bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The natural history and treatment of lupus nephritis
Authors: Lewis Edmund J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lupus nephritis, its clinical course, prognosis, and optimal therapy are subjects which are plagued by a surfeit of authoritative opinion, however there is limited scientifically valid information. Much of the literature suffers from the burden of small, anecdotal or insufficiently designed clinical experiences. Hardly any of the reported therapeutic experiences deserve elevation to the status of a controlled clinical trial. Many of the clinical studies are retrospective in nature. Despite all this, an extensive literature has accumulated and a variety of opinions are held regarding the best and safest approach to the therapy of this patient population. Truer of religion than science, many opinions are based upon faith rather than observation. As is the case with religious beliefs, the treatment chosen becomes a matter of personal preference.
Problem Drinking
Authors: Heather Nick , Robertson Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Problem Drinking aims to bridge the wide gap that exists between the modern, scientific account of the nature of alcohol problems, and the popular understanding of the subject. In particular, it presents detailed evidence and arguments against the commonly accepted view that 'alcoholism' is best regarded as a disease. Instead, it outlines an alternative approach to alcohol problems, based on the premise that they are best seen as examples of socially learned behaviour. In the third edition, the authors have brought the book up to date by covering the major developments that have taken place in recent years, in particular in the field of genetics. The book is also one of the first to discuss the results and recommendations of the 5 year long Project MATCH study, probably the most extensive alcohol study ever undertaken, the results of which are due to be published in 1997. The book provides a useful textbook for students undertaking courses in alcoholism, as part of psychology and psychiatry degrees, and provides practical advice for counsellors, social workers, and health promotion officers. Reviews of the 2nd edition '... a valuable and clearly written exposition of problem drinking...' British Journal of Psychiatry, 1990 'Certainly this book should provoke general practitioners to reassess their views about the problem and should be read by those people working in the field.' Family Practice, 1991
Growth of systems
Authors: Sinclair David , Dangerfield Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not all systems of the body follow the same pattern of growth. This is best illustrated by considering the development of the systems as a percentage of their attainment at maturity, taken at the arbitrary age of 20. Figure 4.1 illustrates the curve obtained for weight (solid line) plotted in this way. Similar curves are produced when the respiratory, digestive, and excretory systems are plotted on the chart, indicating that their relative sizes remain more or less constant during growth. The skeleton behaves in a similar manner, but some other important body systems follow different growth curves.
Indices of maturity
Authors: Sinclair David , Dangerfield Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are a number of important reasons why it might be necessary to assess the maturity of the child, especially in medical conditions which may affect growth and development. Clearly, the actual or chronological age of a child is a most unreliable guide to maturity as each child will mature at a different rate due to influences of its genetics, race, social background, and environment. The measurement of height and weight is also of very little value due to similar reasons. As a result, a number of methods have been developed which aid us in our estimation of the maturity of a child and allow us the opportunity to see if they are behind or ahead of their growth and development towards becoming an adult.
Environmental factors influencing growth and
Authors: Sinclair David , Dangerfield Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Today we are aware of more and more situations where the growth and maturation of organisms appear to be influenced by events taking place outside their cellular structures. These events can influence the development of the human fetus if they are poisons or infections or even the maternal genetic composition. The growing child can be adversely affected by diet, social environment, or poisons in the atmosphere. Adults and the elderly can be seriously damaged or even killed, for example, by chemicals in the environ ment or by eating infected food. It is clear that some of these effects may not directly influence growth as such but all have some detrimental effect on the way the body maintains itself in peak condition. Thus we all should appreciate that being green and environmentally aware is important to all and especially to the more vulnerable members of our society.
Physiology of the normal menopause and end-points of treatment
Authors: Rees Margaret C P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Overall, the mean age of menopause is 51 years, which means that with the increased longevity of the population most women in Western societies will spend 30 or more years in the post-menopausal state (McKinlay et al. 1992; Luoto et al. 1994). Various definitions are used to describe the menopause (McKinlay et al. 1992; Richardson 1993): the menopause is the permanent cessation of menstruation resulting from loss of ovarian follicular activity the menopause transition describes the period prior to the final menstrual period with the endocrinological, biological, and clinical features of the approaching menopause. The length of this transition has been reported to be four years (onset of perimenopause 47.5 years) and to be shorter in smokers (McKinlay et al. 1992). Furthermore, 10% of women may not experience this phase but cease menstruation abruptly the postmenopause should be defined as dating from the final menstrual period, although it cannot be determined until a period of 12 months of spontaneous amenorrhoea has been observed the perimenopause includes the menopause transition and ends 12 months after the final menstrual period.
