bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Philip V At Iasus
Authors: McNicoll A W , Milner N P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Through most of the third century the Seleucids and Lagids contended sporadically for control of south-west Asia Minor. But about 227 BC the third Hellenistic ‘superpower ‘ complicated the issue. The king of Macedon, Antigonus Doson, renewed Anti gonid involvement in the area by invading Caria. It is not known what success he had, nor what possessions he left to his son Philip V, but, contrary to the earlier view which dated Philip ‘s involvement in Asia Minor only to the time of his invasion (202 BC), there is now epigraphical evidence that he had interests in the area from the beginning of his reign.
Atlantic Europe
Authors: McGrail Seán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This long coastline, much of it open to the Atlantic Ocean, has a diversity of geology and topography. (Cunliffe, 2001) The Baltic and the North Sea are regions of deposition with relatively shallow seas and low-lying coasts. The Baltic is virtually tideless, but numerous tidal rivers flow into the North Sea: for example, the Elbe, Weser, Ems, Schelde/Meusse/ Rhine, Thames, Humber, and Forth. By and large these rivers flow relatively slowly through low-lying, easily-flooded landscapes, with reeds and marshes at their margins, and widespread sandbanks on their approaches from seaward.
Greater Australia
Authors: McGrail Seán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
South-east Asia began to appear much as it is today from c.5,000 years ago, when mean sea level had risen to within today’s tidal range, and the rate of this post glacial rise in sea level had significantly slackened. Before that time, when sea levels were lower, many of today’s islands were part of continental land masses, either south-east Asia or Australia, whilst those that were then islands were much greater in area. From the biogeographic viewpoint, this region is divided into three areas which conveniently form a framework for the discussion of its prehistory.
China
Authors: McGrail Seán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Surrounding this Inner China, and politically separate from it until the expansionist policies of the Qing or Manchu dynasty (1644-1912), is Outer China, a high land zone stretching in a semicircle from Manchuria in the north-east, through Gobi and Mongolia to the mountains and jungles of eastern Burma and northern Indo-China. The rivers and the coast of Inner China form a complex water transport network underpinning the economy, whereas in Outer China the rivers either flow out of China or, being headwaters, are usable only with difficulty.
Introduction
Authors: Winter Nancy A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many a freshly ploughed field in modem Greece, not to mention archaeological excavations, brings forth countless fragments of the hardiest of ancient Greek after facts: roof tiles. The bright purple or red and shiny black colours painted on the tiles themselves, or on the decorated elements which framed the edges of the roof, made to withstand the summer sun and winter winds and rain, often remain as fresh today as when the tiles were put in place so many centuries ago.
The Protocorinthian System
Authors: Winter Nancy A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Remains of the earliest roof tiles thus far known in post-Mycenaean Greece have been excavated at Corinth, the traditional birthplace of Doric architecture. The roofing system is known as the Protocorinthian system, a name assigned to the system because these tiles were found at Corinth in contexts with Protocorinthian pottery. Similar tiles have also been found at Isthmia, Perachora, and Delphi (Map 1 ); two roofs at Olympia possess characteristics of both the Protocorinthian system and the Argive system, and must be transitional between the two (see Chapter 8). Protocorinthian tiles, of canonical form for neither Corinthian nor Laconian system, display characteristics of both and must be the source from which these two major roofing systems, not to mention various other local schools, evolved. The source for the Protocorinthian tiles themselves is more obscure: the sophistication of their design suggests to some that they are not the first to be invented, but· rather are based on earliermodels. That these models were not prehistoric tiles is clear from comparisons of the two styles: prehistoric tiles, which may or may not have been used on roofs, had separate pan and cover elements, the pan flat and the cover convex, while Protocorinthian tiles combine both elements into one piece, the pan element concave, the cover convex.
The Attic System
Authors: Winter Nancy A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The great sanctuary of Athena on the Acropolis of Athens provides glimpses of its early appearance, with many small buildings colourfully decorated, several of which are known now only through the preserved fragments of architectural terracottas, carefully buried after the destruction wrought by the Persians in 480 BC. Whether these pieces may be considered representative of other roofs in Attica is hard to say, although some of the same decoration has been found at other sites in the region. 1h any case, the Acropolis material provides a picture of a system which has many common features indicative of a local style.
The Western Greek Systems
Authors: Winter Nancy A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the Greek colonies of Sicily and South Italy (Magna Graecia) were established before the time when decorated architectural terracotta systems had evolved in the motherland (Map 6). Therefore, it comes as no surprise that, when the Western Greeks began to use architectural terracottas, the forms and decorative vocabulary were different from those of the mainland of Greece, although some knowledge of their systems is evident. The plain roof tiles common in Italy, as in Asia Minor, form the ‘hybrid’ system which combines elements of two separate tile systems of mainland Greece, Laconian and Corinthian, using Laconian-style semicircular cover tiles and flat, Corinthian-style pan tiles with upward-curving side edges. This system, like the two mainland Greek systems just mentioned, may have grown out of the Protocorinthian system (see Chapter 3; Fig. I a-b).
