bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Presence as Experience: Film Informing Ways of Staying There
Authors: Marsh Tim 
Published: February 2004

Experience and the activities that provide it are associated with the virtual places where they were encountered, and this may instill in our imagination an illusion of an environment other than where an interactive mediated environment 1 (a virtual environment, virtual reality, or computer game) resides (home, work, or on the move). Appropriate and/or stimulating experience may encourage users to continue, or become engaged in, pursing activities in a mediated environment. The termstaying there is used to describe this situation of engagement. Conversely, if experience from use does not match up or deliver on expectations or purpose, or it is dull, boring, or uninteresting, then it may not hold user's attention and can potentially shift attention from the mediated to the real world. This paper describes the background work towards the development of a framework of experience with the aim of informing analysis and design of interactive mediated environments (IMEs) to induce/evoke stimulating experience in users and to encourage them in “staying there.” Informed from film-making, three levels of experience are explored: voyeuristic (“joy of seeing the new and the wonderful”), visceral (thrill of spectacle and attractions), and vicarious (transfer of emotion through another person, being, or object). With varying degrees of emphasis, story is experienced by spectators through one or a combination of these three to provide meaning. Drawing a parallel between developments in film and IMEs, situations, circumstances, features, and elements of IME design are identified that can induce/evoke these experiences in users. As well as informing analysis and design of experience of IMEs, this may provide an alternative way to reason about engagement and presence. 1 The term interactive mediated environment is used to encapsu-late similarities in many current, new, and emerging media types (vir-tual reality, virtual environments, computer games, the Internet) com-prising three-dimensional computer generated/manipulated visual environment or space (graphics, video, photographic, and so on) and provide the potential for user activities within the environment. To enhance a line of reasoning, individual media/platforms are referred to by name.
JESU ANNAHME DER KINDER IN MATTHÄUS 19:13-15
Authors: Ostmeyer Karl-Heinrich 
Published: February 2004

AbstractDie matthäische Version der Perikope von Jesu Annahme der Kinder in Mt 19:13-15 ist streng chiastisch gegliedert. Jeder Aussage im ersten Teil (V. 13) korrespondiert ein Wort oder eine Handlung Jesu im zweiten (Vv. 14-15). Mit Hilfe der Textstruktur lässt sich u.a. erklären, warum der Evangelist seine Vorlage um die Erwartung ergänzt, Jesus möge für die Kinder beten, diese Erwartung aber scheinbar nicht einlöst. Die Kindersegnungsperikope erweist sich als konzentrierter Ausdruck matthäischer Theologie: Für Matthäus bilden die durch Jesus vermittelte Kindschaft, die πρoσευχη als Mittel der Kommunikation mit dem Vater und die Basileia eine Einheit.
THE AROMATIC FRAGRANCES OF PARADISE IN THE GREEK LIFE OF ADAM AND EVE AND THE CHRISTIAN ORIGIN OF THE COMPOSITION
Authors: Nir Rivka 
Published: February 2004

AbstractAccording to the Greek life of Adam and Eve, before his expulsion from Paradise, Adam received permission to take four kinds of aromatic fragrances to use as earthly incense offerings. These four spices do not correspond with the ingredients of the biblical incense offering. The kinds of spices and the fact that they were taken from Paradise attests to the Christian nature of this tradition. The aromatic fragrances are the earthly remains of Paradise and a kind of substitute for the tree of life whose oil, which symbolized Christ, bestows eternal life and was promised to Adam only at the end of time—at the resurrection. The Christian nature of the fragrances in GLAE is also expressed in its role as a means for atonement and its theological meaning at Adam's funeral and death.
Subspeciality training in hematology and oncology, 2003: results of a survey of training program directors conducted by the American Society of Hematology
Authors: Todd Robert F. , Gitlin Scott D. , Burns Linda J. ,   the Committee on Training Programs
Published: February 2004

