bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Practical Assessment Algorithm for Diagnosis of Dizziness
Authors: Kentala Erna , Rauch Steven D. 
Published: February 2003

OBJECTIVEWe sought to test a 3‐parameter model for diagnosis of dizziness based on the type and temporal characteristics of the dizziness and on hearing status.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGWe conducted a prospective blinded study at a tertiary referral neurotology practice. Before examination, patients completed a questionnaire reporting type and timing of dizziness symptoms and hearing status. Clinical diagnoses were compared with questionnaire results.RESULTSFifty‐seven patients completed the questionnaire. We were able to correctly classify 21 (60%) of the 35 subjects who had a common otogenic cause of vertigo by the diagnostic algorithm.CONCLUSIONA simple classification of dizziness by type, timing, and hearing status can be self‐reported by patients using a brief questionnaire. This classification scheme is as good as others of much greater complexity.SIGNIFICANCEThe simple classification scheme reported here is based on history alone and facilitates triage of dizzy patients into diagnostic groups for work‐up and management.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Sudden‐Onset Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Study of 51 Patients
Authors: Zadeh Mani H. , Storper Ian S. , Spitzer Jaclyn B. 
Published: February 2003

OBJECTIVEThe study purpose was to determine the efficacy of steroid and antiviral therapy in the management of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL).STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGWe conducted a retrospective study of patients presenting to an academic tertiary care center. Fifty‐one patients were evaluated. All patients were placed on the same treatment protocol.RESULTSThirty‐seven patients (73%) had recovery of hearing. Ninety‐one percent of patients with vertigo and all patients with mid‐frequency hearing loss and up‐sloping hearing loss recovered with treatment (P < 0.05). Recovery was significantly related to age, onset of hearing loss, and audiogram type; however outcome was not significantly related to gender, vertigo, tinnitus, or laterality (P < 0.05).CONCLUSIONOur treatment protocol produced a recovery rate, which exceeds the spontaneous recovery rate. Unlike prior studies, all patients with up‐sloping and mid‐frequency SSNHL had recovery. In addition, vertigo did not indicate a poor prognosis.SIGNIFICANCEAntiviral therapy and increased length of steroid treatment may play a role in the improved recovery rates.
La matière chez Plotin: son origine, sa nature
Authors: O'Brien Denis 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThe origin of matter is one of the last and greatest unsolved mysteries bedevilling modern attempts at understanding the philosophy of the Enneads. There are two stages in the production of Intellect and of soul. The One or Intellect produces an undifferentiated other, which becomes Intellect or soul by itself turning towards and looking towards the prior principle, with no possibility of the One's "turning towards" or "seeing" itself. But where does matter come from? To arrive at his conception of matter, Plotinus has radically altered the definitions of non-being given by Plato and Aristotle in their refutation of Parmenides. Matter, for Plotinus, is a non-being opposed, not to "the being of each thing", as in Plato's Sophist, but to all "the beings properly so-called", i.e. to all the forms. It is then further identified with Aristotle's definition of non-being as privation, with the crucial difference that privation, for Plotinus, is made a permanent substratum of change. This re-formulation of ideas from the Sophist and the Physics proves unmistakably that it is matter which is generated when soul produces a "non-being" which is also a "total lack of definition". The production of matter by soul does not, however, follow the model of the production of Intellect from the One or of soul from Intellect. Since matter is lifeless, it cannot turn towards its source. Soul therefore has to be herself directly responsible both for the production of matter and for the covering of matter with form. Matter is therefore included among the products which stem ultimately from the One. But the origin and the nature of matter have to be understood as very different from the double process of emanation which lies at the origin of Intellect and of soul.
