bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns and effects of parasitism by Protocalliphora sialia on tree swallow nestlings
Authors: Rogers Catherine A , Robertson Raleigh J , Stutchbury Bridget J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Altricial nestlings frequently host a great variety and number of ectoparasites (Herman 1936; Rothschild and Clay 1952). Energy loss through such parasitism can have pronounced deleterious effects on the nestlings (Rothschild and Clay 1952; Moss and Camin 1970; Wilson 1979; Chapman and George, Chapter 4, this volume) since they must mature rapidly to avoid depredation within the nest (Ricklefs 1968). We investigate the little known patterns and effects of blowfly (Protocalliphora sialia) parasitism on nestlings of the tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) With one exception, larvae of the genus Protocalliphora are nest-dwelling, intermittent ectoparasites that feed solely on nestling blood (Gold and Dahlsten 1983). The genus is widely distributed in North America, as almost every avian species that rears its young in a nest is susceptible to infestation by one or more Protocalliphoran species (Bennett 1957 With one exception, larvae of the genus Protocalliphora are nest-dwelling, intermittent ectoparasites that feed solely on nestling blood (Gold and Dahlsten 1983). The genus is widely distributed in North America, as almost every avian species that rears its young in a nest is susceptible to infestation by one or more Protocalliphoran species (Bennett 1957).
The nest protection hypothesis: the adaptive use of plant secondary compounds by European starlings
Authors: Clark Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although theory suggests that parasitism will have a measurable effect on evolution in host populations (e.g., Anderson and May 1979; Hamil.. ton and Zuk 1982), the influence of ectoparasitism on nesting and migration behaviour in birds has not been quantified. One can well imagine that a bird's nest full of bugs, ticks, and fleas could be more than just unpleasant for the host (Rothschild and Clay 1952). Because blood loss may reduce growth rates and survivorship of nestlings (Moss and Carnin 1970; Chapman 1973; Brown and Brown 1986; Moller 1987; this volume: Chapman and George, Chapter 4; Moller, Chapter 17) and threaten adults as well, the presence of ectoparasites could make some sites less attractive for nesting, and infested nests might be used for a shorter period of time than uninfested nests due to a buildup of ectoparasites (Moller, Chapter 17, this volume). In addition, parasite buildup during the nesting season might force or favour mass synchronous departure from the breeding area.
Parasites., sexual ornaments., and mate choice in the barn swallow
Authors: Møller Anders Pape 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The significance of extraordinary secondary sexual characters like the conspicuous tails of some bird species has puzzled naturalists for centuries (see Darwin 1871 for an early review). A large number of hypotheses have been advanced to account for such ornaments (see review in Bradbury and Andersson 1987). One of the most recent hypotheses is the suggestion by Hamilton and Zuk (1982) that females choose mates by means of the size of sexual ornaments. Such secondary sexual traits are suggested to indicate genetic resistance by males to parasites and/or diseases. If sexual ornaments indicate resistance to parasites, female choice of long-tailed males will result in genetically determined resistance being in linkage disequilibrium with genes for sexual ornaments. Female choice may continue to be advantageous because genetic variation is maintained by coadaptational cycles of hosts and their parasites (Hamilton and Zuk 1982).
The ILDIS Project on the world’s legume species diversity
Authors: Zarucchi* James L , Winfieldꝉ Peter J , Polhill&#x87; Roger M , Hollis§ Susan , Bisby§ Frank A , Allkin&#x87; Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The International Legume Database and Information Service (ILDIS) is preparing a global plant information system for the 17-18 000 species of Leguminosae (Fabaceae), nearly one-twelfth of the world’s higher plants. ILDIS will provide both a public information service to assist the study and understanding of the economically important legume family, and serve as a prototype for taxonomic databases of global coverage. Design features include: 1. Data-gathering has been on a regional basis yet the project is defined using a taxonomic foundation. To date, datasets for the legumes of Africa, Europe, and the Americans have been merged and subsequently checked for integrity. 2. A single preferred taxonomy for legumes will be presented with appropriate cross-referencing to acceptable alternative classifications via the synonymy and notes. This will enable scientists to employ a standardized system yet provide access from any alternative taxonomies.
Growth, turgor, cell-wall properties, and microfibril orientation along the growing-zone of maize roots during osmotic adjustment
Authors: Pritchard J , Tomos A D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Previous work has examined the reduction of root growth caused by K+ (Pritchard et al. 1987), excision (Pritchard et al. 1988), and low temperature (Pritchard et al. 1990a). It was found, in general, that changes in equilibrium root-growth rate were associated with changes in the cell-wall properties and not with changes in turgor pressure. The present study extends previous results (Pritchard et al. 1991) on the response of root growth to an osmotic stress.
