bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Poetry, Philosophy, and Letter-Writing in Horace, Epistles I
Authors: Harrison Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two long-running issues in the criticism of Horace’s first book of Epistles now appear to be in a steady state: that of whether these twenty hexameter poems are in any sense ‘real’ letters, and that of whether Horace’s professions of philosophical eclecticism in the programmatic Epistles 1. 1 (13–19) are borne out by the collection. On the first issue, most would now agree with a recent monograph that ‘while the possibility remains that some of the Epistles were actually sent as letters, they are best judged as fictional discourse’ and that these poems aim at ‘a lively illusion of reality’. On the second issue, Horace’s lack of dogmatism seems to be re-established after attempts to make him more philosophically systematic, and he is now seen as an independent purveyor of familiar ethical generalizations. These issues form the background to the questions addressed here.
Seneca, Stoicism, and the Problem of Moral Evil
Authors: Hine Harry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘There are many good reasons for valuing the Letters [of Seneca]: for their realism of scene and language, for their psychological revelations, for their brilliant technique. But we shall not read them right if we do not also take the main theme seriously.’ Thus Donald Russell advises us near the end of his characteristically sympathetic and illuminating guide to reading Seneca’s Letters. My own study, which is concerned with a point of Stoic doctrine, starts, as it happens, from the passage with which Donald’s essay ends, the conclusion of Letter 90. Another of his comments is worth repeating before we begin: he frankly acknowledges that ‘In much of this letter, Seneca, as elsewhere, appears diffuse, unsubtle, incoherent in his moral vehemence.’ One may add that, with the rhetorical training that set a high premium on finding an unfamiliar twist to a familiar topic, he was well capable of devising a new angle on an ethical problem, which makes it sometimes hard to decide whether in a given passage a sketchily presented idea is a novel improvisation of his own or an adumbration of established Stoic doctrine. One must proceed by probing the coherence of the ideas in a given passage with what is found elsewhere in Seneca and other Stoic sources. That is what I shall seek to do with some of the ideas at the end of Letter 90.
Rhetoric as a Protreptic Force in Seneca’s Prose Works
Authors: Costa Desmond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quantum inter philosophiam interest, Lucili virorum optime, et ceteras artes, tantum interesse existimo in ipsa philosophia inter illam partem quae ad homines et hanc quae ad deos pertinet. Altior est haec et animosior; multum permisit sibi; non fuit oculis contenta; maius esse quiddam suspicata est ac pulchrius quod extra conspectum natura posuisset. (2) Denique inter duas interest quantum inter deum et hominem. Altera docet quid in terris agendum sit, altera quid agatur in caelo. Altera errores nostros discutit et lumen admovet quo discernantur ambigua vitae; altera multum supra hanc in qua volutamur caliginem excedit et e tenebris ereptos perducit illo unde lucet.
Longinus, Sublimity, and the Low Emotions
Authors: Innes Doreen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is important here to distinguish such emotion as a source of sublimity from emotion as the proper impact of the sublime. Longinus almost never uses the vocabulary of π α θ ο ς to describe the emotional effect of the sublime (exceptions: 26. 3, 39. 2), presumably in order to avoid confusion of source and impact.
The Decrees of the Greek States
Authors: Rhodes P J , Lewis David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The many states of the ancient greek world were governed by small councils and assemblies of adult male citizens. The decisions of these bodies took the form of decrees. This book collects the evidence for decrees, many of which were inscribed on stone or metal, or appear in literary texts - either directly quoted, or indirectly reported. This evidence is used by Professor Rhodes, with Professor Lewis, to study the decision-making procedures of the Greek states, and the extent to which the citizens were actively involved in those procedures from the sixth century BC to the fourth century AD. An introductory section on Athens shows what questions can be asked and what answers can be given when there is a good supply of epigraphic material and literary texts. This is followed by the catalogue, systematically chronicling the usage of individual states throughout the Greek world with brief discussions of the interesting features in each case. The final section disusses the language of the decrees and the working of the political machinery that they reveal.
The God of Wine and the Frogs
Authors: Lada-Richards Ismene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The opening picture of the Frogs presents Dionysus in the guise of a traveller, entering the space of the Lenaean theatre in Athens. Nevertheless, the point of his departure is never stated openly for the sake of the spectators, as it is, for example, in the Bacchae (13-20). The god is just here, in the sight of the audience; he suddenly appears, an ‘itinerant epiphany’ (Detienne 1989: 5), a divinity coming from outside, arriving ‘from Elsewhere’ (Detienne 1989: 8).
Dionysus, the Poets, and the Polis
Authors: Lada-Richards Ismene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters we have seen that the experience of the Eleusinian Mysteries, the ‘wine/symposion’ motif, and, most importantly, Dionysus’ ‘Heraclean’ role-playing have been designed in such a way as to orientate the dramatis persona of the god towards the space of the polis. Furthermore, as has been argued in Chapter 2, the literary argon should be considered as corresponding to Dionysus’ reaggregation into Athens.