Molecular Design and Applications of Photochromic Crown Compounds —How Can We Manipulate Metal Ions Photochemically?—
Authors: Kimura Keiichi , Sakamoto Hidefumi , Nakamura Makoto 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
The design and applications of photochromic crown compounds are reviewed here. Such compounds exhibit the possibility of distinct photochemical control of metal-ion complexation, based on the ionic interactions of their photoionized photochromic moieties. Crowned spirobenzopyran derivatives which the authors designed, when isomerized to their corresponding merocyanine form by UV irradiation, can afford an additional binding site for a metal ion complexed by their crown ether moiety in a sophisticated way, i.e., by the six-membered chelate formation with the phenolate oxygen atom and the crown-ether-ring nitrogen atom. The crowned spirobenzopyrans, therefore, have their metal-ion complexing properties modified remarkably by photoirradiation, like the crowned spironaphthoxazines that are more photolabile than the spirobenzopyran derivatives. Crowned spirobenzothiopyrans possess an affinity to softer metal ions such as silver ion, which promotes their photoisomerization to the open form. Crowned bis(spirobenzopyran)s are highly selective for multivalent metal ions in the photochemical control of metal-ion complexation. Photochromic crown compounds such as crowned triphenylmethane dyes, when undergoing intermolecular photoionization, exhibit clear-cut photocontrol systems of metal-ion complexation, which are very attractive for applications, especially in materials chemistry. Polymerization of crowned spirobenzopyran and Malachite Green may make it easier to apply the photochromic crown compounds practically. Remarkable polymer effects also appear in the photochromic crown ether polymers; these include photoinduced switching between precipitation and solubilization in vinyl copolymers of spirobenzopyran and crown ether monomers. Several examples are described of the applications of photochromic crown compounds in materials and analytical chemistry, i.e., photo-responsive ionic conduction and photoenhanced ion sensing and separation.
Inclusion Properties and Solid-State Behavior of Thiophene-Condensed Host Compounds
Authors: Kobayashi Keiji 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
A series of new clathrate host molecules, each containing thiophene rings as a rigid and bulky substituent, has been synthesized based on the “wheel and axle”-type of host design. The interest in these hosts is focused on the continuous change in the length of the “axle” part together with their electron-donating ability. Moreover, the tertiary alcohol moiety in the “wheel” part can undergo the substitution reactions in the solid state. Thus, the host : guest ratio and the conformation of the host molecules exhibit novel dependences on the number of the condensed thiophene rings. Guest exchange via gas solid contact has been achieved in the clathrates which provide a channel-type inclusion void. Isostructural and polymorphic transformation of the host lattices has been found upon gas-solid contact. Pseudo-polymorphic change was also observed in guest release. Ternary crystals exhibited novel site-selectivity for random inclusion of two alcohol guests. The donor character of the hosts can afford three-component charge-transfer complexes enclathrating solvent molecules. Cogrinding the host and the acceptor enhanced the solid-state charge transfer interactions, which have been associated with the nucleophilic substitution in the solid state induced by gas-solid contact. These results indicate one future direction for research on crystalline inclusion complexes.
Improved Velocity Distribution Applied to Fokker–Planck–Kramers Equation Treatment for Dynamics of Diffusion-Controlled Reactions in Two Dimensions
Authors: Ibuki Kazuyasu , Nishiguchi Fumihiro , Ueno Masakatsu 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
The validity of theoretical treatments of short-time dynamics of diffusion-controlled reaction based on the Fokker–Planck–Kramers’ equation (FPKE) has been examined using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation in two-dimensional Lennard–Jones fluids. First, we made Langevin dynamics (LD) simulation assuming that the relative diffusion coefficient is given by the sum of the self-diffusion coefficients and that the potential between the reactants is given by the potential of mean force. The LD and the MD simulation results for the time dependence of the survival probabilities of the reactants agree well. This indicates that the FPKE derived from the Langevin equation can be applied to the problem of diffusion-controlled reaction. The time-dependent Harris theory based on the FPKE and the approximation of the half-range Maxwellian velocity distribution showed disagreements with the MD simulation. Such a limitation of the theory has not been recognized in three-dimensional fluids. In the approximation used in the time-dependent Harris theory, the velocity distribution function is not continuous. We have shown that the agreement between the MD simulation and the theory can be improved when we use a new approximation based on a continuous velocity distribution function.
Flux Correlation Approach to Thermal Reactions and Recombination Rates
Authors: Saito Koichi 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
The rate constants for recombination and exchange processes are studied in terms of two different flux correlation approaches: one is the Yamamoto approach, which is based on the linear response theory, and the other is the Miller one. Using those approaches we consider two exactly solvable cases, i.e., the free particle and the parabolic potential models. Since the rate constants for recombination and exchange processes are calculated by Laplace transforms of the flux correlation functions, the two approaches give different results. In the present calculation, we find that the rate constant in the Yamamoto approach is larger than that in the Miller approach by about 40% at low temperature (∼100 K) and high pressure (∼1 GPa). The difference is considerable in the region where quantum effects dominate.
