bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electroconvulsive Therapy In Late-Life Depression
Authors: Sackeim Harold A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has a special role in the treatment of late-life depression and other psychiatric conditions in the elderly. Compared to those receiving pharmacological treatments, the elderly constitute an especially high proportion of those who receive ECT. For example, a survey of practice in California between 1977 and 1983 indicated that the probability of receiving ECT increased markedly with patient age. While 1.12 persons per 10,000 in the general adult population were treated with ECT, this rate was 3.86 persons per 10,000 people aged 65 years and above (Kramer, 1985). Across diagnoses, Figure 21.1 presents the number of patients treated with ECT in California between 1989 and 1994 as a function of age. (Data for 1993 were not available.) The use of ECT was constant over this period, and the high representation of elderly patients is noteworthy. Similarly, a national survey of inpatient psychiatric facilities conducted by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) indicated that patients aged 61 and older comprised the largest age group receiving ECT (Thompson and Blaine, 1987). In this survey, overall use of ECT had declined substantially in a comparison between the years 1975 and 1980. However, there was no change in the rate of use for inpatients aged 61 years and above. In a follow-up NIMH national survey, Thompson et al. (1994) reported that the use of ECT increased somewhat between 1980 and 1986. Hospital type and age were particularly strong predictors of the use of this modality. Electroconvulsive therapy was far more commonly administered in private general and psychiatric hospitals than in hospitals in the public sector. Individuals aged 65 and older received ECT at a higher rate than persons in any other age group. Indeed, as Figure 21.2 shows, the overall increase in the use of ECT between 1980 and 1986 was fully attributable to its greater use in elderly patients. The national estimate in 1986 was that 15.6% of inpatients with mood disorders received ECT if they were 65 years of age or older, while the rate was only 3.4% among younger inpatients with mood disorder.
The Color of Housing
Authors: Guglielmo Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the fall of 1942, many Near North Side Chicagoans had reason to rejoice. Long considered one of the city’s worst slums, the neighborhood now boasted the Frances Cabrini Homes, a new, state-of-the-art housing project, with sunny apartments and modern kitchens. Not everyone was so excited, however. Initially, thinking the Homes would revitalize the crumbling neighborhood, Father Luigi Giambastiani, long-time pastor of the nearby St. Philip Benizi Church, had grown increasingly bitter about the project in these months. In a letter to the Chicago Housing Authority, he explained why: “The cohabitation or quasi-cohabitation of Negro and White hurts the feelings and traditions of the White people of this community. . . . You know neither you, nor I, would cherish the idea of living next door to a neighbor from whom nature, tradition and culture have segregated us. By this cohabitation, the Negroes might be uplifted but the Whites, by the very laws of environment feel that they will be lowered.”
South Africa in World History
Authors: Berger Iris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume begins in the early centuries of the Common Era with the various groups of people who had settled in southern Africa.. Stone Age foragers, farmers with iron technology, and pastoralists all interacted to create a complex society before Europeans arrived. In the seventeenth century, Dutch settlers developed a colonial society based on the menial labor of indigenous inhabitants of the Cape and slaves imported from the East Indies and other parts of Africa. British conquest in the early nineteenth century brought an end to slavery, as well as new forms of colonial domination, tension between the British and the original Dutch settlers, armed struggle between expanding European communities and Africans (including the highly militarized Zulu kingdom), and intensive missionary activity that transformed many African societies. The discovery of diamonds and gold in the late nineteenth century brought industrialization based on migrant labor, new clashes between British and Africaaners, the final conquest of African societies, and new European migrants. During the twentieth-century, despite further economic development, African communities were increasingly impoverished. New forms of racial domination lead to the implementation of apartheid in 1948 and heightened political organizing among both African and Africaaner nationalists. The intensification of resistance in the 1970s and ‘80s coupled with drastic changes in the international balance of power brought an end to the apartheid state in 1994 and an intensified struggle to overcome apartheid’s economic and political legacy by building a new nonracial society. The book emphasizes social and cultural history, focusing on people’s interactions and identities according to race, class, gender, religion and ethnicity. It also addresses changes in literature (both oral and written), music, and the arts and draws on the extensive biographical and autobiographical literature to provide a personal focus for the discussion of major themes. While this emphasis reflects dominant trends in historical scholarship for the past two decades, it also includes recent material on environmental history and relationships between African Americans and South Africans. Where relevant, it highlights comparisons between South African and U.S. history.
