bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE CARDIAC FACTOR IN THE "PRESSOR" EFFECTS OF RENIN AND ANGIOTONIN
Authors: Hill W. H. Philip , Andrus E. Cowles 
Published: June 2004

Upon the isolated hearts of cats perfused with Ringer-Locke solution renin produced no significant effect. Angiotonin, on the other hand, brought about decrease in coronary flow and increase in amplitude of beat without any consistent effect upon heart rate.
Both renin and angiotonin augmented the cardiac output and raised the "arterial" pressure in the Starling heart-lung preparation; here too without influence on the heart rate.
Electrocardiograms recorded before, during and after the pressor effects of renin and angiotonin in the anesthetized cat showed no abnormalities until the blood pressure had risen above 190 mm. Hg when various types of cardiac arrhythmias appeared. These were prevented, or normal rhythm was restored, by cutting the vagus nerves or injecting atropine.
It is concluded that the "pressor" effects of renal pressor substances include direct stimulation of the myocardium and augmentation of ventricular beat. Unless these actions lead to excessive decrease in diastolic volume of the ventricles, the cardiac output will be increased. The significance of this in the production of the pressor effect is discussed.
THE TUBULAR FACTOR IN RENAL HEMOGLOBIN EXCRETION
Authors: Yuile Charles L. , Steinman John F. , Hahn P. F. , Clark William F. 
Published: June 2004

A drop has been observed in the renal threshold for hemoglobin in dogs, of over 60 per cent, following repeated injections daily. It was not associated with a cessation of tubular reabsorption.
Hemoglobin excretion rate curves, obtained initially and after lowering the threshold, have proved to be parallel lines originating at the respective levels.
Hemoglobin containing radio-active iron has been used to determine the amount of iron retained by the kidneys 24 hours after injection.
The kidneys of normal animals retain slightly less iron than those of animals with lowered thresholds, despite the fact that the former group has a much higher estimated rate of tubular reabsorption.
It is suggested that hemoglobin products are more rapidly removed from the kidneys of normal animals, following reabsorption, than from those of animals which have received multiple injections of hemoglobin.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF HUMAN POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Sabin Albert B. , Ward Robert 
Published: June 2004

Studies on the elimination of virus in human paralytic poliomyelitis during the first 2 weeks of the disease, revealed the following:—
1. The nasal (not nasopharyngeal) secretions collected from 22 patients on cotton plugs over a period of 3 days and the saliva and oral secretions expectorated during a similar period by 20 patients failed to yield virus.
2. In 10 of the patients whose secretions (nasal, oral, or both) were investigated, virus was isolated from single specimens of the lower intestinal contents.
3. No virus was found in large amounts of urine (up to 200 cc.) obtained from 12 patients, 6 of whom had paralysis of the bladder.
4. In the present tests virus was found 4 times more often in the stools of patients under 8 years of age (64 per cent of 11 cases) than in older individuals (17 per cent of 12 cases). This difference was found to obtain when our data were combined with those which could justifiably be selected from the literature, the total figures indicating that virus has been isolated from 50 per cent of 58 children under 8 years of age and from 12 per cent of 60 older individuals.
5. No support was found for the hypothesis that poliomyelitis virus in the stools originates from swallowed nasal secretions and saliva or oral secretions.
THE NATURAL HISTORY OF EXPERIMENTAL POLIOMYELITIS INFECTION
Authors: Sabin Albert B. , Ward Robert 
Published: June 2004

1. Eight rhesus monkeys with experimental poliomyelitis following intrasciatic inoculation of "M.V." virus were used to study the extent of virus spread in the central and peripheral nervous systems and the question of its elimination in the nasal secretions.
2. Tests on nasal secretions collected on absorbent cotton plugs daily and continuously from the moment of inoculation to the end of the disease failed to reveal virus.
3. No virus was found in the olfactory bulbs, nasal mucosa, tonsils and adjacent pharyngeal tissue, salivary glands, adrenals, superior cervical sympathetic ganglia, abdominal celiac ganglia, and small intestine.
4. Elimination of virus by the nasal route was not one of the consequences of poliomyelitis infection resulting from invasion of the "M.V." virus by way of a peripheral nerve in rhesus monkeys.
5. No indiscriminate widespread dissemination of virus occurred in the central nervous system of the intraneurally inoculated rhesus monkeys nor did the virus spread outward sufficiently to involve the collateral sympathetic ganglia or the collections of nerve cells in various peripheral tissues. Under certain circumstances, therefore, the presence of virus in these ganglia and tissues may be used as an index to the portal of entry of the virus.
COMPARATIVE DIABETOGENIC ACTION OF THE HYPOPHYSIS FROM VARIOUS ANIMALS
Authors: Houssay B. A. , Smyth F. S. , Foglia V. G. , Houssay A. B. 
Published: June 2004

