bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
African-American Antimodernism and the American Sixties
Authors: Hall James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine, if you can, the morning of Monday, September 16, 1963. You are ready to work. Your typewriter is at the ready. You have coffee, maybe cigarettes. No distractions. But there is still an edginess, the pressure to produce, the commitment that words on paper entails. So you delay and retrieve the newspaper at your door. The New York Times headline: “Birmingham Bomb Kills 4 Negro Girls in Church; Riots Flare; 2 Boys Slain.” Continue working? Four children—Denise McNair, age 11, and Carole Robertson, Addie Mae Collins, Cynthia Wesley, each age 14—killedjust prior to a worship service at the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama. Later that day, James Robinson, age 16, is shot in the back by police trying to break up rock throwing between white and black teenagers. And, finally, Virgil Ware, age 13, is shot by a white teenager (an Eagle Scout) who had spent the afternoon at a white supremacist rally. Five hundred National Guardsmen and three hundred state troopers had taken control of the streets. Six black children slain, killed by men, by representatives of the state, by other children. Continue working? Prior to the explosion, the girls killed at the church had heard the completion of Ella Demand’s Sunday School lesson, “The Love That Forgives.” That same day, President Kennedy had stated in an address that “a new national awareness of discriminatory practices against Negroes was bringing progress toward the goal of equal opportunity.”2
Meditations: John Coltrane and Freedom
Authors: Hall James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In May 1957, John Coltrane’s life changed. His career had progressed steadily but—it was whispered—his abuse of drugs and alcohol was making him a risk. While Miles Davis knew that Coltrane could be the sideman to provide him with a lifetime’s worth of musical challenges, he was increasingly concerned that Coltrane simply did not embarrass him on the bandstand by nodding off to sleep. In some ways it was fundamentally perplexing. This was—everyone agreed—a young man who was going places. Moreover, he was positively driven toward mastery of his instrument and jazz tradition. Why get caught up in the madness of heroin? There are no adequate answers, really. Some have speculated that he had begun using it to get relief from physical pain, perhaps dental pain, the product of both excessive practicing and an out-of-control sweet tooth.
The Prevalence of Ritual in an Age of Change: Romare Bearden
Authors: Hall James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One could ask for no more compelling example of the paradox of continuity and change in American culture than that presented by the career of Romare Bearden.3 His “Two Women in a Landscape” (1941; see figure 2) is regarded by most art historians as a work derivative of the end of American social realist and regionalist painting, of an artist not yet aware of the dramatic changes coming to American art and society during and after World War II. Like a swing trumpeter not yet aware of the musical changes being wrought by Dizzy Gillespie or Charlie Parker at Minton’s, the mythic home of modernist jazz, one might see Bearden as backward, unable to commit to either the social program of the realists or the disruptions of the avant-garde. His “Blue Lady” (1955; see figure 3) might extend the tale. Despite the emerging dominance of a Jackson Pollock-Mark Rothko axis in the world of American art, this misguided artist flirts with narrative, the barely visible shape of the woman on the canvas further evidence of an artist unable to dispense with an outmoded humanism.
California Gold and European Revolution: Stephen Foster and the American 1848
Authors: Lott Eric 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An extraordinary confluence of forces destroyed the minstrel show’s hermetic self-satisfaction. The hedging politics of reform were overshadowed in the late 1840s by the slavery issue, and class-consciousness played an unpredicted role in its return. The manner in which social change was registered and produced in public discourse was itself changing, saturated by a consolidating “sentimental” ethos not unrelated to women’s rights agitation for female control of the public sphere. The inescapable synecdoches of plantation, factory, and home signified not only a slowly clarifying historical predicament of outrageous proportion but also, perhaps not paradoxically, a highly confused and contested one; each of these images, for instance, often contained significant admixtures of the others. Indeed, so visible were the social contradictions in American life from the start of the Mexican War in 1846 to the enactment of the Fugitive Slave Law in 1851 that earnest analogies and casual representations, generic conventions and allegorical flights of fancy-social figurations of almost every kind-threatened a formidable visitation of unwelcome meanings and resonances. Markers of historical change too convoluted to comprehend fully, such figurations frequently overwhelmed the intentions of their putative users.
Early Race Theories
Authors: Gossett Thomas F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WHEN THE ENGLISH COLONISTS first landed in this country, they immediately encountered one race “problem” in the Indians. In a few years they imported another when, in 1619, the first boat-load of Negro slaves arrived. What had been the history of ideas about race up until that time? Is the problem of race an age-old one in human relations, or is it mainly the result of revolutions of thought in biology and anthropology which took place in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries?
