bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Vivo Effect of Yogurt on Excretion of Enteropathogen Escherichia coli RDEC‐1 During Acute Diarrhea in the Just‐Weaned Rabbit
Authors: Gotteland Martin , Pochart Philippe , Dabbech Moufida , Bisetti Nathalie , Desjeux Jehan‐François 
Published: January 2024

SummaryYogurt has been shown to inhibit, by various mechanisms, pathogenic bacterial growth in vitro, including that of the rabbit Escherichia coli strain RDEC‐1. To determine whether this in vitro inhibition by yogurt has an in vivo counterpart, 60 newly weaned New Zealand rabbits were randomly assigned to receive a diet supplemented with either milk or yogurt. Four days later, rabbits were infected intragastrically with 108E. coli strain RDEC‐1. During the 30 days postinfection, animals were checked regularly for weight, stool characteristics, and fecal excretion of bacteria. Results show that the duration of diarrhea as well as bacterial excretion were the same in the milk and yogurt groups, indicating that in vivo, yogurt did not interfere with the growth of the pathogenic E. coli strain RDEC‐1. The pattern of the survival curves was significantly different in the two groups (p < 0.03), but the difference between their mortality at 30 days postinfection was not significant (80% in the milk group versus 67% in the yogurt group). These results indicate that the bactericidal activity of yogurt observed in vitro against the E. coli strain RDEC‐1 does not have an in vivo counterpart in the model of the just‐weaned rabbit infected by RDEC‐1.
Determination of Body Composition in Growing Rats by Total Body Electrical Conductivity
Authors: Morbach Connie A. , Brans Yves W. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryTotal body electrical conductivity (TOBEC), measured with an Em‐Scan SA‐1 analyzer, was evaluated as a means of estimating fat‐free mass and total body water content noninvasively in small laboratory animals. Ninety‐four rats whose weight ranged from 5.53 to 170.84 g at 0–50 days of age were studied. The animals were killed by intraperitoneal injection of a pentobarbital overdose. After weight, crown‐rump length (CRL) and TOBEC were measured, and the animals were minced with scissors and desiccated to constant weight in a convection oven. Fat was extracted by multiple bathings in petroleum ether followed by Soxhlet extraction. Fifty‐four rats were used to determine the relation between fat‐free mass (FFM), total body water (TBW), and TOBEC# (E) by regression analysis. The best correlations were observed between FFM and (E X CRL)1/2 (r = 0.995, p < 0.0001) and between TBW and (E X CRL)1/2 (r = 0.995, p < 0.0001). Forty rats were used to determine the predictive value of TOBEC estimates. With this instrument, TOBEC tended to underestimate FFM by an average of 3.9% and TBW by 5.3%. Accuracy was questionable for animals smaller than 13 g and TOBEC did not provide useful estimates of total body fat. Subject to these limitations, TOBEC instruments should prove to be useful for sequential in vivo estimations of body composition during growth and development of small animals.
Factors Affecting Long‐Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Composition of Plasma Choline Phosphoglycerides in Preterm Infants
Authors: Leaf Alison A. , Leighfield Martin J. , Costeloe Kate L. , Crawford Michael A. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryLong‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCPUFA) composition of choline phosphoglycerides was measured in the plasma of 22 preterm infants at birth and at expected date of delivery (EDD). In a subgroup of 10 infants, data were also collected at regular intervals between birth and EDD. Levels at birth showed a positive correlation between arachidonic acid (AA) and birth weight, p<0.01, and between docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and gestational age, p<0.01. Percentage compositions of both AA and DHA fell rapidly between preterm birth and expected date of delivery, at a time when they would remain high in utero. For AA, the mean value fell from 16.52 to 7.18%, and for DHA from 4.49 to 2.63%. Levels of DHA fell less in babies fed breast milk than in those fed formula milk, p<0.05, and levels of AA fell less in those requiring a large number of blood transfusions, p<0.05. The level of DHA fell more in those infants with intrauterine growth retardation, p<0.05. Although these nutrients share common metabolic pathways for their synthesis, they appear to be affected by different factors in both the fetus and the preterm infant. Low levels at this time may adversely affect brain and retinal development.
