bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emotion and Memory: Central and Peripheral Contributions
Authors: McGaugh James L , Cahill Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every moment of our lives new information inundates our brains. Some of the information is preserved, perhaps for a lifetime. It has long been noted that memories of emotionally arousing experiences endure vividly (James, 1890; Christianson, 1992). We have enduring memories of significant personal experiences such as birthdays, weddings, holiday celebrations, the births of children, and the deaths of loved ones. We also tend to remember where we were and what we were doing when we witnessed a serious accident (Stratton, 1919; Bohannon, 1988), learned highly surprising and important information (Conway et al., 1994), or experienced an earthquake (Neisser, Winograd, Shreiber, Palmer, & Weldon, 1996). More common emotional experiences induced by praise, embarrassment, and insults are also not quickly forgotten. Emotional arousal thus appears to play a central and highly adaptive role in enabling the significance of events to influence the strength of the memories of events (McGaugh, 1992, 2000; Cahill & McGaugh, 1998). As William James commented, “An experience may be so exciting emotionally as to almost leave a scar on the cerebral tissue” (1890, p. 670). This chapter reviews research investigating the neurobiological systems involved in creating such “scars on the cerebral tissue.” The research is guided by the general hypothesis that emotional experiences activate processes that continue for some time after the experience and that those processes play critical roles in creating lasting memory. As noted by George Stratton, “When fear is relieved by the sudden disappearance of a menace, as when one has killed a rattlesnake faced suddenly in the mountains, there is no instant calm. The alarm is gone, but the waters continue to be troubled as after a squall” (1928, p. 220). Livingston (1967) was the first, to our knowledge, to offer a general neurobiological hypothesis to account for the effects of emotional arousal on memory. He suggested that activation of specific brain systems might promote the storage of recently activated brain events by initiating a “neurohormonal influence (favoring) future repetitions of the same neural activities” (p. 576). Kety (1972) subsequently offered a similar yet more specific suggestion that adrenergic catecholamines released in emotional states may serve “to reinforce and consolidate new and significant sensory patterns in the neocortex” (p. 73). In support of those hypotheses there is now extensive evidence indicating that stress hormones released by emotional stimulation modulate memory consolidation and that stress hormones act, at least in part, by activating brain systems that modulate memory consolidation.
The Role of Affect in Decision Making
Authors: Loewenstein George , Lerner Jennifer S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until recently, emotions attracted little attention from decision researchers. Decision making was viewed as a cognitive process—a matter of estimating which of various alternative actions would yield the most positive consequences. Decision makers were assumed to evaluate the potential consequences of their decisions dispassionately and to choose actions that maximized the “utility” of those consequences. Once chosen, it was assumed that the utility-maximizing course of action would be implemented automatically. The critiques of traditional decision theory that emerged in the late 1960s under the heading of “behavioral decision theory” largely adhered to this cognitive perspective. The main thrust of behavioral decision theory has been to identify (1) cognitive errors that people make when they judge the likelihood of future consequences and (2) simplifying heuristics that people use to cope with the complexity of decision making (e.g., Tversky & Kahneman, 1974). The boom in decision research associated with the emergence of behavioral decision theory, then, largely ignored the role played by emotions in decision making. The last several years, however, have witnessed a burst of interest in the role of emotions in decision making. Research conducted within the last decade has shown that even incidental affect—affect that is unrelated to the decision at hand—can have a significant impact on judgment and choice (for reviews, see Clore, 1992; Forgas, 1995; Isen, 1993; Lerner & Keltner, 2000; Schwarz, 1990), that (2) emotional deficits, whether innate (Damasio, 1994) or experimentally induced (Wilson et al., 1993), can degrade the quality of decision making, and that (3) incorporating affect in models of decision making can greatly increase their explanatory power (Lopes, 1987; Lopes & Oden, 1998; Mellers, Schwartz, Ho, & Ritov, 1997). Thus, contemporary decision research is characterized by an intense focus on emotion. Our goal in this chapter is to highlight and organize these new emotion-related developments in decision research. We organize our review around a general theoretical framework for understanding the different ways in which emotions enter into decision making. Such a framework, we hope, can facilitate integration of the wideranging findings that have emerged from recent research and shed new light on several central topics in decision theory, such as how people deal with outcomes that are uncertain and how they discount delayed costs and benefits.