Of all the anterior hypophyses tested, those of the human produced the most marked diabetogenic action in the dog with its pancreatic tissue reduced to 4 gm., and in the hypophysectomized and pancreatectomized toad. The human hypophysis also produced diabetogenic action in the normal dog on daily doses of 1.26 mg. per kilo per day for 2 days.
The hypophysectomized dog with its pancreas reduced to 4 gm. is very sensitive to the anterior hypophyseal diabetogenic action and is the best test animal for demonstrating such action in mammals.
The anterior hypophysis of man, toad, rat, and chicken produces in such animals a diabetogenic action with doses of from 10 to 15 mg. per kilo per day. The bovine anterior hypophysis has identical action in 20 mg. doses. That of canine origin was much less active in a few though inconclusive experiments.
It was impossible to demonstrate a diabetogenic action with either guinea pig hypophysis or with that of fish probably because insufficient doses were injected.
The diabetogenic action was not obtained by the injection of other organ extracts of toads, dogs and oxen, of corticosterone (30, 40, and 60 mg. in 4 days) or of desoxycorticosterone (80 mg. and 200 mg. in 4 days).
The toad (Bufo arenarum Hensel), deprived of its hypophysis and pancreas is the most sensitive biological reactor for testing the diabetogenic action. In this animal the diabetogenic action of anterior hypophyses from varied sources decreased in the following order: man, dog, toad (Bufo arenarum Hensel), white rat, guinea pig, chicken (whole hypophysis), ox, serpent (Constrictor constrictor (L.)), the fish "corvina" Micropogon opercularis (Quoy and Gaimard, 1824), and "merluza" Merlucius hubbsi (Marini, 1933).
QUANTITATIVE EXPERIMENTS WITH ANTIBODIES TO A SPECIFIC PRECIPITATE
Authors: Treffers Henry P. , Moore Dan H. , Heidelberger Michael 
Published: June 2004

1. Rabbit antisera to a Type II pneumococcus specific precipitate from horse serum were tested with fractions prepared by ultracentrifugation and electrophoresis of normal and immune horse serum.
2. In one instance a rapidly sedimenting protein from normal horse serum had nearly the same quantitative antigenic properties toward the anti-antibody rabbit serum as did the purified pneumococcus antibody solutions previously reported. In another instance a comparable fraction removed only a part of the rabbit antibody.
3. Electrophoretic γ-globulin from an immune horse serum had quantitatively the same antigenic properties as did antibody solutions prepared by salt-dissociation of specific precipitates.
4. Electrophoretic γ-globulin from normal horse serum differed in its antigenic behavior from γ-globulin containing antibody. The data are compared with the antigenic properties of acid and alkali treated pneumococcus specific polysaccharides toward antipneumococcus horse sera. An interpretation in terms of polymers is suggested.
5. The cross-reaction of goat serum γ-globulin against the anti-antibody serum is reported and the extent of the reaction compared with those of goat and horse serum albumins against a rabbit antiserum to the latter.
THE EFFECT OF VARIOUS DIETS ON THE LIVER DAMAGE CAUSED BY EXCESS CYSTINE
Authors: Earle David P. , Victor Joseph 
Published: June 2004

1. The effect of 9 different diets on the liver lesions resulting from excess dietary cystine has been studied in 130 rats.
2. The incidence and severity of each of the following liver lesions were varied by changes in the composition of diets containing 5 or 10 per cent cystine:
(a) Hemorrhage was least severe with low fat diets.
(b) Necrosis was most severe with synthetic diets.
(c) Cirrhosis was delayed by a diet high in lard, 20 per cent, and cod liver oil, 5 per cent, but not by a diet high in butter, 25 per cent.
(d) Fatty infiltration was found consistently only with low protein, high fat diets.
In other words, the pathogenesis of the liver lesion due to excess dietary cystine can be modified by diet.
3. In the presence of cystine as 5 per cent of a low protein, high fat diet, 1 per cent choline inhibited fatty infiltration but did not protect the liver against damage by cystine.
4. In these experiments there was no apparent correlation between fatty infiltration of the liver and the incidence or degree of cirrhosis.
CELL STATE AS AFFECTING SUSCEPTIBILITY TO A VIRUS
Authors: Friedewald William F. 
Published: June 2004

