bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Kosovo Report
Authors: Independent International Commission on Kosovo  
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The Kosovo Report is a final product of the work by the Independent International Commission on Kosovo, established to examine key developments prior to, during, and after the Kosovo war, including systematic violations of human rights in the region. The report assesses effectiveness of diplomatic efforts to prevent the war, legality of the NATO bombing campaign against Yugoslavia, and the progress of the United Nations in post‐conflict reconstruction. The Report makes a recommendation for the future status of Kosovo and proposes a new general framework for humanitarian intervention based on principles of legitimacy. It argues that the intervention by the international community in the Kosovo conflict did not so much create a precedent for intervention elsewhere as raise vital question about the legitimacy and practicability of the use of military force to defend human rights. The intervention, the Report concludes, exposed the limitations of the current international law on the balance between the rights of citizens and the rights of states; it demonstrated the difficulties that ensue when even the most sophisticated and professional military forces are deployed to achieve humanitarian goals; and it showed the immense obstacles that lie in the path of creating multi‐ethnic cooperation in societies torn apart by ethnic war.
Introduction
Authors:   The Independent International Commission on Kosovo
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Poses the unresolved questions about the Kosovo conflict that motivated the establishment of the Independent International Commission on Kosovo. Among others, the questions include the role of the United Nations and NATO, and the general purpose of international intervention in preventing armed conflicts. The introduction also presents the Commission's mission statement and lists its members. It outlines the contents of the report, dividing it into a narrative and an analysis.
The Origins of the Kosovo Crisis
Authors:   The Independent International Commission on Kosovo
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Covers the origins of the Kosovo crisis and violations of international human rights standards, with special focus on the period from the abrogation of Kosovo's autonomous status in 1989 to February 1998. The chapter covers post‐World War II history of Serbian policy in Kosovo, Slobodan Milosevic's rise to power in the late 1980s, Albanian resistance under the League for a Democratic Kosovo (LDK), the establishment of a parallel system of Albanian underground self‐governance and the rise of the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA). In discussing the breakout of violence in 1998–99, the chapterpoints to failures of “early warning” lessons and the missed opportunities by the international community to prevent the conflict.
Internal Armed Conflict
Authors:   The Independent International Commission on Kosovo
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Describes the fatal spiral of hardening Serb intransigence and growing Kosovar Albanian armament that followed the abolishment of Kosovo's autonomy in 1990 and led to escalation of the conflict. The chapter identifies important military activities and sites of mass murder, most importantly the early Serbian military operation in Drenice/Drenica and the later execution of 45 Albanians in Recak/Racak. The chapter discusses the rise of the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA), and describes how the efforts by the UN Security Council and the Contact Group led to an agreement between US envoy Richard Holbrooke and Slobodan Milosevic to implement a cease‐fire and introduce the Kosovo Verification Mission. But this agreement was broken and further diplomatic efforts in Rambouillet and Paris failed to bring about cession of hostilities.
International War Supervenes
Authors:   The Independent International Commission on Kosovo
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Discusses the aims and the conduct of the NATO bombing campaign against the Yugoslavia; the refugee crisis and civilian casualties of the campaign; and the diplomatic events leading to the final peace agreement. The chapter argues that the NATO campaign did not itself provoke Serbian military's attacks on Kosovo civilians, but that the intervention and the removal of ground monitors may have created an internal environment that made Belgrade government's cleansing operation feasible. The chapter concludes that the intervention failed to achieve its avowed aim of preventing massive ethnic cleansing, that the Kosovar Albanian population had to endure tremendous suffering before finally achieving their freedom and that Milosevic remained in power, however, as an indicted war criminal.
Kosovo Under United Nations Rule
Authors:   The Independent International Commission on Kosovo
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Traces the establishment of international presence in Kosovo following the signing of the Military‐Technical Agreement (MTA) between NATO and Yugoslavia and the implementation of the UN Security Resolution 1244. The chapter points to the success of the Kosovo International Security Force (KFOR) deployed by NATO to ensure security on ground, and to the mixed record of the civilian United Nations Interim Mission in Kosovo in establishing effective presence. While the return of Albanian refugees was a success for UNMIK, the chapter argues that both KFOR and UNMIK failed to prevent revenge killings and that the poorly deployed UN police force was unprepared to stop inter‐ethnic violence, especially against Kosovo Serbs. Economic assistance and fight against organized crime are identified as some of the major challenges for UNMIK.
