bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research and design for improved packaging of food during daily use outside refrigerated environment
Authors: Waelkens Natalie , Robaeyst Ben , Baccarne Bastiaan , Saldien Jelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Food waste has a huge impact on economic losses and climate. One of the leading problems is due to lack of effective refrigeration. Transitioning to alternative cooling technologies, such as passive cooling, can offer a potentially more sustainable solution. Therefore, the research investigates how food can be kept cold without relying on a refrigerator or electrical components utilizing the combination of insulation materials and cooling fluid. Using design thinking as a methodology, first of all a user survey was conducted during the study to understand user behavior regarding the storage of chilled food and to define the target audience. Subsequently, an exploratory study was performed to determine the optimal placement of cooling elements to a cooling box for extended cooling. Further, material research was conducted for the inner and outer layer of the cooling container, considering temperature resistance and insulation effects. In parallel with this, an examination was carried out to identify a cooling fluid with efficient cooling capacity and low environmental impact. After implementing this method, it was discovered that the most efficient approach involved placing an ice cooling element at the bottom and around the side walls of a cooling container. Further, the material PLA was demonstrated as suitable to use for cold environments. In consideration of previous research and the application of cooling media in commercial settings, salt solutions were capable of storing food below 4.4 °C. Consequently, the decision was made to proceed with a 20% NaCl solution mixed with water. Ultimately, a final cooling element was designed that fits into the standard IKEA +365 containers measuring 15 x 15 x 7 cm. The cooling capacity of this product was tested and maintained a temperature below 4.4°C for an average of 1.17 hours. This study contributes to existing literature by providing more insights in how passive refrigeration can be aligned with the needs of end-users in order to design both practical and user-fit solutions. However, further research is required regarding the practical implications; to improve insulation, address condensation issues and evaluate compatibility with dishwashers.
Deep learning in optics—a tutorial
Authors: Hadad Barak , Froim Sahar , Yosef Erez , Giryes Raja , Bahabad Alon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, machine learning and deep neural networks applications have experienced a remarkable surge in the field of physics, with optics being no exception. This tutorial aims to offer a fundamental introduction to the utilization of deep learning in optics, catering specifically to newcomers. Within this tutorial, we cover essential concepts, survey the field, and provide guidelines for the creation and deployment of artificial neural network architectures tailored to optical problems.
An experimental method for choosing the tool pin profile and shoulder size to join dissimilar aluminum alloys AA7075-T651 and AA6061-T6 joints
Authors: Yuvaraj K P , Shobana A , Kaushik Nitish , Botto Addisu Boshe , Jha Sanjay Kumar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many military and light weight aircraft designs call for joints between two different grades of aluminium alloy. This present study looked at the effect of tool shoulder diameter and tool pin profile on the tensile strength properties of dissimilar aluminium alloy AA6061-T6 and AA7075-T651 joints created by friction stir welding. The joints were fabricated utilizing three distinct tool shoulder diameters 15 mm, 20 mm and 25 mm along with two distinct tool pin profiles namely taper and square. The microstructure and microhardness of weld stir zone (WSZ) were examined and linked with the strength parameters of the joints. Adequate frictional heat generation from 20 mm shoulder diameter and pulsating stirring action of square pin revealed the formation of very fine grains in the weld nugget zone (WNZ). Due to enhanced material flow and the production of a defect-free stir zone, the joint created using a tool with a 20 mm shoulder diameter and square pin profile had the maximum hardness of 117 HV and the highest tensile strength of 284 MPa. The ductile mechanism of fracture is revealed by the presence of fine dimples accumulating in the tensile fractured surface of the joint fabricated by 20 mm tool shoulder diameter and square pin.
