bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unconventional interactions between water and heterocyclic nitrogens in protein structures
Authors: Stollar Elliott J. , Gelpí Jose Luis , Velankar Sameer , Golovin Adel , Orozco Modesto , Luisi Ben F. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractWe report an unusual interaction in which a water molecule approaches the heterocyclic nitrogen of tryptophan and histidine along an axis that is roughly perpendicular to the aromatic plane of the side chain. The interaction is distinct from the well‐known conventional aromatic hydrogen‐bond, and it occurs at roughly the same frequency in protein structures. Calculations indicate that the water–indole interaction is favorable energetically, and we find several cases in which such contacts are conserved among structural orthologs. The indole–water interaction links side chains and peptide backbone in turn regions, connects the side chains in β‐sheets, and bridges secondary elements from different domains. We suggest that the water–indole interaction can be indirectly responsible for the quenching of tryptophan fluorescence that is observed in the folding of homeodomains and, possibly, many other proteins. We also observe a similar interaction between water and the imidazole nitrogens of the histidine side chain. Taken together, these observations suggest that the unconventional water–indole and water–imidazole interactions provide a small but favorable contribution to protein structures. Proteins 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measles virus receptors: SLAM and CD46
Authors: Dhiman Neelam , Jacobson Robert M. , Poland Gregory A. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe success of vaccination against measles in developed countries has significantly reduced the incidence of measles‐related morbidity and mortality. However, measles is still the leading cause of mortality in children from underdeveloped countries due to low vaccination coverage, high transmissibility of the measles virus as well as primary and secondary vaccine failure. As with any viral disease, the identification of the host molecule to which the measles virus binds and gains entry into the host cell is a major step in understanding the molecular pathology of the disease. Two cell surface receptors, CD46 and signaling lymphocyte‐activation molecule (SLAM), have been identified as measles virus receptors. CD46 is ubiquitously expressed on all nucleated cells and acts as a receptor for the Edmonston strain and all vaccine strains derived from it. SLAM is selectively expressed on some T and B cells and is utilised by the Edmonston strain and wild‐type strains that cannot use CD46 for cell entry. Understanding the structural and functional variations in measles virus receptors with regard to host response can facilitate the development of new vaccines as well as provide new insights into measles virus tropism and pathogenesis and, importantly, into possible mechanisms for vaccine non‐response. Our review focuses on the structure of measles virus receptors, measles virus receptor function, isoforms and polymorphic forms. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enterovirus uveitis
Authors: Lashkevich Vasilii A. , Koroleva Galina A. , Lukashev Alexander N. , Denisova Ekaterina V. , Katargina Ludmila A. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractEnterovirus uveitis (EU) is a new infant eye disease that was first observed in 1980. Three distinct subtypes of human echoviruses, EV19/K, EV11/A and EV11/B, caused five hospital outbreaks of EU in different Siberian cities in 1980–1989, affecting approximately 750 children, predominantly below 1 year of age. Sporadic EU cases were also retrospectively diagnosed in other regions of Russia and in different countries of the Former Soviet Union. The illness was characterised by rapid iris destruction and severe complications, including cataract and glaucoma. The disease has been a subject of intensive studies and was reproduced in lower primates after intraocular inoculation of isolated enterovirus strains. Importantly, prototype EV11 and EV19 strains did not induce notable disease in experimental monkeys. Some of the EU‐causing strains were shown to be similar phylogenetically and in their pathogenetic properties to the enterovirus strains associated with multisystem hemorrhagic disease of newborns. In this review we present a summary of the vast epidemiological, virological, clinical and experimental data on this new form of ophthalmic infection. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prospects of HIV‐1 entry inhibitors as novel therapeutics
Authors: Pierson Theodore C. , Doms Robert W. , Pöhlmann Stefan 
Published: July 2004