Abstract
A survey of directors of adult and pediatric hematology/oncology subspecialty training programs in the United States and Canada was conducted to assess the environment in which recruitment and training is conducted in these medical disciplines. A total of 107 program directors responded to the survey, representing 66% of internal medicine and 47% of pediatric subspecialty programs in hematology or hematology/oncology. Specific areas covered in the web-based questionnaire included the type and demographics of the training program, profile of the training program director, characteristics of the applicant pool and existing trainee recruits, characteristics of the training program environment and curricula, research productivity of trainees, and the career pathways taken by recent training program graduates (including dominant areas of clinical interest). The results of this survey show considerable heterogeneity in the recruiting practices and the environment in which subspecialty training occurs, leading the authors to recommend improvements in or a heightened attention to issues, including recruitment of minority trainees, flexibility to recruit international medical school graduates, timing of trainee acceptance, maintaining the financial support of Medicare graduation medical education (GME), training of physician scientists, organization of the continuity clinic experience, visibility of nonmalignant hematology as a career path, and level of training program director support. (Blood. 2004;103:4383-4388)
A minimalist approach to null subjects and objects in second language acquisition
Authors: Park Hyeson 
Published: February 2004

Studies of the second language acquisition of pronominal arguments have observed that: (1) L1 speakers of null subject languages of the Spanish type drop more subjects in their second language (L2) English than first language (L1) speakers of null subject languages of the Korean type and (2) speakers of Korean-type languages drop more objects than subjects in their L2 English. An analysis of these two asymmetries is conducted within the Minimalist Program framework (MP), which hypothesizes that language acquisition involves the learning of formal features of a target language.I propose, based on Alexiadou and Anagnostopoulou (1998), that the licensing of null subjects is conditioned by the interpretability of agreement features. When a language has [+interpretable] agreement features, raising of the verb to T (X-movement) satisfies the EPP requirement: hence, a null subject is allowed. On the other hand, in a language with [-interpretable] agreement features, the subject is obligatory since merger of the subject in the specifier of TP (XP-merge) is required to check the EPP feature. Learning of the obligatory status of English subjects is easier for Korean learners than for Spanish speakers since syntactically both English and Korean have the same feature value [-interpretable] (although null subjects are allowed in Korean for pragmatic reasons). Spanish has the opposite syntactic feature value [+interpretable] and resetting of this is more difficult. Licensing of null objects is hypothesized to be related to the strength of theta-features. Languages with strong theta-features, such as English and Spanish, do not allow null objects, whereas languages with weak theta-features like Korean allow null objects. It takes time for Korean speakers to learn the different value of English theta-features, resulting in the extended null object period in L2 English of Korean L1 speakers.
The cost of foraging by a marine predator, the Weddell sealLeptonychotes weddellii: pricing by the stroke
Authors: Williams Terrie M. , Fuiman Lee A. , Horning Markus , Davis Randall W. 
Published: February 2004

SUMMARYForaging by mammals is a complex suite of behaviors that can entail high energetic costs associated with supporting basal metabolism, locomotion and the digestion of prey. To determine the contribution of these various costs in a free-ranging marine mammal, we measured the post-dive oxygen consumption of adult Weddell seals (N=9) performing foraging and non-foraging dives from an isolated ice hole in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Dives were classified according to behavior as monitored by an attached video-data logging system(recording activity, time, depth, velocity and stroking). We found that recovery oxygen consumption showed a biphasic relationship with dive duration that corresponded to the onset of plasma lactate accumulation at approximately 23 min. Locomotor costs for diving Weddell seals increased linearly with the number of strokes taken according to the relationship: locomotor cost =–3.78+0.04 × stroke number (r2=0.74, N=90 dives), where locomotor cost is in ml O2kg–1. Foraging dives in which seals ingested Pleuragramma antarcticum resulted in a 44.7% increase in recovery oxygen consumption compared to non-foraging dives, which we attributed to the digestion and warming of prey. The results show that the energy expended in digestion for a free-ranging marine mammal are additive to locomotor and basal costs. By accounting for each of these costs and monitoring stroking mechanics, it is possible to estimate the aerobic cost of diving in free-ranging seals where cryptic behavior and remote locations prevent direct energetic measurements.
The substrate specificity of hormone-sensitive lipase from adipose tissue of the Antarctic fish Trematomus newnesi
Authors: Hazel J. R. , Sidell B. D. 
Published: February 2004

