bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF TRACHOMA VIRUS VACCINE ON THE COURSE OF EXPERIMENTAL TRACHOMA INFECTION IN BLIND HUMAN VOLUNTEERS
Authors: Grayston J. Thomas , Wang San-Pin , Yang Yen-Fei , Woolridge Robert L. 
Published: June 2004

The TRIC-Taiwan-1-1958 strain of elementary body virus isolated from a trachoma patient on Taiwan has been proven capable of reproducing trachoma by experimental inoculation of six human volunteers. Virus material derived from the seventh passage in embryonated hen eggs caused the clinical picture of trachoma in every inoculation, even at the dilution of 10–4 of infected yolk sacs (approximately 1 EID50). There was a similar clinical picture with each inoculation beginning with an acute follicular conjunctivitis which progressed for 4 months and then persisted with chronic changes until 9 months when treatment was begun. The illness was generally more acute than would be expected in natural trachoma. That trachoma was reproduced was shown by the involvement of the cornea with epithelial keratitis and pannus, and by the occurrence of gelatinous follicles and eventual cicatrization of the conjunctiva. These clinical findings were supported by repeated demonstrations of typical inclusion bodies of Halberstaedter-Prowazek from conjunctival and even corneal cells, by repeated reisolation of elementary body virus in egg yolk sacs, and by the development of complement-fixing antibody with a "specific" trachoma antigen in each volunteer. Control inoculations with adenovirus type 4 and normal yolk sac showed different clinical and laboratory findings.
Experimental trachoma vaccine was given to three of the volunteers to study its effect on the course of illness. An antibody response to the vaccine was demonstrated and there was a modification of disease in the volunteers receiving vaccine. While the three volunteers who received placebo each developed cross-infection of their uninoculated eye and had an acute reactivation of the bilateral disease after 1 to 2 months of antibiotic eye ointment therapy, the vaccinated volunteers remained free of infection in uninoculated eyes and showed no relapse after ointment therapy.
Treatment with sulfamethoxypyridazine, a sulfa drug with prolonged action, proved to be an effective and relatively simple method of therapy for experimental trachoma.
THE CORRELATION OF A BIPHASIC METABOLIC RESPONSE WITH A BIPHASIC RESPONSE IN RESISTANCE TO TUBERCULOSIS IN RABBITS
Authors: Allison Marvin J. , Zappasodi Peter , Lurie Max B. 
Published: June 2004

We have found a phase of susceptibility associated with a reduced metabolic activity on the part of peritoneal mononuclear phagocytes taken from BCG-vaccinated rabbits. A second stage of heightened resistance to infection was found to be associated with a heightened metabolic activity. The period of susceptibility in BCG vaccination is primarily concerned with initiation of the infection and not with the progression of the disease, which in both stages is increased.
These reactions are discussed in relation to other conditions, such as nonspecific protein therapy and the administration of endotoxin, which also have similiar biphasic stages of resistance.
Of incidental interest is the fact that rabbits who received 400 roentgen units are two years later still unable to respond to BCG vaccination with an increase in resistance.
We conclude that there is a relationship between the level of certain metabolic activities of reticuloendothelial cells and resistance to tuberculosis.
THE BIOLOGICAL, IMMUNOLOGICAL, AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A TRANSMISSIBLE AGENT CAPABLE OF INDUCING DNA AND THYMINE DEGRADATION IN CULTURED HUMAN CELLS
Authors: Chang R. Shihman , Humes Maryellen 
Published: June 2004

