bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AN EVALUATION OF FURTHER REFORMS IN THE DEMOCRATIC PARTY'S PRESIDENTIAL NOMINATION PROCESS
Authors: Meyers Edward M. 
Published: June 2005

By 1992, the party of the majority, the Democratic Party, will have been out of power for twenty years of a twenty‐four year span. Since 1968, numerous reforms in the presidential nominating process have been considered and adopted by the Democrats. These reforms have had the effect of opening the nominating process to rank‐and‐file Democrats through state primaries and participatory caucuses. While the reforms achieve this purpose, the end result is a mixed system that has been described as a disjointed hodgepodge of rules.This article presents ten criteria of a sound nomination system. Then a panel of researchers and practitioners weighs seven options for further reform against the ten criteria. Several policy options are considered by the panel as improvements over the current presidential nomination system.
REFLECTIONS ON PUTTING THEORY IN PRACTICE INTO ACTION IN THE CLASSROOM
Authors: Rizzo Ann‐Marie 
Published: June 2005

Effective learning necessitates a change of behavior on the part of the student. The author asserts that the introduction of abstract theories to students does little to advance the students' competence or efficiency. Rather, a case is made for allowing students to create their own theories of action based upon their individual circumstances and experiences. The concept of an “action theory” is forwarded as an effective tool for teaching public administration students. The action theory recognizes the student's need to have relevant frameworks and practical guidelines. Furthermore, the author predicts that the action theory will give public administrators greater control over their work environments inasmuch as it establishes more honest assessments of organizational conditions.
“If you want to get ahead, get a theory. B. Inholder and A. Karmiloff‐Smith
THE NEED FOR FEDERAL OVERSIGHT OF ALTERNATIVE BOND SYSTEMS UNDER SMCRA
Authors: Beier Ann E. , McElfish James M. 
Published: June 2005

The 1977 Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) requires mine operators to post reclamation bonds before mining begins. The Federal Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSMRE) has approved alternative bond systems in seven states. These systems, rather than requiring bond amounts at the full cost of reclamation, require operators t o submit only a flat rate, acreage specific bond. Additional reclamation costs should be covered by a supplemental fund composed generally of permit fees, taxes, or penalties.In many cases, alternative bond systems fail to ensure that funds will be available to reclaim coal mined land in the event of operator default, as required by SMCRA. OSMRE needs to take a more active role in oversight of existing state alternative bond systems to ensure that reclamation occurs.
SURFACE MINING CONTROL AND RECLAMATION ACT: A UTAH PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Nielson Dianne 
Published: June 2005

The authority to regulate the coal industry a t the state level, under state statute and rules, the importance of the coal industry to the state, the importance of an environmentally sound regulatory program, and the benefit of a state‐managed abandoned mine reclamation program, in short the ability of the state to manage its own natural resources, make state primacy a necessity, not an option.Implementation of SMCRA cannot be measured in the myriad of oversight statistics. Effectiveness means cost‐effective, timely reclamation of abandoned sites; consistent, workable rules and regulatory practices; responsive program management; and compliance which is internalized in the mine's operations.
German dental faculty attitudes towards computer‐assisted learning and their correlation with personal and professional profiles
Authors: Welk A. , Rosin M. , Seyer D. , Splieth C. , Siemer M. , Meyer G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBackground: Compared with its potential, computer technology use is still lacking in medical/dental education.Objectives: To investigate the primary advantages of computer‐assisted learning (CAL) systems in German dental education, as well as the reasons for their relatively low degree of use correlated with personal and professional profiles of respondents.Method: A questionnaire was mailed to heads in the departments of conservative dentistry and prosthetic dentistry in all dental schools in Germany. Besides investigating the advantages and barriers to the use of computer technology, the questionnaire also contained questions regarding each respondent's gender, age, academic rank, experience in academia and computer skills.Results: The response rate to the questionnaire was 90% (112 of 125). The results indicated a distinct discrepancy between the desire for and actual occurrence of lectures, seminars, etc. to instruct students in ways to search for and acquire knowledge, especially using computer technology. The highest‐ranked advantages of CAL systems in order, as seen by respondents, were the possibilities for individual learning, increased motivation, and both objective theoretical tests and practical tests. The highest‐ranked reasons for the low degree of usage of CAL systems in order were the inability to finance, followed equally by a lack of studies of CAL and poor cost‐advantage ratio, and too much effort required to integrate CAL into the curriculum. Moreover, the higher the computer skills of the respondents, the more they noted insufficient quality of CAL systems (r = 0.200,P = 0.035) and content differences from their own dental faculty's expert opinions (r = 0.228,P = 0.016) as reasons for low use.Conclusion: The correlations of the attitudes towards CAL with the personal and professional profiles showed not only statistical significant reinforcements of, but also interesting deviations from, the average responses.
COMPACT REPRESENTATIONS OF SEARCH IN COMPLEX DOMAINS
Authors: BEN-ASHER YOSI , FARCHI EITAN 
Published: June 2005

