bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Follicular development and ovulation in Macaca fascicularis, Saimiri sciureus and Galago senegalensis
Authors: Dukelow W. Richard , Jewett D. A. , Rawson J. M. R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA technique utilizing laparoscopy to determine the precise time of ovulation in three species is described. Determination is based on morphological changes that occur 24 to 36 hours before ovulation. This technique, coupled with mating sessions of short‐duration, has been used to produce precisely defined pregnancies; the implications of this technique in reproduction research and teratology are discussed.A comparison of ovulation times in Macaca fascicularis indicates that ovulation normally occurs on day 13 of animals having a cycle length from 25 to 28 days. In animals with a cycle length from 31 to 34 days, ovulation occurred on day 14.8. Evidence presented does not substantiate previous claims for alternation between ovaries in consecutive cycles.
Sexual behavior during successive ejaculations in bonnet and pigtail macaques
Authors: Nadler Ronald D. , Rosenblum Leonard A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDuring tests of sexual behavior which permitted multiple ejaculations, male bonnet and pigtail macaques were found to differ on a number of traditionally defined behavioral parameters. Although pigtail tests were terminated by a more stringent criterion, they were longer in duration and more ejaculations were recorded than in the bonnet tests. Pigtail males required relatively more intromissions for initial ejaculations and somewhat fewer on successive ejaculations. Bonnets, on the other hand, generally ejaculated on the first mount of a test and then exhibited increased numbers of intromissions to successive ejaculations. Although both species exhibited increases in successive postejaculatory intervals, the changes were more gradual for the pigtails.
Seasonal variation in sexual behavior of all‐male Rhesus troops
Authors: Gordon Thomas P. , Bernstein Irwin S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractFree roaming groups of Rhesus monkeys show a clear annual cycle in the incidence of sexual behavior. One hypothesis explaining the control of this cycle is that seasonal variables act directly on females, altering their endocrine status. Aroused females then communicate their sexual receptivity to male group members.The sexual behavior of 35 male Rhesus was observed during the non‐mating and the mating season. All animals were maintained in large outdoor enclosures. One group of males (N = 7) were housed with females and juveniles as part of a breeding group. A second group of males (N = 8) had visual contact with the members of the breeding group, and a third group of males (N = 20) had no contact with either of these groups.During the non‐mating season no sexual behavior was observed. At the onset of the mating season, the males with females displayed evidence of hormonal arousal and became sexually active. The males with visual contact with the breeding group also evidenced hormonal arousal and began engaging in male‐to‐male sexual activity. The males in the third group showed no sign of sexual arousal.These findings support the hypothesis that seasonal influences act only on females; and demonstrate that females can communicate their endocrine status to males, even without direct physical contact.
Sexual dimorphism in the pelves of African lorises
Authors: Leutenegger Walter 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe present study is the first describing sexual dimorphism in the pelves of prosimian primates. Various measurements and indices indicate that there is no significant sexual dimorphism in the pelves of African lorises (Perodicticus potto and Arctocebus calabarensis). The lack of even a moderate degree of sexual dimorphism can be interpreted as the result of a lack of marked sexual differences in body size and of absence of selective pressure for expansion of the birth canal, the latter due to the small size of the fetus at term in relation to the dimensions of the female pelvic inlet.
Prenatal dental development in the black howler monkey (Alouatta caraya)
Authors: Tarrant Lewis H. , Swindler Daris R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPrenatal dental development was investigated in 19 black howler monkey fetuses that ranged in crown‐rump length from 84 mm to 170.5 mm. During this period of fetal development, all of the deciduous teeth and the first permanent molars were found to pass through various stages of crown and root formation. The deciduous incisors, canines, and first molars each calcified from a single calcification center. The second deciduous molars each calcified from two separate calcification centers. And, the third deciduous and first permanent molars each calcified from four separate calcification centers. The morphogenetic events involved in the establishment of the molar crown patterns were found to differ markedly from those of their counterparts among catarrhine primates. In all cases, however, the calcification sequence was found to be directly related to the morphology of the developing crown.
