bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SOS—A Sample Ordering System for Delivering “Assay-Ready” Compound Plates for Drug Screening
Authors: Brideau C. , Hunter J. , Maher J. , Adam S. , Fortin L. J. , Ferentinos J. 
Published: June 2004

Many bottlenecks in drug discovery have been addressed with the advent of new assay and instrument technologies. However, storing and processing chemical compounds for screening remains a challenge for many drug discovery laboratories. Although automated storage and retrieval systems are commercially available for medium to large collections of chemical samples, these samples are usually stored at a central site and are not readily accessible to satellite research labs. Drug discovery relies on the rapid testing of new chemical compounds in relevant biological assays. Therefore, newly synthesized compounds must be readily available in various formats to biologists performing screening assays. Until recently, our compounds were distributed in screw cap vials to assayists who would then manually transfer and dilute each sample in an “assay-ready” compound plate for screening. The vials would then be managed by the individuals in an ad hoc manner. To relieve the assayist from searching for compounds and preparing their own assay-ready compound plates, a newly customized compound storage system with an ordering software application was implemented at our research facility that eliminates these bottlenecks. The system stores and retrieves compounds in 1 mL-mini-tubes or microtiter plates, facilitates compound searching by identifier or structure, orders compounds at varying concentrations in specified wells on 96- or 384-well plates, requests the addition of controls (vehicle or reference compounds), etc. The orders are automatically processed and delivered to the assayist the following day for screening. An overview of our system will demonstrate that we minimize compound waste and ensure compound integrity and availability. (JALA 2004;9:123-7)
Toxicological and Pharmacological Evaluation of New Drug Candidates by in Vitro Robotic High-Throughput Cell Assays
Authors: Thurow Kerstin , Entzian Kristin , Eberlein Gert 
Published: June 2004

A high-throughput cell-based fluorescence screening assay was used to determine the cytotoxic activity of various cytostatic reference agents, unknown compounds of natural sources and pharmaceutic standard excipients in different cell lines such as HEK-293 and DLD-1 cells. In this paper we exemplarily show results for a selection of compounds and excipients. The cytostatic agent piposulfan has a much higher cytotoxic activity in DLD-1 cells (EC50=0.001 mg/mL) than in HEK-293 cells (EC50=0.3 mg/mL) in contrast to busulfan and vinblastine where the EC50 values are close together in both cell lines. From 113 tested compounds from natural sources the cytotoxic activity of 75 compounds showed no difference in both cell lines, 34 of them had a higher activity in HEK-293 cells than in DLD-1 cells and 4 compounds showed less cytotoxic activity in HEK-293 cells than in DLD-1 cells. We demonstrate the rather potent cytotoxic action of Cremophor EL; this finding is in accordance with previously published observations. The presented results demonstrate that the used assay system is reliable, enables the ranking of the cytotoxic potential of compounds of various chemical classes, and allows the determination of cell type-specific cytotoxicity. (JALA 2004;9:159-62)
Micro Parallel Liquid Chromatography for High-Throughput Compound Purity Analysis and Early ADMET Profiling
Authors: Patel Paren , Osechinskiy Sergey , Koehler Jeff , Zhang Li , Vajjhala Surekha , Philips Chris , Hobbs Steve 
Published: June 2004