Experiments designed to characterize an unidentified transmissible agent brought forth the following findings:
The cytopathology consisted of the formation of intranuclear globules, collapse of the involved nuclei, and the extrusion of nuclear materials.
The relatively dormant primary human amnion cells were less susceptible than the rapidly growing cell lines. Similarly, the slowly multiplying ribose variants were less susceptible than their corresponding parent cell lines.
Interferon-like activity was released from infected cells.
Infectivity was readily demonstrated following storage at 0–4°C for at least 8 months or at 37°C for at least 2 weeks. Freeze-thawing, however, markedly reduced or completely destroyed its infectivity.
Infectivity was destroyed completely by ether and chloroform; partially by desoxycholate, and not affected by trypsin, papain, RNAse, DNAse, hyaluronidase, lysozyme, lecithinase, or pancreatic lipase.
The rate of inactivation by 0.025 per cent formalin was much slower than that of vaccinia and herpes viruses.
Its synthesis was suppressed by 5-fluorodeoxyuridine. This suppression was not reversed by thymidine and/or uracil.
Heat-stable neutralizing antibody could not be demonstrated in 379 human and animal serums, in human gamma globulins, or in serums from animals "immunized" with this agent.
Heat-labile inhibitors (lipoprotein-like) capable of inhibiting the infectivity of this agent were demonstrated in 154 of the 157 serums tested.
Experimental evidence indicated the non-identity of this ubiquitous inhibitor and the properdin system.
The non-infectious complex between this agent and the ubiquitous serum inhibitor may be dissociated (hence, become infectious) by simple dilution.
Repeated attempts to reisolate a similar agent have not been successful.
We have hypothesized that this agent is a virus consisting of DNA wrapped in a surface coat rich in lipid, and suggest that this virus be referred to tentatively as a lipovirus.
TRANSFORMATION OF ADULT ALLOGENEIC SMALL LYMPHOCYTES AFTER TRANSFUSION INTO NEWBORN RATS
Authors: Porter K. A. , Cooper E. H. 
Published: June 2004

Newborn rats of one inbred strain were given an intracardiac injection of adult thoracic duct lymphocytes from another inbred strain. It was found that although there was a direct relationship between the number of small lymphocytes injected and the incidence of fatal runt disease, there was no particular relationship between the large lymphocyte content of an inoculum and its runt-inducing potentiality.
Using tritiated thymidine and an autoradiographic technique, the small lymphocytes in the inoculum were labelled and found to migrate in large numbers into the cortex of the lymph nodes and into the Peyer's patches of the host animal, and in smaller numbers into the white pulp of the spleen. Within 24 hours isotope, previously present in the DNA of small lymphocytes, appeared in a number of the large pyroninophilic cells which were a characteristic feature of the spleen and lymph nodes in this early phase of runt disease.
When the large lymphocytes in the inoculum were labelled they were found to migrate to the red pulp of the spleen, medulla of the lymph nodes, and the Peyer's patches and the lamina propria of the small intestine. Later some labelled small lymphocytes appeared at these sites.
These findings suggest that:
(1) Some small lymphocytes are immunologically competent cells, and
(2) After introduction into the circulation of a newborn rat, these same small lymphocytes are the first cells to react with the antigens of the host, and in the process they become transformed into large pyroninophilic cells capable of division. The large lymphocytes seem to play little part in this initiating of an immunological response, but do give rise to some small lymphocytes.
THE POPULATION-DEPENDENT REQUIREMENT BY CULTURED MAMMALIAN CELLS FOR METABOLITES WHICH THEY CAN SYNTHESIZE
Authors: Eagle Harry , Piez Karl 
Published: June 2004

At least seven compounds synthesized by cultured cells in amounts which should suffice for sustained growth have nevertheless proved under certain conditions necessary for survival (asparagine, cystine, glutamine, homocystine inositol, pyruvate, serine). In every instance so far examined, that requirement has been population-dependent, disappearing at cell densities sufficiently large to bring the concentration in the medium and in the cellular pool to metabolically effective levels before the cells died of the specific deficiency.
At population densities of less than 100 cells per ml, serine was required by all cultured cells so far studied. With more exigent strains, such as the RT6 strain of rabbit fibroblast and the P388 mouse leukemia, the serine requirement disappeared only at populations in excess of 50,000 and 150,000 cells per ml, respectively. The requirement for pyruvate by the latter cell as an alternative to serine also disappeared at that population density.
In a cystine-free medium there were population-dependent requirements for cystine, homocystine, or serine, depending on the experimental conditions. With methionine and glucose as cystine precursors, the critical population density permitting cellular survival and growth was in excess of 200,000 cells/ml. The provision of homocystine as an intermediate reduced the critical population density to 10,000 to 60,000 cells/ml; with the further provision of serine, the critical cell concentration permitting growth was reduced to 50 to 500 cells/ml.
Cells adapted to glutamic acid, and capable of utilizing it as a substitute for glutamine, nevertheless required exogeneous glutamine at cellular densities of less than 50,000 cells per ml. In some experiments, the provision of asparagine reduced the critical population density to 10,000 cells/ml, presumably because of its glutamine-sparing action.
Inositol is required by most cell lines, despite their demonstrated capacity to synthesize it from glucose. With at least one cell line (HeLa), sustained growth was occasionally achieved in an inositol-free medium if the population density was maintained in excess of 240,000 cells/ml.
The possible implications of these findings with respect to the loss of specific organ functions in dispersed cell culture are discussed.
COLICINE K
Authors: Rüde Erwin , Goebel Walther F. 
Published: June 2004

