bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ontogenesis of learning. III. Variation in the rat's differential reflexive and learned responses to sound frequencies
Authors: Rudy Jerry W. , Hyson Richard L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe ontogenesis of the rat's differential response to variation in sound frequency was investigated. Two behavioral procedures were employed: (a)a differential Pavlovian conditioning procedure that provided a means of inferering the pup's capacity to learn to respond differentially on the basis of sound frequency (e.g., 2000 Hz vs 900 Hz), and (b)a habituation‐generalization task that indexed the capacity to discriminate different sound frequencies from the pup's reflexive behaviour. Pups less than 17 days old failed to learn to respond differentially to a 2000‐Hz vs 900‐Hz tone (Experiment I, IIA, IIB, and III). In contrast, pups only 14 days old discriminated tones that differed by as little by as little as 200 Hz when the reflex‐habituation‐generalization procedure was employed (Experiment IV). This suggests that the reflexive and learned begaviors, Potentially controlled by sound frequency, are dissociated during ontogenesis, the former emerging prior to the latter. These data were interpreted within a neurobiological framework that related ontogenetic changes in behavioral capacity to a caudal‐to‐rostral maturational sequence in the ascending auditory system of the components that contribute to these capacities.
Ontogeny of the behavioral effects of lysergic acid diethylamide in cats
Authors: Trulson Michael E. , Howell Gailyn A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe ontogeny of the behavioral effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) was examined in cats between the ages of 4 and 112 days postpartum. The kittens showed little LSD‐induced behavioral change prior to 14 days of age. By the age of 21 days, however, the kittens exhibited many of the behavioral signs characteristic of LSD‐induced behaviors in adult cats. These behaviors include limbflicking, abortive grooming, head‐shakes, grooming, and investigatory responses. In general, these behaviors began at a low frequency of occurrence, then increased rapidly with advancing age, reaching adult values by approximately 35–40 days of age, and remained relatively constant through 112 days postpartum. The time course for the behavioral effects following an acute injection of LSD showed the adult pattern, i.e., persisting for approximately 8 hr post‐injection, from their earliest appearance during ontogeny. Young kittens (21–42 days of age) were resistant to the development of tolerance following repeated administration of the drug. LSD was capable of eliciting certain behaviors, such as head‐shakes and grooming, well in advance of the age at which they normally appear spontaneously. This indicates that the neuronal and musculature substrata are developed for the performance of these behaviors long before the kitten naturally employs them.
Maternal contributions to the development of masculine sexual behavior in laboratory rats
Authors: Moore Celia L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractMaternal licking was manipulated by lining the nasal passages of rat dams with polyethylene tubing to interfere with their olfactory competence. Olfactory cues from pups elicit maternal licking and handling, particularly of anogenital regions, and dams with olfactory dificits were observed to lick their pups less. Mature male and female offspring of these dams and their controls were gonadectomized, treated with testosterone propionate, and tested for masculine sexual behavior. The male offspring of dams that provided less maternal licking had longer ejaculatory latencies, longer post‐ejaculatory intromission latencies, and longer inter‐intromission intervals than controls. Female offspring of the intubed dams performed fewer mounts and intromissions, had longer intromission latencies, and longer inter‐intromission intervals. It was concluded that stimulation from maternal licking contributes toward the development of a mechanism that underlies the timing of copulatory rate.
Development of home orientation in offspring of protein‐restricted cats
Authors: Gallo Patricia Vetula , Werboff Jack , Knox Kirvin 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe development of home orientation was evaluated in 2–14‐day‐old kittens nursing from mothers fed a protein‐restricted or control diet during late gestation and lactation. Although restricted kittens remained in the home when placed in it, their ability to return to the home was delayed when they were removed from it. Restricted kittens also exhibited aberrant locomotor development and an increased frequency of loss of balance (upsets) en route to the home. During postnatal Week 1, vocalization frequency, an index of kitten disturbance when outside the home, was increased in restricted kittens tested in the home, and in adjacent and diagonal corners. Restricted kittens persisted in vocalizing more frequently than controls in home and adjacent corner tests during Week 2. Taken together, these data suggest that maternal protein restriction during late gestation and lactation disrupts the development of home orientation behavior by impairing locomotor function and increasing emotional responsiveness.
Overstimulation, occipital/somesthetic cerebral cortical depth, and cortical asymmetry in mice
Authors: Lindroos Ove Fredrik Christian , Riittinen Marja‐Leena Annikki , Veilahti Jukka Veikko , Tarkkonen Lauri Juhani , Multanen Heikki Ilmari , Bergström Rudolf Matias 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIt was hypothesized on theoretical grounds that sensory multidimensional overstimulation (stress) during development might not yield increased cerebral cortical depth, as has been found for enriched rearing conditions. We found that such overstimuliation in growing mice resulted in a low occipital/somesthetic cortical depth ratio in comparison to EC‐stimulated mice (EC, enriched conditions). It is unclear whether this is due to small occipital or large somesthetic cortical depth. Principal‐component analytic techniques indicate a complicated interaction during development involving sex, environmental condition, and cortical asymmetry.
A specialization of taste aversion learning during suckling and its weaning‐associated transformation
Authors: Gubernick David J. , Alberts Jeffrey R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDuring ontogenesis, altricial mammals advance through different ecological niches with require correspondingly different adaptive strategies. We view learning as an important feature of ontogenetic adaptations and consider the acquisition and expression of taste aversion learning during nursing with in this framework. Fifteeen‐day‐old preweanling rat pups fail to acquire conditioned taste aversions while nursing, whereas 20‐day‐old weanlings readily learn flavor aversions while suckling (Martin & Alberts, 1979). The developmental emergence of taste aversion learning while nursing coincides with reduction in maternal milk supply and the rat pup's transition to a solid food diet. We considered the ontogenetic transformation of learning while nursing as a feeding‐relaated adaptive strategy of the weanling rat and tested wot predictions derived from this view: (1) delayed weaning might postpone acquisition or expression of suckling‐related taste aversions and (2) conditions that permit weaning (e.g., acess to alternate food sources) might induce acquisition or expression of such taste aversions. Both predictions were confirmed.
Development of sound production in normal, isolated, and deafened kittens during the first postnatal months
Authors: Romand Raymond , Ehret Günter 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe development of cells (quantified by a series of acoustiv parameters) of (a) normal, (b) socially isolated, and (c) deafened kittens that were released in four different situation has been studied from birth to 170 days of age. All call parameters studied except noise components show developmental changes that can be related to the development of (a) the vocal tract (fundamental frequency, harmonic with maximum intensity, uper‐frequency limit and frequency range, occurrence of frequency, and intensity modulations), (b) feedback control through the auditory system sound‐pressure level, harmonic with maximum intensity, call‐variability, and (c) motivational valuation of the releasing situations (duration). Isolated and deafened kittens displayed quantitative differences in certain call parameters compared with normal animals. Calls of deafened animals are, on the average, louder, more tonal and uniform, and differentially pitched compared with those of normal, hearing animals.
Developmental origins of motor coordination: Leg movements in human infants
Authors: Thelen Esther 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe development of coordination of leg movements of human infants is discussed from the perspective of dynamic motor theory. Even in the newborn period, leg movements have topographical and temporal organization, but it is global and inflexible. During the first year, limb segments become both disassociated from these global synergies and reintegrated into more complex coalitions. Growthrelated changes in the biodynamic properties of the body segments may be as important as neurological maturation in determining the movement outcomes and may help explain the spurts, regressions, and asymmetries seen in early infancy.
Habitat selection in larval anurans: Early experience and substrate pattern selection in Rana pipiens
Authors: Dunlap Donald G. , Satterfield Cynthia K. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe tadpoles of Rana pipiens, unlike those of other frogs that have been reported on, do not develop clear‐cut perceptual preferences for familiar background patterns composed of either squares or stripes. When larvae reared on white and/or patterned backgrounds are tested for preference between these backgrounds, they all exhibited a preference for white backgrounds. When the larvae were tested for preference among uniform backgrounds of varying brightness, those reared on the two brighter backgrounds showed no preference, and those reared on the two darker backgrounds preferred the brightest of the available backgrounds. The larvae of R. pipiens behave as if they possess an experientially modifiable defense reaction such that, when frightened, they move preferentially onto brighter backgrounds and avoid boldly patterned backgrounds. A pattern may be less aversive if it is familiar than if it is unfamiliar. Larvae from South Dakota tended to habituate more effectively to striped backgrounds, and those from Wisconsin to backgrounds composed of squares.
Social preferences in stump‐tailed macaques (Macaca arctoides): Effects of companionship, kinship, and rearing
Authors: MacKenzie Muriel M. , McGrew W. C. , Chamove Arnold S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSocial preferences in the directionality of social behavioral patterns in a heterogeneous group of 26 stump‐tailed macaques (Macaca arctoides) were examined to see if kin recognition occurred. Four behavioral measures were analyzed: proximity, contact, grooming, and play. Three independent variables were examined: early companionship, condition of early rearing, and kinship. The latter was divided into partrilineal, matrilineal, and shared kinship. Partial correlational analysis showed that social preferences correlated most strongly with companionship, followed by kinship and rearing conditions. Within kinship, patrilineal and matrilineal effects differed markedly, suggesting that natural selection has operated differentially in a species in which normal child‐rearing is done by matrilineal kin.
Ontogenesis of learning: V. Variation in associative and nonassociative control of an operant forelimb response in infant rats
Authors: Camp Laurel L. , Rudy Jerry W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTo study ontogenetic variation in the mechanisms that control operant responding, infant rats 4–16 days old were trained to lift a forelimb in order to receive an infusion of a sucrose–milk solution (reinforcer). Although the learning processes that contribute to this behavior were to some extent functional in pups 5–6 days old (Experiment V), there were major age‐related constraints on the performance of this response. We were unable to observe selective responding with the reinforced forelimb until pups were 9 days old (Experiment I). This was in part because pups tested when 7, but not 9 days old, were highly activated (as measured by responding with both forelimbs) by both the reinforcer (Experiment II) and cues associated with the reinforcer during training (Experiment IV). Implications of these findings are discussed.
Effects of early experience on the development of filial preferences in the domestic chick
Authors: Bolhuis J. J. , Johnson M. H. , Horn G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFactors affecting the development of filial preferences in chicks were investigated. Four groups of chicks were hatched and maintained in darkness. When the chicks were 20‐hr old, three of these groups were exposed to an overhead light (“primed”) for .5 h. When 24‐hr old, all groups were placed in running wheels for 2 hr. While in the wheels one group was exposed to a visually complex pattern, one group to diffuse overhead light, and the remaining two groups (one primed and one not primed) were in darkness. All chicks were then returned to a dark incubator until their preference for a red box or a stuffed jungle fowl was measured in a simultaneous choice test either 2 hr (Test I) or 24 hr (Test II) later. At Test I the chicks which had been exposed to the complex visual pattern showed a significant preference for the fowl. Chicks in the other groups showed no preference. At Test II all groups showed a significant preference for the fowl. The results of a second experiment suggested that the later emerging preference was related to the chicks experience in the running wheel. It was concluded that the preference for the fowl will develop in entirely dark‐reared chicks that are allowed a period of time in a running wheel, but that this preference will appear earlier in chicks which have had experience of a complex visual pattern.
Cyclic motor activity in the human fetus after midgestation
Authors: Robertson Steven S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe spontaneous movements of human fetuses were studied longitudinally between 21 and 41 weeks of gestation. At each age, spectral analysis of the fluctuations in fetal movement revealed strong cyclic patterns. The frequency of the dominant motor rhythms ranged from .13 to 1.91 cycles per minute. The strength of oscillations between .18 and 1.02 cycles per minute increased slightly with gestation, but the frequency of the dominant motility cycle, the width of the corresponding spectral peak, and the incidence of weaker (usually faster) rhythms did not change. Neuromuscular activity is known to serve important developmental functions in the embryo and fetus. The ubiquity and relative consistency of cyclic motility in the last half of human gestation, and the existence of similar periodicity in other species, suggest that the cyclic activation of developing motor circuits may possess particular adaptive value.
Conditioning of an odor aversion in preweanlings with isolation from home nest as the unconditioned stimulus
Authors: Smith Gregory J. , Kucharski David , Spear Norman E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFour experiments assessed the acquisition of aversions by preweanling rats to odors experienced during isolation from their home‐nest environment. Conditioned aversion occurred for animals given a second novel odor paired with the home‐nest environment, depending upon the duration of the odor‐isolation pairing. With a brief duration of pairing (two pairings of 3 min each) novel odors became more preffered when paired with isolation or, to a lesser extent, when paired with home. With longer durations of pairing (two pairings of 4 hr each) the odor paired with isolation became absolutely aversive, although the odor paired with home did not become absolutely preferred. With intermediate durations neither aversion nor preference for the odors was substantial. Animals conditioned at ages 9, 16 or 23 days postnatal acquired aversions to odors paired with isolation, but 30‐day‐old rats did not.
Cardiac orienting and habituation to auditory and vibrotactile stimuli in the infant decerebrate rat
Authors: Ronca April E. , Berntson Gary G. , Tuber David S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPhasic changes in heart rate were used to evaluate sensory reactivity and habituation in 5‐ and 12‐day‐old normal and decerebrate rats. Twenty‐four and forty‐eight hours after thalamic transection, temporally paired auditory or vibrotactile stimuli were repeatedly presented in a sensory disparity paradigm. While tone stimuli failed to evoke consistent cardiac change, vibrotactile stimuli produced cardiac decelerations, characteristic of the orienting response, in all subject groups. The magnitude of this response was comparable in both normal and decerebrate subjects at 5 days of age, but demonstrated a more notable increase with age in the normal subjects. Habituation of the cardiac response was apparent in all groups, and was not significantly different in the normal and decerebrate subjects. No consistent responses were apparent in any group to the unexpected omission of the second stimulus of the pair. Results indicate that orienting and habituation processes can persist in the absence of the cerebral hemispheres and support the view that lower levels of the neuraxis are capable of mediating a range of adaptive functions.
Incidental learning is impaired during early‐life undernutrition
Authors: Rogers Peter J. , Tonkiss John , Smart James L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRats were either well‐nourished (control) or undernourished (PU) during the suckling and early postweaning periods (birth to 45 days), after which all animals were fed ad libitum. From 25 to 45 days half of the rats in each group were exposed continuously in their home cases to shape stimuli (triangle and circles). Half of each of these 4 groups were given “reminders” of the stimuli through exposure for 2 h every 10–12 days from 55 to 131 days. Beginning on day 132, ability to discriminate these same visual stimuli was tested using a nonappetitively motivated version of the Lashley jumping stand technique. Discrimination learning per se was unimpaired by previous undernutrition (control and PU rats not viewing the stimuli prior to training performed equally well). However, early‐life exposure led to improved learning performance only in control rats; it had no effect on the performance of PU rats (significant exposure X nutrition interaction). These findings indicate that undernutrition interfered with early “incidental learning”, that is, learning about features of the environment which are not, at the time, biologically relevant. Finally, retention of the discrimination was assessed 9 weeks after the rats had attained criterion performance. There were no effects of nutrition or prior exposure on long‐term memory.
Behavioral displays to gustatory stimuli in newborn rat pups
Authors: Ganchrow Judith R. , Steiner Jacob E. , Canetto Silvia 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThese experiments examine behavioral responses to taste stimuli in newborn rat pups during the first 4 postnatal days. Motor displays in the face and head regions of 90 neonate rats were recorded during 60‐sec observation periods in a double‐blind setting. Stimuli, presented as single droplets to the lips, included 2 concentrations each of sucrose, sodium saccharin, citric acid, quinine, and distilled water. Results from 5 different judges making “blind” and independent observations on different animals were compared for concordance. It was agreed that certain features were consistently associated with one stimulus more than another. Licking and rhythmic mouth movements were found to be the most salient features elicited by sweet stimuli, while head movements and gaping most accurately identified quinine. The sour reaction often contained components characterizing both sweet and bitter. Salient features differed not only by their association with certain stimuli, but by their repetitive frequencies as well as by their likelihood to initiate a behavioral sequence. Intensity and hedonic values assigned to taste‐induced behaviors were usually different from water and accurately related to stimulus type. Results suggest that the gustatory system becomes functionally mature during the first postnatal days, and that this functionality occurs before the structural development of all taste buds is complete.
Conditioning of aversion to alcohol orosensory cues in 5‐ and 10‐day rats: Subsequent reduction in alcohol ingestion
Authors: Molina Juan C. , Hoffmann Heather , Spear Norman E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTwo experiments examined in 5‐ and 10‐day‐old rat pups the impact of alcohol olfactory aversions upon subsequent alcohol intake. In Experiment 1 it was observed that at both ages, animals given a single pairing of alcohol odor and LiCl subsequently consumed less alcohol than those in any of 4 control conditions (alcohol odor unpaired with LiCl, alcohol odor exposure, lemon odor paired with LiCl, and untreated animals). In Experiment 2, pups of both age groups were given LiCl following exposure to alcohol odor, the infusion of an alcohol solution or both stimuli simultaneously. Rats given explicitly unpaired presentations of the different conditioned stimuli and internal malaise served as controls. It was observed that equivalent aversions to alcohol ingestion were expressed whether the infants had experienced the alcohol odor, the alcohol infusion, or both, paired with toxicosis. These experiments extend the ontogenetic spectrum of circumstances in which olfactory experiences affect subsequent ethanol ingestion and also may indicate an early nondifferentiated processing of odorant and gustatory cues arising from an ethanol stimulus.
Development of the surgically produced singleton mouse fetus
Authors: Gandelman Ronald , Graham Scott 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAll but one mouse embryo were removed from uteri on Day 8 of gestation and delivered via cesarean section on Day 18. Singletons were compared on various developmental indices to similarly delivered controls permitted to reside in uteri containing the normal complement of fetuses. The former were heavier at birth and weaning, had smaller ano‐genital distance ratios (ano‐genital distance/delivery weight), and displayed walking, gripping, eye‐opening, and vaginal‐opening earlier than controls. Singletons also exhibited greater durations and frequencies of various prenatal activities relative to controls when observed on Day 17 of gestation. Singleton status did not advance the onset of prenatal activity.
The development of defensive behavior against predation by army ants
Authors: McDonald Philip , Topoff Howard 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe development of defensive reaction in the ant Novomessor albisetosus against predation by army ants is studied in the laboratory and field. Two clusters of behavior emerge: escape with or without the brood, and aggressive defense. Escape develops specifically as a reaction against army ants and not in the presence of other ant species. Other behaviors develop with varying degrees of specificity toward army ants. All behaviors develop with age in workers isolated from experience with army ants. However, evidence is presented suggesting that experience with army ants alters the course of this development.