bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prostate specific antigen progression after radical prostatectomy in African‐American men versus White men
Authors: Banerjee Mousumi , Powell Isaac J. , George Julie , Biswas Debjit , Bianco Fernando , Severson Richard K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDIt is well established that African‐American men (AAM) have a worse mortality from prostate carcinoma (PC) than White men (WM). Outcome data for men treated with radical prostatectomy for clinically localized PC demonstrate more advanced tumors and higher biochemical recurrence rates among AAM compared with WM. The objective of the current study was to characterize the pattern of prostate specific antigen (PSA) progression by race in patients experiencing disease recurrence after undergoing radical prostatectomy. Racial differences in the pattern of rising PSA would warrant different intervention strategies for reducing the disproportionality in survival outcomes between the two racial groups.METHODSBetween 1991–1996, 1080 consecutive men underwent radical prostatectomy for clinically localized PC at Wayne State University‐affiliated Harper Hospital. Two hundred forty‐one patients developed a biochemical recurrence on or before January, 1, 1999. The median follow‐up was 39 months. Longitudinal PSA profiles of 77 men who met the study inclusion criteria were analyzed. Average relative velocities of PSA were compared between AAM and WM. Linear mixed effects regression was used to test the hypothesis that, after adjusting for age, preoperative PSA, stage and grade of disease, PSA levels increase at a faster rate in AAM compared with WM.RESULTSThe mean average relative velocity for AAM and WM experiencing a disease recurrence was 0.25 ng/mL and 0.11 ng/mL per month, respectively (P = 0.21). The relative rate of PSA increase in patients who developed a disease recurrence after radical prostatectomy was 18.9% per month for AAM and 16.3% per month for WM (P = 0.73).CONCLUSIONSAAM and WM appear to have similar rates of PSA progression after undergoing radical prostatectomy. Cancer 2002;94:2577–83. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10535
Prostate carcinoma with testicular or penile metastases
Authors: Tu Shi‐Ming , Reyes Adriana , Maa April , Bhowmick Deb , Pisters Louis L. , Pettaway Curtis A. , Lin Sue‐Hwa , Troncoso Patricia , Logothetis Christopher J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDDespite the proximity, prostate carcinoma seldom metastasizes to the penis or testis.METHODSIn the current study, the authors retrospectively examined the clinical history of 12 patients with prostate carcinoma and testicular or penile metastases. Pathologic review and immunohistochemical staining were performed on tumors from eight of these patients.RESULTSPatients with prostate carcinoma and testicular or penile metastasis responded to androgen ablative therapy (median duration, 33 months). They were predisposed to developing persistent or recurrent urinary symptoms and visceral metastases. Six of 9 evaluable patients had elevated serum carcinoembryonic antigen levels (> 6 ng/mL), whereas 2 of 10 patients had low or undetectable serum prostate specific antigen levels (< 4 ng/mL). In seven of the eight patients for whom specimens were available, the tumors were found to contain histologic features that were compatible with a diagnosis of ductal or endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the prostate.CONCLUSIONSPatients with prostate carcinoma and testicular or penile metastases have unique clinical and pathologic characteristics. Many of these patients' tumors are compatible with a subtype of prostate carcinoma known as ductal adenocarcinoma. Further studies need to be performed to elucidate the biologic basis of the various histologic subtypes of prostate carcinoma. Cancer 2002;94:2610–7. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10546
Cisplatin, tegafur, and leucovorin
Authors: Wang Hung‐Ming , Wang Cheng‐Su , Chen Jen‐Shi , Chen I‐How , Liao Chun‐Ta , Chang Tung‐Chieh Joseph 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDTo evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of cisplatin, tegafur, and leucovorin as neoadjuvant chemotherapy (CT) for patients with advanced, nonmetastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN).METHODSPatients with SCCHN according to World Health Organization (WHO) performance status of 2 or less and adequate organ function were enrolled. The CT regimen (PTL) was 50 mg/m2 cisplatin (P) on Day 1, 800 mg per day oral tegafur (T), and 60 mg per day oral leucovorin (L) for 14 days. The CT was administered at outpatient clinics for 14‐day cycles. PTL was initiated with the intent of organ preservation and it was continued for a maximum of six cycles before locoregional therapy. Reevaluation after three cycles led to the termination of CT when the response was less than a