bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aphid Infestation Causes Different Changes in Carbon and Nitrogen Allocation in Alfalfa Stems as Well as Different Inhibitions of Longitudinal and Radial Expansion
Authors: Girousse Christine , Moulia Bruno , Silk Wendy , Bonnemain Jean-Louis 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) stem elongation is strongly reduced by a pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris) infestation. As pea aphid is a phloem feeder that does not transmit virus or toxins, assimilate withdrawal is generally considered as the main mechanism responsible for growth reduction. Using a kinematic analysis, we investigated the spatial distributions of relative elemental growth rates of control and infested alfalfa stems. The water, carbon, and nitrogen contents per unit stem length were measured along the growth zone. Deposition rates and growth-sustaining fluxes were estimated from these patterns. Severe short-term aphid infestation (200 young adults over a 24-h period) induced a strong and synchronized reduction in rates of elongation and of water and carbon deposition. Reduced nitrogen content and associated negative nitrogen deposition rates were observed in some parts of the infested stems, especially in the apex. This suggested a mobilization of nitrogen from the apical part of the growth zone, converted from a sink tissue into a source tissue by aphids. Calculation of radial growth rates suggested that aphid infestation led to a smaller reduction in radial expansion than in elongation. Together with earlier observations of long-lasting effects of a short-term infestation, this supports the hypothesis that in addition to nutrient withdrawal, a thigmomorphogenesis-like mechanism is involved in the effect of aphid infestation on stem growth.
Translating Bourdieu: cultural capital and the English middle class in historical perspective
Authors: Gunn Simon 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis article examines the ways in which Pierre Bourdieu's work on culture and cultural capital can be applied to the study of the English middle class in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Drawing on a wide historical literature, the article argues for the significance of culture as a constitutive element of middle‐class identities in England since 1800. It goes on to examine Bourdieu's ideas of ‘objectivated’, ‘instutionalized’ and ‘incorporated’ cultural capital, in the context of family, inheritance, education and the body. The article identifies changes in the historical forms which cultural capital has taken and emphasizes the importance of analysing family processes of intergenerational transmission.
Gender, home and family in cultural capital theory
Authors: Silva Elizabeth B. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe paper argues that Bourdieu's stress on early familiarization for the highest value of cultural capital is closely linked to his idea, strongly emphasized inDistinction, about the role of family and domestic life for individual development and social positions. The role of women, as mothers and homemakers, is crucial in this process. Yet, Bourdieu defines social origin as deriving from the father. The centrality to Bourdieu's thinking of a resilient traditional pattern of masculine domination and feminine submission constitutive of the Western gender habitus explains both his stress on ‘normalcy’ for the production of legitimate dispositions, and his resistance to incorporating into his thinking the implications of recent transformations in home family living, which have destabilized the gender order. It is thus important to consider contemporary feminist analyses of the family and home life and their significance for a renewed theory of cultural capital.The paper considers two sets of literature. Firstly, it addresses the manners in which home and family are conceptualized in Bourdieu's key texts where these issues were prominent in the development of his thinking on cultural capital. The second set of literature includes texts by feminist academics in the fields of family, gender and the body, which analyse the destabilizing of the gender order and everyday family living in contemporary society. Two questions are addressed on the basis of these reflections: (1) Is cultural capital an individual or a household resource? (2) How does cultural capital relate to personal interdependencies at the level of family and households?
Mediating production and consumption: cultural capital and ‘cultural workers’
Authors: Wright David 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis paper examines recent debates about the role of what Bourdieu termed cultural intermediaries in the formation and reproduction of the relations of cultural capital. Workers in the cultural or creative industries were given a central place in Bourdieu's schema in the creation of hierarchies of value in the production and consumption of symbolic goods. Subsequent writers about the apparent emergence of a creative economy (Lash and Urry 1994; Featherstone 1991) have given workers involved in the production and distribution of cultural goods a pivotal place in the development of late or post‐modernity. More recent work (Negus 2002; Nixon and du Gay 2002) has criticized the validity and coherence of the term as it has come to be understood and called for more rigour in its definition and use. This paper adds to this debate by considering the book trade as a space in which the gap between production and consumption of cultural goods is mediated. It suggests that cultural intermediaries, as cultural workers, are engaged in the reproduction of the cultural aspects of social class by ‘shoring up’ their insecure position in the relations of cultural capital, rather than simply being the taste leaders of a reflexive modernity.
Exposure to traffic exhausts and oxidative DNA damage
Authors: Lai C-H , Liou S-H , Lin H-C , Shih T-S , Tsai P-J , Chen J-S , Yang T , Jaakkola J J K , Strickland P T 
Published: March 2005

