bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using Standardized Clinical Encounters to Assess Physician Communication
Authors: Klamen Debra , Williams Reed 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Communication underlies all medical work; taking histories, educating patients, developing alliances, and managing illnesses. Core professional values of compassion, responsibility, and integrity are all demonstrated through communication. In an average day, physicians communicate hundreds of bits of information, with patients, patients’ families, and professional colleagues in either oral or written form. Measuring communication skills, and the demonstration of professional behaviors through communication, is the focus of this chapter.
Measuring Professionalism: A Commentary
Authors: Hafferty Fred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume establishes a new benchmark within ongoing efforts to define, assess, and ultimately construct learning environments to promote medical professionalism across medicine’s educational trajectory. What began in the mid-1980s as medicine’s response to the mercurial rise of corporate medicine has evolved into a rather formidable organizational movement. Debates as to meanings and measures, curricula, and competencies have been vigorous and visible-a healthy sign. What is not healthy is the very real possibility that educational authorities will anoint a particular measure or methodology as “the one” and thus (even indirectly) announce that the “professionalism problem” has been solved. This would be a grave mistake (American Journal of Bioethics 2004). While no one questions (as a general principle) the need to develop ever more sophisticated assessment tools and strategies, great care must be taken within this empirical quest not to reduce professionalism to a “static thing”-a conceptual mass at rest. At its most elemental level, professionalism is an action system, sharing some of the properties of quantum physics. Like particles that do not exist in the absence of movement, professionalism is best viewed as residing within a system of social action. As such, professionalism must not be approached (or configured) as something that can exist external to or independent of context. In turn, the social and interactive nature of professionalism demands that the medical education community (which includes faculty, students, administrators, and practicing clinicians) has a fiduciary responsibility to keep the professionalism “debate” ever alive and ever vibrant.
Implicit Information in Eukaryotic Pathogens as the Basis of Antigenic Variation
Authors: David Barry J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eukaryotic pathogens, such as trypanosomes, imply far more antigenic variability than is encoded explicitly in their genome, thus enabling them to provide an everchanging and effective challenge to the host immune system. By the use of gene fragments and pseudogenes combinatorially to generate novel genes, trypanosomes can, in theory, generate a number of surface antigens significantly greater than the total number of genes in the genome.
Religion and Respect
Authors: Blackburn Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some years ago, without realizing what it might mean, I accepted a dinner invitation from a Jewish colleague for dinner on Friday night. I should say that my colleague had never appeared particularly orthodox, and he would have known that I am an atheist. However, during the course of the meal, some kind of observance was put in train, and it turned out I was expected to play along—put on a hat, or some such. I demurred, saying that I felt uncomfortable doing something that might be the expression of some belief that I do not hold, or of joining a “fellowship” with which I felt no special community and with which I would not have any particular fellow-feeling beyond whatever I feel for human beings in general. I was assured that what it would signify, if I went through with the observance, was not that I shared the world views or beliefs of my host, or wished myself to identify uniquely with some particular small subset of humanity, but only that I respected his beliefs, or perhaps his stance. I replied that in that case, equally, I could not in conscience do what was required.
Mental Retardation and Developmental Delay
Authors: Smith Moyra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent advances in neuroscience and genetics have greatly expanded our understanding of the brain and of the etiological factors involved in developmental delay and mental retardation. At the same time, the human genome project has yielded a wealth of information on DNA sequencing, regulation of gene expression, epigenetics, and functional aspects of the genome, which newly propels investigation into the pathogenesis of mental retardation. This book makes readily available current knowledge on the subject and applies it to clinical medicine, providing information essential to neurologists, geneticists, physicians and pediatricians as they search for the causes of mental handicap in their patients. Introductory chapters cover normal and abnormal brain structure, neurogenesis, neuronal proliferation, and signal transduction. Latter chapters delve into discussions of both the environmental factors that may lead to neurocognitive deficits and the cytogenetic, biochemical and molecular defects specifically associated with mental retardation. One chapter reviews gene involvement in non-syndromic mental retardation, autism, and language deficits, as well as multifactorial and genetically complex inheritance. The text concludes with a clinically practical discussion of carrier detection, presymptomatic diagnosis, and treatment of various genetic diseases through enzyme therapy, substrate deprivation, and the use of hemapoietic stem cells.
