bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Combustion of Black Powder. Part II: FTIR emission spectroscopic studies
Authors: Hussain Ghulam , Rees Gwilym J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAn carlier thermo‐analytical study of black powder using TG, and DSC, has been extended to examine the combustion products of black powder by FTIR emission spectroscopy. The analysis of FTIR spectra shows the presence of CO2 as major product in gaseous form, and K2SO4 as major solid product. This work also shows how FTIR emission spectroscopy can be applied for the investigation of short lived species.
Nitrato Amine Nitrates: Nitrate ester explosives with reduced impact sensitivity
Authors: Hiskey Michael A. , Hatch Melvin J. , Oxley Jimmie C. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe preparation and properties of several nitrato amine nitrates are given along with calculated detonation velocities and measured impact sensitivities. Comparison of these compounds with the high performance explosive PETN is also given.
X‐ray radiation decomposition of cyclo‐1,3,5‐trimethylene‐2,4,6‐trinitramine (RDX), at low temperature: Initial reaction steps
Authors: Beard Bruce C. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractX‐ray radiation damage has been employed as a controllable method for the generating of partial decomposition products in the energetic material RDX. X‐ray photoelectron spectra provided a real time measure of the developing chemistries during the accumulation of radition damage. Rates of NO2 loss were identical at 20 °C and −50 °C However, strong variations in the product chemistry were observed. Nitroso, triazine and for the first time, nitrite ester nitrogen chemistries were observed from the solid RDX. Initial reaction steps are suggested in light of this and previously reported work.
Thermal Decomposition of Energetic Materials. 47. A trigger linkage study of high‐nitrogen content nitraminotetrazoles and nitramino‐1,2,4‐triazoles
Authors: Gao A. , Rheingold A. L. , Brill T. B. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe thermal decomposition of six related nitraminotctrazoles and nitramino‐1, 2, 4‐triazoles at slow (5°C/min, DSC) and fast (⪈ 70°C/s, FTIR/temperature profiling) heating rates is described. The nitramine protion of the molecule appears to initiate the degradation in all cases except 5‐nitraminotetrazole (5‐NATZ) where the tetrazole ring is the trigger linkage. The crystal structures of DNTP and 5‐NATZ are described and help explain the decomposition process. DNTP contains one of the longest N‐NO2 bonds known for a nitramine (1.49 Å). 5‐NATZ was found to be a nitrimine rather than a nitramine.
Safety Design in Explosives Testing Laboratories. Some examples at CERCHAR
Authors: Michot C. , Demissy M. , Gaston D. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractFor more than forty years, CERCHARCentre d'Etudes et Recherches de Charbonnages de France.
's activities on explosives and related items have employed a staff of 10 to 20 people including 3 to 5 engineers. This staff, called LSEVLaboratoire des Substances Explosives de Verncuil
, acts as the official French laboratory for testing and performing a variety of studies. The main research topics concern the safety in manufacturing of explosives, their transport, storage, and use, particularly in gassy and dusty mines. The same holds for hazardous chemicals that are potentially explosive or otherwise unstable. Related to these activities is the safety of the personnel involved in testing, which requires special attention to be paid to adapted procedures and instructions and to special devices or equipment, desiged for the most part by CERCHAR itself. Three examples of such designe are presented. Their objectives and advantages are disscussed.The first one is an explosion chamber for firing confined explosive charges up to 2 kilograms. This facility has the possrommy of being highly instrumented. Fragments formed in the detonation of deflagration regimes are totally stopped by the walls of the chamber.The second one is a cell device for daily storage of explosives. This device led to a very important reduction in the quantity of explosives handled by people in the same room. This avoids a possible catastrophic mass explosion when large samples are needed such as for modern, insensitive mining explosives. the design of the cell structure, based on ful scale experiments, limits an unexpected explosions to the contents of a single cell without propagation to the other cells.The third and last example presented is a movable wood barrier, located in areas where explosives are fired in the open. This barrier ensures a significant reducation in the blast effect. It allows the worker to stay in the immediate vicinty of charge during the final preparation stages i.e the connection of the detonator wires to the firing circuit.
