bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Harvesting of Nontimber Products
Authors: Southgate Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Collecting fruit, nuts, latex, and other nontimber products occupies at least some of the time of large numbers of people in the Amazon Basin and in other forested regions of Latin America. In northern Guatemala, for example, there are more than 7,000 chicle (Manilkara zapota) collectors, whose work generates $4 million in annual exports (Nations, 1989, cited in Salafsky, Dugelby, and Terborgh, 1992). At the time of the 1980 census, 68,000 households engaged in the collection of wild rubber (Hevea brasiliensis) in the Brazilian Amazon (FIBGE, 1982, cited in Allegretti, 1990). According to local newspaper reports, the harvesting, processing, and marketing of a9af and palm hearts currently employ nearly 30,000 people and generate an annual cash flow of up to $300 million in the Amazon estuary (Pollak, Mattos, and Uhl, 1995). In the whole river basin, 500,000 to 1,500,000 rural people derive a significant portion of their income from the extraction of Brazil nuts (Bertholletia excelsa), fruits like aguaje (Mauritia flexuosa), and other commodities (Gradwohl and Greenberg, 1988; Schwartzman, 1989).
2
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No sooner had the sun, on that day, risen from its dusky bed while birds and flowers leapt to meet it, bearing the homage of their love and gratitude, than a peasant, carrying his implements and his food for the day, drove his pair of oxen across the square. A goad and a yoke with its leather straps would serve for his work; and the traditional brightly woven pouch or chuspa, holding coca leaves and balls of llipta, would provide his breakfast. As he passed the portal of the church, he reverently removed his fringed hat and mumbled something like a prayer; then he went on his way, turning around from time to time to cast a mournful glance at the hut he was leaving behind.
4
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Luda was no ordinary sort of woman. She had received quite a good education, and her keen intelligence was able to reach the light of truth by observing the world around her and making comparisons. She was tall and of that darkish complexion that in Peru we call “pearl color.” Her lovely eyes looked out from under thick lashes and soft eyebrows; and she possessed that special womanly charm, heavy long hair that, when loosened, cascaded over her back like a cloak of wavy and shining tortoise-shell. She had yet to reach the age of twenty, but marriage had stamped her features with that mark of the great lady so becoming to the young woman who knows how to couple an amiable character with a serious manner. Since coming to Killac with her husband a year earlier, she had lived in “the white house,” which also served as the headquarters for the silver mining operations in the adjoining province. Don Fernando Marin was the chief shareholder in this enterprise and its current manager. For the miner and the inland merchant, Killac has the advantage of being centrally located for commerce with the capital cities of the departments into which Peru is divided; and its good roads lighten the task of the laborers carrying hampers of ore and of the llamas used for slow transport.
6
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Marcela, her heart filled with hope, returned to her hut, she found her daughters awake, and the younger one crying disconsolately at the absence of her mother. A few maternal caresses and a handful of mote sufficed to calm that innocent victim of fate who, though born amid the rags of a hut, wept the same clear and bitter tears as do the children of kings. Eagerly Marcela took hold of the poles supporting the portable loom that with her older daughter’s help she set up in the middle of the room, preparing the woof and the threads of the ground to continue weaving a pretty poncho striped with all the colors the Indians produce from the combination of brazilwood, cochineal, anatta, and the flowers of the quico. Never had she taken up her daily work more cheerfully, and never had the poor woman spun more dreams about how to share her good news with Juan.
11
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Doña Petronila Hinojosa, Don Sebastian Pancorbo’s wife according to the law and sacrament of the Church, was approaching the age of forty and had come into possession of a robust and well-proportioned body, heavy without reaching the point of obesity. Her face clearly revealed a good heart that in the course of life and in a better place than the one in which she had been fated to be born might have distinguished itself for its nobility and high aspirations. Her dress is the finest you will find in Killac and the surrounding region. Her fingers are encrusted with inexpensive rings; enormous gold hoops with circles of choice diamonds frame her face; her beige wool skirt has five rows of delicately gathered flounces; and her cashmere shawl with its large scarlet and black checks is fastened on the right with a silver brooch in the form of an eagle.
