bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial and compositional variations within finely laminated mineral crusts at Carpenter's Gap, an archaeological site in tropical Australia
Authors: Watchman Alan , Ward Ingrid , Jones Rhys , O'Connor Susan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMineralogical and geochemical variations in ten rock surface crusts are described from a large rock shelter known as Carpenter's Gap 1 in the southern Kimberley, formed at the junction between a sandstone floor and an overlying limestone roof. The finely laminated crusts, containing quartz, clays, oxalate and phosphate minerals, and sulfate salts (bassanite, gypsum, epsomite), formed over quartz‐rich sandstones. Mineralogical analyses of crusts, determined by X‐ray diffraction, and major element geochemical trends, in the form of element maps of cross sections, show a complex distribution of hemi‐, mono‐, and dihydrated sulfate and oxalate minerals vertically and laterally within the shelter. These mineralogical changes have occurred under fluctuating moisture and temperature regimes, which follow a general drying trend spatially with distance from the back wall and temporally over a period of about 20,000 years. Documenting these mineralogical changes is a first step in understanding the nature of microclimatic controls on the formation of rock surface coatings in shelters and their implications for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions and for dating engravings covered by these crusts. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Drosophila rab GDI mutants disrupt development but have normal rab membrane extraction
Authors: Ricard Cynthia S. , Jakubowski Janelle M. , Verbsky John W. , Barbieri M. Alejandro , Lewis William M. , Fernandez G. Esteban , Vogel Marion , Tsou Christina , Prasad Vinoy , Stahl Philip D. , Waksman Gabriel , Cheney Clarissa M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSummary: Rab GTPases are essential for vesicular transport. Rab GDP dissociation inhibitor (GDI) binds to GDP‐bound rabs, removes rabs from acceptor membranes and delivers rabs to donor membranes. We isolated lethal GDI mutations in Drosophila and analyzed their developmental phenotypes. To learn how these mutations affect GDI structure, the crystal structure of Drosophila GDI was determined by molecular replacement to a resolution of 3.0 Å. Two hypomorphic, missense mutations are located in domain II of GDI at highly conserved positions, but not in previously identified sequence conserved regions. The mutant GDIs were tested for ability to extract rabs from membranes and showed wild‐type levels of rab membrane extraction. The two missense alleles showed intragenic complementation, indicating that domain II of GDI may have two separable functions. This study indicates that GDI function is essential for development of a complex, multicellular organism and that puparium formation and pole cell formation are especially dependent on GDI function. genesis 31:17–29, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of immunological reagents for use in the study of freshwater planarians by means of whole‐mount immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy
Authors: Robb Sofia M.C. , Alvarado Alejandro Sánchez 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSummary: In recent years, interest in planarians as a model system for the study of metazoan regeneration, adult stem cell biology, and the evolution of metazoan body plans has been growing steadily. The availability of RNA interference (RNAi), BrdU‐labeling of planarian stem cells, and thousands of planarian cDNA sequences soon to be released into public databases has opened planarians to molecular dissection. However, the successful application of large‐scale RNAi‐based screens, for example, will depend in part on the availability of markers to characterize the resulting phenotypes. Given the paucity of antibodies available for the study of planarian biology, we have screened various public and commercial antibody resources to identify immunoreagents capable of cross‐reacting with planarian tissues. Here we report the identification and characterization of 33 such antibodies recognizing a wide variety of tissues in freshwater planarians. genesis 32:293–298, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Concurrent expression of recombination activating genes 1 and 2 in zebrafish olfactory sensory neurons