Etude de la cristallisation de différents esters nitriques
Authors: Brun I. , Longevialle Y. , Rat M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAfin de mieux maîtriser les phénomènes de cristallisation des huiles nitrées dans les propergols, une étude systématique a été menée sur les quatre esters nitriques suivants: nitroglycérine, trinitrate de butanetriol, trinitrate de triméthyloléthaue, dinitrate de triéthylène glycol. Les essais réalisés ont permis de déterminer les caractéristiques de fusion de ces quatre composés, précisant ainsi les données de la littérature, parfois incomplètes ou variables selon les auteurs. L'incidence de la température sur la crossance cristalline a été étudiée sur les quatre esters nitriques, alors que la nucléation a été plus particulièrement considérée pour la nitroglycérine et le trinitrate de triméthyloléthane, ces deux huiles nitrées pouvant présenter deux variétés cristallographiques.
Calculation of the Detonation Properties of CHNO explosives
Authors: Sućeska M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractOn the basis of the steady state model of detonation, using Becker‐Kistiakowsky‐Wilson equation of state for gaseous products of detonation and Cowan‐Fickett equation of state for solid carbon, algorithm and computer program for the calculation of the detonation properties of CHNO type explosives are developed. The program has been tested by the comparison of the calculated data with experimental ones for some high explosives being of different densities and compositions. The calculated data have also been compared with data obtained by program FOR‐TRAN BK W. Both comparisons gave satisfactory agreement.
Deuterium Isotope Effects during RDX Combustion: Mechanistic burn rate‐controlling step determination
Authors: Shackelford Scott A. , Rodgers Stephen L. , Askins Robert E. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractHigh pressure (500 psig/3.55 MPa and 1000 psigl6.99 MPa) burn rate comparisons from the combustion of solid RDX (hexahydro‐ 1.3,.5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazine) and perdeuterio‐labeled RDX‐dh cylindrical pressed pellets reveals a large kinetic deuterium isotope cffect (KDIE). This experimental KDIE confirms that chemical reaction kinetics are a significant mechanistic factor in controlling the inherent RDX burn rate and further shows the six‐membered RDX hcterocycle's rate‐controlling mechanistic step during com‐ bustion is the same as that previously reported for its larger eight‐membered HMX (octahydro‐l.3,5,7‐tetranitro‐l.3.5,7 tetrazocine) homologuc. As with HMX. This experimental KDTE approach also demonstrates a direct mechanistic relationship between RDX's higher order cornbustion regime and its ambient pressure thermochemical decomposition process.
A holistic approach directed toward Inbore Explosions with Composition B
Authors: Nicolaides Spero , Velicky Rodolf W. , Voigt H. William 
Published: May 2005

AbstractInbore explosions are related to the brittle nature of Composition B and the existence of a critical flaw in the casting. Catastrophic brittle failure at the flaw, as a result of the setback loading of launch, produces a localized hot spot capable of initiating burning in the thermally sensitive explosive. The time involved for this hot spot ignition coupled with the rate of reaction of the explosive represents a time period sufficient for the rupture pressure of the projectile to be reached before the projcctilc exits the gun barrel. Small improvements made to each of four Composition B factors: cast quality, mechanical stability, ignitability, and reaction rate, should inhibit the critical progression that culminates in an inbore explosion. The resulting compounded improvement will delay this inbore explosion process sufficiently to allow the projectile to exit the muzzle, and travel down range before its rupturc pressure is exceeded and it explodes.
A new method of Deactivation of Bombs by the Low‐Order Blasting Technique
Authors: Spyra Wolfgang P. W. , Volk Martin 
Published: May 2005

AbstractPresently Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) personnel continue to find ammunition in former battle areas. Old unexploded bombs are especially dangerous. EOD technicians have quite a number of methods and techniques available to deactivate these bombs and it is only practicability that determines the method or technique to be used. Compared with handling known identifiable ammunition, the unidentified and often heterogeneous recovered ammunition is especially risky for EOD personnel. In particular, war material from the last year of World war II, shows considerable deviations. Safety provisions give priority to remote deactivation methods. A modified low‐order blasting technique which forms part of the remote deactivation methods will be presented in this paper. This presumes that the main charge is discovered by boring, examined and then initiated with a defined blasting charge to such an extent that only the bomb casing is opened. In this case no high‐order (full) detonation of the main charge could be observed.
