bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Row–column duality and combinatorial topological strings
Authors: Padellaro Adrian , Radhakrishnan Rajath , Ramgoolam Sanjaye 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Integrality properties of partial sums over irreducible representations, along columns of character tables of finite groups, were recently derived using combinatorial topological string theories (CTST). These CTST were based on Dijkgraaf-Witten theories of flat G-bundles for finite groups G in two dimensions, denoted G-TQFTs. We define analogous combinatorial topological strings related to two dimensional topological field theories (TQFTs) based on fusion coefficients of finite groups. These TQFTs are denoted as R(G)-TQFTs and allow analogous integrality results to be derived for partial row sums of characters over conjugacy classes along fixed rows. This relation between the G-TQFTs and R(G)-TQFTs defines a row-column duality for character tables, which provides a physical framework for exploring the mathematical analogies between rows and columns of character tables. These constructive proofs of integrality are complemented with the proof of similar and complementary results using the more traditional Galois theoretic framework for integrality properties of character tables. The partial row and column sums are used to define generalised partitions of the integer row and column sums, which are of interest in combinatorial representation theory.
Faster truncated integer multiplication
Authors: Harvey David 
Published: January 2024

We present new algorithms for computing the low

n
n

bits or the high

n
n

bits of the product of two

n
n

-bit integers. We show that these problems may be solved in asymptotically

75
75%

of the time required to compute the full

2
n

2n

-bit product, assuming that the underlying integer multiplication algorithm relies on computing cyclic convolutions of sequences of real numbers.
The Medial Canthus Fibrous Band's Impact on Epicanthal Fold Severity and Classification in Asians: Implications for Epicanthoplasty
Authors: Wang Shimeng , Li Tian , Liu Haipeng , Zhang Duo 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Background
The epicanthal fold (EF) is a semilunar skin fold located in the medial canthus in most Asians. The medial canthus fibrous band (MCFB) reportedly plays a critical role in EF formation. Variations in MCFB shape and size affect the severity and type of EF.

Objectives
We aimed to analyze MCFB variations in different types and severities of EF and explore the effect of the MCFB resection epicanthoplasty technique (MCFB epicanthoplasty).

Methods
Surgical videos of 40 patients undergoing MCFB epicanthoplasty in our department were reviewed. The MCFB (area), transverse dimension, vertical dimension, upper eyelid direction length (UEDL), and lower eyelid direction length (LEDL) were measured. For aesthetic assessment, 37 patients were followed up for 6 months; intercanthal distance (ICD) and horizontal lid fissure length (HLFL) were measured. Preoperative and postoperative ICD/HLFL ratios were compared. Postoperative scar recovery was evaluated with the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale. Statistical significance was set at P &lt; .05.

Results
The MCFB diameter and area were larger for severe EF than for moderate EF (P &lt; .01). Patients with severe EF had larger LEDL than UEDL (P &lt; .01). The tarsalis type had a larger LEDL than the palpebralis type with the same severity (P &lt; .01). MCFB epicanthoplasty yielded favorable postoperative cosmetic effects and scar recovery. Postoperative ICD decreased, while HLFL increased compared to preoperative values (P &lt; .001). The ICD/HLFL ratio was significantly lower postoperatively than preoperatively (P &lt; .001). Postoperative ICD/HLFL ratio was 1.2:1.

Conclusions
The MCFB affects the severity and type of EF. MCFB epicanthoplasty effectively corrected moderate to severe EF.

