bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Fowden Leslie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is agreement that, given the finite nature of many resources, agricultural production and derived food supplies must ultimately regulate the world population. There is less agreement concerning the population that global agriculture could support. Reasonable confidence exists that the 9-10 billion individuals projected to be alive in 2030 could be fed: it is less easy to foresee how agriculture could provide in sufficient amount the food, fiber, and fuelwood needed by some 15 billion people forecast by demographers as the possible plateau of world population by the year 2100.
Growth and Productive Structure: A Medium-Term Perspective
Authors: Curzio Alberto Quadrio , Fortis Marco 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the fundamental aims of economic systems and of the science of economics is to use resources and factors so as to increase them over time to meet human needs. This is one of the meanings of the statement that “economics is at the service of humankind.” At least five major groups of resources have shaped the processes of economic growth: human; natural and environmental; technical and productive; fi nancial; and social-legal-institutional. Each of these broad groups can be subdivided both from a logical and from a historical point of view. These resources have always been complementary and partially substitutable in the processes of growth and development; it is impossible to deal with any one of them in isolation.
Malnutrition and Human Development
Authors: Grantham-Mcgregor S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The most important nutritional deficiencies that are known to affect child development are protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) and iron and iodine deficiency. PEM will be the main focus of this chapter; however, the importance of iron and iodine deficiency is increasingly being recognized and will be briefly discussed. Vitamin A deficiency will not be addressed, other than to point out that an estimated 500,000 new cases of eye lesions attributed to vitamin A deficiency occur annually (FAOIWHO Expert Consultation, 1988). The resulting reduced vision or blindness is likely to detrimentally affect the children’s development and severely limit their educational opportunities.
Local Governments and Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises
Authors: Kitayama Toshiya 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It has been decades since the ‘miracle’ of Japanese economic growth caught the attention of political scientists and economists. Many have focused on the role of the national bureaucracy, particularly of the Minis¬ try of International Trade and Industry (MITI), and the role played by large companies, such as Toyota, Matsushita, and Sony. Some, most notably Chalmers Johnson, argue that MITI is the key player, indeed the economic general staff, in Japan’s ‘developmental state’ where its industrial policy has been instrumental for Japan’s rapid industrialization. Others argue that the ‘three sacred treasures’ —the lifetime employment system, the seniority wage system, and enterprise unionism, which are found almost exclusively in large enterprises—explain the competitiveness of Japanese companies.
The Environmental Resource Base and Human Welfare
Authors: Dasgupta Partha , Folket, Carl , Maler Karl-Goran 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The ecological services we rely upon are produced by ecological systems (or ecosystems for short). These services are generated by interactions among organisms, populations of organisms, communities of populations, and the physical and chemical environment in which they reside. Ecosystems are involved in a number of functions. They also offer a wide range of services. Many are indispensable, as they provide the underpinning for all human activities. So they are of fundamental value. Among other things, ecosystems are the sources of water, of animal and plant food, and of other renewable resources. They also maintain a genetic library, sustain the processes that preserve and regenerate soil, recycle nutrients, control floods, filter pollutants, assimilate waste, pollinate crops, operate the hydrological cycle, and maintain the gaseous composition of the atmosphere (see e.g. Odum 1975; Folke 1991; de Groot 1992; Ehrlich and Ehrlich 1992; and Section 2 below). The totality of all the ecosystems of the world represents a large part of what we may call our natural capital base.1 For vividness, we will often refer to it in what follows as the environmental resource base.Since the services this base provides for us are essential for our survival, it would clearly be prudent to monitor it in much the same way that we routinely monitor our manufactured capital stocks, such as roads, buildings, and machinery. Unhappily, this has not been standard practice.
Introduction
Authors: Mason Karen Oppenheim , Jensen An-Magritt 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This volume considers the question of how changes since World War II in the family and in the roles of women and men have been causally interconnected. Many observers speculate that major changes in women’s roles and attitudes, such as their increased labour force participation and the rise of a new feminist movement, have contributed to the ‘decay’ of the Western family. Others have suggested that women’s new roles and outlooks are a response to the increasing insecurity of marriage in an age of divorce. The contributions to this volume deal with such questions as: has the economic ‘liberation’ of women as represented by their improved educational and employment opportunities—or their ideological liberation promoted by the ‘second-wave’ women’s movements arising during the 1960s-1980s—contributed to such changes in the family as the postponement of marriage, increases in premarital cohabitation, rising divorce rates, or increased levels of non-marital childbearing? And have changes in the family, especially the destabilization of the conjugal unit as a lifelong arrangement, motivated women and men to alter their roles and status?
