bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Secular Evolution and the Formation of Pseudobulges in Disk Galaxies
Authors: Kormendy John , Kennicutt Robert C. 
Published: August 2004

▪ Abstract  The Universe is in transition. At early times, galactic evolution was dominated by hierarchical clustering and merging, processes that are violent and rapid. In the far future, evolution will mostly be secular—the slow rearrangement of energy and mass that results from interactions involving collective phenomena such as bars, oval disks, spiral structure, and triaxial dark halos. Both processes are important now. This review discusses internal secular evolution, concentrating on one important consequence, the buildup of dense central components in disk galaxies that look like classical, merger-built bulges but that were made slowly out of disk gas. We call these pseudobulges.We begin with an “existence proof”—a review of how bars rearrange disk gas into outer rings, inner rings, and stuff dumped onto the center. The results of numerical simulations correspond closely to the morphology of barred galaxies. In the simulations, gas is transported to small radii, where it reaches high densities and plausibly feeds star formation. In the observations, many barred and oval galaxies have dense central concentrations of gas and star formation. Optical colors and spectra often imply young stellar populations. So the formation of pseudobulges is well supported by theory and observations. It is embedded in a broader evolution picture that accounts for much of the richness observed in galaxy structure.If secular processes built dense central components that masquerade as bulges, how can we distinguish them from merger-built bulges? Observations show that pseudobulges retain a memory of their disky origin. That is, they have one or more characteristics of disks: (a) flatter shapes than those of classical bulges, (b) correspondingly large ratios of ordered to random velocities, (c) small velocity dispersions σ with respect to the Faber-Jackson correlation between σ and bulge lumi nosity, (d) spiral structure or nuclear bars in the “bulge” part of the light profile, (e) nearly exponential brightness profiles, and ( f ) starbursts. All these structures occur preferentially in barred and oval galaxies, where secular evolution should be most rapid. So the cleanest examples of pseudobulges are recognizable.Are their formation timescales plausible? We use measurements of central gas densities and star-formation rates to show that pseudobulges of the observed densities form on timescales of a few billion years.Thus a large variety of observational and theoretical results lead to a new picture of galaxy evolution that complements hierarchical clustering and merging. Secular evolution consists of more than the aging of stellar populations. Every galaxy is dynamically evolving.
The Internet as Distributor and Mirror of Religious and Ritual Knowledge
Authors: Krueger Oliver 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSince the early 1990s, religious movements appeared on the Internet and introduced new forms of communication in ritual and dogma. Their Internet sites present different dogmatic, institutional, and other aspects of their religion; provide interactive communications and religious services; or simply sell religious items. This paper puts forth the argument that the gaining of ritual and dogmatic knowledge is losing its dependence on direct social interaction in a spatial community, and increasingly relies on Internet-based discourse in religious newsgroups and other discussion forums. Nevertheless, for migrant communities in the diaspora (Zoroastrians, Hindus, and adherents of Afro-American religions), the Internet appears to be offering a new opportunity for re-establishing the spatial bonds of the lost religious community. In other cases such as that of the Wicca religion, this greater independence of traditional religious and social hierarchies encourages the development of fragmentary and syncretic forms of religion.
Asian Americans: Achievements Mask Challenges
Authors: Varma Roli 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis article focuses on the existence of the "glass ceiling" to upward career mobility experienced by Asian Americans in professional occupations. It questions the recent portrayal of Asian Americans as a "model minority" who have "made it" in America. Instead, it shows that despite their good record of achievement, Asian Americans do not reach a level at which they can participate in policy and decision-making responsibilities. This article builds on the emerging glass ceiling literature by Asian American scholars, while examining social/cultural complexities, peculiarities, and nuances in private companies, government agencies, and institutions of higher education.