Level of Evidence: 3
Network pharmacology: towards the artificial intelligence-based precision traditional Chinese medicine
Authors: Zhang Peng , Zhang Dingfan , Zhou Wuai , Wang Lan , Wang Boyang , Zhang Tingyu , Li Shao 
Published: January 2024

AbstractNetwork pharmacology (NP) provides a new methodological perspective for understanding traditional medicine from a holistic perspective, giving rise to frontiers such as traditional Chinese medicine network pharmacology (TCM-NP). With the development of artificial intelligence (AI) technology, it is key for NP to develop network-based AI methods to reveal the treatment mechanism of complex diseases from massive omics data. In this review, focusing on the TCM-NP, we summarize involved AI methods into three categories: network relationship mining, network target positioning and network target navigating, and present the typical application of TCM-NP in uncovering biological basis and clinical value of Cold/Hot syndromes. Collectively, our review provides researchers with an innovative overview of the methodological progress of NP and its application in TCM from the AI perspective.
Computed tomography perfusion or fractional flow reserve–computed tomography to assess the significance of stenosis: Literature review
Authors: Pershina E , Kopylov Ph , Chomahije P Sh , Gappoeva M K , Sinitsyn V 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Detection of myocardial ischemia based on detection and grading of myocardial perfusion is a cornerstone of coronary artery disease (CAD) diagnosis. Coronary CT angiography (CCTA) is a recognized imaging test for exclusion of anatomically significant coronary stenosis in patients with low or moderate probability of CAD, but gives no information on its physiological significance. The two major approaches to evaluate the presence of induced myocardial ischemia using CT, static or dynamic perfusion CT (CTP) or non-invasive fractional flow reserve analysis (FFRCT), have been validated in multiple single- and multi-center studies with comparable results of high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. Several studies with head-to-head comparison of CTP and FFRCT using invasive FFR measurement as a reference standard showed a slight superiority of CTP, especially in groups of patients with the borderline values of FFR-CT. The principle of myocardial perfusion assessment with CTP looks more physiological than computation models used in FFR-CT. However, the best results were shown by combined use of CCTA, CTP and FFRCT, providing the integrated anatomical and physiological information. Technical advances in CT technique, artificial intelligence and machine learning, together with accumulation of new clinical evidence, will result in development of the best strategy for comprehensive assessment of both coronary anatomy and myocardial perfusion with help of cardiac CT.
Dosiomics for intensity-modulated radiotherapy in patients with prostate cancer: survival analysis stratified by baseline prostate-specific antigen and Gleason grade group in a 2-institutional retrospective study
Authors: Murakami Yu , Kawahara Daisuke , Soyano Takashi , Kozuka Takuyo , Takahashi Yuka , Miyake Konatsu , Kashihara Kenichi , Kashihara Tairo , Kamima Tatsuya , Oguchi Masahiko , Murakami Yuji , Yoshioka Yasuo , Nagata Yasushi 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
This study evaluated the prognostic impact of the quality of dose distribution using dosiomics in patients with prostate cancer, stratified by pretreatment prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and Gleason grade (GG) group.

Methods
A total of 721 patients (Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research [JFCR] cohort: N = 489 and Tokyo Radiation Oncology Clinic [TROC] cohort: N = 232) with localized prostate cancer treated by intensity-modulated radiation therapy were enrolled. Two predictive dosiomic features for biochemical recurrence (BCR) were selected and patients were divided into certain groups stratified by pretreatment PSA levels and GG. Freedom from biochemical failure (FFBF) was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method based on each dosiomic feature and univariate discrimination was evaluated using the log-rank test. As an exploratory analysis, a dosiomics hazard (DH) score was developed and its prognostic power for BCR was examined.

Results
The dosiomic feature extracted from planning target volume (PTV) significantly distinguished the high- and low-risk groups in patients with PSA levels &gt;10 ng/mL (7-year FFBF: 86.7% vs 76.1%, P &lt; .01), GG 4 (92.2% vs 76.9%, P &lt; .01), and GG 5 (83.1% vs 77.8%, P = .04). The DH score showed significant association with BCR (hazard score: 2.04; 95% confidence interval: 1.38-3.01; P &lt; .001).

Conclusion
The quality of planned dose distribution on PTV may affect the prognosis of patients with poor prognostic factors, such as PSA levels &gt;10 ng/mL and higher GGs.

