bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A simple and rapid scanning electron microscope preparative technique for delicate “gymnodinioid” dinoflagellates
Authors: Botes Lizeth , Price Brendon , Waldron Miranda , Pitcher Grant C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractLight microscopy (LM) is routinely used to investigate delicate (unarmoured and lightly armoured) “gymnodinioid” dinoflagellate species but at this level of resolution, morphological features such as apical grooves, apical pores, thin thecal plates, and scales are often difficult to observe, thereby necessitating the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Good results were obtained when harvested cells were fixed with osmium tetroxide (OsO4) as the primary fixative, adhered with poly‐L‐lysine to round glass coverslips, dehydrated in an ethanol series, and dried with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS). Poly‐L‐lysine has in the past effectively been used to adhere biological material such as human red blood cells, mouse leukemic cells, and marine dinoflagellates to glass coverslips. HMDS has been used to substitute critical point drying (CPD) to dry soft insect tissues, rat hepatic endothelial cells, and the cilia of rat trachea. By combining and fine‐tuning these two protocols in SEM studies of delicate “gymnodinioid” dinoflagellates, it is possible to overcome cell distortion such as shrinking and collapsing that result from centrifuging, filtering, and CPD. The combination of poly‐L‐lysine and HMDS not only produces good results but also requires limited expertise and equipment, is inexpensive, and is less time‐consuming. Microsc. Res. Tech. 59:128–130, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of loud noise exposure on mouse myocardium: A comparison with the rat
Authors: Gesi Marco , Lenzi Paola , Fornai Francesco , Ferrucci Michela , Soldani Paola , Pellegrini Antonio , Paparelli Antonio 
Published: October 2002

AbstractLoud noise is an environmental stressor of everyday life, which affects different organs and apparati, in particular the cardiovascular system. We have already reported that noise exposure produces significant alterations in the rat myocardium, consisting of mitochondrial damage, which is evident as lysis of the cristae and dilution of the matrix. Since there are high similarities between mouse and human species, the aim of our study was to investigate the effects of acute noise exposure on the mouse heart. We found that noise exposure affects mouse myocardium at similar subcellular sites to those already described in the rat; nonetheless, quantitative analysis of the percentage of altered mitochondria in both species disclosed a clear difference between mouse and rat myocardium, which strongly suggests a different sensitivity to noise stimulus. We hypothesize that the species differences on the extent of myocardial alterations here observed might be due to the zonal pattern of cardiac noradrenergic receptors, which should be the final effectors for noise‐induced myocardial changes. Microsc. Res. Tech. 59:131–135, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gas‐phase behaviour of negative ions produced from thiazidic diuretics under electrospray conditions
Authors: Garcia Patrice , Popot Marie Agnès , Fournier Françoise , Bonnaire Yves , Tabet Jean Claude 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA systematic mass spectrometric study of 10 thiazidic diuretics and related compounds was undertaken by mass spectrometry (MS) with electrospray ionization in the negative ion mode. Collisional dissociation ‘in‐source’ (CID‐MS) and in a low‐pressure collision cell (CID‐MS/MS) were compared in both excitation regions. Spectra obtained by CID‐MS and by CID‐MS/MS were matched. Using the two methods, loss of HCl and consecutive dissociations from 2HCl losses were exhibited from compounds such as methyclothiazide and trichlormethiazide but not from other thiazidic diuretics that contain chlorine substituents in the aromatic moiety. However, deprotonated dichlorphenamide gave rise to loss of HCl by CID‐MS and CID‐MS/MS. For other diuretics such as hydroflumethiazide and hydrochlorothiazide, the loss of HCN and [HCN + SO2] was relevant. Reaction mechanisms were checked by means of deuterium–hydrogen exchange, which showed that deprotonation took place regioselectively on the heterocyclic moiety. The cleavage pathways require molecular isomerization forming ion–dipole complexes prior to decompositions, allowing long‐distance proton transfer for neutral elimination. Identifications of the most specific fragmentations presented in this paper were applied to the screening and unambiguous identification of diuretics for horse doping control. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protein secondary structure and stability determined by combining exoproteolysis and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Villanueva Josep , Villegas Virtudes , Querol Enrique , Avilés Francesc X. , Serrano Luis 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn the post‐genomic era, several projects focused on the massive experimental resolution of the three‐dimensional structures of all the proteins of different organisms have been initiated. Simultaneously, significant progress has been made in the ab initio prediction of protein three‐dimensional structure. One of the keys to the success of such a prediction is the use of local information (i.e. secondary structure). Here we describe a new limited proteolysis methodology, based on the use of unspecific exoproteases coupled with matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS), to map quickly secondary structure elements of a protein from both ends, the N‐ and C‐termini. We show that the proteolytic patterns (mass spectra series) obtained can be interpreted in the light of the conformation and local stability of the analyzed proteins, a direct correlation being observed between the predicted and the experimentally derived protein secondary structure. Further, this methodology can be easily applied to check rapidly the folding state of a protein and characterize mutational effects on protein conformation and stability. Moreover, given global stability information, this methodology allows one to locate the protein regions of increased or decreased conformational stability. All of this can be done with a small fraction of the amount of protein required by most of the other methods for conformational analysis. Thus limited exoproteolysis, together with MALDI‐TOF MS, can be a useful tool to achieve quickly the elucidation of protein structure and stability. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition of insulin‐like growth factor I activity contributes to the premature apoptosis of cerebellar granule neuron in weaver mutant mice: In vitro analysis
Authors: Zhong Jin , Deng Jixian , Ghetti Bernardino , Lee Wei‐Hua 
Published: October 2002

AbstractEvidence from transgenic mice and cultured cerebellar neurons supports an important role for insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) in the formation of cerebellar cytoarchitecture. To understand IGF‐I's function during cerebellar development, we examined the involvement of IGF‐I in the premature apoptosis of granule neurons derived from the cerebella of weaver (wv) mutant mice. Before their demise, wv granule neurons increased the expression and secretion of IGFBP5 in a gene dose‐dependent manner. Because IGFBP5 may interfere with the interaction of IGF‐I and its receptor, the abnormally high IGFBP5 levels in wv granule neurons suggest that a lack of IGF‐I activation may contribute to their premature apoptosis. This hypothesis is supported by a gene dose‐dependent decrease in IGF‐I receptor (IGF‐IR) phosphorylation. More importantly, there is a parallel gene dose‐dependent decrease in Akt activity, which was inversely correlated with the activity levels of caspase 3. On the other hand, adding IGFBP5 antibody into culture media increased the survival of wv granule neurons, whereas adding IGFBP5 decreased the survival of wild‐type granule neurons. To delineate the interaction between IGF‐I and IGFBP5 on wv granule neurons, we examined neuronal survival after treating with IGF‐I, des(1–3) IGF‐I, or IGFBP5 antibody. At the same concentration, des(1–3) IGF‐I was more effective than IGF‐I in promoting survival, in increasing Akt activity, and in decreasing caspase 3 activity. These results indicate that IGF‐I's actions on wv granule neurons are normally inhibited by excess IGFBP5, and sufficient IGF‐I receptor activation rescues wv granule neurons via stimulating the Akt signaling pathway. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interaction of 2‐mercaptoethanesulfonate monolayers on silver with sodium cations
Authors: Kudelski Andrzej , Pecul Magdalena , Bukowska Jolanta 
Published: October 2002

AbstractInteractions of 2‐mercaptoethanesulfonate (MES) monolayers formed on silver surfaces with Na+ cations of the surrounding electrolytes were investigated by surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The structures and wavenumbers of the MES anion and the anion–sodium cation ion pair were calculated at the SCF (self‐consistent field) level to facilitate assignment of the bands and for a better interpretation of the cation‐induced effects. The SERS results demonstrate that the interaction of sulfonic groups of immobilized MES molecules with sodium cations is significantly different to the respective interactions observed for ‘free’ MES molecules in aqueous solution. In the case of surface‐attached MES molecules, the contact ion pairs with metal cations are easily formed. The local symmetry of a large part of the sulfonic groups forming contact ion pairs with the metal cations is not lowered, in contrast to what one can observe in crystals of MES sodium salt and to what was predicted theoretically for an isolated MES molecule interacting with Na+. It is worth emphasizing that such interactions could significantly modify the structure of organic monolayer/electrolyte interface. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vibrational spectra of YbBiGeO5
Authors: Baran Enrique J. , Cascales Concepción 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe infrared and Raman spectra of YbBiGeO5 were recorded and are briefly discussed on the basis of its structural peculiarities. The infrared spectra of the complete series of isostructural LnBiGeO5 compounds (Ln = Dy–Lu and Y) were also recorded and some comparisons with related species are made. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beyond competitive advantage
Authors: Klein Jeremy 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
While business strategy has become synonymous with the search for competitive advantage, the concept of competitive advantage is surprisingly confused.
