bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Better than their reputation? – Do hotel and restaurant students drink more?‡
Authors: Larsen Svein , Jørgensen Helge 
Published: December 2003

AbstractIt has been suggested that workers in the hotel and restaurant sector are high consumers of alcohol. Larsen (1994), for example, reported that students in restaurant and hotel administration programmes obtained higher scores on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) than other students. The present study was designed to test whether the self‐selection or the learning and socialization explanation better accounts for these findings. Students (n = 172) studying for various careers within the service sector were surveyed. Students in tourism (including hotel and restaurant) programmes and students who had had some work experience from the industry obtained the highest AUDIT scores. However, when controlling for age in a multiple regression model predicting alcohol use, the effects of study group and work experience disappeared. These results are inconclusive, although if workers in the tourism, hotel and restaurant industries actually drink more, the results may be interpreted as supportive of the socialization hypothesis.
Widening HACCP implementation in the catering industry
Authors: Worsfold Denize , Griffith Christopher J. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractIt is anticipated that new European Union requirements will make Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) controls mandatory for every food business other than primary producers, irrespective of size. The Food Standards Agency (FSA) has set itself the targets of a reduction in foodborne disease of 20% by 2006 and 30% of food businesses to be operating such controls by 2004. Although it has been argued that HACCP is not well suited for the catering industry, the FSA has formulated an action plan for this sector, which includes training, provision of guidance materials, business support and monitoring. The FSA in Wales has funded local authorities to raise the HACCP awareness of caterers by a variety of methods. An evaluation of caterers’ perceptions of HACCP and hygiene was undertaken. Results indicate that the understanding of risk, hazards and risk management was low but caterers were not hostile to this system of food hygiene management. A sector‐specific hygiene and HACCP course was designed, delivered and evaluated. The reactions and performance of caterers on the free course were good. The short‐ and longer‐term evaluation of this approach may contribute to the widening HACCP strategy.
A comparative analysis of ‘plated’ and ‘bulk trolley’ hospital food service systems*
Authors: Hartwell Heather J. , Edwards John S. A. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractIt has been recognized that hospital food service could be improved with malnutrition a target concern. The hypothesis of this study is that a food service system that enables patients to see and smell the food on offer and interact with the staff serving the meals will result in better patient nutritional intake and increased meal satisfaction. Data were collected from two wards, Women's Health and Orthopaedic (patients n = 31 in each study), over two 3‐day consecutive periods. First, for a pre‐ordered, plated meal service; and second, 9 months later, for a trolley service offering choice at the point of consumption. Food was weighed before and after the meal experience. Questionnaires were also administered and interviews were conducted with the patients (n = 614) to evaluate patients’ acceptability of both catering systems. Results show that nutritional intake was not dependent on the catering systems and that possibly in hospital, unlike other ‘eating out’ situations, there are barriers to ‘complete nutrition’. However, patient satisfaction was improved with the trolley system, where 93% of patients were satisfied compared to 76% with the plate system. This research indicates that nutritionally, the method of meal delivery is immaterial but patients do prefer choice at the point of consumption.
A three‐factor approach to understanding food quality: the product, the person and the environment*
Authors: Meiselman Herbert L. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractFood quality and food acceptability were judged from the product alone in the early 20th century, and from the product and consumer beginning in the middle of the 20th century. Later we began to realize the importance of the context or environment in judgments of product quality and assessments of product acceptability. This paper reviews the growth of the three factor approach to understanding quality and acceptability, and presents an example of current research in each. Meal context, expectations, and eating location research are reviewed as examples of the three factor approach. The importance of context is emphasized throughout the review.
Domestic cooking practices and cooking skills: findings from an English study*
Authors: Short Frances 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis paper reports on a study that came about in response to a rising interest in and concern about the increased availability and use of preprepared foods in Britain and the effect this might have on people's cooking abilities, their health, family relationships and well‐being, and the food industry. The qualitative study of 30 domestic cooks living in England, aimed to examine the nature of cooking skills and cooking practices and the beliefs, values and opinions of domestic cooks. It did so in order to establish a theoretical and empirically based ‘way of thinking’ about domestic cooking and cooking skills that could be used to develop current academic and popular discourses about cooking and inform policy makers and researchers. The findings revealed a complexity that has not previously been clearly acknowledged. It was found that cooking skills can be seen as either task‐centred or as person‐centred and contextual (and hence as specifically ‘domestic’ or ‘professional’) and as consisting of perceptual, conceptual and organizational skills as well as practical, mechanical skills and academic knowledge. Not only was the highly individual nature of approaches to cooking revealed but also an intricate and shared ‘domestic cooking culture’. Further, it was found that there is no simple, clear cut relationship between the domestic cooks’ skills and knowledge and their domestic cooking practices and food choices (frequency of cooking, techniques applied, use of preprepared and fresh, raw foods and so on).
6-Thioguanine, Cytarabine, and Daunorubicin (TAD) and High-Dose Cytarabine and Mitoxantrone (HAM) for Induction, TAD for Consolidation, and Either Prolonged Maintenance by Reduced Monthly TAD or TAD-HAM-TAD and One Course of Intensive Consolidation by Sequential HAM in Adult Patients at All Ages With De Novo Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): A Randomized Trial of the German AML Cooperative Group
Authors: Büchner Thomas , Hiddemann Wolfgang , Berdel Wolfgang E. , Wörmann Bernhard , Schoch Claudia , Fonatsch Christa , Löffler Helmut , Haferlach Torsten , Ludwig Wolf-Dieter , Maschmeyer Georg , Staib Peter , Aul Carlo , Grüneisen Andreas , Lengfelder Eva , Frickhofen Norbert , Kern Wolfgang , Serve Hubert L. , Mesters Rolf M. , Sauerland Maria Cristina , Heinecke Achim 
Published: December 2003

