bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of ruminal dosing of mechanical stimulating brush on digestibility and rumen fermentation status in Holstein steers fed low rice straw at different lengths
Authors: HORIGUCHI Ken‐ichi , TAKAHASHI ToshiyoshI 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTThe objectives of the present study were to determine the effect of ruminal dosing of mechanical stimulating brush (Rumen faibu; RF) on digestibility and on rumen fermentation status in Holstein steers fed high concentrate and low rice straw. Eight steers (461 kg in average bodyweight) were used. Four steers were orally dosed three RF per head (RF‐dosing) and the other four were not dosed (non‐RF). All steers were fed enough concentrate and rice straw to gain 1.4 kg/day in bodyweight. Rice straw was cut 2 cm and 30 cm. The organic cell wall content of feeding diets was 17% in dry matter basis. Digestibility and nutritive value were not affected by RF dosing and length of rice straw. Ruminal pH was significantly lower in RF‐dosing group than in non‐RF group after feeding, and tended to be higher in long rice straw than in short rice straw throughout the day. There were no clear difference on total volatile fatty acid concentration and molar proportion of volatile fatty acid by RF dosing and length of rice straw throughout examined period. These present results suggest that digestibility and rumen fermentation status are not affected by RF dosing when organic cell wall content of feeding diets is approximately 17% in dry matter with rice straw over 2 cm.
The effects of grazing and supplemental protein concentrations during the grazing period on subsequent finishing performance and carcass quality in Japanese Black cattle steers
Authors: SUGIMOTO Masahito , KUZUOKA Syuji , YAYOTA Chizuru , SATO Yukinobu 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTThe effects of grazing and supplemental protein concentrations, provided during the grazing period, on subsequent finishing performance and carcass quality were investigated. This experiment was carried out using 15 Japanese Black cattle (Wagyu) steers. The steers were fed as follows: (i) grazing supplemented with moderate protein concentrate (GMP) (18% crude protein (CP); dry matter (DM) basis) before finishing, followed by feeding in a barn until slaughter; (ii) grazing supplemented with low protein concentrate (GLP) (14% CP; DM basis) before finishing, followed by feeding in the barn until slaughter; and (iii) no grazing before finishing (NG). From the end of the grazing season to the end of the growing period, the GMP and GLP steers were managed in the same way as the NG steers. All of the animals were fed the same diet in the finishing period (9 months to 28 months). None of the three treatments affected the average daily gains. For all treatments, chilled carcass weights were more than 450 kg and did not differ significantly among the groups. The longissimus muscle areas in the grazed steers were numerically larger than in those receiving the NG treatment. Fat thickness was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in the NG steers than in the grazed steers. The intramuscular fat and marbling scores were not affected in the grazed steers. In conclusion, the carcass quality of grazed steers was similar to that of the NG steers at a similar final age, and the quantity of meat in the NG steers would be less than that of the GMP and GLP steers. Therefore, spring‐born Wagyu steers should be grazed using the GLP supplement before fattening.
Effects of probiotic Bacillus cereus toyoi on abdominal fat accumulation in the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)
Authors: HOMMA Hideya , SHINOHARA Taku 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTEffects of a commercial probiotic, Bacillus cereus toyoi on abdominal fat accumulation in the Japanese quail fed either a commercial control diet (crude protein (CP), 23.5%; metabolizable energy (ME), 11.7MJ/kg) or a high‐energy diet (CP, 23.0%; ME, 13.8MJ/kg) were investigated. Four‐week‐old male birds (n = 108) were divided into four diet groups: control diet, control with probiotic, high‐energy diet and high‐energy diet with probiotic. At 8 weeks and 12 weeks of age (4 and 8 weeks of probiotic supplementation period, respectively), abdominal fat, muscles and the liver were weighed. The weight of total fat and protein in the muscles and liver were also determined. A rectal temperature was recorded weekly. Bodyweight and feed intake in both diets were not affected by probiotic supplementation. At 8 weeks of age, birds fed the control diet with probiotic had significantly less abdominal fat than those fed without the probiotic, and a similar tendency was seen for both diet groups at 12 weeks of age. The decrease in abdominal fat coincided with an increase in rectal temperature. These results suggest that greater metabolizable energy was consumed through elevation of heat production by supplementation of B. cereus toyoi, with hardly any energy stored as body fat. Probiotic supplementation appears to induce greater muscle weight, higher protein and lower lipid content in muscles by 8 weeks of age, and lower lipid content in muscles and greater liver weight by 12 weeks of age, in the Japanese quail.
