bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An investigation of psychological sense of community in relation to Big Five personality traits
Authors: Lounsbury John W. , Loveland James M. , Gibson Lucy W. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractIn this study we examine the relationship between psychological sense of community (PSC) and Big Five personality traits as well as absences from school. Based on samples of 646 high school students and 355 undergraduate college students, PSC was significantly related to Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Neuroticism in both samples and to Openness and Absences in the high school sample. Results of stepwise multiple regression analyses showed that the Big Five variables accounted for 25% of the variance in PSC for the high school sample and 21% for the college sample. Openness, PSC, and Neuroticism significantly entered a regression equation to predict Absences. These findings indicate substantial overlap between PSC and Big Five personality traits, raising the question of whether there are any community‐level effects for PSC above and beyond personality. Our results are discussed in terms of consistency with sense of community definitions, person‐environment issues, and directions for future research. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 31: 531–541, 2003.
Community violence exposure and delinquent behaviors among youth: The moderating role of coping
Authors: Rosario Margaret , Salzinger Suzanne , Feldman Richard S. , Ng‐Mak Daisy S. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThis study examines the moderating roles of guardian and peer support and behavioral coping strategies on the relations between youths' community violence exposure and their delinquent behavior. A sample of 667 public school sixth‐graders in a large inner‐city school district, and their parents or guardians, were interviewed to assess youths' recent exposure to community violence, their delinquent behavior, and proposed moderating variables. Support from guardians buffered the relation between girls' victimization by community violence and delinquency. Support from peers buffered the effects of witnessing community violence on delinquent behavior of boys, but it amplified the effects of victimization for both girls and boys. Avoidant coping behavior buffered the effect of victimization on delinquency for boys but unexpectedly amplified the effect of witnessing violence on delinquency for girls. For both genders, confrontational coping strategies amplified the impact of victimization on delinquency and, for boys only, amplified the impact of witnessing violence as well. Controls were imposed for variables expected to influence the relation between exposure and delinquency, such as ethnicity, family violence, delinquent behavior of friends, and recruitment cohort. Suggestions for future research and implications for intervention are discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 31: 489–512, 2003.
Deacidification of clarified passion fruit juice using different configurations of electrodialysis
Authors: Vera Edwin , Ruales Jenny , Dornier Manuel , Sandeaux Jacqueline , Sandeaux Roger , Pourcelly Gérald 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe deacidification of clarified passion fruit juice (P edulis v flavicarpa) was investigated using the electrodialysis process (ED). Different stack configurations like conventional electrodialysis (ED2C), three compartments electrodialysis (ED3C) and electrodialysis with bipolar membranes (EDBM3C, EDBM2C) were tested. The conventional electrodialysis did not allow the deacidification of the clarified juice, whilst with the other configurations the pH of juice was increased from 2.9 (initial value) to 4.0 (target level). The ED performances were evaluated as a function of the nature of the anion exchange membrane (AEM), flow rate and current density. The physico‐chemical and sensorial properties of the deacidified juices were similar : the titrable acidity was reduced from 4.3 to 1.14% w/w, the dry soluble extract varied from 13.2 to 11% w/w, the anion concentration was significantly decreased (60% of organic and 85% of inorganic anions were eliminated), the cation concentration remained inchanged, except for the sodium concentration that increased by using ED3C and EDBM3C configurations. The aroma of the passion fruit juice was preserved after treatment whatever the ED configuration used. The EDBM2C configuration deserves a special attention because the consumption of chemicals is totally eliminated and a valuable solution of citric acid with 89% of purity can be produced. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
