bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Process threat management case study
Authors: Whiteley James R. (Rob) , Wagner Jan 
Published: November 2004

AbstractTerrorist and criminal acts must now be considered in the safety analysis of plants. The primary response of government and industry is improved security systems to prevent or thwart attacks. If a facility is attacked, the extent of the inflicted damage is determined by the available plant safety systems.A collaborative industry and academia case study for a new unit in a domestic U.S. refinery is undertaken to assess two issues:

What performance can be expected from conventional safety systems in response to a terrorist attack, if existing systems are not changed?
Can existing process hazards analysis methods be exploited or modified to address process threats?
Evaluation of safety system performance is analyzed from two directions. The first involves a review of the deviation‐driven process hazard analysis to gain insight into ways current methods can be leveraged to address process threats. The second approach is consequence‐driven to analyze the performance of existing safety systems for catastrophic scenarios. The results of these two approaches lead to the following conclusions.

Current process hazards analysis techniques are robust for identifying hazards and safeguards, and managing risk. These practices can be extended to include additional scenarios related to intentional initiation of events.
Procedural layers of protection may not be reliable, if they can be intentionally ignored or compromised.
Facility layout and siting studies should not be limited to new facilities. For existing facilities, these studies may reveal opportunities to minimize risk of injury, environmental and property damage, and business interruptions.
© 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2004
DFT and direct ab initio MD calculations of the gas hydrate: Hydrogen molecule trapped in water cluster (H2O)12
Authors: Tachikawa Hiroto , Iyama Tetsuji 
Published: November 2004

AbstractDensity Functional Theory (DFT) and direct ab initio molecular dynamics (MD) calculations were applied to the hydrogen molecule trapped in a water cluster composed of 12 water molecules (H2O)12. The static DFT calculation showed that the H2 molecule is trapped in the center of mass of (H2O)12. The vibrational frequency of the H–H stretching mode of the H2 molecule trapped in the water cluster was blueshifted from that in vacuo. On the other hand, the vibrational frequency of H2 in water‐hydrogen 1:1 complex (H2O–H2) was redshifted. A direct ab initio MD calculation of H2(H2O)12 at 50 K indicated that the H2 molecule is rotated freely around the center of mass of the water cluster. The origin of the spectral shift of H2 in water ice is discussed on the basis of the theoretical results. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Journey to the Centre of the Earth: Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, a Man of Letters in Algeria
Authors: CICERCHIA RICARDO 
Published: November 2004

Ah, quando fia ch'io possa in Italia tornar? Ha ormai tre mesi, che in questi rei paese Già fatto schiavo, e dal mio ben lontano …Alas, when might I return to my Italy?For three months now I have been enslaved in this evil land, so distant from my homeGioacchino Rossini, L'Italiana in AlgeriNineteenth-century travel accounts contributed to the existing body of knowledge about the world at the time they were written, and today they serve as witness to the merging of expansionist progress with the scientific state. The primary function of these accounts was to circumscribe the world of rationality. Their authors were enlightened nomads whose duty was to incorporate new and astonishing facts as objects of knowledge into their writing, which created a mise en scène of mysterious plots; this process was in fact the first globalisation. Romanticism organised this narrative into a powerful textual montage on alterity, which combined scientific discourse, aesthetic response, and humanistic concern. Such a multifaceted set of characteristics posed serious challenges for the traveller-writer of that era, and Latin Americans had their own grand tour.
Application of Petri net theory for modelling and validation of the sucrose breakdown pathway in the potato tuber
Authors: Koch Ina , Junker Björn H. , Heiner Monika 
Published: November 2004

