bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
268 Heat Stress Impacts on Cattle Production
Authors: Baumgard Lance H , Rhoads Robert P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Heat stress (HS) compromises farm animal productivity and it is thus both an economic and food security issue. Reduced output (e.g., milk yield, muscle growth, egg production) during HS was traditionally thought to result from decreased nutrient intake (a classic biological response shared by all animals during environmental-induced hyperthermia). Utilizing pair-feeding experimental designs clearly indicate that reduced feed intake only accounts for a portion of the decreased productivity. The etiological epicenter of many (if not most) of the physiological consequences of HS is gastrointestinal tract hyperpermeability. For reasons not clearly understood, HS compromises the intestinal barrier allowing luminal antigens to infiltrate into local and systemic circulation. The invading antigens are recognized and stimulate the immune system. An activated immune system rearranges the hierarchy of nutrient partitioning, and the entire body participates in ensuring that leukocytes receive the fuel and building blocks necessary to mount an effective response. Central to this is increased insulin secretion coupled with simultaneous decreased adipose tissue and skeletal muscle insulin resistance. Activated leukocytes switch their energetic metabolism away from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis. Utilizing a LPS-Euglycemic clamp we have estimated that an intensely activated immune system can use more than 2 kg of glucose/d in lactating cows. We extended this in growing steers and pigs and the amount of glucose used is approximately 1 g/Kg BW0.75/h regardless of species and physiological state. If the heat load is severe enough, the consequences can become lethal. This is primarily explained by inflammation induced hypercoagulation, endothelial barrier dysfunction and disseminated intravascular coagulation. If the animal survives, these changes result in the reprioritization of fuel selection during HS which appears to be primarily responsible for reduced animal productivity during the warm summer months.
2 Metagenomic Detection and Binning of Plasmids for an Improved Understanding of the Risk of Antimicrobial Resistance Gene Transfer Events
Authors: Anderson Christopher L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Multidrug-resistant bacteria are on the increase and threaten human and animal health. Livestock commensal bacteria are a reservoir of antimicrobial resistance genes that can transmit to foodborne pathogens via plasmids and other mobile genetic elements. Assessing the relative risk of resistance genes in a culture-independent manner is a critical goal of antimicrobial resistance surveillance; however, determining the genomic context of a resistance gene remains difficult as mobile genetic elements often fail to assemble and bin accurately in metagenomic studies. To address this issue and better understand the transmission of antimicrobial resistance genes, we developed a machine learning classifier to identify plasmid genomic segments in metagenomic and long-read datasets. We further demonstrate that our plasmid classifier can be applied to identify plasmid bins with low contamination following metagenomic binning. Our findings highlight that metagenomic binning combined with accurate plasmid classification can better resolve the genomic context of antimicrobial resistance genes in culture-independent studies. Lastly, we successfully applied our plasmid prediction tool with droplet digital PCR to determine the absolute abundance of plasmid-encoded antimicrobial resistance genes in bacterial populations. Overall, we demonstrate how our machine learning approach for classifying plasmids can improve the surveillance of mobile antimicrobial resistance genes over current quasi-metagenomic approaches based on culture enrichments. In the future, this research can be extended to predict and better understand the risk of antimicrobial resistance gene transmission in animal agriculture environments.
116 Effect of Crude Protein Level and a Fermentation Product on Sow Reproductive and Piglet Performance
Authors: Hu Qiong , Zhao Junmei , Paton Neil , Walston Stephanie , Legall Maud , Newcomb Mark 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
High crude protein (CP, greater than 16%) has traditionally been used in lactating sow diet for milk production. However, excess protein can lead to increased gut permeability and inflammation, resulting in compromised reproductive performance. It was hypothesized that decreased dietary CP, using a fermentation product (FER) or addition of Zinc in the lactation diet would promote better gut health and improve sow reproductive performance. The present study was a randomized block design with 5 treatments, 4 of which formed a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement. Gestating sows (n = 550) were enrolled with entry body weight of 209.1 ± 11.4 kg and allotted to one of the following five diets: high CP, no FER; high CP, FER; low CP, no FER; low CP, FER; high CP, ZnSO4 diet. Corn-soy based lactation diet was formulated with high (17.5%) and low (14.5%) CP and with or without FER. High CP with ZnSO4 (360 ppm) was used as a positive control and the added Zn level in the other diets was kept at 120 ppm. All diets were formulated to be at similar net energy and standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lysine (Lys) level with balanced essential amino acid to Lys ratio, except SID isoleucine/Lys was greater in high CP diets. Experimental diets were fed beginning approximately 4 days before farrowing and throughout the entire lactation phase (21 days). Using R, performance data were analyzed using a general linear model and a generalized linear model specifying a binomial distribution was deployed for count data. In summary, dietary treatment did not impact average daily feed intake. Low CP diet resulted in lighter sow weaning weight compared with high CP diet (P &lt; 0.01) and tended to increase piglet average weaning weight (P &lt; 0.10) regardless of FER inclusion. Dietary treatment did not affect the probability of still born or number of weaned pigs. There was an interaction (P &lt; 0.05) between CP and FER on probability of born alive, with low CP, FER diet numerically having greatest probability of born alive. Both low CP (P &lt; 0.10) and high CP with ZnSO4 (P &lt; 0.10) tended to increase livability compared with high CP diet treatment, respectively. High CP with ZnSO4 treatment decreased pre-weaning mortality as compared with high CP treatments (P &lt; 0.05). Conclusively, lower dietary CP led to better reproductive performance in sows and greater piglet weaning weight. The fermentation product did not impact sow or piglet performance as hypothesized, and ZnSO4 used at moderate level in high CP diet reduced pre-weaning mortality.
