bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population, Development, and Institutional Change: Summary and Analysis
Authors: Bengtsson Tommy , Gunnarsson Christer 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The general links between population, environment, and development are dealt with elsewhere in this book. Here the interplay between population and development will be considered in greater detail, especially the significance of institutions for development. The problem is not going to be that global birth rates will never go down. This they will certainly do, for the average size of family in the world has already fallen from 6.0 in 1960 to below 3.5 in 1990. From all that we know about the decline and its causes so far, fertility will continue to fall where it has started to do so. The problem instead is that in the poorest parts of the world neither development nor the fertility transition has started yet. Thus we have to find a way that will bring economic and social development and a fertility transition to the poorest without damaging the environment. This demands a policy that mobilizes local social structures and a timing and sequencing of interventions as the development policy alters local institutions-a policy that recognizes the social and cultural differences between different nations and during different stages of development.
Public Debt Management
Authors: Missale Alessandro 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The choice of currency denomination, indexation, and maturity structure of public debt is an increasingly important aspect of policy in a world of high debts and and financially integrated markets. This book surveys theories and evidence on public debt composition and debt returns with the goal of emphasizing the main policy issues. The effects of debt management on financial markets, risk-sharing, policy credibility, interest costs, and taxation are evaluated within a unified theoretical framework. The analysis clarifies the trade-off involved in policy decisions and shows how to use theory and evidence to answer practical policy problems. This book is a valuable reference to researchers and satisfies the increasing demand by policymakers for sound economic principles to guide the choice of debt instruments.
Education and Development
Authors: McMahon Walter W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book develops a new approach to measuring the total returns to human resource development through investment in education. Drawing on microanalytic foundations, it uses regional and worldwide data to estimate the net marginal contributions of education and new knowledge both to economic growth and to wider effects on democratization, human rights, political stability, health, net population growth rates, reduction of poverty, inequality in income distribution, crime, drug use, and the environment. The total impact of education policy changes on endogenous development is then estimated using an interactive model. This new approach is important to industrialized and developing countries alike. The diffusion of knowledge and the adaptation of new techniques has been identified as crucial to the growth process in the new endogenmous growth models, and is of increasing strategic importance in current knowledge-based globalizing economies. Similarly, the non-monetary returns from education are important in improving human welfare. Measurement of these non-market returns is a crucial but much neglected subject. It has proved frustrating, and existing microanalytic measures have proved piecemeal. The new approach developed here offers some comprehensive estimates and simulation techniques for finding more cost-effective policies, and also suggests new hypotheses for further microanalytic testing.
Monetary Policy under Fixed Exchange Rates (1948–70)
Authors: Holtfrerich Carl-Ludwig 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On the basis of a theoretical model, Robert Mundell has shown that the effectiveness of monetary policy in an open economy depends on the nature of the exchange-rate system and on the freedom of, or restrictions on, international capital movements. He has shown that, in a situation of free capital movements and fixed exchange rates, monetary policy has less impact on domestic growth and employment than on the external position: the capital and the current account. Fiscal policy, on the other hand, is relatively effective in stabilizing the domestic business cycle. He concluded from this that, given fixed exchange rates, monetary policy should concentrate exclusively on establishing external equilibrium—or another desired balance of payments situation—while
German Monetary Union
Authors: Streit Manfred E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The monetary union of 1 July 1990 is a prominent feature of an unprecedented event in German history: the Germans in the GDR revolted peacefully and successfully to overthrow a totalitarian regime. The introduction of the D-mark into eastern Germany initiated a shock therapy for a socialist economic system which, even in the view of the GDR’s planning commission, was on the verge of collapse. German Economic, Monetary, and Social Union (GEMSU) transferred not only the monetary system but also the other elements of the west German economic constitution to eastern Germany. That represented a radical institutional break with the socialist past, without parallel in any of the other countries in transition.
The Ivorian Cocoa and Coffee Boom of 1976-79: The End of a Miracle?
