bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study on emulsion and suspension in situ polymerization
Authors: Gu Qiang , Lin Quan , Hu Chunling , Yang Bai 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA novel and simple method of emulsion and suspension in situ polymerization was designed for preparing a composite of polystyrene containing core–shell emulsion particles. The advantage of this method was that it did not need a complex process, such as emulsion breaking, washing, drying, and so on, during transforming from emulsion polymerization to suspension polymerization. First, the core–shell particles of poly(styrene/bisphenol A dimethyl methacrylate)/polystyrene [P(St/BPADA)/PS] with crosslinking structure were synthesized by emulsion polymerization. Then the latex was broken with electrolyte dripping and the emulsion particles became swollen and transformed into the monomer in the suspension polymerization system. Thus the emulsion and suspension in situ polymerization could be carried out successfully. The mechanism of the process was investigated in detail. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 404–412, 2005
Fixation protocols for subcellular imaging by synchrotron‐based Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy
Authors: Gazi E. , Dwyer J. , Lockyer N. P. , Miyan J. , Gardner P. , Hart C. , Brown M. , Clarke N. W. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractSynchrotron‐based Fourier transform infrared (SR‐FTIR) microspectroscopy is a powerful bioanalytical technique for the simultaneous analysis of lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and a variety of phosphorylated molecules within intact cells. SR‐FTIR microspectroscopy can be used in the imaging mode to generate biospectroscopic maps of the distribution and intensity profiles of subcellular biomolecular domains at diffraction‐limited spatial resolution. However, the acquisition of highly spatially resolved IR images of cells is not only a function of instrumental parameters (source brightness, sampling aperture size) but also the cell preparation method employed. Additionally, for the IR data to be biochemically relevant the cells must be preserved in a life‐like state without introducing artefacts. In the present study we demonstrate, for the first time, the differences in biomolecular localizations observed in SR‐FTIR images of cells fixed by formalin, formalin–critical point drying (CPD), and glutaraldehyde–osmium tetroxide–CPD, using the PC‐3 prostate cancer cell line. We compare these SR‐FTIR images of fixed cells to unfixed cells. The influence of chemical fixatives on the IR spectrum is discussed in addition to the biological significance of the observed localizations. Our experiments reveal that formalin fixation at low concentration preserves lipid, phosphate, and protein components without significantly influencing the IR spectrum of the cell. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2005
Crystal and Band Structures, Bonding, and Optical Properties of Solid Compounds of Alkaline Indium(III) Pyrophosphates MInP2O7 (M: Na, K, Rb, Cs).
Authors: Zhang Yongchun , Cheng Wendan , Wu Dongsheng , Zhang Hao , Chen Dagui , Gong Yajing , Kan Zigui 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
From Discrete to Extended Guests: A Novel Supramolecular [Hg6As4](AgCl3)2 Assembly Featuring One‐Dimensional (AgCl3)2‐ Anions.
Authors: Oleneva Olga S. , Olenev Andrei V. , Dikarev Evgeny V. , Shevelkov Andrei V. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel and Highly Selective Conversion of Alcohols and Thiols to Alkyl Nitrites with Triphenylphosphine/2,3‐Dichloro‐5,6‐dicyanobenzoquinone/Bu4 NNO2 System.
Authors: Akhlaghinia Batool , Pourali Ali Reza 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Bismuth Triflate as Novel and Efficient Catalyst for the Synthesis of β‐Aminosulfides.
Authors: Yadav Jhillu S. , Reddy B. V. Subba , Baishya Gakul , Reddy P. Venkatram , Harshavardhan S. J. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Kost—Sagitullin Rearrangement in a Series of 1‐Alkyl‐2‐(carbamoylmethyl)‐4,6‐dimethylpyrimidinium Iodides.
Authors: Danagulyan G. G. , Sahakyan L. G. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Rational Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 3H‐Naphtho[1,2,3‐de]quinoline‐2,7‐diones: A New Class of Potential Antitumor Agents.
Authors: Antonini I. , Polucci P. , Magnano A. , Sparapani S. , Martinelli S. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Tandem Hydration/Cyclodehydration of α‐Thiocyanatoketones to 2‐Oxo‐3‐thiazolines. Application to Thiazolo[5,4‐c]quinoline‐2,4(3aH,5H)‐dione Synthesis.
Authors: Klasek Antonin , Mrkvicka Vladimir , Pevec Andrej , Kosmrlj Janez 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Syntheses of Sulfoxide Derivatives in the Benzodiazine Series. Diazines. Part 37.
Authors: Le Fur Nicolas , Mojovic Ljubica , Turck Alain , Ple Nelly , Queguiner Guy , Reboul Vincent , Perrio Stephane , Metzner Patrick 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of (R)‐(+)‐Tanikolide Through Stereospecific C—H Insertion Reaction of Dichlorocarbene with Optically Active Secondary Alcohol Derivatives.
Authors: Arasaki Hideki , Iwata Masashi , Makida Miyuki , Masaki Yukio 
Published: November 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Leaf Litter Breakdown Processing in the Functional Monitoring of a Mountain Stream
Authors: Braioni Maria Giovanna , Dal Cortivo Marialuisa , Salmoiraghi Gianpaolo 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThis research is a contribution to an integrated overview of the alpine low‐order river ecosystem. We associated the results obtained from colonization and breakdown processes (functional aspects, i.e. colonization of natural and artificial leaf packs and of artificial inorganic substrates), with the morpho‐hydrological features of the river bed, with density and biomass of benthic invertebrates and with banks quality. We studied the Ausor stream, North‐East Italy, a natural alpine stream with a narrow steep gradient channel.The applied monitoring methods allowed us to point out the total biodiversity, the seasonal and regional heterogeneity of macrobenthos and of habitats and the efficiency of breakdown and colonization processes. The integrated overview, achieved from the comparison of results, showed that diversity and variability of habitats are connected with the natural morphological development of the river bed and of riparian areas. Furthermore, heterogeneity and variability of habitats are essential in supporting biodiversity and the functional processes occurring in a natural environment. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Medication errors in pediatrics—the octopus evading defeat
Authors: Sullivan Janice E. , Buchino John J. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractMedication errors have come to the forefront in healthcare and oversight organizations as well as to the public over the past several years. There has been an increasing focus on this area of patient care requiring more intensive evaluation and intervention to prevent these errors. Although it is difficult to ascertain the true occurrence of medication errors, they may occur as frequently as once in every 20 orders. Children are at higher risk for medication errors and adverse drug events for numerous reasons. Not only is there great variability in weight and body surface area in this population, there is also significant differences in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of many medications when compared to adults. In addition, our knowledge of pharmacogenetics and phenotypic ontogeny must be applied. Sources of medication errors are identified, and specific examples and solutions to improve medication use in children are provided. It is critical to have 1) personnel trained in pediatrics to prescribe, prepare, dispense and administer medications, 2) a quality review system in place to review drug use and medication errors, and 3) to implement computerized physician order entry with decision support and other tools in the next decade to improve pharmacologic therapy for pediatric patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2004;88:182–188. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Improving the segmentation of therapy‐induced leukoencephalopathy in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia using a priori information and a gradient magnitude threshold
Authors: Glass John O. , Reddick Wilburn E. , Reeves Cara , Pui Ching‐Hon 
Published: November 2004

AbstractReliably quantifying therapy‐induced leukoencephalopathy is a challenging task due to the similarity between its MR properties and those of normal tissues. Multispectral MR images were analyzed for 15 children treated for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Three different analysis techniques were compared to examine improvements in the segmentation accuracy of leukoencephalopathy versus manual tracings by two experienced observers. The original technique used a white matter mask based on the segmentation of the first serial examination of each patient and no a priori information. The modified techniques combine spatially normalized a priori maps as input and a gradient magnitude threshold. The second technique used a 2D threshold, while the third algorithm utilized a 3D threshold. MR images were segmented with a Kohonen self‐organizing map for all three algorithms. Kappa values were compared for the three techniques to each observer and statistically significant improvements were seen between the original and third algorithms (Observer 1: 0.651, 0.744, P = 0.015; Observer 2: 0.603, 0.699, P = 0.024). More accurate and reliable quantification reduces the amount of variance in MR measures and facilitates clinical trials to determine the clinical significance of leukoencephalopathy in this vulnerable population. Magn Reson Med 52:1336–1341, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fast Spiral two‐point Dixon technique using block regional off‐resonance correction
Authors: Moriguchi Hisamoto , Lewin Jonathan S. , Duerk Jeffrey L. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe Spiral two‐point Dixon (Spiral 2PD) technique has recently been proposed as a method for unambiguous water–fat decomposition in spiral imaging. It also corrects for off‐resonance blurring artifacts using only two data sets. In the Spiral 2PD technique, several predetermined off‐resonance frequencies are tested to both separate water and fat signals and deblur the decomposed images. Unfortunately, the algorithm is computationally quite intensive since the range of tested frequencies must be set sufficiently large to span the full range of anticipated B0 variation over the scanned objects. The block regional off‐resonance correction (BRORC) algorithm corrects for off‐resonance blurring artifacts block by block through the reconstructed image and usually provides several times higher computational efficiency than the conventional frequency‐segmented off‐resonance correction algorithm. This work shows that both water–fat decomposition and blurring artifact correction can be performed block by block using two spiral images with different TEs and that this new technique (BRORC‐Spiral2PD technique) significantly improves the computational efficiency of other Spiral 2PD algorithms, opening new opportunities for spiral imaging. Magn Reson Med 52:1342–1350, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A three‐level model for binary time‐series data: the effects of air pollution on school absences in the Southern California Children's Health Study
Authors: Rondeau Virginie , Berhane Kiros , Thomas Duncan C. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA three‐level model is proposed to simultaneously examine the effects of daily exposure to air pollution and individual risk factors on health outcomes without aggregating over subjects or time. We used a logistic transition model with random effects to take into account heterogeneity and overdispersion of the observations. A distributed lag structure for pollution has been included, assuming that the event on day t for a subject depends on the levels of air pollution for several preceding days. We illustrate this proposed model via detailed analysis of the effect of air pollution on school absenteeism based on data from the Southern California Children's Health Study. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two mesocosm experiments investigating the control of summer phytoplankton growth in a small shallow lake
Authors: Stephen D. , Balayla D. M. , Collings S. E. , Moss Brian 
Published: November 2004

Summary1. Mesocosm experiments were carried out to examine the relative importance of top down (fish predation) and bottom up (nutrient addition) controls on phytoplankton abundance in a small shallow lake, Little Mere, U.K., in 1998 and 1999. These experiments were part of a series at six sites across Europe.2. In the 1998 experiment, top‐down processes (through grazing of large Cladocera) were important in determining phytoplankton biomass. The lack of plant refugia for zooplankton was probably important in causing an increasing chlorophyll a concentration even at intermediate fish density. Little Mere normally has abundant macrophytes but they failed to develop substantially during both years. Bottom‐up control was not important in 1998, most probably because of high background nutrient concentrations, as a result of nutrient release from the sediments.3. In 1999 neither top‐down nor bottom‐up processes were significant in determining phytoplankton biomass. Large cladoceran grazers were absent even in the fish‐free enclosures, probably because dominance of cyanobacteria and high phytoplankton biomass made feeding conditions unsuitable. As in 1998, bottom‐up control of phytoplankton was not important, owing to background nutrient concentrations that were even higher in 1999 than in 1998, perhaps because of the warmer, sunnier weather.4. The differing outcomes of the two experiments in the same lake with similar experimental designs highlight the importance of starting conditions. These conditions in turn depended on overall weather conditions prior to the experiments.
Evolutionary and Functional Relationships of Colonization Factor Antigen I and Other Class 5 Adhesive Fimbriae of Enterotoxigenic
Escherichia coli
Authors: Anantha Ravi P. , McVeigh Annette L. , Lee Lanfong H. , Agnew Mary K. , Cassels Frederick J. , Scott Daniel A. , Whittam Thomas S. , Savarino Stephen J. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT

Colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I) is the archetype of eight genetically related fimbriae of enterotoxigenic
Escherichia coli
(ETEC) designated class 5 fimbriae. Assembled by the alternate chaperone pathway, these organelles comprise a rigid stalk of polymerized major subunits and an apparently tip-localized minor adhesive subunit. We examined the evolutionary relationships of class 5-specific structural proteins and correlated these with functional properties. We sequenced the gene clusters encoding coli surface antigen 4 (CS4), CS14, CS17, CS19, and putative colonization factor antigen O71 (PCFO71) and analyzed the deduced proteins and the published homologs of CFA/I, CS1, and CS2. Multiple alignment and phylogenetic analysis of the proteins encoded by each operon define three subclasses, 5a (CFA/I, CS4, and CS14), 5b (CS1, CS17, CS19, and PCFO71), and 5c (CS2). These share distant evolutionary relatedness to fimbrial systems of three other genera. Subclass divisions generally correlate with distinguishing in vitro adherence phenotypes of strains bearing the ETEC fimbriae. Phylogenetic comparisons of the individual structural proteins demonstrated greater intrasubclass conservation among the minor subunits than the major subunits. To correlate this with functional attributes, we made antibodies against CFA/I and CS17 whole fimbriae and maltose-binding protein fusions with the amino-terminal half of the corresponding minor subunits. Anti-minor subunit Fab preparations showed hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) of ETEC expressing homologous and intrasubclass heterologous colonization factors while anti-fimbrial Fab fractions showed HAI activity limited to colonization factor-homologous ETEC. These results were corroborated with similar results from the Caco-2 cell adherence assay. Our findings suggest that the minor subunits of class 5 fimbriae may be superior to whole fimbriae in inducing antiadhesive immunity.
Development of a System To Study CD4+-T-Cell Responses to Transgenic Ovalbumin-ExpressingToxoplasma gondiiduring Toxoplasmosis
Authors: Pepper Marion , Dzierszinski Florence , Crawford Amy , Hunter Christopher A. , Roos David 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACTThe study of the immune response toToxoplasma gondiihas provided numerous insights into the role of T cells in resistance to intracellular infections. However, the complexity of this eukaryote pathogen has made it difficult to characterize immunodominant epitopes that would allow the identification of T cells with a known specificity for parasite antigens. As a consequence, analysis of T-cell responses toT. gondiihas been based on characterization of the percentage of T cells that express an activated phenotype during infection and on the ability of these cells to produce cytokines in response to complex mixtures of parasite antigens. In order to study specific CD4+T cells responses toT. gondii, recombinant parasites that express a truncated ovalbumin (OVA) protein, in either a cytosolic or a secreted form, were engineered. In vitro and in vivo studies reveal that transgenic parasites expressing secreted OVA are able to stimulate T-cell receptor-transgenic OVA-specific CD4+T cells to proliferate, express an activated phenotype, and produce gamma interferon (IFN-γ). Furthermore, the adoptive transfer of OVA-specific T cells into IFN-γ−/−mice provided enhanced protection against infection with the OVA-transgenic (but not parental) parasites. Together, these studies establish the utility of this transgenic system to study CD4+-T-cell responses during toxoplasmosis.
Anaplasma marginale
Major Surface Protein 2 CD4
+
-T-Cell Epitopes Are Evenly Distributed in Conserved and Hypervariable Regions (HVR), Whereas Linear B-Cell Epitopes Are Predominantly Located in the HVR
Authors: Abbott Jeffrey R. , Palmer Guy H. , Howard Chris J. , Hope Jayne C. , Brown Wendy C. 
Published: November 2004

ABSTRACT

Organisms in the genus
Anaplasma
express an immunodominant major surface protein 2 (MSP2), composed of a central hypervariable region (HVR) flanked by highly conserved regions. Throughout
Anaplasma marginale
infection, recombination results in the sequential appearance of novel MSP2 variants and subsequent control of rickettsemia by the immune response, leading to persistent infection. To determine whether immune evasion and selection for variant organisms is associated with a predominant response against HVR epitopes, T-cell and linear B-cell epitopes were localized by measuring peripheral blood gamma interferon-secreting cells, proliferation, and antibody binding to 27 overlapping peptides spanning MSP2 in 16 cattle. Similar numbers of MSP2-specific CD4
+
T-cell epitopes eliciting responses of similar magnitude were found in conserved and hypervariable regions. T-cell epitope clusters recognized by the majority of animals were identified in the HVR (amino acids [aa] 171 to 229) and conserved regions (aa 101 to 170 and 272 to 361). In contrast, linear B-cell epitopes were concentrated in the HVR, residing within hydrophilic sequences. The pattern of recognition of epitope clusters by T cells and of HVR epitopes by B cells is consistent with the influence of protein structure on epitope recognition.
APPLICATION OF A REAL-TIME CONTROL STRATEGY FOR BAYESIAN BELIEF NETWORKS TO SHIP CLASSIFICATION PROBLEM SOLVING
Authors: MUSMAN S.A. , CHANG L.W. , BOOKER L.B. 
Published: November 2004

Many classification problems must be performed in a timely or time constrained manner. For this reason, the generation of control schemes which are capable of responding in real-time are fundamental to many applications. For our problem, that of ship classification, tactical scenarios often dictate the response time required from a system. In this paper, we discuss efficient ways to prioritize and gather evidence within belief networks. We also suggest ways in which we can structure our large problem into a series of small ones. This both pre-defines much of our control strategy into the system structure and also localizes our run-time control issues into much smaller networks. The overall control strategy thus includes the combination of both of these methods. By combining them correctly we can reduce the amount of dynamic computation required during run-time and thus improve the responsiveness of the system.
PARSING-DRIVEN GENERALIZATION FOR NATURAL LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
Authors: LIU REY-LONG , SOO VON-WUN 
Published: November 2004

Parsing is an important step in natural language processing. It involves tasks of searching for applicable grammatical rules which can transform natural language sentences into their corresponding parse trees. Therefore parsing can be viewed as problem solving, and language acquisition can be achieved by generalizing problem solving heuristics. In this paper we investigate how machine learning methodologies can be integrated with a Wait-And-See Parser (the problem solver) to acquire parsing-related knowledge that is needed for the parser. We call this approach parsing-driven generalization since learning (acquisition of parsing rules and classification of lexicons) is basically derived from the parsing process. Three types of generalization are reported in this paper: simple generalization, generalization by asking questions, and generalization back-propagation. Simple generalization generalizes any two parsing rules whose action parts (right-hand sides) are the same but whose condition parts (left-hand sides) have a single difference. Generalization by asking questions is triggered when a “climbing-up” move on a concept hierarchy is attempted. It is necessary for avoiding over-generalization. Generalization back-propagation propagates a confirmed generalization of some later parsing rule back to its precedent rules in a parsing sequence and thus causes them to be generalized as well. It can reduce the number of questions asked by the system. With these three types of generalization and a mechanism for maintaining lexicon classification (the domain concept hierarchy), parsing and learning can interact to utilize and acquire parsing-related knowledge. To promote the practical performance of parsing after learning, a relaxation parsing mechanism is also designed to process unseen sentences.
HYBRID NEURAL NETWORK/HIDDEN MARKOV MODEL SYSTEMS FOR CONTINUOUS SPEECH RECOGNITION
Authors: MORGAN NELSON , BOURLARD HERVÉ , RENALS STEVE , COHEN MICHAEL , FRANCO HORACIO 
Published: November 2004

MultiLayer Perceptrons (MLP) are an effective family of algorithms for the smooth estimation of highly-dimensioned probability density functions that are useful in continuous speech recognition. Hidden Markov Models (HMM) provide a structure for the mapping of a temporal sequence of acoustic vectors to a generating sequence of states. For HMMs that are independent of phonetic context, the MLP approaches have consistently provided significant improvements (once we learned how to use them). Recently, these results have been extended to context-dependent models. In this paper, after having reviewed the basic principles of our hybrid HMM/MLP approach, we describe a series of experiments with continuous speech recognition. The hybrid methods directly trade off computational complexity for reduced requirements of memory and memory bandwidth. Results are presented on the widely used Resource Management speech database that is distributed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. These results demonstrate performance that is at least as good as any other reported continuous speech recognition system (for this task).