bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Linguatula serrata Infestation in Stray Dogs of Shahrekord, Iran
Authors: Meshgi B. , Asgarian O. 
Published: November 2003

SummaryThe present study was undertaken to determine the prevalence of pentastomid parasites in stray dogs between 16 November 2002 and 16 April 2003 in Sahrekord from Chaharmahalobakhtiari province, Iran. A total of 143 stray dogs were shot and the heads were longitudinally sectioned to expose the nasal cavity, and worms, if any, were carefully removed. Adult Linguatula serrata were found in the nasal cavities of 89 (62.2%) dogs. The infestation rate was 67.4 and 53.7% in males and females, respectively. The examined dogs were divided into three age groups: 1–2, 3–4 and up to 5 years old. There was a significant relationship between age and infestation rate with L. serrata (P < 0.01). The highest rate of infestation was in the second group. The number of parasites in each dog varied from one to 29 and totally 382 adult parasites were collected of which 219 were female (57.3%) and 163 were male (42.7%). Adult L. serrata were registered for the first time from dogs in Iran. This study indicates that infestation with L. serrata occurs commonly in stray dogs of this region in Iran.
Tetracycline Resistance in Staphylococci from Free‐living Rodents and Insectivores
Authors: Hauschild T. , Kehrenberg C. , Schwarz S. 
Published: November 2003

