bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exhumation, doming and slab retreat in the Betic Cordillera (SE Spain):in situ40Ar/39Ar ages andP–T–d–tpaths for the Nevado‐Filabride complex
Authors: AUGIER R. , AGARD P. , MONIÉ P. , JOLIVET L. , ROBIN C. , BOOTH‐REA G. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe combination of metamorphic petrology tools andin situlaser40Ar/39Ar dating on phengite (linking time of growth, compositions andP–Tconditions) enables us to identify a detailedP–T–d–tpath for the still debated tectonometamorphic evolution of the Nevado‐Filabride complex and infer new geodynamic‐scale constraints. Our data show an isothermal decompression (at 550 °C) from 20 kbar for the Bédar‐Macael unit and 14 kbar for the Calar Alto unit down toc.3–4 kbar for both units at 2.8 mm year−1. At 22–18 Ma, this first part of the exhumation is followed by a final exhumation at 0.6 mm year−1along a high‐temperature low‐pressure (HTLP) gradient ofc. 60 °C km−1. The age of the peak of pressure is not precisely known but it is shown that it is around 30 Ma and possibly older, which is at variance with recent models suggesting a younger age for high‐pressure (HP) metamorphism. Most of the exhumation is related to late‐orogenic extension fromc. 30 to 22–18 Ma. Thus the formation of the main ductile extensional shear zone, the Filabres Shear Zone (FSZ), occurred at 22–18 Ma and is clearly associated with a top‐to‐the‐west shear sense once the FSZ is well localized. The transition from ductile to brittle then occurred atc. 14 Ma. The final exhumation, accommodated by brittle deformation, occurred fromc. 14 to 9 Ma and was accompanied, from 12 to 8 Ma, by the formation of nearby extensional basins. The duration of the extensional process isc.20 Myr which argues in favour of a progressive slab retreat fromc. 30 to 9 Ma. The change in the shape of theP–Tpath at 22–18 Ma together with strain localization along the main top‐to‐the‐west shear zone suggests that this date corresponds to a change in the direction of slab retreat from southwards to westwards.
Thermal gradients in the Sri Lankan granulite terrane: a garnet–biotite thermometric approach
Authors: SAJEEV K. , OSANAI Y. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThermal zoning of the Highland Complex, Sri Lanka has been delineated using the Fe2+–Mg distribution coefficient between garnet and biotite from garnet–biotite gneiss samples collected with wide geographical distribution. In order to minimize the potential for retrograde Fe–Mg exchange and maximize the potential for retaining peak equilibrium KD (garnet–biotite) and temperature, garnet and biotite included within feldspar and quartz without other mineral inclusions have been selected. The calculated results indicate four distinct temperature contours with KD values varying from 1.84 to 6.38 and temperature varying from 996 to 591 °C. From the present results, it is possible to divide the Highland Complex into two major metamorphic zones: a high‐temperature area in the central region and a low‐temperature area in the south‐western and north‐eastern region. In conjunction with the metamorphic pressure variations estimated from the granulites of the Highland Complex in previous studies, it is shown that the high‐ and low‐temperature areas are complemented by a high‐pressure region towards the eastern side and a low‐pressure region towards the western side of this complex. This thermal dome is interpreted to be an artifact of the different crustal levels exhumed following Pan‐African metamorphism.
Five generations of monazite in Langtang gneisses: implications for chronology of the Himalayan metamorphic core
Authors: KOHN M. J. , WIELAND M. S. , PARKINSON C. D. , UPRETI B. N. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractMonazite grains from Greater Himalayan Sequence gneisses, Langtang valley, Nepal, were chemically mapped and then dated in situ via Th–Pb ion‐microprobe analysis. Correlation of ages and chemistry reveals at least five different generations of monazite, ranging from c. 9 to >300 Ma. Petrological models of monazite chemistry provide a link between these generations and the thermal evolution of these rocks, yielding an age for the melting of Greater Himalayan rocks within the Main Central Thrust sheet (c. 16 Ma), and for the timing of thrust sheet emplacement that are younger than commonly viewed. Chemical characterization of monazite is vital prior to chronological microanalysis, and many ages previously reported for monazite from the Greater Himalayan Sequence are interpretationally ambiguous.
Y‐chromosome Lineages from Portugal, Madeira and Açores Record Elements of Sephardim and Berber Ancestry
Authors: Gonçalves Rita , Freitas Ana , Branco Marta , Rosa Alexandra , Fernandes Ana T. , Zhivotovsky Lev A. , Underhill Peter A. , Kivisild Toomas , Brehm António 
Published: July 2005

