bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reviews
Authors: Kay Margarita Artschwager 
Published: November 2004

Book reviewed in this article:Kawaiisu Ethnobotany. Maurice Zigmond.Medicinal Uses of Plants by Indian Tribes of Nevada. Percy Train, James R. Henrichs and W. Andrew Archer.Geraniums for the Iroquois: A Field Guide to American Indian Medicinal Plants. Daniel E. Moerman.
Recent Italian Literature in Medical Anthropology (1989–92)
Authors: Beneduce Roberto 
Published: November 2004

Medicine e magie: Le tradizioni popolari in Italia (Medicine and Magic: Folk Traditions in Italy). Tullio Seppilli, ed.Médecine traditionnelle: Acteurs, itinéraires thérapeutiques. Piero Coppo and Arouna Keita, eds.Profeti in città: Etnografia di quattro chiese indipendenti del Ghana (Town Prophets: Ethnography of Four Independent Churches in Ghana). Pino Schirripa.Itinerari delle emozioni: Corpo e identità femminile nel Sannio campano (Itineraries of Emotions: Women's Bodies and Identity in Sannio, Campania). Mariella Pandolfi.Sortilegio e delirio: Psicopatologia dell'emigrazione in prospettiva transculturale (Sorcery and Delusion: The Psychopathology of Emigration in Transcultural Perspective). Michele Risso and Wolfing Böker.
Capillary Electrophoresis of DNA
Authors: Smith Alan , Nelson Robert J. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractCapillary electrophoresis (CE) is an alternative to conventional slab gel electrophoresis for the separation of DNA fragments. CE offers a number of advantages over slab gel separations in terms of speed, resolution, sensitivity, and data handling. Separation times are generally only a few minutes and the DNA is detected either by UV absorption or by fluorescent labeling. The quantity of DNA required for separation is in the nanogram range. Single‐base resolution can be obtained on fragments up to several hundred base pairs. In the presence of appropriate standards, fragments can be accurately sized based on relative electrophoretic mobility. A protocol for the analysis of synthetic oligonucleotides in a flowable matrix is described in this unit.
Bone Marrow Engraftment Studies
Authors: Vnencak‐Jones Cindy L. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBone marrow engraftment studies are used to evaluate the level of donor versus recipient cells in post‐transplant peripheral blood or bone marrow specimens. Unique fingerprints identified from recipient and donor DNA are used to determine the proportion of each contained within the total DNA extracted from the post‐transplant specimen. These percentages correspond to relative amounts of donor and recipient cells in the specimen. Engraftment studies are sequentially performed on transplant patients to closely monitor the levels of donor and recipient cells so that appropriate therapeutic intervention can proceed if and when needed. This unit will describe the use of fluorescent PCR for amplification of genomic short tandem repeats (STR). STR analysis is now considered the gold standard for engraftment studies and provides a quick and accurate assessment of the contribution of both donor and/or recipient hematopoietic cells in post‐transplantation specimens.
High‐Sensitivity Immunofluorescence/Flow Cytometry: Detection of Cytokine Receptors and Other Low‐Abundance Membrane Molecules
Authors: Zola Heddy 
Published: November 2004

