bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE RELATION OF THE PNEUMOCOCCUS TO HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION, ACID DEATH-POINT, AND DISSOLUTION OF THE ORGANISM
Authors: Lord Frederick T. , Nye Robert N. 
Published: June 2004

1. In the growth and death of the pneumococcus in fluid media containing 1 per cent glucose the production of acid is the most important bactericidal factor.
2. 1 per cent glucose bouillon cultures of the pneumococcus allowed to grow and die out usually reach a final acidity of a pH of about 5.1.
3. At a hydrogen ion concentration of about 5.1 or higher, the pneumococcus does not survive longer than a few hours.
4. In hydrogen ion concentrations of about 6.8 to 7.4 the pneumococcus may live for at least many days.
5. In the intervening hydrogen ion concentrations, between 6.8 and 5.1, the pneumococcus is usually killed with a rapidity which bears a direct relation to the hydrogen ion concentration; i.e., the greater the acidity the more rapid is the death.
6. Cloudy suspensions of washed pneumococci in hydrogen ion concentrations varying from 8.0 to 4.0 show, after incubation, dissolution of organisms in lower hydrogen ion concentrations than about 5.0. This dissolution is most marked at about 5.0 to 6.0. Some dissolution also takes place toward the more alkaline end of the scale. No dissolution occurs at the most acid end of the scale.
BLOOD VISCOSITY
Authors: Langstroth Lovell 
Published: June 2004

Small amounts of potassium oxalate probably have no effect on the viscosity of the blood and changes hitherto ascribed to it can be attributed either to variation in carbon dioxide content or to sedimentation of the red blood cells.
The viscosity of blood when exposed to the air increases rapidly. This change accompanies a loss of carbon dioxide and can be prevented by stoppering the container and agitating until the blood comes into carbon dioxide equilibrium with the air above it, when the viscosity remains constant.
It is essential in determining the viscosity of blood that the red cells should be uniformly suspended throughout the plasma. This can be accomplished by rotating 5 to 10 cc. of blood in a separating funnel for 1 minute.
THE LYMPHOCYTE IN NATURAL AND INDUCED RESISTANCE TO TRANSPLANTED CANCER
Authors: Murphy James B. , Nakahara Waro 
Published: June 2004

Mice immunized against cancer by means of an injection of defibrinated blood show in the germinal centers of the lymphoid organs a marked increase in the numbers of mitotic figures. The increase becomes evident 48 hours after the injection in the majority of instances and reaches its climax at about the 5th day. After this time it subsides, returning to the normal rate about the 10th day.
These immunized animals, when inoculated with a cancer graft 10 days after the injection, show a second stimulation of the lymphoid centers similar to the first but more intense in character. This increase in the number of mitotic figures becomes evident as early as 24 hours after the cancer inoculation and persists in a marked degree for a week, after which there is a gradual return to the normal rate.
The lymphocytes of the circulating blood during the establishment of the immunity show frequent examples of amitotic division, and many examples of irregular and lobulated nuclei. These changes suggest intensified functional activity.
Contrary to the statement of Da Fano, cellular reaction in the subcutaneous tissues of immunized animals is present only in the region infiltrated by the injected cells. This fact becomes conspicuous when the immunizing injection is given intraperitoneally, in which case no cellular accumulations are noted in the loose connective tissues.
No constant cellular changes were noted in the bone marrow, thymus or thyroid gland, liver, or kidney of the treated animals.
TOXINS AND ANTITOXINS OF BACILLUS DYSENTERIÆ SHIGA
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Kligler I. J. 
Published: June 2004

