bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The idea of the author
Authors: Bennett Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William Wordsworth’s Preface to the second edition of Lyrical Ballads (1800) was written as a defence of the poems collected in those two extraordinary, ground-breaking volumes. In order to defend his often rather odd poems from what he felt had already been a hasty and unjust reception, Wordsworth developed an extended analysis of the nature of poetry itself. Revising the Preface in 1802, he elaborated this point by exploring a related but prior question: ‘Taking up the subject, then, upon general grounds’, he says, ‘I ask what is meant by the word poet? What is a poet?’ Wordsworth’s question marks a turning-point in the history of literature and literary criticism and expresses what we might take to be a central legacy of Romanticism.
Romanticism in the electronic age
Authors: Miall David S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The computer has a place in the Romantic period. Byron’s daughter Ada was born in December 1815, a few months before Byron left England following the breakdown of his marriage. She grew up to become a competent mathematician, and worked with Charles Babbage on programmes for his Calculating Engines, generally considered the prototype of the modern computer (although they were not built in Ada’s lifetime— she died in 1852).
The Use of Masks 1n Modern Performances of Greek Drama
Authors: Wiles David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The appeal of Greek tragedy today stems not just from its content, its handling of themes like women, war, and democracy, but from its formal properties which present a unique challenge to modern actors and directors. Though the most obvious aspect is the chorus (on which see Zeitlin, above, Chapter 2, and Fischer-Lichte, below, Chapter 13), I have chosen to focus this chapter on the mask.
American Jewry
Authors: Waxman Chaim I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of American Judaism reflects both the experiences of various groups of immigrants and the cultural patterns of American society. Indeed, the latter may be even more important because, in every society and especially an open one such as the United States, the culture of the society influences groups within the society. The first Jewish communities in the United States were created by Sephardim, who arrived to escape the Spanish Inquisitions. The initial communities were in New York, Philadelphia, Newport, Charleston, and Savanna.
In What Sense are Ancient Ethical Norms Universal?
Authors: Gill Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is an important strand in modern thought which links moral rules or norms closely with universality. Moral rules are seen as ones which, necessarily or by definition, apply universally; universality of application is also sometimes linked with impartiality. Moral rules are also sometimes thought to be determined by a process of universalization or to be based on a universal principle. Also, ethical objectivity is often conceived as based on universality.
The Look and Feel of Virtue
Authors: Sherman Nancy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On a grey Monday morning in early January, 1997, I pulled into the gates at the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland. A marine sentinel, with a ‘high and tight’ haircut barely visible under his ‘cover’, saluted me with one hand, and waved me in with another. On that day, I was to begin what would turn into a two-and-a-half-year ‘tour of duty’ as a visiting Chair in ethics.
Thinking Literary Silence: A Theoretical Exploration
Authors: Loevlie Elisabeth Marie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The overall aim of this chapter is to develop a theoretical framework that can inform a further understanding of the dynamic of literary silence. I consider this aim to be twofold. On the one hand I shall define a general theoretical framework and on the other hand I shall develop and define a set of theoretical concepts. Primarily this will lead to a vocabulary that can stake out the theoretical direction for thinking literary silence as a phenomenon. My aim is to create associations and nuances that can describe literary silence as a theoretical concept, and that can distinguish and refine our relationship to the phenomenon. I shall draw on numerous theoretical concepts that can shed light on literary silence.
Interlude. From rousseau to beckett: the opening of the ‘third mode’ of language
Authors: Loevlie Elisabeth Marie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To move from Rousseau’s pre-romantic Rêveries to Beckett’s trilogy is to approach a fundamentally different context of thought. There is a need, consequently, to pause and consider this shift before moving on to Beckett. Such is the motivation behind this Interlude. The overall intention is to trace the shift in question and attempt to disentangle the relevant consequences for the exploration of literary silence in the trilogy. Emerging in the twentieth century, Beckett’s intellectual, artistic and historical frameworks have undergone dramatic changes that in turn echo through his work and that clearly set him apart from both Pascal and Rousseau. With what can be called the turn into modernism, new vistas of thought opened up that were previously unavailable. More specifically, a preoccupation emerged regarding the dynamics of language itself. Increasingly language becomes a central object of literary and philosophical reflection, and the result is a raised level of awareness regarding the complexities of the symbolic mode. This seems to bring about a similar will to explore the dynamics of silence with renewed awareness. This reflective focus on silence also affects manners of thinking silence in relation to the literary or poetic expression. In the light of literary silence it is therefore the increased reflective awareness regarding silence that characterizes the shift from Rousseau to Beckett.
