bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Simulated Emergence of Distributed Environmental Control in Evolving Microcosms
Authors: Downing Keith L. 
Published: October 2002

This work continues investigation into Gaia theory [Lovelock, (1995) The ages of Gaia, Oxford University Press] from an artificial life perspective [Downing, (2000) in Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Artificial Life, (pp. 90–99) MIT Press], with the aim of assessing the general compatibility of emergent distributed environmental control with conventional natural selection. Our earlier system, GUILD [Downing and Zvirinsky, (1999) Artificial Life, 5, 291–318], displayed emergent regulation of the chemical environment by a population of metabolizing agents, but the chemical model underlying those results was trivial, essentially admitting all possible reactions at a single energy cost. The new model, METAMIC, utilizes abstract chemistries that are both (a) constrained to a small set of legal reactions, and (b) grounded in basic fundamental relationships between energy, entropy, and biomass synthesis/breakdown. To explore the general phenomena of emergent homeostasis, we generate 100 different chemistries and use each as the basis for several METAMIC runs, as part of aGaia hunt. This search discovers 20 chemistries that support microbial populations capable of regulating a physical environmental factor within their growth-optimal range, despite the extra metabolic cost. Case studies from the Gaia hunt illustrate a few simple mechanisms by which real biota might exploit the underlying chemistry to achieve some control over their physical environment. Although these results shed little light on the question of Gaia on Earth, they support the possibility of emergent environmental control at the microcosmic level.
Biblical Literature and the Emergence of Ancient Jewish Nationalism
Authors: Weeks Stuart 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe post-exilic concept of Israel can usefully be understood as analogous to the modern concept of a nation, and the conclusions of modern nationalist studies applied to the study of its emergence. By providing an account of the past and authoritative delineations of the community, the existing biblical texts may have provided the focus for a new sense of identity, whatever their original purpose and relationship with historical events.
Apostrophic Desire and Parousia in the Apostle Paul's Epistles: A Derridean Proposal for Textual Interpretation
Authors: Curkpatrick Stephen 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPaul's correspondence encounters the vicissitudes of a postal system that sets in motion several forms of differential experience between addressor and addressee. In Paul's epistles, desire for his own parousia (coming/presence) is given more prominence than the parousia of Christ. This desire is inscribed in the tension between absence and presence to his congregations in his letters, which in turn generates several spectral factors in Paul's assertions of presence, authority, and paternity. Derrida's earlier work on issues of speech vs. writing and presence vs. absence (which continue to be implicit in later works, especially in the variegated performances of iterability), are pertinent to these issues in Paul. What readings could emerge then, if Pauline correspondence is read through a Derridean prism? Does a "Derridean proposal" that, writing "writes itself" out of desire for arrival at a destination yet to come, have value for elucidating an "authority of the text"? This article is a performative engagement with such questions.
LONGINUS AND CAECILIUS: MODELS OF THE SUBLIME
Authors:   Innes
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe article explores the relationship between Longinus and Caecilius and their range of model specimens. Longinus has a particular interest in Plato, not to defend him but, exploiting his canonical status, to present him as a prime example of the flawed genius. Plato illustrates a style whose rich amplitude carries risks but which proves that sublimity need not always include strong emotion. Caecilius recognised a narrower range of style and his prime model was Demosthenes (Lysias is irrelevant). The article exploits an undervalued source, Tiberius' On Figures in Demosthenes, and argues that there is influence from Caecilius not only in §§43-8, but also in the use of non-Demosthenic examples in §§26-35.
WHY IS THE HOLY IMAGE "TRUE"? THE ONTOLOGICAL CONCEPT OF TRUTH AS A PRINCIPLE OF SELF-AUTHENTICATION OF FOLK DEVOTIONAL EFFIGIES IN THE 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY
Authors: Tokarska-Bakir Joanna 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe present article examines the twofold material provided by analyses of the borderline between the ethnology of religion and the history of folk art. It refers first of all to the etiological legends of holy images venerated in Central and Eastern Europe in the post-tridentine period, and secondly to folk holy images, in particular woodcut prints, self-declared as "true images," which were widespread until the last century, and richly represented in Polish folk piety.
Despotic societies, sexual attraction and the emergence of male 'tolerance': an agent-based model
Authors: Hemelrijk Charlotte 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDuring the period when females are sexually attractive — but only then — males of certain species of primates, such as chimpanzees, allow females access to resources. Because males are usually dominant over females, such male 'tolerance' is explained as a special, reproductive strategy to gain access to females. In this paper a simpler hypothesis is proposed on the basis of an individual-based model (called DomWorld): male 'tolerance' towards females arises in 'despotic' artificial societies as a kind of 'respectful timidity', because sexual attraction automatically increases female dominance over males as a side-effect. The model consists in a homogeneous, virtual world with agents that group and perform dominance-interactions in which the effects of victory and defeat are self-reinforcing. The artificial sexes differ in that VirtualMales have a higher intensity of aggression, they start with a greater capacity to win conflicts than VirtualFemales and they are especially attracted to the opposite sex during certain periods, whereas VirtualFemales are not. I shall explain how the introduction into DomWorld of the attraction of VirtualMales by VirtualFemales leads to female dominance, why it does so only in despotic, but not in egalitarian societies, and how it leads to other phenomena that are relevant to the study of primate behaviour.
Effects of some crop management practices on reproduction of Meloidogyne javanica on Brassica napus
Authors: Steel Christopher , Kirkegaard John , McLeod Rod 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe effects of seed treatments with pesticides, soil temperature at sowing, cutting of plants with and without glyphosate herbicide, root disruption and age of crop at inoculation on reproduction of Meloidogyne javanica on Brassica napus were investigated. When inoculated at sowing, plants grown from fodder rape cv. Rangi seed treated with fenamiphos (0.35 g a.i. per 100 g) and from fodder swede cv. Highlander seed with a coating including imidacloprid had fewer galls than plants from seed untreated or treated with omethoate (0.7 g a.i. per 100 g). When nematode inoculation was delayed until 4 weeks after sowing, omethoate and the imadacloprid treatments had no effect while fenamiphos (0.7 g a.i. per 100 g seed) suppressed galling but also impaired seedling emergence and induced chlorosis. Green manure rape plants cvs Rangi and Humus transplanted into infested soil in the field in mid-autumn (soil temperature 17°C) remained nematode and gall-free, but tomato cv. Grosse Lisse plants were heavily galled. All three cultivars were gall-free when transplanted and grown in early winter (soil temperatures 8-14°C). Cutting off the tops of cv. Rangi plants at from 6 to 11 weeks after sowing and inoculation had no effect on egg production compared to that on intact plants. Predominant nematode stages in cut plants ranged from developing juveniles to egg-laying females. Application of glyphosate to freshly cut stems had no effect on egg production at any stage. Infesting soil with roots of cv. Rangi, finely chopped while nematodes in them were still juveniles, resulted in a low incidence of infection of bioassay tomato plants compared with infesting soil with rape roots chopped later, when females and females with eggs predominated. Young females in tomato roots laid eggs despite fine chopping of the roots. When cv. Rangi plants were inoculated at 3, 5 and 7 weeks after sowing, the 7-week-old plants were the least invaded and fewer eggs were produced on the 5 and 7-week-old plants than on the 3-week-old ones.
T-cell responses against chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells: implications for immunotherapy
Authors: Krackhardt Angela M. , Harig Sabine , Witzens Mathias , Broderick Ryan , Barrett Patrick , Gribben John G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractChronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells are ineffective antigen-presenting cells (APCs) although CD40-activated CLL cells can stimulate proliferation of autologous and allogeneic T cells. We examined the antigen-presenting capacity of CD40-activated CLL cells as well as dendritic cells pulsed with apoptotic bodies of CLL cells to generate autologous and allogeneic immune responses against CLL cells. Both APC types were capable of generating T-cell lines that proliferate specifically in response to unstimulated CLL cells. Whereas cytotoxic responses against stimulated and unstimulated CLL cells could be repeatedly generated by allogeneic healthy donors, autologous cytotoxic immune responses against CD40-activated and native CLL cells were rarely detected. However, T cells isolated from patients with CLL could recognize and lyse allogeneic stimulated and unstimulated CLL cells, demonstrating that cytotoxic T cells from these tumor-bearing patients are functionally intact.
Glutathione S-transferase genotypes, genetic susceptibility, and outcome of therapy in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Davies Stella M. , Bhatia Smita , Ross Julie A. , Kiffmeyer William R. , Gaynon Paul S. , Radloff Gretchen A. , Robison Leslie L. , Perentesis John P. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes are involved in the metabolism of environmental carcinogens and of some classes of chemotherapy drugs. GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes are polymorphic in humans, and the phenotypic absence of enzyme activity is caused by a homozygous inherited deletion of the gene. Previous, smaller studies of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) provided contrasting data on the role of the GST genotype in susceptibility and treatment outcomes. We analyzed GST genotypes in 710 children with ALL treated by the Children's Cancer Group. Frequencies were compared with those of normal controls, and outcomes were analyzed according to genotype. Comparisons of gene frequencies in ALL case and control patients showed similar frequencies (54% vs 53% GSTM1 null in whites,P = .9; 40% versus 32% in blacks,P = .45; 16% versus 15% GSTT1 null in whites,P = .8; 17% versus 28% in blacks,P = .3). ALL was not associated with the GSTM1-null genotype or the double-null genotype in blacks or whites, in contrast to previous reports. Stratification of cases by age at diagnosis, sex, white blood cell count at diagnosis, B or T lineage, or cytogenetics revealed no differences in genotype frequencies. Analysis of treatment outcomes showed no differences in outcome according to GST genotype; in particular, there were no differences in frequencies of relapse at any site. These data, representing a larger series than any reported previously, suggest that GST genotype does not affect etiology or outcome of childhood ALL.
Retroviral transduction of IL2RG into CD34+ cells from X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency patients permits human T- and B-cell development in sheep chimeras
Authors: Tsai Emily J. , Malech Harry L. , Kirby Martha R. , Hsu Amy P. , Seidel Nancy E. , Porada Christopher D. , Zanjani Esmail D. , Bodine David M. , Puck Jennifer M. 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID) is caused by mutations of the common gamma chain of cytokine receptors, γc. Because bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for XSCID does not provide complete immune reconstitution for many patients and because of the natural selective advantage conferred on lymphoid progenitors by the expression of normal γc, XSCID is a good candidate disease for therapeutic retroviral gene transfer to hematopoietic stem cells. We studied XSCID patients who have persistent defects in B-cell and/or combined B- and T-cell function despite having received T cell–depleted haploidentical BMT. We compared transduction of autologous B-cell lines and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor–mobilized peripheral CD34+ cells from these patients using an MFGS retrovirus vector containing the γc gene IL2RG pseudotyped with amphotropic, gibbon ape leukemia virus, or RD114 envelopes. Transduced B-cell lines and peripheral CD34+ cells demonstrated provirus integration and new cell-surface γc expression. The chimeric sheep model was exploited to test development of XSCID CD34+ cells into mature myeloid and lymphoid lineages. Transduced and untransduced XSCID CD34+ cells injected into developing sheep fetuses gave rise to myeloid cells. However, only transduced γc+ progenitors from XSCID patients developed into T and B cells. These results suggest that gene transfer to autologous peripheral CD34+ cells using MFGS-gc retrovirus may benefit XSCID patients with persistent T- and B-cell deficits despite prior BMT.
Magnetic resonance imaging of fetal bone marrow for quantitative definition of the human fetal stem cell compartment
Authors: Wilpshaar Jannine , Joekes Elizabeth C. , Lim Frans T. H. , Van Leeuwen Gijs A. M. , Van den Boogaard Pieter J. , Kanhai Humphrey H. H. , Willemze Roel , Falkenburg J. H. Frederik 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to distinguish bone marrow (BM) from cartilage and may therefore be used to measure BM volume in intact bones. We used MRI to measure the total human fetal BM volume in intact fetuses during the second trimester of pregnancy and determined the contribution of the individual bones to the total compartment. The total BM volume ranged from 934 μL at 17 to 18 weeks to 4563 μL at 22 to 23 weeks of gestation. The largest contributor to the total BM volume was the spine, constituting 26.4% ± 2.7% of the total volume. By analyzing leukocyte content and percentages of CD34+ cells, lymphocytes, granulocytes, and monocytes of determined volumes, absolute numbers of these cell populations in BM could be measured. The cellular composition of the BM compartment did not significantly change throughout the second trimester of gestation. Absolute white blood cell counts per fetus increased from 111 × 106 at 16 to 17 weeks to 1229 × 106 at 21 to 22 weeks. The absolute numbers of CD34+ cells increased from 25 × 106 at 16 to 17 weeks to 256 × 106 at 21 to 22 weeks. Similar analysis of liver and spleen revealed comparable absolute numbers of CD34+ cells in BM and liver throughout the second trimester of gestation. In fetal liver, CD34+ cells differentiate into red cells, myeloid cells, and platelets, while lymphopoiesis mainly occurs in BM or spleen. Combining MRI and cell counts provides a method to quantify specific cell populations in fetal compartments. This study may enable better evaluation of fetal diagnostics and therapies.
Ectopic expression of TAL-1 protein in Ly-6E.1-htal-1transgenic mice induces defects in B- and T-lymphoid differentiation
Authors: Goardon Nicolas , Schuh Annette , Hajar Iman , Ma Xiaoqian , Jouault Hélène , Dzierzak Elaine , Roméo Paul-Henri , Maouche-Chrétien Leı̈la 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe tal-1 gene encodes a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor required for primitive and definitive hematopoiesis. Additionally, ectopic activation of thetal-1 gene during T lymphopoiesis occurs in numerous cases of human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. With the use of transgenic mice, we show that, in adult hematopoiesis, constitutive expression of TAL-1 protein causes disorders in the hematopoietic lineages that normally switch off tal-1 gene expression during their differentiation process. Myelopoiesis was characterized by a moderate increase of myeloid precursors and by Sca-1 antigen persistence. Although no lymphoid leukemia was observed, T lymphopoiesis and B lymphopoiesis were severely impaired. Transgenic mice showed reduced thymic cellularity together with a decrease in double-positive cells and a concurrent increase in the single-positive population. B cells exhibited a differentiation defect characterized by a reduction of the B-cell compartment most likely because of a differentiation block upstream of the intermediate pro-B progenitor. B cells escaping this defect developed normally, but transgenic splenocytes presented a defect in immunoglobulin class switch recombination. Altogether, these results enlighten the fine-tuning of TAL-1 expression during adult hematopoiesis and indicate why TAL-1 expression has to be switched off in the lymphoid lineages.
Immature CD34+CD19− progenitor/stem cells in TEL/AML1-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia are genetically and functionally normal
Authors: Hotfilder Marc , Röttgers Silja , Rosemann Annegret , Jürgens Heribert , Harbott Jochen , Vormoor Josef 
Published: October 2002

AbstractOne important question in stem cell biology of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is whether immature CD34+CD19− cells are part of the leukemic cell clone. CD34+CD19− cells from the bone marrow of 9 children with TEL/AML1-positive ALL were purified by flow sorting and subjected to reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), fluorescence in situ hybridization, and methylcellulose cultures. In 3 of 8 patients analyzed by RT-PCR, noTEL/AML1-positive cells could be detected in the CD34+CD19− cell fraction. Altogether, the percentage of TEL/AML1-positive cells was low: 1.6% (n = 8; SD 2.2%) by nested real-time RT-PCR and 2.5% (n = 5; SD 2.6%) by fluorescence in situ hybridization. This correlated with the percentage of contaminating CD19+ leukemic cells in the CD34+CD19− cell fraction in 6 control sorts (mean 4.6%, SD 3.6%), indicating that the low levels of leukemic cells detected in the CD34+CD19− cell fraction could be attributed to sorter errors. Methylcellulose cultures in 3 patients provided further evidence that CD34+CD19− cells represent a candidate normal cell population. The clonogenicity of the CD34+CD19− cell fraction was similar to normal progenitors, including growth of primitive granulocyte, erythroid, macrophage, megakaryocyte colony-forming units. Each of 92 colonies from cultures with CD34+CD19− cells tested negative for TEL/AML1. In conclusion, our data support the hypothesis that the leukemia inTEL/AML1-positive childhood ALL originates in a CD19+ lymphoid progenitor. This has many therapeutic implications, eg, for purging of autologous stem cell products, flow cytometric monitoring of minimal residual disease, and targeting immunotherapy against the leukemic cell clone.
Successful treatment of murine β-thalassemia intermedia by transfer of the human β-globin gene
Authors: May Chad , Rivella Stefano , Chadburn Amy , Sadelain Michel 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
The β-thalassemias are caused by more than 200 mutations that reduce or abolish β-globin production. The severity of the resulting anemia can lead to lifelong transfusion dependency. A genetic treatment based on globin gene transfer would require that transgene expression be erythroid specific, elevated, and sustained over time. We report here that long-term synthesis of chimeric hemoglobin (muα2:huβ2A) could be achieved in mice with β-thalassemia intermedia following engraftment with bone marrow cells transduced with a lentiviral vector encoding the humanβ-globin gene. In the absence of any posttransduction selection, the treated chimeras exhibit durably increased hemoglobin levels without diminution over 40 weeks. Ineffective erythropoiesis and extramedullary hematopoiesis (EMH) regress, as reflected by normalization of spleen size, architecture, hematopoietic colony formation, and disappearance of liver EMH. These findings establish that a sustained increase of 3 to 4 g/dL hemoglobin is sufficient to correct ineffective erythropoiesis. Hepatic iron accumulation is markedly decreased in 1-year-old chimeras, indicating persistent protection from secondary organ damage. These results demonstrate for the first time that viral-mediated globin gene transfer in hematopoietic stem cells effectively treats a severe hemoglobin disorder.
Factors associated with outcome after unrelated marrow transplantation for treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children
Authors: Woolfrey Ann E. , Anasetti Claudio , Storer Barry , Doney Kristine , Milner Laurie A. , Sievers Eric L. , Carpenter Paul , Martin Paul , Petersdorf Effie , Appelbaum Frederick R. , Hansen John A. , Sanders Jean E. 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most common indication for transplantation of marrow from unrelated donors in children. We analyzed results of this procedure in children with ALL treated according to a standard protocol to determine risk factors for outcome. From January 1987 to 1999, 88 consecutively seen patients with ALL who were younger than 18 years received a marrow transplant from an HLA-matched (n = 56) or partly matched (n = 32) unrelated donor during first complete remission (CR1; n = 10), second remission (CR2; n = 34), third remission (CR3; n = 10), or relapse (n = 34). Patients received cyclophosphamide and fractionated total-body irradiation as conditioning treatment and were given methotrexate and cyclosporine for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) prophylaxis. Three-year rates of leukemia-free survival (LFS) according to phase of disease were 70% for CR1, 46% for CR2, 20% for CR3, and 9% for relapse (P &lt; .0001). Three-year cumulative relapse rates were 10%, 33%, 20%, and 50%, respectively, and 3-year cumulative rates of death not due to relapse were 20%, 22%, 60%, and 41%, respectively, for patients with CR1, CR2, CR3, and relapse. Grades III to IV acute GVHD occurred in 43% of patients given HLA-matched transplants and in 59% given partly matched transplants (P = .10); clinical extensive chronic GVHD occurred in 32% and 38%, respectively (P = .23). LFS rates were lower in patients with advanced disease (P &lt; .0001), age 10 years or older (P = .002), or short duration of CR1 (P = .007). Thus, in addition to phase of disease, age and duration of CR1 were predictors of outcome after unrelated-donor transplantation for treatment of ALL in children. Outcome was particularly favorable in younger patients with early phases of the disease.