bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Fossilized Jelly Baby
Authors: Brasier Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A group of us was standing by a hole in the ground, chatting innocently about trilobites. Suddenly, we were startled by a whoop of joy: ‘Wow! Come and look at this!’ Palaeontologist Vibhuti Rai had been hammering away at the honey-coloured mudstones when out leapt a fossil in a billion—it looked like a shrimp, with all its soft parts preserved. We crowded round to take a closer look. Coated in rust-red iron oxide, it was replete with antennae, gills, legs, and a tail. It even had little eyes on stalks. My own eyes grew on stalks in response. For a brief moment, we viewed Vibhuti with admiration. Then with something close to envy. And then our mood turned ugly. We began bashing away at the cliff like demented dwarves, each fighting for space along the ledge.
Exploitation of Patchy Resources
Authors: Goulson Dave 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within the foraging range of a bee, there will probably be many different patches of flowers, varying in size and in the plant species of which they are composed. Patches of a particular plant species may vary in the rewards that they provide, according to local microclimate, soil quality or genetic differences. Each individual bee has to choose which patch(es) to exploit. One might naively predict that, all else being equal, large patches should be favoured over small ones, since this would minimize travelling time between flowers. However, if all bees adopted this strategy, then large patches would become overrun with bees, and flowers in small patches would contain much more nectar because they would never be visited. Whatever size of patch a bee chooses, it must then decide how long to stay.
The Literary World: Context and Circulation
Authors: Shawcross Teresa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Upon the death in 1396 of the Grand Master of the Hospitallers, Juan Fernández de Heredia, some pains were taken by his former pupil, now king, Juan I of Aragon, to acquire from his effects ‘three volumes of large books containing the histories of Greece’. Bound in these may have been the Aragonese version of the Chronicle of Morea, the Libro de los fechos. If so, then its acquisition by the royal library of Aragon marked the end of a complex process of transmission. That process can be reconstructed in some detail, for the circumstances which brought Heredia into contact with the world of Greece, its histories, and the men able to translate them are well-documented, as are the techniques employed by those who worked under his patronage.
Structure
Authors: Shawcross Teresa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In studying the structure of the Chronicle of Morea, a distinction should be made between ‘story’ and ‘narrative’: the former is simply the raw material or content, while the latter is the artistic construction into which that content is moulded with the help of devices such as temporal deformation. A comparison of the temporal order of the succession of events in the story and the pseudo-temporal order of their arrangement in the narrative reveals that the overall shape of the Greek and French versions of the Chronicle conforms to the pressures of chronological progression. Thus, the two versions begin with the First Crusade and, having covered—in sequence—the Fourth Crusade, the capture of Constantinople and creation of the Latin Empire, the conquest of the Peloponnese by Guillaume I de Champlitte, and the reigns of Geoffroy I de Villehardouin and his sons Geoffroy II and Guillaume II, break off in the time of Princess Isabeau, the fourth Villehardouin ruler. Even so, a number of deviations, or ‘anachronies’, may be discerned within that broad schema. These anachronies are of particular interest. In a situation where reception is achieved through the written word, if for any reason there is ignorance or confusion regarding the context out of which emerges the material being read at a particular moment, that context can be rediscovered with relative ease by glancing back or forward over the material selectively. By contrast, when oral discourse is involved, this possibility obviously does not present itself, for an utterance is by its very essence ephemeral, confined to the moment when it is pronounced. So as to compensate for the difficulties posed by its medium, a non-written narrative has recourse to distinctive devices. As we shall see, specific types of anachrony in the Greek and French versions of the Chronicle of Morea reflect narrative methods characteristic of orality.
Losing France and Becoming England
Authors: Watkins John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On January 7, 1558, the English Middle Ages ended. On that day, the Duke of Guise defeated the English at Calais and reclaimed the city for the King of France. Mary I famously proclaimed that the loss was her deathblow and told her subjects that if they opened her corpse, they would find ‘Calais’ inscribed on the heart of her corpse. English monarchs had claimed territory in France since the Norman Conquest, and they had claimed the French Crown since 1328. Although English monarchs styled themselves Kings and Queens of France until 1800, the title became a romantic anachronism. Within a half-century after Mary’s death, English expansion.
