bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics and dose proportionality of oral moxidectin in beagle dogs
Authors: Vanapalli Sreenivasa R. , Hung Ya‐Ping , Fleckenstein Lawrence , Dzimianski Michael T. , McCall John W. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPurpose. To study the pharmacokinetics and dose proportionality of moxidectin in beagle dogs experimentally infected with the filarial parasite Brugia pahangi, and to evaluate and compare the results obtained from population pharmacokinetic analysis and individual compartmental analysis. Method. Thirty‐six infected dogs were selected and randomly allocated into six treatment groups of six dogs each. Doses of 250 or 1000μg/kg were given orally. The plasma drug concentration–time data were analyzed by population compartmental and individual compartmental methods. Results. The best pharmacokinetic model was a two‐compartment model with first‐order absorption. According to the results obtained from population compartmental analysis, moxidectin is a low clearance drug with a relatively high volume of distribution, resulting in a mean terminal half‐life of 458 h. Absorption was rapid with a mean absorption half‐life of 0.6 h and Tmax of 2.75 h. Significant weight effect was found on Vc. These results were compared with results obtained from individual compartmental approach. A statistically significant (p<0.01) gender difference in T1/2β was observed with the 250 μg/kg dose, and a trend was observed with a greater T1/2β in females at the 1000μg/kg dose. No gender effect on other pharmacokinetic parameters was found. Conclusions. A pronounced distribution phase was observed and there was a significant weight effect on Vc. Dose proportionality of moxidectin was assessed by comparing the AUC (0‐last determination) values for 250 and 1000μg/kg. The pharmacokinetics are independent of dose over this dose range. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A domain‐specific risk‐attitude scale: measuring risk perceptions and risk behaviors
Authors: Weber Elke U. , Blais Ann‐Renée , Betz Nancy E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe present a psychometric scale that assesses risk taking in five content domains: financial decisions (separately for investing versus gambling), health/safety, recreational, ethical, and social decisions. Respondents rate the likelihood that they would engage in domain‐specific risky activities (Part I). An optional Part II assesses respondents' perceptions of the magnitude of the risks and expected benefits of the activities judged in Part I. The scale's construct validity and consistency is evaluated for a sample of American undergraduate students. As expected, respondents' degree of risk taking was highly domain‐specific, i.e. not consistently risk‐averse or consistently risk‐seeking across all content domains. Women appeared to be more risk‐averse in all domains except social risk. A regression of risk taking (likelihood of engaging in the risky activity) on expected benefits and perceived risks suggests that gender and content domain differences in apparent risk taking are associated with differences in the perception of the activities' benefits and risk, rather than with differences in attitude towards perceived risk. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Defining the actions of transforming growth factor beta in reproduction
Authors: Ingman Wendy V. , Robertson Sarah A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMembers of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) family are pleiotropic cytokines with key roles in tissue morphogenesis and growth. TGFβ1, TGFβ2 and TGFβ3 are abundant in mammalian reproductive tissues, where development and cyclic remodelling continue in post‐natal and adult life. Potential roles for TGFβ have been identified in gonad and secondary sex organ development, spermatogenesis and ovarian function, immunoregulation of pregnancy, embryo implantation and placental development. However, better tools must now be employed to map more precisely essential functions and the regulatory networks governing their activity. Gene ablation and transgenic models are expected to provide novel insights into distinct physiological activities for each TGFβ isoform in normal reproductive function and reproductive pathologies. It is also necessary to consider the mechanisms controlling TGFβ activation from latent precursor forms, and receptor and binding protein expression. Smad intracellular signalling circuitry and modulation by environmental stimuli through cross‐talk with other signal transduction pathways will further constrain TGFβ action. This review examines existing evidence for TGFβ1, TGFβ2 and TGFβ3 regulation of male and female reproductive biology, and highlights prospects for future research. BioEssays 24:904–914, 2002. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Noninvasive measurement of dissolved oxygen in shake flasks
Authors: Tolosa Leah , Kostov Yordan , Harms Peter , Rao Govind 
Published: October 2002

AbstractShake flasks are ubiquitous in cell culture and fermentation. However, conventional devices for measuring oxygen concentrations are impractical in these systems. Thus, there is no definitive information on the oxygen supply of growing cells. Here we report the noninvasive, nonintrusive monitoring of dissolved oxygen (DO) in shake flasks using a low‐cost optical sensor. The oxygen‐sensitive element is a thin, luminescent patch affixed to the inside bottom of the flask. The sensitivity and accuracy of this device is maximal up to 60% DO, within the range that is critical to cell culture applications. By measuring actual oxygen levels every 1 or 5 min throughout the course of yeast and E. coli fermentations, we found that a modest increase in shaker speed and a decrease in culture volume slowed the onset of oxygen limitation and reduced its duration. This is the first time that in situ oxygen limitation is reported in shake flasks. The same data is unattainable with a Clark type electrode because the presence of the intrusive probe itself changes the actual conditions. Available fiber optic oxygen sensors require cumbersome external connections and recalibration when autoclaved. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 80: 594–597, 2002.