Rabbit skin can be rendered abnormally susceptible to papilloma virus infection by preliminary treatments with a variety of agents. The most effective agents thus far found are 0.3 per cent methylcholanthrene in benzene and a mixture in equal parts of turpentine and acetone, applied four or five times at 2 day intervals. When virus is inoculated into skin altered by these agents, either intradermally or by inunction after scarification, papillomas appear earlier and in greater number than on normal skin, and much higher dilutions give rise to growths. The method provides a means of detecting amounts of virus which cause no papillomas upon inoculation into normal skin.
Papilloma virus material which is rubbed into scarified normal or hyperplastic skin is largely lost in the scabbing which ensues, and nearly all of it fails to reach susceptible cells. The preparatory agents which increase the effectiveness of the virus bring about marked epidermal hyperplasia, and the hyperplastic tissue regenerates with greater rapidity when scarified. The agents evidently act in large part by providing young epidermal cells in quantity to the virus, as also by inducing a richer vascularization than ordinary in support of the papillomatous proliferation. It is possible that they also act by providing especially susceptible cells. The implications of the findings are discussed.
RED CELL AND PLASMA VOLUMES (CIRCULATING AND TOTAL) AS DETERMINED BY RADIO IRON AND BY DYE
Authors: Hahn P. F. , Ross J. F. , Bale W. F. , Balfour W. M. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

1. Application of the principles of hydrodynamics to the problem of blood flow and blood volume indicates that the calculation of blood volume and cell volume from the venous hematocrit and plasma volume (as determined by the dye method) is subject to considerable error.
2. This conclusion is borne out by determinations of total cell volume by viviperfusion and with the use of radioactive iron tagged erythrocytes, which have shown the erythrocyte volume to be only 70 to 75 per cent of the volume indicated by the previously mentioned calculations.
3. The average hematocrit of the entire vascular system is considerably lower than the hematocrit of the large vessels, and the cell-plasma ratio of the smaller vessels is still less.
4. In the dog there are no considerable stores of immobilized erythrocytes, and the total erythrocyte volume and circulating erythrocyte volume are identical.
5. The "rapidly circulating blood volume" can be determined by dividing the erythrocyte volume by the venous hematocrit, and is found to be considerably less than the total blood volume.
6. The concept of the "rapidly circulating plasma volume" is introduced, and it is found to be approximately 80 per cent of the total plasma volume.
7. The volume of plasma in the peripheral, cell free, sluggishly moving plasma films, plus that contained in small vessels in which no red cells are present, is also determined and found to be approximately 20 per cent of the entire plasma volume.
8. The existence and magnitude of these fractions of the blood plasma volume should receive consideration in studies of blood flow and blood volume.
THE REACTION OF PERIPHERAL BLOOD VESSELS TO ANGIOTONIN, RENIN, AND OTHER PRESSOR AGENTS
Authors: Abell Richard G. , Page Irvine H. 
Published: June 2004

1. Both renin and angiotonin in small doses cause constriction of the arterioles in the ears of normal rabbits, as seen directly with the microscope. Capillaries appear unaffected while venules exhibit slight or no constriction with small doses and moderate constriction with large doses. The flow of blood through the tissues is not reduced except when very large doses are administered. Tyramine and methylguanidine sulfate in isopressor amounts act somewhat similarly.
2. Isopressor amounts of epinephrine and pitressin, by contrast, elicit severe vasoconstriction of arterioles lasting longer than that due to angiotonin, and flow of blood is sharply reduced or abolished altogether. The degree of venular constriction was also greater, while the capillaries remained unaffected.
3. The vasoconstrictor action of angiotonin on peripheral vessels in moat chambers in normal rabbit's ears is indistinguishable from that of renin, except that it is more rapid.
SEROLOGICALLY REACTIVE POLYSACCHARIDES PRODUCED THROUGH THE ACTION OF BACTERIAL ENZYMES
Authors: Hehre Edward J. , Sugg John Y. 
Published: June 2004

