bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immune cell function testing: an adjunct to therapeutic drug monitoring in transplant patient management
Authors: Kowalski Richard , Post Diane , Schneider Mary C , Britz Judith , Thomas Judy , Deierhoi Mark , Lobashevsky Andrew , Redfield Robert , Schweitzer Eugene , Heredia Alonso , Reardon Elise , Davis Charles , Bentlejewski Carol , Fung John , Shapiro Ron , Zeevi Adriana 
Published: November 2004

Abstract:  Each year, 55 000 organ transplants are performed worldwide. Cumulatively, the number of living organ recipients is now estimated to be over 300 000. Most of these transplant recipients will remain on immunosuppressive drugs for the remainder of their lives to prevent rejection episodes. Controlled doses of these drugs are required to prevent over‐medication, which may leave the patient susceptible to opportunistic infection and drug toxicity effects, or under‐dosing, which may lead to shortened graft survival because of rejection episodes.This paper describes the result of a multicenter study conducted at the Universities of Pittsburgh, Alabama and Maryland to evaluate an in vitro assay (CylexTM Immune Cell Function Assay) for the measurement of global immune response in transplant patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy. The assay uses a whole blood sample to maintain the presence of the drug during incubation. Following overnight incubation of blood with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), CD4 cells are selected using paramagnetic particles coated with a monoclonal antibody to the CD4 epitope. The CD4‐positive cells are targeted as major immunosuppressive drugs are designed to specifically inhibit T‐cell activation which has been implicated in rejection.The data generated at these three sites were submitted in support of an Food and Drug Association (FDA) application for the use of this assay in the detection of cell‐mediated immunity in an immunosuppressed population. The assay was cleared by the FDA on April 2, 2002. This cross‐sectional study was designed to establish ranges for reactivity of this bioassay in the assessment of functional immunity for an individual solid organ recipient at any point in time.
Three‐dimensional assessment of treatment outcomes on the face
Authors: Moss JP , Ismail SFH , Hennessy RJ 
Published: November 2004

Structured Abstract
Authors– Moss JP, Ismail SFH, Hennessy RJObjectives – To investigate the effect on the face of treatment involving extractions.Design – A prospective study of the effects of extraction and non‐extraction treatment on two groups of patients was undertaken.Setting and sample population – Initially there were 16 non‐extraction and 18 extraction patients but at the end of treatment there were only 12 in each group.Experimental variable – Each of the patients was scanned using a three‐dimensional (3‐D) MGI scanner and the 3‐D scans were analysed using registration and surface shape analysis programs. The registration program registers the scans over the forehead and then shows the differences in colour between the two scans. The surface shape analysis mathematically differentiates the surface into nine different surface shapes.Results – The results indicated that there was a difference between the two groups at the start of treatment but there were no differences in the effect on the face of treatment in the two groups. The surface morphology was similar at the end of treatment in both groups.Conclusion – It was concluded that in this preliminary study that whether treatment is undertaken with or without extractions, in this group of patients the facial morphology was not significantly different.
Micro X‐ray computed tomography analysis for the evaluation of asymmetrical condylar growth in the rat
Authors: Nakano H , Watahiki J , Kubota M , Maki K , Shibasaki Y , Hatcher D , Miller AJ 
Published: November 2004

Structured Abstract
Authors– Nakano H, Watahiki J, Kubota M, Maki K, Shibasaki Y, Hatcher D, Miller AJ
Objectives –
To investigate the influence of forced lateral bite on mandibular growth, micro X‐ray computed tomography (CT) was used for the purpose evaluating condylar cartilage and cancellous bone formation in 10 male Wister rats (3 weeks of age).
Settings and sample population –
The rats were divided into two groups – experimental and control. In experimental group, an inclined crown was cemented onto the maxillary incisors to produce 2.5 mm shift toward the left side during mastication. Right–left differences in whole mandibular length, mandibular height, condylar size, trabecular structure of the condylar head and three‐dimensional (3‐D) finite element analysis were assessed using 3‐D images reconstructed from micro X‐ray CT scans when the mice had reached 21 weeks.
Measurements and Results –
Asymmetrical growth was found in the experimental group, in which the left condylar head became thicker and shorter than the right condylar head during development. When comparing the left and right condyles of the experimental animals, histomorphometric analysis from micro X‐ray CT showed that the bone volume (BV) of the cancellous bone, the surface area of the cancellous bone (BS), the BS/BV ratio, the BV fraction (BV/TV), and the trabecular thickness and trabecular number were less for the right condyle than for the left condyle.
Conclusions –
These findings suggested that artificial changes in the mastication do influence the growth of condylar head, condylar bone trabecular structure, and mineralization.
Computer simulation system for orthognathic surgery
Authors: Noguchi N , Goto M 
Published: November 2004

