bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nodule development and nitrogen fixation in the Rhizobium/ Bradyrhizobium system
Authors: Werner D , Ahlborn B , Bassarab S , Kape A , Kinnback A , Mellor R B , Mörschel E , Müler P , Parniske M , Schmidt P , Schultes A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Various aspects of legume nodule development and function have recently been reviewed by Rolfe and Gresshoff (1988), Dazzo et al. (1988), Hennecke et al. (1988), Long and Cooper (1988), Lugtenberg et al. (1989), Appelbaum (1990), Mellor and Werner (1990), and Surin et al. (1990). The subject of nodulins in root nodule development will be covered in detail in this chapter and in Chapter 3, this volume.
Plant-animal interactions in the north-west Atlantic
Authors: Vadas Robert L , Elner Sr. Robert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A feature of the north-west Atlantic is low macroalgal diversity, which may be related in part to grazing. The major herbivores, the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis and the gastropod Littorina littorea, affect distribution and abundance patterns of macroalgae, especially annual forms. Persistent subtidal and intertidal algae are mainly perennials and defended species. Grazing by herbivores appears to influence but not control algal recruitment. Temporal and spatial refuges provide variability for algal colonization. Algae serve as habitat and food for a variety of subtidal and intertidal animals, including crustaceans. Most algal production appears to pass into detrital rather than into herbivore food webs. The systems and interactions are influenced by historical and stochastic events. The introduction of L. littorea in the early nineteenth century displaced Nassarius obsoletus and probably catalysed large-scale changes in the intertidal. Population explosions, followed by massive mortalities of urchins off Nova Scotia, have resulted in an alternation between subtidal macroalgal beds and coralline algal-dominated barrens. Dense populations of littorinids and dogwhelks recycle patches of free space in the intertidal by removing ephemeral algae and barnacles. Feeding by L. littorea on drift algae may have indirectly led S. droebachiensis to increase grazing pressure on living plants. Although much remains unknown about the roles of recruitment, abiotic disturbance and stress, and episodic events, herbivores clearly have a significant impact on benthic algal assemblages.
Grazing and succession in marine algae
Authors: Sousa* Wayne P , Connell† Joseph H Connell 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Assemblages of sessile organisms on rocky seashores and nearshore subtidal hard bottoms experience a variety of space-clearing disturbances. The order and rate of recolonization of cleared space by algae and invertebrates depend on characteristics of the initial disturbance, the pool of available colonists, effects exerted by prior occupants on subsequent colonists, and the actions of grazers and predators. Grazers may affect succession in diverse ways depending on the model(s) of succession that is operating (Connell and Slatyer 1977), the effect of the particular grazer on species of differing successional status, and the intensity of grazing. Experimental studies have shown that browsing herbivores, such as crabs, coiled snails, and dipteran larvae, that prefer early-colonizing algae can accelerate succession by breaking the inhibitory effect of these early species on later colonists. In contrast, herbivores such as limpets and sea urchins that damage plants in a less discriminating fashion, or preferentially feed on later successional species, tend to stall succession or to shift the climax state to one composed of species that are well-defended against intense rasping or bulldozing. Lastly, some studies have found that, late in a successional sequence, grazers have little effect on the replacement of one species by another.
Multiple Cholecystokinin Receptors in the CNS
Authors: Douri Sh C T , Cooper S J , Iversen S D , Iversen L L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) is found in high concentrations in mammalian brain where it appears to act as a neurotransmitter. CCK has been implicated in a number of important physiological processes and disease states, including feeding and feeding disorders, nociception, schizophrenia, movement disorders, anxiety, and panic disorder. The recent increase in interest in CCK is mainly attributable to the development of potent selective CCK receptor antagonists. These drugs have proved to be valuable research tools and may also prove useful as therapeutic agents. This volume reviews the most recent data on the role of CCK in normal and abnormal brain function. It brings together contributions from the leading researchers in the field of CCK neurobiology. Particular emphasis is placed on the roles of CCK receptor subtypes (CCKA and CCKB) which have been determined using selective antagonists. This volume reviews the most recent data on the role of CCK in the central nervous system.
Ethological analysis of the role of CCK in anxiety
Authors: Hendrie C A , Neill J C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Behavioural systems develop in response to evolutionary forces, and for many species one of the most important selection pressures has been predation. Species that are preyed upon have therefore developed various strategies to defend against predation which include, as the distance between a predator and a prey species closes, (1) avoiding situations where predation is likely, (2) freezing upon detection of a predator, (3) attempted escape, (4) active defence, (5) highly intense defensive threat and attack (e.g. the ‘jump attack’ in rats), and (6) tonic immobility (‘death feigning’) (Gallup 1974; Ratner 1977). Whilst these behaviours represent essential prerequisites for successful defence, they clearly do not operate in isolation and influence the expression of other behaviours. For example, both attack (Miczek et al. 1982; Rodgers and Hendrie 1983) and threat of attack (Rodgers and Randall 1985) have been found to activate endogenous analgesia mechanisms, but in different ways. In the case of attack, the analgesia is opioid mediated, as indicated by its duration of 45-60 min, the ability of naloxone to block and reverse the response, and its bidirectional cross-tolerance with morphine (Miczek and Thompson 1984; Rodgers and Randall 1986). In contrast, the threat of attack induces short duration ( &lt; 10 min) non-naloxone-reversible analgesia which is thought not to be mediated by opioid mechanisms (Rodgers and Randall 1987). Interestingly, both forms of analgesia have been shown to be under psychological, rather than physiological, control. That is, opioid analgesia mechanisms are activated in circumstances where the animal has perceived that it has lost control over the source of the aversive stimulation (Maier et al. 1982), whilst stimuli signalling danger produce non-opioid analgesia. Evidence also seems to suggest that non-opioid analgesia is activated following low intensity threat (Rodgers and Randall 1987). In contrast, opioid mechanisms appear to be activated during or in anticipation of actual attack, functioning to inhibit wound-orientated behaviour, to promote defensive responses concerned with minimizing physical injury, and thereby to increase the possibility of escape (Liebeskind and Paul 1977; Ratner 1977).
Calcium release from neural tissue: experimental results and possible mechanisms
Authors: Blackman Carl F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The research discussed in this paper was first conceived following a report by Bawin et al. (1975) which demonstrated that amplitude-modulated radio¬ frequency (RF) fields could preferentially cause a biochemical· change in isolated brain tissue, depending on the specific frequency of modulation. They performed this experiment with isolated brain tissue to test whether modulated RF fields could interact with an animal via the central nervous system or whether the peripheral nervous system was needed. Our interest in this experiment was motivated by the observation that the results could not easily be explained by a mechanism that involved heating of the sample. We designed our experimental procedures in consultation with a professional statistician, Dennis House, who subsequently analysed the raw data in all our reports. After a year of work we were able to reproduce their findings (Blackman et al. 1979); however, some of our results were sufficiently unusual to merit additional experimentation to determine whether the phenomenon was an artefact of the preparation or procedures. By 1980, we were convinced that the positive results were based in a true response of the samples to RF radiation (Blackman et al. 1979, 1980a, b, 1981; Joines and Blackman 1980, 1981; Joines et al. 1980). Thus we initiated our experiments to establish the electromagnetic field parameters that were critical to induce the biological changes we had observed. To simplify the exposure situation and analysis, we elected to use the modulation frequency alone, without the RF carrier wave.
ELF fields and the immune system: signal transduction, calcium metabolism, and mitogenesis in lymphocytes with relevance to carcinogenesis
Authors: Liburdy Robert P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Calcium has played an important role in investigations of extremely low-frequency (ELF) magnetic field interactions with cellular systems. ELF-modulated radiofrequency (RF) carrier waves and ELF fields themselves have been shown to alter calcium efflux from neural tissue (Bawin and Adey 1976; Blackman et al. 1982, 1990; Dutta et al. 1984). ELF fields have also been reported to alter normal diatom movement, which is dependent on calcium, and also calcium uptake in resting human peripheral lymphocytes (Liboff et al. 1987; Smith et al. 1987). Efforts to reproduce these latter findings have proven inconclusive (Frazier et al. 1990; Parkinson and Sulik 1990; Prasad et al. 1991).
The influence of oscillating electromagnetic fields on membrane structure and function: synthetic liposomes and the lymphocyte cell membrane with direct application to the controlled delivery of chemical agents
Authors: Liburdy Robert P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cellular systems interact first and foremost with their environment through the cell membrane. Interaction with extracellular entities, both physical and chemical, are orchestrated through the cell membrane. Two important examples of signal transduction events are the binding of extracellular ligands to cell-surface receptor sites, and the translocation of charged ionic species across the bilayer. Both events, receptor-site binding and ion-channel transport, lead, importantly, to the activation of diverse biochemical pathways that transduce signals to internal sites within the cell (Gardner 1989); these events depend on structural changes in the local organization of the bilayer. Given the cell membrane’s role in such signal transduction processes, it is important to understand how the membrane bilayer is influenced by an imposed extracellular electric or magnetic field. This has been a major goal in our laboratory.
Practical significance of tritrophic interactions for crop protection
Authors: Price Peter W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three-trophic-level interactions can be defined as interactions between plants, herbivores and carnivores that pass up and down food webs spanning more than direct linkage between two species. General awareness of the commonness and importance of such interactions was recognized over 10 years ago (Bergman and Tingey 1979; Lawton and McNeill 1979; Price et al. 1980). These interactions may involve physical factors such as a trichome layer on the leaf that modifies herbivore behaviour and thus affects the her:bivore-carnivore interaction, or chemical factors. The chemical effects may result from constitutive defenses such as alkaloids or tannins, or they may involve volatile compounds that become used as cues or repellents by higher trophic levels. Chemical messages between different species are called semiochemicals, and have been divided, for between-species interactions, as follows: allomones which are defensive against another species, kairomones which act as positive cues to food or prey for the receiver, synomones which are mutually beneficial to the sender and receiver, and apneumones in which emission of a signal is from a non-living source such as rotting fruit or carcasses that attracts the enemies of inhabitants currently living there (Nordlund 1981). Examples to help clarify these differences would include, for an allomone, a chemical defence emitted by a plant that is repellent to an insect herbivore. A kairomone may be a chemical in a plant that attracts a herbivore to that plant. A synomone could be a chemical released by a plant that acts as a beneficial cue to a predator or parasitoid attacking a herbivore, such that when the herbivore is killed both the emitter of the chemical and the receiver benefit. Apneumones are chemicals emitted from dead organic matter, but as a result predators or parasitoids can more easily find their hosts which attack and live in, for example, dead animals or plant material. Parasitoids of fly larvae in a rotting carcase may find the host larvae in the carcase first by responding to a smell emitted by the rotting body. The specific cue in the smell would then act as an apneumone.
Ginkgo biloba–cultivation, extraction, and therapeutic use of the extract
Authors: O’reilly J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘living fossil’ was first used by Darwin to describe Ginkgo biloba, as it is the sole surviving species of a group of plants, the Ginkgoales, which can be traced back more than 200 million years. Species of the order Ginkgoales were worldwide in pre-Cretaceous times and fine examples in fossil rock have been found in all parts of the world. The Ginkgoales increased to its maximum diversity during the Cretaceous period (Seward 1938). However, the great upheavals of the Quaternary period, followed by the ice age led to the destruction of all species of the Ginkgoales with the exception of Ginkgo biloba which survived only in the far east.
Experiences of starting a commercial company based on plant-derived products in a developing country
Authors: Sheak Asfaq 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To tell a story about establishing a commercial company for plant-based products in a developing country without such experience is to proximate an object with blindfolded eyes.
Nepal was unknown to many parts of the world until 1951, when it became a democracy and a member of the United Nations.
Nepal is mountainous except for the Terai plain that covers approximately 15 per cent of the country on the southern border with India (see Fig. 13.1).
Industrial production of fine chemicals – plants versus chemical synthesis
Authors: Bruggink Alle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The emergence of new technologies does not immediately imply that existing industrial processes become old-fashioned and must be replaced. When research in biotechnology grew exponentially in the early I 980s predictions were made that several established petrochemical-based bulk chemical products would be substituted by bio-based equivalents. With the introduction of enzymes in the (industrial) synthesis of organic products many symposia were organized to discuss the sad future of organic synthesis going to be replaced by cheaper, milder, and more selective biosynthesis.
Risk of parasitism on Taxomyia taxi (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in relation to the size of its galls on yew, Taxus baccata
Authors: Redfern Margaret , Cameron Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Galls of Taxomyia taxi (lnchbald) on yew are attacked by two chalcid parasitoids, Mesopolobus dijfinis (Walker) (Ptcromalidae) and Torymus nigritarsus (Walker) (Torymidae). Earlier work suggested that risk of attack by either species varied with the size of the galls.
Assemblages of herbivorous chalcid wasps and their parasitoids associated with grasses-problems of species and specificity
Authors: Claridge Michael F , Dawah Hassan Ali 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most chalcid wasps are parasitoids, but the family Eurytomidae includes many herbivores. Of the numerous species of Tetramesa in temperate regions, all arc phytophagous and, so far as known, use only grasses as their host plants. Many of these form distinctive galls in which their larvae feed. Others feed within developing flowering stems without accompanying gall formation. Tetramesa larvae arc attacked by a series of characteristic parasitoids including species of Pediobius (Eulophidae), Chlorocytus and Homoporus (Pteromalidae), and Eurytoma and Sycophila (Eurytomidae). Taxonomy of chalcid wasps is generally very difficult and poorly known. Biparental sexual reproduction is usual for Tetramesa and its parasitoids so that the biological species concept is appropriate.
