bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Bannon Michael , Carter Yvonne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the UK, general practitioners (GPs) and other members of the Primary Health Care Team (PHCT) undertake an enhanced role in the provision of healthcare for children. In the first instance, they see a number of children who present with an acute illness that requires a professional opinion. In addition, they are now responsible for the majority of child health promotional and surveillance activities including developmental checks and immunization. They increasingly undertake a shared role with secondary care for children who have chronic illness such as asthma. GPs, because of their unique and sustained relationships with families, provide continuing support for needy and vulnerable children, including families, where there are concerns regarding child protection and/or domestic violence. The last 3 years in the UK have seen great changes in our thinking about children and, in particular, how we respond to children in need of child protection. Following publication of the Laming Inquiry (2003) there have been a considerable number of publications focusing on the need to prioritize services for children.
Respiratory problems
Authors: Hull Jeremy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Respiratory infections and wheezing illnesses in children are very common. Most are easy to recognize and simple to treat. A small proportion are more serious, and can be life-threatening in the acute phase, such as a child with severe croup, or can indicate an underlying problem, such as cystic fibrosis (CF). In this short chapter, I have considered an approach to common respiratory symptoms: wheeze, breathlessness, cough, and stridor, as well as to the more specific problems of the primary care management of a child CF and an infant with apnoea.
Neonatal issues in primary care
Authors: Nicholl Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I shall attempt to address the common and current issues likely to confront primary care physicians in relation to the term baby and also review some current issues in the management of the preterm newborn baby. It is not my purpose to give a complete review of normal newborn development and pathophysiology. For a guide to common conditions in the first year of life I would refer the reader to Valman (2002) and for a comprehensive atlas of conditions affecting the term and preterm newborn, to Thomas and Harvey (1997).
Ear, nose, and throat problems in childhood
Authors: Hadfield[ Pandora 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Middle ear infection is common in children. In the United Kingdom 30% of children under the age of 3 years visit their general practitioner with acute otitis media (AOM) each year. Of these 97% receive antibiotics. One in 10 children will have an episode of AOM by 3 months of age.
Failure to thrive: recognition and management in primary care
Authors: Khan Fauzia , Rudolf Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When my daughter stopped putting on weight … she was weighed every week and it was over eighteen months of them coming and weighing her every week … and them saying ‘oh, she will grow out of it’. After eighteen months she went two weeks without eating, nothing at all, and I packed her bags up one day, took her down to the clinic, and said take her in hospital because I am not doing it anymore.
Paediatric haematology
Authors: Allard Shubha , Reid Cecil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Apart from the platelet count, most other haematological parameters are age related and the appropriate normal range for age will be provided by the laboratory. Physiological changes in the haemoglobin and haematocrit are considered below but it is important to note that after the macrocytosis seen at birth, the mean cell volume (MCV) falls rapidly. Most children are microcytic by adult criteria from 3 months of age with adult values only attained at puberty.
The transition to parenthood: the role of the health visitor
Authors: Barlow Jane , Underdown Angela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Traditionally the safe arrival of a newborn infant is perceived as one of the happiest and most natural events in the human life cycle. However, while much energy is put into the physical preparations for a new baby, the evidence suggests that there is much less prepa- ration for the inevitable emotional transitions facing partners who become parents.
Accidental injuries in childhood
Authors: Kendrick Denise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of the term ‘accident’ is often criticized because it implies randomness and unpredictability suggesting that these events are inevitable and not preventable. However, epidemiological studies have shown that many accidents are in some sense predictable, as children, families, and environments that have a high risk of accidents can be identified. In addition, reviews of coroner’s records following accidental deaths have found the majority of deaths were preventable (Bannon et al. 1992). Although ‘unintentional injury’ is now the preferred term, as this is not commonly used among those working in primary care in the UK, the term ‘accidental injury’ has been used in this chapter.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Hill Peter , Williams Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From a primary care perspective, first contact with a child with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) will probably come in one of four ways, here ranked roughly in terms of what is most likely: The child’s parent will bring him (it usually is him), asking for confirmation of their suspicions that he has it and asking for a referral. This may follow their reading of an article in a magazine or a discussion with a teacher. Printouts from the internet may be offered or brandished.
Encopresis and enuresis: their management in primary care
Authors: Oberklaid Frank , Efron Daryl 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Encopresis is a devastating condition in children. It is often associated with other problems, including recurrent abdominal pain, enuresis, and an inevitable effect on self-esteem and daily functioning. Children often exhibit social withdrawal and may have behavioural and emotional problems as a consequence of the soiling. Furthermore, the issues associated with soiling—the unpredictability, the smell, the social isolation, and the additional workload in cleaning up the child and washing soiled garments—are often reflected in significantly increased family stress and tension in the relationship between the child and his/her parents.
Common psychosocial disorders in children and adolescents: diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Foreman David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the diagnosis and treatment of common psychosocial disorders, other than behaviour disorders or abuse, in primary care. After explaining the limits of the concept of ‘psychosocial disorders’ an assessment programme is set out, addressing the specific needs of the primary care practitioner, in terms of disturbance, disorder, disability, and handicap.
Multicultural paediatrics
Authors: Gatrad Abdul Rashid , Sheikh Aziz 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
They come to the clinic not only with the burden of their illness but also with the cultural fabric of their livesBrown and Segal (1996)The 2001 census revealed that 4.6 million of the UK population class themselves as belonging to a minority ethnic group (Table 35.1). This census, for the first time, also included a question on religious affiliation, revealing that approximately three million people belong to a minority religious group (Figure 35.1). Ethnicity and religion are two key factors that shape cultural identity. Understanding the potential impact of these cultural markers on access to and provision of healthcare is important if we are to make progress in reducing the major health inequalities experienced by black and minority groups in Britain (Acheson Report 1998). Crucial to redressing these inequities is the need to improve the health outcomes of children—for health in the very earliest stages of life represents a key determinant of health status in future life (Barker 1994). In this chapter, we focus on providing the understanding needed to work with minority families and suggest practical approaches that may improve access and quality of primary health- care services for black and minority ethnic children. Although focusing on Britain, many of the issues discussed are in principal likely to be of considerable relevance to many other western European countries.
Ethical and legal issues in paediatric primary care
Authors: Foreman David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ethical and legal issues determine how practitioners should behave at every step in the processes of assessment, diagnosis, and treatment. A model for routine ethical practice in primary care is proposed, based on three sets of assumptions: (1) that ethical practice is consistent with the four principles of beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, and respect for autonomy; (2) ethical concerns lead to legal processes, whose task is to ensure ethical practice; and (3) that we are working in the interests of our patients. Current relevant literature was organized in terms of this model, and recommendations for practice derived from it.
The impact of bereavement on children and young people’s welfare and development
Authors: Kelly Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Give sorrow words: the grief that does not speak Whispers the o’er fraught heart and bids it break.Shakespeare, Macbeth (VII, ii)Helping children and families to cope with the impact of loss and bereavement is the focus of this chapter. There are particular issues for professionals to consider when seeking to support a child or family who are experiencing the threat or actuality of grief. Grief is usu- ally taken to mean the feelings and behaviours that are evoked in response to death. These may include sadness, numbness, anger, sleep disturbances, inability to concentrate, and fatigue (Hanus 1995). In children specific behaviours may be expected depending on age, personality, and life circumstances—as well as the nature of the relationship they had developed with the dead person.
Malignant pleural mesothelioma: clinical presentation, radiological evaluation and diagnosis
Authors: Peake M D , Entwisle J , Gray S G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is difficult to appreciate now, when mesothelioma is increasing in frequency and has a relatively high profile, that it is only comparatively recently that it was unequivocally recognized as a distinct clinical entity. The first cases were probably reported by Joseph Lieutand as early as 1767 and the pathology was described in 1870 [2], although 16 years earlier Von Rokitanski had reported on a primary peritoneal ‘colloid tumour’ which was probably mesothelioma. The name ‘mesothelioma’ (i.e. from the mesothelium) was suggested by Klemperer and Rabin [4], who reported the unique features of these diffuse tumours of the pleura. Later, diagnostic criteria were proposed for malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) by Godwin and for the peritoneal variety by Winslow and Taylor [6]. Over the 20 years or so following these reports, MPM gradually became accepted as a tumour separate from bronchial carcinoma and metastatic disease .
Cytogenetic and molecular genetic changes in malignant mesothelioma
Authors: Testa D A Altomare J R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Malignant mesothelioma is characterized by a long latency, typically several decades, from the time of initial asbestos exposure to diagnosis [1], suggesting that multiple somatic genetic events contribute to the tumorigenic conversion of a mesothelial cell. Karyotypic analyses, which have revealed multiple clonal chromosomal alterations in most human mesothelioma specimens, provide supporting evidence for recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities in this highly aggressive neoplasm. Most of these recurrent changes involve deletions of discrete chromosomal regions, consistent with a recessive mechanism of oncogenesis. Loss and/or inactivation of tumour suppressor genes residing at these chromosomal regions is postulated to contribute to the neoplastic transformation of a mesothelial cell [2], and recent molecular genetic studies have implicated several tumour suppressor genes that are inactivated during the development and/or progression of malignant mesothelioma.
The role of surgery for diagnosis, staging, and symptom control in malignant pleural mesothelioma
Authors: Waller A E Martin-Ucar D A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Surgery in the management of malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) has largely been confined to obtaining tissue diagnosis or to effect symptom control by pleurodesis. Non-invasive image-guided methods of obtaining pleural tissues are reducing the need for surgical biopsy, and the increasing use of thoracoscopy under sedation by an interventional pulmonologist may also reduce surgical involvement. However, the increasing incidence of the disease together with reports of long-term survivors has resulted in a more aggressive surgical approach towards therapy. Palliative surgical debulking may have a role in symptom control beyond that of chemical pleurodesis in patients not suitable for radical therapy because their tumour is unresectable or they are inoperable and not fit for the procedure. In this chapter we focus on the reported experiences of authors in the use of surgery for the diagnosis, staging and symptomatic control in MPM.
Codeine
Authors: Hardy Janet R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Codeine (methylmorphine) is a naturally occurring derivative of an opium alkaloid. Along with morphine and thebaine, it is a true ‘opiate’, i.e. a natural product and not a synthetic derivative of opium as are many of the ‘opioids’ used in every-day practice. It is a relatively weak analgesic, used most commonly in mild to moderate pain, either alone or in combination with non-opioids, such as aspirin, paracetamol or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). There has been considerable debate about the relative contribution of the parent compound and its metabolites to both the beneficial effects, i.e. pain relief, and the undesirable effects, such as constipation and nausea, but its major analgesic effect is thought to result from its partial biotransformation to morphine.
Tramadol
Authors: Davis Mellar P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tramadol is a synthetic 4-phyenyl-piperdine analogue of codeine. It has been available in Germany since 1977 and in the United States since 1995. Tramadol is the most frequently used step II opioid worldwide and is marketed in over 100 countries. Over 50 million people have received tramadol. Tramadol has a unique multiple receptor agonist profile, which differs from other ‘step II’ opioids. Tramadol’s affinity for the mu opioid receptor (MOR) is 10-fold less than codeine, 100-fold less than dextropropoxyphene and 6,000-fold less than morphine. However, affinity for the MOR does not account for its relative analgesic potency, which is much greater.
Hydromorphone
Authors: Glare Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hydromorphone (HM) is a semi-synthetic derivative of morphine with a long history of successful use as an opioid analgesic, having been developed in 1922 by Knoll and used for cancer pain since 1932. It is almost pharmacologically identical to morphine, but has the advantages of high solubility in water and availability in a variety of dosage forms. HM is widely used in cancer pain management for opioid rotation.
Guidelines for referral in Europe
Authors: Menko Fred H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
About 5 per cent of all cancer cases are due to high-penetrance, dominant mutations. A much larger proportion is caused by a combination of weaker susceptibility genes and/or environmental and lifestyle factors. A number of high-penetrance susceptibility genes have been identified and, recently, the clinical significance of genetic alterations in tumours has started to be appreciated.
Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Hughes Ceri , Thomas Steven J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Head and neck cancer is a multi-step process that involves both environmental carcinogens and genetic susceptibility. Alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking account for disease development in the majority of cases of upper aerodigestive tract cancers in western and southern Europe and the US. Although it is probable that smoking and alcohol act independently as risk factors for upper aerodigestive tract cancers, they also act synergistically.
Leukaemia and Myeloma
Authors: Glare Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Acute leukaemia occurs in two main forms: either acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) or acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), within which there are several subtypes. In the past, eight subtypes of AML were recognized (FAB criteria), referred to as M0 to M7, the lower the code number the more undifferentiated. M1 (undifferentiated myeloblastic without maturation) and M2 (differentiated myeloblastic) are the commonest. The FAB classification system is being replaced by WHO criteria based on cytogenic and molecular aspects of the disease.
Melanoma
Authors: Hamilton Anne , Clark Katherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most common cancers. In the US, it accounts for 4.3 per cent of cancer incidence and 1.5 per cent of cancer mortality. The worldwide highest incidences of melanoma occur in Australia and New Zealand. In New South Wales (Australia), melanoma ranks second in incidence only to breast cancer in women, and prostate cancer in men. It accounts for 10 per cent of all new cancer cases, representing a lifetime risk of 1 in 29. The incidence in New South Wales is increasing in both men and women, although mortality is holding stable, accounting for 3 per cent of cancer deaths. The stable mortality rate is likely to be due to aggressive public awareness of the importance of reporting changing skin lesions and early detection programmes of the harmful effects of sun exposure.
Leptomeningeal Disease
Authors: Jackson Vicki , Nabati Lida 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Leptomeningeal metastases are an important, yet relatively infrequent, complication of malignancy. Leptomeningeal metastases are found in 5 per cent of all patients with cancer, but are believed to be increasing in frequency, due to more successful treatment options for the underlying malignancy. Prolonged survival, coupled with improvements in neuroimaging, has increased the detection of leptomeningeal metastases.
Liver Metastases
Authors: Byrne Angela , Lee Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Metastasis is the most common neoplasm affecting the adult liver, and the liver itself is the second most common site for malignant spread of disease after the lymph nodes. The dual blood supply and microvasculature of the liver contribute to this spread, as the fenestrations in the sinusoidal epithelium allow a foothold for tumour cells arriving via the bloodstream. The liver may be the site of metastasis from virtually any primary malignant neoplasm, but the most common primary sites are the colon, stomach, pancreas, breast, eye and lung. In children, the most common liver metastases are from neuroblastomas, Wilms tumours, or leukaemia (Table 27.1).
Malignant Bowel Obstruction
Authors: Mercadante Sebastiano 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bowel obstruction is a well-recognized complication in advanced cancer patients with abdominal or pelvic malignancy. Although it may develop at any time of the disease, it occurs more frequently at the advanced stage, with the highest incidence ranging from 5.5 to 42 per cent in ovarian carcinoma. Bowel obstruction ranges from 4.4 to 24 per cent in colorectal cancer.
Breathlessness
Authors: Alloway Lara , Keeley Vaughan , Higginson Irene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Breathlessness is a common and often multicausal symptom in patients with advanced cancer. The genesis and pathophysiology is poorly understood and it remains difficult to treat effectively. Studies show that breathlessness occurs in between 21–71 per cent of patients with cancer, with increasing prevalence and severity towards death. Hence breathlessness is often seen as a sign of impending death.
Optimization in ℝn
Authors: Pinch Enid R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before examining then n-variable case it will be instructive to look at the familiar problem of finding the maxima and minima of a function of one variable. This is not as straightforward as one might at first think and the difficulties encountered here are of a similar type to those found in the more technically complex theories of optimization in ℝnthe calculus of variations and modern optimal control.
Differentiable manifolds
Authors: Willmore T J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Differentiable manifolds and their geometry appear naturally in the study of diverse areas of mathematics, including Lie group theory, homogeneous spaces, probability theory, differential equations, the theory of functions of a single complex variable and of several complex variables, algebraic geometry, classical mechanics, relativity theory, and the theory of elementary particles of physics. Riemannian geometry is a special geometry associated with differentiable manifolds and has many applications to physics. It is also a natural meeting place for several branches of mathematics.
Riemannian manifolds
Authors: Willmore T J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let M be a differentiable manifold. We say that M carries a pseudo Riemannian metric if there is a differentiable field g = (gm} , m ∈ M, of non-degenerate symmetric bilinear forms gm on the tangent spaces Mm of M. This makes the tangent space into an inner product space. Let Y, Z be differentiable vector fields defined over an open set U of M. By asserting that g is differentiable we mean that the function g( Y, Z) is differentiable. Often we will write &lt; Y, Z&gt; instead of g( Y, Z). If in addition the forms gm are positive definite we call the metric Riemannian. A differentiable manifold with a (pseudo-)Riemannian metric is called a (pseudo-)Riemannian manifold.
Maximum principles and decoupling for positive solutions of reaction-diffusion systems
Authors: Hernández Jesús 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reaction-diffusion systems have been intensively studied during recent years; see (Smaller 1983), where many references can be found. In particular, existence and multiplicity of solutions for the corresponding elliptic systems have been considered, mostly for the case of positive solutions. Indeed, for many systems arising in applications, they are the only physically meaningful solutions (concentrations, populations, etc).
Approaches for calculating network reliability
Authors: Shier Douglas R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a survey of several general approaches for calculating the reliability of probabilistic networks. Throughout the remainder of this book, a specific network model and performance measure will be emphasized. Namely, it is supposed that G = (N, E) is a directed network, having a distinguished source node s and distinguished destination node t. The nodes of G are assumed to be perfect, whereas the edges k ∈ E are assumed to fail in a statistically independent fashion with known probabilities q = 1 − P of particular concern here will be the two-terminal reliability measure R(G), the probability that there is a path of operative edges from s to t in G. This paradigm not only serves to illustrate the essential features of the approaches discussed in this chapter, but it also features prominently in the algebraic methods that form the core of the remaining chapters.