Structured Abstract
Authors– Noguchi N, Goto MObjective – The system aimed to make a simulation model of an orthognathic patient without using his/her computed tomography data.Design – The morphological data of the teeth and face were obtained by laser scanner. All the data were integrated in the reference coordinate system of frontal and lateral cephalograms using projection matching technique.Setting – A case of mandibular prognathism was analyzed and presented.Experimental variable – About 7 mm (left side) to 6 mm (right side) of mandibular setback with a small rotation was performed on this case.Results – Simulated osteotomies and bone movements help us to analyze the movement of bone and soft tissue. Collisions and gaps generated between bone segments and facial changes are shown.Conclusion – This simulation system will be particularly useful for the selection of an optimal operative method in cases in which the change in facial soft tissue shape should be carefully deliberated.
Exploratory multivariate spectroscopic study on human skin
Authors: Lauridsen Rikke Kragh , Everland Hanne , Nielsen Lene Feldskov , Engelsen Søren Balling , Nørgaard Lars 
Published: November 2004

Background/aims: Spectroscopy on human skin is a field that is being adopted increasingly because of its rapidity and high reproducibility. Infrared reflectance (IR), near‐infrared reflectance (NIR), and fluorescence spectroscopy have previously been applied to human skin in vivo to compare healthy and sick skin, including skin cancer, atopy, and leprosy. Exploratory data analysis/chemometrics is a tool for evaluating multivariate data such as spectroscopic measurements. The objective of this study was to explore the spectral variance spanned by people with normal integument, and to demonstrate the advantages of multivariate analysis to skin research.Methods: IR, NIR and fluorescence spectroscopy have been carried out in vivo on 216 volunteers' forearms before and after four tape strippings. The subjects were asked to fill in a questionnaire regarding factors suspected to influence the measurement results. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to investigate whether the population can be divided into groups on the basis of their skin chemistry. Unless otherwise stated, the results are from the measurements prior to stripping.Results: In contrast to IR and fluorescence spectra, NIR spectra proved able to detect gender differences. By use of PCA, classifications on male and female subjects were observed from the IR and NIR measurements, and as an indication from the fluorescence measurements. The NIR and fluorescence measurements varied between elderly and young subjects. The largest variance in the fluorescence landscapes was seen between pigmented and non‐pigmented skin. No connection was found between the spectroscopic measurements and smoking or drinking habits.Conclusions: Future spectroscopic skin investigations should be balanced as regards to gender and age, as these can possibly affect the measurement results. Chemometrics proved to be superior to traditional attempts of interpreting the spectra.
The use of fluoride varnishes in the prevention of dental caries: a short review
Authors: Strohmenger L , Brambilla E 
Published: November 2004

OBJECTIVES: To review the current literature regarding the anti‐caries efficacy of fluoride varnishes. To analyse a series of studies designed to detect the caries preventive efficacy of fluoride varnishes by means of meta‐analysis.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Current literature on fluoride varnishes has been reviewed. An evaluation of the results of the available in vitro, animal and human studies on the anti‐caries efficacy of these preventive agents was performed. A systematic literature search and a meta‐analysis were also performed to assess the caries preventive effects of fluoride varnishes. The purpose of this analysis was to calculate the overall preventive efficacy of clinical fluoride varnishes treatment studies, based on defined methodological criteria.RESULTS: The efficacy of fluoride varnishes in caries prevention is clearly demonstrated in several experimental studies. Clinical trials show caries incidence reduction ranging approximately from 18% to 70%. Nevertheless, available studies show a high degree of heterogeneity and only three were found to meet a series of defined methodological criteria. All the three studies were based on a comparison between 0.2% NaF rinses and a fluoride varnish. The meta‐analysis showed no significant differences between the two treatments.CONCLUSIONS: Available data suggest that fluoride varnishes are a useful tool in caries prevention. One may conclude that fluoride varnishes, when applied regularly, demonstrate good caries preventive properties.
Parotid salivary basic proline‐rich proteins inhibit HIV‐1 infectivity
Authors: Robinovitch MR , Ashley RL , Iversen JM , Vigoren EM , Oppenheim FG , Lamkin M 
Published: November 2004

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the molecular nature, spectrum of activity and mechanism(s) of action of those human parotid basic proline‐rich proteins that exhibit anti‐HIV‐1 activity.DESIGN: Fractions containing the basic proline‐rich proteins were obtained from human parotid saliva of presumed HIV‐1 non‐infected human subjects and characterized with respect to their purity, apparent molecular size and their ability to inhibit the infectivity of T‐tropic and M‐tropic strains of HIV‐1.SUBJECTS, MATERIALS AND METHODS: Stimulated parotid saliva samples were collected from human subjects who denied having any risk factors for HIV‐1 infection and whose parotid salivas inhibited HIV‐1 infectivity. Such samples were subjected to affinity, molecular sieve and ion exchange chromatography to isolate individual salivary components. Those fractions demonstrating anti‐HIV‐1 activity were analyzed by SDS‐PAGE in order to assess their purity and determine their apparent molecular weights. HIV‐1 inhibitory activity was determined using HIV‐1 strains LAI and BaL in a Hela cell‐derived multinuclear activation of a galactosidase indicator (MAGI) assay. Amino acid analyses were performed on some fractions.RESULTS: Recombinant gp120‐CH‐Sepharose chromatography of one subject's parotid saliva revealed specific binding of human parotid basic proline‐rich proteins, most prominently one with an apparent molecular weight of 37 kDa. Molecular sieve and cation exchange chromatography yielded a fraction greatly enriched in this protein which amino acid analysis confirmed was proline‐rich. A similar fraction from two other subjects also contained basic proline‐rich proteins of similar molecular size. These fractions inhibited both T‐tropic and M‐tropic strains of HIV‐1 when assayed in the MAGI system. Since SLPI activity is not observable in the MAGI assay, this inhibition was not due to SLPI. The presence of thrombospondin‐1 (TSP‐1) in the active fractions was precluded on the basis of SDS‐PAGE examination.CONCLUSIONS: Specific basic proline‐rich proteins in human parotid saliva possess significant anti‐HIV‐1 activity independent of that attributable to SLPI or TSP‐1. Since the inhibition is detectable with the MAGI assay, its mechanism of action involves virus‐host cell interaction prior to the introduction of the tat gene product into the host cell and may be through the binding of the basic proline‐rich proteins to the HIV‐1 gp120 coat of the virus.
The impact of chlorhexidine gluconate on the relative cell surface hydrophobicity of oral Candida albicans
Authors: Anil S , Ellepola ANB , Samaranayake1 LP 
Published: November 2004

OBJECTIVES: Adherence of Candida albicans has been implicated as the first step in the pathogenesis of oral candidosis, and its relative cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) a contributory physical force. Chlorhexidine gluconate is by far the commonest antiseptic mouthwash prescribed in dentistry. The intra‐oral concentrations of the retained chlorhexidine mouthwash fluctuate considerably due to the dilution effect of saliva and the cleansing action of the oral musculature. Hence the objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of brief exposure to sub‐therapeutic concentrations of chlorhexidine gluconate on the relative CSH of C. albicans.DESIGN: The CSH of the isolates was assessed by a biphasic aqueous‐hydrocarbon assay.RESULTS: A statistically significant reduction in CSH was observed following the exposure of Candida isolates to 0.005 and 0.0025% chlorhexidine gluconate.CONCLUSIONS: These results elucidate additional mechanisms by which chlorhexidine gluconate suppress candidal pathogenicity despite a brief period of transient exposure within the oral environment.
Ethnic differences in body mass index and associated factors of adolescents from minorities in Oslo, Norway: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Kumar BN , Holmboe-Ottesen G , Lien N , Wandel M 
Published: November 2004

AbstractObjectives:To examine ethnic differences in body mass index (BMI), food habits and physical activity, and determine the factors contributing to differences in BMI.Design and method:In 2000–2001, 7343 (response rate 88%) 15- and 16-year-old students, enrolled in lower secondary schools in Oslo, participated in the cross-sectional Oslo Health Study. Of these participants, 1719 were defined as ethnic minorities.Results:Significant gender and ethnic differences in mean BMI were observed. Of the ethnic minority adolescents, 5.8% were underweight (<5th percentile of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)/National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) reference distribution) and 9.1% were overweight (>85th percentile of the US CDC/NCHS reference distribution). BMI was not significantly associated with either socio-economic factors or physical activity. Food habits and physical activity differed with ethnicity but not with socio-economic factors. An ordinal regression showed that girls from East Asia (odds ratio (OR) 0.4) and boys from sub-Saharan Africa (OR 0.4) had lower BMI than the Western group. Among girls, higher BMI was associated with less frequent consumption of chocolates and sweets, full-fat milk and breakfast (OR 2.4, 1.7 and 1.7, respectively). Higher BMI, for both boys and girls, was associated with current and past dieting (OR 3.7 and 4.2, respectively).Conclusions:Adolescent food habits and physical activity varied by gender and ethnicity but not with socio-economic factors. BMI was associated with ethnicity, gender and food habits, but no significant relationship was observed with socio-economic factors or physical activity. Ethnicity, in addition to gender, should be taken into consideration when studying BMI and associated factors among adolescents.
BRAC initiative towards promoting gender and social equity in health: a longitudinal study of child growth in Matlab, Bangladesh
Authors: Khatun Masuma , Stenlund Hans , Hörnell Agneta 
Published: November 2004

AbstractObjective:To explore the effect of BRAC (formerly Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee) initiatives towards promoting gender and social equity in health among children of poor mothers who are BRAC members.Design:A cohort of 576 children from the prospective study of a BRAC– International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh joint research project was analysed. Data were collected three times during 1995–1996 with approximately 4-month intervals. Stunting, defined as height-for-age below minus two standard deviations from the reference median, was the outcome health measure. The study children were stratified into three groups according to their mother's social and BRAC membership status: poor and BRAC member (BM), poor non-member (TG) and non-poor non-member (NTG).Setting:Matlab, rural area of Bangladesh.Subjects:Children aged 6–72 months.Results:The overall prevalence of stunting was 76%; the highest prevalence was found among TG (84.6%) children and no significant difference was observed between BM and NTG children (67.3% and 69.4%, respectively). In all groups, a significantly larger proportion of girls was stunted compared with boys in the first round. Group-level analysis showed that stunting decreased among all children except BM boys at the end of third round, with the largest decline among BM girls. In contrast, stunting prevalence increased among BM boys. A similar trend was found in the individual-level analysis, where a larger proportion of BM girls recovered from stunting compared with other groups and no recovery was observed among BM boys. At the end of the third round, the nutritional status of BM girls was almost equal to that of the BM boys, while gender inequity remained large among TG and NTG children.Conclusion:The BRAC initiative appeared to contribute to a significant equity gain in health for girls, as well as to decreased differences in ill health between the poor and the non-poor.
Clinical Practice Characteristics and Preconception Counseling Strategies of Health Care Providers Who Recommend Alcohol Abstinence During Pregnancy
Authors: Tough Suzanne C. , Clarke Margaret , Hicks Matt , Clarren Sterling 
Published: November 2004

