bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conceptions of Truth
Authors: Künne Wolfgang 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe book is organized around a flowchart comprising 16 key questions concerning truth, ranging from ‘Is truth a property?’ to ‘Is truth epistemically constrained?’. It expounds and engages with the ideas of many thinkers, from Aristotle and the Stoics, to Continental analytic philosophers like Bolzano, Brentano, Frege, and Kotarbinski, to such leading figures in contemporary debates as Dummett, Putnam, Wright, and Horwich. In the course of this discussion, many important distinctions (between varieties of correspondence, for example, between different readings of ‘making true’, between various kinds of eternalism and temporalism) are emphasized that have so far been neglected in the literature.According to our workaday concept of truth, what we think is true if and only if things are as we think they are. A ‘modest account’ of truth‐apt thinkables and of truth, in terms of higher‐order quantification over propositions, can spell out this platitude without invoking notions like correspondence, fact, or meaning. This account offers common ground to all parties in the realism/anti‐realism controversy concerning truth. In the final chapter, an argument from blind spots in the field of justification is used to support the alethic‐realist claim that truth outruns justifiability.
Some Questions About Truth
Authors: Künne Wolfgang 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe questions concerning truth that I plan to discuss are set up in a flowchart, and the answers to be defended in the course of the book are marked. I give my reasons for putting the Identity Theory aside (which takes truths to be facts), for bracketing Primitivism (which takes the concept of truth to be explanation‐resistant), and for shunning ‘deflationism/inflationism’ talk as underconstrained philosophical jargon. I explain what I mean by ‘alethic realism’ and ‘alethic anti‐realism’, and I argue (against Alston and D. Lewis) that the Denominalization Schema ‘It is true that p, iff p’ cannot be used as a lethal weapon against every anti‐realist conception of truth.
A Bogus Predicate?
Authors: Künne Wolfgang 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAccording to Frege, truth is at best a very strange kind of property. I expound Frege's redundancy/omnipresence thesis according to which the two sides of an instance of the Denominalization Schema express the same proposition, argue that this thesis is compatible with the assumption of truth‐value gaps, and begin to raise (Bolzanian) doubts about it. According to truth‐theoretical nihilism, truth isn’t a property even in the most liberal sense of this word. I explain that sense and give a detailed critical exposition of several versions of nihilism including the so‐called performative theory and three prosentential theories. The fact that some truth‐candidates have names plays a key role in my argument against nihilism.
Varieties of Correspondence
Authors: Künne Wolfgang 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The chapter begins with an analysis of Aristotle's definition of truth, which did not invoke a dyadic predicate like ‘corresponds to’, but which paved the way for an account of truth in terms of correspondence to objects (rather than facts) that was to prevail for many centuries. I present Bolzano's conception as closest in spirit to Aristotle's. (In an interlude, I comment on notions of non‐propositional truth in Aquinas, Hegel, and Heidegger.) Moore and the Logical Atomists propounded (very different) fact‐based correspondence views, and the late Russell took events to be what empirical truths correspond to. I expound these theories and discuss various objections such as Frege's Treadmill and Gödel's and Davidson's Slingshot. The intuition that truths are somehow ‘made true’ by something else is often said to underlie all attempts to explain the concept of truth in terms of correspondence and to survive their decline. I distinguish propositional and ontic readings of ‘making true’ and evaluate them.
In and out of Quotation Marks
Authors: Künne Wolfgang 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter is about Tarski's semantic conception of truth, about disquotationalism, and about the relationship between the two. After a detailed exposition of the Tarskian project of defining a truth‐predicate for a given language, paying special attention to his Criterion of Material Adequacy, I focus upon three questions: (1) Does a natural language (if curtailed of its semantic vocabulary) yield to Tarski's technique or to Davidsonian variants thereof? (2) Which explanatory ambitions concerning the concept of truth did Tarski have, and, in particular, did he try to rehabilitate a fact‐based correspondence theory of truth? (Here it turns out to be helpful to take his background in Austro‐Polish philosophy into account.) (3) Did Tarski achieve the explanatory goals? In the second part of the chapter, I raise objections against the claim that the two sides of an instance of the Disquotation Schema, ‘“p” is true iff p’, express the same proposition, and against the way in which many disquotationalists try to account for the expressive utility of ‘true’. Finally, I explain and criticize Hartry Field's more circumspect contentions about idiolectic, and translational, disquotational truth.