SummaryOne hundred and fifty‐eight staphylococcal strains isolated from wild rodents and insectivores were analysed for plasmid‐borne resistance to tetracycline (Tc). Only 10 isolates, sixStaphylococcus saprophyticusisolates and single isolates ofS. xylosus, S. equorum, S. warneriandS. cohniisubsp.cohniicarried a Tc resistance plasmid of approximately 4.4 kb as confirmed by protoplast transformation. All 10 plasmids harboured a Tc resistance gene of hybridization class K [tet(K)] as confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The plasmid was assigned to the pT181 family as it revealed a high degree of restriction map homology to pT181 and other members of this family. Macrorestriction analysis with the enzymeSmaI showed that three of the six isolates identified asS. saprophyticusshared the same pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) pattern.
Services for pre‐school children with behaviour problems in a Midlands city
Authors: Coe C. , Spencer N. , Barlow J. , Vostanis P. , Lainé L. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjectives  To study the services for pre‐school children with behaviour problems in a Midlands city and the level of co‐ordination and co‐operation between providers.Setting  A socially and ethnically diverse Midlands city in the UK.Methods  Survey methods were employed with city health visitors in order to determine their role and identify service providers. Service providers from different agencies were interviewed and data collected related to service offered, materials used, theoretical basis of interventions, referrals to and from the service, inclusion and exclusion criteria and co‐ordination and co‐operation with other providers. Themes were identified related to the content and process of the services using qualitative data analysis methods. Frequencies of themes were estimated for different provider groups.Results  Health visitors and nursery nurses working in the primary care services were the primary point of contact for children with pre‐school behaviour problems. Nursery nurses were one of the major sources of referral for children with pre‐school behaviour problems and a significant majority of these providers had not received any specific training for this role. The majority of the providers used evidence‐based programmes but few adhered strictly to a particular programme and instead used a mixture of materials drawn from different programmes. Many health service providers in particular offered interventions to parents on a one‐to‐one basis only. Most providers used behaviour modification approaches. While many providers claimed to have knowledge of other local providers and have good links, there was little evidence of co‐ordination within and between agencies.Conclusions  While there appears to be high levels of activity by providers from both statutory and voluntary sectors in providing services for pre‐school children with behaviour problems, there is evidence to suggest that some of the main providers of services are not being adequately prepared and supported in the role. There is a lack of co‐ordination within and between services, and indication that evidence‐based programmes are being modified and used in an ad hoc manner. It is concluded that surveys of this nature may be an important preliminary step in establishing co‐ordinated services for the primary and secondary prevention of pre‐school behaviour problems.
Patterns of smoking, quit attempts and services for a cohort of 15‐ to 19‐year‐olds
Authors: Grimshaw G. , Stanton A. , Blackburn C. , Andrews K. , Grimshaw C. , Vinogradova Y. , Robertson W. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjectives  To establish patterns of smoking among 15‐to 19‐year‐olds within mixed urban and suburban area and explore preference for the nature of services to assist quitting.Design  Postal survey and depth interviews with focus group validation.Setting  People registered with health services in the Borough of Solihull, UK. The borough has a diverse population with areas of high deprivation to the north and a range of prosperity elsewhere.Participants  Questionnaires were sent to 50% of those registered and 20 people interviewed aged from 15 to 19 years.Main outcome measures  The survey contained demographic questions relating to educational attainment and family, smoking status, history and quit attempts, use of facilities for quit attempts. Qualitative themes explored attitudes and experience of quitting, utilization of cessation services, barriers to access and nicotine replacement therapy.Results  Total survey response rate was 32.6%. Three in five reported smoking a cigarette sometime, 17.2% current regular smokers, 7.2% current occasional smokers. Median age of starting smoking was significantly lower (P = 0.004) for current regular smokers, distinguishable in two groups; weekend smokers and all week smokers. More quit attempts had been made or planned by current regular smokers but were often short lived. Weekend smokers had a slightly longer duration of quitting (P = 0.03). Eight‐two per cent were optimistic about quitting in the future although the majority (80%) had already made one quit attempt. Knowledge and use of existing services was poor, with concerns about privacy and confidentiality. Models based on autonomy were identified as potentially useful.Conclusion  Teenage smoking is characterized by optimism about quitting despite the failure of many quit attempts, lack of regard for existing services and barriers to uptake.
Overnight deep body temperature and urinary cortisol excretion in infants from economically deprived areas