Semiconductor devices, circuits, and systems
Authors: Möschwitzer Albrecht 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern electronics is concerned with implementing hardware functions in semiconductor chips and the software that runs these semiconductor circuits. Very large scale integration (VLSI) of electronic circuits and systems needs interdisciplinary work by device physicists, process developers, circuit designers, design automation specialists, and computer architects. This book covers all these topics, from semiconductor devices to systems, in a compact manner. The text outlines the latest advances in semiconductor devices for VLSI circuits, but also includes simple and easy to use analytical models as well as results of device simulation. The section on circuits gives an overview of basic bipolar and field-effect transistor gates and is mainly devoted to CMOS standard cells and functional blocks (macrocells). The section on systems outlines the top-down design style of digital systems (mainly processors and memories) using functional blocks described in the previous circuit part. Finally some problems of testing and details of physical layout of chips are considered.
Applications
Authors: Gieras Jacek F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A rotary induction motor can theoretically be replaced by a LIM in any translatory motion drives and, in some cases, in rotating wheels, discs, and drums where small torques are transmitted and small friction forces take place. In practice, however, the range of applications of LIMs is limited by increased temperature rise of the primary winding, increased energy consumption, reduced efficiency, and reduced output power-to-mass and output power-to-volume of active materials ratio as compared with rotary induction motors. The causes of these disadvantages are the large airgap and the open magnetic circuit, producing parasitical effects.
Numerical Modelling of Eddy Currents
Authors: Krawczyk Andrzej , Tegopoulos John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Great progress has been made in developing and using numerical methods for solving electromagnetic field problems at low frequency recently. Many of these problems refer to eddy currents which appear in various electromagnetic devices. Originally such problems were tackled by analytical solutions which are limited to simple geometries and linear materials. In practice though all electromagnetic devices have complex boundaries, include non-linear materials, and may be treated exclusively by numerical methods. This book gives systematically the matehmatical simulation of existing methods and discusses the siscretization of relevant equations. The methods described are: finite difference, finite sums, finite element, boundary element, and some variants. Physical connotations of methods and problems are also given.
Finite difference methods
Authors: Wood W L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter the finite difference method is presented in a general way suitable for the applications in this book. The method is mainly illustrated on dimensionless equations which have the same form as those in the surface and subsurface flow problems which are the subject of this book. The basic idea is that the derivatives in the differential equations which represent the water resources problems are approximated by expressions using differences between the values of the dependent variable at selected points of a grid. The differential equation is thus replaced by a number of algebraic equations. The finite difference method is first introduced with the simplest replacements for the derivatives. The more sophisticated methods which are also included in this chapter are all in current use in the solution of water resource problems. The references for these are given in later chapters. Readers who are not interested in convergence proofs can skip them but it is essential to know about stability (sections 3.3, 3.7, 3.10).
Finite difference methods applied to groundwater flow
Authors: Wood W L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses finite difference methods as used for problems of groundwater flow. Sections 5.2 and 5.3 discuss the elliptic boundary value problems obtained for a confined or unconfined aquifer after vertical integration and averaging. These may include abstraction or recharge wells and stream leakage. Section 5.4 considers the parabolic problems when the aquifers of sections 5.2 and 5.3 have time-dependent flow. Also in section 5.4 are brief descriptions of the IFDM (Integrated Finite Difference Method) for groundwater flow (Narasimhan and Witherspoon, 1976) and SHE (Système Hydrologique Européen) (Abbott et al., 1986) which is a finite difference method for combined surface and subsurface flow. Section 5.5 considers a particular problem of ‘noise’, i.e. unwanted oscillation that has occurred in the numerical model of an aquifer which includes ephemeral streams.
Water-quality modelling
Authors: Wood W L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Water-quality modelling is a very active research area and there are two distinct trends towards: (1) parallel algorithms to handle larger and larger problems; (2) adaptations of algorithms to be run on personal computers. Since this is a complicated subject all that is attempted here is a broad outline of current methods plus references. The mass-balance equations for a number of chemically interactive solutes of concentrations Cj, j = 1, 2, ... , M, in the water are each a combination of the physical transport given by the advection and diffusion and the reactions of a particular solute with the other chemicals which are present.
K1 and suspensions
Authors: Wegge-Olsen N E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before starting, the reader is kindly reminded of the definitions and results from Chapter 4 concerning unitaries, invertibles, normalization, and homotopies. In particular, the result in 4.2.6 shows that the introduction of homotopy classes eliminates the distinction between invertibles and unitaries, and between normalized and non-normalized matrices. We are therefore allowed to define the K 1-group as follows
Vector bundles and topological K-theory
Authors: Wegge-Olsen N E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many kinds of K-theory. From Chapter 6 on you learned about Ktheory for C*-algebras, but there is also pure algebraic K-theory, analytical K-theory, KK-theory, not to mention the growing field of K-homology. In the present chapter we shall - with a reversal of chronology - conclude the exposition of operator algebra K-theory by giving a little insight into what may be considered K-theory for commutative C*-algebras.