Post-hole and pit: interpreting timber structures
Authors: Harding D W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In lowland environments in Britain for the best part of a century the post-hole has been the fundamental unit of construction in Iron Age building. Students of archaeology were taught how to recognize them and section them, while members of the public were bemused by the fascination that these ephemeral traces of buildings evidently had for professional archaeologists. Equal only in basic signiWcance was the pit, almost ubiquitous in prehistoric settlement, as if the burrowing instinct was primeval to humans and beasts. The idea that pits might have served as dwellings, as we have seen, remained in contention well into the 20th century, eVectively until Bersu’s excavation at Little Wood- bury, carried out on the eve of the Second World War, aVorded a more realistic perception of Iron Age houses.
Galleries, cells, and corbelling: interpreting stone structures
Authors: Harding D W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Iron Age buildings in lowland Britain, as we have seen, may be constructed exclusively of timber. In upland regions where stone was readily available this was commonly used, especially for the foundations of external walls, but otherwise the design and layout of many of these buildings remain essentially the same as the timber round-houses of lowland Britain. In fact the external stone walls were evidently in many cases little more than foundations to lift the timber superstructure oV the ground, thereby avoiding rotting of timbers. Whether there was an external timber-framed wall mounted on this foundation, or whether the roof-rafters were bedded directly on the low external wall, as shown in Fox’s (1955) reconstructions of Hut 1 and the central house in the Round Pound at Kestor, Devon, remains unclear; the basic principle of construction remains the use of an internal ring of uprights to support the roof. In one instance, from Trevelgue Head at Newquay in Cornwall (Fig. 20), the external foundations of the round-house consisted of alternate orthostats and thin slabs of horizontal dry-stone coursing, which seem almost to simulate the pattern of upright timbers with wattle panels that was doubtless the basis of timber-wall construction throughout lowland Britain.
Origins and antecedents
Authors: Harding D W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the past seventy years, since Bersu’s excavation at Little Woodbury, the large, timber round-house has been an icon for the southern British Iron Age. For a good many years brochs have fulWlled a similar role in the northern British Iron Age, though for earlier generations of antiquaries they were familiarly known as ‘Pictish towers’, a label that has now rightly fallen into abeyance. Though there is every reason to suppose cultural continuity from the earlier Iron Age, Picts only enter the historical record after ad 297, and the occupation of broch sites that corresponds to the later Iron Age is represented by a variety of more ephemeral buildings, rather than the monumental towers themselves. Furthermore, the geographical distribution of brochs is mainly in the northern and western Highlands and Islands, rather than in eastern Scotland where symbol-stones and other monuments that supposedly signify the Pictish ‘heartlands’ are concentrated. In both instances, however, these distinctive classes of building, as we have seen in Chapters 3 and 4, are just two in a much wider range of variants, and whilst they may represent the pinnacle of architectural achievement in their respective regions, neither are necessarily typical of the much greater diversity of buildings that are found in later prehistory in Britain.
Houses Wt for gods and heroes
Authors: Harding D W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To all intents and purposes, this structure is a typical round-house, of the general type known from many Iron Age sites in southern Britain. Architecturally, nothing distin- guishes it from a domestic structure, and it can best be considered as a house for the deity, of a type that would have been familiar to inhabitants of the region in a secular context. What served to diVerentiate it from a primarily domestic building, however, is the central pit . . . and the votive deposits. in the courtyard around the structure.
Houses, homesteads, villages, towns
Authors: Harding D W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From an archaeological perspective, a house consists of a principal structure that was the living accommodation of the family or household unit. Viewed purely from an architectural point of view, a house might comprise just one building of distinctive plan that might be accorded its place within a struc- tural typology. But this would not be a particularly meaningful analysis in terms of social or cultural archaeology.
The inhalants
Authors: Robson Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is evident from cave drawings in Australia and Mexico, and from the writings of Greek and Persian scholars, that the inhalation of naturally occuring mind-altering gases or vapours is a practice which extends back into prehistory. Mystics, including the Delphic Oracle, used such emissions along with other mind-altering miasmas such as fumes from perfumes and burning spices to induce visions and enhance contact with the spirit world.
‘If He Were Living, and an Englishman’: Translation Theory in the Age of Dryden
Authors: Hopkins David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The writings of John Dryden constitute the most substantial and influential body of thinking about translation in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, and soon established a framework of principles and assumptions which would be constantly invoked in discussions of the subject. Dryden’s first essay on translation, the Preface to Ovid’s Epistles (1680), was immediately cited by other practitioners,1 and quotations from Dryden dominate the section ‘Concerning Translations’ in Sir Thomas Pope Blount’s collection of commonplaces about poetry.2 But to describe Dryden’s writings on the subject as ‘translation theory’ might suggest an original, comprehensive, static, and consistent body of doctrine, rather than – as is the case – a constantly-evolving set of programmatic statements and reflections, often developing from the work of predecessors, com- posed over the course of two decades as a working translator, and deriving their authority as much from the poet’s practice as from their cogency in the abstract. Dryden’s major statements on translation all occur in prefaces or dedications attached to particular works or collections: Ovid’s Epistles (1680), Sylvae (1685), The Satires of Juvenal and Persius (1692, dated 1693), Examen Poeticum (1693), Virgil’s Aeneis (1697), and Fables Ancient and Modern (1700).
Dryden and the Tenth Satire of Juvenal
Authors: Hopkins David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent commentary on Dryden’s translations of Juvenal can be broadly divided into four main categories. One group of scholars has devoted itself to assembling the range of materials which the poet had before him while composing his versions. As is now well established, Dryden did not simply work from plain texts of his originals, but drew on a remarkably wide variety of commentaries and earlier translations, continually incorporating, adapting, and combining interpretative glosses, phrasing, diction, rhymes, and end-words from these sources in his own rendering. Scholarship over the last fifty years has gone a long way towards establishing the particular editions and translations of Juvenal with which Dryden worked, and on whose phrasing and insights he drew when composing his own versions.
Translation, Metempsychosis, and the Flux of Nature: Dryden’s ‘Of the Pythagorean Philosophy’
Authors: Hopkins David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To turn from Dryden’s earliest discussions of translation to his last is to experience a shift from criticism focused primarily on questions of genre, method, and technique to writing which contemplates, in language of extraordinary metaphorical resonance and suggestive- ness, the most fundamental processes of inheritance, infiuence, transmission, and transformation – in nature and history as well as in art. In his earliest and most famous essay on translation, the Preface to Ovid’s Epistles (1680), Dryden, as we saw in Chapter 4, had proposed his celebrated tripartite division of translation into ‘Metaphase’, ‘Paraphrase’, and ‘Imitation’, in which ‘Paraphrase’ (‘or translation with Latitude, where the Author is kept in view by the Translator, so as never to be lost, but his words are not so strictly follow’d as his sense, and that too is admitted to be amplyfied but not alter’d’) had been offered as a via media between the crabbed obscurity of ‘Metaphrase’ and the unacceptable licence of ‘Imitation’.
Pope’s Trojan Geography
Authors: Hopkins David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first readers of Alexander Pope’s translation of Homer’s Iliad, published in instalments between 1715 and 1720, would have noticed a number of striking features which differentiated Pope’s version from all that had preceded it. In addition to a substantial Preface, an ‘Essay on the Life, Writings and Learning of Homer’, and extensive notes on each Book commenting both on the meaning and beauties of Homer’s text and on the challenges presented by the task of rendering it into English, Pope offered the reader detailed help in determining both the general physical layout of Homer’s Trojan plain, and of the precise location within that terrain of each of the battles which comprise the bulk of the poem’s action. In the course of his notes on the Catalogue of the Ships in Book 2, he included a fold-out map [Fig. 1] in conventional format, specially engraved by the celebrated cartog- rapher John Senex, of ‘Graecia Homerica’ (comprising mainland Greece, the Aegean islands, and the west coast of Asia Minor), showing the locations from which each contingent in the Greek and Trojan armies had come.
Colonization, Closure, or Creative Dialogue? The Case of Pope’s Iliad
Authors: Hopkins David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The second half of the twentieth century witnessed a significant revival of academic interest in the literary form that has been a central concern of the present volume: English verse translation from classical poetry which aspires to the status of English poetry in its own right. An important agent in this process was the journal Arion, founded at the University of Texas in 1962 and edited by a group of American and expatriate British classicists, including William Arrowsmith, D. S. Carne-Ross, C. J. Herington, and J. P. Sullivan. Arion was the first classical journal with an avowedly literary-critical, as opposed to historical and philological, agenda. It would, its editors hoped, perform within classics a similar role to that of Scrutiny or Essays in Criticism in English studies, and would apply to the study of classical literature the critical methods and assumptions familiar at that date in university English departments.
The processing of audio-visual speech: empirical and neural bases
Authors: Campbell Ruth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this selective review, I outline a number of ways in which seeing the talker affects auditory perception of speech, including, but not confined to, the McGurk effect. To date, studies suggest that all linguistic levels are susceptible to visual influence, and that two main modes of processing can be described: a complementary mode, whereby vision provides information more efficiently than hearing for some under-specified parts of the speech stream, and a correlated mode, whereby vision partially duplicates information about dynamic articulatory patterning.
