bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Capital Spillovers within the Workplace: Evidence for Great Britain*
Authors: Battu Harminder , Belfield Clive R. , Sloane Peter J. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractIn this paper, we use a unique matched worker–workplace data set to estimate the effect on own earnings of co‐workers’ education. Our results, using the 1998 GB Workplace Employee Relations Survey, show significant effects. An independent, significantly positive effect from average workplace education is evident; own earnings premia from years of education fall only slightly when controlling for workplace education. This result suggests that the social returns to education are strongly positive – working with colleagues who each had 1.2 years (1 standard deviation) of more education than the average worker, boosts own earnings by 11.1%. An additional year of any single co‐worker's education is worth about 3.2% of an additional own year of education. We also test for interactions between own and co‐worker education levels and for ‘skills incompatibility’ when worker education levels are heterogeneous. The interactions appear negative: own education is not much valued at workplaces where co‐workers’ education levels are already high. There is no evidence that workplace heterogeneity in worker education levels adversely affects own earnings. This result runs counter to theoretical predictions, and suggests that workers compete in tournaments for high‐paying jobs.
Empirical Modelling of Money Demand in Periods of Structural Change: The Case of Greece*
Authors: Brissimis Sophocles N. , Hondroyiannis George , Swamy P. A. V. B. , Tavlas George S. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis paper examines the behaviour of the demand for money in Greece during 1976Q1 to 2000Q4, a period that witnessed many of the influences that cause money‐demand instability. Two empirical methodologies, vector error correction (VEC) modelling and second‐generation random coefficient (RC) modelling, are used to estimate the demand for money. The coefficients of both the VEC and RC procedures support the hypothesis that the demand for money becomes more responsive to both the own rate of return on money balances and the opportunity cost of holding money because of financial deregulation. In general, both procedures also support the hypothesis that the income elasticity of money demand declines over time as a result of technological improvements in the payments system and the development of money substitutes, which lead to economies of scale in holding money.
Exogeneity in Vector Error Correction Models with Purely Exogenous Long‐Run Paths
Authors: Pradel Jacqueline , Rault Christophe 
Published: December 2003

AbstractExisting exogeneity conditions of literature are only sufficient and imply ‘overly strong’ constraints on long‐run parameters. This paper presents some new results on exogeneity in vector error correction models. A key concept of the analysis is the ‘purely exogenous long‐run path’, i.e. a cointegrating vector only including ‘exogenous’ variables. Extending earlier results of Johansen, S. (1992). ‘Cointegration in partial systems and the efficiency of single‐equation analysis’,Journal of Econometrics, Vol. 52, pp. 389–402 and ofToda and Phillips (1991).Vector Autoregressions and Causality, Cowles Foundation Discussion Paper, No. 977 among others, we propose a framework based on two canonical representations of the long‐run matrix, which can constitute a suitable basis to formulate a necessary and sufficient condition for non‐causality as well as a condition for strong exogeneity. An interesting property is that the statistics involved in the sequential procedures for testing these conditions are distributed asχ2variables and can, therefore, easily be calculated with the usual statistical computer packages, which makes our approach fully operational, empirically. Finally, the power and size distortions of the sequential test procedures are analysed using Monte Carlo experiments.
Cointegration Vector Estimation by Panel DOLS and Long‐run Money Demand*
Authors: Mark Nelson C. , Sul Donggyu 
Published: December 2003

AbstractWe study the panel dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS) estimator of a homogeneous cointegration vector for a balanced panel of N individuals observed over T time periods. Allowable heterogeneity across individuals include individual‐specific time trends, individual‐specific fixed effects and time‐specific effects. The estimator is fully parametric, computationally convenient, and more precise than the single equation estimator. For fixed N as T→∞, the estimator converges to a function of Brownian motions and the Wald statistic for testing a set of s linear constraints has a limiting χ2(s) distribution. The estimator also has a Gaussian sequential limit distribution that is obtained first by letting T→∞ and then letting N→∞. In a series of Monte‐Carlo experiments, we find that the asymptotic distribution theory provides a reasonably close approximation to the exact finite sample distribution. We use panel DOLS to estimate coefficients of the long‐run money demand function from a panel of 19 countries with annual observations that span from 1957 to 1996. The estimated income elasticity is 1.08 (asymptotic s.e. = 0.26) and the estimated interest rate semi‐elasticity is −0.02 (asymptotic s.e. = 0.01).
