bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genecology of Chamaecyparis Nootkatensis
Authors: Russell John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (D. Don) Spach (yellow-cedar) is a long-lived, stresstolerant species. It has a north-south distribution on the Pacific Northwest coast similar to Thuja plicata western (redcedar), Tsuga heterophylla (western hemlock), and Picea sitchensis (Sitka spruce), occurring over 20° latitude from northern California to southeast Alaska. Within this latitudinal range, however, C. nootkatensis occupies a unique geographic distribution. It occurs strictly at high elevations (over 1,200 m) in both the Siskiyou Mountains in northern California and southwest Oregon and on the west side of the Cascade Mountains in Washington and Oregon. It occurs at middle to high elevations in both the Olympic Mountains in Washington and the Coastal Mountains in southern British Columbia. North of approximately 51°N latitude, C. nootkatensis occurs from sea level to timberline, where it is restricted to a narrow longitudinal band along the coast. In central Oregon (Frenkel 1974) and southern British Columbia, two isolated stands occur more than 200 km inland from the most easterly coastal populations.
Regeneration Ecology of Chamaecyparis Obtusa and Chamaecyparis Pisifera (Hinoki and Sawara Cypress), Japan
Authors: Yamamoto Shin-Ichi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two species of Chamaecyparis (Cupressaceae) in Japan: Chamaecyparis obtusa (Sieb. et Zucc.) Endlicher (Hinoki cypress) and Chamaecyparis pisifera (Sieb. et Zucc.) Endlicher (Sawara cypress) (Figs. 7.1-3 and Table 7.1). Geographical distribution of these tall evergreen conifers nearly overlaps, although C. pisifera occurs infrequently in southwest Japan and is absent from Shikoku Island (the fourth of the main Japanese Islands). The distributional range of C. pisifera extends slightly northward of that of C. obtusa; C. obtusa (Fig. 7.4) grows from 30°15’-37°10’N and C. pisifera (Fig. 7.5) from 32°48’-39°32’N (Hayashi 1960). In the Kiso district of central Japan, both species are abundant. The altitudinal range of C. obtusa is 80-2,200 m (rarely to above 2,500 m; Horikawa 1972) and that of C. pisifera is 280-2,590 m above sea level (Asakawa et al. 1981). At present, C. pisifera has a limited distribution, mainly in the central part of Japan. It was widely and abundantly found in the Pliocene era and has been gradually decreasing up to the present (Miki 1958). The reverse tendency is found in the past and present distribution of C. obtusa (Miki 1958).
The Sequoia Sempervirens (Coast Redwood) Forest of the Pacific Coast, USA
Authors: Ornduff Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since its discovery in the late 18th century, scientists and lay persons alike have been impressed by the magnificence of the stately Sequoia sempervirens (coast redwood) and the dense forests it forms. Yet this conifer is one of the world’s most restricted tree species, occurring only along a very narrow portion of the Pacific coast of California and Oregon. Within this narrow range, however, S. sempervirens exerts a powerful ecological influence in its ecosystem. This chapter describes the morphological features of S. sempervirens, its geographical distribution and the factors that limit this distribution, other organisms that occur with it, ecological dynamics of its forests, its fossil record, its economic values, and its conservation status. It also poses some questions concerning S. sempervirens ecology that remain to be answered.
Mean Streets
Authors: Allen Irving Lewis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The old expression mean streets signifies the worlds of urban poverty. It is another term that takes the trope of city streets, with all its negative connotations, to stand for exposure to the cruelties of poverty. The meanings of mean streets emerged primarily with reference to the nineteenth-century classic slums of English and American cities and to an older type of skid row of transient but employable men. In this century its meaning was transferred to the poverty of utter despair, to the crime, violence, and drugs in black and Latino ghettos, and to the condition of homeless and often mentally ill men and women on American city streets. Mean streets is the thought behind this chapter mainly in the older sense of Manhattan’s classic slums and the intersecting social worlds of transient and often homeless men and women on the Bowery.
Building a Forest Community
Authors: Tec Nechama 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the manhunt behind them, the Soviet partisan leaders were eager to reestablish order. Through this reorganization they had intended to get a firmer grip on the different partisan groups in the area. The Bielski otriad, caught in this effort to reorganize, became officially attached to the Kirov brigade. Vasiliev, its head, had special plans for the Bielski partisans.
In the Beginning
Authors: Peterson Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Professional football almost certainly began in the Ivy League, of all places, during the late 1880s. Today when the Today when the Iviespharies represented on the football field by student athletes-with the emphasis on student-that may seem unlikely, but it is not. American football was born in the Ivy League, and far and away the best teams were found among the Ivy until the tum of the century. The premise that the first professional football players were on college teams runs counter to prevailing opinion.
