bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constructional Gradience
Authors: Aarts Bas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I will discuss gradience obtaining either within a particular construction-type (Subsective Constructional Gradience) or between two different syntactic constructions (Intersective Constructional Gradience), including clauses. Before we can sensibly talk about constructional gradience we need to define what is meant by the term ‘construction’, since it is used prolifically in the linguistic literature with very different definitions. In the next section I will give a bird’s-eye overview of the history of the notion. As we will see, in the Chomskyan paradigm constructions are regarded as epiphenomena, although more recently they have begun to attract attention again. In Section 7.3 I will attempt to define the notion, while in Section 7.4 I will look at some examples of constructional gradience. Section 7.5 presents some conclusions regarding the notion of constructional gradience.
Museum Ethnography: The Field Site and Our Informants
Authors: Gosden Chris , Larson Frances , Petch Alison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine yourself suddenly set down in central Oxford in 1884 as a series of carts complete their journey from London carrying some of the 20,000 objects from the collections of Lieutenant-General Pitt Rivers, recently donated to the University of Oxford. Or imagine yourself suddenly and surprisingly present at a committee meeting in Oxford in the late 1930s where Henry Balfour, the first Curator of the Pitt Rivers, now in old age, is arguing in a weary but passionate manner with Radcliffe-Brown, the new Professor of Social Anthropology, for the importance of artefacts to the way in which anthropology is taught and researched at the University of Oxford.
Participatory Anthropology: Museums as Emergent Entities
Authors: Gosden Chris , Larson Frances , Petch Alison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Charles Darwin once described trees as ‘great compound animals’ (quoted in Beer 1985: 37) that were made up not just of the trunk, branches, and leaves but also of communities of insects, birds, and animals living in symbiotic or antagonistic relations. Trees became a central image for Darwin in thinking about the multiplicity of life and its histories. The phrase ‘great compound animals’ might well apply to museums also, compounded as they are of numerous people, buildings, and objects. The Pitt Rivers Museum is not unusual in being a collection of collections, incorporating a complex colony of collectors, many of whom gave only a single object. Unlike trees, with their instantly recognizable structures, varying from species to species, the basic anatomy of museums is not well known, despite considerable study.
Spatial Transformations: Representing the World at the Pitt Rivers Museum
Authors: Gosden Chris , Larson Frances , Petch Alison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us imagine an institution called the Perfectly Representative Museum (PRM for short). The mission statement of the PRM shows that its main aim is to create a collection that represents as accurately as possible all human products, past and present. As the PRM is unbelievably well funded, it has few practical constraints, merely needing to decide how best to represent the world. The Policy and Planning Committee of the PRM draws up a number of possible routes to a perfectly representative collection. The Collections Management team argue for a single object, which could be researched and documented in infinite detail, research which would, over time, lead out into all aspects of the world, providing a wonderfully rich set of documentary records. The Conservation Department, hoping for new staff and laboratories, is unhappy with this solution, and the PRM’s Director worries whether a single object could ever encourage social inclusiveness or maintain visitor numbers.
Automating the Districting Process: An Experiment Using a Japanese Case Study
Authors: Sakaguchi Toshihiro , Wada Junichiro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A new electoral system was adopted in Japan in 1994. Under the mixed electoral system introduced, 300 Lower House members are elected from constituencies and 200 members are elected separately via a proportional representation system with a party-decided list of candidates. Creating the constituencies required by the new electoral system was challenging, in large part because of the dual requirements that counties and small cities not be split and the ratio of the most populated districts to the least populated districts should be less than 2.
Introduction
Authors: Heine Bernd , Kuteva Tania 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is the above quotation that inspired us to embark on this book project. The claim is important; it is intuitively appealing at the same time, it is hard to verify. It therefore provided a real challenge for the research which was subsequently carried out, and whose Windings are presented here. But there was yet another factor which was accompanying us throughout the work on the present book, namely to test and apply to a topic as fascinating, challenging, and ambitious as that of language evolution the potential of grammaticalization theory as a tool for reconstructing the evolution of human language.
An outline of grammatical evolution
Authors: Heine Bernd , Kuteva Tania 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the questions that we raised in Chapter 1 there were the following: Which is older—the lexicon or grammar? What was the structure of human language like when it first evolved? How did language change from its genesis to now? Was language evolution abrupt or gradual? It is these questions that will be our concern in this chapter. After having provided a general introduction to grammaticalization theory in the preceding chapter we will now use this theory to reconstruct some major lines in the development of functional categories. The ultimate goal of this chapter is to trace grammar back to its beginnings in early language.
