bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐lasting contractile action and the inhibitory action of cupric ions on ileal longitudinal muscle
Authors: Miyazaki K. , Nasu T. 
Published: December 2004

Summary 1 Cupric ions (Cu2+), at concentrations above 0.03 mm, induced a progressive increase in the tonic contraction of guinea‐pig ileal longitudinal muscle. Maximal contraction of 0.1 mm Cu2+ attained a level above that of the 60‐mm K+‐induced tonic response, within 20 min of application. The tension induced by Cu2+ persisted for more than several hours. Tetrodotoxin (3 × 10−6 m) had no effect on the contraction induced by 0.1 mm Cu2+. 2 After incubation in a Ca2+‐free medium, the ileal response to 0.1 mm Cu2+ was lost. Nifedipine, a L‐type Ca2+ channel blocker, dose‐dependently inhibited contractions induced by Cu2+. 3 As the duration of the first application of 0.1 mm Cu2+ increased above 30 min, after washing with normal medium, the contractile response to a second application of 0.1 mm Cu2+ decreased gradually. After 150 min of the first application of 0.1 mm Cu2+, a second application of Cu2+ could not evoke any contraction. 4 After the application of 0.1 mm Cu2+ for 150 min, when muscles were washed with a medium containing 1 mm EDTA, the response to 0.1 mm Cu2+ returned to a greater extent in the normal Ca2+ medium. 5 In conclusion, Cu2+ (0.1 mm) induced a maximal ileal tension above that of the K‐induced tonic response within 20 min. The ileal contraction to Cu2+ persisted for more than several hours and depended on extracellular Ca2+ concentrations. It is possible that a part of Cu2+, bound to a EDTA‐inaccessible site, also has a tension inhibitory effect.
The in vitro and in vivo pharmacological activity of Boiga dendrophila (mangrove catsnake) venom
Authors: Lumsden N. G. , Fry B. G. , Ventura S. , Kini R. M. , Hodgson W. C. 
Published: December 2004

Summary 1 The great taxonomic and prey base diversity of colubrids (non‐front‐fanged snakes) suggests that their venoms may represent a ‘literal gold mine’ for scientists eager to find novel pharmacological probes (Mackessy, 2002). 2 While pharmacological characterization is lacking for most of these venoms, this is even more so with regard to activity of colubrid venoms on the mammalian autonomic nervous system. This study characterizes the activity of venom from the colubrid, Boiga dendrophila using in vitro smooth muscle preparations and the anaesthetized rat. 3 In the prostatic segment of the rat vas deferens, cumulative additions of venom (1–150 μg ml−1) induced concentration‐dependent inhibition of electrically evoked (0.2 Hz, 0.3 ms, 70–100 V) twitches. The inhibitory effect of venom (100 μg ml−1) was attenuated by 8‐phenyltheophylline (8‐PT) (20 μm) and 8‐cyclopentyl‐1, 3‐dipropylxanthine (20 μm) but not idazoxan (1 μm), or a combination of ranitidine (0.2 μm) and thioperamide (10 μm). The inhibitory effect of venom (100 μg ml−1) was augmented by dipyridamole (10 μm) but abolished by pretreatment with adenosine deaminase (7.5 units/100 μl) suggesting that it contains components with adenosine A1 receptor activity, most likely adenosine. 4 In isolated segments of guinea‐pig ileum, venom (10–100 μg ml−1) caused concentration‐dependent contractions which were inhibited by the muscarinic receptor antagonist atropine (0.1 μm) but not by the histamine receptor antagonist mepyramine (0.5 μm). 5 In the anaesthetized rat, venom (5–7.5 mg kg−1, i.v.) caused a hypotensive effect. 6 Our data suggest that the venom contains components with purinergic and muscarinic receptor activity.
Speech-Controlled Human Machine Interaction (Sprachgesteuerte Mensch-Maschine-Interaktion)
Authors: Helbig Jörg , Schindler Bernd 
Published: December 2004

Summary
This paper deals with speech controlled applications in an industrial environment. Starting from the application areas the requirements resulting from the technical specialities of this field are described. On the basis of example applications and experiences in the practical use, conclusions for the technological realization of speech control systems are derived. The focus is given to the input and output of the audio signals, the data transmission to the speech recognition computer and to the design of dialogues and vocabularies.
Application-Independent Knowledge-Processing in a Task-Oriented Speech-Dialog-System (Applikationsunabhängige Wissensverarbeitung in aufgabenorientierten Sprach-Dialogsystemen)
Authors: te Vrugt Jürgen , Portele Thomas 
Published: December 2004