The somatic antigen of the non-colicinogenic bacillus E. coli K235 L-OC- has been isolated, and its chemical and serological properties have been compared with those of colicine K. The antigen of the non-colicinogenic bacillus has a protein content significantly lower than that of the C+ antigen, a difference which might be related to the antibacterial activity of the latter.
The lipocarbohydrate components of the two antigens are chemically very similar; both contain the same proportions of galactose, glucose, heptose, rhamnose, glucosamine, and mannosamine.
When tested by agar diffusion, the two antigens are indistinguishable, as are their lipocarbohydrate components.
Our studies indicate that the bactericidal activity of colicine K does not reside in its lipocarbohydrate but in its protein component.
STUDIES ON THE CHEMISTRY AND IMMUNOCHEMISTRY OF CELL WALLS OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Morse Stephen I. 
Published: June 2004

The cell walls of an 80/81 strain of Staphylococcus aureus (NYH-6) contain alanine, glycine, glutamic acid, lysine, muramic acid, glucosamine, and ribitol phosphate.
94 per cent of the phosphorus and 41 per cent of the glucosamine are removed by extraction of the cell walls with hot 5 per cent TCA, but significant amounts of the other constituents are not extracted by this procedure.
The residue after hot TCA extraction (mucopeptide) is susceptible to lysozyme whereas the intact cell walls are resistant.
Staphylococcus aureus cell walls are agglutinated by S. aureus antisera. Agglutination of the cell walls of one S. aureus strain is inhibited by absorption of antisera with cell walls of other S. aureus strains but not by absorption with S. albus cell walls.
The ribitol teichoic acid can be isolated from cold TCA extracts of the cell walls. This compound consists almost entirely of ribitol phosphate and glucosamine.
The isolated teichoic acid of strain NYH-6 is readily fixed to tanned sheep erythrocytes and these sensitized cells are agglutinated by S. aureus antisera. Cold TCA extracts of cell walls of other strains of S. aureus inhibit hemagglutination whereas extracts of S. albus walls do not.
Studies on the inhibition of both hemagglutination and precipitation indicate that the antigenic determinant of S. aureus NYH-6 teichoic acid is ß-N-acetylglucosamine.
EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS: THE EFFECT OF 6-MERCAPTOPURINE
Authors: Hoyer Leon W. , Good Robert A. , Condie Richard M. 
Published: June 2004

1. 6-Mercaptopurine (6-MP) prevents experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) during the period of drug administration in both rabbits and guinea pigs. The disease is suppressed even when treatment is started as late as the 5th day after antigenic stimulation in guinea pigs and the 12th day in rabbits.
2. After discontinuation of 6-MP treatment, there is a latent period before the disease is noted. The length of this latent period is not modified by the duration of 6-MP treatment.
3. The effect of 6-MP on EAE is not the result of leukopenia, non-specific toxicity and debilitation, anti-inflammatory activity, or mere masking of clinical signs of the disease. It is, rather, the result of 6-MP's specific anti-immunologic activity.
4. The effects of 6-MP on antibody production, delayed hypersensitivity, and EAE are compared. This provides indirect evidence for the importance of circulating antibody in the pathogenesis of EAE.
5. The important considerations in the use of 6-MP are discussed and the possible usefulness of 6-MP in human neurologic diseases is considered.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES IN ROUS SARCOMA WITH VIRUS, TUMOR CELLS AND CHICK EMBRYO CELLS TRANSFORMED IN VITRO BY VIRUS
Authors: Morgan Herbert R. , Andrese Angelo P. 
Published: June 2004

