bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Pendulum Swings in the Other Direction: Sociological Explanations of Science
Authors: Redman Deborah A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have lumped together Polanyi, Fleck, and Kuhn for two reasons. They have in common a view that science cannot be rationally justified and hence be­ longs to the sociology of science. Theirs is an elitist view: appraisal of theories is the job of scientists only. The scientific community is a closed community. They all agree that science is a special enterprise. On what does it base its authority, then? For Polanyi, the authority of science lies in the judgment of scientists—in the “tacit dimension” of science, shared and understood only by scientists. For Fleck, it rests in the Denkkollektiv; for Kuhn, in the leap of faith to a paradigm.
Whither the History of Science?
Authors: Redman Deborah A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not all philosophers of science have been interested in historical aspects of science. The current emphasis on the history of science and on theories as complex structural wholes is in part due to the work of the historian of science Thomas Kuhn. But as the historian of science I. Bernard Cohen (1977, p. 309) indicates, Joseph Agassi, Gerd Buchdahl, Joseph Cark, Paul Feyerabend, Adolf Grünbaum, Mary Hesse, N. R. Hanson, Ernan McMullin, Imre Lakatos, Ernest Nagel, Dudley Shapere, Karl Popper, Hans Reichenbach, Stephen Toulmin, and others are philosophers of science who are very concerned with aspects of history of science. To the contrary, I. B. Cohen (1977, p. 310) mentions that Carnap and Quine are notable for their lack of interest in history.
The Philanthropic Process-Management, Operation, and Grant Making
Authors: London Nancy R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the preceding two chapters have demonstrated, the legal and tax frameworks that shape Japanese philanthropy are the product of the unique Japanese cultural setting and hence are very different from those that give United States philanthropy its form. The internal procedures according to which grant-making foundations and corporate contributions programs govern themselves are also culturally derived, yet it is in this area that Japanese and U.S. foundations are most similar. Differences here seem to be predominantly those of degree rather than substance.
Of Race, Sex, and Lynching
Authors: Lane Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It may be argued that from the beginning there was a chicken-egg relationship between prejudice and American racial oppression, or even that racial attitudes grew up, after the fact, to justify a domination that preceded them. It is true at least that some specific stereotypes were conveniently tailored to specific social situations, as Thomas Jefferson’s insistence that blacks are better suited to work under a hot sun than whites, require less sleep, and feel loss and other emotions less keenly. But the evidence is overwhelming that racial prejudice is even wider than racial oppression. And the fact that hostility to blackness, in particular, is built into the whole Indo-European family of languages has given hostility to Afro-Americans a character wholly different, in kind and degree, from the prejudice which dominant white Protestants have historically directed at other ethnic and even racial groups.
Organization and Social Class
Authors: Lane Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few things about late-19th-century black Philadelphia are more striking than the richness of its web of clubs, organizations, and associations, all of them, like politics, religion, and color itself serving at the same time to divide and unite the larger community. There were organizations for every purpose: fellowship and mutual insurance, charity and prestige, education and the celebration of common origins and experience. Given a population of only a few tens of thousands, collectively they represented a truly astonishing amount of energy and sometimes expense. Many of these groups competed for members; some were designed to set people apart from others, to draw lines based on social class, place of birth, or other differences. But it was hard in practice to establish a stable class system in a community so poor. The income difference between top and bottom was always narrow, and the many clubs and associations themselves often demanded a conspicuous consumption that combined with the uncertainties of economic life to make personal security hard to win and even harder to transmit across the generations. And despite efforts to reinforce class lines through selective association, the need to unite for religious, political, and other purposes prevented any group of Afro-Americans from truly isolating themselves from the rest.
Crew: Internationalism, Expansion, and the Yale-Harvard Pullout
Authors: Smith Ronald A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Harvard ‘s Dominance of crew as the first two decades of intercol legiate contests came to a close led its crew members to consider challenging the supposed supremacy of England ‘s Oxford and Cam bridge universities. The natural rivalry between the English and the Americans had been most marked by two major wars, the American Revolution and the War of 1812, but it also had been spurred on by the Civil War in which England had given aid to the Confederacy. Americans had sporadically contested the English in boating, boxing, cricket, horse racing, running, and yachting in non-collegiate contests in the decades before the Civil War. Americans may not have liked the English, but they did look up to them and their culture. Sport was an important part of that culture, and Americans had a desire to see how they would stand up in competition. If American colleges were to challenge the best of England, it was logical that Harvard should lead the way. It was the oldest, wealthiest, and most prestigious American college, and in America ‘s first intercollegiate sport, crew, it was the best.