Musical Works and Performances
Authors: Davies Stephen 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This book provides a contextualist ontology of musical works, distinguishing works for playback from ones for performance and, among the latter, studio from live performances. Works are variously thick or thin to the extent that they determine details of their faithful renditions. Through the element of interpretation, performances are richer in constitutive properties than are the works they faithfully present. Features of the musico‐historical context in which the work is created affect what the composer can make work‐determinative via the scores he issues as instructions to performers. Scores must be read in terms of the notional conventions and musical practices they take for granted. To be of a work, a performance must match its contents, must intentionally follow the work‐determinative instructions, and must be tied by a robust causal chain to the work's creation. Also, the performance must be at least minimally faithful, so the work can be recognized in it. Authenticity is a virtue in a performance, and only small departures from the ideal are acceptable when made for the sake of an interesting interpretation. Non‐Western music can remain authentic if it assimilates influences and changes in ways compatible with its traditions and values. Recordings simulate live performances or create virtual ones and, because the medium is not transparent, are to be understood and appreciated differently from live music‐making.
How the Euro‐Zone Operates: An ECB‐Centric Euro‐Zone?
Authors: Dyson Kenneth 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter argues that the Euro‐zone was designed to provide a central role for the European Central Bank (ECB), with integrative powers in excess of those available to the European Commission. It examines the main dimensions and contextual parameters of the interactions that form the Euro‐zone, the wider complexity of inter‐institutional relations, and the extensive powers of the ECB as an actor in the European integration process.
How the Euro‐Zone Operates: A ‘Two‐Level’ Game, a Child of the Franco–German ‘Couple’, or a New ‘Motor’ For Europe?
Authors: Dyson Kenneth 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter analyses the political leadership dynamics that have underpinned both the creation of the Euro‐zone by the member states of the EU and their coming to terms with the extensiveness of the powers conferred on the ECB. The key characteristic is the ‘two‐level game’ structure imposed by the relationship between the EU and the national governments of its members, and the key arena in which that relationship is played out is the highly secretive Economic and Financial Committee. However, the Euro‐zone can also be described as the ‘child’ (if potentially a wayward one) of the Franco‐German relationship and its function as the ‘motor’ of European Monetary Union (EMU) policy.
How the Euro‐Zone Operates: The Institutional Approach
Authors: Dyson Kenneth 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter offers a comparative assessment of three types of institutional approach (historical, sociological, rational‐choice) to how the Euro‐zone operates, outlining the strengths and limitations of each. It examines the differences between macro‐political (top‐down) and micro‐political (bottom‐up) perspectives, and discusses their varying predictions in respect of the Euro‐zone's long‐term stability. The analysis again supports the view that the Euro‐zone will require a Kantian political culture of multilateral action and collective interest and identity, if it is to flourish.
The Problem of Stability in the Euro‐Zone: Lessons from History and Economics
Authors: Dyson Kenneth 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter seeks to analyse prospects for the Euro‐zone's stability in terms of comparative history and economic theory. It begins by comparing the Euro‐zone with earlier examples of national currency unification, and with the Bretton Woods system, focusing, in particular, on the formative experiences of the 20‐year period of the European Monetary System (EMS). The chapter goes on to discuss the meaning and sources of stability in economic theory, especially optimum currency area theory, neo‐liberal theory about labour markets, credibility theory, and ‘regulation’ theory. Particular attention is paid to the weaknesses of these theories in dealing with the crucial political dimension of Euro‐zone stability. It will be important for Euro‐zone stability that ECB and monetary policy planners do more than recognize that ‘politics matters’ for stability, and pay adequate attention to factoring political realities into their theories and models.
The Prospects for a Stable Euro‐Zone: A Strength–Strain Model
Authors: Dyson Kenneth 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter aims to identify the critical variables conditioning the vulnerability of the Euro‐zone to systemic breakdown. It outlines a strength–strain model of stability, which points to an apparent paradox in the Euro‐zone. Underlying the model is a conception of the operation of the Euro‐zone as being neither wholly deterministic nor wholly chaotic, but as exhibiting a fundamental order subject to random influences. The subtlety and complexity of causes and the potential for instability is far more difficult than many analysts, whether pro‐ or anti‐EMU, are prepared to allow. It is this element of randomness that calls for resort to a strength–strain model, which explicitly sets out to classify the variables conducive to stability and instability—in particular, those relating to historical memories, the professional ideologies of central bankers, and the culture of capitalism.
