bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Swelling of cotton fibres in etylenediamine‐urea mixtures
Authors: Lokhande H. T. , Kulkarni M. P. , Shukla S. R. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractSwelling and decrystallizing actions of ethylenediamine/urea/water and morpholine/urea/water mixtures on cotton cellulose have been investigated. Urea shows a positive synergistic influence on the swelling ability. With ethylenediamine/urea/water critical mixtures were obtained which are highly effective in swelling and decrystallizing cotton cellulose. The results are explained by ability of urea to modify the water structure as well as forming complexes with ethylenediamine and water molecules in definite proportions. A morpholine/urea/water mixture of a critical composition was also found to exhibit enhanced swelling of cotton fibres above the level of either morpholine or urea.
Randomized trial of pallidotomy versus medical therapy for Parkinson's disease
Authors: Vitek Jerrold L. , Bakay Roy A. E. , Freeman Alan , Evatt Marian , Green Joanne , McDonald William , Haber Michael , Barnhart Huiman , Wahlay Natalie , Triche Shirley , Mewes Klaus , Chockkan Vijay , Zhang Jian‐Yu , DeLong Mahlon R. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThirty‐six patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) were randomized to either medical therapy (N = 18) or unilateral GPi pallidotomy (N = 18). The primary outcome variable was the change in total Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) score at 6 months. Secondary outcome variables included subscores and individual parkinsonian symptoms as determined from the UPDRS. At the six month follow‐up, patients receiving pallidotomy had a statistically significant reduction (32% decrease) in the total UPDRS score compared to those randomized to medical therapy (5% increase). Following surgery, patients' showed improvement in all the cardinal motor signs of PD including tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, gait and balance. Drug‐induced dyskinesias were also markedly improved. Although the greatest improvement occurred on the side contralateral to the lesion, significant ipsilateral improvement was also observed for bradykinesia, rigidity and drug‐induced dyskinesias. A total of twenty patients have been followed for 2 years to assess the effect of time on clinical outcome. These patients have shown sustained improvement in the total UPDRS (p < 0.0001), “off” motor (p < 0.0001) and complications of therapy subscores (p < 0.0001). Sustained improvement was also seen for tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, percent on time and drug‐induced dyskinesias. Ann Neurol 2003
Interleukin‐1β promotes oligodendrocyte death through glutamate excitotoxicity
Authors: Takahashi Jennifer L. , Giuliani Fabrizio , Power Christopher , Imai Yoshinori , Yong V. Wee 
Published: April 2003

AbstractGlutamate excitotoxicity is implicated in the progressive loss of oligodendrocytes in multiple sclerosis, but how glutamate metabolism is dysregulated in the disease remains unclear. Because there is microglia activation in all stages of multiple sclerosis, we determined whether a microglia product, interleukin‐1β, could provide the mechanism for glutamate excitotoxicity. We found that whereas interleukin‐1β did not kill oligodendrocytes in pure culture, it produced apoptosis of oligodendrocytes in coculture with astrocytes and microglia. This requirement for a mixed glia environment suggests that interleukin‐1β impairs the well‐described glutamate‐buffering capacity of astrocytes. In support, antagonists at AMPA/kainate glutamate receptors, NBQX and CNQX, blocked the interleukin‐1β toxicity to oligodendrocytes. Another microglia/macrophage cytokine, tumor necrosis factor‐α, also evoked apoptosis of oligodendrocytes in a mixed glia environment in an NBQX‐blockable manner. These results provide a mechanistic link between the persistent and insidious microglia activation that is evident in all stages of multiple sclerosis, with the recent appreciation that glutamate excitotoxicity leads to the destruction of oligodendrocytes in the disease. Ann Neurol 2003;53:588–595
Bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria: Clinical and radiological features in 10 families with linkage to chromosome 16
