bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sutpen’s Design
Authors: Kuyk Dirk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You see , i had a design in my mind.” In William Faulkner’s Absalom, Absalom! that line occurs more than two-thirds of the way through the book.1 Readers, eager or driven to press on, do not pause to think about it, but the line repays contemplation. By design, Thomas Sutpen certainly means a plan that he had conceived and had sought to carry out. Design might mean still more. Because Sutpen was seeking retaliation, design might imply a plan of attack: Sutpen might have formed a design upon someone or something. Whatever design means to Sutpen— and I think that his meaning is far from fully understood—his tone, as he speaks the line, expresses neither repentance nor bravado. Sutpen calls the design his own not as an admission or a claim but as a plain statement of fact. The coldness of his tone and his lack of shame and remorse have led many readers to condemn him. They may read design ironically, as if Sutpen is unknowingly condemning himself for a brutal, selfish scheme.
Death and the Brain
Authors: Black Ira B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though Enoch had faithfully taken nostrums prescribed by the neurologist for the past six months, he noticed no improvement. His wife grew alarmed by his lapses. Of course, he no longer worked his accustomed five-and-a-half-day week. Through mutual agreement, he visited the office two or three days a week. Participation in merger and acquisition negotiations was out of the question, but he still engaged in behind-the-scenes discussions, and occasionally contributed an acute insight that surprised and delighted his concerned partners. With the near-constant support and intervention of Ruth, his long-time administrator, and Tania, his personal secretary, he appropriately dispensed his reduced responsibilities at the firm.
Arguments against Materialism
Authors: Searle John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter I presented some of the history of recent materialism, and I considered arguments against some versions, especially against behaviorism, type identity theory, and eliminative materialism. In this chapter I will present the most common arguments against materialism, concentrating on functionalism, because it is currently the most influential version of materialism. In general, these attacks have the same logical structure: the materialist account leaves out some essential feature of the mind such as consciousness or intentionality. In the jargon of philosophers, the materialist analysis fails to give sufficient conditions for mental phenomena, because it is possible to satisfy the materialist analysis and not have the appropriate mental phenomena. Strictly speaking, functionalism does not require materialism. The functionalist defines mental states in terms of causal relations and the causal relations could in principle be in anything. It just happens, as the world turned out, that they are in physical brains, physical computers, and other physical systems. The functionalist analysis is supposed to be a conceptual truth that analyzes mental concepts in causal terms. The fact that these causal relations are realized in human brains is an empirical discovery, not a conceptual truth. But the driving motivation for functionalism was a materialist rejection of dualism. Functionalists want to analyze mental phenomena in a way that avoids any reference to anything intrinsically subjective and nonphysical.
Consciousness Part II The Structure of Consciousness and Neurobiology
Authors: Searle John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter I described a certain basic ontology. We need to keep this ontology in mind, with all its simplicity and even crudity, while we now explore the remarkable complexity and uniqueness of consciousness. Though the basic ontology is simple, the resulting phenomena are complicated and the details of their neurobiological relations to the brain are difficult to understand and at present largely unknown. Once we have solved the relatively easy philosophical problem, we have very difficult neurobiological problems left over.
Perception
Authors: Searle John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the chief functions of the mind, both in our day-to-day living and over the long evolutionary haul, is to relate us to the rest of the world, especially by way of perception and action. To put the point in the simplest possible terms, by perception we take in information about the world, we then coordinate this information both consciously and unconsciously, and make decisions or other-wise form intentions, which result in actions by way of which we cope with the world. In this chapter we will consider the relations between perception and the world that exists apart from our perceptions, what philosophers like to call, misleadingly, the “external world.”
A Brief History of the Paradox
Authors: Sorensen Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philosophy written in English is overwhelmingly analytic philosophy, and the techniques and predilections of analytic philosophy are not only unhistorical but anti-historical, and hostile to textual commentary. Analytic usually aspires to a very high degree of clarity and precision of formulation and argument, and it often seeks to be informed by, and consistent with, current natural science. In an earlier era, analytic philosophy aimed at agreement with ordinary linguistic intuitions or common sense beliefs, or both. All of these aspects of the subject sit uneasily with the use of historical texts for philosophical illumination. How, then, can substantial history of philosophy find a place in analytic philosophy? If history of philosophy includes the respectful, intelligent use of writings from the past to address problems that are being debated in the current philosophical journals, then history of philosophy may well belong to analytic philosophy. But if history of philosophy is more than this; if it is concerned with interpreting and reinterpreting a certain canon, or perhaps making a case for extending this canon, its connection with analytic philosophy is less clear. More obscure still is the connection between analytic philosophy and a kind of history of philosophy that is unapologetically antiquarian. This is the kind of history of philosophy that emphasises the status of a philosophical text as one document among others from a faraway intellectual world, and that tries to acquaint us with that world in order to produce understanding of the document. In this book, ten distinguished historians of philosophy, mostly trained in the analytic tradition, explore the tensions between, and the possibilities of reconciling, analytic philosophy and history of philosophy.
