bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Judgment Analysis
Authors: Holzworth R James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Judgment analysis is a term that did not exist in psychology until after World War II. It is closely related to decision analysis, of course, and the two have been confused. In 1971, for example, Slavic and Lichtenstein refused to distinguish be tween the terms judgment and decision and stated forthrightly that they would “use these terms interchangeably.” Later, in a 1977 review, they did not address the distinction at all. But by 1980, Hammond, McClelland, and Mumpower (1980) had become concerned about the ambiguity in the usage of these terms and did address the matter directly. They observed that “the title of R. N. Shepard’s talk at the AMS meetings in 1962 (“Use of judgments in making optimal decisions”) provides a further illustration of the uncertain status of the distinction between these two terms: Could that title have just as well read: ‘Use of decisions in making optimal judgments’?” (p. 56). Hammond et al. went on to say that they would make a distinction between judgment and decision “because we believe that ... the development of a cumulative scientific discipline will best be served by indicating that the work of the researchers may very well be complementary. Specifically, ... we believe that instituting that distinction ... will be useful in identifying the complementary nature of the intended functions of the theories” (p. 57). That conclusion seems to have been justified by later developments.
Brunswik’s Theoretical and Methodological Contributions to Research in Interpersonal Perception
Authors: Albright Linda , Malloy Thomas E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brunswik believed that the processes of social and nonsocial perception were similar (Bruns wik, 1934b) and that representative design was the optimal method for the study of both types of perception. He also contended that research in social perception, in particular, “brings home in a most natural way the necessity of representa-tive design of experiments as the methodological counterpart of probabilistic functionalism” (1950, p. 61). That is, because the stimuli in social perception research are people, whose characteristics can not be separated and manipulated orthogonally, representative covariation is the only methodological option.
Hierarchical Linear Models for the Nomothetic Aggregation of ldiographic Descriptions of Judgment
Authors: Schilling Stephen G , Hogge James H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we explain how hierarchical in ear models (Bryk & Raudenbush, 1992) can serve as an analytic framework that considers a set of judges simultaneously, both idiographically (incorporating reliable individual differences be tween judges’ policies) and nomothetically (examining evidence of generality across individuals). Beginning with a summary of the distinction between the idiographic and nomothetic orienta-tions and Brunswik’s view of the tension between the two approaches, we note previous strategies that have been employed to aggregate idiographic judgment data. Next, we provide a brief overview of hierarchical linear models and show how they can be used to analyze a set of judgments based on multiple cues. Finally, we summarize the specific advantages of hierarchical linear models for the Brunswikian judgment analyst.
The Lens Model Equation
Authors: Stewart Thomas R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The lens model equation (LME) is a quantitative expression of Brunswik’s lens model and probabilistic functionalism. Since its introduction in 1964, the LME has led to advances in the study of expert judgment, multiple cue probability learning, interpersonal learning, and conflict. In this brief chapter, I will summarize the history of the lens model equation, describe its relation to Brunswikian theory, and discuss future directions for LME research.
The Realistic Accuracy Model and Brunswik’s Approach to Social Judgment
Authors: Funder David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A rereading of Egon Brunswik’s collected articles and his classic 1956 book makes it clear that Brunswik was, among many other roles, a preacher. He had several messages that he was powerfully motivated to get across to an audience that seemed slow to grasp the point, and he argued them again and again. One of the most important of these messages was that psychology needed to study more than just processes within the person, or “organism.” Every person lives within and interacts with an environment. Any study of the person that failed to integrate an analysis of the environment, and the person’s interaction with it, would fall far short of what psychology needs.
Egon Brunswik before and after Emigration: A Study in the History of Science
Authors: Ash Mitchell G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, a wide-ranging body of literature has examined the career trajectories and intellectual development of the scientists who emigrated from Germany and Austria after 1933. The fascination with the impressive accomplishments and contributions of the most prominent of these emigrants endures for good reason. Recent research, however, has shown that various emigrants were able to carry on their work almost without interruption. Consequently, doubts have been raised about whether a causal relation exists between coerced emigration and scientific innovations after 1933 and 1938, respectively.1 At first glance, Egon Brunswik’s intellectual development appears to show uninterrupted continuity. This pa per considers the extent to which this was actually the case, and the extent to which Brunswik’s emigration was even coerced. To set the scene, I will begin by discussing certain aspects of Brunswik’s work before his emigration from Austria.
The Emergence of Poiêsis, Logos, and Rhêtorikê
Authors: Walker Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thus far I have pursued an argument that “rhetoric” in its primitive, “preconceptual” state in “traditional” or archaic cultures, and in archaic Greek culture in particular, finds its “primary” embodiment in epideictic, or more specifically in the memorable, memorious eloquence of poetry. But I have not addressed what is the crucial moment, or the crucial passage, in most traditional histories of rhetoric. And that is the moment or passage in which both “poetry” and—most crucially of all—“rhetoric” appear and stand side by side as named and conceptualized discursive practices.
