bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non‐uniqueness Through Duality in the Von Neumann Growth Models
Authors: Móczár József 
Published: March 2003

Duality can be viewed as the soul of each von Neumann growth model. This is not at all surprising because von Neumann (1955), a mathematical genius, extensively studied quantum mechanics which involves a “dual nature” (electromagnetic waves and discrete corpuscules or light quanta). This may have had some influence on developing his own economic duality concept.The main object of this paper is to restore the spirit of economic duality in the investigations of the multiple von Neumann equilibria. By means of the (ir)reducibility taxonomy in Móczár (1995) the author transforms the primal canonical decomposition given by Bromek (1974) in the von Neumann growth model into the synergistic primal and dual canonical decomposition. This enables us to obtain all the information about the steadily maintainable states of growth sustained by the compatible price‐constellations at each distinct expansion factor.
Michael Polanyi, Tacit Cognitive Relativist
Authors: Jacobs Struan 
Published: March 2003

Celebrated as a theorist of science, and a source of stimulating ideas for theologians and philosophers of religion, Michael Polanyi explicitly denied cognitive relativism. Yet cognitive relativism, this paper suggests, is implied by Polanyi's account of conceptual frameworks and intellectual controversies.In ‘The Stability of Beliefs’ (1952) Polanyi understands conceptual frameworks (science, psychoanalysis, Azande witchcraft, Marxism) as embedded in, and as expressed in the use of, their own languages. The language‐with‐theory limits the range of discussable subjects, interprets relevant facts in its own terms, permits only certain questions to be asked, with answers to these questions serving to confirm the framework.In Polanyi's masterwork, Personal Knowledge (1958), these ideas inform his discussion of controversies over scientific frameworks and frameworks vying to become part of science. In each controversy, frameworks are logically disconnected, Polanyi foreshadowing the incommensurability thesisI argue that Polanyi's ideas satisfy recognised criteria of cognitive relativism. Perception is undetermined by objects and conditioned by language. Empirical propositions, in Polanyi's view, are accepted as true only within a conceptual framework. Polanyi regards supporters of logically disconnected frameworks as thinking differently, living in different worlds, speaking different languages and as experiencing communication failure. There is no framework‐independent argument or evidence to distinguish any framework as the best available approximation to the truth. Frameworks are logically disconnected and incommensurable.
Origen and Gregory of Nyssa on The Lord’s Prayer
Authors: Meredith Anthony 
Published: March 2003

The aim of this article is twofold. Both Origen and Gregory of Nyssa treat of the Lord’s Prayer, the former in his own treatise On Prayer, the latter in the course of five sermons on the same prayer. By means of an analysis of the methods of both writers and of the results at which they arrive I hope to illustrate their respective treatments of the same text and so to show how what began life as an eschatological prayer became in the course of three or four centuries something rather different. A major difficulty faced by both writers is how to understand the coming of the kingdom, if it is already there.My second intention, beyond that of comparison is to assess what influence, if any, was exercised by Origen on Gregory. The answer arrived at is rather disappointing, above all for those who believe in a strong influence on Gregory of his predecessor, by way of his grandmother, Macrina. Not only are the styles of the two men quite different, but also, apart from a sort of common Platonism, their answers are often quite distinct.
Edward IV, the Earl of Warwick and the Yorkist Claim to the Throne
Authors: Jones Michael K. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
This note and document discusses a grant made by Edward IV to Richard Neville, earl of Warwick, in March 1463. The content of the document, which provides valuable detail on the relationship between Edward and Warwick during their exile in Calais in 1459–60, is explained and amplified. Particular attention is paid to one striking phrase that may cast new light on the dynastic politics of the period. A possible interpretation is advanced, supported by additional relevant primary material, and its implications considered in terms of the broader historiographical debate concerning the motives of the Yorkist party at this stage of the civil war.
Richard, Son of Richard: Richard III and Political Prophecy
Authors: Coote Lesley , Thornton Tim 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
This article provides a new context for the politics surrounding the death of Edward IV, the accession of Edward V and his replacement in turn by Richard III. By examining prophecy texts, both those recorded at the time and those preserved in local tradition, the article shows how Richard's role as protector and then as king was validated in prophecy. The article sheds new light on Richard of Gloucester's possible motivations and self-interpretation, and further suggests the ways in which the prophecy tradition helped give Richard's regime its particular form.
Women academics at Royal Holloway and Bedford Colleges, 1939–69
Authors: Kirk Elizabeth 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
This article examines the relationship between female academics and domesticity at Royal Holloway and Bedford Colleges between 1939 and 1969. Women scholars in particular have had to juggle the demands of pastoral care and research and the former often took priority, which meant that women lagged behind men in academic publications. The evidence shows that, even though the balance of power in academic appointments shifted dramatically from women to men during this period, Royal Holloway was still committed to employing single women who would live in the college. By contrast Bedford employed women who often combined work and marriage. However, neither model of academic womanhood enabled women who taught at these colleges to escape the notion that femininity rendered them incapable of wielding authority.
Solidarity in Italy's policies towards the frail elderly: a value at stake
Authors: Gori C. 
Published: March 2003

