bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Response of developing cultured freshwater gill epithelia to gradual apical media dilution and hormone supplementation
Authors: Zhou Bingsheng , Kelly Scott P. , Wood Chris M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe investigated gradual dilution of the apical medium (Leibovitz's L15 to fresh water [FW], analogous to gradual reduction in environmental salinity) and basolateral hormone support on the electrophysiological and ion‐transporting properties of “developing” FW trout gill epithelia cultured on filter inserts. Epithelia were of the double‐seeded type, containing both pavement cells and mitochondria‐rich cells. In these experiments we were able to circumvent “symmetrical development” (typically L15 apical/L15 basolateral for 6–9 days) by commencing dilution of apical media (unchanged L15 basolateral, i.e., asymmetrical conditions) at culture‐day 3, the time when transepithelial resistance (TER) and potential (TEP) would normally be increasing rapidly under symmetrical conditions. In Series 1 (without basolateral hormone support), epithelia were exposed to progressively diluted apical media (100%, 75%, 50% L15) at 24‐hr intervals, thereafter cultured in 50% L15 apical media for 4 days, and then in apical FW. In Series 2, epithelia were exposed to progressively diluted apical media (100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, 12.5% L15, and FW) at 24‐hr intervals with physiologically relevant doses of cortisol (500 ng ml−1), prolactin (50 ng ml−1), or cortisol + prolactin (500 ng ml−1+50 ng ml−1, respectively) added to basolateral media (100% L15). In Series 1, TER reached a plateau phase over 25 kΩ cm2 under 50% L15/L15 culture conditions (after 4 days of culture) but fell to ∼6 kΩ cm2 after 24 hr in FW/L15 conditions. In Series 2, TER stabilized at 4–11 kΩ cm2 depending on treatment. In general, apical media dilution during epithelial development was well tolerated. Preparations exhibited continued integrity right down to apical FW, indicated by only modest increases in net ion losses (i.e., basolateral to apical movement of ions), relatively stable TER values, and the expected changeover from positive to negative TEP in FW. Cortisol was clearly beneficial to FW adaptation, promoting greater TER, reduced unidirectional and net Na+ and Cl− flux rates, and elevated Na+, K+‐ATPase activity. Prolactin also offered some support, where its actions on TER were less than but additive to those of cortisol. There was no direct evidence that prolactin limited ion movements during gradual dilution. These in vitro studies demonstrate that “developing epithelia” were able to tolerate gradual dilution of apical media, the remarkable barrier properties of gill epithelia, and the importance of cortisol and prolactin in promoting integrity of this barrier during FW adaptation. J. Exp. Zool. 301A:867–881, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Constitutive apical membrane recycling in Aplysia enterocytes
Authors: Keeton Robert Aaron , Runge Steven William , Moran William Michael 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIn Aplysia californica enterocytes, alanine‐stimulated Na+ absorption increases both apical membrane exocytosis and fractional capacitance (fCa; a measure of relative apical membrane surface area). These increases are thought to reduce membrane tension during periods of nutrient absorption that cause the enterocytes to swell osmotically. In the absence of alanine, exocytosis and fCa are constant. These findings imply equal rates of constitutive endocytosis and exocytosis and constitutive recycling of the apical plasma membrane. Thus, the purpose of this study was to confirm and determine the relative extent of constitutive apical membrane recycling in Aplysia enterocytes. Biotinylated lectins are commonly used to label plasma membranes and to investigate plasma membrane recycling. Of fourteen biotinylated lectins tested, biotinylated wheat germ agglutinin (bWGA) bound preferentially to the enterocytes apical surface. Therefore, we used bWGA, avidin D (which binds tightly to biotin), and the UV fluorophore 7‐amino‐4‐methylcoumarin‐3‐acetic acid (AMCA)‐conjugated avidin D to assess the extent of constitutive apical membrane recycling. A temperature‐dependent (20 vs. 4°C) experimental protocol employed the use of two tissues from each of five snails and resulted in a ˜60% difference in apical surface fluorescence intensity. Because the extent of membrane recycling is proportional to the difference in surface fluorescence intensity, this difference reveals a relatively high rate of constitutive apical membrane recycling in Aplysia enterocytes. J. Exp. Zool. 301A:857–866, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gustatory responsiveness to monosodium glutamate and sodium chloride in four species of nonhuman primates