SummaryA total of 553 Y‐chromosomes were analyzed from mainland Portugal and the North Atlantic Archipelagos of Açores and Madeira, in order to characterize the genetic composition of their male gene pool. A large majority (78–83% of each population) of the male lineages could be classified as belonging to three basic Y chromosomal haplogroups, R1b, J, and E3b. While R1b, accounting for more than half of the lineages in any of the Portuguese sub‐populations, is a characteristic marker of many different West European populations, haplogroups J and E3b consist of lineages that are typical of the circum‐Mediterranean region or even East Africa. The highly diverse haplogroup E3b in Portuguese likely combines sub‐clades of distinct origins. The present composition of the Y chromosomes in Portugal in this haplogroup likely reflects a pre‐Arab component shared with North African populations or testifies, at least in part, to the influence of Sephardic Jews. In contrast to the marginally low sub‐Saharan African Y chromosome component in Portuguese, such lineages have been detected at a moderately high frequency in our previous survey of mtDNA from the same samples, indicating the presence of sex‐related gene flow, most likely mediated by the Atlantic slave trade.
G Protein β3 Subunit Gene Variants and Essential Hypertension in the Northern Chinese Han Population
Authors: Li Biao , Ge Dongliang , Wang Yuelan , Zhao Weiyan , Zhou Xiaoyang , Gu Dongfeng , Chen Runsheng 
Published: July 2005

SummaryRecently a novel C825T polymorphism in the G protein β3 subunit gene was identified that showed an association with hypertension in a German population; the results of studies in other populations have been inconsistent. To examine the contribution of GNB3 polymorphisms to the development of hypertension in the northern Chinese Han population, we conducted a case‐control study consisting of 501 hypertensive cases and 503 controls using the G(‐350)A, C825T and C1429T polymorphisms. Genotypes of samples were determined by PCR and restriction digestion. Single locus analysis showed a significant association between G(‐350)A and hypertension (P = 0.01) but no association for C825T or C1429T. The three polymorphisms were in tight linkage disequilibrium (D′=−1 for G(‐350)A‐C825T, D′= 0.92 for C825T‐C1429T) and a total of 7 haplotypes were observed in the entire population. Haplotype A‐C‐C was found to be significantly related to hypertension (P = 0.032) and A‐C‐C carriers had a more than two‐fold higher risk of hypertension than non‐carriers, after adjustment for BMI and glucose. In conclusion, our study suggests that G(‐350)A is a potential functional polymorphism that may be related to hypertension, whereas the C825T and C1429T polymorphisms are not associated with hypertension in the northern Chinese Han population.
Nail Patella Syndrome Revisited: 50 Years After Linkage
Authors: McIntosh I. , Dunston J. A. , Liu L. , Hoover‐Fong J. E. , Sweeney E. 
Published: July 2005

SummaryNail Patella Syndrome (NPS; OMIM #161200) is a pleiotropic condition, with a classical clinical tetrad of involvement of the nails, knees, elbows and the presence of iliac horns. Kidney disease and glaucoma are now recognised as part of the syndrome. Fifty years ago, James Renwick chose NPS to develop methods of linkage analysis in humans and revealed the third linkage group identified in man – that between NPS and the ABO blood group loci. After a fallow period of some forty years, the gene mutated in NPS has been identified (LMX1B) and the condition serves as a model for understanding the complex relationships between disease loci, modifier genes and the resultant clinical phenotype.
Ultraviolet A exposure might increase metastasis of mouse melanoma: a pilot study
Authors: Pastila Riikka , Leszczynski Dariusz 
Published: July 2005

