bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
F
enton's Reaction and Groundwater Remediation
Authors: Jacobs James A. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Hydrogen peroxide, an
in situ
chemical oxidizer in the form of Fenton's Reaction, can rapidly treat waste waters, sludges, and contaminated soils and groundwater. The effect of the Fenton's Reaction is organic contaminant destruction, toxicity reduction, and biodegradability improvement. In addition, removal of biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), odor, and color occur. If Fenton's Reaction is allowed to be carried to completion, then all organic molecules will ultimately be broken into carbon dioxide and water. Fenton's Reaction is a nonselective oxidizer. Fenton's Reaction also called Fenton's Reagent or Fenton's Chemistry in the literature.
An Analysis of the Impact of Water on Health and Aging: Is All Water the Same?
Authors: Reminick Howard 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The human body was created to be in balance or return to balance. We call this homeostasis. Our body relies on its chemical processing plant to keep a metabolic balance. The body knows when it is being depleted of essential minerals and nutrients, which creates imbalance. When this happens, the body has to draw from its reserves. But this can only be temporary, until these reserves are replenished.
Our body knows when its energy level is low. If nothing is done, if we continue to ignore the body's call for help, we let our body begin on the path of its destruction. When the body is neglected, it becomes vulnerable to attack from invaders from the outside. It also is open to attack from the inside by free radicals. Bacteria, which are essential for our survival, suddenly turn on us and destroy us.
The body reacts to regain its balance by calling on the immune system. Sometimes it is too late if the body has been in a contaminated state too long, which can result from the poor quality of water we put in our body every day.
Water has the power to transfer information from cell to cell and bring back balance from imbalance. Water is vital to maintain life and organization of our cells. Organized cells are healthy, productive cells. To create harmony and balance, whether in our bodies or in the environment, water must also be balanced.
H
ofmeister Effects
Authors: Boström M. , Kunz W. , Ninham B. W. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
More than 100 years ago, Franz Hofmeister and some of his coworkers demonstrated that salts with common cation (positive ion) but differing in anion (negative ion) have different effectiveness in stabilizing protein suspensions. They can be arranged in a sequence, which seemed later to be universal. Hofmeister effects, or Hofmeister sequences, refer to the relative effectiveness of anions or cations on a wide range of phenomena in salt solutions. They have remained unexplained by theories of physical chemistry until recently. We review experiments that have demonstrated that understanding Hofmeister effects are vital for chemistry, biology, and medical applications. We finally discuss some recent theoretical attempts to understand this important phenomenon.
The Hydronium Ion
Authors: David Carl W. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Naked protons cannot exist in aqueous solution. Even when one writes

urn:x-wiley:9780471478447:media:pc291:xm1

one knows that the H
+
(aq) is a representation of a significantly more complicated moiety (or, to be more precise, set of moieties). The simplest representation of H
+
(aq) is the hydronium ion (sometimes also referred to as the oxonium ion or the hydroxonium ion), H
3
O
+
(aq), but this is just the first in a series the next few members of which are H
5
O
2
+
, H
7
O
3
+
, H
9
O
4
+
, and in summary (H
2
O)
n
H
3
O
+
, the hydrated hydronium ions (Fig. 1).
Ion Exchange Resins for Trace Metal Sequestration from Water
Authors: Saha B. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Ion exchange resins are employed in hydrometallurgy and environmental‐pollution control for the removal of soluble metallic species. However, ion exchange sorption is a complex phenomenon and it is difficult to predict quantitative sorption behaviour in multicomponent systems. This article summarises the detailed characterisation and sorption/desorption studies of thiol (SH) based chelating polymeric resins (thiomethyl resin and Duolite GT‐73), a Hypersol‐Macronet polymer (MN‐600) and a weakly acidic ion exchanger (C‐104E) for the removal of copper, cadmium, nickel and zinc ions from water. In order to predict the performance of these ion exchangers in actual industrial processes and to understand the mechanism of metal uptake by polymeric resins, it was desirable to model the ion exchange equilibria for these resins. In this work, the applicability of surface complexation theory for the sorption of heavy metals onto these sorbents (MN‐600, C‐104E) has been explored. The sorption of copper, nickel and zinc ions from aqueous solution on these sorbents has been studied in batch equilibrium experiments for binary, ternary and quaternary systems to determine the equilibrium parameters for modelling of ion exchange equilibria. From the experimentally determined equilibrium parameters, ion exchange equilibria have been calculated for a wide range of initial conditions. The experimental results for the Macronet polymer as well as the weakly acidic ion exchanger have been compared with the results obtained using the surface complexation model for the prediction of binary, ternary and quaternary ion exchange equilibria.
Isotope Exchange in Gas‐Water Reactions
Authors: Wydrzynski Tom , Hillier Warwick 
Published: July 2005

AbstractImportant questions for understanding the reaction by which water is oxidized to molecular O2during photosynthesis are (1) at which step in the catalytic sequence do the two substrate water molecules bind, and (2) how does the OO bond form? In the past, it has been experimentally difficult to get information on these questions, mainly because of the immense difficulty to distinguish the substrate water from the solvent water. However, we have recently developed special sampling techniques for mass spectrometric measurements that have enabled us to resolve the rate of isotopic incorporation from18O‐labeled water into the molecular O2produced by plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. The results from these measurements have definitively shown that at least one of the two substrate water molecules is bound to the catalytic site at the beginning of the four‐step reaction sequence and that the OO bond forms during the last step, just before the release of the O2product. This article summarizes the special techniques developed by our group and the implications of the results for the mechanism of photosynthetic O2production.
Removal of Organic Micropollutants and Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions by Activated Carbons
Authors: Saha Basu 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Activated carbons have been proven to be an effective adsorbent for the removal of organic compounds from water (4, 5). Research has also shown that they have a potential to remove heavy metals, especially in its modified state. For example, a number of authors have oxidized activated carbons to enhance sorption of heavy metals (6, 7, 8, 9). The oxidation processes have mainly been by use of nitric acid, ozone, and air. The three methods have always produced the same results, that of producing weakly acidic functionality on the surface of the carbon. Saha et al. (10) compared the metal sorption capacity of a conventional carbon and its oxidized form. The adsorption of herbicides and trace metal ions onto activated carbon is discussed in this chapter. In particular, we discuss the effect of modification of activated carbon on the uptake of copper and benazolin. The effect of post‐treatment of the oxidized carbons on the uptake of the target pollutants is also highlighted. The adsorbents were characterized in a bid to understand their chemical and physical properties, which gives a better understanding of the nature of the association of the target pollutants and the adsorbents.
The Effect of Carbon Surface Chemical Composition on the Mechanism of Phenol Adsorption from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Terzyk Artur P. , Rychlicki Gerhard , Gauden Piotr A. , Kowalczyk Piotr 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Experimental studies of solute adsorption from dilute solutions, especially from aqueous dilute solutions, are carried out in many laboratories, yet the theoretical foundations of this phenomenon are still insufficiently solved (1). Adsorption of phenols on carbons is an important subject especially due to ecological aspects. Therefore, an enormous number of papers has been published in this field. The most important reviews dealing with this problem were recently published by Radovic and co‐workers (2) and by Moreno ‐ Castilla (3). The authors consider the changes in the surface chemistry of carbons with changes in pH, and discuss different mechanisms of adsorption proposed in the literature.

The main regularities associated with adsorption of phenol on carbons are as follows (2):

(usually observed) a decrease in adsorption with a rise in surface acidity (as measured by Boehm titration) and with surface oxidation, problems in determining real equilibrium;

chemisorption is inhibited by the presence of oxygen surface complexes; therefore, the sites responsible for phenol chemisorption are carbon sites of the active surface area, that is, oxygen free sites located at the edges of graphene layers whereas physisorption occurs all over the surface;

irreversible adsorption is caused by oxidative coupling in the presence of molecular oxygen.
Physical Properties
Authors: McLeary Kevin S. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWater is a molecule composed of two atoms of hydrogen bonded to an atom of oxygen. It has a volume of 2.97 × 10−11μ3(29.7 Å3). As a result of the hybridization of the oxygen atom, the molecule is bent at an angle of 104.45°. Due to the nonlinear structure and to the difference in electronegativity between oxygen (3.44) and hydrogen (2.20), the molecule has a dipole moment of 1.85 Debye.Water molecules are held together by intermolecular attractions. In water, the intermolecular attractions are hydrogen bonds. The negatively charged oxygen atom in one molecule of water is electrically attracted to the positively charged hydrogen atom of another molecule. Hydrogen bonding governs the structure of water up to the boiling point.
Radon in Water
Authors: Makinde‐Odusola Babs A. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractSome groundwater contains the naturally occurring radioactive gas, radon‐222 (radon). Radon dissolved in groundwater is released into indoor air when plumbed in water is agitated indoors. Radon released from domestic water typically contributes less than 2% of total indoor radon. This article describes the health risks from radon in domestic water and the efforts within the United States to regulate radon in drinking water. The U.S. National Research Council (NRC) found that the primary health risks from radon in domestic water are lung cancer and stomach cancer, primarily to ever‐smokers. Radon concentration in air could reach levels considered unsafe for underground miners at some water treatment facilities that aerate water as part of the treatment process. Inhalation of radon gas and its progeny may result in lung cancer (inhalation risk). An estimated 11% of the health risk is from direct ingestion of radon dissolved in drinking water (ingestion risk). The NRC found that radon is a greater source of cancer risk than any other regulated chemical in drinking water. Some ecological studies contradict using the linear nonthreshold (LNT) model to assess the health risks from exposure to radon at low levels typical of indoor air. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) relied on the LNT model to assess health risks and propose standards and goal for radon in drinking water. Some water utilities could opt for treatment to comply with the radon in drinking water standard. Some other water utilities might avoid treatment by adopting a multimedia approach to radon mitigation. The multimedia approach could be more cost‐effective and achieve greater health risk reduction. Noneconomic considerations may influence that decision. Health risk reduction and cost analyses (HRRCA) suggest that most of the benefits would accrue to ever‐smokers and smaller water systems could incur most of the costs.
Carbonate Geochemistry
Authors: Steele Kenneth F. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Calcite (CaCO
3
) is one of the most common minerals at or near the surface of the earth and thus is one of the main contributors to carbonate geochemistry. Less common carbonate minerals include dolomite [MgCa (CO
3
)
2
]; aragonite, a calcite polymorph (mineral of the same composition as calcite but having a different atomic structure); azurite and malachite (copper hydroxycarbonate minerals); siderite (FeCO
3
); and rhodochrosite (MnCO
3
) which can be important spatially and economically.

Although calcite does occur in igneous and metamorphic rocks, the mineral is present dominantly in the sedimentary environment which is the focus of this article. Calcite may be precipitated to form a relatively pure monomineralic rock (limestone), be present as a cement binding sediments into indurated rock, occurs simply as a trace mineral in rocks, and composes many shells and fossils. Weathering of calcite is relatively easy and depends largely on the amount of carbonic acid present. Other carbonate minerals, except dolomite, generally are dissolved and precipitated in a manner geochemically similar to calcite.
Surface Water Pollution
Authors: Jha Ramakar , Bhatia K. K. S. , Singh Vijay P. , Ojha C. S. P. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The surface water pollution in rivers, lakes, reservoirs, coastal areas, and other surface water resources may occur mainly because of point‐source pollution and nonpoint‐source pollution. The term point‐source pollution refers to pollutants discharged from one discrete location or point, such as an industry or municipal wastewater treatment plant, to surface water resources (Fig. 1). The effluent out‐fall from factories, refineries, waste treatment plants, etc. emits fluids of varying quality directly into surface waters.
The term nonpoint‐source pollution refers to the discharge of pollutants that cannot be identified as coming from one discrete location or point. The pollution outflow from nonpoint source (NPS) pollution, or diffuse pollution, include contaminants that enter the water supply from soils/groundwater systems and from the atmosphere via rain water. Soils and groundwaters contain the residue of human agricultural practices (fertilizers, pesticides, etc.) and improperly disposed of industrial wastes.
Time‐Area and The Clark Rainfall‐Runoff Transformation
Authors: Saghafian Bahram 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIn 1945, Clark introduced a synthetic unit hydrograph whose variants have been widely applied in rainfall‐runoff transformation. The Clark model, designed to consider the shape of the watershed, has two components. First, the excess rainfall is translated to the outlet based on a time‐area (TA) histogram. Second, attenuation due to channel storage effects is achieved by routing the time‐area hydrograph into a concentrated linear reservoir. The TA method is linear and may be considered an extension of the well‐known rational method. Although Clark's original concept was semidistributed over space and invariant in time, some of its recent extensions are fully distributed and time variable.
Uncertainty Analysis in Watershed Modeling
Authors: Wagener Thorsten 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
All watershed modeling studies unavoidably contain uncertain elements. This uncertainty is propagated into the model predictions and impacts subsequent decision‐making. Main uncertainties include those stemming from a lack of understanding of the hydrologic system, the problem of identifying appropriate model structure and parameters, and uncertainties in the measured data. While many approaches exist that can be used for uncertainty analysis, little guidance is available to choose the best approach for a certain study. While available techniques are many, they can all be reduced to three fundamental steps: (1) define what constitutes a behavioral model; (2) find all the models that comply with this definition in the feasible parameter space; (3) propagate the predictions of all identified models into the output space while considering other uncertainties (e.g., in the forcing data). This three‐step structure is used to describe and cluster current approaches.
Dam Removal as River Restoration
Authors: Yang Chih Ted 
Published: July 2005

AbstractA dam may be removed because of economic, safety, security, legal and financial liability, ecosystem restoration, fish passage improvement, site restoration, and recreation considerations. Sediments are trapped in reservoirs, and a detailed sediment management plan must be developed before a dam's removal. Dam removal can be an engineering method for river restoration. Because of the dynamic nature of river adjustments, compressive studies of possible responses of a river must be carried out before a dam's removal. The relationship between dam removal and sediment management alternatives should be analyzed to determine the optimum plan of action. A comprehensive monitoring program should be carried out during and after a dam's removal to determine impacts on the river system. Computer models in public domain are available to assist engineers in the determination of erosion, sediment transport, and deposition processes during and after a dam's removal.
Unrecognized Pollutants
Authors: Lee G. Fred , Jones‐Lee Anne 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The U.S. water pollution control program focuses on the current 126 priority pollutants originally selected without peer review in the mid‐1970s through a litigation settlement. That notwithstanding, they remain the focal point of water quality investigations. Limited attention is given to the many thousands of potential pollutants that are in municipal and industrial liquid and solid wastes. Periodically, unregulated chemicals that are in use are discovered to be widespread pollutants, posing a significant threat to public health and the environment. One example is the pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) used in homes and in agriculture, which are being found in domestic and agricultural waste waters and solid wastes. Another is perchlorate found in highway accident flares. That chemical is being found in surface and groundwaters in concentrations that are a threat to human health. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which are used as flame retardants on furniture and other materials, are now being found in human breast milk and in some aquatic organisms. Those chemicals pose significant environmental concerns but are not regulated with respect to water quality impacts. Many of these unrecognized pollutant chemicals are not new chemicals but rather have been in the environment for decades. A need exists to significantly change the approach used to evaluate the potential for the vast array of chemicals that are in commerce today to cause public health and environmental impacts.
Urban Stormwater Runoff Water Quality Issues
Authors: Fred Lee G. , Jones‐Lee Anne 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Urban stormwater runoff contains heavy metals including copper, lead, and zinc; organics such as pesticides, PAHs, and unidentified compounds; and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) in concentrations that are a threat to cause water quality problems in the waters receiving the runoff. In 1990, the U.S. EPA adopted an urban stormwater runoff water quality management program that requires that municipalities control pollution of receiving waters for runoff to the maximum extent practicable using best management practices (BMPs) and, through a BMP ratcheting‐down process, ultimately control violations of water quality standards in the runoff. This regulatory program has several significant problems, including the high cost (dollars/person/day) of treating urban stormwater runoff to control water quality standards violations and the general ineffectiveness of conventional BMPs for contaminant control. Further, heavy metals and some other potential pollutants in urban stormwater runoff are largely in nontoxic, unavailable forms. Urban stormwater runoff water quality managers need to conduct studies to determine the constituents in stormwater runoff that cause significant pollution of the receiving waters. Those constituents that are causing significant water quality use‐impairments can potentially be controlled through source control. Also, wet weather water quality standards need to be developed to regulate urban stormwater runoff water quality impacts.
Water Needs for Freshwater Fisheries Management
Authors: Schramm Harold L. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Fisheries management is manipulating fisheries resources, both fish and their aquatic habitats, to produce sustainable benefits for people. Suitable water quality and appropriate water quantity are essential to diverse and productive fisheries. Many aquatic habitats have been altered to various extents to achieve social and economic benefits for people. These alterations of aquatic habitats range from obvious changes, such as impoundment of streams and rivers for water supply, flood control, hydroelectric power generation, and navigation, to less apparent impacts of land use changes and other activities on watersheds. A relatively new and significant threat to fisheries resources is introduced aquatic species. The waterways that support public‐access freshwater fisheries are multiuse resources, and management priorities for these resources focus on social and economic benefits that often conflict with maximum fishery benefits. However, resource managers are becoming more sensitive to fishery needs. Fishery managers are now aware that the lakes, reservoirs, and streams they manage are parts of larger ecosystems and increasingly seek holistic management strategies.
Drainage Networks
Authors: Huang Xiangjiang , Niemann Jeffrey D. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractA drainage network is the dendritic configuration of stream courses in a river basin. Drainage networks are the product of fluvial erosion and are an important part of the topography in a basin. The form of a drainage network influences the production of runoff and the collection of runoff into streamflow. This brief article first describes methods that commonly identify channel networks from digital elevation models (DEMs). This task involves removing artificial pits in the DEM, routing flow across the land surface, and identifying the topographic area that can contribute flow to each grid point. The article then summarizes several widely used statistical properties of channel networks beginning with Strahler ordering and Horton's laws. It also describes two empirical laws, Hack's law and the slope‐area law, that are related to the fractal or scaling‐invariant nature of drainage networks. Finally, the article describes some drainage network properties that are particularly important in determining the hydrologic behavior of the basin.