Sisyphus’s Rock and Zeno’s Paradoxes
Authors: Sorensen Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sisyphus was condemned to push a boulder uphill only to have it roll back under its own weight. Hades condemned him to do this over and over, for eternity in the underworld. Is the attempt to solve paradoxes equally futile? Most of the central paradoxes that philosophers now study were being discussed over two thousand years ago. Albert Camus argues that Sisyphus is a heroic figure. Sisyphus gains victory in defeat; the very attempt to do the impossible ennobles him. Some philosophers justify the struggle with paradoxes in the same defiant way. I do not think you can try to do what you believe to be impossible. You try by moving toward your goal. If you believe that nothing you do can bring you closer, nothing you do counts as trying.
Hume’s All-Consuming Ideas
Authors: Sorensen Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
David Hume (1711–1776) looked more “like a turtle-eating alderman” than a philosopher. When this cheerful Scot became popular in the French salons, the philosophes poked fun at his stoutness. Once, as Hume entered a room, d’Alembert quoted from the beginning of St. John’s Gospel: “And the word was made flesh.” A lady admirer of le bon David riposted “And the word was made lovable.” After Hume achieved his ambition of literary fame, his friends urged him to update his best seller, History of England. “Gentlemen, you do me too much honor, but I have four reasons for not writing: I am too old, too fat, too lazy, and too rich.” Hume preferred supper parties. At one he hosted, a guest complained about the spitefulness of the world.
Kant and the Antinomy of Pure Reason
Authors: Sorensen Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dr. Jean-Christophe Marchand conjectures that the Critique of Pure Reason was produced by a brain tumor. Until the age of forty-seven, the scientist Immanuel Kant wrote clearly. Astronomers recognize him as the inventor of the nebular hypothesis: planets, stars, and galaxies formed from dust that swirled together under the force of gravity. In the Natural History and Theory of the Heavens Kant writes, “Millions and whole myriads of millions of centuries will flow on, during which always new worlds and systems of worlds will be formed The creation is never finished or complete.” Kant (1724-1804) had an active social life that consisted mostly of dinner parties. There are a few hints at romance. In one letter, dated June 12, 1762, Frau Maria Charlotta Jacobi sends Kant a kiss from her and her girlfriend. She suggests that Kant “may wind her watch” the next time they meet.
Quine’s Question Mark
Authors: Sorensen Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Willard Van Orman Quine was born in Akron, Ohio, on “anti-Christmas,” June 25, 1908. He died on Christmas 2000. Beginning a lifelong affiliation with Harvard University, Quine wrote a dissertation on Principia Mathematica under the supervision of Alfred North Whitehead. Although Quine made contributions to computer science, he continued to use his 1927 Remington typewriter. As a logician, he “had an operation on it” to change a few keys to accommodate special symbols.
Stress Testing After Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Ellestad Myrvin H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is probably the time to reevaluate the previously established beliefs about management of an acute myocardial infarction. The overall mortality is decreased significantly due to the use of thrombolysis and emergency angioplasty. The national mortality reported by the NRMI Registry is approximately 11% but in centers where emergent PTCA with stenting is frequently applied, mortality is between 4 and 6%. Even in hospitals where this treatment is common however, there are a significant number of patients who, because of late arrival or other reasons, are not treated with reperfusion. Thus, there is a marked variation in the coronary status as well as the myocardial function in what is a very heterogeneous cohort of patients. Some patients who have very early angioplasty or thrombolysis have very little myocardial necrosis but may be left with a great deal of myocardium still at risk. Others have large scars but may not have significant areas threatened. So in many of these patients an exercise test can be very useful in planning the patient’s future. It may even help to identify some who have hibernating myocardium, who would benefit from revascularization.
Pediatric Exercise Testing
Authors: Ellestad Myrvin H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In pediatrics, exercise testing is routine in evaluating working capacity, and adaptation to external work, growth, and level of fitness in normal subjects and in patients with cardiovascular or other disease processes. Modern technology has aided further development and the rediscovery of noninvasive or innocuous invasive procedures to do functional assessment of young subjects with different clinical problems of varying severity.
