bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reciprocal raft–receptor interactions and the assembly of adhesion complexes
Authors: Harris Tony J.C. , Siu Chi‐Hung 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCell adhesion complexes are critical for the physical coordination of cell–cell interactions and the morphogenesis of tissues and organs. Many adhesion receptors are anchored to the plasma membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) moiety and are thereby partitioned into membrane rafts. In this review, we focus on reciprocal interactions between rafts and adhesion molecules, leading to receptor clustering and raft expansion and stability. A model for a three‐stage adhesion complex assembly process is also proposed. First, GPI‐anchored adhesion molecules are recruited into rafts, which in turn promote receptor cis‐oligomerization and thereby produce precursory complexes primed for avid trans‐interactions. Second, trans‐interactions of the receptors cross‐link and stabilize large amalgams of rafts at sites of adhesion complex assembly. Finally, the enlarged and stabilized rafts acquire enhanced abilities to recruit the cytoskeleton and induce signaling. This process exemplifies how the domain structure of the plasma membrane can impact the function of its receptors. BioEssays 24:996–1003, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Periodicals, Inc.
Pax6; A pleiotropic player in development
Authors: Simpson T. Ian , Price David J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPax6 is a transcription factor essential for the development of tissues including the eyes, central nervous system and endocrine glands of vertebrates and invertebrates. It regulates the expression of a broad range of molecules, including transcription factors, cell adhesion and short‐range cell–cell signalling molecules, hormones and structural proteins. It has been implicated in a number of key biological processes including cell proliferation, migration, adhesion and signalling both in normal development and in oncogenesis. The mechanisms by which Pax6 regulates its downstream targets likely involve the use of different splice variants and interactions with multiple proteins, allowing it to generate different effects in different cells. Extrapolation to developmental transcription factors in general suggests that variation in the nature of individual factors is likely to contribute to the emergence of differences between tissues. BioEssays 24:1041–1051, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Periodicals, Inc.
E4BP4/NFIL3, a PAR‐related bZIP factor with many roles
Authors: Cowell Ian G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractE4BP4, a mammalian basic leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factor, was first identified through its ability to bind and repress viral promoter sequences. Subsequently, E4BP4 and homologues in other species have been implicated in a diverse range of processes including commitment to cell survival versus apoptosis, the anti‐inflammatory response and, most recently, in the mammalian circadian oscillatory mechanism. In some of these cases at least, E4BP4 appears to act antagonistically with members of the related PAR family of transcription factors with which it shares DNA‐binding specificity. This diversity of function is mirrored by the regulatory pathways impinging on E4BP4, which include regulation by ras via the lymphokine IL‐3 in murine B‐cells, by thyroid hormone during Xenopus tail resorption, by glucocorticoids in murine fibroblasts and by calcium in rat smooth muscle cells. This article will cover the unfolding role/s of and regulation of E4BP4, E4BP4‐like proteins and PAR factors in species as diverse as mouse and C. elegans. BioEssays 24:1023–1029, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Periodicals, Inc.
Bone microstructure and developmental plasticity in birds and other dinosaurs
Authors: Starck J. Matthias , Chinsamy Anusuya 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPatterns of bone microstructure have frequently been used to deduce dynamics and processes of growth in extant and fossil tetrapods. Often, the various types of primary bone tissue have been associated with different bone deposition rates and more recently such deductions have extended to patterns observed in dinosaur bone microstructure. These previous studies are challenged by the findings of the current research, which integrates an experimental neontological approach and a paleontological comparison. We use tetracycline labeling and morphometry to study the variability of bone deposition rates in Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) growing under different experimental conditions. We compare resulting patterns in bone microstructure with those found in fossil birds and other dinosaurs. We found that a single type of primary bone varies significantly in rates of growth in response to environmental conditions. Ranging between 10–50 μm per day, rates of growth overlap with the full range of bone deposition rates that were previously associated with different patterns of bone histology. Bone formation rate was significantly affected by environmental/experimental conditions, skeletal element, and age. In the quail, the experimental conditions did not result in formation of lines of arrested growth (LAGs). Because of the observed variation of bone deposition rates in response to variation in environmental conditions, we conclude that bone deposition rates measured in extant birds cannot simply be extrapolated to their fossil relatives. Additionally, we observe the variable incidence of LAGs and annuli among several dinosaur species, including fossil birds, extant sauropsids, as well as nonmammalian synapsids, and some extant mammals. This suggests that the ancestral condition of the response of bone to environmental conditions was variable. We propose that such developmental plasticity in modern birds may be reduced in association with the shortened developmental time during the later evolution of the ornithurine birds. J. Morphol. 254:232–246, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Value of contrast ultrasonography in the detection of significant prostate cancer: Correlation with radical prostatectomy specimens
