bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genitives and Adjectives as Attributes in Daghestanian
Authors: Boguslavskaja Ol’ga Ju. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The phenomenon of Suffixaufnahme as such (Finck 1910, Plank 1990) is not characteristic of Daghestanian languages. Even adjectival modifiers rarely agree with their head nouns in case, and for Daghestanian at least this appears to be a precondition of Suffixaufnahme. The closest approximation to Suffixaufnahme occurs in Tsakhur, and similar patterns are found in the Tsez group, where a modifier in the genitive agrees in case with its headalthough, unlike in prototypical Suffixaufnahme, the case marker of the head is not literally repeated on the modifier. It is precisely in these languages that the case of the noun is marked in some way on adjectival modifiers as well, thus pointing to a strong affinity between adjectives and nouns in the genitive. The aim of this chapter, then, is to examine systematically, in a representative sample of Daghestanian languages, what genitival nouns and adjectives have in common and what distinguishes them in the first place.
What This Book Is About
Authors: Janowitz Henry D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To begin with, let me tell you what this book is not about. It is not a diet book: it won’t tell you how to lose weight, reduce your blood’s bad cholesterol levels, and rev up the “good” cholesterol without counting calories, while you eat all and everything you want. It is not about food as the elixir of lost youth. It is not about eating as a way to improve your immune system.
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Janowitz Henry D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Under the umbrella term, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), we lump together a group of symptoms that involve the lower intestinal tract, usually the colon, for which we can find no structural cause after a detailed study. These include Pain relieved by having a bowel movement that may be as sociated with a change in the frequency and the consistency of the stool.
Diet And The Aging Gut
Authors: Janowitz Henry D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the United States, the fastest growing sector of the population is the 65-and-over age group, currently numbering about 28 million. Students of demographics project that by the year 2050 one out of every eight of us will be 75 years and older. We all experience the effects of age on our bodies and can see its visible mark, but what does time do to the gut?
Introduction
Authors: Belletti Adriana , Rizzi Luigi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The essays collected in this volume originate, directly or indirectly, from the Certificat de spècialisation en thèorie syntaxique et syntaxe comparative which was held at the University of Geneva in 1989-90. This program gave rise to a substantive body of research in comparative syntax which seemed to us original and coherent enough to justify a collective publication.
Making a Group into a Team
Authors: Earley P Christopher , Erez Miriam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on effective teams-their formation and maintenance. We provide a brief background on the team as it exists in an organization as well as a general way of looking at team processes across cultures. Finally, we present a number of applications of our model to topics in team dynamics such as conformity and stimulating creativity, team decisions, motivation of team members, and combination of the team with technological innovations.
Why do we form into teams, and what is their function in an effective company? In many U.S. corporations, teams are formed at the initiative of management to solve management, production, sales, and other problems as to help the company maintain a competitive edge. For instance, Ed Lawler of the University of Southern California surveyed Fortune 1,000 companies and found that the amount of management-initiated teamwork has increased substantially from 1987 to the present. He argues that companies using a “high involvement,” or team-based approach are among the most effective. People also voluntarily join teams in order to satisfy their self-motives and cultural values, and they do so with people similar to themselves. In some countries like Germany and Sweden, work teams are organized through national labor laws in a system of participative management. Regardless of why people join a team, a key question is how do we transform a group of employees into a successful team? What will be clear from this chapter is that creating an effective team is tied to our self-knowledge and our cultural background.
Introduction
Authors: Salzman Jack 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There was a time, not even so long ago, that “Grand Alliance” would have been a more appropriate title for a volume devoted to the relationship between African Americans and American Jews. Despite some cautionary voices, most scholars wrote of the relationship-and many still do-as one that worked well from the turn of the century through the middle of the civil rights movement. That presumed history has been told many times: Although African Americans arrived in the New World in 1620 and the first Jews settled in 1654, Blacks and Jews had little occasion to interact until the early part of the twentieth century. To be sure, there was the issue of Jewish involvement in the slave trade and of Jews as slave holders, but not until recently has such interaction been the cause of serious friction. Even the lynching of a Black and a Jew in Tennessee in 1868 and the invidious studies of scientific racists near the end of the nineteenth century did little to link the two groups.
