bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of horizontal and vertical connections on relationships' commitment and trust
Authors: Hadjikhani Amjad , Thilenius Peter 
Published: April 2005

PurposeWhile an ever‐increasing body of research on business networks has commented on vertically connected relationships, this study embeds the horizontally connected relationships. Constructed on business network theories the paper aims to add more knowledge on business networks by developing a connection model including both vertical and horizontal connections. The model aims to explore the impact of connections on focal business relationships. It differentiates connected relationships on the basis of their vertical and horizontal natures. The purpose is to grasp the impact of these different connected relationships on the focal business relationship. The focal relationship elements are defined by commitment and trust, which capture their properties from the dyadic interaction and the two types of connected relationships.Design/methodology/approachThe paper tests the theoretical construction empirically. The empirical study is based on the IMP2 survey, utilizing information from extensive interviews with 138 firms regarding their relationships with important foreign customers.FindingsThe statistical findings in the form of a LISREL‐model clearly expose the impact of the horizontal connections and verify the validity of the theoretical model. It depicts that trust increase by vertical connections leading to increased commitment, thus strengthening the relationship while horizontal connection, on the contrary, weakens it. The facts also demonstrate how the horizontal connections impose effects on technological long‐term investments.Originality/valueMarketing researchers advocating certain theoretical views are thereby required to observe respect for the market realities with which managers are confronted.
The changing nature of work in the age of e‐business
Authors: Landry Brett J.L. , Mahesh Sathi , Hartman Sandra 
Published: April 2005

PurposeThis paper reviews recent discussions in the information technology (IT) and management literatures in order to consider their implications and to make a series of predictions about organizational life in the coming e‐business era.Design/methodology/approachA wide variety of recent discussions, ranging from comments by political/governmental figures to scholarly reports in the academic literature, are reviewed to consider their implications for the structure and shape of jobs and the job market.FindingsThe review provides evidence that developments in IT suggest that significant levels of job loss will occur in routine jobs, coupled with a pronounced movement towards a job market of flexible, fluid groups of highly‐skilled, entrepreneurial, consultant‐like employees.Practical implicationsShould this transition take place, there will be little place in the coming workforce for low‐skilled employees and a significant decrease in the overall size of the workforce. The jobs which remain will be those, which by their very nature, are creative and cannot be automated. Managers, governmental policy makers and the workforce in general will need to consider these implications.Originality/valueDiscussion and debate of the prospects need to begin immediately. This paper represents an effort to begin this process.
Adoption of virtual organization by Taiwanese electronics firms
Authors: Lin Liang‐Hung , Lu Iuan‐Yuan 
Published: April 2005

PurposeThis empirical study aims to examine an organizational response to the needs of e‐business, virtual organization, and associated determinants of its successful adoption in the Taiwanese electronics industry.Design/methodology/approachThe research examined a large sample of Taiwanese electronics companies. A research population of Taiwanese electronics companies was drawn from firms listed on both the TAIEX and the OTC markets and included 305 firms. Questionnaires were sent to firm administrators who were asked the degree to which the company had undertaken virtual organizational structuring that was enabled by information technologies.FindingsThe findings of this research reveal significant impacts of individual and organizational factors, but no effect for environmental variables on virtual organization adoption.Research limitations/implicationsWhile the results might provide clues for understanding the adoption of virtual organization structure in the manufacturing sector, there still remains uncertainty in generalizing to service industries. The variety of types of service firms and their outputs makes any generalization to services from this study difficult.Practical implicationsFirst, information technologies may provide the potential means to implement innovative organization structures, such as virtual organization, to respond to the pressures of change. Second, the adoption and diffusion of virtual organization might transform firms to meet the demands of e‐commerce.Originality/valueThe study identifies factors which may impact on the successful use of information technologies to implement innovative organization structures, such as virtual organizations, to respond to the pressures of change.
Mobile advertising adoption by multinationals
Authors: Okazaki Shintaro 
Published: April 2005