A serologically reactive polysaccharide of dextran nature was produced from sucrose by the action of some enzyme or similar heat-labile agent contained in sterile filtered extracts derived from sucrose broth cultures of Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Rigorous controls were included to prove that this reaction occurred in the absence of microorganisms.
Purified preparations of the dextran formed by the sterile extracts were similar to the dextran elaborated in sucrose broth cultures of the bacteria in respect to both chemical and serological properties. The serological likeness was established not only by tests against leuconostoc antiserums but also by cross reactions with antiserums of Types 2, 20, and 12 pneumococci and by tests against a series of variously absorbed antiserums.
RED CELL AND PLASMA RADIOACTIVE COPPER IN NORMAL AND ANEMIC DOGS
Authors: Yoshikawa H. , Hahn P. F. , Bale W. F. 
Published: June 2004

Following ingestion of radioactive copper by the dog, the metal appears quickly in the plasma, the concentration reaching its peak in from 2 to 5 hours, after which it falls abruptly. Demonstrable amounts are still present after 2 days. The radioactive copper likewise appears rapidly in the circulating red blood cells, and there is a slow but gradual increase in its concentration over a 2 day period.
It is suggested by the data that in the animals in which hematopoietic activity is accelerated the uptake of radio-copper is somewhat more extensive. The possibility that this is due to greater adsorption by the new red cells in these instances is not ruled out.
ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION IN RATS
Authors: Schroeder Henry A. , Neumann Charles 
Published: June 2004

1. When rats developed cardiac hypertrophy or elevation of blood pressure as a result of one of several methods designed to bring about arterial hypertension, renal vascular disease occurred frequently.
2. When injury to one kidney was followed by cardiac hypertrophy or elevation of blood pressure, vascular lesions were found with considerable regularity in the opposite one, as well as in the one injured.
3. Renal lesions rarely occurred in the absence of cardiac hypertrophy or elevated blood pressure.
4. Renal vascular lesions in rats are occasioned, therefore, by injury to one kidney and are usually associated with, and dependent on, the presence of arterial hypertension.
THE HYPOPHYSIS AND SECRETION OF INSULIN
Authors: Houssay B. A. , Foglia V. G. , Smyth F. S. , Rietti C. T. , Houssay A. B. 
Published: June 2004

The ability of the pancreas, from various types of dogs, to correct diabetic hyperglycemia has been studied (Table XI). The pancreas from one animal was united by a vascular union with the neck blood vessels of another dog which had been pancreatectomized for 20 hours. The time necessary to reduce the blood sugar level to 120 mg. per cent was determined.
1. Pancreas from 6 hypophysectomized dogs produced a normal insulin secretion, showing that an anterior pituitary hormone is not necessary for its production or maintenance.
2. In 14 of 17 normal dogs given anterior pituitary extract for 3 or more consecutive days and presenting diabetes (fasting blood sugar 150 mg. per cent or more) the pancreas showed diminished insulin production.
3. In animals which remained diabetic after discontinuing the injections of hypophyseal extract, the pancreas islands were markedly pathologic and the insulin secretion was practically nil.
4. When hyperglycemia existed on the 2nd to 5th day but fell later, the insulin secretion of 5 dogs was normal in 2, supernormal in 1, and less than normal in 2. Histologic examination showed a restoration of beta cells.
5. In 14 dogs resistant to the diabetogenic action of anterior pituitary extract, as shown by little or no change in blood sugar, the pancreatic secretion of insulin was normal in 6 cases, supernormal in 3, and subnormal in 5 cases. Clear signs of hyperfunction of B cells were observed. In 6 resistant animals a high blood sugar (150 mg. per cent) appeared shortly before transplanting, but insulin secretion was normal in 4, supernormal in 1, and subnormal in 1 case.
6. With one injection of extract and 1 day of hyperglycemia the capacity of the pancreas to secrete insulin was not altered.
7. A high blood sugar level lasting 4 days does not alter the islets. The hypophyseal extract acts, therefore, by some other mechanism. In normal dogs, the continuous intravenous infusion of glucose for 4 days maintained the blood sugar at levels as high as those after pituitary extract. In these animals the B cells were hyperplastic and insulin secretion normal.
8. Anterior hypophyseal hyperglycemia is due at first to extrapancreatic factors which are the most important, and last only during the injections of extracts. Pancreatic factors appear afterwards and are responsible for permanent diabetes.
Hypophyseal extract produces histological changes in many tissues and damages the Langerhans islands. The coexistent high blood sugar probably exhausts the B cells and exaggerates their injury.
9. In all cases there is a relation between the cytology of the islet B cells and the insulin secreting capacity.
CONSTITUENTS OF ELEMENTARY BODIES OF VACCINIA
Authors: Hoagland Charles L. , Ward S. M. , Smadel Joseph E. , Rivers Thomas M. 
Published: June 2004