Authors: Ghanem Hafez 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
From .independence, in 1960, to 1975 the lvorian economy grew at an average annual rate of around 6.5%, in real terms. This remarkable growth was achieved while maintaining internal and external equilibria. The lvorian ‘miracle’ was mainly due to the country’s vast natural resources, its political stability and the inflow of cheap labour from neighbouring sahelian countries. Economic policies were conservative; they emphasised fiscal and monetary restraint while maintaining administratively determined agricultural producer prices at levels that encouraged the expansion of production, especially that of cocoa and coffee. Government policy changed markedly as a result of the cocoa and coffee boom of the mid- 1970s. Expenditures were increased to unprecedented levels. Adjusting to the end of the boom in 1980 proved to be a daunting task. Thus, the 1980s were a period of deep crisis for the lvorian economy, with negative GDP growth and soaring fiscal and current account deficits, except for a brief respite during 1985-86, when another temporary improvement in the terms of trade occurred.
Male Fertility Trends In Industrial Countries: Theories In Search Of Some Evidence
Authors: Coleman David A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The ‘fertility’ and reproduction patterns of men are different from those of women. There are good reasons for expecting them to be different. Some of these expectations are derived from evolutionary theory; others are consequences of more straightforward proximate demographic factors such as nuptiality patterns and sex ratio, and of the different socio-economic positions of the sexes in various human societies. But while there is much to say in terms of evolutionary speculation about human male as well as female reproductive strategies, polygamy, progeny size variance between the sexes, sex ratio and sexual dimorphism, there is little demographic evidence with which to test hypotheses. Even in modern societies, demographic data are usually insufficient to describe and analyse formally the contribution of males to fertility and reproduction in anything like the same detail or accuracy as the contribution from females.
Men, Polygyny, And Fertility Over The Life Course In Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Gage Ann K Blanc Anastasia J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The practice of polygyny in sub-Saharan Africa has been a subject of considerable discourse for decades. French, Belgian, and Portuguese colonial regimes opposed polygyny on moral grounds, and sought to discourage or eradicate it through legal reform and taxation (Phillips and Morris 1971; Boye et al 1991; Hunt 1991). In anthropology, polygyny is often treated as a cultural construct embedded in the political and economic spheres and in the domains of kinship and marriage. Much of the anthropological research has also tended to focus on the nature of polygyny as it is individually experienced and culturally intertwined in the sex-gender system, with detailed examination of the internal organization of polygynous households (Wittrup 1990). Recently, much attention has been paid to the dynamics of polygyny in urban areas and to the evolution of the institution through informal unions that serve as functional substitutes (Clignet 1987; Karanja 1994).
‘Someone To Take My Place’: Fertility And The Male Life-Course Among Coastal Boiken, East Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Setel Philip 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the meaning and experience of fertility among men in Wavio village, East Sepik Province, in northwest Papua New Guinea. In Wavio (a pseudonym), the nature and meaning of fertility to men can be understood by unravelling the meanings behind the commonly heard statement that all men need ‘someone to take their place’. The notion that children are needed to take one’s place refers to men’s location in several regards: in chronological and genealogical time, and in structural and genealogical space. These literal and symbolic senses of one’s ‘place’ pertained to topics such as local concepts of reproductive health and masculinity, the phases of the male life-course, ownership and control of natural resources, and kin-oriented networks of debt and exchange that grew and multiplied over the course of an individual’s life. In Wavio, fertility and sexuality related to the cultural hierarchies among men based in enduring principles of social organization, yet they also reflected an historical context of change over several generations.
Globalization and Modes of Regionalist Governance
Authors: Payne Anthony 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter constitutes an attempt to link the concept of globalization to that of governance via the notion of regionalism. As will be seen, the argument grows out of the deliberations of a research group that has been working on the political economy of regionalism at the University of Sheffield for the past three or four years. Accordingly, it defines regional ism in the manner advocated by that group, namely as ‘a state-led or states led project designed to reorganise a particular regional space along defined economic and political lines’ (Payne and Gamble, 1996: 2).
The Making of the Republican Citizen
Authors: Harrison Henrietta 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What does it mean to be Chinese? How did the major political events of the early 20th century affect the everyday lives of ordinary people in China? This book uses a wealth of new sources, including newspapers, memoirs, interviews, and photographs, to look at the political history of the period and to understand the ways in which politics intersected with the thoughts and feelings of ordinary people. To be a modern citizen of the Chinese republic meant repudiating much of the very ritual that had previously defined one as Chinese. As we follow the changes in everyday life, ranging from the unbinding of women's feet to the commemoration of the events of the a new republican history, we see the complex interactions between an ever more activist state and its new citizens.
