bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plastid Cpn21
Authors: Gatenby A A , Chen H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ch-cpn10 (Bertsch et al., 1992), cpn24 (Chen, Jagendorf, 1994). Cpn21 was originally identified in pea (Pisum sativum), spinach (Spinacea oleracea) chloroplasts (Bertsch.
Mammalian Cpn60
Authors: Hoj P B , Hoogenraad N J , Hartman D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Amino acid sequences deduced from the nucleotide sequences of CPN60 cDNAs (Jindal et al., 1989; Peralta et al., 1990) (see also GenBank accession numbers M22882, M22383, X54793, X53585, X53584) reveal that mammalian Cpn60 is encoded as a 573 amino acid precursor protein (p-Cpn60) from which a typical amphipathic N-terminal targeting signal is removed upon mitochondrial import. This generates a mature protein (Cpn60) of 547 amino acids with a predicted mass of c. 57.9 kDa (Peralta etal., 1993).
CCT α
Authors: Kubota A , Willison K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
CCT has been called TCP-1 (t-complex polypeptide 1), named because the Tcp-1 gene was found as a gene showing t-complex-encoded polymorphism in a protein product highly expressed in testis (Silver etal., 1979). The t-complex is a region containing large chromosomal inversions on mouse chromosome 17, is involved in transmission ratio distortion of t-complex-carrying mice (Silver, 1985). The yeast homologue of CCTa is called Tcplp or Cctlp (Kubota etal., 1995a).
CCTα
Authors: Kubota A , Willison K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two temperature-sensitive mutants tcp1/3-270, tcp1/3- 326 show abnormal tubulin organization in budding yeast, disruption of the gene produces a lethal phenotype (Miklos et al., 1994). Four other temperaturesensitive mutants bin3-1, bin3-2, bin3-3, bin3-4 show both abnormal tubulin, actin phenotypes (Chen et al.,
1994) .A temperature-sensitive mutant of CCT/3 is lethal in combination with a temperature-sensitive mutant of either CCTa, CCTyor CCT3 (Chen etal., 1994).
Bacillus subtil is CIpC
Authors: Kruger E , Hecker M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The clpC gene of B. subtilis was identified by a PCR technique using degenerate primers hybridizing with the conserved ATP-binding domains (Kruger et al., 1994). Independently, the gene was cloned, designated as mecB in a genetic complementation approach (Msadek et al., 1994). In addition, the complete nucleotide sequence of the clpC locus was determined in the B. subtilis genome sequencing project (Ogasawara et al., 1994). GenBank accession numbers: X75930, U02604, D26185.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hsp104
Authors: Schirmer E C , Lindquist S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 5. cerevisiae HSP104 gene (GenBank accession number M67479) codes for a 908 amino acid protein with predicted Mr of 102 kDa, estimated pl of 5.14. On two-dimensional gels it migrates close to the predicted values indicating that it is not subject to major post-trans-lational modification (Parsell et al., 1991). The protein contains two domains with predicted Walker-type nucleotide-binding folds.
Malaria plasmid CIpC
Authors: Wilson I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
CIpC, the nucleus-encoded equivalent of HsplOO in higher plants, is encrypted by a transposed plastid gene with an evolved leader sequence targeting its product back to the plastid organelle (Moore, Keegstra, 1993). A leaderless form of this gene is still maintained on the primitive plastid genome of the red alga Porphyra purpurea (M. Reith, personal communication). A form of clp, possibly analogous to c/pC, is also carried on the vestigial plastid genome of malaria, related parasites (Fig. 1). This is consistent with the hypothesis that these organisms originated from a photosynthetic progenitor (possibly a dinoflagellate) carrying an algal plastid acquired by secondary endosymbiosis (Wilson et al., 1994). The malarial clp gene’s modified form suggests it has a specialized function.
Spectrin (Brain)
Authors: Celio Marco R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spectrin belongs to the family of actin-binding proteins. It is a structural protein associated with the cytoplasmic surface of the plasma membrane. It is composed of an a- and {3-subunit and was first defined in red blood cells. ft has been found in most metazoans including vertebrates and higher plants. Non-erythroid forms exist in a variety of tissues and are most abundant in nervous tissue. The a-subunit of brain spectrin contains two EF-hands and binds calmodulin and Ca2•(for review, see, 1989; Goodman et al. 1988; Coleman et al., Michaud et al. 1991; Bennet and Gilligan 1993; Winkelman and Forget 1993).
