bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
British Constitutional Reform and the Relationship With Europe
Authors: Vibert Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the influences affecting the possible evolution of European political union over the next decade and the interplay with the UK’s own constitutional changes. It suggests that at a fundamental level there are reasons for hoping that constitutional changes in the UK will help bring about a convergence of attitudes and approaches towards the way in which politics is conducted. If these hopes are fulfilled, they promise a period of much greater harmony between Britain and Europe. A relationship which has generated almost constant stress and upset for the last 20 years, both within the British political system and between Britain and its European partners, may now be entering smoother waters.
Financing Devolution: the Centre Retains Control
Authors: Hazell Robert , Cornes Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 2 we said that the greatest tensions in the devolution settlement would arise over finance. It is one of the main sources of friction between central and regional governments in other countries, and the same is likely to happen here. What is different about the British model of devolution is the extent to which the centre will retain financial control. There is to be extensive devolution of political power, particularly in Scotland and Northern Ireland, but the new governments will have little or no revenue-raising power.
Cross-Border Security And Insolvency
Authors: Bridge Michael , Stevens Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume analyzes the legal and practical issues that arise in cross-border transactions involving the taking and enforcement of security over movable and intangible property. Having analyzed the domestic law of security in the UK, US, France and Germany, it then focuses upon the private international law and insolvency law issues. Contributions come from leading legal, insolvency and banking specialists drawn from the relevant jurisdictions, providing a comparative perspective on each topic discussed. Coverage includes a focused, practical, case-study plus input from banking and insolvency professionals.
Recognition Theories: Private International Law Treaties and EC Law
Authors: Rammeloo Stephan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Considering that the EC law era started nearly half a century ago, one would expect EC law to provide tools enabling cross-border freedom of establishment for companies. However, the legal status of foreign companies and their cross-border manoeuvrability used to belong to the exclusive domain of private international law specialists. Their attempts to define ‘foreign’ companies and the rights conferred upon them culminated in two opposing recognition theories, commonly referred to as the ‘incorporation’ theory and the ‘real seat’ theory. Methodological links between EC law and private international law still exist today, in that the text of the basic provisions on the freedom of establishment of natural and legal persons contained in articles 43 and 48 of the EC Treaty is more or less rooted in those traditional recognition theories.
Vikings! Children’s social representations of history
Authors: Uzzell David , Blud Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Central to the idea of social representations is the proposition that abstract scientific and ideological concepts filter through to people in general and become ‘common-sense’ general knowledge. Moscovici (1976) makes the distinction between the ‘ sacred’ sphere of science and the ‘profane’ sphere of ordinary life which is central to his perspective. He refers to these as different worlds of meaning, which he calls the reified and consensual universes. The sciences are the means by which we understand the reified universe, and social representations deal with the consensual. Moscovici sees this distinction as a relatively modern phenomenon, unique to our culture: ‘Science was formerly based on common sense and made common sense less common, but now common sense is science made common.’ (Moscovici 1984, p. 29).
Finding social representations in attribute checklists: how will we know when we have found one?
Authors: Fife-Schaw Chris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I will outline a methodological approach to the study of representations that may open up new possibilities for the elaboration of the concept of social representation. The principal motivation behind this is to encourage researchers towards greater precision in their operationalizations of ‘social representation’. Once achieved, investigators should be encouraged to set up criteria for determining when a social representation truly exists and, if it exists, where is boundaries lie.
Excitatory amino acid-activated channels
Authors: Lerma J , Paternain A V , Salvador N , Somohano F , Morales, M , Casado M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Besides the widespread metabolic function, it is now well established that the dicarboxylic amino acid glutamate plays a major role in excitatory synaptic transmission. Glutamate interacts with receptors forming cationic channels with different ion permeabilities, conductances, and activation-deactivation kinetics, as well as demonstrating distinct pharmacological properties.
Structural brain imaging
Authors: Jernigan Terry , Archibald Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, reports of structural changes in the brains of individuals living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection will be reviewed. Almost exclusively, this information has come from structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI), the most sensitive available method for characterizing brain structure in vivo. Although the increased risks in HIV+ individuals for focal opportunistic infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are well known (for a review of the radiological correlates see Sibtain and Chinn 2002), this chapter will focus on the findings in those individuals with no evidence of such infections. That is, the review will focus on the findings associated with chronic HIV infection per se. This information is likely to become increasingly important as the detection and treatment of opportunistic infections improves, and more potent antiretroviral treatments yield ever-increasing longevity in HIV+ individuals.
Temporocingulate Interactions in the Monkey
Authors: Yukie Masao , Shibata Hideshi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cingulate gyrus has long been considered to be part of the limbic lobe (Broca, 1878) and was later incorporated into a medial circuit that formed the substrate for emotion (Papez, 1937). With the advent of modern tract-tracing methods, MacLean (1990) developed the concept of the limbic system, incorporating the amygdala and septum along with the cingulate gyrus. The circuitry of this system expanded greatly with subsequent connection studies.Based on cytoarchitecture, connections, and functional analyses, the cingulate gyrus is comprised of four regions: anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), midcingulate cortex (MCC), posterior cingulate cortex (PCC), and retrosplenial cortex (RSC). Although all a part of the cingulate gyrus, these regions are not uniform and can be further subdivided, for example, into dorsal and ventral parts of the PCC (Shibata and Yukie, 2003). In functional terms, the cingulate cortex plays key roles not only in emotional and motivational processes but also in autonomic responses (Kaada et al., 1949; Nishijo et al., 1997) and higher cognitive processes, such as attention, error detection, motor activity, social behavior, conflict, and different types of memory (Smith, 1945: Mirsky et al., 1957; Gemba et al.,1986; Valenstein et al., 1987; Posner et al., 1988; Grasby et al., 1993b).
CinguloAmygdala Interactions in Surprise and Extinction: Interpreting Associative Ambiguity
Authors: Oler Jonathan A , Quirk Gregory J , Whalen Paul J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many chapters in this volume depict the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) as a heterogeneous structure involved in the processing of both cognitive and emotional information. A vast animal and human literature supports the notion that the amygdala is a critical structure in the processing of emotional information. Given the strong reciprocal connectivity between the ACC and the amygdala, any assessment of the role of the ACC in the processing of emotional information would benefit from careful consideration of cinguloamygdala interactions. To this end, we explore the relation between electro-physiological data recorded from the rodent brain and functional neuroimaging data gleaned from studies in humans. Taken together, these data reveal a specific role for cinguloamygdala processing in the interpretation of emotional information, especially when the predictive value of biologically relevant stimuli is ambiguous.We begin by briefly describing the anatomical connections between the ACC, the anterior midcingulate cortex (aMCC), and amygdala; the reader is referred to Chapter 6 for a more thorough review of amygdalocingulate circuits. We then consider studies of extinction learning in animal subjects that have delineated a particularly compelling relationship between the subgenual ACC and the amygdala. Finally, human neuroimaging reports of cinguloamygdala interactions are reviewed that provide data consistent with the animal work. We find that amygdala responsivity to biologically relevant stimuli can routinely come under regulatory control of the ACC and aMCC. This chapter has the following specific goals:
Cingulate Nociceptive Circuitry and Roles in Pain Processing: The Cingulate Premotor Pain Model
Authors: Vogt Brent A , Sikes Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A long tradition conceptualizes pain processing according to sensory-discriminative and affective-motivational domains (Melzack & Casey, 1968; Melzack, 1975; Kenshalo & Willis, 1991). The sensory-discriminative domain engages stimulus localization and can be assessed with visual analogue scales for intensity, while the affective-motivational domain involves the affective component of pain and is measured with ratings of unpleasantness. This duality was framed in terms of medialand lateral thalamicprocessing by Albe-Fessard et al. (1985), who proposed that the lateral thalamic nuclei play a role in localization, whereas the medial thalamic nuclei are involved in affective responses to such stimuli. There is little doubt that the medial and lateral systems are engaged in these functions; however, it was unclear how thalamic nuclei engage in specific aspects of conscious pain processing, how they predict the consequences of behavioral outcomes, and how pain-linked memories are stored by thalamic nuclei. More importantly, the two-thalamic systems model failed to accommodate either joint or independent roles for the cerebral cortex in such processing modes because there were no links between the medial thalamic and limbic systems in the model. The concept of lateral and medial pain systems was extended for cortical structures including somatosensory and anterior cingulate cortices (ACC), respectively, based on thalamic afferents and neurosurgical ablation outcomes (Vogt et al., 1993). This was the first model of the entire medial pain system from nociceptor to limbic termination sites
Thalamocingulate Mechanisms Of Precentral Cortex Stimulation
Authors: Garcia-Larrea Luis , Maarrawi Joseph , Peyron Roland 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Experimental studies in animals have demonstrated the strong inhibitory influences that electrical stimulation at different levels of the nervous system can exert on pain transmission, thus prompting the use of neurostimulation strategies for the relief of chronic pain in humans. The neural targets of stimulation procedures have been mostly the sensory pathways mediating transmission of non-noxious information (e.g., large afferent peripheral fibers, spinal dorsal columns, and thalamic sensory nuclei), and to a lesser extent brainstem structures exerting descending antinociceptive influences (reviews in Gybels & Kupers, 1995; Holsheimer, 1997; Wallace et al. 2004). Although, stimulation of central motor fibers was also shown to inhibit afferent transmission in the dorsal horn and to produce analgesic effects in man (Lindblom & Ottosson, 1957; Field & Adams, 1974), the use of motor cortex stimulation (MCS) for pain control was documented only during the early 1990s by Tsubokawa et al. (1991, 1993a). Following these seminal reports, MCS has been progressively included in the armamentarium of functional surgeons treating chronic pain, with reported success rates of 50–70% depending on the localization and characteristics of pain syndromes (Tsubokawa et al., 1993; Meyerson et al., 1993; Mertens et al., 1999; Nguyen et al., 2000; Carroll et al., 2000; Nuti et al., 2005). As the procedure is applied only to patients with long-lasting, severe refractory pain, such results make of this surgical procedure a promising therapy for this chronic condition.