Background: The major sources of long‐wave ultraviolet A radiation (UVA; 320–400 nm) exposure are extensive sunbathing and tanning in solaria. While the carcinogenic effects of mid‐wave ultraviolet B radiation (UVB; 280–320 nm) are well recognized, the potentially hazardous effects of UVA are less understood. Several studies have shown that a variety of physiological processes in the cell are modified by UVA exposure, some of which might be involved in the regulation of tumor metastasis. In this study we suggest that UVA radiation could lead to the increase of metastatic capability of melanoma cells in mice.Method/result: A pilot in vivo study was executed using C57BL/6 mice and syngeneic B16 melanoma cell lines. Mice were intravenously (i.v.) injected with either B16‐F1 or B16‐F10 melanoma cells into the tail vein and then immediately exposed to UVA. Fourteen days after melanoma injection, lungs were collected and the quantity and quality of metastases were determined under a dissecting microscope. As an outcome of the pilot study we observed that i.v. injected melanoma cells formed more lung metastases in the UVA‐exposed mice in comparison with the control mice.Conclusion: This result suggests that the UVA exposure of mice, with melanoma cells present in blood circulation, increases the formation of melanoma metastases in lungs. Further studies should determine whether a similar pro‐metastatic effect, as observed in mice, could occur in humans and whether other than melanoma tumors might be susceptible.
The effects of heating and cooling on ultraviolet radiation‐induced erythema and pigmentation in human skin
Authors: Youn Choon Shik , Kwon Oh Sang , Hwang Eun Ju , Jo Seong Jin , Lee Min Jeong , Lee Hyun Seung , Chung Jin Ho 
Published: July 2005

Background/Purpose: As most biochemical systems are affected by temperature, thermal changes before or after ultraviolet (UV) irradiation could influence skin vascular blood flow changes and inflammatory responses. In this study, our aim was to investigate the influence of thermal changes on UV‐induced acute skin reactions, namely, erythema and pigmentation.Methods: Our volunteers consisted of 10 males, with ages ranging from 22 to 24 years and with Fitzpatrick's skin type III or IV. Skin temperatures were changed with a 45°C heating pad or by ice pack application before or after UV irradiation (control, 1 minimal erythema dose (MED), 2 MED) and then changes in erythema and pigmentation were measured by a Minolta Spectrophotometer CM‐2002.Results: The present study demonstrates that both heating and cooling increase skin erythema and reduce pigmentation, and that the timing of heating and cooling influences the UV‐induced skin reaction. Pre‐heating and post‐cooling groups showed more UV‐induced erythema than the post‐heating and pre‐cooling groups, respectively.Conclusion: Our results indicate that alteration of skin surface temperature could modulate UV‐induced erythema and pigmentation responses.
Biophysical, histological and biochemical changes after non‐ablative treatments with the 595 and 1320 nm lasers: a comparative study
Authors: Dang Yongyan , Ren Qiushi , Hoecker Sabine , Liu Huaxu , Ma Jingbo , Zhang Jinsheng 
Published: July 2005

Background/Purpose: The objective was to compare the efficiencies of the 595 nm pulsed dye and the 1320 nm Nd : YAG laser non‐ablative rejuvenation.Methods: KM mice were irradiated with the 595 nm pulsed dye and the 1320 nm Nd : YAG lasers. Histological changes were evaluated immediately, 1, 7, 21, 30 and 60 days after the two laser treatments. Skin hydration and hydroxyproline content were measured to quantify the degree of improvement of the skin's water‐holding capacity and the rate of hydroxyproline synthesis.Results: Although not statistically significant, the 1320 nm Nd : YAG laser treatment induced 9.7% greater improvement of skin hydration than the 595 nm laser while the 595 nm pulsed dye laser treatment led to a thicker dermis and 8.7% greater increase of hydroxyproline than the 1320 nm laser. More than 50% increase of collagen type I was observed in 75% of 595 nm laser‐treated sites and 42% of 1320 nm laser‐treated sites, and more than 25% increase of collagen type III was observed in 75% of 595 nm laser‐treated sites and 50% of 1320 nm laser‐treated sites. The 595 nm laser treatment was better in increasing the amount of collagen fibers, especially collagen type I (P<0.05).Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that the 595 nm laser appeared to be more effective in increasing new collagen formation, while the 1320 nm laser was superior to the 595 nm laser in improving the skin's water‐holding capacity.
Soluble tumor necrosis factor α receptor type 1 in psoriasis patients treated with narrowband ultraviolet B
Authors: Serwin Agnieszka Beata , Sokolowska Marianna , Chodynicka Bozena 
Published: July 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of narrowband ultraviolet (NB‐UVB) therapy on the serum concentration of soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (sTNF‐R1) in psoriasis patients.Methods: Twenty‐seven patients received NB‐UVB therapy three to five times a week for 4 weeks. The assessment of skin lesions using psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) and serum concentration of sTNF‐R1 was performed at the baseline, at 2, 4 and 4 weeks after treatment cessation. The sera of healthy subject were used as controls.Results: The baseline PASI was 13.56±5.71, sTNF‐R1 concentration was 1.89±0.43 ng/ml in patients and 1.48±0.30 ng/ml in controls (P<0.05). The baseline PASI correlated to sTNF‐R1 (r=0.52, P<0.05). The decline in concentrations of sTNF‐R1 paralleled the decline of PASI achieved during therapy but still exceeded control values.Conclusion: The results of the study confirm the role of sTNF‐R1 as a marker of psoriasis severity and efficacy of treatment. They also suggest that NB‐UVB influences the serum level of sTNF‐R1.
Changes in the awareness of oral health among new students newly enrolled at the University of Tokyo over the past 15 years
Authors: Hikiji H , Koshikiya N , Fujihara H , Hatano N , Matsuzaki M , Matsuzaki A , Ohki M , Susami T , Takato T , Toyo‐oka T 
Published: July 2005

