bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
External Aids for Management of Memory Impairment
Authors: Sohlberg Mckay Moore 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The characteristic that most distinguishes the population of individuals who have acquired brain injury (ABI) is the heterogeneity of their symptoms. Neurogenic conditions such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), stroke, tumor, anoxic events (e.g., drowning or cardiac arrest), and infectious diseases comprise a vast array of complex and unique impairments in people’s ability to learn and carry out everyday tasks (Coehlho et al., 1996; Sohlberg & Mateer, 2001). In spite of their heterogeneity, individuals with ABI share the disabilities of social isolation and diminished independence in home and community functioning (Dawson & Chipman, 1995; Ledorze & Brassard, 1995; Zicht, 1992).
Pharmacologic Management of Spastic Hypertonia
Authors: Francisco Gerard E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spastic hypertonia is a costly complication of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that contributes to the loss of motor abilities. Along with associated impairments, it results in functional limitations, such as inability to use the hand in daily activities and difficulty with transfers and gait. When severe, it may cause pain and lead to contractures and other permanent deformities. Lance (1980) defined spasticity as “motor disorder characterized by a velocity-dependent increase in tonic stretch reflexes with exaggerated tendon jerks, resulting from hyperexcitability of the stretch reflex, as one component of the upper motor neuron syndrome.” While this is the most commonly used definition, it does not accurately describe the entire spectrum of motor disorders observed in clinical practice. Indeed, recent investigations suggest that spastic hypertonia may not be the sole cause of these impairments and functional limitations. (Ada et al., 1998; Gracies, 2001; Gracies et al., 2002; Levin et al., 2000; Sgouros & Seri, 2002) Rather, the abnormalities associated with the upper motor neuron syndrome—dystonia, co contraction of agonists and antagonists, clonus, weakness, incoordination—are also believed to play important, if not predominant, roles.
Politics
Authors: Jones Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The final version of the Zapata Plan did not reach the Joint Chiefs until two days before D-Day, making it too late to conduct their own study. Not that it mattered. The CIA’s revised plan had taken on a sense of urgency in light of the approaching rainy season and the imminent arrival in Havana of two Soviet destroyers and one hundred Cuban pilots trained in Czechoslovakia to fly more than twenty Soviet MIG fighter jets not yet assembled in Cuba. In a remarkable understatement, General Lemnitzer declared that the use of MIGs ‘‘would have pretty well complicated the operation.’’
Introduction
Authors: Castiglione Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the winter of 1811-1812, Innocenzo Campanelli, a notary and sometimes employee of the Barberini family, sent a description of his native village to Prince Maffeo Barberini, the new owner of the stato of Monte Libretti. The stato was an extensive territory northeast of Rome comprising six villages, one of which was Campanelli’s village of Nerola. In Campanelli’s obviously biased geography, Nerola was “the most celebrated village of the province of Sabina,” and the Sabina was the most ancient (and therefore most important) province of Italy. Campanelli combined his historical assessment with a survey of the village’s most impressive sons (and one exceptional daughter), notable buildings, and potential for agricultural and industrial development. The author courted Maffeo as a patron — a potential benefactor who could address some of the village’s problems — its abandoned houses, declining families, and stub-born residents who were committed to following the “deadly example” of their ancestors by quitting the perfect air of Nerola to do agricultural work in the malaria-ridden valleys below. Maffeo Barberini could help make a different future for down-and-out Nerola, building on its strengths to restore its ancient glories. Campanelli’s assessment of Nerola since antiquity inscribed in prose what eighteenth-century Italians throughout the peninsula commemorated in stone about their local communities. The self-made historian memorialized in part for political aims, hoping to focus the attention of a governing authority in Rome on what could be done for his village.
Before It Was a Dirty Word
Authors: Castiglione Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That Antonio, Taddeo, and Francesco could successfully traverse the Roman countryside disguised as a charcoal seller, a hunter, and a lowly priest was not as impossible as it might seem. The true identity of visitors to the countryside could be difficult to discern. At the Fair of Farfa in the spring of 1645, residents of Nerola believed that they were paying the village tax burden to a real papal tax collector. But charlatans peddled many wares at Farfa — and this one offered counterfeit receipts in exchange for village taxes. A few days later the villagers learned that both the tax collector and the receipts were fakes, and that papal oﬃcials still expected the prompt payment of what the villagers had paid the impostor.
