bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Reexamination of the Relationship between Electrofishing Catch Rate and Age-0 Walleye Density in Northern Wisconsin Lakes
Authors: Hansen Michael J. , Newman Steven P. , Edwards Clayton J. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
We quantified the relationship between the population density (number/acre) of age-0 walleyes Sander vitreus (formerly Stizostedion vitreum) and electrofishing catch per effort (CPE; number/mi) in 19 Wisconsin lakes to update a 1982 analysis by Serns, who used linear regression through the origin to develop a model from a small data set that has been widely used to estimate age-0 walleye density from electrofishing CPE. We added new data, explicitly tested for the linearity of the relationship, and accounted for the effect of measurement errors. We found that electrofishing CPE was nonlinearly related to the population density of age-0 walleyes, which indicated that the catchability of age-0 walleyes to electrofishing declined with population density. The measurement errors in electrofishing CPE were more than nine times as great as those in age-0 walleye population density, so that the parameters of the relationship between electrofishing CPE and age-0 walleye density were accurately estimated by ordinary-least-squares linear regression. Among lakes, the variation in the catchability of age-0 walleyes to electrofishing was positively related to the variation in specific conductivity but not to the variation in other physical features (shoreline complexity or littoral area) or chemical features (alkalinity or pH). Within lakes, the variation in the catchability of age-0 walleyes to electrofishing was negatively related to the variation in temperature at the time of sampling. We recommend that electrofishing CPE only be used as a crude index of age-0 walleye population density.
Ontogenetic Shifts in Habitat and Diet of Cutthroat Trout in Lake Washington, Washington
Authors: Nowak Gretchen M. , Tabor Roger A. , Warner Eric J. , Fresh Kurt L. , Quinn Thomas P. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Salmonids often display a series of ontogenetic shifts in habitat, and these may also be associated with changes in diet. For example, adfluvial populations rear in streams for several years and then migrate to lakes. The patterns of habitat use, trophic ecology, and movements of such populations are commonly studied during the riverine stages. The lacustrine period is typically less well known, but salmonids may play an important ecological role as lake piscivores. In Lake Washington, Seattle, Washington, cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki are a top native piscivore and may affect the dynamics of the fish and zooplankton upon which they prey. Our objective was to study the growth, diet, and size distribution of cutthroat trout in littoral and limnetic habitats of Lake Washington, with emphasis on consumption of two of the lake's dominant pelagic planktivores: juvenile sockeye salmon O. nerka and longfin smelt Spirinchus thaleichthys. Cutthroat trout entered the lake at approximately age 2. As they grew larger, the cutthroat trout became increasingly piscivorous and tended to occupy the limnetic zone after they reached about 250 mm fork length (FL). Specifically, percentages (by wet weight) of fish in the diet of cutthroat trout increased from 22.5% for cutthroat trout smaller than 200 mm FL to over 95% for cutthroat trout larger than 400 mm FL. Fish made up a higher percentage of cutthroat trout diets in fall and winter in both the limnetic and littoral zones, and a greater proportion of fish was consumed in the limnetic zone than in the littoral zone. Variation in diet was observed among years (1995–2000), apparently reflecting the relative abundance of longfin smelt. The role of cutthroat trout both as the object of recreational fisheries and as a predator on sockeye salmon (valued in commercial and recreational fisheries) complicates management of this large, urban lake.
Effect of Triplicate Prescription Policy on Benzodiazepine Administration in Nursing Home Residents
Authors: VanHaaren Anne M. , Lapane Kate L. , Hughes Carmel M. 
Published: June 2004

Objective. To estimate the effect of a triplicate prescription policy on administration of benzodiazepines and possible substitute drugs in nursing home residents during 1994–1995.Design. Retrospective cross‐sectional study.Setting. Medicare‐ and Medicaid‐certified nursing homes in five states: New York, which has a policy requiring triplicate prescription forms for certain drugs, and four states without such a policy.Subjects. A total of 211,177 nursing home residents.Measurements and Main Results. Data were collected using the Minimum Data Set; logistic regression provided an estimated effect of the policy on prescribing benzodiazepines. We also estimated possible substitute drugs for benzodiazepines (e.g., barbiturates, antidepressants, antipsychotics, and miscellaneous sedative‐hypnotics) while adjusting simultaneously for potential confounders. New York nursing home residents were less likely to be receiving benzodiazepine therapy than those in nonpolicy states (odds ratio 0.42; 95% confidence interval 0.41–0.44). No increases occurred in administration of benzodiazepine substitute drugs in New York versus states without a triplicate prescription policy.Conclusion. Policy did affect prescription and administration of benzodiazepines in nursing homes in states with versus without a triplicate prescription policy. Lack of substitution with other drugs makes it unclear whether overprescribing occurred in states without a policy, or undertreatment occurred in the state with a policy.
