bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early Diagnosis of Intestinal Non‐Hodgkin Lymphoma by Endoscopy
Authors: Hintze Jürgen , Posselt Hans Georg , Walther Annemarie , Hinderfeld Ludger , Waag Karl Ludwig , Bender Steffen W. 
Published: February 2024

Summary:The early diagnosis of intestinal non‐Hodgkin lymphoma, stages I and II, lymphoblastic of Burkitt's type, was made by colonoscopy combined with selective radiologic visualization of the tumor in two children, ages 4 and 5. This technique is recommended in patients with abdominal pain, iron‐deficiency anemia, intestinal blood loss, and an elevated sedimentation rate, when conventional radiologic and ultrasound techniques fail.
Transient Monosaccharide Intolerance in Infants with Acute and Protracted Diarrhoea
Authors: Manuel Peter D. , Lucas Mukhtar Deirdre J. , Walker‐Smith John A. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryA retrospective clinical study was done of 38 infants with temporary monosaccharide intolerance who were admitted to hospital between November 1976 and August 1978. There were two clinical groups. Group 1 consisted of 31 infants who developed monosaccharide intolerance as a sequela to acute gastroenteritis (i.e., 4% of infants admitted with acute gastroenteritis). Rotavirus was the cause of gastroenteritis in 64% of cases of monosaccharide intolerance. Monosaccharide intolerance was easily managed by dietary manipulations and lasted a mean of 2.5 days. Group 2 consisted of seven infants who developed monosaccharide intolerance during the course of protracted diarrhoea. The monosaccharide in‐tolerance lasted up to 70 days, with a mean of 21 days, and required a period of total bowel rest followed often by complicated dietary manipulation.
Hepatitis B Virus Infections Transmitted from Retarded Children to Their Families During Brief Home Exposure
Authors: McPhillips John C. , Collins Janna C. , Spigland Ilya 
Published: February 2024

SummaryHepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is endemic among institutionalized retarded patients, who usually have mild, anicteric hepatitis following nonparenteral exposure. We evaluated the risk of HBV infection (as evidenced by serologic studies) among their contacts, including noninstitutional caretakers, during brief home exposure. Caretakers shaved, bathed, and changed diapers for five patients during home visits or foster home placements. Seven of the 14 caretakers, who were exposed for 3–12 months, developed antibodies (anti‐HBe and/or anti‐HBs). A mother and her daughter's caretaker were found to have asymptomatic acute HBV infection, and the mother developed antibodies to HBs HBc, and HBc. In a second household, another caretaker became anti‐HBspositive. Only one of nine play contacts and none of seven casual contacts had markers of past or present HBV infection. The study was a unique opportunity to retrospectively and prospectively monitor HBV transmission. Our results show that noninstitutional caretakers deserve the protection of HBV vaccine to diminish the potential for chronic infection and transmission of HBV infection.
Neonatal Bilirubin Production Estimated from “End‐Tidal” Carbon Monoxide Concentration
Authors: Smith David W. , Hopper Andrew O. , Shahin Susan M. , Cohen Ronald S. , Ostrander Clinton R. , Ariagno Ronald L. , Stevenson David K. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryThe relationship between the pulmonary excretion rate of carbon monoxide (VECO) and the concentration of CO, in a sample of breath, drawn through a nasopharyngeal catheter at end‐expiration, was assessed in 25 studies of nine preterm and 14 term infants. The VECO and this approximate end‐tidal sample of CO (ETCO) correlated significantly over a wide range of CO elimination rates: VECO = 10.45 ETCO + 2.25 (n = 25, r = 0.95). The ETCO correctly predicted elevations in VECO > 2 SD of the mean VECO for normal infants (13.9 ± 3.5 μl/kg/h), with 90% sensitivity and 73% specificity (p < 0.01). Three subjects with Rh isoimmune hemolytic disease were easily identified by the ETCO as well as the VECO. The ETco is a simple, noninvasive measurement for rapidly identifying infants with significant hemolytic disease.
Coproporphyrin Excretion in Healthy Newborn Babies
Authors: Rocchi Emilio , Balli Fiorella , Gibertini Paolo , Trenti Tomaso , Pietrangelo Antonello , Cassanelli Marco , Frigieri Giuliana , Ventura Ezio 
Published: February 2024

SummaryThe urinary and fecal coproporphyrins (CP) undergo significant changes in cholestatic diseases of both adults and infants and their determination may provide a diagnostic tool. Little is known about CP excretion in the first days of life. The authors have studied the daily urinary and fecal excretion of CP as well as the I and III isomer distribution in 10 healthy newborn babies from 1 to 10 days old. CP were determined by the solvent partition method and the isomer distribution by thin‐layer chromatographic technique. Preliminary studies on urinary porphyrin pattern were performed using a personal high‐performance liquid chromatographic method. CP excretion was almost 10 times higher on the 1st day than on the 10th, when expressed by adult standards. The isomer I accounted for almost 80% of the total amount on the first days, whereas at the end of the study, both the CP total amount and isomer distribution overlapped the infant and adult pattern. The authors propose a personal interpretation based on a possible transient enzymatic defect in the metabolic chain of heme synthesis.
Essential Fatty Acid Status of the Premature Infant During Short‐Term Fat‐Free Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Cooke Richard J. , Zee Paulus , Yeh Yu‐Yan 
Published: February 2024

SummaryThis study was designed to evaluate the effect of fat‐free parenteral nutrition on the essential fatty acid status of a group of stable premature infants during the first 10 days of life. Nine infants had a gestational age of less than 32 weeks (Group 1), and 10 infants, 32–34 weeks (Group 2). Five of nine infants in Group 1 and two of 10 infants in Group 2 developed essential fatty acid deficiency (EFAD) (triene/tetraene ratio >0.4). In three infants, EFAD was present by 5 days of age; and in four, between 5 and 10 days of age. The difference in frequency of EFAD between Groups 1 and 2 is statistically significant (p < 0.05). The development of EFAD as a function of postnatal age could be predicted using a simple regression, y = −0.14 + 0.07x (r = 0.64, p < 0.0001), where y represents the triene/tetraene ratio and × the postnatal age in days. We conclude that (a) EFAD may develop rapidly in the premature infant; (b) the more immature the infant, the greater the risk of EFAD; (c) the degree of EFAD increases with the duration of fat‐free parenteral nutrition.
Sensitivity of the Sigmoid Colon and Rectum in Children Treated for Chronic Constipation
Authors: Loening‐Baucke Vera A. 
Published: February 2024

SummarySensations in the sigmoid and rectum and the response of the anal canal to balloon distension were measured with a latex balloon and pressure transducer in 15 chronically constipated and 15 healthy control children. The constipated children received milk of magnesia and bowel training. Thirteen constipated children were restudied 7–12 months later and 11 were restudied 3 years later. Although thresholds of transient sensation and of the rectosphincteric reflex were not different in constipated and control children, the threshold of fullness, the critical volume, and the volume for constant relaxation were significantly higher in constipated than in control children (p < 0.05), and remained higher 1 year and 3 years later, even in the children who recovered. The initial data support the concept of a sigmoid and rectum so enlarged that a normal fecal bolus may not cause a sensation of fullness or a sensory stimulus for defecation. Despite improvement in clinical manifestations and normal rectal size, the abnormalities in sensitivity of the sigmoid and rectum persisted in five of eight recovered children. This may explain why these children are so vulnerable to recurrence of constipation and fecal soiling.
Gastric Handling of Medium‐Chain Triglycerides and Subsequent Metabolism in the Suckling Rat
Authors: Levy E. , Goldstein R. , Stankievicz H. , Hager E. , Freier S. 
Published: February 2024

We have previously shown that preduodenal lipases account for 50% of the lipolytic capacity of 14‐day‐old rats. The present investigation was designed to study the kinetics of and optimal conditions for absorption of fat in the stomach of suckling rats and its subsequent distribution in the body. After the simultaneous instillation of medium‐chain triglycerides (MCT) containing 1.25 μCi 2,3‐[3H]trioctanoate and of long‐chain triglycerides containing 1.25 μCi 1‐[14C]glycerol trioleate into the stomach ligated at the pylorus, we were able to show that gastric absorption of fat is limited to MCT. Two and a half minutes after injection, 88.6% of the radioactivity in the wall of the stomach was associated with free fatty acids, proving that lipolysis had preceded the absorption of the majority of the MCT. The remainder of the radioactivity was found in mono‐, di‐, and triglycerides as well as with cholesterol ester and phospholipids.In the plasma, peak radioactivity was attained within 2.5 min and a steady state ensued which lasted at least 30 min. Over this time period, specific radioactivity continued to rise in the liver, suggesting that hepatic uptake proceeded at the same rate as gastric absorption. Uptake could also be demonstrated in the three other organs tested, the lungs, the heart, and the kidneys. Absorption of MCT at pH 3 was only 20% of absorption at pH 6, which is the physiological pH in the suckling rat stomach within the first 10 min after a feed. Both at pH 3 and at pH 6, the addition of sodium taurocholate increased absorption of MCT over threefold. It is likely that the absorption of MCT by the stomach is a physiological event in the suckling rat.