“The Law of the Land is the Law”: Antebellum Jews, Slavery, and the Old South
Authors: Silverman Jason H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There was a Jewish Ashley Wilkes in the Old South surely ii: would have been Judah P. Benjamin. Master of the New Orleans plantation, Bellechase, and its some one hundred and forty slaves, Benjamin was in many ways an icon of the southern planter and gentleman. And, while no one would doubt that Benjamin was a true, bona fide antebellum southern slaveowner, his quiet attitude toward the “peculiar institution” perhaps reflects the deep and contradictory feelings shared by some of his fellow southern Jews seeking acceptance and assimilation. For, “though he entered the ranks of the planter class that ruled the (Old South],” wrote one of his biographers, “(Benjamin] never felt that slavery reflected the divine order of things. He was not taken in by distorted theories of the Bible; he never argued that Blacks were of a lower order; and he hated the cruelty of the overseers he heard about.”
Long-Distance Runners of the Civil Rights Movement: The Contribution of Jews to the NAACP and the National Urban League in the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Weiss Nancy J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cooking back in 1973 on a lifetime of close association with Jews in the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, Roy Wilkins, he NAACP ‘s executive secretary, reflected on the role that Jews had played in the struggle for civil rights. “They are very quick... to aid the downtrodden,” he said, “they ‘re very keen, intellectually, in seeing their own plight mirrored in somebody else ‘s treatment, they ‘re very generous in their giving to these causes.” While Wilkins was not arguing that Jews, of all sympathetic whites, had been uniquely helpful, his appreciation for their contributions was unambiguous: “They have supplied sympathy, understanding, intellectual achievement and skills, comprehension over and above the regular comprehension of similar groups... and, most of all, they have never forgotten ... what a hard time they had.”
NP Movement, Operator Movement, and Scrambling in Hungarian
Authors: Kiss Katalin É 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Section 2 of this paper will put forth a Hungarian sentence structure from which all and only the grammatical orders of the major constituents of a sentence, as well as the interpretation and stress differences of the various permutations are deducible. The sentence structure argued for divides primarily into a topic and a VP, which occupy the specifier and complement positions of a TenseP, respectively. The VP consists of a flat V-initial V’ component, a preverbal focus located in the specifier position of VP, and quantifiers left-adjoined to VP. That is: Section 3 of the paper will point out the differences between the proposed sentence structure and alternative analyses of Hungarian (those in Brody (1990), Horvath (this volume), and Maracz (1990)), and will discuss the empirical evidence supporting the proposed approach.
Retelling the Tale: Wars in Common Memory
Authors: Adams Michael C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Then Studs Terkel used The Good War in the title of his 1985 oral history of World War II, he made all other titles of books on that conflict pale by comparison. He also implicitly challenged us to think about a wider theme, namely, why some wars are thought of as good and some as bad. I think most people would agree that, within this framework, the Civil War and World War II are good wars, Vietnam (and possibly Korea) is a bad war. There are some clear reasons why this should be so. Both the Civil War and World War II came after periods of self-doubt when the very existence of accepted national foundations appeared in jeopardy. The sectional animosities of the 1850s threatened to divide America permanently. Southerners increasingly rejected unconditional loyalty to the Union, while some Northerners seemed too apathetic or cowardly to fight for the nation’s life.
Knowledge Stress and Knowledge Workers
Authors: Zand Dale E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Leaders involved in a competitive race for knowledge need to be aware of two fundamental factors that affect leadership in the late twentieth century. First, there is the incessant, almost frantic drive to acquire and use knowledge before one’s competitors. This drive for speed produces a new kind of stress—knowledge stress. Leaders need to know the sources of knowledge stress so that they can manage its debilitating effects on learning and adaptation. The second critical fac tor is the character and attitudes of the workforce. Today’s workforce consists of increasingly sophisticated thinkers and users of knowledge who have distinctive views and attitudes about the role of the leader, their work, and themselves. In this chapter, we first talk about the stresses of knowledge work: complexity, ambiguity, multiple influences, temporary relationships, and vulnerable self-esteem. We then explore the special characteristics and attitudes of knowledge workers: a desire for freedom to question, independence and self-responsibility, a quest for personal growth, and a concern for corporate morality.
A New Organizational Structure
Authors: Nonaka Ikujiro , Takeuchi Hirotaka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter introduced middle-up-down as the management style most conducive to organizational knowledge creation. But for middle-up-down management to work effectively, we need an organizational structure that supports the management process. Knowledge creation has implications not only for the management process; it also has profound implications for organizational structure. This chapter develops the theoretical and practical bases of a new organizational structure, referred to as a “hypertext” organization, that enables an organization to create knowledge efficiently and continuously.