An Institution‐Specific Heparin Titration Nomogram: Development, Validation, and Assessment of Compliance
Authors: Sherman Deb S. , Clarke Susan H. , Lefkowitz Jerry B. , Valuck Robert J. , Lindenfeld JoAnn , Stringer Kathleen A. 
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To develop, validate, and assess compliance with a heparin titration nomogram.Design. Prospective, open‐label trial.Setting. University teaching hospital.Subjects. Patients admitted with heart failure who required therapy with intravenous unfractionated heparin.Intervention. An in vitro concentration‐response was determined by measuring activated partial thromboplastin times (aPTTs) on normal pooled plasma containing known concentrations of heparin. The therapeutic aPTT range was determined from the concentration‐response by using the therapeutic heparin concentration range of 0.2–0.4 U/ml (protamine neutralization). Patients were consecutively enrolled, and therapy was managed by using the heparin titration nomogram. Paired aPTT‐heparin concentrations were obtained, and nomogram validation was performed by comparing the in vitro and the ex vivo concentration‐responses with use of linear regression. Nomogram compliance also was assessed.Measurements and Main Results. The therapeutic aPTT ranges based on in vitro and ex vivo data were determined to be 45–72 seconds and 47–61 seconds, respectively. The ranges were significantly different (p<0.001). Overall compliance with the nomogram was 88%.Conclusion. These results confirm that, even in a relatively homogeneous disease‐state patient population, in vitro data do not accurately predict ex vivo data. If in vitro data are used to develop an institution‐specific nomogram, a validation procedure should be used to ensure accuracy. Although 100% compliance to a nomogram may not be attainable, it should be expected. Therefore, a compliance rate of 88% is concerning and suggests a need for increased nursing and physician education.
Efficacy of Metoclopramide in Postoperative Ileus after Exploratory Laparotomy
Authors: Seta Maria L. , Kale‐Pradhan Pramodini B. 
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To assess the efficacy of metoclopramide for treatment of postoperative ileus in patients who underwent exploratory laparatomy.Design. Prospective observational study.Setting. Surgical intensive care unit (SICU).Patients. Thirty‐two patients who underwent exploratory laparatomy.Intervention. Sixteen patients received metoclopramide, and 16 did not. The primary outcome was time to first postoperative bowel movement. Secondary end points were length of stay (LOS) in the SICU and total hospital LOS.Measurements and Main Results. The mean number of days to first bowel movement was nearly identical for both the treatment group and control group (4.8 vs 4.7 days, respectively, p=0.93). Length of stay in the SICU was 8.3 days for the treatment group and 8.6 days for the control group (p=0.89), and total LOS was 18.0 and 20.1 days, respectively (p=0.63).Conclusion. The time to first bowel movement was not significantly different between the treatment and control groups. Also, metoclopramide did not decrease LOS. Metoclopramide does not have a role in the treatment of postoperative ileus.
Hematologic and Chemical Changes Observed during and after Cardiac Arrest in a Canine Model—A Pilot Study
Authors: Bleske Barry E. , Song Jessica , Chow Moses S. S. , Kluger Jeffrey , White C. Michael 
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To evaluate the effect of cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) on blood chemistry in a canine model.Design. Evaluative canine animal study.Setting. Animal laboratory accredited by the Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animals.Subjects. Twenty‐six adult mongrel dogs.Intervention. The dogs underwent an episode of induced fibrillatory cardiac arrest for 3 minutes followed by 10 minutes of standard CPR. Blood samples were taken at baseline (before cardiac arrest), after 10 minutes of ventricular fibrillation, and 10 minutes after successful resuscitation for determination of blood chemistries and hematologic parameters.Measurements and Main Results. Glucose, blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, uric acid, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, protein, albumin, cholesterol, triglycerides, iron, white blood cell count, red blood cell count, and hematocrit were measured. Significant changes (p<0.05) in values obtained during CPR versus baseline values were noted for all laboratory parameters except blood urea nitrogen, chloride, and alkaline phosphatase. Eighteen dogs achieved return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC); their laboratory values were obtained after CPR. Significant changes (p<0.05) after ROSC compared with baseline were noted for all laboratory values except chloride, blood urea nitrogen, uric acid, alkaline phosphatase, glucose, potassium, calcium, triglycerides, iron, red blood cell count, and hematocrit.Conclusion. Results indicate that significant changes in blood chemistries and hematologic parameters occur during and after CPR. Clinicians should note these normal laboratory parameter changes when interpreting laboratory data in patients who experience cardiac arrest.
