bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pictorial Form and Pictorial Organization
Authors: Wollheim Richard 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Since at least Kant, the allure of Formalism as an explanation of the peculiar value of the plastic arts is undeniable, all the more so in the past 150 years, with the rise of Abstraction. Wölfflin’s name will readily come to mind in the studies of Western figurative art. But especially important to Wollheim, for his explicit identification of form as the chief value in figurative art, was Roger Fry. Lectures I and III are critical of the philosophical idea of Formalism in painting. By contrast Lecture II is a positive exploration of the more general, looser idea of Pictorial ‘Organization’—introduced in the second half of Lecture I—by means of sustained attention to certain paintings by Nicolas Poussin, Jacob van Ruisdael, and Claude Monet. What emerges is that to realize the value of pictorial organization, we must take into account the artist’s intention; when we do, we find a certain interpenetration of ‘good organization’ with other values and desires, from sensual and tactile (Monet) to a vaguer and more rarefied interest in the human place in nature (Poussin).
Aesthetics, Anthropology and Style: Some Programmatic Remarks (1978)
Authors: Wollheim Richard 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The production, perception, assessment of works of art involve distinctive yet fundamentally related evaluative contexts. The nature of these activities depends on the complexities of historical conditions, hence the mutual contribution of aesthetics and anthropology. This interdisciplinary relation veers one way or the other depending on methodological requirements. A transparently evident case is the case of the ‘transcultural object’, that is, a work of art from an ‘anthropological culture’. Two further points deepen the inquiry. First, given that ‘art [ ... ] is an essentially historical phenomenon’, we are at once addressing the past art of our own culture; and second, there is no genuine understanding of art without the imposition of style. Yet ‘style-description’, the criteria used by art historians to situate artworks within specific periods and territories, produces only a ‘taxonomic view’—a creation of critics or historians for their own purposes, which is hopeless: an artist need not be affected in any way by style in that sense. What is wanted is a ‘generative’ notion of style: a psychologically real, grammar-like method implicit in the working of an artist.
The Image in Form
Authors: Wollheim Richard 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In 1972, Richard Wollheim edited a volume of writings by Adrian Stokes (1902–1972), with whom he had a lifelong intellectual engagement. The importance to Wollheim of Stokes’s critical method was such that he dedicated his seminal Art and its Objects (1968) to the British art critic. This volume and its introduction are useful reminders of the artistic and intellectual sensitivity of the often difficult but nonetheless inspiring studies of this art critic. Wollheim refers to no fewer than 11 books authored by Stokes; they are bounded together, according to Wollheim, by a commitment to articulate, in Stokes’s inimitably personal style, what it is about art that makes it figure so profoundly in our lives. Stone’s discovery of Freud’s psychoanalysis, and then the contributions of Melanie Klein (see the previous article on Stokes in this volume), had the character of making explicit what was perhaps only implicit in the views of one who took as his starting point his ‘love of stone’. The connection of psychoanalysis to the question of the value art is a constant in Wollheim’s work, and Stokes was a seminal influence.
Walter Pater
Authors: Wollheim Richard 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Walter Pater (1839–1894) is popularly known, along with his famous supporter Oscar Wilde (1854–1900), as a card-carrying Aesthete, as one for whom Beauty is paramount, for whom the main thing in life is to ‘burn always with this hard, gem-like flame, to maintain this ecstasy’. Wollheim assembles an extensive case for a quite different diagnosis. Pater’s verdict on critical theory and philosophy—in particular the systems of metaphysics from Plato to Hegel—is that it is in general too speculative to win belief. What it shows, in one who does go in for it, is rather the person’s subjective temperament. This goes as well for the philosophical thesis of Aestheticism. Wollheim argues further that ‘beauty’ in Pater’s case means ‘expression’—which, for a person who did not live to see the art of the twentieth century, was a plausible line to take.
Sociological Explanations of the Arts (1956)
Authors: Wollheim Richard 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Sociological explanations of the arts seem to encounter difficulties if we take seriously the notion of explanation; they run afoul of basic Humeanism or statistical models of causation. This being from 1956—when Wollheim was in his early 30s and had so far made a name for himself primarily as political philosopher—one could well be surprised at the idea that is hinted at here, one that importantly emerges in the conclusion of his Painting as an Art of 1986: that the value of art should be conceived in terms of human psychology (Freudian psychology, it will transpire in the years to follow). Notice also Wollheim’s notion of ‘seeing-in’ in the second paragraph of section 2 (though it may not have been expressive of any serious commitment at this stage). Wollheim’s prodigious reading is well displayed, not least in the copious footnotes.
On Expression and Expressionism (1964)
Authors: Wollheim Richard 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
An article that begins by considering a largely forgotten book by Marion Milner (1900–1998), On Not Being Able to Paint (1957). It is most instructive to see Wollheim at work on what would prove to be for him one of the most vital, difficult, and enduring issues. He discusses Ernst Gombrich (1909–2001)—critically—and (very briefly and you might say dismissively) Susanne Langer (1895–1985). At the end of detailed argumentation in which the weaknesses of Gombrich’s view is laid bare, as well as those of some views which are commonly, not to say naïvely held, he stresses, with a nod to Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889–1951), ‘the extreme intimacy of the connection between an emotional state and the natural process of expressing it [e.g. crying being expressive of sadness]: an intimacy we might characterise by saying that there is no gap.’ This is the basis of the view he would elaborate more substantially in later writings.
Neurosis and the Artist (1975)
Authors: Wollheim Richard 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Is art the result of neurosis? Wollheim’s ‘Neurosis and the Artist’ is a criticism of this thesis. He was an expert on Sigmund Freud (1856–1939). The notion that Freud associated creativity with neurosis emerges from a range of misinterpretations of his seminal ‘Creative Writers and Day Dreaming’. For Freud, neurosis is a condition that does not spare any of us. The difference is in degrees of intensity. Neurosis tends away from reality, art moves towards it. Further Wollheim challenges the widely promoted idea of art as a therapeutic way out of neurosis. The problem is that art-therapy lacks a serious account of art, thus rendering insubstantial the theory that art and neurosis are intimately related; it ‘lacks any clear or principled conception of the means that it advocates. What art is goes by default.’ Nor can art be ‘learned’ mechanically. Wollheim considers the remarks of Yvor Winter (1900–1968) on Macbeth’s final speech, in which Winter argues that its unsuccessful poetry mirrors the protagonist’s madness. Again, the parallel is facile, assuming that the ‘correspondences between mental state and aesthetic form can be mechanically stated’.
Berlioz’s Requiem
Authors: Walker Jennifer 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Hector Berlioz’s Requiem (Grande Messe des morts, 1837) remains a fixture in the repertoire of choirs and orchestras today. Since 2003, it has been performed in its entirety over one hundred times and has appeared on concert programs spanning the globe: from Russia to the United Kingdom, Finland to the United States, and many locations in between. These performances have, for the most part, been received positively—but critics have not always been this kind to Berlioz and his Requiem. Romantic grandiosity, empty dramatic effect, religious insincerity: such are the descriptors that undergird modern understandings of Berlioz’s canonic work. Nineteenth-century critics and audiences, however, heard the Requiem in different and compelling ways. This book allows for a new hearing of the Requiem by presenting a broad new musical and social context for understanding the work as Berlioz conceived it and his contemporaries heard it. I ask what, if anything, did nineteenth-century listeners find to be notable, and why? The answers to these questions lie in detailed explorations of Berlioz’s relationship to the aesthetics of French sacred music, the theological sublime, and aural architecture. Theatrical as they may have appeared, Berlioz’s innovative orchestrations and colossal choral configurations in the Requiem might now be heard as an embrace of the aural possibilities offered by the sounding of the sacred sublime, the physical architecture of French churches, and the interplay between the sacred and the secular.
Meaning and language
Authors: Borg Emma , Fisher Sarah A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter introduces meaning and why it matters. It shows how fundamental questions about meaning arise particularly clearly with respect to language, suggesting that a focus on word, sentence, and utterance meaning will be helpful in trying to understand what meaning is. The chapter explores the similarities and differences between natural human languages (like English, French, and Mandarin) and artificial languages (such as computer codes and the processing behind Large Language Models like ChatGPT). It then looks at non-human animal languages, seeing what these tell us about meaning in language. Finally, it investigates the relationship between meaning and practice, introducing the idea that what people do with words, and the contexts in which utterances are made, can fundamentally affect meaning.
Meaning and practical problems
Authors: Borg Emma , Fisher Sarah A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Meaning is a complex, fascinating, and important phenomenon, one which is worth exploring just for its own sake. Beyond this, however, having an account of meaning might also help us solve certain puzzles or practical problems. This chapter explores a number of these practical concerns, including how to draw the distinction between lying and misleading, how to think about the meaning of slurs and other offensive expressions, and how these expressions should be regulated, for example by ‘hate speech’ laws. By looking at some of the practical issues which have exercised theorists in this area, the chapter shows how abstract questions about meaning are fundamentally connected with pressing topics in contemporary life.
Meaning and objects
Authors: Borg Emma , Fisher Sarah A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
To make progress on understanding meaning we need to resolve a fundamental theoretical question: ‘What makes any linguistic sign meaningful?’ (or, in more general terms, not restricted to words and utterances, ‘Where does meaning come from?’). This chapter introduces a first answer to that fundamental question: the referential approach to meaning. The referential approach holds that the meaning of a sign is given by the thing(s) in the world which it picks out. The chapter explores how this idea might be applied to the meaning of certain categories of words, or to signs in general. The benefits of the approach are discussed (e.g. a referential account shows how the complex notion of meaning can be analysed in terms of more basic notions), but the chapter closes by outlining some of the serious problems faced by a referential approach.
Meaning and use
Authors: Borg Emma , Fisher Sarah A. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The final chapter explores the idea that meaning is inextricably linked to the norms and institutions that characterize a society and shape the activities of its members. The chapter begins by introducing Ludwig Wittgenstein’s slogan that ‘meaning is use’. It considers his analogy of words as tools, used to fulfil a range of different functions, and utterances as moves in a ‘language game’. The chapter considers what kinds of rules could govern a language game—how determinate or indeterminate they might be—and who judges whether or not they have been followed. The discussion concludes by considering a view that ties meaning to settled conventions, as opposed to speakers’ intentions or the open-ended ways in which they use words. Having surveyed different approaches to meaning, the book ends by reminding the reader of the implications of pursuing one approach or another—and predicts that the deep philosophical debates will continue, since how we understand meaning matters.
Technological and economic interventions for a sustainable society
Authors: Ali Saleem H. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines the technological and economic interventions for a sustainable society. It explains that technology is a key mediating mechanism for managing human needs for well-being in both biological and social terms. However, technology can have an ecological impact on planetary support systems. The chapter considers the ultimate goal of human development to improve quality of life in correlation with sustainability. It then provides an overview of the goal of a sustainable economy to find ways of decoupling localized growth from ecological harm before discussing the key concern revolving around the dominance of private profit-driven corporations in shepherding sustainability.
The relationship between psychology and linguistics
Authors: Ferreira Fernanda 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the relationship between psychology and linguistics. It notes that psycholinguistics refers to the study of the processing routines that underlie our ability to produce and understand language. Essentially, psycholinguistics connects linguistic concepts such as verb, phrase, and clause not only to psychological concepts such as action, object, and event, but also to cognitive processes including perception, attention, memory, and decision-making. The chapter discusses the Derivational Theory of Complexity (DTC) for psycholinguistic testing. It also explains that today’s theories of processing are informed by a broader range of disciplines, including memory, statistical reasoning, and decision-making.
Conversation and dialogue
Authors: Ferreira Fernanda 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter elaborates on the key concepts of conversation and dialogue. It discusses the maxims of conversation presented by language philosopher Paul Grice. The core idea behind the Gricean maxims of conversation is that a cooperative interlocutor will say things they believe to be true and that are relevant to the ongoing conversation. Grice’s maxims are important because they motivate a central observation about language use. The chapter then provides an overview of theories of dialogue and alignment. It also looks into Maryellen MacDonald’s Production–Distribution–Comprehension or PDC model with the core idea that speakers choose linguistic forms to make it easier to speak fluently.
Introducing toleration
Authors: Murphy Andrew R. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to toleration. Toleration involves a complex blend of objection and acceptance, a willingness to guarantee rights to those holding beliefs or engaging in practices that many consider wrong or misguided. Although its modern roots lie in early modern European religious disputes, efforts to secure peaceful coexistence are not limited to those times and places. Nor has toleration been limited to the religious; it has been invoked in disputes over civil liberties, human rights, race, gender, and sexuality. The chapter distinguishes between toleration and the related notion of tolerance, and explores the relationship between toleration and the notion of a modus vivendi, a “way of living together” that seeks minimal civil peace and eschews more robust notions of community.
Early modern foundations
Authors: Murphy Andrew R. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter explores the roles played by Luther, Erasmus, Christian humanists, and a range of early modern thinkers and activists in the sixteenth- and seventeenth-century emergence of religious toleration. Although Locke’s Letter Concerning Toleration is the best-known account, a broad tolerationist coalition advanced a range of sophisticated scriptural, psychological-epistemological, pragmatic-political, and historical arguments. Tolerationists, however, faced powerful opponents, and the chapter also investigates antitolerationist arguments. In addition, it illustrates the powerful role played by anti-Catholicism in the development of early modern toleration. The chapter concludes by considering the ways in which thinkers tied religious toleration to a cluster of related rights at the core of a free society, including speech, press, and assembly.
Colonial and imperial complications
Authors: Murphy Andrew R. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter considers the role played by toleration in colonial and imperial contexts, and the ways that it functioned as a tool of power and control. It opens with the anti-Catholic “Black Legend,” accusing the Spanish of intolerant savagery in their treatment of indigenous peoples. It explores the East India Company’s attempt to define Hinduism as a religion worthy of toleration, and the related controversies over allowing missionaries into India, which illustrated the conflict between evangelical claims of freedom to preach and another understanding of religious freedom as guaranteeing communities the liberty to live unmolested. The chapter closes by considering the intersection between enslavement, toleration, and proselytization in the Americas.
Contesting and defending toleration
Authors: Murphy Andrew R. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter brings the story down to the present day. It opens with disputes between those who view toleration as key to the modern liberal democratic tradition and those who take a dimmer view of its interconnections with colonial and imperial projects, as well as its minimal nature. It also considers toleration’s relevance to controversies over LGBTQ rights, as well as the tradition of research on political tolerance. The chapter concludes by exploring rhetoric about a “tolerant” West and “intolerant” non-Western traditions like Islam that reverberate in global affairs; and emphasizes toleration’s status within the “negative liberty” tradition in which freedom is understood as the absence of restraint.
The future of toleration?
Authors: Murphy Andrew R. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter considers the future of the tolerationist legacy. It argues that Karl Popper’s “paradox of tolerance,” which justified intolerance directed toward intolerant parties in society, offers an oversimplified answer to the dynamics of toleration in contemporary societies. The chapter considers toleration and related terms in human rights charters and in efforts to improve the condition of marginalized religious, ethnic, and cultural groups. Despite toleration’s minimal nature, it retains a role to play in guaranteeing basic protections to those facing hostility from their neighbors or governments. The chapter returns to the notion of a “way of living together” that seeks minimal civil peace and eschews more robust notions of community.
BHSeP5 Implementing a pre-optimisation pathway in a tertiary hernia centre
Authors: Birch Alice , Cocciolo Federica 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Incisional hernias can affect up to 20% of patients after midline laparotomy. Those at higher risk include patients with obesity, a smoking history, and poor glycaemic control. These individuals often experience poorer outcomes in elective hernia repair. Pre-optimizing these patients can decrease the risk of post-operative complications and hernia recurrence.
This paper examines the benefits of a pre-optimization pathway for patients with complex abdominal wall hernias requiring repair.
Recognizing the importance of pre-optimization, each patient was assessed for modifiable risk factors at their initial consultation, focusing on diabetes, smoking, and weight. Targets were established collaboratively between patient and clinician, aiming for weight loss, good diabetic control, smoking cessation, or a combination of these. Patients were then enrolled in a pre-optimization program, which included tri-monthly telephone clinics with an advanced clinical practitioner. Resources were provided to support goal achievement, such as healthy lifestyle advice, exercise and diet guidance, and referrals to specialists like weight management services or diabetic teams.
Over the past year, 49 patients were enrolled in the pre-optimization program: 8 for smoking cessation, 45 for weight loss, and 13 for diabetes control, with some patients needing multiple interventions. During the same period, 42 patients underwent surgery; 22 required pre-optimization—19 for weight loss, 2 for diabetes control, and 6 for smoking cessation, some needing a combination of interventions.
The majority of patients undergoing incisional hernia repair will need some form of pre-optimisation. Close follow-up increases the likelihood of patients achieving pre-surgery goals, thus reducing the risk of post-operative complications.
BHSeP6 Cumulative sum analysis of the robotic inguinal hernia repair learning curve
Authors: Hayward Romilly K , Smellie W James B , Sanchez-Thompson Natalia , Warren Oliver J 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
The use of robotics in hernia surgery is increasing and is associated with a significant learning curve. Continuous, real-time outcome analysis is vital to inform and protect patients, and enable cost-benefit decisions.

Methods
Prospective data capture of patients undergoing robotic hernia repair during one surgeon’s introduction of robotics into their high-volume practice. Learning curve analysis was conducted using the cumulative sum (CUSUM) method.

Results
31 unilateral inguinal repairs were performed between February 2023 and May 2024. Median age was 68 years. 78% had a history of previous abdominopelvic surgery. There was one conversion to open. Median blood loss was 0 ml with no requirement for blood transfusion. 84% of patients achieved complication free recovery; all complications were Clavien-Dindo Grade I. There were no returns to theatre and 1 readmission within 30 days.
Median console time was 36 min (IQR 26–52); median time to dock and undock the robot was 13 min, making average operative time 49 min. CUSUM learning curve analysis of console time established three phases: initial training (case 1–5), improvement (case 6–15), and mastery (case 16 onwards). Perioperative outcomes were similar across phases, though console time decreased significantly.

Conclusions
Perioperative outcomes including length of stay, complications, readmissions, and return to theatre were acceptable in a relatively comorbid patient cohort, supporting the feasibility of introducing robotic hernia surgery into practice. CUSUM analysis established a clear learning curve for robotic inguinal hernia repair with rapid and significant improvement in console time over the first 31 cases.