bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Guide within to lead all Men to Heav’n: The Light Within
Authors: Underwood T L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
True Old Light Exalted Above Pretended New Light was the title John Tombs chose for his tract published in 1660 against “the Quaker, Arminian, and other Assertors of Universal Grace” and “Commended to public view By Mr. Richard Baxter” Educated at Magdalena College, Oxford, Tombs (1603-76) became vicar of Leominster, Herefordshire, in 1630, but during the civil war moved to Bristol and then London to avoid Royalist forces. He adopted Baptist views in the early 1640s and was one of the few Baptists to be ejected in 1662, after which he seems to have become a lay conformist. An active disputant, he debated with Richard Baxter on infant baptism in 1650 and with the Quaker Alexander Parker at Leominster in 1656. The following year he contended with Fox himself. In his journal Fox described Tombs as “an Anabaptist priest” who “yet had the parsonage at Leominster” and thus considered his status to be one in which “his wife was the baptized people and his concubine was the world.
A Final Reading: Which Prophet? Whose Truth?
Authors: Brenneman James E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A STUDY of true and false prophecy must account for its own stance in relation to the field of inquiry that it attempts to describe. Does it claim freedom from presuppositions? Is it free from its own inherently contestable beliefa? For example, is its elevation of interpretative conflict to all but ontological status free from its own parochial reading stance? Can it provide universally valid criteria for its own claims to truth over against falsehood?
Introduction
Authors: Silverman Phyllis Rolfe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One July afternoon when my youngest son Aaron was 5 years old, we were riding a bus in Jerusalem. He noticed a woman in a short-sleeved dress with a number tattooed on her arm. I tried to divert his attention to sights on the streets, but he had eyes only for the numbers. Finally he asked me, “Why would someone have a number like that on her arm?” To him, it seemed a simple question-he was asking for concrete information about something he had seen, as he did all the time. Yet for me, his question went much deeper, touching on taboo subjects. Even though I worked with death and dying, I did not know how to answer him. I wanted to protect him from becoming aware of the horrors of our adult world, of the inhuman treatment of others, of death in such numbers that it was hard to imagine. I wanted to guarantee his present sense of safety in the world. Would a lie protect him? I stumbled, I hesitated: “Don’t give him too many details, don’t frighten him,” I told myself. I hoped I could explain in a language that he could understand. And somehow on that long-ago bus ride, I explained about evil people who set out to destroy others, in particular Jews; about his father’s extended family whom he would never know; and that the number had been tattooed on this woman’s arm by these people who had imprisoned her, but that she had survived. In fact, I did not frighten him. Instead, having the correct information seemed to give him a quiet certainty.
Historical and Theoretical Perspectives
Authors: Silverman Phyllis Rolfe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every society and faith system has developed some way of integrating the fact of death into life and into children’s lives. Without exception, all have rituals for disposing of the body and beliefs about what happens after death (Neuberger, 1987). These beliefs and rituals are designed to help mourners deal with the loss of a member of the family and the changes in themselves, their family, and the community that the absence creates (Van Gennep, 1960). Every society also has a way of dealing with the influence of the dead on the lives of the living. Some societies fear that the dead will come back as ghosts, or do not mention the deceased so as not to disturb their journey to the next world (DeSpelder & Strickland; Rosenblatt, Walsh, & Jackson, 1976). In other societies ancestors are worshipped in family rituals and therefore remain part of the family (Klass, 1996). In this century, traditional customs and rituals have fallen into disuse. There is a space that leaves people without guidance; death is seen as a failure of medical science, and expressions of grief as a weakness in the mourners’ psyches.
Grieving and Psychological Development
Authors: Silverman Phyllis Rolfe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How do we make sense out of the different expectations of these children and their different responses to the death of someone close to them? These differences are, in large part, related to where children are developmentally in their life cycle. Their responses and the accommodations they make depend on how they appraise, understand, and make meaning of what is happening. Children’s developmental stages not only influence how they understand death, but what they experience as lost-that is, how they understand the relationship that they lost and the coping mechanisms that are available to them.
My Child Is Dying
Authors: Silverman Phyllis Rolfe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Children are our link between the past and the future. They are reflections of our self-images, of ourselves as caring people. Raising a child is not always easy or carefree. It can bring out the best and the worst in us. Overall, however, what we get back can be greater than what we give. We gain pleasure watching children grow and following the rhythm of the life cycle through their lives. For parents in the late 20th century, to consider that their children may die before them is a traumatic violation of their sense of order.