PurposeAlthough the wireless internet attracts more and more interest from marketers and researchers, there is little empirical evidence of multinational corporations’ (MNCs) adoption of push‐type mobile advertising in global markets. The aim of this study is to fill this research gap, by conducting an empirical survey of the perceptions of MNCs operating in Europe regarding SMS‐based mobile advertising adoption.Design/methodology/approachThe study proposes six basic constructs which are thought to influence MNCs’ decision‐making process on mobile advertising adoption. On this base, a structured questionnaire is developed. The data are obtained by telephone interviews from 53 senior executives of MNCs’ subsidiaries in Spain.FindingsHierarchical regression analysis reveals that branding strategy, facilitating conditions, and security and costs are the strongest determinants of MNCs’ mobile advertising adoption. Furthermore, discriminant analysis indicates that Japanese, American, and European firms are statistically classifiable according to their cultural affiliation in terms of their perceptions of mobile advertising adoption. Japanese firms are the least willing to use mobile advertising, while their American counterparts are the most motivated in this regard.Originality/valueWhile SMS‐based mobile marketing has been receiving an increasing attention from both academics and practitioners, there exists little empirical research on this area. In this vein, this study contributes to the literature in two ways. First, the study proposes a conceptual research model based on six basic constructs, which incorporate both theoretical and practical perspectives. Second, the model is tested by empirical data obtained from top managers of MNCs’ subsidiaries operating in a European market. The findings of this study thus offer useful insights based on their “hands‐on” experience.
Explaining the “Natural Order of L2 Morpheme Acquisition” in English: A Meta‐analysis of Multiple Determinants
Authors: Goldschneider Jennifer M. , DeKeyser Robert M. 
Published: April 2005

This meta‐analysis pools data from 25 years of research on the order of acquisition of English grammatical morphemes by students of English as a second language (ESL). Some researchers have posited a “natural” order of acquisition common to all ESL learners, but no single cause has been shown for this phenomenon. Our study investigated whether a combination of 5 determinants (perceptual salience, semantic complexity, morphophonological regularity, syntactic category, and frequency) accounts for the variance in acquisition order. Oral production data from 12 studies, together involving 924 participants, were pooled to obtain weighted accuracy scores for each of 6 grammatical functors. Results of a multiple‐regression analysis showed that a large portion of the total variance in acquisition order was explained by the combination of the 5 determinants. Several of these determinants, it was argued, can be seen as part of a broad conceptualization of salience.Since the article was originally published, a number of meta‐analyses have appeared in the applied linguistics literature (e.g.,Masgoret & Gardner, 2003;Norris & Ortega, 2000;Ortega, 2003), and a book on meta‐analysis in applied linguistics research is forthcoming (Norris & Ortega, in press). Meanwhile, research on the acquisition of Hebrew as a second language has begun to provide cross‐linguistic evidence for how different aspects of salience contribute to ease or difficulty of second language acquisition (DeKeyser, Alfi‐Shabtay, Ravid, & Shi, 2005) and how salience interacts with age of learning (DeKeyser, Ravid, & Alfi‐Shabtay, 2005).
Effects of temperature and food availability on growth rate during late larval stage of Japanese anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) in the Kuroshio–Oyashio transition region
Authors: TAKAHASHI MOTOMITSU , WATANABE YOSHIRO 
Published: April 2005

