bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving the prediction of liquid back‐mixing in trickle‐bed reactors using a neural network approach
Authors: Piché Simon , Larachi Faïçal , Iliuta Ion , Grandjean Bernard P A 
Published: September 2002

AbstractCurrent correlations aimed at estimating the extent of liquid back‐mixing, via an axial dispersion coefficient, in trickle‐bed reactors continue to draw doubts on their ability to conveniently represent this important macroscopic parameter. A comprehensive database containing 973 liquid axial dispersion coefficient measurements (DAX) for trickle‐bed operation reported in 22 publications between 1958 and 2001 was thus used to assess the convenience of the few available correlations. It was shown that none of the literature correlations was efficient at providing satisfactory predictions of the liquid axial dispersion coefficients. In response, artificial neural network modeling is proposed to improve the broadness and accuracy in predicting the DAX, whether the Piston–Dispersion (PD), Piston–Dispersion–Exchange (PDE) or PDE with intra‐particle diffusion model is employed to extract the DAX. A combination of six dimensionless groups and a discrimination code input representing the residence‐time distribution models are used to predict the Bodenstein number. The inputs are the liquid Reynolds, Galileo and Eötvos numbers, the gas Galileo number, a wall factor and a mixed Reynolds number involving the gas flow rate effect. The correlation yields an absolute average error (AARE) of 22% for the whole database with a standard deviation on the AARE of 24% and remains in accordance with parametric influences reported in the literature.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Biodegradation of chlorophenols using the cell‐free culture broth of Phanerochaete chrysosporium immobilized in polyurethane foam
Authors: Choi Sue Hyung , Moon Seung‐Hyeon , Gu Man Bock 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA cell‐free culture broth of Phanerochaete chrysosporium immobilized in polyurethane foam has been evaluated for the biodegradation of chlorophenols. Lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, and oxalate concentrations in cell‐free culture broth were measured and compared to find the optimum combination of secondary metabolites for the highest biodegradation of chlorophenols. The isozyme distributions and their expression levels were significantly different and changed with increases in the culture time. The oxalate concentration was also found to vary, depending on culture time. Cell‐free broth containing an optimal combination of secondary metabolites showed the greatest biodegradation of 2,4,5‐chlorophenol in the presence of veratryl alcohol and H2O2. Phenols with greater numbers of chlorines were degraded more efficiently by this cell‐free culture broth according to the results of biodegradation experiments for five chlorophenols, including 2‐, 4‐, 2,4‐, 2,4,5‐, and pentachlorophenol, as well as phenol. This degradation efficiency correlated well with remaining lignin peroxidase activity during degradation. Cell‐free culture broths may readily be used for biodegradation of highly recalcitrant chemicals since the system would not be affected by the toxicity of the chemicals nor would the adsorption characteristics of the cells be of concern.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Removal of hardness in fermentation broth by electrodialysis
Authors: Lee Hong‐Joo , Oh Suk Jung , Moon Seung‐Hyeon 
Published: September 2002

AbstractLysine fermentation broth was desalinated by electrodialysis to reduce hardness concentrations as a pretreatment procedure for the purification and recovery of amino acids. Electrodialysis performance was investigated in terms of the rate of reduction in conductivity in dilute solutions and electrodialysis cell resistance for different ion exchange membranes at a constant current density. Among the membranes investigated in this study, membranes with high water content showed the better performance for hardness removal. Fouling experiments revealed that organics gave rise to fouling effects on the anion exchange membrane during demineralization of the lysine fermentation broth. The pulsed electric field with the half‐wave power enhanced the electrodialysis performances by mitigating membrane fouling in desalination of the lysine fermentation broth. This study successfully demonstrated the potential use of pulse power as an effective cleaning‐in‐place (CIP) method during electrodialysis of fermentation broth.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Ammonium fumarate production by free or immobilised Rhizopus arrhizus in bench‐ and laboratory‐scale bioreactors
Authors: Riscaldati Emanuele , Moresi Mauro , Federici Federico , Petruccioli Maurizio 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAmmonium fumarate production from glucose‐based media by Rhizopus arrhizus NRRL 1526 with mycelial growth controlled by phosphorus limitation exhibited mixed‐growth‐associated product formation kinetics, with growth‐associated production related to secondary mycelial growth only. The contribution of the primary mycelial growth phase was minimised by resorting to prolonged batch production using free mycelia under intermittent glucose feeding or repeated batch production using immobilised mycelia. The metabolic activity of free or immobilised mycelia was limited by fumarate accumulation or by oxygen diffusion phenomena, respectively. For batch cultures in a 15 dm3 stirred bioreactor the peripheral impeller speed (vI) was increased from 1.88 to 3.3 m s−1, and the fumarate yield coefficient on glucose increased from 0.25 ± 0.01 to 0.42 ± 0.02 g g−1, while the malate yield coefficient on fumarate (YM/F) reduced from 0.46 ± 0.01 to 0.14 ± 0.01 g g−1. With a net increase in the fumarate‐to‐malate ratio from 2 to 6.5, a vI value of 3.3 m s−1 gave the best fermentation performance and provided a basis for further scale‐up studies.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Phenol degradation in rotating biological contactors
