bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonal abundance and microhabitat use of bullhead Cottus gobio and accompanying fish species in the River Avon (Hampshire), and implications for conservation
Authors: Carter Matthew G. , Copp Gordon H. , Szomlai Valeria 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Five side‐channels and small tributaries of the River Avon (Hampshire, UK) were examined between spring 1999 and spring 2000 using point abundance sampling by electrofishing to determine the status of fish listed in Annex II of the EC Habitats Directive prior to habitat management works to enhance spring feeding habitat of wading birds.
Seasonal patterns of abundance and microhabitat use of bullhead Cottus gobio and accompanying fish species were examined. Parr of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar were sufficiently abundant for microhabitat analysis at one site only. Only two specimens of brook lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis were observed, one at each of two sites. Bullhead was amongst the most abundant fish species at all five sites, 0+ bullhead predominating.
Bullhead microhabitat preferences were generally similar at all five sites, but seasonal variations were observed, as was the case for the accompanying fish species, which included dace Leuciscus leuciscus, chub Leuciscus cephalus, stone loach Barbatula barbatula, roach Rutilus rutilus, and threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus.
Bullhead conservation status is discussed, in particular the possible exemption of British bullhead populations, such as already granted for those of Finland, from Annex II of the Habitats Directive.
© Crown Copyright 2004 Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationary Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of changing temperature on benthic marine life in Britain and Ireland
Authors: Hiscock Keith , Southward Alan , Tittley Ian , Hawkins Stephen 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The coastal waters surrounding Britain and Ireland became warmer during the 20th century and, according to the UK Climate Impact Programme 2002 scenarios of change and other sources, average annual seawater temperatures may rise a further 2°C or more by the 2050s. This warming is part of a global rise in sea‐ and air‐surface temperatures that will cause changes in the distribution and abundance of species.
Initially, there will not be a wholesale movement northwards of southern species or retreat northwards of northern species, because many additional factors will influence the responses of the different organisms. Such factors include the hydrodynamic characteristics of water masses, the presence of hydrographical and geographical barriers to spread and the life history characteristics (reproductive mode, dispersal capability and longevity) of species. Survey data over the past century show how organisms react to changes of the order of 0.5°C, and in the last two decades, when sea temperatures have risen by as much as 1°C, there have been significant local changes in the distribution of intertidal organisms. These past changes provide a clue to more extensive changes expected in the future if global warming develops as predicted.
Where species affected by climate change are dominant or key structural or functional species in biotopes, there may be a change in the extent and distribution of those biotopes. Some, dominated by predominantly northern species such as the horse mussel Modiolus modiolus, may decline and reduce their value as rich habitats for marine life. Others, characterized by southern species, for example the sea fan Eunicella verrucosa and the alcyonacean Alcyonium glomeratum, may increase in extent.
Using information on the life history characteristics of species, their present distribution and other factors, a key supported by a decision tree has been constructed to identify ‘types’ of organism according to their likely response to temperature rise. Conspicuous and easily identified rocky substratum species are good candidates to track change. Using the key, many species are shown as likely to increase their range northwards significantly. In contrast, fewer will decline in abundance and extent in the north. If, as anticipated, global warming continues, then species with distributions already accurately mapped, or being mapped at present, will provide baseline data to test forecasts.
Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automatic extraction of document keyphrases for use in digital libraries: Evaluation and applications
Authors: Jones Steve , Paynter Gordon W. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis article describes an evaluation of the Kea automatic keyphrase extraction algorithm. Document keyphrases are conventionally used as concise descriptors of document content, and are increasingly used in novel ways, including document clustering, searching and browsing interfaces, and retrieval engines. However, it is costly and time consuming to manually assign keyphrases to documents, motivating the development of tools that automatically perform this function. Previous studies have evaluated Kea's performance by measuring its ability to identify author keywords and keyphrases, but this methodology has a number of well‐known limitations. The results presented in this article are based on evaluations by human assessors of the quality and appropriateness of Kea keyphrases. The results indicate that, in general, Kea produces keyphrases that are rated positively by human assessors. However, typical Kea settings can degrade performance, particularly those relating to keyphrase length and domain specificity. We found that for some settings, Kea's performance is better than that of similar systems, and that Kea's ranking of extracted keyphrases is effective. We also determined that author‐specified keyphrases appear to exhibit an inherent ranking, and that they are rated highly and therefore suitable for use in training and evaluation of automatic keyphrasing systems.
