bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Value and Distribution
Authors: Skorupski John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many important trends in recent moral and political philosophy oppose classical utilitarianism and seek to develop alternatives to it. The opposition advances on a variety of fronts. There are those who develop alternatives to utilitarian ethics and politics, as (in their very different ways) Rawls or Nozick do.1 These philosophers propose substantive ethical or political principles which are at odds with the classical utilitarian’s in a clear-cut way.
There are also more indirect lines of opposition. Some oppose the attempt to propose foundational ethical principles or criteria as such, preferring to explore moral practices from within. They distinguish between immanent clarification and critique (good) and theorizing and the pro pounding of’abstract’ theses (bad). There is an important truth in this, but it is also true that moral practice is no unified thing: it is riven with dis agreement, reflectiveness is a part of it, and reflection unavoidably issues in a quest for comprehensive legitimating perspectives, of which the utilitarian’s is one. Such perspectives are not artificial growths which wither if ignored; they are among the strongest shoots thrown up by moral and political discourse.
Liberal Elitism
Authors: Skorupski John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Liberal elitism’ is mostly a derogatory term. In this country such British institutions as the Guardian newspaper, the Anglican hierarchy, do gooders associated with universities and the media-the ‘liberal establishment’-stand accused of it. Or more accurately, they used to be accused of it. There is an analogous stream of criticism in the United States. It often comes from the free-market populist Right. But it can also come from the Left insofar as that dons a populist mantle; though in the past left-wing movements in politics inherited, from the European and particularly German response to the enlightenment, a substantive non-populist legacy in their conceptions of the good society and the developed human life.
Substance versus Function Dualism in Eighteenth-Century Medicine
Authors: Wright John p. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My aim here is to distinguish and discuss two quite different types of soul-body dualism found in the writings of eighteenth-century medical theorists. These dualisms I shall call ‘substance dualism’ and ‘function dualism’. The first, substance dualism, was considered by many thinkers, in particular those concerned with the requirements of religious orthodoxy, to be absolute: they maintained that soul and body were sub stances of entirely different and incompatible natures. The issues surrounding this dualism affected primarily what David Hume’s friend, the renowned Edinburgh medical professor William Cullen, called ‘the business of religion’;1 its opposite was materialism.
Vowel Nasalization in Romance
Authors: Sampson Rodney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nasal vowels are found widely across Romance (see Map 1). Although two varieties in particular have tended to monopolize attention in discussions of nasal vowels in Romance, namely French and Portuguese, these are far from being the only forms of Romance in which significant levels of nasality have developed in vowels. In fact, varieties from almost all areas of Romania1 have been affected. Some have nasal vowel phonemes just as French and Portuguese, others present just high levels of allophonic nasality.
Ibero- Romance II: Galician-Portuguese
Authors: Sampson Rodney 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Portuguese is one of the two standard Romance varieties in which nasal vowels appear as independent phonemes (the other case being standard French, cf. Ch. 4). Already in early medieval times there is clear evidence of vowel nasalization operating and its effect has not only been to give rise to unconditioned nasal vowels but also to deflect the pattern of evolution in vowels where nasality has remained allophonic.
A new kind of ethical naturalism?
Authors: Hare R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THERE used to be only one kind of ethical naturalism, namely what we might call semantic ethical naturalism or analytic ethical naturalism. This held that moral words have the same meaning as certain combinations of non-moral expressions (which combinations depended of course on the particular naturalistic theory in question). A crude simple example of such a theory would be one that G. E. Moore considers in his famous ‘Refutation of Naturalism’ (1903). namely the view that ‘good’ means the same as ‘pleasant’ or ‘pleasure maximizing’. He attributed a naturalistic view of this general sort.
Why Racism Is An Evil
Authors: Hare R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The result may be that ‘discrimination’ becomes a ready-to-hand rhetorical or propaganda weapon for use against anything you happen to disapprove of. For there is absolutely no practice or policy that could not he called ‘discrimination’ in some sense of the word. Anything you choose to do, you choose to do because it is different from, and, you think, better than, something else you might have done. So when you choose to do the thing you do. you are discriminating between it and the other thing that you do not do. It used to be thought a virtue to be discriminating in what one did, meaning that one looked carefully at what was proposed and its distinguishing features, and chose that option which had the features that made it right, and avoided the other options having features that made them wrong. But if we follow the line of thought I have been describing, we shall not be able to exercise our discrimination in this way.
