bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Household Social Dynamics and the Retention of Rural Population: A Malian Case Study of the Link between Patriarchy and the Sustained Ruralization of Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Tawanda Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Compared to a projected world urbanization level of approximately 50 per cent by the year 2000, the corresponding figure for Africa is only about 41 per cent (United Nations 1991). Given this disparity, it is important to deal with the question of why African rural areas continue to retain the larger share of the national population. In this paper, I propose and test what I shall refer to as a patriarchal household model of Africa’s retention of rural population. The central dynamic in the model is provided by social-system continuity, and my main hypothesis is that men and women who are highly subordinate to the patriarch are less likely to engage in rural out-migration than individuals whose level of subordination is low.
Maternal Education and Child Health: Evidence and Ideology
Authors: Desai Sonalde 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Research on women’s status and demographic change has traditionally argued that lower fertility and mortality can be achieved by improvements in such indicators of women’s status as education, employment opportunities, and control over resources (Mason 1984). The empirical support for some of these claims is stronger than for others, but none the less it is generally believed that policies which affirm women will lead to desirable demographic outcomes. A great deal of this research has been conducted by feminist scholars, genuinely interested in the potential for improving women’s status vis-a-vis that of men and seeing positive demographic outcomes as a bonus accompanying such socially desirable policies as improvements in women’s education.
Successful Macro-Management over the Mineral-Driven Cycle
Authors: Auty Richard M , Mikesell Raymond E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The focus in Chapters 7 and 8 is upon macroeconomic management, using conventional national accounting. A prerequisite for mineral-driven sustainable development is the reduction of economic distortions created by external shocks or by mistaken policies, by means of the effective pursuit of macro-policy. Within a soundly managed economy, policies to deploy the mineral revenue to advantage need to be adjusted to each stage of the mineral-driven cycle (youth, early maturity, and late maturity). In particular, investment and growth must be sustained beyond the youthful stage of the cycle. This chapter focuses on the policy adjustments of the four most successful countries in the sample to the youthful stage and onset of maturity. Late maturity, which calls primarily for the intensification of the measures adopted during the second stage, is the principal focus of Chapter 8.
Mismanaged Mature Stage of the Mineral-Led Cycl
Authors: Auty Richard M , Mikesell Raymond E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the four less successful mineral economies in the sample (Peru, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, and Namibia) which were all mature mid income mineral economies that experienced difficulty in sustaining economic growth, once the youthful stage of the mineral-driven cycle had passed. Their rates of investment collapsed below 20 per cent of GDP with the exception of Jamaica where, however, the efficiency of investment was very low (Table 6.4). In all four countries excessive government intervention had severely distorted the economy, a condition associated with political pressure in resource-rich mid-income countries to force the rate of growth ( Lal 1995). A further common feature was a reluctance to embrace orthodox economic reforms, which Mahon (1992) attributes to the inability of even autonomous governments to remain in power long enough to reap the rewards of such policies. Consequently, efforts to remove the economic distortions were unusually protracted, with sizeable losses in output and welfare.
Substituting for the Depleting Assets: Environmental Accounting
Authors: Auty Richard M , Mikesell Raymond E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Sustainable development calls for macroeconomic policies which maintain GDP growth beyond the youthful stage of the mineral cycle and promote economic diversification. The rate of investment is a critical component of this process. The more successfull mineral economies are those which lifted their rate of investment above 25 per cent of GDP while also maintaining the efficiency of that investment, as shown by an ICOR of 5 or less. Among the most successful countries, investment remained high in the cases of Indonesia and Botswana and rose strongly through the 1980s in Chile to over 26 per cent of GDP. In contrast, investment faltered at a rate just below that level in PNG, the fourth most successfull country in our sample, but it collapsed in three of the four least successful countries, Trinidad and Tobago, Peru, and Namibia. Jamaica is an interesting exception in this group because that country maintained a high rate of investment, but failed to translate it into sustained rapid economic growth, owing to investment inefficiency (Table 6.4).
Policy Applications: Colombia
Authors: Auty Richard M , Mikesell Raymond E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter applies the lessons from this study to Colombia which was embarking on the youthful stage of the mineral-driven cycle during the 1990s. More exactly, Colombia in the mid-1990s was a nascent mineral economy which exhibited some of the opportunities and also some of the problems associated with the youthful stage of the mineral-driven cycle. Although mining is unlikely to dominate the Colombian economy, it is sufficiently large to prompt careful evaluation of possible impacts (Planeciony Desarrollo 1994).
