bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forkhead transcription factor FoxO1 transduces insulin‐like growth factor's signal to p27Kip1 in primary skeletal muscle satellite cells
Authors: Machida Shuichi , Spangenburg Espen E. , Booth Frank W. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) stimulates muscle satellite cell proliferation. Chakravarthy et al., (2000, J Biol Chem 275:35942–35952.) previously found that IGF‐I‐stimulated proliferation of primary satellite cells was associated with the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3′‐kinase (PI3K)/Akt and the downregulation of a cell‐cycle inhibitor p27Kip1. To understand mechanisms by which IGF‐I signals the downregulation of p27Kip1 in rat skeletal satellite cells, the role of Forkhead transcription factor FoxO1 in transcriptional activity of p27Kip1 was examined. When primary rat satellite cells were transfected with a p27Kip1 promoter–reporter gene construct, IGF‐I (100 ng/ml) inhibited specific p27Kip1 promoter activity. Addition of LY294002, an inhibitor of PI3K, reversed the IGF‐I‐mediated downregulation of p27Kip1 promoter activity. Co‐transfection of wild type (WT) FoxO1 into satellite cells increased p27Kip1 promoter activity in the absence of IGF‐I supplementation. Addition of IGF‐I reversed the induction of p27Kip1 promoter activity by WT FoxO1. When a mutated FoxO1 (without Thr24, Ser256, and Ser316 Akt phosphorylation sites) was used, IGF‐I was no longer able to reverse the FoxO1 induced stimulation of p27Kip1 promoter activity that had been seen when WT FoxO1 was present. When the satellite cells were treated with IGF‐I, phosphorylation of Akt‐Ser473 and FoxO1‐Ser256 was increased. In addition, when the cells were pre‐incubated with LY294002 before IGF‐I stimulation, the phosphorylation of Akt‐Ser473 and FoxO1‐Ser256 was inhibited, implying that phosphorylation of Akt and FoxO1 was downstream of IGF‐I‐induced PI3K signaling. However, IGF‐I did not induce phosphorylation of FoxO1 on residues Thr24 and Ser316. These results suggested that IGF‐I induced the phosphorylation of Ser256 and inactivated FoxO1 thereby downregulating the activation of the p27Kip1 promoter. Thus, inactivation of FoxO1 by IGF‐I plays a critical role in rat skeletal satellite cell proliferation through regulation of p27Kip1 expression. J. Cell. Physiol. 196: 523–531, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ionic basis for excitability of normal rat kidney (NRK) fibroblasts
Authors: Harks E.G.A. , Torres J.J. , Cornelisse L.N. , Ypey D.L. , Theuvenet A.P.R. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractIonic membrane conductances of normal rat kidney (NRK) fibroblasts were characterized by whole‐cell voltage‐clamp experiments on single cells and small cell clusters and their role in action potential firing in these cells and in monolayers was studied in current‐clamp experiments. Activation of an L‐type calcium conductance (GCaL) is responsible for the initiation of an action potential, a calcium‐activated chloride conductance (GCl(Ca)) determines the plateau phase of the action potential, and an inwardly rectifying potassium conductance (GKir) is important for the generation of a resting potential of approximately −70 mV and contributes to action potential depolarization and repolarization. The unique property of the excitability mechanism is that it not only includes voltage‐activated conductances (GCaL, GKir) but that the intracellular calcium dynamics is also an essential part of it (via GCl(Ca)). Excitability was found to be an intrinsic property of a fraction (∼25%) of the individual cells, and not necessarily dependent on gap junctional coupling of the cells in a monolayer. Electrical coupling of a patched cell to neighbor cells in a small cluster improved the excitability because all small clusters were excitable. Furthermore, cells coupled in a confluent monolayer produced broader action potentials. Thus, electrical coupling in NRK cells does not merely serve passive conduction of stereotyped action potentials, but also seems to play a role in shaping the action potential. J. Cell. Physiol. 196: 493–503, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pierre Janet and Félida Artificielle: Multiple personality in a nineteenth‐century guise
Authors: Brown Edward M. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractIn the wake of the recent epidemic of multiple personality phenomena, it is important to get a clear idea of what similar phenomena looked like in previous centuries. Pierre Janet's detailed description of his discovery, made during the 1880s, that he could cure hysteria by creating a healthy second personality offers a close look at a form of multiple personalities very different from what has recently been described. His description of the factors that influenced his discovery allow one to see his work in a historical context and to appreciate his confrontation with the paradoxes that this discovery revealed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Archival note: An inquiry into the relationshp between Alfred Binet and Cyril Burt
Authors: Faber Diana 
Published: July 2003

