bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk factors associated with the incidence of seroconversion to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus in goats on California dairies
Authors: Rowe J. D. , East N. E. , Franti C. E. , Thurmond M. C. , Pedersen N. C. , Theilen G. H. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Incidence of seroconversion to caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (caev) was determined for 1,194 goats on 11 dairies, using 2 repeated annual herd tests for caev. Current life table methods were used to compare age-specific incidence of seroconversion for pasteurized milk-raised and unpasteurized milk-raised goats. Logistic regression models were used to determine the risk factors associated with caev seroconversion, and to estimate odds ratios for seroconversion for various factor levels. Goats raised by unpasteurized milk-feeding methods were 2.5 to 6.7 times more likely to seroconvert than were goats raised by pasteurized milkfeeding methods, depending on the method of comparison. Similarly, 61.6 to 85.0% of seroconversions in yearling goats possibly were attributable to unpasteurized milk feeding. Among yearling goats, caev seroconversion was associated with feeding method, breed, and source of goat (herd of origin) when the effect of dairy was considered. In addition to the 6.7 times greater risk of seroconversion for unpasteurized milk-raised goats, yearling goats of the Saanen and Toggenburg breeds were 2.2 and 3.3 times, respectively, more likely to seroconvert than were Alpine yearling goats. Yearling goats purchased from another source were less likely to seroconvert than were yearlings raised on the dairy where they were studied. Among goats > 1 year old, age was associated with risk of seroconversion. Goats that were 3 years old or were ≥ 4 years old were 1.7 and 3.2 times, respectively, more likely to seroconvert than were 2-year-old goats, when adjusted for effect of dairy. The effects of dairy were significant (P ≤ 0.001) in yearling and older goats.
Cytologic findings of tracheobronchial aspirates from 66 Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: Sweeney Corinne Raphel , Humber Kent A. , Roby Kate A. W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Tracheobronchial aspirates obtained from 66 healthy Thoroughbred racehorses in training at the same track were examined. Twenty-seven percent of the horses had > 20% neutrophils in the aspirate. Eosinophils, mast cells, giant cells, and Curschmann's spirals of mucus were observed in 94, 83, 65, and 42% of the horses, respectively. Hemosiderophages were observed in 86% of the horses, half of which had previous confirmation of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage. Although fungal elements were seen in 70% of the horses, bacteria were detected in only 3% of the horses. The authors conclude that inflammatory airway disease is widespread in the racing Thoroughbred population.
Evaluation of intra-articularly administered sodium monoiodoacetate-induced chemical injury to articular cartilage of horses
Authors: Gustafson Scott B. , Trotter Gayle W. , Norrdin Robert W. , Wrigley Robert H. , Lamar C. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Three doses of sodium monoiodoacetate (mia) were used to induce degenerative changes in articular cartilage in middle carpal joints of horses. Twelve young (2- to 5-year-old) horses, free of lameness, were randomly allotted to 3 groups. One middle carpal joint of each horse was injected with 0.9% NaCl solution (control joint). The contralateral middle carpal joint was injected with 0.09 mg of MlA/kg of body weight (group 1); 0.12 mg/kg (group 2); or 0.16 mg/kg (group 3). After mia administration, horses were allowed ad libitum exercise in a 2-acre paddock for 12 weeks. At the end of the study, gross and microscopic tissue changes were evaluated and biochemical analyses of articular cartilage were done. Grossly, diffuse partial thickness articular cartilage lesions were observed in group-2 (n = 2) and group-3 (n = 4) horses, but not in group-1 horses. Articular cartilage uronic acid content was significantly (P < 0.03) decreased in all mia-injected joints, compared with controls. Articular cartilage matrix staining with safranin-O was decreased in 3 of 4 mia- injected joints of group-1 horses and in all mia-injected joints of group-2 and group-3 horses, compared with controls (P < 0.06). Microscopic degenerative changes in articular cartilage were not significantly different between mia-injected and control joints in group-1 horses, but were increased (P<0.06) in all MlA-injected joints of group-2 and group-3 horses, compared with controls. Qualitatively, decreased matrix staining and degenerative changes were more severe in group-3 horses. On the basis of articular cartilage gross and microscopic changes, as well as biochemical changes, 0.12 mg of mia/kg injected intra-articularly was determined to induce moderate degrees of articular cartilage degeneration. This model of chemically induced articular cartilage injury could be useful for evaluating treatment effects of anti-arthritic drugs in horses.
