bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Writing Under Pressure
Authors: Kaye Sanford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most writing is done under pressure. An executive has to produce a three-page position paper by tomorrow at nine. A department head suddenly has to write a one-page action memo by noon. A graduate student has a twenty-page research paper due in a week. Yet, while most students and professionals write under pressure--with limited time, limited space, and a supervisor or instructor to please--few approach the task systematically. In Writing Under Pressure, Sanford Kaye, a renowned expert on the subject, presents a system he calls the Quick Writing Process (QWP) that focuses on real-world writing tasks and demonstrates how to produce the clearest, most honest, most powerful work possible under the constraints of time and space. A writing instructor with twenty-five years’ experience teaching students and professionals in business and government, Kaye tells writers how to budget their time and how to use this time efficiently. Exploring particular writing situations in which QWP can be applied to make the most of what the writer knows, Kaye discusses the process of taking exams, focusing on how instructors select questions and evaluate essays. He also considers writing in business and government, featuring an insightful analysis of a memo written by Colonel Oliver North. This memo highlights one of the most important issues writers in business and government face: whether to write the truth as they see it or simply what their bosses want to hear. Presenting a wealth of such examples, Kaye reveals how to break through stifling organizational codes in order to write memos and position papers that count. While most guides to writing ignore the constraints of time and space, Writing Under Pressure tackles these problems head on, making it an essential reference for students, business professionals, government officials, or anyone else faced with a difficult writing assignment that has to be done now.
Producing the Raw Draft
Authors: Kaye Sanford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of us are trained from our first exercises in school to think of revising as a painful, unrewarding act, changing a word or two here or there without actually improving our writing. We don’t really know what to do. Later on, we learn to cut and perhaps to rearrange a few blocks of writing, but often we do this with a draft that is already fragmented, filled with remnants of discarded thoughts and passages that need more rather than less explanation for a reader. Writing becomes the easier part of the process, and revising a series of unpredictable, disjointed acts that can spoil the whole thing.
Examwriting
Authors: Kaye Sanford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine that you are an undergraduate taking a three-hour final exam in Renaissance Literature. You have done fairly well on two short papers in the course, but your hour exam was disappointing. If they ask the right questions on this final, you should get at least a B in the course. You have reviewed your lecture notes. You did the readings carefully, and distilled your notes into a comparison of the major themes and methods of the important writers. You’ve browsed through one of the books on the recommended reading list, a study supporting most of your lecturer’s interpretations.
Generating and Producing Research Writing
Authors: Kaye Sanford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clarifying your particular approach to the reader and to the material gives you a sense of the scope of your project. Estimating the scale gives you a sense of how to organize general ideas, specific information, and representative examples into a consistent, balanced structure within your timetable. On this foundation, a provisional thesis, including because-clauses, provides a framework for gathering and sifting the material. The provisional thesis for a research writing project is rougher and more malleable than that of an exam essay or an urgent position paper: it is less an answer and more a means of driving questions into the open for your consideration.
Becoming Independent Writers
Authors: Kaye Sanford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writers constantly shuttle between extremes. In constructing a piece of writing the writer goes through two distinct forms of activity: the process of discovery, and the presentation of his or her discoveries. We know from experience that when our writing is going well these two extremes of spontaneity and conscious control re enforce each other. The goal of QWP is to help the writer achieve this integration. The QWP system envisions writing as a continuous process, from defining the writer’s relationship to the reader and the environment, to estimating the scope, scale, and style of each project. You plan the structure of your answer around meaning, transforming the topic or question into a provisional thesis supported by because-clauses .
The Deification of the Commonplace: Twilight of the Idols
1
Authors: Magnus Bernd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If Nietzsche was right in saying that there are no immaculate perceptions and that there is only a perspective knowing, as he says in GM III 12, and elsewhere moreover, if in asserting these claims their very iteration does not undermine their cognitive force, then it follows that there are no immaculate perceptions of a text either, or a knowledge of its contents, which is not perspectival. Perspectivism derives some of its intuitive force from the emerging popularity of the still-picture camera in Nietzsche’s time and can be understood as a generalization of its point. Imagine, if you would, a physical object with a camera circling 360° about it in equidistant orbits, orbits which eventually traverse the object as if it were encased in an invisible globe.