Chick embryo fibroblasts infected with Rous sarcoma virus in vitro are rendered malignant for such cells produce typical Rous sarcomas when injected into susceptible chicks since the tumors produced predominantly retain the sex chromatin patterns of the donor cells when such cells are injected into a recipient of the opposite sex. However, examination of the sex chromatin of cells at the periphery of the tumor shows presence of recipient cells though the bulk of the tumor is clearly of donor cell origin. Such tumors grow and cause death of the recipient. Injection of RSV induces tumors of the sex of the recipient as also does the injection of transformed cells rendered incapable of multiplication by x-rays. Following their injection into susceptible chicks, the cells transformed in vitro by virus behave in the same manner as tumor cells obtained from tumors induced by virus in vivo and cultivated in the same conditions in vitro.
When such tumors induced by transformed cells are serially transferred in recipients of the opposite sex, they gradually convert to the sex of the recipient indicating that the tumors are not indefinitely transplantable.
These chick embryo fibroblasts transformed in vitro show the same neo-plastic properties as tumor cells when they are introduced into the cheek pouch of the hamster or the eye of the guinea pig.
ANTIGENICITY OF RAT COLLAGEN
Authors: Rothbard Sidney , Watson Robert F. 
Published: June 2004

Antibody to rat collagen, prepared in rabbits and injected into the circulation of normal or adjuvant-prepared rats, becomes fixed to its antigen and can then be identified in tissue sections under ultraviolet light by its fluorescence after application of fluorescein-conjugated anti-rabbit globulin. In heart, lung, liver, spleen, adrenal, kidney, jejunum, lymph node, thymus, joint synovia, peripheral nerve, aorta, skeletal muscle, eye, and brain, the antibody was found at all sites where collagen and reticulin are normally present, but except for the kidneys of the adjuvant-prepared rats, no pathological abnormalities were demonstrated. It was not found within cells.
Specific fluorescence was absent from tissues of rats injected with normal rabbit serum or rabbit anti-fish collagen serum or rabbit anti-rat collagen serum after absorption with rat collagen, but was present when the anti-rat collagen serum had been absorbed with fish collagen. The reaction could be blocked by pretreatment of sections with unlabeled anti-rabbit globulin and did not occur with heterologous labeled anti-duck globulin.
After serial treatment in vitro with homologous antibody to collagen and the conjugated anti-rabbit globulin, purified reconstituted collagen fibers showed the same fluorescence as fibers in the tissues; no fluorescence of the fibers occurred when heterologous antibody to collagen was applied.
These findings indicate that the antibody to rat collagen is directed toward an antigen present in both collagen and reticulin.
GENETIC CHARACTERS OF HUMAN γ-GLOBULINS IN MYELOMA PROTEINS
Authors: Harboe M. , Osterland C. K. , Mannik M. , Kunkel H. G. 
Published: June 2004

The genetic factors Gm(a), Gm(b), Gm(x), and Inv(a), Inv(b) described for normal human γ-globulin were all found in different myeloma proteins. A single myeloma protein never contained more than one product of alternate alleles even in heterozygous individuals. However, factors determined by the two different loci were often found in the same myeloma protein. The Gm(a) character of the myeloma protein parallelled that of the normal γ-globulin of the same serum in most cases. In contrast, the Gm(b) character was usually absent in the myeloma protein when it was directly demonstrable in the normal γ-globulin. The myeloma proteins from six Negroes were Gm(a+b-), whereas the normal γ-globulin was Gm(a+b+). This indicates that the effect of gene Gmb is similar in Negroes and whites, even though its relation to gene Gma is different in the two races.
Gm factors were found only in the 7S γ-globulin type myelomas and not in other products of plasma cell tumors. Inv characters were, however, present in all four types of proteins studied, namely 7S and 19S γ-globulins, ß2A-globulins, and Bence Jones proteins. In two instances, genetic heterogeneity of the protein products was demonstrated suggesting the proliferation of more than one clone of plasma cells in some multiple myeloma patients.
The accumulated evidence obtained in this study strongly suggested that the presence and absence of genetic characters was compatible with the concept that myeloma proteins were closely analogous to individual moieties in the spectrum of normal γ-globulins rather than truly abnormal proteins. Their study offered evidence of a heterogeneity of genetic characters among the normal γ-globulins in a given individual. It also appears probable that in normal individuals single plasma cells have a restricted capacity to express genetic information in their protein product.
EFFECTS OF BACTERIAL ENDOTOXINS ON METABOLISM
Authors: Berry L. Joe , Smythe Dorothy S. , Kolbye Susannah McC. 
Published: June 2004

