bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Teratogenic effects of chlorambucil on in vivo and in vitro organogenesis in mice
Authors: Sadler Thomas W. , Kochhar D. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPregnant ICR/DUB mice were each given a single oral injection of chlorambucil (14.2 or 20 mg/kg) on the 10th, llth, 12th, or 13th day of gestation (plug day = 1st day). Fetuses examined on the 18th day were decreased in weight and had tail, cranial, and limb defects. The type and frequency of malformations differed according to the dosage and day of treatment. Limb defects resulted from treatment on the llth or 12th days of gestation and tail defects from treatment on all days. Control limb buds from 12th day embryos cultured for 6 days in serum‐supplemented BGJ medium containing 0.5–2 μg/ml chlorambucil were retarded in development and had cartilage abnormalities. The extent of the deformities was dose related. Limb buds were also taken from embryos 24 h after in vivo exposure to teratogenic doses of chlorambucil and cultured in control medium. After 6 days in culture these limbs also had growth impairment and cartilage abnormalities. The defects in limbs exposed in vitro were similar to those in limbs exposed in vivo.
Cholinomimetic teratogens: Studies with chicken embryos
Authors: Landauer Walter 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe cholinomimetic compounds carbachol, decamethonium, neostigmine, succinylcholine, trimethylphenylammonium, and others were tested for their interference with normal chick development. All these compounds led to abnormalities of the cervical vertebrae; at higher dosage interference with normal morphogenesis involved the whole vertebral column. Hypoplasia of the leg muscles occurred with lower incidence. Responses, tested with carbachol, rose from 24 to 72 and 96 h, then declined to 120 h of incubation. Two of the cholinometic compounds used in combined treatment produced a high degree of synergism. Gallamine, benzoquinomium, butyrylcholine, and bethanechol had protective effects. Acetylcholine, at high dosage, caused defects different from the above. It is suggested that the cholinomimetic teratogens interfere with normal development by displacing acetylcholine from its receptors or by forming complexes with it.
Incorporation of 5‐lododeoxyuridine into the DNA of mouse embryos: Its relation to embryotoxicity
Authors: Skalko Richard G. , Packard David S. , Caniano Donna A. , Sax Robert D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPregnant female ICR mice were administered, ip, either a trace (200 μCi/kg) or teratogenic (200 μCi + 300 mg/kg) dose of [6‐3H] 5‐iododeoxyuridine (IdU) on day 10 of gestation. Maternal liver, spleen, intestine, and kidneys, and placentas and embryos were removed at various time intervals after injection, weighed, and homogenized in cold 0.5 M perchloric acid. The half lives of IdU‐derived nucleotides in the acid‐soluble fraction ranged from 31–46 min (trace) to 57–131 min (teratogenic) for the tissues analyzed. [3H] IdU was incorporated into the DNA of all mitotically active tissues after both dosages. The presence of the label in iodouracil was demonstrated by thin‐layer chrornatography of DNA bases extracted from maternal spleen and embryo. Growth of embryos following injection on day 10 resulted in decreased 3H‐specific activity in the DNA fraction and concomitant retention of total activity. It is suggested that the previously demonstrated embryotoxicity of IdU is related to its retention at its presumed intracellular site of action.
Selection of the experimental unit in teratology studies
Authors: Haseman Joseph K. , Hogan Michael D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn teratology experiments the litter (pregnant female) rather than the fetus is advocated as being the proper experimental unit upon which to base the statistical analysis. It is pointed out that per litter tests, by being based on the average fetal response within a litter, do take the individual fetus into account. Actual experimental data are used to show that when litter effects are present a per fetus analysis is invalid and may seriously exaggerate the significance level. It is also shown that there appears to be little loss in sensitivity in performing per litter tests even in the unlikely event that there are no litter effects. Thus it certainly seems prudent to analyze teratology data with test procedures that treat the litter as the experimental unit.
