bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Partial humeri of two Miocene Colombian primates
Authors: Meldrum D. J. , Fleagle J. G. , Kay R. F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDistal portions of humeri from two Miocene Colombian primates were recovered during field work in 1986. The larger IGM 183420 is very similar in size and morphology to the humerus included in the type specimen of Cebupithecia sarmientoi, recovered from La Venta in 1945 (Stirton and Savage: Serv. Geol. Nac. Bogata 7:345–356, 1951) and is assigned to this taxon. IGM 183420 presents a number of features of the humerus associated with clinging postural behaviors in living platyrrhines, including a medial epicondyle with very little dorsal angulation, a cylindrical trochlea, and a contact facet for the coronoid process of the ulna. In these and other features Cebupithecia most closely resembles the extant genus Pithecia.IGM 183512 is approximately the size of Saimiri sciureus and is very similar in morphology to the humerus of this small arboreal quadruped. The medial epicondyle is more dorsally angled, the medial lip of the trochlea is more pronounced and the capitulum is less spherical as compared to Cebupithecia. This fossil is assigned to the taxon Neosaimiri fieldsi.
Effects of growth and speed on hindlimb joint angular displacement patterns in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops)
Authors: Vilensky Joel A. , Gankiewicz Eva 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHip, knee, and ankle joint displacement patterns are compared across both age and speed for five immature vervet monkeys sampled approximately every 6 months over a 3 year period. The analysis indicated that, as a group, the animals displayed no consistent changes in joint patterns as they grew. However, individual animals showed consistent patterns. There were also no consistent effects of size across animals at the walk–gallop transition. This is contrary to McMahon's prediction (J. Appl. Physiol. 39:619–627, 1975) based upon his elastic‐similarity model of animal scaling. With increasing speed, when symmetrical gaits were used, all of the animals tended to show a decrease in the relative positions of the hip, knee, and ankle maximum values. Furthermore, across the walk–gallop transition, the animals tended to show a decrease in the range of ankle and knee movements.
Can paleopathology provide evidence for “compassion”?
Authors: Dettwyler K. A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPaleopathological analyses of skeletal remains have provided significant information about diet and health in prehistoric populations. A number of individuals have been recovered whose remains show evidence of impairments that would have precluded “normal” functioning, resulting in a disability. The most famous example is Shanidar I; more recent discoveries include the Romito 2 dwarf from Italy and a boy with spina bifida from the Windover site in Florida. These finds have been interpreted by some writers as evidence for compassion and “moral decency” among the other members of the community, who would have had to support these nonproductive individuals. However, these interpretations are based on a number of implicit assumptions: about the number of nonproductive members normally present in any population, about the abilities of disabled individuals by other members of the group, and about the “moral rightness” of facilitating the survival of a disabled individual under all circumstances. These assumptions are not justified by the evidence from the archeological record or by reference to ethnographic analogy. A tendency to focus on physical traits as the sole measure of productive ability, images of Rousseau's “noble savage” transported to the past, and unexamined beliefs about the disabled in modern societies have influenced these archeological interpretations. We are not justified in drawing conclusions either about the quality of life for disabled individuals in the past or about the motives or attitudes of the rest of the community from skeletal evidence of physical impairment.
Does brain size variability provide evidence of multiple species in Homo habilis?
Authors: Miller Joseph A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractEndocranial volume (ECV) variability as measured by the coefficient of variation (CV) has been important in supporting the view that more than one species is represented in Homo habilis. Supporters of this view used a CV of 10 as a standard to determine that 1) the H. habilis CV of 12.7 indicates multiple species and 2) there is a low probability of H. habilis specimens KNM‐ER 1470 and KNM‐ER 1813 being members of the same taxon. This study examines published data for ECVs of fossil and extant hominoids to determine whether CV yields any information regarding species number in H. habilis. Results indicate that there is no empirical basis for using a CV of 10 as a standard to detect multiple species in H. habilis. Also, geography, time, sample choice, sex ratio, and measurement technique are complicating factors that must be considered when interpreting CVs for fossil samples. Additionally, the broad 95% statistical confidence limits (5.1–20.3) indicate that the CV estimate of 12.7 for H. habilis is not sufficiently reliable to allow biologically meaningful interpretation. However, if the CV for H. habilis is actually 12.7, it still falls within the range of variation for single species of modern hominoids. The evidence from ECV variability does not support the argument for multiple species in H. habilis.
