bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Institution of Property
Authors: Schmidtz David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The evolution of property law is driven by an ongoing search for ways to internalize what economists call externalities: positive externalities associated with productive effort and negative externalities associated with misuse of commonly held resources. If all goes well, property law enables would-be producers to enjoy the benefits of productive effort. It also enables people to insulate themselves from external costs associated with activities around the neighborhood. Property law is not perfect. To further reduce external costs that neighbors might otherwise impose on each other, people resort to nuisance and zoning laws, regulatory agencies, and so on, all with a view to supplementing and perfecting the critical role that property law plays in minimizing external costs.
From Alpha to Omega
Authors: Walker Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hans von Bülow once arrived in a small German town to give a piano recital. He was informed by the somewhat nervous organizers that the local music critic could usually be counted on to give a good review, pro- vided that the artist first agreed to take a modestly priced lesson from him. Bülow pondered this unusual situation for a moment, and then replied, ‘He charges such low fees he could almost be described as incor- ruptible’. On another occasion Bülow got back to his London hotel after dark. As he was climbing the dimly lit staircase, he collided with a stranger hurrying in the opposite direction.
The Early Years
Authors: Walker Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The winter of 1829–1830 was spectacularly cold, with bone-chilling tem- peratures that regularly hovered around minus 20 degrees Celsius. No one could recall a winter of such severity. As the celebrations of Christ- mas and then of the New Year waxed and waned, with no relief in sight, it became hazardous to venture out of doors for long. The river Elbe was frozen solid, and the citizens of Dresden were able to skate from one bank to the other, a distance of more than 900 feet, bypassing the venerable Augustus Bridge, which was clogged with snow and ice. On Friday, Janu- ary 8, 1830, the thermometer dropped to minus 37.5 degrees Celsius, a murderous level that threatened both man and beast. It was on that day that Hans von Bülow chose to make his entrance into the world. He was born in the family home at 19 Kohlmarkt (later 12 Körnerstrasse) diago- nally opposite the birth-house of the German nationalistic poet Theodor Körner. His arrival took everyone by surprise. The previous evening his mother had been with friends, and had given no sign that she was about to go into labour. Swift may have been the delivery, but it was not without complications, and Franziska’s firstborn was so weak that few thought the infant would survive. It was to be his first victory over adversity.
The Growing Virtuoso, 1853–1855
Authors: Walker Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On September 16 Eduard von Bülow died in Switzerland after suffering a stroke. More than a week elapsed before the news reached Bülow, because no one had a precise idea of where he was. His concert tours had taken him to Karlsruhe, and it was not until September 25, just as he was about to leave the city, that he was handed the fateful letters from his mother and his sister, informing him of his father’s demise. News of the tragedy shattered him.
The Meiningen Years, 1880–1885 III: Paths of Glory
Authors: Walker Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the Byzantine complications in Bülow’s private life from which we have just emerged, his work with the Meiningen Orchestra remained constant. The European tours continued to absorb his time and involve him in his best work, and it is to them that we must now return. When the history of these long and arduous journeys comes to be written, the ones pursued in 1884 will be seen to rank not only among the most numerous but also the most memorable. The orchestra stood at the peak of its form, and it was gathering laurels wherever it appeared. In January alone, the ensemble gave twenty concerts in various cities in South Germany; and in February, after enjoying a brief respite in Meiningen, they swept through North Germany in a grand orbit that took them to Göttingen, Hamburg, Kiel, Lübeck, Bremen, and Berlin.
Return to America, 1889–1890
Authors: Walker Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bülow set sail for America from Bremen on board the steamship SS Saale, on March 14, 1889, accompanied by his ‘two Maries’—his wife and their young friend Marie Ritter. ‘What a marvel this floating town is,’ Bülow enthused over the state-of-the-art passenger liner. ‘The most Bismarckian order reigns overall, and in everything’.Eight days later, after a smooth crossing, the little party was in New York. They checked into the old Hotel Normandie, situated on the east corner of Broadway and 38th Street, not far from the Metropolitan Opera House, where Bülow was scheduled to conduct his opening concert.
The Arbitrator As Guardian Of International Public Policy?
Authors: Wilske Stephan , Raible Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Investment disputes always were and still are inherently political. The advent of “institutionalized” international investment arbitration was meant to be an important step towards the “depoliticization” of these disputes. Taking a closer look at today’s debate about investment arbitration, the pendulum seems to have swung back. Although international investment arbitration might still be viewed by most observers as the promotion of the rule of law or even as an element of the “constitutionalization of international investment protection,” there seems to be a trend towards the “repoliticization” of investment disputes due to the surge of international arbitration and related public awareness.