Aims:To assess the relations between exposure to traffic exhausts and indicators of oxidative DNA damage among highway toll station workers.Methods:Cross-sectional study of 47 female highway toll station workers exposed to traffic exhausts and 27 female office workers as a reference group. Exposure assessment was based on average and cumulative traffic density and a biomarker of exposure, urinary 1-hydroxypyrene-glucuronide (1-OHPG). Urinary 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) was used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage. Plasma nitric oxide (NO) was measured as an indicator of oxidative stress related to traffic exhaust exposure.Results:The mean concentration of urinary 8-OHdG was substantially higher among the exposed non-smokers (13.6 μg/g creatinine) compared with the reference non-smokers (7.3 μg/g creatinine; difference 6.3, 95% CI 3.0 to 9.6). The mean concentration of NO among the exposed (48.0 μmol/l) was also higher compared with the reference non-smokers (37.6 μmol/l; difference 10.4, 95% CI −0.4 to 21.2). In linear regression adjusting for confounding, a change in log(8-OHdG) was statistically significantly related to a unit change in log(1-OHPG) (β = 0.372, 95% CI 0.081 to 0.663).Conclusions:Results indicate that exposure to traffic exhausts increases oxidative DNA damage. Urinary 8-OHdG is a promising biomarker of traffic exhaust induced oxidative stress.
Evaluation of an Orographic Precipitation Model
Authors: Barstad Idar , Smith Ronald B. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The question of whether rain gauge data from complex terrain are suitable to test physical models of orographic precipitation or to estimate free parameters is addressed. Data from three projects are considered: the Intermountain Precipitation Experiment (IPEX) and the California Land-falling Jets Experiment (CALJET), both in the United States, and the Mesoscale Alpine Programme (MAP) in the European Alps. As a prototype physical model, a new linear theory including airflow dynamics, condensed water advection, and leeside evaporation was employed. Theoretical considerations using the linear model showed sensitivity of point measurements across an ideal hill. To assist in model evaluation with real data, a new measure of “goodness of fit” was defined. This measure, “location sensitivity skill” (LSS), rewards detail as well as accuracy. For real data comparison, the linear model predictions show skill using traditional methods and the new LSS measure. The findings show that the wind direction and stability, and especially the cloud time delay (tau), are the sensitive parameters for point precipitation. The cloud time delay was the primary controller of point precipitation amplitude, and the stability tended to shift the precipitation pattern. Direct measures of tau are generally not obtainable, but this study indirectly constrained tau to 0–1000 s. The need for a denser observational network with tighter time control was revealed.
Comprehensive in silico functional specification of mouse retina transcripts
Authors: Zhang Samuel Shao-Min , Xu Xuming , Li Jinming , Liu Mu-Gen , Zhao Hongyu , Soares M Bento , Barnstable Colin J , Fu Xin-Yuan 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Background
The retina is a well-defined portion of the central nervous system (CNS) that has been used as a model for CNS development and function studies. The full specification of transcripts in an individual tissue or cell type, like retina, can greatly aid the understanding of the control of cell differentiation and cell function. In this study, we have integrated computational bioinformatics and microarray experimental approaches to classify the tissue specificity and developmental distribution of mouse retina transcripts.

Results
We have classified a set of retina-specific genes using sequence-based screening integrated with computational and retina tissue-specific microarray approaches. 33,737 non-redundant sequences were identified as retina transcript clusters (RTCs) from more than 81,000 mouse retina ESTs. We estimate that about 19,000 to 20,000 genes might express in mouse retina from embryonic to adult stages. 39.1% of the RTCs are not covered by 60,770 RIKEN full-length cDNAs. Through comparison with 2 million mouse ESTs, spectra of neural, retinal, late-generated retinal, and photoreceptor -enriched RTCs have been generated. More than 70% of these RTCs have data from biological experiments confirming their tissue-specific expression pattern. The highest-grade retina-enriched pool covered almost all the known genes encoding proteins involved in photo-transduction.

