bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid assessment of field erosion and sediment transport pathways in cultivated catchments after heavy rainfall events
Authors: van Dijk P. M. , Auzet A.‐V. , Lemmel M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis paper explores a scale‐adapted erosion mapping method which aims at a rapid assessment of field erosion and sediment transport pathways in catchments up to several square kilometres and compares the results with the output of a well‐known erosion model (LISEM). The mapping method is based on an event‐defined classification scheme of erosion intensity (zero, weak, moderate and strong) that is applied to arable fields, in combination with incision measurements of erosion features for each erosion intensity class on a small sample of fields. Sediment deposition is classified on the basis of quantity indicators and abundance. In addition, relevant conditions and erosion factors are determined for each field.The method was applied to an agricultural catchment (4·2 km2) in the Sundgau (Alsace), after a short but violent thunderstorm in May 2001, to illustrate its potential use and its limitations. The rainfall event led to strong erosion on the arable fields and a muddy flow that caused significant damage in the built‐up area. On the basis of the analyses of the incision measurements in combination with the mapping of erosion intensity classes, total erosion for the catchment was estimated as 15 000 t (an average of about 36 t[sol ]ha). Sediment deposition was found to occur in three major locations: (1) in thalwegs at the interface between maize and downslope winter wheat fields, (2) in downslope headlands where the flow direction suddenly changed due to oriented tillage structures in the perpendicular direction, and (3) the lowest corners of fields which collect all the runoff from the field. Preliminary data analyses suggest that erosion intensity is related to field size and[sol ]or tillage direction and to slope morphology. Model output (LISEM) appeared to depend more strongly on slope gradient than the results obtained with the mapping method.The method yields a database, which can be used as a foundation for conservation strategies in small regions with similar land use and geomorphology. The mapping and modelling methods are compared, and their complementary aspects are highlighted. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A cytochrome P450 2B6 meditated gene therapy strategy to enhance the effects of radiation or cyclophosphamide when combined with the bioreductive drug AQ4N
Authors: McErlane Verna , Yakkundi Anita , McCarthy Helen O. , Hughes Ciara M. , Patterson Laurence H. , Hirst David G. , Robson Tracy , McKeown Stephanie R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBackgroundAQ4N is metabolised in hypoxic cells by cytochrome P450s (CYPs) to the cytotoxin AQ4. Most solid tumours are known to contain regions of hypoxia whereas levels of CYPs have been found to vary considerably. Enhancement of CYP levels may be obtained using gene‐directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT). We have therefore examined the potential of a CYP2B6‐mediated GDEPT strategy to enhance the anti‐tumour effect of the combination of AQ4N with radiation or cyclophosphamide (CPA).MethodsIn vitro and in vivo transient transfection of human CYP2B6 ± CYP reductase (CYPRED) was investigated in RIF‐1 mouse tumours. Efficacy in vitro was assessed using the alkaline comet assay (ACA). In vivo, the time to reach 4× the treatment volume (quadrupling time; VQT) was used as the end point.ResultsWhen CYP2B6 was transfected into RIF‐1 cells and treated with AQ4N under hypoxic conditions there was a significant increase in DNA damage (measured by the ACA) compared with non‐transfected cells. In vivo, a single intra‐tumoural injection of a CYP2B6 vector construct significantly enhanced tumour growth delay in combination with AQ4N (100 mg/kg) and 10 Gy X‐rays. AQ4N (100 mg/kg) and CPA (100 mg/kg) with CYP2B6 and CYPRED also enhanced tumour growth delay; this effect became significant when the schedule was repeated 14 days later (p = 0.0197).ConclusionsThe results show the efficacy of a CYP2B6‐mediated GDEPT strategy for bioreduction of AQ4N; this may offer an additional approach to target radiation‐ and chemo‐resistant hypoxic tumours that should enhance overall tumour control. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A model to predict the residual life of aircraft engines based upon oil analysis data
Authors: Wang Wenbin , Zhang Wenjuan 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis paper reports on a study using the available oil monitoring information, such as the data obtained using the Spectrometric Oil Analysis Programme (SOAP), to predict the residual life of a set of aircraft engines. The relationship between oil monitoring information and the residual life is established using the concept of the proportional residual, which states that the predicted residual life may be proportional to the wear increment measured by the oil analysis programmes. Assuming such a relationship between wear and the residual life exists, we formulated a recursive prediction model for the item's residual life given measured oil monitoring information to date. A set of censored life data of 30 aircraft engines (right censored due to preventive overhaul) along with the history of their monitored metal concentration information are available to us. The metal concentration information includes many variables, such as Fe, Cu, Al, etc.; not all of them are useful, and some of them may be correlated. The principal component analysis (PCA) has been adopted to reduce the dimension of the original data set and to produce a new set of uncorrelated variables, which we shall use in the prediction model. The procedure associated with estimating model parameters is discussed. The model is fitted to the actual SOAP data from the aircraft engines, and the goodness‐of‐fit test has been carried out. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2005.
