bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Varieties of Global Responsibility: Social Connection, Human Rights, and Transnational Solidarity
Authors: Gould Carol C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In her last papers, Iris Marion Young developed an important position on global responsibility, which she called a “social connection” model (Young 2004, pp. 365–388; Young 2006c, pp. 102–130). This approach was advanced to supplement existing “liability” models of responsibility and to articulate a conception of our moral responsibilities to counter the structural injustice characteristic of contemporary globalization processes. In this chapter, I will be concerned to analyze Young’s model and to consider it in the context of other approaches to our obligations to people at a distance, especially that of Pogge. I will go on to delineate some other varieties of global responsibility—particularly in regard to fulfilling people’s human rights—that hold importance in this new domain, as I have argued previously, and will also link these conceptions of global responsibility to a notion of transnational solidarities.
Women’s Work Trips and Multifaceted Oppression
Authors: Johnston-Anumonwo Ibipo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Being employed is an essential aspect of meaningful participation in society for most people. Access to jobs for different social groups is thus a relevant topic of inquiry. Since, like men, a majority of employed women work outside the home, an examination of women’s commuting is one way to appraise women’s access to jobs.
Thermidor at Last:Hashemi-Rafsanjani’s Presidency (1989–1997) and the Economy
Authors: Arjomand Saïd Amir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Khomeini knew what he was saying when he reminded his patiently suffering followers they had not made the revolution for more melons. The Iranian economy was still a wreck at the time of Hashemi-Rafsanjani’s take- over a decade later. Despite the quadrupling of the price of oil, Iran’s per capita gross national product (GNP) in 1988 was just getting back to the level it had been 21 years earlier—that is, before the massive economic growth spurt that preceded the Islamic revolution—and labor productivity had slipped almost as badly. The first step to rectify the situation, according to the new President’s economic advisor, was to create the political and cultural preconditions for economic growth through liberalization and education, respectively.The more obvious and specific political precondition was the smooth post-revolutionary transfer of power and political stability that would permit the transition of an amorphous revolutionary power structure into a developmental state. Rafsanjani’s personal predisposition may have played a part in setting economic development as a major policy goal. When he had been sent by Khomeini to visit Islamic revolutionary groups opposing the Shah abroad in the mid-1970s, he had proven to be an avid traveler and had taken much interest in the economic development of Japan, Europe, and the United States.
The Hardliners, Foreign Policy and Nuclear Development
Authors: Arjomand Saïd Amir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The negative u.s. response discussed in chapter 8 is not sufficient to explain the failure of pragmatism in Iran’s foreign policy from 1989 to 2005. There were also significant internal obstacles. Two important features of the “great revolutions” account for the shaping of post-revolutionary foreign policies and for their distinctive direction for a long time after the revolution. The first is ideological and the second is structural. First, the universalist ideology and international orientation of the revolution create “fifth columns” in a number of foreign countries with special claim to attention and resources that strongly affect the revolutionary regime’s subsequent “realistic” calculations of its geopolitical interests. Second, the typical revolutionary condition of dispersion of power or “multiple sovereignty” that results from the collapse of the old state is only gradually transformed by the post-revolutionary centralization of power and state rebuilding, and leaves a permanent residue of semi-autonomous military-intelligence and economic-industrial baronies.The military-mobilizational-intelligence cartel develops special ties with the fifth columns and becomes tangled with economic baronies as it creates its own economic empire.
Words That Went Dead
Authors: Ricks Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is an entry in Time Flies (1885), ‘A Reading Diary’, by Christina G. Rossetti, where time flies back and returns her from her mid-fifties to her childhood. The mouse and the insect revive, as mortally stark as the groundhog of Richard Eberhart’s poem or the hedgehog of Beckett’s Company. But one would never divine from the scholar’s paraphrase in 1987 that such an incident could put the fear of God into anyone: Rossetti recalls her first experience of death when, in early childhood, she found a dead mouse in the grounds of a cottage.
Languages, Both Dead and Living
Authors: Ricks Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A language is a matter of life and love, as well as of life and death. Yes, I loved her, it’s the name I gave, still give alas, to what I was doing then. I had nothing to go by, having never loved before, but of course had heard of the thing, at home, in school, in brothel and at church, and read romances, in prose and verse, under the guidance of my tutor, in six or sewn languages, both dead and living, in which it was handled at length.
An Italian’ss Experience: Earth and Country
Authors: Jenkyns Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dryden said that the Georgics was the best work of the best poet;’ and if that be a slight exaggeration, we might at least agree that no poem on such a scale has come so close to perfection. The third book, masterly in technique, does not quite achieve the same quality of inspiration as the others, and a severe criticism might find that a small blemish. The second and fourth books reach the greatest heights, but if the first book alone had survived, it would suffice to establish the Georgics as one of the very finest achievements of classical poetry. Though it yields more and more upon each re reading, it is not essentially a difficult work, and it has not been much misunderstood—or not until recently. Yet there are some difficulties in talking about it. The first is that so much of the merit and indeed meaning of the poem resides in the details and their accumulation that any description which falls short of being a commentary is likely to be inadequate. This book may seem, following a track printed with the spoor of many large beasts, to fall into the trap of dwelling on the purple patches at the expense of the didactic sections which make up the greater part of the poem; but it will indeed give space to examining the didactic texture, and it will try to show how the different elements in the work relate to each other. Certainly any interpretation of the Georgics is false which turns the didactic parts into padding between the bits that really matter.
A Trojan in Italy: The Later Aeneid
Authors: Jenkyns Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within the Aeneid Virgil’s exploration of time, nature, history, communal identity, and their relation to each other reaches its apogee in the seventh and eighth books. Certain of these themes are continued and even enlarged in the last third of the poem; as we have already seen, the idea of the Trojans as oriental is most fully treated in the ninth book, and the idea of their being absorbed into Italy comes to completion with the likening of Aeneas to father Appenninus in the twelfth. But these passages carry on existing themes; by the end of the eighth book Virgil has given us his idea of Italy virtually entire.
Letter-forms as Evidence for Dating Inscriptions
Authors: Jeffery L H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In archaic Greek lettering no less than in other scripts there is a distinction between the formal and the informal or cursive style. It is not a conspicuous difference, like that between a formal inscription on stone from Pompeii and a contemporary graffito on one of the house-walls; and for that reason it is apt to be overlooked in modern commentaries on the chronological development of the Greek alphabet. But it is essential to remember that caution must be used when we compare the lettering of any inscription on stone or bronze with that of any painted inscription. The letter-forms used by the vase-painter will almost certainly be considerably more developed than those cut by a contemporary mason.
The Western Colonies
Authors: Jeffery L H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kyme, the famous Greek outpost in Campania, stood apart from the later Euboic colonies in more ways than one. She was founded from Pithekoussai about the middle of the eighth century (i.e. some twenty years before Naxos, the earliest of the others), and the motives for her foundation appear to have been more ambitious than those of the rest. The steady flow of the Euboic and Achaian emigrants into Sicily and southern Italy from c. 734 onwards was directed principally towards good land on which to settle and raise crops, whereas Kyme’s isolated position north of all the rest reveals what was probably the main motive of the pioneers who founded her-trade with the wealthy interior. Moreover Pithekoussai and Kyme were the only Euboic colonies in the west in which both Eretrians and Chalkidians took part.
Introduction
Authors: Flower Michael Attyah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a well-known fact that most of what the Greeks and Romans wrote has been lost to us. This is true for history as it is for other genres. Moreover, it is extremely difficult to assess the merits and defects of historians whose work survives only in fragments. Even the word ‘fragment’ is misleading, since the majority of such fragments are not papyrus scraps (as for the Hellenica Oxyrhynchia) nor even verbatim quotations, but paraphrases by later writers. One suspects, however, that none of the lost historians equalled the literary brilliance and historical acumen of Herodotus and Thucydides. But that is small consolation for the student of the late Classical and Hellenistic periods, for whom such writers as Diodorus Siculus and Plutarch hardly compensate for the great contemporary histories that have been lost.
The Works of Theopompus
Authors: Flower Michael Attyah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
His first works, therefore, were probably his epideictic orations, although there is no reason to assume that he would have abandoned oratory altogether once he had begun to write history. A fragmentary book-list from Rhodes (T 48) of about 100 BC preserves the titles of some ten non-historical works by Theopompus. Several of these are unmistakably epideictic orations in the manner of Isocrates.
Philip’s Conquest of Europe
Authors: Flower Michael Attyah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Theopompus, as argued in the second chapter, wrote the bulk of the Philippica during the decade after Philip’s death. The mere fact that he named his massive and far-reaching contemporary history Philippica is a clear indication of his frame of mind. He considered Philip to be the central figure of his time, and perhaps as early as 346 BC he perceived the impact that Philip would have on his generation. In the event, his estimate proved correct, for Philip’s career changed the political structure of the entire Hellenic world and made possible the Macedonian conquest of Asia. Part of Theopompus’ task as a historian was not only to record what happened, but to explain how and why it happened. The fact that he considered the primary causative force to be the person of Philip does not in itself imply admiration. There is no reason to believe that Theopompus differed in this respect from the modern historian. Do we presuppose that the historian who writes historical biography must admire the subject of his inquiry, and if such admiration is absent from the work, do we consider the author a moralist and not a historian?
Moral Criteria and the Psychological Method
Authors: Flower Michael Attyah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Dionysius of Halicarnassus observed, the most original and striking feature of Theopompus’ historical method was his utilization of moral criteria in evaluating individuals and events. Theopompus’ moralizing, however, falls into two quite distinct categories, something which has not been recognized. One type of moralizing has already been discussed in previous chapters. That is where he censures both individuals and societies, whether cities or whole nations, for their conspicuous moral faults. These faults are usually aspects of their life-style, entailing such activities as excessive drinking and eating, gambling, and sexual license. But it also includes the doing of unjust deeds, such as enslaving cities (F 28) and destroying entire peoples (F 81).
The Revival of Learning
Authors: Mango Cyril 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of the eighth century, we are told, liberal education at Constantinople collapsed as a result of the instability of imperial rule. Whatever exactly may be meant by that statement, the fact remains that literary pro- duction in the capital ground practically to a halt. That had nothing to do with Iconoclasm as such, although it is true to say that the chronological span of the First Iconoclasm (730–80) corresponds to the most uncultivated phase of Byzantine history.
Fragmentation (1204–1453)
Authors: Reinert Stephen W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the perspective of political history, the final 250 years of the Byzantine experience frequently impress the reader as little more than a pathetic spectacle of accelerating fragmentation, disintegration, and decay. The trajectory begins in April 1204, with European crusaders dismembering and occupying much of the empire, and ends in irrevocable defeat on 29 May 1453, when an Ottoman army storms Constantinople and brings the Byzantine imperial tradition to a close.
The Environmental Setting
Authors: Potts D T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The modern, scientific study of the Arabian Gulf has its ultimate origins, as we shall see in Volume II, in the attempts to gather accurate information on the coasts and waters of the region by Nearchus and later Greek admirals who served under Alexander the Great and his Seleucid successors. For centuries, however, no further systematic efforts at describing the region were undertaken until the renowned Arab pilots (mu’allim) Ibn Majid (d. c.1500) and Sulaiman al-Mahri (d. c.1553) compiled their famous navigational works. With the arrival of the Portuguese and Ottoman fleets in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, though, and the entrance of the British East India Company and the Dutch East Indies Company into the region, the accumulation of knowledge of the coasts, ports, tides, and general conditions in the area increased markedly. From this point on, naval charts of the Gulf, admittedly of highly variable quality, began to proliferate.
North-Eastern Arabia during the Parthian and Sasanian Periods
Authors: Potts D T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To a great extent, the local archaeological assemblages that characterize the Hellenistic period in north-eastern Arabia would appear to have persisted through the Parthian era as well, and even into early Sasanian times. Certainly this is true in the case of the indigenous ceramic industry, and it may also be true with regard to some of the debased variants of the local coinage discussed above. Nevertheless, significant social, demographic, technological, and religious changes occurred following the Hellenistic period. As we shall see, by the first century AD the northward displacement of some of the older, sedentary population of the region by nomadic Arabs from the south must have begun. At the same time, contacts with the Iranian world intensified as north-eastern Arabia first fell under Parthian suzerainty, and later became a province of the Sasanian empire.
South-Eastern Arabia from the Hellenistic to the Sasanian Period
Authors: Potts D T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has long been recognized by students of Cl. Ptolemy’s geography of Arabia that the toponyms and tribal names assignable to the area between the Qatar peninsula and the Hadhramaut bespeak the existence there of a sizeable population by the second century AD.1 Nevertheless, the recovery of the material complement to the information which can be gleaned from the available historical sources has only begun to take place in the past few years. We shall now examine the archaeological evidence from those sites in the UAE and the Sultanate of Oman where finds dating to the Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian periods have been made.
An Introduction To The Cyropaedia
Authors: Gera Deborah Levine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What is the Cyropaedia? It can be described as a biography of Cyrus the Great, a history of the beginnings of the Persian empire, a romance, an encomium, a military handbook, a guide to the political administration of an empire, a didactic work on ethics, morals, and education, etc.; it is, in fact, all of these things. Cicero’s famous statement— ‘Cyrus file a Xenophonte non ad historiae fidem scriptus sed ad effigiem iusti imperi’ —is perhaps the best starting-point when attempting to define or narrow down the genre of this work: the Cyropaedia was not written as history and is a portrait of a model, just ruler. Cicero may have needed to point this out to his brother Quintus because Xenophon himself nowhere indicates—either in his preface to the work or in the course of narrating the deeds of Cyrus the Great—that he is not presenting a purely historical account. He begins the Cyropaedia with a discussion of the instability of political regimes and observes that man is the most difficult of creatures to rule. None the less, states Xenophon, the example of Cyrus serves as proof that governing men is not an impossible task, since the Persian king successfully ruled a great empire and commanded the willing obedience of his many subjects. Hence Xenophon turned to an investigation of Cyrus the Great, concentrating on the Persian’s family background, character, and education. The Cyropaedia is, according to Xenophon’s preface, the result of these researches (Cyr. 1.1. i–6).