Authors: Jessen Jason R. , Jessen Tammy N. , Vogel Steven S. , Lin Shuo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEach olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) expresses a single odorant receptor (OR) from a large repertoire of clustered OR genes. It has been hypothesized that OR gene regulation may involve stochastic DNA rearrangement, which in lymphocytes requires the recombination activating genes, rag1 and rag2. We have recently demonstrated that rag1 is expressed in zebrafish OSNs. Here we report that rag2, the obligate partner for rag1 function, is also expressed in OSNs and that its expression pattern mimics that of rag1. The onset of rag1 and rag2 expression preceded that of known zebrafish ORs and the number of rag1‐positive OSNs corresponded with the number expressing the olfactory cyclic nucleotide‐gated cation channel, an OSN marker. Zebrafish OSNs are the first example of concurrent rag expression in a nonlymphoid tissue. The expression of rag1 and rag2 in OSNs adds to the list of similarities between the olfactory and immune systems that includes monoallelic and mutually exclusive gene expression. genesis 29:156–162, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Truncation of the MLL gene in exon 5 by gene targeting leads to early preimplantation lethality of homozygous embryos
Authors: Ayton Paul , Sneddon Sharon F. , Palmer Donald B. , Rosewell Ian R. , Owen Michael J. , Young Bryan , Presley Robert , Subramanian Vasanta 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSummary: The mixed lineage leukemia gene (MLL) was originally identified through its involvement in reciprocal translocations in leukemias. MLL codes for a large multidomain protein and bears homology to the Drosophila developmental control gene trithorax in two small domains in the amino terminal region, the central zinc finger domain and the carboxy SET domain. Like the Drosophila trx, MLL has also been shown to be a positive regulator of Hox gene expression. We have targeted Mll (the murine homologue of MLL) in exon 5 causing expression of three truncated in‐frame Mll transcripts. These transcripts retain all or some of the AT hook motifs and the DMT domain. This mutant allele causes early in vivo preimplantation lethality of homozygous embryos prior to the 2‐cell stage. Embryos cultured in vitro progress to the 2‐cell stage, but further development is arrested. The heterozygotes exhibit mild skeletal defects as well as defects in some neuroectodermal derivatives. genesis 30:201–212, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiple sclerosis recurrence risk for siblings in an isolated population of Central Sardinia, Italy
Authors: Montomoli Cristina , Prokopenko Inga , Caria Antonella , Ferrai Raffaela , Mander Adrian , Seaman Shaun , Musu Luigina , Piras Maria L. , Ticca Anna F. , Murgia Salvatore B. , Bernardinelli Luisa 
Published: August 2002

AbstractStudies of twins, adoptees, half siblings, and familial recurrence risk have shown that genetic and non‐genetic factors are involved in multiple sclerosis (MS) etiology. Age at onset, gender, and parental MS status seem to influence sibling risk. We studied the recurrence risk in siblings of MS patients in an isolated population of Sardinia, Italy, which is genetically homogeneous, inbred, and very stable, with a high MS frequency. The Aalen‐Nelson estimate of the recurrence risk in siblings is 4.7%, and the risk ratio compared with the general population is 31. Proportional hazards models were used to investigate the effect of sibling sex, sex, and age at onset of the proband, and number of affected relatives on a sibling’s predicted MS risk. Sib’s risk is influenced by age at onset (P = 0.02), and possibly by sex of the proband (P = 0.08). There is also a borderline significant interaction (P = 0.05) between the sex and age at onset of the proband: early age at onset influences sib’s risk only if the proband is female. The number of affected relatives in the family is not found to influence sibling risk, but the power is lacking (95% CI 0.50–2.62). This result is consistent with a single dominant gene with an extremely low penetrance, a model that has not yet been disproved as a possible inheritance model for MS. Genet. Epidemiol. 22:265–271, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Testing candidate genes for non‐syndromic oral clefts using a case‐parent trio design
