bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relative efficiencies of price execution between the Singapore Exchange and the Taiwan Futures Exchange
Authors: Chou Robin K. , Lee Jie‐Haun 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBoth the Singapore Exchange (SGX) and the Taiwan Futures Exchange (TAIFEX) offer future contracts based on Taiwan's stock‐market indices. TAIFEX reduced the transaction tax from 5 basis points to 2.5 basis points on May 1, 2000. Hence, empirical tests are performed on the differences in trading costs and information transmissions between SGX and TAIFEX for the sample periods both before and after the tax reduction. It is shown that the reduction in the transaction tax greatly improves the efficiencies of price execution. Due to the structural differences between these two markets, the trading costs and speed of information transmissions also are different. The results also provide implications for the relative efficiencies of different market structures. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 22:173–196, 2002
Estimating the costs of informal care for people with Alzheimer's disease: methodological and practical challenges
Authors: McDaid David 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAlthough Alzheimer's disease and related disorders may have a heavy impact on informal caregivers, estimates of informal care costs have been neglected and when included in cost of illness studies, valuations have been highly variable. Although these variations are in part due to differences in samples and the difficulty in measuring caregiving time, this illustrates the need to standardise the methodology not only for valuing formal, but also informal care costs. Methods used for valuing informal care are identified, together with theoretical and practical challenges in measurement. In particular the measurement of time and it's associated satisfaction or utility is complex and valuations of time need to consider aspects of the caregiving experience which influence the marginal valuation of the time spent caring. More empirical work is required to elicit information on both the positive and negative satisfaction associated with caregiving and to incorporate this into valuations of the costs related to informal care. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unequal distribution of cognitive deficits in vascular dementia – is this a valid criterion in the ICD‐10?
Authors: Boston Paul F. , Dennis Michael S. , Jagger Carol , Jarman Maria , Lamers Carolien 
Published: September 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the appropriateness of the ICD‐10 criterion for vascular dementia which requires unequal distribution of deficits between different domains of cognitive function.DesignCross‐sectional comparative study.SettingReferrals to a specialist memory clinic in Sheffield and a community sample of patients from a general practice population in Melton Mowbray.MethodThe CAMCOG part of the Cambridge mental disorders of the elderly examination (CAMDEX) was assessed for 131 Sheffield subjects and 396 Melton Mowbray subjects to examine both total variability and differences between individual subscale items. Depression was also examined as this was a potential confounding factor.ResultsAfter adjustment for age, sex and depression scores, there were no significant differences between vascular dementia subjects and Alzheimer's disease subjects at either centre for total variability of cognitive deficits and little difference between diagnoses for individual subscale items. In Sheffield, subjects with vascular dementia had significantly higher depression scores compared to those with Alzheimer's disease.ConclusionsThe usefulness of the concept of unequal deficits as a diagnostic criterion for vascular dementia in routine clinical practice is doubtful. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temporal lobe‐oriented CT scanning and dementia in Down's syndrome
Authors: Lawlor Brian A. , McCarron Mary , Wilson Graham , McLoughlin Martin 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBackgroundAlthough individuals with Down's syndrome (DS) are uniquely at risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, the diagnosis of dementia in DS is problematic because of the difficulty in detecting cognitive decline in individuals with pre‐existing learning disability.AimTo determine if dementia in DS is associated with Medial Temporal Lobe (MTL) atrophy as measured by temporal lobe‐oriented CT scanning.MethodTen individuals with DS who were experiencing functional decline had CT scans with temporal lobe‐oriented views. All individuals were assessed for the presence of dementia according to modified DSM‐IIIR criteria. The minimal thickness of the MTL, corrected for age‐related atrophy was measured using a computer calipers at the level of the mid‐brainstem by a radiologist blind to the dementia diagnosis.ResultsAll six individuals who met modified DSM‐IIIR criteria for dementia showed significant MTL atrophy.ConclusionsThe utility of temporal lobe‐oriented CT scanning as an adjunct to the diagnosis of dementia in DS appears promising and warrants further study. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of cost sharing on physician utilization under favourable conditions for supplier‐induced demand
