bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Doing Science
Authors: Valiela Ivan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Doing Science, second edition, offers a rare compendium of practical advice based on how working scientists pursue their craft. It covers each stage of research, from formulating questions and gathering data to developing experiments and analyzing results and finally to the many ways for presenting results. Drawing on his extensive experience both as a researcher and a research mentor, Ivan Valiela has written a lively and concise survey of everything a beginning scientist needs to know to succeed in the field. He includes chapters on scientific data, statistical methods, and experimental designs, and much of the book is devoted to presenting final results. Now in its second edition, Doing Science has been completely updated and expanded to include a brand-new chapter on doing science in society, as well as increased coverage of the ethics of avoiding conflict of interest. Anyone beginning a scientific career, or who advises students in research will find Doing Science, second edition, an invaluable source of advice.
Obtaining Scientific Information
Authors: Valiela Ivan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We make scientific progress in unpredictable and multifaceted ways. The first impetus is the contribution by individuals of genius and talent. An observation, previous information, accumulated experience, or older theories could spark a new explanation or hypothesis. For Newton, it was the apocryphal falling apple. Galileo is said to have been inspired to develop the laws of mechanical motion after observing an incense filled censer swinging in the Cathedral at Pisa.1 Distracted from the Mass being celebrated, Galileo used his pulse to time the oscillations and found that, regardless of the amplitude of the swing, the period was the same. He then experimentally confirmed the observation and developed equations that mirrored the laws governing the motion. Galileo’s process included three steps. First, he asked the feasible question of how fast objects moved, rather than trying the then-unfeasible task of explaining why they moved. Second, Galileo made connections between the detailed, specific observations he made and general laws that could account for the way objects moved. Third, Galileo insisted on synthesizing the newly gained knowledge by devising a mathematical expression for the laws.
Statistical Analyses
Authors: Valiela Ivan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some studies produce unambiguous results, in which case we do not need statistics. In most cases, however, we need some objective way to evaluate differences in our results. To provide a way to evaluate results with some degree of objectivity, we can use diverse statistical techniques, the subject of this chapter. As mentioned in chapter 2, the core statistical notion (provided by Sir Ronald A. Fisher) was that of seeing whether the effects of some variable of interest are likely to be larger than the effects of chance variation.1 Statisticians have devised many procedures to do such comparisons and to establish relationships among variables.
Principles of Research Design
Authors: Valiela Ivan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We discussed in chapter 1 how a fundamental step in scientific inquiry is to ask, exactly, “What is the question?” Explicit formulation of the question is essential, because it determines what we do in the design of the study that is supposed to answer it. This might appear trivial, but much experience with student-designed studies shows that insufficient critical thought is given to (1) stating the question exactly and (2) designing the work explicitly to answer the question.
“Balkans” as Self-designation
Authors: Todorova Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Given the inglorious coverage the Balkans have had in the West, what is the experience of being called Balkan? How do the ones defined as belonging geo- graphically or historically to the Balkans deal with the name? Do they consider them- selves Balkan and what is meant by this? Several qualifications are in order. This is not a historical survey of the process of creating self-identities and self-designation. Rather, it aims at conveying an idea of present images and emotions as they are articulated in the region. As such, it has some of the advantages and all the drawbacks of an impressionistic painting.
The Discovery of the Balkans
Authors: Todorova Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Balkans per se, that is, as a distinct geographic, social, and cultural entity, were “discovered” by European travelers only from the late eighteenth century on, with the beginning of an awareness that the European possessions of the Ottoman Empire had a distinct physiognomy of their own that merited separate attention apart from their treatment as mere provinces of the Ottomans or simply as archeological sites. Until then, the Ottoman Empire was treated as a unity in Europe and Asia.
Between Classification and Politics: The Balkans and the Myth of Central Europe
Authors: Todorova Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the geographical and political classifications after World War II, a portion of the Balkans had secured an unobtrusive place as part of a common Eastern Europe perceived as a homogeneous appendix of the USSR by the West; another portion had been willingly included into Western Europe, something inconceivable but for the prevailing anticommunist paranoia. In the Balkans themselves, the feeling of Balkan commonality was pushed aside, and the self-designation followed an East- West axis.
