bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunocytochemical evidence of well‐developed dopaminergic and noradrenergic innervations in the frontal cerebral cortex of human fetuses at midgestation
Authors: Verney Catherine , Milosevic Ana , Alvarez Chantal , Berger Brigitte 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe catecholaminergic (CA) innervation of the frontal lobe was visualized in 20‐ to 24‐week‐old human fetuses with immunocytochemical techniques, by use of antibodies raised against three synthetic enzymes of the CA pathway, tyrosine‐hydroxylase (TH), dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase (DBH), and phenylethanolamine‐N‐methyltransferase (PNMT). DBH‐like immunoreactivity (IR) was probably labeling the noradrenergic (NA) fibers and terminals in the cerebral cortex since no PNMT‐IR fibers were detected. In double‐labeling TH‐DBH experiments, 92–95% of the DBH‐IR afferents were not labeled with TH antibodies, indicating that TH‐like immunoreactivity (TH‐IR) was found primarily in dopaminergic (DA) fibers. Although cortical layering had not yet occurred at this stage, the widespread CA innervation observed in the different areas and layers of the fetal frontal cortex was comparable to that previously described in the adult (Gaspar, Berger, Febvret, Vigny, and Henry: J. Comp. Neurol. 279:249–271, '89). At midgestation, the distribution of CA innervation was region and laminar specific: (1) The densest dopaminergic innervation in the cerebral cortex was located caudal to the genu of the corpus callosum: TH‐IR fibers were abundant throughout all layers, from the medial telencephalon (future cingulate) to the dorsal areas (presumed motor cortices) and the lateral insular areas; (2) TH‐IR fibers were less dense in the rostral prefrontal cortical anlage; (3) DBH‐IR noradrenergic afferents were less numerous than the dopaminergic ones in all the cortical areas studied; (4) in all areas, the highest amount of TH and DBH‐IR terminals was found in the upper subplate and in the lower part of the cortical plate, followed by the molecular layer and the intermediate zone. The deep subplate exhibited a lower number of positive fibers but contained TH‐IR cell bodies. The presence of dense CA innervation in the immature cortical anlage of the human frontal lobe does not exclude a reorganization of DA and NA innervations within the different cortical layers and areas during the protracted pre‐ and postnatal period of development. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytoarchitecture, fiber connections, and ultrastructure of the nucleus pretectalis superficialis pars magnocellularis (PSm) in carp
Authors: Yoshimoto Masami , Ito Hironobu 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe cytoarchitecture, fiber connections, and ultrastructure of the nucleus pretectalis superficialis pars magnocellularis (PSm) were studied in cypriniform teleosts (Cyprinus carpio). The PSm is an oval nucleus in the pretectum. Medium‐sized cells and synaptic glomeruli are the main components of the nucleus. A lesser number of small cells are also present. Most of the medium‐sized cells form one or two cell layers on the periphery of the nucleus, and some cells are scattered among synaptic glomeruli in the nucleus. Cell bodies in the peripheral cell layer are pyriform and sprout a thick dendrite directed inward. The dendrite gives off fine dendritic branches, which are postsynaptic elements in synaptic glomeruli.The PSm projects to the ipsilateral corpus mamillare (CM) and sends collaterals to the ipsilateral nucleus lateralis valvulae (NLV). Axons of the PSm neurons have terminals with many varicosities in the CM, and collaterals in the NLV have cup‐shaped terminals around the cell bodies of the NLV neurons. Following horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injections into the PSm, HRP‐labeled cells are found ipsilaterally in the optic tectum, the nucleus tractus rotundus of Schnitzlein, and the nucleus ruber of Goldstein. The tecto‐PSm projections are topographically organized. The rostral optic tectum projects mainly to the rostral portion of the PSm, and the caudal tectum projects to the caudal portion of the PSm. The ventral tectum sends fibers mainly to the ventral part of the PSm. The dorsomedial tectum projects to the medial part of the PSm, and the dorsolateral tectum projects to the lateral part of the PSm. Tectal projection neurons to the PSm are of only one type. The tectal cell body is pyriform and is situated in the superficial part of the ipsilateral stratum periventriculare (SPV). The tectal neurons have a long perpendicular dendrite, which branches out in the stratum opticum (SO). An axon emerges from the branching site in the SO. Judging from the dendritic branching pattern of the tectal projection neurons, we concluded that the PSm receives visual information from the optic tectum. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patterns of projections from the pontine nuclei and the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis to the posterior vermis in the rhesus monkey: A study using retrograde tracers
