bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Voltammetric Exploration and Applications of Ultrasonic Cavitation
Authors: Banks Craig E. , Compton Richard G. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractVoltammetric measurements carried out in the presence of power ultrasound are reviewed, and the physical processes responsible for the observed substantial augmentation of mass transport identified as resulting from a mixture of acoustic streaming and cavitation. The benefits conferred in electroanalysis or electrosynthesis of insonation simultaneous with electrolysis are summarised. The use of ultrafast (”nanosecond”) voltammetric measurements to probe the nature of the interfacial cavitational bubble dynamics is described and shown to provide information not readily accessed by other experiments. Lastly, voltammetry in acoustically emulsified (organic/aqueous) media is discussed. This has considerable ”green” potential for electrosynthesis, whilst the use of nanosecond voltammetry to probe the charge transferred as emulsion droplets impinge on the electrode allows a generic approach to the determination of the potential of zero charge of the latter.
Synthesis of 2‐monoglycerides by alcoholysis of palm oil and tuna oil using immobilized lipases
Authors: Wongsakul Sirirung , Prasertsan Poonsuk , Bornscheuer Uwe T. , H‐Kittikun Aran 
Published: February 2003

AbstractCommercial immobilized lipases were used for the synthesis of 2‐monoglycerides (2‐MG) by alcoholysis of palm and tuna oils with ethanol in organic solvents. Several parameters were studied, i.e., the type of immobilized lipases, water activity, type of solvents and temperatures. The optimum conditions for alcoholysis of tuna oil were at a water activity of 0.43 and a temperature of 60 °C in methyl‐tert‐butyl ether for ∼12 h. Although immobilized lipase preparations from Pseudomonas sp. and Candida antarctica fraction B are not 1, 3‐regiospecific enzymes, they were considered to be more suitable for the production of 2‐MG by the alcoholysis of tuna oil than the 1, 3‐regiospecific lipases (Lipozyme RM IM from Rhizomucor miehei and lipase D from Rhizopus delemar). With Pseudomonas sp. lipase a yield of up to 81% 2‐MG containing 80% PUFA (poly‐unsaturated fatty acids) from tuna oil was achieved. The optimum conditions for alcoholysis of palm oil were similar as these of tuna oil alcoholysis. However, lipase D immobilized on Accurel EP100 was used as catalyst at 40 °C with shorter reaction times (<12 h). This lead to a yield of ∼60% 2‐MG containing 55.0‐55.7% oleic acid and 18.7‐21.0% linoleic acid.
Surface‐directed morphology evolution in ternary blends of polyethylene, polypropylene, and ethylene–propylene copolymer: A study by laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy
Authors: Moffitt Matthew , Rharbi Yahya , Tong Jiang‐Dong , Farhina J. P. S. , Li Huxi , Winnik M. A. , Zahalka H. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractWith laser scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy, we demonstrate a novel type of morphology evolution in moderately thick films (70–100 μm) of ternary blends of polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), and ethylene–propylene rubber (EPR), in which EPR is labeled with a benzothioxanthene dye (HY‐EPR). The blends are prepared by solution blending, and the phase morphology evolves during the annealing of the blend films in a stainless steel mold. Our results indicate that wetting of the mold surface is a driving force in morphology evolution for the two blend compositions investigated. For 81/14/5 PP/PE/HY‐EPR, phase evolution within the mold results in a laminar structure and hydrodynamic channels, features which have previously been found in thin films of polymer blends as a result of surface‐directed spinodal decomposition. In a blend with a lower weight fraction of the dispersed phase (92/7/1 PP/PE/HY‐EPR), we find that the PE/HY‐EPR domains are larger and more polydisperse closer to the surface because of wetting of the mold wall. We also show that the phase morphology in these films can be controlled by the nature of one or both of the surfaces being varied. When one of the mold surfaces is replaced with a thin film of PP homopolymer, we observe draining of PE/HY‐EPR from the PP to the mold surface, which results in a bilayer structure. A trilayer morphology is likewise obtained by the replacement of both mold surfaces with PP. We also carry out three‐dimensional image reconstruction on a single PE/HY‐EPR particle within the 81/14/5 PP/PE/HY‐EPR blend to obtain detailed information on the interphase structure. We find that HY‐EPR of this composition (30/70 ethylene/propylene) fully coats the PE dispersed phase and partially penetrates the PE droplets. This result falls between the interphase structures found for previously investigated EPR compositions (40/60 and 80/20 ethylene/propylene). © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 637–654, 2003
Process diversity
Authors: Rus Ioana , Seaman Carolyn , Lindvall Mikael 
Published: February 2003