Conclusion
This study provides a comprehensive mouse retina transcript profile for further gene discovery in retina and suggests that tissue-specific transcripts contribute substantially to the whole transcriptome.
Detection of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in Unstimulated Saliva of Patients With Chronic Periodontitis
Authors: Cortelli Sheila Cavalca , Feres Magda , Rodrigues Aélcia A.B. , Aquino Davi R. , Shibli Jamil Awad , Cortelli José Roberto 
Published: March 2005

Background: The use of whole saliva has shown to be promising in detecting Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans out of the subgingival environment. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the use of unstimulated saliva in detecting A. actinomycetemcomitans and to compare the subgingival and extracrevicular occurrence of this pathogen in Brazilian subjects with chronic periodontitis.Methods: Sixty‐six patients (mean age 38.01 ± 9.28 years) with advanced generalized chronic periodontitis were sampled. Subgingival plaque samples were collected from eight sites per patient representing the two deepest sites of each quadrant. Samples of the mucous surfaces, including dorsal surface of the tongue and cheek, were collected with a sterile swab and placed in a microtube containing a reduced solution. Samples of unstimulated saliva were also collected in sterile tubes and 0.1 ml of whole saliva was diluted in 1 ml of reduced solution. The presence of A. actionomycetemcomitans was established using bacterial culture in trypticase soy bacitracin vancomycin selective media. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to differentiate highly from minimally leukotoxic strains in patients who presented A. actinomycetemcomitans in at least two sampled sites.Results:A. actinomycetemcomitans was isolated from 63.63% of subgingival samples, 56.06% of saliva samples, and 45.45% of samples from mucous surfaces. No statistical difference was observed between subgingival and salivary occurrence of the microorganism. Linear regression showed an association between subgingival plaque and saliva (r2 = 0.897; P = 0.015) and mucous membrane and saliva (r2 = 0.152; P = 0.024). The same A. actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxic profile was observed in all sampled sites for a given patient.Conclusion: These results suggest that in advanced periodontitis, unstimulated saliva is representative of pooled subgingival plaque samples and its use is appropriate in the oral detection of A. actinomycetemcomitans. J Periodontol 2005;76: 204‐209.
Simvastatin Promotes Cell Metabolism, Proliferation, and Osteoblastic Differentiation in Human Periodontal Ligament Cells
Authors: Yazawa Hiroshi , Zimmermann Bernd , Asami Yoshiko , Bernimoulin Jean‐Pierre 
Published: March 2005

Background: Simvastatin is one of the cholesterol lowering drugs. Recent studies demonstrated that it has a bone stimulatory effect. Periodontal ligament (PDL) cells are believed to play an important role in periodontal regeneration; that is, they may differentiate into specific cells which make cementum, bone, and attachment apparatus. It would be of interest whether simvastatin has a positive effect on PDL cells. Therefore, effects of simvastatin on cell proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation in PDL cells were analyzed.Methods: Human PDL cells were cultured in monolayer with simvastatin for 24 and 72 hours and cell metabolism and proliferation were determined. To analyze osteoblastic differentiation, human PDL cells were cultured in organoid culture for 7, 14, and 21 days and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, osteopontin (OPN), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) −2, osteocalcin (OCN), and calcium contents were measured. They were co‐treated by simvastatin and mevalonate.Results: Simvastatin enhanced cell proliferation and metabolism dose‐dependently after 24 hours. Simvastatin also stimulated ALP activity of human PDL cells dose‐dependently, and maximum effect was obtained at the concentration of 10−8 M. In time dependent analysis, 10−8 M simvastatin stimulated ALP activity and osteopontin content after 7 days and calcium contents after 21 days. BMP‐2 and OCN contents were not detected. Moreover this statin‐enhanced ALP activity was abolished by mevalonate.Conclusion: These results suggest that at low concentration, simvastatin exhibits positive effect on proliferation and osteoblastic differentiation of human PDL cells, and these effects may be caused by the inhibition of the mevalonate pathway. J Periodontol 2005;76:295‐302.
Increased calcitonin level in thyroid nodules without medullary carcinoma
Authors: Gibelin H , Essique D , Jones C , Levillain P , Maréchaud R , Kraimps J-L 
Published: March 2005

Abstract

Background
Basal calcitonin measurement is routinely performed in patients with a thyroid nodule to detect medullary carcinoma. However, increased calcitonin does not always correlate with medullary carcinoma. The aim of this study was to analyse increased calcitonin levels in patients without medullary carcinoma and to find out whether absence of this carcinoma can be predicted with certainty.

