bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Additional information on Meloidogyne ethiopica Whitehead, 1968 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae), a root-knot nematode parasitising kiwi fruit and grape-vine from Brazil and Chile
Authors: Carneiro Regina , Randig Onivaldo , Almeida Maria Ritta , Gomes Ana Cristina 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
A root-knot nematode parasitising kiwi fruit (Actinidia deliciosa) in Rio
Grande do Sul State, Brazil and grape-vine (Vitis vinifera) in Chile, is
identified as Meloidogyne ethiopica Whitehead, 1968. The species is
redescribed from this new material and compared with the type description of
M. ethiopica and another population of the species from Kenya. The female
has an oval to squarish perineal pattern with a moderately high to high
dorsal arch, smooth, widely spaced striae, and no 'shoulders'. The head
region is set off with an elevated squarish labial disc, usually marked by
annulations, and the stylet is 12-15 μm long, the cone usually being
slightly curved dorsally and the shaft gradually widening posteriorly to
near the junction with the rounded stylet knobs. The DGO is 3.0-5.0 μm
behind the knobs. The male has a high, rounded head cap which is continuous
with the body contour and has a distinct labial disc, almost circular to
hexagonal in shape, and distinctly separated from the medial lips. The
stylet is robust, 23-27 μm long with a straight cone and a cylindrical shaft
widening slightly near its junction with the basal knobs which are smooth,
round to pear-shaped and backwardly sloping. The stylet length of the
second-stage juvenile is 11-14 μm, the DGO is 2.0-3.0 μm behind the knobs
and the tail length is 52-72 μm. Biochemically, the esterase phenotype E3 (
Ki3) is species-specific and is the most useful character for
differentiating M. ethiopica from other species. Reproduction is by mitotic
parthenogenesis, 2n 36-38. In a differential host test, populations of M.
ethiopica reproduced on tomato, tobacco, pepper and watermelon. No
reproduction occurred on cotton or peanut. Using the PCR-RAPD analysis to
compare populations from Brazil, Chile and Kenya, a low proportion of
polymorphic fragments (about 17.7%) was detected and the isolates clustered
together with high bootstrap support (100%), thus confirming that all three
populations are very similar and apparently conspecific.
Empowerment through Inclusion: The Case of Women in the Discourses of Advertising in Botswana
Authors: Lunga Violet 
Published: May 2004

AbstractSuccess in the fight against HIV/AIDS is related to the degree to which women are acknowledged as and indeed become active stakeholders in the negotiation process of sex relations. As part of that awareness, advertisement campaigns in Botswana attempt to make room for the participation of women in the fight against HIV/AIDS by including women's voices in the discourse around sex as significant actors in negotiation processes of sex and condoms. Using a critical approach, this paper deconstructs notions of equity and assumptions of empowerment in order to expose the limits of the discourse of inclusion of women in public. Advertisements campaigns that seek to empower women in Botswana, while a useful beginning, are examined for the ways they perpetuate cultural attitudes and stereotypes as well as maintain male hegemony. In addition, the paper suggests that the discourse of women's empowerment and inclusion in sexual negotiations cannot be isolated from the socio-cultural, economic and psychological contexts of women.
Enhancing Science and Technology in the SADC Region: Roles of the Secretariat and Member States
Authors: Patterson Rubin , Bozeman James 
Published: May 2004

AbstractIncreased economic integration throughout the world, the growing dominance of foreign affiliate production over international exports, the routinization of innovation, and amplified knowledge-intensiveness of FDI collectively characterize the new global economic environment in which SADC nations are attempting to develop and compete. This paper provides a detailed summary of the global economic context and one of its leading engines, namely, science and technology (S&T). Analysis of Africa's post-independence S&T travails and successes constitutes the second section of the paper. Various factors that have collectively arrested S&T growth are discussed. The third and largest section is the analysis of commonalities and particularities of S&T needs and activities by the SADC secretariat and member states. Focused analytical reports on the status of S&T development efforts in Botswana and Zimbabwe comprise the final section. Based on the contextual threats and opportunities discussed above, the paper concludes with two concrete recommendations: integrating and adopting the elements suggested in the paper for a long-term S&T development model, and pursuing state-sponsored or quasi-state-sponsored reverse engineering campaigns.
Cyberspace vs. Face-to-Face: Community Organizing in the New Millennium
Authors: Stoecker Randy 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis paper explores the influences of the Internet on the practice of community organizing. There are continuing questions over the scale of community organizing—how much to focus on the local versus the global—as well as over the models of social action—whether to organize institutions or individuals, use conflict or cooperation tactics, and other questions. This paper assesses whether the growing involvement of the Internet in community organizing has any influence on those questions. It looks at the early days of the Internet in community organizing, with particular attention to the free software movement, the Zapatista rebellion, the Communications Decency Act, and the early anti-globalization movement. The analysis of those cases shows that the Internet has influenced the scale of community organizing, allowing for a much better link between local and global efforts. The Internet has not, however, ushered in new effective models of organizing.
ICT, Local Government Capacity Building, and Civic Engagement: An Evaluation of the Sample Initiative in Ghana
Authors: Tettey Wisdom 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis paper evaluates a local Regional Network (LRNet) in one of Ghana's administrative regions; the purpose of the network is to enhance the capacity of the local government to perform its functions, promote transparency, and serve as a mechanism for civic engagement in the political process. I adopt Zhu's WSR approach as a conceptual model for this analysis, which examines, within a concrete setting, the nature, challenges, and outcomes that emanate from the intersection of the dual paradigm shifts in information technology and the reinvention of government. The case study concludes that there is a significant expectation-perception gap between the project's intent and its outcomes. The findings strongly support the view that computers by themselves cannot achieve organizational goals if the necessary enabling environment does not support them. It is clear from this study that ICTs do not function in a socio-cultural, political, and economic vacuum. Their efficacy is contingent on the various forces and realities that coalesce to shape the environment into which they are introduced. While the technologies may be designed in a way that allows them to perform certain functions, it is the decisions, orientations, and attitudes of human beings, as well as the resource capabilities of the organizations, which ultimately determine the success of IT undertakings. Therefore, organizations employing the ICTs must appreciate the limitations of an instrumental perspective that focuses only on the "digital messiah" as the panacea for organizational problems and the sole catalyst for government reinvention.
Role of Gender in Wage Determination in the Production Sector in Japan
Authors: Yamada Yuko , Koshal Rajindar , Miyazima Sasuke , Koshal Manjulika 
Published: May 2004

Abstract
Using labor survey data for the year 1998, this paper attempts to estimate a gender-based earning model that is a function of age, experience, and education levels. According to the estimated model, keeping education at a fixed level, the wages of production (blue-collar) workers are a nonlinear function of age and experience. On the average, over a lifetime, female workers earn 78 to 81% of the wages of their male counterparts. The annual rate of return on three years of high school education is 4.15% for males and 2.45% for females.
Reflections and Refractions: Arab American Women Writing and Written
Authors: Serageldin Samia 
Published: May 2004

AbstractAt a time when the American popular imagination is dominated by fun-house refractions of Arabs and Muslims as the ultimate "other," it is critical that these images be counterbalanced by unmediated, first-person, authentic reflections of the real-life experiences of writers of Middle Eastern heritage. This is where fiction and narrative non-fiction occupy a privileged position, creating an intimate, expansive space for empathy and identification, and serving generality through specificity.
Stolen Husbands, Foreign Wives: Mixed Marriage, Identity Formation, and Gender in Colonial Egypt, 1909-1923
Authors: Kholoussy Hanan 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis paper explores the multiple ways in which Egyptian women and men conceptualized mixed marriage between Egyptian men and European women from 1909 to 1923. It argues that mixed marriage in colonial Egypt was a contested site of national identity formation that attracted the growing attention of writers. The debates on mixed marriage provide convincing evidence of the political and cultural anxieties which often underwrote experiments in colonial modernity. I aim to situate mixed marriage—where these anxieties particularly coalesced—as a place in which notions of colonial modernity were produced and reproduced as a condition for the enlightenment and progress of the Egyptian nation and its citizens, most notably its women. As the sources make clear, tensions about marriage between Egyptian men and European women evolved out of the particular circumstances of the British occupation. These anxieties coalesced particularly in critiques that often portrayed mixed marriage as endangering the marital futures of Egyptian women, and the political and cultural identities of mixed marriage offspring, the family, and the Egyptian nation by extension. An analysis of these debates will reveal that mixed marriage was often portrayed as an impediment—and sometimes as a facilitator—to Egypt's path of modernity. I argue that these writers used mixed marriage to critique Egyptian men's and women's gendered roles as fathers, husbands, mothers, and wives. In doing so, they aimed to construct a new vision of the family and society as sites of modernity where the Egyptian colony could reform and prove to be 'modern' and, thus, worthy of political independence.
«Pourquoi tu ne M'écris Plus . . .?»: Les Relations Mixtes et les Frontières Sociales dans le Protectorat Espagnol au Maroc
Authors: Dieste Josep Lluís Mateo 
Published: May 2004

AbstractDans le cadre de cet article je propose de reconstruire le rôle joué par les relations mixtes entre les sexes dans un contexte colonial particulier, le Protectorat Espagnol au Maroc (1912-1956) et leur importance comme indicateur des frontières sociales entre Espagnols et Marocains. En deuxième lieu, je montrerai l'importance des facteurs de religion, de parenté et de nationalité dans la construction des barrières contre le métissage. Et enfin, j'analyserai l'influence des systèmes de classification sociale dans l'établissement des frontières de parenté entre les groupes, en fonction de critères de hiérarchie de «culture» ou de «civilisation». Les faits nous révèlent qu'en dépit d'interdictions de la part des deux groupes, il existait des unions hypogamiques entre des femmes espagnoles et des hommes marocains, et qu'à l'inverse, les rapports sexuels entre femmes marocaines et hommes espagnols étaient relégués à la marginalité et considérés comme terrain du dangereux. Les sources utilisées pour cette recherche sont les documents de l'administration du Protectorat Espagnol (Rapports et documents de la Delegación de Asuntos Indígenas , dans l' Archivo General de la Administración d'Alcalá de Henares); la littérature de l'époque sur les relations mixtes; et une trentaine d'entretiens réalisés entre 1997 et 1999 avec des Marocains et des Espagnols ayant vécu dans la zone de Protectorat dans les années 30 et 50. L'exposé est organisé comme suit: une introduction au contexte du Maroc colonial et au cadre juridique lié aux mariages mixtes; le croisement des visions marocaines et espagnoles dans le domaine de la parenté et de la sexualité; l'analyse des relations mixtes sur le terrain et la réaction des autorités coloniales.
The Laws Governing The Work Of Women In Muslim Countries Today: The Jordanian Case
Authors: Abu-Hassan Reem 
Published: May 2004

AbstractIn the Muslim world, women have equal opportunities of work on theoretical and legislative bases, but in practice women benefit less than men because of the de facto discrimination practices of society. This paper deals with the laws guiding the work of women in Muslim countries by using the Jordanian legal system as an example. It will be argued that law is an important area of practice for social transformation. By recognizing that power is diffused throughout society rather than located solely in the state and related institutions, law can be used to facilitate transitions in social and economic transformations even where traditions and social constraints severely hinder change.
AUTHORITY VERSUS SEXUALITY: DIALECTICS IN WOMAN'S IMAGE IN MODERN SUDANESE NARRATIVE DISCOURSE
Authors: Oladosu Afis 
Published: May 2004

AbstractNotwithstanding its "peripheral" status in Arabic literary writing, the portrayal of the woman's image in the Sudanese narrative discourse essays the protean nature of literary and intellectual activities in Sudan and the eclecticism in the status of the Sudanese woman (al-mar'a al-sūdāniyya) in the early modern period in the country. This paper attempts to appropriate her locus and location in Sudan's historical and socio-cultural landscape using the mirror provided by Mu'āwiyya Muhammad Nūr, Mulkat Dār Muhammad and Tayeb Salih as its guide. The dialecticism in her image which is evidenced in the creative world of these writers is thereafter sublimated into two strategies: Authority and Sexuality.
Abortion: the Case for Non-intervention
Authors: Petersen  
Published: May 2004

AbstractIn this article I argue that repealing abortion laws would help to establish a philosophical foundation for reproductive choice. Legal silence on abortion would signal that what is not prohibited is permitted. Although Australian abortion law and practice has an Alice in Wonderland quality which may have been productive in an evolutionary sense, the pitfalls of this approach to reproductive autonomy are becoming obvious. It is time to dismantle the legal scaffolding and contextualise the questions most relevant to women who are faced with an unplanned and unwanted pregnancy. Women need help not hindrance when making reproductive decisions.
The Swedish No Fault Patient Insurance Scheme
Authors: Borgenhammar  , Fallberg  
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to describe, analyze and discuss aspects of the Swedish No Fault Patient Insurance Scheme (NFPI, in Swedish "patientförsäkringen"). The discussion will deal with reasons behind the emerging of such a scheme and its likely effects. A question is whether it has qualities that may be of value to other cultures, and what the drawbacks may be. In other words: what are the possibilities for cross-national learning?
Living Donor Organ Transplantation in Europe: Re-evaluating its Role
Authors: Price  , Akveld  
Published: May 2004

AbstractHard choices confront societies generally as well as clinicians individually in the face of escalating organ supply requirements for transplantation within Europe. Living organ donation is an important supplement to cadaveric sources of supply, at least in the short to medium term. However, all acceptable therapeutic transplantation strategies require a proper legal regulatory framework to facilitate their use and to encompass central ethical principles and standards. Living donor organ transplantation has typically lacked such a framework, creating vagueness and both doubt and scepticism as to its status and practice.
Review of Ethics and Human Genetics, Proceedings of the 2nd Symposium of the Council of Europe on Bioethics, Strasbourg, 30 November -- 2 December 1993, Council of Europe Press, 1994
Authors: Chadwick  
Published: May 2004

AbstractReview of Ethics and Human Genetics, Proceedings of the 2nd Symposium of the Council of Europe on Bioethics, Strasbourg
Politics–Administration Interface: The Case of the City of Cape Town
Authors: Cameron Robert 
Published: May 2004

This article is an analysis of a controversial policy decision on the part of the newly elected Democratic Alliance local administration in Cape Town, South Africa, to fire senior officials of the previous African National Congress administration and to introduce an interim policy for senior managers that stated that such positions should be filled by people who are ‘politically suitable and acceptable’ to the ruling party. The author of this article was part of a team that reviewed this policy. This article is an account of this process. The author developed, on the basis of comparative experience, a heuristic model that could serve as the basis for gauging the extent of politicians’ involvement in the appointment of staff. A continuum illustrating the different approaches to council appointment of staff was generated. Five different approaches were identified, namely neutral, minimalist appointment of senior staff, appointment of top and middle-level staff, large-scale appointment in all ranks and fusion of party/state. The report concluded that the most appropriate of these models is the minimalist appointment model whereby councillors should have the right to appoint certain selected senior staff.
Between the ‘Governance’ Model and the Policy Evaluation Act: New Public Management in Japan
Authors: Kudo Hiroko 
Published: May 2004

This article tries to describe Japanese npm (New Public Management) from two opposite poles: from the national legislative framework and from an experimental example in local government. Since the late 1990s, although npm was developed from Anglo-Saxon experiences, it has been implemented in Japan at the national level in a unique manner. The crisis in public finance, the urgent need for public sector reform and political instability led to two extreme options: self-reform by the bureaucracy itself; and citizen empowerment resulting inpressure on the bureaucracy. While the second one has been struggling to obtain public consensus, expertise for its practice and institutionalization, the first has resulted, to a certain extent, in the reorganization and restructuring of administrative institutions andin the establishment of both a legal framework and an operational system for measuring performance and evaluating policy.
Effect of Preform Thickness and Volume Fraction on Injection Pressure and Mechanical Properties of Resin Transfer Molded Composites
Authors: Olivero Kristian A. , Hamidi Youssef K. , Aktas Levent , Altan M. Cengiz 
Published: May 2004

An experimental study is performed to characterize the effect of the thickness of random preforms on injection pressure and mechanical properties of resin transfer molded (RTM) parts. Center-gated, disk-shaped parts are molded using two different chopped-strand glass fiber preforms. Both preforms have random microstructure but different planar densities (i.e., different uncompressed layer thicknesses). Tensile strength, short-beam shear strength, and elastic modulus are measured for parts molded with each preform type at three different fiber volume fractions of 6.84, 15.55, and 24.83%. Although mechanical properties are found to increase linearly with volume fraction, significant difference is not observed between disks containing thick and thin mats at equivalent fiber volume fraction. However at the same fiber content, parts molded with thin mats require significantly lower injection pressures compared to parts containing thick mats. To characterize this phenomenon, a pressure-matching method to determine planar permeability is presented. Permeability values for each preform would provide a quantitative description of the required injection pressure due to changes in preform thickness, with lower permeabilities resulting in higher injection pressure. Transient pressure data is collected at a fixed radial location within the mold cavity during filling for both preforms at three different volume fractions. Permeability is obtained by fitting the theoretical pressure equation derived from Darcy’s law to the transient pressure data. Permeability values are found to be as much as 227% higher for thin mats compared with thick mats at the same fiber content. The results demonstrate that equivalent mechanical properties can be obtained at lower injection pressures by using thinner random mats.
Bullying in Italian Schools
Authors: Gini Gianluca 
Published: May 2004

A very large body of international studies supports the world-wide concern with the issue of school bullying. Literature in this field is currently divided between analysis of the phenomenon‘s different characteristics and evaluation of various intervention programmes in schools. At the same time, teachers, parents and media are acquiring more and more awareness about the problem and this is leading to a growing request for more effective action. This article presents an overview of published intervention/ prevention programmes carried out in Italian schools in the last decade. For the sake of clarity, following an ecological approach, works have been distinguished according to the level at which they are focused on the school system. Success in reducing bullying and the limits of each intervention are critically considered.