bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A fault‐tolerant combinational circuit with fault diagnosis capability—To mask and detect the loss of any one connection between gate circuits
Authors: Nishigaki Masakatsu , Nakano Makoto , Soga Masakazu 
Published: August 2003

AbstractWe will produce a fault‐tolerant circuit with fault diagnosis function by using neuron‐MOS transistors. As to the fault range, we hypothesize a single disconnection fault in the wiring between gates. First, the inverter, AND gate, and OR gate are fault‐tolerant implemented and the fault‐tolerant logic gates with fault diagnosis mode are designed. Then, we will show that after optimally combining these fault‐tolerant logic gates by the configuration of multiplication standard form, any fault‐tolerant combinational circuit with fault diagnosis function can be obtained by multiplexing the result using interwoven logics. An ideal fault‐tolerant combinational circuit with both fault masking function and fault detection function can be realized. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 34(11): 67–80, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10081
Variational Bayes method for Mixture of Principal Component Analyzers
Authors: Oba Shigeyuki , Sato Masa‐aki , Ishii Shin 
Published: August 2003

AbstractWhen dealing with high‐dimensional data, it is proper to construct an appropriate feature space consisting of relevant features extracted from given data. Mixture of Principal Component Analyzers (MPCA) is a feature extracting tool in which clustering in the data space and principal component analysis in each cluster are simultaneously done. A probabilistic model of MPCA and its maximum likelihood (ML) inference were presented by Tipping and Bishop (1999). Although the probabilistic formulation can be satisfactorily advantageous within Bayesian inference instead of ML inference, Bayesian inference often requires difficult integrations. Such difficulty comes to be overcome by the variational Bayes (VB) approximation that has recently been developed. In this paper, we present a VB inference algorithm for MPCA, and its application to a recognition problem of handwritten digit images. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 34(11): 55–66, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10394
A concepts‐of‐sentences associative neural network
Authors: Tanaka Hitoshi , Huang Jingtao , Hagiwara Masafumi 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis paper proposes a new neural network (the concepts‐of‐sentences associative neural network, CSANN) which performs memory and recall of sentences represented by a semantic network, as an approach toward natural language processing. The semantic network is represented in terms of the triples representation of concepts. The triples representation of concepts consists of concepts linked by relations in sentences represented by natural language. CSANN handles sentence data, which are difficult to handle since the data size is not unique, by decomposing the data into triples representations of concepts and integrating them into the semantic network format. It is verified by computer simulation that the proposed network can store sentences and recall sentences even if the input information is incomplete. Thus, the effectiveness of the proposed network in natural language processing is demonstrated. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 34(11): 43–54, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10476
The niching method for obtaining global optima and local optima in multimodal functions
Authors: Himeno Masako , Himeno Ryutaro 
Published: August 2003

AbstractSometimes it is desirable to know the secondary candidates as well as the global optima of multimodal functions. The Deterministic Crowding (DC) method is an effective type of genetic algorithm for discovering multiple global optima, but it has difficulties discovering local optima. An improvement on this method called “Dispersing Deterministic Crowding” (DDC) is therefore proposed which encourages dispersion of individuals and creation of species within the population in order to increase the discovery of local optima, as well as of global optima. A method for preferential identification of solutions with a fitness exceeding some demanded level is also developed. The performance of DDC is compared with those of other niching methods, DC, sharing, RTS, GA with tabu search, and the immune algorithm, to show its effectiveness. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 34(11): 30–42, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10480
A test sequence generation method for communication protocols using the SAT algorithm
Authors: Mori Takanori , Otsuka Hirotaka , Funabiki Nobuo , Nakata Akio , Higashino Teruo 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe specification for a communication protocol is generally represented by a finite‐state machine, and the operation of the machine is represented by transitions among states. The device implementing such specification is called the implementation under test (IUT). It is important for the IUT that its operation should be verified for all state transitions on the finite‐state machine given in the specification. This test is called the conformance testing. In such testing it is important to generate efficiently a route containing all state transitions from the initial state. This problem is called the test sequence generation problem. This paper considers the test sequence generation problem for a communication protocol and proposes an application of an algorithm for satisfiability problem (SAT) that can flexibly handle various constraints, such as the order constraint and the time constraint among multiple constraints. The proposed method is applied to the dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) and its effectiveness is demonstrated. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 34(11): 20–29, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10482
A color image compression scheme based on the adaptive orthogonalized transform—Accelerated by sorted dictionary
Authors: Miura Takashi , Itagaki Fumihiko , Yokoyama Akihiko , Yamaguchi Momoe 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe paper proposes an improvement of vector search performance for a vector quantization method based on the adaptive orthogonalized transform (AOT). The principle of the improvement is reducing the number of vector comparison by limiting the range of the dictionary. To limit the range of the dictionary, the dictionary vectors are sorted by the angle to the standard vectors in advance. The optimal vector position is estimated by the angle to the standard vectors in accordance with the position tables, and comparison is made around the estimated position. The effectiveness of the proposal is confirmed by numerical experiments. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 34(11): 10–19, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10491
Image reconstruction with a source space tree algorithm for Compton CT
Authors: Ogawa Koichi , Ohta Jin 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis paper proposes a Compton CT technique which accurately reconstructs the image of the radiation source distribution in the object cross section from the data observed by Compton scattering. The source space tree algorithm (SSTA) is proposed as an image reconstruction method in Compton CT. The method consists of reconstructing the source distribution by summing the weights assigned to the voxels intersecting the surface of a cone determined by the Compton scattering angle. In this process, it is necessary to make a decision about the intersection between the voxels composing the back‐projection space and the cone surface. In the conventional method, the spherical region is used in making the decision. This may produce an incorrect judgment of intersection, resulting in an artifact on the image. In the proposed method, a cube is used instead of a sphere. This makes the intersection decision more accurate, resulting in reconstruction of the image without artifacts. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by simulations. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 34(11): 1–9, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10496
A panoramic view system for extracting key sentences and discovering keywords that express the features of a document
Authors: Sunayama Wataru , Yachida Masahiko 
Published: August 2003