Individual Differences in Emotional Reactions and Coping
Authors: Krohne Heinz W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Researchers in the emotions domain have always been concerned with individual differences in emotional reactions. Early in antiquity, the Greek physician Hippocrates developed the idea that chemical processes in the body (described by so-called body fluids or “humores”) lead to the manifestation of four temperaments—phlegmatic, sanguine, choleric, and melancholic. These temperaments, in turn, should form the person-specific basis for emotional reactions. These speculations not only influenced poetry, philosophy, and medicine of later centuries but also had an impact on early modern psychology theories. Wundt (1903) turned the temperament typology into a dimensional system. He suggested one can differentiate among individuals by the speed and intensity of their emotional arousal. By combining two levels of each dimension (slow/fast and weak/strong), he created a system of person-specific emotional reaction tendencies that closely corresponded to the four temperaments of Hippocrates. (Cholerics, for example, should be characterized by fast and strong emotional arousal, while phlegmatics are described by the opposite pattern.) In a more modern approach, H. J. Eysenck (1981) explicitly related his central personality dimensions extraversion-introversion and emotional stability-lability (or neuroticism) to Wundt’s reformulation of the antique model of temperaments. Although modern physiology, endocrinology, and personality psychology view these temperamental approaches as inappropriate simplifications, there is no doubt that the speed, intensity, duration, and—very likely—quality of elicited emotions depend to a great degree on certain person-specific characteristics (cf. Frijda, 1986; Pervin, 1993). In the following sections I will present a number of these relationships. In analyzing individual differences in emotional reactions, two perspectives can be differentiated. The descriptive perspective concentrates on the registration of individual differences in emotional reactions and tests these differences for transtemporal and cross-situational consistency. Thus, stable individual-specific emotional reaction patterns are the personality variables under study (cf. Fahrenberg, 1986). The explicative perspective, on the other hand, searches for person-specific determinants of certain emotional reactions, such as anxiety, anger, or sadness. Research on individual differences in emotional reactions (descriptive perspective) and on individual differences in the determinants of these reactions (explicative perspective) form no dichotomy but a continuum of approaches with an increasingly stronger foundation in elaborated psychological (especially personality) concepts. Thus, early approaches—for example, Lacey’s work on individual-specific response patterns (Lacey, 1950; for more details see next section)—concentrated on individual differences in comparatively stable constellations of certain physiological reactions without proposing explanations of these differences in terms of personality concepts.
The Self And Emotion: The Role Of Self-Reflection In The Generation And Regulation Of Affective Experience
Authors: Leary Mark R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The evolution of the human self constituted a quantum shift in mammalian psychology. Although some of ourprehuman ancestors may have had rudimentary forms of selfawareness, much like modern chimpanzees and orangutans (Gallup & Suarez, 1986), the capacity to think about oneself in the complex, abstract, and symbolic ways that characterize modern human beings did not appear until relatively recently in the evolutionary past. Ofcourse, no one knowsprecisely when the human ability for self-reflection first emerged, but evidence suggests that it could have been as recently as 40,000 years ago (Leary & Cottrell, 1999; for other views, see Jaynes, 1976; Sedikides & Skowronski, 1997). The earliest human beings, who appeared about 100,000 years ago, left little evidence to suggest that they were self-aware (Mithen, 1996). Only between around 40,000 and 60,000 years ago does the archeological record begin to indicate that people were able to engage in the full range of behaviors that require self-awareness and self-focused thought. Whereas human culture—if it can be called that—prior to about 60,000 years ago consisted mostly of rough stone tools, after that time, we see indications that people could think of themselves in complex ways. For the first time, we find clear evidence of personal adornment (which requires one to imagine oneself from others’ perspectives), anthropomorphism and totemism (which requires thinking of oneself as an animal and vice versa), boat making (which requires long-range planning), and burials that include grave goods (indicating the ability to imagine oneself after death). Mithen (1996) discussed several cognitive changes that may have precipitated the “cultural big bang” that occurred between 40,000 and 60,000 years ago, but self-reflexive thinking seems to have been involved. All of these cultural advances required a sophisticated ability to imagine oneself in the future or to think about oneself from the perspectives of other people (Leary & Cottrell, 1999). After millions of years in which life forms on earth lacked self-awareness, creatures finally appeared who could take themselves as the objects of their own thoughts and think consciously about themselves.
