bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Lintott Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Polybius’ association of Rome’ s phenomenal military success with the excellence of her constitution may surprise twentieth-century readers, but it was almost self-evident for a Greek intellectual from within the governing class in his period. It was Herodotus who first made the connection between political systems and their military capacities. In his view an important result of the reforms (eunomia) of Lycurgus was the victory of the Spartans over their neighbours; again, when the Athenians acquired democracy (isēgoria) through Cleisthenes, the immediate consequence was their victory over the Boeotians and Chalcidians.
The Higher Magistrates and the Pro-Magistrates
Authors: Lintott Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rome’ s wars were won and Rome’ s provinces governed by magistrates who, though they might receive special instructions and were subject in the later Republic to rules defined in law or senatus consultum, had full discretion to take major decisions without consultation of the senate or people-’ as they judge to be in accordance with the public interest and their own good faith’ , to use a standard phrase found in legal texts. They were expected to do their best for the res publica and, if this was afterwards considered inadequate, they were liable to prosecution on their return to Rome.
Andocides
Authors: Usher Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Second in the canon of ten Attic orators, Andocides was probably the least esteemed. He was not a professional writer of speeches for others: all of his surviving orations were spoken by him on his own behalf, and he does not seem to have been a regular public speaker. But a deliberative speech by him has survived, and it is the earliest surviving example of this genre of oratory.
Isaeus
Authors: Usher Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Innovation in forensic oratory was difficult after Lysias. In adapting and standardizing the array of topics, formulae, and rhetorical devices which he inherited from Antiphon and the early tradition, he found effective and economical expression for them. After Lysias, the recurrence of so much material, together with a common dialect and, to a large extent, common vocabulary, tended to confer on much Attic Oratory a certain uniformity, some degree of which Isaeus could not avoid. Again, the fact that his career seems to have begun as that of Lysias was nearing its end, in the same city and among the same clientele, guaranteed Lysianic influence. Yet shrewd observers could discern that in Isaeus’ hands the genre responded to changing times. The precise forms which this response took will be the subject of this chapter; but the search for them must be preceded by some essential facts about the orator.
Criticism in Plato’s Republic: Writing the Just City/Just Writing the City
Authors: Too Yun Lee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
George Grube has characterized Plato as the first writer ‘to develop a theory of literature and of its place in society’. If this is so, it is a theory of literature which must raise some anxieties. In the Republic, one of the traditionally privileged texts in the history of criticism, if not the most privileged, Plato would appear to banish poetry from the ideal state, and accordingly, to propose that (literary) art and philosophy are distinct categories of discourse and practice. Scholars draw attention to the discussion of art and mimēsis in Book io, where the philosopher rejects imitation for the reason that it is an ontologically and epistemologically deficient copy of the object that it attempts to represent. Despite apparently contradicting the stance of books 2 and 3, where the work’s interlocutors admit the role of poetry in the education of the young citizen, the final book of the Republic has become the authorized and privileged Platonic position on literary art.
Augustine on Reinventing the Discourse of Community
Authors: Too Yun Lee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In earlier chapters I have considered both how critical activities became and might have become institutionalized and how the statements produced about literature in various institutional contexts serve to authorize a cultural tradition for a set of different communities, both textual and, less frequently, historical. In Chapters 4 and 6 in particular, l suggested that criticism involves more than the exclusion of texts which challenge the hegemonic discourse but may also require the scrupulously discriminated dis∼ placement of one set of hegemonic discourses by another one. The present chapter now examines the way in which the apparently contradictory institutionalizing and dislocating aspects of criticism come together at the end of the classical era.
Conclusion The Function of Criticism in Times Past and Present
Authors: Too Yun Lee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The writing of any history of criticism such as the present one can only reveal the discourse under consideration to be one of several possible created and contentiously authorized languages. But such a narrative will at the same time not be entirely arbitrary, inasmuch as any number of ideologies, assumptions, and prior histories of literary criticism will be its subtexts, whether taken up more explicitly or not. My subtexts have been the idea of ancient criticism as constituted in part by material from antiquity and in part by the scholarship which has characterized it as ‘ancient literary criticism’. The project has not been to abandon altogether the body of writing we conventionally recognize as ‘ancient literary criticism’ nor the body of commentary on this material; furthermore, my intention has not been to suggest that we abandon the phrase ‘ancient literary criticism’ as a description of the discourses that ancient authors set out regarding the production and reception of literary texts. Yet by beginning from an understanding of criticism as a socio-political process, this study has offered a somewhat different discourse regarding the production and reception of literary texts in Greek and Roman antiquity.