Change of fatty acid composition of white adipose tissue with increasing age in Syrian hamster fed alfalfa or cereal based diet
Authors: SUDA Yoshihito , SHINOHARA Hisashi , YAMAGUCHI Toshiyasu , MATSUDA Toshiaki , NAKAGAWA Kazuki , OHTOMO Yukiko , NISHIDA Akira , YAMAGISHI Toshihiro 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTThe present study's aim was to investigate change of fatty acid composition of white adipose tissue with increasing age in Syrian hamster fed continuously alfalfa (LU) or cereal based diet (F2). A total of 43 Syrian hamsters with male and female, 22 head maintained with mating between sibling in a close herd fed F2 (GN) and 21 head selected for long‐term for large number of weaning pups per a mater using GN fed LU (ALF), were used. Fatty acid composition in adipose tissues taken from the back leg subcutaneous depot, periphery of kidney and reproductive organs at 3, 8 and 13 weeks of age were determined by using a gas chromatograph. Carbon (C)18:0 in GN tended to decrease and C18:1 increased significantly with increasing age, suggesting that Δ9‐desaturase had related adaptively. C18:3 in ALF increased significantly with increasing age. The present results indicate that, although the composition in unsaturated fatty acid (USFA) in both herds was different, the ratio of USFA to saturated fatty acid increased with increasing age suggesting that USFA in GN fed F2 was at a high level compared with in ALF fed LU.
Expression of agouti gene in bovine adipocytes
Authors: SUMIDA Takeshi , HINO Naoko , KAWACHI Hiroyuki , MATSUI Tohru , YANO Hideo 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTAgouti expressed in human adipocytes enhances lipogenesis and inhibits lipolysis through increasing intracellular Ca2+. This factor stimulates fat accumulation through a paracrine/autocrine manner. However, agouti gene expression has not been clarified in bovine adipocytes. In the present study, it is found that agouti mRNA was expressed in adipocytes prepared from bovine adipose tissue using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. This is thought to be the first report where agouti gene is expressed in adipocyte of wild‐type animal except for humans. This result suggests the possibility that agouti regulates adipocyte function in cattle.
Influence of estrogen on acetylcholinesterase activity in primary cultures of cerebral cells from neonatal rats
Authors: TSUCHIYA Kyoko , YAMAMURO Yutaka , SENSUI Naoto 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTTo estimate the influence of estrogen on the functional development of the central nervous system during the neonatal period, several doses of estradiol‐17β (E2) were treated to cultured cells from the cerebral cortex of neonatal rats and the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was examined. E2 was added to give the following final concentrations: 0, 10−10, 10−9, and 10−8 M. After 72 h of incubation, all cells were obtained from dishes to determine the AChE activity. Although apparent morphological changes were not observed among treatments cultured for 72 h, E2 suppressed dose‐dependently the spontaneous increase of AChE activity in cerebral cells. Furthermore, a single dose of tamoxifen, an E2 receptor binding molecule with agonist and antagonist properties, also acted in a similar manner as E2. These findings suggest that the functional development of the cerebral cortex, at least the cholinergic system, during the neonatal period is regulated by E2.
