bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peroxisomal Defects: Refsum Disease and Adrenomyeloneuropathy
Authors: Mendell Jerry R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Peroxisomes are single-membrane-bound organelles, measuring about 0.2 to 0.5 µm in diameter. They lack DNA and have no defined internal cytoarchitecture. These organelles are found in all cells in the human body, especially the liver and kidney, but are absent from mature erythrocytes.1 Peroxisomes catalyze the 13 oxidation of fatty acids and related substrates. Those preferentially or exclusively oxidized in peroxisomes include very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids, dicarboxylic fatty acids, prostaglandins, and the side chain of cholesterol. Peroxisomes also catalyze the initial reaction in the biosynthesis of plasmalogens, which are phospholipids abundantly found in the myelin. Bile acid formation requires peroxisomes and they are the principal site for H202-based cellular respiration using catalase and oxidases.
Peroxisomal disorders can be divided into two major categories: those in which peroxisomes are absent or severely reduced because their assembly is defective, and disorders involving single peroxisomal enzyme defects. The peroxisomal disorders associated with neurological dysfunction are listed in Table 24-1. Peripheral neuropathy occurs as a predominant manifestation of two peroxisomal disorders, both caused by single enzyme defects: Refsum disease (Table 24-2) and X-linked adrenomyeloneuropathy (a subtype of adrenoleukodystrophy) (see Table 24-3). These disorders are genetically distinct from other conditions that carry similar names: neonatal adrenoleukodystrophy and infantile Refsum disease.
Vitamin Deficiencies: Cobalamin (Vitamin B12), Vitamin E (Tocopherol), and Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
Authors: Mendell Jerry R , Kissel John T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most important vitamin-deficient states to consider in relation to peripheral nerve disease include those involving cobalamin (vitamin Bl2), vitamin E (a-tocopherol), and thiamine (vitamin Bl). In all three cases, most patients present with acquired deficiencies of the vitamin. Inherited disorders, which predispose to selective deficiencies of cobalamin and vitamin E, are particularly challenging to diagnose.
Sun Tzu and The Art of Modern Warfare
Authors: McNeilly Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Long acknowledged as a classic text on strategy, Sun Tzu’s The Art of War has been admired by leaders as diverse as Mao Zedong and General Norman Schwartzkopf. However, written two thousand years ago, the book can often be hard to fathom. Now Mark McNeilly, author of Sun Tzu and the Art of Business, which made Sun Tzu accessible to the business executive, has extracted six concepts most applicable to modern warfare, making them easy to understand and apply to military situations. Drawing on a wealth of fascinating historical examples, McNeilly shows that these six principles might be used in wars of the future limited actions, regional conflicts -and how they can provide insight into current affairs, such as the future course of China’s increasingly important strategic and military role in the world. He describes how to win the information war how, to lead by example, and how to use alliances to defeat the opponent. Perhaps the most important lesson to be learned from Sun Tzu, especially for strategists who want to maximize their resources, is how to “win without fighting”. And, should fighting be unavoidable, victory should be achieved in a manner that minimizes losses, leaves the victor stronger and ensures a lasting peace. Including the full text of The Art of War in the popular Griffith translation, with cross-references to quotations used in the book, Sun Tzu and the Art of Modern Warfare unlocks these elusive secrets for anyone interested in strategy and warfare, whether they are professional soldiers, military history buffs, or business executives.
The Changing Character of War
Authors: McNeilly Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Here begins our tale. The empire, long divided, must unite; long united, must divide. Thus it has ever been.” So begins Three Kingdoms, the ancient historical Chinese novel. It tells the story of three warring kingdoms that fought each other during the civil war at the end of the Han dynasty. The situation Three Kingdoms speaks of, a world of everchanging political situations and continual conflict between states, has been true throughout history and rings true even today.
After the end of the Cold War some wrote of “the endofhistory”—a world in which further military conflict would not occur, a world that would live primarily in peace. Unfortunately, that hoped-for dream has not become reality. Instead, small nations continue to fight one another, factions within nations battle in civil wars, and large nations exert influence and flex their muscles to gain strategic advantage. A count of conflicts within and between nations at the turn of the twenty-first century by the National Defense Council Foundation listed sixty-eight conflicts throughout the world. This was much higher than the thirty-five conflicts occurring at the end of the Cold War. While many of these struggles are being fought with conventional weapons, many nations are also deploying increasingly powerful weapons, including weapons of mass destruction (WMD).
Sequelae Of Primary HIV Infection And Nonfocal Complications Of Moderately Advanced HIV Disease
Authors: Brew Bruce James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The neurologic manifestations of primary human immunodeeficiency virus (HIV) infection (PHI) are discussed in this chapter. Then aseptic meningitis and catatonia, the only nonfocal cerebral manifestations of HIV infection in the moderately advanced stage of HIV diseases, are reviewed. The neurologic manifestations of PHI are important because they are not rare, they may be the first manifestation of HIV infection, and they may afford an opportunity for consideration of early antiretroviral therapy. Before the neurologic sequelae are discussed, the pertinent aspects of PHI, also known as seroconversion illness, are summarized.