13
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Don Fernando’s return to his house was a joyous event. He came in triumph with Juan and Rosalia; he would now receive his wife’s expressions of gratitude; he would savor the satisfaction of having done good, breathe the heavenly aroma that perfumes the hours after we have consoled a misfortune or dried a tear. Lucia was weeping with pleasure. Her tears were the beneficent rain that brings peace and happiness to noble hearts. Juan fell to his knees before her and ordered Rosalia to kiss her res cuers’ hands. Don Fernando gazed tenderly for a few seconds on the scene before him, then sat down on the sofa, leaning back into the corner and saying “Her mother says she’s fourteen, but her height, her beauty, the fire in her black eyes, everything about her be speaks a woman in the first stages of puberty ”.
14
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As soon as Marcela had left the rectory and he had finished his prayers, the priest called his pongo and said, “Run over to Don Se bastian’s and tell him he has to come see me urgently, right away, and to bring along our friends.” “Yes, tata curay.” ‘‘And then go over to Don Estefano’s and tell him to come, and then set the tea kettle on the hearth and the chocolate pot on the embers and tell Manuela and Bernarda to stir up the fire.” “Yes, tata curay,” the pongo replied, and dashed off like an express couner. Don Sebastian just happened to be leaving his house, wrapped in his eternal cape, when the priest’s envoy reached him; and after listening at tentively to Father Pascual’s message, he told the pongo, “You can go back from here; I’ll inform our friends,” and he headed for Estefano’s house. The pongo, however, in order to follow his master’s instructions to the letter, also went to Estefano’s; and with his light step he was back at the rectory in no time and went directly to the kitchen, there to carry out the second part of his orders.
19
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There was someone whose interest in the fate of the Marins was as strong as Manuel’s. That was Father Pascual, who performed marvels of ingenuity to avoid discussing events with Dona Melitona, which was the name of the woman who had gone to keep him company on that sinister night. As soon as the bells were silent and the gunshots had stopped, he said to himself, “By now things are settled one way or the other.” And turning to Melitona, he added artfully, “It seems all the up roar’s over with, wouldn’t you say?” “Yes, curay, I think it’s over. Lord, how scared I was!” Melitona an swered, gesturing wildly, to which the priest replied, “And so was I, ever since I heard the first shot, thinking they were attacking the church, even though you kept insisting... “ Dona Melitona, thinking that she knew enough, retraced her steps to go inform the priest, who was impatiently awaiting the return of his “little woman” before going to say mass.
22
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Don Sebastian was slouched in an easy chair, wrapped in a shaggy poncho, a crimson silk handkerchief tied over his head with its corners knotted at the forehead. He was clearly uneasy. “Good morning, sir,” Manuel said as he entered. “Good morning. Where’ve you been keeping yourself, Manuel? Frankly, I haven’t seen you more than three times since you got here,” Don Sebastian answered, concealing his anxiety. “Frankly, all these friends, and my official duties-my time’s no longer my own; you’re right, Manuelito,” the governor said; and as though looking for a way to justify his behavior, he added, “As for the other night, frankly, son, I was in a lot of danger, but I couldn’t stem the disorder.
23
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Marfns spared neither expense nor diligent care to save their patient; but unfortunately her condition gradually worsened, and her life drew to its end. Just then Lucia was with Don Fernando, chat ting with him in tender intimacy, and said, “What mysteries are these, Fernando? Marcela came to our quiet happy home seeking help, and for love of our neighbor we helped her and found delight in doing good; yet these virtuous, noble, and pious deeds have produced misfortune for all!” “Remember, my love, that life is struggle, and that in the struggle between Good and Evil it’s ignorance that digs the grave of Good. Victory consists of not letting ourselves be buried in it.” At this point Margarita came dashing to the door like a meteor, crying, “Godmother, Godmother, my mother’s calling you!” “I’m on my way,” Lucia answered; and telling her husband, with a pat on the shoulder, “So long, sweetheart,” she set off for Marcela’s room.
4
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Manuel’s visit to Don Fernando’s house was decisive for one important aspect of his life, as we shall see later. Don Fernando Marin informed Manuel in detail of what had happened in court and concluded, ‘‘And doesn’t all of this show you our authorities in the worst possible light, Don Manuel?” “Don Fernando, I’m wounded to the quick by it all; and every time I hear something like this I feel the wound anew. Ah, if only I could tear my mother away from here!” the young man said with feeling, setting down a piece from Margarita’s game that he had been handling absent mindedly. “That’s why we’ve decided to have the girls brought up somewhere else,” said Lucia, entering into the conversation. ‘‘And where have you decided to do that?” Manuel asked eagerly. “In Lima, of course,” Don Fernando answered. “Oh, yes, Lima!” Lucia said. “There they form the heart and train the mind, and then in a couple of years I expect Margarita to find a good husband.
10
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once the sexton Isidro Champi had been locked up in jail, the doors to his freedom remained shut. Let us see what happened to his wife that afternoon when she went to the house of her friend Escobedo in search of aid and counsel. “So my good friend’s in jail?” Escobedo said after the reciprocal greetings and once the Indian had told him the news. “Yes, wiracocha. So what should we do? You help us!” the woman replied, downcast, upon which Escobedo gently patted her on the shoulder, saying, “Aha, but that’s no way to come asking for a favor, with empty hands, when you’ve got all that cattle, eh, my friend?” “You’re right, friend wiracocha; but I dashed from my house as though the witches were after me, and later on, tomorrow... I won’t be ungrateful, like a dried-out field.
14
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now we shall go for a moment in search of Colonel Paredes, whom we left as he was sitting down at table in Teodora’s house. Dinner was abundant and animated; and as soon as it was concluded, when night had already fallen, all headed for the parlor to continue their revels with the zapateo and the handkerchief dance. Don Gaspar called his daughter aside and told her peremptorily, “Fol low me, Teoco.” And the two of them went to a nearby fence where an Indian waited with three horses, one of them bearing a sidesaddle and everything else needed for a woman to ride.
26
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In spite of the weighty tasks that Manuel had before him and that might have served him as distraction, sadness marked his face and silence sealed his once talkative lips, which now uttered nothing but sighs of deep sorrow. Waves of blood such as he had never known surged in his heart, waves in which a woman’s heart would have seen an omen of misfortune. Manuel was beginning to lose confidence in the future. He questioned the possibility of seeing Margarita again, but he adhered to his plan of settling the cases of Don Sebastian and Isidro and then leaving at any cost. His meetings with the judge, with the new subprefect, and with Guzman finally bore fruit, along with the efforts made by the families of Estefano, Verdejo, and Escobedo. One day he came home and told Dona Petronila, “Mother, I’ve succeeded in getting Don Sebastian released under my recognizance, and he’ll be home today.”
30
Authors: Clorinda Matto De Turner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
They entered a spacious room papered in deep red with gold trim; gold pilasters marked the corners; curtains, white as ermine, screened the doors and windows, beneath a valance of scarlet silk bordered in gold and secured with silken cords. The floor, covered with fine Belgian carpets, made a pleasant contrast with the Louis XV furniture, upholstered in dark blue napped silk and reflected in two enormous mirrors that occupied almost the entire right-hand wall. “This is the parlor. Is it to madame’s liking?” said Monsieur Petit, making an exaggerated bow. “Yes; blue is my favorite color. I’ll be happy here,” Lucia replied to the hotel-keeper, which is who Monsieur Petit was. “This must be a bedroom,” said Don Fernando, pointing to a door. “Precisely, sir. We offer every comfort and excellent service to the travelers who are kind enough to honor the Hotel Imperial with their presence,” answered Monsieur Petit, with all the courtliness of a French man recommending his establishment.