That moment is the fifth to fourth centuries B.c., the moment that for nearly every modern history of rhetoric culminates in Aristotle. But it has a long foreground too, in the profound changes that Greek culture undergoes in its transition from Hesiod’s oral/archaic, eighth-century world to the beginnings of the classical period.
Hellenistic Rhetoric
Authors: Walker Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It’s common to think of rhetoric as falling into decadence and decline in later antiquity, under Hellenistic kings and Roman emperors. And yet this period culminates in what has been called the “Greek renaissance” of the first to third centuries A.O., a “grand baroque age” of astonishing cultural vitality in which rhetoric, rhetoricians, and rhetorical literature seem highly prominent, prolific, and influential—the period that Philostratus called the Second Sophistic. How is this “decline”?
Certainly, if one starts from the traditional presumption that “rhetoric” is originally, primarily, essentially an art of pragmatic oratory whose paradigmatic scenes are the civil forums of a democratic polity, then it would seem that “rhetoric’s” fortunes must logically rise and fall with those of democracy. This presumption (abetted by others, such as a romantic-modernist antithesis between the practical and the aesthetic) defines an a priori plot that will structure, organize, and suppress, perhaps even produce, historical particulars according to its own internal logic, whether or not that logic is actually grounded in the particulars it organizes and suppresses.
“Rhetoric” from Cicero to the Second Sophistic
Authors: Walker Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here I continue the tale begun in the preceding chapter. As I noted there, the traditional tale of rhetoric’s rise and fall repeats itself, first at Athens in the fifth to fourth centuries B.c., and then at Rome in the late republic, producing a narrative in which rhetoric enjoys two brief moments of florescence, followed by much longer periods of “decline.” The argument here, however, is that in the Roman period after Cicero, just as in the Hellenistic period, there is no “decline of rhetoric” in any meaningful sense. And indeed we might argue that, under the Roman emperors, what we find is actually a triumph of the Ciceronian ideal—not, however, the Ciceronian ideal as propagated by Quintilian and identified with the oratorical practices of the late republic, but the Ciceronian ideal as understood from an Isocratean or sophistic perspective, and as advanced by Cicero himself.
Argumentation Indoors
Authors: Walker Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first thing to say is that these statements cannot necessarily be taken as reliable, and indeed should be taken with many grains of salt. Alcaeus and Sappho were active in the early sixth century B.c., about five and a half centuries before Dionysius, and about seven centuries before Maximus. Dionysius’s reference to the difficulty of reading Alcaeus’s archaic dialect (Aeolic) is an index of that distance. Both Dionysius and Maximus are, moreover, the inheritors of literary-biographical traditions that all too often seem to have evolved as fanciful mixtures of fact and fabulation, or as simple confusion, especially in the case of archaic poets about whom there was little documented testimony—and this is perhaps most true for Sappho. Further, it might be argued that Dionysius and Maximus have projected onto the poets a sophistic, rhetorical-critical interpretive frame that is anachronistic or that is, in Donald Russell’s words, “fundamentally not equal to the task of appraising” poetry.
Solon Sophôtatos
Authors: Walker Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Plato’s Timaeus, Critias calls Solon “the wisest”—ho sophôtatos—of the Seven Sages, and recalls how in his boyhood an elder had praised Solon as the wisest of all men and the noblest of all poets (20d, 21c). Indeed, said the elder, if Solon had not spent so much time in politics he would have surpassed even Hesiod and Homer. In those days (says Critias) Solon’s poems were still new and much in vogue, and all the boys were learning them for poetry recital contests at public festivals. Plato may, perhaps, intend for us to take these statements ironically, but it doesn’t seem likely: Solon is being invoked as an authoritative source for the Atlantis myth. Either way, however, Critias’s recollections show the degree to which Solon’s poetry was in fact revered by his contemporaries, as well as by subsequent generations.
Aristotelianism and Grammar
Authors: Walker Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To speak of the “fate of poetry” is, from one point of view, too portentous. Certainly poetry continued to be written and performed, continued to play cultural, social, and political roles, and continued to be understood in rhetorical terms from early to late antiquity. There is, however, a well established agreement among classical scholars that poetry “declined,” from the Second Sophistic onward, as the proliferating varieties of epideictic prose became the predominant and most lively media for significant epideictic discourse and original invention. Such a view may reflect, in part, an inability like that of W. R. Johnson to view a poetry like Solon’s as “poetic.” However, it does seem true that little poetry of consequence was written in late antiquity—that is, after the third or fourth century—or little that can seriously be compared with what remains of Sappho, Solon, Pindar, or the great Hellenistic and Augustan poets. The poets of late antiquity (or those whose writings have survived) are often regarded as well-trained hacks, many of whom are little more than antiquarians or well-bred poetasters indulging in verse as a courtly hobby. The better poets do rise above mediocrity, but not very far: mostly they rework an exhausted body of conventional materials and forms, with laborious if ingenious pedantry. In short, poetry became for the most part a minor and often sec-ond-rate form of epideictic. Such is the standard view.
