bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Changes in Metal Toxicity Following Exposure of Water with High Dissolved Organic Carbon Content to Solar, UV‐B and UV‐A Radiation
Authors: Winch Susan , Lean David 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTThis study examines the effects of natural solar radiation on the metal‐binding capacity of dissolved organic matter (DOM). Newington Bog water (35.5 mg L−1 dissolved organic carbon [DOC]) was irradiated for 20 days under UV‐B lamps in the laboratory and under natural solar radiation. In the presence of irradiated DOM, IC50 (contaminant concentration required to reduce algal growth by 50%) was significantly decreased with UV‐B treatment for four metals: Pb, 64%; Cu, 63%; Ni, 35% and Cd, 40%. Solar radiation also significantly decreased IC50 of Pb (58%) and Cu (49%), DOC concentration (11%), DOM fluorescence (DOMFL, 33%) and DOC‐specific UV absorbance. Further experiments on Raisin River water (20.7 mg DOC L−1) exposed to 20 days of artificial UVA and UV‐B radiation produced significant decreases in IC50 for Cu (48%) with UV‐A and for Pb (43%) with UV‐B. DOC concentration was decreased 20% by UV‐B and 24% by UV‐A. DOMFL decreased 51.5% in the first 5 days of UV‐A exposure, an effect that was not observed with the UV‐B treatment. The UV‐A treatment decreased UV absorbance more at longer wavelengths and over a broader wavelength band than did the UV‐B treatment. Change in toxicity with UV irradiation was inconsistent among the metals tested in this study, indicating that some organic metal‐binding ligands were more quickly removed or altered than others. The DOM remaining after irradiation appears to be qualitatively different from the unirradiated DOM. The much greater irradiance of UV‐A makes its contribution to the removal and/or alteration of DOM at least as important as the influence of higher energy UV‐B.
Genetic Map Functions
Authors: Speed Terry P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA genetic map function gives a relationr = M(d) connecting recombination fractionsrand genetic map distancesdbetween pairs of loci along a chromosome. They have been widely used in genetics because (a) genetic map distances are additive, whereas recombination fractions are not; and (b) recombination fractions are much easier to estimate from data. In effect, map functions correct for multiple exchanges in chromosomal intervals during meiosis. The most well‐known map function is that due to Haldane,r = 0.5(1 − exp(−2d)), which arises in the Poisson or no‐ interference model for recombination. Another is associated with the name Kosambi. In general, map functions should be regarded as organism specific, as they embody certain assumptions about recombination, in particular, the nature and extent of genetical interference. However, map functions only consider pairs of loci, and do not necessarily correspond to global models of recombination. While genetical interference has some consequences for map functions, it is not well captured by the associated map function. When multilocus mapping is carried out with a full probability model for recombination, map functions are not needed.
Instrument Evaluation
Authors: Cork Steve 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Instrument evaluation is concerned with the investigation into whether a device is able to meet certain performance criteria under both ideal and nonideal conditions. The results of an evaluation can be used by the instrument manufacturer to improve their designs or manufacturing processes. The benefits to the potential user of the equipment are to make them aware of the positive and negative aspects of the instrument's performance in order that they can make more informed decisions on purchasing and suitable applications.
Analysis of clonal immunoglobulin heavy chain rearrangements in ocular lymphoma
Authors: Baehring Joachim M. , Androudi Sofia , Longtine Janina J. , Betensky Rebecca A. , Sklar Jeffrey , Foster C. Stephen , Hochberg Fred H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe morphologic diagnosis of primary and metastatic intraocular lymphoma (IOL) was made difficult by the paucicellular specimens with fragile populations of lymphocytes retrieved through pars plana vitrectomy (PPV). The analysis of immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene rearrangements (AIGHR) was used as an adjunct to cytopathology and flow cytometry in systemic lymphoma. In IOL, the sensitivity and specificity of AIGHR are unknown.METHODSThe authors reviewed the clinical records of patients who underwent PPV for suspicion of IOL at the Immunology and Uveitis Service of the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary (Boston, MA) between 2000 and 2002. AIGHR was performed as a routine diagnostic test on cell lysates isolated from < 0.5 mL of vitreous fluid. The authors used seminested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with consensus primers for the VDJ‐region of the IgH gene. PCR products were analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.RESULTSThirty patients (37 specimens) with chronic vitritis and 17 patients (23 specimens) with IOL were included. The specificity of vitreous fluid cytopathology, flow cytometry, and AIGHR was 1.0, and the sensitivity values were 0.24, 0.36, and 0.64, respectively. AIGHR was negative in two patients for whom cytopathology or flow cytometry revealed the diagnosis of lymphoma. Clonal IGHR was found in four specimens classified as negative for lymphoma based on cytopathology and flow cytometry.CONCLUSIONSAIGHR supplemented cytopathology and flow cytometry to increase the diagnostic yield in IOL. Cancer 2005;104. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Phase II study of oxaliplatin in patients with recurrent or refractory non‐Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Oki Yasuhiro , McLaughlin Peter , Pro Barbara , Hagemeister Fredrick B. , Bleyer Archie , Loyer Evelyn , Younes Anas 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDOxaliplatin is a platinum derivative with a broad range of anticancer activity. The objective of the current Phase II trial was to investigate the activity of oxaliplatin in patients with recurrent or refractory non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL).METHODSPatients with recurrent and refractory NHL who received a maximum of 3 previous chemotherapy regimens were considered eligible if they had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0–2 and adequate organ function. Oxaliplatin was administered in an outpatient setting at a dose of 130 mg/m2 by 2‐hour intravenous infusion every 21 days for ≤ 6 cycles in the absence of disease progression.RESULTSThirty‐one patients (23 with aggressive NHL and 8 with indolent NHL) were enrolled, of whom 30 were assessable for toxicity, response, and survival. The median patient age was 62 years, and 20% of the patients previously received platinum‐containing therapy. Eighty‐three percent of the patients were refractory to their last treatment regimens. Grade 3 and 4 toxic effects (according to the National Cancer Institute's Common Toxicity Criteria [version 2.0]) included sensory neuropathy (10%), neutropenia (17%), and thrombocytopenia (20%). Objective responses occurred in 8 (27%; 95% confidence interval, 13–47%) of the patients. Responses were observed in platinum‐naive patients as well as in those previously treated with platinum. The overall median failure‐free survival duration was 3.0 months (range, 0.1–18.1 months).CONCLUSIONSOxaliplatin had favorable single‐agent activity in previously treated patients with refractory lymphoma. The favorable safety profile and the ease of its administration in outpatient settings warrant investigating it in combination with other active drugs for the treatment of recurrent and refractory NHL. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Antiemetic efficacy of the neurokinin‐1 antagonist, aprepitant, plus a 5HT3 antagonist and a corticosteroid in patients receiving anthracyclines or cyclophosphamide in addition to high‐dose cisplatin
