bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scale‐up synthesis of hyperbranched poly(amidoamine)‐grafted ultrafine silica using dendrimer synthesis methodology in solvent‐free dry‐system
Authors: Murota Masamichi , Sato Shimpei , Tsubokawa Norio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractScale‐up synthesis of hyperbranched poly(amidoamine)‐grafted ultrafine silica was successfully achieved by using dendrimer synthesis methodology in solvent‐free dry‐system. The poly(amidoamine) was allowed to grow from silica surface by repeating two steps: (1) Michael addition of methyl acrylate (MA) to amino group on the surface and (2) amidation of terminal ester group with ethylenediamine (EDA). MA was sprayed onto silica having amino group and the silica agitated at 300 rpm at 50 °C. After the reaction, unreacted MA was removed under vacuum. Then EDA was sprayed and the reaction was conducted at 50 °C with agitation. After the reaction, unreacted EDA was also removed under vacuum at 50 °C and MA was sprayed again. The percentage of poly(amidoamine) grafting onto the surface was determined to be 141% with repeated reaction cycles of eight‐times. However, the value was considerably smaller than that of the theoretical value. This indicates that the propagation of poly(amidoamine) dendron from silica surface was not achieved theoretically and hyperbranched poly(amidoamine) was grafted onto the surface because of steric hindrance of grafted polymer. In addition, the effect of initial amino group content on the growth of poly(amidoamine) from the surface was investigated. It was concluded that the method is suitable for the scale‐up synthesis of hyperbranched poly(amidoamine)‐grafted silica. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies on synthesis, characterization and adhesive strength evaluation of KFA substituted resole adhesives
Authors: Parija S. , Mohnaty A. K. , Misra M. , Nayak S. K. , Tripathy S. S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPreliminary investigations revealed the presence of appreciable amount of gum rich in lignin and tannin in kendu fruit (Diospyros Cordifolia Roxb). The kendu fruit adhesive (KFA) was used to substitute phenol in resole formulations to achieve cost effectiveness. Substituted resole formulations with 50 and 100% KFA were prepared in alkaline medium through stepwise addition process. Unsubstituted and KFA substituted resole adhesives were then characterized by FT‐IR, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray diffraction analysis. The adhesive strength of the above mentioned formulations were evaluated by comparing the results of mechanical tests as per the ASTM specifications using UTM‐LR‐100K LLOYD Instruments, UK. Analytical characterizations revealed the substitutions of phenol by KFA in the substituted resole formulations. The results of adhesive strength test revealed that the 50% KFA substituted PF resin exhibits better adhesive strength than the virgin phenol‐formaldehyde and 100% KFA‐formaldehyde resole formulation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of 4,4′‐bis (4‐oxyphenoxy)benzophenone diglycidyl ether and the thermal stability for blends with 3,4‐epoxycyclohexylmethyl 3,4‐epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate
Authors: Hwang Seok‐Ho , Lee Guen‐Soo , Lee Kwan‐Ku , Jung Jae‐Chang 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe synthesized novel aromatic epoxy, 4,4′‐bis(4‐oxyphenoxy)benzophenone diglycidyl ether (DGEEK), by a three step reaction sequence and then it was blended with 3,4‐epoxycyclohexylmethyl 3,4‐epoxycyclohexanecarboxylate (CAE). The DGEEK structure was confirmed by FT‐IR and 1H‐NMR measurement. Also, we investigated thermal properties of DGEEK/CAE blend epoxy by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and thermogravimetry analyzer (TGA). The glass transition temperature increased but initial decomposition temperature of cured epoxy decreased through the increasing amounts of ether–ether–ketone group of the epoxy network structure. By increasing the DGEEK mole fraction in the DGEEK/CAE blend epoxy matrix, the curing peak temperature decreased and the curing activation energy for DGEEK/CAE blend epoxy systems showed a considerable decrease. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Control of endothelial cell adhesion to polymer surface by ion implantation
Authors: Kusakabe M. , Suzuki Y. , Nakao A. , Kaibara M. , Iwaki M. , Scholl M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe bio‐compatibility of ion implanted polymers has been studied by means of in vitro attachment measurements of bovine aorta endothelial cells. The specimens used were polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP) and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE). He+ and Ne+ ion implantation were performed at an energy of 150 keV with fluences between 1 × 10
13 to 1 × 10
17 ions/cm