After a Child’s Death: Nothing Is the Same
Authors: Silverman Phyllis Rolfe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When children die, they do not stop being their parents’ children or their siblings’ brothers or sisters. Even though they no longer fill their family’s current life space or make daily demands on their parents, there is still a place for them in the family. Bereaved parents live with this paradox of being parents yet not being able to parent. The children are missing in their families and will never be replaced, but they are still very much present. Parents use various strategies to deal with this new reality, to find consolation for this irreparable loss, and to reach a place where life goes on.
Teachable Moments: Preparing Children to Understand Death
Authors: Silverman Phyllis Rolfe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Children of all ages, alert to the world around them, know much more than we realize about death and dying. They respond to and understand their knowledge in their own unique ways. Building on the perspective provided in this book, this chapter describes ways in which children’s ability to cope with this fact of life can be enhanced. I look at how to expand the role of parents, faith communities, and schools in helping children understand death and grieving at times when there is no crisis in their lives.
Introduction The Plenitude of Medieval Angelology
Authors: Keck David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the great shrines dedicated to Michael the Archangel at Mont-Saint-Michel and Monte Gargano to the elaborate metaphysical speculations of the great thirteenth-century scholastics, angels permeated the physical, temporal, and intellectual landscape of the medieval West. Sculptures, stained glass, coins, clerical vestments, and pilgrim’s badges all bore images of the celestial spirits. Each September 29 on the Feast of Saint Michael, clerics all across Christendom delivered sermons on and offered prayers to Michael and his cohorts. By the thirteenth century, angelology had become a required, formal part of the theological curriculum at the University of Paris, and Bonaventure, Aquinas, and their fellow scholastics were required to develop complex angelological systems. So pervasive were angelic matters that a manuscript for a medieval miracle play provides stage directions for portraying an angel “teleporting” a man from one place to another. In the Middle Ages, angels were ubiquitous.
The Length of Scripture 1 Sacred History and the Creation
Authors: Keck David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just as Christian history was illustrated in the portals of Notre Dame de Paris by sculptures of the biblical patriarchs, early church Fathers, and medieval saints, medieval Christians saw themselves in the context of an ongoing narrative that began in Genesis and would culminate in the Apocalypse. In viewing Abraham garbed as a medieval knight on the walls of a cathedral, they could figuratively see themselves in the narratives of Scripture. Relics, crusades, pilgrimages, and narratives of pilgrimages helped to establish a sense of an immediate connection be-tween medieval Europe and the stories of ancient Israel and the early church. These narratives, the length of Scripture, provided a discrete set of historical experiences that defined the world (past, present, and future), human spiritual growth, and beliefs about angels. It was possible indeed to see in the history of Israel and its encounters with celestial spirits the story of the “restoration of the whole human race.” Thus a late-eleventh-century pilgrims’ chant asking Christ to send an angel to lead them characteristically employs images from several biblical stories of angels guiding humans.
The Length of Scripture 2 Angels, Israel, and the Church
Authors: Keck David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first literal biblical reference to angels of any kind declares the presence of angels at the casting of Adam and Eve from the Garden: God “drove out the man; and at the east of the garden of Eden he placed the cherubim, and a flaming sword which turned every way, to guard the way to the tree of life” (Gen. 3:24). The angels symbolize the impossibility of man’s unaided return to his state of innocence, his state of original purity. This image of angels who prevent the sinful from entering a sacred place provides the typological basis for a story about Saint Mary of Egypt. As a capital from the Cloister of Saint-Etienne de Toulouse depicts the scene, an angel with a sword keeps the still-sinful Mary from entering the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Here as elsewhere, the angels of Scripture provide images, models, and examples for the stories of the saints that constitute the history of the restoration of humanity. While the early creation account and the theological explication of the creation of the angels was an essential ingredient of scholastic theology, the stories of the encounters between the patriarchs and the angels were extremely important because they established the typologies for beliefs about angels espoused by both scholastics and common folk. While these cherubim of Genesis 3:24 stood watch outside the gates of Paradise, other angels would play important roles in the restoration of human beings to the celestial Paradise.
Scholasticism and the Transformation of Angelology
Authors: Keck David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the heart of the thirteenth-century scholastic exploration of the angelic nature lies the quaestio, a form and technique for theological investigation that had evolved over the preceding century and a half. Bonaventure’s statements concerning the nature of the angels, for example, consist primarily of over eighty quaestiones in Book 2 of his Commentary on the Sentences. This is the form that he, Aquinas, and countless others inherited and within which they developed their ideas about the nature of the angels. It is the technique they had to master in order to become a member of the faculty of one of the schools at the University of Paris, because the quaestio had become the basic method of formal magisterial disputations. Rules for such disputations existed as early as 1215 in the statutes of Robert of Curzon, and throughout the thirteenth century formal disputations remained an important part of the faculty’s responsibilities. Pierre Madonnet aptly has called such events a “tournament for the clergy.”