Summary
Spoken language dialog systems allow users to control applications by voice. These systems tightly integrate the applications to control them, even though knowledge sources of the building blocks are often configurable. Some dialog systems controlling multiple applications loosen the coupling.
This article introduces a dialog system accessing multiple applications with a dynamic setup that can be changed at run-time, separating the applications from the system. This is achieved by application-independent knowledge processing inside the dialog system based on modular ontological descriptions. A clear interface between dialog system and applications is provided, generic dialog functionality is realized on top of the application independent knowledge processing. Examples illustrate interactions with the system.
Tomografische Rekonstruktion zweier asynchron rotierender Objekte am Beispiel einer hydrodynamischen Kupplung (Tomographic Reconstruction of two Asynchronously Rotating Objects by the Example of a Hydrodynamic Coupling)
Authors: Hoppe Dietrich , Hampel Uwe , Zippe Cornelius , Prasser Horst-Michael , Kernchen Reinhard 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Zwei asynchron rotierende Objekte sollen gemeinsam tomografisch rekonstruiert werden. Dafür werden tomografische Projektionen immer nur dann vorgenommen, wenn beide Objekte eine bestimmte Relativposition zueinander aufweisen. Die Objekte erscheinen dadurch wie fest miteinander verbunden. Vorhandene radiale Symmetrien der Objekte können ausgenutzt werden. Als praktisches Anwendungsbeispiel dient eine hydrodynamische Kupplung.
Redefining the Ethnographic Object: An Anthropology Museum Turns Fifty
Authors: Mathur Saloni 
Published: December 2004

Exhibit A: Objects of Intrigue. Museum of Anthropology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, March 9, 1999–March 31, 2000.Objects and Expressions: Celebrating the Collections of the Museum of Anthropology at the University of British Columbia. Vancouver: Museum of Anthropology, University of British Columbia, 1999.
Coming from the Caribbean: Knowledge Production and Cultural Transformations
Authors: Bolles A. Lynn 
Published: December 2004

Uprooted Women: Migrant Domestics in the Caribbean. Paula L. Aymer. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997. 172 pp.Caribbean Portraits: Essays on Gender Ideologies and Identities. Christine Barrow. ed. Kingston, Jamaica: Ian Randle Publishers, 1997. 497 pp.The Parish behind God's Back: Changing Culture of Rural Barbados. George Gmelch and Sharon Bohn Gmelch. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1997.240 pp.Daughters of Caliban: Caribbean Women in the Twentieth Century. Consuelo Lopez Springfield. ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1997. 316 pp.
Two Approaches to an Archaeology of the Social
Authors: Hodder Ian 
Published: December 2004

Social Theory in Archaeology. Michael Brian Schiffer. ed. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 2000. 235 pp.Social Transformations In Archaeology: Global and Local Perspectives. Kristian Kristiansen and Michael Row. lands. London: Routledge, 1998. 438 pp.
Where Is "Africa"? Re‐Viewing Art and Artifact in the Age of Globalization
Authors: Phillips Ruth B. 
Published: December 2004

The Sainsbury African Galleries. The British Museum, London. Long‐term exhibition, opened March 2001.African Worlds. The Horniman Museum and Gardens, London. Long‐term exhibition, opened April 1999.African Voices. National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC. Long‐term exhibition, opened December 1999.
Memory and Violence
Authors: Peacock James 
Published: December 2004

