bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the current state of finite element methods — solids and structures with full coupling to fluid flows
Authors: Bathe Klaus-Jurgen , Rugonyi Sandra , De Suvranu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Finite clement methods are med abundantly in today’s engineering practice. Various general-purpose commercial computer programs and many special pm pose programs written for specific applications are in wide use. Finite element methods are employed to an increasing extent to study physical phenomena, to help identify good designs, and to improve designs with respect to performance and cost [2].
Macroscopic models of superconductivity
Authors: Chapman S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the interesting aspects of superconductivity is the variety of models available to describe the phenomenon at different lengthscales, ranging from the microscopic theory of Bardeen, Cooper & Schreiffer through the mesoscopic theories of London and Ginzburg & Landau, to the macroscopic Critical State theories such as the Bean model. Through a series of appropriate asymptotic limits we will derive a hierarchy of models connecting the Ginzburg-Landau model to the London model with isolated superconducting vortices as line singularities, to vortex-density models, and finally to macroscopic critical-state models. The basic building block in deriving this hierarchy is the superconducting vortex, which is a thin core of nonsuperconducting material circled by a superconducting electric current. Similar line singularities are found in other systems, for example, line vortices in an inviscid fluid, or Volterra dislocations in an elastic crystal. This raises the interesting question of whether analogous hierarchies of models exist in each of these other systems, and whether similar connections can be established between them.
Future research avenues in computational engineering and design
Authors: Jameson A , Alonso J J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to present a coherent view of future avenues of research in computational engineering and science based on recent accomplishments in accurate and robust algorithm development, and on techniques for the automatic design of systems governed by partial differential equations. In light of these developments, we propose our view of a computational engineering environment for the design of multidisciplinary aerospace systems based on high-fidelity methods.
Whizzkids: two exercises in computational discrete optimization
Authors: Aarts Emile 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The number of students in the exact sciences in the Netherlands has sharply de creased over the past years. In 1986 over 500 students in mathematics entered the universities, in 1999 fewer than 180. In addition to demographic developments, there may be several reasons for this: the infantilization of the mathematics pro gram in high schools, which turns off the bright students; the risk-averse behavior of some students, which directs them towards easier and financially more reward ing subjects; sociological developments, which cause others to prefer life sciences and humanities; and the elitist attitude of mathematicians, which does not help in creating an attractive career perspective.
Study of Flow Stability Using Direct Numerical Simulation of the Disturbance Equations
Authors: Spentzos A , Drikakis D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The present study deals with the flow stability in suddenly-expanded channels. The stability analysis is performed by numerically solving the linearised disturbance equations rather than the full set of the Navier Stokes equations (see for example in [l]). The kinetic energy of the disturbances is employed as stability criterion for calculating the eigenvalue corresponding to the least stable mode and, subsequently, detecting the stability regimes. The computations reveal that for Reynolds numbers in the stability regime, an initial random flow perturbation is quickly attenuated. On the contrary, in the case of unstable flows the perturbations continue to exist as the time progresses, and concentrate in the regions of the flow field where instabilities appear. Incompressible flows in suddenly-expanded channels are encountered in various physiological flows for example, flows through prosthetic devices and aortic stenoses. At certain Reynolds numbers these flows present instabilities which may lead to bifurcation, unsteadiness, and chaos. Study of such flows can improve our understanding of hydrodynamic stability and the mechanism of laminar-to-turbulent flow transition. Past experimental studies of low Reynolds number flows in symmetric suddenly-expanded channels have been performed by Chedron et al. [2] and Fearn et al. [3]. Those studies revealed a flow instability beyond a certain Reynolds number, which was appeared in the form of asymmetric separation be tween the upper and lower channel’s walls.
Platelet Deposition in Stagnation Point Flow: An Analytical Study and Computational Simulation
Authors: David T , Thomas S , Walker P G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A mathematical and numerical model is developed for the adhesion of platelets in steady stagnation point flow. The model provides for a correct representation of the axi-symmetric flow and explicitly uses shear rate to characterise not only the convective transport but also the simple reaction mechanism used to model platelet adhesion at the wall surface. Excellent agreement exists between the analytical solution and that obtained by the numerical integration of the full Navier-Stokes equations and decoupled conservation of species equations. It has been shown that for a constant wall reaction rate modelling platelet adhesion the maximum platelet flux occurs at the stagnation point streamline. This is in direct contrast to that found in experiment where the maximum platelet deposition occurs at some distance downstream of the stagnation point. However, if the wall reaction rate is chosen to be linearly dependent on the wall shear stress then the results show that the maximum platelet flux occurs downstream of the stagnation point, providing a more realistic model of experimental evidence. The first stage of thrombogenesis is platelet adhesion. This may then be followed by platelet aggregation and the formation of mural thrombi [2] and [3]. Although the formation of thrombi in stasis is fairly well understood the influence of blood flow characteristics has yet to be fully investigated. Fluid dynamic studies of blood flow, in models of arteries, suggests a set of fluid dynamic conditions which appear to predispose thrombus formation, principally at arterial bifurcations [7], T-junctions and curved sections, in particular, Schoepheoster and Dewanjee [15] found that areas of flow stagnation or recirculation are shown to promote thrombus formation.
The Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics and Solid Mechanics to Haemodynamics in Arterial Organs and to Related Problems
Authors: Zhao S Z , Collins* M W , Long Q , Xu X Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cardiovascular haemodynamics forms an important current class of medical research. Over the last ten years, as the current generation of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes have been developed, so they have been applied to arterial problems and have been demonstrated to be a valuable and reliable tool in this area. This paper will discuss a range of topics in our efforts to correlate haemodynamics to risk factors underlying the genesis and progression of cardiovascular disease. In the course of discussion, the state of art of CFD is described and its application in blood flows demonstrated. Furthermore, our approach has been extended to incorporate solid mechanics into haemodynamic studies so as to address the problems in a. more realistic and comprehensive manner. To obtain predictions which can reflect the real situations in the human body, image and data processing software has been developed to take raw clinical data from Magnetic Resonance Imaging and interface it with the CFD code. As the vessels become smaller in size, so wall effects increase in complexity, and we give relevant data from a major study of nanoscale fluid problems in human biology. Cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis are known to be influenced by blood flows in terms of their genesis and progression (1, 2]. In order to in vestigate what is a complex mechanism a broad knowledge of detailed arterial flow phenomena is necessary. Modern techniques such as ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging enable measurements of pulsatile blood velocities to be undertaken. However, accurate assessment of wall shear stress, which is of considerable physiological interest, is quite difficult.
The Convergence Technique in Numerical Solutions of Coupled Fluid-Wall Problems
Authors: Hughes A D , Thom S A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A comprehensive coupled fluid-wall interaction dynamics model was developed for the simulation of blood flow in arteries. Blood flow was treated as pulsatile, laminar, Newtonian and incompressible. The structural model accounted for both material and geometric nonlinearities. A multiblock body fitted grid was used to subdivide the flow domain into computational finite volume cells. Shell elements were used to discretize the arterial wall. A finite volume computational fluid dynamics code and a finite element structural dynamics code were used to solve the flow and structure equations, respectively. This paper discusses some important is sues related to the coupled model, particularly numerical convergence. In addition to convergence considerations within each code, convergence be tween the two codes must also be dealt with. And a relaxation technique has been introduced to improve and accelerate the convergence performance. Fluid-wall interaction problems exist in the cardiovascular system where blood interacts dynamically with its surroundings. In order to understand both the haemodynamics and vessel wall mechanics in a real artery, computer simulation of this complex system has become more and more demanding [1, 2]. In the present paper, a numerical solution procedure for solving general fluid-wall interactions is developed. In this approach, the time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations of the fluid are not explicitly assembled with the dynamics equilibrium equations of the wall, but instead an iterative procedure is used to obtain the solution. Combining two established commercial codes, CFX for fluid flow and ABAQUS for wall motion [3, 4], this iterative algorithm preserves the nature of software modularity and offers a distinct advantage in that the most efficient codes for fluid flow and structural analysis can be used to deal with complex problems.
Enemy Alien
Authors: Perutz Max F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was a cloudless Sunday morning in May of 1940. The policeman who came to arrest me said that I would be gone for only a few days, but I packed for a long journey. I said goodbye to my parents. From Cambridge, they took me and more than a hundred other people to Bury St. Edmunds, a small garrison town twenty-five miles to the east, and there they locked us up in a school. We were herded into a huge empty shed cast into gloom by blacked-out skylights thirty feet above us. A fellow-prisoner kept staring at a blank piece of white paper, and I wondered why until he showed me that a tiny pinhole in the blackout paint projected a sharp image of the sun’s disc, on which one could observe the outlines of sunspots. He also taught me how to work out the distances of planets and stars from their parallaxes and the distances of nebulas from the red shifts of their spectra. He was a warmhearted and gentle German Roman Catholic who had found refuge from the Nazis at the Observatory of Cambridge University.
