bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chromosome V loss due to centromere knockout or MAD2‐deletion is immediately followed by restitution of homozygous diploidy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Zang Yuhui , Garrè Massimiliano , Gjuracic Kresimir , Bruschi Carlo V. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo investigate the possibility of inducing specific chromosome loss by centromere deletion in eukaryotic cells, the yeast diploid strain ZG1, carrying three pairs of heterozygous marker genes (CAN1S/can1R, URA3/Δura3, hphMX4/HIS1), widely spread on both arms of chromosome V, was constructed. One of the two centromeres V of ZG1 was replaced by the LEU2 gene via the well‐established PCR‐mediated knockout technique. After DNA transformation, putative yeast colonies that showed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) for the three markers of chromosome V (CAN1S URA3 hphMX4) were identified among the colonies selected for leucine prototrophy. Phenotypic tests, colony‐PCR and Southern blot analysis of these cells demonstrated the physical loss of the CAN1s, URA3, and hphMX4 marker genes from the genome. Further tetrad analysis results were consistent with this conclusion; however, four‐spore viability indicated a normal chromosome number of these transformants. To verify the diploidy of the selected chromosome V, the HIS1 gene was deleted with a standard KanMX4 knockout DNA cassette. The resulting heterogeneity of the HIS1/KanMX4 markers, together with quantitative PCR and densitometric analysis on chromosome V, confirmed its diploid complement, thereby indicating that an endoreduplication event had taken place. Restitution of diploidy also occurred in MAD2‐deleted strains undergoing higher rates of spontaneous chromosome V loss, indicating a more general phenomenon that is undetectable by phenotypic analysis alone. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Construction of FLAG tagging vectors for Candida albicans
Authors: Umeyama Takashi , Nagai Yuki , Niimi Masakazu , Uehara Yoshimasa 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe have constructed three new vectors for Candida albicans (pFLAG–Act1, pFLAG–Mal2, and pFLAG–Met3). The proteins can be expressed as C‐terminal FLAG‐tagged proteins under the control of different promoters (ACT1, MAL2, and MET3). To confirm the protein expression, we used the Renilla reniformis luciferase and the drug efflux pump Cdr1p of Candida albicans as reporters. The luciferase protein expressed by the MET3 promoter was found to have the strongest activity of the three promoters when cultured in a methionine‐depleted synthetic medium. Cdr1p was expressed as a C‐terminal FLAG‐tagged protein using either these vectors or PCR‐mediated integration. The fluconazole resistance was increased by the Cdr1p expression in a CDR1 homozygous disruptant. The expressed proteins were detected by Western blotting using the anti‐FLAG antibody. We also constructed a Cdr1p–FLAG expressing strain, in which we directly tagged Cdr1p with FLAG on the genome loci, using a PCR‐based integrative marker cassette that was amplified using the pFLAG vector. We then confirmed the protein expression by Western blotting. Thus, these new vectors are useful as C. albicans genetic tools. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Proximal Duodenal Transection and Anastomosis on Interdigestive Sphincter of Oddi Cyclic Motility in Conscious Dogs
Authors: Deng Zhou‐Lu , Nabae Toshinaga , Konomi Hiroyuki , Takahata Shunichi , Yokohata Kazunori , Ogawa Yoshiaki , Chijiiwa Kazuo , Tanaka Masao 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.Gallstones formed after gastrectomy are bilirubinate stones probably associated with biliary stasis and infection. Effects of proximal duodenal transection performed during gastrectomy on interdigestive sphincter of Oddi cyclic motility possibly relevant to this phenomenon were investigated in four conscious dogs. Although the cyclic change in sphincter motility was still in concert with the duodenal migrating motor complex after duodenal transection, the mean period was shortened (p < 0.02), and the frequency (p < 0.005) and amplitude (p < 0.001) of sphincter phasic waves during phase III were decreased. The cyclic variation of basal pressure disappeared, and the mean basal pressure throughout the cycle was significantly reduced (p < 0.003). Transient inhibition of sphincter and duodenal contractions normally seen during phase III disappeared. Duodenal transection reversed the response of the sphincter to cholecystokinin‐octapeptide from inhibition to stimulation and from reduction of the basal pressure to elevation. These data suggest that duodenal transection produces significant changes in interdigestive sphincter of Oddi motility, possibly contributing to augmented duodenobiliary reflux and then lithogenesis. Myoneural continuity between the stomach and sphincter of Oddi at the proximal duodenum may play an important role in maintaining normal biliary dynamics.