Perilous Memories: The Asia‐Pacific War(s). T. Fujitani. Geoffrey M. White. and Lisa Yoneyama. eds. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2002. 472 pp.Disturbing Remains: Memory, History and Crisis in the Twentieth Century. Michael S. Roth and Charles G. Salas. eds. Los Angeles: Getty Trust Publications, 2001. 300 pp.
An Esthetic Technique to Fill Screw-Retained Fixed Prostheses
Authors: Taylor Ryan C. , Ghoneim Ashraf S. , McGlumphy Edwin A. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Currently, many composite materials have been used in the filling of access openings for screw-retained implant prosthesis. The main disadvantage of these materials is the compromise in esthetics that they place on the implant crown. An additional disadvantage is leakage of bacterial contaminants around traditional light-cured composites placed in the screw access hole. This article introduces a technique that uses opaqueing composites and the expansion properties of panacea (Zeza Inc, Chester, NY) resin to help remedy these problems. The fabrication of the silicone obturator is explained in previous literature. By following this technique, the dentist can use resin to decrease microleakage and opaqueing composite to improve esthetics.
Sono‐ and Photochemical Routes for the Formation of Highly Dispersed Gold Nanoclusters in Mesoporous Titania Films
Authors: Yu J. C. , Wang X.‐C. , Wu L. , Ho W.‐K. , Zhang L.‐Z. , Zhou G.‐T. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA sono‐ and photochemical approach has been developed to incorporate highly dispersed gold nanoclusters into mesoporous TiO2 films. The first step involves the sonication of a TiO2 film immersed in a gold chloride solution. This effectively removes the air trapped in the porous film matrix and drives the gold chloride into the pore channels, leading to a homogeneous adsorption of ionic Au in the TiO2 mesoporous matrix. The second step takes advantage of the photocatalytic property of TiO2 to reduce the adsorbed Au ions to Au0. As the gold nanoclusters thus produced are stabilized by the TiO2 mesonetwork, no organic capping molecules are required. Highly dispersed Au/TiO2 nanoheterojunction arrays can be obtained using this interesting approach.
Dynamics of drop impact on solid surface: Experiments and VOF simulations
Authors: Gunjal Prashant R. , Ranade Vivek V. , Chaudhari Raghunath V. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe process of spreading/recoiling of a liquid drop after collision with a flat solid surface was experimentally and computationally studied to identify the key issues in spreading of a liquid drop on a solid surface. The long‐term objective of this study is to gain an insight in the phenomenon of wetting of solid particles in the trickle‐bed reactors. Interaction of a falling liquid drop with a solid surface (impact, spreading, recoiling, and bouncing) was studied using a high‐speed digital camera. Experimental data on dynamics of a drop impact on flat surfaces (glass and Teflon) are reported over a range of Reynolds numbers (550–2500) and Weber numbers (2–20). A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model, based on the volume of fluid (VOF) approach, was used to simulate drop dynamics on the flat surfaces. The experimental results were compared with the CFD simulations. Simulations showed reasonably good agreement with the experimental data. A VOF‐based computational model was able to capture key features of the interaction of a liquid drop with solid surfaces. The CFD simulations provide information about finer details of drop interaction with the solid surface. Information about gas–liquid and liquid–solid drag obtained from VOF simulations would be useful for CFD modeling of trickle‐bed reactors. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 59–78, 2005
Ligandeninduzierte Bewegungseinschränkung mit Stärkung nichtkovalenter Wechselwirkungen in Rezeptoren und Enzymen: Quelle für Bindungsenergie und katalytische Wirkung
Authors: Williams Dudley H. , Stephens Elaine , O'Brien Dominic P. , Zhou Min 
Published: December 2004