Women’s Condition, Low Fertility, and Emerging Union Patterns in Europe
Authors: Pinnelli Antonella 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the apparent divergence between fertility trends and trends in union formation and dissolution in Western Europe—-in particular, whether conditions for women can explain these trends and the divergence between them. After the boom of marriages and births in the first half of the 1960s, most Western European countries experienced a sharp and continuous fall in fertility during the second half of the decade and throughout the 1970s—with an impressive convergence among them to figures below the replacement level. Towards the end of the 1970s and throughout the 1980s, however, the decline in fertility slowed down, coming to a halt or even reversing in some cases. In some countries the total fertility rate (TFR) is now very low at about 1.5 children per woman (Austria, Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland), but in others it is closer to the replacement level (France, the UK, Scandinavia) or even higher (in Sweden the TFR was 2.14 in 1990).1 In general, however, differences in fertility among the Western European countries are now small: less than one child per woman.
The Effects of National Urban Strategy and Regional Development Policy on Patterns of Urban Growth in China
Authors: Laquian Aprodicio A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As a centrally planned economy, the People’s Republic of China has an explicit national urban strategy which seeks ‘to strictly limit the size of big cities, ration ally develop medium-sized cities and encourage the development of small cities and towns’ (Li Ximing 1982). This strategy is a key feature of the country’s new economic reforms, pursued since 1979. To achieve strategic goals, authority and power have been decentralized to local units, capital and infrastructure investments have been reallocated, pricing policies for goods and services have been altered, and policies on internal migration have been revised.
Migration and Urbanization in China
Authors: Su Lin You 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Migration is one of the most important areas of contemporary research on development issues in developing countries. The process of migration is closely related to the structural transformation of a country from an agrarian society to an industrial society. Recent studies show that in many developing countries city ward migration is a significant factor contributing to the growth of the urban population (Yap 1975: 6-10; Fuller 1981: 55-66; Goldstein and Goldstein 1985: 3-21), and China is no exception. However, because of the paucity of material on migration in China, very little is known about this. This chapter will begin to fill the gap by focusing on migration to urban China. It is mainly based on two sets of data: Registration data and Migration Survey data from 1986.
Industrial Location Policies and Their Implications for India
Authors: Mohan Rakesh 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since independence India has followed a path of rapid industrialization in a very conscious, planned manner. At the time of independence, industrial production in the organized sector of the economy was very concentrated in a few industries and in just a few regions, and was mostly centred around large cities. At the same time, there was a relatively even spread of household industry across the country. The main centres of industrial production were Calcutta, Bombay, Madras, Ahmedabad, and Kanpur, with some concentration of the steel- and coal-related industries in eastern Bihar and West Bengal. Most of the industries located in and around the port cities were export-related processing of basic items such as tea and jute. Given this background of the industrialization pattern in the country there has been a long-standing concern with the location of industry in India. It is probable that this concern is more serious than in many other countries since the pre-independence concentrations of industry were also linked with colonial domination and exploitation. Before independence it is difficult to find any indication of any location policy being followed by British India. As time has progressed the government has adopted an increasingly interventionist stance in the location of industries.
Transition Banking
Authors: Anderson Ronald W , Kegels Chantal 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Transition Banking assesses the efforts since 1989 to develop financial sectors in the economies of Central and Eastern Europe. In finance above all, the principles of central planning were radically opposed to those of capitalism, and moving from one system to the other has required entirely new institutions and skills. This financial development is crucial to growth and to full partnership with the West. The approach taken here is comprehensive, empirical, and comparative. Anderson and Kegels seek to answer a series of key questions: * Has the State retreated from controlling the allocation of savings? * Is the banking sector competitive? * Do investors direct the use of capital? * Are securities markets developing? * Is outside finance supporting economic growth? * Is the financial system stable? In explaining the logic of finance in a transition setting, Transition Banking both documents the important progress made in institution-building to date and pinpoints the areas where the region remains vulnerable.
Comment
Authors: Persson Torsten 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is a great pleasure to read and comment on this paper. What it does is to survey recent theoretical and empirical research on political factors in the growth process. The authors are indeed two of the main contributors to this emerging field, which runs across the conventional boundaries between macroeconomics, development economics and political science. In addition, the paper sheds some new light on two specific hypotheses regarding an empirical relation that has been emphasized in recent research: countries with a more unequal distribution of income turn out to have lower growth rates.