Chapter 1
Authors: Chatterji Bankimchandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“the leaseholder”: ijārādār. (from the Persian word, izārā, meaning “lease”). Hara- ballabh didn’t pay his dues directly to the government. His estates were leased to him by Debisingh, who allegedly extorted a large proportion of the revenue they yielded, only to pay a proportion of this himself to his political masters. This was often the practice at the time. Burke referred to this practice in his speech of February 18th, 1788 (see endnotes under ch.8, Part I). Mr. Kumud Ranjan Biswas, a retired Indian Administrative Service officer who is an expert on the history of land tenure, writes (private communication, 12.07.2007): “[In Bengal, toward the end of the Mughal emperor, Aurangzeb’s reign in the early 1700s] land was settled with different kinds of people. Some chieftains held it directly under the central authority, calling themselves Rajas, and others held it on izara (a Persian word meaning lease) from the provincial governor. These izaradars often sub-leased parts of their holdings to people who came to be known as talukdars and by various other names. Debi Chaudhurani’s father-in-law, Haraballabh, must have been one such talukdar under one of the most infamous and oppressive izaradars, Debi Singh. There were disputes among these people over the extent of their geographical jurisdictions, each one trying to encroach upon the others’ holdings. This was because their boundaries were not precisely demarcated. Moreover, the izaradars and talukdars had their own private armies called paiks and barkandazes. Taking advantage of the lawlessness of the time, these landholders, both superior and subordinate, committed widespread depredations. [At that time] the Permanent Settlement of 1793 was yet to be introduced [by the British]. So the izaradars, zamindars [Bengali: jamidar] and talukdars were not the zamindars under the Permanent Settlement Regulation. After the Permanent Settlement came into force all landholders immediately under the government were uniformly called zamindars. There were sublease-holders under them called by various names—talukdars, pattanidars etc.” Bankim does not clarify these time-bound distinctions.
Hyperides’ Funeral Oration
Authors: Herrman Judson 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have just seen, the speeches of the 330s focus on the defeat at Chaeronea, which they present as the most recent event in a long tradition of Athenian accomplishments. These orations pay little attention to subsequent developments, as Philip and Alexander consolidated their control of Greece. But in the 320s Athenian prospects improved dramatically, and the death of Alexander in 323 provided an ideal opportunity to renew the fight for the freedom lost at Chaeronea. Hyperides’ speech reflects the changed situation. With its focus on recent events, it stands apart from Athenian speeches of the 330s and from earlier funeral orations. The Athenians had finally put Chaeronea be- hind them, and Hyperides shows them that the current campaign was more important than any of their ancestors’ achievements.
Reflection Meditation Illtemper Sulkiness Determination
Authors: Darwin Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The act of frowning Reflection with an effort, or with the perception of something difficult or disagreeable Abstracted meditation Ill temper Moroseness Obstinacy Sulkiness and pouting Decision or determination The firm closure of the mouth.
The corrugators, by their contraction, lower the eyebrows and bring them together, producing vertical furrows on the forehead
that is, a frown. Sir C. Bell, who erroneously thought that the corrugator was peculiar to man, ranks it as ‘the most remarkable muscle of the human face. It knits the eyebrows with an energetic effort, which unaccountably, but irresistibly, conveys the idea of mind.’ Or, as he elsewhere says, ‘when the eyebrows are knit, energy of mind is apparent, and there is the mingling of thought and emotion with the savage and brutal rage of the mere animal.’
Hatred and Anger
Authors: Darwin Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hatred Rage, effects of, on the system Uncovering of the teeth Rage in the insane Anger and indignation As expressed by the various races of man Sneering and defiance The uncovering of the canine tooth on one side of the face.
