bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neutron Diffraction Measurement and Finite Element Method Calculation of Residual Stress of a Heat Treated Steel Pipe
Authors: Inoue Kazuko , Kawashima Hisakazu , Sakaguchi Junya , Minakawa Nobuaki , Tsuchiya Yoshinori , Morii Yukio 
Published: October 2002

The residual strain of a 13% Cr steel pipe for use in oil wells was measured by neutron diffraction. As the pipe was quenched from 900°C to room temperature by spraying water at 30°C on the outer surface of the pipe for 30 s, it should be exposed to thermal stress. To measure the strain in the pipe, the residual stress analyzer (RESA) using neutron diffraction at Japan Research Reactor No. 3 Modified (JRR-3M) was used. Three directional measurements were carried out at intervals of 1 mm for the wall thickness of 5.51 mm. The residual stress deduced from the observed strain showed that the stress in the axial direction was tensile near the outer surface and compressive near the inner surface. The deduced stress was compared with the stress calculated by the finite element method (FEM).
Typical Electron Beam Doping (Superdiffusion) of Impurity Atoms in Damage-Free Regions of Semiconductors by the Kick-Out Mechanism
Authors: Wada Takao , Fujimoto Hiroshi , Asada Shigeharu 
Published: October 2002

Experiments involving 750 keV electron beam doping (EBD) of Si and Zn atoms into GaAs were performed for systems of GaAs (layer 3)/Si(Zn)//Si(Zn)/GaAs (layer 1). The Si(Zn)/GaAs consists of Si(Zn) evaporation-deposited layers on GaAs wafers. The overlying layer is in contact only with one other Si(Zn) layer. The surface of layer 3 (GaAs) was irradiated with a fluence of (∼3.7–5.0)×1017 electrons·cm-2 at 750 keV and at 100°C in a N2 gas atmosphere at a mean current density of 8.1 µA·cm-2 using a Van de Graaff accelerator. After irradiation, the remaining unreacted Si and Zn layers were carefully removed by chemical etching. It was confirmed by Auger electron spectroscopy that no Si or Zn layer remained on the wafer after etching. The unannealed GaAs crystals were measured by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and photoluminescence (PL). The diffusion depth of Zn atoms increased with the thicknesses of the deposited layers.
Direct-Gap Reduction and Valence-Band Splitting of Ordered Indirect-Gap AlInP2 Studied by Polarized Piezoreflectance
Authors: Yeh Wen-Chun , Lin Chi-Jen , Huang Ying-Sheng , Chang Chih-Song , Tiong Kwong-Kau 
Published: October 2002

The order-dependent direct-gap reduction and valence-band splitting in spontaneously ordered indirect-gap AlInP2 are determined by polarized piezoreflectance spectroscopy at room temperature. The experimentally deduced values of the ratio of band-gap reduction to crystal field splitting for the perfectly ordered alloys, ζ=-ΔE
g
(1)/ΔCF
(1)=1.15, and the ratio of band-gap reduction to the ordering change of spin-orbit splitting between the perfectly ordered and random alloys, ξ=-ΔE
g
(1)/[ΔSO
(1)-ΔSO
(0)]=8.24, are in good agreement with the recent theoretically calculated value of 1.13 and 13.5, respectively, by [S. H. Wei and A. Zunger. Phys. Rev. B 57, (1998) 8983] but are much larger than those of the previous report by [M. Schubert et al..: Phys. Rev. B 54 (1996) 17616] using dark-field spectroscopy.
Epitaxial Growth of Pure 28Si Thin Films Using Isotopically Purified Ion Beams
Authors: Nobuteru Tsubouchi Nobuteru Tsubouchi , Akiyoshi Chayahara Akiyoshi Chayahara , Yoshiaki Mokuno Yoshiaki Mokuno , Atsushi Kinomura Atsushi Kinomura , Yuji Horino Yuji Horino 
Published: October 2002

Isotopically purified 28Si homoepitaxial films were grown by means of an ion-beam deposition (IBD) method with isotopically mass-selected negative 28Si- ion beams. The surface structural evolution during the film growth and the film structure after the growth were investigated using reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED), cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and transmission electron diffraction (TED). The Si isotopic composition (28Si : 29Si : 30Si = 99.9982 : 0.0016 : 0.0002 at.%) of the resulting Si epitaxial film was determined by secondary-ion-mass spectrometry (SIMS).
