bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paradigm Shift in Well Integrity Management Through the Use of Autonomous Wireless Well Intervention Robots
Authors: Guedes Julio Q. M. , Batista João H. G. , Souza Adriel B. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Traditional techniques to evaluate well's integrity employed for assessing mechanical integrity often come with high operational costs and logistical expenses, as they require the interruption of production or injection processes (1). Consequently, these conventional methods can be impractical and hinder overall efficiency.
However, the emergence of autonomous and intelligent intervention systems has paved the way for a significant advancement in this field. These innovative systems possess the capability to make real-time decisions in dynamic and unstructured environments. By using artificial intelligence technologies, it can autonomously evaluate mechanical integrity without human intervention.
One of the primary benefits of maintaining mechanical integrity is the assurance of safety and operational efficiency. The integrity of well structures prevents the occurrence of leaks, ruptures, or collapses, which can lead to catastrophic incidents and environmental damage. By employing autonomous and intelligent intervention systems, companies can proactively monitor the mechanical of wells, mitigating potential risks and avoiding costly operational disruptions.
These advanced systems are designed to monitor and assess critical parameters such as pressure, temperature, and flow. The real-time decision-making capability of autonomous intervention systems significantly reduces response times to potential integrity threats. By identifying issues, operators can prevent the escalation of problems and minimize associated costs. In addition to improving operational efficiency and safety, autonomous and intelligent intervention systems also offer long-term cost savings. By implementing proactive monitoring strategies, companies can optimize their resource allocation and extend the lifespan of wells. This, in turn, reduces the frequency of costly interventions and enhances overall operational profitability representing a significant leap forward in evaluating well's integrity. By reducing the need for traditional, costly techniques and enabling real-time decision-making equipment, these systems enhance safety, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness.
Studies (2, 3) demonstrates that the utilization of RLWI (Rigless Well Intervention) systems can significantly reduce the costs associated with well intervention. Also, the utilization of robotic solutions, as example, wireline tractors have been proved as an excellent solution to improve the efficiency and reliability of well integrity (4, 5, 6).
The paper will describe the progress made in developing a modular, autonomous mobile robotic platform for through-tubing operation. We outline the stages of prototype development, current project status, and tests. We also provide details on the artificial intelligence control and autonomous decision-making systems. Finally, we plan to present simulation and field test results in the final section of the paper.
Maturating Organic-Rich Source Rocks Using Superheated Gases Injection: Heat Transfer Analysis
Authors: Hassan A. M. , Alawad S. M. , Moh-Ali A. E. , Mahmoud M. A. , El-Husseiny A. H. , Abu-Mahfouz I. S. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Understanding unconventional formations is very important in order to improve the hydrocarbon production from these reservoirs. Different methods are used to increase the hydrocarbon recovery utilizing chemical injections. This study proposes a method for maturating unconventional shale formations using gases injection approach. The suggested method focuses on generating and improving gas production from immature and early mature organic-rich source rocks. The method comprises injecting superheated gases into the subsurface formation. The injected gases can maturate the organic matter due to the heat transfer between the high-temperature gases and kerogen. In this study, different superheated gases were examined including hydrogen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, methane, steam, and air. Heat transfer analysis was carried out to investigate the impact of the injected gas on increasing the temperature of shale rock. Parameters such as injection velocity, rock density, and injection time were examined. Also, experimental measurements were carried out to capture the changes in organic and inorganic contents due to artificial maturation. The obtained results showed that the organic content can be reduced by around 8 to 33%, depending on the maturation conditions. The performance of the maturation treatment can be affected significantly by the temperatures of injected gases, treatment time, heating rate, gas type, and shale density. Among all examined gases, hydrogen and methane gases showed the highest maturation performance due to the fastest heat transfer. Also, increasing the kerogen density showed a negative impact on the maturation process by reducing heat transfer efficiency. Overall, injecting superheated hydrogen and methane gases at the maximum injection rate into shale formations of lower density would provide the best maturation performance.
Multi-Wave Joint Characterization Technique of Channel Sand Body in Shaximiao Formation, Northwestern Sichuan Basin
Authors: Wei Wei , Ran Qi , Chen Kang , Dai Junchen , Yang Guangguang , Yan Yuanyuan , Lv Yan , Xi Cheng 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The channel sand bodies in the first member of Middle Jurassic Shaximiao Formation (Sha 1 Member) in the northwest Sichuan basin ZT area shows a vertically multi-period superimposed and horizontally contemporaneous crisscrossed. Meanwhile, it is highly non-homogeneous, with significant differences in sand thickness, porosity and gas content at different locations in the channel, resulting in complex and variable seismic reflection characteristics, which makes it difficult to accurately characterize the channel sand body distribution through a single amplitude 'bright spot' in the conventional longitudinal wave (PP-wave) post-stack seismic profile. In this study, the newly collected three-dimensional three-component transverse wave (PS-wave) seismic data in this area are used, combined with pre-stack and post-stack PP-wave seismic data, and based on the forward modeling, the multi-wave seismic response characteristics of the channel sand body are analyzed and summarized with the variation of sand body thickness and porosity, and a multi-wave joint channel sand body characterization technique is proposed for Sha1 Member of Saximiao Formation. The results of the study show that: 1. PP-wave seismic response of the top interface of the sand body gradually shifts from a strong wave peak to a strong wave through with increasing porosity, whereas the sand body response of the PS-wave does not reverse with porosity changes. The stability of the top interface of the sand body corresponding to the peak reflection of PS-wave, hence the lithological inscription based on the PS-wave amplitude attribute can effectively identify different types of river sand bodies. 2. Compared with the pre-stack P-G attribute, which reflects the PS-wave impedance changing rates, the PS-wave reflection amplitude shows better energy focus, and the boundary of channel sand body is also clearer based on PS-wave amplitude ‘bright spot’ compared with P-G attribute. While the P-G attribute based on the pre-stack seismic data has higher longitudinal resolution, thus it is more beneficial to distinguish the superimposed sand body and determine the phase of the sand body. In summary, the multi-wave joint sand body characterization technique makes full use of the advantages of multiple seismic data in sand body characterization, with the high-resolution P-G attribute helping to determine the longitudinal phase of the sand body, and the PS-wave used to map the transverse boundary of the sand body. The composite results can be used to provide a fine-scale characterization of the sand body in the main channel of Sha 1 Member. The application is highly effective and provides favorable support for well deployment and reserve upgrading in the Zitong area.
Next Steps in Hydraulic Fracturing in the Clair Field – An Evolving Story
Authors: Bird Anastasia , Roy Alistair , Tuffy Declan , Casero Alberto , Hoad James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Due to its complexity the Clair Field is a phased development. It consists of the Clair Phase 1 and Clair Ridge Platforms with prospects of Clair Phase 3 in future. The original development plan for the Clair Field was based on wells successfully targeting natural fracture networks to deliver enhanced production rates well above those the low-permeability matrix alone could deliver. Natural fractures drive productivity in Clair Field producers, so no hydraulic fracturing stimulation was envisaged. Therefore, it is unsurprising that initial stimulation efforts on the Clair Field targeted intervention-based hydraulic fracturing after the wells had been completed and put on production. However, several recent wells which did not encounter sufficient natural fractures have delivered production results below expectations. Consequently, this increased appetite for hydraulic fracturing to protect the base and provide additional production.
Hydraulic fracturing has demonstrated its value in terms of production uplift for the Clair Field since the first well was hydraulically fractured in 2019. The first platform-based multistage fracturing on the Clair Phase 1 Platform was undertaken from the drill floor when no development well construction was taking place. It has highlighted that fracturing offshore as a wellwork campaign is an intensive and complex scope.
On the Ridge platform the continuous drilling program is ongoing, driving requirements for simultaneous operations (SIMOPS). Increasing operational challenges to the next level, the next step was to perform hydraulic fracturing alongside an ongoing development drilling and completion campaign, driving the requirement to conduct all intervention operations simultaneously (SIMOPS) with minimal impact both to the rig and production operations. The first SIMOPS fracturing project was successfully delivered on the Clair Ridge Platform in 2022. It demonstrated the capability to perform a complex hydraulic fracturing intervention concurrently with an ongoing drilling campaign and production operations all while ensuring safe and reliable execution. Future intervention-based stimulations are planned on Clair Phase 1 and Clair Ridge and the lessons learned from the first two operations are key to delivering those efficiently.
Striving for continuous improvement, the Clair team have developed plans to transfer stimulation operations from an intervention to an integral part of the well construction phase, immediately following lower completion installation. Changing to an ‘online’ fracturing execution approach greatly reduces both equipment and personnel on board (POB) required on the platform.
New insights also include considerations on fracturing design and placement in naturally fractured reservoir as Ridge area of the Clair Field. This paper details lessons learned for dealing with pressure dependent leak-off for hydraulic fracturing in naturally fractured reservoir.
Skills for the Energy Transition and Beyond: Human Resource in the Industry 4.0 Energy Sector
Authors: Obode E. , Osunrinde T. , Ifalade O. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Industrial revolutions have been significant in shaping the modern world as we know it because it brings transformation across technology, economic and societal structures. Each revolution represents a shift in the way goods are produced, services required in production, labor and human capital dynamics and even daily life of society.