The Diplomatic Dimension
Authors:   The Independent International Commission on Kosovo
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Poses the question of whether diplomacy could have helped avoid a war in Kosovo while protecting the Kosovar Albanians. It argues that the narrative of the international response is inherently inconclusive, with not many clear “lessons” beyond the prudential observations in favour of early engagement and greater attentiveness to non‐violent options. The chapter describes the diplomatic efforts of the Contact Group, the UN Security Council, NATO, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and individual governments of the US and Russia. Belgrade government's opposition to armed international presence in Kosovo and KLA's refusal to back down from demands for independence are identified as main obstacles to reaching an agreement at Rambouillet.
International Law and Humanitarian Intervention
Authors:   The Independent International Commission on Kosovo
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Considers the international law controversy provoked by the NATO campaign in Kosovo. The central question addressed is whether the constraints imposed by international law on the non‐defensive use of force are adequate for the maintenance of peace and security. In response, considers the legality of NATO's forceful humanitarian intervention by reference to both jus ad bellum (recourse to war) and jus in bellum (lawfulness of conduct in war), and argues on behalf of legitimacy by way of an emergent framework of principled humanitarian intervention. A pre‐legal proposal is made to move in the direction of establishing a legal doctrine of humanitarian intervention that balances the clams to protect peoples against the importance of restricting discretion to use force in international relations.
Humanitarian Organizations and the Role of Media
Authors:   The Independent International Commission on Kosovo
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Part 1 argues that when there are large numbers of internally displaced people, humanitarian groups should anticipate and prepare for the risks of a large outflow of refugees. The chapter argues that the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) was unprepared to deal with the refugee crisis in Kosovo, and that its ability to coordinate the humanitarian response was hampered by lack of funding and coordination, proliferation of NGOs in the field funded directly by their governments and complex relations with the military. Part 2 of the chapter analyses the relationship between the media on one side and NATO, Yugoslav government, and NGOs on the other side. The second part of the chapter concludes by encouraging development of free press and mass media in post‐war Kosovo.
Kosovo: The Regional Dimension
Authors:   The Independent International Commission on Kosovo
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Examines past obstacles and presents opportunities for the development of regional cooperation, which, in the long run, remains a necessary precondition for peace and stability in south‐eastern Europe. Three dimensions of regional destabilization are addressed: the final disintegration of Yugoslavia (Serbia, Montenegro, Vojvodina), the direct destabilization of Kosovo's immediate neighbours (Macedonia and Albania) and the negative impact on other regional actors (Bulgaria, Romania, Greece, etc.). The chapter also summarizes the economic impact of the NATO intervention and the mixed record of the Stability Pact designed to foster post‐conflict regional cooperation. It argues that the real test for the moral issues that legitimized the intervention in Kosovo will be the European Union's (EU) ability to sustain a long‐term commitment to help establish a European future for the Balkans.
The Future Status of Kosovo
Authors:   The Independent International Commission on Kosovo
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Addresses concerns regarding the future status of Kosovo and analyses five possible alternatives: protectorate, partition, full independence, autonomy within a democratic Yugoslavia and conditional independence. The chapter recommends conditional independence as the future status of Kosovo, arguing for a constitutional regime that: (1) ensures respect of all Kosovo citizens’ rights to determine their future, (2) incorporates the role of the international community in providing external security and internal rights protection, (3) ensures full and equal political participation of all Kosovo citizens, (4) guarantees a wide set of internationally protected minority rights and (5) assures minority representation in the police, judiciary, and the government.
Conclusion
Authors:   The Independent International Commission on Kosovo
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Summarizes the goals and the conclusions of the Kosovo Commission's report. It outlines the historical context, summarizes the Report's assessment of human rights abuses and the legality of the NATO campaign and emphasizes the importance of European integration for the future of Kosovo and the entire region. The conclusion also outlines the Kosovo Commission's recommended framework of principles for humanitarian intervention. The first set consists of threshold principles that must be satisfied in order for any claim of humanitarian intervention to be legitimate, and the second set consists of contextual principles that enhance or diminish the degree of legitimacy possessed by forceful intervention.
Constitutive Luck
Authors: Latus Andrew 
Published: October 2003

Abstract:‘Constitutive luck’ refers to luck that affects the sort of person one is. This article demonstrates that it is a philosophically troubling sort of luck, causing problems in, at least, ethics and political philosophy. Some, notably Susan Hurley, Nicholas Rescher, and Daniel Statman, have argued that such trouble can be avoided, by pointing out that the notion of constitutive luck is incoherent. The article examines this claim by means of a discussion of the idea of luck in general, settling on an account of luck in terms of the notions of chance, value, and (lack of) control. This account is then used to show that the notion of constitutive luck is not incoherent. We are stuck with the problems made by constitutive luck.
Reinventing the Dutch Tax and Customs Administration: Past Restructure and Future Redesign
Authors: de Kam P.W. , Muizelaar J.C.F. , van Wuijtswinkel R.J.M. 
Published: October 2003

The growing divergence between everyday realities and the way the Dutch Tax and Customs Administration (DTCA) operated prompted it to adjust its procedures from the mid‐1970s onwards.At first, it was thought that adjustment would be confined to the primary processes of the DTCA, its management style, and corporate culture. Gradually, however, it became apparent that this new modus operand!, based on a target‐group approach to taxpayers replacing its earlier “types of taxes”‐orientated approach, could only be realized by an overhaul of its organizational structure as a whole.Restructuring was formally rounded off on 1 June 1992. In 1993, the first year in which the DTCA operated fully in its restructured form, the benefits of the changes brought about in preceding years began to emerge.Society is constantly in motion. As society changes, the DTCA has to meet new challenges. To keep abreast of these changes, organizations need to be flexible and have the capacity for adaptation. Further adaptations on the part of the DTCA are therefore inevitable in the coming years.' The focus has been placed on working in the here‐and‐now, with the emphasis on broadening the DTCA public‐orientated approach, on adequately tackling the fraud problem, and on ensuring that legal strictures are met. The article is an attempt to explain the background and the approach taken by the DTCA, a large organization of considerable importance that has to be constantly on the move and will remain so in the years ahead.
Service Efforts and Accomplishments Standards: Fundamental Questions of an Emerging Concept
Authors: Harris Jean 
Published: October 2003

In 1994, the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) adopted and published Concepts Statement No. 2, Service Efforts and Accomplishments Reporting} Although service efforts and accomplishments (SEA) is not a common term, this statement establishes the foundation for the subsequent adoption of reporting requirements that may expand the boundaries of reporting to significantly increase the amount of non‐financial information that states and municipalities will report, as well as the cost of external reporting Budget analysts are among prospective users of SEA information. A study of comment letters filed in response to the exposure draft, which preceded Concepts Statement No. 2, shows two divergent views of SEA reporting requirements.2 Support for SEA reporting requirements is grounded in a vision of the potential benefits of SEA reporting;3 opposition to SEA standards is grounded in concerns about potential consequences of instituting reporting requirements.4 The strength of opposition to SEA reporting requirements suggests that consideration of the rationale for standards setting is appropriate. In this article, commonly expressed concerns about reporting requirements are incorporated into five questions. Analysis of these questions evidences the weakness of the rationale for SEA standards as distinguished from the rationale for voluntary SEA reporting.Two proposals are advanced to address concerns about SEA reporting requirements. First, adoption of models of information use from the disciplines of public administration and political science is encouraged. Second, modification of the standard setting process to reflect the non‐financial domain of SEA is advocated. Thus, it is proposed that standard setters adopt approaches that emphasize cross‐disciplinary research, cooperation with other organizations, and active extension of due process to new stakeholders.
R57K Polymorphism in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease as Predictor of Early Virological Failure in a Cohort of Antiretroviral-Naive Patients Treated Mostly with a Nelfinavir-Containing Regimen
Authors: Masquelier Bernard , Droz Cecile , Dary Martin , Perronne Christian , Ferré Virginie , Spire Bruno , Descamps Diane , Raffi François , Brun-Vézinet Françoise , Chêne Geneviève ,   the APROCO/COPILOTE Study Group
Published: October 2003

ABSTRACT
In 243 antiretroviral-naive human immunodeficiency-infected patients starting a first-line-protease inhibitor (mainly nelfinavir)-containing therapy, the presence of the polymorphism R57K in the protease at the inception of therapy was independently associated with a higher rate of virological failure.
Objective Assessment of the Sympatholytic Action of Nei-Kuan Acupoint
Authors: Abad-Alegrìa Francisco , Pomaròn Carlos , Aznar Cristina , Muñoz Cristina , Adelantado Sonia 
Published: October 2003

From animal experiments and clinical trials, we can think that acupuncture of Nei-Kuan (EH-6) is effective in the control of some vegetative functions. We have tried to determine the real reach of these assumptions by means of simple quantitative measurement methods, such as detection of cardiac frequency and systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and the sympathetic electrical response. The experiments were performed on 29 healthy volunteers. Basal values of these parameters were recorded, and also after orthodox Nei-Kuan acupuncture, non-acupunctural point puncture, supine lying by 15 min, Chü-Tze (EH-3) acupuncture and bipolar electrical stimulus of the median nerve at the Nei-Kuan level in the wrist. Such conditions were designed to evaluate non-specific puncture, repose and direct median nerve stimulation influences in the effects of Nei-Kuan acupuncture. We conclude that Nei-Kuan acupuncture strongly inhibits sympathetic tone, with reduction of cardiac frequency, systolic blood pressure and an important reduction of the amplitude of the sympathetic electrical response; the latency of the electrical response was also prolonged. Some weak effects on blood pressure and cardiac frequency were observed also, as non-specific effects of puncture and median nerve stimulation. From previous anatomical data, we hypothesize that the level of such actions is suprametameric, with strong implication of the diencephalon and cerebral cortex.
The Alexander–Orbach Conjecture is Corrected
Authors: Skal Asya S. 
Published: October 2003

Using the Einstein relation [Formula: see text] the new critical exponents for regular diffusion are introduced [Formula: see text] where t is the conductivity critical exponents, g = -0.6 is the Hall coefficient critical exponents above the threshold for two-component composite. This result allows us to correct the Alexander–Orbach conjecture1 that an effective dimensionality of the random walk, is d w = 2+(t-g)/ν by changing β on g and obtaining a universal fraction dimension d s = 4/3 in two and three-dimensional spaces. The Alexander and Orbach suggestion is nothing else but a rigorous relation for dynamic exponents of conductivity, the Hall and diffusion coefficients, similar to those for the phase-transition static critical exponents. It allows us to verify our value of fractal dimension of the backbone [Formula: see text] instead of customary [Formula: see text] for three-dimensional space and also to calculate the Hall coefficient critical exponent and the backbone fractal dimension in high dimension spaces.
Polaron Dissociation at the Insulator-to-Metal Transition
Authors: Quémerais P. , Fratini S. 
Published: October 2003

Considering the long range Coulomb interactions between large polarons in dielectrics, we propose a model for their crystallization when no bipolarons are formed. As the density increases, the melting is examined at T=0 K. One possibility is the delocalization towards a liquid state of polarons. However, we show that this cannot happen if the electron-phonon coupling is larger than some critical value. The other competing mechanism is the dissociation of the polarons themselves, favored owing to their large mass at strong coupling. Finally, we propose a phase diagram for the insulator-to-metal transition as a function of the density and electron–phonon coupling.
Determination of Transient Currents in Nematic Liquid Crystals by Using a Time Dependent Thermodynamical Model
Authors: Rosu Constantin , Motoc Cornelia 
Published: October 2003

The behavior of transient currents in nematic liquid crystals is examined by using a theoretical model based on a time dependent thermodynamical model. The transient current exhibits a peak which is due to the dynamics of molecular reorientation under electric field. The time evolution of the transient current, its dependence on temperature and on field strength are in good agreement with the experimental data obtained for the nematic 5CB.
CXCR4 engagement is required for HIV-1–induced L-selectin shedding
Authors: Wang JiangFang , Marschner Susanne , Finkel Terri H. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe chemokine receptor, CXCR4, serves as the primary coreceptor for entry of T-cell tropic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Binding of either the CXC-chemokine, stromal-derived factor 1α (SDF-1α), or a CXCR4 antagonist, AMD3100, to CXCR4 inhibits infection of CD4+ T cells by T-tropic HIV-1, although only SDF-1α triggers T-cell signaling cascades. We have previously demonstrated that ligation of CD4 by T-cell tropic HIV-1 NL4-3 induces metalloproteinase-dependent L-selectin (CD62L) shedding on resting CD4+ T cells. However, the role of CXCR4 in HIV-induced L-selectin shedding is unclear. Here, we show that L-selectin shedding induced by HIV-1 NL4-3 is completely reversed by AMD3100, but not SDF-1α, although SDF-1α alone does not induce L-selectin shedding. These results indicate that engagement of both CD4 and CXCR4 is required for HIV-induced shedding of L-selectin on primary resting CD4+ T cells.
Dual roles of the C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) during developmental vascularization
Authors: Duan Li-Juan , Imamoto Akira , Fong Guo-Hua 
Published: October 2003

AbstractHere we report that C-terminal Src kinase (Csk), a tyrosine kinase that negatively regulates the activity of Src and related kinases, is important for vascular development. In Csk–/– embryos, although vascular tubules were formed and organized into capillary-like networks during the initial genesis of blood vessels, the vessels failed to engage in normal sprout formation. In chimeric embryos containing both wild-type and Csk–/– cells, the presence of wild-type cells enabled Csk–/– endothelial cells to participate in branching morphogenesis. We suggest that wild-type cells may have supplied an angiogenic factor absent in Csk–/– cells. Despite the partial rescue of vascular development in chimeric embryos, the embryos failed to form vitelline vessels and died at E9.5. These results indicate that Csk is required both for angiogenic sprouting and vascular remodeling.