bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blumeria graminis secretes an extracellular catalase during infection of barley: potential role in suppression of host defence
Authors: ZHANG ZIGUO , HENDERSON CATHERINE , GURR SARAH JANE 
Published: November 2004

SUMMARYThe obligate biotrophic fungal pathogen of barley, Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (Bgh), elicits a burst of H2O2 in its host barley at sites of germ tube invasion. To evaluate whether this specialized pathogen has any antioxidant response to this oxidative burst, the Bgh catB gene was characterized and transcript‐profiled together with other genes implicated in the management of oxidative stress (catalase‐peroxidase, cpx; glutathione peroxidase, gpx; superoxide dismutase, sod1) and in comparison with the constitutively expressed Bghβ‐tubulin and elongation factor1 (ef1) genes. Gel‐based and real‐time RT‐PCR revealed enhanced numbers of catB transcripts at mature primary germ tube and appressorium germ tube (AGT) stages in a susceptible host. Moreover, an anti‐CATB polyclonal antibody, from Aspergillus fumigatus, which recognizes both native and recombinant Bgh CATB, revealed an intense circle of immunofluorescence at the host–pathogen interface at the AGT tip and within the halo area surrounding the host papilla. A new diaminobenzidine‐based ‘scavenger’ assay revealed areas of H2O2 clearing at sites of fungal invasion, provoking speculation that Bgh catalase activity may contribute to pathogenicity in Bgh.
The generational transmission of socioeconomic inequalities in child cognitive development and emotional health
Authors: Reading Richard 
Published: November 2004

.

Najman, J.M.,
Aird, R.,
Bor, W.,
O'Callaghan, M.,
Williams, G.M. &
Shuttlewood, G.J.
(
2004
)

58
,
1147
–
1158
.
Socio‐economic inequalities in the health of adults have been largely attributed to lifestyle inequalities. The cognitive development (CD) and emotional health (EH) of the child provides a basis for many of the health‐related behaviours which are observed in adulthood. There has been relatively little attention paid to the way CD and EH are transmitted in the fetal and childhood periods, even though these provide a foundation for subsequent socio‐economic inequalities in adult health.The Mater‐University of Queensland Study of Pregnancy (MUSP) is a large, prospective, pre‐birth cohort study which enrolled 8556 pregnant women at their first clinic visit over the period 1981–83. These mothers (and their children) have been followed up at intervals until 14 years after the birth.The socio‐economic status of the child was measured using maternal age, family income, and marital status and the grandfathers’ occupational status. Measures of child CD and child EH were obtained at 5 and 14 years of age. Child smoking at 14 years of age was also determined.Family income was related to all measures of child CD and EH and smoking, independently of all other indicators of the socio‐economic status of the child. In addition, the grandfathers’ occupational status was independently related to child CD (at 5 and 14 years of age). Children from socio‐economically disadvantaged families (previous generations’ socio‐economic status as well as current socio‐economic status) begin their lives with a poorer platform of health and a reduced capacity to benefit from the economic and social advances experienced by the rest of society
Age at first measles‐mumps‐rubella vaccination in children with autism and school‐matched control subjects: a population‐based study in metropolitan Atlanta
Authors: Reading Richard 
Published: November 2004

.

DeStefano, F.,
Karapurkar Bhasin, T.,
Thompson, W.T.,
Yeargin‐Allsopp, M. &
Boyle, C.
(
2004
)