The Modern Dance, 1977–1985
Authors: Smith Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In October 1977, the Sex Pistols released their only studio album after going through three different labels: Never Mind the Bollocks, Here’s the Sex Pistols (1977). The LP touched off a wave of controversy, including a lawsuit over the use of the profanity ‘‘bollocks,’’ a refusal to work by employees at the record plant, and a boycott by radio stations and record stores. The album still went to No. 1 on the U.K. charts and almost breached the Top 100 in the United States. Three months later, the band broke up after a disastrous two-week tour of the American south, during which members of the group were repeatedly beaten up by their audiences. Later in the year, bassist Sid Vicious was arrested for murder after his girlfriend was found stabbed to death in their New York City hotel room. Four months after that, Vicious died of a heroin overdose the night before his hearing.
Death, Badness, and the Impossibility of Experience
Authors: Fischer John Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a perennial philosophical puzzle how death can be bad for the individual who dies. Insofar as death is construed as an experiential blank, some have argued (following Epicurus) that one’s own death (as opposed to one’s dying) cannot be bad for one; after all, one does not experience death as bad or have any unpleasant experiences as a result of it. As the saying goes, “What you don’t know can’t hurt you.” But is the view expressed by this saying correct? Thomas Nagel has argued that it is not. Nagel argues that an individual can be harmed by something which does not result in any unpleasant experiences for that individual. He employs the following example in support of his position: It (the view that what you don’t know can’t hurt you) means that even if a man is betrayed by his friends, ridiculed behind his back, and despised by people who treat him politely to his face, none of it can be counted as a misfortune for him so long as he does not suffer as a result.
Earlier Birth and Later Death: Symmetry Through Thick and Thin
Authors: Fischer John Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although we human beings typically think that death can be a bad thing or misfortune for the individual who dies, it is not easy to explain why or how death can be a bad thing, when (and if) it in fact is. The commonsense view about the possibility of death’s badness need not be interpreted so that it entails that death is always bad for the individual who dies, or that immortality would always and under all circumstances be good.) A natural way to seek to explain death’s badness, when it is indeed bad, is to say that death deprives the individual of what would otherwise have been, on balance, good. Since death deprives the individual of life, it is bad insofar as it deprives the individual of what would have been (overall) good. In his classic paper, ‘ Death,’Thomas Nagel (1970) suggested this sort of explanation of death’s badness, and various philosophers have followed him in defending the deprivation thesis about death’s badness.
Epicureanism About Death and Immortality
Authors: Fischer John Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Epicureans take seriously Boethius’thought that philosophy has its consolations. In her important work on Hellenistic philosophy, Martha Nussbaum has offered an interpretation of Hellenistic philosophy according to the “medical model.” On this approach, philosophy is not a neutral, detached methodology, but a way of helping us to grapple with problems that otherwise would confuse and distress us. Philosophy, then, is a kind of therapy. Nussbaum both attributes this view to Epicurus and his followers (such as the Roman philosopher, Lucretius) and also endorses it. The Hellenistic philosophers sought toapply their philosophical therapy to such issues as the fear of death, the nature and mysteries of love, sexuality, and potentially unruly emotions, such as anger.
Raymond Adams
Authors: Laureno Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Raymond D. Adams: A Life of Mind and Muscle is a contribution to the history of neurology and the history of American medicine. Adams, one of the greats of neurology, advanced the fields of neurology, neuropathology, internal medicine, psychiatry, pediatrics, and psychology. Drawing on 50 interviews with Raymond D. Adams and on interviews with 50 other professionals and family members, this book documents his contributions to knowledge, his expansion of the realm of neurology, and his vast impact as an educator and author. Following an introductory chapter, “The Phenomenon of Raymond Adams,” the book deals chronologically with the phases of his life, education, and professional work. Another section of the book is arranged by disease categories and related topics, explaining his investigative work and ideas. There is a chapter of summation, analyzing the accomplishment and legacy of Dr. Adams. Numerous appendices include letters of correspondence, a letter of nomination, and extracts of interviews with other neurologists. These documents provide further insight into Adam’s personality and work patterns. This book convincingly demonstrates Dr. Adam’s seminal role in the completion of the 19th century task of clinicopathologic analysis of neurological diseases, the opening of the study of muscle pathology, the systematic study of cerebrovascular diseases, and emergence of the modern field of pediatric neurology, along with demonstrating the extent to which he educated generations of leaders in neurology and to which he guided neurologists everywhere with his great synthesis, Principles of Neurology.