The Nanostream (Pasadena, CA) Veloce system, together with 24-column Brio cartridges, offers a novel approach to micro parallel liquid chromatography (μPLC). This system allows users to achieve unprecedented throughput for standard assays while matching the performance of conventional LC instrumentation, thus enabling routine compound purity assessment and physiochemical property profiling early in the drug discovery and development process. The Veloce system—which includes instrumentation, software, and replaceable microfluidic cartridges—incorporates pressure-driven flow to achieve chromatograms comparable to conventional high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) instrumentation for a broad class of analytical applications while offering a dramatic increase in sample analysis capacity. The system enables parallel chromatographic separations and simultaneous, real-time UV detection. Each Nanostream Brio cartridge, made of polymeric materials, incorporates 24 columns packed with standard (C-18) stationary phase material to achieve reverse phase separations. Mixing and distribution of the mobile phase to each of the 24 columns is precisely controlled in each cartridge. The system provides an ideal platform to accelerate assessment of compound purity and physicochemical properties (i.e., log P, CHI, etc.) for a large number of compounds. In addition, the 24-fold increase in sample analysis capacity allows standard curve generation and simultaneous analysis of multiple replicates of samples in a single run. (JALA 2004;9:185-91)
A case of cyclogenesis over the western Mediterranean Sea with extraordinary convective activity
Authors: Kurz M. , Fontana A. Dalla 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAn interesting case of cyclogenesis over the western Mediterranean Sea, accompanied by extraordinary convective activity, is described in this paper. The event took place between 18 and 21 July 2001. Its synoptic features are examined on the basis of quasi‐geostrophic theory using numerical analyses from the global model of Deutscher Wetterdienst GME and from the ECMWF. Particularly remarkable is the large amount of latent heat released in the condensation process, which produces significant modifications of the flow. These effects are evident both in the fields of relative vorticity as well as potential vorticity in the upper levels. The infrared Meteosat satellite pictures are used to follow the evolution of the upper‐level cloudiness associated with the process and its connection with the values of vorticity and winds at 300 hPa. Radar pictures, reflectivity and radial velocity from Doppler surveillance radar in the Veneto region allowed us to outline the structure of the mesoscale convective system –a squall line that developed during the night of 19–20 July over Italy, in the Padana Valley. The features of this system were compared with a conceptual model proposed by Houze et al. (1989). The vertical wind shear, as inferred from the radial velocity pictures, was likely to play an important role in the development of the storm. Finally, an analysis of the vertical stability in the pre‐storm environment was performed using sounding data from Udine, 20 July 2001, 00 UTC. The analysis shows the importance in the storm development of the potential instability released by ascent during the transit of the baroclinic system, a process that was investigated using the vertical profile of equivalent potential temperature and an estimate of ascending motion given by the ECMWF model. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society.
Models to improve winter minimum surface temperature forecasts, Delhi, India
Authors: Dimri A. P. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAccurate forecasts of minimum surface temperature during winter help in the prediction of cold‐wave conditions over northwest India. Statistical models for forecasting the minimum surface temperature at Delhi during winter (December, January and February) are developed by using the classical method and the perfect prognostic method (PPM), and the results are compared. Surface and upper air data are used for the classical method, whereas for PPM additional reanalysis data from the National Center of Environmental Prediction (NCEP) US are incorporated in the model development. Minimum surface temperature forecast models are developed by using data for the winter period 1985–89. The models are validated using an independent dataset (winter 1994–96). It is seen that by applying PPM, rather than the classical method, the model's forecast accuracy is improved by about 10% (correct to within ± 2 °C). Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society.
A new intensity‐scale approach for the verification of spatial precipitation forecasts
Authors: Casati B. , Ross G. , Stephenson D. B. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA new intensity‐scale method for verifying spatial precipitation forecasts is introduced. The technique provides a way of evaluating the forecast skill as a function of precipitation rate intensity and spatial scale of the error. Six selected case studies of the UK Met Office now‐casting system NIMROD are used to illustrate the method.The forecasts are assessed using the Mean Squared Error (MSE) skill score of binary images, obtained from the forecasts and analyses by thresholding at different precipitation rate intensities. The skill score is decomposed on different spatial scales using a two‐dimensional discrete Haar wavelet decomposition of binary error images. The forecast skill can then be evaluated in terms of precipitation rate intensity and spatial scale.The technique reveals that loss of forecast skill in NIMROD is predominantly due to small spatial scale (<40 km) errors of more intense events. The technique is capable of isolating specific intensity‐scale errors for individual cases. As an example, in one of the case studies the displacement error of an incorrectly advected storm is well detected by a minimum negative skill score occurring at the 160 km spatial scale for thresholds between 1/2 and 4 mm/h. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society.
On the use of advanced Doppler radar techniques to determine horizontal wind fields for operational weather surveillance
Authors: Friedrich Katja , Hagen Martin 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to show how already existing Doppler radar information, provided, for example, by the German Weather Service's (DWD) radar network, can be combined to wind vector fields using multiple‐Doppler techniques. At the same time, an alternative to monostatic multiple‐Doppler measurements, called a bistatic Doppler radar network, is introduced to measure wind velocity within areas which are not covered by the multiple‐Doppler technique or where wind fields close to the earth's surface are required. Advantages, disadvantages, principles and measurement characteristics of the two systems are specified. Additionally, a recommendation is given to arrange each instrument optimally within the network in order to measure wind velocities close to the ground over large areas with high spatial resolution and low error variance. Both systems are applicable either to derive wind fields throughout weather radar networks as shown using the DWD weather radar network, or to act as the basis for weather warning and advisory systems in operation, for instance, at Frankfurt/Main International Airport. Concepts for both applications are given. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society.
Adaptive Kalman filtering of 2‐metre temperature and 10‐metre wind‐speed forecasts in Iceland
Authors: Crochet Philippe 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIn this paper, an adaptive Kalman filtering procedure is developed and applied to 2‐metre temperature and 10‐metre wind‐speed forecasts in Iceland. The goal is to reduce the systematic bias and improve the accuracy of the local forecasts derived from a numerical weather prediction model and, in addition, to produce reliable prediction intervals. The method consists of adding two algorithms to the traditional Kalman filter procedure that adaptively estimate the noise statistics individually at each forecast location and each time step. The tested data set shows that the method is able to remove the systematic errors and to quantify the prediction uncertainty in a consistent manner. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society.
Time on the Stage
Authors: Magnus Erica 
Published: June 2004