Listening to speech in the presence of other sounds
Authors: Darwin C J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although most research on the perception of speech has been conducted with speech presented without any competing sounds, we almost always listen to speech against a background of other sounds which we are adept at ignoring. Nevertheless, such additional irrelevant sounds can cause severe problems for speech-recognition algorithms and for the hard of hearing, as well as pose a challenge to theories of speech perception. A variety of different problems are created by the presence of additional sound sources: detection of features that are partially masked, allocation of detected features to the appropriate sound sources, and the recognition of sounds on the basis of partial information.
Fronto-temporal brain systems supporting spoken language comprehension
Authors: Tyler Lorraine K , Marslen-Wilson William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The research described here combines psycholinguistically well-motivated questions about different aspects of human language comprehension with behavioural and neuroimaging studies of normal performance, incorporating both subtractive analysis techniques and functional connectivity methods, and applying these tasks and techniques to the analysis of the functional and neural properties of brain-damaged patients with selective linguistic deficits in the relevant domains. The results of these investigations point to a set of partially dissociable sub-systems supporting three major aspects of spoken language comprehension, involving regular inflectional morphology, sentence-level syntactic analysis and sentence-level semantic interpretation.
The fractionation of spoken language understanding by measuring electrical and magnetic brain signals
Authors: Hagoort Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper focuses on what electrical and magnetic recordings of human brain activity reveal about spoken language understanding. Based on the high temporal resolution of these recordings, a fine-grained temporal profile of different aspects of spoken language comprehension can be obtained. Crucial aspects of speech comprehension are lexical access, selection and semantic integration. Results show that for words spoken in context, there is no ‘magic moment’ when lexical selection ends and semantic integration begins.
Speech perception at the interface of neurobiology and linguistics
Authors: Poeppel David , Idsardi, William J , Wassenhove Virginie van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Speech perception consists of a set of computations that take continuously varying acoustic waveforms as input and generate discrete representations that make contact with the lexical representations stored in long-term memory as output. Because the perceptual objects that are recognized by the speech perception enter into subsequent linguistic computation, the format that is used for lexical representation and processing fundamentally constrains the speech perceptual processes. Consequently, theories of speech perception must, at some level, be tightly linked to theories of lexical representation.
Tool use, communicative gesture and cerebral asymmetries in the modern human brain
Authors: Frey Scott H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Palaeolithic record indicates that our ancestors began modifying rocks for pounding at least 2.5 Myr ago (Ambrose 2001). Subsequently, rocks were attached to sticks to create compound tools that were capable of generating higher impact forces. These hammers, as well as many other manipulable artefacts, have been refined into their various modern forms through a process of cumulative cultural evolution (Basalla 1988; Tomasello 1999).
The role of cultural practices in the emergence of modern human intelligence
Authors: Hutchins Edwin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many accounts of how humans became the creatures they are rely on speculations about changes in the neural architecture of the human brain. For example, Clark (2001, ch. 8) says, ‘The idea is that some relatively small neural (or neural/bodily) difference was the spark that lit a kind of intellectual forest fire. The brain is, let us assume, wholly responsible (courtesy, perhaps of some quite small tweak of the engineering) for the fulfillment of some precondition of cultural and technological evolution’.
Neuroscience, evolution and the sapient paradox: the factuality of value and of the sacred
Authors: Renfrew Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The human mind over the past 10 000 years, in most areas of the world, has developed symbolic concepts of such evident factuality that it is difficult for us now to imagine life without them. These include notions of value (including money), of number and measure, of individual people of high status and power, and of material things that embody the sacred and the forbidden. These are often considered givens of the human condition. Yet these features are not ‘givens’ at all—they are emergent features of the past 10 000 years.
Detection, generation, and use of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clones
Authors: Oldstone Michael B A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) recognize an infected target cell in a virusspecific major histocompatibility antigen (MHC) restricted manner (Figure 1 ). Target cells are selected on the basis of containing the correct MHC glycoproteins, permissibility for the infecting virus, ease of manipulation and carrying in culture, stability of the uninfected cell in releasing low amounts of internalized radiolabelled 5 Chromium, and ability of the cell to be lysed by CTL during which maximal amounts of 51Cr are released. Established MHC typed murine lines most often used because they fit the above criteria are listed in Table 1.