bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of small group case‐based exercises in human gross anatomy: A method for introducing active learning in a traditional course format
Authors: Hansen John T. , Krackov Sharon K. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAs part of the curricular change at the University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, we focused on active learning and greater integration of basic and clinical sciences. With these objectives in mind, this report describes the use of small‐group, case‐based exercises in our gross anatomy course and provides one example of integrating such activities into a traditional course. In addition to formal lectures and laboratory dissection, students meet approximately every fourth class period in small groups to discuss a clinical case which focuses on the relevant anatomy taught at that time. Two first‐year students lead each small group; one fourth‐year student facilitator also attends to provide clinical correlations, answer questions, and reinforce the anatomy. Formative feedback suggests students enthusiastically endorse the self‐directed active learning; they feel these exercises offer both a valuable approach to learning and an opportunity to practice presentation and leadership skills. First‐year students enjoy the interaction with fourth‐year facilitators and the fourth‐year students appreciate the opportunity to review basic science material. Our data suggest that students learn to “think” about the anatomy, and we hope learn to use their understanding and knowledge base in a practical fashion. Moreover, these case‐based exercises can fit nicely into a variety of curricular formats, especially where problem‐based tutorials may not be feasible or desirable. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Compromising abnormalities of the brachial plexus as displayed by magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Collins James D. , Shaver Marla L. , Disher Anthony C. , Miller Theodore Q. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMagnetic resonance images (MRI) of brachial plexus anatomy bilaterally, not possible by plain radiographs or CT, were presented to the Vascular Surgery, Neurology, and the Neurosurgery departments. Patients were requested for MRI of their brachial plexus. They were referred for imaging and the imaging results were presented to the faculty and housestaff. Our technique was accepted and adopted to begin referrals for MRI evaluation of brachial plexopathy. Over 175 patients have been studied. Eighty‐five patients were imaged with the 1.5 Tesla magnet (Signa; General Electric Medical Systems, Milwaukee, WI) 3‐D reconstruction MRI. Coronal, transverse (axial), oblique transverse, and sagittal plane T1‐weighted and selected T2‐weighted pulse sequences were obtained at 4–5 mm slice thickness, 40–45 full field of view, and a 512 × 256 size matrix. Saline water bags were used to enhance the signal between the neck and the thorax. Sites of brachial plexus compromise were demonstrated. Our technique with 3‐D reconstruction increased the definition of brachial plexus pathology. The increased anatomical definition enabled the vascular surgeons and neurosurgeons to improve patient care. Brachial plexus in vivo anatomy as displayed by MRI, magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), and 3‐D reconstruction offered an opportunity to augment the teaching of clinical anatomy to medical students and health professionals. Selected case presentations (body builder, anomalous muscle, fractured clavicle, thyroid goiter, silicone breast implant rupture, and cervical rib) demonstrated compromise of the brachial plexus displayed by MRI. The MRI and 3‐D reconstruction techniques, demonstrating the bilateral landmark anatomy, increased the definition of the clinical anatomy and resulted in greater knowledge of patient care management. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Topographic relationship of the ventromedial lymphatic bundle and the superficial inguinal nodes to the subcutaneous veins
Authors: Kubik S. , Manestar M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe relationships between lymph vessels and veins are of clinical importance for the prevention of injury to collectors and resulting edema after removal of veins. Injection preparations of the lymph vessels and veins showed that on the dorsum of the foot the collectors overcross the veins; however, in all remaining areas they undercross them. Only the great saphenous vein is overcrossed by lymph collectors. It also has accompanying lymph vessels but its vascular sheath, however, does not contain any lymph vessels. The position of the collectors depends on the thickness of the subcutaneous adipose tissue. On the dorsum of the foot the lymphatics are often closely bound up with the corium; on the lower leg, however, they are embedded in the adipose tissue. Some collectors are closely related to perforator veins. In the knee region the lymph bundle ascends dorsomedially to the medial condylus of the femur. On the thigh, where the subcutaneous fatty tissue is thick, the collectors form three layers. The superficial inguinal lymph nodes draining the leg and the external genitalia are situated around the saphenous opening and are closely related to the subinguinal venous star, so that in surgical intervention the collectors of this region are more exposed to danger than in other regions. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Superior laryngeal nerve block: An anatomical study
