bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Japan
Authors: Ishii Kanji 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Economic development of modern Japan. The growth rate of real GNP of Japan from 1887 to 1913 was once estimated at 3.6 percent per annum, one of the highest rates in the world at that time,1 but a new estimate by Kazushi Ohkawa in 1974 reduced it to 2.4 percent,2 which led to a hot controversy about the correct rate. For lack of reliable data, we can only say that the rate was around 3 percent, which was not the highest rate but a fairly high one at that time.
Banking and Financial Relations between Russia and the United States
Authors: Roosa Ruth AmEnde 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The crucial role of capital in the industrial development of Russia before 1914 is recognized by scholars both in the Soviet Union and in the Western world. Indeed, its critical importance was emphasized by Russia’s most advanced economic leaders long before 1914, albeit not without opposition from agrarian interests. Although the state had generally sought to play a positive role in initiating industrial development, its economic policies had been subject to alternating change through both the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
Foreign Capital in the Italian Banking Sector
Authors: Hertner Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The development of the Italian banking sector in the years between the unification of Italy and the outbreak of World War I has been described by Jon Cohen in Banking and Economic Development, by Antonio Confalonieri in his monumental contribution, Banca e industria in Italia (beginning in the 1880s), and by the present author in a few essays published since 1978. The following notes concentrate on the specific role of foreign investment in Italian banking between 1860 and 1914 and on the way these foreign investments may have contributed to Italian economic development.
European Banks in the Middle East
Authors: Thobie Jacques 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The basic approach of this chapter rests on an ascertainable fact: The intervention of European banks in the Ottoman Empire, Egypt, and Persia involved necessarily and intimately two processes, one of financial and economic technique, the other of politics. The emergence and development of the purely financial activity of British, French, Belgian, Swiss, Dutch, then Austrian, German, Italian and Russian banks, occurred at a time when banking institutions in Europe strove to adapt themselves to the changing requirements of the development of industrial capitalism.
The Expansion of the World Cable Network, 1866–1895
Authors: Headrick Daniel R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By 1866 telegraph engineers and entrepreneurs had learned much from two decades of experimentation and failure. They were ready to build a system that would dominate international communications for half a century. Until World War I the technology of telegraphs settled into a comfortable maturity, not yet challenged by long-distance telephony, radio, or airmail. Once cables could be made reliable and efficient, the network expanded until it reached almost every part of the world. Submarine cables, which totalled forty-six kilometers in 1852, stretched over 300,000 kilometers by 1895 (see Table 3.1 and Figure 2). Meanwhile, the world’s land lines had grown to over a million kilometers.
The Beginnings of Radio, 1895-1914
Authors: Headrick Daniel R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The telegraph, appearing in an era of peace, was long thought to be peaceful by nature; it did not become an object of dissension until the turn of the century, when nations turned antagonistic for other reasons. The radio, in contrast, was born into a world of jittery jingoism and started life as a weapon in the commercial and military rivalries of the great powers. Thus do humans unfairly project their own virtues and vices upon the machines they create. Two characteristics of radiotelegraphy (or wireless as it was then known) were apparent from the start. It could communicate with ships and other vehicles that had been incommunicado in the age of the telegraph, and it sprayed its messages in all directions and crossed national boundaries with impunity, making it far less secure than cables.
Victims of a Macroeconomic Policy Shift?
Authors: Mattey Joe P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is a substantial amount of prima facie evidence that timber contract buyers were victims of an unanticipated shift in macro¬ economic policy. It is easy to see how timber contract buyers could have been fooled-macroeconomic conditions were very different in the early 1980s from those in the late 1970s. In an attempt to restore credibility as an inflation fighter, in October 1979 the Federal Reserve announced a shift to new operating procedures and pursued a contractionary monetary policy. The ensuing contraction was sharp, increasing the potential disruption to individuals who failed to respond to the monetary policy shift. The decline in demand for coastal lumber that undermined timber values was not idiosyncratic to that regional industry; nationwide, there was a decrease in housing construction.
Psychology of the Market
Authors: Mattey Joe P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the psychology of the timber market during the period of highest overbids, 1979 through 1981. Specific consideration is given to the possibility that decisions of the timber buyers were quasirational, in the sense that the buyers chose actions that fitted their beliefs, but they held false beliefs.1 Although the buyers’ beliefs about future economic conditions cannot be known exactly, some clues to the way they made predictions can be culled from their testimony before Congress. Thus timber buyers’ approach to fore¬ casting is described on the basis of this testimony and of the properties of forecasting models that appear to have influenced their expectations.