The Simple Catching-up Effect: Some Empirical Tests
Authors: Bergström Villy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Strong empirical support for the catching-up hypothesis was provided, for example, by Baumol (1986) and Abramovitz (1986) when they tested it on sixteen developed countries for which Maddison (1982) had compiled productivity data dating back to 1870. Productivity is defined as GDP per hour worked. In Table 12.1, the trends of GDP per hour worked are compared in Maddison’s sixteen countries during the period 1870-1970. The countries are ranked according to the rate of increase in productivity. As we see, there is a very strong negative correlation between a country’s productivity level in 1870 and the rate of growth during the next 100-year period.
Introduction
Authors: Bergström Villy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is currently an explosion of interest in the role of institutional factors in secular economic growth. Standard neoclassical economic growth theory is devoid of institutions and predicts that, in long-run equilibrium, growth rates will be equal across countries, or at most will vary with differences in labour force participation. Recently though, Romer (1986) and Lucas (1987) have developed growth models that contain some form of increasing social returns. These endogenous growth models imply that institutional factors and government policies can systematically affect economic growth, and there is now a large empirical literature examining these phenomena.
Problems and Pitfalls
Authors: Bergström Villy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I address three specific problems or shortcomings in the existing empirical work. My goal is not to belittle previous work, but to show what direction future work might consider and to motivate the empirical approach I use in the rest of this paper. Indeed, Cameron and Calmfors and Driffill have done a tremendous amount to advance the study of the relation between governance and economic growth.
Environinental Policy and International Capital Moveinents
Authors: Rauscher Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Before we turn to issues of foreign trade, the problem of international factor mobility will be addressed. One reason for dealing with this issue first is the simpler model framework. International factor mobility can be dealt with in a one-good model whereas the consideration of international trade in final goods requires at least two commodities. Thus, it is easier to derive results and to develop an intuition of what happens in models involving environmental resources and international economic relationships. It with be seen in the following chapters that similar results are obtained in models with international trade in final goods but these results will in many cases be not as unambiguous as those derived in the factor-mobility model. The other-more important-reason to consider international factor movements here is their relevance. In the standard model framework which perfect competition and absence of scale economies, international trade and factor movements are substitutes. Trade in final goods occurs when factors of production are internationally immobile. The specialization effects that are induced by foreign trade in final goods require the intersect oral relocation of the factors of production. Thus, there has to be some mobility of factors of production.
International Trade in Final Goods: The Case of Perfect Cornpetition
Authors: Rauscher Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As has been shown in the previous section, trade in toxic waste can be dealt with in a one-sector model. The consideration of trade in final consumable commodities requires a more general framework involving at least two goods. The present chapter uses such a model. International trade is explained by differences in the environmental resource endowments of different countries. In a first step, one may ask what determines the endowment of a country with environmental resources. This issue has already been addressed in Chapter 2, but it will be reconsidered here using a more formalized approach. Moreover, one can look at the gains from trade: in which circumstances is it possible that increased environmental disruption offsets the traditional gains from trade? Finally, the question may be addressed whether it makes sense to use environ mental policy to achieve trade-related economic policy objectives and whether this will result in a race to the bottom in the field of environmental regulation. Is ecological dumping compatible with optimizing behavior.
How should the public debt be managed?
Authors: Missale Alessandro 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
How should the public debt be managed? This question has received different answers depending on the specific reasons considered as to why debt management matters. Each of these reasons suggests a policy objective: (i) distorting taxes--the design of public debt should support optimal taxation, also ensuring its time consistency; (ii) incomplete markets—debt management should improve risk sharing; (iii) imperfect markets—market efficiency should be enhanced; (iv) tax myopia and finite planning horizons-debt instruments should support stabilization policy.
Debt composition and debt maturity: the evidence
Authors: Missale Alessandro 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the absence of informational asymmetries, expectations failures and market imperfections, the ideal debt instrument would be negatively indexed to public spending and positively indexed to productivity or output. Shiller (1993, ch. 4) suggests issuing debt positively indexed to output as the socially optimal solution. This debt design would minimize tax distortions by limiting variations in labor tax rates, which would otherwise be needed to meet changes in financing needs. It would also help to relax borrowing constraints, by allowing for lower labor tax rates than would otherwise be possible in states where output is low and constraints are binding.
