bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Four visions of e‐commerce in Latin America in the year 2010
Authors: Montealegre Ramiro 
Published: November 2004

AbstractExcitement is growing around the world about the Internet's potential to enable a global electronic commerce. The reality, however, differs a great deal depending on what part of the world we consider. In Latin America, the e‐commerce theme is often found in the popular press portraying it as a solution for multiple national problems and as a catalyst to propel the region to a stronger position in the world economy. Unfortunately, many of the “new” capabilities required to harness the economic benefit of e‐commerce, which emphasize value‐adding steps performed through and with information, are very scarce in the region. This article raises questions about Latin America's ability to exploit the Internet, and to implement and capitalize on e‐commerce applications. It underscores the region's need to engage in a future planning discourse about the adoption of e‐commerce within organizations, communities, and across traditional boundaries of competition and national borders. To start the dialogue, four scenarios are presented as “future snapshots” written from the vantage point of the year 2010. Each scenario considers issues regarding technological adoption and potential social responses, and discusses some of the critical assumptions about patterns observed in the region today and their implications for the future. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Corporate ethical values in South Africa
Authors: Marta Janet K. Mullin , Singhapakdi Anusorn , Higgs‐Kleyn Nicola 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis study analyzes the influence of a number of variables on the ethical decision making process of South
African marketers. Specifically, it measures the relative influences of ethical perception, idealism,
relativism, and corporate ethical values on the ethical intentions of the marketers. The target respondents were
practitioner members of the South African Institute of Marketing Management. The survey results indicate that
perception of an ethical problem and relativism are significant predictors of ethical intentions, as
hypothesized. The other two predictor variables (idealism and corporate ethical values) were not
significant. The results regarding idealism are generally consistent with those from previous studies, but
corporate ethical values has usually been found to be significant, and not just in the United States. These
nonsignificant findings are among the most intriguing of the study. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Reactions to authority
Authors: Bu Nailin , Craig Timothy J. , Peng T.K. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractJapanese, Taiwanese, and PRC employees responded to vignettes where they were asked to react to a
supervisor's direction. Multiple versions of the vignettes that varied systematically with respect to
company policies, peer consensus, and independent assessment were distributed to create a factorial design. PRC
employees were the most compliant, followed by Taiwanese, and then by Japanese employees. Compared with Japanese
and Taiwanese employees, PRC employees were more strongly influenced by company policies but less strongly
influenced by independent assessment. Peer consensus carried more weight among Japanese employees than among
Taiwanese and PRC employees, although the difference was statistically insignificant. © 2001 John Wiley
& Sons, Inc.
Long‐term transportation of ratfish, Hydrolagus colliei, and tiger rockfish, Sebastes nigrocinctus
Authors: Correia João P.S. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractOn December 10, 2000, five tiger rockfish, Sebastes nigrocinctus, and 10 ratfish, Hydrolagus colliei, were transported from Vancouver, Canada, to Lisbon, Portugal, for 51 and 44 hours, respectively. The transport vessels consisted of large circular tanks (1.0‐m diameter × 0.6 m high) and filtration was added to the rockfish tank only. Filtration consisted of a combination of cartridge and activated carbon, powered by a 12‐V bilge pump placed on the middle of the transport vessel. Water quality parameters (ammonia, temperature, and oxygen saturation) were tested during the transport, and an ammonia detoxifier was added to some of the transport vessels when ammonia concentration reached 0.25 mg/L. Sodium bicarbonate was also added for pH buffering. All animals survived the trip and the subsequent 4 weeks. The water quality monitoring and treatment regimen therefore seemed appropriate for this type of long‐term transportation. Zoo Biol 20:435–441, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A comparison of physical activity levels in two contrasting elderly populations in Thailand
Authors: Henry C.J.K. , Webster‐Gandy J. , Varakamin C. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThere is little information available on physical activity patterns in the elderly in developing countries. This is particularly important at a time when developing countries are in transition and show signs of moving toward Western style patterns of physical activity and social structure. This study is unique in that it compares the physical activity levels in two contrasting communities: a residential home and a rural community of elderly subjects in Thailand. Ninety elderly people living in a residential home and 78 elderly people living with their families in a rural community were recruited. The men in the rural community were slightly lighter and leaner than the men in the residential community, but the differences were not significant. However, the women were significantly (P < 0.001) heavier and fatter in the residential home than in the rural community. This is consistent with the higher levels of physical activity in the rural community. There was considerable variation in physical activity in this population. The physical activity level (PAL) values ranged from 1.21 to 1.73 in the residential home and from 1.21 to 3.08 in the rural community. This is apparently the first study of physical activity patterns in elderly subjects in a developing country. It highlights the variation in activity within the rural community and between both communities. The opportunities for the elderly living in the residential home to have active lifestyles are limited. It is likely that this will result in increased morbidity in the final years of life. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 13:310–315, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Do “helpers at the nest” increase their parents' reproductive success?
Authors: Crognier Emile , Baali A. , Hilali M‐K. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract“Helpers at the nest,” usually offspring of a preceding litter who contribute by feeding the young to increase the reproductive success of a breeding pair, are known in many species of birds and mammals. Although similar behaviors were described by ethnological observations in several human societies, there is a lack of data on their existence and role. This study of 794 reproductive life histories of post‐menopausal Berber women of Southern Morocco aims to provide such information. Results show that the presence of “probable helpers” in the household is related to higher fertility scores and is associated with improved survival of offspring to sexual maturity. In contrast to sparse observations from other human societies, there is no indication that child caretaking would be specific to eldest daughters. Although the association between offspring survival and helping patterns seems highly probable, there is no confirmation that child caretaking per se is the relevant variable. Contrary to nonhuman helpers at the nest, workloads of children range from housekeeping to light agricultural tasks, and are not focused on assisting younger siblings. The improvement of reproductive success is probably the result of multiple interactions, among which the network of kinship would play a role at both the levels of economy and reciprocal assistance. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 13:365–373, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Physical activity at 9–12 months and fatness at 2 years of age
Authors: Wells J.C.K. , Ritz P. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractPrevious research has shown that physical activity in early infancy does not predict later fatness, whereas in preschool children, such a relationship is found. The objective of this study was to investigate whether total energy expenditure (TEE) and behavior in late infancy are related to subcutaneous and total fatness in early childhood. Twenty‐six infants were studied at 9–12 months and followed up at 2 years of age. Anthropometry, body composition, TEE, and behavior were measured in late infancy; skinfold thicknesses and total body fat were measured at 2 years of age. Infant TEE adjusted for fat‐free mass was not related to later fatness. Infant behavior was related to later subcutaneous fatness, but not to total body fatness. Lower levels of infant activity were associated with greater skinfold thicknesses in childhood. Thus, by late infancy, physical activity level is related to subsequent skinfold thickness. Particular aspects of infant behavior appear to be more important than the sum of energy expended on activity. However, the relationship did not extend to total body fat. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 13:384–389, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of the growth of children and physical status of adults in two Aboriginal communities in South Australia
Authors: Henneberg Maciej , Schilitz Anja , Lambert Kosette M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractGrowth of children and physical status of adults in two Aboriginal communities, Gerard and Raukkan, South Australia, were assessed. Height, weight, biepicondylar breadth of humerus, the triceps and subscapular skinfolds, and arm circumferences were measured on 110 children and 77 adults annually between 1996 and 2000. Data were transformed to z scores, using American reference data. In all groups height z scores are negative. In all but Raukkan boys, the z scores are significantly smaller than the reference. Body weight z scores lie above the reference, with the only exceptions being Gerard children. Still, in all cases BMI lies above the reference, being significantly greater than the reference, except in Gerard girls. z scores for the triceps skinfold are not consistently positive, but those for the subscapular skinfold are positive in all groups, indicating centralized fat accumulation. In both boys and girls, Raukkan men and Gerard women, biepicondylar breadth of the humerus is below the reference. Increased BMI and trunk fatness suggest that members of these communities are not only receiving adequate nutrition, but that in many cases there is also a caloric surplus, sometimes leading to obesity. Inadequate skeletal growth indicated by short stature and small biepicondylar breadths, on the other hand, suggests that the environment is less than optimal for growth. Factors such as disease load, psychosocial pressures, or specific nutrient shortages may be involved. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 13:603–611, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Climate and head form in India
Authors: Bharati S. , Som S. , Bharati P. , Vasulu T.S. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe relationship between head form and climatic variation was investigated in different tribal and caste populations of India. The magnitude of the cephalic index varies significantly in different zones. In tropical zones, head form is longer (dolicocephalic), but in temperate zones, head form is more round (mesocephalic or brachycephalic), especially among Scheduled Tribes (ST) and Scheduled Castes (SC) than among other castes. These trends possibly support a climatic adaptation model in head form differences among ST and SC in India. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 13:626–634, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nutritional status by socioeconomic level in an urban sample from Bilbao (Basque Country)
Authors: Rebato E. , Rosique J. , Vinagre A. , Salces I. , San Martín L. , Susanne C. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAnthropometry, records of food intake, and bioelectric impedance were gathered from a sample of 297 adults of both sexes who lived in marginal districts in the town of Bilbao and benefited from a program of social assistance. This survey aimed to determine present nutritional status and to ascertain the relationship between food intake and nutritional conditions. A comparative evaluation of anthropometry and food intake was then carried out using a reference from the Basque Country and a control sample from the same area but from better‐off nutritional and socioeconomic conditions. Males from low socioeconomic status (SES) displayed lower heights and weights compared to the local reference and control sample. They showed higher skinfold thickness than males in the local reference but lower thicknesses than those in the control sample. All anthropometric variables, except height, were higher in women of low socioeconomic status compared to the local reference and control sample. Low socioeconomic males had lower estimated percentage of body fat than the control sample, while females showed the opposite pattern. On the other hand, estimates of food intake in males did not reveal great differences among samples from different socioeconomic backgrounds, while low SES females had greater intakes of food than the better‐off control sample. Estimated zinc intake showed differences by SES in both sexes. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 13:668–678, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Child abuse and the balance of power in parental relationships: An evolved domain‐independent mental mechanism that accounts for behavioral variation
Authors: Handwerker W. Penn 
Published: November 2004

AbstractPrevious studies use zero‐order analyses to show a link between child abuse and exposure to “stepfathers.” These studies rest on a proposed evolved, domain‐specific cognitive mechanism that induces adult males to abuse or kill offspring not their own and, so, contribute directly to reproductive success. However, child abuse may reflect an evolved neurological mechanism that creates behavioral plasticity and adaptability by assigning emotional weights (which in consciousness appear rationalized as costs and benefits) to choice alternatives in all behavioral domains. This mechanism should act as a selective mechanism to create enhanced ability to avoid predation (social exploitation) and to obtain access to resources, given the properties of specific ecosystems, and should control behavioral responses to variation in the balance of power in social relationships. Power equalities should elicit good treatment for both parties; power inequalities, by contrast, should elicit exploitative and coercive behavior on the part of those who hold the balance of power. This paper reports a test of both hypotheses simultaneously, controlling for a standard social science risk factor (growing up in poverty). Once we control for the balance of power in parental relationships, exposure to a stepfather and growing up in poverty show no effect on the intensity of child abuse. Powerful women negotiated affectionate behavior from their partners for both themselves and their children; powerless women's negotiations with partners usually left both themselves and their children open to violence. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 13:679–689, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Porotic hyperostosis as a marker of health and nutritional conditions during childhood: Studies at the transition between imperial rome and the early middle ages
Authors: Salvadei Loretana , Ricci Francesca , Manzi Giorgio 
Published: November 2004

AbstractPorotic hyperostosis, characterized by small and localized perforations on the surface of cranial bones, is considered a good indicator for assessing the health and nutritional status of past human populations. The most widely accepted theory at present indicates that anemias, either acquired or of genetic origin, are responsible for the bony lesions described as porotic hyperostosis. In this paper, the prevalence of these lesions in two skeletal samples from Latium (central Italy) was used to evaluate health and life conditions in Italy after the collapse of the Roman Empire. One sample belongs to the Roman Imperial Age (1st–3rd centuries A.D.) rural town of Lucus Feroniae; the other comes from the 7th century A.D. Lombard necropolis of Selvicciola. The prevalence of cribra orbitalia and cribra cranii was quite similar in the two samples but slightly more frequent in the Medieval community. Differential diagnosis suggested iron deficiency anemia in early childhood as the causative agent of the hyperostotic lesions in both samples. These results may be interpreted in light of previous examinations of same samples and according to their respective historical and socio‐economical characteristics. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 13:709–717, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism‐dementia complex of the Kii peninsula of Japan: Clinical and neuropathological study and tau analysis
Authors: Kuzuhara Shigeki , Kokubo Yasumasa , Sasaki Ryogen , Narita Yugo , Yabana Tadashi , Hasegawa Masato , Iwatsubo Takeshi 
Published: November 2004

AbstractWe report the first case of neuropathologically verified parkinsonism‐dementia complex of the Kii peninsula, together with the patient's brother, who had amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The propositus woman developed parkinsonism and dementia at 63 years of age and died at 70 without displaying clinical features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The brain exhibited marked atrophy of the frontal and temporal lobes. Microscopically, there were many neurofibrillary tangles in the central nervous system, most markedly in the mesial temporal lobe and deep nuclei, as well as changes of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis but no senile plaques or Lewy bodies. Neurofibrillary tangles exhibited twisted tubule structures on electon microscopic examination, and an analysis of insoluble tau protein extracted from the fresh brain revealed a 60‐, 64‐, 68‐kD triplet. The tau gene exhibited no mutations. Her brother developed progressive bulbar palsy–type amyotrophic lateral sclerosis at 45 years of age and died at 49 without presenting with dementia or parkinsonism. Neuropathological examination revealed not only pathologic features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis but also a moderate number of neurofibrillary tangles in the temporal cortex and deep nuclei. The siblings were neuropathologically similar despite their different clinical manifestations. These findings suggest that amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and parkinsonism‐dementia complex of this family may be phenotypic variants of a tauopathy caused by genetic abnormalities. Ann Neurol 2001;49:501–511
A novel TRK A (NTRK1) mutation associated with hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy type V
Authors: Houlden Henry , King R. H. M. , Hashemi‐Nejad A. , Wood N. W. , Mathias C. J. , Reilly Mary , Thomas P. K. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA boy with recurrent pyrexial episodes from early life sustained a painless ankle injury and was found to have a calcaneus fracture and, later, neuropathic joint degeneration of the tarsus. Examination revealed distal loss of pain and temperature sensation and widespread anhidrosis. Sural nerve biopsy demonstrated severe reduction in small‐caliber myelinated fiber density but only modest reduction in unmyelinated axons, the pattern of type V hereditary sensory and autonomic neuropathy (HSAN V). DNA analysis showed that he was homozygous for a mutation in the NTRK1/high‐affinity nerve growth factor (TrkA) gene, his parents being heterozygous. Mutations in this gene are known to be responsible for HSAN IV (congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis). The two disorders are therefore likely to be allelic. Ann Neurol 2001;49:521–525
Effects of riluzole on cortical excitability in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Stefan Katja , Kunesch Erwin , Benecke Reiner , Classen Joseph 
Published: November 2004

Abstract2 Using transcranial magnetic stimulation, the effect of riluzole (RLZ) on cortical excitability was studied in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Paired‐pulse inhibition (PPI) and paired‐pulse facilitation (PPF) were reduced. RLZ partially restored deficient PPI in the first of 4 consecutive 3‐month periods of testing, but left PPF unchanged. These findings substantiate the view that attenuation of glutamate‐related excitotoxicity is an important factor contributing to the beneficial effect of RLZ in ALS. Ann Neurol 2001;49:537–540
Gluten sensitivity in sporadic and hereditary cerebellar ataxia
Authors: Bushara Khalafalla O. , Goebel Stephan U. , Shill Holly , Goldfarb Lev G. , Hallett Mark 
Published: November 2004

AbstractGluten sensitivity, with or without classical celiac disease symptoms and intestinal pathology, has been suggested as a potentially treatable cause of sporadic cerebellar ataxia. Here, we investigated the prevalence of abnormally high serum immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG anti‐gliadin antibody titers and typical human lymphocyte antigen (HLA) genotypes in 50 patients presenting with cerebellar ataxia who were tested for molecularly characterized hereditary ataxias. A high prevalence of gluten sensitivity was found in patients with sporadic (7/26; 27%) and autosomal dominant (9/24; 37%) ataxias, including patients with known ataxia genotypes indicating a hitherto unrecognized association between hereditary ataxias and gluten sensitivity. Further studies are needed to determine whether gluten sensitivity contributes to cerebellar degeneration in patients with hereditary cerebellar ataxia. Patients with hereditary ataxia (including asymptomatic patients with known ataxia genotype) should be considered for screening for gluten sensitivity and gluten‐free diet trials. Ann Neurol 2001;49:540–543
Attention and cognition in bradykinetic‐rigid syndromes: An event‐related potential study
Authors: Pirtošek Zvezdan , Jahanshahi Marjan , Barrett Geoff , Lees Andrew J. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBradykinetic‐rigid syndromes are often accompanied by cognitive impairment. Because prominent motor involvement in these disorders may interfere with neuropsychological testing, we used event‐related potentials (ERPs) for the assessment of cognition and attention in 41 patients with various bradykinetic‐rigid syndromes of less than 5 years duration: idiopathic Parkinson's disease corticobasal degeneration, Steele‐Richardson‐Olszewski syndrome (SRO), and multiple system atrophy. Patients were compared with matched normals. ERP abnormalities in the auditory “oddball” paradigm were found only in corticobasal degeneration and SRO. ERP abnormalities in selective attention tasks were present in all patient groups, changes in SRO being the most prevalent. Abnormalities in corticobasal degeneration were present under “less‐attention‐demanding” conditions and suggested involvement of posterior parts of the brain. Multiple system atrophy and idiopathic Parkinson's disease patient groups had minimal ERP abnormalities. However, reaction times in MSA were longer in all paradigms. The results of the study support the view that bradykinetic‐rigid syndromes involve some attentional deficits, but also have distinct reaction time and ERP characteristics, which may be helpful in differential diagnosis.