bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Automotive Seat Back Strength Testing of 19 Front Seats
Authors: Leiss Peter , Roche Christopher , Mazza Marcus , Hoover Roland 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Automotive front seat back strength in rearward loading has been researched and reported on for over fifty years. In rear impacts, the seat back provides the primary means of restraint to the occupant as the force of the collision causes the occupant to move rearward, away from their seatbelt webbing. Seat strength requirements for vehicles Certified to be sold in the United States are prescribed in Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 207. If the seat belt is attached to the seat frame, commonly referred to as an All Belts to Seat (ABTS) design, the seat must also meet the seat belt anchorage requirements of FMVSS 210. The strength requirements of automotive seats have remained unchanged for several decades.
This paper describes the fabrication of a wooden body block, first designed and used in static seat back strength testing in the 1960’s, and a hydraulically actuated testing rig with instrumentation recording synchronized force and displacement measurements. A six-seat repeatability study was undertaken where six seats of the same design were tested and the force versus displacement curves were analyzed for consistency prior to testing 19 different seat designs. Results of the current testing are added to previously reported seat back strength test results to identify trends in automotive seat back strength.
The 19 seats tested were selected in groups by their parent vehicle sales classification. Seventeen seats from vehicles sold in the United States D segment (mid-size) sedan, luxury sedan, and pickup-truck classifications were identified, seats procured, and tested. Also tested were seats installed in two different models of vehicles built by the same vehicle manufacturer, one was designed and manufactured by a long-standing Tier One automotive supplier of seats and interior trim components, the other was designed and manufactured in-house by the Original Equipment Manufacturer (OEM). One of the tested seat frames has features in the seat back bracket that are designed to control the deflection in rear impacts. The design of this feature changed during the production run of the seat frame design. Seats with the original and modified bracket features were tested. Maximum force and the force versus deflection curves are compared between the Tier One and OEM designed seats and the original and modified seat back brackets.
The results of this study show the test fixture produced repeatable results. The study adds to the available seat back strength test results reported in previous literature; adding these results to previous testing shows how seat back strength has changed throughout the past 60 years.
Predictive Modelling of Microfluidic Devices Targeting Cancer Cell Separation
Authors: Sarowar Md. Tanbir , Mobarrat Mahir , Chen Xiaolin 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In this study, we present a comprehensive analysis of particle trajectory prediction in a Deterministic Lateral Displacement (DLD) device using both numerical simulations and machine learning models. First, we validate the accuracy of the numerical model by comparing simulation results with experimental data from previous studies. Subsequently, utilizing the validated simulation model, we generated a large dataset spanning a crucial design parameter of the DLD device, row shift fraction (ranging from 0.001 to 0.3), and different particle sizes (ranging from 6μm to 20μm). These datasets, comprising thousands of data points, serve as input for training multiple machine learning algorithms to predict particle migration trajectories within the device. Our analysis focuses on accurately predicting the two distinct modes of cell migration: bumped and zigzag. We find that the Gradient Boosting Regression Model and Random Forest Regression Model demonstrate promising capabilities in predicting the zigzag mode. Finally, applying machine learning algorithms to predict cancer cell separation capabilities, we showed that the models successfully differentiate between modes of migration for various cell types, including A549 lung cancer CTCs and white blood cells. Our findings highlight the potential of machine learning in facilitating the design and optimization of DLD devices for efficient cancer cell separation techniques.
Comparison of Shear Stress Response on Immortalized Cells to Primary Cells in Stent Analysis
Authors: Saifurrahman Hanif , Wang Zi , Jin Kazuyoshi , Ohtsu Naofumi , Ohta Makoto 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Several studies have proposed methods to promote endothelization on a stent by modifying its surface. To assess the effects of such modification, in vitro analyses have been conducted with the addition of flow; however, they were constrained by duration. This problem may be solved by changing the type of cells used from primary cells to immortalized cells; however, there are no reports that confirm the feasibility of immortalized cells under flow. In this study, we examined the feasibility of this process by comparing their shear stress response with that of the primary cells. We used human carotid artery endothelial cells (HCtAEC) for primary cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cell-SV40 (HUVEC-SV40) for immortalized cells. Both cells were placed into a static and flow environment with stent struts implanted. The differences in morphology were compared. The results indicate that immortalized cells behave similarly to primary cells with respect to shear stress. They underwent elongation after exposure to shear stress and their orientation was directed parallel to the flow. They also exhibited migration tendencies in a stent-implanted environment. Although their response is impeded, they are shown to have longer survival period. Therefore, the results suggest that immortalized cells may be utilized in place of primary cells to extend the duration of stent analysis.