Virtual Warfare: The Internet as the New Site for Global Religious Conflict
Authors: Robinson Rowena 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis paper explores the ways in which a resurgent Hindu fundamentalism (Hindutva) is redefining Hinduism and Hindu identities in a transnational, global context. The global project of Hindutva makes use of new global communication channels, including the Internet, and is apparently espoused by influential sections of the transnational Hindu middle class, especially in the United States. This paper examines a selected sample of Internet sites devoted to the spread of religious and fundamentalist beliefs and ideas particularly relevant to India and transnational Hinduism, and explores the ways in which the Internet is changing the shape of communities and the ways in which they represent one another. The paper puts forth the argument that in the context of globalization, the Net has become an important space for the creation of transnational religious identities. The Net is shaping religion, specifically Hinduism, in distinct ways and is the newest expression of religion's changing face. The battle for souls is being fought on Internet sites. The questions of this paper relate to the modes of representation of "other religions" as revealed particularly by Hindu sites, the ways in which Internet sites garner audiences, and the strategies they adopt to link themselves with both global audiences and local groups. A sociological analysis will reveal the shape of these discourses and link their popularity with the social and political context of globalization, a liberalized economy, and the organization of religious practice in post1990s India.
Capitalisms: Asian-European Dialogue after Enron
Authors: Pieterse Jan Nederveen 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis dicussion suggests three steps. One is to retrieve the varieties of capitalism from the propaganda that claims there is no alternative to free market capitalism. Second is to examine the growing influence of American capitalism and the diversity or convergence of capitalisms in light of Enron and related episodes. Third is to probe options for the articulation of alternative capitalisms. Looking forward, one way in which this can happen is through a substantive dialogue between Asian countries and the European Union with regard to the direction of contemporary capitalism and globalization. This line of argument can function at two levels — as a broad-brush policy direction and as opening up thinking about globalization — probing the scope for choice.
THE ABILITY/INABILITY TO EAT: DETERMINING LIFE AND DEATH IN BEL ET DRACO
Authors: Bergmann Claudia 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBel et Draco, a work of Second Temple Judaism, makes the intentional destruction of two idols by a human being the main topic of its narrative. Unlike other Second Temple texts, which discuss what idols are, how they were created by human hands, why they exist, and how they can be destroyed, Bel et Draco focuses on only one of the characteristics of the idols that will lead to their demise: their ability or inability to distinguish between and consume different types of food. This motif becomes so important for Bel et Draco that it is used in connection with almost every character appearing in the story. How this literary device is used in the description of the fate of the characters and in the establishment of a hierarchy between them is the topic of this article.
JUBILEES —BETWEEN ENOCH AND MOSES. A NARRATIVE READING
Authors: Kvanvig Helge 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThere is no doubt that the biblical story in Genesis and Exodus, extending from creation to Sinai, forms the backbone of the narrative in Jubilees. Often analyses of Jubilees concentrate on this aspect, without paying sufficient attention to the narrative design in Jubilees itself. In this article some common tools in narratology are applied to focus on Jubilees as a whole. In the narrative structures it appears that the Enochic traditions are formative. Moses is placed in the front of the narrative as a witness not to the torah of the Pentateuch, but to a narrative shaped to give room for the Enochic traditions. Thus Jubilees mediates between the Mosaic and Enochic traditions, using Moses to emphasise the importance of Enoch. The two figures represent two different attitudes toward revelation, the unique concentration on Sinai as the centre of history and the common mythical world-view that the foundational events took place in primeval time.
The Effect of Estrogen on Ovine Anterior Cruciate Ligament Fibroblasts
Authors: Seneviratne Aruna , Attia Erik , Williams Riley J. , Rodeo Scott A. , Hannafin Jo A. 
Published: August 2004

Estrogen has been implicated as a causal factor for anterior cruciate ligament injuries in women. Studies have demonstrated a decrease in anterior cruciate ligament fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis at supraphysiologic levels of estrogen in a rabbit model. Hypothesis The authors hypothesized that physiologic levels of estrogen would have no significant effect on anterior cruciate ligament fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis in an ovine model. Methods Anterior cruciate ligament fibroblasts were isolated from sheep knees using routine cell culture methods. The cells were exposed to 17β-estradiol at physiologic concentrations of 2.2, 5, 15, 25, 250, and 2500 pg/ml. Cell proliferation was determined by cell counts on days 4 and 6. Collagen synthesis was determined by 3H-proline incorporation on day 4. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect estrogen receptors. Results Immunohistochemistry demonstrated the presence of estrogen receptors in ovine anterior cruciate ligament fibroblasts. There was no significant difference in anterior cruciate ligament fibroblast proliferation or collagen synthesis regardless of 17β-estradiol concentration. Conclusions Based on results of this study, and given the low turnover of collagen in ligaments, it is unlikely that a 2- to 3-day per month increase in circulating estrogen would result in rapid, clinically significant alterations in material properties ofthe anterior cruciate ligament in vivo. The etiology of noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries is complex and multifactorial in nature, meriting further investigation.
Evidence of Subclinical Medial Collateral Ligament Injury and Posteromedial Impingement in Professional Baseball Players
Authors: Kooima Cynthia L. , Anderson Kyle , Craig Joseph V. , Teeter Douglas M. , van Holsbeeck Marnix 
Published: August 2004

Background Recognition and treatment of elbow conditions such as medial collateral ligament injury and posteromedial impingement are increasing in throwing athletes. Magnetic resonance imaging may provide pivotal information in the management of these athletes. Knowledge of the utility of magnetic resonance imaging has become widespread throughout the baseball community. However, data on the frequency and extent of asymptomatic magnetic resonance imaging findings in the elbows of this throwing population are lacking. Hypothesis Abnormalities in the throwing elbows of asymptomatic professional baseball players compared to the nonthrowing elbows are frequently seen in magnetic resonance images. Study Design Descriptive anatomical study. Methods Sixteen asymptomatic professional baseball players with no history of injury underwent bilateral elbow magnetic resonance imaging using a standardized sequencing protocol. The magnetic resonance images were reviewed, in a blinded fashion, by 2 musculoskeletal radiologists and 1 orthopaedic surgeon. Results Medial collateral ligament abnormalities (including thickening, signal heterogeneity, or discontinuity) were present in 87% of players’ dominant elbows. Findings consistent with posteromedial impingement were present in 13 of 16 subjects. There was a significant correlation between medial collateral ligament thickening and posteromedial subchondral sclerosis (P = .04). The throwing elbow was correctly identified in all 16 subjects. No significant correlation between magnetic resonance imaging findings and age could be detected. Conclusions This study demonstrates a high rate of abnormal magnetic resonance imaging findings in asymptomatic throwers’ elbows. These baseline findings must be considered when magnetic resonance imaging is being used as a factor in treatment decisions.
Femoral Press-Fit Fixation of the Hamstring Tendons for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Jagodzinski Michael , Behfar Vahid , Hurschler Christof , Albrecht Knut , Krettek Christian , Bosch Ulrich 
Published: August 2004

Background Press-fit fixation of patellar tendon–bone anterior cruciate ligament autografts is an interesting technique because no hardware is necessary. For hamstring tendon grafts, no biomechanical data exist of a press-fit procedure. Hypothesis Press-fit femoral fixation of hamstring tendons is mechanically equivalent to press-fit patellar tendon–bone fixation. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Patellar and hamstring tendons of 30 human cadavers (age, 53.8 ± 18.0 years) were used. An outside-in press-fit fixation with a knot in the semitendinosus and gracilis tendons and an inside-out and outside-in fixation with the tendons wrapped around a bone block were compared with patellar tendon–bone press-fit fixation in 30 ovine femora. Constructs were cyclically strained and then loaded until failure. Maximum load to failure, stiffness, and elongation during failure testing and cyclical loading were investigated. Results The maximum load to failure was 561 ± 309 N for the patellar tendon, 599 ± 234 N for the semitendinosus/gracilis tendons knot construct, 678 ± 231 for the semitendinosus/gracilis tendons bone construct inserted outside in, and 339 ± 236 for the semitendinosus/gracilis tendons bone construct inserted inside out (inferior to the others; analysis of variance, Dunn test, P < .01). Stiffness of the constructs averaged 134 ± 32 N/mm for the patellar tendon, 124 ± 21 N/mm for the knot construct, 118 ± 27 N/mm for the outside-in fixation, and 117 ± 23 N/mm for inside-out fixation. Elongation during initial cyclical loading was 0.7 ± 0.6 mm for the patellar tendon, 1.6 ± 0.5 mm for the knot construct, 1.9 ± 1.2 mm for the outside-in fixation, and 1.9 ± 0.9 mm for the inside-out fixation (significantly larger for all semitendinosus/gracilis tendon techniques, P < .05). Conclusions Failure loads for the semitendinosus/gracilis tendons bone construct inserted outside in and the semitendinosus/gracilis tendons knot construct were within the confidence interval of the patellar tendon press-fit fixation. All semitendinosus/gracilis tendon graft techniques exhibited larger elongation during initial cyclical loading than the patellar tendon graft. There was no difference in stiffness between all techniques. Clinical Relevance Two of the 3 hamstring press-fit fixation techniques showed loads to failure similar to the patellar tendon fixation. Preconditioning of the constructs is critical. These results must be interpreted with care because of high standard deviations.
Force Measurements on the Fibular Collateral Ligament, Popliteofibular Ligament, and popliteus Tendon to Applied Loads
Authors: LaPrade Robert F. , Tso Andy , Wentorf Fred A. 
Published: August 2004

Background Little information is known about the forces seen on the main individual structures of the posterolateral knee to applied loads. This information is needed to determine which structures should be reconstructed and also the relative strengths needed for reconstruction grafts. Purpose To determine in vitro forces in the fibular collateral ligament, popliteofibular ligament, and popliteus tendon for various posterolateral knee loading conditions. Study Design Cadaveric study. Results The fibular collateral ligament was loaded in varus, internal rotation, and external rotation. The highest amount of force seen on the fibular collateral ligament was at 0° of knee flexion with external rotation, with the mean load response to external rotation significantly less at 90°. Fibular collateral ligament varus load response at 0°, 30°, and 60° was fairly constant, with a significant decrease at 90° compared to 30° of knee flexion. The popliteus tendon and popliteofibular ligament were loaded with an external rotation moment and were noted to have similar loading patterns. The mean load response on both the popliteus tendon and the popliteofibular ligament peaked at 60° of knee flexion. The mean popliteus tendon and popliteofibular ligament load response at 0° was significantly less than the mean load response at 30°, 60°, and 90° of knee flexion. Conclusions High relative loads were seen on the fibular collateral ligament with varus and external rotation and on the popliteus tendon and popliteofibular ligament, with external rotation. A reciprocal relationship of load sharing in external rotation depending on knee flexion angle was revealed that has not been previously reported. The force on the fibular collateral ligament with external rotation loads was higher than the load on the popliteus complex at lower flexion angles, with the popliteus complex having higher load sharing at 60° and 90° of knee flexion. These results provide a measure of the potential for failure of these structures with joint loading and guidelines for both graft strength requirements for surgical reconstructions and postoperative rehabilitation protocols.
Radiographic Changes in the Hands and Fingers of Young, High-Level Climbers
Authors: Schöffl Volker , Hochholzer Thomas , Imhoff Andreas 
Published: August 2004

Background In the past few years, competition climbing has grown in popularity, and younger people are being drawn to the sport. Hypothesis Although the radiographic changes in long-term climbers are known, there are little data available on young climbers. The question arises as to whether climbing at high levels at a young age leads to radiographic changes and possibly an early onset of osteoarthrosis in the finger joints. Study Design Cross-sectional study. Methods Nineteen members of the German Junior National Team and 18 recreational climbers were examined clinically and through radiographs. For comparison, radiographs of 12 young nonclimbers (control group) were collected. Radiographs were evaluated using a standard protocol. For evaluation of the physiologic adaptation, the cortical thickness of the middle phalanx and the Barnett Nordin index were analyzed. The results were compared between the 3 groups and against radiographs of 140 long-term, experienced climbers. Results Six climbers (32%) of the German Junior National Team presented a decreased range of motion for the small finger joints; none of the recreational climbers showed this decrease. In 47% of the German Junior National Team and 28% of the recreational climbers, stress reactions could be found: cortical hypertrophy (26% German Junior National Team, 11% recreational climbers), subchondral sclerosis (47% German Junior National Team, 6% recreational climbers), broadened base of the proximal interphalangeal joint (42% German Junior National Team, 28% recreational climbers), and broadened base of the distal interphalangeal joint (16% German Junior National Team, 0 recreational climbers). Signs of an early stage of osteoarthrosis were seen in 1 climber in each group. The control group showed no radiologic abnormalities. The Barnett Nordin index was 0.49 ± 0.05 in German Junior National Team, 0.49 ± 0.07 in recreational climbers, and 0.48 ± 0.08 in the control group. There was no statistically significant difference on the Barnett Nordin index between the groups (German Junior National Team/recreational climbers: P = .89; German Junior National Team/control group: P = .58; recreational climbers/control group: P = .55). Conclusions Intensive training and climbing lead to adaptive reactions; nevertheless, osteoarthrotic changes are rare.
Effectiveness of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy in the Treatment of Previously Untreated Lateral Epicondylitis
Authors: Chung Bryan , Wiley J. Preston 
Published: August 2004

Background Extracorporeal shock wave therapy is a relatively new therapy used in the treatment of chronic tendon-related pain. Few randomized controlled trials have been performed on it, and no studies have examined the effectiveness of extracorporeal shock wave therapy as a frontline therapy for tendon-related pain. Hypothesis Subjects treated with active extracorporeal shock wave therapy will have higher rates of treatment success than subjects treated with sham extracorporeal shock wave therapy. Design Double-blind randomized controlled trial. Methods Sixty subjects who had previously untreated lateral epicondylitis for less than 1 year and more than 3 weeks were included in this study. Subjects were randomly allocated to receive 1 session per week for 3 weeks of either sham or active extra-corporeal shock wave therapy. Subjects in the active therapy group received 2000 pulses (energy flux density, 0.03-0.17 mJ/mm2). All subjects were provided with a forearm-stretching program. After 8 weeks of therapy, subjects were classified as either treatment successes or treatment failures according to fulfillment of all 3 criteria: (1) at least a 50% reduction in the over-all pain visual analog scale score, (2) a maximum allowable overall pain visual analog scale score of 4.0 cm, and (3) no use of pain medication for elbow pain for 2 weeks before the 8 week follow-up. Visual analog scale scores were also collected for pain at rest, during sleep, during activity, at its worst, and at its least, as well as for quality of life (using the EuroQoL questionnaire) and grip strength. Results Success rates in the sham and active therapy groups were 31% and 39%, respectively. No significant difference was detected between groups (χ21 = 0.3880, P = .533). Mean change in quality of life over 8 weeks was an increase of 1.3 and 3.3 for sham and active therapy groups, respectively, and mean change in grip strength over 8 weeks was an increase of 7.4 kg and 6.8 kg for sham and active therapy groups, respectively. Conclusions Despite improvement in pain scores and pain-free maximum grip strength within groups, there does not appear to be a meaningful difference between treating lateral epicondylitis with extracorporeal shock wave therapy combined with forearm-stretching program and treating with forearm-stretching program alone, with respect to resolving pain within an 8-week period of commencing treatment.