De‐hairing activity of extracellular proteases produced by keratinolytic bacteria
Authors: Riffel Alessandro , Ortolan Silvia , Brandelli Adriano 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe depilatory activity of keratinolytic bacteria was investigated. Three keratinolytic bacteria isolated from feather waste were tested for their ability to grow in mineral medium containing bovine hair as sole carbon, nitrogen and energy source. The strains kr2, kr6 and kr10 grew well on bovine hair, producing proteolytic activity as judged by assay with azokeratin as substrate. The proteolytic enzymes from all three strains showed similar pH and temperature optima. Strain kr2 showed mainly serine‐type protease activity, whereas kr6 and kr10 enzymes showed metalloprotease characteristics. The culture supernatants were used as crude enzyme preparations for depilatory studies on bovine pelts. All three strains were efficacious in promoting de‐hairing. Microscopic analysis revealed that the epidermis was completely removed and the absence of hair in follicles was observed. Proteases of keratinolytic bacteria were efficient in promoting depilation of bovine pelts. Enzymatic de‐hairing represents a suitable alternative to the conventional tannery process, with the benefit of avoiding environmental pollution. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Start‐up and recovery of a biogas‐reactor using a hierarchical neural network‐based control tool
Authors: Holubar Peter , Zani Loredana , Hager Michael , Fröschl Walter , Radak Zorana , Braun Rudolf 
Published: July 2003

AbstractDue to its intricate internal biological structure the process of anaerobic digestion is difficult to control. The aim of any applied process control is to maximize methane production and minimize the chemical oxygen demand of the effluent and surplus sludge production. Of special interest is the start‐up and adaptation phase of the bioreactor and the recovery of the biocoenose after a toxic event. It is shown that the anaerobic digestion of surplus sludge can be effectively modeled by means of a hierarchical system of neural networks and a prediction of biogas production and composition can be made several time‐steps in advance. Thus it was possible to optimally control the loading rate during the start‐up of a non‐adapted system and to recover an anaerobic reactor after a period of heavy organic overload. During the controlled period an optimal feeding profile that allowed a minimum loading rate of 6 kg COD m−3 d−1 to be maintained was found. Maximum loading rates higher than 12 kg COD m−3 d−1 were often reached without destabilizing the system. The control strategy resulted simultaneously in a high level of gas production of about 3 m3biogas m−3reactor and a methane content in the biogas of about 70%. To visualize the effects of the control strategy on the reactor's operational space the data were processed using a data‐mining program based on Kohonen Self‐Organizing Maps. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Microbial desulfurization of modeland straight‐run diesel oils
Authors: Mingfang Luo , Zhongxuan Gou , Jianmin Xing , Huizhou Liu , Jiayong Chen 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe desulfurization kinetics of Nocardia globerula R‐9 was investigated initially in a model system consisting of dibenzothiophene (DBT) dissolved in dodecane. The ability to desulfurize straight‐run diesel oil by resting cells of this strain was also evaluated. The course of desulfurization of DBT in dodecane could be represented by the Michaelis–Menten equation. The desulfurization of DBT and 4,6‐dimethyl dibenzothiophene (4,6‐DMDBT) in a mixture of the two proceeded simultaneously without preference for either of them. The sulfur content of the straight‐run diesel oil could be reduced from 1807 to 741 mg dm−3 by treatment with resting cells of this strain, at a mean rate of 5.1 mmol sulfur kg−1 h−1. This showed that Nocardia globerula R‐9 could be a potential bacterium for reducing the sulfur content of petroleum products. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
A kinetic model for enzymatic reactions in reverse micellar systems involving water‐insoluble substrates and enzyme activators
