bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deception, Exegesis and Sounding Number in Machaut’s Motet 15
Authors: Bent Margaret 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThis chapter analyses the musical and textual structure of Machaut’s Motet 15 (Amours qui a le pouoir/Faus Samblant); it complements a literary analysis of the texts by Kevin Brownlee. The upper parts are related to the tenor in a stunning secular–sacred conjunction referencing the God of Jacob and the god of love, which is worked out in symbolic and depictive detail and underpinned by numerical structures in both texts and music. ‘False seeming’, the protagonist of the motetus part, is played out in deceptive musical near-repeats, and words of measuring time and distance coincide with musically structural points. A musico-textual quotation shared with Machaut’s Motet 10 is explored in Chapter 12.
The ‘Harmony’ of the Machaut Mass
Authors: Bent Margaret 
Published: January 2024

AbstractAlthough it is not a motet, the Gloria of Machaut’s Mass raises questions which complement the other chapters in Part III (Machaut). This chapter analyses its counterpoint and possible compositional procedure. By attempting to apply contrapuntal criteria of the period, it engages with views of some established scholars who take an almost opposite view of the musical grammar, categorically denying that these movements can be understood in terms of fourteenth-century contrapuntal principles. Far from being fundamental, the contratenor is shown to be inessential, and largely responsible for the notorious dissonances. The underlying counterpoint can best be understood without the contratenor, which stands in a bifocal relationship to the tenor. The longer-held sonorities are not necessarily closural; it is argued that a distinction between perfect and imperfect intervals—representing closure or onward movement—might appropriately be observed in performance.
Musicorum collegio/In templo Dei/Avete
Authors: Bent Margaret 
Published: January 2024

AbstractMusicorum collegio/In templo Dei/Avete survives uniquely in an English source, and apparently celebrates seven musicians (most presumed French, one of them English) in English exile with the French king in 1357–60. Although perhaps twenty-five years younger than its two predecessors, it plays off them with verbal puns, melodic and rhythmic citation, numerical affinity, calendrical symbolism and cosmic reach. Apollinis’s twelve musicians represented by the zodiac signs are answered by Musicorum’s seven, represented by the seven stars, and the sevens of the Apocalypse (candelabras, stars). Both motets are 144 breves in length. The trope of self-commendation is common to both, though here the first-person author does not name himself.
The Yoxford Manuscript and the MotetO amicus/Precursoris
Authors: Bent Margaret 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThis chapter describes an important set of English musical flyleaves, the Yoxford fragment (Yox), and their unique motet O amicus on John the Baptist. With a chant tenor and a solus tenor, the (essential) contratenor (or second tenor) appears to be lacking, but can in fact be derived from the tenor by reconstructing a virtuosic mensural canon on the chant, vividly representing John as the forerunner of Christ. Much of this chapter is quite technical, devoted to reconstructing the presumed original form of the contratenor with its complex reversals of coloration between the lower parts. The text of the motetus both advertises this compositional conceit and obscurely instructs the performer how to retrieve it from the notation, in a translation worked out with David Howlett. Adjacent in Yox is an English source of Sub Arturo (Chapter 20) which embodies a similar (simpler) textual reference to its compositional procedure.
Ciconia, Prosdocimus, and the Workings of Musical Grammar as Exemplified inO felix templumandO Padua
Authors: Bent Margaret 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe composer Johannes Ciconia and the music theorist Prosdocimus de Beldemandis were both active in Padua in the first decade of the fifteenth century. Their respective theoretical writings have little in common, either in content or purpose. Ciconia’s own theory treatise does not deal with anything as practical as counterpoint, but Prosdocimus has left us some rare guidance. Although there is no documentary evidence of contact between the two men, it proved instructive to bring Prosdocimus’s counterpoint teaching into dialogue with the background counterpoint of Ciconia’s motets, to show how the bare counterpoint is elaborated, and how dyadic principles are mapped onto a three-part texture.
