bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ventilatory effects of the single-breath CO2 test, compared with eructation, in cattle
Authors: Rollin F. , Desmecht D. , Genicot B. , Linden A. , Lomba F. , Lekeux P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To assess the peripheral chemoreceptor-induced ventilatory response to single tidal-breath CO2 (SB CO2) tests, compared with eructations, in 2 breeds of calves.

Animals
13 conscious unsedated Holstein-Friesian and 8 Belgian White and Blue hypermuscled calves.

Procedure
An SB of ± 50% CO2 in equal parts of O2 and N2 was inhaled. Ventilatory response was determined from the increase in ventilation (ΔVe) during the first 20 seconds after the test breath or eructation and from the difference in end-tidal PCO2 between the stimulus and preceding control breaths.

Results
Because no difference was found between the 2 breeds of calves, all data were pooled. The increase in Ve peaked during the fifth breath after the SB CO2 test on average, corresponding to a delay of 12.4 seconds. The SB CO2 responses ranged from 0.037 to 0.151 L/min·mm of Hg·m2, with a mean ± SD of 0.082 ± 0.032 L/min·mm of Hg·m2 for all calves. The SB CO2 tests, similar to eructations, modified the breathing pattern significantly and in the same direction, by principally shortening expiratory time and increasing mean inspiratory flow. After eructations, Ve peak increase was more important for lower difference in end-tidal PCO2 between the stimulus and preceding control breaths and took place more rapidly than after SB CO2 tests. Accordingly, eructation responses were more marked than SB CO2 responses and averaged 0.925 ± 0.276 L/min·mm of Hg·m2.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
In cattle, the pattern of breathing and ventilation under basal conditions is characterized by a cyclic variability coupled to eructation. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:310–316)
Structural, material, and anatomic characteristics of the collateral ligaments of the canine cubital joint
Authors: Vogelsang Robert L. , Vasseur Philip B. , Peauroi John R. , Kass Phil H. , Sharkey Neil 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To document gross and microscopic anatomic features of the collateral ligaments of the canine cubital joint and to determine their structural and material properties.

Animals
37 canine cadavers.

Procedure
After measurement of ligament dimensions, the bone-collateral ligament-bone specimens were loaded in tension until failure, using a materials testing machine. Data from the load-displacement curves were used to determine the structural and material properties of the ligaments. Gross anatomic features were studied during dissection of the specimens from the medial collateral ligament (MCL) and lateral collateral ligament (LCL), which then were saved for microscopic examination.

Results
Failure load and stiffness values for the LCL were significantly (P < 0.05) greater than those for the MCL. The LCL had obvious cranial and caudal components that attached to the radius and ulna, respectively. The MCL also had cranial and caudal components; however, the cranial component was indistinct, appearing only as a slight thickening of the joint capsule. The caudal component was more prominent; as it extended distad, it had minor attachments to the interosseous and annular ligaments and attached principally on the caudolateral surface of the proximal portion of the radius. The caudal component did not have substantial attachment to the ulna in any of the specimens studied. Both ligaments were composed of closely packed, parallel fascicles of dense collagen, with scant amounts of fibrocartilage and no detectable elastin.

Conclusions
Gross anatomic features of the collateral ligaments of the canine cubital joint indicate that they provide principal structural support to the joint; microscopic anatomic features are typical of other ligaments. The LCL is stronger and stiffer than the MCL; however, their material properties are similar.

Clinical Relevance
Knowledge of the sites of attachment of collateral ligament components is essential for surgeons undertaking repair or reconstruction of these structures. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:461–466)
Effect of heparin on infection of cells by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
Authors: Jusa Enuh R. , Inaba Yuji , Kouno Michihiro , Hirose Osamu 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To investigate whether heparin has any effect on the growth of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV).

Sample Population
2 isolates of PRRSV, and as control viruses, 1 isolate of pseudorabies virus (PRV) and 1 isolate of parainfluenza 3 virus (PIV-3).

Procedures
Plaque assays, using a continuous cell line (MARC-145) derived from African green monkey kidney cell line (MA104), were performed for determination of inhibitory effect of heparin on PRRSV, PRV, and PIV-3. The effect of various doses of heparin and heparinase on the growth of PRRSV, PRV, and PIV-3 was evaluated and compared. In each experiment, values were expressed as the mean value for duplicate samples.