AbstractDuring periods when the population size of Japanese anchovy Engraulis japonicus is large, the abundance of 1‐yr olds has been considered to be dependent on the growth and survival processes in the late larval and early juvenile stages in the Kuroshio–Oyashio transition region off northern Japan. Recent growth rates for 10 days before capture of larval and early juvenile E. japonicus were estimated and examined in relation to the surface water temperature and the available copepod density in 1997, 1998 and 1999. Late larval and early juvenile E. japonicus were distributed in the waters with temperature from 15 to 19°C and available prey density from 10 to 1000 mg dry weight (DW) m−2 in the transition region. The late larval growth rates were found to be regulated more strongly by water temperature than by copepod density in the waters <16°C, and more strongly by copepod density than water temperature in the waters <100 mg DW m−2 in the Kuroshio–Oyashio transition region. The recent growth rates decreased from the western waters to the eastern waters in the survey area 140–170°E in 1998, correlating with decreases of food availability to 50–100 mg DW m−2. While in 1999, the recent growth rates were faster in the waters east of 150°E, resulting from eastward expansion of warm water ranges and high available prey density 100–400 mg DW m−2. The key environmental factors regulating late larval growth rate of E. japonicus in the transition region seem to be spatially different between years.
Evaluation of a point‐of‐care immunodot assay for predicting results of allergen‐specific intradermal and immunoglobulin E serological tests
Authors: OLIVRY THIERRY , JACKSON HILARY A. , MURPHY K. MARCY , TATER KATHY C. , ROBERTS MALCOLM 
Published: April 2005

Abstract  Immunotherapy to prevent recurrence of clinical signs of atopic dermatitis (AD) is based on intradermal or serological tests that assist in identifying allergen‐specific immunoglobulin E hypersensitivities. Unfortunately, the results of such tests can be negatively influenced by several factors, which include the age of the patients, the season of testing and the administration of anti‐allergic drugs. Screening to predict when these expensive tests will be useful would benefit owners of dogs with AD. The objectives of this study were to determine whether a point‐of‐care allergen‐specific immunodot assay (Allercept E‐Screen©, Heska Corp., Ft Collins, CO, USA) could predict results of either intradermal or Allercept© full panel serological tests in atopic dogs. Thirty dogs living in the south‐eastern USA were diagnosed with AD in accordance with current standards. Allergen‐specific intradermal, serological and E‐Screen© tests were performed in all subjects. For flea, house dust mite and pollen allergens altogether, results of the E‐Screen© assay agreed with those of intradermal and serological tests in 26/30 dogs (87%) and 25/30 dogs (83%), respectively. In this group of dogs, the probabilities of obtaining intradermal or serological tests positive for these allergens were 70 and 67%, respectively. If either skin or serum tests were performed only in dogs with positive E‐Screen© tests, the probability of obtaining positive results would be increased from 70 to 95% and from 67 to 90%, respectively. In this population of dogs with AD, results of the E‐Screen© point‐of‐care immunodot assay was found to often agree with those of allergen‐specific intradermal or Allercept© tests for selected allergen groups.
Intermittent pneumatic foot compression can activate blood fibrinolysis without changes in blood coagulability and platelet activation
Authors: Kohro S. , Yamakage M. , Sato K. , Sato J.‐I. , Namiki A. 
Published: April 2005

Background:  Intermittent pneumatic foot compression (IPC) is a useful technique for prophylaxis of peri‐operative venous thromboembolism. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of IPC on blood coagulation/fibrinolysis and platelet function using a blood viscometer (SonoclotTM) and a platelet aggregation monitor (WBA analyzerTM), respectively. Using the same blood samples, serum levels of tissue‐type plasminogen activator (t‐PA), thrombomodulin (TM) and activated protein C (APC) were also measured.Methods:  The soles and legs of each subject (n = 8) were compressed for 3 s (130 mmHg) at a 0.3‐Hz interval using an IPC device. Parameters were measured 2 min before and at the end of 60‐min compression.Results:  Parameters of the Sonoclot time‐to‐peak were shortened and clot retraction rate was increased significantly by IPC, whereas the other parameters did not change. These results indicate that IPC can activate blood fibrinolysis but not coagulability. A parameter of the WBA analyzer PATI (platelet aggregatory threshold index) did not change, indicating that IPC cannot activate platelet function per se. The concentration of t‐PA decreased slightly but significantly. A decrease in the concentration of t‐PA can lead to activation of fibrinolysis. Other humoral parameters did not change, indicating that IPC has no effect on endothelial function. Although neither blood coagulability nor platelet function were affected by IPC, fibrinolytic activity increased slightly, probably by activation of t‐PA function.Conclusion:  IPC is useful for prophylaxis for thromboembolism by activation of blood fibrinolysis as well as inhibition of blood stasis.
Effect of tidal volume and respiratory rate on the power of breathing calculation
Authors: Natalini G. , Marchesini M. , Tessadrelli A. , Rosano A. , Candiani A. , Bernardini A. 
Published: April 2005