Authors: Beaty T.H. , Hetmanski J.B. , Zeiger J.S. , Fan Y.T. , Liang K.Y. , VanderKolk C.A. , McIntosh I. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMarkers in five candidate genes were examined on 269 case‐parent trios ascertained through a child with an isolated, non‐syndromic oral cleft (cleft lip, CL; cleft palate, CP; or cleft lip and palate, CLP). Cases and their parents were ascertained through treatment centers in Maryland. Markers at two of the five candidate genes, transforming growth factor β3 (TGFβ3) and MSX1, showed consistent evidence of linkage and disequilibrium due to linkage using several statistical tests (e.g., the global chi‐square for TGFβ3 was 21.1 with 12 df, P = 0.03; that for MSX1 was 8.7 with 3 df, P = 0.03). There was little evidence of heterogeneity in the role of TGFβ3 between different types of oral clefts, but MSX1 did yield marginal evidence for such heterogeneity. MSX1 also showed evidence for interaction between infant’s genotype and maternal smoking, giving a likelihood ratio test for heterogeneity between smoker and non‐smoker mothers of 7.16 (2 df, P = 0.03). Using a conditional logistic model to test for gene‐gene interaction showed no evidence of interaction between TGFβ3 and MSX1, with both seeming to contribute independently to risk of isolated, non‐syndromic oral clefts. Genet. Epidemiol. 22:1–11, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Linkage disequilibrium mapping with genotype data
Authors: Zhang Shuanglin , Zhao Hongyu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractLinkage disequilibrium mapping has proven a powerful tool for locating disease genes. Although all existing linkage disequilibrium mapping methods implicitly assume that individual haplotypes can be inferred, only genotypes are directly observable in practice, and haplotypes cannot always be uniquely resolved based on genotype data. In this article, we propose a likelihood‐based linkage disequilibrium mapping approach to analyzing multilocus genotype data arising from case‐control studies. Results from extensive simulation studies suggest that this approach may be a useful tool to fine map disease genes using case‐control data. Genet. Epidemiol. 22:66–77, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rodingite formation from diorite in the Samothraki ophiolite, NE Aegean, Greece
Authors: Hatzipanagiotou K. , Tsikouras B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA metasomatic episode in the Samothraki ophiolite involved the formation of rodingites hosted in a diorite, which evolved by the interaction of an H2O‐rich fluid phase. A pair of samples, which are in close spatial association, was used as an example to investigate this event. It is suggested that this process is characterized by the addition of Ca and the removal of Si and some large ion lithophile elements, under relatively oxidizing conditions where rare earth elements were fairly immobile. The Samothraki rodingites show common geochemical characteristics with similar lithologies elsewhere. A suggested T–XCO2 path involves a prograde reaction series, which occurred below 550°C and slightly enriched the fluid phase in CO2. A late infiltration of a highly hydrous fluid drove the fluid phase composition towards low CO2 potential and led to the formation of late‐stage diopside and vesuvianite. Alternatively, if the fluid had been continuously controlled by an external source, only heating at temperatures below 500°C could have developed the whole process. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of myelination in the developing zebrafish
Authors: Brösamle Christian , Halpern Marnie E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMyelination, the process by which glial cells ensheath and electrically insulate axons, has been investigated intensely. Nevertheless, knowledge of how myelination is regulated or how myelinating cells communicate with neurons is still incomplete. As a prelude to genetic analyses of these processes, we have identified zebrafish orthologues of genes encoding major myelin proteins and have characterized myelination in the larval zebrafish. Expression of genes corresponding to proteolipid protein (PLP/DM20), myelin protein zero (P0), and myelin basic protein (MBP) is detected at 2 days postfertilization (dpf), first in the ventral hindbrain, close to the midline. During the next 8 days, expression spreads rostrally to the midbrain and optic nerve, and caudally to the spinal cord. DM20 is expressed in the CNS only, while MBP transcripts are detected both in the CNS and in Schwann cells of the lateral line, cranial nerves, and spinal motor nerves. Unlike its closest homologue, trout IP1, zebrafish P0 transcripts were restricted to the CNS. Ultrastructurally, the expression of myelin genes correlated well with myelination, although myelination showed a temporal lag. Myelinated axons were first detected at 4 dpf in the ventral hindbrain, where they were loosely wrapped by processes of glia cells. By 7 dpf, bundles of heavily myelinated axons were observed in the same region. Axons in the lateral line and optic nerves were also surrounded by compact myelin. Conservation in gene expression patterns and the early appearance of myelinated axons, support using the zebrafish to dissect the process of myelination by a genetic approach. GLIA 39:47–57, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rapid astrocyte death induced by transient hypoxia, acidosis, and extracellular ion shifts
