bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biomarker-based risk stratification in cardiovascular disease
Authors: Hijazi Ziad , Batra Gorav , Lindbäck Johan , Wallentin Lars 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Biomarkers provide incremental prognostic information on major clinical outcomes and might be integrated in decision support tools for patients with acute and chronic cardiovascular diseases. The development of decision support tools should follow statistical guidelines to be robust and externally valid, allowing them to be used in different settings outside the dataset where they were developed. The ABC (Age, Biomarkers, Clinical history) risk score in atrial fibrillation and coronary heart disease are examples of well-documented, externally validated, and calibrated, biomarker-based risk scores performing better than conventional risk scores. These scores may be used as tools for integrated risk assessment. Before clinical implementation, the increment clinical utility of novel biomarkers should be demonstrated in prospective clinical cohorts. Risk scores incorporating biomarkers and/or artificial intelligence might be the future for prediction of cardiovascular events and provide decision support on selection of treatment.
Drug development, clinical trials, and regulatory requirements
Authors: Korjian Serge , Daaboul Yazan , Gibson C. Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The drug development process as we know it today did not exist before the second half of the 20th century. Over the past several decades, regulatory agencies have been developed to monitor drug development and ensure that novel therapeutic agents are safe for human use and effective for their desired indications. The rigour and requirements with which drugs are studied and clinical trials are performed have evolved with decades of slowly expanding guidelines and regulations. After identifying a target for therapeutic intervention, drugs undergo a series of preclinical investigations in animal models. If deemed to be of potential value to humans, drugs are then tested in a series of three phases of clinical trials to evaluate their optimal dosing in humans, feasibility, generalizability, as well as their safety and efficacy. Once approved by regulatory bodies, drugs may eventually be marketed to the public. Post-marketing, drugs continue to be monitored lifelong for development of any short-term and long-term adverse events via phase IV surveillance.
When Is a Thought Mine and When Is It Not?
Authors: Payne Roberta 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Getting to know the actual experience of subjects that have suffered from psychosis is central for any type of understanding of the phenomenon. After all, any descriptive, conceptual, or explanatory approach should be able to make sense of such reports. In this chapter, Roberta Payne opens a window onto what it is like to experience thought insertion from a first-person perspective. Replete with insights, the author offers a contextualized experiential understanding of the ways in which the delusion appears and relates to other aspects of her life. So, in this way, this contribution aims at recovering the centrality of lived experience in the study of psychopathological phenomena.
A Hybrid Account of Thought Insertion
Authors: Miyazono Kengo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There are two influential theories of delusions in the recent literature: the two-factor theory and the prediction error theory. Often, the two-factor theory and the prediction error theory are construed as rival accounts. However, they might not be irreconcilable and a hybrid proposal that combines the central insights of the two theories has been proposed by Myazono. In this chapter, the author will apply this hybrid theory to thought insertion (TI) and show that many important features of TI can be explained by the theory. The chapter begins by describing the central ideas of the hybrid theory and then applies them to TI. The hybrid account explains TI in terms of erroneous data occurring due to some ‘imagistic prediction errors’, which are prioritized over prior beliefs due to overestimating the precision of the imagistic prediction errors.
Thought Insertion as a Persecutory Delusion
Authors: Langland-Hassan Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Popular two-factor accounts of thought insertion hold that it is caused by two elements working in tandem: an anomalous experience of some kind (the first factor) and a reasoning deficit or bias (the second factor). This chapter develops a very different alternative to explaining and treating thought insertion—one that views thought insertion as a form persecutory delusion. If this thesis is correct, clinical interventions for persecutory delusions may be successful for thought insertion as well. The chapter begins by presenting several difficulties for two-factor accounts of thought insertion and for two-factor accounts of delusions more generally. It then discusses positive reasons for seeing thought insertion as a form of persecutory delusion. The positive case begins with reflection on first-person descriptions of thought insertion gleaned from online discussion forums. It continues by considering ways in which clinical diagnostic tools may create the appearance of deep differences between symptoms such as thought insertion and persecutory delusions where there are none. This case is bolstered by evidence for considerable volatility in the type of delusions patients present with over time. Implications for the treatment of thought insertion are then considered.
From placebo research to healing
Authors: Jonas Wayne B. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter has four objectives: to review three core mechanisms underlying the placebo response and explore how they manifest in practice; to describe six clinical practices and behaviors that utilize placebo mechanisms for optimization of healing; to discuss the implications of placebo research for delivering person-centered clinical decision-making; and to summarize tools used to enhance placebo-based healing in routine practice. After reading this chapter, providers will be better able to recognize placebo mechanisms occurring in their practice, to implement healing words and rituals in patient care that use knowledge about placebo mechanisms and access the HOPE Note Toolkit for ethically optimizing placebo-based healing in their own practice.