AbstractWith the widespread use of the Internet in recent years, documents are increasingly handled by electronic means. However, due to physical and time limitations it is difficult to review all of these documents. To allow selection of desired documents, it is useful to prepare a summary representing the content of each document. Consequently, this paper proposes a panoramic view system which extracts important sentences by a unique method. The system surveys the whole text and detects the keywords that express the features of the text. The feature keywords are extracted as words closely related to the main topic of the text and help to extract important relevant sentences. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 34(11): 81–90, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1215
Real‐time rendering system of human figures from arbitrary viewpoints using multiple cameras
Authors: Kunita Yutaka , Inami Masahiko , Maeda Taro , Tachi Susumu 
Published: August 2003

AbstractTo enable face‐to‐face communication between remote users, we developed a prototype system that projects real‐time realistic images of human figures into a virtual space. Since real‐time responsiveness, in particular, is required for this kind of use, the prototype equipment has the following special features. First, it uses a simple technique that extracts images captured by multiple cameras and projects them onto a plane located in the virtual space. Since the geometric shape of the human figure need not be obtained when using this technique, the required computing power is extremely small. The generated image error becomes large if the subject is not in the vicinity of the virtual plane. We formulated this by defining a fixed range within which the subject should exist as the “equivalent depth of field.” Also, among the video signals obtained by the multiple cameras, the implemented system selects only the ones required for image generation and enters them into the computer in terms of scan line units. By selectively discarding information at an early stage in this way, a high‐precision image can be generated without degradation even if there are few video‐capture boards. These special features enabled us to show the effectiveness of the proposed technique by successfully generating real‐time images using a consumer‐oriented, low‐cost personal computer. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 34(11): 91–100, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1216
Hierarchical Bayesian air conditioning load prediction—A nonlinear dynamical systems approach
Authors: Nakajima Yoshinori , Saito Motoki , Sugi Junjiro , Hamagishi Hiroaki , Matsumoto Takashi 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis paper considers the energy demand prediction problem and formulates it in the framework of hierarchical Bayesian nonlinear time series prediction with a neural net. As a practical problem, the method is applied to thermal load prediction of a formal energy storage system and the results are presented. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 34(11): 101–110, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.1217
Molecular orientation of EVA chains adsorbed on chemically controlled surfaces: influence of specific interactions
Authors: Elzein Tamara , Brogly Maurice , Schultz Jacques 
Published: August 2003

AbstractMolecular orientation of ethylene–vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer nanofilms adsorbed on chemically controlled surfaces is studied. Four EVA copolymers with different contents of vinyl acetate (VA) were spin‐coated onto gold, COOH and NH2 functionalized substrates in order to study chain behaviour when adsorbed in a quasi‐two‐dimensional system. Polarization‐modulation infrared reflection–absorption spectroscopy (PM‐IRRAS), a very suitable technique to study thin films, was the key to quantitative calculation of EVA chain orientational angles. Acid–base interactions between carbonyl groups of the chain ramification (vinyl acetate units) and the surface functionalities are evidenced on the basis of infrared spectra. Their incidence on the molecular orientation is also discussed.Our results show a quasi‐parallel orientation of EVA main chains with respect to the surface plane for all adsorption substrates. At the same time, orientation changes of the acetate groups are observed when the EVA copolymer is adsorbed onto functionalized substrates, suggesting that acid–base interactions could influence the orientation of these groups. However, these changes are limited and cannot reorient the main chain axis. Moreover, our results show that increasing VA content in the chain does not lead to more carbonyl functions involved in acid–base interactions with the adsorption surface. This fact also will be discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Denoising and multivariate analysis of time‐of‐flight SIMS images
Authors: Wickes Bronwyn T. , Kim Yongmin , Castner David G. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractTime‐of‐flight SIMS (ToF‐SIMS) imaging offers a modality for simultaneously visualizing the spatial distribution of different surface species. However, the utility of ToF‐SIMS datasets may be limited by their large size, degraded mass resolution and low ion counts per pixel. Through denoising and multivariate image analysis, regions of similar chemistries may be differentiated more readily in ToF‐SIMS image data. Three established denoising algorithms—down‐binning, boxcar and wavelet filtering—were applied to ToF‐SIMS images of different surface geometries and chemistries. The effect of these filters on the performance of principal component analysis (PCA) was evaluated in terms of the capture of important chemical image features in the principal component score images, the quality of the principal component score images and the ability of the principal components to explain the chemistries responsible for the image contrast. All filtering methods were found to improve the performance of PCA for all image datasets studied by improving capture of image features and producing principal component score images of higher quality than the unfiltered ion images. The loadings for filtered and unfiltered PCA models described the regions of chemical contrast by identifying peaks defining the regions of different surface chemistry. Down‐binning the images to increase pixel size and signal was the most effective technique to improve PCA performance. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The distribution of hydroxyl ions at the surface of anodic alumina
Authors: Alexander M. R. , Beamson G. , Bailey P. , Noakes T. C. Q. , Skeldon P. , Thompson G. E. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractBarrier‐type anodic films 3–15 nm thick have been formed on electropolished 99.999% aluminium. Variable‐angle XPS has been used to identify a significant proportion of hydroxyl ions at the surface of the relatively compact alumina films. The location of an oxygen‐rich region at the outer surface of the oxide has been confirmed by medium‐energy ion scattering (MEIS). Combining the information from these two techniques leads to the conclusion that a hydroxyl‐containing surface region is responsible for this oxygen‐rich surface layer, MEIS revealing an approximately linear relationship between the total oxide thickness and the thickness of the hydroxyl‐rich surface region. From consideration of the mechanisms of amorphous alumina formation by ionic transport, with incorporation of electrolyte‐derived species into the thickening film, the generation of the hydroxyl‐rich outermost region is considered to result from the formation of gel‐like material at the film/electrolyte interface. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fabrication of β″‐alumina films as a thermoelectric material by thermal plasma processing
Authors: Kim Jong‐Taek , Lim Kyung‐Bum , Lee Duck‐Chool 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe fabrication of β″‐alumina films as thermoelectric materials was investigated by thermal plasma processing based on the forced constrictive‐type reactor. Under both atmospheric and low pressures, β″‐alumina films were synthesized successfully from a mixed powder of α‐Al2O3, Na2CO3 and MgO. The jet powder and substrate position strongly affect the properties of plasma‐processed β″‐alumina, which were found to be correlated with jet temperature. For both pressures, the films show good thermoelectric properties. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calculation of the surface energy of bcc metals by using the modified embedded‐atom method
Authors: Zhang Jian‐Min , Ma Fei , Xu Ke‐Wei 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe surface energies for 24 surfaces of bcc metals Li, Na, K, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W and Fe have been calculated by using the modified embedded‐atom method. The results show that for most bcc metals the lowest surface energies correspond to the (110) surface, as predicted from the bcc lattice, and the highest surface energies correspond to the (433) surface. From surface energy minimization, the (110) texture should be favourable in the bcc films. This is consistent with experimental results. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adsorption of polyamides and polyamide–silane mixtures at glass surfaces
Authors: Shallenberger Jeffrey R. , Metwalli EzzEldin , Pantano Carlo G. , Tuller F. Norman , Fry Douglas F. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe individual and combined adsorption behavior of polyamides and two different silanes to multicomponent glass surfaces was probed with a combination of x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and static contact angle measurements. Samples were analyzed with and without solvent rinsing to separate the weakly bound (physisorbed) and more strongly bound (chemisorbed) species. High‐resolution XPS on N 1s revealed that the polyamides adsorb to the glass surfaces via protonated amine species at the acidic (OH) sites on the glass surface. Angle‐resolved XPS confirmed this by showing that the alkyl portion of the polymer is oriented away from the glass interface. In competitive coadsorption studies it was found that amino‐terminated silanes preferentially adsorb to the glass surface, relegating the polyamide to a physisorbed outer layer. When mercaptoterminated silanes were competitively coadsorbed the polyamide was preferentially adsorbed even when present at a concentration twenty times less than that of the silane. Altogether, this work reveals the strong interaction between surface silanols and amino‐functionalized organics. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radiation‐induced migration of additives in PVC‐based biomedical disposable devices Part 2. Surface analysis by XPS
Authors: Atzei D. , Elsener B. , Manfredini M. , Marchetti A. , Malagoli M. , Galavotti F. , Rossi A. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractExtruded parts of non‐sterilized and β‐irradiated (25 and 50 kGy) plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) used for disposable medical devices have been studied to investigate the effect of sterilization on surface chemical composition. The polymer surfaces were analysed using angle‐resolved x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The inner surface of the blood tubing lines showed a fairly smooth surface both before and after sterilization, so a laterally homogeneous surface can be assumed for XPS analysis. The XPS survey spectra exhibited no signals besides carbon, chlorine, oxygen and calcium. Detailed analysis of the regions showed the C 1s, Cl 2p and O 1s signals to be multi‐component, presenting signals of the PVC, the plasticizer and the other additives. Binding energies remained constant irrespective of β‐radiation dosage, but the amount of chlorine component at 198.4 ± 0.1 eV (associated with modified PVC) decreased with sterilization dosage. Angle‐resolved XPS revealed that this component is located at the outermost surface of the polymer. It can be hypothesized that the production processes themselves (extrusion and/or injection molded) already induce modifications of the polymer surface and also lead to surface segregation of the plasticizer. During the subsequent thermal sterilization of the polymer dehydrochlorination continues but, because of the very short time required by the β‐irradiation technology to sterilize devices, the atmospheric oxygen is unable to diffuse into the irradiated material, thus inhibiting further side‐degradation of the materials, such as thermo‐oxidative degradation. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cationization of dendritic macromolecule adsorbates on metals studied by time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry
Authors: Coullerez Géraldine , Mathieu Hans Jörg , Lundmark Stefan , Malkoch Michael , Magnusson Heléne , Hult Anders 
Published: August 2003

AbstractTime‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) was utilized to study dendritic macromolecules with various architectures, such as dendrons, dendrimers and hyperbranched polyesters prepared from bis‐(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid (Bis‐MPA) and a series of hyperbranched polyethers based on 3‐ethyl‐3(hydroxymethyl)oxetane. The measurements were performed on spin‐coated thin films of the branched molecules (D) onto silicon, chemically etched copper foil and silver‐coated wafers. They showed weak signatures of molecular ions by proton capture (D + H)+ in the high mass range of the spectra (m/z > 400). On the contrary, cationization of the intact molecules with alkali or transition metal ions such as Na+, Cu+ or Ag+ was observed. High‐intensity quasi‐molecular ions (D + M)+ (with M = Na+, Cu+ or Ag+) allowed the studied polymers to be identified. The whole molecular species were observed for Bis‐MPA dendrons and dendrimers up to 3000 Da for hydroxyl or acetonide‐terminated derivatives. The success of the so‐called cationization experiments with metal substrates compared with analysis of molecular adsorbates on silicon is highlighted. The ToF‐SIMS sensitivity appeared useful to provide information about the molecular end‐groups or to highlight incomplete reaction occurring during some deprotection step of the synthesis. Only uncationized fragments of low masses were detected for the hyperbranched polyesters. This result suggested the effect of molecular asymmetry and/or flattening of the molecules on the substrates, which hampered the molecule lift‐off efficiency. Nevertheless, the hyperbranched polyethers were characterized based on the peak distribution of intensities, which allowed estimation of their molecular weight average. This work was intended to illustrate the capabilities of ToF‐SIMS to analyse dendritic polymers on surfaces. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.