Cranial capacity evolution in Homo erectus and early Homo sapiens
Authors: Leigh Steven R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis paper investigates patterns of cranial capacity evolution in Homo erectus, early Homo sapiens, and in regional subsamples of H. erectus. Specifically, models explaining evolution of cranial capacity in these taxa are evaluated with statistical techniques developed for the analysis of time series data. Regression estimates of rates of evolution in cranial capacity are also obtained. A non‐parametric test for trend suggests that cranial capacity in both H. erectus and early H. sapiens may increase significantly through time. Cranial capacity in an Asian subsample of H. erectus (comprised of Chinese and Indonesian specimens) increases significantly through time. Other sub‐samples of H. erectus (African, Chinese, and Indonesian) do not appear to increase significantly through time. Regression results generally corroborate results of the test for trend. Spatial and temporal variation may characterize evolution of cranial capacity in H. erectus. Different patterns of cranial capacity evolution may distinguish H. erectus from early H. sapiens.
Cranial growth in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus): A quantitative analysis using three dimensional coordinate data
Authors: Corner Brian D. , Richtsmeier Joan T. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractImprovements in data gathering technology have made it possible to quickly and accurately digitize large numbers of objects. The three dimensional coordinates of 44 homologous landmarks were obtained from a sample of 104 squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) crania. After sorting by sex, the crania were assigned to one of four dental age groups. Two quantitative methods, Euclidean distance matrix analysis (EDMA) and finite element scaling analysis (FESA), were used to study craniofacial form change during growth within each sex. Form differences between the sexes at each developmental age were also examined.Both sexes show a small amount of cranial growth overall; however, there are areas of substantial local growth. These areas include the anterior neurocranium and basicranium, the basioccipital, and the anterior palate. Sexual dimorphism in the craniofacial complex is minimal. The most dimorphic regions are the orbitonasal portion of the lower face, the cranial base, and the palate.
Positional behavior of Pan troglodytes in the Mahale Mountains and Gombe Stream National Parks, Tanzania
Authors: Hunt Kevin D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe positional behavior of habituated adult chimpanzees and baboons was observed for 784 hr in a year‐long study. Comparisons between species were made to establish the distinctiveness of chimpanzee positional behavior and habitat use. Brachiation (sensu stricto, i.e., hand‐over‐hand suspensory locomotion) was observed in low frequencies among chimpanzees, and its significance for chimpanzee anatomy is judged slight. Although no significant differences were found between sympatric baboons and chimpanzees in the proportion of time spent in the terminal branches, or in the mean diameter of weight‐bearing strata, chimpanzees exhibited evidence of a terminal branch adaptation in that they, unlike baboons, used postures among smaller supporting strata different from those used among larger supports. Among chimpanzees, unimanual arm‐hanging was most common among the smallest strata and was associated with smaller mean and median support diameter than other postures. Unimanual arm‐hanging was the only common behavior among chimpanzees that usually involved complete abduction of the humerus. A number of behaviors often subsumed under the label “quadrumanous climbing” were distinguished in this study. Compared to baboons and other cercopithecoids, chimpanzees did not show increased frequencies of large‐stratum vertical climbing, and their vertical climbing did not involve significant humeral abduction. Arm‐hanging (i.e., unimanual suspension) and vertical climbing distinguish chimpanzee positional behavior from that of monkeys.