Nocebos in migraine
Authors: Mitsikostas Dimos D. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In clinical trials, the adverse events (AEs) reported by individuals treated with a placebo are referred as nocebo responses. These are attributable to the nocebo effects plus a set of other variables (e.g., the natural history of the medical condition in question) and random comorbidities that may occur during the time of the trial. The chapter summarizes recent evidence on nocebo responses in clinical trials for migraine with pharmaceutical agents. In clinical trials for the symptomatic treatment of migraine, the proportion of participants who experienced any AE in the placebo arms varied from 18%–21%, but the proportion of participants who discontinued treatment because of AEs was less than 1%. In clinical trials for the prophylaxis of migraine, the proportion of participants who experienced any AE in the placebo arms varied from 43% to 60%, and the proportion of participants who discontinued due to AE varied from 1% to 10%. These (and other) findings indicate that nocebo responses play a fundamental role in the manifestation of the drug safety or tolerability profile of the medicines in use for migraine treatment and determine treatment adherence. Therefore, awareness of the nocebo phenomenon is essential for boosting treatment adherence and enhance patients’ outcomes.
Placebos, nocebos, and COVID-19
Authors: Calabrese Leonard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The global COVID-19 pandemic has proven to be an unprecedented disruptor of our way of life since its inception in early 2020. It has had profound effects on the large and the small, disrupting to varying degrees everything from governmental function to individual, day-to-day lives. COVID-19 itself has now become synonymous with personal fear of health and well-being, suspicions of scientific credibility, and rancor over individual rights in terms of access and choice of treatment and prevention. The chapter explores this interface by first describing our current understanding of COVID-19 pathogenesis and clinical expression and then discussing the theoretic framework and critical appraisal of existing data on the implications of placebo and nocebo effects on clinical expression of the illness, as well as focusing on the efficacy and toxicity of its treatments and vaccine acceptance and tolerability.
From state-controlled to free migration: The income effects of the 2008 Swedish labour-migration reform
Authors: Elwert Annika , Emilsson Henrik , Irastorza Nahikari 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 2008, Sweden changed its labour-migration policy to facilitate more labour migration from countries outside the EU. Most state ambitions to shape labour migration, including practices such as the use of labour-market tests and the assessment of migrants’ human capital, were abandoned and the responsibility to select migrants was transferred to employers. We use Swedish register data and adopt a difference-in-differences approach to assess the effects of the policy change on labour migrants’ labour income, in comparison to non-EU migrants who moved to Sweden for reasons other than work. The effects of the policy change are substantial. Labour migration from outside the EU increased and its composition changed after the reform, resulting in a significant decrease in mean income. We conclude that changes in their occupational composition were the main drivers of the income drop for labour migrants. In sum, the new non-selective labour-migration policy lowered labour migrants’ mean income by opening the door to unskilled labour.
The population of comet candidates among quasi-Hilda objects revisited and updated
Authors: Correa-Otto J , García-Migani E , Gil-Hutton R 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT
In this paper, we perform a dynamical study of the population of objects in the unstable quasi-Hilda region. The aim of this work is to make an update of the population of quasi-Hilda comets (QHCs) that have recently arrived from the Centaurs region. To achieve our goal, we have applied a dynamical criteria to constrain the unstable quasi-Hilda region that allowed us to select 828 potential candidates. The orbital data of the potential candidates were taken from the ASTORB data base and we apply backward integration to search by those that have recently arrived from the outer regions of the Solar system. Then we studied the dynamical evolution of the candidates from a statistical point of view by calculating the time-averaged distribution of a number of clones of each candidate as a function of aphelion and perihelion distances. We found that 47 objects could have been recently injected into the inner Solar system from the Centaur or transneptunian regions. These objects may have preserved volatile material and are candidates to exhibit cometary activity.
Planet gap-opening feedback on disc thermal structure and composition
Authors: Chen Kan , Kama Mihkel , Pinilla Paola , Keyte Luke 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT
(Exo-)planets inherit their budget of chemical elements from a protoplanetary disc. The disc temperature determines the phase of each chemical species, which sets the composition of solids and gas available for planet formation. We investigate how gap structures, which are widely seen by recent disc observations, alter the thermal and chemical structure of a disc. Planet–disc interaction is a leading hypothesis of gap formation and so such changes could present a feedback that planets have on planet-forming material. Both the planet gap-opening process and the disc thermal structure are well studied individually, but how the gap-opening process affects disc thermal structure evolution remains an open question. We develop a new modelling method by iterating hydrodynamical and radiative transfer simulations to explore the gap-opening feedback on disc thermal structure. We carry out parameter studies by considering different planet locations rp and planet masses Mp. We find that for the same rp and Mp, our iteration method predicts a wider and deeper gap than the non-iteration method. We also find that the inner disc and gap temperature from the iteration method can vary strongly from the non-iteration or disc without planets, which can further influence dust-trap conditions, iceline locations, and distribution of various ices, such as H2O, CO2, and CO on large dust grains (‘pebbles’). Through that, a gap-opening planet can complicate the canonical picture of the non-planet disc C/O ratio and influence the composition of the next generation of planetesimals and planets.
