bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Policy-Making Capacities of European Party Government
Authors: Kernan Hans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It almost goes without saying that party government is the irreducible core of any representative democracy, not least since the political executive is constitutionally empowered to run the ‘affairs of the state’. Equally uncontentious is the proposition that most representative democracies have a constitution (or a set of basic Jaws) that provides a system of ‘checks and balances’ between the executive and legislative. The relationship between the latter differs across democratic systems and is of course also shaped by the development over time of a myriad set of informal rules as to how the “game’ is played in reality. Ultimately, however, it is political parties that define the actual room for manoeuvre of the key actors of party government: political parties and other organized interests that have access to the decision-making arena.
Introduction
Authors: Paley Morton D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1820 William Blake completed the printing of the first complete copy of Jerusalem, his greatest illuminated work. Its creation had been an enormous labour, and one that had interlocked with two other ambitious projects: The Four Zoas and Milton. Blake gave up work on The Four Zoas manuscript around 1807.1 Milton was issued c.1810, and Blake probably worked on Jerusalem all through those years and afterwards.
Dark Pastoral: Illustrations to Thornton’s Virgil
Authors: Paley Morton D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1821 there appeared the third edition of Dr Robert John Thornton’s The Pastorals of Virgil, with a Course of English Reading, Adapted for Schools.1 The first edition of this work, unillustrated, had been published in 1812.2 Eighty-one pages of illustrations for it, from one to five on a page, were published separately in 1814,3 and a second edition with these included appeared in 1819.4
Who Belongs to Reading Groups?
Authors: Hartley Jenny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What does our survey tell us about the people who belong to reading groups? The most obvious and unsurprising thing is that most of them are women. All-female groups account for 69 per cent of the groups; 4 per cent are all-male (Table 7). If we exclude the groups contacted via Orange (the association with the Orange Prize might lead to a female bias), the figure for all-female groups is still high, at 66 percent, with all-male groups at 6 percent.
Hard but Hardly Relevant: Party-Based Euroscepticism in Belgium
Authors: Deschouwer Kris , Assche Martine Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Euroscepticism is not that easy to find in Belgium. The main reason for that is the lack of any serious public and political debate about the place and the role of the European Union (EU). Europe is there and has more or less always been there. It is not an issue at all. In national elections, parties do not engage in debates about their position on Europe. European elections produce a debate between European believers and even stronger believers. If both types of elections are organized simultaneously (as in 1999 and in 2004), the European elections tend to lose all their relevance.
Embracing Europe, Opposing EU-rope?Party-based Euroscepticism in the Czech Republic
Authors: Hanley Sean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) in 1989, many commentators saw the democratic traditions, political stability, and successful economic reform programme of Czechoslovakia—and latterly the Czech Republic—as making the country a prime candidate for membership of the European Union (EU). These expectations were largely confirmed by the Czech Republic’s inclusion in 1997 amongst the first CEE states invited to begin accession negotiations and the successful conclusion of these negotiations in December 2002.
Explaining the Failure of Euroscepticism in the European Parliament
Authors: Benedetto Giacomo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eurosceptics have failed to transform success in the European elections of certain member states into legislative and campaigning achievements within the European Parliament. This is at a time when the Parliament has developed a substantial role within the European Union (EU) legislative system that Eurosceptics oppose. Negligible alliance-building between Eurosceptic representatives is compounded by the failure to construct a homogeneous political group or any of the wider parallel structures common to the established party families at the European level. This chapter shows that unless other issues are also pursued, as is the case for the Soft Eurosceptics who have other policy interests, the European Parliament is an unrewarding location for Eurosceptics.
Two-dimensional spectroscopy
Authors: Freeman Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Experiments that irradiate the sample with two radiofrequency fields are known as double resonance, and by convention the second radiofrequency is labelled B2. Irradiation with B2 perturbs the system and the resulting change is monitored by the radiofrequency B1. The essential property of double resonance investigations is that they correlate what happens at one chemical site with what happens at another, thereby establishing that there is an interaction between them. This normally indicates that the two sites are in the same molecule and relatively close to one another.
How safe is magnetic resonance imaging?
Authors: Freeman Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many clinical procedures involve a certain degree of risk to the patient; the justification being that, without them, the consequences to health would be far more serious. The use of X-rays is one well-known example, involving penetration by potentially dangerous ionizing radiation. While MRI is far safer than X-ray methods, it is unusual in that it involves some new kinds of potential hazard exposure to strong, constant magnetic fields, magnetic field gradients, time varying magnetic fields, and radiofrequency irradiation. Until relatively recently there was no reason to immerse humans in intense magnetic fields, and there was very little empirical evidence about possible health hazards. Even less information was available on the effects of magnetic field gradients or on time dependent magnetic fields. On the other hand, the heating effect of radio frequency and microwave fields is well documented, and they have been used for physiotherapy and in hyperthermia for cancer treatment. Recently, concern has grown about the possible hazard from low-frequency radiation from electric power lines and the radiofrequency radiation emitted by mobile telephones.
