bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Imbalanced Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction Between Maternal and Fetal Lymphocytes As Well As Between the Lymphocytes of Adult Children and Their Parents is Mediated by Activated CD8+ T Cells
Authors: Brune T. , Masjoshusmann K. , Reinhold D. , Steinhardt J. , Exeler R. , Volleth M. , Louwen F. 
Published: October 2004

Problem:  The mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) between maternal and fetal lymphocytes as well as between adult children and their parents is imbalanced in bidirectional mixed lymphocyte cultures. The present investigation was aimed at examining which type of T cells has primary responsibility for this phenomenon.Methods:  Two‐way mixed lymphocyte cultures between lymphocytes of five female and five male adults and five male and five female newborns against lymphocytes of their parents were performed. Unrelated adults served as the controls. Before and after 72 hr incubation the mixed leukocytes cultures (MLCs) were sorted by flow cytometry according to the surface markers CD4 and CD69 or CD8 and CD69. The single cell populations within the four resulting fractions were discriminated by fluoresence in situ hybridization (FiSH) using xy‐DNA probes.Results:  Before incubation the share of CD8+ CD69+ cells in the MLCs between mothers and their newborn infants was significantly shifted toward the newborn cells (P < 0.01). After 72 hr incubation the CD8+ CD69+ ratio in the MLCs between mother and newborn cells and between adult children (male as well female) and their parents showed a significant shift of the CD8+ CD69+ cells toward the children's direction. All other MLCs showed a balanced cell population for all investigated cell types, both before and after incubation.Conclusion:  The imbalanced MLR between maternal and fetal lymphocytes and lymphocytes of adult children against their parents is mediated by a specific imbalance of the activation of CD8+ but not of CD4+ T cells.
The feasibility of measuring three‐dimensional facial morphology in children
Authors: Kau CH , Zhurov A , Scheer R , Bouwman S , Richmond S 
Published: October 2004

Structured AbstractAuthors – Kau CH, Zhurov A, Scheer R, Bouwman S,Richmond SObjective – An investigation to determine the feasibility of measuring soft tissue morphology in children using a three‐dimensional laser‐scanning device.Design – Prospective clinical trial.Setting and Sample Population – University of Wales, College of Medicine and one secondary school in the South Wales region. Sixty live subjects (30 adults, 30 children) were recruited in the study.Experimental Variables – Laser scanned images of the subjects were obtained under a reproducible and controlled environment with two Minolta Vivid 900 (Osaka, Japan) optical laser‐scanning devices assembled as a stereo‐pair. A set of left and right scanned images was taken for each subject and each scan took an average of 2.5 s. These scanned images were processed and merged to form a composite three‐dimensional soft tissue reproduction of the subjects using commercially available reverse modelling software.Outcome Measure – The shell deviations between left and right scan of each patient were recorded and analysed for differences. These differences determined whether the subjects could remain still during the time of the scans.Results – The results showed that the mean differences between shell deviations for the adult scans and children scans were 0.25 ± 0.09 and 0.30 ± 0.09 mm, respectively. Paired t‐tests showed that the mean error between subject groups was 0.05 ± 0.15 mm indicating that there was no difference between the two subject groups (p = 0.18).Conclusion – The technique as described is clinically reproducible for children and adults and can be used for studies assessing facial changes due to growth or clinical intervention.
Effects of maxillary distraction osteogenesis on the upper‐airway size and nasal resistance in subjects with cleft lip and palate
Authors: Mochida M , Ono T , Saito K , Tsuiki S , Ohyama K 
Published: October 2004

Structured AbstractAuthors – Mochida M, Ono T, Saito K, Tsuiki S, Ohyama KObjectives – To investigate the short‐ and long‐term effects of maxillary distraction osteogenesis (DOG) on the upper‐airway size and nasal resistance in nine patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP).Study design – Changes in the upper‐airway size were measured by using lateral cephalometric radiographs taken immediately before and after DOG, and 1 year later. Nasal resistance was measured with a rhinomanometer. An analysis of variance was used to establish statistical significance. Spearman correlation coefficient was used to evaluate the relationship between changes in the cross‐sectional area of the upper airway and nasal resistance in association with DOG.Results – Immediately after DOG, the anteroposterior dimension of the superior part of the upper airway was significantly increased (p < 0.01) and nasal resistance was significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Moreover, the cross‐sectional area of the total upper airway was significantly increased (p < 0.01). There was a significant correlation between the increase in the upper‐airway cross‐sectional area and the reduction in nasal resistance (p < 0.05). The upper‐airway size was significantly augmented (p < 0.05) and nasal resistance was significantly reduced (p < 0.05) at 1 year after DOG compared with immediately before DOG.Conclusion – An increase in the upper‐airway size and a reduction in nasal resistance occurred after maxillary DOG in patients with CLP, and these changes were stable after 1 year.
