bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Host Responses to Infection: Fever, Hyperthermia, and Hypothermia
Authors: Root Richard K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Fever has been recognized as a cardinal manifestation of disease since ancient times. The first reliable measurements of body temperature were made in the mid 19th century, and since then its documentation has been a major aspect of the evaluation and management of a large variety of illnesses and diseases (Table 9.1). The majority of acute infectious diseases are accompanied by fever, and its occurrence accounts for a large percentage of visits to physicians and other health care givers worldwide.
The Specific Immune Response
Authors: Dwyer John M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The specific immune response mounted by higher species is necessarily complicated. But the logic associated with the broadening of our immunological repertoire under evolutionary pressure to produce this complexity is likely to be readily appreciated by those interested in infectious diseases. While most of the microbes we encounter are harmless, so many are not that the survival pressures on “selfish genes” throughout the eons has seen both the immune system and the pathogens with which it must struggle become increasingly sophisticated. Rare congenital and increasingly frequent acquired immune deficiency states demonstrate that we humans cannot live without our immune system.
Pharmacology of Antimicrobials
Authors: Preston Sandra L , Drusano George L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Pharmacokinetics can be defined as the time course and quantitation of a drug and its metabolites in the body. Pharmacokinetic principles are important in relation to anti-infective pharmacotherapy in that they (along with pharmacodynamic principles) can be utilized to guide decision-making for dosing regimens aimed at maximizing efficacy and minimizing development of toxicity.
Antimicrobial Toxicities and Drug Interactions
Authors: Leggett James E , Raber Susan R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“Above all, do no harm,” states the Hippocratic oath. Yet, antibiotics have been shown to cause over 10% of all drug-related emergency department visits. Use of any antimicrobial agent can lead to adverse effects ranging from mild to life threatening. Several factors impact upon the frequency and severity of adverse effects, including the patient’s genetic background, physiologic age, and underlying disease, as well as the antimicrobial regimen, duration of therapy, and presence of other drugs.
Selection of Antimicrobials for Treatment
Authors: Sanford Jay P , Root Richard K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Antimicrobial therapy is either empirical, based upon clinical symptoms, signs, laboratory findings, and epidemiologic information or definitive, based upon the results of microbiologic tests and where appropriate, in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The two approaches should not be considered mutually exclusive. In many cases, it may be appropriate to initiate an empirical regimen, then change to definitive therapy. In some circumstances, initiation of therapy can be deferred until the results of cultures and susceptibilities are available.
Other Beta-lactam Antibiotics: Penems, Carbapenems, and Monobactams
Authors: Tattevin Pierre , Breton, Guillaume , Carbon Claude 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the late 1970s, a new group of 𝛽-lactam antimicrobial agents was discovered: the carbapenems. Initially, these were olivanic acid (derived from Streptomyces olivacus) and thienamycin (derived from Streptomyces cattleya). At about the same time, the first penem was synthesized by introducing a double bond into the thiazolin ring. The monobactam antibiotics, first synthesized in 1981, are monocyclic 𝛽-lactams.
Aminoglycosides
Authors: Gilbert David N 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The aminoglycoside antibiotics are a group of highly charged cationic molecules with rapid concentration-dependent bactericidal activity against the majority of aerobic gram-negative bacteria, some mycobacteria, and an occasional protozoan. The aminoglycosides are often combined with a 𝛽-lactam antibiotic for empiric or specific therapy of suspected or proven infection due to aerobic gram-negative bacilli. Aminoglycosides are rarely used for prophylaxis. Microbial resistance is at a low level, although occasional epidemic infection by resistant organisms is described.
Glycopeptides
Authors: Sulaiman Adel S , Rakita, Robert M , Murray Barbara E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Vancomycin is the only glycopeptide antibiotic licensed for clinical use in the United States. Another glycopeptide antibiotic, teicoplanin, is currently in clinical use in Europe, where, in addition, the glycopeptide avoparcin has been used in chicken and ruminant livestock feed as a growth promoter. Vancomycin was isolated in 1956 from Streptomyces orientalis.
Antifungal Drugs
Authors: Pappas Peter G , Edwards John E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Amphotericin B has been the mainstay of systemic antifungal therapy for decades, but the toxicity associated with parenteral administration of the drug has led to a search for effective, less toxic, and more easily administered alternative drugs. Flucytosine was among the first of the orally available antifungal compounds to be developed in the amphotericin B era, and it remains an important antifungal agent when used in conjunction with amphotericin B. The development of the azoles has resulted in several effective agents that are used commonly for the treatment of mucosa! and systemic fungal infections.
