bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary Management of Children and Adolescents with High Blood Pressure
Authors: Horn Linda Van , Vincent Eileen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hypertension (systolic blood pressure [SBP] &gt;140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure [DBP] &gt;90 mmHg) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is estimated to affect over 60 million adults at a cost of 14 billion dollars annually (Gillman and Ellison, 1993; Fernandes and McCrindle, 2000). Pre-hypertension (SBP of 120-139 mmHg or DBP of80-89 mmHg) is estimated to affect another 45 million individuals and is strongly associated with development of hypertension with increasing age (Chobanian et al., 2003). Although hypertension in childhood is typically secondary to some other pathological condition, growing evidence from landmark studies including the Muscatine, Bogalusa, and Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns studies confirms that blood pressure in youth tracks into adulthood (Webber et al., 1983; Lauer et al., 1984; Lauer and Clarke, 1989; Raitakari et al., 1994; Muntner et al., 2004). This phenomenon may be even more pronounced in certain ethnic groups (Rosner et al., 2000). For example, the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) research group reported that, based on autopsy studies, more extensive raised lesions were found in blacks than in whites with hypertension (McGill et al., 2000; also see Chapter 1). Concerns about these associations are further magnified by evidence of increased levels of blood pressure in children and adolescents, ages 8 to 17 years, from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted in 1988-94 and 1999-2000 (Muntner et al., 2004).
The Epidemiology and Management of Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Tsalikian Eva , Tansey Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The epidemic of childhood obesity in the United States and the rest of the world over the last two or three decades is well documented (World Health Organization 1994). In recent years, there has also been a dramatic increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents (Fagot-Campagna et al., 2000). Traditionally, diabetes in children and adolescents was considered to be of autoimmune origin known as type 1 diabetes. Diabetes of non-autoimmune origin, type 2 diabetes, has historically been thought to be present almost exclusively in overweight adults, frequently occurring later in life and associated with sedentary lifestyle and a family history of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is most commonly found in children and adolescents from minority groups, although the incidence of diabetes is increasing in obese children of all ethnic backgrounds (Sayeed et al., 1997; Kitagawa et al., 1998).
Prevalence of and Risk Factors for Cigarette Smoking among Youth
Authors: Goody Cynthia M , Lowe John B , Aquilino, Mary Lober , Baker Esther M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every day, more than 2000 young people under the age of 18 become regular smokers (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration [SAMHSA], 2003). In fact, over 80% of adult smokers begin using cigarettes during their teen years (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2004a). Smoking is associated with significant health consequences in the adolescent and young adult years including respiratory problems, cardiovascular disease, substance abuse, and mental disorders (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [USDHHS], 1994). Adolescent smokers report increased coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and sputum production. They experience more respiratory infections that last longer and are more severe than youth who do not smoke. Lung function is diminished and atherosclerotic lesions have been noted in deceased smokers as young as 15 years of age (USDHHS, 1994; also see Chapter 1). Serum lipid pro files indicate increased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in youth who smoke (USDHHS, 1994). Adolescent smokers are also more likely to use other drugs than nonsmokers (Myers, 1999; Jacobsen et al., 2001). They are three times more likely than non smokers to use alcohol, eight times more likely to use marijuana, and 22 times more likely to use cocaine. Smoking is also associated with poor general health and may be a marker for underlying mental health problems such as depression (USDHHS, 1994).
Prevention and Management of Youth Cigarette Smoking
Authors: Aquilino Mary Lober , Lowe John B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cigarette smoking behavior during the teen and early adult years has been characterized as a sequence of developmental stages (Hirschman et al., 1984; Mayhew et al., 2000). Initiation or uptake of smoking and progression from one stage to another is influenced by economic, physiological, psychologic, environmental, and social factors. An understanding of the stages of acquisition of smoking behavior, the phenomenon of nicotine addiction and withdrawal, and the fac tors that influence these variables is critical to designing and delivering tobacco dependence interventions. Mayhew et al. (2000) suggest six stages of adolescent smoking development including precontemplation, contemplation or preparatory, initiation, experimentation, regular smoking, and established or daily smoking (Table 17.1). Adolescents can maintain the experimentation stage for months, only smoking in specific social or environmental situations. A person’s self-image as a smoker develops during this stage, which immediately precedes regular smoking. Regular smoking is defined as smoking on a consistent, yet still infrequent basis. Once a person progresses to the sixth stage of established or daily smoking, quitting becomes more difficult. For smoking behavior to be viewed on a continuum, two additional stages, cessation and relapse, are necessary. In fact, many smokers who attempt to quit move back and forth on the continuum several times before permanent cessation is achieved.
