bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance analysis of the photonic crystal–based X-OR gate for the terahertz applications
Authors: Krishnamoorthy Rama Prabha , Savarimuthu Robinson 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
A key component of high-speed switching networks is an optical logic gate. This study presents the design and analysis of an all-optical XOR gate based on a two-dimensional photonic crystal (2D PC) structure, aiming to enhance high-speed switching in optical networks. The XOR gate, with two input and one output waveguide, is constructed on a hexagonal lattice, optimized for operation at a wavelength of 1,550 nm. The design is evaluated using the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) approach, which simulates the optical performance of the structure. Key performance metrics, including the bit rate, contrast ratio, and delay time, are computed, showing that the proposed logic gate achieves a high contrast ratio of 30.35 dB and a minimal delay time of 0.4 ps. The results confirm the potential of this all-optical XOR gate for integration into high-speed optical circuits, offering low power consumption and high efficiency. This work demonstrates the feasibility of utilizing photonic crystal structures for high-performance optical logic gates in future communication systems. The simplicity of fabrication in a two-dimensional photonic crystal (2D-PC)-based all-optical logic gate can often be attributed to its simple design.
How long is too long? Production-internal and communicative constraints in the coding of conditionality in Spanish
Authors: Merino Hernández Laura M. , Marttinen Larsson Matti 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This study analyzes to what extent communicative accounts, in contrast to production ease ones, can predict the variable coding length of conditional constructions in Spanish. If coding length is determined by communicative efficiency, we anticipate more accessible antecedents to be more parsimoniously encoded and less accessible ones to be more explicitly encoded. Insofar as coding length is determined by production-internal processes, longer coding is expected when speakers experience production difficulties. A Bayesian mixed-effects multinomial regression of 977 conditional constructions indicates that coding length is chiefly regulated by the speaker’s communicative goals in that highly accessible antecedents are realized with shorter forms, and more inaccessible antecedents involve longer coding. We propose a speaker-hearer efficiency cline of conditional constructions that ranges from maximally explicit coding, which is less efficient for the speaker but easier to parse for the hearer, to maximally inferential coding, which is more efficient for the speaker but increases the inferential cognitive load of the hearer. Moreover, we find support for the view that pragmatically indirect conditionals are frequently redundantly coded. Because indirect speech act resolution is cognitively heavy for the listener, speakers seem to counterbalance the higher processing costs exerted by them through longer coding.
China’s policies and investments in metaverse and AI development: implications for academic research
Authors: De Masi Vincenzo , Di Qinke , Li Siyi , Song Yuhan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Purpose
This study analyzes China’s strategic initiatives in metaverse and artificial intelligence (AI) development, examining their impact on academic research, industry innovation, and policy formulation. It aims to understand how government policies and investments have shaped research agendas and to identify challenges and opportunities in these fields.

Design/methodology/approach
The research employs a comprehensive analysis of government documents, funding schemes, and research output. It examines key policies, investment programs, and academic publications to track trends in metaverse and AI development in China. The study utilizes bibliometric analysis to assess publication trends, citation patterns, and international collaboration networks.

Findings
China’s proactive approach, characterized by strong government support and significant private sector investment, has led to a substantial increase in research output and quality in metaverse and AI fields. Chinese institutions have become major contributors to global publications, with growing citation rates and presence at international conferences. The research identifies emerging challenges in privacy, ethical AI development, and digital divide concerns.

Practical implications
The findings provide insights for policymakers, researchers, and industry stakeholders on the development trajectory of metaverse and AI technologies in China. They highlight the need for balanced approaches to innovation, regulation, and ethical considerations in these rapidly evolving fields.

Social implications
The study underscores the potential of metaverse and AI technologies to transform various sectors of society, from education and healthcare to entertainment and social interactions. It emphasizes the importance of addressing digital equity and ethical AI deployment to ensure broad societal benefits.

