bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association between psychological symptoms in adults and growth in early life: longitudinal follow up study
Authors: Cheung Y B , Khoo K S , Karlberg J , Machin D 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectives:To test the hypothesis that birth weight for gestational age and weight gain in early childhood have a long term association with psychological distress in adults.Design:Longitudinal study of 1958 birth cohort followed to age 42 years.Setting:Population based birth cohort study.Participants:9731 cohort members with valid perinatal, postnatal, and adult data.Main outcome measures:Malaise inventory scores measured at ages 23, 33, and 42 years. Generalised estimating equations approach used to analyse repeated measures.Results:Psychological distress score was inversely related to birthweight z score and weight gain from birth to the age of 7 years. A unit increase in birthweight z score or childhood weight gain was associated with a mean reduction in psychological distress score of 0.10 (95% confidence interval 0.05 to 0.15) and 0.06 (0.02 to 0.10), respectively. Birth weight and weight gain were also inversely related to the odds of having a high level of psychological distress, with odds ratios being 0.90 (0.85 to 0.95) and 0.93 (0.89 to 0.98), respectively.Conclusions:Psychological health in adults is related to fetal growth and growth in early childhood.
Home based exercise programme for knee pain and knee osteoarthritis: randomised controlled trial
Authors: Thomas K S , Muir K R , Doherty M , Jones A C , O'Reilly S C , Bassey E J 
Published: October 2002

Abstract

Objectives:
To determine whether a home based exercise programme can improve outcomes in patients with knee pain.

Design:
Pragmatic, factorial randomised controlled trial of two years' duration.

Setting:
Two general practices in Nottingham.

Participants:
786 men and women aged—45 years with self reported knee pain.

Interventions:
Participants were randomised to four groups to receive exercise therapy, monthly telephone contact, exercise therapy plus telephone contact, or no intervention. Patients in the no intervention and combined exercise and telephone groups were randomised to receive or not receive a placebo health food tablet.

Main outcome measures:
Primary outcome was self reported score for knee pain on the Western Ontario and McMaster universities (WOMAC) osteoarthritis index at two years. Secondary outcomes included knee specific physical function and stiffness (scored on WOMAC index), general physical function (scored on SF-36 questionnaire), psychological outlook (scored on hospital anxiety and depression scale), and isometric muscle strength.

Results:
600 (76.3%) participants completed the study. At 24 months, highly significant reductions in knee pain were apparent for the pooled exercise groups compared with the non-exercise groups (mean difference -0.82, 95% confidence interval
-1.3 to -0.3). Similar improvements were observed at 6, 12, and 18 months. Regular telephone contact alone did not reduce pain. The reduction in pain was greater the closer patients adhered to the exercise plan.

Conclusions:
A simple home based exercise programme can significantly reduce knee pain. The lack of improvement in patients who received only telephone contact suggests that improvements are not just due to psychosocial effects because of contact with the therapist.
Quality improvement report
Improving design and conduct of randomised trials by embedding them in qualitative research: ProtecT (prostate testing for cancer and treatment) study
Commentary: presenting unbiased information to patients can be difficult
Authors: Donovan Jenny , Little Paul , Mills Nicola , Smith Monica , Brindle Lucy , Jacoby Ann , Peters Tim , Frankel Stephen , Neal David , Hamdy Freddie 
Published: October 2002

Abstract

Problem:
Recruitment to randomised trials is often difficult, and many important trials are not mounted because recruitment is thought to be “impossible.”

Design:
Controversial ProtecT (prostate testing for cancer and treatment) trial embedded within qualitative research.

Background and setting:
Screening for prostate cancer is hotly debated, and evidence from trials about the effectiveness of treatments (surgery, radiotherapy, and monitoring) is lacking. Mounting a treatment trial is controversial because of past failures and concerns that differences in complications of treatment but not survival make randomisation unacceptable to patients and clinicians, particularly for a trial including monitoring.

Strategy for change:
In-depth interviews explored interpretation of study information. Audiotape recordings of recruitment appointments enabled scrutiny of content and presentation of study information by recruiters. Initial qualitative findings showed that recruiters had difficulty discussing equipoise and presenting treatments equally; they unknowingly used terminology that was misinterpreted by participants. Findings were used to determine changes to content and presentation of information.

Effects of change:
Changes to the order of presenting treatments encouraged emphasis on equivalence, misinterpreted terms were avoided, the non-radical arm was redefined, and randomisation and clinical equipoise were presented more convincingly. The randomisation rate increased from 40% to 70%, all treatments became acceptable, and the three arm trial became the preferred design.

Lessons learnt:
Changes to information and presentation resulted in efficient recruitment acceptable to patients and clinicians. Embedding this controversial trial within qualitative research improved recruitment. Such methods probably have wider applicability and may enable even the most difficult evaluative questions to be tackled.
Epidemiology of unintentional drowning and near-drowning in Denmark in 1995: Table 1
Authors: Lindholm Peter , Steensberg Jens 
Published: October 2002

Objectives—To determine the pattern of accidental drowning and near-drowning in Denmark.Design—Prospective study of all cases of accidental drowning and near-drowning during one year.Setting—Denmark, 1995.Subjects—All patients brought to Danish hospitals after incidents of unintentional near-drowning or cooling in water and all fatal cases.Main outcome measures—Number of near-drowned patients reported prospectively by hospital departments supplemented by cases reported after requests based on the National Patient Register. Number of drownings reported by public health medical officers (as medical examiners), institutes of forensic medicine, and hospitals.Results—Sixty three (38%) of 167 unintentionally immersed persons died: eight (17%) of 47 children and 55 (46%) of 120 adults. The annual incidence of serious immersion events in children leading to hospital contact was 5.2/100 000; mortality was 0.7/100 000. For adult males the annual incidence of serious unintentional immersions was 4.3/100 000 and for females 1.2/100 000. For foreigners the risk was three to four times higher than for Danes.Conclusions—More attention should be paid to the risk of drowning in children, adult males, and foreigners.
Adult-worn child carriers: a potential risk for injury
Authors: Frisbee Stephanie J , Hennes Halim 
Published: October 2002

Objectives—To examine and describe types of injuries associated with adult-worn child carriers and illustrate the need for careful use of these products by parents.Methods—A literature search for the terms infant carriers, backpack carriers, infant slings, baby carriers, and baby slings was conducted. Information was also obtained and tabulated from the three Consumer Product Safety Commission databases: the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS), the In-Depth Investigations File, and the Injury/Potential Injury Incident File.Results—No reports of injuries were found in the medical literature. In the NEISS database, 51 injuries were reported between January 1990 and September 1998. Of these injuries, 38 (74.5%) were head traumas and eight (15.7%) were facial trauma. Of the 51 injuries, 11 (22%) required hospitalization.Conclusions—Based on the data presented in this paper, injuries associated with the use of adult-worn child carriers appear to come from three general sources: product appropriateness and design, product condition, and product use. It is important for health care providers to assist in the dissemination of information regarding the safe use of these products to parents in an effort to prevent injuries.
Violence and its injury consequences in American movies: a public health perspective
Authors: McArthur David , Peek-Asa Corinne , Webb Theresa , Fisher Kevin , Cook Bernard , Browne Nick , Kraus Jess 
Published: October 2002

Objectives—The purpose of this study was to evaluate the seriousness and frequency of violence and the degree of associated injury depicted in the 100 top grossing American films of 1994.Methods—Each scene in each film was examined for the presentation of violent actions upon persons and coded by means of a systematic context sensitive analytic scheme. Specific degrees of violence and indices of injury severity were abstracted. Only actually depicted, not implied, actions were coded, although both explicit and implied consequences were examined.Results—The median number of violent actions per film was 16, with a range from 1 to 110. Intentional violence outnumbered unintentional violence by a factor of 10. Almost 90% of violent actions showed no consequences to the recipient's body, although more than 80% of the violent actions were executed with lethal or moderate force. Fewer than 1% of violent actions were accompanied by injuries that were then medically attended.Conclusions—Violent force in American films of 1994 was overwhelmingly intentional and in four of five cases was executed at levels likely to cause significant bodily injury. Not only action films but movies of all genres contained scenes in which the intensity of the action was not matched by correspondingly severe injury consequences. Many American films, regardless of genre, tend to minimize the consequences of violence to human beings.
Evaluation of the Waitakere Community Injury Prevention Project
Authors: Coggan Carolyn , Patterson Pam , Brewin Marilyn , Hooper Rhonda , Robinson Elizabeth 
Published: October 2002

Objective—To evaluate the Waitakere Community Injury Prevention Project (WCIPP).Methods—Process and outcome evaluations were conducted over a three year period. Process activities included analysis of project documentation, participant observation, key informant interviews, and two post-implementation case studies. A quasiexperimental design was used for the outcome evaluation. Three primary sources of data were collected and analysed: injury statistics; a pre-post telephone survey (n=4000); and a pre-post organisation survey (n=144).Results—Process evaluation provided a comprehensive account of the operation and activities of the WCIPP. Findings stress the pivotal role of the coordinators and highlight the value of incorporating a multicultural approach. A positive impact on changes to Waitakere City Council safety policies and practices was also evident. Outcome evaluation findings demonstrated significant reductions in rates of Waitakere child injury hospitalisations (p<0.05), while comparison communities showed an increase in child hospitalisation rates. In addition, compared with pre-intervention and comparison data, significantly more Waitakere residents were aware of injury prevention safety messages (p=0.0001) and had acquired appropriate child safety items (p=0.0001).Conclusion—The community injury prevention model appears to be an effective strategy for injury prevention. The support provided by the council for the WCIPP has provided a benchmark for the role of local governments in injury prevention.
Prevention of spinal cord injuries caused by diving: evaluation of the distribution and usage of a diving safety video in high schools
Authors: Bhide Vinay M , Edmonds Virginia E , Tator Charles H 
Published: October 2002

Objective—To determine and assess the distribution and use ofSudden Impact, a video designed by Think First and SportsSmart Canada, to help prevent spinal cord injury caused by careless shallow water diving among teenagers in the high risk group (15–24 years old).Design—Survey of 92 public secondary schools in Toronto, Canada.Subjects—The heads of the physical and health education departments of the 92 secondary public schools in the Metropolitan Toronto region.Results—The response rate was 64% (59 schools), of which 76% (45) had actually received the video. Forty one schools (91%) of those that received the video reported using it. Eighty per cent of responding schools showed it to grade 11 students. Eighty per cent of schools with swimming pools used the video compared with only 42% of schools without swimming pools.Conclusions—There is a need for improvements in the system of distribution to ensure greater use of material such as this video. These may include direct distribution to principals, continuing contact with the schools, or mandatory inclusion of diving safety into the school curriculum.
An evaluation of the effectiveness of the Injury Minimization Programme for Schools (IMPS)
Authors: Frederick Katrina , Bixby Elizabeth , Orzel Marie-Noelle , Stewart-Brown Sarah , Willett Keith 
Published: October 2002

Objective—To evaluate the effect of an injury prevention programme (Injury Minimization Programme for Schools, IMPS) on children's primary and secondary prevention, and basic life support, knowledge, attitudes, skills, and behaviour.Design—Prospective non-randomised matched control.Setting—Radcliffe NHS Trust and primary and middle schools in Oxfordshire, UK.Subjects—1200 year 6 children (10 and 11 years old); 600 received IMPS, a primary and secondary injury prevention programme taught in the school and hospital environments; 600 children in the control group received no planned intervention.Main outcome measures—Safety knowledge, measured using a quiz. Resuscitation skills and behaviour observed and assessed using a simulated emergency scenario. Attitude and hypothetical behaviour towards safety assessed by the “draw and write” technique.Results—Before intervention, both groups had similar levels of knowledge. Five months after the intervention, significantly more IMPS trained children demonstrated a greater increase in knowledge in administering first aid and the correct procedure for making a call to the emergency services. They also demonstrated better basic life support techniques—for example, mouth-to-mouth and cardiac compressions. They identified more subtle dangers, were more likely to seek help, and tell others that their behaviour was dangerous.Conclusion—The results demonstrate the benefits of the IMPS programme on injury prevention knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours.
Motor vehicle crashes in Pakistan: the emerging epidemic
Authors: Hyder Adnan A , Ghaffar Abdul , Masood Tayyeb I 
Published: October 2002

Setting—Motor vehicle injuries are increasingly being recognized as a growing public health issue in the developing world. Pakistan is a developing country in South Asia where motor vehicle use has increased since independence in 1947.Objective—This paper explores the magnitude and impact of injuries from motor vehicle crashes in Pakistan.Methods—An exhaustive review of published and gray literature, together with a detailed analysis of government data from 1956.Results—The data indicate a persistent increase in the numbers of motor vehicle crashes, injuries, and fatalities. Changes in the reporting of rates are important to note in evaluating the data. Commercial vehicles contribute disproportionately to these motor vehicle injuries.Conclusions—There is a need to further the recognition of injuries as a public health issue in this country. Specific exploration of the epidemiological data; intersectoral collaboration between health, law, police and transport; and the development of appropriate information systems, will contribute to an appropriate response by Pakistan.
Decreasing incidence of burn injury in a rural state
Authors: Clark D E , Dainiak C N , Reeder S 
Published: October 2002

Objectives—To determine changes in the incidence of burn injury since the regionalization of burn care and intensification of fire prevention initiatives that occurred in Maine during the 1970s.Methods—Death certificate data from Maine and the United States for deaths due to fire or burns were obtained for 1960–98. Hospitalization and burn registry data were obtained for Maine from 1973–98. Frequencies and incidence rates were compared over time and, where possible, between Maine and the United States.Results—During 1960–79, annual burn mortality in Maine averaged 5.1/100 000, with random variation. After this, the rate declined steadily to an average annual level of 1.4/100 000 during 1993–96. For the entire United States, average annual mortality declined from 4.2/100 000 during 1961–64 to 1.5/100 000 during 1993–96. Reduction in mortality has been principally due to prevention of dwelling fires. Hospitalization for burns in Maine was 34.8/100 000 during 1973–76 and declined to 10.6/100 000 during 1995–98.Conclusions—Burn prevention measures have dramatically reduced the incidence of death and hospitalization resulting from burns in Maine.
Misuse of booster seats
Authors: Morris S D , Arbogast K B , Durbin D R , Winston F K 
Published: October 2002

Objective—To describe several aspects of booster seat use and misuse in a sample of children attending child safety seat clinics.Methods—Booster seat practices were assessed at 76 child safety seat clinics held between April 1997 and January 1999 in Pennsylvania and southern New Jersey. At each assessment, a child passenger safety team evaluated the booster seat and identified modes of misuse.Results—Altogether 227 booster seats were observed. Sixty eight per cent (68%) of shield boosters and 20% of belt positioning boosters were misused. Thirty two per cent of the children using a shield booster weighed more than 40 lb (18.1 kg); 68% of children in shield boosters and 63% in belt positioning boosters weighed less than 40 lb.Conclusions—This study identified a relatively high rate of booster seat misuse. Shield boosters were more likely to be misused than belt positioning booster seats. Significant numbers of children weighing more than 40 lb were using possibly dangerous shield boosters. The majority of children in this study were less than 40 lb. In this weight range, a convertible child restraint system provides better protection than a booster seat. Booster seat use should only be initiated once the child has completely outgrown their convertible child restraint system.
Social differences in traffic injury risks in childhood and youth—a literature review and a research agenda: Figure 1
Authors: Laflamme L , Diderichsen F 
Published: October 2002

Objectives—The paper reviews the scientific literature concerning social differences in traffic injuries in childhood in order to highlight the current state of knowledge and to draw the main lines of a research agenda.Method—A conceptual framework is used that identifies the mechanisms through which social context, social position, and various exposures may interact in the determination of health inequalities. It is used as a frame for presenting the evidence accumulated so far concerning social differences in traffic injury in childhood, including pedestrian, cyclist, and vehicle passenger injuries.Results—For most types of traffic injuries, mortality and morbidity are often higher among children from lower social positions and in more deprived socioeconomic areas. Whether the greater occurrence of injuries in deprived areas is a phenomenon attributable to the areas themselves, or merely a reflection of a wider pattern of injuries affecting lower socioeconomic groups, is unclear. There is evidence of an interaction effect between age and gender, and also between socioeconomic status and gender.Conclusions—The mechanisms leading to social inequalities in traffic injuries in childhood deserve greater scrutiny in future research. Further theoretical developments and empirical investigation will help define intervention needs and enable more effective targeted, long term prevention.
An overview of the injury severity score and the new injury severity score
Authors: Stevenson M , Segui-Gomez M , Lescohier I , Di Scala C , McDonald-Smith G 
Published: October 2002

Objective—The research was undertaken to describe the injury severity score (ISS) and the new injury severity score (NISS) and to illustrate their statistical properties.Design—Descriptive analysis and assessment of the distribution of these scales.Methods—Three data sources—the National Pediatric Trauma Registry; the Massachusetts Uniform Hospital Discharge Data Set; and a trauma registry from an urban level I trauma center in Massachusetts—were used to describe the distribution of the ISS and NISS among injured patients.Results—The ISS/NISS was found to have a positively skewed distribution and transformation did not improve their skewness.Conclusion—The findings suggest that for statistical or analytical purposes the ISS/NISS should not be considered a continuous variable, particularly if ISS/NISS is treated as a continuous variable for correlation with an outcome measure.
Injury in young people with intellectual disability: descriptive epidemiology
Authors: Sherrard J , Tonge B J , Ozanne-Smith J 
Published: October 2002

Objectives—To assess the public health importance of injury in a representative sample of young people with intellectual disability relative to the general population.Setting—This study forms part of the Australian Child and Adolescent Development (ACAD) program examining emotional and behavioural problems in a cohort of young people with intellectual disability (IQ<70). The program has collected extensive biopsychosocial data from carers of subjects at two time intervals, 1990 (n=579) and 1996 (n=465).Method—Carer report of medically attended injury to subjects was collected for the first time during 1996 (age 5–29 years) and supplemented with medical record injury data from hospitals and general practitioners for 147 of the ACAD sample and 110 supplementary subjects. These data were compared with general population injury data to assess relative epidemiological differences.Results—Annual injury mortality and morbidity rates were 150/100 000 and 55.6/1000 persons, with age standardised mortality and morbidity ratios of 8 and 2 respectively. Males and females had similar injury rates. The rate for injury hospitalisations was twice that of the general population. Falls were more common and transport injury and intentional injury less common causes of injury morbidity compared with general population. The patterns of cause, circumstances, and severity of injury in young people with intellectual disability have more similarities with younger children than with their same age group in the general population.Conclusion—This study should alert clinicians and others to the increased risk for injury and possible further handicap in this population. It is essential that injury prevention programs be implemented and evaluated for their effectiveness in reducing the substantial additional burden of suffering, care and cost resulting from injury to young people with intellectual disability.