bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Limits Of Prudery
Authors: Gash Norman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all Surtees’ satirical remarks on the foibles of his society, perhaps the most startling comes in chapter xiv of Plain or Ringlets. In giving an account of the swim ming race at the Roseberry Rocks Regatta, he describes how a score of hobbledehoys strip off their clothes in a boat lying offshore, in full view of the spectators on the beach, ‘in a way that but at the seaside would have a very embarrassing effect’. He then talks about sea-bathing in general and reflects how circumstances affect conventions of modesty in women.
Stage-Coaches, Steam, And Speed
Authors: Gash Norman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Half-way through Surtees’ life began the revolution in transport which more than anything else separated the Victorian age from all that had preceded it. The coming of the railways provided the country with a cheap and comprehensive system of moving people and goods long distances at speeds which bore no recognizable relationship to what had previously been possible. In the space of a few years the British public was able to travel three times faster than it had been accustomed before. The whole popular concept of speed was transformed. The limitations imposed by the rate at which a horse could gallop, oars propel a boat, or wind drive canvas, were now irrelevant.
Austerity in Britain
Authors: Zweiniger-Bargielowska Ina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Austerity in Britain is the first book to explore the entire episode of rationing, austerity, and fair shares from 1939 until 1955. These policies were central to the British war effort and to post-war reconstruction. The book analyses the connections between government policy, consumption, gender, and party politics during and after the Second World War. The economic background to austerity, the policy's administration, and changes in consumption standards are examined. Rationing resulted in at times extensive black markets and popular attitudes to the policy ranged from wartime acquiescence to post-war discontent. Austerity in Britain qualifies the myth of common sacrifice on the home front and highlights the limitations of the fair-shares policy which failed to achieve genuine equality between classes or between men and women. The continuation of rationing and austerity policies after 1945 was central to party politics. Disaffection, particularly among women, undermined Labour's popularity while the Conservatives' critique of austerity was instrumental to the party's victories at the general elections of 1951 and 1955.
Domiciliary and Dispensary Maternity Provision
Authors: Marks Lara V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much of the care Jewish mothers in East London received before, during, and after childbirth was provided outside hospitals. Most charitable provision was available to mothers in their own homes and did not bind them to restrictions imposed on those confined within institutions. Nevertheless these services had their own demands which could be problematic for Jewish mothers. This chapter examines the forms of support which were available outside the hospitals in East London, and the interactions which Jewish patients had with these services. Directories for East London charitable organizations between 1870 and 1939 indicate an enormous number of organizations working for the benefit of the mother and child, beyond what might perhaps be expected for such a poor area, and starting from a very early period. In his study of poverty in East London, Charles Booth revealed a complex network of district nursing organizations,
The Holy Roman Empire as a Legal System
Authors: Willoweit Dietmar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The early modern state did not develop in Germany, as it did in other European countries, out of a whole nation, but out of the territories of princes, which were connected with each other as part of the Empire through common institutions, and whose political independence was therefore restricted. In order to comprehend the process of creating a state in Germany, it is therefore necessary to take the structures of the Empire into account. It then becomes clear that the mechanisms of jurisdiction, which elsewhere played a decisive role in cementing the state authority, performed essential functions of state within the Empire as pre-state and transboundary organizational forms. In other words, in considering the importance of the law for the emergence of the modern state, it must be pointed out that in the Holy Roman Empire the traditional legal structures hin dered the process rather than furthered it. This does not equally apply to the leg islation.
The Impact of Central Institutions
Authors: Ribalta Pere Molas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The early modern period in Europe has been labelled by the French historian Yves Durand ‘the age of monarchies ‘, because monarchy was then the prevailing form of government. Of course, there were important exceptions: the Italian republics (Venice, Genoa) from the Middle Ages onwards, the Swiss cantons from the fourteenth century, and the United Provinces of the Netherlands from the second half of the sixteenth century. These exceptions stemmed to a large extent from the development of autonomous municipal government, but none the less they had all originally formed parts of some medieval monarchy, from which they had later separated in exceptional circumstances. But as a rule it was the monarchy which-to use a biological metaphor-became the growthpoint of the modern state. On the whole, the development of the state was the consequence of the expansion of monocratic power. The chief instruments of this expansion were new central institutions created to serve the prince, but which quite often became detached from his person and attached themselves to some transpersonal concept of the commonwealth.