2 at room temperature. Wettability was estimated by means of a sessile drop method. The chemical and physical structures of ion implanted polymers were investigated by contact angle measurements, atomic force microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis in relation to cell attachment behavior. The strength of cell attachment on ion implanted specimens at static and under flow conditions was also measured. Ion implanted PP and ePTFE were found to exhibit remarkably higher adhesion and spreading of endothelial cells than non‐implanted specimens. In contrast to these findings, ion implanted PS and PE only demonstrated a little improvement of cell adhesion in this assay. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential expression of vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) 1 and 2 in gastrointestinal endocrine tumours
Authors: Jakobsen Anne‐Marie , Andersson Pernilla , Saglik Gulay , Andersson Ellinor , Kölby Lars , Erickson Jeffrey D. , Forssell‐Aronsson Eva , Wängberg Bo , Ahlman Håkan , Nilsson Ola 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNeuroendocrine tumours are characterized by their capacity to produce hormones, which are stored in vesicles and secretory granules. Demonstration of granule/vesicle proteins in tumours is taken as evidence of neuroendocrine differentiation. Vesicular monoamine transporters (VMAT1 and VMAT2) mediate the transport of amines into vesicles of neurons and endocrine cells. The expression of VMAT1 and VMAT2 and the usefulness of VMAT1 and VMAT2 in the histopathological diagnosis of gastrointestinal endocrine tumours have not been fully explored. This study therefore investigated the expression of VMAT1 and VMAT2 in 211 human gastrointestinal tumours by immunocytochemistry and western blotting. VMAT1 and/or VMAT2 were demonstrated in the majority of amine‐producing endocrine tumours of gastric, ileal, and appendiceal origin. Serotonin‐producing endocrine tumours (ileal and appendiceal carcinoids) expressed predominantly VMAT1, while histamine‐producing endocrine tumours (gastric carcinoids) expressed VMAT2 almost exclusively. In peptide‐producing endocrine tumours such as rectal carcinoids and endocrine pancreatic tumours, only a small number of immunopositive tumour cells were observed. No labelling was found in non‐endocrine tumours, including gastric, colorectal and pancreatic adenocarcinomas and gastrointestinal stromal tumours. In conclusion, VMAT1 and VMAT2 are differentially expressed by gastrointestinal endocrine tumours, with a pattern specific for each tumour type, reflecting their neuroendocrine differentiation and origin. VMAT1 and VMAT2 may therefore become valuable markers in the classification of neuroendocrine tumours and may also indicate patients suitable for radioisotope treatment operating via these transporter systems. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An improved method for the analysis of sennosides in Cassia angustifolia by high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Bala Shashi , Uniyal G. C. , Dubey Toshi , Singh S. P. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA reversed‐phase column liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of sennosides A and B present in leaf and pod extracts of Cassia angustifolia has been developed using a Symmetry C18 column and a linear binary gradient profile. The method can be utilised for the quantitative determination of other sennosides as a baseline resolution for most of the constituents was achieved. The method is economical in terms of the time taken and the amount of solvent used (25 mL) for each analysis. The validity of the method with respect to analysis was confirmed by comparing the UV spectra of each peak with those of reference compounds using a photodiode array detector. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Age and space distributions of monoterpenes in fresh needles of Picea abies (L) Karst. determined by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Holubová V. , Hrdlic̆ka P. , Kubán̆ V. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMonoterpenes (α‐ and β‐pinene, δ‐3‐carene, camphene, α‐phellandrene and limonene) were determined by Gas Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry in fresh needles of Picea abies (L) Karst. situated in three ecologically different regions of Moravia. Through the use of cryogenic grinding for critical sample homogenisation, solvent extraction with cold n‐hexane, followed by GC analysis with mass detection, very low quantities of sample (0.1–0.3 g needles) could be processed, thus permitting a comparison of amounts of monoterpenes in needles of different ages and a determination of changes in concentrations of monoterpenes in needles at different locations on the tree. The amount of α‐phellandrene decreased with the age of the needles, and the content of δ‐3‐carene was higher in apical branches compared to lateral ones. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of fetal structural abnormalities at the 11–14 week ultrasound scan
