bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selective and Sensitive Determination of Dopamine in a Novel Gear-Shaped Screen-Printed Electrode Modified With G-PANI Ink
Authors: Sarkar Pritu Parna , Tabassum Ridma , Jalal Ahmed Hasnain , Ashraf Ali , Islam Nazmul 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Now-a-days electrochemical sensors are used to detect various analytes in bodily fluids. The electrodes of these sensors can be modified with various designs and particles. In our paper, we developed a novel gear-shaped electrode. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis shows that the novel design has improved active surface area by 57% than without gear design. This novel design was fabricated as a screen-printed electrode using laser processing. Moreover, the novel shaped sensor was modified with polyaniline (G-PANI) ink to enhance the performance of the sensor. The physiochemical properties of the developed sensor were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy. The modified electrode was used to detect dopamine (DA). Dopamine is an important catecholamines neurotransmitter which is known as “happy hormone”. It regulates various important body functions. But an abnormal range of dopamine in bodily fluid may lead to various diseases i.e., Parkinson disease, Alzheimer’s disease etc. This sensor can detect dopamine within the linear range of 0.1–10 μM, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.73μM (R2 = 0.98). Cyclic voltammetry was used to evaluate the performance of the sensor, in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) buffer with ferricyanide as the redox probe. The gear-shaped design has shown good repeatability and reproducibility. It has also shown a good selectivity in a ternary mixture of Uric Acid (UA) and Dopamine.
On Verification and Validation of Next Generation High-Pressure High-Temperature Fatigue Resistant Offshore Connector
Authors: Bansal Gaurav , Shenoy Mahesh , Ananthakrishnan Singaravelan , Marasamy Suresh , Esenyyazov Hemra 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
To satisfy growing world demand, the energy industry constantly seeks efficient and safe methods to produce oil and gas from new reserves. Exploration is being driven towards High-Pressure, High-Temperature HPHT wells which are characterized by hydrocarbons at greater than 15000 PSI (100 MPa) pressure and 350°F (180°C) temperature. These harsh conditions necessitate development of innovative tools to ensure safe and efficient operations.
While the tools and technologies developed for offshore operations vary across original equipment manufacturers (OEMs), the industry is converging on standardized acceptance criteria. Rigorous verification and validation, adhering to established ASME and API standards, are crucial for any new technology before being introduced in the field to ensure safe and efficient operations.
SLB OneSubsea developed a new family of 20000 PSI (138 MPa) rated tools for servicing deepwater fields in the US Gulf of Mexico. A key component of these modular tools is a novel 20,000 PSI (138 MPa) fatigue resistant threaded connector capable of withstanding environmental loads while deployed underwater. These loads are exacerbated by non-uniform thread geometry making fatigue an important mode of failure that needs to be well understood in addition to tension, bending, pressure, and sealing capabilities.
One such innovation was the 20000 PSI fatigue resistant turnbuckle connector. The connector simplifies assembly by functioning like a union — eliminating the need to rotate entire strings. The design underwent comprehensive verification through numerical simulations followed by rigorous testing of prototypes.
Protection of Electrical, Electronic, and Electromechanical Parts Against Increasing Random Vibrational Requirements in Space
Authors: Martin Alexander 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The increasing size and complexity of Space Launch Vehicles (SLVs) have led to higher random vibration requirements for spacecraft instruments and electronic components. This paper examines the protection of vibration-sensitive electrical, electronic, and electromechanical (EEE) parts on the Interstellar Mapping Acceleration Probe (IMAP) mission from acceleration loads experienced by SpaceX’s Falcon 9 LV. A finite element model of the Power Distribution Unit (PDU) is presented, revealing acceleration responses of critical EEE parts exceeding vendor test levels. Through modeling, simulation, and hardware correlation, a notched test profile is derived to attenuate component responses while meeting specific requirements. The resulting Protoflight test profile for the flight PDU demonstrated no mechanical or electrical anomalies during testing. This research provides insights into detecting and mitigating high acceleration responses in EEE parts for future space missions utilizing larger SLVs or operating in high random vibration environments.
Heat Transfer Labs in the Context of Practice - Making It Real
Authors: Fleischmann Shirley 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Heat Transfer is an extremely practical topic and is often a required course in a mechanical engineering curriculum. However, many students find it to be difficult, primarily due to the complexity of the mathematical modeling involved and the challenge of connecting these models to real-world applications. To many students, the Heat Transfer course seems more like an applied mathematics course. Over the years, and particularly post-COVID, students have had difficulty in visualizing many mathematical concepts, making it especially difficult to connect these concepts practical applications. This paper describes an approach to the lab that begins with shared experiences and then deliberately builds the underlying understanding and skills needed to help students connect their “real-world” observations to mathematical expressions in what many students see as an unrelated “virtual world” of analysis. This approach has been developed over more than 30 years teaching both heat transfer lectures and labs in an engineering program that strongly values a “hands-on” approach to engineering education. Careful timing in presenting ideas is crucial, along with an understanding of how students learn and mentally process concepts. While a full semester of weekly lab experiences has been developed and successfully implemented, this paper will focus on a specific lab project: heat load analysis of a building. The project will be described within the context of the supporting experiments.
