bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The occurrence of burrow-nesting among birds and its influence on soil fertility and stability
Authors: Furness R W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A review of the literature on nesting habits of birds shows that burrow-nesting is regular among only a few species, mostly among Procellariidae, Hydrobatidae, Pelecanoididae and Alcidae, which are all seabirds. With the exception of puffins, most burrow-nesting seabird species visit their colonies only at night. Nesting densities attained by burrowing seabirds can be very high (up to three burrows per square metre). Anecdotal records describe habitat destruction through soil erosion due to burrowing by puffins and shearwaters. However, I present some evidence to suggest that shearwater activity can stabilize slopes.
Calcutta Botanic Garden After Roxburgh
Authors: Desmond Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Francis Buchanan’s temporary successor at the Botanic Garden, Nathaniel Wallich (né Nathanael Wulff) (1786-1854), was born in Copenhagen, the son of a Jewish merchant. He had been a pupil of Professor Martin Yahl, the author of Symbolae botanicae (1790-4), at the University of Copenhagen, and, on qualifying as a surgeon in 1806, left for the Danish settlement at Serampore on the River Hooghly opposite Barrackpore with an additional commission to collect plants and seeds for the Botanical Garden in Copenhagen. When he took up his appointment as the settlement’s surgeon in 1807, the British fleet had bombarded Copenhagen and following the Company’s annexation of Serampore in 1808, Wallich and his fellow countrymen became prisoners of war. He was released from captivity in June 1809 at the behest of William Roxburgh with the authorization of the Bengal Government to employ him in the Botanic Garden. Roxburgh proposed sending him to the eastern frontier of the Company’s territory to collect plants, an assignment that appealed to Wallich who had professed that knowledge rather than wealth was to be his motivation in life. It comes as a surprise, therefore, that he should soon relinquish this potentially attractive mission to return to Serampore. It would appear he declined the opportunity to be a field botanist because he considered his travelling allowance to be inadequate.
The Himalayas
Authors: Desmond Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While apathy or, at best, subdued activity prevailed in botanical circles in western India, the Himalayas beckoned the adventurous and the curious, among them surveyors and scientists who observed in a casual note or expansive report the indigenous plant and animal life of this complex mountain range which separates India from Central Asia, extending from Afghanistan for 1700 miles to Assam in the East, and continues into China. A diversity of soils and climates, especially the summer monsoons, support what the plant collector, Frank Kingdon Ward succinctly described as an ‘immense reservoir of hardy plants’. A fertile jungle strip, ten to twenty miles wide-the terai-which skirts its eastern ranges is home to slender evergreens such as the sal (Shorea robusta) and tall bamboos. The abundant sal yields to conifers and oaks in a gradual ascent of four or five vertical miles through a progression of rain forest, temperate vegetation, conifers, and rhododendrons to the alpine zone above the tree-line at about 10 000 feet. Everywhere plants have adapted to their environment, a delicate ecological balance which man’s intervention through cultivation, grazing and logging is swiftly destroying with consequent erosion and lowland flooding. The phytogeographical variations range between the arid zones of the Hindu Kush and the warmer, wetter regions of the east, with Kashmir, Nepal, and Sikkim offering bumper harvests for botanist and plant collector.
The pathology of cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia, carcinoma and human papillomavirus infection
Authors: Buckley C Hilary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The uterine cervix is one of the tissues forming the lower female genital tract, a term which also encompasses the vagina and vulva. Whilst this text is concerned with the cervix uteri, it must be remembered that human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, intra-epithelial neoplasia, and carcinoma may affect all these tissues simultaneously or asynchronously. Disease in the cervix, therefore, often forms part of a field change in the lower genital tract, and this may influence the course of the patient’s disease and modify their clinical management.
Molecular genetics of human papillomaviruses
Authors: Arrand John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is an interesting outcome of the age of molecular biology that one can contemplate describing the genetics of an organism when the actual beast itself has not been encountered in a free-living, natural state. Yet this is exactly the situation which pertains to several types of human papilloma viruses. It is only very recently that some of the most widely studied papilloma ‘viruses’ have actually been observed as fully formed particles but even so only in vitro (Sterling et al. 1990). Nevertheless, by virtue of genetic manipulation technology a great deal is known about this fascinating and clinically important genus of the family Papovaviridae.
Ethanol
Authors: Ferner R E , Norman Elizabeth , Rawlins M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alcohols are alkyl organic compounds which contain an —OH group. Ethanol (ethyl alcohol), C2H5OH, is the chemical name for the alcohol derived from the fermentation of glucose (grape-sugar) and other sugars and starches by the action of yeasts. Since this is economically and socially the most important alcohol, the term ‘alcohol’ often designates ethanol.