Optimal Surgery for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Udelsman Robert , Lakatos Edward , Ladenson Paul 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThere has been a long, unresolved debate regarding the operation of choice for well differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid. We therefore analyzed the feasibility, scope, sample size, and length of follow‐up required to determine the optimal operation for papillary thyroid carcinoma. A statistical approach was used to design a randomized prospective trial comparing the endpoints of complications, recurrence, and cause‐specific mortality. A complication comparison trial is prohibitive owing to the large population required—approximately 12,000 randomized patients. A recurrence trial appears feasible based on sample size: approximately 360 to 800 patients with a 6 to 10‐year follow‐up. However, recurrence detection would be severely compromised in the lobectomy arm, and a unilateral lag‐time bias would occur. A cause‐specific mortality trial proves to be the least objectionable, although a large sample size (n= 3100) would be required. Such a trial is critically dependent on the ability to select an appropriate endpoint. A cause‐specific mortality trial proves to be the most objective and statistically valid endpoint.
Management of Mycobacterial Cervical Lymphadenitis
Authors: Kanlikama Muzaffer , Gökalp Avni 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe treatment results of mycobacterial cervical lymphadenitis in 69 patients between 1990 and 1993 are
reviewed. All patients underwent surgical procedures consisting of
total excision or selective nodal dissection for lymphadenopathies and
curettage for fluctuant cases, followed by antituberculous chemotherapy
applied according to the likely or proved mycobacterial species. For
this purpose, three or four drugs (including isoniazid, rifampin, ethambutol, and streptomycin) were used for 12 to 18 months. The cure
rate was 100% after a minimum follow‐up of 3 years. Clinical features, treatment modes, and guidelines for management are discussed.
Prospective Evaluation of Parathyroid Graft Function after Total Parathyroidectomy and Heterotopic Autotransplantation in Renal Hyperparathyroidism by Bilateral Determination of Intact Parathormone in Cubital Venous Blood
Authors: Walgenbach Siegfried , Hommel Gerhard , Junginger Theo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe value of gradients for intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the assessment of graft function after total parathyroidectomy/autotransplantation for renal hyperparathyroidism was evaluated in a prospective follow‐up study. Altogether 99 patients who underwent operation from August 1, 1987 to December 31, 1996 were prospectively investigated and reexamined postoperatively, including analyses of serum calcium, alkaline phosphatase, and intact PTH in the antecubital venous blood of both arms. The postoperative course is known for all patients. Of the 99 patients included in the study, 95 underwent one to nine reexaminations (median three) over follow‐up periods of 1 month to 5 years (median 24 months). Reproducible PTH gradients were established during follow‐up. Ninety percent of the calculated gradients were ≤ 20. Intermittent postoperative hypocalcemia, due to calcium deficiency of the skeleton in renal osteopathy, led to an increase in PTH secretion and gradients. Increasing gradients > 20 during follow‐up make graft‐dependent recurrence probable. The presence of a gradient of approximately 1 in bilaterally elevated PTH levels may be an indication of hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue in the neck or mediastinum. The combined assessment of the course of gradients for intact PTH, hormone levels in both arms, and serum calcium permits an objective evaluation of parathyroid graft function.
Advances in Therapeutic Endoscopic Treatment of Common Bile Duct Stones
Authors: Seitz Uwe , Bapaye Amol , Bohnacker Sabine , Navarrete Claudio , Maydeo Amit , Soehendra Nib 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAdvances in cannulation techniques and instruments have helped in difficult bile duct cannulation and thus stone extraction. For small common bile duct (CBD) stones, endoscopic papillary balloon dilatation has been proposed as an alternative to endoscopic papillotomy (EPT). The technique must undergo further evaluation before recommending its routine use. For most patients with bile duct stones, EPT remains the method of choice. Out of 8204 patients treated in three surgical endoscopy centers (Chile, Germany, and India), 86% to 91% of all CBD stones could be extracted subsequently after EPT using a Dormia basket; 4% to 7% required mechanical lithotripsy (ML) before removal and 3% to 10% of the patients needed other sophisticated techniques, such as electrohydraulic lithotripsy (EHL), laser‐induced shock‐wave lithotripsy (LISL), or extracorporeal shock‐wave lithotripsy (ESWL). The local expertise and availability of equipment determines the choice of method used. In general, EHL or LISL is used for impacted CBD stones including stones in Mirizzi syndrome refractory to ML. ESWL is best suited for intrahepatic stones. Permanent stenting can be offered to poor risk patients instead of extensive procedures to clear the bile duct. Using currently available nonsurgical techniques, fewer than 1% of all patients with bile duct stones still require surgical intervention.