Shameful Flight
Authors: Wolpert Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Britain's precipitous and ill-planned disengagement from India in 1947--condemned as a "shameful flight" by Winston Churchill--had a truly catastrophic effect on South Asia, leaving hundreds of thousands of people dead in its wake and creating a legacy of chaos, hatred, and war that has lasted over half a century. Ranging from the fall of Singapore in 1942 to the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi in 1948, Shameful Flight provides a vivid behind-the-scenes look at Britain's decision to divest itself from the crown jewel of its empire. Stanley Wolpert, a leading authority on Indian history, paints memorable portraits of all the key participants, including Gandhi, Churchill, Attlee, Nehru, and Jinnah, with special focus on British viceroy, Lord Louis Mountbatten. Wolpert places the blame for the catastrophe largely on Mountbatten, the flamboyant cousin of the king, who rushed the process of nationhood along at an absurd pace. The viceroy's worst blunder was the impetuous drawing of new border lines through the middle of Punjab and Bengal. Virtually everyone involved advised Mountbatten that to partition those provinces was a calamitous mistake that would unleash uncontrollable violence. Indeed, as Wolpert shows, civil unrest among Muslims, Hindus, and Sikhs escalated as Independence Day approached, and when the new boundary lines were announced, arson, murder, and mayhem erupted. Partition uprooted over ten million people, 500,000 to a million of whom died in the ensuing inferno. Here then is the dramatic story of a truly pivotal moment in the history of India, Pakistan, and Britain, an event that ignited fires of continuing political unrest that still burn in South Asia.
Partitioned Transfer of Power, June–August 1947
Authors: Wolpert Stanley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the night of june 3, after Nehru had swallowed the bitter pill of Partition, he broadcast the news over All-India Radio to his friends and comrades. “The sands of time run out and decisions cannot await the normal course of events. We have, therefore, decided to accept these proposals. It is with no joy in my heart that I commend these proposals to you. . . . For generations we have struggled for a free and independent united India. The proposals to allow certain parts to secede, if they so will, is painful for any of us to contemplate. It may be that in this way we shall reach that united India sooner than otherwise.”1 He vainly hoped, as did Sardar Patel, that Pakistan would prove insolvent after it was born and, in the not-too-distant future, Jinnah and Liaquat would beg forgiveness and ask for permission to rejoin India’s union. He continued: “There has been violence—shameful, degrading and revolting violence—in various parts of the country. This must end. We must make it clear that political ends are not to be achieved by methods of violence now or in the future.”
Creating Green Markets: What Do the Trade Data Tell Us?
Authors: Cornelius Peter K , von Kirchbach, Friedrich , Mimouni Mondher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whether stringent environmental regulations undermine or promote competitiveness has remained the subject of controversial debate. While some (e.g., Siebert, 1977) have raised the concern that such regulations increase production costs and induce pollution-intensive industries to migrate to countries with less stringent frameworks (“pollution havens”), others, especially Porter (1991), Porter and van der Linde (1995), and Esty and Porter (1998), have argued that good environmental governance may actually foster higher productivity and economic growth.
The Default Method
Authors: Raynes Sylvain , Rutledge Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The default (CDO) method applies to portfolios containing smaller numbers of heterogeneous debt collateral: bonds, loans, and nonstandard debt, including structured securities. From chapter 1, the credit structure of CDOs is based either on their market value or on the quality of their cash flows. Market value CDOs tend to be actively traded. Investors rely on the cushion inherent in overcollateralized portfolios for value: the higher the collateral value relative to par, the better the credit. Cash flow CDOs are designed as buy-and-hold investments. Investors in cash flow CDOs depend on the return of interest and principal from the underlying collateral for repayment. The main source of data for the cash flow analysis is corporate bond default and recovery data. Issuerspecific loss and recovery data used in ABS and MBS analysis are not used in CBOs generally—not even for CBOs of ABS—although price volatility data are used in determining collateral levels of market value structures. 1(b) Audit the pool.
The Eclectic Method
Authors: Raynes Sylvain , Rutledge Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The hybrid aspect of structured securities (as both quasi-corporations and portfolios) in the contemporary framework carries over to the analysis of ABCP and their conduits. As a permanently revolving financing facility for commercial banks and a handful of industrial companies, an ABCP conduit is very close in substance to a corporate credit. It is also very similar analytically to a CDO that has a very long revolving period as well as amortization triggers. However, unlike ABS and CDOs, ABCP credit quality is measured on the short-term credit scale, which both agencies define as a measure of default frequency: the traditional metric for corporate ratings.
Markov Chains
Authors: Raynes Sylvain , Rutledge Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The name Markov chain is associated with the celebrated Russian topologist and algebraist Andrei Andreyevich Markov (1856–1922), who, along with Tchebychev, was a leading member of the Recursive School of mathematics. The goal of this section is to introduce the concept of Markov chains to credit analysts and demonstrate how they can be used to build detailed cash flow models simulating the credit dynamics of structured pools. We supplement this discussion with a detailed examination of how the Markov formalism can represent the process of state-equilibrium in obligor accounts.
Lower-Upper Decomposition
Authors: Raynes Sylvain , Rutledge Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Centuries ago in Europe, aspiring young mathematicians were subjected to the following two-part test to determine their real aptitude for the subject. First, a kettle was placed on a chair and the student was asked to put it on a nearby desk. That usually went well: students took the kettle and proceeded to put it on the desk. Then the kettle was placed on the floor, and the student was asked to “do the same thing. “ Those who placed it on the desk were never heard of again. The right answer was to place it on the chair and thereby reduce a difficult problem to one already solved.
Covariance Matrix Simulation
Authors: Raynes Sylvain , Rutledge Ann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter develops further the idea of LU decomposition and applies it to the simulation of covariance matrices. The vast majority of cash flow models used to analyze the creditworthiness of structured securities or to investigate foreign exchange risk will include an implementation. Credit professionals need to understand these mechanics to make headway in structured finance in general and CBO analysis in particular. Suppose that you are given a covariance matrix V for some hypothetical n-dimensional vector whereby each group of elements of the vector would be an instance of the n variables. Suppose further that you are told to produce a set of vectors with just such a covariance matrix V. For any vector x with E [x] = µ, we can write from the definition of the covariance matrix V = E [(x -µ)(x -µ)T ]. Now suppose you have chosen x to be a set of independently drawn standard normal deviates. This means that E [x] = 0, and that covariance matrix V is identical to the associated correlation matrix and that both are equal to I, the identity matrix of order n. In other words, we have E [x xT ] = I.
The epidemiology of depressive Disorders in late life
Authors: Blazer Dan G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Epidemiology provides the context for a comprehensive exploration of late-life depression. The importance of context in understanding disease was recognized as early as the time of the Hippocratic physicians. Whoever wishes to investigate medicine properly should proceed thus: in the first place to consider the seasons of the year, and what effect each then produces. Then the winds ... in the same manner, when one comes into a city to which he is a stranger, he should consider the situation, how it lies as to the wind and the rising of the sun ... one should consider most attentively the water ... and the mode in which the inhabitants live, and what are their pursuits, whether they are fond of drinking to excess, and given to indolence, or are fond of exercising and labor.(Hippocrates, 1939; circa 400 BCE).
Dysthymic Disorder In The Elderly
Authors: Devanand D P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several terms have been used for chronic mild to moderate depressive illness: chronic minor depression, depressive neurosis, depressive personality, chronic dysphoria, and intermittent depression. Dysthymic disorder denotes chronic depression with fewer symptoms than in major depressive disorder, and it affects 2%-4% of adults (Gwirtsman et al., 1997).
Structural And Functional Brain In Late-Life Depression
Authors: Sackeim Harold A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Depressive syndromes carry a lifetime risk, as they can be experienced for the first time at any age. Furthermore, the identification, diagnosis, and treatment of depressive disorders in the elderly can be problematic given the age-related changes in the profile of depressive symptoms, the frequency of co-morbid medical conditions, medication intolerance, and other factors (Lebowitz et al., 1997). Depression in late life has been viewed by some as a natural consequence of aging, and as often reflecting psychological reactions to incapacities and interpersonal loss. However, it is now well established that abnormalities in the structure and function of the brain are especially common in patients with late-life depression and that these deficits cannot be attributed to the normal aging process. Indeed, there are suggestions that some neuroanatomical and functional abnormalities are most frequent or severe in patients with late-onset major depression, that is, those who have their first episode after 50-60 years of age. This is of both conceptual and clinical importance.
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in mood and cognition in the elderly: Implications for symptoms and outcomes
Authors: Keller Jennifer , Buckley, Theresa M , Schatzberg Alan F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although major depression was once thought to be particularly common in the elderly, more recent studies have indicated otherwise. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that major depression occurs in 4% of the general elderly population, while 10%-25% have depressive symptoms (Blazer, 2002). However, those age 65 and older have the highest rate of suicide. Depression is a disease; it is not part of the normal aging process. Depression in the elderly may be qualitatively different from depression in other age groups, with higher rates of cognitive impairment and co-morbid medical illnesses. Indeed, depression in the elderly is associated with poorer outcomes of co-morbid medical syndromes (including higher mortality rates).
Mood stabilizers
Authors: Bowden Charles L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Use of mood stabilizers in the elderly focuses on bipolar disorders. Recognition and treatment of bipolar spectrum disorders in the elderly deal with three overlapping patient groups. Early-onset bipolar disorder almost always continues into the late years of life, with a largely unchanged illness course in terms of overall severity. A smaller but important group of patients develops bipolar disorder in old age, often secondary to general medical disorders, with mixed manic symptoms predominating. Elderly persons with dementias often have symptoms that are within the extended bipolar spectrum. The characteristics of elderly bipolar patients are not strictly a function of age, since they differ from agematched patients with major depressive disorder. These differences (Table 18.1) indicate more than a fourfold greater frequency of neurological disorders and more than double the mortality rate of major depressive disorder. Bipolar patients with neurological disorders are more likely to be hospitalized for their illness. Neurologically impaired patients are less likely than all manic patients to have a family history of affective disorder in first-degree relatives (33% vs. 52%). Neurologically impaired patients are much more likely to have their illness commence with a manic episode than nonneurologically impaired bipolar patients. Compared with nonelderly bipolar patients, elderly patients with bipolar disorder are more likely to have manic and mixed presentations, co-morbid neurological disorders, and other general medical disorders for which long-term use of lithium is often poorly tolerated.
Antipsychotics
Authors: Dolder Christian R , Lacro, Jonathan P , Jeste Dilip V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of antipsychotics in older adults presents many interesting and challenging therapeutic issues. Frequent concomitant medication use in the elderly, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes with aging, and older adults’ sensitivity to antipsychotic side effects such as tardive dyskinesia and anticholinergic effects make appropriate use of antipsychotic treatment in this population important and sometimes challenging. In recent years, the development of atypical antipsychotics has provided therapeutic options with improvements over conventional antipsychotics, including a reduced risk of side effects such as tardive dyskinesia and extrapyramidal symptoms, a possible potential for greater improvement in negative symptoms and some cognitive functions in schizophrenia, and reportedly, a more beneficial thymoleptic profile.
Pharmacological treatment of depression in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Beyer John L , Doraiswamy P Murali 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The incidence of depression in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) varies widely across studies, from 0% (Knesevich et al., 1983) to 86% (Merriam et al., 1988), depending on the type of measurement and the definition of depression used. After reviewing the wide range of estimates and considering the factors that caused the variations, Greenwald (1995) estimated that up to 15% of patients with AD have a major depressive episode, while 25% have a minor depression. Fifty percent of all AD patients exhibit depressive features. Lykestsos et al. (1997), reviewing their population sample, similarly found that 20%-25% of patients with AD had a major depressive episode. Depression occurs at all stages and severities of the dementia (Payne et al., 1998) and causes greater functional impairment (Alexopoulos and Abrams, 1991; Lykestos et al., 1997).
Psychotherapy in old-age depression: Progress and challenges
Authors: 111 Charles F Reynolds , Arean Patricia A , Lynch, Thomas R , Frank Ellen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both biological and psychosocial risk factors operate in old-age depression. Nonmodifiable risk factors (such as gender and race) may be critical in understanding causal pathways, as well as identifying groups at high risk for depression or suicide. The targets of intervention are modifiable risk factors, and many of them are psychosocial in nature, thus providing a rationale for psychosocial interventions (Bruce, 2002). To understand how psychosocial interventions might work, it is important to distinguish which factors mediate, and which moderate, risk in the chain of events. Mediators are in the chain of events (e.g., social isolation could mediate the effect of disability on depression), while moderators influence the impact of one variable upon another (e.g., social support or ways of coping moderate the impact of loss of a spouse on depression). Even, or perhaps especially, when considering co-morbid medical or neurological illness (such as cardiovascular disease or neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s dementia or Parkinson’s disease) as a risk for depression, it is important clinically to consider both biological and psychosocial consequences of the disease. Many dementing disorders (Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease) are associated with depression in the elderly, and psychosocial variables act as mediators and moderators of depression associated with neurodegenerative illnesses. Depression in old age occurs in an interpersonal and psychosocial as well as a biological context. Interpersonal and psychosocial factors are both antecedent and consequent to old-age depression.
Depression Co-Morbid With Ischemic Heart Disease
Authors: Roose Steven P , Glassman Alexander H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past two decades, a number of rigorous epidemiological studies and clinical trials have illuminated the complex relationship between depression and ischemic heart disease (IHD). This relationship has many dimensions, including the following: (1) patients with depression have a higher rate of sudden cardiovascular death than age-matched controls, (2) depression early in life is associated with an increased rate of symptomatic and fatal IHD, (3) depression co-morbid with IHD is associated with an increased rate of cardiovascular mortality, and (4) treatment of depression in patients with IHD may reduce the cardiovascular risk. Although the relationship between depression and heart disease may begin at a young age, this topic belongs in a volume on late-life depression because both disorders are prevalent in the elderly and it is in this age group that the clinical implications of co-morbidity are most significant.