bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Secularism and the Civil Society
Authors: Lewis Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Secularism in the modern political meaning*—the idea that religion and political authority, church and state are different, and can or should be separated—is, in a profound sense, Christian. Its origins may be traced in the teachings of Christ, confirmed by the experience of the first Christians; its later development was shaped and, in a sense, imposed by the subsequent history of Christendom. The persecutions endured by the early church made it clear that a separation between the two was possible; the persecutions inflicted by later churches persuaded many Christians that such a separation was necessary.
House by House, Block by Block
Authors: Hoffman Alexander Von 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not long ago, neighborhoods such as the South Bronx, South Central Los Angeles, and Boston’s Roxbury were crime-ridden wastelands of vacant lots and burned-out buildings, notorious symbols of urban decay. In House by House, Block by Block, Alexander von Hoffman tells the remarkable stories of how local activists and community groups helped turn these areas around. For sixty years, federal policy has attempted with little success to solve the problems of housing and poverty in America’s inner cities. Yet increasingly, local organizations are picking up where Washington has left off. In a series of dramatic and colorful narratives, von Hoffman shows how these groups are revitalizing once desperate neighborhoods in five major cities: New York, Boston, Chicago, Atlanta, and Los Angeles. The unlikely heroes include: the tough-talking Bronx priest who made apartment buildings for low-income people glisten in the midst of ruins and despair; the “crazy white man” who scrambled to save Chicago’s historic Black Metropolis from the wrecking ball; the Boston cops who built a task force that put the brakes on youth gangs. Thanks to locally-based, bootstrap efforts like these, in inner-city neighborhoods across the country, crime rates are falling, real estate values are rising, and businesses are returning. Von Hoffman also shows that grass-roots work can’t do it alone: successful revitalization needs the support of local government and access to business and foundation capital. Based on years of research and more than a hundred interviews, this book is the first systematic account of the dramatic urban revival now going on in the United States. House by House, Block by Block will be a must-read for anyone who cares about the fate of America’s cities.
What Is Metaphor?
Authors: Kövecses Zoltán 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People might say that they try to give their children an education so they will get a good start in life. If their children act out, they hope that they are just going through a stage and that they will get over it. Parents hope that their children won’t be burdened with financial worries or ill health and, if they face such difficulties, that they will be able to overcome them. Parents hope that their children will have a long life span and that they will go far in life. But they also know that their children, as all mortals, will reach the end of the road. (based on Winter, 1995, p. 235)
Maconochie’s Gentlemen
Authors: Morris Norval 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1840, Alexander Maconochie, a privileged retired naval captain, became at his own request superintendent of two thousand twice-convicted prisoners on Norfolk Island, a thousand miles off the coast of Australia. In four years, Maconochie transformed what was one of the most brutal convict settlements in history into a controlled, stable, and productive environment that achieved such success that upon release his prisoners came to be called “Maconochie’s Gentlemen”. Here Norval Morris, one of our most renowned criminologists, offers a highly inventive and engaging account of this early pioneer in penal reform, enhancing Maconochie’s life story with a trenchant policy twist. Maconochie’s life and efforts on Norfolk Island, Morris shows, provide a model with profound relevance to the running of correctional institutions today. Using a unique combination of fictionalized history and critical commentary, Morris gives this work a powerful policy impact lacking in most standard academic accounts. In an era of “mass incarceration” that rivals that of the settlement of Australia, Morris injects the question of humane treatment back into the debate over prison reform. Maconochie and his “Marks system” played an influential role in the development of prisons; but for the last thirty years prison reform has been dominated by punitive and retributive sentiments, the conventional wisdom holding that we need ‘supermax’ prisons to control the ‘worst of the worst’ in solitary and harsh conditions. Norval Morris argues to the contrary, holding up the example of Alexander Maconochie as a clear-cut alternative to the “living hell” of prison systems today.
Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome
Authors: Puck Jennifer M , Rieux-Laucat Frederic , Françoise Le Deist , Straus Stephen E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Immunodeficiency disorders have traditionally been thought of as conditions resulting from the inability to mount effective host responses to infectious agents. However, immune dysregulation and autoimmune phenomena are seen in many inherited and acquired immunodeficiency disorders. Particular alleles of the major histocompatibility (MHC) locus have long been associated with increased susceptibility to a variety of diseases with an autoimmune basis, for example, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and celiac disease (Bodmer, 1996; Hammer et al., 1997; Thorsby, 1997). The detailed mechanisms that allow tolerance to be broken so that immune reactions can be directed against one’s own tissues are becoming better understood. The composition of the lymphocyte antigen recognition repertoire and the potential for crossreactivity between self-antigens in one’s tissues and foreign antigens from the environment is defined in part by an individual’s MHC haplotypes. With improved understanding of the processes directing selection, expansion, and control of an appropriate lymphocyte repertoire, several non–MHC-linked heritable immune disorders are now recognized in which disruption of regulatory functions is a predominant feature. For example, autoimmune polyendocrinopathy with candidiasis and ectodermal dystrophy, or APECED (see Chapter 25), is due to defects in an inducer of presentation of self-antigens in the thymus to provide for central tolerization (Anderson et al., 2002; Liston et al., 2003). Autoimmunity is also a hallmark of interleukin (IL)-2 receptor αchain deficiency (Chapter 15), common variable immunodeficiency (Chapter 23), Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (Chapter 31), and X-linked immunodysregulation–polyendocrinopathy–enteropathy (IPEX, Chapter 26). The present chapter concentrates on a discrete class of inherited autoimmune disorders due to impaired apoptosis of activated peripheral lymphocytes.
Religiosity and Ethnicity: Jewish Identity Trends in the United States
Authors: Cohen Steven M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historically, the religious and ethnic dimensions of Jewish identity have been closely interwoven. In fact, so closely bound are they, that the traditional Jewish lexicon hardly distinguishes between the two concepts. Jewish religious practice, by definition, was observed exclusively by the Jewish people, and notions of Jewish people-hood, nation, and community were suffused with faith in the Jewish God, the practice of Jewish (religious) law, and the study of ancient religious texts. Indeed, the Bible enjoins Jews to be a “holy people,” fusing, in one succinct phrase, the modern western concepts of religion and ethnicity.
The Positions of Demonstratives in the Extended Nominal Projection
Authors: Brugè Laura 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In section 1 I propose that in Spanish the demonstrative is always generated in a low position inside the extended nominal projection and that at PF it can be real¬ized either in this position, (lc-d), or in the prenominal position, (la-b). This sec¬ond option is due to the movement of the demonstrative from its base position to [Spec, DP] before Spell-Out.
Observing the position of the postnominal demonstrative with respect to the other elements internal to the extended nominal projection, I show, in sections 2, 3, and 4, that the demonstrative is generated in the specifier of a functional projection lower than all the other functional projections containing the different classes of adjectives
Suicide
Authors: Conwell Yeates 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rates of suicide in later life are higher than at any other point in the life course. In May 2001 the National Strategy for Suicide Prevention was released by the Office of the Surgeon General of the United States, acknowledging suicide as a major public health concern and articulating specific goals and objectives for action (U.S. Public Health Service, 2001). Reduction of suicide in elders is an important component of that agenda. Older adults not only have higher rates of suicide than younger cohorts (National Center for Health Statistics, 2001) but are also the fastest-growing segment of the population. These patterns, in general, pertain worldwide. As increasing numbers of people age into the stage of life that carries the greatest risk, demographers anticipate that the absolute number of seniors who take their own lives will increase dramatically (Haas and Hendin, 1983).
Neuropsychological Assessment Of Late-Life Depression
Authors: Gorp Wilfred G Van , Root, James C , Sackeim Harold A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The incidence and prevalence of mental disorders, specifically depression, in the general population has received considerable attention given their social, financial, and vocational impact. With respect to depressive disorders, U.S. statistics combined from the Epidemiological Catchment Area (ECA) study of the early 1980s and the National Co-morbidity Survey (NCS) of the early 1990s have produced a best estimate of a 6.5% 1-year prevalence for major depressive episodes, 5.3% for unipolar major depression, and 1.6% for dysthymia (Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General, 1999). Depressive spectrum disorders continue to evidence high prevalence rates in our elderly population. For older adults, aged 65 and over, prevalence rates have been estimated as 3.8% for a major depressive episode, 3.7% for unipolar major depression, and 1.6% for dysthymia. Given that the makeup of our population is projected to become increasingly older in coming decades, the understanding and treatment of depressive spectrum disorders in the elderly is especially significant.
Stimulants
Authors: Nelson J Craig 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of stimulants in psychiatry has a long history. In fact, amphetamine has been in continuous use for a longer period than any other Food and Drug Administration-approved psychotropic agent. Although the stimulants currently have a limited role in the treatment of depression, it has been suggested that they may be particularly useful in older depressed patients (Murray and Cassem, 1998; Wittenborn, 1982). In part, the utility of these drugs in late life may relate to their potential value in depressed patients with medical illness. This chapter will review the historical development of these agents, their mechanism of action, their pharmacokinetics, the evidence base for their efficacy, their side effects, and finally, issues related to their clinical use.
White On Arrival
Authors: Guglielmo Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Immigrating to the United States, Italians, like all others arriving on America’s shores, were made to fill out a standardized immigration form. In the box for race, they faced two choices: North Italian or South Italian. On the line requesting information on color, they wrote simply “white.” By World War II, the only option they had for race and color questions was “white.” This identification is suggestive of the many ways in which Italians became white on arrival in the United States, as Thomas A. Guglielmo demonstrates in this prize-winning book. While many suffered from racial prejudice and discrimination, they were nonetheless viewed as white, with all the privileges this color classification bestowed, in the corridors of American power--from judges to journalists, from organized labor to politicians, from race scientists to realtors. Taking the mass Italian immigration of the late 19th century as his starting point and drawing on dozens of oral histories and a diverse array of primary sources in English and Italian, Guglielmo focuses on how perceptions of Italians’ race and color were shaped in one of America’s great centers of immigration and labor, Chicago. His account skillfully weaves together the major events of Chicago immigrant history--the “Chicago Color Riot” of 1919, the rise of Italian organized crime, and the rise of industrial unionism--with national and international events--such as the rise of fascism and the Italian-Ethiopian War of 1935-36--to present the story of how Italians approached, learned, and lived race. By tracking their evolving position in the city’s racial hierarchy, Guglielmo reveals the impact of racial classification--both formal and informal--on immigrants’ abilities to acquire homes and jobs, start families, and gain opportunities in America. Carefully drawing the distinction between race and color, Guglielmo argues that whiteness proved Italians’ most valuable asset for making it in America. Even so, Italians were reluctant to identify themselves explicitly as white until World War II. By separating examples of discrimination against Italians from the economic and social advantages they accrued from their acceptance as whites, Guglielmo counters the claims of many ethnic Americans that hard work alone enabled their extraordinary success, especially when compared to non-white groups whose upward mobility languished. A compelling story, White on Arrival contains profound implications for our understanding of race and ethnic acculturation in the United States, as well as twentieth-century immigration, urban, and political history.
Connectedness in the Workplace
Authors: Estlund Cynthia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Admittedly, it is perilous at best to generalize about work and “the workplace.” My workplace experience as a law professor, for example, would seem to have little in common with that of the fast-food server, the automobile assembly worker, the hospital orderly, or the file clerk. My experience shares little even with that of the urban public school teacher across Morningside Park or of the maintenance worker at my own law school. There are vast differences in pay, working conditions, status, authority, autonomy, and satisfaction from one job to another—differences that matter here, and to which chapter 3 is largely devoted. But it is necessary, as well as possible, to begin this account by considering some common features of workplace interaction.
The workplace is, to begin with, one site of social connectedness that is claiming somewhat more rather than less of people’s time. To be more specific: While adult men’s work week and age of retirement have both declined slightly, women’s commitment to the workforce—both their hours of work and the number of years they spend in the workforce—have increased dramatically over the past several decades.
From ‘The Workplace” to Workplaces
Authors: Estlund Cynthia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“The workplace,” as described so far, is an intensely social environment. Coworkers routinely cooperate in doing the work itself—the most literal meaning of “working together.” They socialize informally during the workday and sometimes afterward. They discuss shared terms and conditions of employment and are sometimes moved to make common cause and to seek a collective voice in these matters. Some modicum of cooperation, sociability, and communication about shared work conditions is virtually endemic to “the workplace” as we know it. But there are plainly many different kinds of workplaces and many different kinds of jobs, and they vary enormously in their hospitality to each of these forms of human interaction. So, too, workplaces are changing to meet the challenges of a dynamic and increasingly global market. Do the actual workplaces of the twenty-first century look anything like “the workplace” I have described? Do they foster the kinds of social ties on which I stake my claims here?
Working Together Across Racial Lines
Authors: Estlund Cynthia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Who are the co-workers with whom we cooperate, communicate, commiserate, and sometimes militate? As we have begun to see, they often come from different neighborhoods and from different cultural, racial, and ethnic backgrounds. In particular, the workplace is the single most frequent site of close and ongoing interaction between black and white adults. That is not to say that most work­ places are highly diverse. On the contrary, many workplaces are overwhelmingly white or thoroughly segmented along racial lines. Discriminatory hiring, firing, evaluations, and placement, as well as harassment and social isolation, persist and plague the work lives of the underrepresented and less powerful minority group members. But the claim advanced here is a relative one: Integration appears to have proceeded further and more smoothly in the workplace than, for example, in neighborhoods and schools. I suggest some possible explanations for that relative success before turning to the consequences of interracial interaction at the workplace for social attitudes and social relations outside the workplace.
Why Do Firms Differ? The Theory of the Knowledge-Creating Firm
Authors: Nonaka Ikujiro , Toyama Ryoko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why do firms differ? This simple question is a central concern for scholars who study the theory of the firm (Nelson, 1991). Within the same industry there may be many different kinds of firms, all presumably competing with each other. Is this because some firms are doing the right thing and some are not? That cannot be the answer, for quite different firms in the same industry can be successful. We believe that the answer to the simple question lies at the heart of this book. In this chapter we will examine the intellectual basis for viewing firms as knowledge-creating organizations and provide examples of successful knowledge-creating firms. The discussion must necessarily balance theory with applications, and the reader may want to read this chapter twice, first to get a sense of the theoretical underpinnings of knowledge creation, and again, after reading other chapters, to deepen his or her understanding of the subject. Management thinkers have proposed a number of theories to explain differences in firms’ structures and performances. The positioning school ex- plains firm differences by pointing to the difficulties in entering an industry or a strategic group. Firms that want to move to a more profitable industry or segment are prevented from doing so by high entry or mobility barriers. The resource-based view explains firm differences in terms of the difficulties that firms have in imitating or acquiring resources. Firms that want to acquire the resources which give other firms a competitive advantage are prevented from doing so because such resources are impossible or too costly to acquire.
Human Resources Management and Knowledge Creation
Authors: Osterloh Margit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Peter Drucker stated that less than one fifth of the workforce nowadays consists of blue-collar workers doing manual work, while white-collar workers doing knowledge work make up two fifths of the workforce. Yet, when it comes to our understanding of a knowledge worker’s productivity, we are ‘‘in the year 2000 roughly where we were in the year 1900 in terms of productivity of the manual worker’’ (Drucker, 1999, p. 83). If companies could enhance productivity of knowledge workers in the twenty- first century as much as they did that of manual workers in the twentieth century, the payoffs would be astronomical.
Southeast Asia in World History
Authors: Lockard Craig A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book will sketch an outline of Southeast Asian history from earliest times to the present, showing how the diverse political, economic, social, and cultural patterns developed over several thousand years and the role played by the region in the larger world. Approximately one third will be devoted to the centuries before 1500 CE, when civilizations and kingdoms emerged and some Southeast Asians became active in Asian and Pacific maritime trade networks. It will discuss the connections to India and China, the great kingdoms such as Angkor, the maritime trade, and the emergence of diverse cultural traditions, including the Theravada Buddhist, Islamic, and Vietnamese realms. Another third covers the period of Western expansion and colonization between 1500 and 1941, when various Western nations began to gradually influence and then reshape the region and Southeast Asians became more deeply involved with world trade. This includes an extensive discussion of the impact of colonialism on Southeast Asian societies, cultures, economies and politics. The final third examines the rise of nationalism and independence movements, decolonization, the wars in Indochina, and the links between past, present, and future.
Crime, Law, and the Community: Dynamics of Incarceration in New York City
Authors: Fagan Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Random Family (LeBlanc 2003) tells the story of a tangled family and social network of young people in New York City in which prison threads through their lives since childhood. Early on, we meet a young man named Cesar, who sold small amounts of crack and heroin in the streets near his home in the Bronx. During one of his many spells in jail, Cesar sees his father pushing a cafeteria cart in the Rikers Island Correctional Facility, New York City’s jail. Cesar had not seen his father in many years, but he was not very surprised to see him there. This was neither Cesar’s first time at Rikers, nor his first time in jail, and the same was true of his father. Cesar was at Rikers awaiting transfer to a prison in upstate New York, one of several prison spells he would face within his first three decades of life. In addition to seeing his father in jail, Cesar often encountered childhood friends from his Bronx neighborhood as he moved through the state’s prisons.
Umbilical Cord
Authors: Blackburn Will 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The umbilical cord is composed of elements derived from the primitive (primary) yolk sac (allantois and vitelline duct), the connecting (body) stalk, and the amnion. The primary yolk sac is lined with endoderm and forms the central portion of the embryonic gut (Fig. 35-1). In the caudal part of the embryonic gut, the allantois appears as an outpouching (evagination) that extends ultimately as a small duct into the connecting stalk mes- enchyme (Fig. 35-1). Along its course, a portion of the allantois develops into the urinary bladder; the portion between the bladder and the connecting stalk will become the urachus, and the attending “allantoic blood vessels” will become the left and right umbilical arteries.