bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antibody Responses in Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) Infected withMycobacterium bovis
Authors: Waters W. R. , Palmer M. V. , Bannantine J. P. , Greenwald R. , Esfandiari J. , Andersen P. , McNair J. , Pollock J. M. , Lyashchenko K. P. 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTDespite having a very low incidence of disease, reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) are subject to tuberculosis (TB) testing requirements for interstate shipment and herd accreditation in the United States. Improved TB tests are desperately needed, as many reindeer are falsely classified as reactors by current testing procedures. Sera collected sequentially from 11 (experimentally)Mycobacterium bovis-infected reindeer and 4 noninfected reindeer were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunoblotting, and multiantigen print immunoassay (MAPIA) for antibody specific toM. bovisantigens. Specific antibody was detected as early as 4 weeks after challenge withM. bovis. By MAPIA, sera were tested with 12 native and recombinant antigens, which were used to coat nitrocellulose. AllM. bovis-infected reindeer developed responses to MPB83 and a fusion protein, Acr1/MPB83, and 9/11 had responses to MPB70. Other antigens less commonly recognized included MPB59, ESAT-6, and CFP10. Administration of purified protein derivatives for skin testing boosted serum antibody responses, as detected by each of the assays. Of the noninfected reindeer, 2/4 had responses that were detectable immediately following skin testing, which correlated with pathological findings (i.e., presence of granulomatous lesions yet the absence of acid-fast bacteria). The levels of specific antibody produced by infected reindeer appeared to be associated with disease progression but not with cell-mediated immunity. These findings indicate thatM. bovisinfection of reindeer elicits an antibody response to multiple antigens that can be boosted by skin testing. Serological tests using carefully selected specific antigens have potential for early detection of infections in reindeer.
Adoptive Immunotherapy of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus with Autologous Ex Vivo-Stimulated Lymphoid Cells Modulates Virus and T-Cell Subsets in Blood
Authors: Flynn J. Norman , Pistello Mauro , Isola Patrizia , Zaccaro Lucia , Del Santo Barbara , Ricci Enrica , Matteucci Donatella , Bendinelli Mauro 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTThe potential of immunotherapy with autologous virus-specific T cells to affect the course of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection was explored in a group of specific-pathogen-free cats infected with FIV a minimum of 10 months earlier. Popliteal lymph node cells were stimulated by cocultivation with UV-inactivated autologous fibroblasts infected with recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing either FIVgagorenvgene products, followed by expansion in interleukin-2. One or two infusions of both Gag- and Env-stimulated cells resulted in a slow increase in FIV-specific gamma interferon-secreting T cells in the circulation of cats. In the same animals, viral set points fluctuated widely during the first 2 to 3 weeks after adoptive transfer and then returned to pretreatment levels. The preexisting viral quasispecies was also found to be modulated, whereas no novel viral variants were detected. Circulating CD4+counts underwent a dramatic decline early after treatment. CD4/CD8 ratios remained instead essentially unchanged and eventually improved in some animals. In contrast, a single infusion of Gag-stimulated cells alone produced no apparent modulations of infection.
CD4+CD25+T Cells Prevent Arthritis Associated withBorreliaVaccination and Infection
Authors: Nardelli Dean T. , Cloute Joseph P. , Luk K. H. Kevin , Torrealba Jose , Warner Thomas F. , Callister Steven M. , Schell Ronald F. 
Published: June 2005

ABSTRACTCD4+CD25+T cells are a population of regulatory T cells associated with control of arthritis in anti-interleukin-17 antibody-treatedBorrelia-vaccinated and challenged gamma interferon-deficient mice. Here, we present direct evidence that adoptive transfer of enriched CD4+CD25+T cells from these mice can prevent the development of arthritis inBorrelia-vaccinated and challenged mice. These findings establish a major role for CD4+CD25+T cells in the prevention of arthritis inBorrelia-vaccinated and challenged animals.
Effectiveness of an outside-the-boot ankle brace in reducing parachuting related ankle injuries
Authors: Schmidt M D , Sulsky S I , Amoroso P J 
Published: June 2005

