bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
α-Defensin expression during myelopoiesis: identification of cis and trans elements that regulate expression of NP-3 in rat promyelocytes
Authors: Yamamoto Cindy M , Banaiee Niaz , Yount Nannette Y , Patel Bindi , Selsted Michael E 
Published: November 2003

Abstractα-Defensins are antimicrobial peptides that contribute to innate-immune functions of neutrophils and intestinal Paneth cells. Transcription of α-defensin genes occurs early in neutrophilic myelopoeisis. To examine the mechanisms that regulate α-defensin gene expression, we analyzed transcription of rat neutrophil α-defensin NP-3 in D4 cells, a subclone of the promyelocytic cell lne IPC-81. Northern blot analysis showed that D4 cells express fivefold higher levels of α-defensin mRNA than the parental cell line in a manner relatively independent of passage number. Increased levels of steady-state mRNA in D4 cells correlated with markedly elevated peptide levels detected by immunocytochemical staining. To identify the cis-acting DNA elements involved in tissue-specific expression, D4 cells were transfected with luciferase reporter constructs containing NP-3 gene 5′-flanking sequences. Analyses of transfected D4 cells demonstrated that the proximal 87 base pair (bp) sequence contained cis-acting DNA elements necessary for optimal promoter activity. Mutational analyses within the 87-bp region suggested the involvement of the CAAT box and a putative polyoma enhancer-binding protein 2/core-binding factor (PEBP2/CBF) site in defensin gene transcription. Transient transfection analyses using tandem repeats of oligonucleotides containing these sequences demonstrated that proximity of the CAAT box and PEBP2/CBF site was important for defensin promoter activity. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays indicated that PEBP2/CBF or a PEBP2/CBF-related protein was involved in a specific protein-DNA interaction occurring within a DNA fragment containing the CAAT and PEBP2/CBF sequences. These data identify functional trans- and cis-elements that regulate rat defensin gene expression in high defensin-expressing promyelocytic cells.
Reduction in shear stress, activation of the endothelium, and leukocyte priming are all required for leukocyte passage across the blood—retina barrier
Authors: Xu Heping , Manivannan Ayyakkannu , Goatman Keith A , Jiang Hui-Rong , Liversidge Janet , Sharp Peter F , Forrester John V , Crane Isabel J 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe passage of leukocytes across the blood-retina barrier at the early stages of an inflammatory reaction is influenced by a complex series of interactions about which little is known. In particular, the relationship between hydrodynamic factors, such as shear stress and leukocyte velocity, to the adherence and subsequent extravasation of leukocytes into the retina is unclear. We have used a physiological method, scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, to track labeled leukocytes circulating in the retina, followed by confocal microscopy of retinal flatmounts to detect infiltrating cells at the early stage of experimental autoimmune uveitis. This has shown that retinal vessels are subjected to high shear stress under normal circumstances. During the inflammatory reaction, shear stress in retinal veins is reduced 24 h before leukocyte infiltration. This reduction is negatively correlated with leukocyte rolling and sticking in veins and postcapillary venules, the sites of leukocyte extravasation. Activation of vascular endothelial cells is also a prerequisite for leukocyte rolling and infiltration. In addition, antigen priming of leukocytes is influential at the early stage of inflammation, and this is seen clearly in the reduction in rolling velocity and adherence of the primed leukocytes in activated retinal venules, 9 days postimmunization.
