bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Transformation of Reciprocity
Authors: Seaford Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the role of ritual in the development of the polis we turn now to reciprocity, and in particular to the tendency of state-formation to displace, in several spheres, the practice of reciprocity from the central position we described it as occupying in Homeric society. We must admit that the process by which the largely stateless society reflected (albeit indirectly) in Homeric epic (Chapter 1) was transformed into the Greek city-states of the historical period remains largely unknown. It may well have occurred very differently in different regions. Our concern is with a single aspect of the process, and ignores such related and crucial factors as the development of chattel slavery. And we will, as in our historical study of death ritual, tend to concentrate on Athens.
Reciprocity and Ritual in Tragedy
Authors: Seaford Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Homer we found a dual crisis of reciprocity and ritual. The uncontrolled reciprocity of vengeance and the blocking of the reciprocity of giving produce a negation of the ritual process (death ritual, supplication, feasting). The interdependent codes of reciprocity and of ritual are disrupted, but in the end restored. We then described certain respects in which, roughly speaking, the development of the polis tended to modify the absolute claims of reciprocity (hostile or amicable) by the organization, reinforced by cult, of citizens around a centre (or series of interconnected centres). We found associated with this historical process a pattern that is partially present in certain late passages of Homer and fully present in tragedy: the self-destruction (benefiting the polis) of the royal household, Dionysiac frenzy, the confusion of gender roles, the scapegoat pattern, and the subversion of ritual. Also partially determined by this historical process is the implication in our tragic pattern of a negative representation of reciprocity (amicable and hostile), which is distinct from the Homeric.
Horace and the Reputation of Plautus in the Late First Century BC
Authors: Jocelyn H D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Everyone knows that the m&lt;mature Hornce took a poor view both of Plautus and of those contemporary teachers of literature who preferred the old comedies and their like to the ones written by his friend Fundanius. It was the view of a man who could claim some knowledge of the theatre scripts in question. The epistle to Augustus (2. T) laughs at the alleged incoherence of current professorial views of what constituted the best poetic writing in Latin, and in particular at the futility of the conventional criterion of age (lines 50–62) The same epistle later describes early Roman attempts to adapt the Greek genres of tragedy and comedy, patronizing the trngedians and denouncing the comedians (lines 156–76). At both points the comic scripts of Plautus are given a high prominence.
The Art of (re-)Reading
Authors: Sharrock Alison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ovid’s Ars Amatoria is a pivotal work within the poet’s æuvre. Roman writers and readers might see in the corpus of a poet a developmental process like the cursus honorum of civic life. Virgil, a textbook case, begins with the light Eclogues (written gracili ... hibisco, ‘with a delicate mallowreed’: 10. 71) and advances through didactic epos (the Georgics) to graduate in the Aeneid, the height of honour, the consulship of poetry.
Friendship and its Problems in Greek and Roman Thought
Authors: Powell Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is easy to get the impression that the ancient Greeks and Romans in general were more worried about friendship than we are. I am not sure how one would prove or disprove the truth of this idea, but it is not hard to see where it comes from. The responsibility for it lies mostly with two authors: admittedly great and influential ones, but for all that only individuals whose representative status cannot automatically be taken for granted without further investigation. They are Aristotle and Cicero. Readers of the Nicomachean Ethics are usually surprised at the amount of space devoted to discussion of ϕ ι λ íαin a work on moral philosophy—a field in which, in modern times, discussion of friendship has hardly figured to any great extent. Readers of Cicero, in the same way, may be surprised that he should have seen fit to devote a philosophical dialogue to the topic of amicitia.
Apollonius in Wonderland
Authors: Swain Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most important figures in the history of later Greek literature is the sophist and biographer Flavius Philostratus. He is known principally for two works. The Lives of the Sophists is his account of the rhetorical stars of the high Empire, whose theory and practice Donald Russell has done so much to illuminate. The eight-book In Honour of Apollonius of Tyana, which was allegedly written for the cultured empress Julia Domna, is a biography of a different sort, but is nevertheless from the same sophistic school that has been central to Russell’s interests. The following observations on some of its later readers will, I trust, entertain and instruct.
Introduction
Authors: Chadwick John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is the product of a lifetime of Greek studies, but its immediate origin lies in work undertaken over the last ten years or so. During this period I have been a member of a Committee established in 1980 by the British Academy, to oversee their project for a new Supplement to the Greek Lexicon of Liddell and Scott. When drafts of this Supplement were circulated to the Committee for their comments, I read through these with some care and made a large number of suggestions for improvements.