If we have suffered or expect to suffer some willful injury from a man, or if he is in any way offensive to us, we dislike him; and dislike easily rises into hatred. Such feelings, if experienced in a moderate degree, are not clearly expressed by any movement of the body or features, excepting perhaps by a certain gravity of behavior, or by some ill temper. Few individuals, however, can long reflect about a hated person, without feeling and exhibiting signs of indignation or rage. But if the offending person be quite insignificant, we experience merely disdain or contempt. If, on the other hand, he is all-powerful, then hatred passes into terror, as when a slave thinks about a cruel master, or a savage about a bloodthirsty malignant deity. Most of our emotions are so closely connected with their expression, that they hardly exist if the body remains passive the nature of the expression depending in chief part on the nature of the actions which have been habitually performed under this particular state of the mind. A man, for instance, may know that his life is in the extremist peril, and may strongly desire to save it, yet may exclaim as did Louis XVI, when surrounded by a fierce mob, ‘Am I afraid? feel my pulse.’ So a man may intensely hate another, but until his bodily frame is affected he cannot be said to be enraged.
Mock Kings in Medieval Society And Renaissance Drama
Authors: Billington Sandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
King-led outlaw defiance, riotous lords of misrule, proud midsummer mock kings, and stately Inns-of-Court princes: in diverse ways all were reflections of the dominant social order in the Medieval and Tudor periods and, as this book shows, all influenced the writings of Shakespeare and his contemporaries. Mock Kings considers kingship in the light of contemporary accounts of elected kings in outlaw and rebel groups, and compares them with the phenomenon of festive mock kings. The result is a complex picture of interrelation between festive and more serious opposition to the dominant order, as well as the discovery of a midsummer mock-king play tradition. The second part of the book considers the professional theatre from the late 1580s to the mid-Jacobean period, and demonstrates that mock-king patterns, found in less literary contexts, form the structure of many scripted plays. The popularity of some of the minor dramas is understood for the first time when their festive patterns are identified and, by contrast, Shakespeare's genius in transforming inherited structures into complex works of art is thrown into relief. The book shows that serious reflection on the nature of kingship was maintained throughout Renaissance drama.
May Sinclair
Authors: Raitt Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
May Sinclair's 1904 novel, The Divine Fire, made her a household name in both Britain and the US. From then on she was a prominent figure in many of the literary and cultural movements of her day. A committed if ambivalent feminist, she published in the suffragist journal Votes for Women, and was one of the first women in England to go out to the Belgian front in 1914. Towards the end of her active life, she wrote the celebrated modernist novel, Mary Olivier: A Life (1919), and the dense, macabre Life and Death of Harriett Frean (1922). May Sinclair: A Modern Victorian, the first book to appear on May Sinclair in nearly thirty years, draws on newly discovered manuscripts to tell the story of this woman whose emotional isolation bears witness to the great price Victorian women had to pay for their intellectual freedom.
Sophocles’ Antigone and Herodotus Book Three
Authors: West Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When we were blessed with a new Oxford Classical Text of Sophocles in 1990, many readers surely looked first to see whether the editors had voted for or against the authenticity of the passage (Ant. 904-20) where Antigone defends her commitment to Polynices with reasoning more at home in another kind of story, where a wife, being given the opportunity to save one of the three men closest to her, husband, son, or brother, opts for the last, thus so disconcerting the ruler who has given her this dreadful choice that she gains more than was originally offered. Goethe robustly expressed his objections to the passage; but our editors were unmoved by his hope that a competent scholar would show these lines to be interpolated.
The Local Populations
Authors: Reyes A T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is necessary to start by reviewing what is known about Cyprus and its populations in the Cypro-Archaic period. The traditional view maintains that three populations coexisted within the island. These are the Greeks; indigenous inhabitants that modern scholars call ‘Eteocypriots’; and the Phoenicians.1 There is some confusion, however, about the extent to which the historical and archaeological evidence can be used to identify these different ethnic groups. Before proceeding, therefore, one needs to be clear about what can and cannot be known about the local populations of Cyprus in the Cypro-Archaic period.
