bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Covalent immobilization of naringinase for the transformation of a flavonoid
Authors: Puri Munish , Kaur Harsimran , Kennedy John F 
Published: May 2005

AbstractNaringinase (EC 3.2.1.40) from Penicillium sp was immobilized by covalent binding to woodchips to improve its catalytic activity. The immobilization of naringinase on glutaraldehyde‐coated woodchips (600 mg woodchips, 10 U naringinase, 45 °C, pH 4.0 and 12h) through 1% glutaraldehyde cross‐linking was optimized. The pH–activity curve of the immobilized enzyme shifted toward a lower pH compared with that of the soluble enzyme. The immobilization caused a marked increase in thermal stability of the enzyme. The immobilized naringinase was stable during storage at 4 °C. No loss of activity was observed when the immobilized enzyme was used for seven consecutive cycles of operations. The efficiency of immobilization was 120%, while soluble naringinase afforded 82% efficacy for the hydrolysis of standard naringin under optimal conditions. Its applicability for debittering kinnow mandarin juice afforded 76% debittering efficiency. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Disinfection of recycled red‐meat‐processing wastewater by ozone
Authors: Wu Jiangning , Doan Huu 
Published: May 2005

AbstractOzonation of a real red‐meat‐processing wastewater was conducted in a semi‐batch reactor to explore the possibility of the water reuse. The experimental results revealed that ozone was very effective in disinfection of the red‐meat‐processing wastewater. After 8 min of ozonation with an applied ozone dose of 23.09 mg min−1 liter−1 of wastewater, 99% of aerobic bacteria, total coliforms and Escherichia coli were inactivated. Empirical models were developed to predict the microbial inactivation efficacy of ozone from the CT values for the real red‐meat‐processing wastewater. A correlation was also derived to estimate the CT values from the applied ozone dose and the ozone contact time. The results also revealed that under the ozonation condition for 99% inactivation of aerobic bacteria, total coliforms and E coli, the decrease in the chemical oxygen demand and the 5‐day biological oxygen demand of the wastewater were 10.7% and 23.6%, respectively. However, ozonation under this condition neither improved the light transmission nor reduced the total suspended solids (TSS) despite of the decolorization of the wastewater after ozonation. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Optimization of lactic acid production from whey by L casei NRRL B‐441 immobilized in chitosan stabilized Ca‐alginate beads
Authors: Göksungur Y , Gündüz M , Harsa Ş 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe production of lactic acid from whey by Lactobacillus casei NRRL B‐441 immobilized in chitosan‐stabilized Ca‐alginate beads was investigated. Higher lactic acid production and lower cell leakage were observed with alginate–chitosan beads compared with Ca‐alginate beads. The highest lactic acid concentration (131.2 g dm−3) was obtained with cells entrapped in 1.3–1.7 mm alginate–chitosan beads prepared from 2% (w/v) Na‐alginate. The gel beads produced lactic acid for five consecutive batch fermentations without marked activity loss and deformation. Response surface methodology was used to investigate the effects of three fermentation parameters (initial sugar, yeast extract and calcium carbonate concentrations) on the concentration of lactic acid. Results of the statistical analysis showed that the fit of the model was good in all cases. Initial sugar, yeast extract and calcium carbonate concentrations had a strong linear effect on lactic acid production. The maximum lactic acid concentration of 136.3 g dm−3 was obtained at the optimum concentrations of process variables (initial sugar 147.35 g dm−3, yeast extract 28.81 g dm−3, CaCO3 97.55 g dm−3). These values were obtained by fitting of the experimental data to the model equation. The response surface methodology was found to be useful in optimizing and determining the interactions among process variables in lactic acid production using alginate–chitosan‐immobilized cells. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Bioleaching of heavy metals from dewatered sludge by Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans
Authors: Kim In S , Lee Jong‐Un , Jang Am 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe feasibility of bioleaching for removal of heavy metals from dewatered sewage sludge using an iron‐oxidizing bacterium Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans was investigated. The influence of seven process parameters including cell adaptation, total amount and particle size of the sludge, initial concentrations of Fe2+ and At ferrooxidans, and addition of inorganic nutrients and sulfur were evaluated in terms of the solubilization of Zn, Cu and Cr. When sludge‐adapted cells, addition of inorganic nutrients and lower sludge content were involved, higher yields of metal extraction were obtained. However, higher initial concentrations of At ferrooxidans and Fe2+, fine particle size of the sludge and S addition did not improve the metals' solubilization during an experimental period of 7 days. As a result of a long‐term (40 days) bioleaching experiment, 42% of Zn (1300–1648 mg kg−1), 39% of Cu (613–774 mg kg−1) and 10% of Cr (37–44 mg kg−1) in the sludge were leached into the solution. The results indicate that a bioleaching process conducted under operationally optimal conditions can be effectively employed for the removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge before land application. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Cinnamic ester of D‐sorbitol for immobilization of mushroom tyrosinase
Authors: Marín‐Zamora María Elisa , Rojas‐Melgarejo Francisco , García‐Cánovas Francisco , García‐Ruiz Pedro Antonio 
Published: May 2005

AbstractMushroom tyrosinase was immobilized by adsorption onto the totally cinnamoylated derivative of D‐sorbitol. The polymerization and cross‐linking of the derivative initially obtained was achieved by irradiation in the ultraviolet region, where this prepolymer shows maximum sensitivity. Immobilization of tyrosinase on this support involves a process of physical adsorption and intense hydrophobic interactions between the cinnamoyl groups of the support and related groups of the enzyme. The pH value, enzyme concentration and immobilization time were all important parameters affecting immobilization efficiency; also, enzyme immobilization efficiency correlated well with the tyrosinase isoelectric point. The immobilized enzyme showed an optimum measuring pH of 3.5 and greater activity at acid and neutral pH values than the soluble enzyme. The optimal reaction temperature was 35 °C and the temperature profile was broader than that of the free enzyme or of the enzyme immobilized on other supports. The apparent Michaelis constant of mushroom tyrosinase immobilized on the SOTCN derivative acting on 4‐tert‐butylcatechol (TBC) was 0.40 ± 0.02 mmol dm−3, which was lower than for the soluble enzyme, suggesting that the affinity of this enzyme for this substrate was greater when immobilized than when in solution. Immobilization stabilized the enzyme and made it less susceptible to activity loss during storage at pH values in the range 4–5.5, and the suicide inactivation of the immobilized tyrosinase was null or negligible in a reaction medium with 4‐tert‐butylcatechol at a concentration of 0.4 mmol dm−3. The results show that cinnamic carbohydrate esters of D‐sorbitol are an appropriate support for tyrosinase immobilization and could be of use for several tyrosinase applications. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Characterization of synthetic nucleic acids by electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Oberacher Herbert , Niederstätter Harald , Parson Walther 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe potential of electrospray ionization quadrupole‐quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (ESI‐QqTOF‐MS) for the characterization of synthetic nucleic acids was evaluated. Oligonucleotides ranging in size from 12 up to 51 nucleotides were analyzed via direct infusion MS as well as via liquid chromatography (LC) online hyphenated to MS. These experiments proved the outstanding mass spectrometric performance of the TOF mass analyzer in regard of accuracy, reproducibility, resolution, and sensitivity. During a 1‐min run, the monoisotopic mass of (dT)24was measured with a maximum relative mass deviation of 7.64 ppm proving the high mass accuracy of the TOF analyzer. Over a period of 1 h, mean deviations were determined in the range between −3.58 ppm and 3.06 ppm demonstrating the high stability of the applied external calibration. The molecular mass of a 51‐mer was measured with a deviation smaller than 3.23 ppm from the theoretical value. The resolution exceeded a value of m/Δm = 20 000 (m is the measured mass and Δm the full peak width at half‐maximum), which enabled the separation of the isotopic peaks of all investigated oligonucleotides. Because of the outstanding transmission and detection efficiency of the TOF mass analyzer, detection limits in the amol/µl to low fmol/µl range were reached. The usability of LC‐ESI‐QqTOF‐MS for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of synthetic oligonucleotide mixtures was demonstrated. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diffusion tensor imaging of the developing human cerebrum
Authors: Gupta Rakesh K. , Hasan Khader M. , Trivedi Richa , Pradhan Mandakini , Das Vinita , Parikh Nehal A. , Narayana Ponnada A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDiffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was performed on 15 fresh spontaneously or therapeutically aborted normal fetuses and five term infants at different gestational ages. Regional cortical fractional anisotropy (FA) values were observed to increase with gestational age (GA) from 15 to 28 weeks, followed by a decrease through 36 weeks. The early increase in the cortical FA value, which has never been reported before, is consistent with neuronal migration from the germinal matrix. A statistically significant inverse correlation between GA and the FA values in the germinal matrix was observed (r = –0.81, P = 0.004). In addition, there was a significant difference in the FA values in the right and left frontal cortices (P = 0.007, sign test), suggesting cortical lateralization during the early stage of development. Our studies suggest that the DTI‐estimated anisotropy could be useful in following neuronal migration, cortical maturation, and associated changes in the germinal matrix during early brain development. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gliotoxicity in hippocampal cultures is induced by transportable, but not by nontransportable, glutamate uptake inhibitors
Authors: Guiramand Janique , Martin Alexandra , de Jesus Ferreira Marie‐Celeste , Cohen‐Solal Catherine , Vignes Michel , Récasens Max 
Published: June 2005

AbstractExtracellular glutamate is kept below a toxic level by glial and neuronal glutamate transporters. Here we show that the transportable glutamate uptake inhibitor L‐trans‐pyrrolidine‐2,4‐dicarboxylate (t‐PDC) induced cell death in mature, but not in immature, hippocampal neuron‐enriched cultures. The cell death produced by a 24‐hr treatment with t‐PDC was dose‐dependent and reached 85% of the cell population at a 250 μM concentration at 23 days in vitro (DIV). Immunocytochemistry experiments showed that, under these experimental conditions, t‐PDC killed not only neurons as expected but also glial cells. The N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) antagonist D‐2‐aminophosphonovalerate (D‐APV; 250 μM) only partially reversed this toxicity, completely protecting the neuronal cell population but not the glial population. The antioxidant compounds α‐tocopherol or Trolox, used at concentrations that reverse the oxidative stress‐induced toxicity, did not block the gliotoxicity specifically produced by t‐PDC in the presence of D‐APV. The nontransportable glutamate uptake inhibitor DL‐threo‐β‐benzyloxyaspartate (TBOA) elicited cell death only in mature, but not in immature, hippocampal cultures. The TBOA toxic effect was dose dependent and reached a plateau at 100 μM in 23‐DIV cultures. About 50% of the cell population died. TBOA affected essentially the neuronal population. D‐APV (250 μM) completely reversed this toxicity. It is concluded that nontransportable glutamate uptake inhibitors are neurotoxic via overactivation of NMDA receptors, whereas transportable glutamate uptake inhibitors induce both an NMDA‐dependent neurotoxicity and an NMDA‐ and oxidative stress‐independent gliotoxicity, but only in mature hippocampal cultures. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor and apoptosis in Alzheimer's disease and multiinfarct dementia
Authors: Fang Marong , Li Jicheng , Tiu S.C. , Zhang Lihong , Wang Mingwei , Yew David T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study investigates the role of excitotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease and in multiinfarct dementia by examining, via immunohistochemical methods, the number of cells that are positive for N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor and the degree of colocalization between NMDA receptor and apoptosis markers such as TUNEL or activated caspase‐3 in the frontal cortex of individuals with these two conditions, comparing the results with those from subjects who died of normal aging. We showed an increased number of NMDA receptor‐positive cells and an increased number of TUNEL‐labeled cells in the frontal cortex of subjects with Alzheimer's disease, especially in the deeper layers of the cortex. However, only about 10% of cells showed colocalization of NMDA receptor with the apoptosis markers studied, suggesting that NMDA‐mediated excitotoxicity does not play a major role in neuronal apoptosis in Alzheimer's disease or in multiinfarct dementia. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Time accurate fast wavelet‐Taylor Galerkin method for partial differential equations
Authors: Rathish Kumar B. V. , Mehra Mani 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe introduce the concept of fast wavelet‐Taylor Galerkin methods for the numerical solution of partial differential equations. In wavelet‐Taylor Galerkin method discretization in time is performed before the wavelet based spatial approximation by introducing accurate generalizations of the standard Euler, θ and leap‐frog time‐stepping scheme with the help of Taylor series expansions in the time step. We will present two different time‐accurate wavelet schemes to solve the PDEs. First, numerical schemes taking advantage of the wavelet bases capabilities to compress the operators and sparse representation of functions which are smooth, except for in localized regions, up to any given accuracy are presented. Here numerical experiments deal with advection equation with the spiky solution in one dimension, two dimensions, and nonlinear equation with a shock in solution in two dimensions. Second, our schemes deal with more regular class of problems where wavelets are not efficient procedure for data compression but we can use the good approximation properties of wavelet. Here time‐accurate schemes lead to consistent mass matrix in an explicit time stepping, which can be solved by approximate factorization techniques. Numerical experiment deals with more regular class of problems like heat equation as well as coupled linear system in two dimensions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2006
Minimum time‐step criteria for the Galerkin finite element methods applied to one‐dimensional parabolic partial differential equations
Authors: Yang Chaodong , Gu Yongan 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe finite element method has been well established for numerically solving parabolic partial differential equations (PDEs). Also it is well known that a too large time step should not be chosen in order to obtain a stable and accurate numerical solution. In this article, accuracy analysis shows that a too small time step should not be chosen either for some time‐stepping schemes. Otherwise, the accuracy of the numerical solution cannot be improved or can even be worsened in some cases. Furthermore, the so‐called minimum time step criteria are established for the Crank‐Nicolson scheme, the Galerkin‐time scheme, and the backward‐difference scheme used in the temporal discretization. For the forward‐difference scheme, no minimum time step exists as far as the accuracy is concerned. In the accuracy analysis, no specific initial and boundary conditions are invoked so that such established criteria can be applied to the parabolic PDEs subject to any initial and boundary conditions. These minimum time step criteria are verified in a series of numerical experiments for a one‐dimensional transient field problem with a known analytical solution. The minimum time step criteria developed in this study are useful for choosing appropriate time steps in numerical simulations of practical engineering problems. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2006
Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection: An uncommon cause of post‐renal obstruction following induction therapy for acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Burghardt Karolina M. , Leonard Michael , Feber Janusz , Halton Jacqueline , Filler Guido 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA 14‐month‐old infant presented with gastroenteritis with febrile pancytopenia and was diagnosed with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Ten days post induction therapy, the patient developed hypertension that was ascribed to steroid therapy and treated with metoprolol and amlodipine. As leukocyte numbers began to recover the asymptomatic patient became anuric. Ultrasound showed echoic floating structures in the bladder. Following cystoscopy and retrograde pyelography examination, purulent debris was irrigated from the bladder and grew Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ciprofloxacin therapy was initiated and renal function was restored within 2 days. The case highlights the potential for renal obstruction after neutropenia recovery in children undergoing induction therapy for ALL. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2006, 46:512–513. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histologic survey of neuroblastomas after intensive induction chemotherapy
Authors: Tsuchida Yoshiaki , Miyauchi Jun , Kuroiwa Minoru , Suzuki Norio , Sakamoto Jun , Suzuki Makoto , Shitara Toshiji 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBackgroundHistology after intensive induction chemotherapy is expected to become a beacon indicating when and how extensively radical surgery and lymph node dissection should be performed in advanced neuroblastoma. A thorough histologic review of surgical specimens was undertaken.ProcedureAll specimens from 34 patients who were pretreated intensively (≥3 cycles) with recent chemotherapy were reviewed. Thirty patients were >12 months of age with stage 3/4 disease, and 4 were <12 months of age but with MYCN‐amplified stage 4 diseases. After 3 to 7 cycles (mean, 4.3 cycles) of induction chemotherapy, patients underwent radical surgery of the primary tumor and lymph nodes in all retroperitoneal sections. A single pathologist reviewed all of the specimens, and histologic chemotherapeutic effects were graded as: (+++), <1% viable tumor; (++), 1%–10% viable tumor; (+), 11%–50% viable tumor; (±), 51%–90% viable tumor; and (−), >91% viable tumor.ResultsGrade (+++) effects were observed in 56% of patients treated with the new regimens, whereas grade (+++) was seen in only 20% treated with regimens before 1991. Operation time and blood loss were 7 hr and 6 min (P = 0.087) and 646 ml (P = 0.064), respectively, in patients with >5 cycles (mean, 5.3 cycles) of chemotherapy, while they were 7 hr and 50 min and 1,168 ml, respectively, in those with approximately 3 cycles (mean, 3.2 cycles). Histologically, metastases were found in the contralateral nodes beyond the aorta in 92% of those whose tumor originated on the left, and in 80% of those with tumors occurring on the right.ConclusionsFive cycles of induction chemotherapy did not improve histologic chemotherapeutic effects, but helped to facilitate a shorter operation time and less blood loss than 3 cycles of chemotherapy. Surgery after 5 cycles of 98A3 also appears to be easier to perform than that after 3 cycles of A1/new A1. Only 14% of the children treated before 1985 with the St. Jude protocols experienced grade (+++) chemotherapeutic effects, and 22% of the patients treated before 1991 with regimen A1, or new A1 of the Study Group of Japan showed grade (+++) effects, whereas 56% of the patients treated after 1991 with either regimen A3 or 98A3 exhibited grade (+++) chemotherapeutic effects. Histologic chemotherapeutic effects were roughly parallel with a good prognosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chronic granulomatous disease presenting with disseminated intracranial aspergillosis
Authors: Alsultan Abdul , Williams Marc S. , Lubner Sam , Goldman Frederick D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe describe an 8‐year‐old boy who presented with multiple unresectable aspergillus brain abscesses as the initial presentation of X‐linked chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). He failed initial therapy with amphotericin B, but was subsequently salvaged with voriconazole. CGD should be considered in the differential diagnosis for all children presenting with invasive fungal infections, particularly, those involving the central nervous system (CNS). Whereas, optimal pharmacologic therapy is still unknown for CNS aspergillosis, voriconazole may have an advantage due to its ability to cross the blood brain barrier and excellent oral absorption and bioavailability. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and characterization of poly(fluorene)‐based copolymers containing various 1,3,4‐oxadiazole pendants
Authors: Sung Hsiao‐Hsien , Lin Hong‐Cheu 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA series of soluble alternating poly(fluorene)‐based copolymers containing electron‐transporting 1,3,4‐oxadiazole (OXD) and hole‐transporting carbazole pendants attached to the C‐9 position of fluorene units by long alkyl spacers were synthesized. These copolymers possess mesogenic and nonmesogenic pendants attached to a rigid mesogenic poly(fluorene) (PF) backbone. All these polymers exhibit glass‐forming liquid crystalline properties, including the nematic and smectic A (SmA) phases, and reveal much wider mesophasic temperature ranges than that of PF. The thermal properties and mesomorphism of these conjugated polymers are mainly affected by the nature of these pendants, and thus the mesophasic temperature ranges and glass‐forming properties are greatly enhanced by introducing the OXD pendants. In addition, the tendencies of crystallization and aggregation of PF are also suppressed by introducing the OXD pendants. A single layer device with P4 as an emitter shows a turn‐on voltage of 5 V and a bright luminescence of 2694 cd/m2 at 11 V with a power efficiency of 1.28 cd/A at 100 mA/cm2. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 2700–2711, 2005
From thermoplastic elastomers to designed biomaterials
Authors: Kennedy Joseph P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis highlight is about my metamorphosis from a cationic polymerization chemist to a biomaterialist (no pun intended) and some of the main events on the road. My earlier career faded away with the discovery of living cationic polymerizations, chronicled in my 1999 highlight, but it also put me on the road to designed biomaterials. My new career started with, and still focuses on, the creation of new polymeric architectures, mainly by cationic techniques, for toughened bone cements, injectable intervertebral discs, nonclogging artificial blood vessels, and amphiphilic networks for controlled drug delivery and immunoisolatory membranes. The enormous complexities of immunoisolation of pancreatic islets are now center stage, and lately we have been using all kinds of techniques to make unique membranes to correct type 1 diabetes. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 2951–2963, 2005