Background:  The power of breathing (PoB) is used to estimate the mechanical workload of the respiratory system. Aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different tidal volume‐respiratory rate combinations on the PoB when the elastic load is constant. In order to assure strict control of the experimental conditions, the PoB was calculated on an airway pressure‐volume curve in mechanically ventilated patients.Methods:  Ten patients received three different tidal volume‐respiratory rate combinations while minute ventilation was constant. Respiratory mechanics, PoB and its elastic and resistive components were calculated. Alternative methods to estimate the elastic workload were assessed: elastic work of breathing per litre per minute, elastic workload index (the square root of elastic work of breathing multiplied by respiratory rate) and elastic double product of the respiratory system (the elastic pressure multiplied by respiratory rate).Results:  Despite constant elastance and minute ventilation, the elastic PoB showed an increment greater than 200% from the lower to the greater tidal volume, accounting for approximately 80% of the whole PoB increment. On the contrary, elastic work of breathing per litre per minute, elastic workload index and elastic double product did not change.Conclusion:  Changes in breathing pattern markedly affect the PoB despite constant mechanical load. Other indexes could assess the elastic workload without tidal volume dependence. Power of breathing use should be avoided to compare different mechanical loads or efficiencies of the respiratory muscles when tidal volume is variable.
Haemodynamic changes during positive‐pressure ventilation in children
Authors: Kardos A. , Vereczkey G. , Szentirmai C. 
Published: April 2005

Background:  Positive‐pressure ventilation may alter cardiac function. Our objective was to determine with the use of impedance cardiography (ICG) whether altering airway pressure modifies the central haemodynamics in mechanically ventilated children with no pulmonary pathology. Central venous saturation (ScvO2) was measured as an indicator of tissue perfusion.Methods:  Twelve children between 7 and 65 months of age, requiring mechanical ventilation as a consequence of a non‐pulmonary disease, were enrolled in the study. All patients had a central venous line as a part of their routine management. Using pressure controlled ventilation (PCV) the baseline PEEP value of 5 cmH2O (Pb5) was increased to 10 cmH2O (Pi10) and then to 15 cmH2O (Pi15). After Pi15, PEEP was decreased to 10 (Pd10) and then to 5 cmH2O (Pd5). Each time period lasted 5 min heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), central venous pressure (CVP), end‐tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2), mean airway pressure (Paw), stroke volume index (SVI), cardiac index (CI) and central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) were recorded at the end of the five periods.Results:  The values of CI did not change when 10 and 15 cmH2O of PEEP were applied. Elevation of PEEP and thus Paw caused slight but not significant reductions in SVI and ScvO2 as compared to the baseline (Tb5). After reducing PEEP in Td5 we found statistically significant elevations of SVI and CI, as compared to Ti15 heart rate, ETCO2 and MABP remained unchanged.Conclusion:  We did not find significant haemodynamic changes following PEEP elevation in ventilated children, as measured using impedance cardiography. Reducing the value of PEEP to 5 cmH2O resulted in statistically significant SVI elevations. The values of ScvO2 remained unaffected.
Effects on intracranial pressure of dural puncture in supine and head‐elevated positions. A study on the cat
Authors: Kongstad L. , Grände P.‐O. 
Published: April 2005