Originality/value
This research offers a comprehensive overview of China’s approach to metaverse and AI development, providing a unique perspective on the interplay between government initiatives, academic research, and industry innovation. It contributes to the broader discussion on the global development of these transformative technologies and their implications for future technological landscapes.
A comparative study of interactional metadiscourse used by American and Chinese corporate leaders in corporate social responsibility (CSR) statements
Authors: Shi Xingsong , Xu Wenjuan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The study compares interactional metadiscourse used by American and Chinese corporate leaders in corporate social responsibility [CSR] statements to serve the interpersonal and persuasive purposes of the genre. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted on the corpus of English CSR statements made respectively by corporate leaders of 21 Chinese and 21 American companies from 2015 to 2019. The results indicate that although both American and Chinese sub-corpora are rich in interpersonal resources, the American CSR statements overall utilize remarkably more interactional metadiscourse features than the Chinese CSR statements. Specifically, the American CSR statements employ more hedges and boosters for argumentation and persuasion. They also use more polarized attitude markers for overt expressions of emotions, in comparison to the Chinese CSR statements which favor moderate emotional appeals through centralized attitude markers. The American CSR statements use more first-person pronouns to accentuate authorial stance, whereas the Chinese CSR statements utilize more third-person pronouns to play down authorial presence. These differences can be traced to the influences of different social-cultural backgrounds and communication traditions rooted in the Chinese and American contexts.
PMP2+ Schwann cells maintain the survival of large-caliber motor axons
Authors: Kozlowski Mikolaj M , Strickland Amy , Morales Benitez Ana , Schmidt Robert E , Bloom A Joseph , Milbrandt Jeffrey , DiAntonio Aaron 
Published: January 2025

Neurodegenerative diseases of both the central and peripheral nervous system are characterized by selective neuronal vulnerability, i.e., pathology that affects particular types of neurons. While much of this cell type selectivity may be driven by intrinsic differences among the neuron subpopulations, neuron-extrinsic mechanisms such as the selective malfunction of glial support cells may also play a role. Recently, we identified a population of Schwann cells (SCs) expressingAdamtsl1,Cldn14, andPmp2(a.k.a. PMP2+ SCs) that preferentially myelinate large-caliber motor axons. PMP2+ SCs are decreased in both ALS model mice and ALS patient nerves. Thus, PMP2+ SC dysfunction could contribute to motor-selective neuropathies. We engineered a tamoxifen-inducible Pmp2-CreERT2 mouse and expressed diphtheria toxin in PMP2+ SCs to assess the consequences of ablating this SC subtype in male and female mice. Loss of PMP2+ SCs led to significant loss of large-caliber motor axons with concomitant behavioral, electrophysiological, and ultrastructural defects. Subsequent withdrawal of tamoxifen restored both PMP2+ SCs and large-caliber motor axons and improved behavioral and electrophysiological readouts. Together, our findings highlight that the survival of large-caliber motor axons relies on PMP2+ SCs, demonstrating that malfunction of a specific SC subtype can lead to selective neuronal vulnerability.Significance StatementA hallmark of neurodegenerative disease is the differential vulnerability of neuron subtypes. While differences between neurons explain some differential sensitivity of neuronal subtypes, neuron-extrinsic mechanisms likely also contribute to selective neuronal vulnerability. Building on the recent identification of genetically distinct subtypes of myelinating Schwann cells, we test the hypothesis that Schwann cell subtypes support distinct classes of peripheral axons. To examine this, we ablated the PMP2+ subclass of myelinating Schwann cells and found preferential loss of large-caliber motor axons. These findings demonstrate that disrupting a specific SC subtype results in selective axonal vulnerability, highlighting the importance of considering neuron-extrinsic mechanisms when dissecting selective neuronal vulnerability in neurodegenerative disorders.
The representation of stimulus features during stable fixation and active vision
Authors: Moran Caoimhe , Johnson Philippa A. , Hogendoorn Hinze , Landau Ayelet N. 
Published: January 2025

Predictive updating of an object’s spatial coordinates from pre-saccade to post-saccade contributes to stable visual perception. Whether object features are predictively remapped remains contested. We set out to characterise the spatiotemporal dynamics of feature processing during stable fixation and active vision. To do so, we applied multivariate decoding methods to electroencephalography (EEG) data collected while human participants (male and female) viewed brief visual stimuli. Stimuli appeared at different locations across the visual field at either high or low spatial frequency (SF). During fixation, classifiers were trained to decode SF presented at one parafoveal location and cross-tested on SF from either the same, adjacent or more peripheral locations. When training and testing on the same location, SF was classified shortly after stimulus onset (∼79 ms). Decoding of SF at locations farther from the trained location emerged later (∼144 - 295 ms), with decoding latency modulated by eccentricity. This analysis provides a detailed time course for the spread of feature information across the visual field. Next, we investigated how active vision impacts the emergence of SF information. In the presence of a saccade, the decoding time of peripheral SF at parafoveal locations was earlier, indicating predictive anticipation of SF due to the saccade. Crucially however, this predictive effect was not limited to the specific remapped location. Rather, peripheral SF was correctly classified, at an accelerated time course, at all parafoveal positions. This indicates spatially coarse, predictive anticipation of stimulus features during active vision, likely enabling a smooth transition on saccade landing.Significance StatementMaintaining a continuous representation of object features across saccades is vital for stable vision. In order to characterise the spatiotemporal dynamics of stimulus feature representation in the brain, we presented stimuli at a high and low spatial frequency at multiple locations across the visual field. Applying EEG-decoding methods we tracked the neural representation of spatial frequency during both stable fixation and active vision. Using this approach, we provide a detailed time course for the spread of feature information across the visual field during fixation. In addition, when a saccade is imminent, we show that peripheral spatial frequency is predictively represented in anticipation of the post-saccadic input.
ОЦЕНКА ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ СПЕЦИАЛИЗАЦИИ РЕГИОНА НА ОСНОВЕ МЕТОДА TOPSIS
Authors: ИВАНОВ П.А. 
Published: January 2025