AbstractMotivation: Because of the complexity of metabolic networks and their regulation, formal modelling is a useful method to improve the understanding of these systems. An essential step in network modelling is to validate the network model. Petri net theory provides algorithms and methods, which can be applied directly to metabolic network modelling and analysis in order to validate the model. The metabolism between sucrose and starch in the potato tuber is of great research interest. Even if the metabolism is one of the best studied in sink organs, it is not yet fully understood.Results: We provide an approach for model validation of metabolic networks using Petri net theory, which we demonstrate for the sucrose breakdown pathway in the potato tuber. We start with hierarchical modelling of the metabolic network as a Petri net and continue with the analysis of qualitative properties of the network. The results characterize the net structure and give insights into the complex net behaviour.Availability: Free availability of the Petri net editor PED, the animator PedVisor via http://www-dssz.informatik.tu-cottbus.de/~wwwdssz, and the analysis tool Integrated Net Analyser (INA) via http://www.informatik.hu-berlin.de/~starke/ina.htmlContact: Ina.Koch@tfh-berlin.de
Workfare: the Subjection of Labour
Authors: Attas Daniel , De‐Shalit Avner 
Published: November 2004

abstract  When viewed as a question of distributive justice the evaluation of workfare typically reflects exclusively on the distribution of income: do the physically capable have a justified claim for state support, or is it fair to demand from those who do work to subsidise this support? Rarely is workfare appraised in terms of how it affects other parties such as employers or other workers, and on the structural effects the pattern of incentives it generates brings about, or as an issue of distributive justice related to a more extensive range of objects of distribution such as access to pleasing jobs. We propose to evaluate workfare by looking at its effects more broadly: (1) we discuss and dismiss on empirical grounds the two most common arguments in favour of workfare, namely that workfare develops self‐reliance among participants and it is more economical in the use of altruism among taxpayers. (2) We suggest that workfare focuses on work as a burden and as a means to income, ignoring other beneficial aspects that are conducive to the worker’s self expression. These other benefits are distributed unevenly between two main groups: the privileged well off and the disadvantaged. (3) we argue that workfare functions as a mechanism to preserve these privileges to one class of workers at the expense of another. Or, to put it the other way, the payment of unconditional welfare to the long term unemployed might be justified as one method of mitigating unjustified privileges.
Shifts in the food of Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus(L.) in Lake Victoria, Kenya
Authors: Njiru M. , Okeyo‐Owuor J. B. , Muchiri M. , Cowx I. G. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractStudies of the food of introduced Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus(L.) with respect to size, habitat and season were conducted between November 1998 and October 2000 in Kenyan waters of Lake Victoria. Stomach contents of 1980 specimens collected by demersal trawl and seining were analysed. Nile tilapia originally known to be herbivorous, feeding mostly on algae has diversified its diet to include insects, fish, algae and plant materials. The major diet of fish <5 cm total length was zooplankton whereas bigger fish included a wider range of food items in their diet. There was spatial variation in diet with insects and algae dominating in the gulf and open water habitats respectively. There was no seasonal variation in the food items ingested and diel feeding regime indicated thatO. niloticusis a diurnal feeder. The shift in diet could be due to ecological and environmental changes in Lake Victoria, which have been associated with changes in composition and diversity of fish and invertebrate fauna, emergence and dominance of different flora including water hyacinthEichhornia crassipes(Mart.) Solms‐Laub., and algae communities. The feeding habit ofO. niloticusis discussed in the context of changes occurring in the lake.
Teduglutide ([Gly2]GLP‐2) protects small intestinal stem cells from radiation damage
Authors: Booth C. , Booth D. , Williamson S. , Demchyshyn L. L. , Potten C. S. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract.  Glucagon‐like peptide‐2 and its dipeptidyl peptidase (DP‐IV) resistant analogue teduglutide are trophic for the gastrointestinal epithelium. Exposure increases villus height and crypt size and results in increased overall intestinal weight. As these effects may be mediated through stimulation of the stem cell compartment, they may promote intestinal healing and act as potential anti‐mucositis agents in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy. A study was initiated to investigate the protective effects of teduglutide on the murine small intestinal epithelium following gamma‐irradiation using the crypt microcolony assay as a measure of stem cell survival and functional competence. Teduglutide demonstrated intestinotrophic effects in both CD1 and BDF1 mouse strains. In BDF1 mice, subcutaneous injection of GLP‐2 or teduglutide (0.2 mg/kg/day, b.i.d.) for 14 days increased intestinal weight by 28% and resulted in comparable increases in crypt size, villus height and area. Teduglutide given daily for 6 or 14 days prior to whole body, gamma‐irradiation significantly increased crypt stem cell survival when compared with vehicle‐treated controls. The mean levels of protection over a range of doses provided protection factors from 1.3 to 1.5. A protective effect was only observed when teduglutide was given before irradiation. These results suggest that teduglutide has the ability to modulate clonogenic stem cell survival in the small intestine and this may have a useful clinical application in the prevention of cancer therapy‐induced mucositis.
Predictors of life satisfaction of Korean nurses
Authors: Lee Haejung , Hwang Sunkyung , Kim Jeongsoon , Daly Barbara 
Published: November 2004