Objectives:To examine the efficacy of an outside-the-boot parachute ankle brace (PAB) in reducing risk of ankle injury to army paratrooper trainees and to identify inadvertent risks associated with PAB use.Design:The authors compared hospitalization rates for ankle, musculoskeletal, and other traumatic injury among 223 172 soldiers trained 1985–2002 in time periods defined by presence/absence of PAB use protocols. Multiple logistic regression analysis estimated adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals for injury outcomes, comparing pre and post brace periods to the brace protocol period.Setting:A research database consisting of training rosters from the US Army Airborne training facility (Fort Benning, GA) occupational, demographic, and hospitalization information.Main outcome measures:Injuries were considered training related if they occurred during a five week period starting with first scheduled static line parachute jump and a parachuting cause of injury code appeared in the hospital record.Results:Of 939 parachuting related hospitalizations during the defined risk period, 597 (63.6%) included an ankle injury diagnosis, 198 (21.1%) listed a musculoskeletal (non-ankle) injury, and 69 (7.3%) cited injuries to multiple body parts. Risk of ankle injury hospitalization was higher during both pre-brace (adjusted OR 2.38, 95% CI 1.92 to 2.95) and post-brace (adjusted OR 1.72, 95% CI 1.27 to 2.32) periods compared with the brace protocol period. Odds of musculoskeletal (non-ankle) injury or injury to multiple body parts did not change between the brace and post-brace periods.Conclusion:Use of a PAB during airborne training appears to reduce risk of ankle injury without increasing risk of other types of traumatic injury.
Education level inequalities and transportation injury mortality in the middle aged and elderly in European settings
Authors: Borrell C , Plasència A , Huisman M , Costa G , Kunst A , Andersen O , Bopp M , Borgan J-K , Deboosere P , Glickman M , Gadeyne S , Minder C , Regidor E , Spadea T , Valkonen T , Mackenbach J P 
Published: June 2005

Objective:To study the differential distribution of transportation injury mortality by educational level in nine European settings, among people older than 30 years, during the 1990s.Methods:Deaths of men and women older than 30 years from transportation injuries were studied. Rate differences and rate ratios (RR) between high and low educational level rates were obtained.Results:Among men, those of low educational level had higher death rates in all settings, a pattern that was maintained in the different settings; no inequalities were found among women. Among men, in all the settings, the RR was higher in the 30–49 age group (RR 1.46, 95% CI 1.32 to 1.61) than in the age groups 50–69 and ⩾70 years, a pattern that was maintained in the different settings. For women for all the settings together, no differences were found among educational levels in the three age groups. In the different settings, only three had a high RR in the youngest age group, Finland (RR 1.33, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.74), Belgium (RR 1.38; 95% CI 1.13 to 1.67), and Austria (RR 1.49, 95% CI 0.75 to 2.96).Conclusion:This study provides new evidence on the importance of socioeconomic inequalities in transportation injury mortality across Europe. This applies to men, but not to women. Greater attention should be placed on opportunities to select intervention strategies tailored to tackle socioeconomic inequalities in transportation injuries.
Non-fatal injuries among adults with activity limitations and participation restrictions
Authors: Xiang H , Leff M , Stallones L 
Published: June 2005

Objective:To investigate non-fatal unintentional injuries among adults with activity/participation limitations.Design:Injuries in the previous 12 months were reported by a stratified probability sample of non-institutionalized adults. Based on self reported activity/participation limitations, 2602 respondents were classified into three groups (no limitations, moderate limitations, and severe limitations) and injury characteristics were compared.Results:A total of 19.2% of respondents reported activity/participation limitations. Twenty four percent (95% confidence intervals (CI) 14.5% to 33.6%) with severe and 17.8% (95% CI 13.2% to 22.4%) with moderate limitations were injured, compared with 12.6% (95% CI 10.6% to 14.7%) of respondents without limitations. The odds ratio of injury was 3.72 (95% CI 1.94 to 7.14) for respondents with severe and 1.87 (95% CI 1.25 to 2.77) for respondents with moderate limitations. The leading cause of injuries among respondents with activity/participation limitations was falls.Conclusions:Individuals with activity/participation limitations are at an increased risk for injuries.
Concordance between childhood injury diagnoses from two sources: an injury surveillance system and a physician billing claims database
Authors: Kostylova A , Swaine B , Feldman D 
Published: June 2005

