bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and behavior of non‐handicapped preterm children from a developing country
Authors: Ozbek Aylin , Miral Suha , Eminagaoglu Neslihan , Ozkan Hasan 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Background
: There are many studies, mainly conducted in industrialized countries, concerning developmental and behavioral outcomes of preterm children. However, little is known about the outcomes of preterm children from developing countries.
Method
: Forty‐three non‐handicapped Turkish preterm children, 15 with very low birth weight and 28 with low birth weight at preschool age, as well as 36 term controls were compared on rates of developmental, emotional and behavioral impairments. Data were collected by review of hospital records and application of various questionnaires and inventories to both children and their parents.
Results
: Preterm children had significant delays in general development and significant rise in somatic complaints with unknown medical etiologies. The very low birth weight group also had significant delay in language and cognitive development. Parents of the preterm children displayed significantly higher rates of democratic attitudes. Developmental outcome was significantly associated with birth weight and authoritarian parental attitudes where behavioral outcome was significantly influenced by birth weight.
Conclusion
: Presence of developmental delay is in accordance with existing data on the outcomes of preterm children from industrialized countries. An isolated increase in somatic complaints is an uncommon finding which might also be related to cultural factors.
Detection and clinical evaluation of antineutrophil antibodies in neonates who had a blood transfusion or exchange transfusion
Authors: Ören Hale , Duman Nuray , Anal Özden , Özkan Hasan , İrken Gülersu 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Background
: The aim of this study was to detect and investigate the clinical effects of antineutrophil antibodies in neonates who had received a blood transfusion or exchange transfusion.
Methods
: Venous blood samples were drawn from 34 neonates at pretransfusion (sample 0), immediately after transfusion (sample 1), 2–3 weeks (sample 2) and 8–12 weeks (sample 3) after transfusion. Ten healthy neonates were in the control group. Antineutrophil antibodies were detected using flow cytometric assay.
Results
: Antineutrophil antibody was detected in the sera of 20 (58.8%) neonates in the study group. Of these 20 neonates, nine had antineutrophil antibodies in serum samples 0, 1 and 2, which were probably due to the passive transfer of maternal antibodies. Nine neonates had antineutrophil antibodies in serum samples 1 and 2, which were probably due to neutrophil antibodies being present in the donor's blood. In two neonates, antineutrophil antibodies were not detected in samples 0 and 1, but appeared in sample 2, which were probably actively produced by the neonates. All of the antineutrophil antibodies disappeared in the serum samples, except in one neonate. Only one preterm newborn developed neutropenia, which resolved spontanously in a week. The presence of antineutrophil antibody in transfused neonates was significantly higher than in non‐transfused neonates.
Conclusions
: The presence of neutrophil specific antibodies in transfused neonates is not rare and antineutrophil antibodies may be found more often in transfused neonates compared to non‐transfused neonates. The clinical significance of those antibodies needs to be assessed since they are transient and their clinical effects are not evident.
Effects of giardiasis on school success, weight and height indices of primary school children in Turkey
Authors: Çelİksöz Ali , Aciöz Mehmet , DeĞerlİ Serpil , Çinar Ziynet , Elaldi Nazif , Erandaç Memnune 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Background
: Giardia intestinalis, the most common parasite in the world, causes several adverse effects on school children, with the prevalence rate ranging between 7.3% and 28% (mean 13.8%) in Turkey. The aim of the present study was to investigate possible adverse effects of G. intestinalis on success at school, and the mean weight and height of primary school children in Sivas, Turkey.
Methods
: Five primary schools from central Sivas, Turkey, had a number of students from different socioeconomic conditions and regions. The stool specimens were examined by light microscopy for giardiasis using saline‐Lugol and/or zinc sulfate flotation method. Three groups in the present study include the symptomatic giardiasis group (SG), which included children with giardiasis along with abdominal pain and/or diarrhea, the asymptomatic giardiasis group (ASG) without any symptom and the non‐parasitic (NPG) group without any parasites.
Results
: While 599 (34.6%) out of 1730 children were parasitic, 192 (11.1%) had only G. intestinalis. Ninety‐eight (5.7%) of 192 were SG (with diarrhea and/or abdominal pain and 94 (5.4%) were ASG. The weights and heights were lower in the children with giardiasis than the children without any parasite. There was a significant difference between the giardiasis group and NPG when the numbers of persons living in the house were compared. While there were no significant difference between the giardiasis group and NPG when the sexes were compared, success at school and economical levels were found to be significantly different between these groups.
Conclusion
: There was a higher prevalence of giardiasis in primary school children and their physical and mental conditions were affected adversely. Giardia infections in particular have adverse effects on success at school.
Value of the urine strip test in the early diagnosis of bacterial peritonitis
Authors: Akman Sema , Uygun Vedat , Guven Ayfer Gur 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Background
: In an effort to detect the presence of leukocytes in the peritoneal dialysate fluid (PDF) a urine dipstick may be practical for the early detection of peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients.
Methods
: The study was performed in 44 samples of four children with peritonitis. The total counts of white blood cell (WBC) and polimorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) were found using both a hemocytometer (CELDYN 3700 R) and a microscopic method. The existence of leukocytes was investigated by urine dipstick tests.
Results
: The dipstick test was correlated with both hemocytometer and microscopic methods (r = 0.537, P = 0.001; r = 0.560, P = 0.0001, respectively). Our results revealed no false negative values in all strip categories. At the proposed cut‐off point (> 100/mm3 of WBC count), a 3+ reading on the strip test reached a sensitivity of 100% for the detection of peritonitis with a specificity of 100%. A 2+ reading reached a sensitivity of 100% with lower specificity (71.4%) at the same cut‐off point. The dipstick test correlated significantly with the total counts of PMNs (r = 0.80, P = 0.0001). All positive strip categories had more than 50% of PMNs with a low PMN percentage of negative strip category in PDF samples.
Conclusion
: It is proposed that the strip test might be a valuable test to diagnose bacterial peritonitis through the detection of both WBC and PMN in peritoneal dialysis patients.
Chromosomal anomalies in patients with short stature
Authors: Moreno‐García Marta , Fernández‐Martínez Francisco Javier , Miranda Emilia Barreiro 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Background
: The incidence of chromosomal anomalies in patients with short stature (SS) was studied in order to determine the value of routine karyotyping in this population.
Methods
: This study was a retrospective evaluation of 972 patients (719 females and 253 males) with SS. Chromosomal analysis was performed on cultured peripheral lymphocytes.
Results
: The incidence of chromosome aberrations in males was 2.77% (7/253) and in females 9.8% (71/719). Several groups were made according to clinical features and familial antecedents of SS. We observed different incidence rates of chromosomal anomalies among groups of patients, mainly in females. The incidence in the group without familial antecedents was 18.89%, however, in females with familial antecedents it was 4.45%. In females with isolated SS we detected karyotype anomalies in the 3.98%, while in patients with phenotypic features, amenorrhoea and SS the incidence was 77.78%. In females the most frequent anomaly was Turner syndrome, present in 55 patients (77.46%).
Conclusion
: Karyotype analysis is recommended for all girls with unexplained SS and associated abnormalities. In females with isolated SS a cost–benefit analysis must be done in each case.
Quantitation of glutathione S transferase‐π in the urine of preterm neonates
Authors: Tsukahara Hirokazu , Toyo‐Oka Michiyo , Kanaya Yuko , Ogura Kazumasa , Kawatani Masao , Hata Atsuko , Hiraoka Masahiro , Mayumi Mitsufumi 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Background
: Glutathione S transferases (GSTs) are widely distributed enzymes found in highly varying amounts in tissues of the human body. The enzyme GST‐π in urine has been used as a marker of renal distal tubular cell damage. The present study was intended to evaluate urinary excretion of GST‐π and its relationship to other renal markers and to the status of oxidative stress in preterm neonates.
Methods
: Levels of urinary GST‐π, N‐acetyl‐β‐glucosaminidase (a marker of proximal tubular damage), albumin (a marker of glomerular damage) and 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (a marker of oxidative stress) and serum creatinine were measured in preterm neonates at 1 and 4 weeks of age.