Dionysus ‘Returns’ to Heracles
Authors: Lada-Richards Ismene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have argued so far that on the level of poetic techne Aeschylus is the quintessence of a ‘Dionysiac’ poet. What still remains to be seen is how the relationship between the three stage-characters (Dionysus, Aeschylus, and Euripides) changes, if the contest is evaluated from the point of view of an artist’s impact on society, as one of the issues which is given great prominence throughout the agon is that of an artist’s influence on the social milieu of which he is a part (see esp. 1008-10). It is the thesis of this chapter, then, that, if the contest is looked at from a purely social angle, it is Euripides’ art which exercises a ‘Dionysiac’ influence on its environment, while Aeschylus, on the contrary, should rather be viewed as an essentially ‘Heraclean’ figure.
Dionysus, Comedy, and Tragedy
Authors: Lada-Richards Ismene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapters have suggested that Dionysus’ perspective has broadened so much during the agon of the Frogs as to become identical with the perspective of the entire Athenian polis as a theates. Correspondingly, however, although Dionysus is clearly the god of Drama when he first sets out on his quest for a ‘fertile’ poet (cf. 1. 7), it is only in the frame of the literary contest that his patronage of the theatrical events acquires its full range of implications. The present chapter, therefore, argues that, in clear contrast to the play’s earlier parts, Dionysus’ ‘viewpoint’ in the agon of the Frogs encompasses both Tragedy and Comedy at once.
Prolegomena
Authors: Heath Malcolm 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rhetoric is concerned with the persuasive use of language. In a broad sense, any skilled use of language to persuade or influence others could be counted as rhetoric; but in a stricter sense rhetoric is the consciously skilled use of language to persuade. The rhetoricians’ claim is that they speak or write well because their speech and writing is based on an explicit understanding of the general principles which govern the effective use of language. It is possible to speak or write well through innate talent, or because one has simply acquired a knack of effective communication through practice; but (according to the rhetorician) conscious technique can supplement or enhance that unreflective eloquence.
Constructing the Heroic
Authors: Easterling P E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The historian looking for contemporary evidence of fifth-century Athenian mentalite might reasonably think there is something to be learned from Greek tragedy about how (if not precisely what) the playwrights and their audiences thought about the community they lived in. After all, the plays were designed for the benefit of the community, for performances at public festivals in the presence of large audiences, and they were presented on the community ‘s initiative and behalf, with state funding, both direct and indirect, and citizen performers. So it certainly makes sense in general terms to look to the plays for some kind of refraction of the society that provided the context of production; but it is much harder to go further and attempt to read the signs in detail.
Between Public and Private: Tragedy and Athenian Experience of Rhetoric
Authors: Halliwell Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Classical Athens is the most intensely rhetorical culture known to us from antiquity, and perhaps from any time or place. When the Thucydidean Pericles offers the Athenians an image of themselves as people who think that speeches do not damage action, but form the necessary deliberative preparation for it, or when Demosthenes describes Athenian political life as grounded in speeches and arguments (logoi), they characterize a principle which was embedded in civic institutions at every level from deme locality to the central organs of the polis, and which consequently sustained a mentality whose implications ramified into many areas of cultural activity. Demosthenes ‘ point, moreover, reveals the double-edged status of rhetoric. ‘There is no greater harm that anyone could cause you ‘, he states, ‘than by speaking falsely. For how could those whose political life is grounded in speeches be politically secure if these speeches are not true? ‘ As this warning, set within the occasion of an adversarial debate, helps to suggest, the intensity of the Athenian culture of rhetoric rested on no blind or uncritical commitment. On the contrary, it constituted an intrinsically and self-consciously ambiguous sphere of experi¬ence, in which an appetite for and appreciation of the formal spoken word sat uneasily alongside a suspicion of its possible artifices, snares, and partialities.
The Ecstasy and the Tragedy: Varieties of Religious Experience in Art, Drama, and Society
Authors: Osborne Robin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is concerned with what sort of histories can and cannot be written on the basis of the representations of tragedy. In this paper I want to look not just at the representations of maenads in tragedy but also in art, and in particular on Athenian pots, and to ask two questions: first, how do the representations on pots relate to the representations in drama? and second, can we use these representations to write a history of religious experience? E. R. Dodds had no doubt that we could talk of a history of religious experience.
The Riddle
Authors: Kingsley Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Equating Empedocles’ aer with the element of air was one thing for his interpreters. For Empedocles himself it was out of the question. Failure to appreciate this has meant that clues to the identity of the gods listed by him in the fragment we started with have been looked for in completely the wrong direction. As we have already seen, the rationale for equating Hera with air lay in the term aer itself. But Empedocles called the element aither, and there can be no real justification at all for identifying his Hera with aither. On the contrary, when Hera did come to be associated in Stoic circles with the air it was precisely so that she could be equated with the lower, damp, feminine aer, while Zeus was the warm, masculine aither that lay on top of her.