Toward Modernity
Authors: Walker Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There remains a long and complex tale to tell, more than can be told in a single chapter, more perhaps than can be told in a single volume. Nevertheless I will attempt to sketch an outline here, by way of concluding. My claim, to put it in simplest terms, is that the dominant notions of “poetry” and “rhetoric” that modern culture has inherited—and its notions of “poetry” in particular—are largely products of the grammatical tradition in late antiquity. My sketch consists of a few brief stops in what is truly a long and highly complex itinerary. First, I’ll consider a medieval Greek definition of “rhetoric” and Augustine’s De Doctrina Christiana, which is probably the most crucial text in the transmission of rhetoric, or a notion of it, from late antiquity to the Middle Ages and subsequent posterity; then I’ll consider Sidney’s Defense of Poetry. I hope that, with readers’ patience and charity, Augustine’s and Sidney’s texts can stand as a synecdoche for the larger history they represent.
Dawn in Gujarat
Authors: Wolpert Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Mahatma’s father, Karamchand (“Kaba”} Gandhi, was a man of power and pomp, prime minister of the princely Indian state of Porbandar in Gujarat. Kaba was also a man of passion, taking his fourth wife (the previous three had died), Putlibai, then only fifteen, “when he was over forty.” Their youngest child, Mohandas Karamchand, the future Bapu, was born on October 2, 1869.
Between Two Worlds
Authors: Wolpert Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“The poor people had no objection to their latrines being inspected. . . . But when we went to inspect the ... upper ten, some of them even re fused us admission.” Gandhi recalled finding latrines of the richest inhabitants of Rajkot “dark and stinking.” His committee had to inspect the untouchables’ quarters also. Only one member of the Hindu committee agreed to accompany him there, though “the entrances were well swept, the floors were beautifully smeared with cow-dung, and the few pots and pans were clean and shining.”
Satyagraha in South Africa
Authors: Wolpert Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Never easily discouraged, Gandhi resolved to press Indian demands for more equitable treatment by following the indifferent crown minister from Natal to Pretoria. Britain’ s victory in replacing Boer rule with its own did not open the Transvaal to Indian settlers, only to white Englishmen. Indians were required to obtain special permits to enter the Transvaal, and un less they were prepared to bribe officials in the new Asiatic Department to the tune of thousands, permission was denied. Gandhi, however, appealed to his old friend Police Superintendent Alexander and was soon on his way to Pretoria. Transvaal officials, angered at his having managed to procure a permit “by mistake,” flexed their petty muscles, preventing his meeting once again with Chamberlain, arguing that the Pretoria deputation should only include “resident” Indians.
Imprisoned Soul of India
Authors: Wolpert Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On March 11, 1932, Gandhi wrote to India’ s new secretary of state, Sir Samuel Hoare, to remind him of a warning he had issued in the closing days of the Round Table Conference “that I should resist with my life the grant of separate electorate to the Depressed Classes.”Now he explained at length why he opposed Britain’ s announced intention of awarding separate electoral status, which would grant a bloc of separate seats on all the new councils to candidates born only in untouchable communities. Gandhi insisted that untouchable castes remain integral parts of Hinduism’ s body politic. So strong was his opposition to any political vivisection of his faith that Gandhi informed Sir Samuel, “I must fast unto death” if Britain went ahead and created separately elected representation of untouchables.
Return to Rural Uplift Work
Authors: Wolpert Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jawaharlal, also just released from prison, went to Poona to meet with Gandhi in mid-September of 1933. They conferred alone long enough to agree on how much they disagreed and how best to advance common goals they still shared for the good of the nation and its masses. “Vested interests in India will have to give up their special ... privileges,” Jawaharlal insisted soon after leaving Bapu, agreeing with him, however, that “divesting should be done as gently as possible and with every effort to avoid injury.”2 Nehru wanted such change to be accomplished as swiftly as possible. Gandhi was more concerned with the morality of the means rather than the swiftness of achieving the end. Both agreed the Round Table Conferences were “useless,” Nehru calling them “a fascist grouping of vested and possessing interests.” Having participated in one such conference himself, Gandhi was less harsh, unwilling to label its members “fascist.”
His Indian Legacy
Authors: Wolpert Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“The light has gone out of our lives,” Jawaharlal Nehru declaimed that night, fighting back tears as he delivered his beautifully poignant tribute to Gandhi over Radio India. “Our beloved leader, Bapu as we called him ... is no more[W]e will not see him again as we have seen him for these many years. We will not run to him for advice and seek solace from him.
