bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dental caries experience in children with congenital heart disease: a case‐control study
Authors: Stecksén‐Blicks C. , Rydberg A. , Nyman L. , Asplund S. , Svanberg C. 
Published: March 2004

Summary.Objectives.  To compare the dental health of a group of children with complex congenital heart disease with that of age and gender matched healthy controls.Design.  Case‐control study.Setting.  Faculty of Medicine and Odontology/Pediatric cardiology and Pedodontics, Umeå University, Sweden.Sample and Methods.  All the cases and their controls lived in the county of Västerbotten in northern Sweden. Each group comprised 41 children with a mean age of 6·5 years. Data were collected from medical and dental records while all bitewing radiographs were read separately by one of the authors.Results.  Children with congenital heart disease had significantly more caries in their primary teeth than the control group. The mean dmfs‐value was 5·2 ± 7·0 in the cardiac group compared to 2·2 ± 3·5 in the control group (P < 0·05). Twenty‐six of the children had all four 6‐year‐molars, and their mean DMFS‐values were 0·9 ± 1·9 in the cardiac group compared to 0·3 ± 0·6 in the control group (P > 0·05). The children with congenital heart disease had received more caries prevention based on the use of fluorides than the control group. There was a significant correlation between the number of fluoride varnish treatments and the dmfs value of the child (r = 0·411, P < 0·01). Fifty‐two per cent of the children in the cardiac group had been prescribed fluoride tablets on one or more occasions compared to 17% in the control group (P < 0·01). Number of months on digoxin medication and the dmfs‐value had a significant correlation (r = 0·368, P < 0·05). Ten of the children had been on digoxin medication between 6 and 87 months; this subgroup had a mean dmfs‐value of 10·1 ± 8·5.Conclusion.  Swedish children with complex congenital heart disease have poorer dental health than healthy age and gender matched controls in spite of intensive preventive efforts. In many cases, intervention had been given when caries were present. A closer cooperation between paediatric cardiology and paediatric dentistry is needed.
Prevalence of early childhood caries among First Nations children, District of Manitoulin, Ontario
Authors: Peressini S. , Leake J. L. , Mayhall J. T. , Maar M. , Trudeau R. 
Published: March 2004

Summary.Background.  Epidemiological studies of Aboriginal communities in Canada and Native American populations in the United States have reported that early childhood caries (ECC) is highly prevalent. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of ECC and dental caries in the First Nations population of 3‐ and 5‐year‐old children in the District of Manitoulin, Ontario to assist in developing effective dental health promotion strategies.Methods.  All 3‐ and 5‐year‐old children in elementary schools and day‐care centres in seven First Nation communities were eligible for the survey examination. Three‐year‐old children at home and 5‐year‐old children attending school off‐reserve in six of the communities were also eligible for epidemiological survey examination of oral health status including caries, gingival and soft tissue conditions. Cases of ECC were defined as children with caries or restorations on two or more primary maxillary incisors or canines or those having a total decayed, missing, filled primary teeth (dmft) score of 4 or greater.Results.  A total of 87 children (59% 5 years old, 54% females) were examined. Seventy‐four per cent of children had one or more carious lesions. Forty‐five cases of ECC were found, a prevalence of 52%. The mean dmft score for cases was 7·5 (95% CI 6·5–8·4) and 0·8 (95% CI 0·5–1·1) for non‐cases (P < 0·001). Boys in both age groups were more likely to be affected by ECC than girls.Conclusion.  Our results indicate that dental caries and ECC are highly prevalent in this population, with ECC cases having 6.7 more dmft than non‐cases.
Attitudes towards the use of hand over mouth (HOM) and physical restraint amongst paediatric specialist practitioners in the UK
Authors: Newton J. T. , Patel H. , Shah S. , Sturmey P. 
Published: March 2004