Authors: Hayashi Y , Talukder MMR , Takeyama T , Wu JC , Kawanishi T , Shimizu N 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe activity of Chromobacterium viscosum lipase (glycerol‐ester hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.3) entrapped in AOT/isooctane reverse micelles was significantly increased by the addition of short chain polyethylene glycols (PEGs) or methoxypolyethylene glycols (MPEGs) for the hydrolysis of olive oil. To understand enzyme activity in the presence of PEG 400 or MPEG 550 molecules, a kinetic model was proposed. The validity of this model was verified by experimental data on the lipase‐catalyzed hydrolysis of olive oil in AOT/isooctane reverse micellar systems, in which PEG 400 or MPEG 550 had been added. The large value of the equilibrium constant (kD) for enzyme activation indicated that the affinity between C viscosum lipase and PEG 400 or MPEG 550 molecules was very strong. The Michaelis constant (Km) predicted by the proposed model explained enzymatic reactions more exactly than that by the previously published model. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Photocatalytic and photochemical degradation of aniline using concentrated solar radiation
Authors: Kamble Sanjay P , Sawant Sudhir B , Schouten Jaap C , Pangarkar Vishwas G 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe photocatalytic and photochemical degradations (PCD) of aniline using concentrated solar radiation were studied. The photochemical reaction takes place on the surface of the catalyst material. Therefore, the adsorption behavior of aniline on the catalyst was also studied. The rates of aniline degradation in the case of the photocatalytic process were compared with the photochemical method. The effects of the presence of anions and cations, which are commonly present in industrial wastewaters, are reported. A plausible explanation for the anomalous behavior of HCO3− and CO32− is given. The effect of pH on the PCD of aniline was also studied. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Characterization of an organic filter medium for the biofiltration treatment of air contaminated with 1,2‐dichlorobenzene
Authors: Coutu Catherine , Martineau Geneviève , Guy Christophe , Samson Réjean 
Published: July 2003

AbstractLaboratory experiments were conducted to determine the potential for removing 1,2‐dichlorobenzene (1,2‐DCB) in gaseous phase by biofiltration. Experiments were carried out over 8 months in a steel tank (0.45 m3) using an organic filter medium composed of peat, maple wood chips, chicken manure and 1,2‐DCB‐contaminated soil. During the first 6 months, the biofilter was operated without injecting 1,2‐DCB in order to characterize the physicochemical, mechanical and microbiological properties of the filter bed. The results revealed that it is an excellent medium for both microbial development (up to 109 cells $\hbox{g}^{-1}_{\rm dry\ soil}$ for heterotrophic bacteria) and long‐term stability with a limited drop of pressure (30 cm of water) and no clogging. Over the final 2 months, the biofilter treated air laden with 1,2‐DCB (0.30 and 0.75 g m−3) and the maximum elimination capacity reached was 9 g m−3 h−1 (inlet load of 13 g m−3 h−1), which represented 69% efficiency. Elimination performance was strongly dependent upon inlet concentration, sorption/desorption and biodegradation phenomena occurring in the filter medium. Sorption/desorption and biodegradation mechanisms during the start‐up period were characterized using the elimination efficiency (%). At the beginning of the 1,2‐DCB injection, the microorganisms were strongly impacted and sorption/desorption phenomena prevailed. With the decrease of the inlet concentration, biodegradation progressively increased to become the most important mechanism. It was concluded that biofiltration possesses an excellent potential for treating volatile chlorinated benzene, known to be recalcitrant to biodegradation. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Electrolytic removal of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions
Authors: Chaudhary Abdul J , Goswami Nimai C , Grimes Susan M 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe removal of hexavalent chromium from a synthetic solution and from an industrial sample by electrolysis using stainless steel plate and titanium mesh cathodes is studied. It is found that the process proceeds in two steps: (1) electroreduction of hexavalent chromium to trivalent chromium in highly acidic medium and (2) electrochemical precipitation of trivalent chromium in an alkaline medium. A comparative study of electroreduction, electrochemical reduction and chemical reduction of hexavalent chromium is carried out and the electroreduction process is shown to be a clean technique. It is concluded that, in the absence of addition of any chemical as reducing agent, the Cr(III) solution formed on the reduction of Cr(VI) can be recycled in other industrial processes. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Production of syngas for the reduction of sulfur dioxide by methane via a direct RF plasmalysis process
