bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Involution of the Index in the Art Nexus
Authors: Gell Alfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This completes our survey of binary relations. As the reader will have noticed, in the discussion of these relations, it has often been necessary to refer to more complicated relations, involving more than two terms. An example of such an expression, would be:This expression refers to a nexus of agent/patient relationships such that the recipient is the ‘patient’ and the agent acting on him is the index.
The Distributed Person
Authors: Gell Alfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I now turn to the anthropological theory of representational art, that is to say, the production, circulation, and practical use of indexes that have relevant prototypes, something that geometric patterns lack. Most Western art is of this type, and most of art-theory is about representation, in one ,,,,-ay or another. I shall try to avoid, as far as possible, discussing Western art, tempting though it is to do so. Instead, this part of the argument pivots around the classically ‘anthropological’ themes of sorcery and image-worship.
The Ascetic Imperative
Authors: Laidlaw James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chapters which follow cover two main themes. They deal with the ways in which the asceticism of Jain renouncers is incorporated into lay religious life; and the ways in which the spiritual virtues of renunciation are displayed and made available in sacred representations. The connection between these themes is the way the human body in Jainism is made an instrument of religious action and a medium of religious thought. So the subject of this part of the book is the constitution of the religious self in Jainism. What does one do, to make oneself a Jain self?
Schemes, Regimes, and Religious Retirement
Authors: Laidlaw James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jain tradition provides a set of five vows which a lay person may adopt. These are the five anuvrats, or ‘lesser restraints’. They are homonomous with, but in application quite distinct from, the five mahavrats, or ‘great restraints’, which all Jain renouncers take as the final and in theory irreversible stage of their initiation.
The Values and Perils of Exchange
Authors: Laidlaw James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shvetambar renouncers obtain their food as alms, under a very elaborate set of rules and restrictions. Dressed in full habit and carrying their staffs, they go out in pairs or alone, just before meal-times when food will be ready in Jain homes. At each of a number of households they are shown to the kitchen and given a little of the family meal. When they have collected enough to feed the whole group, they return to the upashraya where it is shared out and eaten.
The Gift That Doesn’t Really Happen
Authors: Laidlaw James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter I described, first, the cultural context which makes the alms-round, as a food transaction, a charged and morally perilous encounter, and I then described one Jain doctrinal solution to the problem this presents, a quasi-classification whose point is to assert that gifts to Jain renouncers are axiomatically virtuous, and immune from these ‘gastro-political’ considerations. Both these ideas are enacted in the alms-round as it occurs in Jain communities today, but they do not appear, in practice, as ‘problem’ and ‘solution’, so that the latter supersedes and erases the former. For reasons I shall explain, they remain at best in a delicate balance, which both donor and recipient must work, in each encounter, to achieve; and from which both are tempted, for their own reasons, to depart.
Benson Merchants on the Move
Authors: Wake Jehanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The peace treaty signed at Amiens in March 1802 after nine years of war had provided Hinrich Kleinwort and Robert Benson with a brief respite from the anxiety of wartime trading. Robert’s concerns had centred upon the future of his son Robert Rathbone Benson (to be known as Robert R.). As the time had approached for him to leave school, ‘I unavoidably became very concerned about his introduction to the knowledge of business, as well as about the line of business to which I should introduce him,’ Robert had confided to an American friend, Matthias Maris. ‘After much deliberation nothing appeared so peaceful, as the business I had myself so long laboured in and was so fully acquainted with’. The difficulty lay in choosing the right firm to provide his son with an apprenticeship that would lead to an eventual partnership.
A Changed Landscape 1972–1994
Authors: Wake Jehanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kleinwort Benson has operated in a climate of political vulnerability and economic and financial volatility throughout the two decades leading up to the present day and yet has managed to show a sustained growth in profits and balance sheet size for most, though not all, of the period. The ability to adapt to changing conditions, always of the utmost importance to merchant banks, once again enabled KB to survive and grow. In common with other firms, KB increased its market share in some areas and lost it in others. The very nature of merchant banks has always been that as one source of profit dissolves another springs up, so that in this respect little has changed throughout their history; fundamentally, therefore, the broad canvas of the risks and rewards has remained similar—but the brush strokes have altered and become harsher. The growth in the range of services and geographical spread of the business during the last twenty years has provided KB with a greater flexibility in meeting the requirements of its world-wide customers. According to its longest serving chairman, Bobby Henderson, ‘it is this flexibility, together with the importance we attach to service [to clients], that goes far to explain the continued success’ of the KB group.
