bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New polymer syntheses: XV. Synthesis and characterization of new polyketoamine polymers containing ether or thioether linkages in the main chain
Authors: Abbady MA , Aly KI , Mahgoub SA , Hussein MA 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAn interesting new class of linear polyketoamine polymers containing ether or thioether linkages in the main chain has been synthesized by solution polycondensation of 4,4′‐bis(chloroacetyl)diphenyl ether (I), 4,4′‐bis(chloroacetyl)diphenyl sulfide (II) and 4,4′‐bis(chloroacetyl)diphenyl sulfone (III) with various aliphatic and aromatic diamines. The model compounds IV, V and VI were synthesized from the monomers I, II and III with aniline in dry benzene and their structures were confirmed by elemental and spectral analyses. The resulting polymers were characterized by elemental and spectral analyses, as well as by solubility and viscometry measurements. The thermal properties were evaluated by TGA and DSC and correlated to their structural units. X‐ray analysis showed that the polymers had some degree of crystallinity in the region 2θ = 5° to 60°. The UV‐visible spectra of some selected polymers were measured in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) solution and showed absorption bands in the range 260–475 nm, due to n–π* and π–π* transition. In addition, the morphological properties of selected examples were tested by SEM, and the electrical properties of these polymers were measured. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis and monomer reactivity ratios of ethyl α‐acetoxyacrylate and acrylic acid copolymers
Authors: Loubat Cédric , Batt‐Coutrot Delphine , Guyot Bernard , Robin Jean‐Jacques , Boutevin Bernard 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe synthesis of ethyl α‐acetoxyacrylate (EAA) and the study of its radical polymerization is described. We report the monomer reactivity ratios for copolymers of EAA and acrylic acid (AA) using three different methods: the Jaacks, the Macret and the Fineman–Ross methods. Copolymers were obtained by free radical polymerization initiated by 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile in acetonitrile solutions and were analyzed by NMR and HPLC. The HPLC analysis was used to determine the molar fractions of EAA and AA in the copolymers. The reactivity ratios were estimated to be close to 1 for each monomer. Thus, copolymers of poly(acrylic acid) bearing some biodegradable units of EAA in the chain were subsequently prepared. The study of the hydrolysis of these units shows that only basic conditions were efficient to lead to hydrolyzed monomer units. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Alternating copolymerization of carbon dioxide and epoxide catalyzed by an aluminum Schiff base–ammonium salt system
Authors: Sugimoto Hiroshi , Ohtsuka Hiroaki , Inoue Shohei 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe alternating copolymerization of carbon dioxide (CO2) and cyclohexene oxide (CHO) with an aluminum Schiff base complex in conjunction with an appropriate additive as a novel initiator is demonstrated. A typical example is the copolymerization of CO2 and CHO with the (Salophen)AlMe (1a)–tetraethylammonium acetate (Et4NOAc) system. When a mixture of the 1a–Et4NOAc system and CHO was pressurized by CO2 (50 atm) at 80 °C in CH2Cl2, the copolymerization of CO2 and CHO took place smoothly and produced a high polymer yield in 24 h. From the IR and NMR spectra, the product was characterized to be a copolymer of CO2 and CHO with an almost perfect alternating structure. The matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry analysis indicated that an unfavorable reaction between Et4NOAc and CH2Cl2 and a possible chain‐transfer reaction with concomitant water occurred, and this resulted in the bimodal distribution of the obtained copolymer. With carefully predried reagents and apparatus, the alternating copolymerization in toluene gave a copolymer with a unimodal and narrower molecular weight distribution. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 4172–4186, 2005
Pediocin‐like antimicrobial peptides (class IIa bacteriocins) and their immunity proteins: biosynthesis, structure, and mode of action
Authors: Fimland Gunnar , Johnsen Line , Dalhus Bjørn , Nissen‐Meyer Jon 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPediocin‐like antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) form a group of lactic acid bacteria produced, cationic membrane‐permeabilizing peptides with 37 to 48 residues. Upon exposure to membrane‐mimicking entities, their hydrophilic, cationic, and highly conserved N‐terminal region forms a three‐stranded antiparallel β‐sheet supported by a conserved disulfide bridge. This N‐terminal β‐sheet region is followed by a central amphiphilic α‐helix and this in most (if not all) of these peptides is followed by a rather extended C‐terminal tail that folds back onto the central α‐helix, thereby creating a hairpin‐like structure in the C‐terminal half. There is a flexible hinge between the β‐sheet N‐terminal region and the hairpin C‐terminal region and one thus obtains two domains that may move relative to each other. The