bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The doctor’s perspective
Authors: Macdonald Elisabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Doctors in consultation are normally reluctant to cause distress and hesitate to antagonize patients. They may well be fearful of their own inability to explain or to answer questions clearly and worried about making mistakes and getting things wrong. In specific clinical circumstances doctors need to prepare for very special aspects of difficult conversations. Issues emerging at the end of life concerning medical care and its modification, and many types of ‘bad news’ conversations are discussed. The effective communication of clinical risk and the disclosure of errors offer a particular challenge.
Maintaining a balance
Authors: Maguire Peter , Pitceathly Carolyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Medicine is a worthwhile and personally rewarding profession providing doctors strive to avoid some pitfalls and maintain an appropriate balance between their professional and personal lives. This chapter examines the demands of medical practice, common pitfalls such as unrealistic expectations, needing to appear in control, lack of personal boundaries and poor choice of posts and suggests solutions to enable doctors to cope effectively. Practical tips for junior doctors are found in the appendix to this chapter.
Forensic Pharmacology
Authors: Ferner R E , Norman Elizabeth , Rawlins M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Forensic Pharmacology offers a unique and comprehensible account of pharmacological methods and knowledge, and how to use them to solve problems in crimes from drunken driving to murder. It also deals with negligence in giving drugs, and adverse reactions to drugs. The text is enlivened by cases from the literature and from the authors’ experience. Appendices give detailed examples of pharmacological problems and their solutions; tables and equations for alcohol calculations; and data for medicines encountered in forensic work. Experts do not always understand what lawyers want of them, and lawyers fail to appreciate that experts in medicine and pharmacology may not be experts in the law. The section entitled ‘legal considerations’ was written by a barrister with wide experience of using expert evidence and explains clearly the legal principles. It also contains some helpful hints on how to deal with court procedure and adversarial lawyers.
Essentials of microbiology for dental students
Authors: Bagg Jeremy , MacFarlane T Wallace , Poxton Ian R , Smith Andrew J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book presents the science of microbiology in a clinical context that is relevant to the safe and effective practice of dental surgery. Microbiology is a rapidly moving discipline. Since the First Edition, a number of infectious diseases such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and SARS have emerged as significant clinical problems. There have also been changes in the epidemiology of certain infections, for example sexually transmitted diseases. These issues are all covered in this new edition. The book has been updated throughout, and changes to antimicrobial drug prescribing regimens have been included. Major new chapters include those on fungi, human herpes viruses, infections of the central nervous system, and use of antimicrobial agents in dentistry. The chapters dealing with sterilisation, disinfection and infection control procedures in dentistry have been completely re-written, to reflect recent significant changes in decontamination protocols which have been stimulated by the problem of prion diseases. This book will serve as a core reference text for use throughout all years of the undergraduate dental curriculum, as a refresher course for postgraduate students, and as a continuing source of reference for dentists in clinical practice.
Diagnostic microbiology
Authors: Bagg Jeremy , MacFarlane T Wallace , Poxton Ian R , Smith Andrew J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Accurate diagnosis of infections is essential if they are to be treated appropriately. The main aims of a diagnostic microbiology laboratory are to identify any causative organisms and to provide guidance on appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing has already been discussed in Chapter 10. In the present chapter, the wide range of laboratory methods employed to diagnose infection will be summarized. Laboratory diagnosis of infections in the head and neck region poses particular problems, which will be described in the last section of the chapter. It is important for clinicians to recognize that the accuracy of a microbiological report can only be as good as the quality of the specimen on which it is based. Whilst laboratories are able to provide advice, appropriate specimen containers and request forms, it is the responsibility of the clinician to obtain the correct sample. If possible, the specimen should be collected before antimicrobial therapy is prescribed.
Infections of the central nervous system
Authors: Bagg Jeremy , MacFarlane T Wallace , Poxton Ian R , Smith Andrew J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) and spinal cord form a distinct body compartment, which depends on migration of white blood cells to and from the blood circulation. The clinical signs and symptoms of infections depend on which area of the CNS is involved, but include altered levels of consciousness, headache, and signs of raised intracranial pressure such as papilloedema. With localized lesions such as abscesses, the signs will depend on the location of the lesion; for example frontal lesions may cause changes in personality. Because the brain is enclosed within rigid structures, a major feature of CNS infections is that inflammation and exudates lead to increased intracranial pressure, with sub-sequent reduction in cerebral blood flow and potentially catastrophic consequences.
