bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Garbage In, Garbage Out
Authors: Visger Mark A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the practice of data poisoning as a means of countering Artificial Intelligence/Machine Learning. This practice, which entails feeding manipulated or invalid data to an artificial intelligence system in order to induce malfunction or achieve a desired effect, raises many novel issues under the Law of Armed Conflict. This chapter reviews the various forms of data poisoning and the methods by which they may be employed in armed conflict to counter enemy targeting systems powered by Artificial Intelligence. The chapter then reviews the legal framework that might apply to such data poisoning attacks, identifying three primary issues that should be addressed before data poisoning is deployed on a battlefield in armed conflict: (1) the lack of a legal framework for pre-conflict data poisoning, (2) the applicability of targeting rules to data poisoning, and (3) the applicability of perfidy rules to data poisoning.
How to Make Money
Authors: Rodríguez-Alegría Enrique 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThis chapter presents a description of the media of exchange used in Spain and Mexico in the centuries before the conquest, and the different coins in circulation in New Spain in the sixteenth century. It also presents an initial description of the decedents in the probate inventories, based on the total worth calculated at the time of their death. Most colonizers in the sample were not wealthy, or even poor. Still, the net worth of colonizers varied widely. Much of their net worth was really debt recorded in pieces of paper, and very little of their net worth was held in money. Most of the debt was owed to other colonizers rather than to Indigenous people. Aside from an economic description of the colonizers, the chapter provides a discussion of the value of keeping people, rather than concepts (such as “money”) as the source of action in studies of materiality.
How to Build Sociotechnical Systems
Authors: Rodríguez-Alegría Enrique 
Published: December 2023

AbstractColonizers created sociotechnical systems that combined tools, livestock, and slaves. They often sold tools and slaves, or tools and livestock together as a unit. The slaves included roughly equal numbers of Black slaves (from Africa and from the Caribbean) and Indigenous slaves, and of men and women. The livestock included cattle, horses, and especially sheep, and they caused plenty of environmental damage and conflict in colonial Mexico. Even though there is little evidence that the Spanish adopted Indigenous tools, they certainly adopted Indigenous sociotechnical systems; that is, they took control of labor (often slaves), the slaves’ tools, and the products. Thus, technological change in colonial Mexico was not just a benign improvement on the so-called “Stone Age” technologies of Indigenous people, but it was a matter of exploitation of Indigenous and Black people. Spanish adoption of Indigenous technologies was more than just a matter of using tools, and it was part of the struggle for power in Mexico.
Pinnacles of Versatility
Authors: Özbey Sonya N. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractOne of the obvious effects of the Zhuangzi’s multiplication of vantage points from which to view the world is that it strips human perspectives of their unquestioned weight. Although the anti-anthropocentric streak of the text is undeniable, chapter 4 demonstrates that the Zhuangzi, at times, still concedes the distinctive and exceptional status of the human condition but without introducing an obvious hierarchy between people and other beings. The Zhuangzi brings this about by framing human beings’ exceptional status around their ability to adapt to different value systems, situations, and lifestyles. This sometimes translates into the ability to act and live like nonhuman beings, which thwarts the ability to rank different beings on a hierarchical scale.
Conclusion
Authors: Özbey Sonya N. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe conclusion to Part III discusses the affective side of discourses about the human-animal binary and the presence and absence of certain anxieties regarding the communication of affects between humans and animals. It argues that the contrasting attitudes toward animal affects in Spinoza and the Zhuangzi are closely tied to different visions of human flourishing and different views of human solidarity as an ideal. Neither Spinoza’s investment in human bonding nor the Zhuangzi’s disinterest in bringing humans together as a sociopolitical community is trivial. The former’s investment sometimes enables him to police species-borders, while the latter carries its undermining of all familiar distinctions to uncomfortable extremes, including divesting from human welfare as a collective goal altogether.
From Nature’s Order to Civil Order
Authors: Özbey Sonya N. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractChapter 7 demonstrates that Spinoza’s view of reality as systematic and intelligible intimately informs his views on issues of identity, self-sameness, and the lawful character of the transformations that a being can go through. The chapter explores the ways in which Spinoza’s theory of individuation and his views on the maintenance of identity through time provide the ontological ground for his conception of the body politic, with human similarity and togetherness as its premise and its end. The chapter also examines Spinoza’s “state of nature” theories and how animality tropes are mobilized to describe bad polities marked by antagonism, strife, and fear.
