bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preventive Treatment with Vitamin E Alleviates the Poisoning Effects of Carbon Tetrachloride in Cattle
Authors: Yonezawa L. A. , Kitamura S. S. , Mirandola R. M. S. , Antonelli A. C. , Ortolani E. L. 
Published: July 2005

SummaryFifteen yearling steers were used to study the preventive effect of vitamin E on the protection against free radicals produced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). The animals were randomly divided in three equal groups and treated as follows: group A – previously injected (i.m.) with 15 IU/kg BW on the 15th and second day before the trial and drenched with 0.05 ml/kg BW CCl4; group B – only drenched with the same dose of CCl4; group C – drenched with a placebo. Food intake was recorded and blood samples collected daily for 8 days after the CCl4 drenching to compare the activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma‐glutamyltransferase (γ‐GT) and the levels of erythrocyte reduced glutathione (GSH) and serum malonyldialdehyde (MDA). Food intake was reduced in group B for the first 3 days (P < 0.05); higher activities of AST and γ‐GT were observed in the poisoned groups, nevertheless the overall values were lower in the group A than B (P < 0.02); only the group A reached the basal values of AST at the seventh day; higher levels of GSH and MDA were recorded in the poisoned cattle indicating the generation of free radicals. It was concluded that the preventive use of Vitamin E lessened the damage in hepatic tissue caused by the free radicals and prevented the anorexia caused by CCl4.
Rural generalist nurses’ perceptions of the effectiveness of their therapeutic interventions for patients with mental illness
Authors: Clark Chanelle , Parker Elizabeth , Gould Trish 
Published: July 2005

AbstractObjective:  To explore generalist nurses’ perceptions of their efficacy in caring for mentally ill clients in rural and remote settings, and their educational needs in the area of mental health care. Design:  A self‐administered questionnaire adapted from the Mental Health Problems Perception Questionnaire; a Likert scale used to rate the perceptions of nursing staff of their own ability to adequately treat and care for patients experiencing mental illness. Setting:  The Roma and Charleville Health Service Districts, Queensland, Australia. Subjects:  Nurses (Registered Nurses, Assistants in Nursing and Enrolled Nurses) in the Roma and Charleville health service districts (n = 163). Main outcome measures:  Generalist nurses’ perceptions regarding their therapeutic commitment, role competency and role support. Results:  Seventy per cent of respondents indicated that limited knowledge of mental health problems was an issue preventing nursing staff in rural and remote settings from providing optimum care to patients with mental illness. Twenty‐nine per cent of respondents indicated that they had never received or undertaken training or education in relation to the care, treatment or assessment of patients with mental illness. Conclusion:  Rural nurses do not feel competent, nor adequately supported, to deal with patients with mental health problems. In addition, the nurses’ education and ongoing training do not adequately prepare them for this sphere.
Strongyloidiasis: A review of the evidence for Australian practitioners
Authors: Johnston Fay H. , Morris Peter S. , Speare Richard , McCarthy James , Currie Bart , Ewald Dan , Page Wendy , Dempsey Karen 
Published: July 2005

AbstractObjective:  To summarise the available evidence concerning the prevalence, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management of strongyloidiasis in Northern Australia. Methods:  We searched Medline, Clinical Evidence and the Cochrane Library using MeSH terms and text words ‘strongyloides OR strongyloidiasis’. For Australian studies we included text words ‘(parasite* OR parasitic OR helminth*) AND Australia*’. We examined references contained in retrieved studies or identified from direct contact with researchers. Studies consistent with our objective that described their methods were eligible for inclusion. Results:  The prevalence in some tropical Aboriginal communities is high. Infection can be asymptomatic, cause a range of clinical syndromes or death. It may become chronic. Infected patients are at risk of developing severe disseminated disease particularly with immune compromise. There is little information about the relative frequency of different clinical outcomes. Available diagnostic tools are imperfect. Stool examination has a low sensitivity. Serology may have a low specificity in high prevalence populations and has not been evaluated in Aboriginal populations. Antihelmintic drugs are relatively safe and effective. Community programs based on treatment of stool‐positive cases have been associated with a reduced prevalence of strongyloidiasis. We found no studies examining alternative public health interventions. Conclusion:  There is a high prevalence in many Aboriginal communities. Strongyloides infection should be excluded prior to commencing immunosuppressive therapies in patients from endemic areas. Further studies examining the public health impact of strongyloidiasis, the role of the enzyme‐linked immuno‐sorbent assay serological test and population‐based approaches to management of the disease in endemically infected Australian populations are needed.
Role of GSK‐3β activity in motor neuronal cell death induced by G93A or A4V mutant hSOD1 gene
Authors: Koh Seong‐Ho , Lee Young‐Bae , Kim Kyung S. , Kim Hyun‐Jung , Kim Manho , Lee Young Joo , Kim Juhan , Lee Kwang Woo , Kim Seung Hyun 
Published: July 2005

AbstractPoint mutations such as G93A and A4V in the human Cu/Zn‐superoxide dismutase gene (hSOD1) cause familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS). In spite of several theories to explain the pathogenic mechanisms, the mechanism remains largely unclear. Increased activity of glycogen synthase kinase‐3 (GSK‐3) has recently been emphasized as an important pathogenic mechanism of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and ALS. To investigate the effects of G93A or A4V mutations on the phosphatidylinositol‐3‐kinase (PI3‐K)/Akt and GSK‐3 pathway as well as the caspase‐3 pathway, VSC4.1 motoneuron cells were transfected with G93A‐ or A4V‐mutant types of hSOD1 (G93A and A4V cells, respectively) and, 24 h after neuronal differentiation, their viability and intracellular signals, including PI3‐K/Akt, GSK‐3, heat shock transcription factor‐1 (HSTF‐1), cytochrome c, caspase‐3 and poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP), were compared with those of wild type (wild cells). Furthermore, to elucidate the role of the GSK‐3β‐mediated cell death mechanism, alterations of viability and intracellular signals in those mutant motoneurons were investigated after treating the cells with GSK‐3β inhibitor. Compared with wild cells, viability was greatly reduced in the G93A and A4V cells. However, the treatment of G93A and A4V cells with GSK‐3β inhibitor increased their viability by activating HSTF‐1 and by reducing cytochrome c release, caspase‐3 activation and PARP cleavage. However, the treatment did not affect the expression of PI3‐K/Akt and GSK‐3β. These results suggest that the G93A or A4V mutations inhibit PI3‐K/Akt and activate GSK‐3β and caspase‐3, thus becoming vulnerable to oxidative stress, and that the GSK‐3β‐mediated cell death mechanism is important in G93A and A4V cell death.
Blockade of NMDA receptors in the dorsomedial striatum prevents action–outcome learning in instrumental conditioning
Authors: Yin Henry H. , Knowlton Barbara J. , Balleine Bernard W. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractAlthough there is consensus that instrumental conditioning depends on the encoding of action–outcome associations, it is not known where this learning process is localized in the brain. Recent research suggests that the posterior dorsomedial striatum (pDMS) may be the critical locus of these associations. We tested this hypothesis by examining the contribution of N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptors (NMDARs) in the pDMS to action–outcome learning. Rats with bilateral cannulae in the pDMS were first trained to perform two actions (left and right lever presses), for sucrose solution. After the pre‐training phase, they were given an infusion of the NMDA antagonist 2‐amino‐5‐phosphonopentanoic acid (APV, 1 mg/mL) or artificial cerebral spinal fluid (ACSF) before a 30‐min session in which pressing one lever delivered food pellets and pressing the other delivered fruit punch. Learning during this session was tested the next day by sating the animals on either the pellets or fruit punch before assessing their performance on the two levers in extinction. The ACSF group selectively reduced responding on the lever that, in training, had earned the now devalued outcome, whereas the APV group did not. Experiment 2 replicated the effect of APV during the critical training session but found no effect of APV given after acquisition and before test. Furthermore, Experiment 3 showed that the effect of APV on instrumental learning was restricted to the pDMS; infusion into the dorsolateral striatum did not prevent learning. These experiments provide the first direct evidence that, in instrumental conditioning, NMDARs in the dorsomedial striatum are involved in encoding action–outcome associations.
The acute and the long‐term effects of nigral lipopolysaccharide administration on dopaminergic dysfunction and glial cell activation
Authors: Iravani Mahmoud M. , Leung Clement C. M. , Sadeghian Mona , Haddon Claire O. , Rose Sarah , Jenner Peter 
Published: July 2005