Analyzing Discourse: Frame And Topic Coherence
Authors: Ribeiro Branca Telles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In language any one of these things can go wrong, since, as Becker adds, ‘‘it is at best an unstable integration’ (1982a:128). When the integration is disrupted, an unsuccessful language and interactional experience results. People do many things through talk. They introduce topics for discussion that are eventually negotiated as conversational topics in the interaction. They convey requests, make demands, respond to summonses, and present statements, among a variety of different actions. Participants in a conversation also take turns, take and yield the floor, interrupt, and reveal their listenership verbally and nonverbally. In performing all this work, people continuously signal their relationship to one another, as well as to what they are saying, through talk.
Conflicting Frames in the Discharge Interview
Authors: Ribeiro Branca Telles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Goffman’s extensive research in face-to-face encounters masterfully demonstrates the subtle ways in which context is constantly being recreated in interaction. It has stimulated inquiry into the variety of roles and alignments that come into play when people engage in face-to-face interaction. Investigating how subtle changes in participants’ stance or position vis-a-vis one another may alter or influence the direction of the ongoing talk is a fruitful approach to the understanding of different types of discourse.
Topic Coherence In The Discharge Interview
Authors: Ribeiro Branca Telles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My discussion so far has dealt with the different frames that emerged in the discharge interview. We have seen that the doctor controls the institutional frames of the interview by introducing questions which the patient must address. We will see that all of these questions follow an official topic agenda that Doctor Edna brings to the interview. In answering the doctor’s questions, Dona Jurema sometimes shifts out of the institutional frame and reframes the talk as a personal encounter. Doctor Edna may ratify this shift. When she does, she goes along during a short segment of talk until she finally steers the patient back to the interview frame by introducing or reintroducing a topic on her agenda. Topics, therefore, play a crucial role in reframings as well as in the shaping of frames.
Topicality In The Admitting Interview: Where Coherence Breaks Down
Authors: Ribeiro Branca Telles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen thus far that a large part of what constitutes the institutional frame of the medical encounter is related to the topic agenda that the doctor brings to the interview. To be successful in the interview situation (and hence assess the official frame correctly), the patient must address the doctor’s topics. That is, she must be able to identify ‘‘what talk is about’ and provide some sort of satisfying response, which either addresses the doctor’s request for information or establishes a process of negotiation. Furthermore, the patient does not introduce topics from a personal agenda but instead may recycle a previous topic that the doctor has introduced or expand on an ongoing topic by introducing subtopics. That is, she must provide for topic continuity rather than topic introduction.
Toward a Model for the Analysis of Inappropriate Responses in Native/Nonnative Interactions
Authors: House Juliane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why do learners of a second or foreign language often fail to respond in a way acceptable to their native interlocutors? ls it because they “misheard” or simply didn’t hear what was said to them, because they did not understand what was said to them, or because they did not understand what the interlocutor had meant by what he or she said to them?
Neutral Politics
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The United States, like many other societies, is morally pluralistic: No one set of beliefs about how it is good or fitting for human beings to live their lives prevails in American society. (The morally pluralistic character of American society, however, unlike that of other societies, is congenital: “As it arose in America, the problem of pluralism was unique in the modern world, chiefly because pluralism was the native condition of American society. It was not, as in Europe and England, the result of a disruption or decay of a previously existent religious unity.”1) Although some quite general beliefs about human good are widely shared in American society, many beliefs about human good are widely, deeply, and persistently disputed. That state of affairs gives rise to a fundamental inquiry about the proper relation of morality to politics: In American society (or in any similarly pluralistic society).
Commitment and Depth Versus Detachment and Breadth
Authors: Demb Ada , Neubauer F -Friedrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Distortions in the functioning of boards come about for variety of reasons: some intentional, some because of dynamics that are built in to the circumstances. The tensions that cause this paradox are embodied in the characteristics of individual board members, making them an inescapable aspect of board composition. The first tension relates to the capacity of a board member to remain detached from considerations of self-interest while retaining a commitment to and an involvement with the company. The second relates to the ability of the board member to bring to the table both in-depth understanding of the company and its industry setting as well as perspectives from the broader business and socioeconomic environments.