AbstractA great deal of progress has been made in understanding the mechanism of human immunodeficiency virus entry into target cells. Landmark discoveries such as the identification of viral coreceptors and the structure of a portion of the viral envelope protein (Env) bound to its receptor provided important insight into how Env mediates fusion of the viral and cellular membranes. This knowledge has been successfully applied to the development of inhibitors that target discrete steps of the entry process. Some of these compounds efficiently block HIV‐1 replication in vitro and are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. In this review, we will introduce the challenges of antiviral therapy and highlight the need for novel therapeutics, such as entry inhibitors, to complement current antiviral regimens. The mechanism by which Env mediates HIV‐1 entry and the therapeutic potential of small molecule inhibitors of this dynamic process will be discussed in detail. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Misperceptions of basic dynamics: the case of renewable resource management
Authors: Moxnes Erling 
Published: July 2004

AbstractPrevious laboratory experiments, using quite complex resource simulators, suggest that renewable resources are over‐utilised because of a general tendency for people to systematically misperceive the dynamics of bioeconomic systems. Here, similar experiments with simpliﬁed simulators involving the management of reindeer rangelands are carried out. Sufﬁcient information is given for the subjects to construct perfect mental models. Misperceptions persist for a simulator containing only the basic building block of all dynamic systems: one stock and two ﬂows. Results deteriorate in a second treatment where a two‐stock model is used. Compared to earlier studies using questionnaires, where subjects do not beneﬁt from repeated outcome feedback, the experiments show that, even in these simple systems, information feedback is not sufﬁcient to make up for misperceptions. Simulations are used to test two hypothesised decision rules: the optimal policy is rejected; a simple feedback rule is not. Altogether, the experiment and the simulations provide both a motivation for and an introduction to studies of system dynamics. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The dynamics of water scarcity on irrigated landscapes: Mazarrón and Aguilas in south‐eastern Spain
Authors: Fernández Julia Martínez , Selma Miguel Angel Esteve 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe new irrigated lands of Mazarrón and Aguilas, south‐east Spain, have led to the overexploitation of local aquifers and to seawater intrusion, water salinization and to declining water tables. This paper discusses a dynamic model developed to analyse the key socio‐economic and environmental factors driving the whole system. The New Irrigated Lands dynamic model includes ﬁve sectors: Irrigated Lands, Proﬁtability, Available Space, Water Resources and Pollution. The dynamic model simulates the environmental effects regarding water consumption by reference to aquifer levels, natural outﬂows through springs, piezometric levels and aquifer water salinity. The exploration of scenarios shows that current policies based on the increase in water resources do not eliminate the water deﬁcit problem because the feedback loops of the system lead to a further increase in irrigated land and continuation of the water deﬁcit. This demonstrates highly counter‐intuitive behaviour. This article constitutes a contribution to the analysis of intensive irrigated lands and water management in Spain, which is mostly lacking a systemic and dynamic approach. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A scoping and consensus building model of a toxic blue‐green algae bloom
Authors: Arquitt Steven , Johnstone Ron 
Published: July 2004