The Dynamics of Integration Policies: A Multidimensional Model
Authors: Entzinger Han 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with the situation of immigrants and minority communities in Europe, especially in Western Europe. It analyses different options for their integration, as individuals or as communities. It focuses on the role of the public authorities in the integration process, particularly on the objectives that may be set for an integration policy. These objectives are often relatively one sided. They tend to emphasize only one aspect of the integration process and they account insufficiently for the complexity of this process as it develops in the modern state. As a consequence, many of the existing integration typologies are inadequate for the explanation of differences between countries and also insufficient for an understanding of changes that occur over time.
Conflict, Consensus, and Policy Outcomes: Immigration and Integration in Germany and The Netherlands*
Authors: Thränhardt Dietrich 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Germans often look to The Netherlands as a model country for its integration policies. Dutch experts are frequently invited to Germany, and expected to tell the Germans how to deal with problems of immigration. Indeed, it is fascinating that two countries so similar with respect to economic development, Protestant-Catholic composition, a ‘Christian Democratic welfare state’ (Schmidt 1996) and party systems composed of moderate centre-right and centre-left parties, have experienced politics of immigration looking so different.
Malthus Revisited: Exploring Medium-Range Interactions between Economic and Demographic Forces in Historic Europe*
Authors: Reher Davids. , Osona JosÉ Antonio Ortega 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Over two centuries ago, Thomas Robert Malthus (1798, 1836) described a system in which economic and demographic forces were inextricably linked in such a way as to maintain population growth within the limits defined by the carrying capacity of local, regional, national, and even international economies. For Malthus, population size and densities were major factors conditioning economic well-being, and the very components of population growth (fertility and mortality) were themselves constrained by economic forces. He described a model driven by a circular type of causality in which population and economy were both the explained and the explanatory variables, each tending to contain the other. His was and is a deceptively simple theory, but an enormously attractive one, in that it has helped to explain the fundamentally reduced rates of population growth holding nearly everywhere before the central decades of the nineteenth century.
Mortality and Economic Stress: Individual and Household Responses in a Nineteenth-century Belgian Village*
Authors: Alter George , Oris Michel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The research described here is part of a larger project to compare demographic responses to economic stress across five historical societies in Europe and Asia. The EurAsia Project for the History of Population and Family will describe the ways in which different family systems distributed the burdens of hard times within families. In this chapter we report early results from the Belgian contribution to this larger comparative project. Data from the commune of Sart in eastern Belgium is used to examine mortality patterns by age, sex, and marital status with respect to economic factors at the household and community levels.
International Trade
Authors: Rivera-Batiz Luis A , Oliva Maria-A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The field of international trade has been a focus of renewed debate for academics and policy-makers alike. The progressive integration of economics at a worldwide level have led to debates surrounding the migration of labor markets, restrictive trade practices, the impact of foreign investment, the role of cooperation through multilateral and regional agreements, and the enforceability of international agreements. This book reviews the new research findings and theoretical developments that have informed these debates, offering a balanced analytical account of American and European experiences, viewpoints, approaches and policy. Written in six parts, the first part examines the determinants of trade patterns, economic location, foreign investment and the interaction between trade and economic growth. The second part deals with strategic policy interventions. The third part examines the role of innovation, skills and contracts in trade and foreign direct investment. The fourth part focuses on trade reform, trade and investment restrictions and economic sanctions. The fifth part tackles the endogenous formation of policy through the interaction between interest groups and the government, block formation and a host of coexisting trade-restricting and -promoting practices. The sixth part focuses on the economics of the World Trade Organisation, cooperative agreements, and their sustainability. Comprehensive in its approach, this book will be of particular interest to graduate students, policymakers, and practitioners with an interest in international trade.
Relational Financing as an Institution and Its Viability under Competition
Authors: Aoki Masahiko , DinÇ Serdar 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Japanese main bank system, as an institution which supported high economic growth up to the mid-1970s, comprised three complementary elements: a type of relational contracting between banks and firms, a specific inter-bank relationship (mutual delegation of monitoring), and a particular set of regulatory measures such as entry regulation, ‘financial restraint’, deposit guarantees, and restriction on market financing (Aoki et al. 1994). Deregulation in foreign exchanges and other domains starting in the late 1970s triggered the increasing reliance of the Japanese corporate sector on bond financing. However, the regulatory framework insulating the banking and securities businesses from each other was kept intact until recently, which contributed to the erosion of coherence of the system.
Austria Tight Coalitions and Stable Government
Authors: Müller Wolfgang C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For most of the post-war period the Austrian party system displayed a remarkable degree of stability and concentration. Until 1986 two major political parties, the Social Democratic (Socialist until 1991) Party (SPO) and the Christian democratic Austrian People’s Party (OVP) held 87.3 to 96.4 per cent of the parliamentary seats between themselves.
Bargaining, Transaction Costs, and Coalition Governance
Authors: Lupia Arthur , Strøm Kaare 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Representative democracies face two fundamental challenges, delegation and coalescence. Delegation is necessary because most citizens have neither the capacity nor the time to make many important political decisions on their own. To facilitate large-scale governance, delegation must occur. Citizens must find and select representatives whom they can trust to make public policy in accordance with particular principles. Elected representatives, in turn, must delegate to leaders of political parties or bureaucratic agencies to further the pursuit of policy goals. Heads of executive agencies have to delegate to their subordinates. While delegation makes large-scale representative democracy possible, it is not without risk. Problems of delegation need to be overcome. For with the power of the elective or appointive office also come opportunities to act against the public interest.
The Empirical Study of Cabinet Governance
Authors: Bergman Torbjörn , Gerber Elisabeth R , Kastner Scott , Nyblade Benjamin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To understand why and how political actors form, govern, and terminate cabinets we must consider the choices made by these actors under uncertainty and complexity as well as under the shadow of the past and the promise of the future. We are thus interested in both retrospective and anticipatory logics, and in how this is played out in the real world. Drawing on the first two chapters of this book, in the following eight chapters the contributors analyse specific phases of the governmental process, including the bargaining process, coalition contracts, cabinet composition, portfolio allocation, conflict management, termination, duration, and electoral performance.
Conclusion: Cabinet Governance in Parliamentary Democracies
Authors: Strøm Kaare , Bergman Torbjörn , Müller Wolfgang C , Nyblade Benjamin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The previous eight chapters have provided an analysis of the various phases of what we have called the life cycle of cabinet-level politics in Western European parliamentary democracies. This is a subject of no mean importance, since parliamentary government is the most common form of democratic governance and indeed the type of regime under which approximately one-third of the world’s population lives. No other type of political regime, presidential, military, communist, or whatever, shapes the daily lives of similar numbers of human beings.
CSBMs in the post-cold war period
Authors: Lachowski Zdzislaw 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In November 1990, 22 NA TO and WTO members signed a Joint Declaration in Paris declaring that they were no longer adversaries and would build new partnerships. The countries affirmed that ‘security is indivisible and that the security of each of their countries is inextricably linked to the security of all the States participating in the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe’. The CSCE signatories of the 1990 Charter of Paris for a New, Europe vowed that the unprecedented reduction of conventional armaments (the CFE Treaty) and new approaches to security and cooperation ‘will lead to a new, perception of security in Europe and a new dimension in our relations.
New Keynesian macroeconomics: the role of theory and evidence
Authors: Dixon Huw D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this paper I wish to focus on some of the main developments associated with new Keynesian macro theory (NKM) in the 1980s and early 1990s. Let me preface the paper with two observations about my own perspective. I will argue that empirical evidence in itself has little to do with the choice of the macroeconomic framework adopted. This is because the theory itself determines the way the evidence is interpreted and indeed what evidence is considered at all. At the base of macroeconomists’ worldviews are basic preconceptions about what is really going on, what needs explaining, and what is worth taking seriously (and hence what can be ignored). Within a given theoretical framework evidence can matter, because there is then an agreed framework both for what is admissible evidence and for its interpretation. I would argue this as a general statement which applies to most of economics. In this paper, however, I try to explore its validity primarily in the context of NKM and related developments.
The Law-As-Literature Trope
Authors: Binder Guyora 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The law and literature movement is identified with the analogy of law to literature. This analogy is not a single proposition, but a range of different and possibly incompatible propositions. The analogy may involve a claim that law is like literature in one or several or all possible respects; and that the attributes law shares with literature are more essential, or more important, or more valuable, or simply more worthy of discussion than those that distinguish it from literature. Yet, if we are to take seriously the claims of legal scholars that they are participants in a literary practice, we should probably not read these claims propositionally. We should read them figuratively, as tropes. If we do so, the law—literature analogy ceases to denote one of several possible incompatible claims and instead connotes them all.