bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Normal and abnormal fetal cardiac anatomy
Authors: Cook Andrew C. , Yates Robert W. , Anderson Robert H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe heart is often perceived as a difficult organ to understand by ultrasound during fetal life. This is undoubtedly reflected in the low detection rate of cardiac abnormalities as compared to those of most other organ systems in the fetus. In this article we start by updating classical concepts of cardiac embryology, many of which were previously difficult to understand since they were overly simplistic or purely observational. We then lead on to the structure and growth of the fully formed fetal heart where we review the anatomy and ultrasound appearances in detail and provide comparisons with major abnormalities. We emphasise the fact that a solid understanding of cardiac anatomy can enable those involved in fetal medicine to make full use of the views of the heart that are obtained by ultrasound and which are often only transient. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Echocardiographic evaluation of cardiac function in the fetus
Authors: Simpson John 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe development of high‐resolution ultrasound has allowed detailed examination of the fetal heart. The accuracy of fetal echocardiography in the diagnosis of malformations of the fetal heart has been established in the second trimester and, more recently, at a much earlier stage in gestation (Allan et al., 1980; Allan et al., 1981; Simpson, 2000; Huggon et al., 2002). Confirmation of structural abnormalities has usually been by autopsy or by postnatal investigation. This is certainly sufficient for confirmation of structural malformations, but functional evaluation of the fetal heart is far more difficult to validate. Post‐mortem studies, by their very nature give little insight into cardiac function and postnatal studies, whilst permitting functional evaluation of the heart, do so under entirely different conditions compared to the circulation in utero. Prior to the advent of ultrasound, fetal data was drawn from invasive animal studies (Pohlman, 1909; Dawes et al., 1954; Barcroft, 1936; Rudolph, 1985). There have been very few invasive studies in the human fetus including some conducted on exteriorised fetuses undergoing termination by hysterotomy (Nyberg and Westin, 1962; Rudolph et al., 1971). Pressure data has been obtained from the human fetus for normal human hearts and in cardiac disease (Johnson et al., 2000; Johnson et al., 1992; Johnson, 1992). However, the vast majority of cardiac functional data in the human fetus has been obtained by non‐invasive means, which has almost exclusively been by echocardiography. This article will review some of the techniques that may be used to evaluate fetal cardiac function and will also emphasise some of the limitations of such techniques. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New fetal cardiac imaging techniques
Authors: Deng Jing , Rodeck Charles H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractRapid advances in graphics computing and micro‐engineering have offered new techniques for prenatal cardiac imaging. Some of them can be non‐invasively applied to both clinical and laboratory settings, including dynamic three‐dimensional echocardiography, myocardial Doppler imaging, harmonic ultrasound imaging, and B‐flow sonography. With clinical constraints, a few others have been mainly used in laboratories, such as endoscopic ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging and biomicroscopy. Appropriate use and co‐use of these new tools will not only provide unique information for better clinical assessment of fetal cardiac disease but also offer new ways to improved understanding of cardiovascular development and pathogenesis. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Routine fetal cardiac screening: what are we doing and what should we do?
