bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of cacao (Theobroma cacao) clones against seven Colombian isolates of Moniliophthora roreri from four pathogen genetic groups
Authors: Phillips‐Mora W. , Castillo J. , Krauss U. , Rodríguez E. , Wilkinson M. J. 
Published: July 2005

Artificial pod inoculation was used to compare the relative aggressiveness of seven Colombian isolates of Moniliophthora roreri (the causal agent of moniliasis or frosty pod disease), representing four major genetic groupings of the pathogen in cacao (cocoa), when applied to five diverse cacao genotypes (ICS‐1, ICS‐95, TSH‐565, SCC‐61 and CAP‐34) at La Suiza Experimental Farm, Santander Department, Colombia. The following variables were evaluated 9 weeks after inoculation of 2‐ to 3‐month‐old pods with spore suspensions (1·2 × 105 spores mL−1): (i) disease incidence (DI); (ii) external severity (ES); and (iii) internal severity (IS). IS was found to be of greatest value in classifying the reaction of the host genotype against M. roreri. Genetic variation reported between isolates and cacao genotypes was not matched by similar diversity in their aggressiveness. All isolates were generally highly aggressive against most cacao genotypes, with only two isolates showing reduced IS and ES reactions. There was considerable variation between clones in the IS and ES scores, but one cultivated clone (ICS‐95) displayed a significant level of resistance against all seven isolates. This clone may be useful in cacao breeding initiatives for resistance to moniliasis of cacao.
Genetic diversity and mixed infections of begomoviruses infecting tomato, pepper and cucurbit crops in Nicaragua
Authors: Ala‐Poikela M. , Svensson E. , Rojas A. , Horko T. , Paulin L. , Valkonen J. P. T. , Kvarnheden A. 
Published: July 2005

Begomoviruses were detected in Nicaraguan fields of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and adjacently growing plants of pepper (Capsicum annuum), chilli pepper (C. baccatum), cushaw (Cucurbita argyrosperma) and Mexican fireplant (Euphorbia heterophylla) using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and universal begomovirus primers. All tomato and Mexican fireplant plants showing symptoms were infected with begomoviruses, while only 30–46% of the pepper, chilli pepper and cushaw plants showing symptoms tested virus‐positive. No begomoviruses were found in potato. The virus species were provisionally identified by sequencing 533 bp of the viral coat protein gene (AV1). Tomato severe leaf curl virus (ToSLCV), Tomato leaf curl Sinaloa virus (ToLCSinV) and Pepper golden mosaic virus (PepGMV) were found to infect both tomato and pepper. A new provisional species designated Tomato leaf curl Las Playitas virus (ToLCLPV) was detected in a tomato plant. Squash yellow mottle virus (SYMoV) and PepGMV were found in cucurbits, the latter for the first time in this host. Euphorbia mosaic virus (EuMV) was detected in Mexican fireplant. Sequencing of a larger number of PCR‐amplified clones from selected plants revealed intraspecific viral sequence variability, and also multiple begomovirus infections which could represent up to three species in a single tomato or cushaw plant. Phylogenetic grouping of virus sequences did not correlate with the host of origin.
Relationships between health of Quercus robur, occurrence of Phytophthora species and site conditions in southern Sweden
Authors: Jönsson U. , Jung T. , Sonesson K. , Rosengren U. 
Published: July 2005

The effect of Phytophthora species, soil chemistry, precipitation and temperature on the vitality of oak was evaluated in 32 oak stands in southern Sweden. In addition, the relationship between the occurrence of Phytophthora species and soil conditions was determined. The results showed that there was a weak association between the presence of P. quercina, the most frequently recovered Phytophthora species in southern Sweden, and the vitality of the oak stands (determined from estimates of crown defoliation of individual trees). The pathogens occurred more frequently in clayey and loamy soils that were less acidic and which had higher base saturation. However, they were found in all but the most acidic soils (pH < 3·5). In stands where Phytophthora species were not present, positive correlations between the average crown defoliation and proportion of damaged trees with average summer precipitation and average annual precipitation were found. There were no significant differences in soil chemistry between healthy and declining stands included in this study, and no significant correlations were found between any soil parameter and crown vitality. Based on the results from these 32 oak stands, it is likely that the decline of oaks in southern Sweden can be attributed to several different site‐specific factors, such as infection by P. quercina or unusual weather events, which interact with a number of biotic and abiotic factors, leading to oak decline.
Helicopter transport of sick neonates: a 14‐year population‐based study
Authors: Berge S. D. , Berg‐Utby C. , Skogvoll E. 
Published: July 2005

