bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary cover-stories
Authors: Mayhew Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Great things are not done by impulse, but by a series of small things brought together. Vincent van Gogh People have long suspected that the first organisms must have been relatively simple. Since the origin of life, some organisms must therefore have undergone important evolutionary transitions that resulted in the kinds of species with which we are now familiar. In recent years, biologists have come to view these transitions not only as revolutions in the way living organ- isms looked and behaved, but also as solutions to similar problems. Understanding how they occurred brings us great insight into how natural selection works, and why modern, complex, organisms live and behave as they do.
Sons, daughters, and distorters
Authors: Mayhew Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of us take for granted three facts about our gender: (1) that we each produce only male or female gametes, not both; (2) that about half of us are male and half are female; and (3) that this is a result of the mechanism of sex determination known as male heterogamety. In male heterogamety, possession of two similar (X) chromosomes determines a female individual, whereas possession of two non-identical chromosomes (X and Y) deter- mines a male. Because haploid sperm are produced by fair (Mendelian) segregation of the male sex chromosomes, half produce daughters and half sons. This keeps the sex ratio at approximate equality.
Voyagers, residents, and sleepers
Authors: Mayhew Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most important developments in evolutionary biology came in 1962 with the publication of ‘Animal dispersion in relation to social behaviour’ by Vero Wynne-Edwards. This was probably the most controversial biology book of its generation. In it, Wynne-Edwards proposed that animal populations were regulated by dispersal of surplus, less fit, individuals, which prevented overpopulation. Wynne-Edwards believed this behaviour to have evolved through differential survival and extinction of populations; those groups of individuals without this benevolent behaviour went extinct, leaving the remaining habitat to become populated by those that had (Figure 6.1). This process, group selection, ran counter to the Darwinian notion of selection between individuals, and was robustly rejected by the academic community. The principal legacy of the book was to focus attention on the mechanisms of natural selection and the evolution of social behaviour. The ideas that followed laid the foundations of modern evolutionary ecology.
A world of specialists
Authors: Mayhew Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine that most typical of ecological entities, a community of coexisting species. The community may be characterized by variables, such as the number of species and the number or type of interactions. The next several chapters will examine how evolution affects these fundamental properties of communities. This chapter specifically examines the evolution of the breadth of use of resources that govern the size of an organism’s ecological niche. Some species are generalist, having in some sense a broad niche (large range of environmental tolerance, broad diet, etc.). Most species, how- ever, are probably specialists in at least one sense. This is curious from an evolutionary perspective; we can imagine that a wide ecological niche would be extremely beneficial from a fitness perspective, allowing an organism to survive unexpected changes in its environment.
The good, the bad, and the commensal
Authors: Mayhew Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The present chapter deals with another feature of interactions between species: the degree of antagonism. Interactions between two species can be classified according to the fitness effects of the interaction on each species. Most people’s understanding of ecological communities is that they are full of exploiter–victim relationships, where one species benefits at the expense of another (+,-). Predation, herbivory, and parasitism are examples, and are of course ubiquitous in communities: they are the building blocks of food webs. Competition involves negative effects on both parties (-,-) and is also common between members of the same trophic level. Again, such relationships are to be expected in a Darwinian world where individual’s primary concern is its own reproductive success, rather than that of another individual of a different species.
Death of species
Authors: Mayhew Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter we saw how new evolutionary lineages may arise, increasing the number of branches on the tree of life. We will now consider how the number of branches might be depleted, thus ‘pruning’ the tree of life; the process known as extinction. At its limit, extinction is a population level phenomenon: it is the specific case of population dynamics when the number of individuals becomes zero. This sounds like a purely ecological process with little evolutionary perspective. Yet, as we shall see in both this and the next chapter, extinction has evolutionary causes and con- sequences. First, as populations decline, changes in genetic composition often occur, some with impacts on the phenotype of the organism.
Big ecology
Authors: Mayhew Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Macroecology is the field that describes and attempts to explain statistical patterns of abundance, distribution, and diversity (Brown 1995; Gaston and Blackburn 2000). Macroecologists have identified a number of distinctive patterns in these variables that seem to be telling us something important about the rules governing ecology and evolution. In the development of the field, identifying patterns constitutes what Gaston and Blackburn (1999) describe as the ‘what’ stage of development, and is reasonably well advanced. Ultimately, we would like to know ‘how’ and ‘why’ the patterns are generated. This is not only because the patterns themselves seem to be important features of our biotic universe, but also because underlying them are fundamental principles of the workings of ecology and evolution.