Authors: Sharland Gurleen 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn many countries, ultrasound examination is used in the second trimester to look for congenital malformations as part of routine prenatal care. While tertiary centres scanning high‐risk pregnancies have reported a high degree of accuracy in the detection of congenital heart disease, many studies have shown that cardiac abnormalities are commonly overlooked during routine obstetric evaluation and there still remains a huge variation between centres. The majority of babies with congenital heart disease are born to mothers with no identifiable high‐risk factors and so will not be detected unless there is widespread screening of the low‐risk population. It is feasible to achieve widespread screening for fetal congenital heart disease in low‐risk groups, but this does need commitment and effort from those performing the scans and those teaching them how to examine the heart. Staff performing routine obstetric ultrasound scans should learn a simple technique for examining the fetal heart and to use this in all patients. Links to a tertiary centre can provide support for checking scans of concern as well as for providing training and for obtaining feedback. In addition, an audit system needs to be established in each centre to trace false‐positive and false‐negative cases as well as to confirm true positives and true negatives. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of prenatal diagnosis on postnatal outcome in patients with structural congenital heart disease
Authors: Yates Robert S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractExamination of the fetal heart has become an established part of mid‐trimester anomaly scanning. Along side this has emerged the ability to diagnose congenital heart disease in the fetus with accuracy. Despite this, the development of screening programmes to look for fetal cardiac disease has only been partially successful. Furthermore, when detected, there seems to be little survival advantage associated with prenatal diagnosis. Demonstrating such an advantage is complicated by the nature of fetal cardiac disease, which tends to be severe and is often associated with extra‐cardiac abnormalities. More selective studies, mostly involving small numbers of cases, are now beginning to demonstrate both improved survival and reduced morbidity in prenatally diagnosed infants presenting to cardiac intensive care units compared to those with a postnatal diagnosis. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uterine contractions might increase heart preload in the recipient fetus in early‐onset twin–twin transfusion syndrome: an ultrasound assessment
Authors: Takahashi Yuichiro , Iwagaki Shigenori , Nakagawa Yumiko , Kawabata Ichiro , Tamaya Teruhiko 
Published: December 2004

AbstractObjectivesUterine contractions (UC) in twin pregnancy are often experienced, yet the effects of UC in twin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) remain to be clarified. The recipient heart preload condition and the effects of UC were evaluated and the final objective was to clarify the effects of tocolysis.MethodsFirstly, the preload indexes (PLIs) and cardiothoracic area ratios (CTARs) were analyzed on both fetuses of 10 TTTS cases, aged from 14 to 28 gestational weeks in stage III/IV cases for evaluating the preload condition. Then, the PLIs in the presence and absence of UC in the recipient fetuses were determined to evaluate the difference.ResultsThe PLIs of the recipient and the donor fetuses were 0.78 ± 0.34 (n = 163) and 0.35 ± 0.13 (n = 71) respectively. The CTARs were 30.2 ± 6.1 (n = 62) and 23.4 ± 5.4 (n = 62) respectively. The PLIs in the absence and presence of UC in the recipient fetuses were 0.69 ± 0.29 and 0.99 ± 0.38 (n = 35). All above comparisons showed highly significant differences (p < 0.0001).ConclusionThe recipient fetuses have signs of cardiac dilatation and a high‐preload condition. UC transiently further raises high‐preload conditions of the recipient fetus. Thus, tocolysis may be necessary for management in cases of early‐onset severe TTTS. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal sonographic findings in a case of Varadi–Papp syndrome
Authors: Atahan Guven Melih , Ceylaner Serdar , Prefumo Federico , Uzel Murat 
Published: December 2004

AbstractObjectivesWe aim to describe a case with oral‐facial‐digital syndrome type VI (OFDS VI) or Váradi–Papp syndrome where the only prenatal findings were cleft lip and palate and a primum type atrial septal defect (ASD).MethodsA 24‐year‐old pregnant woman, gravida 1 para 0, attended the prenatal clinic for a routine visit at 16 weeks of gestation. Her medical and family history was unremarkable. There was no history of consanguinity, drug or teratogen exposure. Her triple screening test and other routine biochemical and haematological blood tests did not reveal any abnormal results. During routine prenatal sonographic examination at the 16th gestational week, cleft lip and palate including secondary palate on the right side of the face was detected and ASD was suspected.ResultsAfter delivery, prenatally diagnosed