bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Toward Free Migration
Authors: Nichols Shaun S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter interrogates how Massachusetts workers (in particular, Azorean immigrants) worked throughout the 1950s and 1960s to reopen the possibility of American immigration for their brethren back home. Why, despite decades of migratory stagnation—a result of the immigration quota regime created in the 1920s—did the connections between Portugal and Massachusetts remain so strong? The answer, in part, centers on the machinations of a fascist dictatorship in Portugal determined to foment Portuguese nationalism in its emigrant communities abroad. While other immigrant groups drifted toward new, more thoroughly American identities in the midcentury era, fascist Portugal used its might—manifested through often covert mechanisms—to make sure Portuguese Americans stayed deeply connected to their homeland. Through the circuitous connections of the global capitalist system, the Portuguese state was in part responsible for reopening the doors to migration for Portuguese immigrants and, by extension, the resurgence of Massachusetts manufacturing in the 1960s.
The Holy Warrior
Authors: Gohel Sajjan M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter follows al-Zawahiri’s journey as a member of the Arab mujahideen in Afghanistan, where he formed his pivotal terrorist partnership with Osama bin Laden whilst plotting against his adversary Abdullah Azzam. It was during this period that al-Zawahiri demonstrated long-term thinking including recruiting Egyptians and sending them to the United States to infiltrate the military and act as spies for him, providing operational intelligence. Al-Zawahiri could also sense that bin Laden was on the rise in the world of jihadism, and he wanted to have his own stake in that growth whilst removing or ostracizing any detractors. This period was a moment of opportunity for al-Zawahiri.
Live to Fight Another Day
Authors: Gohel Sajjan M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains how al-Zawahiri survived the bombing of Tora Bora and sought to reconstitute al-Qaeda in Pakistan and evolve the group’s ideology, tactics, and strategy against the West. This includes unleashing plots globally and inspiring affiliates. The convergence with Pakistani terrorist groups as well as the Haqqani Network coincides with al-Zawahiri taking control of al-Qaeda communiqués from bin Laden and directly engaging with the public. Other important dimensions include opening a new front in Iraq where al-Qaeda had opportunities to expand but where old rivalries also re-emerged. During this period, the United States made numerous efforts to apprehend or kill al-Zawahiri, who not only evaded capture each time but also turned the tables by recruiting triple agents.
Changing of the Knights
Authors: Gohel Sajjan M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at the setbacks al-Zawahiri and al-Qaeda encountered, from failing to capitalise on the vacuum created by the Arab Spring, the Navy Seals operation that killed bin Laden in Pakistan, and perhaps the biggest challenge, the emergence of ISIS. ISIS challenged al-Qaeda’s doctrine, recruiting fighters and expanding its territorial base. As al-Qaeda’s leader, al-Zawahiri struggled to challenge the perception that he had become a marginalised figure amongst jihadists, fighting for significance as the head of a weakening terrorist franchise in fierce competition with ISIS. This chapter also assesses the Abbottabad documents from bin Laden’s compound, providing greater insights into the inner workings of al-Qaeda and al-Zawahiri’s sometimes fractured relationships with other terrorists.
The First Revolution
Authors: Cinalli Manlio 
Published: January 2024

AbstractCivilizations in the Ancient Near East, such as the Assyrian and the Babylonian, introduced characteristic elements of citizenship. These characteristics relate to the basis of both rule and membership. This “hinge” period in human history started from approximately 2500 BCE. Similarly, bounded territory became a way of identifying a community of people beyond just blood ties. From the classical period (from about 500 BCE), the Greeks, Romans, and Ancient Israelites had a particular influence on the development of citizenship. Greek citizenship put the issue of rule at the forefront. Rome’s formative contribution lay in the attention to rights and obligations, as a basis to unite citizens within a broad political community. Ancient Israel imparted a model of territorial nationhood, influencing concepts of national citizenship following the Protestant Reformation. Citizenship was not culturally specific; the case of India in 500 BCE is briefly noted in this light.
Practices of Citizenship
Authors: Cinalli Manlio 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe Enlightenment is customarily seen as marking the beginning of the modern world. Enlightenment figures turned to “laws of nature”—a medieval concept—to advance notions of “natural rights” to promote individual rights and to delegitimize divine rule. But ironically that same natural law approach helped seed primordialist principles in the nation-state itself. By making humans “of nature,” from whence humans derived their rights, Enlightenment thinkers also implanted primordial understandings in the foundations of modern politics. These Enlightenment thinkers naturalized categories of what became the constituent elements of modern democracies: the individual, nation, and race. The Latin etymological associations of nature—birth, genitalia, and natio—were raised to the level of organizing principles. In practice, ostensibly republican states had ethnic threads weave through definitions of nationhood and ethnonationalist states had civic threads. This chapter challenges conventional approaches to the Enlightenment and considers the cases of France, Germany, and the United States.
The Turn to Human Rights and Its Vulnerabilities
Authors: Cinalli Manlio 
Published: January 2024

AbstractIn the post-war period, the foundation of human rights treaties steadily expanded, building on the trunk of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. States largely ignored the treaties and initially little case law was generated. However, from the 1970s international human rights law began to be taken more seriously in democracies, driven by demands such as large migrant populations of uncertain legal status. Citizenship practice evolves in this context, informing the expansion of rights to noncitizen residents and phenomena like dual citizenship. This undergirds what has been called “postnational citizenship.” But key vulnerabilities have meant that this turn makes for an “unfinished revolution.” Human rights have been driven judicially for the most part. This “judicialization of politics” gave sustenance to charges of a democratic deficit, giving ballast to populist movements.
Xuedou's 100 Odes to Old Cases
Authors: Heine Steven 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This book is a complete translation with interpretative comments of the eloquent yet enigmatic verses commenting on one hundred cases composed in 1038 by the master Xuedou Chongxian (980–1052). A representative of the Yunmen branch of Chan that he helped revive and bring to prominence during the Northern Song dynasty (960–1127), before its impact declined with the fall of the capital in Kaifeng, Xuedou demonstrates a unique literary flair for explicating gong’an that is evident in numerous writings included in his recorded sayings. In particular, Xuedou’s 100 Odes to Old Cases (C. Xuedou baize songgu, J. Setchō hyakusoku juko) is recognized as the seminal discourse that has greatly influenced the way stories of former teachers (guze) have been appreciated and appropriated for the past thousand years. This text, which became the basis for the Blue Cliff Record that is also cited in these translations, continues to exert a profound impact on the overall legacy of East Asian Buddhist intellectual history and religious literature. Xuedou’s verses reflect the author’s unique capacity for taming through elegance the undisciplined and deluded minds of followers struggling with self-imposed obstacles to discern reality and thereby discover inner peace. He cites extensively multiple Chan sources, uses extensively irregular meter to disrupt the reader’s expectations, and evokes unusual allusions to Chinese lore while often interjecting personal comments or lyrical imagery that goes beyond a reliance on doctrine.
On Reading the Text
Authors: Heine Steven 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter contrasts Xuedou’s 100 Odes with Fenyang’s songgu collection by examining several comparable poems; it then presents an approach to reading and deciphering the Odes by considering three interrelated rhetorical aspects of the construction of the songgu, with each section of the chapter accompanied by a table illustrating how the key theme can be examined for all one hundred cases. The first aspect concerns how the gong’an selected by Xuedou are cited from previous Chan texts, particularly transmission of the lamp records published in the early Northern Song. The second element refers to the irregular meter embedded in many odes that shows the author’s distinctive approach to merging literature with didactic discourse. The third and most important element involves a method for understanding the allusive and intrusive qualities of Xuedou’s fundamentally instructive rhetoric.
Introduction
Authors: Conlan Thomas D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the work, explaining its structure, which by focusing on Ōuchi leaders allows for a totalizing narrative that weaves together long-term processes and events through the lens of specific leaders and explains important themes of the study: (1) the creation of a distinct Ōuchi ethnicity, (2) the rise of the city of Yamaguchi, (3) how the present study challenges the accepted narrative of Japan from 1467 to 1568 as being an “Era of Warring States,” in favor of describing Japan as a segmented polity with two political centers, Kyoto and Yamaguchi, (4) the impact of mining and trade, providing a new view on diplomatic relations and piracy in East Asia, and (5) insight into late medieval Japanese religion, focusing on star worship and the Ōuchi practice of adopting state shrines for their own ends.
The Collapse
Authors: Conlan Thomas D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter recounts the process between 1551 and 1557 whereby Ōuchi rule collapsed, under the rule of Yoshinaga, the last lord, who hailed from the Ōtomo lands. It reveals his appeals to Ōuchi ethnicity, and early successes in governing, and defeating Amago rivals, before the cataclysmic defeat at Itsukushima, and the ensuing collapse of integrated Ōuchi rule, with the western regions falling under the control of the Ōtomo and the eastern regions the Mōri. The chapter discusses efforts of early Christian missionaries, their successes and failures in Yamaguchi, as well as enduring Myōken worship. Finally, it recounts Yoshinaga’s flight and death, the end of Ōuchi rule in western Japan, and the onset of widespread piracy after the fall of the Ōuchi.