cationic N‐terminal β‐sheet domain mediates binding of the pediocin‐like AMPs to the target‐cell surface through electrostatic interactions, while the more hydrophobic and amphiphilic C‐terminal hairpin domain penetrates into the hydrophobic part of the target‐cell membrane, thereby mediating leakage through the membrane. The hinge provides the structural flexibility that enables the C‐terminal hairpin domain to dip into the hydrophobic part of the membrane. Despite extensive sequence similarities, these AMPs differ markedly in their target‐cell specificity, and results obtained with hybrid AMPs indicate that the membrane‐penetrating hairpin‐like C‐terminal domain is the major specificity determinant.Bacteria that produce pediocin‐like AMPs also produce a 11‐kDa cognate immunity protein that protects the producer. The immunity proteins are well‐structured, 4‐helix bundle cytosolic proteins. They show a high degree of specificity in that they largely recognize and confer immunity only to their cognate AMP and in some cases to a few AMPs that are closely related to their cognate AMP. The C‐terminal half of the immunity proteins contains a domain that is involved in specific recognition of the C‐terminal membrane‐penetrating specificity‐determining hairpin domain of the cognate AMP. Copyright © 2005 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exact solutions for spherically confined hydrogen‐like atoms
Authors: Burrows B. L. , Cohen M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe present exact analytical solutions for the much‐studied problem of a hydrogen‐like atom confined in a spherical box of radiusR.These solutions, which are obtained for all states and allR, are expressed directly in terms of the KummerM‐functions whose analytical and numerical properties are well known, and may be calculated using standard computing packages. The solutions are illustrated by precise calculations that yield accurate energiesEfor any given radiusR,or forRwhenEis known. In the special case whereE= 0, it is shown that the solution may be expressed in terms of Bessel functions. Finally, the physical assumptions made in applying this model to describe atomic confinement are discussed critically. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Characterization of carbofuran photodegradation by‐products by liquid chromatography/hybrid quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Detomaso Antonia , Mascolo Giuseppe , Lopez Antonio 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2005; 19: 2193–2202.
Plasmatechnik – meist unsichtbar, aber unverzichtbar für die Zukunft. Plasma Technology ‐ mostly invisible, but important for the future
Authors: Reichel Karin 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDie Plasmatechnik ist eine bedeutende Querschnittstechnologie mit einer enormen Anwendungsvielfalt und einem großen Zukunftspotenzial. Dies ist das Ergebnis der Evaluierung des Förderschwerpunktes Plasmatechnik des Bundesministeriums für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF), die im Jahr 2004 abgeschlossen wurde. Der Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die wesentlichen Aussagen der Evaluierung und die relevanten Anwendungs‐ und Forschungsthemen.
W. V. QUINE AND THE ORIGINS OF ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: ISAAC JOEL 
Published: August 2005

W. V. Quine is widely regarded as one of the most important and influential philosophers of the twentieth century. Quine wrote and lectured on logic, philosophy of language, and epistemology throughout his long career, and was one of the American figures who did most to establish the analytic tradition of philosophy in the United States. Until recently, the historical development of both Quine's philosophy and the analytic tradition of which it is a part remained unexamined by historians and philosophers alike. In the last decade or so, however, analytic philosophers have begun to assess the history of their enterprise, and Quine's place within it. Building on this welcome development with the tools of intellectual history, this essay examines Quine's philosophical apprenticeship in the late 1920s and 1930s.The basic tenets of Quine's mature thought set in early in his studies. Most notably, he displayed in his student writings a commitment to science as the primary theory of the world within which philosophical inquiry should take place. Yet he found the uncertain direction of interwar American philosophy uncongenial to his views. During a year of postdoctoral research in Europe, Quine encountered the work of analytic philosophers and logicians such as Rudolf Carnap and Alfred Tarski. Their scientific program for philosophy captivated Quine, who returned to Harvard a champion of their work. For the rest of the 1930s, Quine was an indefatigable advocate of the analytic tradition; he brought news of European logic and scientific philosophy to American universities. His purpose in doing so was to move American philosophy towards science and away from what he saw as its metaphysical entanglements. The reception and transformation of analytic philosophy in the United States is shown to have involved a complex dynamic between foreign and domestic conceptions of philosophy.
