bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zebrafish tiggy‐winkle hedgehog promoter directs notochord and floor plate green fluorescence protein expression in transgenic zebrafish embryos
Authors: Du Shao Jun , Dienhart Mary 
Published: August 2002

AbstractZebrafish tiggy‐winkle hedgehog (twhh) is a member of the hedgehog gene family that plays an important role in patterning brain, neural tube, somites, and eyes. To better understand the regulation of its tissue‐specific expression, the activity of the twhh promoter was determined in zebrafish embryos by transient and transgenic expression analysis. Transient expression studies revealed that the 5.2‐kb twhh promoter drove green fluorescence protein (GFP) expression in the notochord, floor plate, and branchial arches. Deletion analysis showed that distinct regions of the twhh promoter regulated the respective notochord or floor plate specific expression. To confirm the tissue specificity of the twhh promoter, transgenic zebrafish containing the twhh‐GFP transgene were generated. GFP expression was analyzed in the F1, F2, and F3 generations of the transgenic embryos. The results confirmed the tissue‐specific expression of the transgene in the notochord, floor plate, and branchial arches. In addition, GFP expression was also found in the pectoral fin buds, retina, and epithelial lining cells of the Kupffer's vesicle in the transgenic fish embryos. The expression pattern of the twhh‐GFP transgene mimicked the expression of the endogenous twhh mRNAs in the floor plate, fin buds, branchial arches, retina, and epithelial lining cells of the Kupffer's vesicle. The expression in the notochord, however, did not mimic the pattern of the endogenous twhh expression. To determine whether no tail (ntl) or floating head (flh) mutants that have developmental defect in the notochord or the Kupffer's vesicle may affect the GFP expression in these regions, GFP expression was analyzed in ntl or flh transgenic embryos. No GFP expression could be detected in the midline region of the ntl transgenic embryos. However, in flh transgenic embryos, although GFP expression was affected in the midline region, its expression in the Kupffer's vesicle appeared normal. Together, these data indicated that the 5.2‐kb twhh promoter contains regulatory elements for tissue‐specific expression of twhh in the floor plate, pectoral fin bud, branchial arches, retina, and Kupffer's vesicle. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spatiotemporal and tissue specific distribution of apoptosis in the developing chick heart
Authors: Cheng Gang , Wessels Andy , Gourdie Robert G. , Thompson Robert P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTo investigate spatial and temporal distributions of apoptosis in the embryonic chick heart and its relation to different tissue types, we examined apoptosis in the embryonic chick heart from Hamburger and Hamilton stage 17 through 3 days after hatching. MF20 antibody, alpha‐smooth muscle actin (SMA) antibody and EAP‐300 antibody were applied to delineate specific cell types. During early development of the embryonic chick heart, very few apoptotic cells were detected. The first distinctive zone of apoptosis was observed in the outflow tract at stage 25. This focus was most prominent during septation of the pulmonary artery from the aorta (i.e., between stages 28 and 29), and diminished to virtually background level by stage 32, except in the subconal regions. Subsequently, remarkable apoptosis appeared in the atrioventricular cushions by stage 26, peaked at stages 29–31, and dropped significantly thereafter. Characteristic distribution patterns of apoptotic cells were also detected in the cardiac conduction tissues, including the His bundle, the bundle branches, and the ventricular trabeculae. After stage 36, cell death dropped to background level, except in developing coronary vessels. MF20 and TUNEL double staining revealed that apoptosis in cardiomyocytes was limited to a few specific regions, much less than in cushion tissues. SMA and TUNEL double staining demonstrated that vascular structures were the major foci of apoptosis from stage 40 to 44, whereas adjacent perivascular Purkinje cells displayed significantly less cell death at these stages. The characteristic spatiotemporal locations of apoptosis parallel the morphologic changes and tissue differentiation during heart development, suggesting that apoptosis is crucial to the transformation of the heart from a simple tube to a complex multichambered pump. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effect of experimental presentation of thin media images on body satisfaction: A meta‐analytic review
Authors: Groesz Lisa M. , Levine Michael P. , Murnen Sarah K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveThe effect of experimental manipulations of the thin beauty ideal, as portrayed in the mass media, on female body image was evaluated using meta‐analysis.MethodData from 25 studies (43 effect sizes) were used to examine the main effect of mass media images of the slender ideal, as well as the moderating effects of pre‐existing body image problems, the age of the participants, the number of stimulus presentations, and the type of research design.ResultsBody image was significantly more negative after viewing thin media images than after viewing images of either average size models, plus size models, or inanimate objects. This effect was stronger for between‐subjects designs, participants less than 19 years of age, and for participants who are vulnerable to activation of a thinness schema.ConclusionResults support the sociocultural perspective that mass media promulgate a slender ideal that elicits body dissatisfaction. Implications for prevention and research on social comparison processes are considered. © 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 1–16, 2002.
