bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maturation disparity between hand‐wrist bones in Hong Kong Chinese children
Authors: Lee Marjorie M. C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe hand‐wrist radiographs of 571 Chinese boys and girls from Hong Kong, 2 months to 17 years old, were assessed center‐by‐center according to the Greulich‐Pyle Atlas. For each child the mean skeletal ages (SA) of six bone groups with each group consisting of bones from the same rows, were recorded. The overall SA was also obtained as the arithmetic mean of all centers.Maturation disparity between the various bone groups was demonstrated with the two proximal rows (distal radio‐ulna, carpals) more retarded, the two distal rows (middle and distal phalanges) less retarded, and the two middle rows (metacarpals, proximal phalanges) intermediate in maturity. This disparity was especially pronounced during the childhood period and was more marked in boys. Recording SA of separate bone groups in addition to the overall SA was recommended in the presence of significant maturation disparity.The comparison of the present results with the ossification ages of the various hand‐wrist centers in the same group of children determined in a previous study (Lee et al., '68) revealed that the less retarded hand epiphyses of the distal rows had precocious ossification timing, while the more retarded centers of the proximal rows around the wrist had delayed ossification timing relative to the American white children.
The anthropometric determination of body composition among the Peruvian Cashinahua
Authors: Johnston Francis E. , Gindhart Patricia S. , Jantz Richard L. , Kensinger Kenneth M. , Walker Geoffrey F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe morphology and body composition of the Peruvian Cashinahua, a small unacculturated rain forest population numbering 206, has been analyzed. Measurements involve anthropometry, including skinfolds, and endosteal and periosteal breadths of the second metacarpals, taken from 135 handwrist radiographs. The analysis indicates that the Cashinahua are short and relatively heavy at all ages, and are morphologically similar to other comparable populations. The relatively high skinfolds suggest an adequate caloric intake and, when considered along with other studies, lead to the conclusion that these marginal, unacculturated farming groups are in a satisfactory state of nutritional adaptation. Increased contacts with outsiders may very well upset this balance, however.
Analysis of triquetral‐lunate fusion
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Frisancho A. Roberto , Poznanski Andrew K. , Schweitzer Judy , McCann Mary B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFusion of the centers of the triquetral and lunate (the os lunato‐triquetrum) was observed in 1.6% of 7,543 subjects primarily of African origin as compared with 0.1% of 11,663 persons of European origin. The fusion was twice as common in females as in males, multifactorial inheritance was suggested in the lineages studied, and a possible selective disadvantage was postulated after comparison with West African fusion frequencies.
Germ cell chimerism in male marmosets
Authors: Hampton Suzanne H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMarmosets normally produce biovular twins which are connected, via placental vascular anastomoses, as early as pre‐somite stages of development. These anastomoses allow the exchange of lymphoid and hematopoietic tissue, as demonstrated by karyotype analysis in heterosexual twins. Because germ cells are also motile during development, i.e., they migrate from the yolk sac endodermal epithelium to the germinal ridges, the possibility exists that germ cells could also be exchanged between heterosexual twins. Testicular squash preparations were examined from 22 adult male marmosets of several species. During the diakinesis stage of meiotic prophase the XY chromosome pair was distinct. Spermatocytes which lacked the conspicuous end‐to‐end association of the XY pair were considered to have originated from germ cells with an XX sex chromosome constitution. In approximately half the animals examined, all diakinesis figures contained an end‐to‐end XY pair. In the remaining animals, primary spermatocytes were seen that clearly did not contain an endto‐end XY pair. The largest number of such XX primary spermatocytes in any one animal was 21% (9 of 43 cells examined). The effects of germ cell chimerism on the sex ratio of offspring was also investigated.
Craniofacial biology: Animal surgical experimentation and clinical practice
Authors: Sarnat Bernard G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractStudies are presented on the growth of the mandible in the pig, growth of the frontonasal suture and snout in the rabbit, and the development of the face and jaws in a human patient with anodontia. Growth of the snout after extirpation of the frontonasal suture is contrasted with its growth following resection of the cartilaginous nasal septum. The results of the studies have clinical applications in surgery and dentistry.
Lead poisoning in zoo‐dwelling primates
Authors: Zook B. C. , Sauer R. M. , Bush M. , Gray C. W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractLead intoxication was diagnosed in 42 primates at the National Zoological Park. Diagnoses were made clinically by the observation of signs of encephalopathy and the finding of 200 μg lead or more/100 ml blood, or postmortem by the presence of renal acid‐fast intranuclear inclusion bodies and excess lead in liver specimens. Twenty‐five of the primates had signs or lesions of lead encephalopathy.Lead poisoning was most common in the Cercopithecidae, and in the summer months. Lead encephalopathy was most frequent in juveniles. Leaded paint on the monkey cages was determined to be the source of poisoning. Blood studies revealed slight hypochromic anemia and immature and stippled erythrocytes. Postmortem lesions included acid‐fast intranuclear inclusions in renal tubular and other epithelial cells; metaphyseal bone changes (lead lines); necrosis of striated muscle fibers; and other lesions. Treatment of one monkey for encephalopathy was attempted and proved successful.
