bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Evolutionarily Conserved TOUGH Protein Is Required for Proper Development ofArabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Calderon-Villalobos Luz I.A. , Kuhnle Carola , Dohmann Esther M.N. , Li Hanbing , Bevan Mike , Schwechheimer Claus 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIn this study, we characterize the evolutionarily conserved TOUGH (TGH) protein as a novel regulator required for Arabidopsis thaliana development. We initially identified TGH as a yeast two-hybrid system interactor of the transcription initiation factor TATA-box binding protein 2. TGH has apparent orthologs in all eukaryotic model organisms with the exception of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. TGH contains domains with strong similarity to G-patch and SWAP domains, protein domains that are characteristic of RNA binding and processing proteins. Furthermore, TGH colocalizes with the splicing regulator SRp34 to subnuclear particles. We therefore propose that TGH plays a role in RNA binding or processing. Arabidopsis tgh mutants display developmental defects, including reduced plant height, polycotyly, and reduced vascularization. We found TGH expression to be increased in the amp1-1 mutant, which is similar to tgh mutants with respect to polycotyly and defects in vascular development. Interestingly, we observed a strong genetic interaction between TGH and AMP1 in that tgh-1 amp1-1 double mutants are extremely dwarfed and severely affected in plant development in general and vascular development in particular when compared with the single mutants.
Phytochrome Control of theArabidopsisTranscriptome Anticipates Seedling Exposure to Light
Authors: Mazzella María Agustina , Arana María Verónica , Staneloni Roberto J. , Perelman Susana , Rodriguez Batiller María J. , Muschietti Jorge , Cerdán Pablo D. , Chen Kunhua , Sánchez Rodolfo A. , Zhu Tong , Chory Joanne , Casal Jorge J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractPhytochromes mediate a profound developmental shift when dark-grown seedlings are exposed to light. Here, we show that a subset of genes is upregulated in phytochrome B (phyB) mutants even before dark-grown Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings are exposed to light. Most of these genes bear the RY cis motif, which is a binding site of the transcription factor ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3 (ABI3), and the phyB mutation also enhances ABI3 expression. These changes in transcriptome have physiological consequences, because seedlings of the abi3 mutant showed enhanced responses to pulses of far-red light, whereas ABI3 overexpressers exhibited the opposite pattern. Seedlings of the wild type derived from seeds germinated in full darkness showed enhanced expression of genes bearing the RY cis motif and reduced responses to far-red light. We propose that, via changes in ABI3 expression, light, perceived mainly by phyB in the seed, generates a downstream transdevelopmental phase signal that preconditions the seedling to its most likely environment.
‘Best Practice’ Options for the Legal Recognition of Customary Tenure
Authors: Fitzpatrick Daniel 
Published: July 2005

AbstractIs there a ‘best practice’ model for the legal recognition of customary tenure? If not, is it possible to identify the circumstances in which a particular model would be most appropriate? This article considers these questions in the light of economic theories of property rights, particularly as illustrated by the World Bank's 2003 land policy report. While these theories have their flaws, the underlying concept of tenure security allows a typological framework for developing legal responses to customary tenure. In particular, this article suggests that the nature and degree of State legal intervention in a customary land system should be determined by reference to the nature and causes of any tenure insecurity. This hypothesis is discussed by reference to a wide variety of legal examples from Africa, Papua New Guinea and the South Pacific. The objective is not to suggest that law determines resource governance outcomes in pluralist normative environments, but to improve the quality of legal interventions in order to assist customary groups to negotiate better forms of tenure security and access to resources.
Establishing Development Orthodoxy: Negotiating Masculinities in the Water Sector
Authors: Laurie Nina 
Published: July 2005

AbstractDespite important work in development studies on the ‘male bias in the development process’, it is generally recognized that gender and development analyses have been slow to engage with masculinities. Focusing attention on the nexus between identity and globalizing development discourses, this article explores the relationship between masculinities and development through an analysis of the gendering of water paradigms. By analysing the example of the recent Cochabamba water wars in Bolivia, and placing them in historical context, the author explores how gendered representations and language are used to downplay and upgrade particular understandings of modernity as they relate to water management, and examines the mechanisms through which specific gendered identities become associated with the most successful versions of ‘modern’ development.
Estimating the pattern of synchrony in fluctuating populations
Authors: ENGEN STEINAR , LANDE RUSSELL , SÆTHER BERNT‐ERIK , BREGNBALLE THOMAS 
Published: July 2005

