bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tritium hydrology of the Mississippi River basin
Authors: Michel Robert L. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractIn the early 1960s, the US Geological Survey began routinely analysing river water samples for tritium concentrations at locations within the Mississippi River basin. The sites included the main stem of the Mississippi River (at Luling Ferry, Louisiana), and three of its major tributaries, the Ohio River (at Markland Dam, Kentucky), the upper Missouri River (at Nebraska City, Nebraska) and the Arkansas River (near Van Buren, Arkansas). The measurements cover the period during the peak of the bomb‐produced tritium transient when tritium concentrations in precipitation rose above natural levels by two to three orders of magnitude. Using measurements of tritium concentrations in precipitation, a tritium input function was established for the river basins above the Ohio River, Missouri River and Arkansas River sampling locations. Owing to the extent of the basin above the Luling Ferry site, no input function was developed for that location. The input functions for the Ohio and Missouri Rivers were then used in a two‐component mixing model to estimate residence times of water within these two basins. (The Arkansas River was not modelled because of extremely large yearly variations in flow during the peak of the tritium transient.) The two components used were: (i) recent precipitation (prompt outflow) and (ii) waters derived from the long‐term groundwater reservoir of the basin. The tritium concentration of the second component is a function of the atmospheric input and the residence times of the groundwaters within the basin. Using yearly time periods, the parameters of the model were varied until a best fit was obtained between modelled and measured tritium data. The results from the model indicate that about 40% of the flow in the Ohio River was from prompt outflow, as compared with 10% for the Missouri River. Mean residence times of 10 years were calculated for the groundwater component of the Ohio River versus 4 years for the Missouri River. The mass flux of tritium through the Mississippi Basin and its tributaries was calculated during the years that tritium measurements were made. The cumulative fluxes, calculated in grams of 3H were: (i) 160 g for the Ohio (1961–1986), (ii) 98 g for the upper Missouri (1963–1997), (iii) 30 g for the Arkansas (1961–1997) and (iv) 780 g for the Mississippi (1961–1997). Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Groundwater–surface‐water interactions in a braided river: a tracer‐based assessment
Authors: Rodgers P. , Soulsby C. , Petry J. , Malcolm I. , Gibbins C. , Dunn S. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractNatural tracers (alkalinity and silica) were used to infer groundwater–surface‐water exchanges in the main braided reach of the River Feshie, Cairngorms, Scotland. Stream‐water samples were collected upstream and downstream of the braided section at fortnightly intervals throughout the 2001–2002 hydrological year and subsequently at finer resolution over two rainfall events. The braided reach was found to exert a significant downstream buffering effect on the alkalinity of these waters, particularly at moderate flows (4–8 m3 s−1/≅Q30–70). Extensive hydrochemical surveys were undertaken to characterize the different source waters feeding the braids. Shallow groundwater flow systems at the edge of the braided floodplain, recharged by effluent streams and hillslope drainage, appeared to be of particular significance. Deeper groundwater was identified closer to the main channel, upwelling through the hyporheic zone. Both sources contributed to the significant groundwater–surface‐water interactions that promote the buffering effect observed through the braided reach. Their impact was less significant at higher flows (>15 m3 s−1/>Q10) when acidic storm runoff from the peat‐covered catchment headwaters dominated, as well as under baseflow conditions (<4 m3 s−1/<Q70), when upstream alkalinity was already buffered owing to headwater groundwater sources assuming dominance. The significant temporally and spatially dynamic influence of these groundwater–surface‐water interactions was therefore seen to have important implications for both catchment functioning and instream ecology. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrological influences on hyporheic water quality: implications for salmon egg survival
