bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photovoltaic thin‐film technology based on hydrogenated amorphous silicon
Authors: Lechner P. , Schade H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSolar modules based on amorphous silicon combine a number of properties that lead to a wide range of attractive applications, from watch dials to roof integration and semitransparent insulating glazing. The specificities of manufacturing are described, and it can be shown that they ultimately render competitive manufacturing costs and hence total system costs sufficiently low to offset the drawback of lower efficiencies. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measuring perceived social support: Development of the child and adolescent social support scale (CASSS)
Authors: Kerres Malecki Christine , Kilpatrick Demary Michelle 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe measurement of students' social support has become a popular topic in education and psychology, yet measurement tools in this area are limited. In this study, we use a large, representative sample to conduct confirmatory factor, reliability, and correlational analyses of scores on the Child and Adolescent Social Support Scale (CASSS; Malecki, Demaray, Elliott, & Nolten, 1999). These analyses revealed evidence of reliability, a four‐factor structure (Parent, Teacher, Classmate, and Close Friend subscales), and construct validity. The results of this study indicate that the CASSS covaries as predicted with the clinically important constructs of self‐concept, social skills, and behavioral indicators. There is evidence that the CASSS can be used to understand children and adolescents' perceived social support. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Adolescents' mobility histories and present social adjustment
Authors: Norford Bradley C. , Medway Frederic J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study compared three groups of high school students: frequent movers (6 to 13 relocations), moderate movers (3 to 5 relocations), and nonmovers on depression, appraised social support, and participation in extracurricular activities. The sample was examined further according to the primary reason for relocation, the timing (before or after the seventh grade), and whether student shyness, socioeconomic status (SES), and family cohesion influenced any potential effects. Despite methodological improvements over past research including the exclusion of students who recently moved or reported other current stressors, few significant effects were obtained. Findings did reveal that students whose families relocated because of divorce and those who experienced early life relocations had lower levels of participation in extracurricular activities. Students reported less negative effects of relocation than did their mothers. Further, mothers' negative attitudes toward relocation were significantly correlated with student depression. It is concluded that there is little current or prior research evidence that high rates of social mobility are associated with long‐term social adjustment problems for adolescents. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
School demographic variables and out‐of‐school suspension rates: A quantitative and qualitative analysis of a large, ethnically diverse school district
Authors: Mendez Linda M. Raffaele , Knoff Howard M. , Ferron John M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study examined out‐of‐school suspensions (OSS) in a large, ethnically diverse school district using both quantitative and qualitative procedures. Pearson product moment correlations and semi‐partial correlations were used to identify those school‐level variables that showed the strongest relationships to the duplicated OSS rate among elementary schools (n = 97) and secondary schools (n = 45). Additionally, interviews were conducted with administrators and student support personnel from the 24 schools in the district with the highest suspension rates and 24 demographically matched schools with significantly lower suspension rates. The majority of these schools served a high percentage of children from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Although the correlational analyses indicated that student demographic variables (e.g., percentage of White students, percentage of Black students, percentage of students receiving free or reduced price lunch) were strongly related to a school's suspension rate, the school comparisons showed that not all schools serving a high percentage of children placed at risk have high suspension rates. Implications of the findings for school discipline reform are discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Teacher ratings of behavior among African American and Caucasian children during the first two years of school
