bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social organization of Galagos in Kenyan coastal forests: I. Galago zanzibaricus
Authors: Harcourt Caroline S. , Nash Leanne T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe social organization of Galago zanzibaricus was studied for the first time and the study included data from two different sites in the coastal forests of Kenya. A combination of mark‐recapture and radio‐tracking techniques was used to investigate patterns of inter‐ and intrasexual home range overlap. Associations in sleeping groups indicated social ties between individuals. Patterns of range use were established by radio‐tracking focal individuals. Adult males generally had nonoverlapping ranges, shared with one or two females and their offspring with which the male regularly slept. Young females remained longer in their natal ranges than males and reproduced within their natal ranges. Range size and distance traveled per night were similar between the sexes; both sexes probably defended territories. None of the other galago (bushbaby) species studied to date show the degree of close male‐female association found in G. zanzibaricus. This study thus extends the variety of social organization documented in nocturnal prosimians.
Social organization of Galagos in Kenyan coastal forests: II. Galago garnettii
Authors: Nash Leanne T. , Harcourt Caroline S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe social organization of Galago garnettii was studied for the first time and the study included data from two different sites in the coastal forests of Kenya. A combination of mark‐recapture and radio‐tracking techniques was used to investigate patterns of inter‐ and intrasexual home range overlap. Patterns of range use were established by radio tracking focal individuals. Adult females of different ages shared highly overlapping ranges, while like‐aged females showed little range overlap. Females matured and had their first infants in their natal ranges. Adult males' ranges were larger than those of females and overlapped them extensively. Resident adult males showed little range overlap with each other, unless they were of different ages. Turnover of males was frequent in both populations. Males probably dispersed from their natal ranges. Adults rarely slept together. The social organization of G. garnettii is relatively similar to that of the closely related G. crassicaudatus of southern Africa but contrasts with that of its sympatric congener, G. zanzibaricus. The differences and similarities between these three species are discussed in relation to diet and body size.
Male behavior through the breeding season in Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis
Authors: Williams Lawrence , Vitulli William , McElhinney Tana , Wiebe R. Herbert , Abee Christain R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe Bolivian squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis) is a seasonal breeder. Male squirrel monkeys show distinct morphological and behavioral changes prior to and during the breeding season. A “fatting syndrome” includes increased body weight, increased levels of androgens, and in the Bolivian subspecies, an increasingly active role in the social organization of the group. In this study, the behavior of ten adult male Bolivian squirrel monkeys was analyzed over a 6‐month period prior to, during, and after the breeding season. Each was housed as the only adult male in a breeding unit with six to ten adult females and one juvenile male. Employing a principle components method, 11 behavioral clusters were generated from 27 responses. Their activity clusters were identified as follows: sexual activity that showed a peak around the time of peak conceptions; excitatory activity that was initially high but decreased throughout the breeding season; and maintenance activity that did not change across the breeding season. The changing social behavior of the male squirrel monkey parallels physiological changes and is correlated with changing androgen levels.
Comparative studies of social behavior in Callicebus and Saimiri: Behavioral and physiological responses of established pairs to unfamiliar pairs
Authors: Anzenberger G. , Mendoza S. P. , Mason W. A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractComparisons were made of the behavioral and physiological responses of heterosexual pairs of two closely related New World primates, Callicebus moloch and Saimiri sciureus, to confrontations with unfamiliar pairs. Subject pairs were exposed to strangers in two situations differing in the presumed degree of arousal they imposed: obligatory (full visual exposure) and facultative (one part of the test cage allowed visual withdrawal). Behavioral reactions were evaluated employing frequencies of affiliative behaviors, agonistic behaviors, and spatial distribution. Physiological reactions were evaluated employing heartrate and plasma corticosteroid levels. Callicebus males and females were similarly affected by unfamiliar pairs. Both sexes behaved agonistically towards strangers; pairmates drew closer together and behaved in a coordinated fashion. Display behaviors declined, and spatial withdrawal increased over time. Heartrate in both sexes increased during confrontations, particularly during obligatory exposure. The reactions of Saimiri to strangers differed between the sexes. Males reacted agonistically toward unfamiliar conspecifics, as reflected in displays and spatial adjustments. In contrast, females showed a strong attraction to unfamiliar females. Despite the sex differences in behavior, heartrate did not differentiate confrontation conditions clearly in either sex. Plasma cortisol measures failed to differentiate between experimental conditions in either species.