cleft lip and palate and primum ASD were confirmed. Postnatally, minimal micrognathia, posteriorly rotated low‐set ears, minimal hypertelorism, epicanthal folds, nystagmus, esotropia, broad nasal tip, intraoral frenula and lobed tongue, shawl scrotum and duplicated nail of the index fingers of both hands were also observed. Radiological examination showed partial agenesis of the corpus callosum and partially duplicated terminal phalanx of the index fingers. A diagnosis of Váradi–Papp syndrome was formulated. At one year of age, there was short stature and delayed mental and motor development.ConclusionUnderstanding the limitations of prenatal ultrasound is very important for the genetic counselling of prospective parents, since major ultrasound findings can be associated with other minor or undetectable features. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Post‐zygotic origin of isochromosome 12p
Authors: de Ravel Thomy J. L. , Keymolen Kathelijn , van Assche Elvire , Wittevronghel Ingrid , Moerman Philippe , Salden Ivo , Matthijs Gert , Fryns Jean‐Pierre , Vermeesch Joris R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractObjectiveAdvance knowledge about the mechanism of isochromosome formation.MethodsEchographic examination of the foetus. G‐ and/or T‐banded chromosome and FISH analysis using chromosome 12p subtelomeric probes on short‐ and long‐term CVS cultures, amniocytes and foetal fibroblasts. Polymorphic CA repeat analysis on DNA from the foetus and both parents.ResultsShort‐term CVS cultures showed a 46,XX karyotype, whilst long‐term CVS cultures showed a 47,XX,+12 karyotype. FISH on amniocytes indicated 2, 3 and 4 signals. Foetal fibroblasts showed both 47,XX,+12 and 47,XX,+i(12)(p10) karyotypes. DNA analysis revealed the isochromosome to be paternal in origin, whilst the other two foetal chromosomes 12 were maternal, part iso‐ and part heterodisomy.ConclusionThe cytogenetic and DNA constitution of the foetus indicated the isochromosome 12p to be of paternal origin, and implied post‐zygotic formation of the isochromosome 12p in the Pallister–Killian syndrome. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal search for UPD 14 and UPD 15 in 83 cases of familial and de novo heterologous Robertsonian translocations
Authors: Ruggeri Anna , Dulcetti Francesca , Miozzo Monica , Grati Francesca R. , Grimi Beatrice , Bellato Silvano , Natacci Federica , Maggi Federico , Simoni Giuseppe 
Published: December 2004

AbstractObjectivesThe presence in the conceptus of a Robertsonian translocation predisposes to UPD formation, mainly by post‐zygotic events of chromosome abnormality rescue. This is due to the increased risk of generating aneuploid zygotes because the rearranged chromosome and the respective homologues are prone to non‐disjunction errors. Given this, carriers and karyotypically normal individuals conceived from a parent with a Robertsonian translocation are at risk for UPD. Abnormal phenotypes due to an imprinting effect have been found to be associated with UPD 14 and 15.The aim of the study was to refine, at the time of prenatal diagnosis, the risk for UPD 14 and 15 in a population with Robertsonian translocations involving these chromosomes.MethodsSixty‐five cases of familial and de novo heterologous Robertsonian translocations involving chromosomes 14 and 15 and 18 fetuses with a normal karyotype, but conceived by a Robertsonian translocation carrier were prenatally studied to investigate the presence of UPD for chromosomes 14 and 15.ResultsOf the 65 Robertsonian translocation carriers, one fetus with a de novo der(14;21) showed maternal UPD 14. None of the 18 fetuses with a normal karyotype had UPD.ConclusionOur data, combined with other previous prenatal investigations provide a general risk estimate for UPD 14 and 15 of 0.6%. Nevertheless, combining our data and those previously reported, all three fetuses with UPD had a de novo Robertsonian translocation, thus suggesting a risk of UPD formation of about 3% for this specific group of translocation carriers. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cyclosiloxane‐based networks: Synthesis, thermal characterization, and microstructure
Authors: Nugay Nihan , Erdodi Gabor , Kennedy J. P. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis article mainly concerns the synthesis of novel PD5/PDMS conetworks by the copolymerization of cyclic D5H and linear HOPDMSOH units, and the characterization of the product by DMTA, DSC, and TGA. The ultimate properties of the conetworks may be controlled by varying the relative composition of D5H and PDMS components. DMTA and DSC thermograms indicate compatibility between the PD5 and PDMS domains. Understanding of the polymer chemical transformations involved in conetwork formation combined with an analysis of DMTA and DSC thermograms led to a proposition of the microarchitecture of PD5/PDMS conetworks. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 630–637, 2005
Synthesis and characterization of saturated and unsaturated polysulfide polymers and their thermal degradation processes investigated by flash pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Sundarrajan Subramanian , Surianarayanan Mahadevan , Srinivasan Kalathur Sabdham Vangepuram 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe synthesis of polysulfide polymers with unsaturated and saturated units in the backbone and their characterization by Fourier transform infrared, NMR, gel permeation chromatography, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry are reported. This is the first report on an analysis of the thermal degradation of an unsaturated polysulfide polymer [poly(2‐butene sulfide)] carried out by pyrolysis–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py–GC/MS). A unique phenomenon of exothermic degradation has been detected by differential thermal analysis and has been attributed to the energetics of the unsaturated polysulfide linkage during degradation. The thermal degradation products studied by Py–GC/MS indicate that the formation of sulfur‐containing products is more favored than the formation of non‐sulfur‐containing products. Furthermore, a comparative study of the thermal degradation of unsaturated and saturated polysulfide polymers has been conducted with thermogravimetry and Py–GC/MS analyses. These analyses have shown that the mechanisms of degradation of these polymers are different, and the lower number of pyrolysis products indicates a selective cleavage of the polymer during degradation in the saturated polysulfide polymers. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 638–649, 2005
Facile approach to polyurea/malonamide dendrons via a selective ring‐opening addition reaction of azetidine‐2,4‐dione
Authors: Chen Chih‐Ping , Dai Shenghong A. , Chang Huey‐Ling , Su Wen‐Chiung , Jeng Ru‐Jong 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA bifunctional compound [(4‐isocyanato‐4′(3,3‐dimethyl ‐2,4‐dioxo‐acetidino)diphenylmethane] (MIA) has been used as a building block for the synthesis of novel polyurea/malonamide dendrons. This is based on selectively sequential addition reactions of amines to isocyanato‐azetidine‐2,4‐diones. After incorporation of the MIA onto the growing dendrons, rapid entry into polyurea/malonamide dendrons was achieved via a convergent route with the processing advantages of easy purification, high yield, and rapid synthesis. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 682–688, 2005
The Triad approach: A catalyst for maturing remediation practice
Authors: Crumbling Deana M. , Hayworth Joel S. , Johnson Robert L. , Moore Marlene 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMany individual scientific and technical disciplines contribute to the multidisciplinary field of remediation science and practice. Because of the relative youth of this enterprise, disciplinary interests sometimes compete and conflict with the primary goal of achieving protective, cost‐effective, efficient projects. Convergence of viewpoints toward a more mature, common vision is needed. In addition, cleanup programs are changing under the influence of Brownfields initiatives and the needs of environmental insurance underwriters. Investigations and cleanups increasingly need to be affordable, yet transparent and defensible. Disciplinary goals and terminology need to better reflect real‐world site conditions while being more supportive of project needs. Yet, technical considerations alone will not ensure project success; better integration of human factors into project management is also required. The Triad approach is well placed to catalyze maturation of the remediation field because it emphasizes (1) a central theme of managing decision uncertainty; (2) unambiguous technical communications; (3) shortened project life‐cycles and multidisciplinary interactions that rapidly build professional expertise and provide feedback to test and perfect programmatic and field practices; and (4) concepts from “softer” sciences (such as economics, cognitive psychology, and decision theory) to capture important human factors. Triad pushes the cleanup industry toward an integrated, practical, second‐generation paradigm that can successfully manage the complexities of today's cleanup projects. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Systematic planning for Triad projects
Authors: Howe Robert , Lynch Kira 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis article examines specific systematic planning steps that can be used for designing and controlling Triad projects. Triad work strategies act to limit decision uncertainty, expedite schedules to meet project milestones, and reduce costs associated with cleanup activities. As a result, the Triad approach is rapidly increasing in popularity. Good project planning has always been seen as the cornerstone of successful Triad projects. However, the specific steps in the systematic planning process have not been extensively published. Demands of Triad projects, which attempt to make maximum use of innovative technologies and sequencing of activities in a learn‐ as‐you‐go framework, put new demands on regulators and project managers alike. Specific activities and relationships are identified to assist project managers with dynamic work strategies and real‐time measurements to support improved decision making. These include: assembly of stakeholders, a core technical team, and key decisions; development and refinement of a site model; use of demonstrations of methods applicability; development of dynamic work strategies and project sequencing; real‐time data management assessment and presentation; and unitized procurement of technologies and services. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Triad case study: Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton
Authors: Saboya Adrianne V. , Collins Karen G. , Shields Tim 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe U.S. Navy Public Works Center (PWC) Environmental Department, San Diego, California, is home to the Navy West Coast Site Characterization and Analysis Penetrometer System (SCAPS). SCAPS has been extensively used at several Navy sites since 1995 to provide real‐time, high‐density data sets. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Triad approach provided an ideal framework for optimizing the use of the Navy SCAPS during a volatile organic compound (VOC) source investigation at Installation Restoration Site 1114 at Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton. All three elements of Triad—systematic planning, dynamic work strategy, and use of real‐time measurement tools—were implemented to manage decision uncertainty and expedite the site management process. The investigation was conducted using the Navy SCAPS, outfitted with a cone penetrometer, membrane interface probe, and a direct sampling ion trap mass spectrometry detector, which allowed for real‐ time collection of over 690 feet of continuous lithologic information and VOC concentration data. These data were used collaboratively with 24‐hour turnaround US EPA 8260B VOC groundwater results from temporary direct‐ push wells to support the conclusion of a limited source area. Implementation of the Triad approach for this investigation provided an expedited high‐density data set and a refined conceptual site model (CSM) in real time that resulted in cost savings estimated at $2.5M and reduction of the site characterization and cleanup schedule by approximately three years. This project demonstrates how the US EPA's Triad approach can be applied to streamline the site characterization and cleanup process while appropriately managing decision uncertainty in support of defensible site decisions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Triad case study: Former small arms training range
Authors: Puckett Gwyn , Shaw Travis C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (US ACE) used the Triad approach to expedite site characterization of contaminated soil at the Former Small Arms Evergreen Infiltration Training Range in Fort Lewis, Washington. The characterization was designed to determine if surface soils contain significant concentrations of metals, with the focus on collecting sufficient data for determining appropriate future actions (i.e., risk analysis or soil remediation). A dynamic sampling and analytical strategy based on rapid field‐based analytical methods was created in order to streamline site activities and save resources while increasing confidence in remediation decisions. Concurrent analysis of soil samples during the demonstration of method applicability (DMA) used both field portable X‐ray fluorescence (FPXRF) and laboratory methodologies to establish a correlation between FPXRF and laboratory data. Immediately following the DMA, contaminated soil from the impact berm was delineated by collecting both FPXRF data and fixed laboratory confirmation samples. The combined data set provided analytical results that allowed for revisions to the conceptual site model for the range and directed additional sample collection activities to more clearly determine the extent and distribution of soil contamination. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Accelerating environmental cleanup at DOE sites: Monitored natural attenuation/enhanced attenuation—A basis for a new paradigm
Authors: Sink Claire H. , Adams Karen M. , Looney Brian B. , Vangelas Karen M. , Cutshall Norman H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe U.S. Department of Energy is conducting a project to accelerate remediation through the use of monitored natural attenuation and enhanced attenuation for chlorinated ethenes in soils and groundwater. Better monitoring practices, improved scientific understanding, and an advanced regulatory framework are being sought through a team effort that engages technology developers from academia, private industry, and government laboratories; site cleanup managers; stakeholders; and federal and state regulators. The team works collaboratively toward the common goals of reducing risk, accelerating cleanup, reducing cost, and minimizing environmental disruption. Cutting‐edge scientific advances are being combined with experience and sound environmental engineering in a broadly integrated and comprehensive approach that exemplifies socalled “third‐generation R&D.” The project is potentially a model for other cleanup activities. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.