bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of inflammatory cell activities in bovine milk to diagnose mastitis
Authors: Lilius Esa-Matti , Pesonen Ullamari 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The activity of leukocytes, determined by chemiluminescence (cl) emission, was compared with the somatic cell count (scc) in 4,883 quarter-milk samples from 132 dairy cows. The presence of bacteria was determined by bacteriologic culture of samples in which scc and cl were high. Chemiluminescence was measured with an automated illuminometer system at 37 C after separating the leukocytes from milk by allowing them to adhere to cotton-wool swabs. Chemiluminescence emission was induced by opsonized zymosan and enhanced by luminol. After luminol and zymosan were added to the measuring vials containing the swabs, cl emission increased rapidly, reaching its maximum usually at about 15 minutes of reaction time, and decreasing slowly thereafter. In general, good correlation was found between cl and scc (r = 0.876; P ≤ 0.001; n = 4,883). Even milk samples with low scc gave reliably measurable cl signals. Minor pathogens in the milk caused about a sevenfold increase in both scc and cl, whereas major pathogens caused 14- and 25-fold increases in scc and cl, respectively. The diagnostic situation that requires both sensitivity and specificity to be at least 90% was attained only by the cl assay for major pathogens. These results suggest that the measurement of milk leukocyte activity by cl assay applies well to the diagnosis of mastitis, and has the potential to become a large-scale laboratory test, as well as a simple cowside test.
Comparison of two antigens for use in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect African swine fever antibody
Authors: Pastor M. J. , Arias M. , Escribano J. M. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Two African swine fever virus (asfv) antigens were tested for use in an elisa to detect antibody to asfv. Antigens used were the cytoplasmic soluble fraction (cs-p) of infected cells grown in the presence of porcine serum and the semipurified viral structural protein VP73 (svp73). Both antigens were tested by elisa against 72 sera obtained during several asf field episodes and from asfv- inapparent carriers. Of the 72 sera, only 2.8% had positive results by elisa against cs-p antigen; 60% of positive-reacting sera (to both antigens) had higher elisa values when the cs-p antigen was used. Samples (with positive results) that reacted only to cs-p antigen had results confirmed by immunoblot analysis. Such sera reacted against asfv-infection proteins IP25, IP25.5, and IP30, but not against IP73.
In time-course experiments to detect appearance of asfv-antibodies in infected miniature pigs, antibodies were detected by immunoblot analysis on postinoculation day (pid) 8. At that time, only the polypeptides IP25, IP25.5, IP30, and IP31 were recognized; IP73 and IP12 were first detected 3 and 4 days later, respectively. In the same experiments, asfv antibodies were detected by elisa, using cs-p or svp73 antigens, on pid 7 and 9, respectively. These results could explain the percentage of sera not having positive results by elisa using svp73 antigen, if the sera were obtained from asfv-infected pigs during the first days of infection before induction of antibody response against the IP73 protein. This feature makes the use of cs-p antigen advantageous in early serologic detection of asfv-infected pigs.
Lack of formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine receptors on porcine neutrophils
Authors: El-Awar Faisal Y. , Ochs Duane L. , Pyle Robert H. , Misra Hara P. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The response of blood neutrophils to the chemotactic peptide formyl-methyl-leucyl-phenylalanine varies among species. Our results indicate that this peptide does not activate the respiratory burst of porcine neutrophils. Specifically, concentrations ≤ 10-6M did not cause production of either superoxide or hydrogen peroxide. Studies designed to delineate the biochemical deficit responsible for these results indicated that these cells do not express specific chemotactic peptide receptors on the external surface of the plasma membrane. Although these data do not rule out the possibility that internal stores of chemotactic peptide receptor exist, attempts to induce expression of the receptor by priming the cells with either lipopolysaccharide or calcium ionophore were unsuccessful.
Correlation of sensory electroneurographic recordings and myelinated fiber diameters of the superficial peroneal nerve of dogs
Authors: Niederhauser Urs B. , Holliday Terrell A. , Hyde Dallas M. , McQuarrie Allan D. R. , Fisher Linda D. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The compound nerve action potential (cnap) of the superficial peroneal nerve of dogs was investigated to determine: (1) the influence of the stimulation technique on the configuration of the cnap, with particular attention to late components; (2) the fiber diameter (fd) distribution; and (3) the relationship between fd distribution and cnap configuration, by reconstruction of cnap made on the basis of fd distributions.