We introduce a new zero-sum matrix game for modeling search in structured domains. In this game, one player tries to find a "bug" while the other tries to hide it. Both players exploit the structure of the "search" domain. Intuitively, this search game is a mathematical generalization of the well known binary search. The generalization is from searching over totally ordered sets to searching over more complex search domains such as trees, partial orders and general set systems. As there must be one row for every search strategy, and there are exponentially many ways to search even in very simple search domains, the game's matrix has exponential size ("space"). In this work we present two ways to reduce the space required to compute the Nash value (in pure strategies) of this game: • First we show that a Nash equilibrium in pure strategies can be computed by using a backward induction on the matrices of each "part" or sub structure of the search domain. This can significantly reduce the space required to represent the game. • Next, we show when general search domains can be represented as DAGs (Directed Acycliqe Graphs). As a result, the Nash equilibrium can be directly computed using the DAG. Consequently the space needed to compute the desired search strategy is reduced to O(n2) where n is the size of the search domain.
Trends in the Maximum, Mean, and Low Flows of Turkish Rivers
Authors: Cigizoglu H. K. , Bayazit M. , Önöz B. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
In this study the existence of trend in maximum, mean, and low flows of Turkish rivers has been investigated. The data consisted of the daily mean flows of nearly 100 flow stations in 24 hydrological regions of Turkey. Trend analysis has been carried out using the parametric t test and nonparametric τ (Mann–Kendall) test. Both tests have been applied to annual maximum, mean, 1-day, and 7-day low flows. Trend existence was detected in the majority of rivers in western and southern Turkey and in some parts of central and eastern Turkey. Trends in mean and low flows were more common compared with maximum flows. Except at a few stations, flows showed a decreasing trend. In the time period of the last 30–60 yr, statistically significant decrease was found especially in the mean and low flows (and in some of the maximum flows) in western, central, and southern parts of Turkey. Such trends were not observed in other regions. These results are in agreement with those of the precipitation trend studies in Turkey.
The Effects of Snow Cover on Midlatitude Cyclones in the Great Plains
Authors: Elguindi N. , Hanson B. , Leathers D. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
The impacts of snow cover on the structure and intensity of midlatitude cyclones are examined. The fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (Penn State–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) was used to simulate eight synoptic events in which a well-developed cyclone moved across the central and northern Great Plains region of the United States. Two simulations were performed for each event: a control run with the actual snow cover and a perturbed run with an extensive snow cover.
In all of the cases, increasing the snow cover, and thereby reducing the available potential energy, weakened the cyclones. Among the eight cases, the averaged minimum central low pressure of the cyclones in the perturbed runs was approximately 4 mb greater than the control cyclones. The reduction in temperature and moisture in the lower atmosphere was most pronounced in the warm sector, which significantly reduced the thermal and moisture gradients near the surface. This resulted in a weakening of the fronts, less convergence near the surface, and decreased precipitation. Averaged among the cases, the upward vertical velocity near the center of the low was about 3.5 cm s−1 less in the perturbed simulations. Accumulated vertically integrated rainwater was reduced by 0.64 × 109 m3 when averaged for all of the cases in the perturbed simulations. In addition, the weaker gradients across the surface fronts in the increased snow-covered simulations decreased thermal and moisture advection near the surface and may have contributed to limiting the cyclones’ intensification in some of the cases by dampening positive feedback processes between the surface and midtroposphere.
Production of Temporally Consistent Gridded Precipitation and Temperature Fields for the Continental United States*
Authors: Hamlet Alan F. , Lettenmaier Dennis P. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
The availability of long-term gridded datasets of precipitation, temperature, and other surface meteorological variables offers the potential for deriving a range of land surface conditions that have not been directly observed. These include, for instance, soil moisture, snow water equivalent, evapotranspiration, runoff, and subsurface moisture transport. However, gridding procedures can themselves introduce artificial trends due to incorporation of stations with different record lengths and locations. Hence, existing gridded datasets are in general not appropriate for estimation of long-term trends. Methods are described here for adjustment of gridded daily precipitation and temperature maxima and minima over the continental United States based on newly available (in electronic form) U.S. Cooperative Observer station data archived at the National Climatic Data Center from the early 1900s on. The intent is to produce gridded meteorological datasets that can be used, in conjunction with hydrologic modeling, for long-term trend analysis of simulated hydrologic variables.
Augmentation strategy with olanzapine in resistant obsessive compulsive disorder: an Italian long-term open-label study
Authors: Marazziti Donatella , Pfanner Chiara , Dell’osso Bernardo , Ciapparelli Antonio , Presta Silvio , Corretti Giorgio , Di Nasso Elena , Mungai Francesco , Dell’osso Liliana 
Published: June 2005