Characterization and optimization of abrasive water jet machining parameters of aluminium/silicon carbide composites
Authors: Gowthama K , Somasheker H M , Suresha B , Singh P Bhagat , Rajini N , Mohammad Faruq , Al-Lohedan Hamad A , Soleiman Ahmed A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Due to the complexity of high temperature and cutting tool wear, most machined components are still facing problems in terms of harder functional fillers that reinforce aluminium matrix composites. Conversely, abrasive water jet machining (AWJM) incredibly useful for the cutting of anisotropic and non-homogeneous metal matrix composites. In this research article, silicon carbide (SiC) particulates were utilized as reinforcement in the AA6026 matrix material (AA6026/SiC) and machined using AWJM under different process parameters namely SiC loading, traverse speed and stand-off distance. Two different compositions of SiC (4, and 8 wt%) were considered to fabricate AA6026 composites using the stir casting. In addition, outputs have been examined, e.g., surface roughness, material removal rate, and kerf angle. An optical microscope, scanning electron microscope, Brinell hardness tester and universal testing machine have been used to characterize the matrix material AA6026 and its composites. Microstructural analysis revealed that the inclusion of SiC particulates in AA6026 affects the very fine grain size of the composite. Furthermore, the 8 wt% composite exhibits the evolution of the Al-Si eutectic phase during solidification. Processing of these composites was performed using the L27 orthogonal geometry, successfully improving the parameters of the abrasive water jet process. The output response shows that reducing the SiC load improves the surface roughness under the key parameters of traverse speed and stand-off distance. However, increasing the SiC loading increases the material removal rate and kerf angle under the key parameters, namely traverse speed, and stand-off distance.
Paying a Heavy Price: Costs of Care for People With Severe Obesity in Nursing Homes
Authors: Fernandez Luisa , Shieu Bianca , Trinkoff Alison , Castle Nicholas , Wolf David G , Handler Steven , Harris John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Background and Objectives
The prevalence of resident obesity in nursing homes has increased dramatically from 22% to 28% between 2005 and 2015. To provide care for people with obesity, nursing homes have changed their admissions, staffing, and equipment, but underlying these changes are increased resources and financial costs of care. The purpose of this study is to describe nursing home organizational aspects of caring for older adults with obesity, with a focus on economic factors, from the perspective of nursing home staff and leadership.

Research Design and Methods
This qualitative study used descriptive approaches; data were collected through semistructured telephone interviews. Of 77 nursing home staff and leaders identified as potential study participants, 6 were ineligible, and 71 participated in the study through interviews conducted from 2019 to 2022.

Results
A total of 4 primary themes described the issues surrounding the cost of care for obesity in nursing homes: inefficient and risky use of staff time in a setting of persistent staff shortage, expensive and unique equipment needs, inadequate general reimbursement with an absence of obesity-specific reimbursement supplements, and competing short- and long-term management solutions.

Discussion and Implications
This qualitative study of nursing home staff and leadership underscores a need for improved approaches to funding obesity care within existing nursing payment models. The increasing prevalence of obesity and the burden of the costs of obesity care for nursing homes will escalate this need over the coming decade.
Effie Deans’s phantom pregnancy
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The wonderful plot of The Heart of Midlothian–– Jeanie Deans’s refusing to perjure herself in court to save her sister’s life, and her tramp down to London to beg mercy from the queen –– originate in the misfortune of Effie’s pregnancy. Yet that misfortune, closely examined, is an extremely problematic thing. Certain improbabilities in it force us to assume either, (1) that Scott found himself trapped in a narrative difficulty which he could not easily write himself out of, or (2) that there is more to the episode than meets the casual reader’s eye.
Mysteries of the Dickensian year
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Novelists like George Eliot, Thackeray, and Trollope make it easy for the pedantic reader to work out a monthly calendar of events in their major fictions. In Middlemarch, for example, we can set down the following chronology for the novel’s main events:
Vanity Fair, although it covers a much longer tract of history (1813–32) than Middlemarch (1828–32), is meticulous about calendar time-markings, particularly in its early, tight-knit sections covering the period from summer 1813 to summer 1815. Thackeray’s narrative opens with ostentatious chronological exactitude: ‘While the present century was in its teens, and on one sunshiny morning in June . . .’ In the next hundred pages we learn that Rebecca is to stay ten days with the Sedleys, that the year coyly given as the ‘teens’ of the century must be 1813, and the ‘sunshiny morning in June’ is the fifteenth of that month.
