bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Work Breakdown Structure that Integrates Different Views in Aircraft Modification Projects
Authors: García-Fornieles J. M. , Fan I. -S. , Perez A. , Wainwright C. , Sehdev K. 
Published: July 2003

The Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) defines the work scope of a project. The way a WBS is defined depends on the person and his/her viewpoint. The aircraft modification business carries out a great variety of projects. Although the core skills and tasks are similar, there are very few projects that are exact repetition of previous work. The reuse of information is difficult without a good structure to archive and manage project information. This paper presents an integrated WBS approach for managing the work scope in aircraft modification projects. The model is the result of an in-depth study and analysis of the working methods in an aircraft modification industrial company. This WBS is designed to incorporate the information needs and the views of the different functions involved in aircraft modification. It provides the structure for the reuse of information, such as cost and schedules, in the diverse range of aircraft modification projects. In this model, the top tiers of the WBS are configured from a pre-defined industry specific template. The lower tiers are defined with a flexible structure to support the different views of the knowledge users and providers in the project. The information need for all the life stages of the project is fully covered. The integrated WBS is being implemented in an enterprise wide computing solution that is used for cost estimating in the collaborating company. The same approach could be used to enhance knowledge reuse where there is a great diversity in project contracts.
Titanium in Automotive Production
Authors: Schauerte O. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractAlthough titanium has meanwhile made its way into serial production of automotive parts, its use has been widely limited to niche applications and was not driven by weighing the technical and economic aspects. Cost of semi‐finished titanium products is still limiting; indeed, new and cheaper processes for production of Ti itself are urgently needed. However, if one extrapolates the current status of Ti technology based on the historic development of the knowledge bases on other automotive metals (steel, Al, and Mg), the future of titanium use in cars looks quite bright.
Physico‐chemical Assessment of the Reference Status in German Surface Waters: A Contribution to the Establishment of the EC Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EG in Germany
Authors: Schneider Petra , Neitzel Peter L. , Schaffrath Martin , Schlumprecht Helmut 
Published: July 2003

AbstractFor the establishment of the EC Water Framework Directive in Germany the physico‐chemical reference conditions of surface waters in Germany had to be determined. The results of the statistical analysis of 3500 data sets of 31 surface water catchment types show that water body types can be aggregated to bogs and bog riverside meadows, saliniferous type, carbonatic‐dolomitic type, sandy‐clayey type, silicatic type, and metallogenic type. The data base allows an assessment of the plausibility of the surface water quality classification and quality targets of the LAWA (Länderarbeitsgemeinschaft Wasser). The investigated reference status of the natural surface waters for the considered elements in the suspended particulate matter, except in metallogenic landscapes, corresponds to the water quality class I of the LAWA. The reference conditions of cadmium and mercury in the total water phase are significantly higher than the quality targets of the LAWA. The evaluated reference data of the other physico‐chemical parameters in the total water phase show, that assessable physico‐chemical parameters refer to a quality class of I, mainly and quality class II, locally. Mainly, the data reached the quality targets of the LAWA. In spite of the hard evaluation criteria to separate reference sites a special enrichment of nitrate and cadmium was found in many German surface water reference catchment types.
Arsenic — a Review. Part I: Occurrence, Toxicity, Speciation, Mobility
Authors: Bissen Monique , Frimmel Fritz H. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractIn natural waters arsenic concentrations up to a few milligrams per litre were measured. The natural content of arsenic found in soils varies between 0.01 mg/kg and a few hundred milligrams per kilogram. Anthropogenic sources of arsenic in the environment are the smelting of ores, the burning of coal, and the use of arsenic compounds in many products and production processes in the past. A lot of arsenic compounds are toxic and cause acute and chronic poisoning. In aqueous environment the inorganic arsenic species arsenite (As(III)) and arsenate (As(V)) are the most abundant species. The mobility of these species is influenced by the pH value, the redox potential, and the presence of adsorbents such as oxides and hydroxides of Fe(III), Al(III), Mn(III/IV), humic substances, and clay minerals.
