bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 9q and p53 alterations in human bladder cancer
Authors: Hirao Shuya , Hirao Tomoko , Marsit Carmen J. , Hirao Yoko , Schned Alan , Devi‐Ashok Tara , Nelson Heather H. , Andrew Angeline , Karagas Margaret R. , Kelsey Karl T. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDSomatic loss of the 9q allele as well as alteration of the tumor suppressor p53 occurs commonly in bladder cancers. Although alteration of p53 has been strongly associated with invasive stage disease, the prognostic significance of 9q loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and the relations between these alterations are less well defined.METHODSThe 9q LOH was examined at five microsatellites and p53 alterations (mutation and persistent immunohistochemical staining) in a population‐based case series of 271 newly diagnosed bladder cancer patients. Loss of heterozygosity was scored quantitatively and p53 mutation completed using single‐strand conformation polymorphism screening followed by sequencing.RESULTSOverall, allelic loss at 9q was detected in 74.5% (202/271) of cases and allele loss was associated with invasive disease (P < 0.05). Although based on small numbers, all nine in situ lesions contained 9q LOH. Age, gender, and smoking were not significantly associated with chromosome 9q allele loss. Both intense persistent p53 staining and LOH at 9q were independently associated with invasive disease (P < 10−14 and P < 0.05, respectively).CONCLUSIONSThese data, using a population‐based sample, suggest a relation between 9q LOH and invasive stage bladder cancer, and thereby suggests that a tumor suppressor gene at this loci, in addition to p53, may be important in the development of this more aggressive form of the disease. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Amination with Oximes
Authors: Narasaka Koichi , Kitamura Mitsuru 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe SN2 reaction has been well recognized not to occur at sp2 carbons, while such an SN2‐type substitution reaction was found to proceed readily at the sp2 nitrogen of oximes. Ab initio MP2 calculations show that the activation energy of the nucleophilic substitution at sp2 nitrogen is almost same as that of the Beckmann rearrangement. By the intramolecular SN2‐type reaction at the oxime nitrogen, various aza‐arenes and cyclic imines, such as quinolines, aza‐spiro compounds, and dihydropyrroles, can be synthesized. Intermolecular substitution of oximes with organometallic reagents also proceeds, and electrophilic amination of Grignard reagents is accomplished by the use of 4,4,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1,3‐dioxolan‐2‐one O‐(phenylsulfonyl)oxime. Anion radicals generated by one‐electron reduction of oxime derivatives act as iminyl radical equivalents. That is, the intramolecular C–N bond formation of γ,δ‐unsaturated or β‐aryl oximes is induced by a single electron transfer to give various pyrroles, quinolines, and carbolines, in which phenols, hydroquinones, or copper reagents can be used as electron donors. A photo‐induced radical process is also applied to the transformation of γ,δ‐unsaturated oximes to dihydropyrroles. Oxidative addition of oximes to palladium(0) complexes generates alkylideneaminopalladium(II) species, which are utilized as key intermediates in carbon–nitrogen bond formation. Various aza‐heterocycles, including pyrroles, pyridines, isoquinolines, spiroimines, and aza‐azulenes, are synthesized from O‐(pentafluorobenzoyl)oximes having olefinic moieties via the intramolecular Heck‐type reaction (amino‐Heck reaction) by treatment with a catalytic amount of a Pd0 complex. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Radical Cyclization Approach to Cyclonucleosides
Authors: Navacchia Maria Luisa , Manetto Antonio , Montevecchi Pier Carlo , Chatgilialoglu Chryssostomos 
Published: September 2005

AbstractEfficient methodologies based on consecutive radical reactions for the preparation of cyclonucleosides 5 and 13 are reported. The reactions were performed on modified thymidine and 2′‐deoxyadenosine substrates using (TMS)3SiH as the reducing agent. The protected 5′‐carbaldehyde 3 afforded the cyclonucleoside 4 in 85 % yield and in a diastereoisomeric ratio 4a/4b = 3:7. The mono‐desilylation at the 5′‐O position of these cyclonucleosides has been successfully achieved by UV irradiation affording quantitatively derivatives 5a and 5b. The protected 5′‐carbaldehyde 10 afforded the cyclonucleoside 12 in 70–75 % yield as a single diastereoisomer (5′R) either in deoxygenated solution, followed by in situ oxidation of the reaction mixture by chloranil, or in aerobic conditions. The photochemical 5′‐O‐desilylation of 12 has been obtained in 56 % yield affording the cyclopurine 13. The reaction mechanisms have been studied in some detail using a variant of the radical clock methodology. The C5′ radical 6 or 15, generated by addition of the (TMS)3Si· radical to the corresponding aldehyde, undergoes a 6‐exo‐trig cyclization on the base moiety prior to termination. The rate constants for both 6‐exo‐trig radical cyclizations have been estimated to be close to 105 s–1 at 86 °C, the cyclization on the purine moiety being 4–5 times faster than that on the pyrimidine group. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
The energetics of wave‐driven mean flow oscillations
Authors: Wedi Nils P. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe celebrated laboratory experiment of Plumb and McEwan (J. Atmos. Sci. 1978; 35:1827–1839) represents a dynamical analogue to the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO), the dominant variability in the equatorial stratosphere. The experiment demonstrates the influence of small‐scale fluctuations on the long‐time behaviour of larger‐scale flows. In the direct numerical simulation of the laboratory experiment Wedi and Smolarkiewicz (Int. J. Numer. Methods Fluids 2005; 47:1369–1374) showed the occurrence of a number of internal gravity wave processes: wave reflection, wave–wave–mean flow interaction, critical‐layer formation and subsequent wave breaking, all of which are found in the atmosphere. Here, a comprehensive investigation of the energetics of wave‐driven mean flow oscillations is presented. The analysis confirms the accurate incorporation of the external forcing in the simulation, utilizing a generalized time‐dependent coordinate transformation. An available potential energy analysis (J. Fluid Mech. 1995; 289:115–128) is used to assess the process of fluid mixing and potential to kinetic energy exchange in wave–mean flow interactions. The results aid to clarify the physical mechanisms as well as the role of numerical dissipation for the onset and the development of zonal mean zonal flow oscillations and distinguish the accuracy of particular numerical choices for the simulation of wave–driven flow phenomena, i.e. flux‐form Eulerian or semi‐Lagrangian advection algorithms. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A short note on the reattachment length for BFS problem
Authors: Rajesh Kanna P. , Kumar Das Manab 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe standard backward‐facing step flow problem is solved for steady state laminar case using stream function‐vorticity method. The steady state results are obtained as the asymptotic solution of the transient formulation. The primary reattachment length is studied and the discrepancy in the v velocity is reported. A method for determining appropriate locations for comparison is proposed. The energy equation is solved and found to be in good agreement with benchmark results. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Horizontal equity in utilisation of care and fairness of health financing: a comparison of micro‐health insurance and user fees in Rwanda
Authors: Schneider Pia , Hanson Kara 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThis paper uses two methods to compare the impact of health care payments under insurance and user fees. Concentration indices for insured and uninsured groups are computed following the indirect standardisation method to evaluate horizontal inequity in utilisation of basic health care services. The minimum standard approach analyses the extent to which out‐of‐pocket health spending contributed to increased poverty. The analysis uses cross‐sectional household survey data collected in Rwanda in 2000 in the context of the introduction of community‐based health insurance. Results indicate that health spending had a small impact on the socio‐economic situation of uninsured and insured households; however, this is at the expense of horizontal inequity in utilisation of care for user‐fee paying individuals who reported significantly lower visit rates than the insured. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Value of life and behavior toward health risks: an interpretation of social capital
Authors: Folland Sherman 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAn individual assessing a risky job can be understood as a public good. He and each of his valued relationships place a demand for the preservation of his life and health for which he accepts a responsibility to preserve. Additional demands generally do not deplete his capacity for beneficial relationships, hence, they are nonrival. It follows that the more extensive are his relationships the greater is his social capital. Although a common metric to compare and aggregate such relationships is not practical, the paper demonstrates that the common social capital indicators can yield qualitative predictions on changes in risky behaviors in the context of conventional value of life models familiar within health economics. The individual will change his behavior toward risk upon experiencing an exogenous change in his social capital: when he marries, has children, acquires friends, or experiences a more socially active community. The empirical sections of the paper show this prediction to conform well to prior studies of micro data as well as to original empirical analysis of aggregate data. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Are mental health insurance mandates effective? Evidence from suicides
Authors: Klick Jonathan , Markowitz Sara 
Published: September 2005

AbstractMany states in the US have passed laws mandating insurance companies to provide or offer some form of mental health benefits. These laws presumably lower the price of obtaining mental health services for many adults, and as a result, might improve health outcomes. This paper analyzes the effectiveness of mental health insurance mandates by examining the influence of mandates on adult suicides, which are strongly correlated with mental illness. Data on completed suicides in each state for the period 1981–2000 are analyzed. Ordinary least squares and two‐stage least squares results show that mental health mandates are not effective in reducing suicide rates. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hippocampal theta rhythm: A tag for short‐term memory
Authors: Vertes Robert P. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe theta rhythm is the largest extracellular synchronous signal that can be recorded from the mammalian brain, and has been strongly implicated in mnemonic functions of the hippocampus. We advance the proposal that the theta rhythm represents a “tag” for short‐term memory processing in the hippocampus. We propose that the hippocampus receives two main types of input, theta from ascending brainstem‐diencephalo‐septal systems and “information bearing” mainly from thalamocortical and cortical systems. The temporal convergence of activity of these two systems results in the encoding of information in the hippocampus, primarily reaching it via cortical routes. By analogy to processes associated with long‐term potentiation (LTP), we suggest that theta represents a strong depolarizing influence on NMDA receptor‐containing cells of the hippocampus. The temporal coupling of a theta‐induced depolarization and the release of glutamate to these cells from intra‐ and extrahippocampal sources activates them. This, in turn, initiates processes leading to a (short‐term) strengthening of connections between presynaptic (“information bearing”) and postsynaptic neurons of the hippocampus. Theta is selectively present in the rat during active exploratory movements. During exploration, a rat continually gathers and updates information about its environment. If this information is temporally coupled to theta (as with the case of locomotion), it becomes temporarily stored in the hippocampus by mechanisms similar to the early phase of LTP (E‐LTP). If the exploratory behavior of the rat goes unreinforced, these relatively short‐lasting traces (1–3 h) gradually weaken and eventually fade—to be reupdated. On the other hand, if the explorations of the rat lead to rewards (or punishments), additional modulatory inputs to the hippocampus become activated and convert the short‐term, theta‐dependent memory, into long‐term stores. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Infant mental health programs: Experimenting with innovative models—One center's experience with new program funding
Authors: Bohr Yvonne 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThis article describes one child and family treatment center's process of creating a long‐awaited, new infant/child early intervention program. An experimental service model is discussed in the context of the need for empirically validated assessment and intervention for very young clients in high‐risk families. Case examples and illustrations of service flow are provided. Some features of this program, such as the fact that it was set up for a seamless transition to a treatment research project, are highlighted.
Sodium valproate inhibits glucose transport and exacerbates Glut1‐deficiency in vitro
Authors: Wong Hei Yi , Chu Tsui Shan , Lai Janice Ching , Fung Kwok Pui , Fok Tai Fai , Fujii Tatsuya , Ho Yuan Yuan 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAnticonvulsant sodium valproate interferes with brain glucose metabolism. The mechanism underlying such metabolic disturbance is unclear. We tested the hypothesis that sodium valproate interferes with cellular glucose transport with a focus on Glut1 since glucose transport across the blood‐brain barrier relies on this transporter. Cell types enriched with Glut1 expression including human erythrocytes, human skin fibroblasts, and rat astrocytes were used to study the effects of sodium valproate on glucose transport. Sodium valproate significantly inhibited Glut1 activity in normal and Glut1‐deficient erythrocytes by 20%–30%, causing a corresponding reduction of Vmax of glucose transport. Similarly, in primary astrocytes as well as in normal and Glut1‐deficient fibroblasts, sodium valproate inhibited glucose transport by 20%–40% (P < 0.05), accompanied by an up to 60% downregulation of GLUT1 mRNA expression (P < 0.05). In conclusion, sodium valproate inhibits glucose transport and exacerbates Glut1 deficiency in vitro. Our findings imply the importance of prudent use of sodium valproate for patients with compromised Glut1 function. J. Cell. Biochem. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Amplification loop cascade for increasing caspase activity induced by docetaxel
Authors: Cao Dongxu , Qiao Bin , Ge Zhiqiang , Yuan Yingjin 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe hierarchy of events accompanying induction of apoptosis by the microtubule inhibitor docetaxel was investigated in HL‐60 human leukemia cells. Treatment of HL‐60 cells with docetaxel resulted in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), activation of caspase‐3 (‐like) protease, c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase/stress‐activated protein kinase (JNK/SAPK) activation, bcl‐2 phosphorylation and apoptosis. Docetaxel elicited ROS production from NADPH oxidase as demonstrated by specific oxidase inhibitor diphenylene iodonium (DPI). ROS mediated the caspase‐3 activation and apoptosis in HL‐60 cells. The caspase inhibitor acetyl‐Asp‐Glu‐Val‐Asp‐aldehyde (Ac‐DEVD‐CHO) effectively inhibited JNK/SAPK activation, bcl‐2 phosphorylation and partially attenuated the ROS production induced by docetaxel. Docetaxel‐induced bcl‐2 phosphorylation was completely blocked by expression of dominant negative JNK or the JNK/SAPK inhibitor SP600125. Overexpression of bcl‐2 partially prevented docetaxel‐mediated ROS production and subsequent caspase‐3 activation, thereby inhibiting apoptotic cell death. It is thus conferred that such sequent events as ROS production, caspase activation, JNK/SAPK activation, bcl‐2 phosphorylation and the further generation of ROS should be parts of an amplification loop to increase caspase activity, thereby facilitating the apoptotic cell death process. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans exert positive and negative effects in Shh activity
Authors: Carrasco Héctor , Olivares Gonzalo H. , Faunes Fernando , Oliva Carlos , Larraín Juan 
Published: September 2005

AbstractHedgehog (Hh) proteins are morphogens involved in short‐ and long‐range effects during early embryonic development. Genetic analysis in fly and vertebrate embryos showed that heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are required for Hh transport and signaling. To further understand how HSPGs regulate Sonic hedgehog (Shh), we performed experiments using cell culture and biochemical assays. When the synthesis of HSPGs was reduced, a decrease in Shh activity was observed. Contrary to that, addition of a peptide that competes the binding of Shh to HSPGs resulted in augmentation of Shh activity. From these results, we concluded that HSPGs exert positive and negative effects in Shh activity. This dual effect correlates with the finding that Shh interacts preferentially with two HSPGs. The current model for the role of HSPGs in Shh diffusion is discussed in view of our findings. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Specific radial positions of centromeres of human chromosomes X, 1, and 19 remain unchanged in chromatin‐depleted nuclei of primary human fibroblasts: Evidence for the organizing role of the nuclear matrix
Authors: Petrova Natalia V. , Iarovaia Olga V. , Verbovoy Valentin A. , Razin Sergey V. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractRadial positions of centromeres of human chromosomes X, 1, and 19 were determined in the nuclei of primary fibroblasts before and after removal of 60%–80% of chromatin. It has been demonstrated that the specific radial positions of these centromeres (more central for the chromosome 19 centromere and more peripheral for the centromeres of chromosomes 1 and X) remain unchanged in chromatin‐depleted nuclei. Additional digestion of nuclear RNA did not influence this specific distribution. These results strongly suggest that the characteristic organization of interphase chromosomes is supported by the proteinous nuclear matrix and is not maintained by simple repulsing of negatively charged chromosomes. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein‐1 associates transiently with lipid rafts
Authors: Wu Lihua , Gonias Steven L. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein‐1 (LRP‐1) is a multifunctional receptor that undergoes constitutive endocytosis and recycling. To identify LRP‐1 in lipid rafts, we biotin‐labeled cells using a membrane‐impermeable reagent and prepared Triton X‐100 fractions. Raft‐associated proteins were identified in streptavidin affinity‐precipitates of the Triton X‐100‐insoluble fraction. PDGF β‐receptor was identified exclusively in lipid rafts, whereas transferrin receptor was excluded. LRP‐1 distributed partially into rafts in murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and HT 1080 cells, but not in smooth muscle cells and CHO cells. LRP‐1 partitioning into rafts was not altered by ligands, including α2‐macroglobulin, platelet‐derived growth factor‐BB, and receptor‐associated protein (RAP). To examine LRP‐1 trafficking between membrane microdomains, we developed a novel method based on biotinylation and detergent fractionation. Association of LRP‐1 with rafts was transient; by 15 min, nearly all of the LRP‐1 that was initially raft‐associated exited this compartment. LRP‐1 in the Triton X‐100‐soluble fraction, which excludes lipid rafts, demonstrated complex kinetics, with phases reflecting import from rafts, endocytosis, and recycling. Potassium depletion blocked LRP‐1 endocytosis but did not inhibit trafficking of LRP‐1 from rafts into detergent‐soluble microdomains. Our data support a model in which LRP‐1 transiently associates with rafts but does not form a stable pool. Fluid movement of LRP‐1 between microdomains may facilitate its function in promoting the endocytosis of other plasma membrane proteins, such as the urokinase receptor, which localizes in lipid rafts. J. Cell. Biochem. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Wnt antagonist secreted frizzled‐related protein‐1 controls osteoblast and osteocyte apoptosis
Authors: Bodine Peter V.N. , Billiard Julia , Moran Robert A. , Ponce‐de‐Leon Helga , McLarney Sean , Mangine Annamarie , Scrimo Melissa J. , Bhat Ramesh A. , Stauffer Barbara , Green Jack , Stein Gary S. , Lian Jane B. , Komm Barry S. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractMechanisms controlling human bone formation remain to be fully elucidated. We have used differential display‐polymerase chain reaction analysis to characterize osteogenic pathways in conditionally immortalized human osteoblasts (HOBs) representing distinct stages of differentiation. We identified 82 differentially expressed messages and found that the Wnt antagonist secreted frizzled‐related protein (sFRP)‐1 was the most highly regulated of these. Transient transfection of HOBs with sFRP‐1 suppressed canonical Wnt signaling by 70% confirming its antagonistic function in these cells. Basal sFRP‐1 mRNA levels increased 24‐fold during HOB differentiation from pre‐osteoblasts to pre‐osteocytes, and then declined in mature osteocytes. This expression pattern correlated with levels of cellular viability such that the pre‐osteocytes, which had the highest levels of sFRP‐1 mRNA, also had the highest rate of cell death. Basal sFRP‐1 mRNA levels also increased 29‐fold when primary human mesenchymal stem cells were differentiated to osteoblasts supporting the developmental regulation of the gene. Expression of sFRP‐1 mRNA was induced 38‐fold following prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) treatment of pre‐osteoblasts and mature osteoblasts that had low basal message levels. In contrast, sFRP‐1 expression was down‐regulated by as much as 80% following transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 treatment of pre‐osteocytes that had high basal mRNA levels. Consistent with this, treatment of pre‐osteoblasts and mature osteoblasts with PGE2 increased apoptosis threefold, while treatment of pre‐osteocytes with TGF‐β1 decreased cell death by 50%. Likewise, over‐expression of sFRP‐1 in HOBs accelerated the rate of cell death threefold. These results establish sFRP‐1 as an important negative regulator of human osteoblast and osteocyte survival. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.