bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Olfactory bulb ensheathing glia: A unique cell type with axonal growth‐promoting properties
Authors: Ramón‐Cueto Almudena , Valverde Facundo 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe olfactory bulb (OB) is a structure of the central nervous system (CNS) in which axonal growth occurs throughout the lifetime of the organism. A major difference between the OB and the remaining CNS is the presence of ensheathing glia in the first two layers of the OB. Ensheathing glia display properties that might be involved in the process of regeneration and they appear to be responsible for the permissibility of the adult OB to axonal growth. In fact, transplants of ensheathing glia can be used as promoters of axonal regeneration within the adult CNS. The axonal growth‐promoting properties of ensheathing glia make the study of this cell type interesting for understanding the mechanisms underlying axonal regeneration. Several groups have studied OB ensheathing cells extensively in an attempt to classify them within any of the known glial groups. However, this cell type does not exhibit the phenotypic features of any glial population described thus far. In this article we review the characteristics that differentiate ensheathing glia from other peripheral and central glial populations as well as the properties that involve them in axonal regeneration. The evidence suggests that ensheathing glia are unique, have their own identity, and do not belong to any previously described glial type. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inflammatory reaction in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is accompanied by a microglial expression of the βA4‐amyloid precursor protein (APP)
Authors: Banati R. B. , Gehrmann J. , Lannes‐Vieira J. , Wekerie H. , Kreutzberg G. W. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractNeuropathological studies of the amyloid depositions and senile plaques in the brains of elderly patients or patients or patients diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease reveal the conspicuous presence of numerous proteins which are usually expressed during reactions of the immune system. This has led to speculations that the pathomechanism of neurodegenerative diseases might involve inflammatory processes. These considerations constitute the theoretical basis for therapeutic intervention with antiinflammatory drugs in neurodegenerative diseases.Here, we show that the βA4‐amyloid precursor (APP) is rapidly induced in microglia in a model of experimental antoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Using specific monoclonal antibodies against APP, the first glial cells newly expressing APP immunoreactivity were found at an early preclinical stage, i.e., 24 h after T‐cell transfer. At the peak of clinical disease (6 days after T‐cell transfer), numerous characteristically ramified cells were strongly positive for APP. Based on morphology and double‐labeling, most of the de novo APP‐expressing cells were identified as microglia. Additionally, APP‐immunoreactive round cells were detected in and around perivascular infiltrates. Reflecting the course of the clinical disease, the induction of APP‐immunoreactivity terminated in the postclinical stage, i.e., 14 days after T‐cell transfer.These results support earlier work demonstration that microglia can rapidly de novo synthesise APP not in response to direct nerve injury (Banati et al: Glia 9:199, 1993a) but also in immune‐mediated disease. Apart from ist possible therapeutic relevance, such a production of APP‐reminiscent of an acute phase protein—suggests a role of APP in immune and repair mechanisms of the central nervous system. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Calcium signaling in cultured rat oligodendrocytes
Authors: Takeda Margaret , Nelson Deborah J. , Soliven Betty 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe syntax of neuronal‐glial or axonal‐glial interaction is frequently communicated through transient changes in internal calcium (Cai). We examined mechanisms for Cai signaling and intercellular propagation of Cai responses in cultured oligodendrocytes (OLGs) derived form adult spinal cord (SC), postnatal day 21 (P21) SC, and P21 brain. We found that (1) cultured OLGs exhibited a heterogeneous responese to norepinephrine, carbachol, ATP, histamine, and glutamate; (2) receptor‐mediated Cai increases were derived from both Ca2+ influx and intracellular Ca2+ release; (3) the percentage of responders to neuroligands varied as a function of cell origin; (4) cultured OLGs exhibited a thapsigargin‐sensitive, but not a caffeine‐sensitive, intracellular Ca2+ pool; and (5) gap junctional contacts between OLGs permitted limited intercellular propagation of mechanically stimulated Cai responses. Receptor‐mediated Cai signaling appears to occur not only in cultured OLGs but also in acutely dissociated OLGs. The heterogeneity in Cai responses as a function of cell origin may reflect the existence of OLG subsets of differences in the maturation stage of OLGs. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute dispersion of glial cells following transplantation into the myelin‐deficient rat spinal cord
