bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Earthworm toxicity during chemical oxidation of diesel-contaminated sand
Authors: Shin Kyung-Hee , Jung Haeryong , Chang Peichun , Choi Heechul , Kim Kyoung-Woong 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
An ecotoxicity test with Eisenia fetida was performed to monitor the removal of diesel and toxicity variation during the ozonation process. The three-dimensional (3-D) cell test was introduced for the monitoring of the ozonation process, and the removal rate based on total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) mass was about 95% near the ozone inlet ports. This high removal rate might be caused by the low soil organic matter (SOM) content and low water content of sand. The use of a fiber-optic transflection dip probe (FOTDP) demonstrated that more than half of the injected ozone was consumed by reactions with diesel or natural ozone-consuming materials. The earthworm toxicity test using Eisenia fetida demonstrated that diesel concentrations in soil exceeding 10,000 mg/kg caused a dose-dependent weight loss in earthworms and increased mortality. Toxic effects were reduced greatly or eliminated after ozonation, and the degradation products of the ozonation were not toxic to the earthworms at the concentrations tested. One specific result was that the sublethal test on the earthworm might be more sensitive for the evaluation of the quality of contaminated soil, for some samples, which did not result in mortality and produced an adverse effect on weight.
Effects of dredging in göteborg harbor, sweden, assessed by biomarkers in eelpout (zoarces viviparus)
Authors: Sturve Joachim , Berglund Åsa , Balk Lennart , Broeg Katja , Böhmert Björn , Massey Simon , Savva Demetris , Parkkonen Jari , Stephensen Eiríkur , Koehler Angela , Förlin Lars 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
We used a battery of biomarkers in fish to study the effects of the extensive dredging in Göteborg harbor situated at the river Göta älv estuary, Sweden. Eelpout (Zoarces viviparus) were sampled along a gradient into Göteborg harbor, both before and during the dredging. Biomarker responses in the eelpout before the dredging already indicated that fish in Göteborg harbor are chronically affected by pollutants under normal conditions compared to those in a reference area. However, the results during the dredging activities clearly show that fish were even more affected by remobilized pollutants. Elevated ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activities and cytochrome P4501A levels indicated exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Elevated metallothionein gene expression indicated an increase in metal exposure. An increase in general cell toxicity, measured as a decrease in lysosomal membrane stability, as well as effects on the immune system also could be observed in eelpout sampled during the dredging. The results also suggest that dredging activities in the Göta älv estuary can affect larger parts of the Swedish western coast than originally anticipated. The present study demonstrates that the application of a set of biomarkers is a useful approach in monitoring the impact of anthropogenic activities on aquatic environments.
Isomer selectivity in aquatic toxicity and biodegradation of bifenthrin and permethrin
Authors: Liu Weiping , Gan Jianying , Lee Sangjin , Werner Inge 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Synthetic pyrethroids are widely used insecticides, and contamination of surface aquatic ecosystems by pyrethroid residues from runoff is of particular concern because of potential aquatic toxicity. Pyrethroids also are chiral compounds consisting of multiple stereoisomers. In the present study, we evaluated the diastereomer and enantiomer selectivity of cis-bifenthrin (cis-BF) and permethrin (PM) in their aquatic toxicity and biodegradation. The 1R-cis enantiomer was the only enantiomer in cis-BF showing toxicity against Ceriodaphnia dubia. Incubation with pesticide-degrading bacteria showed that the trans diastereomer of PM was selectively degraded over the cis diastereomer, whereas the 1S-cis enantiomer in cis-BF or cis-PM was preferentially degraded over the corresponding 1R-cis enantiomer. The enantioselectivity was significantly greater for cis-PM than for cis-BF and also varied among different strains of bacteria. Isomer selectivity may be a common phenomenon in both aquatic toxicity and biodegradation of pyrethroids, and this should be considered when assessing ecotoxicological risks of these compounds in sensitive ecosystems.