Long‐term Survival after Resection of Proximal Bile Duct Carcinoma (Klatskin Tumors)
Authors: Gerhards Michael F. , van Gulik Thomas M. , Bosma Anne , ten Hoopen‐Neumann Helgard , Verbeek Paul C.M. , Gonzalez Gonzalez Dionisio , de Wit Laurens T. , Gouma Dirk J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis retrospective study in 79 surgically treated patients with a proximal bile duct carcinoma revealed 12 patients with a median age of 59.5 years (range 21–73 years) who survived more than 5 years. These 12 patients were analyzed to identify specific patient characteristics for long‐term survival. Fifteen patients died from postoperative complications and were excluded from this survival analysis. In relation with preoperative Bismuth classification, there were 3 (20%) long‐term survivors of 15 patients with type I tumors and 9 (35%) long‐term survivors of 26 patients with type II tumors. In the group of type III and IV tumors, there were no long‐term survivors. Concerning the type of resection, 9 of 51 (18%) patients had long‐term survival after local resection and 3 of 13 (23%) patients after local resection combined with hemihepatectomy. Complete tumor‐free surgical specimen margins were found in only 4 of 64 cases (6%), among which only one patient survived more than 5 years. Negative proximal bile duct margins, absence of multifocality, and diploid tumors showed a significant correlation with long‐term survival. There was no significant correlation between long‐term survival and postoperative radiotherapy. Of the 12 long‐term survivors, 5 died after 5 years: 2 had developed metastases and 1 a local recurrence; the other 2 died of a metastasis of an ovarian adenocarcinoma and cachexia, respectively. The remaining seven patients were still alive at the completion of this study. The mean survival of the 64 patients analyzed in this study (in which hospital mortality was excluded) was 33.7 months, with a median survival of 18.8 months. In conclusion, the preoperative Bismuth classification of the tumor, absence of multifocality, diploid‐type tumors, and negative proximal bile duct margins at histopathologic examination were the only significant prognostic factors for long‐term survival.
Thoracoscopic Surgery for Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Authors: Yim Anthony P.C. , Izzat Mohammad Bashar , Lee Tak Wai 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.Tuberculosis historically was a major impetus for the development of thoracic surgery, and it remains a serious health problem of global proportion. Thoracoscopy was first introduced at the turn of this century for closed chest adhesiolysis as an adjunct to collapse therapy for treatment of tuberculosis. This indication became obsolete with the discovery of streptomycin during the 1940s; and for a long time since then thoracoscopy was used only sporadically for the diagnosis of pleural disease. However, over the last few years, modern video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) has provided a new approach to the management of pulmonary tuberculosis. Over the last 5 years we have used VATS for diagnosis or treatment (or both) of 62 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, including 20 pleural biopsies, 8 decortications, 17 wedge lung resections, 8 drainages of empyema, and 9 lobectomies. There was no surgical mortality, and complications were few. We conclude that VATS provides a safe, effective diagnostic modality (pleural biopsy, wedge resections) and therapeutic modality (decortications, drainage of empyema) for selected patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.
Surgery for Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Hartz Renee S. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.The modern era of surgery for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) began just over 10 years ago. Until that time pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE) was performed infrequently and essentially at a single medical center (University of California at San Diego—UCSD). It posed a formidable technical challenge and was associated with both high operative mortality (> 20%) and excessive morbidity due to respiratory and multiorgan system failure. Currently PTE is performed at numerous medical centers throughout the world, largely due to the pioneering efforts of those surgeons who developed and perfected the operation at UCSD. Operative mortality rates have fallen, and postoperative complications have become less common. Although no longer simply an autopsy curiosity, CTEPH continues to be an underdiagnosed condition. Increased awareness and better diagnosis will lead to curative surgery in more patients worldwide.