AbstractCell marker identification by traditional phenotyping techniques is now considered straight‐forward and relatively uncomplicated. In immunofluorescence/flow cytometry, the sensitivity, or detection limit, depends on the reagents, staining, and instrument parameters. The sensitivity of the most commonly used procedures, based on fluorescein‐conjugated antibodies, ∼2000 molecules of target antigen per cell, which is adequate for most of the widely used leukocyte markers. However, measuring target antigens of low density has proven very difficult indeed. Flow cytometric immunofluorescence is capable of detecting 100 molecules of target antigen per cell in practical applications, provided that every step of the staining and analysis procedure is optimized for sensitivity. This level of sensitivity reveals staining not seen using conventional analytical procedures. This unit discusses the underlying principles of high‐sensitivity immunofluorescence and provides an excellent series of protocols for the practical detection of as few as 100 target antigen molecules per cell.
Contamination of natural and cultured mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from the northern Adriatic Sea by tributyltin and dibutyltin compounds
Authors: Boscolo R. , Cacciatore F. , Berto D. , Marin M. G. , Giani M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe levels of tributyltin (TBT) and dibutyltin (DBT) compounds were measured by gas chromatography ion‐trap mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS) in natural and cultured mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) from the northern Adriatic Sea in spring 2003. The highest (725 ng g−1 dry weight) and lowest levels (198 ng g−1 dry weight) of butyltins (TBT + DBT) were found in native mussels from the Lagoon of Venice, with the higher values being detected in specimens collected next to a dockyard and the lower values in specimens from a location characterized by strong water exchanges between the lagoon and the Adriatic Sea. The two cultured samples exhibited intermediate concentrations, with marine harvested samples being more contaminated than those from the lagoon.Concentrations of TBT were higher than those of DBT for several reasons: the limited capability of bivalves to metabolize TBT and their ability to accumulate it (with recent input of TBT into the environment as TBT‐based anti‐fouling paints being the most important contributor of organotin contamination in our study area); and higher lipophilicity of TBT than DBT. In order to find correlations between organotin pollution and the state of nourishment of the mussels, the condition index was also evaluated as the mass ratio of meat dry weight to shell dry weight. There was no correlation between condition index and butyltin concentrations. These results indicate that condition index could not give information about stress conditions, as the contamination level is probably too low to cause significant reductions in mussel growth. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Infrared and mass spectrometry studies of the thermal decomposition of a nitro‐aromatic polymer
Authors: White Daniel R. , White Robert L. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe thermal decomposition reactions of a novel nitro‐aromatic polymer were investigated. Infrared spectroscopy was used to detect chemical structure changes that occurred in the solid material when it was heated. Mass spectrometry was employed to identify volatile products. The polymer decomposition mechanisms involved reactions between nitro groups and nearby methyl or methylene functionalities and primarily resulted in the formation of nitrogen monoxide gas and hydroxyl and carbonyl groups in the solid residue. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 351–357, 2005
Photostabilization of polycarbonate by ZnO coatings
Authors: Moustaghfir A. , Rivaton A. , Tomasella E. , Mailhot B. , Cellier J. , Jacquet M. , Gardette J.‐L. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe photostability of bisphenol‐A polycarbonate (PC) can be increased by depositing zinc oxide (ZnO) coatings onto PC films by radiofrequency (rf) magnetron sputtering using an ArO2 plasma. The photoprotective efficiency increases with the thickness of the ZnO layer and also depends on the sputtering parameters (rf power, total pressure, plasma composition), which control the properties of coatings. The increasing thickness of the deposits is correlated with variations of the density, grain size, and composition. PC samples with ZnO coatings were submitted to artificial accelerated ageing (λ > 300 nm) and the extent of the photodegradation was evaluated by infrared and UV–visible spectroscopies. All the deposition parameters were optimized as a function of the results obtained in photoageing and are described in this article. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 380–385, 2005
Using concepts in literature‐based discovery: Simulating Swanson's Raynaud–fish oil and migraine–magnesium discoveries
Authors: Weeber Marc , Klein Henny , de Jong‐van den Berg Lolkje T.W. , Vos Rein 
Published: November 2004

AbstractLiterature‐based discovery has resulted in new knowledge. In the biomedical context, Don R. Swanson has generated several literature‐based hypotheses that have been corroborated experimentally and clinically. In this paper, we propose a two‐step model of the discovery process in which hypotheses are generated and subsequently tested. We have implemented this model in a Natural Language Processing system that uses biomedical Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) concepts as its unit of analysis. We use the semantic information that is provided with these concepts as a powerful filter to successfully simulate Swanson's discoveries of connecting Raynaud's disease with fish oil and migraine with a magnesium deficiency.
Leaf Associated Microbial Activities in a Stream Affected by Acid Mine Drainage
Authors: Schlief Jeanette 
Published: November 2004