Cell surface-anchored SR-PSOX/CXC chemokine ligand 16 mediates firm adhesion of CXC chemokine receptor 6-expressing cells
Authors: Shimaoka Takeshi , Nakayama Takashi , Fukumoto Noriko , Kume Noriaki , Takahashi Shu , Yamaguchi Junko , Minami Manabu , Hayashida Kazutaka , Kita Toru , Ohsumi Jun , Yoshie Osamu , Yoehara Shin 
Published: November 2003

AbstractDirect contacts between dendritic cells (DCs) and T cells or natural killer T (NKT) cells play important roles in primary and secondary immune responses. SR-PSOX/CXC chemokine ligand 16 (CXCL16), which is selectively expressed on DCs and macrophages, is a scavenger receptor for oxidized low-density lipoprotein and also the chemokine ligand for a G protein-coupled receptor CXC chemokine receptor 6 (CXCR6), expressed on activated T cells and NKT cells. SR-PSOX/CXCL16 is the second transmembrane-type chemokine with a chemokine domain fused to a mucin-like stalk, a structure very similar to that of fractalkine (FNK). Here, we demonstrate that SR-PSOX/CXCL16 functions as a cell adhesion molecule for cells expressing CXCR6 in the same manner that FNK functions as a cell adhesion molecule for cells expressing CX3C chemokine receptor 1 (CX3CR1) without requiring CX3CR1-mediated signal transduction or integrin activation. The chemokine domain of SR-PSOX/CXCL16 mediated the adhesion of CXCR6-expressing cells, which was not impaired by treatment with pertussis toxin, a Gαi protein blocker, which inhibited chemotaxis of CXCR6-expressing cells induced by SR-PSOX/CXCL16. Furthermore, the adhesion activity was up-regulated by treatment of SR-PSOX/CXCL16-expressing cells with a metalloprotease inhibitor, which increased surface expression levels of SR-PSOX/CXCL16. Thus, SR-PSOX/CXCL16 is a unique molecule that not only attracts T cells and NKT cells toward DCs but also supports their firm adhesion to DCs.
Generation and processing of pseudo‐shear‐wave data: Theory and case study
Authors: Grechka Vladimir , Dewangan Pawan 
Published: November 2003

Processing of converted (PS) waves currently adopted by the exploration industry is essentially based on resorting the PS data into common‐conversion‐point gathers and using them for velocity analysis. Here, we explore an alternative procedure. Our key idea is to generate the so‐called pseudo‐shear (ΨS) seismograms from the recorded PP and PS traces and run conventional velocity analysis on the reconstructed ΨS data. This results in an effective S‐wave velocity model because our method creates data that possess kinematics of pure shear‐wave primaries. We never deal with such complexities of converted waves as moveout asymmetry, reflection point dispersal, and polarity reversal; therefore, these generally troublesome features become irrelevant. We describe the details of our methodology and examine its behavior both analytically and numerically. We apply the developed processing flow to a four‐component ocean‐bottom cable line acquired in the Gulf of Mexico. Since the obtained stacking velocities of P‐ and ΨS‐waves indicate the presence of effective anisotropy, we proceed with estimating a family of kinematically equivalent vertical transversely isotropic (VTI) velocity models of the subsurface.
Detecting metal objects in magnetic environments using a broadband electromagnetic method
Authors: Huang Haoping , Won I. J. 
Published: November 2003

We analyze the use of the broadband electromagnetic (EM) method in detecting metallic objects, such as unexploded ordnance (UXO), buried in magnetic environments. Magnetic rocks close to the sensor often contribute a larger in‐phase response than does the target at depth, making target detection and identification difficult. On the other hand, magnetic rocks contribute little quadrature response, which gives rise to the concept of using quadrature response and apparent conductivity to detect metallic objects in highly magnetic environments.To test this concept, we employed numeric models, physical experiments, and field studies. A layered half‐space simulated conductive overburden and magnetic basement. Sphere models are used for isolated magnetic rocks and metal targets. The responses of the layered earth, magnetic rocks, and metal objects were added to obtain the approximate total response. We then inverted the EM data into apparent magnetic permeability and conductivity. The EM response at the lowest frequency was used initially to estimate apparent magnetic permeability, which let us calculate the apparent conductivity using the EM data at all frequencies. The simulations and field examples show that broadband EM sensors can detect small metal targets in magnetic environments, mainly by the quadrature component of the responses and the apparent conductivity.