Lung Transplantation: Current Status and Future Prospects
Authors: Meyers Bryan F. , Patterson G. Alexander 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.Lung transplantation recently marked its 35th anniversary. The period has been marked by 20 years of initially slow progress followed by 15 years of explosive growth and success. In 1997 the number of lung and heart‐lung transplants exceeded 1000 in the United States and 1400 worldwide. Current 1‐year survival exceeds 75% for most diagnoses. Functional results are excellent and durable with first second expired volume (FEV1) improving from 15% to 20% of the predicted normal preoperatively to 75% to 80% of the predicted normal postoperatively in most diagnoses. Problems facing lung transplant programs during the next century include the unavailability of graft lung donors, technical limitations of explanted graft lung preservation, and the prevention and treatment of bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome. Current status and future trends for lung transplantation are reviewed.
Tumors of the Rectum and Anal Canal
Authors: Hatch Kathryn F. , Blanchard D. Kay , Hatch George F. , Wertheimer‐Hatch Laura , Davis Gregory B. , Foster Roger S. , Skandalakis John E. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract.This collective review includes all available case reports of smooth muscle (stromal) tumors of the rectum and anal canal in the world literature. When compiling this review we endeavored to present cumulative and recently collected data of both benign and malignant smooth muscle tumors found in the literature spanning the period from 1881 to 1996, which totaled 432 leiomyomas (LMs) and 480 leiomyosarcomas (LMSs) of the anus and rectum. The peak age of frequency for LMs was 40 to 59 years and 50 to 69 years for LMSs; men were slightly more likely to develop both benign and malignant anorectal smooth muscle tumors than women. Intraluminal growth of both LMs and LMSs was more frequently seen than extraluminal or intramural patterns, and tumors were more likely to be found in the rectum than in the anus. Patients with LMs presented most commonly with gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, a palpable mass, or anorectal pain. As with smooth muscle tumors in other areas of the alimentary tract, symptoms likely persisted for less than 1 year prior to diagnosis. As was also the case for these neoplasms in other GI locations, LMSs tended to be larger than LMs. Approximately 20% of LMSs reported from 1881 to 1996 had metastasized at diagnoses. The local recurrence rate for resectable tumors was more than 80%, exceeding the propensity of LMSs in other areas of the GI tract to recur.
The Clinical, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Histopathologic Effects of Epidural Ketorolac in Dogs
Authors: Gallivan Sean T. , Johnston Spencer A. , Broadstone Richard V. , Jortner Bernard S. , Reimer Michele 
Published: August 2002

Objective—To evaluate the clinical, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and histopathologic effects of epidural ketorolac.Study Design—Blinded, randomized, placebo controlled study.Animals—Twenty‐two adult mixed breed dogs with 16 treatment and 6 control dogs, weighing 14.4 to 29.8 kg.Methods—Dogs were anesthetized and epidural catheters were placed at the lumbosacral space. Catheter placement was evaluated fluoroscopically. Ketorolac (0.4 mg/kg) or placebo (5% ethanol) was administered epidurally over a 52‐hour period, with 5 injections given at 12‐hour intervals. At 1, 2, 4, or 8 hours after the first and last injection of ketorolac, dogs were anesthetized and CSF was obtained. Control dogs had CSF sampled 1 hour after the first and last ethanol injection. Neurologic function and pain responses were evaluated before and during the study. Selected dogs were then killed and necropsies performed.Results—None of the dogs exhibited any clinical or neurologic abnormalities during the study. No statistical difference was noted in pain response or CSF analysis between treatment and control dogs. Gross necropsy revealed gastrointestinal ulceration of varying degrees in all treatment dogs. Histopathologic analysis of the spinal cord and meninges revealed minimal focal leptomeningeal phlebitis in 2 of 8 treatment dogs and minor subdural inflammation in 1 control dog. No changes to the neural structures were noted in any dogs.Conclusions—Epidural administration of ketorolac did not cause clinical signs, alteration in CSF values, or pathologic changes to the spinal cord when used for short duration. Gastrointestinal ulceration was common when ketorolac was administered epidurally at 0.4 mg/kg every 12 hours for 5 treatments.Clinical Relevance—This study documented the neurologic safety of epidural ketorolac in dogs before an efficacy trial can be performed. Gastrointestinal ulceration may limit use to short duration or a single injection.