Authors: Wailoo M. P. , Westaway J. A. , Joseph D. , Petersen S. A. , Davies T. , Thompson J. R. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjectives  To assess the pattern of postnatal physiological maturation in economically deprived infants by measuring the age‐related changes in deep body temperature during night‐time sleep.Setting  Inner city Leicester, UK.Participants  Forty‐eight infants aged 6–21 weeks from economically deprived areas and 87 control infants from more affluent areas.Outcome measures  Average deep body temperature between 2 and 4 h after bedtime, overnight and early morning urinary cortisol excretion.Results  Both groups showed a decline in overnight deep body temperature with age that averaged 0.030°C per week (SE = 0.003). Over the age range studied, the average age‐adjusted overnight temperature in the infants from deprived homes was 0.090°C (SE = 0.028) higher than that for the affluent group (P = 0.001). Deprived infants had on average 51% higher overnight urinary cortisol and 80% higher morning cortisol. The differences remained when the effects of room temperature, clothing, smoking, birthweight and gestational age were taken into account.Conclusion  These indicators of postnatal physiological maturation suggest that infants from economically deprived homes mature less quickly. This might increase their vulnerability to illness.
Parental views about services for children attending schools for the emotionally and behaviourally disturbed (EBD): a qualitative analysis
Authors: Crawford T. , Simonoff E. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAim  This study examines the views of parents of children attending schools for the emotionally and behaviourally disturbed (EBD). The study aims to gain an understanding of the journey through the educational system taken by these children and to explore their families’ experience of services along the way.Methods  Thirty parents of 25 children attending primary and secondary EBD schools in three South London boroughs took part in focus group discussions. Parents were asked about their experiences of services, including educational, health and social services, as well as how they thought services should be improved.Results  Qualitative analysis identified a complex web of individual, professional and organizational factors which contributed to social exclusion of children with EBD problems and their families. These factors included children receiving inadequate education because of long periods of exclusion or inappropriate placements whilst waiting for a statement of special educational needs. Parents also felt personally socially excluded because of lack of childcare provision out of school hours. Many parents felt that their children did not fit into services and were constantly being passed on to other professionals. The analysis identified aspects of services that promote social inclusion and provide support to families, including acceptance of children into EBD schools, help from voluntary organizations and support from other parents with children with EBD problems. Parents particularly stressed the value of working in collaboration with professionals to achieve shared goals.Conclusion  EBD schools provide a valuable resource for parents. However parents often lack emotional and practical support in coping with their children's complex needs. Agencies need to improve communication and joint working to provide effective services for these families.
Negotiating deaf–hearing friendships: coping strategies of deaf boys and girls in mainstream schools
Authors: Martin D. , Bat‐Chava Y. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractBackground  Increasingly, deaf students are educated in mainstream school environments. This poses a question of how deaf children negotiate the demands of forming friendships with their hearing peers. The present study was designed to examine coping strategies of 35 deaf children attending full or partial mainstream school settings.Method  Using a qualitative analysis design, a range of coping strategies used by the children was described based on parents’ reports. The relative success of these coping strategies in establishing relationships with hearing peers was assessed by examining strategies that increased the social success of deaf girls and boys.Results  The results showed differences by gender in the effectiveness of coping strategies used by the participants. Deaf girls who were confident and frequently asked for clarifications or who were comfortable playing alone tended to achieve good relationships with hearing peers. In contrast, deaf boys’ relationships with hearing peers benefited mostly from the boys’ ability to perform well in sports.Conclusions  These findings are discussed in light of existing research on coping and current debates on the benefits of mainstreaming for deaf children.
A focus group investigation into young children's understanding of mental health and their views on appropriate services for their age group
Authors: Roose G. A. , John A. M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractBackground  Children's views about mental health and concurrent service provision are under researched areas. Yet there is concern regarding appropriate service development to meet the increasing mental health needs of children and young people. Recent government policy underlines the need for collaborative work with consumers in service development.Method  This was a qualitative study designed to explore 10‐ and 11‐year‐old children's understanding of the concept of mental health and their opinions regarding an appropriate service for their age group. Two focus groups were conducted with 10‐ and 11‐year‐old children and the data was analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis.Results  The participants showed a sophisticated understanding of mental health. The participants thought that school‐based services would not be appropriate for their age group.Conclusion  The participants demonstrated that their level of understanding and interest qualifies them for a place in discussions about services for their age group. Collaborative work with children and young people in line with government policy in this area is necessary for appropriate service development.
Responses of natural enemies to experimentally increased populations of the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria
Authors: PARRY DYLAN , SPENCE JOHN , VOLNEY W. 
Published: November 2003