AbstractWelcome to this special issue of the Journal of Software Maintenance and Evolution on process diversity. We, the guest editors, are very pleased to be able to include three fine papers on this subject, and we hope that our readers will find them stimulating and informative. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vortex stretching driven by Jeffery‐Hamel flow
Authors: Zaturska M.B. , Banks W.H.H. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractWe present a new family of exact solutions of the Navier‐Stokes equations. The new flows, which result from vortex stretching, are generated by the well‐known class of Jeffery‐Hamel flows. These new solutions represent three‐dimensional flows and can be regarded as exact solutions or as perturbations of Jeffery‐Hamel flows. We also consider the effects of confining side‐walls on a particular Jeffery‐Hamel flow.
Visibility management in school and beyond: A qualitative study of gay, lesbian, bisexual youth
Authors: Lasser Jon , Tharinger Deborah 
Published: February 2003

ABSTRACTGrounded theory was utilized to develop a theory of gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) youths’ interactions with and response to their environment. Data included in‐depth interviews of 20 GLB youth. The central phenomenon that emerged from the qualitative data analysis was the strategy ofvisibility management. Visibility management refers to the dynamic, ongoing process by which GLB youth make careful, planned decisions about whether they will disclose their sexual orientation, and, if they decide to disclose, to whom and how they disclose, and how they continue to monitor the presentation of their sexual orientation in different environments. The process of visibility management is proposed as a key construct in GLB identity development. Implications are proposed for working with GLB youth and their families and for making schools safer for GLB youth.
Calculation of sum rule properties for H2O
Authors: Chipman Daniel M. , Kirtman Bernard , Palke William E. 
Published: February 2003

Accurate Hartree–Fock and valence-bond calculations on the sum rule moments Sk(r) of the electric dipole photoabsorption cross section, with k=−1, 1, and 2, are presented for the water molecule. Our values averaged over all molecular orientations are in good agreement with experiment, the discrepancies being on the order of 10% for S−1, 5% for S1, and within experimental error for S2. The errors in S−1 and S1 are due to the effect of electron correlation on the two-electron terms in the sum rule formulas.
The sum rule moments are used in conjunction with moment theory to calculate parameters characterizing a variety of optical properties, long-range intermolecular attractions, and the energy loss of fast charged particles passing through the vapor. Although the results are generally not as good as those obtained for most of the noble gases, they are semiquantitative. The agreement with experiment is, typically, within 10%. Of particular interest are the pure rotational Rayleigh plus Raman scattering and the orientation dependence of the van der Waals dispersion energy, since these depend upon the anisotropy of the moments which is (otherwise) experimentally inaccessible.
GenePath: a system for automated construction of genetic
networks from mutant data
Authors: Zupan Blaz , Demsar Janez , Bratko Ivan , Juvan Peter , Halter John A. , Kuspa Adam , Shaulsky Gad 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
Motivation: Genetic networks are often used in the analysis of biological phenomena. In classical genetics, they are constructed manually from experimental data on mutants. The field lacks formalism to guide such analysis, and accounting for all the data becomes complicated when large amounts of data are considered.
Results: We have developed GenePath, an intelligent assistant that automates the analysis of genetic data. GenePath employs expert-defined patterns to uncover gene relations from the data, and uses these relations as constraints in the search for a plausible genetic network. GenePath formalizes genetic data analysis, facilitates the consideration of all the available data in a consistent manner, and the examination of the large number of possible consequences of planned experiments. It also provides an explanation mechanism that traces every finding to the pertinent data.
Availability: GenePath can be accessed at http://genepath.org
Contact: gadi@bcm.tmc.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary material is available at http://genepath.org/bi-supp
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
GSCope: a clipped fisheye viewer effective for highly complicated biomolecular network graphs
Authors: Toyoda Tetsuro , Mochizuki Yoshiki , Konagaya Akihiko 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
Summary: A graphical tool to visualize highly complicated biomolecular network graphs is described. It helps us to understand the graphs from macroscopic and microscopic viewpoints by incorporating continuous transition from global to clipped hyperbolic projection. GSCope also helps us to find a molecule in the graphs by offering several searching functions. It is useful to publish biomolecular network graphs on the internet.
Availability: GSCope is available at http://gscope.gsc.riken.go.jp
Contact: gscope@gsc.riken.go.jp
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Role of Virus Receptor Hyal2 in Oncogenic Transformation of Rodent Fibroblasts by Sheep Betaretrovirus Env Proteins
Authors: Liu Shan-Lu , Duh Fuh-Mei , Lerman Michael I. , Miller A. Dusty 
Published: February 2003