Personality, perfectionism, and attitudes toward eating in parents of individuals with eating disorders
Authors: Woodside D. Blake , Bulik Cynthia M. , Halmi Katherine A. , Fichter Manfred M. , Kaplan Allan , Berrettini Wade H. , Strober Michael , Treasure Janet , Lilenfeld Lisa , Klump Kelly , Kaye Walter H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveThis study compares personality and eating‐related traits in parents of probands with eating disorders, with age‐band matched healthy normal controls.MethodData were abstracted from an international genetic study of anorexia nervosa. Information was available for the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS), the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI), and the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Comparisons were done by multivariate analysis of variance.ResultsMothers of probands showed elevated levels of perfectionism on the MPS and more concerns about weight and shape on the EDI compared with controls. Mothers who had daughters with diagnoses other than the restricting subtype of anorexia nervosa showed elevated levels of perfectionism on the MPS.ConclusionThese data are compatible with the notion that some personality traits, such as perfectionism, and weight and shape concerns may cluster in families of probands with eating disorders. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 290–299, 2002; DOI:10.1002/eat.10032
Disordered eating and the transition to college: A prospective study
Authors: Vohs Kathleen D. , Heatherton Todd F. , Herrin Marcia 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveA longitudinal study was conducted to examine whether the transition to college changed eating disorder symptoms and related attitudes.MethodParticipants were 342 women who completed an in‐depth survey in the spring of their senior year of high school and again during their first year of college. We assessed changes in body self‐perception, eating‐related attitudes, and disordered eating classification (nondieter, dieter, problem dieter, subclinical eating disordered, or eating disordered on the basis of criteria for bulimia nervosa in the 4th ed. of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders).ResultsAlthough participants viewed themselves as significantly heavier in their first year of college, dieting frequency and disordered eating classification in college did not differ from high school assessment.DiscussionEvidence from this study indicates that disordered eating symptoms and attitudes are established before college. However, our findings also reveal that poor self‐image, dieting behaviors, and eating disorder symptoms are common among many young women, both before and during college. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 280‐288, 2001.
Relationship between EDNOS and its subtypes and borderline personality disorder
Authors: Marino Margaret F. , Zanarini Mary C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) and four well‐defined subtypes of this disorder found in a sample of female borderline patients.MethodThe lifetime prevalence of EDNOS and its various subtypes among 233 female borderline patients and 46 female Axis II comparison subjects was assessed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐III‐R Axis I disorders.ResultsThirty‐three percent of female borderline patients met DSM‐III‐R criteria for EDNOS at some point in their lives. Of these 76 women, 20% reported a pattern of restricting without low weight, 37% reported a pattern of binging without purging, 37% reported a pattern of purging without binging, and 33% reported a pattern of low weight without loss of menses. However, less than 25% of these 76 borderline women had ever met criteria for anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa.ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that EDNOS is a separate cluster of eating disorders among borderline women, rather than a prodromal or residual form of a more clear‐cut case of anorexia or bulimia nervosa. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 349–353, 2001.
Test meal intake in obese binge eaters in relation to mood and gender
Authors: Geliebter Allan , Hassid Galia , Hashim Sami A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveWe assessed test meal intake in men and women with and without binge eating disorder (BED) in relation to mood score (Zung scale).MethodsEighty‐five overweight subjects (24 males and 61 females) participated; 30 subjects with BED and 55 without BED. Following an 8‐hr fast, subjects consumed a liquid test meal until extremely full.ResultsBED subjects consumed significantly more (p = .009) of the test meal (1,032 g ± 429) than the non‐binge eaters (737 g ± 399). The men ingested more than the women (p = .002). BED subjects also had higher depression scores (p = .01), without differing by gender. However, depression scores were unrelated to test meal intakes (r = −.01).DiscussionThe larger meal intakes of the BED group may be due to the larger stomach capacity previously found in both bulimics and obese subjects. The findings also support the premise that BED, listed in the DSM‐IV appendix for further study, is found in a distinct subgroup of overweight individuals. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 488–494, 2001.
Emotional expression and body dissatisfaction
Authors: Hayaki Jumi , Friedman Michael A. , Brownell Kelly D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to examine the relation between emotional expression and body dissatisfaction in a sample of young women.MethodParticipants were 141 female undergraduates. They were assessed for emotional expression, body dissatisfaction, nonassertiveness, and depressive symptoms. The unique relation between emotional expression and body dissatisfaction was analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression.ResultsEmotional expression was related inversely to body dissatisfaction. This association was significant after controlling for body mass index, nonassertiveness, and depressive symptoms.DiscussionThis is the first study to examine the link between emotional expression and body dissatisfaction. Findings are discussed in terms of possible strategies for modifying shape‐ and weight‐related concerns in women. © 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 57–62, 2002.
