bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The risk of hemorrhagic complications after anticoagulation therapy in trauma patients: A multicenter evaluation
Authors: Ghafil Cameron , Park Caroline , Yu Jeremy , Drake Andrew , Sundaram Shivani , Thiele Lisa , Graham Caleb , Inaba Kenji , Matsushima Kazuhide 
Published: November 2023

BACKGROUND
The use of anticoagulation therapy (ACT) in trauma patients during the postinjury period presents a challenge given the increased risk of hemorrhage. Guidelines regarding whether and when to initiate ACT are lacking, and as a result, practice patterns vary widely. The purpose of this study is to describe the incidence of hemorrhagic complications in patients who received ACT during their hospitalization, identify risk factors, and characterize the required interventions.

METHODS
In this retrospective cohort study, all trauma admissions at two Level I trauma centers between January 2015 and December 2020 were reviewed. Patients with preexisting ACT use or those who developed a new indication for ACT were included for analysis. Demographic and outcome data were collected for those who received ACT during their admission. Comparisons were then made between the complications and no complications groups. A subgroup analysis was performed for all patients started on ACT within 14 days of injury.

RESULTS
A total of 812 patients were identified as having an indication for ACT, and 442 patients received ACT during the postinjury period. The overall incidence of hemorrhagic complications was 12.7%. Of those who sustained hemorrhagic complications, 18 required procedural intervention. On regression analysis, male sex, severe injuries, and the need for hemorrhage control surgery on arrival were all found to be associated with hemorrhagic complications after the initiation of ACT. Waiting 7 days to 14 days from the time of injury to initiate ACT reduced the odds of complications by 46% and 71%, respectively.

CONCLUSION
The use of ACT in trauma during the postinjury period is not without risk. Waiting 7 days to 14 days postinjury might greatly reduce the risk of hemorrhagic complications.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Therapeutic/Care Management Study; Level IV.
Extending Subcortical EEG Responses to Continuous Speech to the Sound-Field
Authors: Bachmann Florine L. , Kulasingham Joshua P. , Eskleund Kasper , Enqvist Martin , Alickovic Emina , Innes-Brown Hamish 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe auditory brainstem response (ABR) is a valuable clinical tool for objective hearing assessment, which is conventionally detected by averaging neural responses to thousands of short stimuli. Progressing beyond these unnatural stimuli, brainstem responses to continuous speech presented via earphones have been recently detected using linear temporal response functions (TRFs). Here, we extend earlier studies by measuring subcortical responses to continuous speech presented in the sound-field, and assess the amount of data needed to estimate brainstem TRFs. Electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded from 24 normal hearing participants while they listened to clicks and stories presented via earphones and loudspeakers. Subcortical TRFs were computed after accounting for non-linear processing in the auditory periphery by either stimulus rectification or an auditory nerve model. Our results demonstrated that subcortical responses to continuous speech could be reliably measured in the sound-field. TRFs estimated using auditory nerve models outperformed simple rectification, and 16 minutes of data was sufficient for the TRFs of all participants to show clear wave V peaks for both earphones and sound-field stimuli. Subcortical TRFs to continuous speech were highly consistent in both earphone and sound-field conditions, and with click ABRs. However, sound-field TRFs required slightly more data (16 minutes) to achieve clear wave V peaks compared to earphone TRFs (12 minutes), possibly due to effects of room acoustics. By investigating subcortical responses to sound-field speech stimuli, this study lays the groundwork for bringing objective hearing assessment closer to real-life conditions, which may lead to improved hearing evaluations and smart hearing technologies.
Insights on the effect of mega-carcass abundance on the population dynamics of a facultative scavenger predator and its prey
Authors: Sidous Mellina , Cubaynes Sarah , Gimenez Olivier , Drouet-Hoguet Nolwenn , Dray Stéphane , Bollache Loïc , Madhlamoto Daphine , Ngwenya Nobesuthu Adelaide , Fritz Hervé , Valeix Marion 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe interplay between facultative scavenging and predation has gained interest in the last decade. The prevalence of scavenging induced by the availability of large carcasses may modify predator density or behaviour, potentially affecting prey. In contrast to behavioural mechanisms through which scavenging affects predation, the demographic effects of facultative scavenging on predator and prey populations remain poorly studied. We used the semi-natural experimental opportunity in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe, where contrasted management measures (culling and artificial supply of water) have led to fluctuations in elephant carrion abundance, to identify the consequences of facultative scavenging on the population dynamics of a large mammalian carnivore, the spotted hyaena (Crocuta crocuta), and its prey. Using a 50-year dataset and Multivariate Autoregressive State Space models, we estimated hyaena and prey densities over four periods contrasted in elephant carrion availability due to management practices. Models that allow hyaena and their prey populations’ growth rate to vary depending on these four periods contributed significantly to explain variations in their density, which is consistent with an effect of management measures on the population dynamics of hyaena and its prey. Although our results support a predominant role of bottom-up mechanisms, whereby hyaena density is driven by herbivore density, itself driven by resources availability, some subtle patterns of densities could be interpreted as consequences of changes in predation pressure following changes in scavenging opportunities. We discuss why signals of prey and predator population dynamics decoupling are less likely to be observed in systems with a high diversity of prey, such as African savannas, and why inputs of mega-carcasses as pulsed resources hardly impacted top-down relationships in the long run. This study represents a first investigation of the long-term effects of carrion pulses, whose frequency may increase with climate changes, on the classical predator-prey coupling for large mammals.
The Arp2/3 complex promotes periodic removal of Pak1-mediated negative feedback to facilitate anticorrelated Cdc42 oscillations
Authors: Harrell Marcus , Liu Ziyi , Campbell Bethany F , Chinsen Olivia , Hong Tian , Das Maitreyi 
Published: November 2023

SUMMARYThe conserved GTPase Cdc42 is a major regulator of polarized growth in most eukaryotes. Cdc42 periodically cycles between active and inactive states at sites of polarized growth. These periodic cycles are caused by positive feedback and time-delayed negative feedback loops. In the bipolar yeastS. pombe, both growing ends must regulate Cdc42 activity. At each cell end, Cdc42 activity recruits the Pak1 kinase which prevents further Cdc42 activation thus establishing negative feedback. It is unclear how Cdc42 activation returns to the end after Pak1-dependent negative feedback. Using genetic and chemical perturbations, we find that disrupting branched actin-mediated endocytosis disables Cdc42 reactivation at the cell ends. With our experimental data and mathematical models, we show that endocytosis-dependent Pak1 removal from the cell ends allows the Cdc42 activator Scd1 to return to that end to enable reactivation of Cdc42. Moreover, we show that Pak1 elicits its own removal via activation of endocytosis. In agreement with these observations, our model and experimental data show that in each oscillatory cycle, Cdc42 activation increases followed by an increase in Pak1 recruitment at that end. These findings provide a deeper insight into the self-organization of Cdc42 regulation and reveal previously unknown feedback with endocytosis in the establishment of cell polarity.
Competition for food affects the strength of reproductive interference and its consequences for species coexistence
Authors: Cruz Miguel A. , Godoy Oscar , Fragata Inês , Sousa Vitor C. , Magalhães Sara , Zélé Flore 
Published: November 2023

AbstractCompetition for food and reproductive interference (negative interspecific sexual interactions) have been identified as major drivers of species exclusion. Still, how these biotic interactions jointly determine competitive dominance remains largely unknown. We tackle this by coupling population models and laboratory experiments with two spider mite sibling species. Using experiments specifically designed to measure the single and combined effects of food competition and reproductive interference, we first show that the strength and symmetry of reproductive interference between species changes in presence of food competition. Next, we show that population models incorporating each type of interaction alone or their effects when combined lead to markedly different predictions, from exclusion by one species or the other, to exclusion of the less abundant species. Moreover, accounting for the observed reduction in the strength of reproductive interference in the presence of food competition changes the threshold frequency determining the dominant competitor, favouring the superior competitor for food. Finally, model predictions for short-term population dynamics were corroborated with an independent population cage experiment. Altogether, our results suggest that trophic interactions can modulate sexual interactions, significantly impacting population dynamics and competitive outcomes. Hence, the joint consideration of food competition and reproductive interference is critical to accurately predict and understand species coexistence.
Obesogenic diet in mice leads to inflammation and oxidative stress in the mother in association with sex-specific changes in fetal development, inflammatory markers and placental transcriptome
Authors: Candia Alejandro A. , Lean Samantha C. , Zhang Cindy X. W. , McKeating Daniel R , Cochrane Anna , Gulacsi Edina , Herrera Emilio A. , Krause Bernardo J. , Sferruzzi-Perri Amanda N. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractIntroductionObesity during pregnancy is related to adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Factors involved in these outcomes may include increased maternal insulin resistance, inflammation, oxidative stress and nutrient mishandling. The placenta is the primary determinant of fetal outcomes, and its function can be impacted by maternal obesity. The aim of this study in mice was to determine the effect of obesity on maternal lipid handling, inflammatory and redox state, and placental oxidative stress, inflammatory signaling, and gene expression relative to female and male fetal growth.MethodsFemale mice were fed control or obesogenic high-fat/high-sugar diet (HFHS) from 9 weeks prior to and during pregnancy. On day 18.5 of pregnancy, maternal plasma, and liver, placenta, and fetal serum were collected to examine the immune and redox state. The placental labyrinth zone (Lz) was dissected for RNA-sequencing analysis of gene expression changes.ResultsHFHS diet induced, in the dams, hepatic steatosis, oxidative stress (reduced catalase, elevated protein oxidation) and activation of pro-inflammatory pathways (p38-MAPK) along with imbalanced circulating cytokine concentrations (increased IL-6 and decreased IL-5 and IL-17A). HFHS fetuses were asymmetrically growth-restricted, showing sex-specific changes in circulating cytokines (GM-CSF, TNF-α, IL-6 and IFN-γ). Morphology of the placenta Lz was modified by a HFHS diet, in association with sex-specific alterations in the expression of genes and proteins implicated in oxidative stress, inflammation, and stress signaling. Placental gene expression changes were comparable to that seen in models of intrauterine inflammation and were related to a transcriptional network involving transcription factors, LYL1 and PLAG1.DiscussionThis study shows that fetal growth restriction with maternal obesity is related to elevated oxidative stress, inflammatory pathways, and sex-specific placental changes. Our data are important given the marked consequences and the rising rates of obesity worldwide.
ThaparUni at #SMM4H 2023: Synergistic Ensemble of RoBERTa, XLNet, and ERNIE 2.0 for Enhanced Textual Analysis1
Authors: Singh Sharandeep , Bedi Jatin 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThis paper presents the system developed by Team ThaparUni for the Social Media Mining for Health Applications (SMM4H) 2023 Shared Task 4. The task involved binary classification of English Reddit posts, focusing on self-reporting social anxiety disorder (SAD) diagnoses. The final system employed a combination of three models: RoBERTa, ERNIE, and XLNet, and results obtained from all three models were integrated. The results, specifically in the context of mental health-related content analysis on social media platforms, show the possibility and viability of using multiple models in binary classification tasks.
Microglia Depletion Reduces Human Neuronal APOE4-Driven Pathologies in a Chimeric Alzheimer’s Disease Model
Authors: Rao Antara , Chen Nuo , Kim Min Joo , Blumenfeld Jessica , Yip Oscar , Hao Yanxia , Liang Zherui , Nelson Maxine R. , Koutsodendris Nicole , Grone Brian , Ding Leo , Yoon Seo Yeon , Arriola Patrick , Huang Yadong 
Published: November 2023

SUMMARYDespite strong evidence supporting the involvement of both apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) and microglia in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) pathogenesis, the effects of microglia on neuronal APOE4-driven AD pathogenesis remain elusive. Here, we examined such effects utilizing microglial depletion in a chimeric model with human neurons in mouse hippocampus. Specifically, we transplanted homozygous APOE4, isogenic APOE3, and APOE-knockout (APOE-KO) induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived human neurons into the hippocampus of human APOE3 or APOE4 knock-in mice, and depleted microglia in half the chimeric mice. We found that both neuronal APOE and microglial presence were important for the formation of Aβ and tau pathologies in an APOE isoform-dependent manner (APOE4 > APOE3). Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis identified two pro-inflammatory microglial subtypes with high MHC-II gene expression that are enriched in chimeric mice with human APOE4 neuron transplants. These findings highlight the concerted roles of neuronal APOE, especially APOE4, and microglia in AD pathogenesis.HIGHLIGHTSTransplanted human APOE4 neurons generate Aβ and p-tau aggregates in APOE4-KI mouse hippocampus.Human neuronal APOE4 promotes the formation of dense-core Aβ plaques and p-tau aggregates.Microglia is required for human neuronal APOE4-driven formation of p-tau aggregates.scRNA-seq reveals enrichment of MHC-II microglia in mice with human APOE4 neuron transplants.
Being confident in confidence scores: calibration in deep learning models for camera trap image sequences
Authors: Dussert Gaspard , Chamaillé-Jammes Simon , Dray Stéphane , Miele Vincent 
Published: November 2023

AbstractIn ecological studies, machine learning models are increasingly being used for the automatic processing of camera trap images. Although this automation facilitates and accelerates the identification step, the results of these models may lack interpretability and their immediate applicability to ecological downstream tasks (e.g occupancy estimation) remain questionable. In particular, little is known about their calibration, a property that guarantees that confidence scores can be reliably interpreted as probabilities that a model’s predictions are true. Using a large and diverse European camera trap dataset, we investigate whether deep learning models for species classification in camera trap images are well calibrated, or in contrast over/under-confident. Additionally, as camera traps are often configured to take multiple photos of the same event, we also explore the calibration of predictions at the sequence level. Finally, we study the effect and the practicality of a post-hoc calibration method, i.e. temperature scaling, for predictions made at image and sequence levels. Based on five established models and three independent test sets, our findings show that, using the right methodology, it is possible to enhance the interpretability of the confidence scores, with clear implication for, for instance, the calculation of error rates or the selection of confidence score thresholds in ecological studies making use of artificial intelligence models.
Anterior cingulate cortex neurons in macaques encode social image identities
Authors: Simon Joseph , Rich Erin L. 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe anterior cingulate cortex gyrus (ACCg) has been implicated in prosocial behaviors involving complex reasoning about social cues. While this indicates that the ACCg is involved in social behavior, it remains unclear whether ACCg neurons also encode social information during goal-directed actions without social consequences. To address this, we assessed how social information is processed by ACCg neurons in a reward localization task. Two rhesus monkeys performed the task using either social or nonsocial visual guides to locate rewarding targets. We found that monkeys can use both sets of guides, and many neurons in the ACCg distinguished social from nonsocial trials. Yet, this encoding was no more common in ACCg than in the prearcuate cortex (PAC), which has not been strongly linked to social behavior. However, unlike PAC, ACCg neurons were more likely to encode the unique identity of social visual guides compared to nonsocial, even though identity was irrelevant to the reward localization task. This suggests that ACCg neurons are uniquely sensitive to social information that differentiates individuals, which may underlie its role in complex social reasoning.
Resource allocation strategies and mechanical constraints drive the diversification of stick and leaf insect eggs
Authors: Boisseau Romain P. , Woods H. Arthur 
Published: November 2023

