bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Potential of Smart Water Flooding in Pre-Salt: From Lab Results to Field Scale Evaluation Through a Simulation Study
Authors: Almeida R. V. de , Nudelman G. , Yasuda E. , Ruidiaz E. , Ninci B. , Real T. , Barroso J. B. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The effectiveness of injecting CuCl2 enriched seawater, a smart-water EOR method also known as metallic-tuned water injection, was evaluated in a pre-salt field. This was achieved through the implementation of laboratory results on reservoir simulation, which was used to assess the performance of such EOR technique in terms of oil recovery and water injection efficiency. The study aims to provide insights into the potential benefits and limitations of smart waterflooding in pre-salt at field scale. Core flooding experiments were conducted to estimate the incremental recovery through the injection of metallic tuned water (MTW). Relative permeability curves were obtained for both seawater/oil and MTW/oil under reservoir conditions. To evaluate the effects of tertiary recovery injection with metallic (copper) tuned water at field scale, it was simulated using EclipseTM300. First, the history match and forecast were simulated up to the start of the MTW injection. Once the pressure and saturation conditions were estimated, the relative permeability curves obtained in the core analysis were modified and the effects of the MTW injection were simulated. Three core flooding experiments under reservoir condition with reservoir rocks and reservoir oil samples from pre-salt presented incremental oil recovery in all the cases. Experiment 1 presented a typical recovery factor for pre-salt fields of 23.4% with conventional method of desulphated seawater (seawater with reduced sulfate - 100 ppm) and 28.8% of incremental RF with copper solution, reaching a final RF of 52.2%. Experiments 2 and 3 presented 24.9% and 20.0% of RF with desulphated seawater and incremental recoveries of 6% and 30% with MTW, respectively. Relative permeabilities of both desulphated sweater/oil and MTW/oil were obtained to be used into the reservoir model. Corroborating the laboratory data, the simulation study showed evidence of increased oil recovery. Consequently, it becomes essential to bridge the gap between lab-scale results and field-scale implementation.
An Analysis of H-Infinity Control for Offshore Wind Turbines
Authors: Menezes Eduardo J. N. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Conventional wind turbine (WT) pitch control is executed using traditional methods, generally based on proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controllers. Although reaching satisfactory power regulation and robust behavior, this approach does not explicitly consider the reduction of mechanical loads on the WT structure. In fact, the active pitch control can be used to influence the WT structural response as an auxiliary objective for mitigating loads and increasing the WT reliability, diminishing O&M costs. This is even more relevant for offshore WTs, where difficulties of maintenance impose the need for technologies that enable longer useful life of components. In this paper, we present the application of an advanced control method, the H-infinity, to change the conventional pitch control and include loading reductions as an explicit control objective.
Cementing Bullheading Simulator for Well Plugging and Abandonment with Coupled Well-Reservoir Modeling
Authors: da Silva I. E. , Rylo E. , Forti T. L. , Longhin G. C. , Moreira R. P. , Piedade T. S. , Rocha J. S. , Oliveira A. G. , Lucchesi R. D. , Carvalho C. P. , Cid K. F. , Santos F. G. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Oil & Gas E&P operations are known for its financial and operational risks. In regard to environmental regulations, an O&G well must comply not only with the restrictions for its operational life, but also to those conceived for its decommissioned life. One such restriction involves guaranteeing that different Oil and Gas zones are kept isolated from each other after the well is decommissioned, i.e., abandoned. One of the various techniques deployed in these cases is Cement Bullheading, consisting of pumping cement down the well, so that cement plugs the porous media making it impermeable, and therefore, isolated.
A cement bullheading well abandonment simulator equipped with a coupled well and reservoir model was developed to assist in the decision-making of well decommissioning processes. The numerical model covers the whole cement path, starting at the Oilrig tank, down to the reservoir, modeled through hoses, risers, tubulars, completions and rock formation. Different models of fluids are considered, such as biphasic fluids, cement paste and cement/foamed fluid.
Changes in Well Injectivity are computed based on the pressure reservoir response (3D FEM Simulator) along with cake formation, which depends on the adopted filter cake model. Thermodynamic effects are also addressed during the operation, considering heat exchange between well components and reservoir, including fluids, casings, and rock formation.
The main simulator output are time dependent curves, along the whole cement path, for pressure (casing and rock stress operational limits), temperature, fluid position, flowrate and when using foam fluids, the nitrogen injection rate. Results are checked against field data and so far are very promising.
The Next-Generation All-Electric SPS - A Major Improvement on Safety, Security, and Environmental Impact
Authors: MacKenzie Rory 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Subsea All-Electric Joint Industry Project led by TotalEnergies together with industry partners have expended extensive efforts and resources over the past 5-6 years, together with several other Energy Providers and strong industrial support from Suppliers, to develop a fully qualified All-Electric subsea system. This next-generation system leverages existing subsea infrastructure to minimize the need for new equipment and materials, reducing its carbon footprint. The all-electric design not only enhances well control and monitoring, but also improves the safety and environmental impact of subsea operations.
The establishment of a standardized approach for subsea all electric equipment has made a major impact on safety, security, and environmental responsibility in the subsea industry. The standard ensures the safety and security of subsea operations by reducing the risk of accidents, failures and provides clear design and usage guidelines for subsea All-Electric systems. The implementation of this standard will result in the removal of hydraulic emissions, reduction of chemical handling on support vessels and facilities, fumes, and high-pressure containment.
In conclusion, the All Electric SPS Initiative is a significant step forward in improving the efficiency, reliability, and integrity management of subsea production systems. When coupled with e-Intelligent well completion, the All-electric system will further optimize reservoir management. The collaboration between TotalEnergies and other industry partners is an essential element to further develop the technology and achieve standardization across the industry.
Regulating Human Factors in Brazilian Oil & Gas Offshore Installations
Authors: Morais C. P. M. , Almeida D. P. S. , Alves V. F. B. 
Published: October 2023

