bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clock Distribution In Synchronous Systems
Authors: Friedman Eby G. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areSynchronous SystemsTheoretical Background of Clock SkewTiming Constraints Caused By Clock SkewClock Distribution Design of Structured Custom Vlsi CircuitsAutomated Synthesis and Layout Of Clock Distribution NetworksAnalysis and Modeling of The Timing Characteristics of Clock Distribution NetworksSpecification of The Optimal Timing Characteristics of Clock Distribution NetworksExample Implementations of Clock Distribution NetworksDirections For Future Research In The Design Of Clock Distribution NetworksSummary and Conclusions
Antenna Arrays for Mobile Communications
Authors: Paulraj Arogyaswami , Gesbert David , Papadias Constantinos 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Early Forms of Spatial Processing

Emerging Application of Space–Time Processing

Channel Models

Data Models

SPace–Time Algorithms for the Reverse Link

Multiuser Receiver

Space–Time Algorithms for the Forward Link

Applications of Space–Time Processing

Summary
Intelligent Transportation Systems
Authors: Chen Kan 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areFunctionsTechnical ConceptsUser Services and Market PackagesHistoryPrograms Around the WorldSelected TechnologiesTraffic and Road SurveillanceDistribution of Traffic and Related InformationVehicle Location Related FunctionsLinkage Between Vehicle and Road Through BeaconsVehicle Control Related FunctionsHuman Side of Its: Travelers and OperatorsEvolutionary DeploymentSystem ArchitectureStandardsMarket and Evaluation
Ground Transportation Systems
Authors: Szelag Adam , Mierzejewski Leszek 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areRailroadsHigh‐Speed RailroadsMaglevConventional RailroadsUrban Transport SystemsElectric Transport Power Supply SystemsMoving Load on Power Supply Due to Electric VehiclesElectrical Parameters of the Traction Supply NetworkOverhead CatenariesSystems Approach to Electrified Ground TransportationChoice of Electric Traction SystemSizing of Power Supply Equipment and InstallationModeling and Simulation Methods as a Tool for Analysis of an Electrified Ground Transport SystemControl and Signaling in Transportation SystemsImpact of an Electrified Ground Transport System on the Environment and the Technical InfrastructureImpact of Traction Substations on Power Utility SystemsElectromagnetic Compatibility of Electrified Ground Transport Systems
Generation of Compositional‐Gradient Structures in Biodegradable, Immiscible, Polymer Blends by Intermolecular Hydrogen‐Bonding Interactions
Authors: Hexig B. , Alata H. , Asakawa N. , Inoue Y. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractA biodegradable, immiscible poly(butylenes adipate‐co‐butylenes terephthalate) [P(BA‐co‐BT)]/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) polymer blend film with compositional gradient in the film‐thickness direction has been successfully prepared in the presence of a low‐molecular‐weight compound 4,4′‐thiodiphenal (TDP), which is used as a miscibility‐enhancing agent. The miscibilities of the P(BA‐co‐BT)/PEO/TDP ternary blend films and the P(BA‐co‐BT)/PEO/TDP gradient film were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The compositional gradient structure of the P(BA‐co‐BT)/PEO/TDP (46/46/8 w/w/w) film has been confirmed by microscopic mapping measurement of Fourier‐transform infrared spectra and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. We have developed a new strategy for generating gradient‐phase structures in immiscible polymer‐blend systems by homogenization, i.e., adding a third agent that can enhance the miscibility of the two immiscible polymers through simultaneous formation of hydrogen bonds with two component polymers.
High‐Purity‐Blue and High‐Efficiency Electroluminescent Devices Based on Anthracene
Authors: Kim Y.‐H. , Jeong H.‐C. , Kim S.‐H. , Yang K. , Kwon S.‐K. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractNovel blue‐light‐emitting materials, 9,10‐bis(1,2‐diphenyl styryl)anthracene (BDSA) and 9,10‐bis(4′‐triphenylsilylphenyl)anthracene (BTSA), which are composed of an anthracene molecule as the main unit and a rigid and bulky 1,2‐diphenylstyryl or triphenylsilylphenyl side unit, have been designed and synthesized. Theoretical calculations on the three‐dimensional structures of BDSA and BTSA show that they have a non‐coplanar structure and inhibited intermolecular interactions, resulting in a high luminescence efficiency and good color purity. By incorporating these new, non‐doped, blue‐light‐emitting materials into a multilayer device structure, it is possible to achieve luminance efficiencies of 1.43 lm W–1 (3.0 cd A–1 at 6.6 V) for BDSA and 0.61 lm W–1 (1.3 cd A–1 at 6.7 V) for BTSA at 10 mA cm–2. The electroluminescence spectrum of the indium tin oxide (ITO)/copper phthalocyanine (CuPc)/1,4‐bis[(1‐naphthylphenyl)‐amino]biphenyl (α‐NPD)/BDSA/tris(9‐hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum (Alq3)/LiF/Al device shows a narrow emission band with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 55 nm and a λmax = 453 nm. The FWHM of the ITO/CuPc/α‐NPD/BTSA/Alq3/LiF/Al device is 53 nm, with a λmax = 436 nm. Regarding color, the devices showed highly pure blue emission ((x,y) = (0.15,0.09) for BTSA, (x,y) = (0.14,0.10) for BDSA) at 10 mA cm–2 in Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) chromaticity coordinates.