The Angelic Nature in the Thirteenth Century The Flowering of Medieval Angelology
Authors: Keck David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An examination of Bonaventure’s Commentary on the Sentences will help reveal the full range of angelological questions that all prospective masters of the thirteenth century had to confront. The Seraphic Doctor’s work is employed here not because he was the most outstanding angelologist but because his work is typical. As will be seen in comparing his teachings with others, on some doctrines he expresses a consensus view, but on others his viewpoint is more particularly Franciscan. Supplementing the Seraphic Doctor’s discussions will be considerations of other scholastic writings, primarily Aquinas’s Summa Theologiae and his Summa Contra Gentiles. The former exhibits a greater range of angelological speculation, while the latter demonstrates how angelology could be part of Christianity’s engagement with the non-Christian world. Neither text, however, is as typical of the Parisian masters’ experiences as is the Commentary. The scholastic treatment of angels is the most well-studied of aspect of Christianity’s doctrines and practices concerning the celestial spirits, and this chapter will not therefore examine the history of particular doctrines or make extensive comparisons between angelologists. Such work has already been done by Marcia L. Colish, J. D. Collins, Etienne Gilson, and others. Rather, the basic teachings of the scholastics will be presented and examined so that it will be possible to see how these doctrines form part of the complete tapestry of medieval angelology. As will be seen, the scholastics’ explorations of the angels were not at all separated from the devotional significance of the angels (a subject examined in detail in parts III and IV of this study).
Franciscan Angelology and the Crises of the Franciscan Order
Authors: Keck David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the deposed minister general of the Franciscans, John of Parma, nominated Bonaventure as his successor in 1257, the order faced dangers from heretical members of the order, the regular clergy, and the secular masters of the University of Paris. Indeed, the erstwhile academic assumed the leadership of an order that was widely despised from within and without. As he began to consider the order and the angels not as a scholar but as its leader, he developed his ideas about Franciscans and angels in response to these various disturbances. In a series of works-Quaestiones disputatae de perfectione evangelica (1255-56), Legenda Maior (1261), Six Wings of the Seraphim (1263), Apologia pauperum (1269), and Collationes in Hexaemeron (1273)-Bonaventure defended the order and defined his vision of its mission. In each of these texts, angels and angelology form an important part of his definition and defense of the Order of Friars Minor.
Exceptional Practices of Adults, Death, and Resurrection
Authors: Keck David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Certain aspects of medieval religious experiences involving angels seem to have been reserved for men and women of special holiness or of a particular vocation. Anyone could pray, undertake a pilgrimage, fast, or invoke the angels against the demons, but angels could also provide special experiences (visions and mystical raptures) or appeal to certain segments of society (warriors, for example). Such engagements with the angels were generally far more intense and central to the Christians who experienced them than the regular angelic devotions discussed in the previous chapter. Hence this final chapter considers these exceptional practices as well as the Christian’s ultimate, most significant encounter with angels: death and the transportation of the soul to its destined place in the afterlife.
Records of dreams, visions, and visitations that involved angels survive from different periods throughout the entire Middle Ages and are one of the most fruitful sources for investigating angels in popular piety. Some records survive in separate treatises (e.g., Hildegard of Bingen’s Scivias), while some are located in texts on miracles and the supernatural (Caesarius of Heisterbach’s Dialogus Miraculorum’s most extensive treatment of angels is in his book on visions). Other examples survive in chronicles, or more frequently, in saints’ lives (of which the Legenda Aurea serves as the clearest example).
In the Past Lane
Authors: Kammen Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Awarded the Pulitzer Prize for his People of Paradox (1973), and the Francis Parkman Prize for A Machine That Would Go of Itself (1987), Michael Kammen is widely regarded as one of our most important, and most diversely talented, cultural historians. David Brion Davis has said of him that “no other historian of Michael‘s generation has such a broad and concrete grasp of ‘American culture’ in all its manifestations from constitutional law to formal painting and popular culture. “ Now, In The Past Lane brings together writings from a span of more than a decade, covering the broad spectrum of Kammen‘s recent interests, including the role of the historian, the relationship between culture and the State, uses of tradition in American commercial culture, American historical art, memory distortion in American history, and the contested uses of history in American education, and much more. Here are major contributions to Kammen‘s work and to American cultural history. In the previously unpublished “Personal Identity and the Historian‘s Vocation, “ Kammen considers the complex interplay between historians ‘ personal lives--their religion, ideology, race, gender, sexual orientation--and the history they write. Drawing on prominent historians ‘ own self-reflections, in fascinating letters and memoirs, Kammen takes us inside the process of doing history and traces the movement away from delusions of objectivity to a more engaged and personal approach to the past. We find a lively exchange between David M. Potter and Richard Hofstadter, a personal account of a highly dramatic public debate between Arnold J. Toynbee and Allan Nevins, as well as delightful quotes from many important historians about their work, their beliefs, and their colleagues. We have, for example, Lewis Mumford at Christmas time informing a friend that he was using “the season of peace and cheer and goodwill to begin a murderous attack upon Mr. Bernard DeVoto, and Allan Nevins wryly recommending his multi-volume Civil War history, The Ordeal of the Union, as an ideal wedding present. In “Culture and the State in America, “ Kammen gives us an illuminating history of government funding for the arts which provides a surprising perspective on the current crises involving the NEA and NEH. He marshals his deep historical knowledge to argue that an elimination of public support will lead to an even greater loss of private support for the arts and humanities, and that the results will impoverish us all. Kammen addresses a range of other concerns in these essays, including the distinction between heritage and history, how multicultural art exhibits are developed, memory distortion in American history. Whether he‘s warning against historical amnesia, analyzing the iconography of judgment in American courthouses, considering American diversity, or reconsidering the issue of American exceptionalism, Kammen‘s remarkable essays show us the many ways the past informs, eludes, and yet gives birth to the present.