Abstract:Objective:  The aim of this study was to examine changes in awareness of oral health among Japanese university students.Methods:  Between 1990 and 2004, a total of 51 650 students newly enrolled at the University of Tokyo responded to an annual written questionnaire on oral health.Results:  (i) Approximately 60% of the students brushed their teeth twice a day. Female students brushed more frequently than male students. (ii) The percentage of students who brushed for 2–3 min per time decreased, while the percentage who brushed four or more minutes increased. (iii) The number of students who had learned how to brush properly increased. This trend was particularly clear‐cut among male students, although the proportion of female students who had learned to brush properly remained higher than that of male students. (iv) The percentage of female students who sought treatment for malocclusion was higher than that of male students. The percentage of students who underwent orthodontic treatment increased from 11.6 to 19.7%. The percentage of female students who received orthodontic treatment was approximately twofold that of male students. (v) The percentage of students who had temporomandibular disorders was 0.7% in males and 1.5% in females. (vi) More than 40% of the students had periodontal diseases, with a higher prevalence among male students than female students. (vii) Approximately 20% of the students wanted to consult our service centre.Conclusions:  The awareness of oral health among new undergraduates at the University of Tokyo has improved over the past 15 years.
Use of miswak versus toothbrushes: oral health beliefs and behaviours among a sample of Jordanian adults
Authors: Tubaishat RS , Darby ML , Bauman DB , Box CE 
Published: July 2005

Abstract:Objective:  This descriptive survey aimed at determining the perceived relationship among miswak, the toothbrush, and toothbrush‐plus‐miswak usage on oral health beliefs and behaviours of Jordanian adults, 18–60 years old, seeking dental care in the city of Irbid, northern Jordan.Methods:  Patients (n = 138) voluntarily completed a self‐designed questionnaire prior to their dental appointments at public and private clinics.Results:  Overall, the level of oral health knowledge was low; of 71 people who attempted to define dental plaque, only 26% knew the meaning of dental plaque. While 12% have never been to a dentist, and 12% visit the dentist on a regular basis, the majority (63.2%) of the respondents reported that they visit the dentist only when they have pain. The majority (72%) use the toothbrush, 20.5% use the toothbrush‐plus‐miswak and only 3% use miswak alone. Toothbrush users believe that using the toothbrush‐plus‐miswak is most effective in reducing mouth debris (χ2 = 32.069, d.f. = 16, P = 0.01); and level of education is significantly associated with the type of oral cleaning device used (χ2 = 25.817, d.f. = 12, P = 0.05). There was no significant difference between toothbrush users and toothbrush‐plus‐miswak users in terms of how they perceive their oral health status. About 19% of the study participants use dental floss, 60.9% use mouth rinses and 8.3% use inter‐dental brushes. Educated people (baccalaureate or associate degrees) tended to use toothbrushes and toothbrush‐plus‐miswak. The toothbrush‐plus‐miswak users are most likely to spend 1–2 min each day cleaning their teeth (χ2 = 34.9, d.f. = 20, P = 0.02) than those using other devices. Respondents who use the toothbrush are most likely to visit the dentist when they have pain (χ2 = 34.02, d.f. = 12, P = 0.00) than those using other devices.Conclusion:  The oral health awareness level among Jordanian adults is poor and needs to be improved. Evidence‐based and community‐based dental health education and a philosophical change from disease‐oriented and pain management care to primary preventive care are highly recommended for the Jordanian population.
Temporal Changes in the Vertical Distribution of Flow and Chloride in Deep Wells
Authors: Izbicki John A. , Christensen Allen H. , Newhouse Mark W. , Smith Gregory A. , Hanson Randall T. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe combination of flowmeter and depth‐dependent water‐quality data was used to evaluate the quantity and source of high‐chloride water yielded from different depths to eight production wells in the Pleasant Valley area of southern California. The wells were screened from 117 to 437 m below land surface, and in most cases, flow from the aquifer into the wells was not uniformly distributed throughout the well screen. Wells having as little as 6 m of screen in the overlying upper aquifer system yielded as much as 50% of their water from the upper system during drought periods, while the deeper parts of the well screens yielded 15% or less of the total yield of the wells. Mixing of water within wells during pumping degraded higher‐quality water with poorer‐quality water from deeper depths, and in some cases with poorer‐quality water from the overlying upper aquifer system. Changes in the mixture of water within a well, resulting from changes in the distribution of flow into the well, changed the quality of water from the surface discharge of wells over time. The combination of flowmeter and depth‐dependent water quality data yielded information about sources of high‐chloride water to wells that was not available on the basis of samples collected from nearby observation wells. Changing well design to eliminate small quantities of poor‐quality water from deeper parts of the well may improve the quality of water from some wells without greatly reducing well yield.
Carbon Biogeochemistry of Ground Water, Guiyang, Southwest China
Authors: Li Si‐Liang , Liu Cong‐Qiang , Tao Fa‐Xiang , Lang Yun‐Chao , Han Gui‐Lin 
Published: July 2005