One Philosopher’s Approach To Business And Professional Ethics
Authors: Hare R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The best way I can illustrate what philosophy is and how it can help is by taking some problems in professional ethics and talking about them in a philosophical way. Most of my examples will come from business ethics, because that is what I have thought most about. But the lessons I shall draw from them will be applicable to other fields of professional ethics too. I said just now that I shall be applying a particular ethical theory which I think is well supported. being a combination of true insights from the utilitarian and Kant. It is also consistent with the Golden Rule, the foundation of Christian morality and other moralities too: that we should do to others as we wish they should to do to us if we were in their situations. In effect this wil1 lead us, as Kant said. to treat their ends as our ends. or, as the utilitarian say. to do the best we can for them, treating them all impartially (see Chapter 14).
Particularity and Principle: The Structure of Moral Knowledge
Authors: Garfield Jay L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This remark is surely as true of our moral lives as it is of the more narrowly cognitive domain of language use and ratiocination in the context of which most recent discussion of rule-following has been conducted. Moral universalists might take comfort in such an insight, inferring that since the moral domain is rule governed, our moral knowledge consists in the knowledge of universal generalizations. But (as Sellars would have been the first to note), they would be wrong. For everything hangs on whether what it is to follow a rule and what it is to know a rule are understood as the grasp of a universal generalization from which knowledge of particular instances is derived, or as the knowledge of how to respond to paradigm instances, with an appropriate but perhaps inarticulate ability to generalize.
The role of physical objects in spatial thinking
Authors: Campbell John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Individuals, Strawson held that the re-identification of places depends upon the re-¬ identification of things. We re-identify places by their relations to things; we see that we are once again in front of the blackboard, for example. There is also a dependence of the re-identification of things upon the re-identification of places. But this mutual dependence is only a reflection of the fundamental character of reference to things and places in our thinking (Strawson, 1959, pp. 36--8). In consequence of the dependence of the re-identification of places upon the re-identification of things, St Tawson said, ‘the fact that material bodies are the basic particulars in our scheme can be deduced from the fact that our scheme is of a certain kind, viz. the scheme of a unified spatiotemporal system of one temporal and three spatial dimensions’ (Strawson, 1959, p. 62; cf. Wiggins, 1963 and Woods, 1963).
Sense modalities and spatial properties
Authors: Martin Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I want to pursue some issues concerning the character of the awareness each of us has of their own body. In part, such awareness arises from the five senses, but it is not exhausted by that: one is also aware of one’s body through bodily sensation, kinaesthesia and one’s sense of balance. One might group together these latter experiences as comprising a body sense or bodily awareness. While neurophysiologists and psychologists have long been happy with the idea that there is such awareness, it has tended to be ignored or treated with some circumspection by philosophers.
Hobbes and Descartes
Authors: Tuck Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If’ Hobbes had died (as he almost did) in the summer of 1647, at the unremarkable age of 59, he would have left a curious intellectual legacy.’ Apart from his early translation of Thucy dides, he had published only one book, De Give (April 1642, with a second, much more widely distributed edition in January 1647). In addition, in 1641 his objections to Descartes’s Meditaiions of First Philosophy had been included anonymously with the other five sets collected by Descartes, and by Descartes’s and Hobbes’s mutual friend Marin Mcrsenne. Finally, a short essay on optics had appeared under his name in a collection edited by Mersenne (Universae geomeiriae, mixtaque, synopsis, 1644), and Mersenne’s Ballistica of the same year had included a summary by Mersenne of Hobbes’s general philosophy.” This was the sum total of what was publicly available of Hobbes’s ideas.
Hobbes’s Hidden Influence
Authors: Rogers G A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hobbes’s Leviathan is recognized as one of the glories of the seventeenth century and Hobbes’s place as one of the giants in an age of giants is for us assured. Yet it was not always so, as we all well know. To be identified as a follower of Hobbes was to be identified as an atheist and a lecher, at least for some period of time in the second half of the seventeenth century, and unless one were seeking notoriety, as some undoubtedly were, then it was as well to distance oneself from his name.
Rigidity and Content
Authors: Stanley Jason 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to the description theory of names, the content of a proper name such as ‘Aristotle’ can be given by a definite description such as ‘the last great philosopher of antiquity’. However, as Saul Kripke conclusively demonstrated in his seminal work, Naming and Necessity, proper names such as ‘Aristotle’ are modally rigid. That is, in every metaphysically possible world in which the actual referent of the proper name exists, the reference of that proper name, when evaluated with respect to that world, is the same as its actual one, and in every metaphysically possible world in which the actual referent does not exist, the proper name does not designate anything else. However, the most plausible candidates for content-yielding descriptions are typically not modally rigid. Following Kripke, philosophers of language have generally concluded that, since there are metaphysical possibilities in which the most plausible content-yielding descriptions differ in extension from the proper names whose contents they allegedly provide, the description theory of names must be false.