‘Le plus beau et le plus meschant esprit que ie aye cogneu ‘: Science and Religion in the Writings of Giulio Cesare Vanini, 1585-1619
Authors: Davidson Nicholas S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vanini’s heterodoxy was recognized in his own lifetime. Ascanio Spinola, for example, the minister of the London Italian Church, who met him in 1612, believed him ‘to bee of no religion, but a profane person, a filthy speaker and a grosse fornicatour ‘, and he prohibited Vanini from preaching in his Church. His books were swiftly condemned too: the Sorbonne repudiated his De admirandis on I October 1616, just a month after its publication. His execution as an atheist and blasphemer on the orders of the Parlement of Toulouse at the tender age of 34 confirmed this reputation. The earliest surviving report of his death described his beliefs as diabolical and scandalous, and the vicar-general of the archbishop of Toulouse issued a condemnation of his two published books in the summer of 1620. The De admirandis was added to the Catholic Church’s official Index of Prohibited Books in 1623.
‘The true frame of Nature ‘: Isaac Newton, Heresy, and the Reformation of Natural Philosophy
Authors: Snobelen Stephen D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So then ‘twas one designe of the first institution of the true religion to propose to mankind by the frame of the ancient Temples, the study of the frame of the world as the true Temple of the great God they worshipped. And thence it was that the Priests anciently were above other men well skilled in the knowledge of the true frame of Nature & accounted it a great part of their Theology.
Joining Natural Philosophy to Christianity: The Case of Joseph Priestley
Authors: Brooke John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his memoirs Joseph Priestley recalled that, from an early age, he had been ‘much distressed ‘ that he ‘could not feel a proper repent-ance for the sin of Adam; taking it for granted that, without this, it could not be forgiven me ‘. His deviation from orthodoxy was to extend in many directions during his life, but he was never to forget his mortification at being denied communion in the congregation he had always attended. The elders of the Independent Chapel at Heck-mondwike in the West Riding of Yorkshire ‘refused me, because, when they interrogated me on the subject of the sin of Adam, I appeared not to be quite orthodox ‘. He could not think that the entire human race was liable to the wrath of God and the eternal pains of hell on account of that sin only.
Judicial Plaint and Peasant Plaint
Authors: Scase Wendy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From near the beginning of the reign of Edward I comes one of the earliest, fullest, and most intriguing descriptions of complaint in the medieval English courts. The passage quoted above is from the Poem on Disputed Villein Services, an eighty-three-line macaronic poem which recounts how some tenants of Leicester Abbey brought, and lost, a case against their lord in the king’s court. Motivated by ‘a thousand oppressions’, the villagers of Stoughton confidently take their plaint to the king’s court. Once they are at the court, the sergeant warns them that a jury will dispute their claim, while the cost of paying a pleader proves prohibitive.
Caring as Relation and Virtue in Teaching
Authors: Noddings Nel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Caring may refer to a desirable attribute of relations or to a virtue possessed by a moral agent. As a virtue, it seems to be more difficult to describe than other virtues. Under what conditions should we credit a person with the virtue of caring? Surely, it is not sufficient for a person to claim— however sincerely— that she or he cares. We have to know something about what he or she does and with what effect. Indeed, when people say, ‘Caring is not enough,’ it is usually because they construe caring as an attitude or expression of concern, and they quite rightly regard this as insufficient.
Environmental Virtue Ethics
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Environmental ethics is concerned with the articulation and defence of what I shall call ‘the green belief’— the belief, namely, that a fairly radical change in the way we engage with nature is imperative. Environmental virtue ethics, then, is concerned with articulating and defending the green belief in virtue ethics terms, rather than in the terms of its two rivals, utilitarianism and deontology. This chapter is about what an environmental virtue ethics might be like. I consider two significantly different versions.
Creation and The World OF Science
Authors: Peacocke Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A. R. Peacocke’s Creation and the World of Science, an expanded version of his 1978 Bampton Lectures, was widely recognized as a key work on the relation of the sciences to religion, in general, and Christian theology in particular. It has long been seen as a formative contribution to the wide-ranging investigations which now, internationally, constitute this intensely active field. This new reprinting contains the original and influential text and also contains a new supplement containing key references to the literature of recent years as well as indicating the author’s current position on central themes. It constitutes an essential reference and starting point for the contemporary discussion of key issues in the dialogue between the sciences and theology.
No Fool’s Cold: Notes on Illusions of Possibility
Authors: Yablo Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A lot of philosophers are pessimistic about conceivability evidence. They think it does not prove, or even go very far towards justifying, interesting modal conclusions. A number of other philosophers are optimistic; they think it does justify, and perhaps even establish beyond a reasonable doubt, that lots of interesting things arc possible. Nothing very surprising there. What is slightly surprising is that both groups can claim to find support for their attitude in the work of Saul Kripke. Pessimists say: Kripke shows that conceivability evidence is highly and systematically fallible. Very often E seems possible, when as a matter of fact, £-worlds cannot be. So it is, for instance, with the seeming possibility of water in the absence of hydrogen, or of Hesperus distinct from Phosphorus, or of this table turning out to be made of ice.
