bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a High‐Performance Boiling Heat Exchanger by Improved Liquid Supply to Narrow Channels
Authors: OHTA HARUHIKO , OHNO TOSHIYUKI , HIOKI FUMIAKI , SHINMOTO YASUHISA 
Published: January 2005

Abstract: A two‐phase flow loop is a promising method for application to thermal management systems for large‐scale space platforms handling large amounts of energy. Boiling heat transfer reduces the size and weight of cold plates. The transportation of latent heat reduces the mass flow rate of working fluid and pump power. To develop compact heat exchangers for the removal of waste heat from electronic devices with high heat generation density, experiments on a method to increase the critical heat flux for a narrow heated channel between parallel heated and unheated plates were conducted. Fine grooves are machined on the heating surface in a transverse direction to the flow and liquid is supplied underneath flattened bubbles by the capillary pressure difference from auxiliary liquid channels separated by porous metal plates from the main heated channel. The critical heat flux values for the present heated channel structure are more than twice those for a flat surface at gap sizes 2 mm and 0.7 mm. The validity of the present structure with auxiliary liquid channels is confirmed by experiments in which the liquid supply to the grooves is interrupted. The increment in the critical heat flux compared to those for a flat surface takes a maximum value at a certain flow rate of liquid supply to the heated channel. The increment is expected to become larger when the length of the heated channel is increased and/or the gravity level is reduced.
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Unsteady Near‐Critical Flows in Microgravity
Authors: POLEZHAEV V I , GORBUNOV A A , SOBOLEVA E B 
Published: January 2005