AbstractNuisance blooms of Lyngbya majuscula have been occurring with increasing frequency in tropical coastal waters around the world. Outbreaks of this cyanobacterium (blue‐green algae) threaten water quality, coastal ecosystems, and can be harmful in instances of human contact. While scientiﬁc and popular theories abound regarding Lyngbya bloom initiation and growth, a clear research agenda has not emerged. This article offers a scoping and consensus building model for the development of research directions. The model is based on the hypothesis that Lyngbya is iron limited and that blooms are initiated and perpetuated in response to increased bioavailable iron concentrations. Interacting model sectors for Lyngbya, bioavailable iron, dissolved oxygen, and seagrass have been developed. Simulations show that the occurrence of Lyngbya bloom is sensitive to a number of uncertain parameters and model structures, including inﬂows and decay times of organically complexed iron, Lyngbya maximum growth rate and half‐saturation constant for bioavailable iron, and bioturbation. Development of the ﬁrst stage scoping model is reported here, as are simulation results that are instrumental in setting priorities for empirical investigations and future simulation‐based research. It is expected that this model, after additional empirical work is completed, will lead to research and management models that will help set policy for community response to Lyngbya blooms. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental and resource systems: Editors' introduction
Authors: Cavana Robert Y. , Ford Andrew 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThis paper provides an introduction to the special issue on environmental and resource systems. The quantity and quality of previous system dynamics publications related to environmental and resource systems are brieﬂy outlined. The background to the special issue is provided, together with a summary and comparison of the ﬁve papers and models in the issue. The papers relate to forestry in Indonesia, irrigated lands in Spain, renewable resource management in Norway, wildlife management in USA and blue‐green algae bloom in the coastal waters of Australia. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cannabinoid CB2 receptors are expressed by perivascular microglial cells in the human brain: An immunohistochemical study
Authors: Núñez Estefanía , Benito Cristina , Pazos M. Ruth , Barbachano Antonio , Fajardo Otto , González Sara , Tolón Rosa M. , Romero Julián 
Published: July 2004

AbstractTwo types of cannabinoid receptors have been characterized so far, CB1 and CB2. While CB1 receptors are present both in the CNS and in the periphery, CB2 receptors showed an almost exclusive distribution within the immune system. We now report that CB2 receptors are present in a specific microglial cell type of the human cerebellum. Thus, we have performed immunohistochemical analysis of tissue sections of white matter areas of the human cerebellum and detected the presence of CB2 receptors in perivascular microglial cells. These findings match with the well‐known immunomodulatory role of CB2 receptors and open new perspectives on the possible role that these receptors may play in pathophysiological events. Synapse 53:208–213, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of iron‐gall inks in historical manuscripts and music compositions using x‐ray fluorescence spectrometry
Authors: Hahn O. , Malzer W. , Kanngiesser B. , Beckhoff B. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractThe qualitative and quantitative investigation of historical iron‐gall inks using micro‐XRF spectrometry is a suitable method for analyzing composition fingerprints of different ink types. The quantitative analysis is based on a model that takes into account the inhomogeneity and the layer structure of archaeometric samples. Starting from these composition fingerprints, it is possible to characterize distinguishable inks of one artist to classify different chronological ink types and, further, to date unknown fragments that have not so far been integrated into the lifework of an artist. The first qualitative and quantitative investigations of the manuscript ‘Faust I and II’ and of the music composition ‘The Magic Flute’ demonstrate impressively the identification of J. W. v. Goethe's and W. A. Mozart's artistic work with modern scientific methods. Further investigations on A. v. Arnim's manuscript ‘Studien zu Naturwissenschaften’ provide evidence that the diversity of various degradation mechanisms of iron‐gall inks could be mainly caused by different inorganic compositions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variant colourations of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in Newfoundland and Labrador nearshore waters
Authors: Gosse Karen R. , Wroblewski Joseph S. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAdult cod (Gadus morhua) inhabiting continental shelf waters of the Northwest Atlantic typically display a countershaded colouration: a dark back gradating to a light underbelly. Some cod in Newfoundland and Labrador inshore waters have predominantly brown or red pigmentation. Cod inhabiting Gilbert Bay in Labrador often have golden-brown colouration, likely the result of an invertebrate diet rich in carotenoids, and are known in the vernacular as the “golden cod of Labrador”. To determine the stability of these variant colourations, we captured cod from Gilbert Bay, held them in a net pen and fed them a diet of fish. Over the 12-week experimental period, the variant coloured cod lost much of their brown or red pigmentation, and became countershaded. Because of its impermanence when cod switch from invertebrate to fish prey, variant colouration of cod can provide only provisional information about stock origin.
Turning away from whiplash. An EMG study of head rotation in whiplash impact
Authors: Kumar Shrawan , Ferrari Robert , Narayan Yogesh 
Published: July 2004