The Citizens’ Revolution
Authors: Harrison Henrietta 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1926 the armies of the Nationalist Party under the leadership of Chiang Kaishek launched a military expedition that would ultimately bring the party to national power. Initially the Northern Expedition was discounted by the press as little more than a sideshow compared to the great battles then raging across North China between the armies of Feng Yuxiang based in the north-west, Wu Peifu in Central China and Zhang Zuolin in Manchuria.
On Models, Modelling, and the Exemplary
Authors: Bakken Børge 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We may recall the statement that to imitate is to follow the example of exemplary models. The method is a central characteristic of the exemplary society. But learning from models is more than a simple pedagogical method. It represents the culmination of an imitative-repetitive culture. The Confucian view assumes that men are drawn to virtuous models, and that social stability results from their emulation of those models. Confucian thought prefers social control through the presentation of virtuous models.
Discipline and the Exemplary Norm
Authors: Bakken Børge 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The dichotomy between morality and law has been seen as a dichotomy between traditional and modern forms of organizing and establishing order in society. Such a dichotomy, however, does not quite seem to fit the reality of order. In China there have been attempts to strengthen law during the reforms. But this tendency is a very uneven one, and, as we have seen through the emphasis on spiritual civilization, morality has maintained a strong position throughout the whole period of reform, and has even been considerably strengthened in the 1990s.
The Disciplinary Techniques of Evaluation
Authors: Bakken Børge 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Evaluation is the main way in which exemplary society links people’s behaviour, or rather brings their biaoxian closer to the exemplary norm. The Chinese ancients said ‘promote the good, suppress the evil’ (yang shan yi e), and ‘only by comparison can one distinguish’ (bi ze ming qi li). The way to achieve all this is still through evaluation.
Manifestations of Deviance and Modern Dangers
Authors: Bakken Børge 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The character liu which I have used to illustrate this part of the discussion implies ‘drift’ or ‘flow’; ‘to move’, ‘to wander’. These connotations of movement can be interpreted both in the positive and in the negative (as ‘changing for the worse’ or ‘degenerating’). The character illustrates the movement of modernity, in which there is both hope and danger.
‘Never for the First Time’: ‘Premature Love’ and Social Control
Authors: Bakken Børge 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In China, the initial transgression of social boundaries, ‘the first time’ (or in this connection ‘the first love’ (chulian) ), is seen as vastly important, the first link in the chain narrative of danger. ‘Sexual disorder’ has increasingly come to be seen as a social problem. One phenomenon that has led to a veritable obsession is that of ‘early love’ or ‘premature love’ (zaolian).
‘Ways of Lying’: Concluding Remarks on the Erosion of Control
Authors: Bakken Børge 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We have seen an exemplary society of a segmentary character embedded in a bureaucratic face-to-face structure of control. The system is intended to give optimal visibility over the population, and the exemplary norm is further meant to form the foundation of a ‘building’ order of transformation and improvement of the populace.
Introduction
Authors: Granville Brigitte , Oppenheimer Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The present volume offers a multi-author survey and analysis of economic developments in the Russian Federation since the collapse of Communism and the break-up of the Soviet Union, in 1989-91. This introduction sets out the international and historical context and focuses on key aspects, including some involving insights from a number of chapters without being specifically emphasized in any of them.
The Political and Societal Environment of Economic Policy
Authors: Granville Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Russian Federation began its existence as a new fully sovereign state on 31 December 1991. By then it had obtained international recognition as the continuing state of the former Soviet Union; and it had a government in place poised to carry out radical measures designed to transform on market lines the country’s stricken centrally planned economy. These developments flowed directly from the failure of the coup attempt staged in Moscow in August 1991 by Party and KGB conservatives.
The Problem of Monetary Stabilization
Authors: Granville Brigitte 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Russian financial crisis of 1998 was a bitter setback to stabilization efforts after nearly three years of low inflation (crowned by a redenomination of the rouble on 1 January 1998 with the division of money values by 1,000). Events were precipitated by the international situation. The East Asian financial turmoil combined with the large drop in oil prices after early 1997 and high financial returns in the United States and Europe created an explosive mixture which Russia was ill-prepared to confront. There was also an element of self-fulfilling prophecy by external investors, doubtless including many Russians with funds channelled through foreign institutions. Yet the crisis would not have erupted without serious underlying weaknesses in the domestic financial situation.
The Banking Sector
Authors: Dmitriev Mikhail , Matovnikov Mikhail , Mikhailov Leonid , Sycheva, Ludmila , Timofeyev Eugene 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the end of the 1980s the Soviet Union had barely emerged from the monobank system of the Communist era, when effectively one single banking institution-Gosbank-handled the full range of banking ser vices required in the command-administrative system. In the subsequent decade the banking sector followed a turbulent and unpredictable path, remote from the broad infrastructural position characteristic of banking in stable market economies. In line with its Soviet ancestry, however, it continued to play an important part in relation to public-sector bud gets, both in channelling government expenditure and in assisting tax collection.
