bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and validation of a minimally invasive protocol for assessing oxidative stress markers in exfoliated oral cells
Authors: de Abreu Lukas Mendes , da Silva Cintia Rodrigues , Bortoleto Ana Laura Ferreira , Nunes Giovana Barros , Mingoti Gisele Zoccal 
Published: November 2023

AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to develop and validate a minimally invasive protocol for characterizing oxidative stress markers in exfoliated oral cells.Materials and MethodsExfoliated oral cells were collected from healthy volunteers. The protocol included the utilization of specific fluorescent probes to measure intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and reduced glutathione (GSH). Cells from each volunteer were divided into the positive and negative control groups, which were, respectively, exposed or not to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) aiming to induce the oxidative stress. Measurements of cell fluorescence were performed using a microscope equipped with epifluorescence.ResultsThe results showed that cells exposed to H2O2 exhibited significantly higher intracellular expression of ROS compared to unexposed cells (positive control: 3851.25 ± 1227.0 vs, negative control: 1106.07 ± 249.6; p = 0.0338). On the contrary, cells exposed to H2O2 displayed decreased expression of ΔΨm (p = 0.0226) and GSH (p = 0.0289) when compared to the negative control group (ΔΨm positive control: 14634.39 ± 1529.0 vs, negative control: 18897.60 ± 2338.0; and GSH positive control: 9011.08 ± 1900.0 vs, negative control: 15901.79 ± 2745.0).ConclusionsThe developed protocol proved to be effective in detecting and quantifying oxidative stress biomarkers, such as ROS, ΔΨm and GSH, in exfoliated oral cells. This minimally invasive approach offers a promising method to assess oxidative stress expression and may be clinically relevant in the evaluation of oral diseases associated with oxidative stress.
Legal and ethical principles governing the use of artificial intelligence in radiology services in South Africa
Authors: Sihlahla Irvine , Donnelly Dusty‐Lee , Townsend Beverley , Thaldar Donrich 
Published: November 2023

AbstractArtificial intelligence (AI) will drastically change the healthcare system. Radiology is one speciality that is most affected as AI algorithms are increasingly used in diagnostic imaging. AI‐enhanced health technologies will, inter alia, increase workflow efficiency, improve diagnostic accuracy, reduce healthcare‐related costs, and help alleviate medical personnel shortages in under‐resourced settings. However, the development of AI‐enhanced technologies in healthcare is fraught with legal, ethical, and human rights concerns. Currently, the use of AI in South African healthcare is not governed by sui generis legislation or ethical guidance focused exclusively and specifically on AI, although various provisions and principles from law and ethics find application. This article outlines these normative principles and explains their relationship with the extant legal obligations and regulatory framework as applied to the use of AI in radiology services in South Africa. The article concludes with three key recommendations for radiology practitioners using AI in South Africa. These are the need for: vigilant monitoring of AI use in practice, reforms to the liability framework, and appropriate guidance from local regulators and the Health Professions Council of South Africa on the ethical use of AI.
Ectomycorrhizal trees rely on nitrogen resorption less than arbuscular mycorrhizal trees globally
Authors: Liu Bai , Fan Xianlei , Meng Di , Liu Ziping , Gao Decai , Chang Qing , Bai Edith 
Published: November 2023

AbstractNitrogen (N) resorption is an important pathway of N conservation, contributing to an important proportion of plant N requirement. However, whether the ratio of N resorption to N requirement may be affected by environmental factors, mycorrhizal types or atmospheric CO2 concentration remains unclear. Here, we conducted a meta‐analysis on the impacts of environmental factors and mycorrhizal types on this ratio. We found this ratio in ectomycorrhizal (EM) trees decreased with mean annual precipitation, mean annual temperature, soil total N content and atmospheric CO2 concentration and was significantly lower than that in arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) trees. An in situ 15N tracing experiment further confirmed that AM trees have a stronger reliance on N resorption than EM trees. Our study suggests that AM and EM trees potentially have different strategies for alleviation of progressive N limitation, highlighting the necessity of incorporating plant mycorrhizal types into Earth System Models.
Firm‐level exposure to trade policy shocks: A multidimensional measurement approach
Authors: Bruno Giovanni , Goltz Felix , Luyten Ben 
Published: November 2023