Summary

A central question in population ecology is how to estimate the effects of common environmental noise, e.g. due to large‐scale climate patterns, on the synchrony in population fluctuations over large distances. We show how the environmental variance can be split into components generated by several environmental variables and how these can be estimated from time‐series observations.
With a set of time‐series observations from different locations not necessarily covering the same time span, it is shown how the spatial autocorrelation of the residual variance component, not explained by the covariates and corrected for demographic stochasticity, can be estimated using classical multinormal theory.
Some previous results on spatial scaling in continuous linearized models on log scale are extended to also provide the scaling for the residuals. This is shown to be close to the spatial scaling of the autocorrelation in the environmental noise and only weakly affected by migration.
The logistic model of local population dynamics with the NAO index as the only covariate is fitted to 22 populations of the Continental great cormorant Phalacrorax carbo sinensis. The spatial scale of the environmental noise is estimated to be about 155 km. The NAO index alone accounts for about 10% of the total environmental variance and nearly all of the regional environmental variance (long‐distance environmental autocorrelation).
Torpor patterns of hibernating eastern chipmunks Tamias striatus vary in response to the size and fatty acid composition of food hoards
Authors: MUNRO DANIEL , THOMAS DONALD W. , HUMPHRIES MURRAY M. 
Published: July 2005

Summary

Many endotherms employ torpor during periods of resource scarcity, but this state of substantially reduced body temperature and metabolism appears to impose significant physiological costs. Accordingly, individuals can be expected to vary the expression of torpor according to the size of their energy reserves.
Although dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are important for maintaining the fluidity of membrane phospholipids and depot fats at low body temperatures, they are also prone to autoxidation, which can result in significant somatic damage. Dietary PUFA may thus influence the depth and duration of torpor during hibernation.
We evaluated the hypothesis that both an increase in the size of the burrow food hoard and an elevation of its PUFA composition can cause chipmunks to reduce their use of torpor both by reducing the time spent torpid and by maintaining higher body temperature during torpor.
We provided individual chipmunks with equicaloric natural‐PUFA and high‐PUFA supplements 10 days prior to autumn immergence. We measured seven parameters that characterize the depth and duration of torpor used by hibernating chipmunks using temperature‐sensitive data loggers mounted on neck collars. We compared torpor patterns for the natural‐PUFA, high‐PUFA and control groups at a study site in southern Quebec, Canada. We also compared control animals from Quebec with unsupplemented controls from a more southerly site in Pennsylvania, USA characterized by higher food availability and less severe winters.
Chipmunks provided with natural‐PUFA supplements spent less than half as much time in torpor as control animals at the same study site, and when in torpor they exhibited skin temperatures almost twice as high as controls. Chipmunks provided with high‐PUFA supplements significantly reduced the depth and duration of torpor bouts compared with animals provided with natural‐PUFA supplements. The torpor patterns of unsupplemented chipmunks at the southern site approximated those of natural‐PUFA chipmunks at the main study site.
Our results provide clear evidence that chipmunks adjust the depth and duration of torpor expression according to both the size and the composition of their energy reserves. Furthermore, both the extent and the nutritional form of environmental energy availability are important determinants of the cost and benefits of torpor expression by free‐ranging endotherms.
Comparative changes in adult vs. juvenile survival affecting population trends of African ungulates
Authors: OWEN‐SMITH NORMAN , MASON DARRYL R. 
Published: July 2005