Abstract: This paper presents analysis of the different time scales associated with unsteady fluid flow phenomena near the thermodynamical critical point and that are typical for experiments carried out in microgravity. A focus of the paper is modeling the initial stage of convection under low and zero gravity on the basis of the two‐dimensional Navier‐Stokes equations for a compressible gas with the Van der Waals state equation. We also consider a thermoacoustic problem on the basis of three‐dimensional linearized equations for an isentropic inviscid gas near the critical point in zero gravity. We compare the heat transfer due to unsteady convection and the piston effect in an enclosure with side heating in zero and low gravity with pure conductivity.
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Contrasting Electrostatic and Electromagnetic Levitation Experimental Results for Transformation Kinetics of Steel Alloys
Authors: MATSON DOUGLAS M. , FAIR DAVID J. , HYERS ROBERT W. , ROGERS JAN R. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract: The delay between conversion of metastable ferrite to stable austenite during ternary Fe‐Cr‐Ni alloy double recalescence is seen to differ by over an order of magnitude for tests conducted using electrostatic and electromagnetic levitation. Several possible reasons for this deviation are proposed. Thermodynamic calculations on evaporation rates indicate that potential composition shifts during testing are minimized by limiting test time and thermal history. Simulation indicates that deviation would be limited to a factor of 1.5 under worst‐case conditions. Possible effects due to differences in sample size are also eliminated since the metastable array, where stable phase nucleation must occur, is significantly smaller than the sample. Differences in internal convection are seen to be the most probable reason for the observed deviation.
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Ventless Pressure Control of Two‐Phase Propellant Tanks in Microgravity
Authors: KASSEMI MOHAMMAD , PANZARELLA CHARLES H. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract: This work studies pressurization and pressure control of a large liquid hydrogen storage tank. A finite element model is developed that couples a lumped thermodynamic formulation for the vapor region with a complete solution of the Navier‐Stokes and energy equations for the flow and temperature fields in the liquid. Numerical results show that buoyancy effects are strong, even in microgravity, and can reposition a vapor bubble that is initially at the center of the tank to a region near the tank wall in a relatively short time. Long‐term tank pressurization with the vapor bubble at the tank wall shows that after an initial transient lasting about a week, the final rate of pressure increase agrees with a purely thermodynamic analysis of the entire tank. However, the final pressure levels are quite different from thermodynamic predictions. Numerical results also show that there is significant thermal stratification in the liquid due to the effects of natural convection. A subcooled jet is used to provide simultaneous cooling and mixing in order to bring the tank pressure back down to its initial value. Three different jet speeds are examined. Although the lowest jet speed is ineffective at controlling the pressure because of insufficient penetration into the liquid region, the highest jet speed is shown to be quite effective at disrupting thermal stratification and reducing the tank pressure in reasonable time.
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Improved Constraints on Sedimentary Environments of Palygorskite Deposits of the Hawthorne Formation, Southern Georgia, from a Detailed Study of a Core
Authors: Krekeler Mark P. S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe sedimentology and mineralogy of a 2.5 m core from a palygorskite deposit of the Miocene Hawthorne Formation, southern Georgia is described. The lithology involves laminated clay-rich sediment composed of ∼90% clay and 10% sand, with six clay-pebble layers present. Sand to pebble-size clasts of phosphate material are common throughout the core. The sand laminations are probably flood-related and the clay-pebble layers are storm deposits, with the pebbles being derived locally from subaerial environments. Phosphate clasts are reworked bone material.The sands are quartz-rich and are subarkosic in composition with average quartz counts of 86.50% and average total feldspar counts of 11.50%. Heavy minerals observed include orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, amphibole, zircon, rutile, garnet, tourmaline, kyanite, muscovite, biotite, spinels and opaques. Palygorskite fibers dominate the clay-size fraction of the samples and comprise ∼80–90% of sample material with smectite comprising the remainder. Hydroxylapatite comprises ∼3% of sediment volume and occurs as individual euhedral hexagonal crystals and as clusters of crystals.Investigation of this core suggests that the palygorskite deposit represents a dynamic system with regular flooding and storm deposition being common. Mineral composition of sands may be useful for stratigraphic correlation of palygorskite deposits in the Apalachicola Embayment. This study supports the general environmental interpretations of previous workers for the palygorskite deposits of southern Georgia, but provides greater detail.
Authigenic Ti-Bearing Crystals in a Precambrian Clay from Buenos Aires Province, Argentina
Authors: Alló Wanda 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe Precambrian Villa Mónica Formation clay was analyzed using petrographic and scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and chemical analysis, with the aim of characterizing the Ti-bearing phases present and determining their possible origin and/or source. Two Ti-bearing minerals were found to be present, rutile and anatase. The crystals are needles between 5 and 15 µm in size, with no evidence of abrasion or corrosion. They are commonly found in association with the (001) faces of illite flakes or in the pores between the flakes. Their disposition is similar in the three quarries studied. No zonation or differential settling due to differences in specific gravity was observed. In addition, chemical analyses indicated a positive correlation between TiO2 and K2O suggesting that both oxides behave similarly after the deposition of the sediment. The TiO2 content in the bulk fraction ranges from 0.8 to 1.98 wt.%, values that are similar to those exhibited in other clay deposits from different ages and geneses.All observations are consistent with an in situ origin of these Ti-bearing phases during post-depositional processes that included recrystallization of existing minerals and crystallization of new phases. The original detrital minerals such as biotite, ilmenite as well as detrital illite, were the primary sources of the TiO2 and of the Fe oxides that coat the clay. Understanding the origin and the reaction mechanisms involved during the post-depositional alteration of the Villa Mónica Formation suggests that the Ti-bearing phases in different sediment types were formed by similar mechanisms involving redox processes at low to medium temperatures, even in Precambrian sediments where the presence of rutile could lead to an incorrect assumption of high temperatures involved.
