bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three‐dimensional ultrasonography in evaluation of benign prostatic hyperplasia
Authors: KANAO KENT , KIKUCHI EIJI , NAKASHIMA JUN , HORIGUCHI YUTAKA , NAKAGAWA KEN , OYA MOTOTSUGU , OHIGASHI TAKASHI , MARUMO KEN , MURAI MASARU 
Published: December 2004

Abstract  Background  The clinical application of volume estimation by 3‐D ultrasound has recently gained much attention. However, there have been no reports evaluating the prostate volume by 3‐D transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) before transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the value of 3‐D TRUS for prediction of prostate morphology and resected weight before TURP and to investigate whether 3‐D TRUS is a more useful examination than 2D TRUS in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).Methods  Transurethral resection of the prostate was performed in 23 patients with BPH. We evaluated the prostate morphology and measured both the volumes of the whole prostate and the transition zone using 2‐D and 3‐D TRUS, respectively. The actual resected weight was recorded and compared with the volume of the whole prostate and that of the transition zone measured by 2D and 3‐D TRUS.Results  The volume of the transition zone measured by 3‐D TRUS correlated most strongly with the resected weight (r = 0.84). A large median lobe was seen in three patients in whom the transition zone volume measured by 2‐D TRUS was considerably larger than the resected weight. However, overestimation in the three patients decreased by the use of 3‐D TRUS.Conclusions  It was concluded that 3‐D TRUS was equal or superior to 2‐D TRUS in prediction of the resected weight and 3‐D TRUS offers better information as a diagnostic tool before TURP.
Congenital absence of the testis in human fetuses and in cryptorchid patients
Authors: FAVORITO LUCIANO A , KLOJDA CARLOS AB , SAMPAIO FRANCISCO JB 
Published: December 2004

Abstract  Background  The aim of the present study is to make a comparative study in human fetuses and in patients with cryptorchidism, analyzing the incidence of a number anomalies of the testes for both populations.Methods  We studied 326 testes from 163 human fetuses ranging in age from 10 to 35 weeks postconception (WPC) and 133 testes from 101 cryptorchid patients aged from 1 to 15 years old (mean, 6.4 years). The Fisher's exact test was used for comparison.Results  Among 326 fetal testes, 224 (68.7%) were abdominal, 45 (13.8%) were inguinal and 55 (16.8%) were scrotal. In one fetus at 23 WPC, both testes (0.6%) were absent. Of the 133 cryptorchid testes, 17 (12.78%) were abdominal, 92 (69.1%) were inguinal and 24 (18%) were high scrotal. Of the 17 abdominal testes, three (17.6%) were atrophic and two were vanished (11.7%). Of the 92 inguinal testes, one (1.08%) was vanished. Twenty‐eight (21%) of the cryptorchid testes were impalpable and among these, 17 were located in the abdomen (60.7%) and 11 (38.2%) in the inguinal region (internal ring).Conclusions  Testicular agenesis is a very rare anomaly, both in fetuses and patients with cryptorchidism.
Telomerase activity is correlated with lower grade and lower stage bladder carcinomas
Authors: OKUMURA AKIOU , MIZUNO ICHIRO , NAGAKAWA OSAMU , FUSE HIDEKI 
Published: December 2004

Abstract  Background:  Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme that compensates for the progressive erosion of telomeres. The increasing interest in telomerase is motivated by the demonstration that most human carcinomas are telomerase positive. The potential use of telomerase activity in bladder carcinomas using a urine sample has been reported in several studies. However, little is known about the detection of telomerase activity in bladder carcinoma tissues. Herein, we investigate telomerase activity in bladder carcinoma tissues according to grade (G) and stage.Material and methods:  Telomerase activity was assayed by polymerase chain reaction enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay methods. Malignant lesions were assessed in 37 patients with bladder carcinoma and no malignant lesions were assessed in five patients with dysplasia or inflammatory bladder lesions.Results:  Twenty‐three out of 37 carcinoma samples were telomerase‐positive and one out of five control samples without carcinoma was telomerase‐positive. The positive rates according to stage and grade were 83.3% for superficial and 42.1% for invasive stages and 83.3% for G1, 66.7% for G2 and 40.0% for G3. Telomerase activity was correlated with lower grade and lower stage bladder carcinomas.Conclusion:  These results strongly suggest that reactivation of telomerase may differ between superficial and invasive bladder carcinomas and also between low grade and high grade bladder carcinomas.
Transurethral resection in women with lower urinary tract symptoms
Authors: QIU YIQING , DU CHUANJUN , SHEN XIAOCAO 
Published: December 2004

Abstract  Background:  To evaluate the preliminary safety, efficacy and complications of transurethral resection (TUR) in the management of women with lower urinary tract symptoms.Methods:  One hundred and eight women (mean age, 57.6 years) with moderate to severe lower urinary tract symptoms underwent TUR between September 1998 and December 2002. At preoperative baseline, 6 months and 24 months postoperatively, all patients underwent clinical evaluations including the standardized American Urological Association symptom score, peak urine flow, postvoid residual urine volume and quality‐of‐life assessments. Operative time, catheter time, hospital stay and incidence of side‐effects were also recorded.Results:  The total mean operative time was 19.25 ± 6.70 min. The mean catheter time was 26.2 ± 12.8 h and the mean hospital stay was 2.08 ± 0.84 days. No patient needed a blood transfusion or experienced hyponatremia. The total storage and voiding symptom scores and quality of life score had improved significantly 6 months after the surgical procedure (P < 0.01). There were little changes in peak flow rate and residual urine volume. Complications of the procedure included urinary tract infections (n = 4) and stress incontinence (n = 3). Two patients later underwent bladder neck suspension procedure.Conclusions:  In this preliminary study, there was significant clinical improvement maintained at all follow‐up intervals and the results were not comparable to TUR of the prosatate in men with clinical benign prostatic hyperplasia. The risks associated with TUR in women, especially of stress incontinence, are significant. A multicenter clinical trial is currently underway to determine the long‐term efficacy and safety of TUR in women.
Effects of agar (kanten) diet on obese patients with impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes
Authors: Maeda H. , Yamamoto R. , Hirao K. , Tochikubo O. 
Published: December 2004

Aim:  The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of agar diet in combination with a conventional diet (traditional Japanese food) for obese patients with impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes.Methods:  After a 4‐week run‐in period on their habitual diets, 76 patients were randomly assigned to have conventional diet or conventional diet with agar. Both groups were on these diets for 12 weeks. Body weight, body mass index (BMI), glycaemic control, blood pressure, insulin resistance, total body fat, fat distribution and lipids were assessed before and after the experimental period.Results:  In both groups, after 12 weeks, mean body weight, BMI, fasting glucose levels, homeostasis model assessment‐insulin resistance, and systolic and diastolic blood pressures had decreased significantly from their baseline values. HbA1c, visceral fat area, subcutaneous fat area, total body fat, insulin area under the curve after oral glucose tolerance test and total cholesterol decreased significantly in the agar‐diet group. After 12 weeks, mean changes of body weight (−2.8 ± 2.7 kg vs. −1.3 ± 2.3 kg, p = 0.008), BMI values (−1.1 ± 1.1 kg/m2 vs. −0.5 ± 0.9 kg/m2, p = 0.009) and total cholesterol (−7.6 ± 27.5 mg/dl vs. + 2.4 ± 23.4 mg/dl, p = 0.036) were significantly greater in the agar‐diet group than in the conventional diet group.Conclusions:  The agar diet resulted in marked weight loss due to the maintenance of reduced calorie intake and to an improvement in metabolic parameters.
Comparison of pioglitazone and metformin efficacy using homeostasis model assessment
Authors: Nagasaka S. , Aiso Y. , Yoshizawa K. , Ishibashi S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAims  To compare clinical efficacy of two different insulin sensitizers, pioglitazone and metformin, and to reveal factors that influence the clinical efficacy.Methods  Seventy‐eight Japanese subjects with Type 2 diabetes mellitus poorly controlled with sulphonylureas [38 men and 40 women, aged 57 ± 9 years, body mass index 25.2 ± 1.4 kg/m2, and HbA1c 8.3 ± 0.6% (means ± sd)] were randomly assigned to groups for the addition of either pioglitazone or metformin and followed up for 4 months. A decrease in HbA1c levels was compared with baseline factors including homeostasis model assessment of insulin sensitivity (HOMA‐R) and β‐cell function (HOMA‐β) with 71 subjects who completed the study.Results  The overall decrease in HbA1c levels was similar for the pioglitazone (−1.2 ± 0.2%) and metformin (−1.3 ± 0.1%) groups. In the pioglitazone group, the decrease in HbA1c levels was negatively correlated with baseline HOMA‐R (r = −0.698, P < 0.0001) and HOMA‐β (r = −0.680, P < 0.0001). In contrast, the decrease was positively correlated with baseline HOMA‐β (r = 0.556, P = 0.0004) in the metformin group. Multivariate analysis revealed that either HOMA‐R or HOMA‐β was a main determinant of the decrease in HbA1c levels in the pioglitazone group. In the metformin group, baseline levels of fasting glucose were also included as an independent determinant in addition to HOMA‐β. The subjects with greater HOMA‐R (≥ 4.0) or HOMA‐β (≥ 40%) displayed better response to pioglitazone than to metformin, and vice versa.Conclusions  In Type 2 diabetic subjects poorly controlled with sulphonylureas, addition of pioglitazone or metformin resulted in a comparable reduction in HbA1c levels. Subjects with greater insulin resistance or preserved β‐cell function displayed better response to pioglitazone, whereas subjects with reduced β‐cell function displayed better response to metformin.Diabet. Med. 21, 136–141 (2004)