Authors: Stockwell Martin , Lang Scott A. , Lozanoff Scott , Nyssen J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSuperior laryngeal nerve anaesthesia is frequently used to facilitate endotracheal intubation in the awake patient. We have modified the transcutaneous approach to this nerve block to employ a short bevel needle. This improves tactile perception in performing the procedure thus simplifying identification of the correct depth of injection. This study was designed to determine the anatomical basis of superior laryngeal nerve anaesthesia and to estimate the success rate using our modified technique. At autopsy, 20 cadavers had nerve block performed substituting 0.02% methylene blue for local anaesthetic. Dissection was then performed to identify the anatomical structures stained by the simulated local anaesthetic. Additional dissections were performed in formalin‐fixed cadavers. We found that the dye was injected into the paraglottic space bounded laterally by the thyrohyoid membrane and thyroid cartilage, medially by the laryngeal submucosa, caudad by the conus elasticus, cephalad by the hyoid bone, and anteriorly and posteriorly by the anterior and posterior thyrohyoid ligaments, respectively. The internal laryngeal nerve, the sensory branch of the superior laryngeal nerve, passed through this compartment and was heavily stained with simulated local anaesthetic. Resistance to the passage of the short bevel needle was provided by the lateral glossoepiglottic fold, not the thyrohyoid membrane as we had expected. Of 40 injections, 39 were deemed successful for a success rate of 97.5%. We conclude that this is a simple and highly successful technique for performing superior laryngeal nerve anaesthesia. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Use of duplex sonography to investigate the effect of active and passive movement at the ankle joint for promoting venous return
Authors: Staubesand J. , Heisterkamp T. , Stege H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAmong the joint and muscle pumps that are hemodynamically active and, in particular, bring about venous return in the lower limb, the so‐called ankle pump is of paramount importance. The basic anatomical relationship of the talocrural joint to the venous network around the ankle is reviewed.Duplex sonographic measurement of the rate of blood flow in the great saphenous vein at the saphenous opening, at rest and during active and passive movements at the ankle joint, shows that such movements have an important effect on the rate of flow through the adjacent veins.Passive movement of the foot relative to the leg was brought about by a newly developed apparatus that can be either pneumatically or electrically operated. The action of the ankle pump against venous stasis, the arthrogenic congestive syndrome, and chronic venous insufficiency has demonstrated the prophylactic importance of this physiological mechanism. It can, when necessary, be replaced by an appropriately designed apparatus. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Blood supply of subcutaneous tissue in the leg and its clinical application
Authors: Zbrodowski Andrzej , Gajisin Stanislav , Bednarkiewicz Marek , Gumener Raphaëul , Montandon Denys 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe vascular anatomy of the subcutaneous or adipose layer of the leg is described. The major arteries of the distal thigh and leg were injected with either a colored latex or an India ink and gelatin mixture to demonstrate the principal sources of blood supply to the skin and the superficial tissues of the leg. Microdissection and the techinique of Spalteholz for dehydrating and clearing the tissues (rendering them transparent) facilitated the study of the direct and indirect arterial branches which form the three principal networks: the deep fascia, the subcutaneous or adipose layer, and the skin or the dermoepidermic layer. The results are of practical importance since the fascio‐subcutaneous tissue layer can be used as a flap for covering soft tissue defects of the leg. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Tortuosity of the human splenic artery