Advances in knowledge
The effects of planned dose distribution on prognosis differ depending on the patient’s clinical background.
Radiomics nomogram for predicting disease-free survival after partial resection or radical cystectomy in patients with bladder cancer
Authors: Cai Qian , Huang Yiping , Ling Jian , Kong Lingmin , Lin Yingyu , Chen Yanling , Cao Wenxin , Liao Yuting , Guo Yan , Guan Jian , Wang Huanjun 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To create a MRI-derived radiomics nomogram that combined clinicopathological factors and radiomics signature (Rad-score) for predicting disease-free survival (DFS) in patients with bladder cancer (BCa) following partial resection (PR) or radical cystectomy (RC), including lymphadenectomy (LAE).

Methods
Finally, 80 patients with BCa after PR or RC with LAE were enrolled. Patients were randomly split into training (n = 56) and internal validation (n = 24) cohorts. Radiomic features were extracted from T2-weighted, dynamic contrast-enhanced, diffusion-weighted imaging, and apparent diffusion coefficient sequence. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression algorithm was applied to choose the valuable features and construct the Rad-score. The DFS prediction model was built using the Cox proportional hazards model. The relationship between the Rad-score and DFS was assessed using Kaplan-Meier analysis. A radiomics nomogram that combined the Rad-score and clinicopathological factors was created for individualized DFS estimation.

Results
In both the training and validation cohorts, the Rad-score was positively correlated with DFS (P &lt; .001). In the validation cohort, the radiomics nomogram combining the Rad-score, tumour pathologic stage (pT stage), and lymphovascular invasion (LVI) achieved better performance in DFS prediction (C-index, 0.807; 95% CI, 0.713-0.901) than either the clinicopathological (C-index, 0.654; 95% CI, 0.467-0.841) or Rad-score–only model (C-index, 0.770; 95% CI, 0.702-0.837).

Conclusion
The Rad-score was an independent predictor of DFS for patients with BCa after PR or RC with LAE, and the radiomics nomogram that combined the Rad-score, pT stage, and LVI achieved better performance in individual DFS prediction.

Advances in knowledge
This study provided a non-invasive and simple method for personalized and accurate prediction of DFS in BCa patients after PR or RC.
Prediction of pathological complete response of breast cancer patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy with a nomogram based on clinicopathologic variables, ultrasound, and MRI
Authors: Zhang Man-Qi , Liu Xin-Pei , Du Yu , Zha Hai-Ling , Zha Xiao-Ming , Wang Jue , Liu Xiao-An , Wang Shou-Ju , Zou Qi-Gui , Zhang Jiu-Lou , Li Cui-Ying 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To establish a nomogram for predicting the pathologic complete response (pCR) in breast cancer (BC) patients after NAC by applying magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound (US).

Methods
A total of 607 LABC women who underwent NAC before surgery between January 2016 and June 2022 were retrospectively enrolled, and then were randomly divided into the training (n = 425) and test set (n = 182) with the ratio of 7:3. MRI and US variables were collected before and after NAC, as well as the clinicopathologic features. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were applied to confirm the potentially associated predictors of pCR. Finally, a nomogram was developed in the training set with its performance evaluated by the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (ROC) and validated in the test set.

Results
Of the 607 patients, 108 (25.4%) achieved pCR. Hormone receptor negativity (odds ratio [OR], 0.3; P &lt; .001), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positivity (OR, 2.7; P = .001), small tumour size at post-NAC US (OR, 1.0; P = .031), tumour size reduction ≥50% at MRI (OR, 9.8; P &lt; .001), absence of enhancement in the tumour bed at post-NAC MRI (OR, 8.1; P = .003), and the increase of ADC value after NAC (OR, 0.3; P = .035) were all significantly associated with pCR. Incorporating the above variables, the nomogram showed a satisfactory performance with an AUC of 0.884.

Conclusion
A nomogram including clinicopathologic variables and MRI and US characteristics shows preferable performance in predicting pCR.

