bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A viscoelastic fluid model for brain injuries
Authors: Cotter C. S. , Smolarkiewicz P. K. , Szczyrba I. N. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDue to its elasticity, the human brain material can support shear (equivoluminal) waves. Earlier attempts to explain certain brain injuries via arguments of the classical theory of viscoelasticity exploited the Voigt model—a linear system of differential equations where the motion of the brain tissue depends merely on the balance between viscous and elastic forces. Although Voigt model solutions illustrate the role of the viscoelastic mechanics in brain injuries, they have limited use for modelling realistic cases which, for example, evince strongly localized displacements of the brain tissue. We have extended the Voigt model to a non‐linear viscoelastic fluid model, thereby dispensing with simplifying assumptions of vanishing advective transport. The resulting non‐Newtonian fluid model admits non‐linear phenomena such as steepening of the wave fronts as well as wave overturning and their subsequent turbulent breaking. The posed equations are solved numerically, and the solution procedure are validated against small‐perturbation linear theory and closed‐form Voigt‐model solutions available in the literature. Our non‐linear numerical results suggest existence of a ‘brain turbulence’ phenomenon. They are in qualitative agreement with the results of medical research, especially, with regard to the diffuse axonal injuries which are observed to occur in a highly localized manner near the border between the gray and the white matter. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A new reconstruction scheme for the computation of inviscid compressible flows on 3D unstructured grids
Authors: Catalano L. A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA finite‐volume method for the solution of three‐dimensional inviscid compressible flows on cell‐vertex tetrahedral meshes is proposed. A higher‐order‐accurate upwind discretization is obtained by using a new linear reconstruction and a standard flux‐difference‐splitting scheme. The method is validated by computing the subsonic flow in a 90° rectangular elbow with a total pressure gradient imposed at inlet. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic subgrid modelling for time dependent convection–diffusion–reaction equations with fractal solutions
Authors: Hoffman Johan 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA dynamic scale similarity model is proposed. The subgrid model is tested for model problems related to time dependent non‐linear convection–diffusion–reaction systems with fractal solutions. The error of an approximate solution with subgrid model on a scale h is typically smaller than that of a solution without subgrid model on the scale h/2. We also consider the problem of a posteriori error estimation for fractal solutions, splitting the total computational error into a numerical error, related to the discretization of the continuous equations, and a modelling error, taking into account the quality of the subgrid model. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methods for hyperbolic systems with stiff relaxation
Authors: Lowrie R. B. , Morel J. E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThree methods are analysed for solving a linear hyperbolic system that contains stiff relaxation. We show that the semi‐discrete discontinuous Galerkin method, with a linear basis, is accurate when the relaxation time is unresolved (asymptotic preserving—AP). The two other methods are shown to be non‐AP. To discriminate between AP and non‐AP methods, we argue that in the limit of small relaxation time, one should fix the dimensionless parameters that characterize the near‐equilibrium limit. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mutations and molecular variants of the NBS1 gene in non‐Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Cerosaletti Karen M. , Morrison V. Anne , Sabath Daniel E. , Willerford Dennis M. , Concannon Patrick 
Published: October 2002

AbstractNon‐Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) are characterized by chromosomal translocations that juxtapose loci encoding lymphoid antigen receptors with cellular proto‐oncogenes. These translocations are thought to arise from inaccurate processing of DNA breaks created during physiologic recombination of the antigen receptor genes in lymphocytes. The inherited disorders ataxia‐telangiectasia and Nijmegen breakage syndrome are caused by mutations in the ATM and NBS1 genes, respectively, and are characterized by generalized genomic instability and a high incidence of lymphoid cancers. Lymphoid cells from patients with either disorder frequently have chromosomal translocations involving T‐cell‐receptor or immunoglobulin loci. To investigate the potential role of the NBS1 gene in the pathogenesis of NHL, we screened tumor DNA samples from 91 sporadic cases of NHL and genomic DNA from 154 control individuals for mutations in all 16 exons of the NBS1 gene and in flanking intronic sequences. One NHL case with a truncating mutation in NBS1 and a second NHL case with a putative missense mutation were detected. Neither mutation was observed among controls. Three additional putative missense mutations were observed only in the normal control samples. A panel of six common polymorphisms spanning the NBS1 gene was genotyped and provided no evidence for loss of heterozygosity in the NHL cases with mutations or in the NHL population overall. These results suggest that mutations in NBS1 do not play a major role in the development of NHL in the United States. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular cytogenetics of the acute promyelocytic leukemia‐derived cell line NB4 and of four all‐trans retinoic acid–resistant subclones
Authors: Mozziconacci Marie‐Joëlle , Rosenauer Angelika , Restouin Audrey , Fanelli Mirco , Shao Wenlin , Fernandez Francisca , Toiron Yves , Viscardi Jeanine , Gambacorti‐Passerini Carlo , Miller Wilson H. , Lafage‐Pochitaloff Marina 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe retinoic acid (RA)–sensitive NB4 cell line was the first established acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) permanent cell line. It harbors the (15;17) translocation, which fuses the PML and RARA genes. Given the low frequency of APLs, their generally low white blood cell count, and the difficulty to work on APL patient cells, this cell line represents a remarkable tool for biomolecular studies. To investigate possible mechanisms of retinoid resistance, subclones of NB4 resistant to all‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA) were established. To characterize better the parental NB4 cell line and four ATRA‐resistant subclones (NB4‐R4, NB4‐A1, NB4‐B1, and NB4‐007/6), we have performed both conventional and 24‐color FISH karyotyping. Thus, we could identify all chromosomal abnormalities including marker chromosomes that were unclassified with R banding. Moreover, we have performed dual‐color FISH by use of specific PML and RARA probes, to evaluate the number of copies for each gene and fusion gene. Interestingly, the number of copies of PML, RARA, and fusion genes was different for each cell line. Finally, we assessed the presence of the PML, RARA, PML/RARA, and RARA/PML transcripts by RT‐PCR and of the PML/RARA and RARA proteins by Western blotting in all the cell lines. These data could focus further research for a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying response or resistance to differentiating and/or apoptotic reagents. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sources of sandstone artifacts and pottery from Lost Dune, a late prehistoric site in Harney County, southeastern Oregon, U.S.A.
Authors: Lyons William H. , Cummings Michael L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractGranitic constituents suggest distant plutonic sources for sherds representing four of six low‐fired brown ware pots and for eight of ten sandstone artifacts from Lost Dune (35HA792), a Late Prehistoric bison processing camp in Harney Basin of southeastern Oregon, a Tertiary volcanic and sedimentary region. Eight sandstone artifacts match granite‐derived sandstone near Oregon's Owyhee River, and three former pots match altered granite and rhyolite in Idaho's Owyhee Mountains. A fourth corresponds to mixed hydrovolcanic basalts near the sandstone abrader source. The sources delineate a 30 × 70 km area > 100 km from Lost Dune. Two other pots and two milling stones match deposits near this area and elsewhere. The determined sources suggest people who used Shoshoni pots and knives at Lost Dune resided in southeastern Oregon. Pots with temper from elevations above 1500 m or recovered as sherds above 1500 m might be made in summer root‐digging camps. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Thinking preventively about dementia: a review
Authors: Cooper Brian 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundThe dementias of late life now constitute a major public health challenge to our society.ObjectiveTo examine the contributions of neuroscience, clinical treatment and health‐care policy to the building of a national programme for preventive approaches to dementia.MethodCritical review of the literature, making use of international databases (Medline, Embase, Psychlit) and British official publications.ResultsRecent developments in a number of research fields afford prospects for advances in primary and secondary prevention. These include findings from case‐control and cohort studies of associations with earlier head injury and vascular disease, possibilities of pharmacological protection for persons at high risk for Alzheimer's disease, and the use of more effective anti‐dementia drugs in the mild to moderate stages of severity. Research aimed at tertiary prevention is lagging behind, but there are some indications that the worst features of late‐stage decline could already be mitigated by improvements in community support services and nursing‐home care.ConclusionsContainment of the growing social and economic burdens of dementia calls for a national policy to ensure that new research findings can be translated into practice and applied to the benefit of all old people who stand in need. For this purpose the most appropriate conceptual framework is supplied by a preventive model, broadly similar to those already developed for some other forms of chronic degenerative disease. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Domiciliary clinics II: a cost minimisation analysis
Authors: Aquilina Carmelo , Anderson David 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectivesWe compare the cost of assessing new referrals to an old age psychiatry service at the patient's home or a hospital‐based clinic.MethodAn old age psychiatry service in Liverpool where routine referrals were assessed at home (domiciliary clinic) was compared to an adjacent service which assessed people in an outpatient clinic. Activity levels for four years of the service were collected and analysed. A cost–minimization analysis was done using an algorithm which allowed all direct costs to the service to be taken into account. A sensitivity analysis changed key values of the algorithm allowing their relative contribution to be considered.ResultThe domiciliary clinic was marginally cheaper than outpatient assessment (£48 compared to £50 per successful assessment). The most important variables in determining the cost effectiveness of the service were non‐attendance rates, the grade of doctor seeing the patient and the time spent traveling for the home assessment.ConclusionsDomiciliary initial assessments were comparable in cost to clinic assessments in this study but in other situations the cost will vary, depending on the key local variables. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparing brain activation associated with isolated upper and lower limb movement across corresponding joints
Authors: Luft Andreas R. , Smith Gerald V. , Forrester Larry , Whitall Jill , Macko Richard F. , Hauser Till‐Karsten , Goldberg Andrew P. , Hanley Daniel F. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIt was shown recently that functional activation across brain motor areas during locomotion and foot movements are similar but differ substantially from activation related to upper extremity movement (Miyai [2001]: Neuroimage 14:1186–1192). The activation pattern may be a function of the behavioral context of the movement rather than of its mechanical properties. We compare motor system activation patterns associated with isolated single‐joint movement of corresponding joints in arm and leg carried out in equal frequency and range. Eleven healthy volunteers underwent BOLD‐weighted fMRI while performing repetitive elbow or knee extension/flexion. To relate elbow and knee activation to the well‐described patterns of finger movement, serial finger‐to‐thumb opposition was assessed in addition. After identifying task‐related voxels using statistical parametric mapping, activation was measured in five regions of interest (ROI; primary motor [M1] and somatosensory cortex [S1], premotor cortex, supplementary motor area [SMA] divided into preSMA and SMA‐proper, and cerebellum). Differences in the degree of activation across ROIs were found between elbow and knee movement. SMA‐proper activation was prominent for knee, but almost absent for elbow movement (P < 0.05); finger movement produced small but constant SMA‐proper activation. Ipsilateral M1 activation was detected during knee and finger movement, but was absent for the elbow task (P < 0.05). Knee movement showed less lateralization in M1 and S1 than other tasks (P < 0.05). The data demonstrate that central motor structures contribute differently to isolated elbow and knee movement. Activation during knee movement shows similarities to gait‐related activation patterns. Hum. Brain Mapping 17:131–140, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A comparison of consensus and nonconsensus approaches to modeling contraceptive choice behavior
Authors: Chao Li‐Wei 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper develops a more general model of contraceptive choice, taking into account a fundamental difference between the condom and the contraceptive pill, the two most commonly used reversible contraceptives in the US. The pill produces a single output of pregnancy prevention, but the condom is an input into a joint production for both pregnancy prevention and disease protection. Since the condom is ultimately used by the male, and the pill by the female, noncooperative game theory is used to model the separate male and female utility functions. Using both Stackelberg and Nash as solution concepts, econometric specifications are derived and the models are compared with the specifications derived from a consensus model of the household. Simultaneous‐move Nash best describes the behavior of unmarried and noncohabiting sexual partners, and female‐leader Stackelberg outperforms the other models for married or cohabiting couples. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A measurement‐communication‐recognition framework of corporate culture change: An empirical study
Authors: Chin Kwai‐Sang , Pun Kit‐Fai , Ho Andrew S. K. , Lau Henry 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCompany culture, consisting of a shared pattern of basic values, beliefs, and organizational assumptions, is widely accepted as a powerful force to drive performance‐enhancing behavior in an organization. Changing a well‐established culture is, however, a highly complex issue. It is thus very challenging to implement a new organizational culture. This article presents the measurement‐communication‐recognition (MCR) framework to manage culture changes in an organization. Ten cultural elements are strategically identified, whereas a four‐stage approach of implementation methodology is proposed in the framework. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Use of job aid to promote systematic search under different levels of task complexity
Authors: Koenig Scott , Gramopadhye Anand K. , Melloy Brian J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractJob aids of various kinds have improved visual‐inspection performance. In particular, these job aids include a dynamic pointer that traces a systematic scan path across a search field. The efficacy of this specific job aid, however, has only been verified under a limited set of conditions. Moreover, the effectiveness of this job aid is a function of the speed of the pointer. Thus, it remains to be determined what pointer speeds will yield the best performances under a wide range of conditions. These conditions are defined here by four of the following task‐complexity factors: background density, fault rate, target conspicuity, and fault mix; the performance measure used is search accuracy. In general, increasing either the speed of the cursor or task complexity degraded accuracy, and the optimal pointer speed was specific to the conditions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Large‐scale organizational change and performance: An empirical examination
Authors: Waclawski Janine 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCurrent theories of large‐scale organizational change (LSOC) were examined to develop an

integrated framework for investigating the effects of LSOC on organizational performance. This framework was tested

using survey data, financial measures, and customer service ratings collected in twenty‐six different

business units in the same organization. Results showed that organizations experiencing LSOC (1)

performed better financially than organizations that experienced incremental change or no change/negative

change, and (2) demonstrated significantly greater improvement in managerial competence. The implications

of these results are discussed.
Simulating the hydraulic characteristics of the lower Yellow River by the finite‐volume technique
Authors: Wan Qing , Wan Hongtao , Zhou Chenghu , Wu Yingxiang 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe finite‐volume technique is used to solve the two‐dimensional shallow‐water equations on unstructured mesh consisting of quadrilateral elements. In this paper the algorithm of the finite‐volume method is discussed in detail and particular attention is paid to accurately representing the complex irregular computational domain. The lower Yellow River reach from Huayuankou to Jiahetan is a typical meandering river. The generation of the computational mesh, which is used to simulate the flood, is affected by the distribution of water works in the river channel. The spatial information about the two Yellow River levee, the protecting dykes, and those roads that are obviously higher than the ground, need to be used to generate the computational mesh. As a result these dykes and roads locate the element interfaces of the computational mesh. In the model the finite‐volume method is used to solve the shallow‐wave equations, and the Osher scheme of the empirical function is used to calculate the flux through the interface between the neighbouring elements. The finite‐volume method has the advantage of using computational domain with complex geometry, and the Osher scheme is a method based on characteristic theory and is a monotone upwind numerical scheme with high resolution. The flood event with peak discharge of 15 300 m3/s, occurring in the period from 30 July to 10 August 1982, is simulated. The estimated result indicates that the simulation method is good for routing the flood in a region with complex geometry. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of snow ablation under a dust layer covering a wide range of albedo
Authors: Adhikary Sunil , Yamaguchi Yasushi , Ogawa Katsuro 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAblation processes of snow under a thin dust cover are complicated compared with those under a thick cover, mainly owing to the effects of aggregation (redistribution) of dust particles on the conditions of surface melting. Aggregation of dust particles causes the snow surface to brighten after the initial dust configuration, thus affecting the relationship between initial dust concentration and surface albedo. In order to estimate snow ablation rate under a thin dust cover, we used a composite energy balance model in which the surface albedo is taken as a measured input variable. The estimated results of snow ablation agreed reasonably well with the observation, considering the measurement errors inherited in the snow depressions. Comparison of the two cases, that is, one considering the aggregation of dust particles (observation: albedo variable) and the other without aggregation (assumption: albedo constant), showed that the ablation rates were noticeably lower on the former case. This suggests that the aggregation of dust particles induces a reduction of snow ablation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐frequency microsatellite instability predicts better chemosensitivity to high‐dose 5‐fluorouracil plus leucovorin chemotherapy for stage IV sporadic colorectal cancer after palliative bowel resection
Authors: Liang Jin‐Tung , Huang Kuo‐Chin , Lai Hong‐Shiee , Lee Po‐Huang , Cheng Yung‐Ming , Hsu Hey‐Chi , Cheng Ann‐Lii , Hsu Chih‐Hung , Yeh Kun‐Huei , Wang Shih‐Ming , Tang Chi , Chang King‐Jen 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe influence of MSI on treatment outcome of colorectal cancers remains unclear and deserves further investigation. We recruited 244 patients with stage IV sporadic colorectal cancers for our study, based on appropriate eligibility criteria. Patients were nonrandomly allocated to 2 treatment groups of either with or without high‐dose 5‐FU plus leucovorin chemotherapy (HDFL, 5‐FU 2,600 mg/m2 leucovorin 300 mg/m2 maximum 500 mg). Each treatment group was further divided into 2 subgroups according to high‐frequency MSI (MSI‐H) status. MSI‐H was defined as the appearance of MSI in at least 2 of the 5 examined chromosomal loci (BAT‐25, BAT‐26, D5S346, D2S123, D17S250). We compared clinicopathologic parameters, p53 overexpression and overall survival between the groups. In addition, 4 subgroups were identified as follows: MSI‐H+HDFL+, n = 35; MSI‐H−HDFL+, n = 134; MSI‐H+HDFL−, n = 17; MSI‐H−HDFL−, n = 58. There was no significant difference of background clinicopathologic data between the HDFL+ and HDFL− treatment groups (p > 0.05). Survival analyses indicated that the patients of subgroup MSI‐H+HDFL+ survived significantly longer than those of subgroup MSI‐H−HDFL+, with median survival times of 24 (95% CI 20.2–27.9) and 13 (95% CI 11.6–14.4) months, respectively (p = 0.0001, log‐rank test). In contrast, in patients without chemotherapy, the prognosis was poor irrespective of MSI status, with median survival times of 7.0 (95% CI 4.6–9.4) and 7.0 (95% CI 6.1–7.9) months in the MSI‐H+HDFL− and MSI‐H−HDFL− subgroups, respectively (p = 0.8205, log‐rank test). MSI‐H cancers responded significantly better to HDFL (p = 0.001), with a mean response rate of 65.71% (95% CI 49.98–81.44%) in subgroup MSI‐H+HDFL+ compared to 35.07% (95% CI 26.99–43.15%) in subgroup MSI‐H−HDFL+. There appeared to be no preferential metastatic site where response to HDFL can be predicted based on the MSI status of the primary tumor. Toxicity to HDFL was similarly minimal between MSI‐H+ and MSI‐H− patients (p > 0.05). Multivariate analysis of all patients further indicated that MSI‐H and chemotherapy were independent favorable prognostic parameters (p < 0.05). Thus, the better prognosis of stage IV sporadic colorectal cancers with MSI‐H may be associated with better chemosensitivity, rather than lower aggressiveness in biologic behavior. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.