bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cholinergic innervation of the rat cerebellum: Qualitative and quantitative analyses of elements immunoreactive to a monoclonal antibody against choline acetyltransferase
Authors: Ojima Hisayuki , Kawajiri Shin‐Ichi , Yamasaki Terukiyo 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCholinergic innervation of the rat cerebellum was investigated immunohistochemically by using a monoclonal antibody against choline acetyltransferase. Immunoreactive structures included: (1) a subpopulation of mossy fibers and glomerular rosettes; (2) thin varicose fibers, which wre closely associated with the Purkinje cell layer and also found in the molecular layer; and (3) relatively dense networks of varicose fibers distributing in the cerebellar nuclei. Quantitative analysis indicated that a great many immunoreactive rosettes were localized in lobules IXc and X, although their density in lobule X was approximately four times that in the lobule IXc. A considerable number of immunoreactive structures were also present in all other lobules. In the hemispheres they were confined to a zone immediately beneath the Purkinje cell layer, whereas in the vermis they were scattered throughout the granular layer. Most of the immunoreactive fibers found in the molecular layer coursed toward the pial surface and were distributed within the inner half of the molecular layer. In the cerebellar nuclei, portions of the medial nucleus and magnocellular portion of the lateral nucleus had moderately dense networks of immunoreactive fibers, whereas loose networks of fibers were observed in the posterior interposed nucleus. Other parts of the cerebellar nuclei contained a smaller number of varicose fibers.
Fiber counts at multiple sites along the rat ventral root after neonatal peripheral neurectomy or dorsal rhizotomy
Authors: Nam Sang Chae , Kim Kwang Jin , Leem Joong Woo , Chung Kyungsoon , Chung Jin Mo 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe hypothesized that the afferent fibers in the ventral root of the rat are the third branches of dorsal root ganglion cells; these afferent processes in the ventral root are of varying length and end bluntly along the length of the root. In the case of an injury at either the central or the peripheral processes of the dorsal root ganglion cells in the neonatal stage, these fibers sprout at the blunt endings along the length of the ventral root. We cut either the sciatic nerve or the dorsal root on one side in neonatal rats. After the rats were fully grown, the number of both myelinated and unmyelinated fibers was counted in electron photomicrographs at multiple sites along the length of the ventral root. We observed a greatly increased number of unmyelinated fibers in the ventral root after the sciatic nerve had been cut at the neonatal stage. The magnitude of increase was more at the distal than at the proximal portion of the ventral root, suggesting that added fibers originated from the distal side. Neonatal dorsal rhizotomy, however, did not produce the same result. These results are consistent with our hypothesis that peripheral nerve injury at the neonatal stage triggers sprouting of the third branches of the dorsal root ganglion cells which end bluntly along the length of the ventral root in the normal animal.
Motor innervation of respiratory muscles and an opercular display muscle in siamese fighting fish Betta splendens
Authors: Gorlick Dennis L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractHorseradish peroxidase was used to identify motor neurons projecting to the adductor mandibulae, levator hyomandibulae, levator operculi, adductor operculi, and dilator operculi muscles in Siamese fighting fish, Betta splendens. These muscles participate in the production of respiratory and feeding movements in teleost fishes. The dilator operculi is also the effector muscle for gill‐cover erection behavior that is part of Betta's aggressive display. The motor innervation of these muscles in Betta was compared to that previously described for carp.Motor neurons of the adductor mandibulae, levator hyomandibulae, and dilator operculi are located in the trigeminal motor nucleus, and motor neurons of the adductor operculi and levator operculi are located in the facial motor nucleus in Betta and in carp. The trigeminal motor nucleus in both species is divided into rostral and caudal subnuclei. However, there are substantial differences in the organization of the subnuclei, and in the distribution of motor neurons within them. In Betta, the rostral trigeminal subnucleus consists of a single part but the caudal subnucleus is divided into two parts. Motor neurons for the dilator operculi and levator hyomandibulae muscles are located in the lateral part of the caudal subnucleus; the medial part of the caudal subnucleus contains only dilator operculi motor neurons. The single caudal subnucleus in carp is located laterally, and contains motor neurons of both the dilator operculi and levator hyomandibulae muscles.Differences in the organization of the trigeminal motor nucleus may relate to the use of the dilator operculi muscle for aggressive display behavior by perciform fishes such as Betta but not by cypriniform fishes such as carp. Five species of perciform fishes that perform gill‐cover erection behavior had a Betta‐like pattern of organization of the caudal trigeminal nucleus and a similar distribution of dilator operculi motor neurons. Goldfish, which like carp are cypriniform fish and do not display, had a carp‐like trigeminal organization and dilator operculi motor neuron distribution.