Authors: Carvalho M. H. B. , Brizot M. L. , Lopes L. M. , Chiba C. H. , Miyadahira S. , Zugaib M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the detection of fetal structural abnormalities by the 11–14 week scan. 2853 pregnant women were submitted to a routine ultrasound scan between the 11th and 14th week and the fetal skull, brain, spine, abdominal wall, limbs, stomach and bladder were examined. Following the scans the patientes were examined in the second or third trimester of pregnancy. An isolated increased nuchal translucency was not considered an abnormality. However, these patients had an early echocardiography assessment. Fetal structural abnormalities were classified as major or minor and of early or late onset. A total of 130 (4.6%) defects were identified and 29 (22.3%) of these were diagnosed at the 11–14 week scan, including nine cardiac defects associated with increased nuchal translucency. The antenatal ultrasound detection rate was 71.5%, and 31.2% were detected in the first‐trimester assessment. 78.8% of the major defects were diagnosed by the prenatal scan and 37.8% by the 11–14 week scan. Fetal structural abnormalities at the 11–14 week scan were detected in approximately 22.3% of the cases, therefore, a second‐trimester anomaly scan is important in routine antenatal care to increase the prenatal detection of fetal defects. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dilemmas encountered by health practitioners offering nuchal translucency screening: a qualitative case study
Authors: Williams Clare , Alderson Priscilla , Farsides Bobbie 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo explore dilemmas experienced by practitioners involved in routine prenatal nuchal translucency (NT) screening.DesignQualitative study incorporating multidisciplinary practitioner discussion groups led by a health care ethicist.SettingInner‐city teaching hospital with fetal medicine unit.ParticipantsThirty‐two practitioners whose work relates directly or indirectly to perinatal care.ResultsPractitioners identified a number of dilemmas, many of which centred on the tension between pregnancy being seen as a normal or a ‘risky’ time. Practitioners and women were perceived to have contrasting reasons for screening, with women welcoming the opportunity to ‘see’ their baby on the ultrasound scan, whilst practitioners were screening for abnormalities. These differing agendas led to various dilemmas particularly in relation to information giving, performing scans incorporating NT screening and promoting individual client choice.ConclusionsPlans to introduce routine NT screening need careful prospective consideration of the potential implications for both providers and users of the service. The discussion groups also identified the need for training in the complex communication skills required and an awareness of the related ethical dilemmas, plus the need for increased time and resources to enable practitioners to promote informed choice. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diabetes mellitus in Sudan: the size of the problem and the possibilities of efficient care
Authors: Mohamed Ahmed Awad , Hassan Ahmed Nada 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSudan has, for a long time, suffered economic collapse, drought and civil war. Diabetes mellitus is currently emerging as an important health problem, especially in urban areas. The actual prevalence of diabetes is unknown although one small study showed a prevalence of 3.4%. Diabetes is the commonest cause of hospital admission and morbidity due to a non‐communicable disease (7 and 10% respectively). The problems of diabetes care in Sudan include the lack of efficient diabetes care centres, lack of specially trained personnel, the high cost of anti‐diabetic treatments, poor compliance with therapy or diet, ignorance and wrong beliefs, food and dietary factors and gender‐related problems. The goal of efficient diabetes care can be achieved through implementing a national diabetes programme. This programme should be responsible for personnel training, establishing model care centres, patients' education, availability and affordability of insulin, scientific and clinical research and primary prevention. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Survey of knowledge and practice on oral contraceptive and emergency contraceptive pills of drugstore personnel in Hat Yai, Thailand
Authors: Ratanajamit Chaveewan , Chongsuvivatwong Virasakdi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn Thailand, oral contraceptive (OC) and emergency contraceptive pill (ECP) are available as over‐the‐counter (OTC) drugs, and drugstores share 30% of services. While the rate of dispensing contraceptive pills has increased, the knowledge and awareness of ECP use is limited among users and providers. The objective of this study was to assess knowledge and practice of drugstore personnel on providing OC and ECP, in order to improve the quality of services. Drugstores located in Hat Yai District, Songkhla Province, Southern Thailand, were the accessible population. There were 109 drugstores, half of them owned by pharmacists. The population was stratified by owner (pharmacist or non‐pharmacist) and randomly selected to obtain a sample size of 30 drugstores for each class. Two study methods, questionnaire interview and secret shopping, were used to measure knowledge, and practice, respectively. History‐taking, drug‐choosing, and advice‐giving were the domains measured. The results demonstrated that knowledge on OC was fair, but that on ECP was poor. Pharmacists had better knowledge of proper history taking and ECP indication than non‐pharmacists. OC and ECP provision were inappropriately practised in drugstores in the study area. A majority of drugstores were mainly owned by non‐pharmacists. For OC practice, drug‐choosing was good, but history‐taking and advice‐giving were poor in both groups. Although both groups dispensed ECP poorly, pharmacists dispensed significantly better than non‐pharmacists. Among non‐pharmacist staff, the average scores of OC advice‐giving, and ECP dispensing, were statistically significantly better among those working in pharmacist‐owned drugstores. Both knowledge and practice on OC and ECP should be improved in both types of drugstores in the study area. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Association between terbinafine and arthralgia, fever and urticaria: symptoms or syndrome?
Authors: van Puijenbroek Eugène P. , Egberts Antoine C. G. , Meyboom Ronald H. B. , Leufkens Hubert G. M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPurposeThe antifungal agent terbinafine has been approved for marketing in The Netherlands since 1992. Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) may occur in about 10% of the patients, the majority gastrointestinal disorders and skin reactions. Since the introduction of terbinafine, the Netherlands Pharmacovigilance Foundation Lareb received eight reports of arthralgia during the use of this drug. In four reports the additional presence of skin reactions was mentioned, two of these reports concerned urticaria. Two patients who reported arthralgia also had a fever. These reports were described in more detail, and analysed statistically in order to determine whether symptoms are interrelated.MethodsAll reports with known gender and a reporting date between 1 March 1992 and 1 January 1999, concerning patients older than 10 years, were included. The extent to which the symptoms urticaria, fever and arthralgia were interrelated was examined by logistic regression modelling.ResultsCase series as well as the results of the statistical analysis show a clustering of symptoms among reports of patients using terbinafine. Both urticaria and arthralgia were statistically significantly associated with reports on terbinafine compared to all other reports in the database.ConclusionThe findings might point towards a clustering of these symptoms in patients using terbinafine. Possibly these symptoms have a shared aetiology, presumably an immunological reaction. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antihypertensive drug treatment in a Swedish community: Skaraborg hypertension and diabetes project
Authors: Bøg‐Hansen Erik , Lindblad Ulf , Ranstam Jonas , Melander Arne , Råstam Lennart 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPurposeTo describe and compare the pattern of antihypertensive drug prescriptions during different time periods.MethodsAntihypertensive prescriptions were registered in all patients who underwent an annual follow‐up during 1998 (n = 984), 1992–1993 (n = 924), and 1981 (n = 689), at the hypertension outpatient clinic in primary health care, Skara, Sweden.ResultsFrom 1981 to 1998 the total prescriptions of thiazides declined from 61 to 10% (p < 0.001), whilst prescriptions of calcium antagonists increased from 4 to 30% (p < 0.001), and ACE inhibitors from zero to 23% (p < 0.001). Prescriptions of calcium antagonists and ACE inhibitors increased during 1990–1995, but during 1996–1998 a significant decrease in primary prescriptions of calcium antagonists was demonstrated (OR: 0.15; 95% CI: 0.06–0.36). During all periods, females were more frequently treated with older types of antihypertensive drugs than males. In the analysis of total prescriptions in 1998 women were prescribed calcium antagonists (OR: 0.59; 95% CI: 0.45–0.78) and ACE inhibitors (OR: 0.43; 95% CI: 0.31–0.58) less frequently than men.ConclusionThere were significant changes in type of antihypertensive drugs used, both by time and between genders. Changes during the latest years indicate that the prescription pattern can be greatly influenced by new scientific reports and economic debate. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of various anhydride modifications on mechanical properties and water absorption of oil palm empty fruit bunches reinforced polyester composites