Working Together
Authors: Estlund Cynthia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The typical workplace is a hotbed of human relationships--of friendships, conflicts, feuds, alliances, partnerships, coexistence and cooperation. Here, problems are solved, progress is made, and rifts are mended because they need to be - because the work has to get done. And it has to get done among increasingly diverse groups of co-workers. At a time when communal ties in American society are increasingly frayed and segregation persists, the workplace is more than ever the site where Americans from different ethnic, religious, and racial backgrounds meet and forge serviceable and sometimes lasting bonds. What do these highly structured workplace relationships mean for a society still divided by gender and race? Structure and rules are, in fact, central to the answer. Workplace interactions are constrained by economic power and necessity, and often by legal regulation. They exist far from the civic ideal of free and equal citizens voluntarily associating for shared ends. Yet it is the very involuntariness of these interactions that helps to make the often-troubled project of racial integration comparatively successful at work. People can be forced to get along-not without friction, but often with surprising success. This highly original exploration of the paradoxical nature--and the paramount importance--of workplace bonds concludes with concrete suggestions for how law can further realize the democratic possibilities of working together. In linking workplace integration and connectedness beyond work, Estlund suggests a novel and promising strategy for addressing the most profound challenges facing American society.
Mergers And Acquisitions in Banking and Finance
Authors: Walter Ingo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is intended to lay out, in a clear and intuitive as well as comprehensive way, what we know - or think we know - about mergers and acquisitions in the financial services sector. It evaluates their underlying drivers, factual evidence as to whether or not the basic economic concepts and strategic precepts are correct. It looks closely at the managerial dimensions in terms of the efficacy of merger implementation, notably the merger integration process. The focus is on enhancing shareholder value creation and the execution of strategies for the successful management of mergers. It also has a strong public-policy component in this "special" industry where successes can pay dividends and failures can cause serious problems that reach well beyond the financial services industry itself. The financial services sector is about halfway through one of the most dramatic periods of restructuring ever undergone by a major global industry. The impact of the restructuring has carried well beyond shareholders of the firms and involved into the domain of regulation and public policy as well as global competitive performance and economic growth. Financial services are a center of gravity of economic restructuring activity. M A transactions in the financial sector comprise a surprisingly large share of the value of merger activity worldwide -- including only deals valued in excess of $100 million, during the period 1985-2000 there were approximately 233,700 M A transactions worldwide in all industries, for a total volume of $15.8 trillion. Of this total, there were 166,200 mergers in the financial services industry (49.7%), valued at $8.5 trillion (54%). In all of restructuring frenzy, the financial sector has probably had far more than its share of strategic transactions that have failed or performed far below potential because of mistakes in basic strategy or mistakes in post-merger integration. It has also had its share of rousing successes. This book considers the key managerial issues, focusing on M A transactions as a key tool of business strategy - "doing the right thing" to augment shareholder value. But in addition, the degree of integration required and the historic development of integration capabilities on the part of the acquiring firm, disruptions in human resources and firm leadership, cultural issues, timeliness of decision-making and interface management have co-equal importance - "doing it right."
Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest
Authors: Restall Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Here is an intriguing exploration of the ways in which the history of the Spanish Conquest has been misread and passed down to become popular knowledge of these events. The book offers a fresh account of the activities of the best-known conquistadors and explorers, including Columbus, Cortés, and Pizarro. Using a wide array of sources, historian Matthew Restall highlights seven key myths, uncovering the source of the inaccuracies and exploding the fallacies and misconceptions behind each myth. This vividly written and authoritative book shows, for instance, that native Americans did not take the conquistadors for gods and that small numbers of vastly outnumbered Spaniards did not bring down great empires with stunning rapidity. We discover that Columbus was correctly seen in his lifetime--and for decades after--as a briefly fortunate but unexceptional participant in efforts involving many southern Europeans. It was only much later that Columbus was portrayed as a great man who fought against the ignorance of his age to discover the new world. Restall also shows that the Spanish Conquest relied heavily on black and native allies, who provided many thousands of fighters, vastly outnumbering the conquistadors. In fact, the native perception of the Conquest differed sharply from the Spanish version--they saw it as a native civil war in which the Spaniards played an important but secondary role. The Conquest, Restall shows, was more complex--and more fascinating--than conventional histories have portrayed it. Seven Myths of the Spanish Conquest offers a richer and more nuanced account of a key event in the history of the Americas.