Effects of Indomethacin in Congenital Chloride Diarrhea
Authors: Mayatepek Ertan , Seyberth Hannsjörg W. , Nützenadel Walter 
Published: January 2024

SummaryClinical and biochemical effects of indomethacin were monitored in a patient with congenital chloride diarrhea (CCD) before and after 10 days of therapy. During indomethacin treatment, no clinical improvement could be achieved whereas hyperreninemia and hyperaldosteronism improved. Excretion rates of prostaglandin (PG) E2, PGF2α, as well as PGE‐M were found to be slightly raised and decreased during therapy with indomethacin. However, loss of electrolytes remained substantially unchanged. Prostaglandins, therefore, seem to play no important role in intestinal loss of electrolytes in CCD, and it is suggested that indomethacin is of no importance in the treatment of patients with CCD.
Field Trial of an Infant Formula Containing Anti‐rotavirus and Anti‐Escherichia coli Milk Antibodies from Hyperimmunized Cows
Authors: Brunser Oscar , Espinoza Julio , Figueroa Guillermo , Araya Magdalena , Spencer Eugenic , Hilpert Helmut , Link‐Amster Harriet , Brüssow Harald 
Published: January 2024

SummaryTwo groups of 124 and 108 children, respectively, living in urban Santiago, Chile in low socioeconomic conditions were prospectively followed for 6 months for their incidence of diarrhea. Each cohort was divided into two subgroups receiving either a commercial milk formula or the same formula containing 1% (wt/wt) bovine milk immunoglobulin concentrate from cows hyperimmunized with human rotaviruses and the major enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) serogroups. Neither group differed with respect to incidence of diarrhea (98 episodes in 117 treated children versus 95 episodes in 115 control children), duration and clinical symptoms of diarrhea, and weight gain. Furthermore, neither group differed with respect to isolation of rotavirus (14 and 13 isolates in treatment and control groups, respectively) and isolation of enteropathogenic E. coli (14 and 15 isolates in treatment and control groups, respectively). The treatment but not the control formula contained neutralizing antibody against all human rotavirus serotypes. Titers were comparable to human breast milk samples. All isolated EPEC serogroups were included in the vaccine used for the immunization of the cows. The treatment, but not the control formula, protected mice against a lethal challenge with an EPEC strain. In conclusion, feeding an antibody‐supplemented formula had no positive effect on diarrheal diseases under the conditions of a fairly well‐controlled small‐scale field trial.
BUN/Cr Ratio as an Index of Gastrointestinal Bleeding Mass in Children
Authors: Urashima Mitsuyoshi , Toyoda Shigeru , Nakano Toshiyuki , Matsuda Shuichi , Kobayashi Naoaki , Kitajima Haruo , Tokushige Aijirou , Horita Hideki , Akatsuka Jun‐ichi , Maekawa Kihei 
Published: January 2024

SummaryDetermining the site and severity of blood loss is important in the management of children with gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (Cr) were measured on the day of hospitalization and the ratio of BUN/Cr was calculated in 11 children with 16 episodes of upper GI bleeding and 49 with lower GI bleeding. There was a significant difference between the two GI bleeding groups with regard to BUN/ Cr ratio (p ≥ 0.001). When the ratio was 30 or above, the specificity of upper GI bleeding was 98% with a sensitivity of 68.8%. A linear relationship was found between the BUN/Cr ratio and AHb (AHb = 0.08 χ BUN/Cr ± 0.8 g/dl) for bleeding originating from the upper GI tract. This study confirms that measurement of the BUN/Cr ratio is useful for localizing the source of bleeding to the upper GI tract and also demonstrates its usefulness as an estimation of the severity of blood loss from the upper GI tract.
