bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Japanese encephalitis: Immunocytochemical studies of viral antigen and Inflammatory cells in fatal cases
Authors: Johnson Richard T. , Burke Donald S. , Elwell Michael , Leake Colin J. , Nisalak Ananda , Hoke Charles H. , Lorsomrudee Wanida 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe distribution of virus and the composition of the mononuclear inflammatory response were studied in the brains of 7 children who died with Japanese encephalitis. Viral antigen was localized to neurons, with greatest involvement in the thalamus and brainstem. Quantitation of perivascular inflammatory responses showed a preponderance of T cells, but only 7 to 30% of these cells were T suppressor/cytotoxic cells. Inflammatory cells invading the parenchyma were predominantly macrophages with small numbers of T cells. B cells remained localized to perivascular cuffs. Viral antigen was progressively cleared in patients with survival of 6 days or more.
Comparison of amaurosis fugax and transient cerebral ischemia: A prospective clinical and arteriographic study
Authors: Hurwitz Barrie J. , Heyman Albert , Wilkinson William E. , Haynes Carol S. , Udey Carol M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe compared the clinical associations, arteriographic findings, and long‐term outcome of 93 patients with amaurosis fugax and 212 patients with focal cerebral ischemia (transient ischemic attacks [TIAs]). The group of patients with cerebral TIAs included a significantly larger proportion of blacks and had a higher prevalence of hypertension than the group with amaurosis. Operable atherosclerotic lesions of the carotid arteries were more often associated with amaurosis (66%) than with cerebral TIAs (51%). The seven‐year cumulative rate of cerebral infarction, however, was less in patients with amaurosis (14%) than in those with cerebral TIAs (27%; p < 0.02). This difference in outcome persisted after adjustment for race, hypertension, and type of therapy. There were no significant differences, however, in the cumulative rates either of recurrent TIAs or of myocardial infarction or sudden death in the two groups of patients.
The concept of subcortical and cortical dementia: Another look
Authors: Whitehouse Peter J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe subcortical dementias such as progressive supranuclear palsy, Huntington's disease, and Parkinson's disease are said to be characterized by the presence of slowed mentation, apathy, and the absence of aphasia, agnosia, and apraxia, symptoms that are claimed to be more common in cortical dementias such as Alzheimer's disease. Conceptual problems (such as vagueness of terms and difficulties with symptom definition) and methodological problems (such as improper matching of comparison groups and inadequate assessment techniques) found in currently available studies require a reappraisal of this classification of dementias into cortical and subcortical forms. A review of recent clinical, neuropathological, and neurochemical studies offers little support for this classification system, although adequate systematic studies have not been performed.
Slowly progressive aphasia without generalized dementia: Studies with positron emission tomography
Authors: Chawluk John B. , Mesulam M.‐Marsel , Hurtig Howard , Kushner Michael , Weintraub Sandra , Saykin Andrew , Rubin Nan , Alavi Abass , Reivich Martin 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSlowly progressive aphasia without generalized dementia is a degenerative syndrome selectively affecting dominant hemisphere language areas. We report changes in regional glucose metabolism measured by positron emission tomography in two patients with this condition. Striking abnormalities of glucose utilization in the left cerebral cortex were demonstrated in both patients. The findings of other neurodiagnostic studies were relatively unremarkable. The first patient had a 3‐year history of progressive anomia and impaired auditory verbal recall. An electroencephalogram was normal, and computed tomography showed mild left perisylvian atrophy. Positron emission tomography revealed profound hypometabolism in the left temporal regions. The second patient also had a 3‐year history of progressive anomia. Electroencephalography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging scans were normal. Positron emission tomography showed a major reduction in left parietal glucose utilization, with a lesser decrement in left temporal metabolism. Neither patient demonstrated significant contralateral or global abnormalities such as those reported in positron emission tomographic studies of Alzheimer's disease with or without focal clinical features. These observations support the concept of adult‐onset progressive aphasia without dementia as a clinical syndrome distinct from Alzheimer's disease.
