bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ontogeny of calcitonin gene‐related peptide immunoreactivity in rat lumbar motoneurons: Delayed appearance and sexual dimorphism in the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus
Authors: Forger Nancy G. , Hodges Lynn L. , Breedlove S. Marc 
Published: January 2005

AbstractImmunoreactivity for calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) has been observed in both adult and embryonic rat motoneurons. However, the developmental pattern of CGRP expression in motoneurons has not been systematically examined and the role of CGRP in neuromuscular development is poorly understood. We have mapped the ontogeny of CGRP‐like immunoreactivity in three motoneuron pools of the rat lumbar spinal cord from birth through adulthood. Immunoreactivity was uniformly high in lateral horn motoneurons (the retrodorsolateral nucleus) of males and females at all ages examined. The majority of motoneurons of the dorsolateral nucleus also were positive throughout postnatal development although the percentage of positive motoneurons was slightly higher in males than in females. In contrast, virtually no motoneurons of the spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus, located in the medial ventral horn, were positive for CGRP in neonatal rats. CGRP‐like immunoreactivity was delayed in this nucleus until approximately postnatal day 6 in males and day 27 in females. Because these three motoneuronal nuclei are differentially sensitive to early androgen and differ with respect to the timing of several developmental milestones, these observations have implications for the regulation and possible roles of CGRP in developing motor systems.
Cholecystokinin‐, enkephalin‐, and substance P‐like immunoreactivity in the dentate area, hippocampus, and subiculum of the domestic pig
Authors: Holm Ida E. , Geneser Finn A. , Zimmer Jens 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe distribution of cholecystokinin‐like, enkephalin‐like, and substance P‐like immunoreactivities is described in the dentate area, hippocampus, and subiculum of the domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) as a baseline for future experimental studies. The distributions in the pig are compared with previous observations in other species.Cholecystokinin‐like immunoreactive nerve cell bodies were intensely stained and present in large numbers in all subfields studied. Cholecystokinin‐like immunoreactive terminals appeared as stained puncta, whereas fibers were only rarely encounterd. The puncta were mainly seen in the dentate molecular layer and dentate granule cell layer, the pyramidal cell layer of the hippocampal regio inferior, stratum moleculare of the hippocampal regio superior, and in the subiculum.Enkephalin‐like immunoreactive nerve cell bodies were faintly stained and generally present in very small numbers, except for some pyramidal cells in the subicular cell layer. Enkephalin‐like immunoreactive fibers were few in number, whereas stained puncta appeared with variable densities. Puncta of particularly high densities were found in the dentate molecular layer, whereas they appeared of moderate density in the dentate hilus, stratum moleculare of the hippocampal regio superior, and in the subiculum.Substance P‐like immunoreactive nerve cell bodies were few and very faintly stined. They primarily occurred in the dentate hilus, stratum oriens of the hippocampus, and in the subicular cell layer. Stained fibers were few in number, whereas stained puncta were present in abundant numbers corresponding to the mossy fiber projection in the dentate hilus and the layer of mossy fibers of the hippocampal regio inferior, and in moderate numbers in stratum moleculare of the hippocampal regio superior and in the subiculum.For all three neuropeptides there were consistent and very characteristic variations in the distribution of immunoreactivity along the septotemporal axis of the hippocampus.When viewed in a comparative perspective the distribution of enkephalin‐like and substance P‐like terminals in the domestic pig displayed striking differences from the basic pattern observed in other species. This contrasted with the distribution of cholecystokinin‐like neurons and terminals, which resembled more closely these species. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organization of the hamster paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus
Authors: Morin L. P. , Blanchard J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe hamster periventricular hypothalamic area has been the focus of functional research concerning photoperiodic time measurement. These studies have relied upon the extensive analysis of rat paraventricular nucleus because there has been a general absence of anatomical description in the hamster. The present work southt to remedy this problem by investigating the structure of the hamster paraventricular nucleus with respect to the localization of cells immunoreactive to vasopressin, oxytocin, or cotricotropin‐releasing factor and of cells projecting to the spinal cord or to vascular sites outside the blood‐brain barrier.The hamster paraventricular nucludus includes the medial, lateral, and posterior magnocellular divisions, the main parvicellular division, as well as the periventricular area and dorsal cap, which are also parvicellular. The magnocellular divisions are characterized by many large neurons immunoreactive to oxytocin and vasopressin, which are generally absent from the parvicellular divisions. In contrast, corticotrophin‐releasing hormone‐immunoreactive cells are plentiful in most of the parvicellular areas. Spinally projecting cells are found in two rostral areas, one dorsally and a second, more ventral area. More caudally, the two regions merge within the posterior magnocellular division. Cells of the ventral group are frequently immunoreactive for one of the three peptides. Cells identified by peripheral injection of retrograde label are found in the rostral magnocellular divisons but not in the caudal posterior magnocellular division. Areas in which these cells also contain peptide are also described. The features of the hamster paraventricular nucleus are compared to those in the rat and apparent species differences are discussed. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organization of the commissural fibers in the adult brain of the locust
Authors: Boyan George , Williams Leslie , Meier Thomas 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe brain (supraoesophageal ganglion) is the most complex of the segmental ganglia composing the nerve cord of the locusts Schistocerca gregaria and Locusta migratoria. In this paper, we describe the ground plan of the commissures crossing the midline of the brain and propose a nomenclature with the aim of making a complex neuropil more understandable at the level of individual neurons. For developmental and comparative reasons the neuroarchitecture of the brain is related to the neural axis, not to the body axis. We have identified 73 commissural fiber bundles belonging to the adult brain, and these are named according to their location (ventral, dorsal, anterior, posterior, medial) with respect to the central complex as reference point. Reconstructions of identified neurons from intracellular stainings, cobalt backfills, or immunohistochemical studies demonstrate the various configurations in which fibers cross the brain. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spiny nonpyramidal neurons in the CA3 region of the rat hippocampus are glutamate‐like immunoreactive and receive convergent mossy fiber input
Authors: Soriano Eduardo , Frotscher Michael 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThere is increasing evidence that the various types of hippocampal nonpyramidal neurons control the principal cells in different ways. In the present study a type of spiny nonpyramidal cell in stratum lucidum of rat hippocampal region CA3 was studied by Golgi impregnation. Three Golgi‐impregnated and gold‐toned neurons of this type were further analyzed by electron microscopy and postembedding immunocytochemistry. The dendrites of these bipolar neurons seemed to be restricted to stratum lucidum and ran parallel with the mossy fibers that terminate in this layer. A characteristic feature of this neuron is the presence of long, thin spines on both cell body and dendrites. Although these dendrites were exposed to a large number of mossy fibers, no thorny excrescences were formed which are characteristic postsynaptic elements of CA3 pyramidal neurons for synaptic contact with the mossy fibers. Semithin sections of Golgi‐impregnated and gold‐toned stratum lucidum cells displayed immunoreactivity of the cell body region for glutamate but not for GABA.A fine‐structural analysis of gold‐toned sections revealed a large cell body with numerous cytoplasmic organelles and an indented nucleus. Numerous asymmetric synapses were found on dendritic shafts as well as on the long, thin somatic and dendritic spines. Usually, several presynaptic boutons contacted a single spine. The majority of these asymmetric spine synapses were probably of mossy fiber origin, although no giant mossy fiber synapses were formed. The long spines were contacted by much smaller en passant synapses of preterminal axons. In contrast, giant mossy fiber boutons were found presynaptic to dendritic shafts and cell bodies of these cells.Our morphological analysis of a glutamate‐immunoreactive, GABA‐negative type of non‐pyramidal neuron that receives convergent mossy fiber input suggests that the impulse flow within the “trisynaptic pathway” is more complex than previously assumed. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New aspects of dopaminergic interplexiform cell organization in the goldfish retina
Authors: Van Haesendonck Eduarda , Marc Robert E. , Missotten Luc 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDopaminergic interplexiform cells (DA‐IPCs) in the goldfish retina have been reexamined by light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry with antisera against dopamine (DA) or tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Successful immunostaining with a specific anti‐DA antiserum offers further direct support for DA‐IPCs. Anti‐DA immunocytochemistry in combination with [3H]‐DA autoradiography shows 92% colocalization of the two markers, indicating that [3H]‐DA autoradiography is a reliable technique for identification of DA‐IPCs. Incubations with anti‐TH antiserum show that immunoreactive DA‐IPCs have a homogeneous distribution, with an average frequency of 71 ± 8 cells/mm2 in retinas of 14–15 cm long goldfish. Their arrangement is distinctly nonrandom.Electron microscopy of TH‐immunoreactive cell processes confirms that horizontal cell axons synapse onto DA‐IPCs and adds the following junctional arrangements to the circuit diagram of the DA‐IPC: (1) adjacent serial synapses between DA‐IPCs, external horizontal cells, and putative glycinergic interplexiform cells, (2) junctional appositions between DA‐IPCs and photoreceptor cells, (3) junctional appositions between neighbouring DA‐IPCs, and (4) the “gap junctional complex”, typically consisting of a DA‐IPC process juxtaposed with a gap junction between horizontal cell axons. The gap junction is flanked by clusters of small, round vesicles and groups of electron‐dense structures resembling intermediate filaments. These morphological results support the functional involvement of DA‐IPCs in adaptive retinomotor movements and in horizontal cell gap junction modulation and/or dynamics. They also suggest particular interaction between the dopaminergic and the glycinergic IPC system in the outer plexiform layer of goldfish retina. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transient appearance of calbindin‐D28k‐positive neurons in the superior olivary complex of developing rats
Authors: Friauf Eckhard 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCalbindin‐D28k (CaBP) is a calcium‐binding protein that is prominent in various parts of the mammalian auditory system. In order to shed some light on the possible role of CaBP during ontogeny, when calcium ions play key roles in several processes, the location of CaBP was examined immunocytochemically in the auditory system of the developing rat. This study focuses on the principal nuclei of the superior olivary complex, which show distinct CaBP labeling in the adult. Consistent with previous reports in the rat and other mammals, CaBP immunoreactivity in adults was intense in somata of the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB) and in the neuropil (presumably in axons) of the lateral superior olive (LSO), the superior paraolivary nucleus (SPN), and the medial superior olive (MSO). In fetal and neonatal animals, however, the labeling pattern was strikingly different. Around birth, MNTB neurons are immunonegative for CaBP, whereas somata and processes in the LSO, probably neuronal, are heavily labeled at that age. This labeling pattern persists throughout the first week of postnatal life and begins to change at P8, when MNTB neurons become immunopositive for CaBP. During the next 10 days labeling intensity in MNTB neurons increases considerably, and the increase is paralleled by an increase in labeling intensity of the neuropil in the LSO, SPN, and MSO, indicating that the labeled processes in these nuclie may be axons originating from MNTB neurons. Immunoreactivity in LSO cells begins to decline around P8, decays rapidly between P10 and P18, and reaches its adult level around P28, when the CaBP labeling pattern in the whole superior olivary complex is indistinguishable from that in the adult.The present results show that the development of CaBP immunoreactivity in the rat superior olivary complex is characterized by two reciprocally related processes: as immunoreactivity within MNTB somata and fibers in the SPN, the LSO, and the MSO increases between P8 and about P21, the immunoreactivity in LSO neurons declines. CaBP immunoreactivity in LSO neurons is only transiently present, suggesting a critical period in development during which the control of Ca2+ homeostasis in LSO neurons may be of particular importance. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Localization of sulfated glycoprotein‐2/clusterin mRNA in the rat brain by in situ hybridization
Authors: Danik M. , Chabot J.‐G. , Hassan‐gonzalez D. , Suh M. , Quirion Rémi 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSulfated glycoprotein‐2 (SGP‐2) gene expression seems to be constitutively expressed in a variety of tissues and organs, although levels of expression vary widely from one tissue to the other. SGP‐2, also known as clusterin, has been reported to be expressed in the central nervous system (CNS). Some possible roles for brain SGP‐2 have been postulated. In order to provide a substrate for a better understanding of the functions of this glycoprotein in the CNS, we investigated the detailed anatomical and cellular distribution of SGP‐2 mRNA in the adult rat brain as well as the variation in its cellular expression after excitotoxin lesion. Transcripts for SGP‐2 were found to be distributed throughout the rat CNS, although regional differences in their prevalence were readily observed. The ependymal lining of the ventricles showed the highest level of expression followed by various gray matter areas, some of which contained very intensively labeled cells. These cells were mostly found among several hypothalamic and brainstem nuclei, the habenular complex, as well as in the ventral horn of the spinal cord, which displayed striking hybridization signals over motoneurons. Occasional cells expressing high levels of SGP‐2 transcripts were found in fiber tracts. Highly SGP‐2 mRNA‐positive resting glial cells were mainly located near the glial limitans and blood vessels. Two areas of relatively low constitutive SGP‐2 mRNA expression are shown to produce strong hybridization signals 10 days after the local administration of the excitotoxin kainic acid. This overexpression of SGP‐2 transcripts appears to involve GFAP‐positive cells. Taken together, these results indicate that in the intact adult rat CNS, various cell populations, including neurons, constitutively express SGP‐2 transcripts, whereas in the injured brain, reactive astrocytes become the major producers. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence that cholinergic axons from the parabrachial region of the brainstem are the exclusive source of nitric oxide in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat
Authors: Bickford M. E. , Günlük A. E. , Guido W. , Sherman S. Murray 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe investigated the source of axons and terminals in the cat's lateral geniculate nucleus that stain positively for NADPH‐diaphorase. The functional significance of such staining is that NADPH‐diaphorase is identical to the enzyme nitric oxide synthetase, and thus it is though to reveal cells and axons that use nitric oxide as a neuromodulator. Within the lateral geniculate and adjacent perigeniculate nuclei, a dense network of axons and terminals is labeled for NADPH‐diaphorase, The pattern of NADPH‐diaphorase staining here is remarkably similar to that of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) staining, suggesting that the source of these axons and terminals might be the parabrachial region of the brainstem because this provides the major cholinergic input to the lateral geniculate nucleus. In other areas of the brain to which parabrachial axons project, there is also a similar staining pattern for NADPH‐diaphorase and ChAT. Furthermore, the patterns of cell staining within the parabracial region for NADPH‐diaphorase and ChAT are virtually identical. However, the relationship between ChAT and NADPH‐diaphorase staining for the parabrachial region is not a general property of cholinergic neurons. Other cholinergic cells and axons, such as the trochlear nerve, the oculomotor nerve and nucleus, and the parabigeminal nucleus, which all label densely for ChAT, stain poorly or not at all for NADPH‐diaphorase. It is significant that the parabigeminal nucleus, which provides a cholinergic input to the lateral geniculate nucleus, has no cells that label for NADPH‐diaphorase. We used double labeling methods to identify further the source of NADPH‐diaphorase staining in the lateral geniculate nucleus. We found that parabrachial cells co‐localize NADPH‐diaphorase and ChAT. Noradrenergic and serotoninergic cells in the brainstem also innervate the lateral geniculate nucleus, but we found that none of these co‐localize NADPH‐diaphorase. Finally, by combining NADPH‐diaphorase histochemistry with retrograde labeling of cells that project to the lateral geniculate nucleus, we found that the cholinergic cells of the parabrachial region are essentially the sole source of NADPH‐diaphorase in the lateral geniculate nucleus. We thus conclude that cells from the parabrachial region that innervate the lateral geniculate nucleus use both acetylcholine and nitric oxide for neurotransmission, and that this is virtually the only afferent input to this region that uses nitric oxide. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Representation of the body surface in the gracile, cuneate, and spinal trigeminal nuclei of the little red flying fox (Pteropus scapulatus)
Authors: Martin Russell L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe body surface representation in the gracile, cuneate, and spinal trigeminal nucleil of the little red flying fox (Pteropus scapulatus) was examined. As in other species, it was found that any single cross‐section through all three nuclei contains a representation of most, or all, of the body surface. In the little red flying fox, however, this representation is arranged as a series of dorsolateral to ventromedially oriented bands, within which there are no apparent topographies. These bands are arranged in such a way that the spatial relationships between body regions in the representation do not reflect those at the periphery. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Laminar distribution of NMDA receptors in cat and monkey visual cortex visualized by [3H]‐MK‐801 binding
Authors: Rosier A. M. , Arckens L. , Orban G. A. , Vandesande F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractGlutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter of the mammalian central nervous system. Two major classes of glutamate receptors have been reported. The actions of glutamate on its N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA)‐type receptor may underlie developmental and adult plasticity as well as neurotoxicity.The NMDA‐type of glutamate receptor in cat and monkey visual cortex was visualized by means of in vitro receptor autoradiography with the noncompetitive NMDA‐receptor antagonist [3H]‐MK‐801. The kinetics, performed on tissue sections, revealed an apparently single, saturable site with an approximate dissociation constant (KD) of 18.5 nM in cat and 15.9 nM in monkey visual cortex. Autoradiography, performed on frontal sections of cat and monkey visual cortex, revealed a heterogeneous laminar distribution of NMDA receptors.Cat areas 17,18,19, and the lateral suprasylvian areas exhibited a similar NMDA‐receptor distribution. In these areas, NMDA receptors were most prominent in layer II and the upper part of layer III. In monkey striate cortex, NMDA receptors were primarily concentrated in layers II, upper III, IVc, V, and VI. In monkey secondary visual cortex, [3H]‐MK‐801 labeling was most prominent in layers II, V, and VI; whereas in the temporal visual areas included in this study layer II displayed the heaviest receptor labeling.In neither cat nor monkey could we observe significant differences in NMDA‐receptor distribution between different retinotopic subdivisions within a single visual area. Neither did we detect any periodic changes in NMDA‐receptor distribution that would correspond to the compartments defined by cytochrome‐oxidase in monkey V1 and V2. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spinal termination patterns of canine identified A‐δ and C spermatic polymodal receptors traced by intracellular labeling with Phaseolus vulgaris‐leucoagglutinin
Authors: Mizumura Kazue , Sugiura Yasuo , Kumazawa Takao 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe spinal projection patterns of spermatic polymodal receptors were studied by intracellular labeling of functionally identified canine dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons with Phaseolus vulgaris‐leucoagglutinin (PHA‐L). The processes of 2 C‐fiber and 1 A‐δ‐fiber spermatic polymodal receptor neurons were labeled well enough to trace their central terminations. The labeled C‐fiber DRG neurons were of medium size (mean diameter 36.8 and 40.7 μm). On entering the spinal cord, axons of the C‐polymodal receptors divided into rostral and caudal main branches that extended over 3 spinal segments (20 and 25 mm, respectively), and issued a total of 16 and 15 collaterals, respectively. The majority of collaterals ran in or along the lateral surface, but both neurons had 1 or 2 collaterals or terminal branches running through the middle, or along the medial, surface of the dorsal horn. Terminal swellings and en passant enlargements were observed mainly in laminae I, V, and VII. Some C‐fiber terminations appeared in lamina II and the adjacent lateral column. The A‐δ polymodal receptor had a termination pattern similar to that of the C‐fiber units with the exception of a shorter distance over which its 13 identified collaterals were issued (10 mm), and continuation of the rostral main branch into Lissauer's tract (traced for 3.6 mm) after all branches appeared. Two terminal branches were found running just above the central canal in another A‐δ neuron in which termination could be only partially traced. The density of terminals of spermatic thin afferents was lower and their rostrocaudal spread was more extensive than those reported in cutaneous C‐polymodal nociceptors. These results suggest that spermatic afferents are organized to exert a diffuse and wide‐spreading influence on the spinal neurons. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.