Authors: Lipsitz David , Archer David R. , Duncan Ian D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractEvaluation of glial cell migration following transplantation can be difficult as the force of the injection itself may cause the cells to become immediately dispersed. In this study we evaluated the extent of spread of cells after injection of 1 μl of a dissociated cell suspension (50,000 cells/μl) into the dorsal columns of the thoracolumbar spinal cord in the neonatal myelin‐deficient (md) rat. Spinal cords were examined at 0, 4, and 24 h after injection to determine the dispersion of cells away from the initial site of deposition. Examination of skip‐serial sections collected at 50‐μm intervals rostral and caudal to the site of transplantation showed that the injection could result in a spread of transplanted cells up to 1,600 μm. Migration should therefore be defined as the detection of cells beyond the rostral‐caudal boundaries defined by the injection deposition. Cell dispersion should be taken into account when evaluating the results of migration in previous and future experiments concerning glial cell transplantation. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dementia and depression in italian geriatric institutions
Authors: Spagnoli Alberto , Foresti Giovanni , Macdonald Alastair , Williams Paul 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA random sample of 368 elderly residents in nine geriatric institutions in Milan was selected, and interviewed using the Intervista Psicogeriatrica, the modified Italian version of the OBS scale (82.1 % successfully completed) and the Depression scale (75.5 % successfully completed) of the Comprehensive Assessment and Referral Evaluation (CARE). The estimated prevalence rates of dementia and depression were 36 % and 30 % respectively, and 50 % for either or both diagnoses. Correlates of dementia were characteristics of the institutions (size, ownership, and admission criteria), age (for women), age at admission, female sex, and poor education. Correlates of depression were disability, length of stay in men (negative association), and marital status. Correlates of dementia and depression were also examined using multivariate analysis. The only significant independent effects on dementia were admission criteria of the institutions and age, while on depression were sex and marital status.
The prescription of psychotropic medication in local authority old people's homes
Authors: Mann A. H. , Graham N. , Ashby D. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract22% of the elderly residents of the 12 local authority homes in one London borough were being prescribed major tranquillisers (neuroleptic) medication. Standard diagnoses of severe dementia and of depression in residents without severe dementia were associated with this prescription as was a report by the Head of Home that the resident wandent wandered and was suspicious. These findings suggested that some non ‐ demented residents who display disturbed behaviour are being prescribed this medication, as well as residents with marked dementia. As these drugs cause many unpleasant side effects, careful assessment of mental state should be carried out before they are prescribed. This survey thus highlights the need for greater input from psychiatric services into local authority homes.
Trends in self‐poisoning in the elderly 1974–1983
Authors: Lindesay James 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAlthough the total suicide rate in England and Wales has risen between 1974 and 1983, the proportion due to self ‐ poisoning has fallen, particularly in the younger age groups. While analgesics are now the commonest means of suicidal self ‐ poisoning in both sexes and at all ages, barbiturates still account for a significant proportion of elderly suicides. Tricyclics and benzodiazepines are implicated in a relatively small proportion of suicides in old age. If removal of the means of suicide is an effective preventive strategy in the elderly, then more careful prescribing practices could lead to a lower suicide rate in this age group.
An epidemiological study of age‐related dementia in the community
Authors: Hasegawa Kazuo , Homma Akira , Imai Yukimichi 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA geronto‐psychiatric epidemiological study was carried out in Kanagawa prefecture. The total sample comprised 1800 subjects randomly selected among 224 492 people aged 65 years and over. Two hundred and thirty subjects with suspected ill health, selected from the primary survey by lay raters, were individually interviewed to perform psychiatric and physical evaluations by psychiatrists and psychologists with a semi‐structured interview form. Strict criteria similar to that of DSM‐III were used to diagnose dementia. The study revealed that the prevalence of the aged with dementia in the community was 4.8%. Prevalence increased with age and showed a great predominance of vascular dementia. The prevalence of non‐vascular senile dementia in Japan is lower than that reported in studies from outside Japan. Some possible explanatory factors for this finding are discussed.
The early recognition of dementia in the elderly: A preliminary communication about a longitudinal study using the gms–agecat package (community version)
Authors: Copeland J. R. M. , McWilliam C. , Dewey M. E. , Forshaw D. , Shiwach R. , Abed R. T. , Muthu M. S. , Wood N. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA random community sample of 1070 subjects aged over 65 was interviewed by trained non‐medical interviewers using the Geriatric Mental State, community version (GMSA). A sub‐sample of 126 subjects was selected so as to contain possible early cases of dementia, pseudo‐dementia, and normal subjects; and re‐interviewed, a mean 1 year and 23 weeks later, by a group of psychiatrists in training. The computer diagnosis AGECAT, based on GMSA applied by non‐medical raters, had predicted at initial interview, nine out of twelve cases of dementia at follow‐up and five out of nine borderline cases. An Organic/Depression Index may prove useful in predicting which of those cases with early organic levels will eventually develop dementia, depression or recover.
Cognitive ability as a predictor of self‐care performance and change in the elderly
Authors: Little A. G. , Hemsley D. R. , Volans P. J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractTwo measures of cognitive ability (a mental status questionnaire and a psychometric test of verbal learning and memory) were compared as predictors of three measures of self‐care (self‐report, informant ratings and performance testing). Self‐care ability of 150 elderly in residential homes was measured at baseline and after two years. Cognitive ability was significantly related to self‐care ability at baseline and 2 years and to the changes in self‐care during follow‐up. However, this relationship was moderate and complex.
The challenge of time: Clock‐drawing and cognitive function in the elderly
Authors: Shulman Kenneth I. , Shedletsky Ralph , Silver Ivan L. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis study compares the ‘clock‐drawing test’ to two standardized cognitive screens in an elderly population. A newly developed hierarchical classification of errors in clock‐drawing correlated well with the severity of scores on both cognitive and screens and also demonstrated acceptable standards for sensitivity and specificity. Clock‐drawing appears to be a practical test which can be useful for clinicians as a screen for cognitive impairment in old age and possibly as a marker of change in cognitive status.
Ward orientation training in dementia: A Single‐case study
Authors: Lam Dominic H. , Woods Robert T. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe effects of a simple training programme on the spatial disorientation of an 80‐year‐old patient suffering from dementia are reported. The patient's ability to find particular locations on the ward improved clearly in response to the training sessions. This learning was not related to learning a particular route around the ward, as may have been the case in previous reports. The success of this programme in the psychogeriatric assessment unit encouraged staff in the old people's home to which the patient was transferred to adopt similar methods.
Depression in old age: Prognosis after ECT
Authors: Godber Colin , Rosenvinge Henry , Wilkinson David , Smithies Joan 
Published: December 2004

AbstractOne hundred and sixty‐three patients treated with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in a district psychogeriatric unit during 1981 were followed up after 3 years. After the original course (mean 11·2 treatments) 51% were rated as fully recovered and 23% as much improved. Two‐thirds experienced one or more relapse within 3 years but half of these regained full remission. Of the 113 patients alive at 3 years 59% were free of depression and 29% showed mild symptoms only. Those making full initial recoveries had fared best subsequently. It is suggested that ECT has an important and generally underestimated place in the management of depression in the elderly.
