bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One‐third, two‐thirds: Relationship of the radial nerve to the lateral intermuscular septum in the arm
Authors: Fleming P. , Lenehan B. , Sankar R. , Folan‐Curran J. , Curtin W. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe radial nerve penetrates the lateral intermuscular septum of the arm before dividing into deep and superficial branches. It may be encountered in both anterior and posterior approaches to the humerus. An ability to accurately predict the point at which the nerve pierces the septum would be valuable during surgery in the arm, and would facilitate planning an approach to exploring the radial nerve after fractures of the distal humeral shaft. It would, in particular, make minimally invasive surgical techniques less dangerous. We dissected 20 cadaver upper limbs to establish whether the radial nerve enters the anterior compartment of the arm at a predictable level. We found that in almost every case the radial nerve entered the anterior compartment at a point within 5 mm of the junction of the distal and middle thirds of a line joining the lateral epicondyle of the humerus to the most lateral point of the acromion process of the scapula. This has not previously been described, and we believe is a useful aide‐de‐memoir to predicting the level at which the radial nerve penetrates the lateral intermuscular septum. Clin. Anat. 17:26–29, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of computer‐aided instruction in the medical gross anatomy curriculum
Authors: McNulty John A. , Halama James , Espiritu Baltazar 
Published: December 2003

AbstractA two‐year study was conducted to provide summative evaluations of web‐based computer‐aided instruction (CAI) specifically designed to supplement the laboratory dissections in the medical human anatomy course. Utilization of CAI was analyzed using server statistics, student surveys and network login tables. There was a significant increase in server requests for CAI over the period of the course in both years of the study. In general, student surveys corresponded with the login data for individual students, although several discrepancies showed limitations of the respective methodologies. When course examination scores were compared to the number of CAI logins for individual students, there were statistically significant direct correlations between exam grades and frequency of CAI use. Our findings illustrate the value of combining server statistics with user surveys for evaluations of CAI as an effective supplement for student learning in the anatomy curriculum. Clin. Anat. 17:73–78, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unusual variant of the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle: A case report
Authors: Mitsuyasu Hiromichi , Yoshida Ryo , Shah Munir , Patterson Rita M. , Viegas Steven F. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractA variation of the extensor carpi radialis brevis muscle (ECRB) origin was discovered during a cadaveric dissection. The identified ECRB originated from the fascia/tendon of the extensor digitorum communis (EDC), without any of its origin at the usual location on the lateral epicondyle. The ECRB tendon inserted onto the third metacarpal base. A branch of the posterior interosseous nerve innervated the ERCB. This is the first report of an ECRB originating from the EDC fascia/tendon. This unique variation of the ECRB origin may be of clinical interest, especially in the treatment of lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow). Clin. Anat. 17:61–63, 2004. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intracellular calcium release is required for caspase‐3 and ‐9 activation
Authors: Tantral Lee , Malathi Krishnamurthy , Kohyama Shinya , Silane Michael , Berenstein Alejandro , Jayaraman Thottala 
Published: December 2003

AbstractIncrease in intracellular Ca2+ [Ca2+]i regulates many biological functions including apoptosis, but the protein(s) linking [Ca2+]i and apoptosis are not completely understood. We have previously shown that IP3R‐deficient cells are resistant to T‐cell receptor (TCR)‐induced apoptosis due to lack of Ca2+ release from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and calcineurin activation. Here we show that caspase‐9 and ‐3 are not activated in IP3R‐deficient cells after TCR stimulation, consistent with the resistance of these cells to apoptosis. However, we also demonstrate that Bcl‐2 expression in IP3R‐deficient cells is comparable to control cells. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that IP3R‐mediated Ca2+ release plays a critical role in regulating the activity of caspases‐3 and ‐9 independent of Bcl‐2. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FR146801, a novel nitric oxide donating agent, prevents neointimal formation after balloon injury in rats
Authors: Hirasawa Yoshimi , Kato Yasuko , Fukuyama Shinichi , Ohno Mitsuko , Nishino Shigetaka , Kato Masayuki , Kita Yasuhiro 
Published: December 2003