Stellar Radio Astronomy: Probing Stellar Atmospheres from Protostars to Giants
Authors: Güdel Manuel 
Published: October 2002

▪ Abstract  Radio astronomy has provided evidence for the presence of ionized atmospheres around almost all classes of nondegenerate stars. Magnetically confined coronae dominate in the cool half of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. Their radio emission is predominantly of nonthermal origin and has been identified as gyrosynchrotron radiation from mildly relativistic electrons, apart from some coherent emission mechanisms. Ionized winds are found in hot stars and in red giants. They are detected through their thermal, optically thick radiation, but synchrotron emission has been found in many systems as well. The latter is emitted presumably by shock-accelerated electrons in weak magnetic fields in the outer wind regions. Radio emission is also frequently detected in pre–main sequence stars and protostars and has recently been discovered in brown dwarfs. This review summarizes the radio view of the atmospheres of nondegenerate stars, focusing on energy release physics in cool coronal stars, wind phenomenology in hot stars and cool giants, and emission observed from young and forming stars.Eines habe ich in einem langen Leben gelernt, nämlich, dass unsere ganze Wissenschaft, an den Dingen gemessen, von kindlicher Primitivität ist—und doch ist es das Köstlichste, was wir haben.One thing I have learned in a long life: that all our science, measured against reality, is primitive and childlike—and yet it is the most precious thing we have.   A. Einstein 1951, in a letter to H. Mühsam, Einstein Archive 36-610
Compendium of the genus Criconemoides Taylor, 1936 (Nematoda: Criconematidae)
Authors: Loof Pieter , Brzeski Michał , Choi Young Euon 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe genus Criconemoides is diagnosed and lists are given of the valid species with their synonyms, of species inquirendae vel dubiae and of departures. The main diagnostic features of the species included are presented in tabular form.
Compendium of the genus Mesocriconema Andrássy, 1965 (Nematoda: Criconematidae)
Authors: Choi Young Euon , Loof Pieter , Brzeski Michał 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe genus Mesocriconema is diagnosed and 90 valid species and their synonyms are listed. The main diagnostic characteristics of the species included are presented in tabular form. The synonymy of Pakcriconemoides with Mesocriconema is supported.
Panagrobelus stammeri Rühm, 1956 and Plectonchus hunti n. sp.: implications of new morphological observations for characterisation of these genera (Nematoda: Panagrolaimoidea)
Authors: Baldwin James , De Ley Paul , Mundo-Ocampo Manuel , Nadler Steven , Stock S. Patricia , De Ley Irma 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA detailed morphological description (light and scanning electron microscope observations) is given of two isolates currently used in molecular and developmental studies: PDL0024, Panagrobelus stammeri Rühm, 1956 and PDL0025, a new species herein described as Plectonchus hunti n. sp. We redescribe the lip region, interpret the orientation of the lips in P.stammeri and provide additional morphological and morphometric diagnostic features. Plectonchus hunti n. sp. is characterised by the bifurcating spicule tip and by the placement of the male genital papillae in a 3/3 + p + 2 arrangement. Additionally, females of this new species can be differentiated from other species of Plectonchus by the more anterior position of the vulva, the more anterior location of the excretory pore and the tail morphology. An emended diagnosis for this genus is provided. In this study we demonstrate that both studied taxa share morphological similarities, such as the presence of a 'cephaloboid-type' spermatheca. Our observations also indicate slight but consistent differences in cell composition of the female reproductive system between these two taxa.
