bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applications of Probability
Authors: Wise Gary L , Hall Eric B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will consider counterexamples concerning applications from engineering and statistics in which probability theory is used. Example 10.1. There exist two complex-valued, uncorrelated, mutually Gaussian random variables that are not independent. Proof: This example is from Ash and Gardner (1975). Consider four mutually Gaussian, zero mean random variables X1, X2, X3, and X4 with covariance matrix Proof: This example describes a situation in which a linear filter described via convolution with a nowhere zero function is a no-pass filter for a large family of input random processes.
Intermediary Metabolism in the First Third of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Holmes Frederic Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The field of intermediary metabolism, in which Hans Krebs became a leading investigator during the 1930s, had coalesced into a well-defined subfield of biochemistry during the three decades preceding his entry into that area. This chapter is intended to provide a panoramic view of developments during the period that shaped the general problems that Krebs took up. Although the themes discussed here do not become immediately pertinent to the account of Krebs’s professional life until Chapter 7, it is convenient to group them together at the beginning. Later chapters will make reference to portions of this chapter as they come to bear on successive stages of Krebs’s work, and some of the more specialized aspects of the prior history of intermediary metabolism will be treated in the places at which Krebs encountered them. Some readers may prefer to postpone reading this chapter until after the chapters on his early life and training.
Freiburg: The Foundation of a Career
Authors: Holmes Frederic Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At Altona, Hans Krebs recalled much later, his research time had been too limited to undertake an ambitious project. Only when he came to Freiburg was he “completely free, for the first time, to follow my own ideas on research and to choose my own subject.” His clinical duties in his new post were, however, as demanding as they had been in his previous one. Here too, he had “full clinical responsibility for a ward of twenty-two patients.” Here too he had to leave his laboratory for emergency calls, as well as for the normal ward rounds; and here too he was given extra responsibilities to catch up on the medical experience he had missed during his years with Warburg.
Introduction
Authors: Mott Stephen Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like air and water, politics is something in which everybody has a self-interest. Limits of supply also characterize its concerns; decisions must be made about them. Politics often even treats water and clean air. It deals with subjects in which the whole society has interest and which have consequences that affect the whole community or a substantial portion of it.’ Political action is influenced by ideals as well as by material desires and self-interests. People care about the nature of the society in which they live, not just about what it does for them as individuals. Widely shared values and collective purposes, even public moods, exert influence on political choices with a degree of independence from the actual needs of a citizen. For example, support for policies regarding health care or employment does not necessarily correlate with the degree of a family’s needs in those matters.
To Seek and to Distrust Government
Authors: Mott Stephen Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Government often seems to be secondary to genuine human life. The state is not a part of most people’s primary relationships. Its entry into our life often is experienced most obviously as an irritation at best, and at times as a severe oppression. Our resulting attitude can be to want as little government as possible, to disdain it, and not to seek it as a path of Christian vocation and mission.
The Politics of Time
Authors: Mott Stephen Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The understanding of time and history have a direct bearing on politics. Optimism or pessimism about the course of history is an important component of a political stance. The weight given to the past, present, and future varies significantly from one political ideology to another. Applying a theological interpretation of history to politics is significant not only because of its bearing on those factors. It also unavoidably discloses the relationship that the saving work of Christ has to political thought since the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus Christ form the center of history.
Flourish in Freedom: Liberalism
Authors: Mott Stephen Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Liberalism is the vision that has captured American political thought. That does not mean that conservative thought is insignificant. The dominant form of American conservatism lays claim to be the true interpreter of the classical liberal tradition. In reality it is a form of liberalism. The basic conflict in American political thought is between two developments upon earlier liberal thought.
Prosperity Through Unfettered Competition: Laissez-Faire Conservatism
Authors: Mott Stephen Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Laissez-faire conservatism and capitalism are related historically. They are not synonymous.2 Laissez-faire conservatism is a theory of government adopted for capitalism, which is an economic theory. For laissez-faire political philosophy, the selfregulating interplay of price values in the market solely determines the allocation of prices and productive resources as well as the distribution of social goods for the needs of people and the environment. This is to proceed without governmental assistance.
Electron Microscopy and Microprobe Analysis: Recalling the Ambience of Some Inventions
Authors: Hillier James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Looking back, the period 1935 to 1945 was a most exciting, even spectacular, decade during which a remarkably small group of researchers, scattered throughout Europe and North America, took the magnetic transmission electron microscope (TEM) from a rather quiescent, theoretical concept to a reasonably reliable, practical instrument in serial production. In that decade the same group took the resolving power of the TEM from a doubtful comparison with a light microscope to a value that was routinely 20-fold beyond the limit of the light microscope and, in the hands of experts, 200-fold beyond! It was also in that decade that the electron microprobe analyzer was invented.
