Frequency, predictors and clinical outcomes of AMI patients with triple regression of coronary atherosclerosis: A sub-analysis of the PACMAN AMI trial
Authors: Biccire F G , Haner J , Ueki Y , Shibutani H , Otsuka T , Hofbauer T M , Van Jeuns R J , Spirk D , Daemen J , Iglesias J , Windecker S , Engstrom T , Lang I , Koskinas K C , Raber L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Background
Recent studies have shown that coronary artery disease regression is not limited to atheroma reduction but also includes plaque stabilization in patients treated with high-intensity lipid-lowering therapy. The frequency and characteristics of patients who simultaneously show atheroma volume reduction and plaque stabilization defined as reduction in plaque lipid content and increase in fibrous cap thickness (i.e., triple regression) are unknown.

Purpose
This study sought to determine the percentage and determinants of both plaque volume reduction and plaque stabilization in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI) and treated wiTh alirocumab or placebo added to high-intensity statin therapy.

Methods
The PACMAN-AMI trial employed serial intravascular ultrasound, near-infrared spectroscopy and optical coherence tomography to compare the effects of alirocumab vs. placebo (1:1) in 265 patients (537 non–infarct-related coronary arteries) receiving high-intensity statin therapy. Triple regression was defined by the combined presence of reduction in percent atheroma volume (PAV), reduction in maximum lipid core burden index (maxLCBI4mm) and increase in minimal fibrous cap thickness (FCT). Clinical outcomes of patients with or without triple regression were assessed at one year follow-up.

Results
Overall, 199 (75.1%) patients showed PAV reduction, 180 (67.7%) maxLCBI4mm reduction and 172 (77.6%) minimal FCT increase, with a total of 84 (31.7%) patients having triple regression (40.8% in the alirocumab group vs. 23.0% in the placebo group, p=0.002). The percentage of patients with triple regression was similar among the groups with PAV reduction, maxLCBI4mm reduction or minimal FCT thickening (42%, 51% or 49%, respectively, p=0.30). Similar baseline clinical features and a higher reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C, -27.1 [37.7 to -16.6] mg/dl, p&lt;0.001) and apolipoprotein B levels (-18.5 [-26.0 to -11.0] p&lt;0.001) were observed patienst with vs. without triple regression. A higher reduction in PAV (-1.54 [-2.14 to -0.95] %, p&lt;0.001), maxLCBI4mm (-111.24 [-140.46 to -82.02], p&lt;0.001) and a higher increase in minimal FCT (56.39 [38.67 to 74.11] µm, p&lt;0.001) were found in patients with triple regression. At multivariable analysis, factors independently associated with triple regression included higher baseline maxLCBI4mm (1.03, 1.01 to 1.06, p=0.013) and alirocumab treatment (2.83, 1.57 to 5.16, p=0.001). The composite clinical endpoint of death, MI and ischemia-driven revascularization occurred less frequently in patients with versus without triple regression (8.3% vs 18.2%, p=0.042).

Conclusions
Triple regression occurred among one third of acute AMI patients receiving high-intensity lipid lowering therapy. Alirocumab treatment and higher baseline lipid accumulation were independent predictors of triple regression. Triple regression was associated with a reduced rate of adverse cardiovascular events.