AbstractWe propose a firm‐level measure of exposure to trade policy shifts that combines characteristics (tradability of goods, share of output exported and corporate risk disclosures) with information from stock returns. We show that the measure reliably captures out‐of‐sample differences in price responses and sentiment related to trade tensions, both in US and international data. Differences across firms are economically important with return effects of 140 bp around tariff announcements. We argue that such a multidimensional measure is a useful tool for future research on trade policy risk.
The Anthropocene Obscene: Poetic inquiry and evocative evidence of inequality
Authors: Thomsen Dana C. , Smith Timothy F. , Elrick‐Barr Carmen E. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractPoetic inquiry is used to highlight contrasting lived experiences of vulnerability and worsening socio‐ecological outcomes among Australia's fastest growing coastal communities. Our approach interweaves multiple participant voices across local and national scales to juxtapose the contrasts of inequality, enmesh social and ecological experiences, and ask reflexive questions of audiences. We offer an evocative portrayal of inequality to the growing body of work demonstrating that unequal and intensifying vulnerabilities are created and sustained through complicated, non‐adaptive and hierarchical social systems. We demonstrate that poetic inquiry can interrogate complex system phenomena and broad concepts, such as the Anthropocene, to distil critical and systemic issues while retaining undeniable connections with the deeply personal implications of socio‐ecological change. Hence, poetic inquiry can serve analytical and descriptive purposes towards an emotional and political aesthetic providing a compelling reorientation from more conventional modes of inquiry and representation. In this study, the misuse of power and privilege in the Anthropocene is reduced and revealed as the Obscene.
Proof of concept design for a toothbrush with on‐board vacuum to reduce oral aspirates
Authors: Griffith Alexandra , Roy Abhishek , Kulkarni Sahitya , Simmons Glennon , Osorno Laura , Kumar Vivek 
Published: November 2023

BackgroundOver the course of brushing, aerosolised particles develop in the mouth. In individuals who do not have the ability to expel these oral aspirates, they can be inhaled and cause aspiration pneumonia. This article showcases a novel vacuum toothbrush, termed “ToothVac,” and provides findings from its first human trial.MethodsThe ToothVac device suctions saliva and aspirates during brushing, storing them in a removable reservoir at the bottom of the brush, to minimise the risk of inhalation and subsequent infection. Further descriptions of the various components of the ToothVac are included. This trial involved 18 participants who brushed using the ToothVac with the vacuum suction turned on and then off.ResultsThe volume of saliva produced was measured and compared. The ToothVac significantly reduced the amount of saliva that was produced by these participants when brushing.ConclusionThe device has potential clinical potential in that it may reduce the risk of aspiration pneumonia and related lung infections. Potential future research may include clinical trials for specific indications or marketing for oral aspirate removal, as well as optimisation of brush design using injection moulding for scalable manufacturing.
Rubella virus chronic inflammatory disease and other unusual viral phenotypes in inborn errors of immunity
Authors: Kilich Gonench , Perelygina Ludmila , Sullivan Kathleen E. 
Published: November 2023