Authors: Sylvester P. A. , Stewart R. , Ellis H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractArantius (1571) was the first to describe tortuosity of the splenic artery. The present study investigated the variations in its tortuosity in man, and possible relationships with age, sex, and presence of atheroma.Twenty‐nine cadaveric specimens and forty‐four celiac angiograms were studied. The straight distance from the origin of the splenic artery, from the celiac trunk, to the point of commencement of the hilar branches was measured, as was the total length of the artery between these two points. The ratio of these two measurements is called the “index of tortuosity.” The cadaveric arteries were then opened and graded for the presence of atheroma on a scale of 0 to 3.Marked variation in the index was found in both the cadavers and the angiograms. No definite relationship was found with sex. However, there was a suggestion of increasing tortuosity with age, although in one 10‐year‐old girl, marked tortuosity was demonstrated on angiography. No significant correlation was shown between increased tortuosity and the extent of atheroma.At present, there is apparently no satisfactory explanation for tortuosity of the splenic artery. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Fiber orientation of posterior cruciate ligament: An experimental morphological and functional study, part 2
Authors: Inderster A. , Benedetto K. P. , Künzel K. H. , Gaber O. , Klestil T. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) can be anatomically divided into three bundles: anterolateral, posteromedial, and posterior oblique. The changes in distance between the femoral and tibial attachment sites of these three bundles were measured in 10 human knee specimens with intact ligamental structures. The femoral to tibial distance (and thus the length) of the posterior oblique bundle remained nearly the same throughout flexion between 0° and 90°. The femoral to tibial distance of the anterolateral and the posteromedial bundles distinctly changed throughout the same range of motion.For a truly functional replacement of the PCL, correct isometric placement of the transplant is especially important. Based on the results of the present study, an isometric reconstruction of the PCL is achieved by positioning the graft within the original attachment site of the posterior oblique bundle. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
The menisco‐femoral ligaments
Authors: Wan A. C. T. , Felle Patric K. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe menisco‐femoral ligaments were studied in 60 knees from 30 dissecting room cadavers. The anterior horns of the menisci were attached to the intercondylar area of the femur by discrete antero‐medial or antero‐lateral menisco‐femoral ligaments, separate from the anterior cruciate ligament, in 15% of knees for each meniscus, more frequently than previously appreciated; these anterior horn ligaments may exacerbate a meniscal tear. The posterior horn of the lateral meniscus was connected with the intercondylar area of the femur in 100% of knees. In 93% of knees a ligament ran behind the posterior cruciate ligament while in 33% of knees a ligament ran in front of the posterior eruciate ligament. We propose renaming these the pre‐cruciate postero‐lateral menisco‐femoral ligament and post‐cruciate postero‐lateral menisco‐femoral ligament, respectively, to avoid confusion with the ligaments of the anterior horns.The menisco‐femoral ligaments may function in controlling movement of the menisci, especially during rotation of the knee. The posterior horn of the medial meniscus has no direct femoral attachment and this may be a factor in the increased risk of injury to this meniscus. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Topographical relations between the posterior cricothyroid ligament and the inferior laryngeal nerve
Authors: Reidenbach Martina Maria 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe posterior cricothyroid ligament and its topographic relation to the inferior laryngeal nerve were studied in 54 human adult male and female larynges. Fourteen specimens were impregnated with curable polymers and cut into 600–800 μm sections along different planes. Forty formalin‐fixed hemi‐larynges were dissected and various measurements were made. The posterior cricothyroid ligament provides a dorsal strengthening for the joint capsule of the cricothyroid joint. Its fibers spread in a fan‐like manner from a small area of origin at the cricoid cartilage to a more extended area of attachment at the inferior thyroid cornu. The ligament consists of one (7.5%) to four (12.5%), in most cases of three (45.0%) or two (35.0%), individual parts oriented from mediocranial to latero‐caudal. The inferior laryngeal nerve courses immediately dorsal to the ligament. In 60% it is covered by fibers of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle, in the remaining 40% it is not. In this latter topographic situation there is almost no soft tissue interposed between the nerve and the hypopharynx. Therefore, the nerve may be exposed to pressure forces exerted from dorsally. It may be pushed against the unyielding posterior cricothyroid ligament and suffer functional or structural impairment. Probably, this mechanism may explain some of the laryngeal nerve lesions described in the literature after insertion of gastric tubes. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Removal of the brain for teaching and examination
Authors: Felle P. , Lockman A. K. , Kellaghan P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe brain was removed from cadavers using a modified technique involving additionally the removal of most of the squamous occipital bone and laminae of the upper cervical vertebrae. The resulting specimens were superior to the usual ones in that the medulla oblongata, the upper spinal cord, and all the cranial nerves and cerebral arteries were intact. Fears of slow‐virus contamination and legislative changes are precluding the use of brains obtained in the necropsy room for neuroanatomy teaching, so it is paramount that complete brains are removed from dissecting room cadavers. The method described herein takes a little longer than the traditional method, but is within the capability of an anatomy technician and yields better specimens for use in teaching and examinations. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Extensor tendons of the fingers: Arrangement and variations‐ii
Authors: El‐Badawi M. G. Y. , Butt M. M. , Al‐Zuhair A. G. H. , Fadel R. A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractOne hundred eighty‐one dissected hands were examined to study the pattern of extensor tendons on the dorsum of the hand. Extensor digitorum often had multiple tendons for the middle and ring fingers. Its contribution to the little finger was usually by a bifurcating tendon common with that of the ring finger. The index finger always received a single tendon. Intertendinous connections between the various tendons of the extensor digitorum were variable but were most frequent between ring and middle fingers.Extensor indicis had one tendon in most of the specimens and it was always on the ulnar side of the extensor digitorum tendon. This remained true even when there were multiple tendons.Extensor digiti minimi had two tendons in most cases. It was always linked to extensor digitorum either by receiving one or part of its tendon or by an intertendinous connection.Two accessory muscles were seen, one was extensor indicis brevis replacing the proper muscle. The other, the extensor medii brevis, was distributed to the middle finger. © 1995 WiIey‐Liss, Inc.
Total Synthesis of Mauritines A, B, C, and F: Cyclopeptide Alkaloids with a 14‐Membered Paracyclophane Unit
Authors: Cristau Pierre , Temal‐Laïb Taoues , Bois‐Choussy Michèle , Martin Marie‐Thérèse , Vors Jean‐Pierre , Zhu Jieping 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA unified strategy for the synthesis of mauritines A (5), B (6), C (7), and F (10) has been developed based on a key intramolecular nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction (SNAr) for the formation of the strained 14‐membered paracyclophane. It was demonstrated that the outcome of the cycloetherification is independent of the stereochemistry of the peptide backbone and that both (1R)‐16 and (1S)‐16 cyclized smoothly to provide the corresponding macrocycle. On the other hand, dehydration of the secondary benzylic alcohol, via the phenylselenide intermediate, is configuration dependent. (1R)‐25 underwent the two‐step syn‐elimination much more easily than (1S)‐22. A modified reductive deamination procedure via the diazonium intermediate was developed. A complete assignment of proton and carbon NMR spectroscopy signals for these natural products is reported for the first time.
Regioselective Intramolecular Pauson–Khand Reactions of C60: An Electrochemical Study and Theoretical Underpinning
Authors: Martín Nazario , Altable Margarita , Filippone Salvatore , Martín‐Domenech Ángel , Poater Albert , Solà Miquel 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSuitably functionalized fulleropyrrolidines endowed with one or two propargyl groups at the C‐2 position of the pyrrolidine ring (1,6‐enynes) react efficiently and regioselectively with [Co2(CO)8] to afford the respective Pauson–Khand products with an unprecedented three (5 a–d, 7, and 24) or five (25) pentagonal rings, respectively, fused onto the fullerene sphere. Fulleropyrrolidines with 1,7‐, 1,9‐, 1,10‐, or 1,11‐enyne moieties do not undergo the PK reaction and, instead, the intermediate dicobalt complexes formed with the alkynyl group are isolated in quantitative yields. These differences in reactivity have been studied by DFT calculations with a generalized gradient approximation (GGA) functional and several important energy and structural differences were found for the intermediates formed by the interaction between the coordinatively unsaturated Co atom and the π system of C60 in 1,6‐ and 1,7‐enynes. The different lengths of the alkyne chains are responsible for the observed reactivities. Cyclic voltammetry reveals that the presence of the cyclopentenone's carbonyl group connected directly to the C60 core results in PK compounds with remarkable electron‐accepting ability.
Solvothermal Synthesis and Structure of the [Ge2Se7]4‐ Anion in (enH2) [{Mn(en)2(enH)}2(μ‐en)] (Ge2Se7)2 and [Mn(dien)2]2Ge2Se7.
Authors: van Almsick Tobias , Loose Anja , Sheldrick William S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Hexafluoroacetone as a Protecting and Activating Reagent. Regioselective Esterification of Aspartic, Malic, and Thiomalic Acid.
Authors: Pumpor Ksenia , Windeisen Elisabeth , Spengler Jan , Albericio Fernando , Burger Klaus 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Mizoroki—Heck Arylation of α,β‐Unsaturated Acids with a Hybrid Fluorous Ether, F‐626: Facile Filtrative Separation of Products and Efficient Recycling of a Reaction Medium Containing a Catalyst.
Authors: Fukuyama Takahide , Arai Masashi , Matsubara Hiroshi , Ryu Ilhyong 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Bismuth Subnitrate Catalyzed Efficient Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones: An Improved Protocol for the Biginelli Reaction.
Authors: Reddy Y. Thirupathi , Rajitha B. , Reddy P. Narsimha , Kumar B. Sunil , Rao V. P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Reactions of (6‐Methyl‐2‐methylsulfanyl‐4‐oxo‐3,4‐dihydro‐3‐pyrimidinyl)acetyl Azide (II).
Authors: Jakubkene V. , Stura A. , Vainilavicius P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Easy Access to 3‐ or 5‐Heteroarylamino‐1,2,4‐triazines by SNAr, SNH, and Palladium‐Catalyzed N‐Heteroarylations.
Authors: Garnier Ethel , Audoux Jerome , Pasquinet Eric , Suzenet Franck , Poullain Didier , Lebret Bruno , Guillaumet Gerald 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Lundurines A—D, Cytotoxic Indole Alkaloids Incorporating a Cyclopropyl Moiety from Kopsia tenuis and Revision of the Structures of Tenuisines A—C.
Authors: Kam Toh‐Seok , Lim Kuan‐Hon , Yoganathan K. , Hayashi Masahiko , Komiyama Kanki 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Increased Cytotoxicity of 2′,2′‐Difluoro‐2′‐deoxycytidine in Human Leukemic Cell‐Lines After a Preincubation with Cyclopentenyl Cytosine
Authors: Verschuur A. C. , Van Gennip A. H. , Leen R. , Van Kuilenburg A. B. P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The formation and elongation of filopodia during transformation of sea urchin coelomocytes
Authors: Edds Kenneth T. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSea urchin coelomocytes were examined during their morphological transformation from petaloid to filopodial forms by scanning electron microscopy and ciné film analysis. Petaloid coelomocytes have a variable morphology but, in general, consist of numerous thin sheets of cytoplasm, the petals, arranged in three dimensions around a central nuclear region. The transition to the filopodial form can occur in either substrate‐attached or suspended cells and begins with the formation of several microspikes at the edge of each petal. These become more apparent as the cytoplasm between each microspike/filopodium is retracted centripetally. Concomitantly, the diameter of the flattened cell is increased by as much as twofold as the filopodia actively lengthen at a uniform, average rate of 0.5 μm/minute. The transformation process requires ca 15 minutes and is complete when the cell diameter no longer increases. These filopodia are functionally distinct from the passively produced retraction fibers observed in cultured mammalian cells. The formation of filopodia is biphasic and includes both a cytoplasmic retraction phase and an active extension phase.