The present study reports the results of an open-label trial on the use of the combination of olanzapine (an atypical antipsychotic) serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) in 26 resistant outpatients affected by resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). All patients had been suffering from OCD, according to DSM IV criteria, for at least 2 years and had different comorbid disorders; they had been treated with an SRI at adequate dosages for at least 6 months, or had tried different augmentation strategies with no or poor response. As a result, olanzapine was added and continued for 1 year. After 12 weeks of this regimen, most of the patients (17) had shown a reduction in OC symptoms, as assessed by a decrease in the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale total score, which continued throughout subsequent months. Only mild side-effects were recorded and no patient halted the treatment. The addition of olanzapine would appear to be a useful short- and long-term strategy for augmenting SRI effectiveness in resistant OCD patients, especially in those presenting comorbidity with bipolar disorders.
A survey of the off-label use of mood stabilizers in a large psychiatric hospital
Authors: Haw Camilla , Stubbs Jean 
Published: June 2005

The term ‘off-label’ prescribing refers to the use of a drug outside the terms of its Marketing Authorization, including prescribing for an unlicensed indication. The aims of the study were to determine the frequency of off-label prescriptions for mood stabilizers (lithium and antiepileptics) among inpatients of a large psychiatric hospital, the nature of the off-label clinical indications in use and whether patients had been informed about the off-label usage. A cross-sectional survey of inpatients aged 18-65 years at St Andrew’s Hospital, Northampton, UK and interviews with consultant psychiatrists about off-label usage of mood stabilizers were carried out. Of the 249 patients studied, 75 (30.1%) were receiving one or more mood stabilizers, of which 71 (94.7%) were off-label. The most frequently cited off-label indications for mood stabilizers were: prophylaxis of mood swings (48 cases), treatment of aggression (31), manic symptoms (10), antipsychotic augmentation in treatment-resistant schizophrenia (7) and post-traumatic stress disorder (6). Lithium was prescribed infrequently. The reasons for this are discussed. Although in most instances the psychiatrist was aware the drug was being used off-label, in less than one-third of cases had the patient been informed of this, partly because of anticipated difficulties in their understanding the off-label concept, but also because of concerns that this information could adversely affect compliance. The off-label prescription of mood stabilizers is very common in psychiatry and such usage benefits patients. When prescribing off-label, psychiatrists should consider the evidence that the drug is likely to be effective for the unlicensed indication. Where there is limited evidence of benefit, a trial of the drug, with clinical monitoring, may be indicated. Patients should be fully informed about their medication, and this includes information that the prescription is off-label. Pharmacists can assist this process. The off-label concept may be difficult for some patients to understand.
Sonographic Stress Measurement of Glenohumeral Joint Laxity in Collegiate Swimmers and Age-Matched Controls
Authors: Borsa Paul A. , Scibek Jason S. , Jacobson Jon A. , Meister Keith 
Published: June 2005