В статье на примере обрабатывающей промышленности Республики Башкортостан представлены результаты оценки экономической специализации региона, анализируемые в привязке к результативности общественных финансов субъекта РФ. В качестве инструментального обеспечения был использован метод TOPSIS, позволивший выявить виды экономической деятельности рассматриваемого региона, являющиеся наиболее перспективными для финансовой поддержки в целях повышения результативности использования общественных финансов территории. По результатам исследования установлено, что, во-первых, в 2021-2022 гг. на фоне воздействий на экономику региона ковидных и санкционных ограничений произошло повышение значимости показателя общественных финансов (объем поступлений в бюджетную систему с территории субъекта РФ в расчете на одного занятого) в системе оценки экономической специализации региона, во-вторых, несмотря на изменение наиболее предпочтительного направления поддержки с деревообрабатывающей отрасли (2019-2020 гг.) на деятельность по производству лекарственных средств (2021-2022 гг.), ядро экономической специализации республики практически не изменилось. В качестве приоритетных направлений дальнейшей поддержки выявлены химическое производство, производство прочих транспортных средств, производство бумаги, производство электрического оборудования и производство прочей неметаллической минеральной продукции. Поддержка данных отраслей позволит обеспечить наиболее высокий уровень результативности использования общественных финансов в обрабатывающей промышленности Республики Башкортостан.
This article presents an assessment of the regional economic specialization, using the Republic of Bashkortostan and its manufacturing industry as a case study, analyzed in relation to public finance performance in this constituent entity of the Russian Federation. The TOPSIS method was employed as a tool to identify the most promising economic activities for financial support, aiming to enhance the performance of public finance utilization in the region. The study has found that in 2021-2022, amid the impacts of COVID-19 and sanctions on the regional economy, the significance of the public finance indicator (revenue collected per employee in the region) increased in the evaluation of economic specialization. What is more, despite a shift in the preferred area of support from the woodworking industry (2019-2020) to pharmaceutical production (2021-2022), the core of the region’s economic specialization remained virtually unchanged. Priority industries for continued financial support include chemical production, vehicle manufacturing, paper production, electrical equipment manufacturing, and non-metallic mineral products. Supporting these sectors is expected to maximize the performance of public finance use in the Republic of Bashkortostan’s manufacturing industry.
ПОКУПАТЕЛЬНАЯ СПОСОБНОСТЬ РАБОТНИКОВ В СУБЪЕКТАХ РФ ПО ВИДАМ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ
Authors: ОСМОЛОВСКАЯ-СУСЛИНА А.Л. , БОРИСОВА С.Р. 
Published: January 2025

Целью данной работы является анализ коэффициента покупательной способности работающего населения в России по регионам, по видам экономической деятельности и по децильным группам с акцентом на работников с относительно приемлемым уровнем заработка (т.е. людей, которые не находятся у черты бедности, но при этом не могут считаться богатыми). Подобный ракурс в научной литературе встречается достаточно редко, однако он может дополнить картину благосостояния российских работников и быть полезным как для исследователей, так и для региональных органов власти. В работе вводятся понятия минимально необходимого и приемлемого уровней заработной платы и выполняется анализ распределения работников по децильным группам соответственно уровню покупательной способности в 85 субъектах РФ для 18 видов экономической деятельности по разделам ОКВЭД 2 для периода 2017-2022 гг. Анализ показал, что достижение работником минимально необходимого и приемлемого уровней заработной платы различается по секторам занятости. Однако в первом случае эта дифференциация в большинстве регионов со временем уменьшается, а во втором - увеличивается. Выявлены виды деятельности, наиболее и наименее благополучные с точки зрения достижения работниками приемлемого уровня заработка, а также сделаны выводы относительно регионов, имеющих выраженную отраслевую специализацию.
This paper aims to analyze the purchasing power coefficient of Russia’s working population, focusing on regional differences, sectors of economic activity, and decile groups. The study specifically examines workers with a relatively acceptable level of earnings-those not living in poverty but also not considered wealthy. This approach is uncommon and underexplored, but it offers valuable insights into the welfare of Russian workers, potentially benefiting both researchers and regional authorities. The article introduces the concepts of minimum necessary and acceptable wage levels and examines the distribution of workers across decile groups based on purchasing power. It covers 85 constituent entities of the Russian Federation and 18 sectors of economic activity, classified according to OKVED 2, over the period from 2017 to 2022. The analysis reveals that workers’ ability to achieve minimum necessary and acceptable wage levels varies by employment sector. Over time, the disparity in meeting minimum wage levels decreases across most regions, while the gap in achieving acceptable wage levels widens. The study identifies the most and least favorable sectors for achieving acceptable earnings and draws conclusions on regions with pronounced sectoral specializations.
АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИИ ЭКОНОМИКИ РОССИЙСКО-БЕЛОРУССКОГО ПРИГРАНИЧЬЯ В УСЛОВИЯХ МЕЖГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ ИНТЕГРАЦИИ
Authors: КУЗАВКО А.С. 
Published: January 2025

