bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
JARḤ WA TA’DīL: SEJARAH DAN URGENSINYA DI ERA KONTEMPORER
Authors: Raffi'u Aliyya Shauma , Arifin Tajul , Dadah Dadah 
Published: October 2023

Hadis merupakan sumber hukum kedua dalam Islam. Kendati demikian, dalam sejarahnya banyak ditemukan hadis-hadis palsu yang disebarkan oleh oknum-oknum yang tidak bertanggungjawab. Oleh karena itu, ikhtiar untuk memvalidasi keotentikan hadis melalui kritik sanad, matan dan perawinya menjadi penting. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menelusuri sejarah perkembangan kritik sanad hadis dari aspek jarh dan ta’dil serta urgensinya di era kontemporer. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis konten dengan menggunakan pendekatan sejarah. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: pertama, kajian kritik hadis pada dasarnya sudah dipraktekkan sejak masa hidup Nabi SAW, kecuali pada aspek sanad atau pribadi rāwi (jarḥ dan ta’dīl). Kajian tersebut juga terus berkembang pada periode sesudahnya. Kedua, keberadaan hadis-hadis palsu terus menyebar dan berkembanghingga sekarang. Bahkan, hadis-hadis palsu yang belum dikaji dan diteliti oleh para ulama terdahulu juga terus bermunculan sehingga kajian jarh wa ta’adil penting untuk terus dilakukan. Kata Kunci: Jarh wa Ta’dil; Sejarah, HadisAbstrak Hadith is the second source of law in Islam. Nevertheless, in its history there are many fake hadiths spread by irresponsible persons. Therefore, the effort to validate the authenticity of the hadith through the criticism of the sanad, matan and narrators is important. This study aims to unravel the history of the development of critique of sanad hadith from the aspects of jarh and ta'dil and their urgency in the contemporary era. This study uses content analysis methods using a historical approach. The results of this study indicate that: first, the study of hadith criticism has basically been practiced since the Prophet's lifetime, except for the aspect of sanad or rāwi's personality (jarḥ and ta'dīl). The study also continued to develop in the following period. Second, the existence of fake hadiths continues to spread and develop until now. Even fake hadiths that have not been studied and researched by previous scholars also continue to emerge, so it is important to continue studying jarh wa ta'adil.Keywords: Jarḥ Wa Ta'dīl, History, Hadith
Pengaruh Material Daur Ulang Pasca Bencana dan Asbuton Butir Terhadap Sifat Volumetrik Campuran Beton Aspal Lapis Aus
Authors: Rahim Irwan Ridwan , Pradani Novita , Irmawaty Rita , Tjaronge Muhammad Wihardi 
Published: October 2023

Pemanfaatan material perkerasan jalan pasca bencana di Kota Palu dan penggunaan material lokal yaitu Asbuton Butir Lawele diharapkan dapat bersinergi dengan baik pada campuran Beton Aspal Lapis Aus (AC-WC). Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji pengaruh penggunaan material daur ulang (RAP) dan asbuton butir terhadap sifat volumetrik campuran AC-WC. Bahan RAP yang digunakan dalam campuran adalah 20% dari berat campuran dan variasi asbuton yang digunakan adalah 0%, 3%, 6% dan 9% dari berat campuran. Berdasarkan hasil pengujian diketahui bahwa penambahan material RAP dan asbuton butir pada campuran AC-WC dapat mempengaruhi sifat volumetrik campuran. Nilai rongga dalam campuran (VIM) dan rongga dalam agregat mineral (VMA) akan meningkat seiring dengan peningkatan persentase asbuton. Sebaliknya, rongga yang terisi aspal (VFB) akan berkurang dengan bertambahnya jumlah asbuton. Sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa campuran AC-WC yang mengandung RAP dengan penambahan asbuton butir, akan mengalami perubahan volumetrik jika dibandingkan dengan campuran tanpa RAP dan asbuton butir.
ABSTRAK
Utilization of post-disaster pavement materials in Palu City and Indonesian local materials, namely Asbuton Butir Lawele, are expected to synergize well in Asphaltic Concrete Wearing Course (AC-WC) mixture. This studio aims to examine the effect of recycled materials (RAP) and granular asbuton on the volumetric properties of the AC-WC mixture. The RAP material used in the mix is 20% of the mixture weight and variations of asbuton used are 0%, 3%, 6% and 9% of the mixture weight. Based on laboratory results, it was found that the addition of RAP material and granular asbuton to the AC-WC mixture could affect the volumetric properties of the mix. The value of voids in the mixture (VIM) and voids in mineral aggregates (VMA) will increase as the proportion of asbuton increases. On the other hand, the void filled with asphalt (VFB) will decrease with the increasing number of asbuton. So it can be said that the AC-WC mixture containing RAP with the addition of granular asbuton, will experience volumetric changes compared to the mix without RAP and granular asbuton.
Karakteristik edible coating gel Aloe vera dengan fortifikasi bawang putih sebagai antimikroba
Authors: Hidayat Jefri Pandu , Romadhona Hammada Alfafa , Sholihah Ni’matus , Munfarida Siti 
Published: October 2023

Aloe vera-based edible coating consists of hydrocolloids that have potential research to optimate the biodegradable bushing. Meanwhile, the process of edible coating Aloe vera characterization is still the mind concept. The investigation Aloe vera edible coating Aloe vera- is concluded lifetime storage which `still in development. Optimization of storage tight to surrounding microbial contamination. Adding antimicrobial matter that can sustain food precursors is one concept of packaging bio-transformation. Onion powder has antioxidant goods to be fathomed to increase the characteristic of edible coating.The aim research was determined the optimum formulation to get foremost option of biodegredable packaging technology by fortification method. The derivation viscosity model was added by first-order differential. Mixing with 2% w/v onion powder and Aloe vera suspension with five ratio variables (A-E) revisited the viscosity effect against storage time and microbial growth. Hereafter, the solution's impact over in simple modulation inhibits Aspergillus niger and common bacterial at ambient growth. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed. In five days, the suspension shows decreasing viscosity. Stable at 40 cp on control variable without any addition after days. Onion powder fortified in the suspension depicts bacterial growth at 12 hours. Afterward, the zone of accretion bacterial is uncontrol. The best option for edible coating by water and Aloe vera is an equal ratio of either A. Niger and common bacteria up to 16 hours saving time. All storage at the ambient temperature of 28ºC. Further research on suspension Aloe vera edible coating needs to compare the other microbial substance addiction. Furthermore, the application to foodstuffs is a potential discussion of edible coating research.
Species diversity and microhabitat characteristics of bryophytes on different types of walls in karst city
Authors: Duan Lixin , Wang Xiurong 
Published: October 2023

Abstract

The correlation between bryophyte community characteristics, alterations in species diversity, and microhabitat characteristics on various types of urban walls remains ambiguous. This study investigates the distribution and habitat characteristics of bryophytes on various types of urban walls in karst areas. The α and β diversity indices were employed to examine the variation of bryophytes on these walls. Additionally, a canonical correspondence analysis was conducted to analyze the relationship between bryophyte species composition and their microhabitat. The results showed that: (1) There were 14 families, 31 genera, and 80 species of wall bryophytes (including six species of liverworts) on urban walls. Brachytheciaceae, Pottiaceae, and Hypnaceae were the dominant families. Bryophyte species were most abundant on stone retaining walls, followed by concrete revetment. The highest proportion of dominant bryophyte species were found on the concrete face, in the crevasses of stone walls, and on the tops of brick walls. (2) The species distribution across the nine types of walls was highly uneven, stone retaining walls exhibited the highest species diversity, while concrete revetment and freestanding walls demonstrated strong habitat heterogeneity. (3) The species composition of wall bryophytes was intricately linked to the properties of the wall and micro-environmental factors, with wall temperature and air humidity being the key determinants. These findings can serve as a benchmark for assessing the diversity and ecosystems of urban wall bryophytes. By enhancing the conservation and restoration of various types of wall bryophytes, we can bolster the self-sustaining mechanisms of urban ecosystems.
Relationships between species richness and biomass production are context dependent in grasslands differing in land-use and seed addition
Authors: Andraczek Karl , Weigelt Alexandra , Cantuarias Cristóbal , Fischer Markus , Hinderling Judith , Prati Daniel , Rauwolf Esther , Plas Fons van der 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Despite experimental evidence that plant species loss reduces biomass production in grasslands, the strength of biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships in semi-natural grasslands is still debated. Land-use and reduced species pools are often suggested to make relationships between biodiversity and productivity less positive or even negative, but concrete evidence is still scarce. We investigated biodiversity-productivity relationships over two years in 150 managed grasslands in Germany. Specifically, we distinguished between relationships of biodiversity and biomass production in grasslands (1) varying in land-use (e.g. of mowing, grazing and/or fertilization), (2) where land-use is experimentally reduced, and (3) where additionally to land-use reductions, species pools are enlarged by seed addition. Among grasslands varying in land-use, we found negative biodiversity-productivity relationships. Land-use reduction weakened these relationships, towards neutral, and sometimes, even positive relationships. Seed addition reduced species pool limitations, but this did not strengthen biodiversity-productivity relationships. Our findings indicate that land-use is an important factor explaining the predominantly negative biodiversity-productivity relationships in managed grasslands. While we did not find that species pool limitations weakened biodiversity-productivity relationships, possibly such effects are only visible in the long-term. Ultimately, advancing insights on biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships helps us to understand under which conditions agricultural production may benefit from promoting biodiversity.
Legal Culture and Legal Awareness of the Youth of the Kursk Region (According to a Sociological Study)
Authors: Zarubina K. A. , Shishkareva T. N. 
Published: October 2023

Relevance. Corruption, the ideology of nationalism, extremism, xenophobia, criminal behavior, and other negative social phenomena are actively promoted in the modern information and communication environment, which, in conditions of ensuring universal free access to information, has an extremely negative impact on the formation and development of a teenager's personality. Modern youth assimilates the wrong patterns of behavior, imitates the wrong ideals, as a result of which the younger generation develops a distorted perception of legal values, phenomena, wrong views, beliefs and ideas about law and its role in the life of society and the state are formed. As a result, research is becoming particularly relevant, allowing not only to detect problems of formation and development of legal culture, but also to identify possible ways to increase the level of legal culture and legal awareness of young people.The purpose. The purpose of the study is to identify the main problems of the formation of legal culture and legal awareness in the modern youth environment and propose ways to solve them.Objectives. Tasks: to diagnose the state of legal culture and legal awareness of modern youth (on the example of schoolchildren and students of the Kursk region); to determine what problems are encountered in practice in the process of forming legal culture and legal awareness among young people; to formulate proposals to improve the level of legal culture and legal awareness among young people.Methodology. In the process of working on the study, the following methods were used: a survey in the form of a questionnaire, comparative methods, as well as a method of synthesis and analysis, generalization and systematization.The results of the study are distinguished by an integrated approach to the study of this problem, as well as the practical orientation of theoretical generalizations on the topic under consideration.Conclusion. Currently, there is an acute need to improve the formation of the legal culture of schoolchildren and students. To accomplish this task, it is necessary to create special pedagogical conditions aimed at educating a harmoniously developed and socially responsible person on the basis of spiritual and moral values, historical traditions and democratic principles of the Russian state.
"Frivolous" Believers and "Non-Modern" Rules: on the Issue of Traditional Orthodox Practices Deformation in the late Soviet Period
Authors: Apanasenok A. V. 
Published: October 2023

The relevance of the research topic is connected with the importance of historiographical understanding of the patterns of traditional confessional culture development in the conditions of Soviet modernization, as well as the need to clarify the place of Orthodoxy in the life of Soviet society of the late Soviet period.The purpose of the study: to analyze the changes that occurred in the rites of the Russian Orthodox Church in the late Soviet period.Objectives: to consider the socio-cultural prerequisites for the deformation of the Orthodox community cult life, to identify the features of changes in the most common Orthodox practices, to characterize the causes of these changes.Methodology. In the process of forming the factual base of the paper the author used traditional methods of archival work, as well as methods of field research questioning, interviewing. Methods of description and historical induction, historical-statistical, historical-genetic methods were used to systematize the data.Results. The paper examines the socio-cultural consequences of the socialist project of the renewal of society implementation in the late Soviet period, which determined the changes in the attitude of Orthodox-oriented citizens to religious life, analyzes the changes in the organization of the most common Orthodox rites – baptism, church burial, confession, investigates the causes of changes in their traditional forms.Conclusions. The author concludes that the main vectors of deformation of Orthodox rites in the late Soviet period were associated with giving them a secret or correspondence character, reduction, as well as profanation. The corresponding changes were caused not only by the artificial and natural limitations with which church life was connected, but also by the lack of systematic knowledge about the mysteries and dogmatics of the overwhelming majority of parishioners.
Electrification of the Orenburg village in 1959-1965
Authors: Lopatkin I. N. , Khisamutdinova R. R. 
Published: October 2023

Relevance. The enormous scientific significance of this topic is caused by the correlation of the processes of electrification and modernization of the Soviet village: the widespread use of electricity allowed not only to improve the living conditions of peasants, but also to increase labor productivity. All this together had an impact on the overall level of economic development and contributed to scientific and technological progress. The 1950s and 1960s. They became crucial in relation to the topic under consideration, because it was then that quantitative and qualitative changes took place in comparison with the previous period: the continuous electrification of the village began by connecting collective farms and state farms to high-voltage centralized power plants. This process was most active during the implementation of the seven-year plan for the development of the national economy, which determines the choice of chronological framework.The purpose of the study: to study the process of electrification of the Orenburg village in 1959-1965. Rural electrification in this work is understood as the process of distribution and use of electricity in rural areas: in industrial needs, in households, household premises, cultural, educational and medical institutions.Objectives: to make a periodization of the electrification process of the Orenburg village in the era of the "thaw"; to identify the dynamics of the provision of collective farms and state farms of the Orenburg region with electricity; to trace the development of centralized power supply of the Orenburg village in 1959-1965 and the increase in the length of power transmission lines; to determine changes in the total electricity generation in the Orenburg region during the period under review.Methodology. The work used a set of general scientific and special methods and principles: the principle of objectivity, historicism, historical-comparative, chronological, statistical and other methods.Results. In the course of the study, the process of electrification of the Orenburg village in 1959-1965 was comprehensively studied, its features, results and difficulties were revealed.Conclusion. The continuous electrification of the Orenburg village, despite a number of difficulties, allowed the Orenburg Region not only to overcome the lag behind other administrative-territorial subjects of the Southern Urals, but also to fully provide collective farms and state farms with electricity.
"No Profit Needed, Glory Would be Good": the Family of Kursk Merchants Gnuchevs in the 18th – early 20th
Authors: Nikiforov S. A. , Yakovleva M. K. 
Published: October 2023

Relevance. During the Soviet period, the activities of the merchant class were criticized for ideological reasons. Meanwhile, it was the entrepreneurial abilities of Russian merchants that were the most important factor in the development of the economy of the economy of the Russian state. Today, the state is making significant efforts to develop entrepreneurship. It is of interest to study the experience of developing entrepreneurship in the pre-revolutionary period.The Purpose. The study of the formation and development of the Kursk merchant dynasty of the Gnuchevs.Objectives. Within the framework of the article, the following tasks are solved: to trace the origin of the Gnuchev merchant dynasty, to identify the contribution of the Gnuchev merchants to the economy of the city of Kursk, to study the social activities of representatives of the Gnuchev merchant dynasty.Methodology. The article carried out a comprehensive analysis of archival sources and publications, used the methods of statistics and data comparison, analysis, synthesis, personal biographical method. Results. In the 18th - the first half of the 19th century, the Gnuchev dynasty of merchants developed. By the middle of the 19th century, the role of the Gnuchev merchants in the economic life of Kursk reached its maximum. In the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. there was a decrease in the importance of trade and production activities of representatives of the dynasty.Conclusion. The success of the Gnuchev merchant dynasty was ensured by the determination and hard work of several of its key representatives who managed to achieve success in the entrepreneurial field. In the Gnuchev family, they include the ancestor - Ivan, who, thanks to his own efforts, was able to move from a seedy family of service people to the merchant class, Foma Afanasyevich, who decided to move from the small town of Oboyan to the center of the Kursk province, and Afanasy Fomich, who managed to concentrate in their hands control over a number of important commercial and industrial enterprises of Kursk. None of the merchant dynasty of the Gnuchevs disgraced the honest name of the family. None of them were held accountable for misconduct related to entrepreneurial activities. And today the descendants of the Gnuchev merchant dynasty live in Kursk.
Problems of Compensation of Losses in Breach of Civil Law Obligations
Authors: Grigorieva I. M. 
Published: October 2023

Relevance. One of the basic approaches for civil law is to allow the injured party to claim full compensation for losses, including in case of violation of civil law obligations. The widespread use of this approach is based on universal human notions of reasonableness and fairness of restoring the property sphere of the injured party at the expense of the party that committed the violation. Compensation of losses plays a crucial role among the means of protection of subjective civil rights provided for by Article 12 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.The purpose of the study is to develop theoretical provisions that determine the features of the implementation of the principle of full compensation for damages in breach of obligations at the current stage of development of market economy and legislation of the Russian Federation.Objectives: to identify the problems associated with the implementation of the principle of full compensation for losses in the civil law of the Russian Federation; to determine the features of ensuring the balance of interests in the compensation of losses; to determine the directions of further development of legal regulation of the issues under consideration.Methodology. When writing the work, dialectical-materialistic method, systematic method, methods of analysis and synthesis, formal-legal method were used.The results of the research are of a theoretical and applied nature and are aimed at improving the quality of legal regulation of civil legal relations.The conclusions made in the article are of a discussion nature, aimed at continuing the research in the frame-work of the stated subject matter, development of basic principles that allow to uniformly resolve the problems associated with the realization of the rights to full compensation for damages for breach of obligations, including in a complex system of relations between individual participants of civil turnover. The article is a continuation of the author's scientific research on issues related to the problems of civil liability.