bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a model of adjustment to an iatrogenic hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Coughlan Barbara , Sheehan John , Bunting Brendan , Carr Alan , Crowe John 
Published: August 2004

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate a model of adjustment to an iatrogenic hepatitis C(HCV) infection in a cohort of women.Participants: Eighty‐three women diagnosed with an iatrogenic HCV infection were recruited; 49 women had chronic infection (PCR positive) and the remaining 34 women were considered to have a self‐limiting HCV infection (PCR negative).Measures: The Hepatitis C Survey Questionnaire (HCSQ; Coughlan, Sheehan, Carr, & Crowe, unpublished) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ30; Goldberg & Williams, 1988) were used in this study.Results: Structural equation modelling (SEM) was carried out to evaluate and modify a recursive path model using Moos and Schaefer's (1984) model of coping with illness as the basis for developing a multivariate model of adjustment to an iatrogenic HCV infection. The final model fit, χ2(30) = 21.9 p = .86, CFI = 1.00, RMSEA = 0.000, was judged to be theoretically acceptable, indicating that positive illness appraisal, ability to work and negative behaviour as a consequence of feelings of anger and blame are directly related to adjustment.Conclusion: This model has provided support for the following general relationships, namely that, adjustment to an iatrogenic HCV infection is related to:

illness and social factors;
cognitive appraisals;
adaptive tasks; and
coping skills

thus emphasizing the need to develop a biopsychosocial model of treatment.
Investigation of the interactive effects of gender and psychological factors on pain response
Authors: Jones Allan , Zachariae Robert 
Published: August 2004

Objectives: There is growing evidence to suggest that certain psychological modulators of pain sensitivity are dependent on gender. The aim of the present study was to examine further whether cognitive‐affective factors (with specific focus on situational anxiety) shown to modulate pain report and behaviour have differential effects on men's and women's response to experimentally induced pain.Method: A sample of 80 healthy university students (40 women, 40 men) was assessed on subjective measures of anxiety (situational and dispositional), anxiety‐sensitivity and attitudes toward the experimental pain procedure prior to being exposed to a cold pressor test (constant temperature + 1°C; ± 1°C, cut‐off limit 240s).Results: The present study produced three main findings:

No effect of gender was found on any of the pain measures; however, an interactive effect of anxiety and gender was found on measures of pain tolerance with low anxiety men displaying significantly higher pain tolerance than both low and high anxiety women.
Men classified as low‐anxious tolerated cold pressor pain significantly longer than men classified as high‐anxious, while no such effect of anxiety on pain response was observed in women.
Gender‐specific associations were observed between other psychological variables (including anxiety‐sensitivity and attitudes toward pain) and thermal pain response.

Conclusion: Results from the present study suggest that there are important differences in the way cognitive‐affective factors impact on the pain response of men and women. Further research is needed to explore potential psychosocial and physiological mechanisms that may underlie such differences.
Imaging in Education: imaging in preliminary-level studio design technology projects
Authors: Clews David 
Published: August 2004

The Imaging in Education project is a teaching-based research project funded by the Eastman Kodak Company and the University of Brighton. The project is examining ways in which the teaching and learning of technology is integrated with studio design and ways of intensifying reflective
practices, in particular those that would be supported by using image-based processes for learning. The project also examines other teaching and learning activities and environments. In particular: teambased learning and the Intranet as a teaching and learning environment.
This article
describes the theoretical and practice-based context for the project, the student project and some of the recent outcomes.
A Multistage Testing Strategy for Detection of Quantitative Trait Loci Affecting Disease Resistance in Atlantic Salmon
Authors: Moen Thomas , Fjalestad Kjersti T , Munck Hege , Gomez-Raya Luis 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
A multistage testing strategy to detect QTL for resistance to infectious salmon anemia (ISA) in Atlantic salmon is proposed. First, genotyping of amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) and a transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) were carried out using dead offspring from a disease resistance challenge test. Second, AFLP genotyping among survivors followed by a Mendelian segregation test was performed. Third, within-family survival analyses using all offspring were developed and applied to significant TDT markers with Mendelian inheritance. Maximum-likelihood methodology was developed for TDT with dominant markers to exploit linkage disequilibrium within families. The strategy was tested with two full-sib families of Atlantic salmon sired by the same male and consisting of 79 offspring in total. All dead offspring from the two families were typed for 64 primer combinations, resulting in 340 scored markers. There were 26 significant results out of 401 TDTs using dead offspring. In the second stage, only 17 marker families showed Mendelian segregation and were tested in survival analysis. A permutation test was performed for all survival analyses to compute experimentwise P-values. Two markers, aaccac356 and agccta150, were significant at P &lt; 0.05 when accounting for multiple testing in the survival analyses. The proposed strategy might be more powerful than current mapping strategies because it reduces the number of tests to be performed in the last testing stage.
Natural Wolbachia Infections in the Drosophila yakuba Species Complex Do Not Induce Cytoplasmic Incompatibility but Fully Rescue the wRi Modification
Authors: Zabalou Sofia , Charlat Sylvain , Nirgianaki Androniki , Lachaise Daniel , Merçot Hervé , Bourtzis Kostas 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn this study, we report data about the presence of Wolbachia in Drosophila yakuba, D. teissieri, and D. santomea. Wolbachia strains were characterized using their wsp gene sequence and cytoplasmic incompatibility assays. All three species were found infected with Wolbachia bacteria closely related to the wAu strain, found so far in D. simulans natural populations, and were unable to induce cytoplasmic incompatibility. We injected wRi, a CI-inducing strain naturally infecting D. simulans, into the three species and the established transinfected lines exhibited high levels of CI, suggesting that absence of CI expression is a property of the Wolbachia strain naturally present or that CI is specifically repressed by the host. We also tested the relationship between the natural infection and wRi and found that it fully rescues the wRi modification. This result was unexpected, considering the significant evolutionary divergence between the two Wolbachia strains.
Sequence Polymorphism in Polyploid Wheat and Their D-Genome Diploid Ancestor
Authors: Caldwell Katherine S , Dvorak Jan , Lagudah Evans S , Akhunov Eduard , Luo Ming-Cheng , Wolters Petra , Powell Wayne 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Sequencing was used to investigate the origin of the D genome of the allopolyploid species Triticum aestivum and Aegilops cylindrica. A 247-bp region of the wheat D-genome Xwye838 locus, encoding ADP-glucopyrophosphorylase, and a 326-bp region of the wheat D-genome Gss locus, encoding granule-bound starch synthase, were sequenced in a total 564 lines of hexaploid wheat (T. aestivum, genome AABBDD) involving all its subspecies and 203 lines of Aegilops tauschii, the diploid source of the wheat D genome. In Ae. tauschii, two SNP variants were detected at the Xwye838 locus and 11 haplotypes at the Gss locus. Two haplotypes with contrasting frequencies were found at each locus in wheat. Both wheat Xwye838 variants, but only one of the Gss haplotypes seen in wheat, were found among the Ae. tauschii lines. The other wheat Gss haplotype was not found in either Ae. tauschii or 70 lines of tetraploid Ae. cylindrica (genomes CCDD), which is known to hybridize with wheat. It is concluded that both T. aestivum and Ae. cylindrica originated recurrently, with at least two genetically distinct progenitors contributing to the formation of the D genome in both species.
The Direct Interaction Between ASH2, a Drosophila Trithorax Group Protein, and SKTL, a Nuclear Phosphatidylinositol 4-Phosphate 5-Kinase, Implies a Role for Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate in Maintaining Transcriptionally Active Chromatin
Authors: Cheng Mimi K , Shearn Allen 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The products of trithorax group (trxG) genes maintain active transcription of many important developmental regulatory genes, including homeotic genes. Several trxG proteins have been shown to act in multimeric protein complexes that modify chromatin structure. ASH2, the product of the Drosophila trxG gene absent, small, or homeotic discs 2 (ash2) is a component of a 500-kD complex. In this article, we provide biochemical evidence that ASH2 binds directly to Skittles (SKTL), a predicted phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase, and genetic evidence that the association of these proteins is functionally significant. We also show that histone H1 hyperphosphorylation is dramatically increased in both ash2 and sktl mutant polytene chromosomes. These results suggest that ASH2 maintains active transcription by binding a producer of nuclear phosphoinositides and downregulating histone H1 hyperphosphorylation.
Epistasis and Its Relationship to Canalization in the RNA Virus φ6
Authors: Burch Christina L , Chao Lin 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Although deleterious mutations are believed to play a critical role in evolution, assessing their realized effect has been difficult. A key parameter governing the effect of deleterious mutations is the nature of epistasis, the interaction between the mutations. RNA viruses should provide one of the best systems for investigating the nature of epistasis because the high mutation rate allows a thorough investigation of mutational effects and interactions. Nonetheless, previous investigations of RNA viruses by S. Crotty and co-workers and by S. F. Elena have been unable to detect a significant effect of epistasis. Here we provide evidence that positive epistasis is characteristic of deleterious mutations in the RNA bacteriophage φ6. We estimated the effects of deleterious mutations by performing mutation-accumulation experiments on five viral genotypes of decreasing fitness. We inferred positive epistasis because viral genotypes with low fitness were found to be less sensitive to deleterious mutations. We further examined environmental sensitivity in these genotypes and found that low-fitness genotypes were also less sensitive to environmental perturbations. Our results suggest that even random mutations impact the degree of canalization, the buffering of a phenotype against genetic and environmental perturbations. In addition, our results suggest that genetic and environmental canalization have the same developmental basis and finally that an understanding of the nature of epistasis may first require an understanding of the nature of canalization.
Identifying the Susceptibility Gene(s) in a Set of Trait-Linked Genes Using Genotype Data
Authors: Yuan Ao , Chen Guanjie , Chen Yuanxiu , Rotimi Charles , Bonney George E 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
There are generally three steps to isolate a disease linkage-susceptibility gene: genome-wide scan, fine mapping, and, last, positional cloning. The last step is time consuming and involves intensive laboratory work. In some cases, fine mapping cannot proceed further on a set of markers because they are tightly linked. For years, genetic statisticians have been trying different ways to narrow the fine-mapping results to provide some guidance for the next step of laboratory work. Although these methods are practical and efficient, most of them are based on IBD data, which usually can be inferred only from the genotype data with some uncertainty. The corresponding methods thus have no greater power than one using genotype data directly. Also, IBD-based methods apply only to relative pair data. Here, using genotype data, we have developed a statistical hypothesis-testing method to pinpoint a SNP, or SNPs, suspected of responsibility for a disease trait linkage among a set of SNPs tightly linked in a region. Our method uses genotype data of affected individuals or case-control studies, which are widely available in the laboratory. The testing statistic can be constructed using any genotype-based disease-marker disequilibrium measure and is asymptotically distributed as a chi-square mixture. This method can be used for singleton data, relative pair data, or general pedigree data. We have applied the method to simulated data as well as a real data set; it gives satisfactory results.
Modifying the Schwarz Bayesian Information Criterion to Locate Multiple Interacting Quantitative Trait Loci
Authors: Bogdan Małgorzata , Ghosh Jayanta K , Doerge R W 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe problem of locating multiple interacting quantitative trait loci (QTL) can be addressed as a multiple regression problem, with marker genotypes being the regressor variables. An important and difficult part in fitting such a regression model is the estimation of the QTL number and respective interactions. Among the many model selection criteria that can be used to estimate the number of regressor variables, none are used to estimate the number of interactions. Our simulations demonstrate that epistatic terms appearing in a model without the related main effects cause the standard model selection criteria to have a strong tendency to overestimate the number of interactions, and so the QTL number. With this as our motivation we investigate the behavior of the Schwarz Bayesian information criterion (BIC) by explaining the phenomenon of the overestimation and proposing a novel modification of BIC that allows the detection of main effects and pairwise interactions in a backcross population. Results of an extensive simulation study demonstrate that our modified version of BIC performs very well in practice. Our methodology can be extended to general populations and higher-order interactions.
