bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Design and Redesign of Organizational Form
Authors: Allen Franklin , Sherer Peter D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There exists a whole spectrum of organizational forms ranging from “mom and pop” grocery stores to large conglomerates, from financial mutuals, such as insurance companies and mutual funds, to nonprofits, such as hospitals and universities. The three most typical organizational forms used in the business sector are proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations.
Surprisingly little attention outside of legal arguments has been given to the type of organizational form a firm should adopt. In recent years, however, firms in a number of industries have redesigned their form. Twenty-five years ago most major investment banks were partnerships. Now, with the exception of Goldman Sachs, they are all corporations or divisions of corporations. Highly visible legal suits against law and accounting partnerships have called into question whether their current organizational form is best. This concern was highlighted by the recent bankruptcy of the accounting partnership Laventhol and Horwath and the requirements for partners to meet liability payments. For many other service industries, organizational form is an important issue.
Even among manufacturing firms, the type of organizational form is a design and redesign issue. It would be surprising if General Motors became a partnership, even though this form would save the firm several billion dollars a year in taxes. In Japan, though, the automobile industry is structured very differently with a considerable amount of outsourcing to firms that are proprietorships and partnerships rather than corporations.
How Firms Adapt to Evolving Markets
Authors: Day George S , Kimberly John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Managers contemplating entry into an emerging market, or assessing their prospects in a high-growth market they already serve, cannot avoid the following persistent questions:
• How much does the timing of entry and initial choice of strategy matter? In particular, will the rewards of early entry compensate for the extra risks, and are there entry strategies that can overcome the penalty of later entry?
• As the market evolves toward maturity, what new capabilities must the firm acquire, and how should the strategy be adjusted to ensure long-run success?
Appropriability
Authors: Kay John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If a competitive advantage is to form the basis of corporate success, it must also be appropriable. Appropriability is a firm’s capacity to retain the added value it creates for its own benefit. Adding value is an objective for a not-for-profit organization just as it is for a corporation. But whereas a tennis club or a university may be content to see that added value distributed to its members or community, the successful corporation must be concerned with appropriating it for the benefit of its shareholders.
Strategies for Corporate Success
Authors: Kay John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The subject of this chapter is the way in which firms evaluate their strategy—the process of the strategic audit. I begin by describing some common errors—the confusion between planning and strategy, the pursuit of wish-driven strategy, and the “implementation” that is not preceded by a careful analysis and assessment of what is to be implemented. I describe the process by which firms assess their distinctive capabilities and achieve a competitive advantage by matching them to the markets in which they operate. I also exemplify the issues that arise in assessing the sustainability of distinctive capabilities, and the problems that need to be considered in effectively defending the value of competitive advantage from rivals, customers, and suppliers. The chapter uses real, but disguised, applications of the analysis of the book.
Inda-European a-Stems and Feminine Stems in -ī
Authors: Villar Francisco 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although, strictly speaking, the phenomenon of Suffixaufnahme did not exist in the common Inda-European language, there do exist two nominal paradigms whose origins offer some analogies to it. These are the o-stems and the feminine in -* ī. Neither of these is exactly coincident with Suffixaufnahme, but they serve to throw light on the diachrony of Suffixaufnahme and kindred patterns of attributive marking.
Telling Troubles: Narrative, Conflict, and Experience
Authors: Brenneis Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My recent participation on a college-wide personnel committee raised several critical questions for me concerning narratives. We were hiring for a position in economics, and my role included listening to “job-talks” by five candidates. Economics job-talks share remarkably consistent generic characteristics. A formula phrased in numbers, mathematical symbols, and Greek letters emerges slowly on the blackboard. Each letter represents a “proxy,” that is, a measure standing in for a broader range of related variables. The formula indicates proposed relationships among these factors with an eye, ultimately, to predicting behavior.
Causes of Increasing Resource Scarcity
Authors: Southgate Douglas , Whitaker Morris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pressure on the natural environment is intense in the Latin American countryside. Our analysis of why this is so begins with an examination of the causes of mounting renewable resource scarcity. Throughout the developing world, demographic growth has been dramatic. Annual rates of population increase have approached or exceeded 3.0 percent in many African, Asian, and Latin American nations. Growth is tapering off as women choose to have fewer children. But median age remains low, which means that populations will not stabilize until well after the tum of the century. The geographic incidence of demographic change is far from uniform. Human fertility is generally higher in rural areas. However, people have also been leaving the countryside in droves. In terms of the numbers involved, the recent expansion of third world cities reflects the largest migration in human experience. Agricultural frontiers are being colonized as well. Fewer people are converting forests into farms, although the impacts on renewable resources are dramatic.
