bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nickel‐Catalyzed Coupling of Aryl O‐Carbamates With
G
rignard Reagents: 2,7‐Dimethylnaphthalene
Authors: Dallaire Carol , Kolber Isabelle , Gingras Marc 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

2, 7‐Dimethylnaphthalene

R 2, 7‐Dihydroxynaphthalene

I 2, 7‐Bis (diethylcarbamoyloxy) maphthalene

P 2, 7‐Dimethylnaphthalene
U
llman Methoxylation in the Presence of a 2,5‐Dimethylpyrrole‐Blocked Aniline: Preparation of 2‐Fluoro‐4‐Methoxyaniline
Authors: Ragan John A. , Jones Brian P. , Castaldi Michael J. , Hill Paul D. , Makowski Teresa W. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

2‐Fluoro‐4‐methoxyaniline

R 2‐Fluoro‐4‐iodoaniline

acetonylacetonate

I 1‐(2‐Fluoro‐4‐iodophenyl)‐2, 5‐dimethyl‐1H‐pyrrole

1‐(2‐Fluoro‐4‐methoxyphenyl)‐2, 5‐dimethyl‐1H‐pyrrole

P 2‐Fluoro‐4‐methoxyaniline
Efficient Synthesis of Halomethyl‐2,2′‐Bipyridines: 4,4′‐Bis(Chloromethyl)‐2,2′‐Bipyridine
Authors: Smith Adam P. , Lamba Jaydeep J. S. , Fraser Cassandra L. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

4, 4′‐Bis(chloromethyl)2, 2′‐bipyridine

R 4, 4′‐Dimethyl‐2, 2′‐bipyridine

I 4, 4′‐Bis[trimethylsilyl) methyl]‐2, 2′ bepyridine

P 4, 4′‐Bis[chloromethyl)2, 2′‐bipyridine
Synthesis of (−)‐(E,S)‐3‐(Benzyloxy)‐1‐Butenyl Phenyl Sulfone Via a Horner‐Wadsworth‐Emmons Reaction of (−)‐(S)‐2‐(Benzyloxy)Propanal
Authors: Enders D. , von Berg S. , Jandeleit B. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

(−)‐(E,S)‐3‐(Benzyloxy)‐1‐butenyl phenyl sulfone

R (S)‐Ethyl 2‐hydroxy propanoate [(S)‐ethyl lactate]

I (−)‐(S)‐Ethyl 2‐(benzyloxy) propanoate

(−)‐(S)‐2‐(Benzyloxy)propanal

P (−)‐(E,S)‐3‐(Benzyloxy)‐1‐butenyl phenyl sulfone
Preparation of n‐Butyl 4‐Chlorophenyl Sulfide
Authors: McWilliams J. Christopher , Fleitz Fred J. , Zheng Nan , Armstrong Joseph D. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

m‐Butyl 4‐chlorophenyl sulfide

R 4‐Chlorophenol

I 4‐Chlorophenyl trifluoromethanesulfonate

P m‐Butyl 4‐chlorophenyl sulfide
Asymmetric Synthesis of (M)‐2‐Hydroxymethyl‐1‐(2‐Hydroxy‐4,6‐Dimethylphenyl)Naphthalene via a Configurationally Unstable Biaryl Lactone
Authors: Bringmann Gerhard , Breuning Matthias , Henschel Petra , Hinrichs Jürgen 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

(M)‐2‐Hydroxymethyl‐1‐(2‐hydroxy‐4,6‐dimethylphenyl)naphthalene

R 1‐Bromo‐2‐naphthoic acid (1)

3,5‐Dimethylphenol (2)

I 3,5‐Dimethylphenyl 1‐bromo‐2‐naphthoate (3)

1,3‐Dimethyl‐6 H‐benzo[b]naphthol [1,2‐d]pyran‐6‐one (4) (P)‐4 and (M)‐4

P (M)‐2‐Hydroxymethyl‐1‐(2‐hydroxy‐4,6‐dimethylphenyl)naphthalene (M)‐6
Photo‐Induced Ring Expansion of 1‐Triisopropylsilyloxy‐1‐Azidocyclohexane: Preparation of ε‐Caprolactam
Authors: Nelson Jade D. , Modi Dilip P. , Evans P. Andrew 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

