bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tess of the D’Urbervilles and the Law of Provocation
Authors: Williams Melanie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is no surprise to find that the most winning characters in Victorian novels experience little mercy once they carry out a desperate act resulting in the death of another. Tess of the d’Urbervilles is just such a case. Tess kills her seducer and her own execution is a foregone conclusion. Victorian law might well have been draconian in its disposition to such crime. In one sense, the novel encourages the reader to accept this: there is no trial, no appeal and the text summarily marks the execution with the fatalistic words ‘ “Justice” was done, and the President of the Immortals, in Aeschylean phrase, had ended his sport with Tess.’ Yet, in another very real sense the novel screams ‘injustice!’. In reading this message, the lawyer-reader can derive an intriguing and profound lesson for present-day criminal law; that in our obsession with the minutiae of doctrinal propriety we overlook the social construction of victims turned perpetrators and the concomitant complicity of doctrine. This is an issue of central importance to criminal jurisprudence and is most evident in the doctrine of provocation.
Electronic Money: A North American Perspective
Authors: Crawford Bradley QC , Sookman Barry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of the third millennium of the Christian era the most interesting 19.01 development in the field of monetary law, and the one with the greatest potential to influence the future of both monetary law and commercial and financial practices, is the appearance of new forms of money expressed in electronic media. In the whole period since the invention of money as a medium of exchange, the magnitude of this potential is rivalled only by the recognition of transferable bank credit. At the present time it appears that the changes that will follow the widespread use of electronic forms of money will be as revolutionary as those that followed the development of transferable bank credit as a medium of payment. But in the case of electronic money, the effects will chiefly be felt in the realm of retail payments. It is, perhaps, significant that we are experiencing at the same time both the demonetization of gold and the break in the monopoly of official specie as the sole medium of immediately final retail payments.
Conflicts Of Laws Issues Of International Payments
Authors: Brozolo Luca G Radicati di 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since international payments involve contacts with at least two different states 24.01 and their respective legal systems, it is intuitive that they raise issues of conflicts of laws. Anybody even superficially familiar with private international law would be quick to realize that such issues are bound to be numerous and complicated. Yet it is surprising that, despite the number of international payments made each day around the world and the likelihood of disputes liable to raise conflicts problems, both the case law and the literature on these issues are quite scarce.
Governing diverse societies
Authors: Innes Joanna 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The basis of internal government throughout the British Isles was the allocation of power to local elites: landowners in the countryside, trading and professional elites in the towns (sometimes with some share of power for local gentry too)– and below them, at the level of the manor or parish, small landowners, tenants, or ratepaying house- holders. One effect of this arrangement was that the character of government in the localities varied, even when formal institutions were the same, as social structures, social relations, and political and religious cultures varied.
Victorian Activity 1869-1890
Authors: Lloyd T O 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Cutting military spending by withdrawing troops from Canada after the scattered colonies had been strengthened by Confederation was such a satisfactory piece of retrenchment that British ministers looked round for similar opportunities to save money. But somehow they never occurred; the detachment from imperial expansion which had been so general a feature of policy since 1850 was replaced by the re-emergence of the century-old tendency to move forward all over the world. It could not be said to be inspired by an outburst of direct imperial enthusiasm in the opening stages; at least until Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee in 1887 the process of imperial expansion was something that took place with very little discussion, no continuous public pressure - if imperial sentiment helped Disraeli win an election in 1874, it did nothing to save him from defeat in 1880 - and every sign of being a response to particular challenges rather than formed policy.
Victorian Imperial Enthusiasm 1883-1899
Authors: Lloyd T O 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The changes that had led to the territorial acquisitions of the 1870s and 1880s were changes in the worlds of commerce and diplomacy. Miners and traders might want to gain land or at least have it made secure for them to go about their business, and diplomats might devote their attention to making sure that disputes and wars did not break out in Africa that might cause unwanted trouble in European affairs, but all this took place against a background of lack of public interest that made politicians uneasy about committing their countries to too much expense. The strength of the resistance in the chambre des deputes to French expansion in Indochina was the most clear-cut example of parliamentary opposition to spending money on colonial adventures. Political leaders may have kept episodes like this one or Gladstone’s anti-expansionist electoral success in 1880 in mind even longer than was necessary. In the Britain of the 1890s there were signs that some ministers were slow to catch up with the way that imperial enthusiasm had by that time made people think that a little extra spending or a little war overseas were enterprises they were ready to support.