GEM‐2A: A programmable broadband helicopter‐towed electromagnetic sensor
Authors: Won I. J. , Oren Alex , Funak Frank 
Published: November 2003

We present a new helicopter‐towed broadband electromagnetic sensor, GEM‐2A, for mineral prospecting and geologic mapping. The sensor uses one set of transmitter and receiver coils for a multifrequency operation. For a given survey, the user initially specifies a set of operational frequencies in the current bandwidth of 90 Hz to 48 kHz. The transmitter coil then emanates a current waveform that contains all specified frequencies. The duration of this current waveform, called the base period, is typically 1/30 s (a submultiple of local powerline frequency) resulting in an overall data rate at 30 Hz. Receiver channels digitize the secondary field into a time series over a base period, which is then subjected to discrete sine and cosine transforms or convolutions at each transmitted frequency to produce the raw in‐phase and quadrature data. Additional convolutions may be included for passively monitoring environmental noise, including powerline emissions. The entire operation, including the system upload/download and realtime monitoring and communication, is done in Microsoft Windows.The fact that the sensor contains only a single set of coils for the broadband operation provides several unique advantages, some of which include (1) co‐relatable and coherent drift characteristics among frequencies, (2) spectral integrity among frequencies that may be useful for anomaly classification and, possibly, mineral discrimination, (3) tolerance to sferics, (4) tolerance to powerline noise, and (5) light tow body with minimal cockpit hardware suitable for a small helicopter. This paper presents the sensor construction, operation, and data examples.
Effective media: A forward modeling view
Authors: Grechka Vladimir 
Published: November 2003

The existing effective media theories, such as Backus averaging, can be only used in media that possess certain characteristics regarding to concentration, shape, or geometry of their heterogeneities. These limitations originate from necessity of having analytical description of complex stress and strain fields that normally arise in microheterogeneous solids. The need for explicit solutions can be eliminated by computing the stresses and strains numerically. As a result, effective media can be in principle constructed for solids of arbitrary complexity. This simple idea is tested on two 2D models, where conventional analytical effective media theories are likely to break down. The first model is an isotropic layered solid with cracks that intersect the layer interfaces, the second is a layered medium containing random inclusions. In both cases, some differences are observed between the effective stiffness coefficients obtained numerically and those derived using the existing effective media theories. For instance, it is demonstrated that Backus averaging (improperly) applied to horizontal isotropic layers with random inclusions leads to biases in the calculated vertical velocities. Overall, the proposed technique enables us to establish the limits of applicability of conventional effective media theories. It also makes it possible to obtain quantitative estimates of the errors incurred because of violating certain assumptions of a given theory.
Direct Decomposition of NO on Cu-Doped La(Ba)Mn(In)O3 Perovskite Oxide under Coexistence of O2, H2O, and SO2
Authors: Ishihara Tatsumi , Anami Kazuhiro , Takiishi Keiko , Yamada Hiroshi , Nishiguchi Hiroyasu , Takita Yusaku 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
It was found that the substitution of Mn with Cu in La0.7Ba0.3Mn0.8In0.2O3 is effective for increasing activity to NO direct decomposition. NO direct decomposition proceeds on the perovskite oxide of La0.7Ba0.3Mn0.6In0.2Cu0.2O3 under coexistence of O2, H2O, and SO2 at high temperature.