Vacuolating cytotoxin (Helicobacter pylori)
Authors: Papini E , Telford J L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
VacA is a protein that when purified from the culture supernatant of Type I Helicobacter pylori strains (Leunk et al. 1988; Cover and Blaser 1992; Crabtree et al. 1992; Telford et al. 1994a; Marchetti et al. 1995) has a molecular weight between 600000-700000 Da. In the Electron microscope, the protein appears as flower-shaped hexamers and heptamers, formed by identical monomers (Fig. 1) (Lupetti et al. 1996}. The gene codes for a precursor polypeptide of 140000 Da (Telford et al. 1994b), of which the amino-terminal of 95000 Da forms the VacA monomer, while the carboxy-terminal region is involved in secretion of the toxin into the culture medium. Once secreted into the extracellular space, the 95 000 Dalton monomer can be proteolytically cleaved at a specific site, forming two subunits of 37 000 and 58 000 Da, that may represent the A and B subunits typical of the AB type of bacterial toxins. One of the subunits is presumed to be involved in binding the eukaryotic cell receptor and facilitating the toxin internalization. The other subunit is presumed to act on and inactivate a molecule of eukaryotic cells that regulates a crucial step of vesicle trafficking.
Introduction
Authors: Pietrobon D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels are multisubunit complexes composed of a channel-forming and voltage-sensing a1 subunit and several regulatory and/or auxiliary subunits. They constitute a complex family of channels comprising a large number of different subtypes, which have in common a steep voltage dependence of open probability and a very high selectivity for Ca2+over Na+ and K+ ions in physiological solutions.
Erabutoxins (Laticauda semifasciata)
Authors: Ménez A , Servent D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Venomous sea snakes (Hydrophiidae) live in tropical waters from the western coast of America to the eastern coast of Africa, with a greatest species diversity in waters of southeastern Asia and Northern Australia. Venoms help sea snakes to subdue their prey, essentially fish. Most toxic components are small curaremimetic proteins which bind to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChR) with high affinity (Kd values are in picomolar range), producing flaccid paralysis and causing death by respiratory failure. Snake curaremimetic toxins, also called a neurotoxins, are classified as long-chain toxins with 66-74 residues and 4/5 disulfides and short-chain toxins with 60-62 residues and four disulfides (Endo and Tamiya 1991), with no immunological crossreactivity (Menez 1991). Erabutoxins a, b, and c (Ea, Eb, Ee) were isolated from venom of Laticauda semifasciata, collected in Japanese waters, by Tamiya and coworkers (Tamiya 1975).
κ-Bungarotoxin (Bungarus multicinctus)
Authors: Chiappinelli V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
κ-Bgt is a 66 amino acid protein that shares considerable sequence homology with a-Bgt (Grant and Chiappinelli 1985; Fig. 1). It is the prototype of a family of neurotoxins that includes κ2-Bgt and κ3-Bgt (from Bungarus multicinctus; Chiappinelli et al. 1990) and K-flavitoxin (from Bungarus flaviceps; Chiappinelli et al. 1987). All K-neurotoxins exist as noncovalently bound dimers, which distinguishes them from the monomeric a-neurotoxins (Chiappinelli and Wolf 1989). Solution structure of the K¬ Bgt dimer has been described using two-dimensional 1H NMR spectroscopy (Oswald et al. 1991) and circular dichroism (Fiordalisi et al. 1994a). The crystal structure at 2.3-A resolution is closely related to that of the NMR study and predicts 10 β-strands in the dimer, including an extended six-stranded antiparallel β-sheet shared between the subunits, with residues Phe 49 and Leu 57 forming additional van der Waals interactions across the dimer interface (Dewan et al. 1994; Fig. 2). The crucial residue Arg 34 is at the tip of the central loop for each subunit.