Scholarship and Literature
Authors: Plantzos Dimitris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gems came to interest ancient naturalists and physicists from an early date. Several treatises written at various times comment upon minerals and their properties, from standpoints as various as folk-tale, natural observation, philosophical and medical doctrine, religious conviction, and compilation of previous works and traditions. Of these early lapidaria only two have been preserved; a couple more dating from the late antiquity do not seriously concern the present study.
Gods and Humans
Authors: Plantzos Dimitris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Excluding royal portraiture, the bulk of Hellenistic glyptic comes as a barely structured, anonymous, and often disparate, mass of material. A portrait, even in those cases when intaglio portraits are difficult if not impossible to identify, or are the results of mass production, bears the significance of its function, regardless of artistic merit. With the long series of gods, goddesses, humans, and mythological persons depicted repetitiously by Hellenistic gem-cutters one often is unable to bestow more than an assessment of their iconography and an appreciation of their craftsmanship. In some cases iconography, and to a lesser extent local stylistic preferences, might offer substantial indications of provenance and date. Portraiture and once again coinage help quite often; sculpture to a lesser degree, owing to the uncertainty concerning its own chronology.
Cost and Value of Engraved Gems in Antiquity
Authors: Plantzos Dimitris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the later Classical period onward, jewellery became much more common in the Greek world than it was before. Alexander’s expedition and, before that, the systematic exploitation of the natural resources of northern Greece by the Macedonian kings and especially Philip II, made precious materials more readily available in Greece. After the conquest of Persia, as Athenaios puts it, ‘the all-highest Alexander brought away for his own uses the treasures of Asia’ (Deipn. 6. 231c). Up to this moment, precious stones had been used in Greek jewellery only in glyptic, but in the Hellenistic period their use was generalized. Achaemenid crafts had been long distinguished by the use of coloured stones, glass enamels, or inlays for jewels and drinking vessels. Silver or gold bracelets, necklaces, and diadems began in this period to be set with precious stones, following the example of the Persians. The effect achieved was a strong contrast between the bright colour of the stone and the background.
Engraved Gems and their Owners
Authors: Plantzos Dimitris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 9 has shown that engraved gems were a costly luxury, desired by many, but accessible to few. Although this may agree with the place of precious and decorative stones in any society, including our own, gems in antiquity were accorded much higher importance, being the conveyors of multiple meaning. It has already been discussed how they would be treasured and displayed, but in many cases a gem’s worth went beyond its cost, fine cutting, or artistic merit. Intaglios and rings served as tokens of love and fidelity, political persuasion, amulets, and charms. Their exchange as gifts bound the presenter as much as the receiver.
Kafka in America: Notes on a Travelling Narrative
Authors: Siècle Fin de , Anderson Mark M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No, Kafka never went to America. But he did imagine it and, as we know, gave an astounding presentation of this new world—though perhaps not the world we commonly mean when we say ‘America’ —in his first novel, Der Verschollene, which Max Brod later published under the title of Amerika. In scope, style, and subject-matter the novel differs sharply from his earlier work, most of which is set in the European context that Kafka knew first hand. Why did he choose America, and especially New York, as a subject of representation for his first sustained literary project? What did this city represent to him? And what bearing did the notion of ‘America’ or ‘New York’ have on the literary texts he had already written? The key to these questions is again the notion of Verkehr, which in this novel (unlike the commerce of fancy goods in earlier texts) retains the primary significance of‘traffic’.
A Description of the Non-Cyclic Romance
Authors: Kennedy Elspeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The non-cyclic Prose Lancelot is not the painstaking recreation of twentieth-century scholarship, but is to be found in its entirety in the Florence manuscript, Laurcnziana 89 in£ 61, and the Rouen manuscript 1055 (06). In BN fr. 768 it is almost complete (the last folio is missing from the manuscript); Pierpont Morgan 805-6 only leaves it after the death of the False Guinevere (PL 612.13) and joins the cyclic version; BN fr. 339 transfers in the middle of Lancelot’s judicial duel against three knights (PL 605.18). Cyclic and non-cyclic versions only diverge after the installation of Lancelot as a Knight of the Round Table (at the end of Sommer III, PL 572.4); ten manuscripts’ give the beginning of the non-cyclic version before transferring to one which prepares for the later branches of the cycle. This leads towards an abduction and rescue of Guinevere (the Charrette story), a Grail Quest in which Lancelot is surpassed by his son Galahad, and ultimately a Mort Artu in which Lancelot and Guinevere’s love starts the dissension from which stems Arthur’s death and the end of the Round Table.
The Love Theme
Authors: Kennedy Elspeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inextricably involved in the making of a name is the love theme, for it is made clear in the romance that it is Lancelot’s love for Guinevere which provides the inspiration for the deeds of prowess by which he learns his own identity and establishes his reputation. This is done without the long monologues exploring the nature of love which are characteristic of Chrétien’s Lancelot poem and with a minimum of comment from the author or the tale.
The Coherence of ‘The Prose Lancelot Without the Grail’
Authors: Kennedy Elspeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Repeated descriptions of the widowed queens’ holy life at Mostier Reial on the shores of the Lake, interlacing with repeated descriptions of Lancelot’s development and education in the Lake (20-4, 38-48, 132-3, 138-9) so that the growth of the abbey and the growth of Lancelot run parallel.
Lancelot with the Grail: second stage
Authors: Kennedy Elspeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout the part of the romance which follows the death of Galehot and leads up to the beginning of the Queste,1 the love theme (Lancelot, the greatest knight alive, inspired by his love and absolute loyalty to Guinevere) is developed skilfully to preserve continuity. Links with the past are maintained while the advent of a new kind of chivalry is prepared, a chivalry for which Lancelot’s love for Guinevere serves to disqualify rather than qualify him.
General conclusion
Authors: Kennedy Elspeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the non-cyclic Prose Lancelot two forms of coherence are equally important: internal coherence, within the individual text, and intertextual coherence, through which the individual text is shown to be part of a wider Arthurian ‘reality’. These two forms are interrelated in that it is the placing of the tale of Lancelot within the literary tradition that helps to give it a meaningful shape, conjointure and sens. The three principal means used to achieve this are as follows:
(a) Through allusions outwards to existing literary tradition belonging to the past in relation to the tale of Lancelot, whether to incidents to be found in other texts or to events to be found in no known text but fitting into the general framework provided by the literary tradition.
Poetry and Painting
Authors: Bowness Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a striking fact that the three men who successively did so much to create modern French poetry-Baudelaire, Mallarme, and Apollinaire--were all deeply responsive to the visual art of their contemporaries, and had many painter friends. There is no precedent for this in any earlier phase of French literature, nor do we find any thing that is comparable in the parallel literary cultures of Germany or England. In England, it is true, one notices another strange particularity, not found elsewhere, that of the painter-poet, equally at home in two arts.
Introduction
Authors: Rouet Philippe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Taking as its position the point at which archaeology, art history, and historiography coincide, this work sets out to trace the development of the study of Greek pottery in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, with particular emphasis on the works of Sir John Beazley on Attic vase-painting, and Edmond Pottier’s Corpus Vasorum Antiquorum.
Two Works by Pottier
Authors: Rouet Philippe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘The consequences of war,’ he said, ‘are never-ending. I learn in a letter from my excellent friend William Harrison that French science has been despised in England since 1871, and that the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin affect to know nothing of the manual of archaeology by Maurice Raynouard, even though it is likely to be of more use to students than any other work of its kind.
History and Ideology in Fourteenth-century France
Authors: Ainsworth Peter F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is in this sense that the term will be understood below. Time and space preclude an exhaustive treatment of ideology as it expresses itself in the discourse of Froissart’s contemporaries. It would also be inappropriate to cover ground already explored by others; it is for this reason that the following pages are based (though not exclusively) upon a review of the conclusions reached by Marie-Therese de Medeiros in her sensitive study of the different ways in which fourteenth-century ‘historians’ write about the Jacquerie. The choice of this popular, anti-aristocratic uprising as the focus for a study of ideology in historiographic texts is not surprising, but is no less pertinent for that.
The Quest for Truth: ‘Je, sire Jehan Froissart, fay narracion Froissart-Scriptor and the metaphor of the Journey
Authors: Ainsworth Peter F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Critics have been prompt to recognize the exceptional literary merits of the Voyage en Bearn sequence of Book III. Most have emphasized the originality and freshness of the chronicler’s style, or the freedom with which he records his activities as reporter and investigator during his stay at the court of Gaston Febus.
‘La Quille, Bordel!’: Recallingle Rappel
Authors: Dine Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was the French Revolution itself which gave rise to the concept of ‘the nation in arms’, and thus to the practice of conscription. However, ever since its introduction under the Directory in 1798 —specifically to provide the necessary manpower for Napoleon Bonaparte’s attempt to tum Egypt into France’s first North African colony —compulsory military service, though attractive in theory, has given rise to numerous difficulties in practice. In the modern era, this discrepancy has led French governments to continue to voice their faith in the benefits of non-vocational military service, while at the same time presiding over the emergence of a genuinely professional military apparatus. The end result of this dual approach has been an undeclared division of the French army into two effectively separate forces: an army in which those civilians called upon to serve the Republic might fulfil their patriotic obligations; and a very different army, the one which was relied upon to do the real fighting as France sought to re-establish her grip on an overseas empire profoundly affected by the Second World War. It was this ‘real’ army which had fought, and lost, in Indo-China; and it was the shattered remnants of this same army which set about avenging that defeat in Algeria.