Authors: Israni Sameer H , Koli Shrikant S , Patwardhan Ashwin W , Melo J S , D'souza S F 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe biodegradation of synthetically‐prepared phenol wastewater was studied in a single stage, bench‐scale rotating biological contactor (RBC). The effect of process variables, namely rotational speed (40–175 rpm), input phenol loading (1754–3508 mg phenol m−2 h−1), input hydraulic loading (8.77–23.42 dm3 m−2 h−1), and temperature of wastewater (20–30 °C) on the amount of phenol removed in the system was investigated. It was observed that an increase in the speed of rotation significantly improved the performance. An increase in the hydraulic loading rates caused a reduction in the phenol removal rate, while an increase in the organic loading rate resulted in an improvement in performance. An increase in temperature caused an increase in the microbial activity and therefore gave better performance. A mathematical model has been developed based on oxygen transfer and kinetics of biodegradation.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Estimation of uncertainties in the performance indices of an oxidation ditch benchmark
Authors: Abusam A , Keesman K J , Spanjers H , van Straten G , Meinema K 
Published: September 2002

AbstractEstimation of the influence of different sources of uncertainty is very important in obtaining a thorough evaluation or a fair comparison of the various control strategies proposed for wastewater treatment plants. This paper illustrates, using real data obtained from a full‐scale oxidation ditch wastewater treatment plant, how the effect of the various uncertainty sources can be quantified. A Monte Carlo simulation analysis method was preferred over a first‐order variance analysis method because it is more reliable and it provides the complete probability distribution. For various sources of uncertainty, except for the additive modelling error, samples were selected using the efficient Latin Hypercube Sampling technique. Large deviations in the benchmark performance indices from the nominal values, due to uncertainty in influent loads and parameter values, were found, in particular, for effluent quality and total sludge production indices. However, relatively smaller deviations are found due to uncertainty in the states' initial conditions. The effect of the model structural uncertainty on the performance indices was found to be negligible.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Transvaginal sonography in the detection of retained products of conception after first‐trimester spontaneous abortion
Authors: Wong Shell Fean , Lam Man Ho , Ho Lau Cheung 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study was to assess the use of transvaginal sonography to detect retained products of conception after first‐trimester spontaneous abortion.MethodsAll women who arrived at our hospital with spontaneous first‐trimester abortions were included in this study and underwent transvaginal sonography. A sonographic diagnosis of “incomplete abortion” was based on a bilayer endometrial thickness of more than 8 mm. The final diagnosis of complete or incomplete abortion was based on the histopathologic findings at dilatation and curettage. The sensitivity and specificity of both clinical and sonographic examinations for detecting products of conception were assessed.ResultsA total of 113 women were recruited, and 14 were excluded for various reasons. Among 52 women with a clinically incomplete abortion, only 50% had retained products of conception. The use of transvaginal sonography resulted in a 29% (15/52) reduction of surgical intervention in these women. On the other hand, 30% (14/47) of women with a clinical diagnosis of complete abortion had retained products of conception. The sensitivity and specificity of cervical status for detecting retained products of conception were 65% and 56%, respectively, whereas the overall sensitivity and specificity of transvaginal sonographic examination (bilayer endometrial thickness 8 mm or less) were 100% and 80%, respectively.ConclusionsTransvaginal sonography is a useful supplement to clinical assessment in women who experience a spontaneous first‐trimester abortion. If this modality is used to assess the uterine cavity, the cervical status can be ignored. Use of transvaginal sonography should reduce unnecessary general anesthesia and uterine curettage. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:428–432, 2002
Sonographic detection of diffuse peripheral nerve enlargement in hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies
Authors: Beekman Roy , Visser Leo H. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractHereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP) is a disorder characterized by a tendency to develop focal neuropathies after trivial traumas. On teased nerve fiber studies, sausage‐shaped myelin sheath swellings (tomacula) are found. We report the sonographic findings in a patient with genetically proven HNPP. We were able to demonstrate enlargement of several peripheral nerves, even nerves that were clinically unaffected. Enlargement was found not only at typical nerve entrapment sites but also outside these sites. This diffuse nerve enlargement may play an important role in the pathogenesis of entrapment neuropathies in HNPP patients. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:433–436, 2002