The Development of Small Enterprises
Authors: Aslund Anders 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An outstanding peculiarity of the Soviet economy was the dearth of small enterprises. Therefore, the development of small private enterprises is a sine qua non for the post-Communist economy becoming a normal market economy. The issues arc both private ownership and size of enterprises. East-central Europe, notably the four Visegrad countries, saw a tremendous growth in small private enterprises with the transition to a market economy from 1990. In Russia, as in most of the former Soviet Union, however, the expansion of small enterprises has been subdued.
Housing and Utility Services
Authors: Starodubrovskaya Irina 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
From the beginning of reforms in post-Communist countries there has been continuous debate about the relative merits and demerits of two possible approaches to change: relatively slow and step-by-step; or radical and fast. The former has been termed ‘gradualist’. The second is increasingly referred to as ‘shock therapy’, a term traditionally applied only to anti-inflation programmes in the macroeconomic sphere.
Citizenship, Multiculturalism, and the Politics of Identity: Contemporary Dilemmas and Policy Agendas*
Authors: Solomos John , Schuster Liza K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
European debates about immigration, race and ethnicity have become increasingly focused on questions about citizenship and multiculturalism. In many ways this is not surprising, given the reality that the patterns of migration and settlement that have shaped many countries in Western Europe since the Second World War have had an important impact on their social, political, and cultural institutions (Wrench and Solomos 1993; Soysal 1994; Freeman 1995; Castles and Davidson forthcoming).
Anti-racist Responses to European Integration
Authors: Lloyd Cathie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since the early 1980s social and political movements have attempted to address an increasingly global agenda while also drawing their strength from local grassroots social protests. How effective can they be in the new circumstances? We have become accustomed to hearing from political analysts that the forces of what is widely known as globalization, coupled with social fragmentation, are reducing the capacity for democratic intervention in the issues which concern our lives.
On the Rate of Return of Unfunded Pension Systems
Authors: Bravo Jorge 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It has been long recognized that demographic growth is a key factor in rates of return of such transfers as unfunded pension systems. In his seminal paper, Samuelson (1958) showed that in a stationary consumption-loan economy the implicit rate of return (p) of a ‘pay-as-you-go’ transfer system is equal to the population growth rate (n). A new research field, now well developed, sprang from Samuelson’s work and that of Diamond (1965) on the basis of overlapping generations models and the study of the associated intergenerational transfers. (See Chapter 2 by R. D. Lee in this volume for a broad, up-to-date assessment of the field.) It is now well known from that research that any upward transfer system, in which resources flow from the young to the older members of a population, benefits from greater demographic growth. In expanding economies, the rate of return of this kind of transfer system should increase in direct proportion to the rate of productivity growth; in fact, it is straightforward to show that, in the context of an equilibrium consumption-loan economy or transfer system, p is equal to n plus the annual earnings growth rate.
Demographic Uncertainty and the OASDI Trust Funds of the United States
Authors: Tuljapurkar Shripad , Lee Ronald D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Concern over the future of the US Social Security system is aptly summarized in the title of the book Can America Afford to Grow Old? by Aaron, Bosworth, and Burtless (1989). This question lies at the interface of economics, demography, and policy, and it has stimulated studies in each of those disciplines. Support of the elderly retired population depends ultimately on transfers from the population of working age, whether the transfers are organized through the public sector, the family, or the market. The relative numbers of workers and retired persons profoundly affect the terms on which these transfers take place. This is a main reason why the global phenomenon of current and prospective population ageing is so important.
Self-enforcing Family Constitutions: Implications for Saving, Fertility, and Social Security
Authors: Cigno Alessandro 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The analysis of the economic implications of social security programmes and other forms of public intervention is based largely on the assumption that individuals interact through the market only. Much of the discussion about saving, growth, and generational accounting is based, for example, on some version of Modigliani’s life-cycle theory of saving, in which each person is assumed to be selfishly concerned about his or her own lifetime consumption stream only. It has long been realized, however, that various important aspects of reality cannot be explained by that theory.
