bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spiritual, but not Religious
Authors: Fuller Robert C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This book explores the history and present status of unchurched spirituality in the U.S. Nearly 20% of all Americans consider themselves interested in spiritual issues even though they never step inside a church or synagogue. Most would describe themselves as spiritual at a personal level, but in some way alienated from organized religion. Today's alternative spirituality is the outgrowth of long‐standing traditions in American religious life. Colonial Americans were astonishingly eclectic in their religious pursuits, availing themselves of sundry magical and occult religious philosophies. In the nineteenth century, a number of metaphysical systems (e.g., Transcendentalism, Swedenborgianism, mesmerism, and spiritualism) penetrated deep into the spiritual vocabulary of middle‐class Americans who were eager to synthesize science and religion into a single vision of the universe. By the early twentieth century, there was already something of an “American tradition” of unchurched spirituality. Diverse interests including alternative medicine, parapsychology, the hidden powers of the unconscious mind, and Asian religions all contributed to the spiritual journeys of those who looked for religious inspiration outside America's established churches. The book concludes by demonstrating that far from the kooky and self‐absorbed dilettantes they are often made out to be, America's unchurched spiritual seekers embrace a mature and dynamic set of beliefs.
The Emergence of Unchurched Traditions
Authors: Fuller Robert C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In colonial America, only 15% of the population belonged to a church. The majority was nonetheless spiritual at a personal level, but fashioned their personal beliefs by drawing upon a variety of magical and occult philosophies. Astrology, divination, and witchcraft permeated everyday life in the colonies. By the early and mid‐nineteenth century, the writings of the Swedish mystic Emanuel Swedenborg and the American Transcendentalist Ralph Waldo Emerson gave middle‐class Americans a new vocabulary for describing their inner‐relationship to unseen spiritual dimensions of life. And, by the latter part of the nineteenth century, both mesmerism and spiritualism provided general audiences with new ways of exploring this inner‐relationship to the spirit world.
Alternative Medicines, Alternative Worldviews
Authors: Fuller Robert C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Many of America's alternative healing systems function as vehicles for the transmission of alternative spiritual philosophies. Chiropractic medicine, Osteopathy, Holistic Healing, Therapeutic Touch, and Alcoholics Anonymous are but a few of the alternative healing systems that have deep roots in the American metaphysical tradition. So, too, do various New Age healing practices such as color or crystal healing that believe in the existence of “subtle energies.” It is clear that many of those who are drawn to our alternative healing systems do so not just for relief from physical ailments but also for spiritual growth and edification.
Barnes & Noble as Synagogue
Authors: Fuller Robert C. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Those who consider themselves “spiritual, but not religious” have become a recognized part of the American religious landscape. Constituting a full 20% of the population, their unchurched approach to religion will likely continue to be the only viable option for a growing sector of the American population. Importantly, the interests and vocabularies of our unchurched seekers have even begun to influence the inner‐spirituality of many who still belong to America's established churches. A major conclusion of this book is that our unchurched seekers embrace a set of beliefs that is at least as mature and dynamic as their churched counterparts.
State Banking in Early America
Authors: Bodenhorn Howard 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
An outpouring of recent theoretical and empirical research places financial intermediaries center stage in the process of economic growth. Through their dealings with customers as depositors, borrowers, entrepreneurs, and shareholders, financial intermediaries have an advantage over other market participants in gathering and evaluating information on the likely success of many entrepreneurial projects. Despite this outpouring of work on the connection between aggregate economic activity and total financial intermediation, less attention has been paid to whether there is a best type of banking. Early America provides a valuable natural experiment because the decentralized federalist polity allowed for a great deal of financial experimentation. Distinct regional differences appeared. In New England, small, family‐owned banks appeared and a coherent system was knit together through the operation of the Suffolk system. In the Middle‐Atlantic region, two distinct experiments were conducted: deposit insurance and free banking. The former failed, but reappeared in various guises; the latter succeeded in that it influenced America's banking policy for the next 150 years. Banking in the South and West followed a number of paths, including state‐subsidized banks designed to offer long‐term mortgage credit, free banking, and branch banking. Branch banking was the most successful of these experiments. There was no single best banking system, but systems better adapted to local conditions.
Introduction
Authors: Bodenhorn Howard 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Studies of modern banking systems focus on two issues: the efficiency of banks as intermediaries and the connection between financial intermediation and economic growth. Earlier banking systems should be judged on the same criteria. Each region of the U.S. developed a unique regional banking structure, which had implications for intermediation and growth. It was a period of experimentation, often labeled as free banking, that allowed states to create banking structures tailored to local needs.
