bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elementary Kinetic Theory
Authors: Woods L C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Calculating the transport of fluid momentum and energy by what Maxwell termed ‘molecular agitation’ has been a central problem in macroscopic physics for more than a century. And while its solution for neutral gases was largely completed by the early part of this century, it is only recently that progress has been made for magnetoplasmas. There are two distinct methods of determining transport, both of which are due to Maxwell. The first is non-local and depends on the displacement of molecules between collisions; the particle agitation tends to equalize conditions-temperature, fluid velocity, etc. —at the two ends of each free path by transporting properties from one end to the other. The second is a local theory, based on a differential equation similar to (1.38), involving the velocity distribution function f(r, w, t), and expressing the conservation of molecular properties. In Boltzmann’s extension of the local theory the property is taken to be f itself. Once f is known, the required transport laws for q and p follow from (2.5), (2.6), and (2.7). Maxwell avoided determining f, aiming instead directly at the required velocity moments.
Particle Diffusion
Authors: Woods L C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In §1.7.1, diffusion was defined as being a transport process due to the purely random component of molecular motion, frame indifference being identified as an essential property of the phenomenon. In the preceding chapter we studied the diffusion of momentum and energy. It remains to consider the diffusion of particle mass, or equivalently, the diffusion of particle numbers. In a gas comprising a single species, unless particles can be differentiated, the diffusion of particle number density is a meaningless concept. The property of being a particular type of particle is universal, so its migration cannot be distinguished. However, if we could label some of the particles, for example by using radioactive isotopes of some of the original species, and could trace the relative motions of such isotopes, we would have a good approximation to what is termed ‘self-diffusion’.
Theory And Experiments On The Wedge-Type Motor
Authors: Sashida Toshiiku , Kenjo Takashi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we develop the theory of the wedge-type ultrasonic motor and present some experimental results. The high efficiency of the wedge-type motor was theoretically explained and experimentally demonstrated as early as 19821. Yet to this day its significance has not been generally recognized. The wedge-type motor played an important role as a stepping stone to the development of the travelling-wave motor. Hence, if one is to understand the structure of the new motor and hope to improve on it, one must first gain a thorough grasp of the structure and theory of the original wedge-type motor.
Transition-In-Shear-Layers State
Authors: Zdravkovich M M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The near-wake in the TrSL state of flow is surrounded by initially laminar free shear layers. The free shear layers become turbulent, however, before rolling up into turbulent eddies. The old termsubcritical state refers to boundary layers that remain laminar up to and beyond separation. The more precise term is adopted in this book and refers to thetransition in the free shear layers orTrSL state. Roshko (1954P) called it the ‘irregular state’ because the alternate turbulent eddies became rapidly disarranged and dissipated downstream.
Free Streamline Models
Authors: Zdravkovich M M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of hypothetical ideal fluid is related to an inviscid, irrotational and potential flow. The potential theory predicts zero resistance exerted on a body submerged in ideal fluid. This is known asd’Alembert’s paradox. It is in obvious disagreement with observation because large forces are exerted on bluff bodies even in fluids of a very small viscosity.
Vortex Sheet Models
Authors: Zdravkovich M M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Helmholtz (1868J) was the first to remark on the instability of those ‘liquid surfaces’ which separate layers of fluid with different velocities. Kelvin (1871J) investigated the influence of wind on water waves and discussed the conditions under which a plane surface of water became unstable. Adopting Kelvin’s method, Rayleigh (1880J) investigated further the instability of a surfaceof discontinuity.
Miscellaneous Models
Authors: Zdravkovich M M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mathematicall modelling of flow past circular cylinders has conveniently been classified in Chapters 8-12 in three main groups based on (i) the Navier-Stokes equation, Chapter 8; (ii) Prandtl’s boundary layer equations, Chapter 9; (iii) heuristic arguments to guide empirical research but unproved or in- capable of proof, Chapters 10-12.Solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations are limited at present to twodimensional laminar flows. Prandtl’s approximations of the Navier-Stokes equations to boundary layers deal successfully with all flows, three-dimensional and turbulent. The theory is now in a mature state.
Aerodynamic Sound
Authors: Zdravkovich M M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fascinating hiss of sticks and cords in wind attracted the attention of the ancients. There are various vague references to ‘harps’ constructed to sound in wind and called Aeo1ian harps. The history of the Aeolian harp goes presumably back even further into the remote past. The Chinese had from time immemorial their ‘music’ in the air produced either by long bows with a thin bamboo strip or a ribbon for the chord and attached across a small frame and hung on the string.
