bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The decrease in pesticides in fruit and vegetables during commercial processing
Authors: Chavarri Ma Jesús , Herrera Antonio , Ariño Agustín 
Published: February 2005

SummarySamples of tomatoes, peppers, asparagus, spinach and peaches were exposed to three insecticides (acephate, chlorpyrifos and cypermethrin), three ethylenebisdithiocarbamate fungicides (mancozeb, maneb, propineb) and the tetramethyldithiocarbamate fungicide thiram to study the effect of commercial processing on the residues. In most cases, canning operations led to a gradual decrease in residue levels in the finished products, particularly through washing, blanching, peeling and cooking processes. The results indicated that washing plus blanching led to more than 50% loss in pesticide residues, except for in peaches. Ethylenebisdithiocarbamates (EBDCs) were completely removed from tomatoes and spinach by washing followed by hot water blanching. The total amount of pesticide removed by all of the combined canning operations ranged from 90 to 100% in most products. Pepper retained 61% of chlorpyrifos but these residues disappeared during 3‐month storage of finished cans. Acephate showed a surprising tenacity in peaches, as 11% of the original residues were still present in 2‐year stored cans.
The kinetics of polyphenol degradation during the drying of Malaysian cocoa beans
Authors: Kyi Tin Mar , Daud Wan Ramli Wan , Mohammad Abu Bakar , Wahid Samsudin Mohd. , Kadhum Abdul Amir Hassan , Talib Meor Zainal Meor 
Published: February 2005