Proton density and apoplastic domains within soybean nodules in relation to the oxygen diffusion barrier
Authors: BROWN S.M. , CHUDEK J.A. , HUNTER G. , SPRENT J.I. , WALSH K.B. , WURTZ G. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTA spin‐echo pulse sequence was used to obtain 1H nuclear magnetic resonance microimages of soybean nodules, with resolution to 40 mm and 3D presentation. At an acquisition time (TR) of c. 270 ms and a short echo time (TE) of 8.3 ms, a high proton intensity was detected in infected tissue and vascular strands, relative to the cortex. A longer TE of 15.5 ms was associated with a relatively low proton intensity in infected tissue. Thus protons in infected tissue were characterized by a short T2. Following detopping of the plant, or treatment of the root system with Ar:O2, proton intensity (TE 5.9, TR 120 ms) decreased exponentially in a zone corresponding to the inner cortex‐outer infected region. This result is interpreted as being caused by a loss of water mobility (i.e. increase in viscosity) or a filling of intercellular air spaces with fluid (i.e. loss of air‐water interfaces). The membrane impermeant tracer lucifer yellow was observed to infiltrate from the rhizosphere through the nodule cortex into the infected region in intact nodules of detopped and Ar:O2‐treated, but not control, plants. This result is consistent with the filling of air spaces with fluid following the imposed treatments, allowing infiltration of aqueous tracers. Variation in intercellular air space volume within the inner cortex has been suggested as a mechanism to allow a variable rate of diffusion of O2 into soybean nodules.
Stomatal regulation in a changing climate: a field study using Free Air Temperature Increase (FATI) and Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE)
Authors: NIJS I. , FERRIS R. , BLUM H. , HENDREY G. , IMPENS I. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTThis study investigates effects of climate warming (+ 2.5°C ubove ambient) and elevated CO2 concentration (600 μmol mol−1) on the stomatal functioning and the water relations of Lolium perenne, using Free Air Temperature Increase (FATI) and Free Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE). Compared to growth at ambient temperature, whole‐season temperature increase reduced leaf stomatal conductance, but only at the top of the canopy (‐14.6 and ‐8.8% at ambient and elevated CO2, respectively). However, because higher canopy temperature raised the leaf‐to‐air vapour pressure difference, leaf transpiration rate increased (+28% at ambient and +48% at elevated CO2) and instantaneous leaf water use efficiency, derived from short‐term measurements of assimilation and transpiration rate, declined (‐11% at ambient and ‐13% at elevated CO2). Nevertheless, at the stand level, growth at + 2.5°C reduced transpiration due to fewer tillers per plant and a smaller leaf area per tiller. This sparser vegetation was also more closely coupled to the atmosphere and maintained a drier internal microclimate. To assess whether the stomatal behaviour observed in this experiment could be explained by prevailing concepts of stomatal functioning, three models were applied (Cowan 1977; Ball, Woodrow & Berry 1987; Leuning 1995). The latter model accounted for the highest proportion of variability in the data (58%) and was insensitive to CO2 and temperature regime, which suggests that the principles of stomatal regulation are not affected by changes in CO2 or climate.
Estimation of the anatomical, stomatal and biochemical components of differences in photosynthesis and transpiration of wild‐type and transgenic (expressing yeast‐derived invertase targeted to the vacuole) tobacco leaves
Authors: PACHEPSKY L. B. , ACOCK B. , HOFFMAN‐BENNING S. , WILLMITZER L. , FISAHN J. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTPhotosynthesis and transpiration rates of transgenic (expressing yeast‐derived invertase targeted to the vacuole) tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaves were, respectively, 50 and 70% of those of a wild type at 20°C, 350 cm3 m−3 CO2 concentration, 450 μmol (photons) m−2 s−1 of light intensity, and 70% relative air humidity. These differences could be attributed: (a) to changes in leaf anatomy and, consequently, to changes in gases diffusion between the cells' surfaces and the atmosphere; (b) to different stomatal apertures, and, for the photosynthesis rate, (c) to the altered CO2 assimilation rate. Our objective was to estimate the relative contributions of these three sources of difference. Measurements on the wild‐type and the transgenic leaf cross‐sections gave values for the cell area index (CAI, cell area surface per unit of leaf area surface) of 15.91 and 13.97, respectively.The two‐dimensional model 2DLEAF for leaf gas exchange was used to estimate quantitatively anatomical, stomatal and biochemical components of these differences. Transpiration rate was equal to 0.9 for the wild‐type and to 0.63 mmol m−2 s−1 for the transgenic leaf: 24.0% of the difference (0.066 mmol m−2 s−1 was caused by the greater cell area surface in the wild‐type leaf, and 66.0% was caused by a smaller stomatal aperture in the transgenic leaf. Photosynthetic rate was 3.10 and 1.55 μmol m−2 s−1 for the wild‐type and transgenic leaves, respectively. Only 10.3% of this difference (0.16 μmol m−2 s−1) was caused by the difference in CAI, and the remaining 89.7% was caused by altered CO2 assimilation rate.