Am1 MO Study of Benzene Nitro Derivatives
Authors: Matsunaga Takehiro , Nakayama Yoshio , Iida Mitsuaki , Oinuma Senzo , Ishikawa Noboru , Tanaka Katsumi 
Published: May 2005

AbstractMolecular properties of benzene nitro derivatives were investigated by using semi‐empirical MO calculations. As the results, the molecular structures and the rotational barrier of the nitro group calculated by AM1 showed a good agreement with the experimental values. The heats of formation in gaseous and condensed phases were obtained by considering isodesmic reactions. By this procedure, the heat of formation of hexanitrobenzene in solid phase was calculated to be +22.7 kcal/mol. The detonation parameters were also calculated by using four equations of state. The predicted detonation velocities showed a good agreement with the experimental values.
Effect of electrical/chemical energy input on the Interior Ballistics of an Electrothermal Chemical Gun
Authors: Chen J. L. , Cheung F. B. , Kuo K. K. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractRecent studies have clearly indicated that an electothermal chemical (ETC) gun provides many advantages over solid and liquid propellant guns. However, the interior ballistic process of an ETC gun has not yet been fully investigated. Specifically, the effects of the energy ratio between the electrical and chemical energy input on gun performance is not well understood. Nor is it known exactly how chemical energy is converted to propulsive energy during the ETC gun event. In view of this, a comprehensive theoretical model taking into full account electrical/chemical energy input, liquid entrainment process, distribution of dispersed droplets, and liquid propellant combustion, is developed to simulate the interior ballistics of an ETC gun. Governing equations are formulated from first principles for five different regions, including the gas phase (i.e., Taylor cavity), working fluid (i.e., liquid propellant), dispersed droplets, projectile, and plasma generation cartridge (PGC). Various energy ratios with two different PFN discharge characteristics are employed to evaluate ETC gun performance. Results indicate that the gun champer pressure, muzzle velocity, and ballistic efficiency depend strongly on the energy ratio. The electrical energy input and chemical energy release processes show unequal influence on the gun performance over different stages of ETC gun event. The predicted time history of the breech presure is compared with the measured breech pressur available in the literature. The results show that shapes of the breech pressure‐time traces and values of the peak pressure predicted by the present model agree reasonably well with the experimental data.
Technical investigation of the explosion on 22 March 1989 at Peterborough, England
Authors: Wharton R. K. , Rapley R. J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe paper presents the results of a detailed technical investigations of the cause of the fire and subsequent explosion at Peterborough on 22 March 1989 involving a vehicle containing a mixed load of explosives and detonators.Tests were done to examine the sensitivenes and thermal stability of items of the load, and the behaviour of packaged explosives using drop, vibration and fire tests. Communication testing was undertaken with boxes of detonators, and ignition tests with boxes of fuseheads provided information relating to the characteristics of the fireballs generated.From analysis of the scientific data obtained, we conclude that the initial fire resulted from ignition of fusehead combs which were being transported in unauthorized and unsafe packaging, and we suggest a mechanism for detonatino involving the functioning of strewn detonators on fire‐damaged boxes of explosives.
Burning Behaviour of Gas Generators with High Boron Content
Authors: Eisenreich Norbert , Krause Horst H. , Pfeil Achim , Menke Klaus 
Published: May 2005

AbstractGas generators with high boron content of interest for ducted rockets were prepared and characterized. The parameters tested were:combustion residuepressure exponentflow and temperature of the ejected boron particlesmechanical properties.The results of the experments (optical bomb, high speed camera, two‐color pyrometer, thermal analysis, tensile test) are presented and discussed.
Investigation of the reason for the softening behaviour of solid propellants
Authors: Aksel Nuri , Hübner Christof 
Published: May 2005

AbstractComposite solid propellants consist of an elastomeric polymer binder in which various types of solid particles (oxidizer, fuel, combustion and stabilizing additives, etc.) are incorported. One of the most common state of the art binders is hydroxy‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB). The mechanical properties and the damage behaviour of the solid propellant have important relevance for its application in a rocket motor. Therefore, in this work the softening of crosslinked filled polybutadienes as an effect of mechnical load, and the subsequent recovery were examined at small strains. The contributing factors to the softening are discussed in terms of macroscopic obervable phenomena and of microscopic and molecualr mechnisms which cause those phenomena. It is shown that most of the softening is recoverable because it is due to stress‐relaxation at the test conditions used.
