bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two novel mutations of PTEN gene in Japanese patients with Cowden syndrome
Authors: Sawada Takeshi , Okada Toshihide , Miwa Kazuhiro , Satoh Hiro , Asano Akimichi , Mabuchi Hiroshi 
Published: June 2004

AbstractCowden syndrome (CS), also known as multiple hamartoma syndrome, is an autosomal dominant cancer syndrome associated with high risk of breast and thyroid cancer. In three unrelated Japanese CS patients, three PTEN germline mutations were identified, including two novel ones: 589A → T, resulting in Lys197Stop, and 219‐222delAAGA. We also detected a previously reported mutation: 697C → T, resulting in Arg233Stop. Reports from Western countries have indicated that approximately two‐thirds of mutations are found in exons 5, 7, and 8, which is almost the same frequency as found in Japanese CS. No genotype–phenotype correlations have been found in CS patients from 21 Japanese families. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maßgeschneiderte Polyelektrolyt‐Mikrokapseln: von Multischichten zu smarten Kapseln
Authors: Peyratout Claire S. , Dähne Lars 
Published: June 2004

AbstractGegenstand dieses Aufsatzes sind neuartige Polyelektrolyt‐Mikrokapseln, einschließlich ihrer Herstellung und Eigenschaften, insbesondere im Hinblick auf ihre mechanischen und Permeationseigenschaften. Die problemlose Präparation durch einen Layer‐by‐Layer‐Selbstorganisationsprozess, die präzise Kontrolle der Wandstärke und die Flexibilität bei der Wahl der Einzelkomponenten machen die Kapseln für Anwendungen im Life‐Science‐Bereich und in den Materialwissenschaften interessant. Darüber hinaus können die Kapseln durch ein spezielles Design der inneren und äußeren Oberflächen als Mikroreaktoren für Präzipitations‐, Kristallisations‐ und Polymerisationsreaktionen und in der enzymatischen und heterogenen Katalyse verwendet werden.
Zwei Fliegen mit einer Klappe: Katalyse völlig unterschiedlicher Transformationen im Eintopfverfahren.
Authors: Ajamian Alain , Gleason James L. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractDie Fortschritte in der Metallkatalyse haben die organische Synthese revolutioniert: Die Anwendung metallkatalysierter Reaktionen erstreckt sich nun über fast alle Bereiche der C‐C‐, C‐H‐ und C‐Heteroatom‐Bindungsknüpfung. Viele Jahre war die selektive Katalyse einer einzigen Transformation das Ziel der Katalysatorforschung. Mittlerweile ist jedoch das Verwenden eines einzigen Katalysators zur selektiven Vermittlung von gleich mehreren Reaktionsschritten zu einem vielversprechenden Forschungsgebiet geworden. Nachdem man sich in früheren Arbeiten auf Katalysatoren für mehrere ähnliche Transformationen konzentriert hatte, zeigten jüngste Untersuchungen, dass ein einzelner Katalysator auch mehrere sehr unterschiedliche Transformationen in einer einzigen Reaktionssequenz katalysieren kann. In diesem Kurzaufsatz werden Reaktionssequenzen mit Transformationen, die nach völlig unterschiedlichen Mechanismen ablaufen, vorgestellt.
Stabile Cyclopentine – Metalle machen's möglich!?
Authors: Rosenthal Uwe 
Published: June 2004

AbstractDie Untersuchung der Grenzen für gespannte kleine cyclische Kohlenwasserstoffe ist von dauerhaftem Interesse für die chemische Forschung und führt zu Molekülen mit abnormen Geometrien und Strukturen. Beispielsweise bewirkt der Einbau von (CCCC)‐ oder (CCCC)‐Anordnungen in kleine Carbocyclen wegen der Winkeldeformation eine enorme Ringspannung; dennoch kann man solche ungewöhnlichen Strukturen erhalten, wenn man Butadiin‐ und Butatrienderivate an Zirconocenfragmente koordiniert. Dabei entstehen fünfgliedrige Metallacyclocumulene und Metallacyclopentine. Das Metallatom ist essenziell, erschwert aber eine vereinfachte Strukturbeschreibung wegen der inneren Wechselwirkungen der Metallzentren mit den Mehrfachbindungen.