AbstractTime on the Stage - in its most pedestrian sense, the interval between an actor's entrance and exit - has also had a long history as a metaphor for an individual human life. More broadly, the theatre's imaginative conflation with the world at large, a notion of the "theatre of the world," was prevalent to the point of cliché from the Middle Ages through the eighteenth century. Apart from well-worn analogy, does the detached time/space of performance have any salient relationship with quotidian experience? This study engages two moments in Western theatre history, Greece in the seventh to the fifth centuries B.C.E. when theatre first appeared, and the Middle Ages, when it reappeared in the practices of the Catholic Church after several centuries of ostensible absence. The analysis suggests that theatrical praxis emerges in response to psychic needs engendered by profound changes in notions of time and space and that performance itself, is ultimately a chronotopic technology which is mensural in nature. In the historicized stage setting and in the temporally coded body of the actor, time is found to be very much on the stage.
Misuses of Physical Models In Understanding Time
Authors: Kincanon Eric 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis paper argues that a misuse of physical models has led to hasty conclusions about the metaphysical nature of time. After an introduction to the philosophical structure of scientific inquiry, examples from Special Relativity and Time Asymmetry demonstrate these errors. The purpose of this paper is to call into question whether physical models can be used to gain insight into metaphysical issues.
Living-Time and Lived Time: Rereading St. Augustine
Authors: Barreau Hervé 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA rereading of St. Augustine's treatise about time (Confessions, chap. 13-28) is useful to interpret the phenomenology of time espoused by authors such Husserl, Heidegger, and Merleau-Ponty. But it is also useful to recall McTaggart's paradox which stems from the same point that characterizes Augustinian analyses: the distinction of past, present, future. Only with a clear understanding of the insufficiency of this point of departure to capture the basic properties of time as a structure of becoming or change can an analysis be justified to go from the point of view of lived time (in the sense of consciously experienced time) to the point of view of living-time.
IN SEARCH OF A MEDITERRANEAN BASE: THE ORDER OF ST. JOHN AND RUSSIA'S GREAT POWER PLANS DURING THE RULE OF TSAR PETER THE GREAT AND TSARINA CATHERINE II
Authors: Freller Thomas 
Published: June 2004