Antigenic variation among transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) and porcine respiratory coronavirus strains detected with monoclonal antibodies to the S protein of tgev
Authors: Simkins Ronald. A. , Weilnau Peggy A. , Bias Jerome , Saif Linda J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Five nonneutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAb) generated to the virulent Miller strain of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) and specific for the S protein were characterized. Competition assays between purified and biotinylated MAb indicated that MAb 75B10 and 8G11 mapped near a new subsite, designated V and 2 MAb, 44C11 and 45A8, mapped to a previously designated subsite D. A fifth MAb mapped between subsites V and E. These MAb were tested with 3 previously characterized MAb to subsites A, E, and F in fixed-cell ELISA and cell culture immunofluorescent assays against 5 reference and 9 field strains of TGEV and 2 US strains (ISU-1 and ISU- 3) of porcine respiratory coronavirus (prcv). Subsites A, E, and F were conserved on all tgev and prcv strains examined. The 2 MAb to subsite V, 8G11 and 75B10, reacted only with the Miller tgev strains (M5C, M6, and M60), except that 75B10 also recognized field strain U328. The MAb 11H8 did not react with 4 field strains or the Purdue strains of tgev. The 2 MAb to subsite D reacted with all tgev strains examined, but not with 2 US prcv strains, 2 European PRCV strains, 1 feline infectious peritonitis virus strain, and 1 canine coronavirus strain. Because of this specificity for TGEV, but not PRCV, these latter 2 subsite D MAb may be useful for the development of competition ELISA to differentiate serologically between tgev and prcv infections in swine, similar to the currently used European subsite D MAb.
Antagonism of a specific dopaminergic receptor agonist with metoclopramide in horses
Authors: Eades Susan C. , Moore James N. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Changes in lateral cecal arterial blood flow, mean internal carotid arterial pressure, and heart rate caused by nasogastric administration of fenoldopam (3, 6, and 9 mg/kg of body weight), a selective agonist of dopaminergic receptors, were recorded in 7 healthy horses. Cecal arterial blood flow was significantly increased within 30 minutes after administration of fenoldopam at all 3 dosages, with the peak increases from baseline (67.8 ± 17.5 ml/min) being 125 ± 28, 120 ± 22, and 153 ± 32 ml/min for 3, 6, and 9 mg/kg, respectively. Although carotid arterial pressure did not change significantly after administration of fenoldopam at the dosage of 3 mg/kg, administration of fenoldopam at the dosages of 6 and 9 mg/kg significantly reduced carotid arterial pressure from 113 ± 10 to 88 ± 3 and 81 ± 5 mm of Hg, respectively. Intravenous infusion of metoclopramide, a dopaminergic receptor antagonist, at the rate of 0.125 mg/kg/h, blocked the effect of fenoldopam on cecal arterial blood flow and carotid arterial pressure. It was concluded that dopaminergic receptors mediate alterations in local blood flow and systemic pressure in horses.
Electromyography of the pelvic diaphragm and anal sphincter in dogs with perineal hernia
Authors: Sjollema Bart E. , Venker-van Haagen Anjop J. , van Sluijs Frederik J. , Hartman Frits , Goedegebuure Sinus A. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The innervation of the levator ani and coccygeal muscles and the external anal sphincter was studied by anatomic dissection in 6 clinically normal male dogs and by electrical stimulation in 5 clinically normal male dogs. Variations in innervation occasionally were found that were comparable to those reported in previous studies.
Electromyographic recordings were made from the levator ani and coccygeal muscles and from the anal sphincter in 40 dogs during perineal hernia repair. Spontaneous potentials of 4 types were found in 35 dogs: fibrillation potentials, positive sharp waves, complex repetitive discharges, and fasciculations.