AbstractTwo recent archival items offer material for analysis of Alfred Binet's (1857–1911) and Cyril Burt's (1883–1971) relationship in the early twentieth century. Burt's letter to Binet's biographer Theta Wolf was an answer to her request for information about his contact with Binet. An analysis of Burt's account prompts more questions than it answers. His statements in the letter are compared with previous ones and are put into the context of the activities of the two men, but these do not enlighten us about his actual relations with Binet. The problem arises because of Burt's desciptive vagueness and lack of supporting evidence. Despite attacks against Burt's integrity made from 1976 onward, we found no conclusive evidence of false claims. The negative outcome of this analysis probably results from Burt's faulty memory, and herein lies the caveat that personal memories make unreliable material for historical accounts. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gregory Bateson on deutero‐learning and double bind: A brief conceptual history
Authors: Visser Max 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe concepts of deutero‐learning and double bind have acquired an increasingly important status in various fields of social and behavioral science, particularly in psychiatry, psychotherapy, organization, and policy science. With this proliferation, however, their original meaning and significance has become increasingly muted. In this article it is argued that both concepts are important ingredients of a behavioral theory of (organizational) learning. To support this argument, the development of both concepts is traced to the work of Gregory Bateson. In Bateson's thinking, the two concepts have a firm base in dyadic behavior and interaction. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Legislative warriors: American psychiatrists, psychologists, and competing claims over psychotherapy in the 1950s
Authors: Buchanan Roderick D. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractAmerican psychiatrists and psychologists have long been close colleagues and fierce rivals. There is no better illustration of this polarized relationship than the chronic tug‐of‐war over psychotherapy. Both groups laid claim to psychotherapy—whatever it was and however it was practiced. Psychiatrists attempted to monopolize psychotherapy despite its ambiguous status as an essential component of the healing arts. After the war, psychologists pressed for a share on the basis of their qualifications and competence, but struggled to overcome the limitations imposed by medical envy. This story lays bare the crucial function of tools and techniques for defining the identity and the boundaries of a science‐based profession. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The modern confessional: Anglo‐American religious groups and the emergence of lay psychotherapy1
Authors: Falby Alison 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThis article reconceives of secularization as a gradual process of increasing interaction between the (social) scientific and spiritual realms by examining the influence of Christian ideas of group confession on lay psychotherapeutic groups in Britain, Canada, and the U.S. in the early twentieth century. This article focuses on three religious group leaders of the interwar period: Frank Buchman (1878–1961), Gerald Heard (1889–1971), and Henry Burton Sharman (1865–1953). Influenced by Natural Theology and the holiness movement, they placed sin and its redemption within the world, reconceiving it as psychological individualism and its redemption as self‐sacrifice to the group. This reconception endorsed the moral power of groups and influenced Alcoholics Anonymous and various groups within the Human Potential Movement. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Factors that influence the expansion of the microenterprise sector: results from three national surveys in Zimbabwe
Authors: Daniels Lisa 
Published: July 2003

AbstractUsing panel data from three nationwide surveys in Zimbabwe, an error components model is estimated to explore the factors that drive the small‐enterprise sector. Among labour‐intensive industries in urban areas, entry of new enterprises appears to be driven by surplus labour. This is supported by low barriers to entry and the negative relationship between economic growth and entry rates. In contrast, entry in capital‐intensive industries is unrelated to economic growth and it is characterized by significant barriers to entry, including capital, working capital, and proprietor experience. With the exception of labour‐intensive industries in rural areas, entry in all other small‐enterprise industries is positively correlated with agricultural income. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lending technologies, competition and consolidation in the market for microfinance in Bolivia
Authors: Navajas Sergio , Conning Jonathan , Gonzalez‐Vega Claudio 
Published: July 2003

AbstractInnovations in lending technologies and market saturation have made La Paz, Bolivia one of the most rapidly changing and competitive microfinance markets in the world. Two lenders stand out: the pioneer BancoSol, which first profitably expanded the loan market with group liability loans, and the later entrant Caja Los Andes, which offered individual liability loans using costlier screening. Using a simple model of credit market competition with moral hazard and adverse selection we analyse how the terms of loan contracts were adapted to changes in competition and how borrowers' incentive to remain diligent and repay loans was affected. Hypothesized behaviour derived from the model is tested and shown to be consistent with empirical evidence from loan records and a household survey. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
More on the effectiveness of public spending on health care and education: a covariance structure model
Authors: Baldacci Emanuele , Guin‐Siu Maria Teresa , Mello Luiz De 
Published: July 2003

AbstractUsing data for a sample of developing countries and transition economies, this paper estimates the relationship between government spending on health care and education and selected social indicators. Unlike previous studies, where social indicators are used as proxies for the unobservable health and education status of the population, this paper estimates a latent variable model. The findings suggest that public spending is an important determinant of social outcomes, particularly in the education sector. Overall, the latent variable approach yields better estimates of a social production function than the traditional approach, with higher elasticities of social indicators with respect to income and spending, therefore providing stronger evidence that increases in public spending do have a positive impact on social outcomes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring sustainable livelihoods approaches in relation to two interventions in Tanzania
Authors: Toner Anna 
Published: July 2003

AbstractWhilst sustainable livelihoods ‘thinking’ is potentially valuable in advancing our understanding of the complexity and socially embedded nature of people's lives, sustainable livelihoods frameworks and principles are too eager to codify this complexity and to produce toolboxes and techniques to change the internal management of development interventions.Drawing on research in Tanzania, this paper offers an analysis of two interventions that apply aspects of sustainable livelihoods approaches (SLA). Whilst both interventions demonstrate much good practice, both are fundamentally limited in their potential for sustainable impact. This paper demonstrates the importance of the external context within which an intervention exists and explores some of the limitations faced by development agencies in trying to ‘manage’ sustainability. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Private capital formation and public investment in Sudan: testing the substitutability and complementarity hypotheses in a growth framework
Authors: Badawi Ahmed 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe paper attempts to address the issue of complementarity and substitutability of state capital to private sector investment activities in a neoclassical growth framework. It employs a co‐integrated vector autoregressive model to account for potential endogeneity and nonstationarity problems. Results suggest that both private and public capital spending have stimulated economic growth in Sudan over the period 1970–1998. The impact of private investment on real growth has been more pronounced than that of public sector investment. Public sector investment appears to have deleteriously impacted private sector physical capital expansion, implying that the impact of crowding‐out categories of public sector investment has been large enough to offset any crowding‐in effects. Such crowding out effect has weakened favourable positive effect that public sector's investment has exerted on growth by jeopardising private sector capital undertakings. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Separation of bacteria by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Buszewski Bogusław , Szumski Michał , Kłodzińska Ewa , Dahm Hanna 
Published: July 2003

AbstractDifferences in the surface charges of bacteria can be exploited for their separation by capillary electrophoresis. Because of their low electrophoretic mobility, the separation is not always easy to perform, especially in the presence of the electroosmotic flow. Elimination of electroosmotic flow by capillary wall modification with γ‐(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate followed by acrylamide bonding permits separation over a distance of 8.5 cm.
Supported liquid membrane separation of amine and amino acid derivatives with chiral esters of phosphoric acids as carriers
Authors: Dżygiel Paweł , Wieczorek Piotr , Kafarski Paweł 
Published: July 2003

AbstractStudies on the possible use of phosphate and phosphonate esters bearing chiral menthol or nopol moieties as carriers for the transport of amines, amino acids, and amino acid esters through supported liquid membranes (SLM) are presented. Additionally, the enantioselectivity of the SLM transport of alkyl esters of aromatic amino acids and a non‐protein amino acid was also evaluated. It could be concluded that the extent of transport strongly depends on the hydrophobicity of the amino compound. Moreover, the carrier structure also influences the transport of those compounds through SLM: chiral phosphate and phosphonate esters appear to be poor or moderate carriers for enantioselective SLM transport of amino acids and their esters. The transport efficiency and selectivity is strongly dependent on the structure of both the transported compounds and the carrier. However, no meaningful relationship exists between these structural features and transportation or enantioselectivity.
Applicability of glass fiber as a support material for generation of gaseous standard mixtures using thermal decomposition of the surface compound. Calibration of analytical equipment
Authors: Świtaj Anna , Przyk Elżbieta , Szczygelska‐Tao Jolanta , Wójcik Jan , Biernat Jan Franciszek , Namieśnik Jacek , Zygmunt Bogdan 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe use of glass fiber as a support material for a surface compound serving to generate gaseous standard mixtures of ethene is described. The technique is based on the process of thermal decomposition of the surface compound in a desorber connected on‐line via a multi‐port valve to the calibrated device. The surface compound undergoes thermal decomposition at 245°C, yielding known amounts of ethene. The method enables on‐line preparation of a standard mixture immediately before the calibration step. Consequently, it can be also applied for the generation of standard mixtures containing volatile, malodorous, unstable, and toxic compounds.
Speciation of oxidation states of elements by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Trojanowicz Marek , Poboży Ewa , Gübitz Gerald 
Published: July 2003

AbstractProgress made in the last five years in the application of capillary electrophoresis methods to chemical speciation of elements is reported on the basis of over 100 literature references. The main trends observed include development of new on‐ and off‐capillary derivatization methods, application of new detection methods, and especially coupling of CE separation systems to powerful atomic spectroscopy and mass spectrometry instruments with various ionization techniques, providing either a sensitive element‐specific detection method or a third dimension for high performance separation. Besides numerous CZE and MEKC capillary electrophoresis methods only very few examples of CE speciation with capillary electrochromatography can be found. Concerning the chemical forms of elements determined, the new procedures developed are mostly focused on redox speciation of various oxidation states of elements, metal‐bound high molecular compounds, and organometallic species.
Detection of proline, arginine, and lysine using iodine‐azide reaction in TLC and HPTLC
Authors: Zakrzewski Robert , Ciesielski Witold , Kaźmierczak Dorota 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe application of a modified iodine‐azide procedure for the detection of proline, arginine, and lysine is described. Phenyl isothiocyanate was used to transform amino acids into phenyl thiocarbamyl derivatives (derivatization in situ). The developed plates were sprayed with a mixture of sodium azide and starch solution, adjusted to pH 5.5, and exposed to iodine vapour. Due to the catalytic effect of the CS bond, the spots appeared white on a violet‐grey background and were stable for 20 minutes. The detection limits were found to lie in the pmole range. The iodine‐azide test is compared with other procedures (iodine, UV, ninhydrin).
Old master paintings – A fruitful field of activity for analysts: Targets, methods, outlook
Authors: Zadrożna Irmina , Połeć‐Pawlak Kasia , Głuch Iwona , Ackacha Mohamed A. , Mojski Mirosław , Witowska‐Jarosz Janina , Jarosz Maciej 
Published: July 2003

AbstractNatural products used by ancient artists as components of paintings on canvas and wood, on sculptures, for murals or illuminated manuscripts are presented as potential analytical targets. Analytical methods recommended so far for the identification of binders, inorganic pigments, and organic dyestuffs are reviewed with special emphasis on hyphenated techniques.
Identification of anthraquinone coloring matters in natural red dyestuffs by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and electrospray mass spectrometric detection
Authors: Ackacha Mohamed A. , Połeć‐Pawlak Kasia , Jarosz Maciej 
Published: July 2003

AbstractReversed phase liquid chromatography with diode array detection (DAD) and electrospray mass spectrometric (ESI MSD) methods were developed for the identification of anthraquinone color components of cochineal, lac dye, and madder – red natural dyestuffs. Electrospray mass spectrometry was found to be more suitable than diode array detection for such analysis because of its higher sensitivity (detection limits in the range 30–90 ng mL–1) and selectivity. The developed method permitted unequivocal identification of carminic acid and laccaic acid A as coloring matters in examined preparations of cochineal and lac dye, respectively. In madder more chemical color species were found: alizarin, purpurin, lucidin, ruberythric acid, and also aluminum and calcium alizarin lake. Among the methods recommended so far, the present one allows fast, direct, and unequivocal identification of components of very complicated natural products used in art.
Ion‐pairing high‐performance liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry of impurities and reduction products of sulphonated azodyes
Authors: Ansorgová Dana , Holčapek Michal , Jandera Pavel 
Published: July 2003

AbstractAn HPLC separation method with triethylammonium acetate mobile phase additive developed for the analysis of impurities in polysulphonated azo dyes provides good separation selectivity and compatibility with electrospray ionisation (ESI) mass spectrometry. The negative‐ion ESI mass spectra containing only peaks of deprotonated molecules [M–H]– for monosulphonic acids, [M–xH]x–, and sodiated adducts [M–(x + y)H + yNa]x– for polysulphonic acids allow easy molecular mass determination of unknown impurities. Based on the knowledge of the molecular masses and of the fragment ions in the MS/MS spectra, probable structures of trace impurities in commercial dye samples are proposed. To assist in the interpretation of the mass spectra of complex polysulphonated azodyes, additional information can be obtained after chemical reduction of azodyes to aromatic amines. The structures of the non‐sulphonated reduction products can be determined by reversed‐phase HPLC/MS with positive‐ion atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation and of the sulphonated products by ion‐pairing HPLC/MS with negative‐ion ESI.
Characterization of polymer monolithic stationary phases for capillary HPLC
Authors: Moravcová Dana , Jandera Pavel , Urban Jiří , Planeta Josef 
Published: July 2003

AbstractMonolithic capillary columns have been prepared in fused‐silica capillaries by radical co‐polymerization of ethylene dimethacrylate and butyl methacrylate in the presence of porogen solvent mixtures containing various concentration ratios of 1‐propanol, 1,4‐butanediol, and water with azobisisobutyronitrile as the initiator of the polymerization reaction. The through pores in organic polymer monolithic columns can be characterized by “equivalent permeability particle size”, and the mesopores with stagnant mobile phase by “equivalent dispersion particle size”. Increasing the concentration of propanol in the polymerization mixture diminishes the pore volume and size in the monolithic media and improves the column efficiency, at a cost of decreasing permeability. Organic polymer monolithic capillary columns show similar retention behaviour to packed alkyl silica columns for compounds with different polarities characterized by interaction indices, Ix, but have different methylene selectivities. Higher concentrations of propanol in the polymerization mixture increase the lipophilic character of the monolithic stationary phases. Best efficiencies and separation selectivities were found for monolithic columns prepared using 62–64% propanol in the porogen solvent mixture. To allow accurate characterization of the properties of capillary monolithic columns, the experimental data should be corrected for extra‐column contributions.