bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the inferior frontal gyrus and thalamus and its relationship to verbal learning task performance in patients with schizophrenia: A preliminary report
Authors: HAGINO HIROFUMI , SUZUKI MICHIO , MORI KOICHI , NOHARA SHIGERU , YAMASHITA IKIKO , TAKAHASHI TSUTOMU , KUROKAWA KENZO , MATSUI MIE , WATANABE NAOTO , SETO HIKARU , KURACHI MASAYOSHI 
Published: March 2003

AbstractPrevious research has found frontal lobe involvement in memory impairment in schizophrenia. In the present study, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy was performed in 13 young patients with schizophrenia and 13 normal control subjects. Spectra were obtained from a voxel of 2 × 2 × 1.5 cm3 in the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus and thalamus. Subjects were given a verbal learning task and stimulus category repetition (SCR) was calculated from the performance of the task. Significantly reduced N‐acetylaspartate (NAA)/choline‐containing compounds ratios were found in the left inferior frontal cortex of patients compared with controls. The total number of words recalled by patients was significantly lower than that recalled by controls. In all subjects, SCR scores were positively correlated with NAA/phosphocreatine ratios of the left inferior frontal cortex, which showed a trend towards a decrease in patients. These results support the notion of metabolic abnormalities in the left inferior frontal region related to verbal memory deficits in patients with schizophrenia.
The neurotic versus delusional subtype of taijin‐kyofu‐sho: Their DSM diagnoses
Authors: NAKAMURA KEI , KITANISHI KENJI , MIYAKE YUKO , HASHIMOTO KAZUYUKI , KUBOTA MIKIKO 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe main purpose of the present study was to investigate the diagnostic concepts of taijin‐kyofu‐sho (TKS) and social phobia, by comparing the clinical diagnosis of TKS and the operational diagnosis of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd edition, revised; DSM‐III‐R). Three evaluators conducted semistructured interview for DSM‐III‐R (SCID axis I and II, the Japanese version) to 88 outpatients who visited Jikei University Daisan Hospital, Japan, over a period of 1 year, requesting Morita therapy. The patients were also independently diagnosed by three psychiatrists to identify TKS. A total of 65.8% of 38 cases of TKS were diagnosed as social phobia. Among the neurotic TKS cases, the percentage was high at 81.5%, while among the delusional TKS cases it was 27.3%. A total of 42.1% of the TKS cases were diagnosed as mood disorder; 60.5% of the TKS cases presented some axis II disorders, among which avoidant personality disorder was the most prevalent (31.6%). There was no significant difference between the neurotic and delusional subtypes of TKS, regarding comorbidity with axis I diagnoses. As for axis II diagnoses, delusional TKS patients had a higher rate of comorbidity with paranoid personality disorder, although they demonstrated very similar trends in comorbidity with all other personality disorders. In the diagnostic system of DSM‐III‐R, it is highly likely that the neurotic and delusional subtypes of TKS will be seen to correspond to different diagnostic categories.
19F‐magnetic resonance spectroscopy and chemical shift imaging for schizophrenic patients using haloperidol decanoate
Authors: SASSA TAKESHI , SUHARA TETSUYA , IKEHIRA HIROO , OBATA TAKAYUKI , GIRARD FRANCK , TANADA SHUJI , OKUBO YOSHIRO 
Published: March 2003