Power Elites and Dependent Territories
Authors: Rao Anna Maria , Supphellen Steinar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we shall discuss whether power elites in dependent territories present particular characteristics in comparison with those of other territories, and whether those characteristics are such as to make their study of special relevance to an understanding of the role of power elites in the origins of the modern state? First, how should we define ‘dependent ‘ territories in Europe from the thirteenth to the eighteenth century? In a study published in 1914, Robert Redslob defined the freedom of a territory as the ability to promulgate and defend its own laws. Consequently, he described dependency as the lack of such freedom, or as a lesser degree of freedom than that of territories directly integrated in a state.1 This definition however cannot be generalized and is not often applicable in our period. More recently, the social sciences have dealt with this problem2 with particular regard to theories of imperialism and economic development, ‘ often applied to Latin America. But these theories too, which deal with the problem of dependency from an economic point of view, appear inapplicable to the problem we are considering here.
The Competence of the Rural Commune
Authors: Blickle Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Scandinavia, what is designated the communal sector of rural society should be restricted to public matters, such as administration of justice, military defence, and the opportunities which they afforded the prosecuting village communities or subjects. No survey of the number of such lawsuits has yet been made, only individual cases have been studied. In any case, it is clear that, on the whole, peasant resistance moved increasingly in the direction of juridification for the resolution of conflicts.
Summary
Authors: Blickle Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of similarities and parallels can be found in the development and constitution of the peasantry and rural communes, and their role in peasant resistance, between the territories of the Empire and the Scandinavian countries. This is true not only of the structure of the communes and the scope of their jurisdictions, but also of their relationship with the authorities and the steps they took to preserve their rights and further their interests as well as the form of their resistance and the solution of conflicts.
The Three Monarchies
Authors: Blickle Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While our three states have much in common—in particular the adherence to Roman Catholicism—their government systems were formed in different ways. These are analysed in detail elsewhere in the ESF ‘Origins of the Modern State in Europe’ programme, and it may therefore suffice to list briefly when they embarked on the road to absolutism: Spain from 1500, France from the late sixteenth century, Austria c.1630. The first victory of the centralizing state was a change in the political balance between monarch and opposition, without an immediate challenge or abolition of the established institutions like Cortes, Estates General and provincial estates, diets, or sovereign courts of the Parlement type. This early absolutism was political rather than institutional, and institutional rather than social. Considerable change was to follow over the two or three centuries of the early modern period, but without ever reaching the bottom layer of society or questioning the privileges of the highest social groups. The most profound institutional change was probably effected by the ‘Enlightened’ absolutism of Austria.
A Whig Inheritance
Authors: Mitchell L G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William Lamb, second Viscount Melbourne, disliked the idea of biography. He particularly disliked any notion that his own life should be examined. Late in life, he looked back ‘with astonishment at the things I’ve done; they seem to me so absurd, and so wrong; it seems quite impossible, quite incredible’. He liked to claim that he had once been the assiduous keeper of a journal, but that ‘looking back to it some time afterwards he was so alarmed at what he saw that he made up his mind to destroy everything’. This was probably untrue. The gap between Melbourne’s public statements and behaviour and his private emotions was huge. No man hid his feelings more effectively. In this case, he kept a journal intermittently for the first thirty-four years of his life, and began an autobiography at roughly the same age. All these volumes survive. So far from destroying his past, Melbourne was intensely interested in it.
Tories, Radicals, Irishmen, a King, and Lord Grey, 1834-1841
Authors: Mitchell L G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From its inception, the Melbourne administration attracted the attention of those keen to write its obituary. It was seen to be terminally ill from the moment of its birth. It was to be dismissed as terminally ill for the next seven years. After all, the Tories were against it, and that meant that the government would always face a hostile majority in the House of Lords. The King was barely for it. Earl Grey and his family were in theory supportive, but in fact acted in a manner that was disruptive. By so doing, they allowed the trusteeship of Whiggery to be disputed. As a result, Melbourne was forced to rely on the votes of Radicals and Irishmen, skittish creatures with a tendency to bolt.
Women and Private Life, 1828-1841
Authors: Mitchell L G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To understand fully Melbourne's performance as Home Secretary and Prime Minister it is vital to keep in mind the vicissitudes of his private life, for they informed everything he did. His marriage had left terrible scars. He had survived the experience by cauterizing his feelings. Avoiding emotional or intellectual commitment of any sort became his preferred option. He was horribly afraid of taking anything or anyone too seriously, lest such involvement should lead to the experiences of his marriage being repeated. An armour of amused and philosophical detachment was his everyday wear. It is just possible that the young Victoria unconsciously breached his emotional defences. Some contemporaries suspected that he was genuinely fond of her.
Victoria, 1837-1841
Authors: Mitchell L G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In June 1837, William IV died. He was succeeded by his niece, Victoria, who was just 18 years old. Not only was she young in years, she was also young in experience. Neither George IV nor William IV had allowed her to see much of the world, or to be trained for kingship. Worse, she had had few emotional points of reference. Her father, Edward, Duke of Kent, had died when she was a mere girl. Her mother was pretentious, ambitious, and increasingly resented. Trust and affection were therefore directed towards her governess, the Baroness Lehzen. For such a girl, spirited, enquiring but unknowing, to come upon the world suddenly as an anointed queen must have been an astonishing experience.
The Birth of Sensibility
Authors: Langford Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1760s and 1770s there was a revolution in the making, called by some a sentimental revolution. In part its function was to express the middle-class need for a code of manners which challenged aristo cratic ideals and fashions. It also had a bearing on one of the most influential developments of the late eighteenth century, the search for the ‘sublime’ in religion, literature, architecture, and scenery. There was some concern about the threat which sentiment posed to conventional morality, but in an English context it ultimately served to stem the tide of deism and reinforce the religious conservatism of the day. Its most beneficial consequence was thought to be a heightened sensitivity to the social and moral problems brought by economic change. A new age of phil anthropy was horn, and a new generation of phil anthropists, armed with novel statistical techniques, sought a range of reforms. They were led by men such as Hanway and Howard, eccentric but earnest campaigners in the cause of self-conscious public improvement. Parliament found itself at the centre of an increasingly open debate about the proper direction of social policy. However, progress with institutional change was slow. Criminal law and the Poor Law, both subject to intense criticism, proved particularly resistant to the new climate of opinion. Yet there was a surge of interest in charitable activity, much of it devoted to the discipline as well as the relief of the labouring poor. ‘Sensibility’ found diverse and suitable objects of appeal in children, animals, and nonEuropean peoples. Many of the attitudes which were to characterize the evangelical revival of the age of Wilberforce were already to be glimpsed in that creation of the third quarter of the eighteenth century, the ‘man of feeling’.
Henry Mayr-Harting at Liverpool
Authors: Brooke Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One cannot truly separate Mayr-Harting at Liverpool from Mayr-Harting at Oxford; for he brought with him all that was best of Oxford and Merton in a zeal to teach, dedication to the needs of his students, training in research widely and deeply based, and an ideal of a college and university community-which never led him to patronize the provincial university, yet never let him accept its methods and values with complacency. When we fostered a research student of outstanding brilliance in Ian Kershaw, Henry strongly advised him to move to Oxford-and told his supervisor afterwards. Later on, by an attraction as near infallible as a historian can admit, he followed Ian back to Oxford himself, and has been there ever since. But Liverpool has always meant much to him; and it was not only a ripple of the Isis which he brought to the Mersey: he brought too his own special gifts of charm, brilliant imagination, and incisiveness of mind. It was said of a famous boxer that no one was ever quite the same who had once felt his glove. None of us, staff or students-or the wide circle of his friends on Merseyside-went unaffected by him.
No Bishop, No King: The Ministerial Ideology of Kingship and Asser’S Res Gestae Aelfredi
Authors: Kempshall Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing about the character and achievements of a distinguished individual can constitute more than just an encomium. It can also acknowledge the nurture an author has received, discharge a debt of friendship, present an instructive exemplar for imitation, and ensure that a testament will be handed down to the memory of posterity. The consequences for writing about the life and conduct of an early medieval king are considerable. If it is not just a vehicle for praise but also a means of instruction, then a modern categorization as ‘historiography’ should not be allowed to conceal the different possibilities which may have underpinned the original composition. Given the subtlety of the connection between a prescriptive and a descriptive vita, between the presentation of an ideal and the historical reality to which it may, or may not, have corresponded, the recovery of such meaning frequently depends on identifying the audience for which a text was written.
Events That Led To Sainthood: Sanctity and the Reformers in the Eleventh Century
Authors: Cushing Kathleen G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few historians would look to measure the eleventh-century reformers in terms of sanctity, especially those associated with Pope Gregory VII. Indeed, an abiding image of the Gregorian reforming circle is of men of practical expediency who preferred the harsher lines of polemic and law to the finer spiritual leanings of contemplation and salvation that are generally thought to characterize sanctity. Though this clearly is a one-sided view of the religious vision of the reformers, it is a stereotype that persists in modern historiography. Somewhat more surprising, it is a view that also finds support in the Lives of some eleventh-century reformers.
