bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lowland Maya water management practices: The household exploitation of rural wells
Authors: Johnston Kevin J. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractA hypothesis developed by Vernon Scarborough and endorsed and modified by Lisa Lucero and Anabel Ford proposes that lowland Maya elites centralized and coordinated political power by controlling access to water stored in large, centrally located reservoirs. The hypothesis presupposes that in the central and southern Maya lowlands, nonelites did not have access to viable alternative dry‐season water sources. This paper demonstrates that, in the east‐central and southwestern areas of the Maya lowlands, fault springs were an important source of water, particularly to rural peoples. After reviewing the evidence of Maya fault spring exploitation and documenting the hydrogeological conditions under which fault springs form, I describe wells that rural households built to expose fault springs and enhance their flow, including clay‐lined and stone‐lined shafts. Also documented are three well types found elsewhere in the Maya lowlands: (1) wells built to exploit permanent, generally shallow water tables; (2) wells dug to catch precipitation as it filtered down through bedrock; and (3) buk'teob, built to recover during the dry season the receding contents of pools that during the rainy season collect in aguadas. The dispersed distribution of Maya wells in rural settings and their frequent association with modest residential remains suggests that nonelite households managed them. The existence of Maya wells that supplied water to rural peoples through the dry season is inconsistent with the Scarborough‐Lucero‐Ford hypothesis. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Longitudinal heat transfer enhanced by fluid oscillation in a circular pipe with conductive wall
Authors: Inaba Takehiko , Morita Goushi , Saitoh Ken‐ichi 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe longitudinal heat transfer in capillary pipes is enhanced by fluid oscillation. The analytical solution to this phenomenon was obtained considering the wall thermal conductivity. Based on this solution, the effects of wall conductivity and thickness were investigated for the case of large amplitude of fluid motion. The longitudinal heat transfer through the fluid part was more enhanced in highly conductive thick pipes. This is because the region where the heat is transferred backwards is smaller in these pipe sections. The direction of longitudinal heat transfer depends on the phase difference of temporary change between the velocity and temperature; it depends on whether or not the difference exceeds π/2. From this point of view, the most effective wall regarding this problem is presented, where the wall temperature does not change preserving the mean temperature of the location during the oscillation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 33(2): 129–139, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10126
Investigation of conjugate heat transfer in a photovoltaic wall
Authors: Zhu Zuojin , Yang Hongxing , Jiang Rui , Wu Qingsong 
Published: February 2004

AbstractIn this paper, the results of an experimental and theoretical investigation of combined heat transfer in a photovoltaic wall have been reported. The photovoltaic wall is a prototype, which is composed of two pieces of BP PV panels and a Styrofoam board, and part of the light of radiation energy from the indoor lamps can be converted into electricity. Through experiments, the performance of such a photovoltaic wall has been studied. For the convenience of the treatment of heat radiation, a model in terms of the integration of the absolute temperature has been proposed for the numerical simulation of the combined heat transfer in the test wall. By comparison, it is found that with regard to the thermal radiation of lamp surface, good agreement between the results of simulation and experimental data is obtained. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 33(2): 117–128, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10136
Characteristics of CVD silicon oxide films: Effect of discharge form on formation and properties of films
Authors: Ishimaru Kazuhiro , Okazaki Ken 
Published: February 2004

AbstractA silent discharge is one of the simplest methods for realizing a nonequilibrium plasma condition at atmospheric pressure. In this study, nonequilibrium plasma chemical reactions by this discharge have been applied to a remote plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of silicon oxide films using tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and oxygen. Film characteristics obtained by this CVD have been investigated for applications to advanced semiconductor devices. Conditions for depositing films with high quality have been investigated minutely. From these results, it has been clarified that silicon oxide films with high quality and excellent step coverage can be obtained by plasma excitation using pulsed silent discharge. It has also been clarified that films with similar characteristics can be obtained by plasma excitation using low‐frequency AC silent discharge at subatmospheric pressure. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 33(2): 106–116, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20000
Boiling refrigerant‐type panel cooler (refrigerant circulation and cooling performance)
Authors: Okamoto Yoshiyuki , Suzuki Masahiko , Kawaguchi Kiyoshi , Kishita Kouji 
Published: February 2004