Occupational hypersensitivity to metal salts, including platinum, in the secondary industry
Authors: Cristaudo A. , Sera F. , Severino V. , De Rocco M. , Di Lella E. , Picardo M. 
Published: August 2005

Background:  Exposure to platinum group elements (PGEs) – platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), rhodium (Rh) and iridium (Ir) – may cause acute toxicity or hypersensitivity with respiratory symptoms, urticaria and (less frequently) contact dermatitis. Our aim was to determine the prevalence and the clinical characteristics of hypersensitivity to platinum salts and to other elements of the platinum group.Methods:  A total of 153 subjects working in a catalyst manufacturing and recycling factory were examined. The examination consisted of a work exposure and medical questionnaire, physical examination, skin prick test for PGEs and other common aeroallergens, and patch tests for PGEs. Skin prick tests and patch tests were performed with H2[PtCl6], K2[PtCl4], Na2[PtCl6], IrCl3, RhCl3, PdCl2, aqueous solutions at different concentrations.Results:  Positive prick test reactions to Pt‐salts at various concentrations were found in 22 (14.4%) of 153 workers; eight had simultaneous reactions to all Pt‐salts tested; seven had positive responses to H2[PtCl6] only; four had simultaneous positive reactions to both H2[PtCl6] and K2[PtCl4]; three had positive reactions to H2[PtCl6] and Na2[PtCl6]. Three of 22 had positive reactions to H2[PtCl6] and IrCl3 solutions, two of these had positive reactions to H2[PtCl6], IrCl3 and RhCl3 solutions. Positive patch test reactions to platinum salts at day 2 were seen in two of 153 subjects.Conclusions:  The results of this study demonstrate that Pt‐salts are important allergens in the catalyst industry and that the clinical manifestations involve both the respiratory system and the skin. Hexachloroplatinic acid should be considered the most important salt to use for skin prick tests.
Characterization of allergen‐specific monocyte‐derived dendritic cells generated from monocytes by a single‐step procedure: effect on naïve and memory T cells
Authors: Takishita T. , Okano M. , Takahashi K. , Yoshino T. , Sugata Y. , Hattori H. , Ohuchi S. , Ogawa T. , Nishizaki K. 
Published: August 2005

Background:  Dendritic cells are one of the most potent antigen‐presenting cells and when pulsed with allergen can modulate allergen‐specific T‐cell responses. We sought to establish a single‐step method by which to generate allergen‐specific monocyte‐derived dendritic cells (MoDCs).Methods:  Dermatophagoides farinae (Df)‐prepulsed MoDCs were generated from monocytes by culturing with Df in the presence interleukin (IL)‐4, granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α simultaneously. Df‐prepulsed MoDC were incubated with autologous naïve and memory T cells in the absence of recall antigen, then proliferation and cytokine production by T cells was determined.Results:  Generation of allergen‐prepulsed MoDCs was confirmed by examining expression of surface molecules. Df‐prepulsed MoDC selectively induced proliferation of Df‐specific T cells in the absence of recall antigen. Under these conditions, Df‐prepulsed MoDCs augmented but did not alter the cytokine production profile. In addition, Df‐prepulsed MoDCs activated naïve T cells leading to proliferation and selective production of IFN‐γ in allergic patients but not in healthy subjects.Conclusions:  These results suggest that Df‐prepulsed MoDC generated from monocytes by a simple single‐step manipulation can induce Df‐specific cellular responses from both naïve and memory T cells in the absence of recall antigen, and these cells potentially can be utilized as immune adjuvants in allergen‐specific immunotherapy.