Results
: The results showed that urinary excretion of GST‐π is increased in preterm neonates compared with reported values for healthy adults. No significant relationship was detected between urinary GST‐π and other markers for renal function. Urinary GST‐π showed significantly positive correlation with urinary 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine at 1 and 4 weeks. Sick neonates treated with supplemental oxygen and mechanical ventilation showed significantly higher levels of GST‐π as well as 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine than clinically stable neonates did at 4 weeks.
Conclusions
: These results indicate the potential effect of systemic oxidative stress on urinary excretion of GST‐π. Further studies are necessary to explore the effect of oxidative conditions on expression of GST‐π in distal tubules in the human kidney.
Characteristics of hyperthermia and its complications in patients with Prader Willi syndrome
Authors: Ince Erdal , Çiftçi Ergin , Tekin Mustafa , Kendirli TanIl , Tutar Ercan , DalgIç Nazan , Öncel Selim , Dogru Ülker 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Background
: Thermoregulation problems, resulting in hypo‐ or hyperthermia, have been infrequently reported in children with Prader Willi syndrome (PWS), yet their clinical details remained unknown.
Methods
: The clinical characteristics of three infants with PWS are reported.
Results
: Etiologies of high fever could not be identified in three children with PWS. One of these children was also admitted to the intensive care unit with extremely high body temperature in a life‐threatening condition, similar to septic shock, without a plausible explanation.
Conclusion
: Hyperthermia may be a part of the clinical spectrum in young infants with PWS and should be carefully monitored, since it may cause life‐threatening complications.
Assessment of individual changes in body fatness in boys during early pubertal period
Authors: Okada Tomoo , Kuromori Yuki , Miyashita Michio , Yoshino Yayoi , Iwata Fujihiko , Hara Mitsuhiko , Harada Kensuke 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Background
: In order to know whether the changes in indexes of overweight, body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) and percentage of overweight (POW) (%), really represent the tendency toward obesity, we examined longitudinal individual changes in these indexes, and the change in body composition in boys during early pubertal period.
Methods
: The subjects were 50 school boys who lived in Shizuoka, Japan. Standing height and weight were measured, and BMI and POW were obtained. Body fat percentage (BF%), fat mass (FM) and lean body mass (LBM) were estimated by bioelectrical impedance method. The influence of predictive variables (LBM, FM) on the changes in BMI and POW was investigated by multiple regression analysis. We examined the 3‐year changes in BMI, POW and predictive variables in each individual, from 9 to 12 years of age.
Results
: The mean change of BMI was 1.7 ± 0.3 (mean ± SEM) kg/m2 and that of POW was 2.2 ± 1.9%. The influence of predictive variables on the changes in BMI and POW was determined. The variance of the change in POW could be explained by that in FM (r2 = 0.737, P < 0.0001), while the change in BMI was influenced by both LBM and FM (r2 = 0.891, P < 0.0001).
Conclusions
: Based on the definition of obesity, POW is the better index of body fatness to assess its individual change for boys during early pubertal period, because the index independent from the change in LBM is supposed to be the appropriate index for obesity in practical use.
Essential role of D1 but not D2 receptors in methamphetamine‐induced impairment of long‐term potentiation in hippocampal–prefrontal cortex pathway
Authors: Ishikawa Akinori , Kadota Tomoko , Kadota Ken , Matsumura Hideki , Nakamura Shoji 
Published: October 2005

AbstractMethamphetamine (MA) abuse induces deficits in cognitive performance that are related to dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The medial portion of the prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in rats that is crucial for cognitive function has been shown to undergo long‐term potentiation (LTP) in the projections from the hippocampus. However, no study has been performed to evaluate the influence of MA on synaptic plasticity in the hippocampal–mPFC pathways. In the present experiments, we investigated the effects of repeated MA administration on hippocampal–mPFC LTP, together with MA‐induced stereotyped behaviors. Repeated MA administration produced behavioral sensitization and LTP impairment in the hippocampal–mPFC pathways. The MA‐induced impairment of hippocampal–mPFC LTP was prevented by the pretreatment of dopamine 1 (D1) but not dopamine 2 (D2) receptor antagonists, while D1 and D2 receptor antagonists attenuated the MA‐induced stereotyped behaviors. These findings suggest that D1 receptors are crucial for the MA‐induced deterioration of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampal–mPFC circuits. Impairment of LTP associated with D1 receptor dysfunction may underlie cognitive deficits in MA‐dependent subjects.
Fear learning induces persistent facilitation of amygdala synaptic transmission
Authors: Schroeder Bradley W. , Shinnick‐Gallagher Patricia 
Published: October 2005

AbstractIn the maintenance phase of fear memory, synaptic transmission is potentiated and the stimulus requirements and signalling mechanisms are altered for long‐term potentiation (LTP) in the cortico‐lateral amygdala (LA) pathway. These findings link amygdala synaptic plasticity to the coding of fear memories. Behavioural experiments suggest that the amygdala serves to store long‐term fear memories. Here we provide electrophysiological evidence showing that synaptic alterations in rats induced by fear conditioning are evident in vitro 10 days after fear conditioning. We show that synaptic transmission was facilitated and that high‐frequency stimulation dependent LTP (HFS–LTP) of the cortico‐lateral amygdala pathway remained attenuated 10 days following fear conditioning. Additionally, we found that the low‐frequency stimulation dependent LTP (LFS–LTP) measured 24 h after fear conditioning was absent 10 days post‐training. The persistent facilitation of synaptic transmission and occlusion of HFS–LTP suggests that, unlike hippocampal coding of contextual fear memory, the cortico‐lateral amygdala synapse is involved in the storage of long‐term fear memories. However, the absence of LFS–LTP 10 days following fear conditioning suggests that amygdala physiology 1 day following fear learning may reflect a dynamic state during memory stabilization that is inactive during the long‐term storage of fear memory. Results from these experiments have significant implications regarding the locus of storage for maladaptive fear memories and the synaptic alterations induced by these memories.
Right hemispheric predominance in the segregation of mistuned partials
Authors: Hiraumi Harukazu , Nagamine Takashi , Morita Takeshi , Naito Yasushi , Fukuyama Hidenao , Ito Juichi 
Published: October 2005

AbstractTo elucidate the central mechanisms of sound segregation, we compared responses to a harmonic sound and a mistuned sound using a whole‐head magnetoencephalography system. The harmonic sound was composed of a 200‐Hz tone and its 2nd to 12th harmonics. The mistuned sound had, instead of the 600‐Hz harmonic, a 696‐Hz tone. In the right hemisphere, the amplitude of N100m responses evoked by the mistuned sound was significantly larger and the peak latency significantly longer than that evoked by the harmonic sound, suggesting that the right hemisphere plays a more important role than the left in detecting mistuned partials.
Neuroprotective effects of metabotropic glutamate receptor ligands in a 6‐hydroxydopamine rodent model of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Vernon A. C. , Palmer S. , Datla K. P. , Zbarsky V. , Croucher M. J. , Dexter D. T. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractIncreasing evidence implicates glutamate‐mediated excitotoxicity as a contributory factor in dopaminergic cell death in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) in Parkinson's disease (PD). Previous studies have suggested that metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) ligands are neuroprotective against excitotoxicity in vitro. In the present study, the neurotoxin 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) produced a significant loss (61.2 ± 8.9%; P < 0.01) of tyrosine hydroxylase‐immunopositive (TH+) cells in both the SNc and striatal dopamine (58.02 ± 1.27%; P < 0.05) in control male Sprague–Dawley rats. Both losses were significantly attenuated by sub‐chronic (7 day) treatment with the Group I mGluR antagonists, 2‐methyl‐6(phenylethynyl)‐pyridine (MPEP) or (S)‐(+)‐α‐amino‐4‐carboxy‐2‐methylbenzeneacetic acid (LY367385); the Group II mGluR agonist (2R,4R)‐4‐aminopyrrolidine‐2,4‐dicarboxylate (2R,4R‐APDC); or the Group III mGluR agonist, l(+)‐2‐amino‐4‐phosphonobutyric acid (L‐AP4). These data demonstrate a neuroprotective action of mGluR ligands in vivo against 6‐OHDA toxicity that has important implications for the treatment of PD.