Growth Factors, Immunomodulators, and Cytokines
Authors: Mueller Brigitta U , Pizzo Phillip A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Knowledge about the actions and interactions of cytokines and their therapeutic indications as recombinant growth factors has expanded rapidly. The word cytokine (from Greek cyto “cell” and kinesis “movement”) can be used to describe all the biologic response modifiers, including the hematopoietic growth factors, the interferons, interleukins, and tumor necrosis factor.
Bronchitis and Bronchiectasis
Authors: Tang Christoph M , Conlon Christopher P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The term bronchitis implies an inflammation of the bronchi without involvement of the lung parenchyma and is usually associated with cough. There is often an associated tracheitis. Acute bronchitis is a short-lived condition, usually infective in origin, that can occur in individuals with previously normal airways. Chronic bronchitis, on the other hand, is not primarily infective but infection may cause a worsening of symptoms in already damaged airways.
Cavitary Pulmonary Disease
Authors: Johnson John L , Ellner Jerrold J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A myriad of diseases involve the lower respiratory tract; however, only a limited number of these diseases, processes, and microbial pathogens typically result in lung tissue necrosis and cavity formation. Recognizing the presence of cavitation, therefore, can be very valuable in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary disease (Table 57.1). Specific physical examination findings of cavitary pulmonary disease are infrequent; cavitary lung disease is primarily a radiographic diagnosis.
Meningitis
Authors: Kim Young S , Tauber Martin G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Bacterial meningitis is most frequently caused by a limited number of encapsulated bacteria. It is an often devastating infection localized in the subarachnoid space that can severely affect the functioning and structural integrity of the brain. Because of the marked polymorphonuclear pleocytosis in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), bacterial meningitis is commonly referred to as pyogenic meningitis. Rarely, organisms other than bacteria (fungi, ameba) cause pyogenic meningitis (see aseptic and chronic meningitis).
Infections Associated with Myelopathy, Radiculopathy, and Neuropathy
Authors: Marra Christina M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Myelopathy refers to a disorder of the spinal cord, radiculopathy to disorders of the motor or sensory nerve roots as they exit the spinal cord, and neuropathy to disorders of peripheral nerves. These entities are often distinguishable based on clinical findings (Table 75.1). With the exception of poliomyelitis, patients with acute myelopathy develop rapid onset of symmetrical, flaccid lower extremity weakness; a sensory level; bowel and bladder dysfunction; and neck, back, or radicular pain.
Ocular and Periocular Infections
Authors: Okada Annabelle A , Baker Ann Sullivan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A systematic approach to any presumed infection of the eye allows the physician to most effectively select first-line antimicrobial therapy before an etiological agent is actually identified. The systematic approach presented in this chapter is based on location of infection, or other easily discernible clinical characteristics, in order to provide a framework for thinking about eye infections for the ophthalmologist and nonophthalmologist alike.
Osteomyelitis
Authors: Mader Jon T , Ortiz, Mauro , Calhoun Jason H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Osteomyelitis is a term to describe infection in bone. The root word osteon (bone) and myelo (marrow) are combined with -itis to define the clinical state in which bone is infected with microorganisms. Osteomyelitis can be classified by duration (acute, chronic), by pathogenesis (trauma, hematogenous, surgery, true contiguous spread), by site (spine, hip, tibia, foot), by extent (size of defect), and by type of patient (infant, child, adult, compromised host).
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Authors: Buchwald Dedra S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Fatigue is a universal experience. Surveys in the developed world have found that between 10%-50% of people report currently experiencing fatigue, usually of an unspecified severity and limited duration. Fatigue is also a common complaint in primary care settings where the prevalence of fatigue is at least 20%. In most cases, such fatigue is transient, explained by prevailing circumstances, relieved by rest, and of little cause for medical concern. In both community and clinical settings, fatigue is often more frequent among women than men.
Burn Infections
Authors: Mann Roberta , Grube, Baiba J , Heimbach David M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Systemic infection is the most common cause of death in the burn patient when all sites of infection are combined (lung, wound, and other). This is likely due to a combination of immune suppression, lung parenchymal damage from smoke inhalation, and the fact that, while massive bums can be excised, there is still no way to provide a clean, closed wound that provides an effective infection barrier. The best management of infection is to prevent it.
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Authors: Bowden Raleigh A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Infections continue to be the major impediment to successful hematopoietic stem cell (HCT) transplantation, although major progress has been made in recent years in the prevention of viral and, more recently, candidal infections. Knowledge of the natural history of acquisition and/or reactivation of prior infection can assist the clinician in developing a likely differential diagnosis and distinguishing infectious from noninfectious complications in these often critically ill patients.
Infection in the Malnourished Patient
Authors: Lepage Philippe , Schwenk Achim , Mol, Patrick De , Butzler Jean-Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Among the host factors predisposing to infectious disease, protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) is probably the most frequent worldwide. PEM is defined as protein and calorie intake that is inadequate for meeting a person’s metabolic needs.