Class inequality and meritocracy: a critique of Saunders and an alternative analysis1
Authors: Breen Richard , Goldthorpe John H. 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTSaunders' recent work claiming that contemporary British society is to a large extent ‘meritocratic’ is criticized on conceptual and technical grounds. A reanalysis of the National Child Development Study data‐set, used by Saunders, is presented. This reveals that while merit, defined in terms of ability and effort, does play a part in determining individuals' class destinations, the effect of class origins remains strong. Children of less advantaged class origins need to show substantially more merit than children from more advantaged origins in order to gain similar class positions. These differences in findings to some extent arise from the correction of biases introduced by Saunders; but there are also features of his own results, consistent with those reported in the reanalysis, which he appears not to have fully appreciated.
Social mobility and personal satisfaction: evidence from ten countries*
Authors: Marshall Gordon , Firth David 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTThis paper examines survey data relating class mobility to satisfaction and dissatisfaction with seven different domains of everyday life among nationally representative samples of men and women living in ten industrialized nations. The evidence is set against competing pessimistic and optimistic accounts of the mobility experience found in earlier literature. Results show that individuals who move from working‐class origins to middle‐class destinations are no more likely to be systematically satisfied or dissatisfied with life than are the socially immobile or even those downwardly mobile from advantaged backgrounds into the working class. Indeed, in all nations, the overall association between class experience and satisfaction with life is both weak and uneven across the different life‐domains. The study also serves to illustrate an important principle of research methodology more generally.
Is there an underclass in Britain?*
Authors: Buckingham Alan 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTThis paper sets out to define the underclass and then test the predictions of three competing theories in the underclass debate. Using the National Child Development Study for the analysis it is found that an ‘underclass’ suffering from a lack of qualifications, low cognitive ability and chronic joblessness exists. The validity of making a distinction between the working class and an ‘underclass’ has often been questioned both because of the dubious history of such a distinction and because it is not believed that such a distinction is empirically true. The results in this paper contradict this assertion by finding the underclass to be distinctive from the working class in terms of patterns of family formation, work commitment and political allegiance. The distinct attitudes of the underclass, when coupled with evidence of inter‐ and intra‐generational stability of membership, provide early evidence that a new social class, the underclass, may now exist in Britain.
Capitalism, money and banking: a critique of recent historical sociology
Authors: Ingham Geoffrey 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTA conception of money as a ‘neutral veil’ masking a ‘real’ economy was adopted by orthodox economic theory after the Methodenstreit, and is also to be found, in a different form, in Marxian political economy. Both derive from an erroneous functionalist and anachronistic ‘commodity’ theory of money which, as Post‐Keynesian economists argue, cannot explain the distinctive form of capitalist credit‐money. Orthodox economic theory and classic Marxism have tacitly informed and flawed historical sociology's understanding of money's role in capitalist development. Mann and Runciman, for example, consider the ‘economy’ exclusively in terms of the social relations of production and imply that money is epiphenomenal and is to be explained as a response to the needs of the ‘real’ economy. They do not recognize the structural specificity of capitalist money and banking nor its importance. An alternative account of the autonomous historical conditions of existence of the specifically capitalist form of bank and state credit‐money and its role in capitalist development is outlined.
Gender and income in pharmacy: human capital and gender stratification theories revisited
Authors: Tanner Julia , Cockerill Rhonda , Barnsley Jan , Williams A. Paul 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTThis is a case study of gender and earnings in pharmacy – a profession characterized by its rapid recruitment of female practitioners. We try to account for disparities in earnings between male and female pharmacists in Ontario with the aid of human capital theory and gender stratification theory. Data is drawn from a random sample of 463 Ontario pharmacists.We find a consistent sex gap in earnings regardless of occupational level of practitioners (i.e. owner, manager or employee) and net of such factors as hours worked, commitment to work, hours devoted to childcare, absences from the labour market, and years since graduation. Instead, the main reason why women in pharmacy earn less than males is because they remain employees throughout their careers. However, we are less successful at identifying the additional factors responsible for the depressed earnings of female practitioners.We discuss our findings in light of the claims of gender stratification and human capital theory.