Chromosomal abnormalities in maternal and fetal tissues of magnesium‐ or zinc‐deficient rats
Authors: Bell Linda Theriault , Branstrator Margaret , Roux Charles , Hurley Lucille S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe effect of dietary deficiency during pregnancy of zinc or magnesium on maternal and fetal chromosomes was studied. Pregnant rats were given a zinc‐deficient or a magnesium‐deficient diet from the beginning of pregnancy and maternal bone marrow and fetal liver were removed on day 19 of gestation. Chromosome spreads were prepared and rnetaphases examined for abnormalities, Both magnesium‐ and zinc‐deficient maternal bone‐marrow and fetal liver cells showed significantly more chromosomal abnormalities than did those of controls. The chromosomal aberrations occurring in highest incidence in magnesium‐deficient animals were terminal deletions and fragments. A higher than normal incidence of “stickiness” was also observed in cells from magnesium‐deficient animals. In zinc‐deficient animals, on the other hand, the chromosomal aberrations with the highest incidence were gaps and terminal deletions.
Inhibition of ATP synthesis associated with 6‐aminonicotinamide (6‐AN) teratogenesis in rat embryos
Authors: Ritter Edmond J. , Scott William J. , Wilson James G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPregnant rats were injected ip with 6 rrg/kg 6‐arnmonicotinamide (6‐AN) at day 12 of gestation. Embryos removed between l and 48 h later had reduced adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations, of about 50% of control values‐ All fetuses examined near term were malform ed. Nicotinamide (NAM, 100nig/kg) given ip l h after 6‐AN afforded protection: inalfbrmations occurred in only 15% of the survivors, and there was minimal ATP reduction, 15% below control values. NAM given 2 and 4 h after 6‐AN produced intermediate ATP concentrations and malformation frequencies Thus, there was a relation benveen the embryotoxic and ATP‐depressant actions of 6‐AN in day 12 rat embryos.
Developmental anomalies in a human fetus of 17 weeks' gestational age
Authors: Baillie J. E. , Poland B. J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractChromosome studies of a therapeutically aborted male fetus, after amniocentesis of a 41‐year‐old woman, showed an abnormal karyotype of 47,XY, + 18. The fetus had many of the external anomalies described in newborns with trisomy 18; macrodissection revealed many internal anomalies consistent with this syndrome. The external and internal findings are described.
Some aspects of the epidemiology of human minor birth defects and morphological variants in a completely ascertained newborn population (Madison study)
Authors: Hook Ernest B. , Marden Philip M. , Reiss Naomi P. , Smith David W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn 4319 infants examined at birth who were without major birth defects those with a “remarkable” pregnancy outcome, i.e., low birth weight ( <2500 g). long gestation ( ≥ 43 weeks), stillborn, or twin status, were more likely to have a minor birth defect than the remainder. With regard to the 2 most frequent defects, simian crease and folded helix, the increase in the former was of about the same order (1.6–2.1‐fold) in those with remarkable outcome of all types, but the increase in the latter was particularly great in twins (∼︁ 3.1‐fold) compared with the other remarkable outcomes (∼︁ 1.3‐fold). With regard to variants, which were defined as those features scored that occurred in 4% or more of the newborn population, some (flat and small hemangioma on face and scalp, Brushfield spots, flat nasal bridge, hyperflexed thumbs, hydrocele, and mild calcaneovalgus) exhibited a trend towards negative association with low birth weight and a trend to positive association (with exception of hemangioma and calcaneovalgus) with long gestation, suggesting they may simply be indirect markers of gestational age. There was a trend to a slight decrease in the frequency of minor defects with increasing maternal age, similar to the trend for major defects.
Ascorbate inhibition of 6‐aminonicotinamide teratogenesis in chicken embryos
Authors: Overman Dennis O. , Graham Mary Nell , Roy William A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractChicken eggs of 4 or 6 days of incubation were injected with 10 μg 6‐aminonicotinamide (6‐AN) or 6‐AN plus various doses of sodium ascorbate, calcium ascorbate, or ascorbic acid; 11‐day embryos were examined grossly and histologically. 6‐AN‐treated embryos had various degrees of micromelia and were reduced in overall size. All three ascorbates inhibited 6‐AN teratogenesis but not completely. The extent of inhibition was dose related. Increased amounts of intercellular matrix and decreased necrosis of chondrocytes in the limb cartilage of protected embryos correlated with the gross findings.