Authors: Thielert C.‐D. , Thier P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn an attempt to estimate the relative importance of the various afferent systems impinging on the oculomotor regions of the posterior cerebellar vermis of rhesus monkeys in quantitative terms, we made small injections of the retrograde tracers fast blue, fluorogold, and cholera toxin into different parts of a region of the posterior vermis, spanning lobuli VI through VIII. We found that the vast majority of cells retrogradely labeled by injections of lobulus VII and its vicinity lay in the pontine nuclei (PN), the nucleus reticularis tegmenti pontis (NRTP), and subnuclei a and b of the medial accessory olive. The remaining retrogradely labeled cells were distributed among a number of other brainstem nuclei or regions including the paramedian pontine reticular formation (PPRF).A quantitative analysis showed that the projection from the NRTP to the posterior vermis was focused on lobulus VII. While the projection from the PN as a whole demonstrated a preference for the more caudal parts of the posterior vermis, a closer look at the different regions of the PN revealed that cells located in the dorsal parts of the PN showed the same preference for lobulus VII as cells in the NRTP.The dorsal PN are a major gateway for cortical input to the cerebellum, related to visual processing and visually guided eye movements. Conversely, the NRTP, likewise involved in visually guided eye movements, is much more dependent on subcortical afferents. The observed convergence of input derived from the dorsal PN and the NRTP in oculomotor lobulus VII therefore suggests that a major function of this part of the vermis might be the integration of cortical and subcortical signals important for visually guided eye movements. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss,Inc.
Distribution of GABAergic synaptic terminals on the dendrites of locust spiking local interneurones
Authors: Leitch Beulah , Laurent Gilles 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDouble‐labelling and electron microscopy were used to assess the distribution of GABAergic synapses made onto the neurites of spiking local interneurones in the locust. The aims were to determine the sites of inputs mediating inhibition of the spiking local interneurones and to ascertain the relative abundance of such inputs. This information should allow us to understand better the integrative properties of these spiking local interneurones and the role of inhibition in shaping their receptive field properties or in fine tuning their spike‐mediated outputs.Spiking interneurones in a midline population were labelled by intracellular injection of horseradish peroxidase after physiological characterisation. Colloidal gold immunocytochemistry was then used on ultrathin sections of these neurones with a polyclonal antibody raised against GABA. Most GABAergic (inhibitory) input synapses onto the interneurones are made on their ventral neurites, which also receive afferent (excitatory) inputs. These inhibitory inputs to the ventral neurites constitute 43% of the identifiable synapses. Relatively few GABAergic inputs were found onto the dorsal neurites, which are predominantly the sites of output synapses from these interneurones. These results suggest that much synaptic integration takes place in the ventral field of branches and that GABA‐mediated presynaptic inhibitory control of spike‐mediated outputs from the dorsal neurites is unlikely to occur. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ferritin, transferrin, and iron in selected regions of the adult and aged rat brain
Authors: Benkovic Stanley A. , Connor James R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIron is necessary for normal neural function but it must be stringently regulated to avoid iron‐induced oxidative injury. The regulation of systeimic iron is through the proteins transferrin (iron mobilization) and ferritin (iron sequestration). This study examines the cellular and regional distribution of iron and the iron‐related proteins ferritin and transferrin in selected regions of the adult and aged rat brain. This information is a necessary prerequisite to understanding the mechanism by which iron homeostasis is maintained in the brain. The predominant cell type containing ferritin, transferrin, and iron throughout the brain at all ages is the oligodendrocyte. Neurons in most brain regions contain granular iron deposits which become more apparent with age. Ferritin and iron are also present in microglial cells in all brain regions, but are particularly abundant in the hippocampus. These latter cells visibly increase in number in all brain regions as the animal approaches senescence. Another area in which immunostaining is notable is surrounding the III ventricle, where transferrin is found in the choroid plexus and ependyma and ferritin and iron are present in tanycytes. The results of this study indicate an important role for neuroglia in the regulation of iron in the brain and also implies that a transport system may exist for the transfer of iron between the brain and cerebrospinal fluid. In the normal rodent brain, the principal cell of iron regulation is the oligodendrocyte; however, the role of microglial cells in the sequestration and detoxification of iron may be significant, particularly as the animal ages. With age there is an increase in stainable iron in neurons without a concomitant increase in neuronal ferritin immunostaining, suggesting a ferritin independent accumulation of neuronal iron with age. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spatial and temporal expression identify dromyosuppressin as a brain‐gut peptide in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: McCormick J. , Nichols R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe Drosophila dromyosuppressin peptide (TDVDHVFLRFamide) is a member of a family of peptides containing the common C‐terminal sequence ‐ RFamide. Dromyosuppressin shares a high degree of sequence homology with leucomyosuppressin isolated from cockroach (pEDVDHVFLRFamide) and identity with neomyosuppressin isolated from fleshfly. By means of sequence‐specific antisera, the cellular expression pattern of dromyosuppressin immunoreactive material was determined for all stages of Drosophila development.Dromyosuppressin immunoreactivity first appears in two cells of the medial protocerebrum in embryos. The larval stage is characterized by an increase in the number of dromyosuppressin immunoreactive cells in the brain and the first appearance of cellular expression in the ventral ganglion. Immunoreactive fibers extend from the medial protocerebrum cells into the ventral ganglion. Relative to the larval stage, the pupal and adult stages are marked by an increase in the number of immunoreactive cells in the central nervous system and an increase in the arborization of immunoreactive fibers extending from these cells.Immunoreactivity is present in larvae in two cells near the anus; in the adult gut, expression is observed in two cells in the rectum and immunoreactive fibers in the crop that appear to extend from the central nervous system. In general, the number of cells containing dromyosuppressin immunoreactive material increases throughout Drosophila development. However, expression in three cells is restricted to specific developmental periods. These data identify dromyosuppressin as a brain‐gut peptide regulated at both a cellular and developmental level. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative efficacy of expression of genes delivered to mouse sensory neurons with herpes virus vectors
Authors: Davar G. , Kramer M. F. , Garber D. , Roca A. L. , Andersen J. K. , Bebrin W. , Coen D. M. , Kosz‐Vnenchak M. , Knipe D. M. , Breakefield X. O. , Isacson O. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTo achieve gene delivery to sensory neurons of the trigeminal ganglion, thymidine kinase‐negative (TK−) herpes simplex viruses (HSV) containing the reporter gene lacZ (the gene for E. coli β‐galactosidase) downstream of viral (in vectors RH116 and tkLTRZ1) or mammalian (in vector NSE‐lacZ‐tk) promoters were inoculated onto mouse cornea and snout.Trigeminal ganglia were removed 4, 14, 30, and 60 days after inoculation with vectors and histochemically processed with 5‐bromo‐4‐chloro‐3 indolyl‐beta‐galactoside (X‐Gal). With vector tkLTRZ1, large numbers of labeled neurons were observed in rostromedial and central trigeminal ganglion at 4 days after inoculation. A gradual decline in the number of labeled neurons was observed with this vector at subsequent time points. With vectors RH116 and NSE‐lacZ‐tk, smaller numbers of labeled neurons were seen at 4 days following inoculation than were observed with vector tkLTRZ1. No labeled neurons could be observed at 14 days after inoculation with vectors RH116 and NSE‐lacZ‐tk.Immunocytochemistry for E. coli β‐galactosidase and in situ hybridization to HSV latency‐associated transcripts revealed labeled neurons in regions of the trigeminal ganglion similar to that observed with X‐Gal staining. A comparable distribution of labeled neurons in trigeminal ganglion was also observed after application of the retrograde tracer Fluoro‐Gold to mouse cornea and snout.These data provide evidence that retrogradely transported tk− herpes virus vectors can be used to deliver a functional gene to sensory neurons in vivo in an anatomically predictable fashion. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The unipolar brush cell: A neglected neuron of the mammalian cerebellar cortex
Authors: Mugnaini Enrico , Floris Alessandra 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe describe with a variant of the Golgi method a new type of neuron that is prominently represented in the granular layer of the mammalian vestibulocerebellum but is presently neglected in all major accounts on the cerebellum. These neurons, here termed unipolar brush cells, are intermediate in size between granule cells and Golgi cells. They typically have a thin and presumably myelinated axon, and a single and stubby dendrite whose tip forms a tightly packed group of branchlets resembling a paintbrush. The branchlets often intertwine with the digitiform claws of granule cell dendrites and are occasionally approached by Golgi cell dendrites, indicating that the unipolar brush cells may share the input of the other granular layer neurons. Branchlets of neighboring unipolar brush cells converging into the same neuropil island also occur. The brush‐like tip of the unipolar cell engulfs one or two mossy fiber rosettes to form an extensive synapse that appears to close recurrent loops involving the vestibular nuclei. Positive feedback in these loops could help to explain several motor responses and drive mechanisms of extended duration that are controlled by the ventral cerebellum. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro modulation of somatic glycine‐like immunoreactivity in presumed glycinergic neurons
Authors: Wickesberg Robert E. , Whitlon Donna , Oertel Donata 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPrevious studies indicate that tuberculoventral and cartwheel cells in the dorsal cochlear nucleus as well as a group of stellate cells in the ventral cochlear nucleus are likely to be glycinergic. To test whether these neurons contain higher levels of free glycine than cells that are probably not glycinergic, immunocytochemical studies with antibodies against glycine conjugates were undertaken on slices of the murine cochlear nuclear complex. Present results show that the cell bodies of all three groups of neurons are immunolabeled. However, the somatic labeling of the tuberculoventral and cartwheel cells can be modulated by experimental conditions. In slices fixed immediately after cutting, many cell bodies in the deep layer of the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN), presumably tuberculoventral neurons, are labeled. As a slice is incubated in vitro, cell bodies in the deep layer of the DCN lose their glycine‐like immunoreactivity. After 7 hours in vitro, labeled cells are absent in the deep DCN, but the immunoreactivity can be regained by electrically stimulating the auditory nerve for 20 minutes. The loss of immunoreactivity is prevented by electrical stimulation, by axotomy, and by inclusion of 0.8 μM tetrodotoxin, or 1 μM strychnine, or 50 μM colchicine or 50 μM μ‐lumicolchicine in the bathing saline. Cartwheel cells retain their immunoreactivity during incubation in vitro without electrical stimulation, but lose it under two conditions. One is following a cut across the ventral cochlear nucleus (VCN) that severs most of their granule cell input, and the other is the inclusion of tetrodotoxin in the bathing saline. The labeling of cell bodies in the ventral cochlear nucleus and of puncta and processes is not changed by any of these experimental manipulations. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphology of developing rat genioglossal motoneurons studied in vitro: Changes in length, branching pattern, and spatial distribution of dendrites
Authors: Nüñez‐Abades P. A. , He F. , Barrionuevo G. , Cameron W. E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe aim of this study is to describe the postnatal change in dendritic morphology of those motoneurons in the hypoglossal nucleus that innervate the genioglossus muscle. Forty genioglossal (GG) motoneurons from four age groups (1–2, 5–6, 13–15, and 19–30 postnatal days) were labeled by intracellular injection of neurobiotin in an in vitro slice preparation of the rat brainstem and were reconstructed in three‐dimensional space.The number of primary dendrites per GG motoneuron was ∼6 and remained unchanged with age. The development of these motoneurons from birth to 13–15 days was characterized by a simplification of the dendritic tree involving a decrease in the number of terminal endings and dendritic branches. Motoneurons lost their 6th–8th order branches, in parallel with an elongation of their terminal dendritic branches maintaining the same combined dendritic length. The elongation of terminal branches was attributed to both longitudinal growth and the apparent lengthening caused by resorption of distal branches. The elimination of dendritic branches tended to increase the symmetry of the tree, as revealed by topological analysis. Later, between 13–15 days and 19–30 days, there was a reelaboration of the dendritic arborization returning to a configuration similar to that found in the newborn. The length of terminal branches was shorter at 19–30 days, while the length of preterminal branches did not change, suggesting that the proliferation of branches at 19–30 days takes place in the intermediate parts of terminal branches.The three‐dimensional distribution of dendrites was analyzed by dividing space into six equal volumes (hexants). This analysis revealed that GG motoneurons have major components of their dendritic tree oriented in the lateral, medial, and dorsal hexants. Further two‐dimensional polar analysis (consisting of eight sectors) revealed a reconfiguration of the tree from birth up to 5–6 days involving resorption of dendrites in the dorsal, dorsomedial, and medial sectors and growth in the lateral sector. Later in development (between 13–15 days and 19–30 days), there was growth in all sectors, but of a greater magnitude in the dorsomedial, medial, and dorsolateral sectors. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Close appositions between Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive boutons and respiratory neurons in the rat ventrolateral medulla
Authors: Sun Qi‐Jian , Pilowsky Paul , Minson Jane , Arnolda Leonard , Chalmers John , Llewellyn‐Smith Ida J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe extent of the adrenergic input to respiratory neurons in the ventrolateral medulla oblongata of rats was assessed by using a combination of intracellular recording, dye filling, and immunohistochemistry. Twenty‐two neurons that displayed a pronounced respiration‐related modulation of their membrane potential, and could not be antidromically activated by electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal, vagus, or facial nerves, were labelled by intracellular injection of biocytin. Three types of respiration‐related neurons were labelled: small neurons located in the Bötzinger complex between 0.5 and 1.0 mm caudal to the facial nucleus; medium‐sized neurons located in the ventral respiratory group 1.0 to 2.0 mm caudal to the facial nucleus; and large motoneurons located within the nucleus ambiguus 0.5 to 2.0 mm caudal to the facial nucleus. Small Bötzinger neurons [length = 22 ± 5 μm, width = 13 ± 3 μm, area = 222 ± 79 μm2; (mean ± SD, n = 5)] had membrane potentials of − 15 to − 27 mV during the recording period. Four of five of these cells had profuse axonal terminations between 50 μm caudal and 450 μm rostral to their somata, suggesting that they may form part of local networks responsible for generating respiratory activity. Medium‐sized ventral respiratory group neurons (length = 26 ± 5 μm, width = 18 ± 4 μm, area = 377 ± 141 μm2; n = 5) were found in the vicinity of the nucleus ambiguus dorsal to the lateral reticular nucleus. Three of five of these neurons had an axon that crossed the midline and travelled caudally. One axon had a collateral with varicosities close to its soma. The somata of motoneurons (length = 29 ± 6 μm, width = 21 ± 4 μm, area = 485 ± 142 μm2; n = 12) were located within the nucleus ambiguus, and had axons that could be traced to exit points from the medulla. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive cells and their terminal fibres within the medulla were localised by immunocytochemistry. Small Bötzinger neurons received the largest number of close appositions from tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive boutons (13 ± 2 appositions/neuron; n = 5). Medium‐sized ventral respiratory group neurons received fewer appositions (8 ± 4 appositions/neuron; n = 5). Most motoneurons (n = 10) received few appositions from tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive boutons, while two received none. The average number was 3 ± 3 appositions/neuron (n = 12). On all neurons, appositions occurred most commonly on small dendrites rather than large proximal dendrites. Axosomatic appositions were never seen. These results suggest that catecholamine‐containing nerve fibres may provide a direct synaptic input to small respiration‐related neurons that are thought to be involved in the generation of central respiratory activity. A catecholamine input to these neurons could provide a basis for the previously observed effects of noradrenaline on respiratory frequency. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.