bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Urge to Philosophize
Authors: Seeskin Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“The Jewish People;’ as Julius Guttmann argues on the first page of his monumental study, “did not begin to philosophize because of an irresistible urge to do so. They received philosophy from outside sources, and the history of Jewish philosophy is a history of successive absorptions of foreign ideas which were then transformed and adapted according to specific Jewish points of view.’
lmitatio Dei
Authors: Seeskin Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until now we have considered an understanding of monotheism based on a radical separation between God and everything else. God is eternal, everything else is created; God is beyond our ability to praise, everything else is within it. Not only does separation create metaphysical problems, it creates a religious problem of immense proportions, for the Bible does not say we should simply recognize the uniqueness of God and be content with our finitude; it says quite clearly that we should strive to emulate God. Thus Leviticus 19:2: “You shall be holy; for I the Lord your God am holy.”
Popular Religion and a Personal God
Authors: Seeskin Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having come this far, we would do well to take stock. I have argued that monotheism is central to Judaism and have defined monotheism in a way that emphasizes the uniqueness of God and the primacy of the distinction between God and creation. We saw that while prayer may not be the highest form of spiritual achievement, Maimonides not only permits it but regards it as mandatory. His point is that we should rid ourselves of the temptation to think that the function of prayer is to assert literal truth. It can lead us to God or inform us about God without telling us what God is or exactly how God acts.
The Serpent of Lust in the Southern Garden *
Authors: Clark William Bedford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the minds of many Americans, there are two Souths. There is, on the one hand, that South conceived of as an idyllic land of plenty, blessed with a temperate climate and a rich fecundity of soil and inhabited by a happy and hospitable people for whom life is pleasure and pleasure a way of life. The persistent hold this view of the South exercises over the collective American imagination is attested to perhaps most readily by the willingness with which outlanders continue to surrender to the Old South nostalgia of the plantation tradition in both fiction and cinema. On the other hand, however, there is that other South, a kind of night mare world of torrid and stifling heat in which uncontrollable passions and sense less acts of violence become the outward manifestations of a blighting inner corruption, a secret sin poisoning the very mainstreams of southern life. It was no accident that Faulkner’s first commercial success was Sanctuary and the reading public’s interest in lurid accounts of southern depravity remains strong, as any trip to the corner newsstand suffices to prove. Nevertheless, these two seemingly irreconcilable images of the South manage to merge into a rather shaky synthesis in the national consciousness so that to many Americans the South becomes a thing at once attractive and repulsive, a land simultaneously blessed and cursed. Metaphor is one way of expressing such a paradoxical state of emotional affairs, and one of the oldest and most compelling metaphors for expressing the ambivalence of American attitudes toward the region has been the image of the South as a corrupted garden, or, expressed in Biblical terms, Eden after the Fall. Charles W. Coleman, in an 1887 Harper’s article, “The Recent Movement in Southern Literature,” provides us with an interesting early example of this metaphor. In discussing the fiction of George Washington Cable, he remarks that Cable writes of an “enchanted, semitropical realm, beautiful with flowers, yet marked by the trail of the serpent.”
Copiapó
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the past, there was another period in which this island in the desert flourished. There followed a long series of years in which poverty, hunger and thirst, pestilence, and earthquakes imprinted the seal of misery on it one after another, forcing its inhabitants to emigrate or die, razing the town limits, and wearing down the verdure of the valley in which it was situated until it looked just like the wasteland surrounding it.
If They Could See You Now’
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few towns have had an infancy so prolonged and so similar to decrepitude as the village of San Francisco de la Selva, now the city of CopiapÓ, capital of the Province of Atacama. But it’s also true that very few will have experienced more rapid or more ostentatious progress than that which has suddenly seen fit to descend on this beloved corner of ours in the last few years. You can say of it what they say about the child who suddenly suffers a huge growth spurt: he’s growing right before our eyes!
The Discoverers of the Chañarcillo Mines
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Excellent topic for a Lenten sermon in which the orator proposed to describe the fleetingness of earthly treasures and conjure up not just one but many prodigal sons without resorting to parable. I, who am no orator, and who have not been burdened on this earth with the arduous task of herding restive sheep from one place to another, though I’m proud to own some and frequently find myself trailing after one who’s gone astray, have chosen this matter to write an article.
Vallenar and Copiapó
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
They are two neighboring towns, two sister towns, and this is more than enough to cause them to live in eternal discord.
There are times when I too start thinking about the origins of our civilizations, because I like to think that prior to ill® tempore we were more animal-like than we are now. Did men get together, I ask myself, so they could love each other more easily? No.
