bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An empirical study of the determinants of self‐employment in developing countries
Authors: Pietrobelli Carlo , Rabellotti Roberta , Aquilina Matteo 
Published: August 2004

AbstractOfficial statistics record a tremendous diversity in the level and dynamics of the self‐employment rate across countries. Such diversity is even more pronounced for developing countries than for industrial countries. In these countries, self‐employment figures may represent evidence of the spark of an emerging entrepreneurial class still in its infant stages, or conceal marginal urban manufacturing employment at the mere level of subsistence and disguising actual unemployment in years of economic depression. This paper documents this diversity for developing and developed countries with new empirical evidence, and tests the determinants of this diversity with econometric techniques. Estimates are presented on a sample of 64 developing countries and 19 developed countries in a period from the 1960s through the 1990s.The results generally confirm a negative association between the rate of self‐employment and the stage of development: self‐employment would tend to disappear with the development process. However, we present evidence suggesting that in some cases self‐employment is also related to high value‐added manufactured exports, representing a dynamic and emerging form of entrepreneurship. To this aim, self‐employment would not be motivated by the desire to evade taxes, but rather an active role of the government may enhance it. The relationships with the development of the financial sector, educational levels, and other cultural factors tend to vary. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of policy, institutions and geography on economic growth in Africa: an econometric study based on cross‐section and panel data
Authors: Naudé W. A. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis paper use both single period cross‐section data as well as panel data for the period 1970 to 1990 (largely obtained from version 6.1 of the Penn World Tables) to identify the determinants of Africa's growth in per capita GDP, as well as to evaluate the empirical relevance of recent contributions that stresses the potential importance of geographical vs institutional factors in Africa's growth. The paper further contributes by making use of recent cross‐country data on institutional quality and geographical characteristics of African countries. To address the danger of using an inappropriate estimation method, a number of estimation methods was used, namely OLS, LAD, GLS‐random effects, fixed effects as well as a dynamic GMM‐estimator. The results confirmed that the more efficient and dynamic GMM‐estimator is superior and that controlling for unobserved heterogeneity, dynamic effects and endogeneity of the regressors is important. It is concluded that there is conditional convergence in Africa, and that literacy, investment, FDI and urban agglomeration have a significant positive effect on GDP per capita growth in Africa. Growth is negatively affected by government expenditure, settler mortality, malaria, landlockedness and landarea. These results support Acemoglu et al.'s (2001) ‘reversal of fortune’ thesis, namely that settler mortality is inversely related to economic growth. It further suggests that it is not one of either institutions or geography that are more important than the other, but rather that geography may have an important impact on institutions. The robust finding that the incidence of malaria has a particularly large impact on economic growth in Africa supports this conclusion. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The International Finance Facility
Authors: Treasury HM 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn January 2003 HM Treasury and the Department for International Development (DFID) launched a proposal for an International Finance Facility (IFF). The IFF is designed to ‘frontload’ aid to help meet the internationally agreed Millennium Development Goals. Estimates suggest that development assistance must be doubled and focused on the poorest countries if the Millennium Development Goals are to be met—an increase of at least $50 billion a year.1 At the UN's International Conference on Financing in Monterrey in 2002, donors pledged to provide an additional $16 billion a year from 2006. But this means a significant resource gap must be bridged if the Millennium Development Goals are to be reached. The Millennium Development Goals represent different indicators of the same basic poverty. Investments in different sectors must take place simultaneously to ensure sustainable progress. Education, health, access to water, roads and other infrastructure for growth must be tackled at the same time to ensure a lasting exit from poverty. Funding for debt relief should reinforce, not replace, funding to build a skilled work force and the infrastructure and capacity to trade. The IFF, as a stable financing vehicle, could provide the critical mass of additional and predictable funding needed to make lasting progress in all these areas. Donors are committed to reaching the target of 0.7 per cent ODA/GNI, but a number have fiscal constraints that will not allow them to increase aid levels in the short to medium term. The IFF should be seen as a complement to donors' long‐term commitment to 0.7 per cent ODA/GNI: it would meet the immediate need for resources to meet the MDGs as donors move towards the 0.7 per cent ODA/GNI target. © Crown Copyright 2004. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Avoiding the elephant traps: a commentary on the International Finance Facility
Authors: Mosley Paul 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis commentary welcomes the ambitious vision underlying the IFF and suggests ways of avoiding four ‘elephant traps’ to which it is vulnerable; neglect of the poor in middle‐income countries, absorptive capacity, fungibility and knock‐on effects on interest rates. Absorptive capacity would appear the biggest of these hazards, but to some extent it can be got round, and is being, through imaginative use of ‘new conditionality.’ Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The International Finance Facility—reaching the MDGS without spending more?