Authors: Gralla Richard J. , de Wit Ronald , Herrstedt Jorn , Carides Alexandra D. , Ianus Juliana , Guoguang‐Ma Julie , Evans Judith K. , Horgan Kevin J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe tendency of chemotherapeutic regimens to cause vomiting is dependent on the individual drugs in the regimen. The authors analyzed data combined from 2 Phase III trials to assess the effect of the neurokinin‐1 (NK1) antagonist aprepitant combined with a 5HT3 antagonist plus a corticosteroid in a subpopulation receiving > 1 emetogenic chemotherapeutic agent.METHODSIn the current study, 1043 cisplatin‐naive patients (42% were women) receiving cisplatin‐based (≥ 70mg/m2) chemotherapy were assigned randomly to a control regimen (ondansetron [O] 32 mg intravenously and dexamethasone [D] 20 mg orally on Day 1; D 8 mg twice daily on Days 2–4) or an aprepitant (A) regimen (A 125 mg orally plus O 32 mg and D 12 mg on Day 1; A 80 mg and D 8 mg once daily on Days 2–3; and D 8 mg on Day 4). Randomization was stratified for use of concomitant chemotherapy and female gender. The primary end point was complete response (no vomiting and no rescue therapy) on Days 1–5 (0–120 hours). Data were analyzed by a modified intent‐to‐treat approach, and logistic regression was used to make treatment comparisons among patients receiving the most frequently coadministered emetogenic concomitant chemotherapy (Hesketh level ≥ 3).RESULTSAmong the approximately 13% of patients (n = 81 for A; n = 80 for control) who received additional emetogenic chemotherapy (doxorubicin or cyclophosphamide), the aprepitant regimen provided a 33 percentage‐point improvement in the complete response rate compared with the control regimen. Among the general population, the advantage with aprepitant was 20 percentage points.CONCLUSIONSThe current analysis of > 1000 patients from 2 large randomized trials showed that in the subpopulation at increased risk of chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting due to concomitant emetogenic chemotherapy, the addition of aprepitant to standard antiemetics improved protection to an even greater extent than in the general study population. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Cognitive impairment, fatigue, and cytokine levels in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome
Authors: Meyers Christina A. , Albitar Maher , Estey Elihu 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe objective of the current study was to assess the correlations between cognitive function, fatigue, quality of life, and circulating cytokine levels in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS).METHODSFifty‐four patients with AML/MDS were seen for pretreatment evaluation of their cognitive function and symptoms. Fifty percent of the sample was reevaluated 1 month later, when response to protocol chemotherapy was assessed.RESULTSA significant proportion of patients had impaired cognitive function prior to the institution of chemotherapy. Sixty‐five percent of patients also experienced significant fatigue. Levels of the circulating cytokines interleukin 1 (IL‐1), IL‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1RA), IL‐6, IL‐8, and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) were elevated highly compared with normal controls. Higher IL‐6 levels were associated with poorer executive function, whereas higher IL‐8 levels were associated with better memory performance. IL‐6, IL‐1RA, and TNF‐α levels were related to ratings of fatigue. Fatigue and cognitive dysfunction were unrelated. Hemoglobin levels were not associated significantly with either cognitive dysfunction or fatigue. Patients who obtained a complete response tended to have better fine motor control at baseline and lower circulating IL‐1 levels. Treatment did not have a significant impact on cognition, although fatigue levels tended to increase.CONCLUSIONSPatients with AML/MDS are highly symptomatic and experience cognitive impairment and fatigue before the initiation of their treatment. The current results indicated a correlation between these symptoms and levels of circulating cytokines, providing some support to the hypothesis that cancer‐related symptoms are related at least in part to cytokine‐immunologic activation. Elucidation of immunologic correlates of symptoms will allow for targeted interventions. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Pro‐gastrin–releasing peptide as a factor predicting the incidence of brain metastasis in patients with small cell lung carcinoma with limited disease receiving prophylactic cranial irradiation
Authors: Yonemori Kan , Sumi Minako , Fujimoto Naoko , Ito Yoshinori , Imai Atsushi , Kagami Yoshikazu , Ikeda Hiroshi 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDProphylactic cranial irradiation (PCI) reduces the incidence of brain metastasis with an effect on overall survival in patients with small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC). In spite of multidisciplinary intensive treatment approaches, many patients still experience brain metastasis. The authors retrospectively analyzed the characteristics of the first failure event due to brain metastasis (FBM) in patients treated with PCI.METHODSBetween January 1990 and April 2004, 71 patients with limited disease SCLC were treated with PCI after completing systemic treatment at the National Cancer Center Hospital (Tokyo, Japan). Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify factors related to FBM and survival.RESULTSThe FBM and overall incidence of brain metastasis (OBM) were 16.9 % (12 of 71) and 26.8% (19 of 71), respectively. Median time to progressive disease and median survival were 8.4 months and 21.6 months, respectively. Elevation of pro‐gastrin–releasing peptide (Pro GRP) level before PCI was found to be a significant predictive and prognostic factor for FBM, OBM, and survival on multivariate analysis (P = 0.007, P = 0.025, and P = 0.009, respectively).CONCLUSIONSAn elevated Pro GRP level before PCI was found to be significantly related to FBM and survival, and should be considered before PCI is performed. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Mass spectrometric map of neuropeptide expression in Ascaris suum