Aim.  This paper reports a study to identify the levels of work satisfaction, burnout and life satisfaction among Korean hospital nurses and the relative importance of negative and positive work outcomes (burnout and work satisfaction) in explaining the variance of life satisfaction of nurses.Background.  Previous research has demonstrated that work outcomes such as job satisfaction and burnout can affect overall life satisfaction. It is not yet known, however, whether positive and negative aspects of work outcomes exert equally strong or varying degrees of effect, nor whether the relationships demonstrated primarily in Western cultures also are present in other cultures. Given the widespread shortage of nurses, it is important to identify areas for organizational interventions that have the greatest potential for improving both recruitment and retention of nurses.Methods.  A cross‐sectional correlational design was used. A survey was undertaken with 194 nurses from general hospitals of 300 beds or more in southern Korea between May 1999 and March 2000. Paper and pencil self‐rating questionnaires were used to gather information. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlations and multiple regressions.Results.  Korean nurses reported moderate levels of life satisfaction, with low levels of work satisfaction and high levels of burnout. Burnout explained more variance in life satisfaction than work satisfaction. Those who experienced higher personal accomplishment and lower emotional exhaustion and who were satisfied with their professional status and did not work at night reported higher life satisfaction.Conclusions.  This study highlights the relative importance of negative work outcomes on nurses’ overall well‐being. Strategies to reduce emotional exhaustion, enhance nurses’ personal accomplishment and satisfaction with professional status, and accommodate shift preferences for work scheduling were suggested. Replicating this study with nurses from other geographic areas using random selection will be needed to increase the generalizability of the findings.
Professional career development for male nurses
Authors: Yang Cheng‐I , Gau Meei‐Ling , Shiau Shu‐Jen , Hu Wei‐Herng , Shih Fu‐Jin 
Published: November 2004

Aim.  The aim of this paper is to report a study to: (a) explore Taiwanese male nurses’ motivations for becoming a nurse; (b) reveal their professional developmental process in nursing; (c) understand the difficulties hindering their professional development from both professional and gender aspects; and (d) identify the strategies they use to cope with these difficulties.Background.  Hindered by historical, cultural, economic and warfare factors, the proportion of male nurses in Taiwan remains low. Taiwanese male nurses’ career development process has not been well investigated yet.Methods.  A descriptive qualitative research design was used, with a convenience sample of 15 male nurses (mean age 30·8 years) with a Bachelor's degree in Nursing Science. Data were collected by semi‐structured interviews and analysed by content analysis.Results.  Taiwanese male nurses’ entrance into the nursing profession involved three phases: pre‐study, study and employment. The difficulties encountered during career development were related to the gender expectations of patients and the general public. The nurses received support more from superiors than from colleagues. The strategies they used included (a) improving their professional knowledge and skills to obtain higher levels of satisfaction and better opportunities for promotion; (b) thinking aggressively about job promotion; (c) choosing specialist departments as appropriate environments for graduate study and personal growth; and (d) changing their professional track for personal growth.Conclusions.  Based on the nature of nursing work and clinical experiences, Taiwanese male nurses believed that nursing was a profession suitable for both men and women. Their preparation for career development started at the pre‐study phase. The major strategies they used were related to a strong desire for personal growth and professional promotion. Finally, a conceptual framework was developed to depict this complex phenomenon.
Molecular characterization of the tobacco SET domain protein NtSET1 unravels its role in histone methylation, chromatin binding, and segregation
Authors: Yu Yu , Dong Aiwu , Shen Wen‐Hui 
Published: November 2004