Anatomy online: Presentation of a detailed WWW atlas of human gross anatomy—reference for medical education
Authors: Jastrow Holger , Vollrath Lutz 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe present an online anatomy atlas based on the Visible Human Project (VHP) of the US National Library of Medicine. The objective is to provide original unlabeled as well as labeled sections of the human body of high quality and resolution on the Internet, for use in basic and continuing medical education. For a representative overview of the body, 370 axial sections were selected from the male and female data base of the VHP with special regard to regions of clinical interest. Each section is accompanied by its corresponding computer tomography (CT) image and, if available, magnetic resonance images (MRI) for quick and easy comparison of morphologic and radiologic structures. The sections can be studied unlabeled or labeled according to the current Terminologia Anatomica. A linked vocabulary with more than 850 terms explains the labeling. Animations of the sections as well as of CT and MR images allow for further visualization of the topographic relationships of anatomical structures. The responses to the project indicate that students and physicians regard the Internet Atlas of Human Gross Anatomy as a most useful aid for learning and reviewing anatomical details. The atlas is accessible on: http://www.uni‐mainz.de/FB/Medizin/Anatomie/workshop/vishuman/Eready.html. Clin. Anat. 15:402–408, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Domestic violence and child protection: issues in safety planning
Authors: Waugh Fran , Bonner Michelle 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThere is strong evidence for the link between domestic violence and child abuse. Agencies' policies regarding domestic violence and child protection are critical in determining the dimensions of practitioner intervention, including safety planning for women and children. This paper explores the issues identified in research around safety planning where there are domestic violence and child protection concerns which was conducted with practitioners in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, in 2001. In particular, the paper focuses on three of the factors that influence practitioner intervention with women and children. These are: definitional understandings of domestic violence and child abuse; child protection legislative changes, including mandatory reporting and domestic violence as a child‐at‐risk category; and the NSW child protection statutory authority's response to domestic violence. The interplay between these factors results in complexities of practice for practitioners as they attempt to maximize women's strengths and minimize risks to children's safety. The resultant inconsistent response to domestic violence and child protection by government and non‐ government agencies suggests the need for domestic violence interagency guidelines. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intravascular ultrasound and quantitative coronary angiography assessment of late in‐stent restenosis: In vivo human correlation and methodological implications
Authors: Prati Francesco , Pawlowski Tomasz , Sommariva Luigi , Labellarte Antonella , Manzoli Alessandro , Boccanelli Alessandro , Motolese MD Mario 
Published: October 2002

AbstractQuantitative coronary angiography (QCA) is routinely used for assessment of strategies aimed at reducing in‐stent restenosis. Yet QCA enables only the measurement of luminal variation of stented segments and, unlike intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), provides only an indirect estimation of late in‐stent neointimal formation, which has a key role in the process of in‐stent restenosis. The aims of the present study were to correlate the IVUS measurement of in‐stent intimal hyperplasia (IH) with QCA indexes of restenosis, to find out whether QCA is an adequate surrogate of IVUS, and, using either QCA and IVUS data, to define the sample sizes needed to demonstrate the effectiveness of strategies to reduce in‐stent restenosis. The database of the European Imaging Laboratory was used to screen 154 stents implanted between 1997 and 2001 and studied by IVUS at 6 ± 1 months of follow‐up. All cases underwent serial QCA assessment (preintervention, postintervention, and follow‐up). Only 131 cases with single stent implantation in native coronary arteries were included in the study. Stent restenosis, defined as percent diameter stenosis (DS) > 50%, was present at QCA in 69 out of 131 cases (53%). Linear regression analyses were performed to correlate the amount of IH, calculated by IVUS as the average of all cross‐section areas (CSA; mean % IH CSA) and QCA indexes of restenosis (late loss and % DS). A positive significant correlation was found between IVUS mean % IH CSA and QCA % DS (r = 0.74; P < 0.0001) and between IVUS mean % IH CSA and QCA late loss (r = 0.72; P < 0.0001). Based on IVUS measurements of mean % IH CSA, a total sample size of 74 stents would be required in a two‐arm comparison to have 0.80 power to detect at 0.05 significant level a 30% difference between two compared groups. Alternatively, adopting the QCA late loss, 230 stents would be required. QCA measurements of late in‐stent restenosis are well correlated with IVUS calculation of in‐stent neointimal formation. IVUS assessment of IH allows smaller sample sizes than QCA to document significant reductions of in‐stent restenosis. Therefore, the use of IVUS should be encouraged in comparison studies aimed at revealing significant neointimal differences in small sample size populations. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;57:155–160. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hyperparathyroidism and subsequent cancer risk in Denmark
