bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Quiddity of Polymers: Shapes, Sizes, and Their Effects
Authors: Gratzer Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is time now to consider what form the various polymer molecules take, and how a grasp of the science has led to the development of a dazzling range of extraordinary materials. We have already seen that the atoms at either end of a carbon– carbon double bond are more or less locked in place in either the cis or the trans configuration, while a single bond allows free rotation of those atoms about its axis. This much is true, but the dispositions of the atoms along the polymer chain is nevertheless limited by the nature of a covalent bond, which specifies favourable (i.e. low-energy) positions of the angle of rotation, also called the torsional angle. Free rotation means only that the atoms can flip from one favourable torsional state to another with some ease.
Could Spinoza Have Presented the Ethics as the True Content of the Bible?
Authors: Fraenkel Carlos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In what may appear provocative to some, I will argue in this chapter that the answer to the question posed in the title is a qualified ‘yes’.To show this I offer a new interpretation of the role of religion and its relation to philosophy in Spinoza’s work. My main goal is to explain the inconsistencies in Spinoza’s treatment of Scripture by taking two intellectual contexts into account: the philosophical interpretation of the purpose of religion in medieval Islamic and Jewish thought and various approaches to Scripture in the Netherlands of the seventeenth century, in particular those of Lodewijk Meyer, the Calvinist Reformed Church, and the Quaker movement.
Hume and Spinoza on the Relation of Cause and Effect
Authors: Scribano Emanuela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his paper ‘Hume contra Spinoza?’, Wim Klever revived Richard Popkin’s earlier suggestion that we should mistrust Hume’s condemnation of Spinoza’s philosophy. According to Popkin, Hume’s conventional condemnation of the systematic atheistwould seem to hide the fact that Hume’s own views on the philosophy of religion derive from Spinoza.Klever, for his part, broadened Popkin’s perspective and proposed to include in Hume’s debt to Spinoza his entire theory of knowledge.
Power, Activity, And Being A Discussion Of Aristotle: MetaphysicsΘ, Trans. And Comm. Stephen Makin
Authors: Witt Charlotte 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
stephen makin’s contribution to the Clarendon Aristotle fits well with the series’ intention to provide accurate translations of important texts to students and scholars supplemented by an introduction and a commentary that focus on philosophical issues and problems. This book has many virtues, including a smooth, intelligible translation, a sensible and largely helpful orientation in the introduction, and a detailed, philosophically sophisticated commentary.
Cryptic Female Choices
Authors: Dixson Alan F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last chapter focused on the effects of sexual selection, via sperm competition, upon the evolution of the male genitalia in mammals, with special reference to the question of human reproduction and evolution. However, in human beings as in other mammals, it is the female’s reproductive tract which constitutes the arena for sperm competition. Spermatozoa must traverse anatomical and physiological sieves and barriers in the vagina, cervix, uterus, uterotubal junction, and oviduct before encountering an ovum, enclosed in its vestments (Figure 4.1). Once it is acknowledged that the female’s anatomy and physiology may influence the fate of spermatozoa, it is logical to ask whether such factors might act differently upon the ejaculates of rival males. If, for example, one male possesses a more advantageous penile morphology, or copulatory pattern, or a biochemically more effective mixture of accessory glandular secretions, then the female’s reproductive system might preferentially receive and transport his spermatozoa. It is this hidden female potential which William Eberhard refers to as cryptic female choice. Although Eberhard was not the first scientist to employ this term (see Thornhill 1983) he provided the major synthesis of this important concept (Eberhard 1985; 1996). Cryptic female choice may partially explain, for example, why sexual selection has favoured the evolution of complex phallic morphologies in animals in which females mate with multiple partners. The phallus may function as an internal courtship device under such conditions.
Copulatory Patterns
Authors: Dixson Alan F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The desire for novelty and a capacity for inventiveness pervades human sexuality, just as it affects other areas of our lives. Such inventiveness existed in bygone ages, as captured, for example, by the erotic stone images of couples which adorn ancient Indian temples. These cultural expressions of human sexual diversity, however, can easily obscure those fundamental aspects of copulatory behaviour which humans share with other primates, as well as with mammals in general. In this chapter, I shall attempt to identify homologues of human copulatory patterns, and those which occur in non-human primates. The purpose of this exercise is to address three sets of questions. Firstly, what is the evolutionary basis of the various copulatory postures displayed by people in various parts of the world? Face-to-face (ventro-ventral) copulatory positions are found in most of these populations.
What is sleep?
