bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development, International Law, and the State
Authors: Eslava Luis , Murphy Caitlin , Pahuja Sundhya 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter traces three specific ways in which the state interacts with the worlds made, imagined, and resisted by those who live with the contradictory realities of international law and development. First, we look at how international law and development disciplines populations through the state form and its institutions. Second, it looks at how the state itself takes up international developmentalist logics to continue this disciplining work. Third, it looks at the ways in which the state has also been a site of resistance towards the pervasive projects of international law and development. The chapter seeks to denaturalise the received legal and developmental wisdom about what some states ‘can’ do and other states are ‘unable’ to do. The chapter asks that the reader consider, instead, how one might think of what a state ‘is’, particularly in the so-called developing world. The chapter outlines how the state enables the operation of international law while organising the human and non-human worlds according to a developmentalist logic. Never straightforward, and always crisscrossed by intense contestation, this process defines both the lived reality of the state and of international law and development.
The Bretton Woods Institutions
Authors: Rado Robi 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a theoretically and historically inflected account of the role of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund in the development project. After a brief overview of the creation of these institutions at the Bretton Woods conference in 1944, the chapter examines their principal activities. These institutions are said to promote the success of the development project, through the application of the ‘state of the art’ in development knowledge and the provision of finance. The chapter describes this (dominant) account of the work of these institutions, as well as some of the main perspectives from which this account is challenged. The chapter concludes that the World Bank and International Monetary Fund play enormously important roles in governing both the development project, and relations between the Global North and the Global South. In many ways, these institutions are custodians of the development orthodoxy.
Knowledge Accumulation through Natural Experiments
Authors: Callis Anna , Dunning Thad , Tuñón Guadalupe 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Scholars often extoll the benefits of knowledge accumulation. Natural experiments, however, are often thought of as idiosyncratic and one-off studies that may not therefore contribute to cumulative learning. This chapter explores this case against natural experiments. It emphasizes two key dimensions of knowledge about causal effects—generalizability and mechanisms—and underscores three empirical strategies for boosting accumulation: comparing studies in which (1) context varies but treatments and outcomes are similar; (2) different treatments are employed in the same context and with the same outcome measures; and (3) similar treatments are carried out in the same context with distinct, but related, outcomes. Surveying examples of natural experiments across different substantive areas, the authors find that scholars can leverage these strategies to foster cumulative learning. However, several features of these designs and of their use do pose barriers to understanding of generalizability and mechanism. The chapter outlines several ways in which knowledge accumulation using natural experiments can be further enhanced.
Engaged Pluralism
Authors: Parsons Craig 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that a certain kind of deep methodological pluralism is desirable and feasible in political science. Political scientists today all advocate political pluralism, where we show respect and tolerance for diverse perspectives, but that worthy agenda does not tell us why it makes sense to engage substantively across deep scholarly divides. This is a thorny problem: political scientists approach their work within hugely varied philosophies of science and concomitant methods, each built around arguments that imply to some degree that other approaches cannot make similarly useful contributions. Ecumenical engagement thus seems to come at a cost in each approach’s understanding of scholarly rigor. Two moves solve this problem, justifying at least some engagement across our deepest divides. One is to highlight that all conceptions of scholarly rigor share the idea that rigorous work engages with the widest possible range of alternative views. The other is to highlight that this “widest possible” range is wider than we think. Prior to our philosophy-of-science divides, which mainly concern the truth or use value of our accounts, we share the common goal of formulating distinctive claims (hypotheses, narratives, accounts) about the political world. We formulate those distinctive claims within different scholarly “languages,” but sometimes claims formulated in other “languages” may contain substantive alternatives that, once “translated,” become useful contrasts to increase the distinctiveness of our own arguments. Together these points imply that the pursuit of rigor itself drives us to explore scholarship across deep divides.
The Exogeneity Question(s)
Authors: Linn Suzanna , Webb Clayton 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Exogeneity assumptions are critical to applied time series analysis, but the topic is under-discussed and under-explained in econometric texts and often assumed away in applied work. The central misunderstanding is that there is not an exogeneity assumption; there are many exogeneity assumptions. Weak exogeneity, strong exogeneity, and super exogeneity are more or less likely to hold in different applications and the type of exogeneity that can be assumed tells us what we can learn from a given model. This chapter explains the importance of exogeneity in applied time series analysis, defines the different exogeneity concepts, highlights the different forms of time series analysis they are relevant for, and provides a strategy for evaluating the different exogeneity assumptions. Theory and data must support the exogeneity assumption necessary given the purpose of an analysis and analysts must be transparent in the claims they make about exogeneity.
Measuring Color
Authors: Yadon Nicole , Ostfeld Mara 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the meaning and assessment of skin color and charts the evolution of the measurement of race and skin color over time, including the use of text-based and picture-based skin color scales, biases inherent to these measures and any human assessments of skin color, as well as the use (and misuse) of machine-assessed skin color ratings. The Yadon-Ostfeld Skin Color Scale is also introduced as an advancement in picture-based skin color scales given its validation as an interval-level scale that moves evenly from lighter to darker skin color shades. Finally, the chapter concludes by noting future directions toward more fully understanding the multidimensional and evolving nature of the American racial landscape.
Linking Theory and Empirics
Authors: de Marchi Scott 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter argues that cumulative knowledge is possible in the social sciences, but that our research culture is limiting the effort. In part, researchers are hampered by an inability to coordinate on shared questions; this problem is worsened by claims of methodological exceptionalism which limit interaction between empiricists and theorists. The research community has also largely ignored the defining characteristic of much of the progress in the natural sciences: the ability of theory to make sharp predictions about the world. To increase the possibility that social science produces cumulative knowledge, we must shift our focus to real-world puzzles and spend less time on pure theory or methodological innovation disconnected from empirical puzzles.
Parties and Party Systems
Authors: Ladner Andreas , Schwarz Daniel , Fivaz Jan 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
For decades, Swiss political parties provided remarkable stability to both the party system in particular and Swiss politics in general. Their organizations were weak and lacked resources. The fragmented party system forced parties into cooperation if they wanted to secure majorities for their policy proposals. Since the early 1990s, Swiss politics and subsequently the party system and party organizations have been experiencing significant changes. New lines of conflict emerged: nationalist and conservative issues, the question of European integration, and environmental issues as the most important. These political shifts broke up traditional political structures, forced parties to reposition, and created opportunities for new parties. Additionally, they significantly increased the level of polarization and brought party competition to new heights. This intensified party competition led national topics to dominate political debates at the cantonal and even local level. Party leaderships put more emphasis on closing ranks and taking unified political positions. In conjunction with the general trend towards the mediatization of politics, these are major driving factors that led to a strengthening and professionalization of party structures. Finally, the ongoing digitization led to challenges for party organizations by providing new ways of digital organization and communication. At the same time, it lowered thresholds for non-partisan actors, such as political action committees and citizen movements, to enter the political arena in competition with the traditional parties. After decades of relative calm, the Swiss parties and the party system are strongly in motion, but it is not entirely clear where the journey is heading.
Media and Political Communication
Authors: Hänggli Fricker Regula , Feddersen Alexandra 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the process of political communication—generating, promoting, disseminating, and receiving information—in Switzerland by looking at the interactions between political actors (politicians, parties, and political institutions), the media (editors and journalists), and citizens, and provides an overview of the Swiss media landscape, including from an international perspective. While the Swiss communication landscape can be considered a latecomer in terms of digitalization, important changes have occurred in Switzerland as elsewhere in the world. The chapter examines the consequences of increased online media consumption, media concentration, and platformization on the role and interactions of the different actors involved in the political communication process.
Economic Policy
Authors: Emmenegger Patrick 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Swiss economic policy mostly relies on a pragmatic muddling-through approach. This approach, which is relatively free of ideology and lacks any regulatory consistency, is an emergent trait of its negotiation democracy, which grants all major interest groups a say in shaping economic policy. Hence, usually arising from protracted negotiations, Swiss economic policy reforms often have the character of broad compromises. This approach proved highly successful for most of the twentieth century, although it has shown signs of erosion in recent decades. However, the approach is not without weaknesses. Politically well-connected groups with strong mobilization power are often able to protect their interests, which eventually translates into high consumer prices and protectionist economic policies. In addition, Swiss economic policy has proven to be less proactive as a result of complex decision-making processes. Necessary reforms are often initiated only in response to emerging or erupting crises.