Expression and subcellular localization of NRAMP1 in human neutrophil granules
Authors: Canonne-Hergaux François , Calafat Jero , Richer Etienne , Cellier Mathieu , Grinstein Sergio , Borregaard Neils , Gros Philippe 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMutations at the Nramp1 gene cause susceptibility to infections with intracellular pathogens. In human blood, polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes are the most abundant site ofNRAMP1 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression, suggesting that NRAMP1 plays an important role in the activity of these cells. By Northern blot analysis, NRAMP1 mRNA was only detected in most mature neutrophils from bone marrow (band and segmented cells). A high-affinity polyclonal rabbit antihuman NRAMP1 antibody directed against the amino terminus of the protein was produced and used to study cellular and subcellular localization of the protein in primary human neutrophils. Subcellular fractionation of granule populations together with immunoblotting studies with granule-specific markers indicate that NRAMP1 expression is primarily in tertiary granules. These granules are positive for the matrix enzyme gelatinase and the membrane subunit of the vacuolar H+/ATPase and can be recruited for exocytosis by treatment of neutrophils with phorbol myristate acetate. Immunogold studies by cryoelectron microscopy with primary neutrophils confirm that a majority (75%) of NRAMP1-positive granules are also positive for gelatinase, but they also suggest further heterogeneity in this granule population. Presence of NRAMP1 in tertiary granules is in agreement with the late-stage appearance ofNRAMP1 mRNA during neutrophil maturation in bone marrow. Finally, immunofluorescence studies of Candida albicans–containing phagosomes formed in neutrophils indicate that NRAMP1 is recruited from tertiary granules to the phagosomal membrane on phagocytosis, supporting a role for NRAMP1 in the antimicrobial defenses of human neutrophils.
Transferrin receptor hyperexpression in primary erythroblasts is lost on transformation by avian erythroblastosis virus
Authors: Lobmayr Lioba , Sauer Thomas , Killisch Iris , Schranzhofer Matthias , Wilson Robert B. , Ponka Prem , Beug Hartmut , Müllner Ernst W. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn primary chicken erythroblasts (stem cell factor [SCF] erythroblasts), transferrin receptor (TfR) messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein were hyperexpressed as compared to nonerythroid chicken cell types. This erythroid-specific hyperexpression was abolished in transformed erythroblasts (HD3E22 cells) expressing the v-ErbA and v-ErbB oncogenes of avian erythroblastosis virus. TfR expression in HD3E22 cells could be modulated by changes in exogenous iron supply, whereas expression in SCF erythroblasts was not subject to iron regulation. Measurements of TfR mRNA half-life indicated that hyperexpression in SCF erythroblasts was due to a massive stabilization of transcripts even in the presence of high iron levels. Changes in mRNA binding activity of iron regulatory protein 1 (IRP1), the primary regulator of TfR mRNA stability in these cells, correlated well with TfR mRNA expression; IRP1 activity in HD3E22 cells and other nonerythroid cell types tested was iron dependent, whereas IRP1 activity in primary SCF erythroblasts could not be modulated by iron administration. Analysis of avian erythroblasts expressing v-ErbA alone indicated that v-ErbA was responsible for these transformation-specific alterations in the regulation of iron metabolism. In SCF erythroblasts high amounts of TfR were detected on the plasma membrane, but a large fraction was also located in early and late endosomal compartments, potentially concealing temporary iron stores from the IRP regulatory system. In contrast, TfR was almost exclusively located to the plasma membrane in HD3E22 cells. In summary, stabilization of TfR mRNA and redistribution of Fe-Tf/TfR complexes to late endosomal compartments may contribute to TfR hyperexpression in primary erythroblasts, effects that are lost on leukemic transformation.
A human Mix-like homeobox gene MIXL shows functional similarity to Xenopus Mix.1
Authors: Guo Wei , Pui-yee Chan Agnes , Liang Hong , Wieder Eric D. , Molldrem Jeffrey J. , Etkin Laurence D. , Nagarajan Lalitha 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMolecular events involved in specification of early hematopoietic system are not well known. In Xenopus, a paired-box homeodomain family (Mix.1-4) has been implicated in this process. Although Mix-like homeobox genes have been isolated from chicken (CMIX) and mice (Mml/MIXL1), isolation of a human Mix-like gene has remained elusive. We have recently isolated and characterized a novel human Mix-like homeobox gene with a predicted open reading frame of 232 amino acids designated the Mix.1 homeobox (Xenopus laevis)–like gene (MIXL). The overall identity of this novel protein to CMIX and Mml/MIXL1 is 41% and 69%, respectively. However, the identity in the homeodomain is 66% to that of Xenopus Mix.1, 79% to that of CMIX, and 94% to that of Mml/MIXL1. In normal hematopoiesis, MIXL expression appears to be restricted to immature B- and T-lymphoid cells. Several acute leukemic cell lines of B, T, and myeloid lineage express MIXL suggesting a survival/block in differentiation advantage. Furthermore, Xenopus animal cap assay revealed that MIXL could induce expression of the α-globin gene, suggesting a functional conservation of the homeodomain. Isolation of theMIXL gene is the first step toward understanding novel regulatory circuits in early hematopoietic differentiation and malignant transformation.