Background:  The Norwegian Helicopter Emergency Medical Service (HEMS) employs anesthesiologists and paramedics who are not formally trained in neonatology to provide stabilization and transport of sick neonates. We describe neonatal transport by HEMS in central Norway and report the outcome.Methods:  Retrospective analysis of HEMS missions during the 14‐year period 1988–2001.Results:  A total of 252 neonates were transported, indicating a prevalence of 0.90 per 100 newborn. Median response time was 42 min, on‐scene stabilization time 38 min and transportation time 30 min. Median gestational age (GA) was 38 weeks and 4.8% of the neonates were <1000 g and/or <28 weeks. Main clinical problems were respiratory disease, asphyxia and malformations; 30 neonates (12%) died within 1 year. No deaths were transport‐related. Tube or ventilator problems were noted in seven out of 66 transports of ventilated neonates. Other technical problems were few. Regarding ventilation, oxygenation and circulation, the clinical condition of most neonates improved during transport and the median temperature rose from 36.5°C to 37.0°C. Hypoglycemia (<2 mmol l−1) was documented in 19 missions after transport; of these, eight received a glucose infusion. Four neonates might have profited from HEMS‐delivered surfactant therapy.Discussion:  Helicopter Emergency Medical Service in central Norway provides rapid medical assistance in a wide spectrum of neonatal problems, but more attention should be paid to proper ventilation and prevention of hypothermia and hypoglycemia.
Renal effects of hypotensive anaesthesia in combination with acute normovolaemic haemodilution with hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 or isotonic saline
Authors: Fenger‐Eriksen C. , Hartig Rasmussen C. , Kappel Jensen T. , Anker‐Møller E. , Heslop J. , Frøkiær J. , Tønnesen E. 
Published: July 2005

Background:  Hypotensive anaesthesia (HA) and acute normovolaemic haemodilution (ANH) are used separately to decrease per‐operative blood loss. Reducing blood viscosity by adding ANH to HA may appear profitable in a situation with lowered perfusion pressure and concern about organ ischemia. The aim of this study was to clarify the influence of HA in combination with ANH using crystalloid or colloid as replacement fluid on renal function.Methods:  Hypotensive anaesthesia was induced in 11 patients referred to major spine surgery using sevoflurane in combination with fentanyl/remifentanil. Acute normovolaemic haemodilution was carried out by drawing venous blood into standard blood bags and replacing it by isotonic saline 0.9% (Group S) or HES 130/0.4 (Group V). Renal function was evaluated before, during and up to 8 h after hypotension as the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) by means of 51Cr‐EDTA and 125I‐Hippuran clearances.Results:  Lowering mean arterial blood pressure decreased GFR and ERPF in both groups. During hypotension ERPF was lower in Group S (n = 5) than Group V (n = 6). Renal function was normalized postoperatively. We found a positive but non‐significant correlation between the relative GFR change and the duration of hypotension.Conclusion:  In conclusion, our study demonstrated that renal function, assessed by GFR and ERPF, is transiently reduced during the combination of hypotensive anaesthesia and acute normovolaemic haemodilution. A colloid‐based fluid regime (HES 130/0.4) used for haemodilution may preserve renal function to a greater extent than a crystalloid‐based regime (0.9% saline).
Fluid shift is moderate and short‐lived during acute crystalloid hemodilution and normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass in piglets
Authors: Farstad M. , Haugen O. , Rynning S. E. , Onarheim H. , Husby P. 
Published: July 2005

