bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digital Optical Correlation for Fiberoptic Communication Systems
Authors: McGeehan John E. , Hauer Michelle C. , Willner Alan E. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThere is increasing interest in performing many key signal processing functions in the optical domain. Optical correlation, or matched filtering, of digital signals is one such key function that is used to compare a given bit pattern with one that is ‘stored’ in an optical correlator. The current and potential applications of digital optical correlators are introduced and the process by which many optical correlators operate is explained in detail. In addition, a number of specific optical correlator designs are presented and explored in greater depth. Significant limitations and implementation challenges as well as potential solutions are also discussed.
Optical Crossconnects
Authors: Fan Li 
Published: November 2003

AbstractOptical network provides enormous bandwidth for the increasing information traffic. It will relieve potential capacity bottlenecks, reduce hardware complexity and costs, and make it easier for carriers to deploy future developments. Optical crossconnects are one of the key elements to deliver and manage this optical layer for rapid provision, routing and network monitoring. Silicon‐based optical MEMS have shown to be the technology of choice for low cost and scalable optical crossconnects because they allow mass manufacturing of highly accurate miniaturized parts and use materials with excellent mechanical and electrical properties.
Methanotrophs
Authors: McDonald Ian R. , Murrell J. Colin 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIntroductionPhysiology and Biochemistry of MethanotrophsGenetics of MethanotrophsMolecular Biology of the Methane Oxidation PathwayMolecular Ecology of MethanotrophsFunctional Gene Probes for MethanotrophsBiotechnologyAcknowledgmentsBibliography
Osmotic Stress, Secretion Rate
Authors: Ryu Joon Soo , Lee Gyun Min 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIntroductionOsmolalityMedium OsmolalityEffect of Osmotic Pressure on Hybridoma Cell Growth and Antibody ProductionEnhanced Specific Antibody Secretion Rate of Hybridomas Resulting from Hyperosmotic Pressure Is Cell‐Line SpecificExplanation for Enhancedat Elevated OsmolalityApplication of Hyperosmotic Pressure to Antibody Production ProcessesApplication of Hypo‐osmotic Pressure to Antibody Production ProcessesBibliography
Herbicides, Inhibiting 4‐Hydroxyphenylpyruvate Dioxygenase (HPPD)
Authors: Little J. P. , Pallett Ken E. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract4‐Hydroxyphenyl pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) is a recently identified herbicide target site. There are currently seven known herbicides that inhibit this target; five commercialized: sulcotrione, isoxaflutole, benzofenap, pyrazolynate, and pyrazoxyfen, and two in the process of being commercialized: mesotrione and benzobicyclon. These herbicides can be classed within three families of 4‐benzoyl‐cyclic aryl or heteroaryl compounds: the benzoyl‐isoxazoles, the benzoyl‐cyclohexanediones, and the benzoyl‐hydroxypyrazoles. As enzymes inhibitors, all share or can give rise to a diketone pharmacophore within their structure. All of these herbicides produce characteristic bleaching symptoms in susceptible species due to the consequences of HPPD inhibition. HPPD catalyzes a complex reaction in which the ketoacid of tyrosine, namely, hydroxyphenylpyruvate (HPPA) is oxidized, decarboxylated, and then rearranged to give 2,5‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, or homogentisic acid (HGA). HGA is the precursor of plastoquinone and tocopherols, and the former is a cofactor of phytoene desaturase. This enzyme is key in the biosynthesis of carotenoids, inhibition of which leads to the bleaching symptoms due to the reduction of photosynthetic pigment (chlorophylls and carotenoids) and chloroplast development.The structure and available physicochemical data, toxicology and ecotoxicology data, of these bleaching herbicides is presented, together with a more detailed review of each compound.
Acetylcholine Receptors
Authors: Jewess Philip J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAcetylcholine receptors are protein receptors present on the post‐synaptic membrane in the cholinergic nervous system. They specifically bind the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Upon binding, acetylcholine induces a conformational change that stimulates the opening of cation channels in the nerve membrane, either directly (the nicotinic receptor) or indirectly (the muscarinic receptor), thus, propagating the nerve impulse. The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is the target for the neonicotinoid insecticides exemplified by imidacloprid, nicotine, the microbial natural product spinosad and insecticides such as cartap based on nereistoxin isolated from a marine worm. The nAChR is one representative of a superfamily of ligand‐gated ion‐channel receptors having a common evolutionary origin, other examples of which are the glycine, γ‐amino butyric acid, glutamate, and 5‐hydroxytryptamine receptors. Typically, the nAChR is a transmembrane protein consisting of five subunits of four different types round a central core, which comprises the ion channel through which cations are allowed to pass from one side of the membrane to the other. Two subunits (designated alpha) are responsible for binding acetylcholine. The neonicotinoids act as both agonists in mimicking the action of acetylcholine and antagonists in blocking its action. This disrupts the working of the nervous system and is responsible for the insecticides' toxicity.
