bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wise Adult
Authors: Hoare Carol Hren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his later years, Erikson overturned his lifelong belief that integrity and wisdom are products of the last stage of life. He then acknowledged that as a middle-aged theorist he had erroneously projected forward his assumptions about the fruits waiting at the end of a long, productive, engaged life. As a comparatively youthful theorist, he had held that wisdom, the “oldest virtue,” would accrue only to those who had managed an adequate length of life, maturity, and the ability to see events in their historical continuity.1 Later, as an elder theorist, he realized that wisdom and integrity were “somewhat grandiose designations of old-age strengths,” particularly for those facing life’s end.2 He wrote: “The demand to develop integrity and wisdom in old age seems to be somewhat unfair, especially when made by middle-aged theorists—as, indeed, we then were.”3 Thus he abandoned his prior view of wisdom as a “final overview—with some wit to spare.”4 He changed integrity to “integrality,” the ability to maintain a sense of whole ness in the face of bodily and sometimes mental and psychological deterioration, and replaced wisdom with faith as the final form of achievable, existential hopes.5
VP Remnant Movement and VSO in Quiaviní Zapotec
Authors: Lee Felicia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A common theme in the literature on VSO languages is the claim that clause initial predicates are verbal heads (Emonds 1980, McCloskey 1991, Koopman and Sportiche 1991, among others). This claim, however, poses problems for a number of VSO languages: Irish, for instance, allows complex nominal predicates to occupy the same position as verbal heads (as noted by Carnie 1995); and Quiaviní Zapotec, the language examined in this chapter, also allows verbs and phrasal expressions to appear interchangeably in certain syntactic contexts. This work will propose an alternate analysis for the derivation of VSO word order that accounts for the non-head-like behavior of predicates in VSO languages: VP remnants, rather than verbal heads, raise to pre-subject position. Subjects and objects base-generated within VP raise into their respective agreement projections, while the VP, which itself contains traces of these arguments, raises to clause initial position. (The non-head-like behavior and morphological patterning of predicates in other VSO languages have recently prompted other researchers to reach similar conclusions independently; see Massam, this volume, and Rackowski and Travis, this volume).
XP-Adjunction in Universal Grammar
Authors: Kidwai Ayesha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most hotly debated phenomena in natural language is that of leftward argument scrambling. This book investigates the properties of Hindi-Urdu scrambling to show that it must be analysed as uniformly a focality-driven XP-adjunction operation. It proposes a novel theory of binding and coreference that not only derives the coreference effects in scrambled constructions, but has important consequences for the proper formulation of binding, crossover, reconstruction, and representational economy in the minimalist program. The book will be of interest not only to specialists in Hindi-Urdu syntax and/or scrambling, but to all students of generative syntax.
Mark Twain, 1835-1910: A Brief Biography
Authors: Robinson Forrest 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How many of us feel that we know Mark Twain? That he wrote was written for us, with the intimate of a friend talking over a cigar?” These questions were dressed to readers of the Wilmington (N. C.) Morning Star on the occasion of the great writer’s death in April 1910. The questions bore with them the confident assumption that virtually all readers would acknowledge a sense of close familiarity with Mark Twain and his major works. This was taken for granted.
Holding onto Meaning through the Life Cycle
Authors: Marris Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
editors’ introduction Marris describes the changes in our concerns as we move through life. In our earliest years we attend first of all to our security and, when our security has been established, to opportunity for exploration. Our concerns then widen and become more complex as childhood gives way to adolescence. Adolescents ponder, among other things, the principles according to which life should be lived; in adolescence we begin questing after meaning. But during the long years of adulthood that follow adolescence, with adulthood’s responsibilities for self, home, and job, what matters is likely to be so obvious that there is no point in giving it attention. What matters is to make good on our commitments: financial, parental, marital, social. When adulthood gives way to later life, issues of meaning may again arise.
The Ultimate Bible Code
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr. Googol was visiting Martin Gardner, the planet’s foremost mathematical puzzle expert and an all-around wonderful human. It was nearly dusk when Dr. Googol followed Gardner around his North Carolina mansion filled with all manner of mathematical oddities—from glass models of Klein bottles (objects with just 1 surface) to strange tiles arranged in attractive shapes to metallic fractal sculptures of unimaginable complexity.
How Much Blood
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr. Googol was lying in a hospital room, receiving a blood transfusion to rid him of a parasite he had recently picked up while exploring the Congo. He began to wonder . . . What is the volume of human blood on Earth today? In other words, if all approximately 6 billion people from every country on Earth were drained of their blood by some terrible vampire machine, what size container would the machine require to store the blood? The answer to this is quite surprising. Think about it before reading further.