The Italian public policies towards the frail elderly are underdeveloped by both quantitative and qualitative standards. The bulk of care responsibilities lies on the family and the private provision of paid care is flourishing. The last decade was characterised by significant signs of improvement – an increase in the public resources committed to long‐term care and the rising interest of politicians and scholars towards this issue – but the situation is still highly critical. In such a context several questions on solidarity arise regarding the degree to which this value is actually embedded in the public policies, what are the most relevant issues and how the main actors involved are concerned. The article aims to answer some of these questions, taking into consideration the points of view of the main actors: elderly people, carers and professionals.In doing so, the article discusses the targets of the public services, differences in their provision across the country, the rise of the care allowance and the private provision of paid care. The article shows the problems regarding solidarity in the Italian policies towards the frail elderly and sets an agenda of issues to deal with in the next decade. How policy‐makers will be able to manage these issues will determine whether and how the value of solidarity will shape Italy's long‐term care policies in the future.
Book Reviews
Authors: Rei Dario , King Desmond , Dupuy Gabriel , Hoeper Bernhard 
Published: March 2003

Brun, Jacques and Catherine Rhein (eds.) La ségrégation dans la ville: concepts et mesuresSmith, Michael Peter and Joe R. Feagin (eds.) The bubbling cauldron: race, ethnicity and the urban crisisMacShane, Clay (ed.) Down the asphalt path: the automobile and the American cityMcAndrew, John P. Urban usurpation — from friar estates to industrial estates in a Philippine hinterland
The Elite of St Petersburg as Seen by the City Inhabitants
Authors: Golofast Valery , Protassenko Tatiana , Bozhkov Oleg 
Published: March 2003

This paper is based on a survey of St Petersburg's elite, carried out in October 1994 for a city daily, Nevskoe Vremia (a paper with approximately 100,000 subscribers). A representative sample of 800 city dwellers were interviewed by phone, responding to mainly open questions about the city elite. Eight main indicators provided data on the general composition of the elite and lists of names by categories of influence, authority and personal fortune. Of the 150 names nominated by our respondents, all but 12 were identified and characterized in terms of their current or recent formal status, political or social‐cultural standing and/or reputation. Some general and specific problems of the study are considered: What is an elite? Is there a theoretical consensus on the nature of the ruling and non‐ruling constituents of an elite? What are the dynamics of regional or city elites in modern Russia today? Has the emergence of an elite any relevance to the system of representative democracy and to other aspects of social life? What are the mechanisms determining the formation and reproduction of an elite in public space?Cet article est basé sur un sondage de l'élite de Saint Pétersbourg, fait en 1994 pour un quotidien de la ville, Nevskoe Vremia (un journal qui a environ 100,000 abonnés). Une section représentative de 800 citadins fut interviewée par téléphone, répondant à des questions, principalement des questions ouvertes, concernant l'élite de la ville. Huit indicateurs principaux offraient des informations sur la composition des élites et des listes de noms classés par catégories d'influence, d'autorité et de fortune personnelle. Des 150 noms cités par les personnes interrogées, tous sauf 12 furent identifiés et caractérisés par leur statut formel, leur rang et/ou réputation politique ou socio‐culturel, actuels ou récents. Certains problèmes de cette étude, généraux ou spécifiques, sont examinés. Qu'est‐ce qu'une élite? Y a‐t‐il un consensus quant à la nature des éléments qui constituent une élite dirigeante et non‐dirigeante? Quelles sont les dynamiques des élites régionales ou citadines de la Russie moderne actuelle? Est‐ce que l'apparition d'une élite a un rapport avec le système de democratie représentative et avec d'autres aspects de la vie sociale? Quels sont les processus qui déterminent la formation et la reproduction d'une élite dans l'espace public?
Changing Cairo: the political economy of urban form
Authors: Stewart Dona J. 
Published: March 2003

Although a firm theoretical foundation for understanding the relationship between political economy and urban form has been created in the western based literature, such approaches are of limited applicability for understanding cities in the developing world. By analyzing the impact of four political economic regimes (Islamic, Imperialist, Arab Socialist and Transitory) on the urbanscape of Cairo, this article illustrates how political economic regimes imprint their ideology on the urban morphology. The representation of this ideology is manifested in both city form and function. Evidence from Cairo finds that political economic shifts, particularly those which alter the nature of the city’s relationship with the global economic system, had far‐reaching impacts on the city’s urbanscape. Finally, this approach is suggested as a model for application in other developing world contexts.Bien que l’on puisse trouver dans les travaux précédents une bonne base théorique qui permet de comprendre le lien entre l’e??conomie politique et les formes urbaines, ces approches sont limitées lorsqu’on en vient a` la compréhension des villes du monde en développement. En analysant l’impact de quatre régimes politiques économiques (islamique, impérialiste, arabe socialiste et transitoire) sur le paysage urbain du Caire, cet article montre comment l’idéologie des régimes politiques économiques laisse sa marque sur la morphologie urbaine. La représentation de cette idéologie se manifeste et dans la forme et dans la fonction des villes. Les données provenant du Caire démontrent que les changements politiques économiques, particulièrement ceux qui changent la nature de la relation de la ville au système économique global, ont un impact d’une grande portée sur le paysage urbain. Finalement, je suggère que cette approche peut servir de modèle et peut être appliquée a` d’autres pays en voie de développement.
Fragmented Integration in the Singapore‐Indonesian Border Zone: Southeast Asia’s ‘Growth Triangle’ Against the Global Economy
Authors: Grundy‐Warr Carl , Peachey Karen , Perry Martin 
Published: March 2003

Singapore‐Indonesian investment cooperation in the Riau islands forms the key part of an initiative in cross‐border cooperation including Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. Four flagship projects – Batamindo Industrial Park, Bintan Industrial Estate, Bintan Beach International Resort, and the Karimun marine and industrial complex – are a key test of the effectiveness of a development strategy that seeks to ‘fast track’ development by creating enclaves of investment, protected from the diseconomies and constraints of their surrounding environment. This paper evaluates the progress of the flagship investments and their interaction with their surrounding communities. It shows the constraints on securing enclaves of investment opportunity in the midst of poverty and high population growth. Lessons from the development experience are linked to the political processes affecting cross‐border cooperation in Southeast Asia. This discussion reveals the retention of interstate processes predicated on the continued existence of strong nation‐states, rather than trans‐state processes which permit the weakening of national sovereignty. The negotiating pitfalls and development dilemmas emerging in this political context are identified.—La coopération des investissements entre Singapour et l’Indonésie dans les îles de Riau forme la partie centrale d’une initiative de coopération trans‐frontalière qui comprend l’Indonésie, la Malaisie et Singapour. Quatre projets vedettes – Batamindo Industrial Park, Bintan Industrial Estate, Bintan Beach International Resort and the centre marin et industriel de Karimun – sont autant de tests de l’efficacité de la stratégie qui veut accélérer le développement en créant des enclaves d’investissement protégées des diséconomies et des contraintes de leur environnement proche. Cet article évalue le progrès des investissements vedettes et leur action mutuelle avec les communautés environnantes. Il démontre les difficultés que l’on rencontre pour obtenir des enclaves d’opportunités pour les investissements au coeur de la pauvreté et avec l’augmentation rapide de la population. Les le??ons tirées de cette expérience de développement sont liées aux processus politiques qui affectent la coopération trans‐frontalière en Asie du sud‐est. Cette discussion révèle une conservation des processus entre états organisés á partir de puissants états‐nations, plutôt que des processus entre états qui permettent un affaiblisement de la souveraineté nationale. Les pièges de la négociation et les problèmes de développement qui apparaissent dans ce contexte politique sont identifiés.
Enhancing the Capabilities of Emigration Countries to Protect Men and Women Destined for Low‐Skilled Employment: The Case of the Philippines
Authors: Tomas Patricia Santo 
Published: March 2003

In the Philippines, overseas employment is a phenomenon that has evolved into a national policy which, over the years, has taken many twists and turns as a result of market changes, political developments and public pressure. Government assesses these policies mainly on two dimensions: job generation and foreign exchange remittances. Academe and non government organizations tend to look at these policies from their social costs: fragmented households, single‐parent arrangements and marital break‐ups. Workers look at overseas employment and see the ease or hardship with which they are able to negotiate the process of getting an overseas job and being protected from exploitation. While overseas employment effects such as job generation and remittances are supported by hard data, other policy effects such as social costs, orderliness or fairness are usually measured in terms of perception surveys.This study has attempted to merge available hard data, perception survey and administrative data to evaluate pre‐identified objectives of effective overseas employment policies: orderliness, efficiency and fairness, the availability of good jobs and the ease of transferring overseas earnings. This has been done by establishing a hierarchy of intentions (based on perception, validated by resource allocations) against which composite indicators are correlated.The composite indicators include smaller indicators weighted according to the perception of their importance. The higher the correlation the more effective the policies. The methodology is tedious and difficult, to say the least. Time‐series data are not usually available. Indicators can sometimes be awkward, even inappropriate. The assignment of weights, while based on primary intentions as validated by the budget, still constitute value judgement in the eventual disaggregation.The study hoped to develop an index of efficacy for overseas employment policies. Indices are supposed to be easy to formulate and truly reflective of what is being measured. This study was not easy to formulate and, by that token, probably fails the rule of thumb that an index should be fairly easy to formulate and understand. As with all early efforts, however, this index can stand improvement in both its methodology and its choice of components. Even so, it provides insights and a step forward in the process that hopefully will bring a little more rigor and science in the evaluation of government policies.
Trade in Labour Services and Migrant Worker Protection with Special Reference to East Asia
Authors: Stahl Charles W. 
Published: March 2003

This article argues that the East Asia international labour market is best viewed as bisected along productivity lines. Within this market, the labour‐exporting countries of East Asia provide the overwhelming proportion of low‐skilled migrant workers to the region, and are responding to perceived advantages of a policy of labour export.On the other hand, the movement of highly‐skilled and professional (HSP) workers is best viewed as the result of globalization and the internationalization of education, training and the professions, rather than the result of explicit labour export policies of specific countries.The central concern of the article is that protection of migrant workers is also bisected along productivity lines with HSP workers given special consideration under international policy, while measures to protect and facilitate the movement of low‐skilled workers are virtually non‐existent.Various policy measures are suggested that might be employed to advance the cause of migrant worker protection in East Asia.
Illegal Migrants to Greece and their Choice of Destination
Authors: Lianos Theodore P. 
Published: March 2003

Data on illegal migration to Greece have recently become available from the Greek Employment Observatory. This article presents some descriptive characteristics of the migrants, including country of origin, marital status, education, age, profession and place of residence. It also provides an analysis of migrants' choice of location within Greece.The majority of illegal migrants are manual or unskilled workers seeking employment mainly in the agricultural sector or in urban areas. There is substantial differentiation between males and females in terms of age, education, marital status and profession. In a limited sense, the data provide support for the idea of “feminization” of migration flows.Large flows of migrants are directed to the urban centres but migration as a proportion of county populations is not higher for the big urban centres (Athens and Thessaloniki) than for others.Migrants' choice of place of residence are not affected by the rate of unemployment. Males are attracted to areas with significant agricultural production and females to urban centres. Females are willing to travel longer distances in order to find employment, but for males distance is an insignificant factor. Per capita gross domestic product is an important factor only when migration flows are measured as a proportion of the population.Although the analysis does not justify strong policy statements, it indirectly provides some basis for arguing that allowing or tolerating illegal migration is not the best policy from the point of view of national interest.
Identity Crisis and Integration: The Divergent Attitudes of Iranian Immigrant Men and Women towards Integration into Swedish Society
Authors: Lewin Fereshteh Ahmadi 
Published: March 2003

The main objective of this article is to show the divergent attitudes of Iranian immigrant men and women towards integration into Swedish society.As several studies have shown, Iranian women have a better chance of adjusting to Western societies than Iranian men. This article discusses the notion that one of the important reasons for this is the determining role of professional position in the life of Iranian immigrants in Sweden.As a result of the improvement in their work status and therefore an improvement in their social position, Iranian immigrant women now have greater possibilities than Iranian immigrant men to overcome the identity crisis which ordinarily makes ethnic groups and cultural minorities lose their sense of fitting into their new social reality.This results, in its turn, in the women having a positive attitude towards the new society and increases the extent of their desire for integration into the new society.
The Migration–Development Nexus: Sri Lanka Case Study
Authors: Sriskandarajah Dhananjayan 
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the relationship between migration and development in Sri Lanka, a country that has been the source of large numbers of migrants and the recipient of much development assistance. Commissioned as part of a wider study conducted by the Centre for Development Research, Denmark, this case study seeks to answer a set of specific questions about the nature and extent of links between development assistance and migration flows. The paper surveys the socio–economic context in which both migration and development have taken place in Sri Lanka, describing the causes, scale, and features of migration flows from Sri Lanka in recent decades. Two main streams of migration flows are identified: labour migration and political migration. The flows are distinguished by ethnic characteristics (the former is mostly Sinhalese and the latter pre–dominantly Tamil) and destination (the former to the Middle East and the latter to the West). Both flows have intensified during a time of protracted conflict and in the context of waraffected economic development since the early 1980s.The importance of remittances from migrants to the Sri Lankan economy and the extent to which diaspora activities impact Sri Lanka are also discussed. Despite the lack of statistics, especially on informal remittances from the Tamil diaspora, it is suggested that the remittances have been and will continue to be a sizeable component of foreign exchange receipts in Sri Lanka. The paper concludes that the complex interactions between migration, development assistance, remittances, and conflict are important for the prospects for peace and reconstruction in Sri Lanka. The challenge in Sri Lanka will be to move from a vicious cycle of conflict, underdevelopment and migration to a more virtuous one. In this process, it is suggested that the diaspora will be a key player in the shift towards peace and remittances will be an integral part of reconstruction.