bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imperfect Competition and Price Adjustment
Authors: Andersen Torben M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter sets the scene for the subsequent discussions of possible reasons for inflexible price adjustment by asking what standard models of imperfect competition imply for the adjustment of prices. Section 3.2 starts out with a static model of a monopolist firm to consider the effects on prices of nominal shocks as well as real shocks affecting demand and supply conditions. This model assumes that the firm can flexibly adjust to the state of the market, but this is not generally the case, and Section 3.3 considers whether the firm prefers to retain flexibility in adjusting prices or quantities. This leads to an analysis in Section 3.4 of whether the optimal price and production decisions may lead to systematic imbalances between demand and supply (rationing) and, in particular, a predominance of excess supply. Finally, Section 3.5 considers the importance of competition among firms, and sets up a model extensively used in the following chapters.
What Have We Learned?
Authors: Andersen Torben M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The preceding chapters have shown that firms often face circumstances in which optimal decisions imply that prices adjust rigidly to changes in market conditions. The price adjustment process is an important channel by which shocks get propagated into the system. This applies both to nominal and real shocks and to nominal and real price rigidities. Although the adjustment problems follow as a result of rational decisions on the part of firms, they have negative welfare consequences arising from externalities in price-setting as well as from the interaction between distortions caused by imperfect competition and the allocational effects of shocks. Causes for price rigidity or sluggishness are numerous. The list includes implicit and explicit adjustment costs, intertemporal considerations, collusion, staggering, and informational problems. Perhaps the most promising approach which has not yet been fully exhausted is that of informational problems in decentralized economies. This approach seems to encompass most results obtained by alternative approaches; moreover, it captures the essential fact of a decentralized market economy-that there is not an omnipotent auctioneer who acquires and disseminates all information freely. Understanding how information is processed is essential to understanding how the market system works. Although the market system is usually praised for its ability to process information, it is an implication that the decentralized nature of information causes adjustment failures.
Disaster Statistics and Patterns
Authors: Albala-Bertrand J M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most disaster analysis is based on shaky foundations. Institutional bias, political interests, and technical insufficiencies make disaster statistics unsatisfactory and unreliable (Sects. 1 and 2). This contributes to preserve myths about the effects of disasters on the economy and society, especially about the magnitude of indirect effects. To establish some valid patterns, we will assume that the statistical distortions are systematic over time and across sources; therefore, even if the absolute figures are wrong their relative magnitudes will be about right, making the general patterns from current data adequate (Sect. 3). This is more certain, however, when the data come from the same source, as is the case with our sectoral pattern of direct effects (Sect. 4), or when the pattern can be checked against correlated data, as is the case with our pattern of response sources (Sect. 5).
From Craftsmanship to Industrial Production
Authors: Zamagni Vera 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the time of the unification of italy, industry, although not totally absent from the scene, was none the less of marginal importance: crafts, on the other hand, existed in proportion to local demand, and therefore to the different levels of income produced by the diverse forms of agriculture. Fifty years later, all the modern industries were present in Italy, some more some less advanced: from the metallurgical industry to the energy industry, from the production of types to that of cars, from chemical fertilizers to sugar. An industrial census was conducted at the end of this period in order to ascertain to what extent industrialization had been accomplished; it is not without its defects (there are no figures for the value of production, for example), but the data available for the intermediate stages of Italian industrialization are even more incomplete.
Economic Miracle: Crises and Recovery
Authors: Zamagni Vera 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This final chapter has a very different role to play from that of the preceding chapters. The process of economic development in Italy went through a decisive stage during the years after the Second World War, and for this reason it is essential to consider this period in order not to lose sight of the long-run interpretation of economic growth which I heartily believe in. However, these past 40 years or so have still not been analysed in depth by historians, although a growing number of studies of an increasingly more specialized nature have been produced by economists interested in the period.1 I myself have never taken the opportunity to do research on this period, with the exception of one study which I shall be mentioning shortly. Thus, while an even more detailed study should have been made of this very important period than has been made of the first 50 years of the newly unified Italy, it is not possible to do it here.
Yosef Nahmani and the Arab Question in 1948
Authors: Morris Benny 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For close on forty years, Yosef Nahmani (ne Agronovsky) was at the cutting edge of the Zionist enterprise in Palestine—as a member of the pre-World War I HaShomer, the Yishuv’s first self defence force; then as a Haganah activist in Eastern Galilee; and, lastly, as the director of the Jewish National Fund’s branch office in Tiberias, responsible for land purchases and infrastructure development for new Jewish settlements. Land-acquisition and defence matters, the twin pillars of the whole Zionist endeavour, were the core of his life’s work. As we shall see, additional tasks devolved upon him in the course of the 1948 war. And, as we shall also see, Nahmani, in his attitudes and actions, came to embody some of the deep, painful contradictions at the heart of socialist Zionim and of the Zionist enterprise itself, which was guided by this ideology towards statehood and beyond.
The Initial Absorption of the Palestinian Refugees in the Arab Host Countries, 1948–1949
Authors: Morris Benny 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Palestinian Arab exodus began in December 1947, within days of the UN General Assembly passage of the Partition Resolution for Palestine and the start of Arab–Jewish hostilities around the country. The first wave of exiles, who numbered several tens of thousands over December 1947–March 1948, was largely drawn from the urban middle classes—relatively wealthy families from Jaffa, Haifa, and Jerusalem, some with second houses in Lebanon, Nablus, or Amman, who preferred to be out of harm’s way for the duration of the conflict. In most cases, they were not compelled to emigrate by Jewish order, pressure, or victory in the field; often, as in Haifa and Jaffa in the first months of the war, the hostilities were relatively minor and these families, if at all, were only remotely threatened.
Renewed Demographic Concerns
Authors: Gauthier Anne Hèléne 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The period from the 1960s witnessed major reforms and re-orientations in the policies of governments towards families. New economic and social circumstances prevailed, and were making obsolete some of the measures adopted in, and adapted to, the immediate post-war period. Similarly, the demographic changes which were to take place from the mid-1960s were also to call for policy reforms. If the post-war fertility reversal had eliminated earlier fears of depopulation, the sudden onset of fertility decline was to put the population issue back on the political agenda. In addition, the increase in divorce rate, lone-parenthood, and the prevalence of dualearner families, were also revealing the inadequacies of a system of state support aimed at very traditional and stable families. Together these demographic changes were therefore to stimulate the launch of significant action by governments. Responses to this new demographic situation were not uniform across countries. While some governments raised the flag of pro-natalism and opted for interventionist actions, others welcomed the onset of fertility decline as a solution to earlier fears of over-population.
Recent Trends in State Support for Families
Authors: Gauthier Anne Hèléne 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The period from 1975 was one of significant reorientation for systems of state support for families. There was, first, the need to adjust benefits to better support families. Families had undergone major transformations, and adjustments were required to meet their needs. On the other hand, there were budget constraints which were severely limiting the expansion of the system of state support for families. The whole welfare benefit system had grown unchecked, and there were now calls to restrain its growth. Thus, while the first factor was calling for an expansion in state support for families, the second was calling for stabilization or contraction.
Fertility, Mortality, and Intergenerational Transfers: Comparisons across Steady States
Authors: Lee Ronald 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Biological changes over the life-cycle interact with economic incentives and socio-cultural values and institutions to produce life-cycle patterns of earning and consumption. These patterns, while by no means identical in detail across populations, share the general features of consumption in excess of labour earnings in youth and old age. Consumption in excess of labour earnings at these ages is funded, at least in part, from the excess of earnings in the working ages, through what may be called intergenerational transfers. Such transfers take place through the family, the public sector, and the market. In steady state, age-patterns of intergenerational transfers are repeated generation after generation, and we may view them as a means for individuals to smooth their own consumption streams through inter-temporal transfers to themselves. In this sense, the consumption needs and labour efforts of the different age-groups in a population at any instant are a kind of surrogate for those same needs and efforts over the individual life-cycle. When the population is stationary, the correspondence is exact: the proportion of the population at each age is identical to the average proportion at each age over the individual life-cycle (see Preston, 1982).
The Changing Shape of the Agricultural Sector
Authors: Fennell Rosemary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Before embarking on a review of the way in which the CAP has developed over time, it is opportune to pause and examine the main features of the agricultural sector in the Member States and the Community. This chapter relies entirely on the statistical evidence provided by the Community itself and because that Community has changed in size over time the data used reflect that fact. This complicates the picture, as indeed do the changes in the selection of statistics made available. For instance, Table 3.1 provides some basic data on the Community as it was in 1984 and 1993: the first year was chosen purely because that was the earliest occasion on which the data were published in a particular way which has since been repeated annually. Despite many limitations and concerns about continuity and comparability over time and between Member States, the real problem lies in the overwhelming amount of data now available. The material included in this chapter is but a small selection and has been chosen to highlight certain features of the sector, in particular agriculture’s place in the wider economy; aspects of production and human consumption; the place of the Community in world agricultural trade; the physical size of farms and certain features of the people who work on those farms; and finally the cost of the CAP in budgetary terms.
‘Japanese-Style’ Labour Relations
Authors: Odaka Konosuke 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It has long been noted that labour relations in Japan have many features that differ from those in Europe and America. First, the Japanese labour market is said to be segregated into separate parts. An indication of this is the rate of voluntary retirement which, already low by international standards, gets lower as the enterprises involved get bigger. Male employees, and particularly the regular staff of large corporations, join their firms fresh from graduation, and after a few years they become very reluctant to leave. On the other hand, employees in small and medium-sized firms tend to change jobs frequently, slipping easily from one workplace to another. An exception to this is those people, such as professional baseball players, who can survive and prosper on their individual skills alone.
The Institutional Framework of the Tokugawa Economy
Authors: Iwahashi Masaru 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Tokugawa economy has long since been reinterpreted, and seen as the foundation of the modern Japanese economy. In this chapter, therefore, I will not reexamine economic conditions—such as capital accumulation and production technology—that were direct preconditions for industrialization, an approach exemplified by studies of management and the.
Institutionalizing the Active Labor Market Policy in Japan: A Comparative View
Authors: Kume Ikuo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the postwar high growth period, most advanced industrial democracies made full employment an important political goal, and this commitment drove them to introduce various employment policies. A similar repertoire of employment policies is found in most of these countries. Despite policy similarities, however, unemployment rates diverged widely by the 1980s. In 1960—7, Japan, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and smaller European countries—such as Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway, and Sweden—boasted of unemployment rates below 2.5 per cent. However, only some smaller European corporatist countries—Sweden, Norway, Austria, and Switzerland—and Japan were able to keep their records of low unemployment into the 1980s.
Introduction
Authors: Davies Stephen , Lyons Bruce 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The subject of this book is the industrial organization of the manufacturing sector in the European Union (EU). Drawing on a research project which in volved extensive data collection, it reports a wide range of new facts which, taken together, paint a far more detailed and comprehensive picture of firm and industry structure than anything previously available. For example, we look at concentration, integration, multinationality and diversification. However, the purpose of the book is not primarily descriptive. Underlying our efforts to describe structure is a theoretical thesis which owes much to recent developments in the academic industrial organization literature. This is that, by studying aspects of industrial structure, one can learn much about the nature of the competitive processes which have given rise to that structure. A key part of our story will be about the crucial influence of different competitive mechanisms: price, advertising, and R & D. Ultimately, therefore, the subject of our book is the analysis of competition in general, and in particular in the context of the European integration process.
The EU Market Share Matrix
Authors: Davies Stephen , Lyons Bruce 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the heart of the empirical work in this book is a database constructed specifically for this project: the EU market share matrix. This matrix provides a concise, yet disaggregated and comprehensive, description of the structure of the EU manufacturing sector, and it goes far beyond the sort of information available in the published statistics analysed in the previous chapter. It is the product of a collaborative data collection effort, stretching over a three-year period, to which all of the national research teams have contributed. This chapter is devoted to a description of the matrix: explaining how it was con structed, and exploring some of its properties. Section 3.2 explains the under lying principles and logic of the matrix; Section 3.3 briefly describes the methods of data collection and collation; Section 3.4 reports its broad dimen sions; and Section 3.5 assesses its likely ‘accuracy’. Section 3.6 summarizes.
The Dimensions of Industrial Structure
Authors: Davies Stephen , Lyons Bruce 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The five chapters which make up this part of the book focus on the individual industry as the unit of observation. In turn, they examine different elements of industry structure: specialization, trade, and integration (Ch.5); concentration (Ch.6); intra-EU multinationality(Ch.7); and the role of non-EU multinational firms (Ch.8). On a factual level, they use the market share matrix to build up an integrated statistical mapping of various elements of the structure of manufac turing in the EU. But, running alongside this factual fl.ow, there is also an under lying conceptual theme. This is that, by observing different facets of thestructure of EU industry, we gain important insights into the nature of the competitive processes at work. This is of interest for both policy purposes and as a test of contemporary industrial organization theory. For example, is competition truly European, or does it remain partly localized within national boundaries? And, can we detect differences between industries which can be explained, as predicted by theory, in terms of the type of competitive weapons used by firms? The present chapter starts the map-plotting task, in Section 4.2, by extract ing estimates of EU industrial concentration from the matrix.
Industrial Concentration
Authors: Davies Stephen , Lyons Bruce 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Why are some EU industries dominated by a few firms while others are very fragmented? And does the evidence on concentration reveal anything about the competitive process in the EU? These two apparently separate questions tum out to be intimately linked. A central theme in this chapter will be that, by looking carefully at market structure, we can draw inferences about how firms in the industry compete. For example, for a given degree of economies of scale, fiercer price competition leaves room for fewer firms; so the observation of a more concentrated industry, ceteris paribus, tells us about the severity of price competition. This idea will be developed more fully in section 6.3. Part of the reason why some industries are so much more concentrated than others may lie in the degree of trade integration in the EU at the time. For example, in the last chapter we found that Type 2A industries were much less trade integrated than Type 2R. One consequence might be that firms in Type 2A industries were typically competing in a large number of small mar kets, while those in Type 2R industries were competing across the EU. If true, this would certainly affect the EU market structure. One purpose of this chap ter is to investigate the relationship between concentration and trade integ ration.
Infant and Child Mortality in Italy, Eighteenth to Twentieth Century: Long-Term Trends and Territorial Differences
Authors: Panta Lorenzo Del 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The aim of this report is to give an account-according to the results of researches which have been carried out up to the present time-of the evolution of infant and child mortality in Italy. Some explanatory hypotheses will also be introduced, mainly on the basis of the observation of territorial differences and of their evolution over time. Along the way, some considerations will also be proposed concerning the reliability of available data, with special regard to the difficulties arising when data come from different experiences and situations. In particular, we must stress the fact that the date of National Unification (1861) creates a breaking-point as far as demographic sources of data are concerned, and it is only after 1861 that an accurate analysis of mortality by age can be carried out for the whole Italian population. The evolution of infant and child mortality from National Unification to the middle of the twentieth century will first be described. Afterwards, some partial information will be supplied about the trends and territorial differences of pre-Unification infant mortality levels.
Month of Birth as a Factor in Children’s Survival
Authors: Breschi Marco , Bacci Massimo Livi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The influence of season on child mortality was widely recognized in the past; nineteenth-century European statisticians fully aware of the problem, were active in stimulating central statistical offices to collect and produce statistics on infant deaths that would permit adequate analysis. Practically all major countries have been publishing tables of infant and child deaths by month or season, and the seasonal pattern of mortality has been widely studied. Much rarer are data combining age at death, month of death, and-in some cases-even month of birth.
Family Formation and Infant Mortality in New France
Authors: Desjardins Bertrand 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The study of the relationship between the parameters of family formation, on the one hand, and child mortality, on the other, generates an enormous amount of interest. Children born into large families, those with very young or very old mothers, and those born in rapid succession all run a higher risk of premature death. The identification of these risks is of primary importance, as it suggests the effect that family planning could have in lowering infant mortality in developing countries.
Endogenous Mortality in New France: At the Crossroads of Natural and Social Selection
Authors: Lalou Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Endogenous mortality in the past has long been considered a secondary cause of infant mortality, and this would still be the case today if not for the work of certain anthropological historians. Data often suggest what all interpretations affirm: the existence of exogenous factors, such as unsanitary conditions which facilitated the spread of infectious diseases, was overwhelmingly the reason so many children died in infancy.
Differential Infant and Child Mortality in the Netherlands, 1812-1912: First Results of the Historical Sample of the Population of the Netherlands
Authors: Poppel Frans Van , Mandemakers Kees 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the late nineteenth century the Netherlands had one of the highest levels of infant mortality in Europe. Nearly one out of every five live-born children died be fore they had reached their first birthday. More remarkable, however, was that infant mortality rates (IMR) rose during the period 1840-75 (Fig. 16.1). Whereas the level was circa 160 per 1,000 around 1840-data for earlier periods are not available-values of more than 200 per 1,000 live births were reached around 1875.
Introduction
Authors: Dréze Jean , Sen Amartya 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is nearly half a century now since India achieved independence. On the eve of the departure of the British, on 14 August 1947, Jawaharlal Nehru declared: ‘Long years ago we made a tryst with destiny, and now the time comes when we shall redeem our pledge.’ ‘The achievement we celebrate today,’ Nehru went on, ‘is but a step, an opening of opportunity, to the great triumphs and achievements that await us.’ He reminded the country that the task ahead included ‘the ending of poverty and ignorance and disease and in equality of opportunity.’ It is with that task that this book is concerned.