Farmland Degradation
Authors: Southgate Douglas , Whitaker Morris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By no means is policy-induced environmental degradation confined to agricultural frontiers. Where crop and livestock production are already well established, in Ecuador and elsewhere in Latin America, government policies discourage the conservation of land resources. Soil loss is the primary focus of this chapter. Farmers’ and ranchers’ contributions to soil displacement are examined and erosion’s agricultural impacts are surveyed. (Off-farm impacts are addressed in the next chapter.) Since data needed to estimate linkages between erosion and agricultural production are lacking in Ecuador, this chapter’s causal analysis of farmland degradation is largely inferential. Our principal argument is that policy-induced distortions in real estate and financial markets discourage the adoption of land improvements, generally, and conservation measures, specifically. The burden of these distortions weighs heavily on small holders, who tend to be concentrated on the country’s more fragile lands.
Waste and Misallocation of Water Resources
Authors: Southgate Douglas , Whitaker Morris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By any standard, water supplies are abundant in Ecuador. There are several major river basins and aquifers in the country that, taken together, are more than enough to satisfy all conceivable needs. Nevertheless, competition for water is increasing, with demand outstripping supply in drier areas. Shortages are partly the result of watershed deterioration and pollution. However, inefficient and inequitable use of water has also been caused by government policies.
Oil Industry Pollution in the Ecuadorian Amazon
Authors: Southgate Douglas , Whitaker Morris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since 1967, when major petroleum deposits were discovered in the Oriente, the Ecuadorian economy has come to depend on fossil fuel production. The oil industry generates about 15 percent of the country’s GDP and nearly half of its exports. In addition, petroleum revenues account for 40 percent of all public sector income. To keep the national economy afloat, over a thousand wells have been drilled and an accompanying network of roads, pipelines, and related facilities has been established. Environmental quality has been sacrificed for the sake of accumulating oil wealth. Formation water, which is extracted along with petroleum, is routinely discharged into rivers, lakes, and streams. Large quantities of oil have also found their way into the environment, in part because of damage caused to pipelines by earthquakes and other natural disasters. In addition, faulty construction and maintenance of storage pits and pipelines is a cause of water pollution, which has been linked to various health problems.
What Should We Feed The Inflamed Intestine? Ulcerative Colitis And Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Janowitz Henry D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have already discussed the common functional disorder of the bowel-irritable bowel syndrome, or IBS as it is usually abbreviated. Now we need to turn our attention to the more serious inflammations of the bowel. They are mainly of two distinct groups: ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. They are grouped together as inflammatory bowel diseases, abbreviated IBD, and are not to be confused with IBS, irritable bowel syndrome.
Affirmative Action: African American and Jewish Perspectives
Authors: Shaw Theodore H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The annals of the struggle for racial justice in the United States, the alliance between African Americans and Jews has been particularly noteworthy. The Jewish community has contributed to the Civil Rights movement beyond its proportions, and some Jewish individuals have played extraordinary roles. Additionally, Jewish organizations have been central players in the civil rights movement. In fact, it is not too much to say that the alliance between African Americans and Jews is one of the great stories of the struggle for civil rights in the United States, indeed, “the movement.” Yet in recent years that alliance has been tested; some claim that it has fallen apart.3
Discourse Configurationality in Finnish
Authors: Vilkuna Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although clearly SVO both statistically and in terms of intuitions about markedness, Finnish is a language where clause-level constituent order variation has extremely few restrictions that could be called grammatical. Explanations for the various orders have always been sought in discourse-pragmatic factors. This was also the approach in Vilkuna (1989), where the concept of configurationally defined grammatical functions was applied to a configurational definition of (partially) discourse-based functions. In terms of the resulting “discourse configuration,” or d-configuration, Finnish constituent order could be seen to be fairly fixed. The few grammatical restrictions on word order, such as the initial position of “WH” phrases, were incorporated in the d-configuration, which thus turns out to be a result of simultaneous syntactic and discourse-based motivations. The approach was inspired by that of E. Kiss (1981, 1987), but differs from hers in that the d-configuration in Finnish was not claimed to play a particularly important role in syntactic processes proper. The latter were assumed to be handled at the level of an LPG-type functional structure; no movement or scrambling operations were used.