How the Secret of Life Was Discovered*
Authors: Perutz Max F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1936, I left my hometown of Vienna, Austria, for Cambridge, England, to seek the Great Sage. I asked him, “How can I solve the secret of life?” He replied, “The secret of life lies in the structure of proteins, and X-ray crystallography is the only way to solve it.” The “Sage” was John Desmond Bernal, a flamboyant Irishman who headed the Crystallographic Department of the Cavendish Laboratory and who had been the first to discover that protein crystals give detailed X-ray diffraction patterns extending to spacings of the order of interatomic distances.2 We really called him Sage, because he knew everything. During a discourse at the Royal Institution in London in 1939, Bernal said:
Darwin Was Right
Authors: Perutz Max F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three hundred years ago Isaac Newton claimed that scientists work from the particular to the general, first observing phenomena and only later drawing generalisations from them. In his Principia, he stated that “In experimental philosophy particular propositions are inferred from the phenomena and afterwards rendered general by induction.” Karl Popper has disputed this, arguing that imagination comes first: scientists begin by formulating hypotheses and then proceed to test them by observation. Only hypotheses that can be falsified experimentally are scientific. If the hypothesis turns out to be inadequate, scientists formulate a new and improved one that can be again subjected to experimental tests. In this way, science has evolved by an interplay of imaginative conjections and experimental refutation.
A Passion for Crystals
Authors: Perutz Max F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In October 1964, the Daily Mail carried a headline “Grandmother wins N bel Prize.” Dorothy Hodgkin won it “for her determination by Xray techniques of the structures of biologically important molecules:’ She used a physical method first developed by W.L. Bragg, X-ray crystallography, to find the arrangements of the atoms in simple salts and minerals. She had the courage, skill, and sheer willpower to extend the method to compounds that were far more complex than anything attempted before. The most important of these were cholesterol, vitamin D, penicillin, and vitamin B12 Later, she was most famous for her work on insulin, but this reached its climax only five years after she had won the prize.
How WL Bragg Invented X-ray Analysis
Authors: Perutz Max F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I first met Bragg in Cambridge in the autumn of 1938 when he had just been appointed Rutherford’s successor as Cavendish Professor of Experimental Physics. One day I burst into his room announcing proudly, “I have received an honour that you can’t match, I have had a glacier named after me.” “I have one that you can’t match” retorted Bragg, “I have had a cuttlefish named after me.” He then told me that as a boy in Adelaide he had been a keen collector and found a new species which his seniors promptly named Sepia Braggi.
The Hormone that Makes Nerves Grow*
Authors: Perutz Max F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rita Levi-Montalcini received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1986, together with Stanley Cohen, for their discovery of growth factors made thirty years earlier while they were working together at St. Louis. Her book recalls her life from her childhood in Turin to her return to Italy from America in 1963. The first part gives an interesting account of life in a Jewish middle-class family in fascist Italy before and during the Second World War, especially during the Nazi terror, when the Levis were hidden in Florence under false names by good-natured, courageous gentiles who pretended not to know that they were Jews.
George Berkeley (1685-1753)
Authors: Ewald William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of all treatises written on the subject in the eighteenth century, Berkeley’s Analyst was the most sustained and penetrating critique of the methodology of the infinitesimal calculus. Despite its early date (1734) and the fact that it was largely ignored by mathematicians, this work foreshadows the foundational research of the nineteenth century, and provides a link between the mathematical preoccupations of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries and those of the nineteenth.
Interacting models of walks and polygons
Authors: Janse van Rensburg E J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is a close relation between the numbers of lattice polygons and self-avoiding walks. In particular, if cn is the number of walks of length n, and Pn is the number of polygons of length n, a fact which does not have a trivial proof [161, 166] (see Theorems 1.1 and 1.2). This connection can be understood in terms of unfolded walks, and in this section I aim to explore this, and other facts, in order to prove a pattern theorem [210].
The Elusive Law
Authors: Wood Roger J , Orel Vítêzslav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Close to the heart of the industrial city of Brno, in a walled garden of the monastery of St Thomas, can still be seen the plot where Fr. Gregor Mendel grew his peas. Here, between 1856 and 1863, the famous Augustinian friar discovered heredity’s fundamental secret, expressed in the formation and development of hybrids, which led to the universal concept of the gene.
Bakewell’s New System
Authors: Wood Roger J , Orel Vítêzslav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Successful farmers are usually too busy to publicise their achievements in print. This is left to those who claim agricultural reporting as their profession. One such writer, the value of whose considerable body of work is judged to have been exceptional, both in accuracy and in soundness of opinion, was William Marshall (1745-1818).
