bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Counselling: dealing with the emotional aspects of infertility
Authors: Davies Melanie , Webber Lisa , Overton Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By now you will probably have heard the expression ‘roller coaster of emotions’ a hundred times and may have experienced it as well. Whilst it is over-used, the image well describes two kinds of experience of fertility treatment. First, the highs and the lows: a good blood test result being followed by the arrival of a period, for example. Secondly, the sense of not being in control of your life any more but being swept along on some nightmare ride at the mercy of hormone levels, staff holidays, egg quality, sperm numbers, cysts, scans… Having some time talking to a counsellor, who will have heard the experiences of many others, and putting words to your experiences can help you make sense of what is happening, feel less isolated, and assist in giving you back some sense of control.
Preimplantation genetic tests
Authors: Davies Melanie , Webber Lisa , Overton Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a test developed to help couples who are at risk of passing on an inherited disease to have a healthy family. It is carried out on embryos and needs IVF first (see Chapter 14). These couples have normal fertility and would conceive naturally, but choose to undergo IVF in order to have PGD. PGD tests for a particular inherited disease.
Sperm donation (donor insemination)
Authors: Davies Melanie , Webber Lisa , Overton Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Donor insemination is offered to couples if the man is unable to make sperm, or the numbers of sperm are so low that they cannot achieve a pregnancy. Over the last 10 years, the development of ICSI, which allows a single sperm to be injected into an egg (see Chapter 14), has allowed many men with very low sperm counts to father children by IVF, and as a result fewer couples are choosing donor insemination. However, some couples prefer donor insemination if the woman has no fertility problems and they want to avoid IVF.
Surrogacy
Authors: Davies Melanie , Webber Lisa , Overton Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A surrogacy arrangement is when a woman, the surrogate mother, agrees to bear a child for another woman or couple, the intended parents, and give up the child at birth. The intended parents can adopt or take out a ‘parental order’ to become the legal parents of the child. Surrogacy is a last resort where it is impossible or medically dangerous for the intended mother to carry the pregnancy herself.
Tubal surgery
Authors: Davies Melanie , Webber Lisa , Overton Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tubal damage and adhesions (scarring) usually happen because of past infection. This could be a sexually transmitted infection or infection after miscarriage or childbirth, appendicitis, or abdominal surgery. The infection can cause blockage of the tubes anywhere along their length, as well as adhesions wrapping around the ovaries and tubes. The egg becomes trapped in these cobweb-like adhesions and cannot reach the Fallopian tube.
Pregnancy after fertility treatment
Authors: Davies Melanie , Webber Lisa , Overton Caroline 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Congratulations! That positive pregnancy test makes all the investigations and treatment worthwhile. Pregnancy tests bought over the counter for home use are very accurate. They measure a hormone called beta-HCG, which is only made by the developing pregnancy. It can be detected in the urine from about 10 days after conception, and tests become reliable 14 days after conception. The clinic will advise you on which day you should do your test; some clinics confirm it on a blood sample.
Where the Laws Are
Authors: Lance Mark N , Little Margaret Olivia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of theorists have recently urged that the moral principles so prized by many are in fact strewn with exceptions. Lying is always wrong- making— well, not when playing the game Diplomacy, in which lying is the point of the game, or again when confronted with the Nazi concentration camp guards, to whom the truth is not owed. Pleasure is always good- making— well, not when it is the pain enjoyed by the sadist, delighting in his victim ‘s pain. The claim proffered is not simply that the wrongness of the lie or goodness of the pleasure are in these instances outweighed by other considerations, or again that the exceptions can be expunged if only we refine our propositions carefully enough.
Practical Reasons and Moral ‘Ought’
Authors: Greenspan Patricia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Morality is a source of reasons for action, what philosophers call practical reasons. Kantians say that it ‘gives’ reasons to everyone. We can even think of moral requirements as amounting to particularly strong or stringent reasons, in an effort to demystify deontological views like Kant ’s, with its insistence on inescapable or ‘binding ’ moral requirements or ‘oughts.’ When we say that someone morally ought not to harm others, perhaps all we are saying is that he has a certain kind of reason not to, one that wins out against any opposing reasons such as those touting benefits to him of ignoring others’ concerns.
Responding to Normativity
Authors: Finlay Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To many it seems obvious that normativity or justification depends upon desire. Few answers to the question, ‘Why should I? ‘ seem more natural than ‘Because I want to, ’ and if we are told, ‘You should do this, ’ there is something natural about the objection, ‘But I don ‘t want to, so why? ’ I believe that the very nature of normativity can be comprehensively explained in terms of desire: the mysterious ‘force ’ of value, reasons, and obligation are explicable by appeal to the ‘force ’ of our motivating psychological states. This desire-based normativity (DBN) thesis faces serious difficulties, however, that seem insuperable to most sophisticated minds who contemplate them. I remain convinced that DBN is correct, although as yet unvindicated. This paper seeks to lay the cornerstone of what could prove a successful strategy, sketching an Argument from Voluntary Response that is based on the autonomous character of our experience of normative authority and the voluntary character of our responses to it.