Medical Device Validation: State of the Art and Benefits of X-In-The-Loop Framework Implementation
Authors: Grau Raphael , Ens Pia , Bause Katharina , Düser Tobias 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In the healthcare industry, safety and efficacy of medical devices is crucial for the protection of patients and practitioners. Medical device development is a complex process dominated by different guidelines and regulatory demands. A systematic and continuous verification and validation is central to the development process, as it provides a structured approach to ensure that medical devices comply with regulatory requirements and fulfill their intended use. There is a great need for methodological support in medical technology product development. In co-operation Getinge AB a framework for the verification and validation of blood temperature control devices at an early stage of development is being drafted and compared with frameworks identified through a systematic literature review. This paper outlines the need for and key aspects of a general validation framework and introduces the X-in-the-loop (XiL) approach known from the automotive industry as a possible framework to be applied and adapted to the medical engineering sector. It recognizes the strengths of IPEK -XiL for system of systems development and validation and transfers these to the equally complex cyber-physical or single hardware/software medical device domain. With the transfer of the XiL framework to medical engineering a focus on applicability and credibility compliments the iterative development process in the highly regulated marked, thereby encouraging medical device innovation.
Computer Numerical Control Integration Into the Undergraduate Mechanical Engineering Curriculum
Authors: Ochoa Roman , Stewart Trae , Santiago Gabriella , Stanton Matthew , Clumpner Brandon , Hoyer Brodie , Nowicki Margaret 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Current instruction of manufacturing processes at the United States Military Academy utilizes manual knee mills for milling instruction. However, Computer Numerical Control (CNC) Milling Machines are standard to modern industry and have the potential to modernize the undergraduate engineering curriculum. The objective of the study is to determine the benefits and limitations of using a small and affordable CNC machine, the HAAS Desktop Mill, to integrate instruction of CNC machining into an undergraduate level manufacturing course. It was determined that it is possible to use this machine to effectively teach CNC milling on a limited range of materials. This paper outlines the process of adapting current curriculum to include comprehensive CNC machining instruction, from Computer Aided Design (CAD) modeling to the final CNC manufacturing steps. Additionally, the paper discusses material and time considerations inherent to the integration of the new machines into existing projects. The study aims to create a scalable model that could be applied in other undergraduate level programs, enhancing students’ familiarity with industry-standard technology and processes.
Vibrational Response of Boron Nitride Nanofiller in Epoxy Nanocomposites- An Experimental Study
Authors: Rodriguez Luis Rafael Miranda , Tendolkar Shalaka , Wilson Kyra , Yung Crystal , Klimentos Spiro , Norris Andrew , Singer Jonathan P. , Pelegri Assimina A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The vibrational response of epoxy-A is evaluated as a function of a mixture of boron nitride nanotubes and hexagonal boron nitride (BNNT/h-BN) concentration and aging. This study pursues neat resin and resin with BNNT/h-BN of different concentrations 0.1/0.24 and 0.5/1.21 wt.%. Cantilever beam specimens are excited in agreement with ASTM E756-05 from low 100 Hz to 500 Hz frequencies by an automated electromagnetic shaker using a sine frequency input from a waveform generator. From this testing, the second and third resonant modes of the materials are obtained and analyzed using contactless laser position sensors. This analysis obtains the output over input in the form of compliance, and material properties such as the loss factor and Young’s modulus are also obtained. The results show that the epoxy-A resin has remarkable properties for strength and dampening. The addition of nanofiller at the 0.1/0.24 concentration presented several reductions of properties due to its propensity to produce voids and a lack of interconnectivity of constrained regions. Despite this, the 0.1/0.24 concentration could still preserve the material during aging and continued testing. The nanofiller concentration of 0.5/1.21 increased Young’s modulus in the sample and, after aging, showed an increase in both the loss factor and Young’s modulus, which is a remarkable finding. It is theorized that the increase in BNNT allowed a synergistic effect in BNNT/h-BN interactions with the polymer, and the slightly hydrophilic properties of h-BN assisted in enhancing the interconnection between filler and matrix. This is further evidenced by the distinct reduction of bubble content in the 0.5/1.21 mix.
Experimental Investigations of Wind Shear From Passing Vehicles
Authors: Begum Assma , Rahai Hamid , Moffit Ryan , Bonifacio Jeremy 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Experimental investigations and field tests of wind shear from passing a vehicle have been performed. The goal of the investigation was to experimentally assess wind energy potential from passing vehicles on freeways and highways for electric power generation. The experiments were performed in an open-circuit low-speed wind tunnel at a free-stream mean velocity of 23 m/s. Five PVC Pipes of 6 cm OD and 90 cm long were placed on a flat plate platform adjacent to the wind-blowing domain in the streamwise direction at 2D from each other. The pipes simulate the columns under a freeway overpass. A scaled Ahmad body with dimensions of 17.36 cm height, 15.67 cm width, and 52.7 cm length was used as the vehicle. The spanwise distance between the Ahmad body and the pipes was 0.75 w where w is the width of the vehicle. The middle pipe was used as a reference pipe for circumferential and vertical pressure measurements. The streamwise locations of the vehicle were according to our previous transient numerical simulations as the vehicle approached and passed the columns at 0.1–0.5 sec.
Field tests were performed using a moving scaled Ahmad body. The vehicle speed was measured by a hand-held speed gun with an accuracy of 0.44 m/sec. and was approximately 22 miles/hr (10 m/sec.). Wind measurements were made at 0.75W adjacent to a vertical wall with static and total pressure taps. Results verified the corresponding wind tunnel results and showed a maximum transient wind of 10 m/sec. from passing of the vehicle. These results were in agreement with our previous simulation results [12, 13] where a wind speed equivalent to the vehicle’s speed was obtained up to 0.5w from the vehicle in the spanwise direction and from the vehicle’s bottom to near the top of the vehicle in the vertical direction.
Unlocking the Potential of Oscillating Water Columns: A Design Exploration for Improved Efficiency
Authors: Rodriguez-Alava Luis , Barzola-Monteses Julio , Ordoñez-Saca Brayan , Santana-Villamar Jordy , Espinoza-Andaluz Mayken 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Over time, efforts to harness and access renewable energy have progressed significantly. One notable application in this area is the use of ocean resources. Specifically, this paper highlights wave energy converters (WEC), devices designed to capture energy from wave oscillations. The focus is on the Oscillating Water Column (OWC) configuration, a coastal infrastructure like a breakwater with a wave capture chamber that confines wave motion. This configuration aims to mimic the operation of a cylinder-piston system, facilitating bidirectional air movement to generate electricity via a turbine, thereby converting mechanical energy from the rotor into electrical power via a generator. Subsequent research will explore parameters to improve the design and efficiency of OWCs. It includes design variables such as frequency analysis, the impact of ocean wavelengths on shorelines, and their effect on chamber inclination, dimensions, wall thickness ratio, and skirt draft, which is essential for optimal oscillating water mass in the chamber. In addition, the optimal cross-sectional geometry of the chamber is explored, with a U-shape being advocated under certain conditions. Finally, despite its limitations, the Wells turbine is evaluated as a superior choice for its functionality and application, and an optimal configuration is advocated to maximize efficiency and electrical output.
Digital Twin-Enabled Real-Time Ultrasonic Assessment for Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Pozhanka Mariya , Stidham Brayden , Zagrai Andrei 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The proposed DT prototype is underpinned by an approach that dynamically adjusts printing process parameters based on real-time monitoring of the material’s elastic properties. The main goal of this development is to prevent possible defects and to ensure that the desired material properties are achieved throughout the printing process. Parameters including nozzle temperature, layer thickness, and print speed are identified as key factors in controlling the elastic properties of the material. The digital twin utilizes data obtained from sound velocity measurements using ultrasonic (UT) transducers placed under the printer’s build plate. These measurements serve as critical metrics for evaluating the elastic properties of the printed material. The fundamental database for digital twin functionality is created by collecting and analyzing sound speed measurements on PLA samples that are printed using various combinations of printing process parameters. By analyzing the measurement results, a response surface is created that relates the elastic properties of the material to the printing process parameters. Utilizing the data on sound speed within the material and the printing process parameters, the DT offers insights into the elastic properties of the printed part. This enables the adjustment of the printing process to obtain desirable properties and avoid the possible formation of defects. The integration of a digital twin that includes a print response surface is expected to significantly improve control over the outcome of the printing process. This comprehensive approach demonstrates great potential in controlling additive manufacturing to achieve and validate desired material properties.
Manufacture and In-Vitro Test of Thin and Flexible Polycarbonate Urethane for Use as a Knee Implant
Authors: Ramos Gonzalez Maria , O’Toole Brendan 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Millions of people suffer from pain and limiting mobility with the onset of knee osteoarthritis (OA), which can afflict people at any age. Surgical interventions, such as total knee replacements (TKRs), offer a “cure” to knee OA by completely removing the knee joint and replacing it with metal and plastic implants. The surgical procedure is invasive and may result in a painful and slow recovery process. As traditional TKRs erode with prolonged use, plastic and metal wear particles may result in periprosthetic osteolysis, requiring another invasive surgical procedure to remove the particles. Polycarbonate urethanes (PCUs) have shown tremendous potential in applications involving long-term friction and wear. One potential application of PCUs is as a material intended for knee implants, specifically to mitigate the debilitating erosion of articular cartilage and bone prevalent in knee OA. ChronoFlex®, an FDA approved PCU, is already used for various human implants, but it has not been applied as a load bearing implant. This study focused on manufacturing ChronoFlex® samples for potential use as a knee implant material. To validate ChronoFlex® as a potential PCU for use as a knee implant material, thin-film rectangular samples 0.25 mm thick were mounted on a custom-built knee simulator’s femoral component to be cyclically worn against an ultra-high molecular weight (UHMW) polyethylene (PE) tibial component.
The in-vitro test protocol consisted of 5 thin-film samples axially loaded with a cyclical wear cycle of 0.5 Hz. 1 thin-film sample was only axially loaded as the control specimen. A wear test of 50,000 cycles with wear measurements at 10,000 cycle intervals was defined using ISO 14243 as a testing guideline. The 5 cyclically loaded samples ruptured with a maximum cycle count of 1860. None of the samples showed statistically significant wear. Future tests with increased sample thickness are proposed to mitigate failure of the test samples and enable long-term wear testing. If validated with long-term wear testing, ChronoFlex® would provide an alternative biomaterial for knee implants, possibly eliminating periprosthetic osteolysis as the knee implant wears, prolonging a patient’s need for further revision knee surgeries.
Towards Design and Preliminary Evaluation of an MRI-Conditional Robot for Needle-Based Prostate Interventions – Enabling Needle Bending via a Tendon-Driven Notched Needle
Authors: Padasdao Blayton , Imanaka Rex , Konh Bardia 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most prevalent cancer type among men. According to the American Cancer Society, about 1 in 8 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer in their lifetime. Recently, advancements in needle-based prostate interventions for diagnoses and treatments such as biopsy and brachytherapy have been making large strides. In particular, needle insertions under magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) guidance have gained significant tractions. MRI provides excellent imaging feedback to track and visualize the needle inside the body that is valuable for accurate needle placement. On the other hand, active needles have shown potential to improve needle guidance along curved trajectories towards target(s). In previous works, we presented a tendon-driven needle to realize bi-directional bending at the needle tip using two internal tendons. This work introduces an MRI-conditional robot for MRI-guided tendon-driven active needle insertions. The robot is designed, fabricated, and assembled with MRI-compatible materials, sensors, and actuators to enable needle insertion and needle bending. Two piezoelectric motors equipped with encoders which were responsible for independently pulling the tendons. A displacement control was applied to realize a desired bending angle at the needle tip with position feedback of an electromagnetic sensor attached at the needle tip. It was shown that the robot and actuators can realize a desired bending angle with an average error and average absolute error of less than 0.5 and 2 degrees, respectively.
Jet Formation Following Droplet Impact on an Inclined Microholed Hydrophilic Substrate
Authors: Nath Tushar , Shondhi Sakib Sadat , Tan Hua , Alam Md Nur E. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Given its wide-ranging applications, the dynamics of liquid droplet impact on diverse surfaces has been extensively investigated. While much of the existing research focuses on droplet impacts on horizontal hydrophobic surfaces, it’s worth noting that droplets often collide with inclined or moving surfaces in practical scenarios. Hence it is important to understand the physics related to such oblique impact of the droplet. Our present study focuses on the study of the oblique impacts. A microholed hydrophilic surface has been set at different inclination angles from 0° to 30° with an interval of 5°. Almost constant size droplets have been released through a micropipette tip using a syringe pump. The height of the release of the droplet was varied for every inclination angle to vary the impact velocity of the droplet. We focused on the normal impact velocity component and normal Weber number (WeN) in the study. We have found the time for maximum spread quite independent of the inclination angle for a certain normal Weber number (WeN). It is observed that the normalized maximum spreading dia. of the droplet remains almost constant for certain normal Weber number at different inclination angles and it follows a power law as βm ∼ WeN0.27. Our power law model closely aligns with theoretical models discussed in the literature. The jet velocities at different inclinations have been found to vary linearly with the normal impact velocity and it has been found to increase at higher angles which can be described by the reduction in the effective area of the substrate hole at higher angles. The correlations between pinch-off time and maximum length of the jet before breakup have also been discussed.