Genetics and Immune Response to Vaccines
Authors: Poland Gregory A , Ovsyannikova Inna G , Jacobson Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much can be learned from reviewing relevant information concerning the relationship between vaccineinduced immune responses and the genes that influence and modify these responses. This chapter focuses on data regarding genes located in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) gene cluster, because data support the importance of HLA genes in determining adaptive immune responses. In addition, this chapter focuses on the immune responses to specific vaccines for hepatitis B, measles, rubella, influenza, bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), and polio. Because the HLA–viral peptide complex is the vital structural unit for immune recognition (Racioppi et al., 1991), identifying HLA relationships with the most dramatic effects on adaptive immunity can elucidate HLA restriction—an important mechanism for understanding differential vaccine response. Further, defining HLA associations with specific vaccine antigens increases the knowledge base that could potentially lead to the development of the next generation of viral vaccines.
Beethoven’s Sonata in F Minor, Op.
Authors: Schenker Heinrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If we disregard all the finer points of the Urlinie’s linear progressions shown in the accompanying graph as well as meter in general, we are presented with the following image of the Urlinie tones (Fig. 1):1 {4} What immediately strikes us as the first peculiarity of the piece is that the tones c (c ) and a (a ) linger on for a long time, while the intervening tones b and g are touched upon only fleetingly at the close of the third subject and are not elaborated until the coda and stretta. Thus the impression of the descending arpeggiation c–a –f prevails, as if the descending arpeggiation in the upbeat to bar had become the destiny of the whole.
Hospital-Based Palliative Care
Authors: Bakitas Marie , Daretany Kathleen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One hundred years ago, the cause, age, and place of death were very different from what they are now, at the turn of the new millennium. Table 42–1 compares some characteristics of dying in 1900 and in 2000. Chronic illness and longer life are the legacy of this century. The hospital is a common location for a good portion of end-of-life (EOL) care in contemporary times, despite Americans’ stated preference for death at home. An analysis of the experience of dying among Medicare recipients (based on claims data for 1995–1996) demonstrated that the incidence of dying in hospitals varies, but in some regions of the United States it approaches 50% (Figure 42–1). An additional 25% to 35% of the nation’s elderly die in nursing homes. Although a percentage of patients experience their final admission in the critical care unit, by and large hospital deaths occur in non–critical care units3 and are likely to be anticipated for hours or days before death actually occurs.
Morals in fiction and fictional Morality
Authors: Walton Kendall L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Works of art from previous ages or from other cultures may contain or embody ideas that we find strange or disagree with. We take some differences in stride, but sometimes we object—the content we disagree with ruins our pleasure and we take it to be grounds for judging the work negatively. In the final five paragraphs of “Of the Standard of Taste,” David Hume attempts to locate this difference. We are not or shouldn ‘t be bothered by representations of out-of-date fashions, he says. “Where any innocent peculiarities of manners are represented”—like princesses carrying water from the spring, or ruffs and farthingales in pictures of our ancestors—”they ought certainly to be admitted; and a man who is shocked with them, gives an evident proof of false delicacy and refinement.” We are happy to overlook what we take to be factual mistakes. “Speculative errors . . . found in the polite writings of any age or country . . . detract but little from the value of those compositions.” But moral differences are quite another matter, according to Hume. We do not, and should not, tolerate in a work “ideas of morality and decency” that we find repugnant. “[Although] I may excuse the poet, on account of the manners of his age,” says Hume, “I never can relish the composition.” Morally reprehensible ideas constitute deformities in the work.
Evolving Health Policy on Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Mitchell Connie , James Lisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Violence is a health risk, it is widely prevalent, and its costs in terms of economics and human suffering make it a major health problem. Historically, in terms of national policy, inter-personal violence has been framed as a criminal justice issue and only recently have the health consequences for individuals, families, and communities been defined, measured, or addressed. A national public health approach to inter-personal violence would better address the multifactorial nature of violence and the multidisciplinary approach to intervention than a criminal justice approach alone.
International Perspectives on Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Larkin Gregory Luke , Morris Stephen C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a global problem, and the reported prevalence and incidence varies widely. Micro-, meso-, and macro-level forces combine to put individuals at risk of partner violence within specific environments and cultural contexts. Cultural forces represent both risk and protective IPV factors. Culturally appropriate strategies are particularly important for developing nations. Global public health and medical institutions are leading the way toward violence prevention and a more shared understanding of IPV around the world.