With the methods which have been described we have separated an exotoxin and an endotoxin from cultures of the Shiga dysenteric bacillus. The study of the nature and effect of the poison of this microorganism is thus simplified. The two toxins are physically and biologically distinct. The exotoxin is relatively heat-labile, arises in the early period of growth, and yields an antiexotoxic immune serum. The endotoxin, on the other hand, is heat-stable, is formed in the later period of growth, and is not neutralized by the antiexotoxic serum. The exotoxin exhibits a specific affinity for the central nervous organs in the rabbit, giving rise to a characteristic lesion—mainly, hemorrhages, necroses, and possibly a perivascular infiltration in the gray matter of the upper spinal cord and medulla. The endotoxin exerts a typical action on the intestinal tract, producing edema, hemorrhages, necroses, and ulcerations, especially in the large intestine.
In dysentery in man the intestinal lesions predominate, but in severe epidemics paralysis and neuritis have been observed (Osler17).
These facts become specially significant from the standpoint of the serum therapy of bacillary dysentery. A potent antidysenteric serum should contain antibodies against the exotoxin as well as the endotoxin. That such a serum can be produced in horses has been experimentally demonstrated.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE NASAL ROUTE OF INFECTION IN POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Flexner Simon , Amoss Harold L. 
Published: June 2004

1. The experiments given in this paper, notwithstanding their seeming diversity, relate to the conditions underlying the states of susceptibility and refractoriness to infection with the virus of poliomyelitis applied to the nasal mucosa.
2. Certain monkeys are highly refractory to inoculation via the nares with the virus of poliomyelitis, apparently in virtue of a power possessed by the nasal mucous membrane to destroy or otherwise render ineffective the virus applied to it.
3. This property of the nasal mucosa appears to be distinct from any specific protective substance active upon the virus which may occur in the blood.
4. An effective nasal mucous membrane prevents the passage of the energetically applied virus to the brain and spinal cord.
5. The virus of poliomyelitis energetically applied to the nasal mucosa will survive for an undetermined period of time upon an ineffective, but for a relatively brief period of time upon an effective membrane.
6. The protective power possessed by the nasal mucosa is not in itself adequate to prevent infection with the virus introduced upon it, since slight injury to such independent structures as the meningeal-choroid plexus complex favors the passage of the virus from the nose to the central nervous organs.
7. The normal nasal mucosa is, therefore, an invaluable defense against infection with the virus of poliomyelitis; and the number of healthy and chronic carriers of the virus is probably determined and kept down through the protective activities of this membrane.
8. Antiseptic chemicals applied to the nasal mucosa upon which the virus has been deposited exhibit no great protective action and are of doubtful value. Indeed, it is not impossible that to the extent to which they may affect unfavorably the destructive properties of the nasal mucosa, they may be even objectionable.
9. Infection with the virus of poliomyelitis applied to the nasal mucosa under conditions favorable to the extension to the central nervous organs and multiplication there may be blocked or prevented by the injection of poliomyelitic immune serum into the blood. While the exact manner and site of attack of the immune serum upon the virus is somewhat conjectural, when all the available data are considered it seems probable that the meeting place of the virus and immune serum is in the subarachnoid space.
PNEUMOCOCCUS CULTURES IN WHOLE FRESH BLOOD
Authors: Bull Carroll G. , Bartual Luis 
Published: June 2004

1. It has been shown that the whole uncoagulated blood of immune animals is not as highly pneumococcidal in vitro, as has been claimed by others.
2. Cultures of pneumococci in the fresh whole blood of immune animals, as compared with cultures in the blood of susceptible animals, show a greatly prolonged latent period, and, in a general way, the relative lengths of the latent periods of the cultures correspond to the relative resistances of the animals to infection by these organisms.
3. The blood of animals artificially immunized, both actively and passively, retards the growth of pneumococci in the same manner as the blood of naturally immune animals.
4. Microscopic examination of cultures of pneumococci in immune blood reveals chain formation, growth in clumps, and phagocytosis of the organisms by the polynuclear cells. It also shows that growth occurs first in the free serum, the clot being invaded later.
5. The retardation of multiplication depends on two factors, opsonization of the pneumococci by the immune serum and phagocytosis of the organisms by the polynuclear cells; growth readily occurs when either agent is absent.
6. Pneumococci multiply in defibrinated immune blood because few phagocytes are present after defibrination.
7. Pneumococci grow in the most potent immune blood after mechanical destruction of the white cells.
8. It has not been shown that immune blood does not kill a certain number of the pneumococci with which it is inoculated, but the tentative conclusion has been arrived at that no killing occurs since none of the tests became sterile during the course of our experiments.
DETERIORATION OF CRYSTALLINE STROPHANTHIN IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION
Authors: Levy Robert L. , Cullen Glenn E. 
Published: June 2004