AbstractSustained reactive microgliosis may contribute to the progressive degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD), in 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) exposed human and in non‐human primates. However, the temporal relationship between glial cell activation and nigral cell death is relatively unexplored. Consequently, the effects of acute (24 h) and chronic (30 days) glial cell activation induced by unilateral supranigral lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration were studied in rats. At 24 h, LPS administration caused a marked reduction in the number of tyrosine hydroxylase‐immunoreactive (TH‐ir) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) but striatal TH‐ir was unaffected. By 30 days, the loss of TH‐positive neurons in the LPS‐treated nigra was no greater than at 24 h although a heterogeneous loss of striatal TH‐ir was present. The loss of nigrostriatal neurons was of functional significance, as at 30 days, LPS‐treated rats exhibited ipsiversive circling in response to (+)‐amphetamine administration. At 24 h, there was a moderate increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)‐ir astrocytes in the SN but a marked elevation of p47phox positive OX‐42‐ir microglia, and intense inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)‐ir and 3‐nitrotyrosine (3‐NT)‐ir was present. However, by 30 days the morphology of OX‐42‐ir microglia returned to a resting state, the numbers were greatly reduced and no 3‐NT‐ir was present. At 30 days, GFAP‐ir astrocytes were markedly increased in number and iNOS‐ir was present in fibrillar astrocyte‐like cells. This study shows that acute glial activation leading to dopaminergic neuron degeneration is an acute short‐lasting response that does not itself perpetuate cell death or lead to prolonged microglial activation.
GABA and glycine are protective to mature but toxic to immature rat cortical neurons under hypoxia
Authors: Zhao Peng , Qian Hong , Xia Ying 
Published: July 2005

AbstractAlthough recent studies suggest that γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine may be ‘inhibitory’ to mature neurons, but ‘excitatory’ to immature neurons under normoxia, it is unknown whether inhibitory neurotransmitters are differentially involved in neuronal response to hypoxia in immature and mature neurons. In the present study, we exposed rat cortical neurons to hypoxia (1% O2) and examined the effects of three major inhibitory neurotransmitters (GABA, glycine and taurine) on the hypoxic neurons at different neuronal ages [days in vitro (DIV)4–20]. Our data showed that the cortical neurons expressed both GABAA and glycine receptors with differential developmental profiles. GABA (10–2000 µm) was neuroprotective to hypoxic neurons of DIV20, but enhanced hypoxic injury in neurons of < DIV20. Glycine at low concentrations (10–100 µm) exhibited a similar pattern to GABA. However, higher concentrations of glycine (1000–2000 µm) for long‐term exposure (48–72 h) displayed neuroprotection at all ages (DIV4–20). Taurine (10–2000 µm), unlike GABA and glycine, displayed protection only in DIV4 neurons, and was slightly toxic to neurons > DIV4. In comparison with delta‐opioid receptor (DOR)‐induced protection in DIV20 neurons exposed to 72 h of hypoxia, glycine‐induced protection was weaker than that of DOR but stronger than that of GABA and taurine. These data suggest that the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitters on hypoxic cortical neurons are age‐dependent, with GABA and glycine being neurotoxic to immature neurons and neuroprotective to mature neurons.
Hypocretin/orexin‐containing neurons are produced in one sharp peak in the developing ventral diencephalon
Authors: Amiot C. , Brischoux F. , Colard C. , La Roche A. , Fellmann D. , Risold P. Y. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe birth date of hypocretin‐containing neurons was analysed using the bromodeoxyuridine method in the rat. The results indicate that these neurons are generated between embryonic days 11 (E11) and E14, with a sharp peak on E12. This spatiotemporal pattern of genesis contrasts with that of the co‐distributed neurons producing the melanin‐concentrating hormone in the lateral hypothalamic area, which have been described as generated in one large peak from E10 to E16. These observations may be linked to the relative distribution area of both populations.
Gestational nicotine exposure reduces nicotinic cholinergic receptor (nAChR) expression in dopaminergic brain regions of adolescent rats
Authors: Chen Hao , Parker Steven L. , Matta Shannon G. , Sharp Burt M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractChildren of women who smoked during pregnancy are at increased risk of dependence when smoking is initiated during adolescence. We previously reported that gestational nicotine exposure attenuated dopamine release induced by nicotine delivered during adolescence. In this study, we determined the effects of gestational nicotine exposure on nicotinic cholinergic receptor (nAChR) expression. Timed pregnant rats received nicotine (2 mg/kg/day) or vehicle via mini‐osmotic pumps during gestation. Treatments continued in pups via maternal nursing during postnatal days (PN) 2–14 (equivalent to the human in utero third trimester). On PN35, 125I‐epibatidine binding to nAChR was measured. The Bmax values (fmol/mg) in prefrontal cortex (PFC), nucleus accumbens (NAcc), substantia nigra (SN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) were reduced by 26.6% (P < 0.05), 32.6% (P < 0.01), 23.0% (P < 0.01) and 27.6% (P < 0.05), respectively. In addition, gender differences were found in vehicle‐treated groups; in SN and VTA, females were 79.3% (P < 0.005) and 82.9% (P = 0.08) of males, respectively. The expression of nAChR subunit mRNAs was measured using real‐time RT‐PCR on laser‐capture microdissected tissues. In adolescent VTA, gestational nicotine exposure reduced (P < 0.05) nAChR subunit mRNAs encoding α3 (53.0%), α4 (23.9%), α5 (46.7%) and β4 (61.4%). In NAcc core, the treatment increased α3 mRNA (75.8%). In addition, the number of neurons in VTA was reduced by 15.0% (P < 0.001). These studies indicate that gestational exposure to nicotine induces long‐lasting changes in nAChR expression that may underlie the vulnerability of adolescents to dependence on nicotine.
Neural responses in cat visual cortex reflect state changes in correlated activity
Authors: Van Der Togt Chris , Spekreijse Henk , Supèr Hans 
Published: July 2005

AbstractCortical state is characterized by ongoing rhythmic neural activity. Changes in rhythmic activity and thus in cortical state are shown to occur spontaneously in the anesthetized cat. We were interested in whether these state changes have an affect on the cortical processing of sensory stimuli. This was investigated by recording spontaneous and stimulus‐evoked local field potentials and multi‐unit neuronal activity (MUA) from trans‐cortical electrode arrays in the visual cortex of the anesthetized cat. Changes in cortical state were identified by calculating the cross‐correlation strength and cross‐coherency, between MUA channels at different layers and on separate electrode arrays. Spontaneous changes in rhythmic activity were associated with changes in the strength of stimulus‐evoked multiple unit responses of cortical neurons. The highest multi‐unit responses were found in periods when low‐frequency rhythms of the electroencephalogram increase in magnitude and high‐frequency rhythms decrease. Such changes in evoked responses were maximal at layer IV, the input layer of the visual cortex. Our findings suggest that stimulus response magnitude depends on rhythmic state and reflects changes in functional connectivity within the visual cortex.
‘Smoothing’ Manifestations in Fourth Quarter Results of Operations: Some Empirical Evidence
Authors: GIVOLY D. , RONEN J. 
Published: July 2005

‘Smoothing’ Manifestations in Fourth Quarter Results of Operations: Some Empirical EvidenceThe subject of smoothing of annual income numbers has occupied a good deal of the accounting literature. The finding of most studies was that managers of firms did behave as if they intended to impart a smoother trend to accounting earnings. The availability of quarterly reports provides us with an opportunity to gain insights into the timing of smoothing decisions. The paper tests the hypothesis that the observed first three quarters' results trigger actions by management during the fourth quarter that appear as smoothing behaviour. The findings indicate that the manifestations of end‐of‐year actions by managers are consistent with the possible attempt on their part to alter fourth quarter reported results so as to offset extreme deviations of the first three quarters' reported numbers from a given, predefined, ‘normal’ trend presumably deemed by managers to be desirable to report.
Bibliographical Notes on Five Examples of Pacioli's Summa (1494) in Scotland
Authors: DUNLOP ANNA B. G. 
Published: July 2005

Among five examples of the ‘Summa’ (1494), all in Scotland, four show minor bibliographical variations, but the fifth is a major variant.Typography, standard of printing, misprints and corrections, aberrations of woodcut initial letters, paper and watermarks, collation, bindings and manuscript annotations are all examined, and relevant works of reference noted.Some possible inferences are drawn.Illustrations of the typesettings and drawings of the watermarks are provided, as is an appendix classifying the main variations found.The aim is to provide a methodological guide to the bibliographical comparisons which underlie textual comparisons.
Harmonization of Accounting in France and Britain: Some Evidence
Authors: WALTON PETER 
Published: July 2005

The European Community's accounting harmonization initiative is intended to create harmonized reporting by Community companies. If the Community's programme is successful, measurement practices in each member state should be such that the same transactions receive broadly comparable treatment irrespective of the country where the accounts are prepared. This study sets out to test whether this is the case in France and Britain and the application of the Fourth Directive, and whether in practice there is any consensus even within each jurisdiction. An empirical test for harmony and uniformity is made by asking accountants within each jurisdiction to compile financial statements from a common set of data.The results of the test show that in this sample there is relatively little harmony within each national group, let alone between one jurisdiction and another.
Frederick William Cronhelm (1787–1871)
Authors: SCORGIE MICHAEL E. , JOINER THERESE A. 
Published: July 2005

Frederick William Cronhelm (hereafter FWC) made his mark in accounting by the publication in 1818 of a treatise entitled Double entry by single, a new method of book‐keeping, applicable to all kinds of business; and exemplified in five sets of books. It was the seminal English contribution that identified and amplified the algebraical basis of double entry and made clear that a double entry system could be operated without resort to debits and credits. Given the importance of his contribution we present an answer to the question: Who was Frederick William Cronhelm and what were the factors that enabled and prompted him to make his contribution to accounting theory?In answer to the first part of the research question we provide details of FWC's family, employment, publications, community activities and his involvement in the bribery of voters which culminated in the disputed election at Beverley in 1868 when his employer Sir Henry Edwards was opposed by the well‐known author Anthony Trollope. In answer to the second part of the research question three factors are identified: first, his employment by a woollen mill owner and merchant Henry Lees Edwards of Halifax; second, the publication of a translation of the works of Brahmagupta and Bháscara which revealed that Hindu mathematicians associated negative numbers with liabilities; and third, his interest in mathematics together with a creative ability which was stimulated by external events and new ideas.
Laparophobia: a cognitive perspective on appetite control in anorexia nervosa
Authors: Myslobodsky M. S. 
Published: July 2005

SummaryDecades of research have demonstrated that anorexia nervosa (AN) may be associated with aberrant cognition, yet, its role in maintaining stringent dieting has received relatively little attention from mainstream researchers of eating disorders. The purpose of the present article is to highlight cognitive (‘top‐down’) factors that are considered responsible for anticipatory anxiety of stoutness and frank fat‐phobia (laparophobia). A cognitive model proposed departs from the formulation suggesting that phobia of over‐eating is superimposed on avoidant tendencies (‘environmental autonomy syndrome’), whereas excessive exercising becomes a natural coping strategy with laparophobia, an instrument of reward. AN ideation involves complex neuronal circuitries and multiple neurochemical components that may conceivably represent a mirror image of those underlying obesity. The emphasis on phobia and aberrant membrane excitability akin to channelopathies behoves the clinicians to be aware of potential uses of drugs acting at the γ‐aminobutyric acid and the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate/AMPA [2‐amino‐3‐(3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoxazol‐4‐yl) propionic acid] receptors sites as the adjuncts to conventional agents in managing AN.
Utility and validity of the Eating Behavior Inventory in clinical obesity research: a review of the literature
Authors: O'Neil P. M. , Rieder S. 
Published: July 2005

SummaryThe Eating Behavior Inventory (EBI) is a questionnaire designed to assess behaviours associated with weight loss and weight management. In the 25 years since it was first published, the EBI has been used to examine weight management behaviours of adults and children in more than 20 weight loss investigations. This paper systematically reviews the use of the EBI in these studies. Results indicate that baseline EBI scores have remained quite consistent over time and are generally not influenced by patient variables. The EBI has also been shown to be consistently sensitive to behavioural weight management interventions, but it appears that the amount of change in EBI scores has decreased slightly over time. Finally, the amount of change in EBI score with treatment typically correlates positively with the amount of weight subjects lose. Overall, the research that has used the EBI has provided solid and consistent evidence of the utility of the EBI as a valid tool for assessing weight management behaviours.