bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
X-RAY DIFFRACTION PATTERNS FROM PLANT FIBERS
Authors: Sponsler O. L. 
Published: May 2004

The rather long discussion just given seemed necessary in order to establish certain points before attempting to develop the lattice structure and before working out the identity of the structural unit of the ramie fiber.
1. Certain planes, 6.10, 5.40, 3.98, etc., as given in Table I, run lengthwise of the fiber; that is, they are parallel to the long axis.
2. These planes are in agreement with the assumption that one set, either the 6.10 or the 5.40 is tangential to the fiber and forms concentric cylinders, with the long axis of the fiber as the long axis of the cylinders; the other set, either the 5.40 or the 6.10. cuts the former at right angles and therefore its planes are radial with respect to the fiber, theoretically all of them meeting at the long axis, as indicated in the cross-section of a fiber in Fig. 3.
3. Other planes, 5.15, 3.40, 2.58, etc., as given in Table III, are transverse planes which form right angles with the long axis and therefore with the planes of Table I.
4. All of the planes are composed of reflecting units, probably groups of atoms, located at the intersections of the planes. This being the case, other reflecting planes must occur at other angles to the long axis. This prediction is verified by the lines given in Table IV.
5. The structural units in the wall of the fiber thus form a space lattice, the elementary cell of which is an orthorhombic structure.
6. Comparatively little can be said as yet concerning the structural unit. The unit is very probably composed of a group of atoms which are more or less closely packed together. If the groups were visible they would appear, in a cross-section of a fiber, as closely packed groups of atoms, 6.10 Å.u. from center to center of groups in one direction, and 5.40 Å.u. at right angles to that. In a longitudinal section, however, they would appear less compact and might even lose the appearance of groups in forming long strings of atoms which would extend lengthwise of the fiber.
By establishing the positions of the planes in the wall of the fiber, as in Tables I, III, and IV, it would seem that all dimensions of the elementary cell, and the size and character of the structural unit, could be determined. Work along these lines is now in progress.
TEMPERATURE AND HEART RATE IN PTEROTRACHEA AND TIEDEMANNIA
Authors: Glaser Otto 
Published: May 2004

1. For the heart rate in Pterotrachea coronata, intermediate temperatures disclose a thermal increment of 11,200 ±. This value is identical with the one reported by Crozier and Stier for the lamelli-branch, Anodonta. In the pteropod, Tiedemannia neapolitana the same temperatures typically reveal in the heart rate a µ value of 16,200 ± This agrees quantitatively with 16,300 found by Crozier and Stier for the heart of the slug, Limax maximus.
2. At high temperatures the average value of µ for Pterotrachea is 7,300: for Tiedemannia, 7,400. The corresponding averages at the lower limits are 22,000 and 23,000.
3. The great variability found near the edges of the temperature field are explicable in two ways. During intermissions characteristic of high temperatures and occurring also at low, we can assume a restorative process; while at both the upper and lower limits we may, in addition, find that reactions assume control which under ordinary circumstances never do so. Special evidence indicates that the highest temperatures employed, 27°C., and the lowest, 4°C., caused no irreversible changes in mechanism.
4. The theoretical analysis of the experimental facts makes use of Meyerhof's conception of carbohydrate metabolism and projects the cyclical nature of rhythm into the substrate of control. Assuming as a source of energy an original supply of material O, the value of 22,000 ± is assigned provisionally to a mobilization hydrolysis while 11,200 ± and 16,000 ± are attached to oxidative reactions influenced respectively by OH' and possibly Fe, or some other catalyst. The lowest value, 7,300 ± is assumed to indicate a synthetic process (lactic acid → glycogen?), possibly limited by CO2 excretion. In the present state of our knowledge, this distribution and interpretation seems to account reasonably for the experimental facts, but until we know more about the neurogenic controls, is entitled to rank only as an hypothesis.
THE EFFECT OF ADVANCE IN LACTATION AND GESTATION ON MAMMARY ACTIVITY
Authors: Gaines W. L. , Davidson F. A. 
Published: May 2004