Impersonalization
Authors: Zerubavel Eviatar 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the main constitutive ingredients of the process of impersonalization. Through typifying, standardizing, institutionalizing, anonymizing, and establishing both substitutability and impartiality, such process involves foregrounding individuals’ social identity by attending to their generic features while backgrounding their personal identity by disregarding their singularity, thus transforming them into presumably typical representatives of particular social categories. By standardizing the structure of professional mobility thereby routinizing it, for instance, it thus emblematizes the triumph of the generic over the specific. Using the classic example of bureaucracy, the chapter features our distinctly sociological vision of social “positions” that exist independently of their merely temporary specific occupants. By downplaying the latter’s singularity, such positions thus come to be viewed as symbolically immortal.
Work
Authors: Arnett Jeffrey Jensen 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In this chapter the focus is on how emerging adults go about searching for satisfying work. It is emphasized that the ideal for emerging adults is finding a job that clicks with their developing identity. However, relatively few pursue this ideal in a systematic way, and many take a job of any kind in order to pay their bills. Next is a look at variations in being ready to make a long-term decision about work. Unemployment prevalence among young people is discussed, including the basis for it. This is followed by a section describing influences on job choice, especially the complex influences parents can have, and a section describing the dreams that some emerging adults have for an alluring and sometimes elusive work ideal. The chapter ends with a section on the revolutionary rise of remote work and a reflection on work and identity that integrates the previous materials.
Wrong Turns and Dead Ends
Authors: Arnett Jeffrey Jensen 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Some kinds of problems appear to be more prevalent in emerging adulthood than in any subsequent adult life stage. This chapter first examines rates and sources of externalizing problems (including automobile accidents, crime, and substance abuse) and internalizing problems (including depression, anxiety, and eating disorders). Then the theory of emerging adulthood is applied to understanding why some of these problems are especially prevalent in this life stage, using the five features of emerging adulthood as a framework. Finally, trends in the past two decades are examined in rates of some externalizing problems, and possible reasons for those trends. Most trends are positive, especially in automobile accidents and crime, but certain kinds of substance use have increased.
Introduction
Authors: Josephson Paul R. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This book examines the challenges and successes in building large-scale technologies, so-called hero projects, in Russia over the last one hundred years, from the time of the Russian Revolution to the present. It places hero projects within a framework of political history, institutional history, and history of technology. Hero projects remain a major tool of economic growth and military power in Russia. Many Soviet-era and Soviet-inspired projects have been reborn in the twenty-first century through massive infusions of state funding and are run through state-owned and managed technologies. All of them reflect the desire to enhance state power, placate citizens in a time of economic or military challenges, demonstrate to the world the nation’s technological verve, and draw Russia’s great natural and mineral wealth into the Kremlin’s hands.
Rails and Resources*
Authors: Josephson Paul R. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Russian railroads were massive tools to meet state priorities of economic development by laying infrastructure over regions perceived to be empty of people but rich in resources, accelerating the settlement of distant regions, and enhancing military security. The Tsar’s Trans-Siberian Railway, Stalin’s uncompleted and murderous Polar “Magistral,” and Brezhnev’s Baikal-Amur Railway (BAM) shared the goals of building military might and accelerating resource exploitation. Even if long ago the Russian state abandoned the practice of building the rail system on the backs of gulag prisoners, it still embraces this technology at the expense of public and environmental health, now to develop Arctic oil and gas, but not for the citizen.
Bridges of Empire
Authors: Josephson Paul R. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Putin’s Crimean Bridge is intended to permit thousands of automobiles and dozens of trains to connect Russia with its annexed prize, Crimea. Bridges serve commerce. They enable troop movements. They are symbols of cultural achievement. They span space, time, and empire: the spectacular Brooklyn Bridge, the Golden Gate Bridge, the Millau Viaduct in Southern France, the Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge connecting Kobe and Awayi Island; arch, trust, suspension, or cable-stayed; and now Putin’s Crimean Bridge. This chapter places Putin’s bridge against the backdrop of military bridge-building traditions, and yet constant lag and technological failure. The Crimean Bridge reflected the symbolic end to a long journey that the president commenced in 2000: the restoration of the Russian empire with military control of Crimea, a strategic outpost for Russia for dominion over the Black Sea.
Epilogue
Authors: Josephson Paul R. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
From the Tsars to the commissars, from the Bolsheviks to the oligarchs, and from Lenin to Putin, the Russia development model has been centered on hero projects to bring the vast landscapes of tundra, taiga, steppe, and desert within the orbit and control of the Moscow. The Kremlin used hero projects essentially to build an economically powerful and militarily secure empire. In Russia, Soviet ministries reincarnated as state corporations in the pursuit of megaprojects. In the absence of sufficient public scrutiny, and with NGOs handicapped, hero projects move forward without pause. The extensive costs of hero projects, and their environmental and social consequences, have rarely been questioned by leaders or citizens alike, but have been essential to the political narrative of the need for an all-powerful, imperial state to withstand internal enemies and external dangers.