SummaryPlants contain a great number of genes encoding a distinctive class of SET domain proteins which harbor a plant‐specific N‐terminal part together with a C‐terminal part showing highest sequence similarity to the catalytic domain of the yeast CLR4, the human SUV39H1 and G9a histone‐methyltransferases (HMTases). Here we show that NtSET1, a representative member of this class from tobacco, methylated both K9 and K27 of histone H3 in vitro. Ectopic expression of NtSET1, by an inducible promoter, increased the amount of dimethylated H3K9 and induced chromosome‐segregation defects in tobacco BY2 cells. Deletion analyses show that the HMTase activity, the association with specific chromatin regions and with condensed chromosomes, and the cellular effects largely depended on the C‐terminal region including the SET domain of the protein. Nevertheless, the N‐terminal part of NtSET1 was capable of targeting the green fluorescent protein to interphase chromatin. Finally, we show that NtSET1 bound LHP1, the Arabidopsis homolog of animal heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1), and that LHP1 co‐localized with heterochromatin containing high amounts of dimethylated H3K9, suggesting a role for NtSET1 in heterochromatic function. Taken together, our results provide new insights into the molecular and global chromatin‐binding activities of this particular class member of plant SET domain proteins.
Functional differentiation of endosomes in Arabidopsis cells
Authors: Ueda Takashi , Uemura Tomohiro , Sato Masa H. , Nakano Akihiko 
Published: November 2004

SummaryEndocytosis plays an important role in plant physiology, but how endocytic organelles are organized remains unknown. We present the evidence that endosomes are functionally differentiated in Arabidopsis cells. Two types of Rab5‐related GTPases are localized on distinct population of endosomes in a partially overlapping manner. Ara7 and Rha1 are on an early type of endosomes with AtVamp727, where recycling of plasma membrane proteins occurs. In contrast, the plant‐unique Rab5, Ara6, resides on distinct endosomes with the prevacuolar SNAREs. Partially overlapping localization of Ara6 and Ara7/Rha1 with reciprocal gradients suggests maturation of endosomes from one to the other.
Chloride fluxes in lily pollen tubes: a critical reevaluation
Authors: Messerli Mark A. , Smith Peter J.S. , Lewis Robert C. , Robinson Kenneth R. 
Published: November 2004

SummaryMicroelectrodes, made from a Cl−‐selective liquid ion exchanger previously used to measure putative Cl‐ fluxes in Lilium longiflorum pollen tubes, were characterized. The electrodes were poorly selective, possessing only about 10‐fold selectivity for Cl− over other anions tested. They had only 2.4‐fold selectivity for Cl− over the anionic form of the H+ buffer, MES, indicating that the electrode can indirectly detect H+ gradients. Apparent anion influx was detected along the pollen tube shafts and at the grains while apparent anion efflux was detected near the tip of the tube. During oscillating growth, the peak of the oscillating apparent anion efflux at the tip occurred, on average, 7.9 sec after the peak of the growth oscillations. Consideration of the previously characterized H+ fluxes in lily pollen grains and tubes, as well as the poor anion selectivity of the Cl− electrodes, indicates that the putative Cl− fluxes are in fact changes in the anionic concentration of the buffer resulting from H+ gradients and not changes in Cl− concentration. The claim of a central role for Cl− in lily pollen tube growth is further undermined by the fact that these tubes grow at the same rate if the Cl− content of the growth medium is reduced to trace levels (≤31 μm), and that the grains have only small reserves of Cl−. These results lead to the conclusion that Cl− fluxes are not a significant component of pollen tube growth and Cl− itself is not required for growth.
Local fever illness classifications: implications for home management of malaria strategies
Authors: Nsungwa‐Sabiiti Jesca , Källander Karin , Nsabagasani Xavier , Namusisi Kellen , Pariyo George , Johansson Annika , Tomson Göran , Peterson Stefan 
Published: November 2004