Impact of UV Curing on Process Variability for Impact-Resistant SLA 3D Printed Parts
Authors: Schmitz Anne 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This study investigates the influence of curing parameters (temperature and time) and specimen orientation within the curing chamber on the impact resistance of stereolithography (SLA)-printed parts. The results demonstrate that curing parameters can significantly impact process consistency (Cpk) but may not have a statistically significant effect on the average impact resistance itself under the conditions explored (45°C–75°C for temperature and 15–45 minutes for time). This suggests that within this range, sufficient energy might be provided for complete resin conversion regardless of the specific temperature or time combination. Additionally, the study reveals that changing the specimen orientation from horizontal to vertical during curing can improve process consistency for a specific curing condition (60°C and 30 minutes) without affecting the average impact resistance. This is likely due to improved exposure of the resin to UV light throughout the entire specimen volume when oriented vertically. These findings highlight the importance of considering both average impact resistance and process consistency when optimizing curing parameters for SLA-printed parts. They suggest that specimen orientation can be a factor influencing process consistency for certain curing settings, potentially informing strategies to achieve consistent and reliable mechanical properties in SLA-printed parts.
Modeling of Multilayer Laminated Glass Panels Under Blast
Authors: Elkilani Ahmed , Salim Hani , Elemam Hesham , Elbelbisi Ahmed , Elsisi Alaa , Bowman Andrew , Johnson Carol 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Laminated glass (LG) is widely used in building envelopes to enhance safety and mitigate hazards during blast events. This paper investigates the multilayer LG systems subjected to blast loading by means of an experimentally validated numerical simulation using ANSYS. The influence of various glass and polymeric interlayer types on the dynamic response is studied. Annealed, heat-strengthened, and tempered glass were evaluated combined with different interlayer materials. The research investigates the impact of different interlayer thicknesses of multilayer LG panels on their dynamic behavior under blast loading. The paper will highlight the importance of the glass and polymeric interlayer types on the blast performance of the LG panel. In addition, the paper will demonstrate the effect of multilayer systems and configurations on enhancing the blast resistance of LG systems compared to double-layer panels.
Heat Transfer Deterioration Mitigation for Supercritical CO2 Fluid in Inclined Mini Tubes: Computational Analysis
Authors: Elsayed Mohamed L. , Afifi Ahmed , Park Chanwoo , Mitsingas Constandinos , Kweon Chol-Bum 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In this work, a comprehensive numerical simulation is conducted to investigate the heat transfer enhancement (HTE) and heat transfer deterioration (HTD) for supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) near the critical point in horizontal and inclined mini tubes. First, the model’s results were validated against available experimental data in the literature with good agreement. Notably, the simulations successfully capture the phenomenon of HTD at elevated heat flux to mass flux ratios. Furthermore, to highlight the advantages of utilizing sCO2, a comparative analysis with water under identical conditions is conducted. It was found that sCO2 demonstrates distinct advantages, particularly near the pseudocritical point at low heat flux to mass flux ratios. Then, the effect of different operational and geometrical parameters of circular tubes on heat transfer performance is considered. The operational parameters include mass flux, heat flux, inlet temperature, and inlet pressure. The geometrical parameters are considered to mitigate the HTD and include tube diameter, and tube inclination angle. The effects of geometrical parameters on buoyancy flow under a wide range of heat and mass fluxes are explored. The results demonstrate that the maximum heat transfer coefficient decreases significantly with the deviation of the operating pressure from the critical pressure HTE case. Additionally, the thermal performance improves significantly with the tube diameter reduction, while inclination angle has a minimal effect except for upward flow in HTD case. Finally, the results unveil that miniaturization weakens buoyancy effect.
Validation of Gelatin Layering for Ultrasound Power Transfer and Backscatter Communication
Authors: McGillivray-Seaton Kaleb , Munro Deborah 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The human body is a complex system with many functions, and researchers are designing sensors to be placed within the body to monitor these functions in real-time with minimal invasiveness by using wireless power and communication methods. Ultrasound is a promising new method for wireless sensors, as it has low signal attenuation in tissue and can deliver more power for the same sized device. When testing ultrasonic devices, an alternative to human tissue is typically used, and common substitutes include animal tissue, castor oil, or water. The drawback of using animal tissue is that its properties change with time due to drying and decay. Water and castor oil properties are similar to average tissue layer properties, but not the individual layers. Although they have predictable and reliable properties, they do not mimic complex tissue anatomy well, and as they are homogenous, the reflections and refractions of ultrasound that occur in real life between tissue types do not occur. New gelatin products have emerged as promising materials for in vitro ultrasonic testing, because their properties can be chosen to mimic specific tissue layers with appropriate thicknesses. The purpose of this study was to validate techniques for the layering of gelatins, that mimic human tissue, for creating easily variable and repeatable heterogenous benchtop materials. This study used Humimic Medical Gelatin #0, a gelatin that mimics the properties of human fat. The slabs were 125 × 125 mm with thicknesses of 10, 20, and 50 mm. The ultrasound transducers were 1 MHz lead zirconate titanate discs, and a signal generator was used to drive them. Voltages across the transmission transducer and “implanted” transducer were recorded with and without water and with acoustic gel used as coupling agents between the slabs. Results demonstrated that gelatin can be a suitable material for ultrasonic device testing but must be used in conjunction with water, as a coupling agent, on the transducer-gelatin boundary to get accurate and repeatable results between test setups.
Annual Energy Estimate of Asymmetric Light Transmitting Interface Luminescent Solar Concentrators
Authors: Arnow Hannah , Logan Noah , Oliveto Vincent , Smith Duncan , Hughes Michael , Borca-Tasciuc Diana-Andra 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The demand for on-site solar energy harvesting has increased over the years and is expected to surge due to more states and countries pursuing 100% clean energy. Building Integrated Photovoltaics (BIPVs) equipped with Luminescent Solar Concentrators (LSCs) are explored as a way to harvest solar energy on vertical walls. However, a main drawback is their low optical efficiency due to escape cone losses. To increase the optical efficiency of the LSCs, Asymmetric Light Transmitting (ALT) interfaces have been proposed as a way to prevent light at normal incidence from escaping through the light-receiving surface. Previous studies have simulated the optical effcieincy of LSC instrumented with an ALT interface with trapezoidal pyramid nanostructures without a complete analysis of their impact on annual energy production. The goal of this paper is to investigate the annual energy production of an LSC instrumented with ALT consisting of trapezoidal nanostructures for two specific locations: Albany, NY, and Phoenix, AZ. This estimation is carried out for a vertical and optimum angle installation. Transmission data along with direction of propagation data were collected from COMSOL to model light propagation across the ALT nanostructured interface. This data was then incorporated into an in-house Monte Carlo (MC) ray tracing code to simulate light concentration within an LSC. The MC code provided optical efficiency and spectral mismatch factor as the outputs. This data was then used in a subsequent in-house energy estimate code to determine the annual energy production of the system. The ALT interface LSC showed minimal improvements in energy production at a vertical orientation, specifically during the months of November to January with a maximum improvement of 32.2% in December in Albany, NY. The results suggest that this specific geometry of ALT nanostructures performs optimally at a vertical orientation in locations with low polar incidence and azimuth angles. Further analysis must be done to determine a geometry that improves the performance of the LSC at higher incident angles.
Integrating Computerized Tools and Hands-On Experience Into Six Sigma Curricula for Engineering Education
Authors: Chen Ruimin , Motaref Sarira 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
To maintain competitiveness in a manufacturing market driven by customization, the next generation of engineers must master quality assurance methodologies along with computational skills essential for continuous process improvement. Recently, students from Mechanical Engineering (ME) and Management and Engineering for Manufacturing (MEM) at a large public university have demonstrated an increased interest in acquiring Six Sigma knowledge prior to joining the workforce. This paper presents a redesign of a Six Sigma curriculum that integrates not only Minitab applications but Python programming, a step beyond conventional teaching methods, to equip students with the programming expertise required for today’s data-driven decision-making processes. Additionally, a novel course project merging Six Sigma methodologies with the additive manufacturing process has been introduced to provide hands-on experience and foster a deeper understanding of the integration of emerging technologies, the Design, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control (DMAIC) model, and computer programming capabilities in real-world scenarios. A survey was conducted to collect feedback from students in a combined section of ME and MEM to assess their improvement in Six Sigma proficiency and computational skills. The differences in survey responses and course grades between ME and MEM students were statistically analyzed and discussed. In summary, this paper reveals the impact of curricular innovation on students’ academic performance and self-reported competencies, providing insights into the integration of traditional teaching strategies with modern computational skills.
Topology Optimization Case Study: Laser Powder Bed Fusion Material Losses, Energy Use, and Consumables
Authors: Puttonen Tuomas , Ning Shunyang , Björkstrand Roy , Salmi Mika 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM), more familiarly known as 3D printing, has also been postulated as an advantageous manufacturing technology from a sustainability perspective. A few of these technologies, such as laser powder bed fusion (PBF-LB), have been increasingly used in industrial production. Considerable performance and efficiency increases are attainable by leveraging the increased design freedom and geometrical complexity enabled by the layer-by-layer principle of AM. Design tools, such as topology optimization, can significantly reduce part weight and yield sustainability benefits.