Introduction
Authors: Olyslager Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As early as 1747, none other than Sir William Watson showed that it was possible to send an electric current through a wire using the Earth as return conductor. The first electrical transmission line was born. Already, in 1753, it was suggested that this idea could be used to construct a telegraph. It still took almost another century to fully develop overland telegraphy. The most often used transmission lines were just open-wire pole-line constructions.
Fields Incident On Transmission Lines
Authors: Olyslager Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapters have investigated the propagation of eigenmodes in wave guides and their transmission line representation without considering the excitation of these eigenmodes.45 In this chapter, the excitation of eigenmodes will be studied in detail. The analysis starts with the determination of the eigenmodes excited in a waveguide by external electric and magnetic current densities. This is a generic excitation problem that can be used in many practical situations. The fields generated by these sources will also illuminate junctions of waveguides. This will result in the excitation of eigenmodes in the waveguides connected to these junctions.
Fields Incident On Bitransmission Lines
Authors: Olyslager Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, the results of the previous chapter are generalized to general bianisotropic waveguides and junctions. The main difference is that for nonreciprocal waveguides and junctions the ad joint structures are also needed in order to apply the Lorentz reciprocity theorem. It will, however, suffice to know the eigenmodes that propagate in the ad joint waveguide and to know the fields generated in ad joint junctions by incident eigenmodes from adjoint waveguides connected to these junctions. The representation of incident fields by voltage and current sources in the reciprocity-based bitransmission lines of Chapter 5 is straightforward.
Homogenization of the heat equation
Authors: Donato Patrizia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we are interested in the asymptotic behaviour as ε → 0 of the solution u ε = u ε (x, t) of the problem where the operators div and ▽ are taken with respect to the space variable x ∈ Ω and ‘ denotes the derivative with respect to the time variable t ∈]0, T[, with T &gt; 0.
B
Authors: Perrot Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bar—A Unit of pressure, multiple of the pascal (1 bar= 105 Pa). Since 1983, the standard pressure, unless otherwise stated, is fixed at 1 bar instead of 1 atm (1.01325 bar). This convention, doubtless motivated by concern not to spread alarm among students and engineers, is nevertheless unfortunate. The choice of the pascal would be more judicious, despite the necessity for complete recasting of thermodynamic tables.
C
Authors: Perrot Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Caloric—The caloric theory, established in the eighteenth century, supplanted that of phlogiston for explaining many aspects of heat and combustion phenomena. Caloric is a weightless, conservative fluid, which builds up in hot materials. Its particles repel each other, but are attracted by matter. Around 1790, Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, raised doubts about the theory, by showing that caloric can be created. The theory was abandoned after 1824. By using caloric conservation, Sadi Carnot showed that every reversible engine working between two reservoirs at the same temperatures has the same efficiency. Actually, Carnot’s demonstration can be disproved, but his report becomes clearer on substituting the term entropy for ‘caloric’.
D
Authors: Perrot Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Debye, Peter Joseph William (1884-1966)-Dutch-US physical chemist, author of important works on dipolar moments, X-ray scattering, and ionic interactions in solutions. Nobel prize in chemistry in 1936. Debye-Hiickel theory-The interaction energy between two neutral molecules, governed by London forces, follows a d-6 law, whereas the interaction energy between two ions, governed by Coulomb forces, follows a d-1 law. As a consequence, ionic solutions show important deviations from Henry’s law which are perceptible even at very weak concentrations, say 10-4mo!L-1 The Debye-Hiickel theory, pro posed in 1923, provides an assessment of the activity coefficient of an ion i in solution.
I
Authors: Perrot Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ideal solution—A solution is called ideal when the activity of a constituent i is proportional to its composition, that is to say, when its activity coefficient y1, is constant. It is of course necessary to specify how the composition is expressed, because an ideal solution with mole fractions is no longer ideal with mo1 L-1, and vice versa. In order that a solution be ideal, it is sufficient that the ideality condition be verified with only one constituent.
J
Authors: Perrot Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kuhn, Thomas S. (1923-1996)-American philosopher, famous for his essay Structure of the scientific revolution (1962), in which he discusses the concept of paradigm and rejects the notion of falsifiability developed by Karl Popper. According to Thomas Kuhn, a statement is true or false only in the context of a particular paradigm. Thermodynamicists interested in the history of science will appreciate his Black body theory and the quantum discontinuity (1894-1912), published in 1978.
Q
Authors: Perrot Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the other hand, to mix water and alcohol with the aim of preparing a product with attractive organoleptic properties and to put some bleach into a swimming pool to improve its bacteriological quality represent two processes of a very different nature. In the first case, the properties of the product (brandy, perhaps) will differ from those of its constituents: the quantities of mixing of interest will be integral quantities of mixing, symbolized by Δmix In the second case, the state of the swimming pool after bleaching will differ little from its initial state and the integral quantities of mixing will be of little consequence. On the other hand the bleach, concentrated before mixing and dilute after bleaching, will have seen its state modified.