AbstractFR 146801 (±)‐N‐[(E)‐4‐ethyl‐3‐[(Z)‐hydroxyimino]‐6‐methyl‐5‐nitro‐3‐heptenyl]‐3‐pyridinecarboxamide is a novel nitric oxide (NO) donating agent. In the present study, we examined the effect of FR146801, a slow NO releaser, on intimal thickening of rat carotid arteries following balloon injury, in comparison with FK409, a rapid NO releaser. In this model, vehicle or each drug was administered orally, twice daily from 2 days before to 13 days after injury and the intimal thickening was assessed at 14 days after injury. FR146801 suppressed neointimal formation after balloon injury dose‐dependently and significantly. FR146801 (32 mg/kg) decreased neointima/media ratio by 36.4% (P<0.05) vs. vehicle‐treated group. FR146801 (1–100 μM) inhibited the growth of cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells concentration‐dependently. In measurements of mean blood pressure with conscious rats, FR146801 showed no hypotensive effect at 32 mg/kg p.o., the dose required for significant suppression of intimal thickening. In contrast, FK409 showed hypotensive effect at 10 mg/kg p.o. at which it suppressed neointimal formation with almost the same efficacy as FR 146801. These data demonstrate that FR146801 could be a useful inhibitor of intimal hyperplasia after vascular injury and, moreover, that its inhibitory effect could be separated from its hypotensive effect. Drug Dev. Res. 61:37–43, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of displacement coefficient method and capacity spectrum method with experimental results of RC columns
Authors: Lin Yu‐Yuan , Chang Kuo‐Chun , Wang Yuan‐Li 
Published: December 2003

AbstractFor the performance‐based seismic design of buildings, both the displacement coefficient method used by FEMA‐273 and the capacity spectrum method adopted by ATC‐40 are non‐linear static procedures. The pushover curves of structures need to be established during processing of these two methods. They are applied to evaluation and rehabilitation of existing structures. This paper is concerned with experimental studies on the accuracy of both methods. Through carrying out the pseudo‐dynamic tests, cyclic loading tests and pushover tests on three reinforced concrete (RC) columns, the maximum inelastic deformation demands (target displacements) determined by the coefficient method of FEMA‐273 and the capacity spectrum method of ATC‐40 are compared. In addition, a modified capacity spectrum method which is based on the use of inelastic design response spectra is also included in this study. It is shown from the test specimens that the coefficient method overestimates the peak test displacements with an average error of +28% while the capacity spectrum method underestimates them with an average error of ‐20%. If the Kowalsky hysteretic damping model is used in the capacity spectrum method instead of the original damping model, the average errors become ‐11% by ignoring the effect of stiffness degrading and ‐1.2% by slightly including the effect of stiffness degrading. Furthermore, if the Newmark–Hall inelastic design spectrum is implemented in the capacity spectrum method instead of the elastic design spectrum, the average error decreases to ‐6.6% which undervalues, but is close to, the experimental results. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismic energy dissipation in deteriorating systems through low‐cycle fatigue
Authors: Erberik Altuǧ , Sucuoǧlu Haluk 
Published: December 2003

AbstractEnergy dissipation characteristics of structural members which exhibit both strength and stiffness deterioration under imposed displacement reversals are investigated. In the experimental part, 17 reinforced concrete beam specimens were tested under constant and variable amplitude inelastic displacement cycles. The constant‐amplitude tests were employed to determine the low‐cycle fatigue behaviour of specimens where the imposed displacement amplitude was the major variable. A two‐parameter fatigue model was developed in order to express the variation of dissipated energy with the number of displacement cycles. This model was then used to predict the energy dissipation of test specimens subjected to variable‐amplitude displacement cycles simulating severe seismic excitations. It has been demonstrated that the remaining energy dissipation capacity in a forthcoming displacement cycle is dependent on the energy dissipated along the completed displacement path. Moreover, it is observed that total energy dissipation is dependent on the length of the displacement path. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minimum capital requirement calculations for UK futures
Authors: Cotter John 
Published: December 2003