Banking and the Swiss Financial Centre
Authors: Gava Roy 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Highly developed and diverse, the Swiss financial centre contributes substantially to the national economy. This chapter depicts the regulation and governance of the industry. The introduction situates the discussion in the broader study of business and politics. The second part presents the economic structure, importance, and diversity of market participants. The segmentation of the banking sector is discussed to highlight differences in size and business models. The third part outlines the main actors that shape the regulatory environment, such as specialized public bodies and business associations representing the industry. The fourth part provides an overview of the regulatory framework, mapping the evolution of legislation and discussing business self-regulation. The final part explores how parliament and political parties have treated financial regulation since the Global Financial Crisis.
Infrastructure Policy
Authors: Sager Fritz , Kaufmann David 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Infrastructure is the physical and technical structures and facilities, such as transport networks and power supplies, that are necessary for the operation of a society and economy to enable connectivity, communication, and exchange. Infrastructure policy refers to the provision, maintenance, and regulation of these services and facilities. The construction and maintenance of infrastructure is often protracted, complicated, and expensive and defines the landscape for decades. This underlines the high importance and immediacy of infrastructure policy. The chapter covers two core sectors of infrastructure policy in Switzerland: transportation and energy. The two respective sections cover the main challenges in the two policy sectors and the development of the respective legislation over time before presenting the main actors relevant for design and implementation of the policies. The final section provides an overall discussion and draws conclusions about the perspectives of future infrastructure policy in urbanizing Switzerland in an international context.
Social Policy
Authors: Bonoli Giuliano , Fossati Flavia 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter presents the historical development of the Swiss welfare state, which in international comparison has long been lagging behind in terms of how generous and encompassing social protection is. This initial delay is mainly due to the strength of the institutional veto points that are present in the country (in particular, federalism and direct democracy). Paradoxically, today, Switzerland is among the most generous welfare states precisely because these veto points prevent the dismantling of the welfare state as is instead systematically taking place in other Western welfare states. It discusses the different developmental stages of the main social policies and illustrates new trends (e.g. social investment). Then, it explores the preferences of the different actors involved in this policy field (parties, unions, employer organizations, etc.) and the resulting conflict lines (economic and cultural) that arise in a modern welfare state. Moreover, the chapter discusses how this policy field is coordinated and which actors play relevant roles. The chapter closes with an overview of new challenges and prospects for welfare state research in Switzerland and embeds the Swiss case in the international literature on welfare research.
The Promise and Problems of Policy-Minded Developmental Research
Authors: Lyon Thomas D. , Lamb Michael E. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Children come into contact with the legal system for myriad reasons, including as suspected victims of maltreatment, in divorce cases when custody is at issue, as unaccompanied minors in immigration hearings, or as suspected offenders of crime. Considerable scientific research has been devoted to identifying how this involvement may adversely affect children and how the system might be altered to reduce those effects. In order to maximize the value of this research, it is imperative that scientists recognize both the value judgments that sometimes underlie their work and how their work’s focus on outcomes often clashes with a legal focus on rights. This recognition, along with a clear articulation of the limitations of the direct policy implications of the work, will lead to stronger legal-oriented research with children.
Alternatives to Traditional Court Processing
Authors: Fountain Erika , Ducat Christina , Lloyd Allison 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Informal processing is essential to juvenile courts. It directs youth away from the formal legal system and the consequences of involvement. Many youth are informally processed and placed into diversionary programs or specialty courts, yet relatively little is known about their outcomes. Youth must admit guilt to be eligible for many programs, and failure to succeed can result in youth returning to the formal court process. As a result, scholars caution that while informal processing is intended to reduce the footprint of the juvenile courts, it may actually increase the number of justice-involved youth and racial disparities in juvenile court. This is likely due, at least in part, to the fact that youth considering diversion programs are often doing so without legal counsel. This chapter describes informal processing, diversion, and specialty courts, before discussing the potential benefits and risks to youth. Recommendations for practice, policy, and research are discussed.