Emotions as Dynamic Cultural Phenomena
Authors: Mesquita Batja 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following Darwin’s work on emotional expression, many psychologists set out to demonstrate the features of emotions that are universal. Cross-cultural research has suggested universality of a number of facial, vocal, and bodily expressions, antecedent events, appraisals, action readiness modes, and physiological changes associated with certain emotions (for reviews of this evidence, see Mesquita & Frijda, 1992; Mesquita, Frijda, & Scherer, 1997). The evidence for universal constituents of emotions is convincing. But does this evidence mean that the emotional experience of people in different cultures is similar? In this chapter I suggest that this is not the case: Emotional experience greatly varies across cultures. I argue that cultural models are necessary to understand and predict these variations. The central purpose of this chapter is to suggest that emotional experience is to be understood and predicted from cultural models. Cultural models are at one and the same time forms of knowledge and social practices (Moscovici, 1988). Cultural models are like schemas: They can be flexibly applied to the context. Somewhat different properties of the schema will emerge depending on their relevance to the situation at hand. Cultural models importantly constitute a person’s reality, because they focus attention, they guide perception, they lend meaning, and they imbue emotional value. A cultural model is decisive in what your world is like (Bruner, 1986) and reflects the cultural “answers” to existential questions, such as the real, the good, the self, the group, and so forth (D’Andrade, 1984; D’Andrade & Strauss, 1992; Holland & Quinn, 1987). In a middle-class American context an important aspect of the cultural model is to gain success through one’s own contributions. Through individual hard work, people can be successful; this will boast their self-esteem, a central concern in America, and it will make them happy, the most desirable emotion in an American context (e.g., D’Andrade, 1984; Heine, Lehman, Markus, & Kitayama, 1999). Success is good, happiness is good, and high selfesteem is good, and those goals need to be fostered and if necessary protected from group pressure. In fact, the very choice of the groups that one is part of should be made to serve individual success and happiness (Triandis, 1995). The promotion of happiness and the fostering of situations which afford happiness are important themes in America. In contrast, in many Mediterranean cultures, honor is central to the cultural model (Bourdieu, 1966; Peristiany, 1966; Pitt-Rivers, 1966). In these cultures the cultural models emphasize maintaining one’s social status and respect (i.e., one’s position in the society) rather than the gain of individual success. One’s honor is in great part determined by the honor of close family members.
The Beginnings of an African Italian Literature and the African American Example
Authors: Portelli Alessandro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The African American character and the African-French-Italian author share the same experience of denial and reconstruction of identity, the same dialectics of shame-pride-shame, self-doubt, and self-discovery. Perhaps, African American history can tell us something of the contemporary emigration experience, and the making of African American literature can teach us how to read the recent writings and narratives of the African, Asian, and Latin American newcomers to Italy-a task for which, so far, we have received hardly any support from established studies of Italian literature.
Clinical Features and Diagnosis of Hypochondriasis
Authors: Starcevic Vladan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term “hypochondriasis” has been in use for more than 2,000 years. How ever, its meaning throughout this time has been changing (see also Chapter 1). Today, it seems more difficult to agree on the defining characteristics of hypochondriasis than on its negative interpersonal and social implications. As a result, hypochondriasis is still frequently used as a derogatory label, and not as a medical diagnosis per se.
Hypochondriasis and Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Fava Giovanni A , Mangelli Lara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In contrast to the relationship between hypochondriasis and depression, which has been the focus of physicians for centuries (Chapter 1 of this volume), an interest in the relationship of hypochondriasis to specific anxiety disorders is of relatively recent origin. This is despite the fact that the acknowledgment of the link between hypochondriasis and anxiety is not “new,” and is likely to be due to recent advances in the diagnosis and recognition of various anxiety disorders, their better differentiation, and increasingly frequent observations of a substantial overlap between hypochondriasis and some of these conditions.
Epidemiology of Hypochondriasis
Authors: Noyes Russell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Relatively little is known about the epidemiology of hypochondriasis. The reasons for this are several, but, importantly, no surveys of the general population have been completed. Consequently, data from the community concerning prevalence, risk factors, morbidity, and so on, are not available, and information from clinical samples may be influenced by selection bias. The Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study and the National Comorbidity Survey failed to include hypochondriasis.
Hypochondriasis in Primary Care
Authors: Kirmayer Laurence J , Looper Karl J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ms. A, a 46-year-old single clerical worker who lives with and cares for her disabled mother, presented to a community walk-in clinic with concern about a 2 cm bruise on her left hand. She did not know how she had received the bruise. The clinic physician told her that it would resolve spontaneously and she was offered no follow-up. She returned 2 days later, however, with the complaint that “my left arm is not right.” She explained that in the past week she had had the feeling that her left arm felt different than usual, and was slightly swollen. Six months earlier she had had an episode of chest pain.