Authors: Laska Matthias , Hernandez Salazar Laura Teresa 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe taste responsiveness of six squirrel monkeys, five pigtail macaques, four olive baboons and four spider monkeys to monsodium glutamate (MSG) and to sodium chloride was assessed in two‐bottle preference tests of brief duration (2 min). When given the choice between tap water and defined concentrations of the two tastants dissolved in tap water, the animals were found to significantly discriminate concentrations of MSG as low as 2 mM (spider monkeys and olive baboons), 50 mM (pigtail macaques) and 300 mM (squirrel monkeys) from the solvent. With sodium chloride, taste preference thresholds were found to be 1 mM (spider monkeys), 20 mM (pigtail macaques), 50 mM (olive baboons), and 200 mM (squirrel monkeys), respectively. Across‐species comparisons of the degree of preference for MSG and sodium chloride displayed by the four primate species showed the same order of spider monkeys>olive baboons>pigtail macaques>squirrel monkeys. When presented with equimolar concentrations of different tastants, all four species preferred sucrose as well as a mixture of sucrose and sodium chloride over MSG, and – at least at one concentration – they preferred MSG over sodium chloride. The results support the assertion that the taste responsiveness of the four primate species to MSG and sodium chloride might reflect an evolutionary adaptation to their respective dietary habits. J. Exp. Zool. 301A:898–905, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of starvation on haemolymphatic glucose levels, glycogen contents and nucleotidase activities in different tissues of Helix aspersa (Müller, 1774) (mollusca, gastropoda)
Authors: Borges Eliane , Vuaden Fernanda Cenci , Cognato Giana De Paula , Fauth Maria Da Graça , Bonan Carla Denise , Turcato Guendalina , Rossi Isabel Cristina Da Costa , Dias Renato Dutra 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIn the present study, the glucose concentration in the haemolymph and glycogen levels were determined in the various body parts of the Helix aspersa snail after feeding lettuce ad libitum and after various periods of starvation. To characterize the effect of starvation on nucleotidase activity, enzyme assays were performed on membranes of the nervous ganglia and digestive gland. Results demonstrated the maintenance of the haemolymph glucose concentration for up to 30 days of starvation, probably due to the consumption of glycogen from the mantle. In the nervous ganglia, depletion of glycogen occurs progressively during the different periods of starvation. No significant changes were observed on ATP and ADP hydrolysis in the membranes of nervous ganglia and no alterations in Ca2+‐ ATPase and Mg2+‐ATPase occurred in the membranes of the digestive gland of H. aspersa during the different periods of starvation. Although there were no changes in the enzyme activities during starvation, they could be modulated by effectors in situ with concomitant changes in products/reactants during starvation. J. Exp. Zool. 301A:891–897, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Explaining organizational change in international development: the role of complexity in anti‐corruption work
Authors: Michael Bryane 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWhat explains the rapid expansion of programmes undertaken by donor agencies which may be labelled as ‘anti‐corruption programmes’ in the 1990s? There are four schools of anti‐corruption project practice: universalistic, state‐centric, society‐centric, and critical schools of practice. Yet, none can explain the expansion of anti‐corruption projects. A ‘complexity perspective’ offers a new framework for looking at such growth. Such a complexity perspective addresses how project managers, by strategically interacting, can create emergent and evolutionary expansionary self‐organisation. Throughout the ‘first wave’ of anti‐corruption activity in the 1990s, such self‐organization was largely due to World Bank sponsored national anti‐corruption programmes. More broadly, the experience of the first wave of anti‐corruption practice sheds light on development theory and practice—helping to explain new development practice with its stress on multi‐layeredness, participation, and indigenous knowledge. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The gathering storm: AIDS policy in China
