bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Letters
Authors: Barnes Diana G. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Over the 1640s a number of cabinets of private (friendship and love) letters were published, many without the permission of the authors. These publications divided traditional loyalties and established new ones. In the 1650s, during the Interregnum, the letter’s association with classical stoicism (Cicero and Seneca) provided the ideal foundations for articulating covert royalism. At the Restoration, print letters served to document recent history with a personal twist. Over the 1670s and 1680s love letters came into vogue. These novelistic and digressive collections rework the passionate terms of the verse epistle to address contemporary political scandal. From the 1690s, letters in serialized journals drew readers into a public sphere of debate, and modelled their responsibilities within it. The following chapter surveys the epistolary subspecies that dominated the print marketplace. In closing, it spotlights three epistolary agents: a publisher (Humphrey Moseley), an author (Margaret Cavendish), and a reader (of the Tatler).
Literary History
Authors: Hardy Nick 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter takes the ‘Discourse concerning the original and progress of satire’ that prefaced John Dryden’s translations of Juvenal and Persius (1692) as the starting point for a consideration of the relationship between two kinds of criticism: the vernacular English criticism of the early Enlightenment, and the Latinate scholarship of the late Renaissance. Dryden’s later critical prose, and particularly his ‘Discourse’, was self-consciously erudite and historical, based on heavy documentation provided by Dryden’s deep reading in the late humanist commentary tradition, such as Lipsius, Isaac Casaubon, and Daniel Heinsius. Studying Dryden’s uses of late humanist models can therefore help us to answer broader questions about post-Restoration literary criticism. In what ways would it have seemed innovative to contemporary readers? How much did it owe to continental precedents, both past and present? And what uses did it make of new intellectual movements that had challenged the hegemony of humanist scholarship?
New World Writing and Captivity Narratives
Authors: Armstrong Catherine 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The three-quarters of a century following 1640 represent a crucial turning point in the exploration and settlement of the so-called ‘New World’. Correspondingly a new type of prose literature was produced in this period, reflecting England’s growing confidence in conceptually controlling the region, which accompanied her uncertainty about what colony and empire would mean for the mother country. This chapter will discuss two ways of understanding the New World literature written in English, during this period: firstly, the domestic versus imperial discourse and secondly, the flowering of the use of the trope of racial difference used by authors confronting the ‘others’ in the region. During the late seventeenth century, English understanding of native life and culture was greatly influenced by the captivity narrative genre. This chapter shows how captivity narratives occupy a complex position in American and British print culture of the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries.
Periodical Literature
Authors: Cowan Brian 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The periodical journal was an invention of the later Stuart period. Although related to the invention of the newspaper and news writing, periodical writing evolved as a slightly different species. Periodical prose did not just report on the news of the day, it offered commentary on the news. This chapter argues that periodical prose writing emerged out of the exigencies created by the partisan political divisions of the later Stuart era, and that periodicals increasingly shaped the contours of political debate after the Glorious Revolution. It is divided into three sections. It begins by tracing the emergence of periodical prose writing from its origins in civil war era publications. The middle section addresses the efflorescence of periodical writing in the Restoration era from the 1660s through the 1680s. The final section covers the transformation of the English periodical in the decades after the Glorious Revolution.
Pornography
Authors: Gladfelder Hal 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The word pornography is a faux-classical coinage of the nineteenth century. But if the word was unknown to seventeenth-century authors and readers, the Restoration period, and in particular the years 1679–85 during which the Licensing Act was allowed to lapse, saw the emergence of what even at the time was recognized as a modern pornographic canon. Formally, thematically, and linguistically these were hybrid, heterodox works. It was precisely this hybridity, as this chapter argues, that enabled these foundational texts of the new pornographic canon to engage with questions of difference: boundaries between native and foreign, female and male, private and public experience. While many authors of the period, from ballad-mongers to courtier rakehells, continued as in earlier decades to treat erotic and obscene subjects in verse, the modern prose dialogue form offered new ways of thinking about the relationship between subjectivity and sex.
Heresiography and Religious Controversy
Authors: McDowell Nicholas 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The religious and political conflicts of the English Civil Wars remained live issues for Jonathan Swift and his contemporaries, and they returned obsessively to the events, arguments, and also texts of the 1640s and 1650s to fight their ideological battles. The distinctiveness of Swift’s narrative mode in his satires on enthusiasm comes into sharper focus if we compare them with superficially similar examples of polemical prose narrative of the 1640s, when heresiographical writing became one of the most common literary modes of a newly unregulated polemical print culture. A voluminous collection of supposedly ‘real’ anti-sectarian narratives from the 1640s that Swift collected was the most notorious of all the Civil War heresiographies: Gangraena, published in three parts in 1646 by the Presbyterian divine Thomas Edwards. A comparison of Swift’s satires with the best-known English heresiography of the seventeenth century offers another perspective on their provocative and perplexing form.