Authors: Chang Bernard S. , Piao Xianhua , Bodell Adria , Basel‐Vanagaite Lina , Straussberg Rachel , Dobyns William B. , Qasrawi Bassam , Winter Robin M. , Innes A. Micheil , Voit Thomas , Grant P. Ellen , Barkovich A. James , Walsh Christopher A. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractPolymicrogyria is a common malformation of cortical development characterized by an excessive number of small gyri and abnormal cortical lamination. Multiple syndromes of region‐specific bilateral symmetric polymicrogyria have been reported. We previously have described two families with bilateral frontoparietal polymicrogyria (BFPP), an autosomal recessive syndrome that we mapped to a locus on chromosome 16q12‐21. Here, we extend our observations to include 19 patients from 10 kindreds, all linked to the chromosome 16q locus, allowing us to define the clinical and radiological features of BFPP in detail. The syndrome is characterized by global developmental delay of at least moderate severity, seizures, dysconjugate gaze, and bilateral pyramidal and cerebellar signs. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated symmetric polymicrogyria affecting the frontoparietal regions most severely, as well as ventriculomegaly, bilateral white matter signal changes, and small brainstem and cerebellar structures. We have refined our genetic mapping and describe two apparent founder haplotypes, one of which is present in two families with BFPP and associated microcephaly. Because 11 of our patients initially were classified as having other malformations, the syndrome of BFPP appears to be more common than previously recognized and may be frequently misdiagnosed. Ann Neurol 2003
Endogenous estradiol and risk of dementia in women and men: The Rotterdam Study
Authors: Geerlings Mirjam I. , Launer Lenore J. , De Jong Frank H. , Ruitenberg Annemieke , Stijnen Theo , Van Swieten John C. , Hofman Albert , Witteman Jacqueline C. M. , Pols Huibert A. P. , Breteler Monique M. B. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractWe determined whether higher endogenous estradiol levels were associated with lower risk of dementia in older men and women not using hormonal replacement therapy, using a case‐cohort design within the Rotterdam Study, a population‐based follow‐up study on chronic diseases, including dementia, in 7,983 subjects aged 55 years or older, and ongoing since 1990. The analyses were based on a random subcohort of 508 women and 438 men, and on 76 women and 53 men with incident dementia. Cox proportional hazards models with robustly estimated standard errors showed that in women higher levels of total estradiol were associated with higher risk of dementia (age‐adjusted hazard ratio per standard deviation increase 1.38; 95% CI 1.04–1.84). Age‐adjusted HR's of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia associated with higher levels of total estradiol (per SD increase) were 1.24 (95% CI 0.87–1.76) and 2.19 (95% CI 1.22–3.92), respectively. Similar results were observed for bioavailable estradiol. Additional adjustments for potential confounders did not change the results substantially. In men, no clear association was observed between estradiol levels and risk of dementia or its subtypes. The findings do not support the hypothesis that higher levels of endogenous estradiol reduce risk of dementia, neither in women nor in men. Ann Neurol 2003
Tremor and ataxia in fragile X premutation carriers: Blinded videotape study
Authors: Berry‐Kravis Elizabeth , Lewin Foster , Wuu Joanne , Leehey Maureen , Hagerman Randi , Hagerman Paul , Goetz Christopher G. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractFragile X premutation carriers do not have typical fragile X syndrome (FXS) although late‐onset progressive action tremor and gait disorder with CNS atrophy was recently reported in male carriers. We compared tremor, gait disorder and parkinsonian signs in FXS premutation subjects (age 50 or more) and a similar control population, using a standardized videotaping protocol. Videotapes were rated using standard scales for tremor (CRST), ataxia (ICARS), and parkinsonian signs (UPDRS) by an investigator blinded to premutation status. Compared to all other groups pooled (n = 30), the male premutation carrier group (n = 7) had significantly higher scores on the CRST (p = 0.0008), ICARS (p = 0.001), and UPDRS (p = 0.0094). On the CRST, rest, postural and kinetic tremor scores were all higher in the male carriers. The elevated total UPDRS and ICARS scores mainly resulted from markedly higher scores for tremor and limb ataxia, respectively. The female carrier (n = 14) and control groups (n = 8) did not differ on any measure. The FMR1 premutation is associated with increased levels of CGG repeat‐containing FMR1 mRNA, which may predispose to these symptoms by interfering with nuclear mechanisms. Given the relatively high population frequency of the FMR1 premutation, this mutation may be a significant cause of late‐onset “idiopathic” progressive tremor. Ann Neurol 2003
Lineage pathway of human brain progenitor cells identified by JC virus susceptability
