bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Safe storage of methadone in the home - an audit of the effectiveness of safety information giving
Authors: Bloor Roger N , McAuley Rosanna , Smalldridge Norman 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Background
Accidental poisoning by methadone occurs, particularly as a result of children ingesting a parent's methadone. Health care professionals have a responsibility to provide information and guidance to methadone users on safe storage of methadone. The objective of the study was to audit the effectiveness of information giving on the safety of methadone consumption, dose measurement and storage, and the effectiveness of sources of advice available for patients.

Methods
The study was undertaken prior to the introduction of a scheme for the supervised consumption of methadone, in the setting of an NHS Methadone clinic serving a district population of 490,000 in the UK. 185 consecutive patients attending a methadone clinic to collect a methadone prescription were the subject of an anonymous survey. Issues of safety of methadone consumption, storage and safety information provisions were assessed. A telephone survey of the community pharmacists dispensing the methadone covered the availability of measuring devices and provision of advice on safety was undertaken.

Results
Methadone was stored in a variety of locations, a cupboard being most frequent. 95 patients (60.1%) had children either living in or visiting their home. All stored their methadone in a bottle with a child resistant lid; the majority measured doses using either the container supplied by the pharmacist or a plastic measure. 126 patients (78%) confirmed that a pharmacist provided a measuring container on their first visit, 24 (15%) were given a measure on every visit to the pharmacist. Advice on safe storage was recalled by 30% of the patients, and advice on measuring methadone by 28%. Methadone was seen as potentially dangerous by 82% of the patients.

Conclusion
The risks resulting from unsafe storage of methadone may be reduced by daily instalment prescribing and provision of measuring containers on request. Recall of provision of information on safety issues is poor and the adoption of a standard policy on provision information should be seen as a priority. A re-audit of safety of storage of methadone is recommended following the introduction of a standard policy on information provision.
Role of viral evolutionary rate in HIV-1 disease progression in a linked cohort
Authors: Mikhail Meriet , Wang Bin , Lemey Philippe , Beckthold Brenda , Vandamme Anne-Mieke , Gill M John , Saksena Nitin K 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBackgroundThe actual relationship between viral variability and HIV disease progression and/or non-progression can only be extrapolated through epidemiologically-linked HIV-infected cohorts. The rarity of such cohorts accents their existence as invaluable human models for a clear understanding of molecular factors that may contribute to the various rates of HIV disease. We present here a cohort of three patients with the source termed donor A – a non-progressor and two recipients called B and C. Both recipients gradually progressed to HIV disease and patient C has died of AIDS recently. By conducting 15 near full-length genome (8.7 kb) analysis from longitudinally derived patient PBMC samples enabled us to investigate the extent of molecular factors, which govern HIV disease progression.ResultsFour time points were successfully amplified for patient A, 4 for patient B and 7 from patient C. Using phylogenetic analysis our data confirms the epidemiological-linkage and transmission of HIV-1 from a non-progressor to two recipients. Following transmission the two recipients gradually progressed to AIDS and one died of AIDS. Viral divergence, selective pressures, recombination, and evolutionary rates of HIV-1 in each member of the cohort were investigated over time. Genetic recombination and selective pressure was evident in the entire cohort. However, there was a striking correlation between evolutionary rate and disease progression.ConclusionNon-progressing individuals have the potential to transmit pathogenic variants, which in other host can lead to faster HIV disease progression. This was evident from our study and the accelerated disease progression in the recipient members of he cohort correlated with faster evolutionary rate of HIV-1, which is a unique aspect of this study.
Effect of Prophylactic Amiodarone on Clinical and Economic Outcomes After Cardiothoracic Surgery: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Gillespie Effie L , Coleman Craig I , Sander Stephen , Kluger Jeffrey , Gryskiewicz Kristen A , White C Michael 
Published: June 2005

