bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved diabetes control after prolonged fasting — the Ramadan model
Authors: Maislos Maximo , Abou‐Rabiah Yunes , Zuili Irenne , Shany Shraga 
Published: September 2002

AbstractWe studied the effect of one large evening meal (gorging‐type diet) on patients with diabetes mellitus, during the month of Ramadan. Observant Muslims refrain from food and drink during the day and eat a large meal after sundown. It was an observational study carried out under field conditions in the Bedouin town of Rahat, in the northern Negev area of Israel. Fasting diabetic subjects were studied before, at the end of, and one month after Ramadan. Body weight, changes in medication, frequency of acute complications, plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c were determined. Sixty‐seven fasting Muslim diabetic patients were studied. A significant decrease in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c; p<0.001) was observed at the end of the month of fasting. There was no significant change in the total daily dose of antidiabetic agents, or in the incidence of acute diabetic complications. The gorging‐type diet, followed for one month, was well tolerated and safe. A statistically significant decrease in HbA1c suggests a beneficial effect of the Ramadan fast in these patients. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changes in the care of the diabetic foot: part two
Authors: Foster A 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis two‐part paper (the first part is in the previous issue of Practical Diabetes International) describes how specialised foot care for people with diabetes has developed over the ages. Until the 1980s, uncontrolled infections, ‘salami’ procedures (where patients first lose a toe, then more toes, then a foot and then a leg), major amputations and deaths were alarmingly common. The last two decades of the 20th Century saw an uspsurge in interest in the management of the diabetic foot, and the development of new treatments delivered by multidisciplinary teams led to halving of major amputations in a number of centres. New approaches included the development of modern podiatry offering preventative foot care and also debridement, antibiotics to control infections, shoes, insoles and casts to relieve abnormal mechanical forces, preventative education and surgical and radiological procedures to re‐perfuse the ischaemic limb. However, the new techniques are not universally applied and the diabetic foot remains a major public health problem. All over the world, public health systems have failed the diabetic foot and many patients have no rapid access to expert care from experienced teams. The incidence of diabetes is increasing epidemic proportions, and amputations are also on the increase. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A pharmacodynamic assessment of the impact of antihypertensive non‐adherence on blood pressure control
Authors: Choo Peter W. , Rand Cynthia S. , Inui Thomas S. , Lee Mei‐Ling Ting , Canning Claire , Platt Richard 
Published: September 2002

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate if antihypertensive regimens that conform to present FDA guidelines by maintaining ≥ 50% of their peak effect at the end of the dosing interval protect patients during sporadic lapses in adherence.Methods169 patients on monotherapy for high blood pressure underwent electronic adherence monitoring for 3 months. Blood pressures were measured during non‐study office visits and were retrieved from automated medical records. Questionnaires were used to obtain other covariate information. The ratio of the dosing interval to the half‐life of drug activity (I′) was used to capture conformity with FDA guidelines. Data analysis focused on the interaction between I′ and the impact on blood pressure of delayed dosing.ResultsThe average ( ± standard deviation) blood pressure during the study was 139.0 ( ± 12.0)/85.0 ( ± 6.9) mm Hg. Lisinopril followed by sustained‐release verapamil, atenolol, and hydrochlorothiazide were the most frequently prescribed agents. The majority of regimens (99%) conformed to FDA dosing guidelines. Of the patients 23% missed a dose before their blood pressure check. Non‐adherence, however, did not have a direct impact on blood pressure, and no interaction with I′ of was detected.ConclusionsAmong patients with relatively mild hypertension on single‐drug therapy, regimens that conform to current FDA dosing guidelines may prevent losses of blood pressure control during episodic lapses of adherence. These findings should be replicated in other patient populations with standardized blood pressure measurement to confirm their validity. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radiofrequency and microwave (10 kHz–8 GHz) electrical properties of polypyrrole and polypyrrole–poly(methyl methacrylate) composites