Attending Walt Whitman High: The Lessons of Pomo Afro Homos’ Dark Fruit
Authors: Plum Jay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pomo Afro Homos (Postmodern African American Homosexuals) was a San Francisco–based performance group founded in November 1990 by Brian Freeman, Djola Bernard Branner, and Eric Gupton. The three performers met as part of the support group Black Gay Men United. Among its twenty some members was the late filmmaker Marlon Riggs, whose 1991 film, Tongues Untied (in which Branner appeared and for which Freeman served as executive producer), inspired the trio to form a company. In January 1991, the Pornos debuted Fierce Love: Stories from Black Gay Life at Josie’s Cabaret and Juice Joint, a performance space located in San Francisco’s Castro District that is well-known for producing queer work. That year, the production traveled to Seattle, Chicago, and Los Angeles before the group received an invitation from George C. Wolfe to appear as part of Moving beyond the Margins: A Festival of New Voices at the Joseph Papp Public Theater in New York. Dark Fruit, the group’s second and only other collaboration, received a workshop production at the Public on 14 December 1991. Fierce Love and Dark Fruit subsequently toured in repertory throughout the United States and Great Britain over the course of the next four years. Marvin K. White joined the company in 1993 during Gupton’s brief sabbatical. The group officially disbanded in 1995 to pursue individual projects.1
Products
Authors: Simonton Dean Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the genius of modern European civilization is largely defined by such creators as Newton, Shakespeare, Michelangelo, and Beethoven, so are these geniuses themselves mostly defined by the creative products on which their respective reputations are founded. Take away the Principia, the Opticks, and the mathematical essays, and Newton would become just a paranoid and emotionally volatile aficionado of alchemy and esoteric biblical exegesis. If it is ever proven that Shakespeare was, not the true author of the plays and poems currently attached to his name, all that would remain would be a meager residual of mundane facts about an obscure Elizabethan actor. If all of Michelangelo’s artistic and architectural achievements were destroyed in some tragic holocaust, there would survive only a minor writer of Italian sonnets. And Beethoven, in the absence of his concert, chamber, church, and theater compositions, would become a once promising piano virtuoso sadly reduced by progressive deafness to an impoverished alcoholic.
Satan And Perpendicular Worlds
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You and Sally are traveling in your car toward the White House. Snow continues to fall, and the asphalt roads start to break up. Soon sand begins to cover vast stretches of road.
You turn to Sally. “Sorry for the scare with the guinea pigs. I believe the Omegamorphs keep them as pets. The 4-D pigs seem to like the taste of breakfast cereals that I place in the jars every now and then.”
Sally stares at you. “You mean they just materialize in your jars for treats. That’ s nuts.”
You shake your head. “Haven’ t you ever wondered why breakfast cereals come in such big boxes and when you open brand-new boxes some of the cereal seems to have been removed? Sure, the cereal manufacturers tell you that the packages are sold by weight, not volume, and that the cereal settles over time. But the manufacturers are merely hiding the fact that the 4-D guinea pigs have entered the cereal boxes without breaking the cardboard ”
Mirror Worlds
Authors: Pickover Clifford A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You look out the window. The rain has stopped. “Let’ s continue our discussion in the fresh air,” you say to Sally. “I’ m in the mood for river sights.” You carry a bag with props that will be useful later in your lessons.
Third Street winds downhill-past Leo’ s Pizza and Pasta, past life-size holograms of Clinton, Reagan, and Carter-following the kinks and bends of the Potomac River. The buildings are set well back from the streets and it isn’ t until you get nearer to the water that you see a considerable number of people. Hundreds. The nearby avenues are themselves very busy with endless streams of noisy taxis. A few joggers pass-no matter how swiftly they run, they are constrained to the asphalt and concrete and probably always would be. Would they want to experience, as you do, a jog into the fourth dimension?
Appraisal Theory Overview, Assumptions, Varieties, Controversies
Authors: Roseman Ira J , Smith Craig A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is appraisal theory? In simplest form, its essence is the claim that emotions are elicited by evaluations (appraisals) of events and situations. For example, sadness felt when a romantic relationship ends may be elicited by the appraisals that something desired has been lost, with certainty, and cannot be recovered (Roseman, 1984; see, e.g., Frijda, 1986; Oatley & Johnson-Laird, 1987; Scherer, 1993b; Smith & Lazarus, 1993; Stein & Levine, 1987).
The Psychophysiology of Appraisals
Authors: Pecchinenda Anna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding the relationship between emotional responses and physiological activity has always been an important topic for research on emotion. In the past decades researchers have tried to identify the specific patterns of autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity associated with different emotions (e.g., Ax, 1953; Ekman, Levenson, & Friesen, 1983; Levenson, Ekman, & Friesen, 1990; Stemmler, 1989). However, after the initial enthusiasm, the interest in this topic has declined, mainly because of the difficulties encountered and the lack of clear results.
Sources of Continuity and Change in Observed Temperament
Authors: Saudino Kimberly J , Cherny Stacey S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Longitudinal studies of infant temperament consistently yield moderate cross age correlations (see reviews by Hubert et al.. 1982; Salbach et al.. 1991). This finding has two important implications for developmentalists. First, there is some consistency across age for those behaviors that we define as tempera mental. Second, from an individual differences perspective, there is substantial change in temperament. That is, although age-to-age correlations have typically been interpreted in terms of stability, correlations that are less than the reliable variance of the measure reflect genuine developmental change (Clarke & Clarke, 1984). The present chapter uses developmental behavioral genetic strategies to explore genetic and environmental sources of temperamental continuity and change across the transition from infancy to early childhood.