bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Defence of Platonic Division
Authors: Ackrill J L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Expositors of Plato have sometimes identified Plato’s later dialectic with diairesis, the method of division recommended and exemplified in well-known parts of the Phaedrus, Sophist, Politicus, and Philebus. In his Mind paper of 19391 and again in the chapter on dialectic in Plato’s Progress,2 Professor Ryle has made scathing remarks about this ‘method’, and has drawn a sharp contrast between it and genuine dialectic or philosophy: the construction of Linnaeus-type genus-species trees has nothing to do with the philosophical activity of hard reasoning which leads to truths about the powers and interrelations of topic-neutral concepts. While allowing that Plato may on occasion have attached some (improper) importance to division, Ryle holds that the philosopher who wrote the central part of the Sophist and the Parmenides could not (then, or seriously, or for long) have supposed division to be a significant part or instrument of philosophy. I think that Ryle has exaggerated the contrast between Platonic division and genuine dialectic or philosophy–both in Plato’s thought and in fact – and I want to mitigate the sharpness of his contrast by suggesting a more generous interpretation of division. I shall not attempt a close study of the relevant texts, but I shall try to say enough to show that it is bad history of ideas to write off Platonic division as a minor aberration, and that a less severe appraisal of it may discover in it material worthy of a philosopher’s consideration.
An Aristotelian Argument about Virtue
Authors: Ackrill J L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Nicomachean Ethics III. 5 Aristotle argues that virtues and vices-good and bad states of character-are ‘in our power’ or ‘up to us’ ( eph hemin ) and ‘voluntary’ (hekousia). He needs to establish this thesis, a thesis which I shall label ‘T’, in order to justify the practice of praising people for their virtues and blaming them for their vices. He will at the same time be removing a dangerous objection that might be raised to the practice of praising and blaming people for actions they do voluntarily, the objection that if a man* cannot help the state of character which determines his choices and decisions, he can hardly be blamed for them or (consequently) for the actions he does voluntarily. In the last two main sections of the chapter Aristotle wrestles (without decisive success) against the contentions (i) that one cannot help being the sort of person one is, and (ii) that it is by nature that a man values what he values, and against the conclusion that our virtues and vices are therefore not in our power or voluntary. The main ideas he deploys against these contentions are (i) that one could have helped becoming the sort of person one is, and (ii) that whatever the importance of a man’s nature in setting his aims, it is he, after all, who carries them out. These sections of Nicomachean Ethics III. 5 have been much discussed, and rightly. Here however, I wish to examine more closely than is usually done the argument contained in the first few lines of the chapter (III. 5. 1- 3, 1113b3-14), a self-contained argument sharply distinct from the later ones and much more direct than they are.
Introduction: The Realistic Spirit in Bradley’s Philosophy
Authors: Stock Guy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within the history of philosophy, Bradley’s philosophy has traditionally been classified as Hegelian and Idealist. This is not a very enlightening characterization. Neither of these terms is precise, and no doubt that is part of the reason why Bradley himself was reluctant to accept either description. R. G. Collingwood, in an unpublished essay on Bradley’s Appearance and Reality, written in 1933, sketched a rather different view, which enables the con temporary reader to locate Bradley’s thought more readily and to chart his philosophical motivation more accurately.
Consciousness and Mind
Authors: Rosenthal David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consciousness and Mind presents David Rosenthal’s influential work on the nature of consciousness. Central to that work is Rosenthal’s higher-order-thought theory of consciousness, according to which a sensation, thought, or other mental state is conscious if one has a higher-order thought (HOT) that one is in that state. The first four essays develop various aspects of that theory. The next three essays present Rosenthal’s homomorphism theory of mental qualities and qualitative consciousness, and show how that theory fits with and helps sustain the HOT theory. A crucial feature of homomorphism theory is that it individuates and taxonomizes mental qualities independently of the way we’re conscious of them, and indeed independently of our being conscious of them at all. So the theory accommodates the qualitative character not only of conscious sensations and perceptions, but also of those which fall outside our stream of consciousness. Rosenthal argues that, because this account of mental qualities makes no appeal to consciousness, it enables us to dispel such traditional quandaries as the alleged conceivability of undetectable quality inversion, and to disarm various apparent obstacles to explaining qualitative consciousness and understanding its nature. Six further essays build on the HOT theory to explain various important features of consciousness, among them the complex connections that hold in humans between consciousness and speech, the self-interpretative aspect of consciousness, and the compelling sense we have that consciousness is unified. Two of the essays, one an extended treatment of homomorphism theory, appear here for the first time. There is also a substantive introduction, which draws out the connections between the essays and highlights their implications.