Expression of the β4 integrin subunit induces monocytic differentiation of 32D/v-Abl cells
Authors: Morena Annarita , Riccioni Sabrina , Marchetti Alessandra , Polcini Alessandro Tartaglia , Mercurio Arthur M. , Blandino Giovanni , Sacchi Ada , Falcioni Rita 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe α6β4 integrin is the receptor for various laminin isoforms and is a component of the hemidesmosome. Increased expression levels of this integrin correlate with the aggressive phenotype of many epithelial tumors compared with surrounding normal tissue. Furthermore, the long cytoplasmic tail of the β4 integrin subunit has been implicated in several signal transduction pathways that are involved not only in invasion, but also in proliferation and apoptosis. Here we report that the exogenous expression of β4 integrin in 32D/v-abl–transformed cells reduces tumor aggressiveness in vivo and strongly inhibits cell proliferation in vitro by inducing monocytic differentiation. These effects are accompanied by growth arrest and p73 protein accumulation. The hypothesis that the inhibition of v-Abl oncogenic capacity could allow the activation of the endogenous c-Abl was tested in RKO cells. The results clearly demonstrated a strong increase of c-Abl phosphorylation that is accompanied by its association with p73 protein. Overall, the reported findings indicate that α6β4 integrin promotes growth arrest and differentiation by modulating Abl kinases and p73 protein pathway(s).
Improved outcome in high-risk childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia defined by prednisone-poor response treated with double Berlin-Frankfurt-Muenster protocol II
Authors: Aricò Maurizio , Valsecchi Maria Grazia , Conter Valentino , Rizzari Carmelo , Pession Andrea , Messina Chiara , Barisone Elena , Poggi Vincenzo , De Rossi Giulio , Locatelli Franco , Micalizzi Maria Concetta , Basso Giuseppe , Masera Giuseppe 
Published: October 2002

AbstractOne hundred ninety-eight children and adolescents were entered in the Associazione Italiana di Ematologia ed Oncologia Pediatrica (AIEOP)-ALL95 study for high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Inclusion criteria were poor response to initial prednisone/intrathecal methotrexate (prednisone-poor response [PPR]), resistance to induction therapy, translocation t(9;22), infants with the t(4;11), or CD10− ALL. The event-free survival (EFS) rate at 4 years was 56.5% (SE, 3.9%) for the entire group. The overall EFS rate in the current study was significantly better (P = .002) than that obtained in a comparable group of patients treated in the early 1990s in the AIEOP-ALL91 study. In particular, patients with PPR had a 4-year EFS of 61.1% (SE, 4.4%) versus 42.8% (SE, 5.4%) in the ALL 91 study (P = .008). Among PPR patients, those who were PPR-only (60.1%)—that is, they achieved CR and were negative for t(9;22) and t(4;11) translocations—had the best outcomes with this intensive treatment, even when additional adverse features (hyperleukocytosis, T phenotype) were present (4-year EFS, 70.1%; SE, 4.7%). We attribute this improvement to the replacement of 6 alternating blocks of non–cross-resistant drugs with an 8-drug reinduction regimen (Berlin-Frankfurt-Muenster [BFM] protocol II), repeated twice, in the context of a standard BFM-type intensive chemotherapy for high-risk ALL. This modified therapy may lead to high cure rates for patients defined as at high risk for intrinsic resistance to corticosteroids only.
Presence of chromogranin-derived antimicrobial peptides in plasma during coronary artery bypass surgery and evidence of an immune origin of these peptides
Authors: Tasiemski Aurélie , Hammad Hamida , Vandenbulcke Franck , Breton Christophe , Bilfinger Thomas J. , Pestel Joel , Salzet Michel 
Published: October 2002

AbstractChromogranin A (CGA) and chromogranin B (CGB) are acidic proteins stored in secretory organelles of endocrine cells and neurons. In addition to their roles as helper proteins in the packaging of peptides, they may serve as prohormones to generate biologically active peptides such as vasostatin-1 and secretolytin. These molecules derived from CGA and CGB, respectively, possess antimicrobial properties. The present study demonstrates that plasmatic levels of both vasostatin-1 and secretolytin increase during surgery in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Vasostatin-1 and secretolytin, initially present in plasma at low levels, are released just after skin incision. Consequently, they can be added to enkelytin, an antibacterial peptide derived from proenkephalin A, for the panoply of components acting as a first protective barrier against hypothetical invasion of pathogens, which may occur during surgery. CGA and CGB, more commonly viewed as markers for endocrine and neuronal cells, were also found to have an immune origin. RNA messengers coding for CGB were amplified by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction in human monocytes, and immunocytochemical analysis by confocal microscopy revealed the presence of CGA or CGB or both in monocytes and neutrophils. A combination of techniques including confocal microscopic analysis, mass spectrometry measurement, and antibacterial tests allowed for the identification of the positive role of interleukin 6 (IL-6) in the secretolytin release from monocytes in vitro. Because IL-6 release is known to be strongly enhanced during CPB, we suggest a possible relationship between IL-6 and the increased level of secretolytin in patients undergoing CPB.