Authors: Stores Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two distinct types of sleep—non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep—a balance of which is needed to function well during the day. During the night, these two types of sleep alternate with each other. Probably everyone dreams but the purpose of dreaming is generally unclear. The pattern of wakefulness and sleep is controlled by an internal clock in the brain (the body clock). Your level of alertness varies within each 24 hours. The tendency to sleep is greatest in the early hours of the morning (corresponding to deep NREM sleep) and (although less so) in the early afternoon. People vary in the time of day when they are most alert: ‘larks’ in the morning and ‘owls’ in the evening. Most people show neither of these patterns. Daytime naps can make it difficult to get to sleep at bedtime if they are too long or too late in the day. Long naps can make you feel groggy afterwards. Sleep has some features in common with other states of relative inactivity, such as coma or, in some species, hibernation. All of these states usually occur while lying down with little movement and reduced awareness of the environment to varying degrees. However, sleep is very different from the rest.
Excessive sleepiness
Authors: Stores Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Everyone is likely to have times when they feel tired for no obvious reason. However, if asked, a surprising number of people will say that they are regularly far too sleepy, often to the extent that it affects them seriously. These forms can occur in combination. Excessive sleepiness can have a number of unwelcome effects on your life. Everyday activities can become a burden, enjoying yourself becomes a thing of the past, your emotional life is upset, and your performance during the day may be impaired, possibly causing accidents at work or while driving. Despite these serious consequences, relatively few people who are excessively sleepy seek medical help. Their condition may well be mistaken by themselves or by other people for laziness or boredom. On the other hand, it may be thought that they are suffering from a primarily psychological or medical disorder, or even from failing intellect if the effects are severe. Conditions where the main problem is excessive sleepiness tend to be different from those in which lethargy or fatigue is the most prominent feature (without necessarily needing to sleep excessively), such as chronic fatigue syndrome or CFS (also known as myalgic encephalomyelitis or ME), depression, or a medical illness of one sort or another. However, the distinction may not always be clear; if there is any doubt, it is best to consult your doctor. Again, it is worth remembering that some people need more sleep than others without necessarily having anything wrong with them. However, if you are persistently not at your best during the day or have shown other signs of a sleep disorder (see Chapter 5), you should obtain professional advice.
The Adult Companies
Authors: Chambers E K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The doyen of the Court companies, when Elizabeth came to the throne, was the royal company of Players of Interludes. This had already half a century of history behind it. Its beginnings are probably traceable in the reign of Henry VII. Richard III had entertained a company, as Duke of Gloucester, in 1482 ; but nothing is known of it during his short reign from 1583 to 1585.1 Nor is a royal company discoverable amongst the earlier records of Henry VII himself.
International Companies
Authors: Chambers E K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The England of Elizabeth and James was a lender rather than a borrower of players. No records have been disinterred of French actors in this country between 1495 and 1629 ; and although there are a few of Italian actors, their visits seem to have been confined to a single brief period. The head-quarters of Italian comedy during the middle of the sixteenth century was at the Court of Mantua, and when Lord Buckhurst went as ambassador to congratulate CharlesIX of France on his wedding, it was by Louis Gonzaga, Duke of Nevers and brother of the Duke of Mantua, that he was entertained on 4 March 1571 ‘with a comedie of Italians that for the good mirth and handling thereof deserved singular comendacion’.
The Structure And Conduct Of Theatres
Authors: Chambers E K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It remains to give some account of the iconographical material available. Of four representations of the interiors of play-houses, the only one of early date (c. 1596) is (a) Arend van Buchell’s copy of a drawing by Johannes de Witt of the Swan, published in 1888 by Gaedertz and in more accurate facsimile by Wheatley (vide supra). The other three are Caroline. (b) A small engraving in a compartment of the title-page of W. Alabaster, Roxana (1632), may be taken as representing a type of academic stage, as the play was at Trinity, Cambridge, c. 1592. (c) A very similar engraving in the title-page of N. Richards, Messallina (1640), if it represents a specific stage at all, is less likely to represent the second Fortune, as suggested by Skemp in his edition of the play, or the Red Bull, as suggested by Albright, 45, than Salisbury Court, where it is clear from Murray, i. 279, that most of the career of the Revels company, by whom it was produced, was spent.
Staging At Court
Authors: Chambers E K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WE come now to the problems, reserved from treatment in the foregoing chapter, of scenic background. What sort of setting did the types of theatre described afford for the plots, of ten complicated, and the range of incident, so extra-ordinarily’ wide, which we find in Elizabethan drama ?. No subject in literary history has been more often or more minutely discussed, during the quarter of a century since the Swan drawing was discovered, and much valuable spade-work has been done, not merely in the collecting and marshalling of external evidence, but also in the interpretation of this in the light of an analysis of the action of plays and of the stage-directions by which these are accompanied.1 Some points have emerged clearly enough ; and if on others there is still room for controversy, this may be partly due to the fact that external and internal evidence, when put together, have proved inadequate, and partly also to certain defects of method into which some of the researchers have fallen. To start from the assumption of a ‘typical Shakespearian stage ‘ is not perhaps the best way of approaching an investigation which covers the practices of thirty or forty playing companies, in a score of theatres, over a period of not much less than a century. It is true that, in view of the constant shifting of companies and their plays from one theatre to another, some ‘standardization of effects ‘, in Mr. Archer’s phrase, may at any one date be taken for granted.2 But analogous effects can be produced by very different arrangements, and even apart from the obvious probability that the structural divergences between public and private theatres led to corresponding divergences in the systems of setting adopted, it is hardly safe to neglect the possibility of a considerable evolution in the capacities of stage management between 1558 and 16421 or even between 1576 and 1616.