Objectives:(1) To determine the concordance between injury diagnoses (head injury (HI), probable HI, or orthopedic injury) for children visiting an emergency department for an injury using two data sources: an injury surveillance system (Canadian Hospitals Injury Research and Prevention Program, CHIRPP) and a physician billing claims database (Régie de l’assurance maladie de Québec, RAMQ), and (2) to determine the sensitivity and specificity of diagnostic and procedure codes in billing claims for identifying HI and orthopedic injury among children.Design:In this cross sectional cohort, data for 3049 children who sought care for an injury (2000–01) were obtained from both sources and linked using the child’s personal health insurance number.Methods:The physician recorded diagnostic codes from CHIRPP were used to categorize the children into three groups (HI, probable HI, and orthopedic), while an algorithm, using ICD-9-CM diagnostic and procedures codes from the RAMQ, was used to classify children into the same three groups.Results:Concordance between the data sources was “substantial” (weighted Kappa 0.66; 95% CI 0.63 to 0.69). The sensitivity of diagnostic and procedure codes in the RAMQ database for identifying HI and for orthopedic injury were 0.61 (95% CI 0.57 to 0.64) and 0.97 (95% CI 0.96 to 0.98), respectively. The specificity for identifying HI and for orthopedic injury were 0.97 (95% CI 0.96 to 0.98) and 0.58 (95% CI 0.56 to 0.63), respectively.Conclusion:Combining diagnostic and procedures codes in a physician billing claims database (the RAMQ database) may be a valid method of estimating injury occurrence among children.
Cost effectiveness of a dealer’s intervention in retrofitting rollover protective structures
Authors: Myers M L , Cole H P , Westneat S C 
Published: June 2005

Objective:To evaluate the cost effectiveness of a 4.5 year education campaign that promoted farmers’ adoption of rollover protective structures (ROPS) to prevent tractor overturn injuries.Design:Randomized controlled trial, decision analysis, and cost effectiveness analysis.Setting:One treatment county and one control county in the State of Kentucky.Intervention:A campaign by a local tractor and equipment dealership to encourage farmers to purchase and install ROPS and seatbelt retrofit kits for older tractors.Main outcome measures:Number of injuries averted and cost per injury averted.Results:The dealership’s 4.5 year intervention was shown to potentially reduce both fatal (0.26) and non-fatal (1.50) injuries by 2.6% in its county over the intervention period using a 20 year analytic horizon. When extrapolated statewide, 6.7 lives would be saved and 39 non-fatal injuries would be averted over the combined 24.5 year combined intervention period and analytic horizon. The intervention for this period was cost effective with a “savings” of $35 713 per injury (fatal plus non-fatal) averted at a 4% discount rate.Conclusions:Tractor manufacturer promotions can influence their dealerships to promote ROPS retrofits by their customers. A manufacturer backed dealer ROPS retrofit campaign was cost effective in reducing overturn related injuries.
Welding related occupational eye injuries: a narrative analysis
Authors: Lombardi D A , Pannala R , Sorock G S , Wellman H , Courtney T K , Verma S , Smith G S 
Published: June 2005

Objective:To determine the activities and circumstances proximal to a welding related occupational eye injury, a hybrid narrative coding approach derived from two well developed classification systems was developed to categorize and describe the activity, initiating process, mechanism of injury, object and/or substance, and the use of protective eyewear from the narrative text data reported for each injury.Methods:Routinely collected workers’ compensation claims over a one year period (2000) were analyzed from a large US insurance provider. An index term search algorithm of occupation, incident, and injury description fields identified 2209 potential welding related eye injury claims. After detailed review of these claims, 1353 welders and 822 non-welders were analyzed.Results:During 2000, eye(s) as the primary injured body part accounted for 5% (n = 26 413) of all compensation claims. Eye injuries accounted for 25% of all claims for welders. Subjects were mainly male (97.1%) and from manufacturing (70.4%), service (11.8%), or construction (8.4%) related industries. Most injuries were foreign body (71.7%) or burn (22.2%) and 17.6% were bilateral. Common activities include welding (31.9%) and/or grinding (22.5%). Being struck by an airborne object occurred in 56.3% of cases. Non-welders showed similar patterns except that burns (43.8%) were more frequent and more often initiated by another worker (13.9%).Conclusions:Narrative injury text provides valuable data to supplement traditional epidemiologic analyses. Workers performing welding tasks or working nearby welders should be trained to recognize potential hazards and the effective use of proper safety equipment to prevent ocular injury.
It might work in Oklahoma but will it work in Oakhampton? Context and implementation in the effectiveness literature on domestic smoke detectors
Authors: Arai L , Roen K , Roberts H , Popay J 
Published: June 2005

Objective:To explore data on factors affecting implementation processes in papers contributing to a Cochrane systematic review (SR) of smoke alarm interventions, supplemented by further papers not included in the review.Design:Screening for data on implementation on the basis of: (1) primary studies included in a Cochrane SR, (2) further papers relating to these and similar studies, and (3) approaches to authors of these and other relevant studies and reports.Results:Relatively few data were found to help people seeking to implement smoke alarm promotion interventions.Conclusions:For practitioners and policymakers to be able to build on research evidence, researchers and journal editors need to ensure that sufficient data are published, or are otherwise available to interested parties to move fromunderstandingthe evidence tousingit.
AUTOMATING SUPPORT FOR E-BUSINESS CONTRACTS
Authors: LININGTON PETER F. 
Published: June 2005

If e-business contracts are to be widely used, they need to be supported by the IT infrastructure of the organizations concerned. This implies that the interactions between systems in different organizations must be guided by the contract and there must be sufficiently strong checks and balances to ensure that the contract is in fact obeyed. This includes facilities for the unbiased monitoring of correct behaviour and the reporting of exceptions. One of the ways to provide this support is to generate it directly from the agreed contract. This paper considers the steps necessary to provide sufficient automation in the support and checking of e-Business contracts for them to offer efficiency gains and so to become widely used. It focuses on the role of models, taking a model-driven approach to development and discussing both the source and target models and the transformational pathways needed to support the contract-based business processes.
COLLAPSE OF CORRUGATED CIRCULAR CYLINDERS UNDER UNIFORM EXTERNAL PRESSURE
Authors: ROSS CARL T. F. 
Published: June 2005

The paper describes a finite element investigation into the buckling, under uniform external pressure, of four submarine pressure hulls. Two of these hulls were traditional ring-stiffened types, but two of these hulls were in the form of corrugated circular cylinders. The latter design was based on an invention by the present author. The investigation found that the new design was structurally efficient and in the case of the smaller vessel, it was found to be structurally more efficient than the conventional design.Another investigation, based on axisymmetric plastic buckling, was conducted on the two corrugated vessels, to determine if they were prone to collapse through the bellows' mode of failure. This investigation was carried out because former critics of this work stated that the corrugated circular cylinders would fail by the bellows' mode of failure. Neither of the two corrugated pressure hulls was found to fail through the bellows' mode of failure, thereby completely vindicating the present author. The author, however, concludes that the bellows' mode of failure can occur if the cone angles were too large.Two of the finite element theories were based on the author's work, but the giant computer package ANSYS was also used to study non-symmetric bifurcation buckling. This work was carried out to vindicate the author's in-house computer programs, which were simpler to use than ANSYS.
Wave Response during Hydrostatic and Geostrophic Adjustment. Part I: Transient Dynamics
Authors: Chagnon Jeffrey M. , Bannon Peter R. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
The adjustment of a compressible, stably stratified atmosphere to sources of hydrostatic and geostrophic imbalance is investigated using a linear model. Imbalance is produced by prescribed, time-dependent injections of mass, heat, or momentum that model those processes considered “external” to the scales of motion on which the linearization and other model assumptions are justifiable. Solutions are demonstrated in response to a localized warming characteristic of small isolated clouds, larger thunderstorms, and convective systems.
For a semi-infinite atmosphere, solutions consist of a set of vertical modes of continuously varying wavenumber, each of which contains time dependencies classified as steady, acoustic wave, and buoyancy wave contributions. Additionally, a rigid lower-boundary condition implies the existence of a discrete mode—the Lamb mode— containing only a steady and acoustic wave contribution. The forced solutions are generalized in terms of a temporal Green's function, which represents the response to an instantaneous injection.
The response to an instantaneous warming with geometry representative of a small, isolated cloud takes place in two stages. Within the first few minutes, acoustic and Lamb waves accomplish an expansion of the heated region. Within the first quarter-hour, nonhydrostatic buoyancy waves accomplish an upward displacement inside of the heated region with inflow below, outflow above, and weak subsidence on the periphery—all mainly accomplished by the lowest vertical wavenumber modes, which have the largest horizontal group speed. More complicated transient patterns of inflow aloft and outflow along the lower boundary are accomplished by higher vertical wavenumber modes. Among these is an outwardly propagating rotor along the lower boundary that effectively displaces the low-level inflow upward and outward.
A warming of 20 min duration with geometry representative of a large thunderstorm generates only a weak acoustic response in the horizontal by the Lamb waves. The amplitude of this signal increases during the onset of the heating and decreases as the heating is turned off. The lowest vertical wavenumber buoyancy waves still dominate the horizontal adjustment, and the horizontal scale of displacements is increased by an order of magnitude. Within a few hours the transient motions remove the perturbations and an approximately trivial balanced state is established.
A warming of 2 h duration with geometry representative of a large convective system generates a weak but discernible Lamb wave signal. The response to the conglomerate system is mainly hydrostatic. After several hours, the only signal in the vicinity of the heated region is that of inertia–gravity waves oscillating about a nontrivial hydrostatic and geostrophic state.
This paper is the first of two parts treating the transient dynamics of hydrostatic and geostrophic adjustment. Part II examines the potential vorticity conservation and the partitioning of total energy.