The Role of the Anterior Cingulate Cortex in Posttraumatic Stress and Panic Disorders
Authors: Shin Lisa M , Whalen Paul J , Pitman Roger K , Rauch Scott L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anxiety and fear are normal human emotional states that serve to alert an individual to potential threat in the environment. However, individuals with anxiety disorders persistently experience such emotional states in the absence of true danger, leading to significant distress and impairment (APA, 2000). Anxiety disorders are marked by episodes of fear or apprehension that may be either elicited by a specific stimulus or unprovoked. In posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), such episodes of intense fear may be triggered by recollections of a previous traumatic event and are typically accompanied by heightened physiologic arousal. In panic disorder (PD), periods of intense fear and physiologic arousal may be initially unprovoked and over time may tend to occur in specific settings from which escape would be difficult. Patients with PD often report fearing that they may have a heart attack or die or lose control, and they typically develop apprehension concerning further attacks. With the advent of neuroimaging techniques, researchers have begun to investigate the brain systems mediating anxiety disorders and to formulate neurocircuitry models of them. Medial prefrontal cortical regions, including anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), have typically been included in such models of anxiety disorders. The ultimate goal of this type of research is to understand the neurobiological substrates of anxiety disorders in order to assist in diagnosis, improve treatment, and predict treatment response.
The Role of the Cingulate Gyrus in Depression: Review and Synthesis of Imaging Data
Authors: Holtzheimer Paul E , Mayberg Helen S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Depression presents as a multi-dimensional disorder involving disruption of mood, cognition, motor function, and homeostatic/drive processes, including sleep, appetite, and libido. A striking feature of depressive disorders is that nearly all patients share at least some primary symptoms (e.g., depressed mood and anhedonia) while other symptoms can be highly variable from patient to patient. For example, some patients have severe insomnia, flattened affective response, and appetite loss while others have profound hypersomnia, increased mood reactivity, and significantly increased appetite; still other patients within each of these groups may have more or less disturbance of cognition, psychomotor function, libido, and anxiety. Beyond these symptomatic differences, patients with depression also show a highly variable response to available treatments. It is well established that up to 40% of patients will have an inadequate response to medications affecting the monoaminergic systems (serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine) which remain the mainstay first-line pharmcacologic treatment options for depression. Similarly, certain psychotherapies (such as cognitive behavioral therapy and interpersonal psychotherapy) are clearly effective in many, but not all, depressed patients. Even electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), which remains the most effective acute treatment for depression, fails in up to 20% of patients. Research efforts over the past several decades have attempted to define how the neurobiology of depression may differ
Language And Identity In Papua New Guinea
Authors: Foley William A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Papua New Guinea has the most complex linguistic composition of any country in the world, with over 700 languages spoken within its borders. Most of these languages are small, the average number of speakers being around 3000. But there is wide variation: the language with the largest number of speakers, Enga, now has about 200 000 speakers, while there are many languages with under 100 speakers, even a few with under 50.
Nutrition In Papua New Guinea
Authors: Heywood Peter F , Jenkins Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we use growth of young children to assess vanatlon in nutritional status within Papua New Guinea (PNG). We briefly discuss food production systems and then describe foodways, intakes of energy and protein, and adaptation to low levels of intake. The important topics of other nutrients, birthweight, morbidity, and the role of women are briefly considered. Finally, we discuss recent changes in food patterns and their possible consequences.
Introduction To Linear Motors
Authors: Basak Amitava 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A linear motor produces motion in a straight line directly, without the use of a crank or any other mechanism for converting rotary motion to linear motion. The history of linear motors goes back as far as the last decade of the nineteenth century. These machines were practically forgotten for nearly half a century, but there has been a genuine revival of interest in them since the 1950s. Although linear motors dispense with the need for gears, belts, etc., which are necessary to obtain linear motion from rotary motors, the latter are still preferred because of the wide range of speed and thrust that can be obtained with the help of gearing at an economic cost. However, it is envisaged that more and more direct-current (dc.) linear motors will be used in linear drive applications in the future.
The economy: work and wealth
Authors: Franceschi Franco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Economic historians have recently shown little interest in the concept of the Renaissance. The most important debates on economic themes have been primarily concerned with issues like ‘proto-industrialization’, the role of Italy and its most economically dynamic cities in the creation of a European ‘world economy’, and the formation of economic regions. Even more striking is the fact that few recent studies have taken up the question of the possible connections between economic and cultural developments that lay at the heart of Robert Lopez’s provocative claim that economic recession gave rise to the cultural flowering of Renaissance Italy. Nor has there been much interest in the connections between economic developments and state structures, or in the material and economic foundations of the ‘Renaissance State’, which still remain largely unstudied.
Invasions and ethnic identity
Authors: Pohl Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To modern eyes Roman Italy had a very distinct identity, and its Romanness was expressed in numerous cultural features: architecture and crafts, mosaics and inscriptions, institutions and law, literature and education. Indeed, few pre-modern societies have left such lasting marks on the landscape, and in the memories of many generations to come. Still, as Andrea Giardina has argued, Roman Italy had not quite achieved an identity of its own; his book is appropriately titled Roman Italy: Histories of an Incomplete Identity. Early Rome had conquered an ethnically heterogeneous country, with Veneti and Celts in the North, Etruscans in the Centre, several regional peoples in the South, and Greeks along some of the coastlines. The Romans, in turn, cherished their mythical Trojan origins.
The papacy
Authors: Azzara Claudio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the Roman emperors adopted Christianity as the official state religion with Theodosius in 380, the new creed and its institutional structures were inevitably faced by the need to redefine the theoretical role of the princeps, who was already described as pontifex m,ixi mus and venerated in the pagan tradition. The resulting construct was based on a model of imperial authority that was distinctively Christian-Hellenistic, weaving together doctrinal arguments drawn from ancient political culture in ways that were most coherently set out in the life of Constantine compiled by Bishop Eusebius of Caesarea (c.260-339).
Lords and Tenants
Authors: Britnell Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though relations between landlords and tenants after 1300 are very well documented for southern and midland England, it is far from safe to assume that inferences to be drawn from this region are going to help much in understanding the rest of Britain and Ireland. The institutions of English rural society were firmly embedded in customary expectations and, despite the Peasants Revolt in 1381, most fourteenth-century estate records display a remarkable resilience in the way established institutions of lordship survived repeated environmental disasters. The structures imposed elsewhere cannot be assumed to have had the same robustness. In Ireland, manorial institutions were being successfully challenged from without by the ambitions of native Irish lords beyond the authority of the English crown.
Ancient Philosophy
Authors: Kenny Anthony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sir Anthony Kenny tells the fascinating story of the birth of philosophy and its remarkable flourishing in the ancient Mediterranean world. This is the first of four volumes in which he will unfold a magisterial new history of Western philosophy. Specially written for a broad popular readership, but serious and deep enough to offer a genuine understanding of the great philosophers, Kenny’s lucid and stimulating history will become the definitive work for anyone interested in the people and ideas that shaped the course of Western thought.
Criminal Process
Authors: Zedner Lucia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The criminal process has the character of a vast machine that grinds on relentlessly despite recurrent challenges to its efficacy and its legitimacy. Suspects are its raw materials, convicted offenders its official product. Although it is often characterized as being in crisis and although periodic scandals concerning the conduct of the police or the practice of prosecutors bring it into disrepute, the criminal process has an enduring authority. The editors of a major handbook on the criminal process observe: ‘for policymakers in countries in social transition, the criminal justice process in England and Wales is often viewed as a model’. Its status as an exemplar furnishes the criminal process with a sense of immutability that makes it difficult to conceive of any alternative. Yet it is by no means inescapable that a rule-bound process dedicated to the attribution of blame should follow evidence of wrongdoing.