Authors: Xiaoquan Zhang Heather 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis article offers an overview of the AIDS situation in China and analyses the Chinese official responses to the AIDS threat since 1985. It decomposes China's AIDS policy into two phases: a period with institutional inertia featured during the initial phase; and a recent period when the official stance on AIDS demonstrates stronger political will and commitment. The article particularly examines an unusual mode of HIV transmission in China, i.e. through unsafe, unregulated blood collection, to highlight the point that vulnerability to HIV/AIDS has been aggravated in a wider context of transition and worsening inequality. The article also compares policies for tacking AIDS with those for tackling SARS, and suggests lessons that can be learnt. It argues that despite recent positive developments, AIDS needs to be confronted more forcefully through an integrated approach that incorporates broader and fundamental development issues. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Challenges to treatment: the price‐infrastructure trap and access to HIV/AIDS drugs
Authors: Shadlen Kenneth C. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe paper draws attention to broad issues in international political economy that affect responses to the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the developing world. I argue that stable access to affordable medicines is essential for developing countries to tackle HIV/AIDS epidemics. Developing countries must overcome the ‘price–infrastructure trap’, where high prices reduce the feasibility of scaling‐up treatment programmes, reduced feasibility of treatment decreases the incentives to invest in public health infrastructure, and poor public health infrastructure makes even limited treatment programs less effective than they could otherwise be. I examine four mechanisms for increasing developing countries' access to affordable drugs. I consider the political economy obstacles to scaling up treatment based on each of these mechanisms, with particular attention paid to the impediments posed by the new global regime on intellectual property rights. I show how each mechanism remains inadequate for realizing the central objective, that of achieving sufficient stability of supply so to stimulate domestic mobilization of resources and thereby escape from the price‐infrastructure trap. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stability of sorbates in the presence of EDTA: effect of pH, packaging material and sequestrant level
Authors: Castro Marcela P , Gerschenson Lía N , Campos Carmen A 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe effect of pH (3.5 or 5.0), packaging material (glass or polyethylene terephthalate, PET) and EDTA level (0.075 or 0.500 g kg−1) on sorbate stability in model aqueous systems was studied. At pH 3.5, the addition of 0.075 or 0.500 g kg−1 of EDTA showed a protective effect on sorbate stability in both types of packaging materials studied. In contrast, at pH 5.0 and using PET flasks, no effect of EDTA was observed. However, when the systems were packed in glass, EDTA presence increased sorbate degradation. The latter trend might be attributed to the greater iron scavenging ability exhibited by EDTA in those conditions. According to observed trends, in order to minimize sorbate destruction at pH 3.5, the use of glass flasks is recommended and an EDTA level of 0.075 g kg−1. At pH 5.0, however, it is better to use PET flasks, and in these conditions EDTA addition did not influence preservative destruction. The results stress the importance of considering the interactions between system pH, additives, level of use and packaging material in relation to food stability of new formulated products. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Fractionation of angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory activity from pea and whey protein in vitro gastrointestinal digests
Authors: Vermeirssen Vanessa , Van Camp John , Verstraete Willy 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIn vitro gastrointestinal digestion of pea and whey protein produced high angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 0.070 and 0.041 mg protein ml−1 respectively. Ultrafiltration/centrifugation using a membrane with a molecular weight cut‐off of 3000 Da decreased the IC50 value to 0.055 mg protein ml−1 for pea permeate and 0.014 mg protein ml−1 for whey permeate. Further fractionation by reverse phase HPLC gave IC50 values as low as 0.016 mg protein ml−1 for pea and 0.003 mg protein ml−1 for whey. Consequently, these purification steps enriched the ACE inhibitory activity of the pea digest more than four times and that of the whey digest more than 13 times. HPLC profiles after digestion and ultrafiltration indicate that high ACE inhibitory activity is due to short and more hydrophobic peptides. The results also suggest that potent ACE inhibitory peptides were present alongside low active peptides in whey hydrolysate, while all peptides had more or less the same ACE inhibitory activity in pea hydrolysate. In addition, the hydrolysates and enriched fractions will resist in vivo gastrointestinal digestion after oral administration. Hence these ACE inhibitory peptides, as part of functional foods, can play significant roles in the prevention and treatment of hypertension. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
