bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improvement in pulping and bleaching properties of xylem from transgenic tobacco plants
Authors: Kajita Shinya , Ishifuji Masatoshi , Ougiya Hiroshi , Hara Shin‐ichi , Kawabata Haruhiko , Morohoshi Noriyuki , Katayama Yoshihiro 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn an attempt to improve the pulping properties of xylem pieces and the bleaching properties of the resultant pulp, we compared two lines of transgenic tobacco in which the biosynthesis of lignin had been altered by suppression of the activity of 4‐coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL). The results of Kraft pulping on a laboratory scale indicated that the xylem of transgenic tobacco exhibited a higher delignification efficiency than that of corresponding controls subjected to the same conditions. This facilitated delignification was accompanied by a high pulp yield, but there was no excessive degradation of cellulose in the pulp fibres. The unbleached pulps from the 4CL‐suppressed tobacco plants were easily bleached with a lower consumption of chemicals than was required for the controls. Furthermore, the strength and optical properties of handsheets prepared from the 4CL‐suppressed tobacco plants were similar to those of handsheets prepared from the controls. Our observations suggest that modification of lignin by genetic engineering of the suppression of 4CL activity should result in both an increased pulping yield and a saving of bleaching reagent.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Sugar–cellulose composites. VI. Economic evaluation of lactose production from cheese whey for use in paper
Authors: Fernández J , Vega A , Coca J , Allan G G 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPrevious papers in this series have shown that a portion of the cellulose fibres in paper can be replaced by lactose without significant changes in the physical properties of the paper. Lactose will only be used to substitute up to 10% of cellulose in paper‐making if it is available in quantity at a price less than that of the fibres replaced. Cheese is produced worldwide in large quantities, and its by‐product, whey, is mainly dried or, in some cases, fractionated to produce lactose and whey protein concentrate (WPC). Lactose obtained from cheese whey for this application does not need to fulfil FDA or EU requirements. Hence its manufacture is cheaper than for edible grade lactose. Furthermore, it is not necessary to dry the cellulose substitute to minimise the transportation cost if the lactose fractionation plant is located close to the paper‐mill. An analytical case study has been developed for the industrial environment existing in Asturias (Spain), where seven plants producing more than 400 000 t year−1 of cheese whey, with an annual growth of 3%, and a 150 000 t year−1 paper‐mill are located within a circular area of 80 km radius. This analysis has been extended to different plant capacities to allow its application to other locations with similar characteristics.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
A comparison of biochemical changes in cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) fillets during frozen storage
Authors: Badii Farah , Howell Nazlin K 
Published: October 2002

AbstractChanges in the muscle proteins of frozen cod fillets, which produce significant amounts of formaldehyde, and frozen haddock fillets, which produce negligible formaldehyde, were compared. Protein extractability and hydrophobicity and the amino acid contents of soluble and insoluble proteins, as well as formaldehyde formation, were investigated in matching pairs of cod and haddock fillets stored at −10 and −30 °C (control). Formaldehyde production in cod was much higher (845 and 1065 nmol g−1at 20 and 30 weeks respectively) than in haddock (93 and 101 nmol g−1after 20 and 30 weeks respectively) at −10 °C. However, a rapid decrease in solubility of proteins, increase in hydrophobicity and decrease in the amino acid content of salt‐soluble proteins at −10 compared with −30 °C were observed in both species. The results showed that there were no significant differences in the nature of the protein changes between these two species, thus indicating that factors other than formaldehyde were involved in the denaturation of proteins and the formation of aggregates during frozen storage of cod and haddock fillets, especially at −10 °C.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Diagnosis and management of patients with thyroid nodules