Processing of Emulsions of Explosive Melts
Authors: Teipel Ulrich 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn the context of the waste disposal of explosives, generally the suitability of the processing method is of importance. When processing explosives, the choice method of treatment, after having melted out the explosive, is to emulsify the aqueous solution of the melt for the purpose of disposing the emulsified explosives by subsequent emulsions the first aim is to produce a multiple phase system consisting of two components that are practically immiscible. For this purpose, emulsifying machines that work according to the rotational‐stationary principle are used. Colloid millsm, for instance, employ the viscous tensions in the laminar flow field to disrupt the droplets. Gear‐ring dispersing machines, on teh other hand, will cause a disruption oif the droplets by turbulent eddies. In this work the emulsifying equipment along with the mechanisms of drop deformation with subsequent disruption will be trated.
Co‐Precipitation Studies on Lead Azide with Tetrazole Derivatives‐a search for lead azide substitute
Authors: Om Redddy G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractCo‐precipitation of lead azide with various tetrazole and nitrophenol derivatives is discussed. Thermal behaviour of lead azide before and after co‐precipitation is studied suing DSC. Thermal study indicated that the co‐precipitation of lead azide with other flame sensitive compounds produced an intimate mixture of lead azide and lead salts of tetrazole and nitrophenyl derivatives but not a single compounds.Explosive properties evaluation indicated that the co‐precipitation process not only improves the flame sensitivity of lead azide but also eliminates the hazardous process of physical mixing of lead azide with flame sensitive materials. A good correlation between thermal sensitivity and flame sensitivity is noticed. Both thermal and flame sensitivity decreases.
Origine physique des Points chauds dans les compositions explosives pressées au TATB
Authors: Castille C. , Germain E. , Belmas R. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractNous identifions, par une étude expérimentale et théorique, l'orgine physique des points chauds dans les compositions explosives pressées, au TATB, à liants inertes. Nous quantifions ainsi l'influence de la porosité, du liant, des gaz occlus dans les pores, des phénomènes d'écrasement hydrodynamiques et des déformations viscoplastiques de l'explosif.
Study on Thermal Decomposition of Pentolites by modified vacuum stability apparatus and differential scanning calorimetry
Authors: Huang Chen‐Chia , Ger Ming‐Der , Chen Sun‐I 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA modified manometric vacuum stability test (VST) apparatus as well as a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) were used to study the decomposition of pentolites (mixtures of PETN and TNT). The former operated isothermally at three heating temperatures (100°.C 110°C and 120°C), the latter with a constant heating rate. Various compositions of pontolites were examined. For the VST tests, heating periods were 40 hours except for experiments in which resulting pressures were higher than 760 mmHg. Using the ideal gas law, the volume of gaseous products was calculated from the pressure readings. The evolved gas volume from pentolites tested at 100°C is about as large as that from either pure PETN or pure TNT. However, the gas volumes released from pentolites heated at 110°C and 120°C are apparently larger than those from either PETN or TNT alone. In particular, a mixture of PETN and TNT with a 1:1 weight ratio releases a maximum volume of gas products. It is found by DSC analyses that decompositions temperature of TNT decreases as mixed with PETN.
Thermal Decomposition of Energetic Materials 57. Products of some self‐igniting fuel‐HNO3 Systems
Authors: Patil D. G. , Jain S. R. , Brill T. B. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractExothermic reactions of some self igniting fuel‐HNO3 systems have been examined by the rapid‐scan FIR/thermal profiling technique. A sudden rise in temperature is observed when the liquid oxidizer is dropped onto the solid fuel. Simultaneous monitoring of the gas products of the reaction occurring between p‐phenylenediamine and HNO3 reveals the formation of Co2, NO2 and HONO. Immediate evolution of NO2 is observed in the synergistically igniting systems comprised of substituted anilines, Mg and HNO3. Thiocarbohydrazide and its acetone and benzaldehyde monoderivatives on reacting with HNO3 produce SO2, NO2 and, possibly, OCS. The results are explained in terms of the oxidation and nitration reactions occurring in these systems.