Authors: Mohamed A Bel Hadj , Miane J L , Zangar H 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe complex permittivity ϵ = ϵ′ −j ϵ″ of polypyrrole (PPY) samples and polypyrrole–poly(methyl methacrylate) (PPY‐PMMA) composites is calculated from measurements in the radiofrequency and microwave range (F = 103–8 × 109 Hz) at room temperature. A relaxation phenomenon is observed in PPY‐PMMA composites with polypyrrole concentration p = 6–12% by weight. The frequency Fmax corresponding to the maximum of ϵ″ appears in the radiofrequency domain and increases with the PPY concentration from 104 to 2 × 106 Hz. This relaxation is caused by space charge moving into the conductive clusters of PPY. At low frequency F ≪ Fmax, the real part of the permittivity ϵ′ becomes very high. For F ≪ Fmax, PPY‐PMMA composites have a percolative behaviour, the percolation threshold pc being 3.85%. For F ≫ Fmax, in the microwave domain, an ac component of the conductivity σac appears. σac varies as a power function of the frequency, σac ∝ ω
x; with x < 1, x independent of p.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Pyroelectric and dielectric properties of spin‐coated thin films of vinylidene fluoride–trifluoroethylene copolymers
Authors: Akcan M I , Topacli C 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis work emphasizes the use of vinylidene fluoride and trifluoroethylene copolymer P(VDF‐TrFE) as a pyroelectric sensor. The pyroelectric and dielectric properties of the copolymer have been investigated in the temperature interval 150–350 K. The samples were prepared by using a spin‐coating technique with 70/30 mol% VDF/TrFE copolymer. The final film thickness of the samples, which is mainly determined by the concentration of the copolymer, spinning rate and spin time, was measured with a surface profiler. The samples were annealed at 150 °C for 10 min to improve the crystallinity of the copolymer. The crystallinity of the annealed and non‐annealed samples was compared by IR spectroscopy. The most effective process by which to improve the pyroelectric response of the material is to pole the sample with huge poling field‐strengths at elevated temperatures. Both pyroelectric and dielectric activities of the samples were measured after each successful poling process. It was observed that while the pyroelectric activity of the material increases, the dielectric activity decreases, so the figure‐of‐merit of the material, which shows the sensor capability of the material, was increased by a significant amount. It was found that the pyroelectric coefficient of VDF/TrFE (70/30 mol%) copolymer is 68.7 µC m−2 K−1 at 300 K.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Breakeven criteria for the GaInNAs junction in GaInP/GaAs/GaInNAs/Ge four‐junction solar cells
Authors: Friedman D. J. , Kurtz Sarah R. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe four‐junction GaInP/GaAs/GaInNAs/Ge solar cell structure holds the promise of efficiencies exceeding those of the GaInP/GaAs/Ge three‐junction cell, which at present is the benchmark for high‐efficiency multijunction cell performance. The performance of GaInNAs junctions demonstrated to date has been insufficient for the realization of these projected efficiency gains, owing to poor minority‐carrier properties in the GaInNAs. However, incremental improvements in the GaInNAs junctions have brought this breakeven point within sight. In this paper, we use a semiempirical approach to estimate the efficiency of the GaInP/GaAs/GaInNAs/Ge four‐junction solar cell structure as a function of the performance parameters of the GaInNAs third junction. The results provide guidance on the extent to which the current and voltage of present‐day GaInNAs junctions will need to be improved in order for the resulting four‐junction cell to realize its potential for efficiencies higher than that of GaInP/GaAs/Ge benchmark. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of polymers by template polymerization. I. Template polymerization of poly(methacrylic acid) with β‐cyclodextrin
Authors: Saito Reiko , Okuno Yoshiki , Kobayashi Hiroaki 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA novel template monomer with multiple methacryloyl groups was synthesized with β‐cyclodextrin by the acetylation of primary hydroxyl groups and the esterification of secondary hydroxyl groups with methacrylic acid anhydride. The average number of methacryloyl groups in the monomer was 11. The radical polymerization of the monomer was carried out with the following initiators: α,α′‐azobisisobutylonitrile, H2O2Fe2+ redox initiator, p‐xylyl‐N,N‐dimethyldithiocarbamate (XDC), and α‐bromo‐p‐xylyl‐N,N‐dimethyldithiocarbamate (BXDC). When the concentration of the monomer was less than 4.12 × 10−3 M, polymerization was limited inside the molecule, and gelation of the system was hindered. For controlled radical photopolymerization with XDC and BXDC, the methacryloyl groups of the monomer were homogeneously polymerized, and poly(methacrylic acid) with a narrow molecular weight distribution was obtained by the hydrolysis of the polymerized products. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3539–3546, 2001