Authors: Bondarenko Alexander , Chesler Mitchell 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDeath of astrocytes requires hours to days in injury models that use hypoxia, acidosis, or calcium paradox protocols. These methods do not incorporate the shifts in extracellular K+, Na+, Cl−, and Ca2+ that accompany acute brain insults. We studied astrocyte survival after exposure to hypoxic, acidic, ion‐shifted Ringer (HAIR), with respective [Ca2+], [K+], [Na+], [Cl−], and [HCO] of 0.13, 65, 51, 75, and 13 mM (15% CO2/85% N2, pH 6.6). Intracellular pH (pHi) was monitored with the fluorescent dye BCECF. Cell death was indicated by a steep fall in the pH‐insensitive, 440‐nm‐induced fluorescence (F440) and was confirmed by propidium iodide staining. After 15–40‐min HAIR exposure, reperfusion with standard Ringer caused death of most cultured (and acutely dissociated) astrocytes within 20 min. Cell death was not prevented if low Ca2+ was maintained during reperfusion. Survival fell with increased HAIR duration, elevated temperature, or absence of external glucose. Comparable durations of hypoxia, acidosis, or ion shifts alone did not lead to acute cell death, while modest loss was noted when acidosis was paired with either hypoxia or ion shifts. Severe cell loss required the triad of hypoxia, acidosis, and ion shifts. Intracellular pH was significantly higher in HAIR media, compared with solutions of low pH alone or with low pH plus hypoxia. These results indicate that astrocytes can be killed rapidly by changes in the extracellular microenvironment that occur in settings of traumatic and ischemic brain injury. GLIA 34:134–142, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Verbal aggression in Alzheimer's disease. Clinical, functional and neuropsychological correlates
Authors: Eustace A. , Kidd N. , Greene E. , Fallon C. , Bhrain S. Ni , Cunningham C. , Coen R. , Walsh J. B. , Coakley D. , Lawlor B. A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectivesTo determine the clinical, functional and neuropsychological correlates of verbal aggression in Alzheimer's disease in a group of consecutive first attendees to a memory clinic.Methods150 people were evaluated and diagnosed as suffering with probable Alzheimer's disease. These people were tested using the Behave‐AD for the presence of verbal aggression, delusions, depression and agitation. They were also assessed with cognitive, functional and neuropsychological scales.ResultsTwenty‐eight per cent of this group of Alzheimer patients had exhibited some verbal aggression in the preceding month. Male gender (p = 0.022), the presence of paranoid and delusional ideation (p = 0.003) and agitation (p = 0.042) were significantly associated with verbal aggression in a stepwise backward logistic regression analysis.ConclusionThe presence of verbal aggression should prompt the clinician to search for delusional ideation, which may respond to phamacotherapy. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lithium use in octogenarians
Authors: Fahy Sabina , Lawlor Brian A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the tolerability and side‐effect profile of lithium use in a group of octogenarians attending a specialized lithium clinic.MethodsThis is a cross‐sectional study looking at all patients of eighty years and over attending a lithium clinic. Charts were examined to assess renal function, thyroid function and level of side‐effects during their course of lithium treatment in order to assess the tolerability of this medication in octogenarians.ResultsTwelve patients of 80 years and over (with an average age of 83.6 years) were taking lithium for an average period of 53.7 months. They had a mean serum level of 0.42 mmol/l. No patient had to discontinue lithium therapy because of side‐effects, even though some patients did develop transient abnormalities of renal function. One patient developed diabetes insipidus. One female patient developed hypothyroidism.ConclusionsLithium was well tolerated and was administered safely to this cohort of octogenarians. Monitoring of serum lithium levels and kidney and thyroid function should preferably be done in the setting of a specialized lithium clinic. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A functional MRI study on the neural substrates for writing