Nineteenth-Century Anthropology
Authors: Gossett Thomas F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE OPTIMISM of the Enlightenment on the subject of race faded quickly in the nineteenth century. We can see the change clearly in the continuing debates over whether the human races were one or many species. Though the debate was acrimonious, the contestants do not now seem nearly as far apart as they seemed to themselves. The leading exponents of both schools of thought came more and more to believe that the Negro is innately inferior and that neither education nor environment can do much to improve him. Other nonwhite races fared scarcely better. The nonwhites stood to gain more from the advocates of the proposition that all races are a single species, but sometimes the only benefit they won from the monogenist school was the concession that they had the right to the consolations of religion. The advocates of the polygenist theory, on the other hand, frequently denied that the nonwhite races were people at all and maintained that missionary efforts among them were wholly wasted.
The Teutonic Origins Theory
Authors: Gossett Thomas F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY, America showed little interest in race theories which made invidious distinctions among white men. The country needed manpower and, in general, was not much concerned with which particular branch of the white race a man came from. In Europe, however, there were already a few theorists who, to defend the claims to eminence of a particular class or nation, were relying on race theory. In France, for example, the Count de Boulainvilliers ( 1658-1722) developed a racist theory to explain the special privileges of the nobles. The Franks, he said, had been the ancient tribe in France. They were the Germani, a blond, courageous, chaste, and self-governing people. In their conquest of Gaul they had acquired rights over the Gallo-Romans. The nobility of France were descendants of the Germani; the commoners were descendants of the plebeian Gallo-Romans.1
Literary Naturalism and Race
Authors: Gossett Thomas F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
RACE PLAYED an important part in American literature long before the era of literary naturalism when Social Darwinist ideas turned the attention of writers increasingly to biological and evolutionary explanations of human character. In the novels of James Fenimore Cooper, early in the nineteenth century, we find fairly complete the popular stereotypes of racial character—Negroes of jovial disposition but with very limited intelligence (one of them has a skull so thick that he is almost immune to Indian tomahawk attacks), Indians who are naturally wild and ferocious except for the few “good” Indians made necessary by the demands of plot, sly and wily half-breeds, and so forth. By the end of the century, however, racism had greatly expanded its influence. In earlier novels, such as those of Cooper, the heroes and heroines are usually presumed to be Anglo-Saxon or perhaps Norman, with the implicit conviction that these “races” are superior; but race is most often used to identify quickly and easily the characteristics of minor figures in the plot.
The Indian In the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Gossett Thomas F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE PATTERN of the treatment of the Indian by the English colonists had been set in the seventeenth century. It was not the kindly attitude of Roger Williams, John Eliot, and the Quakers which generally prevailed. When the Indians gave trouble, the colonists made war against them, often adopting customs as savage as those of the Indians themselves. As early as 1653, the English had begun the system of reservations—assigning each warrior fifty acres of land and the privilege of hunting in unoccupied territory. As the white men moved west, they developed a pattern with regard to the land of the Indians which was repeated over and over again. The Indians would be assigned to a reservation. In time, the white men would covet their land and by one means or another seek to acquire it. They would send to the Indians agents who would offer gifts—often trinkets or whiskey—in exchange for vast tracts of land. Sometimes they would choose some chief or chiefs willing to sign away the land for a price and then assume arbitrarily that this man or these men spoke for all the members of a tribe or of many tribes. Old treaties which had promised eternal boundaries for Indian lands were ignored. If cajolery, trickery, or threats failed, the white men would use force to move the Indians westward.1
Anti-Immigration Agitation: 1865-1915
Authors: Gossett Thomas F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE REASONS for hostility to immigrants in this country have not invariably been racial. The differences in customs and traditions of many of the immigrant peoples must, in the nature of things, have led to some suspicion of them. Xenophobia has changed according to conditions both here and abroad. After the French Revolution, there was prejudice in this country against French immigrants because they were thought to be atheists and revolutionaries. During the Know Nothing movement of the 1840’s and 185O’s, prejudice against the Irish was entangled with prejudice against Catholicism. The prejudice against German immigrants later in the century was associated in the public mind with dislike of socialism, with which the German immigrants were thought to be infected. But of all the reasons for prejudice against immigrants, it was race which eventually outdistanced the others and became, toward the end of the nineteenth century, by far the most powerful source of objection to them.1 The prejudice against immigrants has generally developed from two quite different sources. The workingmen’s organizations were usually the first to become alarmed because immigrants, often coming from countries which had a low living standard, were willing to accept low wages when they came here. In addition, cultural and language differences made it difficult to organize the immigrants into unions.