Asymmetric anionic polymerization of N‐1‐naphthylmaleimide with chiral ligand‐organometal complexes in toluene
Authors: Isobe Yukio , Onimura Kenjiro , Tsutsumi Hiromori , Oishi Tsutomu 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAsymmetric anionic homopolymerizations of N‐1‐naphthylmaleimide (1‐NMI) were performed with chiral ligand/organometal complexes to form optically active polymers. Poly(1‐NMI)s obtained with methylene‐bridged bisoxazoline derivatives (Rbox)‐diethylzinc (Et2Zn) complexes showed high specific optical rotations ([α]) from +152.3 to +191.4°. Circular dichroism spectra of the polymers exhibited a split Cotton effect in the UV absorption‐band region. According to the exciton chirality method, the absolute configuration of the polymer main chain was determined according to the following method: (+)‐poly[N‐substituted maleimides (RMI)] main chains can contain more (S,S)‐ than (R,R)‐configurations. (−)‐Poly(RMI) main chains can contain more (R,R)‐ than (S,S)‐configurations. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3556–3565, 2001
Effect of the chemical nature and length of spacer arms on the covalent grafting of fluorinated molecular probes at the surface of poly(ethylene terephthalate) membrane
Authors: Biltresse Stéphane , Descamps Dimitri , Henneuse‐Boxus Cathy , Marchand‐Brynaert Jacqueline 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA series of fluorinated molecular probes were synthesized that are characterized by spacer arms of various lengths and polarities. Previous molecules (1, 2a, 2b, 2c, 3a, 3b) were covalently fixed on the surface of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) membranes via activated hydroxyl chain endings. X‐ray photoelectron microscopic analysis of the grafted samples allowed us to quantify the PET surface reactivity; the results were within 40–50 pmol/cm2 of fixed probes, independent of the length and hydrophilicity of the spacer arms. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 770–781, 2002; DOI 10.1002/pola.10156
Effect of glyoxylic oxime ether on radical polymerization of styrene
Authors: Sato Tsuneyuki , Sato Nobuyuki , Seno Makiko , Hirano Tomohiro 
Published: September 2002

AbstractMethyl benzyloxyiminoacetate (MBOIA), a glyoxylic oxime ether, revealed different behaviors depending on the kinds of monomers used in the radical polymerization. MBOIA served as a retarder for styrene (St) and an inhibitor for vinyl acetate, whereas it showed little effect on the polymerization of methyl methacrylate. The retardation effect of MBOIA on the polymerization of St with dimethyl 2,2′‐azobisisobutyrate (MAIB) was examined in detail in benzene. The rate constant (kx) of the reaction of MBOIA with polystyrene (PS) radical was 92 L/mol s at 50 °C, 112 L/mol s at 60 °C, and 143 L/mol s at 70 °C, indicating that the reactivity of MBOIA toward PS radical is less than that of St by a factor of about 3. The Arrhenius plot of kx gave an activation energy of 20.3 kJ/mol. A nitrogen‐centered radical of a stationary state was observed by electron spin resonance (ESR) in the polymerization of St with MAIB at 60 °C in benzene in the presence of MBOIA, which is assignable to the radical (MBOIA ·) formed by addition of PS radical to MBOIA. The stationary MBOIA · concentration increased with increasing MBOIA concentration and then tended to be saturated at high concentrations. The rate constant of termination between MBOIA · radicals was 1.87 × l05 L/mol s at 60 °C with ESR. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 2772–2781, 2002
Second‐harmonic response of a series of chiral polyesters: A joint experimental and theoretical study
Authors: Philip Biju , Sreekumar K. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA series of polyesters with π‐conjugated donor–acceptor segments was synthesized by the condensation of azobenzene‐4,4′‐dicarbonylchloride with 1,4:3,6‐dianhydro‐D‐sorbitol ([α] = + 42.5°) and biphenolic chromophores, bis(4‐hydroxyphenylazo)‐2,2′‐dinitrodiphenylmethane and bis(4‐hydroxyphenylazo)‐2,2′‐dinitrodiphenylsulfone. The polymers were characterized by spectral methods (IR, ultraviolet–visible, and NMR), thermal methods (thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry), wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, and polarimetry. The polymers containing isosorbide units were optically active and crystalline. They exhibited glass‐transition temperature values between 100 and 160 °C and were stable up to 400 °C. The second‐harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of the polymers was experimentally verified by a powder‐reflection technique with 2‐methyl‐4‐nitroaniline as a reference. The SHG efficiencies of the polymers were compared to those of the chromophores and explained as a function of the percentage of chiral composition. The hyperpolarizability β values were also determined by a two‐level model solvatochromic method and computational methods. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 2868–2877, 2002
