bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hardware Architectures for the Orthogonal and Biorthogonal Wavelet Transform
Authors: Knowles G. 
Published: November 2002

In this note, optimal hardware architectures for the orthogonal and biorthogonal wavelet transforms are presented. The approach used here is not the standard lifting method, but takes advantage of the symmetries inherent in the coefficients of the transforms and the decimation/interpolation operators. The design is based on a highly optimized datapath, which seamlessly integrates both orthogonal and biorthogonal transforms, data extension at the edges and the forward and inverse transforms. The datapath design could be further optimized for speed or low power. The datapath is controlled by a small fast control unit which is hard programmed according to the wavelet or wavelets required by the application.Example circuits are given, including one for the Daubechies 9‐7 wavelet which requires only 2.5 multipliers for each input data value, when the equivalent for lifting is 3.
Energy Efficient Signaling in Deep‐submicron Technology
Authors: Dhaou Imed Ben , Parhi Keshab K. , Tenhunen Hannu 
Published: November 2002

In deep‐submicron technology, global interconnect capacitances have started reaching several orders of magnitude greater than the intrinsic capacitances of the CMOS gates. The dynamic power consumption of a CMOS gate driving a global wire is the sum of the power dissipated due to (dis)charging (i) the intrinsic capacitance of the gate, and (ii) the wire capacitance. The latter is referred to as on‐chip signaling power consumption.In this paper, a scheme has been proposed for combating crosstalk noise and reducing power consumption while driving the global wire at an optimal delay. This scheme is based on reduced voltage‐swing signaling combined with buffer‐insertion and resizing. The buffers are inserted and resized to compensate for the speed degradation caused by scaling the supply voltage and eradicating the crosstalk noise. A new buffer insertion algorithm called VIJIM has been described here, along with accurate delay and crosstalk‐noise estimation algorithms for distributed RLC wires.The experimental results show that the VIJIM algorithm inserts fewer buffers into non‐critical nets than does the existing buffer‐insertion algorithms. In a 0.25 mm CMOS process, the experimental results show that energy savings of over 60% can be achived if the supply voltage is reduced from 2.5 to 1.5 V.
Getting the measure of freshwater fish habitat in New Zealand
Authors: McDowall R. M. 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
New Zealand has prolific, cool, clear fresh water of high quality, found in numerous medium to small rivers and streams and low elevation to high country lakes. These waterways carry a highly endemic fish fauna of low diversity (36 indigenous species, 21 exotic species). The indigenous fauna is dominated by Galaxiidae (20 species), whereas the most diverse exotic groups are Salmonidae and Cyprinidae (7 species of each). The steep topography of the country means that the rivers and streams tend to be swiftly flowing, with coarse gravel and cobble, substrates of hard rock, and a high proportion of the indigenous species live within these substrates. About half the indigenous species are diadromous, undertaking regular, seasonally-timed migrations to and from the sea. Fisheries based on the indigenous fauna include modest commercial anguillid eel and galaxiid whitebait fisheries, but probably the chief form of freshwater fisheries exploitation (in overall economic terms) is for New Zealand's world-renowned, recreational angling fisheries for salmonids. Research on the fauna is broadly spread across diverse fields, from studies of the place of freshwater fishes in the community ecology of river and stream biotas as a whole, to focussed studies on habitats of threatened species, design of fish passage facilities for migratory fishes, the effects of introduced exotic species on the indigenous fauna, the impacts of human stream perturbation on aquatic values including fish, and understanding the local ecology of species introduced to New Zealand from other lands.
Stream Fish Habitat Science and Management in Japan: A Review
Authors: Taniguchi Yoshinori , Inoue Mikio , Kawaguchi Yoichi 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
Japanese freshwater fish habitats can be generally categorized into 1) rivers and streams, 2) ponds and lakes, and 3) rice fields and small irrigation channels connecting them. Of these, reviewing studies on stream fish habitat is the primary objective of this paper. Streams in Japan have widely received severe habitat alterations through construction of artificial instream structures as well as modification of riparian vegetations. As a result, streamdwelling fishes that require natural flow regimes, substrates, and riparian vegetation have declined their populations in great deal in many parts of the country. Recent studies have found riparian forests control water temperature and provide woody debris creating cover structures for the stream fishes resulting in enhancing their carrying capacity. Differences in riparian vegetation types (forest versus grass) played an important role in determining the local distribution of salmonids. Also, experiments removing concrete-lined channel and installing log-drop structures demonstrated that such the treatment greatly improved fish habitat.