Content, Interpretation, and Consciousness
Authors: Rosenthal David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are all familiar with situations in which memory distorts some current experience. I may see a person I don’t know at all, but my memory of an old friend causes me to misperceive that person as my friend; the conscious experience that results is of seeing the friend. Perhaps, for example, my friend wears glasses and the person now before me doesn’t. Although I see a person without glasses, my memory of the friend intrudes and I seem, so far as consciousness is concerned, to see a person wearing glasses.
Metaphysics A 2: matter and change
Authors: Charles David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Its conclusion is that there are at least three shared principles which apply to sensible substances liable to change: two relevant contraries (enantia) and matter (ro69h32-4). This conclusion might seem unsurprising, and thoroughly in line with Aristotle’s doctrines elsewhere (in Physics I. 6-8, Metaphysics Z 7-9, etc.). However, the chapter and the conclusion are made both more interesting and more difficult by Aristotle’s attempt to show that these principles can apply to all sensible substances (including eternal, imperishable ones). While Aristotle mentions the latter category elsewhere in the Metaphysics (cf. H 1. ro42b5-6;0 8. ro5ob16 ff.), in A he needs to show how they can be understood within his favoured conceptual triad (matter: form: deprivation). For here he is concerned to provide principles which can account for the nature of sensible substances. His task is not merely to analyse changes involving such substances using these terms.
Metaphysics A 9: A Short-Lived Thought-Experiment?1
Authors: Brunschwig Jacques 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A 9 is both quite famous and quite short. At first reading, it looks like a sort of appendix to A 7, separated from it by the excursus on astronomy in A 8. It is officially devoted to the discussion of ‘some difficulties’2 concerning ‘the questions about intellect’.3 However, because of the number of these difficulties, the structure of the chapter is often described as fairly disorderly.4 Indeed, many commentators think that Aristotle does not clearly distinguish the questions he raises, that he answers them in a way which does not indicate which question he is actually answering, and that he leaves some of them without any answer. This assessment is perhaps a little less fair than is often thought.
Metaphor in the Semantic Representation of Emotions
Authors: Apresjan J D , Apresjan V J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until recently the inner world of human beings was the province of psychiatrists, philosophers, and poets, but was of little interest to linguists. The situation began to change with the rise of contemporary linguistic semantics in the 1960s, when the first attempts were made to describe the vocabulary of the emotions lexicographically (Wierzbicka 1969, 1972; Iordanskaja 1970, 1972). Since then there has been a steady growth in interest, both theoretical and lexicographical, in words denoting emotions, as shown by such works as Lakoff and Johnson 1980; Wierzbicka 1980, 1990b; J. Apresjan 1979; Uspensky 1979; Zalizniak 1983; Iordan-skaja 1984; Pajdzinska 1990a; Iordanskaja and Mel’cuk 1990; Wierzbicka 1991; J. Apresjan 1992b; V. Apresjan 1997a.1 Data which may be of interest to linguists, among others, can be found in a number of contemporary psychological, physiological, sociological, and other studies, for example Ekman 1984; Ortony et al. 1988; Kovecses 1990; Fries 1992; Oatley 1992. A survey of these studies is provided by V. Apresjan (1995a). It is to be hoped that the linguistic results of studies of the emotions may also be of value to researchers in other disciplines. Language contains the experience of millennia of psychological and cultural introspection, and its data are every bit as reliable as those provided by experimental research.Simplifying somewhat the real state of affairs, we may say that in linguistics two approaches to the description of emotions have developed.
Swahili For Starters
Authors: Maw Joan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
New in paperback and in an updated edition, Swahili for Starters: A Practical Introductory Course teaches Swahili in its social and cultural context, by modern and entertaining methods. An ideal beginners’ text, it introduces the language in a natural manner, starting from real-life situations in dialogue form, many of them revealing attitudes and ideas which may surprise and intrigue the learner. Grammar and vocabulary are introuduced gradually, with the most useful items first. Games and puzzles and other activities are used to give practice in the language and guidance in punctuation.
Filling and Licensing Multiple Specifiers
Authors: Doron Edit , Heycock Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The uniqueness and obligatoriness of the clausal subject (Spec-TP) that charcharacterizes languages such as English does not hold across all languages. It has recently been argued (Ura 1994, 1996; Chomsky 1995) that specifiers may be generated recursively. Together with the assumption that in certain languages nominative case may be licensed on more than one element, this provides the necessary positions for ‘multiple-subject’ constructions (MSCs, henceforth) as they exist in languages such as Japanese and, we will argue, also the Semitic they exist in languages such as Japanese and, we will argue, also the Semitic languages of Modern Hebrew and Modern Standard Arabic.