Raoult's law-based method for determination of coal tar average molecular weight
Authors: Brown Derick G. , Gupta Lovleen , Moo-Young Horace Keith , Coleman Andrew J. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
A Raoult's law-based method for determining the number average molecular weight of coal tars is presented. The method requires data from two-phase coal tar/water equilibrium experiments, which readily are performed in environmental laboratories. An advantage of this method for environmental samples is that it is not impacted by the small amount of inert debris often present in coal tar samples obtained from contaminated sites. Results are presented for 10 coal tars from nine former manufactured gas plants located in the eastern United States. Vapor pressure osmometry (VPO) analysis provided similar average molecular weights to those determined with the Raoult's law-based method, except for one highly viscous coal tar sample. Use of the VPO-based average molecular weight for this coal tar resulted in underprediction of the coal tar constituents' aqueous concentrations. Additionally, one other coal tar was not completely soluble in solvents used for VPO analysis. The results indicate that the Raoult's law-based method is able to provide an average molecular weight that is consistent with the intended application of the data (e.g., modeling the dissolution of coal tar constituents into surrounding waters), and this method can be applied to coal tars that may be incompatible with other commonly used methods for determining average molecular weight, such as vapor pressure osmometry.
Recovery of microbially mediated processes in soil augmented with a pentachlorophenol-mineralizing bacterium
Authors: Colores Gregory M. , Schmidt Steven K. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Specific physiological groups can be used to evaluate the recovery of soil microbial communities following disturbance. In this study, soil was contaminated with pentachlorophenol (PCP) to assess the resiliency of microorganisms responsible for carbon and nitrogen cycling. Methane fluxes were monitored in soil microcosms to evaluate the effects of contamination and augmentation on microbial populations involved in carbon cycling. The addition of a PCP-mineralizing bacterium, Sphingomonas chlorophenolica strain RA2, enhanced the recovery of methane-oxidizing capacity relative to uninoculated treatments when soil was contaminated with low concentrations of PCP (10 and 50 μg/g soil, ppm). At the highest level of PCP contamination tested (300 ppm), there was no recovery of methane-oxidizing capacity whether or not the PCP-mineralizing bacterium was added to soil. The nitrogencycling capacity of contaminated and augmented soil was tested by measuring nitrification potentials. The addition of PCP resulted in a concentration-dependent reduction in nitrification rates. After three months of incubation, all augmented soils had nitrification rates equivalent to the uncontaminated control, and the uninoculated soils contaminated with 100 and 300 ppm PCP still were impaired in their nitrification potentials. These results indicate that biological removal of a contaminant has the potential to restore microbially mediated processes to levels observed prior to contamination.
Construction of a reactive surface barrier to reduce fumigant 1,3-dichloropropene emissions
Authors: Zheng Wei , Papiernik Sharon K. , Guo Mingxin , Dungan Robert S. , Yates Scott R. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Halogenated fumigants have been used extensively in production agriculture to control soilborne pests. These types of pesticides are highly volatile and are prone to affect air quality and imperil public health. In the present study, a chemical tarp approach, termed a reactive surface barrier (RSB), was developed to reduce the emission of fumigant 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) from the soil surface. The agrochemicals thiourea and allylthiourea were tested as active reagents for the construction of a RSB, where these soil amendments react with 1,3-D to form nonvolatile isothiuronium ions at the soil surface and, thereby, impede fumigant emission into the atmosphere. The feasibility of the method largely depends on the reactivity of 1,3-D and the RSB agrochemicals in soil as well as on the mobility, persistence, and toxicity of the transformation products. Therefore, the reaction kinetics and transformation mechanism of 1,3-D by thiourea and allylthiourea were studied comprehensively in aqueous solution and soil. A catalytic process occurring at the surface of soil colloids facilitated the reaction between 1,3-D and thiourea in amended soils. The rate of 1,3-D transformation in thiourea-amended soil increased with decreasing soil moisture or increasing thiourea amendment level. In a field trial, a thiourea RSB reduced cumulative 1,3-D emissions by more than 80% relative to that in bare soil surface. The present results clearly indicate that this chemical remediation technology has great potential to control the emissions of volatile halogenated organic contaminants and to mitigate atmospheric pollution.