NAD precursors as antiteratogens against aminothiadiazole
Authors: Beaudoin Allan R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe teratogen 2‐amino‐l,3,4‐thiadiazole (ATDA) is an antagonist of nicotinamide, and may act by interfering with the synthesis or utilization of the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). Several compounds that can be converted to NAD were tested as antiteratogens against ATDA. At day 11 of gestation (sperm day = day 0) pregnant Wistar‐derived rats were given single ip injections of ATDA (100 mg/kg), or ATDA immediately followed by the suspected antiteratogen ip or by gavage, or the antiteratogen alone. Compounds tested were NAD, nicotinamide, nicotinic acid, quinolinic acid, kynurenine sulfate, and L‐tryptophan, in doses of 10–200 mg per animal. At autopsy (day 20) fetuses were recovered and examined. It was found that each antiteratogen significantly reduced the frequency of ATDA‐induced resorptions and malformations. At certain doses each antiteratogen gave complete protection against ATDA‐induced malformations in some, but not all, litters. These results support the hypothesis that ADTA interferes with the synthesis or utilization of NAD and suggest that substances converted to NAD act as antiteratogens against ATDA.
X‐ray spectrum unfolding using a regularized truncated SVD method
Authors: Gallardo S. , Ginestar D. , Verdú G. , Ródenas J. , Puchades V. , Villaescusa J. I. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractNew procedures to characterize the x‐ray primary beam, obtaining an accurate assessment of the actual photon spectrum, are needed for quality control of x‐ray tubes for medical purposes. The Compton scattering technique is very useful for determining x‐ray spectra (in the 10–150 kVp range), avoiding the pile‐up effect in the detector, since usually there is insufficient space available to apply other techniques. The Compton scattering procedure was simulated using the Monte Carlo method by means of the MCNP code. In order to validate the simulation model, experimental measurements were made at the Centro Nacional de Dosimetría (CND), Valencia, Spain, using a calibrated x‐ray tube. Different spectra were measured varying the operational parameters (kV, mA, Al). Furthermore, CND provided the theoretical spectra corresponding to the x‐ray measurement conditions. Using the developed model, a response matrix was obtained by simulating the interactions of different monoenergetic beams. During the construction of the primary photon spectrum it is necessary to calculate the inverse of the response matrix. Because this matrix is ill‐conditioned, its inversion is not a simple process. This problem was solved using a truncated singular value decomposition (TSVD), method together with variational regularization. The performance of the methodology was tested with experimental and simulated x‐ray spectra. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Updating of x‐ray coherent scattering cross‐sections and their effects in microbeam and material analysis applications
Authors: Tartari Agostino , Taibi Angelo , Bonifazzi Claudio , Gambaccini Mauro , de Felici Marina 
Published: June 2005

AbstractNew small angle coherent scattering data are presented in order to emphasize the need to update available open‐access databases. The first aim is to integrate the present atomic form factor tabulations, which permit us to obtain the linear differential scattering coefficient of a compound from a simple weighted sum of the elemental components, by including the effect of the large‐scale arrangement of the sample structure beside the molecular interference effect. These features, which can lead the intensity of scattered photons to present huge upturns at small values of the momentum transfer, are presented for some biological tissues and poly(methyl methacrylate) and their influence on the calculation of both the coherent mass attenuation coefficient and the total value is investigated. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reconsideration of Delayed Gastric Emptying in Pancreaticoduodenectomy
Authors: Shan Yan‐Shen , Tsai Mei‐Ling , Chiu Nan‐Tsing , Lin Pin‐Wen 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLiterature reports indicate that the incidence of delayed gastric emptying (DGE) is higher after pylorus‐preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (PPPD) than after conventional pancreaticoduodenectomy (CPD), but DGE is traditionally diagnosed from patient‐reported subjective sensations. Our clinical radiological experience suggests higher rates for physiological DGE post‐CPD. We therefore sought to quantify rates of subjective DGE (sDGE, based on patient complaint) verses objective DGE (oDGE, based on scintography) post‐CPD and post‐PPPD. Contractile motility of post‐PPPD residual stomach was also studied. For 21 PPPD and 33 CPD patients between October 1997 and June 2000, sDGE and oDGE data were collected preoperatively, on postoperative day 14, and 6 months