Authors: Yew Joanne Y. , Kutz Kimberly K. , Dikler Sergei , Messinger Lynn , Li Lingjun , Stretton Antony O. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA mass spectrometric method was used for the localization and sequence characterization of peptides in the nervous system of the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum. Mass spectrometric techniques utilizing MALDI‐TOF, MALDI‐TOF/TOF, and MALDI‐FT instruments were combined with in situ chemical derivatization to examine the expression of known and putative neuropeptides in the A. suum nervous system. This first attempt at peptidomic characterization in A. suum mapped the expression of 39 neuropeptides, 17 of which are considered to be novel and whose expression has not been previously reported. These analyses also revealed that the peptide expression profile is unique to each nervous structure and that the majority of peptides observed belong to the RFamide family of neuropeptides. In addition, four new peptide sequences with a shared C‐terminal PNFLRFamide motif are proposed based on in situ sequencing with mass spectrometry. J. Comp. Neurol. 488:396–413, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructural study of the primary olfactory pathway in Macaca fascicularis
Authors: Herrera Loren P. , Casas Carlos E. , Bates Margaret L. , Guest James D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOlfactory ensheathing glial cells (OEGs) interact with a wide repertoire of cell types and support extension of olfactory axons (OAs) within the olfactory pathway. OEGs are thought to exclude OAs from contact with all other cells between the olfactory epithelium and the glomerulus of the olfactory bulb. These properties have lead to testing to determine whether OEGs support axonal growth following transplantation. The cellular interactions of transplanted OEGs will probably resemble those that occur within the normal pathway where interactions between OEGs and fibroblasts are prominent. No previous primate studies have focused on these interactions, knowledge of which is important if clinical application is envisioned. We describe the detailed intercellular interactions of OAs with supporting cells throughout the olfactory epithelium, the lamina propria, the fila olfactoria, and the olfactory nerve layer by using transmission electron microscopy in adult Macaca fascicularis. Patterns of OEG ensheathment and variations of the endo‐ and perineurium formed by olfactory nerve fibroblasts are described. OAs mainly interacted with horizontal basal cells, OEGs, and astrocytes. At both transitional ends of the pathway seamless intercellular interactions were observed, and fibroblast processes were absent. Perineurial cells produced surface basal lamina; however, endoneurial, epineurial, and meningeal fibroblasts did not. Perineurial cells contained intermediate filaments and were distinct from other fibroblasts and meningeal cells. OAs had direct contacts with astrocytes near the glia limitans. The properties of OEGs differed depending on whether astrocytic or fibroblastic processes were present. This indicates the importance of the cellular milieu in the structure and function of OEGs in primates. J. Comp. Neurol. 488:427–441, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hippocampal granule cell activity and c‐Fos expression during spontaneous seizures in awake, chronically epileptic, pilocarpine‐treated rats: Implications for hippocampal epileptogenesis
Authors: Harvey Brian D. , Sloviter Robert S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe process of postinjury hippocampal epileptogenesis may involve gradually developing dentate granule cell hyperexcitability caused by neuron loss and synaptic reorganization. We tested this hypothesis by repeatedly assessing granule cell excitability after pilocarpine‐induced status epilepticus (SE) and monitoring granule cell behavior during 235 spontaneous seizures in awake, chronically implanted rats. During the first week post‐SE, granule cells exhibited diminished paired‐pulse suppression and decreased seizure discharge thresholds in response to afferent stimulation. Spontaneous seizures often began during the first week after SE, recruited granule cell