The Social Sources of Zionism
Authors: Halpern Ben , Reinharz Jehuda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Israel is one of those modern societies whose early institutions were clearly shaped by an ideological movement. Israel’s declaration of independence in 1948 was an immediate expression of the fundamental Zionist idea: it gave effect to a plan advocated by organized Zionists since the 1880s for solving the Jewish problem. Major Israeli political institutions, such as the party structure, embody principles and practices that were followed in the World Zionist Organization.
The Yishuv, Old and New
Authors: Halpern Ben , Reinharz Jehuda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Zionism determined the eventual shape of Israel’s institutions through two separate, and sometimes opposed, channels: the diaspora movement and the immigrant settlers. The direct activity of the world movement in Palestine was controlled for a long time by a consensus based on values that arose and developed in the diaspora. Zionist immigrants originally shared similar values and often adhered to ideologies and factional organizations that were rooted in the diaspora, but they developed new ideas and grew to be an independent force as they faced the specific problems of life in Palestine. Among these were the continuous, frequently hostile pressures of the Ottoman authorities, the Christian, Muslim, and non-Muslim Arab residents, and the traditionalist institutions established by earlier generations of Jewish settlers.
The Young Workers
Authors: Halpern Ben , Reinharz Jehuda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
li”ie State of Israel was founded in 1948 under the dominant leadership of men and women who came to Palestine in the Second Aliyah, between 1904 and 1914. For nearly 30 years, they governed the new state through shifting coalitions, always controlled by their own (variously named) labor party. Their hegemony rested on the base of a network of cooperatives, communes, and a comprehensive labor union organization of extraordinary scope, considered to be the authentic fruit of seeds they planted in the time of the Second Aliyah.
The System of Classificatory Particles in Kilivila
Authors: Senft Gunter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, an analysis of the Kilivila CP system is provided. Section 3.1 describes the research aims and methods; section 3.2 presents the data collected, as well as a first interpretation of the data; and section 3.3 presents the results of my research, answering the questions raised in section 3.1. The tables presented in this chapter are numbered according to the following logic: Tables 3.1.1 and 3.1.2 present the consultants and the questionnaire used to elicit CPs.Tables 3.2.0-3.2.216 present the data on which the analyses are based. Tables 3.3.1-3.3.7 present ordered data for, and results of, analyses with respect to the inventory, the acquisition, and the production of CPs.
Six Years Later-A Restudy
Authors: Senft Gunter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The results presented in section 3.3 are based on the data I gathered in 1982 and 1983. I started analyzing these data in 1988 and finished in the spring of 1989. Thus, I dealt with this complex system of CPs without having been immersed in the Kilivila speech community for almost six years. After such a long period of separation from the language and the speech community, it goes without saying, at least for the empirical linguist doing field research, that researchers may be somewhat suspicious about their findings, fearing that they may be artifacts produced in their study, far from the reality of the language and speech community that is the object of study. The only way to overcome this “suspicious feeling” is to do field work again and to test the results of one’s analyses with the native speakers of the language studied, in keeping with Aristotle’s statement: truth is assessed in the light of the facts of actual life; because it is in these that the decisive factor lies. So we must bring what we have already said to the test of facts of life; and if it accords with the facts, we can accept it, but if it conflicts with them we must regard it as no more than a theory.
Closing Remarks: Using Network Models to Describe Classifier Systems
Authors: Senft Gunter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, I summarize the aims of my study and then present network models for the description of complex classifier systems, based on the insights attained during the analyses of the Kilivila CP system. One of the aims of the study presented in this volume was to list the formatives that constitute the Kilivila CP inventory. The elicitation work I did with my consultants in Tauwema village resulted in the description of the meanings of 91 different CP types; Lawton (1980) lists another 85 CP types,1 and Capell (1969) lists one more CP type that was accepted by my consultants. Therefore, Kilivila makes use of an inventory of at least 177 CPs (see section 3.3.1). My study describes in detail 88 of these CP types. Moreover, for the first time, this study provides information about the actual occurrence of 41 different CP types realized by 1,564 tokens in a corpus of speech data encompassing 34,955 words (see section 3.3.1).
From Knowledge to Action
Authors: Zand Dale E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Action transforms knowledge into products and markets. Without action, knowledge lies dormant, dispersed through the organization, waiting for leaders to channel it into goods and services. Effective leaders act by using knowledge to define goals and to mobilize people. They convert knowledge into business strategies, investment plans, and coordinated performance to make new, better, and less costly products and to provide employment to millions of people. Leaders’ actions earn a return for risking capital and build a surplus that funds growth and cushions adversity. Before effective leaders can act, how ever, they must face, and overcome, many obstacles.