Background:  Lumbar dural puncture may reduce intracranial pressure (ICP) due to a hydrostatic pressure gradient created by distal opening of the spinal fluid column towards the atmosphere. The magnitude of the reduction in hydrostatic force on the brain should depend on the vertical distance between the brain and the dural opening, and thus will increase by head elevation. No studies have analyzed ICP after dural puncture in supine and upright positions.Methods:  This study on the cat records ICP, mean arterial pressure, and central venous pressure before and after dural puncture in supine and head‐elevated positions. The dural puncture was performed at a level corresponding to the lumbar region.Results:  Initially ICP was 10.9 ± 1.9 mmHg (mean ± SD), which decreased to 5.1 ± 2.0 mmHg after 24.5 cm (18 mmHg) of head elevation (n = 7). Intracranial pressure decreased to 5.2 ±3.5 mmHg following dural puncture in the supine position and to −11.3 ± 4.2 mmHg after the head elevation (n = 7). Active drainage of CSF fluid in the supine position in a volume similar to that spontaneously drained after head elevation reduced ICP by 2.0 ± 0.5 mmHg (n = 3).Conclusions:  The results show that a significant ICP reduction may occur following opening of the spinal canal. The reduction can be explained more by hydrostatic forces than by loss of CSF; also explaining why it is more significant when upright than supine. The decrease in ICP increases transvascular pressure, which may induce the disappearance of the normally present subdural venous collapse with an increase in venous blood volume.
Comparison of a combination of midazolam and diazepam and midazolam alone as oral premedication on preanesthetic and emergence condition in children
Authors: Arai Y‐C. P. , Fukunaga K. , Hirota S. 
Published: April 2005

Background:  Preanesthetic anxiety and emergence agitation are major challenges for anesthesiologists in pediatric anesthesia. Thus, midazolam has been used as premedication for children. However, midazolam alone is not effective for emergence agitation. The present study tested the effect of a combination of midazolam and diazepam on the preanesthetic condition and emergence behavior in children.Methods:  Forty‐two children were allocated to one of three groups: the NoPre group received no premedication; the Mi group received midazolam 0.5 mg kg−1 orally; and the Mi + Di group received midazolam 0.25 mg kg−1 and diazepam 0.25 mg kg−1 orally. When anesthesia was induced with 7% sevoflurane in 100% oxygen, qualities of mask induction and sedation were rated. Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane (3–5%) in 100% oxygen. During emergence from anesthesia, the score of the child's emergence behavior was rated.Results:  Children in the Mi and Mi + Di groups were more sedated than those in the NoPre group. A combination of midazolam and diazepam provided a better quality of mask induction, when compared with no premedication. Also, the children in the Mi + Di group were less agitated than those in the other groups during the emergence.Conclusion:  Children in the Mi + Di group were significantly more sedated at induction of anesthesia and less agitated during emergence from anesthesia.
Morphological divergence and origin of sympatric populations of European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretusL.) in Lake Femund, Norway
Authors: ØSTBYE K. , NÆSJE T. F. , BERNATCHEZ L. , SANDLUND O. T. , HINDAR K. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractCombining morphological and genetic analysis, we compared patterns of diversification within and between morphs among sympatric European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretusL.) populations in Lake Femund, Norway. Seven external populations, from potential colonization routes into Lake Femund were included. We found that deep‐, shallow‐, river‐ and bay spawning populations are distinct morphs in Lake Femund. Within morphs, populations range from being similar genetically (Fst = 0–0.005) among deep‐spawning populations to being highly differentiated (Fst = 0.153) between bay‐spawning populations. Between morphs, genetic differences ranged from a low (Fst = 0.008–0.022) between deep‐ and shallow‐spawning populations to high difference (Fst = 0.125–0.143) between shallow‐ and bay‐spawning populations. A higher proportion of molecular variance was seen among (3.9%) than within morphs (2.8%). The adaptive gene combinations behind the four morphs seem to have originated within the lake, although the lake could have been colonized from more than one source population.