bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bodensystematik und Bodenklassifikation Teil I: Grundbegriffe
Authors: Albrecht Christoph , Jahn Reinhold , Huwe Bernd 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBodenordnungssysteme lassen sich meist nach zwei Prinzipien entwickeln: Entweder werden nur rein bodenkundliche Informationen als kategorisierendes Merkmal verwendet (pedogenetische Faktoren/Prozesse), oder die Kategorienbildung erfolgt problemorientiert anhand ausgewählter Parameter. Die meisten der weltweit verwendeten Bodenordnungssysteme lassen sich nach ihrer Grundausrichtung einem der beiden Typen zuordnen. Diese Betrachtungsweise ist nicht neu und wird in der Literatur mit unterschiedlichen Begriffen und Begriffsinhalten dargestellt.In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden die verschiedenen Definitionen von Systematik, Klassifikation, Taxonomie und Identifizierung zusammengefasst und geordnet. Dabei fällt auf, dass Begriffe mit sehr unterschiedlichen Inhalten oft synonym verwendet werden.Grundgedanke unserer Überlegungen ist die Trennung von Systematik, Klassifikation und Identifizierung. Systematik ist die grundsätzliche wissenschaftlich‐deduktive Gliederung von Objekten in systematische Einheiten. Dabei soll das gesamte Wissen eines Fachgebietes in eine überschaubare Form gebracht werden, im Mittelpunkt stehen sowohl die umfassende Beschreibung einzelner Objekte als auch die Beziehungen zwischen den Objekten. Im Gegensatz dazu ist eine Klassifikation die zielorientiert‐induktive Gliederung von Objekten. Die entstehenden Klassen werden nur anhand ausgewählter Parameter abgegrenzt, womit ein schneller Überblick bei speziellen Fragestellungen ermöglicht wird. Die Identifizierung ist die Einordnung von neuen Objekten in eine bestehende Systematik oder Klassifikation.Eine zweifelsfreie Identifizierung erfordert die Messbarkeit der kategorisierenden Merkmale. Bei einer genetisch angelegten Bodensystematik sind die Merkmale die Boden bildenden Prozesse und Faktoren. Da sie beim gegenwärtigen Kenntnisstand oft nicht messbar sind, bleiben Versuche, einen Boden in eine Systematik einzuordnen, häufig hypothetisch und dadurch subjektiv. Die Ergebnisse einer Bodensystematisierung sind daher oft anfechtbar, weil sie nicht durch Messwerte verifiziert werden können. Im Gegensatz dazu erlauben Bodenklassifikationen objektive Profilansprachen. Da jedoch die Festlegung der Grenzwerte eher pragmatisch nach Zweckmäßigkeit geschieht und nicht wissenschaftlich anhand von Prozessintensitäten, ist die Verwendung als grundlegendes Ordnungssystem eines Wissenschaftsgebietes nicht möglich.Die Bodenkunde benötigt beide Arten von Ordnungssystemen, um wissenschaftliche und praktische Ansprüche gleichermaßen erfüllen zu können, jedoch erfordern die Vollendung und Verifizierung der Systematik umfangreiche Forschungsarbeiten. Kurzfristig ist dieses Problem nur durch die Entwicklung einer kennwertbasierten Klassifikation lösbar, mit der die Kategorien der bestehenden Systematik so gut wie möglich nachgebildet werden. Langfristig ist die exakte Erforschung und Modellierung der Boden bildenden Prozesse aber unumgänglich.
Pyrene End‐Labeled Diblock Glycopolymers: Synthesis and Aggregation
Authors: Lu Feng‐Zhu , Meng Jian‐Qiang , Du Fu‐Sheng , Li Zi‐Chen , Zhang Bao‐Yan 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSummary: A pyrene end‐labeled amphiphilic block copolymer, poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐block‐poly[6‐O‐(4‐vinylbenzyl)‐D‐galactose] (Py‐PCL‐b‐PVBG), was synthesized by a four‐step method. The aggregation behavior of the diblock copolymer in solution was studied by monitoring the fluorescence of pyrene. TEM measurements revealed that the aggregates obtained by first dissolving the copolymer in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF), followed by the addition of water, were primarily spheres with the PCL blocks in the core. The PVBG corona was then crosslinked with glutaraldehyde. Final removal of the PCL core was accomplished by degradation under basic conditions, which resulted in the formation of hollow glycopolymer nanospheres.Structure of poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐block‐poly[6‐O‐(4‐vinylbenzyl)‐D‐galactose].magnified imageStructure of poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐block‐poly[6‐O‐(4‐vinylbenzyl)‐D‐galactose].
