bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Safety, efficacy and determinants of effectiveness of antimalarial drugs during pregnancy: implications for prevention programmes in Plasmodium falciparum‐endemic sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Newman Robert D. , Parise Monica E. , Slutsker Laurence , Nahlen Bernard , Steketee Richard W. 
Published: June 2003

Summary Plasmodium falciparum malaria in pregnancy poses substantial risk to a pregnant woman and her neonate through anaemia and low birth weight (LBW), respectively, and is responsible for up to 35% of preventable LBW in malaria‐endemic areas. Chemoprophylaxis or intermittent preventive treatment (IPT) with an effective antimalarial can ameliorate the adverse effects of malaria during pregnancy. Current guidelines from the WHO recommend that women in highly malarious areas receive IPT with an effective antimalarial. Two central considerations in evaluating drugs for use during pregnancy are safety for the mother and her foetus and effectiveness, which is determined by efficacy, cost, availability, deliverability and acceptability of the drug. These factors may be scored and potential drugs or drug combinations ranked in order of potential effectiveness for use in prevention programmes. The seven most promising regimens are all IPT, primarily because they are more easily delivered and less expensive than chemoprophylaxis. Currently, IPT with sulphadoxine–pyrimethamine (SP) is more likely to have the best overall effectiveness in preventing adverse outcomes associated with malaria in pregnancy. Its low cost, wide availability, easy deliverability and acceptability make it the clear choice in countries where efficacy of the drug remains good. For countries where resistance to SP is rising or already high, amodiaquine (alone or in combination with SP or artesunate) artesunate + SP, chlorproguanil–dapsone (with and without artesunate) and artemether–lumefantrine require urgent evaluation for use in pregnancy.
Effects of propofol‐induced sedation on intradermal test reactions in dogs with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Graham Lynelle F. , Torres Sheila M. F. , Jessen Carl R. , Horne Kim L. , Hendrix Paula K. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractWe compared the effect of propofol and saline control on intradermal test reactions in dogs with atopic dermatitis undergoing outpatient intradermal testing (IDT). Nineteen dogs were used in this clinical study. Patients were randomly allocated to receive either intravenous (IV) propofol or IV 0.9% saline, and IDT was performed on the right or left (randomized) lateral thorax. One investigator, unaware of the treatments, interpreted all IDT results. Injection sites were analysed using a subjective and objective method. A value ofP ≤ 0.05 was considered significant. When all injection sites were subjectively analysed for reactions ≥ 1+ on all dogs, significantly more positive sites were apparent during propofol sedation than during saline administration. In addition, the greater number of individual dogs experiencing more positive reactions ≥ 1+ during propofol sedation was significant. When subjectively analysing reactions ≥ 2+, the greater number of positive reactions and the greater number of dogs with more positive reactions observed during propofol treatment was not significantly different from the saline control. When analysed objectively, the greater number of positive reactions observed during propofol sedation was not significant. A greater number of dogs had higher subjective scores and larger objective measurements during propofol sedation compared with saline administration. In summary, propofol sedation was associated with an overall greater number of positive IDT reactions compared with the saline control. Although not always significant, this difference should be considered when choosing propofol for skin testing dogs with atopic dermatitis.
Structural elucidation of polysaccharide part of glycoconjugate from Treponema medium ATCC 700293
Authors: Hashimoto Masahito , Asai Yasuyuki , Jinno Takayoshi , Adachi Seiji , Kusumoto Shoichi , Ogawa Tomohiko 
Published: June 2003

Glycoconjugates are distributed on the cell surfaces of some small‐sized treponemes and have been reported to be completely different from lipopolysaccharides. We separated a glycoconjugate fraction from Treponema medium ATCC 700293, a medium‐sized oral spirochete, to assess its immunobiological activities and elucidate the chemical structure of its polysaccharide part using phenol/water extraction, hydrophobic chromatography, and gel filtration. The glycoconjugate showed negligible or weak endotoxic and immunobiological properties. The chemical structure of the polysaccharide part was shown by two‐dimensional NMR and MALDI‐TOF‐MS to be a tetrasaccharide backbone with two amino acids:[→4)β‐d‐GlcpNAc3NAcA(1→4)β‐d‐ManpNAc3NAOrn(1→3)β‐d‐GlcpNAc(1→3)α‐D‐Fucp4NAsp(1→]where GlcNAc3NAcA is 2,3‐diacetamido‐2,3‐dideoxyglucuronic acid, ManNAc3NAOrn is Nδ‐(2‐acetamido‐3‐amino‐2,3‐dideoxymannuronyl)ornithine, and Fuc4NAsp is 4‐(α‐aspartyl)amino‐4,6‐dideoxygalactose.
Infection of Tomicus piniperda (Col., Scolytidae) with Canningia tomici sp. n. (Microsporidia, Unikaryonidae)
Authors: Kohlmayr B. , Weiser J. , Wegensteiner R. , Händel U. , Zizka Z. 
Published: June 2003