Oral fungal infections
Authors: Bagg Jeremy , MacFarlane T Wallace , Poxton Ian R , Smith Andrew J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fungal infections in the oral and perioral regions occur either as primary localized lesions or as manifestations of systemic mycoses. By far the most common group of fungal infections that dental practitioners diagnose and treat are caused by Candida spp.. Some of the rarer mycoses with oral manifestations, such as histoplasmosis, are found almost exclusively in the USA, while others such as mucormycosis are found particularly in immuno-compromised individuals. Accordingly, this chapter will concentrate on candida infections, with brief notes about a selection of other less common fungal diseases.
Kinase inhibitors
Authors: Sleijfer Stefan , Nooter Kees , Verweij Jaap 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Normal ceJl growth is a strictly regulated process with well-balanced activity between growth-stimulating and growth-inhibiting factors. In tumour cells, mechanisms of growth control are severely altered, shifting the balance towards uncontrolled proliferation. In addition, tumour cells are characterised by resistance against triggers for programmed cell death (apoptosis), growth into adjacent structures and the ability to form metastases. This abnormal situation develops through mutations in genes involved in pivotal cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, migration, adhesion, and apoptosis.
Ethical Practice in Brain Injury Rehabilitation
Authors: McGrath Joanna Collicutt 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ethical Practice in Brain Injury Rehabilitation helps rehabilitation professionals deal effectively with the difficult ethical dilemmas that regularly face them in their daily clinical practice. The book takes a multi-professional perspective, focusing on issues facing therapists, doctors, nurses, and psychologists, and will also be helpful to relatives of people with acquired brain injury. It treats ethics as a special case of good professional practice and takes a practical psychological approach, looking at the thoughts, feelings, and actions that are involved in taking ethical decisions, carrying them out, and living with their consequences. The book tells the story of brain injury from the patients’ perspective, and argues that patient-centred practice that strives to uphold patient autonomy and support the reconstitution of personal identity is the basis of good rehabilitation. But it also acknowledges the difficulty in delivering patient-centred practice in a context of limited resources, diverse value systems, uncertain prognosis, and conflicting loyalties. The book contains many case histories, including a series of guided examples that will be useful for individual study or group work.
Infections
Authors: Carton James , Daly Richard , Ramani Pramila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Infections occur when a microorganism invades the body and causes disease. Despite immunization and the development of antimicrobial agents, infectious diseases still cause more illness worldwide than either cardio-vascular disease or cancer.
An organism capable of causing disease is a pathogen. The pathogenicity of an organism refers to the severity of disease it causes compared with other organisms. For example, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is more pathogenic than a rhinovirus. Virulence, however, compares the severity of disease caused by different strains of the same microorganism. The attributes possessed by a particular strain of an organism that dictate its virulence are called virulence factors. As an example, the bacterium Escherichia coli O157 is more virulent than other strains of E. coli because it produces a toxin that can lead to haemolytic uraemic syndrome.
Breast disease
Authors: Carton James , Daly Richard , Ramani Pramila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The breast is essentially a large sweat gland which has become modified to produce milk instead of sweat. The organ consists of a complex network of glands and ducts embedded in connective tissue and padded with fat. Except for its deep surface, the breast is not a well defined organ; it has no capsule, and breast glands can often be found extending beyond its obvious boundaries.
Head and neck disease
Authors: Carton James , Daly Richard , Ramani Pramila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Head and neck disease traditionally covers diseases of the oral cavity, ears, nose, and throat (Fig. 19.1). Trivial conditions affecting these sites are a common cause of consultation to general practitioners and dentists. More complex problems involving these sites are the realm of ear, nose, and throat (ENT) surgeons and maxillofacial surgeons.
Spain 1833–2002 People and State
Authors: Vincent Mary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book provides a cultural history of Spanish politics from the civil war of 1833 to the Spanish adoption of the Euro in 2002, a period dominated for the most part by violent military interventions in the political process, a succession of weak, unstable, but repressive governments, and the ever-present threat of rebellion from below, and culminating in the victory and repressive dictatorship of General Franco. Using a wide range of sources, both textual and material, Mary Vincent focuses on the question of how ordinary people came to identify themselves both as citizens and as Spaniards throughout this turbulent period. She argues that a weak state rather than a weak sense of nation was the key to Spain’s problematic development and that this is the key to explaining both the persistence of political violence and the strength of regional nationalism in modern Spain. But, as Vincent shows, from the 1970s, with modernization of the state and the introduction of democratic politics, all Spaniards – including Catalans and Basques – enthusiastically adopted an additional identity, that of Europeans. And, while questions over the territorial unity of the Spanish state have still not been wholly resolved, nevertheless the political choices facing Spaniards today are very similar to those of other western European nations – and Spanish singularity appears, at last, to be consigned to the past.