The regulatory framework for oil & gas installations offshore in Brazil has been available since 2007. The regulation is known as SGSO (short name for management system of operational safety), Resolution ANP 43/2007, and is part of the Brazilian Oil & Gas Regulator ANP framework. It is composed of 17 management practices, all of them enforced during audits. However, the level of enforcement of each of those practices have changed through time. This is evidenced by the analysis on data regarding non-conformities written by the auditors, e.g from focus on mechanical integrity in the first few years, to risk analysis implementation on the next years. Now, that the human factors management practice enforcement has increased, it is pushing the local market to discuss the causes and find new solutions - which sometimes do not reflect the best available practices and the regulator expectations.This paper intends to show the data trends and explain through those results the indicator made available to the regulators to intensify the human factors efforts, and how this seems to follow a global trend.This paper discusses the results regarding how Brazil offshore installations are in conformance within the good practices recommended by the international association of oil & gas producers (IOGP). The paper also points for the challenges and indicates the ongoing efforts made by regulators and operators.
Perturbative-Integro-Differential Solution for the Nonlinear Hydraulic Diffusivity Equation for Compaction Damage Management in Poroelastic Stress-Sensitive Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Fernandes Fernando Bastos , Braga Arthur M. B. , Soares Antônio C. , Rezende Fernando H. G. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Considering the effects of poroelasticity in oil flow models becomes the modeling regarding formation evaluation and reservoir engineering more realistic. It occurs because poroelastic parameters, e.g., in situ overburden stress, σob, Young's modulus, E and Biot's coefficient, α have a fundamental role in reservoir depletion response. This paper develops a new perturbative solution for the nonlinear hydraulic diffusivity equation (NHDE) in Biot's effective stress-sensitive infinite-acting-oil reservoirs. For this modeling, the NHDE is perturbed until the first-order using the dimensionless inverse Biot effective stress-dependent permeability, 1/kD (σ′) as a perturbation parameter, ∈. A new stress-sensitive function, m(σ′), that couples geomechanics to the transient permeability change is presented, and the mathematical formulation is developed in terms of this function. The solution shows that the phenomenon of permeability loss over the production curve is composed of the linear solution pD(tD) = − (α/2)Ei(−1/4tD) plus a nonlinear term that results in permeability change caused by pressure drop inside the reservoir pores. In addition, the pseudo-pressure derivative is used to compute the instantaneous permeability loss using the fact that ∂mD/∂tD = kD(σ′)∂pD/∂tD. The findings of this study allowed us to notice the role of the aforementioned poroelastic parameters in permeability change during oil production.
Conceptual Design for Carbon-Neutral Oil Production System in Brazilian Pre-Salt Fields
Authors: Erdtmann M. J. K. , Pappen G. G. , dos Santos E. S. B. 
Published: October 2023

Summary
Brazilian pre-salt oil fields usually have an original CO2 content. In current production systems, it is already commonplace to consider the separation and reinjection of this original CO2, reducing emissions and, simultaneously, supplying Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR). However, the design of a carbon-neutral offshore production system (assumed a FPSO unit - Floating, Production, Storage and Offloading) requires added infrastructure to capture, compress, transport and reinject CO2 from third party sources. On this scenario, onshore dry CO2 sources shall be connected to the FPSO by a dedicated pipeline, to offset CO2-intensive production activities. The onshore CO2 stream is directed to the reinjection gas stream, enhancing the well-known capture and utilization (EOR) process that is already in course. As a proof-of-concept, the UNISIM-III model representing a fractured karst pre-salt carbonate reservoir was used for flows simulations and economic evaluations with additional assumptions regarding the added CO2 volumes. There are two main sources of economic gains, the first being the incremental oil production from Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) and the second the carbon credits for the captured volumes. On the other hand, the added CAPEX challenges the feasibility of this enterprise, leading to economic loss in the deterministic economic scenario for an average case of carbon pricing. Finally, it is possible to define the minimum carbon price scenario that delivers a carbon-neutral oil production that is economically interesting in Brazilian offshore context.
A Study of E-cadherin Expression in Esophageal Carcinoma
Authors: Manjula C. P. , Meghana B. 
Published: October 2023

Background and Aim:
Esophageal carcinoma is one of the most aggressive malignancies of the gastrointestinal tract. E-cadherin is a transmembrane glycoprotein and its expression is associated with tumor invasiveness, metastasis, survival, and prognosis. The present study aims to compare the pattern of E-cadherin expression in esophageal carcinoma.

Materials and Methods:
This is a retrospective study conducted over a period of 5 years. Expression of E-cadherin was evaluated on paraffin-embedded sections of esophageal carcinoma. The immunoreactive scores (IRSs) were calculated and compared with tumor differentiation.

Results:
The present study included 45 esophageal biopsies, of which 40 cases were neoplastic and 5 were nonneoplastic. The most common histological type is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), of which well-differentiated SCC (WDSCC) was 12.5%, moderately differentiated SCC 57.5%, and poorly differentiated SCC (PDSCC) 17.5%. The IRS was highest in WDSCC and least in PDSCC, with a mean score of 7.20 and 1.57, respectively. This difference was statistically significant with P = 0.001.

Conclusion:
E-cadherin is an important prognostic marker in esophageal SCC. Its expression is inversely correlated with tumor differentiation. WDSCC and AC exhibit strong E-cadherin expression. Reduced expression of E-cadherin is more likely to be associated with PDSCC of the esophagus.
Normative Values of Two-Point Discrimination for Lower Limb Dermatomes in Healthy Young Adults and Its Correlation with Gender and Body Mass Index
Authors: Kumar Sanjiv , Shetty Ankita , Nale Apoorva , George Christina Mary , Yadav Neha 
Published: October 2023

Background and Aim:
Two-point discrimination (TPD) is a useful test for assessing cutaneous sensation. Sensory testing devices for testing TPD values have shown to be valid and reliable in the measurement of the functional sensitivity of the hand and its relativity to touch perception. Evaluation of TPD in the lower extremities is debatable because of dearth of information available in the literature about normative values. The aim of this study is to identify the normative values of TPD of lower limb dermatomes in young, healthy individuals and analyze its relationship with body mass index (BMI) and gender.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 150 participants of the age group 18–25 undergoing graduation program were included in this study. They underwent TPD test for lower limb (L1 to S2) dermatomes, using a baseline esthesiometer. The Spearman’s ratio test was used to find the relationship between BMI and TPD values. The Mann–Whitney U-test was used to compare TPD values according to gender.

Results:
The normative value ranged from 1.46 ± 1.27 to 2.61 ± 1.45 in lower limb dermatomes. The minimum value noted was at the S1 dermatome (left) and the maximum at the L2 dermatome (left). In the sidewise analysis of TPD, the median values of both sides were approximately the same. There was a definite correlation (P < 0.05) between female gender and TPD; however, there was no significant correlation between BMI and TPD.

Conclusion:
This study suggested that women are more perceptive in appreciating TPD values than men. Moreover, TPD values do not vary according to BMI or right and left sides.
Histopathological Gamut of Fallopian Tube Lesions: A 5-Year Retrospective Descriptive Study in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in South India
Authors: Katta Ramya , Padma Madana , Abhishek Velpuri Sai , Teendra Bharath 
Published: October 2023

Background and Aim:
Even though the fallopian tubes are commonly encountered surgical specimens in histopathology, there exists a paucity of data that describe the incidence and types of pathologies that can be encountered in the fallopian tubes. The present study was taken up as a small attempt to bridge this gap and describe the various fallopian tube lesions which can be encountered in routine practice.

Materials and Methods:
The fallopian tubes that were received, either separately or as a part of other gynecological specimens, during the 5-year study were included. Specimens were routinely fixed, processed and sectioned. The Sectioning and Extensively Examining the Fimbriated End of the fallopian tube protocol for grossing was used in cases associated with malignancies.

Results:
A total of 5256 fallopian tubes were received from 3258 patients during the study. The age ranged between 12 and 70 years. The most common clinical indication for salpingectomy in the present study was uterus related (51.9%). Of the total 5256 fallopian tubes examined, 29.8% tubes showed some pathology. The most common clinically diagnosed tubal pathology, in the present study, was tubal ectopic gestation. The most common clinically undiagnosed finding was hydrosalpinx.

Conclusion:
It is essential to extensively gross and microscopically examine all fallopian tube specimens to identify precursor lesions and help in patient workup and treatment.
Verbal autopsy to assess causes of mortality among the economically productive age group in the tribal region of Melghat, central India
Authors: Satav Ashish Rambhau , Satav Kavita Ashish , Kelkar Abhay Suresh , Sahasrabhojaney Vrinda S. , Dani Vibhawari Sharad , Raje Dhananjay V. , Simoes Eric A. F. 
Published: October 2023

Background & Objectives:
Verbal autopsy (VA) is the systematic and retrospective inquiry (from relatives) about the symptoms of an illness prior to death. In tribal India, 67-75 per cent of deaths occur at home with an unknown cause of death (CoD). Hence, the aim of this study was to determine the CoD in the 16-60 yr age group utilizing VA.

Methods:
A prospective, community based longitudinal study was conducted in 32 tribal villages in the Melghat region of Maharashtra, between 2004 and 2020. Number of deaths and VAs in 16-60 yr age group were collected by village health workers (VHWs) and supervisors, verified by five different persons (internal-external) and cross-checked by three VA interpretation trained physicians. A modified version of WHO VA was used. Cause-specific mortality fractions were calculated.

Results:
Of the 1011 deaths recorded, mortality in males was significantly higher than females (P<0.001). A total of 763 VAs were conducted which revealed that tuberculosis was the leading CoD, followed by jaundice, heart diseases, diarrhoea, central nervous system infections and suicide. Suicides were significantly more common among males than in females (P=0.046). Significantly, more deaths occurred during the monsoon (P=0.002), especially diarrhoeal deaths (P=0.024).

Interpretation & conclusions:
The findings of this study suggest that, in Indian tribal areas, infectious diseases are the leading causes of morbidity and one of the major causes of deaths in economically productive age group. Intensified VHW-mediated interventions are required to reduce the premature deaths.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of sucrose versus xylitol application in minimizing pain related to dental injection in 5–7-year-old children – A randomized controlled pilot study
Authors: Winnier J. Jasmin , Ratnaparkhi Ishani , Joshi Amil , Haradwala Zaineb , Manoj Reema , Naik Shilpa S. 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT

Background:
Oral application of sweet-tasting solutions has found to be effective in minimizing pain on dental injection in children. Xylitol has never been tested in this regard.

Aim:
The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of prior application of sucrose versus xylitol solution in minimizing pain on dental injection in 5–7-year-old children.

Settings and Design:
This study was a randomized controlled clinical trial.

Materials and Methods:
Informed consent was taken. A total of 30 children who required maxillary buccal infiltration injection were selected. The children were randomly allocated into the sucrose group, xylitol group, or control group by lottery method. In the sucrose and xylitol groups, 30% sucrose or 30% xylitol solution was applied on the lateral surface of the tongue for 2 min. In the control group, distilled water was applied. In all the groups, the topical anesthetic was applied at the site of injection followed by buccal infiltration. A video was taken during injection, and the sound eye-motor (SEM) scale was recorded by a blinded examiner. Patients were asked to self-evaluate using the Wong–Baker Faces Pain Scale (WBFPS).

Statistical Analysis:
Mann–Whitney test was used to analyze the data.

Results:
There was a statistically significant difference in the WBFPS and the SEM score between the sucrose and the control group (P < 0.05) and the xylitol and control group (P < 0.05). No statistically significant difference was found between the sucrose and xylitol group.

Conclusion:
The application of xylitol solution before dental injection was as effective as sucrose solution in minimizing pain during the injection.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of photobiomodulation therapy as an alternative method to local anesthesia injection in pediatric dentistry
Authors: Diab Hajar Mahmoud , El-Malt Magda A. , Mourad Yomna Osama 
Published: October 2023

ABSTRACT

Background:
The idea of receiving local anesthesia (LA) via an injection is a major source of dental fear and anxiety. In children, dental anxiety is considered the main reason for avoiding dental treatments. Moreover, there are potential complications during/after LA administration. Thus, it is necessary to search for painless, low-risk, and nonpharmacological anesthetic approaches.

Aim:
This study was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy as an alternative method to LA injection for conventional restorative treatments in pediatric patients.

Settings and Design:
This was a split-mouth randomized clinical study.

Materials and Methods:
The study included 15 children between 6 and 12 years old. Each child had 2 similar contralateral caries lesions in the first permanent molars in the same jaw, total (30) teeth. For each child, one tooth was treated under conventional LA injection and the other was treated under PBM-based anesthesia. The Wong–Baker’s Faces Pain Scale was used for reporting the pain and discomfort levels at the end of the treatments.

Statistical Analysis:
Data statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20. Mann–Whitney U-test was used to compare between the groups.

Results:
The PBM-based anesthesia group recorded a mean pain score of 2.27 ± 1.28. The conventional LA group recorded a mean pain score of 1.73 ± 0.7. The difference between the groups was not statistically significant (P = 0.168).

Conclusions:
PBM-based anesthesia may be an optional alternative to LA injection for conventional restorative treatments in children with dental anxiety, needle phobia, or special needs, and it deserves further studies and improvement.