The Scientific Revolt Against Racism
Authors: Gossett Thomas F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ALL ATTEMPTS to construct any theory of history or civilization upon racial theory, all attempts to describe accurately the differences of character, temperament, and intelligence among the races, have been failures. Race theory has frequently lent itself to the crudest kind of manipulation by the people who wished to justify a scheme of exploitation or discrimination. It was in the 1920’s that the racists first met a serious check among the sciences and among the academic disciplines generally. One can hardly help wondering—now that the claims of the racists are widely recognized as having little or no scientific backing—why the opposition to racism was so long in developing. Were not the effusions of the nineteenth-century racists, for example, extreme enough to call for a more sober scrutiny among serious thinkers? One reason was that the scientists themselves frequently spoke of race in personal and emotional tones rather than in terms of fact. There could hardly be a subject more likely to involve prejudice than that of race.
Introduction
Authors: Feld Barry C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within the past three decades, judicial decisions, legislative amendments, and administrative changes have transformed the juvenile court from a nominally rehabilitative social welfare agency into a scaled-down second-class criminal court for young people. Politicians and the public have repudiated the court’s original rehabilitative premises and endorsed punishment of young offenders. Judicial opinions and statutory changes have rejected procedural informality and incorporated imperfectly many of the safeguards of criminal courts. These substantive and procedural reforms have converted the historical ideal of the juvenile court as a welfare agency into a quasi-penal system that provides young offenders with neither therapy nor justice.
Abolish the Juvenile Court Sentencing Policy When the Child is a Criminal and the Criminal is a Child
Authors: Feld Barry C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the three decades since Gault, judicial decisions, legislative amendments, and administrative changes have transformed the juvenile court from a nominally rehabilitative welfare agency into a scaled-down, second-class criminal court for young people. These revisions have converted the historical ideal of the juvenile court as a social welfare institution into a penal system that provides young offenders with neither therapy nor justice. Even as legal reforms foster increased punitiveness and convergence with criminal court, juvenile courts deflect, co-opt, ignore, or accommodate constitutional procedural mandates with minimal institutional change. They use courtroom procedures under which no adult would consent to be tried if she faced the prospect of confinement and then incarcerate youths in prisonlike settings for substantial terms.
Singing the Lord’s Song in a Strange Land: Gospel Music and Popular Culture in the United States
Authors: Sanders Cheryl J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gospel music is an American music form developed and nurtured by the saints at worship. It is both the product and by-product of”having church” in that it serves the primary purpose of supplying appropriate sounds, lyrics, and rhythms for use in worship and provides recordings and performances for broader consumption outside the church as a by-product. Gospel music provides the accompaniment for the shout or holy dance. The liturgical chant of affirmation, “Yes, Lord,” is a part of the genre. As exilic liturgy, gospel music is the characteristic twentieth-century African American Christian response to the Psalmist’s query: “How shall we sing the Lord’s song [have church] in a strange land [in exile]? (Psalm 137:4, KJV).
In their landmark sociological study of the black churches, C. Eric Lincoln and Lawrence H. Mamiya found that the vast majority of black churches (96.9 percent) approved of the use of some form of gospel music and only 1.5 percent did not approve. Even more churches approved the use of Negro spirituals (97.1 percent). Their findings also show that 74.2 percent of black churches disapproved the use of jazz, blues, and other unspecified types of black music. In order to meet the need for diverse musical styles in worship, the average black church has three (actually 2.89) choirs, according to Lincoln and Mamiya. Another way of interpreting the same data is to say that 79.7 percent of the churches have more than one choir. Although not specified in these data, in actuality the pattern of having multiple choirs was established with the advent of gospel music in the 1930s, and to this day, almost every black church has a “gospel” choir or chorus. Strangely enough, more attention is devoted in the study to explaining the resistance to gospel music on the part of the minuscule minority than is given to accounting for the appeal of the music to the overwhelming majority.
Black Intellectuals and Storefront Religion in the Age of Black Consciousness
Authors: Sanders Cheryl J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By definition, exile is the experience of being a stranger or outsider far removed from home. In the conceptual language and context of the black intellectual, exile is a way of describing the predicament and state of mind of critical thinkers who self-consciously maintain a sense of racial and cultural identity with another country or nationality. For the African American, it implies a peculiar “both-and” dialectic, identifying the self as both American and African, as a permanent resident of an alien land.
In his book Prophesy Deliverance! philosopher Cornel West presented a typology of black intellectual traditions that rests on diverse depictions of Afro-American religion and takes a significant step toward formulation of a “unified theory” of black culture and religion. West outlined four traditions, drawing his examples from the ranks of notable twentieth-century black intellectuals and writers: the exceptionalists (e.g., W. E. B. DuBois) laud the uniqueness of Afro-American culture; the assimilationists (e.g., E. Franklin Frazier) consider Afro-American culture and personality to be pathological; the marginalists (e.g., James Baldwin) see the culture as restrictive, constraining, and confining; and the humanists (e.g., Ralph Ellison) extol the distinctiveness of the culture while affirming that AfroAmericans are not above or below the rest of the human race. Each of West’s categories rests on a particular depiction or evaluation of black religion.
Living in Time
Authors: Gelpi Albert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Oxford poets of the 1930s--W. H. Auden, C. Day Lewis, Stephen Spender, and Louis MacNeice--represented the first concerted British challenge to the domination of twentieth-century poetry by the innovations of American modernists such as Ezra Pound and William Carlos Williams. Known for their radical politics and aesthetic conservatism, the "Auden Generation" has come to loom large in our map of twentieth century literary history. Yet Auden's voluble domination of the group in its brief period of association, and Auden's sway with critics ever since, has made it difficult to hear the others on their own terms and in their own distinct voices. Here, rendered in eloquent prose by one of our most distinguished critics of modern poetry, is the first full-length study of the poetry of C. Day Lewis, a book that introduces the reader to a profoundly revealing and beautifully wrought record of his poetry against the cultural and literary ferment of this century. Albert Gelpi explores in three expansive sections the major periods of the poet's development, beginning with the emergence of Day Lewis in the thirties as the most radical of the Oxford poets. An artist who sought through poetry a way of "living in time" without traditional religious assurances, Day Lewis went further than his friends in seeking to forge a revolutionary poetry out of his commitment to Marxism. When Stalinism led to his resignation from the Communist Party, Day Lewis in the forties went on to shape a rich, fiercely perceptive poetry out of the convergence of the wartime crisis with the explosive events of his own inner life, intensified by the erotics of a decade-long affair. Returning to his Irish roots and meditating on the persistent tension between agnosticism and faith in the work of his third and final period, Day Lewis wrote some of the most moving poems in the language about mortality and dying, the limits and possibilities of human striving. Through the traumatic changes of his life C. Day Lewis came increasingly to depend on the intricacies of poetry itself as a way of living in time. His abiding belief in the psychological and moral functions of poetry impelled him in his critical writings and in his own poetic practice to delineate a modern poetics that presents an effective alternative to the elitist experimentation associated with Modernism. This vital revisionist reading of Day Lewis demonstrates that much of his best work was written after the thirties and establishes him as one of the most significant and accomplished British poets of the modern period.
Humorneutics
Authors: Camfield Gregg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From an ancient myth of the creative power of humor, to a contemporary Freudian critic who understands humor not as creativity in any absolute sense, but rather as misconstruction of the world, to Mikhail Bakhtin who suggests that in the Renaissance, humor was held to be an alternative point of view, a philosophical position of great profundity—these three epigraphs suggest something of the problem confronting a study of humor. In its very seriousness, a serious study of humor may limit rather than expand our understanding. Neil Schmitz is one of the most discerning commentators on American humor, and throughout this book I have been indebted to his insights, but framed by these two very different conceptions of humor, Schmitz’s seems remarkably limited, remarkably stuck within the “serious standpoint” that of course sees any other standpoint as giving wrong answers to the puzzles of the world. Thus, I begin this chapter by referring to a nineteenth-century comic cautionary tale, John Phoenix’s “A New System of English Grammar,” one point of which is that it is absurdly easy to be seduced into believing ardently in absolute truth. I then apply the point of this story to two approaches to comedy before I ignore my own advice and present a total theory about the nature of comedy.
Preserving the Wilderness
Authors: lowrey Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was the great British Victorian sociologist-economist Arnold Toynbee who advised that those who refuse to study history are condemned to repeat it. Gerald Lowrey, an admirer of the AT and its founders, took Toynbee to heart and wrote his doctoral dissertation in American Studies about the Appalachian Trail as a cultural symbol, with a careful examination of the history of American concepts of the wilderness as background. Lowrey’s work situates AT visionary Benton MacKaye clearly among the romantics who feared that urbanization and secularization would eventually wreck the landscape and weaken the soul. From Lowrey’s articulate overview we can also see our own generation as a participant in a continuing debate about the importance of wilderness to the national psyche.
Georgia
Authors: Emblidge David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Blooming shadbush and cumulus clouds, Blood Mt., Georgia. Trail miles: 75.4 Trail maintenance: Georgia AT Club Highest point: Blood Mt., 4,461 ft. Features: Springer Mt. (3,728 ft.), southern terminus of the AT. Rugged wilderness, few towns, high elevation, lovely flowering plants (dogwood). Parks, forests, and nature preserves: Amicalola Falls State Park, Chattahoochee National Forest, Vogel State Park Most intriguing names on the trail: Chattahoochee, Slaughter Gap, Blood Mt.