bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphosyntactic Features
Authors: Adger David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will try to get an answer to the question of what it is that syntax regulates, such that the various facts about form and order that we saw in the previous chapter arise. We will introduce the notion of morphosyntactic feature, and tease out the ways that syntacticians motivate the existence of such features. Features play a role in syntax which is a little analogous to the role that atoms play in classical physical theories: they are the basic building blocks of syntax, and the ways that they may be combined, and the ways in which they may relate to each other, are what give rise to the observed phenomena.
Functional Categories II—the DP
Authors: Adger David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far in this book we have paid most attention to the structure of the clause, and the way that the requirements of lexical items are met via Merge and Move. In this chapter, we will focus instead on the structure of the phrase which has, as its lexical core, a nominal element, rather than a verb. We will argue that, just as the verb in a clause is surmounted by a series of functional projections, so is the noun. These functional projections in both cases add non-0-related semantics and have the syntactic effect of providing positions for movement of both heads and phrases. The theory we will develop, then, implies that the true head of a nominal phrase is a functional category, which is the topmost of a series of functional categories, just as T is the topmost of a series of functional categories in the clause.
Functional Categories 111—CP
Authors: Adger David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapters 5 and 6 we saw that the clause splits roughly into two parts: the lower part has to do with the thematic properties of the predicate (essentially the VP), and is associated with the lexical projection, while the upper part seems to have to do with non-thematic semantic properties such as mood, tense, and aspect. This upper part is associated with functional projections. In this chapter we will introduce one further clausal layer, which is higher still than T and its associated projections. This layer is also functional in nature, and bears close affinities to the T layer. However, the semantic properties associated with this higher level do not have to do with tense/aspect and other properties of the event picked out by the verb. Rather they have to do with the semantic status of the whole proposition.
A Theory of the (Growth of the) Transnational Firm: A Penrosean Perspective
Authors: Pitelis Christos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper I apply a Penrosean perspective to the theory of the growth of the transnational corporation (TNC). I suggest that TNCs are the result of a dynamic interaction between endogenous factors to the firm and external opportunities and threats, as perceived by the firm’s management. Trans-border geographical diversification is the result of limits to domestic expansion, failed or missing markets, perceived differential opportunities abroad, and oligopolistic interaction. The choice of institutional mode (foreign direct investment over putting out, subcontracting, licensing or exporting) is also the result of missing or failing markets, perceived differential capabilities, and oligopolistic interaction.
Globalizing the Academy
Authors: Urry John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We appear to be living through some extraordinary times, times involving exceptional changes to the very fabric of social life. This sense of transformation has been described by academics, journalists, management specialists, educationalists, politicians, media commentators, computer experts, and others. One way to characterize these transformations is through the claim that economic, social, and political life is being globalized (see Held et al. 1999, for wide-ranging detail).
Analogies have been drawn with the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries when a somewhat similar restructuring of the dimensions of time and space took place. New technological and organizational innovations ‘compressed’ the time taken to travel across, and to communicate over, large distances.
Takeovers and the market for corporate control
Authors: Gugler Klaus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like a lot of people, you may still think of the 1980s as the era of merger mania. Well, wake up: Todays mergers and acquisitions make the ‘80s look small-time. The global M&A market broke all records last year at $1 trillion and at its current pace will hit$ 1.3 trillion this year. (The biggest year of the ‘80s was 1989: $600 billion.) The reasons aren’t mysterious. Technological change, deregulation, and globalization are driving many industries consolidate; perhaps most important, with equity markets booming, CEOs are comfortable using their stock to pay what they might in other times consider ridiculously full prices.
Austria
Authors: Gugler Klaus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Very little systematic research has been done on corporate governance topics in Austria. The system is characterized by centralized ownership of corporations, pyramiding, state, and family ownership, and corporate shareholdings of financial institutions. The universal banking structure encourages the involvement of financial institutions in financing and controlling non-bank firms. There are very few large public corporations with dispersed share ownership, and there is no active market for corporate control. Control is exerted by internal control mechanisms such as boards of directors and large shareholders.
Japan
Authors: Sakuma Kyoko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This survey highlights the relationship between firm ownership structure and corporate performance in Japan. It also examines the board structure and managerial compensation. ‘While there are many studies looking at differences in performance between keiretsu-affiliated firms (i.e. business groups centred around a large commercial bank) and non-keiretsu firms, there are few studies focusing on different types of dominant owners (banks, insurance companies, institutional investors, families, etc.).
Turkey
Authors: Yurtoglu Burcin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Franks and Mayer (1998) characterize an ‘insider system’ of corporate governance by three features: (I) few listed companies, (2) a large number of substantial share stakes, and (3) large inter-corporate shareholdings. Outside investors, while able to participate in equity returns through the stock market, cannot exert much control. On the other side, the Anglo-Saxon system is a market oriented or ‘outsider system’ and is characterized by a large number of listed companies, a liquid capital market where ownership and control rights are frequently traded, and few inter-corporate shareholdings.
United Kingdom
Authors: Goergen Marc , Renneboog Luc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The UK is very different from most other countries, such as the Continental European countries and Japan, in terms of corporate governance and ownership. First, there is a much larger number of UK firms that are quoted on the stock exchange: the total market capitalization of domestic listed firms amounts to 81per cent of the GNP (these figures are adjusted for double counting due to cross-shareholdings between companies). In comparison the total market values of quoted German and Japanese firms are only about l4and37 percent of GNP respectively(Prowse 1995). 0naverage, British companies also go public at a much earlier point in their life cycle than their German counterparts. The average age of firms at the time of their initial public offering is only 14 years in the UK, but 53 years in Germany. Surprisingly, however, the difference in size is much less pronounced, as UK IPOs are only half as large as German IPOs, measured by market capitalization (Goergen 1998).
The European Court of Justice
Authors: BúRca Gráinne De , Weiler J H H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This collection of essays aims to look afresh at an institution which, although already the subject of numerous academic analyses and extensive legal research, remains of central importance to all who are interested in the development of European Union law and policy. Various contributions seek to develop particular avenues of analysis which, despite the significant increase in the range and volume of literature on the Court of Justice, have not yet been very fully explored. They include a legal-philosophical account of the ECJ's reasoning, a sociological analysis of patterns of litigation before the Court, and an investigation of the impact and presence of gender in the Court's work and on its institutional position. Other contributions look anew at the more topical and sometimes controversial subject of the relationship between national courts and the Court of Justice, both under the preliminary reference procedure and in other contexts, and a final essay considers the likely effect on the Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance of the reforms to the judicial structure proposed during the Nice Intergovernmental Conference.
Endoclitics and the Origins of Udi Morphosyntax
Authors: Harris Alice c. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Endoclitics and the Origins of Udi Morphosyntax provides a synchronic description and analysis of a phenomenon that appears to be unique among languages that have been brought to the attention of linguists, namely the occurrence of endoclitics. Alice Harris demonstrates that syntactic rules must have access to the internal structure of the word. The early chapters of the book show that the morphemes at issue are clitics (as opposed to affixes), that the items inside which they may occur are words (as opposed to phrases), and that the clitics occur inside these words under specifiable conditions. The second part of the book describes how Udi came to be so different from other languages, and in doing so explains the origins of the phenomenon explored in the first part. The book will appeal to theoretical linguists, especially those interested in the interface between syntax and morphology. It will also be of considerable interest to historical linguists and students of Caucasian languages.
Introduction
Authors: Catford J C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phonetics is the systematic study of human speech-sounds. It provides means of describing and classifying virtually all the sounds that can be produced by human vocal tracts. How this is done is the principal subject-matter of this book. But before we begin to investigate the sounds of speech it may be useful to say something about why it is interesting and useful to do this: in other words, to review some of the uses of phonetics.
The Cardinal Vowels (CVs)
Authors: Catford J C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is some divergence of opinion among phoneticians as to whether the system of Cardinal Vowels (which, from now on, we shall refer to as CVs) should be regarded primarily as an articulatory or as an auditory scale of reference-vowels. From the practical point of view, however, it is best to proceed as if the system is basically an articulatory one, and to familiarize oneself thoroughly with the ‘feel’ —the proprioceptive and tactile sensations—of the CVs.
Review
Authors: Catford J C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have covered a good deal of ground in this book, and looked closely at many aspects of the production of speech. At times, while the reader was learning, by experiment, the various taxonomic categories of phonetics, it may have seemed difficult to see the wood for the trees. For that reason, it seems desirable to give here a brief review of most of the matters we have dealt with.
The Rights in English Law Before the Human Rights Act
Authors: Clayton Richard , Tomlinson Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is well established that English law does not recognise a right to privacy as such. The point was considered by the Court of Appeal in Kaye v Robertson. In that case, a well known actor had undergone extensive surgery and was in hospi-tal when he was photographed and allegedly interviewed by a tabloid newspaper. He sought an injunction to restrain publication of the interview.