Screening of aromatase‐containing neurons in rat forebrain: An immunohistochemical study with antibody against human placental antigen x‐P2 (hPAX‐P2)
Authors: Shinoda Koh , Yagi Hideo , Fujita Hisao , Osawa Yoshio , Shiotani Yahe 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAromatase‐containing neurons were immunohistochemically examined in rat brains by using a polyclonal antibody against human placental antigen. The antibody recognizes cytochrome P‐450 portion of aromatase, an enzyme converting androgen to estrogen. A large group of strongly immunoreactive cells was identified in the ventral pallidum, which extends caudally from the area surrounding the islands of Calleja. Other strongly or moderately stained cell groups were observed in the cerebral cortex, the amygdaloid area, the nucleus of the diagonal band, and the area anterior to the posterior commissure. Only a few stained cells were present in the medial preoptic region.These findings cast doubt upon the previous assumption, based on biochemical analysis of tissue samples, that the center of the aromatizing system is in the medial preoptic region. They indicate instead that most aromatase‐containing neurons of rats lie within the ventral pallidum ventromedially adjacent to the preoptic area.
Immunocytological localization of the highly polysialylated form of the neural cell adhesion molecule during development of the murine cerebellar cortex
Authors: Hekmat Anusch , Bitter‐Suermann Dieter , Schachner Melitta 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe expression of the highly polysialylated form of the neural cell adhesion molecule (N‐CAM)—the so‐called embryonic N‐CAM (E‐N‐CAM)‐was investigated in the developing and adult mouse cerebellar cortex by immunohistology and immunocytology at the light and electron microscopic levels. E‐N‐CAM was never (from embryonic day 14 to postnatal day 15) detectable in the germinal zone of neuroblasts destined to form or forming the external granular layer and was only observed once small cerebellar interneurons had become postmitotic before the beginning of granule cell migration. Granule cells expressed E‐N‐CAM on cell bodies, axons, and leading and trailing processes also during migration but ceased to reveal detectable levels of E‐N‐CAM at the end of migration after having reached their final position in the internal granular layer. Other cerebellar cell types, such as Purkinje cells, Bergmann glia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and most prominently, stellate and basket cells, also expressed E‐N‐CAM, but became E‐N‐CAM‐negative during the third and fourth postnatal weeks, coinciding with overt cessation of cerebellar histogenesis. Thus, except for neuroblasts, E‐N‐CAM appeared characteristic of growing and moving cellular structures, in agreement with the notion that the highly polysialylated form of N‐CAM is less adhesive than the adult form.
Ultrastructure of the crossed isthmotectal projection in xenopus frogs
Authors: Udin Susan B. , Fisher Mark D. , Norden Jeanette J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe nucleus isthmi NI of frogs is a relay for input from the eye to the ipsilateral tectum; each NI receives retinotopic input from one tectum and sends retinotopic output to both tecta. The crossed isthmotectal projection in Xenopus displays tremendous plasticity during development. Physiological and anatomical studies have suggested that the location at which a developing isthmotectal axon will terminate is determined by the correlation of its visually evoked activity with the activity of nearby retinotectal terminals.What structures could mediate such communication? We have examined quantitatively the ultrastructural characteristics of crossed isthmotectal axons and synapses in order to determine whether retinotectal axons communicate directly with isthmotectal axons via axo‐axonic synapses or whether the communication is indirect, e.g., via common postsynaptic dendrites. Our results support the conclusion that isthmotectal axons interact with retinotec tal axons indirectly and that tectal cell dendrites are the critical site of interaction.