Defending Surrogacy as Reproductive Labour
Authors: Straehle Christine 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, Straehle proposes her positive argument for remunerated, or commercial, surrogacy. The core of this positive argument is built on three parts: (a) working as a surrogate is a legitimate employment of a woman’s body for labour; (b) surrogacy, when properly codified in (international) private law, can serve as a means for women surrogates to realize important goals in their lives; and (c) surrogacy creates a life and helps couples who are unable to have biological children to become and be parents of biological children. Straehle first establishes the freedom of occupational choice argument, explaining why freedom of occupational choice is an important aspect of many accounts of individual autonomy and self-determination. In section 2, Straehle provides an account of individual autonomy underlying her argument for freedom of occupational choice, and shows how we can think of surrogacy as autonomously chosen. In section 3, Straehle engages with critics of commercial surrogacy, arguing against the criticism of commercial surrogacy as introducing market values into the sphere of the family. Instead, Straehle notes that in an age of markets in reproductive technologies, the only thing critics seem to want to have for free is women’s labour. In the last section, Straehle delineates a model of a morally justifiable codification of commercial surrogacy, setting out the expectations that partners in surrogacy agreements can plausibly have towards each other.
America
Authors: LeDrew Stephen 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The United States has long been considered an exception to the process of secularization, even among those who are favorable to theory. This chapter argues that the so-called American exception to secularization has been overstated, and that the tide of disaffiliation seen in other Western countries has arrived there as well. Further, the relative religiosity of the United States is consistent with existential security theory, since states that offer greater existential security (great social and economic equality, less crime and violence, etc.) tend to be less religious. The American case also offers another explanation for secularization: the connection between religion and conservative political values. In the United States, religious decline is partly driven by the perceived link between religious (particularly evangelical) institutions and deeply conservative positions on gender, sexuality, and the family.
Modality and Essence in Early Modern Philosophy
Authors: Schechtman Anat 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This essay defends two theses regarding the explanation, or ground, of modality in the early modern period. First, for philosophers in the period, essences ground a range of important modal facts. Second, as the period progresses, we witness increased skepticism about certain modal facts, due to a growing skepticism about the scope or existence of essences. These theses are supported by examination of three case studies: Descartes’ treatment of substance and mode, which forms the core of his ontology; Malebranche’s treatment of causation, which bears on his defense of occasionalism; and Locke’s treatment of necessary connections among properties, which is related to his accounts of individuals and kinds. It is shown that in each case, claims about necessity and possibility take center stage, and that in each case, the status of these claims hinges on the status of claims about essences.
Leibniz on Modality
Authors: Newlands Samuel 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Leibniz’s modal metaphysics displays exceptionally high levels of care, ingenuity, sophistication, and range. Several of Leibniz’s core commitments pressure him toward necessitarianism, the view that there are no alternative possibilities. To avoid this conclusion, Leibniz offered various analyses of modal concepts, three of which are critically explored here: per se analysis, infinite analysis, and moral necessity. In each case, there are reasons to doubt that his analysis avoids the necessitarian conclusion, though some of the debate turns on broader questions of how to interpret modal concepts. Leibniz also offered an intellectualist account of how possibilities are ultimately grounded in the divine intellect, an account that is importantly distinct from nearby alternatives found in Descartes and Spinoza.
Structuring Public Power
Authors: Bagg Samuel Ely 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the three liberal demands implied by the ideal of resisting state capture: constitutionalism, competition, and universalism. All three help structure public power to minimize its susceptibility to capture, and all three are equally important—along with the radical demands presented in Chapter 6—to democratic goals. Constitutionalism is most obviously and directly aimed at resisting state capture, encompassing a first-order goal of prohibiting abuses and a second-order goal of preventing any group from acquiring the sort of unchecked power that would allow such abuse. Constitutional constraints, however, can only be maintained through free and fair political competition, which in turn requires constrained and reasonably egalitarian competition in economic, social, and other realms as well. Finally, a system of constitutional limits sustained by competition protects genuine public interests—rather than those of an elite few—only when it is accessible to all groups. This motivates the various universal rights implied by a principle of universalism, as well as impartial public standards of merit and deliberative reason. The ideal of resisting state capture thus offers a robust and broadly compelling justification for many familiar liberal practices, without relying on controversial assumptions about individual human agency or collective self-rule. At the same time, it also highlights the limitations of a system that relies only on those practices—which, as Chapter 4 showed, are consistent with pervasive capture by wealthy elites, categorically advantaged groups, and others with outsized private power and organizational capacity. Hence the radical demands explored in Chapter 6.