Background:  Crystalloids are commonly used as priming solutions during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Consequently, hemodilution is a regular occurrence at the start of a CPB. This study describes the time‐course variations of hemodynamic parameters, plasma volume (PV) and fluid exchange following crystalloid hemodilution at start of normothermic CPB.Methods:  Forty‐five anesthetized piglets were given 60‐min normothermic CPB. Ringer's solution was used as priming solution and maintenance fluid. Fluid input/losses, PV, colloid osmotic pressures (plasma/interstitium), hematocrit, and s‐proteins were measured, and fluid extravasation rates (FER) and intravascular protein‐masses calculated.Results:  Start of CPB resulted in a 25–30% hemodilution. To keep the fluid level of the CPB‐reservoir constant after start of bypass, fluid addition [2.08 ± 0.36 (mean ± SEM) ml kg−1 min−1] was necessary during the first 5 min. Thereafter the fluid needs to be leveled off [0.17 ± 0.03 ml kg−1 min−1 (10–60 min), P < 0.001]. Fluid extravasation rate increased immediately following hemodilution from a baseline value of 0.08 ± 0.01 to 1.75 ± 0.34 ml kg−1 min−1 with a delayed decrease compared to fluid additions, to reach a ‘steady‐state’ level of 0.22 ± 0.03 ml kg−1 min−1 after 30 min (P < 0.001). Differences in time‐course variations between fluid added and fluid extravasated were accompanied by changes in PV and mean arterial pressure. The colloid osmotic gradient decreased about 50% throughout the study and could partly explain the increased FER.Conclusion:  Acute crystalloid hemodilution contributes to fluid overload during normothermic CPB. The resulting increase in fluid extravasation is, however, moderate, short‐lived and levels off to baseline values within 30 min.
Inflammatory response during hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in a porcine endotoxemic model: the contribution of essential organs
Authors: Brix‐Christensen V. , Gjedsted J. , Andersen S. K. , Vestergaard C. , Nielsen J. , Rix T. , Nyboe R. , Andersen N. T. , Larsson A. , Schmitz O. , Tønnesen E. 
Published: July 2005

Background:  During euglycemia acute hyperinsulinemia diminishes the cytokine response to endotoxin [Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] exposure. In this study we elucidated whether acute hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia modify the cytokine content in several organs during LPS challenge in a porcine model.Methods:  Pigs (35–40 kg) were randomized to either normoglycemia (group 1, n = 8) or hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia (group 2, n = 8), anesthetized and mechanically ventilated. Both groups received a 180‐min intravenous infusion of LPS (total 10 µg kg−1). Groups 1 and 2 were clamped at plasma glucose concentrations of 5 mM and 15 mM, respectively. Group 1 maintained a baseline insulin level while the hyperglycemic group exhibited increased insulin levels.Results:  Circulating cytokines, cytokine mRNA and cytokine protein content were examined in the heart, liver, kidneys, lungs, spleen, adipose and muscle tissue. After LPS exposure, in both groups vast and equal plasma cytokines were elicited by approximately 70–5000‐fold. A 10‐fold higher level of IL‐10, IL‐6 and TNF‐α protein was found in kidney tissue compared to the other organs together with a 3–10‐fold increase of TNF‐α in adipose tissue. However, cytokine mRNAs as well as organ function were without statistical difference between the groups.Conclusion:  Endotoxemia elicited a pronounced cytokine response in both plasma and at organ level. The kidneys and adipose tissue showed the highest cytokine protein content. Acute hyperglycemia apparently counteracts the well‐established anti‐inflammatory effects of insulin on the inflammatory response in a LPS challenged porcine model. Whether the observation can be extrapolated to more long‐term stress‐exposure remains to be clarified.
Comparison of two different techniques for brachial plexus block: infraclavicular versus axillary technique
Authors: Ertug Z. , Yegin A. , Ertem S. , Sahin N. , Hadimioglu N. , Dösemecİ L. , Erman M. 
Published: July 2005

Background:  Brachial plexus block via the axillary approach is problematic in patients with limited arm mobility. In such cases, the infraclavicular approach may be a valuable alternative. The purpose of our study was to compare axillary and infraclavicular techniques for brachial plexus block in patients undergoing arm or forearm surgery.Methods:  After institutional approval and informed consent were obtained, 30 patients (ASA physical status I or II) scheduled for forearm and hand surgery under brachial plexus anesthesia were included in the study. Patients were randomly allocated into two groups. Brachial plexus block was performed via the axillary approach in the Group A patients and via the infraclavicular approach in the Group I patients using a peripheral nerve stimulator. All blocks were performed with a total dose of 40 ml 0.375% bupivacaine.Results:  In each nerve territory (radial, ulnar, median, and musculocutaneous), the mean values of the degree and the duration of the sensory block and motor block were not significantly different between the two groups (P > 0.05). Inadvertent vessel puncture was significantly more frequent in the axillary approach (P < 0.05).Conclusion:  Brachial plexus block performed via the infraclavicular approach is as safe and effective as the axillary approach. Infraclavicular approach may be preferred to the axillary approach when the upper arm mobility is impaired or not desired.
Which diabetic patients should receive podiatry care? An objective analysis
Authors: McGill M. , Molyneaux L. , Yue D. K. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract Introduction:  Diabetes is the leading cause of lower limb amputation in Australia. However, due to limited resources, it is not feasible for everyone with diabetes to access podiatry care, and some objective guidelines of who should receive podiatry is required.Methods:  A total of 250 patients with neuropathy (Biothesiometer; Biomedical Instruments, Newbury, Ohio, USA) (>30, age <65)) but no active foot lesion, and 222 without neuropathy matched for age, type of diabetes, gender and duration, was followed prospectively for 2 years. Sensation was also tested using a 10 g Semmes Weinstein monofilament (Royal Prince Alfred Hospital Diabetes Centre). After the baseline examination, patients were contacted at 6 months and thereafter yearly to determine ulcer status. Incidence of foot ulceration across different risk categories was calculated using Kaplan–Meier survival curve. Log‐rank test and Cox's proportional model were used to compare groups. The Number Needed to Treat (NNT) to prevent one ulcer per year was calculated using the standard formulae.Results:  During the follow‐up period, 34 new ulcers occurred in the neuropathy group and three ulcers in the control group (χ21df = 21.3; P < 0.0001), equating to an annual incidence of 6.3% and 0.5%, respectively. Fifty‐four per cent of the ulcers were due to trauma from footwear. Further stratification of the neuropathy group showed annual incidence of ulceration to be 4% for those with abnormal biothesiometer reading, but who could still feel the monofilament, 10% for those who cannot feel the monofilament and 26% for those with previous ulceration or amputation. Predictors of ulceration were past history of ulceration/amputation (χ2 = 27.8; P < 0.0001) and the presence of neuropathy (χ2 = 4.7; P = 0.03). Assuming a 55% relative risk reduction in ulceration from podiatry care (mean of estimates from 10 reports), the NNT to prevent one foot ulcer per year was: no neuropathy (vibration perception threshold (VPT) <30)), NNT = 367; neuropathy (VPT >30) alone, NNT = 45; +cannot feel monofilament, NNT = 18; +previous ulcer/amputation, NNT = 7.Conclusion: Provision of podiatry care to diabetic patients should not be only economically based, but should also be directed to those with reduced sensation, especially where there is a previous history of ulceration or amputation. (Intern Med J 2005; 35: 451–456)
Clinical features associated with improvement of fatty liver disease
Authors: Park S. H. , Kim B. I. , Kim H. J. , Kim H. , Kim S. H. , Park D. I. , Cho Y. K. , Sung I. K. , Sohn C. I. , Jeon W. K. , Keum D. K. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract Background: We presumed that identification of the factors associated with improvement of fatty livers disease (FLD) would support the therapeutic options for FLD. The goal of this study was to clarify what clinical characteristics are associated with biochemical and sonographic improvements in the non‐alcoholic population with fatty livers.Methods: A total of 615 non‐alcoholic men had elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (≥â40 IU/L) levels and sonographic evidence of a fatty liver, and their clinical characteristics were assessed at the beginning of the study and after 1 year of follow up. The improvement was defined as combination of normal ALT level and negative sonography for hepatic fat after 1 year. Programmed intervention or medications were not applied in this study population.Results: The overall rate of improvement of FLD after a 1‐year follow up was 37/615 (6.0%). The improvement was strongly associated with decrement of changes in bodyweight, body mass index, waist circumference, γ‐glutamyltransferase, fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol/high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and homeostasis model assessment. Multivariate analysis showed that decrement of changes in bodyweight (odds ratio (OR) = 1.56; 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 1.27–1.92) per 1 kg, body mass index (OR = 2.42; 95%CI: 1.58–3.71) per 1 SD (0.8 kg/m2), waist circumference (OR = 2.13; 95%CI: 1.02–4.54) per 1 cm, and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR = 1.64; 95%CI: 1.05–2.56) per 1 SD (22 mg/dL) were all independent predictors for improvement of FLD.Conclusions: These results suggest that the reduction of bodyweight is a major key point for the improvement of FLD. (Intern Med J 2005; 35: 473–477)
Hypothesis: could Meniere's disease be a channelopathy?
Authors: Gates P. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract Meniere's disease is a clinical syndrome of uncertain aetiology but it is a widespread belief that it is related to endolymphatic hydrops. Clinically, it is a paroxysmal disorder with vertigo and subsequent deafness. It is responsive to acetazolamide and sensitive to the sodium content in the diet, many of the features of the channelopathies. The present paper explores the possibility that it may be related to a channelopathy. (Intern Med J 2005; 35: 488–489)
Guardianship and financial management legislation: what doctors in aged care need to know
Authors: Bennett H. , Hallen P. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract Demographic and epidemiological changes have resulted in increasing numbers of elderly people, and in increasing numbers of elderly people suffering from various degrees of cognitive impairment, including dementia. It is well recognized that the presence of cognitive impairment may impact upon an older person's decision‐making capacity, which has, in turn, been associated with increased acknowledgement of the need for greater accessibility to methods by which substitute decision‐makers are appointed. To this end, legislation has been enacted throughout Australia to enable the appointment of substitute decision‐makers in the form of guardians and financial managers. Medical practitioners are the largest group of health professional whose opinion is sought when appointments are being considered. Despite the significance of the legislation to the evaluation of elderly people with impaired cognition, many health professionals remain unaware of the provisions of the legislation and are unclear about what information will be required. The aims of this review are first, to provide health professionals with the legal context within which their evaluations of disability and capacity take place, by way of a review of the relevant guardianship and financial management legislation in each of the states and territories of Australia; and second, to discuss how these provisions relate to existing clinical practice, with suggested guidelines for the capacity assessment. The focus and quality of information that health professionals provide will be enhanced by them having a greater understanding of their role within the wider legal context by placing in their hands knowledge of the provisions of the relevant legislation. (Intern Med J 2005; 35: 482–487)
Cash Flows and Net Realizable Values: Further Evidence of the Intuitive Concepts
Authors: LEE TOM 
Published: July 2005