Introduction
Authors: Bell David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Between the months of October 1730 and December 1731, a political duel took place in France between two seemingly mismatched combat ants. On one side stood the French crown, represented by the unofficial prime minister, Cardinal Andre-Hercule de Fleury, and the venerable chancellor (head of the judiciary), Henri-Francois d’Aguesseau. On the other side was ranged the Parisian Order of Barristers, five hundred men of predominantly moderate means, predominantly bourgeois origins, and little obvious political influence.
Conclusion
Authors: Bell David A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Guy Target, in his brief for the Marquise d’Anglure, called on the legislator to act, he could scarcely have imagined that within three years he would be a legislator himself. Nor could he have dreamed that within six years, after a career spent posing as the nation’s advocate against the king, he would be asked to serve as the king’s advocate against a stern and unforgiving nation (or rather, against a Convention claiming to represent the nation). Such, of course, was the tremendous concentration of events and overturning of fortunes that characterized the French Revolution.
Grand Illusions
Authors: Bartov Omer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fantasies of glory breed traumatic disillusionment. Opening the century with a wave of exhilaration, World War I swiftly transformed Europe’s mental landscape into a site of mourning and anxiety, loss and trauma. First the scar of trenches stretching across the continent and then the vast, symmetrical cemeteries, which rendered a semblance of aestheticized order to the slaughter, have become embedded in Europe’s collective consciousness. The illusion of glory became the reality of atrocity. And yet disillusionment from romantic visions of heroism and sacrifice was accompanied by even grander, more reckless, and more destructive illusions. The carnage and genocide of World War II that followed did more than shatter the dreams of military and national greatness; it dealt a lethal blow to the very idea of shared humanity. Having torn out of its midst millions upon millions of its own people, inverted and perverted every value and belief, exploited to the limit humanity’s willingness to sacrifice itself for a higher cause in order to perpetrate the most heinous crimes, the war has left us with a legacy of gaping absences of memory and identity, culture and biography. Half a century later we are still groping for a way to come to terms with the belated effects of this trauma, even as its last witnesses are leaving the stage. Bereft of heroes and ideals, we are haunted by nightmares of catastrophe, as the gallant tales of the past turn out to have been nothing but smoke and mirrors.
Identifying the Unfit: Biology and Culture in the Construction of Hereditary Disease
Authors: Pernick Martin S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“The chief significance” of the Bollinger case, “is the eugenic question,” asserted Yale economist Irving Fisher. “Eugenics? Of course it’s eugenics,” Haiselden patiently explained to a reporter. New York’s Commissioner of Charities John Kingsbury agreed, “This is eugenics in the concrete.” Drawing on what had become the classic eugenic example of a defective family pedigree, Haiselden asked rhetorically, “Which do you prefer—six days of Baby Bollinger or seventy years of Jukes?” His film The Black Stork was even advertised as a “eugenic love story.”
To accomplish its goal of improving human heredity, eugenics claimed to answer a number of related but conceptually distinct questions. Among the most important were the following: First, what human differences are influenced by heredity? Second, what counts as an improvement—which human traits are good and which are not? Third, what techniques are best to produce the desired improvements? And fourth, who should have the power to answer the other questions? Much historical confusion over who supported and who opposed eugenics results from conflating these separable questions and from overlooking the struggles that took place over which answers to these questions would count as “eugenics.”
Eliminating the Unfit: Euthanasia and Eugenics
Authors: Pernick Martin S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although some prominent eugenicists advocated death for the unfit as early as 1868, before the Bollinger case such ideas rarely won endorsement in public from the leaders of the movement. The most prominent eugenic researchers and spokesmen called for preventing the reproduction of the unfit and for stimulating the fertility of the fittest, rather than seeking to eliminate those already born with defects. Preventive measures included providing sex education and birth control information to the poor, confining defectives in sex-segregated institutions, or legislating compulsory sterilization.
Charles Davenport, perhaps the foremost American eugenic researcher of the period, insisted in 1911 that eugenics did “not imply the destruction of the unfit either before or after birth.” Yale economist Irving Fisher and eugenic publicist Harry Laughlin echoed Davenport’s disclaimer.
The Black Stork
Authors: Pernick Martin S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Black Stork was the most explicit depiction of negative eugenics to reach the silent screen. Yet even though the film was shown across the country in various editions under several titles from 1916 to perhaps as late as 1942, no copies were known to exist until I rediscovered and preserved the only viewable print of the 1927 revision and subsequently located an unprojectable paper print of the 1916 original.
The original version opens with a prologue that 1epicts defectives as a repulsive, dangerous, and costly menace to society. The film dramatizes a centuries-old argument for selective human mating, visually contrasting care in breeding livestock (Fig. 8) with neglect of human health and eugenics (Fig. 9). Through statistic-filled titles and striking visual juxta positions, these scenes combine an argument for making the success of livestock breeding a model for human selection, with a critique of the government for spending more money on veterinary than on human health, and an equation of human defectives with subhuman beasts.
