bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of thromboxane synthetase inhibition on immune complex glomerulonephritis
Authors: Longhofer Susan L. , Frisbie David D. , Johnson Heidi C. , Culham Cynthia A. , Cooley A. James , Schultz Kevin T. , Grauer Gregory F. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
To determine the role of thromboxane A2 in the pathogenesis of experimentally induced immune complex glomerulonephritis, 12 concanavalin A-immunized Beagles were infused with 1 mg of concanavalin A via each renal artery and treated twice daily for 8 days with either 30 mg of CGS 12970/kg, po, a specific thromboxane synthetase inhibitor, or placebo. The effect of treatment was assessed by measuring endogenous creatinine clearance and urine protein and eicosanoid excretion, and by evaluating changes in glomerular morphometric characteristics. On postinfusion day 8, urine protein, thromboxane B2, and 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 excretion, glomerular epithelial crescent formation, and glomerular cell proliferation in the CGS 12970-treated dogs were significantly decreased when compared with values in the placebo-treated group. Differences were not observed in endogenous creatinine clearance, urine prostaglandin E2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α excretion, or glomerular polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration between groups in this study. These findings suggest thromboxane A2 has a role in the development of immune complex glomerulonephritis and that thromboxane synthetase inhibition may be beneficial in attenuating some of the functional and histologic changes associated with immune complex glomerulonephritis.
Risk factors associated with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus infection in goats on California dairies
Authors: Rowe J. D. , East N. E. , Thurmond M. C. , Franti C. E. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Log-linear methodology was used to examine relations among caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) seroreactivity and host/management factors in a cross-sectional study of 2,826 goats on 13 California dairies. The caev serologic status was associated with age and feeding method (pasteurized/unpasteurized milk), but not with breed. Data from a prevalence survey of 321 goats from 2 additional dairies demonstrated very good fit of the selected log-linear model (P = 1.00), indicating that the model was very appropriate to describe the relations. Odds of seropositivity and odds ratios were generated by use of a logit model derived from the log-linear model. Goats raised by the unpasteurized feeding method were estimated to have been 3.3 times more likely to be caev-seropositive than goats fed by the pasteurized method, when adjusted for the effects of age. Goats aged 2, 3, 4, and 5 or greater years were estimated to have been 1.7, 2.6, 4.5, and 5.7 times, respectively, more likely to be caev-seropositive than were yearling goats when ratios were adjusted for pasteurization status. Breed, gender, and herd of origin were not associated with caev seroreactivity when the effects of other factors were considered. Estimated odds of caev seroreactivity and the associated odds ratios for combinations of factor levels are reported. In this study, the magnitude and direction of the associations among caev serologic status, age, and pasteurized feeding methods were demonstrated.
In vitro transport of cycloleucine by equine cecal mucosa
Authors: Freeman David E. , Donawick William J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Mucosa obtained from the cecum of healthy horses and incubated in vitro with 0.1 mM cycloleucine could accumulate this amino acid against an apparent concentration gradient after 60 and 120 minutes. Accumulation by the serosal (antiluminal) surface of the tissue was 3 times greater than accumulation by the mucosal (luminal) surface after 120 minutes (P < 0.001). Cycloleucine accumulation was significantly reduced by Na deprivation after 60 minutes (P< 0.05) and 120 minutes (P < 0.01) and by anoxic conditions after 120 minutes (P < 0.05). Transmucosal flux from mucosal to serosal surface of the tissue was significantly (P < 0.05) greater than the opposing flux, but both unidirectional fluxes were small and were largely attributed to passive processes. It was concluded that the most avid transport system for cycloleucine was on the serosal surface of the horse's cecal mucosa, and an active transport system was not evident on the mucosal surface. An active transport system for amino acids on the serosal surface could be explained by the need for crypt cells, the predominant epithelial cell type in the cecum, to obtain nutrients from blood, rather than from the intestinal lumen.
