bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of meal composition on the degree of satiation following a test meal and possible mechanisms involved
Authors: Driver Christopher J. I. 
Published: September 2005

1. Possible links between metabolism and satiation were investigated using volunteer subjects given test meals based on milk solids. Satisfaction was rated by the subjects on a six-point scale and the course of metabolism was followed by measurement of the respiratory quotient (RQ).2. The time-course of satiation was the same for a high-carbohydrate, a high-fat and a high-protein meal, in spite of the very different time-course of metabolism. The degree of satiation was reduced by added sodium chloride, without affecting the RQ rise. On the other hand, calcium chloride produced a suppression of the RQ rise without altering the satiation.3. It is proposed that the results indicate that the primary receptors responsible for post-prandial satiation lie within the gut wall and that there is probably a number of receptor types. Likely candidates for these receptors are the gut hormone-secreting cells.4. Although very-low-protein meals produce less satiation than meals containing 220 g protein/kg dry weight, there is no additional satiation obtained by increasing the protein level further. This is not inconsistent with the possibility of a protein hunger separate from an energy hunger.
Long-term evaluation of the adequacy of habitual diets to provide protein needs of adult Nigerian men
Authors: Atinmo T. , Egun G. , Mbofung C. M. F. 
Published: September 2005

1. A continuous 40 d metabolic nitrogen balance study was conducted on twelve young men aged 25 (sd 2.6) years to evaluate the adequacy of a previously determined safe level of protein intake.2. Subjects were fed on diets which they were habitually accustomed to and which provided a protein level of 0.75 g protein (N × 6.25)/kg body-weight per d as the safe level and an energy intake level of 0.2 MJ/kg body-weight per d. N balances, including an estimate for integumental losses as well as certain biochemical variables, were determined for the last 5 d of two consecutive 20 d diet periods.3. Only two of the twelve subjects were observed to be in negative N balance during the final 5 d of the 40 d period. N balance was generally positive at 8.24 (sd 8.61) mg N/kg body-weight, thus confirming the adequacy of 0.75 g protein/kg body-weight per d as a safe level of protein intake in the majority of the subjects.
The relation between bacterial degradation of viscous polysaccharides and stool output in human beings
Authors: Tomlin J. , Read N. W. 
Published: September 2005

1. The relation between bacterial degradation of three viscous polysaccharides (guar gum, ispaghula and xanthan gum) by colonic bacteria in vitro and their effects on colonic function were investigated by comparing the results of anaerobic in vitro incubations with fresh faeces from seven healthy volunteers (measuring viscosity, pH and gas production) with the effects of feeding all three polysaccharides to the same volunteers for 1 week each (14–15 g/d) on faecal mass and whole-gut transit time.2. Guar gum was rapidly fermented in vitro by faecal bacteria from all volunteers with concomitant loss of viscosity, reduction in pH and generation of gases. Ispaghula maintained its viscosity during incubation, but the pH fell significantly. The results of xanthan gum incubations showed considerable individual variation.3. Only ispaghula significantly increased faecal mass, whilst none of the gums significantly affected stool frequency or transit time. Statistical analysis of the pooled results showed that although transit time and faecal output were inversely related, feeding viscous polysaccharides could influence these indices independently. Stool frequency was significantly correlated with the transit time, but not the faecal output.4. Transit time was reduced by gum feeding to a significantly greater extent in those subjects whose faecal bacteria reduced or removed the viscosity of that gum, than in those subjects where the viscosity was maintained. In contrast, there was a smaller increase in faecal mass when the viscosity of the appropriate cultures was removed than when it was maintained or reduced. Increases in stool frequency were significantly associated with hydrogen production from in vitro cultures.
Impact of maternal iron deficiency on quality and quantity of milk ingested by neonatal rats
Authors: O'Connor Deborah L. , Picciano Mary Frances , Sherman Adria R. 
Published: September 2005

1. The effect of maternal iron deficiency on milk composition and consumption by sucking rats was investigated.2. Dams (n42) were fed on semi-purified diets with either 8 (Fe-) or 250 (Fe+) mg Fe as ferrous sulphate/kg throughout gestation and lactation. Total milk intake was determined at days 7, 12 and 17 of lactation from the rate of disappearance of3H2O from the total body water pool of pups. Measurements of milk constituents and Fe status of animals also were made.3. Feeding the Fe- diet led to the development of anaemia in dams and pups and to growth retardation of sucking pups.4. Concentrations of total lipid and Fe in milk from Fe- dams were significantly lower than those from Fe + dams. Mean milk intakes (ml/d) of Fe-deficient pups were 21 and 28% less than intakes of Fe-sufficient pups on days 12 and 17 respectively. However, when expressed per kg body-weight, mean milk intakes were similar between groups on days 17 and 12 and increased by 47% in the Fe-deficient group on day 17 of lactation.5. It is concluded that maternal Fe deficiency affects the quality of milk ingested by neonatal rats. However, Fe-deficient pups are at least partially able to compensate for reduced milk energy and nutrient contents by increasing intake in late lactation.
Effect of reduced dietary zinc intake on carbohydrate and Zn metabolism in the genetically diabetic mouse (C57BL/KsJ db+/db+)
Authors: Southon Susan , Kechrid Z. , Wright A. J. A. , Fairweather-Tait Susan J. 
Published: September 2005

1. Male, 4–5-week-old, genetically diabetic mice (C57BL/KsJ db/db) and non-diabetic heterozygote litter-mates (C57BL/KsJ db/+)were fed on a diet containing 1 mg zinc/kg (low-Zn groups) or 54 mg Zn/kg (control groups) for 27 d. Food intakes and body-weight gain were recorded regularly. On day 28, after an overnight fast, animals were killed and blood glucose and insulin concentrations, liver glycogen, and femur and pancreatic Zn concentrations were determined.2. The consumption of the low-Zn diet had only a minimal effect on the Zn status of the mice as indicated by growth rate, food intake and femur and pancreatic Zn concentrations. In fact, diabetic mice fed on the low-Zn diet had a higher total food intake than those fed on the control diet. The low-Zn diabetic mice had higher fasting blood glucose and liver glycogen levels than their control counterparts. Fasting blood insulin concentration was unaffected by dietary regimen.3. A second experiment was performed in which the rate of loss of 65Zn, injected subcutaneously, was measured by whole-body counting in the two mouse genotypes over a 28 d period, from 4 to 5 weeks of age. The influence of feeding low-Zn or control diets was also examined. At the end of the study femur and pancreatic Zn and non-fasting blood glucose levels were determined.4. All mice fed on the low-Zn diet showed a marked reduction in whole-body 65Zn loss compared with those animals fed on the control diet. In the low-Zn groups, the loss of 65Zn from the diabetic mice was significantly greater than that from heterozygote mice. This difference was not observed in the control groups. Blood glucose levels were elevated in the low-Zn groups. Possible reasons for these observations are discussed.5. The present study demonstrates an adverse effect of reduced dietary Zn intake on glucose utilization in the genetically diabetic mouse, which occurred before any significant tissue Zn depletion became apparent.
The synthesis in vivo of proteins in various tissues in chickens adapted to intermittent feeding
Authors: Pinchasov Y. , Nir I. , Nitsan Zafrira 
Published: September 2005

1. Protein synthesis was estimated in vivo in breast (superficial pectoral) and tibia (gastrocnemius) muscles, liver, kidney, pancreas, crop, duodenum, jejunum and ileum, using L-[U-14C]lysine injection. The effect on incorporation of [14C]lysine 1 and 2 h after injection was examined in five chickens adapted or not adapted to intermittent feeding.2. Incorporation of [14C]lysine into tissue decreased in magnitude in the following descending order: pancreas > jejunum, duodenum > ileum, crop, liver > kidney > tibia, breast muscle and blood plasma.3. The incorporation of [14C]lysine into muscle protein was higher in chicks after 24 h of refeeding than after 24 h of food deprivation. These differences were higher in adapted than in non-adapted birds. On days of refeeding the rate of incorporation exceeded that found in chickens fed ad lib.4. Bound 14C from lysine in the intestinal segments was less than in control birds after food deprivation and greater after refeeding in non-adapted chicks only.5. A negative relation was observed between bound and free 14C in muscles and in other tissues.6. Short- and long-term adaptations to feeding regimens are discussed.
Relations between plasma non-esterified fatty acid metabolism and body tissue mobilization during chronic undernutrition in goats
Authors: Dunshea F. R. , Bell A. W. , Trigg T. E. 
Published: September 2005

1. Eleven mature goats were offered 140 kJ metabolizable energy/kg per d (M) of lucerne (Medicago sativa) hay-oaten grain (1:1, w/w) for at least 1 month before plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) kinetics and tritiated water space (TS) were determined.2. Goats were then fed at M, 0.5 M or 0.25 M for 34 (se 6) d, at which time the experimental procedures were repeated.3. Chronic undernutrition resulted in elevated NEFA concentrations and NEFA entry rate, with a tendency for the ratio plasma NEFA:glycerol to increase, suggesting that body-fat mobilization during prolonged underfeeding is due more to decreased lipogenesis and intracellular NEFA re-esterification rather than to increased lipolysis.4. Plasma NEFA concentrations and NEFA entry rate, as well as being highly correlated with each other, were significantly related to calculated energy balance and body fat losses estimated from changes in live weight and TS.5. Increases in NEFA entry rate were highly correlated with, and of the same magnitude as, body fat losses, confirming that NEFA kinetics do quantitatively reflect lipid mobilization.
Circadian variation in abomasal digesta flow in grazing ewes during lactation
Authors: Dove H. , Milne J. A. , Sibbald A. M. , Lamb C. S. , McCormack H. A. 
Published: September 2005

1. Lactating grazing ewes, fistulated at the rumen and abomasum were either not supplemented or offered, individually, 600 g/d of either pelleted, molassed sugar-beet pulp (‘energy’ supplement) or a pelleted 1:1 (w/w) mixture of this feed and formaldehyde-treated soya-bean meal (‘protein’ supplement). Digesta flows at the abomasum were estimated from the concentrations of the markers CrEDTA and ruthenium phenanthroline complex, during their administration by continuous intra-rumen infusion. Digesta samples were taken at 09.00 hours and at six further times at 4 h intervals. This was repeated 2 d later.2. No significant difference in flow between days was noted. Daily flows of dry matter (DM) and non-ammonia-nitrogen (NAN) (g/d) in supplemented ewes were significantly higher than in unsupplemented ewes, both in total digesta and its particulate phase. However, there were significant differences between sampling times or significant interactions between sampling time and supplement treatment. The results were therefore examined by Fourier analysis for possible circadian variation in digesta flow. As there was marked between-animal variability in flow-rate, the digesta-flow values for each sampling time were re-expressed as percentages of the flows calculated from daily mean marker concentrations.3. In unsupplemented animals, marked and significant circadian variation was then identified in the flow of DM, total N and NAN in both whole digesta and the particulate phase. There was also significant circadian variation in the flow of DM, total N and NAN in the digesta of the supplemented ewes. Curves were of the same general shape as those for unsupplemented animals, but some significant differences were found, principally for digesta NAN flow. In both supplemented and unsupplemented animals, peak flows occurred in the period 20.00-01.00 hours. The proportion of DM and NAN flowing in the particulate phase was relatively constant through the day for unsupplemented ewes, but significant circadian variation occurred for supplemented ewes.4. The possible mechanisms generating the circadian variation in digesta flow, such as grazing behaviour and the rumen digestion of supplements, are discussed. Values are also presented to indicate the extent of the likely errors if digesta flows were estimated from samples which did not represent all stages of the circadian pattern.
Passage of indigestible particles of various specific gravities in sheep and goats
Authors: Katoh K. , Sato F. , Yamazaki A. , Sasaki Y. , Tsuda T. 
Published: September 2005

1. Eight kinds of indigestible particles with specific gravities (SG) ranging from 0.92 to 1.87 (2 mm diameter and 4 mm length) were injected into the reticulo-rumen of sheep and goats in order to investigate the relation between SG and passage through the gastrointestinal tract, and the difference in passage time in the two species of animals.2. The percentage of excreted particles significantly increased, while the percentage of ruminated particles in the excreted particles significantly decreased, as the SG increased.3. The daily and cumulative recovery rates of particles of SG 1.38 were slower in sheep than in goats, while those with SG 0.92 were not different between species.4. It is concluded that particles with SG higher than 1.27 would pass through the gastrointestinal tract of sheep and goats more quickly than those with SG lower than 1.21.
Basal metabolic rate and energy expenditure of pregnant Nigerian women
Authors: Cole A. H. , Ibeziako P. A. , Bamgboye E. A. 
Published: September 2005

The purpose of the present study was to compare basal metabolic rates (BMR) of pregnant Nigerian women from rural and urban areas with values from similar studies in other Third World countries. We also investigated possible changes in BMR during the course of pregnancy. An open-circuit indirect calorimeter was used to measure BMR and energy expenditure (EE) during sedentary activity in forty-one pregnant Nigerian women. The results showed marked variability in BMR among individuals. A correlation analysis between BMR and other biological and physical characteristics revealed body-weight and gestation as the only variables related to BMR and oxygen consumption.The study revealed no significant difference between BMR and EE of sedentary activity in the subjects. The wide variability may have been due to the nutritional status of the subjects studied, who were drawn largely from the lower socioeconomic groups of Nigerian society. The present study shows that socioeconomic status and nutritional interventions should be taken into account when framing recommendations for maternal nutrition during pregnancy.
The Kilkenny Health Project: food and nutrient intakes in randomly selected healthy adults
Authors: Gibney M. J. , Moloney Mary , Shelley Emer 
Published: September 2005

1. Sixty healthy subjects aged 35-44 years (thirty men and thirty women) were randomly selected from electoral registers to participate in a dietary survey using the 7 d weighed-intake method during June-August 1985.2. Energy intake (MJ/d) was 12.5 for men and 8.4 for women. Fat contributed 36.0 and 39.1% of the total energy intake of men and women respectively. When this was adjusted to exclude energy derived from alcoholic beverages, the corresponding values were 38.8 and 39.7 % respectively. The major sources of dietary fat (%) were spreadable fats (28), meat (23), milk (12) and biscuits and cakes (11).3. The subjects were divided into low- and high-fat groups both on the relative intake of fat (< 35 % or > 40 % dietary energy from fat) and on the absolute intake of fat (> or < 120 g fat/d). By either criterion, high-fat consumers had lower than average intakes of low-fat, high-carbohydrate foods such as potatoes, bread, fruit and table sugar, and higher intakes of milk, butter and confectionery products. Meat intake was higher among high-fat eaters only when a high-fat diet was defined as a percentage of energy.
Assessment of adipose tissue distribution by computed axial tomography in obese women: association with body density and anthropometric measurements
Authors: Ferland Mario , DesprÉS Jean-pierre , Tremblay Angelo , Pinault Sylvie , Nadeau AndrÉ , Moorjani Sital , Lupien Paul J. , ThÉriault Germain , Bouchard Claude 
Published: September 2005

1. Abdominal obesity is associated with numerous metabolic complications. Deep abdominal adipose tissue is critical in the association between the level of abdominal obesity and cardiovascular risk factors.2. Adipose tissue localization was assessed by computed axial tomography (CAT), and its association with body density and anthropometric measurements was investigated in a sample of fifty-one obese women (percentage body fat 45·9 (SD 5·6)) aged 35·7 (SD 5·5) years. The CAT scans were performed at three levels: lower chest, abdomen and mid-thigh.3. The total adipose tissue volume computed from these three scans was highly correlated with body fat mass (r 0·94, P < 0·001). The proportion of deep abdominal fat as measured by the ratio of deep: total adipose tissue areas at the abdominal level was not significantly correlated with body fat mass, but it was moderately associated with the ratio of waist: hip circumferences (WHR) (r 0·49, P < 0·001). The absolute amount of deep abdominal fat was, however, significantly correlated with body fat mass (r 0·72, P < 0·001).4. The subscapular (r 0·38) and the abdominal (r 0·38) skinfolds were the only two skinfolds that were significantly associated with the proportion of deep abdominal fat (P < 0·01). These skinfolds were also those which showed the highest correlation with the absolute amount of deep abdominal fat (r 0·65, P < 0·001, for both skinfolds).5. A three-site CAT-scan procedure can be used for the estimation of body fat mass in premenopausal obese women.6. In these obese women, there was no significant association between total adiposity and the proportion of deep adipose tissue at the abdominal level.7. In premenopausal obese women, the absolute amount of deep abdominal fat can be predicted from anthropometric measurements with more accuracy than the relative amount of deep abdominal fat.
The effect of lactation and other factors on post-partum changes in body-weight and triceps skinfold thickness
Authors: Dugdale A. E. , Eaton-evans J. 
Published: September 2005