В статье представлены результаты исследования некоторых элементов экономики регионов российско-белорусского приграничья: внешней торговли, конкуренции, рынка труда. В процессе исследования была проверена рабочая гипотеза о возникновении положительных и отрицательных последствий для экономики регионов российско-белорусского приграничья по итогам строительства Союзного государства Республики Беларусь и Российской Федерации. Посредством статистического и социологического методов исследованы как уже возникшие, так и потенциально возможные изменения во внешней торговле хозяйствующих субъектов из российско-белорусского приграничья. Опросы руководителей организаций позволили выявить преобладание межотраслевой торговли резидентов приграничья над внутриотраслевой. Также выделены основные группы торгуемых товаров. В результате межгосударственной интеграции изменился уровень конкуренции в приграничье, что приводит к трансформации бизнеса и определяет необходимость поиска новых ниш в ряде отраслей экономики. В статье представлены статистические и социологические данные о рынках труда в приграничных белорусских и российских регионах. Выводы, полученные по результатам исследования, могут быть использованы органами власти приграничных регионов для корректировки внутренних стратегий развития, а также дорожных карт строительства Союзного государства. Автором исследования предлагается разработать межгосударственную стратегию социально-экономического развития регионов российско-белорусского приграничья, направленную на поддержание положительных и нивелирование отрицательных последствий приграничных интеграционных процессов.
The article presents the results of a study examining key economic aspects of the Russian-Belarusian border regions: foreign trade, competition, and the labor market. The research explores the hypothesis that both positive and negative effects have emerged in the region’s economy due to the formation of the Union State of Belarus and Russia. Using statistical and sociological methods, the study underscores changes in foreign trade among economic entities in these border regions. Surveys of entrepreneurs reveal that inter-industry trade in the borderlands prevails over intra-industry trade, with key groups of traded goods highlighted. Interstate integration has also affected the level of competition, driving business transformation and prompting the search for new niches in various economic sectors. Additionally, the article presents statistical and sociological data confirming a labor shortage in the border regions. The findings can assist regional authorities in adjusting internal development strategies and roadmaps related to the Union State’s construction. We propose to draft a supranational strategy for the socio-economic development of the Russian-Belarusian border regions, aimed at capitalizing on the positive effects and mitigating the negative consequences of interstate integration.
Leksiniai veiksmažodžiai lietuvių sakytiniame akademiniame diskurse: dėstytojų pozicijos švelninimas humanitarinių ir socialinių mokslų seminaruose
Authors: Maslauskienė Greta 
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the use of lexical verbs as hedging devices in Lithuanian academic discourse, based on data from the VuSemCorp corpus, which comprises seminar texts from the humanities (philosophy, literature, linguistics) and social sciences (sociology, political science, communication studies). The analysis focuses on the frequency, semantic categories, and pragmatic functions of lexical verbs in lecturers’ speech. Findings reveal that lecturers strategically employ lexical verbs to acknowledge alternative interpretations, soften criticism and directives, and demonstrate politeness. Hedging their utterances enables lecturers to adopt the role of guides or facilitators rather than authoritarian figures, thereby cultivating an open, interactive, and collaborative learning environment.
An interdisciplinary perspective highlights that the use of lexical verbs for hedging varies by discipline. Sociology, linguistics, and philosophy demonstrated the highest frequency and diversity of hedging verbs. Lecturers in these fields showed a pronounced tendency to soften statements using first-person singular and plural forms, marking their subjective opinions and sharing interpretative responsibility with students. This linguistic strategy reflects a stronger emphasis on engaging students in co-constructing knowledge specific to these disciplines.
Additionally, this article emphasizes the roles of (inter)subjectivity, politeness, and speaker commitment in the relatively understudied domain of Lithuanian spoken academic discourse. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how hedging shapes communication dynamics in academic settings.