bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Significance of the Revolution
Authors: McPhee Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A Revolution which had begun in 1789 with boundless hopes for a golden era of political liberty and social change had ended in 1799 with a military seizure of power. It had not proved possible to stabilize the Revolution after the initial overthrow of the ancien régime and the proclamation of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen in August 1789. Instead, French people had had to endure a decade of political instability, civil war, and armed conflict with the rest of Europe.
The UK Model
Authors: Vass Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The UK model of regulation for ‘network industries’ (water, energy, transport, and communications) reflects, I suggest, a balance; a balance of pragmatic evolution informed, and constrained, by a coherent policy framework and ‘institutional’ roles and responsibilities designed to address the objectives of regulation. The UK system therefore combines experience and practical adaptation with consistency, and discretion with accountability; firm foundations for a rational regulatory policy which seeks to maintain public confidence and achieve an outcome in the best long-term interests of all.
Sweden: A Case of Lighter or Tighter Telecommunications Regulation?
Authors: Andersson Curt 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Sweden was one of the early countries to introduce new telecommunications (telecoms) regulation, opening up to competition formally in 1993. This transition had a history of more than a decade during which business users, politicians, and the internal EEC debate played the roles of change agents. Business users were partly looking at the low US tariffs in comparison with practices elsewhere; but there was also an emerging need within multinational firms to take more detailed control of their telecoms systems. This was the case not least in the automotive industry, where electronic trading and just-in time delivery of parts were becoming crucial to the main business. In consequence, Volvo was one of the most active advocates of a more flexible system. Through the European Round Table of Industrialists, liberalization became a key issue also in discussions with the European Commission, which in its 1987 Green Paper drew up a framework for telecommunications as a competitive industry. The political interest in Sweden turned out to be spread across the field from conservatives and liberals to the social democrats, who were in power at the time when reforms were first envisaged.
Alternative Models for Future Regulation
Authors: Buigues P A , Guersent O , Pons J F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It was not by chance that Community liberalization policy came into being in the 1980s. At a time when, following the Single Act, the legislative programme for the creation of the single market on 1 January 1993 was being put in place, the establishment of the single market suddenly made this simple fact obvious: whole sectors of the market would be excluded from the internal market and its anticipated benefits because they were characterized by exclusive rights or a monopoly.
The Economics of Localized Technological Knowledge: Learning Recombination and Increasing Returns
Authors: Antonelli Cristiano 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter briefly introduces the notion of localized technological knowledge and reconsiders its evolution from the Arrovian notion of technological knowledge as public information. It lays down the basic elements and introduces the hypothesis of increasing returns in the production of knowledge. It puts forward the basic conditions for increasing returns to take place: internal learning and access to external knowledge. In so doing, it introduces the analysis of Chapter 4 which is devoted to the role of dynamic efficiency wages and Chapter 5 where the conditions under which localized technological knowledge can become a collective activity are analysed.
Localized Technological Knowledge as a Collective Activity
Authors: Antonelli Cristiano 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the conditions under which localized technological knowledge can acquire collective properties. In Section 1, the role of absorption and assimilation efforts to take advantage of external knowledge are explored. The conditions under which collective knowledge can exhibit increasing returns are identified. Section 2 elaborates the distinction between technological knowledge as a collective activity and the public-good tradition of analysis. Section 3 shows how the notion of technological knowledge as a collective activity makes it possible to integrate the Marshallian tradition of analysis, based upon externalities, and the Coasian approach to transaction costs. Section 4 stresses the role of the collective commons of technological knowledge and puts in perspective the role of technological communication in a systemic analysis of technological knowledge and technological change.
Wage bargaining and price-setting
Authors: Bårdsen Gunnar , Eitrheim Øyvind , Jansen Eilev S , Nymoen Ragnar 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the course of the 1980s interesting developments took place in macroeconomics. First, the macroeconomic implications of imperfect competition with price-setting firms were developed in several papers and books; see, for example, Bruno (1979), Bruno and Sachs (1984), Blanchard and Kiyotaki (1987), and Blanchard and Fisher (1989: ch. 8). Second, the economic theory of labour unions, pioneered by Dunlop (1944), was extended and formalised in a game theoretic framework; see, for example, Nickell and Andrews (1983), Hoel and Nymoen (1988). Models of European unemployment, that incorporated elements from both these developments, appeared in Layard and Nickell (1986), Carlin and Soskice (1990), Layard et al. (1991), and Lindbeck (1993).
