bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The efficacy of various protocols of colloidal centrifugation of bovine sperm for IVF
Authors: Nikitin G. S. , Achilov V. V. , Mirzakaeva I. I. 
Published: October 2023

The article presents data on the effectiveness of using various sperm preparation protocols by colloidal centrifugation (density gradient centrifugation method) before procedures of assisted reproductive technologies, including in vitro artificial insemination. The use of the method can affect the quality of sexual gametes and the viability of embryos, increase the percentage of successful embryotransplantation and contribute to the appearance of highly productive offspring.As a result of the research, the most optimal protocol of centrifugation by the method of gradient layering with indicators of the first and second centrifugation 700g – 20 min and 100g – 10 min, respectively, was determined by morphofunctional characteristics. The average rate of motile spermatozoa was 84.1±5.1%, progressive spermatozoa – 68.7±5.1%, the rate of rectilinear translational motion was 49.69 microns/sec. Morphology and viability meet quality standards.
БАТЫС ҚАЗАҚСТАН ОБЛЫСЫНДАҒЫ ҚОСЫМША БІЛІМ БЕРУ КУРСТАРЫ БОЙЫНША АҚПАРАТТЫҚ ІЗДЕУ ЖҮЙЕСІН ҚҰРУ
Authors: Курмашева Динара , Гусманова А.С.  , Аманкулова Г.М.  , Куангалиев Т.Г.  , Мұхамбетов А.А  
Published: October 2023

Мақалада қосымша білім беру курстары бойынша ақпараттық іздеу жүйесін құрудың маңыздылығы қарастырылған. Ақпараттық-іздеу жүйесі (АІЖ) - бұл ақпарат іздеудің және сәйкес іздеу ережелерінің негізінде ақпарат көздерінің (индекс) сипаттамалары бар арнайы деректер қорында қажетті деректерді іздеуді және іріктеуді қамтамасыз ететін жүйе. Қосымша білім беру мекемелерінің саны мен тіркеу нөмірлері мәліметтер қорының негізгі кестесі болса, оның аудан бойынша орналасуы реттік нөмірі немесе индексі ретінде тағайындалады. Ақпараттық іздеу жүйесінің негізгі құрылымы осы принциптермен құрылады. Батыс Қазақстан облысы бойынша қосымша білім беру курстары бойынша ақпараттық іздеу жүйесінің тиімділігін арттыру, HTML, Joomla, Php тілдерінің көмегімен веб-қосымша ұйымдастырып, SQL сервер көмегімен мәліметтер қорын жасау жобаның өзектілігі болып табылады. Жасалынатын жоба қосымша білім беру курстары бойынша білім беру курстары туралы ақпаратты қолданушыға көмекші құрал ретінде ұсынады.
ҒИМАРАТ ҚАБЫРҒАЛАРЫНЫҢ КОНСТРУКТИВТІ ШЕШІМДЕРІНДЕ ҚОЛДАНЫЛАТЫН ЭНЕРГОТИІМДІ МАТЕРИАЛДАР МЕН ЖҮЙЕЛЕРДІ ТАЛДАУ
Authors: Нурғазиев Тілеужан , Қадырова Айжамал , Шингужиева Алтынай , Умерешова Саягуль 
Published: October 2023

