bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Revolt Against the West and International Society
Authors: Armstrong David 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe Second World War was followed by a new kind of challenge to international society from radical and revolutionary Third World states. Sukarno's Indonesia, Castro's Cuba, Mao's China, Gaddafi's Libya, and Khomeini's Islamic Revolution in Iran all displayed different aspects of this challenge. All shared an underlying perception of world politics in terms of an ongoing conflict between rich and poor, oppressed and oppressors, and old and new, which made them advocates of international revolution in some form. All encountered strong opposition from the US.
Norms, Rules, and Laws
Authors: Armstrong David 
Published: October 2003

AbstractRevolutionary states have challenged international law in several ways. They tend to reject the underlying notion of international law that there is a society of states as well as the emphasis on maintaining order. They also see themselves as serving a higher and more permanent law—whether they define it in terms of god, nature, or history—than any transient, man‐made substitute. The French, American, Soviet, Chinese, and Iranian responses to international law are considered in detail. International law seems to grow in significance whenever it is placed under greatest pressure, and it may give intellectual coherence as well as authority to the established powers’ response to revolutionary states.
Conclusion
Authors: Armstrong David 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe study has tried to maintain a focus on the interaction between revolutionary states and the sovereignty‐based notion of international society that has been termed here ‘the Westphalian conception of international society’. International order is a fundamental principle of international society and also one that has been frequently challenged by revolutionary states. It is possible to discern elements of a pattern in the interaction between international society and revolutionary states. There is always a close relationship between the domestic and foreign policies of revolutionary states. Revolutionary states encounter strong pressures to become socialized into the international society of which they find themselves part, but they have also over time influenced processes of change within international society.
Altruism and Welfare
Authors: Miller David 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Libertarians argue that altruistic concern for the poor should be channelled through private charity rather than through a (compulsory) welfare state. Altruism, however, is a complex idea. Should it be directed at satisfying preferences or at meeting needs? We also need to distinguish between calculating altruists, who are concerned only about collective outcomes and would prefer not to contribute themselves; reciprocal altruists, who are willing to contribute so long as others do too; and conscientious altruists, who are willing to contribute their share regardless of how other people behave. Both calculating and reciprocal altruists have good reason to prefer the welfare state to private charity as a way of meeting their concern for the badly off.
Distributive Justice
Authors: Miller David 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Could a market economy produce outcomes that meet our criteria of distributive justice? Some egalitarians, such as Carens, have proposed that markets should govern production but not distribution, relying on moral incentives to motivate the producers, but this seems unrealistic. Instead, we can ask whether a suitably framed market might give people the income that they deserved, as measured by their productive contribution. A conception of economic desert is elaborated by considering various challenges to this proposal. The conclusion is that a market socialist economy can at least come close to achieving distributive justice.
The Socialist State
Authors: Miller David 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In a market socialist society, the state would have five basic functions: personal protection, resource distribution, economic management, public goods provision, and self‐reproduction. Because of the failings of simple majority rule, the socialist state should be constitutional, with its powers divided up between different bodies. It should embody the rule of law and recognize and protect individual rights, which should probably be constitutionally entrenched. Capital investment should be handled by a plurality of independent banks rather than a centralized bureaucracy. Welfare provision should be publicly funded, but the form in which services are delivered should be sensitive to personal choice.
Marxism and Democracy
Authors: Femia Joseph V. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe collapse of the Soviet Union apparently sounded the death knell for Marxism as a blueprint for social change. Why has this doctrine—the repository of so many hopes and dreams—failed in its grand ambition to liberate the human race from poverty and oppression? Through a critical and systematic analysis of what Marx and his disciples had to say about democracy, the book tries to shed light on the reasons for this failure. It explores the bewildering variety of Marxist attitudes to democracy and relates this diversity to Marxism's inconsistent goals: active political participation and all‐embracing central planning, human emancipation and collective submission to the dialectical ‘truths’ of history. The book explains why Marxism's internal contradictions have always, in practice, been ‘solved’ through the imposition of despotic modes of government. Marxism's tragic flaw, it is concluded, is its unwillingness to recognize the distinctiveness and independence of the individual.
The Marxist Critique of Liberal Democracy
Authors: Femia Joseph V 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe various Marxist criticisms of liberal democracy are analysed and assessed. These can be divided into two broad categories: philosophical and sociological. The former type of criticism, whose locus classicus in the early work of Marx, concentrates on the idea of political alienation. The latter type of criticism, relying as it does on economic determinism, dismisses the state as a tool of bourgeois interests. In whatever form, Marxist criticisms of liberal democracy depend on a priori assumptions about human nature and social causation.
Identities in Conflict
Authors: Benner Erica 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
It is often assumed that Marx and Engels’ ‘materialist’ theory of history cannot explain why national ideologies and identities have had exceptional mobilizing power. In fact, the theory left plenty of room for nuanced analyses of nationalist doctrines, and for an understanding of their ambivalent impact on movements for social and international reform. The authors’ approach to national doctrines was profoundly shaped by their early attempts to counter the influence of idealistic nationalism in Germany, in both its statist and ethnocentric variants.
Ethics and Realpolitik in the National Policy, 1847–1849
Authors: Benner Erica 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The relationship between ethical principles and cold, strategic Realpolitik in Marx and Engels’ national policy has been much disputed. This chapter reconstructs the ethical thinking behind their policies during the 1848 revolutions and counter‐revolutions. It argues that a distinctive, consistent set of ethical concerns can be tracked in most of their writings in this period, although Engels’ infamous stance on the ‘historyless’ Slav peoples deviates from their usual anti‐determinist approach.
Rights as Political
Authors: Ingram Attracta 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter discusses the connection between liberal democratic thought and a political understanding of rights, and their impact on belief in universal rights, human rights, rights-scepticism and talent pooling. It argues that rights are political in the sense of being moral powers which are specified by the political principles of a voluntary politics. The assertion of human rights should not be discouraged by the parochialism of liberal theory. Bodily integrity need not be violated under the principle of strong social provision.
Industrial Relations and European State Traditions
Authors: Crouch Colin 
Published: October 2003

AbstractFor more than a century of development, the industrial relations systems of Western European countries grew in very diverse and changing ways. The forms they adopted can be mapped against a set of basic types, and this study moves between historical detail and theoretical typology in order to capture the complexity of that mapping. The book traces the development of trade unions, organized employers, the state's role, and patterns of industrial conflict in 15 countries. It concludes by linking contemporary industrial relations systems to a longue durŽe of relations between states and societies reaching back to the Reformation.
Disorganized Capitalism?
Authors: Crouch Colin 
Published: October 2003

AbstractChanges in relations between states, organized employers and trade unions in western European countries are tracked through a series of 'snapshots’, concentrating on the situation reached around 1975 and 1990. At each moment there is a review, partly quantitative, of the position of trade union and employer organization, the role of the state, industrial conflict and the development of relations among the partners. These data are used to map national cases against the theoretical scheme developed in Part I.
Vico and Marx on ‘Making’ History
Authors: Ball Terence 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Although both Giambattista Vico and Karl Marx claimed that men `make’ their own history, each had a different view of what `making’ means and what it entails. Both agreed that humans have a special sort of knowledge—`maker's knowledge—of what they have made. But Vico's view that Verum et factum convertuntur—that knowing and making are one—relies on a distinctly non‐material or linguistic–communicative conception of making (as in making a promise or making sense), while Marx's conception of making is decidedly materialist and is concerned with the human transformation of nature through productive labour.
Money and Complex Equality
Authors: Waldron Jeremy 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Jeremy Waldron argues that Michael Walzer's theory of justice mischaracterizes money's influence on social meanings. Waldron argues that the correct conception of money reveals that Walzer is mistaken in categorizing various social goods primarily in terms of their exchangeability or non‐exchangeability for money. Waldron offers an alternative explanation of why some monetary transactions are wrong. He argues that meanings of goods should be questioned and re‐examined.
Response
Authors: Walzer Michael 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Responding to the critical assessments of his Spheres of Justice, Michael Walzer rethinks the central aspects of the notion of complex equality. He addresses the following issues: the meaning and possibility of complex equality; the centrality of democratic citizenship; the danger of complex inequality; the injustice of current international distributions; the role of ordinary morality in distributive justice; the importance of efficiency; and the need for a historical account of social differentiation and distributive complexity.
Against the Masses
Authors: Femia Joseph V. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractGiven the almost universal assumption that democracy is a ‘good thing’, the goal of mankind, it is easy to forget that ‘rule by the people’ has been vehemently opposed by some of the most distinguished thinkers in the Western tradition. The book attempts to combat collective amnesia by systematically exploring the evaluating anti‐democratic thought since the French Revolution. Using categories first introduced by A. O. Hirschman in The Rhetoric of Reaction, it examines the various arguments under the headings of ‘perversity’, ‘futility’, and ‘jeopardy’. This classification scheme makes it possible to highlight the fatalism and pessimism of anti‐democratic thinkers, their conviction that democratic reform would be either pointless or destructive. They failed to understand the adaptability of democracy, its ability to coexist with traditional and elitist values. Nevertheless, it must be granted that some of their predictions and observations have been confirmed by history.
Seven Schools of Macroeconomic Thought
Authors: Phelps Edmund S. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This volume represents the publication of seven lectures––the first annual Arne Ryde Memorial lectures administered by the University of Lund––on what the author deems to be the seven leading schools of thought in contemporary macroeconomics. The result is a wide‐ranging appreciation of the richness of macro theory and a commentary on some of its more doubtful tenets by a scholar who has himself made contributions to all seven schools. The recurring motif is that actual economies are complicated and each school has its own important insights into them. The first four schools have in common that they regard monetary mechanisms as a key part of the engine determining the level of economic activity while the last three schools all adopt essentially non‐monetary perspectives. The first chapter considers at length the basis for Keynes's break from classical economics. The next chapter addresses the sister school called ‘monetarism’. Chapters on the New Classical school and the New Keynesian school follow. The supply side is the first stop in the non‐monetary realm and the related school, called ‘Real Business Cycle theory’, is the next. The last chapter looks at the early work of the structuralist school, which was at an early stage of development when these lectures were given.
Introduction
Authors: Jorgenson Dale W. , Yun Kun‐Young 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis introductory chapter shows how the concept of cost of capital arises in the management of capital as a factor of production. The concept is introduced of an effective tax rate within a highly simplified system for taxation of income from capital. A tax wedge is defined as the difference between the remuneration of capital before taxes, which corresponds to the marginal product of capital, and the compensation after taxes available to holders of financial claims on the firm. The effective tax rate is the ratio of this tax wedge to the marginal product. The chapter is organized as follows: it first outlines the contents of the following chapters, and then goes on to present simple economic analyses of cost of capital, capital as a factor of production, rates of return and capital income taxation.
A Market Theory of Money
Authors: Hicks John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
John Hicks's writing on monetary economics spans over fifty years. This book draws together the common threads of his work in a single succinct statement of the basics of monetary theory. It also outlines a theory of competitive markets that can be linked to the monetary sector; neither standard classical or neo-classical value theory can, on its own, fill the gap between monetary and non-monetary economics. In reviewing his own work, Hicks explains the way in which economic theory has been adjusted to reflect developments in the real economy. He sees these changes, sometimes quite major, as the discovery of truths which have become more appropriate, rather than the discovery of completely new truths.
The Old Trade Cycle
Authors: Hicks John 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter discusses the old style of the financial cycle and its eventual demise. The work of Keynes was a turning-point between one epoch of economic thinking and another. That it was also associated with another turning-point, in what economists call the ‘real world’, has not been given sufficient attention. Keynes was writing during and just after the world economic crisis of 1929–34; this is background to what he writes about. At that time it was obvious to his readers that there was this association; not only his occasional pieces, to be collected as Essays in Persuasion, but also his major works, had a topical side to them. They reflected his perception of what was going on around him — the passage from one way of organizing economic affairs to what would have to be another. Other economists did not see it like that. They had their own idea of what was happening; they looked upon it as an example of a familiar type of disturbance which was called the trade cycle or business cycle. It was already many years since that had first been recognized.
The Institutional Environment
Authors: Fruin W. Mark 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter examines the institutional environment of late nineteenth and early twentieth‐century Japan, highlighting the role of government and emerging private firms in shaping the business and economic environment of early modern Japan. It argues that the government tried to foster cooperation among Japan's nascent firms while the firms themselves more often adopted a competitive stance. The different sections of the chapter discuss the distinctiveness of the early Japanese enterprise system, the institutional context of the corporation, the emergence of the modern enterprise system, the evolution of business traditions, comparative perspectives on organizational forms and attributes, the modern corporate system, and the role of entrepreneurs and new methods and motivation within this.
Focal Factories
Authors: Fruin W. Mark 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter offers a detailed examination of the evolution of focal factories, drawing most of its empirical evidence from a close reading of the histories of several Toshiba factories. Looking at the changing organizational interface between focal factories and company‐wide structures offers a valuable examination of the introduction of the multidivisional model of company organization and its impact on factory and shop‐floor practices at Toshiba. The chapter starts by looking at the general institutional consequences of late development, and then, for Toshiba, examines its history and organizational patterns, organizational boundaries and the focal factory, pre‐war and post‐war organization, post‐war product diversity, factory organization and management, and corporate strategy and factory response.
Interfirm Networks
Authors: Fruin W. Mark 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter uses the interfirm network model developed by the Toyota Motor Company and its suppliers as an example of multi‐layered managerial coordination and network organization‐based business strategy. It is argued that Toyota's strategy of producing high‐volume, high‐quality, low‐cost motor vehicles is directly related to the interfirm network model of organization that it has adopted. The three main sections of the chapter look at the multi‐layered managerial coordination at Toyota, the nature of interfirm relations in the Toyota group, and choice and interdependence.
Dynamic and Structured Interdependence
Authors: Fruin W. Mark 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In this concluding chapter, the historical underpinnings of the Japanese enterprise system are reviewed and the dynamic nature of the structural and strategic adjustments between factory, firm, and interfirm network are emphasized. The Japanese enterprise system, it is argued, is an inter‐organizational innovation of local design, major significance, and global proportion. The different sections of the chapter discuss the making of the Japanese enterprise system, the corporation and its environment, the bases for coalition‐building, the theoretical implications of interorganizational cooperation, hierarchical origins and outcomes, order and reciprocity in interdependence, the development and evolution of the Japanese enterprise system, and the divergent development of firms in Japan and the West.
Foundations of Corporate Success
Authors: Kay John 
Published: October 2003

AbstractCorporate success derives from a competitive advantage, which is based on distinctive capabilities. Competitive advantage relates to the unique character of a firm's relationship with its suppliers, customers, or employees, which must be precisely identified and applied to the relevant markets. Distinctive capabilities as sources of competitive advantage can be separated into four broad categories.Architecture refers to a network of relationships or implicit contracts within or around the firm. It adds value by helping to create organizational knowledge and routines, which enable the company to respond flexibly to changing circumstances and allow easy exchanges of information. Reputation is the main commercial mechanism for conveying information to consumers. By protecting and exploiting innovation, the company can derive competitive advantage, if it can appropriate the gains associated with it. A final potential source of competitive advantage not based on the distinctive capabilities of firms is a strategic asset that includes government‐mandated monopolies or other features of market structure, which restrict market access by competitors.Firms that enjoy distinctive capabilities must seek to transform them into competitive advantages. To achieve this, distinctive capabilities must be sustainable and their benefits must be appropriated through corporate and competitive strategies. Corporate strategy is concerned with the businesses the firm is in, competitive strategy with its relationship with other firms in the businesses it chooses. In each case, the key measure of corporate success is the ability of the firm to add value to the resources it uses.
Conclusions
Authors: Kay John 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis concluding chapter discusses how the military analogy wrongly continues to exercise such a powerful hold on thinking about corporate strategy, and how it has lead to two of the most widespread fallacies in the interpretation of business behaviour and economic performance. The first one is the overestimation of the importance of size and scale, while the second is the excessive emphasis on leadership vision and determination as a determinant of corporate success. The central theme of this book is that competitive advantage and corporate success are generally based on stability, continuity in relationships and on the identification and exploitation of distinctive capabilities
Multicultural Citizenship
Authors: Kymlicka Will 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe increasingly multicultural fabric of modern societies has given rise to many new issues and conflicts, as ethnic and national minorities demand recognition and support for their cultural identity. This book presents a new conception of the rights and status of minority cultures. It argues that certain sorts of rights for minority cultures are consistent with liberal democratic principles, and that standard liberal objections to recognizing such rights on the grounds of individual freedom, social justice, and national unity can be answered. However, no single formula can be applied to all groups, and the needs and aspirations of immigrants are very different from those of indigenous peoples and national minorities. The book analyses some of the issues, which, though central to an understanding of multicultural politics (such as language rights, group representation, land rights, federalism, and secession), have been surprisingly neglected in contemporary liberal theory.