Introduction: Practices and Narratives of Romantic Travel
Authors: Leask Nigel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the late Middle Ages] the interest attached to the narratives of travels was …wholly dramatic, and the …admixture of the marvellous, gave them almost an epic colouring …They had that character of unity which every work of art requires; everything was associated with one action, and made subservient to the narration of the journey itself …In the midst of the obscurity in which the East and the interior of Asia were shrouded, distance seemed only to magnify the grand proportions of individual forms. This unity of composition is almost wholly wanting in most of our recent voyages, especially where their object is the acquirement of scientific knowledge.
Cycles of Accumulation, Aesthetics of Curiosity, and Temporal Exchange
Authors: Leask Nigel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The eighteenth-century popularity of books of voyages and travels reflected the rise of European commercial and colonial expansion. It is appropriate that the contemporary wave of scholarly interest in travel writing should follow in the wake of Edward Said’s pathbreaking Orientalism (1978) and the interest in the discourses of colonialism which it stirred up, especially in literary studies. Ironically, as Steve Clark points out, ‘because of post-colonial scholarship, travel writing …has become interesting for us again; but usually as a kind of love that dare not speak its name’. Said’s constructivist notion of ‘orientalism’ is acknowledged in the present study to the extent to which the voices and descriptions of indigenous peoples reported by travellers are read as mirrors of their own cultures, and their insistence on ‘objectivity’ is understood as being at least partly rhetorical in function.
Indian Travel Writing and the Imperial Picturesque
Authors: Leask Nigel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Southey’s review of Valentia’s Travels provided him with the opportunity to lament the poverty of modern Indian travelogues compared with the rich seventeenth-century legacy of Thomas Coryat, François Bernier, and Sir Thomas Roe. Although Southey’s criticism of colonial ‘incuriosity’ was some-what mitigated by his acknowledgement of the contribution to British knowledge about India made by Asiatic Researches and the ‘very valuable, though unarranged diary of Dr [Francis] Buchanan’ (to which I return below), he reserved for Lord Valentia, who had toured India between 1802 and 1805, the accolade of being ‘the only English traveller who for more than a hundred years has visited India for the purpose of gratifying his own curiosity and imparting his observations to the public’.
An Enquiry into the Nature and Effects of the Paper Credit of Great Britain (excerpts)
Authors: Thornton Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Now a high state of confidence contributes to make men provide less amply against contingencies. At such a time, they trust, that if the demand upon them for a payment, which is now doubtful and contingent, should actually be made, they shall be able to provide for it at the moment; and they are loth to be at the expence of selling an article, or of getting a bill discounted, in order to make the provision much before the period at which it shall be wanted. When, on the contrary, a sea son of distrust arises, prudence suggests, that the loss of interest arising from a detention of notes for a few additional days should not be regarded.
The Central Banking Role of Clearinghouse Associations
Authors: Timberlake Richard H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Most professional economists believe that the free market system is the optimal means for allocating resources and for distributing products and incomes. However, economists have traditionally made an exception of money. Even among the classicists, money was viewed as a special case requiring some amount of government regulation over its supply. The difference in outlook is most manifest when the question is raised to university students (or to any other group of people): ‘What would happen if everyone were permitted to issue money without constraint?’ The typical answer is ‘chaos.’ Yet, if this question substitutes ‘ballpoint pens’ for ‘money; the answer becomes a conventional market analysis with no chaotic implications.
Banking Panics: The Role of the First-Come, First-Served Rule and Information Externalities
Authors: Chen Yehning 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Moral hazard is always an important factor contributing to banking crises. The savings and loan crisis of the United States demonstrated that distressed fmancial institutions with negative equity values have a strong incentive to pursue high risks. Imprudent bank lending is also cited as a major cause of banking problems happen ing to Mexico, Japan, and Southeast Asian countries in the 1990s. Moreover, the huge losses some banks suffer from their positions in fmancial derivatives show that there are highly risky investment opportunities that banks can gamble on. These facts imply that the threat of moral hazard is real and serious in the banking industry.
Systemic Risk, Interbank Relations, and Liquidity Provision by the Central Bank
Authors: Freixas Xavier , Parigi Bruno M , Rochet Jean-Charles 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The possibility of a systemic crisis affecting the major fmancial markets has raised regulatory concern all over the world. Whatever the origin of a financial crisis, it is the responsibility of the regulatory body to provide adequate fire walls for the crisis not to spill over other institutions. In this paper we explore the possibilities of contagion from one institution to another that can stem from the existence of a network of fmancial contracts. These contracts are essentially generated from three types of operations: the payments system, the interbank market, and the market for derivatives.1 Since these contracts are essential to the financial intermediaries’ function of providing liquidity and risk sharing to their clients, the regulating authorities have to set patterns for central bank intervention when con fronted with a systemic shock.