Syntheses and Structures of Three Types of Hybrid Metal Dipicolinato Complexes Induced by Alkali Metal Ion and the Semiconductor Character
Authors: Ma Chengbing , Chen Changneng , Chen Feng , Zhang Xiaofeng , Zhu Hongping , Liu Qiutian , Liao Daizheng , Li Licun 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
Three types of hybrid transition-alkali metal complexes, [MK2(pdc)2(H2O)7]n (H2pdc = 2,6-pyridinedicarboxylic acid, or so-called dipicolinic acid, M = Mn (1), Co (2), Zn (3), Mn0.5Co0.5 (4)), {[Na2(H2O)8(CH3OH)0.5][Mn2Na2(pdc)4(H2O)8]·0.25CH3OH·2H2O}n (5) and [Ni(H2O)6][Ni2K2(pdc)4(H2pdc)2(H2O)2]·2H2O (6) were self-assembled from a reaction system containing a divalent transition metal, alkali metal and H2pdc, and were isolated under different crystallization conditions. In all complexes, [M(pdc)2]2− units were included as independent components to connect to the alkali metal chains or pdc units. Alkali metal ions act as templates for inducing the organization of the [M(pdc)2]2− components into respective special architectures in different fashions. Complexes 1–4 are isostructural with the same space group and similar cell parameters, in which the [M(pdc)2]2− units are bonded to the water-bridged K chains forming neutral 2D lamellar-like polymers, while 5 contains water-bridged Na chains correlated to Mn2Na2 cluster anions by hydrogen bonds, and 6 is a discrete Ni2K2 tetranuclear cluster consisting of Ni(pdc)2 and K(H2pdc) units. The infrared spectra of these complexes show a large difference between the asymmetrical and symmetrical stretching vibrations, Δ(νas − νs) &gt; 200 cm−1, for the carboxyl groups, indicating unidentate and unsymmetrical bridging coordination modes. The variable-temperature electrical conductivities of complexes 1–5 were determined to display semiconductor features, and the magnetic properties of 1, 2, 4 and 5 were also studied.
Synthesis of Novel Thermally Reversible Photochromic Spiro[adamantane-2,7′(6′H)-benzothiophene]
Authors: Yokoyama Yasushi , Nagashima Hitoshi , Shrestha Sujen Man , Yokoyama Yayoi , Takada Kensaku 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
A new thermally reversible photochromic compound, 4′,5′-hexafluoropropano-6′-phenylspiro[adamantane-2,7′(6′H)-benzothiophene], derived from UV-irradiation of 2-(1-adamantylidene-1-phenylmethyl)-3,3,4,4,5,5-hexafluoro-1-(3-thienyl)cyclopentene via the photochemical 6π-electrocyclization followed by the thermal 1,5-hydrogen migration, was synthesized and its photochemical and thermal properties were examined. The structurally more simplified 3,3,4,4,5,5-hexafluoro-2-(2-methyl-1-phenyl-1-propenyl)-1-(3-thienyl)cyclopentene did not yield the thermally reversible photochromic compound upon UV irradiation.
General Preference for Alkyl/Phenyl Folded Conformations. Relevance of the CH/π and CH/O Interactions to Stereochemistry as Evidenced by Ab Initio MO Calculations
Authors: Takahashi Osamu , Kohno Yuji , Gondoh Yoshinobu , Saito Ko , Nishio Motohiro 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
Ab initio MO calculations were carried out, at the MP2/6-311G(d,p)//MP2/6-31G(d) level, to determine the conformational energy of alkyl 1-phenylethyl sulfoxides, CH3CH(C6H5)–S(O)–R (R = CH3, C2H5, i-C3H7, and t-C4H9). In every case, a geometry (rotamer a, R/C6H5 torsion angle φ ∼ 60°) where the alkyl group (R) is gauche to the C6H5 (Ph) and anti to the benzylic methyl group (Me) has been found to be the most stable. Rotamer b (φ ∼ 300°), where R is flanked by Me and Ph, has been shown the next most stable in every case except for isopropyl and t-butyl analogue with the threo configuration. The R/Ph anti conformation (rotamer c: φ ∼ 180°) has been found the least stable. Interatomic distances (CH/π as well as CH/O) at the stable geometries are found to be very short. These results are interpreted in the context of the attractive CH/π and CH/O hydrogen bonds and the unfavorable electrostatic interaction between the S–O dipole and the quadrupole of the phenyl group. In view of the above result and of previous findings, the alkyl/phenyl congested folded conformation of aralkyl compounds has been suggested to be a general phenomenon.