The Port of Copiapó
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was four o’clock in the barracks, in the jail, in the municipal building, in the criminal and civil courts, in the office of the notary public, and even in San Andres when we left. I don’t need to tell you that the dust in the narrow streets of La Bodega blinded us, or that dust kept blinding us over and over again at several points along the way … I still rub my eyes every time I think of it. The most interesting thing I saw on the way was one of those horrible trophies that don’t so much conjure up feelings of justice served as they denounce in our societies clear tendencies toward cannibalism: I’m talking about two human arms nailed to a gibbet, and arranged so that if you just stuck a nightcap up on top, you’d have the living image of the coat of arms of the Argentine Republic.
Letter from Jotabeche to a Friend in Santiago
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you hadn’t sent me a letter on the steamship Peru, do you know the punishment I had lined up for you? I was going to dedicate one of my articles to you so your name would appear in print like an ECCE HOMO at the head of some columns of El Mercurio.
Letter from Jotabeche
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It’s time to write you a letter, and I intend to amuse myself as I write, hoping it won’t bore you when you read it. I have to confess: I’m as keen to write letters as Argentines are to emigrate, Peruvians to suffer, soldiers to fight, Pelucones1 to influence fashion, and the children of my land to litigate.
Gossips
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
They are a species of poet-people, whose Apollo is the devil. The devil inspires them, the devil has made them stand out among us: they’re geniuses, they’re nothing at all. If you come across one of them while you’re out walking, make the sign of the cross and start running, as if you’d run into a spy just when the Conservatives, finding the water has risen up to their beards, have declared the country in crisis.
Ethics in Practice
Authors: Rohde Deborah L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Law, as Reinhold Niebuhr once noted, is a “compromise between moral ideas and practical possibilities.”1 The same is true of legal ethics. How lawyers reconcile the tension between moral aspirations and pragmatic constraints is important not just for the profession but also for the public. Lawyers play a crucial role in the structure of our private affairs and social institutions. This role carries multiple, sometimes competing responsibilities to clients, courts, and society generally. Lawyers also face conflicts between their professional obligations and personal interests. A central challenge of legal practice is how to live a life of integrity in the tension between these competing demands.2
Cultures of Commitment: Pro Bono for Lawyers and Law Students
Authors: Rhode Deborah L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mark Twain once reminded us that “to do right is noble: to advise others to do right is also noble and much less trouble for yourself.” For too many lawyers, the issue of pro bono service reflects too wide a gap between professional rhetoric and professional practice. Bar ethical codes have long advised attorneys that they have obligations to assist individuals who cannot afford counsel. Yet the percentage of lawyers who actually do so has remained dispiritingly small. Recent estimates suggest that most attorneys do not perform significant pro bono work, and that only between 10 and 20 percent of those who do are assisting low-income clients. The average for the profession as a whole is less that a half an hour per week. Few lawyers come close to satisfying the American Bar Association’s Model Rules, which provide that “a lawyer should aspire to render at least 50 hours of pro bono public legal services per year,” primarily to “persons of limited means or to organizations assisting such persons.”1
Ancient Egyptian Traditions
Authors: Edward Wright J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to understand how early Jewish and Christian authors depicted the heavenly realm, one first needs to investigate the religious, cultural, and “scientific” perspectives they inherited from the Hebrew Bible, the religiously authoritative text for both Jews and Christians. We must seek to understand, therefore, how this authoritative document depicted the heavenly realm because it influenced how later Jews and Christians thought about this subject. In turn, how the editors and authors of the many texts in the Hebrew Bible depicted the heavenly realm was influenced by the world in which they lived.
Ancient Mesopotamian Traditions
Authors: Edward Wright J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we turn to consider the views of Mesopotamian peoples about the heavenly realms, we must be cautious. The sources at our disposal are abundant, but how they fit within the contexts of official religion on the one hand or popular religion on the other is not clear. In fact, one noted Assyriologist maintained that “a systematic presentation of Mesopotamian religion cannot and should not be written.”1 In the following, therefore, I will try to sketch the salient features of Mesopotamian beliefs about the heavenly realms. Once again, given the nature of the sources, we must steer a course between the Scylla of complete nihilism and the Charybdis of excessive optimism when it comes to reconstructing the beliefs of these ancient peoples. It must be remembered that most of this literature predates the biblical materials—the Sumerian literature by more than a millennium! Because of the continuities in many aspects of Mesopotamian religion from the late third millennium to the middle of the first millennium bce, this material will enable us to understand more fully the intellectual context in which the biblical materials evolved.2
Later Developments In Jewish, Christian, And Islamic Images
Authors: Edward Wright J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding review of the texts and traditions that describe the heavenly realm ends with sources that can in some way be dated to at least the second century ce. Obviously, heavenly speculation did not end at this point. Jewish, Christian, and Islamic authors continued to develop images of the heavenly realm. The following is a very brief overview of these speculations in order to show how some of the themes discussed in previous chapters developed in subsequent Jewish, Christian, and Islamic communities. This topic has been the focus of several successful books. A most helpful sketch of the images of heaven from ancient to modern times can be found in Colleen McDannell and Bernhard Lang, Heaven: A History (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1988). The analyses by McDannell and Lang are somewhat superficial since their survey covers several millennia. Nonetheless, their book fills an important role as a synthesis of the literary and artistic images of heaven in western thought. More recently Jeffrey Burton Russell’s A History of Heaven: The Singing Silence (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1997) provides an insightful study of the topic focusing on Christian materials.