The Role of the Specifier and Finiteness in Early Grammar
Authors: Hoekstra Teun , Hyams Nina , Becker Misha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Root infinitives of the sort in (1) are a common feature of many child languages. In the languages which display this phenomenon, the non-finite forms appear to be in free variation with finite forms of the verb. The apparent optionality of root infinitives led Wexler (1994) to propose that children pass through an optional infinitive stage.
The Origins of Complex Language
Authors: Carstairs-McCarthy Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book proposes a new theory of the origins of human language ability and presents an original account of the early evolution of language. It explains why humans are the only language-using animals, challenges the assumption that language is a consequence of intelligence, and offers a new perspective on human uniqueness. The author draws on evidence from archaeology, linguistics, cognitive science, and evolutionary biology. Making no assumptions about the reader's prior knowledge he first provides an introductory but critical survey of all sources of evidence for language evolution. He then considers what language itself reveals about its own and human origins and evolution. He shows that certain central aspects of language do not, unexpectedly, reflect what they are used for, are maladapted for their function. He considers why this should be, and argues that these odd aspects of language reveal important clues about its evolutionary origin. The Origins of Complex Language fulfils the promise of its title. In doing so it turns upside down conventional theories about the relation between cognition and expression, truth and reference, and the co-evolution of mind and body. Original in conception, brilliantly executed, stylishly written, this book will attract a wide range of readers interested in the evolution and origins of language.
Introduction
Authors: Carstairs-McCarthy Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not hard to imagine the world before human language existed. All we need to do is visualize the world as it is, but with human beings and all their works expunged. For the sake of verisimilitude, we may include in the picture a selection of animals that became extinct only after humans had arrived, such as mammoths, sabre-tooths, and dodos. We may also tentatively include some of our hominid ancestors themselves, walking upright but still ape-like and still, ex hypothesi, languageless: that is, vocalizing in roughly the way that chimpanzees or gibbons do, perhaps, but not producing utterances composed of words. It is also not hard to leap forward mentally two million years or so from then and visualize a world soon after the appearance of people speaking an unequivocally modern sort of language. The people we conjure up will probably be cave-dwelling hunters and gatherers, but also sophisticated creative artists of the kind who produced the famous cave paintings at Lascaux and elsewhere in southern France more than 25,000 years ago.
Aquinas on Being
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anthony Kenny offers a critical examination of a central metaphysical doctrine of Thomas Aquinas, the greatest of the medieval philosophers. Aquinas's account of being is famous and influential: but Kenny argues that it in fact suffers from systematic confusion. Because of the centrality of the doctrine, this has implications for other parts of Aquinas's philosophical system: in particular, Kenny shows that the idea that God is pure being is a hindrance, not a help, to Aquinas's natural theology. Kenny's clear and incisive study, drawing on the scholastic as well as the analytic tradition, dispels the confusion and offers philosophers and theologians a guide through the labyrinth of Aquinas's ontology.
Introduction
Authors: Lewis Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book has two purposes. The first is to acquaint the general reader with the often bizarre, sometimes tragicomic, but never dull story of the Turkish language reform. The second is to provide students of Turkish at every level with some useful and stimulating reading matter. With both purposes in mind, no word, phrase, or sentence of Turkish has been left untranslated, apart from names of books and articles, as it is assumed that the reader who wishes to chase up bibliographical references will understand the meaning of the titles. The second purpose accounts for the references to the author’s Turkish Grammar and for the abundance of footnotes and digressions.
Ottoman Turkish
Authors: Lewis Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the beginning of the eleventh century, most of the ancestors of the present Turks of Turkey had become Muslim. It is evident that their introduction to Islam was due to peoples of Iranian speech, because the basic religious terms in Turkish come not from Arabic but from Persian or other Iranian languages: namaz prayer’, orug ‘fasting’, peygamber ‘prophet’ The apparent exceptions, the Arabic hac or ziyaret for ‘pilgrimage’, are no exception, because those are the words used in Persian too. Once settled within the civilization of Islam, the Turks took into their language as much of the Persian and Arabic vocabularies as they needed, and more. As the perception that they were Turks was supplanted by an awareness that they were members of the Ummet-i Muhammed, the Community of Believers, so the tide of Arabic and Persian flowed. It was not just a matter of borrowing foreign words for foreign concepts.
