bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heat‐Induced Changes in Thermosensitivity and Gene Expression during Development
Authors: BOON‐NIERMEYER ELIDA K. , DE WAAL ADRIENNE M. , SOUREN JAN E. M , van WIJK ROELAN 
Published: January 2005

The thermosensitivity of developing embryos of the fresh water snail Lymnaea stagnalis was investigated from the 4‐cell stage to the 3‐day‐old trochophore larva by means of survival curves for 43.6°C. Cleavage stage embryos were extremely thermoresistant as compared with older stages, and thermosensitivity increases during the development.Pretreatment with a mild heat exposure (10 min at 39°C) did not induce thermotolerance at the 4‐cell stage, but it did so in the early gastrula and trochophora. Development of thermotolerance in 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐day‐old stages showed an identical kinetic pattern.After incubation in 35S‐methionine one‐dimensional gel electrophoresis was carried out with or without preheating. At the 4‐cell stage no enhanced synthesis of heat shock proteins was induced by exposure to heat. At stages of 1 day and older heat induced the enhanced synthesis of the heat shock proteins with apparent molecular weights of 38, 65 and 70 kilodaltons. The synthesis of heat shock protein 70 changes during the early development of Lymnaea both in its constitutive level and in its ability to be enhanced by heat treatment.
Heterogenous Macromolecular Contributions to Early Mouse Embryo Development
Authors: Hsu Yu‐Chin 
Published: January 2005

Mouse embryos have been cultured for more than one half of its gestation period by providing sera from definite species of animals as the inducer at the proper stage of development. The processes of normal development at four different but discrete phases have been described.(1) Fertilized ovum (stage 1) is able to grow up to denuded blastocyst stage and attaches to the culture dish (stage 7) in balanced salt solution with bovine serum albumin as the sole macromolecule. (2) Embryoblast or inner cell mass (ICM) of denuded blastocyst (stage 7) is able to develop in fetal calf serum (FCS), human placenta cord serum (FCS), or sera from mouse (MS), rat (RS) or rabbit (RbS) to the early cylinder stage (stage 11). (3) The early egg cylinder stage (stage 11) of mouse embryo is able to grow in HCS and RS, but not in FCS nor RbS, to the stage of early somite stage (stage 15). (4) Beyond early somite stage (stage 15), mouse embryo is able to develop neural tissues in rat serum. The macromolecular nature of these growth factors in serum has been described (Hsu, 1980).It indicates that the differential biological activity which induces the early mouse embryogenesis among the sera from different animal species is due to the various degree of sequence homology between the growth factor family among the different species of animals.
Vitellogenin Incorporation into Oocytes of Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, in Vitro: Effect of Hormones on Denuded Oocytes
Authors: Shibata Naoki , Yoshikuni Michiyasu , Nagahama Yoshitaka 
Published: January 2005

An in vitro culture procedure to measure vitellogenin (VTG) incorporation into oocytes without follicle cell layers was developed using oocytes of the rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Oocytes incorporated VTG specifically and linearly for up to 24 hr. The maximum incorporation observed was 314 μg/24 hr/oocyte, using vitellogenic (3.6 mm diameter) oocytes.The effect of hormones was examined by adding insulin, growth hormone, prolactin, gonadotropins (GTH‐I, GTH‐II), thyroid hormones, testosterone, estradiol‐17β, or 17α, 20β‐dihydroxy‐4‐pregnen‐3‐one to the medium. The results indicated that insulin and thyroxine stimulated uptake of VTG by 13% and 12%, respectively. Insulin specifically stimulated VTG incorporation and did not cause any change in background uptake of insulin. The lack of an effect of gonadotropins hormones on denuded oocytes suggests that the previously observed stimulation of VTG incorporation into follicle cell‐enclosed oocytes in vivo and in vitro by GTH‐I is most likely mediated by the somatic cells of the ovarian follicle.
Idiopathic necrotizing dermatitis: Current management
Authors: Lui PC , Petersen D , Kimble RM , Raven RJ , Pearn JH 
Published: January 2005

Objectives:  To identify and demonstrate necrotizing dermatitis in infancy; an uncommon, puzzling syndrome, in which anecdotal reporting and personal experience indicates that one third of cases may require skin grafting. Much informed discussion about the pathogenesis of this distressing syndrome centres on the role of spider envenomation; and in particular on the speculative role of the Australian White‐tailed spider, Lampona cylindrata.Methods:  We present here six cases of necrotizing dermatitis treated surgically at the Royal Children's Hospital and Mater Children's Hospital in Brisbane over the period from 1991 to 1999. Clinical history, surgical details and pathological investigations were reviewed in each case. Microbiological investigation of necrotic ulcers included standard aerobic and anaerobic culture.Result:  Nocardia and Staphylococcus were cultured in two cases, but no positive bites were witnessed and no spiders were identified by either the children or their parents. All cases were treated with silver sulphadiazine crème. Two of the infants required general anaesthesia, excision debridement and split skin grafting. The White‐tailed spider, Lampona cylindrata, does not occur in Queensland, but Lampona murina does; neither species has necrotizing components in its venom. Circumstantial evidence is consistent with this syndrome being due to invertebrate envenomation, possibly following arachnid bites.Conclusion:  In our experience there is insufficient evidence to impute a specific genus as the cause, at this stage of scientific knowledge. If the offending creature is a spider, we calculate that the syndrome of necrotizing dermatitis occurs in less than 1 in 5000 spider bites.
Long‐term endocrine effects of cancer treatment: Experience of the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne
Authors: Hameed R , Zacharin MR 
Published: January 2005

Objectives:  To evaluate the frequency and degree of severity of endocrine late effects in patients treated for childhood cancer and to assess the value of the late effects clinic for continued monitoring of these patients.Method:  Data was collected on all patients who attended the late effects clinic at the Royal Children's Hospital (RCH) between 1998‐2003. Endocrine function was assessed by clinical and biochemical evaluation at the time of presentation and at ongoing intervals of 3‐12 months as clinically indicated.Results:  A total of 249 children attended the late effects clinic. Two hundred and thirty five endocrine diagnoses were made in 155 (62%) patients, of whom 63 patients had multiple endocrinopathies.Conclusion:  Our audit supports the need for ongoing prospective surveillance in survivors of childhood cancer. Appropriate and timely interventions in such patients can help to reduce morbidity and improve quality of life.
Management of post‐operative bladder spasm
Authors: Chiang D , Ben‐Meir D , Pout K , Dewan PA 
Published: January 2005

Objective:  Pain management following bladder surgery in children is often complicated by bladder spasm. The overall severity of spasm can be reduced with opioids, anticholinergic medication and sedatives, although breakthrough spasms often occur. At the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, intravesical bupivacaine has been used to manage postoperative bladder spasm to good effect. The administration of intravesical bupivacaine is analysed in this prospective audit of locally applied intravesical anaesthetic and compared with other methods.Method:  From February to August 2003, histories of 58 patients who had intravesical bupivacaine were studied and compared with six other methods of management of postoperative bladder spasm.Conclusion:  Data showed that epidural anaesthesia was the most effective treatment of pain, with a pain score reduction of 6.6, compared with a reduction of 6.1 with intravesical bupivacaine, and 4.5 using intravenous morphine. However, intravesical bupivacaine was the most effective method for the relief of bladder spasm.
Acute osteomyelitis and septic arthritis in children
Authors: Goergens ED , McEvoy A , Watson M , Barrett IR 
Published: January 2005

