bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST FOR POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Schmidt Nathalie J. , Lennette Edwin H. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Jessie Doleman and Anna Wiener
Published: June 2004

A macroscopic (tube) complement fixation test for poliomyelitis, using infected tissue culture fluids, is described.
The test was applied to 27 individuals with a clinical diagnosis of poliomyelitis. In 18 patients it was possible to make a laboratory diagnosis of poliomyelitis on the basis of a rise in complement-fixing antibody titer and in 4 others on the basis of a high stationary antibody titer. One individual gave a high and equal antibody response to two virus types, 3 others had no detectable antibody, and 1 appeared not to have poliomyelitis.
Heterotypic reactions were encountered, but gave little difficulty in interpreting homologous responses. In those patients from whom a virus had been recovered, the serologic findings corresponded to the virus type recovered.
The possible occurrence of dual infections with the viruses of poliomyelitis and Western equine and St. Louis encephalitis is discussed.
STUDIES WITH THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE OF VIRUS-HOST RELATIONSHIPS IN EHRLICH ASCITES TUMOR CELLS
Authors: Friedlaender Marlene , Moore Dan H. , Koprowski Hilary 
Published: June 2004

Evidence is presented suggesting that anopheles A virus in the Ehrlich ascites tumor cell is harbored and propagated within the endoplasmic reticulum which in this system consists of an extensive canalicular network.
The organization and differentiation of endoplasmic reticulum within the cell are described and the significance of such a location of virus is discussed.
ACUTE HEPATITIS ASSOCIATED WITH MOUSE LEUKEMIA
Authors: Nelson John B. 
Published: June 2004

Observations on the behavior of MHV (Pr) in the cerebral tissue of Princeton and Swiss weanling mice indicated a limited neurotropism. The virus migrated to the brain on intraperitoneal injection and was established there by cranial passage, though with difficulty in Swiss mice. Intracerebral multiplication was rarely followed by outward signs of nervous disorder. A slight pathologic reaction occurred in the brains of intracerebrally injected Princeton mice, but it was negligible compared with that of the ensuing hepatitis. In Swiss mice, injected intracerebrally with a mixture of MHV (Pr) and Eperythrozoon coccoides, a related virus with restricted pathogenicity and host range, possibly a mutant, was isolated from the liver and brain.
MHV (C), an actively hepatotropic virus recovered from leukemic Balb C mice, was much more neurotropic than MHV (Pr). Intracerebral injection of Balb C and Swiss weanling mice was attended by marked leptomeningeal and encephalitic lesions. Paralysis of the extremities occurred in some of the animals. The virus was essentially inactive in Princeton mice. During the intracerebral passage of MHV (C) in Swiss mice a pleuropneumonia-like organism was isolated from the brain. In conjunction with the virus this organism produced a vigorous leukocytic reaction.
THE MINIMUM VITAMIN REQUIREMENTS OF THE L AND HELA CELLS IN TISSUE CULTURE, THE PRODUCTION OF SPECIFIC VITAMIN DEFICIENCIES, AND THEIR CURE
Authors: Eagle Harry 
Published: June 2004

Seven vitamins have to date proved essential for the survival and multiplication of a mouse fibroblast (strain L) and a human carcinoma cell (strain HeLa) in tissue culture: choline, folic acid, nicotinamide, pantothenic acid, pyridoxal, riboflavin, and thiamin. It was necessary to cultivate the cells for 5 to 15 days in a medium lacking the specific vitamin before the deficiency became apparent in the cessation of multiplication and the development of specific cytopathogenic effects. In their early stages these changes could be reversed by the addition of the missing vitamin, an in vitro, "cure" of a vitamin deficiency. The maximally effective concentrations were in the range 107 to 108 gm. per ml.
The probability that additional vitamins not demonstrably essential under the conditions of the present experiments are nevertheless required for survival and growth is discussed in the text.
AN INFECTIOUS HEPATITIS OF UNDETERMINED ORIGIN IN MICE
Authors: Jordan Janet , Mirick George S. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Marjorie G. Huck
Published: June 2004