Abstract Canningia tomici sp. n. (Microsporidia, Unikaryonidae) infects the midgut epithelium, the gut muscules, Malpighian tubules, connective tissues, adipose tissues and the gonads of the pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (L.) (Coleoptera, Scolytidae). The infection is present in populations of Tomicus piniperda in Europe and in the United States. Uninucleate oval single spores occur in two sizes: 2.8 ± 0.4 × 1.4 ± 0.4 μm and 3.8 ± 0.3 × 2.0 ± 0.2 μm. The polar filament of this microsporidium is fixed subapically in a flat anchoring disc. The thick posterior lamellae of the binary polaroplast are asymmetric due to the lateral fixation of the polar filament.
Prey consumption during development as well as longevity and reproduction of Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten (Acari, Phytoseiidae) at higher temperatures in the laboratory
Authors: Sengonca C. , Khan I. A. , Blaeser P. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe predatory mite Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten (Acari, Phytoseiidae) has been reported as an important predator of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch) (Acari, Tetranychidae) in apple culture and vineyards at below 25 °C. However, sufficient biological data was lacking on its efficiency at temperatures above 25 °C. Therefore, the purpose of the present laboratory work was to obtain experimental data on prey consumption during development as well as longevity and reproduction of T. pyri on apple leaf discs and in Plexiglas cells at constant temperatures of 25 ± 2 °C and 30 ± 2 °C with P. ulmi as prey.The results showed that mean daily and total prey consumption by both the nymphs and adults of T. pyri decreased significantly on both the arenas as the temperature was increased from 25 °C to 30 °C, whereby adult prey consumption, both mean daily and total, was higher than that of nymphs. Prey consumption by both the nymphs and adults was significantly higher in the Plexiglas cells than on the leaf discs at both temperatures. Mean total prey consumption during nymphal development was 16.1 (♀♀) and 12.8 (♂♂) at 25 °C compared to 7.0 (♀♀) and 5.8 (♂♂) preys at 30 °C on the apple leaf discs and 46.0 (♀♀) and 38.5 (♂♂) at 25 °C compared to 25.2 (♀♀) and 20.3 (♂♂) preys at 30 °C in the Plexiglas cells. Mean duration of nymphal development was similar for the two sexes at the same temperature, but it was longer at 25 °C than at 30 °C. It was 6.0 and 4.0 days on the apple leaf discs while 7.0 and 6.0 days in the Plexiglas cells at 25 °C and 30 °C, respectively. Mean daily and total prey consumption by both male and female adults also decreased with the increasing temperature, whereby the females consumed more than double the mean total number of prey than the males on both the arenas of observation and at both temperatures: 355.4 versus 149.7 preys at 25 °C and 192.2 versus 85.6 preys at 30 °C on the leaf discs and 826.8 versus 374.5 preys at 25 °C and 488.9 versus 187.9 preys at 30 °C in the Plexiglas cells. Longevity of the females was longer than males on both arenas and at both temperatures and it was longer at 25 °C than at 30 °C. Mean total longevity on the apple leaf discs was 68.3 (♀♀) and 50.8 (♂♂) days at 25 °C compared to 52.5 (♀♀) and 36.8 (♂♂) days at 30 °C, while in the Plexiglas cells it was 91.0 (♀♀) and 65.8 (♂♂) days at 25 °C compared to 75.3 (♀♀) and 48.5 (♂♂) days at 30 °C. Reproduction in females also decreased significantly with increasing temperature. It decreased from 62.0 to 39.0 eggs/female on the leaf discs and 75.0 to 47.1 eggs/female in the Plexiglas cells. The females laid significantly higher numbers of eggs at both temperatures in the Plexiglas cells than on the leaf discs. Oviposition period in females was 30 days at 25 °C on both the arenas, while at 30 °C it was 26 days on the apple leaf discs and 27 days in the Plexiglas cells.
The impact of thiamethoxam on bumble bee broods (Bombus terrestris L.) following drip application in covered tomato crops
Authors: Sechser B. , Freuler J. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe side effects of the neonicotinyl compound thiamethoxam on the brood of bumble bees (Bombus terrestris L.) were investigated on tomatoes in plastic tunnels and glasshouses.Preceeding trials had revealed a strong contact and stomach activity of the compound by foliar application. A decisive improvement was obtained by replacing the foliar by drip irrigation of thiamethoxam at rates between 150 and 161 g ai/ha. The mortality figures of all bumble bee stages dropped to the level in the untreated control. No dead bumble bees were found in the thiamethoxam treated tunnels/glasshouses on the ground.Thiamethoxam could be rated as being harmless to bumble bees with a single application through the irrigation system. No spilling of this compound during the application should occur to avoid intoxication of adult bumble bees by oral uptake or contact contamination during the cleaning process. If multiple applications via the irrigation system or under any hydroponic growing conditions is considered, further sequential testing of this mode of use is recommended.
Patterns of bark beetle occurrence in Norway spruce stands of national parks in Tatra Mts. in Poland and Slovakia