Role of Temperature in Controlling Performance of Photorefractive Organic Glasses
Authors: Ostroverkhova Oksana , He Meng , Twieg Robert J. , Moerner W. E. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractWe present a detailed temperature‐dependence study of dielectric, birefringent, conductive, and photorefractive (PR) properties of high‐performance low‐molecular weight organic glasses that contain 2‐dicyanomethylene‐3‐cyano‐2,5‐dihydrofuran (DCDHF) derivatives. DCDHF organic glasses sensitized with C60exhibit high two‐beam coupling gain coefficients in the red‐wavelength region. However, in the best performing DCDHF glasses at room temperature the PR dynamics are limited by slow molecular reorientation in the electric field. While orientational and, therefore, PR speed can be significantly improved by increasing the temperature above the glass‐transition temperature of the material, the steady‐state performance may worsen. Comprehensive study of the temperature dependence of various processes, which contribute to the PR effect in DCDHF glasses, clarifies the limiting factors and allows for optimization of the overall PR performance.
Experimental and Quantum‐Chemical Studies on the Thermochemical Stabilities of Mercury Carbodiimide and Mercury Cyanamide
Authors: Liu Xiaohui , Müller Paul , Kroll Peter , Dronskowski Richard , Wilsmann Wolfgang , Conradt Reinhard 
Published: July 2003

AbstractCalorimetric dissolution measurements of the solid compounds mercury carbodiimide HgNCN(I) and mercury cyanamide HgNCN(II) in aqueous HCl that targeted at their thermochemical stabilities show the cyanamide species HgNCN(II) to be the more stable phase in terms of both enthalpy and Gibbs energy with an enthalpy difference of 2–3 kJ mol−1. While the stability ranking of HgNCN(I) and HgNCN(II) thus perfectly matches Pearson's HSAB concept, quantum‐chemical stability predictions using common parametrizations of density functional theory appear to be fundamentally flawed. An analysis of the error is attempted on the basis of correlated wave functions for related molecules.
Nickel Tetraaminophthalocyanine Based Films for the Electrocatalytic Activation of Dopamine
Authors: Goux Aurélie , Bedioui Féthi , Robbiola Luc , Pontié Maxime 
Published: July 2003

AbstractA novel electrode material was obtained by two consecutive procedures: (i) the electropolymerization of NiTAPc in DMF via the electro‐oxidative N–N coupling of the amino groups, to achieve a film denoted poly‐NiTAPc, followed by (ii) the electrochemical transformation of the poly‐NiTAPc film in alkaline aqueous solution to form the interconnected ONiO oxo bridges. The obtained film is then denoted poly‐NiTAPc(OH). For the first time the electropolymerized poly‐NiTAPc coating shows a clear electrocatalytic activity towards Dopamine (DA) redox process, either as prepared or upon its electrochemical transformation in alkaline solution. Furthermore it clearly appears that poly‐NiTAPc(OH) film exhibits a much larger electrocatalytic behavior than the as‐prepared poly‐NiTAPc coating. This shows unambiguously the beneficial effect of the changes in the staking structure of the nickel phthalocyanine complexes upon the electrochemical treatment of the film in alkaline solution. It should be emphasized here that the increase in the oxido‐reduction currents related to DA on both films is not to be associated with any changes in the geometrical electrode area. This novel kind of material could present some interesting potentialities for a highly sensitive detection of others neurotransmitters.
Application of water‐soluble polymers as modifiers in electrophoretic analysis of phenols
Authors: Pirogov Andrei V. , Shpigun Oleg A. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractA review of application of water‐soluble cationic, anionic and nonionic polymers as pseudostationary phases in capillary electrophoresis (CE) and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) is presented. The effect of the structure of the polymers on the selectivity and efficiency of separation is discussed. A novel specially designed cationic polymer, 2,10‐ionene, has been used for the separation of phenols. The polymer has hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts in its backbone. The polymer shows the best selectivity as a modifier in capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE)‐mode, which allows the selective determination of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic phenols.
