bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression of parathyroid hormone‐related peptide in human thyroid tumours
Authors: Nakashima Masahiro , Ohtsuru Akira , Luo Wen Tian , Nakayama Toshiyuki , Enomoto Hiroshi , Usa Toshiro , Kiriyama Takeshi , Ito Masahiro , Nagataki Shigenobu , Yamashita Shunichi , Sekine Ichiro 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the distribution of parathyroid hormone‐related peptide (PTHrP) in human thyroid tissues. The presence of PTHrP was studied immunohistochemically in 107 consecutive patients with human thyroid tumours. PTHrP expression was revealed in 97.6 per cent of carcinomas, but not in paranodal normal thyroid epithelial cells. Although there were no differences in the incidence of PTHrP positivity among papillary, follicular, and anaplastic carcinoma cases, PTHrP expression levels were correlated with the growth pattern of thyroid cancer. Strong immunopositivity was detected in 67.3 per cent of papillary growth tissues in papillary carcinomas. A tissue growth pattern consisting of colloid‐absent follicles had a high incidence of strong immunopositivity irrespective of the histological type of tumour. Anaplastic carcinoma without colloid production also showed strong immunoreactivity in all cases. In contrast, a growth pattern of colloid‐rich follicles did not show strong immunopositivity in either papillary or follicular carcinomas. Follicular adenomas showed positive immunostaining in only one case, and no adenomatous goitres showed PTHrP antigens. In situ hybridization and reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) revealed strong PTHrP mRNA in thyroid cancer tissues, but not in normal thyroid tissues. PTHrP expression was not associated with metastasis, calcification, or hypercalcaemia in thyroid cancers. These results suggest that the expression of PTHrP in human thyroids is closely related to the malignant alteration of normal thyroid epithelial cells, especially in the growth pattern of thyroid carcinoma tissues.
Absence of overexpression of p53 protein by intestinal carcinoid tumours
Authors: O'dowd G. , Gosney J. R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA recessive gene on chromosome 17 encodes a protein, known as p53, which normally acts to regulate the cell cycle, its mutation and overexpression being amongst the commonest genetic abnormalities in human malignant neoplasms. As detected by immunolabelling using the anti‐p53 protein antibody D07, overexpression was absent from a series of 22 intestinal carcinoid tumours (ten ileal, nine appendiceal, and three colorectal), nine overtly malignant, but was readily demonstrable in five of five colorectal adenocarcinomas, five of six cloacogenic carcinomas, and four of five squamous carcinomas of the anal canal used as controls. These observations are in keeping with previous similar studies of pulmonary carcinoid tumours and suggest possible differences in the pathogenesis of such neoplasms in comparison with non‐endocrine differentiated tumours arising at equivalent sites.
Ultrastructural detection of DNA strand breaks in apoptotic neural cells by in situ end‐labelling techniques
Authors: Migheli Antonio , Attanasio Angelo , Schiffer Davide 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRecently developed techniques based on ‘in situ end‐labelling’ (ISEL) of DNA strand breaks may help to identify apoptotic cells in tissue sections. We have applied ISEL techniques at the electron microscopic (EM) level, in order to verify if ultrastructural features of apoptosis are indeed associated with evidence of DNA fragmentation, and whether cells committed to, but which have not yet entered the stage of cell death are also labelled. Terminal transferase and DNA polymerase assays were applied to thin sections of Araldite and LR Gold‐embedded medulloblastomas and embryonic mouse dorsal root ganglia. Digoxigenin‐labelled nucleotides were used; incorporation was demonstrated by immunogold staining. Apoptotic cells in various stages of the death process were easily labelled in both tissues. In addition, DNA fragmentation was demonstrated in cells with initial chromatin condensation, but otherwise indistinguishable from adjacent unstained cells. Our results show that EM‐ISEL techniques effectively demonstrate the occurrence of DNA strand breaks in apoptotic and possibly ‘pre‐apoptotic’ cells in neural tissues. Since the labelling is easily obtained on tissue that is routinely processed for electron microscopy, this technique may allow retrospective studies on archival material.
