bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In situ hybridization approaches to the study of the nervous system
Authors: Seroogy K B , Herman J P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In situ hybridization methodology derives from a combination of techniques from the two very different disciplines of molecular biology and neuro anatomy. Over the past decade, in situ hybridization has emerged as a powerful means by which to examine not only the localization, but also the regulation, of cellular phenotype in the peripheral and central nervous systems. This method takes advantage of the ability of mRNA immobilized in tissue sections to form duplexes (i.e. hybridize) with complementary DNA or RNA sequences (referred to as ‘probes’). Visualization at the cellular level is accomplished by autoradiographic or immunohistochemical detection of tagged nucleic acids incorporated into the probe molecules. Compared to immunocytochemical techniques which detect post-translational products, in situ hybridization analysis of cellular mRNA provides information concerning pre-translational events, a level of understanding one step closer to the gene.
The value of in situ hybridization analysis of mRNA becomes particularly manifest when studying heterogeneously organized tissues. In the nervous system, it is quite common for functionally distinct cellular populations to produce the same neuroactive substances, often within microns of one another. Such cellular populations can synthesize different amounts of mRNAs and respond to very diverse regulatory input. Even cells that are morphologically and functionally similar and situated in the same nucleus can express different neurochemical phenotypes or respond quite differently to similar regulatory signals. In addition, laminar structures, such as the hippo campus, olfactory bulb, and cerebellum, possess different cell populations which interdigitate in such a fashion that accurate dissection is extremely difficult.
Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in the nervous system
Authors: Dunkley Peter R , Jarvie Paula E , Sim alistair t. R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phosphorylation of proteins plays a crucial role in controlling the functions of the nervous system. The brain has evolved to contain many unique phosphoproteins whose functions and characteristics have been reviewed (1-4). The neuronal phosphoproteins have phosphate covalently attached to them mainly at Ser and Thr residues. These phosphoproteins are associated with both protein kinase(s) and protein phosphatase(s) and this grouping will be referred to here as a protein phosphorylation system.
Receptor-linked phosphoinositide metabolism
Authors: Batty Ian H , Carter A Nigel , Challiss R A John , Hawthorne john n. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Activation of many cell surface receptors is linked to the metabolism of phosphorinositides and there has been an explosive growth of interest in the field over the last 15 years. Most of the phosphoinositide-linked receptors raise intracellular free Ca2+ concentration when activated. The receptors are linked by a G protein to phosphorinositide C (PIC), which hydrolyses phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P2) to inositol 1,4,5- trisphosphate (Ins(l,4,5)P3) and diacylglycerol, both of which can act as second messengers. Ins(l,4,5)P3 causes release of Ca2+ from stores associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and diacylglycerol can activate protein kinase C (1,2). lns(l,3,4,5)P4 may also have a signalling function and many other higher inositol phosphates including InsP5 and InsP6 (phytic acid) have been identified in tissues. In addition a PtdIns 3-kinase has been described and the lipids it produces, particularly PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 may regulate growth (3).
Neurotransmitter transporters: purification, reconstitution, and assay of the brain GABA transporter
Authors: Keynan Shoshana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The process of chemical neurotransmission involves the regulated release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic terminal into the synaptic cleft followed by binding and activation of specific receptors on the postsynaptic mem brane. Termination of the biological response and dilution of the neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft are critically important events ensuring constantly high concentrations within the nerve and the prevention of excessive stimulation or delay of the response (1).
Plasmids from Gram-positive bacteria
Authors: Alonso Juan c. , Espinosa Manuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bacterial plasmids are self-replicating dispensable genetic elements that often specify resistance to antibiotics, heavy metals, bacteriophages, or encode the production of bacteriocins, amino acids, antibiotics, enzymes (e.g. proteases, lipases, catalases, restriction enzymes), etc. Plasmid biology is studied for several reasons. From a basic point of view, plasmids can be used as model systems to study the genetics and biochemistry of cellular processes, and from an applied point of view, they can be used to produce large amounts of industrially important compounds.
Light regulation of nuclear-encoded thylakoid proteins
Authors: Green Beverley R , Salter A Hugh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The thylakoid membrane system is the site where light energy is absorbed and converted into the chemical energy of reduced coenzymes and the trans-membrane electrochemical potential which drives ATP synthesis. Since green plants are obligate photoautotrophs, it should come as no surprise that the development and maintenance of the thylakoid membrane system is regulated by light at many different levels, both during development and in response to external factors after development. Chloroplast ultrastructure and development are discussed in several comprehensive reviews (1,2).