Lost Boundaries: Race, Blood, and Bodies
Authors: Lederer Susan E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1949 “social message” film Lost Boundaries, Scott Carter, a Negro physician, his wife, and children pass for white in a New Hampshire town. When the physician seeks to enlist during World War II, his request for a commission is rejected when his old college records reveal his Negro blood. Before this revelation, in a dramatic scene in the film, a nurse holds a bottle of blood. When someone mentions “Negro blood,” she drops the bottle, it crashes to the floor and the blood splashes over the white hospital tiles. Lost Boundaries was based on a “true story.”
Feeding Problems Of The Child With Special Health-Care Needs
Authors: Cloud Harriet , Ekvall, Shirley W , Hicks Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The nutritional health of an infant or child is determined by adequate intake of either food or other nutritional products by feeding and/or eating. The amount of food intake depends, in turn, on the infant’s ability to suckle, suck, progress to the cup and solid food, and eventually self-feed the recommended mix of protein, fat, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and water. Infants and children with special health-care needs are frequently at risk for feeding problems that impact on their growth, energy needs, and immunity to disease. Other consequences of feeding problems include anemia, vitamin and mineral deficiencies, dental caries, developmental delays, and psychosocial problems. Feeding problems have been defined as the inability or refusal to eat certain foods because of neuromotor dysfunction, obstructive lesions, and/or psychosocial factors. Problems generally are classified as oral-motor, positioning, and behavioral. Feeding problems are frequently found in infants and children with cerebral palsy, cleft lip and palate, Down syndrome, seizures, spina bifida, prematurity, Prader-Willi syndrome, hypotonia, and other chronic medical disorders.1 Feeding problems should be assessed with an understanding of the normal development of feeding and the physical makeup of the mouth and pharynx.
Human Malformations and Related Anomalies
Authors: Stevenson Roger E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Malformations result from pathologic processes during the embryonic period. The pathologic processes may be in- born, extrinsic, or some combination of the two. There is a narrow period of vulnerability during which developmental processes may be affected adversely, since most human body structures are formed between the second and the eighth weeks of development. Some organs, such as the brain, continue to develop throughout fetal life and even after birth. The small period of vulnerability notwithstanding, a remarkably large number of conceptuses, per- haps the majority, fall victim to disturbances in normal develop- mental processes.
Female Genital System
Authors: Burke Leah W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The genetic sex of an individual is determined at fertilization. However, the development of the reproductive tract and its identity as male or female continues throughout gestation, and indeed through prepubertal, life. The reproductive tract includes the gonads, the ductal structures, and the external genitalia. The primordial cells of the ducts and gonads have their origin in the tissues of the intermediate mesoderm that forms during gastru- lation. Several homeobox-containing gene transcription factors (Lim1, Lhx9, and Emx2) are expressed during gastrulation in the visceral and lateral folds that form the intermediate mesoderm. Following the development of the urogenital ridge, gonaddetermining genes act to differentiate the bipotential cells into the gonads and ducts of the reproductive tract.
“Japanese Female Speech” and Language Policy in the World War II Era
Authors: Washi Rumi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Language evolves naturally over the course of human communication. However, certain aspects of language are molded artificially. France and Germany provide classic examples of the artificial modification of language: each, in the course of building a nation-state, established its own national tongue purified through the elimination of dialectal elements and foreign loanwords. A similar process began in Japan at the end of the nineteenth century, when developments in Germany and the rest of Europe were followed with interest. The state, specifically the Ministry of Education, launched a series of surveys to lay the groundwork for the establishment of a standardized national language.
The Archeological Contexts of the Human Remains
Authors: Svoboda Jiří A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since 1924 there has been a series of excavations of the complex of Gravettian sites located along the northern slopes of the Pavlovské Hills, above the Dyje River floodplain (Figures 3.1 and 3.2). The chronological course of the excavation process, be it prospective, systematic, or salvage fieldwork, is summarized in Table 3.1. Based on the sizes of these sites and their relative archeological complexities, there is a visible hierarchy.
Emerging Owners, Eclipsing Markets?: Corporate Governance in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Berglöf Erik , Pajuste Anete 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The countries in central and eastern Europe have pursued remarkably different policies and followed strikingly different trajectories. Despite these differences, the structures of their financial systems are rapidly converging. The contours of post-socialist capitalism are emerging, and the specific challenges of corporate governance are becoming clearer. The purpose of this chapter is to characterize the main features of the corporate governance challenge facing the countries of central and eastern Europe, and to suggest the thrust of policy intervention.