Precedent in English Law
Authors: Cross Rupert , Harris J W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous three editions of this book have established it as the most comprehensive account of precedent in English law for students, teachers and practitioners alike. The aim of the book is to present a basic guide to the current doctrine of precedent in England, set in the wider context of the jurisprudential problems which any treatment of the topic involves. Such problems include the nature of the ratio decidendi of a precedent and of its binding force, the significance of precedents alongside other sources of law, their role in legal reasoning, and the account which must be taken of them by any general theory of law. In examining these matters, the late Sir Rupert Cross expounded a fairly traditional practitioners' view, and this approach has been preserved in the fourth edition, although references are included to competing answers, taking into account developments in the literature since the third edition. Considerable re-writing has been undertaken to update case-law and take account of the possible implications for the doctrine of precedent of the impact of European community law, making it an indespensable work of reference for readers interested in the past history, present state and future developments of the English rules of precedent. Dr. J.W. Harris is a Fellow of Keble College, Oxford. The late Sir Rupert Cross was formerly Vinerian Professor of Law at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford.
Social Security: the European Union Dimension
Authors: Hervey* Tmiara K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As was noted briefly in Chapter 2, there is no European Union-level ‘welfare super state’. Social security and social welfare remain largely within the competence of the governments of the Member States of the European Union (EU), and arc governed mainly by national rules and policies. however, social security and social welfare systems of the Member States of the EU no longer operate in isolation from the obligations in Community law of those Member States. Some EU-level legal norms have implications for the operation of such national social welfare systems. Thus in the EU, social security and welfare might be described as a field of ‘multi-level governance’,in which rules, principles,- and norms emanating from EU, national, and indeed sub-national levels interact to create the overall picture of law and policy.
Social Security and Disability
Authors: Wikeley Nick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sickness and disability benefits constitute the second largest component of the social security budget, exceeded only by spending on pensions.Thus more is spent on sick and disabled peoplethan on any other group of people of working age, including unemployed people and families.Yet the system of benefits for sick and disabled people was described over twenty years ago as ‘a ragbag of provisions based on differing, sometimes conflicting and anachronistic principles’.This description remains equally valid today; as will be seen in this chapter, successive governments have resorted to a series of ad hoc changes to the benefits structure for disabled people.3
The Legal Nature of the Unit Trust
Authors: Sin Kam Fan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first book to examine in depth the doctrinal character of the unit trust. The author begins by tracing the history of the unit trust as a sub-set of the trust and the company. He goes on to examine a whole range of related topics, including the contractual ingredient of the unit trust and its implications on doctrines of perpetuities, important case law such as the case of Saunder v Vautier, frustration, and remedies. This is followed by an analysis of the unit trust's relationships, obligations, and rights aspects -- including the associative, agency and fiduciary character of the relationships; the 'split of trusteeship' between the trustee and the manager (in the form of directory, veto, delegation, and advisory powers); and the nature of the unit trust. The relevant provisions of the Financial Services Act 1986 and its subsidiary legislation are also analysed. Clearly this book will be invaluable to all those who require a better understanding of the unit trust.
Unfair Competition Law
Authors: Sanders Anselm Kamperman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This work gives an overview of the current state of the law of unfair competition for the protection of the intellectual creations and industrial assets in the EU, the USA and other major Anglo-American jurisdictions. Despite the growing interest in this area of law in recent years, little attention has been given to the varying legal and economic paradigms that underlie and shape it. This need for a comparative, theoretical examination is heightened by the advent of the information age, coupled with the desire to integrate markets. These developments pose a challenge to the current regimes of intellectual property protection since these are increasingly becoming out of step with the paradigms that shaped the traditional patent, copyright and trademark regimes. In this work, the author explores the alternative to a protective regime based on unfair competition doctrines, and examines the themes of economic justification, shaping legal boundaries, finding a legal justification, practical application, and harmonization of national laws.
Railway Privatization
Authors: Dodgson John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the difficulties involved in privatizing Britain’s railways by reviewing the alternative options that were available. Throughout the 1980s British Rail was low in government priorities for privatization. Eventually a White Paper on rail privatization was published in 19921, and the resulting Railways Act came into effect on 1 April 1994. A new public-sector company, Railtrack, took over the existing railway infrastructure, and was to charge for access to the network. All passenger services will eventually be franchised through the new Office of Passenger Rail Franchising, though the process is expected to take a number of years. BR’s freight business will be sold to the private sector. A Railway Regulator will ensure fair access to the network. British Rail will gradually disappear, even though a House of Lords amendment means it will be allowed to bid for passenger franchises in competition with the private sector.
