bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Mojos Raised Fields
Authors: Denevan William M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the Spaniards entered Mojos in the late sixteenth century from Santa Cruz de la Sierra to the south, in search of the El Dorado of Paititi, they found complex chiefdom societies with large populations. The first settlements, Jesuit missions, were not established until 1682, by which time the principal Indian cultures (Mojo, Baure, Cayuvava, Movima) and numerous others had been reduced in size by slave raiding and epidemics (Denevan 1966a: 112-20; Block 1994: 78-89). The Jesuit accounts provide the first good descriptions of the Mojos people, including various forms of earthworks (mounds, causeways, canals); however, the only known report of raised fields is in the previously mentioned Jesuit document from 1754 (see Chapter 11).
Ditched Fields, Drainage Canals, and River Canalization
Authors: Denevan William M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most raised fields provide for drainage by means of elevated surfaces in association with surrounding ditches which catch water, drain subsoils, and in some instances remove water from the field vicinity, both on flats and on slopes. In addition, there are examples of drainage by ditching alone without raised planting surfaces or with only minimal raising from earth removed from narrow, shallow ditches. Some of the prehistoric Mayan drained fields in Belize are believed to be primarily ditched or channelized fields (Turner 1983; Pohl and Bloom 1996).
Contrasts of Pace: Acute and Chronic
Authors: Lewis Gilbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before any of the Malyi singing began on Sunday, the missionary gave his last service before going on leave. It was well attended. At the end of it, a number of the older men went up to him to tell him in great earnest about the growing dangers of minmin, their fears, and that it was going to mean that Rauit would soon stop coming down to the mission station with food to sell. They told him that one of the mission carpenters who came from Nembugil had been struck by minmin and had had the arrowheads removed and so recovered. They said they had seen these arrowheads. There was little the missionary could answer: it was the first time he had heard the word minmin or any mention of it. not yet started-but people in Rauit said they hoped to benefit from having Malyi and the rites of Malyi in the village. They expected that their yams and ‘mami’ would grow particularly well that year. There had been a fair sprinkling of showers and rain in the past few days which continued over the next two weeks.
Failure yet Belief
Authors: Lewis Gilbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just after midnight, I heard crying and wailing coming from Wimalu. Ta’adu had just died—she had passed a few more stools like the ones before. There was no sudden change. The men were weeping outside. Two of her mother’s sisters had rushed up from Bi’ip, went straight to the door, doused their flares on the ground. The doorway was filled with the prostrate bodies of the women crying. Mai’is came from Bi’ip because she thought the sound of wailing meant Dauwaras had died. Parku wordlessly handed me the bit of paper and the pencil I had given him to mark when she passed a stool (five marks were on it). Saibuten sat beside me and said that in the hunting bush he had dreamed two nights before that he stretched out his hand to the fire and the fire jumped up and burned Sauki’s face (Sauki was his elder brother’s son). He had woken Silpaden, his own son, sleeping near him, and told him he thought one child must
Husbandry of Small Herbaceous Plants
Authors: Doolittle William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One problem that has long perplexed scholars interested in prehistoric and early indigenous agriculture involves delineating the point at which gathering wild plant resources ended and agriculture began, or determining if specific plants were collected from naturally occurring stands, planted, or some variant of both (Keegan 1986; Bohrer 1991: 227). The vast body of literature on the process of domestication (see e.g., Darwin 1958; Rindos 1984; and B. Smith 1984: 165) is based in large part on this controversy. For the purposes here, of course, the details of that particular academic debate need not be of concern. However, discussion of various types of husbandry (Gremillion 1997b:9;Scarry 1993: 6),orplant modifications and alterations of the medium in which plants were grown, is needed (see Asch 1994: 25; Harlan 1992: 22–3). To be sure, at contact as well as for several centuries earlier and a few centuries since,people indigenous to NorthAmerica played an active role, to one degree or another, in manipulating wild plants and their habitats, the physical environments in which they were grown (Weatherford 1988: 86). Although not often considered an important aspect of aboriginal food production, because few if any associated field features or environmental modifications of the landscape remain evident, such activities were economically significant (Cocannouer 1964: 61–7).