AbstractNichtkovalente Wechselwirkungen werden bisweilen als additiv behandelt. Mit diesem Verfahren lassen sich brauchbare mittlere Bindungsenergien für typische Wechselwirkungen in wässriger Lösung ableiten, der Ansatz scheitert jedoch in vielen Fällen, da sich nichtkovalente Wechselwirkungen oft gegenseitig verstärken (positiv kooperativ sind) oder abschwächen (negativ kooperativ sind). Bindungsenergie wird gewonnen, wenn ein Ligand die innere Beweglichkeit seines Rezeptors einschränkt (positiv kooperative Bindung). Auf ähnliche Weise wird bei enzymatisch katalysierten Reaktionen Energie für die Bindung des Übergangszustands gewonnen, wenn das Substrat im Übergangszustand innere Bewegungen des Enzyms einschränkt. Liganden und Substrate erhöhen auf diese Weise ihre Affinitäten für Proteine. Diese Organisation geht einher mit einem Gewinn an Bindungsenthalpie und einer Einschränkung der Dynamik (einem Entropieaufwand), erfordert aber nicht, dass neue nichtkovalente Wechselwirkungen entstehen, sondern lediglich, dass die bereits existierenden Wechselwirkungen gestärkt werden. Negativ kooperative Effekte wirken sich umgekehrt aus: Die Packungsdichte wird verringert, und Enthalpie wird aufgewendet, während Entropie gewonnen wird.
Involution of lymphoid organs in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the western Gulf of Mexico: Implications for life in an aquatic environment
Authors: Clark Lance S. , Turner Jason P. , Cowan Daniel F. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractInvolution of lymphoid tissues in relation to age has not been defined for bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Twenty‐five bottlenose dolphins from the coast of Texas and western Louisiana were examined and complete necropsies were performed with histological samples taken of nearly all tissues. Ages ranged from several days to 27 years. The histology of four lymphoid organs—thymus, pharyngeal tonsil, mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) of the colon, and anal tonsil—was assessed. Numerical scores were assigned to specific morphological features, thus creating an involution score. Definable and scorable features of each organ were selected for evaluation and determination of loss of lymphoid elements. Neonatal dolphins were recorded as the reference standard for no involution. The highest score for each organ represented the greatest amount of retention of tissue elements. Thus, the lower the score, the greater degree of involution. Comparing involution scores to tooth age permitted an assessment of involution over time. The greatest degree of involution was found in the MALT of the colon. The MALT of the colon declined dramatically so that after age 10 it was absent from 4 of 14 animals and minimally present in 8 others. Thymic tissue also suffered a precipitous drop in volume after about age 5, but was found in animals up to 24 years of age. Involution was moderate and variable in both pharyngeal and anal tonsils. In some animals, these tissues were reduced in volume early, and prominent in others well into adult life (over 20 years). © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential expression patterns of mRNAs for P2X receptor subunits in neurochemically characterized dorsal root ganglion neurons in the rat
Authors: Kobayashi Kimiko , Fukuoka Tetsuo , Yamanaka Hiroki , Dai Yi , Obata Koichi , Tokunaga Atsushi , Noguchi Koichi 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe ionotropic purine receptors, P2X receptors, are composed of an assembly of multiple P2X subunits. At present, seven subunits have been cloned and named “P2X1–7.” We examined the precise distribution of mRNAs for these subunits in the rat lumbar dorsal root ganglion (DRG) by in situ hybridization histochemistry (ISHH) using riboprobes and characterized their expression among some neuronal subpopulations by ISHH and immunohistochemistry. P2X1 was not expressed by DRG neurons. P2X2 mRNA was preferentially expressed by neurofilament (NF)‐200 negative small‐sized neurons expressing Ret, but not TrkA or TrkC mRNAs. P2X3 mRNA was mainly expressed by NF‐200‐negative neurons. Most P2X3‐positive neurons had Ret mRNA, and about a half of them coexpressed TrkA and TRPV1 mRNAs. P2X4 was the most ubiquitous subunit, evenly distributing among all examined neuronal subpopulations. P2X5 and P2X6 were expressed by about half of the neurons, and most of these neurons were NF‐200‐positive. P2X7 mRNA‐expressing neurons were quite rare. We further examined the coexpression of all pairs of P2X2‐P2X6 mRNAs in DRG neurons and found that: 1) P2X4 was always present in combination with the other subunits. 2) All TrkC neurons had three subunits, P2X4, P2X5, and P2X6, and made up 32% of the total neurons. 3) 12.5% of the total neurons had both P2X2 and P2X3. 4) 12.9% of the neurons had both P2X3 and P2X5. We determined the neuronal subpopulation‐specific distribution of P2X subunits in the DRG. These findings suggest possible combinations of subunits of native P2X receptor in DRG neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 481:377–390, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulation of a Water–Hydrogen Fluoride Equimolar Mixture
Authors: Simon Christian , Klein Michael L. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractHydrogen fluoride and water can be mixed in any proportion. The resulting solutions have unique acidic properties. In particular, hydrogen fluoride undergoes a weak‐to‐strong acidity transition with increasing concentration of HF. To supplement the knowledge already obtained on dilute or moderately concentrated solutions and gas‐phase aggregates, an equimolar mixture is studied here by Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics. The natures of the ions and of the complexes formed in the equimolar liquid were determined. Specifically, H3O+, H5O2+, FHOH2, and HF2− were spontaneously obtained while only hydronium and fluoride ions pre‐exist in the equimolar crystal. The behaviour of the proton in the equimolar liquid was compared with mixtures of other proportions simulated previously in an attempt to relate proton dynamics to acidity. In the same way, the behaviour of HF2− was also examined. In this case, proton localization and transfer appeared to be driven by the fluctuating environment of the solvated ion.
CCR4‐deficient mice show prolonged graft survival in a chronic cardiac transplant rejection model
Authors: Hüser Norbert , Tertilt Christine , Gerauer Klaus , Maier Stefan , Traeger Tobias , Aßfalg Volker , Reiter Rudolf , Heidecke Claus‐Dieter , Pfeffer Klaus 
Published: December 2004