Assessing the costs of compliance: the Kyoto Protocol
Authors: Böhringer Christoph , Löschel Andreas 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAfter the political agreement at the Bonn climate talks, the Kyoto Protocol is now ready for ratification. Key policy questions surrounding the ultimate implementation of the Kyoto Protocol and any follow‐up international agreement on climate protection require quantitative assessment, i.e. the use of analytical models that mimic the potential economic impacts of alternative emission reduction policies. In this paper, we assess the costs of compliance with the Kyoto Protocol. The simulation results reveal why the USA has withdrawn from the Kyoto Protocol, while several other Annex B countries have pushed for an implicit relaxation of their Kyoto targets. International trade in emissions significantly reduces the total costs of compliance with Kyoto. We also explore the robustness of results with respect to changes in the values of key elasticities as well as other major assumptions, such as the baseline growth path or the scope of the abatement coalition (Kyoto with and without the USA). The sensitivity analysis helps to create an understanding of key assumptions that determine the quantitative model results and the policy conclusions to be drawn. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Social comparison choices in the classroom: further evidence for students' upward comparison tendency and its beneficial impact on performance
Authors: Huguet Pascal , Dumas Florence , Monteil Jean M. , Genestoux Nicolas 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBlanton and colleagues (1999) found that children who nominated a comparison‐target in several courses chose same‐sex students who slightly outperformed them in class. This had a beneficial effect on children's course grades, which were also independently predicted by comparative evaluation (i.e. how the children evaluated their relative standing in class). These phenomena were examined at two time periods with a more detailed record of comparison choices while including several psychological moderators (i.e. closeness to and identification with the comparison targets, perceived academic control, importance of academic domains). The present findings (1) replicate those found earlier by Blanton and colleagues, (2) offer evidence that children compare upward with close friends with whom they identify as a means of self‐improvement, (3) show that this identification is more likely to occur when children perceive control over their standing relative to the comparison target, and (4) suggest that the effects of comparison‐level choice (i.e. the level typical of the persons with whom one chooses to compare) diminish over time. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extended quantitative structure–activity relationships for 80 aromatic and heterocyclic amines: Structural, electronic, and hydropathic factors affecting mutagenic potency
Authors: Hatch Frederick T. , Knize Mark G. , Colvin Michael E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe mutagenic/carcinogenic heterocyclic amines formed during the cooking of protein foods have been determined to be probable or possible human carcinogens. As part of a comprehensive study of the food mutagens, our laboratory has produced a series of quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSARs) of aromatic and heterocyclic amines, to attempt to elucidate the mechanisms of mutagenesis/carcinogenesis. Amines are genotoxically active only after activation by a series of reactions converting the parent compound to an electrophilic derivative, which is postulated to be a nitrenium ion that covalently binds to and damages DNA. An important agent in this conversion is cytochrome P450. In this report we develop a QSAR for 80 amines of diverse structure and a range of 10 orders of magnitude in mutagenic potency. New structural factors and quantum chemical ab initio and Hückel calculations are included. The results are interpreted to show that a main determinant of mutagenic potency is the extent of the aromatic π‐electron system. Small contributions are made by both the dipole moment and the calculated stability of the nitrenium ion. Multiple linear regression models account for nearly two‐thirds of the variance in potency, leaving room for additional unknown factors. The role of cytochrome P450 1A in amine toxification is supported, and further theoretical and experimental research on its reaction mechanisms and modeling of its active site are proposed. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:268–291, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lavage and nipple aspiration of breast ductal fluids: A source of biomarkers for environmental mutagenesis
Authors: Klein Pamela M. , Lawrence Julia A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe acquisition of breast ductal fluid by nipple aspiration and ductal lavage are simple noninvasive procedures to sample breast tissue. Nipple aspiration fluid (NAF) obtained with gentle suction and a simple syringe‐adapted apparatus may evaluate the secretory components that bathe the ductal epithelial cells. Evaluations have included the quantification of soluble markers (carcinoembryonic antigen and prostatic‐specific antigen), DNA amplification, protein gel electrophoresis, and mutagenesis assays. It has been suggested that environmental mutagens in the breast ductal system may contribute to carcinogenesis. The feasibility of mutagenesis assays on NAF has been limited by the small size of the samples obtained. Three small clinical studies detected mutagens in 6–14% of the samples using the Salmonella Ames assay. Ductal lavage collects more of a cellular aspirate from the ductal system utilizing a microcatheter. Early studies on ductal lavage fluid have included cytology and methylation‐specific PCR. Ductal lavage in a high‐risk group has identified cellular atypia in 21% of those sampled. Samples obtained through the nipple, by aspiration or lavage, are the proteinaceous secretions from the ductal system and ductal epithelial cells. The fluid represents the cellular events and the dynamic secretory process of the breast and may include potential initiators of the carcinogenesis process in the cellular microenvironment. Fluid obtained by ductal lavage may allow for more detailed studies of the role of mutagens in breast cancer. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:127–133, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transplacental mutagenicity of N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea at the hprt locus in T‐lymphocytes of exposed B6C3F1 mice