Cytogenetic study of the endemic malagasy lemurs subfamily Cheirogaleinae Gregory 1915
Authors: Rumpler Y. , Albignac R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractKaryotypes were determined on 27 lemurs from six species of what has been called the “subfamily” of Cheirogaleinae : Microcebus murinus murinus (2), M. murinus rufus (2), M. coquereli (5), Phaner furcifer (6), Cheirogaleus medius (9), and C. major (3). The cytogenetic study of these animals reveals that this “subfamily” contains in fact two groups, (a) — Microcebus and Cheirogaleus, and (b) — Phaner. The karyotype of the first two genera has a fundamental number (FN) equal to 66 and the karyotype of the third genus has an FN equal to 62. This result and the fact that Phaner has a particular scent‐marking gland, knuckle pads, and finger prints markedly different from those of other genera agree with the view that this animal belongs to a special subfamily, Phanerinae, while the two other genera constitute the subfamily of Cheirogaleinae. These two subfamilies constitute the family of Cheirogaleidae.
Karyotypes of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) from different geographic regions
Authors: Jones T. C. , Thorington R. W. , Hu M. M. , Adams E. , Cooper R. W. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThree different karyotypes have been found so far among Saimiri originating from five different South American localities. All animals examined have the same diploid number (44) of chromosomes but the number of acrocentric and submetacentric chromosomes varies, presumably as a result of pericentric inversions. Saimiri originating from Iquitos, Peru, consistently have ten acrocentric chromosomes; animals originating from Leticia, Colombia, have 12 acrocentric chromosomes. Hybrids produced in our laboratory have the expected 11 acrocentrics and one unpaired submetacentric chromosome. Animals originating from Guyana have fourteen acrocentric chromosomes and the expected two fewer submetacentric chromosomes. Squirrel monkeys from Costa Rica, Panama, and Pucallpa, Peru, studied to this date conform to the Iquitos type with ten acrocentric chromosomes. These findings point to genetic differences which may result in variable responses to laboratory situations. The evolutionary factors involved in this rearrangement of chromosomes and possible influences on phenotypes are subjects of interest for future study. The importance of identifying the source of squirrel monkeys used in biomedical research is apparent if results from different laboratories are to be repeated or compared.
Biologic basis for maxillary osteotomies
Authors: Bell William H. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAdult Rhesus monkeys were used as experimental models to investigate revascularization and bone healing in different single‐stage anterior, posterior and total maxillary osteotomy techniques.Microangiographic and histologic studies demonstrated that intraosseous and intrapulpal circulation to the mobilized maxillary segments were maintained by the experimental flap designs which maintained intact soft tissue; the fragments healed by osseous union within six weeks without immobilization of the mandible.The treatment of many severe dental‐facial deformities is difficult and challenging. Functional and stable occlusions with facial balance and harmony have been attained in many adult patients by maxillary osteotomy techniques.The Rhesus monkey serves as an excellent experimental model to develop new biologically sound maxillary surgical orthodontic techniques.
Papio cynocephalus age determination
Authors: Reed O. M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe age of non‐domesticated primates has always been a question to the scientific investigator. This question was magnified in the early 1960's when primate research hit a new peak. Age development standards became necessary to conduct many projects demanding developmental information. This project utilized known aged Papio cynocephalus baboons. Skull, muzzle, long bone and tooth development measurements were taken on a linear growth program for five years. These data, when programed for the computer, gave a reliable regression curve age predictability of one month up to 40 months and a three month age predictability up to 72 months for P. cynocephalus. Data taken from known‐aged animals not in the survey proved the reliability of the project.