North Shore Of The Black Sea
Authors: Rhodes P J , Lewis David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
SEG xxvii 429 reports the conclusions of an article in Russian by L. A. Paltseva: in the Tauric Chersonese the secretary of the council may have been elected from the members for a term of one month, but in fact the state was ruled by a small group of aristocrats; members of the council were known as aisymnatai until the end of the first century BC, as damiourgoi thereafter.
Lydia
Authors: Rhodes P J , Lewis David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
similarly, but involving only one body, in v the gerousia praises Menogenes but defers substantial honours, and in vi the proper time has come and the gerousia votes substantial honours. Buckler and Robinson in publishing the dossier suggested that ‘the proper time’ was not a particular occasion in the year but any time after Menogenes had retired from the office of eklogistes , in connection with which he was being honoured.
Bithynia
Authors: Rhodes P J , Lewis David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
in Calchedon three texts concerning the sale of a priesthood contain entrenchment clauses (1–12). Two texts awarding a proxeny require the stratagoi to ‘give information to the council in accordance with the law’ (1, 2): presumably as a precaution against excessive generosity a law had been enacted laying down a multi-stage procedure for the award of proxenies–but this did not apply to citizenship, which i is able to grant without further formality. 4 lays down a general rule that the award of proxeny is to be accompanied by citizenship and other privileges.
Introduction
Authors: Parker Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘The general conclusion of the book which the reader has before him is that religion is something eminently social,’ writes Durkheim in the introduction to The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life. To a Greek, the great sociologist’s revolutionary thesis might have seemed a little tame. A society which commonly expressed the idea of ‘belonging to the same social group as’ in terms of ‘sharing lustral water with’ or something similar evidently in one sense took the ‘eminently social’ character of religion very much for granted.
‘Dionysiac’ and ‘Heraclean’ 1n the Prologue of the Frogs
Authors: Lada-Richards Ismene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If fifth-century Athenian theatre can be defined as an ‘“other scene” where the city puts itself and its values into question’ (Zeitlin 1990b: 144), the figure who, at the Lenaea of 405 BC, steps on to the stage at the beginning of the Frogs constitutes for his Athenian spectators the quintessence of ‘otherness’.
Aeschylus: A ‘Dionysiac’ Poet?
Authors: Lada-Richards Ismene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have suggested in the previous chapter that in the agon of the Frogs Dionysus’ judgement and perspective have been gradually aligned with the perspective of the City. I would now like to argue that in the distorting mirror of the comedy’s contest it is not Euripides’ techne but rather Aeschylus’ artistic personality which displays the most conspicuous affinities with the psychology familiar to the judge.
Translation
Authors: Heath Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many important elements which constitute rhetoric as an art. These have of course been grasped from the beginning and set in order by practice over time, and their practical usefulness, both in deliberative and in judicial contexts and everywhere else, is manifest. But the most important, in my view, is that concerned with division and with demon stration. By this I do not mean the division of kinds into classes, or of wholes into parts; that is another major component of rhetoric, but is not my immediate concern. The present discussion deals with the division of political questions into what are known as heads. This subject is almost identical with the theory of invention, except that it does not include all the elements of invention.
Commentary
Authors: Heath Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many important elements: Hermogenes’ opening reference to rhetoric’s status as an art (TÉXvn, cf. p.4) alludes to the common definition of art as ‘a system of cognitions ordered by practice for some goal advantageous in life’ (in Greek ‘constitute’ and ‘grasp’ are cognates of ‘system’ and ‘cognition’). Although Stoic in origin (SVF i. 21, 2. 30 £; Long and Sedley 1987,1. 259), the formula came to enjoy far wider currency, Quintilian describes it as almost universally accepted (2.17. 41). In Hermogenes its terms have lost the technical sense they had in Stoic philosophy, and the focus of interest has shifted from epistemology to history (‘from the beginning ... over time’). According to standard histories, rhetoric was established as an art in the fifth century by the Sicilians Corax and Tisias (see p. 9 £), but an implicit grasp of its principles was attributed to earlier writers, especially Homer (e.g. Quintilian 10.1. 46; cf. Radermacher 1951, 3-10; Kennedy 1957); in the second century AD Telephus of Pergamum even included issue-theory in his monograph on the 'seeds’ of rhetoric in Homer (PS 189. 2—7).
