bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extracellular single and multiple unit recording with microelectrodes
Authors: Millar J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Action potentials across the membranes of neurons generate electric current flow in the tissue around the neurons. These currents in turn generate voltages in the tissue, and these voltages can be detected as extracellular ‘spikes’. Extracellular spikes from mammalian neurons in the central nervous system have a duration of between 0.2 and 20 ms, depending on the type of neuron and the bandwidth of the spike recording system. Amplitudes vary from the noise level of the recording electrode (see below) which may be as little as 2 µV RMS (root mean square value) up to several millivolts: The great advantage of extracellular recording for the neurophysiologist is that you can record the activity of neurons without having to impale and thereby damage them. Impalement may be inadvisable because it damages the cell, it may be extremely difficult because the cell is small, or it may be unstable because the tissue is moving due to mechanical pulsations from blood pressure or respiratory fluctuations. For these reasons most neuronal recording in anaesthetized animals, as opposed to brain slices or cell cultures, is done with extracellular recording.
Intracellular recording methods for neurons
Authors: Silinsky E M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the late 1920s, botanists interested in the behaviour of large plant cells pulled heated glass capillary tubing to give 1-2 µm tips, filled the resultant pipettes with electrolyte solutions, and impaled Valonia, Chara, and Halioclystis cells to study their transmembrane electrical properties (1). The use of such pipettes in animal cells soon followed when Cole and colleagues (2) recorded intracellularly from embryonic heart cells in tissue culture. The creation of the true microelectrode (generally defined as possessing a tip diameter &lt; 1 µm) is frequently attributed to Gerard, Graham, Ling, and colleagues in the 1940s (3), who first described the conventional double pull technique for creating electrodes of 0.5 µm or less. The methods of Gerard and his associates also formed the link between the earlier artistry of those who pulled microelectrodes by hand and our present technological era of microprocessor-controlled electrode pullers. The diligence of these electrophysiological pioneers, coupled with post-war improvements in electronic circuitry, laid the groundwork for the next 30 years in which intracellular microelectrodes dominated the field of electrophysiology.
Computer-assisted recombinant DNA design and analysis with Matilda
Authors: Isralewitz Barry , ShallowAy* David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Creating a recombinant DNA usually involves two phases of analysis. Functional sites (e.g. boundaries of coding regions, intrans, promoters, etc.) and restriction sites are mapped in the first phase, usually both by experimentation and by DNA sequence analysis. The functional and restriction site maps that are produced in this phase are used to devise the recombination strategy in the second phase. The distinction between the two phases of analysis is apparent in the different ‘languages’ that are used. While sequences, restriction enzyme patterns, and consensus sequences are described using the four-letter nucleotide code, DNA fragments and recombinant clones are described using restriction enzyme names and locations, functional information, and descriptions of the boundaries and ancestries of DNA segments in a clone (which regions came from pBR322, for instance). Many software packages are available that provide the variety of DNA sequence analysis procedures applicable to the first phase (homology searching, translation, secondary structure prediction, etc.) (1). However, these programs do not, in general, directly address the problems of the second phase. These are usually described, and best solved, in terms of the higher-level language of restriction and functional site maps, not in terms of nucleotide sequence. This is particularly true for cloning operations with DNAs that have only been partially sequenced and where additional experimental data is important.
Expert systems and their implementation in chromatography
Authors: Mulholland M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Artificial intelligence (AI), and expert systems (ES) in particular, have been the subject of much hype and media-built expectation. This is mainly due to the human factor of this technology. ES apply human terminology to non human things and use their own peculiar language of fuzzy logic, demons, rules, and frames. All this surrounds them with an aura of mystery. It is interesting to speculate on why ES receive so much attention: there seem to be several reasons. Firstly, they promise to make information technology (IT) and computer software more human and less algorithmic. This allows computers to tackle a whole new arena of human problems. The ability of ES to imitate real experts also raises expectations that these problem solvers are easier to use and learn from than conventional software. Secondly, workers increasingly need to access expertise from outside their own subject domain. This is particularly true for the modern biochemist, who is expected to be a combination of statistician, analytical chemist, information technologist, mechanic, plumber ... the list could go on and on. Finally, it is a well-known business maxim that a company’s most valuable asset is its personnel. ES can allow this experience and skill to be preserved within a company. Taken all together, these reasons can leave no doubt as to why there is currently a huge market for this technology.
