bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Short term changes in lung function, leukocytosis in blood, and lachrymal fluid among bacterial single cell protein workers after an episode with high exposure to endotoxins
Authors: Skogstad M , Eduard W , Holme J , Qvenild T , Einarsdottir E 
Published: July 2005

Aims:To study possible effects of endotoxin exposure among bacterial single cell protein workers on pulmonary function, blood parameters, and lachrymal fluid before and after a work shift.Methods:The study included 23 men and five women who were examined at the start and at the end of a work shift. Most workers performed a task with unusually high exposure levels. Twelve of the workers were re-examined the day after. The workers were divided into three exposure groups: production workers with the highest assumed exposure levels (n = 18), engineers (n = 5), and clerks (n = 2). The median endotoxin level during a work shift was 34000 EU/m3in the high exposure group (range 3300–89000 EU/m3), 11000 EU/m3(range 350–27000 EU/m3) among the engineers, and 180 EU/m3(range 60–300 EU/m3) for the clerks. The workers answered a questionnaire about work related symptoms. Assessment of lung function included dynamic lung volumes and flows. The blood analysis included cell count of leukocytes and mediators of inflammation, fibrinogen, interleukin-6 (IL-6), D-dimer, and C-reactive protein (CRP). Cells in lachrymal fluid were counted with a microscope.Results:The forced vital capacity (FVC) changed significantly (p<0.05) from 5.34 l (SD 0.9) to 5.25 l (SD 0.9) and forced expired volume in one second (FEV1) from 4.15 l (SD 0.7) to 4.07 l (SD 0.7) during the work shift. The leukocytes increased significantly (p<0.05) from 6.9 109/l (SD 1.2) to 7.7 109/l (SD 1.5) and IL-6 from 1.5 ng/l (SD 0.6) to 3.31 ng/l (SD 2.7). Except for fibrinogen, which had a borderline increase and PEF that decreased, the parameters were normalised the day after. Four of the workers had an increase of neutrofile granulocytes in the lachrymal fluid during the shift. There was a significant association between the endotoxin concentration and decrease of FEV1 despite the use of powered respirators.Conclusions:During a work shift with unusual high levels of endotoxins at a plant manufacturing bacterial single cell protein the results show that FVC and FEV1 were reduced. Mediators of inflammation increased along with leucocytosis in blood and lachrymal fluid among the workers.
The effectiveness of television advertising campaigns on generating calls to a national Quitline by Māori: Table 1
Authors: Wilson N , Grigg M , Graham L , Cameron G 
Published: July 2005

Objective:To examine the effectiveness of four mass media campaigns on calls to a national Quitline by Māori (the indigenous people of New Zealand).Methods:Monthly Quitline call data and calls within one hour of a television commercial (TVC) being shown were analysed for the 2002–2003 period. Data on target audience rating points (TARPs) and expenditure on TVCs were also used (n  =  2319 TVC placements).Results:Māori were found to register with the Quitline at higher rates during the most intense six campaign months (15% more registrations compared to less intense months). The most effective campaign generated 115 calls per 100 TARPs by Māori callers within one hour of TVC airing (the “Every cigarette” campaign). A more Māori orientated campaign with both health and cultural themes generated 91 calls per 100 TARPs from Māori callers. For these two campaigns combined, the advertising cost per new registration with the Quitline by a Māori caller was $NZ30–48. Two second hand smoke campaigns that did not show the Quitline number were much less effective at 25 and 45 calls per 100 TARPs.Conclusions:These television advertising campaigns were effective and cost effective in generating calls to a national Quitline by Māori. Health authorities should continue to explore the use of both “threat appeal” style media campaigns and culturally appropriate campaigns to support Quitline use by indigenous peoples.
Do u smoke after txt? Results of a randomised trial of smoking cessation using mobile phone text messaging
Authors: Rodgers A , Corbett T , Bramley D , Riddell T , Wills M , Lin R-B , Jones M 
Published: July 2005