AbstractKey to the imposition of appropriate minimum capital requirements on a daily basis is accurate volatility estimation. Here, measures are presented
based on discrete estimation of aggregated high‐frequency UK futures realizations underpinned by a continuous time framework. Squared and
absolute returns are incorporated into the measurement process so as to rely on the quadratic variation of a diffusion process and be robust in the
presence of fat tails. The realized volatility estimates incorporate the long memory property. The dynamics of the volatility variable are adequately
captured. Resulting rescaled returns are applied to minimum capital requirement calculations. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark
24:193–220, 2004
Effect of gonadal steroids on progesterone receptor, estrogen receptor, and vitellogenin expression in male turtles (Chrysemys picta)
Authors: Custodia‐lora Noemí , Novillo Apolonia , Callard Ian P. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractHepatic vitellogenin (vtg) is a yolk precursor protein sequestered in follicular oocytes as nutrient supply for developing embryos in nonmammalian vertebrates. In prior research studies we have demonstrated that both progesterone (P) and testosterone (T) inhibit estrogen (E)‐induced vitellogenesis in the male fresh water turtle (Chrysemys picta), and have suggested that these hormones may be involved in multihormonal regulation of vitellogenesis in the female turtle. However, the modes of action of progesterone and testosterone on estrogen‐induced vitellogenesis are not known. We have proposed that progesterone inhibits vitellogenesis by modulation of progesterone receptor A (PRA) or B (PRB) isoforms and/or estrogen receptor (ER) gene transcription. In this study, we compare the vitellogenic responses of reproductively inactive male turtles to estradiol 17 β in the presence of exogenous testosterone or progesterone. Northern blot analysis was used to monitor the changes in vtg mRNA, ER mRNA, and PR mRNA expression; Western blotting to determine changes in PR isoform expression and a homologous ELISA for measurement of plasma vtg. Progesterone and testosterone reduced estrogen‐induced vtg mRNA expression, but plasma vtg was not significantly reduced by these steroids. PRA and PRB were transcribed even though ER mRNA could not be detected, suggesting constitutive PR expression. However, in the presence of estradiol 17&!ndash;β, both PR isoforms and mRNA transcripts were increased as a correlate of ER mRNA transcription, suggesting both transcriptional and translational effects; these effects were inhibited by testosterone and progesterone treatments. Since ER mRNA was sharply reduced by both testosterone and progesterone, and estradiol 17 β increased PR mRNA transcription and translation, it is likely that the action of progesterone in reducing vtg mRNA is indirect via down regulation of ER mRNA, thus ER. This study provides further information on the role of progesterone and testosterone in the regulation of hepatic vitellogenesis, suggesting regulation of vitellogenesis mainly via modulation of hepatic ER mRNA. J. Exp. Zool. 301A:15–25, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vietnam in the global economy: trade, employment and poverty
Authors: Jenkins Rhys 
Published: December 2003

AbstractVietnam has undergone a significant change from a relatively closed economy as a result of the reform process initiated in the late 1980s. This has been accompanied by rapid economic growth and substantial poverty reduction during the 1990s. Since one of the main mechanisms through which greater openness is expected to lead to poverty reduction is via the labour market, the paper examines the impact which trade flows have had on employment in Vietnam since the early 1990s. Using a variety of different methods, the paper shows that the growth of exports has had a significant positive effect on employment, while increased import competition had a negative effect both directly and indirectly through rationalization of producers facing foreign competition. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Globalization, gender and poverty: Bangladeshi women workers in export and local markets
Authors: Kabeer Naila , Mahmud Simeen 
Published: December 2003

AbstractEconomic liberalization in Bangladesh has led to the emergence of a number of export‐oriented industries, of which the manufacture of ready‐made garments is the most prominent. The industry currently employs around 1.5 million workers, the overwhelming majority of whom are women. This paper explores the poverty implications of this new form of employment through a comparison of the socio‐economic backgrounds, wages and working conditions and contributions to household needs of women working for global markets with those working for domestic markets. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evidence of human metapneumovirus in children in Argentina
Authors: Galiano Mónica , Videla Cristina , Puch Silvia Sánchez , Martínez Alfredo , Echavarría Marcela , Carballal Guadalupe 
Published: December 2003