This paper reports the results of a survey of students with and without prior knowledge of accounting with a view to identifying any differences in their perception of the relevance of current prices of assets.The combination of cash flows and net realizable values appears to have an intuitive appeal to students with no prior exposure to accounting concepts or practices. In the process of learning about accounting, it seems that students learn to abandon net realizable values in favour of historical costs.
The Impact of the Definition of Inflation on the Effectiveness of Inflation Accounting Adjustments
Authors: BOUSSARD DANIEL 
Published: July 2005

In tests of inflation accounting methods, inflation is generally seen as a simple phenomenon: the prices of all elements change at the same rate. The example presented here deals with a different case: inflation is characterized by changes in the structure of prices. In particular, prices of articles bought and articles sold do not vary at the same rates.In this context, it is observed that three types of adjustments are not effective, i.e. they do not have the potential to report real or nominal rates of return. This result should be considered as a criticism of the coherence of inflation accounting methods.
Related Party Transactions: A Preliminary Evaluation of SFAS 57 and IAS 24 Using Four Case Studies
Authors: CHONG SEBASTIAN , DEAN GRAEME 
Published: July 2005

Transactions between related parties have been the subject of increasing concern in recent years. Corporate scandals, overseas and local, have typically involved non‐arm's length transactions contrived between the reporting entity and related companies or affiliates. These scandals provided catalysts for the relatively recent development of accounting standards on related party transactions.This paper considers whether the application of the new pronouncements, particularly the Financial Accounting Standards Boards’ statement 57 and its international equivalent, International Accounting Standard 24, is likely to overcome the problems highlighted in several major scandals. The methodology adopted involves the hypothetical application of the two pronouncements to the pertinent facts in four case studies: (1) Continental Vending, a U.S. criminal court case; (2) Penn Central, a U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission investigation case; (3) Tarling (Haw Par), a Singapore criminal court case; and (4) Stanhill, an Australian case investigated by a government appointed Inspector.In each hypothetical application, the resultant presentation is compared with the stated expectations found in the relevant findings of the case. In all cases, SFAS 57 and IAS 24 are found to be deficient.While four case studies may not be sufficient for drawing general conclusions about either SFAS 57 or IAS 24 the conclusions of this study represent preliminary evidence for evaluating those standards.