Regulation of murine germinal centre cell proliferation in vivo: A stathmokinetic study examining the effect of differently timed doses of cyclosporin A
Authors: Goodlad John R. , Macartney James C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAlthough studies have identified factors which affect germinal centre cell proliferation in vitro, their relative contributions in vivo remain largely undetermined. In this study, the proliferative rate of germinal centre cells was measured in sheep red blood cell‐immunized C3H/HeN mice exposed to variously timed doses of cyclosporin A. Germinal centre (GC) cell proliferation was measured by a stathmokinetic technique to determine GC cell birth rates at specific time points after immunization. Changes in total GC volume were determined by morphometry in order to assess actual growth and regression of the GC cell population. An estimate of the absolute rate of GC cell proliferation was derived from these two values. Following exposure to antigen, there was an initial inhibition of proliferation within pre‐existing germinal centres, followed by a rapid rise, then a sustained phase of increased GC cell proliferation. By comparing the effects of the different cyclosporin A treatment regimes, it was possible to deduce that the initial inhibition of proliferation was mediated by a T‐cell‐derived cytokine, as was the final sustained phase of the proliferative response. The intervening rise in GC cell proliferation, however, was attributable to a contact‐dependent signalling mechanism.
Parathyroid hormone‐related protein antigen localization distinguishes between mesothelioma and adenocarcinoma of the lung
Authors: Clark Simon P. , Chou S. T. , Martin T. John , Danks Janine A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe distinction between pleural malignant mesothelioma and pulmonary adenocarcinoma remains a problem in diagnostic histopathology. Parathyroid hormone‐related protein (PTHrP) has been demonstrated in the neoplastic cells of malignant mesotheliomata, using a polyclonal antiserum raised to synthetic PTHrP(1–16). In a series of 44 malignant mesotheliomata and 44 cases of pleural adenocarcinomata, PTHrP was localized immunohistochemically in 84 per cent of the mesotheliomata and in 11 per cent of the pleural adenocarcinomata. Normal and reactive mesothelium did not contain detectable PTHrP. The presence of PTHrP in a very high percentage of malignant mesotheliomata indicates the value of including it in the panel of antibodies utilized in the differential diagnosis of mesothelioma.
Microwave antigen retrieval for immunocytochemistry on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded post‐mortem CNS tissue
Authors: McQuaid Stephen , McConnell Robert , McMahon Jill , Herron Brian 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMicrowave antigen retrieval methods were assessed for a panel of antibodies on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded sections from a range of human central nervous system (CNS) tissues taken at post‐mortem. The immunoreactivity of a number of antigens (synaptophysin, PGP9.5, GFAP, carbonic anhydrase II, CD68, ferritin, HLA‐DR, αβ‐crystallin, mealses and herpes viruses) was markedly enhanced by this procedure compared with other methods of antigen unmasking, such as trypsinization. Enhancement was noted both by an increased number of positive cells and by the intensity of reactions within individual cells and their processes. Furthermore, the microwave method produced uniform immunostaining over large surface area sections with no loss of morphological detail. Large cryostat sections of CNS tissue can be difficult to obtain with good morphology. The ability to retrieve a wide range of antigen in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded CNS tissue will greatly increase the range of investigations that can be carried out on this type of stored material.