The Reformation of the Heart
Authors: Apetrei Sarah 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This book offers a fresh assessment of the relationship between radical theology and gender radicalism in the English Revolution. In doing so, it addresses together two themes which have long fascinated historians of the period: the intellectual formation of religious radicalism; and the prominence of women as prophets and preachers in the radical sects. The Reformation of the heart centres on the remarkable ideas and reforming visions of a levelling and highly mystical network in the period of civil conflict, the regicide and its aftermath; a network which linked military chaplains with inspired women and congregations across England. Drawing on both known printed works, and unexamined manuscript evidence, this study suggests that the revolutionary radicals were both more theologically daring, and more unified in their support for women’s participation, than we have thought. On one side, the army chaplains and radical preachers developed a highly original theology of gender, conceiving of a female principle in the Godhead. They were also explicit advocates of women’s preaching, to an extent previously unacknowledged. Concomitantly, this book argues that women’s involvement in preaching and publishing during the crisis fostered innovative thinking on the incarnation; universal salvation; free grace; eschatology; and the nature of the church. The book also offers a contribution to feminist epistemology, showing how the involvement of women in reform and the formation of ideas, as a group with distinctive experiences, priorities, and cultural identities, can be transformative.
Grace and Sin
Authors: Apetrei Sarah 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the gender implications of the new wave of free-grace doctrine in the period of the Revolution, and its reception and development by women; and, conversely, the reappraisal of the doctrine of sin. The first part considers the strongly gendered imagery framing free-grace theology: not least that which accompanied a liberative narrative of the redeemed soul as the free woman in contrast to the bond woman, based on the typology of Sarah and Hagar. Highly feminized images of a maternal Christ also surfaced in the context of the spirituality of free grace, in the visionary writings of Anna Trapnel and Sarah Wight (who influenced Trapnel). The second part considers the gendered reconceptualization of sin as tyranny and oppression, a patriarchal or masculine abuse of power, especially in the writings of Gerrard Winstanley.
Song
Authors: Apetrei Sarah 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the significance of singing as a form of prophetic utterance, and especially women’s song, in the radical theological networks of the period of the Revolution. Apocalyptic singing, whether extempore or scripted in hymn form, was practised widely in the radical congregations of the 1640s and 1650s, and signalled the renovation of worship and the advent of the new Jerusalem with its new ‘psalms’. Women were centrally and prominently involved in the prophetic act of singing the songs of Sion as a revolutionary sign. Spiritual singing was considered a manifestation of the new birth, like the Magnificat: the proclamation of the living Christ incarnate in the saints, and heaven’s condescension to earth.
Church
Authors: Apetrei Sarah 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the gendered dimensions of the confrontation between mystical radicals and ecclesiastical institutions in the English Revolution. The chapter explores how the radicals’ disruptive understanding of Christian communion, the underlying anthropology which supported that understanding, and their abandonment of clerical hierarchy contributed to an environment hospitable to female participation. It also considers afresh the influence on anti-confessionalism in the English Revolution of two sixteenth-century radical traditions: the Family of Love, and Paracelsianism, both movements with deeply spiritualist ecclesiologies, and irenic or quietistic tendencies in other European settings. The biographies and visionary preaching of the army preachers, Henry Pinnell and William Sedgwick, and those of Elizabeth Avery are considered in this chapter. Sedgwick in particular is reinterpreted as a highly original thinker, exploring a remarkably egalitarian relationship of reciprocity between Christ and the church, with strong implications for gender relations.
Conclusion
Authors: Apetrei Sarah 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The Conclusion traces both the biographical outlines of the women and radical preachers considered in the study, and their reputations in the period after the Revolution. The reputations of radical women, it is suggested, were mixed, and the chapter illustrates how certain dissenting groups and voices remembered female pioneers or reformers. Rather than arguing that the revolutionary generation left a long-term legacy to political and feminist activism, the Conclusion argues that the significance of the study lies instead not only in its contextualization of radical theology and women’s activism, but also in the illustration of the dynamic change that a different perspective, especially the marginalized perspective, brings to intellectual life.
A Pattern Theory of Self
Authors: Gallagher Shaun 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter develops a pluralist conception of self, outlining the notion of the self-pattern. It provides some background to the idea of a pattern theory, with a focus on a pattern theory of emotion. It then specifies in some detail a candidate list of various factors or processes involved in the self-pattern. These include bodily processes, prereflective experiential processes, affective, behavioral, intersubjective, cognitive-psychological, reflective, and narrative processes, as well as ecological and normative factors. The self-pattern is not just a collection of such processes, but a gestalt defined by dynamical relations. The chapter then explores some philosophical issues about what to include in the self-pattern, and concludes by identifying some benefits of thinking of the self and its disorders in this way.
Dynamical Relations in the Self-pattern and Psychopathology
Authors: Gallagher Shaun 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter continues to address the issue of dynamical relations in the self-pattern by showing that the dynamics of a self-pattern are reflected in three significant and interrelated ways that allow for investigation. First, a self-pattern is reflectively reiterated in its narrative component. Second, studies of psychiatric or neurological disorders, including borderline personality disorder, schizophrenia, Alzheimer’s disease, and obsessive compulsive disorder can help us understand the precise nature of the dynamical relations in a self-pattern, and how they can fail. Third, referencing predictive processing accounts, neuroscience can also help to explicate, in a non-reductionist way, the dynamical relations that constitute the self-pattern. Discussions of the phenomenology of regret, depersonalization, and major depressive disorder help to flesh out the analysis.
The Cruel and Unusual Phenomenologies of Torture and Solitary Confinement
Authors: Gallagher Shaun 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores how violent practices (by individuals and by institutions) can lead to trauma and psychiatric illness. It explores extreme cases in which the trauma is so severe that there is a complete breakdown of the self-pattern, especially where breakdowns involve failures and distortions of intersubjective processes, namely in trauma associated with torture and the penal practice of solitary confinement. Phenomenological accounts of torture start with a focus on bodily processes involved in such experiences. The analysis can be broadened by considering the effects of violent trauma on the self-pattern as a whole. In this respect the importance of intersubjective processes will come into view. Likewise, solitary confinement, which excludes the individual from intersubjective interaction, is one that completely disrupts the self-pattern, the effects of which can manifest as extreme psychiatric disorders such as depersonalization and derealization.
Process
Authors: Jha Vyoma 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines the creation of the ISA—a new international organization led by India and backed primarily by developing countries—from the inception phase until it became a legal entity. Official documents and wide-ranging interview access provide data that offers insights into the treaty-making process. This chapter analyses the politico-legal issues behind the scenes in order to explain the creation of ISA as a treaty-based international organization. It lays down the analytical framework for the book’s main argument that the legal form of the ISA marked an innovation in the structure of international organizations that is best described as ‘soft law in a hard shell’: it uses the legal infrastructure of a treaty while relying on the social structure of participating actors for its future implementation. Empirical evidence suggests that three factors explain the treaty structure of the ISA: first, India’s lead role in driving the treaty-making process; second, the early involvement of non-state actors in implementation; and third, the value of legal form for developing countries.
Pigs
Authors: Taylor Colleen 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Pigs’ natural adaptability, intelligence, affection, cleanliness, cohabitation with humans, and ability to convert almost anything into fat-storing calories contributed to the survival of the eighteenth-century peasantry under restricted civil and agricultural rights. Nevertheless, the Irish were racialized as pigs in English discourse dating back to the medieval era, and especially throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Jonathan Swift’s A Modest Proposal famously deconstructs this racial and colonial similitude between pig body and Irish body, exposing the speciesist foundation of British imperialism. While the literary tradition of learned pigs in Britain ultimately affirmed human superiority over the degraded pig, the Irish language’s invocation of the pig suggests an ethos of respect, as in Scéala Mucce Meic Dathó, and poems by Aogán Ó Rathaille and anonymous eighteenth-century laments. Finally, William Carleton’s Traits and Stories of the Irish Peasantry (1833) celebrates the subversive and satiric potentials of human–pig collaboration when an Irish peasant and his sow dupe an elite English society.
A revolution in the juridical field
Authors: Baczko Adam 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe formation of the Taliban insurgency’s juridical system harked back to the clerical movement’s beginnings in the context of the war in the 1980–90s. The uprising fomented by the Communist coup d’état of 1978 brought with it, in parallel with the armed strife, a revolution in the juridical field. The confrontations between the Communist regime and the mujahideen, followed by the struggle among commanders during the 1990s, led to the emergence of competing legal systems. The war for control of the state was compounded by ulama, Kabul University graduates, and notables competing to craft the law, a process that ended up consolidating religious legitimacy. Far from the archaism and irrationality commonly attributed to the Taliban, the movement organized around ulama entering the juridical and political fields. The structuring of the Taliban around jurists and aspiring jurists translated into a legal and moral vision of politics, an insistence on the restoration of law and order that aimed to put an end to deviance and disorder and thus to war.