Methods
From 1992 to 2003, 5018 patients with thyroid nodules underwent thyroid surgery. A retrospective analysis of preoperative increased calcitonin levels in 67 of these patients was performed.

Results
Pathology revealed medullary carcinoma in 16 patients (group I), micromedullary carcinoma in 13 (group II) and no medullary carcinoma in 38 (group III). In group III, 30 patients had C-cell hyperplasia. The mean basal calcitonin level was 6250 pg/ml in group I (39–62 500), 109·6 pg/ml in group II (10–728) and 25·5 pg/ml in group III (10·5–145). The mean pentagastrin-stimulated calcitonin level was 1074·1 pg/ml in group II (26–5700) and 67·6 pg/ml in group III (10–205).

Conclusion
There is an overlap of thyroid C-cell pathology for medullary carcinoma, micromedullary carcinoma and C-cell hyperplasia that occurs when basal calcitonin is between 10 and 145 pg/ml and pentagastrin-stimulated calcitonin between 10 and 205 pg/ml. In these patients, since medullary carcinoma cannot be completely excluded, total thyroidectomy should be recommended.
Establishment of mesodermal gene expression patterns in earlyXenopusembryos: The role of repression
Authors: Kurth Thomas , Meissner Stefan , Schäckel Simona , Steinbeisser Herbert 
Published: March 2005

AbstractInXenopus, activin‐like signals are able to induce and pattern mesoderm in a concentration‐dependent manner. Previous experiments demonstrated that discrete gene expression patterns can be formed in animal cap explants as a response to graded activin signals. We analyzed the spatiotemporal appearance ofgoosecoid(gsc),chordin(chd), andXbrachyury(Xbra) mRNAs in wholeXenopusembryos ectopically expressing activin or BVg1. To discriminate between direct transcriptional regulation and indirect, protein synthesis‐dependent effects of ectopic signals, we combined overexpression studies and cycloheximide treatment. Our experiments revealed long‐range signaling of activin/BVg1, but the expression patterns ofgsc,chd, andXbrain response to activin/BVg1 indicated that repressors are essential to establish the proper expression of these genes. Analysis of endogenousgsc,chd, andXbratranscript distribution in embryos treated with cycloheximide supported this concept. We, therefore, conclude that inhibition is fundamental during early embryonic patterning. Developmental Dynamics 233:418–429, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transgenic frogs expressing the highly fluorescent protein venus under the control of a strong mammalian promoter suitable for monitoring living cells
Authors: Sakamaki Kazuhiro , Takagi Chiyo , Yoshino Jun , Yokota Hideo , Nakamura Sakiko , Kominami Katsuya , Hyodo Akiko , Takamune Kazufumi , Yuge Masahiro , Ueno Naoto 
Published: March 2005