Objective:  To review the clinical presentation, clinical management and organisms responsible for acute haematogenous osteomyelitis (AHO) and septic arthritis (SA) in the post Haemophilus influenzae type B (Hib) vaccine era and to evaluate current Australian antibiotic guidelines for these conditions.Methods:  A retrospective chart review of children less than 16 years of age presenting to The Children's Hospital at Westmead in the period from January 1998 to July 2002 with an ICD discharge code consistent with AHO or SA.Results:  During the 4½‐year period 120 511 children were admitted to The Children's Hospital at Westmead. There were 102 cases of AHO and 47 cases of SA during this time. An organism was identified either by blood culture or tissue biopsy in 45% of children with AHO and 38% with SA. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common identifiable causative organism accounting for 76% of isolated organisms in AHO and 39% of isolated organisms in SA. Methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was responsible for 9% of AHO and 6% of SA cases. There were no cases due to Haemophilus influenzae or Kingella kingae during the study period. The majority (66%) of children with AHO were managed non‐operatively with intravenous and then oral antibiotics. Thirty‐five (34%) children had operative treatment to drain pus. In contrast, 74% of the patients with SA had one or more surgical procedures performed to drain pus from involved joints.Conclusions:  Staphylococcus aureus remains the most common organism causing AO and SA; however, community‐acquired methicillin‐resistant strains are now occurring. Haemophilus influenzae is no longer a common cause of SA. Our study supports the current Australian antibiotic guidelines that recommend flucloxacillin alone as the empiric treatment of choice of both AHO and SA in children fully immunised against Hib. However the possibility of community‐acquired MRSA should be considered, particularly in high risk groups such as indigenous Australian children or children from regional areas with a high rate of community‐acquired MRSA.
Spontaneous ventilation with remifentanil in children
Authors: Ansermino J Mark , Brooks Peter , Rosen David , A Vandebeek Christine , Reichert Clayton 
Published: January 2005

SummaryBackground : Remifentanil is a short‐acting drug that allows us to study the specific respiratory effects of potent opioid analgesics. The purpose of this study is to describe the effects of a remifentanil infusion during spontaneous ventilation in children. Pharmacokinetic studies provide useful information on the time course of opioid blood concentrations; however, they cannot be easily translated into infusion administration guidelines for pediatric clinical practice.Methods : A total of 32 children, aged 2–7 years, undergoing restorative dentistry, spontaneously breathing under sevoflurane anesthesia were enrolled in the study. After an initial bolus dose of remifentanil, an infusion was administered in ascending logarithmic increments at 10 min intervals. Increments were discontinued when endtidal carbon dioxide exceeded 9 kPa (70 mmHg), desaturation occurred (SpO2 < 94%) or with the onset of apnea (>5 s). The maximum tolerated dose was determined for each subject. Endtidal carbon dioxide, minute ventilation and respiratory rate were continuously recorded.Results : The median tolerated dose of remifentanil was 0.127μg·kg−1·min−1 (range: 0.053–0.3 μg·kg−1·min−1). When comparing the last four incremental increases in each subject, 35% change in respiratory rate occurred in the last 10 min period while changes in endtidal carbon dioxide and minute ventilation were gradual and of less magnitude. There was no correlation between age and respiratory rate.Conclusions : There is a large variation in the dose of remifentanil tolerated by children while breathing spontaneously under anesthesia. A respiratory rate of <10 b·min−1 appears to be the best predictor of the maximum tolerated dose.
Distorted perception of smell by volatile agents facilitated inhalational induction of anesthesia
Authors: FUKUMOTO MASATOSHI , ARIMA HAJIME , ITO SARI , TAKEUCHI NAOKO , NAKANO HIROSHI 
Published: January 2005

SummaryBackground:  Unpleasant smell of halogenated volatile agents is one of the frustrating factors for inhalational induction. We developed a new modification that might enable children to enjoy the smell itself while incrementally elevating sevoflurane concentration. Troposmia is usually a pathological quality change of smell perception and an olfactory stimulus is distortedly perceived in this state, which we applied to inhalational induction.Methods:  At the preoperative visit an anesthetist told the children that the smell of a facemask could be magically changed from strawberry into anything and promised to change the smell as they requested. In the operating room, a strawberry scented facemask was fitted to the face and the anesthetist announced to them that the magical change of the smell would begin when sevoflurane was added. Whether children perceived the change of the smell as they requested was investigated in the troposmia group, and resistance to fit a facemask was compared between the troposmia group and a control group.Results:  Significantly fewer children resisted the facemask in the troposmia group (1 of 32 Vs 9 of 32; P = 0.0059). In the troposmia group 18, 22 and 25 of the 32 children said the smell of the facemask changed as they requested before they fell asleep, at the postoperative visit or both, respectively.Conclusions:  Troposmia can be intentionally induced to perceive the smell of sevoflurane on request. Troposmia might contribute to promote children's participation in anesthesia induction and facilitate inhalational induction.
The Portex ‘Soft Seal’ single use laryngeal mask – a preliminary study in pediatric anesthesia
Authors: GLAISYER HILARY R. , YULE C. 
Published: January 2005