AbstractObjective. To determine the response of the cervical muscles to whiplash‐type perturbations through low‐velocity frontal impacts when the head is rotated to the right and left.Methods. Twenty healthy volunteers were subjected to increasing acceleration in low‐velocity frontal impacts, randomly with head rotated either left or right. Bilateral EMG of the sternocleidomastoids, trapezii, and splenii capitis and acceleration of the sled, torso, and head were recorded.Results. With either direction of head rotation at the time of impact, the muscle responses increased with increasing levels of acceleration (p < 0.01). The time to onset and peak electromyogram for all muscles progressively decreased with increasing levels of acceleration. With the head rotated to the left, the left trapezius generated 77% of its maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) EMG (more than double the response of other muscles). In comparison, the right trapezius generated only 33% of its MVC. The right sternocleidomastoid (25%) and left splenius muscles (32%), the ones responsible for head rotation to the left, were more active than their counterparts (the left sternocleidomastoid generated only 5% of its MVC EMG and the right splenius 9%). On the other hand, with the head rotated to the right, the right trapezius generated 71% of its MVC EMG, while the left trapezius generated only 30% of this value. Again, the left sternocleidomastoid (27% of its MVC EMG) and right splenius (28% of its MVC EMG), being responsible for head rotation to the right, were more active than their counterparts (the right sternocleidomastoid generated only 4% of its MVC EMG and the left splenius 13%).Conclusions. Frontal impacts tend to generate the most muscle activity in the ipsilateral trapezius muscle, increasing the risk of their injury. © 2004 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Periodontal bone loss associated with an improper flossing technique: a case report
Authors: Walters J D , Chang E I 
Published: July 2004

Abstract  Purpose: This article documents a case in which soft tissue and bone damage was associated with a long‐standing habit of improper flossing.Case description: A 33‐year‐old patient with excellent oral hygiene presented with gingival clefting and an unusual pattern of moderate angular bone loss at several sites. Previous radiographs suggested that some bony lesions had been present for more than 13 years. Examination revealed no evidence that the osseous defects were related to chronic periodontitis or occlusal trauma. The focus of treatment for these chronic injuries was teaching the patient an atraumatic flossing technique.Conclusion: As the lesions had gone undiagnosed for many years, this case underscores the need to look for clinical signs of floss‐induced damage during periodic examinations.
Importance of large and small mammalian herbivores for the plant community structure in the forest tundra ecotone
Authors: Olofsson Johan , E. Hulme Philip , Oksanen Lauri , Suominen Otso 
Published: July 2004

Both theoretical arguments and empirical evidence suggests that herbivory in general and mammalian winter herbivory in particular is important in arctic–alpine ecosystems. Although knowledge of the effect of herbivores on specific plants and communities is quite extensive, little is known about the relative impact of large and small vertebrate herbivores and how it might vary among different habitats. To address this key issue, we established exclosures with two different mesh sizes in forest and nearby tundra at three different sites in four contrasting locations in the forest–tundra ecotone in northernmost Sweden and Norway. Plant community composition was recorded annually in three permanent plots within each exclosure and an unfenced control. Local densities of vertebrate herbivores were estimated in spring and autumn from 1998 to 2002.Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) were the most abundant large vertebrate while Norwegian lemmings (Lemmus lemmus) and grey‐sided voles (Clethrionomys rufocanus) were the most common small vertebrates. The study reveals that voles and lemmings have larger effects on the vegetation than reindeer in both habitats in all four locations, even though densities of reindeer differ between locations and only two locations experienced lemming peaks during the period of the experiment. The relative abundance of five of the fifteen most common species was significantly influenced by voles and lemmings whereas only a single species was significantly influenced by reindeer. Different analyses give contrasting results on the importance of herbivory in forest versus open heathlands. A principal component analyses revealed that herbivory influenced the vegetation more in open heathlands than in forests. However, an importance index of herbivores did not differ between forest and open heathlands. Moreover, none of the plant species responded differently in the two habitats, when herbivores were removed. Our results suggest that intense and localised selective foraging by small mammals may have a more marked effect on vegetation than transient feeding by reindeer.
Transnational Migration and the Gender Politics of Scale: Indonesian Domestic Workers in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Silvey Rachel 
Published: July 2004