Autosomal dominant inheritance
Authors: Young Ian d. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Well over 2000 disorders and polymorphic systems showing definite or probable autosomal dominant inheritance have been documented.1 As the name implies, these conditions are determined by genes at autosomal loci and are manifest in the heterozygote. The provision of risks for disorders showing autosomal dominant inheritance is straightforward if there is a clear family history and the disorder in question is characterized by complete penetrance, consistent expression, and a reliable means of diagnosing heterozygotes. The risk to each child of an affected individual will be 50 per cent, whereas the child of an unaffected family member will be at negligible risk, or, to be more precise, twice the mutation rate (µ). Unfortunately, in practice risk calculation is rarely as simple as might at first seem. Factors which may significantly influence the final risk are considered in the following pages.
Methods for studying myristoyl CoA:protein N-myristoyltransferase
Authors: Rudnick David A , Duronio, Robert J , Gordon Jeffrey I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Protein N-myristoylation refers to the co-translational attachment of myristic acid (Cl4:0) to the NHrterminal glycine residues of proteins which participate in diverse biological processes including signal transduction, protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, oncogenesis, and viral assembly (reviewed in refs. 1-3). This covalent modification has been shown to affect profoundly the function of at least some N-myristoylproteins. The myristoyl moiety can play a role in protein targeting, but appears to represent more than a non-specific membrane anchoring signal as different N myristoylproteins are targeted to the plasma membrane (for example, p6osrc), endoplasmic reticulum (for example, cytochrome bS reductase), and even cytosol [for example, the catalytic (C) subunit of mammalian cAMP (3’5’ cyclic adenosine monophosphate) dependent protein kinase, PK-A).
Oligodeoxynucleotides Containing Modified Bases
Authors: Connolly Bernard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several hundred modified bases have been described in the literature and outlining their incorporation into oligonucleotides would clearly occupy several volumes. This chapter by necessity therefore only describes the preparation of a small number of bases in use in our laboratory. Each modified base has an exocyclic group replaced by either hydrogen or sulphur. We have mainly used oligodeoxynucleotides containing these altered bases to probe protein-nucleic acid interactions. However several of them also have potentially useful spectroscopic and chemical photore activity properties suggesting further useful applications.
Purification and characterization of lipoxygenase from germinating barley
Authors: Doderer Albert , Kokkelink Ingrid , Veen Simone van der , Valk Betty E , Douma Anneke C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Via the lipoxygenase pathway, free fatty acids (FFAs) in germinating barley can be converted into a variety of secondary metabolites, including compounds considered to play a role in staling and off-flavour formation in beer. In the present study the key enzyme of this route, lipoxygenase has been investigated. Two isoenzymes from germinating barley have been purified. On Western blots both enzymes crossreact with pea lipoxygenase antibodies. They have the same molecular weight and pH optimum but they differ in their isoelectric point and in the product formed upon incubation with linoleic acid. Amino-acid sequence data indicate some homology with soybean lipoxygenases. Further characterization of the enzymes as well as the cloning of the corresponding genes are in progress.
A mechanism for sulfite production in beer and how to increase sulfite levels by recombinant genetics
Authors: Korch Christopher , Mountain Harry A , Gyllang Hans , Winge Michael , Brehmer Patrik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sulfite is important for the flavour stability of beer. In low alcohol beers its production is often inadequate. During fermentation, yeast produces sulfite and releases it into the wort. Earlier, we described several wort components that affect sulfite levels in beer. Herein we present a model explaining the accumulation of sulfite during fermentation. By recombinant DNA methodology, several methionine biosynthetic genes, cloned in 2-micron-based plasmids, were transformed into laboratory and brewing strains. The amount of sulfite synthesized during fermentation was increased by 2.5 to 20-fold, depending on the strain, its genetic makeup, and the genes carried by the plasmids.
Influence of industrial brewing and fermentation working conditions on beer SO2 level and flavour stability
Authors: Dufour J -P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Beer SO2 is generally considered as a positive factor against the staling of beer. However, more and more people have contradictory opinions on the antioxydant efficiency of naturally produced SO2 by yeast compared to the addition of SO2 to the beer before bottling.
The control of gene expression in brewing yeast with anti-sense RNA
Authors: Vakeria D , Box W G , Hinchliffe E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brewing yeasts are difficult to manipulate using “classical” genetic techniques due to their high ploidy. Thus it is often necessary to effect changes at several genetic loci, which is both time consuming and problematic. Here we examine the potential of anti-sense RNA as a means of regulating gene expression in brewing yeast. We describe how an anti-sense RNA to the ILV-2 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be used to mediate changes in the resistance of brewing yeast to the herbicide sulfometuron- methyl. The effect upon vicinal diketone production is discussed in relation to the more widespread potential of the technique.
Genetical and biochemical characteristics of hybrid strains of brewing yeasts
Authors: Guinova-Stoyanova T A , Lahtchev K L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The construction and investigation of brewing yeast with glucoamylase activity /GAA/ is described. In the preliminary works Sta+Pof meiotic segregants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated and crossed with brewing strains. Different approaches were used for further improvement of the abilities of the hybrids obtained. Several strains with increased GAA were selected.
Immobilized yeast reactor application in continuous secondary fermentation in industrial scale operation
Authors: Pajunen Esko , Grönqvist Anders , Ranta Bo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The immobilized yeast reactor system is applied in industrial scale to shorten the lagering time in lager beer production. The present industrial scale unit has been running continuously during weekdays (also weekends) since april 1990. The flow rate is 40 hl/h, the average process time is 2 hours giving an estimated annual lagering capacity about 250,000 hl with space requirements of 50m area and 6m height. In the paper technical, economical and analytical aspects of the immobilized yeast reactor system will be dealt with.
Direct spontaneous conversion of acetolactate into non-diacetyl substance in fermenting wort
Authors: Inoue T , Murayama H , Kajino K , Kamiya T , Mitsui S , Mawatari M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is widely known that acetolactate, a precursor of diacetyl, is quantitatively converted to diacetyl under brewing conditions, whether new or traditional brewing methods are used.
An image analysis sytem for measuring beer foam stability
Authors: Hegarty P K , Cope R , Crompton I E , Wallach E R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A computerised image analysis system is described for measuring beer foam stability. Beer is poured and foam collapse is recorded with a video camera. This information is analysed by computer to produce a quantitative measure of the time taken for foam collapse to occur. This technique can identify reproducible differences between the foam stability of different beers and dispense conditions. The procedure satisfies the criteria of an “ideal” method for measuring foam collapse: beer is not degassed, foam generation is not abnormal and, most importantly, the quantity of foam is assessed directly, in the same way as it is judged by the customer. The practical application of this system is discussed.
Beer off-flavours originating from anaerobic spore-forming bacteria in brewery adjuncts
Authors: Stenius V , Majamaa E , Haikara A , Henriksson E , Virtanen H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brewery adjuncts are sometimes contaminated by anaerobic sporeforming Clostridium species responsible for butyric acid production. Butyric acid may be produced during adjunct manufacturing, but Clostridia may also grow in the brewery during storage. About 75-100% of the butyric acid present in the original adjunct passes through the brewing process to the final beer, causing a rancid off-flavour. When the concentration of butyric acid was analyzed in various raw materials as well as in samples throughout the process, 30-150 mg/l was detected in contaminated adjuncts, 7-22 mg/l in storage tanks and 3-15 mg/l in final beer.
N-Nitrosamines in brewing
Authors: Smith N A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Microbial nitrate reduction is the principal route of N-nitrosamine formation in brewing. However, little consideration has been given to how different groups of microorganisms possessing different mechanisms of nitrate reduction influence N-nitrosamine levels. Thermophilic denitrifying bacteria isolated from mashes can reduce nitrate producing a cocktail of N-oxides rather than nitrite alone, yielding N-nitrosamines at rates several orders of magnitude higher than contaminating organisms found in fermentation. This explains why N-nitrosamine levels cannot always be correlated with either bacterial numbers or initial nitrate concentration and has allowed the production of these compounds in brewing to be more effectively controlled.
Levels of limit dextrinase activity in malting barley
Authors: Longstaff M A , Bryce J H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Limit dextrinase could have a profound influence on wort dextrin composition and total alcohol production. During 9 days germination, samples of barley varieties of differing dormancy were kilned or freeze-dried. Limit dextrinase activity was measured using red-pullulan from MegaZyme. The initial activity was zero in all barleys, but increased at a rate which correlated with the germination rate. The activity was enhanced by cysteine or dithiothreitol in the extraction buffer, and reduced by kilning. Limit dextrinase activity during mashing could be manipulated by the length of malting, kilning and the extent of reducing conditions in the mash.
The relative importance of polyphenol oxidase, lipoxygenase and peroxidases during wort oxidation
Authors: Bamforth C W , Clarkson S P , Large P J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of the enzymes suggested by the literature to promote oxidation during mashing, it is demonstrated that lipoxygenase and polyphenol oxidase are unlikely to be of significance. They are relatively unstable and are likely to be substrate-limited. Conversely, peroxidases do seem to be important. Ten peroxidase isozymes have been demonstrated, of which several have been partially purified. Their properties (stability, pH-activity profile, specificity and kinetics) have been studied and compared with the conditions of a mash. It is apparent that peroxidation is limited by the availability of substrate (hydrogen peroxide) and not by the level of enzyme present.
Studies on the synergistic interaction of konjac mannan and locust bean gum with kappa carrageenan
Authors: A.Williams P , M.Clegg S , J.Langdon M , O.Phillips K NishinarlAnd G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Studies have been carried out to investigate the nature of the synergistic interaction between konjac mannan and locust bean gum with kappa carrageenan. Differential scanning calorimetry and electron spin resonance spectroscopy both indicated that a specific interaction occurred and this was much more pronounced for konjac mannan than locust bean gum. The interaction occurred at temperatures just above the gelation temperature for kappa carrageenan alone and the interaction temperature depended on solution ionic strength. Rheological measurements showed that the interaction corresponded to the onset of gel formation.
Cytogenetics in myeloid leukaemia
Authors: Potter M , Watmore A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we consider three haematological disorders of myeloid cells: acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), the myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), and myeloproliferative disease (MPD). Both MDS and MPD have a propensity to evolve to an acute leukaemia indistinguishable clinically from a de novo AML. Indeed, the differential diagnosis in these cases may be simply based on the blast count. The poorly defined boundaries between disorders is reflected in the commonality of the chromosome findings in the three conditions.
Assay and purification of protein (serine/threonine) phosphatases
Authors: Mackintosh Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Protein phosphatases comprise several families of enzymes that catalyse the dephosphorylation of intracellular phosphoproteins, thereby reversing the actions of protein kinases. This critical property of the reversibilityof intracellular protein phosphorylation allows for great sensitivity of control and integration of cellular regulation.
Combined approaches to experimental neuroanatomy: combined tracing and immunocytochemical techniques for the study of neuronal microcircuits
Authors: Smith Yoland , Bolam J P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the chapters in this volume have so far dealt with individual techniques in experimental neuroanatomy at the electron microscopic level. From these techniques we can identify projection neurones and examine the morphology of their afferent terminals. Moreover, the structural characteristics of the post-synaptic target of a set of anterogradely labelled terminals can be analysed from material containing immunostained structures, or intracellularly labelled neurones. These approaches in themselves produce valuable information concerning neuronal elements within the microcircuits and networks of the brain. However, the amount of data obtained using such approaches is limited in the sense that the identified structure is examined ‘in isolation’. In order to establish the position of an identified neurone, or population of terminals within the neural network in relation to other neuronal elements, it is necessary to know the nature of the terminals afferent to a labelled neurone, or the nature of the post-synaptic targets of identified terminals. By this we mean that it is necessary to know the origin, neurochemical nature, and pattern of innervation of the synaptic terminals afferent to an identified neurone. Similarly, it is important to know the morphology, the chemical nature and the synaptic output of the neurones that are post-synaptic to a specific population of labelled terminals. Thus, to establish the microcircuitry or neuronal networks of a particular area of the brain it is necessary to combine the individual experimental approaches in a single experimental animal.
Analysis of protein phosphorylation in cell lines
Authors: Woodgett James R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Protein phosphorylation now is regarded as the pre-eminent mechanism of post-translational regulation. Its reversibility, rapid kinetics, and specificity of effect has resulted in its exploitation by most systems of cellular control. Hence, studies of the mechanisms by which cells transduce and respond to signals commonly involve some aspect of this covalent modification. The ability to introduce high specific activity radioisotopes into cultured cells, together with their ease of manipulation and harvest, has made cell lines the system of choice for studying the dynamic processes of protein phosphorylation. In this chapter are described basic techniques for assessing the influence and role of phosphorylation in a given process using cultured cells. Given the increasing realization of the importance and ubiquity of this form of modification, these methods should be of widespread use to researchers wishing to dissect the molecular bases of cellular controls.
Analysis of viral sequence variation by PCR
Authors: Simmonds Peter , Chan Shiu-Wan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sequence analysis has played a fundamental part in virological research since methods for the determination of nucleotide sequences were developed in the late 1970s (1, 2). However, these techniques require relatively large amounts of template DNA which are often obtainable only by virus culture in vitro and DNA cloning. The dependence on virus isolation and the time required to construct and screen libraries have always been major impediments to such studies. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) provides the means to amplify DNA specifically from any viral nucleotide sequence (3-6). The method is sufficiently sensitive and specific to allow direct amplification and sequence analysis of viral genetic material present in vivo, eliminating the need for prior virus isolation and cloning. The limitation of PCR for viral analysis is its dependence on detailed sequence information to specify the primers necessary for amplification. Therefore, the majority of PCR studies have been aimed at comparing large numbers of sequences over a relatively short region of the viral genome. PCR is intrinsically unsuitable for sequencing a complete viral genome; construction of libraries and screening with cloned viral DNA is likely to remain the method of choice for large sequencing projects for the foreseeable future.