bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Virial black hole mass estimates of quasars in the XQ-100 legacy survey
Authors: Lai Samuel , Onken Christopher A , Wolf Christian , Bian Fuyan , Cupani Guido , Lopez Sebastian , D’Odorico Valentina 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT
The black hole (BH) mass and luminosity are key factors in determining how a quasar interacts with its environment. In this study, we utilize data from the European Southern Observatory Large Programme XQ-100, a high-quality sample of 100 X-shooter spectra of the most luminous quasars in the redshift range 3.5 &lt; z &lt; 4.5, and measure the properties of three prominent optical and ultraviolet broad emission lines present in the wide wavelength coverage of X-shooter: C iv, Mg ii, and H β. The line properties of all three broad lines are used for virial estimates of the BH mass and their resulting mass estimates for this sample are tightly correlated. The BH mass range is $\log {(\rm {\mathit{ M}_{BH}}/\rm {M_\odot })} = 8.6{\!-\!}10.3$ with bolometric luminosities estimated from the 3000 Å continuum in the range $\log {(\rm {\mathit{ L}_{bol}}/\rm {erg\, s^{-1}})} = 46.7{\!-\!}48.0$. Robustly determined properties of these quasars enable a variety of follow-up research in quasar astrophysics, from chemical abundance and evolution in the broad-line region to radiatively driven quasar outflows.
Effect of iron and calcium on radiation sensitivity in prostate cancer patients relative to controls
Authors: Dhillon Varinderpal S , Deo Permal , Fenech Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
High intake of red meat and/or dairy products may increase the concentration of iron and calcium in plasma—a risk factor for prostate cancer (PC). Despite our understandings of nutrients and their effects on the genome, studies on the effects of iron and calcium on radiation sensitivity of PC patients are lacking. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that high plasma levels of iron and calcium could increase baseline or radiation-induced DNA damage in PC patients relative to healthy controls. The present study was performed on 106 PC patients and 132 age-matched healthy individuals. CBMN assay was performed to measure mi-cronuclei (MN), nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs), and nuclear buds (NBuds) in lymphocytes. Plasma concentrations of iron and calcium were measured using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. MN, NPBs, and NBuds induced by radiation ex vivo were significantly higher in PC patients with high plasma iron (P = .004, P = .047, and P = .0003, respectively) compared to healthy controls. Radiation-induced MN and NBuds frequency were also significantly higher in PC patients (P = .001 and P = .0001, respectively) with high plasma calcium levels relative to controls. Furthermore, radiation-induced frequency of NBuds was significantly higher in PC patients (P &lt; .0001) with high plasma levels of both iron and calcium relative to controls. Our results support the hypothesis that high iron and calcium levels in plasma increases the sensitivity to radiation-induced DNA damage and point to the need of developing nutrition-based strategies to minimize DNA damage in normal tissue of PC patients undergoing radiotherapy.
Cleavage kinetics of human mitochondrial RNase P and contribution of its non-nuclease subunits
Authors: Vilardo Elisa , Toth Ursula , Hazisllari Enxhi , Hartmann Roland K , Rossmanith Walter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
RNase P is the endonuclease responsible for the 5′ processing of precursor tRNAs (pre-tRNAs). Unlike the single-subunit protein-only RNase P (PRORP) found in plants or protists, human mitochondrial RNase P is a multi-enzyme assembly that in addition to the homologous PRORP subunit comprises a methyltransferase (TRMT10C) and a dehydrogenase (SDR5C1) subunit; these proteins, but not their enzymatic activities, are required for efficient pre-tRNA cleavage. Here we report a kinetic analysis of the cleavage reaction by human PRORP and its interplay with TRMT10C-SDR5C1 including 12 different mitochondrial pre-tRNAs. Surprisingly, we found that PRORP alone binds pre-tRNAs with nanomolar affinity and can even cleave some of them at reduced efficiency without the other subunits. Thus, the ancient binding mode, involving the tRNA elbow and PRORP’s PPR domain, appears basically retained by human PRORP, and its metallonuclease domain is in principle correctly folded and functional. Our findings support a model according to which the main function of TRMT10C-SDR5C1 is to direct PRORP’s nuclease domain to the cleavage site, thereby increasing the rate and accuracy of cleavage. This functional dependence of human PRORP on an extra tRNA-binding protein complex likely reflects an evolutionary adaptation to the erosion of canonical structural features in mitochondrial tRNAs.
The Challenges of Tobacco Fiscal Policy Implementation in Mexico From the Perspective of Key Actors
Authors: Théodore Florence L , González-Ángeles Livia Roxana , Reynales-Shigematsu Luz Myriam , Saenz-de-Miera Belen , Antonio-Ochoa Erick , Llorente Blanca 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

Introduction
Raising tobacco taxes is considered the most effective strategy to avoid smoking initiation and discourage its use, especially among vulnerable groups. However, few low- and middle-income countries have adopted high tobacco taxes. Raising taxes is, therefore, an opportunity to strengthen and accelerate tobacco control. The objective of this study is to analyze the barriers and facilitators to the tobacco tax increase in Mexico.

Aims and Methods
Based on the Governance Analytical Framework, data were generated through 17 in-depth interviews with key intersectoral actors for fiscal policy. The interviews were transcribed and coded according to Hufty’s theory of governance.

Results
Robust scientific evidence, intersectoral coordination, and the presence of “champions” boosted progress in tobacco control (facilitators). The main barriers were the incomplete implementation of the World Health Organization—Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO-FCTC) and MPOWER package and lack of commitment (“political will”) by government decision makers and legislators, misinformation about the effects of tobacco taxes, and strong tobacco industry interference.

Conclusions
Robust evidence is necessary but not sufficient to advance the implementation of the MPOWER (WHO-FCTC) actions. To achieve tobacco tax increases and public policies that protect people from unhealthy products in general, the implementation of policies or legal frameworks against industry interference in the development of public policies is imperative.

Implications
By analyzing the barriers and facilitators to increasing the tobacco tax in Mexico, this study identifies two key messages: (1) The need to sensitize legislators and the general population to the problem of smoking not only through epidemiological data but also through testimonies that highlight the life experiences and adversities faced by people who smoke. (2) The need for a regulatory framework to prevent industry interference in public affairs and conflicts of interest. The same framework could be very useful for public health policies to control the consumption of ultra-processed food products or alcohol.
Apportionment of Responsibility
Authors: Goudkamp James , Nolan Donal 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 addresses the consequences of a finding of contributory negligence, and in particular the process of apportionment in which a court engages once the existence of contributory negligence has been established. The discussion begins by looking at how the courts fix the sum of damages to which the claimant would be entitled but for the fact of their contributory negligence, before moving on to some general observations on the apportionment exercise. These are followed by consideration of the criteria of apportionment; aggravating and mitigating factors; guideline discounts; the discounts employed; and apportionment in cases involving multiple defendants and absent tortfeasors.
Related Doctrines
Authors: Goudkamp James , Nolan Donal 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The fact that the claimant failed to take reasonable care for their own safety or interests may be relevant to doctrines other than that of contributory negligence. These doctrines and their relationship with the law of contributory negligence are discussed in Chapter 5, along with rules (such as those governing contribution between wrongdoers) that are related to the law of contributory negligence in other ways. The related rules considered in this chapter are (i) legal causation (‘novus actus interveniens’), (ii) illegality, (iii) volenti non fit injuria/voluntary assumption of risk, (iv) default of the claimant, (v) contribution between wrongdoers, (vi) the avoidable consequences rule, (vii) provocation, (viii) limitation of actions, and (ix) the principle in Ginty v Belmont Building Supplies Ltd, which excludes claims in breach of statutory duty where the breach was brought about solely by the wrongful conduct of the claimant.
Introduction
Authors: Carlin Ryan E. , Hartlyn Jonathan , Hellwig Timothy , Love Gregory J. , Martínez-Gallardo Cecilia , Singer Matthew 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter surveys the cross-national research on government popularity, identifying a set of emerging economic and political factors that might be challenging the economy’s role as the chief driver of popular support for democratic governments. Among them the authors highlight economic issues that are newly salient, non-economic issues that compete for the public’s attention, partisan polarization, and populism. They then provide an initial comparison of the link between the economy and government popularity in twenty countries over thirty years. Echoing Paldam thirty years on, the authors show that the relationship varies considerably across countries. Yet they also document substantial variation in the economy–approval relationship within countries over time, which has received much less attention. In most countries considered here, the economy’s effect on approval has weakened over time. In some places, however, its effect has grown over time, while in yet other places the authors observe a declining role for the economy in the first decade of the century only to see a rebound after the Great Recession. This variation sets the stage for the chapters that follow.
Diminishing Class Voting and the Increasing Influence of the Economy on Executive Approval in Denmark, 1974–2016
Authors: Seeberg Henrik Bech 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
How stable is the impact of the economy on executive approval among voters over a long period of time and how has it changed? This is a major question in the literature on how voters use the economy to evaluate the executive’s performance. This chapter contributes to answering this question by analysing a freshly collected data set on the influence of consumer confidence on executive approval in Denmark, 1974–2016. The analysis shows that the impact of the economy on executive approval has increased over time. In the early period, characterized by high party loyalty among voters and class voting, consumer confidence does not systematically influence executive approval since class and ideology decide executive approval. Yet, as loyalty and class-adherence weaken and issue voting based on party performance becomes more central later in the period, executive approval clearly declines during economic distress.
Concurrent Proceedings
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter highlights issues relating to concurrent proceedings. In R v. Executive Council Joint Disciplinary Scheme, ex parte Hipps and ors [1996], Dyson J states the principles to be applied by the courts in determining whether to grant a stay of disciplinary proceedings pending the trial of concurrent civil or criminal proceedings. However, only limited assistance can be derived when comparing the facts of a particular case with those of other cases in which a stay was or was not granted. In the healthcare professions, the practice of regulators is generally to await the outcome of any criminal proceedings against the registrant and, in the meantime, to apply to the interim orders tribunal for the practitioner’s registration to be suspended or made subject to conditions, on the grounds that an interim order is necessary for the protection of members of the public, or is otherwise in the public interest, or is in the interests of the practitioner. Employment cases also may require a different approach: an employer does not normally need to await the outcome of criminal or regulatory proceedings before commencing or continuing disciplinary proceedings against an employee.
Consensual Disposal
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the issues relating to consensual disposal of proceedings in healthcare cases. The General Medical Council (GMC) rules provide that the test for consensual disposal before a fitness to practise tribunal is that the panel must be satisfied that any undertakings are sufficient to protect patients and protect the public interest. The SDT’s Practice Direction Number 1: Agreed Outcomes (November 2019) states that if the tribunal is not satisfied that the agreed outcome is appropriate having heard from the parties and, if so requested by the parties, it will consider whether or not it wishes to indicate the sanction it regards as appropriate on the basis of the agreed facts. In Solicitors Regulation Authority v. Panayides and Clifford Chance LLP, Case No 11716-2017, in approving the agreed outcome and determining the appropriate level of fine, the tribunal took into account comparative cases in which fines had been imposed. However, consensual disposal of proceedings may mean that there is less scope for the tribunal to assess the practitioner’s insight and the risk of repetition.
Conviction and Caution Cases (Sanction)
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter details issues relating to sanction in conviction and caution cases. Any sentence imposed by a criminal court may be of little weight when the fitness to practise committee or tribunal comes to determine what, if any, sanction to impose in disciplinary proceedings. The functions of the court and the committee are quite different. The criminal court is concerned with punishment and the wider issues of public protection, whereas the focus for the committee is to judge the effect of the conduct on public confidence in the profession and to identify a sanction proportionate to its judgment. In Bawa-Garba v. General Medical Council [2018], the Court of Appeal observed that there are undoubtedly some cases in which the facts are such that the most severe sanction, erasure, is the only proper and reasonable sanction. However, a factor weighing in favour of the practitioner may be that they are a competent and useful doctor who presents no material danger to the public and who can provide considerable useful future service to society. As a general rule, it is not appropriate for a practitioner to resume unrestricted practice while serving a sentence imposed by the criminal court.
Costs
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on issues relating to orders for costs, looking at three distinct and quite separate matters: (a) orders for costs by a disciplinary tribunal against the practitioner; (b) orders for costs by the tribunal in favour of the practitioner and against the regulator; and (c) costs on appeal. In healthcare proceedings, orders for costs are not normally made by the tribunal against or in favour of the practitioner, although the General Optical Council retains the power to make costs orders against either party. In relation to other bodies, the practice of making costs orders is usually governed by the rules of the regulator. Meanwhile, costs on appeal are governed by the relevant rules governing the appeal process. If the regulator choses to appeal, the court, in wishing to do justice between the parties, may award the successful appellant only a limited contribution towards costs. A key example is General Medical Council v. Khetyar [2018].
Delay
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses delay in criminal and disciplinary proceedings. It is well established that Article 6 ECHR applies to professional disciplinary proceedings and a violation of the reasonable time requirement may be established without proof of prejudice to the practitioner. However, delay alone is unlikely to be sufficient to justify a stay of disciplinary proceedings. In R (Gibson) v. General Medical Council [2004], Elias J (as he then was) held that disciplinary hearings do not constitute a special case and do not give any unique protection to a registrant. In the case of the ‘five year rule’, the key question is whether it is in the public interest for the five-year restriction to be applied to the particular allegation. In crime, whether a direction on delay is to be given to the jury and the way in which it is formulated will depend on the facts of the case.
Disclosure, Confidentiality, Data Protection, and Freedom of Information
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores issues relating to disclosure, confidentiality, data protection, and freedom of information. It is plain that a respondent should receive all evidence that weakens the case against them, but there is no free-standing obligation imposed on a regulator to gather evidence similar to the responsibility of the police in criminal proceedings to investigate possible lines of inquiry that might assist the defence. However, a regulator is not without statutory powers to obtain documents from a third party, and in Holton v. General Medical Council [2006], it was considered that appropriate steps should be taken to obtain relevant medical notes and hospital records. Patient confidentiality in other instances may also have to give way to the public interest in the proper and effective pursuit of professional disciplinary proceedings or promoting the welfare of a child. The chapter looks at the UK General Data Protection Regulation, the Data Protection Act 2018, and the Freedom of Information Act 2000.
Estoppel
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter talks about estoppel or res judicata, which is a portmanteau term that is used to describe different legal principles with different juridical origins. In disciplinary proceedings, estoppel is particularly important where a regulator seeks to bring a second set of proceedings based on the same or similar facts as earlier disciplinary proceedings. It explains the court’s likeliness to adopt the doctrine of merger, which treats a cause of action as extinguished once judgment has been given. The chapter cites the Christou v. Haringey London Borough Council case, wherein the first set of proceedings were held not to give rise to a judicial or quasi-judicial determination. It also details how estoppel can work both ways, such as in the case of Salem v. GMC, wherein the practitioner was estopped from reopening earlier findings in the proceedings.
Fines
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Decision Procedure and Penalties Manual (DEPP) of the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA), which sets out policies to firms, approved persons, and other persons. DEPP includes the FCA’s statement of policy with respect to the imposition and amount of penalties. It also reviews the provisions of DEPP that are concerned with, amongst other matters, penalties for market abuse, penalties in non-market abuse cases, and determining the appropriate level of financial penalty. The chapter explores financial hardship and the FCA’s approach to determining penalties that is intended to ensure financial penalties are proportionate to the breach. It mentions the discount for early settlement and the FCA’s approach to negotiate with the person concerned to agree in principle the amount of a financial penalty in connection with the FCA’s statement of policy.
Judicial Immunity
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter recounts the case of Addis v. Crocker, which established that professional disciplinary proceedings attract absolute privilege and immunity, and that no action for defamation may be brought in respect of them. It addresses the question why the functions of a professional disciplinary body are judicial and not administrative. There is nothing to prevent proceedings being brought by a practitioner against their employer under the Equality Act 2010 on the grounds of discrimination. The chapter demonstrates how the findings and order of the committee are an intrinsic part of the hearing. If the hearing itself is protected by absolute privilege, the same applies to the findings and order.
Negligence
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains how an act or omission of gross negligence can amount to professional misconduct. Disciplinary committees or fitness to practise tribunals may be asked to consider through the Bolam test whether a practitioner’s conduct has fallen below the standards accepted as proper by a responsible body of practitioners skilled in that profession. The distinction between falling below and falling significantly below depends on whether the practitioner’s act or omission was reasonably likely to have put the patient at risk of harm. The chapter explores the principle in Montgomery wherein a doctor’s duty involves taking reasonable care to ensure that the patient understands the material risks in any proposed treatment that has been applied to other professional situations. It looks into cases of the negligent conduct of the registrant and claims against the regulator.
Striking Off
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains striking off as the erasure or removal of a practitioner from the register reserved for the most serious misconduct or behaviour. It mentions that the sanctions guidance of most regulators, such as the General Medical Council, General Dental Council, and the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, indicates the justification for striking off from the register. Additionally, disbarment is considered to be the most serious sanction that can be imposed and reserved for cases in which there is a need to protect the public or maintain confidence. The chapter tackles various healthcare misconduct cases that feature the allowed and denied appeals of erasure. It highlights how the tribunal or committee should give clear grounds for the registrant’s conduct being fundamentally incompatible with continued registration.
Suspension
Authors: Hamer Kenneth 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the provisions for suspension which is used by regulatory bodies to maintain the reputation of the profession and confidence in its regulatory processes. Most regulators’ provisions indicate whether the practitioner’s fitness to practise is impaired, then the tribunal or committee may give a direction that the entry in the register of the practitioner concerned is suspended. Suspensions often contain a deterrent effect, which then signals the practitioner, the profession, and the public about behaviour unbefitting a member of the profession. Thus, tribunals must provide reasons for the period of suspension chosen. The chapter also covers specific cases involving healthcare professionals, legal professionals, and other professionals.