Effects of fronto‐occipital cranial reshaping on mandibular form
Authors: Cheverud James M. , Midkiff James E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCultural reshaping (artificial deformation or modification) of the neurocranial vault provides an artificially increased range of morphological variability within which the relationship between the growing neurocranium and face can be investigated. We analyze crania which have been fronto‐occipitally compressed to ascertain possible morphological effects on the mandible.We collected measures of mandibular breadth, length, and height from 82 modified (N = 48) and unmodified (N = 34) crania from a Peruvian Ancon series. Angle classification was also scored in order to investigate whether or not occlusal relationships were affected by neurocranial reshaping. Only intercondylar distance (posterior mandibular breadth) exhibited significant differences between unmodified and modified groups, though this difference was relatively small compared with vault deformation. The modified crania had a higher frequency of normal occlusion (Class I) than the unmodified crania.Increased intercondylar breadth in modified skulls is due to a cascade of effects which begin with a direct effect of the fronto‐occipital deforming device on neurocranial shape (increased neurocranial width). The increase in mandibular breadth may be a compensatory response to increased cranial base breadth and maintains articulation between the cranial base and mandible. The increased posterior breadth, coupled with a slight decrease in mandibular depth, may contribute to the change in occlusal relationships suggested for this sample.
Hindlimb proportions, allometry, and biomechanics in old world monkeys (primates, cercopithecidae)
Authors: Strasser Elizabeth 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe traditional focus on morphological rather than mechanical units has obscured some significant functional differences in the hindlimbs of primates. This paper examines the allometric and biomechanical basis for some distinctive proportional differences among pairs of morphological units in the hindlimb, and especially the foot, of cercopithecid primates. Five major conclusions are reached. First, many hindlimb dimensions scale allometrically with body mass to maintain mechanical similarity within taxonomic and locomotor groups. Therefore, the majority of traditional indices which describe the shape of the foot within cercopithecids reveal differences which are primarily a function of size. Second, the hindlimb segments in colobines, and especially in Presbytis, are relatively long, probably to enhance leaping. Third, the major distinction of terrestrial cercopithecines among the features analysed is reduction in the length of the phalanges, due to the reduced importance of grasping during locomotion and the assumption of digitigrady. Fourth, Theropithecus and male Erythrocebus have high crural indices, relative to their body masses, which can facilitate cursoriality. Female E. patas already has a high crural index as a function of its body mass. Fifth, macaques form a distinctive group among cercopithecines, characterized by relatively short hindlimbs. Relatively very short hindlimbs in Macaca fuscata and M. thibetana suggest that climatic conditions can have an added effect on the lengths of the hindlimb segments. In summary, this analysis of the lengths of the hindlimb segments relative to body size reveals taxonomic differences which are due in part to phylogeny, to differences in locomotor behavior, and to substrate use.
Tooth components of mandibular deciduous molars of Homo sapiens sapiens and Homo sapiens neanderthalensis: A radiographic study
Authors: Zilberman U. , Skinner M. , Smith P. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTooth components of deciduous“Deciduous” is used to conform with previous usage in this journal rather than “primary”, though this term has now been adopted in the dental literature
molars were measured from standardized radiographs of Homo sapiens sapiens and Homo sapiens neanderthalensis. Enamel height and width were greater in deciduous teeth of Homo sapiens sapiens than in Homo sapiens neanderthalensis and the differences were statistically significant (p < 0.01). Dentin height showed no significant differences between the two groups, but enamel to floor of pulp chamber and pulp height and width dimensions were significantly greater in Homo sapiens neanderthalensis. Discriminant analysis carried out between groups, using deciduous tooth components, showed an accuracy of 98–100% for identification of Homo sapiens sapiens and 83–92% for identification of Homo sapiens neanderthalensis. The results obtained in this study on dental dimensions support the hypothesis of a distinct evolutionary line for Neanderthals.