Authors: Van De Voorde Carine , Van Doorslaer Eddy , Schokkaert Erik 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe effects of cost sharing on the demand for ambulatory care in experimental circumstances are well understood since the Rand Health Insurance Experiment (HIE). However, in a non‐experimental real‐world context, supplier‐induced demand of doctors might erode some of the significant negative out‐of‐pocket price elasticity identified in the HIE. Belgium is an interesting test case for this hypothesis because it has relatively high rates of patient cost sharing in its public health insurance system and a very high density of physicians, all remunerated fee‐for‐service. We have exploited the price variation generated by a substantial increase in patient co‐payment rates in 1994 to estimate out‐of‐pocket price elasticities for three groups of users, and for three types of services using a fixed‐effects model in levels and in differences. We obtain significant out‐of‐pocket price elasticities for the general population in the range from −0.39 to −0.28 for GP home visits, −0.16 to −0.12 for GP office visits and −0.10 for specialist visits. The estimates were generally lower and less significant for the groups of elderly and disabled. The differences we find in price responsiveness appear to be fairly robust and consistent with the HIE predictions. These results suggest that—at least in the short run—non‐experimental utilization effects of cost sharing are very similar to the experimental evidence, even in a situation of favourable conditions for supplier‐induced demand. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ubiquitin and malignant transformation of oral mucosa
Authors: Cheng Leo H. H. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBackgroundUbiquitinylation is a cyclical process operating in all cells to target specific proteins (eg, p53) for degradation. Abnormal accumulations of ubiquitinylated proteins have been identified in colorectal carcinoma. This study investigated abnormal ubiquitinylated proteins and changes in ubiquitinylation patterns associated with malignant transformation of oral tissue.MethodsTwenty‐three fresh specimens of normal, premalignant, oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and its adjacent normal mucosa were collected for immunohistochemistry with anti‐ubiquitin and anti‐UbcH7 (a human ubiquitin‐conjugating enzyme) antibodies using light and electron microscopy and protein analysis by Western blot.ResultsUbiquitin and UbcH7 were observed in both nucleus and cytoplasm of normal, “premalignant” and malignant tissues of oral mucosa using immunoelectron microscopy. However there was no change in their distribution pattern.ConclusionsThe lack of demonstrable difference in distribution pattern of ubiquitin enzymes indicates that at present, ubiquitin cannot be used as a diagnostic marker for malignant transformation of oral SCC. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 972–978, 2001.
MRNA differential display identification of thyroid hormone‐responsive protein (THRP) gene in association with early phase of long‐term potentiation
Authors: Tang Y.P. , Ma Y.L. , Chen S.K. , Lee E.H.Y. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe process of long‐term potentiation (LTP) consists of the early induction and late maintenance phases. Few studies have examined the cellular mechanisms underlying these two phases; their respective mRNA expression profiles have not yet been elucidated. Here we used the technique of PCR differential display to identify genes that are differentially expressed between the early and late phases of LTP in vivo. Our results indicated that the cDNA fragment corresponding to one mRNA with preferentially increased expression during the early, but not late, phase of LTP encodes the rat thyroid hormone‐responsive protein (THRP) gene. In situ hybridization analysis confirmed the results obtained from the PCR differential display. Prior NMDA receptor blockade with MK801 prevented induction of LTP and decreased THRP mRNA expression in the dentate gyrus, as assayed by quantitative RT‐PCR analysis. THRP antisense oligonucleotide treatment before tetanic stimulation also prevented induction of LTP. However, when THRP antisense oligonucleotide was administered after induction of LTP, it did not affect expression and maintenance of LTP. THRP is known to be responsive to thyroid hormone. Our results indicate that direct thyroid hormone (T3) injection into the dentate gyrus produces a long‐lasting enhancement of synaptic efficacy of these neurons. T3 injection also markedly increased THRP mRNA expression in the dentate gyrus. Taken together, our results suggest that THRP mRNA expression plays an important role in the early phase, but not the late phase, of LTP and that both THRP and thyroid hormone are involved in synaptic plasticity in hippocampal neurons. Hippocampus 2001;11:637–646. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differences in paired‐pulse facilitation and long‐term potentiation between dorsal and ventral CA1 regions in anesthetized rats
Authors: Maruki Kiyoyuki , Izaki Yoshinori , Nomura Masahiko , Yamauchi Toshio 
Published: September 2002

AbstractTo clarify hippocampal regional differences in synaptic plasticity, paired‐pulse facilitation (PPF, a form of short‐term plasticity), long‐term potentiation (LTP, a form of long‐term plasticity), and their interactions were studied in the dorsal and ventral hippocampal CA1 regions of anesthetized rats. Baseline PPF and post‐LTP PPF experiments were conducted at interstimulus intervals (ISIs) of 20–320 ms. A general protocol (100 Hz, 1 s) and a stronger protocol (250‐Hz pulse series) were applied for LTP induction. PPF were observed in both regions; however, the degree was lower and the range of ISIs was narrower in the ventral region compared with the dorsal region. The degree of ventral LTP was lower than that of the dorsal LTP. The interaction between PPF and LTP was observed in both regions (PPF change correlated inversely with degree of baseline PPF). However, this was also different in each region. Dorsal PPF increased or decreased; in contrast, ventral PPF of short ISIs after LTP only decreased. These regional differences in short‐term and long‐term synaptic plasticity may explain a consequence of different afferent inputs and information processing. Hippocampus 2001;11:655–661. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Electrophysiology of regular firing cells in the rat perirhinal cortex
Authors: D'Antuono Margherita , Biagini Giuseppe , Tancredi Virginia , Avoli Massimo 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe electrophysiological properties of neurons in the rat perirhinal cortex were analyzed with intracellular recordings in an in vitro slice preparation. Cells included in this study (n = 59) had resting membrane potential (RMP) = −73.9 ± 8.5 mV (mean ± SD), action potential amplitude = 95.5 ± 10.4 mV, input resistance = 36.1 ±v 15.7 MΩ, and time constant = 13.9 ± 3.4 ms. When filled with neurobiotin (n = 27) they displayed a pyramidal shape with an apical dendrite and extensive basal dendritic tree. Injection of intracellular current pulses revealed: 1) a tetrodotoxin (TTX, 1 μM)‐sensitive, inward rectification in the depolarizing direction (n = 6), and 2) a time‐ and voltage‐dependent hyperpolarizing sag that was blocked by extracellular Cs+ (3 mM, n = 5) application. Prolonged (up to 3 s) depolarizing pulses made perirhinal cells discharge regular firing of fast action potentials that diminished over time in frequency and reached a steady level (i.e., adapted). Repetitive firing was followed by an afterhyperpolarization that was decreased, along with firing adaptation, by the Ca2+‐channel blocker Co2+ (2 mM, n = 6). Action potential broadening became evident during repetitive firing. This behavior, which was more pronounced when larger pulses of depolarizing current were injected (and thus when repetitive firing attained higher rates), was markedly decreased by Co2+ application. Subthreshold membrane oscillations at 5–12 Hz became apparent when cells were depolarized by 10–20 mV from RMP, and action potential clusters appeared with further depolarization. Application of glutamatergic and GABAA receptor antagonists (n = 4), Co2+ (n = 6), or Cs+ (n = 5) did not prevent the occurrence of these oscillations that were abolished by TTX (n = 6). Our results show that pyramidal‐like neurons in the perirhinal cortex are regular firing cells with electrophysiological features resembling those of other cortical pyramidal elements. The ability to generate subthreshold membrane oscillations may play a role in synaptic plasticity and thus in the mnemonic processes typical of this limbic structure. Hippocampus 2001;11:662–672. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hippocampal complex and retrieval of recent and very remote autobiographical memories: Evidence from functional magnetic resonance imaging in neurologically intact people
Authors: Ryan Lee , Nadel Lynn , Keil Katrina , Putnam Karen , Schnyer David , Trouard Theodore , Moscovitch Morris 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIt has been argued that the role of the hippocampus in memory is time‐limited: during a period of memory consolidation, other brain regions such as the neocortex are said to acquire the ability to support memory retention and retrieval on their own. An alternative view is that retention and retrieval of memory for autobiographical episodes depend on the hippocampal complex, regardless of the age of the memory. We examined the participation of the hippocampal complex in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study in which participants were asked to recollect autobiographical events that occurred either within the last 4 years or more than 20 years ago. We found equivalent levels of hippocampal activation in both conditions in all participants (N = 10). In addition, activation in neocortical regions did not differ as a function of the age of the memory, even though most of the recent memories recalled were less than 2 years old and the remote memories more than 35 years old. The results support the notion that the hippocampal complex participates in retention and recovery of even very old autobiographical memories, and place boundary conditions on theories of memory consolidation. Hippocampus 2001;11:707–714. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of the serotonin antagonist, metergoline, on the anxiogenic effects of carbon dioxide, and on heart rate and neuroendocrine measures, in healthy volunteers
Authors: Meiri Gal , Ben‐Zion Itzhak Z. , Greenberg Benjamin D. , Murphy Dennis L. , Benjamin Jonathan 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe mechanism of action of carbon dioxide (CO2) angiogenesis is unknown; only recently have possible serotonergic (5‐HT) influences begun to be studied. In separate double‐blind challenges 1 week apart, 14 healthy volunteers received two vital capacity inhalations each of 35% CO2 and of air, once after a single capsule of placebo and once after a single capsule containing 4 mg of the 5‐HT antagonist metergoline in a randomized crossover design. The inhalations were repeated 1 and 2 days after the ingestion of capsules, to investigate possible delayed effects of metergoline, and possible tolerance to repeated CO2 after placebo. We observed increased anxiety, and a trend for increased plasma noradrenaline (NA), after CO2. CO2 anxiogenesis was significantly enhanced by metergoline. Heart rate increased after both gas mixtures following metergoline administration. Plasma prolactin levels were lower after metergoline. Responses to CO2 did not differ between the day of placebo administration and the two subsequent days; on the days following metergoline administration there were almost no delayed effects. We hypothesize that 5‐HT may function as an inhibitor of CO2 anxiogenesis, and that this is opposed by the 5‐HT antagonist, metergoline. Absence of tolerance after repeated CO2 argues against psychological explanations of tolerance after other panicogens. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The National Stream Quality Accounting Network: a flux‐based approach to monitoring the water quality of large rivers