A Pediatric Perspective on Chiropractic
Authors: Erickson Karen , Hewitt Elise G , Watson Amy Lynne , Rosner Anthony L , Hewitt Randy L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chiropractic is the third largest heath care profession in the United States after medicine and dentistry, and the most utilized type of holistic health care. All chiropractors are trained to treat infants and children. Chiropractors have the option of furthering their specialization through post-doctorate training certification in pediatric chiropractic.
Transsexuality and Daseia Y. Cavers-Huff
Authors: Zack Naomi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I’ll start with my qualifications. I am not a transsexual. I know very little about transsexuals. About eight or nine years ago, a graduate student where I was teaching produced an elaborate example, intended to make an epistemological point, which began, “What if Naomi (Zack) is really a man?” I wondered why he had chosen that question and whether others in my department might think that I was a transsexual. In that context, had I been a transsexual, my self-presentation as a woman would have counted as a form of “passing,” because it is commonly assumed in our society that those who are “women” have been female since birth. That is, my impression was that it would not have been “acceptable” for me to have been born male and present myself and identify as, a woman, which is what my “really” being a man implied.
Review of Alvin Plantinga’s God and Other Minds
Authors: Slote Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is one of the most important to have appeared in this century in the philosophy of religion, and makes outstanding contributions to our understand-ing of the problem of other minds as well. Plantinga’s chief concern is critical: to examine in detail and refute some of the most important and plausible arguments put forward by philosophers for the existence of some sort of deity and for the existence of other minds. Plantinga demonstrates great skill in argumentation and brings all the techniques of modern philosophical analysis, including modal logic, to bear on the views he criticizes.
Rational Dilemmas and Rational Supererogation
Authors: Slote Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The recent literature of philosophy contains many discussions of moral dilemmas. The idea that there may be situations where (through no prior fault or guilt of one’s own) one finds it impossible to avoid guilt, to avoid wrongdoing, has been defended, criticized, and mined for its implications: with increasing frequency, the idea of moral dilemmas has become a focus of ethical discussion. In this essay, I would like to consider a related issue which may be useful in casting light on the merits of the case for moral dilemmas, but which is of considerable independent interest. We are by now familiar with the ways in which issues concerning morality and concerning practical rationality can run parallel, and although I would not want to suggest that rationality and morality are in every way analogous, it seems to me we have devoted insufficient attention to a possible major parallel: the case for the possibility of rational dilemmas has yet to be explicitly made.
Caring Versus the Philosophers
Authors: Slote Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I am sure that everyone attending these meetings knows about the justice/caring debate. Carol Gilligan’s distinction between two ways of approaching morality and Nel Noddings’s subsequent systematic discussion of a “feminine” ethic of caring have had an enormous influence on psychological and educational theory over the past decade or so, but until more recently, the impact on philosophy and on philosophical discussions of ethics has been much less. I remember my own original reaction or lack of it to the new ideas. I thought the idea that men and women think differently about moral issues was absolutely fascinating and very possibly correct, but I didn’t see how Gilligan’s and Noddings’s views could affect the ethical theorist’s efforts to come up with a comprehensive view of morality. If anything, it seemed that the duality of human moral thinking threatened us with a kind of relativism, one that left men and women talking past one another and gave them no basis for thinking critically and constructively together. That idea was certainly daunting, if not frightening, to the aims of ethical theory, so, as I just indicated, I preferred to leave the justice/caring issue to one side and do ethical theory as I always had.
Empathy and Objectivity
Authors: Slote Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper I want to explore the relevance of empathy to certain epistemological ideals. Although I have previously focused in a very large way on the nature and uses of empathy, that focus has always been on morality and moral theory, and I now believe that the phenomenon of empathy has an important role to play in helping us understand the epistemological ideal and intellectual virtue of objectivity. I would like to begin by reviewing some of the ideas about empathy I have relied on in previous work on morality, ideas that will be helpful to us when we come to consider the nature of intellectual objectivity largely in terms of empathy. (I know the latter idea may seem at this point strange, but I shall endeavor to make it seem much less strange in what follows).
