bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Single-component Molecular Conductor [Zn(tmdt)2] and Related Zn Complexes
Authors: Yamamoto Kimiko , Fujiwara Emiko , Kobayashi Akiko , Fujishiro Yuichi , Nishibori Eiji , Sakata Makoto , Takata Masaki , Tanaka Hisashi , Okano Yoshinori , Kobayashi Hayao 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Single-component molecular conductors based on zinc complexes with filled 3d shells and extended-TTF ligands, [ZnL2] (L = tmdt, dmdt, and dt) were prepared. The crystal structure of semiconducting [Zn(tmdt)2] (ρ (rt) ≈ 50 Ω cm) was determined by the synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction experiments. The molecule has a tetrahedral geometry and two ligand planes are almost perpendicular to each other.
An Abrupt Spin Crossover FeII Complex Based on Homochiral Chain
Authors: Bréfuel Nicolas , Shova Sergiu , Tuchagues Jean-Pierre , Matsumoto Naohide 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
A new FeII complex with a linear hexadentate ligand involving one terminal imidazole and one terminal imidazolato moiety, [FeHL2-Me]ClO4, has been synthesized, where H2L2-Me denotes [bis(2-methyl-4-formylimidazolidene)aminopropyl]ethylenediamine. This complex shows an abrupt spin-crossover at T1/2 = 165.5 K and assumes a homochiral 1D chain structure through hydrogen bonds between the imidazole and imidazolato groups of adjacent molecules.
Controlled Crystallization of Ultrafine Titanium Dioxide Particles in the Presence of Hydrophilic or Amphiphilic Polymer from Peroxotitanic Acid
Authors: Yoshinaga Kohji , Yamauchi Masato , Maruyama Daisuke , Mouri Emiko , Koyanagi Tsuguo 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Controlled crystallization of titanium dioxide ultrafine particles in the presence of water-soluble polymer from peroxotitanic acid was investigated. Heating of aqueous solution of peroxotitanic acid with the polymer at 220 °C for 5 h in an autoclave gave the suspension containing nanometer-sized TiO2 particles with perfectly controlled crystalline anatase or rutile.
Rate Enhancement of Lipase-catalyzed Reaction in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Matsuda Tomoko , Tsuji Kazuhiko , Kamitanaka Takashi , Harada Tadao , Nakamura Kaoru , Ikariya Takao 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Lipase-catalyzed kinetic resolution of various 1-arylethanols was performed in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2), in hexane and without solvent. The use of scCO2 enhances reactivity especially when a cross-linked enzyme aggregate (CLEA) was used.
Preparation of Porous Poly(l-lactic acid) Composite Containing Hydroxyapatite Whiskers
Authors: Mizutani Yoichiro , Hattori Masateru , Okuyama Masahiko , Kasuga Toshihiro , Nogami Masayuki 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
A new type of porous biomaterial for bone repair was successfully prepared using poly(l-lactic acid) short fibers of ≈700 μm and hydroxyapatite whiskers (W-HAs) of 60 μm (in average length). When W-HAs of ≤70 wt % were introduced, the composites could have about 80% porosity including numerous, interconnecting pores of &gt;10 μm in diameter. W-HAs play an important role in formation of the pores, which allow penetration of nutriments and ingrowth of bone cells.
Synthesis and Electrochemical Properties of ZnO 3D Nanostructures
Authors: Zhou Fu , Zhao Xuemei , Zheng Huagui , Shen Tao , Tang Chenming 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Uniform flower-like ZnO 3D nanostructures were successfully synthesized by a common hydrothermal method using KNO3 as inorganic mineralizer. The electrochemical properties of as-synthesized ZnO 3D nanostructures were studied by galvanostatic tests, indicating that the ZnO 3D nanostructured products may be good choice for anode materials in the Li ion batteries.
Schizophyllan Acts as a One-dimensional Host to Accommodate 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrinatozinc Acetate to Produce Its Fibrous Superstructure
Authors: Hasegawa Teruaki , Fujisawa Tomohisa , Numata Munenori , Li Chun , Bae Ah-hyun , Haraguchi Shuichi , Sakurai Kazuo , Shinkai Seiji 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
We established a novel strategy to construct porphyrin-nanofibers which may mimic a fibrous porphyrin-assembly observed in a natural light harvesting system in green bacterium. Our strategy utilizes alignment of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrinatozinc acetate in schizophyllan having one dimensional cavity along its helical superstructure. The resultant schizophyllan/porphyrin complex generates fibrous superstructures, in which porphyrins are aligned in a chirally-twisted packing mode.
Nasal polyposis in France: impact on sleep and quality of life
Authors: Serrano Elie , Neukirch Françoise , Pribil Céline , Jankowski Roger , Klossek Jean-Michel , Chanal Isabelle , El Hasnaoui Abdelkader 
Published: July 2005

The prevalence of nasal polyposis (NP) in France (2.11 per cent) and its epidemiology (detection, medical management, patients' characteristics, risk factors, associated diseases, etc.) were determined in a population-based, cross-sectional, case–control study of 10 033 adults carried out in 2002. The impact of this disease on daily living was also studied, by the analysis of potential sleep disorders (validated questionnaire) and quality of life (QOL, SF-36 questionnaire) of NP patients, in a comparison with a matched-control group of individuals without NP.A quarter of NP patients (24.6 per cent) reported a feeling of general discomfort due to their nasal condition, during the day as well as the night in most of these cases (61.2 per cent). Compared with controls, NP patients have a two-fold higher risk of suffering sleep disturbance (odds ratio [OR]: 2.25, 95 per cent confidence interval [95% CI] [1.54; 3.29]). Snoring was reported by 50.5 per cent of NP patients vs 35.7 per cent of controls (p < 0.001). All scores from the SF-36 questionnaire demonstrated a significant negative impact of NP on the different aspects of QOL.The current study underlines the negative impact of NP on QOL and sleep, two dimensions that are rarely considered in its pathology. In addition to the discomfort and lowered QOL experienced by patients with this disease, a significant increase in sleep disorders was shown, suggesting a risk of suffering further chronic diseases and complications.
Leaving nursing: an event-history analysis of nurses' careers
Authors: Barron David , West Elizabeth 
Published: July 2005

Objectives: The current shortage of nurses is a major problem for health care systems around the world and has revitalized interest in the dynamics of nurses' careers. This paper investigates the factors associated with qualified nurses in Britain moving to different employment statuses, including jobs outside nursing, unemployment, maternity leave and family care over time. Methods: British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) data collected between 1991 and 2001 were used to estimate the effects of covariates on transition rates between different employment statuses. Results: Individual characteristics associated with shorter tenure in the profession include being male, being younger, having a degree, and having been born in the UK. Many nurses leave to care for their families, which suggests the possibility of returning to the profession at a later date. A number of job characteristics are also related to leaving, including low pay, managerial responsibility, full-time work and lack of opportunities to use initiative. Nurses seem to be particularly vulnerable to leaving early in their careers, but those who survive the first few years are likely to remain in the profession for the rest of their working lives. Conclusions: It is particularly important in policy terms that ability to use initiative is related to leaving nursing for another form of full-time employment and, in particular, to leaving for a better job. This finding is consistent with results from studies of the Magnet hospitals in the US. Taken together, these results suggest that strategies to improve nurse retention must attend to nurses' status, authority and position in the hierarchy if they are to be successful. The results also provide strong support for those who argue that better rates of pay are necessary in order to improve nurse retention.
Why modelling a complex intervention is an important precursor to trial design: lessons from studying an intervention to reduce falls-related injuries in older people
Authors: Eldridge Sandra , Spencer Anne , Cryer Colin , Parsons Suzanne , Underwood Martin , Feder Gene 
Published: July 2005

Objectives: To develop a cost-effectiveness model of a complex intervention from pilot study data in order to inform the viability and design of a subsequent falls prevention trial. Methods: We used two models; the first estimated the probability of falling over a 12-month period based on a probability tree; the second used Markov simulation to assess the impact of the programme over time. Results: The first model indicated that our intervention would reduce the proportion falling by only 2.8% over a 12-month period. The major reason for this small effect was that less than a quarter of older people at risk of falling were assessed using our screening tool. Even if policy-makers were willing to spend £30,000 per quality-adjusted life-year gained, there is only a 40% chance that the intervention would be cost-effective. Sensitivity analyses showed that the only scenarios that produced a substantial increase in the effect of the intervention were those in which all older people are assessed. Conclusions: The model-building approach described in this paper is vital when designing complex trials and where a trial is not possible. Information from the modelling can be used to re-design the intervention. The effectiveness of our proposed intervention appears very small due to its inability to reach those at risk of falling. It is most likely not to be cost-effective. If inability to reach the target group is a weakness common to other similar interventions, this suggests an area for further research.
The effectiveness, acceptability and costs of a hospital-at-home service compared with acute hospital care: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Harris Roger , Ashton Toni , Broad Joanna , Connolly Gary , Richmond David 
Published: July 2005