The rate of milk secretion in farrow cows may be expressed as
See PDF for Equation,
in which y = yield and t = time from calving. Pregnancy causes a decrease in yield which may be expressed as
See PDF for Equation,
in which i = inhibition or decrease in yield and p = time from conception. The constant K appears to be the same for various groups but b is roughly proportional to a. The decrease in yield associated with pregnancy is interpreted as due to a hormone. The hormone hypothesis also affords an interpretation of the increasing rate of milk secretion which occurs for a short time following parturition.
THE COMBINATION OF SALTS AND PROTEINS
Authors: Northrop John H. , Kunitz M. 
Published: May 2004

A method is described for measuring membrane potentials of gelatin-salt solutions, and it is pointed out that such measurements, together with the analysis of the solutions, allow the calculation of the concentration of ions combined with the protein.
The values for the combined ions obtained in this way for ZnCl2, KCl, LiCl, and HCl agree quite well with those obtained by direct concentration cell measurements.
THE TRANSPORT OF GAS BY THE BLOOD OF THE TURTLE
Authors: Southworth F. C. , Redfield A. C. 
Published: May 2004

The chief characteristics of the blood of the turtle Pseudemys concinna, considered as a system for the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide, are its low corpuscular content (10 to 22 per cent by volume) and its high concentration of base bound as bicarbonate.
These characteristics account fully for the shape and position of the carbon dioxide dissociation curve, the effect of oxygenation and reduction of the hemoglobin upon the carbon dioxide-combining power of the blood, and the distribution of carbon dioxide between the corpuscles and plasma.
The oxygen-combining capacity of the turtle corpuscles does not differ from that of an equal volume of human erythrocytes. The oxygen dissociation curve is similar to that of mammalian blood and is affected in like manner by the quantity of carbon dioxide present. Its exact shape and position depend in part upon the number of corpuscles in the blood; in part its characteristics cannot be attributed to known chemical factors.
LIGHT TITRATIONS
Authors: Field John , Baas-Becking Lourens G. M. 
Published: May 2004

1. The usefulness of the radiomicrometer in titration work has been pointed out. The authors suggest that light titration may also be used where a reaction mixture changes its absorption in the (near) infra-red.
2. The applicability of this method to the starch-iodine reaction has been demonstrated.
ON THE MODIFICATION OF TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Crozier W. J. , Stier T. J. B. 
Published: May 2004

In December and January the frequency of heart beat in Limax exhibits µ = 11,500 ± 250. The ingestion of a small volume of sugar solution results in temporary change of µ to 16,200 ± 320, which accords quantitatively with the value obtained from these slugs in spring. This effect of the sugar is reversible, but lasts longer than the abolition of negative phototropism which the sugar also produces.
Other instances are given in which the value of the temperature characteristics for vital processes have been changed experimentally. The new values which appear have already been obtained in connection with homologous activities.
These results confirm the view that the critical thermal increments serve to characterize recognizably different governing reactions in living matter, and indicate a basis for specific experimental control.
THE EFFECT OF HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION ON SWELLING OF CELLS
Authors: Lucke Baldwin , McCutcheon Morton 
Published: May 2004

1. The effect of HCl, NaOH, CO2, and NH3 on the volume of unfertilized Arbacia eggs was tested over a wide range of pH values.
2. No swelling occurred, except in HCl solutions, and there not until after injury or death had occurred.
3. Whereas the volume of erythrocytes and of proteins such as gelatin is known to be dependent on the pH of the solution, such a relation does not exist in the case of living and uninjured cells, at least of the type tested.
AN EMPIRICAL FORMULA FOR THE RELATION BETWEEN VISCOSITY OF SOLUTION AND VOLUME OF SOLUTE
Authors: Kunitz M. 
Published: May 2004

It has been found that the expression
See PDF for Equation
represents very closely the relation between the volume of the solute and the viscosity of the solution. The formula has been applied to a number of experimental results and found to hold very well for as high concentrations as 50 per cent solutions of such substances as sugars, glycogen, casein, and rubber. In the case of various sugar solutions, and also in the case of sulfur suspensions, the volume of the solute as calculated from the viscosity values agrees with the actual volume of the substance in dry state, as determined from specific gravity measurement, while in the case of caoutchouc solutions in benzene the values of φ as calculated from the viscosity measurements fit remarkably well in the equation for osmotic pressure.
THE TOXIC ACTION OF COPPER ON NITELLA
Authors: Cook S. F. 
Published: May 2004