Physicochemical properties of water‐soluble myofibrillar proteins prepared from chicken breast muscle
Authors: ITO Yukiko , TOKI Shinji , OMORI Takashi , IDE Hiroshi , TATSUMI Ryuichi , WAKAMATSU Jun‐ichi , NISHIMURA Takanori , HATTORI Akihito 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTThe solubility of skeletal muscle myofibrillar proteins in water was examined. The solubility of the proteins was found to be sensitive to ionic strength and pH of the solution. At the ionic strength of less than 12 mM and neutral pH, more than 80% of myofibrillar proteins were solubilized. Heating at a temperature of more than 70°C was required for the proteins to retain their solubility. The solubility of freeze‐dried protein powder prepared from water‐soluble myofibrillar proteins was also examined, and it was found that addition of trehalose and heating were essential for re‐solubilization in water. Amino acid composition of water‐soluble myofibrillar proteins was found to be almost the same as that of myofibrillar proteins.
Factors affecting agonistic interactions of weanling pigs after grouping in pens with a tire
Authors: ISHIWATA Toshie , UETAKE Katsuji , TANAKA Toshio 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTThe effects on agonistic interactions of installing a tire in a pen with 24 weanling pigs allocated to six pens, with four animals in each, were determined. At the first grouping, two pigs were transferred from each pen to another pen where non‐littermates existed. Then half of the pens were equipped with a tire (Grouping 1). After one week, the pigs transferred at Grouping 1 were again transferred to other pens were non‐littermates existed (Grouping 2). At Grouping 2, any pen was not newly equipped with a tire and no pig was exposed to a tire for the first time. After another week, the pigs transferred at the previous groupings were once more transferred to other pens where non‐littermates existed (Grouping 3). At Grouping 3, the pigs in the pens with a tire were transferred to pens without a tire, and the pigs in the pens without a tire were transferred to pens with a tire. Then all pens were equipped with a tire. In Grouping 1, the effects on agonistic interactions of installing a tire were not significant. However, the injury score (less the score, less the number and damage of injury) was higher in the pens without a tire than in the pens with a tire (P < 0.05). In Grouping 2, pigs in the pens with a tire were attacked more than pigs in the pens without a tire (P < 0.05). The number of agonistic behaviors positively correlated with access to the tire (rs = 0.31; P < 0.01). In Grouping 3, the number of attacks received by pigs with no experience in using a tire was larger on the first day after grouping than on the 4th day (P < 0.05). The injury score was higher for pigs being transferred than for pigs not being transferred (P < 0.05). In conclusion: (i) installing a tire in a pen did not reduce the agonistic interactions of pigs, but it could change the style of their attacks, and (ii) initially having pigs experienced in using a tire can be useful for reducing the damage caused by agonistic interactions.
Ammonia‐assimilating microbes in microbial community in a lagoon for wastewater from paddock of dairy cattle
Authors: SASAKI Hiraku , KITAZUME Osamu , SASAKI Takako , NAKAI Yutaka 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTIn the present article the distribution and abundance of ammonia‐assimilating microbes among the natural habitants in a lagoon were investigated. In the medium containing lagoon‐extract, about 20% of total 82 isolates showed ammonia‐assimilating ability. By sequencing of 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA), the highest ammonia‐assimilating isolates at 10°C and 37°C were identified as Janthinobacterium lividum and Bacillus sp., respectively. The structure of the microbial community was analyzed by polymerase chain reaction‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR‐DGGE). Almost of the dominant species that were detected by PCR‐DGGE did not coincide with isolates, which showed the high ammonia‐assimilating ability, but one specie by PCR‐DGGE coincided with ammonia‐assimilating isolate. These results suggested that ammonia‐assimilating microbes existed as non‐dominant species in the microbial community in a lagoon.
Partial dentures as an independent indicator of root caries risk in a group of older adults.
Authors: Steele J.G. , Walls A.W.G. , Murray J.J. 