Authors: Moore Karen , Hulme David 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis paper comprises a brief review of current debates around the potential benefits and drawbacks of the proposed International Finance Facility (IFF). The IFF's main strength is clear: it recognizes the urgent need for significantly larger and more predictable aid flows, and suggests a financial mechanism able to deliver such flows within existing political constraints. However, several aspects of the proposal have the potential to exacerbate current aid ineffectiveness and inequality in both the short and longer term. These factors include the IFF's governance structure; the ‘extra layer’ of conditionality added by the IFF; the potential sharp decline in aid flows after the IFF's initial phase; and the detraction of attention from other important global agendas. More work on developing innovative mechanisms to deliver social protection and basic services to poorly‐governed or conflict‐ridden areas is required, as are more courageous actions on the part of the UK and other rich countries. Otherwise, the IFF could mean mortgaging the future well‐being of 900 million hard‐to‐reach poor people in order to achieve—or come closer to achieving—the MDGs today. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Joseph Stiglitz's, Globalization and its Discontents
Authors: Perraton Jonathan 
Published: August 2004

AbstractJoseph Stiglitz's Globalization and its Discontents has sparked a major critical response since its publication in that it appears to encapsulate widespread doubts about globalization processes and their governance. This review aims to probe further Stiglitz's general analysis and policy prescriptions. It is argued that Stiglitz's central concern is how globalization as currently practised acts to exacerbate existing market failures and produce new ones, and the appropriate response of international economic institutions to address the resulting global collective action problems and ensure that the potential gains from globalization are realized. Whilst many of his proposals remain vague, they can be seen as part of an emerging global social democratic agenda. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of [1‐11C]ethyl iodide from [11C]carbon monoxide and its application in alkylation reactions
Authors: Eriksson Jonas , Antoni Gunnar , Långström Bengt 
Published: August 2004

AbstractA method is presented for preparing [1‐11C]ethyl iodide from [11C]carbon monoxide. The method utilizes methyl iodide and [11C]carbon monoxide in a palladium‐mediated carbonylation reaction to form a mixture of [1‐11C]acetic acid and [1‐11C]methyl acetate. The acetates are reduced to [1‐11C]ethanol and subsequently converted to [1‐11C]ethyl iodide. The synthesis time was 20 min and the decay‐corrected radiochemical yield of [1‐11C]ethyl iodide was 55 ± 5%. The position of the label was confirmed by 13C‐labelling and 13C‐NMR analysis. [1‐11C]Ethyl iodide was used in two model reactions, an O‐alkylation and an N‐alkylation. Starting with approximately 2.5 GBq of [11C]carbon monoxide, the isolated decay‐corrected radiochemical yields for the ester and the amine derivatives were 45 ± 0.5% and 25 ± 2%, respectively, based on [11C]carbon monoxide. Starting with 10 GBq of [11C]carbon monoxide, 0.55 GBq of the labelled ester was isolated within 40 min with a specific radioactivity of 36 GBq/µmol. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of triple [14C]‐labeled moxonidine
Authors: Czeskis Boris A. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe synthesis of radiolabeled antihypertensive compound [2,4,6‐14C3]‐4‐chloro‐5‐(imidazolidin‐2‐ylidenimino)‐6‐methoxy‐2‐methylpyrimidine ([14C3]moxonidine) was accomplished based on condensation of [1‐14C]acetamidine with diethyl [1,3‐14C2]malonate to form [2,4,6‐14C3]‐4,6‐dihydroxy‐2‐methylpyrimidine. Subsequent nitration, chlorination, and hydrogenation gave [2,4,6‐14C3]‐4,6‐dichloro‐2‐methyl‐5‐aminopyrimidine. The final product was obtained after the coupling of the above aminopyrimidine with 1‐acetylimidazolidin‐2‐one, followed by hydrolysis using sodium methoxide. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of N‐[1‐13C]caproyl‐N′‐phenylthiourea
Authors: Simion Corina Anca , Postolache Cristian , Deleanu Calin , Chirtoc Ileana , Barna Catalina Mihaela , Bally Ioana , Balaban Alexandru T. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAn optimal synthesis of N‐[1‐13C]caproyl‐N′‐phenylthiourea with isotopic enrichment 82% is described, starting from barium [13C]carbonate, using five synthetic steps. Yields were 95% relative to caproyl chloride and 46% relative to barium carbonate. Oxidation of the title compound with manganese dioxide yields the corresponding ureide. Structural similarities with anticonvulsants such as phenacemide make N‐caproyl‐N′‐phenylthiourea an interesting model compound. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Higher‐order finite‐difference schemes with reduced dispersion errors for accurate time‐domain electromagnetic simulations