Histology Of The Nervous System Of Humans And Vertebrates
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Countless modifications during evolution have provided living matter with an instrument of unparalleled complexity and remarkable functions: the nervous system, the most highly organized structure in the animal kingdom. The dominant role played by the nervous system is obvious. From its inception, this system mediated ever increasing coordination between the various elements of multicellular organisms, which were essentially unstructured, disorganized, and subject to all the vagaries of the surrounding environment early on. The nervous system provided these animals with the necessary mechanisms for nutrition and defense, and the number, precision, power, and coordination of these mechanisms steadily increased. Furthermore, in the highest echelons of life, it also provided optimal means for survival: feelings, thought, and will. In short, the refinement of nerve cells and the overall system formed by them clearly provides the most effective mechanism to improve living organisms.
Research Methods And Their Major Results
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nervous system contains three major elements: neurons or nerve cells, glial cells, and epithelial or ependymal cells (there is no need to include nerve fibers, which are simply extensions of neurons). In addition, three types of structure, which have been recognized in vertebrates for many years, are immediately obvious. First, neural centers are found throughout the central nervous system, in sensory ganglia, and in autonomic ganglia, all of which contain neuronal cell bodies along with their major intercellular connections, as discussed below. Second, nerves or nerve bundles consist primarily of long axons that arise from neurons, together with glial cells. And third, the peripheral endings of axons in the nerves form a variety of structures that directly contact either muscles or glands, or the epidermis and vanous sense organs.
Neurons: Size And General Morphology
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any neural center, no matter how complex, consists of only two intimately intermingled cell types: neurons, with their conducting process or axon, and glial cells. The general histology of the nervous system is therefore based entirely on studies of these two elements, including such anatomical features as size, shape, and fine structure, as well as the functional properties associated with them. We shall start with the fundamental unit of the nervous system, the nerve cell, or as Waldeyer has called it, the neuron.
Structure Of Spinal White Matter
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Elements forming the spinal white matter have already been described m the General Principles section of this book, under the topic of central myelinated fibers. Only a few details need be added for the sake of completeness. A thin transverse section through spinal white matter that has been stained with carmine or hematoxylin displays a vast number of parallel nerve fibers that are also cut transversely. These fibers lie side by side, but are separated by glial cells. The Fibers. The diameter of nerve fibers in spinal white matter varies considerably; the thickest, which lie in the ventrolateral funiculus, may reach 12 to 15 µ,m, whereas the thinnest, which are found in the pyramidal tract, dorsolateral fasciculus proprius, and gracile fascicle, never exceed 2 to 3 µ,m. In general, thick and thin fibers are intermingled throughout the white matter, with thick fibers predominating here and thin fibers there. The only major exceptions to this rule are found in Lissauer’s marginal zone and the gracile fascicle, where virtually all of the fibers are thin. It is also the case that thick and medium-sized fibers are associated with the axons of relatively large cells in the dorsal horn, whereas thinner fibers are associated with the axons of small cells in the substantia gelatinosa or with the ascending or descending branches of axons that bifurcate with a thick and a thin branch.
Commissural And Funicular Neurons
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cells in the gray matter of the spinal cord that we have referred to as ventral commissural neurons are characterized by an axon that courses ventrally and then transversely to cross the midline near the ventral, white commissure before entering the ventral funiculus on the opposite side of the cord and becoming one of the myelinated fibers in what we have called the commissural fascicle. Golgi was the first to demonstrate that these neurons send an axon to the ventral funiculus, and this projection has since been described in greater detail by ourselves, Kolliker, Van Gehuchten, Cl. Sala, Lenhossek, and Retzius.
Arrangement Of Funicular Neurons In Various Parts Of The Gray Matter
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Direct or uncrossed funicular neurons are undoubtedly the most abundant cell type in the gray matter of the spinal cord. Many of them form groups that can be recognized by their location and the distinctive morphology of neurons contained within them. Because of this, anatomists have been forced to adopt a topographically based description of funicular neurons. A priori, it would seem that a description based on the disposition of the axon arising from these cells would be more useful, and this certainly would be true if the axons arising in the same nucleus all had the same destination. However, we have already seen that this is not the case, and that, instead, many regions of the gray matter contain neurons with very different projections. Thus, it would seem that descriptions based on axonal relationships are associated with more difficulties than those based on the topography, and thus are less useful for a clear understanding of spinal cord histology.