A World Elsewhere: The Importance of Starting English
Authors: Hughes J R T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Each European state that attempted colonization ventures in the New World engaged in overt acts of institutional transfer, or sometimes invention. What was transferred (or invented) comprised the original sets of institutional gene pools from which the modern nations of the Americas developed and matured. Some of the original institutional transfers changed little enough over the succeeding centuries. In some cases, following the original metaphor, there were important mutations, and in some, fairly rare, cases there was significant originality in the creation of new institutions to meet the needs of life in settlements very unlike those of the European homelands. The consequences now are modern nations that still reflect their ancestral national features. Hackneyed as it may sound, the planters of the original colonies really did build for the future and it is not merely of historical interest that the descendants are nations in the Americas which, centuries later, are still identifiably English, Spanish, or Portuguese in origin. As a consequence of France’s century and a half of adventure on the North American mainland there now exists a giant French speaking city in a sea of English. These results are of deep world importance and are worth understanding. The most profound sources of that understanding are the beginnings. What was transferred in the first place?
Henry Hoare, Banker, his Family, and the Stourhead Estate
Authors: Clay C G A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the theses which Sir John Habakkuk developed in the course of his pioneering work on English landed society in the later seventeenth and eighteenth centuries was that, with the growing availability of more flexible and higher-yielding outlets for their savings, eighteenth-century businessmen were less inclined to invest in land than their predecessors of earlier generations had been.1 2 More recently other scholars have come up with similar conclusions, Nicholas Rogers for instance, and now, at least by implication, Lawrence and J. C. F. Stone? However, my own investigations into the land market suggest that, at least down to the time of the American War of Independence, more moneyed capital than ever was flowing into the purchase of landed estates.
Law, Convention, and Precedent in the British Constitution
Authors: Johnson Nevil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a familiar fact that constitutional law is an elusive concept when it is applied to the British Constitution. For the great historian of English law, F. W. Maitland, writing at the beginning of this century, the definition of constitutional law was simply a matter of convenience and a question ‘not to be solved by appeal to authority’. The difficulty of identifying constitutional law in some hard and fast sense has not, however, prevented generations of scholars as well as practitioners in law and politics from arguing at length about what is constitutional and what is not, about the past development of the Constitution and where it is now going, and about how best either to preserve or to improve it. Since 1970 or thereabouts the Constitution has been discussed very much in terms of politics and government—that is to say, much of the writing on it has been concerned chiefly with decribing and explaining the political institutions through which the country is governed.
The Ombudsman
Authors: Reid William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration (the Ombudsman or PCA) had been in existence for under ten years when Geoffrey Marshall wrote ‘Technique of Maladministration’.Having studied the annual and quarterly reports of the Parliamentary Commissioner, he observed that ‘maladministration is partly an acquired technique and partly a matter of instinct’. He therefore offered a few suggested maxims for the would-be maladministrator with the comment: ‘Intelligently used they can be relied upon to complicate the simplest decisions, to bring chaos out of order and to replace expedition with deliberation.’ He was quick to notice that, after eight years of investigations by Sir Edmund Compton and Sir Alan Marre, maladministration in its purest form had not been found, only elements of it, inefficiency, the creation of cases of hardship, irrational decisions, and inconsistency.
Police Accountability: Four Cases and a Statute
Authors: Williams David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That the constitutional status of the police in England and Wales is unclear has long been recognized. The uncertainties arise because of the difficulty of reconciling the inherent, discretionary powers of a constable with membership of a disciplined force organized on military lines: because of the different but inevitably competing roles of central government (chiefly the Home Office), of local government (chiefly the local police authorities), and of chief officers of police; because of the eclipse of the principle, endorsed by two Royal Commissions in this century, ‘that police powers are mostly grounded in the common law and differ little from those of ordinary citizens’;because of the steady enhancement of central control of the police at the expense of local police authorities, raising expectations that a national police force will emerge through the cumulative impact of statute law; because of the hesitations often shown by the courts in purporting to examine the legality of police activities; because of the implications of new technology, media coverage, greater mobility, and international contacts; and because of the increasing significance of the European Convention on Human Rights.
