bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychological Profile of Somatizing Patients Attending the Integrative Clinic
Authors: Dickson Lesley R. , Hays Lon R. , Kaplan Craig , Scherl Eileen , Abbott Susan , Schmitt Frederick 
Published: May 2005

Objective: A clinic to evaluate and treat referred somatizing patients was established in the medicine clinic of a university medical center. Method: Fifty-four patients were evaluated and compared to an age- and sex-matched non-somatizing patient group. Results: Somatizing patients had increased rates of psychiatric and alcohol and substance abuse histories. Somatizing patients scored high on all subscales of the SCL-90 and were most frequently found in the Anxious/Moody Cluster of the MBHI. These patients also endorsed highly beliefs in medical problems as a focus of their lives. Conclusions: These patients' psychological beliefs set the stage for conflict in the medical setting. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to liaison clinics, early identification, and treatment approaches.
Training in Psychological Medicine: An Attempt to Assess Tavistock Clinic Seminars
Authors: Bacal Howard A. 
Published: May 2005

In recent years there have been a number of attempts to evaluate the effects of postgraduate training seminars in psychological medicine for primary physicians. All of these studies agree in one respect–the enormously complex task of choosing meaningful criteria for assessment. This paper describes a pilot project in which twelve pre-seminar and twelve post-seminar doctors were interviewed. Analysis of the data suggests two general criteria which reflect a “limited though considerable change” in the personality of the doctor: (1) the doctor engages in work commensurate with his limits and he makes appropriate use of available consultant help; and (2) the interference by his own psychopathology in his work is minimal. The study also suggests that seminar work promotes this kind of limited personal change in the doctor, and that improvement on these criteria may be necessary for the maintenance of skills gained in seminars. Implications for training and for further research are discussed.
Religious Practice and Depression among Geriatric Home Care Patients
Authors: Milstein Glen , Bruce Martha L. , Gargon Nina , Brown Ellen , Raue Patrick J. , McAvay Gail 
Published: May 2005

Objective: To examine the relationship between religious practice and depression in a sample of geriatric patients receiving homecare nursing services. Methods: Patients were sampled weekly for six months from all those aged 65 to 102, and newly enrolled in a visiting nurse agency ( N = 130). Depression was assessed by home interviews using the SCID and HRSD. Patients reported their religious service participation prior to receiving homecare and currently. Health status, disability, pain, social support and history of depression were also assessed. Results: The current prevalence of DSM-IV Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) was significantly greater ( p < .05), and depressive symptoms were more severe ( p < .02), among those persons who had not attended religious services prior to receiving homecare. Logistic regression demonstrated that the effect of religious attendance remained significant when controlling for health status, disability, pain, social support and history of depression. A subsequent analysis compared three groups of patients. They were those who had: 1) Not attended religious services; 2) Stopped attending since homecare; 3) Continued attending. Data demonstrated significantly decreasing prevalence of MDD ( p < .03) across the groups. Conclusions: Prevalence of DSM-IV Major Depressive Disorder and the severity of depressive symptoms were significantly lower among homecare patients who attend religious services. Because a large proportion of persons stop attending religious services after initiating homecare, it is suggested that visitation by clergy may improve depressive symptoms for these patients.
Improving Reading Instruction through Newer Media
Authors: Sleeman Phillip J. 
Published: May 2005

This author states that early man's fears and distrust of fellow man are basic phenomena, which he postulates were caused by lack of communication—a complex process requiring intelligence and understanding. Methods of classroom communication determine the amount of learning by students. Audiovisual materials used in conjunction with proven teaching methods interact with perceptor sensory mechanisms through which learning is accomplished. Various kinds of audiovisual aids are compared and assessed: chalkboards, the overhead projector and programmed learning are discussed at length but author states much research is still needed before definitive conclusions can be drawn.
Epidemiological Studies in Psychosomatic Medicine
Authors: Eastwood M. R. 
Published: May 2005

The epidemiological triad of host, agent and environment used conceptually in infectious disease may serve as a model for psychosomatic disorders, despite the involvement of many more variables. There are major problems with diagnosis and measurement, however, and the term “psychosomatic” has several meanings. The two main senses are “specific” psychosomatic disorders and an ecological view of illness. The association between psychiatric and physical disorder has been examined in a variety of settings and the findings have suggested that there is a positive relationship. Despite considerable methodological and sampling difficulties in epidemiological research into psychosomatic illness, recent efforts have been made to overcome these. The results of ecological studies appear to be more consistent that those dealing with “specific” psychosomatic disorders and suggest that man has a general psychophysical propensity to disease. Although physical and mental illness do seem to be intimately linked, the reasons for “vulnerability” to illness and “clustering” of illness are obscure. The clarification of these areas appears to be the main task ahead for epidemiology in the field of psychosomatic medicine.
A Historical and Socioeconomic Analysis of Occupational Safety and Health in India
Authors: Vilanilam J. V. 
Published: May 2005