AbstractThe diversity of insect eggs is astounding but still largely unexplained. Here, we apply phylogenetic analyses to over 210 species of stick and leaf insects (order Phasmatodea), coupled with physiological measurements of metabolic rate and water loss, to evaluate several major classes of factors that may drive egg morphological diversification: life history constraints, material costs and mechanical constraints, and ecological circumstances. We show support for all three classes, but egg size is primarily influenced by female body size and strongly trades off with egg number. Consequently, females that lay relatively fewer but larger eggs, which develop more slowly because of disproportionately low metabolic rates, tend to bury or glue them in specific locations, instead of simply dropping them from the foliage (ancestral state). This form of parental care then directly favors relatively elongated eggs, which may facilitate their specific placement and allow easier passage through the oviducts in slender species. In addition, flightless females display a higher reproductive output and consequently lay relatively more and larger eggs compared to flight-capable females. Surprisingly, local climatic conditions had only weak effects on egg traits. Overall, our results suggest that morphological diversification of stick insect eggs is driven by a complex web of causal relationships among traits, with dominant effects of resource allocation strategies and mechanical constraints.
A missense mutation (C667F) in β-dystroglycan results in reduced dystroglycan protein levels leading to myopathy and destabilization of the blood-brain and blood-retinal barrier protein network
Authors: Tan Rui Lois , Sciandra Francesca , Hübner Wolfgang , Bozzi Manuela , Reimann Jens , Schoch Susanne , Brancaccio Andrea , Blaess Sandra 
Published: November 2023

AbstractDystroglycan (DG) is a glycoprotein and extracellular matrix receptor consisting of an α-DG and a β-DG subunit encoded by the geneDAG1. A homozygous missense mutation (c.2006G>T), resulting in an amino acid substitution (p.Cys669Phe) in the extracellular domain of β-DG, causes severe Muscle-Eye-Brain disease with multicystic leukodystrophy. To investigate the mechanisms underlying the severe human pathology, we generated a mouse model of this primary dystroglycanopathy. We find that homozygous mutant mice show no obvious abnormalities during development and reach mature adulthood. However, α- and β-DG protein levels are significantly downregulated in muscle and brain of homozygous mutant mice. The mutant mice show a form of myopathy with late-onset and not fully penetrant histopathological changes in skeletal muscle and are impaired in their performance on an activity wheel. The brain and eyes of the homozygous mutant mice appear to be structurally normal, but the localization of mutant β-DG is altered in the glial perivascular endfeet (PVE) at the blood-brain- and blood-retina barrier resulting in a perturbed protein composition in the PVE. In conclusion, the mouse model of the C669F β-DG mutation does not seem to recapitulate the severe developmental phenotypes observed in human patients but represents a novel and highly valuable tool to study the impact of β-DG functional changes at the molecular level and to gain insight into the pathogenesis of primary dystroglycanopathies.
The neurocomputational link between defensive cardiac states and approach-avoidance arbitration under threat
Authors: Klaassen Felix H. , de Voogd Lycia D. , Hulsman Anneloes M. , O’Reilly Jill X. , Klumpers Floris , Figner Bernd , Roelofs Karin 
Published: November 2023

ABSTRACTFearful avoidance is a hallmark of anxiety disorders and often comes at a cost. It reduces the probability of threat and of obtaining rewards. Theoretical models predict that threat-induced psychophysiological states, such as freezing-related bradycardia, facilitate arbitration of approach-avoidance decisions. We indeed show that bradycardia states are linked to the neurocomputational underpinnings of approach-avoidance arbitration when facing varying reward and threat magnitudes. Bradycardia was not only linked toaversive value-related avoidance decisions but also tovalue comparison(a stronger tendency to approach vs. avoid when expected reward outweighs potential threat). An amygdala-striatal-prefrontal neural circuit supported approach-avoidance arbitration under threat, with specific involvement of the amygdala and dorsal anterior cingulate (dACC) in integrating subjective outcome values and bradycardia states. These findings highlight the role of human freezing states in value-based decision making, relevant for optimal threat coping. They point to a specific role for amygdala/dACC in state-value integration under threat.