The new regulatory state: the social powers of the European Union
Authors: Walby Sylvia 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTThe understanding of the European Union poses a challenge for Sociology and its traditional conceptions of the state. In particular, the impact of the social dimension has been underestimated and undervalued. This paper explores the implications of the developing social dimension of the European Union for European social relations in the context of globalization which allegedly reduces the power of states to act effectively in the social realm. It argues for a broader conceptualization of the social dimension and for a new conception of the regulatory state. It argues that the significance of a politico‐legal project social justice. It concludes with a reconsideration of the powers of the state in an era of globalization
Modernity: a non‐European conceptualization
Authors: Mouzelis Nicos 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTIn the light of insights drawn from historical sociology and Parsons' theory of differentiation/modernization, an attempt is made to conceptualize modernity in such a way as to avoid both eurocentrism and the total rejection of the concept by those who view it as an ideological means for the further advancement of western cultural imperialism.
Risk and the welfare state*
Authors: Taylor‐Gooby Peter , Dean Hartley , Munro Moira , Parker Gillian 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTThe British welfare state developed as a state‐centred response to the problem of handling the risks encountered in a typical life‐course. The influential work of Giddens and others implies that the traditional welfare state is under attack from two directions: a changing international politi co‐economic environment limits the freedom of national governments to pursue independent policies involving relatively high taxation to finance social spending. At the same time, changes in the experience of risk and declining confidence in the expertise of welfare state planners and professionals undermine support for state‐centred solutions. This approach fails to acknowledge that available non‐state services are often inadequate to meet many everyday life risks and that the authority of private sector advisers, insurers and professionals is also increasingly open to question. This article discusses whether people reject welfare state solutions to problems of risk in the context of research on the perceptions and behaviour of people buying or selling their homes, considering provision for long‐term care needs and defrauding social security carried out by the ESRC's Economic Beliefs and Behaviour programme. Individual responses endorse the continued provision of state welfare in order to meet unprovided risks alongside disenchantment with the record of both state and private professionals and planners and awareness that state retrenchment requires greater individual responsibility for meeting one's own needs. The theory of risk society requires development to recognize that citizens are not necessarily alienated from state welfare.
Socio‐economic re‐structuring and employment: the case of minority ethnic groups1
Authors: Iganski Paul , Payne Geoff 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTThe consequences of major changes in employment, due to the decline of manufacturing and the growth of the service sector, have not been well‐documented, nor theorized, in the sociology of ethnic relations, even in recent studies. For example, Blumer's classic argument that economic development adapts to ‘race relations’, rather than the reverse as predicted by the modernization school, has not been either empirically resolved or conceptually applied to the UK. By adapting data from the Labour Force Survey and the Census, the paper begins to fill this gap with a detailed account of three main minority ethnic groups, and a separate analysis of male and female employment. It is demonstrated that, contrary to assumptions that members of the minority ethnic groups suffered most from de‐industrialization, they actually did rather well, and in some cases did better than the majority population. These findings are re‐conceptualized as collective social mobility, as part of a review of a number of conceptual frameworks in the light of the data.
Routes of success: influences on the occupational attainment of young British males
Authors: Bond Rod , Saunders Peter 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTUsing data from the National Child Development Study, the paper develops a complex path model predicting the occupational grade achieved by 4, 298 employed British males at age 33. Most British social mobility research has been based in the ‘class structurationist’ tradition, and the paper begins by comparing this with the ‘status attainment’ tradition, which is more common in the USA The class structurationist approach has rarely analysed the factors influencing individual occupational attainment, and those working in this tradition in Britain have often assumed that people from working‐class origins fare worse on average than those from the middle class because of factors associated with their class disadvantage rather than any difference in individual characteristics such as ability or ambition. Status attainment research, however, has generally found that individual ability and motivation are the key factors influencing occupational attainment, and that class origins count for comparatively little. Using various measures of class origins, parental support, qualifications, and individual ability and ambition, the paper goes on to develop a linear structural equations model which achieves a good fit to the data. The model demonstrates that individual ability is by far the strongest influence on occupational achievement, that motivation is also important, and that factors like class background and parental support, while significant, are relatively much weaker. The paper concludes that occupational selection in Britain appears to take place largely on meritocratic principles.
Governing police practice: limits of the new accountability
Authors: Chan Janet B. L. 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTThe advent of public‐sector managerialism has brought with it a new principle of police accountability in Western democracies such as Australia and Britain. The new accountability gives emphasis to managerial rather than legal or public‐interest standards, favours external oversight combined with self‐regulation rather than centralized control, and promotes risk management rather than rule enforcement. This article makes use of the experience of an Australian police force to show that the new accountability has not been successful in holding police accountable, while elements of the old accountability have re‐emerged to dominate public debates. It is argued that in the area of police governance, the neo‐liberal state does not necessarily pursue a coherent strategy of ‘acting at a distance’ (cf. Miller and Rose 1990), partly because of the inability of accountability technologies to deliver substantially the promised policy outcomes and partly because of the sensitivity of its political arm to the public's moral outrage against corruption (cf. Garland 1996).