Acoustical communication among free‐ranging common Indian langurs (Presbytis entellus) in two different habitats of North India
Authors: Vogel C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAcoustical signals of free‐ranging Presbytis entellus were analyzed with the aid of sonagrams. Tape‐recordings were from two ecologically‐different habitats in North India, the Kumaon Hills on the southern slope of the Himalayas and the plains habitat of Rajasthan. The acoustical quality and the spectrographic structure of the signals are described and their communicative functions within the social context discussed. We found significant differences in the acoustical repertoire of the langurs of the two habitats both in the tone quality and the spectrographical structure of single signals serving the same functions in both regions and in functional deviations of identically or similarly structured vocalizations. Some of these differences appear to be phylogenetic adaptations to the different environmental conditions of the habitats or to be related to special types of social organization in the two separate langur populations.
Infectious diseases of primates related to capture and transportation
Authors: Vickers James H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSeveral field trips to India, Africa, Southeast Asia and South America were recently made to review and analyze disease problems related to capture and transportation of non‐human primates. Wild primates are often exposed to a variety of diseases as they come into contact with people and other animals prior to shipment. These include tuberculosis, measles, shigellosis and various simian viruses.Even with the best trapping methods, extensive advance planning with cargo centers of various air terminals is necessary for proper handling of shipments. More and more frequently, airlines personnel fail to take even the most basic care of their live animal cargo.Specific recommendations are made to improve overseas trapping, handling and transportation procedures to reduce infectious diseases in imported primates.
An ethogram for rhesus monkeys I. Antithetical contrasts in posture and movement
Authors: Sade Donald Stone 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAntithetical postures and movements in social displays of rhesus monkeys distinguish five moods. Movement from a high to a low position in the midsagittal plane indicates threat. Emphasis on movement in the frontal plane indicates subordinance. Movement from a low to a high position in the midsagittal plane indicates non‐hostile, non‐fearful approach. Oblique movements indicate a querying mood. Playfulness is indicated by emphasis on rotatory movements in the transverse plane.
Social responses to abnormal infant monkeys
Authors: Berkson Gershon 
Published: August 2005

AbstractExperimental modification of an individual's behavior can be used to evaluate the range of group social reactions to him. This principle is used in evaluating the degree to which macaque groups compensate for an infant's clumsiness, consequent on reduced visual acuity from an experimental cataract. Evidence is presented to support the following propositions: Defective infants are not killed by the group even in crowded conditions; compensatory care is given during the first year, primarily by the mother and to a certain extent by other animals in the group; isolation of the infant begins in the second year; social responses to the defective infant reflect normal social responses. Compensatory care of chronically defective individuals is a consequence of evolution of social behaviors adapted to nurture young individuals over a long period of dependence and to protect other group members during temporary periods of weakness.
Predation by a troop of olive baboons (Papio anubis)
Authors: Harding Robert S. O. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDuring 1970–1971, a troop of 49 olive baboons was observed in a partially protected area in Kenya, not far from the village of Gilgil. The baboons were seen to catch and eat 47 small animals, a rate of predation far higher than has been reported for any other nonhuman primate. Prey animals included hares, small antelope and the neonatal young of larger antelope. Adult male baboons caught and ate all but three of the prey animals. Adult females caught hares three times, but only once was a female able to keep and eat most of the animal she had caught. There was no significant seasonal variation in the occurrence of this behavior. The baboons appeared to search out prey deliberately and to come upon it by accident. No instances of cooperative hunting or voluntary sharing were seen. Both incidence and form of this predatory behavior may be influenced by learned, local tradition.
Night observations of free‐ranging rhesus monkeys
Authors: Vessey Stephen H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe nocturnal distribution and behavior of individually marked Macaca mulatta were studied at the La Parguera, Puerto Rico, colony of the Caribbean Primate Research Center. The new image intensifier was used successfully to identify 399 monkeys in 185 sleeping clusters. Monkeys moved into mangrove trees close to favorite feeding areas usually 35 minutes after sunset. The group condensed to less than one‐half the daytime spread, vocalizations increased and grooming ceased. Movements and vocalizations ceased several hours after sunset, although bursts of activity occurred throughout the night. Activity resumed 40 minutes before sunrise. Activity was higher during full moon, when I observed feeding, play and sexual behavior. Fights at night were twice as frequent during the breeding season. Monkeys slept in clusters of one to four, 58% of which were of two. Sixty‐three percent were composed of maternal relatives, 33% were mother‐infant pairs. Mature males clustered with non‐related males, slept alone or with females (in the breeding season). Yearlings slept with their mothers or with older siblings. Distribution of monkeys in a group at night reflects daytime associations.
Pilot experiments to test group tolerance to a stranger in wild Macaca fascicularis
Authors: Angst Walter 
Published: August 2005

AbstractOn the island of Peutjang, at the western tip of Java, three transplantation experiments with five individuals of Macaca fascicularis were carried out. In the first experiment, a subadult male was set free in the home range of the neighboring group. In the second experiment, an adult female was brought to the home range of a group separated from her own by several intervening groups. Both individuals found their own home ranges unharmed. In the third experiment, three individuals from an island 18 km away were transplanted to Peutjang. Thereafter, they were mostly found together, and they frequently associated with peripheral males of resident groups. During a month of observation they were not integrated into a resident group, but remained unharmed. The relationship of a group to its neighbors is considered as a fading‐out extension of the social network, rather than a territorial intolerance.
The incidence of agenesis and polygenesis in the primate dentition
Authors: Lavelle C. L. B. , Moore W. J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe incidence of dental agenesis and polygenesis was demonstrated in 978 Old World monkeys, 390 great apes, 194 lesser apes and 5,000 humans of Caucasoid and Negroid stock. The frequency of agenesis was highest in the human sample, particularly in the Negroids, that of polygenesis was highest in the great apes. Within both groups, the polymorphism was commonest in the molar (predominantly third molar) region. Despite numerous difficulties in the interpretation of such data, on the basis of the differences between man, apes and monkeys, it is suggested that the high incidence of agenesis seen in man is a phylogenetic accompaniment of the shortening of the maxillomandibular skeleton, which is such a marked feature of human evolution.
The gait ofAustralopithecus
Authors: Lovejoy C. Owen , Heiple Kingsbury G. , Burstein Albert H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA biomechanical analysis of the pelvic and femoral samples available forAustralopithecusis presented. No feature of these samples was found to distinguish their gait pattern from that of modern man or to differ in the two presently recognized allomorphs ofAustralopithecus.Morphological differences betweenAustralopithecusand modern man appear to be the result of different degrees of encephalization rather than any difference in locomotor adaptation.
Skinfold thicknesses in a national probability sample of U.S. males and females aged 6 through 17 years
Authors: Johnston Francis E. , Hamill Peter V. V. , Lemeshow Stanley 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCycles II and III of the Health Examination Survey included measurements of the skinfolds of over 14,000 individuals 6 through 17 years of age, statistically weighted to provide an accurate national probability sample. Analyses of the triceps and subscapular skinfolds of Negroes and whites are reported here, utilizing the median in preference to the mean. Females of either racial group have thicker skinfolds at all ages studied. Whites have greater median triceps thicknesses than Negroes of the same sex and age, but there are no differences between the two racial groups in the subscapular. Since, between all but one pair of adjacent ages in males, from 12 years on, the median triceps fold decreases, but the estimated cross‐sectional are of fat increases, it is strongly recommended that reductions in triceps thickness not be automatically interpreted as meaning a loss of subcutaneous fat. Since greater skewness is found in the subscapular distributions in whites, but not in the triceps, it is suggested that racial differences in triceps thickness at these ages occurs from the operation of hereditary factors, while differences in the subscapular skinfold arise from environmental causes.
Comparative study of anthropometric measurements of the same subjects in two different institutes
Authors: Kemper H. C. G. , Pieters J. J. L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe objectivity of several anthropometric measurements were tested in two institutes on the same subjects.In many cases systematic differences are to be expected: 1. Girth measurements tend to differences in the same direction. 2. The comparability of skeletal measurements is often uncertain; some measurements tend to give lower, other ones higher figures. Biacromial diameter and radio‐ulnar epicondylar width do not reveal systematic differences. 3. Skinfold thicknesses measured do not reveal systematic differences.
Ischial tuberosities and ischial callosities
Authors: Rose M. D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIschial callosities are specialised regions of skin and subdermal tissue in the form of fibro‐fatty cushions with a tough, non‐slip surface, firmly bound to the underlying ischial tuberosity. They occur in primates of the families Cercopithecidae and Hylobatidae. Ischial callosity usage helps animals to adopt stable sitting postures on the tops of branches, particularly during feeding, resting and sleeping. Callosity‐like areas in pongids are mainly epidermal specialisations and differ in their development and usage from true callosities. They are similar to the para‐callosity skin regions in some ground living cercopithecids. The ischial tuberosity in animals with true callosities has a flat surface which flares out from the lower end of the ischial body and which is devoid of muscle attachments. In animals without callosities the ischial tuberosity is not flared, has a curved surface, and acts as a site for muscle attachment. The ischial tuberosity is relatively broader in animals with callosities than in animals without callosities, although the absolute size of the specimens concerned must be taken into account. The combination of qualitative and quantitative features of fossil ischial tuberosities enables the presence or absence of callosities in these forms to be deduced. The recognition of these features in fossil material might be of use in the elucidation of the evolution of one type of primate arboreal adaptation.
A radiographic approach to Childhood illness in precolumbian inhabitants of Southern Peru
Authors: Allison Marvin J. , Mendoza Daniel , Pezzia Alejandro 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA total of 108 individuals from six different cultures found in the Department of Ica, Peru, were studied for the presence of Harris's Lines. Such lines or “bone scars” are formed due to cessation of bone growth due to episodes of starvation or illness and possibly other causes. These individuals covered a span of time of nearly 2,600 years. The individuals from mountain cultures had fewer lines and possibly a healthier childhood than those from coastal cultures. The modern population surveyed in this series still show a pattern of Harris's Lines similar to people from the Inca culture of 450 years ago.
Level of fatness and size attainment
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Clark Diane C. , Guire Kenneth E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn a generally low‐income group of 4,888 White boys and girls, 740 obese children (above the 85th percentile for the triceps fatfold) stand systematically taller, by 0.64 Z scores, than 840 lean boys and girls (below the 15th percentile for fatness) a difference increasing to 1 S.D. at ages 11–12, suggesting a direct effect of the level of fatness on standing height and a cumulative fatness‐related difference in the annual rate of growth.
The language capability of Neanderthal man
Authors: Le May Marjorie 
Published: August 2005

AbstractConsiderable publicity has been given a recent article by Lieberman and Crelin ('71) which argues that Neanderthal man lacked the physical features necessary for speech. This present paper presents statistics on some modern men with normal speech who show physical features in common with Neanderthal man.The brain of Neanderthal man was as large as, or larger than, that of modern man. The brain reflected by the endocranial cast of the La Chapelle‐aux‐Saints skull resembles that of modern man in an area important for speech and thereby suggests Neanderthal man had the neural development necessary for language.
Multivariate analysis of Gigantopithecus mandibles
Authors: Corruccini Robert S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMultivariate analysis of measurements of the teeth and mandibles of Gigantopithecus species has been conducted, using several methods. Results indicate Gigantopithecus is an aberrant form, less related to australopithecines and gorillas than the latter are to each other. Gracile and robust australopithecines differ considerably more than do male and female gorillas.
Phylogenetic significance of the skin of New World monkeys (Order primates, infraorder platyrrhini)
Authors: Perkins Edwin M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe combined properties of a given cutaneous system, like other characters classically employed by systematic zoologists, are useful criteria in the assessment of primate taxonomy and phylogeny. From the synthesis of all available data, it is also concluded that (1) the results define a baseline regarding the normal histology and histochemistry of the skin of most genera and many species of New World monkeys; (2) intrageneric and intraspecific subtleties in cutaneous variation exist in primate integument; (3) single and multiple cutaneous traits contribute to the characterization and accurate identification of most levels of taxa within the primate hierarchy; (4) some traits, however, negate recent taxonomic practices, e.g., the familial position of Callimico; (5) basic cutaneous patterns confirm currently accepted concepts of taxonomy and phylogeny; and (6) the various cutaneous signatures of extant platyrrhines record a history of adaptive radiation in isolation, and suggest that the designation of at least two distinct families is warranted.
Congenital defects of the upper lateral incisors: Multivariate analysis of measurements of the other teeth, the superior arch, head and face
Authors: Salmon Denise , Le Bot Pierre 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe survey of a French male population allowed us to ascertain 75 propositi with one or two missing ULI, 59 propositi with one or two reduced ULI and 99 controls on whom measurements (mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters) of all teeth of the superior arch are available. Principal Component Analysis gave a first estimated principal component highly correlated with each of the dental measurements or arch measurements. This size factor was eliminated by observing the plane of the second and third principal components. Strikingly different clusters of MD diameters or BL diameters were observed for the controls, the propositi missing one or two of the ULI and the propositi with reduced ULI. For the controls, the arch length is correlated with the MD molar diameters and the MD incisor diameter, the arch width being isolated from the other measurements. For the propositi with missing ULI, among the dental measurements the MD and BL diameters cluster, the arch length is isolated as are the arch widths. For the propositi with reduced ULI, the arch length is closer to the dental measurements while the widths, especially the first one, are isolated.The best discriminant measurements are the diameters of the first premolars and the canine, the first arch width and the arch length. Among controls, the arch is narrowed and shorter for the propositi with absence and wider for the propositi with reduction. Teeth measurements are always smaller in propositi.