The Asian Crisis: Lessons for Crisis Management and Prevention
Authors: Brealey Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Woody Allen, in a graduation day speech, remarked: ‘More than any other time in history, mankind faces a crossroads. One path leads to despair and utter hopeless ness. The other to total extinction. Let us pray we have the wisdom to choose correctly: The international financial institutions must have felt that they confronted a similar predicament when faced by the successive financial crises in Asia, Russia and Brazil. These events have prompted renewed debate about crisis prevention and resolution. In particular, it has been argued that the IMF should serve as an international equivalent of the domestic lender of last resort, which can assist countries hit by a creditor panic or currency flight.
On the Need for an International Lender of Last Resort
Authors: Fischer Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The frequency, virulence, and global spread offmancial crises in emerging market countries in the last five years—Mexico in 1994, with the subsequent tequila con tagion in Latin America and for a day or two in east Asia; east Asia in 1997 and 1998, with contagion spreading crisis within the region; Russia in 1998, itself affected by Asian contagion, with the Russian contagion spreading to Latin America in addition to eastern Europe and the rest of the former Soviet Union—has led to the most serious rethinking of the structure of the international fmancial system since the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system in 1971. In the coming months and years, governments and international institutions will be putting in place a series of changes designed to strengthen the international fmancial system.
Fulfilment in an Age of Limited Possibilities
Authors: Thomas Keith 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book is concerned with some of the different ways in which the inhabitants of early modern England sought to live fulfilling lives. Of course, people at that time did not talk of fulfilment. The word had not come into existence; it does not even appear in Samuel Johnson’s great Dictionary of 1755. It is only in the last century or so that expressions like ‘human fulfilment’ or ‘self-realization’ have entered everyday usage; and it might seem anachronistic to apply them to the early modern period when such terms were unfamiliar.
Honour and Reputation
Authors: Thomas Keith 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In early modern England, the desire to secure the favourable opinion of other people was a primary determinant of human behaviour. Soldiers performed feats of bravery in order to win honour; craftsmen and labourers gained respect by diligent and skilful application to their work; and a major concern of those who pursued riches, spent money, and acquired possessions was to make a favourable impression upon others. For John Locke, ‘the principal spring’ from which the actions of men took their rise was ‘credit and reputation’, while, for Adam Smith, ‘perhaps the strongest of all our desires’ was that of deserving and obtaining the respect of our equals.
Friendship and Sociability
Authors: Thomas Keith 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is a feature of modern Western society that the private realm of home, family, and personal relationships is often largely detached from the public sphere of work, politics, and professional activities. At the same time, it is to this domestic sphere that many people look for their deepest satisfactions. Social psychologists claim that friendship, love, marriage, and lasting partnerships are a major source of what they call SWB (Subjective Well-Being). Married or unmarried, heterosexual or homosexual, it is in close personal relationships with others that we hope to find fulfilment.
Fame and the Afterlife
Authors: Thomas Keith 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Looking back on his life in 1709, Bishop Gilbert Burnet affirmed that it was only religion which could afford ‘true or complete happiness’; in his experience, the pleasures of sense soon became nauseating; public life merely revealed the crookedness of human nature; learning was always imperfect; even friendship ‘of the best and noblest sort’ had yielded him ‘vanity and vexation of spirit’. True religion, however, was an unfailing ‘joy and delight’.
Introduction
Authors: Laynesmith J L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What did it mean to be a queen in fifteenth-century England-a period in which so many kings were violently cast from the English throne in so short a space of years? While scholars have long argued over the implications of these events for the nature of kingship, their impact upon the role of the kings ‘ wives has not been considered. Yet the questions of legitimate inheritance or of the appropriate and rightful exercise of authority which lay at the heart of the Wars of the Roses inevitably impinged also upon those who shared the king ‘s throne and his bed. This book is not a traditional biography of women who were married to kings but an examination of the office of queenship in one of the most turbulent periods of England ‘s history.
Games in Extensive Form
Authors: Ritzberger Klaus 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Trees Since non-cooperative game theory studies games with complete rules, all possible histories or plays can be enumerated—a play being a complete his tory of what happens in the game from the start to the end. Moreover, all events that happen during a play can be enumerated. Therefore, it is possible to specify until which event certain plays are indistinguishable. This gives rise to the concept of a tree.