Causal Efficacy
Authors: Ingthorsson R. D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The chapter critically assesses whether four rival accounts of efficient causation—transmission, mechanistic, powers-based, vs. powerful particulars accounts—are compatible with the scientific understanding of two often discussed types of causal phenomena: (i) collisions between billiard balls and (ii) how water dissolves salt. It is argued that only the powerful particulars view can be considered compatible with the scientific understanding, mainly because the other three characterize interactions—to varying degrees—in terms of a unidirectional exertion of influence of one thing on another, which is incompatible with the established scientific fact that all interactions are perfectly reciprocal.
Effects of changes in development and plant form on growth
Authors: Ford E. David 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Historically, plant form has not been considered a determinant of plant growth to the same extent as a plant’s physiology. Two contrasting examples show how plant form and development can determine individual plant longevity in Pinus longaeva and the increase in yield through plant breeding in Zea mays. In P. longaeva, crown damage can stimulate reiteration of long branches from short shoots that typically have limited growth, maintaining growth for up to 5,000 years. The group selection process used in maize breeding has resulted in changes in the plant development sequence intervals and plants with smaller, more upright, foliage in response to increase in planting density. These examples show that, respectively, survival and growth cannot be understood through analysis of just one process but require synthesis of developmental, morphological, and physiological processes.
Growth within foliage canopies
Authors: Ford E. David 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The development of canopy structure is the result of competition between plants. This is due to the interactions between controls of growth increment, morphological plasticity operating at the level of growth modules, and physiological acclimation of processes such as photosynthesis. Differences between species in the capacity for producing shade and growth requirement to obtain light result in different canopy structures. This can be seen in stand and canopy differences between species with decurrent or excurrent growth. As an example, including field data, differences in productivity between hybrids of Zea mays are defined in terms of canopy structure, particularly the size and curvature of leaves, and their effects on competition.
Stochastic models of growth
Authors: Barthelemy Marc , Verbavatz Vincent 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this chapter, we will mostly deal with models of multiplicative growth that are at the heart of uban growth modelling. We will see that the most familiar multiplicative models are related and often similar not to say identical. We will present several models which can pertain to city growth, even if they were originally developed in a various range of phenomena (number of species in a genus, number of words in a book, etc.). In that sense, if this chapter is primarily a review of growth models for cities, it can also be seen as a review of multiplicative growth processes in general. We will not present the models in a chronological way but rather by pooling together models that are mathematically alike. A chronological description would, anyway, be of no avail since models of multiplicative growth have been discovered and rediscovered several times in the last two centuries.
Why should we care about social economy science?
Authors: Krlev Gorgi , Wruk Dominika , Pasi Giulio , Bernhard Marika 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Global challenges to achieve sustainable development and to overcome major crises have amplified attention to the social economy, because of its critical and unique contribution to socio-economic development and social cohesion. The social economy comprises traditional organizational forms such as cooperatives, associations, and solidarity organizations, but also stretches to newly emergent phenomena at the organizational or field levels such as impact investing or technology-based ventures that employ artificial intelligence to create public good. In this wide version, the social economy has a dual function. First, the social economy provides a global safety net in protecting and providing for the most deprived people of our societies. Second, the social economy serves as a driver of societal innovation and provides prompts for organizations to change the ways in which they operate and to create rather than destroy social value. In this chapter we establish the dual functions and show why the social economy matters from a practice and policy perspective as well as from a research perspective. We then describe the genesis of this book and provide an overview of the book’s three thematic focuses: innovation for impact; agents of change; and partnerships.
Public policies to advance the social economy
Authors: Bonnici François , Klijn Veerle 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
For decades, the social economy, prioritizing social impact over profit maximization, has contributed to mitigating the rise in poverty and inequality, as well as climate change, while enhancing social cohesion and societal wellbeing. In the face of multiple global challenges, governments and international institutions around the world are recognizing the potential of the social economy and are designing polices in support of it, yet often without the necessary data. Public policies to advance the social economy provides examples of policy actions that are taken around the globe, such as designing enabling legal frameworks, supporting access to finance and supporting the production of data. Moreover, this chapter sets out directions for future research to allow for more evidence-based policy-making in the social economy.