Notexins (Notechis scutatus scutatus)
Authors: Gasparini S , Ménez A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The tiger snake Notechis scutatus scutatus is the world’s fourth most venomous snake. Its venom contains curaremimetic neurotoxins and several PLA2s homologues which display various activities. Among the latter, notex¬ ins Np and Ns (Karlsson et al. 1972; Chwetzoff et al. 1990) which are frequently mixed in current preparations called ‘notexin’, are the most potent homologues. They are basic monomeric enzymatically active PLA2s which differ from each other by one residue (Halper and Eaker 1975; Chwetzoff et al. 1990). As judged from their primary (Halper and Eaker 1975; Chwetzoff et al. 1990) (see below) and tertiary (Westerlund et al. 1992) structures (Fig. 1), they belong to the PLA2s group I.
Taipoxin
Authors: Harris J B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Taipoxin is a presynaptically active, myotoxic phospholipase A2+ It is a complex of three polypeptide subunits noncovalently assembled in a 1:1: 1 molar ratio. The subunits can be dissociated in media of high ionic strength and low pH or in 6 M guanidine at neutral pH. Dissociation in guanidine is readily reversible. The three subunits are designated, respectively, α, β, and γ (Fohlman et al. 1976, 1979).
Pardaxin (Pardachirus marmoratus)
Authors: Bloch-Shilderman E , Abu-Raya S , Lazarovici P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pardaxin is an acidic, amphipathic, and hydrophobic polypeptide, of a 3500 daltons molecular weight, composed of 33 common amino acids (Fig. 1). The toxin is secreted together with aminoglycosteroides (Lazarovici et al. 1986) into the sea water causing toxicity and/or repellency of marine organisms (Lazarovici et al. 1990). Pardaxin has a neurotoxic excitatory action on neurons expressed in a massive exocytosis of a variety of neurotransmitters: acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction (Renner et al. 1987) and Torpedo electric organ synaptosomes (Arribas et al. 1993); 5-HT and norepinephrine from rat cortical brain slices (Wang and Friedman 1986); dopamine from chromaffin cells (Lazarovici and Lelkes 1992) and PC12 cells (Bloch-Shilderman et al. 1995); glutamate from rat brain slices (Lazarovici, unpublished data) etc. This excitatory effect might explain pardaxin toxicity to marine organisms and provide pardaxin as a new pharmaco¬ logical tool to study the process of neurotransmitter exocytosis. Pardaxin has been sequenced and synthesized (Loew et al. 1985) and shown to be biologically active, similar to the native toxin (Shai et al. 1988). In lyposomes and planar bilayers, pardaxin formed voltage-dependent pores (Loew et al. 1985; Lazarovici et al. 1988). These pores behave as hydrated pores for permeant cations and show only a modest selectivity for charge (Shi et al. 1995). Modelling of pardaxin pores suggests they are composed of a cylinder of eight parallel monomers in which eight stranded β-barrels are surrounded by eight amphipathic a-helices (Fig. 1 and Lazarovici et al. (1992). Charge considerations predict that this cylinder will be inserted into the membrane only if the potential on the exoplasmic face of the membrane is positive (Lazarovici et al. 1992).
NuMA
Authors: Gueth-Hallonet Catherine , Osborne, Mary , Compton Duane A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
First called NuMA by Lydersen and Pettijohn, 1 this protein has also been referred to as centrophilin,2 SP-H antigen.3 SPN antigen,4 W1,5 and the 1F1/1H1 antigen.6 All these proteins were later shown by DNA or protein sequence to be identical to NuMA.
The World of Archimedes
Authors: Higgins Peter M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The greatest mathematician of antiquity was Archimedes of Syracuse. He lived to the age of 75, having spent the final years of his life frustrating the Roman efforts to take his city during the Punic Wars through the use of a series of ingenious mechanical weapons that some maintain included ‘burning mirrors’ that set fire to the wooden Roman ships. When Syracuse finally fell in the year 212 BC the story goes that Archimedes was murdered by an angry Roman soldier. Archimedes did have his final wish respected though, that his tomb should have inscribed upon it, for the benefit of future generations, a diagram of a sphere inside of a cylinder of the same radius and height. This was reported by the Roman orator Cicero who discovered the tomb in Sicily around 150 years later. Finding it fallen into disrepair, Cicero had the tomb of the world’s greatest scientist restored. No trace of it remains today however and even the site of the grave is lost.