AbstractHaloperidol decanoate is widely used in the maintenance treatment of schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders, but knowledge concerning its pharmacokinetics at the injected region is very limited. Because the chemical structure of haloperidol contains fluorine, in vivo19F‐magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy (repetition time (TR) = 1 s) and chemical shift imaging (CSI; TR  = 1 s, pixel size = 15 × 15 mm) were performed in schizophrenic patients who were treated with haloperidol decanoate (three men and one woman) to measure its diachronic change at the injection point and visualize its local distribution after intramuscular injection. 19F signals (T1 time = 365 ms) were obtained at the haloperidol decanoate‐injected region. The decrease rate of the signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) by 19F‐MR spectroscopy seemed large in comparison with that of the plasma haloperidol concentration. The distribution was clearly visualized by 19F‐CSI for a few days after the injection, but after 1 week could no longer be seen. Although the slow‐release characteristics of depot neuroleptics have been explained by the slow diffusion of esterified neuroleptics from the oil vehicle, this result may suggest that there are other mechanisms involved in maintaining the plasma haloperidol concentration. In vivo19F‐MR spectroscopy and CSI are potentially applicable for the pharmacokinetic analysis of haloperidol and other drugs containing fluorine in their structure.
Isolation of bioactive compounds in cyanobacteria from Chinese fresh water. 1. Trypsin inhibitor
Authors: Sano Tomoharu , He Jiawan , Liu Yongding , Kaya Kunimitsu 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARYA trypsin inhibitor, oscillapeptin d (1), was isolated from Oscillatoria agardhii, the strain isolated from wa‐terbloom samples of Dianchi Lake in Yunnan province in China. The structure was elucidated to be 1 by chemical degradation and 2‐D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyses. The inhibitor was a 3‐amino‐6‐hy‐droxy‐2‐piperidone (Ahp)‐containing cyclic depsipep‐tide.
Purification of freshwater picoplanktonic cyanobacteria by pour‐plating in ‘ultra‐low‐gelling‐temperature agarose’
Authors: Watanabe Makoto M. , Nakagawa Megumi , Katagiri Masayuki , Aizawa Ken‐ichi , Hiroki Mikiya , Nozaki Hisayoshi 
Published: March 2003

SUMMARYSeven unialgal cultures of picoplanktonic cyanobacteria isolated from freshwater lakes in Japan were examined in the present study. They are assignable to the Cyanobium cluster of the Synechococcus group sensu Waterbury and Rippka (1989) based on morphology, GC content, fatty acid and quinon compositions. They include one blue‐green colored strain (NIES‐680) with only phycocyanin as well as the PCC strains of Cyanobium cluster (Waterbury and Rippka 1989) and six reddish colored strains (NIES‐715, ‐717, ‐718, ‐721, ‐722 and ‐723) with both phycocyanin and phycoerythrin. All the strains examined developed colonies in pour‐plates I of 1.4%‘ultra‐low‐gel‐ling‐temperature agarose’within 1 month. The colony numbers were 12–20 × 102 c.f.u. mL‐1. Most clones derived from the colonies were axenic by the bacteria‐free check. The length of this procedure, preculture excepted, was 4–6 weeks. Colony formation in pour‐plate II of 0.6% agarose was observed in the blue‐green strain (NIES‐680) and the three reddish strains (NIES‐717,‐721 and ‐723) after 1–2 months. The number of colonies formed on pour‐plate II were 1–2 × 102 c.f.u. mL‐1, much lower than those on pour‐plate I. Only a blue‐green strain formed colonies on spread plates of 0.6% agarose. The colony numbers developed were 10–15 × 102 c.f.u. mL‐1 and similar to those on pour‐plate I. The other reddish strains did not develop colonies on spread plates. The pour‐plating method developed provides a highly efficient and successful method for obtaining axenic clonal cultures of planktonic cyanobacteria.
Flowcytometric analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells in polymyositis/dermatomyositis with interstitial pneumonia
Authors: Kourakata Hiroyo , Takada Toshinori , Suzuki Eiichi , Enomoto Katsumi , Saito Isao , Taguchi Yoko , Tsukada Hiroki , Nakano Masaaki , Arakawa Masaaki 
Published: March 2003