partial response. CT was discontinued immediately upon evidence of tumor progression or excessive toxicity.RESULTSFrom March 1996 through July 1999, 97 patients were enrolled consecutively. All participants were men with a median age of 56 years (range, 37–70 years). The primary tumor sites were the tongue base, 14, and the hypopharynx, 83. Sixteen percent of the tumors were Stage III, 84% were Stage IV, 62% were Stage T4, and 44% were Stage N2‐3. The median number of CT cycles was six. On an intent‐to‐treat basis, 26 patients (27%) achieved complete responses and 32 patients (33%) achieved partial responses. The overall response rate was 60% (95% confidence interval, 50–70%). The most common toxicities of WHO Grade 3 or higher included (percent of patients): anemia, 8.3%; stomatitis, 6.3%; thrombocytopenia, 3.1%; and vomiting, 3.1%. With a median follow‐up period of 3 years, the overall survival and disease‐free survival rates were 40% and 38%, respectively. Organ preservation was achieved in 70% (29 of 37) of the surviving patients.CONCLUSIONThe outpatient PTL regimen was a moderately effective and minimally toxic CT for SCCHN. PTL should be studied further in combination with other active agents or radiotherapy for patients with SCCHN. Cancer 2002;94:2989–95. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10570
Socioeconomic and demographic disparities in treatment for carcinomas of the colon and rectum
Authors: VanEenwyk Juliet , Campo Joseph S. , Ossiander Eric M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe current study examined the relationship between socioeconomic and demographic factors and type of treatment for carcinomas of the colon and rectum. The National Institutes of Health and the National Cancer Institute recommend surgery followed by adjuvant chemo‐ and/or radiotherapy for Stage III colon and Stages II and III rectal carcinomas.METHODSThe authors linked Washington State's cancer registry and hospital discharge records and U.S. census data to assess socioeconomic and demographic factors related to treatment, controlling for clinical factors.RESULTSCompared to colon carcinoma patients under age 65 years, patients aged 75–84 years and 85 years or older were at higher risk for a treatment plan of surgery without adjuvant therapy (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 2.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.3–4.7; OR = 14.1, CI = 6.3–31.4, respectively). Risk of no adjuvant therapy was more than doubled for patients in zip codes in the lowest quartile of per capita income compared to the top three quartiles (OR = 2.3, CI = 1.5–3.4) and for those with Medicare compared to private insurance (OR = 2.2, CI = 1.3–3.8). Older patients with rectal carcinoma were also at higher risk of a treatment plan that did not include adjuvant therapy.CONCLUSIONSThe current findings suggest disparities in the provision of recommended medical procedures related to socioeconomic and demographic factors. Cancer 2002;95:39–46. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10645
Distribution and development of dopamine‐ and octopamine‐synthesizing neurons in the medicinal leech
Authors: Crisp Kevin M. , Klukas Kathleen A. , Gilchrist Laura S. , Nartey Adelrita J. , Mesce Karen A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAlthough the medicinal leech is a well‐studied system in which many neurons and circuits have been identified with precision, descriptions of the distributions of some of the major biogenic amines, such as dopamine (DA) and octopamine (OA), have yet to be completed. In the European medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis and the American medicinal leech Macrobdella decora,we have presented the first immunohistochemical study of DA neurons in the entire central nervous system, and of OA‐immunoreactive (ir) neurons in the head and tail brains. Dopaminergic neurons were identified using the glyoxylic acid method and antisera to DA and its rate‐limiting synthetic enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Octopaminergic neurons were recognized using a highly specific antiserum raised against OA. An antibody raised against DA‐β‐hydroxylase (DβH), the mammalian enzyme that converts DA to norepinephrine (NE), was found to immunostain OA‐ir neurons. This antibody appears to cross‐react with the closely related invertebrate enzyme tyramine‐β‐hydroxylase, which converts tyramine to OA, suggesting that the OA‐ir cells are indeed octopaminergic, capable of synthesizing OA. Because the DβH antiserum selectively immunostained the OA‐ir neurons, but not the DA‐synthesizing cells, our results also indicate that the DA‐ir neurons synthesize DA and not NE as their end product. The expression of TH immunoreactivity was found to emerge relatively early in development, on embryonic day 9 (47–48% of development). In contrast, OA expression remained absent as late as embryonic day 20. Higher order processes of some of the dopaminergic and octopaminergic neurons in the adult brain were observed to project to a region previously described as a neurohemal complex. Several TH‐ir processes were also seen in the stomatogastric nerve ring, suggesting that DA may play a role in the regulation of biting behavior. By mapping the distributions and developmental expression pattern of DA and OA neurons in the leech, we aim to gain a better understanding of the functional roles of aminergic neurons and how they influence behavior.J. Comp. Neurol. 