Technological Change
Authors: Joekes Susan P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
International technology transactions have increased greatly over the past forty years. A broad crosssectoral range of institutions and in struments of transfer now exists, and many new product and process technologies have emerged and been widely diffused internationally, some of them ofrevolutionary character. While this has made available a great variety of technological options, the criteria governing their choice has, in practice, proved difficult to determine, particularly for the developing countries. Sometimes the attempt to choose, adopt, and adapt technologies that have proved successful in the more developed countries has been accompanied by many problems heretofore unseen. At the same time, the cost of developing “appropriate” technology is far from negligible.
Services
Authors: Joekes Susan P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The services sector is heterogeneous in the types of economic ac tivities it covers and in its relation to the international economy. It includes large modern sector enterprises, such as tourism, and small black market enterprises, many so hidden that they escape any form of statistical record; one-to-one personal health and educational services as well as services to organizations; directly traded activities and others for purely local consumption; national scale traders, including wholesalers as well as neighborhood suppliers, such as small local shopkeepers and itinerant street hawkers; and all forms of transport and communications. It is impossible to find systematic economic causes of the overall growth of such a mixed bag of activities. But, nevertheless, the individual activities can be sorted into those that bear a direct or indirect relationship to international markets and those that have only the most tenuous connection, and some generalizations about the impact of changes in the international environment can be made on that basis.
Emerging Trends in the International Economy as Related to Women: Summary of Findings
Authors: Joekes Susan P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this study has been to assess the extent to which the emergence of a modern international economy has contributed to de velopment needs relating to the economic position of women. Only by identifying the trends at work and their effects is it possible to suggest the appropriate directions for policy. Beneficial market tendencies should be reinforced; measures to realize their potential benefit should be introduced; harmful policy measures or market tendencies should be modified by introducing effective countervailing measures, and tendencies that are to the advantage of one set of countries but that have specifically deleterious social consequences, in this case for women, should be compensated.
Geisel: Toward Abertura
Authors: Skidmore Thomas E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Ernesto Geisel reached the presidency as the climax to a carefully orches trated campaign. The castelistas, having lost control of the Pianalto in 1967 and having suffered through the presidencies of Costa e Silva and Medici, had fought their way back into power. They had done their homework; the military consensus behind the new general-president, once nominated, was solid.1 The presidential succession came off more smoothly than any since 1964.
Educating the Eloquent Speaker
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The early efforts of the classical world’s greatest orator were derided for their “strange and uncouth style, which was cumbered with long sentences and tortured with formal arguments to a most harsh and disagreeable excess.” To complicate his problems, he had “a weakness in his voice, a perplexed and indistinct utterance and a shortness of breath, which, by breaking and disjointing his sentences much obscured the sense and meaning of what he spoke.” So, “in the end, being quite disheartened, he forsook the assembly.”
Incapacitating the Eloquent Speaker
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“Nothing succeeds like success” may be true in business but, for the speaker, success carries with it a deadly tendency to transplant what worked well in the past into a new and sometimes unsympathetic environment. Success can undercut speakers by limiting their ability to choose the best from among the available means of persuasion. The eloquent person sees new occasions on their own terms not as repeats of past occasions. Reflexively resurrecting arguments, evidence, and types of discourse that worked before can cripple a speaker. In the first chapter we examined the ways in which eloquent individuals can increase their awareness of the available means of persuasion. We also noted how they can refine their ability to choose the best from among those means. Here we examine factors that blind the speaker and encourage the choice of inappropriate styles and strategies.
Dramatizing and Storytelling
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Ronald, Reagan’s adversaries, allies, and admirers agree that he is an effective communicator. Yet few consider him eloquent. Nowhere in the Reagan corpus is there a speech to rival FDR’s first inaugural, Kennedy’s speech in Berlin, or Johnson’s speech to the Congress on civil rights. Nor are there passages that have come to speak his presidency as “nothing to fear but fear” and “Ask not what your country can do for you ...” defined the presidencies of Roosevelt and Kennedy.
Conversation and Self-Revelation
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Ironic though it may seem, the first inaugural address of the modern presidency’s most conservative politician was a revolutionary act. Accused by his opponents of wanting to lead the country headlong into the eighteenth century, Reagan nonetheless defied the patterns of discourse deified in the age of print; in their place, he innovatively inaugurated both his presidency and a new era in presidential communication by delivering a televisual speech. More than four decades after the first televised presidential address, the oldest man ever to be elected to the office demonstrated the power of a prime-time presidency.
First Tour in the Soviet Union
Authors: Mayers David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Kennan ’s tour of duty in the USSR during the 1930s can be divided for purposes of review into three categories.1 First, there was his direct encounter, intellectual as well as personal, with the Soviet Union. His assessment of the relative importance of that country ’s official ideology and the influence of the prerevolutionary past on the communist experiment was perceptive. He understood more clearly than many Westerners of the day that the weight of Russian political traditions and practice foredoomed the Bolshevik experiment of creating a new, humane communist order; the method of Stalin ’s despotism and the unrestrained activity of the police organs were perfectly in keeping with the worst autocratic rulers and habits that governed Russia before 1917.
Criticisms and Recommendations
Authors: Mayers David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Kennan ’s assignment to the State Department ’s Soviet desk in late 1937 ended a decade of work abroad that had taken him to Berlin, Tallinn, Riga, Vienna, and Moscow. One of the effects of his peripatetic career was that he, like many American diplomats posted abroad for years at a time, felt in various ways unrelated to his native country. His sense of domestic impermanency was heightened by his tour in Washington, DC, where he discovered that outside of the State Department he lived in “that peculiar loneliness of the returned exile who has not forgotten his own country but who has been pretty thoroughly forgotten by most of the people he ever knew in it.”
Soviet War Aims and the Grand Alliance
Authors: Mayers David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During most of his tenure in Moscow, 1944-1946, Kennan was a disaffected diplomat who lived temperamentally outside of the passions of war and was on the verge of resigning from the Foreign Service. Although respected by his professional colleagues, he was otherwise unknown to officialdom in Washington. The president knew nothing of Kennan ’s analyses of Soviet policy during the war and probably would have discounted them in any event because they varied sharply with the administration ’s line about continued Allied collaboration and postwar universalism and collective security (i.e., the United Nations).
Cold War in Europe
Authors: Mayers David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Kennan ’s ideas of 1947-1949 about waging the Cold War in Europe met with mixed results. He did succeed in helping to shape the Marshall Plan in three distinctive ways: the West Europeans assumed the major responsibility for devising a program of economic relief; the Soviets bore the embarrassment of refusing an offer of apparent American generosity and had to accept much of the onus for the partitioning of Europe; West Germany ’s economic and political rehabilitation was achieved within a framework of general European recovery. In Kennan ’s view, the Marshall Plan was, overall, the single most important step taken by the United States to promote a stable balance of power in posthostilities Europe.
Far Eastern Dilemmas
Authors: Mayers David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By most any standard of evaluation, US policy toward Europe in the late 1940s was a triumph; after 1948 the Soviet Union was unable to expand its zone of influence west of the German Democratic Republic; thanks to the Marshall Plan the West European economies were reviving, and the French, British, German, and Italian societies were beginning to recover their cohesion and political confidence. However, unlike the Truman administration ’s European policy-preventing communist expansion and providing the resources and incentives for recovery-the Far Eastern record was ambiguous and eminently open to criticism.
Cold War Critic
Authors: Mayers David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Kennan ’s major contribution to scholarship during the 1950s was his two-volume study of Soviet-American relations, 1917-1920, which remains to this day the definitive and most elegant treatment of its kind.1 By the end of 1960, he had also published three volumes of lectures about past and current Soviet-US problems and a short, useful documentary history of Russian diplomacy from the Decree on Peace to the nonaggression pact with Nazi Germany. In his career as historian and master of belles-lettres Kennan won acclaim abroad as well as in the United States.
America and the Third World
Authors: Mayers David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On the subject of the Third World, Kennan has been at his least generous and most skeptical. His views, moreover, have remained basically unchanged ever since the late 1940s and 1950s when the United States first deployed various economic and political inducements to gain support, or at least benign neutrality, among the emergent states of Asia and Africa. He has worried that Washington ’s newfound interest in regions traditionally of secondary or tertiary importance to the United States would distract from vital matters-concerning Europe and Japan-and drain precisely those limited resources required for the successful waging of Cold War.
War and Protest
Authors: Mayers David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Kennan and the Policy Planning Staff urged Truman ’s administration in 1949 to press France in the direction of granting meaningful concessions to nationalism in Indochina and eventually to confer independence upon the area. As did virtually all of the Southeast Asian area specialists in the State Department, Kennan deemed French attempts to recover its Indochinese empire as futile-explainable only in terms of “Gallic mystique”-and that the so-called Bao Dai solution was a deception that could not possibly satisfy the demands of nationalists or capture any of the popular support then accruing to Ho Chi Minh and the communist insurgents; only by aligning itself unequivocally with the forces of noncommunist nationalism could the United States expect to retain Indochina over the long term for Western economic purposes (as a supplier of natural resources and foods) and political ends.
