bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A STUDY ON BACTERIAL PROTEINS WITH SPECIAL CONSIDERATION OF GONOCOCCUS AND MENINGOCOCCUS
Authors: Boor Alden K. , Miller C. Phillip 
Published: June 2004

Methods of preparation and certain properties of the "nucleoproteins" of the following organisms are described: gonococcus, meningococcus, Micrococcus catarrhalis, R pneumococcus, Streptococcus hemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus. No essential differences between the nucleoproteins and the intact cells of gonococcus and meningococcus were observed in their ability to engender immune substances (precipitins), to induce bacterial allergy in rabbits, or to elicit cutaneous reactions (of the delayed type) in rabbits rendered hypersensitive to these organisms. Measured by their lethal action in mice, the toxicity of gonococcal and meningococcal nucleoproteins was found to be but slightly less than that of the intact cells. It seems probable, therefore, that the toxic action of these organisms is due, chiefly or entirely, to some constituent of the nucleoprotein fraction. Extraction with acetone and ether in the cold did not reduce appreciably the toxicity of these organisms and their nucleoproteins, nor alter their immunological behavior.
Cross-precipitin reactions suggested that gonococcal nucleoprotein contains an antigenic factor in common with the non-encapsulated pneumococcus cell, and meningococcal nucleoprotein one in common with the capsular material of Pneumococcus Type III. Tryptic digestion destroys these antigenic factors, but not those responsible for the cross-reactions within the genus Neisseria.
THE TOXIC PROPERTIES OF SERUM EXTRACTS OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Weld Julia T. 
Published: June 2004

1. A method is described whereby toxic substances may be extracted from hemolytic streptococci with inactivated serum.
2. Such extracts contain large amounts of hemotoxin and leucocidin.
3. Their intravenous injection into mice causes marked hemoglobinuria, anemia, and death.
4. There is evidence that this anemia is not the only cause of death of these animals.
5. Incomplete work seems to indicate that the hemotoxin and the lethal poisons are not antigenic.
6. Certain biological properties of the extract are described.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES ON THE VIRUSES OF VESICULAR STOMATITIS AND EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS (1)
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Cox Herald R. , Syverton Jerome T. 
Published: June 2004

We have studied certain properties, additional to those previously described (3), of the virus of vesicular stomatitis of horses, and of the characteristic biological reactions of the virus of equine encephalomyelitis.
It has been found that the virus of stomatitis, ordinarily dermotropic, can acquire neurotropism and the neurotropic encephalomyelitis virus can, in turn, be rendered dermotropic in its action. The neurotropism in both instances is associated with definite, although not pronounced, viscerotropism.
Both viruses can bring about a similar infection in the white mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, and rhesus or cynomolgus monkeys. Of these animals, rabbits show the lowest degree of susceptibility and mice the highest, especially after intracerebral inoculation. The mouse is the best animal for work with these viruses because of the uniform and rapidly lethal encephalitis which can be induced in it. Moreover, the mouse is highly sensitive to the instillation of the viruses in the nasal passages: 1 to 10 million dilution sufficing to induce a fatal encephalitis. The uninjured nasal mucosa of mice appears, therefore, to be as susceptible to experimental infection as the traumatized brain or pads of animals.
The microscopic changes accompanying the reactions to both viruses reveal, in rapidly lethal infections, pronounced destructive lesions in the cells of the central nervous system. When the experimental disease is more protracted in its course, however, these lesions are associated with beginning productive, inflammatory reactions, consisting chiefly of mononuclear infiltrations. In the latter instances, characteristic, intranuclear inclusion bodies can be more readily observed.
Both viruses can be cultivated with facility in the medium of minced chicken embryonic tissue suspended in Tyrode's solution, although 24 to 48 hour old chicks are refractory to artificial infection.
No cross-immunity reactions occur between the two strains of stomatitis virus or between them and the encephalomyelitis strain.
The viruses are evidently similar in many biological properties. In view of the fact that the horse is the natural host for both, it is suggested that they may be generically related. They are not, of course, identical since cross-immunity between them does not exist. The absence of cross-immunity does not, however, exclude the possibility of a generic relationship, for there are at least three immunologically distinct types of foot-and-mouth disease, two of vesicular stomatitis, and two of equine encephalomyelitis (14) virus.
ON SPECIFIC INHIBITION OF BACTERIOPHAGE ACTION BY BACTERIAL EXTRACTS
Authors: Levine Philip , Frisch A. W. 
Published: June 2004

1. Experiments are presented demonstrating specific inhibition of phage by soluble products of bacteria.
2. The inhibition proceeds more rapidly when the phage and bacterial extracts are incubated at 37° than at ice box temperature.
3. The specificity of the reaction in the instances studied is probably connected with the presence of specific soluble carbohydrates.
4. A reaction is available for the study of the chemistry of bacillary antigens in terms of bacteriophage.
THE RELATION OF COAT COLOR TO THE SPONTANEOUS INCIDENCE OF MAMMARY TUMORS IN MICE
Authors: Little C. C. 
Published: June 2004

1. The material included in this paper consists of F1 and F2 virgin female mice derived from a cross between a strain high in mammary cancer incidence (dilute brown) and one relatively low in incidence of mammary cancer but relatively high in the incidence of various internal tumors (yellow).
2. In the F1 and F2 hybrid generations the yellow animals have a significantly lower incidence of mammary tumors than do the non-yellows. This is the first clear case of a difference in the incidence of spontaneous tumors in mice associated with a color difference.
3. Mammary tumors occur, however, significantly earlier in the yellow mice and are just as malignant as those appearing in the non-yellows.
4. The incidence of tumors other than mammary is not significantly different in the yellow and non-yellow hybrids. Such tumors, however, occur distinctly later in life than do the mammary tumors. This provides additional evidence that, in mice, mammary tumors cannot be considered to be the same biological phenomenon as are other types of tumor.
5. A study of the physiology of reproduction of yellow and non-yellow mice within the yellow stock suggests that the yellows pass through their reproductive cycle earlier than do the non-yellows. The duration of the cycle in the two forms is essentially equal. This fact would satisfactorily explain the earlier incidence of mammary tumors in yellow mice.
6. The lower incidence of mammary tumors in yellows as compared with non-yellows may be at least in part due to the same phenomenon. This would follow because the opportunity for mammary tissue in yellow mice of cancer age to be continuously affected by ovarian secretion would be less than in non-yellows. This would result in a higher percentage of yellows reaching an age at which stimuli from the ovary ceased before the mammary tissue had reached an age at which tumor formation is most frequent.
7. There is some evidence that, in this cross, dilute (dbdb) mice are less apt to form mammary tumors than are intensely pigmented animals. This point, however, needs further investigation before it can be considered to be established.
8. The facts recorded in this paper demonstrate that not all forms of tumor or all colors of mice can be lumped together in studying either the physiology or genetics of spontaneous tumor incidence.
BLOOD PLASMA PROTEIN GIVEN BY VEIN UTILIZED IN BODY METABOLISM
Authors: Holman Russell L. , Mahoney Earle B. , Whipple George H. 
Published: June 2004

Large amounts of normal blood plasma can be given intravenously to normal dogs over several weeks without causing any significant escape by way of the urine. There appears to be no renal threshold for plasma protein even with high plasma protein concentration (9.7 per cent).
Dogs receiving sugar by mouth and plasma by vein can be kept practically in nitrogen equilibrium and it would seem that the injected protein must be utilized by the body. If this can happen in this emergency we may suspect that normally there is a certain amount of "give and take" between body protein and plasma protein.
Plasma protein fed by mouth under identical conditions shows the same general reaction as noted with plasma by vein but the urinary nitrogen is a little higher and suggests that the injected protein is utilized a little more completely to form new protein. The difference may be explained as due to deaminization in the case of protein by mouth.
During fasting periods the blood plasma proteins are used up and the total circulating protein may even decrease to one-half the normal level. The plasma protein concentration changes but little and the significant change is a shrinkage of plasma volume.
All these facts point to a dynamic equilibrium between tissue protein and plasma protein depending upon the physiological needs of the moment. In the absence of food protein the body can use material coming from one body protein to fabricate badly needed protein material of different character.
THE EFFECT OF HEMOGLOBIN INJECTIONS ON ERYTHROPOIESIS AND ERYTHROCYTE SIZE IN RABBITS RENDERED ANEMIC BY BLEEDING
Authors: Miller D. K. , Rhoads C. P. 
Published: June 2004

1. An anemia characterized by increased size of the red blood cells and a high color index was produced in rabbits by repeated bleeding and by the subcutaneous injection of stroma-free hemoglobin solution.
2. The bone marrow of these rabbits reverted to a more primitive stage than did the marrows of rabbits rendered anemic in the same manner but not treated with hemoglobin.
A SEROLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF SPECIFIC TYPES OF BOVINE HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI (GROUP B)
Authors: Lancefield Rebecca C. 
Published: June 2004

Under uniform diet conditions the normal bile fistula dog will eliminate pretty constant amounts of cholesterol—about 0.5 to 1.0 mg. cholesterol per kilo per 24 hours.
Diets rich in cholesterol (egg yolk) will raise the cholesterol output in the bile but compared to the diet intake (1.5 gm. cholesterol) the output increase in the bile is trivial (5–15 mg.). Calves' brains in the diet are inert.
Bile salt alone will raise the cholesterol output in the bile as much and often more than a cholesterol rich diet.
Bile salt plus egg yolk plus whole bile give maximal output figures for bile cholesterol—60 mg. per 24 hours.
Liver injury (chloroform) decreases both bile salt and cholesterol elimination in the bile.
Blood destruction (hydrazine) fails to increase the bile cholesterol output and this eliminates the red cell stroma as an important contributing factor.
Certain cholagogues (isatin and decholin) will increase the bile flow but cause no change in cholesterol elimination.
The ratio of cholesterol to bile salt in the bile normally is about 1 to 100 but the bile salts are more labile in their fluctuations.
The ratio is about reversed in the circulating blood plasma where the cholesterol is high (150–300 mg. per cent) and the bile salt concentration very low.
Cholesterol runs so closely parallel to bile salt in the bile that one may feel confident of a physical relationship. In addition there is a suspicion that the bile cholesterol is in some obscure fashion linked with the physiological activity of hepatic epithelium.
LOSS OF THE PROPERTIES OF HEMOLYSIN AND PIGMENT FORMATION WITHOUT CHANGE IN IMMUNOLOGICAL SPECIFICITY IN A STRAIN OF STREPTOCOCCUS HAEMOLYTICUS
Authors: Lancefield Rebecca C. 
Published: June 2004

1. A variant arising in a culture of hemolytic streptococcus was shown to have lost the properties of producing pigment and hemolyzing blood. Despite the loss of these two functions, it had in common with the strain from which it was derived certain other distinguishing biochemical characteristics, as follows: Both attained the same hydrogen ion concentration in dextrose broth; both hydrolyzed sodium hippurate, grew on bile agar, and fermented trehalose but not sorbitol; both failed to reduce methylene blue in milk cultures, and were insusceptible to the action of streptococcus bacteriophage. In addition, the virulence of the variant remained the same as that of the original culture.
2. The antigenic and serological specificity of the variant was identical with the group and type specificity of the original strain (Group B, Type I). These specificities were established by the use of immune sera prepared by immunization of rabbits with each form. The immunological reactions employed were reciprocal agglutination, precipitation, agglutinin and precipitin absorption, and passive mouse protection.
VIABLE LEISHMANIA DONOVANI IN NASAL AND ORAL SECRETIONS OF PATIENTS WITH KALA-AZAR AND THE BEARING OF THIS FINDING ON THE TRANSMISSION OF THE DISEASE
Authors: Forkner Claude E. , Zia Lily S. 
Published: June 2004

1. Smears from the nasal cavities of fifteen patients suffering from kala-azar have been examined and in nine of these typical Leishman-Donovan bodies have been found.
2. Smears from the surface of the tonsil and from the saliva in one of the above nine cases showed the presence of leishmania. The tonsils of this patient, who died as the result of kala-azar and secondary infection, at autopsy were shown to be massively infected with Leishman-Donovan bodies.
3. Leishmania in the nasal discharge of two patients were shown by inoculation into susceptible animals to be viable and capable of producing infection. Sufficient time has not elapsed to determine the viability of the organisms from the remaining cases.
4. These experiments show for the first time that a rich source of infective material from a large proportion of patients with kala-azar is available for direct transmission of the disease.
5. Strong evidence is presented as a basis for the concept that one of the natural modes, perhaps the most important natural mode, of transmission of kala-azar is from person to person by way of the upper respiratory and alimentary tracts.
6. Two normal human volunteers and numerous normal experimental animals have been inoculated into the nasal and oral cavities with the nasal discharge, known to contain leishmania, from patients with kala-azar. The results of these experiments will be reported at a subsequent date.
LYMPHOMATOSIS, MYELOMATOSIS, AND ENDOTHELIOMA OF CHICKENS CAUSED BY A FILTERABLE AGENT
Authors: Furth J. 
Published: June 2004

When stimulated by a filterable agent of leukosis of chickens (Strain 2), endothelium may undergo seemingly unrestricted growth. These neoplasms of endothelium are usually unaccompanied by the formation of blood cells. Occasionally they produce hemocytoblasts, discharged like those of the normal marrow into vascular channels as also myelocytes about the vessels.
The same agent that stimulates endothelium also stimulates erythroblasts, myelocytes, and hemocytoblasts to unrestricted growth without obviously affecting the endothelium; and the association of endothelioma and leukosis is the result of stimulation of several types of cells by a single virus. Myelocytes appear also to develop from mesenchymal or endothelial cells without the intermediary stage of hemocytoblasts.
It is often impossible to determine whether the neoplasms caused by the virus of Strain 2 are of endothelial or mesenchymal origin, and it is possible that both types of cells may be stimulated by the same virus. Types of sarcoma like those described by Rous are not produced by the virus of Strain 2.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON THE PRECIPITIN REACTION
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Kendall Forrest E. 
Published: June 2004

1. Antisera to R-salt-azo-benzidine-azo-crystalline egg albumin give precipitates with crystalline egg albumin by virtue of their antidye content.
2. The quantitative course of the reactions with increasing amounts of antigen is very similar for the dye-antidye and egg albumin-anti-egg albumin systems, but differs markedly for the cross reaction between egg albumin and antidye.
3. A possible explanation for the occurrence of this one-sided crossreaction is given in terms of reactive groupings on the antigen and antibody.
4. A qualitative expression of the course of the cross-reaction is given in terms of the laws of classical chemistry.
THE HISTOLOGY OF EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS
Authors: Hurst E. Weston 
Published: June 2004

The virus of equine encephalomyelitis (eastern strain) evokes in the horse, calf, sheep and dog an unusually intense encephalomyelitis characterized by acute primary degeneration of nerve cells, the appearance in neurons of the brain stem and elsewhere of nuclear inclusions resembling those in Borna disease and poliomyelitis, polymorphonuclear infiltration in the nervous tissues with early microglial proliferation, and perivascular cuffing with mononuclears and polymorphonuclears in varying proportions. The grey matter is affected more than the white. Lesions may be less marked in the striatum, brain stem and cord than in the cerebral cortex, thalamus and hypothalamic region, and are always of low grade in the cerebellum. Meningeal infiltration is secondary.
Similar changes produced in the horse by the western strain of virus are less intense and extensive.
In the guinea pig, rabbit and mouse, the eastern virus causes an acute encephalomyelitis which, as is usual in neurotropic virus diseases of these lowly species, has a special tendency to affect the higher olfactory centers. In addition to inclusions in the nerve cells, tiny oxyphilic bodies occur with less frequency in the glial and mesodermal nuclei of the guinea pig. In this animal, too, interstitial or bronchopneumonia may complicate the picture.
In the guinea pig the disease resulting from infection with the western virus may be indistinguishable from that due to the eastern.
THE CHARACTERS OF KUPFFER CELLS LIVING IN VITRO
Authors: Beard J. W. , Rous Peyton 
Published: June 2004

The Kupffer cells procured from the liver of the rabbit and dog for culture in vitro have the typical characters of clasmatocytes. They are readily discriminated from the monocytes washed from the liver with them; and they have certain peculiar features which suffice to differentiate them from some at least of the clasmatocytes of other organs. Their surface is extraordinarily sticky,—far more so than that of blood leukocytes or of the clasmatocytes found in peritoneal exudates; and in consequence they are exceedingly difficult to handle in vitro. They put forth enormous, pellucid, circular membranes resembling those of exudate clasmatocytes but larger. Splenic clasmatocytes, on the other hand, put forth rather small, one-sided ground-glass membranes like broad tongues. On comparing them with Kupffer cells and exudate clasmatocytes one perceives that they are not wholly identical in their characters, but have secondary peculiarities. However, there exist good morphological reasons for grouping them together and terming them all reticulo-endothelial.
Kupffer cells are notably sensitive to injury, surviving in Tyrode solution for a much shorter time than blood leukocytes. However, they can be readily cultured on lens paper in serum. Under such circumstances they scatter on the fibres and live separately, presenting the same general aspect as when in the liver; but in the course of proliferation they soon lose some of their pronounced characters, retaining such as are common to clasmatocytes in general.
A considerable population of ordinary leukocytes exists in the hepatic sinuses over and above those circulating in the blood. During infection, their number may greatly increase. Several cubic centimeters of packed white cells have been obtained from the liver of a sick dog. The fact has been realized that leukocytes may stop a while in the liver, yet the extent of the accumulation which sometimes takes place seems deserving of stress.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE BLOOD CYTOLOGY IN EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS
Authors: Rosahn Paul D. , Pearce Louise , Casey Albert E. 
Published: June 2004

Weekly observations were made on the blood cytology of seven syphilitic and nine normal control rabbits. Each animal was examined seven times prior to and fifteen times after inoculation of the experimental group. Comparisons were made between the mean blood cell values obtained from all counts on the experimental and control groups in the preinoculation and postinoculation periods.
The mean blood cell formula of the syphilitic group for the 3½ month period after inoculation was significantly different from the preinoculation mean values observed in the same group in the following respects: higher total white cell count, platelet count, neutrophil count, and monocyte count, and lower lymphocyte count.
The mean blood cell formula of the syphilitic group for the 3½ month period after inoculation was significantly different from the mean blood cell formula of the normal control group in the same time interval in the following respects: higher total white cell count, platelet count, neutrophil and monocyte counts, and lower lymphocyte count.
From these results it was concluded that during the period of disease activity, the blood cytology of rabbits infected with Tr. pallidum is characterized by an increase in the total white cell count, the platelet, neutrophil, and monocyte counts, and a decrease in the lymphocyte count from normal values. These changes were statistically significant.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE BLOOD CYTOLOGY IN EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS
Authors: Rosahn Paul D. 
Published: June 2004

The mean blood cell levels of 35 latent syphilitic rabbits in which all lesions had undergone spontaneous regression and complete healing were compared with weighted values for normal rabbits.
The only differences noted were in the red cell count and hemoglobin content, both of which were significantly lower in the experimental group than the normal values.
A parallelism was observed between the blood cell changes of the experimental disease after spontaneous regression of lesions, and the cell changes in the human disease after treatment. This parallelism lends additional weight to deductions drawn from the experimental disease as applied to human syphilis.