HelpCo A Postbureaucratic Organization
Authors: Tucker James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like people elsewhere, members of organizations frequently define and respond to deviant behavior in ways not easily detected by outsiders. Studying conflict in the postbureaucratic organization therefore requires extensive fieldwork. Conducting research at a single setting can be especially fruitful for obtaining empirical material on social control as it unfolds during everyday life in a modern corporation.
Introduction
Authors: Paxton Robert O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Henry Dorgères Was The Leading rightwing agrarian agitator in rural France between the two world wars. Hautb les faurches! (Raise Your Pitchfarks! was the title he chose for the book of memoirs and exhortation published in 1935, and the phrase became his trademark. It captured perfectly the truculence and earthy physicality of Dorgères’s message, which summoned French farmers to take their own destinies in hand, by violence if necessary.
But Dorgères never wielded a pitchfork himself. He was born Henri Auguste D’Halluin, the son of a modest butcher in the Nord; he took the pen name of Henry Dorgères at the age of twenty-nine, after he had become established as a journalist for a farmers’ newspaper in Brittany. As Pierre Barral, an historian of French agriculture, put it, he was “better at ranting than at planting.” He had an empathetic grasp of the grievances and resentments of the most inarticulate French farmers in the 1930s, however, and he had a genius for putting them into words.
Introduction
Authors: Chireau Yvonne , Deutsch Nathaniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Black Zion GROWS out of a joint interest in religious diversity and a deep concern over the absence of religion in conversations involving blacks and Jews in American society. This book addresses shared elements in black and Jewish sacred life, as well as the development and elaboration of new religious identities by African Americans. These essays explore the creative ways that African Americans have interacted with Jewish beliefs, Jewish traditions, and Jewish institutions. Black religious encounters with Judaism-and the contexts and circumstances that have shaped these encounters-have produced a spectrum of forms that are as varied and complex as the religious experience itself.
Remembering Nehemiah: A Note on Biblical Theology
Authors: Callahan Allen Dwight 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No Negro Spirituals sing the praises of Nehemiah. And it is in the spirituals, the Jons et origo of African American biblical figurations, that we first observe Nehemiah’s virtual oblivion in African American life and letters, where biblical topoi have always recrudesced and recombined even in the most secular of times. For black folks, biblical figurations have become over time the topoi not only of theology, but of political philosophy, popular culture, and belles lettres. And in any survey of these genres across the generations, Nehemiah is conspicuous only by his absence. The momentous project of the restoration of Jerusalem that he undertakes has had little influence on the African American biblical imagination. Nehemiah is so thoroughly forgotten by black folks that the recent remembrance of him in the thought and action of African American Christians is itself remarkable. It is Nehemiah’s oblivion, and his recent remembrance among some black Christian intellectuals, that I shall explore in this essay.
Theological Affinities in the Writings of Abraham Joshua Heschel and Martin Luther King, Jr.
Authors: Heschel Susannah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Photograph Of Abraham Joshua Heschel walking arm in arm with Martin Luther King, Jr., in the front row of marchers at Selma has become an icon of American Jewish life, and of black-Jewish relations. Reprinted in Jewish textbooks, synagogue bulletins, and studies of ecumenical relations, the picture has come to symbolize the great moment of symbiosis of the two communities, black and Jewish, which today seems shattered. When Jesse Jackson, Andrew Young, Henry Gates, or Cornel West speaks of the relationship between blacks and Jews as it might be, and as they wish it would become, they invoke the moments when Rabbi Heschel and Dr. King marched arm in arm at Selma, prayed together in protest at Arlington National Cemetery, and stood side by side in the pulpit of Riverside Church.