bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MMPI, MMPI‐2 and PTSD: Overview of scores, scales, and profiles
Authors: Lyons Judith A. , Wheeler‐Cox Trilby 
Published: September 2003

AbstractA number of issues should be considered when applying profile interpretations and subscales derived from the original MMPI. These issues and the overall utility of the MMPI‐2 for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) evaluations are summarized. The Keane PTSD scale is found to be an effective tool for differential diagnosis when a cut‐off score of 28 is used. The Schlenger PTSD scale warrants additional study. Various MMPI‐2 validity scales are useful in detecting malingering, but concurrence regarding cut‐off scores is lacking. The 2‐8/8‐2 MMPI PTSD profile does not emerge as consistently on the MMPI‐2 as it did on the MMPI, due to the frequent elevation of scale 7 on the MMPI‐2.
Pathways from war trauma to posttraumatic stress symptoms among Tamil asylum seekers, refugees, and immigrants
Authors: Steel Zachary , Silove Derrick , Bird Kevin , McGorry Patrick , Mohan P. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractPath analysis was used to examine the antecedents of posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptoms in Tamil asylum‐seekers, refugees, and immigrants in Australia. The Harvard Trauma Questionnaire and a postmigration living difficulties questionnaire were completed by 62 asylum‐seekers, 30 refugees, and 104 immigrants who responded to a mail‐out. Demographic characteristics, residency status, and measures of trauma and postmigration stress were fitted to a structural model in PTS symptoms. Premigration trauma exposure accounted for 20% of the variance of PTS symptoms. Postmigration stress contributed 14% of the variance. Although limited by sampling constraints and retrospective measurement, the study supports the notion that both traumatic and posttraumatic events contribute to the expression of PTS symptoms.
The effects of exposure to community violence on Khmer refugee adolescents
Authors: Berthold S. Megan 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe aim of the study was to examine the relationship between exposure to violence and mental health outcomes among Khmer refugee adolescents. Seventy‐six Khmer junior and senior high school students and their parents participated in a cross‐sectional survey study. Half of the adolescents survived violence directed at them, and two thirds witnessed violence. Although approximately one quarter either partially or fully met the criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), most were functioning adequately. Ordinary least squares regression analyses indicated that the number of violent events they were exposed to in their lifetime significantly predicted their level of functioning and PTSD. Recommendations for future research and implications for clinicians and educators working with Khmer and other refugee adolescents are discussed.
Hospitalized adolescents' reports of sexual and physical abuse: A comparison of two self‐report measures
Authors: Lipschitz Deborah S. , Bernstein David P. , Winegar Robert K. , Southwick Steven M. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis study assesses the consistency of adolescents' reports of sexual and physical abuse via two self‐report questionnaires with different measurement approaches and examines demographic and psychopathological characteristics that influence abuse reporting. Seventy adolescent inpatients completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) (Likert‐type items are summed to form dimensional scales, and cutoff scores determine abuse status), the Traumatic Events Questionnaire—Adolescents (multiple‐choice items determine abuse status) and measures of depression, suicidal ideation, and dissociative symptoms. Consistent reports of physical and sexual abuse were given by 86% and 71% of youngsters, respectively. Discrepant reporters of sexual abuse were significantly more likely to be male, whereas consistent reporters were significantly more depressed and suicidal and reported higher levels of sexual abuse and emotional and physical neglect. Adolescents, for the most part, were consistent in their responses about sexual and physical abuse on both a Likert scale and a direct‐answer‐format questionnaire. The CTQ had a lower threshold for detection of sexual abuse, particularly for boys.
Validation of the PTSD checklist–civilian version in survivors of bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Smith Meredith Y. , Redd William , DuHamel Katherine , Vickberg Suzanne Johnson , Ricketts Patricia 
Published: September 2003

AbstractLife‐threatening illness now qualifies as a precipitating stressor for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We examined the validity of the PTSD Checklist–Civilian Version (PCL–C; Weathers, Litz, Herman, Juska, & Keane, 1993), a brief 17‐item inventory of PTSD‐like symptoms, in a sample of 111 adults who had undergone bone marrow transplantation an average of 4.04 years previously. Exploratory factor analysis of the PCL–C identified four distinct patterns of symptom responses: Numbing–Hyperarousal, Dreams–Memories of the Cancer Treatment, General Hyperarousal, Responses to Cancer‐Related Reminders and Avoidance–Numbing. Respondents meeting PTSD symptom criteria on the PCL–C had significantly lower physical, role, and social functioning, greater distress and anxiety, and significantly more intrusive and avoidant responses than individuals who did not meet PTSD symptom criteria.
Performance of children of adults with PTSD on the Stroop color‐naming task: A preliminary study
Authors: Moradi Ali R. , Neshat‐Doost Hamid T. , Taghavi Reza , Yule William , Dalgleish Tim 
Published: September 2003