The antipsychotic drugs: phenothiazines, butyrophenones, and other agents
Authors: Ferner R E , Norman Elizabeth , Rawlins M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychological illnesses can be divided into neurotic and psychotic illnesses. Neurotic illnesses, such as anxiety and depression, are exaggerations of the normal emotions, but (generally) leave the thought processes intact. Psychotic illnesses are marked by a break from normal thought processes. The abnormal thoughts can take the form of hallucinations or delusions, for example. A patient who is miserable because he has no power to influence the wrongs of the world is neurotic; a patient who believes that the Martians are trying to destroy him, or that he himself is a Martian, is psychotic1.
Vaccines
Authors: Ferner R E , Norman Elizabeth , Rawlins M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vaccines (from Vaccinia, cowpox) were introduced in the eighteenth century by Edward Jenner who discovered that inoculation of a previously unaffected subject with cowpox, a mild skin affection, could protect from subsequent infection with smallpox, a potentially lethal viral disease. It is now recognized as a form of active immunization: the immune system is primed to respond effectively to subsequent infections with the same or similar immunological properties.
Anabolic androgens (anabolic steroids)
Authors: Ferner R E , Norman Elizabeth , Rawlins M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The paradigm anabolic androgen is the naturally occurring sex hormone testosterone, which exerts its actions through specific cellular receptors in the cytoplasm (intracellular fluid) of target cells (Lukas 1993). Testosterone is responsible for the development of male sexual characteristics in utero and for the changes that occur in male maturation: it is androgenic.
The design and generation of probes for in situ hybridization
Authors: Sunday Mary E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The design and generation of probes for in situ hybridization (ISH) are critical determinants for the successful outcome of every experiment. It is necessary to use a labelled hybridization probe to detect the mRNA of interest in the target tissue section. There is no concern that nuclear DNA might also hybridize, because the double-stranded DNA is not denatured and thus not available for hybridization in mRNA ISH protocols. A variety of probes can be used, and they can be synthesized in different ways. Most often, radiolabelled probes are used together with autoradiography, but new methods of detecting non-isotopic probes are becoming widely used (see section on probe labelling below).
Supersensitive in situ DNA and RNA localization
Authors: Hacker Gerhard W , Zehbe Ingeborg , Tubbs Raymond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In situ detection of specific nucleic acid sequences is possible with a variety of in situ hybridization (ISH) methods, most of which are discussed in this book. Non-isotopic probes possess great advantages over radioactivity labelled probes; not only does the use of non-isotopic reporter molecules, such as biotin, digoxigenin, or fluorescent labels, make it possible to avoid hazardous radiation and to shorten the turnover period, but they also give an improved resolution and are more economic than radioisotopes.
Sibthorp: The Early Years
Authors: Walter Lack H , Mabberley David J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the eighteenth century the landed gentry of Lincolnshire produced two illustrious sons who became famous as explorers: Joseph Banks and John Sibtborp. The first accompanied Captain James Cook on his first voyage round the world, and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, knighted, and later sworn in as a member of the Privy Council. As President of the Royal Society for forty years, he had a decisive influence on the development of science in general and the natural sciences in particular. He became known as the father of Australia, and died at the age of 72. John Sibthorp undertook two journeys in the Levant and was also elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. His early death at the age of 38 made him unable to collect the fruits of his endeavours, gain wider recognition, or become known as the father of the natural sciences in the eastern Mediterranean.
Involvement of the extracellular matrix, heparan sulphate proteoglycans, and heparan sulphate degrading enzymes in angiogenesis and metastasis
Authors: Vlodavsky Israel , Miao Hua-Quan , Benezra Miriam , Lider Ofer , Shavit Rachel Bar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Basement membranes (BM) and extracellular matrices (ECMs) are the natural substrates upon which cells migrate, proliferate, and differentiate in vivo. Historically, the ECM was regarded as a relatively inert scaffolding which stabilizes the physical structure of tissues. Subsequent studies aimed to elucidate the mode of cellular responses to ECM indicated that the ability of cells to respond to various growth and differentiation factors is determined to a large extent by their shape and orientation and that these are modulated by components of the ECM through interaction with specific transmembrane cell surface integrin receptors (1-4). Studies with mammary gland epithelial cells led to the identification of genes that are dependent upon the ECM for their transcription and to the discovery of ‘ECM-response elements’ (5).
