bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unanswered Questions and the Future of RLS Management
Authors: Spector Andrew R. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
There is still much that is unknown about RLS. Knowledge of the causes of RLS, such as genetics and iron deficiency, is incomplete. Inflammation worsens RLS, but it’s not known why or how. While there is a basic understanding of the roles of dopamine, adenosine, and glutamate, the roles of other neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, histamine, and melatonin, are still debated. Likewise, opioids are the most effective drugs for RLS, but the role of the natural opioids in the brain is unknown. Diagnosing RLS is currently based on symptoms, but developing an objective test for RLS could advance understanding of its causes. Once diagnosed, it is not known how to optimize or personalize medications for people suffering from RLS. The best therapies might not even be medications.
New England in Flames
Authors: Tuininga Matthew J. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter describes the disastrous consequences following the attack on the Narragansetts. Reinforced by the Narragansetts, Indians devastated colonial town after colonial town, including Lancaster, Medfield, and Groton. They took many captives, including Mary Rowlandson and her three children. Rowlandson was sold to the Narragansett leader Quinnapin and taken northward where she eventually met Philip. When the colonies launched a counteroffensive, it floundered. Angry colonists lashed out against praying Indians and their advocates, and more Indians were sent to Deer Island. In March Indians launched further devastating attacks at Rehoboth, Providence, and other towns.
Melodic Refusal and Racialized Anxiety in Mitski’s “Your Best American Girl”
Authors: Momii Toru 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This essay offers an analysis of the sound recording and music video of Japanese American singer-songwriter Mitski’s song “Your Best American Girl,” the lead single from her 2016 album Puberty 2. The song has generated an outpouring of reviews and social media posts by Asian American fans on its themes of heartbreak, racial identity, and self-acceptance. Commentaries on the song frequently discuss Asian Americans’ fraught relationship with whiteness and the contradictory experience of seeking approval and attention from whiteness even while facing rejection from it. Building upon these recurring narratives, this essay demonstrates how music analysis can reveal the racialized anxieties that undergird commonly identified themes of self-acceptance and empowerment in “Your Best American Girl.” Through an analysis of cadential patterns in Mitski’s vocal melody, the essay argues that the song expresses the difficulty of overcoming one’s own internalized desire for white approval—a desire that is inseparable from processes of Asian American racialization.
“That Impious Maxim of the Ancient Philosophy”
Authors: Anderson Abraham 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Kuehn is right, chapter 3 argued, to hold that Kant’s reference to Epicurus in the Antinomy is an allusion to Hume on creation. However, Kant does not simply identify Hume with Epicurean empiricism. The passage in which Kant refers to Epicurus has a footnote in which Kant entertains the possibility that Epicurus was not a dogmatic empiricist, but advanced his principles merely as "maxims for the speculative employment of reason." This footnote, chapter 4 argues, was suggested by Enquiry 12.29 note (d), where Hume rejects ex nihilo nihil fit as a basis either for excluding the creation of matter or for proving it. Hume thereby supplied the hint both for the dynamical antinomies and for their solution via the rejection of the psr.
Global Measles and Rubella Eradication
Authors: Andrus Jon Kim , Capozzi Eleanor , Drew Jessica , Kolar Katie , Lipson Hayley , Nelson Sydney , Robinson Emma , Khanal Sudhir 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The consequences of measles or rubella infection are devastating, especially among children of developing countries. Both diseases are preventable with excellent existing vaccines. Undervalued regional elimination efforts face challenges of the gaps in population immunity and declines in surveillance performance due to the barriers imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic. The global eradication of measles and rubella, the ultimate prevention strategy, is argued to be an extremely advantageous and effective public health investment. Committing to global measles and rubella eradication will result in millions of lives and billions of dollars saved. The feasibility of eradication is discussed for each, exploring both scientific and delivery factors that influence eradication efforts. While there are many challenges to be addressed, measles and rubella eradication will undoubtedly save and improve millions of lives and enhance immunization programs to bolster global health security moving forward.
The Elimination of Group A Meningococcal Meningitis From Sub-Saharan Africa After the Introduction of a New Group A Meningococcal Conjugate Vaccine
Authors: Marc LaForce F. , Djingarey Mamoudou , Bita Andre , Jadhav Suresh S. , Kulkarni Prasad S. , Viviani Simonetta , Pierre Preziosi Marie 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Until recently, epidemic group A Neisseria meningitidis meningitis was a major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa. To more effectively respond to these epidemics, the Meningitis Vaccine Project (MVP) was created in 2001 as a Gates Foundation–funded 10-year partnership between the World Health Organization (WHO) and PATH, a Seattle-based nongovernmental organization, that was aimed at developing a new and affordable group A N. meningitidis conjugate vaccine. The MVP resulted in the development of a new group A conjugate vaccine (PSA (Group A meningococcal polysaccharide)-TT (tetanus toxoid) that was found to be superior to a licensed group A polysaccharide vaccine in field trials conducted in India and West Africa from 2005 to 2009. The vaccine, PSA-TT (MenAfriVac), was approved for use in 1- to 29-year-olds by the drug controller general of India in 2009 and prequalified by the WHO in 2010. PSA-TT was introduced at a public health scale in Burkina Faso in December 2010 when all 1- to 29-year-olds were targeted to receive a single 10-mcg dose. Vaccine coverage exceeded 94% and no group A meningococcal infections were seen in vaccinees in 2011. Over the next 12 years over 350 million Africans were vaccinated with MenAfriVac in 24 sub-Saharan countries, and group A meningococcal meningitis has disappeared. The vaccine proved to be cost saving because it eliminated household and public health costs related to responding to these epidemics. The MVP is a sound example of the public health benefits that can accrue when affordable and effective vaccines are developed and introduced to receptive populations.
HIV Principles and Elimination Efforts
Authors: O’Shea Jesse , Wortley Pascale , Bonacci Robert A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
With more than 1.5 million new cases annually worldwide, HIV remains a public health crisis. After 40 years since the discovery of HIV, there are now remarkably effective HIV diagnostic, prevention, and treatment tools, including preexposure prophylaxis and antiretroviral therapy. However, significant inequities in access to HIV prevention and care and HIV-related stigma persist and threaten progress toward ending the HIV epidemic in the US and globally. HIV eradication (or even widespread elimination) also remains unlikely without a preventive vaccine or cure. This chapter reviews topics related to the principles of HIV elimination including the natural history, epidemiology, prevention, and surveillance of HIV. Biologic and operational factors that impact efforts to end the HIV epidemic are also addressed.
Global Elimination of Mother-to-Child Transmission of Syphilis
Authors: Newman Lori M. , Taylor Melanie M. , Newman Owiredu Morkor , Wi Teodora Elvira C. , Mello Maeve B. , Broutet Nathalie J. , Kamb Mary L. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In 2007, the World Health Organization (WHO) and partners launched a global initiative to eliminate congenital syphilis as a public health problem based on a foundation of universal access to antenatal care (ANC) and reproductive health services. In 2012, this initiative joined with the ongoing global campaign to eliminate mother-to-child (“vertical”) transmission of HIV, becoming the combined elimination of mother-to-child transmission (EMTCT) of HIV and syphilis initiative. Integration of these two global initiatives takes advantage of the important synergies for HIV and syphilis in ANC, such as joint implementation logistics and service delivery, monitoring and evaluation systems, and a combined voice for sustained political commitment. In 2022, elimination of perinatal transmission of hepatitis B was added to this integrated initiative based on the ANC platform, resulting in the current triple elimination initiative—EMTCT of HIV, syphilis, and hepatitis B. EMTCT is distinctive among global elimination efforts in both its integrated approach and its inclusion of human rights, gender equality, and community engagement in addition to public health and disease prevention pillars. Countries validated as achieving elimination as a public health problem are required to provide representative data indicating disease prevention and care thresholds have been met, as is usual in elimination initiatives. Additionally, countries also must provide evidence indicating that accessible and quality ANC services (including quality diagnostic testing and counseling and access to adequate treatment) are in place; the country has supportive polices to ensure services are not coercive; and the rights of women, children, and families are protected.
Kahneman and Tversky: Gaining Acceptance, Dropping Uncertainty
Authors: Bhidé Amar 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter presents the perspective based on Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky’s (hereafter K-T) research. The KT research demonstrates the extent to which human behavior deviates from neoclassical norms, where the latter are used as the benchmark for economic rationality. K-T’s research on biases, which had a paradigmatic and practical appeal that Simon’s work had lacked, established a foothold for the new behavioral boom. The chapter explains that the mainstream perspective ignores uncertainty and other critical features of Simon’s approach, such as satisficing organizational routines. It highlights how the K-T research strengthened and broadened the foothold by developing prospect theory and propositions about framing.
The Evolution of Dynamic Bureaucracies
Authors: Bhidé Amar 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the evolution of dynamic bureaucracies. It examines the distinctiveness of large company dynamism through a historical and bottom-up analysis. The now-defunct East India Company seems an unlikely progenitor for the large modern public corporation. The chapter then discusses the development of distinctive organization structures and collectivized decision-making routines. It also considers the dominant position of large, professionally managed corporations after World War II and then their subsequent struggle in the last quarter of the twentieth century. Although giant corporations have lost their aura of invincibility, many of their critical attributes have endured, which influenced their distinctive entrepreneurial twenty-first-century role.
To Reform the People
Authors: Chan Elton 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Chapter 5 details Confucian virtuous cultivation as a non-ideal theory. Rather than relying merely on optimistic assumptions about humanity, the Confucian sociopolitical order is designed to bring about virtuous cultivation in non-ideal reality. This chapter argues that the Confucian sociopolitical order fundamentally relies on a hierarchy which is instituted through a ritual hierarchical system, meritocracy, elite leadership, and an all-embracing social hierarchy. It is through these four components that virtuous cultivation is possible under the non-ideal political reality. Hierarchical and authoritarian rule in both political and social contexts are thus not a self-evident natural order but useful functional practices that allow Confucians to approach their moral ideal in the non-ideal world.
Toward Confucian Republicanism II
Authors: Chan Elton 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Chapter 8 goes into deeper detail on how a Confucian republican political order is constituted. Yet forming a partnership between to distinct political traditions is not an easy task. The chapter addresses the potential conflicts between Confucianism and republicanism. Confucians will need to accept significant adjustments so as to avoid conflicting with the core tenets of republicanism. The adjustments, nonetheless, will be conducted in a principled manner, staying faithful to the commitment to the core Confucian ideals. It also describes the institutional features of a Confucian republic as well as the virtuous citizenry needed for the proper functioning of the republic. It shows that a Confucian republic must be built on a realistic understanding of how power counter power without losing the ethical guidance of political virtues.
What Should Enforcement Do, and Not Do?
Authors: Motomura Hiroshi 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Chapter 7 examines immigration enforcement, with a focus on the intensification of enforcement in the United States beginning in the 1990s. This trend continues today. It has taken many forms, including stringent laws on detention and deportation of immigration law violators, substantial resources for border fortifications and enforcement in the country’s interior, and the deputization of state and local governments and the private sector. The chapter then addresses the wide gap between law on the books and law in action. Due to this gap, discretion plays a vast role in enforcement. This discretion is the foundation for the discrimination in enforcement that can evade detection and remedy. The chapter next applies this analytical framework to specific approaches to immigration enforcement, including border walls, detention, inadequate due process, criminal penalties, privatized enforcement, state and local enforcement, databases, and externalized borders. The chapter closes by addressing the limits of enforcement without more fundamental reform of the system being enforced.
How Can We Take Skeptics Seriously, and Why?
Authors: Motomura Hiroshi 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Chapter 8 discusses taking immigration skeptics and opponents seriously. The chapter starts with immigration’s economic effects. These effects are positive overall, but what matters for making immigration policy are smaller-scale economic effects and how they are perceived politically. The key fact is that immigration may have some labor market effects that disadvantage some people in the country’s workforce. The chapter next addresses fiscal impact: the economic effects of newcomers on federal, state, and local treasuries. For both labor market effects and fiscal impact, the key to sound policy is more equitable distribution of the prosperity that immigration produces. The chapter addresses how to accomplish this and the obstacles to doing so. It then explains the need to address economy anxiety that migration can generate. Some anxiety can understandably arise in historically disadvantaged groups, including racial minorities, in the destination country. Economic anxiety is an essential political fact, and ignoring this anxiety can lead to backlash and resentment toward immigrants.
What Does It Mean to Address Migration’s Root Causes?
Authors: Motomura Hiroshi 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Chapter 9 explores what it means to address the root causes of migration in countries of origin. The chapter opens by acknowledging that many root causes of migration are traceable to laws, policies, and economic needs in destination countries. That said, essential to sound migration policy is attention to root causes in countries of origin and also in countries of transit, where conditions can influence whether a migrant stays there or moves onward. The chapter continues by addressing the complex relationship between migration and economic development, as well as other factors that influence migration in countries of origin and transit. The chapter suggests that remittances sent by migrants can address root causes without the inefficiency and dilution that often is a consequence of control by governments or others in the countries where people get remittances. But remittances presuppose migration. This suggests that migration in the short term may be the most effective way to manage migration in the long term.
Conclusion
Authors: Motomura Hiroshi 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The Conclusion wraps up by returning to key themes in the Introduction. Especially foundational is the notion of realistic utopia. This means a utopian vision of immigration policy as an essential compass, but combined with the need to understand what is realistic and sustainable. This combination identifies an urgent need to identify and take steps forward, even if complete success doesn’t seem realistically attainable. Essential for meeting this need is moving beyond false choices that oversimplify complex realities. Also essential is anticipating migration trends, instead of reacting to migration after it happens. We can do much better than we’re doing now.
