrated rats, whereas the rGSTA3, M1 and M2 expression was not affected. Suppression of rGSTA2 accompanied a reduction in the mRNA. Glucose feeding further reduced rGSTA2 expression.The data indicated that expression of major P‐450s and glutathione S‐transferases, except P‐450 2E1, was not greatly affected by water deprivation and that the P‐450 2E1 induction and a decrease in plasma insulin resulted from the reduction in food intake but not from dehydration per se. Glucose supplementation restored P‐450 2E1 expression but further suppressed rGSTA2 expression during water deprivation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 promotes osteogenesis within atelopeptide type I collagen solution by combination with rat cultured marrow cells
Authors: Ikeuchi Masako , Dohi Yoshiko , Horiuchi Katsuhiro , Ohgushi Hajime , Noshi Toshiaki , Yoshikawa Takafumi , Yamamoto Kazuhiko , Sugimura Masahito 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe evaluated the combination effect of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (rhBMP‐2) and cultured rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in atelopeptide type I collagen (AC) solution on osteogenesis in a diffusion chamber (DC) to develop a bone substitute having consistent osteogenic capability for clinical applications. The cultured MSCs were obtained by 10‐day primary culture of fresh bone marrow cells of Fischer rats. We prepared three groups of DCs: AC solution with rhBMP‐2, AC solution with cultured MSCs, and AC solution with rhBMP‐2 and cultured MSCs. The prepared combined solutions were injected into DCs, which were subcutaneously implanted into the backs of syngeneic rats. DCs were harvested after 2, 4, or 8 weeks and analyzed for bone‐forming capability by determining histological and osteoblastic biochemical markers. De novo bone formation was observed both inside and outside of the membrane filter of DCs in the group of AC solution with rhBMP‐2 and cultured MSCs. The alkaline phosphatase activity and osteocalcin content in the group of AC solution with rhBMP‐2 and cultured MSCs were significantly higher than those in the group of AC solution with cultured MSCs at any time. These findings indicate that AC aqueous solution is a useful material not only as a carrier of rhBMP‐2 but also as a cell‐anchorage for differentiation and proliferation of MSCs. Therefore, this study suggests that clinical repairs of bone defects are feasible using injectable AC solution with rhBMP‐2 and cultured MSCs as a bone substitute. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 60: 61–69, 2002
Improvement of macular function by membrane differential filtration in diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Lüke C. , Widder R.A. , Soudavar F. , Walter P. , Brunner R. , Borberg H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDAlterations of blood rheology are assumed to substantially contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Membrane differential filtration (MDF) is an extracorporeal treatment which is able to optimize rheological parameters by eliminating high molecular weight proteins and lipoproteins from the blood. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of repetitive MDF on visual function in diabetic retinopathy.METHODS11 patients (11 eyes) with nonproliferative or inactive proliferative diabetic retinopathy underwent three treatment cycles during a mean period of 18 weeks. The best corrected visual acuity served as the main parameter of the study. The measurement of visual acuity, visual field, biochemical and rheological parameters was carried out 24 hours pre and post each treatment cycle and at follow up. The mean follow up time was 9 weeks during the post treatment period.RESULTSCompared to baseline examination the visual acuity improved stepwise by a mean value of 1.4 lines (p = 0.02) after the last treatment and remained stable at follow up (1.3 lines, p < 0.001). The mean defect of the visual field was reduced by 2.8 dB (p = 0.13) after the treatment period and by 2.5 dB (p = 0.016) at follow up, respectively.CONCLUSIONSRepetitive treatment with membrane differential filtration is able to improve visual function in patients with diabetic retinopathy. The present study suggests that repetitive membrane differential filtration treatment could be a useful adjunct along with laser treatment to influence the clinical course of diabetic maculopathy. J. Clin. Apheresis 16:23–28, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hemodynamic effects of the different vascular accesses used for double‐filtration plasmapheresis
Authors: Yeh Jiann‐Horng , Chen Wei‐Hung , Chiu Hou‐Chang 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSystematic investigations of hemodynamic status during double filtration plasmapheresis (DFP) are rare in the literature. To investigate the hemodynamic effects of the vascular access chosen for DFP, variations in blood pressure (BP) and pulse rate (PR) induced acutely by DFP were prospectively analyzed in 46 myasthenia gravis (MG) patients a standard DFP protocol with isovolumetric saline fluid replacement. BP and PR were monitored at 30‐min intervals (baseline, M30, M60, M90, and M120) during the procedures. The patients were randomized into central vein (CV) and peripheral vein (PV) groups based on the vascular access used. Systolic BP (SBP) dropped significantly at M60 (P < 0.05), M90 (P < 0.001), and M120 (P < 0.001) when compared to the baseline level. Symptomatic hypotension was not observed in any of the 46 sessions. SBP values during DFP in the CV group were significantly lower than the PV group's at M60 (93.1 vs. 101.0%, P < 0.05) and marginally lower at M90 (91.2 vs. 97.2%, P = 0.06). There was no significant difference in diastolic BP changes between the two groups. In the CV and PV groups, PR changes during plasmapheresis also differed at M90 (103.4 vs. 94.5%, P < 0.001) and M120 (101.3 vs. 95.0%, P < 0.05). The significantly lower SBP during DFP in the CV group at M60 may be due to the high central vein flow rate and resultant delay in volume replacement. In conclusion, the vascular access selected for DFP plays a role in the pathogenesis of plasmapheresis‐related hypotension. Controlling flow rates may help to prevent hypotension. J. Clin. Apheresis 16:125–129, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Deterioration of gas exchange in patients with severe thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura with respiratory failure during therapeutic plasma exchange
Authors: Kfoury Baz Elizabeth M. , Khatib Mohamad F. , Mahfouz Rami A.R. , Jamaleddine Ghassan W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTherapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is a procedure performed on patients suffering from various disorders, including thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). As we noted a frequent transient deterioration in respiratory function when the procedure was performed on intensive care unit (ICU) patients, we studied retrospectively the incidence of respiratory deterioration during and shortly after TPE and looked for a probable correlation with a change in the white blood cell (WBC) counts. Over a period of 10 months six patients with TTP, five of whom had parenchymal lung disease due to different medical reasons, underwent TPE. The oxygen saturation was measured continuously before, during, and after TPE; additionally, the WBC and differential counts were measured pre‐ and post‐TPE. The ratio of the oxygen saturation by pulse oxymetry (SpO2) to the fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) was calculated before, during and after TPE. In these five patients with lung disorders, there was a consistent trend of a decreasing SpO2/FiO2 quotient during and within 2 h post TPE compared to the pre‐TPE value. The decrease in SpO2/FiO2 range was 0.20–0.89 with an average of 0.56. In the same 5 patients there was an increase in the WBC count in the range of 2.3–19.7 × 109/L with an average increase of 9.3 × 109/L. The percent neutrophils of the total WBC counts also increased following most of the sessions, this increase was in the range of 1–15 % with an average of 7%. The effect of TPE on the SpO2/FiO2 ratio and the correlation to the WBC count and to a possible neutrophil activation has not been previously reported. We postulate that TPE can accentuate respiratory deterioration in patients with TTP who already have acute lung injury. This may be due to the priming and activation of the leukocytes that could lead to the release of cytokines and inflammatory mediators during the procedure. Thus, it is important to be aware of the possible deterioration in respiratory function and gas exchange while administering TPE to patients with pre‐existing parenchymal lung injury. J. Clin. Apheresis. 16:143‐147, 2000. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
International Treasury Management: Understanding the Cost of Capital
Authors: Goldberg Stephen R. , Godwin Joseph H. , Duchac Jonathan E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCost of capital is an important concept for international treasury management. It plays a key role in
evaluating prospective investments, the firm itself, and the performance of both management and the company. The
authors explain what cost of capital is, how you determine it, and some implications for U.S. multinational
firms. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
New Rules for the Treatment of Stock Options: Caveats for Management
Authors: Sylvestre Jeanne , Hsu Ko 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStock options have become an increasingly popular part of compensation packages. But some of the latest rules
for handling them are complex. The authors explain how to navigate these treacherous waters, and list a variety
of caveats you must heed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Genetic lesions and perturbation of chromatin architecture: A road to cell transformation
Authors: Chakraborty Soumen , Senyuk Vitalyi , Nucifora Giuseppina 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDifferential gene expression is a rigorously precise procedure that defines the developmental program of cells, tissues, organs, and of the entire organism. The correct execution of this program requires the participation of multiple and complex groups of regulators. In addition to transcription factors, which are key tools in ontogenesis by providing sequential switch of different genes, the structure of the chromatin is a dominant determinant leading to gene expression. Through the novel and insightful work of several investigators, it appears that the architecture of the chromatin spanning the genes can and does influence the efficiency of RNA transcription, and therefore of gene expression. Several new enzymatic complexes have been identified that reversibly modify the chromatin architecture by methylation, phosphorylation, and acetylation of the nucleosomal core proteins. These enzymes are crucial for the proper balance and maintenance of gene expression, and are often the target of mutations and alterations in human cancer. Here, we review briefly the current models proposing how some of these enzymes normally modify the chromatin structure and how their functional disruption leads to inappropriate gene expression and cell transformation. J. Cell. Biochem. 82: 310–325, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stromelysin‐3 suppresses tumor cell apoptosis in a murine model*
Authors: Wu Erxi , Mari Bernard P. , Wang Fengfei , Anderson Ian C. , Sunday Mary E. , Shipp Margaret A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStromelysin‐3 (STR‐3) is a matrix metalloproteinase with a unique pattern of expression and substrate specificity. During embryogenesis and remodeling of normal adult tissues, STR‐3 is produced by stromal cells in direct contact with epithelial cells undergoing regional apoptosis and selective cell survival. STR‐3 is also overexpressed by interdigitating stromal cells in primary epithelial malignancies. Although STR‐3 does not degrade classic extracellular matrix components, the enzyme promotes the establishment of local tumors in nude mice by as yet undefined mechanisms. STR‐3 is induced when malignant epithelial cells come into contact with surrounding stromal elements; the active stromal cell‐derived 45 kDa enzyme is subsequently processed to a 35 kDa protein without enzymatic activity. We have generated MCF‐7 transfectants expressing wild type or catalytically inactive 45 kDa STR‐3 (STR‐3wt and STR‐3cat‐) or secreted 35 kDa STR‐3 (35 kDa STR‐3sec) and evaluated their implantation and survival in nude mice. Tumors developed significantly more rapidly in animals receiving STR‐3wt, rather than vector‐only, STR‐3cat‐ or 35 kDa STR‐3sec transfectants. Most importantly, STR‐3wt tumors had a significantly lower percentage of apoptotic cells than tumors derived from vector‐only, STR‐3cat‐ or 35 kDa STR‐3sec transfectants. Taken together, these studies suggest that the active STR‐3 enzyme may increase tumor take by suppressing tumor cell apoptosis and that 45 kDa to 35 kDa STR‐3 processing limits STR‐3 activity at the tumor/stromal interface. Because STR‐3 is secreted as an active enzyme rather than a proform, subsequent 45 kDa to 35 kDa STR‐3 processing may represent a novel mechanism for regulating enzymatic activity. J. Cell. Biochem. 82: 549–555, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamic changes in p27kip1 variant expression in activated lymphocytes
Authors: Yaroslavskiy B. , Watkins S.C. , Alber Sean , Steinman Richard A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe p27Kip1 cell cycle inhibitor (p27) has emerged as a critical mediator of normal cellular growth control. We report the expression of a 24 kD C‐terminal variant of p27 in normal peripheral blood lymphocytes. This variant is rapidly degraded in a proteasome‐dependent manner when lymphocytes are activated by interleukin‐2 or by superantigen. Whereas p24 degradation is complete within 16 h of mitogen addition, full‐length p27 is decreased only modestly over 72 h of mitogen exposure and is present in activated and cycling lymphocytes. Persistent p27 is present in a complex with cyclin D3 in activated lymphocytes, and is localized both in the nucleus and cytoplasm. These results indicate that lymphocytes exiting from quiescence use several mechanisms to overcome the p27Kip1‐enforced cell cycle checkpoint, and that elimination of p27 is not required for cell cycle entry. J. Cell. Biochem. 83: 380–389, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytoplasm of sea urchin unfertilized eggs contains a nucleosome remodeling activity
Authors: Medina Ricardo , Gutiérrez José , Puchi Marcia , Imschenetzky María , Montecino Martin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAfter fertilization the sea urchin sperm nucleus transforms into the male pronucleus which later fuses with the female pronucleus re‐establishing the diploid genome of the embryo. This process requires remodeling of the sperm chromatin structure including the replacement of the sperm histones by maternally derived cleavage stage histone variants. In recent years, a group of protein complexes that promote chromatin‐remodeling in an ATP‐dependent manner have been described. To gain understanding into the molecular mechanisms operating during sea urchin male pronuclei formation, we analyzed whether chromatin‐remodeling activity was present in unfertilized eggs as well as during early embryogenesis. We report that in the sea urchin Tetrapygus niger, protein extracts from the cytoplasm but not from the nucleus, of unfertilized eggs exhibit ATP‐dependent nucleosome remodeling activity. This cytosolic activity was not found at early stages of sea urchin embryogenesis. In addition, by using polyclonal antibodies in Western blot analyses, we found that an ISWI‐related protein is primarily localized in the cytoplasm of the sea urchin eggs. Interestingly, SWI2/SNF2‐related proteins were not detected neither in the nucleus nor in the cytoplasm of unfertilized eggs. During embryogenesis, as transcriptional activity is increased an ISWI‐related protein is found principally in the nuclear fraction. Together, our results indicate that the cytoplasm in sea urchin eggs contains an ATP‐dependent chromatin‐remodeling activity, which may include ISWI as a catalytic subunit. J. Cell. Biochem. 83: 554–562, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Some new HSOLSSOMs of types hn and 1m u1
Authors: Ge G. , Abel R. J. R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, two new direct construction methods are given for holey self‐orthogonal Latin squares with a symmetric orthogonal mate (HSOLSSOMs). Some new HSOLSSOMs using already known methods are also given. The known existence results for HSOLSSOMs of types 1m u1 and hn are improved; for type 1m u1 there remain just four possible exceptions with u odd and 3 ≤ u ≤ 15; for type hn, there are just two possible exceptions remaining, for (h, n) = (6, 12) and (6, 18). As a byproduct, the known existence results for three holey mutually orthogonal Latin squares (3 HMOLS) are also improved. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Combin Designs 9: 435–444, 2001
Ratio of baseline erythropoietin (EPO) level and corrected reticulocyte count as an indicator for a favourable response to recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) therapy in anaemic cancer patients
Authors: Charuruks Navapun , Voravud Narin , Limpanasithikul Wacharee 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPurpose: Recently, recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) was introduced for the management of anemia in malignancy. To identify an indicator for a favourable response to rhEPO, 28 anaemic cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and treated with rhEPO were evaluated. Methods: Patients were classified into responder (16 of 28, 57%) and nonresponder (12 of 28, 43%) groups according to their responses to rhEPO therapy (response being defined as an increase in Hb level of >2 g/dl from baseline without blood transfusion). Results: Treatment with rhEPO showed significant improvements in the red blood cell (RBC) count, haemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), and reticulocyte count (ret. count) after 4 weeks. Upon analysing the baseline value of the EPO level and the corrected ret.count in these two groups, we found that the ratio of the EPO level and the corrected ret.count (EPO/ret.count) demonstrated a statistical significance (P = 0.03) in the prediction of response to rhEPO therapy. This ratio showed a sensitivity of 87.5%, specificity of 66.7%, and overall accuracy of 78.6%. Conclusion: Our study suggested that the baseline ratio of EPO/ret.count should be used as an indicator for a favourable response to rhEPO therapy. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 15:260–266, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
NIST physical standards for DNA‐based medical testing
Authors: Barker Peter E. , Watson Michael S. , Ticehurst John R. , Colbert Jennifer C. , O’Connell Catherine D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAs DNA and RNA become major targets for clinical laboratory analysis, benchmark reagents will play an increasingly important role in standardization. Reliable national and international nucleic acid standards promote automation and third‐party reimbursement for clinical testing. Furthermore, nucleic acid standards provide materials for quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC), and proficiency testing. Standard methods and training initially evolved from consensus guidelines endorsed by professional societies and governmental agencies. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), a nonregulatory agency of the U.S. Department of Commerce, develops and certifies physical and chemical standards in support of national commerce, manufacturing, and science. In its role supporting U.S. science and industry, the NIST responds to specific standards needs, most recently for medically and biologically important analytes. Broad‐based consensus developed through interdisciplinary NIST workshops initiated development of NIST‐certified DNA standards. Such materials serve the diagnostic community and help manufacturers benchmark a variety of DNA diagnostic testing platforms. Here we summarize the NIST experience and programs for development of national standards for DNA‐based medical diagnostic testing. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 16:5–10, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.