Organic‐Inorganic Hybrid Membranes for Removal of Benzene from an Aqueous Solution by Pervaporation
Authors: Ohshima Tadahiro , Matsumoto Moritoshi , Miyata Takashi , Uragami Tadashi 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSummary: Preparation of organic‐inorganic hybrid membranes and their pervaporation permeation and separation characteristics for an aqueous solution of 0.05 wt.‐% benzene are described. In this study, we prepared organic‐inorganic hybrid membranes by the sol‐gel reaction of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) as an inorganic component with poly(methyl methacrylate‐co‐vinyltriethoxysilane) (P(MMA‐co‐VTES)) and poly(butyl methacrylate‐co‐vinyltriethoxysilane) (P(BMA‐co‐VTES)) as organic components. When an aqueous solution of dilute benzene (0.05 wt.‐%) was permeated through the P(MMA‐co‐VTES)/TEOS and P(BMA‐co‐VTES)/TEOS hybrid membranes, the benzene concentration in the permeate through all hybrid membranes was higher than that in the feed solution. This result demonstrates that these hybrid membranes are benzene selective for an aqueous solution containing dilute benzene. The benzene/water selectivity of the P(BMA‐co‐VTES)/TEOS hybrid membrane was about 20 times higher than that of the P(MMA‐co‐VTES)/TEOS hybrid membrane. Specifically, the P(BMA‐co‐VTES)/TEOS hybrid membrane with a TEOS content of 75 mol‐% showed the highest benzene/water selectivity. The benzene/water selectivity of the hybrid membranes depended significantly on the cross‐linked structures formed by the sol‐gel reaction of VTES and TEOS.Effects of the TEOS content on the sorption selectivity (○) and the diffusion selectivity (•) for an aqueous solution of 0.05 wt.‐% benzene through P(MMA‐co‐VTES)/TEOS and P(BMA‐co‐VTES)/TEOS hybrid membranes at 40 °C.magnified imageEffects of the TEOS content on the sorption selectivity (○) and the diffusion selectivity (•) for an aqueous solution of 0.05 wt.‐% benzene through P(MMA‐co‐VTES)/TEOS and P(BMA‐co‐VTES)/TEOS hybrid membranes at 40 °C.
Morphological and Rheological Properties of Polyamide 6/Poly(propylene)/Organoclay Nanocomposites
Authors: Chow Wen Shyang , Mohd Ishak Zainal A. , Karger‐Kocsis József 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSummary: Polyamide 6 (PA6)/Poly(propylene) (PP)/organoclay (octadecylamine intercalated montmorillonite) systems with and without compatibilizer (maleated poly(propylene) and ethylene/propylene‐based rubber (PPgMA and EPRgMA, respectively)) were produced by extrusion melt blending and the clay dispersion was characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The rheological behaviour of the nanocomposites was determined by various methods, viz melt flow index (MFI), capillary and plate/plate rheological measurements. Attempts were made to trace the rheological parameters that reliably reflect the observed changes in the clay dispersion. It was found that some parameters in the viscoelastic range derived from frequency sweep measurements using a plate/plate rheometer are a suitable indicator for changes in the clay dispersion. High initial viscosity with a strong reduction as a function of frequency was attributed to improved clay exfoliation. The latter was also reflected by a high initial shear storage modulus (G′) along with its small change with the frequency.Variation of the storage modulus (G′) as a function of frequency for the PA6/PP nanocomposites. Note: this figure also indicates how the slopes at low and high shear rates were determined.imageVariation of the storage modulus (G′) as a function of frequency for the PA6/PP nanocomposites. Note: this figure also indicates how the slopes at low and high shear rates were determined.