The Impact of the Human Rights Act
Authors: Clayton Richard , Tomlinson Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The absence of a right to privacy in English law demonstrates the limited capacity of the common law to evolve new ways of protecting human rights. As Sir Robert Megarry V-C emphasised in Malone v Metropolitan Police Commissiones when rejecting a claim that telephone tapping breached the ‘right to privacy’: it is no function of the courts to legislate in a new field. The extension of the existing laws and principles is one thing, the creation of an altogether new right is an other.
The Impact of the Human Rights Act
Authors: Clayton Richard , Tomlinson Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Human Rights Act will require the courts to give new weight to the freedom of expression which, in the past, has often been subordinated to other interests. There was considerable debate when the Bill was enacted concerning the effect of incorporating Article 10, and its relationship to other Convention rights. The existence of a right to freedom of expression which is subject to narrowly defined limits which must be justified as proportionate will have a significant impact on the English law in a large number of different areas. Nevertheless, during the pas- sage of the Bill the media expressed concerns about the effect of the right of privacy on freedom of expression. As a result, the Government introduced section 12 of the Act which was ‘specifically designed to safeguard press freedom’.
Risk, Vulnerability, and Harm Reduction: Preventing STIs in Southeast Asia by Antibiotic Prophylaxis, a Misguided Practice
Authors: Nichter Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recognition of risk, production of knowledge about risk, and management of risk have been identified as core features of late modernity by several notable social theorists. Globally, the public is being exposed to an increasing stream of information about risk to disease (accidents, ecological disasters, etc.). This information is provided by a number of different sources ranging from public health experts engaged in disease surveillance to politicians engaged in the justification of public policy, newspaper reporters in search of headlines to marketers pitching products. Information about risk is typically presented to the public as ‘objective fact’ backed up by statistics which highlight correlations commonly misinterpreted by the public as causal relationships. As many social scientists have pointed out, what masquerades as ‘objective fact’ is often ‘social fact.’ Knowledge about risk is far from neutral and often motivated by subtle and not so subtle social, political, and economic forces. Assumptions guide research (and research funding), who is to be compared to whom (e.g. groups defined by race or ethnicity instead of social class or environment), what is singled out as potential risk or protective factors to be measured, and the manner in which data is analysed as well as presented. The rhetoric of risk assumes a sense of determinacy which provides those in fields like public health with a ‘model of’ as well as a ‘model for’ action justifying as much as guiding recommendations.
National Trajectories, International Competition, and Transnational Governance in Europe*
Authors: plehwe dieter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the interrelationship between regulatory structures and the strategies of firms. As firms internationalize, they seek to shift regulatory structures away from the national level towards an appropriate level of international coordination. By helping to create common standards across national boundaries firms are able to benefit from a level playing field (see Morgan’s contribution in Chapter 9), thus increasing potential economies of scale and scope. The process of internationalizing regulatory structures therefore develops at least in part from the efforts of firms to create a framework more suited to the scale of their businesses. However, business ‘scale’ is not given automatically. It may require firms to reconceptualize how they look at themselves and their businesses. In this process, the potential offered by internationalizing regulation and getting beyond distinctive national markets becomes in itself a force that changes conceptions within firms. This chapter therefore explores the interrelationship between firms and regulatory structures as they interact at the national and international levels.
Toward a Single Model of Corporate Law?
Authors: Hansmann Henry , Kraakman Reinier 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of corporate law is an unfinished story of convergence in two parts. The more important part ended a hundred years ago, when the corporation displaced other entities as the principal legal form of large-scale enterprise in advanced jurisdictions. At the start of the nineteenth century, there were no general corporation statutes anywhere; by its end, the corporation was the dominant mode of organizing large firms throughout North America and Europe. Of course, jurisdictions differed, then as now, in the fine structure of their corporate laws as well as in their corporate governance practices, financing techniques, and reliance on capital markets. These differences persisted—and, in some cases. grew more pronounced—during much of the twentieth century.
Convergence and its Critics: What are the Preconditions to the Separation of Ownership and Control?
Authors: Copfee John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contemporary assessments of corporate governance and structure today typically begin at the same point and then diverge. Each opens by noting that Berle and Means (1932) were myopic. When in 1932 they announced the separation of ownership and control, Bede and Means did not recognize that they were describing a largely Anglo-Saxon phenomenon, which did not characterize the corporate governance systems of most of the rest of the world.