p63 gene analysis in Mexican patients with syndromic and non‐syndromic ectrodactyly
Authors: Berdón‐Zapata V. , Granillo‐Álvarez M. , Valdés‐Flores M. , García‐Ortiz J. E. , Kofman‐Alfaro S. , Zenteno J. C. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractEctrodactyly is a congenital limb malformation that involves a central reduction defect of the hands and/or feet which is frequently associated with other phenotypic abnormalities. The condition appears to be genetically heterogeneous and recently it has been demonstrated that mutations in the p63 gene, a homoiogue of the tumor suppressor gene p53, are the cause of at least four autosomal dominant genetic syndromes which feature ectrodactyly: ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, and facial clefting (EEC), split hand/split foot malformation (SHFM), limb‐mammary syndrome (LMS), and acro‐dermato‐ungual‐lacrimal‐tooth syndrome (ADULT). In this study, genetic analysis of the p63 gene in a group of 13 patients with ectrodactyly (syndromic and isolated) was performed. Four patients with syndromic ectrodactyly had p63 heterozygous point mutations that affect the DNA binding domain of the protein. One of these subjects exhibited the typical features of EEC syndrome as well as ankyloblepharon being, to our knowledge, the first case combining these traits. This finding supports the view of a clinical overlap in this group of autosomal dominant syndromes caused by p63 mutations and demonstrates that there are exceptions in the previously established p63 genotype‐phenotype correlation. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Effects of cessation of immunosuppression on skeleton reconstructed by vascularized bone allograft in rats
Authors: Ikeda Keisuke , Shigetomi Mitsunori , Ihara Koichiro , Tsubone Tetsu , Hashimoto Takahiro , Kawano Hiroo , Sugiyama Toshihiro , Kawai Shinya 
Published: November 2003

AbstractIn the present study, we investigated the effects of cessation of immunosuppression on skeleton reconstructed by vascularized allogenic bone transplantation in a rat tibio–fibula graft model. Twelve‐week‐old male 25 Dark Agouti rats with the major histocompatibility antigen (MHC) RT1a were used as donors and age‐matched male 25 Lewis rats with MHC RT11 were used as recipients. Among them, 20 rats were randomly allocated to 8‐week cyclosporine A (CsA) followed by 8‐week CsA vehicle group or continuous 16‐week CsA group. The remaining 5 rats received CsA for 8 weeks followed by no further treatment for next 40 weeks (long‐term observation group). In the CsA followed by vehicle group as well as the continuous CsA group, the structure of the reconstructed bones was maintained, though the transplanted bones in former group were found to be partly non‐vital. The CsA followed by vehicle group had higher bone mineral density of the transplanted bones and stronger strength of the reconstructed bones than the continuous CsA group. In the long‐term observation group, the structure of the reconstructed bones was still maintained and the transplanted bones were almost vital. These results suggest that long‐term strong immunosuppression may not be necessary for successful reconstruction of large bone defect by vascularized bone allograft. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
The causes and processes of the mid-summer population crash of the potato aphids Macrosiphum euphorbiae and Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Karley A.J. , Pitchford J.W. , Douglas A.E. , Parker W.E. , Howardh J.J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractPopulations of many phloem-feeding aphid species in temperate regions increase exponentially in early summer and then ‘disappear’, usually over a time-scale of a few days, in July. To understand these dynamics, empirical investigation of the causes and modelling of the processes underlying population change are required. Numbers of the aphids Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), monitored over three years in commercial potato fields in the UK, increased to a maximum of 2–2.5 per leaflet on 16 July in 1999 and 2001, and then declined to < 0.25 per leaflet by 26 July. In 2000, aphid numbers remained very low (< 0.25 per leaflet) throughout the season. The onset of the crash in aphid numbers (16–19 July in 1999 and 2001) was consistently associated with changes in the phloem amino acid composition of potato leaflets. Natural enemies, including syrphids, parasitoids, coccinellids, chrysopids and entomopathogenic fungi, increased in abundance throughout the sampling period. The incidence of winged emigrant aphids prior to the crash was low (< 10%). Experimental manipulation during 2001 demonstrated that, during the crash period, the fecundity of aphids (caged on leaves to exclude natural enemies) was depressed by 25–45% relative to earlier in the season, and that presence of natural enemies reduced aphid numbers by up to 68%. Using these data, an excitable medium model was constructed, which provided a robust description of aphid population dynamics in terms of plant development-induced changes in aphid fecundity and temporal change in natural enemy pressure.