“Cozy Club” Versus Independent “Personalities”
Authors: Demb Ada , Neubauer F -Friedrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is the collective strength of the directors that gives the board its capability for judgment-the capability that translates into a distinct additive role. The challenge of this paradox is to forge a set of relationships among a group of strong individuals that will permit information to be shared, recommendations challenged, and actions evaluated, while at the same time avoiding the trap of becoming a group so trusting, familiar, and comfortable with itself that judgment is undermined by cozy self satisfaction. The nature of this paradox is illustrated in Figure 6.1. A board accommodating new members finds itself with “strangers” in the group, and therefore with a reduced ability to access its collective judgment. As the group continues to work together over a period of years, the inevitable familiarity may lead to complacency and a tendency to seek new members who “fit” with existing members. Slowly and very incrementally the board’s critical ability, its collective ability to challenge, deteriorates.
Dealing with Board Performance
Authors: Demb Ada , Neubauer F -Friedrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Who talks about board performance? In the newspapers, in business circles, and on the cocktail circuit board failures and scandals elicit scorn, anger, and some righteous indignation. “Sadly,” John Harvey-Jones writes, “it is perfectly possible for boards of directors to meet regularly and never discuss any creative business at all.”1 Yet, by and large, few people focus on board performance, or board effective ness, until there is a crisis.
Introduction
Authors: Webelhuth Gert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the challenges in writing a book that makes a detailed comparison of certain areas in seven different languages is the efficient organization of the wealth of empirical data. There is every reason to believe that all readers except those most interested in the subject would put a book aside that did not present the data in portions manageable to someone with an average attention span. Therefore I have made every effort to bring the material presented below into a reader­ friendly format. I was helped in this endeavor by the supportive comments and suggestions of several readers and reviewers of pre­ final drafts.
Pied Piping
Authors: Webelhuth Gert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 3 we dealt with some problems in the syntax of clausal arguments. Before we turn to nonclausal arguments in the next chapter, we will concern ourselves here with the phenomenon of S­ structure pied piping. I will show that the data from the Germanic languages suggests a strong correlation between the grammatical relation that an element bears in a phrase marker and its capacity to pied­ pipe its mother constituent, i.e. to cause its mother to move along with it into an operator position. To the extent that this claim is correct, the phenomenon of pied piping leads to valuable insights into the characterization of such universal building blocks of phrase structure as the complementation relation, modification, and specification. This may be an important result for two reasons: first, because it allows us a kind of reduction in the language­ acquisition process, which is pronounced desirable in the following discussion from Chomsky (1981, 9 ff) under the rubric of “epistemological priority”: Any theory­ in particular, a theory ofUG­ may be regarded ideally as a set of concepts and a set of theorems stated in terms of these concepts. We may select a primitive basis of concepts in terms of which the theorems are derivable....
Introduction: Political Structure, Democratic Theory, and Constitutional Text
Authors: Redish Martin H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has become fashionable in certain academic circles to urge a dramatically reduced role for the courts in enforcement of the Constitution’s structural provisions. In the area of constitutional federalism, the Supreme Court has—with limited aberration—largely followed this scholarly lead, for the most part dropping out of the business of reviewing allegedly unconstitutional federal encroachments on state power. In the separation-of-powers area, however, the modern Court has evinced something of a split personality, seemingly wavering from resort to judicial enforcement with a formalistic vengeance to use of a so-called functional approach that appears to be designed to do little more than rationalize incursions by one branch of the federal government into the domain of another. The Court has gone from one extreme to the other, with the assertion of what are at best tenuous distinctions.
Involvement as Dialogue: Linguistic Theory and the Relation between Conversational and Literary Discourse
Authors: Tannen Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the rise of transformational grammar as the dominant paradigm in linguistics, literary theorists have tended to look to it as the primary if not only available model of linguistic theory. At the same time there has developed among literary scholars, as it has among scholars in a range of other disciplines, a growing and spreading interest in the theoretical framework of Mikhail Bakhtin. The coincidence of these two strands of theoretical interest among literary theorists is in a sense ironic, since, as elucidated by Gary Saul Morson and Caryl Emerson in their book Mikhail Bakhtin (1990), Bakhtin positioned himself in opposition to linguistic theory, about which he was loudly skeptical.
Conversation as Dialogue
Authors: Searle John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Traditionally speech act theory has a very restricted subject matter. The speech act scenario is enacted by its two great heroes, “S” and “H”; and it works as follows: S goes up to H and cuts loose with an acoustic blast; if all goes well, if all the appropriate conditions are satisfied, if S’s noise is infused with intentionality, and if all kinds of rules come into play, then the speech act is successful and nondefective. After that, there is silence; nothing else happens. The speech act is concluded and S and H go their separate ways. Traditional speech act theory is thus largely confined to single speech acts. But, as we all know, in real life speech acts are often not like that at all. In real life, speech characteristically consists of longer sequences of speech acts, either on the part of one speaker, in a continuous discourse; or it consists, more interestingly, of sequences of exchange speech acts in a conversation, where alternately S becomes H; and H, S.