Citizenship and Immigration in Post-war Britain
Authors: Hansen Randall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this ground-breaking book, the author draws extensively on archival material and theortical advances in the social science literature. Citizenship and Immigration in Post-war Britain examines the transformation since 1945 of the UK from a homogeneous into a multicultural society. Rejecting a dominant strain of sociological and historical inquiry emphasizing state racism, Hansen argues that politicians and civil servants were overall liberal relative to the public, to which they owed their office, and that they pursued policies that were rational for any liberal democratic politician. He explains the trajectory of British migration and nationality policyits exceptional liberality in the 1950s, its restrictiveness after then, and its tortured and seemingly racist definition of citizenship. The combined effect of a 1948 imperial definition of citizenship (adopted independently of immigration), and a primary commitment to migration from the Old Dominions, locked British politicians into a series of policy choices resulting in a migration and nationality regime that was not racist in intention, but was racist in effect. In the context of a liberal elite and an illiberal public, Britain’s current restrictive migration policies result not from the faling of its policy-makers but from those of its institutions.
Labour and Party Competition: The Race Relations Act, 1965
Authors: Hansen Randall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the end, the sound and fury of Gaitskell’s embittered attack on immigration control signified nothing, and both parties settled into a quiet acceptance of the 1962 system of control. The Colonial Office continued to resist the Ministry of Labour’s position—it disagreed with the Ministry of Labour’s pessimistic view of the economic situation in early 1962 and argued for a generous quota on Category C vouchers (for the unskilled) —but its intluence was on the wane. It had decisively lost the argument over control, and the process of decolonization led inevitably to its marginalization within the Cabinet. The winding down of Empire removed the Colonial Office’s raison d’etre; the ministry was merged with the Commonwealth Relations Office (CRO) in 1966, closed in 1967, and the CRO was in turn merged with the Foreign Office in 1968. There was after 1962 no question of rescinding the 1962 Act. The continued pressure of immigration, particularly from India and Pakistan, meant that no one would seriously consider abandoning controls that had been presented as temporary. ll n’yarien d’aussi permanent que le provisoire, as the French say.
The Kenyan Asians Crisis of 1968
Authors: Hansen Randall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In late February 1968, there was a sense of panic among the Asian community in Kenya. The euphemistically termed ‘Africanization’ policies pursued by the Kenyan government had for several years been designed to drive them out of key positions in the economy. Asians had found that their work permits were no longer renewable; they were restricted to certain sectors of the economy; they were sacked from the civil service. Until 1968, their ultimate security had been guaranteed by their possession of British passports, which gave them unrestricted entry into the United Kingdom. On 22 February, this guarantee collapsed; the Home Secretary, James Callaghan, announced that the British government would no longer respect the Asians’ passports. Just over a week later, legislation ending the Asians’ unqualified right to enter went into force, and on 1 March the fully booked aeroplanes that had been carrying Asians to the UK for months were turned away. Some 200,00 individuals holding only British citizenship were abandoned, effectively stateless, in Africa or India, and some of these individuals are still waiting to enter the United Kingdom today.
Verbs of Knowledge, Perception, and Others
Authors: Deutscher Guy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines all the main semantic categories of verbs in the Functional Domain of Complementation, except modality and manipulation. The chapter presents a diachronic survey of the different structures used with these verbs, from Old Akkadian to Neo-Babylonian. Section 7.1 starts with an overview of the main developments in the FDC over the period 2500 to 500 BC. The following sections discuss the changes in each of the semantic categories: knowledge (§7-2), perception (§7.3), speech (§7.4), proving (§7.5), fearing(§7.6), and the ‘what have I done that ... ‘ construction (§7-7).
Manipulation and Modality
Authors: Deutscher Guy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter describes the structures used with verbs of manipulation and modality. The expression of manipulation remained quite stable in the history of Babylonian, at least until the Neo-Babylonian period. From Old Akkadian to Middle Babylonian, manipulation was expressed with two different structures, which appeared in complementary distribution on the basis of tense. Infinitive complements were used for past manipulation, and coordination was used for non-past manipulation. The only major disruption to this system occurred in the Neo-Babylonian period, when infinitive complements almost entirely disappeared from the FDC, and were replaced by the umma construction. Table 4 summarizes the main structures used with manipulation in the history of Babylonian.
Functional Parallels for the Babylonian Development
Authors: Deutscher Guy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapters demonstrated that there was a general historical development in Babylonian, in which finite complements and finite embedded questions replaced alternative strategies in the FDC. This chapter presents a brief survey of some parallels from other languages for this functional development. I aim to show that neither the late emergence of finite complements nor the extension in their use during the historical period is unique to Babylonian. Rather, the changes in Babylonian seem to be an instance of a general trend. Before surveying the history of some ancient languages, two modern languages are mentioned: Dyirbal and Tok-Pisin. In previous chapters, I claimed that Old Akkadian had no finite complementation, and outlined the alternative structures which were used instead of finite complements. The assertion that a language can ‘survive’ without finite sentential complementation may be met with scepticism on theoretical grounds. It is therefore useful to mention that one does not need to go four thousand years back in history to find languages without finite complementation. Such languages exist today.