Epigram and Anthology
Authors: Cameron Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An epigram was originally nothing more than a legend designed to be written on an object, ‘to say whose it is, or who made it, or who has dedicated it to which god, or who is buried underneath it’ . The earliest so far found are in verse, and by convention (how early is uncertain) the term came to be limited to inscriptions in verse, by the fifth century BC predominantly in the metre with which it was to be forever associated, the elegiac couplet.
Rufinus, Diogenian, Ausonius: A Fourth-Century Greek Anthology
Authors: Cameron Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The uncertain evidence about the so-called Sylloge Rufiniana was submitted to a characteristically sensible and efficient but basically inconclusive re-examination by Denys Page. More progress can be made once it is realized that the problems of the Sylloge Rufiniana are linked to that other mysterious anthology of the early empire, the Anthologion of Diogenian of Heraclea. But first Rufinus.
Laurentianus XXXII. 16
Authors: Cameron Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This celebrated codex (hereafter L), compiled by Planudes between 1280 and 1283 (and subsequently bought by Filelfo in 1423 from the widow of J. Chrysoloras in Constantinople), is well known to all serious students of Greek epic. As a light relief an anthology of minor poetry was added, comprising some Phocylides, selected dogmatic poems by Gregory Nazianzen, and two short collections of epigrams. Despite attracting the attention of such cognoscenti as C. Wendel and C. Gallavotti, the epigrams have been curiously neglected by students of the Anthology. Only one editor has read the manuscript at all, H. Beckby for his second edition of 1967–8.
The Sylloge Euphemiana and Σ
π
Authors: Cameron Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In all probability, then, the full text of the anthology of which Sis a fragment was early, perhaps earlier than AP. With Ewe are in a better position; it can be dated to within a decade—though not the decade favoured by modern scholars. According to Waltz, Cephalas’ anthology appeared ‘sans doute un peu avant l’an 900’, and E about 890, ‘l ég èrement anterieur á celui de Cephalas’. It was E, he suggested, that gave Cephalas the idea of ‘une refonte generale’ of the earlier collection.
Vulnerable Places
Authors: Taplin Oliver 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
But I am not to blame, but rather Zeus and Fate and Erinys that walks in darkness: they put a cruel blindness in my mind at the assembly on that day when by my own act I took away his prize from Achilleus. But what could I do? It is god who brings all things to their end. This blindness is Ate, eldest daughter of Zeus, the accursed goddess who blinds all men … So it has been for me in my case now. When great Hektor of the glinting helmet kept destroying the Argives by the sterns of the ships, I could not forget Ate and the blindness she brought on me on that first day. But since I was blinded and Zeus took away my wits, I am ready to take it back and offer the appeasement of limitless reparation. So rise now for battle, and rouse the rest of our people.
Variety
Authors: Dover Kenneth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A papyrus published in 1915 (P.Oxy. 1364) was recognized as containing part of Antiphon the Sophist’s ρ ∈ ρ í ‘Aλ η θας, thanks to Harpocration’s attribution of the words τo γol,, which occur in col. i 18-20 of the papyrus, to that work. This was the first, and it remains the only, truly random sample of a fifthcentury sophistic text to become available to us; what else we have of such works has survived because later authors chose to quote it for its content or form. Five years later P.Oxy. 1797 yielded a substantial piece of what is almost certainly the same work, though not written by the same copyist; and if it is not the same work, so much the better, because it would then be a second random sample of a sophistic treatise. In 1984 P.Oxy. 1797 was augmented by P.Oxy. 3647.
Apuleius in Context: Life, Background, Writings
Authors: Harrison S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Information on the life of Apuleius may be recovered from two main sources-his own works, and the writings of Augustine, another writer from North Africa to whom Apuleius’ works were clearly familiar. We can be sure only of his nomen; the praenomen ‘Luciu’ attributed to Apuleius in some Renaissance manuscripts of his works is not found in ancient sources, and is very likely to be derived from the apparent identity suggested between Apuleius and his narrator Lucius of Corinth at the end of the Metamorphoses (11. 27). A recent suggestion that Apuleius is to be identified with a contemporary L. Apuleius Marcellus known from an inscribed lead pipe in Ostia isan interesting but ultimately unconvincing speculation. We can be sure that he was born in the 120s AD at Madauros, now M’daurouch in Algeria, an inland city then in the Roman province of Africa Proconsularis, situated some 230 kilometres south-west of Carthage (modern Tunis) and some 900 metres above sea level on the southern slopes of the Atlas mountains.