On pidgins and other restricted linguistic systems
Authors: Heine Bernd , Kuteva Tania 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In discussions on language genesis and evolution, ‘ ‘ degraded forms of language’ ‘ are widely held to provide a primary source for proposing hypotheses, and among such systems, pidgin languages are taken to provide one of the main sources of evidence: They are believed to exhibit properties that shed light on earlier forms of human languages.
Early language
Authors: Heine Bernd , Kuteva Tania 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The goal that we want to achieve in this book is a fairly ambitious one: Considering that there are 4,000–6,000 languages spoken in the world, exhibiting a wealth of contrasting structures and socio-cultural environments, reconstructing all this diversity back to one earlier form of language is a task that is near to impossible. The reason we are nevertheless tackling this task is that we are restricting analysis to one specie methodology and to a limited spectrum of phenomena. The procedure adopted in the preceding chapters was to concentrate on grammaticalization in reconstructing some properties that are hypothesized to have characterized language at an earlier stage of human evolution. In the present chapter we will recapitulate the main Windings presented and deal with the questions that we listed in Chapter 1 (example (1)). While discussion in the preceding chapters was concerned with observations made within the framework of grammaticalization theory, in this chapter we will also look at findings made by other authors using alternative approaches and/ or drawing on wider ranges of relevant phenomena.
ConsciousnessƖ௦ and Essential Embodiment I: The Basics
Authors: Hanna Robert , Maiese Michelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let us begin at the beginning—with consciousnessƖ௦. According to our view, every creature with a consciousnessƖ௦ is an essentially embodied mind. In turn, an essentially embodied mind is a minded animal, or more precisely, a conscious, intentional, motile, suitably neurobiologically complex, egocentrically-centered and spatially oriented, thermodynamically irreversible living organism. I have a consciousnessƖ௦. You have a consciousnessƖ௦. Your newborn baby, your cat, your dog, your horse, the mouse in your yard, the squirrel in the tree in the park, and the rational human animals living in the house next door all have consciousnessƖ௦. You have conscious feelings. They have conscious feelings. You spontaneously move your own living body because of your feelings, and by means of those feelings, and you thereby express those feelings. And they do so too, because of their feelings, and by means of their feelings, and in some way or another that is expressive of those feelings. We perceive this, and affectively respond with some further bodily movements of our own. To the extent that we are all doing this, we are all empathically mirroring each other. Indeed, there is even a specialized neuronal system set up within us for empathic mirroring, cƖ௦sely associated with learning natural languages.
Essentially Embodied Agency III: Emotive Causation
Authors: Hanna Robert , Maiese Michelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Essential Embodiment Thesis emerged from Chapters 1 and 2, in which we argued from neurophenomenological premises that conscious, intentional mindsƖ௦ are necessarily and completely neurobiologically embodied. In Chapters 3 and 4 we argued that the pre-reflectively conscious intentional activity of effortless (as opposed to effortful, self-conscious or self-reflective, deliberative) trying, together with its active guidance of body movements, is the mental cause of all basic intentional action, and that this fact adequately explains the difference between actions (the things we intentionally do) and unintentional body movements (mere bodily events, or the things that just happen to us). If so, then I act intentionally if and only if I move my own living body by pre-reflectively conscious effortless trying and its active guidance.
The Metaphysics of Agency II: And How to Solve It
Authors: Hanna Robert , Maiese Michelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The only possible ways to reject this line of thought would be to claim either that the principle of the Causal Closure of the Physical or CCP rules out organismic living events as physical events that efficaciously cause other physical events, or that the Causal Exclusion Problems show that organismic life is epiphenomenal. And neither of these options seems in any way philosophically viable, even for the most hardnosed materialist. Although we fully agree with Kim’s critiques of Dualism (whether Sub-stance Dualism, or Property-Dualism-Without-Substance-Dualism) and Non-Reductive Materialism, we also think that he unfairly stacks the deck in favor of solutions based on Reductive Materialism. He does this by adopting a certain interpretation of the highly plausible principle CCP, which says that only physical events can nomologically sufficiently cause physical events. Kim’s interpretation is also the standard interpretation. The standard interpretation of CCP assumes that the fundamental physical properties of the natural world necessarily exclude intrinsic connections with fundamental mental properties.