Objectives:To determine the effectiveness of a mobile phone text messaging smoking cessation programme.Design:Randomised controlled trialSetting:New ZealandParticipants:1705 smokers from throughout New Zealand who wanted to quit, were aged over 15 years, and owned a mobile phone were randomised to an intervention group that received regular, personalised text messages providing smoking cessation advice, support, and distraction, or to a control group. All participants received a free month of text messaging; starting for the intervention group on their quit day to assist with quitting, and starting for the control group at six months to encourage follow up. Follow up data were available for 1624 (95%) at six weeks and 1265 (74%) at six months.Main outcome measures:The main trial outcome was current non-smoking (that is, not smoking in the past week) six weeks after randomisation. Secondary outcomes included current non-smoking at 12 and 26 weeks.Results:More participants had quit at six weeks in the intervention compared to the control group: 239 (28%)v109 (13%), relative risk 2.20 (95% confidence interval 1.79 to 2.70), p < 0.0001. This treatment effect was consistent across subgroups defined by age, sex, income level, or geographic location (p homogeneity > 0.2). The relative risk estimates were similar in sensitivity analyses adjusting for missing data and salivary cotinine verification tests. Reported quit rates remained high at six months, but there was some uncertainty about between group differences because of incomplete follow up.Conclusions:This programme offers potential for a new way to help young smokers to quit, being affordable, personalised, age appropriate, and not location dependent. Future research should test these findings in different settings, and provide further assessment of long term quit rates.
Heterochromatic distribution of <i>HeT-A-</i> and <i>TART</i>-like sequences in several <i>Drosophila</i> species
Authors: Berloco M. , Fanti L. , Sheen F. , Levis R.W. , Pimpinelli S. 
Published: July 2005

<i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> telomeres contain arrays of two non-LTR retrotransposons called <i>HeT-A</i> and <i>TART</i>. Previous studies have shown that <i>HeT-A</i>- and <i>TART</i>-like sequences are also located at non-telomeric sites in the Y chromosome heterochromatin. By in situ hybridization experiments, we mapped <i>TART</i> sequences in the h16 region of the long arm close to the centromere of the Y chromosome of <i>D. melanogaster</i>. <i>HeT-A</i> sequences were localized in two different regions on the Y chromosome, one very close to the centromere in the short arm (h18-h19) and the other in the long arm (h13-h14). To assess a possible heterochromatic location of <i>TART</i> and <i>HeT-A</i> elements in other <i>Drosophila</i> species, we performed in situ hybridization experiments, using both <i>TART</i> and <i>HeT-A</i> probes, on mitotic and polytene chromosomes of <i>D. simulans, D. sechellia, D. mauritiana, D. yakuba</i> and <i>D. teissieri</i>. We found that <i>TART</i> and <i>HeT-A</i> probes hybridize at specific heterochromatic regions of the Y chromosome in all <i>Drosophila</i> species that we analyzed.
<i>Abyss1:</i> A novel <i>L2</i>-like non-LTR retroelement of the snakelocks anemone <i>(Anemonia sulcata)</i>
Authors: Greenwood A.D. , Leib-Mösch C. , Seifarth W. 
Published: July 2005

Non-LTR retrotransposons are a diverse and taxonomically widely dispersed group of retroelements that can be divided into at least 14 distinguishable clades. Basal metazoans have not been examined in great detail for their retrotransposon content. In order to screen for the presence of reverse transcriptase (RT) related sequences in Cnidaria and Ctenophora, basal phyla of metazoans, PCR with highly degenerate oligonucleotides was performed and an RT-like sequence was identified from the sea anemone species <i>Anemonia sulcata</i>. Further screening identified a related element in another anemone species <i>Actinia equina</i>. Significant homology to non-LTR retrotransposon RTs was observed, particularly to <i>L2</i>-like elements of fish such as <i>Maui</i>. The sequence was not detected among other cnidarians and we have designated the <i>A. sulcata</i> and <i>A. equina</i> elements <i>Abyss1</i> and <i>Abyss2</i> respectively. Phylogenetic analysis of <i>Abyss1</i> compared with members of 14 known non-LTR retroelement clades suggests that the sequence represents a novel <i>L2</i> element.
Trends in Political Action: The Developmental Trend and the Post-Honeymoon Decline
Authors: Inglehart Ronald , Catterberg Gabriela 
Published: July 2005

More than two decades ago, the authors of Political Action (Barnes et al. 1979) predicted that what was then called “unconventional political participation” would become more widespread throughout advanced industrial societies, because it was part of a deep-rooted intergenerational change. Time series data from the 1974 Political Action survey, together with data from four waves of the World Values Surveys demonstrates that this change has indeed taken place—to such an extent that petitions, boycotts, and other forms of direct action are no longer unconventional but have become more or less normal actions for a large part of the citizenry of post-industrial societies. This type of elite-challenging actions also played an important part in the Third Wave of democratization—but after the transition to democracy, most of the new democracies subsequently experienced a post-honeymoon phase of disillusionment with democracy, in which direct political action declined. This paper analyzes data from more than 70 countries containing more than 80 percent of the world’s population, interpreting the long-term dynamics of elite-challenging political participation in both established democracies and new democracies. Our interpretation implies that the current decline in direct political action in the new democracies is a “post-honeymoon” period effect; in the long run, we expect that elite-challenging activity will move on an upward trajectory in most of the new democracies, as has been the case in virtually all established democracies.
Fracture and Fatigue Tests and Analysis of Composite Sandwich Structure
Authors: Berkowitz C. Kyle , Johnson W. Steven 
Published: July 2005

A composite sandwich system is investigated in this research. Quasi-static fracture toughness and fatigue crack growth experimental and analytical approaches are the focus. The particular system studied is comprised of a Nomex (aramid fiber) honeycomb core with graphite/epoxy facesheets (skins). A modified version of the double cantilever beam (DCB) specimen geometry is used for experimentation. The critical strain energy release rate, Gc, is used to characterize the fracture toughness of the facesheet-core joint. Fatigue crack growth testing is also performed. Novel analytical and experimental techniques are coupled and utilized to address challenges presented by the material system, especially difficult crack visualization. Crack length and growth can be estimated with an empirical approach, employing a compliance calibration. Experiments can also be simulated once several constants are estimated, aiding design. Many of these techniques can be generalized to other adhesive DCB experimentation. Results show that cold tests result in higher fracture toughnesses and slightly slower fatigue crack growth rates than room temperature tests. The hot temperature has less significant impact. Although only a limited amount of very slow growth data (<10−6 mm/cycle) is measured, the material appears to behave with a fatigue threshold of ≈7% of fracture toughness; and a Paris crack growth model is successfully fit with an exponent of ≈3.2. Results also show the failure of this system is always in the aramid paper core material.
Characterization of the Electron Beam Curing of Cationic Polymerization of Diglycidylether of Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin
Authors: Ribeiro Rahul , Morgan Roger J. , Bonnaud Leila , Lu Jim , Sue Hung-Jue , Choi Jin , Lopata Vincent 
Published: July 2005

The characterization of electron beam (E-beam) curing of diglycidyl-ether of bisphenol A-diaryliodonium hexafluoroantimonate epoxy resin-initiator system is reported as a function of (i) diaryliodonium hexafluoroantimonate catalyst (initiator) concentrations of 0.1-10 parts per hundred (phr) and (ii) total electron beam doses of 5-150 kilogray (kGy). The in situ E-beam temperature of the resin is monitored as a function of dose-time characteristics. The degree of cure is monitored after radiation exposure by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and the glass transition temperatures (Tg) by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The degree of cure and cure rate increased with total dose exposure and initiator concentration. The maximum cure rate occurred at 5 kGy exposure and, thereafter, decreased as reactive species concentration decreased. The maximum in situ E-beam temperature of 76°C was recorded for the resin containing 10 phr of initiator, with a maximum degree of cure of 94% and a glass transition temperature of 86 C, indicating that the cure reactions under E-beam are glassy state diffusion controlled. The resin glass transition temperatures are considerably lower than the thermally cured glass transition temperatures of 170 C because of H2O termination reactions at the lower E-beam cure temperatures that result in a poor cross-linked network. In addition, the diaryliodonium hexafluoroantimonate catalytic activity for epoxide cationic polymerization is retarded by H2O. E-beam exposure causes the diaryliodonium hexafluoroantimonate to dissociate into active catalytic species, such as HSbF6, well below 100°C compared to catalytic thermal induced dissociation near 200°C. The E-beam cure reaction rate is modeled as a function of degree of cure and dose exposure by a standard autocatalytic kinetic model.
Barriers to Product Innovation in Small Manufacturing Firms
Authors: Freel Mark S. 
Published: July 2005