With estimates of working capacity, pulmonary ventilation, cardiac performance and function, myocardial perfusion, and rhythm and conduction of the heart, the oxygen transport system can be assessed under standardized conditions with low risk in children. The interpretation of the exercise study revealing the impact of specific diseases on the cardiovascular system, provides the clinical information for rational use in diagnosing and treating patients. Test results showing common response patterns that suggest a specific diagnosis often occur but must be accepted as a bonus because some physiological or pathophysiological pattern of exercise responses are common to several diagnoses.
The Origin and Evolution of Cultures
Authors: Boyd Robert , Richerson Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past 25 years, Boyd and Richerson have become well-known across a wide range of disciplines for their path-breaking work on evolution and culture. This work collects twenty of the influential but relatively inaccessible published articels that form the backbone of this research. It could not be more timely given the growing influence of evolutionary psychology. The papers – which were published in a diverse set of journals and which are not easily available – a conceptually linked and form a cohesive, unified evolutionary account of human culture. Their interdisciplinary research is based on two notions. First, that culture is crucial for understanding human behavior: unlike other organism, socially transmitted beliefs, attitudes and values heavily influence our behavior. Secondly, culture is part of biology: the capacity to acquire and transmit culture is a derived component of human psychology, and the contents of culture are deeply intertwined with our biology. Taking off from these two assumptions, Boyd and Richerson’s novel idea is that culture is a pool of information, stored in the brains of a population, that gets transmitted from one brain to another by social learning processes. Among their conclusions: culture can account for both our astounding ecological success as well as the maladaptations that characterize much of human behavior. Interest in Boyd and Richerson’s work spans anthropology, psychology, economics, philosophy, and political science, and has influenced work on animal behavior, economics and game theory, memes, and even archaeology.
Cross-System Perspectives on the Ecology and Evolution of Resilience
Authors: Levin Colleen T Webb Simon A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ecological systems provide a wide spectrum of benefits to humans including the very life-support systems that sustain humanity. Thus, there is a compelling need to understand how robust these systems are in the face of a changing environment, and what the mechanisms are that underlie robustness. The notion of robustness or resilience of ecological systems for us denotes the ability of the system to maintain its macroscopic functional features, such as species diversity or nutrient cycling, rather than the narrower and unattainable possibility of constancy. Indeed, it is the lack of constancy at lower levels of organization that can convey robustness to ecosystems as a whole. The robustness of ecosystem processes, such as nutrient cycling, varies across different types of ecosystems and is related to structural properties such as the strength of interactions among species. This points to the importance of examining structure-function relationships and their evolution. The robustness of the whole ecosystem may fundamentally lie at the level of species themselves, in terms of the robustness of modules of closely interacting species, or as an emergent property of the whole, complex ecosystem. Evidence from diverse ecosystems suggests that biodiversity is correlated with system robustness, but causation is complicated to untangle. In part, biodiversity itself, through functional redundancy, can enhance robustness; but conversely, increased robustness can promote biodiversity over ecological and evolutionary time. Local disturbance may promote global predictability and higher biodiversity by selecting for suites of species with traits that provide the mechanisms for ecosystem recovery following larger scale or novel perturbations. We illustrate these issues via comparisons of the response of tropical and temperate forests to disturbance by wind storms. We discuss the role of biodiversity and other mechanisms in sustaining resilience, and the importance of evolutionary history.
The Anterior Pituitary and Hypothalamus
Authors: Ojeda Sergio R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The core of the neuroendocrine system is represented by the hypothalamic-pituitary complex. The hypothalamus is composed of a diversity of neurosecretory cells arranged in groups, which secrete their products either into the portal blood system that connects the hypothalamus to the adenohypophysis (see below) or directly into the general circulation after storage in the neurohypophysis (see Chapter 7). Because of the nature of their actions, the hypothalamic hormones are classified as releasing or inhibiting hormones (Table 6-1).
Neural Crest Formation
Authors: Bronner-Fraser Marianne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A central question in developmental biology is how a single cell, the fertilized egg, can give rise to multiple types of tissues in the complex adult organism. This is exemplified by the forming brain, where seemingly homogeneous neuroepithelial cells eventually differentiate into myriad of mature neurons and glia of the central nervous system. Equally intriguing is the neural crest, a population of cells that initially arises within the newly formed central nervous system. Subsequently, these cells undergo an epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition whereby they leave the neuroepithelium and transform into a migratory population that forms much of the peripheral nervous system. In addition, neural crest cells give rise to other diverse cell types as different as pigment cells, the craniofacial skeleton, adrenal chromaffin cells, and some vascular smooth muscle. This chapter serves as a general introduction to the formation, cell interactions, and migration pathways that are involved in generating this fascinating cell population.