Authors: Grodzki W. , Jakuš R. , Gazda M. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThis paper presents the results of a research project concerning bark beetle populations in Norway spruce stands managed under a nature protection regime in national parks in Tatra Mountains in Poland and Slovakia. The preliminary data on bark beetle occurrence and related selected stand characteristics are presented. The dynamics of a bark beetle outbreak that occurred from 1994–97 in the stands localized on both sides of the state border and in various nature protection regimes is analyzed retrospectively. The data concerning the tree/stand characteristics, i.e. DBH and increment of trees are discussed in relation to its potential role in the mechanism for the spread of bark beetle populations. The patterns of the spatial distribution of trees attacked during the research period (1999–2001) are described.
Virus vector aphid activity and seed potato tuber virus infection in Hungary
Authors: Basky Z. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractAn aphid and virus survey was conducted from 1993 and 1999 on the eastern lowlands in Hungary. Aphid flight was monitored with two yellow pan traps placed on the edge and in the middle of seed potato fields. From 1993 and 1997, aphid flight was monitored with a Rothamsted type suction trap. The aphid and virus survey was continued in four different regions of Hungary in 2000. Aphid flight activity recorded by the suction trap and the yellow pan traps was different. Cumulative vector intensity based on yellow pan trap catches revealed a greater variation between years than among the different locations. In 4 years out of 8, aphid flight was less intensive and quality seed potato was harvested regardless of the production site. Cumulative vector intensity is a good means to forecast the time of haulm destruction in seed potatoes.
Interactions amongst Mycorrhiza, Azotobacter chroococcum and Root Characteristics of Wheat Varieties
Authors: Behl R. K. , Sharma H. , Kumar V. , Narula N. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractA field experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with three replications over 2 years to evaluate the effect of wheat cultivar and dual inoculation of Azotobacter chroococcum (Azc) and arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF, Glomus fasciculatum) on root characters and AMF infection in three crosses of wheat. The experimental material comprised four wheat parents, WH‐147, WH‐157, WH‐542 and PBW‐175, and three F1 crosses, WH‐147 ×WH‐157, WH‐147 × WH‐542 and WH‐147 × PBW‐175. Comparison of treatment averages, i.e. control (mineral nutrients 60 kg N + 30 kg P2O5 + 12.5 kg ZnSO4 ha−1, as in other two treatments), AMF and AMF + Azc, revealed that inoculation of Azc led to an increase in AMF infection in roots. Maximum root biomass was obtained in F1 hybrids WH‐147 × WH‐157 in the AMF treatment and in WH‐147 × PBW‐175 receiving AMF + Azc. Total root length and AMF infection of roots was maximum in WH‐147 × PBW‐175 for all the treatments during both years. A positive association between AMF infection in roots and Azotobacter survival in the rhizosphere was apparent. Similarly, maximum A. chroococcum counts were observed 80 and 120 days after sowing in the AMF + Azc treatment in cross WH147 × PBW175.
Chilling Tolerance of Maize Seedlings in the Field during Cold Periods in Spring is Related to Chilling‐Induced Increase in Abscisic Acid Level
Authors: Janowiak F. , Luck E. , Dörffling K. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractRecent studies on chilling tolerance mechanisms in maize revealed a significant positive correlation between genotypic chilling tolerance and chilling‐induced accumulation of the stress hormone abscisic acid (ABA) under controlled growth chamber conditions. Based on this and other results, the hypothesis was developed that chilling tolerance in maize is related to the ability to accumulate large amounts of ABA rapidly, as a protection against chilling injury. The objective of the present study was to test this hypothesis under field conditions during natural cold weather periods in spring, which often cause severe chilling injury in maize fields. In two experiments at two locations in Europe with contrasting climates, eight maize genotypes with different genotypic chilling tolerance were cultivated in spring in the field according to agronomic practice for maize. Before and at the end of cold weather periods, ABA levels and water contents were determined in the third leaves. It was found that chilling‐tolerant genotypes accumulated higher amounts of ABA during the chilling period than chilling‐sensitive genotypes. A significant positive correlation between chilling tolerance and the levels of ABA in the leaves was found. These results support the above‐mentioned hypothesis. In contrast to earlier studies performed under growth chamber conditions, the water content in chilled leaves was mostly higher than in non‐chilled leaves. The increase in ABA is therefore not attributable to chilling‐induced water deficit, but probably to the low temperature itself.
Considerations for anaesthesia in children with haematological malignancy undergoing short procedures
Authors: Culshaw Valerie , Yule Murray , Lawson Ros 
Published: June 2003

SummaryAs a result of increased use of risk‐directed treatment regimes, there is a regular requirement for short‐lasting but painful procedures to be performed on children to aid in diagnosis or treatment. The aim of any anaesthetic technique is to provide analgesia and amnesia with minimal side‐effects and early return to former activity levels. We review the implications of haematological malignancy in children with regard to anaesthesia and the consequences arising from both the disease and ensuing treatment. We outline some of the current anaesthetic techniques in use and review the advantages and disadvantages of each.
Life threatening unilateral pulmonary overinflation might be more successfully treated by contralateral selective intubation than by emergency pneumonectomy
Authors: Holzki Josef , Kellner Max 
Published: June 2003

SummaryDuring a period of 3 years, three infants were admitted to our hospital for unilateral emergency pneumonectomy due to life threatening overinflation of one lung, preventing adequate ventilation of the unaffected contralateral side. All three patients were able to be stabilized by unilateral selective bronchial intubation of the unaffected lung after bronchoscopy, ruling out a flap valve mechanism. No emergency pneumonectomies were required. In one patient, lung function of the overinflated side (three lobes) recovered fully and, in the two remaining patients, one lobe of the overinflated side recovered. The overinflated lobes were removed later by elective surgery, thus not exposing the children to a potentially dangerous emergency operation. These results are in contrast with reports in the literature. Emergency pneumonectomy in neonates and infants due to overinflation of one lung may be avoided by selective unilateral intubation of the main stem bronchus of the compressed lung.
Postobstructive pulmonary oedema during anaesthesia in children with mucopolysaccharidoses
Authors: Walker R.W.M. , Colovic V. , Robinson D.N. , Dearlove O.R. 
Published: June 2003

SummaryWe present case reports of five patients with severe forms of mucopolysaccharidoses who developed postobstructive pulmonary oedema during anaesthesia. The difficulties of anaesthesia in these patients and the particular predisposition that these patients exhibit for the development of postobstructive pulmonary oedema is discussed.
Double trouble: prolapsing epiglottis and unexpected dual pathology in an infant
Authors: De Beer David , Chambers Neil 
Published: June 2003

SummaryA 3‐week‐old full‐term female neonate was admitted with a 4‐day history of episodic stridor, desaturations and difficult feeding. Initial assessment using fluoroscopy suggested distal tracheomalacia. Inhalational induction for examination under anaesthesia of the upper airway at 4 weeks of age caused almost complete airway obstruction due to severe anterior, or epiglottic, laryngomalacia. This airway obstruction was unresponsive to continuous positive airway pressure, the use of an oropharyngeal airway and hand ventilation and required urgent tracheal intubation using suxamethonium. Epiglottopexy, a relatively unknown procedure, was performed uneventfully 2 days later, with complete relief of the respiratory compromise. However, the infant remained desaturated postoperatively. A ventilation perfusion scan subsequently revealed multiple pulmonary arteriovenous malformations, unsuitable for embolization and requiring nocturnal home oxygen therapy. Review at 3 months of age found a thriving infant with no airway obstruction and good epiglottic positioning on examination under anaesthesia. Although the patient's oxygen requirements had diminished, the long‐term outcome remains uncertain.
Anaesthesia for an adolescent with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy–lactic acidosis–stroke‐like episodes syndrome
Authors: Bolton P. , Peutrell J. , Zuberi S. , Robinson P. 
Published: June 2003

SummaryAnaesthesia for patients with mitochondrial disorders occurs with regularity, either for a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure associated with the syndrome or for unassociated surgery. We report the case of a 17‐year‐old boy with mitochondrial encephalomyopathy–lactic acidosis–stroke‐like episodes (MELAS) syndrome who underwent a laparotomy for fundoplication. The potential hazards of anaesthesia for this patient, and the steps taken to avoid them, are discussed.
Anaesthetic management of a child with Pallister–Killian syndrome
Authors: Iacobucci T. , Galeone M. , De Francisci G. 
Published: June 2003

SummaryPallister–Killian syndrome is characterized by tetrasomy of the short arm of chromosome 12p, which produces mental retardation of varying degrees and dysmorphic characteristics. We describe anaesthesia in a 2‐year‐old child affected by this syndrome who underwent surgery for orchidopexy. Anaesthetic consisted of an inhalation mixture of O2, N2O and sevoflurane, together with an inguinal block with ropivacaine and administration of alfentanil plus ketorolac. Tracheal intubation was uneventful. No complications of any type were observed.
Does ketamine or magnesium affect posttonsillectomy pain in children?
Authors: O'Flaherty Jennifer E. , Lin Charles X. 
Published: June 2003

SummaryBackground: Many previous studies have suggested a role for the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists ketamine and magnesium in decreasing postoperative pain and analgesic requirements in adults, but none has investigated these medications in children.Methods: This randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study evaluated the effects of ketamine and magnesium in children undergoing tonsillectomy. Eighty patients, aged 3–12 years, were randomly assigned to four groups. Patients received either ketamine 0.15 mg·kg−1, magnesium sulphate 30 mg·kg−1, ketamine 0.15 mg·kg−1 plus magnesium sulphate 30 mg·kg−1, or placebo intravenously 5 min prior to the start of surgery. Intraoperative analgesia was standardized, and included fentanyl and dexamethasone.Results: There were no differences among the groups with respect to pain assessment postoperatively. Compared with placebo, the treatment groups did not require less fentanyl in the postanaesthesia recovery room or consume less codeine in the first 24‐h postoperatively. There was no evidence of synergism between ketamine and magnesium. There were no differences among the groups in the incidence of nausea, vomiting, sedation, bleeding, or dreaming postoperatively.Conclusion: This study did not demonstrate a decrease in pain or analgesic consumption in children undergoing tonsillectomy when pretreated with a small dose of ketamine and/or magnesium.
Differential lung ventilation in an infant using LMATM and a long tracheal tube
Authors: Arai Toshimi , Yamashita Masao 
Published: June 2003

SummaryThis is a case report of differential lung ventilation in an infant using a conventional laryngeal mask airway (LMATM) and a commercially available longer paediatric tracheal tube. This 2‐month‐old infant had her left‐sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia repaired on the sixth day of her life, and had been mechanically ventilated. The right middle lobe became grossly emphysematous and herniated into the left side of the chest, and the right lower lobe became totally atelectatic. A right middle lobe lobectomy was planned. To avoid hyperinflating the right middle lobe, and to expand the right lower lobe without providing a high airway pressure on the left lung, the dependent lung (i.e. left lung) was ventilated with an LMA, and the right lower lobe was expanded with a long tracheal tube inserted through the LMA via the swivel connector. This combination of a conventional LMA and a commercially available longer paediatric tracheal tube could be another way of providing differential ventilation in infants.