Summary

Among large mammalian herbivores, juvenile survival tends to vary widely and may thus have a greater influence on population dynamics than the relatively constant survival rates typical of adults. However, previous studies yielding stage‐specific survival rates have been mostly on temperate zone ungulates and in environments lacking large predators.
Annual censuses coupled with assessments of population structure enabled annual survival rates to be estimated for the juvenile, yearling and adult segments of nine ungulate species in South Africa's Kruger National Park. Four of these populations persisted at high abundance after initial increases (zebra, wildebeest, impala and giraffe), while five showed progressive declines during the latter part of the study period (kudu, waterbuck, warthog, sable antelope and tsessebe).
The magnitude of the reduction in adult survival between periods showing contrasting population trends was similar to or greater than the corresponding change in juvenile survival for five of the nine species. Accordingly alterations in population phase, from increasing to stable or stable to declining, were brought about mostly through reduced survival within the adult segment. Elevated predation risk may have been responsible.
Estimates were derived of the relative survival rates of juveniles, yearlings and adult segments associated with zero population growth, and the survival differential between adult males and females, for all nine species. Stage‐specific survival rates appeared dependent on body mass, but with some anomalies. The sex difference in adult survival showed no obvious relation with sexual size dimorphism.
For large mammalian herbivores, assessments of relative elasticities of stage‐specific survival rates on population growth are problematic for several reasons. Sensitivity to corresponding increments in either survival or mortality rates provides a better basis for ecological or adaptive interpretation. Survival rates of adults seem to vary more over multiyear periods compared with mainly annual fluctuations in juvenile survival. More studies are needed on tropical species and in environments retaining large predators to support generalizations about factors influencing ungulate life‐history patterns.
Lack of mitochondrial DNA divergence between chromosome races of the common shrew, Sorex araneus, in Sweden. Implications for interpreting chromosomal evolution and colonization history
Authors: ANDERSSON ANNA‐CARIN , ALSTRÖM‐RAPAPORT CECILIA , FREDGA KARL 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe common shrew, Sorex araneus, has one of the most variable karyotypes among mammals, displaying numerous chromosome races throughout its distribution. The six chromosome races present in Sweden can be categorized in two different karyotypic groups, the west and north European karyotypic groups (western and northern). Three races belonging to the western group are considered to have arisen through whole arm reciprocal translocations (WARTs). Race formation through this process requires a bottleneck event. In the present study we sequenced a part of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genome to investigate molecular differences between the chromosome races in Sweden. We found no mtDNA differentiation between the mainland chromosome races or the karyotypic groups. Genetic variation is as large between populations within a race as between populations among the races or karyotypic groups, suggesting that the karyotypic groups might have originated in a common glacial refugium. The noticeable exception is the Öland race, which shows higher mtDNA diversity compared to the other Swedish races, indicating a divergent origin difficult to explain. Mitochondrial DNA variation in Sweden suggests that most haplotypes arose in situ and that the populations has undergone a rapid size expansion. Altogether, the mtDNA data are in agreement with the WART hypothesis, which still holds as the most plausible variant of karyotype evolution for three of the chromosome races of the common shrew in Sweden.
Fighting an enemy within: cytoplasmic inhibitors of bacterial cysteine proteases
Authors: Potempa Jan , Golonka Ewa , Filipek Renata , Shaw Lindsey N. 
Published: July 2005