As the general public became aware of the serious degradation of aquatic habitats, river management policy has gradually shifted to include conservation and improvement of river environment as habitat for wildlife during the last two decades. For fish migration, installation of fishway on dams has been prevailing, and research efforts have been made to design more effective fishway and passable weirs. In many cases, however, such restoration work lacks ecological data for assessment of their effectiveness. When such knowledge on fish habitat are accumulated, a vital issue will be how it is accounted into actual management. Future studies on fish habitat should shift toward treating habitat network at larger spatial scales to seek better designs for distributing appropriate habitats over a whole catchment. Such studies should also include clarifying the habitat requirements of endangered species and effects of non-native on native species.
Freshwater fish habitat science and management in Greece
Authors: Bobori D. C. , Economidis P. S. , Maurakis E. G. 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
Objectives are to (1) characterize the current status of and threats to freshwater fish habitats, native fishes, and fisheries in Greece; (2) canvas the states and priorities of fisheries science, legislation, and regulations for freshwater habitats and their fishes/fisheries; (3) indicate priority gaps in freshwater fish habitat management; and (4) comment on planning and managing strategies for freshwater aquatic resources and fishes in Greece. Freshwater fishes total 126 species (58 % endemic), 19 of which are introductions. Inland fishery production (about 700 t in 1999) has steadily decreased (due to overfishing, habitat alteration, and pollution) for the past 40 years while marine fisheries have increased from ∼12000 to 30000 t in 30 years (1964-1994). Population declines and extirpation of fish species and their habitats have been related to dam construction and operation, stream channelization, canalization, pollution, and stream desiccation, a result of water abstraction for crop irrigation and diversion of river and stream waters for potable waters supplies of urban and rural areas. Published information on habitat requirements (i.e., spawning habitat, spawning behavior, nursery areas, foraging ranges, vegetative cover, and migration) of freshwater fishes in Greece is limited. Absence of coordination among ministries and an increased market-based economy have resulted in low conservation priorities and investments for freshwater environs. Conservation programs and action plans have been implemented in Greece only recently for two endemic fish species (Pungitius hellenicus and Ladigesocypris ghigii) compared to 14 for other vertebrate species. Regardless of environmental statues and presidential decrees since 1970, there is no current established national action plan to improve and integrate aquatic environments and natural habitat management in a growing market-based economic strategic plan. Recommendations for the creation of an integrated, national action plan that incorporates environmental costs of protecting freshwater aquatic habitats and fish communities in sustainable economic policies and goals of Greece, an European fringe country experiencing significant competition in the international marketplace are presented.
Status of freshwater fish habitat science in Great Britain
Authors: Hughes S. , Aprahamian M. , Armstrong J. D. , Gardiner R. , Milner N. 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
The general understanding of how habitats influence populations of freshwater fishes in Great Britain is reviewed briefly as a component of a Europe-wide comparison. Great Britain, an island of temperate climate in the north west of Europe comprising the countries England, Scotland and Wales, has diverse aquatic habitats but a relatively impoverished freshwater fish fauna. Recreational rod-and-line fisheries for certain salmonids and non-salmonids termed coarse fish are valuable components of the economies of the countries comprising Great Britain. In some cases, distribution and abundance of fish species and their population sizes are constrained by habitat degradation. There is a growing awareness of the multidimensional importance of habitat management to develop and maintain high quality fisheries. Current knowledge of fish habitat requirements is patchy; progress has been made on salmonids and some coarse fish species. Fish habitat science has an important role in integrated river catchment management, which is reflected in recent national and international legislation.
Freshwater Fish Habitat: Science, Management, and Conservation in France
Authors: Souchon Y. , Keith P. 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
Characteristics of French water bodies and fish fauna are described with special reference to physically altered streams. Recent researches on fish physical habitat have produced new insights on: models of probability of fish distributions at a watershed scale, fish ecology, in particular about their habitat preferences, hydraulic statistical modelling with simplification of data collection, models of impacts of flow or modifications to stream morphology, and coupling physics and biology. These models have been validated at fish population (trout) or assemblage (Rhône river) level.
Other complementary researches are dealing with fluvial dynamics necessary to maintain habitat or with ecological dynamic linked to flows and morphology (especially substrate).
For the legal point of view, Fishing law (1984 in FCE a), Water law (1992 in FCE b), and the last European Water Framework Directive (2000) defined the limits of hydrosystems utilization. They defended the principle of an equilibrium between hydrosystems utilization.
It is also necessary to better link streams and their watersheds. Waterbodies regionalization will be a good way to reduce the natural variability of physical and biological situations in order to better manage ecological entities with respect of their sensitivity. The setting of a national survey of fish communities is fundamental.