Agamemnon’s Empire
Authors: Lendon J E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to Synesius, the peasants of North Africa thought that Agamemnon ruled the Roman empire. This was a strangely wise mistake. For just as the values of Greeks and Romans of the empire recalled in many ways the values of the warlike aristocracies from which they arose, so too did rulership always have a Homeric strain to it. Honour defined the Homeric king’s position: a king might say, ‘Be king equally with me, take half my honour.’The king was distinguished by his right to receive the greatest honour.And of mortal men he had the greatest power over the distribution of honours and disgraces. When Achilles withdraws from the fighting, he cries out to the High King Agamemnon, ‘You will tear apart your heart in self-reproach, that you did no honour to the best of the Achaeans.’In Caesar Augustus there was a great deal of Mussolini, but there was something of Agamemnon as well.
Homer on Poetry and the Poetry of Homer
Authors: Macleod Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘We pedants know better. ‘ These leaden and ironic words form part of E. Housman ‘s attempt to show that textual scholarship and literary criticism are two very different, or even incompatible, skills. The immediate issue was Matthew Arnold ‘s translation of Iliad 24, line 506. As it happens, Housman was wrong on that point, and Arnold right; and this should give us pause over the larger question. In fact the spring of scholarship cannot and has not run on uncontaminated by the scum and garbage of criticism. So in 1981 we can expect more and more scholars, for good or ill, to consider Homer as a poet rather than a corpus vile of lays or motifs or formulae. Now it would not be surprising if, as a serious poet, Homer reflected on the nature and purpose of his work; and such reflections have indeed left their mark upon it. They make too a proper basis for the study of his poetry; for just as scholars have, as best they can, to learn to be critics, so critics have to learn what the poets they read can teach them about poetry. There have been good discussions of Homer ‘s poetics in recent years; and what I have to say owes much to them. If I venture to return to the topic, it is because I believe that there are still worthwhile conclusions to be drawn from it about Homer ‘s poetry. In particular, I shall consider one question which is a challenge to any who think of the Iliad as a significant whole, that is whether Book 24 is its true ending and a fitting conclusion.
Two Comparisons in Sappho
Authors: Macleod Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This note seeks to illustrate an aspect of Sappho ‘s poetic technique, her use of comparisons; to that end it considers a myth, that of Helen in fr. 16 L.-P., and a simile, that of the moon in fr. 96. One principle which underlies what follows here had better be clearly stated at the outset: I assume that such comparisons may have more than one aspect and may be an oblique way of putting divergent thoughts and feelings. For the simpler a comparison is, the less it can express; and if Sappho deserves her reputation we should not expect her to indulge in mere superfluities.
Politics And The Oresteia
Authors: Macleod Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a drama and a poem the Eumenides is often regarded with unease. It brings the Oresteia to a conclusion; but its account of Athens and the Areopagus seems to many readers inspired more by patriotism (of whatever partisan tinge) than a sense of dramatic unity. Hence much attention has been devoted to Aeschylus ‘ supposed political message in the play; as a result, the question of its fitness to crown the trilogy recedes into the background or even vanishes. On the other hand, those whose concern is with Aeschylus ‘ poetry tend to ignore his ‘politics ‘. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First, it seeks to vindicate Aeschylus the artist: to show, that is, how the founding of the homicide court and the cult of the Semnai on the Areopagus in Athens properly marks the end of the troubles of the Argive Atridae, and how the sufferings and guilt of individual men and women are resolved in a city ‘s institutions. In pursuing this aim, it also has to consider, and try to define, the relation of the tragedian to his audience and to contemporary society. My concern, then, is with the individual and the community, both within the play and behind it.
Thucydides ‘ Plataean Debate
Authors: Macleod C W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To Dionysius of Halicarnassus (On Thucydides 42) no speech of Thucydides was finer than the Plataeans’ in Book III. But that debate has commanded little attention in writing from modern scholars apart from the detailed observations of commentators. This paper tries to show how the speakers’ rhetorical arguments and their tragic pathos or passion contribute to the historian’s profound enquiry into the behaviour of men at war. In conclusion, it recapitulates by means of a comparison with the speeches concerning the Mytilenean revolt.
Roman Rulers and the Philosophic Adviser
Authors: Rawson †Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THERE has been a great deal of discussion of the clash between philosophers, or those under the influence of philosophers, and Roman emperors whom they regarded as tyrants. Much less attention has been paid to the other side of the coin, and to the philosophers who were, or were claimed to have been, honoured political advisers to the emperors and other great Romans.
The Tetralogies and the Court Speeches
Authors: Carawan Edwin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the documents of homicide law and early rhetoric at Athens the Tetralogies attributed to Antiphon are crucial. They have often been the touchstone of received opinion, the indicator by which we are to assess the value of other evidence and the worth of scholarly speculation. They may also have been regarded as something of a philosopher’s stone, by which to transmute material of dubious value. Their argumentation shows some suggestive affinities with the demonstration speeches of Gorgias and the paired speeches of Thucydides’ history.1 But there is no other surviving document quite like them, nor any from which their probative value can be easily confirmed. Many of the basic problems remain therefore unresolved.