AbstractVariations in the concentrations and isotopic compositions (δ13CDIC) of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) reflect contamination and biogeochemical cycling of the carbon in ground water. In order to understand contamination and biogeochemical cycling of DIC, we carried out research on the geochemistry of ground water of Guiyang, the capital city of Guizhou Province, China. Results show that ground water is mainly characterized by SO4·HCO3‐Ca·Mg and HCO3‐Ca·Mg chemical compositions. The hydrochemical characteristics of these types of water are mainly controlled by lithology of the aquifers. HCO3− is the dominant species of DIC in ground water and has lower concentrations and more negative values of δ13CDIC in the high‐flow (summer monsoon) season, as compared to the low‐flow season. This indicates that DIC is relatively enriched in carbon of biological origin in the high‐flow season as compared to the low‐flow season and that biological activities are the predominant control on shifts of stable carbon isotope values. The evidence that the δ13CDIC values of ground water decrease with increasing concentrations of anthropogenic species shows that the carbon isotopic composition of DIC can be a useful tracer of contamination, in addition to biogeochemical cycling of inorganic carbon in ground water. Results from this study show that ground water is impacted by significant levels of contamination from human activities, especially in the urban areas, as well as the northeast and west suburbs, in Guiyang city, southwest China.
Implications of Ground Water Chemistry and Flow Patterns for Earthquake Studies
Authors: Guangcai Wang , Zuochen Zhang , Min Wang , Cravotta Charles A. , Chenglong Liu 
Published: July 2005

AbstractGround water can facilitate earthquake development and respond physically and chemically to tectonism. Thus, an understanding of ground water circulation in seismically active regions is important for earthquake prediction. To investigate the roles of ground water in the development and prediction of earthquakes, geological and hydrogeological monitoring was conducted in a seismogenic area in the Yanhuai Basin, China. This study used isotopic and hydrogeochemical methods to characterize ground water samples from six hot springs and two cold springs. The hydrochemical data and associated geological and geophysical data were used to identify possible relations between ground water circulation and seismically active structural features. The data for δ18O, δD, tritium, and14C indicate ground water from hot springs is of meteoric origin with subsurface residence times of 50 to 30,320 years. The reservoir temperature and circulation depths of the hot ground water are 57°C to 160°C and 1600 to 5000 m, respectively, as estimated by quartz and chalcedony geothermometers and the geothermal gradient. Various possible origins of noble gases dissolved in the ground water also were evaluated, indicating mantle and deep crust sources consistent with tectonically active segments. A hard intercalated stratum, where small to moderate earthquakes frequently originate, is present between a deep (10 to 20 km), high–electrical conductivity layer and the zone of active ground water circulation. The ground water anomalies are closely related to the structural peculiarity of each monitoring point. These results could have implications for ground water and seismic studies in other seismogenic areas.