Absorption of p,p′-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene and dieldrin in largemouth bass from a 60-d slow-release pellet and detection using a novel enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method for blood plasma
Authors: Muller Jennifer K. , Sepúlveda María S. , Borgert Christopher J. , Gross Timothy S. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
This work describes the uptake of two organochlorine pesticides from slow-release pellets by largemouth bass and the utility of a blood plasma enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method for exposure verification. We measured blood and tissue levels by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and by a novel ELISA method, and present a critical comparison of the results.
Insecticide drift deposition on noncrop plant surfaces and its impact on two beneficial nontarget arthropods, aphidius colemani viereck (hymenoptera, braconidae) and coccinella septempunctata L. (coleoptera, coccinellidae)
Authors: Langhof Maren , Gathmann Achim , Poehling Hans-Michael 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Drift of the pyrethroid insecticide λ-cyhalothrin into field margins bordering wheat and its effect on nontarget arthropods was investigated under field conditions. Insecticide deposition on leaf surfaces of broad beans exposed within field margins at 1-, 2-, and 3-m distance from the field edge and directly within the crop was quantified using a fluorescent tracer. The toxicity of leaf deposits to the aphid parasitoid Aphidius colemani Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and to larvae of the ladybird Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) was estimated. Mean corrected mortalities of A. colemani were &lt;50% (1 m) and &lt;30% (2 and 3 m), and mortalities of C. septempunctata larvae were ≤80% (1 m), ≤67% (2 m), and ≤52% (3 m) 12 and 24 h postexposure to drift deposits. High positive correlation coefficients proved the relationship between leaf deposits and mortalities of test organisms. The connection of drift deposit measurement and exposure bioassay provides a promising approach to determining effects of insecticide drift on nontarget arthropods. However, due to the patchiness of drift deposition on noncrop plant surfaces, risks to nontarget arthropods at defined distances from the sprayed crop are not highly predictable.
Molecular simulation of a model of dissolved organic matter
Authors: Sutton Rebecca , Sposito Garrison , Diallo Mamadou S. , Schulten Hans-Rolf 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
A series of atomistic simulations was performed to assess the ability of the Schulten dissolved organic matter (DOM) molecule, a well-established model humic molecule, to reproduce the physical and chemical behavior of natural humic substances. The unhydrated DOM molecule had a bulk density value appropriate to humic matter, but its Hildebrand solubility parameter was lower than the range of current experimental estimates. Under hydrated conditions, the DOM molecule went through conformational adjustments that resulted in disruption of intramolecular hydrogen bonds (H-bonds), although few water molecules penetrated the organic interior. The radius of gyration of the hydrated DOM molecule was similar to those measured for aquatic humic substances. To simulate humic materials under aqueous conditions with varying pH levels, carboxyl groups were deprotonated, and hydrated Na+ or Ca2+ were added to balance the resulting negative charge. Because of intrusion of the cation hydrates, the model metalhumic structures were more porous, had greater solvent-accessible surface areas, and formed more H-bonds with water than the protonated, hydrated DOM molecule. Relative to Na+, Ca2+ was both more strongly bound to carboxylate groups and more fully hydrated. This difference was attributed to the higher charge of the divalent cation. The Ca-DOM hydrate, however, featured fewer H-bonds than the Na-DOM hydrate, perhaps because of the reduced orientational freedom of organic moieties and water molecules imposed by Ca2+. The present work is, to our knowledge, the first rigorous computational exploration regarding the behavior of a model humic molecule under a range of physical conditions typical of soil and water systems.
