bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The identification of acidophilic cells in the human Pars distalis
Authors: Conklin James L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSections of human hypophyses were fixed in either formalin or Bouin's fluid and stained by a variety of acid stains. The stains were employed singly, in combination with each other and in conjunction with various mucoid staining procedures. After these procedures the chromophils of the pars distalis were classified as either acidophilic, mucoid, acidophilic‐mucoid, modified or degranulated. The remaining cells which lacked specific chromophilic granules were classified as chromophobes.The acidophils after the terminology of Ezrin were designated as cell types I, II and VIII which correspond to the alpha, eta and epsilon cells of Romeis.Numerous, carminophilic type I cells were present in glands of all ages. Although usually pyramidal or oval in shape they also exhibited a variety of morphologic forms. The type I cells were further subdivided into small, light and dark cells on the basis of size and nuclear characteristics. The type II cell although present in all glands was most frequently observed in fetal and post‐menopausal pituitaries. It was tinctorially identified by the prominent staining of its cytoplasmic granules with erythrosin.The type VIII cell exhibited staining properties intermediate between cell types I and II. On the basis of tinctorial and morphologic properties it was tentatively identified as a modified type I or type II cell.
A comparative study of the autonomic innervation of the eye in monkey, cat, and rabbit
Authors: Laties Alan M. , Jacobowitz David 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe autonomic innervation to the eye of monkey, cat and rabbit was studied using a sensitive histofluorometric method for adrenergic nerves and the acetylcholinesterase technique for cholinergic nerves.In the monkey cornea adrenergic nerves are absent while they are numerous in both the cat and rabbit. There is marked species variation in the amount of autonomic innervation to the filtration area. The iris sphincter and the ciliary muscle have a dual innervation but the relative amount of the adrenergic component to these structures varies widely. The ciliary process in every case has a plentiful adrenergic nerve supply. In the choroid a heavy adrenergic innervation apparatus approaches the choriocapillaris. A layer of fluorescent terminals is found in the retina at the junction of the inner nuclear and inner plexiform layers in all three species. In the adjoining part of the inner nuclear layer lie scattered catecholamine‐containing amacrine cells.
Follicle stimulation as an intrinsic property of human chorionic gonadotropin
Authors: Cole H. H. , Bigelow Mary 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAntiserum to human chorionic gonadotropin (anti‐HCG) with measured capacity to inhibit its antigen was used in conjunction with HCG in intact immature and in hypophysectomized female rats to determine if this hormone has intrinsic follicle stimulating properties. In intact rats, 100, 200, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 and 2500 I.U. of HCG were given alone and in conjunction with anti‐HCG. In hypophysectomized rats, 400, 800, 1600, 3200, and 6400 I.U. of HCG were given alone and with anti‐HCG. Anti‐HCG inhibited both the second rise in ovarian weight in intact females and follicular development in hypophysectomized females in a manner anticipated on the basis that these responses depended upon the HCG molecule. In hypophysectomized females inhibitition of follicular growth preceded inhibition of interstitial cell development. This result is also in accord with the view that both of these responses depend upon the HCG molecule.The anti‐HCG serum did not inhibit synergism between HCG and NIH‐FSH‐S1, an ovine pituitary FSH, with doses of 100 and 200 I.U. of HCG combined with 240 m̈g of FSH. An amount of antiserum which would inhibit 500 I.U. of HCG augmented rather than inhibited the response to 1000 μg of NIH‐FSH‐S1 (43 mg ovarian weight as compared to 29 mg).We conclude from these data that the HCG molecule has intrinsic follicle stimulating properties.
Organ culture studies of hormone secretion in endocrine glands of fetal guinea pigs III. The relation of testicular hormone to sex differentiation of the reproductive ducts
Authors: Price Dorothy , Ortiz Evelina , Zaaijer Johanna J. P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA study of sex differentiation of the Wolffian and Müllerian ducts of fetal guinea pigs was made by an organ culture method, and the morphogenetic changes of the ducts in vitro were compared with those in vivo. A total of 19 reproductive tracts were explanted from fetuses 29‐30 days old. The explants were cultured for nine days, with or without gonads. The Wolffian ducts degenerated in male tracts cultured without testes and in female tracts with or without ovaries, but they were maintained in male and female tracts cultured with one or two testes. The Müllerian ducts degenerated in all male tracts; in female tracts with or without ovaries they enlarged and coiled extensively and they were not inhibited when testes were cultured with the female tracts. It is concluded that in the guinea pig fetus at 29‐30 days of age, the Wolffian ducts of both sexes have become androgen‐dependent and that they are normally maintained in the male by testicular androgen. The Müllerian ducts of males were conditioned to degenerate before the time of explantation. The Müllerian ducts of females were not dependent upon ovarian hormone for their maintenance and development.
Androgen‐induced masculinization in the ovariectomized and hysterectomized guinea pig
Authors: Diamond Milton 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPreviously it had been demonstrated that daily injections of testosterone propionate (T.P.) will not induce male‐like mounting nor clitoral hypertrophy in pregnant guinea pigs to the extent it will in non‐pregnant females. In addition, administered progesterone had been shown effective producing a similar behavioral, but not somatic, “protection.” In an attempt to clarify the relationships of endogenous progesterone producing organs and this antiandrogen protective phenomenon the behavioral and somatic responses of females ovariectomized while pregnant and females hysterectomized (made pseudopregnant) while non‐pregnant were studied.Guinea pigs were hysterectomized on the sixth day of their ovarian cycle and ovariectomized 60 days later. Additional groups of females were mated and then ovariectomized on the thirty‐sixth or forty‐sixth day of gestation. Groups of normal pregnant females, aborted females, and sham operated controls were also studied.All groups received daily injections of T.P. starting on the eighteenth day of pregnancy and continuing for the duration of the experiment (116 days). With these androgen treatments masculinization or protection from maculinization was evaluated on the basis of periodic sex behavior tests and on the basis of daily inspection of the external genitalia.The results indicate that protection from testosterone propionate‐induced virilization is offered by exogenously administered progesterone as well as by an endogenous progestagen‐producing structure such as the corpora lutea of the ovary in a hysterectomized female or the placenta in a pregnant animal. Some factor other than progesterone production is involved and the neural and somatic tissues exhibit different response thresholds.
Control of fertility in mammals by hormonal steroids
Authors: Pincus Gregory 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA review is presented of the effects of steroids having hormone‐like activity upon the following reproductive processes in mammals: (a) spermatogenesis, (b) ovulation, (c) fertilization, (d) oviducal and uterine travel of the free ovum, and (e) blastocyst growth and implantation. Description is given of a number of natural and synthetic steroids which inhibit spermatogenesis and ovulation. By and large, estrogens are especially effective in the former and progestins in the latter, but aparently some species differences in response to potent substances do exist. Progestins have been shown to inhibit fertilization in experimental animals either through an effect on sperm travel or on sperm capacitation. The rapid expulsion of eggs from the fallopian tubes is accomplished by a variety of synthetic and natural estrogens upon administration in significant dosage in test animals. Decidualization and other processes related to implantation are also steroid labile.
Postnatal development of sensitivity to estrogen and androgen in male, female and psuedohermaphroditic guinea pigs
Authors: Goy Robert W. , Phoenix Charles H. , Meidinger Richard 
Published: February 2005

AbstractLordosis responses on the day of birth were measured in female pseudohermaphrodites, their male siblings, and control females and males. All subjects displayed lordosis. Differences in average duration of the response were not significant.Relationships between exogenous estrogen and display of lordosis at later ages were studied in gonadectomized subjects. At seven days, estrogen did not induce lordosis in any subject. All normal females displayed lordosis at 21, 35, 60, and 90 days, and estrogen‐sensitivity increased steadily. Pseudohermaphrodites failed to respond to hormones until 35 days, and responses were infrequent and abbreviated. Age at time of ovariectomy did not influence performance of pseudohermaphrodites. Males showed lowest responsiveness to estrogen over all ages.Pseudohermaphrodites resembled the male in postnatal responsiveness to androgen. Although postnatal testosterone induced mounting behavior in normal females, pseudohermaphrodites, like males, displayed more mounting and mounted at earlier ages.Results suggest that prenatal androgen has not impaired the neural mechanism for lordosis at birth. Rather it acts to alter, during the fetal stage, the mechanism which normally directs the development of estrogen‐sensitivity of the neural mechanism in the genetic female. Additionally, prenatal androgen lowers the hormonal threshold for mounting behavior.
Analysis of histophysiologic responses of the rat hypophysis to androgen treatment
Authors: Bogdanove E. M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe concentrations of LH and FSH were measured in the blood and adenohypophyses of castrated male rats exposed to high levels of testosterone propionate for 1 to 18 weeks. In intact male and female rats, similarly treated for 1 to 5 weeks, blood levels could not be measured but pituitary hormone levels were. Histological study of the pituitary gonadotrophic cells of all groups revealed a striking correlation between their regression, in response to androgen treatment, and the decline in pituitary LH stores. No light‐microscopic correlate of the marked, progressive increase in pituitary FSH concentration was detected. Thus, when the pituitary FSH:LH ratio had increased 90 fold, all gonadotrophs appeared inactive.Although these studies failed to reveal the specific cellular source(s) of FSH and LH, they did clarify several aspects of the dynamics of the pituitary secretory responses to orchidectomy and androgen treatment. In the light of this information, the suggestion is made that the greatest dichotomy between pituitary FSH and LH stores is not coincident with — and probably occurs later than — that between LH and FSH secretion. Such asynchrony between the various phases of the FSH and LH secretory responses to these treatments (castration and/or androgen administration), may explain several seeming discrepancies among earlier reports on this subject.
Effect of a single dose of anti‐LH‐serum at proestrus on the rat estrous cycle
Authors: Schwartz Neena B. , Gold Jay J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that pentobarbital administration at 2 p.m. of proestrus in the rat blocks ovulation and the drop in pituitary LH content normally seen at estrus; these data were interpreted as indicating that the drug acted by blocking LH release. Signs of prolongation of estrogen secretion were seen in these rats and, in the absence of further treatment, ovulation occurred 24 hours later. In the present study a single dose of anti‐ovine‐LH‐serum administered at 1 p.m. of proestrus also blocked ovulation, but did not prevent the drop in pituitary content on the moring of “estrus.” Therefore, one may conclude that this blockade was the result of preventing the peripheral effects of LH on the ovary. The antiserum blockade did not produce prolongation of estrogen secretion and no rat ovulated within the next four days. During this time pituitary LH content was normal, as were ovarian and uterine weight, although large follicles, rather than recent corpora lutea, were seen in the ovary. Six rats were followed until the next vaginal cornification (by 6 days); only three of the six had ovulated by day seven. The contrast between the sequelae of pentobarbital and antiserum blockade is interpreted in the light of a new theory of regulation of reproductive cyclicity in the rat.
Effects of beef insulin upon the granulation of beta cells in cultures of pancreases of fetal rats from diabetic mothers
Authors: Erlandsen Stanley L. , Wells Lemen J. , Lazarow Arnold 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPortions of pancreases were removed from nineteen and one‐half day fetuses from diabetic and nondiabetic rats. These explants were grown for four days in organ culture by the watch glass method.Four types of culture media were used: standard medium containing 165 mg of glucose per 100 ml; similar standard medium supplemented with 0.70 to 2.20 mU per ml of insulin (beef); high glucose medium containing 1050 mg of glucose per 100 ml; similar high glucose medium supplemented with 0.65 to 2.00 mU per ml of insulin (beef).In cultures of pancreases grown on standard media both with and without added insulin, there were large increases in the number of granulated beta cells.In cultures of pancreases of fetuses from diabetic rats, which were grown on high glucose medium, the high level of glucose maintained the cultures in a simulated diabetic environment in which few granulated beta cells appeared. Conversely, when the cultures of fetuses from diabetic rats were grown on high glucose medium with added insulin, there was an increase in the number of granulated beta cells.These observations suggest that the insulin level in the culture medium influences the granulation of the beta cell.
The effects of ovarian hormones on uterine phosphatases of the rhesus monkey (Macaca Mulatta)
Authors: Manning John P. , Hisaw Frederick L. , Steinetz Bernard G. , Kroc Robert L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractEndometrial acid and alkaline phosphatases were studied histochemically in rhesus monkeys treated with various combinations of estrogen (E, 17β‐estradiol and/or estriol), progesterone (P) and relaxin (R) or a low potent relaxin control preparation (NRF). In the cells of the uterine glands of the E‐treated animal, the apical cytoplasm showed intense activity of both phosphatases. This estrogenic response was depressed in the stratum functionale by P and in the stratum basale by PR. With E, acid phosphatase‐staining granules appeared in scattered stromal cells with eccentric nuclei. Addition of P or PR increased the number of acid phosphatase positive stromal cells, especially in the stratum functionale. With the exception of the sinus‐like channels and superficial vessels of the stratum functionale of monkeys treated with ER and EPR, all endothelium of capillary and precapillary vessels was rich in alkaline phosphatase activity. Thus, acid alkaline phosphatases appear to be metabolically important components of the endometrium which undergo cyclic variation and reflect specific influences of the ovarian hormones; estrogens, progesterone and relaxin. The implications to human menstrual physiology are discussed.
Reconstruction of the human atrioventricular node
Authors: Truex Raymond Carl , Smythe Martha Q. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe right atrioventricular junction and A‐V node area in each of five human hearts was studied histologically in serial sections. The A‐V node of a 54‐year old female was reconstructed in four colors to provide a three‐dimensional model of cardiac relationships, blood supply, and nodal configuration. The nodal fibers demonstrated two laminations. A superficial layer was composed of longitudinally oriented fibers, whereas a deeper layer was composed of oblique and transversely directed fibers. The atrioventricular bundle fibers were always continuous with nodal fibers of the deeper portion of the A‐V node. Atrionodal fiber junctions occur along the superior, endocardial and inferior borders of the A‐V node and impart to these surfaces a spiked appearance. The potential significance of A‐V node structure to atrial cardiac conduction is presented.
Asymmetrical distribution of aortic nerve fibers in the pig
Authors: Prakash Prem , Safanie A. H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe innervation of the aortic arch and associated arterial trunks was investigated in the pig by gross dissection, by microscopic examination of normal arterial walls, and by observation of degenerative changes following selective surgical interruption of right and left cervical vagi. It is concluded that the aortic depressor fibers of the pig are organized unilaterally, being distributed by the left vagus to arterial walls, and by observation of degenerative changes following selective surgical with the absence of a dissectable right aortic nerve, there was no histological evidence of sensory innervation in the walls of the brachiocephalic, right subclavian, bicarotid or right common carotid artery. The majority of depressor endings were located in the ventral wall of the aortic arch in a band extending between the origin of the left subclavian artery and the aortic attachment of the ligamentum arteriosum. A few were present in the dorsal wall of the aortic arch and the ventral walls of the pulmonary trunk and ligamentum arteriosum. The depressor fibers were thick, heavily myelinated, varicose, extensively branched and associated with numerous terminal and intercalated neurofibrillar corpuscles. The only epithelioid body observed was a poorly innervated, rudimentary paraganglion in the interval between the aortic arch, the pulmonary artery and the ligamentum arteriosum.
Modification of the endoplasmic reticulum in some mammalian oocytes
Authors: Szollosi Daniel 
Published: February 2005

AbstractOocytes of the hamster, rat, Mongolian gerbil and squirrel monkey demonstrate an unusual “twin” or multilaminated arrangement of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Two or more cisternae appose laterally apparently after the ribosomes vanish from the adjacent surfaces. A central electron dense leaflet, composed of filamentous components can be discerned between the apposed surfaces. Between two cisternae of the membrane complex found in hamster oocytes, narrow connecting pillars or walls also develop. The nuclear envelope frequently represents one cisternal element in the membrane complex, at which place nuclear pores are lacking. In rat oocytes the endoplasmic reticulum cisternae take on either a concentric form, apparently by end‐to‐end fusion of “twin” cisternal membranes, or form a spiral by several turns of the same cisternum. No functional role could be suggested for the observed specilization of the endoplasmic reticulum.
A method for preparing brain casts
Authors: Welker W. I. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPermanent molds and casts of properly perfused formalin‐fixed whole brain specimens can be prepared in a manner that faithfully reproduces their shape, size, and surface morphological features. The method involves several steps: (a) removal of surface vessels or arachnoid tissue from fissural margins; (b) preparation of a plaster casing with a cavity of a size and shape which will accommodate both the elastic impression material and the portion of the brain to be cast; (c) pouring a silicone rubber‐catalyst mixture into this cavity in two stages, to produce first a lining, and then a rubber pool into which the brain is immersed; (d) removing the brain from the mold; (e) pouring an acrylic‐catalyst mixture into the hardened rubber mold and allowing it to polymerize to form a brain cast. Both mold and cast are durable, and repeated casting from a given mold can be carried out. Such brain casts provide a permanent record of three dimensional characteristics, as well as certain external morphological features which are otherwise irretrievably lost in a brain specimen that is to undergo histological processing, sectioning, staining, and mounting. The educational value of a comparative collection of such brain casts is inestimable.
The ascending branch of Mauthner's axon in xenopus: Its possible role in startle reflexes
Authors: Hibbard Emerson 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA major branch of Mauthner's (M‐) axon has been found in larvae of Xenopus laevis (Daudin). After giving off an inhibitory collateral toward the contralateral M‐cell, the branch continues forward to the preoptic nucleus of the forebrain. Following stimulation of the M‐cell, the function of the ascending branch of its axon may be to elicit startle responses corresponding to the defensive hypothalamic responses of higher vertebrates.
Effect of steroid hormones on biochemical characteristics of blastocysts in ovariectomized rabbits
Authors: Sugawara S. , Hafez E. S. E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractGroups of nulliparous pregnant rabbits were bilaterally ovariectomized on the third, fifth, sixth or seventh days of gestation; some groups were then treated daily with 40 mg of progesterone alone or with 4 mg progesterone alone or in combination with estradiol at a ratio of 1:400 or 1:4000. Animals ovariectomized 3 days post coitum (p.c.) were autopsied four days later; those ovariectomized five, six, or seven days p.c. were autopsied 24 hours later. The number of viable blastocysts per doe was greatly decreased following ovariectomy; however, the number was increased by treatment with progesterone alone or in combination with estradiol (1:400 or 1:4000). The weight of blastocyst and embryonic matter (trophoblast and embryonic disc), and the volume of blastocoelic fluid in the blastocyst at six or seven days p.c. were neither affected by ovariectomy nor by injection of 4 mg of progesterone. The weight of the blastocysts was significantly reduced when ovariectomy was performed seven days p.c. The concentration of the biochemical compounds in the blastocoelic fluid was not altered by ovariectomy at five or seven days p.c. In contrast, the concentration of glucose, lactic acid, protein N and nonprotein in the blastocyst was greatly lowered by ovariectomy at six days p.c., being partly alleviated by daily injections of progesterone, alone or in combination with estradiol. Ovariectomy at three days p.c. was no more detrimental than later ovariectomy if steroids were administrated.