Language Development
Authors: Ferguson Charles A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Discussions of language problems of developing countries cover a wide range of problems such as national multilingualism, language education policies, and languages as symbols of group identity. Many of these issues can be dealt with by the conceptual frameworks used in the study of social organization, political systems, or economic processes. Some questions, however, relate to the state of a language itself, as shown by observations that such and such a language is “backward” or “inadequate” or that a particular language needs “purifying,” “reforming,” “modernizing,” or some other forms of improvement. This kind of issue is closer to the conceptual framework of linguistics, although not commonly dealt with by professional linguists, and it may be useful to offer a linguistic perspective on it.
The Role of Arabic in Ethiopia: A Sociolinguistic Perspective
Authors: Ferguson Charles A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One method of presenting the sociolinguistic setting of a language is to include it in a formula representing the sociolinguistic profile of a nation or other political entity (Ferguson, 1966; Uribe Villegas, 1968). This method differs from others in that it selects a political entity rather than any other demographic, societal, cultural, or psychological framework, and in that it uses a particular taxonomy of language types and functions (Stewart, 1968). This method makes no strong claims for predictive value and omits important sociolinguistic data relevant for assessment of the ‘roles’ of languages in a nation; it does, however, offer a convenient way of making gross sociolinguistic comparisons among nations and it seems to have considerable heuristic value in suggesting lines of investigation and data collection often overlooked in the establishment of national language policies.
South Asia as a Sociolinguistic Area
Authors: Ferguson Charles A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1956, Emeneau’s article, ‘India as a Linguistic Area’ appeared in Language, and it was followed by a number of additional studies, by Emeneau and others, of features of language STRUCTURE widely shared throughout South Asia that set that area apart from other regions of the world (e.g. Andronov 1964, Emeneau 1974, Kuiper 1967, Masica 1976, Ramanujan and Masica 1969). In all these studies the concept of Sprachbund or linguistic area was used in its established meaning of a multilingual area having languages of different families, in which many of the shared structural features are held to represent convergence that has resulted from long periods of language contact. This kind of ‘areal’ similarity that arises from mutual influences is contrasted with ‘genetic’ similarity between languages, which results from communicative continuity from a single origin at an earlier point in time. Thus, certain present day similarities between Indo-Aryan and Dravidian languages of South Asia in phonology, inflectional categories, syntax, an lexical semantics do not go back to similarities between Old lndo-Aryan and Proto-Dravidian but have resulted from lexical borrowing, Ll-L2 language transfer, and other processes operative in long term bilingualisms.
Absence of Copula and the Notion of Simplicity: A Study of Normal Speech, Baby Talk, Foreigner Talk and Pidgins
Authors: Ferguson Charles A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to examine one feature of human language in a general typological framework in order to obtain some insights into the notion of grammatical simplicity. The feature in question is the presence in some languages, or special varieties or registers of a single language, of an overt connecting link, or COPULA, between nominal subjects and complements in equational clauses of the type X is YI as compared with the absence of such a link in other languages or other varieties of the same language. Thus, English My brother is a student and Japanese Aniwa gakkusee desu differ from Russian Moj brat student(om) or Arabic ‘Axf tilmfoun by having a copula (is, desu) which has no overt equivalent in the latter two languages. Similarly, English Your mother is outside or has gone out may correspond to baby talk Mommy bye-bye with no copula, or French La machine est grande ‘The machine is big’ corresponds to Haitian Creole Machinna gro.
Standardization as a Form of Language Spread
Authors: Ferguson Charles A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Language spread’ is a useful and stimulating concept that seems to orient and unify many lines of sociolinguistic research, and in this paper it will be used to organize some thoughts about the process of language standardization and the kinds of research most likely to lead to better understanding of that process. Probably like other papers at this Georgetown University Round Table on Languages and Linguistics, this paper will start from Cooper’s definition. By ‘language spread’ is meant ‘an increase over time in the proportion of a communicative network that adopts a given language or language variety for a given communicative function’ (Cooper 1982:6). By ‘language standardization’ is meant ‘the process of one variety of a language becoming widely accepted throughout the speech community as a supradialectal norm-the “best” form of the language--rated above regional and social dialects, although these may be felt to be appropriate in some domains’ (Ferguson 1966:31).