Aids Dementia Complex
Authors: Brew Bruce James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may involve the brain directly and lead to a subcortical dementia, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) dementia complex (ADC). It is perhaps the most important neurologic complication of HIV disease because it is so disabling but potentially treatable. Although the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy has lessened the incidence of the disorder, it still occurs relatively commonly, taking its toll on loved ones, care givers, and ultimately the community in general. Moreover, understanding of its pathogenesis has progressed significantly, and as a result a better understanding of disease mechanisms in other conditions has been achieved. The discussion of ADC in this chapter will follow a similar structure to other chapters with the exception that the epidemiological aspects are mentioned after the clinical features so that the reader can appreciate the clinical variables important in the evaluation of incidence and prevalence figures.
General Pathobiological Features of Gastrointestinal Neoplasia
Authors: Fenoglio-Preiser Cecilia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the past, a discussion of the general pathobiology of gastrointestinal neoplasia would have focused on the major pathological and behavioral characteristic of gastrointestinal tumors. Today, however, there is a burgeoning body of literature in which the molecular pathogenesis of gastrointestinal neoplasms is examined. Because of this information explosion, the discussion is increasingly shifting to an exploration of the molecular changes associated with gastrointestinal neoplasia and ways in which this emerging knowledge can be used to better diagnose and treat these tumors.
Management Options: Metastatic Gastric Carcinoma
Authors: Kulke Matthew H , Mayer Robert J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Approximately 50% of patients with gastric adenocarcinoma have metastatic disease at the time of their initial presentation. Metastatic disease also develops in most patients who undergo potentially curative resection. Systemic cytotoxic chemotherapy remains the most effective treatment modality for patients with metastatic gastric cancer. Studies in the past 30 years have demonstrated that several chemotherapeutic agents are active in this disease, including 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), doxorubicin, cisplatin, and mitomycin C. More recent studies have shown that oral analogues of 5-FU, as well as the taxanes and irinotecan, also have activity.
Clinical Aspects and Management of Cholangiocarcinoma and Gallbladder Carcinoma: Potentially Resectable Gallbladder Carcinoma or Cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Curley Steven A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cholangiocarcinomas are malignant tumors that arise from the epithelium of the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts. Cholangiocarcinomas are rarer than hepatocellular carcinomas, comprising less than 10% of primary malignancies of the liver. In the United States, approximately 3000 patients are diagnosed with cholangiocarcinoma annually. Cholangiocarcinomas are diagnosed most frequently in the fifth and sixth decades of life, and there is a slight male preponderance of cases.
Clinical Aspects and Management of Hepatocellular Cancer: Management Options: Metastatic Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Patt Yehuda Z , Hassan Manal M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is common worldwide with varying geographic incidence and is frequently encountered in Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.1,2 The disease was once rare in the United States, Western Europe, and Australia, but its incidence has been rising in the United States. The incidence of hepatobiliary cancers increased 48% between 19933 (15,000 new cases) and 20004 (20,200 new cases). In 1999, El-Serag and Mason5 reported an increase in the incidence of HCC in the United States, mostly in the African American population.
Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology, and Molecular Biology of Small Bowel and Appendiceal Adenocarcinomas
Authors: Neugut Alfred I , Arber Nadir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most articles and studies on a specific cancer site begin by describing how important the particular cancer is in terms of its incidence and mortality rates. For example, two gastrointestinal (GI) tract cancers, gastric cancer and large bowel cancer, are indeed major contributors to the cancer burden of the world overall, and to the cancer burden of the United States in particular. Thus, what is most interesting about the small bowel, located as it is between two high cancer incidence organs and containing 90% of the mucosal surface area of the alimentary tract and 75% of its length, is that it is one of the rarest types of cancer. 1– 6
Clinical Aspects and Management of Colon Adenocarcinoma: Diagnostic and Staging Procedures
Authors: Cima Robert R , Bleday Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Approximately 1.2 million new cases of invasive cancers, excluding skin cancer, were diagnosed in the United States in 2001. Colon cancer accounted for nearly 48,000 deaths in the United States in 1999.1 When combined with rectal cancer, colorectal cancer is the third most common cause of cancer deaths in men, behind lung cancer and prostate cancer and in women, behind lung cancer and breast cancer. Early detection of colon cancer often translates into a lower stage of disease and improved chances for survival.
Clinical Aspects and Management of Colon Adenocarcinoma: Management of Local and Locoregional Colon Cancer
Authors: Guillem Jose G , Saltz Leonard B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Surgical management is the primary treatment of potentially curable colon cancer. In most cases, this involves resection of the primary tumor and regional lymph nodes. However, treatment options may include endoscopic polypectomy for malignant polyps, transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) excision or laparoscopically assisted colectomy in carefully selected patients, and multimodality management for locally advanced cancers. The prevailing objective throughout is to maximize both oncologic and functional results.
Epidemiology, Pathology, Molecular Biology, and Natural History of Gastrointestinal Sarcomas
Authors: Bilimoria Malcolm M , Berman Russell S , Pollock Raphael E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are approximately 7000 new cases of sarcoma each year, the vast majority of which involve the extremities.1 Sarcomas can involve any of the visceral organs within the abdominal cavity but most commonly involve the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Three percent of all sarcomas, or about 150 cases each year, are GI sarcomas.2 This chapter will discuss GI sarcomas, highlighting the biologic and pathologic aspects as well as the natural history of these unusual tumors.
Aphasia and the Neural Basis of Language
Authors: Damasio Antonio R , Damasio Hanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The investigation of the neural basis of language occupies a unique place in the history of both neurology and neuroscience. It is fair to say that neurology began in earnest about a century and a half ago, around the study of language, and that what we now call neuroscience can be traced to that same effort. In this chapter, we take this dual status of language into account. We discuss language from the perspective of both neurology and neuroscience, mindful of the significance of language for both clinical practice and neuroscientific progress.
Charity Care and Social Responsibility
Authors: Hall Robert T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Uncompensated care is a serious issue for most hospitals in the United States. According to the AHA, 6% of hospital expenses were for bad debt and charity care in 1997; this amounted to $18.5 billion, compared with $6 billion in 1980 (AHA, 1998). And this hardly meets the need; there is still a gap between hospital expenditures and the 15% of the population that have no health insurance. This situation is reflected, in part, in the waiting lines outside many free clinics.
The question of charity care involves consideration of the basic structure of our healthcare system. It raises issues of corporate social responsibility at the most general level of economic philosophy and public policy. This chapter be­ gins with a discussion of corporate social responsibility, moves on to the question of for-profit and not-for-profit corporate structures, and then takes up the issue of charity care. It closes with a few remarks on the effects of hospital conversions, mergers, and joint ventures on corporate social responsibility.
An Overview of Genetic Predisposition and the Search for Predisposing Genes for Breast Cancer
Authors: Ponder Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Breast cancer, like most common cancers, tends to cluster in families. There is evidence, discussed below, that most of the family clustering results from inheritance rather than shared environment. If we knew the genes that underlie the family clustering, the knowledge might be applied in several ways: Understanding of cancer development; application to treatment and prevention. The genes can be thought of either as part of the sequence of events that must be accumulated to turn a normal cell into a cancer cell or as outside the pathway but influencing it; in either case, they may suggest targets for treament or prevention. Epidemiology. Analytic epidemiology relies on identifying associations between exposures’ and disease. If the population of individuals with cancer is heterogeneous, correlations may be weakened. Genetic classification may resolve some of this heterogeneity. Knowledge of the mechanism of action of a genetic variant may also suggest an environmental cause with which the gene could interact.
Breast Cancer: Intervention in BRCA1 and BRCA2 Families
Authors: Elmslie Frances V , Eeles Rosalind A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are a number of strategies for intervention in families known to harbor a mutation in the breast cancer susceptibility genes BRCA1 and BRCA2. The type of intervention considered will depend on the individual’s status (whether affected or unaffected) and wishes. The options fall broadly into three groups: those aimed at primary prevention of cancer, those aimed at early detection, and those aimed at prevention of recurrence or the development of a second malignancy in individuals who have been previously affected. Research into the management of men and women who have a known genetic susceptibility to cancer is ongoing. Al-though most studies are retrospective, data are beginning to accrue that demonstrate benefit for some preventative strategies. More work is needed in this specific group of patients to determine the strategies for management. This is most optimal in the context of multicenter trials.
Androgen Receptor Signaling in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Tilley Wayne D , Buchanan Grant , Coetzee Gerhard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The androgen-signaling axis is the principal regulator of the development, function, and growth of the prostate gland and plays a vital role in prostate cancer predisposition and progression. The major components of this axis include the biosynthesis and transport of testosterone to target tissues, where it is converted to the more active metabolite 5a-dihydrotestosterone (DHT); maturation of the androgen receptor (AR) to a ligand-binding-competent form; nuclear import; and the subsequent transcriptional regulation of AR target genes. The AR, which is the pivotal component of androgen signaling, is a member of the superfamily of nuclear transcription factors that regulate a diverse range of cellular functions by providing a direct link between signaling molecules and gene transcription.1–3 The AR is unique among nuclear receptors (NRs) in that a strong constitutive transactivation function involving at least three overlapping regions of the N-terminal domain (NTD) is responsible for most, if not all, of its transactivation activity. The AR NTD also contains two polymorphic regions (polyQ and polyG stretches) that are associated with prostate cancer predisposition. In particular, there is an inverse correlation between polyQ size and both receptor activity and risk of developing prostate cancer. The status of the androgen-signaling axis is especially important in patients who either are diagnosed with or subsequently develop metastatic prostate cancer. Currently, the success of the only treatment option for metastatic disease, androgen ablation [i.e., orchidectomy, treatment with luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone (LHRH) agonists/antagonists and/or AR antagonists4,5], is dependent on a functional androgen-signaling axis. Despite an initial response to androgen ablation in 80%–90% of patients, these hormonal therapies are essentially palliative and disease progression eventually ensues.5,6 Resistance to androgen ablation is not necessarily due to loss of androgen sensitivity but may develop as a consequence of a deregulated androgen-signaling axis resulting from increased levels of, or gain of function mutations in, the AR gene, altered interaction between the receptor and coregulatory molecules, or ligand-independent activation of the AR by growth factors and cytokines.7–12 In this chapter, we review the contribution of molecular aberrations in the AR gene to genetic predisposition, tumor progression, and the development of resistance to androgen-ablation therapies.
Inner Hygiene
Authors: Whorton James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inner Hygiene explores the serious health threat of constipation, and discusses the extraordinary variety of preventive and curative measures that have been developed to save people from the toxic effects of intestinal irregularity. The book examines the evolution over the last two centuries of the belief that constipation is a disease brought on by an unnatural lifestyle of urban, industrial society. Particular attention is given to the many constipation therapies that people have used, including laxatives, enemas, mineral waters, bran cereals, yogurts, electrotherapy, calisthenics, rectal dilation devices, and many other remedies. The story is carried up to the present and demonstrates that many of constipation therapies of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries are continuing into the twenty-first.
The Cultured Abdomen: Dietary Prevention
Authors: Whorton James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One day in May, 1937, a young American woman answered her door to find a florist’s delivery man there to present her with a dozen roses, and an envelope. “I am sorry,” the note from her boyfriend began, “hut I am sure you will understand.” She didn’t, of course: “She lay on the sofa and sobbed her heart away. Why was it,” she cried to herself, “that she always just missed romance and marriage?” It surely wasn’t her “looks and figure,” which were the envy of friends. Yet she had been in “low spirits” oflate, had felt “listless,” “indifferent,” “too tired to play up to her personality.” Her eyes, in fact, had “lost their sparkle,” and wrinkles were beginning to form on her face. No wonder, when she thought about it, the romance had been broken off.
From Roughage to Softage: The Rise of Dietary Fiber
Authors: Whorton James C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1900, J. Ellis Barker was 30 years old and already a wreck, an object lesson in the wages of misspent youth. From early childhood, he had eaten freely of sweets and “did not pay attention to securing regular evacuations” (“I prided myself upon being able to suppress my need as long as I liked”). Consequently, he “became plagued with constipation,” and resorted to the habitual taking of purgatives to keep himself open. “In course of time,” inevitably, “I began to suffer from autointoxication.” His digestion worsened, he developed jaundice and rheumatism, gout set in, and he lost 30 pounds in weight. All the while, he grew steadily weaker, until a mere 5-minute walk left him exhausted, and on occasion he even fainted. Neither spa treatments, massage therapy, vegetarian diet, nor Fletcherism were of any avail. Understandably, he began to have crying fits on occasion, grew ever more melancholy, and at last found himself thinking of suicide: “I was spending my days lying on the bed and on the sofa in utmost misery… My presence became unpleasant to others. I became disgusting to myself.”
East Slavic
Authors: Franks Steven , King Tracy Holloway 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this final descriptive chapter we discuss the status of clitics in East Slavic (ESl). These include Russian (Rus), to which most of the chapter is devoted, and Belarusian (Br) and Ukrainian (Ukr), which we treat in less detail. These languages are presented for the sake of completeness and play a minimal role in subsequent parts of the book. The reason is that the ESl literary languages lack the kinds of prononimal and auxiliary clitics which are the focus of this study. With the exception of southwestern Ukr dialects, one of which, Hucul, we examine in some detail, “special” clitics were lost in ESL This is in keeping with Jakobson’s (1935/1971) generalization that all inflecting clitics were lost in Rus, with the ramification that pronominal and auxiliary clitics disappeared and the related consequence that the reflexive (or “voice”) morpheme -sja became frozen as such (see also Toman 1999). However, most noninflected (or “simple”) clitics remained intact. As we shall see in our description of Rus, this includes various sentence particles, the conditional marker by, the proclitic negation marker ne, and most famously the Rus interrogative element li.