bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eschatology
Authors: Gribben Crawford 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Darby is reputed to be the “father of dispensationalism”—the most influential eschatological system among the world’s half-billion evangelicals and one with significant policy impact beyond their number. But that reputation is in many respects ironic. His thinking was always catastrophic. But, when the brethren movement began in the late 1820s, neither he nor any other of its leaders were committed to the system of thought for which he would become best known. His introduction of the novel ideas that would become central to dispensational eschatology were the source of enormous controversy among brethren. But, at the end of his life, Darby may have been most concerned with defending traditional views against the threat of conditional immortality. He had circulated among conditionalists in North America in an effort to see them come among brethren but was astonished to discover that some among their number were claiming to have his support.
Paradise Lost in Frisian Translations
Authors: van der Meer Geart 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
There are currently two complete translations of Paradise Lost into Frisian, and one fragment of the first 241 lines, in blank verse by Douwe Kalma from 1918. Of the two complete versions, Sjoerd van Tuinen’s from 2005 is in prose and was published privately; and van der Meer’s It Paradys Ferlern from 2009 is in blank verse, with the same number of lines as in the original. Frisian—spoken in Friesland, in the north of the Netherlands, by around 400,000 people—is more closely related to English than either Dutch or German, but like the latter two it also lacks the heavily Latinized vocabulary of Milton’s English, which limits a translator’s ability to vary the text by means of synonyms or near-synonyms and generally makes it sound a little less grandiose. Van der Meer demonstrates that Kalma’s fragment reflects his desire to raise Frisian to the level of languages with a long written tradition like Dutch and shows how his own attempt to some extent shares Kalma’s desire to experiment with the usability of Frisian for higher subjects. Van Tuinen’s motivation can only be guessed at, apart from what must have inspired all three: admiration.
Narrative Structure, Intervisuality, and Theology in Auladell’s El Paraíso perdido
Authors: van Dijkhuizen Jan F. , McGourty Lucy 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Pablo Auladell’s El Paraíso perdido is the first graphic-novel adaptation of the full storyline of Paradise Lost, from the exaltation of the Son to Adam and Eve’s Expulsion from Paradise. It draws on a wide range of visual traditions and iconographies that are as much part of Auladell’s source materials as Milton’s epic. Auladell departs from the post-Romantic readings of Paradise Lost prevalent in popular culture, presenting Satan not as a heroic rebel but as a figure who destroys the beauty and bliss of Eden. Contrary to Milton’s Paradise Lost, Auladell’s El Paraíso perdido downplays of the Son’s redemptive work and the idea that the postlapsarian Adam and Eve will be able to cultivate a ‘paradise within’. Indeed, El Paraíso perdido undermines the insistence in Milton’s epic on human free will: Auladell’s Adam and Eve are entangled in a cosmic battle that is beyond their control.
The Milton and Music Problem
Authors: Herbst Seth 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses the question, why has Milton been so infrequently adapted into music? The straightforward answer is genre-crossing: unlike Shakespearean drama, the basis for innumerable musical settings, Miltonic epic is too unwieldy for ready musical adaptation. But even Milton’s dramas and lyrics have been relatively neglected. The reason for this Milton and music problem, Herbst proposes, is that Milton deliberately constructs his poetic style to resist musical adaptation. As a result, however, the few composers bold enough to adapt Milton’s works often achieve innovative results that can, in turn, illuminate Milton’s poetics. This chapter first teases out the features of Milton’s anti-musical style by exploring the poet’s ideas about words and music and Henry Lawes’s settings of Milton’s songs for A Masque Presented at Ludlow Castle. The chapter concludes with a case study of Krzysztof Penderecki’s opera Paradise Lost (1978), which translates Milton’s resistant text into music even as it retains irreducible traces of Milton’s anti-musical literary style.
Policing Sport Mega-Events
Authors: Pauschinger Dennis 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Security has become one of the most important aspects of sport mega-event organization. This book explores how Rio de Janeiro was imagined and transformed into a security fortress when the 2014 FIFA Men’s World Cup and the 2016 Olympics came to the city and how the fortress was nonetheless permeable and porous. Dennis Pauschinger experienced exceptional backstage access at a high level in the Brazilian mega-event security architecture, as well as at street level with the local public security sphere. His ethnographic account takes us from the hidden world of surveillance and control centres, to the security perimeters around stadiums, and to the mundane routine of police officers during day and night shifts at local police stations or at the Special Forces’ headquarters. This book shows how police officers’ emotions and Special Forces’ war narratives impact the static and technology-based security models at mega-events and how traditional patterns of police work, along lines of class and racial inequalities, still prevail and shape the city’s public security. The book argues against the common narrative of the positive impacts of mega-event security legacies upon host cities by advancing towards a general understanding of how security governance is carried out in places where the use of digital security technologies coexists with overly lethal and repressive forms of policing.
