bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The fossil record of leaves with galls
Authors: Scott Andrew C , Stephenson Jonathan , Collinson Margarete 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A few scattered examples of galls on plant fossils have been reported from the late Palaeozoic and early Mesozoic. A more extensive record exists in the Cretaceous, largely coincident with the first radiation of angiosperms and the earliest fossil occurrences of several insect groups known today to induce gall formation. In the Tertiary a higher diversity of gall types arc encountered. This review incorporates new data on morphological diversity in galls from several large assemblages of Cretaceous and early Tertiary angiosperm leaves. These fossil galls have also been compared with possible modern analogues. The implications of the new evidence are briefly considered in the context of the evolution of this important plant arthropod interaction.
The Annals of Botany Lecture: ‘Regulation of leaf sucrose-phosphate synthase and nitrate reductase by reversible protein phosphorylation’
Authors: Huberl S C , Mcmichael JR R W , Bachmann M , Huber J L , Shannon J C , Kang K -K , Paul M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Leaves play an extremely important role in plant growth and development. Two of their most important functions include:1) fixation of CO2 via the reductive pentose phosphate pathway, and synthesis of a transport form of reduced-C (sucrose in the species we are studying);2) reduction of NQ3- and incorporation of NH/ into amino acids. Both sucrose and amino acids are exported from mature leaves via the phloem for translocation throughout the plant (Riens et al. 1991, 1994).
Spatial and non-spatial coding of patterns by the Honey-bee
Authors: Horridge Adrian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bees separate items in the three-dimensional world visual1y by relative motion, by colour, by range, and also by detecting global features in two dimensional patterns. They resolve a grating of period 3°-4° in daylight but when the locations of contrasts are made useless as cues by randomizing or alternating the positions of black areas, they cannot discriminate between many simple geometrical patterns.
Miniaturization in tetrapods: consequences for skull morphology
Authors: Rieppel Olivier 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Miniaturization and its consequences for skull structure in amphibians, reptiles, and mammals are reviewed. The smallest tailed tetrapod is a salamander; physiological constraints related to endothermy prevent size in mammals decreasing to the degree observed in amphibians and reptiles. With decreasing head size, the brain and sense organs increase in relative size and become dominant factors in the shaping of the skull of miniaturized tetrapods. Skull morphology may be further modified by the mode of life of the organisms, as it is in miniaturized and fossorial / burrowing tetrapods (caecilians, squamates), where physiological constraints of miniaturization (minimal size of brain and labyrinth organs) combine with adaptational needs in a radical change of skull structure. Paedomorphosis is always involved in changes of skull morphology in miniaturized lizards, but in no case is it also a sufficient explanation for all the observed modifications.
Mass extinctions
Authors: Hallam A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have seen in Chapter 2, Cuvier was the first person to recognize that certain organisms, such as the mammoth and the giant sloth, had become extinct. He went on to argue for episodes of mass extinction and in effect became the father of catastrophist thought in the early nineteenth century. Cuvier was a greatly respected figure in France and acquired a number of disciples, one of whom, d’Orbigny, introduced the concept of stage into stratigraphy on the basis of extinctions of successive faunas (see Chapter 3).
The nutrient regime
Authors: Hecky R E , Spigel R H , Coulter G W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nutrients are chemical elements essential for biological growth. Nutrients are generally considered to limit algal productivity in aquatic ecosystems when light and temperature are adequate for photosynthetic growth to proceed. In tropical lakes such as Tanganyika which are highly transparent, continuously warm and where solar radiation has little seasonality, nutrients would be expected often to limit algal growth.
