bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro Elution of Gentamicin From Plaster of Paris Beads
Authors: Santschi Elizabeth M. , McGarvey Lisa 
Published: March 2003

Objective—To determine the in vitro elution characteristics of gentamicin from Plaster of Paris–gentamicin (POP‐gent) beads.Study design—In vitro, controlled, experimental study.Methods—The POP‐gent beads were made using a bead mold from 20 g calcium sulfate hemihydrate, 5 mL (500 mg) gentamicin solution, and 3 mL of phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Control beads were made similarly, using 30 g of dried powder and 8 mL of PBS. Beads were left in the mold overnight, gas‐sterilized with ethylene oxide, and stored at room temperature for 5 months before testing. Bead chains were placed in sterile tubes containing porcine serum, and tubes were placed in a 37°C incubator on a rocker. Serum was removed at intervals over 14 days and the concentration of gentamicin determined by fluorescent polarization immunoassay. Serum antibacterial activity was determined against an equine originEscherichia coli.Results—POP‐gent beads released gentamicin for the 14‐day sampling period. Eighty percent of the gentamicin incorporated in the beads was released over the first 48 hours. Eluent from POP‐gent beads inhibited the growth ofE coliat all time periods. No gentamicin was eluted from control beads and control eluent did not inhibit growth ofE coli.Conclusions—In this experimental model, POP‐gent beads released bactericidal drug for 14 days. Eighty percent of the gentamicin incorporated into the beads was released during the first 48 hours. The drug retains its bactericidal activity after ethylene oxide sterilization and storage at room temperature for up to 5 months.Clinical Relevance—Pop‐gent beads may be a useful repository device to deliver gentamicin locally in tissues.
Unilateral Thyroidectomy in 6 Horses
Authors: Elce Yvonne A. , Ross Michael W. , Davidson Elizabeth J. , Tulleners Eric P. 
Published: March 2003

Objective,—To describe the surgical technique, complications, and outcome of thyroidectomy in 6 horses.Study Design—Retrospective study.Animals—Six horses, 10 to 22 years of age, with unilateral, rapidly enlarging thyroid masses.Methods—Medical records between 1985 and 2000 were reviewed for horses that had unilateral thyroidectomy. Retrieved data included signalment, physical, clinical, and ultrasonographic examination findings, surgical technique, complications, and outcome. A minimum of 6 months follow‐up was obtained.Results—Six horses were identified. Three horses had tracheal compression and 2 of these also had exercise intolerance. On ultrasonography (5 horses), the enlarged thyroid ranged from 125 to 990 cm3, and had either a heterogeneous (1 horse), cystic (2), or homogeneous (2) appearance. En bloc, unilateral thyroidectomy under general anesthesia was performed in all horses. After surgery, 3 horses had ipsilateral laryngeal hemiplegia, but tracheal compression was resolved. Thyroid masses were adenoma (3), C‐cell compact carcinoma (1), and adenocarcinoma (1). No tumor recurrence or metastatic disease was reported 6 to 14 months after surgery.Conclusions—Unilateral thyroidectomy can be successfully performed in horses with large thyroid tumors, but laryngeal hemiplegia can be an important surgical complication. Ultrasonographic examination is useful to define thyroid enlargement and location but is seemingly not useful to characterize tumor type.Clinical Relevance—Thyroidectomy is an uncommon surgical procedure and has an attendant risk for recurrent laryngeal nerve damage. Laryngoscopic examination before and after surgery and careful isolation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve during surgery is recommended.
Angularis Oris Axial Pattern Buccal Flap for Reconstruction of Recurrent Fistulae of the Palate
Authors: Bryant Karen J. , Moore Kenneth , McAnulty Jonathan F. 
Published: March 2003