Энерготиімділік – бұл ғимараттармен құрылымдарды тұрақты деңгейде энергиямен қаматамасыз етуін сақтау үшін қолданылып жатқан энергияның саның оптималдау мақсатында энергетикалық ресурстарды рационалды қолдану. Энерготиімді материалдармен жүйелерді қолдану энерготиімді ғимараттармен құрылымдарды экономикалық түрде негізделген инновациялық шешімдер арқылы ғимарат қамтамасыз етуге кететін энергия ресурстарын тиімді пайдалну. Құрылыста заманауи жоғары сапалы, ресурсүнемді материалдарды, бұйымдарды және конструкцияларды қолдану құрылыс объектілерімен құрылыс саласының тиімділігін артыруға және материал сыйымдылығын мен энергия сыйымдылығын төмендетуге айтарлықтай әсер береді.
Құрылыс материалдарының және технологияларының өндірісі қазіргі ел экономикасын дамуының қазіргі жайын анықтайтын басымды саласы болып табылады. Құрылыс тиімділігін артыратын негізгі бағыттарының бірі болып саналатын энергоүнемдегіш материалдарды, бұйымдарды және конструкцияларды қолдану. Энергия тиімді материалдар мен құрылыс технологияларын енгізу жер бетінде энергияны ұтымды пайдалану және оны сақтау қажеттіліктерін заманауи қанағаттандыру қажеттіліктеріне жауап беретін зерттеулердің даму бағытын анықтайды. Мақалада сыртқы қабырғалық конструкцияларда қолданылатын энерготиімді материалдар мен жүйелер қарастырылады. Сыртқы қабырғаларды жылуоқшаулаудың заманауи технология қарастырылады. Ғимараттар мен құрылыстарды салу кезіндегі өнеркәсіптік жабдықтар мен жылудан қорғауға арналған төмен электр өткізгіштігі бар бейорганикалық және органикалық материалдар.
EVALUASI PELAYANAN DISABILITAS MELALUI INOVASI SI JEMPOL SEMAR KANTOR IMIGRASI SEMARANG
Authors: Batavia Tresnadi , Bawono Sri Kuncoro , Hamdi Muhammad Arief 
Published: October 2023

Abstrak. Kantor Imigrasi Kelas I TPI Semarang telah menerapkan pelayanan publik berbasis HAM atau P2HAM yang mampu menjangkau seluruh kelompok masyarakat tanpa adanya diskriminasi. Salah satunya dengan menciptakan inovasi SI JEMPOL SEMAR yang ditujukan kepada masyarakat penyandang disabilitas serta orang sakit dengan keterbatasan pergerakan yang dimana mereka sulit atau bahkan tidak mungkin untuk datang ke Kantor Imigrasi Kelas I TPI Semarang untuk mengikuti seluruh rangkaian proses pelayanan permohonan paspor. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui peran inovasi layanan SI JEMPOL SEMAR dalam meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan paspor di Kantor Imigrasi Kelas I TPI Semarang serta mengevaluasi keunggulan (strength) serta kelemahan (weakness) dari penerapan inovasi layanan keimigrasian SI JEMPOL SEMAR di Kantor Imigrasi Kelas I TPI Semarang. Metode penelitian yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian kualitatif, dengan data yang diperoleh berupa data primer melalui wawancara terhadap beberapa narasumber serta dokumentasi, dan data sekunder yang diperoleh melalui studi pustaka terhadap beberapa jurnal serta buku yang berkaitan dengan topik permasalahan. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa layanan SI JEMPOL SEMAR telah mampu berperan dalam meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan paspor di Kantor Imigrasi Kelas I TPI Semarang, serta hasil evaluasi terhadap layanan SI JEMPOL SEMAR menunjukan bahwa layanan tersebut telah memberikan dampak positif terhadap masyarakat yang membutuhkan layanan tersebut. Namun pada pelaksanaannya masih ditemukan beberapa kendala serta peluang untuk dapat ditingkatkan kualitas dari layanan SI JEMPOL SEMAR tersebut.
Kata Kunci: Pelayanan publik berbasis HAM, disabilitas, peran, evaluasi.
Impact of Measurement Conditions and Design Features of IBA Detectors on the Small Radiation Fields Output Factors
Authors: Piskunou V. S. , Tarutin I. G. 
Published: October 2023

The use of modern diagnostic equipment in oncology has made it possible to detect small tumor foci, as
well as to detect distant metastases of the disease at an early stage of their formation. In these cases, it
becomes possible to refuse surgical interventions, replacing them with stereotactic radiosurgery using
radiation therapy devices. In this case, small irradiation fields can be used (from fields less than 1 cm to
4 cm). In such cases, there is a problem of delivering large doses to small foci. It consists in the accuracy of determining the absorbed doses delivered to small targets. The complexity of monitoring the quality of dosimetric support of irradiation with the use of various radiotherapy devices is increasing. Increased requirements are also imposed on the detectors used for measurements.
This work has several goals:
1) to study the results of measurements of the output factors using five different detectors of small
sizes;
2) to determine the changes in the output factors when using two types of beam collimation (collimator
shutters - JAWS and multileaf collimator - MLC) of linear electron accelerators;
3) to study the dependence of the output factors on the source-to-surface distance (SSD), on the depth
of measurements and on the type of detectors.
The measurements were carried out in 6 MV photon beams with a flattening filter on a TrueBeam linear
accelerator. Five IBA detectors were used: two diode detectors (PFD and SFD) and three ionization
chambers (CC01, CC04 and CC13). The field sizes varied from 1010 cm to 11 cm. The studies were
carried out for the following combinations of parameters: SSD is 100 cm and the measurement depth is
10 cm; SSD is 95 cm and the measurement depth is 5 cm. The fields were formed by JAWS and MLC.
The analysis of the obtained results made it possible to compare the data obtained from each detector
in similar combinations of measurements. Based on the analysis of the output factors measured by all
five detectors, conclusions were drawn about the parameters that affect the change in the output factors.
Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçlarının Gerçekleştirilmesinde Birleşmiş Milletler ve INTOSAI İş Birliği
Authors: KÖSE Hacı Ömer 
Published: October 2023