Warrant and Arrest for Homicide: Antiphon 5 and Lysias 13
Authors: Carawan Edwin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The traditional homicide procedure, dikē phonou, was a cumbersome, ritualistic remedy. The elaborate sequence of preliminaries and the special rules of evidence and oath-taking were designed to facilitate private settlement. It was a reasonably effective means of deciding a dispute over liability where the fact of the defendant’s involvement was not contested and the parties themselves were bound to resolve the grievance by ties of custom and social conscience. But those who prosecuted by the traditional dikai found themselves at a serious disadvantage in other respects. If there were no firsthand witnesses that the accused did indeed participate in the fatal act—if the case was one of those that so inspire the modem imagination, a ‘who-done-it’—then the plaintiffs had practically no case in the courts of the ephetai, no matter how conclusive the circumstantial evidence.
Euripides’ Ion, Coram’s Foundlings, and Lord Hardwicke’s Marriage Act
Authors: Hall Edith , Macintosh Fiona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Foundling heroes are perennially fascinating. From the Akkadian myth of Sargon, discovered in a basket on the river Euphrates, through Moses and Nimrod to Cyrus, Romulus and Remus, the Japanese hero Hiruko, the Indian Karna of the Mahabharata­ almost every ancient mythical system features an abandoned baby at its centre. The twentieth century produced Clark Kent, Super­ man, whose birth narrative was invented in 1939; the twenty-first has already created the touching story of David, the robot found­ ling in search of parental love, in Steven Spielberg’s movie AI (Artificial Intelligence, 2001). Foundling tales were already a staple of the ancient theatre, appearing in numerous (now lost) Euripi­ dean tragedies, and in many of Menander’s Hellenistic New Comedies.
Revolutionary Oedipuses
Authors: Hall Edith , Macintosh Fiona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his account of the life of his friend William Whitehead, the poet and playwright William Mason refers to an incomplete version of Oedipus Tyrannus that he found amongst Whitehead’s papers after his death. Mason explains that although he himself went on to finish his friend’s play, ‘I am, however, sufficiently convinced, that the time for this, or any other tragedy founded on classical story, to appear, is by no means the latter end of the eighteenth century’.
Ruins and Rebels
Authors: Hall Edith , Macintosh Fiona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Faraway from the British stage, the Greek-speaking world in 1821 embarked upon eight painful years of revolutionary upheaval. Years of planning were put into action by Alexandros Ypsilantis in Odessa, the ancient city on the Black Sea which Catherine the Great had refounded and populated with the prosperous merchant caste of Greeks known as Phanariots. After announcing in early March that the War of Independence had commenced, he invaded Ottoman Moldavia. In the Peloponnese, Bishop Germanos of Patras hoisted the Greek flag and began the mainland uprising.
Greek Tragedy and the Cosmopolitan Ideal
Authors: Hall Edith , Macintosh Fiona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some time in early 1915, after several years of direct involvement in the Cambridge Greek play, John Sheppard of King’s College, Cambridge, concludes the Preface to his translation of Oedipus Tyrannus with the following comment: ‘If you doubt whether in these days Greek tragedy still matters, you may learn the answer in Paris.’ The ‘answer’ to which Sheppard is referring is the startling performance of CEdipe Roi by the then legendary tragedien of the Comedie-Frarncaise, Jean Mounet-Sully. Mounet-Sully had been responsible for reintroducing Sophocles’ play into the repertoire of the Comedie-Frarn;aise in 1881, and between then and the time of Sheppard’s comment in 1915 Mounet-Sully had made in excess of 100 appearances in the title role.
Prayer, Reason, and Piety
Authors: Pulleyn Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapters, we have been uncovering the details of ancient Greek ritual practice and advancing some modern interpretations of that material. However, the Greeks themselves were not unaware that prayer was a topic for intellectual discussion. In this chapter, we shall look at some of what they themselves actually had to say about prayer. We shall see that it was not only philosophers with an interest in theology who discussed prayer. Literary figures, too, give us some important insights into the world of archaic and classical thought about prayer. It seems to me that the material falls broadly into two categories complaint and accommodation. It will emerge in due course what is meant by the latter term. Let us for the present turn our attention to the first category.
