bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polymers, Ferroelectric Liquid Crystalline Elastomers
Authors: Zentel Rudolf 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Ferroelectric materials are a subclass of pyro‐ and piezoelectric materials. They are very rarely found in crystalline organic or polymeric materials because ferroelectric hysteresis requires enough molecular mobility to reorient molecular dipoles in space. So semicrystalline polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is nearly the only known compound. On the contrary, ferroelectric behavior is very often observed in chiral liquid crystalline materials, both low molar mass and polymeric.
Ferroelectric LC‐elastomers represent an interesting class of material because they combine the ordering of liquid crystalline ferroelectric phases and the rubber elasticity of polymer networks. Switching of the electric polarization leads to deformation of the polymer network, equivalent to stretching a spring, and creates a stress in the network of polymer chains.
The interaction of mesogens and the network can be varied by using different topologies of net points: Crosslinking is carried out either within the siloxane sublayers (leading to fast switching elastomers) or between the siloxane sublayers (resulting in an elastomer that favors the ferroelectric switching state in which the cross‐linking reaction took place).
Because the orientation of the smectic phase couples to the polymer network, electromechanical measurements show a piezoelectric effect. Mechanical deformation leads to polarization or an external electric field to deformation of the sample. Applying the electric field parallel to the smectic layer structure leads to an extremly high electrostrictive strain of 4% in an electric field of only 1.5 MV/m.
Ship Health Monitoring
Authors: Kiddy Jason S. , Chen Peter C. , Ross Paul 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Although ships have been sailing for hundreds of years, the field of ship health monitoring is relatively near. Two main forces have spurred the rise in the popularity and importance of ship health monitoring systems. First, reduced budgets and reduced manpower have resulted in smaller crew sizes and less routine maintenance. This reduced maintenance has brought into question the health of many ships, their components, and the ability to detect a problem quickly. Clearly, a failure aboard any vessel will bring a loss of revenue and productivity, if not worse. The second driver behind the growth of ship health monitoring systems is the decrease in the expense of computers and sensors coupled with an increase in their capabilities and the associated data processing algorithms. Until recently, an automated health monitoring system was either impossible to achieve or prohibitively expensive to install and maintain. Today, ship health monitoring systems are becoming increasingly more common as their capabilities are further demonstrated and understood by the maritime community. Nevertheless, many issues remain to be settled as technology improves, resulting in continuously expanding requrements. This article gives an overview of ship health monitoring and includes discussions of benefits dangers to ships Cargo effects on stress, differnt types of ships and their requirements, environmental issues, and systems in use.
Smart Perovskites
Authors: Wang Zhong L. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractPerovskite and perovskite‐related structures are a class of smart materials. Perovskite‐structured materials have important applications in ferroelectricity, piezoelectricity, ferromagnetism, magnetoresistance, superconductivity, ionic conductivity, and dielectricity. Typical perovskite materials of technological importance are piezoelectric Pb(Zr, Ti)O3, electrostrictive Pb(Mg, Nb)O3, magnetoresistant (La,Ca)MnO3, and superconductive Y Ba2Cu3O7. Perovskite‐related materials are versatile matrices for generating transition‐ and rare‐earth metal oxides that exhibit a broad spectrum of properties and functions that are related to the following characteristics: (1) Nearly innumerable combinations of metal cations can be accommodated within perovskite‐related structural systems. (2) By reduction / reoxidation processes, nonstoichiometry (i.e., controlled amounts of ordered oxygen vacancies) can be introduced into the structure. In turn, high oxygen ion mobility or modified electronic and magnetic features can be implemented, and (3) the design of composite structural systems containing perovskite building units (perovskite slabs of different thicknesses) allows fine‐tuning electronic and magnetic properties.This article focuses on the structure and structural evolution of perovskites and explores the intrinsic linkages among the members of the perovskite family. First, the “smart” properties of perovskites are introduced. Then, the intrinsic connection among the perovskites is explored. Finally, the analysis of mixed valences and oxygen deficiency is addressed.
Soil‐Ceramics (Earth), Self‐adjustment of Humidity and Temperature
Authors: Ishida Emile H. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Earth ceramics are hydrothermally solidified soil bodies that have been developed mainly for use as interior and exterior materials for housing. Generally, manufacture of industrial materials requires the use of refined raw materials. In the case of earth ceramics, a wide range of soils can be used for manufacture without extensive refining. Besides, since solidification is carried out at 150 to 200°C under saturated steam pressure, the energy required for solidification is relatively small. Therefore, the load imposed on the earth by the manufacturing of this material is kept very low. Earth ceramics possess excellent thermal insulation and self humidity control properties because the original nano‐pores of the soil remain in the bodies after solidification. Because of these properties, earth ceramics are effective in controlling the interior climate in dwellings, particularly in monsoon regions like Japan. It has been reported that in dwellings where earth ceramics were actually used as the floor material, the humidity control properties of the material allows comfortable and healthy living with almost no necessity for the use of air conditioners throughout the year and that the amount of energy consumed for living is reduced significantly.
The necessity of a new concept of manufacturing goods based on due consideration for humans and the earth, and the thinking behind the development of earth ceramics based on investigations of this concept, are described below. Examples of actual use of earth ceramics are also outlined.
Triboluminescence, Applications in Sensors
Authors: Fujita Koji , Tanaka Katsuhisa , Ishihara Tsuguo , Hirao Kazuyuki 
Published: November 2003

