bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunocytochemical localization of lysozyme in intestinal eosinophilic granule cells (EGCs) of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.
Authors: Sveinbjornsson B , Olsen R , Paulsen S 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe distribution of lysozyme in the intestine of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., was studied by light‐ and electron‐microscopic immunocytochemistry. Eosinophilic granule cells (EGCs) in the subepithelial region of the lamina propria showed strong immunoreactivity to lysozyme, while epithelial cells were only occasionally stained. At the ultrastructural level, lysozyme was localized to secretary granules of EGCs, demonstrating features in common with the Paneth cell of the mammalian small intestine, previously shown to produce antibacterial substances such as lysozyme. Furthermore, EGCs stained positive with phloxine‐tartrazine, a histochemical stain that is used for identification of Paneth cells. This study reveals that EGCs show close resemblance to mammalian intestinal Paneth cells, and thus, may be important for the intestinal defense system in salmonid fish.
Development and regression of soybean meal induced enteritis in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., distal intestine: a comparison with the intestines of fasted fish
Authors: Baeverfjord G , Krogdahl A 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe development of a pathological condition in the distal intestine of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., induced by dietary soybean meal, was studied in a 6‐week feeding experiment. The fully developed condition, as observed after 3 weeks on the experimental diets, was characterized by: (1) a shortening of heights of the mucosal foldings; (2) a loss of the normal supranuclear vacuolization of the absorptive cells in the intestinal epithelium; (3) a widening of the central stroma within the mucosal foldings, with increased amounts of connective tissue; and (4) a profound infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lamina propria. The first signs of morphological changes were observed after 2 days on a diet containing a solvent extracted soybean meal, and within 7 days, all the above mentioned signs were observed. When the fish were subsequently transferred to a control diet, the mucosal folds were rebuilt from the base, resulting in an apparently functional epithelium after 3 weeks. Starved fish also exhibited characteristic changes of the mucosa, including a finely granular cytoplasm replacing the supranuclear vacuoles seen in the epithelial cells of normal fish. In addition, a pattern of irregularly spaced indentations developed in the epithelium of the simple folds. The condition induced by dietary soybean meal was classified as a no n‐infectious subacute enteritis, and a pathogenesis involving immunological mechanisms is suggested.
Gross, histological and scanning electron microscopic appearance of dorsal fin rot in farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., parr
Authors: Turnbull J F , Richards R H , Robertson D A 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe gross, histological and scanning electron microscopic appearance of dorsal fin rot in farmed Atlantic salmon parr, Salmo salar L. is described. The lesions were grouped into seven categories: (1) peripheral erosion and ray splitting; (2) peripheral erosion with some nodularity; (3) severe nodularity with differing degrees of tissue loss; (4) extensive to total loss of the dorsal fin; (5) smooth thickening of the dorsal fin; (6) haemorrhagic dorsal fin lesions; and (7) healed dorsal fin rot lesions. The main sign of injury was clefts extending through the epithelium. These injuries were consistent with bites from other parr. During healing from such wounds, damaged cells sloughed from the surface, and there was swelling and hyperplasia in the remaining cells. The majority of the thickening in the fins was the result of epithelial hyperplasia with a variable cellular inflammatory response. The distal epithelium of fins with severe fin rot (i.e. nodular and eroded) was rough, irregular and swollen with superficial nodular extensions. Wounds in all stages of repair were more numerous in such areas. Fin rays were frequently observed protruding from the abnormal epithelium at the distal edge of the fin. With the exception of the isolation of Aeromonas salmonicida from a small number of cases, no significant bacterial involvement was detected. Under scanning electron microscopy, bacteria were only detected on the exposed fin rays and not in association with the abnormal epithelium. In the majority of cases, the dorsal fin was either the only fin damaged or the most severely damaged. It is suggested that the hyperplastic response to numerous bite wounds is responsible for the accumulation of abnormal epithelium typical of dorsal fin rot in farmed Atlantic salmon parr.
Direct analysis of starved Aeromonas salmonicida
Authors: Deere D , Porter J , Pickup R , Edwards C 
Published: November 2003

AbstractSurvival of Aeromonas salmonicida was monitored during prolonged incubation in either distilled water or lake water. Culturability was determined from colony forming units enumerated on tryptone soy agar, whilst flow cytometry was used for direct analysis of viable cells after staining with fluorescent dyes which differentially stained bacteria in relation to defined cellular properties. Over time, populations of culturable cells steadily declined and were not detected after 10 days incubation in distilled water or 33 days in lake water. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that cellular properties related to viability were lost shortly after culturable cells became undetectable in distilled water. In contrast, those incubated in lake water showed little change in these properties over a 57‐day experimental period. The implications of these differences are discussed, and it is concluded that A. salmonicida is capable of remaining intact and active upon prolonged incubation in lake water, although this does not conclusively prove viability.
Aeromonas salmonicida infectivity studies in goldsinny wrasse, Ctenolabrus rupestris (L.)
Authors: Bricknell I R , Bruno D W , Stone J 
Published: November 2003

AbstractGoldsinny wrasse, Ctenolabrus rupestris (L.). were experimentally and naturally infected with Aeromonas salmonicida. Goldsinny wrasse were found to be susceptible to infection with A. salmonicida but significantly more resistant to infection than Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. The pathology of the acute infection is described. Following infection significantly higher levels of agglutinating antibody were detected in the sera of recovered wrasse than those observed in the Atlantic salmon controls. However, a large proportion of the recovered wrasse were culture positive for A. salmonicida and appeared to have entered a chronic stage of infection quite distinct from the carrier status that can develop in Atlantic salmon. This study indicates that, although goldsinny wrasse are susceptible to A. salmonicida, these fish are unlikely to become primarily infected, but contract furunculosis from infected Atlantic salmon. However, goldsinny wrasse may act as a reservoir for subsequent infections of cultivated Atlantic salmon because of the development of a chronic form of the disease. The potential for the vaccination of goldsinny wrasse against furunculosis is discussed.
A study of the use of a photographic food atlas to estimate served and self‐served portion sizes
Authors: Robinson F. , Morritz W. , McGuiness P. , Hackett A. F. 
Published: November 2003

Background: Although it is generally accepted that a weighed intake is the most valid way of assessing nutrient intake, this is not always the most appropriate method. Photographs have been suggested as a useful aid in assessing portion size when other methods of recording dietary intake are used.Method: Male and female subjects (n=100) were recruited to assess portion sizes of served amounts of mashed potato or cornflakes using food photographs. A second group of subjects (n=40) were recruited to assess portion sizes of self‐served mashed potato or cornflakes using the same photographs.Results: Estimates varied from −70.6% underestimation to +198.7% overestimation for mashed potato, with less variation for the cornflakes where portions were served.???	Where the food was self‐served, results ranged from −38% and −64% underestimation to +61% and +88% overestimation for cornflakes and mashed potato, respectively.Correlation coefficients between estimated and actual weights of food showed them to be of statistical significance (P<0.05).Conclusion: Food photographs are a useful and convenient aid in the estimation of food portion sizes.
Maternal employment: does it influence feeding practices during infancy?
Authors: Earland J , Ibrahim S. O , Harpin V. A 
Published: November 2003

Background: Although at least 30% of women with young children participate in the labour force, there has been very little research into the effect of maternal employment on the diets of young children. Increasingly it is being recognized that early feeding practices affect future health and may have a part to play in the development of eating disorders. Therefore it was decided to conduct a study in Sheffield to determine whether maternal employment influences infant feeding practices. Methods: Mothers from social classes I and II (employed n=27; unemployed n=28) with infants aged 10–12 months were interviewed in their homes. Information was collected on past and present food and drink consumption, weaning practices, and progression to independent feeding. Results: Employed mothers stopped breast‐feeding earlier. This difference became evident after 2 months of age and reached significance at 4 months (P < 0.05). Employed mothers introduced foods earlier and relied more on commercial baby foods, with significantly more spending over ???7–12 per week at the time of the survey (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Maternal employment does influence infant feeding practices and consequently may have repercussions on future health. Further studies are needed to investigate the long‐term effects of maternal employment on infant feeding practices, particularly amongst lower socio‐economic class families.
Piagetian principles: simple and effective application
Authors: Williams K. C. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractA simplified version of Piaget's sensorimotor levels was employed to teach a group of 25 extremely impaired individuals who live in a large residential facility. Throughout the facility, all available formal assessments using the Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales (VABS) were compared. Using this tool, an average of 13% of individuals from the common population pool increased their scores over a 6‐year time period. All of the individuals who received training within the experimental group demonstrated increased scores. Scores increased such that an average gain of nearly I month in overall age equivalency per individual per year was realized. A matched group comparison, a prediction test for like sensorimotor skill attainment (the primary distinction of this curriculum methodology), and an historical review of subject skill training, all support the cognltively geared methodology as being primarily responsible for this accelerated progress.
Vision care requirements among intellectually disabled adults: a residence‐based pilot study
Authors: McCulloch D. L. , Sludden P. A. , McKeown K. , Kerr A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIntellectually disabled adults have an high incidence of visual problems and they are often unable to communicate their visual difficulties. At Lennox Castle and Waveriey Park Hospitals, vision care is through referral by medical and nursing staff to designated optometrists and ophthalmologists. This practice has provided a good service when visual difficulties are noticed. The vision care requirements of all residents had not been comprehensively assessed and a new interdisciplinary procedure developed at Waveriey Park Hospital had drawn attention to the fact that only I I % had been offered vision assessment within the previous S years. In this study, 63 residents without specific referral received a comprehensive visual and medical assessment. The residents ranged from age 20 to 85 years and included the full range of disabilities. Objective assessments, ophthalmoscopy and retinoscopy were generally successful for all levels of disability. Visual acuity and visual fields were tested using methods suitable for nonverbal subjects. Success rates for these subjects were generally good, except in the profoundly disabled group where less than 30% were able to respond. A high prevalence of visual impairment, refractive error, squint and other ocular conditions vras found. Visual impairment was most common in the severe and profoundly disabled groups because of optic nerve or cortical dysfunction. New spectacles were recommended for 23 residents (seven others had adequate correction). Nine residents were referred for ophthalmologic consultation, mainly for cataract. Three required monitoring for visual conditions. Thirty‐one residents (49%) required no immediate action beyond documentation of the visual status. This study has shown a high prevalence of visual difficulties which were not previously detected. Routine biennial vision assessment of all residents is recommended to allow timely intervention to correct vision problems, and also to provide the necessary information about vision to plan appropriate programmes of activity.
Life expectancy of mentally retarded hemiplegics
Authors: Jancar J. , Sabogal N. M. , Wiley Y. V. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractSixty‐four mentally retarded people with hemiplegia (35 females and 29 males), first recorded in 1963, were re‐examined 30 years later for life expectancy. Detailed physical and mental states, lengths of hospital stays and other information were noted. Recent advances in diagnosis and prognosis of hemiplegics were included. The results of the study indicate that, with special provisions available, people with hemiplegia have the prospect of reaching pensionable age and beyond: the oldest female is 85 and the oldest male 76 years of age.
Dietary calcium intake and its relation to bone mineral density in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: SILVENNOINEN JOUNI , LAMBERG‐ALLARDT CHRISTEL , KÄRKKÄINEN MERJA , NIEMELÄ SEPPO , LEHTOLA JUHANI 
Published: November 2003

Objectives. To investigate calcium intake and its association with bone mineral density (BMD) and the type and extent of the disease in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Setting. University hospital clinic. Subjects. A total of 152 unselected IBD patients and 73 healthy controls. Measurements. Dietary calcium intake was assessed with a food frequency questionnaire and BMD of the lumbar spina and proximal femur was measured. Results. The IBD patients had lower dietary calcium intake (1034 [SD 493] mg) than the controls (1334 [514] mg, P<0.001). The difference was significant in the males (1047 [552] mg and 1575 [586] mg, respectively, P<0.001), but not in the females (1020 [422] mg and 1112 [303] mg). The dietary daily calcium intake was below 1000 mg in 53% of the patients and 27% of the controls (P= 0.0004) and below 400 mg in 9.2% of the patients and none of the controls (P=0.007). The calcium intake was not associated with the severity or the type of IBD. Seventy‐one (47%) patients and eight (11%) controls avoided lactose in their diet (P< 0.001). In the IBD patients, no association between the calcium intake and BMD was detected, whereas in the controls a positive correlation between the calcium intake and the BMD of the proximal femur was found. Conclusions. Calcium intakes below the recommendations are seen more often in the IBD patients than in the healthy controls, but in the IBD patients the calcium intake is not associated with BMD in a cross‐sectional study. A low‐lactose diet is common among IBD patients. To reduce the risk of inadequate calcium intake, unnecessary dietary restrictions concerning, e.g. milk products, should be avoided for these patients.
Hyperparathyroidism and long‐term lithium therapy – a cross‐sectional study and the effect of lithium withdrawal
Authors: BENDZ H. , SJÖDIN I. , TOSS G. , BERGLUND K. 
Published: November 2003

Objectives. To assess in patients with long‐term lithium treatment the incidence and prevalence of hypercalcaemia and hyperparathyroidism, and to evaluate the relationship between parathyroid function and renal function: also, to examine the effect of treatment discontinuation. Design. Part 1. An epidemiological cross‐sectional study covering defined catchment areas.Part 2. A lithium withdrawal study in a subgroup of the patients who were examined after a mean of 8.5 (4–16) weeks off lithium. Comparisons were made with a group of psychiatric non‐lithium patients matched for sex and age. Setting. Outpatient treatment at nine psychiatric departments in southern Sweden. Subjects. Inclusion criterion was 15 years or more on lithium. Excluded from Part 2 were patients with a high risk of relapse. Out of 215 identified patients, 142 (66%) entered and completed Part 1, while 13 of the latter entered and completed Part 2. Results. The point prevalence of persistent hypercalcaemia was 3.6% and of surgically verified hyperparathyroidism 2.7%. The observed incidence of hyperparathyroidism over 19 years was 6.3%. It was significantly higher than expected in females. In the withdrawal group serum calcium was significantly increased compared to controls, and did not change during 8.5 weeks without lithium. Isostenuria was significantly more common among patients with than without hyperparathyroidism. Conclusions. The point prevalence, and the 19‐year incidence of hyperparathyroidism, were increased. The point prevalence of hypercalcaemia was also increased, and not reversible during 8.5 weeks off lithium. The findings support the hypothesis of a causal relationship between lithium treatment and hyperparathyroidism. Hypercalcaemia and hyperparathyroidism are sometimes aetiologically related to reduced renal function in long‐term lithium patients.
Twenty‐four hour ambulatory blood pressure in the population
Authors: NYSTRÖM F. , MALMSTRÖM O. , KARLBERG B. E. , ÖHMAN K. P. 
Published: November 2003

Objectives. To establish a population‐based 24‐h ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) reference material with day/night mean BP calculated by standardized and true bedtimes. Design. A cross‐sectional study of 200 randomly selected subjects (20 men and 20 women in each 10‐year age interval 20–70 years) in Linköping, Sweden. Setting. University Hospital of Linköping, Sweden. Results. Participation rate was 67%. Mean supine clinic BP (CBP) and 24‐h‐ABP values for the whole material were 123±13/79±8 mmHg and 120± 10/73±7 mmHg, respectively. White coat BP phenomenon increased with age (systolic CBP/ABP ratio versus age, r=0.35, P<0.0001). Seventeen participants had a night/day mean arterial blood pressure ratio >0.9 (non‐dipper) when calculated from their own time‐notations. If standardized day (06.00–23.00) and night (23.00–06.00) limits were used, 24 subjects were non‐dippers. Of these, only eight were ‘true’. ‘True’ non‐dippers had a similar day‐time mean arterial ABP as ‘true’ dippers (92.4±11 mmHg versus 91.9±13 mmHg, P= 0.92) while night‐time BP was higher (89.9± 13 mmHg versus 74.1±7 mmHg, P<0.0001). Conclusion. Population‐based ABP reference values have been defined. We found 9% non‐dippers and that standardized day/night‐time limits may lead to misclassification. This could be due to gender‐ and age‐differences in sleeping habits, which was also shown in this study. The frequency of white coat BP phenomenon increases with age.
Energy intake in patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis and haemodialysis
Authors: FERNSTRÖM A. , HYLANDER B. , RÖSSNER S. 
Published: November 2003

Objectives. To compare patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) with those on haemodialysis (HD) regarding food composition and energy intake. Design. Prospective food recording during 5 consecutive days. Setting. Nephrology section at a University hospital. Subjects. Fifteen patients on CAPD and 15 patients on HD, matched for age, gender, duration of dialysis and body mass index (BMI). Main outcome measures. Percentage macronutrient energy composition, with and without inclusion of transperitoneal glucose uptake. Daily energy intake, both total and from the different macronutrients. Results. The percentage contribution of the dietary macronutrients to the energy intake was about the same in the two dialysis groups, although the actual energy intake in CAPD patients was lower from all three macronutrients (P=0.02–0.04). The mean intraperitoneal glucose load in CAPD patients was 159 g day‐1, which is approximately equivalent to 2700 kJ. Inclusion of this additional energy (estimated uptake: 70% of the intraperitoneal energy load=19% of total energy intake) significantly increased the carbohydrate fraction and decreased the protein and fat fractions (P<0.0001). Furthermore, this inclusion resulted in almost identical values for total energy intake in the two groups (≈ 144 kJ kg‐1 day‐1) and, in CAPD patients, a significantly higher actual energy contribution from carbohydrates (P=0.04). Conclusions. Transperitoneal energy intake more than compensates for the lower oral dietary energy intake seen in CAPD patients. Nevertheless, the level of total energy intake places both patient groups in the risk zone for developing malnutrition.
Preventive treatment of foot deformities in Type 1 diabetic patients aged 15–50 years – an epidemiological and prospective study
Authors: BORSSÉN BENGT , BERGENHEIM TOMMY , LITHNER FOLKE 
Published: November 2003

Objectives. To prevent worsening of foot deformities in diabetic patients. Design. A population‐based and prospective study. Subjects. All patients in the county of Umeå with Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) (n=308) aged 15–50 years. Main outcome measures. Examination and individual education was performed. Patients with the most pronounced foot deformities (n=67) were fitted with custom‐made insoles and had repeated foot examinations. An identical examination was used at a 3‐year follow‐up. Results. Patients who were fitted with insoles had higher sensory thresholds for vibration compared to those with no insoles. They were older and had longer duration of DM. Improvement of foot deformities was significantly more common in patients after treatment with insoles than in patients without. Plantar ulcers did not occur in patients with moulded insoles. Conclusion. Information, follow‐up examinations and moulded insoles improve neuropathic foot deformities in many patients, even in those with pronounced deformities.