bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Lexical Phonology of Slovak
Authors: Rubach Jerzy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book has both a descriptive and a theoretical purpose. It is the first full phonological description of Slovak, a language spoken by some four-and-a-half million people in Central and Eastern Europe; and it is a study of the theories of lexical, auto segmental, and prosodic phonology, with a particular emphasis on syllable structure. In a synthesis of these two aims, the author demonstrates how the theories can be integrated in a description of a single language. Particular importance is attached to the problem of phonological representations which, it is shown, must be three-dimensional. Both the independence and the interaction of the melodic, skeletal, and syllabic tiers are investigated in detail. The theoretical linguist will find here a detailed and comprehensive description of the language, deepened by an extensive debate on current phonological theory. For the Slavicize - of whatever theoretical persuasion - the book offers a discussion of the most recent theoretical developments in phonology, couched in the framework of a familiar type of linguistic material.
Norms and Reforms: Fixing the Form of the Language
Authors: Sauer Wolfgang Werner , Glück Helmut 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Orthography is boring. It is a subject for elderly folk who love order, vote Conservative, and always keep their dog on a lead. Spelling is a burden for most schoolchildren, students, teachers, secretaries, and office workers. In more and more professions (in anglophone as in German-speaking countries) you have to master orthographic rules and conventions without gaining recognition for it: it is simply something which is taken for granted. If you are not sufficiently competent, you are considered uneducated and unsuited for promotion. At the same time, mastering the art of spelling is a particularly thankless task, as you can only be said to have achieved it if you are able to write a text without the reader finding anything remarkable about it.
After the Wall: Social Change and Linguistic Variation in Berlin
Authors: Schönfeld Helmut , Schlobinski Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many of the features of sociolinguistic variation discussed in this chapter apply more or less generally in the eastern and western parts of Germany. However, we have chosen to focus on Berlin, as it was for so long the symbol of division (a kind of microcosm of the political situation in post-war Germany) and after the fall of the Wall it was where contact was most immediately (and painfully) re-established, so that both contrasts and emerging changes are most clearly to be seen here. This divided speech community is now reunified: what does this mean for language development in the new capital city and for the people who for over a generation lived in two adjacent but increasingly distinct communicative worlds? The vernacular spoken in Berlin is certainly the most thoroughly investigated urban vernacular in Germany and reflects like no other the variety of different developments in East and West.
Language and Television
Authors: Holly Werner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The connection between language and television is at least a twofold one. We may ask: (1) how does language appear in television? Or the other way round: (2) what is the impact of television on language? For both questions it is first crucial to consider the institutional structure of German broadcasting, which has been called a ‘dual system’ of public and private organization (Section 2 below).
How to Decide Moral Questions Rationally
Authors: Hare R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IF we look back over the development of moral (and also of legal) philosophy over the past fifty years or so, we can see it as the unfolding of the consequences of a fundamental mistake. Almost the first thing that happened to me when I started doing moral philosophy was that I saw that it was a mistake. I have been trying ever since to make people see that it is a mistake. But I have not been very successful. Let me now try to explain again what the mistake is. It is the mistake of thinking that the only possible exercise of reason is in determining facts or discovering truths. That there can be practical as well as theoretical reason was a cardinal thesis of Kant; and Aristotle, with his concept of phronesis, or practical as opposed to theoretical wisdom, showed that he thought the same. But now nearly everybody, whether or not he calls himself a rationalist, seems to agree in thinking that if one wishes to be a rationalist (if, that is to say, one wishes to find a place for rationality in moral thinking), one has to be a descriptivist ( that is to say, one has to believe that there are moral facts to be discovered). This almost universal mistake has had the most harmful consequences in recent moral philosophy, which it is my purpose in this paper to explore.
Ethical Theory and Utilitarianism
Authors: Hare R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MORAL philosophy is now in a phase which must seem curious to anybody who has observed its course since, say, the 1940s. During all that time moral philosophers of the analytic tradition have devoted most of their work to fundamental questions about the analysis or the meaning of the moral words and the types of reasoning that are valid on moral questions. It may be that some of them were attracted by the intrinsic theoretical interest of this branch of philosophical logic; and indeed it is interesting. But it may surely be said that the greater part, like myself, studied these questions with an ulterior motive: they saw this study as the philosopher’s main contribution to the solution of practical moral problems such as trouble most of us. For if we do not understand the very terms in which the problems are posed, how shall we ever get to the root of them? I, at least, gave evidence of this motive in my writings and am publishing many papers on practical questions. But, now that philosophers in greater numbers have woken up to the need for such a contribution, and whole new journals are devoted to the practical applications of philosophy, what do we find the philosophers doing? In the main they proceed as if nothing had been learnt in the course of all that analytical enquiry-as if we had become no clearer now than in, say, 1936, or even 1903, how good moral arguments are to be distinguished from bad.