AbstractTriboluminescence is the emission of photons caused by applying mechanical energy to a solid.Triboluminescence (TL) has very long history. At present, it is known that nearly one‐half of all inorganic compounds and between one‐quarter to one‐third of all organic compounds exhibit TL. Spectroscopic examination and characterization of the emitted light are useful for determining the excited‐state origins of TL. The best general spectroscopic characteristics that can be expected from a crystal is that the TL is similar to photoluminescence (PL) at the same temperature. TL and PL spectra are expected to be identical if the sole effect of a fracture is a population of excited electronic states. The importance of perturbations to the crystal and/or the emitting centers caused by fracture is evidenced by the differences between PL and TL spectra. For instance, some crystals show TL at room temperature but do not exhibit PL at that temperature. More commonly, a triboluminescent crystal exhibits PL, but the TL spectrum contains features that are absent from the PL spectrum. These features may be emission bands that do not occur in the PL spectrum or changes in the relative intensities of bands in the TL spectrum compared to those in the PL spectrum.A number of different mechanisms are required to account for the phenomenon of TL, although its details are still poorly understood. In this article, the mechanisms of different types of TL along with their spectroscopic experimental examples are given first. Then, experimental results on TL in inorganic crystals that contain rare‐earth ions are presented. Finally, the potential applications of TL are briefly described.
Algal Blooms—Impact on Drinking Water Treatment, Taste, and Odor Problems
Authors: Burlingame Gary A. 
Published: November 2003

Abstract

What are Algae?

Common Algae that Affect Drinking Water

What is a Bloom and Where Does it Occur?

Overview of Impacts from Algal Blooms

Overview of Treatment Processes Affected by Algae

Summary of Negative Impacts from Algae on Treatment

Taste and Odor of Drinking Water

Impacts Algae have on Taste and Odor

Impacts on Tap Water Consumers

Evidence of the Occurrence of Taste and Odor Problems

Overview of Control Options
Sulfate‐Reducing Bacteria: Environmental and Technological Aspects
Authors: Barton Larry L. , Plunkett Richard M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractInvolvement of SRB in Biogeochemical CyclesDistribution of Physiological Groups of Sulfate ReducersPresence of Sulfate Reducers in Deep SubsurfaceActivities of Sulfate Reducers in Biological CommunitiesBiogenic Hydrogen Sulfide ProductionApplications of Sulfate‐Reducing BacteriaThe Role of Sulfate Reducers in BiocorrosionDetection of Sulfate Reducers
Radioactive Waste Disposal, Geomicrobiology of
Authors: West Julia M. , Mckinley Ian G. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractFundamentals of Radioactive Waste DisposalMicrobiology of Relevant Geologic FormationsThe Near‐FieldThe Far‐FieldEvaluating the Risk of Microbiological EffectsInto the FutureAcknowledgments
Heterotrophic Bacteria as Indicators of Water Quality
Authors: Geldreich Edwin E. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractDefinitionCultivationOrigins of the Heterotrophic Bacterial FloraHealth Concerns with Amplification in Water SupplyColonization in Water SupplyHeterotrophic Bacteria: An Operational Indicator of Microbial QualityPublic Water Supplies: Treatment, Distribution, and StorageRural Water SuppliesHeterotrophic Bacteria in Alternative Water Supplies
Freeze Drying: Preservations of Microorganisms by Freeze‐Drying
Authors: Crowe John H. , Crowe Lois M. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractLessons from NatureThe Role of Sugar Glasses in StabilizationTrehalose has Unusual Solution PropertiesTrehalose and Survival following Dehydration in Yeasts: A Case StudyIntroducing Trehalose into Cells ArtificiallyThere is More than One Way to Achieve Stability
Toxicity Testing Using Micro‐Algae
Authors: Blaise Christian 
Published: November 2003