The influence of jaw innervation on the dental maturation pattern in the mandible
Authors: Andersen E , Skovgaard LT , Poulsen S , Kjær I 
Published: October 2004

Structured AbstractAuthors – Andersen E, Skovgaard LT, Poulsen S, Kjær IObjectives – To explore the relationship between mandibular dental maturation and the pattern of jaw innervation.Setting and Sample Population – The sample included 365 panoramic radiographs taken in the period 1965–1969 in a Danish municipality.Design – For assessing dental maturity, the seven left mandibular teeth (M2, M1, P2, P1, C, I2, I1) were given a dental maturity score according to a method introduced by Demirjian. Spearman correlation coefficients between the maturity score of an index tooth (one of each teeth) and the maturity score of the 6 other teeth was calculated and illustrated.Results – All the correlation coefficients were larger than 0.5 indicating a rather high level of association between the development of mandibular teeth in the same individual. Thus, associations between the pattern of dental maturation and jaw innervation were not obvious.Conclusion – When the correlation between the dental maturity stages was analysed, no significant relation was found between dental maturation and jaw innervation in the mandible. This is interesting considering the results presented in a recent study, which showed that the clinical observed tooth eruption was closely related to the pattern of jaw innervation. Those authors suggested that the factors influencing the eruption might be associated with jaw innervation. In our study, the stepwise dental maturation process, however, is not equally associated with jaw innervation.
Brood Parasitism in a Population of Common Eider (somateria Mollissima)
Authors: Kilpi Mikael , Waldeck Peter , Andersson Malte , Öst Markus 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe common eider differs from many other ducks in being a colonial 'capital' breeder, producing eggs from stored resources. These traits are expected to influence the occurrence of conspecific brood parasitism (CBP), which is particularly common in waterfowl. We analysed CBP in an eider population in the central Baltic Sea 2001-2002, using non-destructive egg albumen sampling combined with protein fingerprinting. This technique greatly increases the detection of parasitic eggs compared to more traditional methods. Parasitic eggs occurred in 20-22% of 164 nests studied, 6% of 754 eggs being laid by other than the host female. Parasitism increased with nest density, was rather evenly distributed over the laying season, and occurred both early and late in the laying sequence of the host. Protein fingerprinting showed that host females laid up to seven eggs, more than previously reported. Among 33 parasitised nests 22 had one parasitic egg, nine had two and two had three. In all but one case all parasitic eggs within a nest were laid by the same female. Although colonial breeding facilitates CBP, it is less frequent in this eider population than in several other diving ducks. Possible contributing reasons are the relatively small clutch size and start of incubation after egg 2 or 3, limiting the time window for successful parasitism.
Sexual Conflict Over Remating in House Crickets: No Evidence of an Anti-aphrodisiac in Males' Ejaculates
Authors: Fleischman Rebecca , Sakaluk Scott 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWe tested the hypothesis that male house crickets (Acheta domesticus L.) transfer substances in their ejaculates that inhibit female receptivity by experimentally manipulating the amount of ejaculate that females received and recording their propensity to remate. In both virgin and non-virgin females, the length of time over which the spermatophore remained attached after an initial mating had no discernable effect on female latency to remating. This was true regardless of whether females were given the opportunity to remate immediately after an initial mating or prevented from remating until 24-h later. We conclude, therefore, that male A. domesticus do not transfer substances in their ejaculates that inhibit the sexual receptivity of females, at least over the short term. However, there was a marked difference in the remating propensity of once-mated and multiply-mated females, with multiply-mated females taking significantly longer to remate. These results suggest that female sexual receptivity changes in response to the gradual accumulation of sperm or ejaculatory products in the female's spermatheca over multiple matings.