Suppressor T cells in myasthenia gravis and antibodies to acetylcholine receptor
Authors: Lisak Robert P. , Laramore Cynthia , Levinson Arnold I. , Zweiman Burton , Moskovitz Anne R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe cultured blood mononuclear cells of patients with myasthenia gravis both with and without removal of T8 suppressor cells. The levels of synthesized antibodies to acetylcholine receptor and IgG as well as the frequency of immunoglobulin‐secreting cells were all higher in pokeweed mitogen–stimulated cultures depleted of T8+ cells. Thus, autologous suppressor cells within the T8+ population exert some regulatory control over anti‐acetylcholine receptor–producing cells in patients with myasthenia gravis.
Ecto‐5′nucleotidase activity in B and T lymphocytes and monocytes of patients with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Armstrong Marilyn A. , Haire Margaret 
Published: January 2005

AbstractEcto‐5′ cucleotidase activity in the plasma membrane of B and T lymphocytes and cultred and noncultured monocytes from patients with multiple sclerosis and from age‐ and sex‐matched control subjects was determined by radioisotopic assay. The activity on lymphocytes and noncultured monocytes was normal, but the activity on cultured monocytes was found to be higher than normal in 70% of patients with active disease and lower than normal in 85% of patients with chronic inactive disease. Imunoflurescence staining with monoclonal antibodies, carried out in parallel with each assay, did not show any phenptypic differences between each cell population and its control.
Systematic regional differences in the cholinergic innervation of the primate cerebral cortex: Distribution of enzyme activities and some behavioral implications
Authors: Mesulam M.‐Marsel , Volicer Ladislav , Marquis Judith K. , Mufson Elliott J. , Green Robert C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCholine acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase enzymatic activities were measured in 33 cytoarchitectonic subregions of the cerebral cortex in two rhesus monkeys. As expected, the hippocampus and amygdala were rich in these enzymes. In addition, the paralimbic (mesocortical) regions of the brain (e.g., parahippocampal, insular, caudal orbitofrontal, and temporopolar areas) also contained high levels of both enzymes. In contrast, the concentration of these cholinergic markers was the lowest within all frontal and temporoparietal association areas. As a group, the primary sensory and motor regions contained an intermediate level of choline acetyltransferase activity. Both cholinergic markers also showed a gradual increase from the isocortical toward the more primitive periallocortical subsectors of paralimbic areas. These anatomical patterns have potential implications for the role of cholinergic pathways in the memory process and in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
Progressive encephalitis three months after resolution of cutaneous zoster a patient with AIDS
Authors: Ryder John W. , Croen Kenneth , Kleinschmidt‐Demasters B. K. , Ostrove Jeffrey M. , Straus Stephen E. , Cohn David L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA 37‐year‐old homosexual man with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) developed progressive, ultimately fatal, neurological deficits 12 weeks after a course of cutaneous zoster. Premortem radiological procedures and cerebrospnal fluid analyses were nondiagnostic. At postmortem examination, several opportunistic infections associated with AIDS were recognized. Throughout the brain, necrotic and demyelinative lesions were present, suggestive of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. However, light microscopical examination showed numerous Cowdry type A intranuclear inclusions in astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neurons near the periphery of the lesions. Herpes zoster encephalomyelitis was diagnosed and confirmed by electron microscopy, peroxidase–antiperoxidase staining, and by Southern blot analysis of DNA extracted from brain tissue. This case provides insight into the pathogenesis of zoster‐associated encephalomyelitis and suggests another agent to be considered in the differential diagnosis of encephalopathy in patients with AIDS and other disorders of immunological impairment.
Urinary sediment dolichols in the diagnosis of neuronal ceroid‐lipofuscinosis
Authors: Wolfe Leonhard S. , Palo Jorma , Santavuori Pirkko , Andermann Frederick , Andermann Eva , Jacob Jacob C. , Kolodny Edwin 
Published: January 2005

AbstractLong‐chain polyisoprenol alcohol (dolichols) levels are significantly increased in the urinary sediment of patients with infantile, late‐infantile, and juvenile forms of neuronal ceroid‐lipofuscinosis (NCL). The values in obligate heterozy‐gotes for these diseases are similar to those in patients with other neurological diseases and in healthy controls. Antioxidant treatment of patients with juvenile NCL has no effect on dolichol values. The rate of false‐negative results is 13.9% in infantile, 7.5% in late‐infantile, and 15.0% in juvenile NCL. False‐positive results were found in 8.2 to 14.3% of patients with other neurological diseases and in 15.4% of healthy controls. The test is of considerable value in the diagnosis of NCL and in decisions on whether to perform a biopsy. It is not useful in the screening of random samples, however.
Neuroepidemiology. Part II: Assessment of therapeutic trials
Authors: Kurtzke John F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe gold standard for therapeutic trials is the randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study design. Lack of blindness and placebo makes tenuous the attribution of results to the specific agent; lack of randomization between concurrent and comparable groups makes it impossible. The chi‐square test of the null hypothesis of no difference between treatment groups is the best method of assessment, as no overall rating system used in neurology is a true numerical scale but at best a rank‐order scale. If quantitation of results is desired, a nonparametric rank‐order test is necessary. Results over time can be assessed with a logrank (life‐table) test for single events as end point, and by chi‐square or rank‐order tests for multiple events among individual patients.
Human autonomy and the frontal lobes. Part I: Imitation and utilization behavior: A neuropsychological study of 75 patients
Authors: Lhermitte F. , Pillon B. , Serdaru M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA type of pathological behavior, imitation behavior (IB), is newly described. In this behavior patients imitate the examiner's gestures, although not instructed to do so. Patients explain that they thought they had to imitate the examiner. IB is the first stage of utilization behavior (UB). Neuropsychological examination of 40 patients with IB, of 35 with UB, and of 50 disease controls demonstrates the existence of a frontal syndrome and two determining features of such behavior: dependence on (1) the social and (2) the physical environments. Loss of intellectual control was also required for the occurrence of such behavior. UB and/or IB were present in 96% of the 29 patients with focal lesions of the frontal lobes. Computed tomographic scans in 26 of these patients showed involvement of the inferior half of the anterior part of one or both frontal lobes. IB and UB are interpreted as release of parietal lobe activities, resulting from impairment of frontal lobe inhibition.
Recovery of somatosensory evoked potential amplitude after movement
Authors: Angel R. W. , Weinrich M. , Rodnitzky R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSensory transmission is know to be impaired during movement of the stimulated body part. The goal of this study was to determine whether sensory gating persists for a measurable time after completion of a voluntary movement. Tactile stimuli were applied to the right index fingertip at intervals ranging from 63 to 1,000 msec after the completion of rapid thumb movement. Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs), recorded over the left cerebral hemisphere, were found to be reduced in size for at least 500 msec after the cessation of movement. The prolonged attenuation of SEPs after movement appears to depend on a central process that persists for a measurable time after the movement has ended.
Cerebrospinal fluid polyamines: Biochemical markers of malignant childhood brain tumors
Authors: Phillips Peter C. , Kremzner Leon T. , De Vivo Darryl C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe clinical value of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) polyamine determinations in childhood medulloblastoma has been suggested. We performed 72 CSF polyamine determinations in 35 children with primary brain tumors. Spermine values were normal and spermidine values were inconsistently elevated. CSF putrescine values, however, were consistently elevated in patients with histologically malignant brain tumors: medulloblastoma, ependymoma, pineal germ cell tumors, primitive neuroectodermal tumors, and brainstem gliomas. Children with supratentorial astrocytomas had normal CSF polyamine values. CSF putrescine values were closely correlated with clinical state, with the highest concentrations identified in patients with widely disseminated recurrent disease. We found CSF putrescine to be a sensitive indicator of active disease in childhood malignant brain tumors. Further investigation is warranted into the predictive value of CSF polyamines in determining tumor relapse before clinical or other diagnostic studies reveal recurrent disease.