Mental Health Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Warshaw Carole , Brashler Phyllis , Gil Jessica 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) has been associated with a wide range of mental health consequences, including depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). For many women, these issues resolve with increased safety and support, but others may benefit from additional resources and treatment. Survivors’ experiences of mental health symptoms will vary based on a number of factors, including their own personal strengths and resources, the duration and severity of abuse, their experience of other lifetime trauma, and their access to services and social support. Women who are diagnosed with a mental illness are at greater risk for abuse and for developing PTSD.
Soft Tissue and Cutaneous Injury Patterns
Authors: Sheridan Daniel J , Nash Katherine R , Poulos Christine A , Fauerbach Lynne , Watt Sandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most injuries caused by intimate partner violence (IPV) are minor in relation to medical seriousness but are very important in the forensic care of victims of violence. In general, accidental injuries tend to occur in the more distal portion of extremities, whereas intentional, abusive injuries are generally more proximal. Abrasions can occur from assaults from dragging along rough surfaces, from fingernail scratches, and/or from being struck with an object with a rough surface. Health providers should identify bullet wounds but exercise extreme caution before characterizing the wounds as an “entrance” or an “exit” wound.
Mental Health Treatment for Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Warshaw Carole , Brashler Phyllis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Physical and emotional safety are primary concerns for survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV). Becoming knowledgeable about the dynamics of IPV and the strategies batterers use to control their partners is essential for working with survivors of IPV. Survivors face many obstacles in trying to leave an abusive relationship and/or to maintain their safety, credibility, and connections with others in the face of ongoing abuse. A combined IPV–trauma framework is potentially most helpful for understanding mental health symptoms in the context of ongoing trauma, entrapment, and danger. Respecting survivor self-determination and choice are key elements of both DV advocacy and trauma-informed treatment. Issues of culture, context, community, and spirituality play important roles in survivors’ lives and need to be taken into account. Services should be culturally sensitive and relevant, as well as fully accessible.
Strength and Resilience in Battered Women and Their Children
Authors: Campbell Jacquelyn , Sharps Phyllis , Parsons Kerry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A strengths or resilience framework can be helpful in explaining the responses of women and children to intimate partner violence (IPV) and designing interventions for them. Considerable research documents that abused women display impressive strengths, including that the majority eventually leave the abusive relationships and/or make the violence end. Abused women take many impressive protective actions to keep themselves and their children safe. Abused women are most often good and protective mothers. Children exposed to IPV display many detrimental effects, but many if not most of the problems are alleviated if the violence ends. Interventions that build upon women’s strengths and children’s resilience may be most effective in dealing with the consequences of abuse, but have yet to be tested.
Weapons and Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Sorenson Susan B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A woman is more than twice as likely to be shot and killed by her male intimate than killed in any other way by a stranger. Handguns account for most of these gun deaths. Focusing solely on the homicide of an intimate partner underestimates the full scope of fatal outcomes associated with intimate partner violence (IPV). Guns can be used to intimidate and coerce, as well as to harm, an intimate partner. Persons under a restraining order and those convicted of misdemeanor domestic violence (DV) are prohibited from purchasing and possessing a firearm.
Poly(hydroxybutyrate)
Authors: Noda Isao , Marchessault Robert H , Terada Mikio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Properties of Special Interest Biocompatibility and biodegradability. Biologically produced PHB is a semicrystalline isotactic stereoregular polymer of 100% R configuration that allows a high level of degradability. PHB is obtained by fermentation of bacteria capable of biosynthesizing polyesters as energy storage media. It can be completely biodegraded by numerous microorganisms. Synthetic racemic stereoblock structures degrade more slowly than the bacterial products. Copolymers, such as poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3- hydroxyvalerate), are also available.
How Doctors Think
Authors: Montgomery Kathryn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How Doctors Think defines the nature and importance of clinical judgement. Although physicians make use of science, this book argues that medicine is not itself a science but rather an interpretive practice that relies on clinical reasoning. A physician looks at the patient’s history along with the presenting physical signs and symptoms and juxtaposes these with clinical experience and empirical studies to construct a tentative account of the illness. How Doctors Think is divided into four parts. Part One introduces the concept of medicine as a practice rather than a science; Part Two discusses the idea of causation; Part Three delves into the process of forming clinical judgement; and Part Four considers clinical judgement within the uncertain nature of medicine itself. How Doctors Think contends that there can be adverse side effects to assuming that medicine is strictly science, and suggests reducing these by recognizing the vital role of clinical judgement.
