bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of water uptake and its effect on barley metabolic activity using NMR imaging
Authors: Yin X S , Kendall E J , Fcmetsl W J , Laycock G S , Abrams G D , Abrams S R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A high resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging technique has been developed to examine the intensity of tissue hydration in the barley kernel without physical dissection. Significant differences in the rate of water uptake were observed between different tissues of the kernel, and between the small and large barley kernels. A pronounced preferential hydration occurred in the scutellum. Data suggest that redistribution of tissue water took place first in the scutellum and the embryo then in the sub-scutellar and endosperm regions. Metabolic activities in the endosperm appear to initiate from the proximal end at six hours of imbibition.
Management of barley steeping conditions to control nitrosamine formation in malt
Authors: Zimmermann D , Gendre F , Carnielo M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Malt nitrosodimethylamines (NDMA) which are believed to have carcinogenic and mutagenic potential are formed in barley during the kilning step by reactions between oxides of nitrogen (Nox) and NDMA precursors present in unkilned malt. In this paper, we will present novel steeping conditions which inhibit the production of NDMA precursors during barley malting and we will demonstrate the efficiency of this steeping process at the industrial malt production level where sulphur combustion at kilning has been suppressed.
The influence of malt-derived bacteria on the haze and filterability of wort and beer
Authors: Walker M D , Bourne D T , Wenn R V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Haze material in commercial sweet worts and green beers was found to contain significant amounts of dead malt-derived bacteria. Removal of this bacterial material caused large increases in filterability. Worts produced from experimental malt with low levels of bacteria had significantly lower haze and higher filterability than wort produced from malts with higher levels of bacteria. The release of bacteria during mashing was increased with increasing agitation. The findings highlight an often disregarded feature of malt which could have significant implications in the areas of malting, mashing, wort filtration and beer filtration.
Hochauflösende Gradienten-HPLC mit Dioden-Array-Detektor zur verbesserten Auftrennung von Hopfenbitterstoffen
Authors: Beck A Forster. B , Koberlein A , Schmidt R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The application of this method enables a better differentiation of hop varieties since hitherto possible with the well-known characteristics of the cohumulone and colupulone fractions. In this way, it is also possible to give a differentiated description of the ageing processes in hop products. A clear separation of all iso-a-acid types as well as of the polar bitter substance components is achieved in the wort and in the beer. The effects of the ageing of beer can be demonstrated well.
New milling and mashing-in systems, developed to avoid the initiation of lipid oxidation at the start of the lagerbeer brewing process
Authors: Waesberghe J W M van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pale lagermalt is not free of lipoxygenase. Normally, milling and mashing-in conditions are implemented that initiate enzymatic lipid oxidation during the short time the grist is mashed in. In order to avoid that risk, ideally four engineering-dependent process conditions have to be controlled: the level of desintegration of germ-remnants, entrained oxygen, pH and temperature at hydration. With standard equipment, it is almost impossible to avoid enzymatic lipid oxidation. Two new techniques are proposed: a dry rollermill technique, adaptable to lautertun as well as thinbed filter operations and a wetmilling technique. Both techniques, whereby milling and mashing in are differently integrated, are described. An overview is given of results obtained, but for a semi-technical set-up, with selected malts.
A reliable method for detection and identification of beer-spoilage bacteria with internal positive control PCR (IPC-PCR)
Authors: Sakamoto Kanta , Funahashi Wataru , Yamashita Hiroshi , Eto Masakazu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To apply the PCR method to rapid detection and identification of microorganisms, we designed highly species-specific primers for beer spoilage bacteria (Lactobacil/us brevis, L. casei, L. coryniformis, L. plantarum, Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus, P. frisingensis, P. sp. DSM20764, Megasphaera cerevisiae) based on 16SrDNA sequences. We further established a reliable method, IPC-PCR, to confirm whether the reaction proceeded correctly. !n this method, the universal primers and respective species-specific primers were used in a single tube. The universal primers function as an internal positive control, which ensures the PCR results by eliminating false negative data. The improved reliability allowed us to apply PCR to routine microbiological analysis.
Analysis of protein-DNA interactions in complex nucleoprotein assemblies
Authors: Pemberton lain K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Higher-order nucleoprotein assemblies are involved in many fundament&lt;1l physiological processes. These often require the recruitment of several different proteins into large and elaborate macromolecule structures. In many cases, the protein subunit will be functional only in the context of the correctly assembled nucleoprotein. A full understanding of its contribution to the reaction mechanism inevitably requires its role to be probed within this native environment ln this chapter, a direct approach is described for the identification of proteins that participate in close-range protein-DNA contacts at specific loci within such elaborate assemblies. Although this chapter is written principally with lN-laser photocross linking in mind, few modifications are required to adapt the protocol to alternative protein-DNA crosslinking procedures.
Double-strand break repair and V(D)J recombination
Authors: Singleton Belinda K , Jeggo Penny A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
DNA damaging agents are present both exogenously in the environment and also endogenously as by-products of metabolic processing. Such DNA-damaging agents can cause many lesions, the most crucial of which may be a double-strand break (dsb). Misrepaired dsbs can result in gene mutations or chromosome rearrangements, while unrepaired dsbs may lead to cell death. Therefore, cells have evolved a number of pathways to deal with dsbs. Different species utilize these pathways to different extents. For example, homologous recombination is the predominant dsb repair pathway in lower eukaryotes, whereas higher eukaryotes mainly repair dsbs by mechanisms that require little or no DNA sequence homology.
Translesion replication
Authors: Lawrence Christopher , Woodgate Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Translesion replication (TR) is a specialized form of DNA replication that is used to extend nascent chains past sites of unrepaired template damage that would otherwise impede or block elongation. The progress of replication forks can be inhibited by a wide variety of DNA lesions, including UV photoproducts, chemical adducts, and abasic sites. They are sometimes collectively called ‘bulky’ lesions because each appreciably alters DNA structure. Translesion replication therefore enhances the ability of cells to tolerate DNA damage, and increases survival when their genomes contain unrepaired damage. On occasion, it is called ‘error-prone repair’, but this is a less suitable name because translesion replication does not itself repair DNA, though it does produce molecules that are substrates for repair by other processes. Although TR increases tolerance to DNA damage, it is also a major source of both spontaneous and induced mutations, which are rarely beneficial. Mutations arise principally because the accuracy with which DNA polymerases insert the correct number or type of nucleotide opposite a site of template damage is usually much lower than is typically found for replication on undamaged templates, though some mutations may also arise because of the lower inherent accuracy of the DNA polymerase employed in TR. Nevertheless, TR still favours survival, since its error frequency rarely approaches 100%, and moreover many mutations are essentially neutral.
Mistnatch repair and cancer
Authors: Karran P , Bignami M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
DNA mismatch repair is one of the three known DNA excision repair pathways. Unlike nucleotide and base excision repair, in which the substrate is damaged or altered DNA, mismatch repair acts on undamaged DNA bases which are in in appropriate contexts. Mismatch repair corrects unmodified DNA bases in non Watson-Crick pairings or small distortions generated by the incorrect alignment of two otherwise normal DNA strands. Structural abnormalities such as these are generated during recombination between DNA molecules that are not perfectly homologous, and the phrase ‘mismatch repair’ was originally invoked to explain apparently anomalous recombination frequencies. DNA replication errors are also a major source of mismatches. Mismatch repair acts after replication to rectify mismatches that have evaded proofreading by the replication apparatus. Organisms with defective mismatch repair invariably display increased spontaneous mutation rates. Although some of the later steps of the three excision repair pathways share common components, the initial steps, in which the substrate for repair is identified and marked for correction, can be considered unique for each pathway. There is an additional constraint on substrate recognition during mismatch repair. To achieve biologically significant correction, the repair proteins must not only recognize the structurally anomalous mismatches, but must also obtain information as to which of the mispaired DNA strands is incorrect.
Recent advances in fluorescent differential display
Authors: Lowe Karen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Differential display (DD) was first described by Liang and Pardee (1) in 1992 as a method for analysing gene expression in eukaryotic cells and tissues. DD has been widely applied to study changes in mRNA expression induced by temporal development, diseases, and various cellular factors (2-7). This simple and powerful technique simultaneously screens for both up-regulated and down-regulated transcripts in multiple cell populations. To understand the advantages of DD, it is helpful to briefly review some other gene expression analysis methods.
RAP-array: expression profiling using arbitrarily primed probes for cDNA arrays
Authors: Jung Barbara , Trenkle Thomas , Mcclelland Michael , Mathieu-Daude Francoise , Welsh John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We present a method for detecting differential gene expression using RNA arbitrarily primed PCR (RAP-PCR) fingerprints as probes against cDNA arrays. Using inexpensive arrays of cDNA clones, together with reduced complexity probes derived from RAP-PCR, this approach makes cDNA array technology generally accessible to any laboratory. This hybrid method combining RNA standard gel analysis of RNA fingerprints. We present an example where a RAP PCR fingerprint (Figure 1) was converted to probe and used to address an array of approximately 18000 IMAGE consortium cDNA clones by differential hybridiza tion (Figures 2 and 3). In this chapter, we describe protocols for preparing probes from RNA fingerprint reactions and for using them in differential screening against large cDNA arrays.
Subtracted differential display and antisense approaches to analysing brain signalling
Authors: Uhl G R , Wang X B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many biological, pharmacological, and pathological processes can be better understood by defining the constellation of genes whose expression is altered by the process under study. The brain expresses more genes than most other tissues. Much of the richness of brain gene expression is reflected in variation in gene expression patterns from one brain region to the next, from one developmental stage to the next, from one drug treatment to the next, or from normal brain to diseased brain. Neuroscientists are thus particularly interested in applications of methods to help them identify and validate the significance of brain region-specific alterations in gene expression patterns.
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases: regulation by cell-surface receptors and function of 3-phosphorylated lipids
Authors: Stephens Len , McGregor Alex , Hawkins Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have attempted to give a wide-angle view of the part phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are currently thought to play in intracellular signalling pathways that are triggered by cell-surface receptors. Some PI3Ks play vital roles in more house-keeping cellular functions, such as protein trafficking; this subfamily and their biological context are described in detail in Chapter 8. This chapter is not intended to give an account of the historical development of the field or to be uniformly detailed. This will be particularly the case regarding PI3Ks in non-mammalian species; here we will use information that helps us better understand the subject. Several excellent reviews have been published recently that approach the subject of PI3Ks with slightly different perspectives, for example: Toker and Cantley (1), Leevers et al. (2), and Alessi and Downes (3), concentrating on the cellular targets of the lipid products of PI3Ks; Vanhaesebroeck et al. (4) and Wymann and Pirola (5), focusing on the structural characteristics of different PI3Ks and the gross consequences of their genetic manipulation in a wide range of species; Munnick et al. (6) provide a superb review of lipid metabolism in plant cells; and Bottomley et al. (7) on structural and mechanistic studies of phosphoinositide-binding proteins.
Methods for oncogene detection
Authors: Cosenza Stephen C , Baker Stacey J , Premkumar Reddy E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is now widely agreed that cancer results from mutations in genes that regulate a cell’s ability to proliferate, differentiate, and die. Despite the fact that the human genome contains, on average 1-3 X 108 base pairs of DNA, relatively few mutated genes have been implicated as causative agents in the induction of cancer. As a result, the identification of these genes, termed oncogenes, within the past 10-15 years has allowed the field of molecular biology to make vast contributions to the field of cancer research.
Gene chips and microarrays: applications in disease profiles, drug target discovery, drug action and toxicity
Authors: Heller Renu A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The high density microchips and microarrays are novel technologies. They provide the ability to query the action patterns of hundreds and thousands of genes simultaneously (1–6) and therefore allow parallel genetic analyses. Not only can they furnish gene expression profiles during normal development and differentiation, they can also provide a view of the disease state and its progression. Complex diseases, in particular, are difficult to comprehend because of the multiplicity of factors involved such as different cell types, cell type-specific gene expression, altered expression patterns caused by a malfunctioning of autocrine or paracrine controls, and so on. With parallel genetic analysis, normal gene expression patterns and those gone awry can be traced to provide a level of comprehension heretofore not feasible.
SRS-Access to molecular biological databanks and integrated data analysis tools
Authors: Kreil D P , Etzold T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This first section gives an introduction to SRS. Section 2 (A user’s primer) is a tutorial that demonstrates basic tasks: simple database queries, exploiting links between databases, exploration of results, and launching analysis tools. Section 3 (Advanced tools and concepts) builds on the skills imparted by the tutorial, and shows how to refine queries, create custom views on data, and use distributed SRS resources. Section 4 (SRS server side) introduces aspects of using a local SRS installation, and outlines how to take advantage of one. Section 5 (Where to turn for help) suggests where to turn to, if this chapter does not address a particular question or problem.
Cell biology of polarity developtnent in Xenopus oocytes and etnbryos
Authors: Larabell Carolyn a. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of a single cell into a multicellular organism involves a complex series of highly orchestrated events. Establishing polarity is critical for the normal development of all species and, therefore, it is not surprising that it begins very early–even before the egg is fertilized in some species. During development of the vertebrate, Xenopus laevis, three distinct axes of polarity are established: (1) the animal-vegetal axis, established during oogenesis; (2) the dorsal-ventral axis, established immediately following fertilization; and (3) the left-right axis, established during embryogenesis. These axes are established sequentially, with each subsequent axis superimposed upon the preceding axis. In this chapter I will focus on the first two polarization events, since the third has been addressed quite well in recent reviews (1-3).
cell polarity in response to chemoattractants
Authors: Weiner Orion D , Servant Guy , Parent Carole A , Devreotes Peter N , Bourne Henry R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To carry out their biological responsibilities, many eukaryotic cells depend on their ability to polarize and migrate toward a source of chemoattractant ligand. This crucial ability allows single-cell organisms to hunt and mate, axons to find their way in the developing nervous system, and cells in the innate immune system to find and kill invading pathogens. How do eukaryotic cells interpret a chemotactic gradient? Which signalling molecules carry information from the external world to internal cellular responses? What are the final effectors for cell polarity and migration? How are polarity responses co-ordinated in space and time? To address these and other questions, we will focus on two especially useful systems for the study of eukaryotic chemotaxis: neutrophils and Dictyostelium discoideum.
Photometric assays
Authors: John Robert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Photometric methods are the most frequently used of all kinds of enzyme assay. They are convenient and capable of rapidly providing accurate and reproducible results on large numbers of samples. Useful changes in the optical properties of the system under analysis frequently arise directly from the chemical transformations accompanying the enzyme catalysed conversion of substrate to product. When the reaction catalysed by the enzyme under assay does not itself produce a useful change in optical properties, incorporation of appropriate additional reagents often allows the reaction to be monitored photometrically. Enzyme assays based on changes in the light absorbed by the solution as the reaction proceeds are more frequently used than other photometric methods. However, changes in fluorescence and changes in turbidity of the solution also provide the bases of useful optical methods for assaying enzymes.
Electrochemical assays: the nitric oxide electrode
Authors: Hurst R D , Clark J B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important, short-lived bio-regulatory messenger molecule that plays a critical part in a variety of biological functions. The selective and reliable detection of NO in biological systems is crucial in order to research and understand the role of NO. Non-electrochemical methods for the detection of NO have been reported but are not well suited for realtime measurement and are very time consuming. A few electrochemical NO sensors have also been described but have significant drawbacks in terms of both selectivity and sensitivity for NO. Moreover, these systems have been limited to researchers with a good understanding of electro-analytical theory and often require an external reference electrode, which can complicate and limit the experimental design (1, 2). Only recently has the technology become available to reliably and specifically measure NO in biological systems. World Precision Instruments (WPI) released recently the first commercially available NO electrode for general laboratory use. The system is described here and offers distinct advantages over those previously reported and enables quick, easy, and reliable NO measurement.
Basic light microscopy
Authors: Zimmermann Timo , Pepperkok Rainer , Stephens David , Girod Andreas , Rietdorf Jens 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are a multitude of introductions to the basic principles of light microscopy reflecting on one hand the importance of the subject and on the other the fact that light microscopy has been used as a tool in different areas of research for a long time, and is constantly being developed further. The general approach for explaining light microscopy begins with considerations of the nature of light, properties of waves and lenses, the laws of diffraction, etc. and ends on the actual technical details of microscope usage. However, we decided to approach this text from the side of the sample, for the principal reason that the direction of thinking of the researcher usually comes from this. Biological scientists will usually raise questions such as where the cell/protein localizes, where and when it moves, whether it co-localizes or interacts with something, rather than asking what he or she could do with a certain type of lens.
Subcellular fractionation
Authors: Hodel Alois , Edwardson J Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Subcellular fractionation has been crucial to the development of modern cellular and molecular biology. In recent years, the major driving force behind the isolation of organelles has been the requirement to study their function in vitro. Naturally, if organelles are to be used in in vitro assays, native structure and activity must be preserved during fractionation, and protocols are constantly being improved with this in mind. Although separation techniques based on non-specific physical properties are still widely used, additional methods based on specific biochemical interactions, such as antigen-antibody recognition, have been introduced. The principles behind these various techniques are discussed in this chapter, and specific examples will be described in detail. Throughout, the emphasis will be on the isolation of functionally competent organelles.
Nucleic acids
Authors: Brown T A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A full description of the nucleic acid techniques relevant to cell biology would require hundreds of pages of text. This chapter is therefore restricted to the key procedures involved in the extraction of nucleic acids from living tissues and the study of those nucleic acids by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), agarose gel electrophoresis, hybridization analysis, and DNA sequencing. The reader is referred to the relevant parts of larger and more comprehensive manuals (e.g. refs 1 and 2) for further information on these techniques and for descriptions of procedures that are beyond the scope of this chapter.