bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dependence of morphology on agitation intensity in fed‐batch cultures of Aspergillus oryzae and its implications for recombinant protein production
Authors: Amanullah A. , Christensen L. H. , Hansen K. , Nienow A. W. , Thomas C. R. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe previously reported that, although agitation conditions strongly affected mycelial morphology, such changes did not lead to different levels of recombinant protein production in chemostat cultures of Aspergillus oryzae (Amanullah et al., 1999). To extend this finding to another set of operating conditions, fed‐batch fermentations of A. oryzae were conducted at biomass concentrations up to 34 g dry cell weight/L and three agitation speeds (525, 675, and 825 rpm) to give specific power inputs between 1 and 5 kWm−3. Gas blending was used to control the dissolved oxygen level at 50% of air saturation except at the lowest speed where it fell below 40% after 60–65 h. The effects of agitation intensity on growth, mycelial morphology, hyphal tip activity, and recombinant protein (amyloglucosidase) production in fed‐batch cultures were investigated. In the batch phase of the fermentations, biomass concentration, and AMG secretion increased with increasing agitation intensity. If in a run, dissolved oxygen fell below ≈40% because of inadequate oxygen transfer associated with enhanced viscosity, AMG production ceased. As with the chemostat cultures, even though mycelial morphology was significantly affected by changes in agitation intensity, enzyme titers (AGU/L) under conditions of substrate limited growth and controlled dissolved oxygen of >50% did not follow these changes. Although the measurement of active tips within mycelial clumps was not considered, a dependency of the specific AMG productivity (AGU/g biomass/h) on the percentage of extending tips was found, suggesting that protein secretion may be a bottle‐neck in this strain during fed‐batch fermentations. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 77: 815–826, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bit.10181
Understanding viral partitioning in two‐phase aqueous nonionic micellar systems: 2. Effect of entrained micelle‐poor domains
Authors: Kamei Daniel T. , King Jonathan A. , Wang Daniel I. C. , Blankschtein Daniel 
Published: September 2002