The Fabrication and Characterization of Single‐Component Polymeric White‐Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Lee S. K. , Hwang D.‐H. , Jung B.‐J. , Cho N. S. , Lee J. , Lee J.‐D. , Shim H.‐K. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBy using Ni0‐mediated polymerization, we have systematically synthesized a series of fluorene‐based copolymers composed of blue‐, green‐, and red‐light‐emitting comonomers with a view to producing polymers with white‐light emission. 2,7‐Dibromo‐9,9‐dihexylfluorene, {4‐(2‐[2,5‐dibromo‐4‐{2‐(4‐diphenylamino‐phenyl)‐vinyl}‐phenyl]‐vinyl)‐phenyl}‐diphenylamine (DTPA), and 2‐{2‐(2‐[4‐{bis(4‐bromo‐phenyl)amino}‐phenyl]‐vinyl)‐6‐tert‐butyl‐pyran‐4‐ylidene}‐malononitrile (TPDCM) were used as the blue‐, green‐, and red‐light‐emitting comonomers, respectively. It was found that the emission spectra of the resulting copolymers could easily be tuned by varying their DTPA and TPDCM content. Thus with the appropriate red/green/blue (RGB) unit ratio, we were able to obtain white‐light emission from these copolymers. A white‐light‐emitting diode using the polyfluorene copolymer containing 3 % green‐emitting DTPA and 2 % red‐emitting TPDCM (PG3R2) with a structure of indium tin oxide/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonic acid)/PG3R2/Ca/Al was found to exhibit a maximum brightness of 820 cd m–2 at 11 V with Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.33,0.35), which are close to the standard CIE coordinates for white‐light emission (0.33,0.33).
Macroscopic Nanotemplating of Semiconductor Films with Hydrogen‐Bonded Lyotropic Liquid Crystals
Authors: Braun P. V. , Osenar P. , Twardowski M. , Tew G. N. , Stupp S. I. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAqueous gel‐like lyotropic liquid crystals with extensive hydrogen bonding and nanoscale hydrophilic compartments have been used to define the growth of macroscopic nanotemplated CdS and CdTe thin films. These mesoporous semiconductor films contain a hexagonal array of 2.5 nm pores, 7 nm center‐to‐center, that extend in an aligned fashion perpendicular to the substrate. The CdS is deposited on a polypropylene substrate by a reaction between Cd(NO3)2 dissolved in the liquid crystal and H2S transported via diffusion through the substrate. The CdTe is electrodeposited on indium‐tin‐oxide‐coated glass from TeO2 and Cd(NO3)2, both of which are dissolved in the liquid‐crystal template. The porous nature of the CdTe films enables chemical transformations of the entire bulk of the film. As electrodeposited, the CdTe films are Te rich and, in contrast to a non‐templated film, the excess Te could be removed via a chemical treatment, proving the continuity of the pores in the nanotemplated films. These results suggest that liquid‐crystal lithography with hydrogen‐bonding amphiphiles may be a useful approach to create materials with nanoscale features over macroscopic dimensions.
Regenerating flue‐gas desulfurizing agents by bipolar membrane electrodialysis
Authors: Huang Chuanhui , Xu Tongwen , Jacobs Mona L. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAn experimental study was carried out on the regeneration of a flue‐gas desulfurizing agent by using bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) with sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) as the supporting and rinsing electrolyte, and piperazine sulfate (Pz·H2SO4) as a model compound for the heat stable salt formed in the process of desulfurizing. The results indicate that the low energy consumption and high current efficiency are achieved when applying electrolyte solutions with a concentration range about 0.3∼0.4 mol/L, piperazine sulfate solution with a concentration range about 0.08∼0.13 mol/L, and BMED stack of BP‐C‐C configuration. The results also indicate that when applying a high current density to the BMED stack, it has a high current efficiency and energy consumption. The process cost is estimated to be $0.96/kg Pz for the regeneration of piperazine with the laboratory‐scale experimental equipment, indicating that the process is not only scientifically novel but also economically feasible and attractive besides its potential environmental benefits. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Factors affecting wollastonite carbonation under CO2 supercritical conditions
Authors: Tai Clifford Y. , Chen W.‐R. , Shih Shin‐Min 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe feasibility of a carbon dioxide disposal method based on combining carbon dioxide chemically with silicate rocks was tested in this experiment. The process uses a stirred batch reactor, in which supercritical carbon dioxide is absorbed into a rock slurry to cause dissolution of the mineral and precipitation of calcium carbonate. Wollastonite (CaSiO3) was chosen in a systematic study because it had the highest conversion among the rocks investigated in a preliminary test. The effects of operating variables—including reaction time, reaction pressure, the particle size of wollastonite, reaction temperature, and solution composition—on the conversion of wollastonite were investigated, and a reaction mechanism was proposed to explain these effects. The conversion was determined by means of thermogravimetric analysis. A high conversion of 90% was achieved by using a solution composed of 1 M NaHCO3 to prepare the wollastonite slurry when the carbonation reaction was operated at 8.6 MPa and 383 K for 6 h. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Transport of simple fluids in nanopores: Theory and simulation
Authors: Bhatia Suresh K. , Nicholson David 
Published: September 2005

AbstractA theory is discussed of single‐component transport in nanopores, recently developed by Bhatia and coworkers. The theory considers the oscillatory motion of molecules between diffuse wall collisions, arising from the fluid–wall interaction, along with superimposed viscous flow due to fluid–fluid interaction. The theory is tested against molecular dynamics simulations for hydrogen, methane, and carbon tetrafluoride flow in cylindrical nanopores in silica. Although exact at low densities, the theory performs well even at high densities, with the density dependency of the transport coefficient arising from viscous effects. Such viscous effects are reduced at high densities because of the large increase in viscosity, which explains the maximum in the transport coefficient with increase in density. Further, it is seen that in narrow pore sizes of less than two molecular diameters, where a complete monolayer cannot form on the surface, the mutual interference of molecules on opposite sides of the cross section can reduce the transport coefficient, and lead to a maximum in the transport coefficient with increasing density. The theory is also tested for the case of partially diffuse reflection and shows the viscous contribution to be negligible when the reflection is nearly specular. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Effect of surfactant solutions on the drag and the flow pattern of a circular cylinder
Authors: Ogata Satoshi , Osano Yoshihisa , Watanabe Keizo 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe effect of surfactant solutions on the flow past a circular cylinder was investigated in the Reynolds number (Re) ranging between 10 and 105 by measuring the drag and by flow visualization. Surfactant solutions were aqueous solutions of oleyl‐bihydroxyethyl‐methyl‐ammonium‐chloride in the concentration range of 50 to 200 ppm, to which sodium salicylate was added as a counterion. It was clarified that the drag coefficient of the cylinder in surfactant solutions increases, comparing that in water in a lower Re range for constant cylinder diameter. On the contrary, the drag coefficient decreases in higher Re range. The Re range in which drag reduction occurs increases with increasing diameter. The flow visualization results show that the drag increases because of the existence of the wide stagnation zone around the cylinder. This zone disappears in the Re range in which drag reduction occurs. In this case, the separation point moves rearward and the velocity defect in the wake becomes smaller. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Electrochemical deposition in deep vias
Authors: Neogi Parthasakha 
Published: September 2005

AbstractCopper is used as interconnects on chips. It is laid down in deep vias by electrodeposition. For the simple case, the rate of electrodeposition on the shoulders is much greater than that at the bottom, and the via‐mouth closes during the process and a bubble is captured inside. Approximate solutions to the electrodeposition process, when the transport is diffusion controlled and when it is reaction controlled, are obtained. It is shown that bubbles are easily captured in diffusion‐controlled systems, but no bubbles are captured in the reaction‐controlled system. However, the diffusion‐controlled system has very low currents, low electrodeposition rates, and low production rates, and the reaction‐controlled system has even lower rates. Based on these, the existing solutions to the bubble‐capture problem are briefly reviewed to suggest that inducing natural convection appears most promising. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Two‐dimensional lattice–Boltzmann model of hydrosol depth filtration
Authors: Duval Hervé , Masson David , Guillot Jean‐Bernard , Schmitz Philippe , d'Humières Dominique 
Published: September 2005

AbstractA two‐dimensional mathematical model of the initial stage of depth filtration is developed. This model describes the fluid flow and the particle transport and capture in a representative elementary volume of the filter. A typical simulation can be outlined as follows: as a first stage, the flow field is computed in the whole complex void space of the filter using a lattice–Boltzmann method. As a second stage, the trajectory analysis is derived by applying Newton's second law to suspended particles in the flowing fluid. The capture or the reentrainment of the particles encountering the filter surface is determined from a force balance that takes into account the drag force and the solid friction force. This approach, which provides both microscopic data such as the initial capture probability density and macroscopic data such as the filter coefficient, is validated on a model experiment of deep‐bed filtration. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
The distribution of freely suspended particles at microfluidic bifurcations
Authors: Roberts Brian W. , Olbricht W. L. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe distribution of freely suspended particles in low Reynolds number, pressure‐driven flow through bifurcations of microfluidic channels is measured experimentally. A bifurcation is a point where a channel splits into multiple channels. The partitioning of particles at microfluidic bifurcations differs from the partitioning of fluid, which can, in principle, be exploited to direct the particles along preferred paths in microfluidic devices or to prevent particles from entering certain microchannels. Experiments are conducted to examine effects of the angles between branches of the bifurcation and the microchannel cross‐sectional shape on particle partitioning. Furthermore, effects of multiple bifurcations in series on the partitioning of particles also are examined. Under certain conditions, the particles can be completely segregated from the suspending fluid, which could be used as a flow‐through filter for microfluidic devices. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Role of turbulent shear rate distribution in aggregation and breakage processes
Authors: Marchisio Daniele L. , Soos Miroslav , Sefcik Jan , Morbidelli Massimo 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe effect of spatial flow heterogeneity on shear‐induced aggregation and breakage of fine particles in turbulent flow conditions is investigated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and population balance modeling. The quadrature method of moments (QMOM), particularly suitable for implementation in commercial CFD codes, has been used to solve the corresponding population balance equation. QMOM is first tested and compared with alternative numerical methods (sectional/fixed‐pivot methods) for a specific set of realistic operating conditions. Then QMOM is implemented in a CFD code and the effect of spatial heterogeneities on the cluster mass distribution in a Taylor–Couette vessel is investigated. Simplified models have been derived based on the separation of the timescales of mixing on one hand and of aggregation and breakage on the other and compared with the full CFD model. Guidelines for use and limitations of such models and the identification of the underlying aggregation and breakage kernels are discussed. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Proposed guidelines for diagnosing chronic active Epstein‐Barr virus infection
Authors: Okano Motohiko , Kawa Keisei , Kimura Hiroshi , Yachie Akihiro , Wakiguchi Hiroshi , Maeda Akihiko , Imai Shosuke , Ohga Shouichi , Kanegane Hirokazu , Tsuchiya Shigeru , Morio Tomohiro , Mori Masaaki , Yokota Shumpei , Imashuku Shinsaku 
Published: September 2005

AbstractSince the initial report of unusual manifestations possibly associated with chronic active Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) infection (CAEBV), nearly three decades have passed. During this period, reported cases with this entity have dramatically increased in the world. Additionally, recent development of diagnostic procedures, including molecular biological and immunological techniques, have provided us with the ability to define certain diseases, especially malignant disorders. Guidelines, derived mainly from the current literature and recent experiences with CAEBV in Japan, for diagnosing CAEBV are proposed to clarify this enigmatic disease. Am. J. Hematol. 80:64–69, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Treatment of symptomatic patients with essential thrombocythemia: Effectiveness of anagrelide
Authors: Cacciola Rossella R. , Cipolla Antonio , Di Francesco Ernesto , Giustolisi Rosario , Cacciola Emma 
Published: September 2005

AbstractWe prospectively evaluated the effect of anagrelide (ANA) on platelets, PF4, F1+2, PAP, PAI‐1, and TFPI and erythromelalgia in patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET) receiving anti‐aggregants both pre‐ and post‐ANA. At first, we observed a successful reduction of platelets, which was associated with normalization of platelet coagulant and endothelial function and disappearance of erythromelalgia. Secondly, we found a correlation between PF4 and TFPI and between TFPI and thrombosis, suggesting that erythromelalgia may be caused by platelet‐mediated endothelial activation. These data may indicate that ANA may be efficacy in the treatment of symptomatic patients with ET. Am. J. Hematol. 80:81–83, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence for the molecular heterogeneity of sickle cell anemia chromosomes bearing the βS/Benin haplotype
Authors: Patrinos George P. , Samperi Piera , lo Nigro Luca , Kollia Panagoula , Schiliro Gino , Papadakis Manoussos N. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThere are at least four distinct African and one Asian chromosomal backgrounds (haplotypes) on which the sickle cell mutation has arisen. Additionally, previous data suggest that the βS/Bantu haplotype is heterogeneous at the molecular level. Here, we report the presence of the Aγ −499 T→A variation in sickle cell anemia chromosomes of Sicilian and North African origin bearing the βS/Benin haplotype. Being absent from North American βS/Benin chromosomes, which were studied previously, this variation is indicative for the molecular heterogeneity of the βS/Benin haplotype. Am. J. Hematol. 80:79–80, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of organ dysfunction in transfused patients with SCD or β thalassemia
Authors: Vichinsky Elliott , Butensky Ellen , Fung Ellen , Hudes Mark , Theil Elizabeth , Ferrell Linda , Williams Roger , Louie Leslie , Lee Phillip D.K. , Harmatz Paul 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAlthough it is life saving, transfusion therapy has resulted in the majority of sickle cell anemia and thalassemia patients being at risk for hemosiderosis‐induced organ damage. It is unknown whether the complications of iron overload are affected by the underlying disease. In order to address this problem, we compared the prevalence of organ dysfunction in both groups of patients receiving chronic transfusion therapy (β thalassemia, N = 30; sickle cell anemia, N = 43). Both groups had similar quantitative liver iron. Thalassemia patients had greater cardiac disease (20% vs. 0%), growth failure (27% vs. 9%), and endocrine failure (37% vs. 0%). The strongest predictors of combined endocrine and cardiac disease in multivariate analysis were duration of chronic transfusion (P = 0.03) and diagnosis (P = 0.03). Quantitative liver iron concentration on a single liver biopsy was not predictive of cardiac or endocrine injury. Viral hepatitis is the strongest predictor of hepatocellular damage (P = 0.009), while the development of liver fibrosis is more closely related to liver iron concentration (P = 0.04). In conclusion, sickle cell anemia and thalassemia differ in the prevalence of organ injury. This difference is related to the duration of iron exposure and the specific hemoglobinopathy. A prospective study with a larger number of subjects is needed to confirm the relationships between specific diagnosis, liver iron concentration over time, and organ dysfunction. Am. J. Hematol. 80:70–74, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Factor V G1691A (Leiden) and prothrombin G20210A single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Wakim‐Ghorayeb Saria F. , Keleshian Sose H. , Timson Georgina , Finan Ramzi R. , Najm Pierre , Irani‐Hakime Noha , Almawi Wassim Y. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe association of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) G1691A in coagulation factor V (FV)‐Leiden and G20210A in prothrombin (PRT) genes with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) were analyzed in 112 T2DM patients (58 males, 54 females; mean age 55.24 ± 13.5 years) and 249 healthy control subjects (118 males, 131 females; mean age 53.03 ± 13.8 years). No association was found for FV‐Leiden with T2DM, as the frequency of the G/G (82.1% vs. 85.5%), G/A (17.0% vs. 14.1%), and A/A (0.9% vs. 0.4%) genotypes was not different between patients and controls, respectively (P = 0.644). Similarly, lack of association of PRT G20210A with T2DM was seen among the population studied, and the frequency of the G/G (92.9% vs. 97.2%), G/A (6.3% vs. 2.8%), and A/A (0.9% vs. 0.0%) genotypes was similar among patients and controls, respectively (P = 0.094). Neither FV‐Leiden nor PRT G20210A was associated with, and no evidence for interactions between these mutations was seen in, T2DM. Am. J. Hematol. 80:84–86, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.