Of Legal Transplants, Legal Irritants, and Economic Development
Authors: Pistor Katharina , Berkowitz Daniel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The collapse of the socialist system has given way to unprecedented economic and legal reforms in the former socialist countries. Over the past decade they have enacted new legislation in all areas of the law, drawing heavily on legal models from developed market economies, including common law and civil law countries. While the transplanted laws now on the books is largely consistent with Western practice, the enforcement of these new laws is often ineffective (Berkowitz, Pistor, and Richard, 2003).
Redefining the Role and Content of Corporate Governance from the Perspective of Business in Society and Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Berghe Lutgart van den , Carchon Steven 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The agenda of corporate governance has changed drastically in the last few years. If the 1990s was the decade of the shareholder, the first decade of the 21st century will broaden the claims on corporate governance to include other stakeholders. Faced with increasing pressure for corporate social responsibility and a broader role for business in society, it is no longer sufficient for a “responsible” firm to live by the law and focus on financial profit to create value for shareholders. At the same time, however, traditional approaches to corporate governance as well as traditional management tools and accounting principles do not allow for efficient and effective management of corporate social responsibility. This is the central thesis of the present chapter.
Trust and Honesty
Authors: Frankel Tamar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
America’s culture is moving in a new and dangerous direction, as it becomes more accepting and tolerant of dishonesty and financial abuse. Tamar Frankel argues that this phenomenon is not new; in fact it has a specific traceable past. During the past thirty years temptations and opportunities to defraud have risen; legal, moral and theoretical barriers to abuse of trust have fallen. She goes on to suggest that fraud and the abuse of trust could have a widespread impact on American economy and prosperity, and argues that the way to counter this disturbing trend is to reverse the culture of business dishonesty. Finally, she presents the following thesis: If Americans have had enough of financial abuse, they can demand of their leaders, of themselves, and of each other more honesty and trust and less cynicism. Americans can reject the actions, attitudes, theories and assumptions that brought us the corporate scandals of the 1990s. Though American society can have “bad apples,” and its constituents hold differing opinions about the precise meaning of trust and truth, it can remain honest, as long as it aspires to honesty.
The Promise and Limits of the International Law of Torture
Authors: Hathaway Oona A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment is regularly celebrated as one of the most successful international human rights treaties. Its adoption by the United Nations in 1984 culminated an effort to outlaw torture that began in the aftermath of atrocities of World War II. Nations that ratified the Convention consented not to intentionally inflict “severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental,” on any person to obtain information or a confession, to punish that person, or to intimidate or coerce him or a third person. Today, with a membership of over 130 countries, the Convention stands as a symbol of the triumph of international order over disorder, of human rights over sovereign privilege.
Strategies of Containment
Authors: Gaddis John Lewis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Strategies of Containment was first published, the Soviet Union was still a superpower, Ronald Reagan was president of the United States, and the Berlin Wall was still standing. This updated edition of Gaddis' classic carries the history of containment through the end of the Cold War. Beginning with Franklin D. Roosevelt's postwar plans, Gaddis provides a thorough critical analysis of George F. Kennan's original strategy of containment, NSC-68, The Eisenhower-Dulles "New Look," the Kennedy-Johnson "flexible response" strategy, the Nixon-Kissinger strategy of d'etente, and now a comprehensive assessment of how Reagan-- and Gorbachev-- completed the process of containment, thereby bringing the Cold War to an end. He concludes, provocatively, that Reagan more effectively than any other Cold War president drew upon the strengths of both approaches while avoiding their weaknesses. A must-read for anyone interested in Cold War history, grand strategy, and the origins of the post-Cold War world.
Cancer Biology
Authors: Ruddon Raymond W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A thorough yet concise account of cancer biology, this book emphasises the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the transformation of normal into malignant cells, the invasiveness of cancer cells into host tissues, and the metastatic spread of cancer cells in the host organism. It also defines the fundamental pathophysiological changes that occur in tumour tissue and in the host animal or patient. The approach throughout the book is to discuss the historical development of a field, citing the key experimental advances to the present day, and to evaluate the current evidence that best supports or rules out concepts of the molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating cancer cell behaviour. For all the areas of fundamental cancer research, an effort has been made to relate basic research findings to the clinical disease states. The book is well illustrated with schematic diagrams and actual research data to demonstrate points made in the text, and there is an extensive, up-to-date bibliography.