Authors: Lawrence Walter , Kaplan Brian J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractFewer than 5% of all adults will have a palpable thyroid nodule, but this is still a large number of individuals who require evaluation. Although most thyroid nodules are a result of a benign disease process (more than 95%), the possibility of thyroid cancer is always a consideration. Important aspects of history taking with a patient in whom a thyroid nodule has been noted include age, gender, family history of thyroid or endocrine disease, prior low dosage head and neck radiation, recent hoarseness, dysphagia, and symptoms of hypermetabolism. Key features of evaluation by physical examination are the size and location of the thyroid abnormality, the degree of firmness of the nodule, the presence of other nodules in the thyroid, palpable cervical lymph nodes, vocal cord paresis or paralysis, and tachycardia and/or tremor.The major categories of thyroid abnormality in such patients include cysts, adenomas, thyroiditis, and cancer. Although radionuclide scans, ultrasound examination and computer tomography have all been employed in the assessment of thyroid nodules, and thyroid stimulating hormone assay is useful for confirming a euthyroid state, fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) has proved to be the most efficient diagnostic tool. The findings from FNAB allow avoidance of operative treatment for a large portion of these patients with palpable thyroid nodules, but a diagnosis of “follicular neoplasm” on FNAB usually requires operation, despite the fact that many such patients do ultimately prove to have a benign lesion. The extent of operation in patients undergoing surgery will depend on the diagnostic findings before operation, but unilateral thyroid lobectomy is the minimum procedure when surgery is required. J. Surg. Oncol. 2002;80:157–170. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐pulsed ruby laser for permanent hair reduction: Histological analysis after 3, 4½, and 6 months
Authors: McCoy Sue , Evans Anne , James Craig 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe histology of hair follicles in both animal and human skin treated with ruby lasers has been evaluated to a limited extent in previous studies. We have previously looked at such follicles up to 2 months after treatment. This study examines the longer‐term effects at a microscopic level and attempts to further elucidate the mechanism of ruby laser hair reduction.Study Design/Materials and MethodsThirty‐six patients underwent 1, 2, or 3 treatments of their axillary or bikini area skin with a 3 milliseconds ruby laser at 10, 20, 30, or 40 J/cm2. Biopsies were taken 3, 4½, or 6 months after the last treatment and examined histologically. Nine control biopsies were taken from comparable bikini areas of untreated patients and similarly evaluated histologically.ResultsThere was a significant increase in telogen compared to anagen follicles in treated skin, which was slightly increased by multiple compared to single treatments, but unaffected by different time intervals since the last treatment. There was also a significant increase in miniaturized compared to terminal hairs in treated compared to control skin, a finding that was further increased with higher energies used. Multiple treatments and time after treatment had a slight, but not statistically significant effect on follicle size.ConclusionsInduction of telogen in terminal follicles followed by miniaturization appears to be the main mechanism of ruby laser hair reduction. Lasers Surg. Med. 30:401–405, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Holmium: YAG laser‐induced liquid jet knife: Possible novel method for dissection
Authors: Nakagawa Atsuhiro , Hirano Takayuki , Komatsu Makoto , Sato Mariko , Uenohara Hiroshi , Ohyama Hideki , Kusaka Yasuko , Shirane Reizo , Takayama Kazuyoshi , Yoshimoto Takashi 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesMaking surgical incisions in vessel‐rich organs without causing bleeding is difficult. Thus, it is necessary to develop new devices for this purpose, especially for surgery involving small vessels as in neurosurgery, where damage against even small cerebral vessels result in severe neurological deficits.Study Design/Materials and MethodsA laser‐induced liquid jet was generated by irradiating pulsed Holmium Yttrium‐Aluminum‐Garnet (Ho: YAG) laser (beams of 350 microseconds pulse width) within a copper tube (internal diameter, 1 mm) with pure water (150 ml /hour). Ho: YAG laser beams were irradiated through an optical fiber (core diameter, 0.4 mm). The influence of the input of laser energy, structure of the nozzle, and the stand‐off distance between the optical fiber tip and nozzle exit on the jet velocity was measured by a high‐speed video camera to evaluate controllability of jet. The effect on artificial organs made of 10 and 30%(w/v) gelatin, each of which represent features of soft tissue and blood vessels.ResultsJet velocity increased in proportion to gain in laser energy input, and maximum penetration depth into 10%(w/v) gelatin was 35 mm by single exposure at 350 mJ/pulse without impairing a vessel model. Shapes of nozzle also modified jet velocity with optimal nozzle/tube area ratio of 0.25.ConclusionsThe laser‐induced liquid jet has excellent potential as a new tool for removing soft tissue without damaging vital structures. Lasers Surg. Med. 31:129–135, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ketoconazole potentiates the antitumor effects of nocodazole: In vivo therapy for human tumor xenografts in nude mice