The Shield of Achilles: Myth and Reality in the Reign of Alexander the Great
Authors: Bosworth A B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most attractive—and admirable—qualities of Henry Broad head’s commentary on the Persae is his ability to see beyond Aeschylus’ ‘patriotic enthusiasm’ for the Greek victory and appreciate the tragic pathos of the defeated Persian monarch. I hope that he would have sympathized with my own approach to the history of Alexander the Great and the negative emphasis upon the costs of conquest. We should perhaps begin with a paradox. Imperialism is no longer in fashion, nor is aggression for its own sake. Yet a positively rose-tinted aura surrounds Alexander, the leader of one of the most successful wars of imperial aggrandizement, pursued wholly for gain and glory under the specious pretext of revenge. He has become divorced from history and elevated into a symbol, the type of military invincibility and the culture hero with a mission to propagate Hellenic values world-wide.
Alexander and the Desert
Authors: Bosworth A B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nothing was dearer to Alexander than the belief in his invincibility. By the end of the reign there was a proposal at Athens to erect a statue of ‘King Alexander, the invincible god’, and the mover was none other than Demosthenes. Whether or not the proposal was carried is irrelevant. What matters is that it was Alexander’s invincibility that was identified as his divine attribute. Alexander the invincible is a familiar figure in ancient and modern literature, and an anecdote of Plutarch (Al. 14. 6-7) is particularly instructive. The young Alexander supposedly visited Delphi, and wished to consult the oracle. The officiating priestess refused to initiate the procedure, since it was a day of recess.
The 2500th Anniversary of Cleisthenes' Reforms and the Tradition of Athenian Democracy
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are celebrating David Lewis and Athenian democracy. We all agree that David Lewis deserves to be celebrated, but what about Athenian democracy? Furthermore, David Lewis's day and year of birth have probably never been disputed. But when was Athenian democracy born? The event we claim to celebrate is the 2500th anniversary of Cleisthenes' reforms, but during this conference not one single paper has been devoted to Cleisthenes or to the problem of what kind of democracy he introduced. I am not surprised; for the same thing has happened at the other three '2500 years of democracy' conferences I have attended so far. Why is this so?
How Violent was Athenian Society?
Authors: Herman Gabriel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of book I, Thucydides looks back into the distant past, contrasting it with his own time. The contrast yields several interesting observations, of which I shall be discussing only one. Like an ancient Norbert Elias, Thucydides believes to have revealed a ‘civilizing process’in the course of ·which lawlessness, indiscriminate violence, and coarseness of manners have gradually given way to settled a:p.d peaceful conditions and to more refined manners.
Money Talks: Rhetor, Demos, and the Resources of the Athenian Empire
Authors: Kallet-Marx Lisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pervasiveness of finance in the. life of the Athenian polis in the mid-to¬ late fifth century is patent when one looks at evidence as diverse as comedy and inscriptions concerned with the financial resources of the city and its empire. From the ubiquity of reference in Aristophanes to tribute, bribery, and pay ,X from the emmisthos polis at home and the extraction and accumulation of revenue from the empire, to the published records of expenditures, loans, and tribute quota to Athena, the degree of ‘fiscality’ in the public realm, and of public consciousness about money, is remarkable. At the same time, the cohesion of the democracy depended on the stability of its institutions, but, as has become clear as well, it also relied greatly on rhetoric.2 In rhetoric lies a crucial key to understanding the relationship between leader rhetor and the demos, as it was the means by which their respective claims to power in the democracy were negotiated. But it also reveals how the Athenians collectively thought about the democracy and the empire, and illuminates the collective values, norms, and identity of the polis
The Demos and the Priests:The Selection of Sacred Officials at Athens from Cleisthenesto Augustus
Authors: Aleshire Sara B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1955, David Lewis, in a characteristically brilliant flash of intuition, asked ‘Who was Lysistrata?’ and answered that Aristophanes based his feisty heroine (in name at least) on Lysimache, the daughter of Drakontides of Bate, priestess of Athena Polias. It is in a spirit of admiration and gratitude that I offer this small footnote to his key article in the Annual of the British School and ask how Lysimache came to be priestess of Athena.
The Reciprocity of Giving and Thanksgiving in Greek Worship
Authors: Bremer Jan-Maarten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If, however, reciprocity is given the sense of ‘a practice of making voluntary return for benefit (or harm)’, then it is possible for man, in his relation to god(s), to do something in return: he can build temples, erect statues, bring sacrifices, offer gifts and prayers of gratitude. As Parker’s chapter in this volume concentrates on sacrifices, this chapter will deal with the gifts and prayers expressing thankfulness. Some scholars have argued that, in the relation of the Greeks to their gods, thankfulness is conspicuously lacking: rituals and prayers of gratitude seem to be scarce.
