bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The USSR
Authors: Janz Denis R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are of course the usual difficulties that historians face in dealing with so large a subject. The Soviet Union was, at its demise, a society of some 285 million people, spread over a geographical area encompassing eleven time zones, divided into fifteen republics and about a hundred ethnic groups. These facts alone should make us wary of all generalizations about religion in Soviet society. Then, too, how is one to make sense of the events of the last three-quarters of a century? The usual tangled contradictions of history out of which one struggles to discern meaning and direction are magnified in this case. But perhaps the thing that most bedevils the historian’s task is the personal set of assumptions and values that inevitably color the evidence. This is the most important reason for the deep disagreement between many Marxist and Christian historians who have analyzed the encounter of Marxism and Christianity in the Soviet Union. It is also the explanation of why even Western historians of eminent reputation, high integrity, and deep religious sympathy can arrive at diametrically opposed conclusions. Some, for instance, hold that the story of Christianity in the Soviet Union is one of unwarranted persecution and unmitigated disaster for the Church.
The Text of Genesis 1-11
Authors: Hendel Ronald S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ronald S. Hendel offers a careful and thorough re examination of the text of Genesis 1 11. He takes a strongly positive position on the value of the Septuagint as a reliable translation of its Hebrew parent text. This position is contrary to that taken in most existing studies of the text of Genesis, including some in standard editions and reference works. Nevertheless, Hendel shows, there is an accumulating mass of evidence indicating that his position is correct. Hendel begins with a discussion of theory and method, and points out the lessons to be learned from the new biblical manuscripts discovered at Qumran. He goes on to argue for the preparation of eclectic critical editions of books of the Hebrew Bible a task long pursued in Classical, New Testament, and Septuagint studies, but still highly controversial with respect to the Hebrew scriptures. The critical edition of Genesis 1 11 which follows is Hendel's first step toward such a comprehensive task.
Introduction to the Critical Edition
Authors: Hendel Ronald S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Outside the field of Hebrew Bible, there is little doubt concerning the purpose of textual criticism. Maas states unequivocally, “The business of textual criticism is to produce a text as close as possible to the original (constitutio textus)” (1958: 1). The current article in the Encyclopaedia Britannica begins, “The technique of restoring texts as nearly as possible to their original form is called textual criticism” (Kenney 1992: 614). The production of critical texts by means of the analysis of manuscripts, the adjudication among variant readings, and, when necessary, the reconstruction or conjecture of better or original readings is the purpose of textual criticism. Aside from this goal, there is little justification for the labors of the textual critic.
Statecraft and Status in Contested Territory
Authors: Huber Toni 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Tsari Rongkor Chenmo procession and Lodzong tribute were clearly at times a game with high stakes involved for all players. As I have shown, the attendant risks and dangers were perceived as having soteriological and social advantages according to the beliefs and experiences of the pilgrims. How, then, is one to characterize the participation of the other two parties attending and the relationship between them: the Tibetan state and its supporters, who regularly invested so many resources in staging this ritual in a remote, rugged border region, and the Himalayan tribal groups, who faced the possibility of armed resistance or arrest from Tibetan forces both during the Lodzong and the procession? Here I want to demonstrate that for both the Tibetan state and the tribes, the events were in part about generating and maintaining prestige or status in terms of their respective worldviews, values, and practices. Here I analyze how the Tibetan state and its elite supporters did so by examining the origins and development of the Rongkor and Lodzong and the role such rituals played in the operation and constitution of the traditional polity.
The Formation of Schools of Mysticism
Authors: Trimingham J Spencer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
HE term Sufi was first applied to Muslim ascetics who clothed themselves in coarse garments of wool (fil,J). From it comes the form tafawwuf for ‘mysticism’. There are excellent guides to Islamic mysticism and all that is necessary by way of introduction is to give some idea of how I am using the terms sufi and Sufism in the context of this study on the mystical Ways and their expression in orders.
The Formation of Ta’ifas
Authors: Trimingham J Spencer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hilst tariqa is the method, ta’ija is the organization, and though the khanaqii.hs were correctly described as tawa’if (plural of ta’ifa), since they were organizations of separate groups, they were still not the orders as we know them. The completion of their development as ta’ijas or orders in this specialized sense during the fifteenth century coincided with the growth of the Ottoman Empire. In the Maghrib this stage coincided with the appearance of Sharifism and what the French call maraboutisme. There are, in fact, four areas of significant change: Persia and central Asia, Anatolia (Rum), India, and the Maghrib.