1. Many of the glass containers commonly used in the laboratory, and most of the glass ampules employed in marketing sterile solutions for hypodermic or intravenous medication, yield sufficient alkali on autoclaving, to change the reaction of distilled water from pH 6.0 to pH 9.0.
2. This increase in alkalinity is sufficient to render biologically inert and partially to decompose aqueous solutions of crystalline strophanthin in the concentration ordinarily employed in the clinic.
3. It is suggested that for clinical use crystalline strophanthin be dissolved in 0.02 M standard phosphate solution at pH 7.0, and marketed in hard glass ampules, thereby insuring stability of reaction with preservation of biologic activity.
4. It should be borne in mind, both by laboratory worker and pharmacist, that the alkali yielded, on heating, by soft glass containers may be responsible for a considerable alteration in the hydrogen ion concentration of their contents.
APPEARANCE OF ISOAGGLUTININS IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN
Authors: Happ W. M. 
Published: June 2004

1. The isoagglutination reaction of 131 infants and children from birth to 10½ years was examined by testing their serum and washed corpuscles microscopically against the serum and corpuscles of each of the four adult groups.
2. The grouping as present in adults is rarely present in blood from the umbilical cord.
3. At birth and during the 1st month of life isoagglutination is rarely present, but the percentage of infants in whom the isoagglutinin group is established increases with age, so that after 1 year the group is usually established, and after 2 years is always present as in adults.
4. The grouping is established in the corpuscles before it is established in the serum; i.e., the corpuscles acquire agglutinophilic receptors before the serum acquires agglutinin. Therefore, Group I is the first group to be formed and Group IV is the last.
5. The early grouping in the corpuscles before the group is established in the serum is liable to change by the acquisition of new receptors.
6. When the grouping has been established in both serum and corpuscles it does not change.
7. Isoagglutinins are present in mother's milk and the grouping is identical with that in the mother's blood. These agglutinins are probably not transmitted to the nursing infant through the milk.
8. On account of the differences between the agglutination reactions in the blood of mother and child it is not safe to transfuse an infant from its mother without making the preliminary tests.
EFFECT OF FEEDING THE PINEAL BODY UPON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ALBINO RAT
Authors: Sisson Warren R. , Finney John M. T. 
Published: June 2004

The pineal body of young calves was fed to albino rats beginning at the age of 3 weeks and extending over periods of from 3 to 6 weeks. Four litters of rats were used. Of these, fourteen rats were fed the pineal powder and ten were used as control subjects. Observations in regard to developmental changes and microscopic examination of the endocrine glands and reproductive organs were made. The pineal-fed rats of the first two litters remained somewhat smaller than their controls. The pineal-fed and control animals of Litters 3 and 4 showed no differences in development. Microscopic studies showed no differences between pineal-fed and control rats.
We may therefore conclude that feeding the desiccated pineal body of young calves to young albino rats fails to produce any effect upon the early development of these animals.
SOURCE AND SIGNIFICANCE OF STREPTOCOCCI IN MARKET MILK
Authors: Jones F. S. 
Published: June 2004

