bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Standard operating procedures for clinical research personnel – part 8
Authors: Bohaychuk Wendy , Ball Graham 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis is the eighth in a series of articles containing proposals for wording and content of standard operating procedures (SOPs) for clinical research activities conducted by sponsors and Contract Research Organisations (CROs). The procedures include those required by the International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), many other guidelines and regulations, and ‘best practice’ observed by the authors. The model forms require modification for actual use. In this article, SOPs are presented for the management of case report forms (CRFs) including preparation (SOP 310), review, approval and amendment (SOP 311) and printing and distribution (SOP 312). SOPs are also presented for compilation of documents for submission to regulatory authorities (SOP 313) and documentation of review and approval by regulatory authorities. (The full text of all 101 SOPs is available from the authors.) Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Substituent effects on inversion motion of 4‐silatriafulvene derivatives: An ab initio MO study
Authors: Takahashi Masae , Sakamoto Kenkichi , Kira Mitsuo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe structure and spectroscopic characteristics of various 4‐silamethylenecyclopropene (4‐silatriafulvene) derivatives were investigated using ab initio MO calculations. The minimum energy geometries of all of the derivatives studied here were trans‐bent around the SiC double bond, and the planar structures were found to be the transition states for the inversion motion between the two equivalent bent structures. The barriers were very low to allow facile inversion at room temperature. It was found that silyl substitution at the unsaturated silicon lowered the barrier height of the inversion motion. Significant differences were found in the calculated absorption maxima and 29Si NMR chemical shifts between the planar and trans‐bent 4‐silatriafulvene derivatives, which suggested significant temperature dependence in the spectra. All of these features were in good agreement with the experimental results for a 4‐silatriafulvene derivative, 1,2‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4,4‐bis(tert‐butyldimethylsilyl)‐4‐silamethylenecyclopropene, that we recently isolated. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem 84: 198–207, 2001
Preliminary study of the analysis of oligogalacturonic acids by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhu Liang , Lee Hian Kee 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDuring systematic studies of the behavior of oligogalacturonic acids (OGAs) under different conditions using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS), cation adduction, fragmentation and non‐covalent binding were found to be the three major problems that compromised the analysis of OGAs by ESI‐MS. By adjusting solution components, capillary temperature and capillary voltage in the ESI source, an optimized condition was found that gave a clean and clear spectrum of trigalacturonic acid. A direct injection ESI‐MS technique based on the use of aqueous acetonitrile and acetic acid and triethylamine (TEA) as modifiers has been applied to analyze a mixture including mono‐, di‐ and trigalacturonic acids, which will facilitate further applications of ESI‐MS in the analysis of mixtures of OGAs. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gas chromatography/negative‐ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry for the quantitative analysis of morphine in human plasma using pentafluorobenzyl carbonate derivatives
Authors: Leis H. J. , Windischhofer W. , Fauler G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA sensitive and specific method for the quantitative determination of morphine in human plasma is presented. Morphine was extracted from plasma by solid phase extraction on C18 and converted to its pentafluorobenzyl carbonate trimethylsilyl derivative. The derivatives were analysed without further purification. Using gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry, a useful diagnostic fragment ion at m/z 356 is obtained at high relative abundance. Deuterated morphine was used as internal standard. Calibration graphs were linear within the range 1.25 to 320 nmol/L. Intra‐day precision was 3.82% (15 nmol/L), 2.85% (75 nmol/L) and 4.13% (225 nmol/L), inter‐day variability was found to be 1.77% (15 nmol/L), 4.95% (75 nmol/L) and 9.88% (225 nmol/L). Inter‐day accuracy showed deviations of 2.18% (15 nmol/L), −0.72% (75 nmol/L) and −0.13% (225 nmol/L). The method is rugged and robust and has been applied to the batch analysis of morphine during pharmacokinetic profiling of the drug. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HIV integrase as a target for antiviral chemotherapy
Authors: Nair Vasu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOne of the three key enzymes encoded by the pol gene of HIV is a Mr 32 000 protein called HIV integrase. This viral enzyme is involved in the integration of HIV DNA into host chromosomal DNA. There appears to be no functional equivalent of the enzyme in human cells. The biochemical mechanism of integration of HIV DNA into the host cell genome involves a carefully defined sequence of DNA tailoring (3′‐processing) and coupling (joining or integration) reactions. In spite of some effort in this area targeted at the discovery of therapeutically useful inhibitors of this viral enzyme, there are no drugs for HIV/AIDS in clinical use where the mechanism of action is inhibition of HIV integrase. Thus, new knowledge on inhibitors of this enzyme is of critical importance in the anti‐HIV drug discovery area. The focus of this review will be on several classes of compounds, including nucleotides, dinucleotides, oligonucleotides and miscellaneous small molecules such as heterocyclic systems, natural products, diketo acids and sulfones, that have been discovered as inhibitors of HIV integrase. Special emphasis in the review will be placed on discoveries from my laboratory on HIV integrase inhibitors that are non‐natural, nuclease‐resistant dinucleotides. Comments on future directions and the prospects for developing integrase inhibitors as therapeutic antiviral agents are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An application of dynamic positioning control using wave feed forward
Authors: Aalbers A. B. , Tap R. F. , Pinkster J. A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe paper presents the results of model tests for a large tanker in which wave drift force feed forward was applied in the dynamic positioning control system. The estimation method of the nonlinear (second order) wave drift forces from the measurement of relative water motions at the side of a ship hull is presented. The estimated wave drift forces are used in the DP control system, to enhance the filter process of the extended Kalman filter, and in the required thruster set‐points. The EKF uses the nonlinear equations of low‐frequency ship motions on the horizontal plane, which are also presented.The results of the model tests show that the use of wave drift force feed forward significantly improves the positioning accuracy in sea states with 3.5 m significant wave height or higher. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust trajectory control in the workspace of a class of flexible robots
Authors: Bigras Pascal , Saad Maarouf , O'Shea Jules 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper presents a robust indirect adaptive controller for a class of robots which have a flexible beam as last link. Since the relation between the joint space and the workspace depends on both the kinematics and the dynamics, a virtual joint space is defined so as to be related kinematically to the workspace. In fact, the transformation is defined from the virtual joint space to the joint and deformation spaces. Since the robot is a non‐minimum‐phase system in the virtual joint space, the transformation is obtained, in‐line by the iterative use of the causal–anticausal approach. Based on that transformation, a robust adaptive controller can be designed to ensure robust and fast convergence of the tracking error in the joint, deformation and virtual joint spaces. The controller thus obtained is simulated for a manipulator having one rigid and one flexible link. The simulation results demonstrate the good performances and the robustness of the system. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis of Rabin's irreducibility test for polynomials over finite fields
Authors: Panario Daniel , Pittel Boris , Richmond Bruce , Viola Alfredo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe give a precise average‐case analysis of Rabin's algorithm for testing the irreducibility of polynomials over finite fields. The main technical contribution of the article is the study of the probability that a random polynomial of degree n contains an irreducible factor of degree dividing several maximal divisors of the degree n. We then study the expected value and the variance of the number of operations performed by the algorithm. We present an exact analysis when n=p1 and n=p1p2 for p1, p2 prime numbers, and an asymptotic analysis for the general case. Our method generalizes to other algorithms that deal with similar divisor conditions. In particular, we analyze the average‐case number of operations for two variants of Rabin's algorithm, and determine the ordering of prime divisors of n that minimizes the leading factor. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 19: 525–551, 2001
Complex instructional analogies and theoretical concept acquisition in college genetics
Authors: Baker William P. , Lawson Anton E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study investigated the role of complex instructional analogies on concept acquisition in an introductory college genetics course. The question of whether concept acquisition can be facilitated by use of complex instructional analogies was addressed using an experimental treatment and control group design. The experimental and control group students were administered a pretest of scientific reasoning and genetics knowledge to be used as covariates. The role of complex analogies on student attitude was also evaluated. Experimental treatment included complex instructional analogies. The control group received expository instruction alone. Achievement was assessed by use of eight weekly quizzes. Significant differences in student achievement were found in favor of the experimental group. However, the analogies did not appear to overcome the need for higher‐order reasoning skills as the more skilled experimental group students performed significantly better than their less skilled peers. The attitude survey indicated that the majority of experimental group students believed that analogy‐based instruction was beneficial. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed 85:665–683, 2001.
A family of projection learnings
Authors: Hirabayashi Akira , Ogawa Hidemitsu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper discusses the learning problem of obtaining good generalization capability from a given set of training examples when the space to which a target function belongs is known. One of the present authors, H. Ogawa, proposed the concepts of projection learning (PL), partial projection learning (PTPL), and averaged projection learning (APL). He also devised the concept of a family of projection learnings consisting of infinitely many kinds of learnings including PL, PTPL, and APL. It provides a framework to discuss infinite kinds of learnings in a unified way. Although a couple of definitions were given for the family of projection learnings, they are still unsatisfactory for further development of the theory. In this paper, we propose a more natural definition of the family of projection learnings and consolidate a foundation of the theory of a family of projection learnings. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 32(5): 21–35, 2001
Genetic relaxed iterative Fourier transform algorithm for image reconstruction from Fourier transform magnitude
Authors: Yoshimori Susumu , Terauchi Atsushi , Takashima Yoshinao , Omatu Shigeru 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper proposes an algorithm for image reconstruction from the Fourier transform magnitude by means of a genetic algorithm. Since the iterative Fourier transform algorithm involves repetitive application of constraints in the image domain and Fourier domain, correct image reconstruction is not necessarily achieved, and incorrect images may be obtained at certain initial settings (stagnation phenomenon). This study offers a solution to this stagnation problem, specifically, the genetic relaxed iterative Fourier transform algorithm. In it, genetic operations (selection, crossover, and mutation) are employed to avoid stagnation. Computer simulations show that the proposed algorithm is free of stagnation: that is, correct image reconstruction is obtained irrespective of the initial settings. In addition, the proposed algorithm proves faster than the conventional iterative Fourier transform algorithm, and the initial settings are easy to choose because the parameters do not depend on the image features. In this study, binary images are considered. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 32(5): 55–63, 2001
Structural freehand pattern identification based on drawing manner identification
Authors: Tsujii Shinya , Tanaka Naozumi , Saga Sato 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper proposes a structural freehand pattern identification method for the handwritten input interface of a CAD system. In this method, a handwritten curve is described as a fuzzy symbol by recognizing it as a geometrical curve primitive, then structural matching is applied to the symbol. The system consists of two parts: the fuzzy spline curve identification (FSCI) method and the fuzzy attribute graph (FAG) method. The system uses a hierarchical approach which aims at the construction of a general‐purpose kind of freehand pattern identification. This paper includes the results of experiments on the basic performance of the method. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 32(6): 45–54, 2001
One‐dimensional resolution improvement of images in time series by genetic algorithm
Authors: Mori Kunihiko , Minamimoto Jun‐ichi , Fuchida Takayasu , Murashima Sadayuki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSeveral frame images in a time series that can be taken by a TV camera system under specified conditions can be given improved one‐dimensional resolution by solving a recurrence formula or by an inverse‐filtering method. It appears that one‐dimensional resolution improvement is the same as the problem of optimum search satisfying given conditions for the images in a time series. It is known that genetic algorithms are extremely effective in optimum search problems. In this paper, a genetic algorithm is investigated for one‐dimensional improvement of the resolution of images in a time series. Some experimental results are presented. Also, it is shown that the proposed method is effective for improvement of the resolution of images in time series with noise. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 32(7): 12–19, 2001
Crystal orientation effects on sputtering and depth resolution in GDOES
Authors: Chen L. , Simmonds M. C. , Habesch S. , Rodenburg J. M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe investigate crystal orientation effects in the sputtering rate of pure iron in glow discharge optical emission spectrometry (GDOES). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical profilometry and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) are used to investigate details of the surface structure and to correlate the depth of burn—and hence sputtering rate—with the crystallography of the sample. The microstructure of the sputtered crater bottom is classified into three types: ‘rough’, ‘concaved’ and ‘smooth’. It was found that there is a correlation between the crystal orientation normal to the surface, the resulting surface texture and the sputtering rate: ‘rough’ texture results from a crystallographic pole of [111] normal to the surface; ‘concaved’ texture is close to [001]; and ‘smooth’ tends to be between [111] and [001]. It was found that the average sputtered depth of the micro‐areas close to [001] pole is deeper than that of those close to [111]. Implications for the depth resolution in GDOES are discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ToF‐SIMS analysis of friction surfaces tested with mixtures of a phosphite and a friction modifier
Authors: Murase Atsushi , Ohmori Toshihide 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe adsorption behaviour of a mixture of lubricant additives onto ferrous materials has been investigated by time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS). Six mixtures were made by mixing one of two types of phosphites and one of three types of friction modifiers for subjecting to lubrication tests. By ToF‐SIMS analysis of the friction surfaces tested with these mixtures, the following conclusions were obtained. Adsorption of palmitic acid and glycerol monooleate was inhibited in the presence of phosphites, but the adsorption of oleyl amine was not inhibited by the phosphites. On the other hand, the reaction of tri‐n‐butylphosphite was inhibited in the presence of oleyl amine, but for other mixed systems no inhibition of the reaction of phosphites by a friction modifier was observed. Except for oleyl amine mixed systems, the amount of reaction product of the phosphites was found to be correlated to the lubrication properties for all of the other mixture systems. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simple procedure to compute the sample size needed to compare two independent groups when the population variances are unequal
Authors: Singer Júlia 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe usual methods of sample size determination which assume the homogeneity of within‐group variances are not sufficiently robust against the violation of this assumption. A method using Satterthwaite's correction for unequal variances is given. It is shown that in the case of unequal variances the minimum total sample size is attained when the allocation ratio is equal to the proportion of the standard deviations. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Displaying clinical data relationships using scaled rectangle diagrams
Authors: Marshall Roger J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA method is presented to draw rectangles to represent categorical data relationships. The idea is an adaptation of a scaled Venn diagram. Rectangles are drawn with area proportional to the frequency of categories and the rectangles are positioned to overlap each other so that the areas of overlap are in proportion to the joint frequencies of the characteristics. The diagrams are especially useful to illustrate symptom co‐occurrence. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Job stress, work satisfaction and physician militancy
Authors: Burke Ronald J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe introduction of a national health care system in Canada has resulted in regular and increasing conflict between the medical profession, government and other political actors. The present study utilizes as stressor–strain framework to understand physician militancy in Canada. Data were collected from 2087 male and female physicians using questionnaires completed anonymously. A research model was developed and tested using LISREL. Work experiences and gender served as exogenous variables, professional stress and work satisfaction served as endogenous variables, and support for withdrawal of non‐emergency services and for reconstitution as labour unions served as outcome measures. The data provided a good fit to the research model. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
JGAP: a Java‐based graph algorithms platform
Authors: Chen Ding‐Yi , Chuang Tyng‐Ruey , Tsai Shi‐Chun 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe describe JGAP, a web‐based platform for designing and implementing Java‐coded graph algorithms. The platform contains a library of common data structures for implementing graph algorithms, features a ‘plug‐and‐play’ modular design for adding new algorithm modules, and includes a performance meter to measure the execution time of implemented algorithms. JGAP is also equipped with a graph editor to generate and modify graphs to have specific properties. JGAP's graphic user interface further allows users to compose, in a functional way, computation sequences from existing algorithm modules so that output from an algorithm is used as input for another algorithm. Hence, JGAP can be viewed as a visual graph calculator for helping experiment with and teach graph algorithm design. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some perils of performance prediction: a case study on pattern matching
Authors: Fenwick Peter 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecent experience with string searching or pattern matching algorithms revealed wide discrepancies between predicted and observed performance. Further observations on a variety of computers revealed even greater variations between those algorithms on different computers. These observations are collected here as an example of problems in real‐world comparison of algorithms. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A general purpose font module for multilingual application programs
Authors: Kakugawa H. , Nishikimi M. , Takahashi N. , Tomura S. , Handa K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMultilingual information processing technology has enabled us to handle the text of many languages and scripts. Technical difficulties, however, still remain in the field of displaying and printing text. Windowing systems and printers often lack support for scripts that are not widely used and there has been no simple and flexible remedy for this problem.In this paper, we describe the general font module VFlib for multilingual text. VFlib knows how fonts are represented in different font formats and obtains glyphs as bitmap images from various font files. As VFlib provides a unified interface for font access, application programs can employ many font types without handling their details.We have also implemented previewers and printer drivers that use VFlib as the font retrieval module. These application programs include a program named ps‐multi that prints multi‐script text created with the multilingual text editor Emacs version 20 or later. From our experiences of implementing these application programs, we believe that VFlib is a simple and powerful solution for multi‐script text printing and displaying. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.