Rationalism, Protestantism, and the Church of England
Authors: Pereiro James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Manning’s idea of the Church included, as an integral part of it, a dear conception of the access of man lo revealed truth. He had already described it in The Grounds of Faith (1852). Now, in the introduction to The Temporal Mission of the Holy Ghost (1865), he plainly described how he viewed the alternative before man when confronted with God’s revelation. As he put it: ‘my object in the following pages is to show that the reason of man has no choice but to be either the disciple or the critic of the revelation of God’. He also •wanted to demonstrate that faith does not detract from the perfection of human reason; on the contrary, faith perfects and elevates reason. He numbered the theses he wanted to prove:
Introduction
Authors: Finkelberg Margalit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study of the origins of the concept of literary fiction grew out of my attempts to settle a difficulty in a passage of the Phaedrus. The passage, describing a scale of human souls, runs as follows: the soul that hath seen the most of being shall enter into the human babe that shall grow into a seeker after wisdom (philosophos) or beauty (philokalos), a follower of the Muses (mousikos) and a lover (er6tikos); the next, having seen less, shall dwell in a king that abides by law, or a warrior and ruler; the third in a statesman, a man of business, or a trader; the fourth in an athlete, or physical trainer, or physician; the fifth shall have the life of a prophet or a Mystery priest; to the sixth that of a poet (poietikos) or other mimetic artist shall be fittingly given; the seventh shall live in an artisan or farmer; the eighth in a Sophist or demagogue; the ninth in a tyrant.
The Song of the Muse
Authors: Finkelberg Margalit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of this book, I suggested that inspiration and art are conceptions of creativity which imply typologically different poetics: a ‘poetics of truth’ which construes its object as a message of reality and a means to an end, and a ‘poetics of fiction’ which construes its object as a reality sui generis and an end in itself. The analysis of poetry among other activities of Homeric man led to the conclusion that in Homer ‘singing’, that is, poetry proper, was essentially connected with the idea of divine inspiration. Examination of the implications of this conclusion for the ontological and teleological status of the work of poetry in Homer will be my present task.
Outside the Familia: Mothers and Children
Authors: Gardner Jane F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In archaic Rome, because women at marriage were customarily placed in manu, that is, under the power of their husbands, virtually all married women were in the same familia as their children; by the end of the Republic, virtually none were. Although Ulpian’s wellknown definition of what constituted a familia in strict law (iure proprio) includes the mother, mate,familias, to mention her as a member ofthefamilia is by his time (early third century AD) an anachronism. It had long since ceased to be customary for married women to be taken into the power of their husbands, and the word mateifamilias itself had changed its meaning in common usage to mean either a respectable married woman, or a woman whose status was defined not by being married, but by being legally independent, i.e. one whose pateifamilias had died.
Translation
Authors: Whitehead David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Well, personally, men of the jury, as I was just saying to those seated nearby, I am amazed that by now impeachments like this do not sicken you. Previously, those being impeached before you were Timomachos and Leosthenes and Kallistratos, and Philon from Anaia and Theotimos who lost Sestos, and others of that sort; some of them accused of betraying ships, others Athenian cities—and one of saying things, as a speaker, not in the best interests of the people.
Empire as Structures
Authors: Ma John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
all the inhabitants of the land on this side of the Taurus were not so much pleased, when Antiochos was defeated, at the prospect of being freed from tribute for some, garrisoning for others and from royal injunctions for all, as at the release from the terror the barbarians inflicted on them and at the thought of being delivered from their violence and their lawlessness.
Re-evaluating Gernet: Value and Greek Myth
Authors: Von Reden Sitta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Almost fifty years after its first publication, Louis Gernet’s’s article ‘La Notion mythique de la valeur en Grece’ is still widely read and frequently cited. This is not only because no similar study has been devoted to the same subject again, but also because of Gemet’s distinctive influence on the sixieme section of the Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, on French structuralism, and especially on J.-P. Vemant. Yet despite the enduring importance that his work has had through the ‘Vemant school’ in international scholarship, and quite in contrast to his book and papers on law, Gernet’s’s article on value has been more frequently referred to than it has been engaged with in detail. This is all the more regrettable as its argument, to the extent that it concerns economic history, is far more radical than any advanced by Moses Finley, and anticipates a conceptual tum which is only now entering Anglo-American scholarship. More relevant still to this volume is the fact that the problem of value as Gernet poses it raises important questions about myth and logos in relation to the transformation of a premonetary to a monetary society in ancient Greece.
Monsters in Greek Ethnography and Society in the Fifth and Fourth Centuries BCE
Authors: Lenfant Dominique 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That muthos and logos should not be seen as opposed to one another, as if the one succeeded the other in a progression of Greek thought towards increasing rationality, may be exemplified by Greek views of monstrous beings. Such views may be observed in three areas, namely mythology, ethnography, and society. The present study will not deal with properly ‘mythological’ representations, but will survey (1) what Greeks wrote on monsters observed in their own society, and (2) ethnographic descriptions which claim to report foreign and distant things, and which give much space to monstrous peoples.