Expression of integrin subunits in the human infant breast correlates with morphogenesis and differentiation
Authors: Anbazhagan Ramaswamy , Bartek Jarina , Stamp Gordan , Pignatelli Massimo , Gusterson Barry 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIntegrins are widely expressed on normal tissues and their function is considered critical directly or indirectly with the control of cell growth and differentiation. Also, they are likely to play a crucial role in cell–matrix interactions during development. As the human breast develops after birth, it provides a rare opportunity in which to study human organogenesis. We have examined the distribution of integrins in the human infant breast with the aim of elucidating the possible role of these molecules in morphogenesis and differentiation. Necropsy breast specimens from six male and eight female infants, ranging in age from 1 day to 9 months, were used in this study. Cryostat sections were stained by the avidin‐biotin complex technique, using a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) which recognize β1, α2, α6, β4, αv, and αvβ3 integrin chains, which are candidate molecules for a role in mammory morphogenesis. MAbs to β1 (DH12) and α2 (HAS3) showed positive membrane and cytoplasmic staining of basal cells and luminal epithelial cells. In addition, positive staining for the β1 integrin chain was found on fibroblasts. A MAb which recognizes the α6 chain (MP4F10) showed positive staining of the basal cells and heterogeneous staining of the luminal epithelial cells, whilst β4 chain (439‐9B) showed positive staining in the basement membrane domain of the basal cells with no staining of the luminal epithelial cells. There was a positive correlation between the intensity of expression and the structural development of the ductal system, with integrin expression reduced or absent in the end buds and lateral buds. These data provide evidence that some integrin molecules are expressed in a pattern that correlates with the morphological and functional differentiation of the normal mammary gland. Changes in the expression and function of integrins may have an inductive role in the development of the normal mammary gland.
The sequential accumulation of genetic alterations characteristic of the colorectal adenoma–carcinoma sequence does not occur between gastric adenoma and adenocarcinoma
Authors: Maesawa Chihaya , Tamura Gen , Suzuki Yasushi , Ogasawara Satoshi , Sakata Ken , Kashiwaba Masahiro , Satodate Ryoichi 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe screened 30 gastric adenomas and 72 gastric adenocarcinomas for four genetic alterations (mutations of the K‐ras, APC, and p53 genes and loss of heterozygosity at the DCC genetic locus) which are known to occur during colorectal tumourigenesis. We used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) single‐strand conformation polymorphism analysis to detect mutations. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the DCC locus was ascertained directly by performing PCR on the variable number of tandem repeats within the gene. Mutations of the K‐ras gene were not detected in any gastric adenoma or carcinoma. APC mutations were detected in 20 per cent (6/30) of the adenomas but in only 1·4 per cent (1/72) of the carcinomas. In contrast, the p53 gene was frequently mutated in carcinomas (35 per cent; 25/72), but not in adenomas. LOH at the DCC locus was a frequent occurrence in carcinomas (58 per cent; 11/19 informative cases) but was infrequent in adenomas (14 per cent; 1/7). Alterations of the p53 and DCC genes occurred frequently both in differentiated and in undifferentiated gastric carcinomas. The considerable differences in the incidences of genetic alerations between gastric adenoma and carcinoma indicate that the sequential development of gastric carcinoma from adenoma is uncommon in gastric carcinogenesis.
Ductal carcinoma in situ: Assessment of necrosis and nuclear morphology and their association with biological markers
Authors: Bobrow Lynda G. , Happerfield Lisa C. , Gregory Walter M. , Millis Rosemary R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOne hundred and five cases of pure ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) seen in the Guy's Hospital breast unit between 1975 and 1991 were reviewed. The presence and extent of necrosis and the degree of cytonuclear differentiation were assessed and the expression of p53 protein, cerbB2 protein, progesterone receptor, and a proliferation antigen KiS1, all factors reported to be of prognostic significance in invasive ductal carcinoma, was evaluated using immunohis‐tochemical methods. A strong correlation was seen between the presence and extent of necrosis and the degree of cytonuclear differentiation and between both these morphological criteria and the biological markers as well as between the individual markers. The presence of extensive necrosis was associated with lack of cytonuclear differentiation and both were associated with a high proliferation rate, the presence of cerbB2 and p53 protein, and the absence of progesterone receptors. In cases with little or no necrosis, there was good nuclear differentiation and a strong correlation with the presence of progesterone receptor, absence of cerbB2 and p53 protein, and a low rate of proliferation.
Detection of Herpes simplex virus DNA in spontaneous abortions from HIV‐positive women using non‐isotopic in situ hybridization
Authors: Wright Collen A. , Haffajee Zenobia , Van Iddekinge Basil , Cooper Kum 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of Herpes simplex virus (HSV) endometritis in spontaneous abortions in HIV‐positive women using non‐isotopic in situ hybridization (NISH). Post‐abortal endometrial curettings from 18 HIV‐positive women were investigated for the presence of HSV‐1 and HSV‐2 DNA with NISH. In addition, 18 unselected post‐abortal endometrial curettings in HIV‐negative women were used as controls, together with samples of normal proliferative and secretory endometrium. Thirteen of the 18 specimens (72 per cent) from the HIV‐positive study group demonstrated the presence of HSV DNA, while 2 of the 18 HIV‐negative group (11 per cent) showed a positive signal. Although the prevalence of HSV endometritis in the HIV‐positive group was significantly higher than in the HIV‐negative group (P<0.05), a causal role for the virus in inducing the abortion remains to be determined. In addition, the significance of HSV endometritis with regard to the clinical management of HIV‐positive patients is as yet uncertain.
Unusual retention of introns in CD44 gene transcripts in bladder cancer provides new diagnostic and clinical oncological opportunities
Authors: Matsumura Yasuhiro , Sugiyama Makoto , Matsumura Shoko , Hayle Allan J. , Robinson Philip , Smith Joseph C. , Tarin David 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIncreased and disorganised expression of CD44 variant exons has been demonstrated in biopsy samples of several types of human malignancy by many groups. This abnormality can be used to detect exfoliated tumour cells in the urine of bladder cancer patients. The present report demonstrates that the deranged activity of this gene in neoplasia also results in the accumulation of immature mRNA transcripts containing non‐coding sequences (introns) from this gene in cancer tissues and cells. There is simultaneous overexpression of a newly identified 437 bp exon (coding sequence) located in the variably active region of the gene and of many abnormal variant exon combinations. This is the first report describing the specific retention of introns in gene transcripts in clinical diagnotic samples of tumour tissues and cells. The phenomenon was seen repeatedly in samples from cancer patients and in a cancer cell line, and thus could form the basis for a unique new and specific method of cancer diagnosis.
High frequency of light chain restriction in labial gland biopsies of Sjögren's syndrome detected by in situ hybridization
Authors: Jordan Richard C. K. , Pringle J. H. , Speight Paul M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA well‐recognized complication of Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is the development of malignant lymphoma, with a risk 44 times that of the general population. Although a few clinical signs may indicate the onset of lymphoma, there are few reliable laboratory markers which predict the development of neoplasia. A non‐isotopic in situ hybridization technique has been applied to routinely processed labial salivary gland (LSG) biopsies of patients under investigation for SS. Serial sections of 70 LSGs were examined for a κ and λ immunoglobulin light chain mRNA using digoxigenin‐labelled oligonucleotide probes. As controls, 39 biopsies from non‐SS‐associated sialadenitis were also examined. Sections were analysed using computer‐assisted quantification to determine the percentage of κ‐expressing cells in each case. The range of κ expression in the SS group was 24·1–93·4 per cent and in the non‐SS group 48·3–75·4 per cent. Light chain restriction was found in 13/70 (18·6 per cent) cases from the SS group but in no cases of the control group. Of the SS cases showing restriction, 4/13 (30·7 per cent) have subsequently developed extrasalivary gland lymphoma. Two patients not showing light chain restriction in LSG have subsequently developed lymphoma. The positive predictive value of this test to identify patients at risk of lymphoma was 30·7 per cent with a detection rate (sensitivity) of 66·47 per cent and a false‐positive rate of 14·1 per cent (specificity 85·9 per cent). This study has identified a high prevalence of light chain restriction in labial gland biopsies of patients with SS and provides objective quantitative criteria to identify those patients at greater risk of lymphoma development.
Expression of the c‐kit gene product in normal and neoplastic mast cells but not in neoplastic basophil/mast cell precursors from chronic myelogenous leukaemia
Authors: Fukuda Takeaki , Kamishima Tomoko , Tsuura Yukio , Suzuki Toshimitsu , Kakihara Toshio , Naito Makoto , Kishi Kenji , Matsumoto Kazuhito , Shibata Akira , Seito Tsutomu 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe expression of the c‐kit gene product has been examined in normal mast cells, mast cell neoplasms, and basophil/mast cell precursors obtained from patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML). Formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded sections or smears fixed with formalin vapour were studied by immunohistochemical methods, using a polyclonal antibody against the c‐kit gene product. Normal and neoplastic mast cells showed a positive immunoreaction for c‐kit gene product, but neoplastic basophil/mast cell precursors from CML patients lacked c‐kit gene product by immunohistochemical and flow cytometric methods, even in cells having mast cell granules, together with or without basophil granules. Mast cell tryptase was, however, expressed in normal and neoplastic mast cells and basophil/mast cell precursors containing mast cell granules. In addition, cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage lacked c‐kit gene product. These findings indicate that the c‐kit gene product may play an important role in the development and function of mast cell but not of cell of basophil and monocyte/macrophage lineage.
Immunohistochemical localization of ubiquitin cross‐reactive protein in human tissues
Authors: Lowe James , McDermott Helen , Loeb Keith , Landon Michael , Haas Arthur L. , Mayer R. John 
Published: June 2005

AbstractUbiquitin cross‐reactive protein (UCRP) is an interferon‐inducible ubiquitin homologue which is constitutively present in cells and can be conjugated to other proteins. Using a characterized polyclonal antiserum to UCRP, immunohistochemical localization of UCRP was performed on paraffin‐processed normal human tissues and in human tissues known to contain ubiquitinated intracellular inclusions. The antibody to UCRP immunostained lymphoid cells, striated and smooth muscle, several epithelia, and neurons. The level of staining varied greatly between tissues but was in a consistent punctate pattern. Localization to neuromuscular junctions and striations is similar to that described for antisera to ubiquitin‐protein conjugates. Inclusion bodies characterized by immunoreactivity to anti‐ubiquitin were not detected by the antibody to UCRP. Importantly, because UCRP may also be detected by antisera to conjugated ubiquitin, future studies on the distribution of ubiquitin in tissue sections must now take account of possible cross‐reactivity with UCRP.
Vascular networks within the stroma of human long‐term bone marrow cultures
Authors: Wilkins Bridget S. , Jones David B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe formation of branching and anastomosing vascular structures has been demonstrated within the stromal layers of human long‐term bone marrow cultures (LTBMCs). Such organized vascular structures have not been described previously and may be of functional importance, as adherent granulocyte‐predominant haemopoietic foci were more numerous in their interstices and margins than elsewhere in the stromal layers. Mature granulocytes were seen within vascular lumina in a few instances, possibly indicating an attempt to recapitulate the normal process of egress of neutrophils from bone marrow into the circulation. Immunostaining showed that the vascular structures expressed CD31, CD34, and CD105 (endoglin), which were not expressed by stromal fibroblastic cells. Collagen IV and laminin, expressed throughout the stroma, were present in increased amounts where vascular arrays were seen. In contrast, von Willebrand factor (VWF) and vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1) were expressed equally by the vascular arrays and by stromal fibroblastic cells. Neither the arrays nor the general stroma expressed intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1), ICAM‐2, ICAM‐3, or endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule‐1 (ELAM‐1).
Study of the effect of poly(vinyl alcohol) concentration on the gelation point of poly(vinyl alcohol) poly(acrylic acid) semi‐IPN systems as determined by viscoelastic measurements
Authors: Hernández Rebeca , Mijangos Carmen , López Daniel 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe report on the determination of the gelation point of semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks (semi‐IPNs) composed of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAAc) formed by a sequential method. The evolution of the viscoelasticity during the gelation reaction of acrylic acid (AAc) in solutions of PVA has been monitored through the sol‐gel transition with dynamic mechanical experiments. The gelation time of the system increased with PVA concentration; however, the molecular structure of the gel, composed of swollen clusters, is rather independent of the presence of PVA. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 1944–1949, 2005