Sources of London English
Authors: Wright Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The macaronic (mixed-language) business texts of London for the period 1275 to 1500 present a rich source of evidence for the medieval dialect of London English. Hitherto they have been ignored because of mistaken ideas about their value: they have been viewed as bastardized forms produced by ill-educated scribes. We cannot dismiss macaronic documents as debased or degenerate without investigation, nor should we underestimate the evidence they present for the development of the English language. The contemporary importance of these documents is attested by their sheer number - it is easier today to find macaronic business documents from the late medieval period in record offices than it is to find monolingual texts. The book focuses on terminology surrounding the River Thames to present a study of the medieval dialect of London. The vocabulary survey lists many words which had previously been lost to us, and the illustrative extracts from the texts present a fascinating picture of life in medieval times on the River Thames. The author's analysis covers the orthography, phonology, and morphology of the dialect as revealed in these texts.
The Instability of Negative Liberalism
Authors: Spector Horacio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapter I tried to delineate a convincing version of negative liberalism. At each step in the construction of this version I attempted to choose the best of the theoretical alternatives lying open to the negative liberal. In this task I was guided by the wish to show negative liberalism as a theory worth criticizing. It would serve no purpose to criticize negative liberalism by pointing out such problems as a determined champion of this theory might overcome with a modicum of philosophical skill. My endeavours produced a theory advancing as a basic ideal the maximization of negative freedom, conceived as the maximization of options made up of possible actions-token, whether or not the object of actual desires or preferences, not obstructed by the active intervention of other persons (deliberate, negligent, or accidental). This theory defends the primacy of the negative conception of freedom over the positive one. Positive freedom may reasonably be seen as consisting in the availability of alternative courses of action, where several courses of action are available for an agent if he can really follow one or other of them. If an agent is unable to perform an action that action does not count for the purpose of determining his positive freedom, irrespective of whether the cause of this inability is the intervention of other persons or another type of event.
The Nicomachean Conception Of Happiness
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of the Nicomachean Ethics [NE] we meet the following line of argument. The subject-matter of ethics is the good for man, the end of action for the sake of which all else is desired. Most people would agree that this supreme good is happiness, however much they may disagree about what precisely happiness consists in. Aristotle goes on to expand the general view that the supreme good is happiness by outlining the three traditional lives-the life of philosophy, that of virtue, and that of pleasure. He begins his own account by saying that the good we are looking for must be perfect1 by comparison with other ends-that is, it must be something sought always for its own sake and never for the sake of anything else; and it must be self-sufficient-that is, it must be something which taken on its own makes life worthwhile and lacking in nothing.
Being, Identity, and Truth
Authors: Williams C J F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philosophers have met with many problems in discussing the interconnected concepts being, identity, and truth, and have advanced many theories to deal with them. Professor Williams argues that most of these problems and theories result from an inadequate appreciation of the ways in which the words `be', `same', and `true' work. By means of linguistic analysis he shows that being and truth are not properties, and identity is not a relation. He is thus able to demystify a number of metaphysical issues concerning the meaning of the word `I', the relation between the mental and the physical, objects of thought, times and places, and the nature of reality. Williams presents his views clearly, with a minimum of technicality, and with rich and apt examples, so that they will be accessible to readers not versed in symbolic logic.
Pains and Brains
Authors: Williams C J F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is the relation between events which occur in the brain and can be described in neurophysiological terms and conscious experiences? How is the pain I feel in my right elbow related to electrical activity that is no doubt going on in certain regions of my cerebral cortex? Brain scientists are confident that some sort of correlation can be found, if not now, at least in the not too distant future, between the physically or chemically describable phenomena of the brain and the subjectively describable phenomena of consciousness. But what sort of relation or correlation are we looking for? One answer to this question which has been popular amongst philosophers in the last twenty or thirty years is that the relation in question is that of identity.
Embryo Experimentation Public Policy in a Pluralist Society
Authors: Hare R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
8.1 What is the proper relation between the moral principles that should govern public policy, including legislation, and moral principles which may be held—often passionately—by individuals, including individual legislators? The adherents of such ‘personal’ principles often object that proposed laws would allow people, or even compel them, to transgress the principles. Obvious examples are homosexuality and abortion law reform. People who think homosexuality an abominable sin object to the repeal of laws that make it a crime; and those who think that abortion is as wrong as murder of grown people object that a law permitting abortion in certain cases might make it permissible for other people to—as they would say—murder unborn children, or even, if they are nurses and want to keep their jobs, compel them to do so themselves.