Introduction
Authors: Soeya Yoshihide 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This study traces the evolution of the structure and process of Japan’s trade relations with China in the 1950s, the 1960s, and the 1970s. It illuminates the pluralistic structure of postwar Japan-China trade which survived the three politically turbulent decades after the end of World War II, and thus highlights continuity in the bilateral trade relationship amid political discontinuity. The conventional wisdom on postwar Japan-China relations stresses the predominance of strategic concerns and fluctuations in the overall bilateral relationship. Despite significant political fluctuations, however, the records of Japan-China trade were impressive when viewed in relative terms. A few statistics demonstrate the point. As a share of Japan’s total trade with North East Asian countries (China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, South Korea, North Korea, and the Soviet Union), Japan-China trade occupied as much as 29.8 per cent in 1956, which made China the leading trade partner of Japan in the region (Table 2.3 on page 43). From 1964 to 1967, Japan’s trade with China was larger than that with Taiwan and South Korea, and not until 1980 did it ‘recover’ to the level of the 26 per cent share recorded in 1966.
Japan-China Trade in the l950s
Authors: Soeya Yoshihide 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The structure of Japan-China relations in the 1950s become the prototype of the developments in the following decade in two respects. First, heightened tension between the United States and China in the early 1950s structured the overall political relationship between Japan and China. In order for Japan to construct a new trade relationship with mainland China in this tense political environment, it now had to find a way to promote China trade under the strategic constraints imposed by the highly political objectives of the United States. A conflict between American strategic concerns and the extensive Japanese desire for trade with China had given rise to a specific mechanism of Japan’s China trade, which proved resilient throughout the 1960s and, to a significant extent, in the post-normalization decade as well.
Japanese Diplomacy with China in the l 970s
Authors: Soeya Yoshihide 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The normalization of governmental relations in 1972 ushered in a new era in postwar Japan-China relations. A long-standing political obstacle which had hindered Japan-China relations from developing into a full-scale relation¬ ship was removed. During the previous two decades, the scope of Japanese governmental involvement in the relationship had been severely limited by international strategic factors, and big business, curtailed by its close relationship with both the Japanese government and the Taiwan and US markets, was not much interested in China except as a potential future market. As a result, Japanese society had been deeply divided over the China issue, both politically and economically, between the pro-US camp and the pro-China group challenging the logic of the Cold War and Pax Americana. With Japan China diplomatic normalization, however, the ideological cleavage over the China issue was considerably ameliorated in Japan. Also from the Chinese point of view, its political demands claimed in the three political principles were now satisfied: the government of Japan abandoned its ‘anti-Chinese’ attitudes, it recognized only ‘one China’, and diplomatic relations were normalized.
Migration, Sexual Subcultures, and HIV/AIDS in Brazil
Authors: Parker Richard G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By late 1993, the Brazilian Ministry of Health had recorded nearly 45,000 cases of AIDS-the highest number of cases reported in Latin America, and among the highest number anywhere in the world. Since its emergence little more than a decade earlier, the AIDS epidemic had taken shape as among the most serious public health problems in the country, and official estimates that more than 750,000 Brazilians are already infected with HIV suggest that the impact of AIDS will continue to grow dramatically in the foreseeable future. Throughout this period, the epidemic has been characterized by its apparently rampant spread over time, across space, and beyond the boundaries that would seem to divide otherwise disparate social groups.
A New Approach to Monetary Policy (1971–8)
Authors: Hagen Jürgen von 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the 1970s a new monetary policy era began in Germany. After a quarter century during which the D-mark had been tied to the US dollar and the Bundesbank had virtually lost control of the money supply, in March 1973 the Bundesbank was relieved of its obligation to intervene on the foreign exchange markets with respect to the dollar. While this did not mean complete freedom from exchange-rate constraints, the strongest and most immediate external pressure had been removed. New paths opened up for monetary policy.
Monetary Policy under Conditions of Increasing Integration (1979–96)
Authors: Baltensperger Ernst 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During the period 1979–96 the Bundesbank had to meet a series of difficult challenges. It repeatedly faced sharp criticism both at home and abroad, and its policy was the subject of intense debate. Yet overall—in terms of its degree of goal attainment and the international reputation earned by the Bundesbank—this policy can undoubtedly be seen as an unequivocal success, at least compared to that pursued by the overwhelming majority of other central banks during the same period. This is manifested not least in the fact that under the terms of the Maastricht Treaty the Bundesbank served as a model for the establishment of a European central bank. It is therefore an interesting task to present and evaluate this policy, which, following the collapse of the Bretton Woods system of Fixed exchange rates, first had to be defined in the early 1970s and then had to be gradually tested and developed.