Quanta
Authors: Atkins Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have been hovering on the edge of quantum theory, with one toe dip- ping into its dangerously infested pool. It is time to take the plunge. To appreciate the significance of the impact of this extraordinary theory we need to note that until the end of the nineteenth century waves unambiguously waved and particles were unambiguously particulate. Unfortunately for naive understanding, though, this distinction did not survive the turn of the century. From a scatter of observations towards the end of that century a virus entered classical physics. A few decades into the twentieth century the disease it brought had destroyed classical physics completely.
Thomas Love Peacock
Authors: Donovan J P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although Thomas Love Peacock (1785-1866) produced a substantial quantity of poetry in modes commonly practised by both the major and minor writers of his day-the meditative and loco-descriptive poem, personal lyric, mythological narrative, and verse satire-he is now regarded chiefly as the author of a kind of satirical prose fiction often considered to be peculiar to him and which an early reviewer described as combining the novel, the drama, and the essay In five novels with contemporary settings-Headlong Hall (1816), Melincourt (1817), Nightmare Abbey (1818), Crotchet Castle (1831), and Gryll Grange (1860-1)-as well as in the two historical romances Maid Marian (1822) and The Misfortunes of Elphin (1829), Peacock developed comic and critical perspectives on the fashions and opinions in the arts and public life which were current at various moments in his long career. He also wrote a number of trenchant essays examining the literature, as well as the literary culture and reputations, of the Romantic period. In 1820 Peacock ‘s friend Shelley described his ‘fine wit ‘ as ‘a strain too learned for a shallow age ‘, declaring his proper audience to be ‘the chosen spirits of the time ‘. It has since become a commonplace that his novels could never be widely popular, and his reputation has indeed been marked by the devoted connoisseurship, and occasionally by the sceptical mistrust, which are the usual extremes of response to writers whose afterlife has been both vigorous and persistent, though confined to a set of readers with a taste for intellectual comedy.
The Work of Art of the Future (1849)
Authors: Wagner Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Richard Wagner (1813-83) had the widest international impact of any nineteenthcentury German man of the theatre—an artistic (though one would hope not an ideological) influence felt to this day—being in his own person a composer, a librettist, a conductor, a producer, and a festival organizer. In addition, he was a voluminous writer on dramatic and musical theory. In this latter aspect of his work, he was driven by impatience with the existing state of art rather than a desire to shine as a theorist as such. His wide-ranging, ponderous prose writings, often sharply polemical in tone, did not always express a single unchanging point of view: thus, his position evolved over time from a democratic to a pro-aristocratic stance.
The Thirty-Six Dramatic Situations (1895)
Authors: Polti Georges 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This proto-structuralist attempt by Georges Polti (b. 1868) to uncover the hidden mechanics of the drama was designed not merely to help the understanding and appreciation of the ‘consumers’ of theatre but actually to help its producers, i.e. contemporary authors. Polti chose the examples to illustrate his thesis from a wealth of dramatic traditions and periods-ranging from the ancient Greeks, Hindus, and Chinese to the modern Russians, from medieval to Renaissance drama, from the Elizabethans to Spanish Golden Age authors, and especially from French playwrights of the Grand Siecle down to the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.
Memoranda on Masks (1932)
Authors: O’Neill Eugene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although Eugene O’Neill (1888-1953), author of more than sixty completed and partly written plays, has been described as a ‘melodramatist’, he was of all American playwrights the one most deeply dedicated to great themes in a theatre conceived as a temple of art. True, his language often prevented him from reaching the greatest heights; but as a tireless experimenter he tried to extend the language of the stage and to create, to use Cocteau’s expression, a vivid ‘poetry of the theatre’. In this endeavour his preoccupation with masks-either masks used literally, or actors adopting a masklike countenance-played an important role which he defended in a number of articles: a relatively rare effort at theorization on his part. Two of three articles in favour of the contemporary use of masks written for The American Spectator are quoted below, the second article in this series, entitled ‘Second Thoughts’ (December 1932), having been omitted.
The Theatre’s New Testament (1964)
Authors: Grotowski Jerzy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Polish director Jerzy Grotowski (b. 1933) has brought a highly personal perspective to the trend in the second half of the twentieth century of assigning a secondary role to the dramatic text in the theatre. He has been compared to Artaud for drawing inspiration from oriental performing arts and rethinking the theatrical space so as to bring about a closer audience involvement; but he differs from his French predecessor in the technical precision of his work and in sacrificing stage technology in favour of a ‘poor theatre’. Between 1959 and 1971, working first with the Theatre of Thirteen Rows (Opole) and then the Laboratory Theatre (Wroclaw), he placed the performer firmly at the centre of the theatrical experience. Calling for a ‘holy actor’ prepared to give himself or herself unreservedly to the audience, he devised technical exercises to enable him or her to achieve this.