Objective—To describe the use of an axial pattern flap based on the angularis oris artery and vein for reconstruction of palate defects.Study Design—Clinical case reportAnimals—Two dogs with recurrent oronasal fistulae.Methods—Oronasal fistulae previously treated by buccal mucosal random pattern flaps that subsequently dehisced were repaired using an angularis oris‐based buccal tissue axial pattern flap. This flap was developed by full thickness incision of the cheek tissue, excluding the skin, about the angularis oris vascular pedicle resulting in a vascularized flap covered by oral mucosa on one side.Results—In one dog, the repair was intact and healed 6 months after surgery. In the second dog with a fistula that resulted because of radiation necrosis, approximately 95% of the defect healed with a small (<1.0 cm2) area of dehiscence. Repair of this persistent fistula with a random pattern buccal flap failed and this small fistula remained with minimal clinical signs.Conclusion—An axial pattern flap based on the angularis oris artery and vein can be used to repair difficult or recurrent palate defects.Clinical Relevance—Angularis oris axial pattern flaps provide an additional effective option for repair of defects in the hard and soft palate to the distal gingival margin of the canine tooth or beyond, depending on skull conformation. Advantages of this flap include its highly vascular and robust character, high degree of mobility and a surface of tough buccal mucosa.
Orthogonal View Analysis for Evaluating the Femoral Component Position of Total Hip Implants in Dogs Using Postoperative Radiographs
Authors: Jehn Carl T. , Bergh Mary Sarah , Manley Paul A. 
Published: March 2003

Objective—To show the ability to obtain repeatable, accurate, quantitative data to assess the position of the femoral component of canine total hip implants using postoperative radiographs.Study Design—Cadaveric study and clinical trial.Animals—Five cadaveric canine femurs and 4 patients.Methods—Femoral implants were placed into 5 cadaveric canine femurs in predetermined locations. Orthogonal radiographs were taken of each femur at 10° intervals as they were moved through a natural range of hip motion. An assessment of implant position was made with each set of radiographs and analyzed to observe significant inconsistencies in the values obtained when the femur was repositioned. Three investigators positioned and radiographed the hips of 4 client‐owned dogs that had total hip arthroplasty (THA). Each investigator obtained a set of orthogonal radiographic views from which implant position was measured. The measurements obtained from each investigator's set of radiographs were statistically analyzed to evaluate for interobserver differences.Results—The methods described indicate that consistent data regarding femoral implant placement can be obtained from postoperative radiographs of THA patients. Under most circumstances, change in position of the femur did not significantly affect femoral implant measurements. There were no significant differences noted among values obtained by different investigators.Conclusions—Measurements based on the femoral and implant axes obtained from orthogonal radiographic views of the femur provide a means for obtaining accurate and consistent quantitative data regarding femoral implant position using postoperative radiographs of canine THA patients.Clinical Relevance—Acquisition of quantitative information about femoral implant position using postoperative radiographs will facilitate development of a readily available data source. This information, attainable in a clinical setting, may help identify elements of implant position that are important in determining the clinical outcome of THA in dogs.
Reovirus σNS Protein Localizes to Inclusions through an Association Requiring the μNS Amino Terminus
Authors: Miller Cathy L. , Broering Teresa J. , Parker John S. L. , Arnold Michelle M. , Nibert Max L. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT
Cells infected with mammalian reoviruses contain phase-dense inclusions, called viral factories, in which viral replication and assembly are thought to occur. The major reovirus nonstructural protein μNS forms morphologically similar phase-dense inclusions when expressed in the absence of other viral proteins, suggesting it is a primary determinant of factory formation. In this study we examined the localization of the other major reovirus nonstructural protein, σNS. Although σNS colocalized with μNS in viral factories during infection, it was distributed diffusely throughout the cell when expressed in the absence of μNS. When coexpressed with μNS, σNS was redistributed and colocalized with μNS inclusions, indicating that the two proteins associate in the absence of other viral proteins and suggesting that this association may mediate the localization of σNS to viral factories in infected cells. We have previously shown that μNS residues 1 to 40 or 41 are both necessary and sufficient for μNS association with the viral microtubule-associated protein μ2. In the present study we found that this same region of μNS is required for its association with σNS. We further dissected this region, identifying residues 1 to 13 of μNS as necessary for association with σNS, but not with μ2. Deletion of σNS residues 1 to 11, which we have previously shown to be required for RNA binding by that protein, resulted in diminished association of σNS with μNS. Furthermore, when treated with RNase, a large portion of σNS was released from μNS coimmunoprecipitates, suggesting that RNA contributes to their association. The results of this study provide further evidence that μNS plays a key role in forming the reovirus factories and recruiting other components to them.
Human Cytomegalovirus Activates Inflammatory Cytokine Responses via CD14 and Toll-Like Receptor 2
Authors: Compton Teresa , Kurt-Jones Evelyn A. , Boehme Karl W. , Belko John , Latz Eicke , Golenbock Douglas T. , Finberg Robert W. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTHuman cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous opportunistic pathogen that causes significant morbidity and mortality in immuncompromised people. An understanding of how CMV induces and circumvents host immunity is of critical importance in efforts to design effective therapeutics. It was recently discovered that mere cell contact by CMV particles leads to profound modulation of cellular gene expression, including induction of inflammatory cytokines and interferon-stimulated genes characteristic of innate immune detection. These findings suggest that a membrane receptor recognizes a CMV envelope protein(s), leading to innate immune activation. Here, we show that the pattern recognition receptors Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and CD14 recognize CMV virions and trigger inflammatory cytokine production. Induction of inflammatory cytokines is mediated via TLR2-dependent activation of NF-κB. Since many of the pathological processes associated with CMV disease are facilitated or directly mediated by inflammatory cytokines, identification of the host membrane detection machinery may ultimately lead to improved therapeutics.
Kinetics of CD4+and CD8+Memory T-Cell Responses during Hepatitis C Virus Rechallenge of Previously Recovered Chimpanzees
Authors: Nascimbeni Michelina , Mizukoshi Eishiro , Bosmann Markus , Major Marian E. , Mihalik Kathleen , Rice Charles M. , Feinstone Stephen M. , Rehermann Barbara 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThe immunological correlates of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-specific immunity are not well understood. Antibodies to HCV structural proteins do not appear to play a key role in clearance of the virus and do not persist after recovery. Here, we studied the kinetics of the cellular immune responses of three HCV-recovered chimpanzees during rechallenge with increasing doses of homologous HCV. Although HCV envelope antibodies remained undetectable throughout the rechallenge, all animals mounted rapid HCV-specific T-cell responses. The pattern of the cellular immune response in blood and liver correlated with the virological outcome. The animal that most rapidly cleared circulating HCV as determined by nested reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) displayed the most vigorous and sustained response of gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing and proliferating CD4+T cells in the blood. Vigorous CD4+T-cell proliferation during viremia was followed by an increased frequency and a phenotypic and functional change of the tetramer+CD8+T-cell population. The second animal cleared HCV initially with strong peripheral and intrahepatic CD4+T-cell responses but experienced low-level HCV recrudescence 12 weeks later, when HCV-specific T cells became undetectable. The third animal maintained minute amounts of circulating HCV, detectable only by nested RT-PCR, in the face of a weak IFN-γ+T-cell response. Collectively, the results suggest protective rather than sterilizing immunity after recovery from hepatitis C. The rate of HCV clearance following reexposure depends on the cellular immune response, the quality and quantity of which may vary among chimpanzees that recovered from HCV infection.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Assembly and Lipid Rafts: Pr55

gag

Associates with Membrane Domains That Are Largely Resistant to Brij98 but Sensitive to Triton X-100
Authors: Holm Kirsi , Weclewicz Katarzyna , Hewson Roger , Suomalainen Maarit 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACT

The assembly and budding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) at the plasma membrane are directed by the viral core protein Pr55

gag

. We have analyzed whether Pr55

gag

has intrinsic affinity for sphingolipid- and cholesterol-enriched raft microdomains at the plasma membrane. Pr55

gag

has previously been reported to associate with Triton X-100-resistant rafts, since both intracellular membranes and virus-like Pr55

gag

particles (VLPs) yield buoyant Pr55

gag

complexes upon Triton X-100 extraction at cold temperatures, a phenotype that is usually considered to indicate association of a protein with rafts. However, we show here that the buoyant density of Triton X-100-treated Pr55
gag
complexes cannot be taken as a proof for raft association of Pr55

gag

, since lipid analyses of Triton X-100-treated VLPs demonstrated that the detergent readily solubilizes the bulk of membrane lipids from Pr55

gag

. However, Pr55

gag

might nevertheless be a raft-associated protein, since confocal fluorescence microscopy indicated that coalescence of GM1-positive rafts at the cell surface led to copatching of membrane-bound Pr55

gag

. Furthermore, extraction of intracellular membranes or VLPs with Brij98 yielded buoyant Pr55

gag

complexes of low density. Lipid analyses of Brij98-treated VLPs suggested that a large fraction of the envelope cholesterol and phospholipids was resistant to Brij98. Collectively, these results suggest that Pr55

gag

localizes to membrane microdomains that are largely resistant to Brij98 but sensitive to Triton X-100, and these membrane domains provide the platform for assembly and budding of Pr55

gag

VLPs.
Mutation Patterns and Structural Correlates in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease following Different Protease Inhibitor Treatments
Authors: Wu Thomas D. , Schiffer Celia A. , Gonzales Matthew J. , Taylor Jonathan , Kantor Rami , Chou Sunwen , Israelski Dennis , Zolopa Andrew R. , Fessel W. Jeffrey , Shafer Robert W. 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTAlthough many human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected persons are treated with multiple protease inhibitors in combination or in succession, mutation patterns of protease isolates from these persons have not been characterized. We collected and analyzed 2,244 subtype B HIV-1 isolates from 1,919 persons with different protease inhibitor experiences: 1,004 isolates from untreated persons, 637 isolates from persons who received one protease inhibitor, and 603 isolates from persons receiving two or more protease inhibitors. The median number of protease mutations per isolate increased from 4 in untreated persons to 12 in persons who had received four or more protease inhibitors. Mutations at 45 of the 99 amino acid positions in the protease—including 22 not previously associated with drug resistance—were significantly associated with protease inhibitor treatment. Mutations at 17 of the remaining 99 positions were polymorphic but not associated with drug treatment. Pairs and clusters of correlated (covarying) mutations were significantly more likely to occur in treated than in untreated persons: 115 versus 23 pairs and 30 versus 2 clusters, respectively. Of the 115 statistically significant pairs of covarying residues in the treated isolates, 59 were within 8 Å of each other—many more than would be expected by chance. In summary, nearly one-half of HIV-1 protease positions are under selective drug pressure, including many residues not previously associated with drug resistance. Structural factors appear to be responsible for the high frequency of covariation among many of the protease residues. The presence of mutational clusters provides insight into the complex mutational patterns required for HIV-1 protease inhibitor resistance.
Viral Persistence Alters CD8 T-Cell Immunodominance and Tissue Distribution and Results in Distinct Stages of Functional Impairment
Authors: Wherry E. John , Blattman Joseph N. , Murali-Krishna Kaja , van der Most Robbert , Ahmed Rafi 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTChronic viral infections often result in ineffective CD8 T-cell responses due to functional exhaustion or physical deletion of virus-specific T cells. However, how persisting virus impacts various CD8 T-cell effector functions and influences other aspects of CD8 T-cell dynamics, such as immunodominance and tissue distribution, remains largely unknown. Using different strains of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), we compared responses to the same CD8 T-cell epitopes during acute or chronic infection. Persistent infection led to a disruption of the normal immunodominance hierarchy of CD8 T-cell responses seen following acute infection and dramatically altered the tissue distribution of LCMV-specific CD8 T cells in lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues. Most importantly, CD8 T-cell functional impairment occurred in a hierarchical fashion in chronically infected mice. Production of interleukin 2 and the ability to lyse target cells in vitro were the first functions compromised, followed by the ability to make tumor necrosis factor alpha, while gamma interferon production was most resistant to functional exhaustion. Antigen appeared to be the driving force for this loss of function, since a strong correlation existed between the viral load and the level of exhaustion. Further, epitopes presented at higher levels in vivo resulted in physical deletion, while those presented at lower levels induced functional exhaustion. A model is proposed in which antigen levels drive the hierarchical loss of different CD8 T-cell effector functions during chronic infection, leading to distinct stages of functional impairment and eventually to physical deletion of virus-specific T cells. These results have implications for the study of human chronic infections, where similar T-cell deletion and functional dysregulation has been observed.
Validation of a field test for the non-invasive determination of badminton specific aerobic performance
Authors: Wonisch M , Hofmann P , Schwaberger G , von Duvillard S P , Klein W 
Published: March 2003

Aim:To develop a badminton specific test to determine on court aerobic and anaerobic performance.Method:The test was evaluated by using a lactate steady state test. Seventeen male competitive badminton players (mean (SD) age 26 (8) years, weight 74 (10) kg, height 179 (7) cm) performed an incremental field test on the badminton court to assess the heart rate turn point (HRTP) and the individual physical working capacity (PWCi) at 90% of measured maximal heart rate (HRmax). All subjects performed a 20 minute steady state test at a workload just below the PWCi.Results:Significant correlations (p<0.05) for Pearson’s product moment coefficient were found between the two methods for HR (r= 0.78) and velocity (r= 0.93). The HR at the PWCi(176 (5.5) beats/min) was significantly lower than the HRTP (179 (5.5) beats/min), but no significant difference was found for velocity (1.44 (0.3) m/s, 1.38 (0.4) m/s). The constant exercise test showed steady state conditions for both HR (175 (9) beats/min) and blood lactate concentration (3.1 (1.2) mmol/l).Conclusion:The data indicate that a valid determination of specific aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance for the sport of badminton is possible without HRTP determination.
Are overground or treadmill runners more likely to sustain tibial stress fracture?
Authors: Milgrom C , Finestone A , Segev S , Olin C , Arndt T , Ekenman I 
Published: March 2003

Background:Repetitive high bone strain and/or strain rates, such as those that occur during running, contribute to stress fractures as well as promoting maintenance of or increase in bone mass. Kinematic differences are known to exist between overground and treadmill running and these may be reflected in different bone strains and strain rates during the two running techniques.Aim:To measure in vivo strains and strain rates in human tibia during treadmill and overground running and determine if there are significant differences in strain and strain rate levels between the two running techniques.Methods:A strain gauged bone staple was mounted percutaneously along the axial direction in the mid diaphysis of the medial tibia in three subjects, and in vivo tibial strains were measured during treadmill and overground running at 11 km/h.Results:Axial compression strains (p<0.0001), tension strains (p<0.001), compression strain rates (p<0.0001), and tension strain rates (p<0.0001) were 48–285% higher during overground running than during treadmill running.Conclusions:On the basis of lower in vivo strains and strain rates, treadmill runners are at lower risk of developing tibial stress fractures, but less likely to achieve tibial bone strengthening, than overground runners.
Tibial shaft fractures in amateur footballers
Authors: Lenehan B , Fleming P , Walsh S , Kaar K 
Published: March 2003

Background:Footballers constitute a unique group of patients with tibial shaft fractures. They tend to have excellent general health and well developed musculature in the leg, and their fractures are generally closed injuries caused by low velocity trauma. However, little has been reported on the outcome after tibial shaft fractures in this group.Objective:To identify patterns of injury, response to treatment, and functional outcome in such a group.Method:Fifty consecutive tibial shaft fractures in adult footballers treated at Merlin Park Regional Hospital over a five year period were analysed.Results:Most of the fractures were type A injuries (AO/ASIF classification). The incidence of complications was low. All patients reported good or excellent satisfaction with their outcome. However, only 54% of patients returned to playing competitive football.Conclusion:Tibial shaft fractures in amateur footballers are associated with good results when traditional outcome criteria are used, but many patients do not regain their previous level of function.
An Integrated Trading Environment: To Improve Market Transparency and Efficiency
Authors: Lau Adela S. M. 
Published: March 2003

During the 1997 financial turmoil, the overall boom and slump was mainly due to the collapse of ill-informed speculation and a non-regulated stock market system. This collapse has probably created mistrust among the public and greatly impaired confidence in securities as an investment. From this painful experience, the government should control share prices and prevent extreme fluctuations by improving the transparency and efficiency in trading information transmission, market monitoring and document disclosure.Therefore, online trading system, cross-market monitoring system and electronic filing system will be recommended in order to improve the low transparency and efficiency of financial information transmission. More importantly, all the information in these systems is inter-related for market monitoring or financial analysis. Thus, an integrated trading environment results in order to reduce redundancy work, error prone and information inefficiency.