bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound Evaluation of Upper Limb Sublesional Muscle Morphology in Cervical Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Ro Hannah J. , Ogalo Emmanuel , Debenham Mathew I. B. , Wu Harvey , Hanlan Amy K. , O'Connor Russell , Bristol Sean G. , Doherty Christopher J. , Brown Erin E. , Berger Michael J. 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTIntroduction/AimsUpper limb paralysis is arguably the most limiting consequence of cervical spinal cord injury (cSCI). There is limited knowledge regarding the early structural changes of muscles implicated in grasp/pinch function and upper extremity nerve transfer surgeries. We evaluated: (1) muscle size and echo intensity (EI) in subacute cSCI (2–6 months) and (2) the influence of lower motor neuron (LMN) damage on these ultrasound parameters.MethodsCross‐sectional B‐mode images were captured bilaterally in individuals with cSCI (injury duration: 3.3 ± 1.2 months; C4–C6 injury levels; American Spinal Injuries Association Impairment Scale A–C; 45.7 ± 13.7 years; 3 females, 14 males) for biceps brachii (BB), extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor indicis proprius, flexor pollicis longus (FPL), and first dorsal interosseous. Each limb was analyzed as an independent event (n = 34). Cross‐sectional area (CSA), thickness (MT), and EI were compared to healthy controls (HC). BB and FPL concentric needle electromyography (EMG) data were also obtained. Abnormal LMN health was defined by the presence of pathological spontaneous activity.ResultsRelative to HC, forearm and hand muscle size were 15%–41% lower (p < 0.05), while EI was 21%–40% higher (p < 0.05); no significant differences were observed for sublesional BB muscles (n = 16) (p > 0.05). Muscles demonstrating abnormal LMN health displayed reduced BB MT and elevated FPL EI (p < 0.05).DiscussionThese results underscore the substantial changes in forearm and hand muscle morphology within the subacute period after cSCI, with preliminary evidence suggesting that these changes are influenced by LMN damage.
Influence of epoxidized castor oil on the mechanical, thermal, and water diffusion properties of epoxy composites
Authors: Sankar Lal Sathyaraj , Kannan Sekar 
Published: January 2025

AbstractDue to the high consumptions of the petroleum resources and an increase in the conservation awareness, the bio‐based replacements are considered by the researchers as an alternative for synthetic fibers and resins in the composites. This work explores the effects of partially replacing epoxy components with castor oil‐based bio‐resins in a flax fiber‐reinforced epoxy system for eco‐friendly material development. Epoxidized castor oil (ECO) was incorporated into petro‐based epoxy at 10%, 20%, and 30% to serve as a matrix for the composites, which were fabricated using the compression molding technique. Tensile strength, modulus and impact properties of 10% ECO modified epoxy composites increased dramatically for 10% ECO by 5%, 3%, and 5.5%, respectively. The pullout test showed the positive effect of ECO, increasing the pullout adhesion strength by 26.4% at 20% of ECO. The thermomechanical characterization of the bio‐composites showed that the inclusion of between 10% of ECO bio‐resin improves storage modulus and damping by 3.15% and 27%, respectively. The analysis of morphology indicates favorable bonding between the matrix and fiber in the bio‐based epoxy composite, whereas a suboptimal connection is evident in the neat epoxy composite. This research establishes a foundation for developing advanced sustainable bio‐composites with high bio‐based content (up to 50%), tailored for applications requiring enhanced strength and energy absorption capabilities.Highlights
Bio‐based resins from castor oil replace synthetic fibers in composite materials.
Castor oil‐based bio‐resin enhances mechanical properties of flax fiber composites.
10% ECO‐modified epoxy shows 5% increase in tensile strength and impact properties.
ECO modification improves pullout adhesion strength by 26.4% at 20% ECO.
Toughness and bio‐content were enhanced by adding ECO.