Early Effects of Bethanechol on the Esophageal Motor Function of Infants with Gastroesophageal Reflux
Authors: Sondheimer Judith M. , Arnold Georgianne L. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryLower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure, as well as esophageal peristaltic amplitude, duration, and velocity were measured in 16 infants with gastroesophageal reflux before administration of subcutaneous bethanechol, and at 10, 20, and 30 min after. Seven infants received 0.1 mg/kg, and 9 received 0.2 mg/kg. Significant increases in LES pressure occurred at both doses and lasted for 20 min. The amplitude and duration of peristaltic contractions were increased only after the larger bethanechol dose, and the increases were of greater magnitude in the distal esophagus than in the middle esophagus. The velocity of peristalsis decreased significantly in both the lower and middle esophagus, but only after the larger dose of bethanechol. Bethanechol had no effect on any motor function of the upper third of the esophagus. The changes in esophageal peristalsis produced by bethanechol may improve the efficiency of distal esophageal acid clearance and thus may be responsible in part for the therapeutic effect of bethanechol in infants with gastroesophageal reflux.
Ultrastructural and Biochemical Changes in Human Jejunal Mucosa Associated with Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (0111) Infection
Authors: Taylor C. J. , Hart A. , Batt R. M. , McDougall C. , McLean L. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryA case of prolonged diarrhoea following Escherichia coli 0111 gastroenteritis is reported. Electron microscopy of the jejunal biopsy revealed effacement of the brush border and attachment of bacteria by pedestal formation. Specific activities of brush border enzymes showed marked depression of disaccharidases, zinc‐resistant α‐glucosidase, and alkaline phosphatase. In contrast, marker enzymes for basolateral membranes and endoplasmic reticulum were unaffected. The biochemical changes support the pathogenic mechanism suggested by ultrastructural studies previously reported.
Antibody Response in Serum and Intestine in Children up to Six Months After a Naturally Acquired Rotavirus Gastroenteritis
Authors: Hjelt Karsten , Grauballe Per C. , Andersen Lene , Schiøtz Peter O. , Howitz Peter , Krasilnikoff Peter A. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryThe aim of this study was to provide detailed information about the local and systemic antibody response and their relationship following a rotavirus gastroenteritis. Rotavirus‐specific immunoglobulins were analyzed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The study included 49 children referred to hospital with rotavirus gastroenteritis and 16 children with nonrotavirus gastroenteritis. The concentrations of rotavirus immunoglobulin A (IgA) in serum increased within the first 2 weeks and those of rotavirus IgG within the first month after the onset of diarrhea. Thereafter, they remained unchanged during the 6‐month observation period. Rotavirus ScIg (i.e., antirotavirus immunoglobulin‐containing secretory component) appeared in serum almost exclusively within 7–14 days after onset (i.e., 85% of the samples). After the first 2 weeks, rotavirus IgA could be detected in the majority of fecal samples, even up to 6 months after the disease. However, rotavirus ScIg was absent in the majority of fecal samples. The severity of illness correlated only with the increase of rotavirus IgG in serum. Conclusively, there is a longstanding immune response after a naturally acquired rotavirus gastroenteritis. Moreover, with the present methods, measurements of rotavirus IgA and IgG in serum can be safely used for serodiagnosis, even when samples are taken with 6‐month interval. It is suggested that trials with rotavirus vaccines include measurements of rotavirus IgA and ScIg in serum and rotavirus IgA in feces.