Ink‐Jet Printing of Electron Donor/Acceptor Blends: Towards Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Marin Veronica , Holder Elisabeth , Wienk Martijn M. , Tekin Emine , Kozodaev Dmitry , Schubert Ulrich S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSummary: We illustrate the ink‐jet printing of a thin‐film library of donor/acceptor systems useful in bulk heterojunction solar cells and their characterization utilizing a UV‐vis/fluorescence plate reader and an optical profilometer. In addition, the morphology of the films has been examined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The ink‐jet processing technology allows printing of arrays of different donor/acceptor compositions on one substrate as well as the subsequent fast optical screening of the electron transfer processes. The investigated films consist of blends of a poly(methyl methacrylate) polypyridyl ruthenium(II) copolymer (RuPMMA) as electron donor material (p‐type) and C60 fullerene (PC60BM) as well as heptyl viologen (C7‐V) derivatives as electron acceptor materials (n‐type).Ink‐jet printing process and investigated donor/acceptor pair (RuPMMA‐PC60BM).magnified imageInk‐jet printing process and investigated donor/acceptor pair (RuPMMA‐PC60BM).
Evolution and Operating Experiences with Different Drop‐On‐Demand Systems
Authors: Burgold Jörg , Weise Frank , Fischer Michael , Schlingloff Gregor , Henkel Thomas , Albert Jens , Mayer Günther , Schober Andreas 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSummary: We describe the development of different drop‐on‐demand systems particularly for applications for the liquid handling of biopolymers. Different designs of drop‐on‐demand systems developed by the authors are described. Experiments with these systems show the applicability for pipetting different liquids with different properties. Commercially available systems are also tested. A comparison of the different approaches leads to a discussion of the best fields of application of the different approaches or, alternatively, to the potential further development of the drop‐on‐demand technologies.Principle setup of the print heads.magnified imagePrinciple setup of the print heads.
Morphology of Symmetric Diblock Copolymers Confined Between Two Stripe‐Patterned Surfaces – Tilted Lamellae and More
Authors: Wang Qiang 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSummary: We report the first Monte Carlo simulations on the thin‐film morphology of symmetric diblock copolymers confined between either symmetrically or antisymmetrically stripe‐patterned surfaces. Under suitable surface configurations (where the lamellae can comply with the surface patterns and can have a period close to the bulk lamellar period L0), tilted lamellae are observed for film thicknesses D ≥ 2L0; the checkerboard morphology is obtained for smaller film thicknesses. The A‐B interfaces in the tilted lamellae are basically perpendicular to the surfaces in their immediate vicinity, and exhibit undulations away from them. In some cases, the severe frustration imposed by the two patterned surfaces leads to irregular or unexpected morphologies, which represent locally stable states. The efficient sampling of our expanded grand‐canonical Monte Carlo technique enables us to observe more than one locally stable morphologies and the flipping between them during a single simulation run.Tilted lamellae between symmetrically patterned surfaces (perpendicular to z) with a surface pattern period of 1.5L0 and a film thickness of 2.67L0. L0 is the bulk lamellar period and the black curves mark the A‐B interfaces.imageTilted lamellae between symmetrically patterned surfaces (perpendicular to z) with a surface pattern period of 1.5L0 and a film thickness of 2.67L0. L0 is the bulk lamellar period and the black curves mark the A‐B interfaces.
Toward a Cohesive Theory of Polymerization Volume Change, 1
Authors: Holder Andrew J. , Kilway Kathleen V. , Code James E. , Giese Gregory J. , Travis DeAnna M. , Fleckenstein Jamie E. , Marzluf Kathleen R. , Clevenger Robert C. , Vastlik Heather L. , Eick J. David , Chappelow Cecil C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSummary: Rational design of polymer‐based composites must include an understanding of how and why polymerization volume change occurs. Computational chemistry methods offer significant leverage in such processes. An obstacle to their use has been the meager amount of systematic volume change data collected under the same conditions and using the same methods. This work provides volume change data for eight oxiranes using the mercury dilatometry method. Densities of pure monomers are often unknown for newly synthesized compounds, but are required for the correction of the composite to monomer volume change. The densities have been estimated here by the application of a newly‐developed quantum mechanically‐based quantitative structure property relationship (QMQSPR). This computational chemistry model can be used to estimate densities of a large array of organic compounds with sufficient accuracy for most routine purposes. These results are presented herein.Correspondence between experimental and QMQSPR calculated results for densities.imageCorrespondence between experimental and QMQSPR calculated results for densities.