Authors: Hooper Richard P. , Aulenbach Brent T. , Kelly Valerie J. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractEstimating the annual mass flux at a network of fixed stations is one approach to characterizing water quality of large rivers. The interpretive context provided by annual flux includes identifying source and sink areas for constituents and estimating the loadings to receiving waters, such as reservoirs or the ocean. Since 1995, the US Geological Survey's National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN) has employed this approach at a network of 39 stations in four of the largest river basins of the USA: the Mississippi, the Columbia, the Colorado and the Rio Grande. In this paper, the design of NASQAN is described and its effectiveness at characterizing the water quality of these rivers is evaluated using data from the first 3 years of operation. A broad range of constituents was measured by NASQAN, including trace organic and inorganic chemicals, major ions, sediment and nutrients. Where possible, a regression model relating concentration to discharge and season was used to interpolate between chemical observations for flux estimation. For water‐quality network design, the most important finding from NASQAN was the importance of having a specific objective (that is, estimating annual mass flux) and, from that, an explicitly stated data analysis strategy, namely the use of regression models to interpolate between observations. The use of such models aided in the design of sampling strategy and provided a context for data review. The regression models essentially form null hypotheses for concentration variation that can be evaluated by the observed data. The feedback between network operation and data collection established by the hypothesis tests places the water‐quality network on a firm scientific footing. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applicability of NASQAN data for ecosystem assessments on the Missouri River
Authors: Blevins Dale , Fairchild James 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe effectiveness of ecological restoration efforts on large developed rivers is often unknown because comprehensive ecological monitoring programs are often absent. Although Eulerian water‐quality monitoring programs, such as the National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN) program, are more common, they are usually not designed for ecological assessment. Therefore, this paper addresses the value of NASQAN for ecological assessments on the Missouri River and identifies potential program additions and modifications to assess certain ecological changes in physical habitat, biological structure and function, and ecotoxicity.Five additional sites; the analysis of chlorophyll, mercury, ATP, potential endocrine disruptors, total trace elements, and selected total hydrophobic organics; and the hourly measurement of dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and temperature are recommended. Hourly measurements would require an entirely new operational aspect to NASQAN. However, the presence of data loggers and satellite transmitters in the gauging stations at all NASQAN sites substantially improves the feasibility of continuous water‐quality monitoring. The use of semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) to monitor dissolved bioaccumulating organics and trace elements, identification and enumeration of zooplankton, and characterization of the bioavailability of organic matter are also recommended.The effect of biological processes on the conservative assumptions that are used in flux and source determinations of NASQAN constituents are also evaluated. Organic carbon, organic nitrogen, dissolved phosphate, and dissolved inorganic nitrogen are the NASQAN constituents most vulnerable to biological processes and thus violation of conservative assumptions. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamics of carbon dioxide in soil profiles based on long‐term field observation
Authors: Hamada Y. , Tanaka T. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractLong‐term field observation of carbon dioxide concentrations in soil air and soil temperature and moisture was conducted in a forested (oak and Japanese larch) headwater basin. The soil CO2 concentration was measured monthly from the ground surface to a depth of 2 m using gas detection tubes. The data were then averaged monthly to show general annual trends. The temporal and spatial distribution of carbon dioxide showed generally constant annual patterns of concentration increase from spring to summer and decrease from autumn to winter in response to soil temperature changes. The concentration increased exponentially with soil temperature ≥5 °C at the same depth, suggesting a close relationship between the concentration and production of carbon dioxide. From late winter to early spring a frozen layer formed at the top of the soil profile that inhibited the escape of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. The soil CO2 concentrations in the oak forest were generally higher than those in the Japanese larch forest, although both soil respiration rate and soil organic carbon contents were lower in the oak forest. Considerable interannual differences in the distribution of carbon dioxide were observed with coincident differences in precipitation. Concentrations at shallow depths were relatively low in dry summers. When the frozen layer was not formed under thick snow cover, soil CO2 concentration did not increase. In deep soils, where the influence of precipitation was not significant, the interannual difference was almost always within ±20% of the monthly average. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.