Dietary Fructose in the Management of Intractable Diarrhea of Infancy
Authors: Clark Joseph H. , Bullock Linda , Fitzgerald Joseph F. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryCarbohydrate digestion/absorption was evaluated in 11 infants with intractable diarrhea while they were receiving a carbohydrate‐free soy‐isolate formula. Seven patients were fed within 48 h of admission. Enteral feedings were initiated in the remainder after they had gained 1 kg while receiving parenteral nutrition. All feedings were initially administered by continuous nasogastric infusion. Nine patients were initially fed formula with polymeric glucose; two received fructose as the carbohydrate source, based on a documented history of polymeric glucose intolerance. Five of the nine developed watery, acidic stools while receiving polymeric glucose. All were switched to fructose, which resulted in improvement in stool pH and consistency. Glucose tolerance was normal 1 month after discharge in all seven fructose‐requiring infants. Three of six infants have shown a persistent inability to hydrolyze sucrose. Several putative mechanisms of polymeric glucose intolerance are discussed, as well as the apparent association with primary sucrase‐isomaltase deficiency in three of the patients. Fructose is an effective alternative carbohydrate source in infants unable to tolerate polymeric glucose, and early initiation of fructose may obviate the need for total parenteral nutrition and prolonged bowel rest.
Clinical and Radiological Diagnosis of Crohn's Disease in Children
Authors: Macfarlane P. I. , Miller V , Ratcliffe J. F. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryDiagnosis of Crohn's disease in children may be delayed because of obscure presention and inappropriate investigation. The clinical and radiological features in 35 children with Crohn's disease were reviewed retrospectively. The distal ileum and proximal colon were the most common sites of disease. Intestinal symptoms and signs were often overshadowed by nonspecific complaints. Proximal small bowel disease was characterised by oedema, clubbing, anaemia, and stunting of growth. The delay in diagnosis was less than in other series, although most prolonged in the group with proximal disease. We have identified a group of clinical features that strongly suggests Crohn's disease. In these patients, we believe a small bowel enema is justified. Small bowel enema, although invasive, is more effective than barium meal and follow‐through for demonstrating Crohn's disease. Severity of radiological changes did not correlate with clinical assessment. Neither bowel stricture nor fistula was found. Radiology of the colon was insensitive and colonoscopy is better for assessing colonic disease.
Laboratory Assessment of Disease Activity in Childhood Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Macfarlane P. I. , Miller V , Wells F. , Richards B. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryThe erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C‐reactive protein (CRP), and serum orosomucoid were measured in children with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis in various states of disease activity. Results were matched with a clinical assessment to determine the correlation between laboratory test values and disease activity. Regression analysis showed that serum orosomucoid reflected disease activity better than ESR in both diseases. Orosomucoid but not ESR discriminated between disease in remission and mild disease in ulcerative colitis. No test invariably predicted presence or absence of active disease. Orosomucoid and ESR were complementary, but CRP was of no additional value. The usefulness of orosomucoid and ESR as objective measures of inflammatory activity was not masked by corticosteroid medication.
Effect of Gestational Age Upon Prealbumin and Retinol Binding Protein in Preterm and Term Infants
Authors: Sasanow Sharon R. , Spitzer Alan R. , Pereira Gilberto R. , Heaf Louisa , Watkins John B. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryThe relationships between maternal and umbilical cord levels of prealbumin and retinol binding protein (RBP) were studied in 68 mothers and in their appropriate‐for‐gestational‐age neonates delivered between 25 and 42 weeks gestation. Arterial and venous concentrations of prealbumin and RBP in cord sera were also studied in a subsample of eight infants. In cord sera, prealbumin and RBP levels increased with gestational age (prealbumin, r = 0.47; RBP, r = 0.40, p < 0.01), and were significantly different in neonates born at term compared to those born prematurely (mean ± SD, prealbumin 12.0 ± 3.9 mg/dl vs. 8.8 ± 2.3 mg/dl, p < 0.001; RBP, 2.3 ± 0.8 vs. 1.8 ± 0.5 mg/dl, p < 0.005). No significant differences between arterial and venous concentrations of prealbumin and RBP were observed in cord blood. In maternal blood, serum prealbumin and RBP concentrations did not increase with length of gestation (25–42 weeks). Maternal prealbumin was not correlated significantly with infants' cord serum levels; the correlation coefficient for RBP was 0.29, p < 0.05. Maternal prealbumin and RBP serum levels were approximately twice the values seen in neonates born both at term and prematurely. Although the difference between premature and full‐term cord levels of prealbumin and RBP may reflect an increase in hepatic protein synthesis that occurs with maturation of the fetus and/or a change in placental function after 37 weeks gestation, neither of these factors sufficiently explains the variance in neonatal prealbumin and RBP levels.