Wealth Accumulation, Fertility, and Transfers to Elderly Household Heads in Peru
Authors: Bhaumik Sumon Kumar , Nugent Jeffrey B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Much of the rapidly growing literature on interhousehold transfers has focused upon the basic motivation for such transfers, be it altruism, exchange, or some other motive (Barro 1974; Becker 1974; Kotlikoff and Spivak 1981; Bernheim, Shleifer, and Summers 1985; Cox 1987; Cox and Rank 1992; Cox and Jimenez 1992, 1993; Lee, Parish, and Willis 1994). For this reason, much of it has concentrated upon bequests and inter-vivas transfers from older to younger persons and family members. Initially at least, those transfers seemed hard to explain without recourse to altruism. The literature has given considerably less attention to transfers from young to old that are of importance to the quality of life in old age, especially in rural areas of developing countries, where reliable alternatives to children as sources of old-age security are often lacking. It is in such circumstances that old-age security is often said to be one of the major reasons or even the major reason for having children, and indeed for having many children (Leibenstein 1957, 1975; Cain 1981, 1985, 1986; Nugent 1985).
Housing Inheritance: An Empirical Analysis of French Data
Authors: Laferrère Anne 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Home ownership is at the heart of most households’ wealth. According to the Enquete Actifs financiers, a recent survey of financial assets among French households, 60 per cent of French households own at least one dwelling. Between 1970 and 1992 the proportion of French households owning a primary home rose from 45 to 54 per cent. Nearly 10 per cent of French households own a second (vacation) home, and 13 per cent own dwellings for rental and investment purposes. Because transaction taxes are high, homes do not change hands often and the housing market tends to be sluggish. Moreover, home owners cannot draw upon housing equity before death-for instance, through a market of reverse annuity mortgages-as easily as they can draw upon other, more liquid assets (Bernheim 1991), and it seems that a majority of elderly people would not want to move from their homes (Venti and Wise 1990). As a result, much of the housing market is fuelled instead by divorce and inheritance, according to the real estate profession. Housing accounts, on average, for 42 per cent of estates’ value (Laferrere and Monteil 1994).
The Unavoidable Importance of Nuclear Weapons
Authors: Quester George H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Can nuclear weapons be eliminated, or will nations still find them desirable and important? Can we eliminate such weapons by refusing to assign any importance to them? It may be that Americans, and the citizens of most other democracies, will now indeed wish that nuclear weapons had never been invented. But, for all the years of the cold war, citizens of the NATO countries obviously had more mixed feelings on this question. Nuclear weapons could produce a Third World War that would mean the end of life as we know it. But the threat of such a thermonuclear holocaust might also be harnessed as the ‘great equalizer’, when the Soviet Union had the geopolitical advantages of being based at the centre of Eurasia, able to strike in so many different directions, when the Soviet Union had acquired so many conventional forces to exploit this geopolitical position, possessing more than 80,000 tanks at the end of the cold war. The United States, in its policies of extended nuclear deterrence and ‘flexible response’, was thus over some four decades attempting to harness the threat of nuclear escalation (an escalation that would be a disaster for all concerned if it ever had to be executed) as the means to deterring Moscow from exploiting its military advantage in conventional weapons.
Nuclear Weapons, Prudence, and Morality: The Search for a ‘Third Way’
Authors: Baylis John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the most interesting and encouraging things about the post-cold-war era is the way the rigid debate about nuclear weapons which characterized the cold-war period has given way to a more tolerant and less ideological discussion. There are still those who adopt ‘traditionalist’ and ‘abolitionist’ positions, as a number of the chapters in this book demonstrate, but there is also a wide ranging discussion about what might be described as a ‘third way’.
Nuclear Weapons and the Post-Cold-War Middle East: Business as Usual
Authors: Karsh Efraim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Indian and Pakistani nuclear tests in the spring of 1998 dealt yet another blow to the expectations that the end of the cold war would usher in an era of international peace and stability in general, and real progress towards non-conventional arms control and disarmament in particular. Such expectations were particularly high with regard to the Middle East, where local conflicts had often been viewed as corollaries of superpower rivalry, destined to wither away in its absence. It was also reasoned that if during the cold war local players could exploit the global polarization to their advantage, the dis solution of the Soviet empire would leave them at the mercy of the ‘only remaining superpower’, the United States, which would be readily able to impose a Pax Americana, with its attendant arms control regimes, on the Middle East.
Introduction
Authors: Bengtsson Tommy , Saito Osamu 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When, immediately following the Second World War, the United Nations commissioned a study of living conditions in every country in the world, it was not population growth that was of interest, but rather hunger and poverty. The reason for this focus was the UN’s interest in the current decolonization and the development process in poor countries throughout the world. At that time there was no great concern about population growth, despite the efforts of a few demographers to introduce the topic. The general understanding then was that the world’s population was growing at a rate of approximately 1 per cent per year. The discussions of the time were far more concerned with how to supply developing countries with capital and know-how, and on human development and governance (Ohlin 1992). The study showed that many of the countries with the lowest standards of living also had the highest rates of population growth—nearly 3 per cent per year.