113
,
259
–
266
.
Objective  To compare ages at first measles‐mumps‐rubella (MMR) vaccination between children with autism and children who did not have autism in the total population and in selected subgroups, including children with regression in development.Methods  A case–control study was conducted in metropolitan Atlanta. Case children (n = 624) were identified from multiple sources and matched to control children (n = 1824) on age, gender and school. Vaccination data were abstracted from immunization forms required for school entry. Records of children who were born in Georgia were linked to Georgia birth certificates for information on maternal and birth factors. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs).Results  The overall distribution of ages at MMR vaccination among children with autism was similar to that of matched control children; most case (70.5%) and control children (67.5%) were vaccinated between 12 and 17 months of age. Similar proportions of case and control children had been vaccinated before 18 or before 24 months. No significant associations for either of these age cut‐offs were found for specific case subgroups, including those with evidence of developmental regression. More case (93.4%) than control children (90.6%) were vaccinated before 36 months [OR 1.49, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04–2.14 in the total sample; OR 1.23, 95% CI 0.64–2.36 in the birth certificate sample). This association was strongest in the 3–5 years age group.Conclusions  Similar proportions of case and control children were vaccinated by the recommended age or shortly after (i.e. before 18 months) and before the age by which atypical development is usually recognized in children with autism (i.e. 24 months). Vaccination before 36 months was more common among case children than control children, especially among children 3–5 years of age, likely to reflect immunization requirements for enrolment in early intervention programmes.
Autoantibodies to a collagen-specific molecular chaperone, heat-shock protein 47, in systemic sclerosis
Authors: FUJIMOTO M , HAMAGUCHI Y , YAZAWA N , KOMURA K , TAKEHARA K , SATO S 
Published: November 2004

SUMMARYHeat-shock proteins are highly conserved and immunogenic proteins, which may be involved in the initiation and perpetuation of autoimmune diseases. Heat-shock protein 47 (HSP47) is expressed by collagen-secreting cells such as fibroblasts and serves as a collagen-specific molecular chaperone that plays a crucial role in collagen metabolism. Abnormal collagen accumulation and autoimmunity are characteristics of systemic sclerosis (SSc). We determined the presence and prevalence of autoantibodies to HSP47 in patients with SSc and also in tight-skin (TSK/+) mice, an animal model for SSc. Anti-HSP47 autoantibodies were present in SSc patients with a frequency of 26%, while patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, those with dermatomyositis, those with keloid and healthy subjects did not have anti-HSP47 antibodies. IgG1 and IgG2 were the major Ig isotypes of the autoantibodies. Patients positive for anti-HSP47 had a significantly shorter duration of disease than those who were negative. Anti-HSP47 autoantibodies were also positive in 79% of TSK/+ mice. Thus, autoantobodies to HSP47 were present in the sera from SSc patients as well as those from TSK mice, and may be associated with the pathogenesis of SSc.
Cellular and humoral immune responses to mycobacterial heat shock protein-65 and its human homologue in Takayasu's arteritis
Authors: KUMAR CHAUHAN S , KUMAR TRIPATHY N , SINHA N , SINGH M , NITYANAND S 
Published: November 2004

SUMMARYExpression of heat shock protein (HSP)-65 as well as infiltration of T-cells in arterial lesions and raised levels of circulating antibodies against mycobacterial HSP65 (mHSP65) led us to the concept that mHSP65 or its human homologue (hHSP60) might be involved in the etiopathogenesis of Takayasu's arteritis (TA). Therefore, we investigated mHSP65 and hHSP60 reactive peripheral blood T-cell subsets by BrdU incorporation assay and flow cytometry as well as investigating the different isotypes of anti-mHSP65 and hHSP60 antibodies by ELISA. Eighty-four percent (22/26) of the TA patients were observed to show T-cell proliferation to mHSP65 and hHSP60 whereas only 16% (3/18) healthy controls showed such proliferation (P &lt; 0·001). Both HSPs induced proliferation of exclusively CD4+ T-cells and not CD8+ T-cells. We also observed a significantly higher prevalence of only the IgG isotype reactive to mHSP65 and hHSP60 in TA as compared to HC (mHSP65: 92% TA versus 11% HC, P &lt; 0·0001 and hHSP60: 84% versus 22%, P &lt; 0·001). Our data show a significant correlation between mHSP65 and hHSP60 reactive T-cells (CD3+: r = 0·901; CD4+: r = 0·968) as well as anti-mHSP65 and anti-hHSP60 IgG antibodies (r = 0·814) suggesting an infection induced autoimmunity in TA, possibly induced by molecular mimicry between mHSP65 and hHSP60 or other tissue specific antigens.
Blockade of the C5a receptor fails to protect against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rats
Authors: MORGAN B P , GRIFFITHS M , KHANOM H , TAYLOR S M , NEAL J W 
Published: November 2004

SUMMARYComplement activation contributes to inflammation and tissue damage in human demyelinating diseases and in rodent models of demyelination. Inhibitors of complement activation ameliorate disease in the rat model antibody-dependent experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and rats unable to generate the membrane attack complex of complement develop inflammation without demyelination. The role of the highly active chemotactic and anaphylactic complement-derived peptide C5a in driving inflammation and pathology in rodent models of demyelination has been little explored. Here we have used a small molecule C5a receptor antagonist, AcF-[OPdChaWR], to examine the effects of C5a receptor blockade in rat models of brain inflammation and demyelination. C5a receptor antagonist therapy completely blocked neutrophil response to C5a in vivo but had no effect on clinical disease or resultant pathology in either inflammatory or demyelinating rat models. We conclude that C5a is not required for disease induction or perpetuation in these strongly complement-dependent disease models.
Three‐dimensional crack monitoring by electrical resistivity measurement
Authors: Samouëlian A. , Richard G. , Cousin I. , Guérin R. , Bruand A. , Tabbagh A. 
Published: November 2004

SummarySoil cracks formed by natural processes play a key role in water and gas transfer. Patterns of soil cracks are, however, difficult to characterize. Our aim here is to assess the effectiveness of three‐dimensional electrical resistivity surveys in detecting soil crack networks. A three‐dimensional electrical survey was carried out by a square array quadripole with Cu–CuSO4 electrodes (electrode spacing of 3 cm). The measurements were made with two orientations (0° and 90°) on a block (26 cm × 30 cm × 40 cm) of soil while it dried for 18 days under controlled conditions. Two indexes, calculated from the apparent resistivity values, were evaluated to detect the degree of soil heterogeneity: (i) an anisotropy index based on the ratio between the apparent resistivity at 0° and that at 90°; and (ii) the angle‐array orientation corresponding to the preferential anisotropic orientation (maximum resistivity). The anisotropy index provided information on the presence of cracks and the orientation for crack width > 1 mm in the first pseudo‐depth (i.e. depth of investigation), while the angle‐array orientation provided information on crack extension for the whole pseudo‐depth. Information about the presence, position, orientation and extension of cracks can be obtained from an analysis of apparent resistivity obtained by a three‐dimensional electrical survey. Such direct analysis will help the resistivity inversion to detect the crack network.
Model‐based analysis using REML for inference from systematically sampled data on soil
Authors: Lark R. M. , Cullis B. R. 
Published: November 2004