Advances in knowledge
A nomogram incorporating MRI and US with clinicopathologic variables was developed to provide a brief and concise approach in predicting pCR to assist clinicians in making treatment decisions early.
Non–traumatic head and neck emergencies
Authors: Loney Elizabeth L 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This review aims to provide pictorial examples of non–traumatic head and neck emergencies one may commonly encounter in the Emergency Department, with a few important, rarer cases for educational purposes. It begins with a brief introduction to compartmental neck space anatomy and how one might approach choosing an imaging modality, moving on to consider a variety of predominantly infective pathologies that may present acutely. It is not a comprehensive overview of all non–traumatic emergencies but will hopefully stimulate interest in the subject and encourage further reading.
Development and quality appraisal of a new English breast screening linked data set as part of the age, test threshold, and frequency of mammography screening (ATHENA-M) study
Authors: Brettschneider Julia , Morrison Breanna , Jenkinson David , Freeman Karoline , Walton Jackie , Sitch Alice , Hudson Sue , Kearins Olive , Mansbridge Alice , Pinder Sarah E , Given-Wilson Rosalind , Wilkinson Louise , Wallis Matthew G , Cheung Shan , Taylor-Phillips Sian 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To build a data set capturing the whole breast cancer screening journey from individual breast cancer screening records to outcomes and assess data quality.

Methods
Routine screening records (invitation, attendance, test results) from all 79 English NHS breast screening centres between January 1, 1988 and March 31, 2018 were linked to cancer registry (cancer characteristics and treatment) and national mortality data. Data quality was assessed using comparability, validity, timeliness, and completeness.

Results
Screening records were extracted from 76/79 English breast screening centres, 3/79 were not possible due to software issues. Data linkage was successful from 1997 after introduction of a universal identifier for women (NHS number). Prior to 1997 outcome data are incomplete due to linkage issues, reducing validity. Between January 1, 1997 and March 31, 2018, a total of 11 262 730 women were offered screening of whom 9 371 973 attended at least one appointment, with 139 million person-years of follow-up (a median of 12.4 person years for each woman included) with 73 810 breast cancer deaths and 1 111 139 any-cause deaths. Comparability to reference data sets and internal validity were demonstrated. Data completeness was high for core screening variables (&gt;99%) and main cancer outcomes (&gt;95%).

Conclusions
The ATHENA-M project has created a large high-quality and representative data set of individual women’s screening trajectories and outcomes in England from 1997 to 2018, data before 1997 are lower quality.

Advances in knowledge
This is the most complete data set of English breast screening records and outcomes constructed to date, which can be used to evaluate and optimize screening.
Computer-extracted global radiomic features can predict the radiologists’ first impression about the abnormality of a screening mammogram
Authors: Siviengphanom Somphone , Lewis Sarah J , Brennan Patrick C , Gandomkar Ziba 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
Radiologists can detect the gist of abnormal based on their rapid initial impression on a mammogram (ie, global gist signal [GGS]). This study explores (1) whether global radiomic (ie, computer-extracted) features can predict the GGS; and if so, (ii) what features are the most important drivers of the signals.

Methods
The GGS of cases in two extreme conditions was considered: when observers detect a very strong gist (high-gist) and when the gist of abnormal was not/poorly perceived (low-gist). Gist signals/scores from 13 observers reading 4191 craniocaudal mammograms were collected. As gist is a noisy signal, the gist scores from all observers were averaged and assigned to each image. The high-gist and low-gist categories contained all images in the fourth and first quartiles, respectively. One hundred thirty handcrafted global radiomic features (GRFs) per mammogram were extracted and utilized to construct eight separate machine learning random forest classifiers (All, Normal, Cancer, Prior-1, Prior-2, Missed, Prior-Visible, and Prior-Invisible) for characterizing high-gist from low-gist images. The models were trained and validated using the 10-fold cross-validation approach. The models’ performances were evaluated by the area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Important features for each model were identified through a scree test.

Results
The Prior-Visible model achieved the highest AUC of 0.84 followed by the Prior-Invisible (0.83), Normal (0.82), Prior-1 (0.81), All (0.79), Prior-2 (0.77), Missed (0.75), and Cancer model (0.69). Cluster shade, standard deviation, skewness, kurtosis, and range were identified to be the most important features.

Conclusions
Our findings suggest that GRFs can accurately classify high- from low-gist images.

