bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urban poverty and marginalization under market transition: the case of Chinese cities
Authors: Wu Fulong 
Published: June 2004

Rapid urban growth in China has been accompanied by rising social inequality and marginalization of disadvantaged social groups such as laid‐off workers of the state‐owned enterprises and rural migrants. The Chinese government has officially acknowledged the existence of ‘marginal groups’ and prioritized combating the new urban poverty as an urgent task to eliminate the root of potential social instability. This article proposes the concept of ‘poverty of transition’ from the institutional change perspective to examine how the ‘new’ urban poverty is created by the disjuncture between the old and new institutions. Specifically, the poverty of transition suggests that the main cause of the new poverty is structural, i.e. economic restructuring and the release of redundant workers previously hidden inside the workplace, and the increasing migrant population who are excluded from the formal urban institutions. A sizable underclass is now under formation in the sense that they are institutionally detached from mainstream urban society. To close the disjuncture between the marketization of labourers and the transition in welfare provisions requires more than just a policy of poverty relief; instead it requires a fundamental vision of the new ‘citizenship’ in the Chinese city.En Chine, la rapide croissance urbaine s'est accompagnée d'une aggravation de l'inégalité sociale et d'une marginalisation des groupes sociaux défavorisés tels que les ex‐employés des entreprises nationalisées et les migrants ruraux. Le gouvernement a officiellement reconnu l'existence de ‘groupes marginaux’ et annoncé comme une priorité la lutte contre la nouvelle pauvreté urbaine afin d'éliminer cette source potentielle d'instabilité sociale. L'article propose le concept de ‘pauvreté de transition’ dans une perspective d'évolution institutionnelle, afin d'examiner comment la ‘nouvelle’ pauvreté urbaine naît de la rupture entre institutions anciennes et nouvelles. Notamment, ce concept suggère que la cause première de la nouvelle pauvreté est structurelle, autrement dit émane de la restructuration économique et du dégagement des ouvriers en surnombre précédemment dissimulés sur leur lieu de travail, ainsi que de la population migrante croissante, exclue des institutions urbaines officielles. Une classe inférieure considérable est en cours de formation au sens que ses membres sont isolés institutionnellement de la société urbaine normale. Combler cette rupture entre la marchandisation des ouvriers et la transition des mesures sociales exige, davantage qu'une simple politique publique d'aide aux pauvres, une vision fondamentale de la nouvelle ‘citoyenneté’ dans les villes chinoises.
Local developmental state and order in China's urban development during transition
Authors: Zhu Jieming 
Published: June 2004

Rules and order in urban construction, and thus the relationship between the market and the state, are a fundamental issue for urban development. In China, a transition economy, marketization has been actively promoted under the economic reforms to replace central‐planning and has contributed significantly to the subsequent dynamic urban growth. However, the role of the state in defining an institutional framework for the market is lagging behind. Fiscal deficiency in conjunction with a pro‐growth position undermines the capacity of the local developmental state to exercise effective developmental controls. Without effective state enforcement of rules, market order does not emerge when uncertainty pervades the marketplace. The phenomenon of urban villages and the case of Luohu's redevelopment clearly show that the absence of the state both in constructing the market and as a third‐party gives rise to the logic of the commons or quasi‐commons in the land development market. Inferior and suboptimal developments ensue.En construction urbaine, les règles et la discipline, donc le rapport entre marché et État, constituent un aspect fondamental de l'aménagement des villes. Dans l'économie de transition chinoise, la commercialisation – activement stimulée par des réformes économiques visant à remplacer la planification centrale – a énormément contribuéà la dynamique de la croissance urbaine. Toutefois, le rôle de l'État dans la définition du cadre institutionnel du marché ne suit pas le rythme. Carences fiscales associées à une position favorable à la croissance empêchent l'État local moteur de développement de contrôler efficacement la croissance. Sans une application étatique effective des règles, il ne naït pas de discipline de marché, l'incertitude régnant. Le phénomène des villages urbains et le cas du réaménagement de Luohu montrent clairement que l'absence de l'État, tant dans l'élaboration du marché qu'en tant que tiers, introduit la logique des terrains communaux ou quasi‐communaux sur le marché de l'aménagement foncier. Il en résulte des équipements de second ordre, inférieurs à la qualité optimale.