SUMMARY
Antarctic fishes of the suborder Notothenioidei characteristically possess large stores of neutral lipids that have been shown to be important both in conferring buoyant lift and as a caloric resource for energy metabolism. Previous work has established that the aerobic energy metabolism of Antarctic fish is fueled predominantly by the catabolism of fatty acids, with the catabolic machinery displaying a preference for the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids. The composition of the fatty acids released from adipose tissue of Antarctic fish during lipolysis, however, has not previously been demonstrated. Employing a substrate competition assay, we have characterized the substrate specificity of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) from adipose tissue of the Antarctic fish Trematomus newnesi. Rates of oleic acid release from radiolabeled triolein were quantified in the presence and absence of a nonradiolabeled cosubstrate. Polyunsaturated species of triacylglycerols(TAGs) containing 18:2 or 20:4 depressed rates of oleate release by 70–75% below control values. Most of the molecular species of TAG containing monoenoic fatty acids (i.e. those containing 14:1, 16:1 or 20:1)had no significant effect on rates of oleate release. By contrast, oleate release from triolein was actually stimulated (by 2–4-fold) by both saturated species of TAG (i.e. those containing 14:0, 16:0 and 18:0) and those possessing long-chain (22:1 and 24:1) monoenes (by 1.2–1.5-fold). Thus,the rank order of substrate preference for adipose tissue HSL was:polyunsaturates &gt; monoenes &gt; saturates. Degree of fatty acid unsaturation had a more marked effect on rates of hydrolysis than did fatty acid chain length. In addition, the enzyme displayed a preference for the hydrolysis of sn-1,2 rather than sn-1,3 diacylglycerols. These data indicate that the substrate specificity of adipose tissue HSL may be an important factor in determining which fatty acids are mobilized during stimulated lipolysis and which are made available for catabolism by other tissues of Antarctic fishes. Our data further suggest that TAGs containing some saturated fatty acids may be sufficiently poor substrates for catabolism by HSL to explain their disproportionate accumulation in adipose tissue. Such a mechanism could also contribute to the ontogenetic accumulation of fats that has been reported as an underlying basis for the positive correlation of buoyancy with increasing body mass in this group.
All rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are not created equal:intra-specific variation in cardiac hypoxia tolerance
Authors: Faust Heather A. , Gamperl A. Kurt , Rodnick Kenneth J. 
Published: February 2004

SUMMARYAll of our previous work, and that of other investigators, shows that the trout heart only partially recovers following brief exposure to severe hypoxia or anoxia (i.e. it is hypoxia-sensitive). However, in preliminary studies, we found evidence to suggest that rainbow trout reared at a farm in Oregon (USA)have a significant degree of inherent myocardial hypoxia tolerance. To evaluate whether hearts from these trout are indeed hypoxia-tolerant, and thus to determine whether intra-specific variation in rainbow trout myocardial hypoxia tolerance exists, we measured in situ cardiac function and monitored myoglobin and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release (both indices of myocardial damage) in hearts that were exposed to varying durations(10–30 min) of severe hypoxia (PO =5–10 mmHg). There was a strong positive relationship between the duration of severe hypoxia and the degree of post-hypoxic myocardial dysfunction. However, the resulting dysfunction was modest, with hearts exposed to 30 min of severe hypoxia recovering 77% of their initial maximum cardiac output. Furthermore,myoglobin was not detected in the perfusate, and ventricular LDH activity did not vary in response to the duration of severe hypoxia. These data (1)indicate that trout from this farm have extremely hypoxia-tolerant hearts; (2)suggest that considerable intra-specific variation exists in trout myocardial hypoxia tolerance; and (3) provide preliminary evidence that trout hearts are not irreversibly damaged, but are merely `stunned', following brief periods(10–30 min) of severe hypoxia.
Desiccation and rehydration elicit distinct heat shock protein transcript responses in flesh fly pupae
Authors: Hayward Scott A. L. , Rinehart Joseph P. , Denlinger David L. 
Published: February 2004