Serial intraperitoneal passage in mice of a saline extract of the pooled livers, spleens, and kidneys of such animals has led to the demonstration after three or more passages of a transmissible agent causing hepatitis. The mice developed an illness after 3 to 4 weeks characterized by hepatosplenomegaly, and serous ascites. Spontaneous diuresis and recovery usually occurred during the subsequent 2 to 4 weeks.
Histological studies of the livers showed diffuse mononuclear infiltrations, focal accumulations of mononuclear cells, perivascular mononuclear cuffing, dilated sinusoids, and occasionally focal areas of necrosis.
Mice which have recovered from the disease showed no noteworthy resistance to it, and their sera failed to protect against the infectious agent. Attempts to infect rabbits, guinea pigs, monkeys, and embryonated hens' eggs yielded negative results, but young hamsters developed the disease in mild form.
RED CELL STROMA PROTEIN RICH IN VITAMIN B12 DURING ACTIVE REGENERATION
Authors: Whipple G. H. , Robscheit-Robbins F. S. , Bale W. F. 
Published: June 2004

During active blood regeneration in anemia in dogs an increase occurs in the stroma protein of the red cells.
When vitamin B12 with radioactive cobalt is given at the start of this blood regeneration one finds concentration of labeled B12 in the stroma protein but not in the hemoglobin.
After the acute phase of red cell regeneration is ended the concentration of B12 in stroma protein falls rapidly to very low levels within 2 weeks. Subsequent episodes of red blood cell regeneration seems not to cause remobilization of radioactive cobalt into red cells from other body stores.
It appears that the vitamin B12 is a factor of importance in the first steps of stroma protein formation in the first few days of the life of the red cell in the dog.
This response in dogs and the response in pernicious anemia to vitamin B12 may have some points in common.
Distribution of the B12-radioactive cobalt in the organs and tissues at autopsy has been recorded. Some very suggestive localizations were noted and some variation 1 week and 7 weeks after B12 injections.
Radioactive cobalt escapes in the urine during the weeks following B12 injections.
THE INCIDENCE AND PATHOGENESIS OF MYOCARDITIS IN RABBITS AFTER GROUP A STREPTOCOCCAL PHARYNGEAL INFECTIONS
Authors: Glaser Robert J. , Thomas Wilbur A. , Morse Stephen I. , Darnell James E. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Barbara B. Pesch
Published: June 2004

Rabbits subjected to single pharyngeal infections with group A streptococci developed cardiac lesions characterized by myofiber necrosis and a non-granulocytic cellular reaction with histiocytes, lymphocytes, and Anitschkow myocytes. The histopathologic changes were demonstrable in some animals within 24 hours of inoculation, apparently were maximal 72 hours after induction of infection (at which time they were seen in the hearts of all nine rabbits studied), and thereafter healed in the course of the following 2 weeks. The extent of involvement was variable, and with healing the necrotic areas were replaced by fibrous tissue.
When intradermal infections with the same organisms were produced in rabbits, cardiac lesions, indistinguishable from those observed in the pharyngeally infected group, appeared in a much smaller number of animals.
The hearts of five of six rabbits sacrificed a month or more following the last of a series of streptococcal pharyngeal infections exhibited lesions characterized chiefly by fibrosis, although mononuclear cellular infiltrations were also noted. In these repetitively infected animals the presence of occasional multinucleated giant cells and a few small foci of calcification were features not encountered in the single infection group. In a second series of rabbits sacrificed 3 days after the last of three pharyngeal infections with different strains of streptococci, acute as well as more chronic changes were observed.
In none of the lesions in rabbits subjected to single or multiple streptococcal infections were bacteria demonstrable, either in histologic sections or in cultures of myocardial tissue.
A large number of control animals was studied concomitantly, and in only one instance was a lesion, considered comparable to those described in the streptococcal series, encountered.
The implications of these findings, particularly in terms of the non-suppurative sequelae of streptococcal infections in man, are discussed.
CLONAL GROWTH OF MAMMALIAN CELLS IN VITRO
Authors: Puck Theodore T. , Marcus Philip I. , Cieciura Steven J. 
Published: June 2004