SummaryThe main objective of the study was to determine the kinetics of the polyphenol oxidation reaction in cocoa beans during air drying at various air temperatures and humidities. The temperatures used were between 40 and 60 °C and the relative humidities were between 50 and 80%. The higher the temperature and relative humidity of the drying air, the lower the amount of polyphenol residue in the cocoa beans, because of enzymatic oxidation of polyphenols. At higher drying temperatures, non‐enzymatic oxidation of polyphenols could also occur. Computer simulation results gave rate constants for the polyphenol oxidation reaction (k1) and the condensation reaction (k2), at various air conditions, in the range of 0.055–0.200 and 0.136–0.155 h−1 respectively. The activation energies obtained for the polyphenol oxidation reaction were in the range of 27 800–30 312 J K−1 mol−1. The reaction kinetics of the enzymatic browning reaction fitted a pseudo first‐order reaction.
Relationship of QT interval duration with carotid intima media thickness in a clinically healthy population undergoing cardiovascular risk screening
Authors: STROHMER B. , PICHLER M. , IGLSEDER B. , PAULWEBER B. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract.Objectives.  To investigate the relationship between cardiac repolarization (QT interval duration) and intima media thickness (IMT) of the carotid arteries as surrogate measures of subclinical atherosclerosis.Design.  Prospective study with consecutive subjects enrolled in the SAPHIR program (Salzburg Atherosclerosis Prevention Program in Subjects at High Individual Risk).Setting.  The analysis of the material was performed at the departments of medicine and neurology of a university hospital.Subjects.  The study cohort comprises a population‐based sample of 1199 clinically healthy subjects (851 men and 348 women; age 39–66 years). Exclusion criteria were cardiovascular disease, diabetes, atrial fibrillation, bundle branch block and use of medication affecting QT interval duration.Main outcome measures.  IMT of common (CCA) and internal carotid arteries (ICA) was measured by B‐mode ultrasound. QT interval duration was determined in the resting 12‐lead electrocardiogram by an automatic analysis program. The QT intervals were corrected for heart rate with five standard equations (QTc‐Bazett, ‐Fridericia, ‐Framingham, ‐Hodges and ‐Rautaharju) and tested for their relationship with carotid IMT after adjustment for clinical and metabolic variables.Results.  Females had higher heart rates than males (64 ± 10 b min−1 vs. 60 ± 9 b min−1, P < 0.0005), with longer mean QT (410 ± 28 ms vs. 404 ± 28 ms, P = 0.003) and QTc intervals in all correction formulae (P < 0.0005). Significant correlations between QT/QTc and ICA IMT (r =0.14–0.16) were found in males. In the general linear model the association between QTc (except for Bazett) and ICA IMT remained significant after adjusting for age, BMI and further cardiovascular risk factors. In females the crude correlations between QT/QTc and ICA IMT were lower than those with CCA IMT. Only the correlation between uncorrected QT and CCA IMT (r = 0.15, P = 0.006) remained significant after adjustment for covariates.Conclusions.  The results of the present study demonstrate that QT and QTc prolongation are in part associated with IMT of carotid arteries, which is an established risk marker of subclinical atherosclerosis. In men the data support the hypothesis of an association between QTc and ICA IMT. In women a statistically significant relationship was found between the uncorrected QT interval and CCA IMT. These findings suggest that differences in carotid IMT and ventricular repolarization between genders might be related to hormonal and nonhormonal effects.
Holotranscobalamin – a first choice assay for diagnosing early vitamin B12 deficiency?
Authors: HVAS A.‐M. , NEXO E. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract.Objectives.  The performance of holotranscobalamin (holoTC) was compared with the other markers of vitamin B12 deficiency, and the influence of age, renal function, and thyroid status was examined.Design and interventions.  We examined 937 individuals not treated with vitamin B12 but in whom vitamin B12 deficiency was suspected because of a plasma methylmalonic acid (MMA) above 0.28 μmol L−1 within the past 4 years. Besides laboratory tests, a structured interview and a neurological examination were performed amongst 534 individuals. Amongst these, 140 individuals qualified for a randomized trial (MMA 0.40–2.00 μmol L−1). They were randomized to injections with vitamin B12 or placebo and re‐examined after 3 months.Setting.  One university hospital in Aarhus, Denmark.Results.  The ROC curves indicate that holoTC (AUC: 0.90) compared favourable with plasma vitamin B12 (AUC: 0.85) for identifying individuals likely to have vitamin B12 deficiency (MMA ≥0.75 μmol L−1 and plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) ≥15 μmol L−1), and further that holoTC (AUC: 0.91) might replace combined testing with plasma vitamin B12 and the metabolites. No association was observed between the biochemical markers and symptoms and signs possibly related to vitamin B12 deficiency. HoloTC, TC saturation, plasma vitamin B12, MMA, and tHcy were significantly associated with plasma creatinine (all with P < 0.001). Only tHcy was significantly associated with thyroid stimulating hormone (P =0.02).Conclusions.  HoloTC shows promise as first‐line tests for diagnosing early vitamin B12 deficiency.
Difference in survival after out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest between the two largest cities in Sweden: a matter of time?
Authors: HOLLENBERG J. , BÅNG A. , LINDQVIST J. , HERLITZ J. , NORDLANDER R. , SVENSSON L. , ROSENQVIST M. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract.Background.  Dramatic differences in survival after out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA) reported from different geographical locations require analysis. We therefore compared patients with OHCA in the two largest cities in Sweden with regard to various factors at resuscitation and outcome.Setting.  All patients suffering an OHCA in Stockholm and Göteborg between 1 January 2000 and 30 June 2001, in whom cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was attempted were included in this retrospective analysis.Results.  All together, 969 OHCA in Stockholm and 398 in Göteborg were registered during the 18‐month study period. There were no differences in terms of age, gender, and percentage of witnessed cases or percentage of patients who had received bystander CPR. However, the percentage of patients with ventricular fibrillation (VF) at arrival of the ambulance crew was 18% in Stockholm versus 31% in Göteborg (P < 0.0001). The percentage of patients who were alive 1 month after cardiac arrest was 2.5% in Stockholm versus 6.8% in Göteborg (P = 0.0008). Various time intervals such as cardiac arrest to calling for an ambulance, cardiac arrest to the start of CPR and calling for an ambulance to its arrival were all significantly longer in Stockholm than in Göteborg.Conclusion.  Survival was almost three times higher in Göteborg than in Stockholm amongst patients suffering an OHCA. This is primarily explained by a higher occurrence of VF at the time of arrival of the ambulance crew, which in turn probably is explained by shorter delays in Göteborg. The reason for the difference in time intervals is most likely multifactorial, with a significantly higher ambulance density in Göteborg as one possible explanation.
Nt‐proANP in plasma, a marker of salt sensitivity, is reduced in type 2 diabetes patients
Authors: MELANDER O. , FRANDSEN E. , MAGNUSSON M. , GRUBB A. , JOVINGE S. , GROOP L. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract.Objective.  We recently showed that plasma concentration of N‐terminal atrial natriuretic peptide (Nt‐proANP) is strongly directly related to salt sensitivity. The aims of the present study were to test (i) whether plasma concentration of N‐terminal brain natriuretic peptide (Nt‐proBNP) is related to salt sensitivity and (ii) whether Nt‐proANP, as a marker of salt sensitivity, differs between type 2 diabetes patients and nondiabetic subjects without a history of coronary heart disease.Methods.  Nt‐proBNP was determined in 30 Swedish normal subjects with heredity for primary hypertension and salt sensitivity was defined as the difference between mean arterial blood pressure after 1 week on a high‐salt diet (240 mmol day−1) and 1 week on a low‐salt diet (10 mmol day−1). Nt‐proANP was measured in 253 patients with type 2 diabetes and in 230 nondiabetic subjects aged 40–70 years, all without a history of coronary heart disease.Results.  Amongst the 30 subjects, in whom salt sensitivity was directly measured, Nt‐proBNP was not correlated with salt sensitivity (R = −0.18, P = 0.35). Nt‐proANP (median, interquartile range) was lower in patients with type 2 diabetes (505, 387–661 pmol L−1) than in nondiabetic subjects (536, 421–696 pmol L−1) (P = 0.02). In a multiple regression analysis heart rate (P < 0.00001), diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.02) and diabetes status (P = 0.02) were inversely related whereas age (P < 0.00001), cystatin C (P = 0.0006), hypertension treatment (P = 0.002) and female sex (P = 0.006) were directly related to ln(Nt‐proANP).Conclusion.  In contrast to Nt‐proANP, Nt‐proBNP is not related to salt sensitivity. Salt sensitivity, as estimated by Nt‐proANP, seems to be reduced in type 2 diabetes.
Pathogen inactivation technology: cleansing the blood supply
Authors: KLEIN H. G. 
Published: February 2005