Authors: Tsai Cheng‐Hsien , Wang Ya‐Fen , Huang Yuh‐Jeen , Chang Chia‐Yuan 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe traditional process for the reduction of SO2 by CH4 usually leads to enrichment of the effluents with H2S and CO2. In this study, a radio‐frequency (RF) plasma system was applied to generate useful byproduct: syngas (H2 and CO) at room temperature. Experimental results indicate that the H2/CO ratio increased with the elevation of inlet [CH4]/[SO2] ratio (R), or the decrease of applied power (E) or operational pressure (P). H2/CO values ranged from 1.34 to 4.28 and reached 2.09 and 1.95 for E = 90 W and 120 W, respectively, at R = 1 and P = 4000 N m−2. At first the selectivity to CO increased with the elevation of R or E, while the selectivity to H2 was only decreased at R > 2 whatever the power that was supplied. However, at R = 2, optimum selectivities of H2 and CO, and decomposition efficiencies of CH4 and SO2, were achieved. The decomposition efficiencies and product components strongly depend on E or R. CH4 is more easily decomposed than SO2 and yields mainly syngas, with traces of CO2, C2H2, and C2H4. In addition, sulfur‐containing compounds including major amounts of CS2, elemental sulfur and minor amounts of COS, but no toxic H2S, were observed. The formation pathways of syngas are also proposed to provide useful information to gain insight into the CH4 conversion in the RF plasma. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Immobilization of β‐amylase using polyacrylamide polymer derivatives
Authors: Atia KS , Ismail SA , Dessouki AM 
Published: July 2003

AbstractBarley β‐amlyase was immobilized on two polymeric materials; poly(acrylamide–acrylic acid) resin [P(AM‐AAc)] and poly(acrylamide–acrylic acid–diallylamine–HCl) resin [P(P(AM‐AAc‐DAA‐HCl) using two different methods: covalent and cross‐linking immobilization. Thionyl chloride, used to activate the polymers for covalent immobilization, has the advantage that it is able to react with a number of surface groups of protein under very mild conditions. Cross‐linking with glutaraldehyde gave a higher coupling yield (approximately 70%) than covalent immobilization (approximately 20%). The activity and stability of the resulting biopolymers have been compared with those of free β‐amylase. The specific activity of the immobilized enzyme was significantly influenced by the amount of enzyme loaded onto the polymers, the optimal level being 3.5 mg g−1 polymer. It was found that the immobilized β‐amylase stored at 4°C retained approximately 90% of its original activity after 30 days, whereas free β‐amylase stored in solution at 4°C retained only 47% of its activity after same period. The difference in long term stability was more significant when the enzyme was stored at room temperature; the immobilized enzyme maintained 40% of its activity after 30 days, whereas the residual activity of free enzyme was only 10%. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Biotechnological production of lactic acid integrated with potato wastewater treatment by Rhizopus arrhizus
Authors: Huang Li Ping , Jin Bo , Lant Paul , Zhou Jiti 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThis paper describes a feasibility study of a for lactic acid production integrated with are treatment of wastewater from an industrial starch plant. Rhizopus oryzae two strains, Rhizopus arrhizus and Rhizopus oligosporus were tested with respect to their capability to carry out simultaneous saccharification and fermentation to lactic acid using potato wastewater. Rhizopus arrhizus DAR 36017 was identified as a suitable strain that demonstrated a high capacity for starch saccharification and lactic acid synthesis. The optimal conditions, in terms of pH, temperature and starch concentration, for lactic acid production were determined. The selected fungal strain grew well in a pH range from 3.0 to 7.0. The addition of CaCO310 g dm−3 maintained the pH at 5.0–6.0 and significantly enhanced lactic acid production. Kinetic study revealed that almost complete starch saccharification and a lactic acid yield of 450g kg−1 could be achieved in 20 h and 28 h cultivation, respectively. The maximum lactic acid production 21 g dm−3 and mycelial biomass (1.7 g dm−3) were obtained at 30 °C. Besides the multiple bioproducts, total removal of suspended solids and 90% reduction of COD were achieved in a single no‐aseptic operation. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Differentiation and functions of osteoclasts and odontoclasts in mineralized tissue resorption