discharges that followed behavioral seizure onsets, and evoked c‐Fos expression in all hippocampal neurons. Paired‐pulse suppression and epileptiform discharge thresholds increased gradually after SE, eventually becoming abnormally elevated. In the chronic epileptic state, interictal granule cell hyperinhibition extended to the ictal state; granule cells did not discharge synchronously before any of 191 chronic seizures. Instead, granule cells generated only low‐frequency voltage fluctuations (presumed “field excitatory postsynaptic potentials”) during 89% of chronic seizures. Granule cell epileptiform discharges were recruited during 11% of spontaneous seizures, but these occurred only at the end of each behavioral seizure. Hippocampal c‐Fos after chronic seizures was expressed primarily by inhibitory interneurons. Thus, granule cells became progressively less excitable, rather than hyperexcitable, as mossy fiber sprouting progressed and did not initiate the spontaneous behavioral seizures. These findings raise doubts about dentate granule cells as a source of spontaneous seizures in rats subjected to prolonged SE and suggest that dentate gyrus neuron loss and mossy fiber sprouting are not primary epileptogenic mechanisms in this animal model. J. Comp. Neurol. 488:442–463, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional impact of primary visual cortex deactivation on subcortical target structures in the thalamus and midbrain
Authors: Rushmore R. Jarrett , Payne Bertram R. , Lomber Stephen G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe functional relationships between the primary visual cortex and its major subcortical target structures have long been a subject of interest. We studied these relationships by using localized cooling deactivation to silence portions of primary visual cortex and measuring 2‐deoxyglucose (2DG) uptake to assess neural activity in subcortical and midbrain targets. We focused analysis on the largest subcortical targets of primary visual cortex: the superior colliculus (SC), the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus (dLGN), and the lateral division of the lateral posterior nucleus of the thalamus (LPL). We found that localized cooling of different regions of primary visual cortex caused specific decreases in 2DG uptake in target structures such that the location of 2DG decrease varied according to joint retinotopy, and the magnitude of the decreases in target structures was associated with the amount of cooled cortex. In addition, we found that the impact of cortical cooling was more profound on the SC than on the dLGN. The functional impact of cortical deactivations on the LPL was weak for small deactivations but approximated the impact on the SC when deactivations were large. We discuss these findings in terms of neural circuits and in terms of drivers and modulators. J. Comp. Neurol. 488:414–426, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential distribution of hypocretin (orexin) and melanin‐concentrating hormone in the goldfish brain
Authors: Huesa Gema , van den Pol Anthony N. , Finger Thomas E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe orexigenic peptides hypocretin (orexin) and melanin‐concentrating hormone (MCH) are involved in the control of food intake and in other homeostatic functions including sleep and arousal. In this article we study the distribution of these peptides in the brain of the goldfish (Carassius auratus), focusing on those regions particularly related to feeding, sleep, and arousal. Although the general distribution of these peptides in goldfish shows many similarities to those described previously in other species, we observed some noteworthy differences. As in other vertebrates, the peptidergic somata lie in the anterolateral hypothalamus. In goldfish, both hypocretin and MCH immunoreactive cell bodies project fibers to the ventral telencephalon, thalamus, and hypothalamus. At mesencephalic levels fibers reach the deep layers of the optic tectum and also course sparsely through the mesencephalic tegmentum. In contrast to the strong innervation of locus coeruleus and raphe in mammal, the MCH and hypocretin systems in goldfish barely innervate these aminergic populations related to the regulation of sleep and arousal. MCH, but not hypocretin, immunoreactive fibers terminate substantially in the sensory layer of the vagal gustatory lobe of goldfish, while both peptidergic systems distribute to the primary visceral sensory areas of the medulla and pons. The strong involvement of these peptidergic systems with the hypothalamus and general visceral nuclei, but not with locus coeruleus or raphe nuclei support the view that these peptides originally played a role in regulation of energy balance and evolved secondarily to influence sleep‐wakefulness systems in amniote vertebrates. J. Comp. Neurol. 488:476–491, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.