Quantitative electroencephalography in dogs anesthetized with 2.0% end-tidal concentration of isoflurane anesthesia
Authors: Moore Michael P. , Greene Stephen A. , Keegan Robert D. , Gallagher LeRoy , Gavin Patrick R. , Kraft Susan L. , DeHaan Constance , Klappenbach Kurt 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Quantitative electroencephalography was assessed in dogs under controlled, 2% end-tidal isoflurane anesthetic conditions, and each variable at each electrode site was tested for normal distribution. With the quantitative electroencephalographic system used, 16 values for each of 21 electrode sites were evaluated. Absolute power ratios also were evaluated. The methods for quantitative electroencephalographic recording and analysis appear to be readily adaptable to the dog. Most of the data do not conform to a normal distribution. Therefore, distribution- free nonparametric statistics should be used when looking for differences under experimental or clinical conditions. Quantitative electroencephalography appears to be a sensitive noninvasive method that could be used to evaluate brain function under anesthetic, clinical, and experimental settings.
Comparison of fractional excretion and 24-hour urinary excretion of sodium and potassium in clinically normal cats and cats with induced chronic renal failure
Authors: Adams Larry G. , Polzin David J. , Osborne Carl A. , O’Brien Timothy D. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The influence of induced chronic renal failure on 24- hour urinary excretion and fractional excretion of sodium and potassium was studied in cats. Induction of chronic renal failure significantly increased fractional excretion of potassium (P < 0.0001) and sodium (P < 0.05); however, 24-hour urinary excretion of sodium and potassium decreased slightly following induction of chronic renal failure.
Fractional excretion and 24-hour urinary excretion of sodium and potassium were compared by linear regression in clinically normal cats, cats with chronic renal failure, and clinically normal and affected cats combined. In clinically normal cats, linear regression revealed only moderate correlation between fractional excretion and 24- hour urinary excretion for sodium and potassium. Linear regression of these same relationships in cats with chronic renal failure, and in clinically normal cats and cats with chronic renal failure combined, indicated low correlation.
Fractional excretions of sodium and potassium were not reliable indicators of 24-hour urinary excretion of these electrolytes in cats with chronic renal failure or unknown glomerular filtration rate. Fractional excretion of potassium and sodium correlated only moderately with 24-hour urinary excretion in clinically normal cats.
Effect of repeated phlebotomy on iron status of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatto)
Authors: Mandell Carol P. , George Jeanne W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Iron status, as determined by hematologic values, serum iron concentration, total iron-binding capacity, and zinc protoporphyrin concentration, was determined in 2 groups of 6 nonpregnant monkeys. Monkeys of groups 1 and 2 had 10 and 5%, respectively, of their blood volume withdrawn per week for up to 10 weeks or until blood hemoglobin concentration was ≤ 10 g/dl. A third group of 6 monkeys served as controls.
The majority (8/12) of the monkeys became anemic (hemoglobin concentration, ≤ 10 g/dl) after approximately 30 to 70% (mean, 49%) of their blood volume was removed. Anemia was accompanied by decrease in serum iron concentration and percentage of transferrin saturation. Microcytosis, hypochromasia, and increased zinc protoporphyrin concentration, all hematologic characteristics of iron deficiency, developed later. The calculated iron stores ranged from 1 to 133 mg, with mean value of 51 mg. Iron-depleted monkeys had mean calculated available iron store of 20.8 mg, whereas iron-replete monkeys had mean available iron store of 114.0 mg. Changes were not observed in monkeys of the control group during the study period.
None of the baseline hematologic or biochemical analytes measured were good predictors of iron stores. The diet used at the research center did not provide sufficient iron to prevent iron deficiency in most of the monkeys from which a total amount of 30 to 70% of blood volume at 5 or 10%/week was withdrawn. Studies requiring that much blood may need to be modified to include iron supplementation, reduction of sample volume, or iron replacement after termination of projects.
Prospective vaccine prepared from a new mutant of Toxoplasma gondii for use in cats
Authors: Frenkel J. K. , Pfefferkorn E. R. , Smith D. D. , Fishback J. L. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Kittens are the principal disseminators of Toxoplasma gondii. They can shed > 108 oocysts in the feces after initial infection with bradyzoites in tissue cysts. Thereafter, most kittens develop protective immunity and do not shed oocysts again if they are reinfected. Bradyzoites of a T gondii mutant, designated T-263, were used to vaccinate kittens. Their use did not result in oocyst shedding, but successfully prevented 84% (31/37) of the kittens from shedding oocysts when challenge exposed with a normal isolate of T gondii. Vaccination of outdoor-roaming cats and kittens would be a useful public health measure to prevent transmission of toxoplasmosis near homes, on farms, and in zoos. It is anticipated that several years will be required for a lyophilized bradyzoite vaccine to be ready for licensing and possible commercial availability.
Effects of postmilking teat treatment on the colonization of Staphylococcus aureus on chapped teat skin
Authors: Fox Lawrence K. , Nagy John A. , Hillers Joe K. , Cronrath James D. , Ratkowsky David A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Sixteen Holstein cows were used to test the effect of postmilking teat treatment on colonization and intramammary infection by Staphylococcus aureus on chapped teats. Treatments were (1) chapping the teat and using 1% I2/10% glycerin postdip solution, (2) 1% I2/10% glycerin postdip solution on nonchapped teats, (3) chapping the teat and using 10% glycerin postdip solution, (4) chapping the teat and not using a postdip solution. All mammary glands were free of S aureus teat skin colonization and intramammary infection at the start of the study. Teats selected for chapping were dipped in 1N NaOH prior to 3 applications of S aureus broth culture; cultures were applied at 12-hour intervals on all teats. Treatments were applied after each milking for 30 days and were initiated after the second broth dip. Teat skin swab specimens and milk samples were collected before treatment application. Teat skin condition was scored daily. Nonchapped teats (treatment 2) did not support skin or orifice colonization by S aureus. Treatment-1 teats healed most rapidly and supported less colonization in skin and orifice than did treatment-3 and -4 teats. Teat skin scores and skin colonization were lower for treatment-3 than treatment-4 teats. A correlation between teat skin colonization and teat skin conditions was found. Two intramammary infections were found in treatment-4 quarters and 1 in a treatment-3 quarter. On the basis of our findings, we concluded that poor teat skin condition will more readily support S aureus colonization, that a dip of 1% I2 with glycerin helped reduce S aureus colonization and was associated with faster healing, and that glycerin in teat dips may be of value in preventing colonization by S aureus and in promoting healing.
Hepatic ultrasonography and blood changes in cattle with experimentally induced hepatic abscesses
Authors: Lechtenberg K. F. , Nagaraja T. G. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Hepatic abscesses were induced experimentally in 5 steers by inoculating Fusobacterium necrophorum via ultrasonography-guided, percutaneous catheterization of the portal vein. Hepatic ultrasonography was performed to determine the onset and progression of abscessation. Blood samples were collected before and after inoculation for performing leukocyte counts and hepatic function tests. Ultrasonographic evidence of liver abscesses was observed as early as 3 days after inoculation. Abscesses appeared as hyperechoic centers (cellular debris and pus) surrounded by hypoechoic or anechoic areas (fluid). Increases in rectal temperature, leukocyte counts, fibrinogen, globulin, bilirubin, γ-glutamyltransferase, and sorbitol dehydrogenase concentrations were detected. Hepatic dysfunction was evidenced by decrease in serum albumin concentration and low sulfobromophthalein clearance. The ultrasonographic diagnosis of abscesses correlated well with necropsy findings.
Mucosal and systemic isotype-specific antibody responses to bovine coronavirus structural proteins in naturally infected dairy calves
Authors: Heckert Robert A. , Saif Linda J. , Myers Greg W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Blood, feces, nasal secretions, and tears were collected weekly from 5 randomly selected 1- to 8-week-old calves in a large commercial dairy herd. Clinical signs and bovine coronavirus (bcv) shedding from the respiratory and enteric tracts of calves were monitored through the 8- week period by direct immunofluorescence of nasal epithelial cells, protein A-gold immunoelectron microscopy on feces, and ELISA on nasal secretions and feces. All samples were analyzed for antibody isotypes to bcv structural proteins by immunoblotting.