Medicine, Media, and Memory
Authors: Pernick Martin S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From Haiselden’s death in 1919 to the present, controversies over eugenic euthanasia and medical refusal to treat impaired newborns periodically appeared and disappeared from the American mass media. Each time the public rediscovered these issues, the memory of Haiselden’s crusade became dimmer. With each revival of interest, these subjects were increasingly portrayed as unprecedented novelties of modern science.
Each new wave of attention was shaped by the particular political and medical circumstances of its own time. Yet key underlying assumptions first illuminated in the debate over the Bollinger baby and The Black Stork continued to shape public and professional discourse long after Haiselden and his cases had been forgotten. Both the differences and the similarities to Haiselden’s era remain important to understanding medicine, genetics, and euthanasia today.
American eugenicists achieved their greatest political successes in the 1920s, with legislation imposing selective ethnic restrictions on immigration and judicial approval of compulsory sterilization. In contrast, supporters of euthanasia won no comparable victories. Indeed, many historians claim discussion of mercy killing almost disappeared from American public life in the l 920s.
The Most Fundamental Question Facing Mankind Today Is Whether Man Can Evolve to Live in Harmony with Nature
Authors: Officer Charles , Page Jake 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a popular bumper sticker that says: “If the people lead, the leaders will follow.” This is as good a motto as any as we face what seem to be overwhelming global troubles. But humanity has operated out of optimism (if sometimes misplaced) through its history, and a realistic optimism is certainly something needed now. To that end, in this book we have sought to put some of our current problems in a context that is geologic, noting that the Earth has been around a long time and will continue to exist for a long time to come. It has continually undergone changes-small and vast--on time scales from a year or less to several million years. In terms of geologic time, there have been “abrupt” extinctions, such as the Ice Age megafauna and the dinosaurs-great extinction events that took place amid the constant background buzz of evoluticm and extinction. We know something of the environmental stresses that caused these extinctions but are far from understanding them in detail. They are of scientific interest in themselves, but a better understanding of them would surely cast light on the anthropogenic environmental changes we now face.
The Rain Forest of Selborne
Authors: Ehrenfeld David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fourth most frequently published book in the English language is by modem standards of popular entertainment one of the dullest. Unlike television commercials, in which images flicker on and off the screen every few seconds, the scenes in this book stay the same page after page. A cameraman filming The Natural History of Selborne-if any producer were crazy enough to try to tum that book into a television program-would merely have to aim the camera, tum it on, and go to lunch, returning only to reload film. No need to swivel the camera to follow the action; there is no action in The Natural History of Selborne. Nor are there any dismembered corpses, love polygons, towering ambitions, or anything that could be described as exotic or glamorously foreign, not even a jaguar or a tree fem.
After Valdez
Authors: Ehrenfeld David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The oil that leaked from the ruptured hull of the Exxon Valdez into Alaska’s Prince William Sound on Good Friday, March 24, 1989, had many effects. It provided a windfall income to local residents who rented extra bedrooms at one hundred dollars per night to visiting scientists, administrators, lawyers, and others concerned with the spill and the cleanup. It gave the professional opportunity of a life time to anyone willing to put in 110 hours a week, under horrendous conditions, studying oiled biota-everything from whales to coyotes to eagles. And of course it devastated one of the most beautiful ecosystems on earth.
Dent de Lion-The Lion’s Tooth
Authors: Ehrenfeld David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
George Orwell wrote that if you want to understand a prejudice, the best place to start inquiring is inside your own head. That’s not easy, because before you can get anywhere with your inquiry you have to be able to say to yourself, “I am a prejudiced person. I have an irrational belief or feeling.” Only after making this admission do you have a chance of finding out the source of the prejudice.
Changing the Way We Farm
Authors: Ehrenfeld David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1971, the Canadian wildlife biologist Valerius Geist published his book, Mountain Sheep: A Study in Behavior and Evolution. In it he observed that although both the United States and what was then the Soviet Union had enacted measures to protect mountain sheep or to control hunting in areas where they were still common, and although vast areas of suitable sheep habitat, without sheep, still exist, mountain sheep have made “no noteworthy recovery on either continent. Protection of sheep has been locally in force in the United States since the turn of the century and in Russia since after the October Revolution, yet only exceptionally have sheep spread from the restricted areas to which they were confined.” This contrasts sharply with the fate of moose, which have taken advantage of twentieth century protection to recolonize thousands of square miles of terrain in Asia, Europe, and North America that they once occupied and from which they were exterminated. Why the difference, and what is its significance for farming? Geist gives an ecological and evolutionary answer to the question of why mountain sheep are so reluctant to reoccupy suitable former habitat that is nearby.