BACKGROUND: Two previous meta-analyses of amiodarone for prevention of postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) after cardiothoracic surgery did not evaluate total hospital cost, concluded that data on stroke are incomplete, and did not evaluate the effect of clinical heterogeneity between trials. OBJECTIVE: To conduct a meta-analysis examining amiodarone's prophylactic impact on cardiothoracic surgery POAF, length of stay (LOS), stroke, and total costs. METHODS: Three reviewers conducted a systematic literature search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library (1966–September 2004%). Studies were included if they met the following criteria: (1%) randomized controlled trial versus placebo/routine treatment, (2%) coronary artery bypass graft and/or valvular surgery, (3%) Jadad score ≥3, (4%) reported data on incidence of POAF or stroke, LOS, or total costs, (5%) used electrocardiographic/Holter monitoring, and (6%) monitored subjects for ≥2 days. A random-effects model was utilized. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were conducted. RESULTS: Fifteen trials were identified, including 1512 and 1429 patients in the amiodarone and control groups, respectively. Amiodarone reduced POAF (OR 0.50; 95% CI 0.42 to 0.60%) and decreased stroke (n = 8 studies), LOS (n = 10%), and total costs (n = 6%) (OR 0.47; 95% CI 0.23 to 0.96; −0.73 days, 95% CI −0.95 to −0.51; and –$1619, 95% CI −3395 to 156, respectively). Surgery type, β-blocker use, route of administration, use of a fixed-effects model, or exclusion of unblinded/unpublished studies did not affect the overall results. No statistical heterogeneity was observed for any endpoint evaluated (p > 0.22 for all comparisons). CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic treatment with amiodarone decreases patients' risk of POAF and stroke while reducing LOS.
Measurement of Urine Relative Density Using Refractometer and Reagent Strips
Authors: Dorizzi Romolo M. , Caputo M. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
The relative density of urine is the ratio of its density to that of water and depends on both the number and weight of solute particles in the sample, while osmolality depends only on the number of solute particles. Water metabolism is regulated by the interaction of the renal medullary countercurrent system with the circulating levels of antidiuretic hormone and thirst. The concentration of solids in urine can be measured by weighing, hydrometry, oscillations of a capillary tube, refractometry and reagent strip. These techniques, interrelated but not identical, are commonly used in hospital laboratories and in clinical wards. We compared the results obtained in 1725 urine samples of inpatients and outpatients using an automated refractometer to those obtained using two visually read dip stick tests. The correlation coefficients (Super Aution analyser vs. Aution Sticks 10 EA, Aution Sticks 10 EA vs. N-Multistix, Super Aution analyser vs. N-Multisticks were 0.663, 0.645 and 0.514, respectively) and the great dispersion of mountain plots demonstrates that different techniques are not interchangeable in the measurement of relative density. Since the results obtained after discarding the samples with pH higher than 7 and those containing glucose or protein were very similar to the ones reported above, the role of these interferents appears negligible in inducing the discrepancy.
Physiopathology of Proteinuria and Laboratory Diagnostic Strategy Based on Single Protein Analysis
Authors: Guder Walter G. , Ivandic Miroslav , Hofmann Walter 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
A quantification of proteins of different molecular size has been shown to be useful in characterizing the mechanism and medical causes of proteinuria. By analyzing urine albumin, α1-microglobulin, immunoglobulin G and α2-macroglobulin together with total protein, prerenal, glomerular, tubular and postrenal causes of proteinuria can be detected and differentiated by their specific urine protein patterns. Using automated turbidimetric procedures, prerenal proteinurias are characterized by an albumin/total protein ratio below 0.4. Tubulo-interstitial diseases which are negative in the protein test strip procedure are detected and clearly differentiated from other causes of proteinuria by their high α1-microglobulin/albumin ratios. In postrenal proteinuria, α2-macroglobulin proved to be a useful marker, when albumin excretion exceeds 100 mg/l urine. This protein exhibits plasma-like ratios to albumin in postrenal causes, whereas it is much lower in renal proteinurias.
The new strategy, which has been evaluated in more than 500 clinically and partly histologically proven cases of renal diseases, more sensitively detects glomerular and tubulo-interstitial diseases when applied in urine screening and allows us to distinguish all clinically important causes from analysis of a morning spot urine sample.
Perception of Dental Illness Among Persons Receiving Public Assistance in Montreal
Authors: Bedos Christophe , Brodeur Jean-Marc , Levine Alissa , Richard Lucie , Boucheron Laurence , Mereus Witnisse 
Published: June 2005

Objectives. We examined rationales for behaviors related to dental care among persons receiving public assistance in Montreal, Quebec. Methods. Fifty-seven persons receiving public assistance participated in 8 focus groups conducted in 2002. Sessions were recorded on audiotape and transcribed; analyses included debriefing sessions and coding and interpreting transcribed data. Results. In the absence of dental pain and any visible cavity, persons receiving public assistance believed they were free of dental illness. However, they knew that dental pain signals a pathological process that progressively leads to tooth decay and, therefore, should be treated by a dentist. However, when in pain, despite recognizing that they needed professional treatment, they preferred to wait and suffer because of a fear of painful dental treatments and a reluctance to undertake certain procedures. Conclusions. Persons receiving public assistance have perceptions about dental health and illness that prevent them from receiving early treatment for tooth decay, which may lead to disagreements with dentists when planning dental treatments.
Socioeconomic Risk Factors for Asthma in Chilean Young Adults
Authors: Corvalán Camila , Amigo Hugo , Bustos Patricia , Rona Roberto J. 
Published: June 2005

Objectives. We studied the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and asthma symptoms, severity of asthma, atopy, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) to methacholine. Methods. We studied 1232 men and women born between 1974 and 1978 in a semirural area of Chile. We assessed asthma symptoms with a standardized questionnaire, atopy with a skin-prick test to 8 allergens, and BHR to methacholine with the tidal breathing method. SES was derived from several indicators: education, occupation, completion of a welfare form, belongings, housing, number of siblings, and overcrowding. Results. Those with fewer belongings had more asthma symptoms. Those who had higher education and those who owned cars had fewer asthma symptoms and BHR. Overcrowding was negatively related to atopy, atopy with asthma symptoms, and BHR. Higher education and noncompletion of a welfare form were risk factors for atopy. Conclusion. The strength and direction of the association between asthma and SES depended on what definition of asthma was analyzed. Asthma symptoms were more common among poor people. There was some support for the hygiene hypothesis, as overcrowding was associated with less wheezing with atopy, less atopy, and less BHR.
Semi‐supervised auto‐segmentation method for pelvic organ‐at‐risk in magnetic resonance images based on deep‐learning
Authors: Li Xianan , Jia Lecheng , Lin Fengyu , Chai Fan , Liu Tao , Zhang Wei , Wei Ziquan , Xiong Weiqi , Li Hua , Zhang Min , Wang Yi 
Published: February 2024

AbstractBackground and purposeIn radiotherapy, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging has higher contrast for soft tissues compared to computed tomography (CT) scanning and does not emit radiation. However, manual annotation of the deep learning‐based automatic organ‐at‐risk (OAR) delineation algorithms is expensive, making the collection of large‐high‐quality annotated datasets a challenge. Therefore, we proposed the low‐cost semi‐supervised OAR segmentation method using small pelvic MR image annotations.MethodsWe trained a deep learning‐based segmentation model using 116 sets of MR images from 116 patients. The bladder, femoral heads, rectum, and small intestine were selected as OAR regions. To generate the training set, we utilized a semi‐supervised method and ensemble learning techniques. Additionally, we employed a post‐processing algorithm to correct the self‐annotation data. Both 2D and 3D auto‐segmentation networks were evaluated for their performance. Furthermore, we evaluated the performance of semi‐supervised method for 50 labeled data and only 10 labeled data.ResultsThe Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) of the bladder, femoral heads, rectum and small intestine between segmentation results and reference masks is 0.954, 0.984, 0.908, 0.852 only using self‐annotation and post‐processing methods of 2D segmentation model. The DSC of corresponding OARs is 0.871, 0.975, 0.975, 0.783, 0.724 using 3D segmentation network, 0.896, 0.984, 0.890, 0.828 using 2D segmentation network and common supervised method.ConclusionThe outcomes of our study demonstrate that it is possible to train a multi‐OAR segmentation model using small annotation samples and additional unlabeled data. To effectively annotate the dataset, ensemble learning and post‐processing methods were employed. Additionally, when dealing with anisotropy and limited sample sizes, the 2D model outperformed the 3D model in terms of performance.
A Sustainable Retinal Drug Co‐Delivery for Boosting Therapeutic Efficacy in wAMD: Unveiling Multifaceted Evidence and Synergistic Mechanisms
Authors: Liu Congyan , Su Wenting , Jiang Xi , Lv Yanli , Kong Fei , Chen Qin , Zhang Qun , Zhang Huangqin , Liu Yuping , Li Xiaoqi , Xu Xinrong , Chen Yan , Qu Ding 
Published: February 2024