Fighting and Reorganizing 1899-1922
Authors: Lloyd T O 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Boer War marked the end of a period of territorial expansion of the empire, and led to a time of imperial rethinking and reorganization. The setbacks and defeats of the first stage of the war, and the unexpectedly long-drawn-out closing stage poured cold water over imperial enthusiasm, but they did not lead to any suggestion of imperial withdrawal. In the years after the war economic development and domestic reform received more attention than they had done for some years, but these new steps were sometimes expressed in the language of empire: the rehabilitation of South Africa after the Boer War was directed by ardent exponents of the imperial idea, and Liberals in Britain expressed their ideas for reform in a book entitled The Heart of the Empire. So much new land had been acquired, and so greatly had relations with some of the colonies changed that the task of administration was enough by itself to absorb all the energy that people were ready to devote to the empire.
Race and Gender: The Role of Analogy in Science
Authors: Stepan Nancy Leys 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Metaphor occupies a central place in literary theory, but the role of metaphors, and of the analogies they mediate, in scientific theory is still debated. One reason for the controversy over metaphor, analogy, and models in science is the intellectually privileged status that science has traditionally enjoyed as the repository of nonmetaphorical, empirical, politically neutral, universal knowledge. During the scientific revolution of the seventeenth century, metaphor became associated with the imagination, poetic fancy, subjective figures, and even untruthfulness and was contrasted with truthful, unadorned, objective knowledge—that is, with science itself.
Though This Be Method, Yet There Is Madness in It: Paranoia and Liberal Epistemology
Authors: Scheman Naomi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In an article entitled ‘The Politics of Epistemology’, Morton White argues that it is not in general possible to ascribe a unique political character to a theory of knowledge.1 In particular, he explores what he takes to be the irony that the epistemologies developed by John Locke and John Stuart Mill for explicitly progressive and democratic ends have loopholes that allow for undemocratic interpretation and application. The loopholes White identifies concern in each case the methods by which authority is granted or recognized.
Toward an Agonistic Feminism: Hannah Arendt and the Politics of Identity
Authors: Honig Bonnie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Hannah Arendt is an odd, even awkward figure to tum to if one is seeking to enrich the resources of a feminist politics. Notorious for her rigid public/private distinction, Arendt protects the sui generis character of her politics and the purity of her public realm by prohibiting the politicization of issues of social justice and gen der. These sorts of occupation belong not to politics but to the traditional realm of the household as Aristotle theorized it. In short, the ‘Woman Problem’, as she called it, was not one that Arendt thought it appropriate to pose, politically.
Regarding Some ‘Old Husbands’ Tales’: Public and Private in Feminist History
Authors: Davidoff Leonore 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A central platform of feminist critique and attempted revision of mainstream thought has focused on the construction and boundaries of classifications: of femininity and masculinity, women and men, woman and man. These classifications have in turn been linked to the construction of other highly significant categories, the complicated—and slippery—notions of public and private.
The Patriarchal Welfare State
Authors: Pateman Carole 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
According to Raymond Williams’s Keywords, ‘the Welfare State, in distinction from the Warfare State, was first named in 1939’.The welfare state was set apart from the fascist warfare state, defeated in the Second World War, and so the welfare state was identified with democracy at the christening. In the 1980s most Western welfare states are also warfare states, but this is not ordinarily seen as compromising their democratic character. Rather, the extent of democracy is usually taken to hinge on the class structure. Welfare provides a social wage for the working class, and the positive, social democratic view is that the welfare state gives social meaning and equal worth to the formal juridical and political rights of all citizens.
French Administrative Law
Authors: Brown L Neville , Bell John S , Galabert Jean-Michel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As the bicentenary of the Conseil d’Etat approaches, this new edition of the leading English-language text provides a detailed profile of the Conseil and offers an up-to-date overview of le droit administratif, which is regarded, alongside the Code Napolon, as the most notable achievement of French legal science. The Conseil d’Etat is taken as a model for many administrative systems in Europe and beyond, and it continues to exercise a strong influence upon the emerging democracies of Eastern Europe and the Third World. The eleven expanded appendices, including statistics, model pleadings and other illustrations, provide an invaluable and accessible source of information on the French administrative courts, their procedure and case-load. Throughout the approach is comparative, with frequent references to developments in United Kingdom administrative law and in the EC institutions. The book will be an invaluable guide to all students of French law and comparative public law.