The barbarism of civilization: cultural genocide and the ‘stolen generations’1
Authors: van Krieken Robert 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTNorbert Elias suggested that ‘civilization’ involves the transformation of human habitus so that violence of all sorts is gradually subjected to greater and more sophisticated forms of management and control, whereas ‘decivilization’ encompasses processes which produce an increase in violence and a breakdown in the stability and consistency of on‐going social relations. What remains unexplored is the extent to which ‘civilizing offensives’, the self‐conscious attempts to bring about ‘civilization’, have revolved around essentially violent policies and practices. This paper examines the systematic removal of indigenous Australian children from their families, largely for the social engineering purpose of the gradual and systematic annihilation of Aboriginal cultural identity. At the time, these policies and practices were constructed by most observers as contributing to the ‘welfare’ of Australian Aborigines, and this intersection of welfare and violence raises the possibility that civilization and decivilization, rather than being different processes which may or may not run alongside each other, interpenetrate each other so that, under certain circumstances, societies are ‘barbaric’ precisely in their movement towards increasing civilization. It may also be possible to describe the move away from the systematic removal of Aboriginal children since the 1970s as itself part of a civilizing process, an increasing recognition of the human rights of Australian Aborigines and of the inhumanity of those policies and practices. The paper concludes by addressing the implications for theories of civilization and decivilization, as well as more generally for our contemporary understanding of what it means to be a ‘civilized’ modern citizen.
The concept of adequate causation and Max Weber's comparative sociology of religion
Authors: Buss Andreas 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTMax Weber's The Protestant Ethic and, the Spirit of Capitalism, studied in isolation, shows mainly an elective affinity or an adequacy on the level of meaning between the Protestant ethic and the ‘spirit’ of capitalism. Here it is suggested that Weber's subsequent essays on ‘The Economic Ethics of World Religions’ are the result of his opinion that adequacy on the level of meaning needs and can be verified by causal adequacy.After some introductory remarks, particularly on elective affinity, the paper tries to develop the concept of adequate causation and the related concept of objective possibility on the basis of the work of v. Kries on whom Weber heavily relied. In the second part, this concept is used to show how the study of the economic ethics of India, China, Rome and orthodox Russia can support the thesis that the ‘spirit’ of capitalism, although it may not have been caused by the Protestant ethic, was perhaps adequately caused by it.
Two arguments for ‘covert methods’ in social research
Authors: Herrera C. D. 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTIn some ‘covert’ participant–observation studies, social researchers defend their omission of informed consent on the basis of a need to protect subjects from apprehension, nervousness, or even criminal prosecution. In other instances, researchers contend that deception is rampant in society, and that their methods are no more immoral than the behaviour that ordinarily prevails. These defenses of covert methods fail to appreciate the range of risks that may be involved, and in the latter case, fail to show that these methods are in fact morally indistinguishable from the ‘deception’ that people typically engage in. Ultimately, these proposed defenses of covert methods succeed only in arousing greater concern about informed consent in social research, and the researcher's privilege in bypassing it.
Do the social sciences create phenomena?: the example of public opinion research
Authors: Osborne Thomas , Rose Nikolas 
Published: December 2003

ABSTRACTThis paper is an investigation into the philosophy and the history of the social sciences. Some philosophers of the social sciences have suggested that a key feature of the natural sciences is their capacity to create phenomena, and that the social sciences do not meet this criterion. We suggest, to the contrary, that the social sciences can and do create phenomena, in the sense of new ways of describing and acting that have been used to produce all sorts of effects. Like the natural sciences, the social sciences create their phenomena through the procedures that are established to discover them. But the creation of phenomena is a complex, technically difficult and contested process and its success rare. Historically, this argument is developed through a case‐study of the development and evolution of public opinion research in the USA and Britain. We argue that by the 1950s public opinion produced a version of the world that had entered ‘into the true’. Special attention is given to technical considerations in the development of public opinion research, especially the genealogy of a particular research technology, that of the representative sample. Whilst we are not concerned with demarcation criteria, we argue that there are some important differences between the social and the natural sciences; that the former have a less concentrated ‘spatial mix’ and a slower ‘tempo of creativity’. None the less, in this particular case, the social sciences have played a key role in the creation of opinioned persons and an opinionated society.