Objective: To compare the safety, effectiveness, acceptability and costs of a hospital-at-home programme with usual acute hospital inpatient care. Method: Patients aged 55 years or over being treated for an acute medical problem were randomized to receive either standard inpatient hospital care or hospital-at-home care. Follow-up was for 90 days after randomization. Health outcome measures included physical and mental function, self-rated recovery, health status as assessed by the SF-36, adverse events and readmissions to hospital. Acceptability was assessed using satisfaction surveys and the Carer Strain Index. Costs comprised hospital care, care in the home, community services, general practitioner services and personal health care expenses. Results: In all, 285 people were randomized with a mean age of 80 years. There were no significant differences in health outcome measures between the two randomized groups. Significantly more patients receiving care at home reported high levels of satisfaction, as did more of their relatives. Relatives of the care-at-home group also reported significantly lower scores on the Carer Strain Index. However, the mean cost per patient was almost twice for patients treated at home (NZ&dollar;6524) as for standard hospital care (NZ&dollar;3525). A sensitivity analysis indicated that, if the service providing care in the home had been operating at full capacity, the mean cost per patient episode would have been similar for both modes of care. Conclusions: This hospital-at-home programme was found to be more acceptable and as effective and safe as inpatient care. While caring for patients at home was significantly more costly than standard inpatient care, this was largely due to the hospital-at-home programme not operating at full capacity.
Access to health care for people with learning disabilities in the UK: mapping the issues and reviewing the evidence
Authors: Alborz Alison , McNally Rosalind , Glendinning Caroline 
Published: July 2005

Objectives: People with learning disabilities are more prone to a wide range of additional physical and mental health problems than the general population. Our aim was to map the issues and review the evidence on access to health care for these patients. The review sought to identify theory, evidence and gaps in knowledge relating to the help-seeking behaviour of people with learning disabilities and their carers, barriers and problems they experience accessing the full range of health services, and practical and effective interventions aiming to improve access to health care. Methods: A three-strand approach was adopted, involving searches of electronic databases, a consultation exercise and a mail shot to researchers and learning disability health professionals. Evidence relevant to our model of 'access' was evaluated for scientific rigour and selected papers synthesized. Results: Overall, a lack of rigorous research in this area was noted and significant gaps in the evidence base were apparent. Evidence was identified on the difficulties in identifying health needs among people with learning disabilities and the potentially empowering or obstructive influence of third parties on access to health care. Barriers to access identified within health services included problems with communication, inadequate facilities, rigid procedures and lack of appropriate interpersonal skills among mainstream health care professionals in caring for these patients. A number of innovations designed to improve access were identified, including a communication aid, a prompt card to support general practitioners, health check programmes and walk-in clinics. Conclusion: There are important gaps in the knowledge base on access to health care for this group. While these need to be addressed, developing strategies to overcome identified barriers should be a priority, along with fuller evaluation of existing innovations.
An Investigation into the Adsorption of Aniline from Aqueous Solution Using H-Beta Zeolites and Copper-Exchanged Beta Zeolites
Authors: O'Brien J. , Curtin T. , O'Dwyer T.F. 
Published: July 2005

Zeolite beta, a large-pore zeolite, was investigated in this study with a view to examining it as a potential adsorbent for the removal of aniline from aqueous solutions. Two different metal-loaded zeolites were prepared by exchanging H-beta zeolite (SiO2/Al2O3 = 75:1) with copper. The influence of exchanged copper on the uptake level was assessed. The effect of varying the silica-to-alumina ratio of the H-beta zeolite on the aniline uptake level was also examined, using three different H-beta zeolites with ratios of 25:1, 75:1 and 150:1 as adsorbents. The sorption experiments indicated an uptake level of ca. 110–120 mg/g for each zeolite and this level was also adsorbed by the copper-modified H-beta zeolites (SiO2/Al2O3 = 75:1). In all cases, the adsorption process followed the Langmuir model for adsorption and the level of aniline adsorbed was largely unaffected by a change in temperature or the presence of extra framework copper. The stability of the exchanged copper on these zeolites was then examined by measuring the quantity of copper leached from each zeolite into solution as a function of pH. Minimum copper leaching was observed in the pH range 5–11. This provided a stable pH working range for the adsorbent materials.
Adsorption of Reactive Brilliant Blue XBR onto Polymeric Adsorbents from Single- and Binary-Solute Solutions
Authors: Zhaoyang Lu , Chao Long , Aimin Li , Zhenmao Jiang , Wei Liu , Jinlong Chen , Quanxing Zhang 
Published: July 2005

A non-ionic polymer adsorbent (NPA) and its aminated polymeric adsorbent (APA) were prepared and characterized towards adsorption from aqueous solution. Two adsorbates, Reactive Brilliant Blue XBR and 2,4-diaminobenzene sulphonic acid (ABSA), were chosen as adsorbates for competitive adsorption from single-solute solution and binary-solute systems onto the two adsorbents prepared. The results showed that APA, the polymer obtained after amination, exhibited a higher adsorption capacity than NPA towards XBR from the single-solute solution. However, in binary-solute solution adsorption, the presence of ABSA reduced the adsorption capacity towards XBR due to direct competition between XBR and ABSA for the same adsorption sites. This resulted in similar adsorption capacities towards XBR for NPA and APA. Moreover, the adsorption selectivity coefficients obtained for XBR onto ABSA in simultaneous adsorption tests suggested that NPA exhibited more favourable adsorption properties towards the adsorption of XBR from binary-solute systems than APA.
Optimizing the number of steps in learning tasks for complex skills
Authors: Nadolski Rob J. , Kirschner Paul A. , Van Merriënboer Jeroen J. G. 
Published: July 2005