Estradiol increases somatomedin‐C concentrations in adolescent rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Osterud Erin L. , Lackey Suzette , Wilson Mark E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEstradiol (E2) may enhance somatomedin‐C (Sm‐C) secretion during puberty in female rhesus monkeys. The present study evaluated the importance of age and acute changes in E2 on Sm‐C secretion. Intact (INT) females at their first ovulation (age 3.5 yr; n = 6) had higher levels of Sm‐C across the ovulatory cycle than did intact adults (ADT) (n = 5). Levels of Sm‐C were similar for both groups during the follicular and luteal phases despite higher follicular phase levels of E2. Young, ovariectomized, E2‐treated (E2OVX) females (age 3.5 yr; n = 5; E2 = 50 pg/ml) had higher basal levels of Sm‐C than did either age‐matched ovariectomized (OVX) females (n = 3), ovariectomized adults (OXA), or E2‐treated ovariectomized adults (E2A) (E2 = 100 pg/ml). When ovariectomized groups were given E2 to induce ovulatory increases, no changes in serum Sm‐C occurred. Comparisons among age‐mates revealed that basal levels of Sm‐C were similar between INT and E2OVX, yet these levels were higher than those for OVX. Sm‐C levels were similar among all adult groups. Serum growth hormone (GH) was highest in E2OVX, next highest in INT and OVX, and lowest in all adults. Higher Sm‐C levels in young animals are, thus, related to these age differences in GH concentrations and are further enhanced by basal levels of E2 and not by acute changes in this steroid. Low Sm‐C secretion in adults is associated with low GH levels. Thus, the facilitory effect of basal E2 on Sm‐C release is observed during conditions when basal GH levels are elevated, a situation normally limited to adolescence.
Group extinction and fusion in free‐ranging vervet monkeys
Authors: Hauser Marc D. , Cheney Dorothy L. , Seyfarth Robert M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThree cases of group fusion were observed among vervet monkeys in Amboseli National Park, Kenya, during the 1984 drought. In all cases, group fusion involved the migration of at least two females into a small neighboring group. Following migration, the females' natal groups ceased to exist. Although migrants initially assumed low ranks, none received high rates of aggression, and two rose in rank 6 months after their arrival. Migrant females appeared to employ a number of “strategies,” including grooming, allomothering, participation in intergroup encounters, and the formation of coalitions against males and each other to hasten integration. Results suggest that the causes of male and female migration differ fundamentally, and that group fusion occurs primarily in response to the inability of small groups of females to compete successfully with other groups for resources.
Population trends of the mantled howler groups of La Pacifica, Guanacaste, Costa Rica
Authors: Clarke Margaret R. , Zucker Evan L. , Scott Norman J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA complete survey of La Pacifica in Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica was conducted in July 1984 in order to determine whether the howler (Alouatta palliata) population had declined since 1972 as a result of deforestation. During the 6‐day survey, 257 howlers were located, representing 16 different social groupings and nine solitary animals. The total number of howlers, the number and location of groups, and the age‐sex composition were very similar to a 1972–1976 survey of the same population. Age‐sex composition of La Pacifica howler groups was similar to those of another population of mantled howlers in Costa Rica and of populations in Mexico and in Panama, although La Pacifica had a higher mean number of adult females per group. There was no evidence to support the hypothesis that the La Pacifica howler population has declined in recent times.
The inheritance mode of simian‐type E, F, and GH blood groups in cynomolgus monkeys
Authors: Terao Keiji , Fujimoto Koji , Cho Fumiaki , Honjo Shigeo 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe mode of inheritance of four different red cell antigens (Ecy, Fcy, Gcy, and Hcy), detected by alloimmune reagents prepared by us for the cynomolgus monkey, was studied. The results of the segregation analysis suggest that each antigen is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Both the random sample analysis and family study revealed that two of these red cell antigens (Ecy and Fcy) probably represent the products of two independent genes while the expression of the other two antigens (Gcy and Hcy is governed by two autosomal codominant alleles. Thus, three simian‐type blood group systems could be demonstrated by the four newly developed alloimmune reagents. We use the following nomenclature for these blood groups: the E and F blood groups, each with two phenotypes, antigen positive (E and F) and antigen negative (e and f), and the GH blood group having three phenotypes (G, H, and GH).
Long‐call structure and its relation to taxonomy in lion tamarins
Authors: Snowdon Charles T , Hodun Alexandra , Rosenberger Alfred L. , Coimbra‐Filho Adelmar F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRecent evidence on craniodental morphology suggests the acceptance of three species of lion tamarins (Leontopithecus). Confirmatory evidence is presented here using the morphology of long‐call vocalizations recorded from several individuals of each type of lion tamarin. Recordings were made of Leontopicthecus rosalia, Leontopithecus chrysopygus, and Leontopithecus chrysomelas at the Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro (FEEMA) and of L. rosalia at Monkey Jungle in Florida. Thirty separate parameters were measured, and 17 of them differed significantly between populations. In general, L. chrysomelas had higher pitched calls with shorter note duration, while L. chrysopygus, the larger of the animals, had lower pitched calls with longer note duration. L. rosalia was either intermediate to the other two populations or resembled L. chrysopygus. Thus, the results from the analysis of vocal structures closely paralleled the results obtained with more traditional taxonomic methods and suggests that the quantitative analysis of vocal strucures can be a useful adjunct in taxonomy.
Breeding performance of captive‐born cotton‐top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) females: Proposed explanations for colony differences
Authors: Tardif Suzette D. , Carson Robert L. , Clapp Neal K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSuccessful breeding by captive‐born Saguinus oedipus females has now been reported from several colonies, but a marked parity effect (ie, differences in infant survival with the number of litters produced) is usually observed; survival of infants of primiparous females is extremely low but increases with subsequent litters. This parity effect was not observed in the captive‐born breeding females in the Oak Ridge Associated Universities colony, with survival of offspring of primiparous females at 58.6%. Two explanations are proposed for this difference: (1) pairing with a male having previous experience in siring and rearing offspring may improve infant survival for primiparous females; and (2) postponing mating to a later age may increase infant survival for primiparous mothers.
Patterns of mating among male patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) in Kenya
Authors: Harding Robert S. O. , Olson Dana K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn habituated group of wild patas monkeys was observed in Kenya for 550 h in 1984. Observations were made primarily during an interval that, as previous studies at the same site had demonstrated, coincided with the annual mating and conception periods. Earlier field studies of patas at other sites had reported that heterosexual patas groups had only a single resident adult male and that mating was harem‐polygynous. At the Kenya site, by contrast, as many as six males were simultaneously resident and mated in the group during the conception period. Males adopted a variety of tactics to gain access to receptive females, ranging from opportunistic mating to attempts at sequestration that resembled consort behavior in other cercopithecoids such as savanna baboons and rhesus macaques. Aggressive competition for access to females took place among the males, although the number of completed copulations per male did not bear a positive relation to agonistic dominance rank. For patas monkeys, harem polygyny is only one available option within an overall mating system that is best described as a form of promiscuous polygyny, especially during periods when conception is most likely.