All calves had bcv respiratory tract infections and 4 of 5 calves shed virus in feces. Several calves had multiple or prolonged periods of bcv respiratory tract or enteric tract shedding or both. All calves (except 1) had passive IgG1 antibodies to some bcv proteins (mainly the E2 and E3 proteins) in their serum when they were 1 week old. The presence of these passive serum antibodies (mainly to the E2 and E3 bcv proteins) was associated with decreased or delayed systemic and mucosal antibody responses in calves, in particular IgA responses in nasal secretions and tears to the E2 and E3 bcv proteins, but not to the N protein. Moderate amounts of maternal bcv E2- and ES-specific antibodies in serum did not prevent bcv enteric tract or respiratory tract infections in calves, but may have delayed the development of active antibody responses to these bcv proteins. However, calves with bcv respiratory tract or enteric tract infections had no detectable passive antibodies to any bcv proteins in nasal secretions or feces.
Comparison of nonionic contrast agents iohexol and iotrolan for cisternal myelography in dogs
Authors: van Bree Henri , Van Rijssen Bernadette , Van Ham L. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
During this investigation, the use of iohexol was compared with iotrolan for canine cisternal myelography. Iohexol and iotrolan myelography was done in 6 dogs by cisternal puncture with a 6-week interval between both procedures; each dog served as its own control. Cerebrospinal fluid (csf) was collected for baseline analysis from each dog immediately before the contrast agent was injected. Cerebrospinal fluid samples were obtained at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after injection of each contrast medium for cytologic and chemical analysis. Total csf leucocyte count and glucose concentration did not change significantly in comparison with baseline data in any of the samples. After the injection of iohexol, protein concentration increased significantly in the 24-hour sample, and lactate dehydrogenase activity increased significantly in the 3-day sample. Significant difference was not found between the different samples collected at 1, 3, 7, and 14 days, compared with both contrast media. None of the dogs had seizure activity during a 5-hour postmyelographic observation period. Pathologic changes were not found by gross or microscopic examination of the spinal cord.
Although a degradation in time of radiographic quality of all myelograms took place, the average radiographic score decreased more rapidly with iohexol. The average score at 90 minutes with iotrolan was comparable with the score at 45 minutes with iohexol, and the average score at 150 minutes with iotrolan was better than the score at 90 minutes with iohexol. At 5 and 10 minutes after cisternal injection, no significant difference was observable between the myelograms, but from 45 minutes onward, myelograms with iotrolan were superior.
Determination of ability of a thymidine kinase-negative deletion mutant of bovine herpesvirus-1 to cause abortion in cattle
Authors: Miller Janice M. , Whetstone Cecelia A. , Bello Leonard J. , Lawrence William C. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The Cooper isolate of bovine herpesvirus-1, which causes abortion in cattle, was used to construct a thymidine kinase- negative (tk-) deletion mutant virus. Twelve heifers were inoculated iv at 25 to 29 weeks of pregnancy with either tk- or thymidine kinase-positive (tk+) Cooper virus. All heifers developed fevers of 1 to 2 C during the first week after inoculation. Temperatures of tk+ inoculates were slightly higher and remained above normal a few days longer than in tk- inoculates. Viremia was detected in 5 of 6 tk+ inoculates and in all 6 tk- inoculates. More virus isolations were made from nasal and vaginal swab specimens of tk+ inoculates than from swab specimens of tk- inoculates. All heifers developed virus neutralizing antibody within 14 days after inoculation and antibody titers were similar between the 2 groups. None of the tk- inoculated heifers aborted and their calves did not have neutralizing antibody at birth. Abortion occurred in 5 of 6 heifers given tk+ virus. All aborted fetuses were infected with bovine herpesvirus-1, as demonstrated by virus isolation or detection of viral antigen in fetal tissues. These results indicate that inactivation of the tk gene reduces abortifacient activity of bovine herpesvirus-1.
Use of a nuclear imaging technique to detect gastric wall ischemia
Authors: Berardi Cynthia , Wheaton Lynn G. , Twardock A. Robert , Schaeffer David J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A nuclear imaging technique of the stomach, using technetium pertechnetate (99mTcO4), was evaluated in healthy dogs. The stomach was first insufflated with room air, then filled with barium sulfate to induce mild distention, outlining the gastric wall. Six dogs were imaged twice: initially without use of drugs that might affect gastric secretion of 99mTcO4, then after pretreatment with cimetidine and glycopyrrolate. These scans established the appearance of the normal (control) stomach and compared the quality of the image in the same dogs not pretreated, then pretreated with cimetidine and glycopyrrolate before administration of 99mTcO4. Avascular defects were then surgically created on the greater curvature of the stomach of the same 6 dogs, and gastroscintigraphy was performed in similar manner. Significant (P < 0.05) quantitative differences were detected in the gastric images for scans of the avascular area, compared with various control scans. Qualitative assessment had overall accuracy of 90.28%. Results of the study reported here indicate that nuclear imaging can be a valuable diagnostic technique for detecting ischemic areas in the gastric wall of dogs.
Identification and characterization of viral polypeptides from type-II avian adenoviruses
Authors: Zhang Chunlin , Nagaraja K. V. , Sivanandan V. , Newman J. A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The polypeptides of serologically related viruses of hemorrhagic enteritis (he) in turkeys, marble spleen disease (msd) in pheasants, and splenomegaly in chickens (smc) were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) and analyzed by protein immunoblotting with polyclonal antibodies to he virus (hev). The viral polypeptides II, III, IV, V, VI, and VII were detected on sds-page with the size range from 18 to 97 kDa in hev. Viral polypeptides II, III, V, VI, and VII were detected in msd virus and virus of smc. Protein immunoblotting of viral proteins with anti-hev serum revealed antigenic differences between the 3 viruses of avian adenovirus type-II examined. The differences were that the polypeptides II, III, IV, V, VI, and VII were identified in hev and the polypeptides II, V, VI, and VII were identified in msd virus and virus of smc. The bands of penton base (polypeptide III) and fiber (polypeptide IV) were seen in hev only by protein immunoblotting.
Fecundity of gastrointestinal trichostrongylid nematodes of sheep in the field
Authors: Coyne Michael J. , Smith Gary , Johnstone Colin 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Twenty-two Dorset Rambouillet lambs were moved to contaminated pasture on Apr 1, 1987. At regular intervals thereafter, pairs of lambs were withdrawn and euthanatized. Gastrointestinal parasites in the abomasum, small intestine, cecum, and large intestine were removed and counted. The last pair of lambs was euthanatized 8 months after original placement on the contaminated pasture. Fecal samples were taken at 3- to 4-week intervals throughout the grazing season and the fecal egg counts were used to estimate parasite fecundity (output of eggs per female parasite per day). The principal parasite genera found included Haemonchus spp, Trichostrongylus spp, and Nematodirus spp. In each of the genera examined, parasite fecundity remained the same irrespective of the intensity or duration of infection. Estimated average fecundities (eggs/female/day) were as follows: Haemonchus contortus, 6,582; Trichostrongylus spp, 262; Nematodirus spp, 40; and Oesophagostomum venulosum, 11,098.
Plasminogen activator production by bovine milk macrophages and blood monocytes
Authors: Politis I. , Zhao X. , McBride B. W. , Burton J. H. , Turner J. D. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The type of plasminogen activator (pa) produced by bovine milk macrophages has been determined. Macrophages produce a pa protein with molecular weight of 28,000 and isoelectric point of 8.5, and with enzymatic activity independent of fibrin. These characteristics are identical to those reported for bovine urokinase-pa. Although blood monocytes and milk macrophages produce pa after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide, mammary macrophages are clearly limited in their ability to release pa. At maximal stimulation, 78% of the pa produced by milk macrophages remained cell-associated. In marked contrast, blood monocytes released 76% of the pa produced into the culture medium. Macrophages isolated from mastitic quarters produced higher (2.5 times) amounts of pa, compared with those produced by macrophages isolated from healthy quarters. However, in both cases, macrophages were unable to secrete the protein already produced. The limited pa secretion by milk macrophages might be a residual function of a differentiated macrophage population.