bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Nonlinear Relationship between Paper Recycling and Primary Pulp Requirements
Authors: Schenk Niels J. , Moll Henri C. , Potting José 
Published: November 2004

SummaryWaste paper is suitable for recycling back into paper or for incineration for energy recovery. If waste paper is used for recycling, secondary pulp replaces virgin pulp. Fiber recycling is limited, however, because of physical constraints—particularly the breakage of fiber in the recycling process—and a permanent input of virgin fiber to the system is required. Therefore one can expect that the relationship between recycling rates and resource requirements is represented by a curved line rather than a straight one. In this article, we present a mathematical model which confirms that the relationship between recycling rates and primary pulp requirements can be described as nonlinear. Furthermore, we show that this nonlinear relationship leads to an optimal recycling rate with regard to energy consumption: 93 persent for paper produced from chemical pulp, and 81 persent for paper produced from mechanical pulp. Sensitivity testing additionally reveals that at low recycling rates increasing waste paper recycling is energy efficient, but it becomes less efficient at higher recycling rates. Close to the optimum recycling rates (within 10 persent), increasing or decreasing the rate affects the total energy requirement less than 0.3%
Water-Reform Strategies in Iran's Agricultural Sector
Authors: Karimkoshteh Mohammad , Haghiri Morteza 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Providing sufficient water for various uses, in particular the agriculture sector, is one of the important problems that Iran faces. Following instructions of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Iran started considering its waterreform strategies to avoid water crises. No unique solutions can be drawn from other nations' experience since water crisis is a country-specific problem. Water-reform strategies are important, particularly when the multioriented purpose of sustainability in Iran's agricultural sector is of interest as well. The pros and cons of water-reform strategies are discussed in this paper.
Can Information and Communication Technology Help Reduce Corruption? How So and Why Not: Two Case Studies from South Asia
Authors: Mahmood Rumel 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe deployment of electronic governance over the past few years has enabled citizens to access government information and services with more ease and less cost. Unfortunately, the majority of governments embracing these technologies and making the citizen-government interaction easier to navigate are found primarily in the industrialized West. One exception is India, which is the focus of this paper. Beyond viewing electronic governance as a means of facilitating state-citizen interactions, I explore the linkages between electronic governance and corruption deterrence, and by doing so, fill in a crucial void in the current literature. After reviewing successful ICT-led government reform efforts in the West from public administration literature, a simple model is proposed to determine how these technologies may come to be utilized for reform. The model is then applied to the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh and the neighboring government of Bangladesh to test the salience of the variables, and to determine why the former may be more successful than the latter.
Agricultural Biotechnology and Research in Ghana: Institutional Capacities and Policy Options
Authors: Puplampu Korbla 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe persistence of food insecurity in many African countries continues to engage the attention of policymakers, development theorists, and the world at large. One panacea touted to address food insecurity, specifically from the angle of production, is biotechnology. This paper examines the extent to which biotechnology can bring about marked improvements in agricultural production in Ghana. The paper focuses on the institutional capacities of the national agricultural research system, especially the role of research institutions to generate, to engage, or to harness biotechnology. The paper also examines policy dilemmas on biotechnology and some policy options.
Christianity and Korean Culture: The Reasons for the Success of Christianity in Korea
Authors: Kim Jung Han 
Published: November 2004

Abstract: In this article the author presents a short survey of the development of Protestantism in Korea. Meanwhile he shows the importance of the religious background of the Koreans for their acceptance of Protestantism. Especially the Shamanistic beliefs and Confucianism had ripened the minds of the Korean people in a certain sense. But the political attitude of the Protestants in the resistance against the Japanese colonizers played also a prominent role. The author offers also an evaluation of the use of Korean terms in the vocabulary of the church.