Benefits from an uncertainty management intervention for African–American and Caucasian older long‐term breast cancer survivors
Authors: Mishel Merle H. , Germino Barbara B. , Gil Karen M. , Belyea Michael , LaNey Iris Carlton , Stewart Janet , Porter Laura , Clayton Margaret 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn a randomized controlled design, this study tested the efficacy of a theoretically based uncertainty management intervention delivered to older long‐term breast cancer survivors. The sample included 509 recurrence‐free women (360 Caucasian, 149 African–American women) with a mean age of 64 years (S.D.=8.9 years) who were 5–9 years post‐treated for breast cancer. Women were randomly assigned to either the intervention or usual care control condition. The intervention was delivered during four weekly telephone sessions, in which study nurses guided cancer survivors in the use of audiotaped cognitive–behavioral strategies to manage uncertainty about recurrence, and a self‐help manual designed to help women understand and manage long‐term treatment side effects and other symptoms. Treatment outcome data on uncertainty management were gathered at pre‐intervention and 10‐months afterward. Repeated measures MANOVA evaluating treatment group, ethnic group, and treatment by ethnic interaction effects indicated that training in uncertainty management resulted in improvements in cognitive reframing, cancer knowledge, patient–health care provider communication, and a variety of coping skills. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of theory‐based interventions for cancer survivors that target triggers of uncertainty about recurrence and in terms of ethnic differences in response to the intervention. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How to make auxetic fibre reinforced composites
Authors: Alderson K. L. , Simkins V. R. , Coenen V. L. , Davies P. J. , Alderson A. , Evans K. E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAuxetic composite materials can be produced either from conventional components via specially designed configurations or from auxetic components. This paper reviews manufacturing methods for both these scenarios. It then looks at the possibility of property enhancements in both low velocity impact and fibre pull out due to the negative Poisson's ratio. Tests revealed that auxetic carbon fibre composites made from commercially available prepreg show evidence of increased resistance to low velocity impact and static indentation with a smaller area of damage. Also, using auxetic fibres in composite materials is shown to produce a higher resistance to fibre pullout. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Molecular dynamics study of the high‐temperature elasticity of SiO2 polymorphs: Structural phase transition and elastic anomaly
Authors: Kimizuka Hajime , Kaburaki Hideo 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe elastic properties of cristobalite and quartz, the typical polymorphs of SiO2, are studied with particular emphasis on the structural phase transition and the high‐temperature phase. Using the equilibrium molecular dynamics (MD) method with a stress‐fluctuation formula, we have successfully evaluated the adiabatic elastic constants (Cij) of both cristobalite and quartz in a wide temperature range, including the α–β phase‐transition region. In the results for cristobalite, the anomalous property of a negative Poisson's ratio appears over the entire temperature range of 300–1800 K, where the bulk modulus is extremely low compared with the shear modulus. However, the mechanisms differ between the α‐ and β‐phases, according to the structural data obtained from the MD simulations. On the other hand, quartz exhibits a negative Poisson's ratio in the narrow temperature region between ca. 750 and 825 K before the phase transition occurs. After the transition to the β‐phase, the bulk modulus is shown to increase sharply, and a positive value of Poisson's ratio is recovered. For cristobalite as well as quartz, we have confirmed that the recovery of bulk Cij's in the β‐phase can be attributed to internal relaxations, which arise from the cooperative motions of corner‐linked SiO4 tetrahedra. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structural changes in amorphous Fe41Ni40Zr7B12 alloy under heat treatment