Staging In The Theatres: Sixteenth Century
Authors: Chambers E K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN dealing with the groups of plays brought under review in the last chapter, the main problem considered has been that of their adaptability to the conditions of a Court stage. In the present chapter the point of view must be shifted to that of the common theatres. Obviously no hard and fast line is to be drawn. There had been regular public performances in London since the beginning of Elizabeth’s reign or earlier, and there is no reason to suppose that the adult companies at least did not draw upon the same repertory both for popular and for private representation. But there is not much profit in attempting to investigate the methods of staging in the inns, of which we know nothing more than that quasi-permanent structures of carpenter’s work came in time to supplement the doors, windows, and galleries which surrounded the yards ; and so far as the published plays go, it is fairly apparent that, up to the date of the suppression of Paul’s, the Court, or at any rate the private, interest was the dominating one. A turning-point may be discerned in 1576, at the establishment, on the one hand of the Theatre and the Curtain, and on the other of Farrant’s house in the Blackfriars. It is not likely that the Blackfriars did more than reproduce the conditions of a courtly hall. But the investment of capital in the Theatre and the Curtain was an incident in the history of the companies, the economic importance of which has already been emphasized in an earlier discussion.1 It was followed by the formation of strong theatrical organizations in the Queen’s men, the Admiral’s, Strange’s, the Chamberlain’s.
Moving Like a Stream: Protagoras’ Heracliteanism in Plato’s Theaetetus
Authors: Eck Job Van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Plato’s Theaetetus Socrates equates Theaetetus’ account of knowledge as sense-perception (151 E) with Protagoras’ Man—Measure doctrine (152 A—C), which in its turn is being related to what Socrates calls the secret truth of this doctrine (152 c 8—E 1), a strong type of Heracliteanism which is worked out in 153 D—160 —. Briefly paraphrased in terms close to the text, this Secret Doctrine reads as follows.
Kan T: Some O Bjections And R Eplies
Authors: Rwin Terence I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the summary account of the supreme principle of morality that we have considered, we can see some points of comparison between Kant’s view and the main views that he opposes. He claims to have presented the true account of morality that embodies the autonomy of the will, whereas the heteronomy of the will is the source of all the spurious principles that he rejects. To evaluate this claim properly, we need to examine Kant’s account of freedom and autonomy. But even before we discuss his attempt to connect morality with freedom and the rational will, we can see part of his case for preferring his account of morality over others. If we can see the strong and weak points in this case, we can see how much it matters whether he succeeds in his efforts to connect morality with freedom.
Hege L: History and Theory
Authors: Rwin Terence I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hegel believes that the study of history is central in morality and moral philosophy, just as it is central in the history of thought and of philosophy as a whole. The history of thought is an account of how we understand and make explicit what we had inarticulately grasped all along. We need to reflect on the stages of the history of thought. If we impatiently try to grasp the product without the process that produced it, we will miss the whole point; for we cannot grasp the product separately from the process. We might suppose that once we have corrected our various false and one-sided views, or the outlooks of earlier stages in the history of thought, we can forget about them, and stick to our corrected version.
Kierkegaard
Authors: Rwin Terence I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Either-Or Kierkegaard tries to capture an essential feature of the moral outlook. By this he means not the outlook of someone who accepts and follows the correct moral system or principles or virtues, but the outlook of someone who thinks it is worth looking for the correct moral system (etc.). Such people may not have grasped what is morally right, but they are the people who take questions about what is morally right or wrong, good or evil, to be practically important. Kierkegaard calls this outlook the ‘ethical’ outlook. He contrasts it with a non-moral attitude to one’s life that he calls the ‘aesthetic’ outlook. If we understand and accept the ethical outlook, we may not have found what is morally right, but at least we think it important for the conduct of our lives to find out what is right. From the aesthetic point of view, questions about moral rightness are purely theoretical questions that we do not regard as having any practical bearing on our lives.
