bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intellectual Origins of Post-World War II Population Policies in South Asia
Authors: Demeny Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
No manifestation of what Gunnar Myrdal called the Asian Drama-essentially with the subcontinent in mind-has been more striking than the growth of its human population. Between 1950-just a few years after partition-and 1995, the populations of the three largest countries of South Asia went from 358 million to 929 million in India, from 40 million to 136 million in Pakistan, and from 42 million to 118 million in Bangladesh. The two main demographic factors underlying that growth-mortality and fertility-each exhibited major changes. Between the first quinquennium of the period, 1950-55, and the last, 1990-95, life expectancy at birth rose from 39 years to 61 years in India.
Prospects for Fertility Decline and Implications for Population Growth in South Asia
Authors: Bongaarts John , Amin Sajeda 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Despite relatively low levels of development, South Asia is moving rapidly through the demographic transition. Since 1950 the crude death rate has dropped from 25 to 9 per 1,000, and the birth rate, which remained at about 40 per 1,000 until the early 1970s, has since declined to below 30 per 1,000. As a consequence, the annual population growth rate rose from 2.0 to 2.4 per cent per year between 1950 and 1970 and then declined slowly, reaching 1.9 per cent in 1995. The overall popula tion size of the region has grown from 0.5 billion in 1950 to 1.37 billion in 1995, a 174 per cent increase (United Nations 1996).
Firms and Financial Markets
Authors: Eichberger Jürgen , Harper Ian , Pfeil Christian , Scheid Florian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we consider firms in an asset market economy. If there are sufficient financial assets with pay-offs independent of the firms’ cash flows, then the firms’ equity can be unambiguously priced by arbitrage. The Fisher separation theorem, which claims that consumption and production decisions can be separated, holds in this case. If there are fewer financial asset markets, then the firms’ equity may complete the system of markets depending on the production decision.
Exercise 1 provides an example of how to determine the relevant state system from information about technology. The state-contingent profit frontier is derived from a production function in Exercise 2. The concept of a stock-market equilibrium and the Fisher separation theorem are treated in Exercises 3 and 4 for different consumer preferences. Exercise 5 considers a two-state economy.
Endogenous Cycles in a Stiglitz-Weiss Economy
Authors: Suarez Javier , Sussman Oren 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Economic research in recent years has revitalized the idea that financial factors should play a central role in business-cycle theory.1 On the one hand, there exists a growing body of empirical work showing that financial imperfections affect real economic decisions2 in a way which varies systematically along the business cycle.
The Institutions and Processes of the Convention
Authors: Blackburn Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The origins of the Council of Europe lay in the political initiatives that followed the Second World War designed to promote closer formal associations between the sovereign states of Europe.1 The overriding wish in the European international community was to adopt new measures that would do everything possible to help avoid future wars such as those which had ravaged Europe in 1939–45 and earlier in 1914-18. Many conferences and agreements on European unity took place in the years immediately following the cessation of the War, the most important of which for the future of European human rights was the Congress of Europe held in The Hague on 8-10 May 1948, organized by the International Committee of Movements for European Unity.
The Development of Occupational, Personal, and Stakeholder Pension Schemes
Authors: Blake David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Occupational pension schemes are supplementary pension schemes that are related to a particular occupation or contract of employment. When an individual leaves that occupation, he will generally leave the pension scheme and have his accumulated pension rights transferred to the scheme of his new employer. Personal pension schemes, on the other hand, are supplementary schemes that are not tied to a specific contract of employment.
The Consequences of Pension Funds for Capital Markets
Authors: Blake David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Given the size of pension funds, we cannot ignore their consequences for capital markets. Some of these consequences are good, while some are bad. Pension funds have a very important role to play in ensuring that capital markets operate efficiently. They also, in principle, provide a stable source of finance for long-term investment in British industry. However, in recent years the investment behaviour of pension funds, along with that of other institutional investors, has been dominated by short-termism, that is, the obsession with generating short-term investment returns whatever the longer-term costs.
Central Policy Formulation Under a Dominant Mao
Authors: Chan Alfred L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An examination of the process of policy formulation of the Great Leap Forward in 1958 inevitably highlights Mao’s predominance and the dogged but impulsive manner by which Leap policies were instigated. Driven by a grand transformative vision, he assumed direct command like a hero-emperor in personal charge of a military campaign, designing and controlling every move, and monitoring everything closely. The Leap was Mao’s crusade; he had every incentive to see it succeed. So, in 1958, he spent close to ten months touring the country-extremely unusual in his post-1949 career-returning to Beijing only for the most important meetings or occasions. His purpose was to inspect the grass roots, gamer support from regional leaders, as well as to understand and promote the GLF.1 He also dispatched a coterie of personal aides and secretaries to act as his eyes and ears. His authority in 1958 was absolute and unrivalled, and he demanded undivided loyalty and obedience from his colleagues and subordinates. Those who questioned the Leap were browbeaten and humiliated into impotence.