Novel “hybrid” iron chelators derived from aroylhydrazones and thiosemicarbazones demonstrate selective antiproliferative activity against tumor cells
Authors: Lovejoy David B. , Richardson Des R. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe previously demonstrated that 2-hydroxy-1-naphthylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (311) and other aroylhydrazone chelators possess potent antineoplastic activity because of their ability to bind iron (Fe). From these studies, we identified structural components of the hydrazones that provide antineoplastic activity, namely the salicylaldehyde and 2-hydroxy-1-naphthylaldehyde moieties. A related group of chelators known as the thiosemicarbazones also show pronounced antitumor activity because of their ability to inhibit ribonucleotide reductase. Considering this, we designed a new series of “hybrid ligands” by condensation of the aldehydes described above with a range of thiosemicarbazides. The parent compound of these ligands is 2-hydroxy-1-naphthylaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (NT). Of 8 NT analogues, 3 chelators, namely NT, N4mT (2-hydroxy-1-naphthylaldehyde-4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazone), and N44mT (2-hydroxy-1-naphthylaldehyde-4,4-dimethyl-3-thiosemicarbazone), showed high antiproliferative activity against SK-N-MC neuroepithelioma cells (50% inhibitory concentration [IC50] = 0.5-1.5 μM). Indeed, their activity was significantly (P &lt; .0001) greater than that of desferrioxamine (DFO) (IC50 = 22 μM). We demonstrate that 311, a 311 analogue (311m), and several NT-series chelators have significantly (P &lt; .001) greater antiproliferative activity against tumor cells than against a range of normal cell types. For example, the IC50 values of NT and N4mT in SK-N-MC neuroepithelioma cells were 0.5 μM, whereas for fibroblasts the IC50 values were greater than 25 μM. Further, the effect of one of the most potent chelators (311m) on preventing the growth of bone marrow stem cell cultures was far less than that of doxorubicin and similar to that of cisplatin. These studies support the further development of these chelators as antiproliferative agents.
Myeloid cell factor–1 is a critical survival factor for multiple myeloma
Authors: Zhang Bin , Gojo Ivana , Fenton Robert G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMultiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by the accumulation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow caused primarily by failure of normal homeostatic mechanisms to prevent the expansion of postgerminal center plasma cells. We have examined the molecular mechanisms that promote the survival of MM cells and have identified a key role for myeloid cell factor–1 (Mcl-1), an antiapoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family. These experiments were initiated by the observation that MM cells were exquisitely sensitive to culture in the presence of actinomycin D: caspase activation occurred within 3 hours of treatment and cells were not protected by interleukin-6, the main MM cell growth and survival factor. Actinomycin D–induced apoptosis was blocked by proteasome inhibitors, suggesting that a labile protein was required for MM cell survival. Further analysis demonstrated that Mcl-1 was likely to be the labile factor governing MM cell survival. Mcl-1 protein levels decreased rapidly after culture in the presence of actinomycin D in concordance with effector caspase activation, but addition of proteasome inhibitors reversed the loss of Mcl-1 and maintained cell viability. The levels of other antiapoptotic proteins, including Bcl-2 and members of the inhibitors-of-apoptosis family, were unaffected by these interventions. Furthermore, Mcl-1 antisense oligonucleotides caused a rapid down-regulation of Mcl-1 protein levels and the coincident induction of apoptosis, whereas overexpression of Mcl-1 delayed actinomycin D–induced apoptosis with kinetics that correlated with expression levels of Mcl-1. These data indicate that Mcl-1 expression is required for the survival of MM cells and may represent an important target for future therapeutics.