The principal source of streptococci in milk is the cow's udder. The udder streptococci fall into two broad groups; those of the larger group agree in cultural characters and agglutination affinities with mastitis streptococci; the smaller group is composed of low acid-producing streptococci. The streptococci of the latter group produce clear zones of hemolysis about surface and deep colonies in horse blood agar plates. They attack dextrose, lactose, saccharose, and maltose, but do not ferment raffinose, inulin, mannite, or salicin. Acid production in dextrose by the members of this group is about the same as that produced by human streptococci under the same conditions. The limiting hydrogen ion concentration for these pleomorphic udder streptococci in dextrose serum bouillon is within the limits of the limiting hydrogen ion concentration observed by Avery and Cullen for human streptococci.
All the streptococci from the vagina, saliva, skin, and feces have been non-hemolytic. Those from the saliva form a heterogeneous aggregation in which individuals fermenting raffinose, inulin, and mannite predominate. From the skin a characteristic streptococcus has been found. It produces acid in dextrose, lactose, saccharose, maltose, raffinose, mannite, and salicin, but fails to acidulate media containing inulin. The fecal streptococci are characterized by the formation of large amounts of acid in dextrose, lactose, saccharose, maltose, raffinose, inulin, and salicin. Mannite is not fermented. Neither the fecal nor the skin streptococci have been isolated from the bottled milk with any great frequency.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON DIABETES
Authors: Allen Frederick M. 
Published: June 2004

1. The injurious effects of excessive carbohydrate diet are demon strable in partially depancreatized dogs, in the same manner as in human patients. With severe diabetes there is rapid progress of emaciation and weakness and early death.
2. With milder diabetes, there is frequently a transitional state following operation, when the fate depends on the diet. If the tolerance is spared for a time, recovery sometimes occurs to such extent that diabetes cannot be produced by any kind or quantity of feeding, but only by removal of a small additional fragment of pancreatic tissue. The proper degree of carbohydrate overfeeding is important in this early period for producing the most useful type of diabetic animals; namely, those having good digestion and general health combined with a permanent lowering of assimilative power, like the condition of human patients.
3. In the early stage, glucose is more powerful than starch in producing diabetes, and animals which are progressing toward complete recovery on starch diet can be sent into hopeless diabetes by admix ture of glucose. The difference seems to be merely of the rate of absorption, and indicates that a rapid flood of carbohydrate is more injurious to the pancreatic function than a slow absorption. When ever permanent diabetes is present, so that complete recovery is impossible, starch brings on glycosuria more slowly than sugar, but just as surely. The difference in time in different cases amounts to days, weeks, or months. The clinical lesson from such experiments is that even if a patient becomes free from glycosuria on withdrawal of sugar only, nevertheless other foods should also be limited.
4. No significant differences were observed between the assimilation of different starches, or any extreme lowering of the carbohydrate tolerance by proteins, such as alleged by certain writers in connection with the "oatmeal cure."
5. Repair of traumatic inflammation and hypertrophy of the pancreas remnant have been mentioned incidentally as the basis of the early tendency to recovery, and also hydropic degeneration of Lang erhans islands as an accompaniment of the lowering of tolerance by excessive diet. These are believed to have their parallels in human cases, and are to be described more fully hereafter.
STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA
Authors: Blake Francis G. , Cecil Russell L. 
Published: June 2004

1. Lobar pneumonia has been consistently produced in normal monkeys by the intratracheal injection of minute amounts of pneumococcus culture.
2. The disease produced has been shown to be clinically identical with lobar pneumonia in man.
3. Lobar pneumonia has been produced in the monkey in one instance by experimental contact infection.
4. Normal monkeys inoculated in the nose and throat with large amounts of pneumococcus culture have failed to develop lobar pneumonia though carrying the organism in their mouths for at least a month. They have likewise failed to show any evidence of upper respiratory tract infection.
5. Monkeys inoculated subcutaneously or intravenously with pneumococcus culture have in no instance developed pneumonia, but have either died of pneumococcus septicemia or recovered without localization of the infection in the lungs.
EXPERIMENTAL SYPHILIS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise 
Published: June 2004