Nietzsche
Authors: Rwin Terence I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nietzsche believes that previous theorists have been asking the wrong question about morality. They have looked for the rational foundation of morality, on the assumption that morality could safely be taken as ‘given’, and beyond question. They have therefore overlooked some questions about morality that throw an unfamiliar and subversive light on the issues that they choose to discuss. Many readers of Nietzsche might agree with this summary of his approach to morality. But it is more difficult to find any more precise account of his subversive questions, or of what he takes them to show. Questions of interpretation are difficult to settle, partly because of the non-argumentative character of the texts, and partly because they depend on views about aspects of Nietzsche’s philosophy outside moral philosophy. The questions include these:
Lewis
Authors: Rwin Terence I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lewis is a systematic philosopher. He defends his views in ethics by appeal to the principles that underlie his views in logic, epistemology, and metaphysics. He is an empiricist both about meaning and knowledge. He believes that judgments about objective states of affairs in the world are ‘non-terminating judgments’. They must eventually be explained by reference to ‘terminating judgments’ that are to be understood as predictions of possible experience. The relevant experience consists in apprehensions of what is given in experience. Apprehensions of the given are purely ‘expressive’; they do not constitute knowledge, because they are not subject to any possible error (AKV 183–4). Statements about them can be false only if one lies about them. They cannot be false because one honestly mis-describes them.
Rawls: The Just, The Fair, and The Right
Authors: Rwin Terence I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous three chapters, we have pursued some questions in the moral philosophy of the present or the recent past, in order to discuss some of the developments in 20th-century meta-ethics (in Chs. 92–3) and their relevance to Aristotelian naturalism (in Ch. 94). In this chapter and the next, we take a step back chronologically, to Rawls’s Theory of Justice, published in 1971. Though this book is by no means the most recent contribution to normative moral theory, it is none the less a suitable focus for some further discussion of the questions that have arisen in the previous few chapters.
Rawls: The Right and The Good
Authors: Rwin Terence I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen why Rawls’s defence of his description of the Original Position is open to objection. The appeal to judgments about fairness, regulated by the formal constraints of the concept of right, does not seem adequate for his purposes. We may be able to find a successful defence, however, if we consider what the various conditions of the Original Position seek to achieve, and we do not restrict ourselves to judgments about fairness in defending these conditions.
Malaysia
Authors: Wright Michael , Hamzah Ednin , Phungrassami Temsak , Bausa-Claudio Agnes 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Malaysia (population 25. 35 million) covers an area of around 330 000 square kilometres. Its territory encompasses a peninsula which borders Thailand and the northern one-third of the island of Borneo, bordering Indonesia, Brunei, and the South China Sea (Fig. 2.1).
Pointless Suffering? How to Make the Problem of Evil Sufficiently Serious
Authors: McCann Hugh J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most theodicies assume evil is completely alien to God’s purposes as Creator, and hence that in an ideally perfect world suffering would be minimized. There is however an alternative view: that part of God’s purpose in creating the world is the defeat of evil. On this assumption, we should not expect suffering to be minimized. Rather, it should be present in creation in a quantity and variety sufficient to enable its complete defeat. In particular, we should expect that there will be many cases of seemingly pointless suffering. Were it not so, victory over evil could only be incomplete, because an important dimension of it, and of the moral challenge it presents, would be lacking.
Relativism and Self-Refutation in the Theaetetus
Authors: Erginel Mehmet M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Relativism has always been a position of great interest to philosophers, and this interest has generally been accompanied by a desire to refute the position. Various kinds of relativism are available, but there has been a particularly strong interest in the view that every judgement is true for the person whose judgement it is—the view known as ‘relativism about truth’. Protagoras’ famous claim that ‘Man is the measure of all things’ has often been taken to represent this sort of relativism. Plato responds to Protagoras with what remains as the primary criticism of relativism about truth, that it is self-refuting.
Law and Value in the Stoics
Authors: Annas Julia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Katja ffogt’s book discusses some aspects of Stoic thought, concentrating on the community of all human beings, and law and reason in Stoic thought about the cosmos. A major aim of the book is ‘to relocate early Stoic political philosophy—from the margins of what we perceive as early Stoic philosophy to a position closer to its center’ (7).
After an introduction sketching the plan of the book, the first chapter discusses the ‘disturbing theses’ which give such ammunition to opponents of the Stoics in the ancient world. Many are connected to claims about Zeno’s Republic, in which it seems there would be ‘community of women’ and no temples, courthouses, or gymnasia.
In Vivo Labelling
Authors: Griffiths Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following their development, radioisotope tracer techniques have become widely used in many applications; particularly in the tracing of dynamic processes such as flow, transport or chemical reactions (1-4). With the recent development of external detection capabilities such as positron emission computed tomography (5), tracer techniques became an integral part of the new methods for measuring many physiological or biochemical parameters in man (6, 7).