Psychiatric illness in later life. A study of prevalence in a Scottish population
Authors: Bond John 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis article describes a survey undertaken in 1976 of the prevalence of psychiatric illness in a total population of people aged 65 or over in the district of Clackmannan, Scotland. Using the Survey Psychiatric Assessment Schedule (Bond et al., 1980) prevalence rates of 7% for organic disorders and 22·5% for affective disorders and psychoneuroses were estimated for the total population of elderly people living at home and in institutions. This article reports logistic discriminant analyses which identify those variables which together predict the presence of psychiatric illness. Together age, functional capacity, civil status, the absence of an affective disorder or psychoneuroses and a visual impairment predict correctly whether a person has an organic disorder for 85% of the population. Together self‐perception of disabling conditions, feelings of loneliness, perceived lack of social contact, age, functional incapacity, lack of social contact, gender, visual impairment, presence of an organic disorder and hearing impairment predict correctly whether a person has an affective disorder or psychoneuroses for 81% of the population.
Comparison of minaprine and placebo in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and multi‐infarct dementia
Authors: Passeri Mario , Cucinotta Domenico , de Mello Manuel , Bizière Kathleen 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMinaprine, an aminopyridazine derivative, represents a new class of antidepressants; in addition minaprine has been shown to possess cholinomimetic properties in rodents. Thus it seemed of interest to study the efficacy and tolerance of minaprine in the treatment of depressed mood, behavioural impairment and cognitive deterioration of senile dementia. A total of 122 patients were included in this three‐month, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, multicentric trial; 63 patients suffered from senile dementia of Alzheimer's type (SDAT) and 59 from multi‐infarct dementia (MID). In both SDAT and MID, minaprine (100 mg bid) was more effective than placebo in relieving depressed mood. In some MID patients, minaprine also improved behavioural impairment. In SDAT patients, minaprine seemed to improve some aspects of cognitive function, as judged by a limited battery of psychometric tests. Overall, minaprine appeared to be more effective in MID, although longer treatment and/or higher dosage may be necessary in SDAT. The incidence of side‐effects was low in both treatment groups.
Deliberate self‐harm in the elderly
Authors: Pierce David 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThis article reviews 145 patients over the age of 65 years seen at a district general hospital after deliberate self‐harm between 1973 and 1985. There was no significant change in the numbers seen per year, and they comprised 5.4% of all the hospital's self‐harm cases. The male to female ratio was 1:1·5 although the self‐harm rates for males and females over 65 in the local population were identical. Fifty‐five per cent widowed, over 90% of the patients had depressive conditions, only 3% had an established dementia, and 63% had significant physical illness. Half the patients received inpatient psychiatric treatment. Under 10% of the patients gave a history of earlier self‐harm, while both the repetition and suicide rates were very low. These findings are discussed.
Rates of depression in elderly volunteers with isolated systolic hypertension
Authors: Edlavitch Stanley , Gurland Barry J. , Golden Robert , Greenlick Merwyn , Perry H. Mitchell , Schoenberger James 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn a multicentre pilot study of the treatment of 551 elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension (SHEP), the effects on behavioural dimensions were also investigated. The presence and severity of depression, dementia and disability was measured by the SHORT‐CARE at baseline, annual follow up and, in a random half of subjects at bimonthly intervals. Remarkably low rates and levels of depression were noted in comparison with community norms; neither demographic characteristics, rates of dementia nor medication effects explained this finding. However, controlling for disability largely resolved the discrepancy in depression rates between SHEP and the community norms.
A support group for the depressed elderly
Authors: Ong Yong‐Lock , Martineau Frances , Lloyd Christa , Robbins Ian 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe setting up a support group for depressed elderly patients on discharge from hospital reduced the re‐referral and readmission rate for these patients as compared with a control group not offered this therapeutic intervention. Further studies are required to substantiate this finding. However, there are many apparent clinical advantages of running such a group and this therefore should be considered as a practical form of intervention with the depressed elderly.