Feeding site selection by workers of the Formosan subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) – a re-analysis of field data from a mark–recapture study
Authors: Su N.-Y. , Scherer P.N. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractDuring the early stages of the development of termite baits, dyed paper was placed in specified feeding stations to ascertain whether a slow-acting toxicant could be placed in a few bait stations to be delivered to the entire colony members of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. Feeding frequency data, as measured by the dye concentration in individual termites, suggested the absence of feeding site fidelity. However, these results were often misinterpreted as random movement of termites that were marked and released for population estimate studies, or the random search of food in soil by subterranean termites. A computer simulation program was constructed to re-examine this feeding frequency data, and confirmed the earlier conclusion that the lack of feeding site fidelity was the most likely explanation for the data.
Seasonal variation in the effectiveness of the leaf-feeding beetle Zygogramma bicolorata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and stem-galling moth Epiblema strenuana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) as biocontrol agents on the weed Parthenium hysterophorus (Asteraceae)
Authors: Dhileepan K. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractVariation in the effectiveness of biocontrol agents on the weed Parthenium hysterophorus L. was evaluated at two properties (Mount Panorama and Plain Creek) in Queensland, Australia for four years (1996–2000) using a pesticide exclusion experiment. At Mount Panorama, higher levels of defoliation by the leaf-feeding beetle Zygogramma bicolorata Pallister and galling by the moth Epiblema strenuana Walker in 1996–97 coincided with an above average summer rainfall, but in the following three years with below average summer rainfall the defoliation and galling levels were significantly lower. Biocontrol had significant negative impact on the weed only in 1996–97 with no major impact in the following three years. At Plain Creek, galling by E. strenuana was evident in all the four years, but varied significantly between years due to non-synchrony between P. hysterophorus germination and E. strenuana emergence. At Plain Creek biocontrol had limited impact on the weed in 1996–97 and 1997–98, with no significant impact in the following two years. Over the 4-year period, defoliation and galling resulted in 70% reduction in the soil seed bank at Mount Panorama, but the reduction in the soil seed bank at Plain Creek due to galling was not significant. Effectiveness of Z. bicolorata and E. strenuana was dependent on weather conditions and as a result had only limited impact on the weed in three out of four years.
Effect of temperature on the development of the aquatic stages ofAnopheles gambiaesensu stricto (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Bayoh M.N. , Lindsay S.W. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractGlobal warming may affect the future pattern of many arthropod-borne diseases, yet the relationship between temperature and development has been poorly described for many key vectors. Here the development of the aquatic stages of Africa's principal malaria vector,Anopheles gambiaes.s. Giles, is described at different temperatures. Development time from egg to adult was measured under laboratory conditions at constant temperatures between 10 and 40°C. Rate of development from one immature stage to the next increased at higher temperatures to a peak around 28°C and then declined. Adult development rate was greatest between 28 and 32°C, although adult emergence was highest between 22 and 26°C. No adults emerged below 18°C or above 34°C. Non-linear models were used to describe the relationship between developmental rate and temperature, which could be used for developing process-based models of malaria transmission. The utility of these findings is demonstrated by showing that a map where the climate is suitable for the development of aquatic stages ofA. gambiaes.s. corresponded closely with the best map of malaria risk currently available for Africa.
Multiple drug use: patterns and practices of heroin and crack use in a population of opiate addicts in treatment
Authors: BESWICK TRACY , BEST DAVID , REES SIAN , COOMBER ROSS , GOSSOP MICHAEL , STRANG JOHN 
Published: November 2003

AbstractOne hundred and sixteen opiate addicts attending treatment services in south London were interviewed about their drug use patterns. In the month before interview, 90% reported heroin use, while 60% had used crack cocaine and 58% alcohol. In the same period, 70% of participants reported multiple drug use, particularly concurrent heroin and crack cocaine use. Of the patients who reported using other drugs with heroin, two‐third used crack cocaine, 11% diazepam, 9% methadone and 8% cocaine powder. Twenty‐six per cent of crack users sample had injected crack cocaine, which provides confirmation of the increasing prevalence of this recent trend in studies using similar samples. Male participants were significantly more likely to use benzodiazepines with heroin, while women were more likely to use crack alongside heroin (and used larger quantities). These findings have implications for the treatment and management of multiple drug users, for whom opiates may be only a part of their drug‐using repertoire.