Rethinking the Age of Majority
Authors: Hamilton Vivian 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Young people today come of age in a cultural and economic milieu that prolongs their attainment of the traditional markers of adulthood. Their subjective conceptions of the transition to adulthood depart radically from the traditional conception, with its emphasis on discrete transition events (e.g., marriage and entry into the workforce). Instead, the modern transition to adulthood is a gradual process consisting of the acquisition of general capabilities, rather than the achievement of externally constructed events. The state-established age of legal majority stands in marked contrast to this gradual and prolonged process. Thus, the legal construction of adulthood is starkly at odds with its social and cultural constructions. This chapter argues that abandoning the presumptive age of legal majority in favor of context-specific rules advances the state’s liberty-respecting ends and better aligns the legal and sociocultural constructions of adulthood. The developmental and behavioral sciences can and ought to supplement more traditional policymaking considerations.
Transitioning to Adulthood in the Legal System
Authors: Gillespie Marie L. , Riano Nicholas S. , Cauffman Elizabeth 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Transition-age youth, or those between the ages of 18 and 25, represent a unique population that warrants differential treatment in the legal system due to rapid psychosocial changes. This chapter addresses the developmental science that underlies distinctions inherent to this age group and explains the current representation of young adults in the legal system. The chapter provides an overview of diversion programs designed to incorporate developmental research, which are being increasingly implemented in the United States. It highlights a case study of a novel young adult court in Southern California, which aims to reduce the collateral consequences of felony convictions. The chapter concludes with policy implications and future directions in both research and practice to improve the lives of young adults in the legal system.
Prisoner Reentry and the Life Course
Authors: LeBel Thomas P. , Richie Matt 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses prisoner reentry and the life course. It focuses on three distinct phases or timeframes: what happened in the life course for many individuals before arriving at the prison gate, events that take place while incarcerated, and what transpires after release from prison. Although recidivism (rearrest, conviction, return to prison) is discussed, the chapter also examines other important life course events or outcomes such as employment, housing, family relationships/marriage, and health. Other factors that make achieving a successful life (maximizing one’s potential) difficult for formerly incarcerated persons are described such as the stigma of incarceration and the collateral (legal) consequences of a felony conviction. The chapter concludes by discussing directions for future research.
Ethical Considerations and Ramifications of Advance Care Planning and End-of-Life Decision Making for Older Adults
Authors: Teaster Pamela B. , Shealy E. Carlisle 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In the 1970s, the advance care planning movement gained momentum, reacting to improvements in medical technology allowing patients in life-limiting situations to survive longer than ever before. Ethical questions arose about end-of-life care and laws to address them. The United States continues to wrestle with treatment for dying patients related to treatment and quality of life. Against this landscape, the purpose of this chapter is to discuss how features of old age influence end-of-life and advance care planning. The chapter begins by characterizing old age and end of life, discussing ethical principles and the evolution of end-of-life decision making. Following, it considers mechanisms for end-of-life planning, including surrogate decision-making laws and guardianship for emergent health care situations. The chapter reviews ten years of research on advance care planning and introduces the diffusion of telemedicine. It concludes with questions yet to be resolved and how research, practice, and policy can help answer them.
Older Adults as Victims and Witnesses
Authors: Brank Eve 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The older adult population is one of the fastest growing in the United States due to advances in medicine and aging baby boomers. Developmentally, bodies and minds go through changes as they age that contribute to victimization risk and eyewitness accuracy. Although official crime statistics suggest that older adults are infrequently crime victims, they may fear being victimized at a greater rate than other age groups and they are at increased risk of being victimized by family members who are entrusted to care for them. Older adults who are victimized or who witness another crime can be called upon to serve as an eyewitness. Eyewitness research that has focused on older adults as eyewitnesses has found that they generally do not perform as well as younger adults due to both developmental and generational differences. Using older adults in research requires creativity and extra efforts, but it is a worthwhile pursuit, given their potential for victimization and other involvement in the legal system.
Defoe and the Book Trade
Authors: Rogers Pat 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
First, this chapter lists some external factors that affected the book trade in Daniel Defoe’s era, specifically the lapse of the Licensing Act in 1695, the Copyright Act of 1710, the Stamp Act of 1712, the threat of prosecution for seditious libel, and the extreme partiality of public discourse. It then considers Defoe’s confrontations with the law, detailing a series of works that resulted in prosecution and punishment, as well as cases where his writings were pirated. Next, some particular issues relating to publication by subscription are assessed. At the heart of the chapter is an examination of a large number of booksellers, printers, and editors with whom Defoe had dealings in London and Edinburgh, as they stood within the print business. A brief conclusion raises the question of how far Defoe’s interactions with such groups were representative for authorship in general.