ABSTRACT
The ovine betaretroviruses jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus (JSRV) and enzootic nasal tumor virus (ENTV) cause contagious cancers in the lungs and upper airways of sheep and goats. Oncogenic transformation assays using mouse and rat fibroblasts have localized the transforming activity to the Env proteins encoded by these viruses, which require the putative lung and breast cancer tumor suppressor hyaluronidase 2 (Hyal2) to promote virus entry into cells. These results suggested the hypothesis that the JSRV and ENTV Env proteins cause cancer by inhibiting the tumor suppressor activity of Hyal2. Consistent with this hypothesis, we show that human Hyal2 and other Hyal2 orthologs that can promote virus entry, including rat Hyal2, can suppress transformation by the Env proteins of JSRV and ENTV. Furthermore, we provide direct evidence for binding of the surface (SU) region of JSRV Env to human and rat Hyal2. However, mouse Hyal2 did not mediate entry of virions bearing JSRV or ENTV Env proteins, bound JSRV SU poorly if at all, and did not suppress transformation by the JSRV or ENTV Env proteins, indicating that mouse Hyal2 plays no role in transformation of mouse fibroblasts and that the Env proteins can transform at least some cells by a Hyal2-independent mechanism. Expression of human Hyal2 in mouse cells expressing JSRV Env caused a marked reduction in Env protein levels, indicating that human Hyal2 suppresses Env-mediated transformation in mouse cells by increasing Env degradation rather than by exerting a more general Env-independent tumor suppressor activity.
In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization of a Murine Cytomegalovirus with a Mutation at Open Reading Frame m166
Authors: Zhu Jiaming , Chen Jennifer , Hai Rong , Tong Tuong , Xiao Jianqiao , Zhan Xiaoyan , Lu Sangwei , Liu Fenyong 
Published: February 2003

ABSTRACT

We have recently generated a pool of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) mutants by using a Tn
3
-based transposon mutagenesis approach. In this study, one of the mutants, Rvm166, which contained the transposon sequence at open reading frame m166, was characterized both in tissue culture and in immunocompetent BALB/c mice and immunodeficient SCID mice. The viral mutant replicated as well as the wild-type Smith strain in vitro in NIH 3T3 cells, whereas the transposon insertion precluded the expression of >65% of the m166 open reading frame. Compared to the wild-type strain and a rescued virus that restored the m166 region, the viral mutant was significantly attenuated in growth in both BALB/c and SCID mice that were intraperitoneally infected with the viruses. At 21 days postinfection, the titers of the viral mutant in the salivary glands, lungs, spleens, livers, and kidneys of the infected SCID mice were lower than the titers of the Smith strain and the rescued virus by about 30,000-, 10,000-, 1,000-, 300-, and 800-fold, respectively. Moreover, the virulence of the mutant virus appears to be severely attenuated because no death was found in SCID mice infected with the viral mutant up to 90 days postinfection, whereas all of the animals infected with the wild-type and rescued viruses died at 27 days postinfection. Our results suggest that m166 probably encodes a virulence factor and is required for MCMV virulence in killing SCID mice and for optimal viral growth in vivo.
Validation and application of a high‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry assay for sumatriptan in human plasma
Authors: Boulton David W. , Duncan Glenn F. , Vachharajani Nimish N. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractA sensitive and convenient high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry(HPLC‐MS/MS) assay is described for the (5‐HTlB/lD) receptor agonist sumatriptan in human plasma. Sumatriptan was recovered from plasma (81.8 ± 6.8%) by liquid–liquid extraction. The mobile phase flow rate was 0.3 mL/min and consisted of methanol:water:formic acid (90:10:0.1, v/v/v). The analytical column (4.6 × 100 mm) was packed with Partisil C8 (5 µm). The standard curve was linear from 0.7 to 70.4 ng/mL (r2 > 0.99). The lower limit of quantitation was 0.7 ng/mL. The assay was specific, accurate (percentage deviation from nominal concentrations were <15%), precise and reproducible (within‐ and between‐day coefficients of variation <10.3%). Sumatriptan in plasma was stable over three freeze/thaw cycles and at room temperature for one day. The utility of the assay was demonstrated by following sumatriptan plasma concentrations in two healthy subjects for 8–12 h following a single 20 mg intranasal dose. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wein — Qualität entscheidet sich in Nanogramm: Zur Biochemie des sortentypischen Weinaromas
Authors: Wüst Matthias 
Published: February 2003