MARK S. FREEL IS A LECTURER IN THE Centre for Entrepreneurship at the University of Aberdeen, Scotland. This paper seeks to understand the nature and extent of barriers to innovation within a sample of small manufacturing firms. After identifying from the literature four broad categories of constraint (finance, management and marketing, skilled labour, and information) it is found, inter alia, that: * while the sample provides no evidence that innovators are more likely to apply for external finance (as a proxy for greater need), the data does suggest that, of those firms who had applied for external funds, innovators were less likely to have been successful than their less innovative peers. This latter finding is tempered by generally low levels of applications and application failures. However, perhaps of more concern, there remains a heavy reliance on short-term debt funding for innovation. * improving in-house technical and marketing competencies are identified by the firms as key to improving their innovative activity rather than accessing external skills and increasing the number of internal 'experts' and in preferen-ce to managemenit, finanice and exporting skills. * the study also signals the eiiployment of graduates as imnportan-t to innovation, although the nature of cause and effect is unclear. * finally, the study suggests that the level of firm interaction with external agencies is disappointingly low and that the principal barriers to collaboration are "lack ol trust" and "inability to find suitable partner", Public policy may find such intangible 'barriers' somewhat intractable.
Extraordinary journeys: An exploratory cross-cultural study of tourists on the frontier
Authors: Laing Jennifer H. , Crouch Geoffrey I. 
Published: July 2005

Tourists are now visiting some of the most remote and amazing places on earth, travelling to 'frontiers' on journeys that are psychological and emotional as well as geographical. These extraordinary journeys to the poles, the peaks of the highest mountains in the world, harsh deserts and even outer space test both physical and mental endurance and can be characterized as 'unique' even in this day and age. The frontier traveller's experiences often attract extensive media coverage and form the basis of popular books and documentaries, conferring on the traveller a form of 'prestige' as a result of the relative rarity and difficulty of their experiences. Little research to date has focused on 'prestige-worthy' forms of travel, particularly with reference to individuals who venture to some of the most inhospitable, remote and dangerous locations on the globe, despite their importance to the study of tourism as 'destination pioneers'. Motivations for undertaking frontier travel experiences have also yet to be studied in depth from a tourism research perspective. This paper discusses some of the preliminary findings from an exploratory study of frontier travellers from the USA, UK and Australia, as part of an ongoing research project. It compares and contrasts the potential motivation behind frontier travel as well as making some speculative comments on the role culture may play in this form of travel and considering the implications of the findings for tourism marketing. Some of the key motivations behind frontier travel experiences identified by this exploratory study are challenge/goal setting, self-actualization, novelty and adventure, highlighting a message or cause or educating others and influences and inspiration for this type of travel stemming from childhood or early adulthood.
CGH-Profiler: Data mining based on genomic aberration profiles
Authors: Schubert Falk , Tausch Bernhard , Joos Stefan , Eils Roland 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Background
CGH-Profiler is a program that supports the analysis of genomic aberrations measured by Comparative Genomic Hybridisation (CGH). Comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH) is a well-established, molecular cytogenetic method that allows the detection of chromosomal imbalances in entire genomes. This technique is widely used in routine molecular diagnostics. Typically, chromosomal imbalances are described in a complex syntax based on the International Standard for Cytogenetic Nomenclature (ISCN). This semantic description of chromosomal imbalances hinders a large-scale statistical analysis across different experiments, e.g. for finding aberration patterns associated with a particular disease type or state.