Solving Games
Authors: Ritzberger Klaus 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One could argue that predicting the outcome of a game is a matter of under standing the particular game, its historical context, the relations between the players, their psychology, etc. All these concrete matters may be important for any given game. Hence, many of them get summarized by the payoff function and the rules of the game. Solution theory, however, abstracts from the specific circumstances and attempts to identify general principles which are independent of the particular game under scrutiny.
Venue and the Plaintiff—The Incentives for Forum Shopping
Authors: Bell Andrew S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
‘Since Savigny, it has been customary to regard the attainment of uniform solutions as the chief purpose of private international law.’ The intuitively attractive corollary of this succinct statement of the guiding aspiration of the modern conflict of laws is that the venue in which a piece of litigation is tried should not affect the outcome or result of that litigation. As Justice Jackson said in a leading choice of law case, ‘the purpose of a conflict-of-laws doctrine is to assure that a case will be treated in the same way under the appropriate law regardless of the fortuitous circumstances which often determine the forum’. Consequently, there should be no occasion for parties to a dispute ‘to litigate in order to determine where they shall litigate’.
The Agency-Delegated Function and its Implications
Authors: Kume Ikuo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In every nation, it is important to achieve a balance between centripetal and centrifugal forces to maintain political stability. A highly centralized political system cannot achieve effective governance, much less a democratic regime. This point is dramatically shown by the collapse of the Soviet Union and other Eastern European socialist regimes. At the same time, the highly decentralized system typically faces a difficult integration problem.
Local Government Development: Some Lessons from Japanese Experience
Authors: Muramatsu Michio , Iqbal Farrukh , Kume Ikuo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Recent years have seen an upsurge of interest in policy reforms involving intergovernmental fiscal and administrative relations, with a strong bias towards increasing the autonomy available to sub-national units. This trend towards decentralization is observed in developing and developed countries alike. It is estimated that more than 60 developing or transitional countries in the world are currently implementing some form of decentralization.
A Little Learning: Women and (Intellectual) Work
Authors: Doouff Michele Le 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Politically belonging to the generation of 1968 and the French feminist movement, Le Dceuff has remained throughout the years an outspoken social critic, especially with regards to the French government and national educational policies. Although much of her work has been on Francis taken as a sign of a postmodern stance. On the contrary, her style is rather nourished by classical influences while her philosophical position is founded in a critical epistemology.
The Difference between the Sexes, a Historical Difference
Authors: Fraisse Genevieve 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Genevieve Fraisse is a research associate at the National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), where she produces a distinctive blend of philosophical the Democracy, in which she argues that the democratic ideal of equal human rights supports the inclusion of women in the public sphere and politics. More provocatively, she also argues that the concept of liberal feminism (for which she provides a century-the rise of industrialism, Darwinism, socialism, and the first wave of feminism.
The Prescribed Sex
Authors: Prokhoris Sabine 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Sabine Prokhoris trained at the Ecole Normale Superieure. Currently she is a professor of philosophy, and a practising psychoanalyst in Paris. She is also an editor of the journal les Temps modernes. She is particularly engaged in the public debate surrounding the ‘Civil Pact of Solidarity’ (PACS) working actively with the Association of Gay and Lesbian Parents and Future Parents. Prokhoris remarks that her most recent Le Sexe present: la difference sexuelle en question (2000; The Prescribed Sex: Sexual Difference in Question) was born out of a combination of anger and sadness in the face of the role played by psychoanalysis in the political debates around PACS generally, but especially with regard to the regulations concerning the right of same-sex partners to adopt children.
Is Love a Place of Sexuated Knowledge?
Authors: Badiou Alain 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Philosopher, writer, and social critic Alain Badiou was born in 1937 in Rabat, Morocco. He studied at the Ecole Paris IV, Sorbonne. He taught philosophy at the de Reims between 1963 and 1965 and at the Reims from 1965 until 1992. Badiou is currently a professor of philosophy at, where he leads a research group on the topic of Lieux et transformations de la philosophies (Places and Transformations of Philosophy). He also holds a professorship at the Ecole Paris.
Introduction
Authors: Mouré Kenneth 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Dashiell Hemet’s That’ Thin Man (1934), a drunken friend warns detective Nick Charles to get his money out of the Golden Gate Trust in San Francisco, as he’s heard it is on the rocks. Charles claims he much there. Asked what he does with his money Charles replies: ‘Me and the French hoard gold.’ Hammett’s reference reflected a widespread belief that French gold accumulation was the single most important factor in the define of world prices and economic activity since IY29, the fundamental cause of the Great Depression. The friend shakes his head and gripes, ‘It’s fellows like you that put the country on the bum.’ Charles retorts, ‘And it s fellows like me that don’t go on the bum with it.’1