Banking Theory and Banking Practice in Antebellum America
Authors: Bodenhorn Howard 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Modern theories of financial intermediation begin from the premise that small, young firms, due to information asymmetries, will not have access to arm's length markets in bonds and commercial paper. Small and young firms must rely on financial intermediaries, principally banks, with whom these firms form long‐run relationships. Modern theory stands in contrast to the dominant contemporary theory of banking practice; namely, the real‐bills doctrine. Banks that followed the doctrine loaned only to established businesses with impeccable reputations. Had early American bankers adhered to the doctrine, they would not have been the engines of growth that they actually became. Banks mattered because they encouraged entrepreneurship by being entrepreneurial themselves.
Assessing America's Early Banks
Authors: Bodenhorn Howard 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Early American banking grew in accordance with overall economic growth. The one exception was the early 1830s, when a speculative wave poured over the U.S. and the banking sector grew more rapidly than the aggregate economy. High credit demand drove up profits, which induced entry, induced capital investment, and increased capital leverage ratios. The speculative bubble burst in the late 1830s due to actions by the Bank of England. Banks failed in unprecedented numbers in the early 1840s. After 1843, banking and economic activity moved together. While the National Banking Acts of 1863 and 1864 rationalized the nation's banking system, they eliminated a number of the distinct regional attributes that had appeared under an earlier, more decentralized federalism.
Religion, Ethnicity, and Nationhood
Authors: Perica Vjekoslav 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Introduces the book by discussing the symbolic destruction of churches, monasteries and other monuments and sacred places of the Serbian Orthodox Church, the Catholic Church in Croatia and Bosnia‐Herzegovina, and the Yugoslav Muslim Religious Organization (Islamic community), and also in Albania that occurred during the various wars in the Yugoslav region in the 1990s. It then discusses myth in relation to the nation‐state. The last and main part of the chapter gives accounts of the four mainstream Yugoslav religious institutions (the Serbian Orthodox Church, Croatian Catholicism, the Muslim Religious Organization (Islamic community), and the Church and Nation of Macedonia), and also discusses the religious minority groups of the region (there are around 40, of which 14 are listed), and interfaith relations.
The Bosnian Ulema and Muslim Nationalism
Authors: Perica Vjekoslav 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter covers the period leading up to the birth of the Muslim national state of Bosnia‐Herzegovina within Yugoslavia in 1968, the frictions and difficulties associated with that birth, and the rebuilding and expansion of the new state up to the 1980s. The last part of the chapter discusses religious nationalism in Bosnia‐Herzegovina in the late 1980s and early 1990s and the role of the Bosnian and Herzegovinian ulema in this development.
Mary‐Making in Herzegovina
Authors: Perica Vjekoslav 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter discusses the cult of the Virgin Mary in Herzegovina as it developed from the vision of a Croatian‐speaking Madonna at Medjugorje, western Herzegovina (an overwhelmingly Catholic Croat area), in 1981. Attitudes to this Marian apparition and later ones at the same place are discussed, and the politics of the visions analyzed. The last part of the chapter discusses the Marian apparitions at Medjugorje and other places in relation to the Yugoslav crisis of the 1980s, when Catholic–Orthodox tensions were reignited. They are viewed as a prelude not to a peace and prayer movement but as a prelude to partition, war, and genocide in Bosnia‐Herzegovina.
Flames and Shrines
Authors: Perica Vjekoslav 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The chapter starts with a brief account of Albanian anti‐Serbian activities (attacks on Serbian sacred places and monuments, said to be fuelled by religious hatred) in Kosovo in the 1980s. It then goes on to discuss shrines as a powerful symbolic energizer to the Serbian nationalist movement of the 1980s, with accounts of the building of the new cathedral in Belgrade, and notes on the construction of Serbian churches in Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia, Montenegro, and Kosovo. Next an account is given of the Milošević era, including his initial pacification of Kosovo (which enabled more restoration and building of Serbian sacred sites, and a program of pilgrimages, jubilees, etc.) and his pilgrimage to the thirteenth‐century Hilandar monastery at the holy mountain of Athos in Greece, which paved the way for a new role of the Serbian Orthodox Church in the Serbian nationalist movement.
Responses to Auschwitz and the Literary Imagination
Authors: Morgan Michael L. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe views of various American liberal intellectuals and Jewish writers on the Nazi death camps are discussed, starting with Lionel Trilling, a postwar New York literary critic, who addressed the issue of the death of the novel and the impotence of the mind in relation to the horror of the Nazi camps. The main part of the chapter is devoted to a discussion of the testimonies of three death camp survivors – Elie Wiesel, Primo Levi, and Jean Améry. Levi's viewpoint of the camps is not that of a religious Jew, but as a scientist and secular humanist, and he discusses the fact that normal prisoners (like Wiesel and Améry) were perhaps not in the best position to report on the camps, while those who held privileged positions (like himself) perhaps were.