SummaryThe general linear model encompasses statistical methods such as regression and analysis of variance (anova) which are commonly used by soil scientists. The standard ordinary least squares (OLS) method for estimating the parameters of the general linear model is a design‐based method that requires that the data have been collected according to an appropriate randomized sample design. Soil data are often obtained by systematic sampling on transects or grids, so OLS methods are not appropriate.Parameters of the general linear model can be estimated from systematically sampled data by model‐based methods. Parameters of a model of the covariance structure of the error are estimated, then used to estimate the remaining parameters of the model with known variance. Residual maximum likelihood (REML) is the best way to estimate the variance parameters since it is unbiased. We present the REML solution to this problem. We then demonstrate how REML can be used to estimate parameters for regression andanova‐type models using data from two systematic surveys of soil.We compare an efficient, gradient‐based implementation of REML (ASReml) with an implementation that uses simulated annealing. In general the results were very similar; where they differed the error covariance model had a spherical variogram function which can have local optima in its likelihood function. The simulated annealing results were better than the gradient method in this case because simulated annealing is good at escaping local optima.
Effects of Neotyphodium endophytes on growth, reproduction and drought‐stress tolerance of three Lolium perenne L. genotypes
Authors: Hesse U. , Schöberlein W. , Wittenmayer L. , Förster K. , Warnstorff K. , Diepenbrock W. , Merbach W. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThree Lolium perenne L. genotypes collected from different natural habitats were tested for the effects of their fungal endophyte Neotyphodium spp. on plant growth and seed yield. Half the clones of the originally infected plants were subjected to fungicide treatment to eradicate the endophytes. In an experiment, the clones were planted separately into pots and were either watered adequately or subjected to drought stress. In the genotype collected from a dry site, the endophyte infection reduced plant growth at an adequate water supply, but increased regrowth under drought. In the genotype from a periodically either flooded or dry site, endophyte infection significantly promoted the development of reproductive tillers and seed production (effects which are associated with adaptation to drought). In contrast, the genotype that originated from a wet site showed higher sensitivity to drought stress when endophyte infection was present. The results suggest that environmental conditions in the original habitat of the plants may influence the symbiotic interaction between plant and fungus, probably through natural selection. However, endophyte‐induced increases in root dry weight and root/shoot ratio were recorded for all three genotypes. These features could be beneficial for plant persistence, especially on sites where water is the growth‐limiting factor.
An analysis of endodontic treatment with three nickel‐titanium rotary root canal preparation techniques
Authors: Peters O. A. , Barbakow F. , Peters C. I. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAim  To investigate clinical results of root canal treatment performed with the aid of nickel‐titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments.Summary  A total of 179 patients underwent root canal treatment with either (A) Lightspeed, or (B) ProFile .04 or (C) ProFile .04 and .06 or GT rotary instruments to create tapered preparations. In groups A and B, laterally condensed gutta‐percha and AH Plus were used. Canals in group C were obturated with System B, Obtura II and Roth's 801 sealer. Initial and recall radiographs were assessed using the periapical index (PAI). Outcomes were analysed using chi‐square tests, event‐time analyses and logistic regression models. Two hundred and thirty‐three teeth were radiographically assessed after a mean interval of 25.4 ± 11.8 months. Favourable outcome of treatment, defined as PAI < 3 at recall was 86.7%. Logistic regression analysis and univariate analyses indicated that teeth with preoperative PAI scores >2 and retreated teeth had a significantly lower chance of healing compared with periapically healthy teeth and primary treatments, respectively. Preparation technique, length of fill and the type of sealer did not significantly affect healing rates.Key learning points• Root canal treatment with NiTi root canal instrumentation systems renders favourable outcomes in more than 86% of the cases.• Outcome is significantly affected by preoperative diagnoses but not by the specific choice of instrumentation system.
The influence of phytosterols on the encapsulation efficiency of cholesterol liposomes
Authors: Chan Yung‐Hsu , Chen Bing‐Huei , Chiu Chihwei P. , Lu Yi‐Fa 
Published: November 2004

SummaryLecithin vesicles, prepared by the dehydration‐rehydration (DR) method, were used to encapsulate bovine serum albumin (BSA). These were used to test the feasibility of making liposomes containing phytosterols, such as β‐sitosterol and stigmasterol, as a substitute for cholesterol. Their physicochemical properties such as encapsulation efficiency (EE), stabilities of storage, pH, and oxidization were investigated to assess substitutability. Liposomes prepared with phytosterols or cholesterol exhibited higher EE for BSA than those prepared without the addition of sterols. In addition, the EE of liposomes was increased with repeating a DR cycle five times. Liposomes at pH 6 or 7 were most stable, irrespective of phytosterols or cholesterol being added. Liposomes stored at 4 °C had a higher residual percentage than those stored at −20 °C or room temperature. The addition of sterols to liposomes was effective in decreasing thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) during storage periods; the antioxidation was more marked when α‐tocopherol was added to liposomes. The results indicate that replacing cholesterol with phytosterols in preparing liposomes is feasible and recommended.
Effect of irradiated chitosan on the rancidity of radiation‐processed lamb meat
Authors: Kanatt Sweetie R. , Chander Ramesh , Sharma A. 
Published: November 2004