Capillary electrophoresis in anti‐cancer metallodrug research: Advances and future challenges
Authors: Hartinger Christian G. , Timerbaev Andrei R. , Keppler Bernhard K. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractAn efficient and convenient separation method has been a long sought after goal for anti‐cancer metallodrug developers. For many reasons, capillary electrophoresis (CE) has recently emerged as the method of choice for the separation of intact platinum metal complexes and their metabolites, assessment of drug stability, and studying the interaction of the administered and potential tumor‐inhibiting metallocomplexes with biomolecules. Due to the application of gentle separation conditions and successful developments in combinations with molecule‐specific detectors, CE is also growing in importance as a versatile tool for the characterization of specific metal‐bioligand binding products and thereby for providing mechanism‐of‐action information. Recent advances in metallodrug monitoring by CE are reviewed and critically evaluated. Likewise, the current limitations of CE in the field, such as the lack of assays involving individual proteins and targeting real‐world biological samples, are brought into focus. Further strategies for method's refinement in anti‐cancer metallodrug research that should ultimately take place along these lines and result in the development of high‐throughput screening CE systems in the near future are finally discussed.
Separation of thiosulfate and the polythionates in gold thiosulfate leach solutions by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: O'Reilly John W. , Dicinoski Greg W. , Miura Yasuyuki , Haddad Paul R. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractA technique for the separation of thiosulfate (S2O32−), polythionates (SxO62−, x = 3 to 5) and the gold(I) thiosulfate complex (Au(S2O3)23‐) using capillary electrophoresis with simultaneous UV detection at 195 and 214 nm is presented. The five species were separated in under 3 min with a total analysis time of 8 min, using an electrolyte containing 25 mM 2,2‐bis(hydroxymethyl)‐2,2',2''‐nitrilotriethanol (bis‐tris) adjusted to pH 6.0 with sulfuric acid and an applied voltage of –30 kV. While the gold(I) thiosulfate complex could be separated from the other analytes of interest under these conditions, the quantification of this complex was not possible due to inconsistent peak areas and peak splitting effects induced by the sulfur‐oxygen species in the leach matrix. Detection limits calculated for 3s pressure injection at 50 mbar ranged between 0.5–2 μM. The method was linear over the ranges 40–8000, 10–2000, 10–2000, and 5–2000 μM for thiosulfate, trithionate, tetrathionate, and pentathionate, respectively. The technique was applied successfully to leach liquors containing 0.5 M ammonium thiosulfate, 2 M ammonia, 0.05 M copper sulfate and 20% w/v gold ore, diluted 1:100 prior to analysis.
Miniaturized movable contactless conductivity detection cell for capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Macka Miroslav , Hutchinson Joseph , Zemann Andreas , Shusheng Zhang , Haddad Paul R. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractA miniaturized capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detector (mini‐C4D) cell has been designed which is small enough to allow it to slide along the effective capillary length inside the capillary cassette of an Agilent capiillary electrophoresis system (CE) (or other CE brand of similar construction), including the possibility of positioning it close to the point of optical detection (4 cm), or even putting two such detector cells in one cassette. The cell was tested and the performance characteristics (noise, sensitivity, and peak width) were compared with those obtained with the previously used large C4D cell. No significant differences were observed. The mini‐C4D was used in simultaneous separations of common cations and anions where its advantage over a larger C4D cell is the ability to vary the point of detection with the mini‐C4D cell continuously at any point along the capillary length, so that the optimum apparent selectivity can be chosen. Other applications include providing a convenient second point of detection in addition to photometric detection, such as to measure accurately the linear velocity of a zone, or to allow placement of two mini‐C4D cells in one capillary cassette simultaneously.
Dysthymia and chronic depression: Introduction, classification, risk factors, and course
Authors: Klein Daniel N. , Santiago Neil J. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractChronic forms of depression are more common and impairing than is generally recognized. This article introduces an In Session issue devoted to dysthymic disorder and chronic depression, and it reviews current knowledge about these disorders. First, we discuss nosological issues, followed by a summary of potential risk factors. Finally, the naturalistic course of chronic depression is described and implications for clinical practice are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session.
Treatment for chronic depression using Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP)
Authors: McCullough James P. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe article presents an overview of the chronic depression construct in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSMs) since 1980, including developmental etiology and psychopathological patterns of the chronically depressed adult. Then the Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP), an empirically supported psychotherapy and the only therapy developed specifically to treat chronic depression, is described. CBASP addresses the idiosyncratic problems of the chronically depressed adult using Situational Analysis, the Interpersonal Discrimination Exercise, and Behavioral Skill Training/Rehearsal techniques. The first two techniques are illustrated using a verbatim case example. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session.
Population‐based study of antibody to the human polyomaviruses BKV and JCV and the simian polyomavirus SV40
Authors: Knowles Wendy A. , Pipkin Pam , Andrews Nick , Vyse Andrew , Minor Philip , Brown David W.G. , Miller Elizabeth 
Published: July 2003

AbstractMolecular studies suggest that the simian polyomavirus SV40 is present in the human population, possibly introduced in contaminated polio vaccine. However, no recent seroepidemiological data exist in England on SV40 or on the two human polyomaviruses, BKV and JCV. A comparative age seroprevalence study was undertaken on 2,435 residual sera from 1991 by haemagglutination inhibition (HI) for BKV and JCV, and virus neutralisation for SV40. The overall rates of seropositivity for BKV and JCV were 81% and 35%, respectively, and each was significantly related to age (P < 0.001). BKV seroprevalence reached 91% at 5–9 years of age, but JCV seroprevalence reached only 50% by age 60–69 years. There was a highly significant association between BKV antibody titre and age (P < 0.001), titres decreasing linearly at a rate of 8.7% per 10 years (95% CI = 7.4–10% drop). Significantly more males than females had antibody to JCV (P = 0.013). In individuals under 40 years of age there was a significant negative association between the presence of antibody to BKV and JCV (P < 0.001). By contrast, the antibody prevalence to SV40 remained at 1.3–5% throughout all age groups and titres were low. There was a significant positive association between the presence of antibody to SV40 and antibody to both BKV (P < 0.001) and JCV (P = 0.009), and also to the geometric mean titre (GMT) of BKV antibody (P = 0.011). The results indicate that BKV and JCV are transmitted by different routes. There is no serological evidence that SV40 entered the human population during the past 80 years, and the possibility of cross‐reaction with BKV or JCV antibody must be considered. J. Med. Virol. 71:115–123, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
HAV replication in acute hepatitis with typical and atypical clinical course
Authors: Sagnelli Evangelista , Coppola Nicola , Marrocco Cecilia , Onofrio Mirella , Scarano Ferdinando , Marotta Anna , Scolastico Carlo , Catuogno Antonio , Salzillo Angela , Sagnelli Caterina , Piccinino Felice , Filippini Pietro 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe correlation between the length of viremia as detected by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and the clinical course of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection was studied. Sixty‐six consecutive patients with acute hepatitis A who were admitted to hospital in two infectious disease units in southern Italy were enrolled: 57 had a self‐limited course of the disease (typical course), 4 a prolonged course, and 5 relapsing hepatitis. Plasma HAV RNA was sought by RT‐PCR, using primers made at 5′‐NTR of HAV, designed to amplify a 273‐bp fragment and detected by 2% agarose gel and by hybridization with a specific biotinylated probe. In four patients with prolonged acute hepatitis A, the plasma HAV RNA, which was positive on the day of admission to hospital, was found to be negative from day 62, 46, 84, and 105, respectively, after the onset of the symptoms. In patients with relapsing hepatitis, HAV viremia paralleled the clinical and biochemical course of disease. In all patients with a typical self‐limiting course, clearance of plasma HAV RNA was observed within 20 days of the onset of symptoms. In most patients, plasma HAV viremia became undetectable before the normalization of serum aminotransferases, underlining the importance of the immune reaction in the pathogenesis of acute hepatitis A. The data also suggest that the detection of plasma HAV RNA after 20 days of illness may predict a prolonged course of the disease, but relapsing hepatitis remains unpredictable on the basis of plasma HAV determination. J. Med. Virol. 71:1–6, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of human papillomavirus in urine and cervical swabs from patients with invasive cervical cancer
Authors: Stanczuk Grazyna A. , Kay Patti , Allan Bruce , Chirara Mike , Tswana Sam A. , Bergstrom Staffan , Sibanda Elopy N. , Williamson Anna‐Lise 
Published: July 2003

AbstractDespite the high prevalence of both human papillomavirus (HPV) infections and cervical cancer among Zimbabwean women, the ability to test for HPV infection of the uterine cervix is limited by a lack of an easy sample collection method that does not require gynecological examination. The presence of HPVs in urine and cervical swab samples collected from 43 women who presented with invasive cervical cancer was investigated. HPV detection was done by means of degenerate primers in a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Typing of HPVs was done using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. HPV was identified and typed in 98% (42/43) of cervical swabs and 72% (31/43) of paired urine samples. HPV type 16 was the most common (25/42, 59%), followed by types: 33 (13/42, 31%), 18 (6/42, 14%), and 31 (1/42, 2%). Type‐specific concordance between cervical and urine samples was high (22/28, 79%). Therefore, the HPV types identified in urine samples in most cases represent the same HPV type infecting the cervical epithelium. The results suggest that urine may be a practical sample for testing of HPV urogenital infection. Further research is required before the detection of HPV in urine can be applied in the routine cervical screening programs. J. Med. Virol. 71:110–114, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mutations within the hepatitis B virus genome among chronic hepatitis B patients with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Bläckberg Jonas , Kidd‐Ljunggren Karin 
Published: July 2003

AbstractChronic hepatitis B infection is a major cause of hepatocellular cancer (HCC). The pathogenesis of the carcinogenesis is not fully understood. Viral proteins such as the X protein and the truncated middle S protein have been implicated to be transactivators. In order to investigate whether any mutations within relevant parts of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome could be associated with the development of HCC, the genomes of 16 HBV strains from chronic HBV carriers with HCC were studied. Serum samples were subjected to PCR and the HBV DNA sequenced subsequently. Genotypes A–D were represented. The sequence analysis showed that an especially high proportion, 50% (CI 95%, 25–75%), of the patients with HCC carried HBV mutants with deletions or insertions in the N‐terminal half of the pre‐S2 region or had a point mutation in the start codon of pre‐S2 compared with controls with chronic HBV infection, 21% (CI 95%, 3–39%). A high proportion (69%) also had mutations at position 1762 (A → T) and/or 1764 (G → A) in the core promoter region, but the proportion of core promoter mutations was no different from what was found in a control group of HBV carriers without HCC (68%). The pre‐S2 variants, which involve deletions of immunogenic regions, may have a survival advantage as they are mostly found in long‐standing HBV infection. There were no other mutations found frequently within the region coding for the X protein. J. Med. Virol. 71:18–23, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selectively primed adaptive driver RDA (SPAD‐RDA): An improved method for subtractive hybridization
Authors: Birkenmeyer Larry G. , Leary Thomas P. , Muerhoff A. Scott , Dawson George J. , Mushahwar Isa K. , Desai Suresh M. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractA modification of the Representational Difference Analysis (RDA) method for subtractive hybridization, termed Selectively Primed Adaptive Driver (SPAD) RDA, is described. It differs from conventional RDA primarily in the manner by which initial driver (D) and tester (T) amplicon complexities are determined, and by optimizing the composition of D with respect to T for each round of subtraction. Total nucleic acid is extracted from serum or plasma and converted to double‐stranded DNA/cDNA. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer containing a selective nucleotide(s) at its 3′‐end is used to generate amplicons of reduced complexity. Parallel subtractions are carried out, D vs. T (DT) for enrichment of tester‐unique sequences and D vs. D (Driver Control or DC) to generate an optimized driver for use in the subsequent round. Following each round, agarose gel electrophoresis is used to visually identify any DT‐unique bands through a side‐by‐side comparison of DT and DC subtraction products. In comparison to conventional RDA, SPAD‐RDA achieved greater enrichment of viral sequences from an HCV infected chimpanzee, resulting in isolation of 13.7% of the viral genome, and an overall enrichment for HCV sequences of 239‐fold. Virus fragments were also obtained from an HCV‐infected human sample subtracted against non‐paired human driver sequences. J. Med. Virol. 71:150–159, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.