Composition of the flora and fauna
Authors: Coulter G W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This checklist of the uniquely rich flora and fauna of Lake Tanganyika is bound to have many imperfections. Apart from possible sins of omission and taxonomic errors (such as of synonymy, attribution or classification), there are have been established long enough to thoroughly collect the aquatic biota at any lakeshore site, except perhaps at the IRSAC* station at Uvira, Zaire, on the north-west shore. Most other collections have been carried out on a short-term project or expedition basis. Many biotopes in the basin have not been intensively studied, particularly the benthic zone of the lake and most of the affluent rivers. Even in the most accessible region, the lake littoral, new fish species are still being discovered, and especially new colour morphs of cichlid fish. Much of the coastline remains biologically unexplored.
Structure and materials of brushless servomotors
Authors: Imagawa Hiroshi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Direct current servomotors are widely used for industrial robots, NC machine tools, and so on, owing to their superior performance as servomotors. For example, they are easy to control because the torque is generated in proportion to the current. In addition, they have high efficiency and high speed response. However, their reliability is subject to deterioration resulting from the friction caused by the mechanical contact between the brushes and the commutator. They therefore require inspection and maintenance such as cleaning and replacement of brushes. Brushless servomotors (SM type) are called brushless d.c. servomotors because their structure is different from that of d.c. servomotors. Brushless servomotors rectify current by means of a transistor, instead of a commutator used in d.c. servomotors. On the other hand, brushless servomotors are also called a.c. servomotors because brushless servomotors of synchronous type with a permanent magnet rotor detect the position of the rotational magnetic field to control the three-phase current of the armature. Then they obtain the same torque characteristic d.c. motors by making the field and the current meet at right angles.
Artificial-Intelligence-Based Electrical Machines and Drives
Authors: Vas Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recently artificial-intelligence-based techniques (fuzzy logic, neural networks, fuzzy-neural networks, genetic algorithms, etc) have received increased attention world-wide and at present two industrial drives incorporate some form of artificial intelligence. This is the first comprehensive book which discusses numerous AI applications to electrical machines and drives. The drives considered are: d.c. drives, induction motor drives, synchronous motor drives, and switched reluctance motor drives. Sensorless drives are also considered. It is essential reading for anyone interested in acquiring a solid background in AI-based electrical machines and drives. It presents a detailed and unified mathematical and physical treatment.
Elementary Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Acheson D J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The study of the dynamics of fluids is a central theme of modern applied mathematics. It is used to model a vast range of physical phenomena and plays a vital role in science and engineering. This textbook provides a clear introduction to both the theory and application of fluid dynamics, and will be suitable for all undergraduates coming to the subject for the first time. Prerequisites are few: a basic knowledge of vector calculus, complex analysis, and simple methods for solving differential equations are all that is needed. Throughout, numerous exercises (with hints and answers) illustrate the main ideas and serve to consolidate the reader's understanding of the subject. The book's wide scope (including inviscid and viscous flows, waves in fluids, boundary layer flow, and instability in flow) and frequent references to experiments and the history of the subject, ensures that this book provides a comprehensive and absorbing introduction to the mathematical study of fluid behaviour.
Further applications and extensions
Authors: Hocking Leslie M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter contains some further applications of the PMP of a more difficult nature. Now that some experience in using the PMP for simple problems has been gained, the solutions presented here are not given in as much detail as before. We also consider more general control sets and the way in which restrictions on the state variables can be included in the theory. The name given to this problem is explained by the planning of the succesful landing of a module on the surface of the Moon in the Surveyor missions of 1966. The descent of the module had to be controlled so that the landing was ‘soft’, that is, both the height of the module above the surface and its downward velocity had to be brought to zero simultaneously. Because of the limited amount of fuel that could be carried on the module, it was important to achieve the soft landing with as small an expenditure of fuel as possible. The time taken to reach the surface was of little significance. A simplified version of this problem is described and solved in this section.
What is a knot?
Authors: Hemion Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The knot problem is: given two knots, determine whether or not they are the same. But to proceed it is important to have a very precise idea about what we mean when we speak about a knot. Although most people would say that a knot is a tangled length of rope, for the topologist that would be nonsense. One need only pull the rope along its length to eventually restore it to a straight length of line. (If it has initially been pulled too tight, then some lubricating substance might be helpful!) For us then, all such tangles are equivalent to one another, and they are trivial. If the Gordian knot was not trivial in this sense, then one might perhaps imagine that it was spanned across the road to Asia, with the two ends secured to fixed posts.