Eosinophilia in Travelers to Tropical Countries
Authors: Mahmoud Adel A F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An increase in peripheral blood eosinophil count is a significant finding in a traveler returning from a visit to developing countries. Eosinophilia is associated with multiple etiologies; most important among these are allergic, infectious, connective tissue, and malignant conditions. It is important to realize that eosinophilia is a specific finding which is usually related to a specific etiology.
Vaccines
Authors: Bolognesi Dani P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Whereas basic public health and preventive measures have had a positive impact on the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and new powerful antiviral therapies have prolonged and improved the quality of life of HIV infected individuals, the application of these interventions to impoverished nations has and continues to face imposing barriers. The ravaging effects of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have caused enormous social and economic losses in the developing world to the point that the actual fabric of the affected populations is threatened.
The Intellectuals of the Berlin Haskala
Authors: Lowenstein Steven M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Jewish elite created by the Seven Years War was certainly one of the vital ingredients for the spread of modernity among Berlin Jews. The wealthy coin entrepreneurs, silk manufacturers, and bankers who emerged in the 1760s helped create a new, more acculturated lifestyle that then spread to broad sections of the Berlin Jewish community. But what made developments in Berlin special were not merely external changes that caused Jews to appear to fit in better with their non-Jewish surroundings. It was the fact that these modifications were accompanied by a new intellectual movement that set up acculturation, rationalism, and a reform of Jewish traditional life as an ideology that made the changes in style of life so important and so influential on other communities. This Jewish Enlightenment, or Haskala, expressed itself in theoretical statements, literary works, periodicals, and other publications that were read not only in Berlin but also in other Jewish communities. Its members used both the Hebrew and the German languages to express their views. They often explicitly rejected the Yiddish vernacular as a mode of expression, though a few used it for their own Enlightenment purposes. The relationship between the two groups most influential in furthering the new Jewish way of life-the wealthy elite and the Enlightenment intellectuals-was a complex and sometimes ambivalent one. Without the support and protection given by the wealthy Jewish Establishment of Berlin, the Haskala might have been suppressed or at least slowed in its spread.
Death in the Fourth World
Authors: Kunitz Stephen J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The peoples who are the subject of this chapter-the indigenous peoples of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States-have much in common, and it is these commonalities that the comparisons seek to “control.” They all are members of what has been called the Fourth World: indigenous peoples submerged by an invading society.’ They all were colonized by the British. All are citizens of liberal Western democracies. The countries they inhabit all contain substantial temperate zones that attracted large numbers of Europeans. The ecological transformations caused by the introduction of Old World fauna and flora are said to have been similar. The native peoples were much reduced by the introduction of new diseases as well as by warfare and vigilantism. And finally, despite horrific losses, they all have recovered substantially over the past several generations. But if these similarities are significant, so too are the differences.
Conclusion
Authors: Kunitz Stephen J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The second half of the 19th century in the United States saw a remarkable change in the occupational structure and in what was considered valid professional knowledge. It was then that both medicine and the social sciences assumed their modem forms. Medicine became a different kind of profession than it had been, dominating other providers of care and institutions as it never had before, and the social sciences emerged as entirely new professions devoted to the understanding and control of the problems attendant on the birth of a new urban, industrial, multiethnic, and multiracial civilization. Each occupation developed characteristic modes of causal attribution as part of the process of becoming professions in the modem sense of the term. In essence, explanations became less particularistic and more universal.
The Limits Of Communitarianism
Authors: Walker Samuel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The most important alternative to the idea that rights should serve as the organizing principle for law and public policy is the philosophy known as communitarianism. The basic principle of communitarianism is that individual rights should be balanced by responsibilities: responsibility to the needs of the larger community and responsibility for one’s personal behavior. The Communitarian Network Platform declares that no community can “long survive unless its members dedicate some of their attention, energy, and resources to shared projects. The exclusive pursuit of private interest erodes the network of social environments on which we all depend.
Ideological Roots of the Young Turks
Authors: Hanioğlu M Şükrü 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Works written about the Young Turk movement, whether by its members or their contemporaries,2 all confirm a particular point: the movement was a link in the historical chain of Ottoman westernization and bureaucratic modernization and represented the modernist wing of the Ottoman intelligentsia and bureaucracy. However, it is difficult to find any evidence of these connections in relevant scholarly studies published since 1945. Nevertheless, the Young Turk and westernization movements were indisputably intertwined, and the latter, starting as early as the late eighteenth century, played an undeniable role in shaping the Young Turk Weltanschauung.In a book written nearly fifty years after the onset of the Ottoman westernization movement, the following question was posed: “Was the gravitation toward western ways precipitated by spontaneous attraction, or was it the fruit of wise counsel and foresight by Ottoman statesmen?” Undeniably both elements propelled westernization, and although it was initially a spontaneous development, it soon became the policy of Ottoman statesmen. After the Ottomans’ humiliating defeats by western powers, self-doubt and questioning became the order of the day. Initially, Ottoman intellectuals promoted their conclusion that Ottomans had been overcome by “infidels” who had mastered the “new technology.”
Introduction
Authors: Drescher Seymour 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The reasons for the demise of the Atlantic slave system have been a source of endless debate. The process entailed the dismantling of one of the most dynamic institutions in the European world economy after three centuries of continuous growth. As late as the mid-eighteenth century it seemed unlikely, to those with long historical or broad geographical perspectives, like Adam Smith, that slavery would ever be abolished throughout the world.
Some Lessons
Authors: Drescher Seymour 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When Colonial Secretary Edward Stanley introduced British emancipation as a mighty experiment in 1833, few commentators at home or abroad questioned the magnitude of the undertaking, either as wisdom or as folly. Who could deny that the lives of nearly a million colonial subjects, slaves, masters, and other inhabitants would be profoundly altered? Certainly no one could begin to fathom the long-range impact of the act on the progeny of the slaves and tens of millions more on both sides of the Atlantic. In the half century that followed, the experiment dwindled in significance.
Reflections On The Renaissance And Art For A New Dav
Authors: Huggins Nathan Irvin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Depression shattered the optimism of the Harlem Renaissance. The innocent faith in easy art fell victim to breadlines. From the perspective of the 1930s, the artists of the Renaissance looked strangely foolish and irrelevant, even to themselves. Poverty, which had always been obvious in Harlem, suddenly seemed more to characterize the area than did art and jazz. What was more, Harlem was shaken by riots in 1935. By the mid-thirties, even those who had taken part in the movement had little good to say about it. Langston Hughes, James Weldon Johnson, and Carl Van Vechten found it all to have been a bit nai’ve. Challenge, a new magazine edited by Dorothy West, was to be the vehicle for a new art that was more realistic. Violence in Harlem was on all minds. Claude McKay and Alain Locke wrote essays about the riots (though Locke’s essay is too long for inclusion here).Thus, there was a new spirit of social realism in art. Locke’s critique of McKay’s autobiography reflects this new concern for art with a social purpose. There were echoes of the political radicalism of the war years in the new artistic temper which can be discerned in Richard Wright’s “Blueprint for Negro Writing.” Black American writing had outgrown its innocence. As Richard Wright’s stories in Uncle Tom’s Children indicate, the writing of the thirties, forties, and after was much more tough and self-confident than could have been possible in the twenties.
The Memory Of The Modern
Authors: Matsuda Matt K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A multidisciplinary work, Memory of the Modern examines stock markets, tango dancers, vagabond murderers, neurology, monument destruction, and colonial policies to document how individuals and institutions shaped memory in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Wonderfully written, the book studies these diverse “memory-sites” to show how memory and history are fought over, shaped, and put to personal and ideological use.
Human Arterial Pressure
Authors: Korner Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The BP is a highly multifactorial variable, meaning that it is influenced by virtually all that goes on in the circulation. This makes it of the utmost value as an indicator of future cardiovascular risk, assuming that it is measured by adequate methodology. Comparing the age-BP relationship between populations tells us that there are marked differences in prevalence of EH. Moreover, the prevalence of EH increases with age in populations in which EH is common. Specific intervention studies have helped to sort out the relative importance of mental stress, high dietary salt, obesity, and other factors as causes of EH. However, in all the above conditions additional analysis is required to indicate the physiological meaning of a given change in BP, as has been done in later chapters.
Output Patterns in Nonobese Hypertensives
Authors: Korner Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In nonobese persons, the hemodynamic and neurohumoral output patterns provide useful clues about the nature of the more proximal operations of the control system, including possible interactions about some of the inputs considered in the previous chapter. In contrast, in obese individuals the substantial vasodilatation associated with hyperinsulinemia masks the constrictor factors that raise BP. Accordingly, the output patterns in obesity are considered separately (chapter 13). The hemodynamic patterns in lean individuals with EH suggest early hypothalamic involvement, with autonomic changes accounting for much of the vasoconstriction in mild and moderate EH. Over the next few years, a number of nonautonomic factors assume increasing prominence. Initially blood volume is normal, but it declines as hypertension becomes more severe, which is a consequence of constrictor hypertension. There is also some elevation of glucocorticoid hormones as part of the defense response. Participation in some of the regulation of the renin-angiotensin system is suggested by the much greater variance in plasma renin activity (PRA) in a population of persons with EH.