Metacarpophalangeal length changes in humans during adulthood: A longitudinal study
Authors: Harris Edward F. , Aksharanugraha Korntip , Behrents Rolf G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTotal lengths of the 19 diaphyseal hand bones were measured from standardized radiographs of healthy American whites as young adults (ca. 21 years) and again at ca. 55 years of age. The four hand‐bone rows exhibit distinctive length changes: Distal and middle phalanges continue to increase significantly in length, proximal phalanges constitute a transition zone of little change, and metacarpals uniformly decrease in length. Clear‐cut sex differences are noteworthy: Males change more (lose more in some bone rows, gain more in others) than females. Progressive elongation was greatest in the distal phalanges where apposition around the distal aspect (“tufting”) is not constrained by a joint or epiphysis. Loss of bone length in the metacarpals by subchondral resorption is consistent with documented reductions in activity levels and grip strength with age, as well as diminished joint spaces which alter loading of the joints.
Genetic structure of the population of Sicily
Authors: Rickards Olga , Biondi Gianfranco , De Stefano Gian Franco , Vecchi Francesco , Walter Hubert 
Published: August 2005

AbstractGenetic heterogeneity within Sicily was investigated on the basis of ACP1, ADA, ESD, GLO1, PGD, PGM1, PGM2, SODA, ABO, and MN gene frequencies, and compared to those of other regions of Italy for which these same loci have been examined. Correspondence analysis revealed no differences within the island, at least at the provincial level, but showed genetic differentiation among Italian regions, distinctly clustering northern, central, and southern populations, respectively. These data indicate a close relationship between Sicily and southern Italy. In addition, the contribution of Middle Eastern populations to the gene pool of Sicily was evident.
Metrical reconsideration of the Skhul IV and IX and Border Cave 1 crania in the context of modern human origins
Authors: Corruccini Robert S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe “out‐of‐Africa” models for origins of modern Homo sapiens incorporate Skhul as one site documenting that early origination. However, only Skhul V is usually considered in the comparative craniology of the question, neglecting the other substantial crania, Skhul IV and IX. Craniometric comparison demonstrates that IV and IX amplify the picture of continuous gradations of Neandertal‐to‐modern variations throughout the Levant; much variation is thus represented within this one site, raising serious questions about Neandertals and moderns being discrete and long‐separated species. Qafzeh 6 too is craniophenetically closer to Neandertals than to the true anatomically modern people of the European Upper Paleolithic. Proper distance analysis of Border Cave 1 cranium shows it is actually far removed from modern African populations. References to Qafzeh, Skhul, and Border Cave as “fully anatomically modern” require reconsideration.
Testicle size of orang‐utans in relation to body size
Authors: Dahl Jeremy F. , Gould Kenneth G. , Nadler Ronald D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFew data are available for assessing the relative testicle size of orang‐utans, Pongo pygmaeus, so measures were obtained for 31 individuals of varying age. It was shown that the volume of the testicles, calculated from in situ measures of testicle length and breadth, closely approximates testicle weight when multiplied by the specific gravity of solid tissue. Growth curves for body weight and data published for wild specimens were evaluated to obtain the weight most characteristic of male Pongo, and the ratio of testicle weight to body weight was calculated. The mean ratio for individuals with fully adult stature is 0.034, similar to but smaller than that of humans at about 0.050, and larger than the ratios reported for 5 gorillas at 0.013. The testicles mature faster than the body, however, so the mean ratio for young adult orang‐utans is about 0.056 and resembles the ratio for humans more closely than the full adults. The differences between the ratios for a monogamous gibbon species, orang‐utans, and humans is accounted for when testicle size relative to the weight of the female is considered. This is consistent with a sperm dilution effect produced by variation in the size of the female reproductive tract. The small relative testicle size of the gorilla is anomalous and requires verification as does the application of female size to scale the testicles. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stature reconstruction from long bones in ancient population samples: An approach to the problem of its reliability
Authors: Formicola Vincenzo 
Published: August 2005