AbstractWe have developed a new compact boiling refrigerant type panel cooler. It is a closed two‐phase loop thermosiphon constructed with heat exchanger cores for an automobile air conditioning system. We confirmed higher performance of the natural refrigerant circulation type and tried to optimize the size of the refrigerant path in the boiling core by observing the internal refrigerant flow and successfully achieved much higher cooling performance. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 33(2): 94–105, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20003
Motion of droplets induced by the Marangoni force on a wall with a temperature gradient
Authors: Murata Akira , Mochizuki Sadanari 
Published: February 2004

AbstractMotion of silicone oil and water droplets induced by the Marangoni force was numerically simulated by using two‐ and three‐dimensional second‐order finite difference methods with the CIP and the level set methods. The surface tension was introduced by the continuum surface force (CSF) method. The results clearly showed the flow induced by the Marangoni force and the dependence of droplet velocity on droplet size, contact angle, temperature gradient, and fluid properties. The Marangoni force balanced with the viscous force in the small contact angle case; on the other hand, in the large contact angle case, it balanced with the normal component of surface tension. As for the effect of fluid properties on droplet motion, the temperature coefficient of surface tension had a much larger effect than did viscosity, thermal diffusivity, or surface tension. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 33(2): 81–93, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20004
Effects of film cooling hole shape on heat transfer
Authors: Huiren Zhu , Duchun Xu , Tao Guo , Songling Liu 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe effects of hole shapes, secondary injection Reynolds numbers, and blowing ratios on the heat transfer downstream of film cooling holes have been investigated by using a large‐scale low‐speed loop wind tunnel. The test model consists of five film cooling holes. Experiments on dustpan‐shaped holes, fan‐shaped holes, and round holes have been conducted with injection Reynolds number ranging from 10,000 to 25,000 and blowing ratio ranging from 0.3 to 2.0. Measurements are taken under 26 conditions. Results show that the critical blowing ratio is 1.3 for the dustpan‐ and fan‐shaped holes, 0.7 for the round holes. The turbulence generated by air injection through round holes is stronger than those through dustpan‐ and fan‐shaped holes. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 33(2): 73–80, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20005
Predicting acid neutralizing capacity from landscape classification: application to Galloway, south‐west Scotland
Authors: Cooper D. M. , Helliwell R. C. , Coull M. C. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractRegional estimates of acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) in stream waters are found using a regression model. The model has landscape classifications based on catchment characteristics as its main independent variables. It also includes continuously varying covariates. Landscape classifications and covariates are selected from a priori scientific understanding of acidification processes. Parameter estimates for the model are found using measurements of ANC in 50 streams in Galloway, south‐west Scotland with a history of acidification. The parameterized model is then used to provide ANC simulations for streams throughout a subregion, assuming conservative mixing of ANC through the flow network. The stream water sampling survey is designed to reduce the variance of parameter estimates. A variance model is suggested for the concentrations, and this is used to simulate the variance of ANC concentrations throughout the subregion. Monte Carlo simulation is used to estimate the distribution of the length of river reach with ANC less than zero. © Crown Copyright 2004. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of the hydrological response of a tropical terminal lake, Lake Abiyata (Main Ethiopian Rift Valley) to changes in climate and human activities
Authors: Legesse Dagnachew , Vallet‐Coulomb Christine , Gasse Françoise 
Published: February 2004

AbstractIntegrated dynamic water and chloride balance models with a catchment‐scale hydrological model (PRMS) are used to investigate the response of a terminal tropical lake, Lake Abiyata, to climate variability and water use practices in its catchment. The hydrological model is used to investigate the response of the catchment to different climate and land‐use change scenarios that are incorporated into the lake model. Lake depth–area–volume relationships were established from lake bathymetries. Missing data in the time series were filled using statistical regression techniques. Based on mean monthly data, the lake water balance model produced a good agreement between the simulated and observed levels of Lake Abiyata for the period 1968–83. From 1984 onwards the simulated lake level is overestimated with respect to the observed one, while the chloride concentration is largely underestimated. This discrepancy is attributed to human use of water from the influent rivers or directly from the lake. The simulated lake level and chloride concentration are in better agreement with observed values (r2 = 0·96) when human water use for irrigation and salt exploitation are included in the model. A comparison of the simulation with and without human consumption indicates that climate variability controls the interannual fluctuations and that the human water use affects the equilibrium of the system by strongly reducing the lake level. Sensitivity analysis based on a mean climatic year showed that, after prolonged mean climatic conditions, Lake Abiyata reacts more rapidly to an abrupt shift to wetter conditions than to dry conditions. This study shows the significant sensitivity of the level and salinity of the terminal Lake Abiyata to small changes in climate or land use, making it a very good ‘recorder’ of environmental changes that may occur in the catchment at different time scales. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stormflow generation in a small rainforest catchment in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, Puerto Rico
Authors: Schellekens J. , Scatena F. N. , Bruijnzeel L. A. , van Dijk A. I. J. M. , Groen M. M. A. , van Hogezand R. J. P. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractVarious complementary techniques were used to investigate the stormflow generating processes in a small headwater catchment in northeastern Puerto Rico. Over 100 samples were taken of soil matrix water, macropore flow, streamflow and precipitation, mainly during two storms of contrasting magnitude, for the analysis of calcium, magnesium, silicon, potassium, sodium and chloride. These were combined with hydrometric information on streamflow, return flow, precipitation, throughfall and soil moisture to distinguish water following different flow paths. Geo‐electric sounding was used to survey the subsurface structure of the catchment, revealing a weathering front that coincided with the elevation of the stream channel instead of running parallel to surface topography. The hydrometric data were used in combination with soil physical data, a one‐dimensional soil water model (VAMPS) and a three‐component chemical mass‐balance mixing model to describe the stormflow response of the catchment. It is inferred that most stormflow travelled through macropores in the top 20 cm of the soil profile. During a large event, saturation overland flow also accounted for a considerable portion of the stormflow, although it was not possible to quantify the associated volume fully. Although the mass‐balance mixing model approach gave valuable information about the various flow paths within the catchment, it was not possible to distill the full picture from the model alone; additional hydrometric and soil physical evidence was needed to aid in the interpretation of the model results. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of suspended sediment loads in a seasonal stream in the wet‐dry tropics, Northern Territory, Australia
Authors: Moliere D. R. , Evans K. G. , Saynor M. J. , Erskine W. D. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractOne year of instantaneous suspended sediment concentration, C, and instantaneous discharge, Q, data collected at Ngarradj downstream of the Jabiluka mine site indicate that the use of a simple C–Q rating curve is not a reliable method for estimating suspended sediment loads from the Ngarradj catchment. The C–Q data are not only complicated by hysteresis effects within the rising and falling stages of individual events, but also by variable depletion of available suspended sediment through multipeaked runoff events.Parameter values were fitted to an event‐based suspended sediment load–Q relationship as an alternative to the C–Q relationship. Total suspended sediment load and Q data for 10 observed events in the Ngarradj stream catchment were used to fit parameter values to a suspended sediment load–Q relationship, using (a) log–log regression and (b) iterative parameter fitting techniques. A more reliable and statistically significant prediction of suspended sediment load from the Ngarradj catchment is obtained using an event‐based suspended sediment load–Q relationship. Fitting parameters to the event‐based suspended sediment load–Q relationship using iterative techniques better predicts long‐term suspended sediment loads compared with log–log regression techniques. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The stochastic implications of rent maximization: an application to stumpage rates for timber in British Columbia
Authors: Haley M. Ryan , Paarsch Harry J. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractWe construct a model of rent‐maximizing behaviour by a single seller of timber in the absence of a formal market, deriving the stochastic implications of rent maximization for timber prices (stumpage rates) when other input and output (lumber) prices are random. Subsequently, we examine the model's ability to describe monthly, time‐series, stumpage‐rate data from British Columbia, Canada between January 1979 and October 1999. Deviations of stumpage rates from their long‐run trend are also structured by an error‐correction model which suggests that between 13 and 20% of period‐to‐period changes in stumpage rates can be explained by an equilibrium adjustment term. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mixed signals among tests for cointegration
Authors: Gregory Allan W. , Haug Alfred A. , Lomuto Nicoletta 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis paper illustrates that, under the null hypothesis of no cointegration, the correlation of p‐values from a single‐equation residual‐based test (i.e., ADF or $\widehat{Z}_{\alpha}$) with a system‐based test (trace or maximum eigenvalue) is very low even as the sample size gets large. With data‐generating processes under the null or ‘near’ it, the two types of tests can yield virtually any combination of p‐values regardless of sample size. As a practical matter, we also conduct tests for cointegration on 132 data sets from 34 studies appearing in this Journal and find substantial differences in p‐values for the same data set. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Temporary layoffs and split population models
Authors: Mavromaras Kostas G. , Orme Chris D. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThis paper develops and estimates a split population model for the duration of temporary layoffs in the German labour market; the population being split according to whether a layoff is temporary or permanent. A flexible piecewise constant hazard is employed and the recall propensity is used to condition the duration of a temporary layoff. The distinction between factors that influence the recall propensity and factors that influence the duration of a temporary layoff is shown to be of empirical significance. The results of the paper are used to evaluate implicit contract and search theories of temporary layoffs. The paper suggests that implicit contracts can explain the behaviour of unemployed workers with high worker–firm attachment whilst search can explain the behaviour of workers with low worker–firm attachment. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of [N‐methyl‐13C]clarithromycin
Authors: Murase Tomoko , Kajiwara Masahiro 
Published: February 2004

AbstractWe describe a simple synthesis of [N‐methyl‐13C]clarithromycin (3) via the N‐desmethylation of clarithromycin. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The synthesis of tritium labelled neurokinin‐1 receptor ligands
Authors: Hamill Terence G. , Burns H. Donald 
Published: February 2004

AbstractRadiolabelled neurokinin‐1 (NK1) receptor antagonists 1b and 2b were required for in vitro/in vivo characterization to support the development of 1a and 2a as fluorine‐18 labelled PET ligands. These tritium labelled compounds were synthesized from aryl iodide precursors giving the final tritiated tracers with specific activities of 28 (1b) and 14 (2b) Ci/mmol. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of tritium labeled 2,3,4,9‐tetrahydro‐1H‐carbazoles as potent DP receptor antagonists
Authors: Berthelette Carl , Boyd Michael J. , Lachance Nicolas , Roy Bruno , Sturino Claudio F. , Scheigetz John , Zamboni Robert J. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractTritium labeled 2,3,4,9‐tetrahydro‐1H‐carbazole 1a and 2a were prepared in good yields with a specific activity of 7.0 Ci/mmol (214 GBq/mmol) and 4.2 Ci/mmol (155 GBq/mmol), respectively. Both compounds have been synthesized in high radiochemical purity by catalytic tritium–bromine exchange of the corresponding aryl bromide precursors. The 6‐bromocarbazole precursors 7 and 8 were prepared as a mixture by a three step process, involving regioselective bromination of 3c with pyridinium tribromide, oxidation of thioether 4c using m‐CPBA and hydrolysis of acylsultamcarbazole 5c. Finally, HPLC separation of the enantiomers afforded the 6‐bromo precursors 7 and 8 in high diastereomeric ratio (dr 99% and dr 93% respectively). Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of [3,5‐dichlorobenzenesulfonamide‐U‐14C)] labeled VLA‐4 antagonists
Authors: Yu Nathan X. , Raab Conrad E. , Dean Dennis C. , Lin Linus S. , Melillo David G. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractRadiolabeled tracers were required for the development of a series of VLA‐4 antagonists. A method to synthesize [U‐14C]3,5‐dichlorobenzenesulfonyl chloride was developed. From this key intermediate, various tracers were prepared in high yield. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of carbon‐14 and stable isotope labelled NN414: a potent potassium channel opener
Authors: Johansen Steen K. , Kristensen Jesper B. , Müller Lars K. , Jessen Claus U. , Foged Christian 
Published: February 2004

AbstractCurrently, NN414, a potent β‐cell selective potassium channel opener, is undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Here, we report the synthesis of carbon‐14 and stable isotope labelled NN414 for use in metabolic studies and as an internal standard in pharmacokinetic assays, respectively. The carbon‐14 labelling was performed in two steps starting from an advanced intermediate. This provided [14C]NN414 in 60% overall radiochemical yield with a specific activity of 58mCi/mmol. The stable isotope labelling was accomplished from benzyl tert‐butyl malonate in eight steps using [13C,2H3]iodomethane and [2H2]dibromomethane as the source of carbon‐13/deuterium. The synthetic sequence, which included a Mannich reaction followed by deamination, a Simmons–Smith‐type cyclopropanation and a modified Curtius reaction, provided [13C,2H5]NN414 in 8.6% overall yield. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microwave‐assisted cyclocondensation of 1,2‐diaminobenzene with [4‐18F]fluorobenzoic acid: microwave synthesis of 2‐([4‐18F]fluorophenyl) benzimidazole
Authors: Getvoldsen Gareth , Fredriksson Anna , Elander Nils , Stone‐Elander Sharon 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe synthesis of 2‐([4‐18F]fluorophenyl)benzimidazole, which has potential to be used as a building block for many endogenous and pharmaceutical compounds, is reported. A range of solvents and catalysts as well as conventional and microwave heating have been investigated to optimise the reaction conditions. The cyclocondensation of 1,2‐diaminobenzene with radiolabelled [4‐18F]fluorobenzoic acid in neat methanesulphonic and polyphosphoric acids under microwave heating led rapidly to the cyclised phenylbenzimidazole. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of [phenyl‐13C6]lachnanthocarpone and other 13C‐labelled phenylphenalenones
Authors: Otálvaro Felipe , Quiñones Winston , Echeverri Fernando , Schneider Bernd 
Published: February 2004

Abstract[phenyl‐13C6]Lachnanthocarpone ([phenyl‐13C6]2,6‐dihydroxy‐9‐phenylphenalen‐1‐one), a hypothetical intermediate in the biosynthesis of various natural phenylphenalenones, was prepared in four steps using [U‐13C]bromobenzene to introduce the label. Based on related methodologies further native phenylphenalenones such as [phenyl‐13C6]anigorufone, [1‐13C]anigorufone and [4′‐O13CH3]4′‐methoxyanigorufone were synthesized in labelled form. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of estromustine, estramustine and estramustine phosphate labelled with deuterium
Authors: Giribone Danilo , Fontana Erminia 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe preparation of estromustine (EoM), estramustine (EaM) and estramustine phosphate (EMP) specifically labelled with deuterium is reported. A two‐step, one‐pot procedure based on the reaction of N,N‐bis(2‐chloroethyl)carbamoyl chloride with the commercially available [2,4,16,16‐2H4]estrone (1) or [2,4,16,16,17‐2H5]estradiol (2) afforded [2,4,16,16‐2H4]estromustine (3) and [2,4,16,16,17‐2H5]estramustine (4), respectively. The phosphorylation of 4 followed by hydrolysis gave [2,4,16,16,17‐2H5]estramustine phosphate (5) in 65% chemical yield from 2. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Limiting survival functions of self‐similar structures
Authors: Steele John A. , Székely Gábor J. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractWe show the existence of a unique analytic single parameter limiting survival function arising from the repeated composition of a coherent structure as the number of components tends to infinity. Examples include the repeated composition process of the bridge structure. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2004.