The Avian Brood Parasites
Authors: Johnsgard Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The evolutionary, ecological and behavioral questions posed by obligate brood parasites are among the most intriguing of all contemporary ornithological topics. Avian brood parasites lay their eggs in the nests of other birds and may be a major contributing factor driving several species of songbirds to near extinction. As one of the first books to present a comprehensive overview of this fascinating phenomenon, this work discusses the comparative biology and co-evolutionary adaptations exhibited by the five families of birds that engage in such behavior. Several chapters dealing with the comparative biology of both intraspecific and interspecific brood parasites, are followed by individual accounts of all known species—nearly 100 altogether, primarily cowbirds and cuckoos. Some of the more remarkable behavioral and structural adaptations of these birds include egg mimicry, juvenile mimicry, elimination by starvation or actual attack of other nestlings or host eggs, and even the learning and partial mimicry of host song traits. An extended glossary, a list of Latin names, 400 literature citations and range maps of all parasitic species discussed are also included. Detailed line drawings by the author enhance this synthesis of biological and ecological information.
An Overview of Brood Parasitism
Authors: Johnsgard Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Laying eggs in the nest of another individual, and allowing or tricking the nest owner to rear such “parasitic” young rather than, or in addition to, its own, is one of the rarest forms of reproduction known. Except for the social insects, in which intraspecific brood parasitism is sometimes well developed (Wilson, 1971), such social parasitism is almost unknown in animal groups other than birds. Brood parasitism occurring within members of the same species (intraspecific or conspecific brood parasitism) has been reported for fewer than 100 species of birds (Yorn Tov, 1980), and possibly occurs among other vertebrates only in a few fish. Likewise, fewer than 100 species of birds are known to be obligatory brood parasites (Payne, 1977b). Sporadically interspecific egg dumping, or “facultative” brood parasitism, occurs among even fewer species, based on the available evidence. The rarity of brood parasitism as a reproductive strategy is rather surprising, considering that exploiting the energy of another species through true external or internal parasitism is extremely common among animals. Indeed, some phyla of animals are predominantly or even exclusively parasitic and, at least in terms of actual numbers of individuals, there are probably far more parasitic than free-living animals alive in the world.
African Parasitic Finches
Authors: Johnsgard Paul A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The only obligate parasites among the finches and sparrows of the world are found in Africa, where the approximately 16 species of indigobirds and whydahs of the genus Vidua (“viduine finches”) all occur as well as the single species of parasitic weaver or so-called cuckoo finch. The geographic breeding ranges of the viduine finches encompass all of sub-Saharan Africa (fig. 40), but the most species-rich regions (supporting seven to nine species per 5° latilong quadrants) consist of subequatorial habitats extending from Nigeria east to the upper Nile Valley and Rift Valley. Another species-rich region occurs in southeastern Africa, where seven species often occur in the general area of Botswana, Zimbabwe, and northern South Africa. Friedmann (1960) reviewed the probable phyletic relationships of the viduine finches and weaver finch at length. He concluded that the parasitic weaver is perhaps related to such rather typical plocied genera as the bishops and widowbirds (Euplectes spp.), although the structure of its sternum is somewhat aberrant with regard to this group, and one of its sternal features suggests possible affinities with the buffalo weavers (Bubalornis and Dinemellia). More recently, Sibley and Monroe (1990) placed the parasitic weaver in linear sequence between the bishop-widowbird group and the grosbeak weaver (Amblyospiza), all within the subfamily Ploceinae (family Passeridae).
Apprenticed Prodigy1820–1821
Authors: Todd R Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between the ages of eleven and fourteen, in an explosion of precocity, Felix produced well over a hundred compositions, a quantity no less astonishing than its variety—keyboard and chamber works, symphonies, concerti, Lieder, sacred choruses, and operas. When the first collected edition of Felix’s music appeared during the 1870s, most of these efforts, judged stylistically jejune, were excluded. But the launching of a second edition a century later refocused interest on Felix’s apprenticeship, and several early works, including concerti, the twelve string symphonies, and the Singspiel Die beiden Pädagogen, appeared during the 1960s and 1970s, opening new windows into Felix’s formative years. Still, much of this music awaits publication. To the biographer, it reveals a musical diary of a prodigy comparable to precious few European composers.