The Early Stage: The Sixties
Authors: Morgan Michael L. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter examines the way in which post‐Holocaust Jewish thought began to emerge in the 1960s and its role within Jewish religious thought. These post‐Holocaust Jewish thinkers did not constitute a school, nor did they have common views, except in some fairly general ways, and in the fact that they all confronted the Holocaust. The five main thinkers in particular (Richard Rubinstein, Eliezer Berkovits, Irving Greenberg, Arthur Cohen, and Emil Fackenheim) did not believe that responsible and honest Jewish self‐understanding could proceed, and yet ignore, the horrors of the death camps. The thinkers whose work is discussed in this chapter are Richard Rubinstein (the earliest Jewish theologian to write about the importance of the death camps for the Jewish faith), Emil Fackenheim, Irving Greenberg, Moredecai Kaplan, and Steven Schwarzchild.
The Six Day War and American Jewish Life
Authors: Morgan Michael L. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThe impact of the Six Day Israeli–Arab War of May–June 1967 on American Jewish life and especially in the way American Jews perceived Israel and the Holocaust is considered. The events of that summer and the changing character of American life shaped the constituencies for the post‐Holocaust Jewish thinkers; they also helped to shape them and their work. The chapter discusses the reactions of the young Jewish radicals, and the various (sometimes bizarre) groupings of thinkers that emerged. To some, the Six Day War enabled the Holocaust to move to a central focal location in Jewish identity, so that by the mid‐1970s, the Holocaust and the Israeli victory of 1967 were intertwined with Jewish pride and sense of responsibility to respond to threat with strength and self‐confidence.
Richard Rubenstein and the New Paganism
Authors: Morgan Michael L. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn this chapter, and in the next four, an analysis and examination is made of the writings of the major American Jewish thinkers/theologians. The thinker addressed in this chapter is Richard Rubinstein, a prominent Jewish theologian, but not institutionally tied to one of the denominations of American Judaism; he was a Hillel rabbi and then an academic. Citations of each thinker's work earlier in the book are capitalized on in order to explore the theme of history and identity as it occurs in their work, and it is shown that these figures struggled with very deep and pressing problems not only about God and the Jewish people, and about human nature and moral purpose but also about the very nature of Jewish belief and its understanding of the world, history, God, and much else. They realized the dangers that accompanied their sensitivity to the Holocaust and their unconditional commitment to a honest and probing encounter with the death camps, and at the same time, they refused to abandon Judaism. In some ways, they appear like other intellectuals of the current era, who realize that we cannot transcend history nor can we be overwhelmed by it, but in other ways, they appear unlike them, for their sense of value and purpose arises out of the horror of the death camps.
Eliezer Berkovits and the Tenacity of Faith
Authors: Morgan Michael L. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn this chapter, and in Chs. 6, and 8–10, an analysis and examination is made of the writings of the major American Jewish thinkers/theologians. The thinker addressed in this chapter is Eliezer Berkovits, an orthodox Jewish theologian and philosopher. Citations of each thinker's work earlier in the book are capitalized on in order to explore the theme of history and identity as it occurs in their work, and it is shown that these figures struggled with very deep and pressing problems not only about God and the Jewish people, and about human nature and moral purpose but also about the very nature of Jewish belief and its understanding of the world, history, God, and much else. They realized the dangers that accompanied their sensitivity to the Holocaust and their unconditional commitment to an honest and probing encounter with the death camps, and at the same time, they refused to abandon Judaism. In some ways, they appear like other intellectuals of the current era, who realize that we cannot transcend history nor can we be overwhelmed by it, but in other ways, they appear unlike them, for their sense of value and purpose arises out of the horror of the death camps.
Emil Fackenheim: Fidelity and Recovery in the Post‐Holocaust Epoch
Authors: Morgan Michael L. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractIn this chapter, and in Chs. 6–9, an analysis and examination is made of the writings of the major American Jewish thinkers/theologians. The thinker addressed in this chapter is Emil Fackenheim, a Jewish theologian and philosopher, who has radically changed his thinking since 1967. Citations of each thinker's work earlier in the book are capitalized on in order to explore the theme of history and identity as it occurs in their work, and it is shown that these figures struggled with very deep and pressing problems not only about God and the Jewish people, and about human nature and moral purpose but also about the very nature of Jewish belief and its understanding of the world, history, God, and much else. They realized the dangers that accompanied their sensitivity to the Holocaust and their unconditional commitment to an honest and probing encounter with the death camps, and at the same time, they refused to abandon Judaism. In some ways, they appear like other intellectuals of the current era, who realize that we cannot transcend history nor can we be overwhelmed by it, but in other ways, they appear unlike them, for their sense of value and purpose arises out of the horror of the death camps.