The benefits and risks of hormone replacement therapy
Authors: Rees Margaret C P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The menopause results in oestrogen deficiency which in turn results in an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and an accelerated loss of bone mass. The leading cause of death in women in Western societies is cardiovascular disease (Table 2.1). Postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HR T) has both benefits and risks, including decreased risks of osteoporosis and cardiovascular disease which must be offset against a slightly increased risk of breast cancer and venous thromboembolism. On average, mortality among women who use HR T is lower than among non-users (Grodstein et al. 1997). Although these benefits are well known, compliance to treatment is, in general, poor with few women taking it for more than one year (Hope and Rees 1995). In the UK, in the age group 40-65 years, 17% of women are currently taking HRT (Hope et al. 1998).
Irregular bleeding with hormone replacement therapy
Authors: Rees Margaret C P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The management of irregular bleeding with hormone replacement therapy (HR T) will be discussed in terms of investigation and treatment. On monthly sequential HR T abnormal bleeding is denoted by a change in pattern of withdrawal bleeds and breakthrough bleeding which persists for three cycles or more. With three-monthly sequential HR T irregular bleeding is common in the first six months but should have stopped there-after. In women taking a continuous combined regime bleeding may occur at the start of treatment but usually stops after a few weeks; if it persists for more than four to six months or is not lessening, endometrial assessment is required. Similarly, women who are amenorrhoeic on a continuous combined regime and then have a bleed, need to be assessed. It is important to ensure that the abnormal bleeding cannot be accounted for by missing tablets or faulty patch adhesion.
Hormone replacement therapy and thrombosis
Authors: Keeling David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A simplified version of the coagulation cascade is shown in Figure 7.1. The inactive zymogens IX, X, and II (prothrombin) are sequentially activated to IXa, Xa, and Ila (thrombin), the latter then acts on fibrinogen to form a fibrin clot. There are two sequential very similar steps, IXa needs the cofactor VIII to activate X, and then in turn Xa needs the cofactor V to activate prothrombin. This is an explosive amplification system which needs to be kept under control. There are two main natural anticoagulant mechanisms to do this, antithrombin and the protein C system.
Treatment of osteoporosis
Authors: Elsheikh Mohgah , Wass John A H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Osteoporosis is a chronic disorder characterized by an increased susceptibility to fractures as a result of a reduction in bone mass and abnormal bone architecture. It is common in Caucasians, with a higher frequency in women, and the incidence increases steeply after the menopause. A SO-year-old woman has a 40% lifetime risk of a fragility fracture (Melton et al. 1992), which typically occurs in the femoral neck, vertebra, and distal forearm. Hip fractures account for 20% of orthopaedic bed occupancy in the UK and are associated with up to 20% mortality within the first year (Cooper et al. 1993). There is considerable morbidity in survivors, with a third losing their independence. Overall, it is estimated that osteoporosis-related fractures account for an annual expenditure in excess of £750 million in health care costs (Department of Health 1994). As the population ages, the prevalence of osteoporosis, and thus its financial burden, is expected to increase dramatically.
The consultation in general practice
Authors: Hope Sally 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The great strength of general practice is the unique band of individuals practising medicine in different ways. This chapter is not intended to be full of dogmatic protocols, but to be helpful in offering a variety of menus. Practices will have different members of the primary health care team doing various aspects of the work, depending on their skill mix. There are three ways women present for a consultation on the menopause and hormone replacement therapy (HR T). Firstly, there are women who specifically make an appointment in order to see a member of the primary health care team to discuss the menopause and gather information. Many women are driven to see general practitioners (GPs) when they are experiencing symptoms, and can be in quite a distressed state (Hope and Rees 1995). The second group come to the surgery for other reasons, and a discussion about the menopause may happen opportunistically. The third group of women are those who have planned repeat visits because they either require a repeat HR T prescription or wish for another consultation.
Future hormone replacement therapy
Authors: Rees Margaret C P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The number of treatment options for hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has increased massively in the past few years with new delivery systems such as matrix patches and gels, and treatment regimens with different types of bleeding patterns (monthly and three-monthly sequential, and continuous combined regimens). This chapter will discuss new developments in oestrogen and progestogen HRT, and the development of new agents such as selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) and phytoestrogens.