Authors: Malcolm I. A. , Soulsby C. , Youngson A. F. , Hannah D. M. , McLaren I. S. , Thorne A. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe spatial and temporal variability of groundwater–surface‐water (GW–SW) interactions was investigated in an intensively utilized salmon spawning riffle. Hydrochemical tracers, were used along with high‐resolution hydraulic head and temperature data to assess hyporheic dynamics. Surface and subsurface hydrochemistry were monitored at three locations where salmon spawning had been observed in previous years. Temperature and hydraulic head were monitored in three nests of three piezometers located to characterize the head, the run and the tail‐out of the riffle feature. Hydrochemical gradients between surface and subsurface water indicated increasing GW influence with depth into the hyporheic zone. Surface water was characterized by high dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations, low alkalinity and conductivity. Hyporheic water was generally characterized by high levels of alkalinity and conductivity indicative of longer residence times, and low DO, indicative of reducing conditions. Hydrochemical and temperature gradients varied spatially over the riffle in response to changes in local GW–SW interactions at the depths investigated. Groundwater inputs dominated the head and tail of the riffle. The influence of SW increased in the area of accelerating flow and decreasing water depth through the run of the riffle. Temporal GW–SW interactions also varied in response to changing hydrological conditions. Gross changes in hyporheic hydrochemistry were observed at the weekly scale in response to changing flow conditions and surface water inputs to the hyporheic zone. During low flows, caused by freezing or dry weather, hyporheic hydrochemistry was dominated by GW inputs. During higher flows hyporheic hydrochemistry indicated that SW contributions increased. In addition, high‐resolution hydraulic head data indicated that rapid changes in GW–SW interactions occurred during hydrological events. The spatial, and possibly the temporal, variability of GW–SW interactions had a marked effect on the survival of salmon ova. It is concluded that hyporheic dynamics and their effect on stream ecology should be given increased consideration by fisheries and water resource managers. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating the distribution of snow water equivalent and snow extent beneath cloud cover in the Salt–Verde River basin, Arizona
Authors: Molotch N. P. , Fassnacht S. R. , Bales R. C. , Helfrich S. R. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe temporal and spatial continuity of spatially distributed estimates of snow‐covered area (SCA) are limited by the availability of cloud‐free satellite imagery; this also affects spatial estimates of snow water equivalent (SWE), as SCA can be used to define the extent of snow telemetry (SNOTEL) point SWE interpolation. In order to extend the continuity of these estimates in time and space to areas beneath the cloud cover, gridded temperature data were used to define the spatial domain of SWE interpolation in the Salt–Verde watershed of Arizona. Gridded positive accumulated degree‐days (ADD) and binary SCA (derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR)) were used to define a threshold ADD to define the area of snow cover. The optimized threshold ADD increased during snow accumulation periods, reaching a peak at maximum snow extent. The threshold then decreased dramatically during the first time period after peak snow extent owing to the low amount of energy required to melt the thin snow cover at lower elevations. The area having snow cover at this later time was then used to define the area for which SWE interpolation was done. The area simulated to have snow was compared with observed SCA from AVHRR to assess the simulated snow map accuracy. During periods without precipitation, the average commission and omission errors of the optimal technique were 7% and 11% respectively, with a map accuracy of 82%. Average map accuracy decreased to 75% during storm periods, with commission and omission errors equal to 11% and 12% respectively. The analysis shows that temperature data can be used to help estimate the snow extent beneath clouds and therefore improve the spatial and temporal continuity of SCA and SWE products. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evidence for influence of mineral weathering on stream water sulphate in Vermont and New Hampshire (USA)
Authors: Bailey S. W. , Mayer B. , Mitchell M. J. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractMass balance studies in forested catchments in the northeastern USA show that S losses via streamwater SO42− exceed measured atmospheric S inputs. Possible sources of the excess S loss include underestimated dry deposition, mineralization of organic S in soils, desorption of soil sulphate, oxidation of recently formed sulphides and mineral weathering. Evaluating the relative contribution of these sources and processes to SO42− export is important to our understanding of S cycling as well as to policy makers in their evaluation of the efficacy of S emission controls. In order to evaluate the potential for mineral weathering contributions to SO42− export, we measured concentration and isotopic composition (δ34S and δ18O) of SO42− in stream water, and concentration and δ34S values of four S fractions in bedrock and soil parent material in catchments of varying geological composition. Geological substrates with low S concentrations were represented by catchments underlain by quartzite and granite, whereas geological substrates with high S concentrations were represented by catchments underlain by sulphidic slate, schist and metavolcanic rocks. Catchments with S‐poor bedrock had stream‐water SO42− concentrations <100 µeq L−1 and isotopic values consistent with those of atmospheric SO42− that had been cycled through the organic soil pool. Catchments with S‐rich bedrock had stream‐water SO42− concentrations ranging from 56 to 229 µeq L−1. Isotopic values deviated from those of SO42− in atmospheric deposition, clearly indicating a mineral weathering source in some cases, whereas in others spatial variability of mineral δ34S values precluded the isotopic detection of a weathering contribution. These results, along with evidence suggesting formation of secondary sulphate minerals in bedrock weathering rinds, indicate that mineral weathering may be an important source of S in the surface waters of some forested catchments in the northeastern USA. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of spectral analysis to determine hydraulic diffusivity of a sandy aquifer (Pingtung County, Taiwan)
Authors: Shih David Ching‐Fang , Lin Gwo‐Fong 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe study demonstrates spectral relationships in the time–frequency domain for one‐dimensional groundwater flow in aquifers bounded by fluctuating boundaries. By nature, the solutions of spectral equations are non‐linear complex functions. To determine hydraulic diffusivity in the governing equations, it is required that the data are collected from the spectra of water levels at the fluctuating boundaries and observation wells. Hydraulic diffusivity thus can be obtained by an iterative inverse approach. This paper presents an application in Pingtung County of Taiwan to determine the hydraulic diffusivity of a sandy aquifer under confined conditions. Spectral density function of water level obtained from tidal boundaries and observation wells are used to approximate hydraulic diffusivity, which yields an averaged value of 1·26 × 106 m2/h. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HERV‐K(HML‐2) GAG/ENV antibodies as indicator for therapy effect in patients with germ cell tumors
Authors: Kleiman Anna , Senyuta Natalia , Tryakin Alexey , Sauter Marlies , Karseladze Apollon , Tjulandin Sergei , Gurtsevitch Vladimir , Mueller‐Lantzsch Nikolaus 
Published: March 2004

AbstractGerm cell tumors (GCT) are strictly associated with the expression of HERV‐K(HML‐2) proviruses, and the majority of GCT patients produce antibodies to structural proteins of these proviruses. The objective of our study was to determine the significance of the serological response to HERV‐K(HML‐2) Gag and Env proteins for diagnosis, management of GCT patients and estimation of the therapy success. The data document a strong association of HERV‐K(HML‐2) antibodies and the clinical manifestation of the disease and therapy success. HERV‐K(HML‐2) antibodies seem to have an important diagnostic value as well as indicator of chemotherapy success. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Limited relevance of the CHEK2 gene in hereditary breast cancer
Authors: Dufault Michael R. , Betz Beate , Wappenschmidt Barbara , Hofmann Wera , Bandick Katrin , Golla Astrid , Pietschmann Andrea , Nestle‐Krämling Caroline , Rhiem Kerstin , Hüttner Christine , von Lindern Celia , Dall Peter , Kiechle Marion , Untch Michael , Jonat Walter , Meindl Alfons , Scherneck Siegfried , Niederacher Dieter , Schmutzler Rita K. , Arnold Norbert 
Published: March 2004

AbstractTo establish the importance of CHEK2 mutations for familial breast cancer incidence in the German population, we have screened all 14 of the coding exons in 516 families negative for mutations in both the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. We found 12 distinct variants in 30 unrelated patients (5.81%), including 5 that are novel and an additional 4 found for the first time in breast cancer. These aberrations were evaluated in 500 healthy women aged over 50 years and in the case of the 2 exon 10 mutations, 1100delC and 1214del4bp, in 1315 randomized healthy controls. According to our results, a statistically significant association for the exon 10 mutations was observed (p = 0.006). The prevalence of the 1100delC mutation in the German population, however, is significantly lower than those reported for other Caucasian populations both in familial breast cancer patients (1.6%) and controls (0.5%), and shows independent segregation with breast cancer in 2 of 4 families analyzed. The