Islam and the West: A Clash of Civilizations?
Authors: Esposito John L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fear often issues in the demonization of an enemy or threat. For decades, international relations were conducted within the context of a superpower rivalry, between East and West, the Soviet Union and the United States. In the post-Cold War period, many who seek new demons warn of an Islamic threat to Western civilization or of an impending clash of civilizations. Increasingly, voices in America and Europe proclaim, “The Muslims are coming, the Muslims are coming!”2 not only as a political but also as a demographic threat. Similar attitudes lay behind the initial response of those experts who saw the Oklahoma bombing as the handiwork of Middle East terrorists or Islamic fundamentalists.
Introduction
Authors: Kapstein Matthew T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before Buddhism made its presence felt in Tibet, as it did during the eighth and ninth centuries C.E., and even as the Buddha’s teaching began to establish itself there, it was but one of several foreign ways of culture with which the Tibetans were becoming familiar. Besides Tibet’s ancient indigenous traditions, that are still perceptible both in their persistent survivals and in elements of the earliest written records, early medieval Tibet knew of Chinese historiography and Greek medicine, Nepalese sculpture and Sogdian textiles, Nestorian Christianity and Manichaeism. The penetration by Buddhism of Tibetan culture, so that the two would become to all intents and purposes indivisibly associated, was not yet previsioned, and to explain the success and thoroughness of Buddhism’s Tibetan conquest remains a central problem for the historical study and interpretation of Tibetan civilization. The sketches of three key issues given here may serve as an introduction, delineating some important aspects of the rise of Buddhism in Tibet, and providing a point of departure for the studies that follow in later chapters.
From Korea to Tibet
Authors: Kapstein Matthew T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lbetan Buddhism has often been represented, by both Tibetans and non-Tibetan students of Tibetan culture, as the product of a strict and literal transmission of Indian Buddhism, an almost invariant preservation of a perennial tradition, and it is indeed true that leading Tibetan Buddhist teachers have been careful students of lndian Buddhism. Despite the powerful and enduring role of Indian Buddhist sources and precedents, however, it is clear that this view alone is far too simple. “Indian Buddhism” itself was not at all monolithic, and India imparted many and varied influences to Tibet, which the Tibetans themselves received and transformed in many and varied ways. Moreover, as is underscored in this chapter, not all of the Buddhism the Tibetans transmitted came from India.
The Imaginal Persistence of the Empire
Authors: Kapstein Matthew T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout this book I have steered a shifting course, tacking between systematic and narrative thought,1 or, to put it differently, between philosophy and myth. In this final section I shall follow the same route once again, beginning in this and the following chapter with some of the mythic aspects of the rediscovered treasures and related texts, but turning later to aspects of systematic thought which they embody as well.
The Life of Rennyo: A Struggle for the Transmission of Dhanna
Authors: Shin’ya Yasutomi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this passage, the essence of Rennyo’s restoration of the tradition is stated clearly and concisely. Rennyo used the phrase “entrusting Amida” (mida o tanomu) to demonstrate the foundation of the Jodoshin school faith to the people of his time. Rennyo’s life coincides with the middle of the Muromachi period (1392-1573), a time of social upheaval and natural disasters. Treason undercut the previous military ethic of loyalty, exemplified by the assassination of the Shogun Ashikaga Yoshinori (1394-1441) by his subordinate, Akamatsu Mitsusuke (1373-1441). Frequent famines plagued the populace, and peasant uprisings shook the country like earthquakes. Power struggles among the political elite eventually escalated into the great war that occurred during the Onin and Bunmei eras, from 1467 to 1477.