Authors: Wang Ying‐Jan , Jeng Jiiang‐Huei , Chen Rong‐Jane , Tseng How , Chen Li‐Ching , Liang Yu‐Chih , Lin Chien‐Huang , Chen Chien‐Ho , Chu Jan‐Show , Ho Wei‐Lu , Ho Yuan‐Soon 
Published: October 2002

AbstractOur previous studies demonstrated that the oral antifungal agent ketoconazole (KT) induces apoptosis and G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest in human cancer cell lines. In this study, we first demonstrated that KT (1 μM) potentiated the apoptotic effects of nocodazole (ND, 1 nM) in COLO 205 cancer cells. We further demonstrated the therapeutic efficacy of a combined treatment of KT (50 mg/kg/three times per week) and ND (5 mg/kg/three times per week) in vivo by treating athymic mice bearing COLO 205 tumor xenografts. The antitumor effects of ND were significantly potentiated by KT in mice after 6 wk of treatment. No gross signs of toxicity were observed in mice receiving these treatment regimens. The apoptotic cells were detected in a microscopic view of the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase–mediated dUTP nick‐end labeling staining and by observation of DNA fragmentation in KT + ND–treated tumor tissues. The levels of cell cycle regulatory proteins were determined by Western blot analysis. Treatment with KT inhibits tumor growth through elevation of p53, p21/CIP1, and p27/KIP1 as well as inhibition of cyclin D3 and cyclin‐dependent kinase 4 protein expression. Immunohistochemical staining analysis showed that p53, p21/CIP1, and p27/KIP1 immunoreactivity were induced in the tumor tissues. To clarify the roles of the p21/CIP1 and p27/KIP1 protein expression involved in G0/G1 arrest and/or apoptosis induced by a combined treatment with KT and ND, antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) specific to p21/CIP1 and p27/KIP1 were used. Our results demonstrated that apoptotic phenomena, including BAX induction and cytochrome C released from mitochondria induced by KT + ND, were significantly attenuated by pretreatment the cells with the p27/KIP1–specific antisense ODNs. These results indicate that p27/KIP1 protein does indeed play a critical role in the KT + ND–induced apoptosis. Our study revealed the molecular mechanism of KT + ND in regression of the tumor growth. The apoptotic effects of KT in a great variety of cancer cells make it a very attractive agent for cancer chemotherapy. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Disordered respiration as a levodopa‐induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Rice J.E. , Antic R. , Thompson Philip D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSymptomatic respiratory disturbance as a consequence of levodopa (L‐dopa) therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD) has been described only rarely and may be underrecognized in clinical practice. We report on two patients with PD in whom the introduction or augmentation of L‐dopa therapy was associated with the development of irregular and rapid breathing. Analysis of breathing patterns before and after L‐dopa demonstrated a striking change in respiratory rate after administration of L‐dopa, with the emergence of irregular tachypnea alternating with brief periods of apnea, in a pattern consistent with a central origin. In both cases, the temporal relationship of the respiratory disturbance to the administration of L‐dopa suggested a peak‐dose drug effect. Previous reports of L‐dopa–induced respiratory dyskinesia are reviewed, and the potential mechanisms whereby L‐dopa might influence the central control of respiration to produce irregular breathing patterns are discussed. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Possible sporadic rapid‐onset dystonia–parkinsonism
Authors: Linazasoro Gurutz , Indakoetxea Begoña , Ruiz Javier , Van Blercom Nadege , Lasa Asier 
Published: October 2002

AbstractRapid‐onset dystonia–parkinsonism is a hereditary disease characterized by a combination of dystonic and parkinsonian symptoms. Bulbar musculature is predominantly affected by dystonia. The onset is usually abrupt and the progression of the disease over years is minimal or absent. Homovanillic acid levels in cerebrospinal fluid can be diminished, suggesting that the pathogenesis of the disease is related to some dysfunction in dopaminergic neurotransmission. However, no abnormality has been found in positron emission tomography studies and levodopa does not improve symptoms. The genetic abnormality is not known, but evidence for linkage to markers on chromosome 19q13 has been reported. We describe the case of a woman with a clinical picture highly suggestive of rapid onset dystonia–parkinsonism (RDP) and no family history of the disease. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society.