Authors: Kostyrya S. , Śniadecki Z. , Idzikowski B. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe Fe41Ni40Zr7B12 alloy has been obtained by a melt–spinning technique in the glassy state. It revealed a narrow supercooled liquid temperature range ΔTx of about 16 K. The structural behaviour vs. temperature of the alloy has been examined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) under continuous heating (in the wide range of heating rates: 10–50 K/s). The enthalpy of crystallization ΔH is about 125 J/g and we have found that the change in ΔH with the heating rate is negligible and does not exceed 10%. Activation energy of crystallization was estimated by Kissinger's method to be about 296 kJ/mol for the first crystallization stage. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Poisson's ratio of degenerate crystalline phases of three‐dimensional hard dimers and hard cyclic trimers
Authors: Kowalik M. , Wojciechowski K. W. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMonte Carlo simulations of two three‐dimensional hard‐body models, hard dimers and hard cyclic trimers, were performed in the NpT ensemble. The Poisson's ratio was determined for degenerate crystalline phases in both systems. In contrast to the results of analogous simulations in two‐dimensions, positive values were obtained both for the dimers and the trimers. However, the Poisson's ratio of the trimers was lower than that for the dimers and the latter was lower than that for the spheres. This suggests that a negative Poisson's ratio may be obtained for molecules composed of more spheres. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Expanding the range of auxetic polymeric products using a novel melt‐spinning route
Authors: Ravirala N. , Alderson A. , Alderson K. L. , Davies P. J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe first auxetic fibre was successfully produced in polypropylene using a novel melt‐spinning route. These fibres were extruded at 159 °C with a screw speed 10 rpm (1.05 rad s–1) and 2 mpm (0.03 m s–1) take‐up speed. Characterisation of these fibres involved optical techniques (videoextensometry) to measure the strains along both the length and the width simultaneously during deformation. The unique processing route has now been developed to expand the range of auxetic extruded polymeric products. We report here that auxetic polypropylene films have been developed, and auxetic polyester and polyamide fibres have now been produced. We also report the development of a simple rough particle model to predict auxetic behaviour that may be applicable to the developed fibres and films. Finally, a review of some potential applications for auxetic fibres and films will be presented. These include as reinforcements in composites, anchoring devices, smart bandages for health‐care, breathable packaging and tear resistant films. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Auxetic behaviour: appearance and engineering applications
Authors: Stavroulakis G. E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMaterials with negative Poisson's ratio are characterized as auxetic materials. They arise quite rarely in nature, so that our engineering intuition can not help us understand their mechanical behaviour or, further, use them effectively for innovative products and processes. From a literature review and from analytical calculations confirmed with the use of numerical homogenization, it seems that some nonconvex‐shaped (re‐entrant) microstructure is the most understandable origin of the auxetic behaviour. The picture is quite clear in elastostatics, for which a quite large number of potential applications have been discussed in the engineering literature. Analogous problems in elastodynamics and in the area of viscoelasticity have not been discussed thoroughly in the open literature. The purpose of this article is to summarize the available knowledge in the area of auxetics and to point out interesting directions for further research and development work. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Stereographic projections of Poisson's ratio in auxetic crystals