The question of whether revolutions indeed occurred historically has been subject of the works of revisionists and historians and there have been debates over the establishment of a timeline during which these events happened. This may have been because of the localization of the early Industrial revolutions. For this reason, arguments about what exactly changed, when it started, when it ended, and where to place the emphasis keep raging. Another reason for this contemplation is the drawn-out periods attributed to these revolutions. The retrospective presentation of Industrial revolutions may not necessarily paint the same picture as with people who lived through them without the benefit of hindsight. Four different schools of thought were thus identified as concerning what mattered or what changed during the Industrial Revolutions. The Social Change School, The Industrial Organization School, The Macroeconomic School and The Technological School. These schools have different areas of emphasis yet overlap to a point where clear line of distinction cannot be made1.
Essential Agreement to Get Robust Analysis of Production Logging in Horizontal Wells
Authors: Tveritnev A. , Kotlar N. 
Published: October 2023

Understanding and predicting the behavior of multiphase flows from carbonate reservoirs is of paramount importance in oil and gas exploration and production. However, the complexity of these interpretations, often due to lack of agreement and variations in parameters for consideration, present significant challenges. Traditional techniques relying on the expertise of each analyst are often insufficient, necessitating the development of more refined workflow, particularly for horizontal and deviated wells where fluid dynamics introduce further complexity.
This paper elucidates a method for profiling multiphase flows in horizontal wells using array or Multiple Probe Tools, which provide distributed velocity and hold-up measurements across the pipe. This methodology improves upon conventional Production Logging (PL) interpretation, reducing the reliance on multiphase flow correlations and providing a more accurate understanding of the production or injection profile (Tveritnev,2023).
We discuss in detail the principles, calculations, and assumptions behind this method, its advantages over traditional approaches, and the impact of reservoir heterogeneity and fluid properties on the interpretation. Real-world examples and theoretical models are used to further illustrate the application of this approach, providing insights into the complex dynamics of multiphase flows in carbonate reservoirs. Finally, potential pitfalls and challenges in the interpretation of PL data are highlighted, along with solutions and recommendations for more accurate reservoir characterization.
A Novel Workflow Proposed to Calculate Net Carbon Intensity for EOR Applications in Giant Middle East Oil Reservoir
Authors: Garnier O. , Blanchet M. , D'Alessandro S. , Bourgeois M. , Prinet C. , Romero C. , Vaswani Y. , Aljaberi M. , Elbekshi A. , Al Saadi H. A. , Hegazy O. , Al Daghar K. , Alhammadi A. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
ADNOC has the ambition to drastically reduce its net carbon intensity as part of its carbon neutrality (net zero) ambition by 2050. In simple terms, net zero means achieving an overall balance between the amount of greenhouse gases (GHG) emitted and those removed from the atmosphere. Net carbon intensity represents the GHGs from energy products and services provided by an Asset or a company, scopes 1, 2 and 3, net of negative emissions if any (e.g., CO2 permanent storage), divided by the energy produced by the company. It is a ratio which takes net GHG emissions and energy into consideration.
Reduction of net carbon intensity of oil production can be achieved through enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques. EOR technologies include CO2, polymer, and low salinity water injection, which can contribute to the reduction of carbon footprint. CO2 EOR has a potential to fully decarbonize ADNOC activities, especially in the onshore oil fields. CO2 can be collected from anthropogenic sources or from oil fields associated gas and injected into oil reservoirs not only to enhance the oil recovery, but also sequestrating the CO2 within the oil reservoirs. ADNOC onshore shareholders are sharing the same ambition to increase the annual volume of CO2 storage through EOR by more than 10 million tons per annum (MTPA). In any CO2 Water Alternate Gas (WAG) project, it is necessary to perform CO2 recycling after breakthrough. Estimating the EOR related GHGs emissions accurately includes calculating GHGs emissions related to the CO2 recycling operations with the additional oil production treatment, and the amount of stored CO2 after recycling.
The present publication introduces a novel workflow to perform EOR GHG emissions calculation, which can then be used to obtain the net carbon intensity of EOR technologies application The proposed paper is applied to different EOR applications (WAG CO2, Low salinity, and Polymer). The most impressive application case is WAG CO2 where the CO2 emissions are discounted by the CO2 stored thanks to EOR. The application of the EOR GHG incremental emissions has been done on a preliminary WAG CO2 project case with calculation of additional energy consumption, additional GHG emissions, CO2 storage, and, consequently, net oil carbon intensity (negative) and stored CO2 (positive). In this paper, EOR WAG CO2 results are discussed in detail.
The obtained results prove that EOR technologies can contribute to the reduction of carbon intensity of oil production. For the EOR CO2, the stored CO2 is not only compensating for the full scope 1 & 2 emissions linked to the EOR project, but also reducing the carbon intensity of the incremental oil production itself (scope 1, 2 & 3). Definition of scope 1, 2 & 3 can be found in the references.
Investigating the Effect of Geological and Engineering Parameters on the Fracture Height Growth in Naturally-Layered Shale Reservoirs Using 3D Lattice Method
Authors: He Rui , Zheng Youcheng , Chen Weihua , Lv Zefei , Zeng Ji , Yan Jie , Wang Tao , Wang Yang , Cao Aiwu 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Numerical investigation of the influence of different parameters on hydraulic fracture propagation is fundamental to guide the fracturing parameters optimization of naturally-layered shale reservoir. The shale reservoir contains a large number of bedding planes with lower strength, which have a great effect on the vertical growth of hydraulic fractures. It is believed that the interaction between hydraulic fractures (HF) and bedding planes (BP) has a significant impact on the fracture geometry. In this paper, we used 3D lattice method to establish the hydraulic fracture modelling with multiple horizontal bedding planes, and this model can consider fluid-mechanical coupling effect and the fluid flow in permeable bedding plane. Based on the model, a sensitivity analysis of the key influencing parameters such as vertical stress, cohesion of bedding plane, permeability of bedding plane, injection rate, and fracturing fluid viscosity on the fracture height growth is implemented. The fracture penetration coefficient and the area coefficient of vertical propagation are introduced to evaluate the penetrating ability, and the degree of influence of each factor on the penetrating ability is analyzed and ranked using grey relational analysis (GRA). The simulation results show that the hydraulic fracture tends to penetrate bedding planes under the condition of high vertical stress, high cohesion of bedding plane, low permeability of bedding plane, high injection rate, and high fracturing fluid viscosity. Due to the existence of bedding planes, the morphology of hydraulic fracture is more complex, and the fracture shape presents several forms, typically including "I", "工", and "キ" shape. When the fracture penetration coefficient and the area coefficient of vertical propagation are higher, it is more likely that the hydraulic fracture penetrates the bedding plane directly. Otherwise, it will be arrested and turn to propagate along the bedding planes. Compared with other factors, the vertical stress has the most significant impact on the fracture height growth. The numerical model provides an effective approach for quantitatively analyzing the development of various types of HF/BP interaction behavior. The research results have been applied in hydraulic fracturing of Well X1, and expected stimulation effect is achieved by technical optimization.
Effects of Rock Heterogeneity and Wettability on CO2 Mineralization During Storage in UAE Depleted Carbonate Gas Formations
Authors: Fathy A. , Adila A. S. , Ahmed S. , Hassan A. M. , Al-Shalabi E. W. , Al Ameri W. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Anthropogenic CO2 emissions have accumulated significantly in the last few decades aggravating global warming. Mineral trapping is a key mechanism for the global energy transition during which injected CO2 is sequestered within the subsurface formations via dissolution/precipitation. However, the data of CO2 mineralization are extremely scarce, which limits our understanding of suitable candidate formations for mineral trapping. The aim of this study is to emphasize the impacts of wettability and rock heterogeneity on mineral trapping occurring during CO2 sequestration in carbonate formations. In this study, a numerical approach was followed by setting up one-spot pilot test-scale models of homogeneous and heterogeneous carbonate formations to predict the mineral trapping capacity of CO2 gas for two distinct wetting states: Strongly Water-Wet (SWW) and Intermediately Water-Wet (IWW). Accordingly, a 3D Cartesian base case model was created with upscaled petrophysical parameters to mimic the subsurface conditions of a representative carbonate formation from UAE. The study highlighted the relationship between carbonate wettability, rock heterogeneity, and fate of CO2 plume and mineralization potential.
In this study, the effect of wettability and heterogeneity were analyzed in terms of CO2 mineralized after 1 year of injection and 200 years of storage. The mineral trapping capacities computed showed a monotonic increase as the wettability shifted from SWW to IWW irrespective of reservoir heterogeneity with different extents. Notably, after 115 years of storage, the heterogeneous formations started to sequester more CO2 attributed to permeability variance increase. In the same context, plume of CO2 extended upwardly and laterally further in case of intermediately water-wet compared to strongly water-wet, especially at earlier stages of storage duration. Classical trapping mechanisms such as solubility trapping gained more attention than mineralization. This is attributed to the time-dependency of mineralization with slow reaction rate scaling up to millennia. Thus, CO2 mineralization potential assessment is important to de-risk large-scale pilot tests. This work provides new insights into underpinning the effects of wettability and rock heterogeneity on CO2 storage capacity in carbonate formations. The findings suggest that mineralization within carbonate immobilizes CO2 and thus, assists in stable and long-term storage.