E‐Caprolactam

R 1‐Triisopropylsilyloxycyclohexene

I 1‐Triisopropylsilyloxy‐1‐azidocyclohexane

P E‐Caprolactam
Preparation of Secondary Amines From Primary Amines Via 2‐Nitrobenzenesulfonamides: N‐(4‐Methoxybenzyl)‐3‐Phenylpropylamine
Authors: Kurosawa Wataru , Kan Toshiyuki , Fukuyama Tohru 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

N‐(4‐Methoxybenzyl)‐3‐phenylpropylamine

R 4‐Methoxybenzylamine

2‐Nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride

I N‐(4‐Methoxybenzyl)‐2‐nitrobenzenesulfonamide

N‐(4‐Methoxybenzyl)‐N‐(3‐phenylpropyl)‐2‐nitrobenzenesulfonamide

P N‐(4‐Methoxybenzyl)‐3‐phenylpropylamine
N‐Hydroxy‐4‐(p‐Chlorophenyl)Thiazole‐2(3H)‐Thione
Authors: Hartung Jens , Schwarz Michaela 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

N‐Hydroxy‐4‐(p‐chlorophenyl)thiazole‐2(3H)‐thione

R p‐Chloroacetaphenone

I a‐Bromo‐p‐chloroacetophenone

O‐Ethyl S‐[oximino‐2‐(p‐chlorophenyl)]dithiocarbonate

P N‐Hydroxy‐4‐(p‐chlorophenyl)thiazole‐2(3H)‐thione
Efficient Asymmetric Synthesis of
N
‐
tert
‐Butoxycarbonyl α‐Aminoacids Using 4‐
tert
‐Butoxycarbonyl‐5,6‐Diphenylmorpholin‐2‐one: (
R
)‐(
N
‐
tert
‐Butoxycarbonyl)Allylglycine
Authors: Williams Robert M. , Sinclair Peter J. , DeMong Duane E. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

(N‐tert‐Butoxycarbonyl)allylglycine

4‐tert‐Butyloxycarbonyl‐5,6‐diphenylmorpholin‐2‐one

Allyl iodide

4‐tert‐Butoxycarbonyl‐5,6‐diphenyl‐3‐(1′prop‐2′‐enyl)morpholin‐2‐one

Lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide
Preparation of
O
‐Allyl‐
N
‐(9‐Anthracenylmethyl)cinchonidinium Bromide as a Phase Transfer Catalyst for the Enantioselective Alkylation of Glycine Benzophenone Imine
tert
‐Butyl Ester: (4
S
)‐2‐(Benzhydrylidenamino)pentanedioic Acid, 1‐
tert
‐Butyl Ester‐5‐Methyl Ester
Authors: Corey E. J. , Noe Mark C. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

O‐Allyl‐N‐(9‐anthracenylmethyl) cinchonidium bromide

9‐Chloromethylanthracene

N‐(Diphenylmethylene) glycine tert butyl ester

(4S)‐2‐(Benzhydrylideneamino)pentanedioic acid, 1‐tert‐butyl ester‐5‐methyl ester
Preparation of Substituted Pyridines Via Regiocontrolled [4 + 2] Cycloadditions of Oximinosulfonates: Methyl 5‐Methylpyridine‐2‐Carboxylate
Authors: Danheiser Rick L. , Renslo Adam R. , Amos David T. , Wright Graham T. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

Methyl 5‐methylpyridine‐2‐carboxylate

5(Tosyloxyimino)‐2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxane‐4,6‐dione

Meldrum's acid

N
‐Chlorosuccinimide

p
‐Toluenesulfonyl chloride
Preparation of 2‐Chloro‐1,3‐Bis(dimethylamino)Trimethinium Hexafluorophosphate
Authors: Davies Ian W. , Marcoux Jean‐Francois , Taylor Jeremy 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

2‐Chloro‐1, 3‐bis(dimethylamino)trimethinium hexafluorophosphate

Chloroacetyl chloride

Dimethylformamide

Phosphorus oxychloride

Hexafluorophosphoric acid
Anthraquinone Dyes and Intermediates
Authors: Bien Hans‐Samuel , Stawitz Josef , Wunderlich Klaus 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction and History2.Methods of Production2.1.Anthraquinonesulfonic Acids2.2.Alkyl‐ and Arylanthraquinones2.3.Haloanthraquinones2.4.Nitroanthraquinones2.5.Aminoanthraquinones2.5.1.General Aspects2.5.1.1.Replacement Reactions2.5.1.2.Modifications of the Amino Functions2.5.1.3.Substitutions on the Aminoanthraquinone Nucleus2.5.2.Individual Aminoanthraquinones2.5.3.Diazotization of Aminoanthraquinones2.6.Hydroxyanthraquinones, Alkoxy‐ and Aryloxyanthraquinones2.6.1.General Aspects2.6.1.1.Synthesis of the Nucleus2.6.1.2.Replacement Reactions2.6.1.3.Conversions of the Hydroxy Group2.6.1.4.Substitutions on the Hydroxyanthraquinone Nucleus2.6.2.Individual Hydroxyanthraquinones2.7.Mercaptoanthraquinones2.7.1.General Aspects2.7.2.Individual Mercapto Compounds and Thioethers2.8.Anthraquinonesulfones2.9.Anthraquinone Aldehydes and Their Derivatives2.10.Anthraquinonecarboxylic Acids and Carboxylic Acid Derivatives2.10.1.General Aspects2.10.2.Individual Anthraquinonecarboxylic Acids2.11.Anthraquinone Derivatives with Condensed Rings2.11.1.Anthraquinone Derivatives Containing Imidazole, Oxazole, and Thiazole Rings2.11.2.Anthraquinonecarbazole Derivatives2.11.3.Anthraquinone Derivatives with Acridone Substructure (Phthaloylacridones)2.11.4.Anthraquinone Derivatives with Phenazine Substructure2.12.Anthraquinone Derivatives with Meso Rings (1,9‐Cyclo‐10‐anthrones)2.12.1.Benzanthrone and Its Derivatives2.12.2.Pyrazolanthrone and Its Derivatives2.12.3.1,9‐Anthrapyrimidine and Its Derivatives (1,9(N‐)‐Pyrimidinoanthrone‐10)2.12.4.1,9‐Anthrapyridone and Its Derivatives2.12.5.Dibenzpyrenequinones2.12.6.Anthanthrones2.12.7.Pyranthrone and Flavanthrone2.12.8.Violanthrone and Isoviolanthrone2.12.9.Acedianthrone3.Dye Classes3.1.Neutral Dyes3.1.1.Disperse Dyes3.1.1.1.Dyes for Polyester Fibers3.1.1.2.Dyes for Cellulose Ester and Synthetic Polyamide Fibers3.1.1.3.Transfer Dyes3.1.1.4.Dyes for Cotton ‐ Polyester Fabrics3.1.2.Dyes Soluble in Organic Solvents3.1.3.Vat Dyes3.1.4.Pigments3.2.Anionic Dyes3.2.1.Acid Dyes3.2.2.Direct Dyes3.2.3.Reactive Dyes3.3.Cationic Dyes
Antimycotics
Authors: Schmidt Axel , Geschke Frank‐Ulrich 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Azole Antimycotics2.1.Azole Antimycotics for Systemic Treatment2.1.1.Fluconazole2.1.2.Itraconazole2.1.3.Ketoconazole2.1.4.Miconazole2.2.Azole Antimycotics for Topical Treatment2.2.1.Bifonazole2.2.2.Butoconazole2.2.3.Clotrimazole2.2.4.Croconazole2.2.5.Econazole2.2.6.Fenticonazole2.2.7.Isoconazole2.2.8.Omoconazole2.2.9.Oxiconazole2.2.10.Sertaconazole2.2.11.Sulconazole2.2.12.Terconazole2.2.13.Tioconazole3.Polyene Antimycotics3.1.Amphotericin B3.2.Natamycin (Pimaricin)3.3.Nystatin A14.Flucytosine5.Griseofulvin6.Ciclopirox7.Thiocarbamates7.1.Tolciclate7.2.Tolnaftate8.Allylamines8.1.Naftifine8.2.Terbinafine9.Amorolfine10.Unspecific Topical Antimycotics11.Recent Developments and Outlook
Ketenes
Authors: Miller Raimund , Abaecherli Claudio , Said Adel , Jackson Barry 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Ketene2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties2.3.Production2.4.Uses3.Diketene3.1.Physical Properties3.2.Chemical Properties3.3.Production3.4.Storage, Handling, and Transportation3.5.Uses3.5.1.First‐Generation Diketene Derivatives3.5.2.Second‐Generation Diketene Derivatives4.Higher Ketenes4.1.Properties4.2.Production and Uses5.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Laser Dyes