Absorption of Selenium From Milk Protein and Isolated Soy Protein Formulas in Preschool Children
Authors: Solomons Noel W. , Torun Benjamin , Janghorbani Morteza , Christensen Merrill J. , Young Vernon R. , Steinke Fred H. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryAbsorption of selenium as the stable isotopic tracer [74Se]selenite was measured in four preschool children who were receiving liquid formula diets based on casein, isolated soy protein, and a 50:50 combination of the two protein sources. The children were in continuous ambulatory balance studies within the Clinical Research Center during three consecutive 11‐day collection periods. The enrichment of the 74Se/76Se ratio in feces was measured by radiochemical neutron activation analysis, with fractional absorption estimated therefrom. Mean fractional absorption of selenium (± SD) from the formulas based on milk, isolated soy protein, and milk‐soy were 64.2 ± 14.6, 73.4 ± 19.0, and 45.0 ± 10.9%, respectively, with the combined formula having a significantly lower intestinal uptake for added selenite than the casein formula. Stable isotopes of selenium are safe and potentially useful tools for examining its bioavailability in the diets of young children.
Two‐Hour Lactose Breath Hydrogen Test
Authors: Abramowitz Aron , Granot Esther , Tamir Israel , Deckelbaum Richard J. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryCurrent requirements for the lactose breath hydrogen test (LBHT) include serial expired air samplings and multiple hydrogen (H2) determinations. One hundred thirty‐two consecutive LBHTs were evaluated to determine whether multiple samplings are indeed necessary for detection of lactose malabsorption. Expired air samples were collected at 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 min following ingestion of lactose. Fifty‐five LBHTs were positive for lactose malabsorption. All tests showed abnormally elevated breath H2 concentrations at 120 min. The mean value of the change in parts per million (Δ ppm) of H2 at 120 min (51.1 ± 4.7 SEM) was higher than at any other time point. If only the 120‐min samples were examined without subtracting the initial concentrations, four of the 77 negative tests (5.2%) would have been falsely positive. Thus, the values of H2 at 0 and 120 min were sufficient to define lactose malabsorption in all cases. We conclude that just as a single blood sample now suffices for determining xylose malabsorption, so expired air sampling at only 0 and 120 min during the LBHT is a reliable method for detecting lactose malabsorption and diminishes the need for acquiring and analyzing multiple samples.
Effect of Bethanechol and Metoclopramide on Upper Gastrointestinal Motility in the Kitten
Authors: Hillemeier Craig , McCallum Richard , Oertel Robin , Gryboski Joyce 
Published: February 2024

SummaryGastroesophageal reflux (GER) during infancy is a disorder of unknown etiology which may be associated with abnormalities of upper gastrointestinal motor function. Bethanechol, a muscarinic agonist, and metoclopramide, a dopamine antagonist, have been utilized as pharmacologic agents in an attempt to improve upper gastrointestinal motility in this disorder. We have studied the effect of these agents on upper gastrointestinal motility in an infant model, the kitten. Bethanechol is found to greatly increase lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure and have no effect on esophageal peristaltic amplitude or gastric emptying of a liquid meal. Metoclopramide causes a small and nonsignificant increase in LES pressure, has no effect on esophageal peristalsis, and increases the rate of gastric emptying of a liquid meal. These results suggest that these two agents may have specific actions on the infant's upper gastrointestinal tract.
Effect of a Maternal Fast on the Urea Cycle Enzymes of the Ovine Fetus
Authors: Lemons James A. , Snodgrass Philip J. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryActivities of five urea cycle enzymes were measured in maternal and fetal sheep liver during the normal fed state and following 5 days of fasting. Six ewes and 10 fetuses were studied in both the fed and fasted periods at 132 days gestation (term: 147 days) for liver protein and enzyme levels. Results indicated that protein content increased during fasting in both the maternal and fetal liver. Fetal liver weight was decreased during fasting from 108 ± 8.5 to 71 ± 8.2 g (mean ± SD) (p < 0.001). Fed state fetal enzyme activities per gram liver were 50–125% of maternal values. After fasting, four of the five fetal enzymes increased approximately twofold to fivefold (per gram tissue) (ornithine transcarbamylase did not change). Only one enzyme (argininosuccinase) increased significantly in maternal liver. Total liver activities gave similar results. These data indicate that the in vivo studies that demonstrate a doubling in fetal urea production in the fasted sheep in later gestation are associated with parallel increases in the fetal hepatic activities of several enzymes that are responsible for urea synthesis.