bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new microfocus x‐ray source, iMOXS, for highly sensitive XRF analysis in scanning electron microscopes
Authors: Bjeoumikhov A. , Arkadiev V. , Eggert F. , Hodoroaba V.‐D. , Langhoff N. , Procop M. , Rabe J. , Wedell R. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractScanning electron microscopes are usually equipped with energy‐dispersive X‐ray detectors for electron probe microanalysis. This widespread analytical method allows investigators to determine the elemental composition of specimens with a spatial resolution of about 1 µm. However, owing to the electron–specimen interaction, the emitted spectra reveal, in addition to characteristic lines, also a high level of continuous bremsstrahlung background. As a result, elements with low concentrations cannot be identified. The minimum detection limit can be diminished by two orders of magnitude if the characteristic lines are excited as fluorescence by an additional x‐ray source. In this case, the emergence of bremsstrahlung is considerably reduced. Combining a high‐brilliance microfocus x‐ray tube with efficient polycapillary optics enables one to realize an experimental arrangement for performing local fluorescence analysis at the same point where the electron beam hits the sample. The polycapillary optics under consideration focuses the emitted x‐radiation onto focal spots between 30 and 100 µm in diameter. Count rates of several thousands cps have been achieved. Elemental maps have been obtained by means of the motorized specimen stage of the microscope. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Topographic and climatic controls on soil environments and net primary production in a rugged temperate hardwood forest in Korea
Authors: Kang Sinkyu , Lee Dowon , Lee Jangho , Running Steven W. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractEight years (1994–2001) of field data and a biogeochemical process model, BIOME‐BGC, were used to examine effects of local topography and inter‐annual climatic variability on soil physical (i.e., soil moisture and temperature) and biogeochemical (i.e., organic matter content, soil respiration, and leaf litter production) variables in a temperate hardwood forest in Korea. The field data were collected from adjacent south‐facing (S) and north‐facing (N) slopes, respectively, to examine effects of local topography, and were utilized to validate predictability according to BIOME‐BGC which was applied to model unmeasured hydro‐ecological processes [i.e., evapotranspiration, net primary production (NPP), and net ecosystem exchange of carbon]. Our field‐data analyses indicated that soil‐related variables including soil temperature, water content, organic matter, soil respiration, and floor leaf litter store significantly differed between the S and N slopes, while leaf litter production did not differ as significantly as the soil‐related variables. The BIOME‐BGC predictions showed good agreement with the mean field data aggregated across the slopes. Our simulation results and field observations indicated that the inter‐annual variations of leaf litter production and maximum leaf area index were best explained by precipitation, both at a 1‐year lag, while variation in annual NPP was well correlated with precipitation without a temporal lag. Our results imply that: (1) local topography needs to be explicitly considered in ecosystem studies as a forcing function generating spatial heterogeneity in soil physical and biogeochemical variables within a rugged landscape, and (2) water limits vegetation productivity in our study forest, in spite of a relatively high annual precipitation rate (1,579 mm year−1).
Postgraduate training for young psychiatrists—experience of the Berlin Summer School
Authors: Mihai A. , Ströhle A. , Maric N. , Heinz A. , Helmchen H. , Sartorius N. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBackgroundGrowing professional exchange between Eastern and Western European countries increases the possibilities for international postgraduate training courses and by that satisfying the need for rapid and facilitation of travel and migration in the enlarged European Union increase achieving high standards. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a summer school program that trained young Eastern European psychiatrists and to assess the impact of the program on their professional development and future activities.MethodWe evaluated the training effect of the first 3 years of the Berlin Summer School with respect to (1) the participants' satisfaction with the topics, quality and originality of the presentations, and (2) long-term effects and implications for their professional career. All participants (N = 43) filled out anonymously the evaluation form at the end of each summer school. An evaluation of long-term effects was carried out 2 years later with a questionnaire that was sent via e-mail to all former participants.ResultsParticipants were most satisfied with practical topics such as “how to prepare a paper”, “how to evaluate a paper”, or “how to participate in a congress.” The appreciation of the presented topics and the appreciation of courses increased in each consecutive summer school. All summer school participants reported that the course had some influence on their future career, and one fifth of the participants felt that their professional development was influenced “a lot”.ConclusionsAlthough limited to 1 week of intensive training, a summer school program can have a longer lasting positive influence on the professional development of the participants. Participants felt that particularly the training of practical skills improved their research performance. Former participants founded an independent multicentric and multinational research group and supported national courses that were organized similar to the Berlin Summer School.