Is Heathcliff a murderer?
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When he returns to Wuthering Heights after his mysterious three-year period of exile Heathcliff has become someone very cruel. He left an uncouth but essentially humane stable-lad. He returns a gentleman psychopath. His subsequent brutalities are graphically recorded. They are many and very unpleasant. He humiliates Edgar Linton who has married Cathy during his absence. ‘I wish you joy of the milk-blooded coward’ (p. 115), he tells Cathy in her husband’s presence. The taunt is the more brutal since Edgar is clearly the weaker man and in no position to exact physical reparation. Heathcliff goes on to torment Edgar by hinting that he has cuckolded him.
What kind of murderer is John Barton?
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Edgar Wright points out, Mrs Gaskell ‘originally meant her novel to be called “John Barton”. She mentions to two or three correspondents that she had envisaged the novel as a tragic poem with John Barton as the hero’ (p. xv). This ur-narrative would have concentrated in detail on the working-class hero’s suffering, his alienation and seduction by the ‘vile’ doctrines of Chartism and Communism, his lapse into homicidal crime, and his redemption. Unfortunately, as many modern critics feel, Gaskell succumbed to the preferences of her readers and publishers by recasting her plot as Mary Barton, the story of a virtuous working-class girl who resists the blandishments of a rich seducer and heroically saves her true love from the gallows. John Barton’s melancholy story is relegated to the status of sub-plot.
R. H. Hutton’s spoiling hand
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The original text of The Portrait of a Lady has what is arguably the most delicately understated ending in all Victorian fiction. Isabel has at last come to a true appreciation of her husband, Osmond, and sees a straight path in front of her. In full consciousness of his moral worthlessness, and the worthiness of her loyal suitor, Caspar Goodwood, she has made a decision. The reader is not directly informed what that decision is. Osmond is meanwhile in Italy, and Isabel has been staying in London with her friend, Henrietta:
Two days afterwards Caspar Goodwood knocked at the door of the house in Wimpole Street in which Henrietta Stackpole occupied furnished lodgings. He had hardly removed his hand from the knocker when the door was opened and Miss Stackpole herself stood before him. She had on her hat and jacket; she was on the point of going out. ‘Oh, good morning,’ he said, ‘I was in hopes I should find Mrs Osmond.’
Henrietta kept him waiting a moment for her reply; but there was a good deal of expression about Miss Stackpole even when she was silent. ‘Pray what led you to suppose she was here?’
What does Edward Hyde look like?
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Say ‘Jekyll and Hyde’, and the person you are speaking to will see in the mind’s eye Spencer Tracy’s amiably pudgy features dissolving into the monstrous physiognomy of Edward Hyde. The transformation is one of the high-points of early Hollywood special effects and close-up camera artistry. The World’s Classics volume pays tribute to the 1941 film by carrying on its cover a still photograph of Tracy in his Hyde make-up. Thanks to the film, when they think of Jekyll and Hyde modern readers see a face very vividly and in great detail. One of the puzzles in Stevenson’s source text, however, is that where Hyde’s face ought to be in the narrative there is a blank –– rather like the facial features technologically fuzzed out in television documentaries and newscasts ‘to protect the innocent’. What precisely was Stevenson’s motive for doing this?
The numerous descriptions of Edward Hyde in the narrative agree on a number of points: (1) he is physically small; (2) he is a ‘gentleman’; (3) he is young; (4) he is, in some unspecified way, ‘deformed’.
Slop Slip
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Has anyone noticed that Sterne seems to have overreached himself and slipped in Volume Two, Chapter 8 of Tristram Shandy?’ Barbara Hardy asks, in Notes and Queries. Her query, and the explanatory note she offers, lead into a beguiling Shandean brain-twister. The ‘slip’ (which is chronological) is the more remarkable in that Sterne is a writer obsessively concerned with time in his novel. But is it, in fact, a slip?