postoperatively, with cholescintography for pylorus ring competency on postoperative day 14. The incidence of sDGE was higher for PPPD (42%) than for CPD (15%) at 14 days, with zero sDGE for both at 6 months. The incidence oDGE was higher for CPD (91%) than for PPPD (76%) at 14 days, with a 6‐month incidence of 4.7% in PPPD but ~33% for CPD. Solid‐phase emptying in PPPD showed that residual stomach retained partial gastric emptying function at 14 days but not at 6 months. Cholescintography showed abnormal pylorus closure function in 2 of 21 PPPD patients but was not related to DGE. Literature reports of higher DGE incidence post‐PPPD are true only for subjective symptoms. Radiological measurement of oDGE shows that both CPD and PPPD manifest ~80% incidence of DGE in the early postoperative period. At 6 months, ~33% of CPD show persistent oDGE. We concluded that (1) the concept of DGE should distinguish between subjective and objective symptoms; (2) loss of distal stomach mechanoreceptors in CPD reduces patients sensation of oDGE, producing “silent” DGE;(3) both CPD and PPPD have high and approximately equal rates oDGE;(4) the previously unnoticed silent oDGE in CPD may contribute to the higher rates of ulceration and related morbidity in association with CPD
Complications with Reconstruction Procedures in Pylorus‐preserving Pancreaticoduodenectomy
Authors: Tani Masaji , Kawai Manabu , Terasawa Hiroshi , Ueno Masaki , Hama Takashi , Hirono Seiko , Ina Shinomi , Uchiyama Kazuhisa , Yamaue Hiroki 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study was conducted retrospectively to examine the efficacy of Traverso reconstruction compared with Billroth I reconstruction after pylorus‐preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy, in the prevention of several complications. Pylorus‐preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy is an aggressive surgery, and insufficiency of the pancreaticoenterostomy plays an important role in the postoperative progression. However, reports examining the correlation between pancreatic fistula and the type of reconstruction after pylorus‐preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy have been limited. Sixty‐four patients who underwent pylorus‐preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (33 reconstructed by the Traverso technique and 31 reconstructed by the Billroth I technique) were entered into this study to investigate whether the complications were related to the type of reconstruction procedure employed. Insufficiency of the pancreaticojejunostomy, including major leakage and pancreatic fistula, occurred in 18.2% of the reconstructions by Billroth I and 0% of the reconstructions by Traverso (p < 0.05). In addition, jejunal obstruction by recurrent tumor in the remnant pancreas was observed in 3 patients reconstructed by Billroth I, and required palliative bypass surgery. Reconstruction by the Traverso procedure after pylorus‐preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy is a safe surgical method and has an advantage for advanced pancreatic cancer, which has high risk of jejunal obstruction by recurrent tumor in the remnant pancreas.
Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α, Interleukin‐1β and Nitric Oxide: Induction of Liver Megamitochondria in Prehepatic Portal Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Prieto Isabel , Jiménez Fulgencio , Aller Maria‐Angeles , Nava Maria‐Paz , Vara Elena , Garcia Cruz , Arias Jaime 
Published: June 2005

AbstactIt has been shown that portal hypertension in the rat causes microvesicular hepatocytic fatty infiltration. Formation of megamitochondria (MG) is one of the most prominent alterations in steatosis. Because nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNFα), and interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) impair mitochondrial function, these mediators have been studied in prehepatic portal hypertensive rats to verify their coexistence with MG and therefore with steatosis. Male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: a control group (n= 7) and a group with partial portal vein hgation (n= 19) at 6 weeks of evolution. TNFα and IL‐1β were quantified in liver by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and NO was measured in the portal vein, suprahepatic inferior vena cava, and infrahepatic inferior vena cava by the Griess reaction. In portal hypertensive rats, the‐serum concentration of NO of hepatic origin increases (132.10 ± 34.72 vs. 52.44 ± 11.32 nmol/ml;p< 0.001), as do TNF‐α (2.02 ± 0.20 vs. 1.12 ± 0.43 μmol/mg protein) and IL‐1β (18.95 ± 2.59 vs. 5.48 ± 1.70 μmol/mg protein) (p= 0.005) in the liver. The most frequent hepatic histologic findings are the presence of MG (p< 0.001), steatosis, and hyperplasia. An increase in hepatic release of NO, TNFα and IL‐Iβ with MG formation is produced in rats with portal hypertension. Therefore these proinflammatory mediators and this morphologic mitochondrial alteration could both be involved in the etiopathogenesis of steatosis.