The effect of quetiapine on psychosis and motor function in parkinsonian patients with and without dementia
Authors: Reddy Sujana , Factor Stewart A. , Molho Eric S. , Feustel Paul J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractRecently, several small studies have indicated that quetiapine may be useful in the treatment of drug‐induced psychosis in patients with PD. However, there have been questions related to atypical antipsychotic therapy and patient selection and how that may affect response and tolerability, especially worsening of the motor symptoms of PD. In particular, the presence or absence of dementia seems to be important. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of quetiapine on psychosis and motor symptoms in PD patients with and without dementia. A retrospective record review of patient responses to quetiapine was conducted. Response of psychosis was assessed through patient and caregiver interviews. Motor symptom change in relation to this therapy was assessed by patient and caregiver interviews and completion of the motor portion of the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRSm). Analysis was performed by comparing psychosis and motor feature measures from before and after therapy for the group as a whole and for demented and nondemented subgroups, using nonparametric tests and Fisher's exact test. Forty‐three consecutively treated PD patients were evaluated. The mean dose of quetiapine was 54 mg per day and the duration of therapy was 10 months. Eighty‐one percent of patients demonstrated partial or complete amelioration of psychosis. Five patients (13%) experienced a worsening of PD motor symptoms, which was corroborated by changes seen in UPDRSm. When the group was examined as a whole, no significant change in UPDRSm score was noted. When demented (n = 20) and nondemented (n = 19) patients were compared, improvement in psychosis occurred in similar numbers of patients, but a significant difference in the numbers of patients who experienced a worsening of motor symptoms was seen (P < 0.02, Fisher's exact test). All five patients who complained of motor worsening were in the demented group. UPDRSm score after therapy tended to be worse in the demented group (P = 0.55, Mann‐Whitney U test). There was no significant change in the levodopa dose. Approximately 80% of patients chose to continue therapy. We conclude that quetiapine is effective in improving psychosis in approximately 80% of PD patients both with and without dementia. Patients with dementia seem to have a higher propensity for worsening of motor symptoms.
Shoulder fusion and free‐functioning gracilis transplantation in patients with elbow and shoulder paralysis caused by poliomyelitis
Authors: El‐Gammal Tarek Abdalla , El‐Sayed Amr , Kotb Mohammed M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSix children between 7–16 years of age presented with flail shoulder and elbow caused by poliomyelitis. Shoulder fusion was followed by free‐functioning gracilis transplantation to replace the atrophied biceps muscle. The transplanted muscle was reinnervated by either the spinal accessory or phrenic nerve. Follow‐up averaged 44 months (range, 56–23 months). All cases developed at least grade 3 power of elbow flexion and were able to place their hands to their mouths. Five out of 6 cases were able to flex their elbow against resistance. One case required tension readjustment, and elbow flexion contracture of 45° developed in another case. On average, the transplanted gracilis started to contract 3 months after transplantation, and muscle power reached grade 2 at 5–6 months and grade 3 at 9–12 months. Muscles supplied by the spinal accessory nerve were earlier to contract and ultimately attained more power than those supplied by the phrenic nerve, probably because of easier rehabilitation. Shoulder fusion and free‐functioning gracilis transplantation for biceps replacement provide a solution for restoration of function in children with flail shoulder and elbow, as caused by poliomyelitis. The procedure can be useful in other neuromuscular conditions, such as late‐presenting Erb's palsy, especially when no other muscles are available for local transfer. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MICROSURGERY 22: 199–202 2002
Facial contour restoration in Barraquer‐Simons syndrome using two free tram flaps: Presentation of two case reports and long‐term follow‐up
Authors: Goossens Sofie , Coessens Bruno 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBarraquer‐Simons syndrome, a disorder of unknown etiology, is characterized by a cephalothoracic lipodystrophy. We present 2 patients treated with a bilateral free transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (TRAM) flap to restore facial contour. Our technique of using a muscle component to fill the cheek defect was based on our experience with free muscle transfer in facial reanimation. In comparison with adipose tissue, muscle tissue does not show a tendency for ptosis because of its consistency and firm attachment of the muscle surface to the surrounding tissues. These cases demonstrate the possibility for the use of simultaneous dissection of the face and flaps, and the reliability of the vascular pedicle. The stability of the abdominal wall was secured by closure of the rectus sheath over Teflon mesh, which has been proven to prevent hernia. Our long‐term follow‐up demonstrates a stable symmetrical facial appearance. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. MICROSURGERY 22:211–218 2002
Note on the existence and uniqueness of optimum lifting surfaces with reduced tip vorticity
Authors: Sparenberg J. A. , Thomas E. G. F. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn linearized optimization theory, lifting surfaces shed tip vorticity of which the strength has in general infinite square root singularities. Here we impose, besides the usual condition on the force action of the lifting surfaces, also a condition on the strength of their shed vorticity by which it remains bounded. Then the existence of a unique optimum under both conditions is proved. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On corner irregularities that arise in hyperbolic shell membrane theory
Authors: Piila J. , Pitkäranta J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe study the regularity of the solution to a two‐dimensional linear hyperbolic system that arises in shell membrane theory. We focus on the behaviour of the solution at a corner where none of the characteristic lines intersect the domain. In this case, there appears an algebraic singularity at the corner, in addition to the usual hyperbolic irregularities that propagate along the characteristic lines. We carry out the analysis on a triangular domain, using as tools the Banach fixed point Theorem and the Mellin transform techniques. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement of complex permittivity of liquid dielectrics
Authors: Wang Yong , Afsar Mohammed N. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe complex permittivity of a number of liquid dielectrics has been measured with the use of the in‐waveguide technique at the X and Ku band. The TRL calibration procedure is applied for the calibration of the waveguide system. The measured results of permittivity of distilled water agree well with those published in the literature. The measured permittivity for other liquids such as ethyl alcohol, propyl alcohol, benzene, chlorobenzene, menthanol, and cyclothexane are also shown, and the properties of these liquids are discussed. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 34: 240–243, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10427
Prospective study of carboplatin‐based chemotherapy for pediatric germ cell tumors
Authors: Stern Julie W. , Bunin Nancy 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundSurvival of pediatric patients with malignant germ cell tumors has improved dramatically with the use of cisplatin‐based chemotherapy, though patients are at high risk of significant long‐term complications. In a prospective study, carboplatin was substituted for cisplatin in an attempt to minimize nephro‐ and oto‐toxicities, while achieving excellent disease‐free survival.ProcedureAll consecutive patients with malignant germ cell tumors at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia were treated between 1989 and 1998. After pathologic confirmation of disease and pretreatment evaluation of pulmonary, renal, and otologic function, patients received etoposide 150 mg/m2 days 1, 2, 3; carboplatin 600 mg/m2 day 2; and bleomycin 10 mg/m2 day 3 for at least four courses.ResultsTwenty‐three patients were entered for study, and were available for evaluation. All patients achieved either a complete or partial remission following therapy with surgery and chemotherapy. With a median of 58 months of follow‐up, overall survival is 91% and event‐free survival is 87%. Therapy was given as an outpatient, and well tolerated, with 20 admissions for fever and neutropenia. Ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity, when evaluated, have been extremely limited. Three patients, all with stage III disease, have relapsed; one of these remains alive and disease free.ConclusionsCarboplatin can successfully substitute for cisplatin during the treatment of pediatric germ cell tumors without sacrificing response or survival. Long‐term effects, especially nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity, were rare or mild among the small number of patients evaluated. Carboplatin appears to be a safe and efficacious alternative in the treatment of germ cell tumors, and should be considered as primary therapy for pediatric patients. Med Pediatr Oncol 2002;39:163–167. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.