Objective: Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a complication occurring in 10–30% of patients with polymyositis/dermatomyositis (PM/DM) as well as in those with progressive systemic sclerosis (PSS). Clinical features are different between these two disease states, notably with respect to the duration of manifestations, pathological findings, response to steroid therapy etc. However, dissimilarities in pulmonary inflammatory cell characteristics, which, if present at all, would be of critical importance, remain as yet to be clarified. Methodology: The phenotypes of lymphocytes and alveolar macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were analysed to elucidate phenotypic peculiarity of pulmonary inflammatory cells of ILD in PM/DM. Eight PM/DM patients with ILD (mean age 47.9 years) were examined by bronchofibrescopy under local anaesthesia. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed from the right middle lobe using four 50 mL aliquots of normal saline and the recovered fluid was compared with BALF of ILD in PSS. Results: Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells of PM/DM patients with ILD showed an increased percentage of CD8+ lymphocytes, in particular CD8+ histocompatibility leucocyte antigen‐DR positive lymphocytes and CD8+ CD11b‐lymphocytes, both of which represent cytotoxic T cells. However, phenotypic differences in these lymphocytes were not found between PM and DM. The percentage of alveolar macrophages with expression of histocompatibility leucocyte antigen‐DQ was significantly different among the three groups (PM/DM, PSS, healthy volunteers). Conclusions: Cytotoxic T cells may be major pulmonary inflammatory cells of ILD in PM/DM with no apparent difference between PM and DM. In contrast, ILD in PSS was suggested as being likely to be characterized by activated macrophage.
Tuberculin skin testing: Determinants and reaction
Authors: Lao Lily Y , De Guia Teresita S 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMantoux purified protein derivative (PPD) skin testing was performed in schoolchildren who were grouped according to positive (Group I, n = 205) and negative (Group II, n = 79) exposure to recent acid‐fast bacilli (AFB) smear‐positive tuberculosis (TB) family contact. A prospective case‐control study was undertaken to evaluate whether repeat bacille Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) vaccination, nutritional state, presence/absence of BCG scar, and degree of AFB positivity of sputum of adult TB cases affect PPD skin reactivity in these two groups. Group I with TB contacts had larger induration (13.00 ± 11.29 mm) than the Group II control group of 4.52 ± 6.20; P = 0.000. Purified protein derivative reaction as to the number of BCG vaccination(s) received showed an increase in size as the BCG vaccination is repeated with significantly larger induration in Group I than in Group II (P = 0.048). The nutritional status was subgrouped into A (weight < 10 percentile), B (weight 50–75 percentile), and C (weight > 90 percentile), which were comparable for both groups. The mean PPD induration of subgroup A in Groups I and II was not statistically different. However, the mean PPD induration was highly significant between Groups I and II in subgroup B (12.46 ± 10.70 vs 3.80 ± 5.71 mm; P = 0.000) and subgroup C (14.31 ± 11.54 vs 5.42 ± 6.70 mm; P = 0.000). Children in group I with the BCG scar were noted to have significantly greater PPD induration size than in group II (14.14 ± 11.23 vs 5.05 ± 6.24 mm; P = 0.000). The degree of AFB positivity of sputum of TB adult cases (1+ to 4+ and cavitary TB) has no effect on PPD size (P = 0.766). Close contact with individuals with active TB (AFB smear positive) is a very important factor for PPD skin conversion. Repeat BCG vaccination, malnutrition, and BCG with scars present difficulties in making a diagnosis of TB infection but did not affect PPD reactivity and did highlight the need for thorough clinical evaluation.
Clinical significance of potential pathogenic microorganisms of sputum in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: SHIRAI MASAHIRO , HAYAKAWA HIROSHI , UCHIYAMA HIROSHI , CHIDA KINGO , NAKAMURA HIROTOSHI 
Published: March 2003

Background: Bacterial culture of sputum is frequently positive in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). However, it remains to be clarified whether detection of potential pathogenic microorganisms (PPM) in sputum represents bacterial infection or only colonization of the respiratory tract. In the present study, we investigated the clinical significance of PPM in patients with pulmonary TB.Methodology: Sputum culture for PPM was studied in 174 pulmonary TB patients (117 males and
57 females, mean age of 71 years) on the day of admission. Ninety‐seven patients
(63 males and 34 females, mean age of 67.1 years) also underwent transtracheal aspirates
(TTA). Quantitative culture of sputum and TTA was performed to distinguish infection
from colonization. The results were evaluated as follows: more than 106
or 105 c.f.u./mL indicated infection in the case of sputum or TTA samples, respectively. We also compared various clinical parameters between patients with PPM and patients with non‐potential pathogenic microorganisms (non‐PPM).Results: Potential pathogenic microorganisms were positive in 44% and 24% of sputum and TTA specimens, respectively. However, quantitative culture for PPM showed positive findings in only 11% and 3% of sputum and TTA specimens, respectively. A comparative study of the clinical features revealed that PPM patients had a lower bodyweight and lower serum albumin levels than non‐PPM patients. A fatal outcome was also more common in PPM patients than in non‐PPM patients. Logistic regression analysis further confirmed that PPM clearly contributed to a fatal outcome in addition to the previously established parameters including age, performance status, haemoglobin, albumin and radiographic disease extent.Conclusion: Although sputum PPM represent only colonization of the upper respiratory tract in TB patients, they are associated with a poor prognosis.
Can serial qualitative polymerase chain reaction monitoring predict outcome of pulmonary tuberculosis treatment?
Authors: CHIERAKUL NITIPATANA , CHAIPRASERT ANGKANA , TINGTOY NIPA , ARJRATANAKUL WIYADA , PATTANAKITSAKUL SA‐NGA 
Published: March 2003

