bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of surface doses in the presence of an air gap under a bolus for a 6 MV clinical photon beam - a phantom study
Authors: Lobo Dilson , Srinivas Challapalli , Banerjee Sourjya , Athiyamaan M.S. , Johan Sunny K. , Krishna Abhishek 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Goal of the present study was to develop and build a phantom that replicates the air gaps under a gel bolus and to estimate the surface dose (Dsurf) under normal incidence with a 6 MV photon beam. For this, an acrylic phantom with 10 plates, each including five open slots (one in the centre and four off axis) with a size of 2 cm × 2 cm at depths of 0.54 cm, 0.72 cm, 0.90 cm, 1.26 cm, and 1.62 cm from the phantom’s surface was used. Computed tomography image sets were obtained without and with a gel bolus (thickness: 2 mm, 4 mm, and 6 mm) placed on top of the phantom. Dose calculations were performed with the XiO treatment planning system (TPS) for a 6 MV photon beam at normal incidence and a field size of 15 cm × 15 cm that covered all the slots. A virtual bolus in TPS was employed in CT picture sets that did not include a bolus. Six points of interest at a depth of 1 mm from the surface contour of each slot were used to determine the mean surface dose (Dsurf) estimated by the TPS with and without the presence of a bolus. It turned out that, as the depth of the air gap (between skin surface and bolus surface) increased from 0.54 cm to 1.62 cm, there was a 25.2% increase in Dsurf without bolus, followed by an increase of 7.6%, 6.4%, and 7.7% for a virtual bolus with 2 mm, 4 mm, and 6 mm thickness, while corresponding increases were 14.8%, 14.3%, and 8.3% for an actual bolus, respectively. However, as the thickness of the air gap increased, Dsurf under the bolus decreased (from − 17.5% to -18.8%, and from − 10.4% to -16.9%, for a virtual and a physical bolus, respectively). It is concluded that, to ensure a homogeneous Dsurf across the treatment area, extra attention should be given while utilizing a bolus in clinical radiation applications, to avoid any air gaps under the bolus.
Modelling mortality by cause of death and socio-economic stratification: an analysis of mortality differentials in England
Authors: Villegas Andrés M. , Bajekal Madhavi , Haberman Steven 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
It is well known that more advantaged socio-economic groups – whether defined by educational attainment, occupation, income or area deprivation – have lower mortality rates and longer lives than less advantaged socio-economic groups. In many cases, affluent subpopulations also experience faster rates of improvement in mortality. Socio-economic differentials in mortality and longevity pose important challenges when designing public policies for tackling social inequalities; and for managing longevity risk in pension funds and annuity portfolios. The successful addressing of these social and financial challenges requires the best possible understanding of the drivers of socio-economic mortality differentials. A key step in achieving this understanding is to investigate how mortality trends for leading causes of death differ between socio-economic groups. Accordingly, the main purpose of this paper is to propose modelling techniques that enable the modelling and projection of mortality trends by cause of death and socio-economic stratification. We first extend the Lee-Carter model to allow for the consideration of coding changes in cause-specific mortality data. We then embed this model into a multiple population setting to allow for the quantification of socio-economic differences in cause-specific mortality. Using England mortality data for socio-economic subpopulations defined using the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD), we show that this modelling approach can be satisfactorily employed both in the assessment of the magnitude of historical mortality differentials for the main causes of death and in the projection of the possible future evolution of these differentials.
Rechtliche Herausforderungen der Wasserverfügbarkeit
Authors: Durner Wolfgang 
Published: January 2025

Zusammenfassung
Neben dem Klimawandel und dem Artensterben zeichnen sich in der Umweltforschung immer klarer auch
die Konturen einer globalen, Mensch und Umwelt gefährdenden Wasserkrise ab. Die drohende Wasserknappheit
erfordert als globale, europäische und deutsche Herausforderung auf allen Ebenen eine kritische Bestandsaufnahme
des geltenden Rechts. Das Völkerrecht bietet insoweit mit dem Grundsatz der angemessenen und nachhaltigen
Nutzung gemeinsamer Wasserressourcen Maßstäbe, die dem Anliegen der Wasserverfügbarkeit zwar
normativ gerecht werden, aber erheblichen Leistungsgrenzen unterliegen. Das Unionsrecht und das in seiner
Umsetzung erlassene deutsche Wasserwirtschaftsrecht zielen darauf ab, einen guten Gewässerzustand herbeizuführen,
der auch mengenmäßige Aspekte erfasst. Über das Bindeglied der wasserwirtschaftlichen Planung
ermöglicht dieses Recht eine weitreichende Steuerung der einzelnen Gewässerbenutzungen. Obwohl
auch im geltenden Wasserrecht Verbesserungspotenziale bestehen, liegt der maßgeblichen Reformbedarf
eher auf der Ebene des Vollzugs.
Comparative characterization of organ-specific phase I and II biotransformation enzyme kinetics in salmonid S9 sub-cellular fractions and cell lines
Authors: Martin Baptiste P. M. , Franco Marco E. , Schirmer Kristin 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Advancing in vitro systems to address the effects of chemical pollution requires a thorough characterization of their functionalities, such as their repertoire of biotransformation enzymes. Currently, knowledge regarding the presence, activity magnitudes, and inducibility of different biotransformation pathways in vitro is scarce, particularly across organs. We report organ-specific kinetics for phase I and II biotransformation enzymes, under basal and induced conditions, in two in vitro systems using salmonid fish: S9 sub-cellular fractions from brown trout (Salmo trutta) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were compared with rainbow trout cell lines. Cyp1a and glutathione S-transferase (Gst) activities were the highest in liver S9 fractions and RTL-W1 liver cells, yet systems derived from the intestine, gills, and brain also displayed these biotransformation pathways. Cyp3a-like activity was only measurable in liver and intestinal S9 fractions, but all rainbow trout cell lines, including RTgill-W1 and RTbrain, displayed this type of activity. Furthermore, despite RTgutGC having the highest constitutive Cyp3a-like activity, its inducibility was the highest in RTL-W1 cells. Similarly, both RTL-W1 and RTgutGC cells displayed Cyp2b-like activity, but this was only measurable upon induction. Contrarily, S9 fractions from the liver, intestine and gills displayed constitutive Cyp2b-like activity. While these differences could be related to differential functionality of biological processes at the in vivo level, we provide important evidence of a broad spectrum of in vitro enzymatic activity in salmonid models. As such, both S9 fractions and cell lines represent important alternatives to animal testing for evaluating the biotransformation and bioaccumulation of environmental pollutants.

Graphical Abstract
Using winery effluents for cultivating microalgae as bio-additives for vineyards
Authors: Sousa Ana Cláudia , Dias Catarina , Martins Ana Rita , Gomes Ana Gabriela , Santos Carla Amarelo 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The pursuit of sustainable food production and efficient water management has fostered collaborations among academia, industry, and producers to explore innovative business models. One such initiative involves cultivating microalgae using effluents from the wine production industry, transforming waste into valuable products, and creating circular economic benefits. Wineries can repurpose their effluents to grow microalgae, generating new revenue streams while promoting sustainability. Although microalgae biomass grown in winery effluents is unsuitable for direct human consumption due to potential contamination risks from the pollutants and microorganisms present in such effluents, it is rich in essential nutrients like phosphorus, nitrogen, and carbon, making it ideal for use as agro-industrial additives. The REDWine project investigates this potential by focusing on producing Chlorella vulgaris biomass as an agricultural product. The study focused on incorporating red wine production effluents in culture media to promote microalgae mixotrophic growth, conducted in 250 mL Erlenmeyer flasks and a 1700 mL photobioreactor. The findings are promising, despite challenges such as growth inhibition and microbial contamination at higher effluent concentrations. Chlorella vulgaris demonstrated significant growth even at effluent concentrations of 30% (v/v), provided that the concentration of polyphenols in effluents is low, with optimal biomass productivity observed at 10% (v/v). This highlights the feasibility of using winery effluents to cultivate microalgae for sustainable agriculture. This study highlights the potential of using winery effluents to produce C. vulgaris strain A4F_Ma016 biomass, opening new avenues for innovative approaches to sustainable agriculture and the circular economy.
Application of enzyme-assisted extraction on the brown seaweed Fucus vesiculosus Linnaeus (Ochrophyta, Fucaceae) to produce extracts for a sustainable agriculture
Authors: Choulot Manon , Jabbour Chirelle , Burlot Anne-Sophie , Jing Lun , Welna Maja , Szymczycha-Madeja Anna , Le Guillard Cécile , Michalak Izabela , Bourgougnon Nathalie 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The agricultural sector plays a crucial role in sustaining population growth and ensuring our well-being. However, as this sector faces numerous challenges due to environmental conditions and the increasing population, it is essential to identify natural alternatives that promote sustainable farming practices and protect the environment. Seaweed-based extracts have gained popularity in agriculture because of their numerous benefits for plant growth and health. This study focuses on Fucus vesiculosus Linnaeus, a brown seaweed species prevalent along the Brittany coast. The research involved comparing enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) with conventional aqueous extraction methods for the purpose of determining the effectiveness of EAE in producing enriched extracts that could have an interesting agricultural application. The results indicates that enzymatic extraction of F. vesiculosus significantly increased the content of neutral sugars by 34% and reducing sugars by 21% in the extracts, compared to conventional aqueous extraction (WE). Regarding plant growth regulators, the levels of isopentenyladenosine (iPR) and cis-zeatin (cZ) were enhanced by 6 times and 28 times, respectively, when using EAE instead of WE. Additionally, the total phenolic content was notably higher in EAE extracts, showing a twofold increase over WE extracts. Furthermore, the various extracts demonstrated superior antioxidant activity compared to raw F. vesiculosus powder. Thus, this study confirms that EAE is an effective method for enriching F. vesiculosus extracts with various compounds that can play a vital role in agriculture.
Reciprocal shift and symmetry breaking
Authors: Landau Idan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Bipartite reciprocal phrases are common in Indo-European, Indo-Aryan, and Semitic languages. When occurring with a case particle (K) or a preposition (P), K/P intervenes between the two units of the reciprocal phrase, producing an otherwise exceptional K/P-medial KP/PP. While diachronic descriptions successfully trace the origin of the two units to separate constituents that have gradually become closer, they fall short of explaining the stability of the K/P-medial outcome. Based on a detailed study of the Hebrew reciprocal construction, I argue that its two components are generated as sisters but cannot persist as such because they yield an illicit point of symmetry – an unlabeled phrase. The first member thus raises past K/P, breaking the symmetry, thereby allowing the complement of K/P to be labeled. The analysis is supported by data from intra- and crosslinguistic variation and predicts systematic correlations between the degree of symmetry between the two units of the reciprocal phrase and their separability.
Harborfront Anomaly Detection
Authors: Dueholm Jacob V. , Siemon Mia , Ionescu Radu T. , Moeslund Thomas B. , Nasrollahi Kamal 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Creating high-quality datasets for the task of video anomaly detection is challenging due to a subjective anomaly definition and the rarity of anomalies, which oust the possibility of obtaining statistically significant data. This results in datasets where anomalies are placed in a single category, and are often considered less relevant from a security standpoint. Instead, we propose to create video anomaly datasets based on a framework utilizing object annotations to ease the annotation process and allow users to decide on the anomaly definition. Furthermore, this allows for a fine-grained evaluation w.r.t. anomaly types, which represents a novelty in the area of video anomaly detection. The framework is demonstrated using the existing thermal long-term drift (LTD) dataset, identifying and evaluating five different types of anomalies (appearance, motion, localization, density, and tampering) on six test sets. State-of-the-art anomaly detection methods are evaluated and found to underperform on the thermal anomaly detection dataset, which emphasizes a need for an adjustable anomaly definition in order to produce better anomaly datasets and models that generalize towards practical use. We share the code of the proposed framework to extract anomaly types along with object annotations for the LTD dataset at https://github.com/jagob/harborfront-vad.
An EM algorithm for fitting matrix-variate normal distributions on interval-censored and missing data
Authors: Lachos Victor H. , Tomarchio Salvatore D. , Punzo Antonio , Ingrassia Salvatore 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Matrix-variate distributions are powerful tools for modeling three-way datasets that often arise in longitudinal and multidimensional spatio-temporal studies. However, observations in these datasets can be missing or subject to some detection limits because of the restriction of the experimental apparatus. Here, we develop an efficient EM-type algorithm for maximum likelihood estimation of parameters, in the context of interval-censored and/or missing data, utilizing the matrix-variate normal distribution. This algorithm provides closed-form expressions that rely on truncated moments, offering a reliable approach to parameter estimation under these conditions. Results obtained from the analysis of both simulated data and real case studies concerning water quality monitoring are reported to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Use of Antihyperglycemic Medications Among US People with Limited English Proficiency
Authors: Müller Frank , Holman Harland , Bhangu Nikita , Kottutt Jepkoech , Azhary Hend , Alshaarawy Omayma 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
Language barriers can impact pharmaceutical disease management leading to potential health disparities among limited English proficiency (LEP) people with diabetes mellitus (DM) in the United States (US).

Objective
To assess the use of antihyperglycemic medications and estimate their impact on glycemic control by LEP status.

Design
Cross-sectional design. We compared the classes of prescribed antihyperglycemic medications and their impact on glycemic control between English-speaking and LEP participants (i.e., Spanish-speaking or needing interpretation services) with DM applying generalized linear models and adjusting for sociodemographic variables.

Participants
Data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2003–2018).

Main Measures
Selected language for interview or interpreter request (main exposure). Outcomes include prescribed antihyperglycemic medications and glycemic control (HBA1c).

Key Results
Data for 4666 participants with DM were analyzed. Antihyperglycemic medications were similarly used by LEP and English-speaking people with DM, except for insulin, which was less frequently used by LEP people. Despite similar medications, LEP people using biguanides and TZDs were less likely to reach glycemic target levels (adjusted odds ratios ranging 1.7 to 3.3) compared to English-speaking people with DM.

Conclusions
Our findings indicate that the differences in DM outcomes among LEP people are likely attributed to factors other than medication prescription. These might include cultural beliefs, dietary adjustments, and communication barriers in healthcare. Enhanced patient education, acknowledgment of cultural practices, and improved language services could potentially mitigate these disparities.
Lipid Lowering Therapy Utilization and Lipid Goal Attainment in Women
Authors: van Oortmerssen Julie A. E. , Mulder Janneke W. C. M. , van der Bijl Marte F. , Mijnster Ruben J. M. , Kavousi Maryam , Roeters van Lennep Jeanine E. ,   on behalf of the IMPRESS consortium
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Purpose of Review
The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the current status of lipid-lowering therapy utilization and lipid goal attainment in women. We focus on lipid-lowering therapy in individuals with and without established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, as well as familial hypercholesterolemia. Additionally, this review aims to explore the underlying mechanisms driving these sex differences and to identify existing knowledge gaps in this area.

Recent Findings
Despite the proven efficacy of lipid-lowering therapy in both sexes, real-world studies indicate that women with comparable risk profiles are less likely than men to receive these treatments. Furthermore, women who are prescribed statins typically receive lower-intensity regimens than men and are less likely to achieve guideline-recommended low-density lipoprotein cholesterol goals.

Summary
Despite advancements in lipid-lowering therapies, women compared to men, are systematically undertreated. This difference is influenced by patient-related, physician-related, and societal factors.

Graphical Abstract
Using large language models to facilitate academic work in the psychological sciences
Authors: Sohail Aamir , Zhang Lei 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly shaped working practices across a variety of fields including academia. Demonstrating a remarkable versatility, these models can generate responses to prompts with information in the form of text, documents, and images, show ability to summarize documents, perform literature searches, and even more, understand human behavior. However, despite providing many clear benefits, barriers remain toward their integration into academic work. Ethical and practical concerns regarding their suitability for various tasks further complicate their appropriate use. Here, we summarize recent advances assessing the capacity of LLMs for different components of academic research and teaching, focusing on three key areas in the psychological sciences: education and assessment, academic writing, and simulating human behavior. We discuss how LLMs can be used to aid each area, describe current challenges and good practices, and propose future directions. In doing so, we aim to increase the awareness and proper use of LLMs in various components of academic work, which will only feature more heavily over time.
Long-term safety and efficacy of fostamatinib in Japanese patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Kuwana Masataka , Tomiyama Yoshiaki 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Fostamatinib had superior efficacy to a placebo and acceptable safety profiles for at least 1 year in a phase 3 study of Japanese patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia. Here, we report the 3-year safety and efficacy of fostamatinib in that study. Data from 33 patients who received at least one dose of fostamatinib were analyzed. A platelet response > 50,000/µL (at two consecutive visits at least 28 days apart while receiving fostamatinib) was achieved in 16 patients (48%). The median total duration of a platelet response > 50,000/µL was 589 (range: 106–1003) days. Gastrointestinal disorders, such as diarrhea, hypertension, and hepatic enzyme elevation, were the most common fostamatinib-related adverse events. Most events occurred within 12 weeks of treatment. No thromboembolisms, treatment-related infections, or moderate or severe treatment-related bleeding events were observed. In summary, this extension study of a clinical trial found a sustained platelet response without new safety signals during 3-year treatment with fostamatinib.
One health and contaminated estuarine ecosystems: a critical review of the status of Thane Creek, Mumbai, India
Authors: Corbett Erin , Esiovwa Regina , Mooney Ronnie , Rodgers Kiri , Mukherji Soumyo , Connolly John , Hursthouse Andrew , Mukherji Suparna , Henriquez Fiona L. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Estuaries are critical components in the environmental risk assessment of anthropogenic contamination. They funnel the emissions from upstream terrestrial catchments and are often within historically established population and industrial centers. They are sensitive and biodiverse and increasingly acknowledged be subject to increasing risks and hazards from urban development and climate change. To understand these effects, regular monitoring is essential but needs to be appropriate to allow impact assessment and direct long-term mitigation strategies, building resilience under the advancing impacts of climate change. A One Health approach to environmental assessment is needed to counter the emergence of global public health threats, such as antimicrobial resistance (AMR) supporting the interaction between estuarine ecology, humans and the environment. We focus on Thane Creek, Mumbai, India as a critical case being recently designated a RAMSAR site and India’s only urban RAMSAR wetland. The necessity of a robust environmental monitoring system for regulatory policy development reflects impacts from historic and emerging pollution sources. It is a particularly sensitive environment, and one of the largest creeks in Asia, with ecosystem function identified to be highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. Rapid urbanization, causing alterations to creek geometry over relatively short timescales, has impinged on wetland habitats. Data from governmental monitoring and previous studies of environmental quality in Thane Creek are compared to data for other Indian estuaries. Overall, there is evidence of contamination from sources including domestic sewage and nearby industries, which may have chronic impacts on the ecosystem. Dissolved oxygen was lower, biochemical oxygen demand higher, and coliform counts similar in Thane Creek compared to other estuaries. The influence of tidal dynamics and sediment movement is likely to develop seasonal variation in AMR within water and sediments with potential impact on a rich and diverse ecology, especially for migratory birds. Subsets of organic contaminants and potentially toxic elements are currently monitored infrequently in water but have been found enriched in the creek’s sediments. These key geochemical parameters are likely to have significant impacts on environmental health and highlight the need for wider assessment of environmental stressors and the development of more robust estuarine health indicators. Given both the ecological and geographical sensitivity of the region focusing on one health is a more appropriate monitoring strategy to address the emerging ecosystem challenges.