Summary.Purpose.  To assess the views of paediatric specialist dental practitioners in the United Kingdom of the use of the hand over mouth technique and physical restraint.Methods.  Questionnaire survey of all specialist dental practitioners in paediatric dentistry in the United Kingdom (n = 216). Replies were received from 179 individuals (82·8%).Results.  The majority of the sample (over 80%) described HOM as having three components, broadly mirroring the description of the technique in clinical textbooks. Approximately 60% of the respondents reported that HOM should never be used (106 individuals, 59·2%). Those who endorsed the use of HOM suggested it should be used with cases of hysterical, tantrum behaviour (57 respondents, 32%). The use of physical restraint was endorsed for certain disabled patients by 110 individuals (62%); for very young patients by 69 respondents (39%); premedicated patients by 35 respondents (20%); physically resistive patients by 25 respondents (14%). Forty‐three respondents (24%) felt there were no psychological consequences of the use of HOM or physical restraint; 91 (51%) felt that HOM would result in the child fearing dental treatment.Conclusions.  Specialist paediatric dental practitioners in the UK are familiar with the technique of HOM although they also feel that this technique should never be used. A large proportion of practitioners felt that the use of physical restraint was appropriate with certain disabled patients. The most commonly anticipated psychological sequeala which may accompany the use of these techniques was subsequent fear of dental treatment.
Oral health and caries related microflora in children during the first three months following renal transplantation
Authors: Al Nowaiser A. , Lucas V. S. , Wilson M. , Roberts G. J. , Trompeter R. S. 
Published: March 2004

Summary.There is little information on the oral health of children undergoing renal transplantation during the early transplant period.Methods.   Twenty‐four children undergoing renal transplantation aged 4–13·2 years and their matched controls were recruited. The dmfs, dmft, DMFS and DMFT, plaque, gingivitis and gingival enlargement scores were recorded. The oral microflora was sampled and cultured for S. mutans, Lactobacllus species and Candida species.Results.   There was a significantly lower mean dmfs (0·3 ± 0·9; P = 0·03), dmft (0·3 ± 0·9; P = 0·03), DMFS (2·3 ± 5·3; P = 0·01) and DMFT (1·5 ± 2·6; P = 0·02), respectively, in the transplant group. There was a significantly greater mean plaque score (14·7 ± 11) for the permanent dentition, at baseline only, compared with 90 days post‐transplantation (9·4 ± 10·4; P = 0·02). There was a significantly greater gingival enlargement score (1·8 ± 1·4; P = 0·04) 90 days post‐transplantation compared with baseline. The S. mutans and Lactobacillus counts were significantly lower both at baseline (P = 0·0001 and P = 0·004) and 90 days post‐transplantation (P = 0·02; and P = 0·05), respectively, compared with the controls.Conclusions.  The transplant children had less active dental disease than the controls although gingival enlargement needs careful monitoring.
A sensitive non‐destructive method for detecting IPNV carrier Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., by culture of virus from plastic adherent blood leucocytes
Authors: Munro E S , Gahlawat S K , Ellis A E 
Published: March 2004

AbstractIn populations of Atlantic salmon in sea water, infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) could be detected by standard virological culture methods in sonicated kidney homogenates and in mucus samples (gill, skin and rectum) from 14 and nine of 25 fish, respectively, but all fish were positive by virus culture from lysates of kidney macrophages and adherent blood leucocytes. In fish which tested negative for IPNV by the standard method of detection, the virus could be detected using adherent blood leucocytes isolated on a Percoll gradient from as little as 10 μL of blood. The blood sample could be stored for at least 3 days in a heparinized tube on ice before preparing the plastic adherent leucocytes. Furthermore, the latter could be prepared without prior fractionation on Percoll simply by incubating whole blood (33 μL) in cell culture medium (66 μL) in 96‐well plates overnight and washing away the non‐adherent cells before lysing the adherent cells and inoculation of the lysate onto CHSE‐214 cells. This highly sensitive method for detecting IPNV‐carriers is therefore very suitable for non‐destructive sampling of fish in the field.
Immune responses and host protection of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis after immunization with live theronts and sonicated trophonts
Authors: Xu D‐H , Klesius P H , Shelby R A 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe humoral immune responses and host protection of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (Ich) were determined after immunization with live theronts and sonicated trophonts. Immunizations with live theronts or sonicated trophonts were carried out by both bath immersion and intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. Cutaneous and serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels and anti‐Ich antibodies were measured 12 and 21 days post‐immunization. The level of Ich infection and survival of catfish were determined after theront challenge. Cutaneous and serum anti‐Ich antibodies were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in fish immunized with live theronts by immersion or i.p. injection, or with sonicated trophonts administered by i.p. injection, than in fish immunized with sonicated trophonts by immersion, with bovine serum albumin by i.p. injection, or non‐immunized controls. Host protection was noted only in fish immunized with live theronts by immersion or i.p. injection or with sonicated trophonts by i.p. injection. There was a positive correlation between higher levels of anti‐Ich antibodies and host survival in the immunized fish.
Gross pathology and its relationship with histopathology of amoebic gill disease (AGD) in farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.
Authors: Adams M B , Ellard K , Nowak B F 
Published: March 2004

AbstractGross pathological assessment of amoebic gill disease (AGD) is the only non‐destructive, financially viable method for rapid and broad‐scale disease management of farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in Tasmania. However, given the presumptive nature of this diagnosis, the technique has been considered questionable. This study investigated the degree of conformity between clinical signs and histological lesions observed in a commercial setting. Three groups of Atlantic salmon (n = 42, 100 and 100, respectively) were collected from various farm sites in southern Tasmania between December 2001 and April 2003. Micro‐stereoscopic analysis showed that grossly affected tissue regions correspond to areas of hyperplastic lamellar fusion, generally in association with attached Neoparamoeba sp. Agreement between gross signs of AGD and histopathological diagnosis was compared. Kappa analysis indicated moderate to good agreement between methods (κ = 0.52–0.74). Individual cases of disagreement were further scrutinized and several factors were found to influence the level of agreement between the two methods. Stage of disease development, lesions derived from other pathogens, assessor interpretation/experience, sampling methods, histological technique and/or experience were potential confounding factors. It was concluded that clinical diagnosis is acceptable as a farm‐monitoring tool only. Removal of grossly affected tissue and subsequent histological examination is recommended to improve diagnostic accuracy.
Detection and antigenic characterization of salmonid alphavirus isolates from sera obtained from farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., and farmed rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)
Authors: Jewhurst V A , Todd D , Rowley H M , Walker I W , Weston J H , McLoughlin M F , Graham D A 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA simple method of detecting the presence of the salmonid alphaviruses (SAVs), salmon pancreas disease virus (SPDV) and sleeping disease virus (SDV), from serum samples is described. Using a 96‐well tissue‐culture plate format, test sera are diluted in medium and added to chinook salmon embryo (CHSE‐214) cells. After incubation for 3 days at 15 °C, plates are fixed and stained using a monoclonal antibody (mAb)‐based immunoperoxidase (IPX) detection system, and virus‐infected cells are observed microscopically by white light. Application of this screening test, which is now used routinely in our laboratory in conjunction with an IPX‐based virus neutralization (IPX‐VN) test for detecting antibodies to SAVs, has resulted in the recovery of 12 additional isolates from salmon sera and four additional isolates from trout sera. A low level of antigenic variation was detected when these SAV isolates were investigated by indirect immunofluorescence using a panel of mAbs raised to reference SPDV and SDV isolates.
Sequential pathology after initial freshwater bath treatment for amoebic gill disease in cultured Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.
Authors: Adams M B , Nowak B F 
Published: March 2004

AbstractFreshwater bathing is essential for control of amoebic gill disease (AGD) during the marine phase of the Tasmanian Atlantic salmon production cycle, a practice that is costly, production limiting and increasing in frequency. Although the pathogenesis of gill infection with Neoparamoeba sp. in naïve Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, is now understood, the progression of re‐infection (post‐treatment) required elucidation. Here, we describe the weekly histopathological progression of AGD from first to second freshwater bath. Halocline cessation and increased water temperature appeared to drive the rapid onset of initial infection prior to bathing. Freshwater bathing cleared lesions of attached trophozoites and associated cellular debris. Subsequent gill re‐infection with Neoparamoeba sp. was evident at 2 weeks post‐bath and had significantly increased (P < 0.001), in severity by 4 weeks post‐bath. No significant difference in gross pathology was observed until 4 weeks post‐bath (P < 0.05). The re‐infective progression of AGD was characterized by localized host tissue responses juxtaposed to adhered trophozoites (epithelial oedema, hypertrophy and hyperplasia), non‐specific inflammatory cell infiltration (macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophilic granule cells) and finally advanced hyperplasia with epithelial fortification. During the post‐bath period, non‐AGD lesions including haemorrhage, necrosis and regenerative hyperplasia were occasionally observed, although no evidence of secondary colonization of these lesions by Neoparamoeba sp. was noted. We conclude that pathogenesis during the inter‐bath period was identical to initial infection although the source of re‐infection remains to be established.
Binding of the TorR regulator to cis‐acting direct repeats activates tor operon expression
Authors: Simon Gwénola , Jourlin Cécile , Ansaldi Mireille , Pascal Marie‐Claire , Chippaux Marc , Méjean Vincent 
Published: March 2004

The expression of the Escherichia coli torCAD operon, which encodes the anaerobically expressed trimethylamine N‐oxide (TMAO) reductase respiratory system, requires the presence of TMAO in the medium. The response regulator, TorR, has recently been identified as the regulatory protein that controls the expression of the torCAD operon in response to TMAO. The torC regulatory region contains four direct repeats of a decameric consensus motif designated the tor boxes. Alteration by base substitutions of any of the four tor boxes in a plasmid containing a torC′‐lacZ fusion dramatically reduces TorR‐dependent torC expression. In addition, deletion of the distal tor box (box1) abolishes torC induction whereas the presence of a DNA fragment starting three bases upstream from box1 suffices for normal torC expression. Footprinting and gel‐retardation experiments unambiguously demonstrated that TorR binds to the torC regulatory region. Three distinct regions are protected by TorR binding. One of approximately 24 nucleotides covers the first two tor boxes (box1 and box2); the second is located upstream from the −35 promoter sequence and includes the third tor box (box3); the last is found downstream from the −35 sequence and corresponds to the fourth tor box (box4). Binding to the upstream tor boxes (box1 and box2) appears to be stronger than binding to the downstream tor boxes (box3 and box4) since only the upstream region is protected at the lower concentration of TorR used in the footprinting experiments.We propose a model in which multiple binding sites (i.e. the tor boxes) contribute to the formation of a nucleoprotein complex, but only one particular proximal site positions TorR properly so that it interacts with RNA polymerase.
The Flp recombinase cleaves Holliday junctions in trans
Authors: Dixon Julie E. , Shaikh Arkady C. , Sadowski Paul D. 
Published: March 2004

The Flp site‐specific recombinase is encoded by the 2 µm plasmid of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and is a member of the integrase family of recombinases. Like all members of the integrase family studied, Flp mediates recombination in two steps. First, a pair of strand exchanges creates a Holliday‐like intermediate; second, this intermediate is resolved to recombinant products by a second pair of strand exchanges.Evidence derived from experiments using linear substrates indicates that Flp's active site is composed of two Flp protomers. One binds to the Flp recognition target site (FRT site) and activates the scissile phosphodiester bond for cleavage. Another molecule of Flp bound elsewhere in the synaptic complex (in trans) donates the nucleophilic tyrosine that executes cleavage and thereby becomes covalently attached to the 3′ phosphoryl group at the cleavage site.It has previously been shown that Flp efficiently resolves synthetic, Holliday‐like (χ) structures to linear products. In this paper, we examined whether resolution of χ structures by Flp also occurs via the trans cleavage mechanism. We used in vitro complementation studies of mutant Flp proteins as well as nicked χ structures to show that Flp resolves χ structures by trans cleavage. We propose a model for Flp‐mediated recombination that incorporates trans cleavage at both the initial and resolution steps of strand exchange.
HLA‐DQA1 and DQB1 alleles are associated with genetic susceptibility to psoriasis vulgaris in Chinese Han
Authors: Zhang Xuejun , Wei Shengcai , Yang Sen , Wang Zaixing , Zhang Anping , He Pingping , Wang Hongyan 
Published: March 2004

AbstractBackground  Psoriasis vulgaris is a chronic skin disorder characterized by infiltration of inflammatory elements, keratinocyte hyperproliferation and altered differentiation. Although the pathogenesis of psoriasis is not fully understood, there is solid evidence of a susceptibility locus in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region.Objectives  To investigate whether HLA‐DQA1 and DQB1 alleles are associated with genetic susceptibility to psoriasis vulgaris in Chinese Han.Patients and methods  The polymerase chain reaction–sequence‐specific primer (PCR‐SSP) method was used to analyse the distribution of HLA‐DQA1 and DQB1 alleles in 189 patients with psoriasis and 273 healthy controls.Results  The HLA‐DQA1*0104 (OR = 2.33, P = 0.0001154, Pc = 2.0 × 10−3), DQA1*0201 (OR = 3.36, P < 1.0 × 10−7, Pc < 1.0 × 10−6), DQB1*0201 (OR = 1.64, P = 0.0192, Pc > 0.05) and DQB1*0303 (OR = 1.55, P = 0.0377, Pc > 0.05) alleles were more prevalent in patients with psoriasis vulgaris than in controls, and HLA‐DQA1*0501 (OR = 0.30, P = 0.0000039, Pc < 4.0 × 10−5) alleles were less prevalent. The HLA‐DQA1*0104 (OR = 2.42, P = 0.0001159, Pc < 2.0 × 10−3), DQA1*0201 (OR = 3.74, P < 1.0 × 10−7, Pc < 1.0 × 10−6) and DQA1*0501 (OR = 0.30, P = 0.0000374, Pc < 4.0 × 10−4) alleles were only associated with type I psoriasis. HLA‐DQA1*0104 and DQA1*0201 were more prevalent in patients with or without a family history of psoriasis. However, the DQA1*0501 allele was only more prevalent in patients without a family history of psoriasis.Conclusion  HLA‐DQA1*0104 and DQA1*0201 alleles may be psoriasis susceptibility genes or may be in close linkage with the susceptibility genes. The HLA‐DQA1*0501 allele seems to have a protective effect against the development of psoriasis vulgaris in Chinese Han. There may be a difference in genetic background between psoriasis patients with and without a family history of psoriasis.
Effect of Time of Spraying of Fungicide and Foliar Nutrient on Soybean Powdery Mildew
Authors: Yorinori M. A. , Klingelfuss L. H. , Paccola‐Meirelles L. D. , Yorinori J. T. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractWith the objective of determining the effects of initial infection level (% leaf area infected, % l.a.i.) at the time of fungicide and foliar nutrient application for the control of powdery mildew, a study was carried out under greenhouse conditions at Embrapa Soja, Londrina, P.R. The fungicide tebuconazole (100 g a.i./ha/application) and sulphur fungicide (2.0 kg a.i./ha/application), sprayed at 20, 30, 40 and 50% l.a.i. (growth stages V3 and V5, between R5.1 and R5.3), and three applications (at V3, V4 and R5.1, beginning at 20% l.a.i.) of tebuconazole were compared with sulphur foliar nutrient (sulphur at the dose of 125 g a.i./ha/application). The highly susceptible BR‐16 cultivar was used in a completely randomized design with 11 treatments, five replications (pots) and five plants per pot. The parameters evaluated were: % l.a.i., % yellowing leaf when the control reached growth stage R7.2 (between 50 and 75% yellow/mature leaves), % defoliation (% defol.) when the control plants reached R8.2 (pre‐harvest maturity), number of pods and seeds and seed weight (s.w.) per plant. The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was determined based on disease progress. The % l.a.i. and AUDPC of the control (98% and 65.41) differed from other treatments (3.5–64.2% l.a.i. and 13.57–40.59 AUDPC). The % l.a.i. for the sulphur fungicide treatment (41.9–64.2%) and sulphur foliar nutrient (49.8%) were greater than for tebuconazole (3.5–28%). The % defol. of the control (90%) differed from tebuconazole applied at 30% initial infection (48%), with three applications (45%), and from sulphur foliar nutrient (47%). The s.w./plant of the control (2.23 g) was lower than that of tebuconazole treated at 40% IL (3.03 g) and at 20% IL (3.35 g) and for sulphur foliar nutrient (3.7 g). The initial disease severity (20–50% l.a.i.) did not affect the level of powdery mildew control and the sulphur foliar fertilizer resulted in greater number and higher s.w./plant.