Authors: Tokmakova S. P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAuxetic behavior (negative values of Poisson's ratio) in some cubic metals for a stretch along a cube‐face diagonal was investigated in detail by R. H. Baughman et al., F. Milstein, K. Huang, M. Jain, M. P. Verma. Directions with extreme values of Poisson's ratio in crystals for a stretch along a cube‐face diagonal and corresponding lateral strain along the orthogonal cube‐face diagonal and cube‐axis were considered by the authors. In this paper the stereographic projections of Poisson's ratio for a set of natural crystals with cubic, hexagonal and monoclinic symmetry were computed. From these stereographic projections the Poisson's ratio for any possible directions of stretch and lateral strain in the crystal were calculated and orientations of stretch and lateral strain with extreme values of Poisson's ratio were obtained. Crystals with auxetic behavior were revealed. Orientations of stretch directions and lateral strain directions with negative values of Poisson's ratio were determined. By analysis of the above results cuts with optimal negative values of Poisson's ratio were revealed in zinc, molybdenum sulfide, carbon, graphite, polypropylene, monoclinic natural minerals labradorite and augite, a complex silicate and in a set of cubic alloys. The exotic behavior of change of cross‐section of a cylindrical rod during stretching along the rod axis was revealed in the naturally‐occurring mineral SiO2 cristobalite – an example of a molecular auxetic. The elastic constants of crystals from the manual of Landolt–Börnstein were used in the calculations. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Another designer steroid: discovery, synthesis, and detection of ‘madol’ in urine
Authors: Sekera Michael H. , Ahrens Brian D. , Chang Yu‐Chen , Starcevic Borislav , Georgakopoulos Costas , Catlin Don H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMadol (17α‐methyl‐5α‐androst‐2‐en‐17β‐ol) was identified in an oily product received by our laboratory in the context of our investigations of designer steroids. The product allegedly contained an anabolic steroid not screened for in routine sport doping control urine tests. Madol was synthesized by Grignard methylation of 5α‐androst‐2‐en‐17‐one and characterized by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. We developed a method for rapid screening of urine samples by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of trimethylsilylated madol (monitoring m/z 143, 270, and 345). A baboon administration study showed that madol and a metabolite are excreted in urine. In vitro incubation with human liver microsomes yielded the same metabolite. Madol is only the third steroid never commercially marketed to be found in the context of performance‐enhancing drugs in sports. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of Blood Flow by Color Doppler Sonography in Free Jejunal Interposition Grafts for Cervical Esophageal Reconstruction
Authors: Ueno Masakatsu , Osugi Harushi , Suehiro Shigefumi , Nishimura Yoshihiko , Takada Nobuyasu , Takemura Masashi , Kinoshita Hiroaki 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe failure of the vascular anastmoses is a devastating complication in free jejunum transplantation. We used color Doppler sonography to estimate blood flow in free jejunal grafts in 21 patients who underwent radical pharyngoesophagectomy. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis of blood flow, the pulsatility index (PI) as a measure of peripheral vascular resistance, and thickening of the graft wall were evaluated for predictive value. The arterial wave patterns were classified into three types based on systolic–diastolic differences and magnitude of flow. Type I was physiologic flow, type III overtly pathologic, and type II intermediate. The three patients who required vascular reanastomoses intraoperatively had a type II pattern that degenerated to type III within 15 minutes. The PI increased to 3.5 to 4.5 over 1 hour. In the one patient who required retransplantation, the wave pattern became type III by 18 hours and had disappeared by 24 hours, at which point the PI could not be measured. Jejunal thickening increased from 1.0 mm to 5.0 mm after 24 hours, even in healthy grafts. Monitoring blood flow during the 24 hours after surgery is critical. A type III wave pattern or a PI >2.5 is an indication for reexploration. Doppler sonography offers a noninvasive way to measure blood flow in jejunal grafts semiquantitatively and can predict free jejunal graft failure.
Intraoperative Ultrasound‐Guided Excision of Nonpalpable Breast Lesions
Authors: Bennett I. C. , Greenslade J. , Chiam H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe methods commonly used to guide surgical excision of impalpable breast lesions include preoperative placement of hookwires, carbon injections, and, more recently, radioisotope injections. However, all of these techniques have disadvantages, not the least of which is subjecting the patient to an additional stressful and often traumatic procedure preoperatively. The use of intraoperative ultrasound to guide the excision of sonographically visible impalpable lesions is a new technique that avoids the need for a preoperative localization procedure. This report describes one of the author’s (I.B.) personal series of ultrasound‐guided breast excisions, collating data collected prospectively, and reviews the efficacy of this technique. Data in relation to 115 ultrasound guided breast excisions performed in 103 patients were reviewed. The technique of using a high‐frequency real‐time ultrasound probe intraoperatively to localize and guide excision of breast abnormalities is described. There were no failed excisions, as confirmed by specimen sonography, pathology findings, and/or follow‐up ultrasound. Breast malignancies comprised 42% of all excised lesions, and of these, adequate margins of excision were achieved at the first operation in 93% of cases. Direct ultrasound localization of the lesion at the time of surgery allowed optimal placement of the incision and eliminated delays in operating time because specimens did not have to be sent to the Radiology Department for confirmation of excision. Intraoperative ultrasound‐guided excision is a safe and efficient technique in the management of impalpable, sonographically visible breast lesions, and early reports in the world literature support the findings of this series, which show it to have significant advantages over other current methods, particularly with respect to a reduction in patient anxiety and improved surgical resection margins.
Effects of Irradiation Combined with Cis‐diamminedichloroplatinum (CDDP) Suppository in Rabbit VX2 Rectal Tumors
Authors: Wakatsuki Kazuo , Oda Kenji , Koda Keiji , Seike Kazuhiro , Takiguchi Nobuhiro , Saito Norio , Miyazaki Masaru 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTo decrease local recurrence and increase disease free survival, various preoperative therapies for patients with advanced rectal cancer have been studied. Cis‐diamminedichloroplatinum (II) (CDDP) has become one of the most widely used cancer chemotherapeutic drugs. It has also been found to have radiosensitizing properties. In this experimental study, the efficacy of chemoradiotherapy using a novel CDDP suppository, and one with mixed micelles, was examined in a rabbit VX2 rectal tumor model. Rabbits were divided into four groups: control group, irradiation (R) group, CDDP suppository plus irradiation (CR) group, and mixed micelles plus CDDP suppository plus irradiation (CMR) group. Tumor growth ratios were reduced significantly in the CR and CMR groups as compared with the ratio in the control group. Microscopically, response rates of main tumors were 0%, 33.3%, 70.0%, and 91. 7%, respectively. The number of metastatic lymph nodes in the CR and CMR groups decreased significantly compared to the control group and the R group. The microscopic response rates of metastatic lymph nodes were 0%, 11.1%, 40.0%, and 41.7%, respectively. Lung metastases were observed in three rabbits in the R group, and in one rabbit in the CMR group. Tissue platinum concentrations both in tumors and in regional lymph nodes increased significantly when mixed micelles were used. Chemoradiotherapy using the CDDP suppository and mixed micelles was effective for local control in the rabbit VX2 rectal tumor model.
Treatment of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors with Imatinib Mesylate:A Major Breakthrough in the Understanding of Tumor‐specific Molecular Characteristics
Authors: de Mestier Philippe , Guetz Gaetan des 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA specific treatment for gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) has been found through improved understanding of the molecular mechanism of carcinogenesis. GIST are radio and chemo‐resistant (less than 10 objective responses). Stromal tumors originate from the multiplication of the cells of Cajal, which intervene in intestinal motility and express the c‐Kit gene, also called CD117, on their surface. CD117 is a protein with tyrosine kinase activity, and can be demonstrated through immunohistochemical staining techniques.Treatment with Imatinib mesylate (Glivec), a recently discovered selective inhibitor of tyrosine kinases already used in chronic myeloid leukemia (in which an overexpression of tyrosine kinase is observed) was associated with tumor regression of more than 50% in the initial series of patients with GIST treated in 2001. Since then, approximately 2,000 patients have been included in therapeutic trials, with an objective response rate between 60% and 70% 12 to 18 months after inclusion. The clinical benefit has been estimated at 80% to 90% in patients whose chance of survival until now has been less than 30% at one year (median survival 18 months). Nonetheless, imatinib mesylate has not shown any activity in CD117‐negative sarcoma (10% of sarcoma). The therapeutic importance of this drug in the treatment of solid GI tumors deemed inoperable is considerable.