Published: January 2004

Abstract Objectives:To estimate the independent association between the wearing of removable partial dentures (RPD) and the presence of root caries in a population of older adults. Design:Multivariate logistic regression modeling of root caries prevalence using different measures of root caries as dependent variables. The model included measures of disease history as indicators of historical risk. Setting:Data collected in the field from three areas of England. Subjects:Random sample of adults aged 60 years and over, drawn from lists of patients registered with general medical practitioners. Intervension:Field measurements of a range of oral health variables including oral disease, disease history, oral status and various social and demographic measures. Main outcome measures:The presence of root caries, unsound and sound root restorations. Results:Of the five different models of root caries prevalence which were used, RPDs featured as an independent risk indicator for root surface cades in the three which were related to the presence of untreated disease. The odds ratios for the contribution made by RPDs were all over 1.6, and when considered alone was in excess of 2 in one model. These models were generally well fitting. RPDs did not feature as a risk indicator in the two models which related only to the presence of root surface restorations. Conclusions:In this study, where RPDs were present, the odds of untreated disease being present increased substantially
The normative need for tooth extractions in older adults in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Hawkins R.J. , Main P.A. , Locker D. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractObjective: To determine the reasons for clinically defined need for tooth extractions were examined. Design:Descriptive survey; interview and clinical data. Setting:The City of North York, Canada. Subjects:1,531 dentate adults aged 65 and over, 69% being nursing home residents. Measurements: Age, sex, type of residence and dental attendance pattern. Outcome measure: Normative need for tooth extraction. Results:One or more extractions were required by 38% of nursing home residents and 21% of independently‐living subjects. The mean number of teeth indicated for extraction were 1.4 and 0.6, respectively. Among nursing home residents, caries was more often the reason for extraction for almost all tooth types, but for independently‐living subjects periodontal reasons were more common. Overall, a significantly higher proportion of nursing home residents needed extractions due to both caries and periodontal reasons (25% and 16%) compared to subjects who lived independently (10% and 11%). For nursing home residents in all age groups, more subjects required caries‐related extractions, but for independently‐living subjects about equal proportions required extractions due to caries and periodontal diseases. Although the percentage of subjects requiring extraction due to caries varied significantly by age and residence type, the percentage needing extractions due to periodontal diseases showed slight variation and remained under 20%. Conclusion:This study indicates that among high risk groups of older adults caries continues to be the major reason for tooth extraction. However, problems with sampling limit the external validity of these results.
Cephalometric evaluation of the changes in mandibular symphysis after 7 years of denture wearing
Authors: Karkazis H.C. , Lambadakis J. , Tsichlakis K. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractObjective: To evaluate changes in mandibular symphysis during 7 years of complete denture wearing following extraction of natural anterior teeth. Design:Comparison among measurements taken at four different occasions in a prospective cephalometric study. Setting:The study was conducted at the Dental School of Athens University. Subjects:10 complete denture wearers (5 women, 5 men) with average age of 53.2 years, at the beginning of the study. Measures:Linear and area measurements of the mandibular symphysis. Results:The overall reduction in the anterior mandibular height was 7.87 mm and in the mandibular symphysis area 54.8 mm2 (p<0.05). Females presented higher total average reduction in both variables tested, and more rapid bone loss during the first two years of denture wear, compared to men. Superimposition of the tracings revealed considerable individual variation in mandibular symphysis changes. Conclusion:Results are in line with the findings of other authors indicating continuous reduction and dramatic inter‐subject variation in the mandibular alveolar bone, following extraction of natural teeth and wearing of complete dentures.
Oro‐facial muscles: internal structure, function and ageing
Authors: McComas Alan J 
Published: January 2004

AbstractStructure and function are reviewed in the masticatory muscles and in the muscles of the lower face and tongue. The enormous strength of jaw closure is in large part due to the pinnated arrangement of the muscle fibres in the masseter. This muscle, like other masticatory muscles, is unusual in that the cell bodies of the muscle spindle afferents lie in the brain stem rather than in an external ganglion; spindles are absent in the lower facial muscles. Although few data are available, the numbers of motor units in the masticatory muscles, and probably in the lower facial muscles also, appear to he much greater than in limb muscles. The motor units in the facial and tongue muscles are largely composed of histochemical type II (‘fast‐twitch’) fibres, but in the masticatory muscles there are substantial numbers of fibres intermediate between type I (‘slow twitch’) and type II, and fibre type grouping is present. In comparison with limb muscles, there is little information on ageing changes in oro‐facial muscles. The masticatory muscles do, however, show some atrophy and loss of X‐ray density, while motor unit twitches are prolonged. Strength is reduced in the tongue and masticatory muscles. It is known that limb muscle properties are largely governed by their innervation, both through the pattern and amount of impulse activity, and the delivery of trophic messengers; the situation for oro‐facial muscles is unclear. The structural and functional differences between the two types of muscle indicate the need for conducting ageing studies on the oro‐facial muscles, rather than relying on extrapolations from limb muscles.