SUMMARY
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are a ubiquitous component of the cellular response to stress in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, but their role and function during desiccation stress in terrestrial arthropods has received limited attention. Molecular responses to rehydration are arguably as important as those to desiccation in maintaining cellular integrity and enzyme activity, but the role of Hsps during stress recovery is poorly understood and has never been addressed with respect to rehydration in insects. This study identifies distinct differences in the Hsp response to desiccation and rehydration in the flesh fly Sarcophaga crassipalpis, as well as differences in the desiccation responses of diapausing and nondiapausing pupae. In nondiapausing pupae, the expression of two inducible Hsps (Hsp23 and Hsp70) is upregulated by desiccation, but the water loss threshold for Hsp expression changes at different rates of dehydration. Continued desiccation results in the prolonged expression of both Hsp23 and Hsp70, which may contribute to the delayed adult eclosion noted in samples desiccated for more than 3 days at &lt;5% relative humidity/25°C. In diapausing pupae, hsp23 and hsp70 transcripts are already highly expressed and are not further upregulated by desiccation stress. Both of the constitutive Hsps investigated, Hsp90 and Hsc70, were unresponsive to desiccation in both nondiapausing and diapausing pupae. However, both Hsp90 and Hsc70 were upregulated upon rehydration in nondiapausing and diapausing pupae. These results indicate distinct roles for the different Hsps during desiccation stress and rehydration/stress recovery. The response to desiccation recovery(rehydration) is similar to the Hsp response to cold recovery identified in S. crassipalpis: Hsp90 and Hsc70 are upregulated in both cases.
Kinematics and hydrodynamics of swimming in the mayfly larva
Authors: Brackenbury John 
Published: February 2004

SUMMARYThe kinematics and hydrodynamics of free-swimming mayfly larvae(Chloeon dipterum) were investigated with the aid of a simple wake visualisation technique (tracer dyes) and drag measurements on dead insects. The basic swimming movement consists of a high-amplitude dorso-ventral undulation and, during continuous swimming, this produces a wake of ring vortices shed alternately to the dorsal and ventral sides of the body. The ring vortices propagate laterally away from the body at an angle of approximately 80° relative to dead aft of the swimming line. Thus, mayfly larvae, like damsel-fly larvae, resemble eels in producing a wake consisting of separate vortices that propagate laterally rather than the reverse von Karman vortex street characteristic of most caudal fin swimming fish. The thrust estimated from the momentum in the wake of swimming mayfly larvae was comparable with the drag measured on dead specimens. Possible sources of error in these estimates are discussed, but the conclusion is reached that even though only 14% of the total force generated by vortex production is directed forwards, it is still sufficient to account for the thrust required for steady locomotion.
Seawater acclimation causes independent alterations in Na+/K+- and H+-ATPase activity in isolated mitochondria-rich cell subtypes of the rainbow trout gill
Authors: Hawkings Guy S. , Galvez Fernando , Goss Greg G. 
Published: February 2004

SUMMARYMitochondria-rich cells (MR cells) of the gills of rainbow trout undergo changes in relative distribution and biochemical function during acclimation to partial-strength (10‰) and full-strength (30‰) seawater. In isolated total gill cells, Na+/K+-ATPase activity increased fivefold and H+-ATPase activity decreased fourfold when trout were acclimated to either 10‰ or 30‰ seawater. When total MR gill cells were separated based on differential binding to peanut lectin agglutinin (PNA), the PNA subtypes underwent a change in relative distribution in seawater-acclimated fish. In freshwater, the ratio of PNA–:PNA+ was 65:35 while in seawater the distribution changed to 20:80 PNA–:PNA+. Additionally, differential changes in Na+/K+-ATPase and H+-ATPase activity in each of the independent cell types occurred during seawater acclimation; Na+/K+-ATPase activity in the PNA– cells increased by 197% while in PNA+cells Na+/K+-ATPase decreased by 57%. However,H+-ATPase activity was decreased in both PNA–(84%) and PNA+ (72%) subtypes during acclimation to seawater.
The early ontogeny of neuronal nitric oxide synthase systems in the zebrafish
Authors: Holmqvist B. , Ellingsen B. , Forsell J. , Zhdanova I. , Alm P. 
Published: February 2004