Import, sorting, and assembly of photosynthetic proteins in higher plant chloroplasts
Authors: Robinson Colin , Knott Tracy G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has long been known that protein translocation on a massive and complex scale is required during chloroplast biogenesis, since the majority of chloroplast proteins are imported into the organelle after synthesis in the cytosol. Although the chloroplast is responsible for a wide variety of metabolic functions, the most prominent of these is, of course, photosynthesis, with the result that the most abundant chloroplast proteins are all involved in photosynthetic light capture or CO2 fixation. As a direct result, most studies on chloroplast protein transport have focused on the biogenesis of photosynthetic proteins, and considerable progress has been made in elucidating the mechanisms by which stromal and thylakoidal proteins are imported into chloroplasts and directed to their functional locations. Photosynthetic proteins have widely differing physical characteristics and are variously located in the stroma, thylakoid membrane, and thylakoid lumen; as a consequence they are imported and ‘sorted’ by a corresponding variety of mechanisms.
Peptide antigens and anti-peptide antibodies
Authors: Wisdom G Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Antibody molecules, especially of the immunoglobulin G (IgG) class, are extremely useful reagents for the identification, measurement, purification, and characterization of various molecules (1). This arises from the fact that antibodies can be induced to most structures of molecular weight greater than 200-300 Da (provided their size is increased by attachment to a carrier) and these antibodies usually show high avidity and specificity. In addition, IgG molecules are relatively stable and can be labelled and immobilized in various ways without serious detriment to their binding abilities. Antibodies to peptide antigens have become particularly useful tools.
Epitope predictions from the primary structure of proteins
Authors: Pellequer Jean-Luc , Westhof Eric , Regenmortel Marc H V Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rapid progress in recombinant DNA techniques has led to the sequencing of an ever-increasing number of genes for which the gene products are unknown. The most common method for detecting and localizing the putative gene product is to use antibodies raised against a synthetic peptide corresponding to an epitope of the putative protein, predicted on the basis of its primary structure. Prediction of antigenicity is thus used to indicate which peptide within the protein should be synthesized in order to obtain anti-peptide antibodies that will recognize, i.e. cross-react, with the intact protein.
Probe labelling methods
Authors: Hopman A H N , Speel E J M , Voorter C E M , Ramekers F C S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several methods have been developed to detect specific nucleic acid sequences in various preparations, such as in situ localized DNA or RNA in intact cells or biochemically isolated DNA or RNA immobilized on membranes. In the latter case nucleic acids are either directly immobilized on filters (spot hybridization) or transferred to the filter after electrophoretic fractionation. The presence of specific nucleic acids is then detected on the membrane by means of hybridization with labelled nucleic acid probes. Techniques aimed at the localization of target DNA or RNA sequences within microscopic preparations, so called in situ hybridization, require several pre-treatment steps to allow the penetration of such probes into the matrix of the cell. Nucleic acid probes can be labelled either radioactively, followed by auto radio graphic detection, or non-radioactively, enabling direct detection by different forms of microscopy.
Cytogenetic analysis
Authors: Klinger K W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In situ hybridization was first demonstrated in 1969 by Gall and Pardue (1). With further refinement (2), isotopic in situ hybridization became a useful tool for gene mapping. However, the relatively coarse map position generated by this method, coupled with the tedious and difficult nature of the technique, limited its widespread application. It is the advent of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) that has revealed the true power of the technology, allowing fast, precise detection, and localization of single copy targets. FISH has rapidly achieved roles as a research tool, and as a diagnostic tool in the fields of prenatal diagnosis, cancer diagnosis, infectious disease diagnosis, and gene dosimetry.
Nucleic acid probe sequences can be hybridized in situ to their complementary DNA sequences within fixed chromosomes, extended DNA molecules, or cytoplasmic RNA or DNA (mitochondrial, bacterial, or viral). This chapter concentrates on metaphase and interphase cytogenetics, with a discussion of hybridization to extended DNA molecules as it relates to gene ordering.
The action and fermentation of carbohydrates in the human colon
Authors: Edwards C A , Parrett A M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Carbohydrates that enter the human colon are subject to fermentation by the bacterial flora. The main products of fermentation are short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and gases. These products have a range of physiological activities including effects on motility, cell turnover, as well as acting as sources of energy for the mucosal cells and the body in general. The extent, rate and site of fermentation will determine the physiological action of the carbohydrate in the colon. Easily fermented carbohydrates may have little effect on stool output but more profound effects on cellular metabolism. Fermentation in more distal parts of the colon may have greater effects on stool water even if most of the carbohydrate is used by the bacteria.
Association and segregation in ternary polymer solutions and gels
Authors: Piculell L , Iliopoulos I , Linse1 P , Nilsson1 S , Turquois T , Viebke, C , Zhang W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some consequences of (i) polymer charges and (ii) polymer stiffness for the segregation or association of unlike polymers in mixed biopolymer gels are discussed, in the light of model calculations and experiments on ternary polymer solutions or gels. For segregating mixtures, the occurrence of charges on one of the polymers leads to an increased miscibility, compared to the neutral system. The miscibility decreases again, however, if charges of the same sign occur on both polymers, or if salt is added. For mixed gels of kappa-carrageenan with galacto-or glucomannans, cesium-133 NMR results indicate an association, rather than a segregation, of the unlike polymers. It is suggested that the mixed aggregates consist of a rod-like core of selfaggregated carrageenan helices with disordered mannan chains adsorbed to the surface. Lattice model calculations on the adsorption of a flexible polymer onto a rodlike cylinder indicate a weak increase of the surface coverage with increasing rod radius.
Synergistic gelation of galactomannans or konjac glucomannan: binding or exclusion?
Authors: Goycoolea F M , Foster T J , Richardson R K , Morris E R , Gidley M J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Synergistic gels of xanthan or deacetylated xanthan with locust bean gum (LBG) or konjac mannan (KM) melt and set at ∼600C, with no thermal hysteresis. Gel-like rheology persists to very low concentrations (0.02% w/v). Gelation occurs with the xanthan component in either its ordered or disordered form, and is accompanied, with KM as co-synergist, by large enthalpy changes (Aff) in DSC. Gel modulus (G’) and Affincrease linearly with increasing ratio of co-synergist:xanthan up to ∼1:1, with little further change at higher ratios. The heat changes (per gram of xanthan) depend only on mixing ratio, not on total concentration. We interpret these results as conclusive evidence of stoichiometric binding, and suggest that, as indicated by previous X-ray work, final attachment is to the cellulosic backbone of xanthan, rather than to the surface of the 5-fold helix.
Thixotropic carrageenan gels and dairy desserts
Authors: Parker Alan , Tilly Gerard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rapid thixotropic recovery is an important factor in the production of multi-layer dairy desserts. Therefore the thixotropy of gels and model dairy desserts containing i-carrageenan has been studied. The results of thixotropic recovery in a rheometer after: i) gelation under shear and ii) subsequent cold shearing are compared for aqueous gels, milk gels and model dairy desserts. These measurements are compared with the recovery of samples sheared during processing on a pilot plant. Thixotropic recovery was never complete and appeared to be divided into a fast and a slow component. Both the viscosity during geiation under shear and the kinetics of recovery can be scaled, so that results for all shear rates form a single master-curve. For cold shearing of already formed gels the maturation time before shearing was not a significant factor for aqueous or milk gels, but caused significant differences in the final texture of model dairy desserts treated on a pilot plant.
Die moderne Brauereitechnologie: gelöste und ungelöste Probleme. Ein Überblick
Authors: Narzillß L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the last 25 - 30 years, the technology of brewing underwent a very positive development of all the individual production steps of malting and brewing. Future efforts are influenced by a strong consciousness to environment: the breeding of barleys and hops resistant to diseases, the preservation of the quality of brewing water as well as an environment minded processing. However, it is another task of technology to differentiate the individual products. Even though the properties like foam, chemical-physical stability, flavour stability and filtrability have been searched for, there is still something to contribute to the understanding of these phenomena.
Gene elements controlling hydrolase production in barley
Authors: Leah R , Karnahl K , Rouster J , Skriver K , Mundy J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To develop malting barley varieties with improved hydrolase production, it is necessary to characterize gene elements controlling hydrolase expression. We have delineated two such DNA elements, one determining aleurone-specificity, the other responsive to gibberellin. These gene elements can be seen as locks which, when recognized by a specific key, a regulatory protein, allow expression of the gene. We are now using the gibberellin responsive DNA element as a probe to find proteins which recognize it. Such protein factors may control the production of numerous hydrolases. They are, therefore, important targets for study and modification in malting barleys.
S. cerevisiae flocculation: identification of specific cell wall proteins
Authors: Costa Manuel João , Moradas-Ferreira Pedro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
s. cerevisiae flocculation depends on cell wall protein interactions and this work aimed at identifying putative flocculins. Analysis of both SDS and glucanase extractable cell wall mannoproteins revealed differences which fairly correlate with the flocculent phenotype. Highly flocculent cells accumulated SOS-extractable proteins of 54 and 67 KDa, and glucanase extractable high molecular mass proteins (about 1000 KDa).
Novel method for measurement and control of evaporation in the brewhouse kettle
Authors: Forrest I S , Skrgatic D , Coker I A J , Heap J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Automatic in-line measurement of evaporation allows the development of alternate energy control strategies and cleaning regimes without the safety hazard of manual sampling. Sound velocity in boiling wort, measured with a surface mounted ultra-sonic transducer at the inlet to an external calandria, was used as a measure of wort gravity. This allowed calculation of evaporation to 0.1%, and thus close control of evaporation. The condition of the heat exchange surfaces could also be monitored and cleaning cycles initiated only as required. The combined savings in steam and detergent produced a payback in under 4 months.