AbstractHuman metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a virus, which was first associated with acute lower respiratory infection in children but is detected currently in all age groups. Clinical symptoms are similar to those described for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections, ranging from mild respiratory illness to severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children. To date, no cases of hMPV have been reported in Argentina. In this study, 440 respiratory samples obtained during the period 1998–2002 from children under 5 years old with acute respiratory infection were evaluated. Routine detection for RSV, adenovirus, influenza, and parainfluenza was undertaken by immunofluorescent assay. Of the samples negative for these viruses, only 100 were available. All these samples were tested for hMPV by RT‐PCR using primers for the L gene. Eleven out of 100 (11%) respiratory samples were positive for hMPV by RT‐PCR. A higher frequency of detection was observed in spring. hMPV was detected in all the years studied, except in 2001. Ten out of 11 children positive for hMPV were hospitalized. Median age was 5 months. Of seven patients, five (71%) required oxygen supplementation. The most frequent diagnosis was bronchiolitis (86%), sometimes accompanied by conjunctivitis and otitis media. The present study showed that hMPV was associated with acute lower respiratory infections in children in Buenos Aires, Argentina. This evidence strongly suggests that hMPV is a common pathogen with a wide geographical distribution, which should be included in the routine diagnosis of respiratory viruses in young children. J. Med. Virol. 72:299–303, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measles virus protein‐specific IgM, IgA, and IgG subclass responses during the acute and convalescent phase of infection
Authors: El Mubarak H.S. , Ibrahim S.A. , Vos H.W. , Mukhtar M.M. , Mustafa O.A. , Wild T.F. , Osterhaus A.D.M.E. , de Swart R.L. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe availability of new generation serological assays allowed re‐evaluation of the antibody response to measles virus. IgM, IgA, total IgG, and IgG subclass responses were studied to the three major immunogenic measles virus proteins: the fusion protein (F), haemagglutinin (H), and nucleoprotein (N). Plasma samples were obtained from clinically diagnosed measles cases (n = 146) in Khartoum (Sudan) within a week after onset of the rash. Convalescent phase samples were collected from 32 of 117 laboratory‐confirmed measles cases at different time points after onset of rash. Glycoprotein‐specific IgM, IgG, and IgA antibody levels correlated well to the N‐specific response. For IgG and IgA, responses to F were higher than to H. IgA antibody levels were undetectable in about one third of the laboratory‐confirmed cases during the acute phase, but positive in all patients tested 1–4 weeks after infection. IgM levels declined rapidly and were lost 3–6 months after infection. IgA levels declined slowly during the first year but did not return to background levels during the subsequent 2 years. IgG avidity maturation was detected during a 3–6 month period after infection. The predominant IgG subclasses during the acute phase were IgG1 and IgG3. The latter was lost in the convalescent phase, while the IgG4 isotype showed a slight rise afterwards. Interestingly, acute phase IgG3 and IgA responses were associated, and were only detected in samples with high IgG. This study provides a comprehensive perspective on the antibody response to wild‐type measles virus infection. J. Med. Virol. 72:290–298, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of coxsackie B3 virus induced myocarditis in mice by 2‐(3,4‐dichlorophenoxy)‐5‐nitrobenzonitrile
Authors: Padalko Elizaveta , Verbeken Erik , Clercq Erik De , Neyts Johan 
Published: December 2003