Nicanor Parra: The Poem as Amoeba
Authors: Rowe William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The poetry of Nicanor Parra is a good deal more ambitious than most criticism suggests. Edith Grossman’s statement, that Parra ‘believes that only the ordinary spoken language, bare of poetic overtones and anachronisms, can communicate clearly and deeply enough’, may be taken as typical of the predominant response to Poemas y antipoemas [Poems and antipoems] in the forty years since it was first published. A sense of Parra’s poetics as crucial to Latin American poetry of the later twentieth century requires both listening more radically to what he does to ‘the ordinary spoken language’ and entering into the ways of reading suggested in his propositions of poetry as an unboundaried action. Mathematics, cosmology, and the social analysis of language converge in this action, and it is the aim of this chapter to trace this multidimensionality, starting for the sake of clarity with its main component, which is language.
Ernesto Cardenal: Eros and Belief under Epic Necessity
Authors: Rowe William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ernesto Cardenal, one of the most important Latin American poets of the later twentieth century, has written most of his poetry since entering the priesthood. To read his work as expression of the experience of conversion—and of other key biographical events, such as the decision to commit himself to the Sandinista Revolution—has been the chosen stance of most criticism. What I propose here, without excluding biographical information where it is important to the process of writing, is to set up a sort of experiment in order to find out what types of reading Cardenal’s various books invite. When I say reading, I do not mean interpretation, as when a sequence of ideas is extracted from a text and expounded. I mean the quality of attention which the poems solicit and exemplify, the controls they exercise upon a reader’s ear, eye, and intellect.
Gonzalo Rojas: Writing in the Wind
Authors: Rowe William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No amount of statements about the work of a poet can substitute for the work of reading, as propaganda can for thinking or advertisements for the enjoyment of things or pornography—easily enough—for the art of love. Do you then read in a closed room, where no such interferences can enter, in an atmosphere of high seriousness? Substitution is to do with making models, and training the receiver to relate to them and not to the things themselves, and in the case of literature its smell is familiar enough to any student with an examination coming up. The problem is the models become the currency of what can be said—or what gets heard, which is the same thing.
Raul Zurita and American Space
Authors: Rowe William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the transitologists, the transition to democracy in Chile under the arrangements set up by Pinochet after sixteen years in power does not include as an issue the torture and disappearance of human beings during those sixteen years. This, in their view, is because those violations of human rights affected only a small minority of the population. There is logic in their stance, and let us define it as clearly as possible: if violence does not need to be kept in mind, this is because it only continues to affect those few it touched; it did not penetrate the whole society; it is not part of the long-term structures of the society as a whole, its history, and its culture; it is not and does not need to be generally remembered. Transitology, a new specialism in the business of social control, exemplifies in these respects the unprecedentedly sterile social thought oflate twentieth-century capitalism. For Raul Zurita, the pain of recent Chilean experience is something that needs to be purged, if any regeneration is to occur.
The Subversive Languages of Carmen Olle
Authors: Rowe William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past fifteen years, there has been a huge increase in the amount of poetry written by women published in Peru. A book of interviews by Roland Forgues with Peruvian women poets is an index of this new phenomenon—in the masculinist ways it attempts to construe this writing and in the refusal of a number of the poets to go along with these. The book’s title is Las poetas se desnudan [Women poets bare themselves], indicating a paradigm that relegates women’s poetry to the erotic and to intimate confession: no place here for the public sphere, for ideas, or, crucially, for the invention of poetic forms. Only the themes matter, and these—as thequestions reveal—are preconceived as the confession of what was previously hidden.
Fortunato Depero‘s Contribution To A Futurist Mechanical Theatre
Authors: Berghaus Günter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Depero returned to the theatre with a machine drama, called Anihccam del 3000 (i.e. Machine of the Year 3000, spelt backwards). It formed part of the programme which de Angelis and his Compagnia del Nuovo Teatro Futurista presented on II January 1923 at the Trianon in Milan (in a programme which also included Prampolini ‘s Psychology of the Machines, see above, pp. 366-8). Given that Depero ‘s interest in mechanized, artificial beings had been demonstrated in a whole series of works during the first ten years of his artistic career, it is not astonishing that he was an enthusiastic supporter of the Futurist mechanical aesthetics of the r92os. He wrote on the subject: Open your eyes wide and acknowledge that a part of the civilization and of glory belongs to the machine and that, thanks to them, our style will get clearer and more precise and we shall be able to win a certain artistic victory for a modern style....