bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resource Letter SL-1 on Science and Literature
Authors: Nicolson Marjorie 
Published: August 2005

Prepared at the request of the AAPT Committee on Resource Letters; supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation.
This is one of a series of Resource Letters on different topics, intended to guide college physicists to some of the literature and other teaching aids that may help them improve course contents in specified fields of physics. No Resource Letter is meant to be exhaustive and complete; in time there may be more than one letter in some of the main subjects of interest. Comments and suggestions concerning the content and arrangement of letters as well as suggestions for future topics will be welcomed. Such communications should be sent to Professor Arnold Arons, Chairman, Resource Letter Committee, Department of Physics, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts.
Notation: An asterisk (*) indicates items particularly recommended for introductory study.
Additional copies: Available from American Institute of Physics, 335 East 45 Street, New York, New York 10017. When ordering, request Resource Letter SL-1 and enclose a stamped return envelope.
Resource Letter SAP-1 on Subatomic Particles
Authors: Swartz Clifford E. 
Published: August 2005

Prepared at the request of the AAPT Committee on Resource Letters; supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation.
This is one of a series of Resource Letters on different topics, intended to guide college physicists to some of the literature and other teaching aids that may help them improve course contents in specified fields of physics. No Resource Letter is meant to be exhaustive and complete; in time there may be more than one letter on some of the main subjects of interest. Comments and suggestions concerning the content and arrangement of letters as well as suggestions for future topics will be welcomed. Please send such communications to Professor Joel E. Gordon, Chairman Resource Letter Committee, Department of Physics, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002.
Notation: The letter E after an item number indicates elementary level, useful principally for freshman liberal arts through sophomore physics courses; the letter I indicates intermediate (junior, senior) level; and the letter A indicates advanced material principally suited for senior, graduate study. An asterisk (*) indicates items particularly recommended for introductory study.
Additional copies: Available from American Institute of Physics, 335 East 45 Street, New York, New York, 10017. When ordering, request Resource Letter SAP-1 and enclose a return envelope.
Resource Letter ECAN-1 on the Electronic Charge and Avogadro's Number
Authors: Anderson David L. 
Published: August 2005

Prepared at the request of the AAPT Committee on Resource Letters; supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation.
This is one of a series of Resource Letters on different topics, intended to guide college physicists to some of the literature and other teaching aids that may help them improve course contents in specified fields of physics. No Resource Letter is meant to be exhaustive and complete; in time there may be more than one letter on some of the main subjects of interest. Comments and suggestions concerning the content and arrangement of letters as well as suggestions for future topics will be welcomed. Please send such communications to Professor Arnold Arons, Chairman, Resource Letter Committee, Department of Physics, Amherst College, Amherst, Massachusetts.
Notation: The letter E after an item number indicates elementary level, useful principally for freshman liberal arts through sophomore physics courses; the letter I indicates intermediate (junior, senior) level; and the letter Aindicates advanced material principally suited for senior, graduate study. An asterisk (*) indicates items particularly recommended for introductory study.
Additional copies: Available from American Institute of Physics, 335 East 45 Street, New York, New York, 10017. When ordering, request Resource Letter ECAN-1 and enclose a return envelope.
Resource Letter PA-1 on Particle Accelerators
Authors: Blewett John P. 
Published: August 2005

Prepared at the request of the AAPT Committee on Resource Letters; supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation.
This is one of a series of Resource Letters on different topics, intended to guide college physicists to some of the literature and other teaching aids that may help them improve course contents in specified fields of physics. No Resource Letter is meant to be exhaustive and complete; in time there may be more than one letter on some of the main subjects of interest. Comments and suggestions concerning the content and arrangement of letters as well as suggestions for future topics will be welcomed. Please send such communications to Professor Arnold Arons, Chairman, Resource Letter Committee, Amherst College, Department of Physics, Amherst, Massachusetts.
Notation: The letter E after an item number indicates elementary level, useful principally for freshman liberal arts through sophomore physics courses; the letter I indicates intermediate (junior, senior) level; and the letter A indicates advanced material principally suited for senior, graduate study. An asterisk (*) indicates items particularly recommended for introductory study.
Additional copies: Available from American Institute of Physics, 335 East 45 Street, New York, New York 10017. When ordering, request Resource Letter PA-1 and enclose a stamped return envelope.
Resource Letter BE-1 on Biomedical Engineering
Authors: Johnson Curtis C. 
Published: August 2005

Prepared at the request of the AAPT Committee on Resource Letters. This is one of a series of Resource Letters on various topics, intended to guide college physicists to literature and other teaching aids that may help them improve course content in specified fields of physics. No Resource Letter is meant to be exhaustive and complete. In time, there may be more than one letter on some of the main subjects of interest. Comments and suggestions concerning the content and arrangement of letters as well as suggestions for future topics will be welcomed and should be addressed to Professor Joel E. Gordon, Chairman, AAPT Committee on Resource Letters, Department of Physics, Amherst College, Amherst, Mass. 01002.
Notation: The letter E after an item indicates elementary level, useful principally for high school and introductory college use; the letter I indicates intermediate (junior, senior) level; and the letter A indicates advanced material, principally suited for senior, graduate level. An asterisk (*) indicates items particularly recommended for introductory study.
Resource Letter TQE-1: Tests of Quantum Electrodynamics
Authors: Sternheim Morton M. 
Published: August 2005

Prepared at the request of the AAPT Committee on Resource Letters. This is one of a series of Resource Letters on different topics, intended to guide college physicists to some of the literature and other teaching aids that may help them improve course contents in specified fields of physics. No Resource Letter is meant to be exhaustive and complete; in time there may be more than one letter on some of the main subjects of interest. Comments and suggestions concerning the content and arrangement of letters as well as suggestions for future topics will be welcomed. Please send such communications to Professor Arthur Quinton, Chairman, Resource Letter Committee, Department of Physics, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01002 (current address until Fall of 1973: Prof. Arthur Quinton, Department of Nuclear Physics, Australian National University, Box 4 P. O., Canberra ACT, Australia 2600).
Notation: The letter E after an item indicates elementary level, useful principally for high school and introductory college use; the letter I indicates intermediate (junior, senior) level; and the letter A indicates advanced material, principally suited for senior, graduate level. An asterisk (*) indicates items particularly recommended for introductory study.
Reprints: When ordering, request Resource Letter TQE-1, enclose 25 cents per copy (not in stamps) together with a stamped and self-addressed envelope, to Arnold A. Strassenberg, Executive Officer, American Association of Physics Teachers, Drawer A-W, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York 11790.
Association between the Pharmacokinetics and In Vivo Therapeutic Efficacy of Sulfadoxine-Pyrimethamine in Malawian Children
Authors: Dzinjalamala Fraction K. , Macheso Allan , Kublin James G. , Taylor Terrie E. , Barnes Karen I. , Molyneux Malcolm E. , Plowe Christopher V. , Smith Peter J. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT

Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) has been widely used in recent years to treat acute uncomplicated
Plasmodium falciparum
malaria. Risk factors for SP therapeutic failure include young age, subtherapeutic SP concentrations, and resistance-conferring genetic mutations in parasite target enzymes. A substantial proportion of patients are able to clear genetically highly resistant
P. falciparum
genotypes. To determine whether blood SP concentrations independently affect the patient's ability to clear resistant genotypes, we compared SP pharmacokinetics of cases of adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR) with cases of treatment failure (TF). When patients with ACPR and TF were compared, mean values were similar for the day 3 blood pyrimethamine (205 ng/ml versus 172 ng/ml;
P
= 0.25) and estimated maximum sulfadoxine (79 ± 6.52 versus 69 ± 6.27 μg/ml;
P
= 0.60) concentrations, for sulfadoxine terminal-phase elimination half-lives (7.15 versus 6.41 days;
P
= 0.42), and for the extents of sulfadoxine absorption (areas under the concentration-time curve of 932 ± 100 versus 888 ± 78.9 μg day ml
−1
;
P
= 0.72). Among patients infected with the quintuple resistant parasites, day 3 blood pyrimethamine concentrations were higher in those who cleared the infection than in those who did not (305 ± 35.4 versus 228 ± 21.7 ng/ml;
P
= 0.037). Within this subgroup, this finding remained significant after adjusting for endogenous folate levels, age, site, and resistance-conferring mutations (odds ratio: 1.011 [1.003 to 1.024];
P
= 0.018). However, as a subgroup analysis, our biologically plausible observation that higher blood pyrimethamine concentrations enhance the ability of patients to clear resistant
P. falciparum
should be interpreted with caution and needs further validation.
Candidate Sulfonated and Sulfated Topical Microbicides: Comparison of Anti-Human Immunodeficiency Virus Activities and Mechanisms of Action
Authors: Scordi-Bello Irini A. , Mosoian Arevik , He Cejiang , Chen Yiban , Cheng Yang , Jarvis Gary A. , Keller Marla J. , Hogarty Kathleen , Waller Donald P. , Profy Albert T. , Herold Betsy C. , Klotman Mary E. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT

Poly(styrene 4-sulfonate), cellulose sulfate, polymethylenehydroquinone, and PRO 2000 are sulfated or sulfonated polymers (SPs) under development as topical microbicides. They are presumed to work through similar mechanisms of action, although to date there has been no extensive comparison of their anti-human immunodeficiency virus activities. To determine whether any of these candidate microbicides offers a potential advantage, their in vitro activities, mechanisms of action, stabilities in biological secretions, and toxicities were compared. All four compounds were found to be active against X4, R5, and dualtropic primary isolates and against X4 and R5 laboratory-adapted strains in CD4
+
T cells, macrophages, and single-coreceptor cell lines. Our single-cycle experiments using pseudotyped virus suggest that all four SPs function at the binding and entry stages of the viral life cycle but differ in degree of postentry effect. Surface plasmon resonance analyses demonstrate that SPs bind to X4 and R5 monomeric glycoprotein 120 with similar high binding affinities. When mixed with cervicovaginal lavage fluid, SPs maintain inhibitory activity at concentrations achievable in formulations.
Pharmacodynamics of Polymyxin B against
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Tam Vincent H. , Schilling Amy N. , Vo Giao , Kabbara Samer , Kwa Andrea L. , Wiederhold Nathan P. , Lewis Russell E. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT

Despite limited data, polymyxin B (PB) is increasingly used clinically as the last therapeutic option for multidrug-resistant (MDR) gram-negative bacterial infections. We examined the in vitro pharmacodynamics of PB against four strains of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
. Clonal relatedness of the strains was assessed by random amplification of polymorphic DNA. Time-kill studies over 24 h were performed with approximately 10
5
and 10
7
CFU/ml of bacteria, using PB at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16× MIC. Dose fractionation studies were performed using an in vitro hollow-fiber infection model (HFIM) against a wild-type and a MDR strain. Approximately 10
5
CFU/ml of bacteria were exposed to placebo and three regimens (every 8 h [q8h], q12h, and q24h) simulating the steady-state unbound PB pharmacokinetics resulting from a daily dose of 2.5 mg/kg of body weight and 20 mg/kg (8 times the clinical dose). Samples were obtained over 4 days to quantify PB concentrations, total bacterial population, and subpopulation with reduced PB susceptibility (>3× MIC). The bactericidal activity of PB was concentration dependent, but killing was significantly reduced with a high inoculum. In HFIM studies, a significant reduction in bacterial load was seen at 4 h in all active regimens, but selective amplification of the resistant subpopulation(s) was apparent at 24 h with the clinical dose (both strains). Regrowth was eventually observed in all dosing regimens with the MDR strain, but its occurrence was prevented in the wild-type strain by using 8 times the clinical dose (regardless of dosing intervals). Our results suggested that the bactericidal activity of PB was concentration dependent and appeared to be related to the ratio of the area under the concentration-time curve to the MIC.
Pharmacological Properties of a New Antimalarial Bisthiazolium Salt, T3, and a Corresponding Prodrug, TE3
Authors: Nicolas Olivier , Margout Delphine , Taudon Nicolas , Wein Sharon , Calas Michèle , Vial Henri J. , Bressolle Françoise M. M. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT

A new approach to malarial chemotherapy based on quaternary ammonium that targets membrane biogenesis during intraerythrocytic
Plasmodium falciparum
development has recently been developed. To increase the bioavailability, nonionic chemically modified prodrugs were synthesized. In this paper, the pharmacological properties of a bisthiazolium salt (T3) and its bioprecursor (TE3) were studied. Their antimalarial activities were determined in vitro against the growth of
P. falciparum
and in vivo against the growth of
P. vinckei
in mice. Pharmacokinetic evaluations were performed after T3 (1.3 and 3 mg/kg of body weight administered intravenously; 6.4 mg/kg administered intraperitoneally) and TE3 (1.5 and 3 mg/kg administered intravenously; 12 mg/kg administered orally) administrations to rats. After intraperitoneal administration, very low doses offer protection in a murine model of malaria (50% efficient dose [ED
50
] of 0.2 to 0.25 mg/kg). After oral administration, the ED
50
values were 13 and 5 mg/kg for T3 and TE3, respectively. Both compounds exerted antimalarial activity in the low nanomolar range. After TE3 administration, rapid prodrug-drug conversion occurred; the mean values of the pharmacokinetic parameters for T3 were as follows: total clearance, 1 liter/h/kg; steady-state volume of distribution, 14.8 liters/kg; and elimination half-life, 12 h. After intravenous administration, T3 plasma concentrations increased in proportion to the dose. The absolute bioavailability was 72% after intraperitoneal administration (T3); it was 15% after oral administration (TE3). T3 plasma concentrations (8 nM) 24 h following oral administration of TE3 were higher than the 50% inhibitory concentrations for the most chloroquine-resistant strains of
P. falciparum
(6.3 nM).
Risk Factors for Acquisition of Multidrug-Resistant
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Producing SPM Metallo-β-Lactamase
Authors: Nouér Simone Aranha , Nucci Marcio , de-Oliveira Márcia P. , Pellegrino Flávia Lúcia Piffano Costa , Moreira Beatriz Meurer 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT

To evaluate risk factors for colonization or infection due to multidrug-resistant
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
(MDRPa) carrying the
bla
SPM
gene (SPM-MRDPa) among hospitalized patients, we undertook a case control study at a 480-bed, tertiary-care university hospital. Two different case definitions were used. In the first definition, a case patient (SPM case patient) was defined as a patient who had at least one isolate of SPM-MDRPa (14 patients). In the second, a case patient (non-SPM case patient) was defined as a patient who had at least one isolate of non-SPM-MDRPa (18 patients). For each case patient, we selected two controls, defined as a patient colonized and/or infected by a non-MDRPa isolate during the same study period and with the closest duration of hospitalization until the isolation of
P. aeruginosa
as cases. The use of quinolones was the single independent predictor of colonization and/or infection by
bla
SPM
MDRPa (odds ratrio [OR] = 14.70, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 1.70 to 127.34,
P
= 0.01), whereas the use of cefepime was the single predictor of colonization and/or infection by non-
bla
SPM
MDRPa (OR = 8.50, 95% CI = 1.51 to 47.96,
P
= 0.01). The main risk factor for MDRPa was a history of antibiotics usage. Stratification of risk factor analysis by a precise mechanism of resistance led us to identify a specific antibiotic, a quinolone, as a predictor for SPM-MDRPa.
Effect of Recombinant Murine Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor with or without Fluoroquinolone Therapy on Mixed-Infection Abscesses in Mice
Authors: Stearne Lorna E. T. , Vonk Alieke G. , Kullberg Bart Jan , Gyssens Inge C. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTThe aim of the study was to determine if immunomodulation of host defense with recombinant murine granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) improves the efficacy of trovafloxacin or moxifloxacin in abscesses containingBacillus fragilisATCC 23745 and differentEscherichia colistrains varying in virulence. Treatment of mice inoculated with 107CFUB. fragilisand 105CFU low-virulenceE. coliwith either trovafloxacin (150 mg/kg/day every 24 hours, days 3 to 7) or moxifloxacin (96 mg/kg/day every 12 hours, days 3 to 7), significantly reduced the number ofB. fragilisto 6.9 ± 0.35 and 5.8 ± 0.10 and that ofE. colito 4.9 ± 0.09 and 4.2 ± 0.07 log CFU/abscess for trovafloxacin and moxifloxacin, respectively, compared to controls (B. fragilis8.7 andE. coli7.4 log CFU/abscess) on day 8. Also, moxifloxacin was more potent than trovafloxacin. Addition of G-CSF prophylaxis (1 μg once on day −1) or therapy (1 μg/day on days 3 to 7) to fluoroquinolone treatment did not improve the efficacy of fluoroquinolone therapy alone. The effect of moxifloxacin with or without G-CSF prophylaxis on abscesses with a virulent hemolyticE. colistrain was also studied. In moxifloxacin-treated mice, 75% survived infection compared to 10% of controls. Combining moxifloxacin with G-CSF prophylaxis significantly decreased survival (30%) compared to moxifloxacin alone. In addition, G-CSF prophylaxis resulted in a threefold (E. coli) to 100-fold (B. fragilis) increased outgrowth in the abscesses of surviving mice. In conclusion, the addition of G-CSF to a fluoroquinolone is not advisable since, depending on the virulence of theE. colistrains, this might detrimentally influence the outcome of therapy.
Efficacy of Caspofungin and Voriconazole Combinations in Experimental Aspergillosis
Authors: MacCallum Donna M. , Whyte Julie A. , Odds Frank C. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT

Guinea pigs were infected with
Aspergillus fumigatus
at two challenge doses and treated for 7 days with a placebo, intraperitoneal caspofungin (1 mg/kg daily), oral voriconazole (1 mg/kg twice a day), or a combination of the caspofungin and voriconazole treatments. The combination therapy statistically significantly prolonged survival over that with the control at both challenge doses and achieved a statistically significant reduction in kidney burdens as measured by quantitative PCR. The same was true for animals given caspofungin alone at both levels of challenge and for animals treated with voriconazole alone at the lower challenge dose. However, the effects of combination therapy on prolongation of survival were greater than those of either monotherapy at both challenge doses, and the reduction in kidney burdens with combination therapy was significantly greater than that with caspofungin alone in the animals given the lower challenge dose. No synergistic interactive effects were seen for the two agents in checkerboard titration experiments in vitro. We conclude that therapy of experimental aspergillosis with caspofungin and voriconazole combined offers slight additional improvements in efficacy rather than effects of a clearly synergistic nature.
Genomic Approach to Identifying the Putative Target of and Mechanisms of Resistance to Mefloquine in Mycobacteria
Authors: Danelishvili Lia , Wu Martin , Young Lowell S. , Bermudez Luiz E. 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT

The emergence of mycobacterial resistance to multiple antimicrobials
emphasizes the need for new compounds. The antimycobacterial activity
of mefloquine has been recently described.
Mycobacterium
avium
,
Mycobacterium smegmatis
, and
Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
are susceptible to mefloquine in vitro, and activity
was evidenced in vivo against
M. avium
. Attempts to obtain
resistant mutants by both in vitro and in vivo selection have failed.
To identify mycobacterial genes regulated in response to mefloquine, we
employed DNA microarray and green fluorescent protein (GFP) promoter
library techniques. Following mefloquine treatment, RNA was harvested
from
M. tuberculosis
H37Rv, labeled with
32
P, and
hybridized against a DNA array. Exposure to 4× MIC resulted in
a significant stress response, while exposure to a subinhibitory
concentration of mefloquine triggered the expression of genes coding
for enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis, the metabolic pathway,
and transport across the membrane and other proteins of unknown
function. Evaluation of gene expression using an
M. avium
GFP
promoter library exposed to subinhibitory concentrations of mefloquine
revealed more than threefold upregulation of 24 genes. To complement
the microarray results, we constructed an
M. avium
genomic
library under the control of a strong sigma-70 (G13) promoter in
M.
smegmatis
. Resistant clones were selected in 32 μg/ml of
mefloquine (wild-type
M. avium
,
M. tuberculosis
, and
M. smegmatis
are inhibited by 8 μg/ml), and the
M.
avium
genes associated with
M. smegmatis
resistant to
mefloquine were sequenced. Two groups of genes were identified: one
affecting membrane transport and one gene that apparently is involved
in regulation of cellular
replication.