Effect of short‐term organoid culture on the pharmaco‐mechanical properties of rat extra‐ and intrapulmonary arteries
Authors: Guibert Christelle , Savineau Jean Pierre , Crevel Huguette , Marthan Roger , Rousseau Eric 
Published: September 2005

Organoid cultured explants from differentiated tissues have gained renewed interest in the undertaking of physiological and pharmacological studies. In the work herein, we examined the pharmaco‐mechanical properties of an in vitro model consisting of organoid cultured rings derived from rat extra‐ and intrapulmonary arteries, over a period of 4 days in culture.
Mechanical changes were quantified using isometric tension measurements on both fresh and cultured pulmonary arterial tissues, with experiments performed in the presence or absence of 10% foetal calf serum. Conventional histochemical and immunofluorescent stainings were also performed to assess tissue structure integrity and apoptosis.
The explants developed spontaneous rhythmic contractions (SRC) in approximately half of the vessels. SRC amplitude and time course were modified by conditions and agents acting on membrane potential (high‐potassium solutions – levcromakalim, a potassium channel opener), while nitrendipine, an L‐type calcium channel blocker, suppressed SRC.
Cultured explants also developed a hyper‐reactivity to high potassium challenges (10–40 mM). Whereas contraction to serotonin (5‐HT) was enhanced in intrapulmonary arteries, contraction to endothelin‐1 remained unchanged after 4 days of culture. Serum did not alter contractile properties during the culture period.
Endothelial‐dependent relaxation was maintained in response to A23187 500 μM, but was abolished in response to 10 μM carbamylcholine.
Histological and immuno‐histological analyses revealed the absence of hypertrophied vascular wall or apoptosis.
In conclusion, the contractile phenotype as well as tissue structure integrity of organoid explants remain essentially intact during short‐term culture, making this model suitable for pharmaco‐genomic studies.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 692–701. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706379
Effects of combined inhibition of the Na+–H+ exchanger and angiotensin‐converting enzyme in rats with congestive heart failure after myocardial infarction
Authors: Ruetten Hartmut , Gehring Doris , Hiss Katrin , Schindler Ursula , Gerl Martin , Busch Andreas E , Schaefer Stefan 
Published: September 2005

We investigated the single vs the combined long‐term inhibition of Na+–H+ exchanger‐1 (NHE‐1) and ACE in rats with congestive heart failure induced by myocardial infarction (MI).
Rats with MI were randomized to receive either placebo, cariporide (3000 p.p.m. via chow), ramipril (1 mg kg−1 day−1 via drinking water) or their combination for 18 weeks starting on day 3 after surgery.
Cardiac morphology and function was assessed by echocardiography and by means of a 2.0 F conductance catheter to determine left ventricular (LV) pressure volume relationships.
MI for 18 weeks resulted in an increase in LV end‐diastolic diameter (LVDed) in the placebo‐treated group when compared to sham (placebo: 1.1±0.04 cm; sham: 0.86±0.01; P<0.05). Combined inhibition of NHE‐1 and ACE, but not the monotherapies, significantly reduced LVDed (1.02±0.02 cm).
