bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postoperative Outcomes after Gastrointestinal Surgery in Patients Receiving Chronic Kidney Replacement Therapy
Authors: Palamuthusingam Dharmenaan , Hawley Carmel M. , Pascoe Elaine M. , Johnson David Wayne , Palamuthusingam Pranavan , Boudville Neil , Jose Matthew D. , Cross Nicholas B. , Fahim Magid 
Published: December 2023

Objective:
This study evaluated the postoperative mortality and morbidity outcomes following the different subtypes of gastrointestinal (GI) surgery over a 15-year period.

Background:
Patients receiving chronic kidney replacement therapy (KRT) experience higher rates of general surgery compared to other surgery types. Contemporary data on the types of surgeries and their outcomes are lacking. KRT was defined as patients requring chronic dialysis (haemodialysis or peritoneal dilaysis) or having a fucntioning kidney transplant long-term.

Methods:
All incident and prevalent patients aged greater than 18 years identified in the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant (ANZDATA) Registry as receiving chronic KRT were linked with jurisdictional hospital admission datasets between January 1 2000 until December 31 2015. Patients were categorised by their KRT modality (hemodialysis [HD], peritoneal dialysis [PD], home hemodialysis [HHD] and kidney transplant [KT]). GI surgeries were categorised: Upper gastrointestinal (UGI), bowel (small and large bowel), anorectal, hernia surgery, cholecystectomy and appendicectomy. The primary outcome was the rates of the different surgeries, estimated using Poisson models. Secondary outcomes were risks of 30-day/in-hospital postoperative mortality risk and non-fatal outcomes and were estimated using logistic regression. Independent predictors of 30-day-mortality were examined using comorbidity-adjusted Cox models.

Results:
Overall, 46,779 patients on chronic KRT were linked to jurisdictional hospital datasets, and 9,116 patients were identified as having undergone 14,540 GI surgeries with a combined follow-up of 76,593 years. Patients on PD had the highest rates of GI surgery (8 per 100-patient years), with hernia surgery being the most frequent. Patients on PD also had the highest risk of 30-day postoperative mortality following the different types of GI surgery, with the risk being more than 2-fold higher after emergency surgery compared to elective procedures. Infective postoperative complications were more common than cardiac complications. This study also observed a U-shaped association between body mass index (BMI) and mortality, with a nadir in the 30-35 kg/m2 group.

Conclusions:
Patients on chronic KRT have high rates of GI surgery and morbidity, particularly in those who receive PD, are older or are either underweight or moderately obese.
Understanding Hematoma Risk: Study of Patient and Perioperative Factors in a Large Cohort of Young Women Undergoing Reduction Mammaplasty
Authors: Stanek Krystof , Nussbaum Lisa , Labow Brian I , Chacko Sabeena , Ganske Ingrid M , Ganor Oren , Vinson Amy , Greene Arin K , Nuzzi Laura , Rogers-Vizena Carolyn R 
Published: December 2023

BACKGROUND:
Despite high satisfaction rates, reduction mammaplasty can have complications such as hematoma. Factors such as age, tobacco use, and comorbidities are known contributors, whereas the influence of race, BMI, certain medications, and blood pressure (BP) remain contentious. This study investigates hematoma risk factors in young women undergoing reduction mammaplasty.

STUDY DESIGN:
A retrospective review was conducted including all female patients who underwent bilateral reduction mammaplasty at a single institution between 2012 and 2022. Data on demographics, BMI, medical comorbidities, surgical techniques, medications, and perioperative BP were collected. Differences between patients who developed a hematoma and those who did not were assessed using chi-square, Fisher’s exact, and t-tests. The relationship between perioperative BP and hematoma formation was assessed using logistic regression.

RESULTS:
Of 1,754 consecutive patients, 3% developed postoperative hematoma of any kind, with 1.8% returning to the operating room. Age (odds ratio [OR] 1.14, p = 0.01) and ketorolac use (OR 3.93, p = 0.01) were associated with hematoma development. Controlling for baseline BP, each 10 mmHg incremental increase in peak intraoperative BP (systolic BP [SBP]: OR 1.24, p = 0.03; mean arterial pressure: OR 1.24, p = 0.01) and postoperative BP (SBP: OR 1.41, p = 0.01; mean arterial pressure: OR 1.49, p = 0.01) escalated the odds of hematoma. Postoperative SBP variability also incrementally increased hematoma odds (OR 1.48, p < 0.01). Other factors, including race and surgical technique, were not significantly influential.

CONCLUSIONS:
Age, ketorolac use, and intra- and postoperative BP peaks and variability are risk factors for hematoma in reduction mammaplasty. This emphasizes the importance of perioperative BP management and optimizing pain management protocols.
Psychiatric and behavioral manifestations of Williams syndrome
Authors: Thom Robyn P. 
Published: December 2023

Purpose of review
The purpose of this review is to synthesize recent advances in the psychiatric and behavioral manifestations of Williams syndrome, a rare genetic syndrome. Recent advances have focused on more deeply characterizing the social phenotype and developing social skill interventions, improving the assessment and treatment of anxiety, and exploring eating behaviors.

Recent findings
The social cognitive phenotype in Williams syndrome, which consists of both high social drive and social cognition deficits, is present cross-culturally and may be related to reduced eye gaze. Social skills training for adults with Williams syndrome has demonstrated promise. Adapted exposure therapy and cognitive behavioral therapy programs for children and adults respectively, have been piloted in Williams syndrome. The majority of adults with Williams syndrome are either underweight or overweight, and problematic food-related behaviors likely contribute to bodyweight status.

Summary
Williams syndrome is associated with a number of core social and psychiatric difficulties which have a significant impact on functioning and quality of life. Recent work has begun to utilize a more nuanced understanding of the clinical presentations of these problems to develop interventions tailored to this unique population. However, larger trials, particularly those inclusive of a more diverse Williams syndrome population, are needed.
Multiple sclerosis: Effects of fixed-dose combination of dimethyl fumarate and NADPH oxidase inhibitor on oxidative stress markers and neurobehavioral activity in mice model of cuprizone-induced demyelination
Authors: Gurubarath Mani , Dhananjayan Karthik 
Published: December 2023

AbstractBackgroundMotor coordination (MC) and long-term recognition memory (LRM) are affected in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). The exact mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of MS is still unknown. However, oxidative stress is one of the underlying mechanisms of the pathogenesis of MS that is detrimental to myelin due to an imbalance in the levels of antioxidants. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is a first-line treatment for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Since OS plays a significant role in MS, in addition to DMF treatment, inhibition of NADPH oxidases (NOXs) may provide surplus glutathione (GSH) to prevent myelin loss. Hence, the objective of this study was to test the effect of a fixed dose of apocynin (50 mg/kg) combined with a fixed-dose DMF (30 mg/kg) on antioxidants, MC, and LRM in cuprizone (CUP)-induced mice model of demyelination.MethodsThe MC and LRM were evaluated by narrow beam and novel object recognition tests, catalase and superoxide dismutase activity by the degradation of hydrogen peroxide and nitroblue tetrazolium method; malondialdehyde by thiobarbituric acid assay, GSH by high-performance liquid chromatography, and presence of myelin by modified luxol fast blue staining.ResultsThe combination therapy with DMF plus APO in CUP-fed mice preserved LRM and MC with a significant increase in catalase activity (1.15 ± 0.04 U/mg protein; p<0.001), superoxide dismutase activity (9.25 ± 0.10 U/mg protein; p<0.0001), and GSH (195.25 ± 22.75 nmol/mg protein,****p<0.0001) of the cerebral cortex versus disease control (98.52 ± 8.85 nmol/mg protein). APO plus DMF30 in CUP-fed mice also preserved myelin (p<0.001) at the corpus callosum of mice brains.ConclusionsWe conclude that APO combination with DMF might have protected myelin by modulating (increasing) the levels of antioxidants to act against CUP-induced oxidative stress and thereby preserved MC and LRM in the cuprizone-induced mice model of demyelination.
AI learns racial information from the values of vital signs
Authors: Velichkovska Bojana , Gjoreski Hristijan , Denkovski Daniel , Kalendar Marija , Mullan Irene Dankwa , Gichoya Judy Wawira , Martinez Nicole , Celi Leo Anthony , Osmani Venet 
Published: December 2023

AbstractBackgroundBias in medical practice is multifaceted, including treatment variations across race-ethnicity, unconscious bias in healthcare providers’ attitudes, and bias in clinical scores. However, far less is known about the potential racial bias in routinely collected, essential information in clinical decision-making, namely vital signs.Research questionDo vital signs embed racial information that can be learned by AI algorithms?Study Design and MethodsRetrospective cohort study of critically ill patients between 2014 and 2015 from the multi-centre eICU-CRD critical care database involving 335 Intensive Care Units (ICU) based in 208 US hospitals, containing 200,859 patient admissions. We extracted 10,763 critical care admissions of patients aged 18 and over, alive during the first 24 hours after admission to ICU with recorded self-reported race as well as at least two measurement of heart rate, oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, and blood pressure. Pairs of racial subgroups were matched based on age, gender, admission diagnosis and APACHE IV scores. Traditional machine learning algorithms, including XGBoost and Logistic regression were used to predict self-reported race using values of vital signs as an input.ResultsAI models derived from only six vital signs can predict patients’ self-reported race with an AUC of 0.74 (± 0.022) between White and Black patients. Technologies used to measure oxygen saturation are a significant source of self-reported racial information (AUC of 0.72 ± 0.028), in addition to blood pressure measurements (AUC of 0.63 ± 0.035). Care delivery practices do not present a significant source of racial information (AUC of 0.57 ± 0.019). However, even when controlling for these known factors, self-reported race can still be learned from vital signs, whose origin we cannot currently explain.InterpretationVital signs embed racial information that can be learned by AI algorithms, posing a significant risk to equitable clinical decision-making. Mitigating measures might be challenging, considering fundamental role of vital signs.
Enzyme fluctuations data improve inference of metabolic interaction networks with an inverse differential Jacobian approach
Authors: Li Jiahang , Weckwerth Wolfram , Waldherr Steffen 
Published: December 2023

AbstractThe development of next-generation sequencing and single-cell technology has generated vast genome-scale multi-omics datasets. Dedicated mathematical algorithms are required to dissect intricate molecular causality within metabolic networks using these datasets. Based on the network analysis, recent research has introduced the inverse differential Jacobian algorithm, which combines metabolic interaction network construction and covariance matrix analysis of genome-scale metabolomics data to elucidate system regulatory factors near steady-state dynamics. Traditionally, these studies assumed metabolomics variations solely resulted from metabolic system fluctuations, acting independently on each metabolite. However, emerging evidence highlights the role of internal network fluctuations, particularly from the gene expression fluctuations, leading to correlated perturbations on metabolites.In this article, we propose a novel approach that exploits these correlations to reconstruct relevant metabolic interactions. Thereby, enzymes exhibiting significant variances in activity values serve as indicators of large fluctuations in their catalyzed reactions. By integrating this information in an inverse Jacobian algorithm, we are able to exploit the underlying reaction network structure to improve the construction of the fluctuation matrix required in the inverse Jacobian algorithm. After a comprehensive assessment of three critical factors affecting the algorithm’s accuracy, we conclude that using the enzyme fluctuation data significantly enhances the inverse Jacobian algorithm’s performance. We applied this approach to a breast cancer dataset with two different cell lines, which highlighted metabolic interactions where fluctuations in enzyme gene expression yield a relevant difference between the cell lines.
Lanthanide Cathodophores for Multicolor Electron Microscopy
Authors: Abdul Rehman Sohaib , Conway Jeremy B. , Nichols Amy , Soucy Edward R. , Dee Amanda , Stevens Kristal , Merminod Simon , MacNaughton Isabella , Curtis Abigail , Prigozhin Maxim B. 
Published: December 2023

AbstractElectron microscopy (EM) and fluorescence imaging are indispensable techniques that provide complementary information on cellular organization. Combining these two modalities is a long-standing challenge in bioimaging. In principle, it should be possible to use the electron beam both for ultrastructural imaging and for molecular localization. The latter could be accomplished by directly exciting suitable biomolecular labels and detecting their luminescence – a process termed cathodoluminescence (CL). Here, we achieve multicolor, single-particle CL imaging of sub-20-nm lanthanide nanocrystals (cathodophores) in the same field of view on the surface of a mammalian cell while simultaneously imaging cellular ultrastructure. In pursuit of this goal, we have developed a comprehensive framework for single-particle CL imaging of lanthanide nanocrystals. By mitigating nonlocal excitation due to secondary electrons, we achieved single-particle detection of multiple spectrally distinct types of sub-20-nm cathodophores. The smallest detectable cathodophores were sub-12 nm in diameter. We found that the CL emission rate scaled linearly with nanocrystal diameter. Furthermore, even in the absence of inert shells, cathodophores were not quenched in the context of mammalian cells processed for EM imaging using heavy-metal staining and sputter-coating. These findings establish cathodophores as promising biomolecular tags for multicolor EM. Moreover, our results inform general design rules for precise control and rational engineering of future generations of single-particle cathodoluminescent nanoprobes.
Biased cell adhesion organizes a circuit for visual motion integration
Authors: Carrier Yannick , Rio Laura Quintana , Formicola Nadia , de Sousa-Xavier Vicente , Tabet Maha , Chen Yu-Chieh David , Wislez Maëva , Orts Lisa , Pinto-Teixeira Filipe 
Published: December 2023

ABSTRACTLayer specific computations in the brain rely on neuronal processes establishing synaptic connections with specific partners in distinct laminae. In theDrosophilalobula plate neuropile, the axons of the four subtypes of T4 and T5 visual motion direction-selective neurons segregate into four layers, based on their directional preference, and form synapses with distinct subsets of postsynaptic neurons. Four bi-stratified inhibitory lobula plate intrinsic cells exhibit a consistent synaptic pattern, receiving excitatory T4/T5 inputs in one layer, and conveying inhibitory signals to an adjacent layer. This layered arrangement establishes motion opponency. Here, we identify layer-specific expression of different receptor-ligand pairs belonging to the Beat and Side families of Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs) between T4/T5 neurons and their postsynaptic partners. Genetic analysis reveals that Beat/Side mediated interactions are required to restrict T4/T5 axonal innervation to a single layer. We propose that Beat/Side contribute to synaptic specificity by biasing adhesion between synaptic partners before synaptogenesis.
Modeling the critical MCOR-causing deletion in mouse unveils aberrantSox21expression in developing and adult iris and ciliary body, and implicatesTgfβ2in MCOR-associated glaucoma and myopia
Authors: Angée Clémentine , Erjavec Elisa , Hadjadj Djihad , Passet Bruno , David Pierre , Kostic Corinne , Dodé Emmanuel , Zanlonghi Xavier , Cagnard Nicolas , Nedelec Brigitte , Crippa Sylvain V. , Bole-Feysot Christine , Zarhrate Mohammed , Creuzet Sophie , Castille Johan , Vilotte Jean-Luc , Calvas Patrick , Plaisancié Julie , Chassaing Nicolas , Kaplan Josseline , Rozet Jean-Michel , Taie Lucas Fares 
Published: December 2023

ABSTRACTCongenital microcoria (MCOR) is a rare hereditary developmental defect of the iris dilator muscle, frequently associated with high axial myopia and high intraocular pressure (IOP) glaucoma. The condition is caused by submicroscopic rearrangements of chromosome 13q32.1. However, the mechanisms underlying the failure of iris development and the origin of associated features remain elusive. Here, we present a 3D architecture model of the 13q32.1 region, demonstrating that MCOR-related deletions consistently disrupt the boundary between two Topologically Associating Domains (TADs). Deleting the critical MCOR-causing region in mice reveals ectopicSox21expression precisely aligning withDct, each located in one of the two neighbor TADs. This observation is consistent with the TADs’ boundary alteration and adoption ofDctregulatory elements by theSox21promoter. Additionally, we identifyTgfb2as a target gene of SOX21 and show TGFB2 accumulation in the aqueous humor of a MCOR-affected subject. Accumulation of TGFB2 is recognized for its role in glaucoma and potential impact on axial myopia. Our results highlight the importance of SOX21-TGFB2 signaling in iris development and control of eye growth and IOP. Insights from MCOR studies may provide therapeutic avenues for this condition but also for glaucoma and high myopia conditions, affecting millions of people.
Mamaearth: from a mother’s dilemma to a multi-crore brand
Authors: Modi Shailavi , Balaji Vedha 
Published: December 2023

Learning outcomes
The case study has several objectives: to gauge the evaluation of the direct-to-consumer industry in the economy of India, to analyse the competition of the brands, to ascertain the evolution of smaller direct-to-consumer (DTC) brands on the purchasing capacity of consumers, to analyse challenges in branding in Tier 2 and 3 cities and to evaluate the strategic branding decisions of Mamaearth.

Case overview/synopsis
During her pregnancy, Ghazal Alagh and her husband Varun Alagh, the co-founders of Mamaearth, were looking for some good and natural products for their baby’s skincare. However, she could not find products that were 100% safe. Hence, as a concerned mother, she started using a few hands-on home remedies for her baby, which were 100% organic, and then the idea clicked to her to start a baby care brand named Mamaearth, which later also included personal care products. The company started as a DTC/internet-first brand in 2016, which only used to sell products online without any intermediaries when it was still trying to make its way in the market and was aware of the stiff competition by giants such as Hindustan Unilever and Proctor & Gamble, who were ruling the market for decades. When the COVID-19 pandemic hit, the market saw a shift in consumer buying patterns. There was greater use of e-commerce touch points for shopping, as various digital platforms such as the official site of products, social media and mobile platforms were used by consumers during the pandemic, leading to digitalization in buying and digitalization of consumer shopping journey. These technology platforms were expected to play a substantial role in reaching and creating consumer awareness, transaction and retention post-COVID according to reports by Deloitte 2020. Moreover, such a shift in behaviour amidst the COVID-19 pandemic shot up sales of this DTC brand and made itself the big shot it is today, where they were looking to get into an initial public offering in just seven years of its launch. They re-evaluated their strategy, which helped them become the biggest brand in no time.

Complexity academic level
This case study is suitable for Doctor of Philosophy students.

Supplementary material
Teaching notes are available for educators only.

Subject code
CSS 8: Marketing.
The importance of the school principals' role in the digital transformation of the education sector
Authors: Al Nuaimi Hessa , Ahmad Syed Zamberi , Khalid Khalizani 
Published: December 2023

PurposeThis study examines the critical elements that contribute to the effective adoption of educational digital resources (EDRs) in schools, with a focus on school principals and their leadership, from a strategic pedagogical standpoint.Design/methodology/approachUsing survey data from 200 school principals, measurement and structure models are tested through structural equation modeling to quantify the impact between constructs.FindingsThe findings indicate that the most important factor influencing how effectively schools are transforming digitally is how beneficial school principals believe EDRs to be. Other important elements include the environment of the school, the technical assistance and service provided for the EDRs, and the professional and personal background of the principal.Practical implicationsPrincipals should be a fundamental component of educational plans for digital transformation, considering things like their age, leadership and teaching experience. Other components include contextual elements like school size, complexity and digital culture. A school principal's ability to promote an open dialogue – that enables educational communities to view the integration of EDRs into pedagogical models as an opportunity to improve outcomes – can assist a digital culture transition, rather than via the principal's authority or bureaucratic influence.Originality/valueThis research is among the pioneer to study the role of school principals in the UAE towards understanding the direction for digital transformation.