2015 yılında Birleşmiş Milletler (BM) üyesi tüm devletler tarafından kabul edilen Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Amaçları (SKA’lar); gezegenimizin korunması, kalkınmanın kimseyi geride bırakmayacak ve gelecek nesilleri de kapsayacak şekilde gerçekleştirilmesi, tüm insanlar için daha müreffeh ve güvenli bir yaşam sağlanması gibi ideallerin hayata geçirilmesine yönelik 17 temel amaç ve bunlara bağlı 169 alt hedef içermektedir. Küresel bir iş birliği için acil eylem çağrısı mahiyetinde olan SKA’ların etkili bir şekilde hayata geçirilmesi, küresel, bölgesel, ulusal ve yerel düzeyde tüm kamu ve özel sektör kuruluşlarının ve tüm bireylerin aktif katılımını gerektirmektedir. SKA’ların uygulamaya geçirilmesi, izlenmesi ve arzu edilen sonuçlara ulaşılmasının sağlanmasında Yüksek Denetim Kurumları (YDK’lar) önemli bir konuma sahiptir. YDK’ların bu alandaki önemli işlevleri, BM başta olmak üzere ilgili tüm uluslararası kuruluşlar tarafından kabul edilmekte ve desteklenmektedir.
YDK’ların küresel temsilcisi konumundaki INTOSAI (Uluslararası Yüksek Denetim Kurumları Örgütü), SKA’larla ilgili olarak özellikle ulusal yönetimlerin çabalarının artırılması ve hesap verebilirliğin güçlendirilmesi amacıyla üyesi olan YDK’ların kapasitesini geliştirmeye odaklanırken, aynı zamanda uluslararası düzeyde farkındalığı ve ilgiyi artırmaya yönelik girişimlerde bulunmaktadır. Bu
girişimlerin en önemlisi de SKA’ların hayata geçirilmesini teşvik etmek, uygulama kapasitesini desteklemek ve sonuçlarını izlemek için yoğun çaba gösteren BM ve ilgili organları ile gerçekleştirilen iş birliğidir.
Ancient Greece and 1920s America: A New Historicist Approach to Thornton Wilder’s The Woman of Andros
Authors: Sedacca Alyssa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This article analyzes Thornton Wilder’s The Woman of Andros through a new historicist framework and proposes that American influences are present within the ancient Greek setting of Brynos. It examines Wilder’s 1920s America and relates it to a textual analysis of the novel with a focus on gender, immigration, and the intersection of both concerns. It places the anti-feminism and xenophobia present in Brynos in direct relation to the same sentiments prevalent in 1920s America. The treatment of Chrysis and Glycerium by characters such as Simo and Chremes is the central focus of the comparison. The article argues that Wilder uses Brynos as a distancing device, allowing readers to internalize the connections between contemporary American society and ancient Greek Brynos. This analysis contrasts with the overwhelming views of the novel as either escapist or universal.
Literary Attacks on Thornton Wilder
Authors: Rojcewicz Jr. Stephen J. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Having been attacked by the Marxist critic Michael Gold in 1930 for ostensibly ignoring the social issues of the day, and by Joseph Campbell and Henry Morton Robinson in 1942 and 1943 with accusations insinuating plagiarism, Thornton Wilder responded primarily as a creative writer. Although his plays and novels reflect his own literary goals, some passages include subtle responses to his critics. His prefaces, personal correspondence, and memoranda for his attorneys directly responded to the accusations. The attacks, at times ad hominem and homophobic, and often made in bad faith, had consequences. Wilder experienced astonishment, disgust, and personal distress. As a result of one controversy, The Skin of Our Teeth failed to win the New York Drama Critics’ Circle Award. Nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1949, Wilder did not win, an outcome some critics attribute to these controversies. Wilder reacted to these attacks in the same way he lived his life and composed his writings, with poise, dignity, sensitivity, creativity, and an affirmation of human freedom.
ATEİST BİR FİLOZOF İÇKİNCİ BİR ONTOLOJİ: DELEUZE’DE YARATICI İNSAN
Authors: TEZCAN Vedat 
Published: October 2023

