bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of vitamin C and E in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Arlt Sönke , Müller‐Thomsen Tomas , Beisiegel Ulrike 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSince it has become evident that increased oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, the therapeutical use of antioxidants has been discussed. To date there are several studies showing that lipid peroxidation in particular is increased not only in brain tissue but also in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of Alzheimer's disease patients. Accordingly, decreased levels of antioxidants, which are capable of inhibiting lipid peroxidation, have been found in a majority of studies performed on this subject. This article focusses on the two major lipid peroxidation inhibiting vitamins, vitamin C (ascorbate) and vitamin E (α‐tocopherol), in the therapy of Alzheimer's disease. The antioxidant action of these vitamins has been investigated in detail in artherosclerosis research, and the combination of both antioxidants has been shown to efficiently inhibit lipoprotein oxidation in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid following oral supplementation. The only double‐blind placebo‐controlled study that has been performed on the effect of vitamin E alone demonstrated a beneficial effect on the course of Alzheimer's disease. At present there is evidence supporting the combined use of vitamin C and E therapy for Alzheimer's disease, but future clinical studies investigating the effect of these antioxidants must be carried out. Drug Dev. Res. 56:452–457, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Statistical verification of the Chesapeake Bay benthic index of biotic integrity
Authors: Alden Raymond W. , Dauer D. M. , Ranasinghe J. A. , Scott L. C. , Llansó R. J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe benthic index of biotic integrity (B‐IBI) developed for the Chesapeake Bay was statistically verified using simulations and a suite of multivariate statistical techniques. The B‐IBI uses a simple scoring system for benthic community metrics to assess benthic community health and to infer environmental quality of benthic habitats in the Bay. Overall, the B‐IBI was verified as being sensitive, stable, robust and statistically sound. Classification effectiveness of the B‐IBI increased with salinity, from marginal performance for tidal freshwater ecosystems to excellent results for polyhaline areas. The greater classification uncertainty in low salinity habitats may be due to difficulties in reliably identifying naturally unstressed areas or may be due to regional ecotones created by stress gradients. Pollution‐indicative species abundance, pollution‐sensitive species abundance, and diversity(Shannon's index) were the most important metrics in discriminating between degraded and non‐degraded conditions in the majority of the habitats. Single metrics often performed as well as the multi‐metric B‐IBI in correctly classifying the relative quality of sites. However, the redundancy in the multi‐metric B‐IBI provided a stable ‘weight of evidence’ system which increased confidence in general conclusions. Confidence limits developed for the B‐IBI scores were used to distinguish among habitats that were degraded, non‐degraded, of intermediate quality, or of indeterminate condition. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A cascadic conjugate gradient algorithm for mass conservative, semi‐implicit discretization of the shallow water equations on locally refined structured grids
Authors: Bonaventura Luca , Rosatti Giorgio 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA semi‐implicit, mass conservative discretization scheme is applied to the two‐dimensional shallow water equations on a hierarchy of structured, locally refined Cartesian grids. Different resolution grids are fully interacting and the discrete Helmholtz equation obtained from the semi‐implicit discretization is solved by the cascadic conjugate gradient method. A flux correction is applied at the interface between the coarser and finer discretization grids, so as to ensure discrete mass conservation, along with symmetry and diagonal dominance of the resulting matrix. Two‐dimensional idealized simulations are presented, showing the accuracy and the efficiency of the resulting method. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structured multigrid agglomeration on a data structure for unstructured meshes
Authors: Hannemann V. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA key issue for using multigrid as an acceleration technique on unstructured meshes is the generation of the coarse grid levels. Some new ideas are presented to improve the agglomeration of coarse cells in hybrid grids with respect to the structure of hexahedral or prismatic layers. The algorithms are embedded in the standard advancing front method which works locally on the edge based data structure representing the dual grid. The goal is to preserve the topological structure of the hexahedral and prismatic parts as far as possible. As a result of the structure preservation a desired coarsening ratio (number of fine grid volumes per coarse grid volume), responsible for the memory requirements and the computing time spent in looping over all volumes, can be achieved with a minimal number of edges, which is linked to the major working time spent in loops over all edges. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adjoint shape optimization for steady free‐surface flows
Authors: van Brummelen E. H. , Segal A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractNumerical solution of flows that are partially bounded by a freely moving boundary is of great importance in practical applications such as ship hydrodynamics. Free boundary problems can be reformulated into optimal shape design problems, which can in principle be solved efficiently by the adjoint method. This work examines the suitability of the adjoint shape optimization method for solving steady free‐surface flows. It is shown that preconditioning is imperative to avoid mesh‐width dependence of the convergence behaviour. Numerical results are presented for 2D flow over an obstacle in a channel. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Somatic mitochondrial DNA mutations in human chromophobe renal cell carcinomas
Authors: Nagy Anetta , Wilhelm Monica , Sükösd Farkas , Ljungberg Börje , Kovacs Gyula 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe sequenced the entire mitochondrial genome in 8 chromophobe renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) and corresponding normal kidneys. Our study disclosed 68 known and 45 new sequence variations occurring 132 and 45 times, respectively. We found 6 somatic nucleotide changes in 5 out of the 8 chromophobe RCCs. One A → T substitution occurred in the D‐loop region and an insertion of a 9‐bp sequence in the noncoding region of the MTNC7. One G → A substitution and one C → T substitution were seen in the MTRNR1 and MTRNR2 genes, respectively. One C deletion in MTND5 and one T insertion in the MTND3 gene resulted in frameshift mutations in two tumors. All somatic alterations, with the exception of the 9‐bp insertion, were heteroplasmic changes. Although somatic mtDNA mutations are found in chromophobe RCCs, their role in the maintenance of tumor cell phenotype or in tumorigenesis remains to be elucidated. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The rock‐hewn churches of Tigrai, Northern Ethiopia: A geological perspective
Authors: Asrat Asfawossen 
Published: October 2002

AbstractEthiopia is endowed with many rock‐hewn churches, with the largest group in central and eastern Tigrai. These churches can be divided into four zones: the Atsbi, Hawzen‐Ger'alta, Sinkata‐Adigrat, and Tembien, with more than 100 rock‐hewn churches of different ages, sizes, and histories. However, they have one thing in common: All are carved into sandstone. The Enticho, Adigrat, and Ambaradam sandstones (Permo‐Carboniferous, Triassic—Middle Jurassic, and Early Cretaceous, respectively) are extensively exposed in these areas and are characterized by thick and massive beds of coarse‐ to fine‐grained and well‐sorted successions. These sandstones are easily carved, yet compact enough to withstand pressure. Although limestone, basalt, and crystalline rocks are exposed in the same area, few rock‐hewn churches have been carved into them. The rock type is, therefore, the most important factor in the location of these rock‐hewn churches. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Differential expression of protein tyrosine kinase genes during microglial activation
Authors: Krady J. Kyle , Basu Anirban , Levison Steven W. , Milner Robert J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractProtein tyrosine kinase (PTK) activity is abundant in microglia, but the PTKs that participate in their activation have not been identified. For these studies, we used three paradigms to characterize PTK expression during microglial activation: resting and activated microglia were bulk fractionated from the adult brain, cultured newborn microglia were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to model the transition from activated toward phagocytic microglia, and PTK expression was examined in activated microglia in situ after facial nerve axotomy. Two PCR‐based strategies were used to show that 21 different PTK genes are expressed by rat brain microglia: 5 receptor PTKs, 10 nonreceptor PTKs, and 6 members of the src family. Seven of the 21 PTKs were examined in greater detail. Five PTK mRNAs (fgr, hck, fak, jak‐2, and flk‐1) increased expression across all three models of activation. We conclude that they represent key components in the cascades that participate in microglial activation. In contrast, expression of fes and fms correlated with stimuli that affect microglial proliferation. Four of the PTKs (hck, fgr, fes, and fms) are believed to be myeloid cell specific and were not expressed by cultured astrocytes. HCK and FAK protein were also not expressed in lysates of immature astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Because of their putative specificity, these kinases represent potential targets for inhibitors of microglial activation. Because reactive microglia can exacerbate the severity of neurological diseases, the identification of specific kinases that participate in microglial activation represents an important advance toward the development of new therapeutics. GLIA 40:11–24, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The relative number of macrophages/microglia expressing macrophage colony‐stimulating factor and its receptor decreases in multiple sclerosis lesions
Authors: Werner Katrin , Bitsch Andreas , Bunkowski Stephanie , Hemmerlein Bernhard , Brück Wolfgang 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe activation of macrophages/microglia in multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions plays a central role in the effector phase of myelin breakdown. The precise patterns of macrophage/microglia activation during demyelination have not yet been defined. The growth and activating factor macrophage‐colony stimulating factor (M‐CSF) and its specific receptor (M‐CSFR) may be involved in this process. The present study investigated the expression of M‐CSF and M‐CSFR mRNA by in situ hybridization in 60 lesions from 32 MS patients. In the control and periplaque white matter, microglia was almost completely M‐CSFR positive. Irrespective of the demyelinating activity, an increased number of cells expressed M‐CSF or M‐CSFR mRNA within the lesions. However, despite the tremendous increase in macrophages/microglia within the lesions, the relative number of these cells expressing M‐CSF or M‐CSFR decreased. There was no correlation of M‐CSF or M‐CSFR expression with active myelin breakdown. The correlation between the clinical course and the expression of M‐CSF or M‐CSFR mRNA revealed significant differences with the lowest expression in primary progressive MS. These results suggest a downregulation of M‐CSF and M‐CSFR inside the MS plaque probably due to the high amount of macrophage‐derived cytokines or mediators. Nevertheless, the differences in the relative number of cells expressing the M‐CSF/M‐CSFR pathway implicate that this pathway may be an important contributory factor in different forms of MS pathology. GLIA 40:121–129, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cognitive function and caregiver burden: predictive factors for eating behaviour disorders in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Rivière Stéphanie , Gillette‐Guyonnet Sophie , Andrieu Sandrine , Nourhashemi Fati , Lauque Sylvie , Cantet Christelle , Salva Antoni , Frisoni Giovanni , Vellas Bruno 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundPatients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) commonly develop aversive feeding behaviours. These behaviours lead to weight loss and frequently to physicians using tube feeding. Little is known about factors correlated with feeding difficulties during AD.ObjectiveTo investigate predictors of aversive feeding behaviours (AFBs) which occured during a one‐year interval among AD patients living at home with a caregiver.MethodOne‐year study initiated in January 1998 with 224 AD patients and their caregivers. Main outcome measures: all patients underwent a nutritional, psychologic and functional evaluation at baseline and one year later. Feeding difficulties were assessed using the Feeding Dependency Scale and the Aversive Feeding Behaviour Inventory. The Burden Interview was also done to assess the material and emotional burden.ResultsInitial feeding difficulties were significantly associated with the age of the caregiver, the severity of the disease and the initial patient's autonomy and psychological functioning (mood and behaviour disorders). AD patients, who lived with a more affected caregiver at baseline, developped feeding difficulties and AFBs during the follow‐up. Logistic regression analysis showed a positive association between AFBs worsening and the initial caregiver's burden after controlling for counfounding factors. On the other hand, memory impairment was inversely associated with AFBs.ConclusionsBoth cognitive impairment and family stress can help in predicting which AD patients living at home will develop AFBs. Nutritional information and support to families are probably the best strategies to prevent AFBs during AD and to improve consequently the patient's and caregiver's quality of life. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carcinoma in situ in a lateral cervical cyst
Authors: Zimmermann Corinna E. , von Domarus Helmut , Moubayed Pierre 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundThe development of an invasive squamous cell carcinoma within a lateral cervical cyst as a result of malignant transformation of the epithelium is considered a rare circumstance. The existence of this entity is a source of controversy in light of the differential diagnosis, which includes a cervical metastasis from an unknown primary carcinoma (CUP‐syndrome). Apart from site, histologic findings, and follow‐up, the principal diagnostic criterion for lateral cervical cyst carcinoma is the histomorphologic demonstration of transition of the benign epithelium into invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Although numerous case reports of this entity exist, carcinoma in situ in a lateral cervical cyst has been reported in only five cases thus far.MethodIn this context, we present the case of a 44‐year‐old patient with a 7‐month history of cervical swelling.ResultsAfter diagnostic extirpation of the tumor, histologic findings were consistent with a lateral branchial cyst with high‐grade dysplasia and carcinoma in situ of the squamous epithelial lining.ConclusionThis case of a premalignant lesion within a lateral branchial cyst (ie, carcinoma in situ) supplies the “missing link” and adds credibility to the concept of primary branchiogenic carcinoma. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gene therapy for intraperitoneally disseminated pancreatic cancers by Escherichia coli uracil phosphoribosiltransferase (UPRT) gene mediated by restricted replication‐competent adenoviral vectors
Authors: Oonuma Masaru , Sunamura Makoto , Motoi Fuyuhiko , Fukuyama Shouji , Shimamura Hiromune , Yamauchi Jun‐ichiro , Shibuya Kazuhiko , Egawa Shin‐ichi , Hamada Hirofumi , Takeda Kazunori , Matsuno Seiki 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAlthough patients with unresectable pancreatic tumors have been treated with 5‐fluorouracil (5FU)‐based combination chemotherapy, the drug resistance of cancer cells presents a crucial therapeutic problem. It was reported that UPRT overcomes 5FU resistance. UPRT catalyzes the synthesis of 5‐fluorouridine monophosphate (FUMP) from Uracil and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate (PRPP). The antitumor effect of 5FU is enhanced by augmenting 5‐fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate (FdUMP) converted from FUMP, which inhibits thymidylate synthetase (TS). We first demonstrated that injecting an E1‐deficient adenoviral vector (Adv) expressing UPRT (AxCAUPRT) followed by 5‐FU treatment resulted in a volume reduction of xenotransplanted human tumors. In examining the therapeutic effect of AxCAUPRT/5‐FU against peritoneal dissemination, we found that non‐selective gene transduction of AxCAUPRT caused severe adverse effects arising from the increase of F‐dUMP in normal intestine. Because the therapeutic gene delivered by a restricted replication‐competent Adv lacking 55 kDa E1B protein (AxE1AdB) is speculated to be expressed selectively in tumors, mice with established tumors were injected with AxE1AdB and E1‐deleted Adv expressing the lacZ reporter gene (AxCAlacZ). The expression of the reporter gene (lacZ) was selectively enhanced in disseminated tumors. The therapeutic advantage of restricted replication competent Adv that expresses UPRT (AxE1AdB‐UPRT) was evaluated in an intraperitoneal disseminated tumor model. To study the anti‐tumor effect of AxE1AdB‐UPRT/5FU, mice with disseminated AsPC‐1 tumors were administered the Adv, followed by the 5FU treatment. It was shown that the treatment with AxE1AdB‐UPRT/5FU caused a dramatic reduction of the disseminated tumor burden without toxicity in normal tissues. Our results showed that the AxE1AdB‐UPRT/5FU system is a promising tool for intraperitoneal disseminated pancreatic cancer. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human dendritic cells induce tumor‐specific apoptosis by soluble factors