Two methods for simple and rapid plating of single HeLa cells, human, carcinomatous cells, are described. These result in growth and formation of colonies from each single cell. One of these procedures uses irradiated, non-multiplying "feeder" cells to condition the medium. The second requires more gentle handling of the cells, but otherwise is virtually the same as that used in plating bacteria on semisolid, nutrient media.
By extension of these methods, it is possible to isolate single mutant colonies and grow pure clonal stocks of animal cells. These genetically uniform strains are much more homogeneous in their behavior than the parental HeLa cell population.
Growth curves obtained from developing colonies are highly reproducible. The most active mutant stocks so far isolated display a generation time of 18 to 20 hours.
In pooled human serum HeLa cells assume a highly stretched, ameboid form, with marked motility; whereas growth of the same cells in a variety of non-human sera results in tightly packed, columnar, epithelial-like morphology. The two cell types possess volumes, nuclear cross-sections, plating efficiencies, and generation times which are identical within experimental error, but display widely different cross-sectional areas, suggesting that the basic change occurs in the cell surface. It is conceivable that this change may be related to that which enables the cells of a compact tumor to become invasive.
Animal cells subjected to the standard trypsinization procedures which involve mechanical trauma and repeated washings in incomplete media leak large amounts of P and suffer impaired ability to reproduce as isolated cells.
Application of the methods described in this paper as a tool for quantitative study of normal mammalian cell growth, physiology, genetics, and biochemistry, and the response of cells to drugs, viruses, high energy radiation, and other agents have been indicated.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON THE PROPERDIN-COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
Authors: Leon Myron A. ,   With the Technical Assistance Of Edna Chapman
Published: June 2004

Quantitative methods have been developed for the estimation of C'3 and properdin. With these methods, the kinetics of the over-all reaction between properdin, zymosan, and C'3 were investigated. The reaction followed first order kinetics, provided zymosan was in excess, and the serum not diluted beyond 1/4. The reaction rate was proportional to the temperature, and an activation energy of 20,500 calories/mole was found.
The distinction between total properdin and available serum properdin is discussed.
THE PURIFICATION OF HYPERTENSIN II
Authors: Skeggs Leonard T. , Kahn Joseph R. , Shumway Norman P. 
Published: June 2004

The enzymatic conversion of hypertensin I to hypertensin II is described together with the subsequent purification of the product by means of counter-current distribution.
Improved methods are also presented for the preparation of renin and its substrate, as well as in methods for the reaction of these materials and the purification of the resulting hypertensin I.
INFLUENZA VIRUS AND ITS MUCOPROTEIN SUBSTRATE IN THE CHORIOALLANTOIC MEMBRANE OF THE CHICK EMBRYO
Authors: Schlesinger R. Walter , Karr H. Valerie 
Published: June 2004

As a preliminary to a study of the fate of mucoprotein substrate in tissues infected with influenza virus, some characteristics of soluble hemagglutination inhibitors (HI) extracted from chorioallantoic membranes (CAM) have been investigated. The inhibitory material was found to be heat-stable, precipitable with cold ethanol, and subject to progressive inactivation by active viruses or by receptor-destroying enzyme (RDE).
Certain changes in the slope of titration curves obtained with precipitated and non-precipitated fractions upon alcohol fractionation suggested that the HI in heated CAM extracts was heterogeneous. Alcohol in low concentration precipitated preferentially the more efficient (longer?) HI leaving the "weak" component in the non-precipitated fraction. With higher concentrations of alcobol, "strong" HI were converted to "weak" ones, either by denaturation or as result of reduced solubility. These changes in slope of titration curves were reflected in significant discrepancies when densitometric titers (HI50) of fractions were compared with their titers in pattern tests.
The action of active viruses on HI, on the other hand, did not induce qualitative changes in the composition of the inhibitory principle: Titration curves retained parallel slopes even when their position was markedly displaced from that of control curves. In its essential properties, the HI from the CAM appeared to be similar to inhibitors isolated from various other biological sources which have been identified as mucoprotein in nature.
Standards for reproducibility of inhibitory titers obtained by the densitometric method of Hirst and Pickels have been presented.
The relation of HI to the allantoic epithelium has been analyzed. It has been concluded that the HI is a normal constituent and secretion product of these cells. Under physiological conditions, i.e. in the intact egg, the HI contained in the mucoid outer layer of allantoic cells appears to be protected from enzymatic action from without, although adsorption of viral particles may be temporarily impeded. In deembryonated eggs, or in excised membranes, a reduction in total inhibitory substrate as a result of the action of RDE has been observed. It has been shown in experiments on adsorption of active or heat-inactivated virus on the allantoic membrane that prevention of adsorption by RDE may require the synergistic action of the active viral enzyme itself.
It has been concluded that the maintenance or restoration of a normal supply of mucoprotein substrate is a function of the ability of allantoic cells to maintain homeostatic conditions under stress.
EFFECT OF SILICATE ON GRAM STAINING AND VIABILITY OF PNEUMOCOCCI AND OTHER BACTERIA
Authors: MacLeod Colin M. , Roe Amy S. 
Published: June 2004

