bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF THE SIZE OF THE INOCULUM AND THE AGE OF THE INFECTION ON THE CURATIVE DOSE OF PENICILLIN IN EXPERIMENTAL INFECTIONS WITH STREPTOCOCCI, PNEUMOCOCCI, AND TREPONEMA PALLIDUM
Authors: Eagle Harry 
Published: June 2004

The amount of penicillin which suffices to abort pneumococcal and streptococcal infections in white mice and rabbits, as well as syphilitic infection in rabbits, has been shown to increase markedly with the number of organisms inoculated. The curative dose increases also with the age of the infection, presumably owing to the interim increase in the number of organisms in the nfected host.
The necessity for the larger doses of penicillin is attributed to the longer itime for which effectively bactericidal concentrations of penicillin must then be provided in order to kill the larger number of organisms.
LOCALIZATION OF ANTIGEN IN TISSUE CELLS
Authors: Coons Albert H. , Kaplan Melvin H. 
Published: June 2004

Improvements in a method for the specific microscopic localization of antigen in tissue cells are described. This method employs antibody labelled with fluorescein isocyanate as a histochemical stain, the specific antigen-antibody precipitate being made visible under the fluorescence microscope.
Two isomeric series derived from nitrofluorescein are described.
THE PRODUCTION OF FEVER BY INFLUENZAL VIRUSES
Authors: Wagner Robert R. , Bennett Ivan L. 
Published: June 2004

The effect of treating rabbits with materials which destroy the cell receptors for influenzal viruses upon the ability of these animals to respond with fever to injection of the PR8 and Lee strains of influenza virus and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is described. In general, both cholera vibrio and Cl. welchii filtrates produced diminution of febrile responses. The effect of sodium periodate upon the pyrogenic reaction was not significant.
Near-lethal amounts of these materials were necessary to demonstrate their protective effects against virus challenge. In order to rule out general debility as a factor in lessening the fever, it was shown that the ability of animals to respond to the pyrogenic effect of typhoid vaccine was unimpaired by injection of receptor-destroying substances.
The substances tested were more effective in abolishing the febrile response to PR8 virus than to Lee virus or NDV. This finding is compatible with previous studies of the protective effect exerted by homologous and heterologous viruses.
These findings give support to the hypothesis that union of virus and host receptor substance plays a part in the production of fever by these viruses.
AGE AS AFFECTING THE OSMOTIC AND MECHANICAL FRAGILITY OF DOG ERYTHROCYTES TAGGED WITH RADIOACTIVE IRON
Authors: Stewart W. B. , Stewart J.M. , Izzo M. J. , Young L. E. 
Published: June 2004

Radioactive iron was administered to three normal dogs, two of which had previously been bled, in order to tag a group of erythrocytes of approximately known age.
The osmotic fragility of the newly formed tagged cells was significantly greater than that of the general cell population during the first few days after injection of the iron, while the mechanical fragility of the young cells was less than that of the general red cell population. As the cells aged and approached the end of their life span, their susceptibility to destruction by trauma inflicted by rolling glass beads exceeded that of the general cell population. The osmotic behavior of the old cells was not distinctive.
The increased mechanical fragility of senescent cells suggests that the life span of erythrocytes may be limited at least in part by changes within the cell which render it more susceptible to destruction by mechanical wear and tear in the circulation. It is emphasized, however, that the trauma produced by rolling glass beads may be quite unlike that inflicted upon red cells in vivo.
A decrease in circulating radioactive iron was observed in each experiment soon after the mechanical fragility of the tagged cells began to exceed that of the total cell population. The lowest point on the curve representing circulating radioiron was noted at 119, 119, and 122 days respectively after injection of iron in the three experiments. Estimates of the life span of dog erythrocytes obtained in this way agree with those provided by other methods.
OHIO STRAINS OF A VIRUS PATHOGENIC FOR INFANT MICE (COXSACKIE GROUP). SIMULTANEOUS OCCURRENCE WITH POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS IN PATIENTS WITH "SUMMER GRIPPE"
Authors: Melnick Joseph L. , Ledinko Nada , Kaplan Albert S. , Kraft Lisbeth M. 
Published: June 2004