Background Glenohumeral laxity that is greater than normal has been implicated as a causal factor in the development of shoulder pain and dysfunction in elite swimmers; however, quantitative evidence demonstrating greater-than-normal glenohumeral joint laxity in swimmers is lacking. Objective To quantify glenohumeral joint laxity in elite swimmers and nonswimming controls using stress sonography. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Force-displacement measures were performed bilaterally in 42 National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I swimmers and 44 age-matched controls. Of the 42 swimmers, 27 (64%) reported a history of unilateral or bilateral shoulder pain resulting from swimming. Ultrasound imaging was used to measure glenohumeral joint displacement under stressed and non-stressed conditions. Results An analysis of variance revealed no significant difference in glenohumeral joint displacement between swimmers (anterior, 2.82 ± 1.7 mm; posterior, 5.30 ± 2.4 mm) and age-matched controls (anterior, 2.74 ± 1.7 mm; posterior, 4.90 ± 2.7 mm). No significant difference in glenohumeral joint displacement was found between swimmers with a history of shoulder pain (anterior, 2.90 ± 1.6 mm; posterior, 5.42 ± 2.3 mm) versus swimmers without a history of shoulder pain (anterior, 2.74 ± 1.8 mm; posterior, 5.14 ± 2.6 mm). Shoulders displayed significantly more glenohumeral joint displacement in the posterior direction compared to the anterior direction (P <. 001). Conclusions Our instrumented technique was unable to identify significantly greater glenohumeral joint displacement in elite swimmers compared to nonswimming controls, and elite swimmers with a history of shoulder pain were not found to have significantly more glenohumeral joint displacement compared to swimmers without a history of shoulder pain. Clinical Relevance Objective assessment of glenohumeral joint displacement in athletes participating in overhead-motion sports may be important for injury prevention and management.
A Modified Capsular Shift for Atraumatic Anterior-Inferior Shoulder Instability
Authors: Marquardt Björn , Pötzl Wolfgang , Witt Kai-Axel , Steinbeck Jörn 
Published: June 2005

Purpose To evaluate the long-term outcome of a modified inferior capsular shift procedure in patients with atraumatic anterior-inferior shoulder instability by analyzing a consecutive series of patients who had undergone a modified inferior capsular shift for this specific type of shoulder instability. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Between 1992 and 1997, 38 shoulders of 35 patients with atraumatic anterior-inferior shoulder instability that were unresponsive to nonoperative management were operated on using a modified capsular shift procedure with longitudinal incision of the capsule medially and a bony fixation of the inferior flap to the glenoid and labrum in the 1 o'clock to 3 o'clock position. The patient study group consisted of 9 men and 26 women with a mean age of 25.4 years (range, 15-55 years) at the time of surgery. The mean follow-up was 7.4 years (range, 4.0-11.4 years); 1 patient was lost to follow-up directly after surgery. The study group was evaluated according to the Rowe score. Results After 7.4 years, 2 patients experienced a single redislocation or resubluxation, 1 patient had recurrent dislocations, and 1 patient had a positive apprehension sign, which is an overall redislocation rate of 10.5%. The average Rowe score increased to 90.6 (SD = 19.7) points from 36.2 (SD = 13.5) points before surgery. Seventy-two percent of the patients participating in sports returned to their preoperative level of competition. Conclusions Results in this series demonstrate the efficacy and durability of a modified capsular shift procedure for the treatment of atraumatic anterior-inferior shoulder instability.
Synthesis and Size Control of Pt Nanocubes with High Selectivity Using the Additive Effect of NaI
Authors: Yamada Mami , Kon Syusaku , Miyake Mikio 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
The synthesis and size control of Pt nanocubes stabilized by polyacrylic acid sodium salt (PAA) were carried out by varying the reaction temperature and the growth rate between the {111} and {100} faces with the addition of NaI; the shape selectivity was about 70–80% and the cubic size was controllable between 7.5–10.5 nm.
Photoreductive Defluorination of Hexafluorobenzene on Metal-doped ZnS Photocatalysts under Visible Light Irradiation
Authors: Kohtani Shigeru , Ohama Yoshihiko , Ohno Yu , Tsuji Issei , Kudo Akihiko , Nakagaki Ryoichi 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Metal-(Cu, Ni, or Pb) doped ZnS photocatalysts have the ability to photoreductively defluorinate hexafluorobenzene under visible light irradiation; the defluorination mechanism on Pb-, or Cu-doped ZnS is different from that on Ni-doped ZnS. The role of Pb and Cu dopants in ZnS is not only to extend the photocatalytic response toward visible light but also to act as redox reaction sites in the photoreductive defluorination.
Real-time In-cell 19F NMR Study on Uptake of Fluorescent and Nonfluorescent 19F-Octaarginines into Human Jurkat Cells
Authors: Okamura Emiko , Ninomiya Keiko , Futaki Shiroh , Nagai Yasuharu , Kimura Tomohiro , Wakai Chihiro , Matubayasi Nobuyuki , Sugiura Yukio , Nakahara Masaru 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Real-time in-cell 19F NMR spectroscopy is developed to determine the time scale of cellular uptake of fluorescent and nonfluorescent 19F-octaarginines. The peptide concentration as low as 10-μM order is successfully detected with a time resolution of 1–2 min. The concentration analysis shows that fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) induces different kinetics for the peptide uptake into natural human cells. The ability of 19F NMR to detect the real-time uptake of bioactive molecules is shown with minimal perturbation.
Transition Metal-catalyzed Reactions Using Alkynes as Precursors of Carbene and Vinylidene Complexes
Authors: Miki Koji , Uemura Sakae , Ohe Kouichi 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
The transition metal-induced in situ generation of carbene complexes from alkynes having a carbonyl or imino group as a nucleophilic functionality has been investigated. These reactive carbenoid species are generated with high atom efficiency through a 6-endo-dig cyclization mode based on the electrocyclization of vinylidene complexes or a 5-exo-dig cyclization mode in π-alkyne complexes and have been found to serve as versatile intermediates in catalytic carbene transfer reactions.
A New Inclusion Compound Consisting of 2D Coordination Layers of [Cd(SCN)2]∞ and Pillars of Isonicotinamide Dimers
Authors: Sekiya Ryo , Nishikiori Shin-ichi 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Self-assembly of Cd2+, SCN−, isonicotinamide (isoNH2), and 9,10-dichloroanthracene gave a new inclusion compound formulated as [Cd(SCN)2(isoNH2)2]·1/2(9,10-dichloroanthracene) (1). This inclusion compound consists of 2D coordination layers of [Cd(SCN)2]∞ and pillars of isoNH2 dimers. 9,10-dichloroanthracene molecules are included in zigzag channels.
Postoperative death in sows as a result of gastric mucosal de-gloving at the pars oesophagea
Authors: Court F G , Wemyss-Holden S A , Morrison C P , Teague B D , Dennison A R , Maddern G J 
Published: June 2005

It is well documented that pigs frequently die from postoperative acute gastric dilatation, and proximal gastric 'stress' ulceration. Three cases of gastric mucosal 'de-gloving' are reported. This was secondary to acute gastric dilatation and resulted in death from acute haemorrhage. All animals had undergone major abdominal surgery. Histology confirmed that the proximal gastric mucosa had been 'de-gloved', or torn from the gastro-oesophageal junction, leaving exposed muscle fibres. This syndrome has not been reported previously. The postmortem appearances of this mechanical injury could easily be mistaken for extensive oesophago-gastric peptic ulceration. This has major implications for prevention.