AbstractRossiya yest' yevropeyskaya derzhava ("Russia is a European power") was Tsarina Catherine II's credo and program, a logical continuation of the policy of Tsar Peter the Great. Malta and the Order of St. John played an important role in Catherine's plan: the island of the knights was to serve as a bridgehead for a permanent Russian presence in the Mediterranean. Already in 1698 Tsar Peter had sent delegations and diplomats to Hospitaller Malta to negotiate a Russo-Maltese alliance against the Ottomans. In the 1760s a Russian chargé d'affaires was installed in Malta and the famous fleet of the Order was used by Russian officers for training, and in 1768 a plan was drawn up for a joint Russo-Maltese naval attack on the Greek mainland. But such moves must have brought about the united opposition of the Mediterranean powers as well as of that of the British. Even in such a "holy war" against their infidel archenemy, which would have been in perfect accord with its statutes, the Order of St. John could no longer act freely. Officially, France remained the main protector of the Order's neutrality, so until the end of the Ancien régime the Order did not risk an open alliance with Russia. In the long run, however, Tsarina Catherine's insistence had paved the way for extremely close Russo-Maltese relations to come when her son Paul became tsar and even was proclaimed as the new grand master of the Order of Malta.
The Therapeutic Relationship in the Treatment of Severe Mental Illness: A Review of Methods and Findings
Authors: McCabe Rosemarie , Priebe Stefan 
Published: June 2004

Aims: To review the methods and findings from studies of the therapeutic relationship (TR) in the treatment of severe mental illness. Method: A literature search was conducted to identify all studies that used an operationalised measurement of the TR in the treatment of severe mental illness. Results: Fifteen scales–the majority of which were developed for psychotherapy–and the expressed emotion index have been used. Most scales have acceptable internal, inter-rater and test–retest reliability. As none of the scales has been used in more than five studies, no single scale is widely established in psychiatric research. A more positive relationship consistently predicts a better short-and long-term outcome. It appears that a large global factor accounts for the greatest proportion of the variance in the therapeutic relationship. Conclusions: The therapeutic relationship is a reliable predictor of patient outcome in mainstream psychiatric care. Valid assessments may need to take account of different, specific aspects of the relationship in psychiatric settings such as greater heterogeneity of treatment components and goals, increased variability of setting and the statutory responsibility of the clinician. Methodological progress may require conceptual work to ensure valid assessments of this central element of treatment.
Sex Roles and Marital Adjustment in Indian Couples
Authors: Isaac Rathna , Shah Anisha 
Published: June 2004

Background: Marital theorists suggest a link between sex role differences and close relationships for men and women. Marriage is often a context for the activation and expression of sex roles. As marital adjustment is influenced by complementarity of roles between husband and wife, the same could hold true for sex roles as well. Aim: To study the relationship between sex roles and marital adjustment in Indian couples. Methods: The sample consisted of 20 distressed and 20 non-distressed couples from a marital and family therapy centre in the city of Bangalore, India. The measures used included a sociodemographic data sheet, the Dyadic Adjustment Scale, the Bem Sex Role Inventory and a semi-structured interview schedule for gendered experiences. Means, percentages and ANOVAS were used to analyse statistically the data. Content analysis was applied on material from the semistructured interview schedule. Results: The study revealed that: (a) the group as a whole showed greater femininity than masculinity; (b) more non-distressed individuals show high androgyny; (c) androgynous dyads show better marital adjustment; and (d) qualitative analysis suggests a trend for couples to move towards more gender-neutral constructions of marriage. Conclusions: The results indicate a link between androgyny and marital adjustment. The results also suggest the type of match between dyads.
Ftors Associated with Hopelessness: A Population Study
Authors: Haatainen Kaisa , Tanskanen Antti , Kylmaä Jari , Honkalampi Kirsi , Koivumaa-Honkanen Heli , Hintikka Jukka , Viinamaki Heimo 
Published: June 2004

Background: Hopelessness is associated with depression and suicidality in clinical as well as in non-clinical populations. However, data on the prevalence of hopelessness and the associated factors in general population are exiguous. Aims: To assess the prevalence and the associated factors of hopelessness in a general population sample. Methods: The random population sample consisted of 1722 subjects. The study questionnaires included the Beck Hopelessness Scale (HS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and Life Satisfaction Scale (LS). Results: Eleven percent of the subjects reported at least moderate hopelessness. A poor financial situation (OR 3.64), poor subjective health (OR 2.87) and reduced working ability (OR 2.67) independently associated with hopelessness. Moreover, the likelihood of moderate or severe hopelessness was significantly increased in subjects dissatisfied with life (OR 5.99), with depression (OR 4.86), with alexithymia (OR 2.37) and with suicidal ideation (OR 1.85). Conclusions: This study demonstrated a moderately high prevalence of hopelessness at the population level. Hopelessness appears to be an important indicator of low subjective well-being in the general population that health care personnel should pay attention to.
Differences between Indigenous Samis and Norwegians in Mental Disorders and Background Factors: Patients Listed as Under Treatment at the DPS–Lakselv (County District Psychiatric Centre), Finnmark, Spring 2000
Authors: Trosell Per-Olov 
Published: June 2004

Background: Earlier comparisons of adult Samis and Norwegians living within the same area are–thus far–unknown concerning mental well being/health and possible background factors. Aim: To compare patients from the two communities in search of differences which may be useful in planning health services. Method: Retrospective and anonymised data collected from journals. Comprises 48 ‘Samis’ and 70 ‘Norwegians’ in 108 ‘demographic cells’ according to ethnicity, sex, municipality, education and age. Results: ‘Samis’ rated higher in schizophrenia/psychosis (0.05 < p < 0.1) and crises (0.1 < p < 0.25), ‘Norwegians’ rated higher in anxiety disorders (0.001 < p < 0.005), low self-esteem (0.005 < p < 0.01), illegal drugs (0.01 < p < 0.025) and in identity/existential problems (0.1 < p< 0.25). ‘Samis’ appeared to have suffered more at provincial boarding schools (0.005 < p < 0.01), while ‘Norwegians’ presented more mental illnesses in their families (0.025 < p < 0.05), more family break-ups (0.05 < p < 0.1) and earlier alcohol/drug abuse (0.05 < p< 0.1). Conclusion: Significant differences were found. ‘In the black box’ results will raise interesting questions for further research, but will also be useful for planning health services.
Household Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity in Cambodia
Authors: Dubois Vincent , Tonglet René , Hoyois Philippe , Sunbaunat Ka , Roussaux Jean-Paul , Hauff Edvard 
Published: June 2004

Aims: To estimate the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms in the Kampong Cham province and to determine the association between these symptoms and an impaired social functioning. Methods: Cross-sectional cluster sample survey conducted among adults randomly selected within 50 clusters distributed over the province. Results: Of the respondents, 42.4% reported symptoms that met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition criteria for depression, 53% displayed high anxiety symptoms and 7.3% met posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) criteria. Posttraumatic symptoms of intrusion and avoidance were present in 47.8% and 45.4% respectively. When reviewing comorbidities, 29.2% had depression and anxiety symptoms, 16.5% anxiety symptoms, 6.1% depression and 7.1% had triple comorbidity (PTSD, depression and anxiety). Regarding social functioning, 25.3% reported being socially impaired. Respondents with comorbid symptoms for depression, anxiety and PTSD were associated with an increased risk for social impairment compared with others. Being over 65 years and having experienced violent events were other factors associated with social impairment. Conclusion: Five years after the return of a more stable context in Cambodia, the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms in the community remains high. In addition, these symptoms are strongly associated with social impairment. This suggests that beyond psychosocial programs, the implementation of adapted clinical psychiatric care should be considered as a priority.