Cardiac, Respiratory, and Arousal Responses to an Esophageal Acid Infusion Test in Near‐Term Infants During Active Sleep
Authors: Ramet Joseph , Egreteau Laurent , Curzi‐Dascalova Lilia , Escourrou Pierre , Dehan Michel , Gaultier Claude 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThis study was designed to determine the cardiac, respiratory, and arousal responses to an esophageal acid infusion test in near‐term infants free from neurological, gastroesophageal, and cardiopulmonary disease at time of testing during active sleep. Eight infants (gestational age 28–37.5 weeks, postconceptional age 36–40 weeks) were tested. Using standardized procedures and timing, we compared the cardiac, respiratory and arousal responses during a control period and during distal esophageal saline and acid infusion periods. The duration of each of these periods was 5 min. The pH of the acid infusion was 2.2. We found that this mild distal esophageal acid infusion test induced significant prolongation of the interval between successive electrocardiogram R waves compared with control and saline infusion periods (806.5± 145.7 ms, 478.8± 49.4 ms, and 468.8± 37.2 ms, respectively; p < 0.01) and of the duration of the respiratory cycle (2.9± 0.7 s, 1.5± 0.3 s, and 1.5± 0.2 s, respectively; p < 0.01). Esophageal acid infusion elicited significant electroencephalogram (EEG) arousal responses. The number of the EEG arousals was significantly increased during the acid period as compared with control and saline infusion periods (2.9± 1.4, 0.5± 0.5, and 0.4± 0.5, respectively; p < 0.01). Total arousal duration was significantly increased during acid as compared with control and saline infusion periods (42± 17.5 s,4.5± 5.1 s, and 3.5± 5.0 s, respectively; p < 0.01). We conclude that distal esophageal acid stimulation elicits significant cardiac, respiratory, and EEG arousal responses in near‐term infants during active sleep.
Nutritional Rehabilitation in Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Dalzell A. M. , Shepherd R. W. , Dean B. , Cleghorn G. J. , Holt T. L. , Francis P. J. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryPreviously, we reported catch‐up weight gain, growth, and improved lung function in a group of malnourished cystic fibrosis (CF) children receiving aggressive nutritional supplementation for 1 year compared with a forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)‐, height‐, and sex‐matched comparison group receiving standard therapy. To evaluate long‐term effects, the clinical progress of both groups has been studied over a 5 year period. The supplemented group (n = 10) received supplements for a median of 1.35 years to achieve nutritional rehabilitation. Compared with the nonsupplemented group (n = 14), the previously supplemented group had lower mortality (2 vs. 4, N.S.) and significantly greater weight and height z scores at 4 and 5 years. The progression of pulmonary function abnormalities as measured by FEV1 and forced vital capacity (FVC) slopes was greater at 3 years in the nonsupplemented group (FEV1, p < 0.05) but no significant differences in rates of deterioration of pulmonary function were seen after 5 years in the two groups of survivors. We conclude that intensive nutritional support for 1 year has both short‐ and long‐term effects on nutrition and growth, still evident some years after the cessation of this therapeutic modality. Supplementation for periods of longer than 1 year may produce greater gains and possibly prolong the improvement in pulmonary function observed in the earlier study.
Volatile Fatty Acids, Lactic Acid, and pH in the Stools of Breast‐Fed and Bottle‐Fed Infants
Authors: Ogawa Kumiko , Ben Ricardo A. , Pons Silvina , Paolo María Isabel L. , Fernández Luis Bustos 
Published: January 2024

SummaryWe measured fecal pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and lactic acid concentrations in 67 healthy infants ranging in age from 1 to 5 months. The babies were divided into five groups according to their diet: group 1: human milk, with subgroups of 1 month of age (n = 8), and 2–5 months (n = 12); group 2: formula milk, with subgroups of 1 month of age (n = 9) and 2–5 months (n = 10); group 3; cow's milk, one group of 2–5 months of age (n = 12); group 4: human milk supplemented with formula milk, 2–5 months of age (n = 8); and group 5: human milk supplemented with cow's milk, 2–5 months of age (n = 8). Fecal VFA concentration and pH of bottle‐fed infants (groups 2 and 3) were significantly higher and lactic acid concentrations significantly lower than those of the breast‐fed group. Groups 4 and 5 showed significantly higher pH and propionic acid concentration, and lower lactic acid concentration than Group 1 did. There were no significant differences in the data on pH, VFA, and lactic acid concentrations between the feces of formula and cow's milk groups. On the other hand, the addition of formula or cow's milk to the human milk was sufficient to alter the profile of VFA, the pH, and the lactic acid concentration of breast‐fed infants stools. Low pH, low VFA, and high lactic acid concentrations make the colonic content of breast‐fed babies an environment favorable for Bifidobacteria growth, and this is probably the main protective factor against gastrointestinal infections.