Community Law: J.P.s, Police, and Rough Music
Authors: Conley Carolyn A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the distinguishing features of the English criminal justice system is the extent to which the definition and treatment of crime depend on the active participation of amateurs, both as jurors and as J.P.s. Bruce Lenman and Geoffrey Parker have described the displacement of community law by state law as a “judicial revolution.” Under community law based on Germanic traditions, a crime was an offense between men. Justice obligated offenders to compensate their victims. The community supported the victim in his demand for restitution, and ostracized offenders who failed to meet their obligations or who had committed acts so heinous that compensation was impossible. While crime and the appropriate compensation might be defined institutionally, the role of the government was limited to that of arbiter. State law, based on the Roman system, emphasized punitive justice. A crime was an offense against the law to be punished by the state.’ State law came to England with the Norman Conquest if not before, but the jury system and the considerable powers of the J.P.s have preserved the element of community input. No matter what the state might say, a particular action was a crime only if a jury pronounced it one.
Violence: Fair Fights and Brutal Cowardice
Authors: Conley Carolyn A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Whatever may be its intrinsic value human life should be highly prized by the law, and popular feelings should be directed the same way. But do not let us put it at one rate for one purpose and at another for another purpose. Life is daily sacrificed in this country for purposes of profit. Hundreds of lives are lost yearly in mining, in shipping and otherwise. I am aware that in such cases the life is taken by misfortune, it is not intended to take it. In one sense it is not but in another it is. If the facts show that on the average in such and such a work so many lives are lost; those who make that work purposely do an act the consequence of which is the loss of so many lives. Now it seems strange that life should be plentifully taken for purpose of profit but should not be touched for the purpose of saving a life.
Class and Respectability
Authors: Conley Carolyn A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It was impossible for a gentleman like Mr. Russell to be guilty of such an offense. I Defense attorney for a wealthy farmer accused of assaulting the police Victorian justice was shaped by three of the central concerns of Victorian society: respectability, public order, and class. Although not synonymous, the three were intimately connected; each was measured on a scale determined by the other two. References to respectability are ubiquitous in the comments of attorneys, defendants, judges, policemen, and journalists. Persons identified as respectable were accused and sometimes even convicted of murders, rapes, robberies, theft, vandalism, riot, public drunkenness, and assault. Despite the belief that crimes were committed by criminals, many of the persons accused of breaking the law were not from the outlaw classes. According to the judicial statistics, 39 percent of the persons convicted of summary offenses and 18 percent of those indicted for serious crimes were of previous good character.
To Criticize the Critics
Authors: Sultan Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
These last thirty years have been, I think, a brilliant period in literary criticism in both Britain and America. It may even come to seem, in retrospect, too brilliant. Who knows? So Eliot concluded “The Frontiers of Criticism “ in 1956 before his large Minneapolis audience. Each in a different way, the next and final chapters will explore the relations of “Prufrock “ and Ulysses to “literary criticism in both Britain and America. “ This chapter directly prepares for my attempt to demonstrate the function of “Prufrock “ for criticism in the next; and it constitutes the general formulation behind the discussion of Ulysses in our world that follows.
The Function of “Prufrock” for Criticism
Authors: Sultan Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It was pointed out in the second chapter (pp. 39-40) that only one of Eliot’s early poems is a direct verbal enactment of the process itself of consciousness, and that the poem rendering J. Alfred Prufrock’s uninterrupted thought anticipated the most sensational, and famous, instance of the use of a special narrative method to represent the events of psychological reality. In both “Prufrock “ and Molly’s soliloquy, the verbal “stream “ portrays an inner conflict, and in both cases, the conflict is crucial-because its issue is fundamental to the character’s destiny. Finally, as in most persuasive attempts to represent consciousness, in both cases the process of the character’s consciousness is associational.
The Adventures of Ulysses in Our World
Authors: Sultan Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It was pointed out in the second chapter (pp. 39-40) that only one of Eliot’s early poems is a direct verbal enactment of the process itself of consciousness, and that the poem rendering J. Alfred Prufrock’s uninterrupted thought anticipated the most sensational, and famous, instance of the use of a special narrative method to represent the events of psychological reality. In both “Prufrock “ and Molly’s soliloquy, the verbal “stream “ portrays an inner conflict, and in both cases, the conflict is crucial-because its issue is fundamental to the character’s destiny. Finally, as in most persuasive attempts to represent consciousness, in both cases the process of the character’s consciousness is associational.