A review of current applications of mass spectrometry for biomarker/molecular tracer elucidations
Authors: Simoneit Bernd R.T. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractMass spectrometry, especially coupled with gas chromatography or tandem, is the analytical method of choice in elucidations of biomarker compounds present in organic mixtures extracted from geological, environmental, or biological samples. This review describes the biomarker concept; i.e., the precursor natural products to the geological/environmental derivatives, and their application as tracers in the geosphere and ambient environment. The mass spectrometric methods currently utilized for such analyses are reviewed, and typical examples of applications are described with a general key to the literature. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 24:719–765, 2005
Fibrotic valvular heart disease is not related to chemical class but to biological function: 5‐HT2B receptor activation plays crucial role
Authors: Horowski Reinhard , Jähnichen Sven , Pertz Heinz H. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractCompanion letters have been published in this issue of Movement Disorders: Chaudhuri et al., pp 1522–1523, and Rascol et al., pp 1524–1525.
Valvular heart disease and fibrotic reactions may be related to ergot dopamine agonists, but non‐ergot agonists may also not be spared
Authors: Chaudhuri K. Ray , Dhawan Vandena , Basu Sumit , Jackson Gordon , Odin Per 
Published: November 2004

AbstractCompanion letters have been published in this issue of Movement Disorders: Horowski et al., pp 1523–1524, and Rascol et al., pp 1524–1525.
Evaluation of an antibiotic intravenous to oral sequential therapy program
Authors: Pablos Ana I. , Escobar Ismael , Albiñana Sandra , Serrano Olga , Ferrari José M. , de Tejada Alberto Herreros 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAimThis study was designed to analyse the drug consumption difference and economic impact of an antibiotic sequential therapy focused on quinolones.MethodWe studied the consumption of quinolones (ofloxacin/levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin) 6 months before and after the implementation of a sequential therapy program in hospitalised patients. It was calculated for each antibiotic, in its oral and intravenous forms, in defined daily dose (DDD/100 stays per day) and economical terms (drug acquisition cost). At the beginning of the program ofloxacin was replaced by levofloxacin and, since their clinical uses are similar, the consumption of both drugs was compared during the period.ResultsIn economic terms, the consumption of intravenous quinolones decreased 60% whereas the consumption of oral quinolones increased 66%. In DDD/100 stays per day, intravenous forms consumption decreased 53% and oral forms consumption increased 36%.ConclusionsFocusing on quinolones, the implementation of a sequential therapy program based on promoting an early switch from intravenous to oral regimen has proved its capacity to alter the utilisation profile of these antibiotics. The program has permitted the hospital a global saving of $41 420 for these drugs during the period of time considered. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ionic and excited species in irradiated poly(dimethylsiloxane) doped with pyrene