Effect of solar eclipse on the behavior of a captive group of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Branch Jane E. , Gust Deborah A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA captive group of chimpanzees, housed in an outdoor compound at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, was observed during the annular solar eclipse of May 30, 1984. The behavior of each animal was recorded using an instantaneous scan‐sampling technique (Altmann: Behaviour 49:227–265, 1974). Beginning 2 days prior to the eclipse and continuing through the day following the eclipse, data were collected from 1100 to 1300 hours daily. At 1214 hours on the day of the eclipse, when the sky began to darken and the temperature began to decrease, solitary females and females with infants moved to the top of a climbing structure. As the eclipse progressed, additional chimpanzees began to congregate on the climbing structure and to orient their bodies in the direction of the sun and moon. At 1223 hours, during the period of maximum eclipse, the animals continued to orient their bodies toward the sun and moon and to turn their faces upward. One juvenile stood upright and gestured in the direction of the sun and moon. Sunlight began to increase at 1225 hours, and as it became brighter, the animals began to descend from the climbing structure. The behaviors exhibited by the group during the period of maximum eclipse were not observed prior to or following the eclipse nor as darkness approached at normal, daily sunset. These data indicate that a solar eclipse, a rare and uncommon environmental event, can influence and modulate the behavior of chimpanzees.
Positional behavior of female bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus)
Authors: Cant John G. H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractObservational data were collected on the positional behavior of habituated adult female orangutans in the rain forest of the Kutai National Park, East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Results revealed the following about locomotion during travel: movement was concentrated in the understory and lower main canopy; and brachiation (without grasping by the feet) accounted for 11% of travel distance, quadrupedalism for 12%, vertical climbing for 18%, tree‐swaying for 7%, and clambering for 51%. In climbing and clambering, the animal was orthograde and employed forelimb suspension with a mixture of hindlimb suspension and support. Thus suspension by the forelimbs occurred in at least 80% of travel. Locomotion in feeding trees resembled that during travel but with more climbing and less brachiation. Feeding was distributed more evenly among canopy levels than was travel, and use of postures (by time) included sitting 50%, suspension with the body vertical 11%, and suspension by hand and foot with the body horizontal 36%. The traditional explanation of the evolution of the distinctive hominoid postcranium stresses brachiation. More recently it has been proposed that climbing, broadly defined and partly equivalent to clambering in this study, is the most significant behavior selecting for morphology. The biomechanical similarity of brachiation and the orthograde clambering of orangutans precludes the present results from resolving the issue for the evolution of Pongo. The orangutan is by far the largest mammal that travels in forest canopy, and a consideration of the ways that its positional behavior solves problems posed by habitat structure, particularly the tapering of branches and gaps between trees, indicates that suspensory capacities have been essential in permitting the evolution and maintenance of its great body size.
Measurement of excreted steroids in Macaca nemestrina
Authors: Reslir Linda , Wasser Samuel K. , Sackett Gene P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA practical method for the quantitative measurement of the estrogenic steroid estradiol‐17β in the feces of pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) is described. The method, which includes homogenization, filtration, ether extraction, and sephadex purification, produces an 85.3% recovery of 3H‐estradiol. Comparable recovery of 3H‐progesterone (64.1%) and 3H‐testoster‐one (67.9%) is also obtained. Estradiol, measured by radioimmunoassay methodology, has inter‐ and intra‐assay variations of 7.1% and 4.3%, respectively. Linearity of estradiol was checked by varying the amount of feces analyzed. Results show a correlation of 0.9945, Y = 32.526x + 0.205. Accuracy of estradiol, determined by adding radioinert estradiol to the feces before homogenization, was 98.7% with a correlation of 0.9950, Y = 1.027x − 0.543. The menstrual cycles of several animals were analyzed and corresponded well with serum levels of estradiol‐17β. Similar correspondence was obtained in matched fecal and serum samples from pregnant animals. These methods provide a practical and accurate solution to the problem of collecting hormone data in field studies without the potential complications of capture in laboratory research.