Background. Carrying out whole tasks is often too difficult for novice learners attempting to acquire complex skills. The common solution is to split up the tasks into a number of smaller steps. The number of steps must be optimized for efficient and effective learning.Aim. The aim of the study is to investigate the relation between the number of steps provided to learners and the quality of their learning of complex skills. It is hypothesized that students receiving an optimized number of steps will learn better than those receiving either the whole task in only one step or those receiving a large number of steps.Sample. Participants were 35 sophomore law students studying at Dutch universities, mean age = 22.8 years (SD=3.5), 63% were female.Method.  Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 computer‐delivered versions of a multimedia programme on how to prepare and carry out a law plea. The versions differed only in the number of learning steps provided. Videotaped plea‐performance results were determined, various related learning measures were acquired and all computer actions were logged and analyzed.Results. Participants exposed to an intermediate (i.e. optimized) number of steps outperformed all others on the compulsory learning task. No differences in performance on a transfer task were found. A high number of steps proved to be less efficient for carrying out the learning task.Conclusions. An intermediate number of steps is the most effective, proving that the number of steps can be optimized for improving learning.
Assessing children's inference generation: What do tests of reading comprehension measure?
Authors: Bowyer‐Crane Claudine , Snowling Margaret J. 
Published: July 2005

Background. Previous research suggests that children with specific comprehension difficulties have problems with the generation of inferences. This raises important questions as to whether poor comprehenders have poor comprehension skills generally, or whether their problems are confined to specific inference types.Aims. The main aims of the study were (a) using two commonly used tests of reading comprehension to classify the questions requiring the generation of inferences, and (b) to investigate the relative performance of skilled and less‐skilled comprehenders on questions tapping different inference types.Sample. The performance of 10 poor comprehenders (mean age 110.06 months) was compared with the performance of 10 normal readers (mean age 112.78 months) on two tests of reading comprehension.Method. A qualitative analysis of the NARA II (form 1) and the WORD comprehension subtest was carried out. Participants were then administered the NARA II, WORD comprehension subtest and a test of non‐word reading.Results. The NARA II was heavily reliant on the generation of knowledge‐based inferences, while the WORD comprehension subtest was biased towards the retention of literal information. Children identified by the NARA II as having comprehension difficulties performed in the normal range on the WORD comprehension subtests. Further, children with comprehension difficulties performed poorly on questions requiring the generation of knowledge‐based and elaborative inferences. However, they were able to answer questions requiring attention to literal information or use of cohesive devices at a level comparable to normal readers.Conclusions. Different reading tests tap different types of inferencing skills. Less‐skilled comprehenders have particular difficulty applying real‐world knowledge to a text during reading, and this has implications for the formulation of effective intervention strategies.
Epistemological beliefs and approaches to learning: Their change through secondary school and their influence on academic performance
Authors: Cano Francisco 
Published: July 2005

Background. In recent decades, two lines of research, phenomenographic and meta‐cognitive, have examined students' approaches and epistemological beliefs about learning. To date there has been very little research describing the change in epistemological beliefs in European secondary students, or analysing interrelationships between epistemological beliefs and approaches in order to explain their influence on academic performance.Aims. The first aim of this investigation is to analyse the change in epistemological beliefs and learning approaches in secondary students as they progress through their studies. The second aim is to examine the effects of epistemological beliefs on learning approaches, and learning approaches on academic performance.Sample. About 1,600 Spanish students, boys and girls, from several secondary schools took part in the study. They were between 12 and 20 years old and their average age was 14.79 years.Methods. Measures of epistemological beliefs (EQ: Epistemological Questionnaire), learning approaches (LPQ: Learning Process Questionnaire), and academic performance were obtained. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the dimensionality of the EQ and LPQ questionnaires. In order to achieve our two aims, different statistical techniques were used: MANOVA and ANOVA for our first aim, and structural equation modelling for our second aim.Results. Throughout secondary education epistemological beliefs undergo change, becoming more realistic and complex, and deep‐approach scores decline significantly. It was shown that, as predicted, epistemological beliefs influenced academic achievement directly, and also indirectly via students' learning approaches.Conclusions. Our findings point to two conclusions. First, epistemological beliefs and learning approaches change as pupils advance in their studies. Second, the relationship between epistemological beliefs and academic achievement is mediated by approaches to learning.