SummaryThe genes encoding secreted, broad‐spectrum activity cysteine proteases of Staphylococcus spp. (staphopains) and Streptococcus pyogenes (streptopain, SpeB) are genetically linked to genes encoding cytoplasmic inhibitors. While staphopain inhibitors have lipocalin‐like folds, streptopain is inhibited by a protein bearing the scaffold of the enzyme profragment. Bioinformatic analysis of other prokaryotic genomes has revealed that two more species may utilize this same genetic arrangement to control streptopain‐like proteases with lipocalin‐like inhibitors, while three other species may employ a C‐terminally located domain that resembles the profragment. This apparently represents a novel system that bacteria use to control the intracellular activity of their proteases.
Slow Export of Photoassimilate from Stay‐green Leaves during Late Grain‐Filling Stage in Hybrid Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Gong Y.‐H. , Zhang J. , Gao J.‐F. , Lu J.‐Y. , Wang J.‐R. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractHybrid winter wheat (cv. XN901) shows a strong hybrid vigor in terms of yield potential and its leaves and stems stay green when its kernels reach maturity. Much of its pre‐stored carbon reserve is left unused in its stems and leaves. In this study, photosynthesis and translocation of carbon assimilates of the hybrid wheat were investigated at its late grain‐filling stage. Feeding labelled 14CO2 to flag leaves of XN901 showed that its export to grains was much slower than that of an ordinary cultivar (Shaan 229) that is currently used in production. Within 24 h of labelling, Shaan 229 and XN901 exported 59 % and 40 %, respectively, of the 14C from their flag leaves. At the sink side, 52.1 % of the fed 14C in Shaan 229 was exported to its grains within the first 24 h while XN901 deposited only 15.8 % of the fed 14C in the grains at the same period. Photosynthetic rates and chlorophyll contents in the flag leaves declined much more slowly in XN901 than in Shaan 229 during the late grain‐filling stage. Hybrid wheat XN901 also had a longer grain‐filling period (6 days longer), higher grain yield (15 % more), but lower harvest index (19 % less) than Shaan 229. Its grain‐filling rate was lower but declined more slowly at the late grain‐filling stage than that of Shaan 229. Results indicate that the strong hybrid vigour of XN901 leads to an unfavourably delayed senescence which results in the much unused carbon reserve in its straws. Raising harvest index should be the key aim to materialize its yield potential.
The Occurrence of Phytoplasmas in Apple Trees Showing Branch Twisting
Authors: Fránová J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractApple trees showing malformation of branches were found at different locations in the Czech Republic. Ultrathin sections of tissues from diseased trees showed the presence of pleomorphic bodies resembling phytoplasma. Nested‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays with primers amplifying16S–23S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences specific for phytoplasma and the subsequent restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analyses allowed to classify the detected phytoplasmas in the aster yellows group, subgroup 16SrI‐C in 12 trees, single (11 plants) or mixed with phytoplasma belonging to subgroup 16SrI‐B (1 plant). Phytoplasma of apple proliferation group (16SrX‐A subgroup) were identified in cv. Matčino. Apple tree cv. Přeštické růžové was infected by phytoplasma of the 16SrX‐A and 16SrI‐B subgroups. No phytoplasmas were detected in asymptomatic apple trees.
AFLP Analysis of Trichoderma spp. from India Compared with Sequence and Morphological‐based Diagnostics
Authors: Buhariwalla H. K. , Srilakshmi P. , Kannan S. , Kanchi R. S. , Chandra S. , Satyaprasad K. , Waliyar F. , Thakur R. P. , Crouch J. H. 
Published: July 2005

Abstract Trichoderma species offer considerable potential for controlling aflatoxin contamination in groundnut and other crops. Initial classification of 48 Trichoderma isolates, derived from four different groundnut cultivation sites in India was based on alignment of 28S rDNA sequences to GenBank sequences of ex‐type strains. This was found to be substantially more reliable than our routine morphological characterization, but did not provide a comprehensive diagnostic solution, as unique single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) haplotypes could not be identified for all species. However, all the Trichoderma isolates could be readily distinguished by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis, based on six primer pair combinations, which generated 234 polymorphic bands. In addition, individual AFLP bands were identified which differentiate closely related species. Similarly, AFLP bands were identified that correlated with different types of antagonism to Aspergillus flavus. The implications of these results for the development of simple polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based diagnostic assays for antagonistic isolates of Trichoderma is discussed.
A Simple Method of Mass Inoculation of Rice Effective for Both Pathovars ofXanthomonas oryzae, and the Construction of Comparable Sets of Host cDNA Libraries Spanning Early Stages of Bacterial Leaf Blight and Bacterial Leaf Streak
Authors: Niño‐Liu D. O. , Darnielle L. , Bogdanove A. J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractXanthomonas oryzaepv.oryzae(Xoo) andX. oryzaepv.oryzicola(Xoc) are important bacterial pathogens of rice (Oryza sativa). Despite being very closely related, they infect in different ways and cause distinct diseases. Xoo invades the xylem to cause bacterial blight, whereas Xoc colonizes the leaf mesophyll to cause bacterial leaf streak. As the modes of infection of these two pathogens are different, traditional methods of inoculation effective for Xoo are not effective for Xoc and vice versa. We discovered that dipping plants in bacterial suspension is an effective inoculation method both for Xoo and Xoc and can be used to achieve uniform and synchronized infection of multiple plants. Using this method, comparable sets of rice Gateway®cDNA libraries spanning five time points in the early stages of bacterial blight and bacterial leaf streak were constructed. Prepared under identical conditions, the libraries are ideal for probing differential rice transcription during development of the diseases. Furthermore, by capturing transcripts expressed in response to these unique sources of biotic stress, the libraries are likely to contain cDNA clones not available elsewhere.
On the Effects of a Chronic Deoxynivalenol Intoxication on Performance, Haematological and Serum Parameters of Pigs when Diets are Offered Either for Ad Libitum Consumption or Fed Restrictively
Authors: Goyarts T. , Dänicke S. , Rothkötter H.‐J. , Spilke J. , Tiemann U. , Schollenberger M. 
Published: July 2005