Combining in diversity
Authors: Mayhew Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the previous 14 chapters, I have recounted the major questions that evolutionary ecologists have addressed and some of the discoveries that they have brought to light. In this chapter, I will draw on this experience to explain what evolutionary ecology as a whole is trying to do. First, evolutionary ecology is primarily about understanding biological diversity. Both ecology and evolution are about understanding variation in a common set of variables, so it is natural that they should sometimes need to work together to do that. Second, evolution and ecology affect each other. Evolutionary ecology explores the different ways in which this happens. Third, the different topics in evolutionary ecology help explain each other. This occurs because many evolutionary or ecological traits are dependent on each other, and because many of the research tools are broadly applicable. Below I expand briefly on these themes in the light of the preceding chapters.
Selection on reproductive characters: conceptual foundations and their extension to pollinator interactions
Authors: Morgan Martin T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews conceptual insights and directions for understanding natural selection on reproductive characters. Evolutionary stable strategy (ESS) approaches are ideal for formulating concepts and thinking strategically about the phenotypic selection of reproductive characters. Quantitative genetic models (in the sense popularized by Lande) provide tools for characterizing phenotypic selection and inheritance on a microevolutionary scale, while relating closely to the conceptual insights of ESS analysis.
Floral design and the evolution of asymmetrical mating systems
Authors: Barrett Spencer C H , Hodgins Kathryn A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Floral traits that promote cross-pollination have a fundamental influence on the origin and maintenance of sexual polymorphisms in plants. This influence results from mating within and between sexual morphs, which determines the character of negative frequency-dependent selection and governs the evolution of morph ratios. The daffodil genus, Narcissus , exhibits exceptional diversity in floral design, pollination biology and sexual systems, and includes species with stylar monomorphism, stigma-height dimorphism, distyly and tristyly. Narcissus is unusual among heterostylous groups because species with stylar polymorphism possess a self-incompatibility system that permits intra-morph mating.
Ecological genetics of floral evolution
Authors: Conner Jeffrey K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The diversity of floral forms in nature can be explained largely as adaptations to the diversity of biotic and abiotic selective agents with which different plant species interact. Ecological genetics is the study of the process of adaptation, and therefore is an ideal approach to understanding floral adaptations. Here ı review work on selection and genetic variance and covariance of floral traits, as these are the principal determinants of adaptive evolution. Early work focused on simple floral polymorphisms, because they were amenable to study, but more recent work has used their simplicity to understand the genetic mechanisms underlying adaptation in unprecedented detail.
Voluntary Action: Brains, Minds, And Sociality
Authors: Maasen Sabine , Prinz Wolfgang , Roth Gerhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In one sense, everybody knows what voluntary action is. We are all experts on this matter. Every day and every hour we perform a vast number of actions under the control of our will, and so we understand much of what other people do as well. By saying this, we do not mean to say that all actions people perform are voluntary. People act voluntarily in certain situations, but not (or less so) in certain others. This capacity to perform voluntary actions is tightly linked to our understanding of what it means to be an autonomous agent or person. By knowing what voluntary actions are, we also have a sense of what it means to be a person and vice versa.
How do we know about our own actions?
Authors: Prinz Wolfgang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of psychology is, to some extent, the story of a never-ending struggle against folk psychology. In a way, folk psychology provides us with ready-made answers to many of the questions we ask in science. As a consequence, everybody who shares a particular system of folk psychology convictions and beliefs is an expert in psychological matters. People already know the answers to the questions we pose and, therefore, they find much of our scientific effort redundant and superfluous.
Acquisition And Control Of Voluntary Action
Authors: Hommel Bernhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with the cognitive underpinnings of voluntary action, here defined as goal-directed behaviour. It delineates how voluntary action emerges through the automatic acquisition of bilateral associations between cognitive codes of movement patterns and sensory movement effects. Once acquired, these associations can be used to choose movement patterns by activating codes of intended outcomes (the Lotze–Harleß principle). Actions are planned by specifying the intended outcomes, binding the activated codes, and integrating them with the anticipated trigger stimuli. Integrated action plans are then carried out automatically as soon as the trigger stimulus is encountered.
How do we control action?
Authors: Seitz RÜdiger J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this contribution is to provide an outline of the neural correlate underlying the control of voluntary action from the perspective of clinical neurology and systems physiology. Voluntary action has been defined as a consciously initiated process underlying goaldirected movement control. Based on evidence from functional neuro-imaging and from neurological syndromes, such as akinesia, neglect, and apraxia, a distributed model of information processing is proposed that describes the central position of action between the individual’s behaviour and the single movement.