Collision avoidance: from the locust eye to a seeing machine
Authors: Rind F Claire 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The superb aerial performance of flying insects is achieved with comparatively simple neural machinery. Insects react rapidly to changing visual images. The abilities of insects to perform these computations in real time has already led to a successful prototype autonomous guided vehicle with a sensor and control structure modelled on the fly eye (Pichon et al. 1989; Franceschini et al. 1992). Increasingly in visual neuroscience it is possible to isolate the critical image cues used by identified neurones to achieve a selective response to a feature or group of features within the changing visual image (Rind and Simmons 1992; Simmons and Rind 1992).
Artificial evolution of visual control systems for robots
Authors: Cliff Dave , Harvey Inman , Husbands Phil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Typically, machine vision systems employ high-bandwidth images with hundreds of thousands of pixels. Yet many visual animals (particularly arthropods) exhibit sophisticated, visually guided behaviours with orders of magnitude fewer ‘pixels’ (i.e. ommatidia in the compound eye). Inspired by this observation, we have for several years been exploring the possibilities of visually guided robots with ultra-low-bandwidth vision.
The genetics and physiology of size reduction in mice
Authors: Hastings Ian M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Artificial selection for reduced body size in mice has been performed in numerous laboratories. Typically, body weight at age 6 weeks has been reduced from around 20 to 13 g and/or body weight at 10 weeks from around 32 g to 16 g. In our laboratory, we have further reduced body weight in our ‘small’ line by introducing a gene disrupting growth hormone production (the little gene), resulting in mice with a 10-week body weight of less than 10 g. Such mice appear healthy and viable. The genetic and physiological basis of reduced body weight in selected lines is reviewed and the relevance of experiments to natural populations is discussed. The biggest differences are the reduced environmental fluctuations experienced by laboratory stocks and their smaller population sizes compared to natural populations. It is concluded that laboratory stocks must be considered as paradigm populations evolving under very specific conditions. With this caveat, it is concluded that considerable size reduction may be achieved very rapidly in mouse populations and that such size reduction appears not to entail significant alterations in physiology, biochemistry, or behaviour nor to invoke significant reduction inviabiliry as a consequence of scale effects.
Miniature mammals: life-history strategies and macroevolution
Authors: Searle J B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most mammal species are smaller than 60 g. The smallest species are mainly shrews, myomorph rodents, and insectivorous bats. A bias in data availability has led most previous work on patterns of mammal life-history evolution to focus on unusually large species. We review the major findings of such comparative studies, beginning with allometries of key variables and moving on to patterns of correlations among residuals. Every date, weight, and rate scales tightly with adult size across mammal species: small mammals tend to live faster and die younger than large species. This fast-slow continuum is also apparent when body size is factored out. We discuss two very different optimality models, one aiming to understand the driving forces behind life-history variation, the other trying to explain the macroevolutionary pattern of body size among species. Our comparative analysis finds that, among small mammals, most of the variation in life histories is independent of body size, but that correlations among residuals are broadly similar to those in mammals as a whole: the slow-fast continuum is still present. The size independence of the variation shows that quite radical life-history changes are possible without any change in body size being necessary: mammals are not tightly constrained by allometry. Interestingly, mammals that are smaller than their relatives have relatively small litters of large offspring. Our findings lend at best qualified support to the models we discuss.
Great Geological Controversies
Authors: Hallam A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the second edition of the author's account of celebrated controversies in geology that embrace many of the most important ideas that have emerged since the birth of the subject. Two new chapters have been added. One reviews the emergence of stratigraphy in the nineteenth century, focusing on two major controversies concerning the Cambrian-Silurian and the Devonian. The second new chapter deals with the mass extinctions controversy, which has not yet been resolved. The existing chapters have been revised in the light of recent publications. The book will be of interest to professional geologists, geology students, and amateur geologists as well as to geographers and historians of science.
Catastrophists and uniformitarians
Authors: Hallam A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like the neptunists, with whom they have often been associated, the catastrophists have generally had a bad press. In the popular mythology they were the ones who gave free play to fantasy, who rashly invoked supernatural causes and allowed their geological researches to be dictated by a priori metaphysical beliefs. The uniformitarians on the other hand were sober-minded, sensible people who, guided by the talismanic principle that ‘the present is the key to the past, eventually carried all before them and routed the opposition by their devotion to careful study of natural phenomena and cautious, empirically well-based and logically sound inference. The true history of the controversy is a good deal more complicated and certainly more interesting.
The Social Anthropology Of Marriage And Mating
Authors: Leach Edmund 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While preparing various drafts of this essay in collaboration with Dr Vernon Reynolds it has become obvious that although biosociologists often use terms which are also used by social anthropologists, they use them in quite a different way Two such terms are ‘mating’ and ‘marriage’. A third term, ‘descent’, which has not so far come into the argument hangs in the background. I am a social anthropologist and I use these terms in a social anthropological way. So let me start by explaining what that way is. For me, mating and marriage are totally different concepts, as different as chalk from cheese.