Natural killer cell dysfunction is a distinguishing feature of systemic onset juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and macrophage activation syndrome
Authors: Villanueva Joyce , Lee Susan , Giannini Edward H , Graham Thomas B , Passo Murray H , Filipovich Alexandra , Grom Alexei A 
Published: November 2004

AbstractMacrophage activation syndrome (MAS) has been reported in association with many rheumatic diseases, most commonly in systemic juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (sJRA). Clinically, MAS is similar to hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), a genetic disorder with absent or depressed natural killer (NK) function. We have previously reported that, as in HLH, patients with MAS have profoundly decreased NK activity, suggesting that this abnormality might be relevant to the pathogenesis of the syndrome. Here we examined the extent of NK dysfunction across the spectrum of diseases that comprise juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were collected from patients with pauciarticular (n = 4), polyarticular (n = 16), and systemic (n = 20) forms of JRA. NK cytolytic activity was measured after co-incubation of PBMC with the NK-sensitive K562 cell line. NK cells (CD56+/T cell receptor [TCR]-αβ-), NK T cells (CD56+/TCR-αβ+), and CD8+ T cells were also assessed for perforin and granzyme B expression by flow cytometry. Overall, NK cytolytic activity was significantly lower in patients with sJRA than in other JRA patients and controls. In a subgroup of patients with predominantly sJRA, NK cell activity was profoundly decreased: in 10 of 20 patients with sJRA and in only 1 of 20 patients with other JRA, levels of NK activity were below two standard deviations of pediatric controls (P = 0.002). Some decrease in perforin expression in NK cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes was seen in patients within each of the JRA groups with no statistically significant differences. There was a profound decrease in the proportion of circulating CD56bright NK cells in three sJRA patients, a pattern similar to that previously observed in MAS and HLH. In conclusion, a subgroup of patients with JRA who have not yet had an episode of MAS showed decreased NK function and an absence of circulating CD56bright population, similar to the abnormalities observed in patients with MAS and HLH. This phenomenon was particularly common in the systemic form of JRA, a clinical entity strongly associated with MAS.
Structural, Electrical, and Magnetic Properties of α-(ET)7[MnCl4]2·(1,1,2-C2H3Cl3)2 (ET = Bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene)
Authors: Naito Toshio , Inabe Tamotsu 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
A new charge-transfer salt of ET with a chloromanganate(II) complex anion has been synthesized and characterized by X-ray structural analysis, resistivity measurements, magnetic susceptibility, electron spin resonance (ESR), and an extended Hückel tight biding (EHTB) band calculation. The crystal has a sheet structure comprised of an α-type two-dimensional (2D) donor arrangement in the bc-plane and insulating sheets of discrete [MnCl4]2− anions and 1,1,2-C2H3Cl3 (TCE) molecules. Its conducting property exhibits considerable anisotropy, which is of effectively metallic along the b-axis down to 1.2 K under 2.9 kbar and higher pressure. The magnetic susceptibility is approximately reproduced by the Curie–Weiss law with a Weiss temperature of θ = −(1.35 ± 0.07) K from 2–300 K. ESR measurements revealed that the π-electron system in this salt exhibits Pauli paramagnetism at least at 3.6 to ∼50 K. The band calculation suggests that the HOMO (the highest occupied molecular orbital) band has very small dispersion, almost solely along the b*-axis.
Optical Resolution of Acyclic α-Hydroxy Ketone Derivatives by Inclusion Complexation
Authors: Matsumoto Kazutsugu , Okamoto Tomomi , Otsuka Keiko 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
A new method for the preparation of optically active acyclic α-hydroxy ketone derivatives by thermodynamic resolution using a chiral host compound is described. We examined the resolution of racemic 2-benzyloxy-3-pentanone with chiral host compounds in various solvents. After optimization of the reaction conditions, it has become apparent that the optical resolution could occur only under certain strict conditions about solvents, host compounds, and the concentration of the substrate. Stirring the suspension of the ketone with (−)-TADDOL bearing a cyclohexyl ring, derived from ethyl l-tartrate, in MeOH–H2O (1:1) at room temperature produces the inclusion complex with high enantioselectivity to give (S)-ketone with up to 99% ee. On the other hand, the ee of (R)-ketone obtained from the filtrate could be improved by the same procedure using (+)-TADDOL; finally, both enantiomers of the ketone as an almost optically pure form were afforded. Analysis of the formed complex by ESI-TOFMS supposed that the host–guest ratio would be 1:1. This resolution procedure was also applied to other substrates to afford the corresponding optically active ketones.
Structures of the Small-Molecule Bcl-2 Inhibitor (BH3I-2) and Its Related Simple Model in Protonated and Deprotonated Forms
Authors: Kanamori Daisuke , Okamura Taka-aki , Yamamoto Hitoshi , Shimizu Shigeomi , Tsujimoto Yoshihide , Ueyama Norikazu 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
3-Bromo-5-chloro-N-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxybenzamide (BCNCPB–OH) was synthesized as a model compound of the small-molecule Bcl-2 inhibitor (BH3I-2) and characterized by 1H NMR and IR measurements. The structures of BCNCPB–OH and its deprotonated form (BCNCPB–O–NEt4) were determined by X-ray analysis. BCNCPB–OH has an intramolecular OH···O=C hydrogen bond and BCNCPB–O–NEt4 has an intramolecular NH···O(oxyanion) hydrogen bond in the solid and solution states. The solution structures of protonated and deprotonated BH3I-2′ (BH3I-2 analogue) were determined by 1H NMR, NOESY, and IR measurements. They have similar conformations to those of the corresponding model compounds. A pKa value of BCNCPB–OH of 5.1 is considered a very low value for phenol derivatives, suggesting the possibility that BH3I-2 binds to protein in the deprotonated form having an intramolecular NH···O(oxyanion) hydrogen bond.
The Carbon–Silicon Bond Cleavage of Organosilicon Compounds in Supercritical Water
Authors: Itami Kenichiro , Terakawa Koji , Yoshida Jun-ichi , Kajimoto Okitsugu 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Arylsilanes, alkenylsilanes, allylic silanes, and alkylsilanes were found to undergo extremely facile and rapid C–Si bond cleavage in supercritical water. Rapid C–Si bond cleavage occurred even with robust unactivated tetraalkylsilanes. The control experiments revealed the dramatic difference between the supercritical and subcritical conditions, and that between supercritical water and supercritical methanol, attesting to a unique reactivity of supercritical water in C–Si bond cleavage. It was also found that acids, such as HCl, HBr, and H2SO4, promote C–Si bond cleavage in supercritical water.
Substituent Effects on Configurational Stabilities at Tetrahedral Boron Atoms in Intramolecular Borane–Amine Complexes: Structures, Enantiomeric Resolution, and Rates of Enantiomerization of [2-(Dimethylaminomethyl)phenyl]phenylboranes
Authors: Toyota Shinji , Ito Fumiko , Nitta Naoya , Hakamata Tomohiro 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
The structures and stereochemistries of the five borane–amine complexes, (N–B)-{2-(Me2NCH2)C6H4}BPhX (X = Cl, F, Me, –OCOCF3, and –OCOC2F5), were studied by some spectroscopic methods. The Cl complex prepared by the standard method was converted to each of the other complexes by the treatment with an appropriate reagent (MeLi or AgX). The enantiomers of the two perfluoroacyloxy complexes were resolved by chiral HPLC as a novel intramolecular borane–amine complex with a chiral center at the tetrahedral boron atom, and their chiroptical properties were investigated by optical rotations and CD spectra. The classical kinetics or the saturation transfer measurements revealed that the barriers to enantiomerization via the dissociation of the B–N coordination bond were enhanced from 94 to 116 kJ mol−1 in the following order of X: F &lt; Me &lt; –OCOCF3 ≈ Cl &lt; –OCOC2F5. The substituent effects on the configurational stability, which is closely related to the Lewis acidity of boron atoms, are discussed on the basis of the X-ray structures of the three complexes.
An Improved Method for Synthesizing Cyclic Bis(3′–5′)diguanylic Acid (c-di-GMP)
Authors: Hyodo Mamoru , Hayakawa Yoshihiro 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
This paper describes a new method for synthesizing biologically important cyclic bis(3′–5′)diguanylic acid (c-di-GMP) in a higher yield than that previously reported to be available by our synthetic method. In the new synthesis, the following two means, in place of those used in the previously reported synthesis, are employed as main strategies to obtain an increase in product yield. One is the use of di-tert-butylsilanediyl protection for 3′- and 5′-hydroxy groups of guanosine; this method allows regioselective production of a 2′-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)guanosine derivative that is a key intermediate for the synthesis. The other is the use of a dimethylformamidine group as a protector for the 2-NH2 function of the guanine base, which can be easily introduced and results in an excellent yield.
Sequential Olefinations on 2-Arylmethylidene-2-phosphonoacetates: A One-Pot Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,2,3-Trisubstituted 1,3-Butadienes
Authors: Date Sonali M , Ghosh Sunil K 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
An efficient one-pot synthetic protocol for the preparation of 1,2,3-trisubstituted dienes by a sequential addition of 2-arylmethylidene-2-phosphonoacetates and various aldehydes to trimethylsulfonium iodide/sodium dimsylate in DMSO–THF has been developed. The dienes were produced with very high stereoselectivity preferring for the (Z)-isomer.
Dynamical Models in the Two‐Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy of Peptides
Authors: Rubtsov Igor V. , Kim Yung S. , Hochstrasser Robin M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA brief description of the signals in multidimensional infrared spectroscopy is given with emphasis on the various types of experiments that can be done, what they measure, and their relationship to other kinds of resonant nonlinear optical experiments. The predictions from Bloch dynamics and responses including spectral diffusion are discussed. Experiments with the amide‐I transitions of N‐methylacetamide and the alanine dipetide show that Bloch dynamics are inadequate, but for small values of waiting times can give a reasonable description of the 2D spectra. Both single frequency and dual frequency 2D experiments that excite both the amide‐I and amide‐II modes are reported.
Shell Effects in the Relaxation Energy of 2s‐Core Ionization of Atoms from B through Xe
Authors: Maruani Jean , Kuleff Alexander I. , Delchev Yavor I. , Bonnelle Christiane 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIn this paper we investigate the variation, along the periodic table, of 2s‐core ionization energies, using both relativistic and non‐relativistic calculations. We show that electron relaxation energies display variations typical of the shell‐filling process, while their relativistic contributions show specifically distorted shell features. Just as for the 1s‐core ionization energies, investigated earlier, the sensitivity of these differential properties to the shell‐filling process may be used as a probe of the accuracy of calculations of core ionization energies. Discrepancies with experimental results are critically analyzed.
Intriguing Examples of Inhomogeneous Broadening
Authors: Ancilotto Francesco , Calbi M. Mercedes , Cole Milton W. , Gatica Silvina M. , Hernández E. Susana 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThree problems are considered in which inhomogeneous broadening can yield unusual consequences. One problem involves the energy levels of atoms moving within nanopores of nearly cylindrical cross section. A second involves atomic or molecular motion in a quasi‐one‐dimensional interstitial channel within a bundle of carbon nanotubes. The third problem involves motion within a groove between two nanotubes at the surface of such a bundle. In each case, the density of states at low energy is qualitatively different from that occurring in the perfectly homogeneous case.
Photoexcitation‐Based Nano‐Explorers: Chemical Analysis inside Live Cells and Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Xu Hao , Buck Sarah M. , Kopelman Raoul , Philbert Martin A. , Brasuel Murphy , Ross Brian D. , Rehemtulla Alnawaz 
Published: November 2004

AbstractPEBBLEs (Probes Encapsulated By Biologically Localized Embedding) are submicron‐sized optical sensors designed specifically for minimally invasive analyte monitoring in viable single cells, with applications for real‐time analysis of drug, toxin, and environmental effects on cell function. PEBBLE nanosensor is a general term that describes a family of matrices and nano‐fabrication techniques used to miniaturize many existing optical sensing technologies. The main classes of PEBBLE nanosensors are based on matrices of cross‐linked polyacrylamide, cross‐linked poly(decyl methacrylate), and sol‐gel silica. These matrices have been used to fabricate sensors for H+, Ca2+, K+, Na+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Cl−, O2, NO, and glucose that range from 20 nm to 600 nm in diameter. A number of delivery techniques have been used successfully to deliver PEBBLE nanosensors into mouse oocytes, rat alveolar macrophages, rat C6‐glioma, and human neuroblastoma cells. PEBBLEs with several newly emerging directions in design and applications, going from intracellular imaging to in vivo actuating and targeting, are also described. They include photonic, magnetic, and stochastic control and modulation of photo‐excitation, and also targeted nano‐platforms for photodynamic therapy of brain cancers, as well as contrast enhancement of the MRI for monitoring such therapy.
Determination of bubble size distributions in bubble columns using LDA
Authors: Kulkarni Amol A. , Joshi Jyeshtharaj B. , Ramkrishna Doraiswami 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA new method is developed for the determination of bubble size distributions from experimental laser Doppler anemometry (LDA) data through simultaneous measurement of only two orthogonal velocity components and the intermittent time gaps arising out of bubbles passing through the measurement point. An experimentally verifiable assumption of axisymmetry allowed the calculation of the three‐dimensional velocity distributions from the two‐dimensional measurement through the elegant use of a mathematical transform called Abel's transform. In conjunction with the use of probability theory, it allows calculation of the chord length distribution. The bubble size distribution is obtained by an inversion procedure, which facilitates the transformation of chord lengths to bubble sizes. The inversion procedure is successfully tested with Monte Carlo simulations, in which bubbles of prescribed size distribution were generated for obtaining synthetic data on subtended chord lengths at any given point in the column. It is unambiguously demonstrated that assumptions that do not account for correlation between bubble size and direction of motion can yield highly erroneous size distributions from chord length data. The procedure was then used on experimental chord length distributions obtained using LDA to estimate local bubble size distributions in our bubble column. It is particularly interesting to observe that the mean bubble size estimated from the calculated bubble size distributions were consistent with an estimation based on slip velocity information in accord with the Zuber–Findlay drift flux model. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 3068–3084, 2004
Bayesian estimation of NIG models via Markov chain Monte Carlo methods
Authors: Karlis Dimitris , Lillestöl Jostein 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe normal inverse Gaussian (NIG) distribution is a promising alternative for modelling financial data since it is a continuous distribution that allows for skewness and fat tails. There is an increasing number of applications of the NIG distribution to financial problems. Due to the complicated nature of its density, estimation procedures are not simple. In this paper we propose Bayesian estimation for the parameters of the NIG distribution via an MCMC scheme based on the Gibbs sampler. Our approach makes use of the data augmentation provided by the mixture representation of the distribution. We also extend the model to allow for modelling heteroscedastic regression situations. Examples with financial and simulated data are provided. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prostate carcinoma incidence in relation to prediagnostic circulating levels of insulin‐like growth factor I, insulin‐like growth factor binding protein 3, and insulin
Authors: Chen Chu , Lewis S. Kay , Voigt Lynda , Fitzpatrick Annette , Plymate Stephen R. , Weiss Noel S. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDThere have been several epidemiologic studies investigating the association between circulating levels of insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I), insulin‐like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP‐3), and insulin in relation to the risk of prostate carcinoma, with conflicting results. To examine this issue further, the authors conducted a nested case–control study within the Cardiovascular Health Study cohort.METHODSIn men who were diagnosed with prostate carcinoma (cases) between 1990 and 1999 (n = 174), the levels of IGF‐I, IGFBP‐3, and insulin were measured on blood samples that were obtained 1–9 years prior to diagnosis (mean, 3.4 years). Similar measurements were made on 174 male participants without prostate carcinoma (controls) who were matched to cases based on the year blood was drawn, survival until the date of diagnosis, race, and age.RESULTSRelative to the men with IGF‐I levels in the first (lowest) quartile of the distribution, the risk of prostate carcinoma for men in the second, third, and fourth (upper) quartiles were 0.77 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.43–1.38), 0.73 (95% CI, 0.41–1.30), and 0.67 (95% CI, 0.37–1.25), respectively. The results were influenced little by adjustment for levels of IGFBP‐3 or, instead, by evaluating the molar IGF‐I/IGFBP‐3 ratio. An analysis that was restricted to men who had plasma prostate‐specific antigen levels < 4 ng/mL at the time of the blood draw yielded similar results. The corresponding relative risks for IGFBP‐3 were 0.91 (95% CI, 0.49–1.68), 0.47 (95% CI, 0.25–0.94), and 0.65 (95% CI, 0.35–1.20), respectively. The distribution of serum insulin levels in cases and controls were nearly identical.CONCLUSIONSThe IGF‐I level was not associated positively with the risk of prostate carcinoma; however, an increase in the IGFBP‐3 level was associated with a modest decrease in risk. Cancer 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.