AbstractMicrobial activity was assessed on birch leaves and plastic strips during 140 days of exposure at three sites in an acidic stream of the Lusatian post‐mining landscape, Germany. The sites differed in their degrees of ochre deposition and acidification. The aim of the study was (1) to follow the microbial activities during leaf colonization, (2) to compare the effect of different environmental conditions on leaf associated microbial activities, and (3) to test the microbial availability of leaf litter in acidic mining waters. The activity peaked after 49 days and subsequently decreased gradually at all sites. A formation of iron plaques on leaf surfaces influenced associated microbial activity. It seemed that these plaques inhibit the microbial availability of leaf litter and serve as a microbial habitat by itself. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Carbohydrate metabolism in the central nervous system of the megalobulimus oblongus snail during anoxia exposure and post‐anoxia recovery
Authors: De Fraga Luciano S. , Da Silva Roselis S.M. , Achaval Matilde , Zancan Denise M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe effects of anoxic exposure and the post‐anoxia aerobic recovery period on carbohydrate metabolism in the central nervous system (CNS) of the land snail Megalobulimus oblongus, an anoxia‐tolerant land gastropod, were studied. The snails were exposed to anoxia for periods of 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 18, or 24 hr. In order to study the post‐anoxia recovery phase, snails exposed to a 3‐hr period of anoxia were returned to aerobic conditions for 1.5, 3, 6, or 15 hr. Glycogen and glucose concentrations in the CNS, hemolymph glucose concentration, and glycogen phosphorylase (active form, GPa) activity in the CNS were analyzed. Anoxia does not significantly affect the concentration of CNS glucose but induces hyperglycemia and a reduction of CNS GPa activity. The glycogen concentration was decreased at 12 hr of anoxia; however, by 18 and 24 hr in anoxia, the glycogen content was not significantly different from basal control values. During the post‐anoxia period, the reduction in GPa activity and the increased hemolymph glucose concentration induced by anoxia returned to control values. These results suggest that the CNS of M. oblongus may use hemolymph glucose to fulfill the metabolic demands during anoxia. However, the hypothesis of tissue metabolic arrest cannot be excluded. J. Exp. Zool. 301A:968–978, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Q‐ball imaging
Authors: Tuch David S. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractMagnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) provides a powerful tool for mapping neural histoarchitecture in vivo. However, DTI can only resolve a single fiber orientation within each imaging voxel due to the constraints of the tensor model. For example, DTI cannot resolve fibers crossing, bending, or twisting within an individual voxel. Intravoxel fiber crossing can be resolved using q‐space diffusion imaging, but q‐space imaging requires large pulsed field gradients and time‐intensive sampling. It is also possible to resolve intravoxel fiber crossing using mixture model decomposition of the high angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI) signal, but mixture modeling requires a model of the underlying diffusion process.Recently, it has been shown that the HARDI signal can be reconstructed model‐independently using a spherical tomographic inversion called the Funk–Radon transform, also known as the spherical Radon transform. The resulting imaging method, termed q‐ball imaging, can resolve multiple intravoxel fiber orientations and does not require any assumptions on the diffusion process such as Gaussianity or multi‐Gaussianity. The present paper reviews the theory of q‐ball imaging and describes a simple linear matrix formulation for the q‐ball reconstruction based on spherical radial basis function interpolation. Open aspects of the q‐ball reconstruction algorithm are discussed. Magn Reson Med 52:1358–1372, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
T2ρ‐weighted contrast in MR images of the human brain
Authors: Wheaton Andrew J. , Borthakur Arijitt , Corbo Matthew T. , Moonis Gul , Melhem Elias , Reddy Ravinder 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIn this work, the feasibility of using T2ρ weighting as an MR contrast mechanism is evaluated. Axial images of a human brain were acquired using a single‐slice spin‐lock T2ρ‐weighted pulse sequence and compared to analogous T2‐weighted images of the same slice. The contrast between white matter and gray matter in T2ρ‐weighted images was approximately 40% greater than that from T2‐weighted data. These preliminary data suggest that the novel contrast mechanism of T2ρ can be used to yield high‐contrast T2‐like images. Magn Reson Med 52:1223–1227, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of variable line‐shape models and prior information in automated 1H spectroscopic imaging analysis
Authors: Soher and Brian J. , Maudsley Andrew A. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAnalysis of in vivo short TE 1H spectra is complicated by broad baseline signal contributions and resonance line‐shape distortions. Although the assumptions of ideal metabolite resonance line‐shapes and slowly varying baseline signals can be used to separate these signals, the presence of broad or asymmetric line‐shapes can invalidate this model. More complex line‐shape models are computationally expensive or difficult to constrain, particularly for the low signal‐to‐noise commonly found for in vivo MR spectroscopic imaging applications. In this study, two time‐domain models for fitting variable spectral line‐shapes are examined, one using B‐splines and another using summed sinusoids. The methods were verified using both phantom and human data, and Monte Carlo simulations were used to evaluate variations in calculated metabolite amplitudes due to interactions between the baseline and line‐shape estimations. Additional studies investigated the use of prior line‐shape information, obtained from either a water MRSI measurement or calculations from B0 maps, to determine parameter starting values or optimization constraints. Both line‐shape models showed the ability to fit the variety of line‐shapes present in both the phantom and human MRSI data, with similar or improved accuracy over a Gaussian line‐shape model; however, this improvement resulted in only minor improvement for the high‐SNR phantom data and moderate improvements in regions with asymmetry for the fitted in vivo metabolite images. The use of prior line‐shape information was of most benefit when applied toward setting optimization constraints but was of limited benefit when used to define initial starting values. Magn Reson Med 52:1246–1254, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Magnetic exchange interactions in cyano‐bridged MoIII binuclear complexes: Broken‐symmetry and density functional theory calculations
Authors: Zhang Yi‐Quan , Luo Cheng‐Lin , Yu Zhi 
Published: November 2004