The Subject and Object of the Book
Authors: Wieacker Franz , Weir Tony , Zimmermann Reinhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The historian of private law in modem times must to some extent depart from the familiar disciplines of legal history. Histories of Roman law generally end with Justinian’s Corpus Juris, but if one is to write of its subsequent effects in Westem Europe one must use a different method, for the presuppositions are different. Histories of German law, if they reach the modem period at all, have traditionally been concerned with the sources of law, the organization of the courts, and the legal profession rather than with the development of legal scholarship and institutions: books on German private law have dealt with the history of its doctrines and institutions (or more accurately, those foreign to the ius commune), while recent constitutional histories have dealt with how the law of the modem state came about. The present book is different in that it is concerned with the intellectual and scientific developments which led up to the private law of today: it deals with the way private law in Germany has evolved in the social and intellectual context of the past five centuries, in constant inter action with the legal culture of the rest of Europe, starting with the development of legal studies in Italy in the High Middle Ages and then pervading Western and Central Europe.
The Advance of Learned Law in the Courts
Authors: Wieacker Franz , Weir Tony , Zimmermann Reinhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Roman law succeeded because it equipped jurists in early modem times to fulfil the rulers’ aim of rationalizing the affairs of state. The result of its success was that the courts of law were staffed by learned lawyers using the procedures of learned law. We should, however, remember that the traditional courts were the last public position to be occupied by jurists, for they tended to be kept out by self-interested landed gentry long after they had monopolized the entire dip lomatic and civil service (p. 90 and n. 4).
Constitutional Opposition and Democratic Politics
Authors: Lawson Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The practice of modern democratic politics is associated with a set of general principles and ideals which are derived essentially from the classical notion of democracy as ‘rule or power of the people’. Duncan and Lukes note that within the classical theory of democracy there are a number of strands and it cannot therefore be characterized simply. Further, its major exponents ‘differ over both the institutional requirements for democracy and the arguments which can best be urged in its favour’.1 Similarly, Maddox points out that attempts to identify democracy with just one of its themes are rare and suggests, for example, that ‘few would attempt to identify democracy with constitutionalism alone, but some discussions emphasize its importance taken together with certain forms and functions of representative institutions’.2 The present discussion does not seek to distinguish constitutional opposition as the only important strand or theme, but nevertheless takes the position that it is a sine qua non of modern democratic politics.
Indians and the Franchise
Authors: Lawson Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the first few decades of settlement in Fiji, the Indian community was relatively inactive politically. The rigorous demands of the indenture system left Indians very little time, energy, or opportunity for anything other than concentration on survival, and allowed almost no scope for organization amongst the scattered Indian communities or for the emergence of leaders. Also, the franchise and political representation were not concepts familiar to the Indians for the first generation of Indian immigrants had had no experience of these in India itself.1
The Constitutional and Institutional Background
Authors: Graham Cosmo , Prosser Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A central theme of this book will be the assessment of the effects of different constitutional arrangements on the privatization process in Britain and France. In this chapter we shall examine the legal tools and constraints relevant to privatization, and describe some of the key institutional actors in the two nations.
Before describing in detail the particular institutions, provisions, and procedures involved, it should again be stressed that the diver gencies run deeper than simply involving differences in the formal legal structures. A key distinction within much comparative political studies is that between state and stateless societies. As we saw in the previous chapter, the concept of the state is now re-entering the mainstream of work in that discipline, but quite clearly there is no common concept of the state valid for all developed societies. The same is true in legal studies.
The Large Sales of Shares
Authors: Graham Cosmo , Prosser Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will examine the largest disposals of public enterprises in Britain and France, as accomplished through the offer for sale of their shares on the stock market. This will include the most familiar examples of privatization as most major enterprises have been disposed of in this way. However, it does not exhaust the scope of the privatization programme for, as we shall see in Chapter 4, a large number of private sales have also taken place, albeit on a smaller scale. Our concern will be with the effect of different constitutional arrangements on the privatization process, as illustrated through the kinds of enterprise disposed of, the legal forms used, and in particular the valuation of assets and the sale of shares.
After Privatization: Links with Government
Authors: Graham Cosmo , Prosser Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Far from creating a new economic system in France, the policy of privatisation bolstered up a traditional system of ‘establishment solidarity’ structured around an all-powerful Minister of Finance and constituting ‘a capitalism without a financial market and without sanctions’. (M. Bauer, in West European Politics, 1988)
One theme of this book so far has been that privatization is a policy reflecting a degree of state autonomy in policy-making and is not derivable from any more basic economic logic. However, as regards the implementation of privatization, the most controversial aspects of this process have assumed a different character in France from that in Britain, and an important influence in this has been the constraints imposed by the constitutional arrangements associated with a developed concept of the state.
Regulatory Structures and Competition Law
Authors: Graham Cosmo , Prosser Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the claims for privatization has been that, by freeing the industries from government control and subjecting them to the disciplines of the market-place, industrial efficiency would be improved. It is important to realize that privatization, in the sense of selling public sector assets, and liberalization, subjecting industries to competitive forces, are conceptually distinct. It is possible to retain industries within the public sector and subject them to greater competition; indeed, this was attempted with British Telecom, gas, and electricity before their eventual sale. However, there are limitations to this solution. Although some of the nationalized industries operated in competitive markets, the major utilities-British Telecom, British Gas, electricity, and water-all contain large elements of natural monopoly so, in some respects, competition was not a viable option. A second constraint was that, in order to ensure a successful flotation, the Government needed the co-operation of the incumbent management. Management has naturally been hostile to increasing competition, especially by splitting up an industry. Indeed, this has only happened so far on the generating side of the electricity supply industry, even though it was a possible option in gas and telecommunications. Finally, it should be noted that splitting up the public corporations would have a detrimental effect on the sale price of the shares (Helm 1988).
Regulatory Procedures
Authors: Graham Cosmo , Prosser Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we emphasized in the preceding chapter, regulation is not a matter of making non-discretionary decisions; there is no ‘pure’ economic science that can be applied to this process. Regulatory decisions will involve discretion and the balancing of competing interests. The procedures by which such decisions are taken will therefore be of critical importance, as they will determine who is systematically allowed a voice in the decision-making process. Once more we find a startling difference between the constitutional approach to these issues in the two countries. Although a consider able proportion of English public law concerns the procedures for the taking of decisions by public authorities, we find an absence of general principle to act as a guide for government in designing new regulatory bodies. Instead, procedural concerns have been largely ignored; when they have been taken on board, the approach to them has been ad hoc and inconsistent.
Conclusion
Authors: Graham Cosmo , Prosser Tony 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the similarity of the basic arguments of economic principle for privatization, one finds important areas of divergence in the way it has been implemented in Britain and in France. This in itself tends to confirm the thesis of an important degree of state autonomy from civil society. However, one means of explaining such divergences seems to be of limited utility: the dichotomy between strong and weak states. Thus Wilks and Wright have recently stressed the ‘positively misleading’ nature of such a model in the understanding of the sociological reality of government and industry relations, stressing the importance of common patterns of informal relations and the lack of any monolithic state viewpoint even in societies characterized as those of strong states (Wilks and Wright 1987: 283-9). As yet it is too early to examine in detail the sociological relations of government and industry after privatization in such a way as to yield convincing answers.
The Global Political System
Authors: Gilpin Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hedley bull was the most distinguished scholar of his generation to analyse and explore the uniqueness and genius of the modern European political order. In The Anarchical Society (1977), the subtitle of which is A Study of Order in World Politics, Bull carried forward a tradition of speculation and theorizing that extends from Hugo Grotius to Ludwig van Ranke to Bull’s own mentor, Martin Wight. Bull, however, in his last major contribution to scholarship, went beyond the themes of these earlier writings and enquired whether the European experience of statecraft has any relevance for the emergent pluralistic international system composed of diverse civilizations with vastly different conceptions of international relations. The seminal volume The Expansion of International Society (1984), edited by Bull and his colleague Adam Watson, was one of the first systematic attempts to explore this important issue. In the 1970s, when non-Western societies commenced their concerted effort for a new international economic and political order, Bull, Watson, and their collaborators addressed the question of the nature of the new international order: will it be based on the norms and precepts of the European ‘society of states’; or will ‘a new genuinely universal, and non-hegemonial structure of international relations’ replace the once dominant European system of rules and institutions; or, as at least one contributor suggested, will the collapse of the European conception of an international order give rise to ‘a new international disorder’? While the answer to these questions must await the test of time, the questions themselves are important for the scholar and for mankind in the closing decade of this century.
The Academic Study of International Relations
Authors: Richardson James L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hedley Bull’s approach to the study of international relations is usually identified with his influential critique of behaviouralism, published in World Politics in 1966, ‘International Theory: The Case for a Classical Approach’.1 From one perspective this stands as the classic refutation of the pretensions of the behaviouralist school, from another as the classic illustration of the wrong-headedness and obscurantism of the traditionalists. While the issues raised by this debate must form part of any discussion of Bull’s views on the study of international relations, they should not be allowed to dominate it. His comments on the subject as a whole and on the role of the scholar in international relations range far beyond the issues canvassed in the behaviouralist controversy, as well as offering a more positive appraisal of the work of the leading behaviouralist scholars than is evident in the 1966 paper. His view of the subject was unusually broad, questioning, and critical: it is to this, rather than to his particular view of methodology, that his influence as scholar, teacher, and colleague may be attributed.
Coal and Self-Government
Authors: Parnell Martin F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the emergence of an affluent society and the establishment of relative political stability under a bourgeois political alliance during the 1950s, any sense of urgency regarding the necessity for a commonweal solution to the problem presented by the coal industry tended to disappear. The main overwhelming priority seemed to be largely a technical one, namely maximizing output to meet the national and European shortage of energy. It could strike a superficial observer that very little had changed in the German coal industry compared with the pre-war years. After all, the creation of influential coal employers’ associations had been allowed; the re-establishment of extensive coal-steel integration had been permitted; and, above all, powerful cartel-like selling agencies had been conceded.
The Membership of the House
Authors: Baldwin Nicholas D J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines, on the basis of the 1988-9 session, the questions: who are the members of the House of Lords, and who are the active members, those who take part in its work? When considering the membership of the House of Lords, and members’ participation in the work of the House, it is misleading to treat the House as a uniform body, for it consists of a large and diverse membership, and its nature can vary from day to day, indeed even from hour to hour. So although it is necessary to start with a formal statement of the various categories which together form the membership of the House, it is then necessary to look rather deeper in order to obtain a clear picture of what can be termed the ‘active’ House.
Private Legislation
Authors: Flood Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Erskine May defines private legislation as ‘legislation of a special kind for conferring particular powers or benefits on any person or body of persons ... in excess of or in conflict with the general law’.1 The right to promote a bill seeking powers not permitted under the general law is based on the citizen’s right to petition Parliament. Despite th fact that many areas previously covered by private legislation are now dealt with under other procedures, private bills still cover a wide range of subjects. These include especially the authorization of certain types of development (railways, tramways, canals; in some circumstances docks, harbours, and bridges) and the granting of special powers to local authorities, for example to regulate markets or to make special regulations for highways. Personal bills are a particular category of private bills, for example to enable marriage between people who, under the general law, are considered to be too closely related to marry.
Introduction
Authors: Jacobs Lesley A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The modern state often embraces policies which have significant redistributive implications for its citizens. This type of state action has in recent years become increasingly controversial. More and more people are saying that the redistributive practices of the modern state lack moral foundations. When the state forces some citizens to come to the aid of other citizens, this is said to threaten the rights of individuals and, therefore, to diminish their freedom. The purpose of this book is to identify solid moral foundations for redistributive social policy. The main conclusion I shall reach is not that basic liberty rights are compromised when the state undertakes to redistribute goods and services from some citizens to others but rather that taking those rights seriously requires the state to introduce certain redistributive measures.
Towards a Just Social Policy
Authors: Jacobs Lesley A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
§1. The previous chapter has explained and defended the development model of rights and deprivation. Two important conclusions were reached. The first was that derivative moral rights against others to have one’s needs met flow from and are a natural extension of both the abstract right to agency and the abstract right to integrity. The second conclusion was that the state is required to promote and protect certain forms of culture as well as to meet certain sorts of personal needs including special needs, collective needs, and the unmet personal needs that arise when the prevailing methods of meeting those needs break down. This chapter is concerned with the question of how these conclusions can be translated into a just social policy. The guiding idea is that the development model of rights and deprivation can be brought into clearer focus by working out its practical implications.
Research on International Regimes in Germany The Adaptive Internalization of an American Social Science Concept
Authors: Rittberger Volker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN this chapter, an attempt will be made to trace the path of research on international regimes in Germany with special emphasis on its (asymmetric) interaction with Anglo-American work in this field (sect. 1), to pinpoint the differences of context and of the state of the discipline of International Relations between the Anglo-American world (e.g. Holsti 1985) and Germany (e.g. Rittberger 1990c) which may have provided different perspectives on the focus of regime analysis (sect. 2), and to elaborate the extent to which research on international regimes has been modified or altered by German scholars in the process of internalizing this research programme (sects. 3-5).