Association Between Nucleotide Variation in Egfr and Wing Shape in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Palsson Arnar , Gibson Greg 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
As part of an effort to dissect quantitative trait locus effects to the nucleotide level, association was assessed between 238 single-nucleotide and 20 indel polymorphisms spread over 11 kb of the Drosophila melanogaster Egfr locus and nine relative warp measures of wing shape. One SNP in a conserved potential regulatory site for a GAGA factor in the promoter of alternate first exon 2 approaches conservative experimentwise significance (P &lt; 0.00003) in the sample of 207 lines for association with the location of the crossveins in the central region of the wing. Several other sites indicate marginal association with one or more other aspects of shape. No strong effects of sex or population of origin were detected with measures of shape, but two different sites were strongly associated with overall wing size in interaction with these fixed factors. Whole-gene sequencing in very large samples, rather than selective genotyping, would appear to be the only strategy likely to be successful for detecting subtle associations in species with high polymorphism and little haplotype structure. However, these features severely limit the ability of linkage disequilibrium mapping in Drosophila to resolve quantitative effects to single nucleotides.
Efficient Transformation of the Beetle Tribolium castaneum Using the Minos Transposable Element
Authors: Pavlopoulos Anastasios , Berghammer Andreas J , Averof Michalis , Klingler Martin 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Genetic transformation in insects holds great promise as a tool for genetic manipulation in species of particular scientific, economic, or medical interest. A number of transposable elements have been tested recently as potential vectors for transformation in a range of insects. Minos is one of the most promising elements because it appears to be active in diverse species and has the capacity to carry large inserts. We report here the use of the Minos element as a transformation vector in the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera), an important species for comparative developmental and pest management studies. Transgenic G1 beetles were recovered from 32.4% of fertile G0's injected with a plasmid carrying a 3xP3-EGFP-marked transposon and in vitro synthesized mRNA encoding the Minos transposase. This transformation efficiency is 2.8-fold higher than that observed when using a plasmid helper. Molecular and genetic analyses show that several independent insertions can be recovered from a single injected parent, but that the majority of transformed individuals carry single Minos insertions. These results establish Minos as one of the most efficient vectors for genetic transformation in insects. In combination with piggyBac-based transgenesis, our work allows the introduction of sophisticated multicomponent genetic tools in Tribolium.
A Genetic Linkage Map of Cryptococcus neoformans variety neoformans Serotype D (Filobasidiella neoformans)
Authors: Marra Robert E , Huang Johnny C , Fung Eula , Nielsen Kirsten , Heitman Joseph , Vilgalys Rytas , Mitchell Thomas G 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
To construct a genetic linkage map of the heterothallic yeast, Cryptococcus neoformans (Filobasidiella neoformans), we crossed two mating-compatible strains and analyzed 94 progeny for the segregation of 301 polymorphic markers, consisting of 228 restriction site polymorphisms, 63 microsatellites, two indels, and eight mating-type (MAT)-associated markers. All but six markers showed no significant (P &lt; 0.05) segregation distortion. At a minimum LOD score of 6.0 and a maximum recombination frequency of 0.30, 20 linkage groups were resolved, resulting in a map length of ∼1500 cM. Average marker density is 5.4 cM (range 1–28.7 cM). Hybridization of selected markers to blots of electrophoretic karyotypes unambiguously assigned all linkage groups to chromosomes and led us to conclude that the C. neoformans genome is ∼20.2 Mb, comprising 14 chromosomes ranging in size from 0.8 to 2.3 Mb, with a ratio of ∼13.2 kb/cM averaged across the genome. However, only 2 of 12 ungrouped markers hybridized to chromosome 10. The hybridizations revealed at least one possible reciprocal translocation involving chromosomes 8, 9, and 12. This map has been critical to genome sequence assembly and will be essential for future studies of quantitative trait inheritance.