From Apprentice to Journeyman (1823—1824)
Authors: Todd R Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“He is growing beneath my eyes” —so Zelter described Felix’s unbridled development as a composer in 1823, when he created a spate of string sym- phonies, two concerti, another piano quartet, string quartet, violin sonata, Kyrie, Lieder, piano and organ works, and completed his fourth opera, Die beiden Neffen. Capping this startling productivity was the publication late that year of the C-minor Piano Quartet, Felix’s professional debut. Released by A. M. Schlesinger, the work was actually engraved in Paris by Schlesinger’s son Maurice, himself a music publisher, who also brought out in 1823 a more weighty composition in C minor—Beethoven’s transcendent final piano sonata, Op. 111. Felix’s Op. 1 was thus an international event. The Parisian virtuoso J. P. Pixis,”thrilled by the splendid genius which expresses itself in this music,” read the quartet, and a Leipzig reviewer lauded the work of a young genius following the footsteps of Mozart. But a Berlin critic was more tempered—the quartet lacked Mozart’s “in- vigorating freshness.” The scherzo was original, the finale worthy of praise, but Felix still needed to produce something to advance the art significantly. The mantle worn by the second Mozart was heavy indeed.
The Prodigy’s Voice1825–1826
Authors: Todd R Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On March 9, 1824, the matriarch of the Itzig family, Bella Salomon, died. Examining the will, the bereaved Lea and Abraham made a discovery: Bella’s fortune—the residence at Neue Promenade No. 7, the old Meierei, and other assets, valued at more than 150,000 thalers—was bequeathed equally to her son Jacob Bartholdy, the children of her granddaughters Josephine Benedicks and Marianne Mendelssohn (wife of Joseph Men- delssohn’s son Alexander), and Lea’s unborn grandchildren. Unlike Jacob, cursed by Bella upon his baptism in 1805 but reconciled by Fanny’s intervention years later, the daughter and son-in-law were thus “com- pletely disinherited” (völlig enterbt).2
Leipzig vs. Berlin1840–1841
Authors: Todd R Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The new decade began un propitiously for Felix: debilitated by a severe cold, he arrived on a Portechaise at the Gewandhaus to direct the New Year’s Day concert. The winter season, among the most memorable of his tenure, was soon in full swing. For the next concert (January 9), he made a virtue of necessity when the featured violinist, Carl Stör from Weimar, disappeared after his first solo, leaving a gap in the second half. On the program were Beethoven’s first two Leonore Overtures; Felix now added the third and Fidelio Overtures—both unrehearsed, according to the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung —so that for the first time Leipzigers heard all four together. Felix’s choice of repertoire again underscored his effort to promote new music, including symphonies by Friedrich Schneider of Dessau, J. F. Kittl of Prague, and J. W. Kalliwoda of Donaue- schingen, and a new overture by Julius Rietz. But an attempt to encore the Schubert “Great” Symphony on March 12 failed when a false fire alarm emptied the hall; Felix reprogrammed the symphony on the final concert of the season two weeks later.
Portrait of a Prussian Musician1843–1844
Authors: Todd R Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Felix had grieved before. Upon the death seven years earlier of his “instructor in art and life,” the bachelor composer had fulfilled Abraham’s ardent wish by completing St. Paul. Now, in 1843, Felix mourned with his family, drew windmills for his children, and alleviated headaches by reading Dickens’s Pickwick Papers. New creative work was difficult; in- stead, he reorchestrated Die erste Walpurgisnacht and rewrote the con- cert aria Infelice. But on January 19, he drafted a new Lied ohne Worte in E minor, assimilated the next year into the fifth volume as Op. 62 No. 3. Though untitled, the Lied eventually became known as the Trauermarsch (Funeral March); its dirgelike fanfares and somber processional effects made musically palpable his grief (ex. 14.1).