Illustrations
Authors: Heath Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Libanius’ Declamation 44 a general has executed a foreigner who illegally entered the assembly. In doing so he was acting in strict accordance with the law; but the foreigner claimed before his death to have some secret to reveal, and shortly afterwards a tyrant seized power. The suspicion arises that the general was deliberately preventing the disclosure of a conspiracy to which he was party. After the tyrant is deposed the general is prosecuted for complicity; he denies the charge, so the issue is conjecture. The underlying structure of the case is similar to that at Hermogenes *56. 26-57. 11: a killing which pre-empts the disclosure of a conspiracy raises suspicion about the motive behind the killing.
Introduction
Authors: Corcoran Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Tetrarchic age is a crucial period of change and transition in the history of the Roman empire, marking the conventional beginning of the late empire, when the reforms of Diocletian and Constantine established the pattern of government for three hundred years. But the years 284 to 324 also form a logical unit of political narrative, encompassing the genesis, existence, and demise of the tetrarchic experiment itself. The tetrarchy proper, of two Augusti and two Caesars, only functioned from 293 to 306 and ceased entirely once all the rulers held the full rank of Augustus by 3rn, but the period 305– 24 represents the aftermath of Diocletian’s abdication and the disintegration of his system. Only in 324 was the complex multiplicity of rulers, that he initiated, reduced to a single Christian dynasty.
Introduction
Authors: Kingsley Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book covers a wide area in space and time, but takes as its starting-point one man who lived well over two thousand years ago. That man was called Empedocles. Empedocles was probably born around the start of the fifth century BC. He was from the Greek colony of Acragas—modern Agrigento—on the south-west coast of Sicily; but he appears to have spent much of his time travelling, as one would anyway expect from ‘seers’ of his type in the world of the ancient Mediterranean and Near East. About when he died, or where, or how, we know nothing. And yet this same man, whose life remains such a mystery to us, was to perform an unparalleled role in seeding the subsequent growth of western culture. Formulated in terms of the later trend for defining separate fields of interest or expertise, his influence made itself felt in philosophy, rhetoric, medicine, chemistry, biology, astronomy, cosmology, psychology, mysticism, and religion. The immensely influential theory of four elements, first presented in western literature by Empedocles, is just one very obvious example.
Aer
Authors: Kingsley Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If aither was Empedocles’ name for the element of air, what meaning—if any—did he give to the term aer? Since the time of Diels, a century ago, it has been traditional to claim that the word aer occurs five times in the surviving fragments. These need looking at one by one. Line 18 of fragment 17 lists the four elements; but the manuscripts are equally divided between giving aither or aer as the name of the final element alongside fire, water, and earth. Every editor since Diels has put aeros in the text and rejected aitheros. No reason is given, and no reason could possibly be given. This is a splendid example of the way that texts of the ‘philosophers’ continue to be granted a kind of diplomatic immunity from the laws of editorial and linguistic criticism. We have already seen how, as a matter of course, later writers substituted aer for Empedocles’ own use of the term aither when discussing or repeating what he had said. Considering the changes in terminology since Empedocles’ time, the substitution was inevitable; and from the point of view of those later writers it was totally legitimate. As a matter of fact this kind of substitution was not restricted to paraphrases or commentaries: it affected the transmitted texts of early writers as well. Replacement of aither by aer is a well-attested phenomenon in manuscripts.
Death on Etna
Authors: Kingsley Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is one final aspect of the Empedocles legend which deserves a few words: its location. When touching on the story about his death in Etna, a recent editor of Empedocles brings to a close a list of groundless arguments for denying it any historical value with the statement that finally, because of the geography of Mount Etna it would have been extremely difficult for anyone to cover the distance to the foot of the mountain, to make the climb of over ten thousand feet, and then to survive the intense heat long enough to approach the mouth of the crater.
‘Not to Teach but to Heal’
Authors: Kingsley Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The figure of Bolus of Mendes is also helpful in the way that he raises another perhaps even more important issue. As already noted, Bolus’ writings were concerned to a large extent with the occult doctrine of sympathies and antipathies in nature, and in particular with the practical application of this doctrine to the world of plants for purposes of healing, magic, and ritual. The intimate relation between this literary output of Bolus and the ‘Neopythagorean’ plant-books of the first century BC onwards, and in certain circumstances Bolus’ influence on this later Pythagorean literature, are undeniable.
Revenge
Authors: Trapp M B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A lecture on the ethics of retaliation, belonging to the same group of ethical-civic discourses as Orr. 3-4, 14-26, and 35-7. The question at issue is introduced and focused by means of a famous poetic quotation (§§ r-2a), and answered through an analysis of the concepts of wronging and being wronged(§§ 2b-5): while the bad man commits (or at least attempts) bad action, and cannot himself be wronged, it is impossible for the good man, in any circumstances, either to commit wrong or to be its victim (i.e. he has no desire of his own to do wrong, no wrong can be done him such as to provoke him, and in any case, he can never succeed in inflicting real harm on another). The remainder of the lecture expands on this conclusion, dwelling first on great examples from history of the ills brought about by reprisal (§§ 6-9), then on the exemplary behaviour of Socrates in the face of the wrongs done him (§ 10).