AbstractDas sortentypische Aroma der meisten Weine wird durch eine relative kleine Anzahl von geruchsaktiven Verbindungen geprägt, die in der reifenden Weinbeere gebildet werden und im ppb‐bis ppt‐Bereich vorliegen. Es handelt sich hierbei in erster Linie um Monoterpene, C13‐Norisoprenoide, Thiole und Pyrazine. Die Identifizierung dieser Verbindungen sowie die Aufklärung ihrer Biosynthesewege sind wichtige Beiträge zur Entschlüsselung des komplexen Weinaromas.
Crystallographic shear defect in molybdenum oxides: Structure and TEM of molybdenum sub‐oxides Mo18O52 and Mo8O23
Authors: Wang Di , Su Dangsheng , Schlögl Robert 
Published: February 2003

AbstractMolybdenum trioxide and molybdenum sub‐oxides are of great interests in catalysis due to their utilities as model system to elucidate the correlations between the structure and the catalytic performance. The suboxides are usually an intermediate phase during catalytic reaction in which the lattice oxygen is involved. We show the identification of the two common molybdenum sub‐oxides Mo18O52 and Mo8O23, derived from MoO3 by crystallographic shearing (CS), by means of electron diffraction and High‐Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) in combination with image simulation. The coincidence of simulated electron diffraction patterns and high‐resolution images with the experimental ones indicates the feasibility of CS structure determination by these techniques.
Investigation of one‐dimensionally disordered structures of AIIBVI crystals by Monte Carlo technique III. 4H structure with different kinds of stacking faults
Authors: Gosk J. B. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractTo investigate one‐dimensionally disordered (ODD) structures in close packed (cp) crystals, the Monte Carlo computer simulation technique has been applied. Calculations of diffraction intensity distributions along the 10.L reciprocal lattice row from 4H structure with four different kinds of stacking faults (SFs): growth, deformation, layer displacement and extrinsic fault are presented. In particular, using simple frequency function of fault to fault distances, both random and non‐random distributions of SFs are considered. Distinctive features of the diffraction patterns corresponding to the chosen examples of transformations from the parent 4H structure into another small‐period polytypes are discussed in detail.
Synthesis of Amidines Derived from Phosphonates and Phosphane Oxides − Amidine‐Mediated Preparation of Phosphorylated Oxazolines
Authors: Palacios Francisco , Ochoa de Retana Ana María , Pagalday Jaione 
Published: February 2003

AbstractAlkylation of N‐(phosphorylalkyl)phosphazenes 2 with methyl iodide and allyl bromide and acylation with ethyl chloroformate leads to the formation of aminophosphonium salts 4 derived from (aminoalkyl)phosphonates. N‐(Phosphorylalkyl)amidines 8 were obtained by reaction of phosphazenes derived from aminophosphonates with benzoyl chloride and subsequent addition of amines. These functionalized amidines were used as key intermediates in the synthesis of oxazolin‐4‐ylphosphonates 9 and 10. In a similar manner, oxazolin‐4‐ylphosphane oxides 17 and 18 were prepared from N‐(phosphanylalkyl)amidines 16, which were obtained by reaction of phosphazenes derived from phosphane oxides 15 with benzoyl chloride and amines. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Copper(II) Ion‐Selective Electrodes Based on Dithiosalicylic and Thiosalicylic Acids
Authors: Gismera Ma Jesús , Procopio Jesús Rodriguez , Sevilla Ma Teresa , Hernández Lucas 
Published: February 2003