Socrates In Persia
Authors: Gera Deborah Levine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At first sight one would not expect Socrates — the man, his life, ideas, and techniques of argument — to exercise any real influence over the Cyropaedia. Cyrus and his Persian soldiers are, after all, far removed in time, geography, and way of life from the world of the Athenian philosopher. None the less Socrates, Xenophon ’ s Socrates, is a real presence in the Cyropaedia, and this chapter deals with Socratic echoes in the work. For a start, Cyrus the Great has several character traits in common with Socrates: both have temperate habits and moderate material needs, both are capable of enduring a great deal of physical discomfort, and both have a tendency towards preachy didacticism. These characteristics are not, of course, restricted solely to these two heroes in Xenophon.
An Approach to Eating
Authors: Gowers Emily 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the more bizarre episodes in the travels of Peregrine Pickle involves a Roman banquet staged by a learned doctor and attended by an absurd collection of foreign guests. The dishes re-created for their diversion include boiled goose in anchovy sauce, salacacabia, dormouse and poppy pie, stuffed saw’s stomach, and fricassee of snails. The dinner is a fiasco. Fits of choking, weeping, spluttering, and eventually vomiting ensue, and one guest speaks for the whole party when he exclaims: ‘Christ in heaven! what beastly fellows these Romans were!’
A Taste of Things to Come: Invitation Poems
Authors: Gowers Emily 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If a Roman writer were a dinner party, what sort of dinner party would he be? This sounds like a trivial game, but it is a question we can also ask more seriously about the Latin invitation poem. The handful of invitations that survive are still being read literally: such windfall lists of food seem far too good to waste, when they could be used to tell us what the Romans really ate. By now, however, it should go without saying that the style of the party that a writer offers his guests is also some sort of projection of the style in which he entertains his readers. And these proffered poetic meals are the first that Latin scholars have been ready to see as ‘declarations of taste as well as means’. The loaded table is no longer what it seems. Lurking under the heavy weight of material are more abstract notions of style: the modest dish represents small-scale poetry, the clean napkin pure diction, the wine-jar Greek lyric, and so on.
Garlic Breath Horace, Epode 3
Authors: Gowers Emily 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Garlic is one foodstuff that has inspired a love-hate relationship throughout history. In Anglo-Saxon England, its haters have always been the more strident party. John Evelyn banishes it in ignominy from his Acetaria: Whilst we absolutely forbid it entrance into our Salleting, by reason of its intolerable Rankness, and which made it so detested of old; that the eating of it was (as we read) part of the Punishment for such as had committed the horrid’st crime; ’tis not for ladies’ Palates, nor those who court them, further than to permit a light touch on the dish, with a clove thereof, much better supply’d by the gentler Roccombo.
Sparta Rediviva
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is not possible to recount here in any detail the well-known history of the recovery and diffusion of the main works of Greek literature; nor, clearly, to consider all Sparta’s appearances in Renaissance writings, which would require profound knowledge of the period. It must suffice to indicate the main features of the interest she aroused, quoting some of the most famous (and often, in this respect, typical rather than original) works of the time, before turning to concentrate on certain specific political themes. It is obvious that the Renaissance was fated to admire Sparta.
The Revolutionary Period in England
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Elizabethan England, with one eye on the needs of the country and another on rebellions abroad that provoked some sympathy, torn between the original teachings of the great reformers and traditional constitutionalist formulations, tended to touch with a long pair of tongs theories that anyone, even the Estates, might resist the monarch. Hooker, indeed, would not allow it; but before him some Anglican writers agreed, very noncommittally, that in some countries officers with such duties had been set up (they seem to have thought primarily of the Electors in Germany)-though it was often argued that, even if the king’s civil power rested on a contract, his religious authority was direct from God and unchallengeable. The Puritans for their part found it necessary towards the end of the reign to deny that they followed the Scots or other recent Calvinist parties in allowing rebellion. But it was only to the most classically-minded writers, it seems, like the Italian-travelled diplomat and courtiet Charles Merbury, that such theories were most readily indicated by reference not to Electors but ephors;
T, Ry, Tp
Authors: Diggle James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Turyn detected three separate stages in Triclinius’ work on T. He distinguished these stages by the following criteria: (i) at the earliest stage, the use of black ink and rounded breathings; (ii) at the second stage, the use of black ink with angular breathings; (iii) at the third stage, the use of brown or yellow ink with angular breathings. Triclinius’ other autograph manuscripts show that the change from rounded to angular breathings occurred c. I 3 r 9. Turyn dates the original hand T’ to 1300- 1o, the first stage of T riclinius’ revision to c. 1315, the second to c. 1319-2 5, the third to c.1325.2