bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Hymns of the Exodus
Authors: Dozeman Thomas B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The liturgy of the exodus is not limited to narrative. Two voices emerge in Exodus 15 in celebration of the event. Moses and the Israelites sing a hymn in Exod 15: 1-18, and it is followed by Miriam and all the women singing a hymn in Exod 15:21. The two hymns celebrate the same event, yet they provide very different interpretations of salvation. Moses interprets the exodus as an event of salvation history that will lead to Israel’s future con quest of the land.
“As Canadian As Possible Under The Circumstances” Reflections on the Study of Protestantism in North America
Authors: Airhart Phyllis D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
January 28, 1980, is a memorable date in both American and Canadian history. Since November 1979, North Americans had been following with trepidation the siege of the U.S. embassy in Tehran. But on that day we were offered a momentary respite from our fears for the safety of the hostages. Six American had found their way to the Canadian embassy where they had been, as one reporter described it, smuggled out of Iran “disguised as Canadians.” Canada is a country that has acquired a welldeserved reputation for almost obsessive preoccupation with its “identity,” and this incident thus occasioned some reflection. How exactly would one disguise a person as a Canadian?
Jewish Intellectuals And The De-Christianization Of American Public Culture In The Twentieth Century
Authors: Hollinger David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Any Large Number Of free-thinking Jews” is “undesirable” if one wants to maintain or develop a society in which a Christian tradition can flourish, said T. S. Eliot in 1934. He was right. At least he was right if the standard for a flourishing Christian tradition is the one Eliot took for granted. This conception of an ideal, racially and religiously homogeneous society Eliot illustrated with his ancestral New England and with the Virginia whose self-image he flattered by respectfully invoking, in the presence of his Charlottesville audience, the agrarian manifesto I’ll Take My Stand. It was an inauspicious time for a sophisticated and internationally minded intellectual to send off to the press a suggestion that there might be any context at all in which Jews should be declared undesirable; a full year had passed since Hitler had begun his notorious purge of Jews from German universities. Amid the dismay now routinely registered about Eliot’s anti-Semitism, we risk losing touch with two insights embedded in this, his most lamented public utterance. Eliot was right to suggest that community building and maintenance involves at least some drawing of social boundaries.
Later Stages Of The Recovery Of American Religious History
Authors: Loveland Anne C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Title Of This essay refers to Henry May’s now-famous essay, “The Recovery of American Religious History,” first published in 1964, in which he points to a combination of historical and historiographical developments that promoted the “recovery” of American religious history. According to May, the turn to neo-orthodoxy in the 1930s and 40s, followed by the religious revival of the post-World War II period generated interest in religion on the part of intellectuals and academics. Those developments, along with changes in the field of American literature, intellectual history, and sociology and social theory, produced the generation of historians now regarded as the founders of modern American religious history-Perry Miller, Sidney Mead, Timothy Smith, Sydney Ahlstrom, and Edwin Gaust d.
Knowledge, Feelings, and Attitudes of German University Students toward the Holocaust
Authors: Brusten Manfred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Immediately after German unification, social scientists had a historic chance to conduct “binational” comparative research on the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and the German Democratic Republic (GDR). Until then the states had been two separate, independent political entities with different and partially antagonistic political and economic structures. Social science got the chance not only to study the peaceful process of unification, transformation, and integration of two societies but also to conduct research that had not been possible for decades because of the tense and hostile political atmosphere between West and East. Thus, for instance, it suddenly became possible to do comparative research within these two societies on the effects of the very distinct process of political socialization and its impact on knowledge, emotions, and attitudes. The question was: What are the most striking typical differences in knowledge, emotions, and attitudes of young West Germans and East Germans as a result of the two antagonistic socio­political systems? My own research about East and West German students’ knowledge and attitudes concerning the Third Reich and the Holocaust conducted in 1992 is unique in that respect.1 It concentrated on two fields:2 (I) the investigation of differences and similarities in knowledge, emotions, and attitudes related to the Holocaust among students in West and East Germany; 3 (2) the exploration of the political background of knowledge, emotions, and attitudes related to the Holocaust.
The Category Religion in Recent Scholarship
Authors: Mccutcheon Russell T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The implicit questions posed throughout this critique are relatively simple ones: what counts as religion? who gets to decide? what theoretical commitments are entailed in such decisions? and, most important, what are the material implications of our categorial choices? As suggested throughout chapters 1 through 4, and argued in detail in chapter 6, there is much more than purely intellectual, even social and institutional, issues at stake in the long-standing debate over whether religion is sociopolitically autonomous or simply a scholarly, analytical category useful in studying one aspect of what are otherwise complex human, historical practices. Although one could describe portions of this effort as constituting an analysis of definitions of religion, it is much more than this. By examining how our scholarly categories, methods, and theories together construct and legitimize sociopolitically relevant discourses, my analysis goes well beyond seemingly innocent debates about definition of religion.
The Second Job
Authors: Nesbitt Paula D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since entry placements are considered to be a training experience, the second placement becomes a more useful predictor of the direction that clergy careers will take. Despite whether a placement is chosen from a range of opportunities or represents the only option when a job change becomes necessary, taken together the first two placements often set forth a pattern of job tracking that shapes much of the clergy career life course.
Melting and Marrying
Authors: Handelman Don , Shulman David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
But Siva remained disconsolate. At length, he gave himself to the heated inner mode of Yogic meditation, in the highest mountains; he was desperately seeking the deepest self. But SatI was reborn as ParvatI, the daughter of Himalaya; and already as a young girl, she knew she wanted Siva for her husband. Her father, the Mountain, sent her to serve the god in his meditation. Later, when she had grown to puberty, ParvatI asked, and received, her father’s permission to devote herself to tapas focused on the great deity she was determined to marry. The demon Taraka threatened the stability of the cosmos, and the gods knew that only a son born from Siva could lead their army against him. But Siva was lost in his inner world, utterly uninterested in any woman, hence unlikely to produce a son. Indra, king of the gods, decided to send Manmatha-Desire itself-on asuicide mission: he was to shoot his arrows of flowers at the meditating Siva and thus make him fall in love.
Manmatha proceeded to the mountain where Siva was performing his Yoga; Spring, with its intoxicating breezes, accompanied him in his approach. He found the god absorbed in meditation, on the point of finding the self he was seeking. Now Manmatha drew his bow and shot an arrow that struck Siva in the heart. The god, disturbed, no longer whole, opened his eyes and saw Desire; in terrible anger, Siva burned Manmatha to death with the fire of his third eye.
But Siva also saw something else in this moment of destruction-the radiant ParvatI, sitting not far away, on the Mountain, her inner being concentrated in love for Siva. He wanted her-Manmatha, in dying, had achieved his mission- and he came at once to test her love, disguising himself as an old Brahmin. In this form, Siva excoriated Siva, that ugly, naked beggar who makes his home in the burning ground, who smears his body with ashes taken from burned corpses; how could a beautiful young woman choose someone like that for her husband? But ParvatI insisted she would marry no one other than Siva, and turned away from the beggar. At that moment, Siva revealed himself to her in his true form, which is subject to passion; and he promised to fulfill her longing. With her father Himalaya’s consent, ParvatI was married to the great god; and the newlyweds gave themselves over to games of love for a thousand years.
The Death of a Parent: Dealing with Bad News-My World Is Turned Upside Down
Authors: Silverman Phyllis Rolfe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How do you tell children their father died? When they went to sleep, everything was fine. I woke them up and told them Daddy didn’t feel good. I asked a neighbor to stay with them, and I took my husband to the hospital. He was dead before I knew what happened. Before he got sick, we had a good life. He worked, he made a good living. I was home with the children and was beginning to think about doing something now that they were all in school. It is hard to believe that everything looked so comfortable. We played, we laughed. We couldn’t have anticipated the changes that were just around the corner for us.
Finding Help: Services for the Bereaved
Authors: Silverman Phyllis Rolfe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Part of the dilemma many bereaved families face is finding help outside their families and existing support networks. It is not always easy to make a match between the families’ needs and available services. Often services do not exist in their area, so the bereaved themselves, or those close to them, take the initiative to create programs in their communities. This chapter describes existing services that can serve as models for the bereaved and others working with them who wish either to locate or develop such programs in their communities. These are services or approaches to helping that I believe are capable of helping the bereaved cope and adapt. (See Appendix 1 for how to contact organizations described in this chapter.) To these descriptions, I have added comments about how the services facilitate learning and details from my own experience in developing programs.
The Rise and Rise of the Silicon Chip
Authors: Turton Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Legend tells of a chess-playing king called Purushottama who was so confident of his ability at the game that he challenged all comers. Finally he was defeated by the wise Pandit. On being asked to name his reward, the Pandit asked only to be given one grain of rice for the first square of the chess board, two for the second, four for the third, and so on. Foolishly the king agreed to this seemingly trivial request. Anyone who has ever tried to calculate the numbers corresponding to the other squares will appreciate how the repeated doubling rapidly produces huge numbers: the number of grains of rice for the sixty-fourth square is a nineteen-digit number, far in excess of the total number of grains of rice in the world.
The phenomenal rise of the integrated circuit, better known as the silicon chip, is due to a similar exponential increase. The origins of the integrated circuit can be traced back to 1959. Developments in this year by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation laid the foundations for what was to follow. Two years later a circuit comprising four transistors was successfully fabricated on a single piece of silicon, and over the next few years increasingly complex circuits were produced. In 1964 Gordon Moore, also at Fairchild, examined this trend and predicted that the number of transistors on a chip would continue to double every year. This now famous prediction has come to be known as Moore’s law.
To Conduct or Not to Conduct and Where Semiconductors Fit In
Authors: Turton Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The vast majority of microelectronic devices are fabricated from silicon. In the very early years germanium was sometimes used, while in more recent times there has been an increase in the use of gallium arsenide and various other compounds for specialized purposes. The property that all of these materials have in common is that they are semiconductors. So what exactly is a semiconductor?
Let us begin by determining whether or not a given material conducts electricity. We can easily carry out such an experiment with a battery and a light bulb, using a sample of the material as part of the circuit, as in Figure 2.1. If the material conducts electricity the bulb will light, whereas if it does not conduct the bulb fails to light. On the whole we find that metals are conductors of electricity, whereas virtually all non-metals are not.
A Logical Decision Using the Transistor as an Electronic Switch
Authors: Turton Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea of creating a machine which can automatically perform mathematical calculations has been around for much longer than most people imagine. The earliest attempts to build a calculating machine are usually credited to Blaise Pascal and date from the mid-seventeenth century. These machines were very limited in their abilities, being capable only of addition and subtraction (the latter being performed after making a small adjustment to the internal workings). Although the first examples were rather unreliable, many improved versions appeared throughout the following two hundred years. Some of these later models were also capable of performing multiplication and division using a special gear wheel designed by Gottfried Leibniz.
The next major advance came in the 1830s. The English mathematician and inventor Charles Babbage had far more ambitious ideas. He proposed a programmable machine, called the Analytical Engine, which would be controlled by punched cards. (Similar cards were already in use to determine the patterns produced by automated Jacquard looms.) Although Babbage never succeeded in building a working model, the Analytical Engine is generally considered to be the original antecedent of the general-purpose digital computer. Indeed, many of the concepts which he proposed, such as the idea of a stored program, were actually redeveloped a hundred years later by researchers who were unaware of Babbage’s earlier work.
Negative Resistance and the Quantum Transistor
Authors: Turton Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the previous two chapters we have seen how quantum physics affects the behaviour of electrons confined to very small regions in one or more dimensions. In the process we have considered several optical applications of these effects. However, the initial reason why we were led to consider such small length scales was in the pursuit of ever faster transistors. Is it possible to produce transistors which exploit these quantum effects? If it is, then we can be sure that the principle of operation is likely to be very different from that of conventional transistors.
Let us return to the system of two quantum wells which we considered at the beginning of the previous chapter, and assume that all of the electrons start off in one of the wells. Initially the electrons tunnel from the full well to the empty one, and so a current flows. However, after a short time the concentration of electrons in the two wells becomes equal, and the current ceases. (We should note that the electrons continue to tunnel between the two wells, but since there are equal numbers tunnelling in each direction, the net current is zero.) This is not a very promising basis for a transistor. To build such a device we must be able to control the flow of electrons. How do we achieve this?
Temples of Justice: The Iconography of Judgment and American Culture
Authors: Kammen Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nineteenth-century Americans tended to be tardy in their commemorative observances, and the centennial of the Judiciary Act of 1789 turned out to be no exception.* In September 1889, a
committee formed by the New York City Bar Association finally got aroundto discussing a celebration planned for February 2, 1890. All the nation‘s federal judges as well as New York State‘s appellate judges were invited to attend. Better late than never. Then, on December 7, 1889, the Judiciary Centennial Committee met at the Federal Building in New York City to adopt a plan that had been submitted for festivities honoring the hundredth anniversary of the first sitting of the Supreme Court of the United States. It would take place on February 4, 1890, at the Metropolitan Opera House in Manhattan. Former president Grover Cleveland consented to preside over ceremonies attended by the entire Supreme Court. Following remarks by the chief justice, President Benjamin Harrison would give an address.
Therapeutic Protest
Authors: Tucker James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although it may appear that social control is always downward or lateral, it is also directed up the organizational hierarchy. Inferiority can limit options, but people nonetheless define and respond to deviant conduct by their superiors in various ways (Baumgartner, 1984). Employees may, for example, complain to coworkers, steal and destroy company property, file lawsuits, go on strike, or resign. People in the therapeutic corporation, by contrast, normally help superiors overcome their alleged problems rather than punish them for behaving improperly. Yet therapy from below is more restrained and private than when initiated from above or by peers.
African American Jews: Dispelling Myths, Bridging the Divide
Authors: Wolfson Bernard J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On The Second weekend of November in 1995, Rabbi Capers Funnye hosted a momentous meeting at his synagogue on Chicago’s south side. He and a small group of other black Jews from around the country gathered there for a twoday conference to launch a new national organization. Funnye had met many of his visitors two years earlier at a symposium on black Jews sponsored by the California African-American Museum in Los Angeles.1 They had remained in close contact since then, frequently lamenting their shared sense of isolation-but also contemplating their tremendous possibilities-in a society where hostility between blacks and Jews was widely viewed as the natural state of affairs. This weekend was the culmination of their ongoing conversations. The main idea was simply to have a kind of national coming out-a “Black Jews’ debutante ball;’ as Funnye put it-to tell the world that being black and being Jewish were not mutually exclusive.2 Funnye and his guests hoped to establish a permanent forum in which black Jews could simply find each other, share their experiences, and begin to foster a sense of common identity. The mere existence of such a group, they believed, would defy the prevailing notion that Jews were all white people of European descent. It would also challenge the conventional wisdom that blacks and Jews were mutually antagonistic, for that perception, while certainly not without some grains of truth, was based on the erroneous assumption that the two groups were entirely separate.
Another Exodus: The Hebrew Israelites from Chicago to Dimona
Authors: Michaeli Ethan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From Their Birthplace in the ghettos of Chicago’s South Side to their current home in the modern state of Israel, the Hebrew Israelites have been propelled by a powerful combination of religious and racial identity. In this essay I will examine recent developments within the Hebrew Israelite community. My work is based on a series of interviews I conducted with Hebrew Israelite leaders in the United States and Israel (many while I was a reporter for the Chicago Defender), on my visit to the Dimona community in 1996, and on my attendance at a number of Hebrew Israelite events in Chicago over the course of the 1990s. Though limited to official sources, my research reveals that the Hebrew Israelites are currently experiencing a number of significant political and ideological shifts, including a better relationship with the Israeli government and a more inclusive attitude toward Jews.
The Nubian Islaamic Hebrews, Ansaaru Allah Community: Jewish Teachings of an African American Muslim Community
Authors: O’Connor Kathleen Malone 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Nubian Islaamic Hebrews (NIH), also known as the Ansaaru Allah (Ansarullah) Community and currently as the Holy Tabernacle Ministries (HTM), is one of a number of African American Muslim movements that have generated new and indigenous forms of Islam in America. This community can best be understood within the black prophetic, millennial, and messianic traditions of the Moorish Science Temple (begun in 1915), the Nation oflslam (arising in the 1930s), and the Five Percent Nation of Gods and Earths (a youth group branching off from the Nation oflslam in the late 1960s). The NIH also parallels the black nationalist and civil rights movements and contributes strongly to the current trend of Afrocentrism in African American social and cultural discourse.I These communities remain relatively unknown in the study of contemporary African American religion and are unacknowledged contributors to the spectrum of religious identity in the larger pluralistic environment of American society. Even the Nation of Islam, which has received perhaps the greatest scholarly and popular attention, has been seen primarily as a sociopolitical movement, with its full religious dimensions and connections to the larger Judaic-Christian-Islamic tradition2 still inadequately explored.
The Revisionary Hermeneutics of Deuteronomy
Authors: Levinson Bernard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The authors of Deuteronomy radically transformed the religion and society of ancient Judah. The innovation of cultic centralization profoundly changed sacrificial procedure, the festival calendar, judicial procedure, and public administration, including the monarchy. The new vision was as much political as it was religious. It led to a massive reallocation of power and authority, both centrally and locally. At one end of the social spectrum, power relations in the central sphere were reorganized, as the Temple became the exclusive site for cultic activity and consequently usurped even the role of the monarch as the final arbiter of problematic legal cases. At the other end of the spectrum, the authors of Deuteronomy also completely restructured the local sphere. They disrupted the conventional structures of clan piety, based around the local sanctuaries, which they abolished.