Antibody profiles and self‐reported symptoms to pollen‐related food allergens in grass pollen‐allergic patients from northern Europe
Authors: Ghunaim N. , Grönlund H. , Kronqvist M. , Grönneberg R. , Söderström L. , Ahlstedt S. , Van Hage‐Hamsten M. 
Published: August 2005

Background:  Most studies on pollen‐related food allergy have so far focused on the association of birch/weed pollen allergens and plant food allergy. The aim of this study was to elucidate the allergen spectrum among a group of grass pollen‐allergic patients from northern Europe and to relate the results to clinical histories of pollen‐related food allergy.Methods:  Fifty‐eight grass pollen‐allergic patients answered a questionnaire regarding allergy to foods. Blood samples were taken to test IgE‐reactivity to a large panel of pollen allergens and pollen‐ and nonpollen‐related food allergens using crude allergen extracts and recombinant and native allergens.Results:  Three different groups of grass pollen‐allergic patients were identified according to their IgE antibody profile: a grass pollen group only (19%), a grass and tree pollen group (29%) and a grass, tree and compositae (pan‐) pollen group (48%). No sensitization to Bet v 1 as well as almost no IgE to plant food was observed in the grass pollen group. In contrast, nearly all patients in the two tree‐related groups had IgE to Bet v 1, which reflected the high frequency of adverse reactions to typical birch‐related food in these groups. Only four patients belonging to the pan‐pollen group displayed IgE to profilin Phl p 12/Bet v 2. Patients in the pan‐pollen group reported significantly more symptoms to food allergens compared with patients in the two other groups. The most frequently reported symptom was the oral allergy syndrome.Conclusions:  Sensitization to grass pollen alone is rare among grass pollen‐allergic patients from northern Europe. The majority of patients are in addition sensitized to birch (Bet v 1), which seems to be closely related to their pollen‐derived food allergy. The study highlights the advantage of using well‐defined allergen molecules for the diagnosis of cross‐reactivity between pollen and food allergens.
The lived experiences of clinical educators with implications for their preparation, support and professional development
Authors: Higgs Joy , McAllister Lindy 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe article reports on research into the lived experience of being and becoming a speech pathology clinical educator, and examines implications for the preparation and professional development of clinical educators. The Lived Experience of Being a Clinical Educator Model offers valuable insights into the nature of the role and the realities of clinical educators’ lives. The model comprises six dimensions of being a clinical educator: a sense of self; a sense of relationship with others; a sense of being a clinical educator; a sense of agency; an endeavour to seek dynamic self‐congruence; and growth and development. The model will provide a sound basis for the preparation and professional development of clinical educators, as well as being a useful tool for personally reflecting upon their challenging role as practitioners.
Molecular Genetics of the Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses
Authors: Mole Sara , Gardiner Mark 
Published: August 2005

Summary:The neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs) are a group of inherited neurodegenerative disorders characterised by the accumulation of autofluorescent storage material in neurons and other cell types. The clinical features include visual impairment, progressive myoclonic epilepsy, and cognitive decline reflecting progressive neurodegeneration. The NCLs are subdivided into several subtypes according to age of onset, clinical course, and ultrastructure of the storage material. The molecular genetic basis of this group of disorders has recently been clarified. Mutations in the gene encoding a lysosomal enzyme, palmitoyl protein thioesterase (PPT), cause infantile NCL (locus CLN1 on chromosome 1p32) or Haltia‐Santavuori disease. This Finnish disease is characterised ultrastructurally by granular osmiophilic deposits (GRODs). Juvenile‐onset NCL with GRODs also is caused by mutations in PPT. Classic late‐infantile NCL (Jansky‐Bielschowsky disease) is caused by mutations in a gene encoding a pepstatin‐insensitive lysosomal peptidase (CLN2 on chromosome 11p15), and juvenile‐onset NCL (Batten disease) is caused by mutations in a gene encoding a 438‐amino‐acid membrane protein (CLN3 on chromosome 16p12) of unknown function. A locus for Finnish variant late‐infantile NCL, CLN5, has been mapped to chromosome 13q22 and a locus for variant late‐infantile NCL, CLN6, to chromosome 15q21–23. These and further advances will allow the molecular basis of the NCLs to be elucidated and may lead to new strategies for diagnosis and treatment.