The Reception of Post‐Holocaust Jewish Thought
Authors: Morgan Michael L. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAn examination is made of some of the responses to the work of the five main Jewish thinkers/theologians, which was addressed in Chs. 6–10, and to the work of other post‐Holocaust Jewish thinkers. This is done by looking at the popular response (that of ordinary Jews), the response of young Jewish radicals, and that of Orthodox Jewish thinkers. The dissenting thoughts of various thinkers as to the centrality and use of the Holocaust in Jewish America are discussed.
Between Exaltation and Infamy
Authors: Haliczer Stephen 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Within a culture of male domination, women in the period of the Counter‐Reformation achieved recognition and status as mystics, and their influence extended to all realms of society, including the aristocracy. A mystic's acceptance, however, was predicated upon her strict adherence to ecclesiastical orthodoxy and hierarchy. Further, her childhood and adult convent life were marked by excessive austerity and, in many instances, abuse. If the mystic had a proper pedigree, succeeded in building a support system of male authorities, and could demonstrate her divine favor through visions and miracles, then she had the potential to become canonized. While women mystics did not challenge male authority within the church and indeed often were willing supporters of it, they did serve as inspiration to their male contemporaries and to generations of women who followed.
Beyond Junk Bonds
Authors: Yago Glenn , Trimbath Susanne 
Published: October 2003

AbstractSince financial myths exploded in the 1980s, the perspective of time creates a unique opportunity to update and expand the analysis begun in Glenn Yago's 1991 book, Junk Bonds: How High Yield Securities Restructured Corporate America (OUP). When first published, Junk Bonds drew controversial responses, but some 12 years later, enough time has passed to allow this dispassionate empirical analysis to shear away the hype and hysteria that surrounded the Wall Street scandals, Washington controversies, and media frenzy of the time. In retrospect, the evidence clearly casts favorable light on the role of high‐yield securities (junk bonds), and the research presented in this book demonstrates how financial innovations enabled capital access for industrial restructuring, capital and labor productivity gains, and improved global competitiveness. The book provides a one‐stop data, reference, and case study presentation of firms and securities in the contemporary high‐yield market in the USA (and elsewhere), and of the financial innovations that spurred growth in the 1990s and will continue to finance the future. The high‐yield market incubated successive waves of financial technologies that now proliferate beyond junk bonds to all the dimensions and dynamics of global debt and equity capital markets. The book charts the recovery of the market in the 1990s, the wave of fallen angels, distressed credits and defaults in 2001–2002, and suggests how the high‐yield market will be recreated in the global market of the twenty‐first century. It also explicates the linkages between the high‐yield market and other credit and equity markets in managing a firm's capital structure to execute its business strategy. Anyone active in corporate finance, financial institutions, or capital markets will find this book useful for interpreting and understanding the recent history of both the high‐yield marketplace and its interaction with private equity, public equity, and fixed‐income markets. The material presented is arranged in 11 chapters and four appendices. The latter provide definitions of junk bonds, some technical material from Ch. 4, a “tools of the trade” glossary, and a literature review containing short summaries of seven topics (bond ratings, macroeconomic relationships, regulation, use of proceeds, Drexel Burnham Lambert – a bond underwriter, default rates, and risk) with associated references, a table of annotated references, and further references.
Where Do We Go from Here?
Authors: Yago Glenn , Trimbath Susanne 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis short introductory chapter provides a brief analysis of the high‐yield (junk bond) market in the USA in 2001 and 2002, discussing the multitude of influences upon it, including the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. It notes that any attempt to compare the impact of these attacks with previous historical events will be flawed because the combination of an act of war committed in the USA at the time of a recession has never before occurred. A table is presented that attempts to sort out the positive and negative effects of individual events and circumstances on the market for high‐yield securities, and a summary is given of the immediate damage to the credit markets in September 2001. It is suggested that there is at least anecdotal evidence of large cash positions sitting on the sidelines globally, so that any recovery could be significant.
Junk Bonds Then and Now
Authors: Yago Glenn , Trimbath Susanne 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter first presents a brief history of the high‐yield securities market in the USA since the 1970s. It then discusses the etymology of the term ‘junk bonds’, and goes on to describe critical events in the high‐yield market from the period 1989–1990 – which has often been characterized as the time of the beginning of the end for the market. The next part of the chapter discusses the capital access and high‐yield financial innovations that led to the development of the high‐yield securities market from the late 1970s, giving a comparative breakdown of the distribution of the main uses of high‐yield proceeds in the periods 1983–1989 and 1990–1999, and a year‐by‐year breakdown of the use of proceeds from 1983 to 2000. Last, the junk bond situation in 2000–2002 is contrasted with that in the 1990s, giving comparative year‐by‐year data for the distress ratio, the percentage of Rule 144A (which permits private placements to be freely traded among qualified institutional buyers (QIBs)) new issues, and high‐yield default rates from 1990 to 2002; data on high‐yield supply for 2000–2002 are included.