Perspectives on the Face
Authors: Cohen M Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our faces play essential roles in defining us as individuals. They are the most immediately identifiable parts of our bodies. We use our faces to communicate emotions and to interact socially. Sometimes, despite our intentions, our faces reveal our thoughts even when we do not speak. In several medical conditions, the facial aspect confirms diagnosis, and while surgical alteration of craniofacial anomalies can do much to normalize appearance, patients are always confronted with the question of what is normal, and with the fact that beauty itself may be nothing more than a culturally determined concept. This book explores a range of distinct yet related perspectives on the face--the evolutionary, the developmental, the anatomic, the dysmorphic and genetic, the surgical, the psychological; the sociocultural, and the artistic. As a cross-disciplinary study, it is the first to comprehensively address the question of what constitutes a face, and to span the gap between symbolic interpretation and scientific fact. Both broadly informative and in-depth in its discussions, this highly readable book will be of interest to biologists, geneticists, plastic surgeons, craniofacial surgeons, oral and maxillofacial surgeons, psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, and others with a special interest in the face.
The Growth of Prescription Opioid Abuse
Authors: Comer Sandra D , Ashworth Judy B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Data from various sources suggest that the abuse of prescription opioids has risen dramatically in the United States since the mid-1990s. The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), previously known as the National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, is one such source that surveys the civilian, non-institutionalized population of the United States aged 12 years or older and is designed to determine national estimates of rates of use, numbers of users, and other measures related to illicit drugs, alcohol, and tobacco products. As depicted in Figure 4.1, this survey revealed that the initiation of the nonmedical use of prescription pain relievers has quadrupled, from an incidence of 573,000 in 1990 to an astounding 2.5 million in 2002 (SAMHSA, 2004a). Taken in the larger context of substance abuse, the estimated number of new initiates in 2004 to nonmedical use of pain relievers (2.4 million) exceeded even that of illicit drugs such as marijuana (2.1 million) and cocaine (1 million; SAMHSA, 2005a).
Opioids for Pain
Authors: Smith Howard S Todd W Gary , Vanderah Todd W , McCleane Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pain is described as an unpleasant sensation associated with a specific part of the body (Melzack & Katz, 2006). It is produced by processes that either damage, or are capable of damaging, the tissues. Such damaging stimuli are called ‘‘noxious’’ and are detected by specific sensory receptors called ‘‘nociceptors’’ (Sherington, 1906). Nociceptors are identified as C-fibers and Ad-fibers. By definition, nociceptors respond selectively to noxious stimuli. These nociceptors are free nerve endings with cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia and terminate in the superficial layers of the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Here they relay messages by releasing neurotransmitters such as glutamate (Jeftinija et al., 1991), substance P, and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP; Lawson et al., 1997, 2002). These ‘‘pain’’ neurotransmitters will result in the activation of the second-order neuron via their corresponding receptor. The second-order neuron crosses the spinal cord to the contralateral side and travels up the spinothalamic tract until it reaches the thalamus. From there, the third-order neuron is activated, traveling from the thalamus to the somatosensory cortex, which allows for the perception of pain. It should be mentioned that at the level of the spinal cord, second-order neurons result in the direct activation of lower motor neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord which provokes a reflex withdrawal from the noxious stimulus. Likewise, there are interneurons at the level of the spinal cord that will modulate the incoming pain information.
Urine Drug Testing in Pain and Addiction Medicine
Authors: Gourlay Douglas L , Heit Howard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of urine drug testing (UDT) in clinical medicine has increased over recent years. UDT results have traditionally been used in legal proceedings under supervision of a medical review officer (MRO). In this context, testing has been required by statute or regulation and so is typically not in the ‘‘donor’s’’ interest. Health-care professionals, however, can use UDT in a variety of ways. When used initially, they are particularly helpful in assessing risk and so aid in the development of a rational treatment plan. Over time, they can be used to motivate healthy behavioral change, assist in maintenance of changes already made, and assist in monitoring patients’ compliance with a mutually agreed-upon treatment plan. By using UDT in a patient-centered fashion, both patient and health-care professional interests are maintained.