Reflections and Curves
Authors: Higgins Peter M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of this chapter has to do with reflections from curved surfaces but to whet your appetite, let us begin with a question about ordinary flat mirrors. When inspecting your appearance in a mirror that is not quite long enough to show your full figure, a natural impulse is to step back a pace or two in the hope that this will allow the mirror to accommodate. It doesn’t work, so why do we instinctively expect that it will? It may be because, while looking at three-quarters of your body, you can see in the background large objects, perhaps other people, in full view. Although you can see the full figure of the person in the background, they however cannot and it will do you no good to step back to where they are. Let us look at the geometry in order to see why this is so.
Introduction
Authors: Sanders Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Soon after his death in October 1400 the body of Geoffrey Chaucer was placed in a modest tomb in the eastern aisle of the north transept of Westminster Abbey, the coronation church of the English kings. He was so honoured not because he was the author of The Canterbury Tales, but because he had formerly held the post of Clerk of the King’s Works and because he had been living in the precincts of the Abbey at the time of his death. He was, moreover, distantly connected to the royal family through his wife Philippa. When John Gower died some eight years later he was interred in the Priory Church of St Mary Overie in Southwark (now Southwark Cathedral). Gower, who had retired to the Priory in his old age, received a far more elaborate tomb, one which pro claimed him to be Anglorum Poeta celeberrimus (‘the most famous poet of the English nation’) and one which showed him in effigy somewhat uncomfortably resting his head on his three great works, the Vox C/amantis, the Speculum Meditantis, and the ConfessioAmantis.
Industrial Change, 1500-1740, and the Problem of Proto-industrialization
Authors: Glennie P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Viewed from the twentieth-century’s highly specialized industrial regions, industry in early modern Europe appears a poor affair. While some specialized textile or mining districts existed, they were exceptional amidst a proliferation of localities within which diverse arrangements produced non-agricultural goods for local consumption. The rarity of large regional concentrations of industrial producers reflected several factors. Relatively sparse populations and modest living standards meant that markets for the goods produced in any area were comparatively small, except in the few very large cities such as London and Paris. An area’s low production costs could easily be swamped by the high transport and transaction costs that accounted for much of goods’ prices to consumers. Transaction costs therefore protected local industries, whilst simultaneously limiting tJ1eir scale. Political fragmentation and the reluctance of governments to become reliant on potential enemies for key goods also supported many local specialisms, via embargoes, tariffs, or other protective restrictions on trade. Numerous factors thus contributed to the very widespread distribution of many basic craft and industrial activities.
Lieder Line By Line and word for word
Authors: Phillips Lois 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
German song in the nineteenth century offers some of the greatest pleasures available to the singer, pianist, and listener. The great German poets—Goethe, Schiller, Rückert, Eichendorff, Heine, Mörike, Hesse, and many lesser figures—inspired such perennial masterpieces as Schubert’s song cycles Die Schöne Müllerin and Winterreise, Schumann’s Dichterliebe, and Mahler’s Die Kindertotenlieder. This book provides the German texts of the most frequently studied and performed songs, and gives literal, word-for-word translations under each line, plus clear English prose versions of each poem. Neither is a singing version, but each contributes to the understanding and appreciation of the song. The composers represented are Beethoven, Schubert, Schumann, Wagner, Brahms, Wolf, Mahler, and Richard Strauss. This new edition includes numerous corrections and improvements to the translations.
How to use this book
Authors: Pratt George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
However much importance you attach to acquiring skills in perceiving, identifying and writing down pitches and durations in their various musical functions, that training can now go on out of the classroom. The ground is cleared, and the seeds of other musical ideas, contained in the following chapters, can be sown. As you read on through the book, various alternative strategies are open to you. One is to work consistently through, from beginning to end. For anyone or any group of students at undergraduate level, this is probably the best approach.
