bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of heparin, venous strangulation obstruction of the small intestine, and reperfusion of the small intestine on plasma diamine oxidase activity in horses
Authors: Laws Elizabeth G. , Freeman David E. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Diamine oxidase (dao), an enzyme of small intestinal origin, is released from mucosal storage sites by IV administration of heparin, to yield the plasma postheparin dao (phd) curve. The phd curve is diminished when mucosal surface area is lost, and baseline (without heparin) plasma dao activity increases when mucosal storage sites are damaged. Plasma dao activity was measured after 2 doses of heparin were administered iv in healthy, conscious horses. In anesthetized horses, the phd curve was studied: during sham small intestinal surgery, and during venous strangulation obstruction (vso) of the distal 50% of the small intestine. In a third group of anesthetized horses, baseline plasma dao activity (without heparin) was measured during vso of the distal 50% of the small intestine for 90 minutes, followed by reperfusion for 90 minutes.
Postheparin plasma dao curves in conscious horses were similar to those reported in other species. Horses with vso had a similar phd curve as did sham-operated controls at all times, except at 15 minutes, when plasma dao activity was significantly (P < 0.05) greater in the vso group. Horses with vso and reperfusion had no change in baseline plasma dao activity throughout the study. Peritoneal fluid dao activity remained low throughout the study, but increased slightly in horses with vso that received heparin, possibly because of dao from extravasated blood in the peritoneal fluid.
Results indicated that the plasma dao response to iv administered heparin in horses is similar to that in other mammals, but, unlike other species, baseline and postheparin dao activities did not change as expected after small intestinal vascular obstruction and mucosal injury. There may be additional sources of dao in horses, the type of injury induced was not of sufficient magnitude to affect storage sites of dao, or the circulatory changes induced by vso might have altered tissue delivery of heparin.
Bluetongue virus isolations from vectors and ruminants in Central America and the Caribbean
Authors: Mo Claudette L. , Thompson Lee H. , Homan E. Jane , Oviedo Marco T. , Greiner Ellis C. , González Johnny , Sáenz Maria R. , _ _ 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A regional prospective study of the epidemiology of bluetongue virus (btv) serotypes covering 11 countries in Central America and the Caribbean took place between 1987 and 1992. Active surveillance revealed btv infection to be endemic in the absence of confirmed indigenous cases of bluetongue. During the 6-year span of the study, over 300 btv isolations were obtained from cattle and sheep. Results of the earlier years of the study were summarized, and surveillance activities in the concluding months of the study from November 1990 to February 1992 were evaluated. Forty-five btv isolations were made during this time, 44 from sentinel cattle and 1 from a ram with clinical signs compatible with contagious ecthyma. Virus isolation from potential vectors also was attempted, yielding a further 9 btv isolates from parous Culicoides insignis and C pusillus, 2 btv isolates from blood engorged C filarifer, and 1 epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus type-2 isolate from parous C pusillus. Our extensive network of sentinel herds in the region detected btv-1 as the predominant serotype in Central America in 1991, after an apparent absence of 1 year in the sentinel animals. Other serotypes in Central America at that time included btv-3 and btv-6 in Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, btv-4 became the predominant serotype, without detection of btv-8 and btv-17, which were common in recent years of the study. The serotypes found in the Caribbean Basin continued to have marked differences from those in North America. The importance of viewing bluetongue as an infection, the distribution of which is determined principally by ecologic factors, is emphasized.
Biological and biochemical characterization of Fusobacterium necrophorum leukotoxin
Authors: Tan Z. L. , Nagaraja T. G. , Chengappa M. M. , Smith J. S. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Biological and biochemical characteristics of the leukotoxin of Fusobacterium necrophorum were determined. Culture supernatant of F necrophorum was toxic to polymorphonuclear neutrophilic, leukocytes from cattle and sheep, but not to those from pigs and rabbits. Culture supernatant and sonicated bacterial cell fractions had low hemolytic activity and did not cause dermonecrosis in a guinea pig. Supernatant derived leukotoxin was inactivated at 56 C for 5 minutes and became unstable at pH > 7.8 or < 6.6. Chemical treatment with 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, 0.25% sodium deoxycholate, 5.2% sodium sulfide, or 0.25 mM titanium (III) citrate markedly decreased leukotoxicity. Enzymatic treatment with protease, trypsin, and chymotrypsin inactivated the toxin completely, whereas amylase had no effect. Use of protease inhibitors failed to prevent loss of leukotoxin activity. Using membrane partition chromatography and gel filtration, the estimated molecular weight of the toxin was > 300,000. On reduction and denaturation, the toxin dissociated into several components by use of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Application of interspecies scaling to the bispyridinium oxime HI-6
Authors: Baggot J. Desmond 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Disposition kinetic variables of HI-6, a bispyridinium oxime, have been determined in mice, rats, rabbits, Rhesus monkeys, Beagles, sheep, and human beings. The drug has a short half-life, small apparent volume of distribution and high body clearance in these species, and is eliminated mainly by renal excretion. Using regression analysis and double logarithmic plots of the pharmacokinetic variables vs body weight of the various species, it was observed that body (systemic) clearance is the pharmacokinetic variable to use for interspecies comparison of elimination of the drug. The allometric exponent denoting the proportionality of body clearance of HI-6 to body weight of the 7 species studied was 0.76, which may be related to the renal excretion process for the drug. The apparent volume of distribution was similar (260 to 304 ml/kg of body weight) in the various species. The results indicate that volume of distribution, body clearance, and with less confidence, half-life might be used for interspecies scaling and for predicting these variables in other mammalian species. On the basis of the pharmacokinetic variables in selected species (rats and mice excluded), iv administration of HI-6 at a dosing rate of 20 to 25 mg/kg at 4-hour intervals should provide an average steady-state plasma concentration of 16 to 20 µg/ml in domestic animals. The short half-life of HI-6 precludes increasing the dosage interval.
Airway occlusion pressure and diaphragm global electromyogram analysis for evaluation of inspiratory muscle drive and neuromechanical coupling in cattle
Authors: Desmecht Daniel J-M. , Linden Annick S. , Rollin Frederic A. , Lekeux Pierre M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Although healthy and diseased bovine respiratory tracts have been intensively studied during the last years, to the authors’ knowledge, there have been no attempts to objectively examine the inspiratory drive from the brain to the nerves and muscles and its transformation in pressure. Such technique would be useful in assessing the possibility of altered ventilatory drive or inspiratory muscle fatigue in the context of an animal with ventilatory failure.
The relation among ventilation, airway opening occlusion pressure generated 100 milliseconds after onset of inspiration (Pawo100ms) and 6 indexes describing diaphragmatic electromyographic activity (emgdi) recorded via implanted fishhooks was evaluated during free and impeded CO2 rebreathing in 6 young bulls. The best significant linear correlations (r > 0.8) with inspiratory center afferent stimulation, as judged by end-tidal CO2 concentration in expired air, were found for Pawo100ms, peak moving time average or variance emgdi, and mean integrated emgdi, whatever had been the respiratory impedance. However, with an inspiratory load, Pawo100ms responses systematically had greater increase for a given change in the driving emgdi, implying dependence of the former not only on neural input, but also on configurational factors that determine inspiratory muscle excitation-pressure generation couplings. The reproducibility of emgdi absolute values and changes was satisfactory up to 10 hours, but could not be repeated from one day to the other.
It was concluded that, provided the constancy of the electrical coupling of the recording system to the tissue being studied is ensured, specific emgdi and Pawo100ms values correlate reliably with amount of CO2 during free and loaded breathing. Simultaneous collection of both values during experimentally induced pulmonary disease in calves could, therefore, produce information to help answer questions about the role of cns and inspiratory muscle dysfunction in case of ventilatory failure. Careful interpretation, however, requires additional measurements, such as end-expiratory lung volume, and some familiarity with the underlying physiologic processes that link phrenic nerve discharge to generation of negative pressure at the airway opening.
Concentrations of amino acids in plasma and whole blood in response to food deprivation and refeeding in healthy two-day-old foals
Authors: Zicker Steven C. , Rogers Quinton R. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Concentrations of amino acids in plasma and whole blood in response to 10 hours of food deprivation were determined in healthy 2-day-old foals (n = 8) and were compared with control values in foals of the same age (n = 8) allowed free access to suckle. In addition, response of concentrations of amino acids in plasma to 15 minutes of free-access suckling was determined at the end of the 10-hour period in both groups. Response of 13 amino acids in plasma of food-deprived foals was significantly (P < 0.05) different, compared with that in control foals. Concentrations of 3 amino acids (alanine, glycine, and phenylalanine) in plasma increased significantly (P < 0.05), whereas concentrations of 7 amino acids (asparagine, citrulline, histidine, ornithine, proline, tryptophan, and tyrosine) in plasma decreased significantly (P < 0.05) during food deprivation. Response of concentrations of 2 amino acids (glycine and histidine) in whole blood was significantly (P < 0.05) different from that in plasma of food-deprived vs control foals. Refeeding of food-deprived foals resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) different responses for concentrations of all but 2 amino acids (cystine and taurine) in plasma, compared with responses in controls. Changes in concentrations of amino acids in plasma and whole blood of foals in response to food deprivation are similar to those in foals with septicemia and in children with grade 1 or 2 kwashiorkor. The significantly different response of food-deprived foals to refeeding may be attributable to increased protein intake or altered physiologic state.
Association between neutrophil functions and periparturient disorders in cows
Authors: Cai Tian-Quan , Weston Patricia G. , Lund Lisa A. , Brodie Bruce , McKenna Donald J. , Wagner William C. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Neutrophil functions were examined in healthy periparturient dairy cows (n = 46) and in cows with retained placenta and metritis complex (n = 20); metritis (n = 18); or mastitis (n = 13). Blood samples (50 ml) were collected from each cow via jugular vein twice weekly from 1.5 weeks before to 4 weeks after parturition. Neutrophil function was evaluated, using 6 tests: random migration, chemotaxis, ingestion, myeloperoxidase activity (iodination), superoxide production (cytochrome C reduction), and antibodydependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Ability to ingest bacteria and random migration activity of neutrophils from clinically normal cows were high around parturition and increased immeidately after parturition, whereas myeloperoxidase activity and antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity ability of neutrophils from these cows decreased after parturition. Measurement of neutrophil function in 4 over-iectomized cows revealed significant (P < 0.0005) seasonal changes in results of all 6 functional assays. We observed various defects of neutrophil function in all cows with abnormal conditions after parturition. Before parturition, superoxide production activity by neutrophils from cows with metritis and chemotaxis by neutrophils from cows with mastitis were significantly (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively) lower, indicating that a defect of neutrophil function may be a predisposing factor in the development of these disorders. In conclusion, the host defense role of neutrophils in periparturient cows was impaired, principally because of a defect in killing capacity, which may increase susceptibility to infections. We also investigated the in vitro effects of arachidonic acid metabolites and recombinant human colonystimulating factors (rhcsf) on functions of neutrophils from clinically normal and postparturient cows with abnormalities, including retained placenta, metritis, or mastitis (n = 5/group). Each abnormal cow was matched for postpartum period with a clinically normal cow. Neutrophils from individual cows were preincubated with arachidonic acid metabolites (prostaglandin F2a, 10−7M; prostaglandin E2, 10−6M; leukotriene B4, 10−8M; and lipoxin B, 10−8M) and rhcsf (rh-granulocyte-csf, 1,000 or 6,000 U/ml; rh-granulocyte-macrophage-csf, 5 or 15 ng/ml) in a 37 C water bath for 30 minutes before submitting them to function assays. There was no response by neutrophils from either clinically normal or abnormal postparturient cows to treatment with either arachidonic acid metabolites or rhcsf in any of the 6 functional assays. However, preincubation of neutrophils alone in a 37 C water bath for 30 minutes resulted in some alteration of neutrophil function. This may indicate translocation of receptors between an intracellular pool and the cell surface, as well as differences in receptor numbers or signal transduction mechanisms in these abnormal cows.
Quantification of serum total IgE concentration in dogs by use of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay containing monoclonal murine anti-canine IgE
Authors: Hill Peter B. , DeBoer Douglas J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A method for quantification of serum total IgE concentration in dogs by use of an elisa containing monoclonal mouse anti-canine IgE was developed. Microtitration plates were coated with monoclonal mouse anti-canine IgE. Test sera and reference serum dilutions were added, followed by biotinylated monoclonal mouse anti-canine IgE. Avidin-alkaline phosphatase conjugate was added, and color development was measured spectrophotometrically, using a microtitration plate reader. Quantitative results were obtained by assigning to a reference serum a value of 100 IgE units/ml. Asorbance values of unknown samples were converted into IgE units by comparison with a standard curve generated by measurement of reference serum dilutions. Intra- and interassay coefficients of variation were 5 and 7%, respectively, and assay sensitivity was 1 U/ml. The assay was used to establish a normal range for total IgE concentrations in 30 healthy dogs. Total IgE concentration in healthy dogs followed a skewed distribution and ranged from < 1 to 91.2 U/ml, with a geometric mean value of 7.1 U/ml. The IgE concentration was remarkably stable in serum samples subjected to 25 freeze/thaw cycles or incubation at approximately 25 C (room temperature) for up to 10 days. Comparison of total IgE concentrations in 23 serum samples assayed by use of double-overlay radial immunodiffusion and elisa yielded correlation coefficient of 0.94. Comparison of the reference serum standard curve with serial dilutions of a purified IgE solution of known concentration yielded a range of values for the IgE unit of 0.7 to 2.0 μg.
Serotype-specific inhibition of colonization of the tonsils and nasopharynx of calves after Pasteurella haemolytica serotype A1 after vaccination with the organism
Authors: Frank G. H. , Briggs R. E. , Loan R. W. , Purdy C. W. , Zehr E. S. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Vaccination of cattle with a tissue culture-derived Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 vaccine elicited a serotype-specific inhibition of nasal and tonsillar colonization by the homologous serotype under field conditions.
Calves (n = 101) originated from a single farm, where half the calves were vaccinated. The calves were delivered to an order-buyer barn 105 days later, and given a second dose of vaccine. At the order-buyer barn, calves were mixed with 27 calves, some of which had clinical signs consistent with respiratory tract disease. Also 12 of the original calves were infected with P haemolytica serotype 1 by tonsillar instillation. After 6 days at the order-buyer barn, calves were shipped 1,600 km by truck to a feedyard, and arrived the next day. Tonsillar wash and nasal secretion aspiration specimens were collected for culture of P haemolytica on days 1, 8, and 29 at the feedyard. Inhibition of colonization was evidenced by lower frequency of isolations from the vaccinates than from the nonvaccinates after transport to the feedyard. Selectively lowering the frequency of colonization by P haemolytica serotype 1 could reduce losses attributable to pneumonic pasteurellosis.
Comparison of cellular and extracellular proteins expressed by various isolates of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and other mycobacterial species
Authors: White W. Bruce , Whipple Diana L. , Stabel Judith R. , Bolin Carole A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Protein expression profiles of 10 isolates of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, M avium 18 (formerly M paratuberculosis 18), and 1 isolate each of M avium serotype 2, M avium serotype 8, and M bovis BCG were examined. Protein expression profiles of M paratuberculosis and M avium were similar. However, two-dimensional gel analysis of [35S]methionine-labeled cellular proteins resolved 4 proteins, with molecular mass of 28,000, 32,000, 32,000, and 42,000 daltons, which were expressed in greater amounts in M paratuberculosis than in M avium. Two proteins, with molecular mass of 43,000 and 60,000 daltons, were identified, which were expressed in greater amounts in M avium than in M paratuberculosis. Immuno (western)-blot analysis, using antiserum from 2 cows clinically infected with M paratuberculosis as the primary antibodies, suggested that the 42,000- dalton protein may be specific for M paratuberculosis.
Comparison of protein expression profiles may be useful as a tool for differentiating isolates of < M > paratuberculosis. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of [35S]methionine-labeled extracellular proteins revealed variability among the isolates. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of [35S]methionine-labeled cellular proteins divided the M paratuberculosis isolates into 2 groups on the basis of a difference in the amount of expression of a 28,000-dalton protein. This information may be useful in epidemiologic studies.
Antigenic analysis of Dictyocaulus viviparus by use of test-positive bovine sera
Authors: Hale Gina Lynn , Green Theodore James 
Published: January 2024

Summary
An antigen extract of Dictyocaulus viviparus was analyzed by use of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and the antigen-recognition patterns of serum antibody from cattle not infected, cattle infected with D viviparus, and cattle with unknown history of D viviparus were analyzed by the use of ELISA and western blotting techniques. Cross-reactive antibody-recognition patterns were determined by comparing western blots of D viviparus-positive sera with blots of D viviparus-negative sera obtained from cattle singly infected with Bunostomum phlebotomum, Cooperia oncophora, C punctata, Nematodirus helvetianus, Oesophagostomum radiatum, or Ostertagia ostertagi. Five antigen bands unique to D viviparus were identified, and their frequency of appearance in western blots of sera from verified D viviparus-positive and -negative cattle, and sera from cattle exposed to the parasite, but with unknown D viviparus immune status, were determined. Of the 5 antigens unique to D viviparus, 29- and 19-kd bands had the highest frequencies of reaction (45.9 and 59.0%, respectively) with the test sera. These bands had strong reactivity with sera containing antibodies to D viviparus and did not react with the heterologous sera. We conclude that the 29- and 19-kd antigens may be useful for developing an improved serodiagnostic test for D viviparus infections in cattle.
Effects of subject stance time and velocity on ground reaction forces in clinically normal Greyhounds at the walk
Authors: Roush James K. , McLaughlin Ronald M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Force plate gait analysis was used to study the effects of subject stance time and velocity on ground reaction forces in 5 adult Greyhounds at the walk. Data from 146 valid trials were obtained. Stance time and velocity were linearly related, and stance time had a strong, negative correlation with velocity (r = −0.72 for the forelimbs, r = −0.56 for the hind limbs). Stance time correlated more closely with changes in peak vertical force and impulse than did velocity. Stance time and velocity correlated less strongly with braking and propulsion forces and impulses. The trials were divided into 2 distinct velocity ranges (V1 = 0.92 to 1.03 m/s, V2 = 1.06 to 1.17 m/s), 2 distinct forelimb stance time ranges (fst1 = 0.43 to 0.48 second, fst2 = 0.50 to 0.55 second), and 2 distinct hind limb stance time ranges (hst1 = 0.40 to 0.45 second, hst2 = 0.46 to 0.51 second). Five trials from each dog were included in each range, and the mean values were used to evaluate changes in ground reaction forces between groups. Peak vertical force in the forelimbs decreased significantly (P = 0.048) as fst increased; however, difference was not detected in vertical force between velocity groups. Peak vertical force in the hind limbs decreased significantly (P = 0.001) as hst increased and increased significantly (P = 0.000) as velocity increased. Differences were not observed between groups in forelimb or hind limb braking and propulsive forces. Vertical impulse in the forelimbs and hind limbs decreased as velocity increased and increased as stance time increased. Braking impulse in the forelimbs decreased as velocity increased and increased as fst increased. Braking force in the hind limbs did not change between velocity or stance time groups. Propulsive impulse in the hind limbs decreased as velocity increased and increased as hst increased. Stance time was a sensitive and accurate indicator of subject velocity in clinically normal dogs at the walk and correlated more closely with changes in some ground reaction forces than did velocity measurements. Stance time measurements could be used to normalize trial data within a sampling period and document consistency in velocity during force plate analysis of clinically normal dogs at the walk.