bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiplicity and Contention among Language Ideologies
Authors: Gal Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The phenomena brought together in this volume as “language ideologies” would have been examined, some years ago, under several different rubrics. For example, the ethnography of speaking was from its beginnings concerned with cultural conceptions about the role of speaking in social life. Linguists and philosophers of language have pondered the implications for linguistic structure and use of the provocative fact that ordinary language is always and unavoidably its own metalanguage. Many students of interaction have noted that, to understand interaction, one has to have cultural categories for “what is going on,” and what can possibly be going on, in any strip of talk. Scholars of multilingualism and language contact, no less than the makers of language policy, have understood that choice of a language has political implications exactly because of speakers’ commonsense convictions about what a language is and what the use of a language is assumed to imply about political loyalty and identity. And historians of ideas have noted the important influence that linguistic theories and social movements have often had on each other. The studies in this volume suggest that reframing such apparently diverse yet familiar problems as all questions of “language ideology’’ will produce a Nekker cube effect: a switch in perception and perspective that will allow neglected, yet related, aspects of these phenomena to become newly visible.
Playing Soldier
Authors: Truesdell Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of Louis-Napoleon’s most common public roles was that of the military leader, the commander of troops. Indeed, nothing was more typical of Second Empire spectacle than the presence of large numbers of soldiers. Even for ostensibly civilian events such as inaugurations and legislative openings, mounted troops accompanied the imperial processions, and rows of soldiers lined both sides of the streets along the route. The emperor himself usually wore a general’s uniform and was often accompanied by his military staff. Other ceremonies gave the military an even more central place. The emperor often held mammoth troop reviews, for example, especially during the visits of foreign sovereigns, and the return of the troops from the Crimea and from Italy during the 1850s were occasions for huge military display.
Sustaining Competitiveness in Japan
Authors: Ahlbrandt Roger S , Fruehan Richard J , Giarratani Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until very recently, the pressure for change in the Japanese steel industry stemmed primarily from the worldwide capacity glut. Steel prices were forced downward on international markets, and Japan’s foreign competitors were becoming more efficient because of their restructuring. This meant that Japan’s advantage in export markets was being eroded. Japanese steelmakers, like all others, had to respond by seeking ways to reduce costs. But the Japanese producers faced an added burden brought on by the strength of the yen, which made their steel more costly when priced in terms of dollars, pounds sterling, or francs. As a result, cost cutting in Japan became ingrained. Now, however, the powerful integrated steel firms in Japan are being forced to react to two new threats—this time in their domestic market: incursions by firms from the rapidly developing nations of Asia and by progressive Japanese minimills.
Subject-Verb Inversion
Authors: Shlonsky Ur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with the conditions under which the marked order VS(O) is obtained in Hebrew.1 The earliest work on subject “inversion” relied primarily on Romance and distinguished “free” inversion from what I term Triggered Inversion. The former was thought to involve subject lowering and the latter V-Raising. (See e.g., Rizzi 1982, Jaeggli 1982, Shlonsky 1987, and Torrego 1984, among many others.)
Rhythm in Telephone Closings: An Analysis of Italian and German Data
Authors: Auer Peter , Couper-Kuhlen Elizabeth , Müller Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In contrast to prior chapters, this chapter introduces an explicitly contrastive perspective: We discuss the same discourse-contextualizing functions of rhythm and tempo in similar conversational environments, using German and Italian data. The topic is telephone closings, another classic object of study in conversation analysis. As in the case of turn taking and preference organization, the role prosodic parameters play in achieving telephone closings has not been investigated in detail in orthodox CA. We try to show that a purely segmental treatment of telephone closings misses an essential aspect of their structuring.
The Social Actor
Authors: Earley P Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The focus of my discussion in the last two chapters was on very specific aspects of a social actor--mianzi and lian. However, such a view understates the importance of contextual aspects of a person’s environment and general facets of a person’s personality and idea structure while it overstates particular internal facets. I do not mean to imply that a social actor responds to and influences his or her social context simply to regulate face. By focusing on the concept of face, I think that researchers can gain new insights into the social processes that we observe in organizations (and elsewhere), but I do not mean to imply that face is the only relevant motive underlying a person’s actions.
Organizational Context and Content
Authors: Earley P Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The functioning of face and its regulation cannot be divorced from the organizational context in which it occurs. That is, the type of organization a person works and functions in, norms and socialized rules for proper conduct, scripts for action, and rituals and ceremonies governing expectations and behavior all contribute to the display of face and individuals’ attempts to secure it. The spouse of a friend who worked for a southwestern-based electronics company once described the process of getting “laid off.” Typically, a sales employee being laid off would come back from lunch to the large, open office area and see a security guard standing beside the salesperson’s desk.
Gender, Crime, and Criminology
Authors: Daly Kathleen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not possible to distill in one essay all that has been written, just in the last decade, on women, gender, and crime. The area continues to challenge criminology and related disciplines, to provoke the public’s anxieties about crime, and to inspire activism for legal change. In the second edition of Women and Crime, Frances Heidensohn (1996, pp. xiii-xv) identified the following developments in the academic arena: recognition, expansion, engendering the agenda, and deconstructing the categories. In the first of four sections in this chapter, I discuss these developments to highlight debates in the field. In the second section, I review research on girls’ and women’s lawbreaking (or gender differences in lawbreaking), and in the third, I analyze the ways it has been explained. In the final section, I consider future directions in light of two observations. First, women’s lawbreaking (or gender differences in lawbreaking) is informed by different kinds of knowledge, and researchers are taking different approaches toward what is to be explained and thus are producing diverse, and often incompatible, knowledges and theories. Second, feminist explanations for lawbreaking have become more complex and interesting than they were a decade ago. Female lawbreakers may be constructing themselves differently than before, and a recent generation of feminist scholars is more inclined to interpret women’s behavior through a lens of agency, action, and pleasure, even as that “agency” may serve to reproduce structures of gender inequality and male domination.
Intermediate Sanctions
Authors: Tonry Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since 1980, three major trends led to widespread development of intermediate sanctions, punishments that fall between prison and probation in their severity and intrusiveness. First, rehabilitative considerations lost credibility as rationales for sentencing (Allen 1964; Lipton, Martinson, and Wilks 1975; Sechrest, White, and Brown 1979). Second, “just deserts” became seen as the primary rationale for sentencing, bringing with it a logic of punishments proportioned to the seriousness of crimes committed and a movement to narrow officials’ discretion (e.g., Morris 1974; von Hirsch 1976). Third, crime control policy has become a staple political issue, and proponents of “law and order” have persistently called for harsher penalties. With this came a widespread belief that most sentences to ordinary probation are insufficiently punitive and substantial political pressure for increases in the severity of punishments.
The Problem Revisited: A Data-driven Approach
Authors: O’Dowd Elizabeth M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conclusions of the last two chapters leave the categorial status of prepositions and particles still unclear: What functions do they have in common and how are they different? Those conclusions lead me to argue in this chapter for a reconceptualization of the problem of P-one that looks beyond syntax and semantics to explain P’s versatility and idiosyncracies. Following the lead of discourse-functional research, as developed by Paul Hopper and Sandra Thompson (1980, 1984, 1985, 1993; Hopper, 1995) and others, I point out that pragmatic motivations are crucial in determining the syntactic or semantic use a speaker will make of a particular linguistic element. To uncover these motivations we must look carefully at the discourse contexts in which they occur.
A Derivational Approach to Syntactic Relations
Authors: David Samuel , Groat Epstein Erich M , Kawashima Ruriko , Kitahara Hisatsugu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Afundamental concept in all syntactic theories is that of a syntactic relation between syntactic objects. While recent work in the Minimalist Framework has attempted to explain the nature of syntactic objects in terms of simple and conceptually necessary assumptions regarding the language faculty, the relations that hold between syntactic objects has not been similarly explored. The authors initiate such an exploration and argue that certain fundamental relations such as c-command, dominance, and checking relations can be explained within a derivational approach to structure-building. This approach has significant consequences concerning the architecture of the syntactic component. Semantic and phonological interpretation need not operate upon the output phrase-structure representation created by the syntactic derivation. Interpretation is more readily computed derivationally, by interpreting the steps of a derivation, rather than the single output structure created by it. The result is a new and controversial level-free model of the syntactic component of the human language faculty. This topical and timely Minimalist analysis will interest professional and theoretical linguists, syntacticians, and anyone interested in contemporary approaches to syntactic theory.
The Best of All Worlds: Information Ecology
Authors: Davenport Thomas H , Prusak Laurence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The well-known ecologist Garrett Hardin has pointed out that if you want to manage an entire ecosystem, “you can never do just one thing.” Up to now, most companies have done a little better than that in managing information: they have undertaken two things. They’ve applied technology to information problems, and attempted to use machine-engineering methods to turn data into something of use on computers. Unfortunately, neither “thing” constitutes a holistic approach to information.
Information Architecture
Authors: Davenport Thomas H , Prusak Laurence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout this book, I’ve hammered away at traditional approaches to information management—the techno-utopian view that all human needs can be “engineered,” structured to fit into a computer, designed via an architectural blueprint. In the above quote, Michael Schrage, who is both a journalist and an MIT researcher, describes, in a nutshell, how overemphasizing technology design often ignores the real human issues of information use.
Government Regulation of Broker-Dealer Firms
Authors: Mccaffrey David P , Hart David W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Public policy presumes that the Securities and Exchange Commission should oversee self-regulation in the securities markets and not intervene directly unless self-regulation breaks down conspicuously. Enacting the federal securities laws in the 1930s depended on that presumption. The securities industry was vulnerable politically because of practices associated with the Depression, but it could threaten complete economic collapse if legislation disrupted financial markets too abruptly. The SEC’s architects and President Franklin Delano Roosevelt had to orchestrate change in the industry while constrained by its political power. What resulted was an understanding that the industry must establish more extensive regulatory controls but could design and implement them, subject to SEC over­ sight and approval. Since then the SEC, courts, and the Congress have reinforced this understanding.
Economic and Technological Changes Coping with New Regulatory Problems
Authors: Mccaffrey David P , Hart David W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The regulatory problems broker-dealers face depend on their customer base and the types of investments and activities they sell. Individual (or “retail”) investors have less information and economic leverage than institutional investors, and so the securities laws hold broker-dealers to high standards of fairness and care in managing individuals’ accounts. But modern finance’s complexity can overwhelm even sophisticated institutions, and several courts and regulators have punished broker-dealer firms for crudely exploiting their new informational advantages over institutional customers. Regulators, broker-dealers, investors, and the courts have struggled with defining more clearly broker-dealer responsibilities in contemporary finance and designing the controls to deal with its hazards. This chapter first discusses the prevalence of retail and institutional investment, then technological changes in finance and the regulatory issues these changes pose for broker-dealer firms.
Differences among Broker-Dealer Firms
Authors: Mccaffrey David P , Hart David W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The U.S. securities industry is one of the nation’s economic successes mainly because it is highly competitive. Its firms generously reward those who develop and market successful financial innovations; who are especially able to persuade investors to buy products the investors usually do not understand very well; and who trade profitably when the difference between winning and losing is small. It also fires or demotes people who lag in sales, investment banking, or trading. People facing these incentives and pressures-including the managers who depend on employees’ production-can step easily over a line into unethical or illegal behavior. The line often is not clear, so whether conduct crosses it or not gets negotiated within firms and with regulators.
“Monarch of the Dailies”
Authors: Procter Ben 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Excitement, anticipation, experimentation, the steady drumbeat of an organization on the rise! Such ideas, such emotions and expressions permeated the Examiner offices at the beginning of 1890-and for good reason. Already a staff of talented professionals, well trained in “sniffing out” the news and gifted in writing attention-getting stories, had passed the circulation of one city rival, the Call, and had drawn even with the previously dominant Chronicle. Compensatory recognition in the form of large salaries and generous bonuses was equally satisfying, thereby encouraging excellence and heightening morale. But most important a youthful employer, a kindred spirit who at times seemed to personify “a mad bull in a China shop;’ labored with them oftentimes past midnight, stimulating their imagination with his creativity. They thus sought daring assignments, even concocted outlandish schemes, because their leader required, indeed demanded, only two work standards, ability and loyalty, requisites that they abundantly displayed.
Ideology in the Language of Judges
Authors: Philips Susan U 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A text that will appeal to any reader interested in the relation of language to the law, or vice versa, Ideological Diversity in Courtroom Discourse focuses on the guilty plea as both a distinct procedure and a dialogue constrained by boundaries. The book argues that, although judges uniformly see themselves as formally and impartially ensuring the constitutional right to due process, a considerable variety exists in the interactions between judges and defendants. Susan Philips relates in much detail how this diversity stems from the judges’ various interpretations of written law, from their personal attitudes toward control of the courtroom, and from their individual and politicized views regarding due process. She also shows how the ideological struggles in a given courtroom are central yet largely hidden or denied. Such findings will contribute significantly to the study of how speakers create realities through their use of language.
Understanding the Causes of Behavior
Authors: Pfeffer Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps the most fundamental question addressed by organization studies is how we are to understand what causes behavior. The question is important for those seeking to affect organizations and is equally important for those doing research on them, for, depending on how it is answered, attention focuses on some factors or variables and away from others. For much of its history, organization studies was dominated by a situationalist perspective, in which the causes of behavior were sought in the environment of the individual.
Measuring Fetal Exposure to Nicotine
Authors: Koren Gideon , Eliopoulos, Chrisoula , Klein Julia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In North America, approximately 30% of women 18 years old and older are regular cigarette smokers.’ 2 Nearly half of all pregnancies are unplanned. This means that many women will conceive while smoking, and approximately 60% of women who smoke before pregnancy continue to smoke during pregnancy.3-5 Since the fetus of a smoking mother is exposed to tobacco smoke, the fetus is a passive smoker.
Long-Term Nicotine Therapy
Authors: Murray Robert P , Daniels Kathleen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this volume, there is a considerable review of the literature regarding the safety of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) from various perspectives. This chapter focuses on the recent experience of more than 3,000 NRT users (Nicorette 2 mg; nicotine polacrilex) in the Lung Health Study.1 This study provides the single largest source of data on the safety of nicotine medication. In the Lung Health Study, 5,887 volunteer participants were enrolled for 5 years. An intensive smoking cessation and maintenance program, which included the use of NRT, was provided. Over the course of the study, the use of NRT evolved into a relatively long-term treatment with relatively high doses provided for up to 5 years.
Money and Ideology
Authors: Windlesham Lord 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The critical nexus between the levels of federal spending authorized by legislation for specified purposes and the actual amounts subsequently appropriated by Congress is heightened if in the interval party control of one or both Houses changes hands. Although initially the Republican leadership in the 104th Congress had talked expansively about “fixing Clinton’s crime bill,” what this came down to in practice was a protracted and acrimonious conflict over the method and purposes of federal funding for community policing, prevention programs, and prison construction by states. In addition to these issues, a cluster of more sharply defined amendments were made to the 1994 Crime Act. Three direct responses to surges in public opinion were compulsory notification to protect local communities from previously convicted sexual offenders or child abusers; prison litigation reform; and an amendment to the U.S. Code clarifying the intent of Congress regarding the new federal crime of carjacking. The mainline provisions on gun control, the death penalty, three strikes, and violence against women, were preserved intact.
Congress and the Courts
Authors: Windlesham Lord 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What three strikes had been to the 103rd Congress, Megan’s Law was to the 104th. Changes in federal law were already under consideration to protect the potential victims of further assaults by persons previously convicted of sexually violent offenses or criminal offenses against children when the rape and murder by strangling of a seven-year-old girl, Megan Kanka, occurred in New Jersey. Her assailant was a twice-convicted pedophile who had come to live with two companions, also convicted sex offenders, on the same street as the Kanka family. He had invited the child over to see a puppy when the fatal assault took place. As with the earlier killing of Polly Klaas in California, it was the horrifying and extensively publicized circumstances of such a dreadful crime occurring in a quiet suburban setting that caused it to enter the national consciousness. The last minute changes made to strengthen the Jacob Wetterling subtitle of the 1994 Crime Act were described in chapter 5. But the requirements of registration and discretionary notification to local law enforcement agencies were regarded by many legislators, state as well as federal, as not going far enough to meet the public demand for more rigorous safeguards against repeat sex offenders.
Doctrinal Synergies
Authors: Cushman Barry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Capping off the flurry of labor legislation enacted in the 1930s was the National Labor Relations Act, otherwise known as the Wagner Act. Section 7 of the Act secured to employees “the right to self-organization, to form, join, or assist labor organizations, to bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing, and to engage in concerted activities, for the purpose of collective bargaining orother mutual aid or protection.” other mutual aid or protectionZ’1 Section 8 described certain “unfair labor practices” in which employers were forbidden to engage.
Executive summary
Authors: Bailey Edward P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An executive summary is like an “elevator briefing.” Here’s what I mean: Suppose you get on an elevator with your boss, who asks, “How’s your project going?” You need to finish your answer by the time you get to the fourth floor. What would you say? You’d probably give a quick, bottom-line summary. And what’s effective for a busy person on an elevator is also effective for a busy person sitting at a desk. An executive summary, then, is a quick, bottom-line summary. The difference from an elevator briefing is that the executive summary is in writing.
Introduction
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There was one in particular the soldiers talked about ... : a girl on La Cruz whom they had raped many times during the course of the afternoon, and through it all, while the other women of El Mozote had screamed and cried as if they had never had a man, this girl had sung hymns, strange evangelical songs, and she had kept right on singing, too, even after they had done what had to be done, and shot her in the chest. She had lain there on La Cruz with the blood flowing from her chest, and had kept on singing-a bit weaker than before, but still singing. And the soldiers, stupefied, had watched and pointed.