Hearing and listening: what is available
Authors: Pratt George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To take any active part in music, we have to perceive it. This in itself is not as easy as it may appear. For example, as you read this, is any music audible? Perhaps you are in the music department of a university or polytechnic, or in a conservatoire, or in the music block of a school. You may be at home, with background music on as you read-or your next-door-neighbour is practising the sousaphone But until you are made aware of it, you may well not perceive this music: it is heard but not listened to.
Timbre
Authors: Pratt George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Re-read section 2.4 to remind yourself of the meaning of ‘timbre’ or ‘tone-colour’, and its applications, ranging from the wholly obvious qualities which differentiate a string quartet from a brass band, the subtler difference between, say, the lowest and highest strings of a violin and, most subtle of all, the varieties of tonal character which a player can draw from any one single note.
The Economic Sphere
Authors: Chiesi Antonio M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The European capitalist economies have always been considered very diﬀerent due to their origins in diﬀerent times, their diﬀerent pace of development, and their diﬀerent position in the international division of labor. Nevertheless, the long process of economic unification has brought increasing integration to a common market, while diﬀerent models that have sometimes been presented as alternative have inspired diﬀerentiated welfare regimes and degrees of state intervention in the economy. The economy of the United States is also very diﬀerentiated across the fifty states, but unlike Europe, it is characterized by the same institutions and the same market–state mix.
Welfare
Authors: Cornilleau Gérard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Welfare lies at the heart of the European political debate. The French and the Dutch rejection of the European constitution project in the spring of 2005 can largely be explained by the worries stirred by the return of the primacy of economics over the social aims of public intervention. It was because the constitution project gave too much precedence to the demands of ‘competition’ and the ‘free circulation of goods and services’ that eventually, and especially in France, a majority of citizens preferred to halt—at least momentarily—the political construction of Europe rather than question the ‘European social model’. In the political debate, the social model referred to is only rarely defined with precision: it encapsulates implicitly all the dispositions which protect the status of workers on the labor market and the compulsory collective insurance systems which fund unemployment benefits, pensions, health care expenditures, and allowances for the disabled.
Introduction to mathematical modelling and numerical simulation
Authors: Allaire Gregoire 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is an introduction to two distinct, but closely linked, aspects of applied mathematics: mathematical modelling and numerical simulation. A mathematical model is a representation or an abstract interpretation of physical reality that is amenable to analysis and calculation. Numerical simulation allows us to calculate the solutions of these models on a computer, and therefore to simulate physical reality. In this hook, the models we shall study will he partial differential equations (or PDEs), that is, differential equations in several variables (time and space, for example).
Complex and symplectic manifolds
Authors: Félix Yves , Oprea John , Tanré Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just as a complex analytic function has special properties compared to an ordinary smooth function, so does the de Rham algebra of a complex manifold display additional structure to that derived from the manifold’s smooth structure alone. In particular, the splitting of the de Rham algebra into (p , q) -parts endows a complex manifold with two differentials whose interactions are extremely powerful in many regards, but especially in discovering rational homotopy properties of the manifold. In this chapter, we study models of the de Rham and Dolbeault algebras of a complex manifold M .
A Florilège of geometric applications
Authors: Félix Yves , Oprea John , Tanré Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is a survey on the types of models which arise when studying configuration spaces, smooth algebraic varieties, function (or mapping) spaces, and arrangements. We also give a brief introduction to two subjects, Gelfand–Fuchs cohomology and iterated integrals, which provided unexpected connections between models and geometric analysis at the very dawn of rational homotopy theory. Here we explain the relevant models and then refer to the appropriate literature for details or proofs.
Regulating Lobbying in the European Union
Authors: Obradovic Daniela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lobbying is not regulated in the European Union (EU) in a uniform or coherent manner. While the European Parliament (EP) has had a registry and code of conduct for lobbyists (European Parliament 2005: Article 3 of Annex IX) for a considerable period of time, the European Commission has moved more slowly from the open access policy for lobbyists towards the adoption of regulatory standards for this activity. It recently decided to introduce registration for lobbyists (Commission of the European Communities 2007a, 2008a). The other EU institutions, with the exception of the European Economic and Social Committee (EESC), do not have any specific rules governing their relations with lobbyists, apart from the general EU Staff Regulations (2004) and good administrative standards (The European Code of Good Administrative Behaviour 2005).