The glass menagerie of urban governance and social cohesion: concepts and stakes/concepts as stakes
Authors: Maloutas Thomas , Pantelidou Malouta Maro 
Published: June 2004

Social goals and social action are increasingly framed by a host of ambiguously egalitarian notions. The ambiguity of notions like ‘social cohesion’ originates principally in the tentative accommodation of competition and social justice that former radical approaches considered in fundamental contradiction. The social cohesion terminology has become part of political realism and the question is whether such notions are or could be fuelling practices that promote social justice, overcoming the ambiguity/contradiction of the different/competing interpretations nebulously juxtaposed in their fluid definition. This article comments on interrelated ambiguities in the content of social cohesion, governance and tolerance starting with a reformulated goal (social cohesion) which necessitates new means of implementation (‘new governance’) that entail the dominance of non‐conflictual social relations (tolerance). Social cohesion, governance and tolerance are Janus‐faced concepts, full of restrictions and contradictions but also full of possibilities related to the mobilizing potential of their inherently positive meaning. Social cohesion and governance would become real stakes if radical discourse and politics tried to invest them with content and meaning that would effectively transgress their legitimating function of conservative social regulation, and create massive demand for more social justice both in terms of redistributive justice and of democracy.L'action et les objectifs sociaux sont de plus en plus conditionnés par une foule de notions soi‐disant égalitaires. L'ambiguîté de concepts tels que la cohésion sociale émane surtout de l'essai d'adaptation entre concurrence et justice sociale, considérées précédemment par les approches radicales comme fondamentalement contradictoires. La terminologie de la cohésion sociale s'est peu à peu intégrée au réalisme politique, mais il s'agit de savoir si de telles notions nourrissent ou pourraient nourrir des pratiques favorables à la justice sociale, en éliminant la contradiction/ambiguîté des interprétations diverses/concurrentes vaguement juxtaposées dans le flou des définitions. L'article étudie des ambiguïtés corrélatives contenues dans cohésion sociale, gouvernance et tolérance, en partant d'un objectif reformulé (cohésion sociale) nécessitant des moyens originaux de mise en uvre (‘nouvelle gouvernance’) porteurs de relations sociales non‐conflictuelles (tolérance). Ces trois notions à deux visages sont empreintes de restrictions et contradictions, mais aussi de possibilités liées au potentiel mobilisateur de leur sens intrinsèquement positif. Cohésion sociale et gouvernance deviendraient des intérêts réels si le discours radical et la politique s'efforçaient de leur donner des contenus et significations qui transgresseraient effectivement leur fonction justificative de régulation sociale conservatrice, et créeraient une demande massive pour davantage de justice sociale en termes de justice redistributive et de démocratie.
New Regionalism contested: some remarks in light of the case of the Mezzogiorno of Italy
Authors: Rossi Ugo 
Published: June 2004

This article attempts to re‐consider the debate that has recently developed around the so‐called New Regionalism with reference to the studies regarding the emergence of a ‘new’ competitive Mezzogiorno of Italy. The first two sections of the article are devoted to a critical analysis of the literature on the New Mezzogiorno. It is argued that this literature has, on the one hand, fruitfully called attention to the emerging experiences of regional development in the South of Italy; yet, on the other hand, in throwing positive light on local economic development in the South of Italy, it has underestimated the more troublesome phenomena that these experiences reveal, especially from the point of view of capital‐labour relations. The third section of the article is devoted to showing how the limits and contradictions of the new regionalist approach to local development are reflected in the new course of regional policy that has been embraced in Italy in recent years. Finally, in the concluding section, the article argues for a shift towards a critical approach to research on the Italian southern regions and local productive systems.L'article propose une relecture du débat qui s'est récemment développé autour du Nouveau Régionalisme,è partir des travaux concernant l'émergence d'un ‘nouveau’ Mezzogiorno compétitif en Italie. Les deux premières sections de l'article proposent une analyse critique de la littérature sur le Nouveau Mezzogiorno. D'un côté, celle‐ci a permis, de façon fructueuse, d'attirer l'attention sur l'émergence d'expériences de développement régional dans le Sud italien. De l'autre, en jetant une lumière positive sur le développement économique local dans le Sud de l'Italie, cette littérature a sous‐estimé les aspects les plus problématiques que ces expériences révèlent, en particulier du point de vue des relations entre capital et travail. La troisième partie montre combien le nouveau cours pris par les politiques régionales en Italie reflète les limites et les contradictions de l'approche néo‐régionaliste du développement local. En conclusion, l'article se penche sur la nécessité de développer une approche critique à la recherche sur les régions et les systèmes productifs locaux en Italie du Sud.
Ethical issues in social research: difficulties encountered gaining access to children in hospital for research
Authors: Stalker K. , Carpenter J. , Connors C. , Phillips R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBackground  This paper recounts the difficulties experienced when the authors sought access to children in hospital for social research interviews. These were part of a 2‐year study, funded by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, aiming to explore the numbers, circumstances and experiences of children who spend prolonged periods in health care settings.Methods  As the intention was to carry out ‘guided conversations’ with 24 young people in various different NHS locations, permission to do so was sought from a multi‐site research ethics committee (MREC), and from several local research ethics committees (LRECs). Agreement was then necessary from NHS trusts, which were asked to nominate a liaison person to help identify and recruit children to the study. Consent was also required from individual parents and children. A series of unexpected delays encountered during this process are discussed in some detail. Eventually a sample of 15 children was achieved.Discussion  The second part of the paper locates this experience within a wider context, noting that similar difficulties gaining access to children in NHS settings have recently been reported by other social researchers. Several possible reasons for this trend are identified and discussed. These relate to the role of MRECs and LRECs in screening social research proposals, recently implemented legislation about data protection, heightened concerns within the NHS about confidentiality and consent, and increasing awareness of the risk of child abuse in health care settings.Conclusion  Finally, some suggestions for facilitating the access process are discussed. They include the sensitive and appropriate application of research governance frameworks to social research – including studies within health care settings. Ethical considerations and adequate protection of children are vital but, the authors argue, wherever possible children themselves should be encouraged to decide whether or not to participate in research. In addition, unnecessarily complex access procedures may adversely affect research outcomes.
Reviewing measures of outcome: reliability of data extraction
Authors: Haywood K. L. , Hargreaves J. , White R. , Lamb S. E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractRationale, aims and objectives  Although there is wide acceptance of the necessary domains for the evaluation of measures of health outcome, there has been little development or evaluation of methods of data extraction, such as checklists. This study aimed to assess the inter‐rater reliability of data extraction from published articles using a new electronic database developed  for structured reviews  of health outcome  measures.Methods  Domains considered important in the evaluation of measures of health outcome provided the foundation for a checklist for data extraction using a new electronic database. The database utilized Microsoft Access 2000 software (Microsoft Corporation, 2000). Following training, three independent reviewers extracted data from seven selected articles using the electronic database, and assessed article and measure quality against pre‐defined criteria. Data extraction was compared for consistency and item content. Inter‐reviewer agreement for categorical data was assessed by multiple kappa correlation.Results  Analysis demonstrated strong agreement between reviewers for all aspects of data extraction. However, lack of clarity in published articles affected the ability to clearly identify measures of outcome.Conclusions  The high level of inter‐reviewer agreement supports the use of multiple trained reviewers in data extraction for reviews of measures of outcome using the checklist and Access software described. The electronic database supports standardized data extraction from published articles, benefiting from the combination of data extraction and data entry in a single step. Adaptation of the database to support structured reviews of measures of outcome adopted in the evaluation of other health states is proposed.
Evaluating the effectiveness of asthma treatment in real‐life practice
Authors: Pearson Mike , Barnes Neil , Thomas Mike , Tate Helen , Simnett Sarah 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Rationale, aims and objectives  The randomized controlled trial (RCT) is considered the gold standard methodology for determining the efficacy and tolerability of new treatments. However, RCTs cannot provide information on the effectiveness of interventions as they are used in real life. This study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of montelukast, a leukotriene receptor antagonist, in the real‐world management of asthma, through a large‐scale, retrospective, observational study: the National Montelukast Survey.
Methods  In order to ensure a robust methodology for the National Montelukast Survey we performed three pilot studies involving a total of almost 400 patients. During the pilots, the design of the study was extensively modified from a simple prescriber questionnaire used in the first pilot to the ‘triangulated’ methodology encompassing the perspectives of patient, prescriber and independent observer used in the National Montelukast Survey. Good levels of interobserver agreement confirmed the robustness of the final methodology.
Conclusions  Achieving a robust methodology was dependent on the extensive piloting. It is possible to collect reliable observational data relating to treatment outcomes. We believe our methods are likely to have more widespread applicability and offer a potential improvement over postmarketing surveillance.
Multi‐item outcome measures for lateral ligament injury of the ankle: a structured review
Authors: Haywood K.L. , Hargreaves J. , Lamb S.E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractObjective  To identify and review evidence relating to the measurement properties of published multi‐item outcome measures for the conservative management of lateral ligament injuries of the ankle.Methods  Systematic literature searches were used to identify measures, which were then assessed against pre‐defined criteria relating to development, item content, reliability, validity and responsiveness.Results  Seven disease‐specific measures of ankle status [Ankle Joint Functional Assessment Tool, Clinical Trauma Severity Score, Composite Inversion Injury Scale, Kaikkonen Functional Scale (KFS), Karlsson Ankle Function Score (KAFS), Olerud and Molander Ankle Score (OMAS), and the Point System] and two generic measures of health (McGill Pain Questionnaire, Sickness Impact Profile) met the review inclusion criteria. While all measures had been used in acute injuries, only two had also been applied during later stages of recovery (>6 months). The studies covered a comprehensive range of graded ligament injuries. Expert opinion dominated item generation for all measures. All measures lack evidence of test‐retest or internal consistency reliability in patients with ankle sprain. Several measures were assessed for validity through comparison with other measures, but there was limited evidence of construct validity and no formal assessment of responsiveness for any measure.Conclusion  The disappointing lack of evidence for measurement properties suggests that any measure should be used with caution until appropriate evidence is provided. On the basis of limited evidence, the KFS offers the most promising approach to a combined clinician‐ and patient‐assessment of ankle function, and the KAFS or OMAS if a patient‐assessed evaluation of function is required.
Evidence‐based practice – an incomplete model of the relationship between theory and professional work
Authors: Hancock Helen C. , Easen Patrick R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractRationale, aims and objectives  Current day realities of diminishing resources, reductions in spending and organizational change within health care systems have resulted in an increased emphasis on a multidisciplinary team approach to quality patient care. The movement of nursing towards more autonomous practice combined with the current trend towards ‘evidence‐based practice’ in health care demands increased accountability in clinical decision making. This paper focuses on one aspect of nurses’ clinical decision making within the demands of evidence‐based practice and cardiac surgery. In this field recent advances, combined with increasing demands on health care institutions, have promoted early extubation of post‐operative cardiac patients. While this remains a medical role in many institutions, an increasing number of intensive care units now consider it as a nursing role.Method  This paper explores the realities of nurses’ clinical decision making through a discussion of current practice in the extubation of patients following cardiac surgery. In addition, it considers the implications of current practice for both nurse education and the continued development of clinical nursing practice.Conclusion  The findings indicate that evidence‐based practice appears to be an incomplete model of the relationship between theory and professional work.
Provider‐perceived barriers and facilitators for ischaemic heart disease (IHD) guideline adherence
Authors: Powell‐Cope Gail M. , Luther Stephen , Neugaard Britta , Vara John , Nelson Audrey 
Published: June 2004

AbstractRationale, aims and objectives  Clinical practice guidelines have become a standard way of implementing evidence‐based practice, yet research has shown that clinicians do not always follow guidelines.Method  As part of a larger study to test the effects of an intervention on provider adherence to ischaemic heart disease (IHD) guidelines, we conducted five focus groups at three Veterans Administration Medical Centers with 32 primary care providers, cardiologists, and internists to identify key barriers and facilitators to adherence of the guidelines. Using content analysis, responses were grouped into categories.Results  The main perceived advantages of using the IHD guidelines were improvements in quality and the cost of care. Perceived barriers were the lack of ability of guidelines to manage the care of any one individual patient, the difficulty of accessing guidelines, and high workloads with many complex patients. While providers agreed on the benefits of aspirin, beta‐blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors, barriers for use of these medications were lack of consensus about contraindications, difficulty in providing follow‐up during medication titration, and lack of patient adherence. Sources of influence for guideline use were: professional cardiology organizations, colleagues, mainly cardiologists, and key cardiology journals. However, most providers acknowledged that following guidelines was a personal practice decision.Conclusions  While results validated the influences of using clinical practice guidelines, our results highlight the importance of ascertaining guideline‐specific barriers for building effective interventions to improve provider adherence. An advisory panel reviewed results and, using a modified nominal group process, chose implementation strategies targeting key barriers.
National Clinical Sentinel Audit of Evidence‐based Prescribing for Older People
Authors: Batty G. M. , Grant R. L. , Aggarwal R. , Lowe D. , Potter J. M. , Pearson M. G. , Jackson S. H. D. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Objectives  To audit the performance of hospitals in evidence‐based prescribing.
Setting  All hospitals in England were invited to participate. The audit was completed in 62 hospitals.
Subjects  Prescribing and clinical data were collected on 100 consecutive medical inpatients aged ≥ 65 years at each site, enabling evaluation of eight prescribing indicators before and after intervention. The data were collected using a specifically designed database.
Interventions  The results of the first audit were available immediately from the software and a national report with locally identifiable information was returned to hospitals. Hospitals were encouraged to design and deliver their own intervention strategy. A questionnaire was sent to all hospitals to document prioritization of indicators.
Results  Generic names were used for 36 061 (82.6%) in 1999 and 39 188 (86.4)% in 2000. In 1999, 50% (3074) of patients had documentation of allergy status. This increased to 60% (3684) in 2000. For 21.2% of patients prescribed paracetamol in 1999 and 18.1% in 2000, the prescription was written such that it was possible to exceed the maximum recommended dose of 4 g in 24 hours. Long‐acting hypoglycaemic drugs were prescribed to 29 patients in 1999 and 20 patients in 2000. Anti‐thrombotics were used appropriately for 54% (520/966) of patients in atrial fibrillation in the first audit and 57% (579/1019) in the second audit. The appropriate use of aspirin increased from 91% (595/651) to 94% (725/772) and the appropriate use of benzodiazepines dropped from 49% (537/1088) to 47% (460/966) between the audits. For three indicators, the allocating of a high priority translated into a bigger improvement between the audits.
Conclusions  Local ownership of data and the quality improvement process, and provision of national benchmarking data did not result in a significant improvement in prescribing in the second audit.