Dependence of peculiar velocity on the host properties of the gravitational wave sources and its impact on the measurement of Hubble constant
Authors: Nimonkar Harshank , Mukherjee Suvodip 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT
Accurate measurement of the Hubble constant from standard sirens such as the gravitational wave (GW) sources with electromagnetic counterparts relies on the robust peculiar velocity correction of the redshift of the host galaxy. We show in this work that the peculiar velocity of the host galaxies exhibits a correlation with the properties of the host galaxy primarily such as its stellar mass and this correlation also evolves with redshift. As the galaxies of higher stellar mass tend to form in galaxies with higher halo masses which are located in spatial regions having a non-linear fluctuation in the density field of the matter distribution, the root mean square peculiar velocity of more massive galaxies is higher. As a result, depending on the formation channel of the binary compact objects, the peculiar velocity contamination to the galaxies will be different. The variation in the peculiar velocity of the host galaxies can lead to a significant variation in the estimation of the Hubble constant inferred using sources such as binary neutron stars. For the network of GW detectors such as LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA (LVK), LVK+LIGO-India, and Cosmic Explorer + Einstein Telescope, the variation in the precision of Hubble constant inferred from 10 bright siren events can vary from $\sim 5.4 - 6~{{\ \rm per \, cent}}$, $\sim 4.5 - 5.3~{{\ \rm per \, cent}}$, and $\sim 1.1 - 2.7~{{\ \rm per \, cent}}$, respectively. The impact of such a correlation between peculiar velocity and stellar mass on the inference of the Hubble constant is not only limited to GW sources but also applicable to type-Ia supernovae.
Incorporation of realistic intrinsic profiles for the Fe Kα and Fe Kβ emission lines in X-ray reprocessor models
Authors: Yaqoob Tahir 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT
The Fe Kα fluorescent emission line from neutral matter is widely used as a diagnostic tool in X-ray spectroscopy for many astrophysical X-ray sources. The line properties can potentially be used to constrain the geometry, column density, and kinematics of the material in which the line is formed. The intrinsic width and the shape of the intrinsic line profile has been neglected thus far, because it is much smaller than the instrumental broadening in all space-based X-ray detectors before Hitomi. However, the instrumental broadening of X-ray microcalorimeters is comparable to the intrinsic line width. We have performed new calculations based on Monte Carlo simulations of the MYTORUS X-ray reprocessor spectral-fitting model that utilize parametrizations of historical high-precision laboratory measurements of the intrinsic profiles of the Fe Kα and Fe Kβ lines. A publicly available table is provided that can seamlessly replace the existing Fe Kα and Fe Kβ line spectrum in the MYTORUS model. The new table can also be used in a standalone mode (without the MYTORUS model) in order to derive empirical velocity widths, if the line-emitting matter is Compton thin. Neglecting to account for the intrinsic profiles of the Fe Kα and Fe Kβ lines can result in a significant overestimate of the velocity broadening, if the true velocity broadening is less than ${\sim} 2000 \ \rm km \ s^{-1}$. Residual artefacts may also appear in observed line profiles in data with a high signal-to-noise ratio.
Formation of sodium-bearing species in the interstellar medium
Authors: Acharyya Kinsuk , Woon David E , Herbst Eric 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT
Sodium-bearing species such as NaCl in the gas phase have been observed in an assortment of carbon-rich and oxygen-rich stellar atmospheres and interstellar environments such as the high-mass protostellar disc surrounding Orion Src1 and the proto-binary system, IRAS 16547−4247. Their detection in relatively low-temperature regions is yet to be made. In this paper, we consider the synthesis of sodium-bearing species with an emphasis on NaCl, via both gas-phase and grain-surface chemistry under assorted interstellar conditions. We also consider the chemistry leading to the gas-phase species NaH and NaOH. Two classes of numerical simulations were run: models under isothermal conditions at temperatures from 10 to 800 K with varied intervals, and three-phase warm-up models that consist of an initial isothermal collapse at 10 K, followed by a warm-up phase in which temperature rises linearly to 200 K, and finally a hot core phase. We have included reactive desorption for both models to produce gaseous NaCl, NaH, and NaOH. We found that for isothermal models over a broad parameter space, the fractional abundances of gaseous NaCl and NaOH can reach above 2 × 10−10 and approx. 1 × 10−10, respectively, are in the detection range of observational facilities such as Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array and JWST. For warm-up models, we found that if we consider molecules to be co-desorbed with water, gaseous NaCl can have a sufficiently large abundance for detection. We then conclude that both gaseous NaCl and NaOH can be detected; however, more experiments and quantum mechanical calculations are needed to constrain the relevant reaction rates better.