Philipon versus Louis-Philippe: Political Caricature, 1830–1835
Authors: Kerr David S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philipon’s political allegiance became a matter of controversy the moment he emerged from obscurity in the aftermath of the July Revolution, and no consensus has yet been reached as to what his political opinions were, or indeed whether he had any at all. Contemporaries who dismissed caricature as immoral, or at best frivolous, questioned the sincerity of his political commitment.
Caricature and its Publics
Authors: Kerr David S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Confidence in the power of caricature was fostered by the widespread belief that the French were both especially gifted satirists and peculiarly susceptible to ridicule, and by the fact that it was taken to be a distinctly democratic institution. Champ Fleury considered that caricature was, along with the press, ‘le cri des citoyens’, a political voice for the disfranchised. Caricaturists, he believed, acted as interpreters for the masses: ‘Ceux que ceuxcine prevent expr merest traduit par les hommes dont la mission consiste à mettre en lumiere les sentiments in times du peuple. ’ They performed this function by crystallizing the people’s hopes and antipathies into convenient symbols. ‘Symbolisateurs sans le savoir’ caricaturists, it was thought, manufactured a language in which (in Michelet’s words) ‘le peuple puisse parler au peuple’. Philipon himself made a similar claim about the popular nature of caricature in September 1835. In the final issue of La Caricature he argued that he and his artists had produced their work ‘sous !’inspiration du peuple don’t nous n’etions en quelque sorte que les secretaires et les peintres’.
Picturing The Past
Authors: Mitchell Rosemary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This monograph is a wide-ranging and sophisticated analysis of representations in text and image of the English past between 1830 and 1870. It consists of a series of inter-related case-studies of illustrated history books, ranging from editions of David Humes History of England to W. H. Ainsworths The Tower of London (1840). It contributes to present debates on nationalism, highlighting the complex and variable nature of cultural constructions of identity. Simultaneously, if offers an overall interpretation of historiographical change in early and mid-Victorian Britain, focusing in particular on the transition from picturesque reconstructions of the English past to the scientific approaches of the professional historian. Genuinely interdisciplinary, Picturing the Past presents new perspectives on traditional studies of Victorian historiography, literature, and illustration. It explores relationships between text and image, author, illustrator, and publisher, in the production of illustrated historical texts, often drawing on neglected material in publishers archives. The tendency to analyse text and image, fiction and non-fiction, popular and elite publications in isolation from each other is challenged in the interests of a more complex and nuanced portrait of the middle-class Victorian historical consciousness.
Experiments with History: The Later Novels of W. H. Ainsworth and their Illustrations and the Decline of the Picturesque Historical Novel
Authors: Mitchell Rosemary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During a conversation with John Forster in 1870, Robert Browning mentioned meeting the novelist William Harrison Ainsworth; the biographer of Dickens exclaimed ‘Good Heavens! ... is he still alive ? ’ The obscurity of the novelist who had once been seen as the rival of Dickens reflected the difficulties of continuing to write the picturesque historical fiction typical of the 1830s and 1840s after the middle of the century.
Policing and Punishment in London, 1660-1750
Authors: Beattie J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study examines the considerable changes that took place in the criminal justice system in the City of London in the century after the Restoration, well before the inauguration of the so-called 'age of reform'. The policing institutions of the City were transformed in response to the problems created by the rapid expansion of the metropolis during the early modern period, and as a consequence of the emergence of a polite urban culture. At the same time, the City authorities were instrumental in the establishment of new forms of punishment - particularly transportation to the American colonies and confinement at hard labour - that for the first time made secondary sanctions available to the English courts for convicted felons and diminished the reliance on the terror created by capital punishment. The book investigates why in the century after 1660 the elements of an alternative means of dealing with crime in urban society were emerging in policing, in the practices and procedures of prosecution, and in the establishment of new forms of punishment.
The Revolution, Crime, and Punishment in London, 1690-1713
Authors: Beattie J M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The system of criminal administration in late seventeenth-century London had been shaped by changes in the law and in the practice of the courts over the previous two centuries in what might be regarded as a first phase of an early modern response to the problems of urban crime. With respect to serious violence against the person, or property offences accompanied by the threat of violence, the criminal law had been altered in the sixteenth century by the powerful idea that benefit of clergy could be controlled and limited by statute. In a stream of Tudor enactments the saving power of clerical privilege was sharply restricted by being granted only to men who could prove their literacy in court (adapting its ecclesiastical origins to a social purpose) and, even more tellingly, by being removed altogether from the most heinous and feared crimes.