SummaryBackground:  Portex have developed a single use pediatric laryngeal mask (LM), which is available in all sizes.Methods:  We prospectively evaluated its use in 40 infants and children undergoing a variety of surgical procedures.Results:  The LM provided a satisfactory airway in all patients. Insertion was quick and easy and achieved at the first attempt in 38 patients. Repositioning was required during anesthesia in four cases.Conclusions:  The Portex ‘Soft Seal’ LM performs satisfactorily in elective pediatric anesthesia.
Prevalence and characteristics of screen‐detected prostate carcinomas at low prostate‐specific antigen levels: aggressive or insignificant?
Authors: Gosselaar Claartje , Roobol Monique J. , Schröder Fritz H. 
Published: January 2005

SUMMARYScreening for prostate cancer at low prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels (≤4.0 ng/mL) risks detecting clinically insignificant cancers, which are of no threat to the man. In this review we evaluate the prevalence and tumour characteristics of prostate cancer detected at low PSA levels, comparing screening studies, cystoprostatectomy series and autopsy data. The favourable characteristics of tumours detectable at very low PSA levels seem to justify the conclusion that an unknown but sizeable proportion of the cancers found at biopsy are clinically insignificant.
Variable Names and Constant Names in Wittgenstein's Tractatus
Authors: Cheung Leo K. C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn this paper, I argue that the Tractatus classifies names into constant names and variable names. A variable name, via the application of the existential quantifier against the background of picturing, picks out and denotes an unspecified object from the range of objects of the form shown by the relevant variable. A constant name labels an object picked out from a scope of the existential quantifier. I also refute two types of attempts to argue that the Tractarian relation between a name and its meaning is not realist, and to explain why it is more reasonable to hold that it is.
The Voices of Wittgenstein: The Vienna Circle
Authors: Stock Guy 
Published: January 2005

Book reviewed: The Voices of Wittgenstein: The Vienna Circle– Ludwig Wittgenstein and Friedrich Waismann (Transcribed, Edited and with an Introduction by Gordon Baker; Translated by Gordon Baker, Michael Mackett, John Connolly and Vasilis Politis); Routledge; London and New York, 2003 (Pp xlviii + 558. German and English Texts on Facing Pages.)
Oppression and Responsibility: a Wittgensteinian Approach to Social Practices and Moral Theory
Authors: Johnson Paul F 
Published: January 2005

Book reviewed:O’Connor, Peg, Oppression and Responsibility: a Wittgensteinian Approach to Social Practices and Moral Theory, The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2002, 151 pp., ISBN 0‐271‐02202‐7.
Indinavir/ritonavir‐based therapy in HIV‐1‐infected antiretroviral therapy‐naive patients: comparison of 800/100 mg and 400/100 mg twice daily
Authors: Konopnicki D , De Wit S , Poll B , Crommentuyn K , Huitema A , Clumeck N 
Published: January 2005

ObjectivesTo compare the efficacy and tolerability of indinavir (IDV)/ritonavir (RTV) at 800/100 and 400/100 mg twice daily (bid) in antiretroviral therapy (ART)‐naive patients.MethodsAn open comparison of two groups of ART‐naive patients treated with IDV/RTV 800/100 or 400/100 mg bid plus two nucleoside analogues was carried out. Viral load, CD4 cell count and tolerability were measured at baseline and at weeks 4, 12, 24 and 48. IDV plasma concentrations were measured retrospectively.ResultsA total of 107 patients were included in the study. Of these, 57 were treated with 800/100 and 50 with 400/100 mg IDV/RTV bid. At week 48, a viral load of <50 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL was achieved by 77 and 64% of the patients, respectively, and the median CD4 cell count increases were +171 and +164 cells/μL (intent‐to‐treat; P not significant), respectively. Side effects leading to protease inhibitor discontinuation occurred in 61% of subjects in the 800/100 mg group vs. 20% in the 400/100 mg group (P<0.0001). Switching from 800/100 to 400/100 mg dosage improved adverse events in 16 of 20 patients. IDV concentrations were above 0.15 mg/L in 89% of the 28 patients tested in the 400/100 mg group.ConclusionsIndinavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg bid provided the same efficacy as 800/100 mg bid at 48 weeks in an ART‐naive population, but safety and tolerance were significantly better for 400/100 mg, while convenience was also improved and cost was reduced.
Hydroxychloroquine, hydroxyurea and didanosine as initial therapy for HIV‐infected patients with low viral load: safety, efficacy and resistance profile after 144 weeks
Authors: Paton NI , Aboulhab J 
Published: January 2005

ObjectivesTo evaluate the long‐term safety and efficacy of the combination of hydroxychloroquine, hydroxyurea and didanosine.MethodsWe recruited antiretroviral‐naive patients with viral loads less than 100 000 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL and CD4 counts greater than 150 cells/μL. All patients received hydroxychloroquine (200 mg), hydroxyurea (500 mg) and didanosine (125–200 mg) twice daily. Clinical and laboratory safety assessments and measurements of viral load and CD4 count were made at regular intervals, and genotypic resistance testing was performed on samples with detectable viral load at 48, 96 and 144 weeks.ResultsFourteen of the 17 patients who commenced therapy remained on treatment at 144 weeks. Treatment was well tolerated but caused neutropenia, usually mild and transient, in 12 patients (71%). Mean viral load was reduced by 1.6 log10 copies/mL below baseline (P<0.001), eight patients (47%) had undetectable viral load (<400 copies/mL), and two patients (12%) had detectable viral load but no detectable resistance mutations at week 144. Four patients (24%) had detectable viral load together with major resistance mutations (three with both 74 V and 184 V, and one with both 62 V and 65R) at week 144, but still had viral load suppression below baseline. Mean CD4 count was increased by 106 cells/μL above baseline (P=0.07) at week 144.ConclusionsThis novel and well‐tolerated combination controls viral replication during long‐term follow up, with development of few resistance mutations. With careful monitoring it may be a useful strategy for delaying highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) and associated toxicity in selected patients with low initial viral loads.
Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency in HIV‐positive patients
Authors: Price DA , Schmid ML , Ong ELC , Adjukeiwicz KMB , Peaston B , Snow MH 
Published: January 2005

ObjectivesWe describe the management of a cohort of eight HIV‐positive patients on antiretroviral medication with evidence of pancreatic insufficiency consisting of chronic diarrhoea and a low faecal elastase measurement.Patients and methodsTwenty‐two patients with chronic diarrhoea for whom a faecal elastase measurement was available were identified retrospectively. We compared baseline demographic characteristics, antiretroviral treatment and symptoms of steatorrhea between patients with evidence of pancreatic insufficiency, i.e. a low faecal elastase measurement of <200 μg/g (cases), and patients with evidence of normal pancreatic function, i.e. a normal faecal elastase measurement of >200 μg/g (controls). We describe the management of the patients with evidence of pancreatic insufficiency.ResultsOf the 22 patients, eight had evidence of pancreatic insufficiency, i.e. a low faecal elastase measurement. Comparing cases with controls, cases were more likely to have symptoms of steatorrhea (P=0.03) or to have lost weight (P=0.02). Cases were also significantly more likely to have taken didanosine (ddI) as part of their antiretroviral treatment when their symptoms started. Seven cases were treated with oral pancreatic supplements and all had symptomatic improvement of their diarrhoea. One patient stopped treatment with oral pancreatic supplements because of side effects without a relapse of symptoms; he had also stopped zalcitabine (ddC).ConclusionsWe believe that measurement of faecal elastase to detect pancreatic insufficiency should be part of the standard investigation of HIV‐positive patients with chronic diarrhoea alongside assessment for other causes of diarrhoea. Faecal elastase measurements should be requested, in particular, in all patients with diarrhoea and weight loss, or symptoms of steatorrhea, and in those on treatment with an antiretroviral regime containing ddI. If the faecal elastase level is low, a switch of antiretroviral medication to a nonddI/ddC‐containing regime should be considered and treatment with oral pancreatic enzyme therapy should be instituted.