Discriminant Analysis of Clay Mineral Compositions
Authors: Varadachari Chandrika , Mukherjee Gargi 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCompositional data for 464 clay minerals (2:1 type) were analyzed by statistical techniques. The objective was to understand the similarities and differences between the groups and subgroups and to evaluate statistically clay mineral classification in terms of chemical parameters. The statistical properties of the distributions of total layer charge (TLC), K, VIAl, VIMg, octahedral charge (OC) and tetrahedral charge (TC) were initially evaluated. Critical-difference (P = 1%) comparisons of individual characteristics show that all the clay micas (illite, glauconite and celadonite) differ significantly from all the smectites (montmorillonite, beidellite, nontronite and saponite) only in their TLC and K levels; they cannot be distinguished by their VIAl, VIMg, TC or OC values which reveal no significant differences between several minerals.Linear discriminant analysis using equal prior was therefore performed to analyze the combined effect of all the chemical parameters. Using six parameters [TLC, K, VIAl, VIMg, TC and OC], eight minerals groups could be derived, corresponding to the three clay micas, four smectites (mentioned above) and vermiculite. The fit between predicted and experimental values was 88.1%. Discriminant analysis using two parameters (TLC and K) resulted in classification into three broad groups corresponding to the clay micas, smectites and vermiculites (87.7% fit). Further analysis using the remaining four parameters resulted in subgroup-level classification with an 85–95% fit between predicted and experimental results. The three analyses yielded D2 Mahalanobis distances, which quantify chemical similarities and differences between the broad groups, within members of a subgroup and also between the subgroups. Classification functions derived here can be used as an aid for classification of 2:1 minerals.
Cesium Sorption to Illite as Affected by Oxalate
Authors: Wendling Laura A. , Harsh James B. , Palmer Carl D. , Hamilton Melinda A. , Flury Markus 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCesium uptake by plants depends on adsorption/desorption reactions in the soil, as well as root uptake processes controlled by the plant. In this study, sorption and desorption of Cs+ on reference illite (IMt-1) was investigated in the presence of oxalate to gain understanding of mechanisms by which plant root exudates may influence Cs+ bioavailability in micaceous soils. Cesium sorption on illite decreased significantly as oxalate concentration increased from 0.4 to 2 mM. Cesium desorption from illite increased significantly with increasing oxalate concentration. Desorption of Cs+ by exchange with Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ was significantly enhanced in the presence of oxalate as selectivity for Cs+ decreased with respect to these ions in the presence of oxalate. On the other hand, oxalate had little effect on the Cs+/K+ selectivity coefficient. This suggests that oxalate treatments increase the relative proportion of exchange sites that are not highly selective for Cs+ and K+; e.g. ‘planar’ sites. The results indicate that oxalate plays an important role in Cs+ binding on illite and, therefore, plant rhizosphere chemistry is likely to alter Cs+ bioavailability in micaceous soils.
A Solid-Solution Model for Fe(II)-Fe(III)-Mg(II) Green Rusts and Fougerite and Estimation of their Gibbs Free Energies of Formation
Authors: Boorrié Guilhem , Trolard Fabienne , Refait Philippe , Feder Frédéric 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFe(II)–Fe(III) green rust identified in soil as a natural mineral is responsible for the blue-green color of gley horizons, and exerts the main control on Fe dynamics. A previous EXAFS study of the structure of the mineral confirmed that the mineral belongs to the group of green rusts (GR), but showed that there is a partial substitution of Fe(II) by Mg(II), which leads to the general formula of the mineral: [Fe1−x2+Fex3+Mgy(OH)2+2y]x+[xOH−⋅mH2O]x−${[{\rm{Fe}}_{1 - x}^{2 + }{\rm{Fe}}_x^{3 + }{\rm{M}}{{\rm{g}}_y}{({\rm{OH}})_{2 + 2y}}]^{x + }}{[x{\rm{O}}{{\rm{H}}^ - } \cdot m{{\rm{H}}_2}{\rm{O}}]^{x - }}$. The regular binary solid-solution model proposed previously must be extended to ternary, with provision for incorporation of Mg in the mineral. Assuming ideal substitution between Mg(II) and Fe(II), the chemical potential of any Fe(II)-Fe(III)-Mg(II) hydroxy-hydroxide is obtained as: μ=X1μ1o+X2μ2o+X3μ3o+RT[X1lnX1+X2lnX2+X3lnX3]+A12X2(1−X2)${\rm{\mu }} = {X_1}{\rm{\mu }}_{\rm{1}}^{\rm{o}} + {X_2}{\rm{\mu }}_{\rm{2}}^{\rm{o}} + {X_3}{\rm{\mu }}_{\rm{3}}^{\rm{o}} + {\rm{R}}T[{X_1}{\rm{ln}}{X_1} + {X_2}{\rm{ln}}{X_2} + {X_3}{\rm{ln}}{X_3}] + {A_{12}}{X_2}(1 - {X_2})$. All experimental data show that the mole ratio X2 = Fe(III)/[Fetotal + Mg] is constrained (1) structurally and (2) geochemically. Structurally, Fe(III) ions cannot neighbor each other, which leads to the inequality X2α13.${X_2}\leqslant {\raise0.5ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 1$}\kern-0.1em/\kern-0.15em\lower0.25ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 3$}}.$ Geochemically, Fe(III) cannot be too remote from each other for GR to form as Fe(OH)2 and Mg(OH)2 are very soluble, so X2α14${X_2}\geqslant {\raise0.5ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 1$}\kern-0.1em/\kern-0.15em\lower0.25ex\hbox{$\scriptstyle 4$}}$. A linear relationship is obtained between the Gibbs free energy of formation of GR, normalized to one Fe atom, and the electronegativity ϰ of the interlayer anion, as: μo/n = −76.887ϰ — 491.5206 (r2 = 0.9985, N = 4), from which the chemical potential of the mineral fougerite μ is obtained in the limiting case X3 = 0, and knowing μ1o=−489.8${\rm{\mu }}_{\rm{1}}^{\rm{o}} = - 489.8$ kJmol−1 for Fe(OH)2, and μ3o=−832.16${\rm{\mu }}_{\rm{3}}^{\rm{o}} = - 832.16$ kJmol−1 for Mg(OH)2, the two unknown thermodynamic parameters of the solid-solution model are determined asμ2o=+119.18kJmol−1${\rm{\mu }}_{\rm{2}}^{\rm{o}} = + 119.18\;{\rm{kJmo}}{{\rm{l}}^{ - 1}}$ for Fe(OH)3 (virtual), and A12 = −1456.28 kJmol−1 (non-ideality parameter). From Mössbauer in situ measurements and our model, the chemical composition of the GR mineral is constrained into a narrow range and the soil solutions-mineral equilibria computed. Soil solutions appear to be largely overstaurated with respect to the two forms observed.
First Peoples, First Contacts: Tangible Records
Authors: Oberholtzer Cath 
Published: January 2005

First Peoples, First Contacts: Tangible Records. Chase Manhattan Gallery of North America and First Peoples, First Contacts, British Museum, London, permanent installation.First Peoples, First Contacts: Native Peoples of North America. J. C. H. King. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999.288 pp.
Sigmund Freud: Conflict and Culture
Authors: Ackerman Raqlel 
Published: January 2005

Sigmund Freud: Conflict and Culture. The Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., October 15, 1998‐January 16, 1999; The Jewish Museum, New York, New York, April 18‐September 9. 1999, review venue; Freud Museum, Vienna, Austria. October 21, 1999‐February 6. 2000; Skirball Cultural Center, Los Angeles. California. April 4‐July 25, 2000.Freud: Conflict and Culture. Essays on His Life, Work and Legacy. Michael S. Roth. ed. New York: Alfred Knopf, 1998. 273 pp.
The Reincarnation of Khensur Rinpoche: The Trials of Telo Rinpoche: A Stranger in My Native Land
Authors: Yü Chun‐Fang 
Published: January 2005

The Reincarnation of Khensur Rinpoche. 1991. 55 minutes. color. video by Tenzing Sonam and Ritu Sarin. For more information, contact University of California Extension. Center Media and Independent Learning, 2000 Center Street. Suite 400. Berkeley, CA 94704.The Trials of Telo Rinpoche. 1994. 50 minutes, color. video by Tenzing Sonam and Ritu Sarin. For more information, contact University of California Extension. Center Media and Independent Learning, 2000 Center Street. Suite 400. Berkeley, CA 94704.Stranger in My Native Land. 1998. 30 minutes, color. video by Tenzing Sonam and Ritu Sarin. For more information, contact University of California Extension. Center Media and Independent Learning, 2000 Center Street. Suite 400. Berkeley, CA 94704.
Oka: Behind the Barricades: Kanehsatake: 270 Years of Resistance: Spudwrench: Kahnawake Man: My Name is Kahentiiosta: Acts of Defiance
Authors: Harrison Julia D. 
Published: January 2005

Oka: Behind the Barricades. 1998. 312 minutes. For more information contact the National Film Board of Canada, 3155 Côte de Lisse Rd., St. Laurent, Quebec H4N 2N4. Series of four videos:Kanehsatake: 270 Years of Resistance. 1993. 120 minutes. Directed by Alanis Obomsawin .Spudwrench: Kahnawake Man. 1997. 58 minutes. Directed by Alanis Obomsawin .My Name is Kahentiiosta. 1995. 30 minutes. Directed by Alanis Obomsawin .Acts of Defiance. 1992. 104 minutes. Directed by Alec MacLeod .
American Indian Languages
Authors: Hill Jane H. , Hill Kenneth C. 
Published: January 2005

American Indian Languages: Cultural and Social Contexts. Shirley Silver and Wick R. Miller. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1997. xix. 433 pp.American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Lyle Campbell. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. xiv. 512 pp.
The Eurocleft Study: Intercenter Study of Treatment Outcome in Patients with Complete Cleft Lip and Palate. Part 3: Dental Arch Relationships
Authors: Mølsted Kirsten , Brattström Viveca , Prahl-Andersen Birte , Shaw William C. , Semb Gunvor 
Published: January 2005

Objective To compare dental arch relationships up to age 17 in individuals with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) treated at five European centers. Design Longitudinal cohort study, where results were previously reported at 9 years and follow-up measurements were obtained for 12 and 17 years. Setting Multidisciplinary cleft services in Northern Europe. Subjects 127 consecutively treated individuals with repaired UCLP. Main outcome measure Panel rating of dental arch relationship. Results The results revealed that at 17 years of age three of the centers had better ratings in dental arch relationship (means scores: 1.7, 1.9, and 2.2, respectively) than the other two centers (3.3, 3.4) at statistically significant levels (p < .01 to p < .001). Conclusion The results confirm that systematic differences in dental arch relationships may occur between different cleft centers, but do not allow specific causal factors to be identified.
Evaluation of Alveolar Bone Grafting: A Survey of ACPA Teams
Authors: Murthy Ananth S. , Lehman James A. 
Published: January 2005

Objective To evaluate the management of alveolar clefts by cleft palate and craniofacial teams in North America. Design An anonymous survey was mailed to 240 American Cleft Palate– Craniofacial Association teams across North America regarding alveolar bone grafting. The questionnaire included multiple questions about each team's approach to alveolar bone grafting and options for the missing tooth. Results Consensus was achieved in three areas: 90% of centers performed secondary alveolar bone grafting, 78% performed grafting between ages 6 and 9 years, and iliac crest donor site was the most popular site (83%). There was no consensus with respect to dental criteria for the timing of grafting, follow-up x-rays, or the use of a grading system for evaluating results. In addition, there was no consensus on the management of the missing tooth. Conclusion There is wide acceptance of secondary bone grafting and there is a consensus for the age of grafting (6 to 9 years) and donor site (iliac crest). The disturbing finding was the lack of postoperative x-ray evaluation of the results. With so much variability in management, the use of a routine, standardized scale to measure postoperative results would allow for better outcome studies in alveolar bone grafting.
Experiencing the “Good Life”: Literary Views of Craniofacial Conditions and Quality of Life
Authors: Strauss Ronald P. , Fenson Carla 
Published: January 2005

Objective This article is a qualitative approach to understanding how people with craniofacial conditions see quality in their lives and how they understand the components of building a sense of well-being or goodness in their lives. Literary selections from fiction, Web sites, and first-person accounts are examined and categorized into domains and themes to offer some insight into how quality of life is built into the lives of people with craniofacial conditions. Three domains are noted: (1) a personality and psychological domain; (2) a family, work, and social interactive domain; and (3) a cultural and societal domain. Within each domain, a number of themes are noted and discussed. Quotes from affected people and their families are offered to illustrate how they respond to and alter their lives and their world views. Many adults with craniofacial conditions find ways to live with their difference and to succeed using the measures they construct.
Quality of Life: How Do Adolescents with Facial Differences Compare with Other Adolescents?
Authors: Topolski Tari D. , Edwards Todd C. , Patrick Donald L. 
Published: January 2005

Objective Compare the quality of life (QOL) of youth living with visible facial differences (FDs) with youth living with a visible nonfacial difference (i.e., mobility limitations), an invisible difference (i.e., attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder), or no known difference. Design An observational study of perceived QOL among adolescents with FDs (n = 56), adolescents with no diagnosed chronic condition (NCC, n = 116), adolescents with mobility limitations (ML, n = 52), and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD, n = 68). Participants Adolescents ages 11–18 years with FDs recruited through Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, participated in this study. Comparison groups were from a previous study of QOL among youth with and without chronic conditions. Main Outcome Measures The main outcome measure was the Youth Quality of Life Instrument—Research Version, a generic instrument that assesses both perceptual and contextual aspects of QOL in four domains: Sense of Self, Relationships, Environment/Culture, and General Quality of Life. Results A MANCOVA adjusting for age, gender, and depressive symptomatology revealed that adolescents with FDs, on average, reported significantly lower overall QOL than did the NCC group. Their domain scores were similar to those of the other chronic conditions groups on all but the relationship domain. Reviewing the constituent items of the relationship domain revealed that adolescents in the ML and FDs groups reported higher scores than either the NCC group or the ADHD group on the relationship variables concerning family. Conclusions Adolescents with facial differences confront significant challenges to their own self-identity while experiencing higher QOL from relationships, possibly from their need to negotiate and maintain close family support.