Dawkins and Atheism
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Richard Dawkins, the most prominent and accomplished scientific writer of our time, is convinced that religion is the enemy of science. Not just fundamentalist or fanatical or extremist religion, but all religion that admits faith as a ground of belief and asserts the existence of God. In The God Delusion he attacks religion with all the weapons at his disposal, and as a result the book is a very uneven collection of scriptural ridicule, amateur philosophy, historical and contemporary horror stories, anthropological speculations, and cosmological scientific argument. Dawkins wants both to dissuade believers and to embolden atheists. Since he is operating mostly outside the range of his scientific expertise, it is not surprising that The God Delusion lacks the superb instructive lucidity of his books on evolutionary theory, such as The Selfish Gene, The Blind Watchmaker, and Climbing Mount Improbable. In this new book I found that kind of pleasure only in the brief explanation of why the moth flies into the candle flame—an example introduced to illustrate how a useful trait can have disastrous side effects.
Williams: Philosophy and Humanity
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bernard Williams brought philosophical reflection to an opulent array of subjects, with more imagination and with greater cultural and historical understanding than anyone else of his time. Three posthumously published collections of essays provide an overwhelming reminder of his incandescent and all-consuming intelligence. The Sense of the Past was largely planned by Williams himself before his death in 2003; In the Beginning Was the Deed treats topics he would have addressed more systematically in the book on political philosophy he planned but did not live to write; Philosophy as a Humanistic Discipline brings together the most important essays not collected elsewhere, including the fullest statement of Williams’s conception of philosophy, of its purpose, and of its relations to science, to history, and to human life. In each of the collections there are some slight pieces, and also some overlap, but all three are marvelous books.
O’Shaughnessy on the Stream of Consciousness
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philosophy, unlike most other subjects, does not try to extend our knowledge by discovering new information about the world. It tries to deepen our understanding by reflection on what is already closest to us—the experiences, thoughts, concepts, and activities that make up our lives, and that ordinarily escape notice because they are so familiar. Philosophy begins by finding utterly mysterious the things that pervade our everyday lives, such as language, perception, value, and truth. For everyday purposes we don’t have to know how these things are possible: We talk, we see what is in front of us, and we judge that this action is wrong or that assertion true. But it is possible, in the tradition deriving from Plato, to stop and think about what we are really doing, not for a practical purpose but just in order to understand what lies beneath the familiar surface of life. Human consciousness, which is at the core of everything we do and think, is one of the principal targets of such philosophical understanding. In our time the advance of physical and biological science makes possible the search for some of its physiological conditions, but there is a more basic understanding of consciousness that remains a philosophical task, and that is surprisingly undeveloped—an understanding that we can pursue only from within. It has occupied phenomenologists like Husserl and Sartre, and empiricists like Hume and Russell. Even if empirical science starts from the evidence provided by conscious experience, understanding the nature of that starting point is still mainly the concern of philosophers.
Sartre: The Look and the Problem of Other Minds
Authors: Nagel Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sartre’s discussion of the existence of Others in Being and Nothingness is a distinctive and original part of his philosophy, which ramifies in his remarks on the body and sexuality. But I want to examine it as a contribution to the understanding of the traditional problem of other minds, and the broader problem of which that is one expression—the problem of how we can understand our own mind, our own subjectivity, as one instance of a type of being of which there are many examples, all contained somehow in a common world that has an objective existence.
Introduction
Authors: Minnis A J , Scattergood V J , Smith J J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective of this book is to give an up-to-date summary of what is known about Chaucer’s Shorter Poems, to offer new ideas and interpretations, and to stimulate debate about the cultural significance of those texts, both in Chaucer’s day and in our own. Above all else, it is concerned to offer different ways of reading Chaucer, and to consider the ideological implications of various readings. Therefore it is deliberately and frankly pluralistic, interweaving the views of critics who wrote over fifty years ago with those which were published in the summer of 1993 (our general cut-off point), scholarship on dates and sources with contemporary theoretical approaches, literary history of a traditional kind with historicist procedures which have gained currency recently, and also medieval hermeneutics with modern. It is hoped that the result will appeal to a wide range of readers and will encourage readers to widen their range.
The Legend of Good Women
Authors: Minnis A J , Scattergood V J , Smith J J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his song ‘Go and catch a falling star’, John Donne declares that of all the outlandish things he can think of (impregnating a mandrake root, learning to hear mermaids singing, etc.), quite the most unlikely is the existence of a woman who is at once fair and faithful.
W. H. Auden Revises a Context
Authors: Robinson Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In an essay on the poetry of D. H. Lawrence, W. H. Auden wrote:
The difference between formal and free verse may be likened to the difference between carving and modeling; the formal poet, that is to say, thinks of the poem he is writing as something already latent in the language which he has to reveal, while the free verse poet thinks of language as a plastic passive medium upon which he imposes his artistic conception.