Dancing into Freedom: Rennyo and Religion
Authors: Lafleur William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many of us involved in the study of the religions of Japan, Rennyo has until now been more of a reputation than a reality. Although we have had access to important essays by scholars such as Stanley Weinstein and translations done by the late Minor Rogers, Rennyo has remained for many of us a figure, however towering within history, still wrapped in a mist. Therefore, the opportunity for many of us to try to penetrate that mist is welcome indeed. I am not at all a scholar versed in the materials pertinent to understanding Rennyo and his times, but I am appreciative of the opportunity to try to see what I can see of Rennyo. Since my interests are in literature as much as in religion, I will briefly explore an aspect of how these two come together in a portion of Rennyo’s writing.
Religious Dimensions of the Declaration Of Independence
Authors: Davis Derek H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Declaration of Independence is arguably the most widely known and influential political document in the history of the world. When the Continental Congress at Philadelphia on 4 July 1776 adopted the Declaration of Independence, it marked an abrupt end to America's acceptance of British authority over the American colonies. This dramatic step was not taken hastily or unadvisedly. It came as the culmination of a long series of events that convinced Americans that their freedom and happiness could never be attained under British rule.
Scholars and the Religious Spirit of the Tales
Authors: Murphy G Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My interest in religious meaning in the Grimms’ Fairy Tales began with the appearance of Bruno Bettelheim’s The Uses of Enchantment, the Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales. Bettelheim’s application of psychological models to explain the tales struck me then, and now, as a brilliant work of interpretation, even though there are places, such as his reading of the seven dwarfs, where it seems he got carried away Bettelheim consistently maintains a Freudian–Oedipal approach throughout the book and forcefully defends the therapeutic usefulness of the stories in raising children, but he also repeatedly makes reference to his feeling that the tales have unexplored religious significance. In referring to the return journey of Hansel and Gretel after they have defeated the witch, he comments: “Their way home is blocked by aℍ big water “which they can only cross with the help of a white duck. The children do not encounter any expanse of water on their way in.
Hansel and Gretel
Authors: Murphy G Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thus the beginning of the story of the “Little Brother and Little Sister,” of Hansel and Gretel. Where did the story come from? Was it always as we now know it? Was the story possibly narrated to the brothers by the same Dortchen (Dorothee) Wild whom Wilhelm later married? Rölleke is convinced that the narrator was indeed a member of the Wild family in Cassel, mainly by the fact that Wilhelm wrote it down. Ellis feels strongly that if the story had been told to Wilhelm by Dortchen Wild he would certainly have so indicated, as he did in other cases. This omission of Dortchen’s name, of course, would not exclude the other members of the family. The story itself in any case does not conceal its literary ancestry-it is descended from the French tradition.
Sleeping Beauty
Authors: Murphy G Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the right King’s Son comes through the hedge of thorns at the appointed moment in time he awakens not just one person held within its time-created frame but all who live (sleep) there. The hedge itself exists as a result of the wish of the old woman who sits and spins thread, a figure of deep mystery from the ancient religious past, known by many names: the Parcae, the Norns, the weird sisters, the fates, or less mythically, the passage of time. When Bruno Bettelheim published his admirable analysis and interpretation of this tale he focused on what in it fascinated him most, the adolescence of the heroine and the 100 years of time.
Introduction
Authors: Ostrander Rick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On July 2, 1881, President James A. Garfield was shot. As he lay on his bed for weeks struggling for life, Americans united in prayer. Sunday, August 28, was named specifically as a day for earnest prayer. On that day, few pulpits of any denomination failed to make reference to President Garfield’s condition, and worshipping assemblies across the land offered prayers for his recovery. The next week, Garfield’s condition improved, and the nation’s hopes rose that its prayers had been answered. However, the president soon took a turn for the worse and died a few weeks later.
Proving the Living God Answered Prayer as a Modern Evangelical Apologetic
Authors: Ostrander Rick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Four years before John Tyndall proclaimed the inalterability of the meteorological world through spiritual forces, another Englishman faced the issue of prayer and the weather. In November 1857, George Mueller of Bristol had a problem on his hands. This man cared for hundreds of orphans, and a dangerous leak had been detected in the boiler that heated the orphanage’s buildings. Mueller had to shut down the boiler in order to repair it. The shutdown and repair were scheduled to take place on Wednesday, and all the preceding week a frigid north wind had been blowing. What was to be done with the children if on the day of the shutdown the weather remained so intemperate? George Mueller solved this predicament in his customary way: He prayed, asking God to shift the direction of the wind from the north to the south. “The evening before,” recounted Mueller in his journal, “the bleak north wind still blew; but, on the Wednesday, the south wind blew: exactly as I had prayed.... Here, then, is one of our difficulties which was overcome by prayer and faith.” The American editor of Mueller’s 1873 autobiography remarked: “[I]f Mr. Galton and Prof. Tyndall ask for proofs of the value of prayer in common life, they may be directed to the Bristol Orphan Houses, for the facts of which they are in search.”