Effects of Metronidazole on Hepatic CYP3A4 Activity
Authors: Haas Curtis E. , Kaufman David C. , DiCenzo Robert C. 
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To evaluate the effect of a short course of oral metronidazole, commonly used for bowel‐preparation regimens, on hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 activity, as measured by the [14C N‐methyl]‐erythromycin breath test (ERMBT) in healthy volunteers.Design. Prospective, nonrandomized, interventional study.Setting. University‐affiliated, community, teaching hospital.Subjects. Five healthy male volunteers.Intervention. Subjects underwent a baseline ERMBT in the morning before receiving three oral doses of metronidazole 500 mg administered at 3 p.m., 7 p.m., and 11 p.m. Repeat ERMBTs were performed at 24, 72, and 96 hours after the initial ERMBT. Changes in ERMBT values were compared with baseline results using Freidman's repeated‐measures analysis of variance on ranks.Measurements and Main Results. The ERMBT values did not change significantly compared with baseline (p=0.82). Median (range) ERMBT values expressed as a percentage of baseline at 24, 72, and 96 hours were 110.3 (96.2–136.9), 101.3 (99.3–115.0), and 101.8 (95.5–116.3), respectively.Conclusion. A short course of oral metronidazole does not result in a significant change in hepatic CYP3A4 activity as measured by the ERMBT.
Assessment of a Community Pharmacy‐Based Program for Patients with Asthma
Authors: Cordina Maria , McElnay James C. 
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To implement and assess a community‐based pharmaceutical care program for patients with asthma.Design. Prospective, randomized, controlled trial.Setting. Community pharmacies (11 control, 11 intervention) in Malta.Patients. Community‐dwelling patients with asthma.Interventions. A comprehensive asthma education and monitoring program was implemented. Intervention patients received verbal counseling, an educational video, an information leaflet, and subsequent monitoring with reinforcement; control patients received routine dispensing services.Measurements and Main Results. Parameters assessed at baseline and at 4, 8, and 12 months were health‐related quality of life, peak expiratory flow (PEF), inhaler technique, compliance with therapy, hospitalization rates, days lost from work, asthma symptoms, and patient satisfaction. Health‐related quality of life of the intervention patients improved at 12 months (p=0.044). In the same time period, PEF significantly decreased in control patients compared with intervention patients (p=0.009) whereas inhaler technique improved in the intervention group (p=0.021). There were significantly fewer self‐reported hospitalizations in intervention patients.Conclusions. A community‐based pharmaceutical care program was appreciated by the participants and had a positive impact on the vitality of patients with asthma, inhaler technique, and PEF.
In Vitro Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Single Daily Dosing versus Conventional Dosing of Gentamicin Administered with Penicillin Against Enterococcus faecalis
Authors: Ross Gigi H. , Hovde Laurie Baeker , Ibrahim Yasir H. , Rotschafer John C. 
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To compare the effectiveness of single daily dosing (SDD) versus conventional dosing of gentamicin when administered with penicillin to treat enterococcal infections.Design. In vitro pharmacodynamic model.Setting. Hospital laboratory.Measurements and Main Results. A 24‐hour in vitro pharmacodynamic model was employed to simulate SDD and 3 times/day dosing of gentamicin, in conjunction with continuously infused penicillin, against Enterococcus faecalis. Duplicate 24‐hour kill curves were generated with varying concentrations of penicillin and gentamicin alone and in combination. No difference in the rate of kill was seen between any combination of penicillin and gentamicin. Regrowth occurred only with drug combinations in which penicillin was administered continuously at the minimum inhibitory concentration. Variations in the gentamicin dosing regimen did not affect regrowth.Conclusion. In the treatment of enterococcal infections, an SDD regimen for gentamicin shows no efficacy benefit compared with conventional dosing.
Effectiveness and Infant Acceptance of the Rx Medibottle versus the Oral Syringe
Authors: Kraus Donna M. , Stohlmeyer Leslie A. , Hannon Patricia R. , Freels Sally A. 
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To compare the effectiveness and infant acceptance of drug delivery of the Rx medibottle with the standard oral syringe.Design. Prospective open‐label, randomized, crossover clinical study.Setting. General pediatric outpatient clinic at an urban university.Subjects. Thirty healthy, bottle‐fed infants, aged 2–14 months, receiving routine vaccinations.Intervention. Each infant received a single dose of acetaminophen (Tempra syrup), with one‐half delivered by the Rx medibottle and one‐half delivered with an oral syringe.Measurements and Main Results. Three raters independently evaluated effectiveness and infant acceptance of each drug‐delivery device. Effectiveness was based on the percentage of infants receiving 100% of the intended dose. Infant acceptance was scored using a validated infant medication acceptance scale (MAS, 10 = highest level). Significantly more infants received 100% of the intended dose with the Rx medibottle (93.3%) than with the oral syringe (56.7%, p=0.0074). Infants had a significantly higher mean MAS score when using the Rx medibottle (8.3 ± 1.8 vs 7.3 ± 1.7, p=0.002). In addition, a significantly higher percentage had ideal MAS scores of 9 or above with the Rx medibottle (73%) compared with the oral syringe (17%, p=0.0001).Conclusion. The Rx medibottle was more effective and had a higher level of infant acceptance than the oral syringe. Although further studies are necessary, this suggests that the Rx medibottle may be a better method of delivering liquid drug and may increase infant adherence.
Evaluation of Electrocardiographic and Hemodynamic Effects of Caffeine with Acute Dosing in Healthy Volunteers
Authors: Ammar Rabab , Song Jessica C. , Kluger Jeffrey , White C. Michael 
Published: June 2004

Study Objective. To evaluate the effects of moderate, single‐dose caffeine consumption on electrocardiographic variables: PR, QRS, QT, QTc, and RR intervals, and QT and QTc interval dispersion. Effects of caffeine on blood pressure and heart rate also were evaluated.Design. Randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossover study.Setting. University school of pharmacy.Patients. Ten healthy volunteers aged 17 years or older.Intervention. Participants abstained from caffeinated products for at least 2 days before the study began and were randomly designated to receive placebo or caffeine 400 mg on various days. For each of the study phases, a baseline 12‐lead electrocardiogram (ECG) was performed and a subsequent 12‐lead ECG performed 3 hours after ingesting the study drug. Blood pressure readings were taken with each ECG.Measurements and Main Results. No significant changes in any intragroup or intergroup electrocardiographic variables occurred. Caffeine increased blood pressure (systolic blood pressure [SBP]/diastolic blood pressure [DBP]) from 118 ± 5/75 ± 6 mm Hg to 128 ± 8/77 ± 7 mm Hg versus baseline (p=0.0022 and p=0.0368 for SBP and DBP, respectively). After drug dosing, SBP in the caffeine group was significantly higher than in the placebo group (128 ± 8 mm Hg versus 119 ± 7 mm Hg, p=0.0174).Conclusion. Moderate caffeine consumption by healthy young adults does not acutely affect PR, QRS, QT, QTc, and RR intervals, or QT and QTc interval dispersion. Caffeine‐naïve subjects experienced persistent elevations in SBP and DBP 3 hours after caffeine ingestion, indicating that longer caffeine abstinence than that which is recommended is necessary for blood pressure determination in the clinical setting.
Nasopharyngoscopy in Robin Sequence: Clinical and Predictive Value
Authors: de Sousa Telma Vidotto , Marques Ilza Lazarini , Carneiro Araken Fernando , Bettiol Heloisa , de Souza Freitas JoséAlberto 
Published: June 2004

Objective To correlate nasopharyngoscopic findings with clinical manifestations during the first month of life and study the course of respiratory obstruction during the first year in infants with Robin sequence (RS). Design A longitudinal prospective study of children with RS. Setting Hospital de Reabilitação de Anomalias Craniofaciais, University of São Paulo, Bauru-SP, Brazil, 1998 to 2000. Patients Fifty-six children were studied from the age of 1 month to 12 months. Interventions The type of respiratory obstruction was defined by nasopharyngoscopy. Patients for whom glossoptosis was the only mechanism of respiratory obstruction were classified as having mild, moderate, or severe glossoptosis by nasopharyngoscopy and as mild, moderate, or severe cases with respect to the clinical manifestations. Results Forty-two (75%) patients showed respiratory obstruction caused by glossoptosis; seven (43.7%) of these infants with mild clinical manifestations showed moderate glossoptosis during the first month of life and five (31.3%) presented severe glossoptosis; 10 (45.5%) of the infants with severe clinical manifestations showed moderate and 11 (50.0%) severe glossoptosis. At 12 months of age, glossoptosis was mild or absent in 83.3% of the patients, moderate in 14.3% and severe in 2.4%. Conclusions A poor correlation between the severity of glossoptosis and the severity of clinical manifestations was observed for patients with respiratory obstruction caused by glossoptosis during the first month of life, but the correlation between glossoptosis and respiratory distress according to age was statistically significant. Nasopharyngoscopy is not a good method for predicting the severity of the clinical course of respiratory obstruction caused by glossoptosis.
Management of Craniofacial Development in the Parry-Romberg Syndrome: Report of Two Patients
Authors: Grippaudo Cristina , Deli Roberto , Grippaudo Francesca Romana , Di Cuia Tiziana , Paradisi Mauro 
Published: June 2004

Objective The aim of this article is to describe the orthodontic therapy for Parry-Romberg syndrome. The therapeutic goal is to minimize the wasting effects of progressive atrophy on facial development of a part of the face. Design To correct problems affecting craniofacial development of these patients, occurring during puberty, an orthodontic appliance was employed, which helps maintain parallelism of the facial planes, in particular the mandibular plane. Setting Orthodontic care was carried out in the Dental Clinic of the Catholic University of the Sacred Heart of Rome. Intervention Two patients underwent orthodontic therapy for 6 years. Appliances were checked every month and modified periodically so as to adapt to facial bone growth. Results At the end of craniofacial growth, the mandible was almost symmetric and the problem relating to atrophy remained confined to the initial area. Cephalometric analyses demonstrated that the occlusal plane and the mandibular plane maintained a straight orientation in relation to the bizygomatic plane. The ratio between the left and right side of the ramus and condyle, in the mandible, improved. Conclusions The use of orthodontic therapy allows patients affected by hemifacial progressive atrophy to present a more harmonic face at the end of puberty when final reconstruction can be planned. These results provide for a limitation of surgical intervention to the sclerodermic area alone.
Nasalance Scores for Normal-Speaking Irish Children
Authors: Sweeney Triona , Sell Debbie , O'Regan Myra 
Published: June 2004

Objective To obtain normal nasalance values during the production of a standardized speech sample for Irish children and determine whether significantly different scores exist for different speech stimuli for female and male speakers. Design Mean nasalance scores were obtained for normal-speaking children during the repetition of 16 test sentences that were categorized according to consonant type within the sentences (high-pressure consonants, low-pressure consonants, nasal consonants). Participants Seventy children (36 girls and 34 boys, aged 4 years 11 months to 13 years) with normal articulation, resonance, and voice were included. Procedures Children repeated each of the 16 test sentences individually. The sentences were presented in groups according to consonant type, referred to as sentence categories. Data were collected and analyzed using the Kay nasometer (model 6200.3). Nasalance scores were obtained for the total speech sample and each sentence category. Data were statistically analyzed to investigate the effects of gender, sentence category, and gender by sentence category. Results Normative nasalance scores were obtained for the total speech sample (26%), high-pressure consonant sentences (14%), low-pressure consonant sentences (16%), and a nasal consonant sentence (51%). There was no significant difference in nasalance scores between male and female speakers. Significant differences were found between each sentence category (p ≤ .001), except between the high-pressure and low-pressure consonant sentence categories (p = .09). Conclusion The present study provides normative nasalance data for English-speaking Irish children. There was a significant difference between nasalance scores for different speech stimuli.