Serial assessment of serum calcium correlates with mental state
Authors: Byrne E. J. , Hosking D. J. , Jameson C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSerial assessment of cognitive state using clinical and psychometric instruments correlated closely with serum calcium in an elderly woman with hyperparathyroidism. ‘Medical parathyroidectomy’ was associated with biochemical and clinical improvement but was not sustained. Following surgical removal of a parathyroid adenoma her serum calcium and her cognitive state returned to normal.
Elderly first admissions to psychiatric institutions: Findings of a nationwide Danish cohort
Authors: Kastrup Marianne 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA nationwide cohort of first‐time admitted patients aged 65 years or more to Danish psychiatric institutions was followed over a 10‐year period in the Danish psychiatric register. The annual incidence rate was 3.4 males and 3.9 females per 1000. Females were more likely to get an age‐related diagnosis, had more admissions and longer stays than males.62.6% of the males and 53.9% of the females died as patients or were discharged within one year and not readmitted. More frequently this short‐term group had a non‐psychotic disorder. 21.9% of the males and 27.2% of the females became long‐stay patients and were characterized by organic disorders. 1.9% of the males and 3.2% of the females became revolving‐door patients and were characterized by manic depressive psychoses and organic disorders. In total the annual incidence rate of ‘heavy users’ was estimated to be 0.81 males and 1.14 females per 1000.
The distribution of dementia, depression and neurosis in elderly men and women in an urban community: Assessed using the GMS–AGECAT package
Authors: Copeland J. R. M. , Gurland B. J. , Dewey M. E. , Kelleher M. J. , Smith A. M. R. , Davidson I. A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA computerized diagnosis, AGECAT, is applied to data from random community samples of elderly people in New York and London in order to examine the distribution of mental illness between males and females. The greater proportion of dementia in females is confirmed for all AGECAT's levels of diagnostic confidence, and for depression at all levels except one. Age‐ and sex‐specific prevalence rates are quoted for each half decade between 65 and 90 years. Differences between the sexes on syndrome case and subcase levels of neurotic disorder do not reach statistical significance.
Multivariate prediction of falls in elderly inpatients
Authors: Spar James E. , la Rue Asenath , Hewes Colleen , Fairbanks Lynn 
Published: December 2004

AbstractOne hundred and forty falls sustained by 65 psychogeriatric inpatients of average age 77.1 were studied in an attempt to identify risk factors. Multivariate analysis revealed increased age, a diagnosis of dementia and use of tricyclic antidepressants to be positively associated with falls when comparison was made to a control group of patients treated on the same unit who did not fall. Use of high‐potency neuroleptics was negatively associated with falls in the same analysis. A second analysis failed to reveal any variables, including routine daily measurements of orthostatic change in blood pressure, to be associated with rate of falling within the group of fallers.
Validation of the hospital anxiety and depression rating scale (HADS) in an elderly psychiatric population
Authors: Kenn Chris , Wood Hazel , Kucyj Mike , Wattis John , Cunane Joe 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA study was undertaken to validate the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Rating Scale in an elderly psychiatric population. The depression subscale (HAD‐D) was shown to relate well to global measures of depression and to be sensitive to changes in the severity of the depression. No conclusion could be drawn about the anxiety subscale of the HAD. The advantages of this observer‐assisted self‐rating scale in the elderly are discussed.
Do organic solvents ‘cause’ dementia?
Authors: O'Flynn R. R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractOrganic solvents have a wide range of adverse effects on cerebral functioning: the acute narcotic consequences of ingestion are well recognized and have been used to produce intoxication for thousands of years. A minority of such chemicals are proven neurotoxins and are hazardous even in low concentration. Since the late 1960s concern has been expressed that working men exposed to low levels of solvents, for example painters using oil‐based products or white spirit, consistently develop varieties of psychological illness which in their severest form have been described as a ‘dementia’. An examination of the literature, however, suggests that whatever long‐term adverse effects solvents may have, they do not appear to be characteristic, in either presentation or course, of dementing illnesses.