AbstractStature estimates provided by the application of the anatomical method of Fully and Pineau (1960) to well preserved Neolithic skeletons (39 males and 27 females) from seven different European countries are compared with those drawn from lower‐extremity components by means of regression equations commonly used to predict stature of earlier European populations. The analysis of data, carried out with reference both to the sample of origin of the skeletons adn to stature classes, suggests that the equations of Pearson (1899) and of Trotter and Gleser for Negroes (1952, 1977) yield very good estimates in female samples, leading to errors below 2 cm in most of the cases. These equations, and those of Olivier et al. (1978), prove useful for stature reconstruction in males too, with the exception of very low (below 154 cm) and very tall (over 179 cm) individuals. Formulae of Breitinger (1938) yield values consistent with those resulting from the anatomical method only within a range including medium‐high statures, while the coresponding Bach (1965) formulae for females provide poor approximations. The Trotter and Gleser formulae for Whites (1952) yield very unsatisfactory evaluations, except in specimens taller than 180 cm, and usually overestimate stature both in male and in female skeletons.The results obtained from the long bones by means of alternative approaches to the least‐squares regression formulae (Model II regression, and femur/stature ratio) and their efficacy in predicting stature of the samples under study is discussed in the final part of the paper. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postcranial robusticity in Homo. II: Humeral bilateral asymmetry and bone plasticity
Authors: Trinkaus Erik , Churchill Steven E. , Ruff Christopher B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe analysis of humeral asymmetry in Recent human skeletal samples and an extant tennis‐player sample documents minimal asymmetry in bone length, little asymmetry in distal humeral articular breadth, but pronounced and variable asymmetry in mid‐ and distal diaphyseal crosssectional geometric parameters. More specifically, skeletal samples of normal modern Euroamericans, prehistoric and early historic Amerindians, and prehistoric Japanese show moderate (ca. 5–14%) median asymmetry in diaphyseal cross‐sectional areas and polar second moments of area, whereas the tennis‐player sample, with pronounced unilateral physical activity, exhibits median asymmetries of 28–57% in the same parameters. A sample of Neandertals with nonpathological upper limbs exhibits similarly low articular asymmetry but pronounced diaphyseal asymmetries, averaging 24–57%. In addition, three Neandertals with actual or possible post‐traumatic upper limb alterations have the same low articular asymmetry but extremely high diaphyseal asymmetries, averaging 112–215%. These data support those from experimental work on animals, exercise programs of humans, and human clinical contexts in establishing the high degree of diaphyseal plasticity possible for humans, past and present, under changing biomechanical loading conditions. This lends support to activity‐related functional interpretations of changing human diaphyseal morphology and robusticity during the Pleistocene. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metatarsophalangeal joint function and positional behavior in Australopithecus afarensis
Authors: Duncan Alexander S. , Kappelman John , Shapiro Liza J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractRecent discussions of the pedal morphology of Australopithecus afarensis have led to conflicting interpretations of australopithecine locomotor behavior. We report the results of a study using computer aided design (CAD) software that provides a quantitative assessment of the functional morphology of australopithecine metatarsophalangeal joints. The sample includes A. afarensis, Homo sapiens, Pan troglodytes, Gorilla gorilla, and Pongo pygmaeus. Angular measurements of the articular surfaces relative to the long axes of the metatarsals and phalanges were taken to determine whether the articular surfaces are plantarly or dorsally oriented. Humans have the most dorsally oriented articular surfaces of the proximal pedal phalanges. This trait appears to be functionally associated with dorsiflexion during bipedal stride. Pongo has the most plantarly oriented articular surfaces of the proximal pedal phalanges, probably reflecting an emphasis on plantarflexion in arboreal positional behaviors, while the African hominoids are intermediate between Pongo and Homo for this characteristic. A. afarensis falls midway between the African apes and humans. Results from an analysis of metatarsal heads are inconclusive with regard to the functional morphology of A. afarensis. Overall, the results are consistent with other evidence indicating that A. afarensis was a capable climber. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.