bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Edge of the Forest
Authors: Younger Paul 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe Kataragama festival in the forest of southern Sri Lanka is an ancient Vedda or tribal community's celebration of the romance between a girl of their community and a prince from India. In the festival celebration, these two characters are understood as deities (Valli and Murukan), and the details of their romance become a way of describing the wondrous process of engaging the divine. Over the centuries, this enormously popular festival has come to include other forms of religious practice, so that now there is Buddhist meditation taught at the nearby stupa, Muslim mystics puncture their bodies with steel rods, and others take part in the Hindu practices of kavati dancing, walking on burning coals, and being swung from a scaffold suspended by a hook on the back. The popularity of this festival now makes it an arena for testing different ways of combining the Buddhist, Hindu, and tribal elements in Sri Lankan culture.
Singing the Tamiḻ Hymnbook
Authors: Younger Paul 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe Adhyayantsava festival in the complex Srirankam temple is an old festival tradition now largely given over to the ritualized recitation of the 4,000 hymns in the Srivaisnava tradition. Because these hymns were composed by the alvars (saints) and interpreted by the acaryas (teachers), the images of these figures are included in the recitation along with the Brahmans who recite the hymns today. Each day after the requisite number of hymns is recited, the images and Brahmans are thanked with “temple honors” and a food distribution. The Brahmans who do these recitations are of the Tenkalai branch of the Srivaisnava community, and the Temple Chronicle, which their branch of the community maintains, insist that they were authorized to do this recitation by the legendary acarya Ramanuja. In the end, the huge crowds of the festivals are those that come to celebrate the conversion of the alvar Tirumankai and the absorption into divinity of the alvar Nammalvr.
Healing Mother Vēḷaṅkaṇṇi
Authors: Younger Paul 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe largest crowds at any ten‐day festival in South India today are those at the Roman Catholic shrine of Mary or Healing Mother Velankanni. This is clearly a ”new” style of festival, partly because we know the shrine was built in the sixteenth century and it cannot predate that, but also because it does not deal with issues associated with hunting or agriculture but with the dislocations of a changing social order. Some of the worshipers are devout Catholics from distant parts of India, but the vast majority of the worshipers are from the crowded villages nearby and many are accustomed to the worship of Mariyamman. While the worshipers look and act much as they do in the worship of
The Window Opens in Mannarkat
Authors: Younger Paul 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe well‐known festival of the Jacobite Syrian Church in Mannarkat in the center of Kerala is clear evidence that festival activity was part of the religious system for all South Indians. This Syrian Christian church is often ”twinned” by people in Mannarkat with the Hindu temple of Bhagavat a mile away, and many worshipers attend the festivals in both locations. The trading community of Syrian Christians had grown from the second century on in the towns around the port city of Koukar, but at some time, leaders in the community led a migration to central Kerala where the trade in spices from the mountains could be controlled more directly. The Mannarkat church claims to have been the first one established after the move, and it still maintains close ties with the churches in the Koukar region and includes an umbrella procession (a privilege of Christians according to an eighth century copperplate inscription) in its festival celebration. The festival today includes some trance and exorcism, but the central focus is on the moment late in the festival when a tiny window opens high up in the wall of the church and everyone suddenly sees the mysterious and wondrous form of Mary and the baby.
Suburban Promises
Authors: Younger Paul 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe diaspora experience of the indentured laborers in South Africa was different from those who went to Guyana, primarily because in South Africa they were able to leave plantation work within the first generation and try to find themselves in a complex society where Gandhi was already leading a movement to insist that they had civil rights. In moving to the outskirts of Durban, the former indentured workers tried to raise their social status by adopting high‐caste names and by building Brahmanical temples rather than Mariyamman temples. The most distinguished of these Brahmanical temples is the Umgemi Road Temple of Sivan, and the celebrated kavati festival of that temple is in honor of Sivan's son Murukan. This festival includes many dancers having hooks put through their flesh to hold the kavati in place, but the most prominent people in the procession are the business and political leaders of this very modern Indian community.
Composing the Tannaitic Oral‐Literary Tradition
Authors: Jaffee Martin S. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
While rabbinic texts represent halakhic tradition as a tradition transmitted by word of mouth, the surviving texts show many signs of having been composed in their extant form with the use of writing. The present chapter offers some examples of the interpenetration of oral traditional elements and written compositional elements in the shaping of early rabbinic texts, such as the Mishnah in particular. The focus is on materials that employ classic oral genres such as narrative and song (in Mishnah Tamid), complex lists (Mishnah Eruvin), and sophisticated mnemonic codes (Mishnah Pesahim). The chapter concludes with an attempt to reconstruct an oral‐performative narrative that informs parallel written accounts of the red heifer ritual as described in Mishnah Parah and Tosefta Parah.
Virtue in the Cave
Authors: Weiss Roslyn 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Offers an interpretation of Plato's Meno that seeks to illuminate the particularly “therapeutic” philosophy that Socrates practices. It argues that the Meno, rather than constituting a bridge between “Socratic” and “Platonic” dialogues by way of the introduction of distinctively “Platonic” doctrines such as metempsychosis and learning as recollection, the dialogue employs these ideas to urge Meno to take up the life of moral inquiry. Confronting a young man eager for virtue (success), Socrates attempts to focus Meno's attention on the importance of inquiring into the nature of virtue, the nature of the truly excellent human life. Struggling against both Meno's youthful impatience and his overarching desire for power and wealth, Socrates argues for a life in which the virtues – justice, temperance, and piety, in particular – constitute the core of genuine success. To counter Meno's resistance to elenctic investigation, to disarm Meno's challenge to an inquiry conducted by someone who himself lacks knowledge, Socrates fashions the myth of recollection, followed by the demonstration with the slave boy, in order to convince Meno that even such inquiry is of value. Socrates is no believer in the idea that all knowledge is recollected: most knowledge, he thinks, is learned from those who know and from those who can prove that they know. And the demonstration with the slave boy is no demonstration of recollection: what it is is a lesson in geometry, but one artfully disguised as an elenchus through which the slave‐boy presumably “recollects” the solution. When Meno, despite Socrates’ valiant efforts to coax him back to the inquiry into the all‐important question of what virtue is, wishes still to consider only how one gets virtue, Socrates tries his best to benefit Meno by protecting him from harmful beliefs and influences, arguing that virtue comes neither by nature (so Meno may not arrogantly assume he already has it), nor by teaching (so Meno need not seek out further sophistic training), nor spontaneously (so Meno has no reason to associate with such men as Anytus). If virtue comes at all, Socrates contends, it comes by divine dispensation – or at least that is how political success is acquired: whether or not one makes a name for oneself is ultimately a matter of luck. How is real virtue, as opposed to political success, attained? By the hard work of moral inquiry, by examination, and investigation that leads to true and right opinions.
The Struggle Over Definition
Authors: Weiss Roslyn 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Socrates insists on the “priority of definition,” shifting the focus of the discussion away from Meno's preoccupation with how virtue is acquired to the question of what virtue is. In the ensuing struggle over the definition of virtue, Meno contends that virtue is an activity or job that varies with age, gender, and station, and Socrates counters that virtue is a matter of how any activity or job is done: is it done with justice, temperance, and piety – or not? Socrates offers Meno a model definition that he might apply in defining virtue, a definition that Meno rejects for no reason other than his snobbishness. Meno again reveals his snobbishness in his preference for things that are “fine” – though these fine things turn out to be political office and political honor, and gold and silver. Progress is made toward defining virtue, though the definition remains incomplete because virtue as a whole is defined in terms of the parts of virtue.
Impasse, Paradox, and the Myth of Learning by Recollection
Authors: Weiss Roslyn 
Published: October 2003

AbstractHaving failed to produce a satisfactory definition of virtue, Meno suddenly recalls having heard that Socrates is a perplexed man himself who causes perplexity in others. He likens Socrates to a sting ray, an ugly fish that numbs those with whom it comes into contact, and seeks to obstruct the continuation of Socrates’ elenctic examination of him by introducing a paradox that would make both inquiry and verification impossible unless the investigator knows the answer in advance of the investigation. Socrates rejects only the “paradox of inquiry” as eristic, saying nothing about the “paradox of knowing,” recognizing perhaps that in the matter of virtue, answers can indeed not be known because they cannot be definitively verified. In order to encourage Meno to persevere in the inquiry, Socrates has recourse to the myth of learning as recollection – a myth he devises not because he believes it to be true but because he believes it to be salutary.
Thecla's Prayer for Falconilla
Authors: Trumbower Jeffrey A. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Chapter three is an intensive study of one of the Apocryphal Acts of the apostles, namely, the second‐century Acts of Paul, which includes a long section about Thecla, a female companion of Paul from Iconium in Asia Minor. Thecla is probably a fictional character, but her story can tell us much about Christian attitudes toward rescue for the dead. On the night before she is to become a martyr for her Christian faith, Thecla utters a prayer for the dead pagan Falconilla, the daughter of Thecla's newly acquired pagan friend Tryphaena. Falconilla had appeared to her mother in a dream to request a transfer to the “place of the righteous,” and Thecla accomplishes this with her prayer.
Perpetua's Prayer for Dinocrates
Authors: Trumbower Jeffrey A. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExamines posthumous salvation in a text called The Passion of Perpetua and Felicitas. The text purports to contain diaries of the North African martyrs, Perpetua and Saturus, while in prison before their deaths in 203 c.e. Saturus had turned himself in, so his martyrdom may be likened to a form of suicide. Just before her execution, Perpetua says she saw her long‐dead little brother Dinocrates in a vision; it is almost certain that Dinocrates had died a pagan. He is in agony, and through her prayer for the dead, she is able to improve his condition in the afterlife. Perpetua's vision will later play a major role in the development of ideas about purgatory, but only after Dinocrates is reinterpreted as a lapsed or sinful Christian. Throughout the chapter, the writings of Tertullian are adduced to illustrate the background of the Perpetua text. Some scholars posit that Perpetua's rescue of Dinocrates has to do with the influence of Montanism in North Africa, but this study argues that such is not the case.
Cause Lawyering and the State in a Global Era
Authors: Scheingold Stuart 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
“Cause lawyering” denotes the practice of law by those committed to furthering through the upholding of a particular cause by legal means, the aims of the good society. This books explains how new configurations of state power, brought about by globalization and democratization processes, are creating new opportunities for altering the political and social status quo, and how cause lawyers in a wide variety of fields are developing new transnational networks for exploiting them.
From the Fight for Legal Rights to the Promotion of Human Rights
Authors: Hajjar Lisa 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the contributions of Israeli and Palestinian cause lawyers to the creation and development of a human rights movement in Israel and Palestine, with particular focus on the protection of the rights of residents in the Occupied Territories, and on the work of lawyers within the Israeli military court system. Their activities demonstrate that mobilization around the cause of human rights is not an effect of globalization but one of its manifestations.
Taking on Goliath
Authors: Bloom Anne 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter examines the background and litigation proceedings in the case of Dow Chemical Company and Shell Oil Company versus Domingo Castro Alfaro (et al.), a case in which a Texas personal injury firm attempted to police the misconduct of a group of multinational corporations operating in Costa Rica by filing suit in Texas. The litigation in the Alfaro case involved allegations of wrongful exposure to pesticides of workers employed on a U.S. banana plantation, whose crop was shipped to the U.S.A. The defendants argued that the Texas court lacked jurisdiction to hear the case. In a ruling that sent shock waves throughout the international business community, the Texas Supreme Court disagreed. The Alfaro case opened up a new vista of transnational litigation for cause lawyers.
Cause Lawyering in the Shadow of the State
Authors: Coutin Susan Bibler 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe protracted civil war in El Salvador during the 1980s led to a substantial increase in illegal migration into the U.S.A., and to a consequent economic dependency, despite U.S. anti‐immigration policy, on the remittances sent back to El Salvador by migrant workers. The situation that developed produced a fertile arena for cause lawyers engaged in supporting the rights of immigrants – not always working to adequate professional standards. Cause lawyers's advocacy work was not limited to helping immigrants discover loopholes in U.S. immigration law, but served to change the law itself through the mobilization of transnational constituencies.
State‐Oriented and Community‐Oriented Lawyering for a Cause
Authors: Shamir Ronen , Ziv Neta 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter analyzes two instances of Israeli land segregation policy in the township of Katsir; in the first, an Arab couple petitioned the Supreme Court of Israel against their rejection, on grounds of ethnicity, of residency entitlement; in the second, Jewish residents appealed against a covert deal by which an Arab family had acquired property rights in Katsir via a Jewish intermediary. In both cases, the advocacy of cause lawyers has illustrated how major questions of state policy are being decided, not by the state, but by activism at municipal level.
Latin American Cause‐Lawyering Networks
Authors: Meili Stephen 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter examines the formation, role, and dynamics of cause lawyer networks in postauthoritarian Latin America, and the linkages between such networks and the processes of globalization and democratization. In this context, it considers the extent to which their origins and sources of financial support (much of which comes from abroad) affect their agendas, legitimacy, and effectiveness. However, while globalization provides opportunities for cause lawyer networks to benefit from external alliances, the extension of the rule of law to newly emerging democracies may constitute another form of imperialism and neocolonialism.
Constructing Law out of Power
Authors: Dezalay Yves , Garth Bryant G. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter examines the transnational linkages, patterns of exportation and continuing connections between cause lawyers in the U.S.A. and in Latin America, and how in each region they influence, and are influenced by, transformations in governance. It argues that human rights organizations and lawyers, funded largely by U.S. philanthropic foundations, mobilized the international community in efforts to stop local human rights abuses, and thereby played a leading role in challenging authoritarian regimes in Latin America and in paving the way for democratization. However, their very success has now weakened their influence, and it is questionable how firmly rooted their achievements will turn out to be.
Passionate Engines
Authors: DeLancey Craig 
Published: October 2003

AbstractPassionate Engines shows that our best understanding of emotion has important implications for understanding intentionality, rationality, phenomenal consciousness, artificial intelligence, and other issues. Some theories of mind, of action, and of moral psychology, and some approaches in artificial intelligence, are shown to be inconsistent with our best understanding of emotions. However, our best understanding of emotions also suggests fruitful new approaches to the challenges of these disciplines. There are three additional themes. First, the book introduces a version of a theory of some emotions called the affect program theory. This theory is defended against social constructionist and cognitivist views of emotion, and shown to be able to account for the rationality of emotions and our ability to emote for fictions. Second, the book defends the hierarchical view of mind. Part of this view is the thesis that the primary topic of the study of mind and artificial intelligence is autonomy, and not the skills typically associated with intelligence. Third, the book challenges the simplistic associations that naturalism has come to have in much contemporary philosophy of mind, arguing that science typically complicates and enriches, instead of eliminating and reducing, our view of natural phenomena.
Social Constructionism and the Contribution of Culture to Emotion
Authors: Delancey Craig 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Social constructionism about emotions is the view that emotions are socially constructed entities. I defend the view that some emotions are pancultural and inherited capabilities against social constructionism. Social constructionism is shown to lack evidence, and to be based on inaccurate characterizations of scientific views. The affect program theory is able to account for the social variation that social constructionists do identify.
The Intentionality of the Basic Emotions
Authors: Delancey Craig 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe view that some emotions have a heterogeneous intentionality is defended. This is the view that different instances of these emotions, and perhaps some single instances, can have different complexities of contents. The most fundamental intentional aspect of basic emotions is found to be a minimal content necessary to direct actions, which is an invariant and persisting representation of a concrete object. More complex states include being a propositional attitude and having as an object, states of affairs. This has important implications for some views of intentionality, including being incompatible with views that deny the existence of nonpropositional representations.
The Rationality of the Basic Emotions
Authors: Delancey Craig 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter defends an account of rationality that allows that instances of emotions, which are not propositional attitudes can be rational. A set of criteria that are broader than traditional criteria for rationality are introduced and defended. Some instances of emotions are shown to satisfy these criteria but not the traditional ones. An important and related point is a strong rejection of the standard belief–desire psychology that dominates both the philosophy of mind and of action, and disciplines such as decision theory and economics.
Internalism and the Basic Emotions
Authors: Delancey Craig 
Published: October 2003

AbstractInternalism in moral psychology is the view that belief in a moral or practical claim must also motivate one to act on that claim. Important scientific evidence shows that a simple version of internalism must be false. However, the view of rationality and emotion developed in Ch. 7 provides a framework in which a robust version of internalism may be true of some practical and ethical judgments as a result of their emotional component. Also, attempts to do a priori moral psychology, or otherwise reject empirical psychological findings, is criticized.
A Systems‐Based Teleofunctional Theory of Consciousness
Authors: Delancey Craig 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA theory of the relation between phenomenal experience and body states is introduced that solves the puzzles discussed in Ch. 9. Using a systems‐based theory of teleofunctions (or biological functions), phenomenal consciousness is found to supervene on those teleofunctions of which we are aware. The homeostatic intensity hypothesis is introduced to explain differences in the nature and intensity of experiences. These differences are explained by the different teleofunctions that are altered by, and the degree that they are altered by, some body event such as an emotion.
The Computational Theory of Mind
Authors: Delancey Craig 
Published: October 2003

AbstractA strong form of the computational theory of mind is shown to be incompatible with our best understanding of emotions. Basic emotions – because they are bodily states that influence perception, the formation and recall of memories, and motivate action – act across levels of description and function that are essentially distinct in a strong form of the computational theory of mind. Some features of emotions are shown not to be well modeled as a symbolic computational process, but each must be accounted for on a computational theory of mind since they can affect the kinds of mental processes meant to be explained by that theory.
Conclusion
Authors: Delancey Craig 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAn enriched version of naturalism is defended. Naturalism is too often construed foremost as something that eliminates phenomena (eliminativism), and reduces our number of explanatory tools (reductionism). In fact, the sciences almost always increase the number of entities that we need to explain the phenomena. Philosophy, in comparison, has had vastly more reductive views (such as that mind and action can be explained in terms of two kinds of mental states, belief and desire). A richer naturalism also requires recognition of the role of biology in the understanding of the mind. The view that humans are radically distinct from other kinds of animals is an error characterizing failure to appreciate the biological nature of mind.