Experimental radio‐osteonecrosis in Rhesus macaque jaws; therapeutic irradiation dose effect on dental extraction wound healing
Authors: Zach Leo , Cohen Gerson , Scopp Irwin , Kaplan Gustave 
Published: August 2005

AbstractVarying degrees of osteonecrosis result from molar extractions or other oral surgical procedures in rhesus macaques before, during, or after the administration of 6000 rad (the equivalent of human therapeutic dose levels) via either 240 kVp x‐ray or cobalt 60 irradiation to the jaw areas subjected to surgery. The effects of various experimental time‐dose‐wound combinations on the level of impairment of wound‐healing, interruption of osteogenesis, and the nature of the response of the irradiation‐compromised tissues are covered in this report.
Noradrenergic control of circadian rhythms in Cebus albifrons
Authors: Winget C. M. , Vernikos‐Danellis Joan , Sakellaris P. C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractManifestation of biologic oscillations (e.g., body temperature 24‐hour wave form) is the summation of the exogenous and endogenous response mechanisms of the biologic clock. Biologic rhythm asynchrony results from a rapid change in the environment presented to the time sensors. The destruction of noradrenergic terminals in a male Cebus albifrons by 6‐hydroxydopa interrupted the transmission of information from the defined environment to the biologic clock as evidenced by removal of the exogenous components of the 24‐hour deep body‐temperature (DBT) wave form; i.e., decrease in DBT rhythm was no longer associated to lights off, and the level about which this rhythm fluctuated was reduced. In contrast the daily heart rate rhythm was less affected.
Diurnal heart rate and body temperature in marmosets
Authors: Hampton John K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMarmosets, Saguinus oedipus oedipus and S. fuscicollis, have been shown to have a diurnal heart rate pattern that has a marked difference between high and low values (about 55 beats/minute) and shows a low point during daylight hours around 1300–1400 hours. A similar pattern for body temperature was seen. A species difference existed; the larger S. o. oedipus has a higher heart rate during both light and dark periods. All measurements were made on undisturbed animals at hourly intervals using radiotelemetry. They were kept in a controlled environment with a light cycle of 12L: 12D and a temperature of 27 ± 1°C.
A chronic implant for recording of cochlear potentials in primates
Authors: Pugh James E. , Horwitz Milton R. , Anderson David J. , Singleton Earl F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA new technique for the continuous recording of peripheral bioelectrical activity in the auditory system of primates is described. Because of basic differences in the anatomy of the temporal bone, the approach to the round window of the cochlea is more difficult in most primates than in lower animals. A relatively simple surgical approach, which made possible the placement of an electrode into the perilymph of the inner ear via the well‐demarcated horizontal semicircular canal was therefore developed and is described in detail. The bared tip of a Teflon‐coated wire was cemented into the canal opening with carboxylate cement, and the wire attached to a permanent electrical connector on the skull. Cochlear microphonic and action potentials of 50 to 100 μV amplitude were thus recorded on a continuing basis at the same time that behavioral studies of primate auditory acuity were conducted.
Hearing of old world monkeys (Cercopithecinae)
Authors: Stebbins William C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe characteristics of normal hearing were examined in the laboratory for seven species of Old World monkeys. Operant conditioning procedures, coupled with standard audiometric testing methods, were used to assess thresholds of hearing, frequency range of hearing, and differential sensitivity to auditory intensity and frequency. To produce tonal stimulation, an animal was trained to touch and maintain manual contact with a contact‐sensitive key and to report hearing the tone by lifting his hand from the key; this response was followed by food reinforcement. When the reporting response occurred without the auditory signal, the animal was punished by a short suspension from the experiment. Additional contingencies were added to ensure stable and reliable responding, and threshold and differential acuity determinations were then made. Threshold was defined as the stimulus value responded to correctly 50% of the time. The frequency range of hearing of all the cercopithecoids tested extended from 60 to 40,000 Hz, an octave above the upper bound of 20,000 Hz for man but well below the 60–70,000 Hz limit for some prosimians. Absolute sensitivity for tonal stimulation in the most sensitive frequency range (1–8 kHz) was about 2 × 10−4 microbars, comparable to that of other primates tested, including man. Thus, the Old World monkey appears only slightly less sensitive than man to small changes in intensity and frequency of acoustic stimulation. At 1000 Hz at 60 dB above the threshold of audibility, his limit of resolution is about 5 Hz for frequency and 2 dB for intensity.