Authors: Katanoda Kota , Yoshikawa Kohki , Sugishita Morihiro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFunctional neuroanatomy of writing is relatively unknown compared to that of other linguistic processes. This study aimed at identifying brain regions crucial to the process of writing. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), brain hemodynamic activity was examined during three conditions that differentially engaged visual, linguistic, and/or motor functions: (1) writing names of pictures with the right index finger, (2) naming pictures silently, and (3) visually cued finger tapping. A writing minus naming comparison and a writing minus tapping comparison were performed, and brain regions commonly activated in these two contrasts were detected. Our main finding was that such common activation was observed in the anterior part of the left superior parietal lobule, the posterior part of the middle and superior frontal gyri, and the right cerebellum. The parietal and frontal regions were considered to subserve the process of writing as separated from that of naming and finger movements, which is consistent with the classical notion mainly proposed by studies of selective writing deficits called pure agraphia. The right cerebellar activation, on the other hand, was interpreted as the reflection of the execution of complex finger movements required for writing. Hum. Brain Mapping 13:34–42, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis and visualization of single‐trial event‐related potentials
Authors: Jung Tzyy‐Ping , Makeig Scott , Westerfield Marissa , Townsend Jeanne , Courchesne Eric , Sejnowski Terrence J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this study, a linear decomposition technique, independent component analysis (ICA), is applied to single‐trial multichannel EEG data from event‐related potential (ERP) experiments. Spatial filters derived by ICA blindly separate the input data into a sum of temporally independent and spatially fixed components arising from distinct or overlapping brain or extra‐brain sources. Both the data and their decomposition are displayed using a new visualization tool, the “ERP image,” that can clearly characterize single‐trial variations in the amplitudes and latencies of evoked responses, particularly when sorted by a relevant behavioral or physiological variable. These tools were used to analyze data from a visual selective attention experiment on 28 control subjects plus 22 neurological patients whose EEG records were heavily contaminated with blink and other eye‐movement artifacts. Results show that ICA can separate artifactual, stimulus‐locked, response‐locked, and non‐event‐related background EEG activities into separate components, a taxonomy not obtained from conventional signal averaging approaches. This method allows: (1) removal of pervasive artifacts of all types from single‐trial EEG records, (2) identification and segregation of stimulus‐ and response‐locked EEG components, (3) examination of differences in single‐trial responses, and (4) separation of temporally distinct but spatially overlapping EEG oscillatory activities with distinct relationships to task events. The proposed methods also allow the interaction between ERPs and the ongoing EEG to be investigated directly. We studied the between‐subject component stability of ICA decomposition of single‐trial EEG epochs by clustering components with similar scalp maps and activation power spectra. Components accounting for blinks, eye movements, temporal muscle activity, event‐related potentials, and event‐modulated alpha activities were largely replicated across subjects. Applying ICA and ERP image visualization to the analysis of sets of single trials from event‐related EEG (or MEG) experiments can increase the information available from ERP (or ERF) data. Hum. Brain Mapping 14:166–185, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conversion of bis(o‐nitrophenyl)disulfides to heterocycles containing sulfur and nitrogen by the action of samarium diiodide
Authors: Zhong Weihui , Chen Xiaoyuan , Zhang Yongmin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTreatment of bis(o‐nitrophenyl)disulfides 1 with SmI2 led to simultaneous reduction of nitro groups and reductive cleavage of S–S bonds as well as the formation of the active intermediates 2. The intermediates 2 reacted smoothly with aldehydes or ketones, acid chlorides or anhydrides, α‐bromoketones, and α,β‐unsaturated ketones at room temperature to afford the desired benzothiazolines 3, benzothiazoles 4, 2H‐1,4‐benzothiazines 5, and 2,3‐dihydro‐1,5‐benzothiazepines 6, respectively, in moderate to high yields under mild and neutral conditions. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:156–160, 2001