Gilles Deleuze çağdaş Fransız felsefesinin düşünceleriyle dünyada söz sahibi olmayı başarmış önemli filozoflarındandır. Erken dönem çalışmalarında birçok filozof üzerine eserler yayımlayan Deleuze, özellikle Spinoza, Bergson, Nitezsche, Whitehead gibi filozoflardan etkilenmiştir. Bu filozofların her biri özgü farklılıklarıyla beraber temelde içkinci bir ontolojiyi savunmuşlardır. Aşkıncılığı reddeden içkinci fark felsefesiyle Deleuze, adı geçen filozoflarla ortak bir felsefi düzlemi paylaşır.
Deleuze’ün fark felsefesine göre oluşun dışında, ona üstün ideal bir varlık planı yoktur. Tanrı, idea, öz, töz vs., görünüşler düzleminin ardında, onlara üstün olduğu varsayılan yaratıcı ilkeler yoktur. Yaşam kendini var etmek için dışsal bir kudrete ihtiyaç duymaz. Deleuze göre bu haliyle tüm varoluş maddi karakterdedir.
Deleuze’ün madde temelli felsefesi, Tanrısız bir evrende insani deneyimi aynı maddi düzlemde tanımlar. Buna göre insan, aşkın ya da tarihsel koşulların bir ürünü olmak zorunda değildir. Maddi oluşa ait virtüel boyut, insan için neden-sonuç zorunluluklarından çıkmanın bir olanağıdır. İnsan, oluşa ait virtüel imkân sayesinde neden-sonuç ilişkileriyle koşullu tarihin dışına çıkma şansının yakalar. Bu çalışma, Deleuze’ün içkinci ontolojisinden hareketle, insanı yaratıcı kılan insan-tarih-virtüel ilişkisini incelemeyi amaç edinmektedir.
ASPEK MORFOLOGI DALAM TERJEMAHAN HADITH DALAM TEKS KHUTBAH JUMAAT TERBITAN JAIS
Authors: Samsudin Saifulah , Yusof Abdul Manan , Abdullah Husni , Mat Isa Hamid 
Published: October 2023

Khutbah jumaat dianggap sebagai medium dakwah yang penting dalam kalangan orang Islam. Ia merupakan penyelesaian yang berkesan dalam menyebarkan mesej-mesej penting kepada ahli jemaah. Ia bukan sahaja perlu dilaksanakan sebagai memenuhi syarat sah solat Jumaat, tetapi ia juga perlu memenuhi kriteria komunikasi yang berkesan. Aspek penggunaan bahasa yang lengkap dengan cara penyampaian yang betul perlu dilaksanakan. Dalam pada itu, hadis sebagai sumber rujukan utama kedua bertindak sebagai teras utama dalam menguatkan hujah-hujah dalam khutbah Jumaat. Para sarjana hadis banyak menumpukan perhatian mereka kepada aspek dirayah dan riwayah dalam ilmu hadis. Namun, dari pemerhatian awal, aspek terjemahan dalam ilmu hadis telah dipinggirkan. Kajian ini tertumpu kepada kesan struktur morfologi dalam teks terjemahan hadis dalam khutbah Jumaat yang diterbitkan oleh Jabatan Agama Islam Selangor (JAIS). Kajian ini juga menggunakan analisis kandungan teks tidak sejajar dan teknik persampelan bertujuan pada teks hadis dalam khutbah Jumaat. Berdasarkan penemuan kajian korpus teks terjemahan hadis ke Bahasa Melayu, terdapat implikasi struktur morfologi dalam maksud teks hadis yang telah diterjemah.