A study was made of the infections produced in rabbits inoculated in the testicles with two strains of Treponema pallidum which had been carried in rabbits for several years. Infection resulted in all instances; the incubation period varied as a rule between 2 and 6 weeks and under properly chosen conditions could be reduced to approximately 3 weeks or less.
The resulting infection pursued a typically cyclic or relapsing course which affected both the spirochetes and the associated lesions in the testicle. The spirochetes in the local lesions exhibited periodic changes less marked and less regular but identical in character with the changes which occur in the blood in cases of relapsing fever. The lesions in the testicle also showed periods of active development and quiescence or regression which followed closely upon the changes exhibited by the spirochetes.
The specific reaction in the testicle showed considerable variation in the speed and sharpness with which successive phenomena occurred as well as in the character and extent of the processes themselves. These reactions were of two fundamental types. In one group of animals, the reaction was characterized by an intense cycle of acute exudation and infiltration with a lesser degree of proliferation, followed by crisis and subsequent recurrence of secondary cycles of proliferative reaction of a minor degree. In the other group of animals, the reaction was more chronic in character and consisted largely of infiltration and proliferation. The progress of the reaction was more gradual, and sharp alterations in its course were absent. The infection progressed by a succession of stages with slight and irregular remissions.
In a third group of animals, the reaction was subacute, combining at the same time the processes of exudation, infiltration, and proliferation. The first cycle of reaction was fairly acute and terminated in a definite crisis with moderate regression which in turn was followed by recurrence and more or less pronounced secondary cycles of proliferation.
In all cases of outspoken infection, there was diffuse involvement of testicle, tunic, epididymis, and cord, but as the infection progressed, the lesions underwent many transformations, so that a variety of lesions was formed from processes which in the beginning were of a common type. Eventually, the reaction became more irregular and the infection became centered in one or more foci which were commonly situated in the epididymis, tunics, scrotum, or mediastinum testis. These centers served as residual foci of infection.
The duration of the testicular process was found to be very variable. In some animals, the entire reaction consisted of but a single sharp cycle, and the local infection was terminated by crisis within 4 to 6 weeks after inoculation. As a rule, the period of active infection was from 2 to 4 months, and quiescent or inactive lesions not infrequently lasted for from 4 to 6 months. In exceptional instances, local infection persisted for more than a year.
STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA
Authors: Blake Francis G. , Cecil Russell L. 
Published: June 2004

Spontaneous pneumonia occurred to a considerable extent among stock monkeys at the Army Medical School. This pneumonia occurred chiefly in the form of an epidemic outbreak shortly after the arrival of a large shipment of monkeys, and was shown to be due in large part to transmission of infection from monkey to monkey, either directly or indirectly. That spread of the epidemic was facilitated by overcrowding was indicated by the fact that in a subsequent shipment of monkeys, which were kept in pairs in separate cages and were not allowed to come into contact with the monkeys among which the epidemic occurred, no cases of spontaneous pneumonia developed.
The close analogy between the epidemic of lobar pneumonia that occurred among the monkeys and similar epidemics of lobar pneumonia that occurred during the war among certain groups of newly drafted troops shortly after their arrival at camp is very striking, and would seem to indicate that pneumococcus pneumonia may become an epidemic disease among groups of susceptible individuals when they are assembled under conditions that facilitate the ready transfer of infection from individual to individual.
Bacteriological examination showed the spontaneous pneumonia to be due in the great majority of cases to infection with Pneumococcus Type IV. Immunological classification of the strains of pneurnococci by cross-agglutination tests showed that the majority fell into two biological groups. Two cases were apparently caused by Streptococcus hæmolyticus, two by Streptococcus viridans.
The clinical course of spontaneous pneumococcus pneumonia in monkeys was characterized by sudden onset, high sustained temperature, leucocytosis, rapid respiration with expiratory grunt, cough, physical signs of consolidation, invasion of the blood by pneurnococci, and termination in death or recovery by crisis about the 7th to 9th day. In a few instances the disease was complicated by acute fibrinopurulent pericarditis, by empyema, and by purulent meningitis. It was, therefore, clinically identical with lobar pneumonia experimentally produced in monkeys and with lobar pneumonia in man.
Study of the pathology of spontaneous pneumococcus pneumonia in monkeys showed that it presented the characteristic picture of lobar pneumonia, both macroscopically and microscopically, and was in all respects comparable with the pathology of lobar pneumonia experimentally produced in monkeys and of lobar pneumonia in man.