Abstract. Klein HG (The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and Warren G. Magnuson Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA). Pathogen inactivation technology: cleansing the blood supply (Review).J Intern Med2005;257: 224–237.The calculated residual infectious risk of HIV, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) from blood transfusion is extremely low. However, the risk of bacterial contamination remains and a variety of other agents including emerging viruses, protozoa and tick‐borne agents threaten blood supplies and undermine public confidence in blood safety. Traditional methods of donor screening and testing have limited ability to further reduce disease transmission and cannot prevent an emerging infectious agent from entering the blood supply. Pathogen inactivation technologies have all but eliminated the infectious risks of plasma‐derived protein fractions, but as yet no technique has proved sufficiently safe and effective for traditional blood components. Half‐way technologies can reduce the risk of pathogen transmission from fresh frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate. Traditional methods of mechanical removal such as washing and filtration have limited success in reducing the risk of cell‐associated agents, but methods aimed at sterilizing blood have either proved toxic to the cells or to the recipients of blood components. Several promising methods that target pathogen nucleic acid have recently entered clinical testing.
Bolus injection of Ringer's solution and dextran 1 kDa during induction of spinal anesthesia
Authors: Ewaldsson C‐A. , Hahn R. G. 
Published: February 2005

Background:  Arterial hypotension following induction of spinal anesthesia is difficult to prevent with infusion fluids. In a randomized, unblinded and controlled study we evaluated whether a rapid fluid administration planned according to volume kinetic analysis is followed by a more stable blood pressure.Methods:  Spinal anesthesia was induced in 75 surgical patients, using one of three different fluid regimens: intravenous ‘bolus injection’ of 5 ml kg−1 of Ringer's acetate over 3 min, 2 ml kg−1 of low‐molecular weight (1 kDa) dextran over 3 min, or a constant‐rate infusion of 15 ml kg−1 of Ringer's acetate over 40 min (controls). The kinetics of the fluid was studied in five patients in each group and also in eight volunteers.Results:  The decrease in mean arterial pressure averaged 28%, 27% and 26%, respectively, and was fully developed 16 min after the induction. The height of the block, but not the fluid programme, correlated with the hypotension. Nausea or near‐fainting associated with marked hypotension or bradycardia was recorded in none, five (20%) and two (8%) of the patients, respectively. Both bolus injections were followed by translocation of fluid from the peripheral tissues to the bloodstream, which maintained the plasma dilution at about 10% for at least 30 min until surgery began.Conclusion:  A brisk infusion of Ringer's solution or dextran 1 kDa over 3 min was followed by the same decrease in arterial pressure as a longer and 3–5‐times larger infusion of Ringer's solution over 40 min during induction of spinal anesthesia.
Preemptive effect of intravenous ketamine in the rat: Concordance between pain behavior and spinal fos‐like immunoreactivity
Authors: Lee I‐H. , Lee I‐O. 
Published: February 2005