SUMMARYTo examine a putative role for neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in early vertebrate development we investigated nNOS mRNA expression and cGMP production during development of the zebrafish Danio rerio. The nNOS mRNA expression in the central nervous system (CNS) and periphery showed a distinct spatio–temporal pattern in developing zebrafish embryo and young larvae. nNOS mRNA expression was first detected at 19 h postfertilisation (h.p.f.), in a bilateral subpopulation of the embryonic ventrorostral cell cluster in the forebrain. The number of nNOS mRNA-expressing cells in the brain slowly increased, also appearing in the ventrocaudal cell cluster from about 26 h.p.f., and in the dorsorostral and hindbrain cell cluster and in the medulla at 30 h.p.f. A major increase in nNOS mRNA expression started at about 40 h.p.f., and by 55 h.p.f. the expression constituted cell populations in differentiated central nuclei and in association with the proliferation zones of the brain, and in the medulla and retina. In parts of the skin, nNOS mRNA expression started at 20 h.p.f. and ended at 55 h.p.f. Between 40 and 55 h.p.f., nNOS mRNA expression started in peripheral organs, forming distinct populations after hatching within or in the vicinity of the presumptive swim bladder, enteric ganglia, and along the alimentary tract and nephritic ducts. Expression of nNOS mRNA correlated with the neuronal differentiation pattern and with the timing and degree of cGMP production.These studies indicate spatio–temporal actions by NO during embryogenesis in the formation of the central and peripheral nervous system,with possible involvement in processes such as neurogenesis, organogenesis and early physiology.
Allometry of kinematics and energetics in carpenter bees (Xylocopa varipuncta)hovering in variable-density gases
Authors: Roberts Stephen P. , Harrison Jon F. , Dudley Robert 
Published: February 2004

SUMMARYWe assessed the energetic and aerodynamic limits of hovering flight in the carpenter bee Xylocopa varipuncta. Using normoxic, variable-density mixtures of O2, N2 and He, we were able to elicit maximal hovering performance and aerodynamic failure in the majority of bees sampled. Bees were not isometric regarding thorax mass and wing area, both of which were disproportionately lower in heavier individuals. The minimal gas density necessary for hovering (MGD) increased with body mass and decreased with relative thoracic muscle mass. Only the four bees in our sample with the highest body mass-specific thorax masses were able to hover in pure heliox. Wingbeat frequency and stroke amplitude during maximal hovering were significantly greater than in normodense hovering, increased significantly with body mass during normodense hovering but were mass independent during maximal hovering. Reserve capacity for wingbeat frequency and stroke amplitude decreased significantly with increasing body mass, although reserve capacity in stroke amplitude (10–30%) exceeded that of wingbeat frequency(0–8%). Stroke plane angle during normodense hovering was significantly greater than during maximal hovering, whereas body angle was significantly greater during maximal hovering than during normodense hovering. Power production during normodense hovering was significantly less than during maximal hovering. Metabolic rates were significantly greater during maximal hovering than during normodense hovering and were inversely related to body mass during maximal and normodense hovering. Metabolic reserve capacity averaged 34% and was independent of body mass. Muscle efficiencies were slightly higher during normodense hovering. The allometry of power production,power reserve capacity and muscle efficiency were dependent on the assumed coefficient of drag (CD), with significant allometries most often at lower values of CD. Larger bees operate near the envelope of maximal performance even in normodense hovering due to smaller body mass-specific flight muscles and limited reserve capacities for kinematics and power production.