Results
The number of plaques formed by PRRSV and PRV was reduced to 24 to 25 and 15% of the untreated control (100%), respectively, by 1 U of heparin/ml, but could not be reduced below 6 to 7 and 3%, respectively, by use of concentrations up to 50 U/ml. An inhibitory effect of heparin, at a concentration up to 50 U/ml, was not observed on PIV-3. Delaying addition of heparin for 30 minutes after the addition of PRRSV and PRV reduced plaque formation by 48 to 51 and 68%, respectively, compared with 91 to 92 and 95%, respectively, if heparin was added at the time of infection. In addition, most PRRSV added was retained by heparin beads, as was PRV. Heparinase treatment of MARC-145 cells reduced the number of PRRSV-, as well as PRV-induced plaques. On the other hand, the number of PIV-3-induced plaques did not decrease after treatment of MARC-145 cells with heparinase.

Conclusions
Addition of heparin to PRRSV or to the MARC-145 cells before virus inoculation and treatment of the cells with heparinase prevented the virus from infecting the cells. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:488–491)
Protective vaccination of ferrets against canine distemper with recombinant pox virus vaccines expressing the H or F genes of rinderpest virus
Authors: Jones Leslie , Tenorio Edgar , Gorham John , Yilma Tilahun 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To investigate the ability of rinderpest virus (RPV) antigens, expressed in pox virus vectors, to protect against canine distemper virus (CDV) infection in ferrets.

Animals
Ferrets (Mustela putorius; n = 27) with no previous exposure to CDV.

Procedure
Ferrets were inoculated intradermally with recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing the H gene of RPV, the F gene of RPV, the H and F genes of RPV, or a fowlpox virus recombinant expressing both genes. Two ferrets were vaccinated SC with CDV vaccine as positive controls, and 1 group was left unvaccinated as a negative control. Blood was obtained from ferrets biweekly; antibody titer to RPV was detected by ELISA, and CDV antibody titer was measured by serum neutralization testing and ELISA.

Results
Partial protection was seen in all groups, with vRVFH vaccination being the most protective (60%).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
A single inoculation with a vaccinia virus expressing the H and F genes of RPV was able to protect 60% of the vaccinated ferrets challenge exposed with a high dose of CDV. These results indicate the ability of RPV antigens expressed by vaccinia virus to protect ferrets against a related morbillivirus. Further, they document the safety and efficacy of a recombinant vaccinia virus vaccine for ferrets. Such vaccines may be useful given the susceptibility of ferrets to CDV and the problem of maternal antibody interfering with vaccination of young animals. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:590–593)
Evaluation of an animal rabies vaccine by use of two types of potency tests
Authors: Baer George M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate the potency of an inactivated animal rabies vaccine for domestic animals by use of 2 types of potency tests after challenge exposure with a laboratory standard virus or 1 of 5 viruses obtained from various wildlife species.

Animals
384 mice vaccinated twice intraperitoneally; 384 mice vaccinated once IM.

Procedure
Mice vaccinated with an inactivated, adjuvanted rabies vaccine for domestic animals were challenge exposed with the common fixed challenge virus or 1 of 5 rabies viruses obtained from wild animal species (street viruses) that most commonly transmit the virus in the United States and Canada. Potency tests included 2 types of antigen extinction tests: the National Institutes of Health (NIH) test and the Centers for Disease Control test.

Results
Results of both tests indicated that protection was highest against raccoon and bat viruses. Marked differences were detected in the relative potency ratios for the NIH versus the Centers for Disease Control tests, though the relative potencies themselves (against the street viruses) did not differ markedly.

Conclusions
The markedly reduced potency against the street viruses indicated by the NIH test results was suggestive of an inherent bias associated with double intraperitoneal vaccination and intracerebral challenge exposure, whereas the single IM vaccination and IM challenge exposure reduced that bias. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:837–840)
Efficacy of imidacloprid for removal and control of fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) on dogs
Authors: Arther Robert G. , Cunningham Jerry , Dorn Hubert , Everett Ronald , Herr Leslie G. , Hopkins Terence 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate efficacy of a 9.1% (w/w) imidacloprid solution, applied topically, to remove fleas from dogs and the duration of residual flea control when dogs were exposed to continuing flea infestation.

Animals
32 adult mixed-breed dogs.

Procedure
Dogs were allocated to 4 groups of 8 dogs each; dogs of 3 groups received a single dose of imidacloprid, and those of the fourth group received excipient. Each dog was infested with 100 adult fleas on study days -3, -1, 6, 13, 20, 27, and 33. Treatments were applied on day 0. Each dog was examined for live fleas on days -2, 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 34. Posttreatment efficacy was determined by comparing the mean number of live fleas remaining on the treated dogs with the mean number of live fleas remaining on the control dogs.

Results
All 3 imidacloprid dosages provided flea control ≥ 96.9% one day after treatment. Maximal efficacy of all 3 dosages (99.1 to 100%) was observed at 7 days after treatment. Flea control with 3.75 mg of imidacloprid/kg of body weight ranged from 94.4 to 96.9% for days 14 to 28 and decreased to 91.6% by 34 days after treatment. Flea control with 7.5 and 10.0 mg of imidacloprid/kg was 97.8 to 100% through day 28. At day 34, dosages of 7.5 and 10.0 mg of imidacloprid/kg were 97.6 and 96.9% efficacious, respectively.

Conclusion
7.5 or 10.0 mg of imidacloprid/kg are equivalent and superior to 3.75 mg/kg for flea control over the course of a 34 day posttreatment period.

Clinical Relevance
Monthly imidacloprid application of 7.5 to 10 mg/kg will rapidly kill existing and reinfesting flea infestations on dogs and break the flea life cycle by killing adult fleas before egg production begins. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:848–850)
Comparison of effects of albendazole sulfoxide on in vitro produced bovine embryos and rat embryos
Authors: Piscopo Susan E. , Smoak Ida W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate and compare effects of albendazole sulfoxide (ABZSO) on rat embryos and bovine embryos produced in vitro.

Animals
In vitro produced bovine embryos. Rat embryos recovered from naturally bred Sprague-Dawley rats.

Procedure
4- and 8-cell bovine embryos were randomly allocated to ABZSO or vehicle control groups. After 48 hours, embryos were evaluated for cell number and blastomere morphology. Rat embryos of similar stages, flushed from the uterine tube on gestational day 2.5, were randomly allocated to treatment or control groups. After 24 hours, embryos were evaluated as described previously.

Results
44% of control bovine embryos divided in culture (≥ 16-cell stage). Fifteen percent of the controls had morphologic abnormalities, including disparity in blastomere size and cytoplasmic vacuoles and stippling. Treated (≥ 1 μg of ABZSO/ml) bovine embryos differed (P < 0.0001) from controls, with 4% development and 93% abnormal morphology. Forty-five percent of control rat embryos divided in culture. Treated (≥ 500 ng of ABZSO/ml) rat embryos differed (P < 0.0003) from controls with regard to ability to divide. There were no consistent morphologic abnormalities in rat embryos.

Conclusions
In vitro produced bovine embryos were susceptible to ABZSO at a concentration ≥ 1 μg/ml, resulting in decreased ability to divide and presence of gross morphologic abnormalities. Rat embryos produced in vivo and exposed in vitro to ABZSO at a concentration > 500 ng/ml had decreased ability to divide in culture.

Clinical Relevance
Despite severe effects of ABZSO (≥ 1 μg/ml) on bovine embryo development in vitro, it is beyond the scope of this study to speculate whether a therapeutic dosage of albendazole (10 mg/kg of body weight) would result in necessary concentrations of ABZSO in vivo to disrupt embryogenesis. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1038–1042)
Myoelectric activity of the cecum and proximal loop of the ascending colon in cows after spontaneous cecal dilatation/dislocation
Authors: Stocker Susi , Steiner Adrian , Geiser Susi , Kündig Hans 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To analyze myoelectric activity of the cecum and proximal loop of the ascending colon (PLAC) in cows after spontaneous cecal dilatation/dislocation (CDD) and compare it with that in healthy cows after surgical evacuation of the cecum.