Authors: Thiel Erwin 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.History1.2.Dye Laser Operation1.3.Uses2.Classes of Dyes2.1.Polyphenyl and Heteroaromatic Compounds2.2.Stilbenes2.3.Coumarins2.4.Xanthene Dyes2.5.Pyrromethene Dyes2.6.Methine Dyes2.7.Oxazine Dyes3.Acknowledgement
Metal‐Complex Dyes
Authors: Grychtol Klaus , Mennicke Winfried 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction and History2.Structure of Metal‐Complex Dyes2.1.Chelates2.2.Stereochemistry and Isomerism3.Production4.Ecology and Toxicology5.Uses of Metal‐Complex Dyes5.1.Textile Dyeing5.1.1.Wool and Polyamides5.1.2.Cotton5.1.3.Polypropylene5.1.4.Dust‐Free Preparations5.2.Nontextile Uses5.2.1.Leather5.2.2.Paper5.2.3.Dyes for Anodized Aluminum5.2.4.Solvent and Ink‐Jet Dyes5.2.5.Pigments5.2.6.Redox Catalysts5.2.7.Analysis5.2.8.Photo Dyes5.2.9.Charge Stabilizers5.2.10.Optical Applications6.Formazan Dyes6.1.Physical Properties and Structure6.1.1.Metal‐Free Formazans6.1.2.Metal‐Containing Formazans6.2.Production6.2.1.Coupling of Diazonium Compounds with Hydrazones6.2.2.Metallization6.2.3.Double Coupling of Diazonium Compounds with Compounds Containing an Acidic CH Group6.2.4.Oxidative Coupling of Azole Hydrazines with Hydrazones6.3.Uses
Naphthalimide Dyes and Pigments
Authors: Haremsa Sylke 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Alkoxynaphthalimides3.4‐Aminonaphthalimides4.1′,8′‐Naphthoylenebenzimidazoles5.Imides of Naphthalene‐1,4,5,8‐tetracarboxylic Dianhydride6.1′,8′‐Naphthoylenebenzimidazole Peridicarboximides7.Bis‐benzimidazole Derivatives of Naphthalene‐1,4,5,8‐tetracarboxylic acid8.1′,8′‐Naphthoylenepyrazoles9.Benzo[k,l‐]xanthene‐ and Benzo[k,l‐]thioxanthene‐3,4‐ dicarboximides10.Azo‐ and Azomethinenaphthalimides11.Perylene‐3,4,9,10‐tetracarboxydiimides
Nitriles
Authors: Pollak Peter , Romeder Gérard , Hagedorn Ferdinand , Gelbke Heinz‐Peter 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Aliphatic Nitriles2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties2.3.General Production Processes2.4.Selected Aliphatic Nitriles2.4.1.Saturated Mono‐ and Dinitriles2.4.2.Unsaturated Mono‐ and Dinitriles2.4.3.Substituted Nitriles2.4.4.β‐Iminonitriles2.4.5.β‐Ketonitriles2.5.Toxicology and Occupational Health3.Aromatic and Araliphatic Nitriles3.1.Properties3.2.General Production Methods3.3.Selected Araliphatic and Aromatic Nitriles3.3.1.Araliphatic Nitriles3.3.2.Aromatic Nitriles3.3.2.1.Cyanobenzenes3.3.2.2.Cyanonaphthalenes (Naphthalene Carboxylic Acid Nitriles)3.4.Toxicology
Nitro and Nitroso Dyes
Authors: Raue Roderich , Corbett John F. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Structure and Color2.History3.Uses4.Hydroxynitro Dyes5.Aminonitro Dyes5.1.Alkylaminonitro Dyes5.2.Arylaminonitro Dyes5.2.1.Arylaminonitro Disperse Dyes5.2.2.Anionic Arylaminonitro Dyes5.2.3.Cationic Arylaminonitro Dyes5.3.Heterocyclic Nitro Dyes6.Azonitro Dyes6.1.Azonitro Disperse Dyes6.2.Anionic Azonitro Dyes6.3.Cationic Azonitro Dyes7.Nitro Dyes with Other Color Systems8.Nitro Dyes in Hair Coloring8.1.Nitroaniline Hair Dyes8.2.Diaminonitrobenzene Hair Dyes8.3.Aminonitrophenol Hair Dyes8.4.Nitrodiphenylamine Hair Dyes8.5.Formulation with Nitro Hair Dyes9.Biologically Active Nitro Dyes10.Nitroso Dyes
Phosphate Fertilizers