1. The responses of predators and parasitoids to increased forest tent caterpillar populations were studied by introducing eggs to two trembling aspen, Populus tremuloides Michx., forests where natural populations were at very low density.2. Of five parasitoid species recovered, only the braconid Aleiodes malacosomatos (Mason) and the tachinid Patelloa pachypyga (Aldrich & Webber) exhibited spatially density‐dependent responses, in dry upland forest and mesic lowland forest, respectively. Forest type restrictions on the abundance of these species and the weak density‐dependent response by A. malacosomatos suggests that parasitoids may not be capable of regulating low‐density tent caterpillar populations.3. Predation of final‐instar larvae and pupae by birds, in particular the northern oriole, Icterus galbula (L.), virtually eliminated the experimental populations. Avian predation was widespread and dominated mortality at all densities.4. Implications for the initiation of outbreaks of cyclic defoliators are discussed.
Contact with the host plant enhances aphid survival at low temperatures
Authors: BUTTS R.A. , HOWLING G.G. , BONE W. , BALE J.S. , HARRINGTON R. 
Published: November 2003

1. The hypothesis, suggested by previous studies, that host plant contact reduces the cold tolerance of anholocyclic aphids was tested under laboratory conditions. Adult and first‐instar Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) were exposed to temperatures of 0, –5 and –10 °C on intact plants, excised leaves and in the absence of contact with plant material.2. Median lethal time (LT50) values at all three temperatures indicate that aphids exposed in association with plant material survive longer than aphids that have no contact with their host plant. The difference in survival was most pronounced at –10 °C. Therefore, the above hypothesis is rejected for aphids on cereals because host plant contact apparently enhances cold tolerance.3. Exposure on excised leaves also enhanced aphid survival at low temperature but was less effective than the intact plant. This suggests that plant quality as well as the presence or absence of plants is important in the cold tolerance of aphids on cereals.
Survival and habitat preferences of adult Bolitophagus reticulatus
Authors: TORBJÖRN NILSSON  
Published: November 2003

1. Data from a 4‐year mark–recapture study of the fungivorous tenebrionid beetle Bolitophagus reticulatus at a locality in central Sweden and a trapping study of the species elsewhere in the same region are used to describe the survival and habitat preferences of the species.2. The adult beetle was found to survive for up to three winters. A minimum estimate of the yearly survival rate was 0.20.3. The beetle was found to occur preferentially on tree trunks that were either standing or lying but only touching the ground along a minor part of their length; that were relatively thick; and that carried many Fomes fomentarius sporocarps. In contrast to previous information for this species, the beetle was found to use living sporocarps to a large extent, and not only dead ones.4. An experiment with beetles given a choice between living and dead fungus tissue indicated that pairs of one male and one female beetle preferred living fungus while single beetles preferred dead fungus.
Influence of the hyperparasitoid Dendrocerus carpenteri on the reproduction of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae
Authors: BOENISCH ANKE , PETERSEN GERT , WYSS URS 
Published: November 2003

1.Alate S. avenae (F.) reproduced earlier and produced more offspring in the vicinity of Dendrocerus carpenteri (Curtis) females than control aphids without neighbouring hyperparasitoids.2. This effect was evident only during the first 6 days of the aphid’s reproduction period and did not affect the physiological condition of the aphids or their offspring.3. Virgin hyperparasitoid females had a stronger influence on the reproduction rate of the aphids than did mated females, probably due to an unidentified emitted volatile sex pheromone.
Coincidence between consumer and host occurrence: macrolepidoptera in Britain
Authors: QUINN RACHEL , GASTON KEVIN , ROY DAVID 
Published: November 2003

1. The interspecific relationship between the distributions of consumers and resources is examined, using data for macrolepidoptera (moths) in Britain.2. Monophagous moth species feeding on host plants with small geographical ranges also have small ranges, whilst those feeding on host plants with large ranges may have small or large ranges themselves. Likewise, there is an approximately triangular relationship between the proportion of the range of its host that a monophagous moth occupies and the size of the host range.3. Most monophagous moths occupy a small proportion of the range of their host, and only feed on hosts that have relatively large geographical ranges.4. Factors determining both the range size of a monophage and the proportion of the host plant’s range that it occupies are independent of taxonomy.5. Monophages tend to have smaller geographical ranges than congeneric polyphages, but do not occupy a smaller proportion of the ranges of the plants that they consume.
Genetic variation in resistance and tolerance to insect herbivory in Salix cordata
Authors: SHEN CYNTHIA , BACH CATHERINE 
Published: November 2003

1. This study investigated whether sand‐dune willow Salix cordata, exhibits genetic variation in resistance and tolerance to herbivory.2. A field experiment using cuttings from nine willow clones demonstrated genetic variation in resistance to the specialist herbivore Altica subplicata, as measured by beetle densities. Willow clones differed significantly in both total biomass and leaf trichome densities, and herbivore densities were marginally correlated with both of these parameters.3. Tolerance to herbivory was measured in a greenhouse experiment by comparing growth response of plants experiencing 50% artificial defoliation and plants experiencing no defoliation. Clones showed significant differences in tolerance to herbivory for some growth measures (changes in height and number of leaves), but not for other growth measures (stem diameter growth and final biomass).4. Despite the significant genetic variation in both resistance and tolerance, no trade‐off was found between resistance and tolerance to herbivory.
HLA‐B44 ALLELE FREQUENCIES AND HAPLOTYPIC ASSOCIATIONS IN THREE EUROPEAN POPULATIONS
Authors: VIDAN‐JERAS B. , BREUR‐VRIESENDORP B. , BOHINJEC M. , JEANNET M. , ROOSNEK E. , TIERCY J.‐M. 
Published: November 2003