SummaryInfectious susceptibility is a component of many inborn errors of immunity. Nevertheless, antibiotic use is often used as a surrogate in history taking for infectious susceptibility, thereby disadvantaging patients who present with viral infections as their phenotype. Further complicating clinical evaluations are unusual manifestations of viral infections which may be less familiar that the typical respiratory viral infections. This review covers several unusual viral phenotypes arising in patients with inborn errors of immunity and other settings of immune compromise. In some cases, chronic infections lead to oncogenesis or tumor‐like growths and the conditions and mechanisms of viral‐induced oncogenesis will be described. This review covers enterovirus, rubella, measles, papillomavirus, and parvovirus B19. It does not cover EBV and hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis nor lymphomagenesis related to EBV. EBV susceptibility has been recently reviewed. Our goal is to increase awareness of the unusual manifestations of viral infections in patients with IEI and to describe treatment modalities utilized in this setting. Coincidentally, each of the discussed viral infections can have a cutaneous component and figures will serve as a reminder of the physical features of these viruses. Given the high morbidity and mortality, early recognition can only improve outcomes.
Pulsed‐field versus cryoballoon ablation for atrial fibrillation—Impact of energy source on sedation and analgesia requirement
Authors: Wahedi Rahin , Willems Stephan , Feldhege Johannes , Jularic Mario , Hartmann Jens , Anwar Omar , Dickow Jannis , Harloff Tim , Gessler Nele , Gunawardene Melanie A. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractIntroductionPulsed field ablation (PFA) represents a novel, nonthermal energy modality that can be applied for single‐shot pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) in atrial fibrillation (AF). Comparative data with regard to deep sedation to established single‐shot modalities such as cryoballoon (CB) ablation are scarce. The aim of this study was to compare a deep sedation protocol in patients receiving PVI with either PFA or CB.MethodsProspective, consecutive AF patients undergoing PVI with a pentaspline PFA catheter were compared to a retrospective CB‐PVI cohort of the same timeframe. Study endpoints were the requirements of analgesics, cardiorespiratory stability, and sedation‐associated complications.ResultsA total of 100 PVI patients were included (PFA n = 50, CB n = 50, mean age 66 ± 10.6, 61% male patients, 65% paroxysmal AF). Requirement of propofol, midazolam, and sufentanyl was significantly higher in the PFA group compared to CB [propofol 0.14 ± 0.04 mg/kg/min in PFA vs. 0.11 ± 0.04 mg/kg/min in CB (p = .001); midazolam 0.00086 ± 0.0004 mg/kg/min in PFA vs. 0.0006295 ± 0.0003 mg/kg/min in CB (p = .002) and sufentanyl 0.0013 ± 0.0007 µg/kg/min in PFA vs. 0.0008 ± 0.0004 µg/kg/min in CB (p < .0001)]. Sedation‐associated complications did not differ between both groups (PFA n = 1/50 mild aspiration pneumonia, CB n = 0/50, p > .99). Nonsedation‐associated complications (PFA: n = 2/50, 4%, CB: n = 1/50, 2%, p > .99) and procedure times (PFA 75 ± 31, CB 84 ± 32 min, p = .18) did not differ between groups.ConclusionsPFA is associated with higher sedation and especially analgesia requirements. However, the safety of deep sedation does not differ to CB ablation.
Exploring paediatric dietetic resources available for critically ill children in the UK and Ireland: A multicentre survey
Authors: Meah Shalina , Kidd Catherine , Rothman Brittany , Marino V. Luise 
Published: November 2023

AbstractBackgroundA dedicated intensive care dietitian, as part of the intensive care unit (ICU) multidisciplinary team, contributes to improved delivery of nutrition support. The Paediatric Critical Care Society recommends a minimum dietetic staffing to critical‐care bed ratio of 1:10, led by an Agenda for Change (AfC) Band 7.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted using an electronic survey that was available for 12 weeks. The Paediatric Intensive Care Audit Network database was used to identify all hospitals with paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) beds (n = 28).ResultsOnly 14% (n = 4/28) of trusts met the recommended 1:10 dietitian to bed ratio. PICU dietetic whole time equivalent was 0.7 ± 0.4, with a staff to bed ratio of 1:23.7 ± 10.7, compared to adult staff to bed ratio of 1:24.7. Some 92.8% (n = 26/28) had a AfC Band 7 Lead and only 7% (n = 2/28) had an AfC Band 8a Lead compared to adult services where 12.5% (n = 15/122) had an AfC Band 8a (p < 0.05).ConclusionsThere is a significant disparity between adult versus paediatric services with regard to seniority of dietitians. Dietitians in well‐resourced centres were more likely to review patients without the need for a referral, which may improve nutrition outcomes.
Whole‐brain mapping of monosynaptic afferent inputs to the CRH neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex of mice
Authors: Li Xiao‐Lan , Li Fei , Zhu Xin‐Yi , Wang Xiao‐Dong , Kou Zhen‐Zhen , Liu Shang‐Qing , Li Hui 
Published: November 2023

AbstractCorticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) neurons are densely distributed in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), which plays a crucial role in integrating and processing emotional and cognitive inputs from other brain regions. Therefore, it is important to know the neural afferent patterns of mPFCCRH neurons, which are still unclear. Here, we utilized a rabies virus‐based monosynaptic retrograde tracing system to map the presynaptic afferents of the mPFCCRH neurons throughout the entire brain. The results show that the mPFCCRH neurons receive inputs from three main groups of brain regions: (1) the cortex, primarily the orbital cortex, somatomotor areas, and anterior cingulate cortex; (2) the thalamus, primarily the anteromedial nucleus, mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, and central medial thalamic nucleus; and (3) other brain regions, primarily the basolateral amygdala, hippocampus, and dorsal raphe nucleus. Taken together, our results are valuable for further investigations into the roles of the mPFCCRH neurons in normal and neurological disease states. These investigations can shed light on various aspects such as cognitive processing, emotional modulation, motivation, sociability, and pain.
Glial cells are affected more than interneurons by the loss of Engrailed 2 gene in the mouse cerebellum
Authors: Lazzarini Giulia , Gatta Alessandra , Miragliotta Vincenzo , Vaglini Francesca , Viaggi Cristina , Pirone Andrea 
Published: November 2023

AbstractGlial cells play a pivotal role in the inflammatory processes, which are common features of several neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. Their major role in modulating neuroinflammation underscores their significance in these conditions. Engrailed‐2 knockout mice (En2−/−) are considered a valuable model for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) due to their distinctive neuroanatomical and behavioral traits. Given the higher prevalence of ASD in males, our objective was to investigate glial and interneuron alterations in the cerebellum of En2−/− mice compared with wild‐type (WT) mice in both sexes. We employed immunohistochemical analysis to assess cell density for all cell types studied and analyzed the area (A) and shape factor (SF) of microglia cell bodies. Our findings revealed the following: (a) In WT mice, the density of microglia and astrocytes was higher in females than in males, while interneuron density was lower in females. Notably, in En2‐mutant mice, these differences between males and females were not present. (b) In both male and female En2−/− mice, astrocyte density exceeded that in WT mice, with microglia density being greater only in females. (c) In WT females, microglia cell bodies exhibited a larger area and a lower shape factor compared to WT males. Remarkably, the En2 mutation did not appear to influence these sex‐related differences. (d) In both male and female En2−/− mice, we observed a consistent pattern: microglia cell bodies displayed a larger area and a smaller shape factor. Given the ongoing debate surrounding the roles of glia and sex‐related factors in ASD, our observations provide valuable insights into understanding how an ASD‐associated gene En2 affects specific cell types in the cerebellum.
Facial cosmetic injection: A bibliometric analysis of research status and hotspots
Authors: Ding Hongfan , Li Shiyi , Fu Qiang , Zhou Guiwen , Wang Yichen , Zheng Can , Wu Qian , Bai Ruiqi , Xv Xiao , Chen Minliang 
Published: November 2023

AbstractBackgroundThe increasing popularity of cosmetic injections using various fillers and neuromodulators for facial rejuvenation has brought both new opportunities and challenges to this field.AimOur study was designed to employ bibliometric and visual analysis for a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of facial cosmetic injections, as well as to identify research trends and hotspots in this field.MethodsAll publications covering facial cosmetic injection during 2002–2023 were retrieved and extracted from the Web of Science database. The VOSviewer 1.6.18 software and the online tool (http://bibliometric.com/) were applied to analyze the publication trend.ResultsA total of 3797 articles related to facial cosmetic injection were identified during the period 2002–2023. The United States had the largest volume of publications (1520, 40.0%), followed by China (333, 8.8%) and Germany (282, 7.3%). Among the institutions and journals, the University of California system and Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery accounted for the most papers related to facial cosmetic injection, respectively. Facial anatomy and injection techniques, prevention and management of complications, regenerative medicine, efficacy and safety of various soft‐tissue fillers, as well as botulinum toxin injections for facial rejuvenation were identified as hotspots for facial cosmetic injections.ConclusionsFacial cosmetic injections are showing an increasing trend in terms of both the number of published papers and operations performed. Despite the notable advancements in this field, numerous challenges persist, including safety concerns and the level of research evidence. With the emergence of novel technologies and materials, scholars from diverse countries and institutions should engage in more extensive collaboration, thereby directly expediting the progress of this field.
Practical guideline to efficiently detect insurance fraud in the era of machine learning: A household insurance case
Authors: Banulescu‐Radu Denisa , Yankol‐Schalck Meryem 
Published: November 2023

AbstractIdentifying insurance fraud is a difficult task due to the complex nature of the fraud itself, the diversity of techniques employed, the rarity of fraud cases observed in data sets, and the relatively limited allocation of human, financial, and time resources to carry out investigations. The aim of this paper is to provide a clean and well structured study on modeling fraud on home insurance contracts, using real French data from 2013 to 2017. Several methods are developed to identify risk factors and unusual customer behaviors. Traditional econometric models as well as new machine‐learning algorithms with good predictive performance and high operational efficiency are tested, while maintaining method interpretability. Each methodology is evaluated on the basis of adequate performance measures and the issue of imbalanced databases is also addressed. Finally, specific methods are applied to interpret the results of the machine‐learning methods.
Evaluation of upper airway characteristics in patients with and without sleep apnea using cone‐beam computed tomography and computational fluid dynamics
Authors: Desai Raj , Komperda Jonathan , Elnagar Mohammed H. , Viana Grace , Galang‐Boquiren Maria Therese S. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractObjectiveTo determine if upper airway characteristics and airway pressure change significantly between low risk, healthy non‐OSA subjects, and OSA subjects during respiration using cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) imaging and steady‐state k‐ω model computational fluid dynamics (CFD) fluid flow simulations, respectively.Materials and MethodsCBCT scans were collected at both end‐inhalation and end‐exhalation for 16 low‐risk non‐OSA subjects and compared to existing CBCT data from 7 OSA subjects. The CBCT images were imported into Dolphin Imaging and the upper airway was segmented into stereolithography (STL) files for area and volumetric measurements. Subject models that met pre‐processing criteria underwent CFD simulations using ANSYS Fluent Meshing (Canonsburg, PA) in which unstructured mesh models were generated to solve the standard dual equation turbulence model (k‐ω). Objective and supplemental descriptive measures were obtained and statistical analyses were performed with both parametric and non‐parametric tests to evaluate statistical significance at P < .05.ResultsRegarding area and volumetric assessments, there were statistically significant mean differences in Total Volume and Minimum CSA between non‐OSA and OSA groups at inhalation and exhalation (P = .002, .003, .004, and .007), respectively. There were also statistically significant mean differences in volume and min CSA between the inhalation and exhalation for the non‐OSA group (P < .001 and .002), respectively.ConclusionWhile analysis of the CFD simulation was limited by the collected data available, a finding consistent with published literature was that the OSA subject group simulation models depicted the point of lowest pressure coinciding with the area of maximum constriction.
A comparative analysis of the influence of refractive error on image acuity using three eye models
Authors: Debowy Fabian , Pierscionek Barbara 
Published: November 2023

AbstractPurposeTo analyse and compare image acuity for different refractive errors generated by either altering axial length or corneal curvature and using three human eye models with two pupil sizes.MethodsThree different eye models, Liou‐Brennan, Goncharov and Navarro, were used. Simulations were made (using Ansys Zemax OpticStudio 22.3) for real pupil sizes of 3 and 6 mm with refractive errors ranging from −2 to +2 D in 0.25 D increments. Refractive errors were simulated by varying axial length or corneal curvature. Root mean square (RMS) values were used to determine image acuity.ResultsFor the 3‐mm pupil, all models gave similar results, with the Navarro model having slightly higher RMS values for the emmetropic eye. For the 6‐mm pupil, the Liou‐Brennan and Goncharov eye models gave similar results, with RMS values lower than for the Navarro eye model. The highest RMS value was visible in the axial length‐induced refractive errors. Refractive errors generated by altering corneal curvature give smaller RMS values than those generated by altering axial length. The axial length and corneal radius simulations indicate a wide spread of results for myopic, hyperopic and emmetropic eyes. There are multiple outcomes that give the same refractive error, even within a single‐eye model. The axial length/corneal curvature ratio showed a higher ratio for myopes than hyperopes for every model.ConclusionsThe influence of refractive error on image acuity varied depending on the simulation method of refractive error and the model used. The origins of refractive error and the influence it has on image acuity need further investigation. As models become more sophisticated, personalised and biologically relevant, they will better represent the image acuity of the eye for varying refractive errors, ethnicities, ages and pupil sizes.