Background: The aim of this study was to assess the use of qualitative one‐tube nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for monitoring the treatment response in smear‐positive pulmonary tuberculosis, and the factors determining the negative conversion of sputum smear, culture, and PCR during treatment.Methodology: A total of 53 patients receiving a standard short course of chemotherapy with 24 months follow‐up period after treatment cessation were included in the study. Sputum specimens were collected serially for smear, culture, and PCR until the treatment was complete.Results: The conversion rate for sputum culture, smear, and PCR at 8 weeks after treatment
were 84.9, 58.5, and 47.1%, and at 16 weeks of treatment were 100, 88.7,
and 79.2%, respectively. At the end of the treatment period, there were four
PCR persisters, one of whom had disease relapse. Only cavitary disease had an influence
over the negative conversion of the smear and PCR at 8 weeks (RR 3.5, 95%
CI 1.04–11.95, P = 0.04 for smear; RR 5.06, 95% CI 1.196–21.42,
P = 0.03 for PCR).Conclusion: Qualitative PCR was not useful for monitoring therapy in smear‐positive pulmonary tuberculosis. Mycobacterium DNA was cleared slowly in cavitary disease. The PCR may be performed at the time of treatment cessation to identify those with potential for disease relapse.
Colocalization of CA19‐9 and KL‐6 to epithelial cells in dilated bronchioles in a patient with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis complicated by diffuse alveolar damage
Authors: SHIMIZU Yuji , HAMADA Tetsuya , TANAKA Yoshiki , SASAKI Atsushi , NEMOTO Toshikazu 
Published: March 2003

Abstract:A 73‐year‐old woman with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) had an elevated serum CA19‐9 level, but not KL‐6. Her condition worsened and she subsequently died and this was associated with a rise in the serum KL‐6 level. At autopsy, the lung showed a honeycomb appearance macroscopically and, microscopically, hyaline membrane formation was seen. Immunohistochemical staining revealed partial colocalization of KL‐6 and CA19‐9 to dilated bronchiolar cells. These features suggest that the mechanisms that cause the synthesis and release of CA19‐9 and KL‐6 from damaged lung tissue in IPF are likely to differ from those in diffuse alveolar damage. In addition, serum KL‐6 levels may reflect the severity of disease more sensitively than CA19‐9 levels.
p38 Mitogen‐activated protein kinase and c‐Jun‐NH2‐terminal kinase regulate interleukin‐8 and RANTES production in hyperosmolarity stimulated human bronchial epithelial cells
Authors: FURUICHI Sachiko , HASHIMOTO Shu , GON Yasuhiro , MATSUMOTO Ken , HORIE Takashi 
Published: March 2003

Objective: We have previously shown that p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) regulates, at least in part, hyperosmolarity induced interleukin (IL)‐8 expression in human bronchial epithelial cells (BEC). In the previous study, hyperosmolarity also activated c‐Jun‐NH2‐terminal kinase (JNK); however, the role of the JNK signalling pathway has not been determined. In the present study, we examined the role of the JNK signalling pathway in hyperosmolarity induced IL‐8 and RANTES production by BEC using the novel inhibitor of the JNK signalling pathway CEP 11004 in order to clarify these issues.Methods: Bronchial epithelial cells that had been pre‐incubated with SB 203580, CEP 11004 or a combination of these were exposed to a hyperosmolar medium and then the p38 MAPK and JNK phosphorylation activity in these cells and IL‐8 and RANTES concentrations in the culture supernatants were determined.Results: The results showed that: (i) hyperosmolarity induced the threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and JNK; (ii) SB 203580, as the specific inhibitor of p38 MAPK activity, and CEP 11004 attenuated hyperosmolarity induced p38 MAPK and JNK activity, respectively; (iii) SB 203580 and CEP 11004, but not PD 98059, partially attenuated IL‐8 and RANTES production; and (iv) a combination of SB 203580 and CEP 11004 attenuated IL‐8 and RANTES production in an additive fashion.Conclusion: These results indicate that p38 MAPK and the JNK pathway regulate hyperosmolarity induced IL‐8 and RANTES production by BEC.
The pathophysiological significance of prognostic factors for fatal outcome in lower respiratory tract infections
Authors: TRAKADA Georgia , GOGOS Charalampos , BASIARIS Charalampos , SPIROPOULOS Kostas 
Published: March 2003