Sonographically guided percutaneous sclerosis using 1% polidocanol in the treatment of vascular malformations
Authors: Jain Rajeev , Bandhu Suman , Sawhney Sukhpal , Mittal Ravi 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this prospective study was to assess the safety and efficacy of sonographically guided percutaneous injection of 1% polidocanol for sclerosis of peripheral vascular malformations.MethodsPatients with vascular malformations of soft tissues were invited to enroll in the study. Gray‐scale and color Doppler sonography were performed to determine the texture, margins, and size of the lesions and to determine whether high‐velocity blood flow was present. Using real‐time sonographic guidance, lesions were punctured with a 20/21‐gauge spinal needle. When possible, venous return was occluded before injection. For each injection, 1–6 ml of 1% polidocanol was injected into 1 or more sites within the lesion. The sclerosing agent was not aspirated after injection. Repeat radiography was performed 1 month after each injection session. The procedure was repeated if the patient did not have a complete response, defined as an 80% or greater decrease in the volume of the lesion or resolution of the presenting symptoms.ResultsOf the 15 patients enrolled, 9 had venous malformations, 3 had lymphangiomas, 1 had a recurrent aneurysmal bone cyst, 1 had a venous pseudoaneurysm, and 1 had an arteriovenous malformation of the pinna. Each patient received 1–20 injections of 1% polidocanol (mean ± standard deviation, 3.3 ± 4.8 injections). This treatment resulted in a complete response of 7 venous malformations, 3 lymphangiomas, and the arteriovenous malformation and partial response of 2 venous malformations, the recurrent aneurysmal bone cyst, and the venous pseudoaneurysm. Only minor complications occurred.ConclusionsSonographically guided percutaneous injection of 1% polidocanol for sclerosis of peripheral vascular lesions is simple, effective, and safe. This technique is especially effective in cases of soft tissue venous malformation and lymphangioma. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 30:416–423, 2002
The African green revolution as a pro‐poor policy instrument
Authors: Mosley Paul 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn opposition to a number of the presentations at the Conference, we argue that the development of foodcrop agriculture needs to be considered as a pivotal poverty reduction strategy in Africa—in spite of the sector's erratic performance which has seen a number of ‘mini‐green revolutions’ take off, falter and crash back to earth. We insist that for at least five reasons—the scale‐neutrality of hybrid seed technology, its labour‐intensity, its tendency to reduce risks, its ability to reduce the prices of poor people's basic foods and its ability to stimulate off‐farm linkages—the hybrid seed revolution, partial though it has been, needs to be supported and sustained, and not dismissed as fated to fail in African conditions. We support this conclusion by two estimates of poverty impact of these ‘new’ technologies—a quick and dirty estimate based on four channels of impact only (income of adopter households, labour market, consumer prices and off‐farm linkages) and an estimate derived from a multi‐market model of Uganda, in which about one‐tenth of the poverty reduction achieved in Uganda since 1992 is ascribed to productivity change in maize and cassava. We note that a number of domestic and aid policy factors—from weak rural infrastructure and financial systems to food aid—have tended to reduce either the incentive to introduce new technologies, and/or the poverty‐elasticity of their introduction. To reduce many of the different poverties from which Africa suffers, we argue, the policies responsible for the underdevelopment of its cereal crops need coordinated reform across many countries; in preparing such reform, inspiration can be taken from the policies which preceded the surge in agricultural productivity in India, Indonesia and China 30 years ago. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Livelihood diversification: increasing in importance or increasingly recognized? Evidence from southern Ethiopia
Authors: Carswell Grace 
Published: September 2002

AbstractDrawing on research from southern Ethiopia this article presents evidence that non‐farm and off‐farm activities are carried out by a significant proportion of adults and make an important contribution to livelihoods. It shows that there is a high involvement of women in diversification and that the contribution of diversification activities to cash incomes is particularly important for poorer households. The single most important activity is trading, while labouring for others is also important. The paper also shows the need for greater historical depth in the understanding of livelihood diversification. In highland Wolayta non‐farm activities (particularly trading and labouring for others) have a long history. In the case of the latter people worked as labourers as part of a set of arrangements that enabled them to gain access to key resources. These arrangements were deeply embedded in complex social relations. As these institutional arrangements have changed, so ‘diversification activities’ have become more visible. Consideration of the historical and social contexts is thus critical for a firm understanding of livelihood change and the changing role and importance of diversification activities. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rural livelihoods in Sri Lanka: an indication of poverty?
Authors: Marzano Mariella 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn rural Sri Lanka the demands of using appropriate methodologies for identifying poverty and subsequently persons who may or may not benefit from development interventions are challenging and made more difficult when considering the villager's own perceptions of what it means to be poor. Investigations into livelihoods can promote an awareness of the nature of activities that people engage in and the resources they are able or would like to access with the associated conflicts over entitlements. In a village setting the hierarchical nature of these strategies may highlight people's vulnerability. This has further implications for development in Sri Lanka where decisions over the allocation of agricultural assistance, particularly at a local level, is often biased towards those who focus entirely on agriculture and thus are considered to be ‘real’ farmers. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of the transnational community of non‐government organizations: governance or poverty reduction?
Authors: Townsend Janet G. , Porter Gina , Mawdsley Emma 
Published: September 2002

AbstractNon‐government organizations working in development form a transnational community which has a new role in imperialism today. We explored the knowledge economy of this community with NGDOs in Ghana, India, Mexico and Europe and found it to be largely donor‐controlled and generally top‐down, often against the will of committed individual actors. Governability is arguably a greater priority to donors than the most effective poverty reduction. The new managerialism and its audit culture impose demands on NGDOs that tend to work against any ‘listening’ to southern NGDOs or their clients, so that the sharing of local knowledge and ideas is very restricted. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NGOs, gender and indigenous grassroots development
Authors: Henshall Momsen Janet 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThis paper looks at two very similar efforts by indigenous communities to develop a tourist attraction based on their own culture and to market it in two very different environments: California and Mexico. Both groups have been displaced from their traditional areas, are being advised by a woman consultant and are expecting women community members to provide cultural performances and crafts for sale to visitors. Unlike the NGOs involved, the communities see this tourism activity as a reclamation and reaffirmation of a culture that has been almost lost, rather than as an exercise in local economic development. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Land reform: still a goal worth pursuing for rural women?
Authors: Jacobs Susie 
Published: September 2002

AbstractLand reform has recently become a topic of interest to the media. Given historical experience and current changes, are land reform policies still worthwhile objects of struggle for rural women? The article discusses arguments ‘against’: for instance, women have been excluded from most past land reforms, and many rural people have had to diversify their livelihood bases, so that agriculture has diminished in importance. Despite these and other points, the article argues that land reform which includes women would be of great benefit: it would increase food security, would allow wives to keep better control over their own incomes, and would increase women's status more generally. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Myocardial tagging with 3D‐CSPAMM
Authors: Ryf Salome , Spiegel Marcus A. , Gerber Michael , Boesiger Peter 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPurposeTo introduce a true three‐dimensional (3D) tagging technique for the assessment of myocardial tissue motion.Materials and MethodsTo generate a 3D tagging grid, a complementary spatial modulation of magnetization (CSPAMM) was applied in three spatial directions. Imaging was performed using a conventional fast 3D gradient‐echo sequence. For automatic analysis of the 3D‐CSPAMM data set, evaluation software, based on a 3D extension of the HARP technique, was used.ResultsSuccessful application of the 3D‐CSPAMM technique in healthy subjects allowed the accurate determination of quantitative 3D motion patterns in the human heart.Conclusion3D‐CSPAMM may contribute to the quantification of the local 3D myocardial motion pattern throughout the cardiac cycle. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;16:320–325. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐resolution selective three‐dimensional magnetic resonance coronary angiography with navigator‐echo technique: Segment‐by‐segment evaluation of coronary artery stenosis
Authors: Watanabe Yuji , Nagayama Masako , Amoh Yoshiki , Fujii Masako , Fuku Yasushi , Okumura Akira , Van Cauteren Marc , Stuber Matthias , Dodo Yoshihiro 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the feasibility of high‐resolution selective three‐dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance coronary angiography (MRCA) in the evaluation of coronary artery stenoses.Materials and MethodsIn 12 patients with coronary artery stenoses, MRCA of the coronary artery groups, including the coronary segments with stenoses of 50% or greater based on conventional x‐ray coronary angiography (CAG), was performed with double‐oblique imaging planes by orienting the 3D slab along the major axis of each right coronary artery‐left circumflex artery (RCA‐LCX) group and each left main trunk‐left anterior descending artery (LMT‐LAD) group. Ten RCA‐LCX and five LMT‐LAD MR angiograms were obtained, and the results were compared with those of conventional x‐ray angiography.ResultsAmong 70 coronary artery segments expected to be covered, a total of 49 (70%) segments were fully demonstrated in diagnostic quality. The identification of segmental location of stenoses showed as high an accuracy as 96%. The retrospective analysis for stenosis of 50% or greater yielded the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 80%, 85%, and 84%, respectively.ConclusionSelective 3D MRCA has the potential for segment‐by‐segment evaluation of major portions of the right and left coronary arteries with high accuracy. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;16:238–245. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.