bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Spraying Marine Algae Extract, Arginine, and Brassinolide on Vegetative Growth Traits of Albion Strawberry Saplings
Authors: Al-Ealayawi Zeyad A. , Al-Dulaimy Ahmed F. Z. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The study was done in two plastic greenhouses. The first location was the University of Anbar College of Agriculture research station. The second site was in Dolab village during the 2022-2023 growing season to study the effects of spraying Albion strawberry seedlings with marine algae extract, amino acid (arginine), and growth regulator (Brassinolide) in protected environments. The experiment looked at three things: spraying with marine algae extract at 2 and 4 ml L-1, the amino acid “arginine” at 100 and 200 mg L-1, and the growth regulator “Brassinolide” at 0.05 and 0.10 mg L-1, as well as just spraying with distilled water. A randomized full-block design was used for a three-factor factorial experiment. The experiment has 27 treatments in three blocks, with five plants per unit. The experiment utilized 405 plants per location. The means were compared using the least significant difference (LSD) test at 5% significance. The data was examined using Genstat. All growth characteristics were significantly affected by seaweed extract spraying. The characteristics (number of leaves, leaf area, crowns, dry weight of the vegetative system, leaf chlorophyll, and carbohydrate content) performed best at 4 ml/L. The results were 69.0 and 72.0 leaves plant-1, 59.16 and 56.79 cm2 plant-1, 7.02 and 6.64 crowns plant-1, 32.40 and 24.96 g, 13.15 and 12.67 g, 11.13 mg g-1, 13.82 and 12.83%). However, spraying with arginine affected all sapling development parameters. With the 200 mg L-1 treatment, the study sites had the most leaves, the most leaf area, the most crowns, and the most vegetative dry weight (68.1 and 70.7 leaves per plant, 59.39 and 57.61 cm2 per plant, 6.67 and 6.25 crowns per plant, 32.21 and 24.72 g). The best leaf chlorophyll and carbohydrate values were obtained with 100 mg L-1 arginine. The results for both research locations were 11.68 and 10.69 mg g-1, 13.91 and 12.53%). Spraying Brassinolide at 0.10 mg L-1 produced the greatest results for leaf number, leaf area, crowns, vegetative dry weight, leaf chlorophyll, and glucose content. The first and second sites had (68.1 and 70.7 leaves plant-1, 58.95 and 56.23 cm2 plant-1, 6.62 and 6.27 crowns plant-1, 31.20 and 24.20 g, 11.87 and 10.71 mg g-1, 13.30 and 12.10%).
Evaluation of Cotton Genotypes Through the Selection Index Technique
Authors: Omar Abdullah Moayad , Al-Zubaidy Khalid Mohammed Dawod , Al-Taweel Muhammed Subhi 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Eight upland cotton genotypes introduced from different origins (BA440, FLASH, EDESSA, SPERO, IK259, W888, MONTANA and CANDIA) in addition to the two local cultivars (Coker 310 and Lachata) were cultivated on April 22 and 23, 2022 in the Rahmaniyah region at levels (0, 1, 2, and 3 g/liter). l) of nano-chelated NPK 20-20-20 under drip irrigation conditions, and using a randomized complete block design with three replications, in order to evaluate it by creating multiple selection indices and to estimate the expected increase in seed cotton yield. The results of the analysis of variance for the studied traits (seed cotton yield, plant height, number of fruiting per plant, number of bolls per plant, average boll weight, seed index, and lint index) showed that the mean square of genotypes and levels of nano-fertilizer and their interaction was highly significant for all traits except seed index in case of nano-fertilizer levels. The selection index that included the two traits of plant height and number of bolls per plant was characterized by a high increase in efficiency compared to direct selection of the seed cotton yield, indicating the importance of selection by adopting the selection index for several traits. This selection index in the current study was considered the best due to its high efficiency, and by adopting it in evaluating the genotypes, it was found that the highest mean of the index was 7.689 for the CANDIA genotype, with a significant difference from most other genotypes, followed by the FLASH and BA440 genotypes. The sequence of local varieties adopted in the study (Coker 310 and Lachata) in terms of performance was 10 and 7, respectively. It appeared that six introduced genotypes were superior to the best local cultivars (Lachata), and all introduced genotypes were higher than the least performing local variety (Coker 310).
Chemotaxonomy Significant in Delimitation of Six Taxa of Euphorbia L. in Iraq
Authors: Jassim Adil Humood , Al-Newani Hadeel Radawi Hussein 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Six taxa of Euphorbia L. (E. hirta L., E. milii var. milii, E. milii cv. White, E. prostrata Aiton, E. hypericifolia L. and E. serpens Kunth) collected from different location in Baghdad were extracted and the phytochemical screening of hexane crude extracts of six taxa of Euphorbia revealed that the most distributed phytochemical compounds were saponins in all taxa except E. prostrata, however, alkaloids have been reported in E. hypericifolia, E. milii cv. White and E. milii var. milii, on the other hand, glycosides have been stated in E. prostrata and E. serpens. Flavonoids and phenols have been noticed in E. serpens only, while terpenes and tannins found in E. prostata and E. hirta respectively. However, the Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrum of methanol extract of six taxa of Euphorbia analysis explained the presence of twenty seven different chemical compounds and two new terpenoids (trans-Geranylgeraniol and Squalene) from E. milii cv. White. Agglomerative Hierarchical cluster analysis (AHC) stated close chemical relations between all the studied species, the first group comprises E. hirta and E. hypericifolia showed close relationship due to the presence of natural compounds as fatty acids, esters and aromatic alcohols However, E. prostata and E. serpens were close correlated in one group together which characterized by presence of phenols, esters and fatty acids. The anthor group contains E. milli var. milli and E. milli cv. White characterized by the abundance of di- and tri-terpenoids in addition to other natural chemical products.
Response of Growth and Forage Yield of some Oat (Avena sativa L.) Cultivars to Nitrogen Spraying and Cutting Time
Authors: Yahya Ahmed M. , Abood Nihad M. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This study was conducted during winter season of 2021-2022 at the Field Crops research station - College of Agriculture - University of Anbar to study the response of growth characteristics and forage yield for some oats cultivars under the influence of nitrogen spraying and cutting times. A split-split plots arrangement according to randomized complete block design at three replications was used. The results showed that the nitrogen spraying had a significant effect on all studied traits, as the spraying of nitrogen at a concentration of 6 g N L-1 recorded the highest means of plant height (63.03 cm), stem diameter, number of leaves per plant and green forage yield (64.43 ton ha-1). The mowing dates had a significant effect on the studied traits, as the mowing date after 60 days of planting achieved the highest means of plant height (74.34 cm) and green forage yield (73.87 ton ha-1). The cultivars was significantly differed in the studied traits, as the Carlop cultivar gave a highest green forage yield (58.11 tons ha-1). The di-interactions and tri-interaction between studied factors had a significant effect on the most studied traits.
Effect of Seed Priming Duration with Bio-Stimulator (Appetizer) on Germination Characteristics and Seedling Emergence of Sorghum
Authors: Saudi A. H. , Al-Rawi Adawiya.Sajid.Mustafa. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Two factorial experiments were conducted. One of them was laboratory experiment which was carried out at the Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering Sciences College, University of Baghdad during 2023. The other was conducted at the lath house with used the pots during spring season of 2023. The aim was to investigate the effect of seed priming duration with bio-stimulator (Appetizer) on germination characteristics and seedling emergence of Sorghum. The design of Lab. experiment was (CRD) while for the other experiment was (RCBD) with four replications. Each experiment consisted of two factors. The first factor included seeds priming treatments with bio-stimulator (Appetizer) concentrations (1, 2 and 3) ml l-1 and seeds soaking in distilled water, in addition to unsoaked seeds treatment (dry seed). The second factor was included seeds priming periods that is (8,16 and 24) h in room temperature. The results of Laboratory experiment showed that sorghum seeds primed with appetizer concentrations 3 ml l-1 gave highest averages of germination percentage in the first count, germination percentage in the final count, radical length, plumule length, seedling dry weight and seedling vigour index. While the comparision treatment (dry seed) gave the lowest averages for these characteristics and the priming period (24h) gave highest averages of germination percentage in the first count, germination percentage in the final count, radical length, plumule length, seedling dry weight and seedling vigour index. The results showed that iteration between the factors (seeds priming treatments with Appetizer and seed priming duration ) has significant effect in most characterstics. The results of pots experiment showed that sorghum seeds primed with appetizer concentrations 3 ml l-1 gave highest averages of emergence percentage in the first count and emergence percentage in the final count. The priming period (24h) gave highest averages of emergence percentage in the first count and emergence percentage in the final count.
Study of some Physiological and Molecular Indicators of Bread Wheat Treated with Colchicine
Authors: Al-Khalidi Noor Abdul Wahid Kazem , Al-Burki Fouad Razzaq 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
During the winter agricultural season of 2022-2023, a field experiment was carried out in the Al-Basatin Al-Sharqiya, located 4 km away from the center of Al-Muthanna governorate. The objective of this study was to investigate various anatomical and genetic parameters of wheat varieties under the influence of the mutagenic alkaloid colchicine at concentrations of 0, 250, 500, and 750 mg L-1. The study employed a split plot design with three replications. The main plots consisted of different concentrations of the colchicine compound, while the secondary plots comprised four varieties (Ibaa99, Mawadah, Bohuth 22, Babel). The statistical analysis yielded significant variations in the anatomical and molecular traits among the cultivars. Notably, the cultivar Mawada demonstrated superior performance in terms of stoma density on the upper leaf surface, with an average of 118.15 stomata mm-2. Conversely, the Babel variety exhibited the highest average stoma density of 113.70 stomata mm-2 on the lower leaf surface. Regarding Bohuth 22, it demonstrated notable proficiency in terms of stoma length, exhibiting an average measurement of 3.82 μm for both the upper and lower leaf surfaces. Additionally, it displayed the highest average stoma width for the lower surface, measuring at 2.66 μm. The highest mean stomatal density for both the upper and lower leaf surfaces (114.1, 104.44 stomata mm-2) was observed at a colchicine concentration of 750 mg L-1. Regarding the intersection of the treatments, it was observed that treatment C1V3 exhibited superior performance in terms of the dimensions of the stoma, specifically the length and width on the lower surface of the leaf. The average difference between the measurements was found to be 4.40-2.96 μm, consecutively. The C2V2 treatment demonstrated superior performance in relation to the stomatal density observed on the upper surface of the leaf, exhibiting an average of 132.6 stomata mm-2. The treatment labelled as C2V4 exhibited the highest average stomata density (131.85 stomata mm-2) on the lower surface of the leaf. The molecular analysis conducted using RAPD-PCR technology revealed that the primer OPA 9 exhibited a total of 37 bands. Among these bands, 6 were found to be unique, while the remaining 31 bands displayed divergence. The OPA12 primer exhibits a minimum total of 29 bands, consisting of 24 distinct bands and 5 unique bands. Notably, all primers demonstrate a 100% occurrence of differentiated bands.
Effect of Combinations of Chemical, Nano-Fertilizer and Bio-Fertilizer NPK on Yield and Quality Traits of some Bread Wheat Cultivars Triticum aestivum L.
Authors: Al-Ghazali Zahra Abdul Kadhim , Al-Zubaidy Safaa Abd Al-Hassan 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted during the agricultural season 2022-2023 in the fields of the College of Agriculture - Al-Qasim Green University, located at latitude 32.33 north and longitude 42.45 east, in soil with a mixture of clay textures in order to study the effect of chemical and nano fertilizer NPK and bio-fertilizer on yield and quality traits of wheat cultivars. the bread. The experiment was applied according to split-plots arrangement using randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates. Three cultivars of bread wheat occupied IPA-99, Bahouth-22 and Baghdad, and were given the symbols V1, V2, and V3 on the main plots, while fertilizer combinations occupied the sub plots, which are fully recommended compound fertilizer and fully recommended compound fertilizer + biofertilizer and compost. Full compound recommendation + nano fertilizer and 50% compound fertilizer only and 50% compound fertilizer + 50% biofertilizer and 50% compound fertilizer + 50% nanofertilizer and 50% complex fertilizer + 50% biofertilizer + 50% nanofertilizer and the codes were given F1 and F2 and F3, F4, F5, F6, and F7, respectively. The results of the study showed the superiority of cultivar IBA-99 over the other two cultivars by giving the highest average percentage of protein in grains and the ratio of wet and dry gluten, which amounted to 12.73%, 36.13% and 13.54%, respectively. Baghdad cultivar achieved a significantly excelled by giving the highest average of grain yield, biological yield and harvest index, which amounted to 4.60 tons ha-1 and 13.55 tons ha-1 and 33.04%, respectively. The plants treated with the fertilizer combination 50% compound fertilizer + 50% bio-fertilizer + 50% nano-fertilizer excelled in most of the studied traits (grain yield, biological yield, harvest index, protein percentage in grains, carbohydrates in grains, and the ratio of wet and dry gluten), which amounted to 5.15 tons ha-1 and 15.89 ton ha-1, 35.70%, 13.87%, 60.46%, 38.24%, and 14.71%, respectively.
Effect of Adding Different Levels of Potassium on Some Vegetative Growth Characteristics of Maize Under Water Stress Conditions
Authors: Al-Gharawi Firas Abdul Karim Makki , Al-Dulaimi Hamza Nouri , Matar Naim Shteiwi 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted for the autumn season in 2022 in an agricultural land in the province of Raranjia (Hamzawiyah), 10 km south of Babylon Governorate, the center of Hilla, in soil with sandy clay mixed texture to improve the growth efficiency of the Maize plants (Zea mays L.) Fajr 1 cultivar under water stress conditions by the effect of irrigation durations and the addition of different amounts of potassium sulfate. The experiment was designed in randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with three replicates. in a split - plots arrangement, as the irrigation periods included four levels, namely irrigation every (6, 8, 10 and 12) days as a main factor, while potassium sulfate included four levels (0, 150, 200 and 250) kg.h-1. The results achieved the duration of irrigation every 8 days significant superiority in the average on the highest, leaf area, leaves content of chlorophyll and the dry matter of plant, which amounted to 177.8 cm, 519.3 cm 2, 47.9 SPAD and 428.5 g, while the duration of irrigation every 12 days was significantly reduced in reducing some vegetative growth characteristics, as the average yield of dry matter reached 341.9 g and the level of potassium sulfate added significantly affected the increase in vegetative of growth indicators such as plant height, leaf area, dry weight and leaf content of chlorophyll, and the potassium level of 250 kg.h-1 achieved the highest values among other potassium levels for the same traits, reaching 180.3 cm, 522.9 cm2, 432.1 g and 47.9 SPAD respectively, while the interaction between the two factors had a significant impact on most of the studied traits and gave interference Irrigation periods 8 days and potassium addition 250 kg.ha -1.
Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) Induced Changes in Germination, Seedling Growth, Water Relation and α-β Amylase of some Hungarian Wheat Landraces Varieties
Authors: Abido W. A. E. , Altai Dhurgham S. K. , Idan Wurood Jabbar , Allem A. , Dulái S. , Hadházy Á. , Al-Farhan Ilham M. H. , Zsombik L. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Wheat productivity has been steadily declining over the past few years, and abiotic stresses are responsible for more than half of all yield losses. Stress from drought is one of the most significant factors that can impede plant growth and production wherever in the world. The main goal of this study was to examine how low water potential, which was caused by polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000), on the germination and biochemical parameters of Hungarian wheat landraces. Seven Hungarian wheat landraces varieties (Szentesi; Nyirádi; Kiszombori; Háromfai; Tapiószelei; Nagykállói, and Szajlai) were tested for germination characteristics; seedling parameters; water relative content; tolerance index; and enzyme activities in the presence of different five concentrations of water stress (0; 5; 10; 15 and 20%) of polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000). At the Research Institute of Nyiregyhaza in Hungary, a laboratory experiment using Factorial Experiment in Randomized Completely Design (RCD) was carried out in four replicates. According to the data, the Háromfai landrace outperformed all other landraces under research and recorded the highest values of all analyzed features, followed by Tapiószelei; Kiszombori; Szajlai; Nyirádi; Szentesi and Nagykállói landraces varieties. All characteristics under study were significantly decreased as water stress concentrations (PEG 6000) were increased from 0 up to 20%. In comparison to other wheat landraces, Háromfai and Tapiószelei landraces varieties had the highest water relative content (WRC), tolerance index (TI), and α as well β-amylase amylase activities, and were able to induce better drought tolerance. These results suggest that these landraces could be a good resource for breeding programs and cultivation under drought stress conditions. Furthermore, the results of correlation analysis did not neither positive nor negative correlation between the Hungarian wheat landraces varieties and all of analyzed traits. On contrary, the correlation analysis results show negative correlation between the drought stress levels and studied traits.
Isolation and Identification of Staphylococcus-aureus Bacteria from Local Meat Samples and Study of their Antibiotic Resistance
Authors: Hamed Ammar H. , Alnazzal Ahmed I. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The study included the collection of (50) samples of local red meat in the Iraqi markets, to isolate and diagnose the s-aureus bacteria contaminated with them. Several microscopic, morphological and biochemical tests were conducted on the bacteria, including the catalase and oxidase test, the urea test, the mannitol sugar fermentation test, and the plasma coagulation test, then confirmed the final bacterial diagnosis using the Vietek2 technique. The results showed positive bacteria for catalase, urea production, ability of bacteria to ferment mannitol sugar and plasma coagulation, but it was negative for oxidase test. A bacterial resistance test was conducted for a number of antibiotics, as the bacteria showed high resistance to many of the following antibiotics (Ciprofloxacin, Amoxicillin\Clavulanic acid, Pipepracillin, Cefotaxime, Ceftriaxon), and the bacteria showed high sensitivity by bacteria to many antibiotics, namely (Amikacin, Vancomycin, Imipenem, meropenem).
Production of Dextran from Domestic Weissella cibaria Isolated
Authors: Suheil Saad Shalawy , Ahmaed Asmaa Sabah 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Dextran is an exopolysaccharide (EPS) of bacterial origin that is readily available in the commercial market. that is used in various industrial applications as an adjuvant, emulsifier, carrier, and stabilizer in the food and biomedical industries. Industrial production of dextran is carried out by fermentation in sucrose-rich media. Studies to optimize dextran production have shown that dextran yield varies depending on specific production conditions. This study aimed to generate dextrans Lactobacillus species were obtained from the vaginal and stool samples of healthy infants. The mucosal technique was employed to determine the biosynthesis of dextran from various isolates of Lactobacillus spp. colony assay and confirmed by isopropanol precipitation. The effects of various parameters such as sucrose concentration, nitrogen concentration, temperature, incubation time, pH, and inoculum size were studied to optimize the maximum dextran yield. In the present study, Weissella cibaria may produce dextran. Optimal conditions for dextran production are a 48-hour incubation at The experimental conditions involved maintaining a temperature of 37°C, with a sugar concentration of 10%, and a yeast extract concentration of 0.5%. The inoculum volume was set at 4%, and the pH level was maintained at 6.5. The experiment was conducted under aerobic conditions. The obtained value for dextran dry weight was 520 mg/100 ml.
Characterization Chitosan Nanoparticles Prepared from the Stalks of Agaricus bisporus Brown and its Effect on Inhibition of Aspergillus flavus and Reducing Aflatoxin B1 Production
Authors: Shahadha Abbas F. , Merzah Nazar R. , Al-Aubadi I. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chitosan nanoparticles have been prepared from the stalks of Agaricus bisporus mushroom via ionic gelation according to the connection between positive chitosan and negative tripolyphosphate (TPP). chitosan nanoparticles diagnosed via Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR); the size and shape of chitosan nanoparticles are tested by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). chitosan nanoparticles have been tested in inhibiting Aspergillus flavus in the concentrations (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2) %. The chitosan nanoparticles inhibition rate of the fungus has reached (35, 100, 100, 100) % respectively. tested The effectiveness chitosan nanoparticles in preventing A. flavus from producing Aflatoxin B1 in the concentrations (0.5, 1, 1.5) %. The rate of Aflatoxin B1 production inhibition by chitosan nanoparticles has reached (75.7, 100, 100) % respectively after 21 days of incubation at 28 degrees after estimating Aflatoxin B1 via HPLC. The study has proven that the effectiveness of chitosan nanoparticles in inhibiting the growth of A. flavus and inhibiting the production of Aflatoxin B1 from the fungus.