The Legitimacy of the Euro‐Zone: The Problems of Social Justice, Consent, and Identity
Authors: Dyson Kenneth 
Published: October 2003

AbstractFrom the viewpoint of stability, the Eurozone needs to be established and maintained within a normative political consensus that provides strong moral grounds for compliance with its directives. This makes it less dependent on specific non‐normative mechanisms, such as the Growth and Stability Pact, and minimizes the ‘Hobbesian’ threat to its stability arising from the political or economic disaffection that attends a ‘democratic deficit’. The consensus also serves to maximize the Lockean and Kantian pro‐integrative pressures based on political trust and morality.
Policies for a Stable Euro‐Zone: Strengthening the ‘Stabilization State’
Authors: Dyson Kenneth 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter sums up the arguments of the book, which point overwhelmingly to the need for a pragmatic approach to ensuring the Euro‐zone's stability, and reviews three possible ways forward. First, it draws attention to the importance of domestic political and policy developments in Germany, and their implication for Germany's role as economic hegemon within the Euro‐zone. Second, it explains the need for a fiscal transfer mechanism to assist members adversely affected by local shocks that affect them individually. Third, it calls for the emergence of a neo‐corporatist alternative to neo‐liberalism as a strategy for labour‐market flexibility. It concludes with a review of the reasons for reinforcing the Euro‐zone as a ‘stabilization state’.
What Is Objectionable About Inequalities?
Authors: Lake Christopher 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Ch. 1 examines three kinds of objections to inequalities—those that focus on the consequences of inequalities, those that focus on the causes of inequality, and those that focus on the bare fact of inequality—and the ways in which these objections are linked to the kinds of advantages and disadvantages the inequalities are in. It discusses how objections to inequalities relate to arguments about responsibility and asks why certain egalitarians believe the responsibility of individuals to be a matter of indifference where holdings of goods are equal and a matter of importance where they are unequal—allowing for the possibility that some of those who think of themselves as egalitarians are really responsibilitarians in matters of distribution.
What We Are Responsible for
Authors: Lake Christopher 
Published: October 2003

AbstractCh. 3 moves on from the question of why responsibility matters to that of what we are responsible for. It asks what a political, rather than a metaphysical, account of responsibility demands in terms of its preconditions and assesses attributions of responsibility on the basis of claims about volition and affirmation. From there, it moves on to examine claims about responsibility, as these are made in the context of principles of equal opportunity.
The Egalitarian Intuition
Authors: Lake Christopher 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Ch. 5 tests the egalitarian intuition—the intuition that it is objectionable for some to be worse off than others through no fault of their own. It does this by examining how claims about the background conditions facing an individual bear upon claims about the legitimacy of his foreground holdings. It argues that it is simply careless to suppose that responsibility for foreground holdings necessarily requires equality of background conditions and it points to the ways in which the commitment of egalitarians to the claims of responsibility is compromised by their focus on the elimination of differential chances, opportunities, or luck.
Natural Talents, Luck, and the Market
Authors: Lake Christopher 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Ch. 6 looks at the position adopted by contemporary egalitarians on the moral status of natural talents—a position that draws much of its force from Rawls's claims about the arbitrariness of their distribution. It reveals important ambiguities within that position, not least in terms of whether the worry is about natural talents in themselves or about the social mechanisms by which rewards attach to talents, natural or otherwise. This prepares the way for a broader discussion of the extent to which responsibility‐minded egalitarians can commit themselves to endorsing markets and market outcomes.
Why Work?
Authors: Lake Christopher 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Ch. 7 considers recent theoretical attempts to tie the claiming to social benefits to a willingness to work—attempts that come not from the right of the political spectrum but from the egalitarian left. It tests whether an appeal to the notion of reciprocity in support of this view really can bear the weight being put upon it, before going on to examine what, if anything, it is about work, and contributive activity more generally, that justifies placing it at the heart of accounts of who should get what. The latter part of the chapter is concerned with examining the contrasts and analogies between contemporary egalitarianism and desert theory.
The Road to Monetary Union in Europe
Authors: Padoa-Schioppa Tommaso 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis is a guide to the processes that led to the creation of the European single market and the signing of the Maastricht Treaty in 1992. The 2000 edition has only a few changes, but has been expanded six years after the original publication date to assess the economic, monetary, political, and institutional significance of the euro. It also reconsiders the rationale and underlying philosophy of European Monetary Union (EMU) in the light of the developments of the previous decade. A central theme is the proposition that a group of sovereign countries cannot for long sustain free trade, unrestricted capital movements, fixed exchange rates, and full autonomy of national macroeconomic policies, so they need to move towards monetary union and a single currency. Issues that are extensively discussed include the single currency, the tasks of a European Central Bank (ECB), the European Currency Unit (ECU), the role of budgetary rules, currency competition, and the relationship between the EMU and political union. Appendices contain extracts from official documents dealing with EMU and an extensive chronology. The book is directed at academic and business economists interested in the issues surrounding EMU, commentators, and policy‐makers.