Friday sermon is considered as a very pivotal medium of da’wah for Muslim ummah. It has become an effective solution in conveying messages to the audience. It is not just vital in completing conditions and pillars stipulated by fiqh, but it also needs to fulfil the criteria of effective communication medium. The aspect of language usage that is well-versed with correct language style is a must. Hadith as the second primary source of reference always stands as a core foundation in arguments strength in Friday sermon. Hadith scholars put a lot of focus on dirayah’s and riwayah’s aspect related with the science of hadith. But, from preliminary observation, the aspect of translation of Friday’s sermon hadith seemed quite marginal. This study focuses on the impact of morphological structure in hadith translation texts in Friday sermon published by Selangor Islamic religion authority (JAIS) on targeted texts. This study uses inconsistent text content analysis method and dedicated sampling technique on hadith texts in Friday sermon. Based on analysis of the corpus of hadith translation into Malay language, it was found that text translation in study corpus manages to highlight morphology structure implication on targeted text meaning.
PENGUKUHAN BAHASA ARAB DAN FIQH DALAM PEMERKASAAN INSTITUSI IMAM
Authors: Hussin Md Noor 
Published: October 2023

Bahasa Arab dan Fiqh merupakan antara bidang ilmu yang perlu dikuasai oleh imam-imam masjid dan surau dalam melaksanakan tugas mereka terhadap anak-anak kariah atau masyarakat. Selaras dengan kepentingan masjid yang menjadi institusi penting dalam pembangunan masyarakat, intitusi Imam yang banyak berinteraksi langsung dengan masyarakat mempunyai peranan yang sangat besar dan berpengaruh di kalangan mereka. Justeru, intitusi Imam perlu diperkasakan dengan dalam pelbagai aspek untuk memenuhi keperluan pentadbiran dan pengurusan anak-anak kariah dan masyarakat khususnya yang berkaitan dengan kefahaman Ilmu-ilmu Fardhu Ain, seperti Fiqh, Al-Quran, Bahasa Arab dan lain-lain. Sehubungan itu, maqalah ini dikemukakan untuk melihat aspek pemerkasaan Imam Masjid dan surau melalui pengukuhan dan penguasaan dalam bidang Bahasa Arab dan Fiqh.
Arabic Language and Fiqh are among the fields of knowledge that should be dominated by the Imams of Mosques and Suraus in carrying out their duties to the member of qaryah or community. In line with the importance of the mosque as an important institution in community development, Imam institutions that interact directly with the community have a very large and influential role among them. Thus, the institution of Imam needs to be strengthened in various aspects to meet the management and development needs of the Qaryah’s members and the community, especially those related to the understanding of the Fardhu Ain, such as Fiqh, Al-Quran, Arabic and others. Accordingly, this article is presented to look at the empowerment aspect of the Imam through strengthening and mastery in the field of Arabic and Fiqh.
TRANSFORMASI DIGITAL DALAM AKTIVITI PENGIMARAHAN MASJID AL-AZHAR, KOLEJ UNIVERSITI ISLAM ANTARABANGSA SELANGOR (KUIS)
Authors: Che Wan Ahmad Che Wan Shamsul Bahri , Abd Rahman Khirulnizam , Samsudin Saifulah , Mohd Unus Mohd Nor Hafiz , Nasrun Anssar , Mohammed Salleh Nur Muizz 
Published: October 2023

Kertas ini membincangkan berkenaan penggunaan media sosial dalam menjalankan aktiviti pengimarahan Masjid Al-Azhar (MAA), Kolej Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Selangor (KUIS) dalam keadaaan pandemik Covid-19. Penggunaan peralatan teknologi adalah penting untuk memastikan aktiviti- aktiviti dan program-program tetap berjalan walaupun dalam keadaan yang kritikal terutamanya semasa dalam PKP 1.0, PKP 2.0 dan PKP 3,0 serta sepanjang tempoh pemulihan negara. Pelbagai program telah dilaksanakan secara segerak dalam talian (on-line) dan juga siaran tertunda seperti Kuliah Subuh, Kuliah Dhuha, Kuliah Zohor, Kuliah Maghrib, Kuliah Jumaat, Kuliah Muslimat, Usrah Kakitangan dan sebagainya dengan penggunaan medium utama iaitu FB live, WhatsApp, telegram dan instagram. Didapati program yang dilaksanakan mendapat respons yang baik dalam kalangan warga KUIS dan warga maya berdasarkan analisis melalui bilangan tontonan dan penyertaan pada ruangan interaksi melalui ruangan likes, comment dan share pada Facebook.