The Vestibulocochlear Nerve: Vestibular Nerve
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is well known that the vestibulocochlear or Vlllth cranial nerve is sensory in nature, and that its peripheral endings are found within the inner ear. Although usually thought of as a single nerve, it actually consists of two axon bundles that are intimately related throughout their intracranial course, as well as their course through the petrous part of the temporal bone. However, they separate on entering the medulla, and terminate in different regions of the gray matter. The ventral bundle is known as the vestibular nerve; it enters the medulla ventral to the restiform body, and then courses between the latter and the spinal root of the trigeminal nerve (which is quite large and prominent in small mammals) before ending in certain nuclei lying beneath the floor of the fourth ventricle. The dorsal bundle is known as the cochlear nerve, and it occupies a more lateral position; its intramedullary course comes to an end in a region of gray matter flanking the lateral aspect of the restiform body.
Promoting Healthful Diet and Physical Activity
Authors: Sallis James F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The year 2000 health objectives developed by the Public Health Service (U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1991) recognize the importance of dietary and physical activity behaviors in the maintenance of good health in adolescents (see Table 10-1). In this chapter, dietary and physical activity behaviors are discussed together, a pairing supported by both physiological and behavioral reasons. Physiologically, diet and physical activity in large part determine energy balance in the body and thus influence growth and body composition. Diet and physical activity have been found to be empirically associated in several studies (Blair, Jacobs, & Powell, 1985) and share many behavioral characteristics: they vary widely from one person to the next, they change daily within each individual, they are influenced by multiple variables, they can be performed either alone or in a social milieu and in many different settings, and they are resistant to change.
Promoting Healthy Alternatives to Substance Abuse
Authors: Leventhal Howard , Keeshan Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter attempts to satisfy four objectives: (1) briefly review major approaches to the prevention of substance abuse among adolescents, highlighting key themes and examining outcomes; (2) provide an overview of both the successes and deficiencies of these intervention efforts as a foundation for a transactional analysis of the prevention problem; (3) outline a transactional framework to advance more comprehensive and influential prevention and health promotion efforts; and (4) speculate on potentially effective strategies and policy goals that emerge from the transactional perspective.
The Psychologies of Perceiving: Phenomenology and Ethology
Authors: Candland Douglas Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When We think about the character of other animals or other people, it is behavior that we classify and speak of, not perceptions. Thus, whether we think of Dash, the Hanses, or the wolf-girls, it is their behavior that we categorize and remark on, but it is their perceptions, their motives, their ideas, that attract and mystify us. Those perceptions we infer from the behavior of the subject of our observations. Perception guides us in another way, for it is the perceptions and motives of the experimenter that determine the range of the outcomes of the experiment while, somewhat ironically, altering the minds and behavior of all the agents involved in the experiment.
Chemical Speciation In Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Sposito Garrison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the central group and ligands in a complex are in direct contact, the complex is called inner-sphere. If one or more water molecules is interposed between the central group and a ligand, the complex is outer-sphere. Innersphere complexes usually are much more stable than outer-sphere complexes because the latter cannot easily involve the sharing of electrons between the central group and the ligand, whereas the former can.
Field Tests, Country Style
Authors: Young Louise B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was an unusually warm day in June 1970. The temperature registered a sweltering 92 degrees in the nearest cities of Jackson and Gallipolis, but on this high green hilltop on the outskirts of Sparksville, Ohio, a fresh breeze was blowing. It stirred the white embroidered curtains at the Strasbows’ · windows and brought in the fragrance of the wild roses in full bloom along the old fence row.
Eartlispace Is Precious
Authors: Young Louise B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ever since the memorable day in 1967 when two American men looked back from their spacecraft and saw our planet in perspective for the first time in human history, a new awareness has been taking shape in the American consciousness. There is a dawning appreciation of the exceptional endowments of this planet, which make it a congenial environment for the tender web of living things. There is a new understanding of the finely adjusted balance of all the processes taking place in the swirl of ocean and cloud that wraps the earth like a luminous blue veil.