442:115–129, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Projections of the sexually dimorphic calcitonin gene‐related peptide neurons of the preoptic area determined by retrograde tracing in the female rat
Authors: Spratt David P. , Herbison Allan E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe medial preoptic area of the rat exhibits morphologic sex differences and is implicated in the control of sexually dimorphic behavior and function. Neurons expressing calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) within the anteroventral periventricular (AVPV) and medial preoptic nucleus (MPN) of the medial preoptic area exhibit female‐dominant sex differences in number through organizational and activational effects of gonadal steroids. The present study used retrograde tracing experiments to establish the projections of the AVPV and MPN CGRP neurons in the female rat. After the intraperitoneal administration of Fluoro‐Gold to female rats (n = 5), we were unable to detect retrograde tracer in any CGRP‐immunoreactive cells of the hypothalamus. Intracerebral injections of 50‐ to 100‐nl volumes of Fluoro‐Gold into the mediobasal hypothalamus resulted in up to 70% of CGRP neurons in the AVPV and MPN containing retrograde tracer. Similar large volume tracer depositions in the lateral septum, periaqueductal gray, two likely CGRP projection sites, resulted in no labeling of preoptic CGRP neurons. Experiments using small volume (30‐nl) injections of Fluoro‐Gold and green fluorescent microspheres at multiple sites in the mediobasal hypothalamus (n = 18) revealed that approximately 60% of AVPV and 30% of MPN neurons expressing CGRP were projecting to the region of the tuberal and ventral premammillary nuclei, with a minor projection to the dorsomedial nucleus. These findings demonstrate a major projection of the preoptic CGRP neurons to the posterior hypothalamus in the female rat and support further a functional role for these neurons in the sexually dimorphic regulation of reproductive functioning. J. Comp. Neurol. 445:336–346, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polysialic acid and the formation of oculomotor synapses on chick ciliary neurons
Authors: Brusés Juan L. , Chauvet Norbert , Rubio Maria E. , Rutishauser Urs 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe polysialic acid (PSA) moiety of the neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) participates in a variety of developmental processes, including axonal guidance and cell migration. PSA's function in these contexts stems from its ability to reduce cell interactions. The present study examines the regulation of PSA expression during formation of the calyciform synapse by the oculomotor axons on chick ciliary neurons. Prior to synaptogenesis, PSA is abundantly and uniformly expressed on the surface of the ciliary neuron body. However, at the time synaptic bonds start to form, as reflected in the localized accumulation of synaptic vesicles, PSA is lost from the point of synaptic contact. Thereafter, PSA is progressively lost from the ciliary neuron surface as the calyx grows. The dense mats of pseudodendritic‐like somatic spines, which extend from the postsynaptic cell body, form an exception. These spines, which are known to undergo morphological remodeling, retain PSA expression until the end of embryogenesis. The experimental removal of PSA did not affect synaptogenesis itself, in that no significant changes were observed in the surface covered by the calyx, the number of spine aggregates, the size of acetylcholine receptor clusters, the cell surface area covered by these receptors, or the ultrastructure of the calyx, spine mats, and active zones. Together, these observations suggest that the synapse eliminates PSA as a part of its normal development and that the loss of PSA from the site of axon‐target interaction may serve to stabilize structures formed during synaptogenesis. J. Comp. Neurol. 446:244–256, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Uncrossed and crossed projections from the upper cervical spinal cord to the cerebellar nuclei in the rat, studied by anterograde axonal tracing