Explanation
Authors: O’shaughnessy John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 1 it was claimed that the major reason for studying the behavioural sciences is to attain the ability to explain behaviour; at the same time, it was argued that a firm understanding of any behavioural science revolves around understanding its mode of explanation. Yet up to now no attempt has been made to define “modes” of explanation or what constitutes an explanation. This chapter discusses the concept of explanation and the controversies that have arisen over the nature of a scientific explanation, explanatory adequacy, and the relationship between explanation and prediction.
Causal Temporal Modes of Explanation
Authors: O’shaughnessy John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the interesting causal models in marketing would come under the heading of causal temporal modes of explanation. These generally display more explanatory depth than do simple cause-effect conjunctions. Causal temporal modes of explanation are concerned with chains of discrete events, linked together through time in some causal way. The temporal linkage receives prominence because
Philosophical Controversies Underlying Explanatory Systems and Methodologies
Authors: O’shaughnessy John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The different explanatory modes discussed in Chapters 3 to 6 give rise to different methodologies as to what data to collect and how the data are to be collected, manipulated, and interpreted. As shown in Chapters 7 and 8, each of the various systems of psychology and sociology adopts a methodology that fits the pursuit of one of the four modes of explanation. Thus the methodology of existential phenomenology pursues a goal ascription type of explanation and adopts a methodology for interpreting behavior. But there is no exact one-to-one correspondence between methodology and the type of explanation sought. Thus if l believe reasons are causes, I can still adopt a methodology that relies on interpreting verbal protocols and need not, like the behaviorist, resort to experimentation. However, regardless of the explanatory mode and corresponding methodology adopted, there is no avoiding philosophical controversies as researchers implicitly or explicitly take a position on issues like rationalism versus empiricism or realism versus idealism. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss both the philosophical underpinnings and the controversies involved in the various explanatory modes and the presuppositions inherent in any methodology.
Introduction
Authors: Abelson Elaine S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On December 10, 1898, the New York Times reported the arrest of two women in Siegel-Cooper, a large Sixth Avenue department store. Mrs. Sarah Raymond, wife of the manager of a safe deposit company, was charged by store detective George Bernard with stealing a bottle of perfume valued at one dollar. Mrs. Laura Swift, wife of a minister, was charged with stealing an umbrella and several other small articles valued at seven dollars. Mrs. Swift, Bernard testified, had hidden the umbrella in the folds of her skirt “when one of the clerks was not looking.”1 Described by the Times reporter as “well-dressed,” of “unblemished reputation,” “dutiful wife and mother,” the two women were each arraigned and released by the court when Siegel-Cooper dropped the com plaints. Only two of many similar incidents that Christmas sea son, the Sarah Raymond and Laura Swift episodes encapsulate the drama of ladies who went a-thieving in the late nineteenth century. Solidly middle class, if not necessarily well-to-do, and obviously respectable, these women entered the great dry-goods bazaars to shop and became enmeshed in a consumer world of seemingly unlimited dimensions. That they became shoplifters demonstrates the difficulties faced both by middle-class women and by Victorian society in the face of fundamental cultural and economic change.
The Dilemmas of Detection
Authors: Abelson Elaine S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the moment the dry-goods emporium became a department store, the detective became part of the store’s labor force. But until the sensational arrest of Mrs. Elizabeth B. Phelps and four other “respectable women” for shoplifting at Macy’s in December 1870, the store detective remained a shadowy figure, an invisible member of the supporting cast. The notoriety and public indig-nation accompanying the Macy arrests placed store detectives in an immediate spotlight and, as we shall see, very much determined the response of the dry-goods bazaars to the complex problem of middle-class shoplifting. The reverberations from the Phelps case persisted into the twentieth century.
‘‘… Disposition Shady, but a Perfect Lady’’
Authors: Abelson Elaine S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the forty-first meeting of the Association of Medical Superin­tendents of American Institutions for the Insane in 1887, Dr. Orpheus Everts, Superintendent of the Cincinnati Sanitarium, delivered a paper that recounted the case of a thirty-nine-year-old widow with children and of “good society.” Admitted to the asy­lum as hysterical, with a history of kleptomania, this woman proved to have “womb disease mania,” which the doctor labeled, in turn, “larceny and eroticism with hysteria.”