Developmental Changes in Lactase‐Phlorizin Hydrolase Precursor Isoforms in the Rat
Authors: Dudley Mary A. , Shulman Robert J. , Reeds Peter J. , Rosenberger Judy N. , Putman Margaret , Johnston Pamela K. , Perkinson J. Scott , Nichols Buford L. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to determine whether the developmental decline in lactase specific activity ((μml mol/min/g protein) in the rat was associated with (a) changes in the relative quantities of immunoisolated precursor and mature forms of the enzyme purified by SDS‐PAGE and/or (b) immunohistologic changes in the jejunal mucosa. We studied 10− and 16‐day‐old suckling rat pups, 22‐day‐old weaned rat pups, and adult female rats (nongravid, pregnant, and lactating). Lactase activity was three‐ to fourfold higher in 10‐day‐old pups than in adult rats. Lactase activity was 27% greater in lactating compared with nongravid or pregnant rats. Three molecular forms of the enzyme that migrated identically in all animals were observed on SDS‐polyacrylamide gels stained with Coomassie blue: 140‐kDa (mature brush border form), 200‐kDa, and 220‐kDa (apparent precursor forms). There was a striking difference in the proportions of the three polypeptides at different ages that was unrelated to animal status, i.e., pregnant or lactating. As the animals aged, the relative amount of the 140‐kDa band declined from 86 ± 1.1% of the total immunoprecipitated lactase in 10‐day old suckling pups to 68 ± 0.7% in adults. Simultaneously, the relative concentration of the 200‐kDa band rose from 1.7 ± 0.4% in the 10‐day‐old to 19 ± 0.6% in adults. The relative concentration of the 220‐kDa polypeptide did not change as a function of age. In vivo radiolabel infusion studies using [3H]phenylalanine demonstrated that the isotope was first incorporated into the 200‐kDa band and later into the 140‐kDa band. Thyroxine treatment induced a precocious decrease in lactase activity and an increase in the relative concentration of the 200‐kDa precursor in the 16‐day‐old, but not the 10‐day‐old pup. Immunofluorescent microscopy demonstrated lactase in the brush border membranes of all animals. No staining of the crypt cells was observed in 10‐day‐old animals. By 16 days of age, faint crypt staining was seen, intensifying in the older animals.
Surfactant‐like Material in the Antral Gastric Mucosa of Children
Authors: Sbarbati Andrea , Deganello Antonio , Tamassia Gianni , Bertini Marina , Gaburro Dino , Osculati Francesco 
Published: January 2024

SummaryIt has been proposed that the hydrophobicity of the gastric mucosa is due to surfactant‐like material (SLM), mainly composed of phospholipid, adsorbed to the mucosal surface. Biochemical and physiological studies have been performed in different mammals but morphological data on children are lacking. In the present work, the presence of SLM on the antral gastric mucosa of children has been studied by electron microscopy. The results demonstrate that SLM is present and shows two different forms, lamellar bodies and lamellar layers. In the mucosae without endoscopic, histologic, and ultra structural alterations we have found SLM when the tannic acid method has been used but not when the tissue has been fixed only in glutaraldehyde. Our results suggest that in children with ultrastuctural alterations of the epithelium, the amount of gastric SLM is increased in respect to children with a normal mucosa and that the amount of SLM on the surface of the gastric antral mucosa is modified in pathologic conditions.
Selected Summaries
Authors: Sherman Philip M. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThis paper outlines a study evaluating the effect of three different solutions administered rectally in left‐sided ulcerative colitis. The study was designed to increase the concentration of short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the colon. In the first trial, six adult patients with distal ulcerative colitis who had failed treatment with oral sulfasalazine, oral prednisone, and either rectal corticosteroids or 5‐aminosalicylates were treated for 2 weeks with an alkaline solution containing sodium hydroxide, polyvinylpyrolodine, p‐hydroxybenzoic acid esters, and glycine. In the second trial, nine different adult patients with distal colitis who were also unresponsive to the above‐mentioned medications were treated for 2 weeks with a solution containing sodium propionate and sodium butyrate. In the third trial, 12 additional patients with distal colitis unresponsive to oral sulfasalazine and rectal steroids or 5‐aminosalicylic acid (but not oral prednisone as in the other groups) were treated for 6 weeks with a solution containing sodium acetate, sodium propionate, and sodium butyrate and adjusted to pH 7.0. In each trial, the test solution was given as a 50 ml enema twice daily. In trial 1, there was no improvement in clinical symptoms, sigmoidoscopic appearance, or histology. In trial 2, five patients improved clinically, four demonstrated endoscopic evidence of improvement, and three showed histologic improvement in disease activity. Six patients had improvement in at least one parameter, but complete remission of clinical symptoms or histologic colitis did not occur in any patient. Of the 12 patients in trial 3, 1 dropped out because of complete remission of symptoms and another because of lack of improvement. Of the ten completing the 6 week course, 9 were “much improved.” Endoscopic improvement in colitis was observed in nine. All histologic scores also improved, with two becoming histologically normal and three “near normal.” One patient relapsed within a month of discontinuing treatment, one after 4 months, six patients continued in remission at 12 months, and two were lost to follow‐up.
EFFECTS OF CHOLECYSTOKININ RECEPTOR BLOCKADE ON PANCREATIC AND BILIARY FUNCTION IN HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS
Authors: Werlin Steven L. , Schwarzendrube J , Niederau M , Lutlen R , Neiderau C. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThe role of exogenous cholecystokinin (CCK) in the regulation of pancreatic and biliary secretions was evaluated in healthy adult volunteers using loxiglumide (formerly compound CR‐1505), a specific CCK antagonist. Gastric contents were continuously removed by aspiration and the second part of the duodenum was perfused with a mixed, liquid test meal containing a non‐absorbable marker [polyethylene glycol (PEG) 3000]. Duodenal contents were then aspirated from the region of the ligament of Treitz and levels of trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, bilirubin, and PEG determined by standard methods. Venous blood samples were obtained at 20 min intervals for determinations of CCK (by bioassay), insulin, and C peptide (radioimmunoassay). Gallbladder volumes were determined by ultrasonography. The ability of loxiglumide to inhibit pancreatobiliary secretion stimulated by exogenous cerulein, a CCK agonist, was also determined using similar methods.At a dose that mimics postprandial plasma CCK concentrations, loxiglumide inhibited the pancreatic and gallbladder responses to the test meal. Secretion of pancreatic enzymes was decreased by up to 75% compared with controls. Gallbladder contraction and bilirubin output were abolished. Loxiglumide also inhibited the secretion of pancreatic enzyme stimulated by exogenous cerulein. In contrast, loxiglumide failed to abolish changes in the plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, and C peptide following the test meal.
Increased Serum IL‐2R Levels in Coeliac Disease Are Related to CD4 But Not CD8 Antigens
Authors: Blanco A. , Garrote J. A. , Arranz E. , Alonso M. , Clavo C. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryForty‐three coeliac children, ranging from 1 year and 3 months to 14 years and 9 months, were studied. Twenty‐eight patients were in an active phase of the disease, and 15 were in remission. The criteria of coeliac disease (CD) activity were established according to the results of IgA anti‐endomysial antibodies (IgA‐AEm). In‐terleukin 2 receptor (IL‐2R) and CD4 and CD8 antigens were measured in serum samples by an ELISA technique using two noncompetitive monoclonal antibodies. An‐tigliadin antibodies of IgG (IgG‐AGA) and IgA (IgA‐AGA) classes were also measured. The AEm‐positive coeliac patient group showed values of 1,860 ± 948 U/ml for IL‐2R, 430 ± 228 U/ml for CD8, and 36.8 ± 25.1 U/ml for CD4. AEm‐negative patients showed values of 980 ± 436 U/ml, 350 ± 243 U/ml, and 24.1 ± 20 U/ml, respectively. IL‐2R levels were the only ones significantly elevated (p < 0.005) in the active coeliac group. On the other hand, IgG‐AGA and IgA‐AGA were both clearly increased (p < 0.001). IL‐2R levels in active coeliac patients correlated with CD4 levels (p < 0.05), but not with CD8, IgG‐AGA, and IgA‐AGA levels. We also found a surprising negative correlation between AEm antibodies of IgA2 class with both IL‐2R (r = 0.471; p < 0.05) and CD8 (r = 0.616; p < 0.05). The results show that in CD there is a lymphocyte activation affecting mainly CD4 + cells and not correlated with serum AG A levels, suggesting an independence of both immunological phenomena and probably with different locations of origin.