Application of silicate solutions to living or heat-killed pneumococci and to certain "viridans" streptococci causes their conversion from a Gram-positive to a Gram-negative state. The original staining properties can be restored by suspending the silicate-treated bacteria in alkaline solutions of various salts but not by simple washing in water.
Living pneumococci and the strains of streptococci whose staining properties are similarly affected are killed when suspended in silicate solutions.
In other Gram-positive species silicate causes conversion to Gram negativity but restoration to positivity occurs upon washing in water. In a third group of Gram-positive organisms silicate has no effect on the Gram reaction. The viability of organisms in these two groups is unaffected by silicate under the conditions employed. No effect on staining or viability of Gram-negative bacteria has been observed.
The effects of silicate on staining and viability are inhibited by nutrient broth or whole serum but not by purified serum albumin. Lecithin, choline, and other substituted ammonium compounds also inhibit the effects of silicate on pneumococci.
AN EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE CURATIVE ACTION OF PENICILLIN IN ACUTE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
Authors: Smith Mary Ruth , Wood W. Barry 
Published: June 2004

Type I pneumococci injected into the leg muscles of otherwise normal mice reached a maximum total population of approximately 106 organisms. In mice rendered severely leucopenic by previous irradiation the maximum bacterial counts recorded were of the order of 109. Since the lesions in the latter animals were relatively acellular, the thousandfold difference in the two experiments represented a rough measure of the antibacterial action of the leucocytic exudate.
The suppressive effect of the leucocytic exudate was shown by histologie studies to involve phagocytosis. The ingestion of pneumococci was clearly demonstrable within the first 12 to 18 hours. Accordingly, it was attributed to surface phagocytosis. In support of this conclusion was the finding that type III pneumococci reached a significantly higher total population in the myositis lesions than did type I. The type III strain used had been previously shown to be resistant to surface phagocytosis during active growth, whereas the type I strain was known to be susceptible throughout its growth phase. Evidence was also presented that the dense leucocytic exudate probably caused in addition a significant degree of bacteriostasis.
When penicillin therapy was begun 9 hours after inoculation, the pneumococci were cleared from the lesions with equal rapidity regardless of the presence or absence of leucocytic exudate. At this early stage the pneumococci were multiplying rapidly in the lesions of both the irradiated and unirradiated mice and therefore were promptly killed by the direct action of the penicillin. When the start of treatment was delayed, however, until 24 hours after inoculation, the bacteria in both sets of lesions had already reached their maximum counts and therefore were presumably resistant to the bactericidal effect of the antibiotic. Under such circumstances the destruction of the bacteria was found to be significantly less prompt in the acellular lesions than in those with a normal cellular exudate.
It is concluded from these findings that, in established pneumococcal myositis in mice, the curative effect of penicillin is due, not to the bactericidal action of the antibiotic alone, but rather to the combined effect of the drug and the cellular defenses of the host. The same conclusion also appears to be applicable to analogous acute infections in man, particularly when they are sufficiently advanced to be definitively diagnosed.
STUDIES ON RESISTANCE TO BACTERIAL INFECTIONS IN ANIMALS INFECTED WITH RICKETTSIAE
Authors: Owen Cora R. , Larson Carl L. 
Published: June 2004

Data are presented, demonstrating that infection with Rickettsia typhi brings about a reduction of the death rates and a prolongation of the time of survival in animals subsequently challenged with Pasteurella pestis or Pasteurella tularensis.
This interference with bacterial infection by previous rickettsial infection does not appear immediately after injection of the rickettsiae; it begins to appear around 16 hours after this injection and becomes more marked during the first 96 hours; later it decreases.
The phenomenon is essentially a local tissue reaction with weaker systemic effects.
The phenomenon of interference can be overcome by challenge with too large a number or too virulent a strain of bacteria.
A strain of P. pestis subjected to 10 passages through mice infected with Rickettsia typhi failed to develop resistance to the interfering activity of the latter microbial species. This does not rule out, but might be evidence against, an assumption that the interfering action is due to antibiotic effects from the rickettsiae.
STUDIES ON THE INTERACTION BETWEEN PHAGOCYTES AND TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: Stähelin Hartmann , Karnovsky Manfred L. , Suter Emanuel 
Published: June 2004

Tubercle bacilli labelled with C14 were prepared by growth on radioactive substrates such as glycerol, CO2, and acetate. These organisms were exposed in vitro to leucocytes (mostly polymorphonuclear leucocytes) from peritoneal exudates of guinea pigs. The respiration of the leucocytes and of the bacilli, alone and together, was followed by determining oxygen uptake and C14O2 production. When heat-killed labelled tubercle bacilli were exposed to leucocytes there was little or no degradation of bacillary material to C14O2 by leucocytic enzymes. On the other hand, conversion of components of sonically disrupted bacilli to C14O2 by leucocytes was significant.
It was possible to determine the oxygen uptake and C14O2 production of phagocytized living tubercle bacilli, and it was found that after phagocytosis the bacilli maintained their rates of oxygen consumption and C14O2 production. This finding was in contrast to observations made with Mycobacterium phlei, a saprophytic acid-fast organism, and with Bacillus subtilis. In these cases oxygen consumption and C14O2 production declined after phagocytosis, and bacterial components were converted to carbon dioxide to a significant degree by leucocytic enzymes.
REVERSIBLE CHANGES IN THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF MICE TO BACTERIAL INFECTIONS
Authors: Dubos René J. , Schaedler Russell W. 
Published: June 2004

Mice were injected intraperitoneally with one of the following bacterial products having endotoxin activity: pertussis vaccine, a suspension of heat-killed cells of Klebsiella pneumoniae (type C), or a purified lipopolysaccharide prepared from cultures of Salmonella typhosa.
Following treatment with either one of these materials, the animals were infected intravenously with virulent cultures of coagulase-positive staphylococci, with bovine tubercle bacilli, or Friedländer bacilli.
The effect of treatment with endotoxin materials on resistance to Friedländer bacilli, staphylococci, or tubercle bacilli was estimated by observing the mortality rates in infected animals, and by determining quantitatively the numbers of living bacteria in the organs at different periods of time after infection.
It was found that mice receiving the infective dose of virulent culture a few hours after treatment with the endotoxin material, were usually more susceptible to infection than were untreated animals. In contrast, mice infected at a later period proved far more resistant to infection than did untreated animals.
The duration of the negative and of the positive phase of resistance was affected by the amount of endotoxin injected. Marked increase in resistance of mice to infection with staphylococci or tubercle bacilli was still evident several weeks after treatment with pertussis vaccine or with purified lipopolysaccharide extracted from typhoid bacilli.
THE AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF HYPERTENSIN II AND ITS BIOCHEMICAL RELATIONSHIP TO HYPERTENSIN I
Authors: Lentz Kenneth E. , Skeggs Leonard T. , Woods Kenneth R. , Kahn Joseph R. , Shumway Norman P. 
Published: June 2004

Preparations of hypertensin II, obtained from the treatment of hypertensin I by the action of the hypertensin converting enzyme of plasma and purified by countercurrent distribution, were quantitatively analyzed for their amino acid content. Chromatography on ion exchange columns showed the presence of equimolar amounts of aspartic acid, proline, valine, isoleucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, histidine, and arginine.
Hypertensin I was found to contain one mole of leucine and one mole of histidine in addition to the amino acids of hypertensin II. These two amino acids were isolated from the conversion products of hypertensin I and identified as the peptide histidylleucine.
Carboxypeptidase digestion of hypertensin I showed the carboxyl terminal sequence of amino acids to be residue-phenylalanyl-histidylleucine. Similar studies of hypertensin II demonstrated residue-phenylalanine. It was concluded that the conversion of hypertensin I by the plasma hypertensin converting enzyme involved hydrolysis of the phenylalanyl-histidine bond to form hypertensin II and histidylleucine. The further removal by carboxypeptidase of phenylalanine from hypertensin II destroyed all of the vasoconstrictor activity.