Authors: Szadkowska‐Nicze M. , Mayer J. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe influence of temperature (77–230 K) on the fate of pyrene (Py) radical ions and Py excited states in irradiated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) doped with Py is described. At 77 K, the Py radical ions seem to be stable, whereas the Py excited states [fluorescence (λ = 395 nm) and phosphorescence (λ = 575–650 nm)] are generated via tunneling charge transfer. In the range of the glass‐transition temperature (Tg = 152–153 K), the Py radical ions start to decay, taking part in a recombination process and leading to the Py monomer and Py excimer fluorescence (λ = 475 nm). The wavelength‐selected radiothermoluminescence (WS RTL) observed at approximately 395, 475, and 600 nm has helped us to identify the Tg range (152–153 K). The absorption maximum at approximately 404 nm, found in the temperature range under consideration, is thought to represent PyH•, cyclohexadienyl‐type radicals produced as a result of the reaction of Py•− with protonated PDMS macromolecules. With the initial‐rise method of evaluating the activation energy (Ea) with the WS RTL peaks observed in the Tg range, Ea values of 123–151 kJ mol−1 have been found. Such high Ea values can be explained by the contribution of energy connected to the molecular relaxation of the matrix in the Tg range. The well‐known Williams–Landel–Ferry equation, with universal constants C1 = 17.4 and C2 = 12.7, has been successfully applied to the interpretation of old pulse‐radiolysis/viscosity data found for crosslinked PDMS doped with Py. The mechanisms involved in these phenomena are discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 6125–6133, 2004
Real‐time monitoring of the ring‐opening polymerization of rac‐lactide with in situ attenuated total reflectance/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with conduit and diamond‐composite sensor technology
Authors: Messman Jamie M. , Storey Robson F. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractPolymerization rates were proportional to initial Sn(Oct)2 concentration at low [Sn(Oct)2]0/[PrOH]0 values, but began to level off at higher values. When [Sn(Oct)2]0/[PrOH]0 was significantly greater than unity, the opposite behavior occurred. Tin(II) alkoxide concentration became limited by the initial PrOH concentration and independent of initial Sn(Oct)2 concentration. Addition of 2‐ethylhexanoic acid caused polymerization rate retardation, without affecting molecular weight. A control polymerization was conducted in the absence of PrOH. The molecular weight of the resulting polymer was consistent with the measured water content (3.7 wt % by Karl Fisher titration) of the as‐received Sn(Oct)2. The polymerization rate in the absence of PrOH was slow, and this suggested that water is less efficient than an alcohol in creating polymerization‐active stannyl ether bonds. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 6238–6247, 2004
New insights into Hansen's solubility parameters
Authors: Ho Derek L. , Glinka Charles J. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractCorrelations among the three components, δd2 (dispersion), δh2 (hydrogen‐bonding), and δp2 (polar) that make up the Hansen solubility parameter equation, δo2 = δd2 + δh2 + δp2, have been analyzed for a large number of organic solvents. A relationship is found that enables δh and δp to be estimated if δo and δd are known. This relationship is applied to a variety of common polymers and remarkably good agreement is obtained with tabulated values for δh and δp. Additional correlations are found that can be expressed in approximate functional form. The analysis also reveals relationships, expressed as inequalities, among the parameters that limit their range of possible values. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 4337–4343, 2004
Amine‐cured epoxy/clay nanocomposites. I. Processing and chemical characterization
Authors: Miyagawa Hiroaki , Rich Michael J. , Drzal Lawrence T. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe processing of nanocomposite materials composed of amine‐cured diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) reinforced with organomontmorillonite clay is reported. A novel sample preparation scheme was used to process the modified clay in the glassy epoxy network, resulting in nanocomposites where the clay was both exfoliated and intercalated by the epoxy network. The processing scheme involves sonication of the constituent materials in a solvent, followed by solvent extraction to generate a composite with homogeneous dispersions of the nanoclay. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Fourier transform (FT‐)Raman spectroscopy confirmed that the chemical structure of the epoxy network was not affected by the use of solvents in this processing scheme. The glass‐transition temperature, Tg, linearly increased with an increased weight ratio of the nanoclay. The microstructure of clay nanoplatelets in the composites was observed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM), wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS), and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS). It was found that the clay nanoplatelets were well‐dispersed, and were intercalated as well as exfoliated. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 4384–4390, 2004