Influence of camphorsulfonic acid in nitroxide‐mediated styrene miniemulsion polymerization
Authors: Cunningham Michael F. , Tortosa Karine , Lin Marcus , Keoshkerian Barkev , Georges Michael K. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe rate‐accelerating effects of camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) on nitroxide‐mediated styrene miniemulsion polymerization were studied. Polymerizations were initiated with benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as an initiator and mediated with either 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidinyloxy (TEMPO) or 4‐hydroxy‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidinyloxy (OH‐TEMPO). Although CSA has been used to accelerate the rate in bulk nitroxide‐mediated polymerizations, it has not been well studied in emulsion/miniemulsion. With dispersed systems, the effectiveness of CSA is likely to be affected by partitioning between the aqueous and organic phases. In styrene miniemulsion experiments performed over a range of conditions, the effect of adding CSA varied from negligible to significantly increasing the final conversion and molecular weight, depending on the nitroxide:BPO ratio. At a ratio of nitroxide:BPO = 1.7, the effect of CSA addition is small, whereas the final conversion and molecular weight are dramatically enhanced by CSA addition when the nitroxide:BPO ratio is 3.6. CSA is most effective in enhancing the rate and molecular weight when the initial free‐nitroxide concentration is higher. The magnitude of the rate and molecular weight enhancement was similar for TEMPO and OH‐TEMPO despite their differences in water solubility. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 2828–2841, 2002
Synthesis of poly(p‐phenylene) macromonomers and multiblock copolymers
Authors: Bloom Paul D. , Sheares Valerie V. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractRigid‐rod poly(4′‐methyl‐2,5‐benzophenone) macromonomers were synthesized by Ni(0) catalytic coupling of 2,5‐dichloro‐4′‐methylbenzophenone and end‐capping agent 4‐chloro‐4′‐fluorobenzophenone. The macromonomers produced were labile to nucleophilic aromatic substitution. The molecular weight of poly(4′‐methyl‐2,5‐benzophenone) was controlled by varying the amount of the end‐capping agent in the reaction mixture. Glass‐transition temperatures of the macromonomers increased with increasing molecular weight and ranged from 117 to 213 °C. Substitution of the macromonomer end groups was determined to be nearly quantitative by 1H NMR and gel permeation chromatography. The polymerization of a poly(4′‐methyl‐2,5‐benzophenone) macromonomer [number‐average molecular weight (Mn) = 1.90 × 103 g/mol; polydispersity (Mw)/Mn = 2.04] with hydroxy end‐capped bisphenol A polyaryletherketone (Mn = 4.50 × 103 g/mol; Mw/Mn = 1.92) afforded an alternating multiblock copolymer (Mn = 1.95 × 104 g/mol; Mw/Mn = 6.02) that formed flexible, transparent films that could be creased without cracking. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3505–3512, 2001
Decomposition of model alkoxyamines in simple and polymerizing systems. I. 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidinyl‐ N‐oxyl‐based compounds
Authors: Ananchenko Gennady S. , Fischer Hanns 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe thermal decomposition of five alkoxyamines labeled TEMPO–R, where TEMPO was 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidinyl‐N‐oxyl and R was cumyl (Cum), 2‐tert‐butoxy‐carbonyl‐2‐propyl (PEst), phenylethyl (PhEt), 1‐tert‐butoxy‐carbonylethyl (EEst), or 1‐methoxycarbonyl‐3‐methyl‐3‐phenylbutyl (Acrylate‐Cum), was studied with 1H NMR in the absence and presence of styrene and methyl methacrylate. The major products were alkenes and the hydroxylamine 1‐hydroxy‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐ piperidine (TEMPOH), and in monomer‐containing solutions, unimeric and polymeric alkoxyamines and alkenes were also found. Furthermore, the reactions between TEMPO and the radicals EEst and PEst were studied with chemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization. In comparison with coupling, TEMPO reacted with the radicals Cum, PEst, PhEt, and EEst and their unimeric styrene adducts by disproportionation to alkenes and TEMPOH only to a minor extent (0.6–3%) but with the radical adducts to methyl methacrylate to a considerable degree (≥20%). Parallel to the radical cleavage, TEMPO–EEst (but not the other alkoxyamines or TEMPO–Acrylate‐Cum) underwent substantial nonradical decay. The consequences for TEMPO‐mediated living radical polymerizations are discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 3604–3621, 2001