Authors: Pickard Amy L. , Gridley Gloria , Mellemkjæ Lene , Johansen Christoffer , Kofoed‐Enevoldsen Allan , Cantor Kenneth P. , Brinton Louise A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThere is increasing evidence that hyperparathyroidism (HPT), a condition that leads to elevated serum calcium levels, is associated with endocrine and other malignancies, suggesting a possible causal link between HPT and carcinoma.METHODSTo investigate the relation of HPT to subsequent cancer risk, the authors conducted a record‐linkage study among 2425 patients who were diagnosed with HPT in Danish hospitals. Patients were identified in hospital discharge records, and records were then linked with the Danish National Cancer Registry for the years 1977–1993 to identify cancer incidence. To estimate cancer risk, standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were computed.RESULTSAfter excluding patients who were diagnosed in the first year of follow‐up, a total of 219 malignancies were observed, resulting in an SIR of 1.25 (95% confidence interval [95%CI], 1.1–1.4). Cancer risk among women was higher than among men. Among those with primary (idiopathic) HPT, hematopoetic malignancies were elevated significantly (SIR, 1.88; 95%CI, 1.0–3.2; based on 13 patients), with the excess derived primarily from 4 observed patients with multiple myeloma. Patients with secondary HPT had an insignificantly increased risk of overall cancers. Patients who were diagnosed with other or unspecified types of HPT had significant increases in carcinoma of the urinary tract (SIR, 2.71; 95%CI, 1.2–5.3; based on 8 patients) and carcinoma of the thyroid gland (SIR, 21.19; 95%CI, 4.3–61.9; based on 3 patients).CONCLUSIONSFuture studies should monitor whether specific endocrine alterations associated with HPT may affect the long‐term risk of hematopoetic, thyroid, and urinary tract carcinomas. Cancer 2002;95:1611–7. Published 2002 by the American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10846
Chemoarchitecture of GABAergic neurons in the ferret superior colliculus
Authors: Behan Mary , Steinhacker Kate , Jeffrey‐Borger Susan , Meredith M. Alex 
Published: October 2002

Abstractγ‐Aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons are thought to play a key role both in visual processing and in the complex sensory‐motor transformations that take place in the mammalian superior colliculus. To understand the organization of GABAergic neurons in the ferret superior colliculus, we applied antisera to several markers of GABAergic function, including GABA, two isoforms of its synthetic enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD‐65 and GAD‐67), and the GABA transporter, GAT‐1. We also applied antisera to several calcium binding proteins (calbindin [CB], calretinin [CR], and parvalbumin [PV]) and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS), chemical markers that colocalize with GABA in some areas of the central nervous system. The distribution of GABAergic neurons in the ferret is similar to that of other mammalian species. GABAergic neurons in the ferret superior colliculus were small, morphologically diverse, and widely distributed throughout all layers of the colliculus. As has been shown in other mammalian species, neurons expressing PV, CB, CR, and NOS were differentially distributed in layers and patches throughout the ferret colliculus. None of these markers, however, showed a distribution that mirrored that of GABAergic neurons. Furthermore, few GABAergic neurons colocalized these neurochemical markers. Only 14% of GABAergic neurons in the superficial layers and 18% of neurons in the deeper layers colocalized PV, 14% of GABAergic neurons in the superficial layers and 10% in the deeper layers colocalized CB, and only 1% of GABAergic neurons in both the superficial and deep layers colocalized nitric oxide synthase. Thus, the arrangement of GABAergic neurons in the ferret superior colliculus is broadly distributed and is distinct from other recognized organizational patterns in the superior colliculus. J. Comp. Neurol. 452:334–359, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new look at calretinin‐immunoreactive amacrine cell types in the monkey retina