In the current literature, however, sustainability assessments of AM are often based on naive or overly optimistic material use ratios (raw material use : final component) which can bias the results. For example, the PBF-LB process losses to machine filters and as residuals are generally omitted.
The paper investigates the laser powder bed fusion (PBF-LB) process material efficiency through an industrial case product redesigned for AM. In this work, topology optimization is used to minimize component weight, and the part is manufactured with PBF-LB. The process energy, raw materials, consumables, and waste streams are measured for successive process steps. The result provides a new datapoint in the quest to promote a more realistic material use ratio for AM including all PBF-LB process losses.
Utilization of Additive Manufacturing for Batch Production Injection Mold Inserts
Authors: Alsayyed Basel , Patterson Cameron J. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
A potential drawback of polymer injection molding is the relatively high cost of metal mold inserts. This limits a manufacturer’s ability to capitalize on smaller customized product batches and in-house cavity prototyping. To overcome this, manufacturers have found success in the use of polymer-based 3D printed molds. Professional grade stereolithography ultraviolet (SLA UV) resins have become standard materials for 3D printed molds, but there is little documentation concerning the use of other commercially available polymers. This includes materials used in inexpensive Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) and SLA printers. The research presented in this paper explores this aspect of additive mold technology. Mold inserts composed of polylactic acid (PLA), polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polycarbonate (PC), nylon, carbon fiber polylactic acid (CF PLA) and 405 nm photopolymer resin were compared with various physical metrics. By tracking the dimensional accuracy and flash sizes over the course of 50 mold shots, the rates of cavity degradation for each insert were compared. The results of this study concluded that the most sustainable polymer mold cavity is composed of ABS or a Carbon Fiber reinforced polymer. This is followed by PC, PETG, resin, nylon, and PLA.
Experimental Evaluation of Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop in an Additively Manufactured Evaporator Channel Using Water as Working Fluid
Authors: Arif Mohammad , Aka Toochukwu , Ramakrishnan Vignesh , Hicken Jason Edward , Mishra Sandipan , Narayan Shankar 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is gaining attention in thermal management due to its potential to fabricate complex internal cooling features. The non-conventional designs made possible with AM can be used to fabricate unique channel geometries, which could permit the removal of higher heat fluxes from electronic devices. This study conducts an experimental investigation of flow boiling occurring within a circular channel with a helical insert of helix ratio 0.29, constructed using AM technology with a length and diameter of 304.8 mm and 11.3 mm, respectively. The helical insert inside the circular channel creates a rotational flow not likely in conventional channel designs. This evaporator is tested in a system consisting of an accumulator, a variable-speed gear pump, a condenser maintained at a constant temperature using an externally cooled chiller, and multiple manual and electronic valves. The testbed has several sensors, including temperature, flow, and pressure sensors, integrated with a data acquisition system to capture the resulting flow and heat transfer. The flow boiling heat transfer is experimentally investigated under three different heat inputs (90, 100, 110 W) for a mass flow rate of 0.8–0.92 g/s. The performance of the evaporator section is compared with a baseline case, which consists of a smooth circular channel without the helical insert. It was found that the rotational flow enhanced the Nusselt number by nearly 181.5% relative to the baseline over the range of mass flow rates considered in this study. Likewise, the heat transfer rate is increased by 67.27% using the helical insert relative to the baseline test. The results indicate that pursuing similar channel designs within heat sinks could yield improvements in thermal dissipation.
Statistical Shape Modelling of the Nasosinusal Anatomy
Authors: Bertolini Michele , Tonghini Silvia , Rossoni Marco , Carulli Marina , Weise Susanne , Baldus Christian Jan , Colombo Giorgio , Bordegoni Monica 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The human nose exhibits a huge variation in shape among individuals. All these variants alter the airflow through the nasal cavity and can impact how we smell odors. To acquire a better understanding of physiological and pathological functioning, it is important to study the effects of these modifications. SSM, or Statistical Shape Modelling, is a widely used methodology for considering morphological differences within a population.
In the literature, only a few studies analyze nasal anatomy in its entirety, including paranasal sinuses, whose segmentation is particularly challenging due to their complexity and variability. This work aims at creating a highly accurate SSM for the nasosinusal complex.
A traditional, greyscale thresholding-based segmentation approach was chosen, relying on Mimics software (Leuven, Belgium). 40 computed tomography (CT) datasets were considered. After segmentation, post-processing was performed to obtain watertight meshes using 3-Matic software (Leuven, Belgium), which was also used for the SSM generation.
The generated model shows all relevant landmarks that typically characterize a nasosinual complex. 32 different modes are needed to explain 95% of the total variance.
As a preliminary output, this study showed the feasibility and consistency of a statistical model of the nasosinusal anatomy. However, additional studies involving a larger sample size and a more robust validation process could be conducted.