Die Deutschlandreise des René Descartes
Authors: Hawlitschek Kurt 
Published: June 2004

AbstractDue to lacking reliable sources almost no details were available on the educational journey of the joung Descartes. Moreover, contradictions in several publications resulted in the doubt, whether these events, which are so important for the history of science, ever hapened at all. Folowing careful and comprehensive research at the City Archives Ulm, the Hessian City Archives Darmstadt and the Bavarian State Library in Munich the author found evidence that René Descartes met the mathematician and master fortress builder Johann Faulhaber in Ulm.1 Now, the first summary of Descartes' travel report can be given based on further findings (in reliable sources) and corroborated by numerous facts.
Elefanten im Mond, Der prekäre Status des wissenschaftlichen Instruments
Authors: Brandstetter Thomas 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe article focuses on a 17th century satire by Samuel Butler, which depicts scientists investigating the moon with a telescope and making fraudulent reports of the phenomena seen. This text is part of the Restauration discussion about the right uses of instruments and the right habits of knowledge production. I show that Butler and other critics of experimental science relied on a concept of evidence that was opposed to the practice already being followed by the Royal Society. Contrary to the belief of their denouncers, artificial devices like the telescope, the microscope and the barometer allowed scientists to constitute phenomena which could not be falsified by an appeal to everyday experience.
Evaluating Normal Approximation Confidence Intervals for Measures of 2 × 2 Association with Applications to Twin Data
Authors: Shoukri M.M. , Chaudhary M.A. , Mohamed G.H. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractTwin data are of interest to genetic epidemiologists for exploring the underlying genetic basis of disease development. When the outcome is binary, several indices of 2 × 2 association can be used to measure the degree of within twin similarity. All such measures share a common feature, in that they can be expressed as a monotonic increasing function of the within twin correlation. The sampling distributions of their estimates are influenced by the sample size, the correlation and the marginal distribution of the binary response. In this paper we use Monte‐Carlo simulations to estimate the empirical coverage probabilities and evaluate the adequacy of the classical normal confidence intervals on the population values of these measures.
A New Class of Completely Self‐Designing Clinical Trials
Authors: Hartung Joachim , Knapp Guido 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA flexible method is proposed for group sequentially performed clinical trials which allows for an adaptive, data‐driven sample size reassessment at each stage. By also adaptively assigning different weights to the several stages the total number of study parts can be steered to an intended early or late end of the trial in dependence on all information available prior to a stage. Although at each stage the null hypothesis is tested on rejection, the full level‐α‐test is preserved at the end of the study. The proposed method is not restricted to normally distributed responses. The discussed adaptive designing is a useful tool provided that a priori information about parameters involved in the trial are not available or subject to uncertainty. The presented learning algorithm enables the complete self‐designing of a study.
Reverse Transfer Students in an Urban Postsecondary System in Oregon
Authors: Bach Susan K. , Banks Melissa A. , Blanchard David K. , Kinnick Mary K. , Ricks Mary F. , Stoering Juliette M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA study of undergraduate reverse transfers in an urban environment indicates some complex patterns of institutional attendance and implies that the community college plays multiple roles in the lives of those beginning their postsecondary education in a four‐year institution.
CUNY's Community Colleges: Democratic Education on Trial
Authors: Reitano Joanne 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe six community colleges of the City University of New York (CUNY) differ from each other but share a common commitment to serve New York City's ever‐changing population. As nontraditional institutions noted for their responsiveness to student needs, they face an uncertain future due to current contention over CUNY's open admissions policy and therefore CUNY's role as an urban public university.