From Barbarians to New Men
Authors: Dench Emma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Central Apennine peoples, represented alternately as decadent and dangerous snake-charming barbarians or as personifications of manly wisdom and virtue, as austere and worthy "new men", were important figures in Greek and Roman ideology. Concentrating on the period between the later fourth century BC and the aftermath of the Social War, this book considers the ways in which Greek and Roman perceptions of these peoples developed, reflecting both the shifting needs of Greek and Roman societies and the character of interaction between the various cultures of ancient Italy. Most importantly, it illuminates the development of a specifically Roman identity, through the creation of an ideology of incorporation. The book is also about the interface between these attitudes and the dynamics of the perception of local communities in Italy of themselves, illuminated by both literary and archaeological evidence. An important new contribution to modern debates on Greek and Roman perceptions of other peoples, the book argues that the closely interactive conditions of ancient Italy helped to produce far less distanced and exotic images than those of the barbarians in fifth-century Athenian thought.
On The Threshold Of The Persian Ways
Authors: Archibald Z H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Fifty Years Of Persian Rule On The Aegean coast wrought a profound long-term impact on the territories south of the Danube. This is the period in which the Odrysians are first referred to as a tribe (by Herodotos, though the context is uncertain: 4. 92) and during which they began to gain significant advantages over other tribes. Their pre-eminence was not perhaps apparent before the middle of the fifth century. The invasions of Dareios I and Xerxes undoubtedly strengthened the cultural and political links between Thrace and western Asia. Prior to this cultural links, as reflected in minor bronzework and weapons, were chiefly indirect, mediated through steppe contacts rather than across the Bosphoros, although more evidence of direct exchanges may well emerge in future years.
Metalware And Silver Plate Of The Fourth Century Bc
Authors: Archibald Z H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Disposal Of Large Quantities Of Precious metal in tombs and underground hoards has made Thrace one of the richest sources of late Classical and early Hellenistic metalwork, despite the disappearance of many finds from chamber tombs. The fourth century was truly an age of silver. The 165 vessels from Rogozen alone, leaving aside more than a hundred earlier finds of silverware, outnumber even the sizeable number of surviving bronze vases (c.150) of the same period. The quantity of metal in circulation is connected with the payment of tribute to the Odrysian kings, with the persistence of gift exchange as a mechanism of social and economic interaction, and arguably with more intensive extraction processes.
The Origins and Character of the Mesopotamian City
Authors: Mieroop Marc Van De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is now generally accepted that Mesopotamia is the one region in the Old World where we can say with certainty that an urban civilization arose spontaneously. The origins of cities there have been extensively discussed in the past four decades, not so much by Near Eastern historians, who have often limited their comments to statements of archaeologically discernible facts, but by anthropologists, sociologists, and some urban historians specializing in later periods. The topic is of importance in the study of Mesopotamian urbanism, as our ideas about their origins influence to a great extent how we view the nature of cities in subsequent history. In this chapter I do not intend to give a survey of the events connected with the rise of urbanism, nor an overview and critique of all theories seeking to explain it. I will discuss some of the most influential theories on urban development and point out what elements in them seem most useful for understanding the Mesopotamian situation. This will lead to a consideration of the character of the Mesopotamian city once it was fully developed.
Feeding the Citizens
Authors: Mieroop Marc Van De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Any city requires an economic base for its survival, enabling its residents to feed themselves and remain in the same place all the year round; the Mesopotamian city is no exception. As I pointed out before, the city played a central role in the entire economic organization of Mesopotamia, permitting the exchange of goods among various groups: farmers, fishermen, herders, and so on. Moreover, the city was the only place where people not involved in primary food production, such as specialist craftsmen, administrators, and cult personnel, could be supported thanks to an available agricultural surplus. Today, we distinguish between three sectors in our economy: primary food production, secondary manufacture, and tertiary services. In the following three chapters I will discuss these in turn. A lot of information is available on Mesopotamian economic activity, as it often involves the transfer of goods which needed to be put down in writing. Not surprisingly, the textual data are not of a descriptive character, but provide small details of long chains of interactions leading to a finished product, be it food item, manufactured object, or financial settlement. These details need to be placed in a larger context to be properly understood, and in the following chapters I will try to provide a context for the information available to us about various eco
Gaius Cornelius and the Caesarian Vates
Authors: Leigh Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How does the Pharsalia activate the opposition between spectacle and engagement? The following movement, which closes Lucan’s catalogue of omens before the battle of Pharsalus, offers an excellent starting-point for investigation. The account begins with the vague fears felt by Romans as far away even as Cadiz in the West and Armenia in the East.