Purpose: To examine the efficacy of prolonged maintenance chemotherapy versus intensified consolidation therapy for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Materials and Methods: Eight hundred thirty-two patients (median age, 54 years; range, 16 to 82 years) with de novo AML were randomly assigned to receive 6-thioguanine, cytarabine, and daunorubicin (TAD) plus cytarabine and mitoxantrone (HAM; cytarabine 3 g/m2 [age < 60 years] or 1 g/m2 [age ≥ 60 years] × 6) induction, TAD consolidation, and monthly modified TAD maintenance for 3 years, or TAD-HAM-TAD and one course of intensive consolidation with sequential HAM (S-HAM) with cytarabine 1 g/m2 (age < 60 years) or 0.5 g/m2 (age ≥ 60 years) × 8 instead of maintenance. Results: A total of 69.2% patients went into complete remission (CR). Median relapse-free survival (RFS) was 19 months for patients on the maintenance arm, with 31.4% of patients relapse-free at 5 years, versus 12 months for patients on the S-HAM arm, with 24.7% of patients relapse-free at 5 years (P = .0118). RFS from maintenance was superior in patients with poor risk by unfavorable karyotype, age ≥ 60 years, lactate dehydrogenase level greater than 700 U/L, or day 16 bone marrow blasts greater than 40% (P = .0061) but not in patients with good risk by complete absence of any poor risk factors. Although a survival benefit in the CR patients is not significant (P = .085), more surviving patients in the maintenance than in the S-HAM arm remain in first CR (P = .026). Conclusion: We conclude that TAD-HAM-TAD-maintenance first-line treatment has a higher curative potential than TAD-HAM-TAD-S-HAM and improves prognosis even among patients with poor prognosis.
Adjuvant Endocrine Therapy Compared With No Systemic Therapy for Elderly Women With Early Breast Cancer: 21-Year Results of International Breast Cancer Study Group Trial IV
Authors: Crivellari Diana , Price Karen , Gelber Richard D. , Castiglione-Gertsch Monica , Rudenstam Carl-Magnus , Lindtner Jurij , Fey Martin F. , Senn Hans-Jörg , Coates Alan S. , Collins John , Goldhirsch Aron 
Published: December 2003

Purpose: Increasing numbers of older women are affected by early breast cancer, because of prolonged life expectancy and the increasing incidence of breast cancer with age. The role of adjuvant therapy for this population is still a matter of debate. We reviewed the long-term outcome of a mature trial comparing endocrine treatment versus no adjuvant therapy in older women with node-positive breast cancer. Patients and Methods: From 1978 to 1981, 349 women 66 to 80 years of age with pathologically involved lymph nodes after total mastectomy and axillary clearance were randomly assigned to receive 12 months of adjuvant tamoxifen plus low-dose prednisone (p+T) or no adjuvant therapy. Three hundred twenty patients were eligible. Results: At 21 years’ median follow-up, 1 year of p+T significantly prolonged disease-free survival (DFS; P = .003) and overall survival (P = .05; 15-year DFS, 10% ± 3% v 19% ± 3%; hazard ratio, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.58 to 0.86). When comparing competing causes of failure (breast cancer recurrence and deaths before breast cancer recurrence), p+T was far superior in controlling breast cancer recurrence (P = .0003), but the improvement was seen mainly in soft tissue sites. Conversely, patients in the p+T group were more likely to die before a breast cancer recurrence (P = .03). Conclusion: This trial demonstrates that significant treatment benefits continue to be observed in older patients treated for 1 year with p+T. Despite issues relating to competing causes of failure, older breast cancer patients can benefit from treatment and should be considered for trials of adjuvant systemic therapy.
Itraconazole Prevents Invasive Fungal Infections in Neutropenic Patients Treated for Hematologic Malignancies: Evidence From a Meta-Analysis of 3,597 Patients
Authors: Glasmacher Axel , Prentice Archibald , Gorschlüter Marcus , Engelhart Steffen , Hahn Corinna , Djulbegovic Benjamin , Schmidt-Wolf Ingo G.H. 
Published: December 2003

Purpose: Efficacy of antifungal prophylaxis has not yet been convincingly proven in numerous trials of various antifungals. New evidence and the anti-Aspergillus efficacy of itraconazole prompted a new look at the data for the prevention of invasive fungal infections. Patients and Methods: Randomized, controlled studies with itraconazole for antifungal prophylaxis in neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancies were identified from electronic databases and hand searching. Results: Thirteen randomized trials included 3,597 patients who were assessable for invasive fungal infections. Itraconazole reduced the incidence of invasive fungal infection (mean relative risk reduction, 40% ± 13%; P = .002), the incidence of invasive yeast infections (mean, 53% ± 19%; P = .004) and the mortality from invasive fungal infections (mean, 35% ± 17%; P = .04) significantly. The incidence of invasive Aspergillus infections was only reduced in trials using the itraconazole cyclodextrine solution (mean, 48% ± 21%; P = .02) and not itraconazole capsules (mean, 75% ± 73% increase; P = .3). The overall mortality was not changed. Adverse effects were rare, hypokalemia was noted in three studies, and a higher rate of drug discontinuation was found in trials that compared itraconazole cyclodextrine solution to a control without cyclodextrine. The effect of prophylaxis was clearly associated with a higher bioavailable dose of itraconazole. Conclusion: Antifungal prophylaxis with itraconazole effectively prevents proven invasive fungal infections and—shown for the first time for antifungal prophylaxis—reduces mortality from these infections and the rate of invasive Aspergillus infections in neutropenic patients with hematologic malignancies. Adequate doses of the oral cyclodextrine solution (at least 400 mg/d) or IV formulations (200 mg/d) of itraconazole are necessary for these effects.
Differential Effects of Paroxetine on Fatigue and Depression: A Randomized, Double-Blind Trial From the University of Rochester Cancer Center Community Clinical Oncology Program
Authors: Morrow Gary R. , Hickok Jane T. , Roscoe Joseph A. , Raubertas Richard F. , Andrews Paul L.R. , Flynn Patrick J. , Hynes Harry E. , Banerjee Tarit K. , Kirshner Jeffrey J. , King David K. 
Published: December 2003

Purpose: Fatigue and depression typically occur together in cancer patients, suggesting a common etiology, perhaps based on serotonin. This randomized clinical trial tested whether paroxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant known to modulate brain serotonin, would reduce fatigue in cancer patients and whether any reduction was related to depression. Patients and Methods: Cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy for the first time were assessed for fatigue. Of 704 patients who reported fatigue at their second chemotherapy cycle, 549 patients were randomly assigned to receive either 20 mg of oral paroxetine hydrochloride daily or placebo for 8 weeks. The assessments of fatigue and depression were performed at cycles 3 and 4 of chemotherapy. Results: A total of 244 patients treated with paroxetine and 235 patients treated with placebo provided assessable data. No difference was detected in fatigue between patient groups. At the end of the study, there was a difference between groups in the mean level of depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scores, 12.0 v 14.8, respectively; P < .01). Conclusion: Paroxetine had no influence on fatigue in patients receiving chemotherapy. A possible explanation is that cancer-related fatigue does not involve a reduction in brain 5-HT levels.
Incidence and Predictors of Low Dose-Intensity in Adjuvant Breast Cancer Chemotherapy: A Nationwide Study of Community Practices
Authors: Lyman Gary H. , Dale David C. , Crawford Jeffrey 
Published: December 2003

Purpose: This retrospective study was undertaken to assess practice patterns in adjuvant chemotherapy for early-stage breast cancer (ESBC) and to define the incidence and predictive factors of reduced relative dose-intensity (RDI). Patients and Methods: A nationwide survey of 1,243 community oncology practices was conducted, with data extracted from records of 20,799 ESBC patients treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. Assessments included demographic and clinical characteristics, chemotherapy dose modifications, incidence of febrile neutropenia, and patterns of use of colony-stimulating factor (CSF). Dose-intensity was compared with published reference standard regimens. Results: Dose reductions ≥15% occurred in 36.5% of patients, and there were treatment delays ≥7 days in 24.9% of patients, resulting in 55.5% of patients receiving RDI less than 85%. Nearly two thirds of patients received RDI less than 85% when adjusted for differences in regimen dose-intensity. Multivariate analysis identified several independent predictors for reduced RDI, including increased age; chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil, or cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and fluorouracil; a 28-day schedule; body-surface area greater than 2 m 2 ; and no primary CSF prophylaxis. CSF was often initiated late in the chemotherapy cycle. Conclusion: Patients with ESBC are at substantial risk for reduced RDI when treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. Patients at greatest risk include older patients, overweight patients, and those receiving three-drug combinations or 28-day schedules. Predictive models based on such risk factors should enable the selective application of supportive measures in an effort to deliver full dose-intensity chemotherapy.
Pretreatment Nomogram That Predicts 5-Year Probability of Metastasis Following Three-Dimensional Conformal Radiation Therapy for Localized Prostate Cancer
Authors: Kattan Michael W. , Zelefsky Michael J. , Kupelian Patrick A. , Cho Daniel , Scardino Peter T. , Fuks Zvi , Leibel Steven A. 
Published: December 2003

Purpose: There are several nomograms for the patient considering radiation therapy for clinically localized prostate cancer. Because of the questionable clinical implications of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) recurrence, its use as an end point has been criticized in several of these nomograms. The goal of this study was to create and to externally validate a nomogram for predicting the probability that a patient will develop metastasis within 5 years after three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (CRT). Patients and Methods: We conducted a retrospective, nonrandomized analysis of 1,677 patients treated with three-dimensional CRT at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) from 1988 to 2000. Clinical parameters examined were pretreatment PSA level, clinical stage, and biopsy Gleason sum. Patients were followed until their deaths, and the time at which they developed metastasis was noted. A nomogram for predicting the 5-year probability of developing metastasis was constructed from the MSKCC cohort and validated using the Cleveland Clinic series of 1,626 patients. Results: After three-dimensional CRT, 159 patients developed metastasis. At 5 years, 11% of patients experienced metastasis by cumulative incidence analysis (95% CI, 9% to 13%). A nomogram constructed from the data gathered from these men showed an excellent ability to discriminate among patients in an external validation data set, as shown by a concordance index of 0.81. Conclusion: A nomogram with reasonable accuracy and discrimination has been constructed and validated using an external data set to predict the probability that a patient will experience metastasis within 5 years after three-dimensional CRT.
Is Surgery Necessary After Complete Clinical Remission Following Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Early Breast Cancer?
Authors: Ring A. , Webb A. , Ashley S. , Allum W.H. , Ebbs S. , Gui G. , Sacks N.P. , Walsh G. , Smith I.E. 
Published: December 2003

Purpose: This retrospective analysis aimed to identify whether breast cancer patients receiving radiotherapy alone following a complete clinical remission (cCR) to neoadjuvant chemotherapy had a worse outcome than those treated with surgery.Patients and Methods: One hundred thirty-six patients who had achieved a cCR to neoadjuvant chemotherapy for early breast cancer were identified from a prospectively maintained database of 453 patients. Of these, 67 patients had undergone surgery as their primary locoregional therapy, and 69 patients had radiotherapy alone. Outcome was assessed in relation to local recurrence-free survival, disease-free survival, and overall survival.Results: Median follow-up was 63 months in the surgery group and 87 months in the no surgery group. Prognostic characteristics were well balanced between the two groups. For surgery and no surgery, respectively, there were no significant differences in disease-free survival or overall survival (5-year, 74% v 76%; 10-year, 60% v 70%, P = .9) between the two groups. There was a nonsignificant trend toward increased locoregional-only recurrence for the no surgery group (21% v 10% at 5 years; P = .09), but no long-term failures of local control. Patients in the no surgery group who also achieved an ultrasound complete remission had a 5-year local recurrence rate of only 8%.Conclusion: In patients achieving a cCR to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, radiotherapy alone achieve survival rates as good as with surgery, but with higher local recurrence rates. Ultrasound may identify a low recurrence rate subgroup for assessing no surgery in a prospective trial.
Expanded Experience With an Intradermal Skin Test to Predict for the Presence or Absence of Carboplatin Hypersensitivity
Authors: Markman Maurie , Zanotti Kristine , Peterson Gertrude , Kulp Barbara , Webster Kenneth , Belinson Jerome 
Published: December 2003

Purpose: Carboplatin-associated hypersensitivity is increasingly recognized as a potentially serious toxicity when this agent is administered for more than six total cycles. Patients and Methods: Our group has used a predictive skin test in women with gynecologic cancers who have previously received more than six cumulative cycles of platinum-based chemotherapy. Thirty minutes before all subsequent carboplatin courses, a 0.02-mL aliquot from the solution prepared for treatment is injected intradermally. A positive test is considered to be a ≥ 5-mm wheal, with a surrounding flare. Results: From October 1998 through March 2003, 126 patients received a total of 717 carboplatin skin tests (median per patient, four tests; range, one to 54 tests). Of the 668 negative tests (93% of the total performed), 10 were associated with evidence of carboplatin hypersensitivity (1.5% false-negative rate; 95% CI, 0.6% to 2.4%), none of which were severe (eg, dyspnea, hypotension, cardiac/respiratory compromise). Of the 41 positive tests, the decision was made to not deliver the drug to 32 patients, although seven women ultimately underwent a future attempt at re-treatment with a platinum agent using a desensitization program. In seven episodes where patients received the carboplatin despite the finding of a positive test, six were associated with the development of symptoms of anaphylaxis (none severe). Conclusion: A negative carboplatin skin test seems to predict with reasonable reliability for the absence of a severe hypersensitivity reaction with the subsequent drug infusion. The implications of a positive test remain less certain, but limited experience with continued treatment suggests this approach must be undertaken with considerable caution.