SummaryWe report here the production of irradiated chitosan and its novel use as a natural antioxidant for minimising lipid peroxidation of radiation‐processed lamb meat. Antioxidant activity of chitosan isolated from shrimp waste was determined by the beta‐carotene bleaching assay and 1,1‐Diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity. Irradiation of chitosan at 25 kGy dose of gamma radiation resulted in a six‐fold increase in its antioxidant activity as compared to the non‐irradiated chitosan as measured by DPPH assay. Similarly the reducing power of irradiated chitosan was 6‐fold greater than autoclaved chitosan. The suitability of irradiated chitosan for controlling lipid oxidation of radiation‐processed meat was also investigated. Irradiated chitosan when added to meat before radiation processing was found to be more effective in minimising lipid perioxidation than non‐irradiated chitosan as measured by TBA number and carbonyl content. TBA values of irradiated meat containing irradiated chitosan decreased by 88% (leg) and 54% (rib) as compared to the corresponding sample without chitosan. Further development of post‐processing rancidity was reduced by 39% (leg) and 59% (rib) in the samples treated with chitosan as compared to non‐treated controls even after a week of storage at 0–3°C.
Effect of accumulated night work during the working lifetime, on subjective health and sleep in monozygotic twins
Authors: Ingre Michael , Åkerstedt Torbjörn 
Published: November 2004

SummaryThe present study sought to investigate the effects of lifetime accumulated night work on subjective health and sleep in monozygotic twins discordant on the exposure to night work. A total of 169 twin pairs (83 males, 86 females) over 65 years of age were analyzed on variables that describe the presence or absence of complaints regarding subjective health, disturbed sleep, repeated awakenings and not being well rested. Significant (P < 0.05) risk ratios (RR) were found for subjective health (RR = 1.67) and disturbed sleep (RR = 2.83) indicating a higher risk of developing complaints to former night workers. There was neither a dose‐dependent effect of night work nor an interaction effect with gender observed.
Major histocompatibility complex variation and mate choice in a lekking bird, the great snipe (Gallinago media)
Authors: EKBLOM R. , SÆTHER S. A. , GRAHN M. , FISKE P. , KÅLÅS J. A. , HÖGLUND J. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractGenes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) play a major part in the activation of the vertebrate immune system. In addition, they also appear to function as cues for mate choice. In mammals especially, several kinds of MHC‐dependent mate choice have been hypothesized and observed. These include choice of mates that share no or few alleles with the choosing individual, choice of mates with alleles that differ as much as possible from the choosing individual, choice of heterozygous mates, choice of certain genotypes and choice of rare alleles. We investigated these different aspects of mate choice in relation to MHC in a lekking bird species, the great snipe (Gallinago media). We found no evidence for MHC disassortative mating, no preference for males with many MHC alleles and no preference for rare alleles. However, we did find that some allelic lineages were more often found in males with mating success than in males without mating success. Females do not seem to use themselves as references for the MHC‐dependent mate choice, rather they seem to prefer males with certain allele types. We speculate that these alleles may be linked to resistance to common parasites.
Mitochondrial DNA differentiation between two forms of trout Salmo letnica, endemic to the Balkan Lake Ohrid, reflects their reproductive isolation
Authors: SELL J. , SPIRKOVSKI Z. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractMitochondrial haplotype diversity in sympatric populations of Ohrid trout, Salmo letnica was investigated by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) analysis of the mtDNA control region and ND1, ND3/4, ND5/6 segments. A 310 bp fragment at the 5′ end, and a 340–572 bp fragment at the 3′ end of the control region were sequenced from representatives of the populations studied. Based on pairwise comparison of the sequences, five new haplotypes were identified plus one identical with the brown trout Andalusian haplotype from the southern Iberian Peninsula. The combination of both RFLP and sequence data sets yielded a total of 10 composite haplotypes. A high degree of genetic subdivision between S. letnica typicus and S. letnica aestivalis populations was observed. The notion of a sympatric origin for the two morphs is discussed. Length variation of the mtDNA control region due to the presence of an 82 bp unit, tandemly repeated one to four times, in the region between the conserved sequence block‐3 (CSB‐3) and the gene for phenylalanine tRNA is reported. Further, we demonstrate that a single duplication of the approximately 82 bp repeat unit is a common element of the salmonid mitochondrial control region. The unique genetic structure of Ohrid trout represents a highly valuable genetic resource that deserves appropriate management and conservation.