Exercise and nutritional needs of elderly people: effects on muscle and bone
Authors: Evans William J. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractAdvancing age is associated with a remarkable number of changes in body composition. Reductions in lean body mass have been well characterized. This decreased lean body mass occurs primarily as a result of losses in skeletal muscle mass1, 2. This age‐related loss in muscle mass has been termed sarcopenial3. Loss in muscle mass accounts for the age‐associated decreases in basal metabolic rate, muscle strength, and activity levels, which, in turn is the cause of the decreased energy requirements of the elderly. In sedentary individuals, the main determinant of energy expenditure is fat‐free mass, which declines by about 15% between the third and eighth decade of life. It also appears that declining caloric needs are not matched by an appropriate decline in caloric intake, with the ultimate result an increased body fat content with advancing age. Increased body fatness along with increased abdominal obesity are thought to be directly linked to the greatly increased incidence of Type II diabetes among the elderly. This review will discuss the extent to which regularly performed exercise can effect nutritional needs and functional capacity in the elderly. In addition, some basic guidelines for beginning an exercise program for older men and women, and establishing community‐based programs are provided.
Age changes in bone
Authors: Boyde A. , Kingsmill V.J. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractChanges in bone structure as a function of age have been studied by simple inspection, x‐ray imaging, stereo‐photography, deep field optical microscopy, circularly polarised light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), including both topographic and compositional backscattered electron (BSE) imaging modes. The study of bone as a three‐dimensional object, rather than in thin sections, enables us to envisage modelling and remodelling processes in context. The study of ultra‐flat block surfaces permits the acquisition of data from an effectively very thin layer in the block face, and to examine bone as a spectrum of tissue types varying in the degree of mineralisation. Particular attention has been paid in our earlier studies to the iliac crest, lumbar vertebral bodies, femoral mid‐shaft, neck and head and parietal and frontal skull bones. Recently, we have compared findings from these sites with observations on the mandible. We conclude, from our new imaging data, that common generalisations about the changes in bone in ageing and osteoporosis are too simplified, and that the mandible differs sufficiently from post‐cranial skeletal sites that it would be unwise to extrapolate from findings in the jaw to the circumstances elsewhere.
Cellular and molecular aspects of muscle growth, adaptation and ageing
Authors: Goldspink Geoffrey 
Published: January 2004

SummaryAlthough major advances have been made over the past few decades in prosthetic dentistry, deterioration in oral function and altered facial appearance are still common accompaniments of ageing. Molecular biology methods now allow us to understand these age‐related changes at the level of gene expression. Muscle loss as well as bone loss still present major problems, the magnitude of which increases as the age profile of our society changes. Both muscle and bone tissue respond to mechanical signals for which bone depends on muscle and for muscle, stretch has been shown to be important as it induces protein synthesis and an increase in girth as well as length of the muscle fibres. The latter involves the production of more sarcomeres in series so that the jaw muscles adapt to a new functional length following changes in vertical dimension of occlusion. It also determines the postural position of the lower jaw. In our investigations into the control of muscle mass we have recently cloned a growth factor which is expressed in exercised and/or overloaded muscles. This comes in two forms: an autocrine or local form and a paracrine or systemic form. Both growth factors influence muscle growth markedly and it is probable that the systemic type is also involved in maintenance of bone. The discovery of these growth factors provides the mechanisms by which mechanical signals are transduced into chemical signals that in turn regulate gene expression and protein synthesis.