AbstractUnlike the partitioning behavior of hydrophilic, water‐soluble proteins, the partitioning behavior of viruses in the two‐phase aqueous nonionic n‐decyl tetra(ethylene oxide) (C10E4) micellar system cannot be fully explained using the excluded‐volume theory developed recently by our group. A central assumption underlying the excluded‐volume theory—that macroscopic phase separation equilibrium is attained—was therefore challenged experimentally and theoretically. Photographs of the two‐phase aqueous C10E4 micellar system were taken for different volume ratios to demonstrate that the entrainment of micelle‐poor (virus‐rich) domains in the macroscopic, top, micelle‐rich phase decreases with a decrease in the volume ratio. Partitioning experiments were then conducted with the model virus bacteriophage P22 and the model protein cytochrome c at different operating temperatures for different volume ratios. For bacteriophage P22, the measured viral partition coefficient at each temperature decreased by about an order of magnitude when the volume ratio was decreased from 10 to 0.1, which clearly indicated that entrainment is an important factor influencing viral partitioning. For cytochrome c, the measured protein partition coefficient did not change, which demonstrated that this entrainment effect negligibly influences protein partitioning. A new theoretical description of partitioning was also developed that combines the excluded‐volume theory with this entrainment effect. In this theory, one fitted parameter—the volume fraction of entrained micelle‐poor domains in the macroscopic, top, micelle‐rich phase—is used to account for the entrainment. To fit this parameter, only a single partitioning experiment is required for a given volume ratio, irrespectively of the partitioning solute. The new theoretical description of partitioning yielded very good quantitative predictions of the viral partition coefficients. Accordingly, it can be concluded that the primary mechanisms governing viral partitioning in the two‐phase aqueous C10E4 micellar system are the entrainment of micelle‐poor (virus‐rich) domains in the macroscopic, top, micelle‐rich phase and the excluded‐volume interactions that operate between the viruses and the micelles. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 78: 203–216, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bit.10194
Induction of protein aggregation in an early secretory compartment by elevation of expression level
Authors: Schröder Martin , Schäfer Rolf , Friedl Peter 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA variety of valuable therapeutic proteins are expressed in mammalian cells. Currently, rate‐limiting for secretion of recombinant glycoproteins are activities in the secretory pathway of eukaryotic cells, i.e., folding and glycosylation of the naked polypeptide chain. In this paper we provide evidence that elevation of expression level alone is sufficient to cause intracellular aggregation of a structurally relatively simple glycoprotein, antithrombin III (ATIII). Elevation of expression level by selection for increased drug resistance in Chinese hamster ovary cells stably expressing ATIII resulted in formation of disulfide‐bonded aggregates of ATIII. Aggregated ATIII displayed incomplete sialylation and Endo H‐sensitivity and located to the endoplasmic reticulum and the cis‐Golgi compartment in subcellular fractionations. To explore possible causes for aggregation of ATIII at elevated expression levels we investigated the influence of the two major energy sources of cultured mammalian cells, D‐glucose and L‐glutamine, on the ATIII‐yield. We found that utilization of D‐glucose was not limiting for synthesis of ATIII at elevated expression levels. However, the amount of ATIII‐synthesized per L‐glutamine consumed did not seem to increase steadily with expression level for ATIII, indicating that secretion of ATIII may be limited by the capacity of the cell to utilize L‐glutamine. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 78: 131–140, 2002; DOI 10.1002/bit.10206
High‐performance capillary electrophoretic analysis of hyaluronan and galactosaminoglycan‐disaccharides in gastrointestinal carcinomas. Differential disaccharide composition as a possible tool‐indicator for malignancies
Authors: Theocharis Achilleas D. , Theocharis Dimitrios A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) have documented implications for the growth and progression of malignant tumors. Gastrointestinal carcinomas (gastric, colon, rectum and pancreatic) are the most frequent malignancies occurring in human. GAGs, isolated from the tissues after digestion with papain, were analyzed by high‐performance capillary electrophoresis (HPCE) following treatment with chondroitinase ABC. The composition of GAGs in disaccharides derived from the various gastrointestinal carcinomas was compared with those of normal tissues. We report that human gastrointestinal carcinomas are characterized by increased concentrations of GAGs, which have quite different disaccharide composition which, in turn, is associated with marked increase of non‐sulfated (Δdi‐nonS) and 6‐sulfated (Δdi‐mono6S) Δ‐disaccharides. Particularly, a 12–51‐fold increase in Δdi‐nonS and a 3–42‐fold increase in Δdi‐mono6S content characterize these carcinomas, while the 4‐sulfated units (Δdi‐mono4S) showed a lower increase, about 0.5–1.5‐fold. Moreover, the quantitation of hyaluronan (HA)‐derived Δ‐disaccharides (Δdi‐nonSHA) also revealed a marked increase (1–12‐fold) in the malignant tissues. On the other hand, the content of the chondroitinase ABC‐resistant GAGs showed a low decrease, about 0.2–0.7‐fold. The high amounts of hyaluronan (HA) produced by these carcinomas and the ectopic production of chondroitin sulphate (CS) proteoglycans, in which (Δdi‐nonS) and (Δdi‐mono6S) predominated, suggest a close relation between the content of these GAGs and the malignant phenotype, the metastatic ability and the survival time. Copyright ­© 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Employment of detergent–tag/solute interactions in capillary electrophoresis of neutral polysaccharides
Authors: Tokarz Michal , Gustavsson Pär , Stefansson Morgan 
Published: September 2002

AbstractNeutral and inherently immobile polysaccharides are induced to migrate in an electric field through interactions with a detergent added to the electrophoretic electrolyte buffer. Before analysis the polysaccharides are converted to fluorescent derivatives to enable detection, but choice of a tag can also be utilized for modulation of the electrophoretic mobility. Three cases are discussed and exemplified, namely detergent‐solute, detergent‐solute + tag, and detergent–tag interactions. Anionic as well as cationic surfactants were exploited along with different derivatization reagents. Depending on the approach chosen, different kinds of information about sample composition and distribution(s) can be obtained, including degree of substitution, distribution of molecular weight (obtained in free solution without sieving media) and polymer conformation. A shift in polymer conformation upon a change in solvent composition can be monitored. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of glycoproteins and the oligosaccharides thereof by high‐performance capillary electrophoresis—significance in regulatory studies on biopharmaceutical products
Authors: Kakehi Kazuaki , Kinoshita Mitsuhiro , Nakano Miyako 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis review describes the recent development in the analysis of glycoproteins using capillary electrophoresis with various separation techniques, and focuses especially on the analysis of recombinant glycoprotein pharmaceuticals. We include the analysis of glycoprotein multiforms (ie glycoform) as well as glycan analysis. The relationship between glycoprotein multiforms and oligosaccharide distributions in a glycoprotein sample is also discussed. Further, recent development in capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry is described. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of glycosaminoglycans and glycosaminoglycan‐derived oligosaccharides
Authors: Mao Wenjun , Thanawiroon Charuwan , Linhardt Robert J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractGlycosaminoglycans are a family of polydisperse, highly sulfated complex mixtures of linear polysaccharides that are involved in many life processes. Defining the structure of glycosaminoglycans is an important factor in elucidating their structure–activity relationship. Capillary electrophoresis has emerged as a highly promising technique consuming an extremely small amount of sample and capable of rapid, high‐resolution separation, characterization and quantitation of analytes. Numerous capillary electrophoresis methods for analysis of intact glycosaminoglycans and glycosaminoglycan‐derived oligosaccharides have been developed. These methods allow for both qualitative and quantitative analysis with a high level of sensitivity. This review is concerned with separation methods of capillary electrophoresis, detection methods and applications to several aspects of research into glycosaminoglycans and glycosaminoglycan‐derived oligosaccharides. The importance of capillary electrophoresis in biological and pharmaceutical samples in glycobiology and carbohydrate biochemistry and its possible applications in disease diagnosis and monitoring chemical synthesis are described. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of rat hepatocellular glutathione by reversed‐phase liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection and cytotoxicity evaluation of environmental pollutants based on the concentration change
Authors: Toyo'oka Toshimasa , Tanabe Junko , Jinno Hideto 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThree methods for the determination of rat hepatocellular thiols by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence (FL) detection have been developed. The thiols in the cells were tagged with three fluorogenic reagents, SBD‐F, ABD‐F and DBD‐F. These reagents could permeate into cells and effectively reacted with thiols to produce highly fluorescent derivatives. These derivatives fluoresced in the long wavelength region at around 530 nm (excitation at around 380 nm). The five biological thiols tagged were perfectly separated by reversed‐phase liquid chromatography and were sensitively and selectively detected without any interference from endogenous substanaces. The main thiol in the cells was reduced GSH and the concentration was at the mM level. The proposed procedures were applied to the determination of hepatocellular GSH after treatment of environmental pollutants such as volatile organic compounds (VOC) and endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC). From the comparison of intracellular GSH concentration, the test compounds were classified into four groups: compounds of strong depletion (eg triphenyltin chloride, hexachlorocyclohexene, nonylphenol, bromoacetic acid, 4‐chlorobenzyl chloride and 1,3‐dichloropropene), slight decrease (eg bisphenol A, benzo[a]pylene, carbon tetrachloride and benzene), slight increase (eg bromoform and toluene), and no effect (eg 1,1,1‐trichloroethane, 1,1,2‐trichloroethane and 1,2‐dichloroethane). Although the decrease of GSH concentration does not reflect the cytotoxicity of chemicals, the proposed procedure utilizing isolated rat hepatpcytes seems to be useful for investigating the bioactivation of VOC, and EDC, etc. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of capillary electrophoresis in the analysis of novel synthetic dideoxynucleoside analogues with potential anti‐HIV activity
Authors: Balayiannis G. , Papaioannou D. , Karamanos N. K. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe aim of this study was the development of a capillary electrophoretic method for the analysis of a series of novel synthetic dideoxynucleoside analogues with potential anti‐HIV activity. These analogues consist of a tetrahydrofuranyl or a tetrahydropyranyl ring as the pseudosugar part and bear a hydroxyethyl side‐chain and a nucleobase of the pyrimidine (eg thymine or uracil) or the purine (adenine) type with cis or trans configuration. Analysis of these derivatives was performed by capillary zone electrophoresis using 25 mM phosphate pH 3.00 and 4.00 as operating buffers for pyrimidine and purine analogues, respectively, and detection of separated species at 254 nm. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abbreviations used:

ddN

2′,3′‐dideoxynucleosides

iso‐ddN

isodideoxynucleosides.
Determination of malondialdehyde by capillary electrophoresis, application to human plasma and relation of its levels with prematurity
Authors: Korizis K. N. , Exarchou A. , Michalopoulos E. , Georgakopoulos C. D. , Kolonitsiou F. , Mantagos S. , Gartaganis S. P. , Karamanos N. K. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractMalondialdehyde (MDA) is considered as the most important marker for monitoring lipid peroxidation, which is strongly associated with the development of serious diseases in adults and premature neonates. In this paper we report a method for determination of free MDA in human plasma using capillary zone electrophoresis. MDA was separated and determined as conjugate with tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulphate (TBAS). Analysis was performed using 20 mM borare, pH = 9.3, as operating buffer and detection of the MDA–TBAS adduct at 267 nm. The method has a linear range up to 80 µM with a detection limit of 0.2 µM. The method was applied to the analysis of MDA in plasma of healthy adults, normal‐gestation infants and of preterm neonates. Plasma proteins were successfully removed following centrifugation through a centricon‐3 membrane. Results showed that the method can be easily and accurate applied for the determination of MDA in human plasma and that the level of MDA in pretern neonates is significantly higher (p ≤ 0.001) as compared to the two other cases. This suggests that MDA analysis may be useful to monitor the development and process of diseases related to lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress and prematurity. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abbreviations used:

BHT

2,6‐ditetrabutyl‐4‐methylphenol

MDA

molandialdehyde

ROP

retinopathy of prematurity

TBA

thiobarbituric acid

TBAS

tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulphate.
Natural Capitalists' indictment of traditional capitalism: A reappraisal
Authors: Desrochers Pierre 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn Natural Capitalism, the best seller by Paul Hawken and Amory and L. Hunter Lovins (1999), the authors summarize widespread beliefs on earlier economic development and indict past practices as inherently wasteful. In building their case, the authors allegedly identify a number of the failures of traditional capitalism. This article contends, however, that a number of these reflect more the mischaracterization by Hawken and the Lovinses of technology, economic and policy history than real shortcomings of past private‐sector behaviour.The first section of this paper deals with traditional capitalism's alleged sins of omission and provides evidence showing how the characteristics that Hawken and the Lovinses desire did indeed hold in the market system: (i) substantial resource‐productivity gains; (ii) generalized success in ‘closing the loop’ on industrial waste and (iii) a long‐term productive outlook. The second section illustrates how politicians, far from being the benevolent actors that Hawken and the Lovinses envision, typically engaged in obstructionist policy dynamics that tended more to hamper rather than facilitate the adoption of more efficient and environmentally friendly business practices. While there is much to be said on behalf of some of the insights contained in Natural Capitalism, a better understanding of past successes and failures in the area of business–environment interactions might have led the authors to different policy prescriptions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment.
Companies' participation in EMAS: The influence of the public regulator
Authors: Glachant Matthieu , Schucht Simone , Bültmann Alexandra , Wätzold Frank 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWhen adopted in 1993, the European Union's Eco‐Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS) was viewed as emblematic of a new policy approach involving more flexible and market‐based environmental instruments. A few years after coming into force, EMAS does not appear to be a tremendous success in terms of industrial participation. Apart from in Germany and Austria, participation is insignificant and comparatively very far behind that in ISO 14001, the environmental management standard of the International Organization for Standardization. The paper seeks to explain this modest result. It focuses on the influence of the European and national regulators on industrial participation. Using a comparative analysis of the implementation of EMAS in France, Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, it argues that the most powerful participation leverage has been the granting of regulatory relief for registered companies. This leads one to be pessimistic as to the future of EMAS. The possibility and scope for a lighter regulatory touch are primarily nationally specific since they are related to the national regulatory traditions. Consequently, the systematic and comprehensive use of this leverage is unlikely to generalize. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment.
Potential erosion of psychotherapist–patient privilege beyond California: dangers of “criminalizing” Tarasoff*
Authors: Weinstock Robert , Leong Gregory B. , Silva J. Arturo 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe “dangerous patient exception” to psychotherapist–patient privilege, adopted almost a decade before the celebrated case of Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California (1976), was mentioned in a footnote to that decision in the context of an analogy. Although intended to permit testimony in civil commitment proceedings, this exception has been used to “criminalize” the Tarasoff duty in California. California courts eroded the privilege initially primarily to permit victims to sue psychotherapists and later to require psychotherapists to testify against their patients in criminal proceedings and appear to have confused evidentiary privilege and confidentiality. If consistent, similar reasoning in California in the future should allow therapists to testify against their patients if they were civilly committed in the past for dangerousness and attorneys to testify against their clients in criminal cases if at some earlier time they believed their clients represented a risk of future harm. Although most other jurisdictions may not word their privilege exceptions for civil commitment in the same way as California, most states have some type of privilege exception for civil commitment that could allow for such an interpretation. The United States Supreme Court in Jaffee v. Redmond (1996) found a psychotherapist–patient privilege, but stated in a footnote that an exception to the privilege would exist if a serious threat of harm to the patient could be averted only by means of disclosure by the therapist. Other jurisdictions have begun to consider these issues. Rather than being unique to California, similar reasoning could lead to the “criminalization” of Tarasoff in other jurisdictions and thereby compel therapists outside California to testify against their patients in criminal proceedings. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing violence risk in Tarasoff situations: a fact‐based model of inquiry*
Authors: Borum Randy , Reddy Marisa 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAlthough significant advances in risk assessment research and practice have been made in recent years, there has not been any analysis in the professional literature regarding how and whether the emerging practice recommendations apply in Tarasoff‐type situations. We suggest that, when faced with a Tarasoff‐type situation, the appraisal of risk should be guided by a method that is primarily fact‐based and deductive, rather than by the more inductive risk assessment approach for general violence recidivism, which is guided primarily by base rates and historical risk factors. We review the principles underlying a fact‐based, or threat assessment, approach and outline six areas of inquiry that can guide the appraisal of risk: A—attitudes that support or facilitate violence, C—capacity, T—thresholds crossed, I—intent, O—other's reactions, and N—noncompliance with risk reduction interventions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical training and the duty to protect*
Authors: Tolman Anton O. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractGiven that the duty to protect is now a well established clinical and legal expectation, training in professional psychology should assist students in developing conceptual models for violence risk assessment and management. This report presents a training model incorporating recent advancements in risk assessment (such as the assessment of psychopathy), the need for basic legal understanding, and knowledge of specific risk management strategies. Additionally, academic and internship training programs in Michigan were surveyed by telephone about current training patterns. Preliminary results indicated program strengths in general awareness and training in risk factors. However, the data also suggested a need to formalize a faculty role in risk education, improve the training of students in relevant legal information, and establish coherent conceptual models of dealing with potential patient violence. It is argued that improving training of future professionals in this way will improve clinical practice, reduce legal liability, and improve public safety. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.