Social economy
Authors: Krlev Gorgi , Wruk Dominika , Pasi Giulio , Bernhard Marika 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The social economy is an umbrella concept that unifies diverse organizational types and empirical phenomena. While this gives it an integrative force, it also leads to struggles about a common identity. At the same time, the social economy is a transformational force by constantly challenging the status quo, in particular in advocating the elevation of vulnerable groups. These traits are not easy to master conceptually, which inhibits social economy science’s impact. We address this problem by drawing on the concept of the organizational issue field from institutional theory to theorize a common identity and stability in the social economy, and on transitions theory to theorize the change processes the social economy promotes. We combine both concepts in a multi-level model of change in and through the social economy. We propose three transformation pathways that social economy organizations may pursue to promote social-ecological change: they may engage in innovation for impact; serve as agents of change by advancing alternative solutions and visions of the future; or work in partnerships with state actors, business, or target groups to enhance their influence. We show how each contribution to Social Economy Science informs our understanding of organizational issue fields and transitions, but also comes with an original analytic angle of its own. We contribute to the literature by integrating two theoretical anchors that have typically not been regarded in unison and show how advancing social economy science in this way may benefit the broader research agenda on positive change in the economy and society.
Financial market transformations for investing in social impact
Authors: Nicholls Alex , Ormiston Jarrod 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
While social enterprises are a key component of the wider social economy in Europe, they face the challenge of acquiring sufficient financial resources to help them develop their businesses and scale their impact. This chapter explores how the new field of impact investment can contribute to the growth of social enterprises across Europe. The chapter defines impact investment and discusses how developments in the public, private, and nonprofit sectors are driving the growth of the market. A ‘Spectrum of Impact Investment’ is introduced to map the variety of capital deployed for social impact, the size of the market, and expected financial returns. Following this broad overview, the chapter reflects on policy innovations in the United Kingdom impact investment market to inform policy recommendations for the European context. The policy recommendations are aimed to address gaps in the existing market infrastructure in terms of the supply side, the demand side, and intermediation.
How impact measurement fosters the social economy
Authors: Hehenberger Lisa , Buckland Leonora 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The chapter provides a comprehensive overview of social impact measurement in the social economy in Europe, describing how different social economy actors (social enterprises, co-operatives, impact investors, donors, non-profit associations, and operating foundations) are approaching it; different tools, frameworks, and approaches; as well as bright spots and opportunities in the future. It also contains a series of recommendations for EU policy-makers to guide future action. We argue that social impact measurement is a key enabler of the social economy in Europe, helping social economy actors to improve as well as providing policy-makers, philanthropists, and investors with important data on which to base resource allocation or procurement decisions. We also discuss the challenges and risks the social economy currently faces relating to social impact measurement, in particular advocating a shift away from social economy actors using it to prove impact towards instead adopting a more collaborative, learning mindset in order to improve impact. Both top-down approaches, including developing common standards and metrics which speak to the complexity of impacts involved and the inherent particularities of the social economy, and bottom-up approaches, involving learning cultures within social economy organizations, are necessary and mutually reinforcing parts of the puzzle needed to boost the European social economy’s ability to achieve more over the coming years.
The centrality of social-tech entrepreneurship in an inclusive growth agenda
Authors: Calderini Mario , Chiodo Veronica , Gerli Francesco , Pasi Giulio 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThis chapter analyses the technological evolution of social entrepreneurship, a pivotal element of the social economy. After providing a novel Schumpeterian definition of the conceptual perimeter of social entrepreneurship, the chapter explores how social entrepreneurship can occur in the context of greater societal transformations and how social enterprises can use technology to enable inclusive growth. The chapter discusses four main systemic reasons for the centrality of social tech entrepreneurship in inclusive growth: its increased resilience and responsiveness to societal challenges; the endogenous transformation and hybridization that technology enables in social business models; the capacity to improve the societal legitimacy of technology and innovation by mitigating unintended consequences; and its concrete relevance to an inclusive growth policy agenda. Suggestions for novel policy measures to be implemented at the European level are provided.
Public structural funds as a catalyst for social innovation
Authors: Miguel António 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the adoption of public structural funds as a lever to create social innovation ecosystems, through the case study of Portugal Social Innovation, a catalyst institution created in Portugal that mobilized EUR 150 million from the European Social Fund. The chapter describes the role of EU Funds in promoting national ecosystems, introduces Portugal Social Innovation by explaining how it has been implemented, and identifies its main learnings and obstacles as well as its proposed concrete recommendations that can serve to fast-track replication of similar initiatives in other EU Member States. It covers dimensions such as governance, incentive structures for innovation, impact management, and public policy structuring as vehicles to achieve social innovation, always from the perspective of a concrete case study—Portugal Social Innovation—and its eight years of implementation.