Authors: Matsushita Matsuo , Xiong Guoxiang 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the upper cervical spinal segments, neurons in the medial part of lamina VI give rise to uncrossed spinocerebellar axons, whereas the central cervical nucleus (CCN) and neurons in laminae VII and VIII give rise to crossed spinocerebellar axons. Using anterograde labeling with biotinylated dextran in the rat, we examined the projections of these neuronal groups to the cerebellar nuclei. Uncrossed and crossed projections were distinguished by cerebellar lesions placed on the side contralateral or ipsilateral to the tracer injections confined to the second and third cervical spinal segments (C2 and C3, respectively). Labeled terminals of uncrossed projections were seen in the middle, dorsal, and ventrolateral parts of the middle subdivision and in the ventral part of the caudomedial subdivision of the medial nucleus. In the anterior interpositus nucleus, terminals were seen in the middle of the mediolateral extent, whereas, in the posterior interpositus nucleus, they were seen in lateral and caudal parts. The terminals of crossed projections from the CCN were distributed ventrally in medial to ventrolateral parts of the middle subdivision of the medial nucleus. Some terminals were seen in the caudomedial subdivision of the medial nucleus. In the anterior interpositus nucleus, labeled terminals were seen mainly in rostromedial parts, whereas, in the posterior interpositus nucleus, they were seen in caudal and dorsal parts of the medial half. The present study suggests that the medial lamina VI group and the CCN in the upper cervical segments project to the different areas of the cerebellar nuclei and are concerned with different functions. J. Comp. Neurol. 432:101–118, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Embryonic development of the nervous system of the temnocephalid flatworm Craspedella pedum
Authors: Younossi‐Hartenstein Amelia , Jones Malcolm , Hartenstein Volker 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe nervous system of temnocephalid flatworms consists of the brain and three pairs of longitudinal connectives extending into the trunk and tail. The connectives are crosslinked by an invariant number of regularly spaced commissures. Branches of the connectives innervate the tentacles of the head and the sucker organ in the tail. A set of nerve rings encircling the pharynx and connected to the brain and connectives constitute the pharyngeal nervous system. The nervous system is formed during early embryogenesis when the embryo represents a multilayered mesenchymal mass of cells. Gastrulation and the formation of separate epithelial germ layers that characterize most other animal groups are absent. The brain arises as a bilaterally symmetric condensation of postmitotic cells in the deep layers of the anterior region of the embryonic mesenchyme. The pattern of axon outgrowth, visualized by labeling with anti‐acetylated tubulin (acTub) antibody, shows marked differences from the pattern observed in other flatworm taxa in regard to the number of neurons that express the acTub epitope. Acetylated tubulin is only expressed in neurons that form long axon tracts. In other flatworm species, such as the typhloplanoid Mesostoma and the polyclad Imogine, which were investigated by us with the acTub antibody (Hartenstein and Ehlers [2000] Dev. Genes Evol. 210:399–415; Younossi‐Hartenstein and Hartenstein [2000] Dev. Genes Evol. 210:383–398), only a small number of “pioneer neurons” become acTub positive during the embryonic period. By contrast, in temnocephalids, most, if not all, neurons express acTub and form long, large‐diameter axons. Initially, the brain commissure, pharyngeal nerve ring, and the connectives are laid down. Commissural tracts and tentacle nerves branching off the connectives appear later. We speculate that the precocious differentiation of the nervous system may be related to the fact that temnocephalids move by muscle action, and possess a massive and complex muscular system when they hatch. In addition, they have muscular specializations such as the anterior tentacles and the posterior sucker that are used as soon as they hatch. By contrast, juveniles of Mesostoma and larvae of polyclads move predominantly by ciliary action that may not require a complex neural circuitry for coordination. J. Comp. Neurol. 434:56–68, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Remodeling of motor terminals during metamorphosis of the moth Manduca sexta: Expression patterns of two distinct isoforms of Manduca fasciclin II
Authors: Knittel Laura M. , Copenhaver Philip F. , Kent Karla S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDuring metamorphosis of the moth Manduca sexta, the neuromuscular system of the thoracic legs is reorganized dramatically. Larval leg muscles degenerate at the end of larval life, and new adult leg muscles develop during the ensuing pupal stage. Larval leg motoneurons persist, but undergo substantial remodeling of central and peripheral processes. As part of our on‐going investigation of mechanisms underlying the remodeling of motor terminals, we have used antisera generated against Manduca‐specific isoforms of the homophilic adhesion molecule fasciclin II (MFas II) to label motor terminals during metamorphosis. Antisera generated against the glycosyl‐phosphatidylinositol (GPI) ‐linked isoform of MFas II (GPI‐MFas II) labeled the motor nerves at all stages and seemed to be associated with glial cells ensheathing the peripheral nerves. In addition, the anti–GPI‐MFas II antisera labeled regions associated with synaptic boutons at both larval and adult stages. In contrast, antisera generated against a transmembrane isoform of MFas II (TM‐MFas II) only labeled specific neuronal processes at discrete intervals during remodeling. Identified leg motoneurons (such as the femoral depressor motoneuron) expressed detectable levels of TM‐MFas II in their peripheral processes only during phases of motor‐terminal retraction and initial stages of motor‐terminal re‐growth. Putative modulatory neurons (such as the unpaired median neurons), however, expressed TM‐MFas II in their processes during larval stages as well as during remodeling. Use of the isoform‐specific anti‐MFas II antisera provided a novel method for visualizing remodeling of motor terminals during metamorphosis and helped distinguish different components of the motor nerves and neuromuscular junction. J. Comp. Neurol. 434:69–85, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Down‐regulation of trkA mRNA within nucleus basalis neurons in individuals with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Chu Yaping , Cochran Elizabeth J. , Bennett David A. , Mufson Elliott J. , Kordower Jeffrey H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecent studies indicate that trkA expression is reduced in end‐stage Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, understanding the neuropathologic correlates of early cognitive decline, as well as the changes that underlie the transition from nondemented mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to AD, are more critical neurobiological challenges. In these regards, the present study examined the expression of trkA mRNA in individuals diagnosed with MCI and AD from a cohort of people enrolled in a Religious Orders Study. Individuals with MCI and AD displayed significant reductions in trkA mRNA relative to aged‐matched controls, indicating that alterations in trkA gene expression occur early in the disease process. The magnitude of change was similar in MCI and AD cases, suggesting that further loss of trkA mRNA is not necessarily associated with the transition of individuals from nondemented MCI to AD. The loss of trkA mRNA was not associated with education, apolipoprotein E allele status, gender, Braak score, global cognitive score or Mini‐Mental Status Examination. In contrast, the loss of trkA mRNA in MCI and AD was significantly correlated with function on a variety of episodic memory tests. J. Comp. Neurol. 437:296–307, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Introduction of mesh resistance to opening in a triangular element for calculation of nets by the finite element method
Authors: Priour Daniel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNets made of thick and stiff twines are used in fishing industry. The meshes of these nets are resistant to opening. To be able to calculate the shape of such nets, a triangular element modelling of the net is modified to introduce the opening mesh stiffness. The basic hypothesis is that the twines remain straight, and that the opening stiffness is located in the knots connecting the twines. The forces exerted on the element due to the opening stiffness, are calculated using the principle of virtual work. The results of calculation are given. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical solutions of Stefan problem in annuli by enthalpy method and heat balance integral method
Authors: Caldwell J. , Chan C. C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA novel enthalpy formulation is applied to the Stefan problem in annuli and is compared with the heat balance integral method (HBIM). The methods are applied to inward and outward solidification in cylindrical geometry, and the results are combined to give numerical solutions in annuli. It is found that the enthalpy method gives comparable accuracy with the HBIM except for small Stefan number, and is more efficient and flexible. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Finite element versus finite volume schemes for Poisson‐type problems: the point of view of conditioning
Authors: Bitar L. , Vincent C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper compares finite element and finite volume schemes for some Poisson‐type problems. Special attention is devoted to the conditioning properties of the linear systems to be solved. For the benchmark which is considered, we show that the finite element scheme leads to the lowest condition numbers. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.