Compartmental and topographical specificity of reinnervation of the glutaeus muscle in the adult toad (bufo marinus)
Authors: Brown David R. , Everett Alan W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe extent to which the compartmental and topographical innervation patterns were re‐established in the mature glutaeus muscle after nerve cut was determined by HRP retrograde labelling procedures and single motor unit glycogen depletion experiments. Glutaeus muscle axons normally cluster together along the length of the sciatic nerve and enter the triceps femoris nerve along with axons to the cruralis and tensor fasciae latae muscles. Glutaeus axons did not specifically reinnervate the glutaeus muscle after cutting the triceps femoris nerve. Axons within the glutaeus muscle nerve are grouped according to the primary nerve branch, and therefore muscle compartment, for which they are destined. When the glutaeus nerve was cut, regenerating axons lost their compartmental organization within the glutaeus nerve and nonspecifically reinnervated both glutaeus muscle compartments. In marked contrast, the topographical projection of spinal motoneurones to the ventral and dorsal halves of the glutaeus muscle was largely re‐established after glutaeus nerve cut; that is, rostral motoneurones mostly reinnervated ventral muscle fibres, whereas caudal motoneurones reinnervated dorsally located muscle fibres. The relatively confined caudal projection was closely related to the sharp fibre type divisions within the glutaeus muscle. The results suggest that factor(s) present during development that determine the correct innervation of a muscle and its compartments no longer operate in the adult, although cues that direct motor terminals to their appropriate muscle region do, and these are most likely related to the topographical distribution of fibre types.
Distribution of histaminergic neurons in the brain of the lamprey lampetra fluviatilis as revealed by histamine‐immunohistochemistry
Authors: Brodin Lennart , Hökfelt Tomas , Grillner Sten , Panula Pertti 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAn antiserum against conjugated histamine was used to study the distribution of histaminergic neurons in the CNS of the lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis. Numerous histamine‐immunoreactive cell bodies were detected in the dorsal and ventral hypothalamic nuclei and in the adjacent postinfundibular commissural ncleus. Histamine‐immunoreactive fibers of high density were present in the ventral hypothalamus, and fibers could also be traced dorsally from the hypothalamus to the corpus striatum and septal nucleus where they appeared to terminate in dense plexuses. Another, smaller group of histamine‐immunoreactive perikarya was observed in the border area between mesencephalon and rhombencephalon, near the caudal pole of the mesencephalic reticular nucleus. Sparsely distributed histamine‐immunoreactive fibers were present in the ventral mesencephalon. The distribution of histaminergic neurons in cyclostomes, which diverged very early from the main vertebrate line, shows similarities with the corresponding systems in the CNS of amphibians and mammals, which suggests that histaminergic neuronal systems are phylogenetically old and have been conserved during evolution.