HLA‐B44 is among the most frequent class I antigens in many populations studied so far. It has been subdivided into seven allelic forms that can only be discriminated by DNA typing. Using a simple PCR/sequence‐specific oligonucleotide hybridization procedure, we have analysed the frequency distribution of B44 subtypes in three European populations from Slovenia, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. B*4402 and B*4403 were by far the predominant alleles, B*4404 and 4405 were rare, while B*4406 and B*4407 were not observed. Interestingly, B*4402 and 4403 occurred with different frequencies in the three populations, with B*4402 being most frequent in the Swiss (65% vs. 57% in the Dutch, and 46.5% in the Slovenes). Of the 139 individuals studied, 60 HLA‐B44 ABDR haplotypes could be determined by family studies. In the respective populations, the linkage disequilibria between B44 and other HLA antigens occurred with different frequencies. A2‐B*4402 haplotypes were very frequent in the Swiss sample, mostly associated with DRB1*0101, 0401 and 1301. B*4402 was more often linked with non‐A2 antigens in the Slovenes (predominantly A24, A28) than in the Swiss and the Dutch. The predominant association of B*4403 was with DR7: this haplotype was very frequent in the Swiss (82% of the B*4403 haplotypes), while lower frequencies were found in the Dutch (72%) and Slovenian (59%) populations. In the Swiss population, more than half of the B44‐DR7 haplotypes were A23‐B*4403‐DR7 (53% of all B*4403 haplotypes). This haplotype was significantly less frequent in the Slovenian (6%) and in the Dutch (14%) populations. The second most frequent B*4403 haplotype in both the Swiss and Slovenes is the A29‐B*4403‐Cw*1601‐DR7 haplotype (17.6 and 29.4%, respectively). Concomitant with the increased frequency of B*4403 in the Slovenes, a higher diversity of non‐DR7 B44 haplotypes was observed in this population (41% of all B*4403 haplotypes).HLA‐B44 oligotyping analysis allowed us to detect B44‐subtype incompatibilities in several AB‐sero, DRB1/B3/B5‐oligo matched unrelated bone marrow donor/patient combinations. The different frequency distributions of HLA‐B44 haplotypes in the three populations analysed in this study argue in favour of local volunteer bone marrow donor recruitment. This might significantly improve the chance of finding a highly matched donor for patients with less frequent A‐B‐DRB1 haplotypes.
Estimating critical state soil mechanics parameters from constant cell volume triaxial tests
Authors: Kirby J. M. , O'sullivan M. F. , Wood J. T. 
Published: November 2003

SummaryCompaction, tillage, stresses around growing roots and other soil deformation events may be predicted by the critical state model of soil mechanics, but estimating the parameters is time consuming and expensive. We develop a back analysis of the constant cell volume triaxial test, in which the critical state parameters are derived from the results of a single test. This both saves much labour and provides more information than traditional analyses, which require several triaxial compression tests and an isotropic compression test to yield the same information. The method finds, using a minimization algorithm and a quasi‐analytical solution to the stress–strain equations, the simulated soil deformation (and hence the properties used in that simulation) that best fits the test data. The minimization is a form of regression analysis.For normally consolidated samples the method provides stable estimates of the slope of the critical state line (M), the slope of the virgin compression line (λ) and elastic modulus (E). The standard errors of the estimates are small in relation to the means of these parameters. The estimates appear to be more reliable than those of more commonly used estimation procedures. The slope of the rebound line (κ) is estimated, but a measure of the accuracy of the estimate cannot be calculated.