remaining 10 variants were more abundant in patients (21) compared to the controls (12) although the difference was not statistically significant. Interestingly, we found no increased breast cancer risk associated with the splice site mutation IVS2+1G→A or the most common missense mutation I157T, which account for more than half (12/21) of the variants observed in patients. The low prevalence and penetrance of the exon 10 deletion mutations together with no, or an uncertain elevation in risk for other CHEK2 mutations suggests a limited relevance for CHEK2 mutations in familial breast cancer. Further evaluation of the unique variants observed in breast cancer is required to determine if they may play a role in a polygenic model of familial breast cancer. Nevertheless, it seems premature to include CHEK2 screening in genetic testing. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The use of digitized endoscopic imaging of 5‐ALA‐induced PPIX fluorescence to detect and diagnose oral premalignant and malignant lesions in vivo
Authors: Zheng Wei , Olivo Malini , Soo Khee Chee 
Published: March 2004

Abstract5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA)‐induced protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) fluorescence has shown an outstanding sensitivity for the assessment of oral lesions, but its application was hampered by low specificity due to the high false‐positive rates. The purpose of our study was to explore the feasibility of quantifying PPIX fluorescence images to improve the diagnostic specificity for detecting early oral lesions in vivo. A digitized 5‐ALA‐mediated endoscopic imaging system was utilized to acquire PPIX fluorescence images from in vivo oral tissues. Forty‐nine patients (118 biopsies) with known or suspected premalignant or malignant oral lesions were recruited for ALA‐PPIX fluorescence endoscopic imaging. The red and blue channels of PPIX fluorescence images were digitized and stored for fluorescence quantification. The red‐to‐blue intensity ratios were calculated from the fluorescence images to correlate with histologic findings of the biopsies. The results showed that normal oral mucosa exhibited blue color of the back‐scattered excitation light in the fluorescence images, whereas the suspicious lesions displayed bright reddish fluorescence. Applying the red‐to‐blue intensity ratio (IR/IB) as a diagnostic algorithm yielded a sensitivity of 92% and 98%, and specificity of 96% and 96%, for separating benign tissue from dysplasia, and cancer tissue, respectively, and a sensitivity and specificity of 98% and 92%, respectively, for differentiating cancer tissue from dysplasia in the oral cavity. Our study demonstrates that quantifying ALA‐PPIX fluorescence endoscopic images associated with the red‐to‐blue intensity ratio as a diagnostic algorithm can provide good differentiation between the different stages of oral premalignancy and malignancy (p<0.0001, unpaired 2‐sided Student's t‐test), and thus has a potential to significantly improve the noninvasive diagnosis and evaluation of early oral neoplasia in vivo. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Smoking and the risk of breast cancer among carriers of BRCA mutations
Authors: Ghadirian Parviz , Lubinski Jan , Lynch Henry , Neuhausen Susan L. , Weber Barbara , Isaacs Claudine , Baruch Ruth‐Gershoni , Randall Susan , Ainsworth Peter , Freidman Eitan , Horsman Douglas , Tonin Patricia , Foulkes William D. , Tung Nadine , Sun Ping , Narod Steven A. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe effect of cigarette smoking on the risk of breast cancer is controversial, although most studies show little or no effect. It has been suggested that smoking may reduce the risk of developing hereditary breast cancer. We completed a case‐control study on 1,097 women with breast cancer who were BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation carriers and 1,097 age‐matched controls with a mutation in the same gene but without breast cancer. There were no statistically significant differences between the cases and controls in terms of the number of current and ex‐smokers (41.2% and 40.4%, respectively) or the age at smoking commencement (18.2 years and 18.5 years, respectively). There were no statistically significant differences between cases and controls regarding beginning smoking within 5 years of menarche (OR = 1.03; 95% CI 0.83 to l.28) or before the first pregnancy (OR = 1.09; 95% CI = 0.90 to 1.33). In conclusion, contrary to our previous report, smoking does not appear to be a risk factor for breast cancer among carriers of BRCA mutations. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CNTO 95, a fully human monoclonal antibody that inhibits αv integrins, has antitumor and antiangiogenic activity in vivo