Authors: Kongshaug Gunnar , Brentnall Bernard A. , Chaney Keith , Gregersen Jan‐Helge , Stokka Per , Persson Bjørn , Kolmeijer Nick W. , Conradsen Arne , Legard Torbjørn , Munk Harald , Skauli Øyvind 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.History2.Terminology3.Composition of Phosphate Fertilizers4.Phosphate Rock5.Economic Aspects5.1.Phosphate Rock5.2.Phosphate Fertilizer Consumption5.3.Phosphate Fertilizer Production6.Phosphorus Uptake by Plants7.Chemical Equilibria in Fertilizer Production8.Superphosphates8.1.Single Superphosphate8.1.1.Chemistry8.1.2.Production8.1.3.Fluorine Recovery8.1.4.Granulation8.2.Triple Superphosphate8.3.Double Superphosphate8.4.PK Fertilizers9.Ammonium Phosphates9.1.Fertilizer Grades and Applications9.2.Production9.2.1.Ammonium Phosphate Powder9.2.2.Granular Ammonium Phosphates9.2.3.Off‐Gas Treatment10.Compound Fertilizers by the Sulfur Route10.1.Granulation of Mixtures of Dry Materials10.2.Granulation of Dry Materials with Additives Producing Chemical Reactions10.3.Slurry Granulation10.4.Melt Granulation11.Compound Fertilizers by the Nitro Route11.1.Chemistry11.2.Product Specification11.3.Nitrophosphate Process with Calcium Nitrate Crystallization (Hydro)11.4.Nitro Process with Calcium Nitrate Crystallization (BASF)11.5.Nitro Process with Ion Exchange (Kemira Superfos)11.6.Nitro Process with Sulfate Recycle (DSM)11.7.Effluent Control of Nitrophosphate Process12.Other Straight Phosphate Fertilizers12.1.Phosphate Rock for Direct Application12.2.Partially Acidulated Phosphate Rock12.3.Basic and BOF Slag Fertilizers12.4.PK Mixed Fertilizers with Basic Slag13.Energy Consumption14.Effluents from Phosphate Fertilizer Production15.Heavy Metals in Phosphate Fertilizers16.Safety in Storage, Handling, and Transport17.Acknowledgement
Platinum Group Metals and Compounds
Authors: Renner Hermann , Schlamp Günther , Kleinwächter Ingo , Drost Ernst , Lüschow Hans Martin , Tews Peter , Panster Peter , Diehl Manfred , Lang Jutta , Kreuzer Thomas , Knödler Alfons , Starz Karl Anton , Dermann Klaus , Rothaut Josef , Drieselmann Ralf , Peter Catrin , Schiele Rainer 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.History2.Properties3.Occurrence3.1.Abundance3.2.Ores and Their Origin3.3.Primary Deposits3.4.Secondary Deposits3.5.Recovery of Secondary Platinum Group Metals3.6.Reserves and Resources4.Mineral Dressing and Beneficiation4.1.Treatment of Alluvial Platinum Deposits4.2.Treatment of Primary Deposits4.3.Treatment of Nickel Ores4.4.Treatment of Metal Scrap4.5.Treatment of Dross4.6.Treatment of Supported Catalysts4.7.Treatment of Solutions5.Dissolution Methods5.1.Dissolution in Aqua Regia5.2.Dissolution in Hydrochloric Acid–Chlorine5.3.Dissolution in Hydrochloric Acid–Bromine5.4.Other Dissolution Processes5.5.Dissolution by Salt Fusion6.Separation of Platinum Group Metals6.1.Chemistry of Platinum Group Metal Separation6.2.Older Separation Processes6.3.Current Separation Processes6.4.Processes Used in Coarse Separation6.5.Purification6.6.Conversion of Salts into Metals6.7.Partial Purification6.8.Treatment of Internally Recycled Material6.9.Construction Materials7.Platinum Group Metal Compounds7.1.Inorganic Compounds7.1.1.Platinum Compounds7.1.2.Palladium Compounds7.1.3.Rhodium Compounds7.1.4.Iridium Compounds7.1.5.Ruthenium Compounds7.1.6.Osmium Compounds7.2.Organic Compounds8.Alloys8.1.Alloy Systems8.2.Special Alloys8.3.Methods of Treatment9.Quality Specifications and Analysis9.1.Quality Specifications9.2.Qualitative Analysis9.3.Quantitative Analysis9.4.Purity Analysis9.5.Trace Analysis10.Uses10.1.Jewelry, Coinage, Investment10.2.Apparatus10.3.Heterogeneous Catalysts10.4.Fuel Cells10.5.Homogeneous Catalysts10.6.Automotive Emission Control Catalysts10.7.Sensors10.8.Electrical Technology10.9.Electronics10.10.Coatings10.10.1.Coatings Produced by Electrolysis10.10.2.Coatings Produced by Chemical Reaction10.10.3.Coatings Produced by Physical Methods10.11.Dental Materials11.Economic Aspects11.1.Supply11.2.Demand11.3.Prices11.4.Commercial Aspects12.Toxicology
Sodium Carbonates
Authors: Thieme Christian 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Sodium Carbonate