Purified elementary bodies of vaccinia have been tested with a variety of substrates and found to possess phosphatase, catalase, and lipase activity. Tests for malate, succinate, pyruvate, and lactate dehydrogenases were negative.
Interpretation of these results is complicated by the observation that elementary bodies of vaccinia adsorb relatively large quantities of certain enzymes from dilute solutions. These enzymes are not eluted by procedures of washing and centrifuging similar to those carried out in the preparation of the virus. For this reason, the presence of phosphatase, catalase, and lipase in the purified virus may well be accounted for on the basis of adsorption from the host tissues which are known to be rich in these particular enzymes. That some degree of specificity in this adsorption is to be recognized is shown by the failure of the virus to adsorb urease, an enzyme of vegetable origin.
Until some method can be devised which will distinguish between the enzymes of the host cell and those which may be integral parts of the virus it would seem that the problem of the enzyme constituents of vaccine virus is incapable of definite solution.
ADSORPTION OF INFLUENZA HEMAGGLUTININS AND VIRUS BY RED BLOOD CELLS
Authors: Hirst G. K. 
Published: June 2004

A number of experiments were performed on the adsorption of influenza hemagglutinins on chicken red blood cells, from which the following conclusions were drawn:—
1. When chicken red blood cells and preparations of influenza viruses were mixed together, the influenza hemagglutinins present were rapidly adsorbed onto the cells. After varying lengths of time, dependent on the conditions of the experiment, the adsorbed hemagglutinins began to elute from the cells. With the Lee strain at 23°C. and the PR8 strain at 37°C. almost all of the adsorbed agglutinin was released in 4 to 6 hours.
2. When the number of red cells used for adsorption was increased, the speed and degree of adsorption of the hemagglutinins increased. The time of maximum adsorption of hemagglutinins was the same, regardiess of red cell concentration, and with the larger amounts of red cells the speed and degree of elution was decreased.
3. When adsorption of PR8 virus agglutinins was carried out at 4°C. the adsorption was rapid and nearly complete. When the reaction was carried out at higher temperatures (27° and 37°C.), the adsorption was equally rapid but was progressively less complete with rise in temperature. At 4°C. the maximum adsorption was not reached for 5 hours; at 27°C. it was reached in 25 minutes; and at 37°C. the greatest degree of adsorption was attained between 3 and 5 minutes. The amount of elution observed at 4°C. at 18 hours was negligible, but the degree of elution increased with temperature so that at 37°C. almost all of the adsorbed agglutinin was released in 6 hours' time.
4. Red cells which had adsorbed and then fully eluted the agglutinin were not capable of adsorbing a detectable amount of fresh agglutinin. In addition, such cells would no longer agglutinate even though exposed to fresh virus suspensions.
5. The hemagglutinin of influenza B virus was capable of being adsorbed on and eluted from several successive lots of chicken red cells without appreciable loss of agglutinating activity.
6. The hemagglutinins of the PR8 and Lee strains were rapidly inactivated at 60°C. The presence of active virus was not necessary for the occurrence of the adsorption-elution reaction on chicken red cells.
7. The activity of the portion of the red cells responsible for the adsorption of the hemagglutinins persisted, though in reduced amount, even after heating for 5 minutes at 100°C. Hemagglutinins were adsorbed and eluted from red cell stroma.
8. The infective agent in influenza virus suspensions was adsorbed by chicken red cells simultaneously with the adsorption of hemagglutinins. 95 per cent of the infective agent was removed from suspension by the red cells after contact for 15 minutes. From then on the infective agent was gradually released from the red cells. After 4 hours the 50 per cent mortality titer of the supernatant fluid was as high as at the beginning of the experiment.