Results
CGH-Profiler circumvents the semantic ISCN description by importing data from different CGH system vendors and by directly transferring the data into a table format that is readily accessible for subsequent statistical analysis. CGH-profiler comes with different consistency checks, calculates various statistics and automatically assigns a median copy number ratio to each chromosomal band.
Import of CGH profiles from different CGH system vendors is already supported; its extension to other systems can be readily achieved through Perl scripts.
CGH profiler can also be used to analyse comparative expressed sequence hybridisation (CESH) data. CESH reveals gene expression patterns according to chromosomal locations in a similar manner as CGH detects chromosomal imbalances.

Conclusion
CGH-Profiler is a useful tool for processing of CGH and CESH data.
GObar: A Gene Ontology based analysis and visualization tool for gene sets
Authors: Lee Jason SM , Katari Gurpreet , Sachidanandam Ravi 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Background
Microarray experiments, as well as other genomic analyses, often result in large gene sets containing up to several hundred genes. The biological significance of such sets of genes is, usually, not readily apparent.
Identification of the functions of the genes in the set can help highlight features of interest. The Gene Ontology Consortium [1] has annotated genes in several model organisms using a controlled vocabulary of terms and placed the terms on a Gene Ontology (GO), which comprises three disjoint hierarchies for Molecular functions, Biological processes and Cellular locations. The annotations can be used to identify functions that are enriched in the set, but this analysis can be misleading since the underlying distribution of genes among various functions is not uniform. For example, a large number of genes in a set might be kinases just because the genome contains many kinases.

Results
We use the Gene Ontology hierarchy and the annotations to pick significant functions and pathways by comparing the distribution of functions in a given gene list against the distribution of all the genes in the genome, using the hypergeometric distribution to assign probabilities. GObar is a web-based visualizer that implements this algorithm.
The public website for GObar [2] can analyse gene lists from the yeast (S. cervisiae), fly (D. Melanogaster), mouse (M. musculus) and human (H. sapiens) genomes. It also allows visualization of the GO tree, as well as placement of a single gene on the GO hierarchy. We analyse a gene list from a genomic study of pre-mRNA splicing to demonstrate the utility of GObar.

Conclusion
GObar is freely available as a web-based tool at http://katahdin.cshl.org:9331/GO[2] and can help analyze and visualize gene lists from genomic analyses.
Dynamin-dependent NMDAR endocytosis during LTD and its dependence on synaptic state
Authors: Montgomery Johanna M , Selcher Joel C , Hanson Jesse E , Madison Daniel V 
Published: July 2005

Abstract

Background
The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptor expressed at excitatory glutamatergic synapses is required for learning and memory and is critical for normal brain function. At a cellular level, this receptor plays a pivotal role in triggering and controlling synaptic plasticity. While it has been long recognized that this receptor plays a regulatory role, it was considered by many to be itself immune to synaptic activity-induced plasticity. More recently, we and others have shown that NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic responses can be subject to activity-dependent depression.

Results
Here we show that depression of synaptic transmission mediated by NMDA receptors displays a state-dependence in its plasticity; NMDA receptors are resistant to activity-induced changes at silent and recently-silent synapses. Once synapses transition to the active state however, NMDA receptors become fully 'plastic'. This state-dependence is identical to that shown by the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor. Furthermore, the down-regulation of NMDAR-mediated responses during synaptic depression is prevented by disruption of dynamin-dependent endocytosis.

Conclusion
NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic responses are plastic in a state-dependent manner. Depending on the plasticity state in which a synapse currently resides, NMDA receptors will either be available or unavailable for down-regulation. The mechanism underlying the down-regulation of NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic responses is endocytosis of the NMDA receptor. Other potential mechanisms, such as receptor diffusion along the plane of the membrane, or changes in the activity of the channel are not supported. The mechanisms of AMPA receptor and NMDA receptor endocytosis appear to be tightly coupled, as both are either available or unavailable for endocytosis in the same synaptic states. Endocytosis of NMDA receptors would serve as a potent mechanism for metaplasticity. Such state-dependent regulation of NMDAR endocytosis will provide fundamental control over downstream NMDA receptor-dependent plasticity of neuronal circuitry.