AbstractMyocarditis is a common cause of dilated cardiomyopathy, one of the most important single causes of heart transplantation. Coxsackie B viruses (CBV) are considered to be the principal etiological agents of viral myocarditis and direct virus‐induced damage to the heart tissue has been suggested to be the main mechanism underlying myocarditis in the murine model [Horwitz et al. 2000 Nat Med 6:693–697]. We demonstrate that 2‐(3,4‐dichloro‐phenoxy)‐5‐nitrobenzonitrile (DNB), a compound that was earlier shown to exhibit broad‐spectrum anti‐picornavirus activity is also markedly active against CBV replication in primary human myocard fibroblast. To challenge the hypothesis of [Horwitz et al. 2000 Nat Med 6:693–697] we assessed whether DNB is able to prevent the development of CBV‐induced myocarditis in a murine model. Subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of DNB at 250 mg/kg/day, at multiple injection sites (m.i.s.), for a period of seven consecutive days (starting at 1 day before infection) to 4‐week old C3H‐mice resulted in a (i) 62% reduction in the number of myocarditis foci as compared to the untreated control animals (p = 1.7 × 10−10) and (ii) a concomitant reduction in viral titers in the heart. These findings indicate that selective inhibition of the replication of CBV may have a beneficial effect on the development of viral myocarditis and confirms that direct viral induced damage is the main mechanism underlying CBV‐induced myocarditis. Early diagnosis of virus‐induced myocarditis will likely be mandatory for an antiviral drug treatment regimen to achieve its greatest clinical benefit. J. Med. Virol. 72:263–267, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antigenic and genetic characterization of serotype G2 human rotavirus strains from South Africa from 1984 to 1998
Authors: Page N.A. , Steele A.D. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractWithin South Africa, cyclic peaks of serotype G2P[4] rotavirus infection have been observed and these strains were prevalent in some locations. To examine the cyclic phenomenon of serotype G2 rotaviruses, historical stool collections from South Africa spanning 15 years were screened for G2 strains. Subgroup (VP6) ELISA, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), and P genotyping were performed on 43 G2 strains to investigate the associated DS‐1 genogroup characteristics. Antigenic variation of the gene encoding the major neutralization glycoprotein (VP7) was also investigated using G2‐specific monoclonal antibodies. In addition, the VP7 gene of 14 serotype G2 strains was sequenced to examine genetic variation. Serotype G2 strains from South Africa displayed a 10 year cyclic pattern with major epidemics occurring in 1987 and 1997. Serotype G2 strains were also found co‐dominant with G1 strains in 1984, 1990, and 1993. The G2 strains from the major epidemics appeared to have emerged from community strains in a manner similar to that suggested for G1 strains The serotype G2 strains displayed subgroup I specificity and short electropherotypes characteristic of DS‐1 genogroup rotavirus strains but appeared to differ in the VP4 gene. Genetic analyses revealed three major serotype G2 lineages, i.e., strains isolated prior to 1987, strains isolated between 1988 and 1994, and strains isolated from 1995. The use of monoclonal antibodies and PCR primers designed against older G2 strains has resulted in the failure to serotype G2 strains circulating currently. J. Med. Virol. 72:320–327, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of the seroprevalence of human metapneumovirus and human respiratory syncytial virus
Authors: Ebihara Takashi , Endo Rika , Kikuta Hideaki , Ishiguro Nobuhisa , Ishiko Hiroaki , Kobayashi Kunihiko 
Published: December 2003

AbstractHuman metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a virus that induces human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV)‐like illnesses, ranging from upper respiratory tract infection to severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia. The 100 serum samples from children aged 1 month to 5 years were tested for the presence of hMPV and hRSV antibodies using an indirect immunofluorescence assay and a neutralizing‐antibody assay, respectively. The seroprevalence of hMPV was significantly lower than that of hRSV in children over 4‐months‐old (43% vs. 60%, P < 0.025), and the difference was particularly notable between the ages of 4 months and 1 year (11% vs. 48%, P = 0.006). The results suggest that primary infection with hMPV occurs somewhat later than that with hRSV. J. Med. Virol. 72:304–306, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
‘Learning hospitals’ and quality
Authors: Moumtzoglou Anastasius 
Published: December 2003

AbstractIn the next generation of management thinking, we must go beyond TQM and on to Deming's theory of profound knowledge, much of which is embodied in the field of organizational learning and in particular, in Senge's ‘Fifth Discipline’ or systems thinking. In this framework there is no explicit mention of quality but the goal is still a process of ongoing improvement, that is, quality is implicitly treated.Hospitals are thought to be pretty complex organizations to implement Senge's theory because they are hierarchical, skills intensive and most health care workers deal with their emotions, patient's emotions, doctor's emotions and fellow employee's emotions in highly intense situations. However, Senge's five ‘component technologies’ provide an excellent framework to begin with. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.