The Writing on the Wall: The Antichrist and the Semiotics of History
Authors: Shapiro Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even those writers who have good things to say about Nietzsche usually do not have good things to say about his penultimate book, The Antichrist. Like Ecce Homo it is often described as at least prefiguring Nietzsche’s madness if not (as is sometimes the case) said to be part of that desperate glide itself. Those inclined to reject the book may be encouraged in this view by Nietzsche’s statement to Brandes, in November 1888, that The Antichrist is the whole of The Transvaluation of All Values (originally announced as a series of four books) and that Ecce Homo is its necessary prelude. The reader will have already discerned my intention of retrieving this exorbitant text for the Nietzschean canon. Such operations of retrieval are standard enough moves within a certain kind of philological discourse that privileges the book as an expressive or cognitive totality. But Nietzsche, the arch philogoist, is today often regarded as having undercut the grounds of such moves: first, by challenging their hermeneutic presuppositions and, second, by exemplifying in a paradigmatic fashion the discontinuous, fragmentary, or porous text. The second view of Nietzsche’s writings is a very traditional one; it is a commonplace among Nietzsche’s earlier readers that his writing is distressingly wanting in order and style, despite the brilliance for his thought. Such has continued to be the assumption of AngloAmerican readers like Walter Kaufmann and Arthur Danto, who have aimed at articulating the internal order of Nietzsche’s thought which the stylistic fireworks of the texts obscure.
Determinate Applications of Legal Rules
Authors: Greenawalt Kent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People have long believed that given existing legal institutions and standards, many legal problems have definite, objective answers, the answers provided by the law as it exists. For this belief to be sound, law need not be firmly rooted in morality, economics, or culture, but legal standards must yield answers. The most ambitious claim of determinacy is that the law provides an answer to every legal question, but that claim has few modern defenders, and I am not one of them. In this part of the book, I am defending a modest claim about determinacy: that many legal questions have determinate answers that (1) would be arrived at by virtually all those with an understanding of the legal system, and (2) are unopposed by powerful arguments, consonant with the premises of the system, for contrary results. One might think, especially in light of the last chapter, that this claim has all the bite and profundity of a truism, but passages in some skeptical writings appear to cast doubt on it.
Standards of Judgment: External or Internal, Personal or Reasonable
Authors: Greenawalt Kent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces a different set of concerns about objectivity and law. In it and the next two chapters, I turn from the subject of determinate answers to criteria used within the law to judge people’s behavior. What does someone mean by saying legal standards should be objective? Different issues are embraced by this question, and only confusion can result if the inquiry is not carefully focused. It helps to begin with some of the oppositions that need to be considered: (1) objective (external) versus subjective (internal); (2) objective (criteria based on reasonable persons) versus subjective (personalized criteria); (3) objective (dealing with many situations similarly) versus contextualized (using individualized approaches); (4) objective (dictating results) versus discretionary (leaving much to the judgment of officials); (5) objective (fair) versus arbitrary (or unfair). The simple idea that law is “objective” usually has a flavor of all these senses. Legal rules deal with external acts, they hold people to standards that govern reasonable people, they establish abstract general criteria that seem substantively fair, govern large classes of actions, and constrain officials reaching decisions.
Objectivity in Legal Reasoning
Authors: Greenawalt Kent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is about reasoning within the law, reasoning employed to interpret and apply law. One critical question is how far such reasoning is objective in the sense of having interpersonal validity. A closely related question is how reasoning within the law relates to other forms of reasoning. The latter question is an extension of last chapter’s inquiry about legal decision and broader sources. I conclude that reasoning within the law is not simply a subcategory of any other form of reasoning. It combines different kinds of reasoning. No particular feature of reasoning within law is distinctively and uniquely “legal,” but the context of legal decision colors the force of reasons that matter. Legal reasoning has substantial interpersonal validity, but reasonable people can disagree about the precise force of reasons and, in close cases, about whether the reasons on one side are more forceful than the reasons on the other. Much can be said about legal reasoning, but in this chapter, I say only enough to support these conclusions. Even in what I do say, I sometimes settle for assertion and explication rather than sustained argument. I am aware that in many respects all I accomplish in the chapter is the statement of plausible accounts, not a convincing showing that opposing perspectives are mistaken.
Reduplication, Linkage, and Mendel’s Second Law
Authors: Darden Lindley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we discussed in 5, in the early days of Mendelism, what is now referred to as the “independent assortment” of two different traits, or “Mendel’s second law,” was not separated from the law of segregation. In 1900, segregation appeared to hold for dihybrid crosses involving two different traits, as well as in the usual monohybrid cases. Mendel’s crosses of yellow tall peas with green short ones, for example, produced ratios of9 yellow tall:3 yellow short:3 green tall:1 green short in the F2• All possible combinations occurred independently.
Introduction
Authors: Ostrer Harry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the summer of 1995, I saw a baby in consultation for evaluation of asymmetry. At birth, his mother suspected that something was wrong because one side of his body was larger than the other. Careful questioning revealed that his blood sugar had been low in the newborn period. His physical examination revealed that he had a large tongue and the ear creases that are characteristic of Beckwith-Wiedeman syndrome (BWS). As a result of this diagnosis, we started a program of ultrasound screening for abdominal masses. At three months of age, a tumor was discovered in his right adrenal gland, which fortunately proved to be a benign adenoma when it was removed.
Selection in a Fluctuating Environment
Authors: Gillespie John H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will explore some mathematical aspects of natural se lection in a temporally and spatially fluctuating environment. This is an area of population genetics that has received relatively little attention over the years. The reasons for this are complex, but a lack of relevance is certainly not one of them. Population genetics theory is concerned with the evolutionary consequences of fitness differences between genotypes. The fitness of a genotype is a measure of its success in the natural environment. It is clear to even the most casual observer that the environment is in a constant state of flux. It must be the case that fitness differences between genotypes are also in a constant state of flux. Thus, models of selection in a fluctuating environment should be central to that part of population genetics theory that is concerned with natural selection.
The Cost of Competence
Authors: Silverstein Brett , Perlick Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The Cost of Competence Brett Silverstein and Deborah Perlick argue that rather than simply labelling individual women as, say, anorexic or depressed, it is time to look harder at the widespread prejudices within our society and child-rearing practices that lead thousands of young women to equate thinness with competence and success, and femininity with failure.
From Bird land to Broadway
Authors: Crow Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1950s New York. On the stage at Birdland is Pee Wee Marquette, the 3’ 9” MC, dressed in a zoot suit and loud tie, smoking a huge cigar, and mispronouncing the name of the next act. Pee Wee is just one of the many characters that have made Bill Crow’ s forty years in jazz seem like an instant. In the same key as his acclaimed Jazz Anecdotes, this collection of revealing, hilarious, and sometimes moving stories runs the full gamut of New York’ s nightspots, introducing us along the way to the likes of Dizzy Gillespie, Benny Goodman, Stan Getz, Billie Holliday, Yul Brynner, and Simon and Garfunkel.
The Nature of All Being
Authors: Bradley Raymond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this comprehensive study of Wittgenstein's modal theorizing, Raymond Bradley offers a radical reinterpretation of Wittgenstein's early thought. He argues that the Tractatus presents a view of the world in which possibilities are given an important ontological status. Contrary to most interpreters, Bradley contends that Wittgenstein's ontology is central to his enterprise, and not simply a by-product of certain of his views on language. On Bradley's reading, the Tractatus offers a version of modal realism. He further demonstrates the unexpected existence of deep differences both in content and aims between the logical atomism of Wittgenstein and that of Russell. A unique feature of Bradley's argument here is his reliance on Wittgenstein's notebooks, which he believes offer indispensable guidance to the interpretation of difficult passages in the Tractatus. Bradley then goes on to argue that Wittgenstein's account of modality - and the related notion of possible worlds - is in fact superior to any of the currently popular theories in this area.
Springs Of Action
Authors: Mele Alfred R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book, Alfred Mele tackles some central problems in the philosophy of action. His purpose is to construct an explanatory model for intentional behaviour, locating the place and significance of such mental phenomena as beliefs, desires, reasons, and intentions in the etiology of intentional action. Part One comprises a comprehensive examination of the standard treatments of the relations between desires, beliefs, and actions. In Part Two, Mele develops a subtle and well defended view that the motivational role of intentions is of a different sort from that of beliefs and desires. In the final chapter, Mele offers a provocative explanation of how we come to have intentions and elaborates on his earlier work concerning akratic failures of will.
Effective Reasons
Authors: Mele Alfred R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Garden-variety explanations of intentional actions feature reasons. The reasons for which we act-what I shall call effective reasons-are often construed, following Donald Davidson (1980, ch. 1), as belief/desire pairs. This construal, in its standard form, postulates a division of labor between beliefs and desires that is well suited to a common species of intentional action. However, the plausibility of dividing the labor in the standard way is undermined by attention to intrinsically motivated actions-roughly, actions done for their own sakes. In the present chapter, I shall argue that intrinsically motivated actions are done for rea sons, show that this tells against Davidson’s account of the reasons for which we act, and develop an alternative conception of effective reasons that accommodates intrinsically motivated actions. My goal in so doing is further refinement of the belief/desire model of action-explanation outlined in chapter 1.