Accuracy of Radiography, Nuclear Scintigraphy, and Histopathology for Determining the Proximal Extent of Distal Radius Osteosarcoma in Dogs
Authors: Leibman Nicole F. , Kuntz Charles A. , Steyn Phillip F. , Fettman Martin J. , Powers Barbara E. , Withrow Stephen J. , Dernell William S. 
Published: August 2002

Objective—To compare the accuracy of radiography, nuclear scintigraphy, and histopathology for determining the proximal extent of distal radius osteosarcoma in dogs.Study Design—Retrospective clinical study.Sample Population—Twenty client‐owned dogs taken to Colorado State University with osteosarcoma of the distal radius.Methods—Medical records of 20 dogs with confirmed osteosarcoma that underwent a limb‐salvage procedure were reviewed. Measurements were performed directly from the lateral view of each radius, from both the scintigram and the radiograph, to determine the length of the radius and the distance from the proximal extent of the tumor to the distal radiographic or scintographic extent of the radius. The ratio of distal radial involvement to total radius length was calculated. A similar ratio was also determined using the macroslide, which included the entire portion of bone that was excised during the limb‐salvage procedure. All 3 methods of measurement were compared.Results—Nuclear scintigraphy significantly overestimated tumor length when compared with macroslide specimen measurements. Radiography also overestimated tumor length, but these results were not significantly different from macroslide specimen measurements.Conclusions—Both radiography and nuclear scintigraphy overestimate the extent of distal radiaus osteosarcoma in dogs when compared with histopathologic macroslides of the same lesions. Nuclear scintigraphy overestimated tumor extent to a larger degree than did radiography.Clinical Relevance—Although radiography is a more accurate method of measurement of the extent of distal radius osteosarcoma, because nuclear scintigraphy overestimates tumor length to a greater degree, scintigraphy may provide a larger margin of safety for determining the site of proximal osteotomy during a limb‐salvage procedure. However, caution should be taken when utilizing scintigraphy, because this method may overestimate length of radius involved to such an extent as to cause the surgeon to believe that a patient is not a suitable limb‐salvage candidate.
Detachable Coils for Occlusion of Patent Ductus Arteriosus in 2 Dogs
Authors: Tanaka Ryou , Hoshi Katsuichiro , Nagashima Yukiko , Fujii Yoko , Yamane Yoshihisa 
Published: August 2002

Objective—To describe the use of a detachable coil for transcatheter closure (TCC) of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in 2 dogs.Study Design—Clinical study.Animals—Two female Pembroke Welsh Corgi dogs with PDA.Methods—Using fluoroscopic guidance, an 8‐mm‐diameter coil stent with 5 loops (detachable coils for PDA closure) was inserted via catheterization of the femoral artery. The catheter was passed through the PDA into the pulmonary artery. The coil was withdrawn so that 1.5 loops remained on the pulmonary side of the orifice of the ductus. The rest of the loops were pushed out from the catheter into the ductus. After confirming the correct placement of the coil and the effectiveness of the occlusion, the delivery wire was detached from the coil.Results—Insertion of the coil was easily performed, even without previous experience. Immediate and marked decrease of the cardiac murmur was auscultated. Only slight residual flow was detected by angiography conducted 3 months' postoperatively. The dogs experienced quick and uneventful recovery after coil placement and required minimal postoperative care. Follow‐up evaluation of the dogs showed no functional clinical signs of PDA, and no cardiac abnormalities were detected on electrocardiographic, phonocardiographic, and echocardiographic examination. In dog 1, the residual flow had disappeared on the color‐flow Doppler echocardiographic examination at 18 months' postoperatively.Conclusion—TCC using a detachable coil was easy, safe, and effective in 2 dogs with PDA. The minimal residual shunting observed only by echocardiography seemed hemodynamically insignificant.Clinical Relevance—This method can be used as an alternative to traditional surgical methods.