Incompressible surfaces
Authors: Hemion Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let M be a compact, piecewise linear 3-manifold, possibly with boundary, and let S⊂ M be a compact, p.l. surface, properly embedded in M. As always, we will assume that a piecewise linear structure underlies the whole discussion. But still, this does not prevent us from imagining that the structures can slide about in easily visualized, topological ways, as was seen in the last chapter.
Diophantine inequalities
Authors: Hemion Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to proceed, it is necessary to show that the positive solution sets of systems of linear Diophantine equations are finitely generated. One might compare this with the famous simplex algorithm, which is well known to the practitioners of economic speculation. The concern there is with a system of linear equations (describing economic facts) and linear inequalities (describing economic constraints). In addition, an overall function (representing profits) is defined, and the task is to find a solution which maximizes profits while respecting the facts and constraints. The computer quickly finds a single optimal solution.
The ‘difficult’ case
Authors: Hemion Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The difficult case is that after discarding the spheres and discs of nonpositive complexity, we might still be left with some fundamental surfaces of negative, or at least vanishing, complexity. What possibilities are there? As far as negative complexity is concerned, the only possibilities are (i) spheres, (ii) discs, or (iii) projective planes. But spheres and discs have already been eliminated. Projective planes are non-orientable surfaces without boundary. They cannot be properly embedded in any knot space (which is a subspace of the 3-sphere).
Straightening homeomorphisms
Authors: Hemion Geoffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let S be a compact surface, and let f 1 and f 2 be two homeomorphisms of S onto itself. Given this, then it might be the case that f 1 and f 2 are ‘essentially’ the same. That is to say, f 1 can be ‘continuously deformed’ into f 2. Topologists have come up with the definition of isotopies to describe this situation. Let I = [0, 1] be the standard unit interval of the real numbers.
Single Channel And Multi-Channel Sampling
Authors: Higgins J R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reconstruction from samples of a band-limited function f is called multichannel if the samples are not all taken from f itself, but at least some of them are taken from transformed versions of f. In practical terms, f has been passed through various processing channels before sampling. The name single channel sampling is used if only one processing channel is involved.This idea goes back to the classic paper of Shannon (1949), in which the reconstruction of a band-limited signal from samples of the signal and of its derivatives is suggested. General methods for multi-channel sampling go back to work of Papoulis. This and later work in the area is synthesized in the expository account by Brown (1993).
Sampling And Eigenvalue Problems
Authors: Higgins J R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suppose that ℒ denotes a differential operator on an ℒ2 space, and that an appropriate solution Y(x,.λ) of the eigenvalue equation ℒy= λY can be chosen so that (Y (x, λn)) are the eigenfunctions corresponding to eigenvalues (λn) (the relevant definitions can be found in §15.1). If there is an expansion theory associated with these eigenfunctions, then under suitable conditions there is a companion expansion which has the nature of a sampling series. This is the direction in which Kramer suggested that his Lemma (Chapter 8) should be developed. The aim of the present chapter is to introduce some of the many known ways in which this procedure can be made precise.
Ockham Algebras
Authors: Blyth T S , Varlet J C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An Ockham algebra is a natural generalization of a well known and important notion of a boolean algebra. Regarding the latter as a bounded distributive lattice with complementation (a dual automorphism of period 2) by a dual endomorphism that satisfies the de Morgan laws, this seemingly modest generalization turns out to be extemely wide. The variety of Ockham algebras has infinitely many subvarieties including those of de Morgan algebras, Stone algebras, and Kleene algebras. Folowing pioneering work by Berman in 1977, many papers have appeared in this area oflattice theory to which several important results in the theory of universal algebra are highly applicable. This is the first unified account of some of this research. Particular emphasis is placed on Priestly's topological duality, which invloves working with ordered sets and order-reversing maps, hereby involving many problems of a combinatorial nature. Written with the graduate student in mind, this book provides an ideal overview of this are of increasing interest.