1. Using the loss of turgidity of the cells as a criterion it is found that the toxicity curve of copper chloride with Nitella is sigmoid. An empirical equation can be constructed which will approximately fit the curve.
2. When the concentration of the copper chloride is varied the toxic effect varies as a constant, fractional, power of the concentration. This relation holds when the concentration is plotted against either (1) the time necessary to reach a given point on the ordinate of the survivor curve, (2) the maximum speed of toxic action as shown by the tangent to the survivor curve or (3) the first derivative of the equation which fits the survivor curve.
3. When the temperature is varied and the logarithm of the reciprocal of the time necessary to reach a given point on the survivor curves is plotted against the reciprocal of the absolute temperature the resulting figure consists of several intersecting curves. A hypothetical system is described which will give straight lines under normal conditions and curves when acted upon by a toxic agent.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ONTOGENY
Authors: Murray Henry A. ,   With the Assistance of Yetta Porosowsky.
Published: May 2004

Investigations of the chicken embryo during its incubation period show that:
1. The pH and the chloride concentration of the tissues decrease with age; the fall is most rapid between the 10th and the 13th days of incubation.
2. The concentration of total CO2 increases with age. This fact is not considered inconsistent with a possible decrease in the concentration of active bicarbonate ions, since the increased CO2 might well be the result of absorption of calcium carbonate from the shell and its precipitation as bone in the embryo.
3. The concentration of protein increases with age, especially between the 12th and the 16th days of incubation.
The fact that the electrolytes change with the greatest rapidity at about 11½ days, the protein at 14 days, and the fat at 16½ days might be taken as a demonstration of the phenomenon of unequal development in the realm of biochemical differentiation and consequently that some notion of order, depending upon molecular reactivity and mobility would describe the process better than any concept of dynamic equilibrium.
DRD2 Gene Transfer Into the Nucleus Accumbens Core of the Alcohol Preferring and Nonpreferring Rats Attenuates Alcohol Drinking
Authors: Thanos Panayotis K. , Taintor Nicholas B. , Rivera Seth N. , Umegaki Hiroyuki , Ikari Hiroyuki , Roth George , Ingram Donald K. , Hitzemann Robert , Fowler Joanna S. , Gatley S. John , Wang Gene‐Jack , Volkow Nora D. 
Published: May 2004

Abstract: Background: Transient overexpression of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) using an adenoviral vector has been associated with a significant decrease in alcohol intake in Sprague Dawley rats. This overexpression of DRD2 reduced alcohol consumption in a two‐bottle‐choice paradigm and supported the view that high levels of DRD2 may be protective against alcohol abuse.Methods: Using a limited access (1 hr) two‐bottle‐choice (water versus 10% ethanol) drinking paradigm, we examined the effects of the DRD2 vector in alcohol intake in the genetically inbred alcohol‐preferring (P) and ‐nonpreferring (NP) rats. In addition, micro–positron emission tomography imaging was used at the completion of the study to assess in vivo the chronic (7 weeks) effects of ethanol exposure on DRD2 levels between the two groups.Results: P rats that were treated with the DRD2 vector (in the NAc) significantly attenuated their alcohol preference (37% decrease) and intake (48% decrease), and these measures returned to pretreatment levels by day 20. A similar pattern of behavior (attenuation of ethanol drinking) was observed in NP rats. Analysis of the [11C]raclopride micro–positron emission tomography data after chronic (7 weeks) exposure to ethanol revealed clear DRD2 binding differences between the P and NP rats. P rats showed 16% lower [11C]raclopride specific binding in striatum than the NP rats.Conclusions: These findings further support our hypothesis that high levels of DRD2 are causally associated with a reduction in alcohol consumption and may serve as a protective factor against alcoholism. That this effect was seen in P rats, which are predisposed to alcohol intake, suggests that they are protective even in those who are genetically predisposed to high alcohol intake. It is noteworthy that increasing DRD2 significantly decreased alcohol intake but did not abolish it, suggesting that high DRD2 levels may specifically interfere with the administration of large quantities of alcohol. The significantly higher DRD2 concentration in NP than P rats after 7 weeks of ethanol therefore could account for low alcohol intake.
Gender Differences in the Relationships Between Multiple Measures of Alcohol Consumption and Physical and Mental Health
Authors: Green Carla A. , Perrin Nancy A. , Polen Michael R. 
Published: May 2004