Energetic Materials Research at HSE's explosion and flame laboratory
Authors: Thomson B. J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe UK Health and Safety Executive's (HSE) Explosion and Flame Laboratory in buxton has its roots in coal‐mining safety, undertaking research into mining explosives in 1926. But today, in support of the HSE's duties across a wise range of industries, energetic materials research at Buxton covers testing, detonation, chemical analysis, thermal stability, blast characteristics, characterization, classification, thermal radiation and deflagration studies encompassing mining and commercial explosives and energetic and self‐reactive substances. International collaboration occurs on a number of fronts and is increasingly sought in pursuing HSE's aims in safety promotion.
The Mechanical Sensitiveness of Titanium/Blackpowder pyrotechnic compositions
Authors: Wharton R. K. , Rapley R. J. , Harding J. A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractTitanium/blackpowder compositions have been involved in a number of ignition incidents during consolidation. We report the results of a systematic study to investigate the effects of the particle size and proportion of titanium on the mechanical sensitiveness of such mixtures. Our results indicate that the compositions are sensitive to both impact and friction stimuli and that the forms of the dependence on titanium content are different. Mixtures of blackpowder with 20%–30% titanium have been shown to be particularly friction sensitive. We have also found that the sensitiveness of titanium/blackpowder compositions to mechanical forces is independent of the particle size of titanium over the range investigated in this study.
Synthesis and Characterization of Methylnitramino‐Substituted pyridines and triazines
Authors: Ritter Helmut , Licht Hans H. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractFour new explosives with heteroaromatic structure were obtained by methylaminolysis of suitable intermediates and subsequent nitration: 2‐methylnitramino‐3,5‐dinitropyridine (2‐MNP), the isomeric 4‐methylnitramino‐3,5‐dinitropyridine (4‐MNP), the tetranitro compound 2,6‐bis(methylnitramino)‐3,5‐dinitropyridine (2,6‐BMNP) and the triazine derivative 2,4,6‐tris(methylnitramino)‐1,3,5‐triazine (TMNT). This paper describes synthesis, the characterization by IR and NMR spectroscopy, and the thermal behaviour of these compounds. Their density and detonation velocity as well as the results from sensitivity tests are given.
Synthesis of N,N′‐bis(2,4‐dinitrobenzofuroxan)‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐2,6‐diaminobenzene
Authors: Naixing Wang , Boren Chen , Yuxiang Ou 
Published: May 2005

AbstractN,N′‐bis(2,4‐dinitrobenzofuroxan)‐1,3,5‐trinitro‐2,6‐diaminobenzene (V) has been synthesized from 1,3‐diaminobenzene and trinitrodichlorobenzene. The molecular structure of this compound has been determined by elemental analysis, IR, 1H‐NMR, and MS spectroscopies.
Amorçage par chocs simples et doubles d'une composition mixte TATB‐octogène
Authors: Nicollet M. , Belmas R. , Plotard J. P. , Udiment B. , Leroy M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractUne étude de l'amorçage par choc d'une composition mixte TATB/octogène est présentée. Des mesures de pression par jauges manganin sont réalisées, en régime transitoire, suite à des chocs simples ou doubles exercés sur l'explosif par l'impact de projectiles propulsés à l'aide d'un lanceur à poudre. Les résultats obtenus sont interpretés en utilisant un modèle de points chauds développé par ailleurs. Cette analyse montre l'importance de la microstructure de la composition (et en particulier, celle de l'existence de deux types de porosité) pour l'initiation par choc de cette composition.
Study of The Blast Waves from the Explosion of Nonspherical Charges
Authors: Ismail M. M. , Murray S. G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe blast wave patterns from the explosion of cylindrical charges are very complex and the pressure‐time histories exhibit multiple shocks. The accurate assessment of the blast wave parameters (positive peak overpressure, duration, and the positive impulse) thus is not a simple task. In this paper a simple system is described for studying the blast waves from the explosion of small cylindrical charges together with comprehensive methods to analyse the experimental results. The assessment of the near‐field/far‐field behaviour also has been studied.