Nineteenth-Century Revival Movements
Authors: Trimingham J Spencer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before the nineteenth century the world of Islam had suffered no major reverses from the expansion of the West. The Maghrib had been menaced, but a state of power equilibrium had been maintained in the Mediterranean. The Portuguese had blocked Sultan Selim’s ambitions to dominate the Indian Ocean, but this was offset by Ottoman Turkey’s expansion at the expense of Christian Europe. Europe’s earlier expansion by-passed the Ottoman Empire, which embraced the heartlands of Islam. Napoleon’s conquest of Egypt in 1798 is generally taken as a convenient point from which to date the first realization of the threat presented by European expansion.
Economic Challenges and Creative Financing
Authors: Bennion Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Women provide food and shelter for themselves and their families through creative financing, outside employment, and female communalism. Female converts tend to do better than male converts in accessing communal re sources and providing for their families through informal channels. This chapter provides a brief socioeconomic background of converts and ex amines the nature of male-female earning power and relative access to valued resources. It concludes by describing how some women are able to provide for themselves in the face of incredible odds.
The Nature of Female Relationships and the Network
Authors: Bennion Janet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Women form associations to create an environment of interdependence, female autonomy, and female satisfaction; this aspect of female satisfaction is vital in the overall picture of female advantage in the system. It explains why women from the mainstream world are attracted to polygyny and how they are able to survive, once baptized, in a dominant male structure. The following pages describe the exact nature of female relationships and networking by providing qualitative analysis and diagrams of network ties among women. The chapter also illustrates the strength of the network ties that women have with each other. Finally, qualifications for successful female networking are described, showing how some women are not suited for the network and how the structure works to “weed” out these women.
American Youth Violence A Profile
Authors: Zimring Franklin E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 is about perceptions of youth violence in the United States. This chapter and chapter 3 are about the facts. What sorts of violence do young persons commit in the United States? How are these violent acts measured and with what margins of error? How are rates of violence distributed across the youth population? How are patterns of youth violence similar to patterns of adult violence, and how are they different? What have been the trends in recent history for various kinds of violence? The analysis is presented under three headings. The first part of this chapter discusses the different acts that are classified as violent and how they are measured by police agencies and survey researchers. Rates of different types of violence are reported by age, race, and gen der. The second part distinguishes three characteristics that set young violent offenders apart from other violent offenders: group involvement, high volume, and low lethality. To develop policy for youth violence, the special nature of the crimes must be understood. Chapter 3 builds on this discussion to chart trends over time in official statistics on youth violence, the third part of our profile.
“That Malice Which Is to Supply Age” Standards for Transfer to Criminal Court
Authors: Zimring Franklin E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the most part, the border between the jurisdiction of the juvenile court and the criminal court is a matter of chronological age. If arrested offenders are below the maximum jurisdictional age of the juvenile court when an offense is committed, they are referred to the juvenile court and accused of delinquency. If the offenders are above the jurisdictional age boundary, they are accused of a crime and processed by the criminal court. In most states, this age boundary is the eighteenth birthday, but in some jurisdictions it can be as young as the sixteenth birthday.
Intention versus Negligence
Authors: Fletcher George P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are some situations in life in which people set out to accomplish certain goals and they realize their aims exactly as planned. They set out to go to the library and they arrive at the library. They set out to steal a book and they steal a book. Obviously, the aims are sometimes good, sometimes bad. But very often people get where they want to go. These are case of intentional conduct, of setting one’s sights on realizing a particular target, whether the goal be socially desirable (going to the library) or criminal (stealing a book).
The Faces Of Evil: Fairies, Mobs, and Female Cruelty
Authors: Silver Carole G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unlike The Revised Or composed fairy tales Victorians read in such profusion, the folklore they gathered was filled with sex and violence. Less expurgated than much Victorian fiction, permitted to be “crude” be cause authentic, Victorian folklore collections provide a set of insights into the ways in which a culture sought to externalize evil. For the fairies who most frightened the folk and fascinated the collectors were the ones perceived as cruel participants in antisocial acts. Whether they were hordes of “trooping” fairies (as Yeats called them) who traveled the air or misled travelers on the ground or took victims “away,” or whether they were solitary and human-size demonic creatures, the figures who most preoccu pied the Victorians were those capable of causing discomfort, serious in jury, and often death.
Richard III: The Last Plantagenet
Authors: Saccio Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Tudor imagination revelled in Richard III. Archvillain and devil incarnate, he supposedly started his infamous career by lingering sullenly in the womb for two years, finally coming to term with teeth and shoulder-length hair. Having thus discommoded his mother, he murdered his way through the royal house, slaughtering his cousin the last Lancastrian king Henry VI, Henry’s son Prince Edward, his own brother the duke of Clarence, his nephews the child-king Edward V and Richard duke of York, and finally his wife Anne. He was the bane of his brother Edward IV’s wife Elizabeth Woodville and of her relatives; he contrived the judicial murder of Edward’s loyal chamberlain Lord Hastings; and he spun his plots whilst seated in a privy. He was the final embodiment of the wrath of God visited upon England for the crimes of the Plantagenets since Richard II’s deposition in 1399.
John: The Legitimacy of the King
Authors: Saccio Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
King john is Shakespeare’s only play dramatizing English medieval history prior to the fall of Richard II. For once the playwright turned back from the last century of the Plantagenets to deal with one of the first kings of that extraordinary dynasty. The play thus has no narrative connection with the double tetralogy on the houses of Lancaster and York: 161 years intervened between the reign of John (1199–1216) and that of Richard II (1377–1399). Yet the material of King john is cut from the same cloth. The later Plantagenets had no monopoly on baronial revolt and disputed dynastic succession, no patent on conspiracy, murder, and war. As the dynasty ended in bloody squabbles over the crown, so also it began. The poet W. H. Auden may have been right when he suggested that history is far too criminal ro be a fit subject of study for the young.
Four Types of Writing under Modern Conditions; or, Black Writers and “Populist Modernism”
Authors: Sollors Werner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“What Is the Meaning of This City?” was a question raised byT. S. Eliot in “Choruses from ‘The Rock.’” Modern urban civilization is looked at from the point of view of the Stranger (for Eliot that appears to be death), who questions human aims and the “meaning of this city.” The answer Eliot proposes in the poem seems to be: The departure from a sacred purpose makes city dwellers empty pursuers of monetary gain, technological progress, secular happiness, and collective enthusiasm. Eliot’s chorus continues in the following way right after the quotation excerpted in the epigraph:
Eliot may be drawing a particularly sharp opposition between the quest for the “perfect refrigerator”—for print culture, technological inventions, and nationalisms—on the one hand, and the “way to the Temple”—to wisdom, traditional religion, transcendental meaning, and acceptance of death—on the other.
Exploring “Something New”
Authors: Hathaway Heather 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a collection on race and modernism one might be surprised to find an article on the poetry of Claude McKay, who, as a writer perhaps best known for his use of the sonnet, is not typically considered a modernist. Although he is commonly associated with African American writing during the Harlem Renaissance, a period successfully argued by Houston Baker Jr., among others, as reflecting a uniquely African American form of modernism, in truth McKay had already passed through Harlem by the time the Renaissance was really under way. Throughout his autobiography, significantly titled A Long y from Home (1937) (“home” being Jamaica), he repeatedly asserts his lack of sympathy with both the movement’s leaders and their aspirations.
The Strong Men Gittin’ Stronger
Authors: Smethurst James E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sterling Brown’s own critical distinction between the term “Harlem Renaissance,” which he dismisses as strictly box office, and the term “New Negro Renaissance,” which describes a literary moment with which Brown identifies, is not just a question of semantics or geographical accuracy. It is in fact a distinction between the values derived from a nationalism embodied in his 1932 collection of poetry Southern Road and similar to that which produced the Irish language Gaelic League and those of the allegedly transnational values of modernism. In making this distinction, Brown accepts the premise of Eliot and Pound—and of the Comintern for that matter, at least so far as life under modern capitalism was concerned—that modern urban life is afflicted by a sickness of the spirit caused to a large extent by rampant individualism and the breakup of social and moral consensus; in fact, this spiritual malaise is in Brown’s view perhaps more intense for African Americans in the northern urban centers than for other Americans.
“Among Negroes”
Authors: Weiss M Lynn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1988 foreword to John Kouwenhoven’s classic study of American culture, The Beer Can by the Highway, Ralph Ellison recalls Gertrude Stein in the sentence, “A can is a can is a can. . . . ” Ellison’s playful riff invokes the underexplored relationship between Gertrude Stein and African America. From her earliest writings, the black voice, body, and experience had an intriguing role in her creative life. Hortense Sanger, Stein’s “dark-skinned” alter ego of the Radcliffe themes, later emerged as Melanctha in Three Lives (1909). After Paul Robeson’s visit to 27 rue de Fleurus in 1925, Stein wrote “Among Negroes,” collected in Usefol Knowledge (1928).
A Jewish New World in: Jacob Glatshteyn’s “Sheeny Mike”
Authors: Rubin Rachel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The gangster is a familiar, albeit shady, inhabitant of American literature and popular culture. Indeed, the cultural critic Robert Warshaw maintained in 1948 that “the experience of the gangster as an experience of art is universal to Americans. There is almost nothing we understand better or react to more readily or with quicker intelligence.”
By the turn of the twentieth century, “quick intelligence” had dictated that gangsters are inherently ethnic, inherently urban, inherently male, and inherently modern—in contrast with legendary “outlaws” such as the James brothers, Ma Barker, Pretty Boy Floyd, or Bonnie Parker and Clyde Barrow, whose setting was rural or small-town America. In a variety of popular media, gangsters came to serve as markers, even admonitions, of the dangerous potential in each of these qualities. Explicitly patriotic propaganda is highlighted in such important gangster films as The Public Enemy (1931) or Little Caesar (1930), for instance: through intrusive prologues, afterwords, and set pieces, the audience is warned about immigrants who disgrace their communities, about mass media that only seeks to sensationalize, and about men who prove their toughness by lack of respect for even “their own” women.
En Alabanza del Señor: In Praise of the Lord
Authors: Delgado João Pinto , Slavitt David R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Senor, I pray you, who govern earth and sky and through whose might the immense and truculent sea is confined to its proper bounds so that land stays dry; you who can penetrate deepest obscurity with a dazzling light distilled from the heart of the flame of the brightest fire—as if snow itself could be ignited; lighten the gloom of my cave of shame and lift this moral darkness in which I live.
Crimes And Accountability
Authors: Meron Theodor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Accountab ility for crimes, a theme central to Shakespeare’s plays, is also extraordinarily pertinent to our times. Newspapers have reported on the care taken by the leaders of the former Yugoslavia to order atrocities against “enemy” populations only in the most indirect and euphemistic way. Even the Nazi leaders constantly resorted to euphemisms in referring to the Holocaust. No explicit written order from Hitler to carry out the final solution has ever been found. At the height of their power, the Nazis treated the data on the killing of Jews as top secret.
Women and Men and Ritual
Authors: Sered Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The social interactions described in the previous chapter blend into the ritual lives of men and women in Henza. The first part of this chapter focuses upon women’s involvement with food and food rituals-both of which serve as fundamental media for social integration with other villagers and with ancestors and deities. The second part of the chapter overviews men’s ritual repertoire. I shall suggest that women’s rituals-and especially food rituals-highlight and strengthen the theme of presence; men’s rituals-and especially rituals involving the ocean-revolve around the theme of absence. In Henza, food is women’s business. Traditionally, men’s fishing activity was a sporadic food source; most food came from women’s horticulture and shore foraging. All food preparation is done by women; very few men cook at all. The markets were and still are run by women.Almost all food serving is done by women. Food is a resource that women control, and food-oriented rituals sacralize women’s every day activities of cooking and serving. A hinu-kan (hearth deity) can be found in every Henza kitchen. The hinu-kan functions in a loose way as a sort of intermediary between the household and other kami-sama. Giving offerings to and praying at the hinu-kan are women’s affair.
Introduction:Why Calvin? Why Now?
Authors: Stevenson William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Each set of readers likely to come across this book on John Calvin’s “political” thought will no doubt look at it by the light of distinct but pressing questions. Readers interested in political thinking but unfamiliar with the full range of Calvin’s work will ask whether Calvin really addressed political questions in a deliberate or systematic way such that the body of his answers constitute a novel or at least unusual perspective on politics. Was not Calvin merely a religious figure, concerned only with theological and pastoral issues? At the same time, readers already at home within the field of Calvin studies-and knowing of the close connection for all the Reformation figures between religious and political matters-will accept the topic’s legitimacy but may very well question the need for one more book on Calvin’s thinking, given the storehouse of scholarly findings already available. Have not the fine studies of Calvin’s political ideas by J. W. Allen, John T. McNeill, Sheldon Wolin, Michael Walzer, Harro Hopfl, W. Fred Graham, William J. Bouwsma, and more recently Ralph Hancock, among many others, satisfactorily covered this territory?
Action Under Judgment
Authors: Stevenson William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A fuller vision of Christian freedom’s second part points us beyond Calvin’s doctrine of predestination to his doctrine of God’s sovereignty, from which predestination derives. For to be free for action in the world means simultaneously to be captive to God’s sovereign will. All actions, both of individual human beings and of human societies, remain under God’s omniscient eye and eternal judgment. Believers are never “so free to choose, that God’s will does not rule over their freedom.” Indeed, Calvin emphasizes, “whether you will or not, daily experience compels you to realize that your mind is guided by God’s prompting [a motione Dei... pendere] rather than by your own freedom to choose” (2-4-7, 315). God’s will stands as the sovereign authority for human beings (1.14.1, 161). Although believers are free for action, therefore, they are not free from God’s prompting and God’s judgment regarding their actions. They live ever “under the eyes [sub oculis]” of God (Letter CCCCXII to Melanchthon [6:219]).1 When God declares through Jeremiah that he “fill[s] heaven and earth,” he describes himself as a God who “governs all things,” who “notice[s]” all things, and who “judge[s]” all things. Human beings simply cannot hide from God’s ubiquitous justice and judgment. God discerns human motivation and behavior in “the thickest darkness as well as in the clearest light” (Comm. ]er. 23:24 [J:189]). In sum then, “having liberty is one thing, practicing it quite another” (Comm. Gal. 5:13-14, from Haroutunian, 325).