bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emerson and Lane: Luminist Time and the Transcendental Aboriginal Self
Authors: Novak Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We cannot consider the self in America without Emerson. He made himself, in so many ways, the American self incarnate. Yet as Perry Miller long ago suggested, “To take Emerson literally is often hazardous.” The man who wrote “a foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds “ gives each of us the opportunity to see whatever we wish to see in him. Sacvan Bercovitch also rightly noted that the public Emerson does not reveal the struggles with self that we find in the Journals: “The Emersonian night of the soul rarely occurs in the open, and never involves the struggle with an external foe. Publicly, the dawn is forever radiant with hope. The struggle takes place in private, in journals, in notebooks, sometimes in letters andmarginalia.”
Homer and James: The Pragmatic Self Made Concrete
Authors: Novak Barbara 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Winslow Homer and William James were practitioners of the pragmatic self, which, as James formulated it, stressed the immediate experience and looked for concrete results. Both New Englanders came to adulthood in a post-Darwinian moment that had fundamentally changed the world they encountered. Though vastly different in temperament, their interests coincided briefly when James was starting out. James had an early urge to become a painter (fig. 5.1), studying with William Morris Hunt in Newport around 1860. Five years later he was on a biological expedition with Louis Agassiz, Darwin’s main American antagonist. He must have known several members of Agassiz’s wide circle, which included the painter Albert Bierstadt and Agassiz’s friend and colleague in The Saturday Club, the ubiquitous Emerson—a friend also of William’s father, Henry James Senior. William, as we know, went on to formulate Pragmatism into a leading American philosophy, though his Varieties of Religious Experience and his later interest in spiritual and psychic phenomena left room for a sense of spirit sadly diminished by Darwin’s advent.
The Problem with Politics
Authors: Bouton Terry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was one thing to lay out an agenda for reform; it was quite another to make meaningful change happen. Reform-minded Pennsylvanians would soon discover that there was a big difference between dreaming up ideas like the Plan and getting politicians to enact them into law. Along the way, they discovered a gulf between “the people” as an abstraction and a majority mobilized to take power. In short, they found out that, even in a democracy, just because the majority of the public shared common ideals did not mean those beliefs would become the law of the land.
The Molecular Basis of Oral-Facial-Digital Type I (OFDI) Syndrome
Authors: Franco Brunella 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oral-facial-digital type I (OFDI) syndrome is an X-linked dominant male-lethal disorder and belongs to the heterogeneous group of developmental disorders known as oral-facial-digital syndromes (OFDS). OFDI displays malformations of the face, oral cavity, and digits, which are also found in other forms of OFDS. Additional features are represented by central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities and cystic kidney that are specific to OFDI. After the cloning of the responsible gene, named OFDI, diagnostic tools are available thus allowing molecular diagnosis for this disorder. Functional studies have recently demonstrated that OFD1 is required for primary cilia formation and left–right asymmetry, thus ascribing OFDI to the growing number of genetic disorders due to primary ciliary dysfunction.
The Act of State Doctrine
Authors: Mccaffrey Stephen C , Main Thomas O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces a doctrine developed chiefly by courts in the United States (although less robust versions of it have been applied in other common law countries, as well). The act of state doctrine precludes the courts of one country from examining the validity of acts of the governments of other countries taken in their own territories. The doctrine is consistent with the themes introduced in the previous chapter because it demonstrates a respect for sovereign acts and promotes international comity. However, the act of state doctrine leads neither to abstention nor immunity. Rather, the doctrine provides a binding rule of decision, precluding the parties from challenging the validity of certain acts of a foreign sovereign.
Choice of Law
Authors: Mccaffrey Stephen C , Main Thomas O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Choice of law is a discipline that seeks to determine the application of law when the administration of justice requires a choice between two or more systems of law. European lawyers tend to use the term “Private International Law” to refer to this field, whereas American lawyers are more familiar with the term “Conflict of Laws.” Ironically, the common American term was coined by seventeenth-century Dutch scholars and Joseph Story, an American, is often credited for the European term.
Emergencies, Tradeoffs, and Deference
Authors: Posner Eric A , vermeule Adrian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we lay out two basic views of the relationship between constitutional law and emergencies: a civil libertarian view, which typically advocates robust judicial review of governmental decision making in times of emergency, and our view, which advocates strong judicial and legislative deference to government decision making in times of emergency.We articulate a tradeoff thesis about security and liberty; defend the tradeoff thesis against critiques; and articulate the deference thesis, which complements the tradeoff thesis by claiming that judges and legislators should defer to government’s balancing of security and liberty during emergencies. For the most part, we focus on judicial deference, although we bring in legislators later in the chapter and elsewhere. Our larger aims are to clarify our premises and the limits of our project and to indicate the line of argument we will take in later chapters.
The Democratic Failure Theory
Authors: Posner Eric A , vermeule Adrian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we consider a central theme of the civil libertarian view of emergencies. The argument is that malfunctions in the political system will cause emergency policies to systematically harm the interests of political, ethnic, or ideological minorities. Of course, in a partially majoritarian democracy, minorities will often lose. Yet those who advance this argument have something more specific in mind. Self-interested majorities will cause government policy to provide too much security, relative to an impartial baseline somehow defined, because those majorities do not bear the full costs of increased security. Rather, democratic majorities partially externalize the costs of increased security onto minorities. “[A]s almost always happens, the individuals whose rights are sacrificed are not those who make the laws, but minorities, dissidents and noncitizens. In those circumstances,’we’ are making a decision to sacrifice ‘their’ rights—not a very prudent way to balance the competing interests.” We dub this view and its variants the democratic failure theory.
How Big Is the Angel Capital Market?
Authors: Shane Scott A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How many angels are there? How much do they invest? How many companies get angel capital? These are important questions to entrepreneurs seeking capital, the angels providing it, and the policy makers hoping to marry the two. The good news is that we have answers to these questions. The bad news is that there’s no shortage of answers to them, and the answers don’t come close to agreeing. For example, estimates of numbers of companies receiving angel investments every year are as low as 15,000 and as high 700,000; estimates of the number of people who make angel investments are as low as 100,000 and as high as 3 million; and estimates of the amount of money that angels invest every year are as low as $20 billion and as high as $150 billion. Therefore, many of the reported statistics on angel investing—whether they are on the number of ﬁrms receiving angel investments, the number of angel investors, or the amount that angels invest—are incorrect by a very large order of magnitude. The question is: which ones are correct?
How Many Companies Need Angels?
Authors: Shane Scott A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A common story about angel investing goes something like this. Angels are a special breed of investor who provides the risk capital that start-up companies use to transition between founder and friends-and-family money, and venture capital funds. The role of angels in ﬁlling this capital gap is crucial to economic growth because no other source of capital is available to companies making this transition, and the companies making this transition are vital contributors to the economic development of our country. Because many more companies need angel capital than can get it, the shortfall of angel capital holds back economic growth and hurts society.
How Does the Angel Investment Process Work?
Authors: Shane Scott A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Business angels ﬁnance only some of the companies they could potentially invest in. So understanding how angels learn about deals and why and how they select some for further investigation and funding is important for entrepreneurs, angels, and policy makers. Knowing the patterns in the angel investment process helps entrepreneurs to raise money, angels to make investment decisions efﬁciently and effectively, and policy makers to make good policy. While many authors have provided descriptions of the angel investment process, the standard discussion is airbrushed to show that angel investors are careful decision makers who make wise choices about which companies are worthy of their investment of time and money. Unfortunately, this description doesn’t reﬂect the reality of how the angel investment process actually works. This chapter describes the angel investment process like it really is. Rather than recounting the stories told by the angels and the experts who often rationalize a very messy process, it relies on the evidence. And the picture it presents is very different from what you may have read elsewhere. To see what I mean, take a look at the data.
How Do the Best Angels Invest?
Authors: Shane Scott A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As with most types of investing, performance at angel investing is highly skewed—a few people make almost all the money. And this pattern is what makes most discussions of angel investing uninformative. The standard approach is so focused on glorifying business angels that it misses this essential point and draws its advice and conclusions without differentiating the best investors from the average. Of course, as you by now realize, the typical angel is not a good role model. Just like most investors in the stock market, most angels are ill informed, and they pay the price for that ignorance in terms of inferior ﬁnancial returns. So following what the typical angel does will lead you down the road to poor performance. However, once you accept the fact that most business angels are nothing special and do nothing special, you can learn what it takes to be a successful angel investor. By paying attention to the differences between the professional investors and the fools, you can identify the key parameters for ﬁnancially successful angel investing.
What Makes a Place Good for Angel Investing?
Authors: Shane Scott A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you’re an entrepreneur looking for someone to make an angel investment in your new company, or you’re an angel looking to make those investments yourself, or you’re a policy maker seeking to use angel investing to drive the growth of your local economy, you need to know if the characteristics of the local environment affect the odds that companies will receive these investments. Some places might be better suited than others for companies to raise external equity and you need to know whether your locale is favorable or unfavorable to this type of ﬁnance.
Conclusions
Authors: Shane Scott A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you have read this far in the book, you realize that only a small portion of angels make money investing in private companies and that the typical angel is far from the wise investor in the next generation of superstar companies that many observers make him out to be. Unfortunately, you’d never know that from reading the multitude of cheerleading books and articles on angel investing. These sources overstate the amount of angel investing that occurs, the sophistication of that activity, the performance of investors at it, and its impact on the economy. While this cheerleading effort is uplifting—it makes angels feel good, leads entrepreneurs to respect and admire angels, and causes policy makers to view angel investors as a valuable resource for transforming economies into entrepreneurial powerhouses—it isn’t very useful.
Introduction
Authors: Michaud Richard O , Michaud Robert O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Markowitz (1959) mean-variance (MV) efficiency is the classic paradigm of modern finance for efficiently allocating capital among risky assets. Given estimates of expected return, standard deviation or variance, and correlation of return for a set of assets, MV efficiency provides the investor with an exact prescription for optimal allocation of capital. The Markowitz efficient frontier (Exhibit 1.1) represents all efficient portfolios in the sense that all other portfolios have less expected return for a given level of risk or, equivalently, more risk for a given level of expected return. In this framework, the variance or standard deviation of return denes portfolio risk. MV efficiency considers not only the risk and return of securities, but also their interrelationships.
The Resampled Efficient Frontier™
Authors: Michaud Richard O , Michaud Robert O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter introduces Resampled Efficient Frontier (REF) optimization, a generalization of linear constrained Markowitz MV portfolio optimization that includes uncertainty in investment information in the optimization process.1 Monte Carlo resampling methods are used to more realistically condition investment information in the optimization. REF optimality avoids the literal use of investment information characteristic of classical MV and other portfolio optimization methods. Under practical assumptions, REF optimization is provably effective at improving linear constrained risk-adjusted portfolio return on average.2 REF optimality typically leads to a more effective level of diversification and risk management than previously available. The resampling process also allows customization of the optimization process relative to investment mandates, objectives, strategies, and information character.
Toxic Tactics and Terrors
Authors: Lockwood Jeffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stinging insects proved decisive in ending many sieges and battles, but few military historians know that a war was started by a bee.1 In 637 ce, a ran-corous fellow named Congal, heir to the throne of Ulster, was paying a state visit to the king of Ireland and his family. Domnall, the Irish king, was a gracious host, except for one small oversight: he failed to put adequate distance between his beehives and his guests. As fate would have it, Congal was stung in the eye by an errant bee. If it had just been painful perhaps the offense could have been forgiven, but Congal was blinded. To add insult to injury, he was given the nickname “Caech,” meaning “one-eye,” after the incident. Enraged by their patriarch’s being blinded and called a cyclops, Congal’s kin demanded retribution. In keeping with the notion of “an eye for an eye,” they demanded that one of Domnall’s sons be blinded. Domnall was not keen on this solution and tried a less drastic punishment in hope of appeasing Congal. The king ordered the destruction of the entire colony of bees to ensure that the guilty insect would be killed.
Insects as Tools of Torture
Authors: Lockwood Jeffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ancient Persians were perhaps the earliest people to use insects as torture devices. The gruesome practice of subjecting a condemned man to “the boats” was given the technical term scaphism (based on the Greek skaphe, from which we get the word “skiff,” meaning a small, flat-bottomed boat).1 The victim was initially force-fed milk and honey to induce severe diarrhea. Then the poor soul was stripped, lashed to a skiff (or hollowed out tree trunk) so that his head, hands, and feet protruded over the sides, smeared with honey, and set adrift on a stagnant pond or simply left in the sun. Wasps attracted to the honey delivered excruciating stings, but the coup de grâce came with the insects drawn to the feces accumulating in the boat. Flies would breed in the filth and then begin laying eggs in the victim’s anus and increasingly gangrenous flesh. Although the misery could be prolonged by providing the victim with continuing allotments of milk and honey, the condemned would eventually succumb to septic shock associated with being infested with maggots.
The Big Itch
Authors: Lockwood Jeffrey A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Better dead than Red. The western mantra of the 1950s. And people meant it. With this sort of sociopolitical view, it is little wonder that the U.S. military pursued every conceivable means of defeating the soulless communists—even conscripting insects as unwitting patriots. After all, if entomological weapons based on bungled Japanese science had killed nearly half a million people, just think what an advanced nation might be able to do with these creatures. Or imagine what a technologically sophisticated foe might accomplish. With the Soviet Union detonating an atomic bomb in 1949, Cold War anxiety paved the way for a series of incredible experiments in the name of protecting democracy.
Distributive Justice: Equality, Entitlement, and Merit
Authors: Sandel Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
John Rawls and Robert Nozick both reject utilitarianism. Both believe that certain individual rights are so fundamental that utilitarian considerations should not override them. But they disagree about what rights are fundamental. For Nozick and other libertarians, people have a right to the money they earn in a free market; it is unjust to tax their earnings to help those who have less. Rawls disagrees. He does not believe that the results of a free market are necessarily fair.
Very Long Text the Reality of the EULA
Authors: Phillips Douglas E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
an article in uncyclopedia (“the content-free encyclopedia that anyone can edit”) provides the best practical description of the software license.1 The article defines “license” as “a synonym for very long text.” It adds, “Another synonym for license is legalese or lawyer-readable code.” Although rarely considered in legal analysis, the sheer impenetrability of license text is highly pertinent.
Defenders of the proprietary end user license agreement argue that the EULA promotes—and indeed is essential for—efficiency.2 According to this argument, the transaction costs to software providers would be far too high if separate licenses were negotiated with every user. The argument assumes, however, that any kind of license is required. As discussed in Chapter 2, software is not “intangible,” and the software, not the license, is the product. Licenses remain an option, but there is reason to believe that EULAs as they exist today actually reduce efficiency. They do this by creating a legal regime that is known to and understood (more or less) by the software provider but that is effectively hidden from the user. In other words, the license is the problem.
Contract law imposes a “duty to read” in the sense that not having read a contract is not a defense to its enforcement.3 And standard-form contracts are nothing new. An official comment to the Restatement (Second) of Contracts, issued nearly thirty years ago, frankly acknowledges that “[a] party who makes regular use of a standardized form of agreement does not ordinarily expect his customers to understand or even to read the standard terms.”4 Vendors use standard-form agreements “to eliminate bargaining over details of individual transactions, and that purpose would not be served.
Follies with Girlfriends
Authors: Frankel Noralee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the Follies run ain Chicago in early 1937, Gypsy appeared eleven times in the show, not because of her extraordinary ability, Gypsy maintained, but because fewer performers were cheaper. Gypsy performed in five comedic sketches with Bobby Clark. In his sketches, Clark played the lecher, with oversized glasses that he drew on his face. In a satire on the New Deal, Gypsy acted as Clark’s secretary at the Federal Spending Administration. She also played a sexy nurse and an older woman in a skit in a satire on a popular show, Major Bowes’ Amateur Hour. In a Baby Snooks scene, Gypsy acted as Fanny Brice’s mother. Before the first act’s finale, Gypsy performed a striptease. Those “appearances, along with both finales, kept me moving,” Gypsy complained wearily.
While starring in the Follies, Gypsy cemented two deep friendships, with Fanny Brice, an older star, and June Havoc, her younger sister. Gypsy cherished her close women friends. She rebelled against her mother, who discouraged her daughter’s friendships and even set up a virulent competition between Louise and June.
Finding the Body
Authors: Frankel Noralee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Finding dead bodies scattered all over a burlesque theater isn’t the sort of thing you’re likely to forget. Not quickly, anyway,” begins The G-String Murders. “It’s the little things, incidents that don’t seem important when they happen, that slip your mind. With me, for instance. As long as I live, I’ll remember seeing that bloated bluish face, the twisted, naked body, and the glitter of a G-string, hanging like an earring from the swollen neck.”
After returning to New York City in 1939, Gypsy decided to write a mystery novel, The G-String Murders. “People think that just because you’re a stripper you don’t have much else except a body. They don’t credit you with intelligence,” she later complained. “Maybe that’s why I write.” Gypsy worked as hard on her writing as her stripping, and The G-String Murders became a best seller.
Do Bits Benefit Developing Countries?
Authors: Rose-Ackerman Susan , Tobin Jennifer L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) are instruments of growing importance as emerging economies seek to attract foreign investment. BITs offer protection to foreign direct investment (FDI), and many observers claim that this protection helps attract investment flows to developing countries, which in turn leads to economic development. Developing countries hope that the treaties signal to foreign investors either a strong protective investment environment or a commitment that foreign investment will be protected through international enforcement of the treaty in spite of weaknesses in domestic law.