From Esses to Aitches: Identifying Pathways of Diachronic Change
Authors: Ferguson Charles A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first great discovery of modem linguistics was that sound change tends to be regular and by tracing the pathways of particular sound changes it is possible to trace the communicative continuities in language behavior that have come to be called genetic relationship among languages. A subsequent insight was that any language variety, whether of an individual or of a social group, tends to have regularities of internal relationships and dependencies that constitute a linguistic system, different in patterned ways from the systems of all other human language varieties. Finally, in recent years, linguists have emphasized the universal characteristics of both synchronic systems and diachronic changes, characteristics that underlie or constrain the variability of human languages. Joseph Greenberg’s has been one of the clearest voices insisting on the necessary complementarity of diachronic and synchronic considerations and the importance of the empirical search for typologically based universals of human language (cf. Greenberg 1966, 1978). The present paper is an attempt to explore some aspects of sound change in the spirit of Greenberg’s theoretical position.
Then They Could Read and Write
Authors: Ferguson Charles A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My concern in this paper is with the changes in language brought about by the introduction of literacy into a society. In investigating this topic, one of the most useful research strategies available to us is the development of detailed case studies of either contemporary or historical situations in which societies become literate. In this paper, we will concern ourselves with four such instances, each of which involve the creation of a writing system appropriate to the vernacular language of a nonliterate society as part of an attempt to spread or strengthen Christianity among its members. The four cases we will consider include the development of the Armenian alphabet (by Mesrop), the Glagolitic alphabet (by Constantine), the Permian alphabet (by Stefan), and the Aleut alphabet (by Veniaminov). Each of these four cases differs from the others in the degree to which the introduction of literacy proved successful. With this in mind, each will be discussed in terms of four factors that are likely to control the path of vernacular literacy development in societies of various types and, therefore, to promote or to retard its chances for success: 1) the linguistic choices to be made; 2) the source of the literacy initiative; 3) the scope of literacy within the society; and 4) the extent of the institutional support for literacy within the society and the means employed to transmit the new literacy skills among the members of the society and from one generation to the next.
The Language Factor in National Development
Authors: Ferguson Charles A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social scientists of various disciplines are concerned with the concept “national development”, in particular, of course, economists and political scientists, but to a lesser extent scholars in other fields. Structural linguistics, however, in spite of its concern with diachronic matters, has been resolutely opposed to any developmental or evolutionary approach in linguistic analysis. The purpose of this paper is on the one hand to suggest the relevance of “national development” for linguistic analysis and on the other hand to point to linguistic aspects of national development as it is studied by social scientists in other fields. The approach followed here has resulted from the work of the Survey of Second Language Learning in Asia, Africa, and Latin America which was carried out by the Center for Applied Linguistics in collaboration with outside specialists from the United States and other countries.
National Attitudes toward Language Planning
Authors: Ferguson Charles A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Language is in decline ... Something drastic is needed’. So Edwin Newman, in his best-selling book, Strictly Speaking, characterizes the language situation in America in the 1970s (Newman 1974:4-5). In making this pronouncement, Newman is expressing a widely held belief about the state of American English. The purpose of this paper is to explore such beliefs about language which are current in our nation, compare them with beliefs of other times and places, and try to understand where they come from and what social functions they serve.
Conjunctivity
Authors: Kronenfeld David B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have already spoken of the importance for formal analytic practice of conjunctively defined definitions, whether definitions of analytic categories or features or of folk categories. In this chapter, I want first to summarize the formal reasons for this importance that have already been raised, and then to discuss work in psychology by Bruner, Goodnow, and Austin (1956) that illustrates the psychological importance of conjunctively defined categories for human thought and that somewhat narrows the psychologically relevant definition of conjunctivity from the more general mathemat ical definition. Next I will describe some classroom experiments of mine that closely relate Bruner, Goodnow, and Austin’s psychological work to Nerlove and Romney’s study (1967) of the role of conjunctivity in semantic categories. Our exploration of conjunctivity will conclude with a reconsideration of the problem that Nerlove and Romney’ findings pose for Romney and D’Andrade’s conclusions.
Prior Extensionist Work
Authors: Kronenfeld David B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to see how an extensionist approach contains the power but not the limitations of earlier semantic models, we will explore how traditional componential analysis (see Lounsbury 1964a, Goodenough 1956) can be treated as a special case of graded category membership analysis, which in turn can be treated as a special case of prototype/extension analysis (see Rosch 1973, Rosch et al. 1976, Coleman and Kay 1981). We then will show that there are semantic situations with which the first two kinds of analysis cannot deal, although the third can. Finally, we will sketch the outlines of what a general semantic theory of word meaning based on prototypes and extension will look like. That sketch will include a discussion of kinds of extension.