Dummett’s McTaggart
Authors: Taylor Barry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Michael Dummett’s early (1960) paper defending McTaggart’s proof of the unreality of time1 is uncharacteristically brief. Nevertheless, those few pages have proved to have been amongst the most fecund for their number in his whole corpus: they restablished McTaggart as a central figure in the philosophy of time, and have dominated the interpretation of McTaggart’s proof ever since.
Can Supervenience and ‘Non-Strict Laws’ Save Anomalous Monism?
Authors: Kim Jaegwon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In ‘Thinking Causes’, Donald Davidson proposes to defend his doctrine of ‘anomalous monism’ (AM) against ‘misunderstandings and misrepresentations’ of his critics, myself included, who have called attention to its epiphenomenalist tendencies.1 Although part of what I am going to say will be in direct reply to Davidson’s specific points, I believe that several points of more general interest will emerge.
Introduction
Authors: Mohanty Jitendra Nath 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These chapters had their origin in various attempts to isolate the distinctive features, if any, of Indian philosophy, especially as compared with Western philosophy. I began to think about Indian logical theories, epistemologies, semantic theories, and ontologies, these being the areas in which my original training and competence lay. But in the course of my investigation, it became increasingly clear to me that in order to be able to grasp what the Indian mode of thinking was, one had to go beyond the philosophies and to take a look at the Indian positive sciences as well. Historiography, positive law, and medicine were important areas, as was much of Hindu mathematics. Since my concern in this work is with the general mode of thinking, I have had to abstract from the detailed content of the theories. I have looked at their methodological (formal and contentual) commitments and also at their broad categorial concepts such as ‘body’, ‘action’, ‘property’, and ‘law’. The same is also true of my concern with the philosophical theories in the more restricted sense. As far as it was possible for me, I have not dealt with the substance of their doctrines and have restricted myself to what appeared to me to be the deeper underlying structures. The book makes, and in my view needs to make, no claims to exhaustiveness. My purpose would be achieved if it succeeded only in revealing some of the parameters within which Indian philosophers have thought.
The Concept of Being and the Ontologies
Authors: Mohanty Jitendra Nath 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
But, one may ask, did the Indian philosophies after all raise the question of Being? And, furthermore, can we ascribe to them ontological theories? With regard to such questions, one needs to avoid two extremes: there is on the one hand an Eurocentric point of view which regards philosophy (as also its various subdisciplines, especially metaphysics and ontology) as a Western discipline emerging in Greece for the first time, and, on the other hand, a universalist point of view which is insensitive to the cultural variations that permeate seemingly similar questions.
The Nature of Indian Philosophical Thinking
Authors: Mohanty Jitendra Nath 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is, however., an aspect of ‘reason’ which is especially recognized in modern Western philosophy since Kant. Reason ‘constructs’ and ‘constitutes’ the world it also knows. The idea of ‘construction’ was present in Indian thought in a strand that ran through Yoga philosophy, Buddhism, and Vedanta. The crucial terms were kalpanā and vikalpa—both meant ‘imagination’. By an extension of the meaning in philosophical discourse, they came to mean mental, intellectual, or conceptual construction.
Phonological Expansion in a Developing Pidgin/Creole
Authors: Romaine Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The phonology of expanded pidgins has been little studied. Mühlhäusler (1986: 177), however, suggests that expansion of a pidgin usually involves a steady increase in phonological distinctions, the use of what were formerly free variants for stylistic purposes, and the emergence of phonological rules which separate underlying from surface forms. In this chapter I will discuss two aspects of the expansion process. The first is the operation of morphophonological condensation, which gives rise to short forms in allegro (i.e. fast), casual speech; the other is the addition of new phonological contrasts to core Tok Pisin phonology. Both these processes are generally more advanced in urban varieties.
Three Platonist Interpretations of the Theaetetus
Authors: Sedley David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That the Theaetetus is one of the great pioneering texts in the history of epistemology is agreed on all sides. But the solidly doctrinal ways of reading it which were long fashionable have been largely eclipsed, especially in the last thirty years, by philosophically more rewarding approaches which treat it as essentially exploratory and open-ended. Most recently, Myles Burnyeat has presented the Theaetetus in terms of a complex dialectical confrontation centred on a choice between these two kinds of reading.
Prehistory of the Indo-European Phonological System
Authors: Szemerenyi Oswald J L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters we have sought to reconstruct the phonological system of Indo-European as it appeared shortly before the end of IE linguistic unity. This situation can now be analysed in accordance with the methods of internal reconstruction (see Chapter 3), whereby we can in certain important points recover a still earlier situation, Proto-Indo-European.
Introduction
Authors: Newton Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Luxembourg, though at the centre of the European Union, is largely only superficially known to outsiders. Its currency and customs are often as much of a mystery as its ̒language̓ Those who have not visited may think that it is merely a radio transmitter or a satellite TV station, addressing all interested parties in their own language; or it may be known as a banking haven, or a heavily industrialized area engaged on the production of iron and steel.
German, French, Lëtzebuergesch
Authors: Newton Gerald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A survey of 1806 into languages spoken in the département des Forêts carried the response from Pierre Leistenschneider, Secretary for the municipality of Luxembourg, ‘bad German and a corrupt French’, for ‘neither of which a grammar existed’ (Hollenfeltz 1938; Rinnen 1981: 11). When in 1814 the fortress fell to the Prussians and Hessians, they too described the local speech as ‘unintelligible, as foreign to most ears as Dutch or French’ (ES 24 (1988): 46). The impression had not changed, even by 1871, when, despite the use of standard German in Luxem-bourg schools and churches, the population of the grand duchy was still regarded by citizens of the German Empire as speaking ‘bad German’ (Comes 1935: 27).
Linguistic Variation
Authors: Drechsel Emanuel J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Previous discussion has already made repeated references to linguistic variation at all levels of description and analysis of Mobilian Jargon. Considerable alternation existed in its phonology so as to invalidate the monosystemic concept of phoneme. The pidgin also exhibited differing proportions in the etymological sources of its vocabulary over time and space. There are even hints for some alternation in syntax, semantics, and discourse as well.
Introduction
Authors: Gibbons Sarah L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main works of Kant’s mature philosophy are of course his three Critiques —the critiques of pure reason, practical reason, and judgement. For many years it has been the practice of commentators (especially those in the Anglo-American tradition) to consider these works in isolation, focusing on Kant’s epistemology, moral philosophy, or aesthetic and teleological theories, respectively, each as a contribution to a distinct area of philosophical enquiry. When I first began working on Kant, I believed that such single-critique approaches were fundamentally flawed, since the Critiques are supposed to be interconnected parts of a single system. I am now, however, less dogmatic on this point: one can read the first Critique fruitfully without reading the third! None the less, such a reading misses what I find to be one of the most powerful aspects of Kant’s work, namely, his attempt to construct an overall picture of the human knowing and judging subject.
Imagination and the Sublime
Authors: Gibbons Sarah L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Kant’s distinction between aesthetic judgements regarding the beautiful and those regarding the sublime is not as common to modern aesthetic theory as it was in his day. In German aesthetic theory just prior to Kant, Baumgarten, Meier, and Mendelssohn all describe a category of aesthetic judgements as being of the sublime. Perhaps more significantly, Burke also drew this distinction, and Kant explicitly refers to Burke’s work in the third Critique.1 Beyond its currency in Kant’s time, however, the distinction between the sublime and the beautiful seems especially suited to the Kantian system and to the divisions between the cognitive faculties that he makes throughout his work. Of course, the fact that a distinction between judgements of beauty and sublimity suits the critical distinctions between faculties should not be taken to suggest that the discussion of the sublime is for that reason unpersuasive. Kant’s account of the sublime contains important insights which show his analysis not to be simply enslaved to his architectonic aspirations.
Neither Confounding the Persons nor Dividing the Substance
Authors: Williams C J F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Richard Swinburne is the only colleague I have had, in thirty-one years of teaching philosophy in British universities, who has shared my belief in God. There was an occasion when our familiarity with atheistic milieux was thought enough to make us experts on the ‘phenomenon of non-belief’, and we were summoned to a meeting in Manchester organized on behalf of a Vatican body rejoicing (perhaps it still rejoices) in the name It Segretario per i NonCredenti. And we are indeed fellow Christians. That in itself gives him a special place in my affections. As young men we were members of a small but rapidly growing philosophy department in the University of Hull. We later collaborated in running the journal Analysis, and we have often discussed each other’s work. I think that Richard’s paper on the Trinity was what chiefly prompted me to put into words the thoughts I have been having for some time on the same subject. I offer them here in the hope that they may do him honour, and in the confident expectation that they will in due course receive the benefit of his judicious criticism.
Introduction
Authors: Frede Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We may safely assume that the Greeks always had supposed that human beings think about things, that they can figure things out, that they exercise good or bad judgement, that they can be sensible or reasonable, or fail to be so, that some of them are quick-witted or crafty and some rather slow, and that, at times, they can be out of their mind. If we have any doubts about this, we just have to read Homer.