Change and Selves
Authors: Pivčević Edo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a trite fact that changes do occur, yet is it logically contradictory to deny that they do? If Zeno and McTaggart were right, then there is no logical contradiction in such a denial, although this is incompatible with the way in which we normally think of the world. Supporters of the `block view' of the universe believe that there is a sense in which all events may be said to be contemporaneous, like episodes in a book, so that there is no `objective' past or future. The aim of this book is not to demolish belief in the existence of objective change, but to elucidate the conditions under which it makes sense to suppose that changes occur. The book pays particular attention to the existence of selves as one such condition, and concludes that the naturalistic account of change is defective and leaves the sceptic victorious.
Changes and Selves
Authors: Pivčević Edo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If all change, including existential change, is to be explained in terms of development, then, as we have just seen, there is no ready alternative to interpreting development as a comprehensive cosmic process, and yet this immediately gives rise to paradoxes about time and destroys the very basis of the intelligibility of change. We thus seem to have reached an impasse. The philosophical evolutionary model was intended not only to help to sweep clean any remaining difficulties that lingered on in the ruins of the mechanistic account of change but in particular to provide a more secure footing for a teleological approach by equipping it with a refurbished concept of a not yet-realized target state within the context of an objective, forward-moving time. As it turned out, the project misfired, and as a result the perplexity about the whole issue increased rather than diminished.
Aristotle’s Potential Infinites
Authors: Charlton William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘It is not true’, says Descartes, ‘that the infinite is understood through denial of boundary or limitation, since on the contrary all limitation contains a denial of the infinite’. As a claim about the finite and the infinite this is notoriously dubious; but something of the sort can, I think, be maintained about finitism: we understand a thinker’s finitism by seeing what kind of infinity he rejects and how. Aristotle rejects at least four kinds of infinite. In the first place he holds that there cannot be an infinitely large body or quantity of material. His argument for this conclusion (which occupies Phys: III. 5 and Cael I. 5-7) depends mainly on physical considerations about motion and force. He also has metaphysical objections to infinitudes of parts in undivided wholes, infinitudes of points and infinite numbers of actual things generally; but in connection with each of these classes of entity he allows the possibility of what commentators call a ‘potential infinite’. Many philosophers profess to find the notion of a potential infinite obscure or question its utility.2 Although Aristotle’s exposition is indeed marred by obscurity, indecision, and even error I shall argue that the concept is fundamentally sound and does apply to parts, points, and actual things. First, however, I shall say something about his views on the impossibility of an infinitely large quantity of material, since these affect his development of his more metaphysical contentions.
Can God Be Free?
Authors: Rowe William L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the three major religions of the West, God is understood to be a being whose goodness, knowledge, and power is such that it is impossible for any being, including God himself, to have a greater degree of goodness, knowledge, and power. This book focuses on God's freedom and praiseworthiness in relation to his perfect goodness. Given his necessary perfections, if there is a best world for God to create he would have no choice other than to create it. For, as Leibniz tells us, 'to do less good than one could is to be lacking in wisdom or in goodness.' But if God could not do otherwise than create the best world, he created the world of necessity, not freely. And, if that is so, it may be argued that we have no reason to be thankful to God for creating us, since, as parts of the best possible world, God was simply unable to do anything other than create us - he created us of necessity, not freely. Moreover, we are confronted with the difficulty of having to believe that this world, with its Holocaust, and innumerable other evils, is the best that an infinitely powerful, infinitely good being could do in creating a world. Neither of these conclusions, taken by itself, seems at all plausible. Yet each conclusion appears to follow from the conception of God now dominant in the great religions of the West. William Rowe presents a detailed study of this important problem, both historically in the writings of Gottfried Leibniz, Samuel Clarke, Thomas Aquinas, and Jonathan Edwards, as well as in the contemporary philosophical literature devoted to the issue. Rowe argues that this problem is more serious than is commonly thought and may require some significant revision in contemporary thinking about the nature of God.
Introduction
Authors: Rowe William L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When religion was in its infancy, it was natural for human beings to envisage the gods as both different from us, and somewhat like us— having greater longevity, as well as greater power, residing in the heavens rather than on earth, but still somewhat limited in power and knowledge, jealous of other gods, and sometimes at war with one another. But as the great religions slowly developed, there emerged the idea of a single god, a being of great wisdom, power, and goodness. In the West, this majestic idea of God was developed and refined over the centuries by influential theologians such as Augustine, Boethius, Bonaventure, Avicenna, Anselm, Maimonides, and Aquinas. It is now the dominant conception of God in the three great religions of the West: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. God is no longer thought of as just a great being, or even the greatest being among all beings that have ever existed or ever will exist. God is thought of as the greatest possible being, the being than which none greater exists or can even be conceived to exist. Quite naturally, then, God is taken to be a being whose goodness, knowledge, and power is such that it is inconceivable and logically impossible for any being, including God himself, to have a greater degree of goodness, knowledge, and power. Moreover, as part of his essential greatness, God is thought to be a necessarily existing being, a being who exists and logically could not fail to exist.
Locke, Socinianism, “Socinianism”, and Unitarianism
Authors: Marshall John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the Calvinist John Edwards accused Locke’s Reasonableness of Christianity of being “all over Socinianized” in 1695} he began a long tradition.1 Within a decade, the charge that Locke’s works at least favoured Socinianism had a wide currency. Edwards himself repeated the charge in his Soci’nianism unmask’d (1696) and 17ie Socinian creed (1697). In 1697 the grand jury of Middlesex condemned The reasonableness of ChristianitY, among other works, for denying the Trinity and giving rise to Socinianism and Arianism. The new century began with the non-juror John Milner surveying Locke’s works and concluding, with Edwards, that Locke was broadly Socinian. In a series of works in the 1 690s, Bishop Edward Stillingfleet suggested that Locke’s epistemology indirectly favoured Unitarianism focusing not upon the Reasonableness, but upon An essy concerning human understanding.
Nature and Policy in Iceland 1400–1800
Authors: Hastrup Kirsten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Icelandic Free State which flourished from 930 to the middle of the thirteenth century gave rise to a sophisticated political system and had a rich literary culture. However, by 1400 the structure of this society had begun to crumble. The following period, from 1400 to 1800, has been largely overlooked by scholars. In this book Kirsten Hastrup offers an analysis of Icelandic society during a period of remarkable social disintegration and technological decline. She approaches the subject from a variety of angles, juxtaposing the economic, social, and political orders with concepts of humanity, fate, and nature, and providing the reader with a comprehensive picture of Icelandic society in the period. Her analysis shows how the dissolution of the ancient order must be attributed to internal factors of culture and mentality, as well as to the external ones of natural catastrophe and commercial exploitation. She ends the book with a valuable discussion of the nature of causation in history.
From Dull to Brilliant: The Aesthetics of Spiritual Power among the Yolngu
Authors: Morphy Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this essay I shall consider aspects of the aesthetics of Yolngu art. I am concerned primarily with a category of painting produced by men, but I place my analysis in the broader framework of the aesthetics of Yohigu ritual.1 The Yolngu are an Australian Aboriginal people, renowned in the anthropological literature as the Murngin, who live in north-east Arnhem Land, a coastal area of northern Australia.
Marquesan Societies
Authors: Thomas Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marquesan society has long captured the interest of European observers, in part because of unfamiliar institutions such as polyandry. However, due to complex and destructive historical changes and the very scattered nature of early source-materials, the distinctive Marquesan developments of Polynesian society have been obscure and at odds with anthropologists’ and historians’ overall understanding of Pacific societies. Nicholas Thomas’s book, based on a critical study of the fullest possible range of sources, is the first to provide a clear account of early Marquesan social relations and culture, and as such will become a key source for Pacific scholars. However, Dr Thomas’s discussion is not restricted to ethnohistoric documentation. His analysis of dynamic and highly fluid society and its encounters with early European visitors and traders encompasses wider debates about the nature of gender relations in Polynesian societies, small-scale hierarchical structures, cultural transformation, and longer-term change. In linking specific features of early Marquesan society, its contact with foreigners, and the longer-term transformations of eastern Polynesian societies, Dr Thomas offers Pacific studies a distinctive new perspective.
Binary Operations and Groups
Authors: Hage Per , Harary Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In developing Mauss’s (1935) ideas concerning the cultural symbolism of bodily techniques, Mary Douglas proposes that notions about the body reflect social morphology:
The social body constrains the way the physical body is perceived. The physical experience of the body, always modified by the social categories through which it is known, sustains a particular view of society. There is a continual exchange of meanings between the two kinds of bodily experience so that each reinforces the categories of the other (Douglas 1973: 93).
Low Castes in Lalitpur
Authors: Gellner David N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although there is an enormous amount of anthropological work on caste in South Asia, relatively little has focused primarily on the lowest groups in the hierarchy. There are practical reasons for this, which are poignantly and eloquently described in Michael Moffatt’s An Untouchable Community in South India (1979). He tried to live with his subjects as an anthropologist is supposed to do, but the total lack of privacy and the extremely deprived living conditions almost led him to abandon the project altogether. He was only able to gather substantial data on social organization when, after leaving his original field site, he moved to another area of Tamil Nadu and started to visit an Untouchable settlement in short daily bursts in the company of a field assistant.
Occidentalism as a Cottage Industry: Representing the Autochthonous ’Other’ 1n British and Irish Rural Studies
Authors: Nadel-Klein Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A cartoon appeared a couple of years ago in my local newspaper, purporting to explain ethnic violence in Eastern Europe. In it, a Western-suited man (Gorbachev) stands helplessly by as men in loose peasant blouses and cummerbunds (the ’Zugs’) massacre each other in the street. ’Why do we kill each other?’ reads the legend below, ’Because it’s our nature!’ In this cartoon, bloodshed is explained in terms of instinct, or ’nature’, and the violent men are obviously denizens of a Europe that does not fit into the cartoonist’s conception of Western civilization. They are peas ants, rural folk who have not grasped modernity’s message of reason.
Conclusion: The Extended mind
Authors: Gell Alfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The discussion of Marquesan graphic/plastic stylistics, just concluded, has been founded on the notion of a ‘corpus’ of artworks as a kind of spatiotemporally dispersed ‘population’. Marquesan art, considered as a whole, can be conceptualized, macroscopically, as a ‘distributed object’ in time and space. Like the 216 separate items in a 24-place luxury set of china tea and dinnerware, all .Marquesan artworks belong to a kind of ‘set’, though, of course, a more loosely integrated set than the sets of china which are presented to young couples as wedding presents by rich relatives. A china dinner-set is bound together, as a distributed object (an object having many spatially separated parts with different micro-histories) by prior design, that is, by the intentional actions of the design and manufacturing staff of Spode, or Wedgwood, or who ever.
Ministerial Accountability: What and Where are the Parameters?
Authors: Oliver Dawn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Geoffrey Marshall’s Constitutional Conventions: The Rules and Forms o f Political Accountability is the only serious legal book that I have read that has made me laugh out loud. His comment about ‘parameters’ must be a classic. Marshall states that ‘The Crossman manuscript had been submitted for security clearance to the Cabinet Secretary who had set out for Crossman’s guidance a number of restrictive rules or “parameters” (a term new to constitutional theory).’
The Decline of an Ideal: The Conservatives and Immigration, 1958–1960
Authors: Hansen Randall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shortly after replacing Anthony Eden as Prime Minister, Harold Macmillan sent a note to Rab Butler stating, ‘I have no doubt you will be reporting to the Cabinet … about the situation in London and elsewhere in what are called the “race riots”… [W]e agreed not long ago to look again at the immigration question in a few months’ time. Perhaps we should look at it now.’ The migration issue was examined after the riots, and it continued to be until the introduction of restrictive legislation in 1962. This chapter focuses on two eventful years–1958 to 1960–during which a divisive argument within Whitehall and the Cabinet was carried in favour of control. The two years are of considerable scholarly interest, as they produced a rich abundance of documents on Commonwealth immigration. They demonstrate that a lengthy argument was waged between the Colonial Office and the Ministry of Labour over the legitimacy and necessity of migration controls. The right of free entry had its defenders in the British bureaucracy, and the argument in favour of control was won against their objections.
Heath, Powell, and Migration Policy, 1968–1974
Authors: Hansen Randall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To the displeasure of the British government, the Kenyan Asians’ experience repeated itself four years after the passage of the Commonwealth Immigrants Act of 1968. In August 1972, Idi Amin announced the expulsion of all Asian CUKCs from Uganda. The legal position of the Ugandan Asians was identical to their Kenyan counterparts: they were originally controlled by the 1962 Commonwealth Act, were released from the restrictions through the independence process and were placed under a new set of controls through Callaghan’s 1968 Act. Their social and political experience in Uganda was broadly similar: they were a largely skilled, professional class whose presence was resented by Africans and who found themselves facing a series of discriminatory measures culminating in an expulsion order.
Monosodium glutamate
Authors: Emsley John , Fell Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you ate the above meal you might well suffer some discomfort after- wards, because you would almost certainly have consumed more than 3 grams of monosodium glutamate (MSG), which is commonly used as a flavour enhancer, particularly in oriental cooking. For some people this would be enough to trigger an intolerance reaction of dry mouth, hot cheeks, itchy neck, and a headache-in other words the infamous Chinese Restaurant Syndrome (CRS). But if you are particularly sensitive to MSG you don’t need to eat in such a place to suffer from CRS, as the case study in the box shows.