Capital Mobility: Why Is the Treaty not Implemented?
Authors: Padoa‐Schioppa Tommaso 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
An examination is made of the reasons for non‐implementation of Article 67 of the Treaty of Rome, which provides that member states of the European Community (now the European Union) should progressively abolish restrictions on the movement of capital between themselves in order to ensure a common market. The situation prevailing in the early 1960s and in the early 1980s is analysed, and an assessment made of three possible approaches towards defining a new community policy for European capital markets. These are following consistent macro‐policies, capital market integration, and complete European Monetary Union.
Monetary Union and Political Union
Authors: Padoa‐Schioppa Tommaso 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The question of whether European Monetary Union is conceivable in the absence of political union is addressed in the light of the declaration made in 1989 by Nigel Lawson (then the British Chancellor of the Exchequer) that ‘monetary unity would require political union, which is not on the agenda’. It is noted that there are two ways to make this come true. The first is that there are good arguments to substantiate the contention that the European Union is already a political union, and the second is that the vocation of the European Union is to become a political union, and that monetary union is an important part of this process.
On the Eve of Maastricht
Authors: Padoa‐Schioppa Tommaso 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe state of play in the stages towards European economic and monetary union is analysed as at 1991. The issues that had already been settled by negotiation in this year are briefly discussed, and then those that were still open at the time (which concerned the transition to the final stage of union) are examined in more detail. These are essentially three issues: the tasks and powers of the monetary institution in stage two (the European Monetary Institute); the conditions (convergence criteria) that must be satisfied before passing from stage two to the final (third) stage; and the procedures for deciding the date on which the third stage is to start—the issue of the ‘opting‐out’ clause.
Predication
Authors: McGinn Colin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The extensional view that predicates are general terms that refer severally to the members of a set of objects that satisfy them is rejected. Instead, it is argued that predicates refer to properties, and are thus singular terms like names. The distinction between names and predicates is upheld, but it is argued that what accounts for it is not the spurious distinction between singularity and plurality of reference, but rather grammatical position, and the ontological type of the reference.
The Key Literature on IB Activities: 1960–2000
Authors: Dunning John H. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe main thrust and content are considered of two influential strands of the international business (IB) literature. The first examines the development of scholarly thought on the determinants of ownership, sectoral pattern, and the geographical scope of multinational enterprise (MNE) activity. The second examines the main changes in the external—technological, economic, and political—environment that have helped to fashion these explanations. These strands are reviewed in two separate sections of the chapter, each of which considers three main time periods: the 1960s to the mid‐1970s, the mid‐1970s to the late 1980s, and the late 1980s to the turn of the twentieth century.
International Trade Theory and International Business
Authors: Markusen James R. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe aim of this chapter is to acquaint researchers in the field of international business with recent research in the field of international trade, which is beginning to incorporate aspects of international business and multinational firms into the general‐equilibrium trade models that are the tools of analysis of international trade. The typical endogenous variables in general‐equilibrium trade models are described, and a simple knowledge‐capital model of the multinational enterprise (MNE) is presented. This model offers testable hypotheses about the relationship between the pattern of multinational investment and country characteristics. Some empirical results are presented from the model, which incorporate these hypotheses. The results indicate that the model should be useful for policy analysis and positive analysis of MNEs.
Strategic Complexity in International Business
Authors: Buckley Peter , Casson Mark 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
It is suggested that although there have been significant theoretical achievements in international business over the past forty years, the current prospects are not so good. This chapter makes suggestions on how the subject may develop. It begins with a critique of recent calls for the use of ‘softer’ theories, and considers whether the increasing complexity of the international business environment makes formal modelling impossible; it concludes that it does not, and that much of the apparent complexity is subjective.
Two main sources of complexity are identified—uncertainty in long‐term planning, and networks (physical and social). Rational action techniques that can be used to analyse strategic complexity under uncertainty, and networks, are described, and examples of their use presented. It is suggested that the most productive theoretical developments in international business are likely to be based on this approach.
Theories of the Multinational Enterprise
Authors: Hennart Jean‐François 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
A critical survey is presented of some of the theories that have been used to explain why multinational enterprises (MNEs) exist, with special emphasis on the transaction costs/internalization approach. The first part of the chapter discusses early capital flow and industrial organization theories in the evolution of the MNE. The second part focuses on transaction costs/internalization theories, which are now dominant theories of the MNE.