AbstractMolecular magnetism in cyano‐bridged MoIII binuclear complexes [Mo2(CN)11]5− and [(Me3tacn)2Mo2(CN)5]+ (Me3tacnN, N′, N″‐trimethyl‐1,4,7‐triazacyclononane) has been calculated using Becke's three‐parameter exchange functional and the gradient‐corrected functional of Lee, Yang, and Parr (B3LYP), a hybrid density functional theory (DFT), combined with a modified broken symmetry (BS) approach and the post–Hartree‐Fock (post‐HF) method difference‐dedicated configuration interaction (DDCI). We find B3LYP combined with broken‐symmetry approach (DFT‐BS) give the similar J values to those calculated by DDCI. So we use B3LYP combined with BS approach to investigate the magnetism above two molecules. Through calculations, we find that the absolute J values decrease with the increase of r (the Mo(2)‐Cbrid and Mo(1)‐Nbrid distances) and are linearly related to the differences of the squared spin populations [(ρ − ρ)] on MoIII atoms between the highest‐spin (HS) state and the broken symmetry (BS) state. Moreover, the absolute J values are linearly related to the sum of the square of the difference in energy of the unpaired electrons (ξ) with a limited variation of the r distance. We conclude that ξ can be used to scale the degree of the antiferromagnetic coupling interactions. At the end of the paper, the spin density distributions and the mechanisms of magnetic coupling interactions are analyzed by us. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Mismatch base pairing of the mutagen 8‐oxoguanine and its derivatives with adenine: A theoretical search for possible antimutagenic agents
Authors: Singh A. K. , Mishra P. C. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractMolecular geometries of 8‐oxoguanine (8OG), those of its substituted derivatives with the substitutions CH2, CF2, CO, CNH, O, and S in place of the N7H7 group, adenine (A), and the base pairs of 8OG and its substituted derivatives with adenine were optimized using the RHF/6‐31+G* and B3LYP/6‐31+G* methods in gas phase. All the molecules and their hydrogen‐bonded complexes were solvated in aqueous media employing the polarized continuum model (PCM) of the self‐consistent reaction field (SCRF) theory using the RHF/6‐31+G* and B3LYP/6‐31+G* methods. The optimized geometrical parameters of the 8OG‐A base pair at the RHF/6‐31+G* and B3LYP/6‐31+G* levels of theory agree satisfactorily with those of an oligonucleotide containing the base pair found from X‐ray crystallography. The pattern of hydrogen bonding in the CF2‐ and O‐substituted 8OG‐A base pair is of Watson–Crick type and that in the unsubstituted and CH2‐, CNH‐, and S‐substituted base pairs is of Hoogsteen type. In the CO‐substituted base pair, the hydrogen bonding pattern is of neither Watson–Crick nor Hoogsteen type. The CF2‐substitution appears to introduce steric hindrance for stacking of DNA bases. On the basis of these results, it appears that among all the substituted 8OG molecules considered here, the O‐substituted derivative may be useful as an antimutagenic drug. It is, however, subject to experimental verification. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Community resistance and change to nutrient enrichment and fish manipulation in a vegetated lake littoral
Authors: Hietala Jaana , Vakkilainen Kirsi , Kairesalo Timo 
Published: November 2004

Summary1. High biomass of macrophytes is considered important in the maintenance of a clear‐water state in shallow eutrophic lakes. Therefore, rehabilitation and protection of aquatic vegetation is crucial to the management of shallow lakes.2. We conducted field mesocosm experiments in 1998 and 1999 to study community responses in the plant‐dominated littoral zone of a lake to nutrient enrichment at different fish densities. We aimed to find the threshold fish biomass for the different nutrient enrichment levels below which large herbivorous zooplankton escapes control by fish. The experiments took place in the littoral of Lake Vesijärvi in southern Finland and were part of a series of parallel studies carried out jointly at six sites across Europe.3. In 1998, when macrophyte growth was poor, a clear‐water state with low phytoplankton biomass occurred only in unenriched mesocosms without fish or with low fish biomass (4 g fresh mass m−2). Both nutrient enrichment and high fish biomass (20 g fresh mass m−2) provoked a turbid water state with high planktonic and periphytic algal biomass. The zooplankton community was dominated by rotifers and failed to control the biomass of algae in nutrient enriched mesocosms. The littoral community thus had low buffer capacity against nutrient enrichment.4. In 1999, macrophytes, especially free‐floating Lemna trisulca L., grew well and the zooplankton community was dominated by filter‐feeding cladocerans. The buffer capacity of the littoral community against nutrient enrichment was high; a clear‐water state with low phytoplankton biomass prevailed even under the highest nutrient enrichment. High grazing rates by cladocerans, together with reduced light penetration into the water caused by L. trisulca, were apparently the main mechanisms behind the low algal biomass.5. Effects of fish manipulations were less pronounced than effects of nutrient enrichment. In 1999, clearance rates of cladocerans were similar in fish‐free and low‐fish treatments but decreased in the high‐fish treatment. This suggests that the threshold fish biomass was between the low‐ and high‐fish treatments. In 1998, such a threshold was found only between fish‐free and low‐fish treatments.6. The pronounced difference in the observed responses to nutrient enrichment and fish additions in two successive years suggests that under similar nutrient conditions and fish feeding pressure either clear or turbid water may result depending on the initial community structure and on weather.