The passage in question is found on page 83 of the World’s Classics edition. At last the hero, Tristram, is about to be born. It has been a long wait for would-be readers of his life and opinions. A commotion has been heard upstairs, where a very pregnant Mrs Shandy is confined with women attendants. Downstairs, Uncle Toby and Mr Shandy anxiously wait on natal events. On hearing the tell-tale noises and bustle above their heads, Uncle Toby has summoned the servant Obadiah by ringing the bell. It is not clear exactly when he performed this act –– there have been so many Shandean digressions. But, at some point previously, Obadiah has been sent off post-haste to fetch the man midwife, Dr Slop.
Who gets what in Heathcliff’s will?
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Heathcliff’s death is among the most unusual in Victorian fiction. A man in rude health, 38 years old, dies of inanition. He does not eat or drink for four days (a short period, incidentally for someone in Heathcliff’s physical condition to starve to death). Every time he makes to eat or drink, he is interrupted –– as we deduce –– by a distracting vision of his lost love Catherine. ‘I’m animated with hunger; and, seemingly, I must not eat’ (p. 328), he observes. Nelly makes him coffee, breakfast, lunch, dinner. But something always comes between him and sustenance. ‘I vainly reminded him of his protracted abstinence from food’, the housekeeper says in her stilted fashion: ‘if he stirred to touch anything in compliance with my entreaties, if he stretched out his hand to get a piece of bread, his fingers clenched, before they reached it, and remained on the table, forgetful of their aim’ (p. 331). It is a version of the Tantalus torture. ‘By God! she’s relentless’, Nelly overhears Heathcliff say. And, eventually, the relentless Cathy (‘she’) succeeds in killing him.
Will she ever come back?
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shirley opens with a robustly drawn ‘then and now’ framework. ‘Of late years,’ the unidentified narrator tells us, ‘an abundant shower of curates has fallen upon the north of England . . . but in eighteen-hundredeleven-twelve that affluent rain had not descended.’ Shirley’s ‘then’ is self-evidently 1811–12. Its ‘now’ (as Brontë’s subsequent reference to the Oxford Movement makes clear) is the period of writing and first publication of the novel, 1848–9. The location of the novel is as precisely staked out –– the West Riding of Yorkshire, a setting from which the narrative will not stray by so much as a yard into any neighbouring county.
The Barchester Towers that never was
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Readers attentive to the calendar will be arrested by the opening words of chapter 9 of Barchester Towers: ‘It is now three months since Dr Proudie began his reign.’ The time reference is perplexing. Trollope’s novel began vividly with old Bishop Grantly dying ‘in the latter days of July in the year 185–’. There follows the magnificent episode of the bishop’s son, Archdeacon Grantly, torn between filial grief and ecclesiastical ambition, dispatching a telegram to Downing Street in the hope that it will arrive before the government falls. He is too late (if only his father had died earlier, he thinks –– then hates himself for thinking such a thing). A new administration, Palmerston’s as we infer, comes in and the Archdeacon’s hopes of slipping into his father’s caligulae are dashed forever. The obnoxiously reforming Dr Proudie is elected Bishop of Barchester. The story of his and his domineering wife’s administration will be covered over the massive length of the subsequent Barchester Chronicles (1855–67).
Lemon or ladle?
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Readers of my generation often bemoan the passing of the ‘old’ World’s Classics. They can still be found (although they are becoming increasingly expensive) in second-hand bookshops. Pocket-book sized, with hard covers (stamped prominently with the Oxford University crest and motto) they were beautiful things. Launched in 1906, they marked OUP’s entry into the world of general trade publishing. The World’s Classics came into their own in the 1920s and ran to 500 titles by the end of the decade.
If the old World’s Classics had any introductions at all (most didn’t) they were short belletristic effusions by writers such as Virginia Woolf or G. K. Chesterton. Latterly, in the 1960s, the series attempted to rejuvenate itself with bumper-value ‘double volumes’ and pictorial dust jackets by Lynton Lamb which are, in my opinion, the best modern illustrations of the Victorian novel we have.
Who will Angel marry next?