Urban Capitalisms: European Models in Competition
Authors: LORRAIN DOMINIQUE 
Published: September 2005

This article takes as its starting point a central issue for the urban social sciences: comparison. Local government is a theme where much is singular, contingent and idiosyncratic, and international comparison reinforces this tendency towards diversity. Therefore, the capacity to generalize becomes a real issue. The central argument of this article is that, beyond any first‐level complexity, the organization of the urban services sector in European countries basically follows three major ‘models’. These simplified forms represent ways of combining public policy principles with a market economy. As such, they may be read as specific versions of urban capitalism. All three ‘models’ are European in origin, and nowadays find themselves in competition. In order to establish the features of these models — simplified forms of more complex phenomena — it is necessary to introduce a historical reading of overall choices of institutional and policy architecture. It is necessary to trace the importance of firms and to study the momentum of crisis and tension, as these give an internal view of phenomena that are generally regarded as natural.Ce texte part d’un problème central pour les sciences sociales urbaines, celui de la comparaison. L’objet urbain pousse à la singularité; les comparaisons internationales renforcent cette tendance; se pose donc un vrai problème de généralisation. La thèse soutenue est qu’au‐delà de toute complexité de premier rang, constatée dans l’organisation de chaque service urbain dans les pays européens, ceux‐ci au fond ressortent de trois grands modèles. Ces formes simplifiées, ou modèles, représentent autant de manières de combiner des principes d’action publique à une économie de marché; on peut les lire comme autant de versions du capitalisme urbain. En étant tous les trois représentés en Europe ces ‘modèles’ se trouvent aujourd’hui en compétition. Pour parvenir à dégager ces propriétés modéliques, formes simplifiées de phénomènes plus complexes, il convient d’introduire une lecture historique des grands choix en matières d’architectures institutionnelles et politiques. Il faut accorder de l’importance aux firmes et suivre les moments de mise en tension; ils permettent de saisir ce qui semble naturel dans le fonctionnement ordinaire.
Tourism from Above and Below: Globalization, Localization and New Orleans's Mardi Gras
Authors: GOTHAM KEVIN FOX 
Published: September 2005

Scholars currently debate whether tourism is a force of standardization that eradicates local cultures and traditions or whether tourism is a force of heterogeneity that enhances place distinctiveness. This article uses a case study of the Mardi Gras celebration in New Orleans to explain the connections between global forces and local actions in the development of urban tourism. I argue that the globalization and localization of Mardi Gras are occurring simultaneously with the result being a mix of homogenizing and particularizing influences in New Orleans. I develop this argument by distinguishing between ‘tourism from above’ and ‘tourism from below’, a distinction that helps to explain how tourism can help undermine as well as promote local differences. ‘Tourism from above’ refers to the global level forces of commodification, standardization and rationalization that affect all cities. ‘Tourism from below’ refers to the ways in which local groups and individuals resist the homogenizing effects of globalized tourism and use tourism to anchor Mardi Gras in place and create new carnival traditions. Analysis of global‐local connections in tourism provides an important opportunity for theoretical development and offers a unique perspective for understanding tourism as a process of globalization and localization.Les intellectuels s’interrogent actuellement sur le fait que le tourisme soit ou non une force de normalisation capable d’éliminer cultures et traditions locales, ou une force d’hétérogénéité qui renforce le caractère distinctif des lieux. Utilisant une étude de cas sur la célébration de Mardi gras à la Nouvelle‐Orléans, l’article explique les relations entre forces mondiales et actions locales dans le développement du tourisme urbain: mondialisation et localisation de cette fête se produisent simultanément, se traduisant dans la ville par une combinaison d’influences homogénéisantes et singularisantes. La démonstration établit ensuite une distinction entre ‘tourisme par le haut’ et ‘tourisme par le bas’ qui permet d’éclaircir comment l’activité peut contribuer tant à atténuer qu’à favoriser les différences locales. Le ‘tourisme par le haut’ s’applique aux forces mondiales de banalisation, normalisation et rationalisation qui touchent toutes les grandes villes. Le ‘tourisme par le bas’ portent sur les moyens qu’appliquent groupes et individus locaux dans le but de résister aux effets homogénéisateurs du tourisme mondialisé et de se servir de cette activité pour ancrer Mardi gras dans le lieu et créer de nouvelles traditions carnavalesques. L’analyse des relations entre les plans mondial et local dans le domaine du tourisme offre une possibilité intéressante de théorisation et une perspective unique d’appréhension du tourisme comme processus de mondialisation et localisation.