Self-Generated Actions
Authors: Jeannerod Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Voluntary actions are consciously represented actions. However, this far too simple definition does not specify when consciousness is supposed to occur: is it prior to execution (i.e. at the representational stage), or during execution or even after the action is completed? In order to clarify some aspects of this problem, I will first examine the basic notion of a representation for action, and subsequently try to understand its role in ultimately generating a conscious intention and a voluntary action.
How voluntary are minimal actions?
Authors: Proust JoËLle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter aims at exploring how intentional a piece of behaviour should be to count as an action, and how a minimal view of action, not requiring a richly intentional causation, may still qualify as voluntary. Knowing what counts as an action is not only a matter of nominal definition. It has important consequences for education and law, as well as ethics. One unresolved question in the domain of action consists in determining which features, if any, are distinctive of human action as contrasted with non-human animal action. The interest in studying what Kent Bach (1978) called ‘minimal actions’ is that they seem not to presuppose any prior intention, not even any conscious decision. Defining a minimal action as a guided bodily movement (not requiring an intentional belief–desire–causation) will help us to discuss some issues that become easily blurred within the folk psychological approach to fullfledged, richly intentional actions.
Between The Normative And The Symbolic: Juridical And Anthropological Accounts Of Voluntary Action
Authors: Maasen Sabine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thus far, voluntary action has been investigated from three different perspectives: psychologists have inquired into the cognitive processes and social-personality aspects of goaldirected behaviour. Voluntariness, by their account, is either nothing but a convenient manner of speech, that should be abandoned from scientific discourse or, if anything, is a matter of constraining, but not triggering, goal-directed action. As regards the neurosciences, they enquire into the brain functions that process actions that we perceive as conscious or willed. In their view, consciousness, while not the ‘lord of the manor’ in our brains, can be understood as an automatic mechanism for monitoring actions.
A polytheistic conception of the sciences and the Virtues of deep variety
Authors: Shweder Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Can we actually “know” the universe? My God, it is hard enough finding your way around in Chinatown …’ is a line from one of Woody Allen’s books. The line seems appropriate as the opening line for an essay in which I plan to examine some of the many problems with the idea of ‘unity of knowledge’ or ‘consilience’ as presented by the Harvard University biologist E. O. Wilson (1998). Concerning the gospel of ‘consilience’ I have doubts about its ‘unification metaphysics’ (material determination, all the way down) and its ‘unified learning’ pedagogy (with its emphasis on one particular, even peculiar, ‘natural science’ conception of knowledge; Wilson, 1998, p. 5, 3).
The Demography Of Social Class
Authors: Coleman D A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Demography is the formalization of the risks or chances involved in belonging to a particular society: risks of dying and ill-health, risks of marrying and giving birth, risks of migrating, or of living in a large or small household-many of the characteristics of daily life as well as of its beginning and end.
The way people live and die can differ radically between different countries, different races and ethnic groups, and over periods of time. Demography provides a way of measuring these differences. But within all but the least complex of societies, there is also stratification by rank, income, or prestige (see Bendix and Lipset 1967), even in egalitarian ones (Rosenfeld 1951).
Demographic changes in a Snow Goose population: biological and management implications
Authors: Cooch E G , Cooke F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a threefold challenge facing biologists studying economically important species: firstly, to understand the basic demographic facts about the population; secondly, to draw the appropriate inferences from these facts; and thirdly, management implications have to be pointed out. If the factual information is flawed, it is irrelevant at best and irresponsible at worst to offer advice on management. In this paper, we report some of the essential demographic findings that have been made relating to the Lesser Snow Goose (Anser caerulescens caerulescens) population at La Perouse Bay (LPB), in Northern Manitoba, Canada. We provide population estimates for fecundity (production) and survival and show how the values change with time. We use these values to show that the changes in demographic parameters can explain the changes in population size, and attempt to identify the factors responsible for the demographic changes. This information will allow managers to devise policies concerning the target population levels, which may involve either a change or maintenance of the original population level. If managers wish to change the population levels, they will have the requisite information on which to attempt to alter the demography of the population.
Population studies of White Storks ( Ciconia ciconia) in Europe
Authors: Bairlein Franz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thus, long-term, concurrent information on breeding pairs is available for many parts of the species’ breeding range. These censuses revealed a general decrease in stork numbers in Europe, although the decline was not continuous and rather different changes occurred in various parts of the species’ range. In general, storks breeding west of the migratory divide (Fig. 10.1) and migrating to W. African winter quarters sharply decreased or even became extinct, whereas the eastern population (breeding east of the migratory divide, Fig. 10.1) appears to be relatively stable or even locally increasing in size and extending its breeding range. Besides these international censuses comprehensive, long-term annual counts of breeding storks are available from some regions, including ringing data and annual data on breeding success, so allowing a more detailed analysis.
Changes in the population size and demography of southern seabirds: management implications
Authors: Jouventin Pierre , Weimerskirch Henri 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oceans occupy some 70 per cent of the world surface. The greater part of the northern hemisphere consists of land, while oceans represent the majority of the southern hemisphere, in a contiguous body of water known collectively as the Austral of Antarctic Ocean in its circumpolar reaches. Here the seabird communities are the richest in the world in terms of both actual numbers and numbers of species. Despite the impact of sealing and whaling on subantarctic ecosystems, many of the islands and their avifaunas remain relatively undamaged. However, the situation is changing rapidly. With the increase of human activities, it is essential to monitor the seabird species likely to be affected, in order to identify the causes of demographic changes. When trying to explain the changes in population sizes, it is important to detect the environmental factors that could cause changes and to identify past and present human influences on seabird populations.
Seasonal and annual patterns of mortality in migratory shorebirds: some conservation implications
Authors: Evans P R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Population dynamics of shorebirds formed the subject of a research review by Evans and Pienkowski (1984), and the role of migration in population processes has been further discussed by Pienkowski and Evans (1984, 1985). The present chapter updates these reviews and focuses particularly on causes of mortality in shorebird populations, since these have important implications for conservation of the species concerned.
Parasites, cuckoos, and avian population dynamics
Authors: Son A P Dop , May R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last 10 years have seen significant increases in the understanding of the role that parasites and pathogens play in the regulation of host abundance. These advances are based, in part, on a theoretical framework developed to examine the population dynamics of parasite-host relationships (Anderson and May 1978,1979,1982; May and Anderson 1978,1979). In this chapter we use these models and their multispecies extensions to examine the patterns of parasite infections found in birds. The models were developed initially to determine those attributes of the interaction between parasites and their hosts that are important in determining observed patterns of population dynamics and community structure. They are described and derived in detail elsewhere (Anderson and May 1978; May and Anderson 1978; Dobson 1985, 1988#, and in preparation). Rather than repeat these derivations, we give attention to the graphical illustration of different extensions of the models, while presenting only the more transparent results of any algebraic analysis. The final discussion outlines the implications of this work for the conservation of endangered species of birds.
Control of bird pest populations
Authors: Fearf Christopher J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Certain birds cause problems that necessitate preventive action. Birds are responsible for economic losses in agriculture (Wright et al. 1980), for problems associated with fouling in towns and cities (Feare 1985), for public and animal health hazards (Summers etal. 1984; Tosh etal. 1970), for dangers to aircraft (Blokpoel 1976), and for certain environmental problems where abundant predators threaten more ‘desirable’ species (Thomas 1972) or where exotics threaten indigenous species (Feare and Mungroo 1990; Douglas 1972; Zeleny 1969). Birds have been killed as attempts to resolve all of these problems.
The population dynamics of culling Herring Gulls and Lesser Black-backed Gulls
Authors: Coulson J C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since 1972, extensive culling of Herring Gulls Larus argentatus and Lesser Black-backed Gulls L. fuscus has taken place in Britain. The reasons for culling have varied. Some culling was justified on the grounds of nature conservation; to protect vegetation, to create space for terns Sterna to nest or to reduce predation on nests and young of other seabird species (Anon. 1972, 1981). Elsewhere the culling was introduced to reduce the risk of ‘bird-strikes’ on aircraft near airbases (Blokpoel 1976) or reduce the nuisance caused by gulls nesting in towns, e.g. Scarborough and South Shields (Local Environmental Officers, personal communications). Large culls have also been made to reduce the risk of pollution of water supplies and to protect the quality of grouse moors, e.g. Abbeystead, Lancashire (M.A.F.F. personal communication). As a result of these activities, nearly 100 000 Herring and Lesser Black-backed Gulls have been killed in Britain between 1972 and 1987.
The relevance of population studies to the conservation of threatened birds
Authors: Green R E , Hirons G J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The existence of many bird species is now threatened as human activities increasingly damage or destroy their habitats or directly affect their survival or reproductive success. The challenge faced by bird conservationists is to ensure the persistence of as many species as possible by devising ways in which they can coexist with human activity, often within a small remnant of their former range. What role should studies of avian population processes play in this task?