Authors: Messam Conrad A. , Hou Jean , Gronostajski Richard M. , Major Eugene O. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractMultipotential human central nervous system progenitor cells, isolated from human fetal brain tissue by selective growth conditions, were cultured as undifferentiated, attached cell layers. Selective differentiation yielded highly purified populations of neurons or astrocytes. This report describes the novel use of this cell culture model to study cell type–specific recognition of a human neurotropic virus, JC virus. Infection by either JC virions or a plasmid encoding the JC genome demonstrated susceptibility in astrocytes and, to a lesser degree, progenitor cells, whereas neurons remained nonpermissive. JC virus susceptibility correlated with significantly higher expression of the NFI‐X transcription factor in astrocytes than in neurons. Furthermore, transfection of an NFI‐X expression vector into progenitor‐derived neuronal cells before infection resulted in viral protein production. These results indicate that susceptibility to JC virus infection occurs at the molecular level and also suggest that differential recognition of the viral promoter sequences can predict lineage pathways of multipotential progenitor cells in the human central nervous system. Ann Neurol 2003
Temporal processing of visuotactile and tactile stimuli in writer's cramp
Authors: Fiorio Mirta , Tinazzi Michele , Bertolasi Laura , Aglioti Salvatore M. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractNeurophysiological studies in animals show that basal ganglia are involved not only in motor and nonmotor timing functions but also in integrating tactile and visual signals delivered in the peripersonal space. We tested temporal discrimination of cross‐modal and unimodal stimuli in 13 controls and 14 patients with writer's cramp, a disorder supposedly linked to dysfunction of basal ganglia. Subjects were asked to discriminate whether pairs of visual, tactile, or visuotactile stimuli were simultaneous or sequential (temporal discrimination threshold) and which stimulus preceded the other (temporal order judgment). Patients were impaired in temporal processing of tactile and cross‐modal stimuli. A significant positive correlation between temporal deficits and the severity of disability was detected for both affected and unaffected sides. Findings suggest that multimodal and not only modality‐specific temporal processing is defective in focal hand dystonia. Deficits of temporal processing of stimuli delivered to the unaffected side may represent a behavioral index of the susceptibility to develop dystonia and thus have remarkable practical and theoretical implications. Ann Neurol 2003
Decoupling of autonomic and cognitive emotional reactions after cerebellar stroke
Authors: Annoni Jean‐Marie , Ptak Radek , Caldara‐Schnetzer Anne‐Sarah , Khateb Asaid , Pollermann Branka Zei 
Published: April 2003

AbstractEmotional blunting can be found after cerebellar lesions. However, the mechanism of such a modification is not clear. We present a patient with emotional flattening and increased risk taking after left cerebellar infarct who had an impaired autonomic reactivity to negative as compared with positive reinforcement. This impairment was demonstrated by the patient's undifferentiated skin conductance responses to negative and positive reinforcement, whereas controls produced larger skin conductance responses after negative feedback. The cooccurrence of emotional flattening and undifferentiated autonomic reactions to positively and negatively valenced stimuli strengthens the role of the cerebellum in the modulation of the autonomic responses. Ann Neurol 2003;53:654–658
Polymicrogyria and absence of pineal gland due to PAX6 mutation
Authors: Mitchell Tejal N. , Free Samantha L. , Williamson Kathleen A. , Stevens John M. , Churchill Amanda J. , Hanson Isabel M. , Shorvon Simon D. , Moore Anthony T. , van Heyningen Veronica , Sisodiya Sanjay M. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractIdentification of genes involved in human cerebral development is important for our understanding of disorders with potential neurodevelopmental causes such as epilepsy and learning disability. Murine models suggest that PAX6 plays a key role in human brain development. With magnetic resonance imaging in 24 humans heterozygous for defined PAX6 mutations, we demonstrated widespread structural abnormalities including absence of the pineal gland and unilateral polymicrogyria. Ann Neurol 2003;53:658–663
Weight loss in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Chen Honglei , Zhang Shumin M. , Hernán Miguel A. , Willett Walter C. , Ascherio Alberto 
Published: April 2003

AbstractWe prospectively examined the changes of body weight among 468 individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) before and after the diagnosis. The average weight of PD patients was stable until shortly before the diagnosis (p for trend = 0.2) and then declined (p for trend < 0.0001). Interestingly, PD patients tended to increase their energy intakes as their weights decreased (p for trend < 0.002). In conclusion, weight loss in PD patients appears to be a continuous process that starts several years before the diagnosis and is not caused by reduced energy intake. Ann Neurol 2003;53:676–679