Is Male Unpredictability a Paternity Assurance Strategy?
Authors: Danchin Etienne , Helfenstein Fabrice , Wagner Richard 
Published: October 2004

AbstractIn socially monogamous birds, levels of extra-pair paternity vary widely across species. A possible explanation for this variation is that the costs to both sexes of pursuing extra-pair copulations (EPCs) varies widely, which may substantially depend upon the effectiveness of the paternity assurance tactics employed by pair males. Given the prevalence of extra-pair paternity, an enigma exists in non-mate-guarding species in which males have no apparent means of assuring their paternity and yet rarely or never lose paternity. We propose that males in some species may pursue a subtle but effective paternity assurance tactic consisting of unpredictable behaviour. By departing and returning to and from their mates at unpredictable intervals males may be able to deter other males and their mates from attempting EPCs. Consistent with this idea, we found in the monogamous kittiwake Rissa tridactyla that the absences of males became decreasingly predictable in duration as their mates' fertile periods approached. Moreover, the durations of 80% of male absences were shorter than the minimum duration of copulations, creating a high probability of pair males returning in time to prevent EPCs. Factors other than male unredictability may explain the lack of extra-pair paternity in kittiwakes. Nevertheless, the unpredictable male hypothesis is testable in the many species with variable levels of EPP. Furthermore, we suggest that unpredictability may comprise a general strategy by which animals of both sexes protect various reproductive assets such as food, mates and territories.
The Demographic and Reproductive Context of Male Replacements in Cebus Capucinus
Authors: Jack Katharine , Fedigan Linda Marie 
Published: October 2004

AbstractMale primates may immigrate into groups by peacefully joining the residents and taking up low-ranking positions in the hierarchy, or they may enter by force, challenging the resident males and attempting to drive them from high rank or from the group. Here we address the questions of how, when, and why immigrating male white-faced capuchins (C. capucinus) at Santa Rosa replace the former resident males of our groups, rather than simply joining them. We present data on 15 male replacements in 6 study groups tracked from 1984 through March 2004. During 11 aggressive takeovers, resident males were nearly always outnumbered by coalitions of invading males; lone resident males were particularly vulnerable. Both residents and invaders were wounded and infants often perished during or soon after takeovers. Male replacements also occur when resident males abandon their groups and males from neighboring groups 'waltz in' to become resident. Three such 'waltz in' replacements occurred during the study period. If we combine takeovers with 'waltz in' cases, replacements occur about every 4 years in our study groups, almost invariably during the dry season months of January to April, about 3-6 months before the annual peak in conceptions. In the years that groups are subject to takeovers, group composition includes significantly lower proportions of adult males than in no-takeover years. We conclude that: (1) the mechanism of male replacement is usually aggressive takeover, but sometimes abandonment of the group by prior resident males occurs; and (2) aggressive takeovers are more likely to happen when the group is vulnerable because it has a lower proportion of adult males, particularly when all co-resident males have emigrated, leaving only the alpha male in residence. Our long-term study shows that adult males need coalition partners not only to gain entry to a group but also to maintain their membership within it.