Workers in poor countries of the so-called Third World are more likely to be affected by the dangers of high technology than their counterparts in wealthier countries. Owing to their lack of education, most workers in the “developing” world are unaware of the hazards of their occupations. Moreover, their general backwardness in sanitation and nutrition and climatic proneness of their geographic region to epidemics cause diseases contracted from the work environment to be aggravated. Occupational diseases are often misconstrued as diseases resulting from the general environment. Since unemployment in underdeveloped countries is of a very high order, workers are prepared to accept any job, irrespective of the dangers involved. Labor is cheap and easily replaceable, so employers see no need for improving occupational safety and health. Labor unions are mostly controlled by full-time politicians who consider health a political issue, especially when their party controls the country's government. The seriousness of all these factors is heightened by the existing socioeconomic order in poor countries, in which national medievalism and multinational modernism play a crucial role. In order to understand the prevailing socioeconomic order, one has to analyze the social structures of poor countries in the context of today's world economic structure. India is taken as an example of a “developing” country where all the above-mentioned factors and many others are in operation: backwardness of the worker; poor nutrition; lack of concern for public health; proneness to epidemics; an indifference on the part of employers, politicians, and unions toward occupational health; high unemployment; control of the local economy by multinational corporations; and control of the mass media by feudalistic vested interests. This article attempts to analyze the occupational health and safety issue in India from a historical perspective, and stresses the vital need of structural changes in various fields so that workers can have a safe and healthy working environment.
The Relationship between Sexual Assault, Religiosity, and Mental Health among Male Veterans
Authors: Chang Bei-Hung , Skinner Katherine M , Zhou Chunmei , Kazis Lewis E. 
Published: May 2005

Objectives: We examine the association between sexual assault, religion and mental health among male veterans. Methods: We used longitudinal data collected from 2,427 male veterans who received VA outpatient care. Sexual assault was self-reported in the questionnaire. Two dimensions of religiosity were used: organizational (frequency of religious service attendance) and subjective religiosity (the extent that religious beliefs are a source of strength or comfort). Mental health was measured by the mental component summary from the Veterans SF-36 and depression was measured by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression scale. A regression model that uses the generalized estimating equation approach for longitudinal repeated data analysis was used. Results: Based on the baseline data, 96 (4%) patients reported ever experiencing sexual assault. These patients have significantly lower levels of mental health status and higher levels of depression ( p < .001). The regression results show that this decrement in mental health and increment in depression associated with sexual assault are in lesser degrees for patients who attended religious service more frequently compared to those who never did ( p < .05). Similarly, there is a smaller magnitude of increment in depression associated with sexual assault for those who have a higher level of subjective religiosity ( p < .05). Conclusions: Although the prevalence of self reported sexual assault is low among male veterans, those who reported sexual assault experiences had lower levels of mental health status and higher levels of depression. Further, religion attenuates this association which highlights the important role religion might have in coping with this stressful life event.
Geriatric Psychiatry at the Interface of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Primary Care
Authors: Oxman Thomas E. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: This article describes the evolution of a primary care geriatric psychiatry program which serves clinical, educational, and research functions. Methods: Program development proceeded through stages of liaison using research, focusing on primary care attendings, and developing the common interest of geriatrics. Results: Collaborative research with external funding has continued. A geriatric psychiatry primary care fellowship program was established. Clinical activity is based on consultation-liaison work in nursing homes, an outpatient dementia clinic, a general hospital medical service, and the outpatient clinic. Fellows are involved in training both psychiatry and primary care residents. Conclusions: Necessary components of a successful collaboration include: 1) primary care physicians with an interest in and aptitude for psychiatric issues; 2) delivery of service and training based on an assessment of the primary care site's needs; 3) a physical presence in the primary care site.
Outcome of Risperidone Therapy in Elderly Patients with Chronic Psychosis
Authors: Sajatovic Martha , Ramirez Luis F. , Vernon Lance , Brescan Debra , Simon Michelle , Jurjus George 
Published: May 2005

Objective: This report reviews the efficacy and tolerability of risperidone therapy in elderly patients with chronic psychosis. Methods: A computer search was conducted for all patients who were sixty-five years or older at the time of risperidone therapy at the Cleveland VAMC. Data collected included psychiatric diagnosis, risperidone dosage/side effects, concurrent medications, comorbid medical diagnosis, and response to treatment. Treatment response was quantified on a graduated scale. Results: Twenty-six patients age sixty-five or older were included in this sample. Mean age of the group was 70.4 years. Mean risperidone dosage was 3.8 mg/day for a mean duration of 251 days. Eighteen of twenty-six patients (69%) had schizophrenia, two of twenty-six (8%) had schizoaffective disorder, two of twenty-six (8%) had bipolar disorder, and four of twenty-six (15%) had other psychotic disorders. Patients had a mean of 2.4 medical diagnoses in addition to their primary psychiatric diagnosis. Twenty-two of twenty-six patients (85%) had clinical improvement on risperidone, and twenty of twenty-six (77%) had improvement that was either marked or moderate. Risperidone therapy was very well tolerated in this elderly population with nineteen of twenty-six patients (73%) remaining on risperidone therapy at completion of this study. Medical illness did not appear to be worsened or complicated by risperidone therapy. Conclusion: Risperidone appears to be an effective and well tolerated antipsychotic for elderly patients with chronic psychosis.
The Care of the Dying—Whose Job is it?
Authors: Kübler-Ross Elisabeth 
Published: May 2005

Death and dying have always had deep emotional significance. But there is clearly an increasing scientific and objective interest in the process of terminal illness, dying and death, of special significance to physicians and perhaps too long avoided by them. This new interest, no doubt, is in part a reaction to medical technology's compelling contributions to medicine's life-promotion function, but perhaps also in part a profound humanitarian concern for the paradoxical life-threatening consequences of civilization's (including medicine) “progress.” Death and its vicissitudes are no longer solely the province of poets, philosophy and religion. All well-educated physicians must learn to regard death, as they do birth, as part of life. Psychiatry and medical psychology have much to contribute in this pedagogical task. The author describes one approach to a more “therapeutic” understanding and management of the dying patient and the emotional significance of the process of dying.
Genitourinary and Sexual Adverse Effects of Psychotropic Medication
Authors: Pollack Mark H. , Reiter Stewart , Hammerness Paul 
Published: May 2005

Objective: We review the adverse effects on genitourinary and sexual function associated with antidepressants, neuroleptics, lithium, and benzodiazepines, and suggest treatment strategies that may be used for their management. Method: This article is based on systematic review of the existing literature, including more than 130 relevant articles on genitourinary and sexual effects of psychotropic medications. Results: We find that genitourinary function, including effects on continence and flow, and sexual function, including libido, erection, ejaculation and orgasm, may be altered by psychotropic administration. Many of these effects may be consequent to the impact of these medications on neurophysiologic systems. Conclusions: Genitourinary and sexual adverse effects associated with psychotropic therapy are important areas of study and clinical concern that may affect patient comfort and compliance with treatment.
St. John's Wort
Authors: Field Howard L. , Monti Daniel A. , Greeson Jeffrey M. , Kunkel Elisabeth J. S. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: The objective of this article is to review the current knowledge of the pharmacology, sites of action, and therapeutic effectiveness of St. John's Wort. Method: The method used was a review of the available literature, using keywords to search the medline database. Bibliographies of the papers, thus obtained, were searched for further documents not referenced by medline. We reviewed papers from this collection. Results: This review reveals that most of the available data on efficacy and safety of St. John's Wort involve its use in mild to moderate depression. Much, but not all of the prevailing opinion is positive. Nevertheless, the quality of therapeutic trials vary so greatly that definitive conclusions are not possible. Both the source and mode of St. John's Wort's therapeutic effect are unclear. We need further controlled studies of effectiveness, safety, and mode of action. In addition to its use in depression, there are reports suggesting possible therapeutic effects in other conditions such as certain malignancies and infections, but these are far too preliminary to permit any conclusions.
Biogenic, Psychogenic, and Sociogenic Models of Adjustment to Chronic Pain: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Peyrot Mark , Moody Philip M. , Wiese H. Jean 
Published: May 2005

Objective: Based upon three models of etiology and adjustment in CLBP, predictions were made about the variables that were expected to differentiate organic and nonorganic patients, including: psychological distress (anxiety, depression, stress, alienation), pain condition and treatment, and general health. Method: Patients from a medical school orthopedic clinic with an organic ( N = 58) or a nonorganic ( N = 33) diagnosis for chronic low back pain (CLBP) were compared on medical, psychological and sociodemographic variables. Results: Nonorganic patients exhibited greater emotional distress, contrary to the biogenic model, and nonorganic patients did not exhibit more somatic complaints, contrary to the psychogenic model. Both patterns were consistent with the sociogenic model; nonorganic patients were more distressed, but not because of a greater tendency to somatize. Moreover, modeling was not supported as an explanation of the pain and distress among these patients. Conclusions: Social anomie may explain why patients without a medically diagnosable cause for their pain are more psychologically distressed.
He Who Pays the Piper: Foundations, the Medical Profession, and Medical Education Reform
Authors: Brown E. Richard 
Published: May 2005

The development of modern medical education was shaped by the medical profession's own reform strategies and by material and ideological support from the corporate class. This article examines how the Rockefeller medical philanthropies, the largest single source of funds for medical education reform from 1910 through the 1930s, forced the adoption of a specific reform—full-time clinical faculty—to make medicine serve the needs of capitalist society rather than the interests of the medical profession. Memorandums and letters from archival files demonstrate that foundation leaders believed the full-time plan would separate medical schools from the grip of practitioner-dominated medical societies, bringing all medical faculty under the control of foundations and university boards of trustees. This policy was to be a first step in rationalizing medical care and distributing the technical benefits and social-control functions of medicine to all segments of the population. The author traces the development of the full-time plan, its adoption as foundation policy, and the struggle over its implementation.
Physicians' Diagnoses of Psychiatric Disorders for People with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Authors: Torres-Harding Susan R. , Jason Leonard A. , Cane Victoria , Carrico Adam , Taylor Renee R. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: To examine rates of psychiatric diagnoses given by patients' primary or regular physicians to persons with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), persons with psychiatrically explained fatigue, and a control group. Physicians' psychiatric diagnosis and participants' self-reported psychiatric diagnoses were compared to lifetime psychiatric diagnoses as measured by a structured psychiatric interview. Method: Participants were recruited as part of a community-based epidemiology study of chronic fatigue syndrome. Medical records of 23 persons with chronic fatigue syndrome, 25 persons with psychiatrically explained chronic fatigue, and 19 persons without chronic fatigue (controls) were examined to determine whether their physician had given a diagnosis of mood, anxiety, somatoform, or psychotic disorder. Lifetime psychiatric status was measured using the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV (SCID). Participants' self reports of specific psychiatric disorders were assessed as part of a detailed medical questionnaire. Results: Physicians' diagnosis of a psychiatric illness when at least one psychiatric disorder was present ranged from 40 percent in the psychiatrically explained group, 50 percent in the control group, and 64.3 percent in the CFS group. Participants in the psychiatrically explained group were more accurate than physicians in reporting the presence of a psychiatric disorder, and in accurately reporting the presence of a mood or anxiety disorder. Conclusions: The present investigation found underrecognition of psychiatric illness by physicians, with relatively little misdiagnosis of psychiatric illness. Physicians had particular difficulty assessing psychiatric disorder in those patients whose chronic fatigue was fully explained by a psychiatric disorder. Results emphasized the importance of using participant self report as a screening for psychiatric disorder.
Religion and Death: A Test of Homans' Thesis
Authors: Leming Michael R. 
Published: May 2005

This article tests George Homans' contention that religion arouses a sense of anxiety concerning death and then alleviates the anxiety it creates. Data were collected on 372 participants who were randomly selected employing a multistage cluster sample of Northfield, Minnesota residents. Interview schedules were administered to the participants consisting of various background items, the Leming Fear of Death Scale [1] and ten items developed by Glock and Stark [2], and Faulkner and DeJong to assess religiosity [3]. Correlating religiosity scales scores with death anxiety scores and controlling for the factors of age, social class, and religious preference; a curvilinear relationship was found between the primary variables. Such evidence seems to indicate that religiosity may serve the dual function of afflicting the comforted and comforting the afflicted.
Identification and Restoration of Lapsed Skills for Primary Care Providers
Authors: Grant William D. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: Individualized educational programs based upon structured comprehensive evaluations have the highest opportunity for success in addressing the needs of physicians with lapsed skills. The purpose of this article is to describe the Physician Prescribed Educational Program (PPEP), an integrated series of programs that incorporate a formalized, structured evaluation strategy. Methods: The PPEP is structured to determine: 1) The presence of deficits which are amenable to educational remediation, 2) The likelihood that an appropriate educational program can be developed, and 3) The structure of such a program. Results: Of 300 referrals, 100 have received evaluations thus far. A wide range of deficits were addressable, although there were specific exclusions to participation. Conclusions: Administrators and others who wish to undertake these efforts should avail themselves of educational and other resources but should not expect rapid results. With careful planning and execution, these programs can provide appropriate and successful experiences for participants.