Introduction
Authors: Pauschinger Dennis 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the main question of ‘security for whom?’. It presents the problematic of Rio de Janeiro’s urban conflict and why it is so essential to look at the impacts of globalized standards of mega-event security upon host cities, especially on one like Rio de Janeiro with overly violent public security pre-conditions. The chapter also provides an overview of the special moment in which the Brazilian editions of the FIFA Men’s World Cup and the Olympic Summer Games were awarded to the country and what happened politically thereafter. The chapter further provides the reader with the conceptual framework that is embedded in a Foucauldian perspective that understands urban security governance as a triangle in which disciplinary powers of control, apparatuses of security, and sovereign/necropower are at work simultaneously, complemented by a fourth dimension that takes into account the socio-technical relationship between the agency of humans and machines. The chapter introduces the conceptual take on police officers and how the book combines spatial thinking about the production of territoriality with an emotional understanding of the police as ‘edgeworkers’ grounded in cultural criminology. It also presents in more detail Rio de Janeiro’s urban conflict and the methodological conceptions of the ethnography that underlie the research.
Full Court Press
Authors: Claussen Kathleen 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter studies how the establishment of the first permanent international legal adjudicatory body of the modern age was portrayed in the public sphere. It focuses on the dynamic between ideas and actions that led to the creation of a permanent court, not just among intellectual communities but for the everyday newspaper reader in the far reaches of the United States. The chapter excavates these important conversations in the popular space and traces how those developments contributed to building support for a national policy and international law in favour of the construction of what would become a prominent international organization in which David Caron was active and revered: the Permanent Court of Arbitration. The prominence in the news of the Hague Peace Conference and the push for a world arbitral tribunal reflects the widespread turn-of-the-century attention towards international legal institutions. It was, quite literally, a full court press.
The Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Commission
Authors: Garry Hannah R , Brock-Smith Morgan , Maisel Nicholas 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter is an examination of the Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Commission (hereinafter EECC or the Commission) through a transitional justice lens, exploring the potential for such international dispute resolution mechanisms to achieve transitional justice goals such as accountability, peace, and reconciliation in the aftermath of armed conflict and mass atrocity situations. While much has been written about the EECC and its efficacy as an ad hoc arbitral commission established in the line of historic “mixed commissions” for purposes of settling inter-state claims through application of international legal rules on state responsibility, less attention has been given to the EECC as a mechanism also established for redress for victims in the face of mass atrocities devastating whole communities. This is surprising given the Commission’s explicit mandate to award compensation to civilians and prisoners of war who suffered gravely as a result of serious violations of international humanitarian law during the conflict. As such, this chapter begins by surveying what is meant by a transitional justice mechanism, judicial or non-judicial, and what are the purported goals to be achieved by such processes. Second, in outlining the origins and structure of the EECC, this chapter queries whether the Commission may be considered a transitional justice mechanism as traditionally understood. Finally, this chapter examines what lessons can be learned from the Commission’s work, both positive and negative, and whether the EECC experiment might be instructive for establishing future ad hoc arbitral commissions from a transitional justice perspective.
International Courts in a Politicized World
Authors: Shany Yuval 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
One of the harshest forms of criticisms directed at international institutions generally, and international courts specifically, is that they are political or politicized. The main claim this chapter makes is that although it is vital to separate between law and politics, there are unavoidable points of contact between the two domains. International courts should take cognizance of certain political considerations. While international courts do not serve as a direct extension of international politics, they do interact with their political environment, and depend in meaningful ways on the support of political actors. As a result, international courts cannot afford to ignore their political context, yet they must also strive to maintain a distinction between law and politics. The chapter first discusses the goals of international courts, and then introduces two key perspectives for evaluating their operations—legitimacy and effectiveness. The next section describes dominant points of contact between international adjudication and the political world, before the chapter discusses some of normative and practical implications of juxtaposing judicial goals and the political context against which they should be realized. Specifically, it asks whether and how courts can take cognizance of political considerations without undermining their legitimacy and effectiveness, and propose that legal notions and doctrines, such as accommodating legitimate or reasonable expectations, avoiding imposing on international actors impossible or unreasonable burdens when interpreting and applying legal norms, affording states a margin of appreciation and developing flexible remedies, may play a useful role in this regard. The final section concludes.
The Growth of Regional Courts and the Judicial Settlement of Inter-State Disputes in Africa
Authors: Yusuf Abdulqawi A 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
There are currently five regional courts in the African continent: the East African Court of Justice (EACJ); the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA) Tribunal, the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Tribunal, the Central African Economic and Monetary Community (CEMAC) Court of Justice, and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Court of Justice. They all came into being in the last twenty years or so. They were established under the treaties creating the five regional economic communities (RECs). Each regional economic community has, as a result, a judicial mechanism for the settlement of disputes which may arise from its founding treaty. Some of the courts also have other functions. The question arises, however, whether the multiplication of judicial institutions has led to an increased resort to the judicial settlement of inter-state disputes in Africa before African courts. This chapter will address this question as well as others relating to regional courts in Africa and the judicial settlement of disputes in the continent.
Normative Foundations of Arbitral Due Process
Authors: Bjorklund Andrea K , Turriago Bettancourt Catalina 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In the ongoing debates about the future of investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS), the concepts of due process and the rule of law are invoked by proponents and critics alike. The former tend to rely on them to justify and defend the process, whilst the latter point out how ISDS falls short when assessed against certain rule-of-law criteria; due process can be regarded by critics either as an inadequate safeguard against rule-of-law violations or as an independent ground for inadequacy should proceedings fail to provide adequate process. In this context, the chapter addresses the intersection between due process and “thin” and “thick” conceptions of the rule of law. The authors posit that due process as conceived in the commercial arbitration context is insufficient to appease critics of investment arbitration about legitimacy concerns. They examine the reasons for this insufficiency and the implications for proposals to revise and refine the approaches to investor–state dispute settlement.
Early Dismissal of Claims as a Tool to Enhance the Efficiency and Legitimacy of ISDS
Authors: Thomas Johnson O , Sheargold Elizabeth 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The power to dismiss a claim for lack of merit can provide a court or tribunal with a useful tool to effectively dispose of claims without undue expenditure of resources. The judicious use of such a power may, in turn, improve the efficiency and the legitimacy of dispute settlement mechanisms. This chapter compares models for early dismissal of claims under the ICSID Arbitration Rules, US treaty practice (particularly CAFTA), and other notable examples such as CETA. It argues that early dismissal mechanisms would promote greater efficiency in investor–state arbitrations if they were brought more in line with their domestic counterparts, such as motions to dismiss in US civil procedure. In particular, the chapter argues that the requirement for a claim to be ‘manifestly’ without legal merit be removed, so tribunals will be more willing to resolve complex or novel legal issues through these processes, and that the use of early dismissal mechanisms should generally be limited to issues relating to the merits of a dispute or to jurisdictional objections which do not require any evidence to be adduced or expert witnesses to be called.
The Public Interest as Part of Legitimate Expectations in Investment Arbitration
Authors: Ortino Federico 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
A key criticism of investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS) is the lack of consistency and correctness of arbitral awards. In the context of ISDS reforms within the UNCITRAL Working Group III, it has been noted that concerns of inconsistency were “particularly acute when different ISDS tribunals had reached contradicting conclusions about the same or similar substantive standard” and, more fundamentally, when “arbitral tribunals had interpreted the treaty provisions incorrectly”. Defenders of the current system, on the other hand, have argued that despite its ad hoc diffuse nature, the system is capable of achieving a consistent and sound jurisprudence with regard to key investment treaty standards. This chapter tests whether investment treaty tribunals have achieved a consistent and sound interpretation—using the concept of legitimate expectations as part of the fair and equitable treatment (FET) standard as its case study. There is no doubt that the FET standard today represents the most important substantive protection guaranteed by investment treaties. The concept of legitimate expectations represents the cornerstone of that protection. The chapter argues that after twenty years of arbitral practice, the application of the concept of legitimate expectations as part of the FET standard remains uncertain, inconsistent, and inaccurate, raising serious doubts about whether the current system will ever be able to achieve a consistent and sound jurisprudence—at least on this concept.