Thresholds or Comparisons: Mate Choice Criteria And Sexual Selection in a Periodical Cicada, Magicicada Septendecim (Hemiptera: Cicadidae)
Authors: Marshall David , Cooley John 
Published: October 2004

AbstractMany insects possess life history characteristics that make them unlikely to use the kinds of relative mate choice criteria implicit in theoretical discussions of leks; thus, many insect mating aggregations are treated differently, as 'swarms' or 'choruses.' Yet periodical cicadas (Magicicada spp.) seem strong candidates for participating in lek mating systems. We present a series of observations and experiments designed to reveal whether there are mating biases in periodical cicadas and whether any biases are most consistent with flexible ('best-of-N 'choice) or fixed (threshold choice) mating criteria. We rule out postcopulatory choice by demonstrating that most females mate once, after which they become sexually unreceptive. In our study, patterns of mating success among actively chorusing males are indistinguishable from random mating, and we uncover no consistent differences between unmated and mated males on the basis of size and song pitch, two criteria that have been associated with Magicicada mating biases in other contexts. Because our results are most consistent with a fixed-threshold choice mechanism, we suggest that Magicicada mating aggregations do not function in a manner similar to vertebrate leks even though they fulfill Bradbury's (1981) lek criteria. Instead, features of Magicicada behavior suggesting female selectivity may arise incidentally from males' and females' unequal tendencies to mate multiply, the resulting superabundance of sexually receptive males, and the high frequency at which females are courted at the onset of mating readiness.
Subordinate Male Black Howler Monkey (Alouatta Pigra) Responses to Loud Calls: Experimental Evidence for the Effects of Intra-group Male Relationships and Age
Authors: Horwich Robert , James Roxie , Kitchen Dawn 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWhen assessing a group's overall fighting ability, functional group size (i. e. the number of cooperative members willing to confront opponents) may be more important than actual group size. Despite obvious benefits, group members do not always act in a collective manner. For example, participation by subordinate male black howler monkeys (Alouatta pigra) in natural group-level contests is highly variable. Using playback experiments, we examined whether alpha-subordinate relationships, number of intruders, or age affected subordinate contest participation. Long-term census data were used to estimate the nature and duration of intra-group male associations. Some subordinate males had long-term relationships with the alpha that existed prior to residence in the current group or they were the alpha male's grown sons. Other subordinate males were in more recent associations with the alpha that formed under seemingly antagonistic circumstances (e. g. the deposed alpha or his grown sons). We found that subordinate males in long-term alpha-subordinate associations had stronger howling and approach responses than males in short-term associations. Younger long-term associates had the strongest reactions to simulated intruders, similarly aged shortterm associates rarely responded, and older males in both association categories responded at intermediate levels. We discuss the variable strategies of subordinate male black howlers and suggest that males who were more likely to participate in group-defence might be gaining direct or indirect fitness benefits by group living.
Farnesyltransferase inhibitors interact synergistically with the Chk1 inhibitor UCN-01 to induce apoptosis in human leukemia cells through interruption of both Akt and MEK/ERK pathways and activation of SEK1/JNK
Authors: Dai Yun , Rahmani Mohamed , Pei Xin-Yan , Khanna Payal , Han Song Iy , Mitchell Clint , Dent Paul , Grant Steven 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Interactions between the Chk1 inhibitor UCN-01 and the farnesyltransferase inhibitor L744832 were examined in human leukemia cells. Combined exposure of U937 cells to subtoxic concentrations of UCN-01 and L744832 resulted in a dramatic increase in mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and loss of clonogenicity. Similar interactions were noted in other leukemia cells (HL-60, Raji, Jurkat) and primary acute myeloid leukemia (AML) blasts. Coadministration of L744832 blocked UCN-01-mediated phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK/ERK), leading to down-regulation of phospho-cyclic adenosine monophosphate responsive element-binding protein (phospho-CREB) and -p90RSK and activation of p34cdc2 and stress-activated protein kinase/ERK kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SEK/JNK). Combined treatment also resulted in pronounced reductions in levels of phospho-Akt, -glycogen synthase kinase-3 (-GSK-3), -p70S6K, -mammalian target of rapamycin (-mTOR), -forkhead transcription factor (-FKHR), -caspase-9, and -Bad. Ectopic expression of Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL but not dominant-negative caspase-8 blocked UCN-01/L744832-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis but did not prevent activation of p34cdc2 and JNK or inactivation of MEK/ERK and Akt. Enforced expression of myristoylated Akt but not constitutively active MEK significantly attenuated UCN-01/L744832-induced apoptosis. However, dual transfection with Akt and MEK resulted in further protection from UCN-01/L744832-mediated lethality. Finally, down-regulation of JNK1 by siRNA significantly reduced the lethality of the UCN-01/L744832 regimen. Together, these findings suggest that farnesyltransferase inhibitors interrupt the cytoprotective Akt and MAPK pathways while reciprocally activating SAPK/JNK in leukemia cells exposed to UCN-01 and, in so doing, dramatically increase mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. (Blood. 2005;105:1706-1716)
Review and standardization of cell phone exposure calculations using the SAM phantom and anatomically correct head models
Authors: Beard Brian B , Kainz Wolfgang 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWe reviewed articles using computational RF dosimetry to compare the Specific Anthropomorphic Mannequin (SAM) to anatomically correct models of the human head. Published conclusions based on such comparisons have varied widely. We looked for reasons that might cause apparently similar comparisons to produce dissimilar results. We also looked at the information needed to adequately compare the results of computational RF dosimetry studies. We concluded studies were not comparable because of differences in definitions, models, and methodology. Therefore we propose a protocol, developed by an IEEE standards group, as an initial step in alleviating this problem. The protocol calls for a benchmark validation study comparing the SAM phantom to two anatomically correct models of the human head. It also establishes common definitions and reporting requirements that will increase the comparability of all computational RF dosimetry studies of the human head.
Ion-sensing Behavior of Ion-selective Electrodes Based on 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis (4-n-Dodecylphenyl) porphyrin
Authors: Moriuchi-Kawakami Takayo , Nishimura Hiroshi , Fujimori Keiichi , Shibutani Yasuhiko , Sugino Takushi , Shimizu Yo 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(4-n-dodecylphenyl)porphyrin (C12TPPH2) as a neutral carrier of ion-selective electrodes exhibited excellent cation-sensing behavior for the Ag+ ion with high sensitivity and fast potential response.
Large-scale Growth of Hollow Sb Microspheres
Authors: Zhang Wanqun , Xu Liqiang , Xi Guangchen , Yu Weichao , Qian Yitai 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Uniform hollow antimony micron spheres were synthesized on a large scale using SbCl3 and dithizone as starting reagents in ethylenediamine at 140 °C for 72 h. XRD and Raman results reveal that the as-obtained final product is pure Sb. FE-SEM and TEM observation reveals that the prepared hollow microspheres are composed of nanoparticles. The possible formation mechanism was briefly discussed.
Field-effect Transistors Based on Poly(p-phenylenevinylene) Derivatives
Authors: Muratsubaki Masanori , Furukawa Yukio , Noguchi Takanobu , Ohnishi Toshihiro , Fujiwara Eiichi , Tada Hirokazu 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
Field-effect mobilities and on/off current ratios have been determined for the organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) based on three kinds of poly(p-phenylenevinylene) derivatives. The best transistor performance has been obtained for poly(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV). The hole mobility and the on/off ratio obtained for the MEH-PPV OFET are 3.6 × 10−4 cm2/Vs and 1.5 × 106, respectively. These OFETs operate stably in the atmosphere as well as in vacuum.
Substituent Effects on the Solvatochromism of 2-Phenylimidazopyrazinones: Effective Control of the Color Variation Range and Sensitivity toward an Indication of the Proton-donor Ability of Solvents by an Electron-withdrawing Group Substitution
Authors: Takamuki Yoshiharu , Maki Shojiro , Niwa Haruki , Ikeda Hiroshi , Hirano Takashi 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
A para-substitution on the phenyl group of 2-phenylimidazopyrazinone successively resulted in a change of the solvatochromic property, especially of the color-variation range and sensitivity to solvents, demonstrating that derivatives possessing an electron-withdrawing group are preferable as potential indicators of the proton-donor ability of solvents.
Preparation of a Clay Pillared with Rodlike Cationic Polysiloxane
Authors: Kaneko Yoshiro , Iyi Nobuo , Matsumoto Taki , Kitamura Kenji 
Published: October 2004

Abstract
A clay pillared with a polymer was prepared by the ion-exchange of Na-saponite with a novel rodlike cationic polysiloxane. The present material had a d-value of ca. 1.8 nm, expanded by incorporation of the polysiloxane. It provided a micropore material with a relatively large surface area of more than 300 m2/g in the interlayer space.