Authors: Trikha Mohit , Zhou Zhao , Nemeth Jeffrey A. , Chen Qiming , Sharp Celia , Emmell Eva , Giles‐Komar Jill , Nakada Marian T. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractIntegrins of the αv family, such as αvβ3 and αvβ5, are implicated in tumor‐induced angiogenesis; but their role in tumor growth has not been fully explored. CNTO 95 is a fully human antibody that recognizes the αv family of integrins and is likely to be less immunogenic in humans compared to chimeric or humanized antibodies. CNTO 95 bound to purified αvβ3 and αvβ5 with a Kd of approximately 200 pM and to αv integrin–expressing human cells with a Kd of 1–24 nM. In vitro, CNTO 95 inhibited human melanoma cell adhesion, migration and invasion at doses ranging 7–20 nM. In a rat aortic ring sprouting assay, CNTO 95 (approx. 70 nM) completely inhibited sprouting. Using a human melanoma xenograft model in nude mice wherein CNTO 95 recognized αvβ3 and αvβ5 on human tumor cells but not mouse angiogenic integrins, CNTO 95 (10 mg/kg, 3 times/week) inhibited growth of human melanoma tumors in nude mice by approximately 80% (p = 0.0005), suggesting that CNTO 95 inhibited human tumor growth independently of its antiangiogenic activity. In a nude rat human xenograft model where CNTO 95 binds and blocks both tumor and host integrins, this antibody (10 mg/kg once/week) reduced final tumor weight by >99% (p < 0.0001). Based on these preclinical data, a dose‐escalating phase I clinical trial in cancer patients has been initiated. To our knowledge, CNTO 95 is the first fully human MAb to αv integrins that has potent antitumor and antiangiogenic properties in in vivo preclinical models. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immortalization without neoplastic transformation of human mesenchymal stem cells by transduction with HPV16 E6/E7 genes
Authors: Hung Shih‐Chieh , Yang Den‐Mei , Chang Ching‐Fang , Lin Ruey‐Jen , Wang Jih‐Shiuan , Low‐Tone Ho Larry , Yang Wen K. 
Published: March 2004

AbstracthMSCs derived from bone marrow are useful as a species‐specific cell culture system for studying cell lineage differentiation and tissue remodeling. However, hMSCs usually have a short in vitro life span due to replicative senescence. We therefore used a high dose of retroviral vector LXSN‐16E6E7 to transduce hMSCs of an aging donor and obtained an actively proliferating cell line, designated KP‐hMSCs, which expressed HPV16 E6/E7 mRNA. Whereas parental hMSCs ceased to grow after 30 PDs, KP‐hMSCs could be propagated beyond 100 PDs. With culture procedures to avoid selection pressure and crowded cell growth, KP‐hMSCs showed no signs of neoplastic transformation as examined by soft‐agar anchorage‐independent growth and NOD‐SCID mouse tumorigenicity assays. KP‐hMSCs gave similar cytofluorimetric profiles of 31 CD markers to those of the parental primary hMSCs, except with some morphologic changes and expansion of an originally very minor CD34dimCD38+CD50+ cell population. Upon exposure to specific stimulating conditions in vitro, KP‐hMSCs could respond and differentiate along the mesenchymal (bone, fat and cartilage) and nonmesenchymal (neuron) cell lineages. Our results indicated that hMSCs could be immortalized by transduction with HPV16 E6/E7, maintained without neoplastic transformation by careful culture procedures and thus useful for stem cell research and clinical application. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reduced levels of XPA, ERCC1 and XPF DNA repair proteins in testis tumor cell lines
Authors: Welsh Carey , Day Roger , McGurk Claire , Masters John R.W. , Wood Richard D. , Köberle Beate 
Published: March 2004

AbstractOver 80% of patients with advanced metastatic testis tumors can be cured using cisplatin‐based combination chemotherapy. This is unusual as metastatic cancer in adults is usually incurable. Cell lines derived from testis tumors retain sensitivity to cisplatin in vitro. We previously investigated 2 testis tumor cell lines with a low capacity to remove cisplatin‐induced DNA damage and found that they had low levels of the DNA nucleotide excision repair proteins XPA, ERCC1 and XPF. To determine whether low levels of XPA, ERCC1 and XPF proteins are characteristic of testis tumor cell lines, we investigated 35 cell lines derived from cancers to determine whether groups of cell lines from diverse tissue origins differ from one another in constitutive levels of these NER proteins. Quantitative immunoblotting was used to compare groups of cell lines representing prostate, bladder, breast, lung, cervical, ovarian and testis cancers. Only the 6 testis tumor cell lines showed significantly lower mean levels of XPA (p = 0.001), XPF (p = 0.001) and ERCC1 (p = 0.004) proteins from the other groups. Our results encourage further investigation of the possibility that low levels of these nucleotide excision repair proteins could be related to the favorable response of testis tumors to cisplatin‐based chemotherapy. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.