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Freeman Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most useful and immediate impact of magnetic resonance in medicine has undoubtedly been the ability to display images of living systems (MRI) but some scientists are more excited about an alternative avenue of research-the non invasive study of biochemistry within the human body. This is now generally referred to as MRS, or sometimes in vivo spectroscopy. The basic principle is very simple-focus attention on a restricted volume within a particular organ of the body and then study the high-resolution NMR spectrum from that site. The way in which that spectrum changes with variations in metabolism, disease, or drug treatment affords an unprecedented insight into human biochemistry. Unlike MRI, in vivo spectroscopy appears to offer the possibility of suggesting biochemical treatments for disease rather than merely a diagnosis of pathology. Progress in MRS has however been slower than in MRI, probably because the technical problems have been more severe. Magnetic resonance imaging quickly achieved wide spread acceptance because it promised better pictures than the well-established X-ray methods; in vivo spectroscopy had no true forerunner at all.
High-resolution NMR of body fluids
Authors: Freeman Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even before the advent of MRI, high-resolution NMR spectroscoplsts were already exploring applications to human biochemistry. Some of these involved the analysis of human body fluids, which, in many cases, are readily accessible. NMR spectroscopy became yet another high-technology weapon in a well-stocked armoury of clinical tests. A parallel line of research led to the introduction of in vivo MRS (Chapter 14). However, the study of biofluids has the advantage over MRS in that the samples are normally isotropic liquids, and far more homogeneous than the organs or tissues of the human body. This makes them more amenable to high-resolution NMR spectroscopy.
Dorchester
Authors: Millgate Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was in September 1850 that Hardy first walked the three miles in from Higher Bockhampton to present himself at the British School kept by Isaac Glandfield Last in Greyhound Yard, Dorchester. Because of his early physical weakness and slow development, compounded by his late begun and already interrupted schooling, he was a year or two older than most of the other boys—although he looked a good deal younger. Fellow pupils and other contemporaries remembered him as a small, serious, clever, rather solitary child with a large head, who customarily carried a satchel full of books and was always ready to help slower students with their lessons.¹ According to one story he went for his lunch each schoolday to Rebecca and Amelia Sparks, the unmarried sisters of his uncle by marriage James Sparks. They lived in Dorchester, working at home as shoebinders, and are said to have not especially appreciated Hardy ‘s enthusiasm for conjuring tricks—such as tossing buttered bread to the ceiling and making it stick there or throwing the contents of the sugar bowl into the air and catching them in his cupped hands as they descended.²
The Return of the Native
Authors: Millgate Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 22 March 1878 the Hardys moved into 1 Arundel Terrace, Trinity Road, Tooting, sometimes called The Larches, the end house of a three-storeyed red-brick Victorian terrace. Wandsworth Common and Wandsworth Common Station were only a few minutes ‘ walk away, but the house was not otherwise notable for charm or convenience. Writing rather apologetically to Kegan Paul on 21 June, Hardy explained that ‘for such utter rustics as ourselves Tooting seemed town enough to begin with ‘. Emma meanwhile sent Mrs Dashwood a harrowing account of the problems of furnishing a house considerably bigger than Riverside Villa.¹
Return to Dorchester
Authors: Millgate Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the Hardys did not get away from Wimborne in April 1883, they were able to do so at midsummer, when the second year of their lease expired. ‘We leave this place in the latter part of the month—much to my exhilaration, ‘ Hardy told Gosse on 12 June. ‘A man has been here to look at our furniture, which he “carries in his eye” (so he says) till he has made an estimate for removing it. ‘¹ But if Hardy was glad to turn his back on Wimborne, the time spent there had been by no means unproductive. It had provided him with a comfortable and undemanding context in which to recover from his illness. It had given him the opportunity to get the ‘feel ‘ of Dorset again without having to confront the kinds of social pressure that the return to Dorchester would bring. And it had allowed and even compelled him to undertake that reconsideration of his whole career—past, present, and future—which would eventually bear fruit in The Mayor of Casterbridge and the other major achievements of the next several years.