“Human Beings” Revisited: My Body is Not an Animal
Authors: Johnston Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Twenty years ago, in the paper ‘‘Human Beings’’ and elsewhere, I defended an alternative methodology for arriving at an answer to the question: What kind captures our essence and so determines our conditions of survival over time?
Previously, when it came to philosophical theorizing about personal identity, the popular methodology—’’the method of cases’’—had been to collect ‘‘intuitions’’ about real and imaginary cases of personal survival and ceasing to be, and then bring those intuitions into some sort of reffective equilibrium that bore on the question of the necessary and sufficient conditions for an arbitrary person’s survival. Imagined cases were treated as more or less on a par with real cases; for the then natural idea was that we should not restrict our evidence base to the adventitious experiments of step-motherly nature, when we could also avail ourselves of the ingenious thought experiments in the philosophy journals.
Analyzing Modality
Authors: Jubien Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The best known (proposed) analysis of the notions of metaphysical possibility and necessity is the surprising and elegant one we owe to the late David Lewis. By the time he put it forward, we were already very much softened up for the general notion that for something to be possibly true was for it to be true in some possible world. So, at the time, it appeared that the analytic project amounted simply to saying what possible worlds are (and tidying up some details). Then we’d have a ‘‘reductive’’ analysis of the modal concept, where the reducing primitives were the notion of truth and the newly (and finally) elucidated notion of possible world. Lewis’s elucidation was that possible worlds are infinitely many detached concrete realms, more or less like and including the one we inhabit, but each with its own private space time, and each physically inaccessible from each other. (Then he turned his ingenuity to such important details as modality de re.)
Four-Dimensionalism and the Puzzles of Coincidence
Authors: Mcgrath Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Often cited in defense of four-dimensionalism about the persistence of material objects is its treatment of the so-called puzzles of coincidence. These puzzles include the statue/lump, the ship of Theseus, Tibbles the cat, and the various fission and fusion puzzles in the personal identity literature. In their original versions, the puzzles involve changes which seem either to produce or terminate coincidence between material objects (the lump is flattened, the cat’s tail is cut off, etc.), but each of the puzzles also has a modal variant in which the relevant change could have occurred but does not. Four-dimensionalists (4Dists) standardly take themselves to have an edge over three-dimensionalists (3Dists) in the treatment of these puzzles. They claim that the original puzzles are answered easily and painlessly under 4Dism, and that their modal variants can be answered by something like counterpart theory. By contrast, they claim, 3Dists have no easy way with the originals, and no better way with the modal variants.
Persuasion And The Tripartite Soul In Plato’s Republic
Authors: Stalley R F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Main theme of Christopher Bobonich’s Plato’s Utopia Recast is that there are important changes in Plato’s political theory between the Republic and the Laws which are largely prompted by developments in the theory of the soul. In agreement with many recent commentators Bobonich argues that Plato in the Republic puts forward a view according to which the soul consists of three agent-like parts. This does not mean merely that the parts are causes of action.
Plato’s Phaedrus And The Problem Of Unity
Authors: Werner Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plat O’S Phaedrus is a protean text. In terms of subject-matter, it spans a very wide area, touching upon nearly all of Plato’s major areas of interest: rhetoric, erōs, the soul, the theory of Forms, dialectic, sophistry, myth, the gods, and philosophy itself. In terms of literary style and tone, the dialogue is equally far-reaching, as Plato employs the resources of epideictic rhetoric, mythical narrative, dialogical conversation, and dialectical analysis—not to mention the variety of styles and motifs which he appropriates from Greek religion, literature, and culture. Indeed, as we read through the Phaedrus-particularly for the first time—the structure of the dialogue seems expressly designed to emphasize this thematic and stylistic diversity. Simply consider the basic action and sequence of events in the dialogue: Socrates and Phaedrus are taking a stroll through the countryside on a hot afternoon, and they begin to converse about various topics. After a brief introductory section, the dialogue proceeds with three monological speeches, each of which ostensibly deals with the topic of eras. The third of these speechestheso-called ‘palinode’, which is undoubtedly the most famous part of the Phaedrus—presents a truly cosmic vision, as it describes the nature of the soul, the fall and reincarnation of the soul, the prenatal vision of the Forms, as well as the nature of eras. As soon as the palinode is over, however, we leave the rhetorical heights of myth and find ourselves immersed once again in the expected mode of Platonic philosophizing—one-on-one dialogue and elenctic crossexamination.
Aristotelian Infinity
Authors: Bowin John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle begins his treatment of the infinite in book 3 of the Physics in an overtly systematic fashion. The Physics, he says, is a study of nature, and nature has been defined as a principle of change and rest. Change, in turn, is thought to be something continuous, and what is continuous is thought to be infinitely divisible. So the topic of the infinite falls neatly out of the topic of nature. It follows, then, that the student of nature must first investigate whether the infinite exists or not, and then, if it exists, enquire how it exists. It is clear that the infinite must exist in some sense, because if it did not, ‘many impossible consequences’ would result, such as a beginning and an end of time, and the existence of indivisible lines. It remains, then, to determine in what sense the infinite does exist, and in what sense it does not. Aristotle reminds us, at the beginning of his positive account of infinity in chapter 6, that to exist means either to exist actually or to exist potentially, so if the infinite exists, it must exist in one of these senses.
Sense Data And The Mind – Body Problem
Authors: Hatfield Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the latter part of the nineteenth century, philosophers, physicists, and the new psychologists agreed to this extent in their conceptions of the mind – body problem: they all had a healthy respect for the integrity of both the mental and the physical domains. Whatever their particular commitments, whether phenomenalist, dualist, or materialist, they all accepted the reality of both mental and physical phenomena — where mental phenomena are, in the first instance, phenomenally characterized and perhaps equated with the contents of consciousness, and physical phenomena abstract from the knowing subject and sustain laws governing changes in spatiotemporally characterized objects.
What is the problem of mathematical knowledge?
Authors: Potter Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One thing I should say straightaway is that I do not intend anything I say here to be especially deep: if it is worth saying at all, that is only because some philosophers seem not to recognize it sufficiently. Another is that my aim here is modest: all I want to do is to try to get a bit clearer about what the problem is, not to propose a solution.
Mathematics, Memory, and Mental Arithmetic
Authors: Gowers W T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A few months before the conference that led to this volume, I bumped into Alexander Paseau in the street, and he invited me to speak at it. Having always been something of a philosopher manqué, I was extremely flattered; but he quickly brought me down to earth by stressing that the conference was interdisciplinary, and that the discipline he was asking me to represent was mathematics. This raised an interesting problem: what is it to speak as a mathematician at a conference on the philosophy of mathematical knowledge? The answer I chose was to subject myself to three constraints, which were designed not to allow me to become too purely philosophical.
What is inflammatory bowel disease?
Authors: Langmead Louise , Irving Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is exactly what it sounds like; a disease of the bowel that causes it to become inflamed. Specifically, IBD describes a chronic condition that may last for many years on and off, for which the cause is not yet fully understood. Two main conditions are included under the heading of IBD. These are ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn ‘s disease. There are also a number of other rarer conditions that may be classified as IBD (see Fig. 1.1).
Gut symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Langmead Louise , Irving Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People with IBD may also experience a variety of other symptoms. These include general symptoms, such as tiredness and lethargy, and symptoms caused by inflammation in organs other than the gut, so-called extraintestinal (outside the gut) manifestations. General symptoms are discussed in Chapter 4 and extraintestinal symptoms in Chapter 13.
What tests are performed in people with inflammatory bowel disease?
Authors: Langmead Louise , Irving Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The diagnoses of Crohn ‘s disease and ulcerative colitis are based on a combination of the symptoms, physical examination, and test results. The tests include simple blood and stool tests, X-rays and scans, and endoscopies. These tests may need to be repeated to reassess the disease.
Inflammatory bowel disease nurses
Authors: Langmead Louise , Irving Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) nurses are a relatively new concept. The first IBD nurses were appointed in the UK in the 1990s. Before then, it was recognized that some of the needs of IBD patients were not being met. The introduction of IBD nurses was, therefore, aimed at addressing these issues. As a result the role of the IBD nurse has evolved rapidly. Roles fulfilled by IBD nurses vary from hospital to hospital depending on local needs. In addition, IBD nurses may act as specialist nurses for more than one specialty and can, therefore, have several groups of patients to support. Despite this variability, IBD nurses aim to provide essentially the same service wherever they are based.
How is inflammatory bowel disease treated?
Authors: Langmead Louise , Irving Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nearly all people with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) use medication to manage their condition. The range of drugs available for the treatment of IBD is increasing. Many drugs are used to treat both Crohn ‘s disease and ulcerative colitis, but some are used specifically to treat one condition or the other. The aim of treatment can be split into inducing remission (getting the disease under control) and maintaining remission (keeping it under control).
What can I do to help myself?
Authors: Langmead Louise , Irving Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Part of learning to live with a chronic illness involves not allowing it to control your life. This does not mean going into denial and pretending that you don ‘t have inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), but rather continuing to live a normal life with IBD. An important component of this for many people is to do all they can to help themselves. In this chapter, we look at some of the things that you might want to do that fit into the category of ‘helping yourself ‘. Of course, not all things suit all people and some of the following are more important than others. Nevertheless, we hope it might at least provide some food for thought.
Inflammatory bowel disease in childhood and adolescence
Authors: Langmead Louise , Irving Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) typically first presents in childhood or early adult life. Although it can occur in very young children it is rare for it to be diagnosed before the age of 2. The management of IBD is very similar in children and adults; however, some of the challenges faced by young people with IBD, and by their families and medical teams are slightly different.
What is psoriatic arthritis?
Authors: Gladman Dafna D , Chandran Vinod 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition which presents most commonly with red plaques over the extensor surfaces of the elbows and knees, as well as in the scalp (Fig. 1.1, p. 2). Specific nail lesions are also common in patients with psoriasis (Fig. 1.2).
Psoriatic arthritis and other spondyloarthritides
Authors: Gladman Dafna D , Chandran Vinod 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As described in the two preceding chapters, psoriatic arthritis is not just the occurrence of ‘arthritis’ with psoriasis. In fact, psoriatic arthritis is a specific inflammatory arthritis that occurs in people with psoriasis. Psoriatic arthritis has a number of specific features that help in making a diagnosis. In fact, psoriatic arthritis can even be diagnosed in the absence of psoriasis.
Functional and emotional impact
Authors: Gladman Dafna D , Chandran Vinod 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chronic disease is bound to exert an effect on an individual’s quality of life and function. Psoriatic arthritis is no exception. Psoriasis is a chronic relapsing condition, which at times may be disfiguring, while psoriatic arthritis is a chronic often deforming and progressive inflammatory arthritis.
A team approach
Authors: Gladman Dafna D , Chandran Vinod 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease which affects 2–3% of the population. Among patients suffering from psoriasis, about 30% will develop an inflammatory form of arthritis called psoriatic arthritis. Many investigators believe that patients with severe psoriasis are more likely to develop arthritis than patients with mild disease. However, it is still not clear that this is the case. Patients seen in rheumatology clinics usually do not have severe psoriasis, and some patients do not have psoriasis at all and yet present with psoriatic arthritis. Moreover, there is no direct relationship between the extent of psoriasis and the severity of the arthritis.
International collaborations
Authors: Gladman Dafna D , Chandran Vinod 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first description of psoriatic arthritis is attributed to a French physician, Dr Alberti, who described the arthritis associated with psoriasis. However, in 1939, a prominent American rheumatologist, Dr Bauer, claimed that there was not enough in the description of the arthritis associated with psoriasis to distinguish it as a unique entity. Subsequent studies led to the recognition of psoriatic arthritis as a unique entity in the 1950s. Psoriatic arthritis was finally recognized as a unique form of arthritis by the American Rheumatism Association (now known as the American College of Rheumatology) in 1964.
Current outlook for patients with psoriatic arthritis
Authors: Gladman Dafna D , Chandran Vinod 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The future for patients with psoriatic arthritis is shaping up to be much better than the past. Whereas at the beginning of the twentieth century the actual entity was not clear, towards the second half of the twentieth century the disease became recognized as a specific form of arthritis. Once this happened, more and more investigators began research into the nature, course, mechanism, and treatment of psoriatic arthritis.
Curry’s Revenge: The Costs of Non-classical Solutions to the Paradoxes of Self-reference
Authors: Restall Greg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The paradoxes of self-reference are genuinely paradoxical. The liar paradox, Russell’s paradox, and their cousins pose enormous difficulties to anyone who seeks to give a comprehensive theory of semantics, or of sets, or of any other domain which allows a modicum of self-reference and a modest number of logical principles.
Revenge and Context
Authors: Simmons Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It’s hard enough to find a satisfying response to the paradoxes, but the phenomenon of revenge can make it seem impossible. In the simplest manifestation of revenge— call it direct revenge— the pathological sentence or expression re-emerges intact from the attempt to treat it. This is familiar in the case of the liar. Ignorant of my whereabouts, I write on the board:(L) The sentence written on the board in room 101 is not true. But once it’s realized that (L) is written on the board in room 101, we can reason in the usual way to the conclusion that (1) is in some way pathological, perhaps gappy or ungrounded. But if a sentence is pathological, it isn’t true. So the sentence written on the board in room 101 is not true. And this true conclusion says just what (L) says— so the treatment of (L) as pathological has led to the re-emergence of (L) as a truth.