118 Estimating the Net Energy Requirement of Piglets During the First Three Weeks Post-Weaning
Authors: Wellington Michael O , Hulshof Tetske G , Camats Lluís Fabà , Van Hees Hubèrt 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Previous work has reported that piglets may be unable to increase feed intake to meet energy demands in low-energy diets, contrary to growing pigs. Indeed, poor feed intake in piglets occurs mainly during the first three weeks post-weaning. The approach, in this case, has been to increase the energy density of weaner diets to meet energy requirements even at reduced intakes. Studies estimating the net energy (NE) requirement in piglets in the immediate post-weaning period are lacking. Hence the objective of the present study was to evaluate the dietary NE required to optimize growth and feed efficiency in piglets during the first 21 d post-weaning. A total of 360 mixed-sex piglets (6.4 ± 0.24 kg) were housed with three pigs/pen and 24 pens/treatment (n = 24 pens) and were assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments in a dose-response arrangement for 21-d. The experimental diets were formulated to contain graded dietary NE levels (2,200, 2,300, 2,400, 2,500, and 2,600 kcal NE/kg). Diets were isonitrogenous and balanced for amino acids with a constant SID Lys/NE ratio of 1.25 across the treatments. The orthogonal polynomial contrast statement was used in a GLM model (PROC GLM, SAS studio) to determine the linear and quadratic effects of increasing dietary NE level on performance parameters. Results for the overall 21-d period indicated that, as dietary NE increased, average daily gain (ADG) increased linearly (P = 0.03). The average daily feed intake (ADFI) was not significantly (P = 0.157) affected by increasing dietary NE. The gain to feed (G:F) improved linearly as dietary NE increased (P = 0.008). Using the linear-breakpoint model (PROC NLIN), the NE estimated to maximize ADG at 305 g/day was 2,475 kcal NE/kg (P = 0.008). Similarly, for maximum G:F of 0.86 g/g, the linear breakpoint model estimated the NE requirement at 2460 kcal/kg (P = 0.02). No breakpoint was estimated for ADFI, but the model tended (P = 0.08) to show a linear increase in ADFI as NE increased. In summary, the results of this study highlight that, during the first three weeks post-weaning, feed intake of piglets may be more controlled by animal factors (e.g., gut capacity) and, to a lesser extent, energy concentration because feed intake was not affected by the dietary NE level in this study. Further, results show that ADG may be a more accurate measure of the impact of NE concentration than ADFI. In conclusion, dietary NE levels between 2,460 to 2,475 kcal/kg during the first three weeks post-weaning may be ideal to maximize growth performance, provided all other nutrients are not limiting.
123 Effects of Different Protein Sources Containing Highly Digestible Phosphorus on the Basal Endogenous Loss of Phosphorus
Authors: Nelson Megan E , Lee Su A , Stein Hans H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that the basal endogenous loss of P from pigs fed a diet containing blood plasma, casein, or potato protein concentrate is not different from that of pigs fed a diet containing gelatin. Pigs (n = 40; body weigh =: 19.34 kg) were housed in metabolism crates and were randomly allotted to four low-P diets containing 20% gelatin, 20% blood plasma, 18.5% casein, or 20% potato protein concentrate. With the exception of Ca and P, diets were formulated to meet the requirements for 11 to 25 kg pigs. Feces and urine samples were collected separately for 4 d following a 5-d adaptation period. Feces samples were dried, ground, and analyzed for Ca and P, and urine samples were also analyzed for Ca and P. Data were analyzed using a model that included diet as fixed effect and replicate as random effect. Results indicated that feed intake and fecal excretion of dry matter were greater (P &lt; 0.05) in pigs fed diets containing blood plasma, casein, and potato protein concentrate compared with pigs fed the gelatin diet, with pigs fed potato protein concentrate having the greatest (P &lt; 0.05) excretion (Table 1). The apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter was least (P &lt; 0.001) in pigs fed the diet containing potato protein concentrate, but there were no differences among gelatin, blood plasma, and casein diets. No differences were observed in the standardized total tract digestibility of P among diets. Basal endogenous loss of P was not different between the gelatin and casein diets, but pigs fed diets containing blood plasma or potato protein concentrate had greater (P &lt; 0.001) basal endogenous loss of P compared with pigs fed gelatin or casein diets. In conclusion, the basal endogenous loss of P was greater in diets containing blood plasma and potato protein concentrate compared with gelatin. However, casein could be an alternative to gelatin to estimate the basal endogenous loss of P because casein provides a greater amount of P compared with gelatin that compensates for the deficient level of P in gelatin, but does not affect values for the basal endogenous loss of P.
126 Effects of Soy Hulls and Sugar Beet Pulp on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Cemin Henrique S , Hart Morgan D , Pietig Jamie L , Hansen Sharlie A , Soto Jose A , Hansen Ernie L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the interactive effects of soy hulls (SH) and sugar beet pulp (SBP) on growth performance of nursery pigs. A total of 2,448 mixed sex pigs (initial BW = 6.3 kg), placed in pens of 36 pigs each, were used in a 40-d trial. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial with two levels of SBP (0 or 5%) and 3 levels of SH (0, 3.75, or 7.5%) with 11 replicates per treatment. Corn and a fermented soybean meal product (ME-Pro, Prairie AquaTech, Brookings, SD) were replaced by the fiber sources to achieve the desired fiber concentration, whereas soybean meal inclusion rate was held constant across treatments. Diets were not balanced for net energy. Experimental diets were fed from d 0 to 18 and a common corn-soybean meal-based diet was fed from d 18 to 40. Pigs were weighed on d 0, 18, and 40 to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F (Table 1). Data were analyzed with the MIXED procedure in SAS. From d 0 to 18, there was a SH × SBP interaction for ADG (P = 0.016) and ADFI (P = 0.023). Pigs fed diets with the highest inclusion of SH without SBP had increased ADG and ADFI; however, pigs fed diets containing SBP had improved performance up to 3.75% SH inclusion, and decreased ADG and ADFI with the highest SH inclusion. From d 18 to 40 and overall (d 0 to 40), there was an interaction (P ≤ 0.007) for G:F, where pigs fed diets containing 3.75% SH without SBP had improved G:F, while pigs fed diets with 3.75% SH containing SBP had worsened G:F. In summary, these results suggest that both fiber sources can be safely fed to nursery pigs, although the interactive effects must be considered when determining inclusion rates.
134 Meta-Analysis to Determine the Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Requirements of Growing-Finishing Pigs from 11- to 150-kg Utilizing the Ingredients Database of Inra
Authors: Montoro Jordi Camp , Casserly Ronan , Vier Carine M , Navales Ron A , Cast Wayne R , Lu Ning , Dritz Steve , Orlando Uislei A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A meta-analysis was conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) recommendations for 11–150 kg PIC pigs housed under commercial conditions utilizing the INRA feed ingredients database. Data from 29 trials dating from 2013 to 2020 utilizing 48,338 pigs were recorded in a database. Number of pens/treatment and pigs/pen ranged from 9 to 16 and 12 to 25, respectively. Sire lines were PIC 337 in 25 trials, PIC 327 in 3 trials, and PIC TR4 and 327 in 1 trial. Dam lines were PIC Camborough in 18 trials and PIC Camborough 29 in 9 trials. The SID Lys levels reported in each trial were used, and the SID Lys to calorie ratio curves were built for both metabolizable energy (ME) and net energy (NE) systems using the feed ingredient composition in INRA for energy levels. The response variables, average daily gain (ADG) and feed efficiency (G:F), were analyzed within 7 phases using generalized linear and non-linear mixed models with heterogeneous variance (Gonçalves et al., 2016). Phases consisted of the following body weight ranges: 11-23, 23-41, 41-59, 59-77, 77-104, 104-127, and 127-150 kg . Each treatment mean within a trial (n = 288) was considered the experimental unit and each trial was used as a random effect. There was no evidence for an interaction between sire lines or dam lines and treatment (P &gt; 0.10). The SID Lys to calorie recommendations are based on the average of the requirement estimates for ADG and G:F. At these levels, approximately 100% of maximum ADG and 99.7% of maximum G:F are achieved. After determining the requirement estimates within each of the 7 weight breaks, a quadratic equation of Lys to calorie ratio was fit for each energy system. The equations are described as: g of SID Lys:Mcal of ME = 0.0001381709 × (weight, kg)2 - 0.0366272129 × (weight, kg) + 4.6073086522; and g of SID Lys:Mcal of NE = 0.0000400092 × (weight, kg)2 - 0.0235648387 × (weight, kg) + 6.2762350341. These data provide the estimated SID Lys requirements for maximal growth performance for PIC pigs from 11- to 150-kg based on the ingredients database of INRA.