1.1.

Introduction

1.2.

Properties

1.3.

Sodium Carbonate Minerals

1.4.

Production

1.4.1.

Ammonia ‐ Soda Process

1.4.1.1.

General and Theoretical Principles

1.4.1.2.

Technology

1.4.2.

Modified Ammonia ‐ Soda Process

1.4.3.

Production from Trona and Other Sodium Carbonate‐Containing Minerals

1.4.4.

Other Processes

1.4.5.

Wastewater Problems in Sodium Carbonate Production

1.5.

Quality Specifications

1.6.

Producers

1.7.

Storage and Transport

1.8.

Uses

1.9.

Toxicology

1.10.

Economic Aspects

2.

Sodium Hydrogencarbonate

2.1.

Properties

2.2.

Production

2.3.

Uses and Quality Specifications

3.

Acknowledgement
Spasmolytics
Authors: Bungardt Edwin , Mutschler Ernst 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Parasympatholytics (Neurotropic Spasmolytic Agents)2.1.Muscarinic Receptors2.2.Therapy2.3.Therapeutic Agents2.3.1.Tropane Alkaloids and Related Substances2.3.2.Substances with Diverse Chemical Structures3.Musculotropic and Neurotropic ‐ MusculotropicSpasmolytic Agents3.1.Musculotropic Spasmolytic Agents3.2.Neurotropic ‐ Musculotropic Spasmolytic Agents4.Miscellaneous Agents5.Future Prospects
Vinyl Esters
Authors: Roscher Günter 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Vinyl Acetate2.1.Properties2.2.Production2.2.1.Addition of Acetic Acid to Acetylene2.2.2.Ethylidene Diacetate Process2.2.3.Reaction of Acetic Acid with Ethylene and Oxygen2.2.4.Reaction of Methyl Acetate with CO and H22.3.Quality Specifications, Analysis,Storage, Transport, and Toxicology2.4.Use, Economic Importance3.Vinyl Propionate3.1.Properties3.2.Production3.3.Use4.Vinyl Esters of Higher Carboxylic Acids4.1.Reaction with Acetylene in the Gas Phase4.2.Reaction with Ethylene and Oxygen4.3.Transvinylation and Other Processes4.4.Reaction with Acetylene in the Liquid Phase (Wacker and Shell Processes)4.5.Individual Vinyl Esters
Fluorescence spectral properties of labeled thiolated oligonucleotides bound to silver particles
Authors: Malicka Joanna , Gryczynski Ignacy , Lakowicz Joseph R. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe examined the fluorescent spectral properties of fluorescein‐labeled DNA oligomers when directly bound to metallic silver particles via a terminal sulfhydryl group. We found a 12‐fold increase in fluorescence intensity and 25‐fold decrease in lifetime for a fluorescein residue positioned 23 nucleotides from the silver surface compared to labeled oligomers in free solution. Similar results were found for a 23‐mer labeled with five fluorescein residues. The absence of long lifetime components in the intensity decays suggests that all labeled oligomers are bound to silver and affected similarly by the metallic surfaces. These results provide the basic knowledge needed to begin use of metal‐enhanced fluorescence for the detection of target sequences in simple formats potentially without a washing separation step. The use of metal‐enhanced fluorescence provides a generic approach to obtaining a hybridization‐dependent increase in fluorescence with most, if not all, commonly used fluorophores. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004
Conformational screening of oligonucleotides by variable‐temperature high performance liquid chromatography: Dissecting the duplex–hairpin–coil equilibria of d(CGCGAATTCGCG)