Authors: Kolb Helga , Zhang Li , Dekorver Laura , Cuenca Nicolas 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe have examined amacrine cells that are calretinin‐immunoreactive (‐IR) in the macaque monkey retina with the aim of classifying them into morphological and functional subtypes. There are calretinin‐IR cells in the fovea and throughout the retina. Their highest density is reached at 1.0 mm from the foveal pit (10,500 cells/mm2) and falls to 2,600/mm2 by 10 mm of eccentricity. Nearest‐neighbor statistics for the calretinin‐IR cell body distribution indicate a nonregular pattern, with a regularity index of 1.4–1.6. There is an increase or “bump” of cell density 3.5–4.0 mm from the foveal pit, corresponding to the rod photoreceptor density peak. Based on morphological differences, there appear to be three types of amacrine cell that are calretinin‐IR. To determine the types, we doubly immunolabeled retinas, from fovea to periphery, for calretinin‐IR in combination with other calcium binding proteins and inhibitory amino acid neurotransmitters. Labeling with parvalbumin and calretinin antibodies indicated that 70% of the amacrine cells were solely calretinin‐IR, and 30% contained parvalbumin‐IR as well. In the same way, 70% of the calretinin‐IR amacrine cells colocalized calbindin, but 30% were only calretinin‐IR. Among the calretinin/calbindin‐colocalized cells, there were small‐field and wide‐field types. Double labeling with antibodies to calretinin and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and to calretinin and glycine revealed the majority to be glycine‐IR, but some were GABA‐IR. The glycine‐IR population consists mainly of AII amacrine cell types, but clearly another non‐AII type is involved. The non‐AII glycine‐IR population resembles a small‐ to medium‐field diffuse type. The calretinin‐IR wide‐field type is GABAergic and corresponds to an A19 type. The central, rod‐free, fovea contains the calretinin‐IR, non‐AII glycine‐IR type and the calretinin‐IR, GABAergic type only. To learn more concerning the circuitry of the calretinin/glycine‐IR, non‐AII amacrine cell type in isolation from AII amacrine cells, we concentrated on the rod‐free fovea, where AII amacrine cells are absent. We performed a serial section electron microscopy (EM) study on four calretinin‐IR cells. They were involved with cone pathway circuitry. They got input from ON and OFF midget bipolar cells, reciprocated synapses to these bipolar cells, and provided synapses to ON‐center ganglion cells. Thus we have obtained new information on a cone pathway amacrine cell of the central monkey fovea that is involved in the midget system. J. Comp. Neurol. 453:168–184, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM) for the brain: Recent advances and remaining challenges for developing a NeuroSERM™
Authors: Brinton Roberta Diaz 
Published: October 2002

AbstractEstrogen regulation of cognitive function and prevention of neurodegenerative disease has come to be of major scientific and clinical importance. While these functions rank paramount among concerns of women during menopause, the neoplastic risks associated with estrogen and hormone replacement therapy lead most women to elect against hormone intervention during menopause or to seek alternative estrogens in an attempt to ameliorate menopause‐associated deficits and disease risks. Development of an effective selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) for use as an alternative to hormone replacement therapy must address the issues of efficacy in and availability to the brain. Abrief review of estrogen effects on cognition, neuroprotective capability, and disease prevention is provided followed by an analysis of current knowledge regarding SERM efficacy in brain. Lastly, the challenges that remain for developing an effective NeuroSERM™ are considered. Drug Dev. Res. 56:380–392, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transglutaminase‐mediated crosslinking of neural proteins in Alzheimer's disease and other primary dementias
Authors: Sárvári Mónika , Fésüs László , Nemes Zoltán 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe formation of insoluble protein deposits is a common hallmark of most neurodegenerative diseases. The disease‐specific lesions arise from pathogenic modifications of proteins or defects of their breakdown. Transglutaminases posttranslationally modify proteins by transamidation of specific protein‐bound glutamines to specific protein‐bound lysines. This action results in the formation of covalent crosslinks between proteins, a modification likely to have profound effects on nerve cell function. Crosslinking of proteins via Nϵ(γ‐glutamyl)lysine bonds by transglutaminases has been described in in vitro and animal models of neuron loss. Recent findings provided evidence that dysregulation of transglutaminase activity may contribute to the pathology of various neurodegenerative diseases, including polyglutamine expansion diseases and primary neurodegenerative dementias, the prototype of which is Alzheimer's disease (AD). Transglutaminase activity and expression was shown to be elevated in AD and Huntington's disease (HD) compared to age‐matched controls by several studies. Further, crosslinks have been found to colocalize with neurofibrillary tangles characteristic of Alzheimer's pathology by immunocytochemistry. Recent data showed increased crosslink concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid of HD patients. A series of studies from our laboratory showed that elevated crosslink concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid are characteristic of AD as well as other related dementias associated with the formation of intraneural inclusions. Although many issues remain to be addressed to establish a definitive model for the formation of specific histopathological lesions, crosslinking proteins by transglutaminases offers a plausible explanation for the stabilization of noxious protein aggregates and may reveal a common pathogenic mechanism in various primary neurodegenerative diseases. Drug Dev. Res. 56:458–472, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.