The role of fibroblast growth factors in tumour progression and angiogenesis
Authors: Christofori Gerhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Already in 1939 and 1945 it had been demonstrated that tumours induce the formation of new capillaries from preexisting blood vessels, a process termed angiogenesis (1,2). Subsequently, it was shown that soluble angiogenic factors released by tumours were responsible for this process (3,4). The finding that many of these growth factors bound to heparin allowed the purification and classification of a family of heparin-binding growth factors (5). The prototypes of this family are fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 1 and FGF-2, and they have been studied in great detail in many physiological and pathological processes (reviewed in references 6-10). To date the family has expanded to nine distinct, but closely related family members. Based on their pattern of expression and their biological activities they are thought to be involved in many physiological and pathological processes, including embryonic development, differentiation, cell survival, angiogenesis, oncogenic transformation, and tumour cell proliferation.
Sensory perception and the lateral line system in the clawed frog,Xenopus
Authors: Elepfandt Andreas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Xenopus lives in stagnant and often turbid waters and is nocturnal. Correspondingly, the organization of its sensory systems differs from that in terrestrial frogs. Xenopus retains its lateral line system after metamorphosis. By means of this system, Xenopus can analyse single waves as well as waves impinging simultaneously on it.
Underwater acoustics and hearing in the clawed frog, Xenopus
Authors: Elepfandt Andreas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Xenopus communicates acoustically in the same way as other frogs but completely under water. This requires that the communication and auditory system matches the properties of underwater sound in shallow waters. The ear shows the basic characteristics of a frog ear, but is modified. The tympanum is a cartilaginous disc beneath the skin, the stapes leaves the tympanic cavity caudally, and the two Eustachian tubes form a joint air-filled canal that connects to the mouth via one medial opening. In Xenopus laevis, males prefer to call from deeper parts of a water body. Their advertisement calls consist of clicks of which the dominant frequency is at 1600-2000 Hz. The hearing range is 200--3900 Hz, with optima at 600 Hz and 1400-1800 Hz. Sound is localized throughout the whole anterior semicircle. Frequency discrimination is found at 400-800 Hz and, with a limen attaining 2%, at 1400-2500 Hz. The latter range encompasses the dominant frequency of the advertisement call. The dominant frequency is constant for any male but differs between males so that the level of frequency discrimination allows for distinction between calling males. Since the calls of larger males tend to have lower dominant frequencies, choice of larger males might thus be possible. Biophysical studies show that the ear responds to sound pressure rather than particle velocity. The most probable mechanism is an air bubble resonance of the air in the Eustachian tubes and possibly the lungs. Tympanic vibration amplitude depends on sound direction, thus forming a basis for sound localization by the animal.
The consequences of no1nadism non-breeding behaviour and biology
Authors: Davies S J J F , Bamford Michael J , Loomes Danika 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ostrich, rhea and emu are often described as nomadic. Nomadic birds move from place to place without regard to season or direction. Such species depend on resources that occur rarely at the same site. A continuity of supply can be ensured only if the bird is able to locate successive favourable areas often hundreds of kilometres apart. Successful behaviour for these species is, therefore, success at the location of resources, widely separated in space but juxtaposed in time.
Mating syste1ns and breeding biology
Authors: Davies S J J F , Bamford Michael J , Loomes Danika 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reversal of the role of the sexes in incubation and parental c;i1-c is characteristic of all the ratites and tinamous other than the ostrich (Handford and Mares 1985). The female ostrich shares incubation with the male and helps to guard the brood (Siegfried and Frost 197 4); in the other species, except the Stewart I. subspecies of the brown kiwi, the male alone is responsible for incubation and parental care. Occasional reports mention female emus sitting on nests, but these incidents are exceptional; for the most part parental duties are the province of the male alone.
Emu
Authors: Davies S J J F , Bamford Michael J , Loomes Danika 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One living species, two island species recently exterminated. Bill broad, with the culmen elevated at the base, sloping dmvn to the tip; nostrils in a large membranous groove. Aftershaft as long as main shaft. Clavicles rudimentary. Tail not apparent. Tarsus long, strong, mostly cm’ered in front with reticulated scutes, except near the toes, where a few scutes are transverse. Rear of tarsus covered with rough, projecting scales.
Introduction: current topics in organic crystal chemistry
Authors: Jones D W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unlike many physical methods, for which early applications to organic chemistry have been semi-empirical, X-ray crystallography has long been a major source of specific information about the geometry of the whole molecule inferred or determined by diffraction from the electron density pattern in crystals. Later developments in collection and treatment of X-ray data for structure solution and refinement enabled this approach to be extended to finer details of the electron distribution and of thermal motion of atoms and groups and to be applicable rapidly to larger organic structures. Also, the distinctive contribution of neutron measurements, derived by diffraction by a different atomic scattering mechanism, has been demonstrated more widely, for example in precise location of hydrogen atoms and for combination with X-ray data. Concurrently there have been advances in the complementary approach to calculation by molecular mechanics and other methods of the expected stereochemistry and dimensions of free molecules.