Animals
12 cows with spontaneous CDD and 6 healthy cows (group C). Cows with spontaneous CDD were retrospectively assigned to 2 groups: delayed recovery from surgery or recurrence (group A; n = 3), and normal recovery (group B; n = 9).

Procedure
After surgical evacuation of the cecum, 8 pairs of bipolar, retrievable electrodes were implanted in the ileum, cecum, and PLAC. Cows were evaluated daily from postoperative day 1 to 7, using routine clinical methods and computer-based analysis of myoelectric activity of the cecum and PLAC. Parameters of myoelectric activity included rate of spike bursts, duration of individual spike bursts, duration of overall spike burst activity per electrode, rate of propagated spike burst sequences, and ratio of orally propagated spike burst sequences.

Results
Rate of spike bursts, duration of cecocolic spike burst activity, and ratio of orally to aborally propagated spike burst sequences did not vary among groups during the 7-day recording period. However, cows with delayed recovery had a typical, uniform pattern of myoelectric activity of the cecum and PLAC at days 1 and 2 after surgery that consisted of repeated, propagated spike burst sequences, made up of spike bursts of significantly (P < 0.05) increased duration at postsurgical day 1 and substantially prolonged duration at postsurgical day 2, interrupted by periods of little or no activity.

Conclusion
Delayed recovery and recurrence of CDD in cows after spontaneous CDD is not caused by hypomotility of the cecum and PLAC.

Clinical Relevance
Postoperative treatment, intended to reduce recurrence of CDD or delayed recovery after surgical evacuation of the cecum, should address propagation of digesta in the spiral colon. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:961–968)
Developmental variation in lumbosacropelvic anatomy of Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: Haussler Kevin K. , Stover Susan M. , Willits Neil H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To describe the incidence and types of gross osseous developmental variations and ages of physeal closure in the caudal portion of the thoracic and lumbosacral spine and the pelvis in a sample of Thoroughbred racehorses.

Animals
Thoroughbred racehorses (n = 36) that died or were euthanatized at California racetracks between October 1993 and July 1994.

Procedure
Lumbosacropelvic specimens were collected, and all soft tissues were removed. The osseous specimens were visually examined.

Results
Only 22 (61 %) specimens had the expected number of 6 lumbar and 5 sacral vertebrae. Eight (22%) specimens had thoracolumbar transitional vertebrae, and 13 (36%) had sacrocaudal transitional vertebrae. Articular process asymmetries were present at 1 or more vertebral segments in 30 (83%) specimens. Intertransverse joints (2 to 4 pairs/specimen) were bilaterally distributed in the caudal portion of the lumbar spine and the lumbosacral joint in 31 (86%) specimens. Five (14%) specimens had asymmetric distribution of the intertransverse joints. Intertransverse joint ankylosis was found in 10 (28%) specimens. Lumbosacral vertebral body physeal closure occurred between 4.9 and 6.7 years of age; pelvic physeal closure occurred between 5.2 and 5.8 years of age. Iliac crest and ischial arch epiphyseal formation was evaluated, using a grading system, and fusion to the underlying bone occurred at 7.2 years and 5.4 years of age, respectively.

Conclusions
Numerous vertebral anatomic variations were commonly found in a sample of Thoroughbred racehorses.

Clinical Relevance
Normal anatomic variations and ages of skeletal maturity need to be considered in clinical evaluation of the equine spine and pelvis for differentiation from pathologic findings. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1083–1091)
Effects of various feeding regimens on the energy balance of equine neonates
Authors: Ousey Jennifer C. , Prandi Simona , Zimmer Jutta , Holdstock Nicola , Rossdale Peter D. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To determine the effect of diet on energy intake, loss, and metabolism in foals 2 to 7 days old.

Animals
14 pony foals.

Procedure
Group-A foals suckled their dams, group-B foals were fed milk replacer, and group-C foals were fed by total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Energy balance studies were performed over 8-hour periods on postpartum days 2, 4, and 7.

Results
Mean gross energy (GE) intake of group-A foals increased between days 2 and 7. Approximately 3% of GE was excreted in urine and feces, and energy expenditure remained constant. These foals were in positive energy balance, and mean body weight increased. From day 4 onward, group-B foals consumed more energy than did group-A foals because the milk replacer had a higher energy content than did mares’ milk. Mean energy loss in group-B foals was 14% of GE on day 2, but this value decreased subsequently. Energy expenditure in group-B foals was less than that in group-A foals, and energy balance was positive. Group-C foals had the lowest energy intake and expenditure; energy balance was negative on postpartum day 2. These foals also had gastrointestinal tract problems.

Conclusions
Mares’ milk is highly digestible and is correlated with positive energy balance in neonatal foals. Milk replacer initially is less digestible than mares’ milk. In this study, TPN was associated with negative energy balance.

Clinical Relevance
The data indicate the advantages of enteral feeding with mares’ milk and highlight the clinical and technical difficulties associated with TPN. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1243–1251)
Effect of alfentanil on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in cats
Authors: Ilkiw Jan E. , Pascoe Peter J. , Fisher Linda D. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To evaluate effect of incremental doses of alfentanil on isoflurane minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) in cats to determine whether alfentanil reduces isoflurane MAC and, if so, maximal isoflurane MAC reduction.

Animals
6 healthy spayed female cats.

Procedure
Cats were anesthetized with isoflurane and instrumented to allow collection of arterial blood for measurement of gas tensions, pH, and plasma alfentanil concentration and to measure arterial blood pressure. Isoflurane MAC was determined in triplicate, and alfentanil was administered IV, using a computer-driven syringe pump to achieve estimated plasma alfentanil concentrations of 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, and 1,000 ng/ml; isoflurane MAC was determined at each alfentanil concentration. Cats were allowed to recover, and the process was graded as poor, good, or excellent.

Results
Alfentanil had a significant dose effect on isoflurane MAC reduction. Significant regression was found for normalized isoflurane MAC versus estimated plasma alfentanil concentration. A quadratic term was necessary to fit the model and, using this curve, MAC reduction (35.0 ± 6.6%) was estimated to be maximal at a plasma alfentanil concentration of 500 ng/ml. Significant differences were evident in rectal temperature, bicarbonate concentration, base deficit, arterial carbon dioxide and oxygen tensions, and arterial pH between isoflurane alone and some plasma alfentanil concentration and the corresponding reduction in isoflurane concentration.

Conclusions
Infusion of alfentanil resulted in maximal MAC reduction midway between that reported for horses and dogs. At such plasma alfentanil concentration, adverse effects were minimal, but included increase in rectal temperature, metabolic acidosis, and decrease in Pao2. Provided cats were not handled during the recovery period, recovery was smooth and quiet.

Clinical Relevance
Infusion of alfentanil decreases the need for potent inhalant anesthetics in cats and could potentially be a clinically useful anesthetic regimen in sick cats. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1274–1279)
Mitogenic effects of epidermal growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor on canine and equine mesangial cells in vitro
Authors: Ennulat Daniela , Brown Cathy A. , Brown Scott A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY

Objective
To evaluate the effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) on canine and equine mesangial cell (MC) proliferation in vitro.

Sample Population
Third-through eighth-passage canine and equine MC were obtained from explant outgrowth after differential sieving of glomeruli isolated from the kidneys of clinically normal dogs and horses.

Procedure
Mitogenic effects of serum, insulin, EGF, and PDGF were evaluated in MC by induction of DNA synthesis, measured as stimulation of [3H]thymidine incorporation and increase in cell numbers.

Results
Epidermal growth factor was a potent mitogen in canine and equine MC, stimulating dose-dependent increases in [3H]thymidine incorporation and moderate increase in cell numbers. Although PDGF alone did not significantly stimulate [3H]thymidine incorporation in canine MC, PDGF was synergistic with EGF in stimulation of [3H]thymidine incorporation in canine and equine MC, and PDGF significantly stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation in equine MC.

Conclusions
Both EGF and PDGF are important mediators of canine and equine MC proliferation.

Clinical Relevance
Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that growth factors have a role in the progression of glomerular disease in dogs and horses. These findings could prove to be of diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic value in the management of spontaneous renal disease in these species. (Am J Vet Res 1997;58:1308–1313)