AbstractRecent research has begun to explore the dynamics of transnational migration from a feminist perspective, and studies of migrant domestic workers have played a prominent role in pushing forward this work. Emerging simultaneously, but largely separately, are explicit debates within geography about the politics of scale, the social construction of scale, and the gender dimensions of scale. This article develops an analysis of the gender politics of the production of scale, specifically, the ‘transnationalisation’ of Indonesian activist approaches to overseas migrant domestic workers' issues. Based on fieldwork in an Indonesian community in West Java that has recently become a sending area for migrants to Saudi Arabia and interviews with activists representing Indonesian migrant women, the article examines the various gender‐specific ways in which migrant women's rights activists construct and deploy the scales of the body, the nation and the transnational. It argues that activist approaches to migrant domestic workers' rights and the ways in which activists mobilise migrant women's narratives represent sophisticated feminist theoretical approaches to scale. By identifying and exploring the scale theory embedded in activist strategies, the analysis highlights the imbrication of feminist theory with practice, and underscores activists' agency in producing the meanings of specific scales. In so doing, the article is aimed more broadly at elaborating the ambivalent relationship between feminist activism/theory and transnationalism.
Inhabiting the Imaginary: Factory Women at Home on Batam Island, Indonesia
Authors: Mack Jennifer 
Published: July 2004

AbstractBatam Island, Indonesia, located a short ferry ride away from Singapore, is a place where tourism and industry have been developed simultaneously and a border area where “developed” and “developing” nations meet. Government officials, investing international corporations and the “factory women” who work in the island's industrial estates arrive in Batam ‐ native to none of them ‐ with their own preconceptions and goals. When challenges not foreseen through master planning arise, the authorities cling ever more tightly to their physical and structural development model: the nearby city‐state of Singapore. Conversely, the factory workers who travel intranationally to work in this export processing zone (EPZ) find their objectives contested in the face of the Master Plan, corporate agendas and ethnic fusions characterising this transnational capitalist space.Entering into the homes of three groups of women migrants living and working in Batam, the relationship between the private realm that they inhabit and the social contexts in which they participate publicly is investigated. Some of the choices that women make at and about home are identified, and their ability to “micro‐resist” these external structures is explored. At home, the dynamic relationship between the Batam development project and the women's own hopes and visions of the place ‐ sometimes parallel and sometimes incongruous ‐ are revealed. As they experience life on Batam, their “social imaginaries” of it are shaped into various new realities, and their homes, removed from the confines of the factory floor, thus become spaces of release from these tensions.
Runaway Brides: Anxieties of Identity among Trafficked Filipina Entertainers in South Korea
Authors: Yea Sallie 
Published: July 2004

AbstractAlthough the migration of Filipinas to the Republic of Korea has only a short history, some Filipinas have already begun to form incipient communities around the largest United States military bases there. These communities are formed by an increasing number of women who run away from the military camptown clubs where they work as entertainers, to marry or live in cohabitation/de facto relationships with the enlisted American army personnel (or GIs) whom they meet and develop relationships with while working as entertainers in the GI clubs. Drawing on ethnographic research and interviews with the women in one such camptown, this paper documents their experiences and the dynamics of their marriages as they attempt to negotiate their transition from “trafficked entertainers” to “runaway brides”. Their experiences illustrate the daily tribulations of women who wish to improve their prospects, or more ambitiously, transform their identity whilst abroad, by entering into marriages or similar arrangements, but who continue to be encumbered with the stigma attached to being trafficked entertainers. The discussion in this paper aims to contribute to the literature on Filipina migrants' anxieties about identity in the context of transnational migration.