The biogenic amines
Authors: Emsley John , Fell Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This menu looks delicious; it is also well balanced and highly nutritious. But it contains foods that are naturally high in biogenic amines, which can give most people a headache. All that is required is about 100 mg of the biogenic amine-a mere tenth of a gram. Assuming the guests at a banquet ate normal sized portions, they would get more than twice this amount; and while this will not produce an allergic reaction, it will mean that they have more biogenic amine than can be removed rapidly from the body. The result is likely to be a throbbing headache lasting several hours. By themselves, the foods on this menu can be tolerated with no problems, but together they stimulate receptors and overload the body’s mechanisms for detoxifying biogenic amines.
Caffeine
Authors: Emsley John , Fell Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The earliest written record of human use of caffeine is from China around 2700Bc, which is about tea-drinking. Coffee came much later: it was cultivated first in the sixth century AD in Ethiopia, and then in Turkey, where it acquired the name kahveh, from which the words coffee, cafe, and, ultimately, caffeine, were to be derived. Meanwhile in North America, caffeine-containing beverages were being made from guarana yoco, and mate in the south, and from cassina in the north; while in Central and South America cocoa was drunk, which also contains caffeine. In Africa, the popular way to partake of caffeine was to chew kola nuts.
Natural toxins
Authors: Emsley John , Fell Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Natural toxins are to be found in all kinds of foods, but they are generally in quantities too tiny to affect us. For example, there is cyanide in almonds and tapioca, hydroxy-tryptamine in cabbages and bananas, and myristicin in nutmeg and carrots. Myristicin can cause hallucinations, but it would be virtually impossible to eat enough carrots to produce the desired effect. On the other hand, nutmeg abuse has been well documented in the medical literature for over a century: a tablespoon of this spice can deliver enough myristicin to cause hallucinations, palpitations, and a feeling of impending doom.
The nine numbers of the cosmos
Authors: Rowan-Robinson Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thus the explorations of space end on a note of uncertainty. And necessarily so. We are, by definition, in the very center of the observable region. We know our immediate neighbourhood rather intimately. With increasing distance, our knowledge fades, and fades rapidly. Eventually, we reach the dim boundary—the utmost limits of our telescopes. There, we measure shadows, and we search among ghostly errors of measurement for landmarks that are scarcely more substantial.
The naming
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Substances we now call proteins aroused the interest of early-day chemists because of their close association with life processes. The French chemist Antoine Fourcroy (1755–1809) recognized three distinct varieties of protein from animal sources in 1789: albumin, fibrin, and gelatin. At least two more were known from vegetable sources. They were often collectively called ‘albumins’, in recognition of the prototype derived since time immemorial from egg white; the German equivalent was ‘Eiweisskörper’.
Proteins are True Macromolecules
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Do macromolecules exist? Can amino acids be linked together to form longer and longer polypeptide chains, ad infinitum? Emil Fischer had given up on his synthetic efforts at the stage of an 18-mer: does that imply a limit? Debate on these questions was intense in the early part of the twentieth century, fuelled by colloid chemistry, a new way of thinking about large particles based primarily on the properties of inorganic colloids (colloidal gold, hydrated silica, etc.). These particular colloids were known beyond any doubt to exist as large particles, but mass or size was variable, depending on environment and conditions of formation; these particles were obviously aggregates of the true molecules of the intrinsic components. The question of how such aggregates were formed and stayed in solution and how large they could become intrigued many brilliant minds and led to the development of much elegant theory and powerful new analytical tools.
Fibrous Proteins
Authors: Tanford Charles , Reynolds Jacqueline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It had been known for many years that not all proteins were globular proteins—that is, relatively compact, nearly spherical, charged particles. Some (like casein and gelatin) deviated grossly from this picture when studied in solution. Others, notably keratin, silk fibroin, and collagen, were not even soluble in aqueous media and could be seen in associated form under the microscope as elongated fibres. By chemical criteria, they were indubitably proteins, composed of the same amino acids as their more tractable brethren, though sometimes the proportions were unusual. Like the globular proteins, these fibrous proteins bear ionic charges. Jacinto Steinhardt, an American who had some years earlier been a postdoctoral visitor to the Carlsberg Laboratory, carried out acid– base titrations of suspensions of wool keratin, and the resulting curves were similar to those for globular proteins in solution.