Intention, Belief, and Intentional Action
Authors: Mele Alfred R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ordinary usage supports both a relatively strong belief requirement on intention and a tight conceptual connection between intention and intentional action. More specifically, it speaks in favor both of the view that ‘S intends to A’ entails ‘S believes that he (probably) will A’ and of the thesis that ‘S intentionally A-ed’ entails ‘S intended to A’. So, at least, proponents of these ideas often claim or assume―and with appreciable justification.
Adrienne Rich, Emily Dickinson, and the Limits of Sisterhood
Authors: Erkkila Betsy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In an essay on Elizabeth Bishop entitled “The Eye of the Outsider” (1983), Adrienne Rich comments on her quest as a young woman writer for a specifically female literary genealogy: “I was looking for a clear female tradition; the tradition I was discovering was diffuse, elusive, often cryptic” (Blood, Bread, and Poetry 125). In part because Rich was looking for a particular kind of women’s writing and in part because of Bishop’s literary reputation as a high modernist poet of wit, objectivity, and formal control, Bishop seemed at once inaccessible and unavailable to Rich as a literary model. “Women poets searching for older contemporaries in that period,” says Rich, “were supposed to look to ‘Miss’ Marianne Moore as the paradigm of what a woman poet might accomplish, and after her, to ‘Miss’ Bishop. Both had been selected and certified by the literary establishment, which was, as now, white, male, and at least ostensibly heterosexual” (125). Rich herself “felt drawn but also repelled, by Bishop’s early work,” finding it “impenetrable: intellectualized to the point of obliquity” (125).
Not Saints, but Healers: Legal Duties of Physicians in the AlDS Epidemic
Authors: Annas George J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Albert Camus closes his narrative of The Plague by observing of those who “fought against its terror and relentless onslaughts” that, although they were “unable to be saints,” they refused ‘ ‘to bow down to pestilences, [and strove] their utmost to be healers.” Neither law nor ethics expects sainthood or martyrdom of physicians. Nor can the law force people to be courageous or virtuous. But the law does set a minimum standard of conduct below which physicians cannot fall without risking lawsuits, loss of license, or loss of employment. This chapter explores the legal framework within which physicians must work as healers in the AIDS epidemic, and suggests ways in which the law can reinforce an ethic of professionalism in the face of this modern plague.
The Politics of Fetal Tissue Transplants
Authors: Annas George J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Research involving human fetal tissue has been the subject of intense political debate in the United States for two decades, and the use of fetal tissue for transplant continues this controversy in another forum. ‘ Since Roe v. Wade, the federal government has focused public attention on fetal re search by creating panels of experts. For example, in 1974 Congress created the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research and put the formulation of regulations on fetal research first on its agenda. The resulting regulations were reason able, but no federally funded research on either fetuses or in vitro fertilization has been done in the United States, primarily because of the Reagan and Bush administrations ‘ view on the moral status of the human embryo. In this regard, the “right to life” groups may be viewed as the most effective political lobbying “bioethics” groups of the 1980s.
Siamese Twins: Killing One to Save the Other
Authors: Annas George J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The separation of Siamese twins with conjoined hearts, while a rare event, has received some ethical and legal discussion. Most of it, unfortunately, has been characterized by fuzzy thinking and flawed analogies. Perhaps this is inevitable. Siamese twins have always seemed bizarre to us. Their very name comes from history ‘s most famous such twins, Eng and Chang Bunker. Born in Siam in 1811, they lived until 1874 and were exhibited around the world by P. T. Barnum. The second most famous are Amos and Eddie Smith, fictional Siamese twins who are the subjects of Judith Rossner ‘s challenging novel, Attachments, and who, in the novel, also spent some time with Ringling Brothers Barnum & Bailey. ture well into the 20th century. Are Siamese twins “monsters” that do not merit the care we routinely provide other infants, or are they two persons, each of which merits care in its own best interests? Can one twin be sacrificed so that the other may be made “human”?
The Erosion of Autonomy in Long-Term Care
Authors: Lidz Charles W , Fischer Lynn , Arnold Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In few places in American society are adults so dependent on others as in nursing homes. Minimizing this dependency and promoting autonomy has become a major focus of policy and ethics in gerontology. Yet most of these discussions are divorced from the day-to-day reality of long-term care and are implicitly based on concepts of autonomy derived from acute medical care settings. Promoting autonomy in long-term care, however, is a complex task which requires close attention to everyday routines and a fundamental rethinking of the meaning of autonomy. This timely work is based on an observational study of two different types of settings which provide long-term care for the elderly. The authors offer a detailed description of the organizational patterns that erode autonomy of the elderly. Their observations lead to a substantial rethinking of what the concept of autonomy means in these settings. The book concludes with concrete suggestions on methods to increase the autonomy of elderly individuals in long-term care institutions.