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The bitter ending to Tess of the d’Urbervilles is well known and much quoted. Angel Clare and his pubescent sister-in-law, Liza-Lu (Elizabeth Louise Durbeyfleld), are standing vigil outside Wintoncester Gaol:
Went on to what? The image, as critics have noted, evokes the end of Paradise Lost: ‘They hand in hand with wandering steps and slow | Through Eden took their solitary way.’ Adam and Eve are, of course, man and wife, carnally united. Is this what will happen here? Will Angel ‘go on’ to marry Liza-Lu? Tess, as we learn early in the novel, has six siblings. They are: Liza-Lu (four years younger than Tess), then in descending order Abraham, Hope, Modesty, and two unidentified younger children. At the beginning of the story Liza-Lu was described as twelve-and-a-half, and Abraham is apparently around nine.
What do we know about Frances Price (the first)?
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a short note in the Jane Austen Society Report for 1982 Deirdre Le Faye points out a problem in the sketched background to Mansfield Park. It relates to the three Ward sisters, each of whom plays a significant, if supporting, role in the novel’s plot. The problem is laid out in Jane Austen’s typically crisp mise en scène in the first two pages of the narrative. ‘About thirty years ago,’ the novel opens, ‘Miss Maria Ward of Huntingdon, with only seven thousand pounds, had the good luck to captivate Sir Thomas Bertram, of Mansfield Park, in the county of Northampton’ (p. 1).
Given its date of publication, 1814, the ‘thirty years ago’ reference would set Maria’s happy catch in the ‘season’ of 1784 or thereabouts. Huntingdon and Northampton are neighbouring counties and the same social set attends the same events. We get a momentary glimpse of the family behind the bride, but no more than a glimpse: ‘All Huntingdon exclaimed on the greatness of the match, and her uncle, the lawyer himself, allowed her to be at least three thousand pounds short of any equitable claim to it.’
The lawyer uncle and the dowry (albeit three thousand short) indicate professional respectability and a middle rather than upper station in life (the younger sons of the nobility go into the church or the army, not the law; noble wives bring with them property, not money).
How old is Frank?
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Middle-aged readers will take heart from the fact that Walter Scott did not publish his first novel until the age of 43, with Waverley (1814). Once started, the Wizard of the North made up for lost time, writing eighteen novels in ten years. Churning out three- and four-deckers at his factory rate of production (and he did much else than write novels) meant that Scott was occasionally obliged to be rough and ready in the finer points of construction. His fiction is speckled with piddling errors for his pedantic editor (‘Dr Dryasdust’, as Scott called the genus) to clear up. On his part, Scott did not fret about his slips, seeing them as a small tax to be paid for his speed of composition. Rob Roy (1817) has a lot of narrative errors: the hero crosses over an historically yet-to-be-built bridge to reach the inn at Aberfoil where so many exciting events occur; he attends an historically yet-to-be-built church in Glasgow; and reads yet-to-be-published books. One possible explanation is that the narrator’s memory may not be all it once was. Old men forget, and they embellish what they dimly remember. This explanation would be more convincing, however, if we knew exactly what was going on in Frank’s life as he tells his story, and how old he actually is. In fact, we have only the sketchiest portrait of the narrator in old age (if it is old age). We apprehend that he is telling the adventures of his early youth by letter to his friend Will Tresham, and that all ends happily with his marriage to Die Vernon. But since then, we gather, great
Should we change the end of The Mill on the Floss?
Authors: Rowson Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Can Jane Eyre Be Happy? I drew attention, as have other commentators, to troubling improbabilities in the tremendous watery climax to Eliot’s novel. Among other things, I pointed to: (1) the meteorological improbability of a flash flood of the torrential nature which Eliot describes in the low-lying, flat countryside around St Ogg’s. As Gordon Haight neatly put it –– if all the twentyfive inches of rain that falls on Lincolnshire in a year were to fall in a single night, it would not produce the biblical deluge Eliot portrays at the end of The Mill on the Floss;
the physical improbability of the large, wooden lump of machinery which rushes down on the flood current to crush Tom and Maggie, ‘overtaking’ their boat. This is against the laws of hydrodynamics. Large wooden objects do not float faster than smaller objects in the same stream. These problems were confronted and solved (after a fashion) by the adaptors of Eliot’s novel for television.