Phosphorylation of intact erythrocytes in human muscular dystrophy
Authors: Johnson Robert M. , Nigro Michael 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe uptake of exogenous 32Pi into the membrane proteins of intact erythrocytes was measured in 8 patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. No abnormalities were noted after autoradiographic analysis. This contrasts with earlier results obtained when isolated membranes were phosphorylated with γ‐[32P]ATP, and suggests a possible reinterpretation of those experiments.
Parkinson's disease in monozygotic twins
Authors: Jankovic Joseph , Reches Avi 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRecent studies of twins have demonstrated an unexpectedly low concordance of Parkinson's disease in monozygotic twins. Only two monozygotic twin pairs concordant for it have been reported. However, both pairs were atypical because of an early age at onset and other unusual features. We studied a monozygotic twin pair concordant for typical Parkinson's disease. The brothers have lived apart for forty years. The onset of tremor occurred three months apart, at age 71. The progression of the symptoms has been identical. Although one of the twins is more severely affected, both have typical manifestations of Parkinson's disease that respond well to dopaminergic medication. The occurrence of Parkinson's disease in these monozygotic twins suggests that genetic susceptibility is important in the tremordominant variety of Parkinson's disease.
Antiidiotypic antibody to reovirus binds to neurons and protects from viral infection
Authors: Dichter Marc A. , Weiner Howard L. , Fields Bernard N. , Mitchell Gail , Noseworthy John , Gaulton Glen , Greene Mark 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA syngeneic monoclonal antiidiotype directed against the idiotype of an antireovirus type 3 hemagglutinin demonstrates several of the biological actions of the original viral hemagglutinin and binds to rat and murine cortical neurons grown in dissociated cell culture. Receptor‐bearing neurons appear within 24 hours of plating in cultures from mouse or rat cortex taken on embryonic day 15; these neurons are demonstrable for the duration of the culture life span (4 to 8 weeks). When cortical cultures are incubated with antiidiotype before or during exposure to reovirus, the antiidiotype protects neurons from type 3 infection without inhibiting infection of nonneuronal cells with either type 3 or type 1. Thus an antibody directed against a viral receptor can prevent infection of receptor‐bearing cells without directly neutralizing the virus.
Remyelination follows antibody‐induced central nervous system demyelination
Authors: Sergott Robert C. , Brown Mark J. , Silberberg Donald H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRemyelination after anti‐galactocerebroside‐induced demyelination in the guinea pig optic nerve was evident 17 days after the onset of demyelination. The tempo of remyelination was uniform for large‐ and small‐diameter axons and progressed, with compaction and thickening of myelin sheaths. Demyelinated axons were found interspersed among remyelinated fibers and were consistently separated from oligodendrocytes by astrocytic processes. These findings indicate that central nervous system remyelination may occur after in vivo antibody‐induced demyelination, but that new myelin formation may be limited by mechanical interference from astrocytic processes.
Inhibition of L‐{18F}fluorodopa uptake into human brain by amino acids demonstrated by positron emission tomography
Authors: Leenders K. L. , Poewe W. H. , Palmer A. J. , Brenton D. P. , Frackowiak R. S. J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe brain uptake of L‐{18F}fluorodopa was measured by positron emission tomography in a healthy male volunteer both under fasting conditions and during intravenous amino acid loading. A significant reduction of tracer uptake into the brain was demonstrated with amino acid loading. This finding represents the first direct evidence for competition between L‐dopa and other amino acids for uptake across the blood–brain barrier obtained in vivo in a human subject. It underlines the possible importance of interference by dietary amino acids with the therapeutic actions of L‐dopa in Parkinson's disease.