Quixotic Fictions of the USA 1792–1815
Authors: Wood Sarah F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quixotic Fictions of the USA 1792-1815 explores the conflicted and conflicting interpretations of Don Quixote available to and deployed by disenchanted writers of America's new republic. It argues that the legacy of Don Quixote provided an ambiguous cultural icon and ironic narrative stance that enabled authors to critique with impunity the ideological fictions shoring up their fractured republic. Close readings of works such as Modern Chivalry, Female Quixotism, and The Algerine Captive reveal that the fiction from this period repeatedly engaged with Cervantes's narrative in order to test competing interpretations of republicanism, to interrogate the new republic's multivalent crises of authority, and to question both the possibility and the desirability of an isolationist USA and an autonomous 'American' literature. Sarah Wood's study is the first book-length publication to examine the role of Don Quixote in early American literature. Exploring the extent to which the literary culture of North America was shaped by a diverse range of influences, it addresses an issue of growing concern to scholars of American history and literature. Quixotic Fictions reaffirms the global reach of Cervantes's influence and explores the complex, contradictory ways in which Don Quixote helped shape American fiction at a formative moment in its development.
Walking through Cathedrals: Scholars, Pilgrims, and Medieval Tourists
Authors: Trigg Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Institutions and practices of contemporary medieval tourism and heritage culture raise powerful questions for medievalists about the uses and significance of the medieval past. These questions take us far beyond our rarefied discussions of the interpretation and meaning of medieval texts and events, towards an interrogation of our role in perpetuating or challenging general understandings of tradition and heritage for particular communities. This essay takes its epigraph from Umberto Eco as a starting-point for a meditation on the experience of visiting medieval religious sites, in our various capacities as medieval scholars, as pilgrims, and as tourists.
Modernism and Democracy
Authors: Potter Rachel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anglo-American modernist writing and modern mass democratic states emerged at the same time, during the period of 1900-1930. Yet writers such as T. S. Eliot, W. B. Yeats, Ezra Pound, Wyndham Lewis, and Ford Madox Ford were notoriously hostile to modern democracies. They often defended, in contrast, anti-democratic forms of cultural authority. Since the late 1970s, however, our understanding of modernist culture has altered as previously marginalised writers, in particular women such as Gertrude Stein, Djuna Barnes, H.D., and Mina Loy, have been reassessed. Not only has the picture of Anglo-American modernist culture changed significantly, but the understanding of the relationship between modernist writing and politics has also shifted. Rachel Potter here reassess the relationship between modernism and democracy by analysing the wide range of different reactions by modernist writers to the new democracies. She charts the changes in the ideas of democracy as a result of the shift from liberal to mass democracies after the First World War and of women's entrance into the political and cultural spheres. By uncovering hitherto-unanalysed essays by a number of feminist writers she argues that in fact there was a widespread scepticism about the consequences of mass democracy for women's liberation, and that this scepticism was central to the work of women modernist writers.
Introduction
Authors: Potter Rachel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The emergence of modernist literature coincided with the birth of the mass democratic state. Yet Anglo-American modernists are notorious for their hostility to democracy and liberalism. As Ezra Pound put it in 1914, ‘The artist has been at peace with his oppressors for long enough. He has dabbled in democracy and he is now done with that folly … The aristocracy of entail and of title has decayed, the aristocracy of commerce is decaying, the aristocracy of the arts is ready again for its service.’ Pound’s words announce the political terms of a new literary agenda. He debunks the artist’s enslavement to democracy and literary commerce, and imagines a new legislative role for the famously ‘unacknowledged’ poet legislators of Shelley’s fancy.
‘No artist can ever love democracy’: Modernism
and Democracy 1907–1914
Authors: Potter Rachel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the period of 1909–14, the arts were significantly reshaped in Britain and the United States. The poetic and prose experiments of Anglo-American modernists would culminate in the publication of The Waste Land, Ulysses, and the Later Poems of Yeats in 1922, and the revised Cantos in 1923. In this chapter I will focus on the intellectual context of the pre-war period. In particular, I ask what language was available to writers for understanding the nature of sexual difference during this period when there were wider political debates about the status of liberalism and democracy. Women’s enfranchisement, in particular, became a central political and intellectual issue, and prosuffragists (ranging from pro-suffrage liberal politicians to members of theWomen’s Social and Political Union (WSPU) in Britain) employed a liberal discourse of rights and equality to argue their case. In the process, they tended to presuppose a highly legalistic and rational account of liberty and female subjectivity.