Role of IGFBPs in the morphogenesis of lingual papillae
Authors: Suzuki Yuko 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe expression of insulin‐like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) during the morphogenesis of lingual papillae of mice was examined by in situ hybridization. Among seven mouse IGFBPs, IGFBP‐1, ‐6, and ‐7 mRNAs were not expressed in the tongue tissue. At E12, though no papillae have formed yet, IGFBP‐2, ‐4, and ‐5 were expressed in the entire tongue epithelium. At E14, fungiform papillae appeared in the anterior region and circumvallate papillae were distinguished in the posterior region. Strong expression of IGFBP‐5 was observed in the apical region of both fungiform and circumvallate papillae. At this stage, the epithelial elevation of filiform papillae was not clear; but IGFBP‐5 was expressed in the apex. At E15, foliate papillae were distinguished and IGFBP‐5 was expressed in the dorsal epithelium of ridges. In filiform papillae, IGFBP‐3 was expressed in the core of the connective tissue. At E17, the expression of IGFBP‐5 disappeared from the apical region of fungiform, filiform, foliate, and circumvallate papillae, whereas that of IGFBP‐2 remained. This finding suggests that IGFBP‐5 and ‐2 function to cause evagination of the epithelium into a raised structure. In the epithelium of trenches of foliate and circumvallate papillae, strong expression of IGFBP‐4 was observed at E15 and E17. As previously suggested from a study on postnatal mice (Suzuki et al. J Comp Neurol 2005;482:74–84), IGFBP‐4 acts in the epithelial invagination to form the trenches, grooves, or furrows of lingual papillae during development. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A conclusive methodology for rating OCR performance
Authors: Brener Nathan E. , Iyengar S.S. , Pianykh O.S. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractOne of the most challenging topics in the automatic document rating process is the development of a rating scheme for the image quality of documents. As part of the Department of Energy (DOE) document declassification program, we have developed a generalized rating system to predict the optical character recognition (OCR) accuracy level that is achieved when processing a document. The need for such a system emerged from the declassification of degraded, typewriter‐era documents, which is currently a time‐consuming manual process. This article presents the statistical analysis of the most influential document quality features affecting OCR accuracy, develops consistent predictive models for four currently used OCR engines, and studies the applicability of different OCR products to the DOE document declassification process. This study is expected to lead to an efficient and completely automated document declassification system.
A conceptual framework and open research questions for chat‐based reference service
Authors: Pomerantz Jeffrey 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis article seeks to shift the literature on chat‐based reference services beyond the current spate of case studies and discussions of emerging standards and best practices in providing chat‐based reference, to a higher level of discussion on the creation and discussion of theoretical frameworks to unite these standards and practices. The article explores the various steps in the process of providing synchronous, chat‐based reference, as well as issues involved in providing such service at each step. The purpose of this exploration is twofold: First, this article presents some open research questions at each step in the process of providing chat‐based reference service. Second, the entire process of providing chat‐based reference is viewed as a whole, and a model of the provision of chat‐based reference service is developed at a high level of abstraction. It is hoped that this model may serve as a conceptual framework for future discussions of and development of applications for chat‐based reference.
Incidental framing effects and associative processes: a study of attribute frames in broadcast news stories
Authors: Schneider Sandra L. , Burke Monica D. , Solomonson Andrew L. , Laurion Suzanne K. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractMost studies of the effects of framing decision alternatives either positively or negatively have focused on planned, intentional evaluations of those alternatives. To better understand these effects, we broadened the range of investigation to focus on the kinds of incidental evaluations that often occur in real‐world contexts. Participants listened to one of four variations of a campus radio news broadcast, ostensibly to provide input for future programming. The stories in each broadcast included the same basic facts, but those facts were carefully phrased to create two positively and two negatively framed stories per broadcast. Based on an associative processing account, we hypothesized that valence‐consistent framing effects would occur even though participants did not expect to evaluate the content of the stories. Results supported this hypothesis, with mixed evidence that the effects may generalize to related university experiences. We conclude that framing effects are likely to result from automatic valence‐encoding processes coupled with inferential processes that help make sense of the larger context within which the description of an alternative is embedded. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bryozoen kontrollieren ihre Biofilme: “Gepflegte” Mikrogärten auf belebter Oberfläche
Authors: Gerdes Gisela , Kahle Jens , Wieking Gunther , Liebezeit Gerd , Scholz Joachim 
Published: July 2005

AbstractSessile Meerestiere stellen “belebte” marine Substrate dar, auf denen Biofilme ausgebildet sein können.Neben anderen Bryozoenarten ist auch das Blättermoostierchen Flustra foliacea ein Beispiel dafür, dass die Wirte die Bedingungen für ihren Biofilmaufwuchs kontrollieren. Drei Indizien sprechen dafür, dass die Zooide von F. foliacea dem Bewuchs nicht passiv ausgesetzt sind, sondern Einfluss auf die Art und Üppigkeit des Biofilms nehmen: 1. Die Biofilme der Kolonien aus Freiland und Hälterung unterscheiden sich nicht grundlegend voneinander, obwohl die abiotische Umwelt nicht völlig identisch ist. 2. Der Biofilmbewuchs ist je nach räumlicher Sensibilität der Zooide zonal geringer oder stärker. 3. Ungehemmtes Wachstum, obwohl für Biofilme typisch, findet nicht statt, die REM‐Analyse vermittelt eher den Eindruck “durch Pflege gestalteter Mikrogärten”.