Cerebral granulomatous angiitis associated with isolation of human T‐lymphotropic virus type III from the central nervous system
Authors: Yankner Bruce A. , Skolnik Paul R. , Shoukimas Gregory M. , Gabuzda Dana H. , Sobel Raymond A. , Ho David D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA 42‐year‐old homosexual man without evidence of immune deficiency developed cerebral granulomatous angiitis in association with the isolation of human T‐lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV‐III) from brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid. This syndrome may be an additional neurological sequela of HTLV‐III infection.
Absence of antibody to HTLV I and III in Sera of Canadian patients with multiple sclerosis and chronic myelopathy
Authors: Rice G. P. A. , Armstrong H. A. , Bulman D. E. , Paty D. W. , Ebers G. C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRecently, elevated titers of antibody to HTLV I have been demonstrated in patients with tropical spastic paraparesis and multiple sclerosis. We evaluated the possible role of human retroviruses HTLV I and III in Canadian patients with multiple sclerosis and chronic idiopathic myelopathy. Using sensitive enzyme immunoassays, we were unable to find antibody to either HTLV I or III in 201 patients with multiple sclerosis, 29 patients with chronic myelopathy, 51 patients with other neurological disorders, or 29 normal subjects. These data do not support a role for these viruses in the cause of sporadic multiple sclerosis and chronic myelopathy in a regionally based Canadian population, but do not exclude a role for other antigenically distinct retroviruses.
A rapidly progressive autosomal dominant scapulohumeral form of spinal muscular atrophy
Authors: Jansen P. H. P. , Joosten E. M. G. , Jaspar H. H. J. , Vingerhoets H. M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThree patients from a large pedigree are described who had autosomal dominant spinal muscular atrophy that became manifest between the end of the fourth and the sixth decade. The disease progressed rapidly without evidence of corticospinal tract dysfunction, and within 3 years the patients died from respiratory failure.
Prolactin in partial epilepsy: An indicator of limbic seizures
Authors: Sperling Michael R. , Pritchard Paul B. , Engel Jerome , Daniel Charlene , Sagel Julius 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA study was performed to evaluate changes in serum prolactin levels after simple and complex partial seizures, and to identify which specific anatomical structures must be involved in seizures for postictal elevation of prolactin levels to occur. Seventy‐eight seizures were studied in patients with electrodes implanted bilaterally into amygdala, hippocampus, hippocampal gyrus, and frontal sites. All 38 complex partial seizures had bilateral limbic ictal discharges, and each was followed by a significant increase in prolactin concentration (mean peak, 50.8 ng/ml; range, 16.0 to 150.0 ng/ml). Eight of 10 simple partial seizures with unilateral high‐frequency regional limbic discharges were followed by prolactin elevation (mean peak, 28.2 ng/ml; range, 13.4 to 44 ng/ml). Thirty simple partial seizures with other ictal limbic discharges or without limbic discharges were not followed by an elevated prolactin level. The data indicate that serum prolactin levels always rise after complex partial seizures involving the temporal lobes, and rise after certain simple partial seizures involving limbic structures. Thus, measurement of the prolactin level can help identify which simple partial seizures involve mesial temporal lobe structures. Limbic structures serve to trigger prolactin release, which may depend upon spread of the seizure to subcortical structures.
Electrophysiological correlates of a paroxysmal movement disorder
Authors: Toro Camilo , Torres Fernando 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAveraged electroencephalographic activity related to rhythmic jerking movements was recorded in a patient with a complex neurological symptomatology. The diagnosis of a functional disorder was strongly suggested by his clinical course, inconsistent findings from physical examination, and negative workup. His abnormal movements were associated with the same electrophysiological correlates as normal willed motion, suggesting that averaged movement potentials may provide useful information in the study of patients with suspected functional movement disorders.
Acute paraparesis secondary to Arnold‐Chiari type I malformation and neck hyperflexion
Authors: Vlcek Brien W. , Ito Brain 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA 2‐year‐old child experienced clinical manifestations of Arnold‐Chiari Type I malformation, rare in early childhood, after a mild hyperflexion injury of the neck that resulted in acute paraparesis. Recovery occrred after decompressive laminectomy.