The Metaphysics of Agency III: Where the Action Is
Authors: Hanna Robert , Maiese Michelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we complete our argument for the Essential Embodiment Theory of the mind–body relation, mental causation, and intentional action. In a wordbite, what we want to demonstrate is that essentially embodied minds are where the action is. In Section 8.1, we argue that the mental–physical property fusion relation at the basis of essentially embodied minds is best understood, in a neo-Aristotelian way, as a hylomorphic—i.e., a matter/form or stuffing/structure—relation of joint constitution, according to which a conscious, intentional mindƖ௦ is the irreducible and truly global intrinsic structure of a suitably neurobiologically complex living animal body. Now the Latin word for ‘mind’ or ‘soul’ is anima, and this beautifully captures the sense in which a conscious, intentional mindƖ௦ is that which animates a suitably neurobiologically complex living organismic body. To animate something in this sense is to channel its natural forces and causal powers by providing its otherwise unstable dynamic processes and disparate moving parts with an inherently dominating organization or pattern.
The ‘Soldiers’, the ‘Priests’, and the ‘Hospitals for Contagious Diseases’: the Producers of Archaeological Matter-realities
Authors: Hamilakis Yannis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief background to the main structures and agents that are responsible for archaeological production in Greece. It is not, however, a neutral, encyclopaedic presentation, but rather a selective and critical discussion. Its aims are not to provide a full and comprehensive presentation of the status, the workings, and the problems of these structures and agents, but rather to re-examine them in the light of the main focus of this book, that is their entanglement with national imagination, offering at the same time a glimpse into their inner workings, rationale, and culture. The main institutional structures and sites of production of archaeological matter-realities in Greece are the State Archaeological Service, the Athens Archaeological Society, the universities, the foreign archaeo logical schools and institutes, and the museums and private collections; overlaying all this is the legal framework on antiquities.
Nostalgia for the Whole: the Parthenon (or Elgin) Marbles
Authors: Hamilakis Yannis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
5 December 1997; a cloudy, typically Welsh, early morning. I am one of two passengers in the only taxi-van around, rolling through the Welsh hills towards London. Why am I doing this? The pretext/excuse is that I am going to participate in a demonstration organized by societies of Greek students outside the British Museum, to demonstrate for the return of the Parthenon marbles to Greece. A bus-load of Greek students—some my own students—left the campus very early that morning to participate in the event. I am not among them, I am not going for the same reason, although I did sign (with some scepticism) the petition when a couple of students knocked on my office door a few days ago.
The Nation in Ruins? Conclusions
Authors: Hamilakis Yannis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not possible to appraise Greek Culture as a whole, through a computer screen. Nevertheless, being aware of the force and the potentialities of new technologies, we tried to squeeze in this program the millennia of artistry, the centuries of outstanding art, the achievements of the human spirit, the routes on which the western civilization strode in order to reach its current form. We tried to give you only a fraction of this great adventure that it is called Greek Culture, from antiquity up to our days . . . The name we gave our server is ‘ODYSSEUS’ because we believe that he, the greatest of all voyagers, is the most representative Greek of all. He is also the character most apt to lead our steps to the fascinating quest you just start.
Innovation and Archaism
Authors: Faraone Christopher A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In addition to re-performing and improvising upon the archaic repertoire, Greeks continued to compose original elegiac poetry down to the beginning of the fourth century, just as new epic poems were still being composed, even while the rhapsodes performed and to stanzaic design—at least among the amateur performers in private symposia—seems to decline. Unfortunately not much survives of the original elegiac compositions of the classical age. Among the recently discovered fragments of Simonides’ elegies, for example, a short section of his long narrative poem on the battle of Plataea tantalizingly suggests some knowledge of the elegiac stanza, but in the end it is too damaged to provide any hard evidence.
Practising Deception: Spring Wheat and Midwife Toads
Authors: Harré Rom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is about the many ways that scientists, honest and dishonest, have made use of equipment at least part of which has been drawn from a living source. Though this chapter is about scientific fraud, a key part of the material needed for dishonest endeavours is just as much drawn from the living world as that put to use in honest research projects. There are very few examples of deliberate fraud in the history of experimental science. Temptations are subtle and resistance to them not so difficult. However, sometimes the attraction of dishonesty proves too strong.