Biophysics of magnetic stimulation
Authors: Mills K R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Magnetic stimulators work by inducing brief currents in the brain which excite nerve cells. Electrical energy stored in a capacitor is released into a coil held over the scalp. A brief surge of current flows through the coil to produce a transient magnetic field. This field passes freely into the surrounding medium and induces in it an electric field which impedes the magnetic field. This is Faraday’s law. If the electric field falls in a conductor, then current will flow. The ability of this current to excite nerve cells depends upon its time course, magnitude and direction. The basic magnetic stimulator has a simple design (Barker 1991). A capacitor which can hold a high voltage is charged up and the stored energy is released through a switch to cause current to flow through a coil (Fig. 2.1). The rate at which the power supply can charge the capacitor is limited and sets the maximal repetition rate which the stimulator can achieve. The switch clearly must be able to sustain the large current surges involved.
Demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system
Authors: Mills K R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is by far the commonest disease of the central nervous system in which the major pathological feature is demyelination of nerve fibres. Multiple sclerosis may occur as an isolated event involving a single site, as in optic neuritis or transverse myelitis, but usually the picture is of multiple lesions causing a variety of symptoms and signs which commonly remit only to recur at some later time. Some 80% of patients with MS present with relapsing and remitting disease; the interval between relapses averages once every 2 years, but recurrence of new symptoms after periods up to 20 years can occur. Patients with relapsing and remitting disease usually enter a phase of slowly progressive deterioration. Some 20% of patients present with a chronic progressive form of the disease, especially those presenting after the fifth decade.
Plasticity of the nervous system
Authors: Mills K R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plasticity of the nervous system refers to a flexibility in the strength of connectivity between networks of neurons. The frequency with which the network is accessed influences its responsiveness and output. Plasticity is thus thought to be the mechanism underlying learning and memory (Merzenich and Sameshima 1993). Activity-dependent modulation of cortical topography has been found in many animal models; thus digit removal (Rasmussen 1982), nerve section (Merzenich et al. l983a,b), sensory deaf ferentation (Pons et al. 1991), tactile stimulation (Jenkins et al. 1990) and training in a tactile discrimination task (Recanzone et al. 1992a) have all been shown to modify sensory representation areas. In the visual system, retinal lesions lead to modifications in visual cortex (Kaas et al. 1990; Darian Smith and Gilbert 1994, 1995) and cochlear lesions in the auditory cortex (Rajan et al. 1993). Modulation of primary motor cortex function has been documented after peripheral nerve lesions (Sanes et al. 1988, 1990; Donoghue et al. 1990), nerve transposition (Brinkman et al. 1983), prolonged electrical stimulation (Nudo et al. 1990) and motor skill learning (Jenkins et al. 1994; Kami et al. 1995; Nudo et al. 1996).
Obstetrics A Practical Manual
Authors: Neuberg Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Obstetrics can be a particularly daunting prospect for those starting out. This book is designed for interns and medical students doing their obstetrics rotations who find that they need a small, practical guide to dealing with the many and varied problems they will face. The chapters are arranged chronologically, starting with early pregnancy. Following chapters chart the course of the pregnancy and labor through to the post-natal visit. Throughout the book, Dr. Neuberg stresses the importance of the Confidential Enquiries into Maternal Deaths and emphasizes the intensive nature of much of the specialty, the potential for sudden problems, and the constant need for vigilance. The text is supplemented by many simple line drawings to aid clarification and numerous check lists to reinforce important points. Obstetrics: A Practical Manual is the ideal book for everybody coming to the field. Its chronological structure means that finding information is quick and easy, the check-lists aid recall, and the text focuses on those aspects of the specialty that the physician on the ward needs in everyday practice. It is not an ‘exam-crammer’ but a well-written and concise guidebook to obstetrics and as such it will find a place in the library of every health worker caring for pregnant women.
Psychopathology in the Twenty-first Century
Authors: Farmer Anne , McGuffin Peter , Williams Julie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Considerable progress in our understanding of mental disorders has taken place over the past few decades. In particular technological advances have come in the fields of functional and structural neuroimaging, pharmacology, and genetics, and important conceptual and experimental progress has been made in cognitive psychology. These, in turn, have increased the potential to unlock the secrets of the biological bases of psychiatric disorders and have encouraged those who aim to understand the interplay between biological substrate and environmental insult in the causation of psychological problems. For example, the combination of cognitive psychology and new developments in functional neuroimaging is beginning to provide valuable insights into how the brain processes information, and how this is altered in individuals with psychological disturbances and/or psychiatric disorder.
The effects of ageing
Authors: Melding Pamela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From prehistory to modern times, life expectancy has increased by about 32 years. Before the Common Era, the human lifespan averaged 22 years, by the turn of the twentieth century it averaged 50 years. The twentieth century saw an increase in life expectancy almost equivalent to the previous two millennia. Some people did live to great ages, but they were the exception rather than the norm. Cultures that tradition- ally venerated old people perhaps did so because they were rare, and considered the person who lived to ‘three score and ten’ to have survival strengths worthy of special reverence (Hayflick 1994).