Pricing and Hedging of Derivative Securities
Authors: Nielsen Lars Tyce 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The theory of pricing and hedging of derivative securities is mathematically sophisticated. This book is an introduction to the use of advanced probability theory in financial economics, presenting the necessary mathematics in a precise and rigorous manner. Professor Nielsen concentrates on three main areas: the theory of continuous-time stochastic processes, a notorious barrier to the understanding of probability theory in finance; the general theory of trading, pricing, and hedging in continuous time, using the martingale approach; and a detailed look at the BlackScholes and the Gaussian one-factor models of the term structure of interest rates. His book enables the reader to read the journal literature with confidence, apply the methods to new problems, or to do original research in the field.
US Third World Feminism: The Theory and Method of Oppositional Consciousness in the Postmodern World1
Authors: Sandoval Chela 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The enigma that is US third world feminism has yet to be fully confronted by theorists of social change. To these late twentieth century analysts it has remained inconceivable that US third world feminism might represent a form of historical consciousness whose very structure lies outside the conditions of possibility that regulate the oppositional expressions of dominant feminism.
Women on Top in the Pamphlet Literature of the English Revolution
Authors: Achinstein Sharon 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There was much gender trouble in the pamphlet literature of the English Revolution, and that gender trouble was often expressed through sexual satire. Radical sects in particular bore the brunt of much of this satire. “Unnatural” sexual acts were commonly depicted in this literature, like the woodcut of the public masturbation of ‘Adamite” men on the title-page of A New Sect of Religion Decried, called ADAMITES (1641), which, though it served the reader’s voyeuristic pleasure also served to delegitimize the sects by ridicule.
The Trinity, Prayer and Sexuality
Authors: Coakley Sarah 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
So that will be my first thesis: the inextricability of renewed trini tarian conceptuality and the renewal of prayer practice, and I shall be arguing that Christian prayer practice is inherently trinitarian. In a way this is a belated riposte to the charge of the great German ‘liberal’ theologian, Friedrich Schleiermacher, that the Trinity can never be experienced, can never be, as he put it, ‘direct to consciousness’. This I want to challenge.
The Roar on the Other Side of Silence
Authors: MacKinnon Catharine A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Women speak in public for the first time in history of the harms done to them through pornography in the hearings collected in this volume [Ed’s note: ‘This volume’, here and throughout this chapter, refers to In Harm’s Way: The Pornography Civil Rights Hearing, ed. Andrea Dworkin and Catharine A. MacKinnon (Harvard University Press, 1997)]. Their first-person accounts stand against the pervasive sexual violation of women and children that is allowed to be done in private and is not allowed to be criticized in public. Their publication, which comes almost fifteen years’ after the first hearing was held, ends the exclusion from the public record of the information they contain on the way pornography works in social reality. Now ended is the censorship of these facts and voices from a debate on the social and cultural role of pornography that has gone on as if it could go on without them.
The Force of Fantasy: Feminism, Mapplethorpe, and Discursive Excess
Authors: Butler Judith 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A contemporary feminist interrogation of representation is inevitably caught up in a set of persistently ambivalent ontological claims. Recent feminist criticisms of poststructuralism and poststructuralist feminism take issue with what appears to be a refusal to grant a pre-given, pre-linguistic or self-identical status to the real. The so-called deconstruction of the real, however, is not a simple negation or thorough dismissal of any ontological claim, but constitutes an interrogation of the construction and circulation of what counts as an ontological claim. The critical point is to examine the exclusionary means by which the circumspection of the real has been part of feminist practice prior to there being any question of its status as a poststructuralist intrusion.
Porn in the USA
Authors: Royalle Candida 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There were three reasons why I started Femme Productions. After a few years of working as an actress in adult films, I began to write for men’s magazines and review adult movies. That was when I started looking closely at the films and was horrified to see how sexist they were. So I began to think about making porn movies that were aimed at women, and which couples could share together. I felt that adult entertainment could be very valid and life-enriching, but it wasn’t being done with that in mind. Unlike the antiporn movement, I don’t think porn causes violence. But the films were very exploitive of women and of sexuality in general. I didn’t think that they were offering anything constructive about our sexuality. I also realized that women were beginning to watch porn, and I knew that there was nothing out there for them to watch. So I began Femme with three aims in mind. I wanted to show that it was possible to produce explicit porn that had integrity, I wanted to show that porn could be nonsexist, and I wanted to show that porn could be life-enriching.