Biopsy specimens of the cranial part of the levator ani muscle were taken in 12 dogs during perineal hernia repair. Histologic examination revealed atrophy in 7 specimens. Spontaneous potentials were recorded from all muscles with histologic evidence of atrophy. All examinations of the levator ani muscle concerned the cranial part of this muscle, because the caudal part was absent in all 40 dogs.
From combined results of electromyography and histologic examination, it was concluded that atrophy of the muscles of the pelvic diaphragm, which develops in some dogs with perineal hernia, is likely to be of neurogenic origin. Nerve damage is localized in the sacral plexus proximal to the muscular branches of the pudendal nerve or in the muscular branches separately.
Early detection of bovine leukemia virus in cattle by use of the polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Kelly E. Jane , Jackson M. Keven , Marsolais Gregoire , Morrey John D. , Callan Robert J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A study was performed to determine whether experimentally induced bovine leukemia virus (blv) infection in cattle could be detected earlier by use of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification of genomic DNA extracted from leukocytes than by use of conventional agar-gel immunodiffusion (agid). The PCR primers were designed to amplify a 375-base-pair region of the proviral gag gene. Five cows were identified that were BLV-negative on the basis of AGID and PCR results. At day 0, these cows were inoculated IM with blood pooled from 3 naturally infected cows. Blood samples were taken on days 0, 1, and 7, and every 2 weeks thereafter until 3 months after inoculation. Three of the cows were BLV-positive by AGID test results 3 weeks after inoculation, and the remaining 2 seroconverted at 5 weeks. In contrast, all 5 cows were BLV-positive by PCR results 7 days after inoculation and remained positive for the duration of the study. Five cows that were BLV-positive by AGID test and PCR results on day 0 and from which samples were obtained at the same times as those from the other 5 cows, remained blv-positive by results of both tests during the course of the study. Results indicate that under experimental conditions, BLV infection in cattle can be detected as much as 2 to 4 weeks earlier by use of PCR than by use of the AGID test.
Use of polymerase chain reaction to diagnose bovine leukemia virus infection in calves at birth
Authors: Agresti Alessandra , Ponti Wilma , Rocchi Mara , Meneveri Raffaella , Marozzi Anna , Cavalleri Daniela , Peri Enzo , Poli Giorgio , Ginelli Enrico 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
A specific polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay was devised, allowing detection of 1 bovine leukemia virus (blv)-infected cell in 104 bovine lymphocytes. The efficacy of field application of the developed method was verified by evaluating the rate of viral transmission to calves from infected cows, whether they have persistent lymphocytosis. With this objective, 43 calves were simultaneously tested at birth and at 6 months of age for viral antibodies in serum and for proviral dna in lymphocytes. At birth, 36 calves were blv-negative and 3 were blv-positive by results of serologic and dna-based assays. Conversely, results for 4 calves had lack of correlation between the diagnostic methods. In particular, 2 calves were dna-positive and antibody-negative for blv and 2 other calves had the opposite test results. At 6 months of age, when the immunologic pattern more closely reflects the status of calves’ immune response, independent of maternal antibodies, all calves dna-negative for blv at birth (n = 38), were consistently pcr- and antibody-negative for blv. On the contrary, the cattle dna-positive for blv at birth (n = 5), whether seropositive or not, were pcr- and antibody-positive for blv, at the time of the second screening. Thus, these results indicate reliability of the pcr to diagnose perinatal blv infection. Furthermore, the observation that all calves found to be infected at birth were born to blv-positive cows with persistent lymphocytosis, indicates that the persistent lymphocytosis status of the cow may represent a factor associated with blv infection in utero.
Evaluation of skin viability in dogs, using transcutaneous carbon dioxide and sensor current monitoring
Authors: Rochat Mark C. , Payne John T. , Pope Eric R. , Wagner-Mann Colette C. , Pace Lanny W. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Transcutaneous oxygen monitoring is commonly used in human beings to assess skin viability. Little attention has been directed toward the use of transcutenaous carbon dioxide (PCO2-TC) monitoring for the same purpose. The application of PCO2-TC monitoring for evaluating skin viability in dogs was investigated.
The changes in PCO2-TC and local power reference (LPR) values were measured from 16 skin flaps created along the lateral hemithoraces of 4 dogs. Transcutaneous PPCO2 and LPR values were serially recorded from the base and apex of each flap for 12 hours. A single measurement was obtained from each flap base and apex 24 hours after surgery. Arterial blood gas analyses were obtained to compare central PCO2 values with peripheral skin PCO2 values. The flaps were observed for 4 days and then harvested for histologic examination. Full-thickness skin biopsy specimens were obtained 24 hours after surgery and when the flaps were harvested to evaluate the viability of the apex and base of the flaps. A subjective grade was assigned to all skin biopsy specimens during histologic examination.
For all measurements, a significant difference was found between the PCO2-TC values for apices and bases of the flaps. The mean PCO2-TC for all bases was 52.66 mm of Hg ± 2.24 (SEM), and the mean PCO2-TC for all apices was 106.4 mm of Hg ± 2.44. The regional carbon dioxide index (apex PCO2-TC/base PCO2-TC) was 2.02.
A significant difference was not found between the LPR values for bases and apices. The mean lpr for all bases was 253.23 mW ± 4.06, and the mean LPR for all apices was 243.53 mW ± 4.49.
A signficant difference was found between the histologic grades assigned to the collective bases and apices 4 days after creation of the flaps. A difference was not found between the collective bases and apices 24 hours after flap creation. On the basis of our findings, transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring is a useful method of evaluating skin viability in dogs.
Skeletal muscle of cattle affected with progressive degenerative myeloencephalopathy
Authors: Troyer Deryl , Cash Walter , Leipold Horst 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Skeletal muscle from multiple sites of 6 cattle afflicted with progressive degenerative myeloencephalopathy was analyzed by transmission electron microscopy and compared with skeletal muscle taken from 2 clinically normal cattle (controls) similarly studied. Major changes in the affected muscle included abnormal myoneural junctions with redundant junctional folds that were abnormally long and branching, and occasionally separated from the synaptic site; multiple vacuoles of variable size clustered in subsarcolemmal positions and in rows between myofibrils; bizarre mitochondria with thin connecting stalks, large electron-dense bodies, and abnormal cristae; and cone-shaped projections of the sarcolemma. These findings indicate that myopathy is part of the progressive degenerative myeloencephalopathy phenotype.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometric methods to screen hybridoma culture supernatants for antibodies to bovine neutrophil surface antigens, and monoclonal antibody production and characterization
Authors: Salgar Shashikumar K. , Paape Max J. , Alston-Mills Brenda 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and flow cytometric methods to screen hybridoma culture supernatants for antibodies to bovine neutrophils (surrace antigen-specific) were optimized. Sensitivity of the 2 methods was compared. A panel of 14 murine monoclonal antibodies (mab) to surface antigens of bovine polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes (neutrophils) was produced by hybridoma technology, and their isotypes were determined by wholecell elisa. Monoclonal antibody reactivity with neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes isolated on phosphate-buffered saline solution and on Ficoll-sodium diatrizoate were compared. Biochemical characterization of antigens recognized by mab was performed by immunoblot analysis. Neutrophil plasma membranes were isolated on sucrose gradients (20, 32, and 50%) and purified for polypeptide characterization. Neutrophil surface proteins were characterized by external labeling with 125I.
The flow cytometric method was proven to be more sensitive and rapid than elisa to screen hybridoma supernatants. This method allowed light-scatter gating of live neutrophil populations for analysis, which eliminated nonspecific binding of antibodies to contaminating cells and dead neutrophils. The optimal conditions for flow cytometric analyses were 5 × 105 neutrophils and 1 µg of fluorescein-labeled F(ab′)2/assay as the second antibody. The optimal conditions for hybridoma screening by elisa were neutrophil concentration of 2.5 × 105/well, using a 96-well polystyrene microtitration plate as solid support, and 2,2′-azino-di[3-ethyl-benzthiazoline sulfonate (6)] with H2O2 as the chromogenic substrate. Tissue culture plates as solid support and 3,3′, 5,5′- tetramethyl benzidine, with H2O2 as the chromogenic substrate, were equally as sensitive.
Panel mab reacted differently with neutrophils, eosinophils, and lymphocytes. Isolation of these cells from blood on Ficoll-sodium diatrizoate generally did not alter mab reactivity.
Coomassie blue-stained gels of neutrophil plasma membrane proteins contained about 25 polypeptide bands, 13 of which were major bands. Autoradiography revealed about 11 surface proteins, 5 of which were heavily labeled with Monoclonal antibody S7G8 identified a 65-kd protein and mab S8G10 identified 65- and 70-kd proteins. On the basis of molecular weight, mab S7G8 and S8G10 are comparable to human CD15, CDl6, and CD64 molecules. The mab generated in this study are potential candidates to discern bovine neutrophil function and heterogeneity.
Enterotoxigenic, verotoxigenic, and necrotoxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from cattle in Spain
Authors: Blanco Miguel , Blanco Jorge , Blanco Jesús E. , Ramos Jacinto 
Published: January 2024

Summary
To assess the role of enterotoxigenic (etec), verotoxigenic (vtec), and necrotoxigenic (ntec) Escherichia coli in cattle with diarrhea, 1,524 colonies of E coli isolated from 197 calves with diarrhea and from 112 healthy controls were investigated for production of heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxins, verotoxins, and cytotoxic necrotizing factors (cnf1 and cnf2). The etec were isolated from only 2(1%) calves with diarrhea and from 5 (4%) healthy controls. In contrast, vtec and ntec that produced cnf2 were frequently identified. The vtec were isolated from 18 (9%) calves with diarrhea and from 21 (19%) healthy cattle (P < 0.05), whereas ntec that produced cnf2 were detected in 39 (20%) ill calves and in 38 (34%) controls (P < 0.01). Therefore, vtec and ntec that produced cnf2 were isolated significantly more frequently from healthy than diseased calves. Serogroups to which vtec belonged differed considerably from the O groups involved with ntec. Although, vtec belonged to 18 serogroups, only 4 (026, 0103, 0113, and 0157) accounted for 56% (25 of 45) of verotoxigenic strains. The ntec that produced cnf2 belonged to 26 serogroups; however, 64% (69 of 108) were from 6 serogroups (O1, 03, 015, 055, 088, and 0123). Our results are compatible with cattle being a reservoir of vtec that are pathogenic for human beings and with etec being an unusual cause of bovine colibacillosis in Galicia (northwestern Spain). Furthermore, results of this study indicate that vtec and ntec that produced cnf2 may be part of the normal intestinal flora of cattle.
Comparative efficacy of flunixin, ketoprofen, and ketorolac for treating endotoxemic neonatal calves
Authors: Semrad Susan D. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Saline (0.9% NaCl) solution or 1 of 3 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaid) was administered iv to 5 neonatal calves 15 minutes after the start of a 3-hour iv infusion of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (lps; 2 µg/kg/h). Four additional calves were given a 3-hour iv infusion of saline solution alone. Clinical attitude, mean arterial blood pressure, pcv, wbc, and plasma lactate, glucose, and eicosanoid concentrations (thromboxane B2, 6-keto-PGF1α) were monitored for 12 hours.
Flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg of body weight, iv), ketoprofen (2.2 mg/kg, iv), and ketorolac tromethamine (1.1 mg/kg, iv) each ameliorated the clinical signs of endotoxemia and lps-induced lacticemia, but failed to significantly alter the degree of leukopenia or hypoglycemia associated with infusion of lps. Although the 3 nsaid prevented eicosanoid production, they provided only partial protection against lps-induced hypotension. Each nsaid modified the response to lps, but none was clearly superior to the others in modulating the clinical signs or physiologic alterations induced by infusion of lps in neonatal calves.