MS-spaces; fences, crowns, …
Authors: Blyth T S , Varlet J C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we shall apply both the theory of duality and the results on fixed points to a consideration of finite MS-algebras whose dual space is of a particularly simple nature, namely is connected and of length 1. As we shall see, such ordered sets are amenable to rather interesting combinatorial considerations [50, 53]. In order to proceed, we must first characterise the dual spaces of MS-algebras.
NSF
Authors: Wilson E W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The NSF protein was purified from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO} cell extracts on the basis of its ability to restore activity to an NEM-treated in vitro transport reaction. Partial amino acid sequence analysis of pure NSF was used to design degenerate oligonucleotide probes, and a cDNA clone encoding NSF was subsequently recovered from a CHO-cell ,,gt10 cDNA library1. The sequence of this cDNA clone (GenBank accession # X15652} contains an open reading frame (ORF} of 744 codons. Although this ORF begins with an ATG in an excellent context for translational initiation, the reading frame is open from the beginning of the clone and the true translational initiation site may lie further upstream. Nevertheless the cloned fragment is capable of encoding a fully functional NSF protein (see below}.
ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF)
Authors: Kahn R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cloned ARF cDNA predicts a protein with a glycine at this position. Each of the three human ARF cDNAs hARF11314 (accession number P10947), hARF315 (accession number P16587), and hARF4,3,15 (accession numbers P18085, P21371) encode proteins of 180 or 181 amino acids with predicted molecular masses of 21-22 kDa. However, in some SDS gel systems ARF proteins appear as low as 19 kDa. Like the two yeast ARFs, hARF1p and hARF3p are &gt;96% identical, while hARF4p shares only 80% identity with the other ARF proteins. As the human and bovine ARF1 proteins are 100% identical, the term mammalian ARF (mARF1) was introduced in an effort to minimize confusion. The ARF-like and other members of the ARF family of structurally related proteins range between 25-55% identity with ARFs. Alignments of ARFs with other GTP binding proteins revealed that ARFs are the most divergent family of the RAS superfamily, with slightly greater relatedness to the a subunits of the heterotrimeric G proteins than to the other members of the RAS superfamily. Regions of homology are largely limited to those elements identified as forming the guanine nucleotide binding site.
Rab5
Authors: Zerial L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rab5 has been identified by screening cDNA libraries with degenerate oligonucleotides corresponding to the sequence WDTAGQE shared by members of the Ypt1/Sec4/rab subfamily45. The DNA sequence of canine rab5 (GenBank accession number M35520) predicts a pro tein with a molecular mass of 23,658 Daltons. Canine rab5 protein shows 98% amino acid identity with the human rab5 protein. Like the other members of the rab family, rab5 displays the four highly conserved regions participating in the formation of the GTP-binding site6 and a -CCSN cysteine motif at the (-terminus, which is required for membrane association1 In vitro and in vivo expressed rab5 is post-translationally modified via isoprenylation of the cysteine motif7 and, more specifically, acquires geranylgeranyl groups89. Although isoprenylation is required for membrane association it does not alone specify targeting to specific organelles. The highly variable 34 amino acidlong C-terminal domain of rab5 contains sequences that determine the specificity of localization.
Rab9
Authors: Pfeffer S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sequence of the full length protein is most closely related to another late endosomal rab protein, rab7 (57% identicaI)2 Rab9 is 39% identical to YPT1 protein2 Like mostrab . family members, rab9 displays greatest sequence homology to ras over regions of the protein involved in GTP binding and hydrolysis; it displays greatest sequence divergence from other rabs at its carboxy terminus. Unlike other rab family members, both rab7 and rab9 have slightly longer than normal “loop 7” domains, which have been shown to distinguish the functions of Ypt1p and Sec4p3 The rab9 sequence terminates with two cysteine residues, both of which are likely to acquire geranylgeranyl moieties.