Preload recruitable stroke work (PRSW), dp/dtmax (parameter of systolic function) and end‐diastolic pressure volume relationship (EDPVR, diastolic function) were significantly impaired in placebo‐treated MI group (PRSW: 39±7 mmHg; dp/dtmax: 5185±363 mmHg s−1; EDPVR: 0.042±0.001 mmHg μl−1; all P<0.05). Cariporide treatment significantly improved PRSW (64±7 mmHg), dp/dtmax (8077±525 mmHg s−1) and EDPVR (0.026±0.014 mmHg μl−1), and reduced cardiac hypertrophy in rats with MI. Combined inhibition of NHE‐1 and ACE had even a more pronounced effect on PRSW (72±5 mmHg) and EDPVR (0.026±0.014 mmHg μl−1), as well as cardiac hypertrophy that, however, did not reach statistical significance compared to cariporide treatment alone.
The NHE‐1 inhibitor cariporide significantly improved LV remodeling and function in rats with congestive heart failure induced by MI. The effect of cariporide was comparable or tended to be stronger (e.g. systolic function) compared to ramipril. Combined treatment with cariporide and ramipril tended to be more effective on LV remodeling in rats with heart failure than the single treatments. Thus, inhibition of the NHE‐1 may be a promising novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of congestive heart failure.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 723–731. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706381
Ketamine impairs excitability in superficial dorsal horn neurones by blocking sodium and voltage‐gated potassium currents
Authors: Schnoebel Rose , Wolff Matthias , Peters Saskia C , Bräu Michael E , Scholz Andreas , Hempelmann Gunter , Olschewski Horst , Olschewski Andrea 
Published: September 2005

Ketamine shows, besides its general anaesthetic effect, a potent analgesic effect after spinal administration. We investigated the local anaesthetic‐like action of ketamine and its enantiomers in Na+ and K+ channels and their functional consequences in dorsal horn neurones of laminae I–III, which are important neuronal structures for pain transmission receiving most of their primary sensory input from Aδ and C fibres.
Combining the patch‐clamp recordings in slice preparation with the ‘entire soma isolation’ method, we studied action of ketamine on Na+ and voltage‐activated K+ currents. The changes in repetitive firing behaviour of tonically firing neurones were investigated in current‐clamp mode after application of ketamine.
Concentration–effect curves for the Na+ peak current revealed for tonic block half‐maximal inhibiting concentrations (IC50) of 128 μM and 269 μM for S(+) and R(−)‐ketamine, respectively, showing a weak stereoselectivity. The block of Na+ current was use‐dependent. The voltage‐dependent K+ current (KDR) was also sensitive to ketamine with IC50 values of 266 μM and 196 μM for S(+) and R(−)‐ketamine, respectively. Rapidly inactivating K+ currents (KA) were less sensitive to ketamine. The block of KDR channels led to an increase in action potential duration and, as a consequence, to lowering of the discharge frequency in the neurones.
We conclude that ketamine blocks Na+ and KDR channels in superficial dorsal horn neurones of the lumbar spinal cord at clinically relevant concentrations for local, intrathecal application. Ketamine reduces the excitability of the neurones, which may play an important role in the complex mechanism of its action during spinal anaesthesia.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 826–833. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706385
The self invented personality?  Reflections on authenticity and writing analytic papers
Authors: Astor James 
Published: September 2005

Abstract:  One of the great themes of American literature is the self‐invented personality, whether it is Scott Fitzgerald's Gatsby or one of Philip Roth's alter egos, such as Nathaniel Zuckerman. This is just one of several approaches which novelists employ. They take a problem from life, perhaps their own, and then embark on solving the problem of the book—which is how to write about this. Sometimes, as in Tobias Wolff's novel Old School, the personality of the narrator is woven into an exploration of the creative process itself. Wolff's novel concerns itself not just with writing but with how to become a writer. I explore how this process is similar to both writing about analysis and becoming an analyst.In doing this I discuss issues of authenticity, fiction, art, the effects of identification, the power of the super‐ego, supervision and learning, integrity of life and work, envy and the xenocidal impulse, the regulation of our profession and the loss of trust, and in so doing join in discussion with Plaut, Wharton, Tuckett and others about professional communications, the internal world and the mysteriousness of our relation to our internal objects.
The reception of Holocaust research in the world of psychology
Authors: Wieland‐Burston Joanne 
Published: September 2005

Abstract:  After having spoken to lay and professional audiences in Germany, Switzerland, Austria, England, France and in the United States on the effects of the Shoah on people in psychotherapy today and found varying reactions, I decided to pursue the question in a more consequential way. I devised a questionnaire which I sent to a large number of international psychoanalytic societies. My initial impressions were confirmed: Freudian societies generally devote more work to the topic. Some Jungian societies with especially interested individuals have also devoted a substantial amount of work to the Shoah and its aftermaths. The Jungian hesitancy has to do with our often more archetypal approach and with shame about Jung's statements on the Jewish archetype.On the collective level, the presence of a survivor population seems to make research on the topic more difficult. A certain amount of time must evolve before a society (be it professional, individual or political) deals with collective trauma, be it the Shoah or political oppression.On the personal level, intimacy (also in future, adult relationships) seems blocked when fantasies about parents’ implications in the Shoah prevail. The bottom line of both phenomena is taboo, a prohibition against touching tameh. I propose that the IAAP supports research projects on the Shoah. They could also, as the Freudians do, offer a special prize at each international conference for the best piece of research on the topic of collective trauma.
Comparative efficacy of rapid‐release nicotine gum versus nicotine polacrilex gum in relieving smoking cue‐provoked craving
Authors: Niaura Raymond , Sayette Michael , Shiffman Saul , Glover Elbert D. , Nides Mitch , Shelanski Morris , Shadel William , Koslo Randy , Robbins Bruce , Sorrentino Jim 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTAims  Most relapse episodes occur when smokers are confronted with craving provoked by situational cues. Current nicotine gum can help relieve cue‐provoked cravings, but faster effects may result in more rapid relief. We tested a prototype formulation of a new rapid‐release nicotine gum (RRNG) that provides more rapid release and absorption of nicotine, for its ability to provide faster and better craving relief compared to current nicotine polacrilex gum (NPG).Design  Random assignment to RRNG or NPG, used during a smoking cue provocation procedure.Participants and setting  A total of 319 smokers were exposed to a smoking cue in the laboratory by being asked to light but not smoke a cigarette of their preferred brand. Subjects then chewed a piece of 2 mg RRNG (n = 159) or 2 mg NPG (n = 160) according to randomized assignment.Measurements  Craving assessments were completed at regular intervals before and after cue exposure (baseline, pre‐cue, and 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 25, 30 and 35 minutes after the cue).Findings  Smokers chewing RRNG showed significantly lower craving than NPG subjects starting with the first assessment at 3 minutes (P < 0.025). Repeated‐measures ANOVA revealed a significant treatment × time interaction (P < 0.05)—craving scores dropped more rapidly in RRNG subjects compared to NPG subjects. Survival analyses also indicated superiority of RRNG in achieving more rapid self‐reported meaningful relief (P < 0.05) and complete relief (P < 0.05) of craving.Conclusions  Rapid‐release nicotine gum reduced cue‐provoked craving more rapidly compared to NPG, and thus merits further study in cessation efficacy trials.
Researchers’ experience of co‐operative inquiry in acute mental health care
Authors: Hummelvoll Jan Kåre , Severinsson Elisabeth 
Published: September 2005

Aim.  The aim of this article is to reflect upon our experiences of using co‐operative inquiry in an acute mental health care setting, with a focus on the methodology used in a 4‐year intervention programme developed in Norway between 1999 and 2003.Background.  Action research plays a crucial role in assisting nurses to integrate theory and research with nursing practice. The central characteristic of this approach is the grounding of research in practice in collaboration with clinical practitioners.Methods.  The research was a co‐operative inquiry based on a hermeneutic‐phenomenological approach. The research methods used were ethnographic, including participant observation and face‐to‐face interviews, questionnaires, focus group interviews, and our process notes.Findings.  The different methods used in the co‐operative inquiry design of the Project Teaching Ward (PTW) had both benefits and drawbacks. In particular, the focus group method proved useful due to its ability to stimulate participants’ research interest, and thus motivating them to be actively involved in the development of knowledge. The particular knowledge development process used has been described as a local knowledge dialogue. This dialogue must incorporate critical subjectivity on the part of participants in order to ensure that the research has a reflective resistance, which is decisive for its validity and quality. The findings also highlight the importance of the different roles of project leader in lengthy action research collaboration.Conclusions.  The PTW has illustrated that co‐operative inquiry was well suited for developing knowledge relevant to practice, thus contributing to bridging the gap between practice and theory. In order for this to happen, the research collaboration should be characterized by patience, realism and engagement.
Coping, social support and quality of life over time after myocardial infarction
Authors: Kristofferzon Marja‐Leena , Löfmark Rurik , Carlsson Marianne 
Published: September 2005

Aim.  This paper describes gender differences in perceived coping, social support and quality of life 1, 4 and 12 months after myocardial infarction.Background.  There is a shortage of studies with a longitudinal research design investigating coping, social support and quality of life in women and men after myocardial infarction.Methods.  A longitudinal, descriptive and comparative design was used for the study, which included 74 women and 97 men. At 12 months, 60 women and 88 men remained. Data were collected using the Jalowiec Coping Scale, a social support questionnaire, the SF‐36 Health Survey (health‐related quality of life) and the Quality of Life Index‐Cardiac version (quality of life). The data were collected during the period 1999–2001.Results.  No statistically significant changes over time in coping assessments emerged in the study group, except for fatalistic coping, which diminished over time in men. Women used more evasive coping than men at 4 and 12 months. The perceived efficiency in coping with physical aspects of the heart disease increased. More women than men perceived available support from grandchildren and staff of the church. Health‐related quality of life increased in women and men in physical functioning, role‐physical, vitality, social functioning, and role‐emotional scales. Moreover, an improvement in the mental health scale was evident in women and a reduction in pain in men. No statistically significant gender differences were found for quality of life at any point in time.Conclusions.  The findings can be used to inform caregivers that optimistic, self‐reliant and confrontational coping were the most frequently used by both women and men over the first year after myocardial infarction, and that confrontational coping has been shown to have positive outcomes in the longer term. Nurses should tell women about the importance of seeking prompt treatment and discuss health problems with caregivers and significant others. Care planning should include family members and significant others so that they can support and encourage patients to cope with problems in daily life.
Inducing hypothermia to decrease neurological deficit: literature review
Authors: Zeitzer Mindy B. 
Published: September 2005

Aim.  This paper reports a literature review to examine the effectiveness of inducing hypothermia to decrease neurological deficit after out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest.Background.  After cardiac arrest, severe neurological impairment is a major problem. Outcome after anoxic brain injury following cardiac arrest varies from normal function to brain death. However, a large proportion of these patients are left with severe disability and completely dependent on others for basic needs. Since the 1950s, several studies have shown how hypothermia can be neuroprotective. Recently, these studies have been taken to human trials in populations experiencing out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest.Methods.  A literature search was conducted using the Ovid and MDConsult databases for the years 1966–2004 and the keywords included hypothermia, therapeutic hypothermia, and cardiac arrest. Only English language papers were retrieved. Six human trials were found.Results.  All six studies showed improved neurological outcomes and four of these showed a decrease in mortality. Minimal complications exist from inducing mild hypothermia after cardiac arrest, and include decreased heart rate, increased systemic vascular resistance, transient electrolyte abnormalities (increased serum potassium and glucose), possible increase in pneumonia or other infectious processes, possible rebound hyperthermia, possible hypotension, and possible arrhythmias.Conclusions.  Based on the review of these studies and the recommendations from the Advanced Life Support Task Force of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation, advanced practice nurses should promote this practice, but look for further research on specific treatment recommendations.