1. Mothers were followed from 1 month post-partum up to 12 months post-partum to measure changes in their body-weight and triceps skinfold thickness.2. Overall there was a significant weight loss in the first few months but this levelled off by 7 months.3. The triceps skinfold increased significantly up to 5 months post-partum and then decreased.4. These changes in body-weight and skinfold were not affected by the duration of lactation, smoking or the educational achievement of the mothers, but were influenced by the initial body mass index and the desire to lose weight.
Liver function in protein-energy malnutrition measured by cinnamic acid tolerance and benzoic acid tolerance: effect of carnitine supplementation
Authors: Ahern Deborah A. , Mitchell Madeleine E. 
Published: September 2005

1. Rats fed on a protein-depleted diet for 8 weeks were repleted for 5 weeks on high-protein (HP), high-protein+20 g DL-carnitine/kg (HP +C), or low-protein + 20 g DL-carnitine/kg (LP +C) diets. At 4 and 8 weeks of depletion, and 1 and 5 weeks of repletion, rats from each treatment group were given a benzoic acid tolerance test (BATT) or a cinnamic acid tolerance test (CATT) as a measure of liver function.2. BATT and CATT measured the molar percentage of a test dose (1 mmol/kg body-weight) of benzoic acid or cinnamic acid excreted in the urine as hippuric acid within 24 h. Liver weight, liver lipid levels, and carnitine concentration in plasma and liver were also measured following liver-function testing.3. BATT and CATT were severely impaired in protein-depleted rats, but returned rapidly to control levels following protein refeeding. Correlations of BATT and CATT with liver lipid concentration were high (r-0.49 and -0.62 respectively), and both tests show promise as clinical tests for liver function in protein-energy malnutrition.4. Carnitine supplementation was required to return liver carnitine concentration of protein-depleted rats to control levels during repletion, but was not associated with accelerated reduction in liver fat concentration in protein-repleted rats.
Protein and energy relations in the broiler chicken
Authors: Rosebrough R. W. , McMurtry J. P. , Steele N. C. 
Published: September 2005

1. Broiler chickens growing from 7 to 28 d of age were given: (1) a 210 g protein/kg control diet for the entire experimental period, (2) an intermittent feeding regimen (210 g protein/kg diet for either 1 or 2 d followed by a 1 d fast), or (3) a daily change in the dietary protein level from 120 to 300 g/kg diet. Treatment variables examined were lipogenesis and glucose production in vitro, and circulating concentrations of insulin, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) to determine the effects of chronic or acute dietary treatments.2. Giving the 300 g protein/kg diet or withholding feed for 1 d decreased (P< 0.05) lipogenesis in vitro compared with controls.3. Giving the 120 g protein/kg diet or refeeding with a 210 g protein/kg diet for 1 or 2 d increased (P< 0.05) lipogenesis in vitro compared with controls. Glucose production was affected in the same manner.4. Fasting decreased (P< 0.05) plasma insulin and T3and increased T4. Both refeeding and a low-protein diet increased T3. Refeeding increased and a low-protein diet decreased insulin.5. Chronic use (7-28 d of age) of either an alternating protein or intermittent feeding regimen caused greater responses compared with acute bouts (single cycle) of either of the regimens.
Influence of dietary non-protein energy intake on whole-body protein turnover in chicks
Authors: Kita K. , Muramatsu T. , Tasaki I. , Okumura J. 
Published: September 2005

1. Three experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of dietary energy intake on whole-body protein turnover in chicks.2. In Expt 1 a semi-purified diet with various dietary metabolizable energy (ME) concentrations, 10.9, 12.6, 14.2 and 15.9 kJ/g, was fed ad lib. to young chicks. Whole-body fractional synthesis rate (FSR) was increased with each increment in dietary ME level from 12.6 to 15.9 kJ/g, and whole-body fractional degradation rate (FDR) showed a similar, though less sensitive, trend to that of FSR.3. In Expts 2 and 3, chicks were given graded ME intakes of 84, 126, 167, 209 or 293 kJ/d with a fixed intake of dietary protein. FSR was increased when the energy intake was raised from 84 to 167 kJ/d, and above this level it was almost constant. Similar to the trend obtained with ad lib. feeding, the response of FDR to changes in dietary energy intake was less sensitive than that of FSR.4. Total heat production was increased when dietary energy intake was increased from 84 to 167 kJ/d, and there was no further increase at 209 kJ/d. In contrast, the contribution of protein synthesis to total heat production was not affected by varying the dietary energy intake.