Idolatry in the Scriptures
Authors: Cavanaugh William T. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the theme of idolatry in the Christian scriptures, both Old and New Testaments. The chapter first considers the biblical idea that humans are inherently worshiping creatures. Then it explores some themes in biblical treatments of idolatry and shows how they question some modern binaries: enchanted/disenchanted, religious/secular, believers/nonbelievers, worshipers/nonworshipers. Idolatry includes greed, reliance on military power, attachment to material things, and other kinds of devotion to what is not God. The chapter considers the place of images in the biblical material, arguing that Israelite aniconism leaves room for a kind of sacramental seeking of God through the material world. The chapter considers the negative consequences of idolatry, most notably the theme that we are oppressed by gods of our own making. Finally, the chapter examines self-critique and sympathy in biblical accounts of idolatry.
Marion on Idolatry as a Mirror to the Self
Authors: Cavanaugh William T. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines Jean-Luc Marion’s phenomenology of the idol. For Marion, idolatry is ultimately a form of narcissism, but Marion develops a more sympathetic account of idolatry as an authentic expression of the human experience of the divine. First, the chapter shows how Marion’s critique of idolatry fits into his attack on ontotheology. It then examines three stages of Marion’s treatment of the idol. In the first stage, Marion regards the idol theologically as a mirror to the self. In the second stage, Marion considers the idol phenomenologically in the form of human-made art; the self is overwhelmed by the idol as a saturated phenomenon. In his third stage, idolatry is the resistance the self offers to the truth. Finally, the chapter explores Marion’s passing reference to a “splendid idolatry,” the giving over of the self to something larger than the self.
Why Think America Is God’s Country?
Authors: Audi Robert 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
America’s founding documents, above all the Declaration of Independence, speak of God as undergirding human rights and, in effect, blessing the American experiment in democracy. Inscribing “In God We Trust” on our currency reinforces this view, and politicians and office-holders commonly refer to God as if America had what some call a civil religion—a perspective that (in this case) embodies a kind of generic conception of a beneficent God who cares about humanity in general and America in particular. In the eyes of even its loosely religious citizens, this longstanding and often reiterated pattern makes it natural to think of America as very much God’s country.
This Is Awkward
Authors: Plakias Alexandra 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents the analysis of awkwardness in terms of social scripts, which serves as the basis for the rest of the book. It begins with a discussion of the etymology of “awkwardness” before giving an analysis of awkwardness as a property: awkwardness is a property of social interactions that arises when one or more parties lacks a script. The phenomenological components of feeling awkward include uncertainty, discomfort, and self-consciousness, each of which is discussed in turn. One concern about analyzing awkwardness as a social phenomenon is that it will force us to revise our ordinary usage, but this worry turns out to be misplaced. While actions, physical movement, and even inanimate objects can still aptly be described as awkward, the chapter argues that people should refrain from applying the label to individuals.
Our Call as Response
Authors: McCarthy David Matzko 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The chapter proposes that the common good is an apt and advantageous framework for vocation. The common good is defined as conditions of common life—social, economic, and political—that provide opportunity for persons and communities to flourish as individuals and in relation to others. Attending to the common good requires an orientation to the good of others and a commitment to institutions that are directed to shared goods (e.g., health care, education, political, and economic institutions). Responding to callings in terms of the common good depends on an understanding of justice that cultivates an ecology of solidarity and mutual dependence, an understanding of rights matched with social responsibilities, and an understanding of the virtues needed to meet the challenges of injustice and dysfunctions of our basic institutions. Colleges and universities, as they are basic institutions of common life, have an important role in fostering responsiveness to the common good.
Measures and Mortals
Authors: Robertson Matthew I. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the themes of measurement, mortality, and solarity as central organizing concepts in the post-Ṛgvedic approach to personhood as recorded in the Brāhmaṇas. Personhood is here linked to the procedures and experiential dynamics of ritual performances. Puruṣas afford the bases for the measurement and orientation according to the mythology of Viṣṇu and its relationship to the use of gnomons. The solar and mortal qualities of puruṣas are explored through reference to the mythology of Mārtāṇḍa. Combined, the themes of measurement and mortality indicate experiential dynamics of ritual proceedings, specifically as linked to the ascetic aspects of initiatory procedures requiring an observance of brahmacarya. These are further discerned in the mythology of the Pravargya rite, involving the riddle of the “head of the sacrifice.” Thematic links between brahmacārins and puruṣas are explored. The Atharvaveda is proposed as a source for the elevation of puruṣa-based idioms within the Vedic canon.