Clinicopathological Factors Predicting Long‐term Overall Survival after Hepatectomy for Peripheral Cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Jan Yi‐Yin , Yeh Chun‐Nan , Yeh Ta‐Sen , Tsann‐Long Hwang , Fu Chen Miin‐ 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPeripheral cholangiocarcinoma (PCC) is clinically challenging because patients typically do not present until the disease is relatively advanced. Three‐year to 5‐year survival rates even with resection thus remain dismal. This study aimed to determine the clinicopathological factors for predicting overall survival longer than 5 years in PCC patients treated with hepatectomy. From 1977 to 1997, the clinicopatholgical features of 11 PCC patients who underwent hepatectomy with long‐term overall survival (group A) were reviewed. Comparison was made with the clinical features and factors influencing the outcome of 70 PCC patients who survived less than 5 years after hepatectomy (group B). Of 81 PCC patients undergoing hepatectomy, 11 (13.6%) were 5‐year survivors. The 81 PCC patients comprised 32 men and 49 women, with a mean age of 56.0 years (range: 34–83 years). Univariate analysis showed that female gender, absence of physical findings, a higher percentage of presence of mucobilia, early staged tumor, intraductal papillary tumor growth, and curative hepatic resection were more frequent in group A patients than group B patients. However, multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that absence of physical findings, presence of mucobilia, early staged tumor, and curative hepatic resection were the four independent factors differentiating group A from B patients. The 1‐, 3‐, 5‐, and 10‐year survival rates of the group A patients were 100%, 100%, 100%, and 40%, whereas those of the group B patients were 46.0%, 9.5%, 0%, and 0%, respectively. Absence of physical findings, presence of mucobilia, early staged tumor, and curative hepatectomy could independently predict PCC patients with long‐term overall survival after hepatectomy.
Practical Usefulness of Ultrasonic Surgical Aspirator with Argon Beam Coagulation for Hepatic Parenchymal Transection
Authors: Nagano Yasuhiko , Matsuo Kenichi , Kunisaki Chikara , Ike Hideyuki , Imada Toshio , Tanaka Kuniya , Togo Shinji , Shimada Hiroshi 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and feasibility of using the Cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator (CUSA) with argon beam coagulation (ABC) during hepatic resection, in comparison with a conventional method using CUSA with bipolar cautery. Between April 2003 and March 2004, a series of 14 consecutive patients underwent hepatic resection of normal liver. Hepatectomies were performed using CUSA and bipolar irrigation electrocautery (BP) in eight patients between April 2003 and December 2003. CUSA and an ABC were used in six patients between January 2004 and March 2004. There were no differences in patient characteristics between the two groups. Blood loss per area of transected liver surface was significantly lower for CUSA with ABC than for CUSA with BP (2.9 ± l.44 vs. 6.33 ± 3.14 ml/cm2). Furthermore, the speed of resection, defined as resection time per area of transected liver surface, was significantly greater for CUSA with ABC than for CUSA with BP (0.53 ± 0.14 vs.2.18 ± 1.73 min/cm2). This new technique of combining CUSA with ABC can decrease blood loss during hepatic parenchymal transection and shorten the resection time.
Specific effect of levetiracetam in experimental human pain models*
Authors: Enggaard Thomas P. , Klitgaard Niels A. , Sindrup Søren H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBackground Levetiracetam is a new antiepileptic drug. There is only limited experience with levetiracetam in clinical neuropathic pain.Aim To test the analgesic effect of levetiracetam in a human experimental pain model in order to obtain preclinical evidence for its potential effect in neuropathic pain.Methods Sixteen healthy volunteers completed a randomized, double‐blind, cross‐over trial with a single oral dose of 1500 mg levetiracetam against placebo. Pain tests included pain detection and tolerance to single electrical stimulation and temporal pain summation threshold to repetitive electrical stimulation (3 Hz) of the sural nerve.Results Levetiracetam significantly increased the pain tolerance thresholds (p = 0.04), and the pain detection thresholds tended to be increased (p = 0.06), whereas levetiracetam had no effect on temporal pain summation thresholds (p = 0.30).Conclusion Levetiracetam has an analgesic effect in the electrical sural nerve stimulation pain model, but it did not increase temporal pain summation threshold. Levetiracetam may still be effective in clinical neuropathic pain.