Spartan Women
Authors: Pomeroy Sarah B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sparta, which existed from 800 B.C. until A.D. 200, was renowned in the ancient world as a stoic and martial city-state, and most of what we know about Sparta concerns its military history and male-dominated social structure. Yet Spartan women were in many ways among the most liberated of the ancient world, receiving formal instruction in poetry, music, dance, and physical education. And the most famous of mythic Greek women, Helen of Troy, was originally a Spartan. Written by one of the leading authorities on women in antiquity, Spartan Women seeks to reconstruct the lives and the world of Sparta’s women, including how their legal status changed over time and how they held on to their surprising autonomy. In this book, Sarah Pomeroy covers over a thousand years in the lives of Sparta’s women from both the elite and lower classes. This is the first book-length examination of Spartan women, and Pomeroy comprehensively analyses ancient texts and archaeological evidence to construct the history of these elusive though much noticed women. Spartan Women is an authoritative and fresh account that will appeal to all readers interested in ancient history and women’s studies.
Collaborative Advantage
Authors: Dyer Jeffrey H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why has Chrysler been twice as profitable as GM and Ford during the 1990s even though it is a much smaller company with plants that are less efficient than Ford’s? Why does Toyota continue to have substantial productivity and quality advantages long after knowledge of the Toyota Production System has diffused to competitors? The answer, according to Jeff Dyer, is that Toyota and Chrysler have been the first in their industry to recognize that the fundamental unit of competition has changed--from the individual firm to the extended enterprise. In this book Dyer demonstrates the power of collaborative advantage, arguing that, in the future, competitive advantage will increasingly be created by teams of companies, rather than by the single firm. Managers who do not recognize this development--regardless of their industry--are in danger of adopting the wrong strategies for their firms. Dyer draws on eight years of study of the automotive industry, including a wealth of data from interviews with over 200 executives and surveys of over 500 suppliers, as he offers detailed case studies of Toyota and Chrysler to show managers how to create collaborative advantage with their supplier networks. Dyer demonstrates how to build trust in the extended enterprise, how to exploit and manage knowledge (describing how Toyota manages knowledge across organizational boundaries), and how to create advantages through dedicated asset investments. In turn, these processes generate stunning performance advantages and an identity for the extended enterprise. To be successful in future years, executives will have to convert their corporations into fully integrated, extended enterprises. In Collaborative Advantage, Jeff Dyer shows them how.
Creating Dedicated Assets in the Extended Enterprise
Authors: Dyer Jeffrey H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By now, many U.S. managers know that the formidable success of Toyota and other Japanese manufacturers stems to a great extent from their close relationship with suppliers. Toyota and others, working closely with their respective lean-production networks of parts suppliers, produce high-quality products quickly and inexpensively. And competitors rooted in traditional mass-production operations, which have typically compelled manufacturers to keep suppliers at arm’s length, are left struggling to catch up.
Effective Knowledge Management in the Extended Enterprise
Authors: Dyer Jeffrey H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recently both executives and academics have argued that in today’s world of hyper competition, a firm’s ability to learn faster than its competitors may be the only sustainable competitive advantage. “Knowledge-management” has become a hot topic as managers seek to help their firms develop a learning capability. But how exactly do firms learn? And why do some firms learn faster than others?
To answer these questions, it is first important to recognize that companies do not learn in a vacuum.
Creating Trust in the Extended Enterprise
Authors: Dyer Jeffrey H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like motherhood and apple pie, trust is one of life’s indisputable virtues. Indeed, the management literature is full of testimonials about companies that claim they benefited by building trust with suppliers or customers. But does trust really pay off in significant bottomline results, or does this feel-good approach only bring marginal benefits? Mos1t “research” on trust is anecdotal, with little evidence of hard economic benefits.
Chrysler’s Extended Enterprise: The Process
Authors: Dyer Jeffrey H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the spring of 1992, General Motor’s purchasing czar, Jose Ignacio Lopez, instructed his troops that cozy supplier relationships wen: a thing of the past. Every supplier would have to re-win its business in a new round of bidding. A new policy dictated that GM’s buyers were not to be wined and dined by suppliers. In fact, buyers were not allowed to accept a lunch invitation except under certain conditions—and even that was discouraged.
For Sale: Thirty Thousand Homes A Year
Authors: Moskowitz Lisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The silver-foil adage is pasted across a framed photograph in Barbara Reed’s real-estate office. The picture shows Barbara standing by a swimming pool with her hands in the pockets of a black denim skirt. She’s wearing a ruffled red blouse and matching red-leather cowboy boots, western-style. The wind ripples her long blonde hair, apparently at twilight. At the front of her waist is a heart-shaped sterling-silver belt buckle. She smiles slightly without parting her lips. She looks rich.