bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Many‐body perturbation theory combined with time dependent DFT: A new method for the calculation of the dielectric function of solids
Authors: Del Sole Rodolfo , Pulci Olivia , Olevano Valerio , Marini Andrea 
Published: October 2005

AbstractWe show an approximate method to calculate the polarizability of a many‐electron system within Green's function theory in a similar way as within time‐dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). The basic idea is to join the computational simplicity of the latter with the accuracy of the former. We apply this approach to a prototype system, LiF. For comparison, we also show results obtained within other approximated TDDFT‐based methods. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nitrogen‐15 in NO characterises differently reactive soil organic N pools
Authors: Oelmann Yvonne , Wilcke Wolfgang , Bol Roland 
Published: October 2005

AbstractIntercropping with legumes is known to increase the plant‐available nitrogen (N) in soil, but can also increase leaching of NO to the groundwater. To minimise NO leaching risks, knowledge of the N‐release processes is essential, including an estimate of the contribution of legumes to total NO concentrations in soil. Our objectives were to answer the questions: (1) whether the presence of legume roots increases N mineralisation, and (2) whether the proportion of legume‐derived N in NO could be calculated with the help of natural abundance 15N in NO. We sampled soil monoliths of a Medicago x varia Martyn monoculture in August 2004 and set up three treatments: ‘disturbance’ (sieved to <2 mm), ‘disturbance‐roots’ (sieved to <2 mm and visible roots removed), and ‘control’ (left untreated). During an incubation period of 70 days, an N‐free nutrient solution was leached through the samples weekly. In the leachates we measured total N, total organic carbon, NO, and NH concentrations. Six of the 13 sampling dates were chosen for N isotope analysis in NO. Nitrate was separated as AgNO3. During the incubation, 3 to 6% of the initial total mass of total N (192 to 274 mg N) in soil was mineralised. Nitrogen mineralisation followed zero‐order kinetics independent of treatments. Mineralisation rates decreased in the order control (day 70: 3.7 µg NO3‐N (mg Ninitial)−1) > disturbance‐roots (2.6 µg NO3‐N (mg Ninitial)−1) > disturbance (1.9 µg NO3‐N (mg Ninitial)−1), indicating that mineralisation of legume roots did not play a major role in N mineralisation. The δ15N values jumped from ca. 3‰ to ca. 8‰ after 2 weeks of incubation, which we attributed to the contribution of two N pools. An exponential two‐pool model could not be fitted to the data. Legume‐derived soil organic matter, SOM (pool 1), was mineralised at the same rate as SOM accumulated before establishment of the legumes (pool 2). Fresh legume roots did not contribute significantly to N mineralisation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of simultaneous thermal analysis mass spectrometry and stable carbon isotope analysis in a carbon sequestration study
Authors: Lopez‐Capel E. , Bol R. , Manning D. A. C. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe simultaneous analysis of evolved gases and the determination of stable isotope composition (δ13C) as part of a thermal analysis experiment have been used to (a) distinguish bulk chemical hosts for carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) within a soil and (b) track labelled C within a soil sequestration experiment. C3 and C4 dung was applied to a pasture soil, and soil samples taken for analysis. The results of thermogravimetry‐differential scanning calorimetry‐quadrupole mass spectrometry‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry (TG‐DSC‐QMS‐IRMS) show that the proportion of more refractory C (lignin‐like) is greater for the dungs than for the soil organic matter (SOM), and that this increases with time within the soil. Analysis of evolved gases shows that nitrogen is associated with the decomposition of more refractory C, and is not so strongly associated with the labile C component. IRMS analysis distinguished C3 and C4 dung, and allowed the amount of C from these sources to be estimated for the soil samples. Most dung C enters the refractory SOM fraction. This paper demonstrates the potential of TG‐DSC‐QMS‐IRMS in the investigation of SOM. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exposure ages from relict lateral moraines overridden by the Fennoscandian ice sheet
Authors: Fabel Derek , Fink David , Fredin Ola , Harbor Jon , Land Magnus , Stroeven Arjen P. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractLateral moraines constructed along west to east sloping outlet glaciers from mountain centred, pre-last glacial maximum (LGM) ice fields of limited extent remain largely preserved in the northern Swedish landscape despite overriding by continental ice sheets, most recently during the last glacial. From field evidence, including geomorphological relationships and a detailed weathering profile including a buried soil, we have identified seven such lateral moraines that were overridden by the expansion and growth of the Fennoscandian ice sheet. Cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al exposure ages of 19 boulders from the crests of these moraines, combined with the field evidence, are correlated to episodes of moraine stabilisation, Pleistocene surface weathering, and glacial overriding. The last deglaciation event dominates the exposure ages, with 10Be and 26Al data derived from 15 moraine boulders indicating regional deglaciation 9600 ± 200 yr ago. This is the most robust numerical age for the final deglaciation of the Fennoscandian ice sheet. The older apparent exposure ages of the remaining boulders (14,600–26,400 yr) can be explained by cosmogenic nuclide inheritance from previous exposure of the moraine crests during the last glacial cycle. Their potential exposure history, based on local glacial chronologies, indicates that the current moraine morphologies formed at the latest during marine oxygen isotope stage 5. Although numerous deglaciation ages were obtained, this study demonstrates that numerical ages need to be treated with caution and assessed in light of the geomorphological evidence indicating moraines are not necessarily formed by the event that dominates the cosmogenic nuclide data.
A review of the hepatotoxicity of paracetamol at therapeutic or near‐therapeutic dose levels, with particular reference to alcohol abusers
Authors: Collins Catherine , Starmer Graham A. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe number of published reports associating hepatotoxicity with paracetamol ingestion at therapeutic or near‐therapeutic dose levels is small but is, nevertheless, suggestive of a relationship. There is however, mounting evidence that certain groups of patients, such as alcohol‐dependent people, patients receiving enzyme‐inducing drugs (particularly anti‐convulsant and anti‐tuberculosis medications) as well as those with certain infectious diseases, are rendered more susceptible to paracetamol‐induced hepatotoxicity. Seventy‐four case reports where therapeutic or near‐therapeutic doses of paracetamol resulted in hepatic injury are reviewed and factors and mechanisms which might explain this apparently increased vulnerability to damage are discussed.
One for the road: On the utility of citation data for identifying problem hotels
Authors: Wood Les J. , McLean Stuart , Davidson Jodie , Montgomery Iain M. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractDrink drivers arrested in Tasmania are routinely asked by police where they had last been drinking, and these data were examined for 716 drivers arrested in Southern Tasmania during a 4‐month period in 1992. Nearly half (43%) of arrested drink drivers cited individual hotels as the place where they had last been drinking. This enabled a citation score to be assigned to each of the 82 hotels in metropolitan Hobart. The distribution of citation scores was highly skewed, with eight hotels accounting for 45% of hotel citations, and two accounting for 20%. The hotels' citation scores were compared in relation to the rank order of their licence fees, since better measures of patronage proved unobtainable. Some hotels with small total alcohol sales did appear to have an unexpectedly large number of citations, suggesting less than responsible serving practices. Hoteliers' comments were sought on the interpretation of citation scores, and incorporated into a discussion of the limitations of the data in determining the extent of individual hotel responsibility for drink drivers. Important questions remaining include (1) what is the validity of citations made by drink drivers at the time of arrest; (2) what appropriate and quantifiable denominator can be used to adjust the number of citations to the level of patronage; and (3) what level of citations is too high and requires action?
Public attitudes to the regulation of alcohol
Authors: McALLISTER IAN 
Published: October 2005

AbstractPublic support for the regulation of alcohol is central to government policies aimed at reducing consumption. This study uses a nationally representative population survey conducted in 1993 (n = 3500) to examine public support for 11 separate policies designed to reduce alcohol consumption. The results show that the respondents see these 11 policies in terms of three distinct approaches to alcohol regulation: availability (for example, reducing the number of retail outlets); control (for example, stricter enforcement of laws against serving underage customers); and promotion (for example, restricting alcohol advertising on television). There is strong public support for policies that control alcohol use and, with the exception of restricting alcohol sponsorship of sporting events, for moves to curb the promotion of alcohol. However, public opinion is evenly divided on moves to restrict availability, with the single exception of raising the minimum legal drinking age, which attracts majority support. Women, older people, the less educated, immigrants and abstainers or less frequent drinkers are generally most likely to support more restrictions. By state and territory, Tasmaniens are most restrictive in their views, residents of the Northern Territory most liberal. The findings highlight the difficulties that governments will face in restricting the availability of alcohol. [McAllister I. Public attitudes to the regulation of alcohol. Drug Alcohol Rev 1995; 14:179–186]
Harm reduction in the developing world
Authors: SAMARASINGHE DIYANATH 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis paper examines harm reduction from the perspective of poor countries. In considering which elements of the broad approach are suitable for adaptation and adoption by poor countries, there is a need to examine critically the arguments put forth in support of it and which, if any, of these are supported by evidence. There are also significant indirect influences that the approach is likely to have on how drug use is understood and interpreted by wider society. The likely impact of these on areas other than simply services directed to drug users needs to be assessed. There are some features regarding harm caused by alcohol and other drug use that are specific to poor countries. Most important among these is that levels of use which are not deemed to be harmful in rich societies cause grave harm through diverting meagre resources away from survival needs in the poor world. Alcohol, as well as other drugs, tends in deprived settings to cause dependence and other problems much earlier in people's drinking careers and at much lower levels of consumption than in rich countries.
Negotiated safety: what you don't know won't hurt you, or will it?
Authors: DEAR LIZ 
Published: October 2005

AbstractPeople inject drugs for a variety of reasons, and most do not want to harm themselves in the process. Drug injectors develop rituals for low risk“ drug‐taking based on experience, information received, hearsay and ignorance. The rituals developed are not always able to be used due to the illegal nature of the activity. Understanding of the beliefs of injecting drug‐users (IDUs) and the events that influence behaviour is a potential pathway for ameliorating this often hazardous act. Needle‐sharing is now not a common behaviour although, if there are no new needles at the time of injecting, IDUs will still share needles, usually with sexual partners and ‘close friends’. Other injecting equipment, such as spoons, filters, water, etc. are usually shared. IDUs, like all other drug users, make many assumptions and it appears that IDUs rarely negotiate their drug use to make it ‘safer’.
Unravelling the preventive paradox for acute alcohol problems
Authors: STOCKWELL TIM , HAWKS DAVID , LANG ERNIE , RYDON PHILIP 
Published: October 2005

AbstractKreitman's discussion of the preventive paradox in relation to the prevention of alcohol problems has had profound implications for alcohol policy and has generated considerable controversy [1]. It is argued here that although Kreitman should be credited with the important observation that alcohol‐related harm is not confined to a few dependent drinkers, none the less an apparent paradox is not an ideal platform from which to recommend policy. Furthermore, Kreitman's own data and data from an Australian survey of drinking are used to demonstrate that a commonplace truth underlies his apparently paradoxical findings. It is shown that the preventive paradox disappears when consideration is given to the amount of alcohol consumed on either (i) the day of highest alcohol intake out of the last four, or (ii) the day on which acute alcohol‐related harm occurred. Episodic heavy consumption by people whose average alcohol intake can be classified as ‘low’ or ‘medium’ risk contributes to the bulk of such experiences of harm. It is suggested that the importance of intoxication as a public health and safety issue has been neglected. This neglect is compounded when public education campaigns and prevention policy are only based on average rates of alcohol consumption. Advice regarding the low risk levels of consumption for different types of harm should form one component of a comprehensive harm reduction policy. Other elements of such a policy should include a variety of other measures of proven effectiveness in relation to reducing levels of intoxication and related problems.
Characteristics of admissions to residential drug treatment agencies in New South Wales, 1988‐92: II. Alcohol problems
Authors: KELAHER MARGARET , DARKE SHANE , HALL WAYNE , FLAHERTY BRUCE 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe Clients at Residential Agencies (CARA) database of the New South Wales Drug and Alcohol Directorate was analysed for trends in admissions of clients with alcohol problems over the years 1988‐92. There were no changes in the mean age and sex ratio of admissions, with the treatment population in all years predominantly males in their mid‐thirties. There was a decrease in the proportion of clients who were employed full‐time (25.1–16.4%), and an increase in admissions with criminal histories (45.7–59.3%). More than half of admissions in all years had alcohol problems of greater then 10 years' standing. The percentage of people who had never been in treatment before decreased from 44.4% in 1988 to 18.7% in 1992.
“Just using old works”: injecting risk behaviour in prison
Authors: TURNBULL PAUL J. , POWER ROBERT , STIMSON GERRY V. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA minority of injecting drug users engage in high risk injecting behaviours when in prison. In the United Kingdom between a quarter and a third of injectors who enter prison inject when in prison, and of these about three‐quarters share needles and syringes. In the present study, 44 drug injectors who had been released from prison for no longer than 6 months were recruited and interviewed in three geographical areas in England. Interviewees were asked to recount their experiences of drug use during their most recent period of imprisonment. The majority of interviewees were male (38/44), had a mean age of 28 years, with a mean age of 16 years at first drug use, were primarily opiate users (39) and had multiple imprisonments. All respondents reported drug use when imprisoned and drug injecting was reported by 16 interviewees. Most injected at irregular intervals and at a reduced level, compared with injecting when in the community. Nine reported using needles and syringes that others had previously used. When considering other injecting equipment, more sharing occurred than was actually reported. Much re‐use of equipment was viewed simply as“using old works”. The sharing of“cookers” and“filters”, and drug sharing by“backloading” and“frontloading” were common. The concept of“sharing” tended to be understood by respondents as related to the use of tools of injection (needles and syringes rather than other equipment); the use of tools in the act of injection (rather than for mixing drugs); proximity (multiple use of needles and syringes in the presence of others); temporality (shorter time elapse between consecutive use of needles and syringes previously used by another) and source (hired rather than borrowed or bought). We conclude that syringe sharing is an integral part of drug use and drug injecting in prison. Many of those interviewed displayed a restricted understanding of what denotes syringe sharing. Our data reinforce the need for interventions and initiatives to be developed within prisons to deal with the considerable risk posed by continued injecting drug use.
Associating leisure with drinking: current research and future directions
Authors: KUNZ JEAN LOCK 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis paper has two components: (1) a survey of current research relating drinking with leisure, and (2) suggestions for future studies in the area. A total of 43 relevant journal articles published between 1980 and 1994 were located via an on‐line search. Results of these studies generally fall under one of the following themes: (1) alcohol is an integral part of leisure experience, (2) drinking is an impediment to leisure, (3) participation in active leisure reduces alcohol use/abuse, and (4) drinking and leisure have no relations. Overall, it was found that current research suffered an overdependence on special populations and a lack of robust instruments measuring either drinking or leisure. Suggestions for future research were provided, such as better research design and greater integration of leisure into alcohol research.
Have efforts to improve medical students' drug and alcohol knowledge, skills and attitudes worked?
Authors: ROCHE ANN M. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA series of surveys were undertaken at one Australian medical school to examine alcohol and drug‐related knowledge, skills and attitudes before and after the introduction of the National Campaign Against Drug Abuse and also before and after major alcohol and drug medical education initiatives. The surveys were conducted with 5th year medical students at the University of Sydney in 1986, 1990 and 1993 (total n = 379). Response rates of approximately 70% were achieved in each of the survey years. The three cohorts of students were similar demographically with the exception that significantly more males in 1990 and 1993 reported that English was not their first language. Very low prevalence levels for smoking were reported. By 1993, only 3% of 5th year medical students reported that they smoked. There was a significant decrease in the frequency of drinking occasions for males and females between 1986 and 1990. There was also a four‐fold increase in both male and female abstainers. There was no significant difference in the amount of alcohol consumed on any drinking occasion, although there was a trend in that direction. There was a significant increase in alcohol and drug‐related knowledge in the 1990 and 1993 groups, compared to the 1986 group. Skill levels were not found to change significantly across the three year groups. Students' ability to recognize NHMRC hazardous consumption levels increased substantially between 1986 and 1990. Only 4% of 1986 students considered < 30 of alcohol a day to be hazardous for females compared to 47% in 1990. For men, only 8% of students considered 31–60 hazardous drinking in 1986 compared to 55% in 1990 and 61% in 1993. More recently trained students tended to express slightly more tolerant and accepting views about patients with alcohol and benzodiazepine dependence and had greater confidence in success of interventions. The present studies indicate important progress and achievements have been made. The paper discusses the further work needed to ensure that newly graduating medical practitioners are adequately equipped to deal effectively with alcohol and drug‐related problems.
Management of co‐morbid anxiety and alcohol disorders: parallel treatment of disorders
Authors: OEI TIAN P. S. , LOVEDAY WILLIAM A. L. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractCo‐morbid alcohol‐related disorders and anxiety disorders have been found to occur in alcohol treatment populations, anxiety treatment populations and the general community. People suffering from co‐occurring alcohol‐related and anxiety disorders are more prone to relapse to alcohol abuse, and more likely to re‐enter the treatment system for either disorder than sufferers of either disorder without a co‐morbid disorder. To review the current state of the management of this disorder, evidence of the prevalence of this co‐morbid condition in clinical and community populations is examined, then the theoretical mechanisms that might explain this connection are reviewed. A comparison of the few treatment studies of co‐morbid alcohol and anxiety disorders shows a limited number of pharmacological treatment trials and no psychotherapy outcome trials. This review shows that it is no longer sustainable to conceptualize co‐morbidity of alcohol and anxiety disorders as a unitary concept, i.e. lumping alcohol‐related and anxiety disorders as one global condition, but as separate distinct combinations of particular anxiety disorders, e.g. alcohol dependence and panic disorder, alcohol dependence and generalized anxiety disorder. The recommended treatment approach, supported by the evidence, is to offer separate and parallel therapy for the alcohol‐related and anxiety disorder, until empirical evidence from treatment outcome studies suggest otherwise. There is an urgent need to conduct treatment outcome research for the subtypes of co‐morbid alcohol and anxiety disorders.
The ACT heroin trial: intellectual, practical and political challenges
Authors: BAMMER GABRIELE 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAn array of intellectual, practical and political challenges will be faced both if the Australian Capital Territory “heroin trial” does or does not eventuate. The intellectual challenges include the development of new methodologies and analytical tools for some of the outcome measures; the further development of a research process which involves all the relevant disciplines and interest groups; and capitalizing on an unprecedented opportunity to investigate the pharmacokinetics of heroin. The practicalities of setting up a trial also present a number of challenges, as does incorporating a health development approach. Political challenges include getting a sensible decision made about the trial, avoiding capture of the debate by supporters or opponents of drug law reform and avoiding unrealistic expectations. The major challenge if the trial does not go ahead is to implement other well‐considered proposals which can be carefully evaluated.