Abstract: Background: Epidemiological research examining health consequences of alcohol consumption generally relies on average volume consumed, yet examinations of drinking patterns show different dimensions of use associated with different health outcomes. Gender differences in metabolism and body composition may lead to gender‐specific consequences of drinking frequency, quantity consumed per occasion, average amount consumed, and drinking pattern. Inconsistent results suggest gender differences are not well understood.Methods: Participants were 3069 male and 2600 female health maintenance organization survey respondents. Gender differences in relationships between alcohol consumption and health were examined using analyses of covariance adjusting for age alone and for age, ethnicity, marital status, body water index, and smoking. Past‐year alcohol consumption (frequency, quantity per occasion, average drinks per month, and drinking pattern) and health measures (Short Form‐36 general health, physical functioning, mental health subscales) were examined.Results: Gender × drinking frequency and drinking quantity interactions were significant in age‐adjusted and fully adjusted models of general health and physical functioning. Gender interactions for drinking pattern were significant in the age‐adjusted model and marginally significant in the fully adjusted model. No gender × drinking measure interactions were found for mental health. Fully adjusted models attenuated but did not eliminate gender differences for health and magnified relationships for functioning, the latter after adjusting for body water. For both genders, light to moderate consumption and more frequent drinking were associated with better health and functioning; relationships were stronger among women than men.Conclusions: Gender × drinking measure interactions in health outcomes suggest analyses should include such interactions except, possibly, for mental health. Adjusting for potential confounders can attenuate (general health) or magnify (physical functioning) gender differences. Functional status appears a sensitive measure for evaluating gender differences in alcohol's health effects, adjusting for body water. Women's health may benefit proportionally more from moderate drinking than men's.
Alcohol‐Induced Lipid and Morphological Changes in Chick Retinal Development
Authors: Aguilera Yolanda , Ruiz‐Gutiérrez Valentina , Prada Francisco A. , Martínez Juan J. , Quesada Adela , Dorado Manuel E. 
Published: May 2004

Abstract: Background: Alcohol exposure causes alterations in the lipid content of different organs and a reduction of long‐chain fatty acids. During embryo development, the central nervous system is extremely vulnerable to the teratogenic effects of alcohol, and the visual system is particularly sensitive.Methods: White Leghorn chick embryos were injected with 10‐ and 20‐μl alcohol doses into the yolk sac at day 6 of incubation. The lipid composition of the retina was analyzed in embryos at day 7 of incubation (E7), E11, E15, and E18. The percentages of phospholipids, free cholesterol, esterified cholesterol, diacylglycerides, and free fatty acids were estimated by using an Iatroscan thin layer chromatography flame ionization detector. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry were used to determine fatty acid composition. The morphological study was performed at E7, E11, and E19 by means of semithin and immunohistochemical techniques.Results: In the retina, alcohol causes the total lipid content to change, with a remarkable increase in free cholesterol and a dramatic decrease in esterified cholesterol. Diacylglycerides and free fatty acids tend to increase. Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine decrease, whereas phosphatidylserine, sphingomyelin, and phosphatidylinositol increase. The main fatty acids of the retina also undergo changes. At E7, myriotic acid increases, and oleic acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid decrease. From E18 onward, there is some recovery, except for fatty acids, which recover earlier. From a morphological point of view, alcohol effects on retinal development are various: increase of intercellular spaces in all cell layers, pyknosis with loss of cellularity in the inner nuclear cell layer and ganglion cell layer, retarded or disorderly cell migration, early cell differentiation, and loss of immunoreactivity for myelin oligodendrocyte–specific protein.Conclusions: Acute alcohol exposure during embryo development causes the lipid composition of the retina to change, with a trend to recovery in the last stages. These alterations are in line with the changes observed at a morphological level.
Long‐Lasting Alterations of the Mesolimbic Dopamine System After Periadolescent Ethanol Drinking by Alcohol‐Preferring Rats
Authors: Sahr A. E. , Thielen R. J. , Lumeng L. , Li T.‐K. , McBride W. J. 
Published: May 2004