The Ministry of Metallurgy and the Policies of Industrial Development in 1958
Authors: Chan Alfred L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Single-handedly Mao pushed through the GLF by subduing the planners, stifling all opposition, and turning his harangued colleagues into either willing or reluctant accomplices of his personal crusade. The Chairman’s obsession with iron and steel also thrust the Ministry of Metallurgy (MM) onto the centre stage. Communists from Stalin to Mao had always shown an exaggerated sense about the importance of iron and steel and the heavy industry-driven economic growth. From the mid-1950s onward, Mao increasingly was fond of using the quantity of steel to compare the achievements and capabilities of nations.1 Consequently, the lFYP placed tremendous emphasis on heavy industry-42.5 per cent of all capital investment was allocated for industry, of which 85 per cent was for heavy industry. The share of the metallurgical industry alone was 7.9 per cent of the total capital investment during the first plan, or 21.9 per cent of the total invested in heavy industry.2 This preferential treatment had led to a remarkable tripling of output in steel, from 1.35m. tons in 1952 to 5.35m. tons in 1957.3 Yet, this was regarded as inadequate, and during the GLF, the drive for steel turned into an all-consuming obsession, and the entire country was mobilized for this goal, despite the rhetoric of ‘simultaneous development of industry and agriculture’. The new Maoist developmental strategy also necessitated a sharp break from the Soviet modus operandi, and the incorporation of many radical but unworkable policies.
Introduction
Authors: Bårdsen Gunnar , Eitrheim Øyvind , Jansen Eilev S , Nymoen Ragnar 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Macroeconometric models, in many ways the flagships of the economics profession in the 1960s, came under increasing attack from both theoretical economics and practitioners in the late 1970s. The onslaught came on a wide front: lack of microeconomic theoretical foundations, ad hoc modelling of expectations, lack of identification, neglect of dynamics and nonstationarity, and poor forecasting properties. As a result, by the start of the 1990s, the status of macroeconometric models had declined markedly, and had fallen completely out of (and with!) academic economics. Specifically, it has become increasingly rare that university programmes in economics give courses in large-scale empirical macroeconomic modelling.
Wage–price dynamics
Authors: Bårdsen Gunnar , Eitrheim Øyvind , Jansen Eilev S , Nymoen Ragnar 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The open economy Phillips curve and the Incomplete Competition Model (ICM) appear to be positioned at opposite ends of a scale, with a simple dynamic model at the one end, and an economically more advanced but essentially static system at the other. In this section, we present a model of wage and price dynamics that contains the Phillips curve and the wage curve as special cases, building on the analyses in Kolsrud and Nymoen (1998) and Bårdsen and Nymoen (2003).
Financial Crises, Payment System Problems, and Discount Window Lending (excerpts)
Authors: Flannery Mark J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A developed economy’s basic infrastructure must include a cheap, reliable payment system to facilitate the mutually profitable exchanges required for agents to exploit economies of specialization. A better payment system permits risks to be spread more efficiently, makes prices more informative, and enhances the alloca tion of real resources. If payments cannot be effected cheaply and reliably, social welfare is constrained to a lower level. Modem economies possess complex payment systems that successfully transmit numerous daily payments, totaling a large fraction of the typical country’s GDP. A staggering velocity of monetary claims can be attained in these systems, largely because institutional arrangements have evolved that substitute credit exposures for the immediate payment of ‘good money’ (Goodfriend 1991).1 The payment system’s credit component constitutes its (potential) Achilles’ heel: if traders lose faith in their counterparties’ abilities to pay as promised, the costs of transacting within a credit-based system can rise dramatically.
Introduction
Authors: Thomas Keith 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1818 the poet Samuel Taylor Coleridge advertised a course of lectures, to be delivered at the Crown and Anchor Tavern in the Strand, on the history of philosophy. In the prospectus, he explained that all he required from his auditors was ‘a due interest in questions of deepest concern to all, and which every rational creature, who has arrived at the age of reflection, must be presumed, at some period or other, to have put to his own thoughts:—What, and for what am I made? What can I, and what ought I to, make of myself? And in what relations do I stand to the world and my fellow men?’These are perennial questions, to which, in every age, answers have been given, both explicitly by philosophers and theologians, and implicitly by the rest of us in the conduct of our lives.
Wealth and Possessions
Authors: Thomas Keith 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the early modern period it was often said that wealth was something which everybody desired. ‘All men studied on every side how that they may wax rich,’ complained a late medieval writer, ‘and every man almost is ashamed to be holden a poor man.’ In fact, most people were more concerned to avoid poverty than to become rich. What small husbandmen, cottagers, and day-labourers in Tudor England sought was a reliable supply of the resources necessary to sustain life.
Understanding Japanese Intergovernmental Relations: Perspectives, Models, and Salient Characteristics
Authors: Muramatsu Michio , Iqbal Farrukh 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The twentieth century has provided rich material for the study of intergovernmental systems or the set of fiscal, administrative, and legal interrelationships that exist among municipal, provincial, and national levels of government. The century has experienced a great variety of intergovernmental arrangements brought about by events such as the rise and fall of socialist regimes in Russia, Eastern Europe, Central Asia, and China; the advent of a large number of nation-states and new, independent governments through the process of decolonization in Africa and Asia; and political and ideological struggle related to welfare-state considerations in much of the industrialized world. Towards the end of the century, however, a certain convergence occurred in favour of greater decentralization, or expanded powers and roles of sub-national or local governments. It is quite apparent, for example, that in many industrialized countries, local governments have become the most important agents for the formulation and implementation of broad swathes of welfare policy relating to ageing, health care, income support for the poor, and so on. In developing countries as well, the post-independence fascination with centralized government is giving way to experimentation with decentralized models.
Introduction The Swell of the Third Wave
Authors: Walsh Lisa 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Simone de Beauvoir’s famous dictum, literally translated: ‘One is not born woman, one becomes this1, quite aptly encapsulates the theoretical bulwark of what has come to be known as ‘first wave* feminism in France.1 Although many French women had fought for varying degrees of equal status under the law prior to the late nineteenth century, the first wave of French feminism is generally considered to have begun with the suffragettes’ turn of the century struggles for the right to vote and to have concluded with existentialist feminism’s call for equal recognition for women at all levels of the social and symbolic orders. De Beauvoir’s groundbreaking opus, The Second Sex, dissects the inner and outer workings of a historical, patriarchal oppression of women—in such diverse domains as biology, politics, philosophy, and literature—as a means to demonstrating the undeniable veracity of the above dictum. Expanding existentialism’s claim, that ‘existence precedes essence’ to include the essence of the ‘fairer sex’, de Beauvoir sets herself the monumental task of a thoroughgoing examination of the ways in which femininity, and even femaleness, are cultural constructs which may or may not be taken up by any given individual. And here the rather awkward literal translation proves useful. The French pronoun ‘on’, like its English equivalent ‘one’ is not gender specific: ‘one’, in other words, is born free of gender definition and only later becomes ‘woman’—pronominalized here with a masculine/ neuter pronoun best translated as ‘this’. One does not become ‘her’ (in which case the feminine pronoun ‘la’ would have been chosen) but rather ‘this’—a social category called ‘woman’.
Broadway Dead, Says Soviet Critic
Authors: Caute David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Aleksandr Herzen compared the theatre to the parliament which Romanov Russia did not have; a century later the Soviet theatre critic Anatoly Smeliansky added a further reflection:’In Soviet Russia the theatre took the place of both the sham parliament and the half-strangled Church.’ The theatre, although less accessible to the rural population than the printed word, was regarded as a vital messenger of ideological imperatives, but by 1945 the Punch-and-Judy tradition of the itinerant agitprop troupe, perhaps perched on a railway wagon, improvisatory, expressionist, and witty, had succumbed to the gilded grandeur of chandelier classicism-the theatre was now a place where you must leave your coat in the cloakroom before entering the auditorium.
Dirty Hands: The Political Theatre of Sartre and Camus
Authors: Caute David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This was an era when, despite cinema and radio, French people still cut the pages of books with keen anticipation. Few writers are pursued by photographers today; we know their appearance only from portrait poses (often out of date) and the occasional prize-giving (out of focus). Yet fifty years ago Jean-Paul Sartre, Albert Camus, and Simone de Beauvoir attracted the kind of attention normally reserved for film stars-though Camus later became reclusive. On every issue-the nature of individual consciousness, the meaning of ‘freedom’ and moral choice, the cold war-when Sartre or Camus took up a position it was news.
Andrzej Wajda: Ashes and Diamonds, Marb e and ron
Authors: Caute David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The film thaw in Poland, the rebellion against Stalinism, announced itself in September 1954 when criticism of socialist realism was boldly voiced at a conference of film workers. The outstanding talent of the younger generation emerged in the shape of Andrzej Wajda, who had studied painting at the Cracow Academy of Fine Arts and, later, film-making at the Lo’ dz’ High Film School, from which he graduated in 1953, having worked (and hidden) as a locksmith for his uncle during the Nazi occupation.’I was scared even to go to the tram stop, because there was always some kind of control going on.’
Classical Music Wars
Authors: Caute David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The innocent might have expected classical music to dwell, alongside ‘pure’ mathematics and chess theory, in a zone immune to invasion by ideological polemic. This was far from the case. The political argument between classicism (or realism) and modernism was as lively in music as in literature and art. Furthermore, musical performance standards, requiring no linguistic translation, offered a uniquely exacting trial of cultural strength.
Britain, the Balkans and the Climax of Cretan Union, 1906–1913
Authors: Holland Robert , Markides Diana 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It will already be apparent that the question of Cretan enosis with Greece was bound up with wider international struggles. This was particularly the case in the final climax leading to union, achieved de facto amidst the dramatic events of the First Balkan War after 8 October 1912, and de jure under the terms of the treaties which brought the upheavals in the region—all too briefly—to a close. Events in Crete fed directly into the initial outbreak of hostilities between the Christian Balkan states and Turkey; and it was these hostilities which came to be acknowledged as the harbinger of the ensuing great European war after August 1914. Whilst tracing the resulting patterns, we are consequently dealing with scenarios on a plane far beyond the dimensions of the island itself. In a way this proved what Sir Edward Grey, who remained Foreign Secretary throughout this period, always contended about the contingent nature of the Cretan Question; his handling of it, however, casts a penetrating light on the limits and contradictions of his own diplomacy. Our principal theme will be the manner in which powerful regional and international currents first sucked Crete in one direction, and then another, before decisively settling its ultimate fate. It is the plasticity of the outcome, not its historical ‘determinism’, which stands out from a close reading of the process.
The Dodecanese Experience, 1939–1948
Authors: Holland Robert , Markides Diana 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Beset with the chronic political problems traced in the preceding chapter, Sir Ronald Storrs had long cast an envious eye towards Italian administration in the Dodecanese, an island chain off the western coast of Anatolia covering approximately 44,400 square miles. It offered precisely the model which British officialdom in Nicosia would have liked to emulate. Storrs even entertained the aristocratic Italian governor, Mario Lago, in the appropriately Venetian location of Famagusta, seeking tips on the awkward matter of administering an overwhelmingly Greek community. When Storrs was invited back to Rhodes, the principal island in the Dodecanesian archipelago, he was struck that the only Greek flag on the island flew over the consulate of the Hellenic kingdom. Storrs subsequently advised the Colonial Office that they they should ‘take a few leaves’ out of the Italian book in the eastern Mediterranean. The many millions of lire lavished on the construction of a new fascist-colonial architecture in Rhodes town itself, alongside the prevailing political quiescence, impressed many impartial visitors in the later 1920s and 1930s.
Mastery and Despair: Cyprus, 1931–1960
Authors: Holland Robert , Markides Diana 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The ‘peculiarity’ of Cyprus as a British colonial territory has previously been explored in Chapter 7. That distinctiveness, however, was most powerfully revealed in the trajectory of its eventual decolonization from British sovereignty. The creation, after a bitter late colonial struggle, of an independent island republic in August 1960 eventually marked Cyprus off in Hellenic experience from that of the Ionian Islands, Crete, and, indeed, the Dodecanese archipelago. Equally, it was the legislative and international limitations of Cypriot statehood—or, as we shall see, ‘quasi-statehood’—which distinguished that process within the rather different historical category represented by the ending of the British Empire. Considered, then, either as a largely Hellenic society, or as a colonial polity, something funny happened to Cyprus on the way to self-rule. This chapter will attempt to draw together the threads of a uniqueness which made the Cyprus Problem one of the most intractable questions in contemporary international relations.
Temporal Construal Theory of Time-Dependent Preferences
Authors: Trope Yaacov , Liberman Nira 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For more than a century, questions about the psychological consequences of time perspective have provided the impetus for a large amount of research in the behavioral sciences (see review by Loewenstein, 1993). This research has been conducted by investigators across different disciplines, including psychology (e.g., Ainslie, 1975; Ainslie and Haslam, 1992;
History and institutions
Authors: Allen Franklin , Gale Douglas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What happened in Asia in 1997? Countries such as South Korea, Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore, and Hong Kong whose economies had previously been the envy of the world experienced crises. Banks and other financial intermediaries were put under great strain and in many cases collapsed. Stock markets and currencies plunged. Their real economies were severely affected and their GDPs fell signiﬁcantly. What were the causes of these dramatic events?
Financial fragility
Authors: Allen Franklin , Gale Douglas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the preceding two chapters, we separately considered the operation of asset markets and intermediaries, such as banks. In the present chapter, we combine these elements and begin the study of their interaction. From this we will gain important insight into the phenomenon of finianical fragility. We use the phrase “ financial fragility” to describe situations in which small shocks have a signiﬁcant impact on the financial system. One source of financial fragility is the crucial role of liquidity in the determination of asset prices. There are many historical illustrations of this phenomenon.