This chapter begins with a discussion of those obstacles—the conflicts that can obstruct action by pulling leaders in different directions. We then explore the risky attraction of status-quo leadership—sticking with what is done now and increasing the firm’s vulnerability to competition. We look at hidden obstacles to action: success that breeds complacency, unfamiliarity that blocks action, a resistant organization culture, and negative attitudes toward technology. We examine how leaders design effective action by asking probing questions about how well decisions will fit customer needs, company goals, productivity, vision, and social obligation. We look at how leaders prepare people for action, and conclude with a discussion of linking knowledge to action.
Learning and Knowledge
Authors: Zand Dale E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The new competitive battlefield is knowledge, and the leader’s weapons are concepts and insights. To succeed, leaders need to be life long learners who skillfully and continually encourage their people to learn. Competitor’s attacks start with ideas, so effective leaders know that to forge ahead they must constantly stimulate the learning and knowledge that will lead to tomorrow’s superior products and ser vices. Effective leaders nurture and manage intellectual capital because in the end that is what determines the quality of the organization’s physical and financial capital. Without creative insights and knowledge skills, as GM and IBM discovered during the 1980s, even the best equipment, supported by large pools of capital, will be defenseless against wise, nimble competitors.
Learning and knowledge are critical assets that concern effective leaders, and they are even starting to affect accounting practices. A proxy for the value of learning and knowledge occasionally appears on a balance sheet under the euphemism “goodwill,” an ambiguous, catch-all account for the premium a buyer pays for the “going-business” value of a company in excess of its book value. Accounting is beginning to sense that ignoring an organization’s learning and knowledge omits a serious asset—its intellectual capital.
Global Organizational Knowledge Creation
Authors: Nonaka Ikujiro , Takeuchi Hirotaka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous two chapters, we analyzed the management process and organizational structure most conducive to organizational knowledge creation. The knowledge-creating Japanese companies we encountered in the last four chapters-Honda, Canon, Matsushita, Kao, and Sharp-have gone increasingly global. This raises two questions. First, can the organizational knowledge-creation process used by these Japanese companies work outside of Japan? Second, what adjustments are necessary when Japanese companies start to work jointly with non-Japanese counterparts in a foreign country? The very ethnic and cultural homogeneity that has facilitated the sharing of rich tacit knowledge among the Japanese has the potential of becoming a competitive disadvantage in the ethnically and culturally diverse global economy. Japanese companies may not be able to manage that diversity. But the two cases in this chapter show that the organizational knowledge-creation process used by Japanese companies can work on a global scale, although some adjustments are necessary.
Sociolinguistic Perspectives
Authors: Ferguson Charles A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The work of the linguist Charles A. Ferguson spans more than three decades, and is remarkable for having been consistently at the forefront of scholarship on the relationship between language and society. This volume collects his most influential and seminal papers, each having expanded the parameters of sociolinguistics and the sociology of language. Taken together, they cover a wide range of topics and issues, and, more importantly, reflect the intellectual progress of a founder of the sociolinguistic field. The volume is divided thematically into four sections, and an introduction by Thom Huebner outlines the evolution of Ferguson's ideas and the impact they have had on other scholars. This book is essential reading for everyone interested in the field of sociolinguistics.
Examples
Authors: Kronenfeld David B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For my first example of a systematic application of the theory to a cultural domain, I would like to explore the domain of”cups” and “;glasses” in English, and to compare it with similar domains in Hebrew and Japanese. This study was carried out and described in cooperation with James D. Armstrong and Stan Wilmoth, who were also coauthors of the paper (Kronenfeld, Armstrong, and Wilmoth 1985) from which this discussion is drawn. Uses of the pronoun “;we” that do not obviously refer to the author and reader together refer to my coworkers and myself.
The Future of the Software Industry in the United Kingdom: The Limitations of Independent Production
Authors: Grindley Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The independent computer services industry provides software, consulting, and processing services for computer users. As in other countries, the industry in the United Kingdom emerged in the late 1960s, when the growing use of computers provided a demand for software that could not be met by computer manufacturers or users. By the early 1980s it had earned the right to be called a distinct industry. By 1994 the total U.K. software and services market had risen to more than $12 billion, around half of which was supplied by independents. This represented about 15 percent of the $83 billion Western European market and 4 percent of the worldwide market of about $325 billion. The U.K. software market alone was about $7 billion, or 4 percent of the total world software market of about $170 billion.