Life in the New Millennium
Authors: Ehrenfeld David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The future is shy. If you want to catch a glimpse of it, you have to sneak up from behind. So the place to start for a look into the future is the past. The question of what life will be like for plants, animals, and people in the new millennium is not a fit subject for casual futurology. We have to lay a good foundation, and we can begin with the relatively recent idea of changing the earth.
Billie Holiday Actress Without an Act
Authors: Williams Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“All I ask of popular songs, “ a journalist once wrote, “is that they be beautiful “-which is to ask everything or nothing. Pretty they may sometimes be, but beautiful they often are not. And if they were beautiful, an artist like Billie Holiday might have nothing to do. Her repertory abounded in trivial melody, in ugly melody, in merely pretty melody. To be sure, a part of the meaning of jazz comes from its spontaneity improvisation and variation have meanings of their own. But in another sense there would be no point in Miss Holiday ‘s changing a melody if it were already beautiful. Her particular musical talent was that she could find emotional and melodic beauty in banality.
Art Tatum Not for the Left Hand Alone
Authors: Williams Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Louis Armstrong first arrived in the early ‘twenties, the reaction of his fellow musicians was generally positive. His elders, most of them, and particularly if they were from New Orleans, heard him as a fulfillment of what they had been working on. And younger players seem to have felt that here was someone who could serve as an inspiration and guide, from whom they could take at least a part if not all, and go on to develop something of their own.
Sonny Rollins Spontaneous Orchestration
Authors: Williams Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the late summer of 1959 tenor saxophonist Sonny Rollins stopped taking night club, concert, and record dates. Inevitably there was much gossip. It was said that he had decided to escape a round of work where both public adulation and constant playing were forcing him to repeat himself; that he was preparing some long compositions; that he had been intimidated by critical praise and by the close technical analysis of his recorded work; that he intended to reappear solo, as an unaccompanied improvising saxophonist. The last rumor was perhaps the most provocative. Rollins had frequently appeared without a pianist and-most important-in a sense had taken over the functions of orchestrator and orchestra all to himself.
Ornetfe Coleman Innovation from the Source
Authors: Williams Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An American artist will find his own ways of expression, and no one would claim that for him an increase in conventional techniques necessarily has anything to do with an increase in expressiveness. As our comic strip artists become better draftsmen, they may produce more soap opera; as our sound films become more technically resourceful, they may, more important, talk more, say less, and show less.
Generalities
Authors: Smith Justin R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this section we discuss a few basic facts about parallel processing in general. One very basic fact that applies to parallel computation, regardless of how it is implemented, is the following: CLAIM 1.1. Suppose the fastest sequential algorithm for doing a computation with parameter n has execution time of T(n ). Then the fastest parallel algorithm with m processors (each comparable to that of the sequential computer) has execution time The idea here is: If you could find a faster parallel algorithm, you could execute it sequentially by having a sequential computer simulate parallelism and get a faster sequential algorithm. This would contradict the fact that the given sequential algorithm is the fastest possible. We are making the assumption that the cost of simulating parallel algorithms by sequential ones is negligible.
Bitonic Sorting Algorithm
Authors: Smith Justin R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this section we will discuss one of the first parallel sorting algorithms to be developed. DEFINillON 3.1. A sequence of numbers will be called bitonic if either of the following two conditions is satisfied: It starts out being monotonically increasing up to some point and then becomes monotonically decreasing. It starts out being monotonically decreasing up to some point and then becomes monotonically increasing. A sequence of O ‘s and l ‘s will be called clean if it consists entirely of O ‘s or entirely of l ‘s.
Theoretical Issues
Authors: Smith Justin R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modify the CRCW Write phase of the simulation algorithm described above (page 30) so that, whenever multiple processors attempt to write numbers to the same simulated location, their sum is actually written.3• 6.1. Complexity Classes and the Parallel Processing Thesis. In this chapter we will be concerned with various theoretical issues connected with parallel processing. We will study the question of what calculations can be efficiently done in parallel and in what sense. We present the so-called Parallel Processing Thesis of Fortune and Wyllie - see [51]. It essentially shows that execution-time on a parallel computer corresponds in some sense to space (i.e., memory) on a sequential computer. The arguments used by Fortune and Wyllie also give some insight into why the execution time of many parallel algorithms is a power of a logarithm of the complexity of the problem.
General Principles of Parallel Algorithm Design
Authors: Smith Justin R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this section we discuss some general principles of algorithm-design. Later chapters in this book will explore these principles in more detail. We have already seen some of these concepts in the Introduction. Brent ‘s Theorem. Brent ‘s Theorem makes precise some of the heuristic argu ments in the introduction relating computation networks with time required to com pute something in parallel.