Addition‐Fragmentation Chain Transfer to Polymer in the Free Radical Ring‐Opening Polymerization of an Eight‐membered Cyclic Allylic Sulfide Monomer
Authors: Phelan Marisa , Aldabbagh Fawaz , Zetterlund Per B. , Yamada Bunichiro 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSummary: A detailed investigation of chain transfer to polymer during free radical ring‐opening polymerization of the eight‐membered disulfide monomer 2‐methyl‐7‐methylene‐1,5‐dithiacyclooctane (MDTO) is presented. It has been shown that extensive chain transfer to polymer occurs involving both poly(MDTO) radicals and cyanoisopropyl radicals. Significant decreases in molecular weight were observed when cyanoisopropyl radicals were generated in the presence of poly(MDTO) in the absence of monomer. The molecular weight distribution (MWD) obtained from polymerization of MDTO in the presence of pre‐added poly(MDTO) was markedly different from that obtained without pre‐added polymer. A kinetic model was constructed in an attempt to quantitatively describe the chain transfer to polymer process based on the addition fragmentation chain transfer mechanism. It was found however that the simulated MWDs were considerably broader than the experimental MWDs, which were similar to the Schulz‐Flory distribution.Mechanism for chain transfer to polymer.imageMechanism for chain transfer to polymer.
Smell identification ability in twin pairs discordant for Parkinson's disease
Authors: Marras Connie , Goldman Samuel , Smith Amanda , Barney Peter , Aston Diana , Comyns Kathleen , Korell Monica , Langston J. William , Ross G. Webster , Tanner Caroline M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractOlfactory dysfunction has been proposed to be a sign that may precede the motor features of Parkinson's disease (PD). To determine whether smell identification deficits predict subsequent PD, we studied smell identification ability using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) in 62 members of male twin pairs discordant for PD at baseline. Smell identification ability was reduced at baseline in the twins with PD compared to their unaffected brothers (23 vs. 31 of 40; P = 0.001). UPSIT scores were not reduced in the twins without PD when compared to age‐ and gender‐specific normal values. After a mean interval of 7.3 years, 28 unaffected twins were still alive and 19 agreed to a second evaluation. Two had newly developed PD. Neither twin had impaired smell identification at baseline. The average decline in UPSIT percentile scores in these 2 twins was greater than in the 17 twins who did not develop PD (−68% vs. −24%; P = 0.01). In subjects who did not meet Core Assessment Program for Intracerebral Transplantations diagnostic criteria for PD at baseline, the presence of cardinal signs of parkinsonism was not associated with lower baseline UPSIT scores nor with a subsequent decline. Smell identification ability may not be a sensitive indicator of future PD 7 or more years before the development of motor signs, even in a theoretically at‐risk population. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Random disambiguation paths for traversing a mapped hazard field
Authors: Priebe Carey E. , Fishkind Donniell E. , Abrams Lowell , Piatko Christine D. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractWe consider the problem of safely and swiftly navigating through a spatial arrangement of potential hazard detections in which each detection has associated with it a probability that the detection is indeed a true hazard. When in close proximity to a detection, we assume the ability—for a cost—to determine whether or not the hazard is real. Our approach to this problem involves a new object, therandom disambiguation path(RDP), which is a curve‐valued random variable parametrized by a binary tree with particular properties. We prove an admissibility result showing that there is positive probability that the use of an RDP reduces the expected traversal length compared to the conventional shortest zero‐risk path, and we introduce a practically computable additive‐constant approximation to the optimal RDP. The theoretical considerations are complemented by simulation and example. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2005
A non‐reflecting layer method for non‐linear wave‐type equations on unbounded domains with applications to shape memory alloy rods
Authors: Newman M. , Safjan A. , Popov P. , Lagoudas D. C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn this paper a new technique is introduced and applied in solving one‐dimensional linear and non‐linear wave‐type equations on an unbounded spatial domain. This new technique referred to as the non‐reflecting layer method (NRLM) extends the computational domain with an artificial layer on which a one‐way wave equation is solved. The method will be applied to compute stress waves in long rods consisting of NiTi shape memory alloy material subjected to impact loading and undergoing detwinning and pseudo‐elastic material responses. The NRLM has been tested on model problems and it has been found that the computed solutions agree well with the exact solutions, i.e. normalized error levels are in ranges acceptable for engineering computations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exponential finite elements for diffusion–advection problems