Oxidation of Alkanes with Dioxygen Induced by Visible Light and Cu(II) and Fe(III) Chlorides
Authors: Takaki Ken , Yamamoto Jun , Matsushita Yuka , Morii Hirokazu , Shishido Tetsuya , Takehira Katsuomi 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
Cyclohexane and adamantane were oxidized in acetonitrile with dioxygen to the corresponding alcohols and ketones under irradiation of visible light in the presence of CuCl2 or FeCl3 catalyst. Fairly good selectivity of the products was attained with CuCl2: ca. 50% for cyclohexane and 75% for adamantane at over 50% conversion. Alkyl hydroperoxides were detected during the reactions in 10% and 25% amounts of the products at maximum for the cyclohexane oxidation with CuCl2 and FeCl3, respectively. Moreover, the products were overoxidized by the present system at comparable or slower rates than the alkanes. Other features of the reaction, such as the rate of oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide liberation, isotope effect, and radical inhibitor effect, were also investigated.
Flexibility of Lipase Brought About by Solvent Effects Controls Its Enantioselectivity in Organic Media
Authors: Ueji Shin-ichi , Taniguchi Tomohiko , Okamoto Takashi , Watanabe Keiichi , Ebara Yasuhito , Ohta Hitoshi 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
The behavior of the enantioselectivity of Candida rugosa lipase was investigated in the esterification of 2-(4-substituted phenoxy)propionic acids with 1-butanol in aliphatic, aromatic, and ethereal solvents. The observed enantioselectivity (E value) was greatly affected by the solvent nature. Two key solvent characteristics, dielectric constant (ε) and hydrophobicity (log P), failed to explain the solvent effects on the E value. On the other hand, the variation of the E value was found to be successfully correlated with the lipase flexibility brought about by the solvent effects, the flexibility of which was estimated by the ESR measurements of the spin-labeled lipase. Although organic chemists should often undertake a solvent screening step in the biocatalytic asymmetric resolutions, the obtained correlation will provide a useful guide in the solvent optimization step.
Thermo responsive DNA/Polymer Conjugate for Intelligent Antisense Strategy
Authors: Murata Masaharu , Kaku Wataru , Anada Takahisa , Soh Nobuaki , Katayama Yoshiki , Maeda Mizuo 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
The conjugate between 20-mer antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) and thermo-responsive polymer, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm), was prepared. Hybridization reaction between the conjugate and their target RNA was modulated by conformational change of polymer moiety depending on temperature condition.
Formation of PbBr-Based Layered Perovskite Structure Having Poly(thiophene) as an Organic Layer by Soaking Thin Film of Hydrogen Bromide Salt of Poly(3-aminododecylthiophene) in Aqueous Lead Bromide Solution
Authors: Era Masanao 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
When a spin-coated film of hydrogen bromide salt of poly(3-aminododecylthiophene), PC12T·HBr, was soaked in an aqueous solution of PbBr2, PbBr-based layered perovskite structure combined with a semiconductor layer of two-dimensional sheets of PbBr6 octahedra and an organic semiconductor layer of poly(thiophene) was formed.
Nanofrictional Properties of Dendron Langmuir–Blodgett Films
Authors: Xu Sai-Long , Kang Shi-Zhao , Deng Guo-Jun , Wu Peng , Fan Qing-Hua , Wang Chen , Wan Li-Jun , Bai Chun-Li 
Published: February 2003

Abstract
The nanofrictional properties of Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films of three dendrons (G2-COOH, G3-COOH, and G4-COOH) are characterized using atomic force microscopy/friction force microscopy (AFM/FFM). The result shows that the frictional responses of LB films of three dendrons decrease with increasing generation. The origin of the frictional differences measured from these LB films is also discussed.
Pulmonary endothelium as a site of synthesis and storage of interleukin‐6 in experimental congestive heart failure
Authors: Gaertner Roger , Lepailleur‐Enouf Delphine , Gonzalez Walter , Nicoletti Antonino , Mandet Chantal , Philippe Monique , Mercadier Jean‐Jacques , Michel Jean‐Baptiste 
Published: February 2003

AbstractBackground:Pulmonary endothelium is an early upstream hemodynamic target of left ventricular dysfunction. Interleukin 6 (IL‐6) is a pro‐inflammatory cytokine reported to increase in congestive heart failure (CHF) patients.Aims:We sought to determine the origin of IL‐6, IL‐6 receptor (IL‐6R) and gp130 in experimental CHF.Methods:We used rats with coronary artery ligation as an experimental model of either compensated or decompensated heart failure. Lung and aorta samples were analysed by RT‐PCR, ELISA and immunohistochemistry for IL‐6 and its receptors.Results:IL‐6 mRNA expression increased in the lung of rats with decompensated heart failure and was positively correlated with infarct severity whereas IL‐6R mRNA decreased in the lung of myocardial infarction rats and gp130 mRNA remained unchanged. In contrast, there were no changes in IL‐6 mRNA expression in the aorta and left ventricular myocardium. IL‐6 peptide content as determined by ELISA and Western Blot in lung tissue was 2‐fold higher in decompensated heart failure as compared to control rats. These data were confirmed by immunohistochemistry showing a preferential endothelial localization of IL‐6 in the CHF lung. IL‐6 peptide was also present in the pleural effusion of decompensated heart failure and was positively correlated with IL‐6 mRNA expression in the lungs of decompensated HF rats. Pulmonary IL‐6 overexpression was associated with nuclear translocation of NF‐κB and cytosolic degradation of IκB.Conclusion:Dysfunctional pulmonary endothelium is a source of synthesis and storage of IL‐6 in an experimental model of CHF.
Aspirin alters arterial function in patients with chronic heart failure treated with ACE inhibitors: a dose‐mediated deleterious effect
Authors: Meune Christophe , Mahé Isabelle , Mourad Jean‐Jacques , Cohen‐Solal Alain , Levy Bernard , Kevorkian Jean‐Philippe , Jondeau Guillaume , Habib Aïda , Lebret Marilyne , Knellwolf Anne‐Laure , Simoneau Guy , Caulin Charles , Bergmann Jean‐François 
Published: February 2003

AbstractBackground:By inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis, aspirin can interfere with both arterial functional and angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) properties and be deleterious in chronic heart failure (CHF).Aim:Our aim was to prospectively evaluate the effect of aspirin on arterial functional properties in CHF patients treated with ACEIs.Methods and results:Over three consecutive treatment periods of 7 days, 18 patients received placebo, followed by aspirin 100 mg/day, and then aspirin 325 mg/day. Single blind prospective assessment of reflected wave and time reflection by radial applanation tonometry; pulse wave velocity; blood pressure; thromboxane B2 (TxB2) and prostaglandins in plasma and urine was performed. Aspirin 325 mg/day induced a significant increase in augmentation index of reflected wave (P<0.0001 and P=0.0013 vs. placebo and aspirin 100 mg, respectively) and a significant decrease in reflected wave traveling times (P=0.0007 vs. placebo). Aspirin 100 mg/day produced a similar, though non‐significant, trend in these parameters compared with placebo. Both aspirin treatments produced a statistically significant decrease in serum TxB2 (P<0.0001) but did not have an effect on the metabolite of prostaglandin I2 (P=0.136).Conclusion:This study demonstrates the existence of a dose‐mediated deleterious effect of aspirin upon arterial functional properties in CHF patients treated with ACEI.
PHARMACEUTICAL THERAPY IN MIDWIFERY PRACTICE: A CULTURALLY COMPETENT APPROACH
Authors: Doyle Eva I. , Faucher Mary Ann 
Published: February 2003

ABSTRACTThe profession of midwifery can be part of the solution in America's quest for a culturally sensitive and competent health care system. Midwives who are familiar with a variety of health‐related cultural beliefs and practice culturally sensitive inquiry, particularly when using pharmaceutical therapies, can effectively understand and respond to the cultural complexities that impact a client's health. This article describes needed cultural competencies, reviews a variety of health‐related cultural beliefs, and relates how these beliefs impact the use and acceptability of pharmaceutical therapies. Specific examples related to culturally sensitive inquiry are discussed along with recommendations.
PHARMACOLOGIC MANAGEMENT OF COMMON LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT DISORDERS IN WOMEN
Authors: Leiner Steven , Mays Mary 
Published: February 2003

ABSTRACTIn a primary care setting, midwives collaboratively manage common lower respiratory conditions that require pharmacologic therapy. Current knowledge about the indications, use, adverse effects, and potential side effects of these medications is essential. This article reviews the drugs most frequently used for the outpatient treatment of asthma, tuberculosis, pneumonia, and bronchitis (acute and chronic) in adults. Recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines and professional societies are presented. Drug pharmacology and adverse effects are discussed in detail.