Synthetic light curves and spectra from a self-consistent 2D simulation of an ultra-strippped supernova
Authors: Maunder Thomas , Müller Bernhard , Callan Fionntan , Sim Stuart , Heger Alexander 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT
Spectroscopy is an important tool for providing insights into the structure of core-collapse supernova explosions. We use the Monte Carlo radiative transfer code artis to compute synthetic spectra and light curves based on a two-dimensional explosion model of an ultra-stripped supernova. These calculations are designed both to identify observable fingerprints of ultra-stripped supernovae and as a proof of principle for using synthetic spectroscopy to constrain the nature of stripped-envelope supernovae more broadly. We predict characteristic spectral and photometric features for our ultra-stripped explosion model, and find that these do not match observed ultra-stripped supernova candidates like SN 2005ek. With a peak bolometric luminosity of $6.8\times 10^{41}\, \mathrm{erg}\, \mathrm{s}^{-1}$, a peak magnitude of $-15.9\, \mathrm{mag}$ in R band, and Δm15,R = 3.50, the model is even fainter and evolves even faster than SN 2005ek as the closest possible analogue in photometric properties. The predicted spectra are extremely unusual. The most prominent features are Mg ii lines at $2 {,}800\, {\mathring{\rm A}}$ and $4 {,}500\, {\mathring{\rm A}}$ and the infrared Ca triplet at late times. The Mg lines are sensitive to the multidimensional structure of the model and are viewing-angle dependent. They disappear due to line blanketing by iron group elements in a spherically averaged model with additional microscopic mixing. In future studies, multi-D radiative transfer calculations need to be applied to a broader range of models to elucidate the nature of observed Type Ib/c supernovae.
Observing white dwarf tidal stripping with TianQin gravitational wave observatory
Authors: Ye Chang-Qing , Chen Jin-Hong , Zhang Jian-dong , Fan Hui-Min , Hu Yi-Ming 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT
Recently discovered regular X-ray bursts known as quasi-periodic eruptions have a proposed model that suggests a tidal stripping white dwarf inspiralling into the galaxy’s central black hole on an eccentric orbit. According to this model, the interaction of the stripping white dwarf with the central black hole would also emit gravitational wave signals, their detection can help explore the formation mechanism of quasi-periodic eruptions and facilitate multimessenger observations. In this paper, we investigated the horizon distance of TianQin on this type of gravitation wave signal and found it can be set to 200 Mpc. We also find that those stripping white dwarf model sources with central black hole mass within $10^4 \!-\! 10^{5.5}\, \mathrm{M}_\odot$ are more likely to be detected by TianQin. We assessed the parameter estimation precision of TianQin on those stripping white dwarf model sources. Our result shows that, even in the worst case, TianQin can determine the central black hole mass, the white dwarf mass, the central black hole spin, and the orbital initial eccentricity with a precision of 10−2. In the optimistic case, TianQin can determine the central black hole mass and the white dwarf mass with a precision of 10−7, determine the central black hole spin with a precision of 10−5, and determine the orbital initial eccentricity with a precision of 10−8. Moreover, TianQin can determine the luminosity distance with a precision of 10−1 and determine the sky localization with a precision of 10−2–10 $\rm deg^2$.
Theories and models of health behaviour
Authors: Johan Søgaard Anne 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Theory can serve many purposes. According to McQueen (1991), theories for health education should fulfil some basic aims:
to help organize research questions about health education; to be empirically verifiable; (3) to be falsifiable; to lead to a better understanding of the phenomena under study; (5) to lead to practical research; to build on existing knowledge in the field; to help health education address questions which are of importance for public health; to lead to research which is utilized.
Social factors in oral health promotion
Authors: Gift Helen C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to consider the range of social factors which are either correlates or determinants of oral health, oral disease prevention, or health promotion strategies. Social factors represent customs, values, and behaviours of cultures, societies, and social networks, and arise, directly or indirectly, from the associations of individuals with each other, social groups, and society.1 Social factors are associated with many of the major processes that lead to oral diseases or dysfunction, including: exposure of individuals to conditions that lead to illness; susceptibility of people to disease; socially determined habits, customs, and values; as well as general social changes such as economic cycles and technological development which alter resources and ultimately health.