Authors: Sbarra David A. , Pianta Robert C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis article prospectively examines teacher‐rated behavior problems and competencies during the first 2 years of formal schooling among African American (n = 190) and Caucasian (n = 350) children. A significant main effect for race was found for both behavior problems and competencies in repeated measures analyses conducted across kindergarten and first‐grade teacher ratings. A time × race interaction indicated that teachers rated Caucasian children's competence as stable over time, whereas their African American peers were rated as less competent. According to these data, African American children did not maintain age‐appropriate school‐based competencies in task orientation and frustration tolerance. No interaction effects were found for a gender × time term for either competencies or behavior problems, suggesting that African American boys do not show more disturbed behavior in the early school years. Behavior trajectories are discussed in terms of the need for competence‐enhancing interventions aimed at early school transitions, particularly for African American children. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Radical polymerization of vinyl thiocyanatoacetate: Participation of group‐transfer mechanism
Authors: Sato Tsuneyuki , Mukuno Hidekazu , Ishida Hirotaka , Seno Makiko , Hirano Tomohiro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractVinyl thiocyanatoacetate (VTCA) was synthesized, and its radical polymerization behavior was studied in acetone with dimethyl 2,2′‐azobisisobutyrate (MAIB) as an initiator. The initial polymerization rate (Rp) at 60 °C was expressed by Rp = k[MAIB]0.6±0.1 [VTCA]1.0±0.1 where k is a rate constant. The overall activation energy of the polymerization was 112 kJ/mol. The number‐average molecular weights of the resulting poly (VTCA)s (1.4–1.6 × 104) were almost independent of the concentrations of the initiator and monomer, indicating chain transfer to the monomer. The chain‐transfer constant to the monomer was estimated to be 9.6 × 10−3 at 60 °C. According to the 1H and 13C NMR spectra of poly (VTCA), the radical polymerization of VTCA proceeded through normal vinyl addition and intramolecular transfer of the cyano group. The cyano group transfer became progressively more important with decreasing monomer concentration. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 573–582, 2002; DOI 10.1002/pola.10137
Radiation‐grafted ion‐exchange membranes: Influence of the initial matrix on the synthesis and structure
Authors: Walsby Nadia , Sundholm Franciska , Kallio Tanja , Sundholm Göran 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA series of commercial fluoropolymer films was irradiated with an electron beam, grafted with styrene, and sulfonated. The influence of the initial fluoropolymer on the grafting yields and the properties of the grafted and sulfonated membranes were investigated. The same synthesis procedure can be followed for most fluoropolymers and samples with a similar degree of grafting, and a homogenous polystyrene distribution can be prepared by varying the absorbed dose. The main difference among different fluoropolymer‐based membranes is the water uptake from liquid water that has a roughly linear dependence on the crystallinity of the sample. The more amorphous the initial material, the greater the water uptake. Mechanical properties of the membranes at 50% relative humidity differ less than those of the starting materials and are comparable to those of Nafion® 105. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3008–3017, 2001
Kinetics of thiol–ene and thiol–acrylate photopolymerizations with real‐time fourier transform infrared
Authors: Cramer Neil B. , Bowman Christopher N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe used real‐time Fourier transform infrared to monitor the conversion of both thiol and ene (vinyl) functional groups independently during photoinduced thiol–ene photopolymerizations. From these results, the stoichiometry of various thiol–ene and thiol–acrylate polymerizations was determined. For thiol–ene polymerizations, the conversion of ene functional groups was up to 15% greater than the conversion of thiol functional groups. For stoichiometric thiol–acrylate polymerizations, the conversion of the acrylate functional groups was roughly twice that of the thiol functional groups. With kinetic expressions for thiol–acrylate polymerizations, the acrylate propagation kinetic constant was found to be 1.5 times greater than the rate constant for hydrogen abstraction from the thiol. Conversions of thiol–acrylate systems of various initial stoichiometries were successfully predicted with this ratio of propagation and chain‐transfer kinetic constants. Thiol–acrylate systems with different initial stoichiometries exhibited diverse network properties. Thiol–ene systems were initiated with benzophenone and 2,2‐dimethoxy‐2‐phenylacetophenone as initiators and were also polymerized without a photoinitiator. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3311–3319, 2001
Correlation of the melting behavior and copolymer composition distribution of Ziegler–Natta‐catalyst and single‐site‐catalyst polyethylene copolymers
Authors: Mirabella Francis M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe multimodal differential scanning calorimetry melting endotherms observed for commercial linear low‐density polyethylenes are due to broad and multimodal short‐chain‐branching distributions. Multiple peaks, observed in melting endotherms of isothermally melt‐crystallized and compositionally homogeneous polyethylene copolymers are due to intrachain heterogeneity. This intrachain heterogeneity is quantified by the distribution of ethylene sequence lengths within the chains. These compositionally homogeneous copolymers undergo a primary crystallization, which produces a population of thicker lamellae, creating a network that places severe restrictions on segment transport in subsequent secondary crystallization, which produces a population of thinner crystals. The restrictions on segment transport imposed by the initial network created by the primary crystallization of thicker lamellae severely limits the total crystallinity achieved in the random copolymers studied. The solution crystallization of such copolymers produces a continuous distribution due to more facile segment transport in a dilute solution, in contradistinction to the multimodal distribution produced in the melt crystallization. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 39: 2800–2818, 2001
Micellar structure and mechanical properties of block copolymer‐modified epoxies
Authors: Dean J. M. , Lipic P. M. , Grubbs R. B. , Cook R. F. , Bates F. S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAmphiphilic block copolymers provide a unique means for toughening epoxy resins because they can self‐assemble into different inclusion shapes before epoxy curing. The two examples reported here are spherical micelles and vesicles, which form in blends containing epoxy and symmetric or asymmetric poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(ethylene‐alt‐propylene) (PEO–PEP) block copolymer with PEO volume fractions of 0.5 and 0.26, respectively. The vesicles and spherical micelles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS), respectively. SAXS data from the spherical micelles were fit to the Percus–Yevick model for a liquid‐like packing of spheres with hard‐core interactions. Mechanical properties of spherical‐micelle‐modified and vesicle‐modified epoxies in the dilute limit are compared. The glass‐transition temperature and Young's (storage) modulus were tested with dynamic mechanical spectroscopy, and compact‐tension experiments were performed to determine the critical plane‐strain energy release rate for fracture. Vesicles were most effective in improving the epoxy fracture resistance. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 39: 2996–3010, 2001
Degradation of a poly(ester urethane) elastomer. II. Kinetic modeling of the hydrolysis of a poly(butylene adipate)
Authors: Salazar Michael R. , Pack Russell T 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn preparation for studying the kinetics of the hydrolysis of Estane® 5703, published hydrolysis data for a similar poly(butylene adipate) (herein called 63 PBA) have been modeled. Poly(ester urethanes) are known to degrade by acid‐catalyzed hydrolysis of the ester links, and the data on 63 PBA show that this degradation is reversible at low relative humidities (RHs). Previous work with these data was unable to fit them with concentration‐independent rate coefficients. It is shown herein that, with the water‐concentration model of the preceding article and the AAC2 mechanism of reversible hydrolysis/esterification, the experimental kinetic data that vary across temperature, RH, and starting molecular weight can be fit with a single set of concentration‐independent rate coefficients. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 192–200, 2002
Preparation and characterization of a nanoscale poly(vinyl alcohol) fiber aggregate produced by an electrospinning method
Authors: Ding Bin , Kim Hak‐Yong , Lee Se‐Chul , Shao Chang‐Lu , Lee Douk‐Rae , Park Soo‐Jin , Kwag Gyu‐Beom , Choi Kyung‐Ju 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNanoscale poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) fiber (100–500 nm) aggregates were prepared with an electrospinning technique. Additionally, a chemical crosslinking method was used to crosslink the nanoscale PVA fiber aggregates. Differential scanning calorimetry, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy techniques were employed to characterize the PVA fiber aggregates. The different crosslinking densities of the PVA fiber aggregates were obtained through the control of the weight percentage of glyoxal to PVA. The crosslinking densities due to heat treatment and chemical crosslinking were studied. The influence of heat treatment could be neglected in contrast to chemical crosslinking when the curing temperature was 120 °C. The primary factor that affected the crosslinking density was the volume of the chemical crosslinking agent. The results showed that the properly crosslinked PVA fiber aggregates had better antiwater solubility and mechanical properties than the noncrosslinked PVA fiber aggregates. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 1261–1268, 2002
Compressed‐gas‐induced crystallization in tert‐butyl poly(ether ether ketone)
Authors: Handa Y. Paul , Zhang Zhiyi , Roovers Jacques 
Published: August 2002

Abstracttert‐Butyl‐substituted poly(ether ether ketone) (tBuPEEK), which does not undergo crystallization with thermal annealing, crystallizes readily when treated with compressed CO2. The dissolved CO2 causes a reduction in the glass‐transition temperature of the polymer–gas system and enhances the chain mobility of the macromolecules, thereby bringing about crystallization. In the presence of CO2, crystallization is increasingly favored with increasing CO2 pressure and treatment temperature. The melting point of tBuPEEK crystals increases linearly with the CO2 pressure applied in the treatment, indicating an increase in the order and/or size of the crystals. The extent of crystallinity increases when small amounts of methanol or dichloromethane are used as a cosolute with CO2. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 39: 1505–1512, 2001
Near‐surface structure formation in chemically imidized polyimide films
Authors: Dabral Mahendra , Xia Xinyun , Gerberich W. W. , Francis L. F. , Scriven L. E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFree‐standing polyimide films are manufactured by the chemical imidization of linear, soluble polymeric precursors. The reactive solution is coated onto a heated substrate, peeled off after partial imidization, and then dried and cured as a free‐standing film. Adhesive bonds to the cast side of the final film more strongly than to the air side. Near‐surface elastic moduli of film samples were measured with a nanoindentation setup. Samples were annealed at different final temperatures. The air side of the samples annealed at 400 °C had a higher modulus of 1.4 GPa than the 0.8 GPa of the casting side. This difference diminished as the annealing temperature was raised to 460 °C. Polyamic acid and polyimide exhibit phase transitions from disordered, isotropic solutions to ordered, liquid‐crystalline states. A theoretical model of drying and curing demonstrates formation of a gradient in conversion and ordering: the air side vitrifies at a lower solvent content, lower conversion, and higher ordering; the casting side, at a greater solvent content, higher conversion, and less ordering. Subsequent high‐temperature drying and curing of the free‐standing films removes solvent, completes reaction, and nematically orders both sides. However, longer times and higher temperature annealing are needed to bring the two sides to their common equilibrium state of nematic order. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 39: 1824–1838, 2001
Measuring religious faith in cancer patients: reliability and construct validity of the Santa Clara strength of religious faith questionnaire
Authors: Sherman Allen C. , Simonton Stephanie , Adams Dawn C. , Latif Umaira , Plante Thomas G. , Burns S. Kaay , Poling Tom 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGrowing attention has focused on associations between religious involvement and health outcomes for cancer patients. Unfortunately, research has been hampered by lack of measures suitable for use in oncology settings. This study examined the performance of one recently developed measure, the Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith Questionnaire (SCSORF). Initial investigations with cancer patients in a bone marrow transplant program and with non‐oncology patients yielded promising results. This study provided additional information about temporal stability and convergent validity.The measure was evaluated in two well‐defined samples: (1) 95 breast cancer patients, and (2) 53 healthy young adults. Most of the cancer patients had recent diagnoses and localized or regional disease. In each sample, the instrument demonstrated high test–retest reliability (r's=0.82–0.93) and internal consistency (r's=0.95–0.97). It displayed strong correlations with measures of intrinsic religiosity (r's=0.67–0.82, p<0.0001), and moderate correlations with organizational religiosity (r's=0.61–069, p<0.0001), non‐organizational religiosity (r's=0.52–0.55, p<0.0001), comfort from religion (r=0.58, p<0.0001), and ratings of self as religious (r=0.58, p<0.0001). Among cancer patients, scores were significantly associated with optimism (r=0.30, p<0.01), but not with openness of family communication about cancer or perceived social support. These data build on previous findings with cancer patients, and suggest that the SCSORF may be a useful measure of religious faith in oncology settings. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Congenital lung disease: A plea for clear thinking and clear nomenclature