Functional magnetic resonance imaging of human absence seizures
Authors: Salek‐Haddadi Afraim , Lemieux Louis , Merschhemke Martin , Friston Karl J. , Duncan John S. , Fish David R. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractWe studied a patient with idiopathic generalized epilepsy and frequent absences, using electroencephalogram‐correlated functional magnetic resonance imaging. Four prolonged runs of generalized spike‐wave discharge occurred during a 35‐minute experiment. Time‐locked activation was observed bilaterally within the thalami in conjunction with widespread but symmetrical cortical deactivation with a frontal maximum. We demonstrate the reciprocal participation of focal thalamic and widespread cortical networks during human absence seizures and suggest reductions in cortical blood flow, in response to synchronized electroencephalogram activity. Ann Neurol 2003;53:663–667
Reconstructing cetacean brain evolution using computed tomography
Authors: Marino Lori , Uhen Mark D. , Pyenson Nicholas D. , Frohlich Bruno 
Published: April 2003

AbstractUntil recently, there have been relatively few studies of brain mass and morphology in fossil cetaceans (dolphins, whales, and porpoises) because of difficulty accessing the matrix that fills the endocranial cavity of fossil cetacean skulls. As a result, our knowledge about cetacean brain evolution has been quite limited. By applying the noninvasive technique of computed tomography (CT) to visualize, measure, and reconstruct the endocranial morphology of fossil cetacean skulls, we can gain vastly more information at an unprecedented rate about cetacean brain evolution. Here, we discuss our method and demonstrate it with several examples from our fossil cetacean database. This approach will provide new insights into the little‐known evolutionary history of cetacean brain evolution. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 272B:107–117, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of multimedia learning modules for teaching human anatomy: Application to osteology and functional anatomy
Authors: Van Sint Jan Serge , Crudele Michele , Gashegu Julien , Feipel Veronique , Poulet Pascal , Salvia Patrick , Hilal Isam , Sholukha Victor , Louryan Stephane , Rooze Marcel 
Published: April 2003

AbstractComputer‐assisted learning (CAL) is growing quickly within academic programs. Although the anatomical commercial packages that are available for this learning have attractive advantages, they also have drawbacks: they are frequently not in the local language of the students, they do not perfectly answer the needs of the local academic program, and their cost is frequently more than students can afford. This study describes a relatively inexpensive method to create CAL tutorials, whose content can be fully customized to local academic needs in terms of both program and language. The study describes its use in creating multimedia learning modules (MLMs) about Osteology and joint kinematics. The pedagogical content in these modules was collected from objective experiments to give students the opportunity to access new scientific knowledge during their education. It can be replaced, as desired, by almost any content due to the flexibility of the production method. Each MLM consists of two complementary subelements: a multimedia theoretical lecture and a three‐dimensional interactive laboratory. Such MLMs are in use at both the University of Brussels (ULB) and the National University of Rwanda (NUR). The development of this work was part of the VAKHUM project, and the pedagogical validation is currently being performed as part of the MULTIMOD project. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 272B:98–106, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maximum likelihood parallel factor analysis (MLPARAFAC)
Authors: Vega‐Montoto Lorenzo , Wentzell Peter D. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractAlgorithms for carrying out maximum likelihood parallel factor analysis (MLPARAFAC) for three‐way data are described. These algorithms are based on the principle of alternating least squares, but differ from conventional PARAFAC algorithms in that they incorporate measurement error information into the trilinear decomposition. This information is represented in the form of an error covariance matrix. Four algorithms are discussed for dealing with different error structures in the three‐way array. The simplest of these treats measurements with non‐uniform measurement noise which is uncorrelated. The most general algorithm can analyze data with any type of noise correlation structure. The other two algorithms are simplifications of the general algorithm which can be applied with greater efficiency to cases where the noise is correlated only along one mode of the three‐way array. Simulation studies carried out under a variety of measurement error conditions were used for statistical validation of the maximum likelihood properties of the algorithms. The MLPARAFAC methods are also shown to produce more accurate results than PARAFAC under a variety of conditions. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Practical aspects of PARAFAC modeling of fluorescence excitation‐emission data
Authors: Andersen C. M. , Bro R. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThis paper presents a dedicated investigation and practical description of how to apply PARAFAC modeling to complicated fluorescence excitation–emission measurements. The steps involved in finding the optimal PARAFAC model are described in detail based on the characteristics of fluorescence data. These steps include choosing the right number of components, handling problems with missing values and scatter, detecting variables influenced by noise and identifying outliers. Various validation methods are applied in order to ensure that the optimal model has been found and several common data‐specific problems and their solutions are explained. Finally, interpretations of the specific models are given. The paper can be used as a tutorial for investigating fluorescence landscapes with multi‐way analysis. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unsupervised segmentation of predefined shapes in multivariate images
Authors: Noordam J. C. , van den Broek W. H. A. M. , Buydens L. M. C. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractFuzzy C‐means (FCM) is an unsupervised clustering technique that is often used for the unsupervised segmentation of multivariate images. In traditional FCM the clustering is based on spectral information only and the geometrical relationship between neighbouring pixels is not used in the clustering procedure. In this paper, the spatially guided FCM (SG‐FCM) algorithm is presented which segments multivariate images by incorporating both spatial and spectral information. Spatial information is described by a geometrical shape description and can vary from a local neighbourhood to a more extended shape model such as Hough circle detection. A modified FCM objective function uses the spatial information as described by the shape model. This results in a segmented image in which the construction of the cluster prototypes is influenced by spatial information. The performance of SG‐FCM is compared with both FCM and the sequence of FCM and a majority filter. The SG‐FCM segmented image shows more homogeneous regions and less spurious pixels. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Secured PCR (sPCR) for detection and correction of PCR calibration model failures induced by uncalibrated spectral features
Authors: Vogt F. , Mizaikoff B. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractMany spectroscopic monitoring techniques make use of chemometric algorithms such as principal component regression (PCR) for calibration and evaluation of optical spectra. However, standard techniques of chemometric calibration and evaluation suffer from uncalibrated spectral features which are contained in measured spectra but were not considered during the initial calibration. For two main reasons such uncalibrated spectral features have to be detected and corrected: (a) if unknown spectral features appear after calibration major errors of concentration prediction are encountered and (b) the detection of uncalibrated spectral features enables recognition and handling of failures occurring in chemical processes. Hence detection, correction and characterization of uncalibrated absorption features are of great importance in on‐line spectroscopy. A novel approach is proposed here for this purpose. This algorithm performs a qualitative data analysis for detecting and correcting such uncalibrated spectral features. Following this qualitative data analysis and if necessary correction, a conventional PCR is used for calculating the concentration of the calibrated analytes. Both steps together set up a so‐called secured PCR (sPCR). In the undisturbed case this sPCR algorithm is demonstrated to provide equivalent results as conventional PCR and to be superior in evaluating disturbed spectra. For testing purposes simulated spectra sets are used since the disturbance is known and the determined results can be validated with respect to the magnitude of the true disturbance. The errors averaged over 1000 disturbed test samples could be decreased up to 71% by sPCR compared with conventional PCR. In up to 94% of the test samples more accurate concentration values were obtained. The novel sPCR algorithm was also applied to experimental spectra measured with mid‐infrared attenuated total reflection spectroscopy considering chlorinated hydrocarbons dissolved in water. sPCR is capable to extract uncalibrated features from these experimental data and to improve the concentration results. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.