bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adult sibling relationships: Validation of a typology
Authors: STEWART ROBERT B. , KOZAK ANDREA L. , TINGLEY LYNN M. , GODDARD JEAN M. , BLAKE ELISSA M. , CASSEL WENDY A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe goals of the two studies reported here were to examine the nature of sibling typologies and to describe a new measure designed to classify the type of sibling relationship. In the first study, participants (N= 172) ranging in age from 18 to 65 years described their current sibling relationships using a new measure (Sibling Type Questionnaire; STQ). Principal components analysis reduced these data to five dimensions (mutuality, criticism, apathy, competition, and longing), which were used in a cluster analysis to partition the sample into five groups (supportive, longing, competitive, apathetic, and hostile). The second study was conducted to validate the classifications provided by the STQ by obtaining descriptions of sibling relationships from a representative sample of adults (N= 658) ranging in age from 18 to 86 years. Factorial congruence was established with each of the five dimensions previously identified, and cluster analyses again were employed to partition the sample into supportive, longing, apathetic, hostile, and competitive groups. Respondents completed the Adult Sibling Relationship Questionnaire (ASRQ) and a brief interview to provide a means of validating the cluster solution. Differences in the nature of sibling relationships associated with phases of adult life were also assessed.
Personal relationships in late modernity
Authors: ALLAN GRAHAM 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis article is concerned with the significance of personal relationships in contemporary social life, principally drawing on recent British research. After reviewing traditional sociological theories concerning the impact of economic transformations on family and community ties, the author examines the character of couple and family commitment in the context of the radical demographic changes that have been occurring, particularly in patterns of family formation and dissolution. Relating these changes to theories of “late modernity,” the author assesses their implications for the relevance of personal relationships in general, and friendship in particular, in contemporary social formations. The author's argument is that far from becoming socially marginal as dominant theories generally imply, personal relationships are likely to become increasingly significant as social life becomes more fragmented and less predictable.
Evolution and relationships: A call for integration
Authors: SIMPSON JEFFRY A. , GANGESTAD STEVEN W. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn this introduction to the special issue on evolutionary approaches to relationships, we first review some of the major theories and milestones that have shaped and informed modern evolutionary thinking. In doing so, we discuss some of the major evolutionary theories that are most relevant to interpersonal relationships, and we describe how these theories are structurally linked. We then discuss the importance of theorizing about and studying phenomena from multiple levels of explanation–ultimate, ontogenetic, and proximate. Several misconceptions that continue to plague evolutionary psychology are then discussed, and we suggest ways in which evolutionary psychologists have unwittingly created, perpetuated, or sometimes exacerbated certain misconceptions. We conclude that the science of relationships could benefit from an infusion of more evolutionary thinking, and we propose that evolutionary psychology could benefit by having more relationship researchers.
Context‐specific mate choice criteria: Women's trade‐offs in the contexts of long‐term and extra‐pair mateships
Authors: SCHEIB JOANNA E. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractWomen's mate choice criteria were examined experimentally in the contexts of long‐term and extra‐pair mateship scenarios. In long‐term mateships, women may benefit by pairing with males who provide material resources and assistance in child rearing. In contrast, in extra‐pair mateships, women may benefit in other ways, with such benefits outweighing the potential costs imposed by a primary mate who discovers the relationship. One benefit, or evolutionary function, of extra‐pair mateships may be to replace a primary mate, in which case mate preferences should look similar across long‐term and extra‐pair contexts. However, another function of extra‐pair mateships may be to obtain high quality gametes (Le., “good genes”), in which case women should be differentially attracted to cues of heritable phenotypic quality, such as physical attractiveness. By using detailed verbal and pictorial descriptions of men and requiring participants to trade off physical attractiveness for good character (i.e., being a good cooperator and parent), it was possible to determine whether women's criteria for partners varied across experimental contexts. Findings suggest that extra‐pair mateships may have served the evolutionary function of obtaining “good genes,” because attractiveness was more important in extra‐pair mateships to the detriment of good character. This effect was maintained even when characteristics of the female participants (age, parity, marital experience) were covaried. In addition, the preference for physical attractiveness was specific to the sexual context; it did not generalize, in a second experiment, to choices among short‐term male coworkers.
Evidence from a homosexual sample for a sex‐specific rival‐oriented mechanism: Jealousy as a function of a rival's physical attractiveness and dominance
Authors: BUUNK BRAM P , DIJKSTRA PIETERNEL 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAmong heterosexual women in particular, a rival's physical attractiveness evokes jealousy, whereas among heterosexual men in particular, a rival's dominance evokes feelings of jealousy. The present study conducted with gay men and lesbian women examined whether these sex‐differentiated responses reflect an evolved sex‐specific rival‐oriented mechanism according to which males and females pay attention to different rival characteristics or an evolved general partner‐oriented mechanism, according to which males and females pay attention to those characteristics that their actual and potential partners find important. In an experiment, using a 2 (Participant Sex) × 2 (Rival Physical Attractiveness) × 2 (Rival Dominance) mixed factor design, homosexual participants were presented with a scenario in which their partners were flirting with an individual of the same sex. Lesbian women, but not gay men, reported more jealousy when they were exposed to a physically attractive rival as compared with a physically unattractive rival. Gay males, but not lesbian women, reported more jealousy when they were exposed to a rival high in dominance as compared with a rival low in dominance, especially when exposed to a physically unattractive rival. In addition, among women high in dominance, a dominant rival evoked relatively less jealousy, and among women high in social comparison orientation, an unattractive rival evoked relatively more jealousy. It is concluded that males and females posses an evolved sex‐specific rival‐oriented mechanism through which they respond more or less automatically to those rival characteristics that have been important in sexual selection in our evolutionary past.
Poaching, promiscuity, and deceit: Combatting mating rivalry in same‐sex friendships
Authors: BLESKE APRIL L. , SHACKELFORD TODD K. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIf humans faced recurrently over evolutionary history the adaptive problem of competition with same‐sex friends for mates, they may have evolved psychological mechanisms designed to prevent and combat mating rivalry with same‐sex friends. Four studies were conducted to test hypotheses about the design of these mechanisms. In Studies 1 and 2 (N= 406 and N= 342, respectively) we found that, as predicted, people experience more upset in response to imagined rivalry from a friend than from a stranger. In Study 3 (N= 455), in which a between‐subjects design was utilized, we found that women's, but not men's, willingness to become friends with a member of the same sex is lower when the person is described as sexually promiscuous. In Study 4 (N= 169) we found that people report being deceived by friends about mating rivalry more often than they themselves report engaging in deceit about rivalry, and women more than men deceive each other about how sexually experienced and promiscuous they are. Discussion addresses implications of the findings and the use of an evolutionary approach for understanding conflict in same‐sex friendship.
Hepatic iron overload in alcoholic end‐stage liver disease is associated with iron deposition in other organs in the absence of HFE‐1 hemochromatosis
Authors: Eng Sue C. , Taylor Shari L. , Reyes Victoria , Raaka Stuart , Berger Jose , Kowdley Kris V. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract:Background: End‐stage cirrhosis in the absence of hereditary hemochromatosis (HHC) can be associated with moderate to marked hepatic iron overload, especially in liver disease as a result of alcohol and/or hepatitis C. However, no published studies have addressed extrahepatic iron deposition in this setting.Method: A retrospective case series from three autopsied patients who died from end‐stage cirrhosis associated with significant hepatic iron overload. Histology of vital organs was performed to detect extrahepatic iron deposition. HFE genotyping for the C282Y and H63D mutations was determined from archival tissue. Hepatic iron index and hepatic iron concentration (HIC) were quantified from formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue. Medical records were reviewed for possible causes of iron overload.Results: Two patients were H63D heterozygous (H63D +/−) and one was wild type (C282Y −/−, H63D −/−). Histology revealed evidence of stainable iron in the heart and pancreas of all three subjects. Additionally, stainable iron was seen in the stomach in one subject and in the thyroid, pituitary, choroid plexus and testes in another subject. HIC ranged from 4354 to 6834 μg/g dry weight and HII from 1.8 to 2.2 (μmol/g/years).Conclusion: Iron overload secondary to end‐stage liver disease can be associated with iron deposition in other organs in the absence of HFE‐1 HHC.
Short‐term postliver transplant survival after the introduction of MELD scores for organ allocation in the United States
Authors: Yoo Hwan Y. , Thuluvath Paul J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractBackground: It has been suggested that the introduction of model for end‐stage liver disease (MELD) for organ allocation may reduce overall graft and patient survival since elevated serum creatinine is an important predictor of poor outcome after liver transplantation.Objective: In this study, we determined the outcomes of liver transplantation before (PreMELD group, 1998–February, 2002) and after (MELD group, March–December, 2002, n=4642) the introduction of MELD score, and examined the impact of MELD scores on the outcome in the United States (US).Patients & methods: After excluding patients for a variety of reasons (children, live‐donor, fulminant liver failure, patients with hepatoma and others who received extra MELD points, multiple organ transplantation, re‐transplantation, incomplete data), there were 3227 patients in the MELD group. These patients were compared with 14 593 patients in the preMELD group after applying similar exclusion criteria. The survival was compared using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and Cox regression survival analysis.Results: There was no difference in short‐term (up to 10 months) graft and patient survival between MELD and preMELD groups. However, graft and patient survival was lower in patients with MELD score ≥30 when compared with those with MELD score <30 after adjusting for the confounding variables.Conclusion: Introduction of MELD score for organ prioritization has not reduced the short‐term survival of patients, but patients with MELD score of 30 or higher had a relatively poor outcome.
Bile duct proliferation associated with bile salt‐induced hypercholeresis in Mdr2 P‐glycoprotein‐deficient mice
Authors: Hulzebos Christian V , Voshol Peter J , Wolters Henk , Kruit Janine K , Ottenhof Roelof , Groen Albert K , Stellaard Frans , Verkade Henkjan J , Kuipers Folkert 
Published: May 2005

AbstractBackground/Aims: Bile flow consists of bile salt‐dependent bile flow (BSDF), generated by canalicular secretion of bile salts, and bile salt‐independent flow (BSIF), probably of combined canalicular and ductular origin. Bile salt transport proteins have been identified in cholangiocytes, suggesting a role in control of BSDF and/or in control of bile salt synthesis through cholehepatic shunting.Methods: We studied effects of bile duct proliferation under non‐cholestatic conditions in multidrug resistance‐2 P‐glycoprotein (Abcb4)‐deficient multidrug resistance gene‐2 (Mdr2(−/−)) mice. BSDF and BSIF were determined in wild‐type and Mdr2(−/−) mice during infusion of step‐wise increasing dosages of tauroursodeoxycholate (TUDC). Cholate synthesis rate was determined by 2H4‐cholate dilution. Results were related to expression of transport proteins in liver and intestine.Results: During TUDC infusion, BSDF was increased by ∼50% and BSIF by ∼100% in Mdr2(−/−) mice compared with controls. Cholate synthesis rate was unaffected in Mdr2(−/−) mice. Hepatic expression of the apical sodium‐dependent bile salt transporter (Asbt), its truncated form (tAsbt) and the multidrug resistance‐related protein 3 were upregulated in Mdr2(−/−) mice.Conclusions: Bile duct proliferation in Mdr2(−/−) mice enhances cholehepatic shunting of bile salts, which is associated with a disproportionally high bile flow but does not affect bile salt synthesis.
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor expression correlates with inflammatory changes in human chronic hepatitis B infection
Authors: Zhang Hai‐Ying , Nanji Amin A. , Luk John M. , Huang Xiao‐Ru , Lo Chung‐Mau , Chen Yong Xiong , Yuen Siu‐Tsan , Lan Hui Y. , Lau George K. K. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractBackground: Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has emerged to be a pivotal cytokine in immune‐mediated diseases.Patients and methods: To investigate the role of MIF in chronic hepatitis B infection, we studied two groups of hepatitis B surface antigen positive patients: group 1 (immune tolerant, n=16) and group 2 (immune clearance, n=16). Serum level of MIF was measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and intrahepatic expression of MIF, macrophage and T‐cell localisation were detected by double immunohistochemistry.Results: An increased serum MIF correlated significantly with increased serum alanine aminotransferase activity (r=0.73, P<0.001) and the severity of necroinflammatory injury (r=0.642, P<0.001). In group 2, there was marked MIF mRNA expression in all KP‐1+ macrophages and CD45RO+ activated T cells and, to a lesser extent, in hepatocytes within inflammatory areas. In contrast to its mRNA expression, the cytoplasmic MIF protein level in hepatocytes, infiltrating macrophages and T cells within the inflammatory area was reduced, which probably contributed to the increased serum MIF level.Conclusions: Our data suggested that MIF played a role in sustaining cell‐mediated hepatic injury during the immune‐clearance phase of chronic hepatitis B infection.
Antioxidant levels in peripheral blood, disease activity and fibrotic stage in chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Bandara Priyanka , George Jacob , McCaughan Geoffrey , Naidoo Daya , Lux Ora , Salonikas Chris , Kench James , Byth Karen , Farrell Geoffrey C 
Published: May 2005

Abstract:Background: This study addressed the suggested association between levels of the antioxidants glutathione (GSH), vitamin C and vitamin E in peripheral blood and the histological activity and fibrosis stage in chronic hepatitis C (CHC). We then determined whether regular antioxidant supplementation influenced these antioxidant levels or disease severity.Methods: Clinical, biochemical, histological and demographic data were collected from 247 CHC patients at the time of liver biopsy. Whole blood total GSH, plasma vitamin C and E were assessed by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Statistical analyses were performed to test for associations between the variables and to identify independent predictors for hepatic necroinflammatory and fibrosis scores.Results: GSH and vitamin C, but not vitamin E correlated with both portal/periportal activity (r=−0.19, P=0.004; r=−0.19, P=0.009 respectively) and fibrosis stage (r=−0.18, P=0.007; r=−0.18, P=0.009 respectively). GSH was an independent negative predictor of portal/periportal inflammation (P=0.02) and fibrosis (P=0.01). Vitamin C was an independent negative predictor of fibrosis stage (P=0.02). Antioxidant intake was associated with higher vitamin C (P<0.0001) and vitamin E (P=0.005) levels, but not GSH.Conclusions: Whole blood GSH and plasma vitamin C are negatively associated with hepatic portal/periportal inflammation and fibrosis stage in CHC. Controlled intervention studies with vitamin C and agents that boost endogenous GSH levels are warranted.
Suppression of adenoviral gene expression in the liver: role of innate vs adaptive immunity and their cell lysis mechanisms
Authors: Minagawa Masahiro , Kawamura Hiroki , Liu Zhangxu , Govindarajan Sugantha , Dennert Gunther 
Published: May 2005

AbstractBackground: Injection of adenoviral constructs causes liver infection prompting immunity, which suppress viral gene expression. Innate and adaptive immunity mediate these processes raising the question which pathways are the most prominent.Methods: Adenovirus expressing the β‐galactosidase (β‐gal) gene was injected into normal and immunodeficient mice. Elimination of β‐gal‐expressing hepatocytes and increases in liver enzymes were assayed. Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I densities, perforin channel insertion and apoptosis by Fas and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α were assayed.Results: At high virus doses, suppression of viral gene expression was as efficient in immunodeficient as in normal mice, while at low doses effects of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) were demonstrable. Despite CTL priming and elimination of infected hepatocytes no liver injury is detected. Hepatocyte MHC I densities were able to trigger CTL granule exocytosis and perforin lysis in vitro but not in vivo. This is we show is because of decreased sensitivity of hepatocytes from infected mice to perforin and increased sensitivity to Fas and TNF‐α lysis.Conclusion: Effector cells of the innate immune system are exceedingly effective in suppressing adenoviral gene expression. Perforin‐independent pathways, those mediated by TNF‐α and Fas are very efficient in hepatocytes from virus‐infected livers.
Octreotide in liver cirrhosis: a salvage for variceal bleeding can be a gunshot for kidneys
Authors: Duman Deniz Güney , Tüney Davut , Bilsel Serpil , Benli Fehime , Karan Sehnaz , Avsar Erol , Özdogan Osman , Tözün Nurdan 
Published: May 2005

AbstractBackground: The renal effects of octreotide, used for bleeding esophageal varices in cirrhosis, are controversial.Methods: Fourteen cirrhotic patients (Child–Pugh; A/B/C: 1/12/1) were enrolled. Plasma nitrite and endothelin (ET) levels, urinary nitrite output, free water clearance (FWC) and fractional excretion of filtered sodium (FENa) were measured and renal Doppler ultrasound was carried out. Octreotide was infused at a rate of 0.75 μg/kg/h for 3 h after a bolus of 0.75 μg/kg body weight. All the parameters were reevaluated during octreotide administration while the patients acted as their own controls.Results: Octreotide induced significant reductions in urinary nitrite, FENa and FWC. Plasma ET levels increased (baseline: 6.7 pg/ml, octreotide: 8.4 pg/ml), whereas the plasma nitrite level did not change significantly after octreotide infusion. Overall, no significant change in renal resistive index (RRI) could be demonstrated on Doppler after octreotide administration. However, patients with elevated baseline RRI values had significantly more deterioration in FWC and FENa compared with patients with normal RRI in response to octreotide.Conclusion: A marked decrease in FENa, FWC and urinary nitrite output, together with a significant increase in plasma ET level in response to octreotide, may indicate renal dysfunction in cirrhotic patients. This deleterious renal effect of octreotide may be more enhanced in patients with elevated baseline RRI.
Asian‐Pacific consensus statement on the management of chronic hepatitis B: a 2005 update
Authors: Liaw Yun‐Fan , Leung Nancy , Guan Richard , Lau George K.K. , Merican Ismail , McCaughan Geoff , Gane Edward , Kao Jia‐Horng , Omata Masao ,   for the Asian‐Pacific consensus update working party on chronic hepatitis B
Published: May 2005

Abstract: Background/Aims: A large amount of new data on the treatment of chronic hepatitis B has become available such that the 2003 consensus statement requires revision and update.Methods: New data were presented, discussed and debated in an expert pre‐meeting to draft a revision. The revised contents were finalized after discussion in a general meeting of APASL.Results: Conceptual background, including the efficacy and safety profile of currently available and emerging drugs, was reviewed. Nineteen recommendations were formed and unresolved issues and areas for further study were suggested.Conclusion: The current therapy of chronic hepatitis B is modestly effective but not satisfactory. The development of new drugs and new strategies is required to further improve the outcomes of treatment.
The Blink Reflex in Cluster Headache
Authors: Raudino Francesco 
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSISTo investigate the involvement of the trigeminal system in cluster headache, in twelve subjects the electrically‐elicited blink reflex during a symptomatic period was examined. In eleven cases, the amplitude of the contralateral R2 response on the symptomatic side was significantly lower. at the same stimulus intensity, than on the asymptomatic side (p = 0.005). The blink reflex can be useful to evaluate biologicaland drug‐induced phenomena in cluster headache.
Arterial Stenosis in Migraine: Spasm or Arteriopathy?
Authors: Solomon Seymour , Lipton Richard B. , Harris Phyllis Y. 
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSISSegmental arterial narrowing has rarely been angiographically demonstrated in patients with migraine. One new case is reported and 12 previous cases are reviewed. Though often referred to as vasospasm, arteriographic stenosis may result from edema of the vessel wall, arterial dissection, the effects of puerperium or arteritis.A biphasic course of spasm, similar to the pattern noted with subarachnoid hemorrhage, has been recorded in some migraineurs. The current neurogenic and biochemical concepts of “spasm” developed for subarachnoid hemorrhage are reviewed.Arterial narrowing may be important in several phenomena associated with migraine. It may account for migrainous cerebral infarction or hemorrhage. Vasoconstriction has also been invoked to explain the aura and other features of migraine. But the site of stenosis does not always correlate with the headache or focal neurologic features in location or timing. The angiographic changes are probably an epiphenomena rather than a primary mechanism of migraine. These changes may result from altered sympathetic neuronal activity; factors supporting that concept are reviewed.
Insomnia and Perceptual Disturbances During Flunarizine Treatment
Authors: Dalla Volta Giorgio , Magoni Mauro , Cappa Stefano , Di Monda Vincenzo 
Published: May 2005

SYNOPSISWe report two cases of sleep disturbances and perceptual disorder appearing in close temporal relationship with initiation of flunarizine therapy for migraine prophylaxis: these side effects disappeared after therapy interruption; resumption of the drug in one case was associated with symptom recurrence.