Some technological developments in a packaging line
Authors: Sawahara Kouji , Ishikawa Kazusi , Endo Norio , Mawatari Masao , Iwata Hiroo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have developed new automatic inspectors and bottle-handling systems so that 24-hour packaging lines utilizing minimal manual labour will be realized. Details of action and practical advantages of the systems are: a) a case-inspector and rejection system for rejection of foreign objects in crates returned from marketplace; b) an “automatic filled-bottle inspector” includes our unique high quality CCD camera system and it has been successfully carried out without using manual inspection;
Technological relationship between the brewing of sake and beer
Authors: Nishiya Takamichi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brewing of the traditional Japanese rice wine known as “sake” originates with the introduction of rice cultivation from the Eurasian continent, and has a 2,000 year history. A sake-like drink is even mentioned in Japanese mythology. In Japan, not only the technologies developed for the fermentation of other alcoholic beverages, but also those required for the fermentation of amino acids, nucleic acids and antibiotics are derived from the traditional techniques used in sake brewing. This lecture is a review of the technological relationship between sake and beer brewing. In addition, recent developments in sake brewing biotechnology will be described, such as the application of genetic transfer techniques to koji-moulds and yeasts.
The impact of oxygen absorbing crown corks on shelflife of bottled beer
Authors: Eils H -G , Teumac F , Zenner B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oxygen has a significant influence on the taste stability of beer. Ingress of oxygen (from air) into bottled beer during orage can be prevented by using oxygen absorbing crown corks (Pure Seal , SmartCapR). This fact is proven by a method allowing the evaluation of oxygen values down to 2 ppb. Changes in the flavour stability of bottled beer stored at temperatures of 20°C and 30°C have to be considered differently.
Computer-planned mashing
Authors: Aarts Robert J , Sjöholm Katharina , Pietilä Silja Home & Kirsti 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A knowledge-based computer system was used to plan temperature profiles for mashing. The system uses malt analysis results and wort specifications as inputs. Several malts and wort specifications were used for testing. The enzyme activities and the degree of modification of the malts varied, and the worts required different fermentabilities. The system planned temperature programs that were used in laboratory scale mashing. Analysis of the worts showed all were within their respective specifications.
Application of ultrasonic wave fields to brewing separation processes
Authors: Davies Gareth B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of megahertz frequency ultrasonic stationary waves in a novel brewing separation process has been assessed. On a small scale, this technique is capable of removing greater than 981of beer2solids over 4 µm in diameter at flowrates of approximately 1 l.h per cm of paired trans¬ducer area. Process scale-up towards several hundred hectolitres per hour seems to be practical. Preliminary investigations have also been conducted into accelerated sedimentation of yeast and the enhancement of cross-flow microfiltration membrane fluxes. Ultrasonic stationary wave technology promises to provide an alternative, non-invasive method of solid-liquid separation in the brewing industry.
Humoral immune responses and detection during HIV infection
Authors: Cheingsong-Popov Rachanee , Constantine Niel T , Weber Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In common with many infectious agents, HIV infection elicits persistent humoral and cellular immune responses. Shortly following HIV infection, viral replication occurs, resulting in the elaboration of specific proteins and glycoproteins (antigens) to which the efferent humoral arm of the immune system responds with the production of antibodies. The resultant antibodies represent a complex mixture of immunoglobulins which vary in titre, isotype, and idiotype. The response, for the most part, is consistent and predictable, and is well-defined. However, there have been anecdotal reports where there is a delay in the detection of antibody in the sera of some persons for more than three months following infection (1).
Quantification of CD4-positive T lymphocytes
Authors: Bird A G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Introduction
The central lesion in HIV-induced immunodeficiency is the functional and numerical decrease in the CD4-positive population of T lymphocytes. Progressive loss of this key lymphoid population is associated with an increasing range and severity of cellular immunodeficiency and predisposition to intracellular pathogens. The number of CD4-positive lymphocytes provides a relatively reliable staging marker of HIV in adults and low levels identify a group of patients at greatest risk of major opportunistic infections (1, 2). Since late 1992, Centres for Disease Control, Atlanta, USA, have used the association of HIV infection and a CD4 count below 200 cells/mm3 as an amended case definition for AIDS. Rises in CD4 cell counts have also been utilized as a surrogate marker of early efficacy of anti-retroviral agents but the results of recent trials have cast some doubt about the validity of this approach in reflecting extended patient survival (3).