Regeneration and soma size changes following axotomy of the trochlear nerve
Authors: Murphy E. Hazel , Brown Joyce , Iannuzzelli Pasquale G. , Baker Robert 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effects of CNS and PNS axotomy of the IVth nerve on cell death, soma size, axon size, and axon number were investigated. In adult cats, the IVth nerve was axotomised by using four surgical paradigms: (1) peripheral IVth nerve crush, (2) peripheral IVth nerve cut, (3) peripheral IVth nerve resection, and (4) a CNS IVth nerve cut in the velum. The extent of cell death resulting from each surgical paradigm was determined. Following axotomy distal to the decussation of the IVth nerves, cell death was least after nerve crush, intermediate after nerve cut, and maximal after resection of 5–7 mm of the nerve. Following axotomy at the decussation—a CNS lesion—most cells died but some successful regeneration was observed.Soma size measurements following a short‐term survival (3 days to 4 weeks) before the regenerating axons reached their target muscle revealed that somas of axotomised cells underwent hypotrophy within 1 week of axotomy and then gradually increased in size. They re‐attained normal size by 4 weeks postoperative when regenerating axons first reach their target. Following a long‐term survival (>2 months), somas were significantly hypertrophied, and the degree of hypertrophy was inversely related to the extent of cell survival up to a limit of 40% soma size increase.Counts and measurements of axons revealed that mean axon diameter of regenerated axons was much smaller than normal 3 months after axotomy, increased during the third to sixth postoperative months, but then showed no subsequent increase and remained below normal. In animals with cell death varying from 10% to 70%, the number of axons in the nerve was maintained constant at approximately 1,000. These data indicate that there is a mechanism for the production and maintenance of the appropriate number of regenerative axonal branches following axotomy. In animals in which cell death exceeded 70%, the number of axons was controlled by a maximum ratio of 3 to 4 axon branches per surviving cell.The results suggest that axon number is strongly influenced by the target muscle and that hypertrophy of regenerated cells is related to the number of axonal sprouts each cell has to produce and support in order to re‐establish the preoperative number of axons in the regenerated trochlear nerve.
Innervation of the serotonin‐immunoreactive cells distributed in the wall of the common carotid artery and its branches in the chicken
Authors: Kameda Yoko 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn the chicken, serotonin‐immunoreactive cells were widely distributed not only in the carotid body but also in the wall of the common carotid artery and around each artery arising from the common carotid artery. Almost all of the serotonin cells in the wall of the common carotid artery were intensely immunoreactive to the neuropeptide Y, met‐ and leu‐enkephalin antisera, whereas in the carotid body only a few cells were immunoreactive to these antisera. Innervation of the serotonin cells in and around arteries of chickens was investigated by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy, in comparison with that of the carotid body. The serotonin cell groups in and around arteries, as well as the carotid body, received numerous peptidergic nerve fibers. Calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP)‐and substance P‐immunoreactive varicose nerve fibers were densely distributed, and somatostatin‐immunoreactive fibers were moderately distributed in the serotonin cell groups. Galanin‐and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)‐immunoreactive fibers were sparsely distributed in the cell groups. By electron microscopy, the serotonin cells in and around arteries were characterized by the presence of numerous dense‐cored vesicles, 70–220 nm in diameter. The granule‐containing cells were in close association with numerous axons. Naked axons regarded axon terminals were frequently apposed on the granular cells. The axon terminals were usually long and often partly invested the granular cells. Numerous synaptic junctions were detected along the contact between the granular cells and axon terminals. Most of the synaptic junctions showed afferent morphology; the secretory granules were accumulated near and attached to the asymmetrical membrane thickenings. Thus, the serotonin cells in and around arteries, like the carotid body, constitute chemoreceptive tissue.
Telodendrial contact of HRP‐filled photoreceptors in the turtle retina: Pathways of photoreceptor coupling
Authors: Ohtsuka Teruya , Kawamata Kunihiko 
Published: January 2005

AbstractSynaptic contacts of photoreceptors in the turtle retina were studied by intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and electron microscopy. Both cone and rod photoreceptors radiated basal processes (telodendria) from their terminal endings. These telodendria ran laterally in the outer plexifrom layer. The telodendria of cones gave rise to many fine branches that penetrated synaptic cavities of several neighboring cones. Tips of these branches terminated near the walls of synaptic cavities. Some of the telodendrial contact formed two types of basal junction: symmetrical and punctate. The distribution of cones that made telodendrial contacts with the HRP‐filled cone were quantitatively investigated. Green‐sensitive cones (n = 3) made telodendrial contacts with neighboring red‐and blue‐sensitive cones, blue‐sensitive cones (n = 4) with red‐ and green‐sensitive cones, and red‐sensitive cones (n = 9) with red‐ and green‐sensitive cones. In contrast to these cone connections, rod telodendria did not penetrate neighboring photoreceptors. Direct synaptic contacts were not found between rods and cones. Our results clarify the variety of cone couplings in turtle retina: the three chromatic classes of cones are selectively coupled by the basal junctions at the ends of telodendrial processes.