Urinary gonadotropin and estrogen excretion during the postpartum estrus, conception, and pregnancy in the cotton‐top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus oedipus)
Authors: Ziegler T. E. , Bridson W. E. , Snowdon C. T. , Eman S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHormonal profiles during postpartum estrus, time of conception, and pregnancy were determined in urine samples from six cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus oedipus). Noninvasive collection techniques permitted daily sampling throughout lactation and pregnancy. Urinary estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), and both bioactive and immunoreactive luteinizing hormone/chorionic gonadotropin (LH/CG) measures revealed an interval of 19 ± 2.07 (S E M) days between parturition and the postpartum ovulatory LH peak. An increase in both E1 and E2 was seen prior to the LH peak; however, E1 and E2 continued to increase to their highest concentrations after the LH peak. Since postpartum ovulations resulted in pregnancy, neither postpartum estrus nor conception was suppressed by lactation. The length of gestation (measured from the LH peak to parturition) was 183.7 ± 1.14 (S E M) days, which is at least 30 days longer than that previously reported for other callitrichid species. Both E1 and E2 reached their maximum levels during midpregnancy but showed a rapid decline at parturition. Gestational levels of CG were first detectable approximately 20 days after the LH peak and continued to be elevated for approximately 80 days. The Sub‐Human Primate Tube Test (SHPTT) for pregnancy did not detect the LH Peak and was less sensitive than other methods in detecting CG. Two RIA methods and a bioassay technique could not distinguish between LH and CG. We concluded that monitoring both estrogen and LH concentration was needed to determine when ovulation occurs in the cotton‐top tamarin, since peak values of estrogen are seen after the ovulatory LH peak. Also, these tamarins were pregnant the majority of the time, indicating an unusually high fertility rate in contrast to most noncallitrichid primate species.
Pregnancy outcome in free‐ranging vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops)
Authors: Turner T. R. , Whitten P. L. , Jolly C. J. , Else J. G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA preliminary assessment of individual female differences in conception rate and fetal wastage has been determined for a population of wild vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops). One of three troops of vervet monkeys, the subjects of a long‐term behavioral study, was trapped and blood was obtained for electrophoretic analysis. Pregnant females exhibited a distinctive serum aminopeptidase phenotype allowing a conclusive determination of pregnancy. Of the seven females diagnosed as pregnant, three later gave birth. Of the females that aborted, two were nulliparous and one was very old. Studies of captive animals have indicated that age and rank may affect a female's ability to carry a fetus to term. These factors, rather than the trapping procedure, may have been responsible for most of the fetal loss in the trapped troop. A comparison of all three troops for a 3‐year period indicated that there were fluctuations in yearly birth success of individual females, as well as a relatively high miscarriage rate. The results of this study indicate the advantages of obtaining joint behavioral and biological data.
A possible role of plantations for primate conservation in Madagascar
Authors: Ganzhorn Jörg U. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe utilization of eucalyptus plantations by seven sympatric species of prosimians was studied in the eastern rainforest of Madagascar. The species were Avahi laniger, Cheirogaleus major, Hapalemur griseus, Indri indri, Lemur fulvus, Lepilemur mustelinus, and Microcebus rufus. None of the lemurs was ever found in young eucalyptus plantations with little undergrowth. This was mainly due to the lack of travel opportunities within the shrub layer and between the shrubs and the canopy. Food (mainly berries) is seasonally available in the shrub layer but cannot be exploited because frugivorous lemurs cannot reach it. Old eucalyptus plantations with dense undergrowth are used by all prosimian species. They provide food as well as travel and resting facilities. Mixed tree plantations in the western part of Madagascar were used by groups of Lemur fulvus, Lepilemur mustelinus, and Propithecus verreauxi. According to these results, old eucalyptus plantations and mixed tree species plantations could be used to provide firewood and construction wood for the human population. They also might extend the habitat for lemurs and serve as buffers against human disturbance.