Objective: National initiatives on fetal alcohol syndrome in Canada and the United States aimed at prevention, identification, and treatment of individuals who are affected by alcohol exposure in utero recommend that women abstain from consuming alcohol during pregnancy. Health care providers are key educators regarding appropriate alcohol use. The objective of this study was to describe characteristics of physicians who recommend alcohol abstinence during pregnancy with regard to knowledge of fetal alcohol syndrome and preconception counseling strategies.Methods: A survey was mailed to Canadian physicians and midwives between 2001 and 2002. Participants consisted of a national random sample of 1090 Canadian obstetricians and gynecologists, midwives, and family physicians who were current members of provincial and national professional organizations. The main outcome measure was questionnaire responses to knowledge, prevention, and diagnosis of issues related to alcohol use during pregnancy.Results: Response rates ranged from 31.1% among family physicians to 63.5% among midwives. Overall, 91.2% of providers recommended abstinence from alcohol during pregnancy. These providers were significantly more likely to believe that there is sufficient information about alcohol use and that clients were interested in discussing alcohol (p < 0.05). They were also significantly more likely to discuss depression, personal alcohol use, partner's use of alcohol, and family history of alcohol misuse with women of childbearing age (p < 0.05). Once a patient became pregnant, fewer practice differences were noted, although those who recommended alcohol abstinence were significantly more likely to take clinical action when pregnant patients were consuming moderate amounts of alcohol (p < 0.05).Conclusions: It is encouraging that almost 90% of Canadian health care providers recommend abstinence from alcohol during pregnancy. However, differences in clinical practice exist between providers who recommend alcohol abstinence during pregnancy as compared with those who recommend a “glass in moderation.”
A slender–wing theory in potential flow
Authors: Chadwick Edmund 
Published: November 2004

Consider uniform, steady potential flow past a slender wing. By considering a horseshoe vortex in the limit as
γ
/
Us
→ ∞, where
γ
is the circulation,
U
is the uniform stream velocity and
s
is the span, a model representing a vortex sheet is obtained from which the lift on the slender wing can be determined. (This is in contrast to the textbook approach of Batchelor and Katz & Plotkin, who discretize the vortex sheet with horseshoe vortices in the limit as
γ
/
Us
→ ∞, but then relate the vortex strength to lift by using the two–dimensional limit
γ
/
Us
→ 0. We shall argue that using these different limits in the same analysis is inconsistent and leads to an incorrect result.)

The resulting potential term is shown to be the same as the potential term of the lift Oseenlet in Oseen flow. In the limit of high–Reynolds–number flow, only half the contribution to the lift integral comes from the potential–velocity part of the lift Oseenlet. The other half comes from the vortex–wake–velocity part of the lift Oseenlet. We therefore assume potential flow everywhere except at the vortex sheet, along which we allow a singular vortex–wake–velocity term of the lift Oseenlet.
From this, a slender–wing theory is presented together with integral expressions for the lift and change in lift over the wing surface. Applications to slender bodies and large–aspect–ratio wings, in particular, the Lanchester–Prandtl lifting line, are then considered.
Goethe’s Piety
Authors: Bell David 
Published: November 2004

The term ’piety, may not immediately suggest itself as the most appropriate to describe Gorthe’s religious outlook. However, the notion of piety reflected in Goethe’s use of words like ’Frömmigkeit’ and ’fromm’, whether with reference to others or himself, is frequently perceived in a positive light as a potent ethical force, based on reverence for the numinous. The aim of this article is to identify the nature of that piety, which Goethe both recognises in a wide variety of paradigms and embraces in his own thinking.Through examination of the ’Elegie’, poems of the Divanand other works, it is shown that one of the key elements is a recognition of the nature of the relationship between the human and the divine, the perception of the heavenly and eternal in earthly and transient phenomena. This pattern of thinking is shown to be reflected not only in Goethe’s poetry, But in contexts that unite the scientific, aesthetic and religious dimensions of his outlook. Similar paradigms of piety are recognised and evaluated positively by Goethe in a variety of contexts: in Christianity, Islam, Zoroastrianism, as well as in pagan religion and pantheistic, atheistec or materialistic thinking. In this way piety is seen as a means whereby man can approach, if not fathom, ’das Unerforschliche’, the mysteries of nature and existence itself.