Philosophical Exposition: De Mundoand De Platone
Authors: Harrison S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The De Mundo and De Platone are respectively a free translation of the extant pseudo-Aristotelian Πϵρi Kóσμov and a two-book handbook to the doctrines of Plato, which is also likely to be a translation or paraphrase of an earlier Greek text; both are thus attempts to expound in Latin the doctrines of Greek philosophers. These two works are transmitted along with the De Deo Socratis and the Asclepius in a group of manuscripts of the philosophical works attributed to Apuleius, a group separate from the F tradition which contains the more literary works. As argued in Chapters 2 and 4, the existence of the ‘false preface’ at the beginning of the De Deo Socratis, which I and others believe to have been the original final section of the Florida, suggests that the two extant branches of the manuscript tradition derive from a late antique division of the collected works of Apuleius, possibly at the moment when their texts were copied from papyrus to codex.
Euripides and the Judgement of Paris
Authors: Lloyd-Jones Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is curious that one of the most deservedly popular stories in Greek myth is so seldom treated or even alluded to in early poetry. That it was popular can be seen from the impressive series of representations in art, exhibiting a more or less steady development from the severe archaic treatment of early black-figure to the luxuriance of Roman murals. From the brief outline in Proclus’ Chrestomathy and the few extant fragments it can be seen that the tale was fully treated in the Cypria; and the Hellenistic imagination was fired by its romantic possibilities, to be most fully realized (in the extant literature) by Ovid.
Mr Dawe on Aeschlyus: Some Notes
Authors: Lloyd-Jones Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The interpretation (o) wJµfJc; suggested in the scholia and imported in some MSS into the text may well be ancient (p. 165), but it need not be Aeschylus: grammarians were familiar with the ambiguities of this form from Homer (cf. J: I!. ix. 605, on uµfJc;-n. gen. or adj. nom.; Hdn. Gr. ii. roS L). The sense is in my view inferior, and the idiomatic asyndeton of the vulgate (on which see K.-G. ii. 344) might well have disconcerted an ancient critic. As for the suprascript article, these are ‘as incessant and irritating as a dripping tap’ (p. 165).
Iphigeneia and the Bears of Brauron
Authors: Lloyd-Jones Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
But I am not entirely happy about how she meets Lloyd-Jones’s second point, that if Iphigeneia has been seized by the attendants it is physically impossible for her to shed her robes. ‘It might be possible’, Dr Sourvinou-Inwood suggests, ‘that what seems inexplicable in terms of everyday reality could be seen in a different light if considered in a ritual context.’
Note Solon, Fragment 2 5
Authors: Lloyd-Jones Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Solon is answering his critics (Aristotle, Ath. Pol. xii. 5). The demos has never had it so good. The ‘bigger and stronger men’, µEi,av xat {Jiav aµEivove , also have cause to thank him. For if anyone else had had this office, ‘he would not have restrained the demos, nor would he have stopped, before’, etc. Plutarch (Vit. Sol. r6) introduces the lines in almost the same words.
Line 7 is difficult. Bergk and others construe: ‘until, having stirred up the milk, he had taken the cream’. There are two objections to this. Firstly, the word order would involve an interlacing of main and participial clauses which Greek normally eschews.
Notes on Greek Tragedy, II
Authors: Lloyd-Jones Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So Pearson. The strange series of hypodochmiacs here and at OT 1207ff. (cf. E. Or. 982-4), with brevis in longo without pause at Aj. 421 and OT 1208 (possibly also 1217), seems metrically selfcontained, despite their syntactical interdependence