bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trade Liberalization and Protection
Authors: Rivera-Batiz Luis A , Oliva Maria-A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Tariff barriers have declined dramatically since the Second World War. Developed countries ‘ average tariff rates are now at single digit levels. The dismantling of tar- iff barriers under the sponsorship of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the World Trade Organization (WTO) has not meant the end of protection. Instead, it has led to other forms of protection. Nowadays, protection takes two broad forms. First, high tariff rates continue to prevail in many developing countries. Second, nontariff barriers to trade have become a major protective device in both industrial and developing countries.
International Economic Politics
Authors: Rivera-Batiz Luis A , Oliva Maria-A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade ‘s (GATT) Article XXIV permits the formation of preferential agreements among World Trade Organization (WTO) members as long as free trade prevails within the blocks and barriers to trade with other members do not increase. Notwithstanding their legal compatibility, WTO agreements and preferential arrangements can be at odds with each other. WTO ‘multilateralism ‘ seeks non preferential treatment for all members, which is violated by all preferential trading arrangements, and all-inclusive trade negotiations. The so-called ‘bilateralism ‘ embodied in preferential arrangements represents a trend toward block formation and negotiations conducted parallel to the multilateral framework.
Bank-Owned Security Subsidiaries in Japan: Evidence after the 1993 Financial System Reform
Authors: Hamao Yasushi , Hoshl Takeo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the features of the Japanese postwar financial system is a clear division between banking and the securities business. Section 65 of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1948 explicitly prohibited banks from conducting securities business. As financial markets underwent rapid product innovations from the late 1970s, this division, along with other partitions within the banking industry (city banks, long-term credit banks, and trust banks), became a subject of discussions on deregulation. The resulting change was the Financial System Reform Act, which became effective on 1 April 1993. The law is intended ‘to promote the healthy development of financial markets through effective and proper competition and to give incentives to financial institutions to better serve their clients through the introduction of a variety of new products’ (Ministry of Finance 1994). One of the major changes under the new law is the lowering of the traditional barrier between banks and securities firms, allowing banks (securities firms) to set up their securities firm (trust bank) subsidiaries. The implementation of the law, however, was deliberately slow, and new subsidiaries were approved only gradually. Among bank subsidiary securities firms, the first three banks receiving licences were the Industrial Bank of Japan, the Long-term Credit Bank of Japan, and Norinchukin Bank. These banks established their subsidiaries on 26 July 1993. City and trust banks followed (see Table 6.1). The business activities of these bank subsidiary securities firms are still restricted in equity and equity derivative transactions.1
Empowerment of Women in Egypt and Links to the Survival and Health of Their Infants
Authors: Ktshor Sunita 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The survival and health of infants is a good place to begin an examination of the influence of women’s empowerment on demographic processes. In most societies, the care of infants remains an almost exclusive domain of women. All else being the same, women’s ability to access needed information and their power to take required action can be expected to directly impact the health and survival of their infants. The ability to access information, take decisions, and act in their own interest, or the interest of those who depend on them, are essential aspects of the empowerment of women.
Women’s Autonomy in Rural India: Its Dimensions, Determinants, and the Influence of Context
Authors: Jejeebhoy Shireen J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Important in the concept of autonomy is whether women are in control of their own lives—the extent to which they have an equal voice in matters affecting themselves and their families, control over material and other resources, access to knowledge and information, the authority to make independent decisions, freedom from constraints on physical mobility, and the ability to forge equitable power relationships within families. Unfortunately, these alternative dimensions of female autonomy have rarely been measured in empirical analyses. Analyses have tended to rely on such routinely used measures as education or economic activity profiles or marriage age—measures that are increasingly recognized to be inadequate proxies for these multifaceted dimensions of women’s autonomy (see for example, Mason et al., 1995). Not only have few studies measured these dimensions of autonomy empirically, few have measured them in different cultural contexts. Exceptions include Basu’s (1992) study comparing North and South Indian women residing in the same Delhi slum, and Morgan and Niraula’s (1995) study in Nepal; both studies observe notable contextual effects on a variety of dimensions of their autonomy.
Coalition Governance in Western Europe An Introduction
Authors: Müller Wolfgang C , Strøm Kaare 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although democracy can take a variety of institutional forms, the most common democratic regime type, parliamentarism, formally privileges the majority of the people’s elected representatives. Parliamentary government implies that government policy making is controlled by a legislative majority. When and where this form of government first emerged, in nineteenth-century Britain, its growth coincided with the development of the classic British two party system.
Norway A Fragile Coalitional Order
Authors: Narud Hanne Marthe , Strøm Kaare 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Norway, coalition government has rarely been more than a transitory phenomenon. Since the post-war resumption of partisan politics in 1945, there have been only eight cabinets representing more than one political party, and half of these have lasted no more than about a year.Moreover, all but the most recent of Norwegian coalitions have occurred in two clearly delimited eras: one lasting from the early 1960s to the early 1970s, and a second covering the period from 1983 to 1990.
The Taxation of Interest in Europe: A Minimum
Withholding Tax?
Authors: Huizinga Harry , Nielsen Soren Bo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The increasing international mobility of production factors, especially capital, poses well-known problems for tax authorities in open economies. Of great importance to European Union (EU) countries is the challenge to national tax authorities posed by the liberalization of capital flows between EU countries, as evidenced by the European Council Directive of June 1988. According to the directive, member countries were to completely liberalize international movements of capital before 1 July 1990. To establish a genuine market for financial services, it was deemed important to lessen the obstacles arising from differences in taxation across member countries and across financial instruments, and from tax evasion. In this light, the European Commission proposed a directive in May 1989 concerning a common system of source tax on interest income in the European Community (EC). The Commission specifically proposed the introduction of a minimum Community-wide withholding tax on interest payments made to all Community residents to counter the risks of distortion, evasion, and avoidance in the present system. The minimum tax rate should be 15 per cent, corresponding to about the average of existing withholding taxes on interest in EC countries. The minimum withholding tax proposal, however, failed to secure the necessary unanimous support from EC member countries, and so was rejected in late 1989.
Portfolio Allocation
Authors: Verzichelli Luca 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the first things parties entering a government coalition do is to decide how they will share the ministerial offices among themselves. Without reaching agreement on this issue, no coalition can take office. Although cabinet portfolios are only the tip of the iceberg of allocation decisions that coalition parties have to make, they are probably the most important ones. And it is easy to understand why portfolio allocation is important. Cabinet ministers are among the most important policymakers in parliamentary democracies, and ministerial offices are one of the most important pay-offs available to political parties. Political parties care about the ministries at their disposal and so do individual politicians. Although the number of such posts may vary between countries and over time, ministerial offices are position goods and rank among the most exclusive ones. The more cabinet seats a party has at its disposal, the more policy influence it can have, and the more party leaders can see their career ambitions fulfilled. It is hard to imagine a politician who does not value cabinet office. Ministerial office is typically the apex of a political career, and it is an appointment that often affords the holder considerable policy influence. Moreover, ministerial portfolios are the key to many lower-level appointments in the public sector.
Business cycles: general discussion
Authors: Hartley James E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I believe it is a technical misreading of the paper to say that shirking is not a choice problem. The whole incentive compatibility constraint the firm faces when designing its contracts is the awareness that any worker that they hire, at each point in time, chooses whether to supply effort or not. So it is not the case that there is this exogenous probability of shirking or not. The only thing that is exogenous is whether you are caught, which is a simplification.
Explanatory strategies for monetary policy analysis
Authors: Morgan Marys. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
‘Theories’ and ‘evidence’ combine in several different explanatory strategies in these two papers. Ben McCallum’s paper uses the categories to explain the history of the changing ideas about monetary policy analysis over the last three decades. In so doing, he reveals something of the way theory and evidence are used in models for making monetary policy. David Hendry uses the categories in providing an econometric analysis of inflation to cover the long-run history. But this description gives no sense of just how differently these two papers use the resources of theory, evidence, and history.
Econometric techniques: general discussion
Authors: Favero Carlo A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When I first started writing down my comments on the two papers I wrote that we can see how big a barrier the Atlantic Ocean still is, but then Favero’s comments made me scratch that out!
The first point I would like to make concerns Juselius’s paper where she writes that there does not seem to exist a research programme in macroeconomics that mimics the present state of the art in macroeconometrics in the sense of developing theoretical models of the macroeconomy that replicate the basic features of macroeconomic data, such as stochastic variables and relations, strongly time-dependent data, cointegration and integration properties, short-run adjustment towards long-run dynamics or static steady-states and short-run and long-run feedback effects.
From Bette Davis to Mrs Whitehouse: Law and Literature—Theory and Practice
Authors: Thomson Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
‘Have you noticed how intellectually diverse Law and Literature has become in recent years?’ So begins a recent review by Gary Minda of law and literature scholarship as we approach the new millennium. While Minda enthusiastically, though not unreservedly, celebrates diversity, he fails to engage with the problematic relationship between feminist work and this new discipline. This relationship has been problematic in a number of ways. At an immediate level there has been minimal feminist engagement with this field of scholarship. Indeed, the interaction between feminism and law and literature has been, at best, hesitant, tentative. Far from seeing a marriage of the excluded or marginalized as we might have expected, we have seen a lukewarm encounter, barely an embrace. Why? For some law and literature has been seen as overly textual. Others have contended that the discipline is dominated by male voices.
The Prevention And Resolution Of International Financial Crises: A Perspective From The International Monetary Fund
Authors: Gianviti FranÇois 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In July 1989, during the celebration of the bicentennial of the French Revolution, 4.01 I was giving a course of lectures at the Academy of International Law in The Hague on ‘The International Monetary Fund and External Debt’. The purpose of these lectures was to explain what constitutes a country’s external debt, the various remedies that are applied or could be envisaged when a country is unable to service its external debt and the role played by the Fund in that context.
Monetary Sovereignty Today
Authors: Treves’ Tullio 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In a famous dictum in the Serbian and Brazilian Loans cases, the Permanent Court 5.01of International Justice stated: ‘it is indeed a generally accepted principle that a state is entitled to regulate its currency’. This statement is quoted in most studies on the public international law of money and is generally seen as expressing the notion of ‘monetary sovereignty’. The Permanent Court’s formulation corresponds to an approach to state sovereignty as a ‘right’ of states. According to this approach it sees it as something to which a state is ‘entitled’3 on the basis of a ‘principle’. This approach to sovereignty in general is still widespread and was even more widespread in 1929, when the Permanent Court decided on the Serbian and Brazilian Loans cases.
European Monetary Law: The Transition To The Euro And The Scope Of Lex Monetae
Authors: Wahlig Bertold 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
n the first detailed outline of the planned schedule for the change of currency-the Green Paper on the practical arrangements for the introduction of the single currency-the European Commission already expressed the 'expectation' in dis-cussing the legal framework that in third countries too the transition from the na-tional currencies of the participating Member States to the new single currency would be recognized from the point of view of lex monetae, which it evidently be-lieved was not a foregone conclusion. Not infrequently the discussion culminated in the question whether the courts in New York, in particular, would accept Community law in the monetary field as lex monetae or as an application of the 'state theory of money' or an 'act of state doctrine'.
First Experiences With The Euro In Germany
Authors: Kempen Bernhard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
According to recital 5 of the Preamble to the first regulation on the Euro of June 9.01 1997, ‘the introduction of the Euro concerns day-to-day operations of the whole population in participating Member States’. As yet, however, the effects have hardly been felt. Admittedly, some till receipts show reference values in Euros, but day-to-day cash transactions are still executed in Deutsche Marks. In addition, most accounts are still held in Marks, the public utilities invoice in Marks, salaries are paid in Marks, people’s pockets still jingle with ten-pfennig pieces, and when we travel to other European countries, we fill our wallets with francs, lire, or pesetas. Only the financial markets have already switched over lock, stock, and barrel to the Euro. Euro area exchanges quote in Euros.
The Role Of The Central Bank In A Crisis Environment: The Experience Of Hong Kong And Taiwan, 1997-9
Authors: Syue-Ming Yu 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to outline the experiences of the Hong Kong 15.01 Monetary Authority (HKMA) and Taiwan’s central bank and of the governments of Hong Kong and Taiwan in handling the speculative attacks on their currencies and related developments in local stock markets and banking systems in the context of the Asian financial crises. The chapter also covers briefly the definitions and possible causes and effects of financial crises, the role of central banks in maintaining financial stability, including their lender of last resort function, and the management and resolution of financial crises in co-operation with governments.
Interference Of Public Law In The Performance Of International Monetary Obligations
Authors: William Blair QC 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An international monetary obligation is one which is not purely domestic to a par-21.01 particular country, either because the parties to the obligation are from different countries, or because the obligation is denominated in the currency of a different country. This covers a vast number of obligations, but the focus in this chapter will be on the obligations created by loans to states or state entities, commercial lending at the international level and bank deposits. These, along with investment in emerging stock markets, are the means by which capital has been circulated globally for at least a century and a half. This is a process which inevitably creates political and economic tensions that are as acute today as ever.
The Euro And The Future Of Index Clauses
Authors: Zehetne-1” Franz 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Insofar as index clauses are used at all in international commercial transactions, 27.01 they usually occur in connection with creditor’s, debtor’s and third party currency clauses. Index clauses (referring to consumer price indices or subindices) attempt to offset changes in the purchasing power of the currency of the contract by to some extent giving the creditor a claim to a specific ‘purchasing power’ by adjusting the nominal value of the currency in question accordingly. The large number of indices and subindices used in national laws for securing the value of domestic commercial transactions suggests that the methods for calculating a change in the purchasing power of a foreign currency may be very different and must be fixed by the parties to a contract directly or at least indirectly by referring to existing methods.
The Road to Stockholm
Authors: Hargittai István 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Nobel Prizes enjoy enormous prestige throughout the world. Every year, science is propelled into the limelight, and in October, when the prizes are announced, and December, when they are awarded at a ceremony in Stockholm, a chosen few scientists acquire celebrity status and their science receives wide coverage in the news media. First awarded in 1901, the Nobel Prize remains the only science prize widely recognized by the general public. What sort of scientists become Nobel laureates? How are they chosen? Are there features common to them, and to their prize-winning research? These sorts of questions have long intrigued István Hargittai and seeking answers, he began interviewing Nobel prize-winning scientists about their careers. Some 70 laureates, and a similar number of other distinguished scientists, have been interviewed, most of them during the late 1990s, and the result is this remarkable book. Written for a general readership, The Road to Stockholm illuminates the nature of scientific discovery, the Nobel Prize selection process, the factors common to award-winning research, and the effects of the Nobel Prize on science itself. Here are stories of scientists who overcame adversity, eventually to win the Prize; insights into the importance of the laureate's mentor in earlier life, and into the significance of the location where prize-winning research is carried out; and a variety of responses to the question: what first turned you to science? No less fascinating are the well-publicised examples of deserving (in many eyes) scientists who were not awarded the Nobel Prize, and Professor Hargittai devotes a chapter to them. Here, then, is an absorbing account of science, scientists, and a Prize created a hundred years ago to reward those who, in the words of Alfred Nobel's Will, 'during the previous year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind.'
Diva’s Deluxe Disasters
Authors: Powrie Phil 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
DIVA was one of the most popular films of the 1980s, both inside and outside France. It seemed to mark a break in French cinema where the film image was concerned. Fredric Jameson, in an essay first published in 1982, called Diva the first French postmodernist film, dissecting its combination of the old and the new (Jameson 1990). This chapter will be concerned with that combination. After reviewing Jameson’s argument, I shall explore what makes Diva ‘new’ beyond the new type of film image it promotes, which I discussed in the introduction to this section: the pastiche of the polar and an apparently contemporary concern with the status of women. I shall then discuss what makes the film ‘old’: the status of women, and the neo-Romantic quest. My aim is to develop Jameson’s argument and to sketch out an answer to the question at the end of his essay: is Diva ‘regressive or conservative recuperation’ or ‘a historically original “imaginary solution of real contradiction”, which may be explored for Utopian elements and possibilities, including some whole new aesthetic in emergence’ (Jameson 1990: 62; he is quoting Levi-Strauss)?
Trois hommes et un couffin: Hysterical Homoeroticism
Authors: Powrie Phil 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Co LINE SERREAU’s Trois hommes et un couffin was one of the more surprising successes of the 1980s, with some ro million French spectators, making it the third best-seller of the post-war period (after two 1960s comedies by Oury). Partly because of the Hollywood remake, it has been much commented on by American critics working in the feminist paradigm. This is less due to Serreau’s feminist credentials than to the fact that it has a female director who seems to be registering a profound social change in masculine roles, while at the same time exhibiting misogynistic tendencies. These tendencies have been well documented; this chapter will review them, and then focus on male bonding and homoeroticism.
Francophone Literatures: An Introductory Survey
Authors: Jack Belinda 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The canon of French literature has been the subject of much debate and now increasingly francophone literatures are demanding more attention in student French literature courses. The first study in English of francophone literatures, this book introduces the diverse bodies of texts in French from the numerous French-speaking areas around the world, with separate sections covering Africa, French Canada, the Creole Islands, and Europe, and will provide students at both undergraduate and 'A' level with a comprehensive introductory survey of the subject. Francophone literatures emerge from rich bi- and multi-lingual cultures in part as colonial legacies. They also challenge the monopoly of the French literary tradition. This introductory survey celebrates the linguistic difference of such texts and the creative possibilities offered by deviance from an established tradition, demanding new critical approaches. The texts studied here cast a new light upon French literature in terms of their diverse perspectives upon writing, history, politics, and culture, their violent rewritings, subversive versions and parodies sometimes forming an elaborate pastiche of celebrated French texts. Guides to further reading, a select bibliography, and an extensive index combine to make the book an extremely readable introductory overview of a hitherto little explored area.