AbstractEutrophication StudiesToxicity StudiesInteraction StudiesPhytotoxicity Testing Within an Integrated Battery of Biological Tests to Assess the Potential Hazard of Industrial EffluentsTesting Solid Media: An Algal Solid Phase Assay (ASPA) to Assess Freshwater Sediment ToxicityPreserving Microalgae for Biological TestingAcknowledgments
Amebas (Free‐Living) Causing Meningoencephalitis
Authors: Schuster F. L. , Visvesvara G. S. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAcanthamoebaspp.AcanthamoebaGAEAcanthamoebaKeratitisAntimicrobial TherapyNaegleria FowleriPAM Caused byN. fowleriBalamuthia MandrillarisGAE Caused byB. mandrillaris
Alkaliphiles: Alkaline Enzymes and their Applications
Authors: Horikoshi Koki 
Published: November 2003

AbstractGenetic Maps of Chromosomal DNAs of AlkaliphilicBacillusStrainsMechanisms of Cytoplasmic pH RegulationAlkaline EnzymesStarch‐Degrading EnzymesCellulasesXylanasesPectinasesChitinasesMetabolites Produced by Alkaliphiles
Oligotrophic Bacteria
Authors: Koch Arthur L. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractPaucity of Nutrients as a Severe EnvironmentWhat is an Oligotroph?History of the FieldClasses of OligotrophsWhat Properties Must an Oligotroph Have?Who Lives in Oligotrophic Environments and Who Does Not?Physical Consideration for Survival Under Starvation or Oligotrophic ConditionsDiffusion Limitation of UptakeBiological Considerations for Survival in a Nutritionally Poor Environment
Polar Marine Phytoplankton
Authors: Holm‐Hansen Osmund , Sakshaug Egil 
Published: November 2003

AbstractGeneral characteristics of phytoplanktonPhysical and chemical aspects of the Arctic and the AntarcticInterannual variability: Importance of global cyclic climatic eventsRates of primary productionMajor factors affecting growth rates of phytoplanktonPhytoplankton and the food webPossible impacts of changing climatic conditions
Extracellular Enzymes in Biofilms
Authors: Wingender Jost , Jaeger Karl‐Erich 
Published: November 2003

AbstractSecretion Mechanisms of EnzymesDetermination of Enzyme Activities in BiofilmsDistribution of Enzyme Activities in BiofilmsInfluence of Environmental Factors on Enzyme Activity in BiofilmsRegulation of Extracellular Enzyme Activity in BiofilmsFunctions of Extracellular Enzymes in Biofilms
Activated Sludge—Microbiology of Nitrogen Removal
Authors: Schmidt Ingo , Strous Marc , Jetten Mike M. S. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe Biological Nitrogen CycleOxidation of AmmoniaAnoxic Metabolism (Anoxic Ammonia Oxidation)Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation (Anammox)Heterotrophic Ammonia OxidationOxidation of NitriteDenitrification
Nitrification in Aquatic Systems
Authors: Ward B. B. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractPhysiology and Energetics of Nitrifying BacteriaPhylogeny of Bacteria Involved in NitrificationRole of Nitrification in the Nitrogen CycleDistribution and Abundance of Nitrifiers in Aquatic HabitatsMethods for Measuring Nitrification in Water and SedimentsDistribution of Nitrification in Water and SedimentsEnvironmental Variables that Affect Nitrification Rates and DistributionsNitrous Oxide and Nitric Oxide Production During NitrificationNitrification and Methane Oxidation
Activated Sludge—The Process
Authors: Lindrea K. C. , Seviour Robert J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractFeatures of the ProcessConfigurations for Activated Sludge SystemsConventional Activated Sludge SystemsActivated Sludge Systems Designed to Remove NitrogenActivated Sludge Systems Designed to Remove PhosphorusThe Future for Activated Sludge Processes?
Paleolimnology: Use of Algal Pigments as Indicators
Authors: Guilizzoni Piero , Lami Andrea 
Published: November 2003

AbstractPigments of Algae and Photosynthetic BacteriaPreservation/Degradation of Pigments and its Paleolimnological SignificanceReconstructing Lake Acidity and Trophic StatusNew Markers and Summary of the Pigment Proxy Records
Studies on the electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness of metallized PVAc‐AgNO3/PET conductive films
Authors: Huang Chueh‐Jung , Chang Teh‐Chou 
Published: November 2003

AbstractA metal chelate polymer (MCP) of PVAc‐AgNO3 was prepared by adding AgNO3 salts into the PVAc matrix and was coated on to PET substrate to form PVAc‐AgNO3/PET films. These films were then treated with NaBH4 aqueous solution to become the reduced metallized conductive films (RMCF) of PVAc‐AgNO3/PET. The electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI/SE) and the characteristics of these films were investigated. The SE value was measured by the far‐field transmission line method. The surface resistivity (Rs) of RMCF with a AgNO3 content of 15 wt % was found to be below 5 Ω/sq, and the SE value exceeded 20 dB over the frequency range 50–900 MHz. The Rs of RMCF with a AgNO3 content of 30 wt % was less than 1 Ω/sq, and the SE value even reached 33 dB at 550–650 MHz. It was confirmed by X‐ray and scanning electronmicroscope (SEM) analysis that the conducting network, as formed by closely deposited silver atoms on the reduced coating surface, was the dominant pathway for effective electron propagation that contributed to the excellent conductivity of these RMCF (PVAc‐AgNO3/PET). © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 270–273, 2004
Mesomorphic properties of cholesteric side‐chain liquid crystalline polysiloxanes and elastomers
Authors: Liu Lu‐Mei , Zhang Bao‐Yan , Cheng Chun‐Sheng , Zheng Ying‐Ying 
Published: November 2003

AbstractA series of crosslinked liquid crystalline polymers and corresponding uncrosslinked liquid crystalline polymers were prepared by graft copolymerization. Their liquid crystalline properties were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing optical microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction measurements. The results showed that the crosslinking obtained in the isotropic state and the introduction of nonmesogenic crosslinking units into a polymeric structure could cause additional reduction of the clearing point (Ti) of the crosslinked polymers, compared with the corresponding uncrosslinked polymers. The crosslinked polymers (P‐2–P‐4) with a low crosslinking density exhibited cholesteric phases as did the uncrosslinked polymers. In contrast, a high crosslinking density made the crosslinked polymer P‐5 lose its thermotropic liquid crystalline property. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 773–778, 2004
Optical switching behavior of polymer‐dispersed liquid crystal composite films with various novel azobenzene derivatives
Authors: Liu Jui‐Hsiang , Wang Hung‐Yu 
Published: November 2003

AbstractPolymer‐dispersed liquid crystal (PDLC) composite films were fabricated by thermal polymerization with E7 liquid crystal, monomers, and novel azobenzene derivatives synthesized in this study. To investigate the effects of azocompounds on the optical switching of PDLC films, a series of novel azobenzene derivatives of 4‐alkyloxy‐4′‐methoxyazobenzene with carbon numbers of 3–6, chiral compounds of amyl‐4‐(4‐hexyloxyphenylazo)benzoate, and bornyl‐4‐(4‐hexyloxyphenylazo)benzoate were synthesized. The compounds synthesized in this investigation were identified using FTIR, NMR, and elemental analysis. The optical texture of the composite films was analyzed under crossed nicols with a polarizing microscope. The morphological observation of the solid polymer in the composite films was performed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The optical behavior of the composite films on UV irradiation and the effects of the curing time on the thermal stability of the composite films were investigated. Isomerization of the azobenzene derivatives due to UV irradiation was confirmed by a texture study and image recording method. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 789–799, 2004
New aspects of aging in epoxy networks. I. Thermal aging
Authors: Bockenheimer Clemens , Fata Davis , Possart Wulff 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe thermal aging of an amine‐cured epoxy in the glassy state is studied for two network states by using DSC and attenuated total reflection‐infrared (IR‐ATR). The “low‐crosslinked” network possesses a relatively high molecular mobility and a considerable amount of residual reactive groups. In the low crosslinked matrix, the presence of high crosslinked regions is revealed. In contrast, the “highly crosslinked” epoxy system has a reduced molecular mobility and only small reactive groups. The high crosslinked matrix contains low crosslinked regions. Thermal loading for both networks is performed below their glass transition. During thermal aging, an ongoing curing reaction takes place in the low‐crosslinked epoxy. Thermooxidative degradation and the disintegration of short‐range ordering are observed as well. The highly crosslinked epoxy system undergoes a phase separation of relatively mobile segments in the low mobile matrix, which is a reversible process on heating. Thermooxidative degradation is also detected for this kind of network. In summary, for the “low” and the “highly” crosslinked epoxy, significant chemical and structural changes take place during thermal aging even though the networks are vitrified. It is convincing that these changes in the cured epoxy should exert an influence on the mechanical properties of a bonded structure. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 361–368, 2004
Synthesis and potential radical copolymerization of new monomers based on diallylguanidine
Authors: Zaikov G. E. , Malkanduev Yu. A. , Khashirova S. Yu. , Esmurziev A. M. , Martynenko A. I. , Sivova L. I. , Sivov N. A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractMethods were elaborated for the synthesis of new monomers, derivatives of diallylguanidine. These monomer salts (acetate and trifluoroacetates) have the ability to polymerize in water and organic solvents in the presence of radical initiators. Radical copolymerization of diallylguanidine and diallyldimethylammonium chloride was investigated. High biocide ability of obtained copolymers was demonstrated. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 439–444, 2004
Graded‐index plastic optical fiber with high mechanical properties enabling easy network installations. I
Authors: Ishigure Takaaki , Hirai Miki , Sato Masataka , Koike Yasuhiro 
Published: November 2003

AbstractA doped poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)–based graded‐index plastic optical fiber (GI POF) with high mechanical strength is reported for the first time. Although the POF is generally believed to have a good mechanical flexibility even if it has a large‐core diameter, such a high mechanical strength has been provided by making the polymer chains in the POF highly oriented in its axial direction. If such an orientation of polymer chains is eliminated, the POF becomes brittle, which is similar to silica‐based fibers. On the other hand, too high an orientation of the polymer chains induces fiber deformation in a high‐temperature atmosphere resulting from orientation relaxation. This study reports how high mechanical strengths such as the tensile strength and the large elongation are provided to the GI POF. By selecting the optimum heat‐drawing conditions, the GI POF has a mechanical strength comparable to that of the commercially available step index (SI) POF. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 404–409, 2004
Preparation of novel pyridine‐based, thermally stable poly(ether imide)s
Authors: Mehdipour‐Ataei Shahram , Heidari Hani 
Published: November 2003

AbstractTwo aromatic, pyridine‐based ether diamines were prepared by the nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction of 4‐aminophenol and 5‐amino‐1‐naphthol with 2,6‐dichloropyridine in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone as a solvent. Polycondensation reactions of the obtained diamines with pyromellitic dianhydride, benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride, and hexafluoroisopropylidene diphthalic anhydride resulted in six pyridine‐based, thermally stable poly(ether imide)s. The prepared monomers and polymers were characterized by common spectroscopic methods. The physical and thermal properties of the polymers, including the thermal behavior, thermal stability, solubility, and solution viscosity, were studied. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 22–26, 2004
Short sisal fiber‐reinforced tire rubber composites: Dynamic and mechanical properties
Authors: Martins M. A. , Mattoso L. H. C. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe world tendency toward using recycled materials demands new products from vegetable resources and waste polymers. In this work, composites made from powdered tire rubber (average particle size: 320 μm) and sisal fiber were prepared by hot‐press molding and investigated by means of dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and tensile properties. The effects of fiber length and content, chemical treatments, and temperature on dynamic mechanical and tensile properties of such composites were studied. The results showed that mercerization/acetylation treatment of the fibers improves composite performance. Under the conditions investigated the optimum fiber length obtained for the tire rubber matrix was 10 mm. Storage and loss moduli both increased with increasing fiber content. The results of this study are encouraging, demonstrating that the use of tire rubber and sisal fiber in composites offers promising potential for nonstructural applications. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 670–677, 2004