Effect of optic chiasmotomy upon serotonin concentration in the pineal gland of the monkey
Authors: Kenny G. C. T. , Louis C. J. , Bradley K. C. , Anderson R. McD. , Walden N. B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe concentration of serotonin within the pineal gland of the monkey exhibits a 24‐hour rhythm, being higher during the hours of light and falling during the hours of darkness. Chiasmotomies were performed upon male cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca irus) to ascertain whether the intrapineal concentration of serotonin is dependent upon information passing from the eyes by means of nerve fibers that cross in the optic chiasma. After two weeks, the operated animals, whether killed in the light or the dark, showed a significant reduction in intrapineal serotonin compared with controls; however, the concentration of serotonin in operated animals killed during hours of light was comparable with that of control animals killed during the corresponding hours of darkness. The results indicate that the intrapineal concentration of serotonin is dependent upon information transmitted from the eyes by means of nerve fibers which cross in the optic chiasma; it is possible that these fibers are also components of the accessory optic tracts. It also is suggested that during hours of light, uncrossed fibers of retinal origin may participate in the regulation of the intrapineal serotonin concentration of this monkey.
Maze behavior in Macaques
Authors: Doty Robert W. , Yamaga Kenichi 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSpecialization of the right cerebral hemisphere in man for analysis of spatial relations suggests that a similar specialization may exist in macaques. This possibility is being examined in animals first trained to negotiate a maze and then subjected to transection of optic chiasm and forebrain commissures. In the one successful experiment to date, clear evidence of such specialization was obtained for the left hemisphere in a monkey consistently using its left hand for retrieval of food. Provisional evidence for the existence of unilateral engrams in such circumstances was also obtained by limiting input during training to one eye and hemisphere and testing the other before and after completion of transection of the forebrain commissures. Finally, it was found that in the split brain macaque, a lesion in the parietal‐occipital area of one hemisphere initially disrupted maze performance using either hemisphere.
Alkaptonuria in an orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus)
Authors: Keeling M. E. , McClure H. M. , Kibler R. F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAlkaptonuria has been diagnosed in a laboratory born, five year old, female orangutan. In man, this relatively rare amino acid metabolic disorder is characterized by arthritis, pigmentation of cartilage, and darkening of the urine upon standing. The color change is due to oxidation of homogentisic acid not normally found in the urine. The condition in man is a simple Mendelian recessive trait characterized by the absence of homogentisic acid oxidase activity.At two years of age, the affected orangutan was noted to void urine of normal color, which upon standing turned a very dark maroon color. Clinically the animal appeared normal; and the results of a urinalysis, hemogram, and survey radiographs confirmed this evaluation. Nonspecific laboratory determinations used to diagnose alkaptonuria in man were positive. Homogentisic acid in the urine was confirmed by paper chromatography, and a quantitative evaluation was made by a commercial laboratory.The orangutan has shown no clinical change or evidence of ochronosis during the past three years, and quarterly survey radiographs show no evidence of osteoarthropathy. The affected orangutan has half brothers and sisters in the colony but no full sibling. Both parents are young, however, and are being paired in an attempt to produce siblings. It is hoped that additional animals with this metabolic defect will become available for use as potential models for studying this inborn error of metabolism.
Experimental protein malnutrition in primates—cytochemistry of the nervous system
Authors: Manocha Sohan L. , Olkowski Zbigniew L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractExperimental protein malnutrition was induced in groups of young juvenile squirrel monkeys by feeding them ad libitum diets very low in protein content, whereas a diet containing 25% protein content was fed to the control animals. Detailed cytochemical studies have clearly shown the sensitivity of the nervous system to dietary abuse. The motor neurons of the spinal cord and the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum are very sensitive to protein deficiency, and the number of oligodendroglia cells increases sharply. Gallocyanin stained preparations from the malnourished animals show significant decrease in the amount of RNA in the Purkinje cells of cerebellum and the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord. The larger neurons show prominent chromatolysis with concomitant increase in the number of oligodendrocytes surrounding such nerve cells. The different layers of the cerebellar cortex of the malnourished animals, as well as some of the neurons of the spinal cord, showed decreased activity of succinate dehydrogenase and increased levels of thiamine pyrophosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase. Although ATPase activity appeared to remain unchanged quantitatively, it showed profound disturbance in its in situ localization, especially in the mitochondrial ATPase located in the cytoplasm. The enzyme activity in the nuclear membrane appeared unchanged. These studies emphasize the importance of studying in situ changes in the anatomically heterogeneous nervous tissue, rather than of working only with biochemical methods using homogenized material.
Analysis of rhesus monkey vocalizations: Maturation‐related sex differences in clear‐call frequency
Authors: Erwin J. , Mitchell G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn the first of two studies six like‐sexed pairs of rhesus macaques early in their third year of life were observed for two days, then separated for two days, and finally reunited for two days. In the second, about nine months later, the same animals were paired across sex and were separated in a similar fashion to that in the previous study. The number of distress‐related clear calls uttered by females remained stable through both studies, but the males showed a decrease with age in this behavior. The results of these two studies are compared with other research in which maturation‐related sex differences have become apparent. These comparisons suggested that decreases in the production of clear calls accompany the onset of puberty. Since the females which were involved in our research reached puberty shortly before the time of our first study and the males did so shortly before the second, the decreases in male clear‐call rate which we observed across these two studies appears to have been linked with peri‐pubertal influences.
Isolation and characterization of a new virus from owl monkeys: Herpesvirus aotus type 3
Authors: Daniel M. D. , Melendez L. V. , King N. W. , Barahona H. H. , Fraser C. E. O. , Garcia F. G. , Silva D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractOwl monkey kidney cell cultures yielded a viral agent 32 days after initiation of the culture. The virus was identified as a herpesvirus by physico‐chemical, cultural, and morphological features. Serologically this herpesvirus was found to be unrelated to other members of this family, as well as to Herpesvirus aotus type 1 and 2. Based on these findings the name Herpesvirus aotus type 3 is suggested for this herpesvirus.
The rhesus monkey as a model for the study of infectious disease
Authors: Kastello Michael D. , Spertzel Richard O. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractModels for bacterial and viral infections and intoxication were developed in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Manifestations of acute‐phase illnesses, e.g., temperature, white blood cell (WBC) counts, blood cultures, etc., were monitored at regular intervals. Viral infection was established by inoculating subcutaneously 412 plaque‐forming units of Trinidad strain, Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. A diphasic febrile response developed, with the first fever peak on days 1 to 2 and a second peak on days 3 to 5. Viremia occurred within 12 hours and persisted in some animals for as long as five days. WBC responses were typical of viral infection. Gram‐positive infections were induced by intravenous (IV) inoculation of 108 Type I Diplococcus pneumoniae. Peak febrile response and bacteremia (102 to 106 pneumococci per milliliter) occurred within 48 hours. Gram‐negative infections, obtained by IV inoculation with 109 Salmonella typhimurium, induced maximal febrile responses within 24 to 48 hours. Leukopenia occurred in 75% of animals; all were bacteremic. Mortality was 40% at 72 hours. Manifestations of intoxication following IV administration of purified staphylococcal enterotoxin B (10 μg per kg body weight) consisted of vomiting, diarrhea, leukopenia, and fever within one to three hours and resembled nonlethal staphylococcal food poisoning of man. These studies indicate that the rhesus macaque has reproducible and characteristic responses to a variety of microbial stimuli and therefore is eminently suitable for studying pathophysiologic, metabolic, and immunologic parameters of infectious or toxic disease processes.