Ethical Issues in the Helping Professions
Authors: Grady Melissa D. , Dombo Eileen A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter is written by Frederic Reamer, one of the most well-known experts on ethical standards for practice. It reviews the critical ethical standards and principles that should guide any form of practice within the broader world of behavioral, mental health, and healthcare settings. Some enduring ethical issues include challenges related to protection of clients’ confidential information, management of complex boundary issues, and identifying the limits of clients’ right to self-determination. Other ethical issues are of much more recent origin, especially related to practitioners’ increasing use of digital and other technology. The author provides guidelines for working through ethical dilemmas that can emerge in various practice settings.
Mood and Cognition
Authors: Costello Kathleen , Kalb Rosalind , Giesser Barbara S. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Emotions or mood, as well as thinking ability, can be affected by multiple sclerosis (MS). Grief, a strong and sometimes overwhelming feeling of loss, is a normal response to sudden change, such as the diagnosis of MS. Depression, however, is neither healthy nor normal. Feelings of sadness, despair, and hopelessness are characteristic of depression, and treatment from a mental health provider may be essential. Anxiety, the feeling of intense worry, is also possible with MS, particularly given the unpredictable nature of the disease: It can be so intense that it becomes overwhelming. Cognitive dysfunction, or changes in thinking, can range from mild and annoying to disruptive to home and work life. Often, information processing is slowed, and short-term memory is affected. Screening and assessment of mood and cognitive issues need to be done regularly so that issues can be identified and treatment initiated.
Bladder and Bowel
Authors: Costello Kathleen , Kalb Rosalind , Giesser Barbara S. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Changes in bladder and bowel function, which are very common in multiple sclerosis (MS), can be disruptive to daily activities. Urinary urgency—the “gotta go” feeling—and the inability to empty the bladder (urinary retention) are due to disruption of messages in the spinal cord and brain. Constipation is a common issue for people with MS. Involuntary bowel—the sudden need to empty the bowel—is less common but can be terribly upsetting. Most of the bladder and bowel issues can be effectively treated. Adequate fluid, avoidance of fluids that irritate the bladder, medications, and procedures such as pelvic floor physical therapy or percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation can help with urinary urgency. Bowel issues can often be successfully treated with diet changes and increased activity. This chapter discusses the issues and management strategies.
Intimacy and Sexuality
Authors: Costello Kathleen , Kalb Rosalind , Giesser Barbara S. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) can impact intimacy and sexuality in a variety of ways. Changes in sexual feelings and responses are common in women and men with MS, and they are often difficult to understand or discuss. Primary sexual changes, which are caused by the disease process itself, include problems with sensation, arousal, erectile function, vaginal lubrication, and orgasm. Secondary changes result from MS symptoms such as fatigue, pain, stiffness, and bladder dysfunction that can interfere with the spontaneity and comfort of sexual activity. Tertiary changes are related to changes in body image and the feelings and attitudes people with MS and their partners may have about sexuality and disability. Learning how to talk comfortably about these changes with each other and with the health care team is the first step to learning how to manage the changes and enjoy intimacy and sexual activity despite them.
Orienting Tenets and Concepts
Authors: White E. Jayne , Janfada Mahtab 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The questions posed when undertaking a dialogic methodology in research may seem daunting. Some may wish for clear signposts to show the way, but these do not exist. In this chapter, we explore the tenets of dialogic philosophy and what these mean for the formation of dialogic methodology. We look at some key concepts arising from these tenets that can be operationalised for practice-based research. We then look at how other dialogic scholars have achieved this, and the necessary tensions occurring along the way. By the end of this chapter, we hope you may be ready to begin designing a project methodologically grounded in dialogic thought for practice.
Against the Ontological Homogeneity of Temporal Reality
Authors: Fiocco M. Oreste 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter argues, by considering temporal differentiation, the phenomenon of the world going from one way (at one moment) to a different way (at a distinct moment), that temporal reality is not ontologically homogeneous. Temporal differentiation is indisputable; indeed, no one disputes it. There is disagreement only regarding what things, what structure, in the world is needed to account for the phenomenon. The chapter discusses the passage of time as it has traditionally been understood and maintains there is no such phenomenon. The chapter then examines what appears to be the minimal structure needed to account for temporal differentiation and one’s experience of it, viz., distinct moments bearing temporal relations, to determine whether this is in fact a satisfactory basis. The chapter argues that it is not and, therefore, no account of the world in time on which it is ontologically homogeneous can be successful.