The Making of Southern Suffragists
Authors: Wheeler Marjorie Spruill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Looking back on the woman suffrage movement from the vantage point of 1923, Carrie Chapman Catt observed, “no stronger characters did the long struggle [for woman suffrage] produce than those great-souled southern suffragists. They had need to be great of soul.” Shemeant, of course, that advocacy of woman suffrage in such an inhospitable climate was character-building; but the leaders of the woman suffrage movement in the Southern states had to have unusual selfconfidence and determination in order to take up this cause in the first place.
Pigskin
Authors: Peterson Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the National Football League is now a mammoth billion-dollar enterprise, it was certainly born into more humble circumstances. Indeed, it began in 1920 in an automobile showroom in Canton, Ohio, when a car dealer called together some owners of teams, mostly in the Midwest, to form a league. Unlike the lavish boardrooms in which NFL owners meet today, on this occasion the owners sat on the running boards of cars in the showroom and drank beer from buckets. A membership fee of &100 was set, but no one came up with any money. (As one of those present, George Halas, the legendary owner of the Chicago Bears, said, “I doubt that there was a hundred bucks in the room.”) From such modest beginnings, pro football became far and away the most popular spectator sport in America. In Pigskin, Robert W. Peterson presents a lively and informative overview of the early years of pro football—from the late 1880s to the beginning of the television era. Peterson describes the colorful beginnings of the pro game and its outstanding teams (the Green Bay Packers, the New York Giants, the Chicago Bears, the Baltimore Colts), and the great games they played. Profiles of the most famous players of the era—including Pudge Heffelfinger (the first certifiable professional), Jim Thorpe, Red Grange, Bronko Nagurski, and Fritz Pollard (the NFL’s first black star)—bring the history of the game to life. Peterson also takes us back to the roots of the pro game, showing how professionalism began when some stars for Yale, Harvard, and Princeton took money—under the table, of course—for their services to alma mater. By 1895, the money makers—still unacknowledged—had moved to amateur athletic associations in western Pennsylvania and subsequently into Ohio. After the NFL formed in 1920, pro football’s popularity grew gradually but steadily. It burst into national prominence with the Bears-Redskins championship game of 1940. As one sportswriter put it: “The weather was perfect. So were the Bears.” The final score was 73-0. Peterson shows how, after World War II, the newly-created All America Football Conference challenged the NFL. Though dominated by a gritty Cleveland team, the AAFC was never viewed by NFL teams as much of a threat. That is, not until 1950 when the two leagues merged, bringing about the Cleveland Browns-Philadelphia Eagles game in which the Browns buried the Eagles 35-10. An elegy to a time when, for many players, the game was at least as important as the money it brought them (which wasn’t much), Pigskin takes readers up to the 1958 championship game when the Baltimore Colts beat the New York Giants in overtime. By that time, the great popularity of the game had moved from newspapers and radio to television, and pro football had finally arrived as a major sport.
Towards a Microstructural Account of Human Reasoning
Authors: Rumelhart David E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the past several years my colleagues and I have been analyzing what we call parallel distributed processing (PDP) systems and looking at what we call the microstructure of cognition (cf. McClelland, Rumelhart, and the PDP Research Group 1986; Rumelhart, McClelland, and the PDP Research Group 1986). In this work we developed computational models of cognitive processes based on principles of ‘brain-style’ processing. The major focus of this work has been in perception, memory retrieval, and learning. The question remains as to how this work extends to the domains of ‘higher mental processes.’ We have made one attempt to show how our PDP models can be used to account for schemalike effects (Rumelhart, Smolensky, McClelland, and Hinton 1986). This chapter is designed to push those ideas further and to sketch an account of reasoning from a PDP perspective. I will proceed by first describing the basic theoretical structure of the PDP approach. I will then give a brief account of the reasoning process and finally show how it can be seen as resulting from a parallel distributed processing system.
Connectionism and the Philosophy of Mental Representation
Authors: Ramsey William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Undoubtedly one of the biggest challenges facing any physicalist account of the mind is to provide a fully naturalistic explanation of mental representation. Discussions concerning naturalized accounts of mental representation have typically focused on two central questions: (1) In virtue of what, exactly, are we justified in calling some entity or state a representation of something else, and (2) what form or structure does such a representation take in a cognitive system? In short, how do we account for the content of a representation, and how do we account for its form? Traditionally, it has been considered the business of philosophy to come up with answers to the first sort of question and the job of empirical science to answer questions of the second sort. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that the two issues are much more closely intertwined than was formerly assumed. The sorts of philosophical stories we tell about what it is for something to be a representation can place strong constraints on the sorts of accounts we give of their form and, more importantly for this essay, vice-versa.