R
Authors: Perrot Pierre 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Radiation—-Radiation may be considered as a collection of photons, each being characterized by its energy hv and its momentum hv/c (v: frequency of the radiation; h: Planck constant; c: velocity of light in vacuum). Radiation in equilibrium with its surroundings is in thermal equilibrium. Its temperature is then, by definition, that of the matter which surrounds it.
Generalized Hypergeometric Functions
Authors: Andrews Larry C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The special properties associated with the hypergeometric and confluent hypergeometric functions have spurred a number of investigations into developing functions even more general than these. Some of this work was done in the nineteenth century by Clausen, Appell, and Lauricella (among others), but much of it has occurred during the last 70 years. Even the most recent names are too numerous to mention, but MacRobert and Meijer are among the most famous.
Applications Involving Hypergeometric-Type Functions
Authors: Andrews Larry C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this final chapter we illustrate the use of the general family of hypergeometric functions in various applications. Although we have chosen specific examples from the fields of statistical communication theory, fluid mechanics, and random fields, the techniques we use are sufficiently general that they apply to a wider range of applications. As before, we assume only a working knowledge of the subjects in order to follow the exposition.
Perturbation methods
Authors: Jordan D W , Smith P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This Chapter describes techniques for obtaining approximations to periodic time solutions of nearly linear second-order differential equations subject to a harmonic forcing term, and to limit cycles of autonomous equations. The approximations take the form of an expansion in integer powers of a small parameter, having coefficients that are functions of time. There is some freedom in assigning the time-dependent coefficients; this is utilized to produce uniformly valid approximations under different circumstances, depending on the values of the main parameters of the equation. It is also shown how a homo clinic path can be approximated by using similar methods. The processes reveal physical features having no analogue in linear theory, despite the fact that the equations considered have small nonlinearities.
The existence of periodic solutions
Authors: Jordan D W , Smith P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suppose that the phase diagram for a differential equation contains a single, unstable equilibrium point and a limit cycle surrounding it, as in the case of the van der Pol equation. Then in practice all initial states lead to the periodic oscillation represented by the limit cycle. In such cases the limit cycle, is the principal feature of the system from the practical point of view, and it is desirable to be able to decide with certainty whether it is there or not. Hitherto our attitude to this question has been intuitive; we assemble qualitative evidence that there is a limit cycle, from energy considerations or geometrical arguments, then attempt to estimate the radius by the methods of Chapters 4, 5, and 7, a definite result being taken as further confirmation that the limit cycle is really there. The present Chapter contains theorems and methods for proving positively the existence or non-existence of limit cycles and centers for certain types of equation. The cases chosen can be interpreted physically as involving a balance between energy gain and loss on various regions in the phase plane; they include the type discussed in Sections 1.5 and 4.1; also others with different symmetry. The latter serve as a guide to intuition for related types which do not quite fit the conditions of the theorems. Further theorems can be found, for example, in Andronov et al. (1973a) and Cesari (1971).
Abstract quantum cohomology
Authors: Guest Martin A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We shall describe a general method of producing D-modules which ‘resemble ‘ quantum cohomology D-modules, based on [62] and [72]. This could be considered as a method of construction of Frobenius manifolds (see Chapter 9). But it differs from other approaches in the literature both in its starting point (systems of scalar equations of a rather specfic type) and its goal (a wider class of integrable systems).
Hadamard Conjugation: An Analytic Tool for Phylogenetics
Authors: Hendy Michael D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A phylogeny (evolutionary tree) on a set of taxa X, is a tree T whose leaves are labelled by the elements of X. When we identify the root R of T; provide a distribution of nucleotides at R; and give a stich model of the nucleotide substitutions between the vertices of each edge e of T, we can calculate the probability of ea.ch possible distribution (which we will refer to as a ‘‘pattern’’) of nucleotides at the leaves. A set of aligned homologous nucleotide sequences of common length l, is then modeled as l samples drawn sequentially from this distribution, with the pattern of nucleotides at a common site representing one sample. The relative frequencies of each observed pattern provide estimates of these probabilities.
Conserved Segment Statistics and Rearrangement Inferences in Comparative Genomics
Authors: Sankoff David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘l’he statistical treatment of chromosomal rearrangement has evolved along with the biological methods for producing pertinent data. We trace the development of conserved segment sta.tistics1 from the mouse linkage/human chromosome assignment data analysed by Nadeau and Taylor in 1984, through the comparative gene-order information on organelles (late 1980s) and prokaryotes (mid-1990s), to higher eukaryote genome sequences, whose rearrangements have been studied without prior gene identification. Each new type of data suggested new questions and led to new analyses.
We focus on the problems introduced when small sequence fragments are treated as noise in the inference of rearrangement history.
Genome Rearrangements with Gene Families
Authors: abrouk Nadia El-M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The genome rearrangement approach to comparative genomics infers divergence history in terms of global genomic mutations. The major focus in the last decades has been to infer the most economical scenario of elementary operations transforming one linear order of genes into another. Implicit in most of these studies is that each gene has exactly one copy in each genome. This hypothesis is clearly unsuitable for divergent species containing several copies of highly analogous gene, for example, multigame families. In this chapter, we review the different algorithmic methods that have been considered to account for multigame families in the genome rearrangement context, and in the phylogenetic context.
The natural laboratory paradigm
Authors: Whittaker Robert J , Fernández-Palacios José María 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These words taken from Alfred Russel Wallace’s Island life encapsulate an over-arching idea that could be termed the central paradigm of island biogeography. It is that islands, being discrete, internally quantifiable, numerous, and varied entities, provide us with a suite of natural laboratories, from which the discerning natural scientist can make a selection that simplifies the complexity of the natural world, enabling theories of general importance to be developed and tested. Under this umbrella, a number of distinctive traditions have developed, each of which is a form of island biogeography, but only some of which are actually about the biogeography of islands. They span a broad continuum within ecology and biogeography, the end points of which have little apparently in common.
Emergent models of island evolution
Authors: Whittaker Robert J , Fernández-Palacios José María 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having considered the evidence for microevolutionary change on islands and the frameworks of speciation in the previous two chapters, we now examine how these building blocks fit together to produce neoendemics on islands. Although other categorizations are possible, we identify the following emergent patterns or models of evolutionary change on islands. The first is anagenesis, which refers to speciation without much radiation of lineages, and which may be most applicable to single isolated islands of moderate size and limited habitat heterogeneity. The second and third models, the taxon cycle and adaptive radiation, find their most dramatic illustrations within archipelagos and constitute multiagent evolutionary-ecological models: both stress adaptive changes. In contrast, the notion of non-adaptive radiation refers to the diversification of monophyletic lineages without apparent niche alterations, and emphasizes geographic isolation within or between islands.
Island remedies: the conservation of island ecosystems
Authors: Whittaker Robert J , Fernández-Palacios José María 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although generally distinct from continental environments, and therefore of interest in their own right, island environments have been generally misunderstood, misinterpreted, and mismanaged. The main reason is that they have been interpreted for management purposes largely by continent-trained observers . . . islands are not simply miniature continents and . . . continental solutions do not simply need to be scaled down in order to be successful. (Nunn 2004, pp. 311 and 319) In this final short chapter, we first illustrate some of the special problems facing contemporary island societies, the pressures on the environments and biotas of oceanic islands, and constraints within which those interested in promoting conservation must operate. Conservation in island archipelagos like the Canaries, the Maldives, the Lesser Antilles, and the Galápagos present distinctive challenges, which arise from the characteristics of the island environments and biota and from the socioeconomic and political situation of the island societies (e.g. Nunn 2004).
The pathology of decision making
Authors: Berthoz Alain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Making a decision requires above all that perception faithfully reflect reality. Yet that is not always the case—far from it! Crossing the street one day, a woman friend of mine passed a man she thought was her husband and moved to make a familiar gesture. Realizing her mistake just in time, she checked her impulse. How was she able to avoid finding herself in an embarrassing situation of extending her hand, or her cheek, to a man she didn’t know?How does the brain decide that a person is a friend, spouse, one’s own child, or stranger? Who has not experienced similar confusion in recognizing a face?
How do we go from ‘I see him’ to ‘I know him’? This ability to know another is not a question of language, because frequently we are able to recognize people without remembering their name.
Fight or flight
Authors: Berthoz Alain 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One spring morning around 8:45, in front of the Lycée Montaigne, which was built simultaneously along the lines of a train station, a hospital, and a prison, the street was deserted aside from a few hurried latecomers. For a few minutes, a smooth flow of students invaded the building, but now it had managed to swallow them up, aided by the bells. A silent confrontation resumed between the school windows, which are always shut, and the Luxembourg Gardens, which invited wandering beside the apple trees, whose extended branches appeared to mimic the orderly rows of benches on which the sequestered students listened to their teachers. Motionless, alone on the street, a young girl was looking at the school, her bookbag slung across her shoulder.