Tailor‐Made Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules: From Multilayers to Smart Containers
Authors: Peyratout Claire S. , Dähne Lars 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis review addresses the fabrication and properties of novel polyelectrolyte microcapsules, with an emphasis on their mechanical and permeability properties. Ease of preparation through layer‐by‐layer self assembly, accurate control over wall thickness as well as flexibility in the choice of constituents make these capsules very promising for numerous applications in materials and life science. Moreover, by engineering the inner and outer interfaces, these capsules can be used as microreactors for precipitation, crystallization, and polymerization reactions, as well as enzymatic, and heterogeneous catalysis.
Two Birds with One Metallic Stone: Single‐Pot Catalysis of Fundamentally Different Transformations
Authors: Ajamian Alain , Gleason James L. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAdvances in metal catalysis have revolutionized organic synthesis, with the scope of metal‐catalyzed reactions now covering nearly all areas of carbon–carbon, carbon–hydrogen, and carbon–heteroatom bond formation. For years, the goal was to develop catalysts that were highly selective for a single transformation. However, a promising current area of research is the use of a single catalyst to mediate more than one transformation in a selective manner. Whereas much early work was focused on using a catalyst for several similar transformations, recent investigations have shown that it is also possible to employ a single catalyst for several very different transformations in a single reaction sequence. This Minireview focuses on methods in which the mechanisms of the transformations are fundamentally very different.
Lipid and protein loads in pupating larvae and emerging adults as affected by the composition of Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) meridic larval diets
Authors: Nestel David , Nemny‐Lavy Esther , Chang Chiou Ling 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe effects of sucrose and amino acid (aa) composition and concentration in meridic larval diets (e.g., partially defined at the chemical level) was examined on several parameters of Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly) development. Lipid and protein levels of pupating larvae and emerging adults were examined. Different sucrose concentrations in the diet had small effects upon most of the development parameters. However, sucrose concentration significantly affected the ability of larvae to accumulate lipid reserves and proteins. Adults emerging from the different sucrose diets did not significantly differ in their lipid contents and protein loads. Specific deletions of aa from the diet, and general aa concentration, had a strong effect upon the parameters of development and pupating larvae lipids and proteins. Glycine‐deletion was the most deleterious, followed by the deletion of all non‐essential aa, and serine. High aa concentration in the diet has a detrimental effect upon development. Lipid contents in pupating larvae, and to some extent protein levels, were affected by aa manipulations in the diet. Lipid and protein loads in emerging adults were not significantly affected by aa manipulations. Based on the analysis of lipid frequency distribution it is suggested that the Medfly seems to regulate the level of lipid content in emerging adults within a certain range, regardless of the larval diet history or lipid contents. Proteins do not seem to be regulated as are lipids. These results point to an interesting and unexpected metabolic regulation of energetic resources during metamorphosis of the Medfly. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 56:97–109, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
D‐Day: geophysical investigation of a World War II German site in Normandy, France
Authors: Gaffney C. , Gater J. , Saunders T. , Adcock J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAlthough military sites have long been the subject of geophysical investigation, those associated with recent military campaigns are noticeably rare. In fact, although such techniques are increasingly used to identify the unwanted legacy of modern warfare, such as unexploded ordnances or mass burials, they have not been used to investigate the archaeology of such conflict. The survey here attempts to identify the archaeology of one military site (Puits d'Herode) that was part of Hitler's Atlantic Wall and to identify the key elements associated with its D‐Day defences. Magnetic gradiometry, twin‐probe resistance and ground‐penetrating radar were used at this site and, as a result of the nature of the buried archaeology, the magnetic technique proved most valuable. Trenches and bunkers previously known from aerial photographs were located accurately and a track believed to relate to the post‐D‐Day advance of the Allied forces across Puits d'Herode was also identified. The use of geophysical data in the investigation of this site has provided a new avenue to examine previously difficult topics such as the quality of intelligence available at the time of the conflict and the level and accuracy of shelling; although these may seem unlikely targets for archaeological geophysics, they are important to military historians for whom eye witness accounts are becoming increasingly scarce. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐dimensional microarray platform applied to single nucleotide polymorphism analysis
Authors: Stimpson Donald I. , Knepper Sheila M. , Shida Miho , Obata Kimimichi , Tajima Hideji 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBio‐Strand, Inc., has developed a novel DNA microarray platform utilizing a three‐dimensional (3D) DNA format. DNA probes or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products are spotted onto a thread‐like scaffold, which is then wound onto a cylindrical core. By wrapping the thread around the core, high efficiencies are achieved in sample analysis. Using allele‐specific oligo (ASO) competitive hybridization (with Cy5 fluorescently labeled sequences), hybridized arrays are visualized using a helium–neon (HeNe) laser and quantitated/scored. The method can readily detect single nucleotide differences. We demonstrate the use of this Bio‐Strand 3D array in the analysis of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fermentation performance of engineered and evolved xylose‐fermenting Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains
Authors: Sonderegger Marco , Jeppsson Marie , Larsson Christer , Gorwa‐Grauslund Marie‐Françoise , Boles Eckhard , Olsson Lisbeth , Spencer‐Martins Isabel , Hahn‐Hägerdal Bärbel , Sauer Uwe 
Published: June 2004

AbstractLignocellulose hydrolysate is an abundant substrate for bioethanol production. The ideal microorganism for such a fermentation process should combine rapid and efficient conversion of the available carbon sources to ethanol with high tolerance to ethanol and to inhibitory components in the hydrolysate. A particular biological problem are the pentoses, which are not naturally metabolized by the main industrial ethanol producer Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Several recombinant, mutated, and evolved xylose fermenting S. cerevisiae strains have been developed recently. We compare here the fermentation performance and robustness of eight recombinant strains and two evolved populations on glucose/xylose mixtures in defined and lignocellulose hydrolysate‐containing medium. Generally, the polyploid industrial strains depleted xylose faster and were more resistant to the hydrolysate than the laboratory strains. The industrial strains accumulated, however, up to 30% more xylitol and therefore produced less ethanol than the haploid strains. The three most attractive strains were the mutated and selected, extremely rapid xylose consumer TMB3400, the evolved C5 strain with the highest achieved ethanol titer, and the engineered industrial F12 strain with by far the highest robustness to the lignocellulosic hydrolysate. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intracellular reactive oxygen species mediate suppression of sporulation in Bacillus subtilis under shear stress
Authors: Sahoo Susmita , Krishnamurthy Rao K. , Suresh A.K. , Suraishkumar G.K. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractSporulation is an important cellular response to stress that is also significant from a bioreactor operation viewpoint. While sporulating organisms are known to show an enhanced sporulation response under several stress situations, the sporulation response to shear stress has not been investigated thus far. Such a study could be of interest since shear stress, to a greater or lesser degree, is always present in bioreactor operation. In this article, we investigate the sporulation extents of the Gram‐positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis at various defined shear levels. We show that, contrary to expectations, shear inhibits sporulation. We found an inverse correlation between the shear rate‐dependent specific intracellular reactive oxygen species level (siROS), and the sporulation extent. A 10‐fold increase in siROS resulted in about 17‐fold decrease in sporulation extent. The involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in sporulation was unknown thus far. Further, through experiments that specifically increased and reduced intracellular ROS (iROS), we established that siROS is responsible for the inhibition of sporulation under shear stress. In addition, we found that shear induced siROS regulated the expression levels of the general stress proteins Ctc and σB. Based on the above, we hypothesize that siROS may regulate suppression of sporulation under high shear by altering σB and Ctc expression levels, and a model for the same is presented. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Extracellular enzyme loss during polyelectrolyte flocculation of cells from fermentation broth
Authors: Pearson Carrie R. , Heng Meng , Gebert Mark , Glatz Charles E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAssociation of extracellular protein product with flocculated cells reduces product yield. Here, partitioning of the enzyme subtilisin between the liquid and polyelectrolyte‐flocculated and sedimented Bacillus increased as the polymer dosage was increased beyond that necessary to obtain optimum floc character (brain floc) for cell removal by centrifugation. Partitioning to the cell floc is partly physical entrapment at all polymer dosages; however, at higher levels there is also direct interaction between the polyelectrolyte and enzyme. Enzyme loss was not likely due to pH denaturation during the flocculation process because conditions were within the stable pH range of the enzyme. The direct interaction between polyelectrolyte and enzyme was characterized through turbidimetric titrations and partitioning studies. Neither changes in the polymer feed concentration nor the method of polymer addition reduced the enzyme loss at dosages optimal for cell removal. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diffusion of lactate and ammonium in relation to growth of Geotrichum candidum at the surface of solid media
Authors: Aldarf M. , Fourcade F. , Amrane A. , Prigent Y. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractGeotrichum candidum was cultivated at the surface of solid model media containing peptone to simulate the composition of Camembert cheese. The surface growth of G. candidum induced the diffusion of substrates from the core to the rind and the diffusion of produced metabolites from the rind to the core. In the range of pH measured during G. candidum growth, constant diffusion coefficients were found for lactate and ammonium, 0.4 and 0.8 cm2 day−1, respectively, determined in sterile culture medium. Growth kinetics are described using the Verlhust model and both lactate consumption and ammonium production are considered as partially linked to growth. The experimental diffusion gradients of lactate and ammonium recorded during G. candidum growth have been fitted. The diffusion/reaction model was found to match with experimental data until the end of growth, except with regard to ammonium concentration gradients in the presence of lactate in the medium. Indeed, G. candidum preferentially assimilated peptone over lactate as a carbon source, resulting in an almost cessation of ammonium release before the end of growth. On peptone, it was found that the proton transfer did not account for the ammonium concentration gradients. Indeed, amino acids, being positively charged, are involved in the proton transfer at the beginning of growth. This effect can be neglected in the presence of lactate within the medium, and the sum of both lactate consumption and ammonium release gradients corresponded well to the proton transfer gradients, confirming that both components are responsible for the pH increase observed during the ripening of soft Camembert cheese. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Enhanced kinetics of genetically engineered Burkholderia cepacia: the role of vgb in the hypoxic metabolism of 2‐CBA
Authors: Urgun‐Demirtas Meltem , Pagilla Krishna R. , Stark Benjamin C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractApplication of Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb) technology to 2‐CBA degradation by Burkholderia cepacia strain DNT under hypoxic conditions was studied in continuous culture chemostats. Dechlorination abilities of both recombinant (VHb gene (vgb) containing) and untransformed cells were investigated at various dilution rates to ensure complete degradation of 2‐CBA. As the dilution rate increased from 0.025 to 0.25 h−1, the ratios of chloride release to degraded 2‐CBA concentration decreased from 0.95 to 0.72 and from 0.89 to 0.39 for recombinant and untransformed cells, respectively. A nonstoichiometric relationship between chloride release and 2‐CBA degradation was more pronounced for untransformed cells. Recombinant cell densities were 0.1‐0.2. g L−1 greater than untransformed cell densities for a range of dilution rates. As the dilution rate increased, the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) and the substrate utilization rate (SUR) decreased for both strains. The OUR/SUR ratio increased as the dilution rate increased for both strains but was much higher for the recombinant strain compared to untransformed cells. The specific 2‐CBA degradation rate of recombinant cells was greater than that of untransformed cells (1.17 vs. 0.46 mg CBA (mg) day−1, and half‐saturation constants for recombinant cells were lower than those of untransformed cells (0.18 and 0.32 mg CBA L−1, respectively). The pseudo‐first‐order degradation constants, k1CBA and k1ACE, were higher for recombinant cells (6.5 L (mg cells)−1 day−1 and 95.6 L (mg cells)−1 day−1, respectively) than those of untransformed cells (1.44 L (mg cells)−1 day−1 and 73.7 L (mg cells)−1 day−1, respectively). © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reduction of Cr(VI) by “palladized” biomass of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 29577
Authors: Mabbett Amanda N. , Yong Ping , Farr J. Peter G. , Macaskie Lynne E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA novel catalytic activity of palladium [Pd(0)]‐coated cells of Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 29577 [“bio‐Pd(0)”] is demonstrated. Reduction of 700 μM Cr(VI) occurred within 24 h using formate (25 mM) or hydrogen (1 atm) as the electron donor, under conditions whereby cells lacking bound Pd(0), or palladium metal manufactured via chemical reduction of soluble Pd(II), did not reduce Cr(VI). The biomass‐bound Pd(0) also functioned in the continuous removal of 400 μM Cr(VI) from a 1 mM solution under H2 (flow residence time approximately 5 h), where chemically prepared Pd(0) was ineffective. This demonstrates a new type of active bioinorganic catalysis, whereby the presence of biomass bound to Pd(0) confers a novel catalytic capability not seen with Pd base metal or biomass alone. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biological hydrogen production using a membrane bioreactor
Authors: Oh Sang‐Eun , Iyer Prabha , Bruns Mary Ann , Logan Bruce E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA cross‐flow membrane was coupled to a chemostat to create an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (MBR) for biological hydrogen production. The reactor was fed glucose (10,000 mg/L) and inoculated with a soil inoculum heat‐treated to kill non‐spore‐forming methanogens. Hydrogen gas was consistently produced at a concentration of 57–60% in the headspace under all conditions. When operated in chemostat mode (no flow through the membrane) at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3.3 h, 90% of the glucose was removed, producing 2200 mg/L of cells and 500 mL/h of biogas. When operated in MBR mode, the solids retention time (SRT) was increased to SRT = 12 h producing a solids concentration in the reactor of 5800 mg/L. This SRT increased the overall glucose utilization (98%), the biogas production rate (640 mL/h), and the conversion efficiency of glucose‐to‐hydrogen from 22% (no MBR) to 25% (based on a maximum of 4 mol‐H2/mol‐glucose). When the SRT was increased from 5 h to 48 h, glucose utilization (99%) and biomass concentrations (8,800 ± 600 mg/L) both increased. However, the biogas production decreased (310 ± 40 mL/h) and the glucose‐to‐hydrogen conversion efficiency decreased from 37 ± 4% to 18 ± 3%. Sustained permeate flows through the membrane were in the range of 57 to 60 L/m2 h for three different membrane pore sizes (0.3, 0.5, and 0.8 μm). Most (93.7% to 99.3%) of the membrane resistance was due to internal fouling and the reversible cake resistance, and not the membrane itself. Regular backpulsing was essential for maintaining permeate flux through the membrane. Analysis of DNA sequences using ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis indicated bacteria were most closely related to members of Clostridiaceae and Flexibacteraceae, including Clostridium acidisoli CAC237756 (97%), Linmingia china AF481148 (97%), and Cytophaga sp. MDA2507 AF238333 (99%). No PCR amplification of 16s rRNA genes was obtained when archaea‐specific primers were used. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The autogenic (self‐generated) massacre
Authors: Mullen Paul E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMass killings can be of a variety of types including family slayings, cult killings, and the by‐product of other criminal activities. This article focuses on massacres where the perpetrators indiscriminately kill people in pursuit of a highly personal agenda arising from their own specific social situation and psychopathology. Five cases are presented of this type of autogenic (self‐generated) massacre, all of whom survived and were assessed by the author. Not only do these massacres follow an almost stereotypical course, but the perpetrators tend to share common social and psychological disabilities. They are isolates, often bullied in childhood, who have rarely established themselves in effective work roles as adults. They have personalities marked by suspiciousness, obsessional traits, and grandiosity. They often harbour persecutory beliefs, which may occasionally verge on the delusional. The autogenic massacre is essentially murder suicide, in which the perpetrators intend first to kill as many people as they can and then kill themselves. The script for this particular form of suicide has established itself in western society and is continuing to spread, and to diversify. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serial murder by children and adolescents
Authors: Myers Wade C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractSix cases of serial murder by children and adolescents spanning the past 150 years are presented. The available literature pertaining to this area is reviewed. Each of these six offenders committed sexually homicidal behavior as demonstrated by their expression of erotic interest or engagement in overt sexual behavior at the crime scenes. From a DSM‐IV‐TR perspective they all exhibited signs of sexual sadism, and their crime characteristics reflected behavior of a more predatory than affective nature. Hands on methods of killing were preferred, i.e., cutting, stabbing, or strangulation. These crimes are extremely rare. Case reports in this area are encouraged to advance our knowledge of these youths. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.