bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of three models of alcohol craving in young adults: a cross‐validation
Authors: McEvoy Peter M. , Stritzke Werner G. K. , French Davina J. , Lang Alan R. , Ketterman Rita 
Published: March 2004

ABSTRACTAims The aim of study 1 was to develop a three‐factor Approach and Avoidance of Alcohol Questionnaire (AAAQ), designed to assess mild and intense inclinations to drink, as well as inclinations to avoid drinking. The aims of study 2 were to cross‐validate the AAAQ with an independent sample and to test the goodness‐of‐fit of three models of craving for alcohol: (a) the traditional unidimensional model; (b) a two‐dimensional, approach–avoidance ambivalence model; and (c) an expanded two‐dimensional neuroanatomical model that retains avoidance, while positing a threshold that partitions approach into two distinct levels and relates all three factors involved in craving to brain pathways associated with inhibitory processes, reward and obsessive–compulsive behaviour, respectively.Design, setting and participants The survey was administered to 589 Australian university students (69% women) in study 1 and to 523 American university students (64% women) in study 2.Measurements Inclinations to drink and to not drink (AAAQ), drinking behaviour (quantity and frequency), drinking problems (Young Adult Alcohol Problems Screening Test; YAAPST) and readiness for change (Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale; SOCRATES).Findings The expanded two‐dimensional neuroanatomical model provided the best fit to the data. The AAAQ explained a substantial proportion of the variance in drinking frequency (41–53%), drinking quantity (49–60%) and drinking problems (43%). AAAQ profiles differed as a function of drinking‐related risk, and the three AAAQ scales differentially predicted readiness for change.Conclusions Approach and avoidance inclinations toward alcohol are separable constructs, and their activation may not be invariably reciprocal. Craving can be defined as the relative activation of substance‐related response inclinations along these two primary dimensions. There may be a threshold of intensity that separates mild from intense approach inclinations.
Renibacterium salmoninarum bar forms: characterization, occurrence, and evidence of a host response to a R. salmoninarum infection
Authors: Cvitanich J D 
Published: March 2004

AbstractUnique‐staining Renibacterium salmoninarum (Rs) cells, termed bar forms, first observed in a coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch (Walbaum), in 1983, could not be cultured, making their characterization difficult and significance obscure. They can be detected only by the fluorescent‐antibody technique (FAT) and their numbers estimated only by a quantitative FAT (QFAT). Data collected over a 10‐year period showed that bar forms were observed only in vivo and appeared associated with a host response. Bar forms were observed in 10 salmonid species from five countries and in fish from <1 g to spawning adults. They were observed in 50.1% of kidney smears prepared from 10 061 Rs positive chinook, O. tshawytscha (Walbaum), coho, and Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Bar forms were shown to be Rs cells based on absorption studies, their reaction with an Rs‐specific FAT and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and a transition from ‘typical’ Rs cells to bar forms in naturally and experimentally infected fish. Bar forms were determined to be non‐virulent, damaged or dead Rs cells, based on fluorescence and electron microscopy observations, the inability to culture them, and mortality data. Bar forms appeared to represent visual markers of recovery from an Rs infection.
A non‐destructive test for detection of IPNV‐carriers in Atlantic halibut, Hippoglossus hippoglossus (L.)
Authors: Gahlawat S K , Munro E S , Ellis A E 
Published: March 2004

AbstractOver 18 months after infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) was first detected in fish (80 g–4 kg) on a halibut farm, the stocks were found to be still carrying the virus. This suggests that long‐term persistence of IPNV occurs in farmed Atlantic halibut. A non‐destructive test was applied to blood adherent leucocytes by placing 100 μL of whole blood collected in a heparinized tube into 96‐well plates. After overnight incubation, the non‐adherent cells were washed off, the remaining adherent cells lysed in a lysis buffer and inoculated onto CHSE‐214 cells. The resulting cytopathic effect was confirmed as IPNV positive by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. In a sample of 10 fish tested by this method, all were positive for IPNV while only two were positive by the standard method for virus culture from sonicated kidney homogenates and only one fish, which was positive by the standard method, was positive by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction on kidney tissue. The test on blood leucocytes is shown to be simple to perform on samples taken under field conditions.
Delirium: current trends in prevention and treatment
Authors: Weber J. B. , Coverdale J. H. , Kunik M. E. 
Published: March 2004

Abstract Delirium is a disturbance of consciousness, cognition and perception that occurs frequently in medically ill patients. Although it is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, it is often not recognised and treated by physicians. Predisposing factors are believed to have multiplicative effects and include dementia, advanced age and male gender. Recently developed models allow for the estimation of the risk of developing delirium during a hospitalisation, based on predisposing factors and acute additional stressors. Although it has been shown to be efficacious, the prevention of delirium is underutilised. Prevention consists of aggressive management of known risk factors and early detection. Limited data exist to support specific pharmacological interventions for its treatment. In this article, the avail­able published literature regarding the prevention and treatment of delirium is systematically reviewed. (Intern Med J 2004; 34; 115−121)
Oral versus intravenous ganciclovir for the prophylaxis of cytomegalovirus disease after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Szer J. , Durrant S. , Schwarer A. P. , Bradstock K. F. , Gibson J. , Arthur C. , To L. B. , Hughes T. , Raunow H. 
Published: March 2004

Abstract Background:  Prophylactic low dose i.v. ganciclovir in patients at risk after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is highly effective in the prevention of cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease and infection.Aim:  In this study, we sought to assess the tolerability of oral ganciclovir in patients after allogeneic BMT.Methods:  CMV seropositive patients or those with CMV seropositive donors were randomised to be treated with i.v. ganciclovir 5 mg/kg three times weekly or oral ganci­clovir 3 g daily from engraftment to day 84. The period of accrual was from May 1997 to October 1998. Patients were monitored for CMV infection by weekly serology. Thirty‐one patients received oral ganciclovir and 27 patients received i.v. ganciclovir, the treatment groups being balanced for clinical characteristics and prognostic factors.Results:  Renal dysfunction, transfusion requirements and significant nausea and vomiting were not different. There were no documented cases of CMV disease during the study period although three patients developed CMV polymerase chain reaction positivity at various times. One patient treated with i.v. ganciclovir developed non‐fatal gastrointestinal CMV disease after the study period on day 108. Eight patients in the oral group failed to complete planned therapy, whereas two patients failed to complete the i.v. course.Conclusion:  We conclude that oral ganciclovir is a reasonable, well‐tolerated alternative to i.v. ganciclovir for the prophylaxis of CMV disease after allogeneic BMT. (Intern Med J 2004; 34: 98−101)
Secondary prevention of fractures in older people: evaluation of a protocol for the investigation and treatment of osteoporosis
Authors: Sidwell A. I. , Wilkinson T. J. , Hanger H. C. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractIt has been found previously that the investigation and treatment of osteoporosis following a fracture is poor, with only 9% of older people after a fracture being on effective osteoporosis treatment. To improve this aspect of post‐fracture care in older people, a protocol has been instituted on an orthogeriatric rehabilitation ward in Christchurch, New Zealand. An audit was performed to assess the efficacy of this protocol in improving the investigation and treatment of osteoporosis (n = 193). Compliance with the investigation protocol was assessed and the pharmacological therapy initiated was requested from the general practitioner. All recommended blood‐test investigations were requested in 62.8% of cases. Compared to a pre‐protocol population, there was a marked increase in the measurement of bone mineral density (BMD; 93 vs 11%, P < 0.01) and vitamin D (95 vs 12%, P < 0.01). Vitamin D levels were low/­borderline in 95.6% of cases. BMD was performed in 77.7% of cases and showed osteoporosis and osteopenia to be present in 78.6 and 14.0%, respectively. For the 60 patients with BMD‐confirmed osteoporosis whose therapy was obtained, 13.3% had no pharmacological therapy prescribed. Calcium, vitamin D or both were prescribed in 85.0%, bisphosphonates in 50.0% and hormone replacement therapy in 1.7% of patients. Vitamin D deficiency and osteoporosis on the basis of the BMD result are very common. The institution of a protocol has shown a significant improvement in the management of osteoporosis following a fracture. Some of the multifactorial barriers to full implementation of the guidelines are described. (Intern Med J 2004; 34: 129−132)
Systematic genome‐wide approach to positional candidate cloning for identification of novel human disease genes
Authors: Kiyosawa H. , Kawashima T. , Silva D. , Petrovsky N. , Hasegawa Y. , Sakai K. , Hayashizaki Y. 
Published: March 2004

Abstract Background:  Recent large‐scale genome projects afford a unique opportunity to identify many novel disease genes and thereby better understand the genetic basis of human disease. Functional Annotation of Mouse (FANTOM) 2, the largest mouse transcriptome project yet, provides a wealth of data on novel genes, splice variants and non‐coding RNA, and provides a unique opportunity to identify novel human disease genes.Aims:  To demonstrate the power of combining the FANTOM 2 cDNA dataset with a positional candidate approach and bioinformatics analysis to identify genes underlying human genetic disease.Results:  By mapping all FANTOM 2 cDNA to the human genome, we were able to identify mouse clones that co‐localised on the human genome with mapped but uncloned human disease loci. By this method we identified mouse and corresponding human genes mapping within the loci of 100 different human genetic diseases (mapped interval of <5 cM). Of particular interest was the elucidation through FANTOM 2 novel mouse gene data of candidate human genes for the following: (i) developmental ­disorders: neural tube defect, Meckel syndrome, Wolf−­Hirschhorn syndrome and keratosis follicularis spinulosa decalvans cum ophiasi; (ii) neurological disorders: benign familial infantile convulsions 3, early‐onset cerebellar ataxia with retained tendon reflexes, infantile‐onset spinocerebellar ataxia and vacuolar neuro­myopathy and (iii) cancer−related syndromes: tylosis with oesophageal cancer and low‐grade B‐cell chronic lymphatic leukaemia.Conclusions:  The FANTOM 2 data will dramatically accelerate efforts to identify genes underlying human disease. It will also facilitate the creation of transgenic mouse models to help elucidate the function of potential human disease genes. (Intern Med J 2004; 34: 79−90)
Metabolic pathway engineering to enhance aerobic degradation of chlorinated ethenes and to reduce their toxicity by cloning a novel glutathione S‐transferase, an evolved toluene o‐monooxygenase, and γ‐glutamylcysteine synthetase
Authors: Rui Lingyun , Kwon Young Man , Reardon Kenneth F. , Wood Thomas K. 
Published: March 2004

SummaryAerobic, co‐metabolic bioremediation of trichloroethylene (TCE), cis‐1,2‐dichloroethylene (cis‐DCE) and other chlorinated ethenes with monooxygenase‐expressing microorganisms is limited by the toxic epoxides produced as intermediates. A recombinant Escherichia coli strain less sensitive to the toxic effects of cis‐DCE, TCE and trans‐1,2‐dichloroethylene (trans‐DCE) degradation has been created by engineering a novel pathway consisting of eight genes including a DNA‐shuffled toluene ortho‐monooxygenase from Burkholderia cepacia G4 (TOM‐Green), a newly discovered glutathione S‐transferase (GST) from RhodococcusAD45 (IsoILR1), found to have activity towards epoxypropane and cis‐DCE epoxide, and an overexpressed E. coli mutant γ‐glutamylcysteine synthetase (GSHI*). Along with IsoILR1, another new RhodococcusAD45 GST, IsoILR2, was cloned that lacks activity towards cis‐DCE epoxide and differs from IsoILR1 by nine amino acids. The recombinant strain in which TOM‐Green and IsoILR1 were co‐expressed on separate plasmids degraded 1.9‐fold more cis‐DCE compared with a strain that lacked IsoILR1. In the presence of IsoILR1 and TOM‐Green, the addition of GSH1* resulted in a sevenfold increase in the intracellular GSH concentration and a 3.5‐fold improvement in the cis‐DCE degradation rate based on chloride released (2.1 ± 0.1 versus 0.6 ± 0.1 nmol min−1 mg−1 protein at 540 µM), a 1.8‐fold improvement in the trans‐DCE degradation rate (1.29 ± 0.03 versus 0.71 ± 0.04 nmol min−1 mg−1 protein at   345 µM)   and   a 1.7‐fold improvement in the TCE degradation rate (6.8 ± 0.24 versus 4.1 ± 0.16 nmol min−1 mg−1 protein at 339 µM). For cis‐DCE degradation with TOM‐Green (based on substrate depletion), Vmax was 27 nmol min−1 mg−1 protein with both IsoILR1 and GSHI* expressed compared with Vmax = 10 nmol min−1 mg−1 protein for the GST–GSHI*– strain. In addition, cells expressing IsoILR1 and GSHI* grew 78% faster in rich medium than a strain lacking these two heterologous genes.
Coliform dynamics and the implications for source tracking
Authors: Barnes Belinda , Gordon David M. 
Published: March 2004

SummaryIn many parts of the world, coliform counts in recreational waters are unacceptably high. In an attempt to rectify this problem, programmes are under way to develop methods that will allow the sources of the faecal contamination thought to be responsible for these elevated counts to be identified. The success of these efforts depends on the validity of several assumptions that underlie many of the proposed methods. One of the critical assumptions is that the clonal composition of the coliform species being monitored in a water body reflects the clonal composition of the species in the host populations responsible for the faecal inputs into that water body. To determine the extent to which among‐strain variation in a coliform species might invalidate this assumption, a series of simple mathematical models was proposed and analysed. The first series of models assumed that all cells of species were identical. The question posed was – is the density of a coliform species in a body of water linearly related to the rate at which cells of the species enter the water body via faecal production? The results of these models suggest that, over a wide range of conditions, cell densities in the water body are linearly related to the rate at which cells enter the water body as a result of faecal contamination. This outcome occurs whether or not cells are capable of division in the external environment. When the rate of cell division depends on the concentration of available nutrients then, when nutrient input rates are ‘high’ and rates of faecal contamination are ‘low’, this linear relationship does not hold. The second series of models assumed that the coliform species consists of different strains and that these strains differ in their performance in the external environment. The results of these multistrain models show that the relative abundance of strains in the external environment is unlikely to reflect their relative abundance in the faecal inputs to the environment. Consequently, statements such as – domestic animals are responsible for 30% and wildlife for 70% of the faecal inputs to a water body – may well be meaningless.
Wide dispersal of aphid‐pathogenic Entomophthorales among aphids relies upon migratory alates
Authors: Feng Ming‐Guang , Chen Chun , Chen Bin 
Published: March 2004

SummaryEntomophthoralean mycoses are of general importance in the natural control of aphids, but mechanisms involved in their dissemination are poorly understood. Despite several possible means of fungal survival, the dispersal of the mycoses in aphids has never been related to the flight of their migratory alates that are able to locate suitable host plants. In this study, aphid‐pathogenic fungi proved to be widely disseminated among various aphids by their alates through migratory flight based on the following findings. First, up to 36.6% of the 7139 migratory alates (including nine species of vegetable or cereal aphids) trapped from air > 30 m above the ground in three provinces of China were found bearing eight species of fungal pathogens. Of those, six were aphid‐specific Entomophthorales dominated in individual cases by Pandora neoaphidis, which occurs globally but has no resting spores discovered to date. Secondly, infected alates were confirmed to be able to fly for hours, to initiate colonies on plants after flight and to transmit fungal infection to their offspring in a laboratory experiment, in which 238 Sitobion avenae alates were individually flown in a computer‐monitoring flight mill system after exposure to a spore shower of P. neoaphidis and then allowed to colonize host plants.
Perchlorate‐reducing microorganisms isolated from contaminated sites
Authors: Waller Alison S. , Cox Evan E. , Edwards Elizabeth A. 
Published: March 2004

SummaryAn extensive microcosm survey of perchlorate‐contaminated sites was undertaken to assess the ability of indigenous microorganisms to degrade perchlorate. Samples from 12 contaminated sites and from one pristine location were analysed. Perchlorate was degraded to below detection limit in all electron donor‐amended microcosms. Perchlorate‐reducing microorganisms (PRMs) were numerous at most of these sites. Sixteen distinct PRMs were isolated that were phylogenetically related to either Dechloromonas in the Beta Proteobacteria (9/16 isolates) or to Azospirillum in the Alpha Proteobacteria (7/16 isolates). The majority of previously isolated PRMs are in the Beta Proteobacteria related to Dechloromonas or Dechlorosoma. This study indicates that PRMs of the genus Azospirillum may be more prevalent at contaminated sites than the current record of isolates suggests. Cell yields, electron donor to perchlorate ratios and maximum specific growth rates were similar among the isolates and similar to the few previously published values. However, the Monod half‐saturation constants for perchlorate for the two Azospirillum isolates characterized were lower than those measured for other genera, suggesting that they may be more effective at low concentrations of perchlorate. These results extend the current understanding of PRMs from diverse environments and provide added confidence that microbial perchlorate reduction is ubiquitous, even at highly contaminated sites, and can be harnessed effectively for bioremediation.
The natural history of lower urinary tract dysfunction in men: the influence of detrusor underactivity on the outcome after transurethral resection of the prostate with a minimum 10‐year urodynamic follow‐up
Authors: Thomas A.W. , Cannon A. , Bartlett E. , Ellis‐Jones J. , Abrams P. 
Published: March 2004

In the first paper in this section the authors from the Bristol Urological Institute investigated 224 men with detrusor underactivity, and evaluated the effect of this condition on the outcome of TURP. This quite unique study found that TURP is not helpful in this condition. They underscored their view that reliance on symptoms and uroflowmetry is not enough when patients are being considered for TURP, and recommended routine preoperative urodynamic assessment.There is an updated meta‐analysis of clinical trials of Permixon in the treatment of symptomatic BPH presented in this section. The authors review all clinical trial data from 14 randomized and 3 open‐label trials. Although the trials varied widely in methods the meta‐analysis showed a significant improvement in symptoms and flow rates in patients treated with this compound.Authors from Leicester assessed the prevalence and incidence rates for urinary incontinence and storage disorder in the UK over a 1‐year period, finding that this constituted a major public health problem, with consequent effects on services and funding.OBJECTIVESTo assess the long‐term outcome of the efficacy of transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) in men with detrusor underactivity (DUA), a cause of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in a significant minority of men.PATIENTS AND METHODSNeurologically intact men with LUTS, who were investigated in our department between 1972 and 1986, diagnosed with DUA and who underwent surgical intervention, were invited for a repeat symptomatic and urodynamic assessment. Identical methods were used, allowing direct comparison of the results.RESULTSIn all, 224 men were initially diagnosed with DUA; 87 (39%) of these died in the interim and 22 followed had a TURP, with a mean follow‐up since surgery of 11.3 years. There were no significantly sustained reductions in any symptoms. There was a small but significant reduction of questionable clinical significance in the bladder outlet obstruction index, but this did not translate into an improved flow rate. Comparison with 58 age‐matched patients with DUA who remained untreated showed no significant advantage of surgical intervention in the long‐term; on the contrary, there was more chronic retention in those who had had surgery.CONCLUSIONSThere are no long‐term symptomatic or urodynamic gains from TURP in men shown to have DUA. The results of TURP in men with DUA are important, as urologists who surgically treat patients based on the symptoms and uroflowmetry alone will do so in a significant minority of men with DUA. These results strengthen the argument for a routine preoperative urodynamic assessment.