The greater susceptibility to the lethal effects of bacterial endotoxin (heat-killed Salmonella typhimurium or Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide, in mice infected with an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (BCG) was confirmed. It reached a maximum at 2 weeks postinfection and gradually diminished for an additional 6 weeks.
At the time of maximum susceptibility several metabolic and physiological differences became apparent. BCG-infected mice die sooner (4 to 12 hours) and without the diarrhea, conjunctivitis, and general symptomatology associated with endotoxin deaths of normal animals. Reticuloendothelial blockade results in only a small change in reactivity to endotoxin, in contrast to normal mice. Subcutaneous injection of 2 units of ACTH is followed by no significant increase in urinary nitrogen excretion while in control animals it more than doubles. Plasma clearance of intravenously administered inulin is approximately normal in BCG-infected mice 17 hours after an LD50 dose of endotoxin but control mice similarly treated show renal impairment. In line with this result is the absence of elevated carcass non-protein nitrogen (NPN) following endotoxin poisoning or at the moment of death from endotoxemia in the hyperreactive animals in contrast to the two- to threefold increase in carcass NPN in normal mice under similar conditions. Body carbohydrate is at a minimum and becomes depleted to a level approximating that found at death more rapidly in BCG-infected mice given endotoxin than in controls. There is also a lower ratio of carbohydrate anabolized to protein catabolized following cortisone administration to BCG-infected mice than in control mice. This is found in adrenalectomized mice and in stressed animals and is reported elsewhere.
Some of the differences just described can be attributed to a refractory adrenal cortex. There is less depletion of adrenal cholesterol in vivo and lower corticoid synthesis in vitro than in normal mice yet this is not fundamentally responsible for the greater susceptibility of BCG-infected animals to endotoxin since adrenalectomized mice, which are even more susceptible, are metabolically and physiologically more comparable to normal mice than to BCG-infected mice. One can conclude, therefore, that the hyperreactivity of BCG-infected mice is more than an intensification of the normal response to endotoxin.
THE MODE OF ACTION OF ANTIBIOTICS IN STIMULATING GROWTH OF CHICKS
Authors: Eyssen H. , de Somer P. 
Published: June 2004

A study was made of the effect of antibiotics on growth of chicks and on intestinal absorption of fats and carbohydrates.
Around the 8th day of life, chicks fed an antibiotic-free casein-sucrose diet developed a transitory syndrome of malabsorption of fats and carbohydrates, associated with disturbance of the efficiency of feed utilization and poor weight increase. Administration of virginiamycin, at a level of 20 ppm, suppressed this period of malabsorption and resulted in improved feed conversion and increased weight gain.
The temporary growth depression and malabsorption were not observed in disinfected rooms in new quarters. Under these conditions virginiamycin did not stimulate growth nor was the efficiency of feed utilization improved by the antibiotic. However, the growth-depressing flora could be introduced to the new quarters by feeding each bird 50 mg of fresh feces collected from chicks in old quarters.
Both the intestinal absorption and the growth-promoting effect of virginiamycin were influenced by the type of carbohydrate in the basal diet, and have been found to be most pronounced when sucrose was fed as the sole source of carbohydrate. The malabsorption was less obvious when cornstarch was substituted for sucrose. In this case virginiamycin had only a limited effect on growth and on feed conversion.
The present investigations suggest that antibiotics stimulate growth of chicks by their antibacterial action against Gram-positive microorganisms which interfere with the absorption of nutrients. Furthermore, the growth-promoting effect seems to be most pronounced during a limited period of a few days around the 8th day of life.
THE MECHANISM OF BLOCKADE OF THE RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM
Authors: Murray I. MacKay 
Published: June 2004

Rats were injected intravenously with various particulate materials with and without the addition of various stabilizing agents. One hour after the injection of the blockading colloid, a tracer dose of similar or different colloidal material was injected. A half-time clearance rate of the tracer dose greater than 4 minutes was taken as evidence of blockade of the RES.
Blockade of the tracer dose occurred when the surface properties of the particles in both blockading and tracer doses were identical. Different particles stabilized by the same agent behaved as identical particles and identical particles stabilized by different agents behaved as different particles.
The opsonization of a tracer dose of gelatin-stabilized colloid in vitro by a specific globulin fraction obtained from heterologous and homologous plasma prevented its blockade, while opsonization of both blockading and tracer doses with the same proteins resulted in blockade. However, when both blockading and tracer doses were opsonized with isologous globulins, blockade did not occur.