Authors: Joo Hong‐Gu , Fleming Timothy P. , Tanaka Yoshiyuki , Dunn Toby J. , Linehan David C. , Goedegebuure Peter S. , Eberlein Timothy J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent antigen producing cells (APCs) for initiation of immune responses including anti‐tumor immune responses. In previous reports, it has been shown that DCs efficiently take up and process apoptotic or necrotic bodies of tumor cells. It has also been shown that DCs pulsed with tumor cell apoptotic bodies, lysates or peptides generate potent anti‐tumor immune responses. Direct interactions between DCs and viable tumor cells, however, have not been clearly elucidated. We report that monocyte‐derived, CD1a+ immature DCs (iDCs) significantly inhibit the growth of breast tumor cells in coculture and transwell experiments in the presence of soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L), LPS or both. The growth inhibition effects correlated with cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of breast tumor cells. The effects were associated with morphological changes of tumor cells from a round shape to a flat, spindle shape. In contrast, no inhibition of proliferation or morphological changes was observed on normal PBMC, K562 or breast fibroblasts. Interestingly, iDCs undergoing maturation induced by sCD40L+LPS induced a much stronger growth inhibitory effect than iDCs alone or mature DCs treated with sCD40L+LPS. Fractionation of supernatants showed the anti‐tumor effects were mediated by a TNF‐α‐dependent and ‐independent mechanism. Soluble FasL and TRAIL were not involved. Our findings suggest that maturing DCs have the intrinsic ability to induce cell‐cycle arrest and apoptosis of breast tumor cells through soluble factors, but not normal cells, in addition to their Ag presentation function. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prolactin secretion and intracellular Ca2+ change in rat lactotroph subpopulations stimulated by thyrotropin‐releasing hormone
Authors: Huang Chih‐Yang , Kuo Wei‐Wen , Tsai Tsung‐Po , Wu Der‐Jinn , Hsieh Yih‐Shou , Wang Paulus S. , Cheng Chih‐Kai , Liu Jer‐Yuh 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThyrotropin‐releasing hormone (TRH) may stimulate lactotrophs to increase intracellular Ca2+ and to secrete prolactin (PRL). In this study, PRL contents in lactotrophs were determined by the sequential cell immunoblot assay (SCIBA) and their changes in intracellular Ca2+ was analyzed by confocal microscopy. Significant correlations were found in the corresponding parameters between TRH treatments with a recovery interval of 2 h. Measuring the PRL contents after the first TRH treatment and then determining the intracellular Ca2+ changes after the second TRH treatment revealed four lactotroph subpopulations. Type I cells (51%) showed significant responses of both PRL secretion and intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Type II cells (22%) increased in PRL secretion, but without changes in intracellular Ca2+. Type III cells (17%) have increased in intracellular Ca2+, but without changes in PRL secretion. Type IV cells (10%) did not show changes in PRL secretion and intracellular Ca2+. J. Cell. Biochem. 87: 126–132, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biochemical characterization of heparan sulfate derived from murine hemopoietic stromal cell lines: A bone marrow‐derived cell line S17 and a fetal liver‐derived cell line AFT024
Authors: Arcanjo Katia , Belo Gisele , Folco Cristiane , Werneck Claudio C. , Borojevic Radovan , Silva Luiz‐Claudio F. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractHeparan sulfate (HS) present on the surface of hemopoietic stromal cells has important roles in the control of adhesion and growth of hemopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Recent studies have characterized several different heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) from both human and murine bone marrow stromal cells. In the present study, we have compared the molecular structure of HS, metabolically labeled with [35S]‐sulfate produced by two distinct preparations of murine hemopoietic stromal cell lines. These comprised a bone marrow‐derived cell line S17 and a fetal liver‐derived cell line AFT024. [35S]‐HS was examined in the cell layers and in the culture medium. We identified and measured the relative proportions of the various glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the two stromal cell lines. Chondroitin sulfate (CS) was preponderantly secreted by the stromal cell lines, while HS was relatively more abundant in the cell‐associated fractions. The two types of stromal cells differ in their HS composition, mainly due to different patterns of N‐ and O‐sulfation. The two stromal cell lines expressed mRNA for different HSPGs. Data from reverse transcription PCR revealed that the two stromal cell lines expressed mRNA for glypican and syndecan4. Only AFT024 cell line expressed mRNA for betaglycan. There was no evidence for expression of mRNA for both syndecan1 and syndecan2. [35S]‐sulfated macromolecules could be released from the cell surface of both stromal cell lines by phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C (PI‐PLC), which is consistent with the expression of glypican detected by PCR experiments. J. Cell. Biochem. 87: 160–172, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.