Background:  The purpose of this study was to compare behavioral antinociceptive responses with spinal fos‐like immunoreactivity (FLI) for a intravenous ketamine injection between pre vs. postformalin administration in rats.Methods:  Sprague‐Dawley rats (250–300 g) were prepared to receive either saline or ketamine. All rats were randomly divided into three groups: control, pretreatment and post‐treatment group. Formalin (5%) 100 µl was injected into the hindpaw. Pain related behavior and FLI in the lumbar spinal cord was examined.Results:  Flinches of phase 2 were 239.3 (22,8), 118.6 (7,5) (P < 0.05 vs. control and post‐treatment group), and 186.7 (16,6) in the control, pre and, post‐treatment groups, respectively. Fos‐like immunoreactivity expression was significantly correlated with phase 2 flinching behavior (P < 0.001).Conclusion:  Pretreatment with intravenous ketamine inhibits inflammatory pain behavior and FLI expression following a formalin injection in rats, suggesting that pretreatment of ketamine plays an important role in preemptive analgesia.
High‐frequency oscillatory ventilation in adults with traumatic brain injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: David M. , Karmrodt J. , Weiler N. , Scholz A. , Markstaller K. , Eberle B. 
Published: February 2005

Background:  This study observed adverse events of rescue treatment with high‐frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) in head‐injured patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).Methods:  Data of five male patients with ARDS and traumatic brain injury, median age 28 years, who failed to respond to conventional pressure‐controlled ventilation (PCV) were analyzed retrospectively during HFOV. Adjusted mean airway pressure at initiation of HFOV was set to 5 cm H2O above the last measured mean airway pressure during PCV. Frequency of pulmonary air leak, mucus obstruction, tracheal injury, and need of HFOV termination due to increased intracranial pressure, decreased cerebral perfusion pressure, or deterioration in PaCO2 were analyzed.Results:  During HFOV we found no complications. We recorded 390 datasets of intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure and PaCO2 simultaneously. Intracranial pressure increased (>25 mmHg) in 11 of 390 datasets, cerebral perfusion pressure was reduced (<70 mmHg) in 66 of 390 datasets, and PaCO2 variations (<4.7 kPa; >6.0 kPa) were observed in eight of 390 datasets after initiation of HFOV. All these alterations were responsive to treatment. PaO2/FIO2‐ratio improved in four patients during HFOV.Conclusion:  High‐frequency oscillatory ventilation appears to be a promising alternative rescue treatment in head‐injured patients with ARDS if continuous monitoring of intracranial pressure, cerebral perfusion pressure and PaCO2 are provided, in particular during initiation of HFOV.
Less local pain on intravenous infusion of a new propofol emulsion
Authors: Liljeroth E. , Åkeson J. 
Published: February 2005