The cnap were evoked in 9 dogs under halothane anesthesia by 2 stimulation methods: percutaneous needle electrode stimulation and direct stimulation of the exposed superficial peroneal nerve. Recordings were made with percutaneous needle electrodes. Full nerve cross sections of 7 superficial peroneal nerves were prepared for fd morphometric analysis. Reconstruction of cnap were made on the basis of the fd distributions.
Late components of the cnap could be evoked with either stimulation method, but only with a stimulus intensity of 3 to 5 times maximal for the main (early) component of the cnap. The fd histograms of 7 analyzed nerves had bimodal distribution. In 5 nerves, peaks were at 4.2 to 4.5 μm and 9.0 to 10.0 μm, with 60% of the fibers in the small-diameter group. In 2 nerves with lower maximal conduction velocities, peaks were shifted toward smaller values.
The cnap reconstructions made by use of fd data closely resembled actual recordings when a fifth-order polynomial function was applied to the relationship between nerve conduction velocity and fd. Reconstructions made by use of 1 or 2 linear functions did not accurately resemble actual recordings.
The results indicate clinical sensory electroneurographic recordings can provide accurate information regarding both large- and small-diameter fibers, if adequate stimulus intensities are used. To understand the recorded potential more completely, further studies are needed to determine the effects of volume conduction on configuration of the cnap. It should then be possible to estimate fd distributions even more accurately by analyzing cnap of normal nerves, or of diseased nerves in which the normal relation between fd and conduction velocity is preserved.
Immune response to pulmonary injection of Pasteurella haemolytica-impregnated agar beads followed by transthoracic challenge exposure in goats
Authors: Purdy Charles W. , Straus David C. , Livingston Charles W. , Foster Gene S. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A method of inducing Pasteurella haemolytica serotype 1 (Ph1) lung infection in goats, using low numbers of bacteria and without impairing host immunity, was developed. Two trials were conducted. Results of trial 1, using 10 principals (Ph1 agar beads) and 6 controls (agar beads alone), indicated that Ph1 organisms imbedded in agar beads could survive host lung defenses for 32 days. Results of trial 2 indicated that lung immunity in the inoculated goats (principals) was high and they were more protected than controls against a transthoracic challenge of Ph1 (1.18 × 107 colony-forming units) injected into a lung of each goat on posttreatment day 35. When comparing challenge-exposed principals with controls, the controls developed rectal temperatures above normal for a longer time, duration of anorexia was longer, and signs of depression were seen. The controls developed large areas of consolidated lung tissue, more Ph1 isolates were recovered from nasal turbinates and lung tissue, and higher Ph1 concentrations were found in the lungs. The serum Ph1 indirect hemagglutination antibody titers in the principals of both trials increased, compared with titers in controls. Principal goats in ferial 2 had higher Ph1 indirect hemagglutination antibody titers after injection of Phi-impregnated agar beads and less severe lung lesions after challenge exposure than did controls. The small pneumonic consolidated lesions in the principals, compared with extensive lesions in controls after Ph1 challenge exposure, indicated a high degree of immunity after exposure to Ph1 organisms imbedded in agar beads.
Comparative pathogenicity of selected bovine viral diarrhea virus isolates in gnotobiotic lambs
Authors: Jewett C. J. , Kelling C. L. , Frey M. L. , Doster A. R. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The infectivity and pathogenicity of selected bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) isolates were determined in gnotobiotic, colostrum-deprived neonatal lambs. Five-day-old cesarean-derived gnotobiotic lambs were exposed to 1 of 10 bvdv. isolates via aerosol suspension. These isolates were from tissues or secretions of calves or lambs affected with respiratory tract disease, weak neonatal calves, aborted bovine fetuses, or reference Singer or Draper bvdv. The pathogenicity of each isolate, relative to the others, was evaluated in lambs by measurement of the neutralizing antibody response, virus isolation from nasal secretions or tissues, and postmortem lesions. The bvdv isolates varied in their infectivity and pathogenicity. Singer, the cytopathic reference strain, was the most lymphotrophic isolate and stimulated the greatest neutralizing antibody response. Encephalitis was the most consistent lesion observed and was used as the final determinant of relative pathogenicity of the viruses. The most neuropathogenic isolates were the 2 viruses originating from lambs affected with respiratory tract disease, the 2 weak neonatal calf isolates, and 1 isolate from an aborted bovine fetus. The least pathogenic isolates were the 2 reference isolates, Draper and Singer; the 2 mucosal disease isolates; and 1 isolate originating from an aborted bovine fetus.