Continental Influences
Authors: Tadié Alexis 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
While the respective developments of English and French prose in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries have been mapped out, little attention has been paid to the interactions between the two worlds. This chapter argues that in assessing the nature of English prose it is crucial to consider its close connections, contacts, interchanges, and mixing with other parts of Europe at the time, in particular with France. The chapter shows the distinctly European character of English prose. While it first acknowledges attempts to construct a specifically national tradition through difference from and rejection of Continental practices, it then emphasizes the circulation of European, and mainly French, texts in the British Isles in the seventeenth century. The chapter further analyses the constitution of networks of booksellers, translators, writers, and émigrés of one kind or the other, which rested on individuals on both sides of the Channel, who circulated news and publications in different languages. Such complex activities emphasize the importance of cross-Channel exchanges, the interactions between languages, literary circles and traditions, and the extent to which political and social circumstances affected the developments of literary endeavours, the careers of writers, and indeed the language in which they wrote. Finally, these exchanges and contacts were sometimes built on quarrels—as indeed was much of literary life in the early modern period.
Amatory Fiction
Authors: Sanchez Melissa E. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter argues a key affordance of amatory fiction was precisely its ability to call into question the line between truth and fiction, a quality that offered vicarious (contemporary critics would say pornographic) enjoyment in conjuring up otherwise inaccessible private pleasures. Some of the most popular works of the seventeenth century were written, or said to have been written, by women. These works signify a shift from earlier romances in that they not only stress women’s authorial and sexual agency, but also proclaim their status as factual narratives rather than fantastic tales. This attention to the complexity of women’s desires has important implications for our histories of gender, sexuality, genre, and form. In emphasizing female authorship, experience, and readership, as well as in the erotic content of their narratives, amatory fiction challenges cultural ideals of female silence, passivity, and sexual innocence.
Astrophil and Stella
Authors: Bates Catherine 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter considers the way in which Astrophil and Stella draws out the scandal of Petrarch’s Canzoniere. In the fourteenth century, Petrarch had rejected the ideal, Christian model of language inherited from Plato and Augustine as fundamentally antipoetic, presenting in his lyrics an alternative model of language as ‘fallen’, human, and desirous. By the time Sidney was writing, this scandalous aspect of lyric—its propensity to idolatry, its tendency to elevate human art over divine creation, to prioritise the beauties of poetic language over meaning, form over content, wordplay over God’s Word—had been greatly intensified by the Reformation. Sidney meets this challenge head on. If the antipoetic sentiment of his time regarded lyric as foolish, wanton, and vain, he proves them right in the persona of Astrophil, and demonstrates that the language of desire has a beauty, truth, wit, and intelligence all its own.
The Defence of Poesy
Authors: Brljak Vladimir 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Sidney’s Defence of Poesy is the best known and most lastingly influential, yet also the most elusive and contested, work of premodern English literary criticism. Received opinion favours a forward-looking, representatively ‘Renaissance’ or ‘early modern’ Defence, in which a ‘humanist’ Sidney deals a decisive blow to the ‘puritan’ attack on the literary imagination. By contrast, this chapter argues that such readings suppress or misconstrue some of the essay’s key positions and sever it from important segments of its wider intellectual and cultural context. Aimed primarily at the student and the non-specialist, the chapter attempts to provide them with an overview of the work’s critical tradition and a balanced appraisal of Sidney’s often insightful but also deeply conflicted argument, exemplary of the extraordinary ferment as well as the ultimate limitations of European and English literary thought at this important juncture in its history.
Education and Pedagogy
Authors: Knight Sarah 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter discusses the education Sidney received at Shrewsbury School and then at Christ Church, Oxford. Individual tutors and scholars such as Thomas Ashton, as well as networks and friendships formed at school and university, were of great importance throughout Sidney’s career, as were his continental travels and correspondence with a broad range of European scholars after leaving Oxford. The chapter explores how Sidney represents educational processes and contemporary humanist preoccupations throughout his writing, including The Defence of Poesy and The Lady of May, and offer evidence for his language-learning processes, especially in French and Latin, and how such multilingualism helped shape his English writing and polyglot correspondence with scholars such as Camerarius, Clusius, Dorsett, Languet, and Lipsius. It shows how frequently Sidney drew on his humanist education throughout his writing life, not only for imaginative and intertextual sustenance, but also for rhetorical and dialectical structure.
Early Publication
Authors: Davis Joel B. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter traces the early printing history of Philip Sidney’s works, 1586–99, arguing that conflicts within the Stationers’ Company influenced the Sidney canon more than has been recognised and arguably more than the efforts of Mary Sidney Herbert and Fulke Greville. A small network centred on printers John Charlewood and James Roberts and publisher Richard Smith printed unauthorised editions of Sidney’s works, which catalysed William Ponsonby to publish ‘authorised’ editions of Sidney’s works. The competition to print Philip Sidney’s works tangentially influenced efforts by the Stationers’ Company of London and the crown and Court of the Star Chamber to regulate the print trade.
Lyric
Authors: Alexander Gavin 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The five instances of the term lyric in the Defence sketch what Sidney considered to be lyric’s domain; concordances with classical and early modern literary theorists such as Scott help flesh out his theory. The chapter also looks at twenty-first century lyric theory, seeing both what it can tell us about Sidney, and what Sidney can tell us about it. The particular looking backwards and forwards that characterises the European Renaissance made for a dynamic location for the evolution of lyric poetics and practice, and Sidney was at its heart. The chapter looks across the range of Sidney’s poetry (song, sonnet, psalm translation, neoclassical poem), asking questions about its origins, nature, and aims, and examining the ways in which it explores fundamental questions about the nature of lyric genre, music, form, voice, address, persona, authorship, and reading. It focuses in particular on lyric’s intertextuality and lyric theory’s emphasis on dyads and dichotomies.
Prosody
Authors: Stagg Robert 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter tells the story of one of Sidney’s prosodic roads not taken: his experimentation with quantitative verse, i.e., a way of organising the metrical line according to relative syllable-length (as the poets of classical antiquity had done) as opposed to accent or stress (as English poets had typically done). In telling this story, the chapter shows how Edmund Spenser and Gabriel Harvey worked to usher Sidney into the quantitative cause, hoping that, by imitating the ancients in this way, English poetry might gain greater cachet. This served the greater purpose of securing courtly approval for a verse form that could, if followed, have changed the history of English versification altogether.
Sidney and Religion
Authors: Lockey Brian C. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Scholars have traditionally emphasised the Anglocentric and Calvinist influences on what would become Philip Sidney’s so-called Protestant poetics. In contrast, this chapter shows that, while Sidney subscribed to the anti-papal and anti-Spanish views of his uncle Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester, his perspective on sectarianism and Christian unity was more complex and nuanced than once was thought. Sidney’s religious perspective was predominantly shaped by his friendships with such continental luminaries as Hubert Languet and Philippe Du Plessis-Mornay, both of whom were influenced by the post-Lutheran ecumenical approach of Philip Melanchthon. This chapter shows that Sidney’s Protestant outlook was both ecumenical and cosmopolitan and that, despite his deep antipathy for the papacy and the Church of Rome, his fictional writings betray a grudging respect for traditional Roman Catholic conceptions of Christendom and Christian unity.
Sidney and Philosophy
Authors: Mack Michael 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In the Defence, Sidney satirises contemporary moral philosophy but shows great esteem for ancient philosophers, Plato and Aristotle in particular. Sidney argues that their doctrines, properly understood, support his own theory of poetic making. This chapter examines Sidney’s understanding of Plato and Aristotle and shows how it is shaped by classical intermediaries such as Cicero, Plutarch, and Renaissance interpreters including Pietro Bembo and Julius Caesar Scaliger. This analysis of his philosophical sources brings Sidney’s own Christian Neoplatonism into sharper focus. In Astrophil and Stella, Sidney incorporates Castiglione’s account of Platonic love as a subtext for the sequence’s extended presentation of the psychology of akrasia. While the limitations of Sidney’s knowledge of Plato and Aristotle are evident in both the Defence and Astrophil and Stella, they are overshadowed by Sidney’s innovative genius in these monumental landmarks of literary theory and practice.
Sidney and Logic
Authors: Luis-Martínez Zenón 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The role of logic in Sidney’s works must be understood in light of his meeting with Petrus Ramus in 1572 and the Ramist innovations undertaken by Cambridge scholars like Abraham Fraunce and William Temple in the early 1580s under Sidney’s aegis. This chapter traces that context to appraise William Temple’s commentary of the logical shortcomings of The Defence of Poesy as a critique of Sidneian aesthetics that fails to recognise Sidney’s refusal to take formal logic entirely seriously. It then moves to the uses of logic in Sidney’s literary practice, ranging from parody in The Lady of May, playful inquiry into ideas of natural reasoning in the Old Arcadia, or blatant distortions of syllogistic disposition in Astrophil and Stella, to more serious treatments of Ramist method in the metaphrases of the Psalms and the New Arcadia. The chapter closes by imagining William Scott’s The Model of Poesy (c.1599) as a post-Sidneian synthesis of the encounters between logic and poetry.
Sidney and Politics
Authors: Crowley Timothy D. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Philip Sidney’s life cannot be separated from international politics of the 1570s and 1580s. This chapter surveys and reassesses diverse scholarly approaches to Sidney’s political career in relation to the question of political theory implicit within his Arcadia. On Sidney’s political activity, dominant biographical premises of the late twentieth century need to be reconciled more precisely with documentary evidence of royal favour and with current historiography regarding the foreign policy of Elizabeth I and her inner regime. On political theory, the hermeneutic terms of a long-standing debate should be adjusted regarding law and religion, so as to identify more precisely intellectual convergence and divergence between specific sixteenth-century theories associated and dissociated with Sidney’s thought in modern scholarship. Here new analysis of the Arcadia’s texts focuses on their nuanced representations of sovereignty and rebellion, whereby Sidney’s fiction conveys a political perspective that extends the Lutheran legacy of Philip Melanchthon while both qualifying and complementing it with a legal particularism reminiscent of Jean Bodin’s political thought.
Sidney and the Colonies
Authors: Hadfield Andrew 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
As the son of the Lord Deputy of Ireland and Lord President of Wales, Philip Sidney spent his life immersed in the culture of colonial expansion and colonial government and he was involved in a number of high profile and important colonial ventures. However, although he understood the arguments for colonialism and was able to deploy them in his writings, it is likely that his interest in establishing colonies was of secondary importance to his conviction that the main issue for English Protestants in the late sixteenth century was the need to combat the power of Spain and the Spanish Empire. This chapter outlines relevant events in Sidney’s life; explores the signs of colonial thought in Sidney’s writings; and provides a more sustained analysis of his ‘Discourse of Irish Affairs’, as well as Fulke Greville’s recollections of Sidney’s interest in colonialism in ‘A Dedication to Sir Philip Sidney’.
Sidney and Maps
Authors: Barrett Chris 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Sidney’s writing career unfolded amid a sixteenth-century sea change in England’s relationship to cartography. The arrival in Britain of what historians of cartography call the Cartographic Revolution altered the day-to-day workings of private life, as well as of politics, diplomacy, travel, military activity, and the arts: all of these dimensions of Sidney’s public career. This chapter offers a brief introduction to the ways a sudden influx of new cartographic technologies and materials overhauled personal and professional endeavours in Sidney’s England. Examining several of Sidney’s works (including Astrophil and Stella, various letters, the New Arcadia, and The Defence of Poesy), this chapter considers how Sidney’s writings index and grapple with the implications of the Cartographic Revolution’s effects, especially as pertains to the references to maps and other geographic and cartographic works in Sidney’s oeuvre.
Sidney and Patronage
Authors: McCabe Richard A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Despite his reputation as ‘a general Maecenas of learning’, Philip Sidney was a relatively impecunious client of the crown living upon elusive expectations of appointment and inheritance. This chapter explores that paradox, examining the corpus of contemporary literary dedications and related materials to analyse the construction of his public persona and the dynamics of the various social networks he exploited to project and sustain it. Although ideally operating as a ‘gift economy’, and articulated through the rhetoric of friendship and reciprocity, Sidney’s patronage is argued to have entailed a complex negotiation between economic and cultural capital that was seldom altruistic on either part yet sufficiently effective to work to the advantage of both.
Certain Sonnets
Authors: Marquis Paul A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Sidney’s poems are found in fifteen manuscripts. The Clifford MS, compiled in 1581, and the Bodleian MS, compiled later but before Astrophil and Stella in 1582, contain the poems published by Mary Sidney in 1598. The manuscripts include radically different verse arrangements. Is there an obvious ‘idea or fore-conceit’ to either of these works? The theoretical problems involved in reading poems in sequence provide a context in which to consider Sidney’s comments in The Defence of Poesy where he considers the excellence of three mid-Tudor verse compilations that employ what he calls ‘poetical sinews [ … ] ordering at the first what should be at the last’. This criterion, among others in the Defence, provide the basis for a close reading of the various structural and thematic links in the Clifford and the Bodleian manuscripts and suggest how their architektonike trajectories lead naturally to the composition of Astrophil and Stella in 1582.
Politics in Provinces and Water Authorities in the Netherlands
Authors: Binnema Harmen , Vollaard Hans 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The Dutch provinces and water authorities are situated between national government and municipal governments. Water authorities are single-purpose jurisdictions for water management, whereas provinces are general-purpose jurisdictions with a focus on issues such as spatial planning, nature conservation, and regional economic development. In political science, only limited research has been done into provinces and water authorities. They face three challenges worth exploring. First, they are enmeshed in multilevel policy networks with public and private actors, in which they struggle to uphold their effectiveness and legitimacy. Their democratic quality constitutes a second challenge, as they are unknown and little appreciated by inhabitants. Citizen participation is low and electoral turnout mainly increases when more is at stake in national politics. Finally, doubts about their added value in policy networks and their democratic quality have been recurring motives to discuss the raison d’être of provinces and water authorities, despite their ancient roots.