SEC9
Authors: Bankaitis V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mutants carrying conditional lethal sec91’mutations were isolated by Ludox density enrichment and found to accumulate 80-100 nm secretory vesicles upon shift to restrictive temperatures1. The secretory block is rapidly manifested (i.e. within 15 min of temperature shift3) and is very efficiently reversed by subsequent shift-down to permissive temperatures under conditions where new protein synthesis is not permitted to occur after temperature downshift1. These data identify the accumulated vesicles as true components of the secretory pathway and identify the Sec9 protein as a bona fide secretory factor.
General introduction
Authors: Hall Alan , Zerial Marino 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The elucidation of the three-dimensional structures of Ras (Pai et al. 1989), EF-Tu (Lacour et al. 1985; Berchtold et al. 1993) and transducin-a. (Noel et al. 1993) by X-ray crystallography has revealed that the structure of the GTP-binding domain is a highly conserved element among all GTPases. In addition, the structural studies have revealed some of the key molecular principles of the conformational change that accompanies the transition between the GTP- and the GDPbound forms. Given the high sequence conservation of the guanine nucleotide binding domain, these features are also likely to be shared by all other Ras-like GTPases. Thus, sequence analysis and molecuiar modelling can be extended to other members of the Ras superfamily.
Molecular cloning of Ras-related proteins
Authors: Tavitian Armand 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The N-ras gene was discovered, first, as the third ras oncogene by DNA-mediated gene transfer from a human neuroblastoma (Shimizu et al. 1983). Shortly after, a gene was identified by chance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by sequencing the region flanking the 5’ end of the actin gene. The open reading frame coded for a protein named Ypt that was effectively expressed in growing cells and exhibited a 30% homology with the ras proto-oncogene (Gallwitz et al. 1983).Later, a rho gene was discovered inadvertently in aplysia while searching for analogs of human chorionic gonadotropin. The protein coded by the cloned cDNA also coded for a protein that shared 30% identity with Ras and 30% identity with Ypt proteins (Madaule and Axel 1985).
CAAX geranylgeranyl transferase
Authors: Seabra Miguel C , Goldstein Joseph L , Brown Michael S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
GGTase, also known as GGTase-I, is composed of two tightly coupled subunits, designated α and β (Moomawand Casey 1992; Yokoyama and Gelb 1993). The a-subunit is identical to the a-subunit of FTase as determined by immunological studies (Seabra et al. 1991; Kohl et al. 1991; Moomaw and Casey 1992), cDNA cloning and expression (Zhang et al. 1994), and genetic studies in Saccharomycescerevisiae (Kohl et al. 1991; Mayer et al. 1992).
Rab geranylgeranyl transferase
Authors: Seabra Miguel C , Brown Michael S , Goldstein Joseph L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
CAAX GGTase, also known as GGTase-I, is composed of twotightly coupled subunits, designated a. and 13 (Moomawand Casey 1992; Yokoyama and Gelb 1993). The a-subunitis identical to the a-subunit of FTase as determined byimmunological studies (Sea bra et al. 1991; Kohl et al. 1991;Moomaw and Casey 1992), cDNA cloning and expression(Zhang et al. 1994), and genetic studies in Saccharomycescerevisiae (Kohl et al. 1991; Mayer et al. 1992).
H-Ras
Authors: McCormick Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
H-Ras p21, in its processed state, is a hydrophobic proteinof 186 amino acids, covalently modified by palmitoylationand farnesylation (see below). H-Ras p21 binds guaninenucleotide with very high affinity (Kd = 10*11M (Feuersteinet al. 1987; John et al. 1990)) and hydrolyzes bound GTP ata rate of 0.028/min (John et al. 1989). This rate is reduced inoncogenic mutants, such as position 12, 13 and 61 variants(Barbacid 1987).