SummaryWheat infected naturally with Fusarium, contaminated mainly with deoxynivalenol (DON) (16.6 mg DON/kg), was added to a total constant wheat content of 400 g/kg diet. To distinguish between differences in feed intake and specific effects of the DON contaminated diet, control and DON contaminated feed was administered for 11 weeks under ad libitum and restrictive feeding conditions to 48 pigs of both sexes, which were randomly divided into four groups (n = 12 per group). Feed intake was 2.90 kg/day, live weight gain 987 g/day and feed to gain ratio 2.77 kg/kg for the ad libitum fed control group. The group fed DON contaminated wheat ad libitum significantly consumed 15% less feed and gained 13% less live weight, while the feed to gain ratio was unaffected. Moreover, it was concluded that the lower growth performance by DON contaminated feed resulted mainly from the lower voluntary feed intake, because there were no differences in live weight gain between the groups with the restrictive feeding regimen. On the contrary, metabolizable energy, nitrogen retention digestibility of organic matter, crude protein, crude fat and crude fibre were significantly increased by 3, 10, 3, 6, 9 and 20% in the DON group respectively. Animals fed DON contaminated diets needed more time to consume the restrictive ration than the control group. For example in the first hour after feeding 85% of the control pigs had consumed all feed, but only 39% of the DON group had. There were only few differences in haematological and serum parameters, which were characterized by a high variation between individuals. DON and IgA concentrations in serum were significantly influenced by DON exposure.
The Effects of Probiotic and Mannanoligosaccharide on some Haematological and Immunological Parameters in Turkeys
Authors: ÇEti̇n N. , Güçlü B. K. , ÇEti̇n E. 
Published: July 2005

SummaryThe study was conducted to investigate the effects of mannanoligosaccharide (MOS) and probiotic supplementation on haematological and immunological parameters in turkeys. A total of 72, 15‐day‐oldwhite hybrid converter turkey poults were used in this study. Poults were assigned into three groups, each group consisted of six poults and the trial was repeated four times. The control group was fed a basal diet without supplemented probiotic and MOS, and treatment groups were fed either 1 g/kg MOS or probiotic added diets. At the end of the 15‐week treatment period, samples of blood were collected to determine immunological and haematological values. The comparison among the groups showed that both the probiotic and MOS supplementation resulted in significant increases (P < 0.05) in the serum IgG and IgM levels, and significant decreases (P < 0.05) in the peripheral blood T lymphocyte percentage compared with those of the control group. Mean serum IgG level (7.06 g/l) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in poults supplemented with probiotic compared with MOS (6.76 g/l). It was observed that the probiotic supplementation caused statistically significant increases (P < 0.05) in the erythrocyte count, haemoglobin concentration and haematocrit values, but MOS supplementation did not have a significant effect (P > 0.05) on these parameters. Total leucocyte and differential leucocyte counts were not affected by dietary MOS and probiotic supplementation. These results show that MOS or probiotic may elevate IgG and IgM levels in turkey. The MOS and probiotic that enhance immunoglobulin levels will have a more positive effect on growth performance, production and turkeys’ ability to resist disease.