Modelling steroid hormone receptor interactions on the basis of crystallographic and biochemical studies
Authors: Duax W L , Griffin J F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Steroid hormones are vital to numerous physiological processes including cell growth, sexual development, maintenance of salt balance and sugar metabolism. Many of these activities are known to be contingent upon the binding of steroids to specific cytosolic protein receptors and the subsequent interaction of the steroid receptor complex with chromatin (Jensen et al., 1962).
Stereochemistry of methyl and methoxy substituents in polycyclic hydrocarbons
Authors: Briant C E , Johnson O , Jones D W , Shaw J D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The molecular sites of methyl, methoxy and other simple substituents can have a marked influence on the biological activity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). Thus the carcinogenic activities of the monomethyl-(MBA), dimethyl-(DMBA) and polymethylbenz[a]anthracenes range from the negligible in 2-MBA or slight in-1,12-DMBA to the extremely potent in 7-MBA or 7,12-DMBA, even though the structure differences are relatively small. Much the same applies to substitution in phenanthrenes (Johnson et al., 1989), benzfluoranthenes and other PAH.
Aryloxide-aluminium π-bonding in the π-face selectivity of co-ordinated ketones towards nucleophilic attack
Authors: Barron Andrew R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most important c-c bond formation reactions in organic synthesis is nucleophilic addition to organo-carbonyl groups. A significant development in this area has been the use of the bulky organoaluminum compound, A1Me(BHT)2 (1), for controlling the -face selectivity of carbonyl moieties towards nucleophilic addition (Maruoka, Itoh, Yamamoto, 1985; Maruoka, Itoh, Sakuria, Yamamoto, 1988).
High speed, high resolution data collection on spinach Rubisco using a Weissenberg camera at the Photon Factory
Authors: Andersson LA , Clifton I J , Fülöp, V , Hajdu J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
High resolution data collection on crystals with large unit cells can be a difficult problem. Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) from plants is a hexadecamer (Mw = 550,000) consisting of eight large (L) and eight small (S) polypeptide chains. The structure of the enzyme complexed with a transition state analogue has been solved to 2.4 Åresolution (Andersson et al. 1989; Knight et al. 1990). The crystals belong to space group C222 with unit cell parameters of a=157.2 Å, b=157.2 Å and c=201.3 Å (Andersson & Branden, 1984), and diffract to better than 1.5 Å resolution. Diffraction data to 1.5 Å resolution are extremely difficult to record from crystals with large unit cells. Many of the high resolution reflections would be overlapping with each other on a flat film during a 1.0 degree rotation of the crystal. Much smaller oscillation ranges are impractical due to the nature of film processing. To overcome these difficulties, the use of a giant Weissenberg camera (Sakabe, 1983) was explored.
On the limitations of the Laue method when applied to crystals of macromolecules
Authors: Hajdu J , Alma S C , Farber G K , Prater J K , Petsko G A , Wakatsuki S , Clifton, l.J , Fülöp V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Laue method in combination with a synchrotron source can produce large amounts of data very rapidly. This technique offers fast data collection which in many cases eliminates the time dependent component from radiation damage. The method suffers from two principal problems: The difficulty in obtaining low resolution data from Laue photographs. This arises from geometrical restrictions inherent in Laue diffraction, and from computational difficulties when separating harmonic overlaps and applying wavelength dependent corrections to low resolution singlets. The consequence of this is a “low resolution hole” in the data set. The loss of low resolution data poses difficulties in identifying atoms with high B-factors in the structure.
CIF standard data
Authors: Hall S R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most existing procedures for computer archiving use a ‘fixed format’ file which has a data structure determined by specific data requirements. A fixed format file provides for fast access but the data structure cannot be modified without the need to reformat existing files. Another type of file is based on ‘pre-defined free formats’. This approach does not restrict data to specific positions in the file, and uses ‘data keys’ to aid in data recognition. Crystallographic examples of this type of format are the BCCAB archive file of the Cambridge Data Centre and the Standard Crystallographic File Structure (Brown, 1988). The relative inflexibility of both these traditional archival approaches tends to limit the rapid exchange of data, even within a field where the basic data requirements are the same (e.g. molecular structure). This problem becomes particularly acute if the number and nature of data types changes rapidly and continually. This is becoming the case in computer-intensive disciplines, such as crystallography, which support a vast repertoire of specialized and ‘local’ file formats. The diversity of file formats is tolerable when electronic data transfer is infrequent and processing speeds require that file formats be finely tuned to a specific application. Rapid increases in computing power and in computer networks has signalled an end to this rationale. In the era of widespread data exchange, global databases, electronic mail and electronic publication submission, there is a critical need for a general, flexible and extensible file format.