Identification of pedicles of putative blue‐sensitive cones in the human retina
Authors: Ahnelt Peter , Keri Christian , Kolb Helga 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCone photoreceptor pedicles from midperipheral regions of the human retina (6 mm from the foveal center) have been studied by light and electron microscopy. Three areas of cone pedicle mosaic were serially thin‐sectioned, in the tangential plane, from the inner border of the outer plexiform layer to the emergence of the cone axons from the cone pedicles. Semithin sections were then collected from the cone axon level through the cone cell bodies to the cone inner segment level. Two hundred twenty‐one cone pedicles were followed by this means to their respective inner segments. Eight percent of the cone pedicles were from cones with inner segment characteristics of the blue cones. All 221 cone pedicles were reconstructed by tracing images from electron micrographs. The cone pedicle locations, surface areas, telodendrial projections, and synaptic ribbons could then be measured by morphometry and analyzed by statistical methods. Some selected cone pedicles were reconstructed by computer graphics methods.The cone pedicles identified as belonging to the blue cone type could be distinguished from the surrounding longer wavelength types on the following morphological criteria: 1) they were smaller (50% the area of the surrounding pedicles), 2) they contained shorter synaptic ribbons, 3) they exhibited essentially no telodendrial contact to neighboring cone pedicles, 4) they were positioned slightly more vitread in the outer plexiform layer than neighboring pedicles, and 5) their irregular occurrence in the cone mosaic coincided with the distribution criteria established in our previous paper (Ahnelt et al: J. Comp. Neurol. 255:18‐34, 87) for putative blue sensitive cones in midperipheral human retina.
Implantation of cultured sensory neurons and schwann cells into lesioned neonatal rat spinal cord. I. Methods for preparing implants from dissociated cells
Authors: Kuhlengel Keith R. , Bunge Mary Bartlett , Bunge Richard P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractOur goal was to devise methods of implanting defined populations of the cellular constituents of peripheral nerve into regions of spinal cord injury. This objective derived from the knowledge that the cellular environment of peripheral nerve is known to be supportive of axon regeneration from both central and peripheral neurons. Two of the constituents of the peripheral nerve environment known to influence axonal growth are the Schwann cell and extracellular matrix (particularly basal lamina), both of which can be obtained in culture. We describe here large‐scale methods of establishing purified populations of rat sensory neurons to which purified populations of Schwann cells were added. These essentially monolayer preparations were then scrolled and cut into lengths of proper shape and size to provide implants for sites of spinal cord injury in newborn rats. We also describe methods enabling the addition of leptomeningeal components to the implants; this addition contributes a proliferating population of vascular endothelial cells (identified by immunostaining) to the otherwise vasculature‐free neuron/Schwann cell implant. Light and electron microscopic observations were made to characterize the implants. When the implant was ready for use, it contained Schwann cells that were differentiated, i. e., had begun to ensheathe axons and form basal lamina. The use of a medium containing human plasma to foster endothelial cell growth led to increased neurite fasciculation and Schwann cell migratory activity in the outgrowth, particularly when the neurons and Schwann cells were cultured on leptomeninges. The second paper in this series reports the deportment of these implants and their influence on corticospinal tract growth after placement into regions of dorsal column injury in neonatal rats (Kuhlengel et al., J. Comp. Neurol 293:74‐91, 1990).