Sal1p, a Calcium-Dependent Carrier Protein That Suppresses an Essential Cellular Function Associated With the Aac2 Isoform of ADP/ATP Translocase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Chen Xin Jie 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Adenine nucleotide translocase (Ant) catalyzes ADP/ATP exchange between the cytosol and the mitochondrial matrix. It is also proposed to form or regulate the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, a megachannel of high conductancy on the mitochondrial membranes. Eukaryotic genomes generally contain multiple isoforms of Ant. In this study, it is shown that the Ant isoforms are functionally differentiated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Although the three yeast Ant proteins can equally support respiration (the R function), Aac2p and Aac3p, but not Aac1p, have an additional physiological function essential for cell viability (the V function). The loss of V function in aac2 mutants leads to a lethal phenotype under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The lethality is suppressed by a strain-polymorphic locus, named SAL1 (for Suppressor of aac2 lethality). SAL1 was identified to encode an evolutionarily conserved protein of the mitochondrial carrier family. Notably, the Sal1 protein was shown to bind calcium through two EF-hand motifs located on its amino terminus. Calcium binding is essential for the suppressor activity. Finally, Sal1p is not required for oxidative phosphorylation and its overexpression does not complement the R− phenotype of aac2 mutants. On the basis of these observations, it is proposed that Aac2p and Sal1p may define two parallel pathways that transport a nucleotide substrate in an operational mode distinct from ADP/ATP exchange.
The Distribution of Transgene Insertion Sites in Barley Determined by Physical and Genetic Mapping
Authors: Salvo-Garrido Haroldo , Travella Silvia , Bilham Lorelei J , Harwood Wendy A , Snape John W 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The exact site of transgene insertion into a plant host genome is one feature of the genetic transformation process that cannot, at present, be controlled and is often poorly understood. The site of transgene insertion may have implications for transgene stability and for potential unintended effects of the transgene on plant metabolism. To increase our understanding of transgene insertion sites in barley, a detailed analysis of transgene integration in independently derived transgenic barley lines was carried out. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to physically map 23 transgene integration sites from 19 independent barley lines. Genetic mapping further confirmed the location of the transgenes in 11 of these lines. Transgene integration sites were present only on five of the seven barley chromosomes. The pattern of transgene integration appeared to be nonrandom and there was evidence of clustering of independent transgene insertion events within the barley genome. In addition, barley genomic regions flanking the transgene insertion site were isolated for seven independent lines. The data from the transgene flanking regions indicated that transgene insertions were preferentially located in gene-rich areas of the genome. These results are discussed in relation to the structure of the barley genome.
Conserved and Nonconserved Proteins for Meiotic DNA Breakage and Repair in Yeasts
Authors: Young Jennifer A , Hyppa Randy W , Smith Gerald R 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
During meiosis DNA double-strand breaks initiate recombination in the distantly related budding and fission yeasts and perhaps in most eukaryotes. Repair of broken meiotic DNA is essential for formation of viable gametes. We report here distinct but overlapping sets of proteins in these yeasts required for formation and repair of double-strand breaks. Meiotic DNA breakage in Schizosaccharomyces pombe did not require Rad50 or Rad32, although the homologs Rad50 and Mre11 are required in Saccharomyces cerevisiae; these proteins are required for meiotic DNA break repair in both yeasts. DNA breakage required the S. pombe midmeiosis transcription factor Mei4, but the structurally unrelated midmeiosis transcription factor Ndt80 is not required for breakage in S. cerevisiae. Rhp51, Swi5, and Rad22 + Rti1 were required for full levels of DNA repair in S. pombe, as are the related S. cerevisiae proteins Rad51, Sae3, and Rad52. Dmc1 was not required for repair in S. pombe, but its homolog Dmc1 is required in the well-studied strain SK1 of S. cerevisiae. Additional proteins required in one yeast have no obvious homologs in the other yeast. The occurrence of conserved and nonconserved proteins indicates potential diversity in the mechanism of meiotic recombination and divergence of the machinery during the evolution of eukaryotes.