Authors: El‐Zein Abbas 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA new finite element method for the solution of the diffusion–advection equation is proposed. The method uses non‐isoparametric exponentially‐varying interpolation functions, based on exact, one‐ and two‐dimensional solutions of the Laplace‐transformed differential equation. Two eight‐noded elements are developed and tested for convergence, stability, Peclet number limit, anisotropy, material heterogeneity, Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions and tolerance for mesh distortions. Their performance is compared to that of conventional, eight‐ and 12‐noded polynomial elements.The exponential element based on two‐dimensional analytical solutions fails basic tests of convergence. The one based on one‐dimensional solutions performs particularly well. It reduces by about 75% the number of elements and degrees of freedom required for convergence, yielding an error that is one order of magnitude smaller than that of the eight‐noded polynomial element. The exponential element is stable and robust under relatively high degrees of heterogeneity, anisotropy and mesh distortions. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian meta‐modelling of engineering design simulations: a sequential approach with adaptation to irregularities in the response behaviour
Authors: Farhang‐Mehr A. , Azarm S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAmong current meta‐modelling approaches, Bayesian‐based interpolative methods have received significant attention in the literature. These methods are particularly known for their capability to adapt to the response function behaviour in order to generate good meta‐models with fewer experiments. Current Bayesian adaptation techniques, however, are mainly based on the assumption that some variables are more important (or sensitive) than others. These less sensitive variables are weighted less or ignored to reduce the dimension of the design space. This assumption limits the scope and applicability of these models since in many practical cases none of the variables can be completely ignored or weighted less than others.This paper proposes a pragmatic approach that identifies regions of the design space where more experiments are needed based on the response function behaviour. The proposed approach adaptively utilizes the information obtained from previous experiments, builds interim meta‐models, and identifies ‘irregular’ regions in which more experiments are needed. The behaviour of the interim meta‐model is then quantified as a spatial function and incorporated into the next stage of the design to sequentially improve the accuracy of the obtained meta‐model. The performance of the new approach is demonstrated using a numerical and an engineering example. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation of light‐weight membrane structures by wrinkling model
Authors: Rossi Riccardo , Lazzari Massimiliano , Vitaliani Renato , Oñate Eugenio 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe computational challenge in dealing with membrane systems is closely connected to the lack of bending stiffness that constitutes the main feature of this category of structures. This manifests numerically in badly conditioned or singular systems requiring the use of stabilized solution procedures, in our case of a ‘pseudo‐dynamic’ approach. The absence of the flexural stiffness makes the membrane very prone to local instabilities which manifest physically in the formation of little ‘waves’ in ‘compressed’ areas. Current work presents an efficient, sub‐iteration free ‘explicit’, penalty material based, wrinkling simulation procedure suitable for the solution of ‘static’ problems. The procedure is stabilized by taking full advantage of the pseudo‐dynamic solution strategy, which allows to retain the elemental quadratic convergence properties inside the single solution step. Results are validated by comparison with published results and by setting up ‘numerical experiments’ based on the solution of test cases using dense meshes. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vibration analyses of a portal frame under the action of a moving distributed mass using moving mass element
Authors: Wu Jia‐Jang 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFour kinds of moving mass elements, 1st‐node, 2nd‐node, full and short‐range mass elements, are presented, where the 1st‐node (or 2nd‐node) mass element refers to that with mass distributed from the first node (or second node) to the arbitrary position of a two‐node beam element, the full mass element is the special case of the 1st‐node (or 2nd‐node) mass element with mass distributed over the full length of the beam element, while the short‐range mass element is the case with its location arbitrary on a beam element. If the total range of a distributed mass is denoted by R and the length of each beam element is denoted by 𝓁, then, for the case of R⩾𝓁, one may model the distributed mass on the beam using the combination of the 1st‐node, 2nd‐node and full mass elements, while for the case of R<𝓁, one may model the distributed mass using the short‐range mass element. It has been found that the effects of the vertical (ȳ) and horizontal (x̄) inertia forces, Coriolis force and centrifugal force induced by the moving distributed mass can be easily taken into the formulations by means of the last concept. To illustrate the application of the presented theory, the dynamic analysis of a pinned–pinned beam and that of a portal frame under the action of a moving uniformly distributed mass are performed by means of the finite element method and the Newmark integration method. Numerical results show that some pertinent factors, such as Coriolis force, centrifugal force, acceleration, velocity and total range of the moving distributed mass, have significant influences on the vertical (ȳ) and horizontal (x̄) response of a structure. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.