Estonia, Hungary, and Slovenia: Banking on Identity
Authors: Greskovits Béla 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A powerful new institution, the independent central bank, emerged rapidly from the transformation of inherited financial systems in postcommunist Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). Its power entailed the ability to define macroeconomic stability as a policy priority, institutionalize it against rival preferences, and shape economic performance in line with its own agenda. However, rather than converging on a single uniform model, the new central banks adopted varied institutional features. They also diverged in terms of their performance and central bankers’ identities.
The Us Federal Reserve and the Politics of Monetary and Financial Regulatory Policies
Authors: Woolley John T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As a model independent central bank in the world’s economic superpower, the US Federal Reserve System (the Fed) has never been far in the background for planners of European monetary union and the European Central Bank (ECB). Since 1980, the Fed has seemed to consolidate a dominant position in US macroeconomic affairs. A consensus emerged that inflation, widely seen as the pre-eminent macroeconomic challenge, could be solved only through steady, but technically supple, politically independent monetary policy (Woolley 1998). While the Fed experienced occasional political challenges to its regulatory powers and public disclosure, these challenges did not extend to monetary policy.
Transparency and Accountability
Authors: Jabko Nicolas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the contemporary discourse of financial and monetary officials across the world, ‘transparency and accountability’ are usually lumped together as paired requirements. The spread of this global ethos is puzzling if we consider that central bankers not long ago derived pride and authority from their power to make important decisions outside the public eye. In 1986, Marvin Goodfriend, a vice-president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, acknowledged—and questioned—central bankers’ adherence to a ‘mystique’ of secrecy surrounding monetary policy (Goodfriend 1986).
OPEC Pricing Power: The Need for a New Perspective
Authors: Fattouh Bassam 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since the 1973 oil price shock, the history and behaviour of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) have received considerable attention both in the academic literature and in the media.1 Many conflicting theoretical and empirical interpretations about the nature of OPEC and its influence on world oil markets have been proposed. The debate is not centred on whether OPEC restricts output, but the reasons behind these restrictions. Some studies emphasize that OPEC production decisions are made with reference to budgetary needs, which in turn depend on the absorptive capacity of the members’ domestic economies (Teece, 1982).
Pension Funds And The Evolution Of Financial Markets In The European Union
Authors: Davis E Philip 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Owing to population ageing and the financing diﬃculties of public pension systems, as well as maturing of existing funded systems, there is a widespread trend in Europe towards funded pensions. Whereas funding of retirement income is most directly related to the development of pension funds, the broader growth of institutional investors such as mutual funds and life insurers may also link directly or indirectly to saving to meet income needs in retirement.
Twenty Years of Economic Reform and Structural Change in the Chinese Economy
Authors: Garnaut Ross 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On 22 December 1978, the Eleventh Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party completed its third plenary meeting. There was no contemporary recognition in the West of the significance of the meeting. The twentieth anniversary of the third plenum received far more attention. In the intervening years, China, and its relations with the inter¬ national community, have been transformed. China’s economy has expanded by five times, and its foreign trade by twelve. It has greatly increased consumption levels of what had been about half of the world’s people in poverty. Then an isolated, autarchic economy, China through the mid and late1980s absorbed about half of the direct foreign investment flows to developing economies. From having no trade or investment ties with Taiwan and the Republic of Korea, it is now the first or second export destination of one and the third of the other.
Low Pay—A Special Affliction of Women
Authors: Asplund Rita , Persson Inga 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Over recent decades women throughout Europe have steadily increased their market work. Cohort by cohort, activity rates have gone up (Meulders, Plasman, and Vander Stricht 1993; Persson 1993). Particularly marked has been the increase in the labour market participation of mothers of small children. These developments have gone much further in certain countries, especially the Scandinavian ones, where the activity rates of women now resemble those of men, but the direction and pattern of this economic and social transformation are the same throughout Europe. In economic terms the transformation means that out of 100 persons in the EU labour force in the mid-1990s, forty-three were women (Eurostat 1998a). In social terms it means that in the overwhelming majority of households throughout Europe women are doing market work. Concomitant with the increase in women’s participation in market work has been an increase in their educational investments so that in more recent cohorts young women tend to bring with them as much human capital to the labour market as young men. But, in spite of the increased similarities between European women and men in terms of labour market participation and educational investments, their positions and the economic outcomes for them in the labour market differ greatly. The types of jobs held and the economic rewards to work show a very clear gendered pattern in all the countries, even in those where the participation rates and the human capital investments of men and women are very similar. Horizontal and vertical job segregation are extensive; women are paid less than men at given human capital characteristics; and female-dominated occupations are paid less than male-dominated ones (at given human capital and other job requirements).