Takeover Regulation in Europe and America: The Need for Functional Convergence
Authors: Raaijmakers Theo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How should European Community (EC) policymakers respond to the growth in cross border takeovers across Europe? Does the increase in cross-border mergers give rise to regulatory concern? To what extent will policymakers develop a regulatory approach that establishes procedures that enhance takeover bids while taking into account shareholder interests? And to what extent has the growing market for cross-border takeovers increased pressure on regulators to emulate the USA rules of disclosure and substantive regulation of tender offers.
Investor Dominance and Strategic Transparency: On the Role of Corporate Governance for Product and Capital Market Competition
Authors: Perotti Enrico , von Thaooen Ernst-Ludwig 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The recent literature on the comparative advantages of different corporate governance models is an exciting area for competing ideas. Much attention has been dedicated to the comparison between the effectiveness of shareholder control over delegated monitoring by lenders. The debate over the comparative information efficiency of the two governance structures is particularly interesting. On the one hand, Diamond (1984) has argued that information gathering may be best delegated to intermediaries to avoid duplicating efforts. On the other hand, the market microstructure literature has emphasized the importance of decentralized market trading to support information collection (sec e.g. Holmstrom and Tirole 1993).
Managerial Disciplining and the Market for (Partial) Corporate Control in the UK
Authors: Pranks Julian , Mayer Colin , Renneboog Luc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the USA, hostile takeovers or the mere threat of a hostile takeover are believed to be an effective check on managerial autonomy. A firm is continually auctioned and if the company is worth more to a potential acquirer than it is currently worth, a raid may occur which will subsequently lead to board and asset restructuring and potentially to performance increases. Confirmation of this monitoring role of the USA takeover market is provided by Martin and McConnell (1991). Apart from the USA, the UK is one of the few countries with an active market for corporate control. Whereas Germany has experienced only four hostile takeover attempts in the post-Second World War period, there were eighty hostile takeover bids in the UK in the period 1985–6 alone. Drawing on Franks and Mayer (1996), this section examines the role of the hostile takeover market in the UK in the period 1985–6, at the height of the mergers and acquisitions-wave of the 1980s.
A Comparison of English and American Bankruptcy Procedures
Authors: Franks Julian R , Torous Walter N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has become fashionable for countries to change their insolvency procedures. As a result, 1 here exists a great variety of insolvency codes and procedures for dealing with insolvent and distressed companies. One way of distinguishing between them is on the basis of a debtor or creditor orientation. A second distinction can be made according to the origins of the procedures: the extent to which procedures are based on commercial contracts between lenders and borrowers and the extent to which they are governed by statute. USA insolvency procedures are governed largely by statute, for example, the 1978 Bankruptcy Act. In contrast, England’s insolvency procedures are largely based on commercial contracts between lenders and borrowers.
Cash-Based Executive Compensation in Spain and the UK
Authors: Crespí Rafel , Gispert Carles , Renneboog Luc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the largest tier of US firms, the degree to which the chief executive officers’ (CEOs) compensation is related to corporate performance has been thoroughly investigated over the last two decades (Murphy 1999). A tight positive relation between managerial remuneration and corporate performance is important to reduce the tension between shareholders and managers resulting from differing objectives. Such agency costs are particularly prominent in the case of a high degree of separation of ownership and control. For example, in more than 85 per cent of listed UK firms, there is no large shareholder owning a share stake of 25 per cent or more (Franks et al 2001).
Confronting Electronic Surveillance: Desiring and Resisting New Technologies
Authors: McGrail Brian A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The population of the United Kingdom came under the constant gaze of the camera in the 1990s. Whilst other countries were not slow to adopt closed circuit television (CCTV) surveillance techniques, successive UK governments encouraged the establishment of systems to such an extent that the UK, it has been claimed, has double the number of cameras in public places compared to other EU nations (Narayan 1996; see also Graham 1998). As a presumed tech nique for solving numerous social problems, the camera effectively ruled UK governmentality. Narayan’s claim (1996) may well pinpoint a difference between a UK approach to street crime, problem neighbourhoods, and CCTV, and the approach taken on continental Europe. I would not wish to overemphasize this difference, as CCTV is now as important a factor of ‘virtual Paris’ as it is of London.
Bulgarian
Authors: Alexieva Nevena 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A phonological contrastive analysis is applied to identify deviations from the rules of transcribing some Bulgarian terms of English origin, which are presented in a table with their existing forms, etymologies, phonetic transcriptions, and recommended forms. The deviations result either from the old practice of transliterating rather than transcribing English borrowed names, or from the influence of a mediating language (French or Russian). Recommendations on correct transcriptions are pro posed to remove undesired doublets and enhance terminological standardization.