Authors: Bush Andrew 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAntenatal ultrasound has allowed the discovery of abnormalities which in the past often escaped detection. It may be unclear what advice to offer. Many large lung malformations seen at the routine 20‐weeks gestation scan have largely disappeared at term. There is now even more confusion in terms of how these malformations should be described. The nomenclature of congenital lung disease was never very clear, with terms such as sequestrated segment, cystic adenomatoid malformation, hypoplastic lung, and malinosculation being used to describe often overlapping abnormalities. However, today these terms are used inconsistently in the ante‐ and postnatal periods. For example, congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) is used prenatally to describe a lesion which may well disappear before birth,1 but is used postnatally to describe an abnormality which may require lobectomy. CCAM may have a pulmonary arterial supply, or be supplied like a sequestration from the aorta, and histological features of both lesions may coexist.2 Thus, a complete reappraisal of the nomenclature of congenital lung disease is timely; this review does not discuss treatment options. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2001; 32:328–337. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Presence of cystic fibrosis‐related diabetes mellitus is tightly linked to poor lung function in patients with cystic fibrosis: Data from the European Epidemiologic Registry of Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Koch C. , Rainisio M. , Madessani U. , Harms H.K. , Hodson M.E. , Mastella G. , McKenzie S.G. , Navarro J. , Strandvik B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractData derived from a cross‐sectional analysis of 7,566 patients stratified into six age groups were used to compare lung function, body mass index (BMI), and weight for age in patients with and without cystic fibrosis‐related diabetes mellitus (CFDM).The presence of CFDM was tightly linked to poor lung function, regardless of age. The mean value of FEV1 % predicted in the age groups < 10, 10–< 15, 15–< 20, 20–< 25, 25–< 30, and 30 years or older were 87%, 77%, 69%, 58%, 55%, and 53% in the nondiabetic cystic fibrosis (CF) patients as compared to 79%, 66%, 55%, 49%, 46%, and 44% in the diabetic CF patients. BMI and weight for age were also lower in diabetic than nondiabetic CF patients in all age groups, except for BMI in the youngest patients. The difference in lung function and in nutritional parameters between diabetic and nondiabetic CF patients was not linked to presence or absence of any specific pathogen in the lower respiratory tract.These results confirm and extend those of earlier studies in smaller numbers of patients, and they clearly identify CFDM as a powerful determinant of severe lung disease and reduced survival in patients with CF and diabetis mellitus. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2001; 32:343–350. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Establishment and characterization of osseous prostate cancer models: Intra‐tibial injection of human prostate cancer cells
Authors: Corey Eva , Quinn Janna E. , Bladou Franck , Brown Lisha G. , Roudier Martine P. , Brown Julie M. , Buhler Kent R. , Vessella Robert L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDTo improve the therapy of advanced prostate cancer (CaP), it is critical to develop animal models that mimic CaP bone metastases. Unlike the human disease, CaP xenograft models rarely metastasize spontaneously to bone from the orthotopic site of primary tumor growth.METHODSSingle‐cell suspensions of LNCaP, PC‐3, LuCaP 35, and LuCaP 23.1 CaP cells were injected directly into tibia of SCID mice. Immunohistochemistry and bone histomorphometrical analyses were performed to characterize these osseous‐CaP models.RESULTSLuCaP 23.1 yields an osteoblastic response, LNCaP yields mixed lesions, and LuCaP 35 and PC‐3 result in osteolytic responses. We have detected osteoprotegerin, RANK ligand, parathyroid hormone‐related protein, and endothelin‐1, proteins associated with bone growth and remodeling, in the CaP cells grown in the bone.CONCLUSIONSThese animal models can be used to study biological interactions, pathways, and potential therapeutic targets, and also to evaluate new agents for treatment and prevention of CaP bone metastasis. Prostate 52: 20–33, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.