Abstract: Background: This study tested the hypothesis that ethanol consumption by alcohol‐preferring (P) rats during the periadolescent period causes persistent alterations in the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system. After ethanol drinking during periadolescence, P rats were examined for alterations in basal locomotor activity, changes in extracellular DA levels and extraction fraction in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) by using no‐net‐flux (NNF) microdialysis, and changes in the response of the mesolimbic DA system to ethanol.Methods: Male P rat pups were given 24‐hr free‐choice access to 15% (v/v) ethanol from postnatal day (PD) 30 through PD 60. On PD 70, rats were assessed for locomotor activity. On PD 70 to 80, rats were implanted with bilateral guide cannulas aimed above the NAc. After at least 5 days, microdialysis probes were inserted bilaterally; on the following day, NNF microdialysis experiments were conducted. On the day after the NNF experiment, conventional microdialysis experiments were conducted to measure extracellular levels of DA in response to intraperitoneal injection of saline or ethanol 2.5 g/kg.Results: Compared with the ethanol‐naive group, ethanol drinking by P rats during periadolescence did not alter basal locomotor activity, nor did it alter the basal extracellular concentration of DA. There was, however, a significant increase in the extraction fraction of DA of ethanol‐drinking animals relative to the controls (57.4 ± 2.7% and 45.8 ± 2.3%, respectively). Additionally, compared with controls, P rats with exposure to ethanol during the periadolescent period showed a prolonged increase in the extracellular levels of DA after a challenge dose of ethanol.Conclusions: The results of the microdialysis experiments suggest that periadolescent ethanol drinking by P rats increases basal DA neurotransmission (as indicated by higher DA clearance while maintaining the same extracellular DA concentrations) and prolongs the response of DA neurotransmission to ethanol.
Acoustic Startle Reactivity During Acute Alcohol Withdrawal in Rats That Differ in Genetic Predisposition Toward Alcohol Drinking: Effect of Stimulus Characteristics
Authors: Chester Julia A. , Blose Annette M. , Froehlich Janice C. 
Published: May 2004

Abstract: Background: We have previously reported an association between greater alcohol withdrawal magnitude after a single alcohol exposure and a genetic predisposition toward low alcohol drinking in rats selectively bred for differences in alcohol intake when acoustic startle reactivity to a tone stimulus was used to index acute alcohol withdrawal. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the quality of the acoustic startle stimulus (noise versus tone) is important for detecting a genetic relationship between alcohol withdrawal magnitude and alcohol drinking behavior.Methods: Alcohol‐naive male rats selectively bred for high alcohol intake [alcohol‐preferring (P), high‐alcohol‐drinking (HAD)1, and HAD2] or low alcohol intake [alcohol‐nonpreferring (NP), low‐alcohol‐drinking (LAD)1, and LAD2] received a single intragastric infusion of water or alcohol (4.0 g/20.3 ml/kg; 25% v/v), and acoustic startle test sessions were given at 14, 16, 18, 20, and 24 hr after infusion. Each test session consisted of a 5‐min acclimation period followed by random presentation of various white noise stimuli (90, 100, 110, and 120 dB.)Results: Line differences in acoustic startle magnitude under control conditions were present in all three pairs of selectively bred lines; P rats showed a greater startle magnitude relative to NP rats, whereas both LAD lines showed a greater startle magnitude relative to both HAD lines. During alcohol withdrawal, the P, HAD1, and HAD2 lines showed enhanced startle magnitude compared with their water‐treated controls. No change in startle magnitude during alcohol withdrawal was found in the NP, LAD1, or LAD2 lines.Conclusions: In contrast to our prior findings, these results showed a genetic association between high alcohol drinking and a greater startle response magnitude to a noise stimulus during alcohol withdrawal. It seems that the genetic association between alcohol drinking and alcohol withdrawal, as assessed by the acoustic startle response, depends on the quality of the acoustic startle stimulus.