AbstractInvestigators have used various experimental paradigms to study how individuals with different emotional disorders process emotional information. However, little research has been done on relatives of individuals with emotional disorders, despite developments in the area of emotional contagion. In the current experiment, children of adults with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (n = 18) and control participants (n = 21), ages 9–17 years, participated in a modified Stroop color‐naming task. The results indicated that the children of adults with PTSD showed increased Stroop interference for threat‐related relative to neutral words and to the performance of the controls. These findings are discussed with respect to the literature on information processing in PTSD and emotional contagion in families.
PTSD among bereaved parents following the violent deaths of their 12‐ to 28‐year‐old children: A longitudinal prospective analysis
Authors: Murphy Shirley A. , Braun Tom , Tillery Linda , Cain Kevin C. , Johnson L. Clark , Beaton Randal D. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis study examined the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among parents bereaved by the violent deaths of their 12‐ to 28‐year‐old children. A community‐based sample of 171 bereaved mothers and 90 fathers was recruited by a review of Medical Examiner records and followed for 2 years. Four important findings emerged: Both parents' gender and children's causes of death significantly affected the prevalence of PTSD symptoms. Twice as many mothers and fathers whose children were murdered met PTSD caseness (full diagnostic) criteria compared with accident and suicide bereavement. Symptoms in the reexperiencing domain were the most commonly reported. PTSD symptoms persisted over time, with 21% of the mothers and 14% of the fathers who provided longitudinal data still meeting caseness criteria 2 years after the deaths. Parents who met caseness criteria for PTSD, compared with those who did not, were significantly different on multiple study variables. Both theoretical and clinical implications for the findings are discussed.
Evaluation of dream content in combat‐related PTSD
Authors: Esposito Karin , Benitez Amparo , Barza Lydia , Mellman Thomas 
Published: September 2003

AbstractNightmares that replicate traumatic events are among the criteria that define posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, there has been limited systematic assessment of the content of dreams in PTSD. A PTSD dream rating instrument was developed to operationalize features attributed to dreams associated with combat‐related PTSD that incorporated dimensions from the dream content analysis literature, and its reliability was assessed. Then the instrument was used to characterize dream reports in 18 Vietnam combat veterans diagnosed with PTSD. Approximately half of the group's target dreams contained features characteristic of combat, and all but 3 (17%) were moderately to highly threatening. Fifty‐three percent were set at least partially in the present and 79% contained distorted elements. We therefore conclude that target dreams of combat veterans with PTSD vary with regard to replication of trauma and elements normally associated with dreaming, but typically are threatening.
Effects of varying scoring rules of the clinician administered PTSD scale (CAPS) for the diagnosis of PTSD after acute burn injury
Authors: Fleming Megan P. , Difede JoAnn 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe Clinician Administered Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Scale (CAPS) enables quantification of the severity of each of the 17 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. Blanchard and colleagues (1995) have documented variation in rates of PTSD among survivors of motor vehicle accidents depending on the CAPS scoring rule used. This report examines the effects of varying the scoring rules of the CAPS on rates of acute PTSD symptoms in hospitalized burn patients. Changing from the most liberal to the most conservative scoring rule resulted in a change in diagnosis of acute PTSD from 25% to 32% of the sample. The variation documented in this study and others has implications for a range of issues, including rates of PTSD in epidemiological studies, treatment outcome research, and forensic evaluations.
Compelled attention: The effects of viewing trauma‐related stimuli on concurrent task performance in posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Chemtob Claude M. , Roitblat Herbert L. , Hamada Roger S. , Muraoka Miles Y. , Carlson John G. , Bauer Gordon B. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractWe examined the ability of Vietnam veterans with PTSD to focus attention on a primary digit detection task while concurrently viewing neutral or Vietnam‐related picture and word distractors. Controlling for combat exposure, military service, and psychopathology, veterans with PTSD took longer to detect the target when Vietnam‐related pictures were distractors. There were no reaction time differences when word stimuli were distractors. The latency effect was specific to trials with trauma‐related pictures and did not spread to neutral trials interleaved within a mixed block of trauma and neutral pictures. Individuals with PTSD recalled proportionally more Vietnam‐related words than other groups, implying differential attention to Vietnam‐related words. Attending to trauma‐related pictures interferes with performance of a concurrent task by individuals with PTSD.
Posttraumatic stress disorder and interpersonal functioning in Vietnam war veterans: A mediational model
Authors: MacDonald Carol , Chamberlain Kerry , Long Nigel , Flett Ross 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis study examines the association between posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and interpersonal functioning in a New Zealand community sample of 756 Vietnam War veterans. The results support previous research findings showing that PTSD adversely affects veterans' interpersonal relationships, family functioning, and marital/dyadic adjustment and show that the effects of PTSD on family functioning and dyadic adjustment are mediated by severity of interpersonal problems. It is suggested that higher levels of PTSD affect the ability of veterans to initiate and maintain interpersonal relationships and that these interpersonal problems are evident in poorer levels of family functioning and poorer dyadic adjustment.
A comparison of ICD10 and DSM‐IV criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Peters Lorna , Slade Tim , Andrews Gavin 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe assumption that participants receiving an ICD10 diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) will also receive a DSM‐IV diagnosis of PTSD was tested. Data were gathered for 1,364 participants using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). The 12‐month prevalence of PTSD was 3% for DSM‐IV and 7% for ICD10 Diagnostic Criteria for Research (ICD10‐DCR). The agreement between the two systems was fair (kappa = .50). Forty eight percent of the discrepancies between the systems were accounted for by the additional criterion requiring clinically significant distress or impairment included in DSM‐IV. The inclusion of symptoms of general numbing of responsiveness accounted for 18% of the discrepancies. It is concluded that ICD10‐DCR PTSD cannot be assumed to be identical to DSM‐IV PTSD.
Dissociative processes and symptoms of posttraumatic stress in Vietnam veterans
Authors: Tampke Anna K. , Irwin Harvey J. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe diagnostic taxonomy of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a contentious issue. Commentators are divided as to whether PTSD should remain grouped with the anxiety disorders or conceptualized as a dissociative disorder. This study sought to clarify the issue by investigating the extent to which anxiety and dissociative processes differentially predict the severity of each of the three symptom clusters in PTSD. Seventy‐four Australian veterans of the Vietnam War were assessed on measures of dissociation, trait anxiety, and posttraumatic stress symptomatology. Multiple regression analyses showed that all three symptoms clusters were predicted by anxiety, but the clusters differed in the pattern of their relationship with dissociation variables. The failure of pathological dissociation to predict PTSD symptoms prompts a reconsideration of the point at which dissociative mechanisms may impact on this disorder. The findings are consistent with current classification of combat‐related PTSD as an anxiety disorder.
Effects of mode of writing on emotional narratives
Authors: Brewin Chris R. , Lennard Hayley 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe authors hypothesized that writing longhand about a stressful experience, compared to typing, arouses greater negative emotion. Eighty college students were randomly assigned to describe either a neutral or stressful topic by typing or writing longhand, in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Students describing the stressful topic, compared to the neutral topic, wrote for a longer period, used more words, and reported greater negative and less positive affect. Consistent with prediction, writing about a stressful experience longhand induced greater negative affect than typing, and led to more self‐rated disclosure. These findings suggest a method whereby therapists can help patients control their levels of negative affect when producing a trauma narrative.
Posttraumatic stress disorder and service utilization among urban mental health center clients
Authors: Switzer Galen E. , Dew Mary Amanda , Thompson Kenneth , Goycoolea Jean M. , Derricott Tonya , Mullins Stephen D. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractAlthough the urban poor are at high risk for exposure to trauma, community mental health clinics rarely diagnose clients with PTSD. Failure to diagnose PTSD may undermine the effectiveness of services provided. Our objectives were to (1) assess prevalence of traumatic experiences and PTSD, and (2) examine differences in service utilization between those who had PTSD and those who did not. Interview data were gathered from 181 urban psychiatric outpatients. A substantial number of clients had experienced at least one lifetime trauma (94%), and of those, 42% had PTSD during the past year. Analyses comparing service use between PTSD and nonPTSD clients supported our expectation that clients with PTSD would use more mental health services, and would be less satisfied with services than their nonPTSD counterparts.
MMPI‐2 data for Australian Vietnam veterans with combat‐related PTSD
Authors: Forbes David , Creamer Mark , McHugh Tony 
Published: September 2003

AbstractConsiderable attention has been devoted to the MMPI in the assessment of combat‐related PTSD. To date, published data have focused almost exclusively on American Vietnam veterans. This study investigated MMPI‐2 profiles of 100 Australian Vietnam veterans admitted to an intensive PTSD treatment program. Comparisons with United States (U.S.) data suggested strong similarities between the American and Australian populations in terms of F‐scale elevations and typical 3‐point code types (8‐7‐2). However, the American samples showed relatively higher elevations of Scales 4 and 6, suggesting social alienation and a tendency to externalize, while a subgroup of Australian veterans showed a greater propensity for somatization (Scale 1). The results provide overall support for the generalizability of American MMPI data to an alternative cultural group of combat veterans.
Partner abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder as risk factors for suicide attempts in a sample of low‐income, inner‐city women
Authors: Thompson Martie P. , Kaslow Nadine J. , Kingree J. B. , Puett Robin , Thompson Nancy J. , Meadows Lindi 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThis study examined partner abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as risk factors for suicidal behavior among women, and whether or not PTSD mediated the partner abuse‐suicidal behavior association. Attempters (n = 119) were approximately three times more likely to be above clinical cut‐points for physical partner abuse, nonphysical abuse, and PTSD than nonattempters (n = 85). Physical partner abuse, but not nonphysical partner abuse, was associated with an increased risk for PTSD. Further, PTSD mediated the link between physical partner abuse and suicidality, such that when PTSD was statistically controlled, the association between physical partner abuse and suicide attempt status was reduced to nonsignificance. Implications of findings for interventions for female victims of partner abuse, and women who make nonfatal suicide attempts are discussed.
Chronicity in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and predictors of course of comorbid PTSD in patients with anxiety disorders
Authors: Zlotnick Caron , Warshaw Meredith , Shea M. Tracie , Allsworth Jennifer , Pearlstein Teri , Keller Martin B. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the course of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in 54 patients with another anxiety disorder. Using a prospective longitudinal design, the present study found that during the first 5 years of follow‐up the probability of full remission from a chronic episode of PTSD was .18. Findings from this and other research confirm clinical impressions that a substantial number of people never fully remit from their PTSD even after many years. Variables associated with a longer time to remit from an episode of chronic PTSD were a history of alcohol abuse and a history of childhood trauma.
A model of war zone stressors and posttraumatic stress disorder
Authors: Fontana Alan , Rosenheck Robert 
Published: September 2003

AbstractWe present a theoretical model of field placement, war zone stressors (fighting, death and injury of others, threat of death or injury to oneself, killing others, participating in atrocities, harsh physical conditions and insufficiency of resources in the environment) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Theater veterans from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study were divided randomly into two subsamples of 599 each. The model was developed on the first subsample and cross‐validated on the second using structural equation modeling. The model provides a theoretically and empirically satisfactory description of the anatomy of war zone stressors and their role in the etiology of PTSD, but it leaves unanswered important questions regarding the etiological role of insufficiency of resources in the environment.
Psychological impact and prevalence of traumatic events in a student sample in Israel: The effect of multiple traumatic events and physical injury
Authors: Amir Marianne , Sol Oren 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe prevalence of exposure and the psychological impact of traumatic events were studied in 983 Israeli university students. The psychological effects of exposure to single versus multiple traumatic events, and the effects of trauma‐related physical injury were also examined. It was found that 67% of the respondents reported having been exposed to at least one traumatic event. Of those exposed, 6% were diagnosed as having posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Men were more at risk for exposure, but women were more at risk for PTSD. Women and the physically injured showed more psychological distress following exposure. Being exposed to one type of traumatic event was associated with increased psychological distress, but being exposed to multiple types of traumatic events was associated with lowering of distress. The results are discussed in comparison with similar studies from the United States.
Cues, frequency, and the disturbing nature of intrusive thoughts: Patterns seen in rescue workers after the crash of Flight 427
Authors: Schooler Tonya Y. , Dougall Angela Liegey , Baum Andrew 
Published: September 2003

AbstractIntrusive thoughts have been identified as key elements of chronic or traumatic stress, but many questions remain about how they operate and what causes persistence of disturbing intrusions. The present study considers these questions, examining the impact of having intrusive thoughts that are cued by stimuli in one's environment as opposed to uncued intrusions that seem to “come out of the blue.” In addition, this research evaluates the extent to which distress accompanying intrusive thoughts shortly after a traumatic event predicts persistence of intrusions over time. Rescue workers who responded to the crash of Flight 427 were studied 4 to 8 weeks, and 6, 9, and 12 months after the disaster. Participants who reported crash‐related thoughts that were not prompted by cues showed higher levels of distress than those reporting only cued thoughts or those reporting neither. The magnitude of distress that these thoughts caused in the first 2 months after the crash was important in predicting subsequent frequency of unwanted thoughts. The presence or absence of cues and their role in the maintenance of distress also is discussed.
Screening for posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms among Bosnian refugees
Authors: Thulesius Hans , Håkansson Anders 
Published: September 2003

AbstractTo assess the level of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among Bosnian war refugees, a consecutive cohort of 206 Bosnian refugees, arriving in Sweden in 1993, was screened for PTSD using a modified version of the self‐report instrument PTSS‐10. A comparison group of 387 visitors to seven Swedish health centers was recruited. Prevalence of possible PTSD, using two estimates, was 18 to 33% among the Bosnian refugees, and .3 to 1% in the comparison group. The PTSS‐10 showed high internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha = .92) and stability (test‐retest reliability r = .89). Thus, Bosnian war refugees showed high levels of PTSD symptoms compared to a nonrefugee comparison group.