Authors: Sasaki Takahisa 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe differentiation and functions of osteoclasts (OC) are regulated by osteoblast‐derived factors such as receptor activator of NFKB ligand (RANKL) that stimulates OC formation, and a novel secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily, osteoprotegerin (OPG), that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. In examination of the preosteoclast (pOC) culture, pOCs formed without any additives expressed tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), but showed little resorptive activity. pOC treated with RANKL became TRAP‐positive OC, which expressed intense vacuolar‐type H+‐ATPase and exhibited prominent resorptive activity. Such effects of RANKL on pOC were completely inhibited by addition of OPG. OPG inhibited ruffled border formation in mature OC and reduced their resorptive activity, and also induced apoptosis of some OC. Although OPG administration significantly reduced trabecular bone loss in the femurs of ovariectomized (OVX) mice, the number of TRAP‐positive OC in OPG‐administered OVX mice was not significantly decreased. Rather, OPG administration caused the disappearance of ruffled borders and decreased H+‐ATPase expression in most OC. OPG deficiency causes severe osteoporosis. We also examined RANKL localization and OC induction in periodontal ligament (PDL) during experimental movement of incisors in OPG‐deficient mice. Compared to wild‐type OPG (+/+) littermates, after force application, TRAP‐positive OC were markedly increased in the PDL and alveolar bone was severely destroyed in OPG‐deficient mice. In both wild‐type and OPG‐deficient mice, RANKL expression in osteoblasts and fibroblasts became stronger by force application. These in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that RANKL and OPG are important regulators of not only the terminal differentiation of OC but also their resorptive function. To determine resorptive functions of OC, we further examined the effects of specific inhibitors of H+‐ATPase, bafilomycin A1, and lysosomal cysteine proteinases (cathepsins), E‐64, on the ultrastructure, expression of these enzymes and resorptive functions of cultured OC. In bafilomycin A1‐treated cultures, OC lacked ruffled borders, and H+‐ATPase expression and resorptive activity were significantly diminished. E‐64 treatment did not affect the ultrastructure and the expression of enzyme molecules in OC, but significantly reduced resorption lacuna formation, by inhibition of cathepsin activity. Lastly, we examined the expression of H+‐ATPase, cathepsin K, and matrix metalloproteinase‐9 in odontoclasts (OdC) during physiological root resorption in human deciduous teeth, and found that there were no differences in the expression of these molecules between OC and OdC. RANKL was also detected in stromal cells located on resorbing dentine surfaces. This suggests that there is a common mechanism in cellular resorption of mineralized tissues such as bone and teeth. Microsc. Res. Tech. 61:483–495, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intracellular membrane trafficking in bone resorbing osteoclasts
Authors: Mulari Mika , Vääräniemi Jukka , Väänänen H. Kalervo 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThere is ample evidence now that the two major events in bone resorption, namely dissolution of hydroxyapatite and degradation of the organic matrix, are performed by osteoclasts. The resorption cycle involves several specific cellular activities, where intracellular vesicular trafficking plays a crucial role. Although details of these processes started to open up only recently, it is clear that vesicular trafficking is needed in several specific steps of osteoclast functioning. Several plasma membrane domains are formed during the polarization of the resorbing cells. Multinucleated osteoclasts create a tight sealing to the extracellular matrix as a first indicator of their resorption activity. Initial steps of the sealing zone formation are αvβ3‐integrin mediated, but the final molecular interaction(s) between the plasma membrane and mineralized bone matrix is still unknown. A large number of acidic intracellular vesicles then fuse with the bone‐facing plasma membrane to form a ruffled border membrane, which is the actual resorbing organelle. The formation of a ruffled border is regulated by a small GTP‐binding protein, rab7, which indicates the late endosomal character of the ruffled border membrane. Details of specific membrane transport processes in the osteoclasts, e.g., the formation of the sealing zone and transcytosis of bone degradation products from the resorption lacuna to the functional secretory domain remain to be clarified. It is tempting to speculate that specific features of vesicular trafficking may offer several potential new targets for drug therapy of bone diseases. Microsc. Res. Tech. 61:496–503, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.