The Adversary as Patron
Authors: Castiglione Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Standing up to the Barberini necessitated a politically constructed unanimity about the meaning of the village constitution in Nerola. However, not all the disputes within the neighboring village of Monte Libretti produced such a coherent vision. Villagers in Monte Libretti who disagreed with each other had the additional burden of facing their adversaries on a regular basis in the village piazza. While the Nerolani unanimously supported the clarity of hunting rights promised in the statuto, residents in the neighboring village of Monte Libretti struggled with a number of dilemmas for which the statuto provided no answers. One key issue for villagers was access to medical care and education, but experts in both were in short supply and their salaries sometimes beyond what strained communal finances could afford. Other dilemmas required participants in the consiglio to wrestle with what constituted the “public good” for Monte Libretti. Those trying to define in material terms this abstract concept were mostly illiterate or semi-literate people whose work lives were centered in the agricultural and pastoral economy of the region. They were among the most poorly educated people in early modern society, and yet they were actively engaged in one of its most challenging forms of government, representative government, although the ordinary dilemmas it encountered at the village level have received little historical scrutiny and the key terms of its debates have not received extensive analysis.
Paternalism and Politics Benevolent Adversaries, Antagonistic Patrons
Authors: Castiglione Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Barberini’s activities in service of the Buon Governo’s agenda provided an essential conduit of information between the villagers and the Papal Congregation. The other notable shift in the countryside was the ever-increasing activity on the part of the Barberini family in other aspects of village life. Such interference was promoted by the Barberini as an example of their paternal concern for their vassals. The enormous literary output of the family maps this noble worldview and its policies during the eighteenth-century, when lordship, as defined by the Barberini, became a near obsessive concern for the family. The dimensions of this lordship will be explored here not only in terms of how the Barberini imagined them, but also in terms of how they were received in the villages of the stato. The wide-ranging letters of the family allow us to gauge village response to the Barberini throughout the territory, a response that it is usually easiest to see for well-documented villages like Monte Libretti. The Barberini letters are an invaluable repository of information about the villages whose communal archives are now vanished, but which during the eighteenth century still existed, although they were not always accessible to the noble family.
The War for the American Mind
Authors: Kennedy David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“If the war did n’t happen to kill you,” one of George Orwell’s characters observed, “it was bound to start you thinking.” The remark might have been applied with special accuracy to Americans. Safely distant from the war zone, they had unique opportunities for reflection. In Europe the swift crisis of 1914 had swept both governments and peoples over the brink with scant time for thought about the war’s meaning. In the months that followed, the proximity of the fighting had helped to keep men’s minds fastened closely on the war’s immediate tasks, rather than its ultimate significance.
The Political Economy of War: The Home Front
Authors: Kennedy David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When America at last entered the stalemated war, the beleaguered Allies quickly dispatched missions of supplication across the Atlantic. Before the end of April 1917, high-level French and British delegations had arrived in Washington, seeking manpower, materiel, and, above all, money. The money was at first easily forthcoming, as Congress opened wide the doors to the United States Treasury. And the booming American economy was already supplying much of the Allied demand for munitions and foodstuffs. But manpower was another matter. Wash-ington instantly recoiled from the request of the Europeans that American soldiers be amalgamated into the Allied armies.
Creating Wild Places from Domesticated Landscapes
Authors: Conte Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a complex history and geography behind the ways that wilderness ideas have permeated particular places across the globe. My own experience with the global forces of wilderness protection comes from the Amani Nature Reserve (ANR) in Tanzania’s East Usambara Mountains. In 1997, the Tanzanian government formally established the ANR in order to protect a patchwork of biologically rich forests that had eluded the development of the timber and tea industries, which began to exploit the area in the 1950s. With the rhetorical inclusiveness now characteristic of the international conservation lobby, the law designated the forest preserves for the material, scientific, and ecological benefit of all “stakeholders.”1 The government called for local participation in forest conservation, while arguing that the ANR’s pristine wilderness attributes should lead to its international recognition as a biosphere reserve or a world heritage site, a status which would further impinge upon indigenous power to determine how the forest might be used.
“Public Women” and Sexual Politics During the American Civil War
Authors: Clinton Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
War produces cultural shifts so dramatic that sexual attitudes, mores, and morality undergo sea changes when nations are under siege. Why should the American Civil War be any different? Yet unearthing evidence on this topic continues to be challenging, for as Civil War scholar Bell Wiley complained, families censored soldiers’ letters, and veterans avoided this topic in their reminiscences. A legacy of silence on sexual subjects remained in force for nearly a century after the war. Regardless of reticence, the Civil War created the largest increase in the sex trade in nineteenth-century America, perhaps the single greatest growth spurt in the nation’s history. During the antebellum period, brothels flourished throughout the United States, in bustling port cities as well as rural hamlets. “Blue” guides were published for major cities along the eastern seaboard; New Orleans had its own guide, which ran to several editions. Many women who sold sexual services were affiliated with “houses,” but even larger numbers operated independently as “streetwalkers.” Evidence indicates that hundreds, perhaps thousands, of nineteenth-century women were involved with a system of concubinage of “kept women” through private contractual arrangements with individual men. Whatever these combined numbers amounted to, they were overshadowed by the figures for those who participated in a more “casual” sex trade.
The Other Side of Freedom Destitution, Disease, and Dependency among Freedwomen and Their Children during and after the Civil War
Authors: Downs Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
He found her lying in a ditch a few miles away from a Union camp in Augusta, Georgia. The war had been over for almost a year, yet she lay there in the dirt under the hot August sun as if she were a recent casualty from battle. By the end of war, she certainly was free, but the slow and often unorganized reconstruction of the South did not offer her a clear road to freedom. Instead, as the Bureau agent who discovered her explained, she had been going “from pillar to post and had fallen on her knees.” After finding her lying in the dirt, the Bureau agent brought her to the Freedmen’s Hospital in Augusta, Georgia. There, a Bureau physician examined her body and diagnosed her as blind, and then later concurred that her blindness must have resulted from syphilis. While it is difficult to determine the validity of the doctor’s diagnosis—as many medical professionals in the nineteenth century associated disease, particularly venereal disease, with social circumstance and morality—questions concerning her condition nonetheless remain.
Politics and Petticoats in the Same Pod Florence Fay, Betsey Bittersweet, and the Reconstruction of Southern Womanhood, 1865–1868
Authors: Rubin Anne Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Dear Mister Editors of the Southern Home Journal,” began a letter in that Baltimore newspaper’s inaugural issue in November 1867. I got your perlite letter last week a asking of me to write to you and tell the news down here in this “Deistrick,” so called—and went right straight and jined a sewing society, besides making my old men take to going to lodge meetings again, that I might hear all as was a going; for I don’t know which is the best place to pick up news—a sewing society where no gentlemen is admitted, or a mason’s lodge where no ladies is allowed.
Panic and Prejudice
Authors: Wilentz Sean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Panic turned into despair for New York’s workers in the late 1830s and early 184os. The mass unemployment that followed the financial collapse was bad enough, prompting one newspaper to wonder how this “awful fact” had come to pass in the free and equal United States.1 The situation worsened over the next five years. Wage rates for those craft workers and laborers lucky enough to find work fell by about one-third between 1836 and 1842; in the worst years, real wages also fell ( Figs. 3 and 5). Unemployment deepened. In 1843 New Yorkers finally glimpsed the start of a recovery of business and higher wages-but within two years of the depression’s end the city was swamped with refugees from the Irish famine and from agrarian and political crises in Germany. With this sudden expansion of the supply of cheap labor, New York’s manufacturers and master craftsmen, already buoyed by the return of commercial prosperity, further expanded and extended the subdivision and contracting of work. By the late 1840s, New York’s position as the nation’s leading manufacturing site was secure, and the split labor market and the fragmentation of the artisan system were complete.
Introduction
Authors: Deagon Andrea 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many changes, both in and out of the classroom, are challenging us to reexamine how we teach Latin and Greek: the rapid pace of communication, new technologies, the explosion of new knowledge, the growing diversity in our schools and communities. Educators and employers recognize the need for graduates who have good communication skills, who understand diverse cultures, who can work with people from different backgrounds, who can solve problems, and who can work collaboratively. The language classroom is one place where all these skills can be taught. It is in the Latin and Greek classroom that we can teach students how to communicate, how to synthesize new knowledge, how to respond to other cultures, how to solve problems, and how to collaborate.
Ancient Greek in Classroom Conversation
Authors: Saffire Paula 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter covers four topics: (1) why to use conversational ancient Greek in a beginning course in the language, (2) how to do it, (3) obstacles to overcome, and (4) future possibilities. I shall concentrate on how, giving specific recommendations as well as a transcript of classroom conversation. I begin with the question why because unless teachers are convinced that the enterprise is worthwhile, it will hardly matter how. My remarks are based principally on direct observation or reports by students and teachers, and are bolstered by the research of scholars. I have used spontaneous, conversational ancient Greek in the classroom for over twenty years, originally at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst (1972–74) and recently at Butler University (1989–present). Other professors who have done this are Eliot Youman at Mercer University, Joel Farber at Franklin & Marshall College, Catherine Freis at Millsaps College, Jeffrey Wills at the University of Wisconsin, and David Kovacs at the University of Virginia. Information was gleaned through conversations, remarks overheard, student questionnaires, and letters. (As others of you try this method, I would appreciate hearing about your experience.)
Black Agency after Slavery
Authors: Rodrigue John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the more significant developments in Reconstruction historiography during the past generation has been the ascendancy of the concept of black historical agency to the status of conventional wisdom. It is no longer new or original to see slaves and former slaves as historical agents who seized the initiative in destroying slavery and laying the foundations of the free black community, or to view the destruction of slavery as a revolutionary rendering of American society and ideals in which black people played a pivotal role. These seminal insights, first articulated by W. E. B. Du Bois and other black scholars early in the twentieth century, were largely although not entirely ignored by the historical profession before the 1960s. They subsequently gained increasing currency until by the 1980s they came to serve as a veritable point of departure in the writing on black life after slavery. Revisionist works—from John Hope Franklin’s From Slavery to Freedom(1947) to the publications of the Freedmen and Southern Society Project—championed the principles of this previously overlooked scholarship and with it blazed a trail for later historians to follow. This essay will survey the recent literature on the origins and development of the free black community in the South after slavery. As the previous essay reviewed studies of the structural transformation of the postbellum southern economy, this one will concentrate on interpretations of the daily, local efforts of former slaves to achieve economic independence.
China’s Golden Age
Authors: Benn Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Tang Dynasty (618-907), traditionally regarded as the goldenage of China, was a time of patricians and intellectuals, Buddhist monks and Taoist priests, poetry and music, song and dance. In China’s Golden Age: Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty, Charles Benn paints a vivid picture of the lifestyle behind the grandeur of the Tang culture. All aspects of day-to-day life are presented, including crime, entertainment, fashion, marriage, food, hygiene, dwellings, and transportation. Attend an ancient feast to celebrate an imperial birthday, where ale was served in elaborate pitchers before a meal of fourteen hors d’oeuvres and twenty-three courses. Learn which colors concubines used for their eye makeup and beauty marks, and what their jealous wives did to discourage such enhancement. See the similarities between today’s pubs and the Tang alehouses, where women were hired to dance and sing to encourage patrons to stay longer and spend more money. Decide for yourself why Yangzhou, a city on the Grand Canal close to the Yangtze River, was considered one of the greatest cities in the Tang Dynasty. Benn translates and paraphrases his classical Chinese sources from the Tang era with fresh and polished prose. He also includes his own illustrations of everything from tools and hairstyles to musical instruments and courtyard dwellings. A history of the rise and fall of the dynasty is presented, as is a look at the societal structure of the aristocracy, bureaucracy, eunuchs, clergy, peasants, artisans, merchants, and slaves. This thorough explanation provides fascinating insight into a culture and time that is often misunderstood by Westerners and brings alive both the everyday routine and the timeless splendor of this intellectually and artistically powerful epoch. Enjoy your journey in China’s Golden Age, and come back to the present with a greater understanding of this amazing time.
Leisure and Entertainment
Authors: Benn Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There was plenty of leisure during the Tang, more so than in later dynasties. By the middle of the eighth century Tang statutes recognized twenty-eight holidays on which the government granted a total of fifty eight days of leave to all mandarins throughout the empire. The rest of society-peasants, merchants, and artisans-also celebrated festivals, though probably with less time off. As already noted, the regulations provided officials with one day off every ten days (a Tang week). In addition the state gave its high-ranking employees fifteen days off in the fifth moon as a “farming holiday” and another fifteen days in the ninth moon as a “holiday for the bestowal of robes.” In all of those in stances government offices closed, permitting their personnel to spend their free time at home or in places of amusement.
Special Regional Considerations
Authors: Miller Laurie C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prospective parents often ask, “Which is the best country to choose for international adoption?” Overall, the individual experiences of the child (including genetics, prenatal exposures, nutrition, health, and environment) are more important determinants of the child’s well-being than the colors of the flag flying over the orphanage. However, countryspecific factors also influence the health of internationally adopted children. Financial resources, basic health indicators, and societal attitudes toward abandoned children vary greatly among international adoption sending countries (see Chapter 2). The reasons why children are abandoned also differ between countries. Together, these factors shape the health, nutritional status, and development of children placed for international adoption.
Tuberculosis
Authors: Miller Laurie C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is more confusion about tuberculosis (TB) than any other infectious disease of internationally adopted children. Correct application and interpretation of diagnostic criteria for TB have been a source of extensive discussions among practitioners caring for these children. Proper management of potential TB infection among international adoptees is critical: unrecognized TB infection is an enormous risk to public health. A dramatic example of this occurred in 1999 in an outbreak of TB affecting 56 people in a small town in North Dakota. The source was a 9-yearold-boy adopted from the Marshall Islands. His adoptive mother presented with tuberculous hip arthritis, osteomyelitis, obturator myositis, and pelvic abscess 2 years after the adoption. Although tine tests were placed on the boy (and his twin brother) shortly after their arrival in the United States, these had not been read and no further evaluation was performed, even though the patient was 5 cm shorter and 5 kg lighter than his twin. Several other reports document transmission of TB from infants to adults.