Analysis and prediction of tensile properties based on a novel wide‐angle fabric/EPDM composite under different temperatures
Authors: Zhang Zhuhui , Zhang Diantang , Lu Jian , Qian Kun , Zhang Jinqiu , Pang Zengyuan 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThis study investigated the tensile properties of the wide‐angle fabric/ethylene‐propylene‐diene monomer (EPDM) composite (WFRC) under varying temperature conditions based on the macro‐ and mesoscopic structural characterization. The wide‐angle fabric was modeled using an improved “cross‐sectional path” method that precisely represents the yarn geometry by integrating warp and weft orientations within a non‐orthogonal coordinate system derived from optical micrographs. Tensile tests conducted across a temperature range from 25 to 150°C revealed that both stress and strain decrease with increasing temperature. Numerical simulations closely aligned with the experimental data, exhibiting a maximum relative error of only 2.5% at 90°C, thereby demonstrating the robustness of the simulation models in capturing the mechanical responses of WFRC. The findings underscore the predominant role of the rubber matrix in determining the mechanical properties of WFRC, while also highlighting that the fabric maintains excellent shape conformity with the rubber. This paper presents an effective methodology for analyzing the mechanical properties of WFRC under varying temperatures, laying the groundwork for future studies on the long‐term durability and failure mechanisms of WFRC under cyclic thermal loads, and broadening its applications across various engineering domains.Highlights
The improved “cross section path” method is employed for fabric modeling.
Macro‐ and mesoscopic modeling of the wide‐angle fabric/EPDM composite.
The superelasticity of the rubber is integrated into the VUMAT subroutine.
The numerical simulations closely align with the experimental data.
Nonparametric Path‐Specific Effects on a Survival Outcome Through Multiple Time‐to‐Event Mediators
Authors: Huang Yen‐Tsung , Hong Ju‐Sheng 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTA causal mediation model with multiple time‐to‐event mediators is exemplified by the natural course of human disease marked by sequential milestones with a time‐to‐event nature. For example, from hepatitis B infection to death, patients may experience intermediate events such as liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. The sequential events of hepatitis, cirrhosis, cancer, and death are susceptible to right censoring; moreover, the latter events may preclude the former events. Casting the natural course of human diseases in the framework of causal mediation modeling, we establish a model with intermediate and terminal events as the mediators and outcomes, respectively. We define the interventional analog of path‐specific effects (iPSEs) as the effect of an exposure on a terminal event mediated (or not mediated) by any combination of intermediate events without parametric models. The expression of a counting process‐based counterfactual hazard is derived under the sequential ignorability assumption. We employ composite nonparametric likelihood estimation to obtain maximum likelihood estimators for the counterfactual hazard and iPSEs. Our proposed estimators achieve asymptotic unbiasedness, uniform consistency, and weak convergence. Applying the proposed method, we show that hepatitis B induced mortality is mostly mediated through liver cancer and/or cirrhosis whereas hepatitis C induced mortality may be through extrahepatic diseases.
Allocation Predictability of Individual Assignments in Restricted Randomization Designs for Two‐Arm Equal Allocation Trials
Authors: Zhao Wenle , Livingston Sherry 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTThis manuscript derives the allocation predictability measured by the correct guess probability and the probability of being deterministic for individual treatment assignments, as well as the averages of a randomization sequence, based on the treatment imbalance transition matrix and the conditional allocation probability. The methods described are applicable to restricted randomization designs that satisfy the following criteria: (1) two‐arm equal allocation, (2) restriction of maximum tolerated imbalance, and (3) conditional allocation probability fully determined by the observed current treatment imbalance. Analytical results indicate that, for two‐arm equal allocation trials, allocation predictability alternates by the odd/even sequence order of the treatment assignment. Additionally, the sequence average allocation predictability converges to its asymptotic value significantly more slowly than the allocation predictability for individual assignment does. Consequently, comparisons of allocation predictability between different randomization designs based on sequence averages are sensitive to sequence length. Using sequence average allocation predictability may underestimate the risk of selection bias for individual assignment. This discrepancy is particularly pronounced for short sequence lengths, where individual assignment predictability can be substantially higher than the sequence average.
Five Key Criteria for Identifying Optimal Therapeutic Targets in Protein‐Mediated Diseases
Authors: Al‐Shuhaib Mohammed Baqur S. , Al‐Shuhaib Jafar M. B. 
Published: January 2025

AbstractTherapeutic trends involve designing ligands to target proteins in various diseases, but no parallel filters have been established to prioritize pathological proteins within pathogens for optimal inhibition. This study unveils that in order for a protein to serve as an optimal target for therapeutic intervention, it must exhibit five key attributes. It should have a druggable site with a recognized cleft in which a ligand can be fitted with high specificity. It should possess a unique structure, with distinct sequences having low similarity with other non‐targeted proteins. It should be dispensable for the pathogenesis of a disease, and in the case of microbial infection, it must be crucial for the survival of infectious organisms. It should be available in a crystallized 3D structure to enable high‐throughput screening of candidate ligands. It should occupy an accessible localization to provide an easy route for the ligand to reach its target with less effort. The study justifies five rules as essential filters for considering a protein as an ideal therapeutic target for any protein‐mediated dysfunction. When these rules of targeting proteins are found in a protein, eradicating the intended ailment can primarily be enhanced in less time, money, and effort.
Construction of Spiro[indoline‐3,2′‐pyrrolo[2,1‐a]Isoquinoline] and Spiro[indoline‐3,2′‐pyrrolo[1,2‐a]Quinoline] via Isocyanide‐Based Three‐Component Reaction
Authors: Liu Dong‐Mei , He Yu‐Wei , Han Ying , Sun Jing , Yan Chao‐Guo 
Published: January 2025

AbstractA convenient synthetic protocol for novel spiro[indoline‐3,2′‐pyrrolo[2,1‐a]isoquinoline] and spiro[indoline‐3,2′‐pyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinoline] motifs was successfully developed by three‐component reaction of isoquinoline (quinoline), cyclohexyl isocyanide, and isatylidene malononitriles. In the absence of any catalyst, the three‐component reaction of isoquinoline, cyclohexyl isocyanide, and isatylidene malononitriles in refluxing dichloromethane gave functionalized spiro[indoline‐3,2′‐pyrrolo[2,1‐a]isoquinolines] in good yields and with high diastereoselectivity. However, the similar three‐component reaction with quinoline afforded functionalized spiro[indoline‐3,2′‐pyrrolo[1,2‐a]quinolines] with about 2:1 diastereoselectivity.
Preparation and Adsorption Properties of Corn Straw Amphoteric Adsorbent for Cationic and Anionic Dyes
Authors: Shan Bin , Yang Ye , Cui Ruilin , Tan Weiqiang , Tian Yong , Ma Jiping 
Published: January 2025

AbstractA highly efficient and environmentally friendly corn straw amphoteric adsorbent (CSAA) was produced using pretreatment, etherification, and graft copolymerization of corn straw (CS) for the purpose of removing methylene blue (MB) and acid red 1 (AR1). The CSAA was subjected to characterize utilizing SEM, FTIR, XRD, Zeta surface potential, and TG. The impacts of pH value, adsorbent dosage, dye concentration, and salt concentration on the adsorption of MB and AR1 by CSAA were examined. The concurrent removal of cationic and anionic dyes under different pH levels has been successfully shown, exhibiting potential utility in dye wastewater. The pseudo‐second‐order kinetic equation indicated a superior match with the empirical data, suggesting that the principal adsorption mechanism may be attributable to ionic attraction. The equilibrium adsorption isotherm study of the CSAA demonstrated a stronger conformance with the Langmuir isotherm model and the maximum adsorption capacity reached 356.2 and 408.2 mg·g−1 for MB and AR1, respectively. Furthermore, the thermodynamic parameters revealed that adsorption reaction using CSAA was spontaneous and exothermic.
Neuron Modulation by Synergetic Management of Redox Status and Oxidative Stress
Authors: Liu Xianping , Jiang Xingwu , Liu Zonghao , Chen Feixiang , Chen Jian , Chu Xu , Bu Wenbo , Liu Yanyan 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThe transient receptor potential (TRP) channel is a key sensor for diverse cellular stimuli, regulating the excitability of primary nociceptive neurons. Sensitization of the TRP channel can heighten pain sensitivity to innocuous or mildly noxious stimuli. Here, reversible modulation of TRP channels is achieved by controlling both the light‐induced photoelectrochemical reaction to induce neuronal depolarization, and antioxidants for neuronal protection. It is based on a hybrid nanosystem, CZPN, created by coating CeO2 nanocrystals with the metalloporphyrin ZnTPyP. Light irradiation triggers an electrochemical response, with efficient electron injection from ZnTPyP to CeO2, converting Ce4+ into Ce3+ as antioxidants. Meanwhile, the charge migrates from surrounding O2 molecules to the hole‐injected ZnTPyP*, giving rise to reactive oxygen species (ROS). This change in the redox environment sensitizes TRP channels, eliciting action potentials in primary rat neurons, and is partially blocked by pretreatment with capsazepine. The resulting CeO2‐x, with a high Ce3+/Ce4+ ratio, can scavenge excessive ROS to prevent oxidative damage. The light‐induced pain behaviors in mice pre‐injected with CZPN are further confirmed. This work suggests a safe, effective, and universal approach to photoelectrochemical processes for modulation and research of the peripheral nervous system.
Factors Influencing Science Teachers' Professional Development: A Cultural‐Historical Activity Theory Perspective
Authors: Hu Xinyang , Bi Hualin 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTExploring the factors influencing science teacher professional development (STPD) and their interactions may provide insight into promoting professional development and improving science education. However, existing research mainly focuses on STPD in larger domains, such as individual, external, and contextual, without paying systematic attention to the connections between internal elements within domains. Therefore, this study utilized the cultural‐historical activity theory (CHAT) as a framework to systematically explore the interactions between factors influencing STPD. Content analysis was used to identify the factors influencing STPD. Subsequently, we adopted a convergent parallel mixed research method, aiming at a more comprehensive exploration of how these factors affect STPD. The interpretive structural model (ISM) and cross‐influence matrix multiplication (MICMAC) method were used to explore the interrelationships among the factors. Furthermore, from the CHAT perspective, semi‐structured interviews were used to identify the tensions in STPD. The ISM results showed that the factors influencing STPD have a six‐level hierarchical structure. Level 1 represents factors that directly influence STPD. The influences at Level 1 were also directly or indirectly influenced by the factors at Levels 2–6. The primary and secondary contradictions in STPD were identified by integrating the MICMAC and interview results under the CHAT lens. This study established that ISM and MICMAC not only identifies the hierarchical relationship between the influencing factors but also better identifies the contradictions between and within different types of factors from the perspective of CHAT. Based on our results, we suggest a focus on professional practice and learning communities, rural and remote school teachers, and efficient use of technology to connect experts, teacher trainers, and peer groups to improve the reach and efficacy of STPD.
Classification Method for Fatigue Driving Signals Based on Multiple Classifier Analysis
Authors: Mu Zhendong 
Published: January 2025

AbstractThis study constructs an ensemble learning model under several classifiers by optimizing the hyperparameters of the base classifier to address the low accuracy issue of fatigue driving detection that uses traditional classifiers. In this study, the fatigue driving electroencephalogram (EEG) signals of 26 participants were analyzed using various classifiers, namely, k‐nearest neighbor, back‐propagation neural network, support vector machine, random forest, Gaussian naive Bayes, and quadratic discriminant analysis, as base classifiers. This study also used 10‐fold cross‐validation to evaluate the model and four ensemble learning methods, namely, bagging, boosting, stacking, and voting, for comparative analysis. Through the analysis of the EEG signals of the 26 participants, a conclusion could be drawn that the average recognition rate of the ensemble learning model for the participants was improved to 95% after hyperparameter optimization of the base classifier. Moreover, an ensemble learning model was constructed under multiple classifiers to improve the recognition rate of fatigue driving signals. © 2025 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Assessment of Soil and Sediment Loss in the Ken River Basin, Central India, Using RUSLE and InVEST SDR Models
Authors: Bhatt Suresh Chandra , Singh Moirangthem Mourdhaja , Singh Sudhir Kumar , Rana Narendra Kumar , Kori Rakesh Kumar , Patel Adesh , Sachan Hrithik 
Published: January 2025

ABSTRACTAssessing soil and sediment loss are the main aims of the paper using the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and the InVEST SDR models in the Ken River Basin (KRB). The annual soil loss varied from few‐ton/hectare/year to 1630.5. The high erosion susceptibility was prevalent in the elevated area and low soil erosion severity was seen in the low‐lying plains of the middle and lower reaches. The maximum sediment export (430.16‐ton/hectare/year) was noticed in the hills of the Vindhyans, Bundelkhand, and Deccan traps. Contrary to this the low sediment transport was observed in the flat alluvium plains. The conservation practices are slightly more effective in the KRB. Its crop cover reduces the impact of rain's kinetic energy, increase recharge, and mitigates soil erosion. These research output may be helpful to planners in minimizing soil and sediment loss and in enhancing the soil conservation and agricultural productivity.
Fighting Hate Speech on Social Media: The Challenge of “Deep Work” in Digital Peacebuilding
Authors: Hirblinger Andreas T. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The rise in efforts to fight hate speech is representative of the bigger trend of taking peacebuilding online, yet the phenomenon of hate speech clearly predates the internet age. This chapter argues that contemporary efforts struggle to address the deeper drivers of conflict that are also related to hate speech. Hate speech plays a role in inciting mass violence, encouraging extremism, and undermining democracy, but also provides the justifications for maintaining inequality, discrimination, and oppression that often underpin violent conflict. However, efforts to fight hate speech on social media tend to focus more on curtailing its immediate role in violence than its intermediate role in reproducing the conditions of violence. Presenting a study of efforts to fight hate speech in Sri Lanka, the chapter suggests that countering social media hate speech tends to focus on the detection of words (lexicalism), the analysis of data for conflict-preventative purposes (dashboardism), the reporting and removal of hate speech (deletionism), a joint reactionary response that advances alternative narratives (crowd-counterism), and a rights-based approach focused on regulating contemporary expressions of hate speech (presentism). Overall, the chapter argues that these technical solutions do relatively little to address the underlying, historically conditioned socio-economic dimensions of conflict.
Reimagining Ocean Connections: Relationality and Care in Ocean Literacy
Authors: Tugend Mana 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter re-evaluates our relationship with the ocean, challenging traditional views that reduce it to a mere resource. It advocates for a shift towards ocean literacy, emphasizing the interconnectedness and interdependence between humans and the marine environment through the values of relationality and care. Relationality rejects Western dualisms, promoting a holistic perspective that sees humans and the ocean as deeply interconnected. Care highlights the ethical and emotional dimensions of this relationship, advocating for empathy and responsibility. By exploring these values through two pathways—connecting with each other and with the ocean—the chapter illustrates how integrating relationality and care can transform ocean governance.
Navigating the International Data Space To Build Edge-Driven Cross-Domain Dataspace Ecosystem
Authors: Singh Parwinder , Meratnia Nirvana , Beliatis Michail J. , Presser Mirko 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Data is an asset for the modern industrial era that plays a crucial role in driving intelligence through machine learning techniques and methods for business, technical, economic, and social decision making. Generally, data generated in a specific domain is often used in other domains, which requires cross-domain data integration (CDDI) and sharing across edges. Here, an edge represents an organization, system, or entity with computing data processing capabilities. This CDDI and sharing across edges need data sovereignty to govern the relevant usage context, wherein the sharing edge domain’s data context must be respected by the shared edge domain. This edge domain’s data context can be seen as a medium to define rules for associated data usage, access, and identity management. This can be achieved by the common dataspace vision of the European Union for CDDI to turn the European market into a unified data-driven European market. International Data Space (IDS) is such an effort backed up by the European Commission to develop relevant standards and specifications for CDDI. However, even though a vast amount of IDS ecosystem information is available online, it is scattered and hard to navigate. This obstructs the use and adoption of the IDS at a desired pace and in a simplified manner. This study contributes to this need by converging the information in one place and leveraging theoretical and pragmatic insights on building IDS-based edge-driven dataspace in real-world scenarios. We dive into a wind industry supply-chain-specific use case realized through a locally developed IDS platform to showcase and validate the use of CDDI.