Authors: Sussman Hillary E. , Bauer Michael J. , Shi Xiaochu , Judice Stephen A. , Albertini Richard J. , Walker Vernon E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPrevious studies have compared age‐related differences in total mutagenic burden in mice of differing age (preweanling, weanling, or young adult) after single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of ethylnitrosourea (ENU). The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the effects of time elapsed since treatment on the frequency of hprt mutant T‐cells (Mf) from mice treated transplacentally with single acute vs. multiple split doses of ENU. To this end, pregnant C57BL/6 mice (n = 13–16/group), which had been bred to C3H males, were given i.p. injections of 40 mg ENU/kg bw in a single dose on day 18 of gestation, in a split dose of 6 mg ENU/kg bw on days 12 through 18 of gestation, or DMSO vehicle alone. Groups of pups were necropsied on days 10, 13, 15 (single dose only), 17, 20, 40, and 70 postpartum for T‐cell isolations and hprt Mf measurements using the T‐cell cloning assay. The time required to reach maximum Mfs in T‐cells isolated from thymus of transplacentally treated animals was 2 weeks, the same time span as previously observed after ENU treatment of adult, weanling, and preweanling mice. Mfs in T‐cells isolated from spleens of control animals averaged 2.1 ± 0.3 (SE) × 10−6. In spleens of mice treated transplacentally with ENU in a single dose, Mfs reached a maximum at 15 days postpartum [84.7 ± 15.8 (SE) × 10−6] and decreased to lower but still elevated levels at 40 days postpartum. In spleens of mice treated transplacentally with ENU in a split dose, Mfs reached a maximum at 13 days postpartum [74.0 ± 16.3 (SE) × 10−6] and decreased to background levels at 40 days postpartum. The areas under the curves describing the change in hprt Mfs over time for ENU‐treated vs. control mice estimate the mutagenic potency for transplacental single‐ and split‐dose exposures to be 1.9 and 0.8 × 103, respectively. Comparison of the mutagenic potency estimates for mice exposed to ENU in utero to 4‐week‐old mice given a similar dose of the same lot number of ENU indicates that the mouse is more susceptible to ENU‐induced mutagenesis during fetal life. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 38:30–37, 2001 © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
What does the performance of the Dow Jones Sustainability Group Index tell us?
Authors: Cerin Pontus , Dobers Peter 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Dow Jones Sustainability Group Index (DJSGI) is really a family of indexes used to identify and track the performance of sustainably run companies. When the DJSGI was introduced in September 1999, it was claimed to outperform the more generalized Dow Jones Global Index (DJGI) with respect to market capitalization growth. Corporations, NGOs and governmental agencies often refer to the DJSGI for illustrating that integrating economic, environmental and social factors into the operations and management of a company increases shareholder value and business activity transparency. The DJSGI is also used by global corporations to legitimize the efforts they put into sustainability. However, there have been no studies carried out to date that illuminate the business activity transparency of the DJSGI. This study investigates the structure and transparency of the DJSGI compared with the DJGI. The results of this study show that the DJSGI focuses more on the technology sector than the general DJGI does. The average market capitalization value of companies listed in the DJSGI was found to be two‐and‐a‐half times the corresponding average for those listed in the DJGI. This raises some legitimate questions. Does the superior performance of the DJSGI reflect the greater efforts DJSGI companies put into sustainability, or a dependence on asymmetric distributions in company sectors, world regions or market capitalization? This paper therefore endeavours to illustrate the transparency of the DJSGI. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Damage identification of structures with uncertain frequency and mode shape data
Authors: Xia Yong , Hao Hong , Brownjohn James M. W. , Xia Pin‐Qi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA statistical method with combined uncertain frequency and mode shape data for structural damage identification is proposed. By comparing the measured vibration data before damage or analytical finite element model of the intact structure with those measured after damage, the finite element model is updated so that its vibration characteristic changes are equal to the changes in the measured data as closely as possible. The effects of uncertainties in both the measured vibration data and finite element model are considered as random variables in model updating. The statistical variations of the updated finite element model are derived with perturbation method and Monte Carlo technique. The probabilities of damage existence in the structural members are then defined. The proposed method is applied to a laboratory tested steel cantilever beam and frame structure. The results show that all the damages are identified correctly with high probabilities of damage existence. Discussions are also made on the applicability of the method when no measurement data of intact structure are available. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.