AbstractTo easily monitor living cells and organisms, we have created a transgenic Xenopus line expressing Venus, a brighter variant of yellow fluorescent protein, under the control of the CMV enhancer/chicken β‐actin (CAG) promoter. The established line exhibited high fluorescent intensity not only in most tissues of tadpoles to adult frogs but also in germ cells of both sexes, which enabled three‐dimensional imaging of fluorescing organs from images of the serial slices of the transgenic animals. Furthermore, by using this transgenic line, we generated chimeric animals by brain implantation and importantly, we found that the brain grafts survived and expressed Venus in recipients after development, highlighting the boundary between fluorescent and nonfluorescent areas in live animals. Thus, Venus‐expressing transgenic frogs, tadpoles, and embryos would facilitate their use in many applications, including the tracing of the fluorescent cells after tissue/organ transplantation. Developmental Dynamics 233:562–569, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Parallel acquisition techniques for accelerated volumetric interpolated breath‐hold examination magnetic resonance imaging of the upper abdomen: Assessment of image quality and lesion conspicuity
Authors: Vogt Florian M. , Antoch Gerald , Hunold Peter , Maderwald Stefan , Ladd Mark E. , Debatin Jörg F. , Ruehm Stefan G. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the impact of parallel acquisition techniques (PATs) on image quality and detection of liver metastases using three‐dimensional volumetric interpolated breath‐hold examination (VIBE) for clinical liver imaging.Materials and MethodsForty‐nine patients with various primary malignancies underwent abdominal dynamic contrast‐enhanced three‐dimensional VIBE magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (1.5 T) using a standard phased array coil. Recently introduced Generalized Autocalibrating Partially Parallel Acquisition (GRAPPA) and SENSitivity Encoding (mSENSE) PAT reconstruction algorithms were added to reduce scan time twofold. Overall image quality, motion, and aliasing artifacts were classified on a 5‐point scale. Signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) measurements were performed for quantitative comparison. All sequences were evaluated concerning the number of detected lesions.ResultsPAT resulted in a reduction of data acquisition time from 23 to 13 seconds. Both GRAPPA and mSENSE data sets yielded 30% less SNR (34.8 ± 14.1 and 33.1 ± 13.3, P < 0.001) and 35% less CNR (21.2 ± 15.0 and 20.9 ± 12.7, P < 0.05) in comparison to unaccelerated VIBE (SNR = 50.8 ± 20.3/CNR = 32.5 ± 19.1). Similarly, PAT revealed lower‐image‐quality scores than unaccelerated VIBE. GRAPPA resulted in more fold‐over artifacts than mSENSE. mSENSE revealed slightly fewer motion artifacts than no PAT. The unaccelerated late‐venous‐phase VIBE sequence revealed 146 lesions in the same patients. Accelerated images with mSENSE reconstruction detected 138 lesions. GRAPPA revealed 127 lesions, and thus performed inferior to mSENSE.ConclusionAt least for arrays with small numbers of elements, such as arrays used in this study, the PAT‐induced reduction in scanning times must be weighed against compromises in image quality, which translate into poorer diagnostic performance regarding detection of small hepatic lesions. Thus, the PAT implementations tested in this study should probably be reserved for patients unable to hold their breaths for regular three‐dimensional VIBE data sets. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;21:376–382. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of ingestion order of the fat component of a solid meal on intragastric fat distribution and gastric emptying assessed by MRI
Authors: Kunz Patrik , Feinle‐Bisset Christine , Faas Henryk , Boesiger Peter , Fried Michael , Steingötter Andreas , Schwizer Werner 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPurposeTo develop an MRI technique to investigate how varying the ingestion order of nonfat and fat components of a solid meal influences three‐dimensional intragastric distribution and gastric emptying (GE).Materials and MethodsEight healthy subjects were studied twice in randomized order. On one occasion (condition F‐NF), the fat component (40 g mayonnaise on toast) was served before the nonfat component (270 g pasta, 200 g tomato sauce, 100 mL water); on the other (condition NF‐F), the ingestion order was reversed. GE and intragastric distribution of both components were assessed by MRI for 180 minutes.ResultsDuring condition F‐NF, GE of fat was significantly faster than during condition NF‐F (T25 [min]: F‐NF: 20 ± 9; NF‐F: 40 ± 7; P < 0.05), a larger amount of fat was observed in the antrum during condition F‐NF, and more fat layering occurred. No differences were observed in total GE between the two conditions.ConclusionMeal ingestion order influences GE and intragastric distribution of fat, which can be assessed by MRI techniques, providing new insights into the physiology of gastric processing and intragastric distribution of different meal phases. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;21:383–390. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protein secondary structure prediction with dihedral angles
Authors: Wood Matthew J. , Hirst Jonathan D. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWe present DESTRUCT, a new method of protein secondary structure prediction, which achieves a three‐state accuracy (Q3) of 79.4% in a cross‐validated trial on a nonredundant set of 513 proteins. An iterative set of cascade–correlation neural networks is used to predict both secondary structure and ψ dihedral angles, with predicted values enhancing the subsequent iteration. Predictive accuracies of 80.7% and 81.7% are achieved on the CASP4 and CASP5 targets, respectively. Our approach is significantly more accurate than other contemporary methods, due to feedback and a novel combination of structural representations. Proteins 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.