Nineteenth-Century Religion and Literature: An Introduction
Authors: Knight Mark , Mason Emma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recent scholarship in nineteenth-century literary studies consistently recognizes the profound importance of religion, even as it marginalizes the topic. There are few, if any, challenging yet manageable introductions to religion and literature in the long-nineteenth century, a factor that serves to fuel scholars' neglect of theological issues. This book aims to show how religion, specifically Christianity, is integral to the literature and culture of this period. It provides close readings of popular texts and integrates these with accessible explanations of complex religious ideas. Written by two scholars who have published widely on religion and literature, the book offers a detailed grounding in the main religious movements of the period 1750-1914. The dominant traditions of High Anglicanism, Tractarianism, Evangelicalism, and Roman Catholicism are contextualized by preceding chapters addressing dissenting culture (primarily Presbyterianism, Methodism, Unitarianism and Quakerism), and the question of secularization is considered in the light of the diversity and capacity for renewal within the Christian faith. Throughout the book the authors untangle theological and church debates in a manner that highlights the privileged relationship between religion and literature in the period. The book also gives readers a language to approach and articulate their own "religious" readings of texts, texts that are often concerned with slippery subjects, such as the divine, the non-material and the nature of religious experience. Refusing to shut down religious debate by offering only narrow or fixed definitions of Christian traditions, the book also questions the demarcation of sacred material from secular, as well as connecting the vitality of religion in the period to a broader literary culture.
Pythian 3 Fire and Immortality
Authors: Currie Bruno 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pythian 3 was composed for Hieron of Syracuse. Its date and occasion are controversial. A terminus post quem is Hieron’s founding of Aitna in 476/5 bc (69 AItvomv £evov). Moreover, Hieron at the time of the ode was ailing; we know that he was suffering from ‘gallstones’ (?) from at least the battle of Cyme in 474 bc. The actual occasion is not easy to determine.
Plotinus’ Cosmology
Authors: Wilberding James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Ennead II.1 (40) Plotinus is primarily concerned to argue for the everlastingness of the universe, the heavens, and the heavenly bodies as individual substances. Here he must grapple both with the philosophical issue of personal identity through time and with the rich tradition of cosmology which pitted the Platonists against the Aristotelians and Stoics. What results is a historically informed cosmological sketch explaining the constitution of the heavens as well as sublunar and celestial motion. This book contains an extensive introduction aimed at providing the necessary background in Platonic, Aristotelian, and Stoic cosmology, the text itself, and a line-by-line commentary designed to elucidate its philosophical, philological and historical details.
Henri Michaux
Authors: Rigaud-Drayton Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Henri Michaux is widely recognized as a major twentieth-century French poet and painter. Although his fascination with universal languages has attracted the attention of several of his critics, it has up until now been treated as a marginal concern. Henri Michaux: Poetry, Painting, and the Universal Sign argues that his ideas on what might constitute a universal language are central to an understanding of his works. It suggests that both his ambivalent articulation of his relationship to the languages and literary traditions of his native Belgium and adoptive France, and his efforts simultaneously to exacerbate and subvert the differences between words and images, are rooted in Enlightenment theories of the relationship of the self to nature and its language Rigaud-Drayton's study makes a substantial and original contribution to the study of this complex artist, exploring the intricate relationships between word and image in his poetry and paintings, and his quest for a single, unifying language or sign.
How to Write
Authors: Fowler Alastair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How to Write is an introductory guide to writing, aimed at people who think they can't write, or for whom writing is an ordeal. Broken down into short topic-based chapters on everything from beginning to revising, it demystifies the writing process by taking the reader through each stage necessary to bring a piece of writing to a decent finish. The book also offers a wealth of invaluable practical considerations, including when and where to write, when to printout and when to edit onscreen, what type of pen works well for revisions, and the hazards of the paperclip. The author is a seasoned writer whose encouraging but uncompromising guidance will delight as well as instruct. Offering practical advice in a lucid, no-nonsense style, How to Write will be ideal for both students and professional people who need to write during the course of their work.
Pen and Computer
Authors: Fowler Alastair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You can write only with your brain; but whether to process your thoughts with a computer or pen and paper is your first practical choice as a writer. I suppose it is still possible to ignore the computer and write just with pencil and paper. A surprising number of writers, including Martin Amis, A. S. Byatt, Ted Hughes, John Irving, Joyce Carol Oates, Susan Sontag, John Updike, and Edmund White prefer longhand for serious writing.
Word Order
Authors: Fowler Alastair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In English, much of the meaning of a sentence is conveyed through the order of its words. We expect the sequence subject–verb–object as a matter of course: ‘dog bites man’ means something very different from ‘man bites dog’. If you are a native speaker, choosing a word order is not usually regarded as a difficult part of writing. All you need do is read a sentence over and you know at once whether the words follow a natural, idiomatic sequence.