The Publication of Jude
Authors: Millgate Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 1 November 1895 Jude the Obscure was published by Osgood, McIlvaine as a single volume, the familiar Victorian three-volume format for novels having virtually disappeared following recent industry-wide changes in publishing and distribution practices. That same day Sir George Douglas arrived at Max Gate for a short visit and was alone with Hardy in his study when the first copy of the novel was delivered: ‘The auspices, I remember, were not flattering, the weather being gloomy, whilst Mrs Hardy was suffering from an accident sustained in learning to cycle. ‘
Pessimistic Meliorist
Authors: Millgate Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reviewers of Wessex Poems, echoing the reception of Hardy ‘s later novels, repeatedly invoked the term ‘pessimism ‘, as if in so doing they were simultaneously defining a distinctive philosophical position and enforcing an adverse critical judgement. Hardy ‘s exasperation at being so crudely categorized was exceeded only by his overwhelming sense of the inconceivability of ‘optimism ‘ in a world of such radical imperfection. Picking up a reference to Browning in an article on ‘Form in Poetry ‘ for which Gosse had taken Wessex Poems as his text, Hardy exclaimed: ‘The longer I live the more does B. ‘s character seem the literary puzzle of the 19th century. How could smug Christian optimism worthy of a dissenting grocer find a place inside a man who was so vast a seer & feeler when on neutral ground? ‘ In a much later note, prepared for inclusion in Life and Work but not in fact used there, he drew a specific contrast between Browning ‘s outlook and his own: ‘Imagine you have to walk [a] chalk line drawn across an open down. Browning walked it, knowing no more. But a yard to the left of the same line the down is cut by a vertical cliff five hundred feet deep. I know it is there, but walk the line just the same. ‘¹
The Dynasts
Authors: Millgate Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hardy ‘S uncertainty over his forthcoming public appearance in yet another new guise—as author of a verse drama designed to be read rather than performed—was compounded by his domestic worries. Lilian Gifford had again been staying at Max Gate, and in mid-November 1903 Emma carried her off on a visit to Dover and then, purely on impulse, across the Channel to Calais. Messages exchanged between Emma and Bessie Churchill, the Max Gate parlourmaid, were chiefly concerned with the health and comfort of the four household cats. On learning that one of them had been brought home after an absence at the vet ‘s, Emma counselled: ‘Keep Marky away from Pixie—perhaps also from Snow-dove they will try to chase her off. ‘¹ Hardy, who wrote frequently, also mentioned the cats but his inclusion of local gossip and family news suggests that he was chiefly concerned to keep Emma in touch with home and with reality.
Last Things
Authors: Millgate Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hardy ‘S creative energies found their chief outlet at this period in the compilation, revision, and publication of yet another volume of verse, at first unpromisingly called ‘Poems Imaginative & Incidental: with Songs and Trifles ‘, later renamed Human Shows Far Phantasies Songs and Trifles—a less commonplace title, as Hardy remarked to Sir Frederick Macmillan, and easier to remember, since it would in practice simply be called Human Shows. The manuscript was sent to Macmillan at the end of July 1925, and once the proofs arrived Cockerell ‘s assistance in reading and correcting them was again volunteered and gratefully accepted.¹ Although most of the poems in the volume were evidently of recent composition, a substantial number had originated in old notes or drafts that Hardy had come upon while sorting out his papers a few years earlier, the volume as a whole giving much the same impression of, so to speak, homogeneous miscellaneity as Late Lyrics and indeed all of the previous collections.
Plato and Greek Politics
Authors: Klosko George 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plato was born in 428 BC to a distinguished, well-connected Athenian family. His early years were passed in the shadow of the wars between Athens and Sparta, which culminated in the complete victory of Sparta in the year 404. Plato probably saw military service during this conflict, but in the remarkable autobiographical statement preserved in his Seventh Epistle, he does not mention this but rather comments on political events during the closing years of the war. The Athenian democracy was overthrown and replaced by an oligarchy, important members of which were Plato’s relatives and associates. He watched with horror as this regime, which he had considered joining and in which he had lodged great hopes, degenerated into a tyranny. The democracy returned and completed Plato’s disillusionment with politics, by executing Socrates, ‘the best and wisest and most righteous man’ then living (Phaedo 118a). Thus, Plato’s early years were filled with political turmoil and strife. He saw Athens pass from a position of political supremacy in the Greek world to defeat and near destruction. But Athens rose again, and Plato witnessed her resumption of her earlier course.
The European Experiment
Authors: Kymlicka Will 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The European story begins with the collapse of communism in Central and Eastern Europe in 1989, which was accompanied by a number of violent ethnic conflicts. In retrospect, these violent conflicts have largely been confined to the Caucasus and the Balkans. But this wasn ‘t clear at the time. In the early 1990s, many commentators feared that ethnic tensions would spiral out of control in wide swaths of post-communist Europe. When the British magazine New Statesman and Society gave its June 1992 issue the headline ‘Eurogeddon? The Coming Conflagration in East-Central Europe ‘, it was reflecting a pervasive sentiment amongst European observers.
Small Arms Survey 2005
Authors: Evans Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Small Arms Survey 2005: Weapons at War is dedicated to issues surrounding armed conflict, including the sourcing of weapons to conflict areas, weapons use, conflict deaths, and post-conflict disarmament initiatives. This edition also provides an overview of small arms ammunition as well as new and updated information on small arms production, stockpiles, transfers, and international measures. It presents two case studies: one exploring the concept of ‘gun culture’ in Kosovo, the other focusing on the Central African Republic. In addition, this volume surveys representations of small arms and armed violence in contemporary art. The Small Arms Survey is the principal international source of impartial and reliable information on all aspects of small arms. Its blend of information and analysis makes it an indispensable resource for policy-makers, officials, and non-governmental organizations. The Small Arms Survey is an independent research project located at the Graduate Institute of International Studies in Geneva, Switzerland. The project has an international staff with expertise in security studies, political science, international public policy, law, economics, development studies, conflict resolution, and sociology, who work closely with a worldwide network of researchers and partners.
‘Gun Culture’ in Kosovo: Questioning The Origins Of Conflict
Authors: Evans Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The notion of ‘gun culture’ occasionally surfaces in the debate on small arms, particularly in connection with the issue of armed conflict. Although it lacks an established definition, the term is commonly used to denote a particular set of ‘reasons’ for the presence and use of small arms in a given society—reasons that go beyond the ‘economic’ or ‘utilitarian’ needs of individuals and the dynamics of local or international markets. In this sense, ‘gun culture’ is used to indicate a given society’s set of values, norms––both social and legal––and meanings that render the presence of firearms and their possession by private individuals acceptable and legitimate. For example, small arms possession among civilians—usually of firearms—can be seen as a symbol of status, of masculinity, or else, as a source of security where state structures are unable, or unwilling, to provide it.
Charing Cross and the City
Authors: Barrell John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the afternoon of 18 April 1795, according to the Morning Chronicle, the radical novelist and philosopher William Godwin met with a nasty accident in Oxford Street. He was ‘rode over by a man on horseback’ and ‘received a violent contusion in his face, which was also much cut’, though ‘no dangerous consequences are apprehended’.1 An essay by Godwin published two years later may incline us to believe that the collision was not the fault of the horse or its rider. It offers to distinguish between ‘the man of talent and the man without’, by describing how each of them might pass the time during a walk from Temple Bar to Hyde Park Corner at the western end of Oxford Street. The point is to show the generalizing, the abstracting, the imaginative power of men such as himself, as compared with the impoverished intellect of ordinary men. ‘The dull man,’ he suggests,
Hair Powder
Authors: Barrell John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the many thousands who died in the early years of the war with France as a result of William Pitt’s determination to re-establish the monarchy in France, we should probably include the ‘fine fat Russian bear’ whose fresh carcase in December 1795 was on display at Alexander Ross’s Ornamental Hair and Perfumery Warehouse in Bishopsgate Street. Bear’s grease was valued as an ingredient of pomatum, but chiefly as a hair-restorative and hair-strengthener. It was, Ross claimed, ‘the only thing possible to make the Hair grow long and thick, recover it after illness, prevent it falling off, or turning grey during life’.
Risk, Regulation, and Management
Authors: Hutter Bridget M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Risk has emerged as an important concept in academic discussions and also in the worlds of business and government. In many respects it has become a new lens through which to view the world. For some commentators this is consequential upon transformations in modern societies, so risk is related to substantive changes in the worlds we inhabit and to re-conceptualizations of the dangers surrounding us (Giddens 1990; Beck 1992). It is argued that there is a class of risks peculiarly associated with modern societies.
Social Inequality and Risk
Authors: Abbott David , Jones Anwen , Quilgars Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following the work of such authors as Beck (1992) and Giddens (1991, 1994), there has been considerable academic debate in social policy about the emergence of a risk society (Culpitt 1999; Dingwall 1999; Taylor-Gooby et al. 1999). One important factor is that, in a risk society, the traditional fault-lines of social class are no longer the main divisions in people’s ideas about their interests, but that risks, which cut across these lines and may affect all members of society in similar ways, become more important (Taylor-Gooby 2001a).
Separate Selves
Authors: Clark Heather 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The poets did not have much cause to celebrate the new year in 1969— not after the People’s Democracy New Year’s March from Belfast to Derry erupted in violence and ushered in a new era of fear. Loyalist bombings, the Battle of the Bogside, and Terence O’Neill’s resignation followed in the march’s wake; in August, Britain deployed troops in Northern Ireland, and in January of 1970, Sinn Fein split into Official and Provisional wings. Seven months later Westminster would introduce internment without trial. Though the poets knew their home had been built on a slipshod foundation, they were nevertheless unprepared for its quick erosion. The Protestant poets were caught particularly off guard. As Longley said in 1970, ‘as a middle-class Protestant I’d always thought this sort of thing could never happen, and here it was—it had happened’.