The Material and the Models: Notes Towards a Definition of Documentary Theatre (1968)
Authors: Weiss Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The striking change of tack in the dramatic work of novelist/essayist/poet/painter/ film-maker Peter Weiss (1916-82) was due to no mere personal whim: it reflected changes in world politics during the 1960s and 1970s. German-born, living in Sweden where he wrote sometimes in Swedish but mostly in German, the author had come to worldwide notice with the play generally known by its abbreviated title: Marat/ Sade (1964). In this dramatized clash of revolutionary commitment (Marat) versus aristocratic individualism (the Marquis de Sade) Weiss combined Artaudian with Brechtian devices and gave a platform to both sides of the argument.
Avant-Ciarde Theatre and Semiology: A Few Practices and the Theory Behind Them (1982)
Authors: Pavis Patrice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patrice Pavis (b. 1947) is a leading French theorist of drama and performance who has taught at the Theatre Institute of the University of Paris 3 and at the University of Paris 8. He has written extensively about theatrical semiology, including reception theory, and about Marivaux on the stage. His Dictionnaire du theatre gives a full explanation of the basic terms and concepts of theatrical analysis.
New Media and Popular Imagination: Launching Radio, Television, and Digital Media in the United States
Authors: Boddy William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
New Media and Popular Imagination places the current technological upheaval in audio-visual culture in the context of previous periods of twentieth-century media innovation. Examining popular and industry responses to the introduction of radio, television, and digital media into the home, the book underscores the continuities and disjunctions in the ways in which electronic media have been anticipated, promoted, and resisted in twentieth-century America.
The Canterbury Tales
Authors: Cooper Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The three Oxford Guides to Chaucer are written by scholars of international repute, with the purpose of summarizing what is known about his works and offering interpretations based on recent advances in both historical knowledge and theoretical understanding. They will provide readers at every level with new interpretations and ideas, with essential and up-to-date information on such matters as dating and sources and with analyses of thematic issues, structure, style rhetoric and generic relations brought right up-to-date for this second paperback edition. Helen Cooper’s volume on The Canterbury Tales tackles these matters both for the whole work and for each individual Tale. It also includes a survey of literary responses to the Tales over the two centuries following Chaucer’s death. The book is perhaps the most comprehensive single-volume guide to the Tales yet produced, bringing together a wide range of disparate material and providing a readable commentry on all aspects of the work. It combines the comprehensive coverage of a reference book with the coherence of a critical account and since its first publication in 1989, has established itself as a standard work on the Tales.
The Second Nun’s Tale
Authors: Cooper Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The tale of St Cecilia that is assigned to the Second Nun is presumably the same ‘Lyf of Seynt Cecile’ that Chaucer lists among his works in both versions of the prologue to the Legend of Good Women (F. 426, G. 416). It must therefore have been written before 1386-7, and, in view of its borrowings from Dante in the Prologue, after Chaucer’s first visit to Italy in 1373. Although there is no proof that Prologue and Tale were written as a unit, it is unlikely that the Tale was composed any earlier than this, since its use of rhyme royal is typical of Chaucer’s work in the later 1370s and 1380s.
The Conditions of Original Staging
Authors: Gurr Andrew , Ichikawa Mariko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shakespeare and his fellow-playwrights wrote their scripts for stages and audiences that were very different from what we are used to now. As writers for those remote stages they saw their scripts not as words to be read on the page but to be spoken, delivered as a means of telling a story through dialogue and action. What they expected from the forms of‘action’ , the process of acting out the narrative, was embodied in the scripts they wrote for the playing companies. Whereas a modern audience at a cinema could expect a gesture to ‘yonder mountain’ to be accompanied by a picture of the real thing, Elizabethans would see the speaker’s gesture as an indication of where it was assumed to be, but would also know that the reference directed them to imagine some thing that was not there. Piecing out, as the Prologue to Henry V suggests, the deficiencies of the stage setting (‘our imperfections’ ) through the imagination (‘with your thoughts’, 23), was an automatic expectation in both writers and their audiences.
The Ins and Outs of Stage Movement
Authors: Gurr Andrew , Ichikawa Mariko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the features of early staging only recently recognized is the spread of movement over the large platform stages, and the inadequacy of the simple directions ‘Enter’ and ‘Exit/Exeunt’ to mark either the space to be covered or the time such moves took. A careful analysis of the entry and exit stage directions in the plays tells us a lot about movement on stage and the positioning of the characters with speaking parts. This chapter looks into what the ins and outs in Shakespeare’s plays have to say about stage movement.
In Hamlet, 2.2, Hamlet, after hearing the First Player’s speech about Pyrrhus killing Priam, instructs Polonius to see the players well treated, and tells him to lead them away. The text at this point reads as follows: