bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel Real-Time Artificial Intelligence Algorithm Detects Mud Motor Stalls for Automated Stall Recovery
Authors: Groh A. , Kaya M. E. , Christopher C. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Operating under harsh conditions, mud motors frequently stall, causing the rotor to seize and a buildup of torque and standpipe pressure throughout the drill string. When not recovered from correctly, this event can cause abrupt changes in drill string torque, potentially damaging the motor and other BHA components. Current recovery methods usually rely upon field crews to detect and react correctly to this event, with results depending on varying levels of training, awareness, and other factors. This paper seeks to outline a method to automatically detect mud motor stalls in real-time using machine learning. The method itself involves unique methods of representing time series data that have yet to be applied to drilling data in the literature and provides a flexible technique for pattern recognition in general.
With the assistance of subject matter experts, 200ms time series data for 100+ stalls were acquired and labeled to indicate the exact moments of a stall condition. The data itself consisted of surface values for torque, differential pressure, and other traces over which a model was developed that could successfully flag a particular instant as being in a stall. Significant effort was put towards feature engineering, and a novel application of spline regression was used to create robust features that were passed to a gradient-boosted random forest classification model to determine the probability of a stall occurring. During initial training, the model was validated against unseen stall data and achieved high (greater than 90%) precision and recall and had a reaction time superior to human operators, implying that it was a suitable candidate for integration into the control system. The model was then deployed to all rigs of this drilling contractor’s onshore rig fleet, providing a robust method for detecting even further motor stalls for additional training. The final model held acceptable performance and will be integrated into control systems to trigger automated stall recovery routines.
Enhancing Digital Twin Accuracy for Energy Efficiency and Decarbonization
Authors: White R. J. , Alhamoud A. A. , Fallatah H. A. , Elbaradie M. M. , Mulfi M. S. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The development of Production Optimization Models, exemplified by Mixed Integer Non-Linear Programming Models, aims to optimize process parameters within a network of Gas-Oil Separation Plants, ultimately resulting in minimal energy consumption while achieving production targets. The efficacy of these models hinges upon the accuracy of digital twins for compressors and pumps. This paper presents the methodology employed to ensure that the model reflects actual equipment performance. Additionally, the paper outlines a plan for introducing Artificial Intelligence (AI) into the process model to further validate and optimize production.
A process model was established for each major energy user of significance by employing the design performance curves. The model's outcomes, which included pressures, temperatures, and power consumption, were subsequently compared to actual process data retrieved from the data historian and adjusted accordingly. This was particularly crucial for equipment that exhibited considerable deviation from the original design. In some facilities, flow, pressure, or temperature data were inconsistent, prompting the calibration of the model to align it with the process data of the highest level of confidence. Additionally, process data was utilized to estimate the facility's backpressure in the absence of a hydraulic model. Changes made to the system were validated by examining the accuracy of the system curves, which were accomplished by matching predicted outcomes with actual results.
The implementation of precisely calibrated digital twins within the process model significantly improved the Production Optimization Models’ ability to forecast the ideal distribution of production. The model's output corresponded closely with the actual energy consumption of the facility, resulting in considerable savings in energy consumption and costs, as well as a reduction in CO2 emissions. As equipment performance is known to evolve over time due to factors such as shutdowns, maintenance, and frequency of changeover, an Artificial Intelligence-based system is being developed to validate the process model and optimize it over time. Various process and equipment parameters are known to affect performance, and these will be taken into account during system development.
The process of calibrating process models through the utilization of simulation software to generate a digital twin is a critical stage in guaranteeing the accuracy of the production optimization model. This paper presents a novel approach that incorporates any observed deviations in the digital twin's performance. Furthermore, the paper introduces the concept of using Artificial Intelligence to validate the performance of rotating equipment.
Energy Sector: An Operator's Perspective on New Regulatory Frameworks for Methane Emissions Reduction
Authors: Kotsiopoulou G. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The balance between growing energy demands and global climate targets is a delicate one to maintain. The need for limiting its environmental impact has become evident to the Energy Sector, dictating higher transparency and granularity of the emissions data from operated and non-operated assets. Specifically, in the European Union, an upcoming regulation targets the reporting of methane emissions and their reduction, bringing operators to a critical crossroad, and calling for drastic reforms and actions.
For satisfying the ultimate global request for reduction of methane emissions, as a first step, a proper development of emissions data baselines is required. The new regulation offers a great opportunity and motivation for operators to deepen their understanding of their emission sources, as well as being the starting point for the collection of methane data. In this regard, as Oil & Gas operators, we need to follow an agile approach while preparing for the new era. This paper will present the integrated approach undertaken to promote, adopt and execute key incentives that positively contribute to the Company's ethical and legal compliance.
For the required methane reporting levels, source-level and site-level quantification, a full detailed inventory of assets, facilities, and wells are prerequisites, especially for quantifying fugitive emissions. This entails a challenge by itself: asset documentation, listings of equipment and components up to flange level, numerous options for storage of the inventory and many more elements need to be defined, embraced and deployed. Furthermore, measurement at each potential core methane source is essential in order to assess any emission reduction initiatives, considering that all contributions are important so that the methane intensity target of below 0.1% is achieved by 2030, as per Company's targets issued in the released annual sustainability report [Ref.2]. As anticipated, the rising demand for methane measurements has led to a plethora of available, new, and improved, technologies and methodologies. Therefore, via a large number of performed pilot tests it was imperative to evaluate the different solutions at diverse facilities in terms of their automation level, age, type and location in order to finally determine the most favorable solution for different scenarios, and ultimately build the overall strategy for the Energy division's portfolio.
This paper portrays the steps involved in adopting a new strategy for methane measurement, monitoring, reporting and emissions reduction. Furthermore, it contains the lessons learnt from the pilot tests, covering experience with different technologies, big data management and the potential "automated" workflows to support the future data acquisition, integration, contextualization, and visualization.
First Application of Hybrid Bit Technology to Drill Abrasive and Massive Cherts in Long Interval Section, Reaching Successfully the Target in One Run in Unconventional Gas Field, ADNOC Onshore UAE
Authors: Ruiz F. , Elzeky M. , Al-Rahma R. , Anumba C. , Eldeiry A. , Abdelhamid M. , Nunez Y. , Kumar R. , Kamble R. , Ibrahim M. , Sas M. , Baruno A. , Anwar M. , Hamdy I. , AL Shamisi E. , Sumaida A. Bin , Shamlan A. Bin , Kirby C. , Coscia M. , El Yossef B. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This paper outlines the creation, implementation, execution, and assessment of the first 16" usage of a hybrid bit on a rotary steerable system for drilling lengthy interbedded formations with up to 50% of abrasive cherts in Unconventional Gas reservoirs.
The main hurdle overcome by the solution was drilling through the tough layers of chert while steering clear of trips caused by damage to the PDC bit or time constraints of Tricone Bit Inserts. Furthermore, it improved the overall drilling speed (ROP) and met the necessary directionality. This solution proved superior in ROP compared to rollercone bits, in addition to enhancing PDC cutter durability and decreasing reactive torque, leading to improved steering and stability, which will be further explored in this paper.
A key element to the success was the use of a new hybrid bit technology that combines the cutting methods of both Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) and rollercone bits. This allowed for more efficient drilling by employing the robust crushing action of rollercone to penetrate tough interbedded rock layers and the effective shearing action of PDC cutters to boost ROP without compromising the toughness of the cutting structure's edge.
Combined with the continuous proportional rotary steering system, the proposed solution successfully drilled a footage of 7,018 ft through a mixed formation with chert nodules, achieving an average ROP of 47 ft/hr. It reached the casing point in a single run, eliminating the need for additional trips using rollercone bits to drill through the sizable cherts and preventing damage to the PDC bit.
This resulted in a 30% cost reduction per foot. Furthermore, the hybrid bit outperformed expectations, accomplishing 1.49 million revolutions, with an efficient bearing and well-preserved drilling cutting structure. The directional goals were also achieved with high-quality directional drilling that avoided colliding with neighboring wells. This success was made possible through careful analysis, creating drilling plans for specific formations, and optimizing drilling parameters for improved overall efficiency.
The incorporation of rollercone and PDC components in a hybrid bit, specifically designed for better efficiency and torque stability, greatly improved drilling performance by completing the section in one single run. This confirms that varied rock formations can be drilled end to end.
Integrity Challenges and Damage Mechanisms Affecting Storage Tanks Bottom Plates: Implementation of Cost-Effective Mitigation and Control
Authors: Ameri Saleh Salem Al , Nair Ajiv Mohan , Pattali Jayadevan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This submission studies severe corrosion observed underneath oil storage tanks (Above Ground Storage Tank -AST) bottom plates from the external soil side. Monitoring and measurement of corrosion mechanisms in this context remains challenging for Integrity professionals due to limitations in effective monitoring technologies and measuring such corrosion. The propagation of such corrosion remains unpredictable and can be catastrophic considering associated impacts such as Loss of primary containment, HSE, environmental Impacts, production losses and institution reputation.
Inadvertent failure on AST's used for millions of barrels of oil storage will turn out catastrophic resulting in production and operational impact as such equipment's are categorized as critical safety equipment. This case study focuses on the failure of AST bottom plate constructed as per API650 on the concrete ring wall foundation. The bottom is plate placed over soil and protected with a grid anode cathodic protection system with an expected design life of more than 30 years. However, the tanks were observed with severe soil side corrosion including through holes during the inspection within a mere 10 years from commissioning. This study delves into various factors contributing to the damage mechanism of tank bottom plates such as shortfalls in design, poor quality controls during construction, limitation of monitoring methodology etc. In addition, the study provides some recommendations on mitigation programs. This study report delineates the cases of three above-ground storage tank bottom plates with similar construction and operating envelopes that underwent off- stream inspection. This report aims to shed light on the causes and consequences of severe corrosion in AST bottom plates and offer practical recommendations for mitigating these risks.
A Novel and Innovative Flare Gas Recovery Solution - From Waste to Value
Authors: Muthalaly Mathen , Harthy Fatma , Mihajlov Rodoljub , Hadhrami Abdullah 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
South Oman Sour Cluster facilities have historically recorded high rates of non-routine flaring representing the largest volumes within the company. Non-routine flaring is mainly attributed to lower system availability and is inclusive of safety flaring. This paper describes a novel and innovative Flare Gas Recovery (FGR) solution using new flue gas treatment technology that is designed to convert waste flare gas to value and thereby reduce Green House Gas Emission (GHGE) footprint significantly within the company/Oman.
Non-routine Flaring in the cluster has been reduced recently via ongoing initiatives but there do remain substantial flaring volumes. As part of decarbonisation initiatives, the cluster in collaboration with technology vendors assessed wide range of potential FGR solutions. Flare to Power has been established as the most optimum solution to effectively handle non-routine flaring scenarios. Novel flue gas treatment technologies have been identified which is integrated and deployed along with this solution to ensure all harmful emissions are cleaned and valuable byproducts (CO2 and fertilizers) are generated which are being commercialized to make these projects technically and economically attractive.
The proposed FGR solution will reduce the cluster GHGE by ~510 k tons of CO2e per year by recovering the flare gas which would otherwise have been burned in flare stack and converting it into valuable commercial products. The flare gas is either converted to power to be fed into existing grid or is partially exported to existing gas pipelines based on available infrastructure at respective facilities. Acid Gas flare streams are burned in incinerators and the exhaust gas from these along with those from power generation are cleaned up in the new technology flue gas treatment units wherein harmful emissions like SOx is converted to fertilizers, CH4 is broken down into CO2 and water, NOx is removed and finally all CO2 is captured. The fertilizers and bottled CO2 are sold in the market to generate revenue for the project. These FGR projects hence have attractive UTC with positive NPV.
Novel flue gas treatment technologies are being deployed where harmful emissions are cleaned, and valuable byproducts (CO2 and fertilizers) are generated which are being commercialized. The flue gas treatment technology will have much wider applications to reduce GHGE footprint from power plants, gas fired equipment’s and other industrial applications thereby significantly helping in accelerating the clean energy transition in a cost effective manner.
Hydrogen as a Futuristic Solution to Energy Poverty in Eastern Europe - Case Study of Greece
Authors: Aluko A. O. , Odularu G. O. , Suleymanli L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Using Greece as a case study, this article explores the use of hydrogen as a futuristic panacea for energy poverty in Eastern Europe. The evidence from peer-review literature and the preliminary research questionnaire survey of 197 respondents from different Eastern European countries; shows that there is a futuristic prospect for hydrogen in becoming one of the innovative solutions to energy poverty. This research further explores the possible hindrances of practical affordability, reliability, and sustainability of hydrogen energy sources in ending energy poverty. The SPSS preliminary result presents 57.4% of the total 197 respondents who depict that the household income for many citizens of Eastern European countries is within the total budget of 20000-30000 Euros per annum regardless of the population within the household. The results further justify that 60.4% of the questionnaire respondents within Eastern European and Greece probably do not have a well-paying profession or careers that can enhance the affordability and accessibility of clean energy such as hydrogen. The accessibility, cost-efficiency and dependability of hydrogen as an energy solution has the potential to combat energy poverty, a situation with dire and far-reaching consequences for quality of life, health, social and economic development. The social exclusions and limitations to economic development and opportunities energy poverty causes guides the need for this study's focus on leveraging hydrogen in efforts at achieving SDG 7.
Selection of Acid Types to Achieve Uniform Stimulation in Long Laterals of Horizontal Wells
Authors: Huifeng Liu , Ning Xu , Qi Liu , Hongzhao Tian , Yue Ming , Zhangxin Chen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Horizontal wells with long laterals are being used to develop low-permeability carbonate reservoirs in the world. After completion of a well, acidizing is usually conducted to remove the potential damage caused by drilling and completion. However, in bullheading acid injection, it is usually difficult for the acid to distribute evenly along a lateral due to quick consumption of acid along the wellbore, especially in MRC (Maximum Reservoir Contact) wells or wells with long laterals (&gt;1000m). In many cases the toe area is even left un-stimulated at all.
Different types of retarded acids are being developed in industry to reduce acid consumption rate in order to let them penetrate further, but the effective travelling distances of these acids are never systemically studied and compared, leaving field engineers a difficulty in selecting an acid for a specific well. In our work, the properties of different types of acids in industry are reviewed. A flow and reaction model with consideration of acid flow friction and acid-rock reaction kinetics is established and a method is found to solve it. Five typical cases are run based on the model and the results of an effective acid flowing distance, effective acid reacting distance and effective acid travelling distance are obtained and compared.
Based on our study, two principles of selecting acid types for horizontal wells with long laterals are proposed: "flow to the toe" and "react to the toe", which mean the friction of an acid as well as the leak off rate of the acid should be small enough to let the fluid reach the toe under a given injection rate; the diffusion rate of H+ and the acid-rock reaction rate must be small enough to ensure that the acid is still active when it reaches the toe. Four key considerations are proposed regarding acid type selection: acid flow friction, acid leak off rate, mass transfer of H+, and acid-rock reaction rate. A general guideline for the key parameter control and acid type selection to achieve a good acid distribution in the wellbore under different conditions is also shown. Field engineers can use our guideline to select acid candidates initially, and then use our model and program to quantitatively evaluate if the acid can effectively cover the whole lateral length.
Corrosion Under Insulation: Detection and Rectification
Authors: Priyadarshan Amit , Kumar Ashutoh 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI) is a critical issue in the oil and gas sector, specifically in industrial piping systems. The conventional assessment methods used to evaluate insulation materials often focus solely on individual laboratory tests, neglecting the assessment of the entire applied system. Additionally, the physical values obtained from these tests may not accurately represent the potential influence of insulation materials or systems on the risk of CUI [1].
This paper proposes a more advanced approach that takes into account not only the applied insulation system but also the behavior of CUI failures and the processes of water or water vapor ingress and retention. By integrating these factors, individual risk assessments of applied insulation systems can be conducted under different water ingress scenarios. Furthermore, factors such as insulation configuration, types of materials, aluminum barrier foils, outside claddings, and construction or installation methods also influence the risk assessment.
Understanding the underlying conditions that promote CUI and identifying vulnerable areas within the infrastructure are crucial for establishing an effective CUI management program. This paper aims to enhance readers’ understanding of insulation materials and their impact on CUI risk. By utilizing the proposed approach, readers will be able to identify susceptible areas in their facilities and develop appropriate CUI management strategies [2].
Advanced inspection techniques tailored for CUI detection, such as guided wave ultrasonics and thermography, can significantly enhance the effectiveness of CUI programs. These techniques enable targeted inspections and monitoring of critical areas, facilitating early detection of CUI-related issues and allowing for timely interventions.
This research contributes to the field of CUI risk assessment in the oil and gas sector by presenting a comprehensive methodology that surpasses traditional approaches. It emphasizes the importance of considering the entire applied insulation system and the specific factors influencing CUI risk. By recognizing the challenges posed by CUI, understanding its causes, and implementing comprehensive CUI programs, the oil and gas industry can effectively mitigate the risks associated with CUI-induced failures. This paper serves as a call to action for industry professionals to prioritize CUI management as an integral part of asset integrity and environmental stewardship. By shedding light on the importance of insulation materials and systems in mitigating CUI, this paper seeks to enhance industry knowledge and promote informed decision-making. It emphasizes the need for comprehensive insulation strategies that effectively protect against corrosion, improve asset lifespan, and safeguard operational efficiency and safety in the oil and gas sector.