AbstractSustainable retinal codelivery poses significant challenges technically, although it is imperative for synergistic treatment of wet age‐related macular degeneration (wAMD). Here, a microemulsion‐doped hydrogel (Bor/PT‐M@TRG) is engineered as an intravitreal depot composing of temperature‐responsive hydrogel (TRG) and borneol‐decorated paeoniflorin (PF) & tetramethylpyrazine (TMP)‐coloaded microemulsions (Bor/PT‐M). Bor/PT‐M@TRG, functioning as the “ammunition depot”, resides in the vitreous and continuously releases Bor/PT‐M as the therapeutic “bullet”, enabling deep penetration into the retina for 21 days. A single intravitreal injection of Bor/PT‐M@TRG yields substantial reductions in choroidal neovascularization (CNV, a hallmark feature of wAMD) progression and mitigates oxidative stress‐induced damage in vivo. Combinational PF&TMP regulates the “reactive oxygen species/nuclear factor erythroid‐2‐related factor 2/heme oxygenase‐1” pathway and blocks the “hypoxia inducible factor‐1α/vascular endothelial growth factor” signaling in retina, synergistically cutting off the loop of CNV formation. Utilizing fluorescence resonance energy transfer and liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry techniques, they present compelling multifaceted evidence of sustainable retinal codelivery spanning formulations, ARPE‐19 cells, in vivo eye balls, and ex vivo section/retina‐choroid complex cell levels. Such codelivery approach is elucidated as the key driving force behind the exceptional therapeutic outcomes of Bor/PT‐M@TRG. These findings highlight the significance of sustainable retinal drug codelivery and rational combination for effective treatment of wAMD.
Metastatic adrenal gland neuroblastoma in an infant with trisomy 18: A case report
Authors: Tamur Shadi 
Published: February 2024

AbstractI present a patient with trisomy 18 associated with neuroblastoma. To the best of my knowledge, this is the second report of such an individual in the relevant literature. A 19‐month‐old girl known to have trisomy 18 presented with respiratory distress secondary to pleural effusion. Work‐up showed metastatic neuroblastoma to multiple sites, and the patient's clinical situation was critical. The physician–parent's decision was not to proceed with treatment of the malignancy. Based on this report, I recommend that physicians remain vigilant and have a high level of suspicion about the potential association between neuroblastoma and trisomy 18. Accordingly, it may be necessary to consider performing serial abdominal ultrasounds and biochemical tests to screen children with trisomy 18 who survive beyond infancy.
Low‐grade parental gonosomal mosaicism in CHD2 siblings with Smith–Magenis‐like syndrome
Authors: Cogliati Francesca , Straniero Letizia , Rimoldi Valeria , Masciadri Maura , Perego Sara , Rinaldi Berardo , Milani Donatella , Gentilini Davide , Larizza Lidia , Asselta Rosanna , Russo Silvia , Bedeschi Maria Francesca 
Published: February 2024

AbstractLoss‐of‐function CHD2 (chromodomain helicase DNA‐binding protein 2) mutations are associated with a spectrum of neurodevelopmental disorders often including early‐onset generalized seizures, photosensitivity, and epileptic encephalopathies. Patients show psychomotor delay/intellectual disability (ID), autistic features, and behavior disorders, such as aggression and impulsivity. Most reported cases are sporadic with description of germline mosaicism only in two families. We detect the first case of parental gonosomal CHD2 mosaicism disclosed by two brothers showing mild ID, born to healthy parents. The eldest brother has a history of drug‐controlled generalized tonic–clonic seizures and displays sleep disorder and aggressive behavior suggestive of Smith–Magenis syndrome (SMS). Analysis of brothers’ DNAs by next‐generation sequencing (NGS) custom gene panel for pediatric epilepsy and/or ID disclosed in both the same pathogenic CHD2 variant. Additional NGS experiment on genomic DNA from parents’ peripheral blood and from buccal swab raised the suspicion of low‐grade gonosomal mosaicism in the unaffected mother subsequently confirmed by digital polymerase chain reaction (dPCR). This report underlines as worthwhile CHD2 screening in individuals presenting ID/developmental delay, with/without epilepsy, and behavior and sleep disorders suggestive of SMS. Detecting a CHD2 variant should prime testing probands' parents by NGS coupled to dPCR on different tissues to exclude/confirm gonosomal mosaicism and define the recurrence risk.
Exploring potential diffusion pathways of biorefinery innovations—An agent‐based simulation approach for facilitating shared value creation
Authors: Wenger Julia , Jäger Georg , Näyhä Annukka , Plakolb Simon , Krassnitzer Paul Erich , Stern Tobias 
Published: February 2024

AbstractIn many European countries with plentiful forest resources, novel forest‐based businesses play a key role in the transition from our current fossil‐based economy towards a circular bioeconomy. For example, kraft lignin, a by‐product from the pulping industry, is produced in large amounts globally. To date, however, it is still only offered on the market by a small number of pulping companies. The successful innovation diffusion of related new technologies and businesses requires establishing a collective effort among multiple societal actors to motivate the sharing of value creation processes. In this paper, potential innovation diffusion pathways are modeled and simulated by means of an agent‐based approach (Biorefinery Products Innovation Diffusion model, BioPID). The paper investigates the conditions needed to encourage the diffusion of kraft lignin innovations as a (partial) replacement for fossil‐based feedstock in selected applications. The results reveal the basic mechanisms behind potential innovation diffusion pathways. The major barriers were found to be the high level of uncertainty surrounding the additional costs arising in lignin processing, the small number of lignin providers, and the presence of relatively homogeneous pricing strategies based on opportunity and basic preparation costs. The analysis of two product categories revealed different patterns in terms of innovation diffusion and potential greenhouse gas emissions. A novelty of BioPID is that it allows for iterative technology evaluation and technology foresight analysis of biorefinery projects (e.g., by combining techno‐economic, socio‐technical, and environmental aspects). This produces knowledge for diverse stakeholders involved in the lignin innovation ecosystem, thus enabling better communication on shared values and furthering innovation diffusion.
ABC as in Arteriopathy, Bleeding, and Coronary disease: Disentangling the prognostic conundrum of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with concomitant peripheral artery disease
Authors: Corcione Nicola , Biondi‐Zoccai Giuseppe 
Published: February 2024

Key points
The prognosis of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention can be informed by attentive appraisal of bleeding risk and peripheral artery disease.
While the predictive interplay between bleeding risk and peripheral artery disease is quite complex, the former prognostic factor seems more potent and capable of better guiding decision‐making.
Future research is warranted to gauge the benefits of individualized antithrombotic and antiatherosclerotic regimens to improve long‐term prognosis in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention.
Backside versus Frontside SN2 Reactions of Alkyl Triflates and Alcohols
Authors: Remmerswaal Wouter A. , de Jong Tjeerd , van de Vrande Koen N. A. , Louwersheimer Rick , Verwaal Thomas , Filippov Dmitri V. , Codée Jeroen D. C. , Hansen Thomas 
Published: February 2024

AbstractNucleophilic substitution reactions are elementary reactions in organic chemistry that are used in many synthetic routes. By quantum chemical methods, we have investigated the intrinsic competition between the backside SN2 (SN2‐b) and frontside SN2 (SN2‐f) pathways using a set of simple alkyl triflates as the electrophile in combination with a systematic series of phenols and partially fluorinated ethanol nucleophiles. It is revealed how and why the well‐established mechanistic preference for the SN2‐b pathway slowly erodes and can even be overruled by the unusual SN2‐f substitution mechanism going from strong to weak alcohol nucleophiles. Activation strain analyses disclose that the SN2‐b pathway is favored for strong alcohol nucleophiles because of the well‐known intrinsically more efficient approach to the electrophile resulting in a more stabilizing nucleophile–electrophile interaction. In contrast, the preference of weaker alcohol nucleophiles shifts to the SN2‐f pathway, benefiting from a stabilizing hydrogen bond interaction between the incoming alcohol and the leaving group. This hydrogen bond interaction is strengthened by the increased acidity of the weaker alcohol nucleophiles, thereby steering the mechanistic preference toward the frontside SN2 pathway.