Objective:  The aim of this study was to determine prognostic factors for outcome in patients with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI). LRTI are an heterogeneous group of disorders, including acute bronchitis, pneumonia, superinfection of chronic bronchitis and influenza.Methodology:  A total of 616 patients with LRTI were retrospectively reviewed with regard to epidemiological, clinical, laboratory and radiographical data. Prognostic analysis included a univariate as well as a multivariate approach, in order to identify parameters associated with death.Results:  The parameters found to be significantly different between survivors and non‐survivors in the univariate analysis, were respiratory rate, Pao2, heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, platelet count, urea, creatinine, previous admission to the hospital in the last year and cavitations visible on the chest radiograph.Conclusions:  LRTI remain a widespread problem and have a significant impact on primary healthcare resources. The great variability seen in rates of hospital admission and lengths of stay in part reflects uncertainty among physicians in assessing the severity of the illness. According to our data, Pao2 and heart rate were most closely associated with patient death and are readily defined and available at presentation.
Demography and reproductive strategies of a polycarpic perennial, Trillium apetalon (Trilliaceae)
Authors: OHARA MASASHI , TAKADA TAKENORI , KAWANO SHOICHI 
Published: March 2003

AbstractTo investigate the connection between demographic strategies and reproductive strategies of a polycarpic perennial herb, Trillium apetalon Makino, we conducted three
studies. First, we monitored the fate of individuals and the flowering behavior of
T. apetalon for 12 years and used a transition matrix model to analyze the
demography of the population. The analysis revealed that it takes a long time for
individuals to go through one‐leaf stage in juveniles. Elasticity analysis showed
that the survival of flowering individuals was a decisive factor in the dynamics
of the population. Furthermore, we found that the average remaining lifetime of flowering
individuals was high relative to the other three stages. Second, to elucidate the
demographic consequences of organ preformation, we investigated the development of
flower buds for future years. We observed three to six flower buds per rhizome, suggesting
that flower buds for the next 3–6 years were ready in advance in this plant.
Third, the results of breeding experiments clarified that although this species appears
to have a substantial capacity for both inbreeding and outbreeding, inbreeding plays
an important role in seed production, and that crossing experiments (direct cross‐pollination
and self pollination) yielded similar seed‐ovule ratios to those obtained from open‐pollinated
individuals. Our three studies suggest that the adult survival and continuous flowering
strategies of T. apetalon obtained from demographic analysis are closely interlinked with breeding systems and preformation of flower buds.
Herpes zoster in immunocompetent and immunocompromised Japanese children
Authors: Takayama Naohide , Yamada Hideo , Kaku Hidefumi 
Published: March 2003

Abstract Background: To confirm epidemiological features of herpes zoster among children with or without immunosuppression, herpes zoster patients who had presented to this hospital were retrospectively investigated.
Methods
: Medical records were reviewed for the 92 cases of pediatric herpes zoster patients diagnosed during the period from 1981 to 1998. The age at onset of herpes zoster and of varicella, the interval between varicella and zoster, the dermatomal distribution of herpes zoster and complications were compared between immunocompetent and immunocompromised children.
Results
: The mean age at onset of zoster in immunocompetent children was 8.5~4.0 years and in immunosuppressed children was 9.7~3.8 years. The age at onset of varicella was significantly lower (1.6~1.8 years) in immunocompetent than in immunosuppressed children (4.6~2.7 years). The interval between varicella and zoster was 6.2~3.2 years in immunocompetent children. More than 80% of patients with acute leukemia or malignant lymphoma had herpes zoster within 2 years after diagnosis of malignancy. Lesions of herpes zoster were most frequently found in the thoracic nerve regions. Five of 11 zoster patients with cutaneous dissemination, three of five zoster patients having aseptic meningitis and three of four patients complicated facial palsy were children without underlying disease.
Conclusions
: The present study confirmed that varicella in the first year of life was a risk factor in immnocompetent children, as reported previously. Herpes zoster in children without immunosuppression was found not to be as mild as generally accepted.