Animal Health Products
Authors: Reeves P. T. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractA vast range of veterinary chemical products are used in the animal health sector. Those that control external parasites (ectoparasites) on domestic animals are known as ectoparasiticides and comprise two major groups—pesticides and systemic insecticides/acaricides. Ectoparasites of companion animals are a major cause of dermatologic problems in animals and act as vectors for various pathogens. Ectoparasites cause production losses in food‐producing animals that incur enormous costs to the livestock industry. The manifestations of ectoparasites on food‐producing animals include anemia; reduced production of meat, milk, and eggs; reduced quality and quantity of fleece; damage to hides (cattle grubs and cockle of sheep pelts from lice infestations); hypersensitivity reactions (to the itchmitePsorergates ovisof sheep); transmission of animal diseases (pinkeye of cattle, encephalitis of horses, anaplasmosis of cattle); and decreased resistance to other diseases. Presently, chemical treatment applied prophylactically, strategically, or tactically remains the main option for ectoparasite control.
Avian Repellants
Authors: Avery Michael L. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAlthough there are numerous potential applications for avian repellants, such compounds are not the answer to every crop damage situation. Understanding the specifics of bird‐crop interaction is essential to successful use of chemical bird repellants. However, even the most successful repellant will not eliminate bird damage. The only way to accomplish this is to employ netting or some other means of exclusion. Repellants are tools or methods that are best viewed as components of integrated management plans, rather than as solutions by themselves.
Capillary Electrophoresis
Authors: Safarpour Hudan , Asiaie Reza 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Since its first commercial introduction in the late 1980s, capillary electrophoresis has rapidly and continuously grown as an invaluable technique to address and resolve challenging issues. This has placed it on a platform complementary to liquid chromatography. Capillary electrophoresis has been employed in the separation of a broad range of polar as well as charged and neutral analytes at relatively low levels. The driving force behind this tremendous volume of research lies in the sensitivity, robustness, and versatility of capillary electrophoresis techniques. In addition, the ever more stringent regulatory requirements have further catalyzed this movement.
Chitin Biosynthesis Inhibitors
Authors: Jewess P. J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractChitin biosynthesis inhibitors have significant effect on athropods, mollusks, annelid worms, coelenterates, the eggs of nematodes, and certain fungi. Consequently, they are not expected to have much of an effect on mammals, birds, and plants, which has limited their commercial success. Two groups of insecticides that interfere with chitin synthesis have been discovered by random screening. These are the benzolyureas and the thiadiazinone compound buprofezin.
Chemical Properties Estimation
Authors: Boethling Robert S. , Howard Philip H. , Meylan William M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis article addresses the estimation of chemical properties that determine the environmental behavior of agrochemicals and ultimately the exposure of humans and other organisms to these substances. Chemical properties frequently used in environmental assessment include melting temperature, boiling temperature, vapor pressure,n‐octanol/water partition coefficient, water solubility, acid or base dissociation constant, Henry's Law, and bioconcentration/bioaccumulation factor for aquatic organisms. Also, bioaccumulation from air to vegetation and sorption to aerosols are emerging as important determinants of environmental fate.
F
ood
Q
uality
P
rotection
A
ct of 1996
Authors: Bailey Joseph E. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
No prior legislation has had as profound an effect on pesticide regulation as has the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 (FQPA). Created as an amendment to both the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, the implementation of FQPA initiated many improvements in the processes of pesticide regulation. For instance, the FQPA has helped ensure that the public is more protected from potential risks from pesticide exposure than was ensured by previous legislation. Risk‐assessment science and methodologies, in particular, have advanced significantly since the passage of the FQPA. Therefore, the public is assured that the food supply of this nation will be safer as a result of the FQPA and that the nation's infants and children are better protected because of this important legislation.
Fungicides, an Overview
Authors: Brent Keith J. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
This article is an introduction to the large and diverse range of chemicals that are used to control fungal diseases of plants, and which are considered in greater detail in subsequent articles.
The history of fungicide discovery and use, from ancient times up to the present, is outlined. There has been an evolutionary trend towards fungicides of higher potency with correspondingly lower application rates. This has been accompanied by achievement of greater specificity of action against target organisms, conferring a greater margin of safety to crops, human health, and environment and often permitting systemic movement within treated plants, but unfortunately bearing a greater risk of development of resistance.
Advances in genetics are likely to increase greatly the range of disease‐resistant crop varieties. Biological control agents may come into use in some situations, and the use of husbandry methods that decrease disease pressures is increasing. Fungicides, however, will remain a major component of crop disease management for decades to come.
There is a vital need for continued discovery and development of new fungicides. This is not only to provide even more effective and safe products but also to delay, avoid, or overcome resistance build‐up by increasing the biochemical diversity of treatment programs and by controlling resistant populations that have already arisen against existing products.
It is equally important to secure the most profitable, durable, and safe performance, through precise application of fungicides in time and space, and through using them within integrated disease management programs that combine the use of a range of chemical and nonchemical countermeasures.
Fungicides, Anilopyrimidines
Authors: Leroux Pierre 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe anilinopyrimidine fungicides have very similar structures, and they only differ by their substituents in the 4 position of the pyrimidine ring. They are mainly effective against Ascomycetes (e.g.,Alternaria,Botrytis,Monilinia,Venturia); cyprodinil exhibits the widest spectrum of activity. Under field conditions, the anilinopyrimidines have good protective and residual activities against fungal pathogens; some curative effects can also be recorded. Their precise mode of action is not yet known; they can affect the biosynthesis of methionine and prevent fungal secretions of hydrolytic enzymes involved in the infection process of fungi. Their metabolism occurs via the cleavage of the anilino‐pyrimidine linkage and hydroxylation of the alkyl, the pyrimidinyl, or the phenyl moieties.
Fungicides, Inhibitors of Mitochondrial Energy Production
Authors: Orth Ann B. , Kuhn Paul J. , Schmitt Mark R. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Inhibitors of mitochondrial energy metabolism and production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) have been and continue to be highly effective and commercially successfully fungicides. Disruption of this essential cellular function is achieved both by specific interactions with proteins involved in electron transport functions, as well as nonspecific disruption of the mitochondrial membrane's ability to utilize an electrochemical proton gradient to drive ATP synthesis. Given the diversity of respiratory targets susceptible to inhibition that have resulted in both broad‐ and narrow‐spectrum fungicides, it is very likely that additional effective respiration targets that will be identified in the future. Mitochondrial respiration likely will remain a valuable target for identifying new, safe, and effective means to control fungal diseases.
Fungicides, Phenylpyrroles
Authors: Pillonel Ch , Knauf‐beiter G. , Steinemann A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractFenpiclonil and fludioxonil are two phenylpyrrole fungicides related to pyrrolnitrin, a natural antibiotic first isolated fromPseudomonas pyrrocinia. Both fungicides have been reported either as foliar fungicides or as seed treatment as effective for disease management on fruits, vegetables, maize, potato and cereals. They are active on a wide range of fungi belonging to the generaMonilia,Gibberella,Botryotinia,Venturia,Sclerotinia,Fusarium,Tanatephorus, andAlternaria.The site of biological activity, at the surface of the leaves after foliar application and at the outside surface of the seed after seed treatment, accounts for the strong protective activity of fenpiclonil and fludioxonil. Biochemical studies revealed that the protein kinase PK‐III, potentially involved in the osmoregulation pathway, is the target of phenylpyrrole fungicides. A cascade of events has been postulated which originates in the inhibition of PK‐III and leads to the accumulation of polyols and cell death.
Herbicides, Identification of Biologically Active Materials
Authors: Weimer Monte R. , Clifford Gerwick B. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe approaches and tools for herbicide lead generation and optimization are increasingly sophisticated. Inputs to screens derived from traditional chemistry, natural products, or combinatorial chemistry are testedin vivoagainst plants, orin vitroagainst a target enzyme or receptor. In both cases, high throughput capacity is made possible by automated sample handling and data tracking. Specificin vitrotargets may be identified and validated by chemical or genetic means. Increasingly, an inhibitor of a target may be designed with the aid of detailed biochemical and computational tools. If the target compound is active, it will be advanced in successive levels of whole plant testing under conditions that increasingly reflect the actual performance needs of the new herbicide. Detailed studies of uptake, translocation, metabolism in the plant, or partitioning in the soil may be used to understand the barriers to activity delivery and guide the optimization effort. Further, activity on nontarget organisms and persistence in the environment are assessed to ensure the lead optimization program is directed toward discovery of products that are safe to the environment and the end user. Although increasingly sophisticated technical tools provide high quality data to help direct decision making, it is the curiosity and initiative of the discovery scientist that is ultimately responsible for a herbicide product breakthrough.
Macropore and Preferential Flow
Authors: Jarvis Nicholas 
Published: November 2003

AbstractUntil recently, the prevailing conceptual model of water infiltration into soils was based on the idea that “new” incoming water displaced existing “old” water uniformly, with water moving downward in the soil profile as a broad and well‐defined “wetting front.” Similarly, the prevailing view of agrochemical transport was that leaching took place as a chromatographic process, with the chemical as fully exposed to adsorption sites in undisturbed field soils as it would be both in laboratory batch experiments on water–slurry mixtures, and in column leaching experiments on repacked soils. The idea that water flow and chemical transport normally takes place as a uniform displacement process in soils has now been abandoned, and it has been replaced by an understanding that the heterogeneity of undisturbed soils in the field often leads to markedly nonuniform patterns of water flow and agrochemical displacement.
Pesticide Adjuvants
Authors: Richard J. , Thacker M. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Pesticide adjuvants are chemicals that are added to pesticide formulations in order to enhance the effectiveness of the active ingredient. Adjuvants are not intended to be pesticidal. For legislative purposes, the government of the United Kingdom defines adjuvants as “Any substance, other than water, without significant pesticidal properties, which enhances or is intended to enhance, the effectiveness of a pesticide when it is added to the pesticide.” The aim of this review article is to provide the reader with an introduction to pesticide adjuvants.
Pesticide Formulations
Authors: Woods Thomas S. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe science of crop protection product formulations has made major advances in recent years. In fact, the old idea that the discipline of formulations is more an art than a science has long been overshadowed by the scientific depth of the underpinning technology. This article will provide a general overview of the great variety of product forms available to the formulation scientist for designing a crop protection product that is acceptable in the world of modern agriculture.
Herbicides, Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase Inhibitors
Authors: Dayan Franck E. , Duke Stephen O. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractProtox inhibitors account for 11% of the 270 herbicides registered for use in the US. Most of the Protox inhibitors are being marketed for use with soybean. The most recent data from a survey of 11 US states showed that Protox inhibitors were applied to 14% of the 26 million ha. that were planted with soybean. In contrast, 62% of the cultivated area received applications of glyphosate, highlighting the rate of adoption of glyphosate‐resistant soybean technology. A total of 0.6 million kg of Protox inhibitors were applied to soybean fields, accounting for 2% of the total amount of herbicides applied. In contrast, glyphosate accounted for 56% of all the herbicides applied by weight to soybean fields, demonstrating the impact that genetically engineered herbicide‐resistant soybean has on traditional agricultural practices.
Propesticides
Authors: Ujváry István 
Published: November 2003

AbstractFor most pesticides, the chemically intact active ingredient of the marketed formulation is responsible for the biological activity at the molecular level. In some cases, however, the actual substance responsible for the desired effect is a chemically transformed product of the pesticide that was applied in the field. Such transformations are activation processes usually involving enzymes characteristic to the target organism, but the conversion can occur in the environment and by nonenzymatic processes. The expected biological activity is typically observable only in studies with whole organisms or in the field. The increase in selective toxicity for the target and nontarget organisms results from differential uptake, translocation, and metabolism of such pesticide precursors or propesticides. Selectivity, thus, increased safety, of neurotoxic insecticides can be achieved by incorporation of specific sulfur functionalities into the parent compound. Differential phytotoxicity of several classes of herbicides is based on selective oxidative and hydrolytic degradations in various plants. Hydrolysis and reduction are involved in the bioactivation of several profungicides. Bioactivation processes are also important for some organic and inorganic rodenticides. Although in many cases the propesticide nature of a compound was discovered during structure optimization and metabolism studies, there are several examples where incorporation of metabolically labile moieties into an insufficiently selective lead compound was crucial for commercial development.
QSAR
Authors: Plummer Ernest L. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe speed, intensity, and duration of the biological response of an organism to a chemical compound is directly related to the structure of the compound. For decades, scientists have attempted to understand exactly what this relationship is so that better compounds can be designed. In 1964, with the publication of two seminal articles outlining a new paradigm call Quantitative Structure‐Activity Relationships or QSAR, pesticide and drug discovery moved from a process driven by observation and analogy to one driven by statistics and quantitative models. In the late twentieth century, high throughput screening and combinatorial chemistry have moved the design process to one of volume and probability. The success of this approach is still dependent on the same principles as those developed in 1964.
Solid Phase Extraction
Authors: Noland Patrick 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Solid phase extraction is the process whereby target analytes in a solution are separated from a matrix using a fixed bed of a solid material. It is a widely used alternative or adjunct to liquid–liquid extraction. Historically, solid phase extraction is an ancient technology. Sand/charcoal filters for water probably represent some of the first solid phase systems. Most solid phase extraction systems today are adaptations of conventional column chromatography. Therefore, modern solid phase extraction is a powerful selective tool for effective separation.
Insecticidal Carbamates
Authors: Plimmer Jack R. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractDevelopment of the carbamate insecticides was based on a structural lead that emerged from studies of the pharmacological properties of the alkaloid, physostigmine, isolated in 1864 as the toxic principle of the beans of the plant,Physostigma venenosum, which had been used as an ordeal poison in West Africa. The carbamate insecticides represent the third principal group of synthetic organic insecticides developed after World War II. They are highly biodegradable, and although compound such as carbofuran and aldicarb are highly toxic to mammals by oral ingestion, their toxic action as inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase is rapidly reversible.