Corporate Governance, Take-overs, and the Role of the Non-executive Director
Authors: Davis* Evan , Kay† John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagine a system of government in which there are annual elections, but these are almost never contested. Whenever they are, the incumbent government wins by an overwhelming majority. All the information about the state of the nation which the voters receive is controlled and distributed by the government and is glossy and self-congratulatory in tone. Changes in the senior leadership do take place, normally through an orderly process of retirement in which the incumbent leaders select and groom their successors. Occasionally there is more violent change. Sometimes this takes the form of an internal coup d’ètat. Or it may occur as a result of the intervention of the hostile government of another state. This is not a description of Eastern Europe before perestroika and glasnost. It is a description of the system by which public companies in Britain are controlled and governed.
Development Policy as Public Finance
Authors: Bell Clive 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a graduate text on the use of public economics in formulating development policy. How to raise and spend revenues in order to promote development in practice involves second-best considerations, which the analysis of the role of international trade, liberalization, and other economic reforms must take into account. Particular emphasis is placed on social cost-benefit analysis as a means to discipline public expenditure decisions. Summaries and exercises are included.
The Nature Of the Firm
Authors: Coase R H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Economic theory has suffered in the past from a failure to state clearly its assumptions. Economists in building up a theory have often omitted to examine the foundations on which it was erected. This examination is, however, essential not only to prevent the misunderstanding and needless controversy which arise from a lack of knowledge of the assumptions on which a theory is based, but also because of the extreme importance for economics of good judgment in choosing between rival sets of assumptions. For instance, it is suggested that the use of the word ‘firm’ in economics may be different from the use of the term by the ‘plain man’. Since there is apparently a trend in economic theory towards starting analysis with the individual firm and not with the industry, it is all the more necessary not only that a clear definition of the word ‘firm’ should be given but that its difference from a firm in the ‘real world’, if it exists, should be made clear…
Routinisation, Re-engineering, and Socio-technical Design Changing Ideas on the Organisation of Work
Authors: Mumford Enid 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a vast literature around on how to organise the work situation. Companies believe that they must rethink this to survive in a new global market or a much broader international market. This reorganisation is to cut costs, improve efficiency, become more competitive, and increase the share price. Most companies claim to be doing it.
A Theory of Information Systems Based on Improvisation
Authors: Ciborra Claudio U 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Improvisation is situated performance where thinking and action occur simultaneously and on the spur of the moment. It is purposeful human behaviour which seems to be ruled at the same time by chance, intuition, competence, and outright design. In improvising features of a situation are ‘suddenly’ (from the Latin ‘improviso’) framed and combined by the actor, so that they become resources at hand for intervention. ‘During’ the suddenness the contours of the problematic situation, the problem-solving strategy, and the deployment of resources for implementation precipitate into a burst of action. Improvisation is intentional but looks extemporaneous (‘ex tempore’-outside the flow of time) and ‘without known causes or relationships’ (Webster, 1973).
Information Systems and Strategic Change A Critical Review of Business Process Re-engineering
Authors: Galliers Bob , Swan Jacky 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
BPR (Davenport and Short, 1990; Hammer, 1990) has become big business. The market for BPR services is estimated to be $51bn in 1995 (Davenport, 1996). Senior executives indicate that BPR is one of the most vital issues they face in the late 1990s (Galliers et al., 1994; Brancheau et al., 1996; Watson et al., 1997), and interest is still keen. This is despite the failures arising from its narrow, IT focus (Watts, 1993); despite the criticisms (Mumford, 1994, 1996; Land, 1996); and despite the warnings from one of its founders that the original concept was flawed (Davenport, 1996).
The Nature of Leadership
Authors: Barnard Chester 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Leadership has been the subject of an extraordinary amount of dogmatically stated nonsense. Some, it is true, has been enunciated by observers who have had no experience themselves in coordinating and directing the activities of others; but much of it has come from men of ample experience, often of established reputations as leaders. As to the latter, we may assume that they know how to do well what they do not know how to describe or explain. At any rate, I have found it difficult not to magnify superficial aspects and catchphrases of the subject to the status of fundamental propositions, generalized beyond all possibility of useful application, and fostering misunderstanding.