A [3]Rotaxane with Three Stable States That Responds to Multiple‐Inputs and Displays Dual Fluorescence Addresses
Authors: Qu Da‐Hui , Wang Qiao‐Chun , Ma Xiang , Tian He 
Published: July 2005

AbstractA [3]rotaxane molecular shuttle containing two α‐cyclodextrin (α‐CD) macrocycles, an azobenzene unit, a stilbene unit, and two different fluorescent naphthalimide units has been investigated. The azobenzene unit and the stilbene unit can be E/Z‐photoisomerized separately by light excited at different wavelengths. Irradiation at 380 nm resulted in the photoisomerization of the azobenzene unit, leading to the formation of one stable state of the [3]rotaxane (Z1‐NNAS‐2CD); irradiation at 313 nm resulted in the photoisomerization of the stilbene unit, leading to the formation of another stable state of the [3]rotaxane (Z2‐NNAS‐2CD). The reversible conversion of the Z1 and Z2 isomers back to the E isomer by irradiation at 450 nm and 280 nm, respectively, is accompanied by recovery of the absorption and fluorescence spectra of the [3]rotaxane. The E isomer and the two Z isomers have been characterized by 1H NMR spectroscopy and by two‐dimensional NMR spectroscopy. The light stimuli can induce shuttling motions of the two α‐CD macrocycles on the molecular thread; concomitantly, the absorption and fluorescence spectra of the [3]rotaxane change in a regular way. When the α‐CD macrocycle stays close to the fluorescent moiety, the fluorescence of the moiety become stronger due to the rigidity of the α‐CD ring. As the photoisomerization processes are fully reversible, the photo‐induced shuttling motions of the α‐CD rings can be repeated, accompanied by dual reversible fluorescence signal outputs. The potential application of such light‐induced mechanical motions at the molecular level could provide some insight into the workings of a molecular machine with entirely optical signals, and could provide a cheap, convenient interface for communication between micro‐ and macroworlds.
Preparation and Characterization of Inclusion Complexes of β‐Cyclodextrin with Ionic Liquid
Authors: Gao Yan‐An , Li Zhong‐Hao , Du Ji‐Min , Han Bu‐Xing , Li Gan‐Zuo , Hou Wan‐Guo , Shen Dong , Zheng Li‐Qiang , Zhang Gao‐Yong 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe solubilities of β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD), ionic liquid (IL) 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (bmimPF6), and their mixture in water were determined, and the conductivity of these aqueous solutions was measured. It was demonstrated that β‐CD and bmimPF6 could enhance the solubility of each other, and the solubility curves of each were linear with gradients of about 1. The conductivity decreased remarkably with increasing β‐CD concentration, and a discernible break in the conductivity curve could be observed when β‐CD and bmimPF6 were equimolar in the solution. The solubility and conductivity results indicated that inclusion complexes (ICs) of 1:1 stoichiometry were formed. The inclusion compounds were further characterized by using powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, 13C CP/MAS (cross‐polarization magic‐angle spinning) NMR and 1H NMR spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed that the ICs were a fine crystalline powder. The host–guest system exhibited a channel‐type structure and each glucose unit of β‐CD was in a similar environment. The decomposition temperature of the ICs was lower than that of bmimPF6 and β‐CD individually.