Authors: Sedelaar J.P.M. , van Leenders G.J.L.H. , Goossen T.E.B. , Hulsbergen‐van der Kaa C.A. , van Adrichem N.P. , Wijkstra H. , de la Rosette J.J.M.C.H. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe presented study has investigated a possible improvement of imaging prostate cancer: three‐dimensional contrast‐enhanced power Doppler ultrasonography (3D‐CE‐PDU).METHODSSeventy patients with biopsy proven prostate cancer and scheduled for radical retropubic prostatectomy received a 3D‐CE‐PDU investigation before surgery. Two experts analyzed the ultrasound images. The ultrasound images were correlated to the whole‐mount sections of the prostate specimen. The correlation protocol consisted of three evaluation steps.RESULTSIn total, 153 prostate tumors were found in the 70 prostate specimens: 61 tumors <5 mm, 93 tumors ≥5 mm. The diagnosis of clinical significant and insignificant prostate cancer was made in 85 and 88% of the patients for expert I and II, respectively. Diagnosis by imaging improved from 61% (43 of 70 of the prostate cancers) for standard detection tools to an average 86% (60 of 70 prostate cancers) for 3D‐CE‐PDU.CONCLUSION3D‐CE‐PDU improves the detection of prostate cancer in this group of prostate cancer patients. The use of 3D‐CE‐PDU in the clinic is questionable as indications are still unclear. Prostate 53: 246–253, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Screening with low PSA cutoff values results in low rates of positive surgical margins in radical prostatectomy specimens
Authors: Berger Andreas P. , Volgger Hubert , Rogatsch Hermann , Strohmeyer Dagmar , Steiner Hannes , Klocker Helmut , Bartsch Georg , Horninger Wolfgang 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn the literature, positive margins in radical prostatectomy specimens, the rate of which ranges between 7% and 46%, are associated with adverse patient survival. The aim of the present study was to determine the predictive value of preoperative serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) values for the rate of positive margins in radical retropubic prostatectomy.METHODSThe study included a cohort of 845 patients who underwent radical retropubic prostatectomy between October of 1993 and December of 1999. All patients were stratified in groups on the basis of their preoperative PSA values: PSA group I, 0–1.99 ng/ml; PSA group II, 2–3.99 ng/ml; PSA group III, 4–5.99 ng/ml; PSA group IV, 6–7.99 ng/ml; PSA group V, 8–9.99 ng/ml; and PSA group VI, >10 ng/ml. For each group, the pathologic stage, Gleason score, and the incidence of positive margins were analyzed. For statistical analysis, the Mann Whitney U‐test was used.RESULTSOur data show a significantly higher rate of organ‐confined prostate cancers and a significantly lower rate of positive surgical margins in patients with preoperative total PSA values of less than 4 ng/ml compared with patients with higher preoperative total PSA levels.CONCLUSIONAs tumor stage and surgical margin status after radical prostatectomy are important predictors of the likelihood of PSA recurrence, which necessitates additional therapy, these findings support the concept of PSA screening by using low PSA cutoff levels. Prostate 53: 241–245, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How one becomes many: Blastoderm cellularization in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Mazumdar Aveek , Mazumdar Manjari 
Published: October 2002

AbstractEmbryonic development in Drosophila melanogaster begins with a rapid series of mitotic nuclear divisions, unaccompanied by cytokinesis, to produce a multi‐nucleated single cell embryo, the syncytial blastoderm. The syncytium then undergoes a process of cell formation, in which the individual nuclei become enclosed in individual cells. This process of cellularization involves integrating mechanisms of cell polarity, cell–cell adhesion and a specialized form of cytokinesis. The detailed molecular mechanism, however, is highly complex and, despite extensive analysis, remains poorly understood. Nevertheless, new insights are emerging from recent studies on aspects of membrane polarization and insertion, which show that membrane components from intracellular organelles are involved. In addition, actin and actin‐associated proteins have been heavily implicated while new evidence shows that microtubule cytoskeletal elements are mechanistically involved in all aspects of cellularization. This review will draw on both the traditional models and the new data to provide a current perspective on the nature of cellular blastoderm formation in Drosophila melanogaster. BioEssays 24:1012–1022, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Periodicals, Inc.
Primary prevention of risk factors for eating disorders in adolescent girls: Learning from practice
Authors: Steiner‐Adair Catherine , Sjostrom Lisa , Franko Debra L. , Pai Seeta , Tucker Rochelle , Becker Anne E. , Herzog David B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveThis study evaluates the effectiveness and feasibility of a primary prevention program for risk factors for eating disorders in adolescent girls.MethodNearly 500 seventh‐grade girls participated in “Full of Ourselves: Advancing Girl Power, Health, and Leadership,” and were assessed at baseline, immediately after program completion, and 6 months later on several self‐report measures of knowledge, body image, and eating and weight‐related behaviors.ResultsSignificant differences were found between participants and controls on measures of knowledge and weight‐related body esteem, which were maintained at 6‐month follow‐up. Eating related behaviors, including skipping meals and dieting, appeared unaffected by program participation.DiscussionThe program was feasible, safe, and resulted in positive and maintained changes in knowledge and weight satisfaction for adolescent girls. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 401–411, 2002.
Fertilization, syngamy, and early embryonic development in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus (de geer)
Authors: Sato Motoaki , Tanaka‐Sato Hikaru 
Published: October 2002

AbstractFertilization and early embryonic mitoses of the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus were examined by fluorescence staining of whole‐mount as well as squash preparations. Egg meiosis occurs near the ventral surface of the egg, while sperm transforms into a sperm pronucleus in the cytoplasmic island on the dorsal side. After meiosis, the egg pronucleus moves across the egg toward the sperm pronucleus in the island, where union of these nuclei occurs. The first cleavage mitosis is gonomeric, as in insects such as Pyrrhocoris, Drosophila, and Bombyx. After the third cleavage the synchrony of nuclear division is lost and the dividing nuclei are distributed all over the egg by 12 h after deposition. J. Morphol. 254:266–271, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of silibinin in rat prostate cancer cells
Authors: Tyagi Alpana , Bhatia Neehar , Condon Mark S. , Bosland Maarten C. , Agarwal Chapla , Agarwal Rajesh 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe tremendous impact of prostate cancer (PCA) on the US male population has led to an increased attention on its prevention and on therapeutic intervention. Short‐term models are needed to quickly screen the efficacy of promising agents against PCA. We have established recently several rat PCA cell lines from primary PCA in rats induced by a MNU‐testosterone protocol, but their usefulness as a model for screening PCA preventive and therapeutic agents remains to be established. With the rationale that agents found effective in these cells could be promising for efficacy testing in long‐term in vivo experiments, e.g., with MNU‐testosterone–induced PCA in rats, the major goal of our study was to assess the antiproliferative and apoptotic efficacy in rat PCA cell lines of silibinin, a major active flavonoid component of silymarin, which consists of a group of flavonoid antioxidants occurring in milk thistle (Silybum marianum).METHODSThree rat PCA cell lines, namely H‐7, I‐8, and I‐26, were treated with silibinin or silymarin, a crude silibinin‐containing preparation, at various doses for varying lengths of time. Cell growth and viability studies were carried out by using hemocytometer and Trypan blue dye exclusion methods. Cell cycle distribution studies were conducted by using PI staining and flow cytometry analysis, and DNA synthesis was assessed by bromodeoxyuridine incorporation. Apoptotic cell death was assessed as DNA damage by using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay method and by annexin V and PI staining followed by flow cytometry analysis.RESULTSSilibinin resulted in a significant growth inhibition and reduction in cell viability in each cell line studied in both a dose‐ and a time‐dependent manner. Silibinin treatment of H‐7 and I‐8 cells at 100 μM dose for 12 and 24 hr resulted in a G1 arrest but caused S phase arrest after a 48‐hr treatment period in each cell line studied. Similar silibinin treatment of I‐26 cells resulted in a slight S phase arrest at all time points studied. Consistent with these findings, silibinin showed a strong inhibition of DNA synthesis. Silibinin also induced a substantial apoptotic death in each cell line studied. Similar to silibinin, silymarin induced growth inhibition and reduced viability in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner.CONCLUSIONThis study demonstrates that silibinin as well as silymarin induce growth inhibition and apoptosis in rat PCA cells. These results form a strong rationale for PCA prevention and therapeutic intervention studies with silibinin and silymarin in animal models, such as the MNU‐testosterone rat PCA model, to establish their efficacy and to further define their mechanisms of action under in vivo conditions. Prostate 53: 211–217, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
fushi tarazu: A Hox gene changes its role
Authors: Damen Wim G.M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe Hox genes play a role in anteroposterior axis specification of bilaterian animals that has been conserved for more than 600 million years. However, some of these genes have occasionally changed their roles in evolution. For example, the insect gene fushi tarazu (ftz), although localised in the Hox cluster, no longer acts as a Hox gene, but is involved in segmentation and nervous system development. Recent data of Mouchel‐Vielh et al.,1 and Hughes and Kaufman2 on ftz homologues in a crustacean and a myriapod, respectively, shed new light onto the evolution of this gene. BioEssays 24:992–995, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Periodicals, Inc.
Widespread organisation of C. elegans genes into operons: Fact or function?
Authors: Nimmo Rachael , Woollard Alison 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA recent report by Blumenthal et al.1 provides convincing evidence that at least 15% of Caenorhabditis elegans genes are co‐transcribed within over a thousand operons. Polycistronic transcription of gene clusters is very rare in eukaryotes. The widespread occurrence of operons in C. elegans thus raises some interesting questions about the origin and function of these multigenic transcriptional units. BioEssays 24:983–987, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Periodicals, Inc.
A Drosophila melanogaster cell line (S2) facilitates post‐genome functional analysis of receptors and ion channels
Authors: Towers Paula R. , Sattelle David B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe complete sequencing of the genome of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster offers the prospect of detailed functional analysis of the extensive gene families in this genetic model organism. Comprehensive functional analysis of family members is facilitated by access to a robust, stable and inducible expression system in a fly cell line. Here we show how the Schneider S2 cell line, derived from the Drosophila embryo, provides such an expression system, with the bonus that radioligand binding studies, second messenger assays, ion imaging, patch‐clamp electrophysiology and gene silencing can readily be applied. Drosophila is also ideal for the study of new control strategies for insect pests since the receptors and ion channels that many new animal health drugs and crop protection chemicals target can be expressed in this cell line. In addition, many useful orthologues of human disease genes are emerging from the Drosophila genome and the study of their functions and interactions is another area for postgenome applications of S2 cell lines. BioEssays 24:1066–1073, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Periodicals, Inc.
Developmental paradigms in terminal lung development
Authors: Prodhan Parthak , Kinane T. Bernard 
Published: October 2002

AbstractLate lung development comprises the formation of the terminal sac followed by the subdivision of the terminal sac by septa into alveoli and results in the formation of the gas‐exchange surface of the lung. This developmentally regulated process involves a complex epithelium–mesenchyme interaction via evolutionarily conserved molecular signaling pathways. In addition, there is a continuous process of vascular growth and development. Currently there are large gaps in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the formation of the gas‐exchange surface. In this review, we attempt to integrate and reconcile the morphologic features in late lung development with what is known about the molecular basis for these processes. We describe the formation of the terminal sac and the subsequent formation of the septa, which divide the terminal sac into alveoli, in terms of the classically described developmental stages of induction, morphogenesis and differentiation. We believe that evolutionarily conserved pathways regulate this process and that morphogen gradients are likely to be a central mechanism. In addition, we highlight the importance of the molecular mechanisms involved in the simultaneous development of the vascular bed and its importance in the late development of the lungs. BioEssays 24:1052–1059, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Periodicals, Inc.
Bulimia nervosa following psychological and multiple child abuse: Support for the self‐medication hypothesis in a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Schoemaker Casper , Smit Filip , Bijl Rob V. , Vollebergh Wilma A. M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo unravel the complex role of child abuse as a risk factor for bulima nervosa (BN), from the perspective of the self‐medication hypothesis which asserts that in abused BN cases binge eating is primarily a way of coping with the anxiety or mood disorders that stem from the abuse.MethodIn a population‐based study (N = 1987) DSM‐III‐R diagnoses were assessed with the CIDI. Differences in exposure rates to child abuse between BN cases versus healthy, psychiatric, substance use, and dual diagnosis controls were employed to test the self‐medication hypothesis.ResultsA history of psychological or multiple abuse was found to be a specific risk factor for dual diagnosis disorder (cases with psychiatric and substance use disorders) and for BN. Nearly all BN cases that experienced multiple or psychological child abuse, showed such comorbid anxiety or mood disorders.DiscussionWe found tentative support for the self‐medication hypothesis. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 381–388, 2002.
Comparative observations on corneas, with special reference to bowman's layer and descemet's membrane in mammals and amphibians
Authors: Hayashi Shuichiro , Osawa Tokuji , Tohyama Koujiro 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCorneas of tadpole, mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit, cat, cattle, and human were examined by TEM and SEM in a comparative study. The differences between species were noted mainly by using TEM. Bowman's layer showed a tendency to be well developed in higher mammals. Tadpoles lack a Bowman's layer, lower mammals have a thin Bowman's layer, and higher mammals have a thick Bowman's layer. The boundary between the substantia propria and Descemet's membrane was distinct in higher mammals. On the other hand, there are no differences in thickness of the collagen fibrils that constitute Bowman's layer and those of the substantia propria. NaOH digestion was utilized for SEM preparation. SEM imaging revealed a textured appearance of the epithelial side of Bowman's layer. In Descemet's membrane, fibrous long spacing (FLS) fiber‐like structures, which are arranged in parallel to the endothelium, were observed by both TEM and SEM. To our knowledge, this is the first report of SEM observations of FLS fiber‐like structures on the endothelial surface of Descemet's membrane. SEM at a plane normal to the plane of the cornea showed that Descemet's membrane has a piled laminar structure. Descemet's membrane is closely associated with the collagen layer of the substantia propria. Collagen fibrils invading from the substantia propria into Descemet's membrane were observed with both TEM and SEM. J. Morphol. 254:247–258, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.