Flat polymer ribbons and other shapes by electrospinning
Authors: Koombhongse Sureeporn , Liu Wenxia , Reneker Darrell H. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn addition to round nanofibers, electrospinning a polymer solution can produce thin fibers with a variety of cross‐sectional shapes. Branched fibers, flat ribbons, ribbons with other shapes, and fibers that were split longitudinally from larger fibers were observed. The transverse dimensions of these asymmetric fibers were typically 1 or 2 μm, measured in the widest direction. A correlation of the branches and bends, observed in high‐frame‐rate videography of the electrified jets of polymer solutions from which the ribbons and branched fibers were produced, suggest that these phenomena occur at scales ranging from around 1 mm to 1 μm. The observation of fibers with these cross‐sectional shapes from a number of different kinds of polymers and solvents indicates that fluid mechanical effects, electrical charge carried with the jet, and evaporation of the solvent all contributed to the formation of the fibers. The influence of a skin on the jets of polymer solutions accounts for a number of the observations. The observed shapes can be used as guides for the extension of mathematical or computer‐generated models for the electrospinning process. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 39: 2598–2606, 2001
Effective interaction parameter between branched and linear polystyrene
Authors: Greenberg C. C. , Foster M. D. , Turner C. M. , Corona‐Galvan S. , Cloutet E. , Quirk R. P. , Butler P. D. , Hawker C. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractValues of the effective interaction parameter (χ) between regular, long‐branched polystyrene chains and their linear analogues were measured with small‐angle neutron scattering for several star‐branched chains and one comb‐type polymer. The contribution to this interaction due to architecture alone increases monotonically with star functionality for the set of polymers studied here. The interaction appears to be less sensitive to variations in arm size than would be expected from fluctuation theory predictions by G. H. Fredrickson, A. Liu, and F. S. Bates (Macromolecules 1994, 27, 2503) for a purely entropic interaction due to architecture. The change in χ with the volume fraction of the star in the blend is in agreement with the theory, however. The magnitudes of the interaction in the star/linear blends are small enough that bulk phase separation is unlikely, whereas that in the comb/linear blend is about 20 times higher for the same number of arms. Thus, bulk phase separation can be readily expected for comb/linear blends at commercially relevant values of molecular weights. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 39: 2549–2561, 2001
Crystal growth rate in ultrathin films of poly(ethylene oxide)
Authors: Dalnoki‐Veress K. , Forrest J. A. , Massa M. V. , Pratt A. , Williams A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractMany dynamical properties of polymers, including segmental relaxation and chain diffusion, exhibit anomalies in thin‐film samples. We extend the studies of thin‐film dynamics to the case of semicrystalline polymers and present a study of the crystal growth rate for thin films of poly(ethylene oxide). We used optical microscopy and quartz crystal microbalance techniques to characterize the kinetics of crystallization for films with thicknesses from 40 to 1000 nm for a range of temperatures near the melting point. A remarkable slowing down of the crystal growth is observed at all temperatures studied for films with a thickness of less than ∼100 nm. The results can be used to suggest reductions of the mobility of chains at the crystal/amorphous interface. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 39: 2615–2621, 2001
Transesterification kinetics of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(ethylene 2,6‐naphthalate) blends with the addition of 2,2′‐bis(1,3‐oxazoline)
Authors: Yang Haihua , He Jian , Liang Borun 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe kinetics of the transesterification reaction between poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(ethylene 2,6‐naphthalate) (PEN) with and without the addition of a chain extender were studied with 1H NMR. Different kinetic approaches were considered, and a second‐order, reversible reaction was accepted for the PET/PEN reactive blend system. The addition of 2,2′‐bis(1,3‐oxazoline) (BOZ) promoted the transesterification reaction between PET and PEN in the molten state. The activation energy of the transesterification reaction for the PET/PEN reactive blend with BOZ (94.0 kJ/mol) was lower than that without BOZ (168.9KJ/mol). The rate constant k took an almost constant value for blend samples with different compositions mixed at 275 °C. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 39: 2607–2614, 2001