Prophecy and Human Foresight
Authors: Trapp M B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introduction
This lecture is the last in the main sequence of Maximus’ cosmological-theological discourses; it has close thematic links with Orr. 5, II, and 41, and points of contact also with 8-9 and 2. 10: see Soury (1942, esp. ch. 3) for a discussion that underlines the common ground with 5 and 41, but fails to provide a wholly satisfactory account of the lecture in itself; also Puiggali (19 8 3: 283-304) for a detailed discussion of doctrinal affinities.
Homer the Philosopher
Authors: Trapp M B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This lecture returns to the topic of Or. 4, propounding the same understanding of the role and nature of poetry, but concentrating on the single privileged case of Homer. Like Or. 17, it is particularly concerned with the links between Homer and Plato. See the introductions to both Or. 4 and Or. 17 for further discussion.
The Cure for Pain
Authors: Trapp M B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This lecture, which discusses a topic related to that of Or. 7, belongs more closely with the psychological-cosmological group than with the items on either side of it, both of which belong to the group dealing with questions of theoretical ethics. Its positioning is perhaps the result of a hasty assumption based on the title: dXvTTca is after all one possible answer to the question (the title of Or. 29).
Diogenes and the Life of the Golden Age
Authors: Trapp M B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Another contribution to discussion of Happiness and the Good Life, answering the question posed at the end of Or. 29 with an encomium of one remarkable individual. Diogenes has already been held up for admiration twice, in Orr. 15 and 34, as an instance of virtuous effort in the face of harsh circumstances. Here the emphasis changes, as he is presented as a man who, by the choice of a simple existence, avoided such harshness altogether, and lived instead the kind of life lost to other humans with the end of the Golden Age. § 1 describes the origins and life of the Golden Age with the aid of a Platonic-Aesopic fable, and § 2 the misery and degeneracy of the present; §§ 3-4 compare the two, and imagine the outcome of an invitation to choose between them. § 5, drawing on both pictures, presents Diogenes as one who lived the older form of life in the midst of the newer, and § 6 asserts his consequent superiority over all others, whether ordinary mortals, philosophers, or princes.
Windows on the Truth
Authors: Bosworth A B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few subjects are more paradoxical than the source tradition of Alexander’s reign. The extant histories are late, ranging from three to five centuries after the king’s death; yet they are based for the most part on early material, deriving from the first generation of the age of the Successors. In bulk they are relatively abundant, and sometimes provide a day-by-day narrative of events. However, the interests of the extant authors are very different from those of their primary sources and, for that matter, modern historians. Rhetoric tends to prevail: vivid and uninformative battle descriptions, which focus upon the gruesome and sensational, elaborate set speeches written with all the stock devices of Roman imperial literature, and supposedly pertinent apophthegms, smart comments often quoted without the necessary explanatory context. The rhetoric of the extant sources is complicated by bias in their primary material. The host of contemporaries who described their experiences under Alexander, whether notables such as Ptolemy and Nearchus or comparative nonentities such as Aristobulus, all had their individual perspectives. Their experiences coloured and warped their reportage. Past and present enmities and friendships determined what they omitted or included, and influenced their shaping of events.
Information and Misinformation
Authors: Bosworth A B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
towards the beginning of the Julian year 324 Nearchus left Harmozeia (Old Hormuz) on the final stage of his Ocean voyage. His first port of call was the richly wooded island of Oaracte (modern Qeshm), where he was entertained by the Persian governor, Mazenes. The reception he received was clearly sumptuous, as befitted the friend of the new despot of the east, and at this provincial court was an exotic refugee. Mithropastes was the son of the disgraced satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia, who had committed suicide after Alexander’s first victory at the Granicus. The father’s failure blighted the prospects of the son, who was exiled to the Persian Gulf, the traditional oubliette for fallen members of the Achaemenid court. After the death of Darius he found his way to Oaracte and applied himself to winning the favour of his new masters, in the hope of reinstatement in civilized lands. With that in mind he recounted strange local traditions which he considered would excite the curiosity of the visitors. In particular he told of the tomb of the eponymous king of the area, a certain Erythras, who was interred at a remote island, some 2,000 stades distant in the ocean, and he claimed to have firsthand knowledge of it.