Further evidence for the widespread occurrence of Coxsackie or C virus is presented in this paper. This virus is characterized by paralysis and myositis produced in infant mice.
An epidemic of mild illnesses diagnosed as "non-paralytic poliomyelitis" and as "summer grippe" occurred during the summer of 1947 in Akron and Cincinnati, Ohio. From the pooled feces of such patients both poliomyelitis virus and C virus were obtained. From the samples of single patients, 3 immunologically related strains of C virus were isolated.
One patient from whom virus was isolated had an illness which was diagnosed as non-paralytic poliomyelitis (with pleocytosis). Although poliomyelitis virus could not be isolated from this patient, previous tests (5) from similar non-paralytic patients in the same area revealed that 9 of 23 were infected with poliomyelitis virus. C virus could not be recovered from the stools of 3 of these poliomyelitis virus-infected patients.
Four patients with an illness diagnosed as "summer grippe" were tested. Two harbored poliomyelitis virus of low virulence (4) as well as C virus, and two harbored poliomyelitis virus without any evidence of infection with C virus, either by virus isolation or by serological tests.
The patients from whom C virus was isolated developed complement-fixing antibodies 4 weeks after onset. Neutralizing antibodies appeared within the first 5 days of disease (before complement-fixing antibodies) and increased in titer during the next 3 to 4 weeks. The patients from whom C virus could not be recovered failed to develop either neutralizing or complement-fixing antibodies. Other patients in the area were infected with C virus as indicated by their serological response to the agent.
STUDIES OF THE HEMOLYSIS OF RED BLOOD CELLS BY MUMPS VIRUS
Authors: Chu Liang-Wei , Morgan Herbert R. 
Published: June 2004

The relationship between hemagglutination and hemolysis by the mumps virus has been studied under conditions which affect (a) the receptors of chicken red cells and (b) the adsorption and subsequent elution of the virus from these cells. The results show that the hemolytic action of the virus appears to involve some of the same receptor areas of erythrocytes that are implicated in hemagglutination. Materials such as allantoic fluid, egg white, and red cell extract, which inhibit the agglutination of chicken red cells by mumps virus, also interfere with its hemolytic activity. Of these inhibitors, egg white and red cell extract, which are readily destroyed by the virus during incubation at 37°C., exert a greater antagonistic effect on hemagglutination than on hemolysis. Heated mumps virus or unheated influenza virus interferes with the hemolysis of red cells by untreated mumps virus.
Though hemolysis takes place during elution of the virus after its adsorption on the red cell, the processes are apparently distinct. The hemolytic activity is easily affected by certain conditions of pH and temperature which have no effect on the ability of mumps virus to adsorb on and elute from red cells.
THE INDUCTION OF RHEUMATIC-LIKE CARDIAC LESIONS IN RABBITS BY REPEATED FOCAL INFECTIONS WITH GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Murphy George E. , Swift Homer F. 
Published: June 2004

Cardiac lesions like those characteristic of rheumatic fever in man have been induced in a small portion of rabbits that were subjected to successive focal infections with group A streptococci of several serological types.
Fresh myocardial interstitial granulomata so induced bear striking resemblance to Aschoff bodies, the histologic hallmarks of human active rheumatic fever; and the fresh and healed lesions found in the cardiac valves, endocardia, epicardia, blood vessels, and aortae of some of these rabbits are homologous with those characteristic of rheumatic fever in man.
These experimental myocardial and vascular lesions and those of human rheumatic fever differ in several important respects from the lesions of experimental and human serum disease.
PASSAGE OF RADIOACTIVE ERYTHROCYTES FROM THE PERITONEAL CAVITY INTO THE BLOOD STREAM DURING EXPERIMENTAL ASCITES
Authors: McKee Frank W. , Stewart Wellington B. 
Published: June 2004

Intraperitoneal injection of red cells tagged with radioiron into dogs with experimental ascites demonstrated that such cells were rapidly transferred into the circulating blood.
When the experimental animals were not actively producing ascitic fluid, 43.4, 67.0, and 56.4 per cent respectively, of the administered radioactive red cells passed to the blood in 72 hours. In the same three dogs during active ascitic fluid formation, 25.9, 51.2, and 38.8 per cent of the administered radioactivity was removed in a similar period.
The amount of radioactivity in the blood stream, consequent on the passage of red cells from the peritoneal cavity into the circulation, becomes nearly constant in 48 hours, whereas for radioactive plasma proteins the plateau is attained in 24 hours (Fig. 1).
In normal dogs (16), the passage of red cells from the peritoneal cavity was complete in 72 hours, while in ascitic dogs, 5 to 47 per cent of the injected tagged red cells remained behind in the peritoneum after the same period.
THE PROPERTIES OF MAMMALIAN STRIATED MYOFIBRILS ISOLATED BY AN ENZYMATIC METHOD
Authors: Schick Armin F. , Hass George M. 
Published: June 2004

A new method for the isolation of large numbers of individual myofibrils from fresh mammalian skeletal and cardiac muscle has been described. Purification of isolated myofibrils was accomplished by differential centrifugation of fresh frozen sections of muscle which had been mechanically agitated after exposure for 30 to 45 minutes at 0°C. to the action of a dilute solution of trypsin in a phosphate buffer solution with a pH of 7.0 and an ionic strength of 0.25.
Isolated skeletal myofibrils of the rabbit and man have similar constant solubility properties. They dissolve in an aqueous mixture of 0.5 N potassium chloride and 0.03 N sodium bicarbonate, giving viscous solutions which exhibit conspicuous birefringence of flow. They are soluble in buffer solutions (ionic strength 0.15) on the acid side of pH 4 and alkaline side of pH 10. If the ionic strength of potassium phosphate buffer solutions is increased to 0.5 or if the ionic strength of phosphate-borate buffer solutions is increased to a similar value by addition of potassium chloride, the isolated myofibrils become soluble at neutrality. Hence, it is possible, first to isolate the myofibrils and then dissolve them without deviating appreciably from physiologic ranges of pH.
The extent to which myofibrils are modified by the conditions imposed by the method of isolation is unknown. There is no significant change in microscopic structure or optical birefringence. Furthermore, there is retention of a form of physiological reactivity, for when the isolated skeletal myofibrils are immersed in solutions of adenosinetriphosphate, they promptly and irreversibly change from elongated fibrils with distinct structural detail into dense spherical masses without recognizable microscopic structure.
LOCALIZATION OF ANTIGEN IN TISSUE CELLS
Authors: Hill Alan G. S. , Deane Helen Wendler , Coons Albert H. 
Published: June 2004

The fate of the capsular polysaccharide of Friedländer B bacillus in the mouse after its intravenous administration was studied by means of homologous antibody labelled with fluorescein. The results indicate that this acid polysaccharide, like pneumococcal polysaccharide, types II and III, was rapidly taken up by phagocytic cells throughout the body, where it persisted in decreasing concentration for more than 33 days. It was widely distributed in the capillary endothelium and on collagenous fibres in all organs. It made a transient appearance in or on lymphocytes in the spleen and lymph nodes. It was found in the hepatic epithelium and in the bile; in the juxtaglomerular segment of the distal renal tubule and in an occasional cast in the lumens of collecting tubules; in the epithelium of some uterine glands; and in cells in the steroid-secreting tissues of the ovary, suprarenal cortex, and perhaps of the testis.
In joints the synovial membranes contained large amounts of antigen, and some also penetrated into cartilage cells adjacent to the joint cavity. Osteoblasts and a few osteocytes also took up the polysaccharide.
When administered by inhalation, the polysaccharide was found in high concentration in the pulmonary macrophages but could not be found constantly in other lung elements.
THE MAINTENANCE OF BLOOD COLLOID: PASSAGE OF STORED GUM ACACIA FROM THE CELLS TO THE CIRCULATION AFTER PLASMAPHERESIS
Authors: Knutti R. E. , Warrick R. A. , Goetsch J. B. 
Published: June 2004

Removal of blood plasma by plasmapheresis from dogs made hypoproteinemic by injections of gum acacia over long periods of time, has resulted in the removal of more gum acacia than was originally present in the plasma. Gum acacia injections had been discontinued previous to the start of the experiments, and hence it must be concluded that the excess amounts of acacia were derived from deposits in the various organs.
These observations verify the previous suggestion that the increase in blood acacia in the hypoproteinemic dog on a low protein diet is due to the transfer of acacia to the blood from its sites of deposit in the body. The experiments further suggest that the colloid content of the blood stream is maintained at the expense of tissue colloids, and support the idea that colloidal substances may pass in and out of cells.
STUDIES ON THE LIFE CYCLE OF SPIROCHETES
Authors: DeLamater Edward D. , Wiggall Richter H. , Haanes Merle 
Published: June 2004

A series of observations with the phase contrast microscope on the occurrence of a complex life cycle in the pathogenic Treponema pallidum as it occurs in the syphilitic rabbit testis has been presented and it seems likely from these observations that there are two means of vegetative reproduction, consisting of (1) transverse division (the most important under usual conditions); and (2) the production of gemmae or buds which eventuate into unispirochetal cysts comparable to those described for saprophytic forms, within each of which single spirochetes develop and differentiate, and from which they subsequently emerge.
In addition preliminary evidence is presented which suggests that a more complex process is involved in which multispirochetal cysts develop following aggregation of two or more organisms. Within each of these larger cysts numerous organisms develop and subsequently emerge as tangled ropes. Following emergence, they subsequently undergo transverse division and gemmae formation, and so reproduce vegetatively. Subsequent papers will elaborate upon these processes.
STUDIES ON ACUTE DISSEMINATED ENCEPHALOMYELITIS PRODUCED EXPERIMENTALLY IN RHESUS MONKEYS
Authors: Lumsden Charles E. , Kabat Elvin A. , Wolf Abner , Bezer Ada E. 
Published: June 2004

1. Animals injected with emulsions of monkey brain with adjuvants show a complex pattern of antibody response as determined by complement fixation tests.
2. Organ-specific complement-fixing antibodies to constituents of brain tissue may be formed which fix complement with brain tissues of various animal species but fail to react with other organs or with rabbit placenta.
3. Antibodies may be formed to some constituent of brain other than nervous tissue. It would seem that these can be detected by the strong complement fixation given with rabbit placenta.
4. Sera from individual animals may contain antibodies to the brain or placenta constituents, to both, or to neither. Occasional individual sera show unique patterns of antibody response as determined with various additional antigens such as fetal brain, posterior pituitary, or peripheral nerves.
5. No evidence of any etiological relationship between the development of encephalomyelitis and the complement-fixing antibodies to brain demonstrable in the sera could be found. The complement-fixing antibody to the placental constituent was unrelated to the encephalomyelitis.
IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIONS OF THE COXSACKIE VIRUSES
Authors: Melnick Joseph L. , Ledinko Nada 
Published: June 2004

The neutralization test is a reliable and useful procedure for following immunological reactions of the Coxsackie viruses (C virus).
The standard procedure has been an incubation period of 1 hour at room temperature followed by subcutaneous inoculation into newborn mice. However, this time and temperature are not critical, for the virus in neutralized within 10 minutes of mixing with immune serum and remains neutralized for long periods. During the variable incubation periods used, the control virus remained active, even in dilute suspensions.
The neutralization test is not affected by the presence or absence of complement.
Neutralizing antibody is stable at 65°C. for 30 minutes, and immune serum has to be heated to 80°C. for 30 minutes before the antibody is no longer detectable.
As the quantity of virus is increased, the quantity of serum required for neutralization likewise increases, but not in a regular or predictable fashion.
Neutralized mixtures of the virus can be made infective again by simple dilution before inoculation.
The neutralization test is a satisfactory means for typing Coxsackie viruses. At least seven antigenic types have been identified. Similar antigenic types have been found to be scattered over wide areas. Thus the Conn.-5 type was present in 1948 in Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, and North Carolina. The Texas-1 type was present in 1943 in Connecticut and in 1948 in North Carolina and Texas.
Further information on the specificity of the neutralizing antibody response has been obtained from a study of the occurrence and development of antibodies in 6 patients who contracted infections with one or another of the C viruses while working with them in the laboratory. From each patient a virus was isolated during the illness. No patient had detectable antibodies to his strain before his illness, but each soon thereafter developed antibodies to his own strain and to the prototype strain to which it was related.
By means of the neutralization test, it has been shown that a family epidemic may include two different immunological types of virus.
Neutralizing antibodies appear at the time of or soon after onset of illness, increase rapidly to titers of about 1:1000 which are maintained during the period of 1 to 3 months following infection, and are still present 2 years later, although at lower levels.
Neutralizing antibodies are present in the normal population. In North Carolina, over 80 per cent of the children have antibodies at birth. The level falls rapidly to a minimum of 14 per cent at the age of 1, and then it quickly rises to reach the adult level at the age of 7. Gamma globulin collected in various parts of the United States between 1944 and 1949 and in Denmark in 1949 neutralizes at least four antigenically different Coxsackie viruses.
IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIONS OF THE COXSACKIE VIRUSES
Authors: Melnick Joseph L. , Clarke Norman A. , Kraft Lisbeth M. 
Published: June 2004

Maternal antibodies to the Coxsackie viruses (C virus) are conveyed to newborn mice through the colostrum and milk. of vaccinated mothers. No evidence for or against placental transmission of immunity was obtained.
The immunity conferred on the young is type-specific.
Immunity may be conferred to infants born of non-immune mice by allowing a suckling period of 24 to 48 hours with an immune mother.
Immunity appears to be transferred through the milk for the duration of lactation.
Strains of C virus can be typed by challenging infant mice born to mothers vaccinated with known types according to the outline presented above.
Complement-fixing antibodies are also transferred from vaccinated mother mice to their offspring.
HEREDITARY OSTEOPETROSIS OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise 
Published: June 2004

The results of postmortem examination of cases of hereditary osteopetrosis of the rabbit together with histologic observations on organs and tissues other than the skeleton have been described.
The principal findings were, first, those associated with the characteristic progressive anemia of the disease, such as extramedullary foci of hemopoietic tissue, lymphoid hyperplasia, and the occurrence of hemosiderin in the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes.
There was a widespread tissue distribution of intense phosphatase staining and of fine calcium deposition, as would be expected in the circumstances of the profound skeletal abnormality (3). In advanced cases with established growth retardation, malnutrition, and deterioration, the tissues generally showed a decreased glycogen content.
The large amount of parathyroid tissue found in both early and late cases suggested a state of hyperparathyroidism. Low serum calcium, high serum phosphorus and phosphatase levels (2), and a predominately osteoblastic reaction (3) were suggestive of hypoparathyroidism. The possibility that an involvement of the parathyroid glands was a basic or primary condition of the disease is discussed.
Evidence of a disturbance of other endocrine glands was shown by the predominately acidophilic staining reaction of the colloid of the thyroid, an enlargement of the adrenals in which both cortex and medulla participated, and the tendency toward a basophilia of the anterior lobe of the pituitary.
It was pointed out that before an explanation of the part played by the parathyroid glands in this disease could be made, other data, including particularly embryological studies, must be available. Similarly, an interpretation of other endocrine gland changes must await additional information.
A METHOD FOR RAPID MEASUREMENT OF INTRARENAL AND OTHER TISSUE PRESSURES
Authors: Swann H. G. , Montgomery A. V. , Davis John C. , Mickle E. R. 
Published: June 2004

A rapid method for measuring tissue pressures has been designed. A pressure of 250 mm. Hg is imposed on a manometer. Then the system is allowed to discharge into a needle cannula inserted in the tissue. The manometer forces out fluid (about 10 c.mm.) until the pressure within it is the same as that within the tissue. Records of the pressure changes are made. Each observation takes about a minute. The method gives results that are closely comparable with other reports of tissue pressures. With this method, the pressure in the following organs of dogs was found to be: kidney, 26 mm. Hg, cerebral cortex, 0 to 5 mm., muscle, 1 to 10 mm., spleen, S to 16 mm., subcutaneous tissue, 0 to 3 mm., and liver –2 to 14 mm.
The reliability of the method was tested on the kidneys of decerebrate dogs. Measurements were found to be the same within narrow limits over a period of an hour; they were the same when taken simultaneously in different regions of the same kidney or in opposite kidneys. They were independent of the volume of fluid forced into the tissue. Similar pressures were observed with 1 or 5 or 10 holes bored in the shaft of the cannulating needle.
The intrarenal pressure was also measured by inserting a needle cannula into the tissue and then allowing the pressure to reach equilibrium passively with a manometer. This method gave similar results. The intrarenal pressure has now found to be the same when measured by three different technics.