bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical performance of the Reichert AT550: a new non‐contact tonometer
Authors: Jorge J. , Díaz‐Rey J. A. , González‐Méijome J. M. , Almeida J. B. , Parafita M. A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to assess the level of accuracy for measurements of intra‐ocular pressure (IOP) obtained with a new non‐contact tonometer (NCT) the Reichert AT550®. Measurements were compared against those obtained with the Reichert Xpert Plus, Goldmann applanation tonometer and Perkins tonometer. Thirty‐five university students were assessed with the four tonometers in a randomised order, with non‐contact tonometry performed first. Each of the four measurement devices had its own trained clinical observer. Plots of differences of IOP as a function of the mean for each pair of instruments were obtained. No statistically significant differences were found when comparing the AT550® NCT with contact applanation tonometry (AT) (p > 0.05), displaying the closest level of agreement (as represented by the lowest mean difference and the narrowest confidence interval) with the Goldmann tonometer (limits of agreement, 0.12 ± 2.17). In conclusion, readings of IOP with the AT550® NCT are clinically comparable with those obtained with Goldmann tonometry in a population with IOP within the normal range.
Exhumation of the lower crust during crustal shortening: an Alice Springs (380 Ma) age for a prograde amphibolite facies shear zone in the Strangways Metamorphic Complex (central Australia)
Authors: Ballèvre M. , Möller A. , Hensen B. J. 
Published: March 2003

Foliated garnet‐bearing amphibolites occur within the West Bore Shear Zone, cutting through granulite facies gneisses of the Strangways Metamorphic Complex. In the amphibolites, large euhedral garnet (up to 3 cm) occurs within fine‐grained recrystallized leucocratic diffusion haloes of plagioclase–quartz. The garnet and their haloes include a well‐developed vertical foliation, also present in the matrix. This foliation is the same as that cutting through the unconformably overlying Neoproterozoic Heavitree Quartzite. The textures indicate syn‐ to late kinematic growth of the amphibolite facies mineral assemblages.All mineral assemblages record an arrested prograde reaction history. Noteworthy is the growth of garnet at the expense of hornblende and plagioclase, and the breakdown of staurolite–hornblende to give plagioclase–gedrite. These dehydration reactions indicate increasing P–T  conditions during metamorphism, and suggest heating towards the end of a period of intense deformation. Temperature estimates for the garnet–amphibolite and related staurolite–hornblende assemblages from the shear zone are about 600 °C. Pressure is estimated at about 5 kbar.An Sm–Nd isochron gives an age of 381±7 Ma for the peak metamorphism and associated deformation. This age determination confirms that amphibolite facies conditions prevailed during shear zone development within the Strangways Metamorphic Complex during the Alice Springs Orogeny. These temperature conditions are significantly higher than those expected at this depth assuming a normal geothermal gradient. The Alice Springs Orogeny was associated with significant crustal thickening, allowing exhumation of the granulite facies, Palaeoproterozoic, lower crust. Along‐strike variations of the tectonic style suggest a larger amount of crustal shortening in the eastern part of the Alice Springs Orogeny.
Mixing properties of phengitic micas and revised garnet‐phengite thermobarometers
Authors: Coggon R. , Holland T. J. B. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMixing properties for muscovite–celadonite–ferroceladonite solid solutions are derived from combining available experimental phase equilibrium data with tabulated thermodynamic data for mineral end‐members. When a partially ordered solution model is assumed, the enthalpy of mixing among the end‐members muscovite–celadonite–ferroceladonite is nearly ideal, although the Gibbs energies of muscovite–celadonite and muscovite–ferroceladonite solutions are asymmetric due to an asymmetry in the entropy of mixing. Thermodynamic consistency is achieved for data on phengite compositions inassemblages with (a) pyrope+kyanite+quartz/coesite (b) almandine+kyanite+quartz/coesite (c)talc+kyanite+quartz/coesite and (d) garnet–phengite pairs equilibrated both experimentally at high temperatures and natural pairs from low‐grade schists. The muscovite–paragonite solvus has been reanalysed using the asymmetric van Laar model, and the effects of the phengite substitution into muscovite have been quantitatively addressed in order to complete the simple thermodynamic mixing model for the solid solution among the mica end‐members. Results are applied to a natural pyrope–coesite–phengite–talc rock from the Western Alps, and to investigate the conditions under which biotite‐bearing mica schists transform to whiteschist‐like biotite‐absent assemblages for average pelite bulk compositions.
Jadeite–chloritoid–glaucophane–lawsonite blueschists in north‐west Turkey: unusually high P/T ratios in continental crust
Authors: Okay A. I. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSodic metapelites with jadeite, chloritoid, glaucophane and lawsonite form a coherent regional metamorphic sequence, several tens of square kilometres in size, and over a kilometre thick, in the Orhaneli region of northwest Turkey. The low‐variance mineral assemblage in the sodic metapelites is quartz + phengite + jadeite + glaucophane + chloritoid + lawsonite. The associated metabasites are characterized by sodic amphibole + lawsonite ± garnet paragenesis. The stable coexistence of jadeite + chloritoid + glaucophane + lawsonite, not reported before, indicates metamorphic pressures of 24 ± 3 kbar and temperatures of 430 ± 30  °C for the peak blueschist facies conditions. These P–T conditions correspond to a geotherm of 5  °C km−1, one of the lowest recorded in continental crustal rocks. The low geotherm, and the known rate of convergence during the Cretaceous subduction suggest low shear stresses at the top of the downgoing continental slab.
Geochemical and stable isotope resetting in shear zones from Täschalp: constraints on fluid flow during exhumation in the Western Alps
Authors: Cartwright I. , Barnicoat A. C. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractFluid flow at greenschist facies conditions during exhumation of the western Alps occurred in several penecontemporaneous systems, including shear zones at lithological contacts, deformed contacts between serpentinite bodies and metabasalts, albite veins within metabasalts, and calcite + quartz veins within calcareous schists. Fluid flow in shear zones that juxtapose metasediments and ophiolitic rocks within the Piemonte Unit reset O and H isotope ratios. δ18O values are buffered by the wall rocks; however, calculated fluid δ2H values are similar within all the shear zones suggesting that they formed an interconnected network. The similarity of δ2H values of the sheared rocks and those of unsheared calcareous schists suggests that the fluids were derived from, or had equilibrated with, the schists that envelop the ophiolite rocks. Time‐integrated fluid fluxes at the sheared contacts estimated from changes in Si in metabasalts were up to 105 m3 m−2, with the fluid flowing up temperature driven either by topography or seismic pumping. Individual shear zones were active for c. 2–3 Myr, implying average fluid fluxes of up to 10−9 m3 m−2 s−1. Rocks in shear zones within the ophiolite away from contacts with the metasediments show much less marked isotopic and geochemical changes, implying that fluid volumes decreased into the ophiolite unit, consistent with the source of fluids being the metasediments. Fluids were generated by dehydration reactions that were intersected during exhumation and, while many rocks show the affects of fluid–rock interaction, large‐scale fluid flow between major units was not common.
ACID‐BASE IN RENAL FAILURE: Influence of Diet on Acid‐Base Balance
Authors: Remer Thomas 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTIt is well established that diet and certain food components have a clear impact on acid‐base balance. For adults, the following factors are involved: 1) the chemical composition of foods (i.e., their content of protein, chloride, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium), 2) the different intestinal absorption rates of the relevant nutrients, 3) the metabolic generation of sulfate from sulfur‐containing amino acids, 4) the grade of dissociation of phosphorus at the physiologic pH of 7.4, and 5) the ionic valence of calcium and magnesium. All these factors allow us to estimate the potential renal acid load (PRAL) of any given food or diet. The PRAL (calculated for a 24‐hour period), together with a relatively constant daily amount of urinary excreted organic acids (in healthy subjects proportional to body surface area or body weight), yields the daily net acid excretion. This article provides an overview of the current concepts of diet influences on acid‐base balance and also focuses on the underlying physiologic and biochemical basis as well as on relevant clinical implications.