Background:  Local pain at the site of intravenous (iv) injection of propofol remains a considerable problem in clinical anaesthesiology, and particularly so in infants. The aim of the present study was to compare the influence of two different emulsions of propofol on local pain following iv administration.Methods:  Eighty adult patients (ASA I–II) scheduled for ear‐nose‐throat or plastic surgery were randomly allocated into two study groups: A and B. A 1.0‐mm teflon cannula (BD, Helsingborg, Sweden) was inserted into a dorsal vein on each hand. Each patient was given two 3.0‐ml iv bolus injections of two different propofol emulsions of 10 mg ml−1 over 2 s, one in each cannula, at 5‐min intervals. The first study drug administered was Diprivan® (AstraZeneca, Södertälie, Sweden) in group A (n = 34) and Propofol‐Lipuro (Braun, Melsungen, Germany) in group B (n = 39). Each patient was then asked by a blinded investigator to score maximal pain intensity on a visual analogue scale (VAS).Results:  The maximal intensity of propofol‐induced local pain was significantly (P < 0.0001) lower after Propofol‐Lipuro than after Diprivan®– median 1 (25th percentile: 0; 75th percentile: 2) range 0–6 vs. 3 (0; 5) 0–9 VAS units.Conclusion:  The considerably lower intensity of local pain found to be associated with iv administration of the new drug formula Propofol‐Lipuro indicates that emulsions of propofol based on medium‐ and long‐chain triglycerides have a clinical advantage over traditional ones for induction of anaesthesia.
Pre‐anesthetic presence of an injured dam influences pups' locomotor behavior during emergence from anesthesia in rats
Authors: Arai Y‐C. P. , Ueda W. , Al‐Chaer E. D. 
Published: February 2005

Background:  Pre‐anesthetic mother–infant interaction is an important factor for smooth emergence of pediatric anesthesia. In many mammalian species, disruptions of the mother–infant relationship cause psychological and behavioral changes. This study was to investigate whether or not pre‐anesthetic presence of an injured dam has an impact on locomotor behavior of rat pups.Methods:  We used a video‐tracking system to test the effects of pre‐anesthetic relations between pups and their dams on pups' locomotor behavior during emergence from general anesthesia, in 40 3‐week‐old Sprague‐Dawley male rats. Pups were divided into two groups: pups housed with a dam (n = 20) and those housed with an injured dam (n = 20). Pups were anesthetized with 1.2% halothane for 30 min. At emergence, we recorded their locomotor behavior for 15 min.Results:  Pre‐anesthetic manipulation to dams significantly increased the distance traveled by pups. However, the manipulation did not cause any difference in the maximum velocity.Conclusion:  Pre‐anesthetic presence of an injured dam influenced pups' locomotor behavior at emergence from anesthesia.
Tube tip in pharynx (TTIP) ventilation: Simple establishment of ventilation in case of failed mask ventilation
Authors: Kristensen M. S. 
Published: February 2005

Background:  Mask ventilation occasionally fails. Alternative readily available and simple methods to establish ventilation in these cases are needed.Methods:  Retrospective description of cases in which a new technique, tube tip in pharynx (TTIP) ventilation, was employed for restoring ventilation in case of failed facemask ventilation during induction of anaesthesia. The technique involves a standard endotracheal tube and can be performed single‐handed: A standard endotracheal tube was placed via the mouth with the tip in the pharynx and the cuff was inflated. By placing the fourth and fifth fingers below the ramus of the mandible, the third finger below the lower lip, the second finger above the upper lip and on one side of the nose and the first finger on the other side of the nose, an open airway is restored. Chin lift is inherent in the grip, thus contributing to opening of the airway.Results:  In all four cases of failed mask ventilation the anaesthetist could establish an open airway and subsequent ventilation without the need for an assistant. There were no indications of gastric insufflation.Conclusion:  The TTIP technique established ventilation in all four patients after abandoned facemask ventilation. The technique only involves one person and an endotracheal tube and warrants to be included in the armamentarium of anaesthetists.Further prospective studies are needed to refine the technique and delimit its indications.
Behavioural differences between individuals and two populations of stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus)
Authors: Bell A.M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBehavioural syndromes are correlations between behaviours in different functional contexts. Behavioural syndromes are attracting the attention of evolutionary biologists because they mean that different behaviours might not be free to evolve independently of one another. In a landmark study,Huntingford (1976)showed that individual stickleback which were bold toward predators were also aggressive toward conspecifics and active in an unfamiliar environment. Here, I revisited the activity‐aggression‐boldness syndrome in stickleback and tested the hypothesis that correlations between behaviours might act as evolutionary constraints. I measured a suite of behaviours on wild‐caught individuals and their offspring from two different populations and calculated heritabilities and genetic correlations between the different behaviours. I found that these behaviours were phenotypically and genetically correlated in one population but not another. On average, boldness and aggression were negatively related to each other across the populations. These results suggest that behavioural syndromes don't always act as evolutionary constraints.