Vascular anatomy of the spine
Authors: Thron A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The blood supply to vertebral body, paraspinal muscles, dura, nerve root, and spinal cord is derived from segmental arteries (Fig. 2.1). These vessels persist as intercostal and lumbar arteries in the majority of the thoracolumbar region (Fig. 2.2(a)). Whilst several segments in the upper thoracic region are supplied by the supreme inter- costal artery (Fig. 2.2(b)). Following intrauterine vascular rearrangements, longitudinal arteries are established in the cervical region.
Endovascular techniques
Authors: Sellar R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern interventional neuroradiology is not as concerned with catheter skills and technical gymnastics as formerly because new equipment has simplified the access to vascular lesions. The emphasis is now on careful analysis of the clinical problem including the angiographic features prior to treatment, safety during procedures, and good long-term outcomes. To achieve these goals the interventionalist must pay attention to detail. This process begins by ensuring that the best tools are available at the start of the procedure and being alert to potential problems during the procedure. In the course of any interventional neuroradiological procedure there will be key moments at which a correct decision has to be made in order to achieve good results. Sometimes these decisions need to be made very quickly. The aim of this chapter is to help the interventionalist to start each procedure properly prepared and to offer some guidance on techniques and decision-making.
Diagnostic and therapeutic percutaneous procedures in the spine
Authors: Ostlere S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Percutaneous interventional techniques of the spine are used as diagnostic or therapeutic tools in the management of patients with evidence of nerve root compression or pain related to the spine. Therapeutic tests have been developed with varying degrees of success to provide a low risk alternative to surgery for patients with either disc herniation or discogenic or facet related back pain. Diagnostic tests are usually used preoperatively in determining the site of pathology when imaging gives insufficient or ambiguous information. This chapter summarizes the percutaneous procedures currently employed in the management of patients with symptoms related to the spine. Selected procedures related to each of the disc, facet joints, nerves and vertebral body are discussed. There is no attempt to provide a detailed account of the practical aspects of the techniques as these have been widely published elsewhere (Wilson 1995).
Arteriovenous fistulas of intracranial dural sinuses
Authors: Boccardi E , Ditchfield A , Valvassori L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Confusion persists over the term carotid cavernous fistula. It continues to be used in the description of different types of arteriovenous fistulas in the region of the cavernous sinus. A distinction should be drawn between the two main types of fistula at this site to avoid confusion and to emphasize the profound differences in their aetiology, natural his- tory, epidemiology, and treatment. This distinction is fundamental to a discussion of fistulas of the intracranial dural sinuses. A fistula of the cavernous sinus may be a direct arteriovenous fistula, i.e. a true carotid cavernous fistula (CCF), or a dural arteriovenous fistula (DAVF) located in the cavernous region:
Thrombolysis and angioplasty in special situations
Authors: Schumacher M , Schmidt D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term deoppilation means the removal of an obstruction and is thus the opposite of embolization. It can be used for techniques which open vessels, for example to improve or re-establish blood flow. Thrombolysis and angioplasty are two such techniques. They are most commonly applied in the management of ischaemic stroke as discussed in Chapters 14 and 15. In this chapter their use in two special situations—occlusion of the retinal artery and vasospasm of cerebral arteries—will be considered. Both applications employ the standard skills and techniques of the endovascular therapist but because of differences in their clinical presentations and natural histories, they deserve separate consideration. The application, precautions, and efficacy of thrombolysis and angioplasty in these special situations will be discussed in this chapter.
Treatment of thrombosis of intracranial veins and sinuses
Authors: Groden Ch. , Zeumer H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite more than a century and a half of research into thrombosis of intracranial veins and sinuses, diagnosis and effective treatment remain inadequate. In this chapter we will attempt to provide the reader with an overview of the clinical manifestations, description, diagnosis, and treatment of this important, but unusual, clinical problem. We include a case study to illustrate important new findings.
Critical care in cerebrovascular disease
Authors: Gonzalez N R , Canale A , Viñuela F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of specialized intensive care units in the last few years has improved the morbidity and mortality rates of patients treated with neuroendovascular and neurosurgical procedures (Knaus et al. 1996; Bertram et al. 1997). Patients with cerebrovascular pathology are at risk of specific complications that require specialized management. Such complications include vasospasm, cerebral haemorrhage, cerebral oedema, intracranial hypertension, seizures, and cerebral ischaemia and infarction. Prompt recognition and successful intervention to prevent and treat these complications is a key component in the overall success of treatment.