135 Effects of Increasing Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels on Growth Performance of PIC 337 × Camborough Commercial Pigs that were Sired by High Index Boars
Authors: Lu Ning , Parr Eric , Estrada Jorge , Vier Carine M , Diaz Julia A Calderon , Welsch Michael , Cast Wayne R , Navales Ron A , Montoro Jordi Camp , Zaragoza Luis E , Dritz Steve , Orlando Uislei A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Our objective was to determine the effects of increasing dietary standardized ileal digestible lysine levels on the growth performance of PIC 337 × Camborough commercial pigs that were sired by high-index boars. A total of 2,200 barrows and gilts (PIC 337 × Camborough) were used in six experiments covering body weight ranges of 11-25 kg (Exp.1), 26-46 kg (Exp.2), 45-66 kg (Exp.3), 63-85 kg (Exp.4), 86-110 kg (Exp.5), and 108-134 kg (Exp.6). Pigs were placed in two rooms with 45 pens in Room 1 and 43 pens in Room 2, and there were 25 pigs/pen (12 or 13 gilts and 13 or 12 barrows) for both rooms. Room 1 was used in Exp. 1, 3, and 5; Room 2 was used in Exp. 2, 4, and 6. At the beginning of each trial, on-test pens were blocked by body weight and randomly allotted to one of five treatments (90, 100, 105, 110, or 120% of PIC SID Lys recommendations for Exp.1 to Exp. 5; whereas 80, 90, 100, 110, or 120% of PIC SID Lys recommendations for Exp. 6) in a randomized complete block design. Off-test pens were fed a common wash-out diet between trials, and common diets were formulated to meet PIC nutrient requirements according to the specific weight range. Data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed model with pen as the experimental unit in R Studio (Version 3.5.2, R Core Team; Vienna, Austria). Dietary SID Lys levels were included as fixed effects, and weight block was included as random effects in the model. All data are reported as least square means and considered statistically significant at P &lt; 0.05 and marginally significant at P &lt; 0.10. Increasing SID Lys improved average daily gain (ADG; linear, P = 0.003) and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F; quadratic, P = 0.007) in Exp.1; improved ADG (quadratic, P = 0.045) in Exp.4; improved ADG (quadratic, P = 0.009) and G:F (quadratic, P = 0.002) in Exp.5; and improved ADG (linear, P = 0.037) and G:F (linear, P = 0.030) in Exp.6 (Table 1). However, there was no evidence for difference among treatments on growth performance in Exp.2 and 3. With increasing dietary SID Lys levels, gram of SID Lys per kilogram of bodyweight gain increased in a quadratic manner in Exp.1 (P = 0.025) and 5 (P = 0.002); and increased in a linear manner in Exp.2, 3, 4, and 6 (P &lt; 0.001). In conclusion, increasing dietary SID Lys levels improved the growth performance of PIC 337 × Camborough commercial pigs sired by high-index boars when the bodyweight was below 25 kg or beyond 63 kg.
129 Effects of Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine on Growth Performance of 12- to 136-kg PIC Line 800-Sired Pigs
Authors: Gaffield Katelyn , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T , Vier Carine M , Spindler Matthew , Orlando Uislei A , Zaragoza Luis E , Lu Ning , Cast Wayne R , Wilson-Wells Danielle , Holen Julia , Betlach Alyssa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate growth performance and economic return of PIC 800 × Camborough pigs fed increasing SID Lys from approximately 12- to 136-kg. Pens of pigs were blocked by body weight (BW) and randomly assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 26 pigs per pen and 16 pens per treatment. Pens were provided 1 of 5 dietary treatments with increasing SID Lys at 85, 93, 100, 107, and 115% of current (2021) PIC recommendations within 6 dietary phases as follows: phase 1 (1.09, 1.19, 1.28, 1.36, and 1.47%), phase 2 (0.97, 1.06, 1.14, 1.22, and 1.32%), phase 3 (0.87, 0.95, 1.02, 1.09, and 1.17%), phase 4 (0.75, 0.82, 0.88, 0.94, and 1.01%), phase 5 (0.66, 0.72, 0.77, 0.82, and 0.89%), and phase 6 (0.59, 0.64, 0.69, 0.74, and 0.79%). Two corn-soybean meal-based diets containing low and high Lys were blended to achieve target SID Lys levels for each treatment diet within phase. Overall (d 0 to 143), increasing SID Lys improved (linear, P ≤ 0.007) ADG and G:F, but did not impact ADFI (P &gt; 0.10; Table). A tendency (linear, P = 0.067) for heavier hot carcass weights (HCW) was observed in pigs fed increasing SID Lys. However, there was no evidence for differences (P &gt; 0.10) in carcass yield, backfat depth, loin depth, or carcass lean percentage across treatments. The linear (LM) model served as the best fit for both growth and economic parameters. The LM model predicted maximum ADG and G:F at levels greater than 115% of PIC’s current recommendations. However, for income over feed cost (IOFC), the LM model predicted maximum profitability at or below 85% of the current Lys recommendations of PIC. In conclusion, the optimal SID Lys level for PIC 800 × Camborough pigs from 12- to 136- kg differed upon response criteria, with growth performance maximized at levels at or above 115% of the recommendation for SID Lys by PIC; however, maximal economic returns were observed at or below 85% of PIC’s current SID Lys recommendations.
130 Effects of Increasing Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels on Growth Performance of 102- to 127-kg Immunocastred Gilts and Boars
Authors: Lima Gustavo , Castro Gabriel , Ribeiro Neidilania , Silva Analia , Vier Carine M , Siqueira Amanda P , Orlando Uislei A , da Silva Caio A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Our objective was to determine the effects of increasing dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) on growth performance of immunocastrated gilts and boars. A total of 3,519 split gender pigs [PIC 337×Camborough, initial body weight (BW) = 101.7 ± 3.89 kg] were used in a 21-d trial in 2 replicates. Following the immunization against gonadotropin-releasing hormone (administrated with Vivax, Zoetis, São Paulo, SP, Brazil) in both genders, pens of pigs were weighed, blocked by BW, and randomly allotted to 1 of 5 treatments. Treatments consisted of 1.69, 1.90, 2.11, 2.32, and 2.53 g of SID Lys:Mcal of ME, which corresponded to 80, 90, 100, 110, and 120% of PIC SID Lys recommendations for mixed gender between barrow and gilts. This resulted in 0.56, 0.63, 0.70, 0.77, and 0.84% SID Lys given that the treatment diets were corn-soybean-meal-based and contained 3,300 Kcal of ME/kg. There were 6 split gender pens∙treatment-1∙replicate-1 and 29 pigs/pen. Data were analyzed using generalized linear and nonlinear mixed models with a pen as the experimental unit. Competing models included linear, quadratic polynomial (QP), broken-line linear (BLL), and broken-line quadratic (BLQ). There was no evidence of linear or quadratic SID Lys concentration by gender interaction (Table). Increasing SID Lys concentration improved average daily gain (ADG; quadratic, P &lt; 0.01) and gain-to-feed ratio (G:F; quadratic, P &lt; 0.01). The QP, BLL, and BLQ had a similar fit for the ADG and G:F. In the QP model, 95% and 100% of the ADG were achieved at 0.64 and 0.76% of SID Lys, respectively, and at 0.61 and 0.75% for G:F. The BLL and BLQ models estimated the breakpoint at 0.70% (95% CI: 0.65-0.74%) and 0.68% SID Lys (95% CI: 0.50-0.85%), for ADG, respectively. For G:F, the BLL, and BLQ models estimated the breakpoint at dietary SID Lys of 0.69% (95% CI: 0.52-0.86%) and 0.68% (95% CI: 0.58-0.78%), respectively. There was no evidence that increasing dietary SID Lys levels impacted the average daily feed intake or the removal and mortality rate. In the current trial the estimated optimum SID Lys:Mcal of ME ratio for 102- to 127-kg immunocastrated gilts and boars ranged from 2.06-2.30 (0.68-0.76% SID Lys based on a 3,300 kcal of ME/kg diet), depending on the statistical model.