No nephropathy in Type 2 diabetic patient with POEMS syndrome with an elevated plasma VEGF
Authors: Baba T. , Østerby R. , Neugebauer‐Baba S. , Nozawa Y. , Watanabe T. , Sakurai K. , Katoh T. , Watanabe T. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractVascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is considered to have a role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Recent experimental observations that anti‐VEGF neutralizing antibody fully abolished the hyperfiltration and the increase in urinary albumin excretion suggested the contribution of VEGF to the development of diabetic nephropathy, as well. Here, we present a case of POEMS (Crow–Fukase) syndrome with Type 2 diabetes, which was associated with elevated plasma VEGF level, but no sign of diabetic nephropathy. The findings obtained from this case did not support the hypothesis that VEGF may enhance the development of diabetic nephropathy.
Paternal phenotype is associated with microalbuminuria in young adults with Type 1 diabetes mellitus of short duration
Authors: Schultz C. J. , Dalton R. N. , Selwood M. , Dunger D. B. , Neil H. A. W. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAims  Susceptibility to diabetic nephropathy has not yet been causally linked to any genetic factors. We investigated in nuclear families whether parental ambulatory blood pressure, lipids and urine albumin excretion were early markers of risk of microalbuminuria in young adults with Type 1 diabetes.Subjects and methods  A subset of 98 young adults from the Oxford Regional Prospective Study were followed from diagnosis until aged ≥ 16 years and duration of diabetes ≥ 5 years (probands). Of these subjects, 24 developed microalbuminuria (males ≥ 3.5 mg/mmol; females ≥ 4 mg/mmol) and were designated cases, whereas 74 were controls. Family medical history, 24‐h ambulatory blood pressure, urine albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR), non‐fasting lipid profile and apolipoproteins (A1 and B) were measured in mothers and fathers.Results  The prevalence of a parental hypertension (taking anti‐hypertensive medication or daytime blood pressure > 140/90 mmHg), was similar in cases and controls (29% vs. 35%; χ2 test, P = 0.3). The systolic blood pressure night to day ratio and also ACR were higher in the fathers of cases when compared with the fathers of controls [systolic 0.88 (0.08), n = 14 vs. 0.85 (0.12), n = 53, P = 0.041]; [ACR median (IQ range) 0.6 mg/mmol (0.2–16.9) vs. 0.47 mg/mmol (0.3–3.7), P = 0.049]. Paternal night‐time systolic blood pressure, night to day systolic blood pressure ratio and ACR were correlated with an index of susceptibility to albuminuria (r = 0.25, P = 0.042, n = 69 and r = 0.28, P = 0.022, n = 0.67 and r = 0.24, P = 0.029, n = 0.85, respectively).Conclusions  Higher paternal ACR and night to day ratio of ambulatory blood pressure, but not parental hypertension or maternal factors, are associated with microalbuminuria in young adults with Type 1 diabetes.
Aggregation of features of the metabolic syndrome is associated with increased prevalence of chronic complications in Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Costa L. A. , Canani L. H. , Lisbôa H. R. K. , Tres G. S. , Gross J. L. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAims  To investigate the association of features of the metabolic syndrome with the prevalence of chronic complications.Methods  A cross‐sectional study was conducted with 548 patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed in the presence of at least two of the following: hypertension, dyslipidaemia, obesity, and microalbuminuria.Results  Patients with the metabolic syndrome (85%) had a higher prevalence of peripheral vascular disease (PVD) (35% vs. 18%), retinopathy (44% vs. 20%), distal sensory neuropathy (DSN) (44% vs. 24%), micro‐ and macroalbuminuria (38% vs. 28%) and coronary artery disease (CAD) (53% vs. 36%). The more metabolic syndrome features (none/one, two, three or four), the higher the proportion of diabetes complications: PVD 18%, 31%, 37% and 38%; stroke 1.0%, 4.5%, 5.9% and 11.3%; retinopathy 20%, 38%, 42% and 64%; DSN 24%, 32%, 49% and 57%; micro‐ and macroalbuminuria 28%, 36% and 41%; and CAD 36%, 44%, 52% and 60% (P < 0.05).Conclusions  The metabolic syndrome and the aggregation of its components were significantly associated with macro‐ and microvascular complications in Type 2 DM patients.
Higher carotid‐radial pulse wave velocity in healthy offspring of patients with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: McEleavy O. D. , McCallum R. W. , Petrie J. R. , Small M. , Connell J. M. C. , Sattar N. , Cleland S. J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAims  To determine whether carotid‐radial pulse wave velocity (crPWV), a simple non‐invasive measurement of muscular artery structure and function, is increased in offspring of patients with Type 2 diabetes compared with well‐matched controls with no family history of diabetes. Serum levels of intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (sICAM‐1) were also examined.Methods  Offspring (n = 19, M = 8) were recruited via contact with patients attending clinics. Controls (n = 19, M = 8) were recruited by advertisement. crPWV was measured using COMPLIOR. Blood pressure and heart rate were determined and fasting blood taken for measurement of metabolic and endothelial parameters.Results  Offspring and controls were well matched [mean (sd)] for age [33.1 (9.6) vs. 32.8 (9.5) years], body mass index [24.8 (4.9) vs. 24.3 (3.4) kg/m2], waist circumference [78.3 (2.3) vs. 76.3 (2.5) cm], and systolic blood pressure [120 (9.3) vs. 119 (14.2) mmHg]. crPWV was 10% higher in the offspring [9.94 (1.3) m/s] compared with controls [9.01 (1.2) m/s, P = 0.02] despite similar pulse pressure [52 (10.5) vs. 53.5 (9.3) mmHg] and resting heart rate [71 (8.7) vs. 69 (14.0) beats/min]. They also showed a trend toward higher sICAM‐1 [217 (55) vs. 188 (40) ng/ml, P = 0.07] concentrations which were also strongly correlated to crPWV in offspring (r = 0.63, P = 0.004).Conclusions  Vascular dysfunction in the form of increased muscular artery stiffness is present from an early stage in subjects at higher risk of developing diabetes. This may be secondary to impaired activation of endothelial signalling pathways in the context of inherited insulin resistance.
Influence of alcohol on cognitive performance during mild hypoglycaemia; implications for Type 1 diabetes
Authors: Cheyne E. H. , Sherwin R. S. , Lunt M. J. , Cavan D. A. , Thomas P. W. , Kerr D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAims  Alcohol and hypoglycaemia independently affect cognitive function. This may be relevant for insulin‐treated diabetic patients who drive motor vehicles. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of mild hypoglycaemia (2.8 mmol/l) with modest alcohol intoxication (levels below UK driving limits) on intellectual performance in patients with Type 1 diabetes.Methods  A hyperinsulinaemic glucose clamp (60 mU/m2) was used to study 17 subjects [age 35 ± 8 years, HbA1c 8.1 ± 1.4% (mean ± sd)] on four occasions: (A) euglycaemia (4.5 mmol/l) with placebo, (B) euglycaemia with alcohol, (C) hypoglycaemia (2.8 mmol/l) with placebo, and (D) hypoglycaemia with alcohol. Cognitive performance was assessed using four‐choice reaction time (4CRT, primary outcome), measurements of general intellectual skills [trail making B (TMB) and digit symbol substitution (DSST)], and visual information processing [visual change detection (VCD)]. A test related to driving performance (hazard perception) was also used.Results  In experiments B and D the average blood alcohol level was 43 mg/dl. This was associated with deterioration in 4CRT {+ 35 ms [95% confidence interval (CI) 20, 50]} and TMB, whereas hypoglycaemia without alcohol increased 4CRT only [+ 39 ms (95% CI 5, 73)]. However, when alcohol was combined with hypoglycaemia, there was marked deterioration in all the cognitive function tests [4CRT 74 ms (95% CI 35, 113), TMB, DSST and VCD]. Hazard perception was not affected. The effect of alcohol was no different in euglycaemia than in hypoglycaemia, i.e. there was no interaction. Whereas hypoglycaemia did not reduce the likelihood that the subjects would drive, alcohol did.Conclusions  The cumulative effect of alcohol and hypoglycaemia on cognitive function together has implications for driving in patients with Type 1 diabetes. Both independently impair cognitive function and together the effects are additive. Patients with Type 1 diabetes should be educated about hypoglycaemia and driving and should avoid alcohol completely if planning to drive.
Young children who abandon error behaviourally still have to free themselves mentally: a retrospective test for inhibition in intuitive physics
Authors: Freeman Norman H. , Hood Bruce M. , Meehan Caroline 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWhen preschoolers overcome persistent error, subsequent patterns of correct choices may identify how the error had been overcome. Children who no longer misrepresented a ball rolling down a bent tube as though it could only fall vertically, were asked sometimes to approach and sometimes to avoid where the ball landed. All children showed requisite task‐switching flexibility. The pattern of 4‐year‐olds’ correct choices among different places showed unnecessary avoidance of any place that would previously have tempted them into a vertical‐approach error, 5‐year‐olds rebounded into a reversal, and 7‐year‐olds were flexible. The data attest to an inhibition mechanism, ruling out competing possibilities.
Correlation Between Lipophilicity and Triptan Outcomes
Authors: Pascual Julio , Muñoz Pedro 
Published: December 2004

Background.—It has been suggested that triptans achieving higher central nervous system (CNS) levels should have an advantage in efficacy, if central actions are important.Objective.—Our aim was to correlate the efficacy and tolerability results of triptans with their lipophilicity.Methods.—Data for response and pain free at 2 hours, recurrence, adverse events (AE), CNS AE, and chest symptoms taken from Ferrari et al's meta‐analysis publications for the recommended doses of oral triptans were correlated with their lipophilicity coefficients (logDpH7.4 =−2.1 almotriptan < −1.5 sumatriptan < −1.0 zolmitriptan < −0.7 rizatriptan < −0.2 naratriptan < 0.5 eletriptan).Results.—We found no significant correlation between lipophilicity coefficients and any of the analyzed parameters. There was, however, some correlation between lipophilicity and CNS AE (P= .09, r= 0.74) and, to a lesser degree, with a reduction in recurrence rate (r=−0.36). The r values for response and pain free with placebo correction ranged from 0.04 to 0.34, suggesting almost no correlation between lipophilicity and efficacy variables.Conclusions.—According to this analysis, a higher lipophilicity does not seem crucial to improve triptan efficacy. This physico‐chemical property, however, correlates with higher CNS AE and, possibly, lower recurrence rates.
Zolmitriptan 5 mg Nasal Spray: Efficacy and Onset of Action in the Acute Treatment of Migraine—Results From Phase 1 of the REALIZE Study
Authors: Gawel Marek , Aschoff Jürgen , May Arne , Charlesworth Bruce R. ,   REALIZE Study Team
Published: December 2004

Objectives.—The objective of phase 1 (reported here) of this two‐phase study was to assess the efficacy of zolmitriptan 5 mg nasal spray, in terms of ability to provide relief from all migraine symptoms, in a controlled setting, designed to replicate clinical practice.Background.—Zolmitriptan nasal spray has been shown to be fast acting and highly effective in the treatment of migraine, as assessed using standard endpoints, such as headache response and pain‐free rates.Methods.—In the double‐blind first phase of the study, patients with migraine were randomized to receive zolmitriptan 5 mg nasal spray or placebo to treat a single migraine attack. Attacks were treated according to patients' normal patterns of use, in order to closely reflect clinical practice; that is, no specific regimen was dictated in terms of time to treatment or at what level of pain intensity the headache should be treated. Patients could take a second dose of study medication or an agreed escape medication if adequate pain relief had not been achieved 2 hours after the first dose. The primary efficacy endpoint was total symptom relief (freedom from pain, nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia) 1 hour after the first dose. Secondary efficacy endpoints included headache response, pain‐free status and sustained pain‐free status, and ability to perform normal activities.Results.—The intention‐to‐treat population comprised 461 zolmitriptan nasal spray recipients and 451 placebo recipients. The total symptom relief rate 1 hour post‐dose was significantly higher in the zolmitriptan 5 mg nasal spray group than in the placebo group (14.5% vs. 5.1%; P < .0001); the difference between the groups was significant from 30 minutes post‐dose. Treatment with zolmitriptan nasal spray, compared with placebo, also produced a higher headache response rate from 10 minutes post‐dose (15.1% vs. 9.1%; P= .0079) and a higher pain‐free rate from 30 minutes post‐dose (7.7% vs. 3.2%; P= .0039). Zolmitriptan nasal spray was also significantly superior to placebo in terms of sustained pain‐free status and patients' ability to perform normal activities. Zolmitriptan nasal spray was well tolerated.Conclusions.—These findings confirm the efficacy demonstrated by zolmitriptan nasal spray in previous clinical trials.