bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biodiversity and Human Health
Authors: Chivian Eric , Sullivan Sara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The extinction of species may be the most destructive and permanent of all assaults on the global environment, for it is the only one that is truly irreversible (Wilson 1989). While species stocks may recover following mass extinction events over the course of millions of years of evolution (Myers et al. 2000), and may fill ecological niches that had once been occupied, it must be understood that these replacing species are new ones and that the unique information encoded by the DNA of the lost species is gone forever. This fact adds to the gravity of the current extinction crisis, the first that is the result of human activity.
Vector-Borne Infections and Health Related to Landscape Changes
Authors: Molyneux David H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The major vector-borne infections and the diseases caused by them are focused in the tropics; there is a significant overlap between the distribution of the majority of important vectors of human and animal diseases and the richly biodiverse tropical rain forest ecosystems, woodland savannas, and the edges of these ecosystems between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn.
Introducing Ecosystem Health into Undergraduate Medical Education
Authors: Rapport David J , Howard John , Lannigan Robert , McMurtry Robert , Jones Douglas L , Anjema Christopher M , Bend John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of health is ancient. While the notion of health intuitively may apply to the well-being of any complex system (e.g., the economy, a community. the oceans. a coral reef. the planet; Somerville 1995), for much of history its context has been limited to the physical condition of the individual (at first humans and later other biota-both plants and animals).
The Nature of American Health-Care Entitlements
Authors: Jost Timothy Stoltzfus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What exactly is a health-care “entitlement”? More specifically, what are the legal ramifications of entitlement status? Yet more specifically, how does the concept of entitlement apply to the three programs with which this book is primarily concerned—Medicare, Medicaid, and the tax exclusions that are available for subsidizing employment-related health insurance?
The dictionary defines the verb entitle as “to furnish with a right or claim to something.” The noun entitlement, therefore, is a claim or right that has been furnished. In the context of Medicare and Medicaid, the claim or right is obviously that of the beneficiary or recipient to health-care goods and services. By extension, providers may also have a claim or right to be paid for goods or services that they provide to recipients. Employers and employees have a legal claim to tax exclusions and deductions for employment-related health insurance. Employees have legal rights against the programs employers adopt because of these subsidies. What is the nature of these claims or rights, however? And by what means are they “furnished”?
Experiments with Privatization: Medicare and Medicaid Managed Care
Authors: Jost Timothy Stoltzfus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE emergence of managed care is certainly one of the most important developments in our public health-care entitlement programs over the past two decades. One of the central goals of the Medicare and Medicaid programs at their creation was to bring elderly and impoverished Americans into the mainstream of American medical care. In 1965, of course, this meant fee-for-service medicine. At the outset, therefore, Medicare and Medicaid were strictly fee-for-service programs. In the early twenty-first century, Medicare remains largely a fee-for-service program. But fee-for-service medicine is no longer mainstream medicine in the United States. Most insured individuals in the private sector are covered through managed care. Recent attempts to encourage the expansion of managed care within the Medicare and Medicaid programs, therefore, are in a sense consistent with the historic philosophy of the program.
While the growth of managed care in Medicare and Medicaid arguably represents simply the “normalization” of these programs, it also has been a step toward their privatization. Those who argue for privatization of public programs—a form of disentitlement discussed at length in Chapter 6—contend that public programs could be operated more efficiently, perhaps even more equitably, through private insurers and managed-care organizations.
Expanding America
Authors: Crist Elizabeth B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although Statements for Orchestra was not finished until the summer of 1935, Copland had started the piece as early as 1932 while living at Yaddo, the estate of Katrina and Spencer Trask. In June he wrote to friend John Kirkpatrick that composition on the Short Symphony was “being upset by the fact that I’ve started still a newer [piece] and am working on the two simultaneously. The newest piece will have 4 or 5 short movements. I have one of these already.” Rough sketches for Statements dated “Yaddo, June ‘32” show Copland at work on the shape of the piece and drafting tides for its various movements. He continued to compose both the Short Symphony and Statements during the fall of 1932 while in Mexico, where he also first conceived El Salon Mexico. The Short Symphony was eventually finished in 1933, and during the summer of 1934 Copland completed five of the six Statements for Orchestra as well as a two-piano version of El Salon Mexico.
In Wartime
Authors: Crist Elizabeth B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
BY 1939, THE economic crisis of the Great Depression had begun to improve and the political situation in Europe to worsen. If progressives hadn’t yet taken note of events across the ocean, they had to appraise the global situation in August 1939, when the Soviet Union signed a nonaggression pact with Nazi Germany. Many within the American Communist Party were disillusioned by the treaty, which the leadership labored to explain, and the community of anti-Stalinist liberals grew in size and influence. For the twenty-two months that the pact was in effect, the CPUSA struggled to navigate the hairpin turns of Comintern policy and to toe the newly militant, antiwar line dictated by Moscow. But some progressives were reluctant to condemn Stalin, either for the show trials or the pact, and while there is no specific evidence of Copland’s reaction to either the treaty with Hitler or shifts in Communist Party policy, it is clear that he did not divorce himself from Communist causes and organizations in the 194os. ‘‘All of us think that Stalin knows what he’s doing,” Harold Clurman wrote to Copland only days after the agreement was signed, “and all of us think we know what Stalin is doing and approve.” Of course history has proved this utter folly, but in 1941 the issue became largely moot after Germany invaded Russia, and Roosevelt joined hands with Stalin in the Grand Alliance.
National Organizational Survey of Domestic Violence Coalitions
Authors: Brownell Patricia , Roberts Albert R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The women’s movement has reached full maturity. As a direct result of increased societal awareness through public education and media attention, and the statewide and national coalitions’ legislative successes, the prevalence of woman battering has begun to decline in recent years. Women’s organizations and coalitions took the lead starting in the late 1970s in facilitating the expansion of shelters, support groups, community education, and other services to battered women.
Court Responses to Battered Women and Their Children
Authors: Roberts Albert R , Kurst-Swanger Karel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have come a long way during the past two decades as responsive prosecutors, judges, and legislators have begun to recognize family violence as a serious crime. All 50 states have passed civil and/or criminal statutes to protect battered women, and prosecutors’ offices are beginning to implement efficient systems of screening and prosecuting cases. Police and courts, in a small yet growing number of jurisdictions, have set up an around-the-clock method of issuing temporary restraining orders and providing advocacy as cases move through court. Although court-mandated batterer treatment programs have been developed on a limited basis, more are needed. Further research into the effectiveness of different treatment modalities with battered women and their abusive partners is needed as well.
Beyond Shelters: Support Groups and Community-Based Advocacy for Abused Women
Authors: Tutty Leslie M , Rothery Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the past 20 years, as society has finally acknowledged the extent and serious nature of the abuse that many women endure from their intimate partners, shelters for battered women have become fixtures in communities across North America. The safety and support offered to residents and their children have been essential in assisting many to leave abusive relationships and start a new life (Dziegielewski, Resnick, & Krause, 1996; Tutty, in press; Tutty, Weaver, & Rothery, 1999). However, given that serious abuse in intimate couple relationships is widespread, shelters cannot serve all who come to their doors, often sending away as many as they take in.
Interventions for Batterers: Program Approaches, Program Tensions
Authors: Hanson Bea 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the field of domestic violence, programs that work with the abuser or batterer are often looked upon with suspicion by advocates and service providers who work with victims of domestic violence. What are the goals of these programs? Do they work? Do they address the needs of battered women? Do they stop domestic violence? Aren’t they just taking away from funding that could be used for battered women? Most of those who ask such questions are looking for simple answers to a complex social problem.
B
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
BABYLON: a famous city of the ancient world, the capital of ancient Babylonia, located 60 miles south of modern Baghdad. Babylon means gate of God, and the biblical word for Babylon was Babel. The temples and palaces of Babylon were among the most splendid buildings of the ancient world. The *Euphrates River flowed through the city, which was built in a square with two sets of walls that were ten and twelve feet thick, respectively.
G
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
GABRIEL: an angel messenger of God, appearing in both the Old and New Testaments, whose name means God is Mighty. To the Hebrews Gabriel was the angel of death, the prince of fire and thunder. To the Muslims Gabriel was the chief of the four favored angels, the spirit of truth. In Medieval romances he was the second of the seven spirits that stand before the throne of God. God used Gabriel to deliver revelations to men and women.
J
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
JABBERWOCKY: the central figure of a strange, almost gibberish poem in Lewis *Carroll’s Through the Looking Glass. It contains many significant words that are subsequently explained to Alice by Humpty Dumpty: brillig, 4p.m. when one begins broiling things for dinner; slithy, lithe and slimy; toves, animals like badgers, lizards, or corkscrews; gyre, to go round and round like gyroscopes; gimbel, to make holes like a gimlet; wabe, grass around a sundial, before or behind it; mimsy, flimsy and miserable; borogove, a thin, shabby-looking bird with feathers sticking out all around; rath, a green pig; mome, from home; outgrabe, a bellow and a whistle with a sneeze in the middle.
Q
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quarles, francis (1592–1644): English poet, playwright, writer of biblical paraphrases, and political pamphlets. Francis Quarles was born in Essex and was educated at Christ’s College, Cambridge (1608). He was the father of eighteen children. Quarles worked as private secretary to the archbishop of Armagh (1626–30) and as the chronologer of the City of London (1639–44). At the beginning of the English Civil War, Quarles wrote in defense of Charles I. A voluminous writer, he was most famous for the poems Emblems and Hieroglyphics.
S
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sacco and vanzetti: the two men, Nicola Sacco, a shoemaker, and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, a fish peddler, who were executed on August 23, 1927, in Massachusetts for holdup murders committed on April 15, 1920. The intense interest in the United States and abroad stemmed from the belief that the two men were accused by accident and convicted because of their unpopular political, social, and religious views. Italian-born Sacco and Vanzetti were members of an anarchist group, and the early 1920s was a time of great anti-alien and anti-radical hysteria.
V
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Lewis Wilbur Watkin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ValÉry, paul (1871–1945): French poet and essayist. Son of a French father and an Italian mother, Paul Valéry attended the School of Law at Montpellier University in 1889, but left, accepting that he was deplorable at the law. In this decision he was influenced by a fellow student, the poet Pierre *Louÿs, and a visiting author, André *Gide, who helped him discover contemporary French literature. Valéry worked at the War Department during the Dreyfus case and wrote little from 1900 to 1917. Then, encouraged by Gide to write, he published his first book of poetry, La Jeune Parque and became famous overnight at the age of forty-six.
Spatial (Dis)Advantage and Homicide in Chicago Neighborhoods
Authors: Sampson Robert J , Morenoff Jeffrey D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For some time now, research in the ecological tradition has demonstrated the concentration of interpersonal violence in certain neighborhoods, especially those areas characterized by poverty, the racial segregation of minority groups, and single-parent families. Still, fundamental questions remain about what it is about these communities that might explain the link between structural features of neighborhood environments and rates of violent crime. The traditional or perhaps idyllic notion of local communities as “urban villages” characterized by dense networks of personal social ties continues to pervade many theoretical perspectives on neighborhood crime.
The Role of Spatial Analysis in Demographic Research
Authors: Weeks John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Demography is an inherently spatial science, since it almost always deals with human populations in a defined geographic region, but spatial analysis has thus far played only a small role in the development and testing of demographic theory. There are several reasons for this, including the recency of many of the more useful spatial statistical approaches, and the fact that most people practicing demographic science are not in geography and have not been encouraged to think spatially. Yet, even in geography, few population specialists adopt specifically spatial approaches to their research beyond the measurement of the movement of people from one region to another, or the comparison of demographic trends among different regions.
Planning Scenario Visualization and Assessment: A Cellular Automata Based Integrated Spatial Decision Support System
Authors: White Roger , Straatman Bas , Engelen Guy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Planners and policy makers face a difficult task. The world they must deal with is complex, interconnected, and ever changing. Coastal zone management, urban planning, and the design of policies for sustainable economic development all pose the problem of dealing with systems in which natural and human factors are thoroughly intertwined. Understanding the processes driving change in these systems is essential in the formulation of effective policies.
Primitive Emotions
Authors: Deigh John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two facts about emotions stand out among the many that a theory of the subject ought to cover. The first is that emotions are intentional states in the sense that they are directed at something. Hope, for example, is a state of mind directed at a future condition or event. One hopes for sunny weather on the day of the picnic or calm seas on the day of the regatta. In this respect, hope is unlike giddiness or drowsiness, states of mind that can occur undirected at anything. The difference is nicely illustrated in the opening scene of Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet, when two servants of the house of Capulet and two servants of the house of Montague cross paths.
Ana Mendieta’s Art : A Journey through Her Life
Authors: Cruz Carlos A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With these words, Ana Mendieta, the prolific performance artist, defined culture and her own professional and personal quest. To Ana, art as life represented a continual search for lost heritage, identities, and cultural traditions. She sought to enhance knowledge about her diverse cultural background, and in so doing she came to terms with her own sense of personal survival. This obsessive struggle to bring back the essential ele- ments of Latin American and Third World multicultural traditions and incorporate them into a contemporary artistic language is Ana’s most important legacy.
The MacArthur Story Stem Battery: Development, Administration, Reliability, Validity, and Reflections About Meaning
Authors: Bretherton Inge , Oppenheim David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the mid-1980s several members of the MacArthur Research Network on Early Childhood Transitions discovered a common interest in using storytelling procedures to explore young children’s inner worlds. In a sense, they were building on the clinical writings of pioneers in psychoanalytic play therapy, such as A. Freud (1946), Waelder (1933), Winnicott (1958), and Erikson (1950), all of whom believed that young children’s play revealed much about their psychic conflicts and their efforts to master or adapt to those conflicts. However, renewed impetus for the use of play narratives also came from a plethora of emerging findings about young children’s social, emotional, and moral understanding, and the development of symbolic play, memory talk, story schemas, and scripts. These showed that preschoolers’ narrative capacity and understanding of themselves and others was considerably more complex than had been assumed. Further inspiration for using storytelling methods as a window into young children’s inner worlds came from an attachment study that revealed links between the quality of parent-child attachment relationships and children’s narratives about a set of attachment-related pictures.
Affective Meaning Making Among Young Peers in Narrative Co-constructions
Authors: Aviezer Ora 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Narratives have been described as verbal methods for recapitulating experience (Labov & Waletzky, 1967). As such, they allow individuals to make sense of personal experiences and interpersonal exchanges by actively sharing them with others. A growing body of research suggests that narratives, even if only in rudimentary forms, are used by young children to represent their knowledge and understanding of personal experiences and general events (Hudson, Gebelt, Haviland, & Bentivega, 1992; Hudson & Shapiro, 1991; McCabe & Peterson, 1991; Miller, Potts, Fung, Hoogstra, & Minz, 1990; Snow & Dickinson, 1990). Yet the complex process of narrative construction places high demands on children’s cognitive, linguistic, emotional, and interpersonal skills. Moreover, successful weaving of narratives in ordinary conversation requires participants to collaborate with each other (Polanyi, 1989). Thus, joint constructions in every day talk offer young children a supportive context for their attempts to relate personal experiences and share their views.
The Sputnik Generation: The 1960s
Authors: Gladfelter Elizabeth Higgins 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I can still vividly recall the excitement I felt going out on our front lawn with my mom and brother to watch Sputnik pass overhead. A new era had begun, not only in U.S.–Soviet relations, but in the way science was done in the United States. My generation reaped the benefits of the national response to this technological challenge; the cry went up to increase expertise in the sciences.
The Lean Years: The 1980s
Authors: Gladfelter Elizabeth Higgins 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As is related in their lively accounts, the scientists of the 1980s generation recognize the importance, to their science and to their careers, of the time they have spent in the field observing nature. Their undergraduate coursework in the sciences is often described as remote from the reality of personal experience; they conclude that they lacked passion for science until they gained field experience. The message they were given, however, is that in modern academia, modeling and model systems are the mode of excellence.
Recent History of Natural Resource Use and Population Growth in Northern Mexico
Authors: Stoleson Scott H , Felger Richard S , Ceballos Gerardo , Raish Carol , Wilson Michael F , Búrquez Alberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Long a remote frontier region, northern Mexico (fig. 3.1)—especially the border states, Tamau-lipas, Nuevo León, Coahuila, Chihuahua, Sonora, and Baja California, from east to west—now supports booming human populations and plays a key role in the industrial and agricultural sectors of the country’s economy (INEGI 1993). Patterns of demographic and economic growth and their impacts in northern Mexico have been shaped and constrained by a variety of factors. These include the country’s land tenure history, with the allocation of vast tracts of lands (including most forested lands) to peasants under communal landholding regimes.
Macrofaunal Diversity in the Gulf of California
Authors: Brusca Richard C , Findley Lloyd T , Hastings Philip A , Hendrickx Michel E , Cosio Jorge Torre , Heiden Albert M Van Der 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Gulf of California (Sea of Cortez) has held a growing fascination for naturalists over the past 150 years (Lindsay 1983). The first serious collectors of marine life in the region were not professional bi-ologists. One was John Xantus (de Vesey), a U.S. government tidal observer stationed at the tip of the Baja California peninsula (April 1859 to mid-1861), most of whose collections are now at the Smith-sonian Institution (e.g., Gill 1862–1863; Jordan and Gilbert 1882). Another was Frederick Reigen, a Belgian citizen who lived in Mazatlán from 1848 to 1850 and amassed one of the largest collections of marine molluscs of all time—14 tons of speci-mens! The Reigen collection found its way to Liverpool, and from there it was partly dispersed. Much of it was published on by Philip Carpenter (Carpenter 1857; see also Hendrickx and Toledano-Granados 1994).
Extreme Succulent Plant Diversity on Cerro Colorado Near San Ignacio, Baja California Sur
Authors: Dimmitt Mark A , Wiens John F , Devender Thomas R Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Baja California peninsula is rich in plant spe-cies, many of which are endemics. The first flora (Wiggins 1980) listed nearly 3000 taxa. Subsequent work has increased the estimate to 3676 taxa (R. Mitchel Beauchamp, compilation in progress), of which nearly one-third are endemic (Rebman 2001). The large flora obviously results from the extreme variability of habitats and climates, which in turn creates many ecological niches. Diversity is further augmented by proximity to the tropics. The peninsula spans 1270 km from the Mediterranean climate zone at 32.5° N southward through the horse latitudes and into the tropics at 23° N. The northern two-thirds receive winter rainfall, with the amount and dependability decreasing southward.