Genetic Regulation of Early Nervous System Development
Authors: Carpenter Ellen M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The primordium of the central nervous system, the neural tube, appears by the end of the fourth week of human gestation. The neural tube develops through the process of neurulation, a set of morphogenetic movements that transform part of the embryonic ectoderm into the three dimensional neural tube. In the first step of this process, the neural plate is induced from the dorsal ectoderm by the underlying mesoderm, while in subsequent steps the neural plate becomes shaped and folded into the neural tube.
Physical Examination of the Spine
Authors: Mendoza Sergio A Stuart L , Weinstein Stuart L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Orthopedic problems frequently affect children with myelomeningocele. According to Swank and Dias (1992), 64% of these children require at least one orthopedic procedure before they turn 18, with an average of 5.4 procedures per patient. Spinal deformities affect children with myelomeningocele (MMC), regardless of their level of paralysis. Scoliosis has been described in 20% of patients with sacral-level compromise and in 94% of those with thoracic-level involvement (Christoferson and Brooks, 1985). These deformities may affect posture and sitting comfort, ultimately reducing self-sufficiency and, hence, social and academic development. For this reason, it is mandatory to carry out routine physical examination of the spine, including periodic radiographic screening.
Classification of Neural Tube Defects
Authors: Moore Cynthia A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The human neural tube develops and closes during the third and fourth weeks after conception and is normally completed by 28 days postconception (Sadler, 1998) (Fig. 6. lA,B). Malformations known as neural tube defects occur when the normal closure process fails. Several clinical types of neural tube defects are recognized, anencephaly and spina bifida being the most common; however, the basis for the variation among the recognized types is poorly understood. In this chapter, the major types of neural tube defects-anencephaly, craniorachischisis, spina bifida, encephalocele, and iniencephaly will be defined and the classification issues surrounding each will be discussed.
Syndromes with Neural Tube Defects
Authors: Stevenson Laurie H Seaver Roger E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preponderance of all neural tube defects (NTDs) are isolated malformations of the central nervous system (CNS) and its protective encasements. Some common associated anomalies are considered secondary to the NTD, such as hydrocephalus, Amold-Chiari malformation, and clubfoot. Only about one in five NTDs will have a co-occurring defect of non-CNS structures that is not considered a typical secondary defect. Certain of these associated structural anomalies coexist with NTDs as components of recognizable malformation syndromes of genetic or environmental etiology. Other anomalies, not typically considered secondary, may indeed be related to the NTD due to disturbance of neural crest migration or spatial limitations placed on developing tissues. Beyond these two major categories of associated defects, small numbers of other structural anomalies that lack current explanation are also found. Studies of NTDs and associated anomalies are instructive in understanding embryonic development, identifying the causes of birth defects, determining recurrence risks, and guiding expectations for the efficacy of preventive strategies.
Methodological Issues in the Study of Neural Tube Defects
Authors: Kirby Russell S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The design and conduct of epidemiologic investigations into the etiology of neural tube defects (NTDs) requires attention to several methodological issues. While some of these issues are common to perinatal research, others are more specific to the epidemiology of birth defects in general and NTDs in particular. In this chapter, we begin by examining some methodological issues associated with assessment of the occurrence of NTDs, followed by a discussion of methodological issues specific to the study of NTDs using the major epidemiologic study designs.
Birth Defects Surveillance Systems and Neural Tube Defects
Authors: Sever Lowell E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Birth defects surveillance programs, particularly in Europe and the United States, developed following the recognition of the teratogenicity of thalidomide. The argument was that if there had been a routine way of monitoring the occurrence of birth defects, the introduction of a drug or any other environmental agent that caused abnormal development would have been recognized earlier than through the observations of alert practitioners. Acceptance of this premise continues; the introduction of the Birth Defects Prevention Act of 1998 included the justification that the presence of a birth defects surveillance program in Texas would have alerted the medical community to an “epidemic” of anencephaly in the Lower Rio Grande Valley earlier than occurred through the observations of an alert nurse. Supposedly, had there been an earlier recognition of the epidemic, something could have been done to stop it. While the logic of this premise holds, birth defects surveillance programs have yet to be the first to identify a new teratogen, and investigations of birth defect clusters identified through surveillance have yet to establish a responsible agent.