Lessons Learned from Current State and National Dual‐Credit Programs
Authors: Andrews Hans A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractSecondary school juniors and seniors no longer should find it convenient to “blow off the senior year” or part of the junior year as well. Dual‐credit programs, carried out largely by community and technical colleges, have opened the door to thousands of secondary school honor students and vocationally oriented students who need to stay challenged as they complete high school.
Creating a Campus Climate in Which Diversity is Truly Valued
Authors: Clements Evelyn 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWhen Middlesex Community College opened two new campuses in 1987, the student development staff recognized the importance of recruiting and retaining a new student population of largely Southeas Asian and Hispanic immigrants. A multifaceted program—which included curriculum changes, new student organizations, and orientation activities—was developed to create a more inclusive campus environment.
103Rh NMR Chemical Shifts in Organometallic Complexes: A Combined Experimental and Density Functional Study
Authors: Orian Laura , Bisello Annalisa , Santi Saverio , Ceccon Alberto , Saielli Giacomo 
Published: June 2004

AbstractExperimental 103Rh NMR chemical shifts of mono‐ and binuclear rhodium(I) complexes containing s‐ or as‐hydroindacenide and indacenediide bridging ligands with different ancillary ligands (1,5‐cyclooctadiene, ethylene, carbonyl) are presented. A protocol, based on density functional theory calculations, was established to determine 103Rh NMR shielding constants in order to rationalise the effects of electronic and structural variations on the spectroscopic signal, and to gain insight into the efficiency of this computational method when applied to organometallic systems. Scalar and spin–orbit relativistic effects based on the ZORA (zeroth order regular approximation) level have been taken into account and discussed. A good agreement was found for model compounds over a wide range of chemical shifts of rhodium (≈10 000 ppm). This allowed us to discuss the experimental and calculated δ(103Rh) in larger complexes and to relate it to their electronic structure.
Staudinger Reaction at in‐Bridgehead Positions of Phosphorus Macrobicyclic Compounds
Authors: Bauer Ingmar , Gruner Margit , Goutal Sigrid , Habicher Wolf D. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractReaction of in,in‐phosphite 1 with thiophosphoryl azide 2 affords in,in‐dithiophosphate 3, in,in‐thiophosphate–imidophosphate 4, and in,in‐phosphite–imidophosphate 5. Compounds 4 and 5 are the first examples of the modification of in‐bridgehead positions in macrobicyclic compounds with groups larger than methyl. The benzaldehyde arms of the in‐substituent in 4 and 5 jut out of the cage bars. In 4 they are trapped between the macrocyclic arms to give the NMR spectra of a Cs‐symmetric solution‐state structure. In contrast, in 5 the benzaldehyde arms can move between the gaps of the cage. This results in 1H and 13C NMR spectra which are consistent for a compound with C3v symmetry. In,out‐diimidophosphate 7 is obtained in moderate yield by reaction of in,out‐phosphite 6 with thiophosphoryl azide 2. Its in‐benzaldehyde moieties are not fixed between the cage arms, but can freely move from one gap to the next as is indicated by NMR measurements.
Poly(phenylacetylene)s Bearing a Peptide Pendant: Helical Conformational Changes of the Polymer Backbone Stimulated by the Pendant Conformational Change
Authors: Maeda Katsuhiro , Kamiya Nobuto , Yashima Eiji 
Published: June 2004

AbstractOptically active, cis‐transoid poly(phenylacetylene) derivatives bearing a poly(γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamate) [poly(PBGAm)] or poly(L‐glutamic acid) [poly(PGAm)] chain as the pendant were prepared by polymerisation of the corresponding macromonomer with a rhodium catalyst followed by hydrolysis of the pendant ester groups. Their conformational changes in solution, induced by a helix–coil transition of the pendant polypeptides, were investigated using circular dichroism (CD) and absorption spectroscopies. A series of macromonomers with a different peptide chain lengths was synthesised by the polymerisation of the N‐carboxyanhydride of γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamate with a phenylacetylene bearing an alanine residue as the initiator. The obtained macromonomers (PBGAm) were further polymerised with a rhodium catalyst in N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) to yield novel poly(phenylacetylene)s [poly(PBGAm)] with a poly(γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamate) pendant. The poly(PBGAm) exhibited an induced circular dichroism (ICD) in the UV/Vis region of the polymer backbone in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), probably due to the prevailing one‐handed helix formation. The Cotton effect signs of a DMSO solution of the poly(PBGAm) were inverted and accompanied by a visible colour change in the presence of an increasing amount of chloroform or DMF containing lithium chloride. The results suggest that poly(PBGAm) may undergo a conformational change such as a helix–helix transition with a different helical pitch responding to a change in the α‐helix content of the poly(γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamate) pendant. Moreover, a water‐soluble poly(PGAm) also showed a similar, but dramatic change in its helical conformation with a visible colour change stimulated by a helix–coil transition of the pendant poly(L‐glutamic acid) chains by changing the pH in water.
Novel Stereocontrolled Approach to syn‐ and anti‐Oxepene–Cyclogeranyl trans‐Fused Polycyclic Systems: Asymmetric Total Synthesis of (−)‐Aplysistatin, (+)‐Palisadin A, (+)‐Palisadin B, (+)‐12‐Hydroxy‐Palisadin B, and the AB Ring System of Adociasulfate‐2 and Toxicol A
Authors: Couladouros Elias A. , Vidali Veroniki P. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA new stereocontrolled method for the formation of trans‐anti cyclogeranyl–oxepene systems is described. The demanding stereochemistry is secured by stereoselective coupling of a cyclogeranyl tertiary alcohol with a 1,2‐unsymmetrically substituted epoxide, while the formation of the highly strained oxepene is achieved employing ring‐closing metathesis. Since the stereochemistry of the trans‐fused 6,7‐ring system is determined by the epoxide, the method also allows the construction of trans–syn 6,7‐ring systems. This approach leads to the synthesis of the AB fragment of Adociasulfate‐2 and Toxicol A, for the first time. The flexibility and efficiency of the presented strategy is demonstrated by the total asymmetric synthesis of (−)‐Aplysistatin, (+)‐Palisadin A, (+)‐12‐hydroxy‐Palisadin B, and (+)‐Palisadin B, employing two similar key intermediates.
Virtuelle Produktmodellierung am Beispiel eines Pumpenlaufrades
Authors: Benra F.‐K. , Köhler P. , Witt G. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractDurch die Verkürzung der Produktlebenszyklen werden die zur Verfügung stehenden Entwicklungszeiten entscheidend eingeschränkt. Es bleibt keine Zeit mehr für ein umfangreiches Erprobungsprogramm, bei dem die gewünschten Produkteigenschaften durch die Untersuchung und Abwandlung diverser Prototypen erzielt werden. Durch konsequenten Einsatz virtueller Techniken ist die Simulation der geforderten Produkteigenschaften und des Herstellungsprozesses möglich. Das Ergebnis einer so aufgebauten CAx‐Prozesskette ist eine vollständige, durchgängig rechnerintegrierte Bauteilentwicklung. In diesem Beitrag wird ein derartiger Produktentstehungsprozess am Beispiel eines Kreiselpumpenlaufrades detailliert beschrieben. Durch die Schaffung eines Anwendungssystems für die Berechnung, Konstruktion und Fertigung von Pumpenlaufrädern lässt sich der Entwicklungsprozess enorm verkürzen. Gleichzeitig ist damit eine wesentliche Senkung der Entwicklungskosten für ein äußerst effektives und zuverlässiges Produkt verbunden.
On experimental aspects of electrophoretic NMR
Authors: Pettersson Erik , Furó István , Stilbs Peter 
Published: June 2004

AbstractArtefacts in electrophoretic NMR experiments are investigated in detail. We identify electroosmosis, sample heating, and gas development on the electrodes as main error sources and suggest experimental strategies and setups to suppress their influence on the monitored electrophoretic mobilities. We hereby demonstrate essentially artefact‐free experiments up to currents and electric fields 3 mA and 70 V/cm, respectively. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 22A: 61–68, 2004
Reevaluation of prognostic factors for survival after liver resection in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in a Japanese nationwide survey
Authors: Ikai Iwao , Arii Shigeki , Kojiro Masamichi , Ichida Takafumi , Makuuchi Masatoshi , Matsuyama Yutaka , Nakanuma Yasuni , Okita Kiwamu , Omata Masao , Takayasu Kenichi , Yamaoka Yoshio ,   The Liver Cancer Study Group of Japan
Published: June 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDAdvances in the diagnosis and surgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have improved the prognosis for patients with HCC who undergo liver resection. The objective of this study was to evaluate prognostic predictors for patients with HCC who underwent liver resection in a Japanese nationwide data base.METHODSIn this study, the authors analyzed 12,118 patients with HCC in a Japanese nationwide data base who underwent liver resection between 1990 and 1999 and compared them with a previous analysis of patients between 1982 and 1989. All patients were evaluated for prognostic factors.RESULTSDuring the last decade, the increases in patients who were without hepatitis B virus surface antigen, who had small tumors, and who had portal vein invasion were noted. The 5‐year overall survival rates for patients with HCC improved to 50.5%, compared with < 40% in the previous analysis. A multivariate analysis using a stratified Cox proportional hazards model according to associated liver disease indicated that age, degree of liver damage, α‐fetoprotein level, maximal tumor dimension, number of tumors, intrahepatic extent of tumor, extrahepatic metastasis, portal vein invasion, hepatic vein invasion, surgical curability, and free surgical margins were independent prognostic predictors for patients with HCC. Operative mortality decreased from 2.3% in 1990–1991 to 0.6% in 1998–1999.CONCLUSIONSOutcomes and operative mortality rates in patients with HCC improved during the last decade. Age, degree of liver damage, α‐fetoprotein level, maximal tumor dimension, number of tumors, intrahepatic extent of tumor, extrahepatic metastasis, portal vein invasion, hepatic vein invasion, surgical curability, and free surgical margins were prognostic factors for patients with HCC who underwent liver resection. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Oncolysis by viral replication and inhibition of angiogenesis by a replication‐conditional herpes simplex virus that expresses mouse endostatin
Authors: Mullen John T. , Donahue James M. , Chandrasekhar Soundararajalu , Yoon Sam S. , Liu Wenbiao , Ellis Lee M. , Nakamura Hideo , Kasuya Hideki , Pawlik Timothy M. , Tanabe Kenneth K. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn preclinical models, infection of tumors by oncolytic strains of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV‐1) resulted in the destruction of tumor cells by viral replication and release of progeny virion that infected and destroyed adjacent tumor cells. However, complete tumor regression was rarely observed.METHODSTo augment the antitumor effect of viral oncolysis, a replication conditional HSV‐1 mutant (HSV‐Endo) was constructed in which the murine endostatin gene was incorporated into the HSV‐1 genome.RESULTSReplication of HSV‐Endo effectively destroyed several colon carcinoma cell lines in vitro. Secretion of endostatin by HSV‐Endo–infected HT29 human colon carcinoma cells was confirmed by Western blot analysis. The secreted endostatin was biologically active as assessed in a chick chorioallantoic membrane assay. Importantly, endostatin production at the site of viral replication did not inhibit viral replication. Direct injection of HSV‐Endo into flank tumors caused tumor destruction, and some of the HSV‐Endo–treated flank tumors completely sloughed. Immunohistochemical staining of the tumors revealed a decreased number of blood vessels in the HSV‐Endo–treated group versus the control group.CONCLUSIONSThe oncolytic HSV‐1 mutant HSV‐Endo provided a two‐pronged therapy; namely, inhibition of angiogenesis and direct tumor cell destruction by viral replication. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.