Authors: Braunlin William H. , Giri Indrajit , Beadling Les , Breslauer Kenneth J. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis study probes the potential of variable‐temperature high performance liquid chromatography (VT‐HPLC) as a tool for dissecting and modulating nucleic acid structural transitions, using as a model the duplex–hairpin–coil transitions of d(CGCGAATTCGCG). It is demonstrated that VT‐HPLC, combined with diode‐array detection of the uv signal, enables, for the first time, a physical separation of spectroscopically distinct species that can be assigned to the duplex, hairpin, and coil forms of d(CGCGAATTCGCG). Although the species are spectroscopically distinguishable, they are not readily isolated. Hence, if fractions from the peaks for hairpin or duplex forms are collected and subsequently reinjected onto the cartridge, reequilibration occurs, and both hairpin and duplex peaks are observed. Area integration of the peaks corresponding to duplex and hairpin species provides a means to monitor the duplex to hairpin transition at effective concentrations in the nanomolar range, well below that accessible by conventional spectrophotometers. Concentration‐dependent equilibrium constants, melting temperatures, and standard state enthalpies extracted from our measurements compare very well with previous literature results, and with our own results that take into account the effect of our solvent conditions [100 mM TEAA (triethylammonium acetate) and variable acetonitrile] on the melting behavior. By combining precise temperature control with separation based on size, physical behavior, and interaction free energies, VT‐HPLC provides a powerful tool for both the modulation and the separation of nucleic acid conformations. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004
Synthesis of Encoded Modified Oligonucleotide Libraries. Part 1
Authors: Sacca Paula A. , Fontana Angelo , Montserrat Javier M. , Iribarren Adolfo M. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe basis for further development of combinatorial libraries of modified oligonucleotides tagged by a codifying sequence is discussed. The chemistry involved in the orthogonal synthesis of both strands and some representative examples of building blocks are presented.
Selective Circular Oligonucleotide Probes Improve Detection of Point Mutations in DNA
Authors: Tennilä Tuula , Ketomäki Kaisa , Penttinen Piia , Tengvall Unni , Azhayeva Elena , Auriola Seppo , Lönnberg Harri , Azhayev Alex 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe synthesis of disulfide‐cross‐linked circular oligonucleotides, employing two different approaches, was accomplished. Several circular oligomers, which bear a C(5)‐aminoalkyl‐tethered thymidine unit, were labeled with photoluminescent europium(III) chelates. All circular structures were thoroughly characterized with denaturing PAGE and electrospray‐ionization mass spectrometry. It was demonstrated that the disulfide cross‐linking, resulting in circularization, considerably increases the enzymatic stability of phosphodiester oligonucleotides. In addition, UV melting experiments, followed, where possible, by extraction of thermodynamic parameters, revealed that several circular oligomers appear to be more selective towards their complementary targets than their corresponding linear precursors. Finally, the mixed‐phase hybridization experiments have demonstrated that use of circular probes indeed improves the selectivity in the detection of DNA point mutations.