Authors: Abdul Khalil H P S , Ismail H , Ahmad M N , Ariffin A , Hassan K 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe chemical modification of oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) using non‐catalysed reaction with acetic, propionic and succinic anhydrides were investigated. Proof of modification was indicated by the increase of weight and was confirmed by Fourier‐transform infrared analysis (FT‐IR). The mechanical and water‐absorption properties of all anhydride‐modified EFB composites were evaluated at different volume fractions (Vf). The properties were improved for these modified fibres, whereas unmodified EFB fibres exhibited poor mechanical properties and higher water absorption. Acetic anhydride modification showed the greatest benefit on composite properties, followed by propionic and succinic anhydride modification.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis, characterization and polychelatogenic properties of poly[(2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propane sulfonic acid)‐co‐(methacrylic acid)]
Authors: Rivas Bernabé L , Martínez Esteban , Pereira Eduardo , Geckeler Kurt E 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPoly(2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic acid), poly(methacrylic acid), and five copolymers of poly[(2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic acid)‐co‐(methacrylic acid)] were synthesized by radical polymerization and obtained in yields >97%. The polymers were characterized by FT‐IR, [1H]NMR, and [13C]NMR and studied by means of the Liquid‐phase Polymer‐based Retention (LPR) technique. The metal ion retention ability of the copolymers for Cu(II), Cd(II), Co(II), Hg(II), Ni(II), Zn(II), Cr(III) and Ag(I) was investigated at different pH values because of their environmental and analytical interest. The retention profiles of the copolymers were compared with those of the corresponding homopolymers and retention of metal ions was found to increase with increasing pH.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of a silane coupling agent on the properties of white rice husk ash–polypropylene/natural rubber composites
Authors: Ismail H , Mega L , Khalil H P S Abdul 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWhite rice husk ash (WRHA)–polypropylene (PP)/natural rubber (NR) composites were prepared using a Brabender Plasticorder at 180 °C and a rotor speed of 50 rev min−1. The mechanical and water‐absorption properties were studied. The incorporation of WRHA into the PP/NR matrix has resulted in the improvement of the tensile modulus; however, the tensile strength, elongation at break and stress at yield decreased with increasing WRHA loading. Poor filler matrix interactions are believed to be responsible for the decrease in the properties. Incorporation of a silane coupling agent, 3‐aminopropyl triethoxysilane (3‐APE), improved tensile modulus, tensile strength and stress at yield of the composites. Water‐absorption studies indicate that the use of the coupling agent reduced the amount of water absorbed by the composites.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Degradation of high barrier ethylene–vinyl alcohol copolymer under mild thermal‐oxidative conditions studied by thermal analysis and infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Lagaron José M , Giménez Enrique , Saura Juan J 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA study of the thermal‐oxidative degradation of a high barrier ethylene–vinyl alcohol copolymer with 32 mol% of ethylene (EVOH) has been carried out by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) under mild temperature conditions above melting. It was found that time exposures of up to 11 h at temperatures between 9 and 33 °C above the EVOH melting point resulted in polymer weight losses of up to 3.6% with colour formation. The weight loss was faster at short times and slowed down with increasing exposure time. DSC showed a small decrease in crystallinity and melting point, melting‐peak broadening and a slight increase in the glass transition temperature of the samples subjected to the more severe thermal‐oxidative treatment. The FTIR experiments showed transformation of the vinyl alcohol hydroxyl groups into carbonyl groups and creation of double bonds. Changes in degradation kinetics and perhaps in mechanisms are thought to occur with increasing exposure time. Moreover, FTIR measurements suggest that transformation of the hydroxyl groups leads to a weakening of the overall hydrogen bonding strength in the degraded samples, and therefore a reduction in intermolecular cohesion can be anticipated.© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry