bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Domestic Economic Context of Financial Transition
Authors: Anderson Ronald W , Kegels Chantal 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The main task we have set for ourselves is to present and analyse the main features of the reform and development of the financial sectors of the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland. This comparison is prompted by the fact that these three countries have much in common. In particular for more than forty years they were under the direct influence of the Soviet Union which obliged them to organize their economies according to the logic of socialist central planning. This regime came to an abrupt end in 1989, and since then the three countries have been free to pursue their own separate paths towards the market. Almost inevitably there is a tendency to view this as something of a race which will establish the effectiveness of the policies chosen. Our comparative assessments in Chapter 7 of the financial development strategies are generally in this spirit. However, the analogy of transition to a race should not be pushed too far.
What Went Wrong? The Reasons for the Failure of Stabilization in Russia in 1992
Authors: Rostowski Jacek 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When the Gaidar team took over the running of the Russian economy in November 1991, its intention was to introduce a stabilization/liberalization programme very similar to the one which had been implemented with considerable success in Poland in 1990 under Leszek Balcerowicz. Two years later this aim had still not been achieved, and most of the radical reformers and ‘Westernizers’ had left the Russian government after the elections of December 1993. We examine four main kinds of reason for Gaidar’s failure: (1) problems arising from the process of designing the programme; (2) failures of imple mentation; (3) problems arising from Russia’s economic structure; (4) problems arising from Russia’s political structure. In a final section we consider the sequencing debate regarding whether stabilization or privatization should take place first.
A Proposal on how to Introduce a Currency Board Based Monetary System in the Republic of Latvia
Authors: Rostowski Jacek 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Republic of Latvia is now an independent state, completely outside the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) established by most of the other successor states of the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, as far as monetary matters are concerned, Latvia is fully integrated into the post-Soviet monetary and banking system. The means of payment in Latvia, as in most of the CIS, is the rouble and at the time of writing the Latvian banking system is still fully integrated with that of the CIS. This means that the customers of Latvian banks in Latvia can use their rouble deposits to pay for goods from suppliers in any of the post-Soviet states, and vice versa. The money is sent via the Latvian Central Bank and the central bank of the other state to the account of the supplier at its commercial bank.
Dilemmas of Monetary and Financial Policy in Post--Stabilization Russia
Authors: Rostowski Jacek 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Stabilization of high inflation is hard, not only because the political conditions conducive to such an undertaking are not always present, but also because such stabilizations are ‘regime changes’ par excellence. Relationships between variables which existed before the stabilization are violently changed to quite different ones almost overnight. What is more, the new relationships are initially unknown (particularly as regards their quantitative aspect), and yet economic policy cannot cease until the new relationships have been identified. Stabilization is thus technically as well as politically difficult, and it is likely that as many attempted stabilizations have failed as a result of technical errors as from an unconducive political environment. Certainly, if technical mistakes increase the costs of stabilization they can be expected to undermine such political support as there is for the policy.
Introduction to Part Three
Authors: Rostowski Jacek 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Part III looks at how the conditions of long-term macroeconomic stability in PCEs can be established. Chapter 11 first describes the evolution of banking systems from mono banks under central planning to two tier systems. This evolution was very different in Central Europe on the one hand (what I call the ‘main sequence’), and in the former Soviet Union on the other. The chapter then proceeds to identify the requirements of monetary stability as the creation of a banking system which is able to gradually develop credit allocation skills, and a ‘monetary rule’ which ensures exchange rate stability. It is argued that the former would be more likely if banks had to maintain 100 per cent-or very high-reserve ratios at the beginning of the transition. I call this position ‘banking gradualism’. McKinnon (1991) espoused a similar point of view. There is, however, one key difference: under McKinnon’s scheme, banks holding 100 per cent reserves at the central bank are effectively crediting the government. Under the scheme in Chapter 11, the need to back 100 per cent of central bank liabilities with foreign assets means that depositors are ultimately crediting world capital markets (and are therefore more likely to get their money back). The essence of this ‘monetary rule’, which is the other pillar of the proposed system, is that a key monetary aggregate should depend on changes in international reserves at a fixed exchange rate and at least current account convertibility. As the quality of the banking system improves, the key monetary aggregate to be controlled in this way can become ever narrower.
Creating Stable Monetary Systems 1n Post--Communist Economies
Authors: Rostowski Jacek 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Post-communist economies (PCEs) usually enter the transition to capitalism with a high rate of inflation. This is, first, because price liberalization without a hard budget constraint or unemployment must lead to high inflation (Chapter 2). Second, the weakening of communist political power in the period before the overthrow of communist governments has often led to a weakening of such budgets constraints as there were in the Soviet-type economy-particularly as regards wages. Post communist governments are thus often faced with the need to tackle high or very high inflation just at the time when they also have to guide the country through the transition to capitalism. Creating stable monetary systems in PCEs is thus vital both in the short and the long term. Yet a major hindrance in the achievement of this aim is the nature of banking systems in these countries.
Introduction
Authors: Garenne Michel , Gupta Monica Das , Pison Gilles , Aaby Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The idea of a systematic prospective study of a community to understand basic processes of births, diseases, and deaths started with the development of Public Health, Epidemiology, and Demography as major subjects of scientific research at the beginning of the twentieth century. The Pellagra Study (1916-21) is usually quoted as the first scientific prospective study of a community, in the cotton mill villages of South Carolina. It was designed to study the etiology of pellagra, a nutritional disorder, and was based on a comprehensive follow-up of a deprived Southern community.
Lessons from Narangwal about Primary Health Care, Family Planning, and Nutrition
Authors: Taylor Carl E , Sweemer Cecile De 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Narangwal was the base for longitudinal field research that contributed to international understanding of how primary health care, family planning, and nutrition services can be provided for village people. For about thirteen years, the Rural Health Research Centre of the Indian Council of Medical Research and Johns Hopkins University’s Department of International Health was located in Narangwal, a village with a population of about 1,800 located in Ludhiana District of the Indian Punjab. The project worked in twenty-six villages with a population of 35,000 distributed according to a controlled experimental design in three community development blocks with a population of over 300,000.
Longitudinal Community Health Research for Equity and Accountability in Primary Health Care in Haiti
Authors: Berggren Gretchen , Berggren Warren , Menager Henri , Genece Eddy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The investigators undertook two longitudinal community health research (LCHR) studies to assess primary health-care activities in rural Haiti. The work was motivated by the need to demonstrate that selected interventions can reduce the impact on the community of the most frequent preventable, fatal and crippling diseases. Methods developed for surveillance also brought equity and accountability to primary health care at the community level.
Poverty and Inequality
Authors: McMahon Walter W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The chapter considers the major factors that contribute to rural poverty, urban poverty, and inequality in the distribution of income. It does so with the purpose of isolating the direct and indirect impacts of human resource development through education. The focus is on the longer-run trends, although education also cushions the impacts of cyclical fluctuations on unemployment and poverty for those who have advanced education. After the indirect JS well as the direct impacts of education on poverty are collected, the results arc then used in Chapters 12 and 13 in the interactive model of endogenous development.
Measuring the Total Social Benefits of Education: The Complete Model
Authors: McMahon Walter W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The empirical estimate of total social benefits are shown for a few selected countries in each region (simply because ro show them for all of the 78 countries in the complete model would consume too much space) and for a period from the present usually through 2035 (although occasionally through 2020). In addition to the two kinds of strategically chosen policy changes shown, 8 other types of policy changes, including those reforms discussed in Chapter 11, can be simulated using the complete model, and for any of the 78 countries in Latin America, Asia, Africa, or the OECD. Occasional regional overviews or comparisons between poor devel oping countries and advanced industrialized countries are also presented.
The Establishment of the Bank deutscher Länder and the West German Currency Reform
Authors: Buchheim Christoph 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although the currency reform is widely held to have been the trigger for the ‘economic miracle’ in western Germany, and the Deutsche Bundesbank is regarded as one of the most successful monetary institutions in the world, historians until the end of the 1980s largely ignored events leading up to the Vrst, and the history of the second.Only Eckhard Wandel analysed both in a single book, which failed to live up to the high expectations of its title. There have also been a few more recent essays on the currency reform or some of its aspects, for instance by Hans Möller, Heinz Sauermann, Ian Turner, and Albrecht Ritschl. The last of these was embedded in a controversy about the real economic importance of the currency reform. This emerged principally in a 1975 book by Werner Abelshauser, who tried to demonstrate that the currency reform played no more than a minor role in the growth that followed.This heated debate has now run out of steam, and seems to have been decided in favour of Abelshauser’s opponents.
Introduction
Authors: Santis Gustavo De , Bacci Massimo Livi 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By the end of 1994, much had already been said on poverty. However, it was felt that not all its causes and consequences had been fully analysed, and, also, that the specialized literature —sometimes excessively refined, formalized, and segmented in different disciplines —left perhaps three majors gaps to be filled: one between the various specialized circles concerned with poverty, which only rarely try to exchange views on the subject; another between scholars and the ‘public’ in the developed world, who, more often than not, feel that poverty, especially in the developing world, is not their concern; and another between what ‘experts’ say, and what politicians can (or want to) understand.
Population and Poverty How Do They Interact?
Authors: Lipton Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Owing mainly to better measurement techniques and more and better household surveys, knowledge about poverty has increased more in the past four decades than in the previous two millennia. Also, global poverty incidence has declined more. Sub-Saharan Africa has not shared in this improvement, but in the world’s largest low-income countries (China, India, Indonesia, Pakistan), and in 1960-80 in some large middle-income countries (Brazil, Mexico), it has been unprecedented. Most of it happened from the mid-1950s to the early 1980s (World Bank 1990: 40-1); subsequent improvement has been much slower (Chen et al. 1995).
High Fertility and Short Birth Spacing: The Poverty Consequences of Family-building Patterns
Authors: David Patricia h. 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Is high fertility a strategy or a mechanism that can enable families to escape from poverty, or does it perpetuate or lead to a descent into poverty in the long term? This question has been the subject of debate and public interest since the time of Malthus. The answer is fundamental to our understanding of the determinants of fertility behaviour and the causes of persistent poverty, but posing the question presumes that we can disentangle cause from effect. That task is not straightforward. It may require us to go beyond attempts to model very complex relationships, using alternative methods of data collection to supplement quantitative survey analysis. Different disciplines have framed the question in various ways, and relevant research is widely dispersed across economics, demography, health and nutrition, education, sociology and anthropology, and development studies. The costs and benefits of high fertility may depend on the unit of analysis: the outcome for a family may be quite different from the outcome for one of its members.
The United States
Authors: Sunley Emil M , Stotsky Janet G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Taxes are levied in the USA by the federal, state, and local governments. Each government imposes its own taxes. There are no shared taxes, although more than one government may exploit the major revenue sources. In addition, there is considerable shifting of money through shared expenditure programmes from higher to lower levels of government. The federal government, most state governments, and some local governments impose income taxes. The most important revenue sources are income and payroll taxes at the federal level, sales and income taxes at the state level, and property taxes at the local level.
Trade Shocks in Developing Countries
Authors: Collier Paul , Gunning Jan Willem 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Developing countries frequently experience trade shocks and the policy implications of this have been debated for decades.This important book is Volume 1 of a comparative study covering 23 countries, using a common methodology to estimate the effects of shocks. The conventional wisdom has been that private agents, in particular peasant farmers, could not be trusted to use windfalls wisely. This was, and continues to be, the main rationale for stabilising taxation of export crops. The convention was also that windfalls accruing to the public sector were a bane since governments had low savings rates. The evidence in this definitive study supports neither generalisation. Trade shocks typically lead to high savings rates, irrespective of whether they accrue to private producers or to the government. However, the case studies find substantial policy errors so that windfalls are often not translated efficiently into permanent income increases and indeed often lead to a reduction in output. The studies argue for a drastic revision of the case for government action in response to trade shocks. Volume 1 deals with Africa, Volume 2 with Asia and Latin America.
Population And The Terms Of Trade From Malthus To Keynes
Authors: Toye John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Today diminishing returns to a fixed factor is seen to be a completely general result, which applies just as surely when capital is constant and combined with additional units of land and labour, as when land is constant and combined with additional units of capital and labour. By contrast, in the nineteenth century land was taken to be the only factor of production whose supply was fixed, and this supposition was what justified the long-held distinction between agriculture (and mining) on the one hand and manufacturing industry on the other. This distinction led the great economic thinkers of that age to develop a problematic which included the expectation of declining terms of trade for industry. It was supposed that the price of agricultural (and mining) products would rise relative to the price of industrial products, as the unit costs of the former increased relative to the unit costs of the latter. This simple expectation is what I shall refer to here as the Cambridge doctrine of the terms of trade.
Gender Inequality in Two Nepali Settings
Authors: Niraula Bhanu B , Morgan S Philip 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Gender inequality has existed in most human societies. The nature and causes of gender inequality, changes in its severity, and the consequences of gendered inequality have been among the most debated and researched topics of the past two decades. We draw on this literature to help explain the dramatic differences we will document in women’s status across two villages and within them. More specifically, we have conducted surveys in two Nepali villages. The first setting is in the central hills 75 kilometres south-west of Kathmandu; the second setting is in the plains (tarai), 200 kilometres south of Kathmandu very close to the Indian border.1 The plains setting we study is considered a cultural extension of the Indian Gangetic plains (e.g., similar to the north Indian pattern described by Dyson and Moore 1983, and by Basu 1992). In this region, women have low status and autonomy compared to south India. Purdah (e.g., female seclusion) is practised in the plains and women are nearly invisible to an outside visitor. In the Nepali hills, where north Indian culture has joined with tribal and ethnic culture, this north Indian pattern is weakened. In the hill setting, women clearly defer to men and ‘serve’ them. But these women have much greater freedom of movement and converse freely with other villagers, including men.
Poverty, Women’s Status, and the Utilization of Health Services in Egypt
Authors: Govindasamy Pavalavalli 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
According to the World Health Organization (1985), an estimated half a million women in developing countries die each year from pregnancy and pregnancy-related causes. In a concerted effort to study the determinants of maternal mortality and intervene to reduce its levels, a number of international organizations launched the Safe Motherhood Initiative in 1987 (Eschen 1992). This initiative, which is part of a broader strategy for alleviating poverty and raising women’s status through improved education, employment, health, and nutritional status, aims to reduce by half the number of maternal deaths worldwide by the year 2000 (Koblinsky et al. 1992).
Mineral Asset Depletion and Sustainability
Authors: Auty Richard M , Mikesell Raymond E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter deals with how the depletion of national mineral reserves may affect sustainability and how sustainability can be maintained with depleting mineral assets. One approach is to conserve the mineral assets, which for mineral-exporting countries means delaying mineral development and export growth. Another approach, which is favoured here, is to permit mineral development as determined by competitive market conditions, while preventing mineral depletion from resulting in national capital consumption. The conventional arguments for conservation are reviewed before dealing with the conceptual and analytical problems in measuring the value of mineral depletion and its importance for environmental and resource accounting (EARA). The chapter concludes with a discussion of the role which managing a nation’s mineral industry plays in promoting sustainable development.
Environmental Issues
Authors: Auty Richard M , Mikesell Raymond E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Environmental damage and sustainability are closely related, but they are not the same. Environmental damage may impair the sustainability of output and impede the transfer to future generations of the non-renewable resources required for production and for human enjoyment. However, fo11owing the best environmental practices will not guarantee sustainability nor will the failure to adopt certain environmental practices prevent the achievement of sustainability. This chapter identifies the principal types of impacts of mineral industries on the environment and describes how these impacts affect output and social welfare. It also reviews the measures that mitigate environmental harm, and analyses the relationship between the social costs of avoiding or mitigating environmental damage and the social benefits derived from doing so.
Substituting for Depleting Mineral Assets: Economic Diversification
Authors: Auty Richard M , Mikesell Raymond E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Macroeconomic analysis tends to treat sectoral developments like a black box and in doing so it misses important insights into the obstacles to structural change. This chapter explores at the sectoral level the problems of diversification away from mineral dependence during the mature stage of the mineral-driven cycle. Such diversification is required to sustain economic growth and thereby enhance the prospects for curbing environmental degradation and easing social tensions.
Moving the Revolution Beyond Politics: the 1911 Revolution and the Common Man
Authors: Harrison Henrietta 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On the evening of the thirteenth day of the eleventh month of the Xinhai year, 1 January 1912, SunYatsen, newly elected president of the Republic of China, stepped down on to the platform of Nanjing Station to greet the assembled dignitaries. Then, in a change to earlier plans, he continued directly by train to the branch station near the government buildings.
Heroes, Villains and the Creation of History
Authors: Harrison Henrietta 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On 12 March 1925 Sun Yatsen died. Obituaries and appreciations poured forth. The British, long notorious for their dislike of Sun, were particularly irritated by one which ran as follows:
We shall mourn his loss and in our sorrow shall forget everything about him except that he was a leader and father of the struggle for China’s democracy. All the rest will be forgotten, including disputes, misunderstandings and differences.
Introduction
Authors: Mason Andrew , Tapinos Georges 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The papers in this volume add to a growing literature on intergenerational transfers. The issues addressed are important ones. Roughly half of any population, children and elderly, depend on intergenerational transfers to fulfil their material needs. The transfers from the working population to these two dependent populations surely dominate all other transfers in any economy, modern or traditional. Thus the circumstances that govern the extent, timing, and magnitude of transfers have an enormous impact on the distribution of income. economic efficiency, and economic growth.