Prologue When Climate Changed the Course of History
Authors: Finlayson Clive 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
CONTRARY to popular belief, history does not repeat itself. The story of our planet was not predetermined, there was no air of inevitability to it, and the story of life does not speak to us of a linear progression from primitive to sophisticate. Instead, its shape has been carved out by the accumulation and loss of information, genetic and cultural, creating the illusion of relentless progress. This history is full of cases in which chance events radically altered the world and changed its course. Had these random proceedings not happened in the time and place in which they did, I would certainly not be writing these lines today nor would you be reading them. This book is about one of countless stories of life on Earth; it is of particular concern to us, not because it was in any way extraordinary but because it involved our own species. The world is full of successful living beings some of which have persisted, barely changed, for millions of years. They have been the lucky ones because the way that they adapted to their present inadvertently made them successful in their futures. We might arrogantly think of ourselves as members of the exclusive survivors’ club but, in reality, we are mere novices in comparison to some of the tough designs out there. Even they are the exception though, most species having gone out of business at one time or another during the course of the Earth’s haphazard history. As circumstances have changed— continents moved, mountains grew, seas receded, ice caps expanded, climate dithered—most species went extinct and new ones captured a slice of the market. Among the new ones were several kinds of human. The Neanderthals were one of them and they became a highly successful people who managed to live in the increasingly inhospitable world of Europe and Asia for over 300 thousand years, a lot longer than the period that covers our own time on this planet. One day the Neanderthals shared the fate of millions of other life forms and died out. This book is the story of the Neanderthals, how they came to be so successful and how they eventually vanished. How was it that an intelligent and triumphant kind of human could become so vulnerable to external forces that it went extinct? But this is also the story of our own kind, a parallel dynasty of humans that shared parts of the planet with the Neanderthals for a while.
Africa in Europe— A Mediterranean Serengeti
Authors: Finlayson Clive 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aline of cork oak trees was silhouetted against a pastel sky as the sun rose as a red ball over the low and distant horizon. Patches of orange water glistened against a dark background of sedge and rush. The nocturnal chorus of frogs sang their encore and went to sleep before the first hungry kites took to the wing in search of breakfast. Raucous calls from within the oaks signalled another day in ‘la Pajarera’, as the huge heronry was known in these parts. The tones became harsh as the lifting sun shone brightly across the marsh. Serenely sitting on the highest branch of the highest tree was the lord of this scene— the Spanish imperial eagle. This is how I recall the wilds of the National Park of Doñana in south-western Spain. The Victorian naturalist Abel Chapman fittingly described this remote corner as a piece of Africa in Europe. But why am I describing this Garden of Eden at all in a book that is about our evolution and that of our The scene that I describe could have easily been seen by a Neanderthal 30 thousand years ago. This is not a romantic extravagance of my imagination. It is statement based on solid evidence excavated over a period of seventeen years in the caves of the Rock of Gibraltar. It was here that the last Neanderthals on the planet survived for at least 2 thousand years later than anywhere else.
Forever Opportunists
Authors: Finlayson Clive 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE spreading out of a Central Asian population into Europe around 30 thousand years ago was only part of a wider picture. There is no reason to suppose that such an expansion followed a single direction. After all this was not a concerted drive or migration, like the raids of Genghis Khan and his Mongol hordes would be many millennia later, but a demographic collared dove-style expansion. We have seen the driving force behind the expansion and the human response is what biologists would call ecological release: a population adapts to a new, untapped, environment and spreads rapidly in the absence of competitors. There are many such examples of animals that have been introduced into foreign lands by people, often with hugely negative effects on the local endemic fauna. The rapid expansion, practically reaching France from the steppe within a millennium, may have been the result of a simple increase in birth rate and decrease in mortality as a result of improved resources. The catalyst of the rapid expansion may have had to do with the new way of life of the plains people. In the previous chapter we touched upon the village or camp site as an information centre, allowing different groups of hunters to exchange data about where the herds were located. The eﬃciency of hunters on the open plains would have been seriously compromised if all the individuals of the group—old, young, pregnant women, weak individuals—went along. Such movement of entire kin groups might have been possible in other environments where territories were smaller, and it was probably the way the Neanderthals moved about.
Old Gods, New Homes
Authors: Erskine Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Second Punic war introduced two new gods into Rome, Venus Erycina from Sicily and the Magna Mater from Asia Minor.1 Both came on the recommendation of the Sibylline books, both were mountain goddesses who found homes on the hills of Rome, and both are something of a puzzle. Viewed from one angle these cults appear to have no Trojan character at all, but from another angle the Trojan content is all too obvious. Livy who provides the fullest, and apparently most reliable, account of the introductions of these two goddesses has nothing whatsoever to say about Troy or Trojan ancestry in either case. Yet, other presentations of these cults, for instance by poets such as Ovid or Vergil, Jay considerable stress on it. Various explanations can be put forward for this striking contrast: Livy knew, but did not think it relevant; Troy was more appropriate to poetry than to prose; the Trojan character was a later accretion on a Troyless episode, perhaps even a product of Augustan ideology. There may be truth in all these but in themse1ves they seem rather inadequate. The answer should be sought again in the relationship between Rome and the outside world. Although certain patterns will be found to recur, it is useful to look at each goddess separately.