Advances in knowledge
Global mammographic radiomic features can accurately predict high- from low-gist images with five features identified to be valuable in describing high-gist images. These are critical in providing better understanding of the mammographic image characteristics that drive the strength of the GGSs which could be exploited to advance breast cancer (BC) screening and risk prediction, enabling early detection and treatment of BC thereby further reducing BC-related deaths.
Paediatric radiotherapy in the United Kingdom: an evolving subspecialty and a paradigm for integrated teamworking in oncology
Authors: Colori Amy , Ackwerh Raymond , Chang Yen-Ch’ing , Cody Kristy , Dunlea Cathy , Gains Jennifer E , Gaunt Trevor , Gillies Callum M S , Hardy Claire , Lalli Narinder , Lim Pei S , Soto Carmen , Gaze Mark N 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Many different malignancies occur in children, but overall, cancer in childhood is rare. Survival rates have improved appreciably and are higher compared with most adult tumour types. Treatment schedules evolve as a result of clinical trials and are typically complex and multi-modality, with radiotherapy an integral component of many. Risk stratification in paediatric oncology is increasingly refined, resulting in a more personalized use of radiation. Every available modality of radiation delivery: simple and advanced photon techniques, proton beam therapy, molecular radiotherapy, and brachytherapy, have their place in the treatment of children’s cancers. Radiotherapy is rarely the sole treatment. As local therapy, it is often given before or after surgery, so the involvement of the surgeon is critically important, particularly when brachytherapy is used. Systemic treatment is the standard of care for most paediatric tumour types, concomitant administration of chemotherapy is typical, and immunotherapy has an increasing role. Delivery of radiotherapy is not done by clinical or radiation oncologists alone; play specialists and anaesthetists are required, together with mould room staff, to ensure compliance and immobilization. The support of clinical radiologists is needed to ensure the correct interpretation of imaging for target volume delineation. Physicists and dosimetrists ensure the optimal dose distribution, minimizing exposure of organs at risk. Paediatric oncology doctors, nurses, and a range of allied health professionals are needed for the holistic wrap-around care of the child and family. Radiographers are essential at every step of the way. With increasing complexity comes a need for greater centralization of services.
Low-dose versus conventional CT urography using dual-source CT with different time-current product values and the same tube voltage: image quality and diagnostic performance in various diagnoses
Authors: Choi Moon Hyung , Lee Sheen-Woo , Pak Seongyong 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To compare the image quality and diagnostic performance of low-dose CT urography to that of concurrently acquired conventional CT using dual-source CT.

Methods
This retrospective study included 357 consecutive CT urograms performed by third-generation dual-source CT in a single institution between April 2020 and August 2021. Two-phase CT images (unenhanced phase, excretory phase with split bolus) were obtained with two different tube current-time products (280 mAs for the conventional-dose protocol and 70 mAs for the low-dose protocol) and the same tube voltage (90 kVp) for the two X-ray tubes. Iterative reconstruction was applied for both protocols. Two radiologists independently performed quantitative and qualitative image quality analysis and made diagnoses. The correlation between the noise level or the effective radiation dose and the patients’ body weight was evaluated.

Results
Significantly higher noise levels resulting in a significantly lower liver signal-to-noise ratio and contrast-to-noise ratio were noted in low-dose images compared to conventional images (P &lt; .001). Qualitative analysis by both radiologists showed significantly lower image quality in low-dose CT than in conventional CT images (P &lt; .001). Patient’s body weight was positively correlated with noise and effective radiation dose (P &lt; .001). Diagnostic performance for various diseases, including urolithiasis, inflammation, and mass, was not different between the two protocols.

Conclusions
Despite inferior image quality, low-dose CT urography with 70 mAs and 90 kVp and iterative reconstruction demonstrated diagnostic performance equivalent to that of conventional CT for identifying various diseases of the urinary tract.

Advances in knowledge
Low-dose CT (25% radiation dose) with low tube current demonstrated diagnostic performance comparable to that of conventional CT for a variety of urinary tract diseases.