Congenital malformations in sheep resulting from in utero inoculation of Cache Valley virus
Authors: Chung S. I. , Livingston C. W. , Edwards J. F. , Gauer B. B. , Collisson E. W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Serologic evidence indicated that an episode of congenital abnormalities in sheep was caused by Cache Valley virus (cvv), a bunyavirus indigenous to the United States. To determine the teratogenic potential of cvv in sheep, fetuses were infected in utero between 27 and 54 days of gestation with an isolate (CK-102) obtained in 1987 from a sentinel sheep in San Angelo, Texas. The dams of these fetuses were euthanatized between 28 and 75 days after inoculation, and the fetuses were examined for malformations. Twenty-eight of 34 fetuses had congenital abnormalities, including arthrogryposis, hydranencephaly, mummification, reabsorption, and oligohydroamnion. Virus was isolated from the allantoic fluid of 11 of 17 fetuses euthanatized at less than 70 days of gestation. The virus-positive fetuses, which were all negative for cvv-neutralizing antibody, had lesions ranging from none to severe arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly. Virus was not recovered from the allantoic fluid of fetuses after 76 days’ gestation when cvv-specific antibody could be detected in 5 of 8 fetuses examined. The 2 fetuses infected on days 50 and 54 of gestation appeared normal and 1 had antibody to cvv.
Horseradish peroxidase study of the location of extrinsic efferent and afferent neurons innervating the colon of dogs
Authors: Hudson L. C. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The abdominal portion of the colon of 13 clinically normal dogs was divided into 5 regions (ascending, transverse, left colic flexure, proximal descending, and distal descending), and each region was injected with 30 mg of horseradish peroxidase (hrp). The injected colonic region, brain stem, L7-Cd1 portion of the spinal cord, sympathetic trunk ganglia, celiacomesenteric ganglia, caudal mesenteric ganglion, pelvic plexi, distal vagal (nodose) ganglia, and Ll-Cdl spinal ganglia were obtained at postinjection hour 48, sectioned, and processed by use of the tetramethylbenzidine method. The entire length of the colon was found to be under extrinsic influence of the parasympathetic nucleus of cranial nerve X (px), with the largest average number of labeled cells resulting from injection of the ascending colon. It was also indicated that the entire colon is under extrinsic influence of the sacral portion of the spinal cord because the pelvic ganglia (second-order neurons) of the pelvic plexi contained labeled cells for all colonic regions. The largest average number of labeled cells in pelvic ganglia was seen after injection of the distal portion of the descending colon. Only after injection of the distal portion of the descending colon were labeled cells found in the S1-S3 portion of the spinal cord. Labeled cells in the px, spinal cord, and pelvic ganglia were found bilaterally. Although the entire abdominal portion of the colon appears to be influenced by cranial and sacral parasympathetic preganglionic (via pelvic ganglia) neurons, the relative importance of the 2 areas seems to be reversed between the ascending colon and distal portion of the descending colon. Sympathetic postganglionic innervation was located in the celiacomesenteric ganglion, caudal mesenteric ganglion, and, inconsistently, in sympathetic trunk ganglia. Sensory innervation for all colonic regions was found bilaterally in the distal vagal ganglia, and in 2 groups of spinal ganglia—a cranial group of LI to L5 and a caudal group of S1 to Cd1 ganglia.
It has been reported in the literature that the left colic flexure is subject to colonic perforation in dogs with spinal cord disease treated with corticosteroid administration, but a direct, anatomic reason for this site of susceptibility was not found during this study. It is possible that the left colonic flexure represents the most proximal portion of colon detrimentally affected by loss of sacral influence, because the relative importance of vagal and sacral parasympathetic innervation appears to shift along the length of the colon.
Use of laser Doppler flowmetry to determine blood flow in and viability of island axial pattern skin flaps in rabbits
Authors: Lanthier T. , Miller C. , McDonell W. N. , Yager J. A. , Roth J. H. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Perfusion and viability of island axial pattern skin flaps were tested in 37 healthy New Zealand white rabbits, using laser Doppler monitoring of blood flow in the capillary loops and the subpapillary plexus of the dermis. Skin flaps, selected on the basis of the caudal superficial epigastric vein and artery, were lifted and replaced in their original locus after selective occlusion of their vascular pedicles. Subjects were allotted into groups: control group (n = 10); arterial occlusion (n = 7); venous occlusion (n = 10); and arterial and venous occlusion (n = 10). The rabbits were monitored from 48 hours before surgery until euthanasia 48 to 72 hours after replacement of the flap. Flap viability was assessed on a clinical basis, using a comparative scoring method based on a numeric scale. The degree of necrosis in histologic sections was evaluated, using a scoring system. Laser Doppler measurements were obtained on 3 consecutive days before surgery, to establish the normal basal blood flow in the skin. Post-surgical measurements were obtained at 2-hour intervals for the first 8 hours and at 24, 48, and 72 hours after surgery. Measurements of basal blood flow varied significantly (P < 0.05) from site to site on the surface of individual flaps and over time. When laser Doppler flowmetric (ldf) measurements from 6 sites on a flap were used as a measure of laser Doppler flow for the total flap, there was no significant difference between contralateral flap areas outlined on the abdomen of the rabbits. Temporal variations over 3 days for each rabbit or among rabbits were not significant.
The ldf measurements detected acute vascular occlusion when compared with the controls, and were able to differentiate between control and arterial occlusion groups, control and venous occlusion groups, control and arterial and venous occlusion groups, arterial and venous occlusion groups, venous and arterial and venous occlusion groups (P < 0.05), but not between arterial and arterial and venous occlusion groups. Evaluation of ldf values at 4 hours proved to be a better predictor than clinical assessment at 4 or 8 hours in evaluating skin flap viability.
Preliminary investigation of alterations in blood viscosity, cellular composition, and electrophoresis plasma protein fraction profile after competitive racing activity in Thoroughbred horses
Authors: Coyne C. P. , Carlson Gary P. , Spensley Michael S. , Smith Joseph 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
In this preliminary investigation, various hematologic variables potentially influential in determining the degree of blood viscosity were evaluated in 10 Thoroughbred horses subjected to competitive acute running exercise. Following completion of sprints over a distance of 1.25 miles, mean percent (± sd) increases in pcv (38.3 ± 12.9%), rbc (47.8 ± 15.3%), and rouleaux index (232.7 ± 176.8%) were recognized. Simultaneous increases in total plasma protein (28.3 ± 5.31%), serum albumin (26.7 ± 6.80%), α1-globulin (60.0 ± 49.0%), α2-globulin (25.5 ± 27.9%), β1-globulin (46.7 ± 21.1%), (32-globulin (35.0 ± 50.6%), γ1- and 2-globulins (38.7 ± 29.6%), and plasma fibrinogen (12.5 ± 10.4%) concentrations increased simultaneously. Horses also had consistent decreases in albumin:globulin ratio (- 10.0 ± 7.43%). Alterations in these hematologic values after acute running exercise in Thoroughbred horses accompanied increases in serum (69.3 ± 39.7%), plasma (39.7 ± 11.9%), and blood (134.7 ± 55.3%) viscosity.
Antimicrobial resistance in streptococcal species isolated from bovine mammary glands
Authors: Brown M. B. , Scasserra A. E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Streptococcal species isolated from dairy cows with clinical mastitis were obtained from mastitis research workers in Florida, Louisiana, New York, Vermont, Washington, and West Virginia. Seventy-one streptococcal isolates were tested, including 39 strains of Streptococcus agalactiae, 21 strains of S dysgalactiae, and 11 strains of S uberis. The minimal inhibitory concentration of erythromycin, lincomycin, oxytetracycline, penicillin, spectinomycin, streptomycin, and tetracycline was determined for each isolate. Differences were not detected among strains with respect to geographic origin. None of the strains was resistant to penicillin. Lincomycin was the next most effective antimicrobial, with only 2 resistant strains of each streptococcal species. There were no differences among the streptococcal species with respect to resistance to either penicillin or lincomycin. Streptococcus uberis was more likely to be resistant to erythromycin than were S agalactiae and S dysgalactiae (P < 0.02). Streptococcus agalactiae and S uberis had similar distributions for resistance to oxytetracycline, tetracycline, spectinomycin, and streptomycin. Strains of S dysgalactiae were more likely to have intermediate resistance to oxytetracycline and streptomycin than were strains of S agalactiae and S uberis, which were highly resistant to oxytetracycline and streptomycin (P < 0.001). Differences were not detected among the streptococcal species with respect to resistance to spectinomycin. Resistance to multiple antimicrobials was observed in all streptococcal species tested. Although S dysgalactiae appeared to have a greater percentage of strains (73%) that were resistant to multiple antimicrobials than did S agalactiae (31%) or S uberis (45%), differences were not statistically significant.
Effect of diet on struvite activity product in feline urine
Authors: Buffington C. A. , Rogers Q. R. , Morris J. G. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Groups of male specific-pathogen-free cats were fed a basal, purified diet (A), with or without 0.45% added magnesium (MgCl2, diet B; MgO, diet C) or 1 of 2 commercial diets (D, E). Urine samples collected for 48 hours after 2 weeks of feeding were analyzed for calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, ammonium, sulfate, phosphate, oxalate, and citrate content. Concentrations were used to calculate the negative logarithm of the struvite activity product (pSAP), using a microcomputer-based program for calculation of supersaturation of the urine with crystal solutes. The pSAP value for all samples also was hand calculated by use of an equation.
Consumption of diet B caused a significant (P < 0.05) increase in urine calcium concentration. Total urine phosphate concentration was lower in urine from cats fed diets A, B, or C than in urine from cats fed diets D or E. For the various diets, urine PO4-3 was: 5.3 μM for diet A; 6.3 μM for diet C; 0.9 μM for diet E; 36 nM for diet D, and 0.5 nM for diet B. Consumption of diets B and C caused significant increases in urine magnesium concentration (53.1 nM and 49.1 mM, respectively). Ammonium ion concentration was highest in urine from cats fed diets B and D, 116.2 mM and 100.3 mM, respectively. When the pSAP, hand-calculated assuming ionic strength u = 0.2, was regressed on that calculated by use of the microcomputer program, the coefficient of determination was 0.96 (P ≤ 0.01).
In vitro characteristics of normal and dystrophic skeletal muscle from dogs
Authors: Valentine Beth A. , Chandler Suzanne K. , Cummings John F. , Cooper Barry J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Expiants were prepared from skeletal muscle tissue from 5 nondystrophic pups and from 5 pups with X-linked muscular dystrophy; pups were 2 to 17 weeks old. A serial reexplant method resulted in optimal cell density with minimal fibroblast growth. Cultures were examined daily by use of phase-contrast microscopy; differentiated (post-fusion) cultures were examined by electron microscopy. Moderate nuclear pleomorphism and cell clustering were observed in cultures of normal and dystrophic muscle cells. Cultures were maintained to 27 days after plating. Minimal myofilament synthesis was observed in multinucleate cells from nondystrophic and dystrophic pups, but spontaneous contraction of myotubes was not observed during this period. Differences in growth, fusion, or differentiation of myogenic cells into multinucleate cells and myotubes were not found between dystrophic and normal muscle.
Susceptibility of Chinese Meishan and European Large White pigs to enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains bearing colonization factor K88, 987P, K99, or F41
Authors: Duchet-Suchaux Marion F. , Bertin Anne M. , Menanteau Pierrette S. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Conventionally raised Chinese Meishan and European Large White pigs were intragastrically challenge exposed with 2.1 × 1010 enterotoxigenic Esherichia coli strains bearing colonization factor K88, 987P, F41, or F41 plus K99. In response to challenge exposure with the K88-positive (K88+ ) organisms, 96% of Large White pigs died within 48 hours, whereas none of the Meishan pigs died. Both breeds of pigs had similar susceptibility to strains bearing 987P or F41. Lastly, Meishan pigs were found to be more susceptible than Large White pigs to a strain expressing K99 and F41. In pigs with diarrhea, challenge-exposure strains intensively colonized the jejunum (108 to 1010 bacteria/g of tissue) and, to less extent, the duodenum (except K88+ strain, which comprised 108/g). In most cases, jejunal concentrations of the challenge-exposure strains were substantially lower in pigs that did not have diarrhea. Half the resistant Meishan pigs eliminated the K88+ strain from the intestines. Colostral antibody titer that agglutinated challenge-exposure strains did not differ between Meishan and Large White gilts. Results indicate that resistance of pigs to the K88+ strain did not extend to enterotoxigenic strains bearing other well-known factors. They indicate, in addition, that genetic resistance to K88+ strains described in pigs in Europe may exist in pigs in China.