AbstractChronic graft rejection mediated by cellular immune responses still poses a serious clinical problem in transplant surgery. Chemokines coordinate the recruitment of leukocytes in inflammatory and immune responses. Their precise functions in the rejection of allografts are still ill defined. This study investigates the role of chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) in acute and chronic cardiac allograft rejection in mice. Allogeneic hearts were transplanted into CCR4 deficient (CCR4–/–) and control recipients. Reverse transcription‐PCR showed transcription of macrophage‐derived chemokine and thymus and activation‐regulated chemokine, the cognate chemokine ligands of CCR4, within the graft. Compared to wild‐type controls, acute allograft rejection in CCR4–/– recipients was only slightly prolonged. In contrast, in a gallium nitrate chronic cardiac allograft rejection model, cardiac graft survival was significantly prolonged in CCR4–/– recipients. A relative increase in the percentage of graft infiltrating CD8+ T cells in CCR4–/– recipients was observed 30 days after transplantation and was accompanied by a decrease in CD4+ T cells. Moreover, the percentage of NK1.1+CD3+ graft‐infiltrating cells was significantly reduced on day 5 and day 30 post transplantation. These findings indicate that CCR4 is involved in the recruitment of NK1.1+CD3+ cells into cardiac allografts and clearly establish an important and novel role for CCR4 in chronic graft rejection.
Vaccine‐induced protection against gastrointestinal bacterial infections in the absence of secretory antibodies
Authors: Uren Tania K. , Wijburg Odilia L. C. , Simmons Cameron , Johansen Finn‐Eirik , Brandtzaeg Per , Strugnell Richard A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSecretory IgA (SIgA) is widely held to be responsible for the defense of the mucosae against pathogenics and other potentially harmful agents. In this study, polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR) knockout mice, which lack secretory antibodies (SAb), were used to investigate the role of vaccine‐elicited SAb in protection against gastrointestinal bacterial infections. An essential role for specific SAb in protection against Vibrio cholerae was evident from experiments showing that vaccinated pIgR–/– mice, but not vaccinated C57BL/6 mice, were susceptible to cholera toxin challenge. Vaccination of C57BL/6 mice with Salmonella typhimurium elicited strong antigen‐specific, mucosal responses, which blocked in vitro invasion of epithelia. However, vaccinated C57BL/6 and pIgR–/– mice were equally resistant to challenge infection with virulent S. typhimurium. Finally, we investigated the importance of SIgA in protection against recurrent infections with Citrobacter rodentium. Although higher numbers of bacteria were detected early after challenge infection in feces of vaccinated pIgR–/– mice compared with vaccinated C57BL/6 mice, both mouse strains showed complete clearance after 9 days. These results suggested that, in immune animals, SIgA is crucial for the protection of gastrointestinal surfaces against secreted bacterial toxins, may inhibit early colonization by C. rodentium, but is not essential for protection against re‐infection with S. typhimurium or C. rodentium.
Cell fate decisions in the Drosophila dorsal vessel depend on the multiadapter protein inscuteable
Authors: Popichenko Dmitry , Paululat Achim 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe Drosophila dorsal vessel consists of two cell types, contractile cardiomyoblasts that form a linear tube‐like structure, and the loosely associated pericardial cells. All heart cells originate during embryogenesis from the early dorsal mesoderm under the influence of external and internal signals. Recently, it was shown that a subset of heart cells arise throughout asymmetric cell division, dependent on the function of Notch, Sanpodo, and Numb. Here, we show that Inscuteable, a multiadapter protein required for asymmetric cell division, participates in the formation of specific heart cells to distinguish between a myogenic (cardiomyoblast) and a nonmyogenic (pericardial cell) fate. genesis 40:218–222, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative assessment of Australian fly ash and conventional concrete bricks
Authors: Ayoko Godwin A. , Lim McKenzie CH , Olofinjana Ayodele , Gilbert Dale 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA comparative study of the chemical composition, mineralogy, morphology and crushing strengths of fly ash bricks, conventional concrete bricks and fly ash samples has been undertaken. The main chemicals present in the products were silica and alumina while their main minerals were quartz, mullite, illite, vaterite, and calcite. Elemental analysis by XPS showed that the major elements in the samples were oxygen, silicon, carbon, calcium and aluminium; and scanning electron microscopy revealed that the fly ash samples consist of spherically‐shaped particles with surface attachment containing needle‐like particles. Compared with conventional concrete bricks, fly ash bricks generally have higher atomic silicon and crushing strengths but lower crystalline silica. The implication of the results on the suitability of fly ash bricks as replacements for conventional concrete bricks in the building industry is discussed from the point of view of human health and occupational safety. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry