bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crisis Management
Authors: Dembek Zygmunt F. , Cieslak Theodore J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractCrisis management of a bioterrorism event is that portion of incident response which includes immediate and coordinated actions to resolve a public health disaster. This crisis management involves a coordinated municipal, county, state and federal response that integrates public health authorities and resources at all levels with law enforcement and first responders through the incident command system (ICS). A bioterrorism event would likely incur activation of a state's Emergency Operations center (EOC) to coordinate the statewide response, and enable communications with federal, state and local resources. Public health and hospital response are an integral part of crisis management for any disaster event that may produce physical and psychological casualties.
D
ark
H
arvest
Authors: Yabroff Alex 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

In 1981, a package containing what looked like soil was found at Porton Down Chemical Defense Establishment (UK). The soil was determined to contain 10
Bacillus anthracis
spores. A second package of soil was sent to a Conservative Party meeting, but no spores were identified in the package. The group Dark Harvest claimed responsibility for the incidents stating that the spores were from a contaminated field where the British performed spore testing during World War II. Spores persisted there until a dedicated cleanup. Dark Harvest is accurately described as a single‐issue organization. The incidents were considered a protest and not an action to do harm to people. They have not been heard from since.
Defense Threat Reduction Agency
Authors: Epstein Gerald L. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) is the U.S. Department of Defense's (DoD) focal point for reducing the present threat of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and preparing for this threat in the future. DTRA's activities include anticipating future WMD threats, shaping the international environment to reduce current threats, deterring and defeating the use of WMD, and managing the consequences of a WMD event. DTRA's activities and organization, role in responding to bioterrorism, and future outlook are discussed.
Department of Defense
Authors: Baker Michelle 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The Department of Defense (DoD) mission is to protect American interests both at home and abroad, a mandate that has remained unchanged since the Department's inception, Since the attacks of September 11, 2001, and the inception of the Department of Homeland Security, DoD's responsibilities have shifted to address current priorities of the U.S. government as it prepares to meet the threat of terrorism and weapons of mass destruction. This article gives details on the various programs and facilities of the DoD.
Director of Central Intelligence Counterterrorist Center
Authors: Marrin Stephen 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The U.S. intelligence community, a complicated amalgam of all or part of multiple agencies and departments, contributes to bioterrorism defense by covertly collecting information related to the bioterrorist threat overseas, integrating the disparate streams of intelligence via all‐source analysis, and providing the finished intelligence analysis to national security decision makers involved in creating and implementing bioterrorism defense policies. Specifically, the intelligence community provides national security decision makers with information on both the biological weapons capabilities of terrorist groups and states and the intentions of those who might employ biological weapons to target the United States or its interests.
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Authors: Murch Randall 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) has a number of assigned missions and responsibilities in counterintelligence and counterterrorism, and has become more prominent in this regard owing to the attacks on the U.S. homeland and interests abroad in recent years. One of the FBI's primary capabilities is in the field of microbial forensics. The accurate and valid forensic identification and characterization of biological weapons evidence is necessary for source attribution, association, or exclusion purposes, not unlike the use of forensic science in the criminal justice system. Another critical capability is the FBI's Hazardous Materials Response Unit, which is prepared to quickly respond to and investigate weapons of mass destruction incidents. These and other capabilities are described in order to clarify the FBI's role in bioterrosism defense.
International Cooperation and Bioterrorism Preparedness
Authors: Roffey Roger 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThere is a need to enhance and better coordinate international cooperation if the fight against bioterrorism is to be successful. This includes such aspects as intelligence sharing, rapid alert and response systems, training, planning, research, intervention teams, and medical preparedness. It is also crucial to limit the proliferation of knowledge, equipment, and personnel that could be misused for illicit purposes to organizations or states. Ongoing activities in a number of international forums (e.g., EU, NATO, WHO, BTWC) are reviewed.
International Regulations and Agreements Pertaining to Bioterrorism
Authors: Woodward Angela 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
The body of international law and agreements relating to bioterrorism is constantly evolving to meet new threats posed by biological and toxic agents (BW). The traditional approach sought to prohibit the use, development and production of BW by states, as seen in the 1925 Geneva Protocol, 1972 Biological Weapons Convention, 1976 Environmental Modification Convention, as well as the 1993 Chemical Convention which also bans toxin weapons. To help prevent states becoming involved in offensive BW research and production programmes, the effort was broadened to regulate exports of dual‐use biological and chemical agents and weapons‐related equipment in order to decrease the opportunity for their diversion for illegitimate purposes. The states comprising the Australia Group maintain this export control system through harmonized national legislation. As the threat of bioterrorism by non‐state actors increased, the academic community put forward initiatives to stimulate the creation of new international law that would establish biological and chemical weapons activities, as well as bioterrorism, as international crimes. While these proposed treaties have not been agreed, other treaties and legal measures have been adopted under the auspices of the United Nations which seek to control aspects of the bioterrorism threat and to verify states' compliance with their binding obligations.
Air drying of milk droplet under constant and time‐dependent conditions
Authors: Chen Xiao Dong , Lin Sean Xu Qi 
Published: April 2005

AbstractSpray drying is the prime process for many years for manufacturing food powders. Dairy powders are one of the main products consumed worldwide. There has been a stream of studies published previously on both modeling the drying characteristics of a single milk droplet and the dryer wide simulations incorporating computational fluid dynamics (CFD). In CFD simulations, large numbers of particles of different sizes need be tracked to represent the size distribution; it is desirable to have an accurate yet simple model for drying of a single droplet, which does not require partial differential equation. Here for the first time, two such models are validated. One model is of the characteristic drying rate curve approach and the other (new) model is of the reaction engineering approach. The model predictions are compared against a very wide range of experimental results including isothermal and time‐varying temperature conditions. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Feasibility and safety of the transradial approach for the intracoronary spasm provocation test
Authors: Lee Kyung Jin , Lee Sang Hoon , Hong Kyung Pyo , Park Jeong Euy , Seo Jung Don , Gwon Hyeon‐Cheol 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAn angiography‐based spasm provocation test is an accurate diagnostic test of coronary vasospastic angina, but is associated with high patient morbidity, mainly because of the femoral approach and the need for a temporary pacemaker. The purpose of this study was to investigate the safety and feasibility of a transradial ergonovine spasm provocation test. The test was performed prospectively in 174 consecutive patients who were under suspicion of coronary vasospasm at our institution from April 2002 to June 2003. Seventy‐eight out of 174 procedures (45%) were performed in an outpatient department. The procedural success rate was 168/174 (96%). All failures were because of access failures, and no major complications were noted. Minor complications were observed in nine patients (severe bradycardia in three, hypotension in two, both in two, and nonsustained ventricular tachycardia in two). The incidence of complications was higher in patients showing prolonged spasm in the right coronary artery. No major local complication was noted other than rebleeding in the puncture site during hemostasis in one patient. The transradial spasm provocation test performed without using a temporary pacemaker may be feasible and safe, with a high success rate and low complication rate as well as low patient morbidity. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lateral diffusion in membranes
Authors: Jacobson Ken 
Published: April 2005

AbstractLateral diffusion measurements, using the photobleaching techniques, have provided unique and quantitative data on the random translational motions of proteins and lipids of membranes. Proper interpretation of this body of data can yield new insight into the structure of biomembranes. A comparative review of the lateral diffusion of membrane components in artificial lipid bilayers and of the same components in natural membranes is presented to demonstrate the effects of protein concentration and peripheral constraints on lateral mobility. Recent data on the effects of cell‐substrate and cell‐cell contact on lateral diffusion are reviewed. Finally, some experimental perspectives are offered in terms of emerging biophysical and biological technology.
The dynamic interrelationships of actin and vinculin in cultured cells
Authors: Schlessinger Joseph , Geiger Benjamin 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe dynamic state of cytoskeletal protiens actin and vinculin was studied in living cells using microinjection of fluorescently‐labeled proteins combined with fluorescence photobleaching recovery (FPR). It is shown that both proteins maintain a dynamic equilibrium between their diffusible pools in the cytoplasms and their “organized” cytoskeletal fraction. These interrelationships could be simulated in model systems consisting of isolated substrate attached membranes. It was demonstrated that fluorophore bound vinculin was incorporated into the exposed focal contacts and that this binding was largely actin independent. These results are in line with the hypothesis that local contacts induce binding of vinculin to the endofacial surface of the membranes and that this region serves as a nucleation center for the assembly of actin bundles.
A 200‐kd protein isolated from the fascia adherens membrane domains of chicken cardiac muscle cells is detected immunologically in fibroblast focal adhesions
Authors: Maher Pamela , Singer S. J. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractOn the premise that the fascia adherens of cardiac muscle cell intercalated disk membranes is a structure that is closely homologous to the focal adhesions formed by fibroblasts, a fascia adherens preparation was isolated from chicken cardiac muscle, and was analyzed for its protein composition. A prominent 200‐kilodalton (kd) protein was purified from the fascia preparation and shown to be antigenically unrelated to several previously characterized cytoskeletal proteins, including cardiac myosin and vinculin. With monospecific antibodies to the 200‐kd protein, an identical or closely similar intracellular protein was shown to be associated with the focal adhesion plaques of fibroblasts.
The geometry of actin filament‐membrane associations can modify adhesive strength of the myotendinous junction
Authors: Tidball James G. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractJuctions between skeletal muscle cells and tendon collagen fibers transmit forces generated by muscle cells to the skeletal system. Since force trajectories across adhesive joints partly determine the stresses at the joint (eg, shear or tensile), the geometry of actin filament‐membrane‐collagen fiber associations has been modeled based on ultrastructural data, and force trajectories at the junction have thereby been established. Measurements show that in healthy twitch cells, actin filaments lie at a mean angle of 4.3° (standard deviation = 0.95°; 15 cells analyzed) to the plasma membrane. Calculations indicate that maximum isometric loading is seen by the junctional membrane almost entirely as a shear stress. In disuse‐atrophied muscle cells, the mean angle between actin filaments and the membrane is 9.1° (standard deviation = 3.3°; 11 cells analyzed). The shear component of loading for the junctions of atrophied cells is only 1% less than that in healthy cells. The tensile component of the stress at atrophied junctions is more than doubled, however. These data are used to interpret patterns of myotendinous junction mechanical failure in terms of adhesive joint mechanics. An increased occurrence of failure of the atrophied junction is observed at physiological loads and can be attributed to a reduction of adhesive strength under increased tensile load component.
Gamma actin, spectrin, and intermediate filament proteins colocalize with vinculin at costameres, myofibril‐to‐sarcolemma attachment sites
Authors: Craig Susan W. , Pardo José V. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractLocalization of vinculin at the sarcolemma of striated muscle fibers defines an orthogonal lattice. The costameres of the lattice are the riblike bands of vinculin that run perpendicular to the long axis of the fiber, repeat in register with I bands of the subjacent myofibrils, and seem to couple the myofibril to the sarcolemma [Pardo et al 1982, 1983a]. The colocalization studies presented in this paper show that gamma actin, spectrin, and intermediate filament antigens are additional components of this lattice of costameres. In addition, the results show that gamma actin and spectrin are also components of the internal network of collars, first visualized with antibody to desmin [Granger and Lazarides, 1978], that connects the myofibrils to each other at the level of the Z line.
Movement of myosin‐coated structures on actin cables
Authors: Sheetz Michael P. , Spudich James A. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractMyosin‐coated spheres from 0.6 to 120 μm in diameter move in vitro on a substratum of polar arrays of actin cables derived from the alga Nitella. The force for this movement is provided by skeletal muscle myosin since it is ATP‐dependent, and N‐ethylmaleimide (NEM) inactivation of the myosin blocks movement. These observations demonstrate that attachment of myosin in a random orientation to structures will enable those structures to move along polar arrays of actin filaments.
Correlation between distribution of cytoskeletal proteins and release of alkaline phosphatase‐rich vesicles by epiphyseal chondrocytes in primary culture
Authors: Hale John E. , Chin Jia E. , Ishikawa Yoshinori , Paradiso Peter R. , Wuthier Roy E. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractMatrix vesicles, extracellular microstructures known to eb involved in endochondral calcification, are rich in alkaline phosphatase and have been shown to contain actin. The mechanism of matrix vesicle formation in chondrocytes in not well understood. Chondrocytes from the epiphyseal growth plate, when grown in primary culture, elaborate alkaline phosphatase‐rich vesciles. We examined the distribution of the cytoskeletal proteins actin, myosin, tubulin, and vinculin at various time‐points during culture using indirect immunofluorescent labeling. Concomitantly, the production of alkaline phosphatase‐containing matrix vesicles was also followed. Cell morphology changed noticeably at two distinct stages during the 22‐day culture period: Immediately after release from the growth plate the cells were founded, but after 4 days of cultre they began to spread out and acquire irregular shapes with distinct filopodia. By 13 datsm as tge cekks attaubed confluency, they reacquired a rounded, polygonal appearance. At all time‐point, tubulin was seen as a dense network of microtubules radiating from the perinuclear region throughout the cytoplasm toward the cell periphery. Initially actin was seen in filamentous from, but displayed a punctate distribution focused at contact points during the cell‐spreading stage of culture. After confluency, actin was concentrated at cell‐cell junctions. Initially, vinculin was diffusely distributed, but became focused in multiple adhesion plaques and at the termini of filpodia during the cell‐spreading stage of culture. Following confluency vinculin became concentrated at cell‐cell junctions. Myosin was observed at all time‐points in small, intensely localized focal points in the cytoplasmic region of the cells and was consistently absent from the nuclear and peripheral regions. The amount of myosin in the cells increased steadily with time in culture. Elaboration of alkaline phosphatase‐rich vesicles, which corresponded closely with the rounded morphology of early and late stages of culture, may be correlated with contact inhibition.
Actin‐mediated surface motility during sea urchin fertilization
Authors: Cline Christi A. , Schatten Heide , Balczon Ron , Schatten Gerald 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe sea urchin egg at fertilization is an ideal model in which to study actin‐mediated surface activity. Electron microscopy of unfertilized eggs demonstrates the presence of thousands of well‐arrayed short microvilli, which appear supported by cytochalasin‐sensitive actin oligomers as detected with rhodamine‐labeled phalloidin staining of permeabilized eggs. At insemination, the previously short microvilli elongate and cluster around the successful sperm during incorporation. Phalloidin staining demonstrates a tremendous recruitement of polymerized actin into the site of sperm incorporation, resulting in the formation of the fertilization cone. Fertilization of cytochalasin‐treated eggs results in the normal activation of the metabolic and bioeletric events, but sperm incorporation does not occur since the localized actin assembly required for fertilization cone formation is precluded. After sperm incorporation, the entire fertilized surface is restructured, as a result of a massive polymerization of actin to produce a burst in microvillar elongation. Addition of cytochalasin to eggs immediately following sperm incorporation demonstrates the recruitment of actin assembly for the proper progression through the first cell cycle. During normal cell divison, the egg surface retains the long microvilli. The furrow which forms at cytokinesis does not appear as a unique new structure, but rather as a reorganization of the cortical microfilaments. Quantitative fluorescence microscopy argues against an increase in microfilaments during early cytokinesis. At the latest stages of cytokinesis, a thickening of the cortical actin is noted, which could possibly be interpreted as a contractile ring. A minor basal level of actin assembly with numerous nucleation sites in unfertilized eggs and a tremendous but localized assembly of microfilaments surrounding the sperm during incorporation, followed by a massive global microfilament assembly event to elongate the fertilized egg microvilli resulting later in the reorganization of these microfilaments to produce the forces necessary for cytokinesis, highlight the utility of the study of sea urchin eggs at fertilization for understanding actin‐membrane interactions.
Striated paracrystals that contain HMWP, the homolog of actin‐binding protein and filamin from HeLa cells
Authors: Weihing Robert R. , Franklin Jayne S. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractHMWP (high molecular weight protein), a high molecular weight actin binding protein, was previously isolated from HeLa cells; its physical properties, amino acid composition, and intracellular localization indicated its homology with actinbinding protein and filamin [Weihing, 1982, 1983]. We now report the identification of HMWP in striated paracrystals. Purified HMWP is incubated at 25° C and subjected to negative staining with uranyl acetate. Examination by electron microscopy reveals long, striated paracrystals formed from filaments a few nanometers in diameter that lie parallel to the long axis of the paracrystal. At intervals of about 200 nm, the filaments are crossed by granular aggregates, accounting for the striated appearance. Treatment of the paracrystals with an affinity‐purified antibody to HMWP decorates the filaments; such decorations are not observed if nonimmune goat IgG or phosphate‐buffered saline are substituted for the antibody. Electron microscopic and electrophoretic analysis of paracrystals sedimented onto grids by centrifugation at 864 g reveals that the grids are covered with paracrystals and the major polypeptide present on grids centrifuged in parallel is HMWP. Taken together, these data indicate that the filaments of the paracrystals contain elongated molecules of HMWP. Additional experiments are needed to decide if the paracrystals from by self‐association between HMWP molecules or by association with one or more of the minor polypeptides that remain in the purified HMWP.
Cell surface and cytoskeletal interactions in a temperature‐sensitive strain of SV40‐transformed mouse fibroblasts
Authors: Ulrich Roger G. , Quinlan Dennis C. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIn order to assess the role of cytoskeletal structure in modulating cell surface topography during cell transformation, cytoskeletal organization of 3T3 mouse cells transformed with a tsA mutant of simian virus 40 (SV40) was studied in detail by correlative light and electron microscopy. Detergent‐extracted, criticalpoint dried whole cells observed in the electron microscope were seen to contain well‐organized microfilament bundles (stress fibers) traversing the longitudinal axis of cells grown at the restrictive temperature (39°C). When grown at the permissive temperature (32°C), cells prepared in this manner were not observed to contain such structures. However, when semithin sections (0.5 μm) were viewed by transmission electron microscopy at 120 kV, short microfilament bundles were seen in 32°C‐grown cells. There was an alteration in the morphology of these structures at sites of attachment to the substratum (focal contacts), and they were shorter in length than microfilament bundles of 39°C‐grown cells. A difference was also observed between the two phenotypes in the layer of microfilaments associated with the dorsal cell surface. Since it is this layer that directly determines cell surface architecture, it is proposed that changes in microfilament bundle‐generated surface tension are responsible for alterations of this layer, leading to an altered cell surface morphology. Tension may be modified by disturbances in focal contacts (or adjacent regions) or altered actin‐associated protein(s).