National conservation programmes with main protected areas of France has not been very successful at protecting freshwater fish. Rehabilitation plans of some emblematic fish species Salmon, Sturgeon, Eel, Shad have helped to coordinate actions in large heavily anthropised rivers. In other numerous aquatic systems, it is better to restore the functioning of the first key compartments, hydrology and morphology. Fish communities are in these cases good measures of the benefits of rehabilitation actions.
Future research will deal with different interfaces between physics and biology, in order to better manage channels, sediments, flows, and riparian vegetation.
Freshwater Fish Habitats in Amazonia: State of Knowledge, Management, and Protection
Authors: Junk Wolfgang J. , Soares Maria Gercilia M. 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
With an estimated 2,500 to 3,000 fish species, the Amazon basin is the largest biodiversity center of freshwater fishes. The large number is related to the size of the basin, a large habitat diversity, high speciation rates of different groups, and low extinction rates resulting from a rather stable tropical climate which has persisted over long geological periods. Amazonia is characterized by a very dense network of streams and rivers, connected to extended floodplains and wetland areas. There are only a few small permanently isolated deep lakes in the area. Rapids and waterfalls along the border of the Guyana shield, the Central Brazilian shield and the Andes separate the downstream and upstream fish faunas of major rivers. Estimates indicate that about half of the fish fauna colonizes the large river floodplain systems along the lower and middle reaches of the rivers and the other half the headwater streams. Knowledge about fish habitats is concentrated mostly on large river floodplains near large cities, which provide infrastructure for research, and habitat conditions in large areas are virtually unknown. Information is scattered in limnological, botanical, geographical, and aquarium literature. Ongoing research concentrates mostly on the inland fisheries.
Large parts of the Amazon River basin are still in pristine condition as are the fish habitats. However, human activities, including the transformation of large savanna and rain forest areas into agricultural land, the construction of large reservoirs for hydroelectric power generation, and mining profoundly modify fish habitats, and threaten species diversity mainly in small streams. Environmental legislation for the protection of streamside vegetation is sometimes contradictory and often not respected by the landowners. In the long run, specific fish communities and their habitats will only be fully protected in national parks and other protected areas. Even these areas suffer illegal human activities because of insufficient administration. There is an urgent need for the classification of fish habitats throughout the basin and the proposal of specific protection measures.
A Framework for the Advancement of Aquatic Science — Lake Habitat Experiments as an Example
Authors: Kelso J.R.M. , Steedman R.J. , Gunn J.M. , Smokorowski K.E. , Lester N.P. , Cole W.G. , Minns C.K. , Mills K.H. 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
Resource managers must often act to protect fisheries and fish habitat without the certainty that their actions are justified. Delivering the science needed to support and direct management decisions is a daunting exercise, likely beyond the capabilities of a single research group or management agency. This problem is exacerbated by the lack of a common framework to formulate and test important hypotheses about biotic response to aquatic habitat change. A partial solution may be provided by co-operative research networks to produce an integrated design and synthesis of quasi-independent studies within a common framework for hypothesis generation and testing. A well-designed framework should attract scientists and agencies who recognize the benefit of cooperative research. We demonstrate such an approach by using it to test hypotheses about lake fish community response to habitat change. Our framework includes a list of hypotheses, a list of treatments (i.e., habitat manipulations), an experimental design specifying the number of lakes per treatment, and advice for measuring habitat and fish parameters. Because our procedure uses ‘before-after’ comparisons to measure effects of habitat changes, lakes can be studied independently (and hypotheses can be tested independently) yet still contribute synergistically to the larger experiment. A ‘staircase’ design, ensuring that treatment effects are independent of environmental correlates such as climate variables, would be implemented, largely by default, because contributions to the design would accumulate over time. We believe this cooperative approach will improve the ability of researchers to meet the growing demands for useful, reliable aquatic science.
Toxicity Studies of Tobacco Wastewater
Authors: Sponza Delia Teresa 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
Investigations carried out on tobacco industry wastewater showed that important sources of toxic contaminants are flavoring agents containing glycogen and alcohol, absorbable organic halogens and pesticides from tobacco leaves. Shock loading of these contaminants inhibited bacterial activity during biological treatment. Input of wastewater containing such toxic substances caused decreases in bacterial number and reduced the efficiency of the treatment plant.
Viable numbers of floc-forming, total and faecal coliform bacteria within the biological treatment unit were monitored. Mortalities in bacterial populations and low chemical oxygen demand removal efficiencies were detected when absorbable organic halogens and pesticide concentrations were above 100 and 120 mg l-1, respectively. Short-term bioassays (using bacteria, protozoa or algae) and enrichment toxicity tests (including bacteria) performed to determine potential toxicity demonstrated that 90% mortalities in microbial populations were detected when absorbable organic halogens and pesticide concentrations were as high as 200 and 290 mg l-1, respectively. Enrichment toxicity tests indicated whether toxic, growth limiting or stimulation conditions were present. These tests showed that sufficient nutrients can stimulate bacterial growth, and high organic halogens and pesticide concentrations and chemical to biological oxygen demand ratios may inhibit microbial growth. Furthermore, results of chemical coagulation/flocculation test experiments showed that chemical treatment is effective at reducing toxicity.