Equal to the World
Authors: Robertson Matthew I. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the Āyurvedic approach to personhood in its foundational works, the Caraka and Suśruta Saṃhitās. Puruṣas are defined by their elemental and mental constitution, which is the basis of their perceptual experience, and by their relation to the universal self (ātman). A Sāṃkhyan metaphysical model is forwarded that reframes these definitions according to the scheme of tattvas. Āyurveda operationalizes these definitions to assert that person (puruṣa) and world (loka) relate by a logic of identity (sāmānya). The logic of identity in Āyurvedic theory is clarified and linked to the Āyurvedic concept of a “true understanding” (satyā buddhi). The chapter then explains the person’s pathway to the development of this “true understanding,” involving the rectifying harmonization of the person’s sensory, “digestive” yoga, such that this yoga produces states of “equilibrium” (sāmya) and “appropriateness” (sātmya). The paradigmatic character of Āyurveda’s approach to personhood for the pre-Classical period is emphasized.
Herbert Spencer Writes to Alfred Tennyson
Authors: Piilonen Miriam 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces Herbert Spencer’s musical thinking through a letter that Spencer wrote to the poet laureate Alfred Tennyson. This letter sets the scene for a reading of Spencer’s theory of music psychology and his rise to fame within nineteenth-century mental science. Soon after, Spencer wrote to Charles Darwin and the two began a lifelong correspondence. This chapter recounts the non-Darwinian terrain of Victorian musical culture as a messy field of inquiry where Darwin’s music theory foundered and Spencer’s sailed more smoothly into the popular imagination. Reflections on the implications of historical music-evolution theories for current research mark the ends of each chapter in this book. This chapter concludes with a reflection on an underappreciated aspect of Spencer’s musical thinking: his philosophical reflections on the earworm (a mental tune that plays on repeat).
Sound Symbolism in Spencer’s Evolutionary Thought
Authors: Piilonen Miriam 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 analyzes the theory of sound symbolism (mimetic uses of sounds to represent things) that undergirds Spencer’s theory of music and language origins. For Spencer, music is a development from vocal expression and specifically from impassioned speech, as consolidated by his dictum: “All music is originally vocal.” In Spencer’s essays on language—such as “Progress: Its Law and Cause” (1881) and Philosophy of Style (1884)—he argues that language began as sonic imitations of the phenomenal world. This chapter locates Spencer within a long history of imaginative speculations about sound symbolism and the so-called well-designedness of music and language—alongside Plato, Gottfried Leibniz, John Locke, and Max Müller, among others—and critically examines these theories. The chapter concludes with an extended engagement with Gary Tomlinson’s evolutionary theory of music, which implicitly demonstrates a way to avoid the pitfalls of Spencerian sound symbolism.
Oppression or Emancipation? Part (ii)
Authors: Nathan Marco J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter 7 continues the discussion of discrimination and marginalization but shifts the spotlight from races to sex and gender. The chapter’s guiding query is whether the feminist agenda needs some overarching concept of human nature. Human nature was instrumental to early waves of feminism. Some recent feminist scholars have rejected this line of thinking. They consider the notion of human nature conceptually bankrupt and pernicious from practical and political standpoints. Yet, the pendulum may be swinging back. According to a “new feminist humanism,” emancipation presupposes—indeed requires—the regulative ideal provided by human nature, grounding the moral and political equality of all people. Feminism is deeply intertwined with the concept of human nature. This leads us back to the book’s original problems: what this human nature is and how to study it. Neither the natural nor the social sciences seem to provide a solid foundation for such investigations.
Normality
Authors: Nathan Marco J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Human nature purports to describe and explain “normal” humans. But what is the relevant notion of normality? Can we find a definition that singles out some individuals as “typical” without thereby suggesting that they are superior to their “abnormal” counterparts? Normality and its sociopolitical implications are the subject of Chapter 8. It begins by asking on what basis we should distinguish between healthy and pathological states of an individual. Next, it explores a strategy to define health qua normal function and considers some critical responses according to which normal function cannot be naturalized but is part of a political agenda. The final sections present various accounts of disability and an original “ecological” model of disabling conditions. The bottom line is that normality is not the key to human nature. Human nature is the key to normality. This raises the question of where such definition can be found.
Supporting Childwishes
Authors: Richie Cristina 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Non-procreative parenting and non-medical forms of reproduction must be viable options for adults. Through a two-fold approach to removing medical intervention in biological reproduction and advocating for non-biological parenting, sustainability can be prioritized. Before this can occur, recognition of the deeply embedded social and psychological reasons for reproduction must be addressed. Both as social capital and as a palliative to anxiety over individual mortality, reproduction must be assessed frankly. Public health and other social policies may attempt to build awareness of infertility, attempt measures to prevent infertility, and support acceptance of infertility. There are many ways that adults can parent without procreation, including adoption, fostering, and co-parenting, as well as mentoring, spiritual parenting, caring for step-children, and teaching. Larger social structures that support childwishes will need to be created and maintained. These include work policies that either disincentivize reproduction or incentivize parenting without procreation.