Dialysate Leaks in Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Leblanc Martine , Ouimet Denis , Pichette Vincent 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTDialysate leakage represents a major noninfectious complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD). An exit‐site leak refers to the appearance of any moisture around the PD catheter identified as dialysate; however, the spectrum of dialysate leaks also includes any dialysate loss from the peritoneal cavity other than via the lumen of the catheter. The incidence of dialysate leakage is somewhat more than 5% in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients, but this percentage probably underestimates the number of early leaks. The incidence of hydrothorax or pleural leak as a complication of PD remains unclear. Factors identified as potentially related to dialysate leakage are those related to the technique of PD catheter insertion, the way PD is initiated, and weakness of the abdominal wall. The pediatric literature tends to favor Tenckhoff catheters over other catheters as being superior with respect to dialysate leakage, but no consensus on catheter choice exists for adults in this regard. An association has been found between early leaks (≤30 days) and immediate CAPD initiation and perhaps median catheter insertion. Risk factors contributing to abdominal weakness appear to predispose mostly to late leaks; one or more of them can generally be identified in the majority of patients. Early leakage most often manifests as a pericatheter leak. Late leaks may present more subtly with subcutaneous swelling and edema, weight gain, peripheral or genital edema, and apparent ultrafiltration failure. Dyspnea is the first clinical clue to the diagnosis of a pleural leak. Late leaks tend to develop during the first year of CAPD. The most widely used approach to determine the exact site of the leakage is with computed tomography after infusion of 2 L of dialysis fluid containing radiocontrast material. Treatments for dialysate leaks include surgical repair, temporary transfer to hemodialysis, lower dialysate volumes, and PD with a cycler. Recent recommendation propose a standard approach to the treatment of early and late dialysate leaks: 1–2 weeks of rest from CAPD, and surgery if recurrence. Surgical repair has been strongly suggested for leakage causing genital swelling. Delaying CAPD for 14 days after catheter insertion may prevent early leakage. Initiating CAPD with low dialysate volume has also been recommended as a good practice measure.Although peritonitis and exit‐site infections are the most frequent causes of technical failure in peritoneal dialysis (PD), dialysate leaks represent one of the major noninfectious complications of PD. In some instances, dialysate leakage may lead to discontinuation of the technique (1). Despite its importance, the incidence, risk factors, management, and outcome of dialysate leakage are poorly characterized in the literature. We will review the limited available information on this topic in the next few sections.
Effect of Therapy Time and Frequency on Effective Solute Removal
Authors: Pierratos Andreas 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTIncreasing dialysis frequency or time increases the removal of the molecules diffusing slowly across the intercompartmental barriers. By offering frequent dialysis the time on dialysis can be decreased, possibly without worsening the outcome. Increasing dialysis time increases large molecule removal. Increasing in both frequency and time on dialysis increases the removal of solutes of all molecular sizes. Increasing frequency and/or time of dialysis may have many other beneficial effects that are not traditionally quantitated and which can affect outcomes.
Tuberculosis and Chronic Renal Disease
Authors: Hussein Magdi M. , Mooij Jaap M. , Roujouleh Haysam 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThere is an increased risk (6.9‐ to 52.5‐fold) of tuberculosis (TB) in patients with chronic renal failure and on dialysis as compared to the general population. The symptomatology in renal patients is often insidious and nonspecific, mimicking uremic symptoms, whereas the localization is often extrapulmonary (most frequently tuberculous lymphadenitis and peritonitis). Tuberculous peritonitis makes up a large part (37%) of the total number of TB cases in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. The prognosis is very much dependent on early diagnosis and treatment. Renal physicians should be aware of the unusual presentation and localization, and include TB in the differential diagnosis of any patient having nonspecific symptoms like anorexia, fever, and weight loss. All efforts should then be made (including invasive investigations) to reach an early diagnosis, a major determinant of the outcome. However, if this is not possible or the result is negative and the diagnosis remains strongly suspected, an empirical trial with anti‐TB medication is justified, especially in endemic areas. In view of the increased prevalence of the disease in the dialysis population, TB prophylaxis is recommended in those patients with a positive tuberculin (Mantoux) skin test and radiographs suggestive of old TB.
Bicalutamide and Flutamide, Each in Combination with Luteinizing Hormone‐Releasing Hormone Analogs, in Advanced Prostate Cancer: Exploratory Analysis of Impact of Extent of Disease by Bone Scan on Outcome
Authors: Soloway Mark S. , Schellhammer Paul F. , Sharifi Rooholloh , Block Norman L. , Venner Peter M. , Patterson A. Lynn , Sarosdy Michael F. , Vogelzang Nicholas J. , Schellenger Julie , Kolvenbag Geert J. C. M. ,   on Behalf of the CASODEX Combination Study Group
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTObjectives: We performed an exploratory analysis to determine whether there was a difference between two antiandrogen‐plus‐luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone analogs (LHRHas) combinations in patients with minimal or extensive disease.Materials and Methods: Data from a prospective, randomized, double‐blind study with a median follow‐up of 160 weeks were used to perform an exploratory analysis of outcome with 2 combined androgen blockade regimens in 813 advanced prostate cancer patients based on disease status at entry (minimal or extensive disease). A total of 404 patients received bicalutamide plus LHRHa, and 409 patients received flutamide plus LHRHa. Patients were grouped prospectively by “extent of disease” as determined by bone scan: minimal disease was defined as zero to five lesions, while extensive disease was defined as greater than or equal to six lesions. Patients with no lesions on bone scan (0 lesions) had to have at least one measurable nonskeletal metastasis.Results: Patients with minimal disease receiving bicalutamide plus LHRHa demonstrated a trend to longer survival as reflected by a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.79 (95% confidence interval 0.59–1.07), but this was not statistically significant. In the extensive disease group, the effects of bicalutamide plus LHRHa and flutamide plus LHRHa on disease progression and survival were similar (HR 0.96 and 0.90, respectively).Conclusions: Our results are consistent with previously published data demonstrating that patients with stage D2 prostate cancer and minimal disease have a better outcome than patients with extensive disease. In the patients with minimal disease per bone scan, there was a trend toward a benefit for bicalutamide plus LHRHa compared with flutamide plus LHRHa in terms of survival, but not in terms of disease progression.
The Public Health Nurse in Tornado Relief
Authors: MacMaster Jennie ,   Sarah E. Abrams is the Historical Editor for Public Health Nursing.
Published: March 2003

Editor's Note— The value of using public health nurses in disaster relief work was forcefully argued in an April 1929 article in The Public Health Nurse, written by Elizabeth G. Fox, then director of public health nursing services for the American Red Cross. Fox aimed directly at recruiting public health nurses for service by arguing that there were scarcely any disasters that did not also present “grave health hazards.” She identified two main types of service in which public health nurses might be engaged: care of the sick and injured, and care and protection of refugees in centers or shelters. Caring for the sick included provision of first aid, augmentation of local hospital staff, emergency hospital organization and operation, and home care. But true public health work would be accomplished in temporary shelters. Nurses would assist with inoculation and vaccination; segregate, care for, and supervise individuals with communicable diseases; perform sanitary inspections; refer the severely sick and badly injured to hospitals; and care for those who were ambulatory.A young public health nurse vividly recounted her experience of those duties described by Elizabeth Fox. Jennie MacMaster cared for residents of the town of Benton, Illinois following a disastrous tornado storm that cut a wide path through the southern part of the state in 1925. Originally published in the July 1929 issue of The Public Health Nurse, the tone of this first of a three‐part series on nursing during times of natural disaster may mildly offend modern sensibilities. The enthusiasm with which MacMaster and her colleagues approached their nursing duties is unmistakable, however. MacMaster's description turned Fox's professional arguments into compelling images and the promise of adventure for the average reader of 1929.
The Effects of Community Health Nurse Monitoring on Hypertension Identification and Control
Authors: Clark Mary Jo , Curran Constance , Noji Ariko 
Published: March 2003

Identification and control of hypertension are important public health concerns. Lack of regular health care makes diagnosis and control difficult in some populations. Community health nursing services in settings where clients regularly congregate promote identification and control of hypertension.This study focused on the effects of community health nursing screening and monitoring services for hypertension provided to participants in a breadline, a senior nutrition program, an English as Second Language (ESL) class, and employees providing these services. Community health nurses (CHNs) provided 2,407 blood pressure‐related service encounters. Blood pressures were elevated in 19% of encounters, and 10% of clients had elevations that warranted referral for medical assistance. At the end of the 18‐month study period, 67% of all clients with elevations and 71% of those referred for medical assistance had achieved normal blood pressures. One‐way analysis of variance indicated a significant relationship between the number of encounters with the nurses and a positive outcome for all clients with elevations. This relationship was not supported for those clients referred to medical assistance.The effectiveness of intervention appeared to vary somewhat among subgroups with some groups more likely than others to achieve a positive outcome. Group differences in outcome were not statistically significant.
Continence Efficacy Intervention Program for Community Residing Women with Stress Urinary Incontinence in Japan
Authors: Kim Jeung‐Im 
Published: March 2003

Many women in Japan have lived with urinary incontinence (UI). These women are not willing to visit the hospital with their problem of incontinence. Even if the women consent to a hospital visit, continence education is often very limited and patients may immediately stop looking for further treatment. Programs of effective education are needed. The Continence Efficacy Intervention Program (CEIP) was developed for patients and was designed to circumvent many of the obstacles common to stopping exercise.In this study, a randomized trial was conducted to compare the effectiveness of this program to conventional intervention on exercise continuity. This report describes the study design, intervention program, and outcomes. Subjects were 48 women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI): the mean age was 53.5, the mean weight was 56.6 kg, and the average prevalent year was 6.5 years.The CEIP phone interviews improved exercise continuity and urine loss symptom. Findings suggest that this intervention program is effective and readily available to the community‐residing women with SUI.
Knowledge and Attitudes of High School Students about AIDS: A Turkish Perspective
Authors: Savaser Sevim 
Published: March 2003

Abstract    This study was conducted with 705 high school students (360 ninth graders and 345 11th graders; 305 female, 400 male) for the purpose of determining their knowledge and attitudes about HIV/AIDS. Data were obtained using a self‐completed questionnaire. The questionnaire was divided into three sections. Section A included questions about descriptive characteristics of the students. Section B included questions about HIV/AIDS knowledge. Section C included questions about students’ attitudes towards AIDS and their information sources. The percentage, correlation, and one‐way analysis of variance were used for data analysis.Research findings showed moderate knowledge levels (59.15 ± 14.22 out of 100 points) in a sample group of 705 Turkish high school students on all AIDS‐related questions. Students in private schools had higher scores than those in public schools; boys had higher scores than girls; 11th graders had higher scores than ninth graders, and the methods of transmission were better known than methods of nontransmission. Scores increased in parallel with student age. Knowledge scores of students were also positively correlated with a higher level of parent education and the ease with which sexuality‐related subjects were discussed at home. About half of the students believed that people with HIV/AIDS should be able to attend school and should not have to stop working. Most of the students were informed about HIV/AIDS by media. To prevent the illness, the most important role of the nurses is to focus on education and information for individuals, families, and communities.