Impact of environmental aberrations on fisheries of the Ganga (Ganges) River
Authors: Sinha M. , Khan M. A. 
Published: November 2002

Abstract
Ganga River basin, which was comparatively free from anthropocentric activities until the 1940s, became a disposal site for agricultural, industrial and sewerage wastes after independence of India in 1947. Discharge of wastes generated due to developmental activities including irrigation projects, river course modifications and demographic explosion in the basin, have ecologically impaired the river system, so that water quality is degraded, and fish yield as well as biodiversity has decreased. Amongst these, irrigation projects and flood control measures have almost destroyed flood plains, sloughs, inundation zones and oxbow lakes, all of which are the breeding and nursing grounds of the prized Indian major carp. This led to decline of the major carp population, while less economic fishes (minor carps and small catfishes) are increasing in relative abundance. The hydraulic structures have destroyed the anadromous fisheries (Tenualosa ilisha, Pangasius pangasius) of the riverine stretch of the Ganga. However, launching of the Ganga Action Plan phase-1 by the Central Government in the mid-1980s for cleansing the river has resulted in amelioration of some water quality parameters (increased DO and decreased BOD) to the level of the 1960's in the riverine stretch. However, some fisheries remain in decline. This is mainly due to reduction in water volume in the river due to siltation of the riverbed and increased water abstraction. However, improvement of fisheries in general and that of Tenualosa ilisha in particular in the estuarine zone, on account of release of water from the Farakka barrage in the estuary is also observed. The present paper discusses the impact of environmental aberrations on the fisheries of the Ganga River.
Thoroughly sampling sequence space: Large‐scale protein design of structural ensembles
Authors: Larson Stefan M. , England Jeremy L. , Desjarlais John R. , Pande Vijay S. 
Published: November 2002

AbstractModeling the inherent flexibility of the protein backbone as part of computational protein design is necessary to capture the behavior of real proteins and is a prerequisite for the accurate exploration of protein sequence space. We present the results of a broad exploration of sequence space, with backbone flexibility, through a novel approach: large‐scale protein design to structural ensembles. A distributed computing architecture has allowed us to generate hundreds of thousands of diverse sequences for a set of 253 naturally occurring proteins, allowing exciting insights into the nature of protein sequence space. Designing to a structural ensemble produces a much greater diversity of sequences than previous studies have reported, and homology searches using profiles derived from the designed sequences against the Protein Data Bank show that the relevance and quality of the sequences is not diminished. The designed sequences have greater overall diversity than corresponding natural sequence alignments, and no direct correlations are seen between the diversity of natural sequence alignments and the diversity of the corresponding designed sequences. For structures in the same fold, the sequence entropies of the designed sequences cluster together tightly. This tight clustering of sequence entropies within a fold and the separation of sequence entropy distributions for different folds suggest that the diversity of designed sequences is primarily determined by a structure's overall fold, and that the designability principle postulated from studies of simple models holds in real proteins. This has important implications for experimental protein design and engineering, as well as providing insight into protein evolution.
Sequence conserved for subcellular localization
Authors: Nair Rajesh , Rost Burkhard 
Published: November 2002

AbstractThe more proteins diverged in sequence, the more difficult it becomes for bioinformatics to infer similarities of protein function and structure from sequence. The precise thresholds used in automated genome annotations depend on the particular aspect of protein function transferred by homology. Here, we presented the first large‐scale analysis of the relation between sequence similarity and identity in subcellular localization. Three results stood out: (1) The subcellular compartment is generally more conserved than what might have been expected given that short sequence motifs like nuclear localization signals can alter the native compartment; (2) the sequence conservation of localization is similar between different compartments; and (3) it is similar to the conservation of structure and enzymatic activity. In particular, we found the transition between the regions of conserved and nonconserved localization to be very sharp, although the thresholds for conservation were less well defined than for structure and enzymatic activity. We found that a simple measure for sequence similarity accounting for pairwise sequence identity and alignment length, the HSSP distance, distinguished accurately between protein pairs of identical and different localizations. In fact, BLAST expectation values outperformed the HSSP distance only for alignments in the subtwilight zone. We succeeded in slightly improving the accuracy of inferring localization through homology by fine tuning the thresholds. Finally, we applied our results to the entire SWISS‐PROT database and five entirely sequenced eukaryotes.