Authors: Zygiridis Theodoros T. , Tsiboukis Theodoros D. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe potential for developing higher‐order finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) schemes with reduced phase errors is investigated in the present paper. Using the classic (2,4) FDTD method as the basis of this study, electromagnetic wave propagation is accurately reproduced in the discretized space by replacing isotropic materials with modified, anisotropic in general, ones. The use of such artificial materials improves the simulation's precision significantly around a specific frequency, yet the overall error remains small at a considerably wide bandwidth; therefore, this algorithm can be useful for wideband problems as well. Additionally, it is shown that an even better single‐frequency performance can be attained, when the modified materials are combined with systematically calculated spatial operators. Pursuing a more wideband enhancement of the (2,4) technique, a version realizing more accurate results at almost all frequencies that can be coupled in a staggered grid is derived. Furthermore, novel spatial operators are introduced, with the distinct feature of using extended stencils in more than one directions. It turns out that when such operators are incorporated, a scheme that combines the aforementioned features can be obtained. The theoretical findings of this investigation are verified in a sequence of numerical tests, involving free‐space and guided‐wave propagation, as well as the determination of a cavity's resonant frequencies. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Consistent material operators for tetrahedral grids based on geometrical principles
Authors: Cinalli M. , Edelvik F. , Schuhmann R. , Weiland T. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis paper is focused on analysis of the properties of material operators for geometrical methods on tetrahedral grids. The stiffness matrix in electrodynamics, as well as the one in electrostatics, are mathematically proven to be the same for every material operator satisfying a condition which is sufficient for the consistency of the numerical scheme. This gives a new and better insight into the strong similarities existing between the finite element method (FEM) and the finite integration technique (FIT).A symmetrization of the microcell method, which also ensures the positive definiteness of the material operators, based on geometrical properties of tetrahedra, is proposed. Numerical results in time and frequency domain for resonant cavities are presented and compared to the FEM. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel Method of Producing Polymer Gels in Aqueous Solution Using UV Irradiation
Authors: Ikkai Fumiyoshi , Adachi Eiki 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSummary: We developed a novel method of producing polymer gels in aqueous solution using UV irradiation. Persulfates were effective photosensitive initiators of polymerization and/or gelation of acryloyl‐type monomers/polymers. The gelation was confirmed by an abrupt increase in light scattering intensity, 〈I(q)〉T, at the gelation point. The gelation method entails significant advantages: it does not need any cross‐linkers, temperature control (heating), and additives except the persulfate.The UV irradiation time dependence of light scattering intensity, 〈I(q)〉T, for pre‐gel solutions containing N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAm) and/or ammonium persulfate (APS).imageThe UV irradiation time dependence of light scattering intensity, 〈I(q)〉T, for pre‐gel solutions containing N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAm) and/or ammonium persulfate (APS).
A Novel Light‐Emitting Mixed‐Ligand Iridium(III) Complex with a Terpyridine‐Poly(ethylene glycol) Macroligand
Authors: Holder Elisabeth , Marin Veronica , Meier Michael A. R. , Schubert Ulrich S. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSummary: A monoterpyridine‐poly(ethylene glycol) (mono‐tpy‐PEG) and a novel monoterpyridine‐PEG‐functionalized iridium(III) complex were successfully synthesized and fully characterized by means of NMR, IR, and UV‐vis spectroscopy, as well as gel permeation chromatography and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. The functionalized monoterpyridine iridium(III) complex was synthesized by a bridge‐splitting reaction of a dimeric iridium(III) precursor complex using a chelating terpyridine ligand with a poly(ethylene glycol) tail. With this approach, a new class of light‐emitting polymeric materials revealing interesting optical properties was made avaialable.Upon excitation of a spin‐coated film of the iridium(III) complex prepared here, a yellow emission color (two bands in figure) was observed.imageUpon excitation of a spin‐coated film of the iridium(III) complex prepared here, a yellow emission color (two bands in figure) was observed.
A low‐loss wideband suspended coaxial transmission line
Authors: Llamas‐Garro I. , Lancaster M. J. , Hall P. S. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis paper presents a transmission‐line structure suitable for micromachining technology. The structure is an air‐filled square coaxial cable, which is very low loss and has been designed in order to utilise current manufacturing processes. This transmission line demonstrates that such a structure can be designed to cover very wide bandwidth. As the cable is air filled, the centre conductor needs to be supported and this is accomplished by attaching quarter‐wavelength stubs to the ground. The design method of such a cable is presented in detail and the results of an X‐band component are presented. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 43: 93–95, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20386
Dual‐frequency‐selective surfaces for near‐infrared bandpass filters
Authors: Govindaswamy S. , East J. , Terry F. , Topsakal E. , Volakis J. L. , Haddad G. I. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractA bandpass filter resonating at ∼1.4 μm and based on a dual‐frequency‐selective surface design is fabricated and characterized on a silicon substrate. The filter consists of square apertures arranged in a square lattice and separated by magnesium‐fluoride dielectric layers. Simulations indicate minimal change in spectral reflectance versus overlay misalignment. The measured reflectance shows almost zero minima and a sharp roll‐off. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 43: 95–98, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20387
Hybrid absorbing boundary conditions based on fast nonuniform grid integration for nonconvex scatterers
Authors: Boag Amir , Shemer Uri , Kastner Raphael 
Published: August 2004

AbstractNovel hybrid (local–global) absorbing boundary conditions (ABCs) are proposed for the truncation of computational domains in finite‐method analysis of open‐region problems. The pertinent boundary integration is accelerated by the nonuniform grid‐interpolation scheme, resulting in a fast algorithm for treating electrically large objects with largely concave outer boundaries. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 43: 102–106, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20389
Antenna‐beam shaping from offset defects in UC‐EBG cavities
Authors: Hao Y. , Alomainy A. H. , Parini C. G. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractWe present a new application of uniplanar compact electromagnetic bandgap (UC‐EBG) structures in antenna‐beam shaping for indoor mobile communications. Such UC‐EBGs are used to construct Fabry–Perot‐type cavities in which the enhanced directivity can be achieved from conventional patch antennas. This paper demonstrates that an antenna beam can be shaped by shifting the defects (patch antennas) from the centre of UC‐PBG cavities. The theoretical predictions are verified by numerical simulations and measurement results, and it appears that antenna‐beam shaping in UC‐EBG cavities can achieve the same radiation patterns as complex planar‐antenna arrays used for improving the quality and strength of sent/received signals in mobile base stations. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 43: 108–112, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20391
A switched‐beam antenna of monopoles housed in a radial guide with transition to free space
Authors: Janapsatya Januar , Bialkowski Marek E. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe design of a switched‐beam antenna formed by a circular array of monopoles housed inside a radial guide with a transition to free space is presented. Two alternative types of transitions to free space, one using a truncated conducting cone and the other created by a tapered dielectric material at the edge of the radial guide, are described. The use of the radial guide with transition increases the return‐loss bandwidth of the array and enables shaping its beam in elevation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 43: 115–118, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20393
Wideband microstrip‐fed printed bow‐tie antenna for phased‐array systems
Authors: Eldek Abdelnasser A. , Elsherbeni Atef Z. , Smith Charles E. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractA microstrip‐fed printed bow‐tie antenna is presented in order to achieve wide bandwidth, high gain, and size reduction. A comparison between the bow‐tie and the quasi‐Yagi (dipole and director) antennas shows that the bow‐tie antenna has a wider bandwidth, higher gain, lower front‐to‐back ratio, lower cross‐polarization level, and smaller size. Two‐element arrays are designed and their characteristics are compared. The bow‐tie antenna yields lower coupling for the same distance between elements. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 43: 123–126, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20396
Unsplit‐field perfectly matched layer for higher‐order alternating direction implicit finite‐difference time‐domain method
Authors: Leung Y. F. , Chan C. H. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAn unsplit‐field perfectly matched layer (UPML) medium is introduced for higher‐order alternating direction implicit (ADI) formulation of the FDTD Method. By applying the proposed formulation, no field splitting is required for implementing higher‐order ADI‐FDTD PML; thus, the unconditionally stable nature of ADI‐FDTD is remained. The results of 2D simulation are used to illustrate the effectiveness of the PML medium, which is constructed using the proposed approach as an absorber for numerical grid truncation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 43: 130–133, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20398
A Zn‐diffused Mach–Zehnder modulator on lithium niobate at 1.55‐μm wavelength
Authors: Twu Ruey‐Ching , Chang Ching‐Yu , Wang Way‐Seen 
Published: August 2004

AbstractZn‐diffused Mach–Zehnder intensity modulators operating at 1.55‐μm wavelength are demonstrated on a z‐cut and a y‐cut LiNbO3 substrate for the first time. The switching voltages are measured and the corresponding values of switching voltage‐length product are 9.6 V‐cm and 13.5 V‐cm for the z‐cut and y‐cut modulators, respectively. Both the modulated extinction ratios are about 20 dB. The results show that the Zn‐diffused modulators not only have electro‐optic tunability as great as that of the Ti‐diffused ones, but also have more flexibility for device fabrication. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 43: 142–144, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20401
Global modeling of a periodic coplanar waveguide structure for filter applications using an efficient iterative procedure
Authors: Sboui N. , Gharsallah A. , Gharbi A. , Baudrand H. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractA global modelizing of periodic structures for coplanar waveguide filter is presented. These structures offer a very low insertion loss; thus, they can be exploited to achieve a high performance in miniature microwave filters. The analysis is achieved by using a new iterative method based on the wave concept. In this method, a recursive relationship between a given source and reflected waves from the circuit plane is generated. The good agreement between simulated and experimental published data justifies the design procedure. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 43: 157–160, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20406