From breeding principles to genetic laws
Authors: Wood Roger J , Orel Vítêzslav 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The startling changes wrought by selective breeding in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries demanded an explanation from the world of science. Wealth and national prestige could come from unlocking the door to a deeper understanding of heredity. Interest encompassed a variety of animals and plants although species of high economic value provided the primary stimulus.
Old principles and a new world-view
Authors: Darrigol Olivier 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the continent the electron theory became known mostly through Lorentz’s Versuch of 1895. At that stage this theory still had obvious defects. Lorentz himself noted that ‘a very simple fact,’ the absence of first-order optical effects of the ether wind, appeared in his theory ‘as a fortuitous consequence of rather complicated considerations.’ For the Michelson-Morley experiment of 1887 he had to introduce a new assumption on the behavior of intramolecular forces. Moreover, he admitted that future experiments would perhaps require more assumptions. This situation prompted Henri Poincare’s famous ‘Of hypotheses there is never a lack.’ At the close of the century, the French mathematician scrutinized the main theories of electrodynamics, and diagnosed a severe crisis. The empirically most successful theory, Lorentz’s, contradicted general principles that Poincare believed to hold generally. In particular, Poincare called for modifications of the electron theory that would make it compatible with the relativity principle.
Riemannian Holonomy Groups
Authors: Joyce Dominic D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let M be a manifold, and g a Riemannian metric on M . Then there is a unique, preferred connection ∇ on TM called the Levi-Civita connection, which is torsion-free and satisfies ∇g = ∇0. The curvature R(∇) of the Levi-Civita connection is called the Riemann curvature, and its holonomy group Hol(∇) the Riemannian holonomy group Hol(g) of g.
Calabi–Yau Manifolds
Authors: Joyce Dominic D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we study compact Riemannian manifolds with holonomy SU(m). A Calabi–Yau manifold is a compact Kähler manifold (M, J, g) of dimension m 2, with Hol(g) = SU(m). Calabi–Yau manifolds are Ricci-flat. They are called Calabi– Yau manifolds because one can use Yau’s solution of the Calabi conjecture to provethe existence of K ähler metrics g with holonomy SU(m) on suitable compact complex manifolds (M, J).
Hyperkähler Manifolds
Authors: Joyce Dominic D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we study Riemannian 4m-manifolds (M, g) with holonomy Sp(m). Since Sp(m) is a subgroup of SU(2m), we see that g is Kähler and Ricci-flat, and such manifolds are closely related to the Calabi–Yau manifolds of Chapter 6.
The second pair of Maxwell’s equations
Authors: Kovetz Attay 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first principle of electromagnetism was based on a primitive—the electric charge—which was subject to a conservation law. Its formulation did not take account of any other phenomena that we commonly associate with charges and currents: there was no mention of like charges repelling, or of unlike charges attracting each other, or of wires heating up whenever a current passes through them. Historically, of course, these phenomena led to the discovery of charge conservation.
Illustrative examples
Authors: Buckland S T , Anderson D R , Burnham K P , Laake J L , Borchers D L , Thomas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several analyses of real data are presented here to illustrate line and point transect analysis, and use of program Distance. Units of measurement of the original study are adhered to, to avoid quoting cutpoints as ‘every 0.305 m’ instead of ‘every foot’. Four of the examples are line transect surveys and three are point transect studies. The first two examples are case studies in which the true density is known. The first of these is a set of line transects to estimate the number of bricks that had been placed on the bed of a region of Lake Huron, as part of a programme to assess the viability of using an underwater video system to monitor numbers of dead lake trout. This is followed by a reanalysis of the wooden stake surveys carried out as part of a student project in sagebrush–grass near Logan, Utah (Laake 1978). The third example is a comprehensive analysis, including a trend analysis, of the data from annual surveys of duck nest density that have been carried out since 1964 at the Monte Vista National Wildlife Refuge in Colorado. An analysis of fin whale data from ship sightings surveys in the North Atlantic illustrates use of stratification.
Electricity and Magnetism in Biological Systems
Authors: Edmonds D T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our understanding of biological functions is rapidly approaching the molecular level. On this scale the only significant forces are electromagnetic, so that ultimately all living processes must be understood in terms of electromagnetic fields and forces. The first half of the present book deals with the theory of electromagnetism using a descriptive and geometrical approach suited to students of biology, chemistry, and biochemistry, and including biologically relevant examples where possible. The second half contains biological topics which can serve as applications of the theory for students of chemistry or biology, or as an introduction to biology for students trained in the physical sciences who wish to migrate to biology. Topics include the properties of water and ions in bulk solution and in narrow pores, the Debye Layer, possible mechanisms for a magnetic animal compass, an electrostatic model of a proton/ion counterport, and the semi-classical theory of nuclear magnetic resonance.