This paper discussed the use of social media in conducting various activities of Al-Azhar Mosque (MAA), International Islamic University College of Selangor (KUIS) in the face of the Covid-19 pandemic. The use of technological equipment is important to ensure that activities and programs continue to run even in critical situations, especially during MCO 1.0, MCO 2.0 and MCO 3.0 as well as during the national recovery period. Various programs have been implemented immediately online and also delayed broadcasts program such as Subuh Lecture, Dhuha Lecture, Zohor Lecture, Maghrib Lecture, Friday Lecture, Muslimat Lecture, Staff study circle and etc. with the use of the main medium such as FB live, WhatsApp, Telegram and Instagram. It was found that the program implemented received a good response among KUIS residents and netizen based on the analysis through the number of views and participation in the interaction space through the likes, comment and share space on Facebook.
MASJID SEBAGAI NUKLEUS DALAM PEMBENTUKAN MODAL SOSIAL
Authors: Azman Aza Shahnaz , Mat Nor Fadilah , Idris Junainah 
Published: October 2023

The mosque is an institution that plays a role in shaping a civilized society starting from the time of Rasullullah SAW until now. It creates a form of social capital that contribute to the excellence of Islamic civilization. Among the factors that contribute to the strength of the mosque is its main role as a medium of communication of Islamic teachings. This strength is translated through the activeness in organizing community-based programs and lifelong learning to enhance the community. This article aims to highlight the mosque as a nucleus base that is capable of influencing the surrounding community and glorifying Islam’s teachings. The activeness variable is used as a proxy for the role of the mosque as a formal and informal institution in the formation of social capital in society. This study uses a primarily quantitative approach with estimation using the hierarch regression method. Preliminary findings show that this activity factor through talks, lectures, and community programs significantly influences the institution of the mosque itself. However, this interpretation needs to be made carefully by taking into account inferences that are indirectly involved such as the composition of management and the education of the local community. Thus, the results of this study can help mosque planning to further expand its role and help the community in the formation of social capital.
IMPACT OF VARIOUS CONCENTRATIONS OF NACL ON MORPHOLOGICAL ATTRIBUTES OF DIFFERENT CITRUS ROOTSTOCKS UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS
Authors: KHAN F , SHAFIQ M , HAIDER MZ , SAMI A , ARSHAD A , ANEES MM 
Published: October 2023

Citrus (Poncirus trifoliata), a widely cultivated fruit crop, is known for its salt sensitivity. Salinity poses a significant challenge to citrus production across various regions worldwide, where it acts as a limiting factor. When citrus trees are irrigated with saline water, their yields are significantly reduced. The accumulation of excessive chloride ions (Cl-) and sodium ions (Na+) can lead to specific ion toxicities, further exacerbating salinity's negative impact on citrus plants. However, this issue can be minimized by selecting proper rootstocks. Six treatments were administered to the plants in a study to assess the effects of different stress levels on citrus plants. These treatments involved varying concentrations of salt stress: 0mM, 10mM, 20mM, 30mM, 60mM, and 80mM. By subjecting the plants to these different stress levels, researchers aimed to understand the response of citrus plants to increasing salinity. Water salinity presents a significant issue for citrus cultivation due to its detrimental influence on crop yields. The high salt content in irrigation water negatively affects the growth of citrus trees and induces physiological disorders. In addition to impeding growth, salinity harms plant height and root development. These combined effects of salinity contribute to the overall decline in citrus productivity. Among the various citrus rootstocks tested in the study, C-35 exhibited the most significant susceptibility to salinity stress. As the salt concentrations increased, C-35 experienced the most severe adverse effects on growth and productivity. On the other hand, Poncirus trifoliata, a commonly used rootstock, demonstrated a higher degree of tolerance to salinity. Poncirus trifoliata remained relatively unaffected even at higher salt concentrations, making it a more suitable choice for citrus cultivation in saline environments.