Sea Level Rise and Maritime Boundaries
Authors: Oral Nilufer , Aurescu Bogdan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Over thirty years ago, David Caron was among the pioneers who raised concerns about the potential consequences of sea level rise on baselines and maritime boundaries. This chapter starts with a brief overview of the scientific background of climate change and sea level rise, examines the maritime zones and associated entitlements, and the possible impacts of sea level rise on maritime baselines, maritime zones, and their associated entitlements, as well as on the status of islands and offshore features under Article 121 UNCLOS. It weighs the options of having ambulatory or fixed baselines or outer limits of maritime boundaries, as well as the need for need for stability and certainty for maritime boundaries. The chapter concludes that there need not be one single solution to the challenge of sea level rises and the impact on maritime boundaries. What matters is that the international community works together to achieve a solution to promote certainty, stability, and peaceful relations.
Changing Stories
Authors: Bradley Ben S. , Selby Jane , Stapleton Matthew 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Changing Stories assembles a variety of evidence for a group-based picture of human beginnings. Cross-cultural comparisons remind us that most babies around the world, and throughout history, have grown up within groups of kith and kin, not home-alone with a mother. Primate research aligns human beings with ‘cooperative breeders’, suggesting our brains grew big to deal with the dynamics in complex groups. And anthropologists suggest the first humans lived in tribal bands. Hence, what human babies will most have needed to thrive during human evolution is the capacity effectively to integrate into a group of companions. The chapter suggests three reasons why this conclusion has so far escaped scientific scrutiny: a supposition that babies need to develop certain concepts before they can act socially; an assumption that babies only require a single ‘attachment’ to get them through their early life; and the idea that infant sociability results from moulding by adults.
This Is Not Happening
Authors: Bradley Ben S. , Selby Jane , Stapleton Matthew 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This Is Not Happening shifts from describing infants in all-baby trios to the study of baby-only quartets. In so doing it takes up the challenge of moving beyond familiar cultural scripts which focus on individuals, couples, or ‘jealous’ threesomes. Extended vignettes show baby foursomes feature multi-member conversations, overlapping interpersonal routines, dynamics of linking and attacks on linking, moments of individuation, and cooperative ‘work’ to maintain cohesion, while implicating individual histories. These analyses highlight the inherent difficulties of interpreting the complexity of human agency in groups and the value of ethnographic methods and theory. This Is Not Happening also presents statistical evidence of group-level interaction in infant quartets—showing that, for example, how one group member acts at Time Q is significantly influenced by what two or more other group members were previously doing at Time P. The chapter concludes by examining the kinds of theoretical, cultural, and emotional challenges infants’ participation in groups presents to the psy-professions.
Triggers and strategies of revenue bargaining
Authors: von Schiller Armin 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
What triggers governments to engage in revenue bargaining and what strategies do they use? This chapter analyses these questions at the municipal level in Mozambique based on a comparative case study design including 11 municipalities and more than 100 interviews with representatives from public administration, political institutions, and civil society. The results indicate that unreliable fiscal transfers and political competition are the main triggers of municipal efforts to engage in bargaining with revenue providers. In terms of strategies, the results show that municipal outreach activities remain mostly unidirectional and unsuccessful in engaging revenue providers broadly in bargaining processes. Finally, civil society organizations are identified to be too weak to play their essential intermediary role between revenue providers and governments. Overall, the results provide insights into the determinants of the predisposition of governments for revenue bargaining, but also point to preconditions required for meaningful revenue bargaining to be at all feasible.
Conceptual Framework
Authors: Shaffer Paul 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, a conceptual framework is presented, based on the distinction between being bypassed or unavoidably harmed by growth, on the one hand (failed inclusion), and being avoidably harmed by it, on the other hand (malevolent inclusion). Much of the chapter is devoted to developing the idea of malevolent inclusion, which draws on a debate in philosophy about doing and allowing harm. It is argued that malevolent inclusion has advantages over other related concepts, such as relational poverty, and has analytical value in the context of immiserizing growth. The conceptual framework forms part of the overall analytical framework presented in Chapter 4 which is applied to the empirical case studies in Chapter 8.
Cross-Country Qualitative Comparative Analysis
Authors: Shaffer Paul 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 investigates sufficient conditions of immiserizing growth using techniques of Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA). It provides a brief overview of QCA techniques and argues that in principle, they are well-equipped to handle situations of causal complexity where outcomes depend upon complex configurations of conditions and not their singular effects. The QCA exercise uses the same outcome and explanatory variables as the econometric analysis in Chapter 5 which allows for a direct comparison of results. It also ran extensive sensitivity analysis based on slight changes to the threshold values used to construct the explanatory variables. Overall, QCA results provide some support for the association between corruption and IG episodes found in the econometric analysis. In general, however, many results are counter-intuitive and not robust to alternative specification.