Often the term is nothing more than a tautology. Successful firms are successful because they have competitive advantage, which in turn cannot be defined in any other way than as a quality that brings about success.
There is also ambiguity as to the locus of competition: whether competitive advantage is a property of firms or of products. This ambiguity creates confusion over the processes by which competition occurs.
Greater distinction and definitional clarity should be made between competition and strategy. Better strategies will result from more accurate pinpointing of the processes of competition, something that is unlikely while competition is simply seen in terms of competitive advantage.
Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accumulation of thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances in cured pork sausages treated with propolis extracts
Authors: Han S K , Park H K 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPropolis collected by bees has many components that possess antifungal, anticancer and antioxidant properties. Cured ground pork meat was treated separately with 0.4% w/w ethanol‐extracted propolis (EEP 0.4%), 0.6% w/w water‐extracted propolis (WEP 0.6%), 0.8% w/w dried residue of ethanol‐extracted propolis (DREEP 0.8%) and 0.1% w/w potassium sorbate (PS 0.1%) and made into sausages. Thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) were measured in the sausages to assess the effects of storage at 5, 10 and 20 °C after 0, 2 and 4 weeks. After 4 weeks of storage at 5 °C the sausages treated with EEP 0.4%, DREEP 0.8%, WEP 0.6% and PS 0.1% yielded TBARS values which were 50, 59, 35 and 91% respectively of the control value. There was an increase of 0.33 mg MDA kg−1, the lowest of all treatments, in TBARS for the 0.4% w/w EEP‐treated sausages. The curing process will control microbiological spoilage, as will potassium sorbate.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Reduced growth of human sarcoma xenografts in hosts homozygous for the lit mutation
Authors: Deitel Kevin , Dantzer Dale , Ferguson Peter , Pollak Michael , Beamer Wes , Andrulis Irene , Bell Robert 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesPrior studies have shown that sarcoma growth can be stimulated by insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I). To extend this line of research, we carried out in vivo growth studies of primary human sarcoma in immunosuppressed control and IGF‐I–deficient mice.MethodsHuman sarcoma specimens (one osteosarcoma and seven soft tissue sarcomas) were harvested in the operating room and implanted in immunosuppressed mice. Second‐generation sarcomas were transplanted to control (GH replete lit/+ mice) and to experimental (GH/IGF‐I–deficient lit/lit) animals. When tumors reached 1,000 mm3 in one group, average tumor size was compared in the two groups. IGF‐I receptor expression was measured by RT‐PCR and IGF‐I receptor binding sites were assayed by radiolabeled IGF‐I.ResultsFive of eight sarcomas demonstrated reduced growth in the GH/IGF‐I–deficient lit/lit animals. In four of the five sarcomas that demonstrated growth inhibition, IGF‐R was elevated relative to placenta or a positive control cell line (MCF‐7, which is known to be responsive to IGF‐I in vitro and in vivo). In three of the five sarcomas that demonstrated growth suppression, IGF‐R was elevated twofold after implantation in the experimental IGF‐I–deficient animals.ConclusionsThe GH–IGF axis may be an important stimulator of tumor growth in sarcomas. These experiments suggest that IGF suppression may inhibit sarcoma growth in vivo. J. Surg. Oncol. 2002;81:75–79. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Posttraumatic tremor without parkinsonism in a patient with complete contralateral loss of the nigrostriatal pathway
Authors: Zijlmans Jan , Booij Jan , Valk Jaap , Lees Andrew , Horstink Martin 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe present a patient with posttraumatic tremor who did not show any [123I]FP‐CIT uptake in the contralateral putamen and caudate. The absence of hypokinesia and rigidity is surprising in the presence of a striatal dopaminergic denervation that is even more severe than in Parkinson's disease. An explanation, therefore, could be that the lesion in the subthalamic nucleus in our patient prevented the onset of a Parkinson syndrome. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Stiff man syndrome and related conditions
Authors: Meinck Hans‐Michael , Thompson Philip D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe stiff man syndrome (SMS) and its variants, focal SMS, stiff limb (or leg) syndrome (SLS), jerking SMS, and progressive encephalomyelitis with rigidity and myoclonus (PERM), appear to occur more frequently than hitherto thought. A characteristic ensemble of symptoms and signs allows a tentative clinical diagnosis. Supportive ancillary findings include (1) the demonstration of continuous muscle activity in trunk and proximal limb muscles despite attempted relaxation, (2) enhanced exteroceptive reflexes, and (3) antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) in both serum and spinal fluid. Antibodies to GAD are not diagnostic or specific for SMS and the role of these autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of SMS/SLS/PERM is the subject of debate and difficult to reconcile on the basis of our present knowledge. Nevertheless, evidence is emerging to suggest that SMS/SLS/PERM are manifestations of an immune‐mediated chronic encephalomyelitis and immunomodulation is an effective therapeutic approach. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society
Bragg–Pippard formalism for bianisotropic particulate composites
Authors: Sherwin Joseph A. , Lakhtakia Akhlesh 
Published: October 2002

AbstractHere the Bragg‐Pippard (BP) formalism is extended in order to homogenize linear bianisotropic‐in‐bianisotropic particulate composites, assuming the inclusion particles to be ellipsoidal. The BP formalism yields satisfactory results as the inclusion volume fraction f → 1, unlike the Maxwell Garnett (MG) formalism but like the Bruggeman formalism. However, the BP formalism is asymmetric with respect to the two component mediums in the same way as the MG formalism is, but the Bruggeman formalism can be symmetric. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 33: 40–44, 2002; DOI 10.1002/mop.10225
Control of interactions between two dark solitons propagating in optical fiber exhibiting randomly varying birefringence
Authors: Li Hong , Wang D. N. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn fiber with randomly varying birefringence, the interactions between dark solitons in the same polarization channel and in two orthogonal polarization channels are investigated by the use of numerical simulations. The results obtained show that the interaction between dark solitons in the same polarization channel is weak, whereas in the two orthogonal polarization channels it is strong and leads to the soliton splitting and soliton propagation instability. The randomly varying birefringence enhances the interaction between dark solitons in two orthogonal polarization channels. A nonlinear gain can be used to suppress the interactions and stabilize dark soliton propagation. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 33: 49–52, 2002; DOI 10.1002/mop.10228
Shorting‐post loaded microstrip antenna array formation for conical and broadside radiation pattern
Authors: Srinivasan Vijay , Fusco V. F. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this paper an array of four shorting post loaded square microstrip antennas (SMSA) in a cross fashion yielding conical as well as broadside radiation pattern is presented. Each element of the array is loaded with two shorting posts. The elements when fed with equal amplitude and phase yield a conical beam. A linearly polarized (LP) broadside pattern is obtained when two elements of the array, along either of the axis is fed with equal amplitude but a phase difference of 180° while a circularly polarized (CP) broadside pattern is obtained when all the elements of the array are fed with a phase difference of 0° −90° −180° −270°. Experimental and simulated results are presented and are in agreement. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 35: 97–99, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10527
A hybrid DWDM system for CATV and 256‐QAM transport in the campus
Authors: Tsai Chieh‐Lung , Huang Tong‐Long , Lu Hai‐Han 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn this paper, we propose and demonstrate a 4‐wavelength hybrid dense‐wavelength‐division‐multiplexing (DWDM) system for CATV and 256‐QAM transport over a 4‐km multimode fiber (MMF) in the campus. Good performances of carrier‐to‐noise ratio (CNR), composite second order (CSO) and composite triple beat (CTB) were obtained for CATV video signals; and low bit error rate (BER) had been achieved for 256‐QAM digital passband signals over a 4‐km MMF transport. This technique makes possible analog video transmission and gigabit Ethernet to the classrooms through the existed MMF in the campus. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 35: 000–000, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10533
Miniaturized microstrip open‐loop filters
Authors: Yu J. J. , Chew S. T. , Leong M. S. , Ooi B. L. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractNew microstrip slow‐wave bandpass filters using open‐loop resonator loaded with inter‐digital capacitive fingers is proposed. The filter features not only compact in size, but also exhibits spurious stop‐band rejection. Filters of this type with elliptic function and Chebyshev response are demonstrated. There is good agreement between experimental and full‐wave electromagnetic (EM) simulation results. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 35: 157–159, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10545
Multi‐frequency patch antenna design via the method of moment and genetic algorithm
Authors: Bilotti Filiberto , Castellana Francesco , Vegni Lucio 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA combined Method of Moment (MoM)/Genetic Algorithm (GA) numerical procedure for multi‐frequency patch antenna design is presented in this paper. MoM is applied to analyse rectangular patches fed by a coaxial probe and suspended over a ground plane. The impedance matrix of such a mother structure is, then, manipulated by a GA optimisation procedure in order to detect the optimal patch shape matching the required frequency properties. GA adoption enables optimal shape detection among all the possible shapes allowed by the mother structure dimensions and discretization, without having to examine the whole shape set derived from the mother structure. In order to show the GA synthesis capabilities, a design example of a dual band patch is then presented. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 35: 184–186, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10551
A modified locally conformal FDTD for broadwall radiating slot in a finite wall thickness waveguide
Authors: Yu Zhang , Long Li , Changhong Liang 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA modified locally conformal finite‐difference time‐domain method (MLC‐FDTD) is presented in this paper, which is used to analyze broadwall radiating slots in a finite wall thickness waveguide, including the longitudinal slot and the inclined slot. In this paper, we make a direct analysis of the bulletheaded slots using MLC‐FDTD, and give the transformation errors of two kinds of equivalent methods frequently employed in the engineering design; the equal‐area and the equal‐perimeter transformations from the squareheaded slot to bulletheaded slot. The results show that the equal‐area transformation is more accurate. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 35: 198–201, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10556
An improved conformal FDTD algorithm of modeling planar microwave structures
Authors: Zhong Xiaolong , Mei Kenneth K. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAn improved conformal FDTD algorithm for microwave planar structure is presented in this paper. To achieve high‐level accuracy and universality, but still keep the efficiency of the FDTD method, improved locally conformal algorithm and non‐uniform orthogonal grids are employed to model the planar metal structures. All field components in destructed lattice are updated using locally conformal integral form of equations in order to achieve more accurate results. And with non‐uniform orthogonal grids, arbitrary‐shape metal strips can be modeled without generating a lot of unstructured meshes. In this algorithm, additional updating procedures for the fields in the destructed Yee lattice are no longer needed. The time marching procedures remain almost as simple as a uniform rectangular grids scheme. An oblique positioned microstrip stub structure is tested as an example to show the validity of this algorithm. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 35: 219–224, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10562