AbstractPotentiometric carbon paste electrodes for copper(II) based on dithiosalicylic and thiosalicylic acids are described. The sensor based on dithiosalicylic acid (DTS) exhibits a linear response with a nearly Nernstian slope of 27.7 mV per decade, whereas the electrode based on thiosalicylic acid (TS) shows a super‐Nernstian slope. The limits of detection for the DTS sensor and the TS sensor are 10−7.9and 10−6.3 M for copper(II) activity, respectively. Selectivity coefficients are tabulated, and the influence of the pH on the response of these ISEs is studied. The DTS electrode is successfully used for potentiometric titration of humic acids with copper in order to get more information about complexing properties of these acids.
A hierarchy of Sturm–Liouville problems
Authors: Binding Paul 
Published: February 2003

AbstractSturm–Liouville equations will be considered where the boundary conditions depend rationally on the eigenvalue parameter. Such problems apply to a variety of engineering situations, for example to the stability of rotating axles. Classesof these problems will be isolated with a rather rich spectral structure, for example oscillation, comparison and completeness properties analogous to thoseof the ‘usual’ Sturm–Liouville problem which has constant boundary conditions.In fact it will be shown how these classes can be converted into each other, andinto the ‘usual’ Sturm–Liouville problem, by means of transformations preserving all but finitely many eigenvalues. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonisothermal crystallization behavior of syndiotactic polystyrene/montmorillonite nanocomposites
Authors: Wu Tzong‐Ming , Hsu Sung‐Fu , Wu Jeng‐Yue 
Published: February 2003

AbstractX‐ray diffraction methods and differential scanning calorimetry were used to investigate the crystalline structure and crystallization kinetics of syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS)/clay nanocomposites. X‐ray diffraction data showed the presence of polymorphism in sPS/montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposites, which was strongly dependent on the processing conditions (premelting temperature and cooling rate) of the sPS/MMT nanocomposites and on the content of MMT in the sPS/MMT nanocomposites. The α‐crystalline form could be transformed into β‐crystalline forms at higher premelting temperatures. The nonisothermal melt‐crystallization kinetics and melting behavior of the sPS/MMT nanocomposites were also studied at various cooling rates. The correlation of the crystallization kinetics, melting behavior, and crystalline structure of the sPS/MMT nanocomposites was examined. The results indicated that the addition of a small amount of MMT to sPS caused a change in the mechanism of nucleation and the crystal growth of the sPS crystallite. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 560–570, 2003
Nef-Mediated Disruption of HLA-A2 Transport to the Cell Surface in T Cells
Authors: Kasper Matthew R. , Collins Kathleen L. 
Published: February 2003

ABSTRACTHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Nef is a key pathogenic factor necessary for the development of AIDS. One important function of Nef is to reduce cell surface levels of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC-I) molecules, thereby protecting HIV-infected cells from recognition by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The mechanism of MHC-I downmodulation by Nef has not been clearly elucidated, and its reported effect on MHC-I steady-state levels ranges widely, from 2-fold in HeLa cells to 200-fold in HIV-infected primary T cells. Here, we directly compared downmodulation of HLA-A2 in HIV-infected HeLa cells to that in T cells. We found that similar amounts of Nef protein resulted in a much more dramatic downmodulation of HLA-A2 in T cells than in HeLa cells. A comparison of Nef's effects on HLA-A2 endocytosis, recycling, and transport rates indicated that the most prominent effect of Nef on HLA-A2 in T cells was to inhibit transport to the cell surface. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor, LY294002, previously reported to inhibit Nef-mediated MHC-I downmodulation in astrocytic cells, did not directly affect Nef's ability to block transport of MHC-I to the cell surface in T cells.