SummaryBackground  The Ugandan Ministry of Health has adopted the WHO Home Based Fever Management strategy (HBM) to improve access to antimalarial drugs for prompt (<24 h) presumptive treatment of all fevers in children under 5 years. Village volunteers will distribute pre‐packed antimalarials free of charge to caretakers of febrile children 2 months to 5 years (‘Homapaks’).Objective  To explore the local understanding and treatment practices for childhood fever illnesses and discuss implications for the HBM strategy.Methods  Focus Group Discussions were held with child caretakers in three rural communities in Kasese district, West Uganda, and analysed for content in respect to local illness classifications and associated treatments for childhood fevers.Results  Local understanding of fever illnesses and associated treatments was complex. Some fever illness classifications were more commonly mentioned, including ‘Fever of Mosquito’, ‘Chest Problem’, ‘the Disease’, ‘Stomach Wounds’ and ‘Jerks’, all of which could be biomedical malaria. Although caretakers refer to all these classifications as ‘fever’ treatment differed; some were seen as requiring urgent professional western treatment and others were considered severe but ‘non‐western’ and would preferentially be treated with traditional remedies.Conclusions  The HBM strategy does not address local community understanding of ‘fever’ and its influence on treatment. While HBM improves drug access, Homapaks are likely to be used for only those fevers where ‘western’ treatment is perceived appropriate, implying continued delayed and under‐treatment of potential malaria. Hence, HBM strategies also need to address local perceptions of febrile illness and adapt information and training material accordingly.
Nationwide HIV prevalence survey in general population in Niger
Authors: Boisier P. , Ouwe Missi Oukem‐Boyer O. N. , Amadou Hamidou A. , Sidikou F. , Ibrahim M. L. , Elhaj Mahamane A. , Mamadou S. , Sanda Aksenenkova T. , Hama Modibo B. , Chanteau S. , Sani A. , Louboutin‐Croc J.‐P. 
Published: November 2004

SummaryA national population‐based survey was carried out in Niger in 2002 to assess HIV prevalence in the population aged 15–49 years. A two‐stage cluster sampling was used and the blood specimens were collected on filter paper and tested according to an algorithm involving up to three diagnostic tests whenever appropriate. Testing was unlinked and anonymous. The refusal rate was 1.1% and 6056 blood samples were available for analysis. The adjusted prevalence of HIV was 0.87% (95% CI, 0.5–1.3%) and the 95% CI of the estimated number of infected individuals was 22 864–59 640. HIV‐1 and HIV‐2 represented, respectively, 95.6% and 2.9% of infections while dual infections represented 1.5%. HIV positivity rate was 1.0% in women and 0.7% in men. It was significantly higher among urban populations than among rural ones (respectively, 2.1% and 0.6%, P < 10−6). Using logistic regression, the variables significantly related to the risk of being tested positive for HIV were urban housing, increasing age and being either widowed or divorced. The estimate from the national survey was lower than the prevalence assessed from antenatal clinic data (2.8% in 2001). In the future, the representativeness of sentinel sites should be improved by increasing the representation of rural areas accounting for more than 80% of the population. Compared with other sub‐Saharan countries, the HIV prevalence in Niger is still moderate. This situation represents a strong argument for enhancing prevention programmes and makes realistic the projects promoting an access to potent antiretroviral therapies for the majority.