Along Came a Spider
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr. Googol was in a Peruvian rain forest, 15 miles south of the beautiful Lake Titicaca, when he dreamed up this tortuous brain boggier. A month later, while in Virginia, Dr. Googol gave this puzzle to all CIA employees to help them improve their analytical skills.Three spiders named Mr. Eight, Mr. Nine, and Mr. Ten are crawling on a Peruvian jungle floor. One spider has 8 legs; one spider has 9 legs; one spider has 10 legs. All of them are usually quite happy and enjoy the diversity of animals with whom they share the jungle. Today, however, the hot weather is giving them bad tempers.
Numbers beyond imagination
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Excellent,” he yelled aloud, although no one could hear him but the seagulls. A nearby bird quickly took to the sky. He typed back to the woman, “Good work. You recalled that a number raised to a negative power is simply 1 over the number raised to the positive value of the power. You also realized that to determine the number of digits in a number you simply take the log of the number and add 1. This means that .I-432 = 1/.1432= 10432. The log of 10432 is 432, and the number of digits is 433.”
Cupid’s Arrow
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is Valentine’s Day 2000. Dr. Googol is ambling along the Tiber River, watching the beautiful passersby and enjoying the crisp weather, when a sudden wrenching pain in his right atrium interrupts his stroll. As he clutches at his heart and falls to the ground, he has a vision of a peculiar man with wings and a bow who lands nearby.
Poseidon Arrays
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Notice that 384 is twice the number in the first row, and that 576 is 3 times the number in the first row. Are there other ways of arranging the numbers to produce the same result, using each digit only once and the same rules? Remember, the second row must be twice the first. The third row must be 3 times the first row.
Scales of Justice
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr. Googol was trapped in the laboratory of a crazy Egyptian entomologist. All manner of beetles and bugs flew within jars, climbed the walls, and dangled from the ceiling. “This is sick,” Dr. Googol screamed. “Sick?” the scientist said. “I’ll show you sick.” He went to a piece of paper on the table where he had cutouts of his favorite insects. He placed the cutouts on schematic drawings of scales.
Mystery Squares
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr. Googol has placed the numbers 1, 2, 3, and 4 at the corners of a square. Can you try to arrange 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 along the sides of the square so that the numbers along each side all add up to the same number? (If you don’t at least try to solve this intriguing enigma, Dr. Googol may visit you at home—not entirely pleasant, since Dr. Googol doesn’t stop talking and posing problems.)
Jerusalem Overdrive
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For a second problem, consider that you must place the prayer rooms so that each row and column contains exactly 2 religions. Is this possible? You can design a computer program to solve this problem by representing the 3 religions as red, green, and amber squares in a 3-by-3 checkerboard. The program uses 3 squares of each color. Have the computer randomly pick combinations, and display them as fast as it can, until a solution is found. The rapidly changing random checkerboard is fascinating to watch, and there are quite a lot of different possible arrangements. In fact, for a 3-by-3 checkerboard there are 1,680 distinct patterns. If it took your computer 1 second to compute and display each 3-by-3 random pattern, how long would it take, on average, to solve the problem and display a winning solution? (There is more than 1 winning solution.)
iQ-Block
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An interesting example of cultural contamination occurred in a secluded West African valley when Dr. Googol left behind a mathematical puzzle called IQ-Block (manufactured by Hercules, designated as Item No. P991A, UK Registered No. 2013287, and made in Hong Kong). The puzzle, schematically illustrated in Figure 20.1, consists of 10 brightly colored polygonal pieces of plastic. The 10 pieces fit together to form a square. Only 1 piece is shaped like a rectangle. The others are more complex. One is shaped like a Z The remainder are Y-shaped. To play IQ-Block, first choose a shape you like, place it in the upper left, and do not change its position as you try to place the other 9 blocks into the remaining space on the square playing board. The manufacturer boasts, “There are more than 60 different kinds of arrangements” of pieces that will fill in the square playing board. The company also states, “It is an incredible game. Join us in challenging your IQ.”
Ouroboros Autophagy
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ouroboros, the mythical serpent always seen chewing or swallowing its own tail, is a symbol of growth, destruction, and the cyclic nature of the universe. Our Ouroboros is made up of 13 sections, each of which houses a number (Figure 23.1). Wrapped inside the outer serpent, which contains the numbers 0 through 12, are 4 generations of circular serpents, each also marked by 13 sections. These sections, though, do not have their numbers yet. You must use the numbers in the first (outer) serpent to find the numbers in the second, the numbers in the second to find those in the third, and so on. Here’s how it works: The number you put in the first section of the second serpent will indicate the total number of Os to be found among the second serpent’s sections. The section below the 1 of the first serpent indicates the total number of Is in the second serpent. The section below the 2 indicates the total number of 2s in the second serpent, and so on. For example, the 3 in the section below the 0 of the first serpent would indicate that there must be exactly 3 zeros in the second serpent (but there’s no 3 in that position in the real answer).
Interview with a Number
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If we are to believe bestselling novelist Anne Rice, vampires resemble humans in many respects but live secret lives hidden among the rest of us mortals. There are also vampires in the world of mathematics, numbers that look like normal figures but bear a disguised difference. They are actually the products of 2 progenitor numbers that when multiplied survive, scrambled together, in the vampire number. Consider 1 such case: 27 × 81 = 2,187. Another vampire number is 1,435, which is the product of 35 and 41.
The Dream-Worms of Atlantis
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the Pacific Ocean floor lives a group of mathematician mermaids who spend their days in contemplation of the following game called Ocean Dreams. The mermaids use bits of coral and trained marine worms, but we dry-landers can play with a pencil and paper on graph paper. First make a 10-by-10 array of dots (Figure 25.1). Each worm consists of 5 connected lines that stretch over 6 dots. One of the dots at the end of the worm’s body is circled to indicate its head. The worms can contort their bodies at right angles to form different shapes, but they can’t reuse a grid point through which another part of their body passes. The allowed movements are up, down, right, and left. Figure 25.2 shows some, but not all, worm contortion patterns. The Zombies have a |_ at one end. The Peasants have a |_ | at one end. The Lords have a at one end. (Hint: There is 1 worm missing from the Zombies collection and 1 worm missing from the Peasants collection. Can you complete these sets in Figure 25.2?)
Hallucinogenic Highways
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr. Googol was driving the interstate highways in Colorado when he developed this simple-looking but fiendishly difficult problem. Starting at the bottom in Figure 28.1, you must find a path to the Finish in the Rocky Mountains by traveling the roads. Each time you pass a sign, you add the sign’s number to a cumulative sum. Can you reach the Finish with a sum of 84? If you are a teacher, have your students work in teams to solve this problem. What strategy did your students use? Have them develop their own highway puzzles using other operations including minus and multiply. For safety’s sake, make sure students have not imbibed too many caffeinated beverages before embarking on these strange highways. (Your car is small, so you can avoid signs at intersections, like 27 and 7, if you turn sharply.)
Why was the First Woman Mathematician Murdered?
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Pythagoreans of ancient Greece were fascinated by numbers, such as the triangular numbers mentioned in Chapter 62. In fact, the Pythagoreans worshiped numbers as gods. What ever became of Pythagorean thoughts and ideas once Pythagoras died? It turns out that Pythagoras’s philosophy, modified by Plato, outlasted all other philosophies of ancient Greece. Even up to the 6th century A.D., the numerical gods were still worshiped, but during the Dark Ages their meaning was lost.
The 10 Most important Unsolved Mathematical Problems
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this section, Dr. Googol presents a ranking of the 10 most famous and/or unsolved mathematical “problems” today, as voted on by other mathematicians. Notice that many of the items on the list have a “classic” flavor in the sense that most of these problems were posed before 1900. A few have their roots in the mathematics of ancient Greece. Also, many of these problems can be stated simply (at least to mathematicians), and solutions are likely to have a great importance for mathematics and its development in the next century. Some of these problems are excruciatingly difficult, so Dr. Googol advises you to skip the tongue-twisting mathematical jargon to get an overall feeling for the problems. The proof of the Riemann hypothesis was mentioned most often by the mathematicians Dr. Googol interviewed.
What is GÖdel’s Mathematical
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps the most interesting example of a mathematician studying cosmic questions is Austrian mathematician Kurt Godel, who lived from 1906 to 1978. Sometime in 1970, Godel’s mathematical proof of the existence of God began to circulate among his colleagues. The proof was less than a page long and caused quite a stir: How shall we judge such an abstract proof? How many people on Earth can really understand it? Most logicians and mathematicians that Dr. Googol consulted were not able to explain all aspects of the proof, and so it is difficult to assess its full nature. Is the proof a result of profound contemplation or the raving of a lunatic? Recall that G Ödel’s academic credits were impressive. For example, he was a respected mathematician and a member of the faculty of the University of Vienna starting in 1930. He emigrated to the United States in 1940 and became a member of the Institute of Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. G Ödel is most famous for his theorem that demonstrated there must be true formulas in mathematics and logic that are neither provable nor disprovable, thus making mathematics essentially incomplete. (This theorem was first published in 1931 in Monatshefte f ür Mathematik und Physick, volume 38.) G Ödel’s theorem had quite a sobering effect upon logicians and philosophers because it implies that within any rigidly logical mathematical system there are propositions or questions that cannot be proved or disproved on the basis of axioms within that system, and therefore it is possible for basic axioms of arithmetic to give rise to contradictions. The repercussions of this fact continue to be felt and debated. Moreover, G Ödel’s article in 1931 put an end to a centuries-long attempt to establish axioms that would provide a rigorous basis for all of mathematics.
A Ranking of the 10 Most interesting Numbers
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even more recently, π has turned up in equations that describe subatomic particles, light, and other quantities that have no obvious connection to circles. John Polkinghorne (a physicist at Cambridge University before he became an Anglican priest in 1982) believes this points to a very deep fact about the nature of the universe, namely that our minds, which “invent” mathematics, conform to a reality of the universe. We are tuned to its truths. (See Sharon Begleys “Science Finds God” in the July 20, 1998, issue of Newsweek?)
The Unabomber’s 10 Most Mathematical Technical Papers
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ted Kaczynski, also known as the Unabomber, was a mathematically adept Harvard graduate (see Chapter 31). After teaching for 2 years and publishing mathematical papers that put him on a tenure track at one of the nation’s most prestigious universities, he suddenly quit, spent nearly half his life in the woods, and used homemade bombs to kill 3 strangers and injure 22 others.
Who is the Number King?
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr. Paul Erdös was a legendary mathematician who was so devoted to math that he lived as a wanderer with no home and no job. Like Dr. Googol, his best friends were the integers. Paul Erdös kept working on mathematics until his death from a heart attack in 1996 at the age of 83 while attending a mathematics meeting in Warsaw. Erdös (pronounced zzzr-dosh) was one of the greatest, most eccentric, and most original mathematicians of all time. His passion was to both pose and solve difficult problems in number theory (the study of properties of integers) and in other areas like discrete mathematics, which is the foundation of computer science. He was also one of the most prolific mathematicians in history, with more than 1,500 papers to his name.
The Safford Number
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arthur C. Clarke recently wrote to Dr. Googol expressing his skepticism over the story of Dase calculating pi to 200 places in his head. Clarke wrote, “Even though I’ve seen fairly well authenticated reports of other incredible feats of mental calculation, I think this is totally beyond credibility.” Clarke, stimulated by Dr. Googol’s Dase report, recently wrote Stephen Jay Gould asking how it is possible for such extraordinary abilities as human calculators to have evolved through natural selection. Clarke asks, “What is the survival value in the jungle of the ability to multiply a couple of 50-digit numbers together?” Dr. Googol looks forward to hearing from readers who can confirm or deny the legends of Dase’s extreme computing ability.
Undulation in Monaco
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bob Murphy used the software Maple V to search for undulating squares, and he discovered some computational tricks for speeding the search. For example, he began by examining the last 4 digits of perfect squares (i.e., he computed squares mod 10,000). Interestingly, he found that the only possible digit endings for squares that undulate are 0404, 1616, 2121, 2929, 3636, 6161, 6464, 6969, 8484, and 9696.
The Hunt for Primes in Pi
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mathematicians are aware of pi-primes, 7lT for k = 1,2, 6, and 38, which correspond to the primes tT(£) = 3, 31, 314159, 31415926535897932384626433832795028841, . . . ? Does anyone know the next tG in this sequence? Dr. Googol believes that there are infinitely many primes of the form lC(k) but that neither humans nor any lifeforms in the vast universe will ever know the next prime beyond 71^(38). It is simply too large for our computers to find.
Fractal Checkers
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr. Googol loves a particular class of self-similar objects called fractal checkers, which can easily be constructed using checkerboards of different sizes. The idea of producing interesting patterns by repeatedly replacing copies of a pattern at different size scales dates back many decades and includes the work of mathematicians Helge von Koch, David Hilbert, and Giuseppe Peano. More recently work has been done by Benoit Mandelbrot and A. Lindenmeyer. Artists such as M.C. Escher, Victor Vasarely, Roger Shepard, and Scott Kim have also experimented with recursive patterns that delight both the mind and eye. The designs in this chapter are so intriguing and simple to compute using a personal computer that Dr. Googol will give some computational recipes for those of you who are computer programmers.
Magic Squares, Tesseracts, and Other Oddities
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Islam, the number 66 corresponds to the numerical value of the word Allah. Figure 101.1 is an Islamic magic square that expresses the number 66 in every direction when the letters are converted to numbers. The square’s grid is formed by the letters in the word Allah. Magic squares such as this were quite common in the Islam, but seem not to have reached the West until the 15th century. From a historical perspective, Dr. Googol’s favorite Western magic square is Albrecht Diirer’s, which is drawn in the upper right-hand column of his etching Melencolia I (Figure 101.2). The variety of small details in the etching has confounded scholars for centuries. Scholars believe that the etching shows the insufficiency of human knowledge in attaining heavenly wisdom, or in penetrating the secrets of nature.
A Brief History of Smith Numbers
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Smith number is a composite number (a nonprime number) the sum of whose digits is the sum of all the digits of its prime factors. Since they were originally proposed by Albert Wilanski in the January 1982 issue of Two-Year College Mathematics Journal, Smith numbers have been the subject of over 15 published papers. The rather startling reason for their name is mentioned below.