bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Turbine Vibration and Balancing
Authors: Rathbone Thomas C. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The limitations are discussed of the latest analytical methods employed in correcting the balance of turbine-generator rotors at speed and in operation. A strobo-vibroscope developed to study motion in a complex system is described, with the results of experiments made on a large rotor by means of this instrument. A method of balancing is then described, which tables into account the interaction of vibratory impulses communicated from one bearing to another, thus overcoming the chief difficulty with present methods, The proposed method also provides a means for evaluating the sensitivity of any installation, for comparative study of structures. There is also included a discussion of various factors other than simple unbalance which affect the vibration of large units, with references to some unusual cases encountered.
The Peak-Load Problems in Steam Power Stations
Authors: Christie A. G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper deals with the problem of the annual peak load in steam power plants. The use of the load-duration curve for the purpose of studying annual peak, loads is analyzed and the conclusions are drawn that (1) plant intended for annual-peak-load service should only be installed at the lowest possible first cost, and that (2) economy of peak-load equipment can be sacrificed to secure low initial cost.
Various schemes that have been proposed to provide equipment for carrying the annual peak loads are analyzed. The three plans that appear most promising are those involving the use of steam accumulators, of peak-load units, and of present plant after new base-load equipment has been added.
In order to indicate the possible annual savings through the application of these three methods, the author assumes an electric system with a maximum annual peak load of 200,000 kw., together with certain data for annual load factors of 65, 45, and 25 per cent on this system. With certain assumed plant costs, fuel costs, and operating performances, an analysis is made of the annual operating costs of the various methods, and the possible annual savings through the use of steam-accumulator plant or peak-load units are shown in the form of a series of curves. These savings in some cases may be of a large order.
Influence of Coal Type on Radiation in Boiler Furnaces
Authors: Wohlenberg W. J. , Anthony R. L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper includes the results of an application of the methods and data presented in a previous A.S.M.E. paper (“The Influence of Radiation in Coal-Fired Furnaces on Boiler-Surface Requirements, and a Simplified Method for Its Calculation,” by W. J. Wohlenberg and E. L. Lindseth) to pulverized coal for a number of coals of widely varying composition. After an evaluation of radiation quantities for each of these coals, further investigation was made for the purpose of ascertaining what quantitatively measurable property of coals might be most significant in differentiating one from another during combustion with respect to the quantity of energy which is transferred as heat to the walls of a boiler furnace. It was found, of the properties investigated, that the calorific value serves as the most consistent and useful indicator of the radiation powers of a coal as burned in the pulverized form in boiler furnaces.
A Machine for Making Creep Tests at High Temperatures
Authors: Bagley Glen D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The demand for materials suitable for operation under stress at high temperatures has made it necessary to investigate the properties of various alloys with regard to their resistance to creep. Various types of machines have been developed for this purpose. This paper describes the apparatus developed by the Union Carbide and Carbon Research Laboratories. Its principal features are a compound lever system of applying the load, similar to that used in regular tensile machines, and a simplified method of measuring the extension of the specimens. The compound lever system makes it possible to determine the load accurately and to use standard 0.505-in. diameter specimens without employing excessive weights, even at relatively low temperatures. The system used for measuring extension is such that the construction of the machine is simplified and the convenience of operation improved. The accuracy is ample for all creep tests except those in which extremely small creeps over long periods of time must be measured.
Evolution of the Slag-Tap Furnace at the Charles R. Huntley Station of the Buffalo General Electric Co.
Authors: Cushing H. M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The handling of low-fusion-ash coals at high ratings and with high efficiencies is one of the stiffest problems ever presented to a furnace designer. This paper tells how in their attempt to design a furnace that would burn any coal offered on the Buffalo market the engineers developed the slag-tap furnace for burning powdered coal, after ten years’ experience in driving stoker-fired boilers at 300 to 400 per cent of rating. Because of the greater freedom in selecting coals for a powdered-coal-fired furnace and on account of the greater capacities that could be obtained from the boilers by that method of firing, also because boilers so fired could be made to respond more readily to sudden changes in load incident to peak-load standby plant operation than by any other method of coal firing, powdered-coal firing was chosen for the 60,000-kw. 1926 extension to Charles R. Huntley Station.
To obtain data for designing the furnaces under four cross-drum boilers which were purchased to deliver 200,000 lb. of steam per hour, an experimental furnace was installed under one of them. Maximum ratings were in mind and 275,000 lb. per hr. evaporation was obtained.
The paper shows how these experiments, on a furnace designed to remove the ash in the dry form, led to the development of the slag-tap furnaces for the 1926 extension and again for the 1928 extension, where the ratings were increased still further.
The performance of the slag-tap furnace has exceeded the expectation of its designers. Some of its advantages from both the design and operating standpoint are here enumerated:
It requires a minimum of building volume
It will burn efficiently and at high ratings an unusually wide variety of coals
It produces quick ignition of the fuel
It prevents infiltration of air into the bottom of the furnace
It requires a minimum of ash-handling labor, and
The ash handling is remarkably free from dust and dirt.
Salt Lake City’s Fuel and Smoke Problem: A Review of the Current Situation
Authors: Orrok Geo. A. , Trask W. H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper is an attempt to set forth the smoke and dust conditions in Salt Lake City, discussing the various plans by which an improvement might be secured. In this connection, district heat, gas firing with natural gas and coke-oven gas, and the use of the products of low-temperature carbonization and the by-product coke oven are discussed and evaluated. The connection between the prosperity of Salt Lake City, the State of Utah, and its coal-mining industry is indicated, and certain conclusions looking toward the solution of the problem are stated. The whole discussion in the paper is preparatory to a discussion on the floor of the meeting which it is hoped will clarify the state of opinion regarding this problem in Salt Lake City.
Design and Proportions of Economizers and Air Preheaters
Authors: Webster Hosea 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Thirty years ago 200 lb. working pressure and 40 lb. of coal burned per square foot of grate surface were the maximum. Super-heat had not come into use. Since that time there has been a rapid development or evolution in the design of steam-generating and fuel-burning equipment. Today the rate of evaporation per square foot of boiler heating surface and the rate of fuel burning per foot width of furnace have increased 1000 per cent, and 1400 lb. steam pressure and 800 deg. steam temperature have passed the experimental stage, with indications that both pressures and temperatures may go higher where conditions of service and of fuel cost warrant. Modern high pressures and temperatures and high rates of fuel combustion have not only required much greater care in the selection, fabrication, design, and construction of pressure parts and furnaces and fuel-burning equipment, but also an entire rearrangement and distribution of heat-absorbing equipment. The temperature of the gases leaving the stack is an approximate measure of the overall efficiency. Recovery of the heat contained or carried in the gases leaving the steam generator proper may be accomplished by an economizer or an air preheater or both. Economizers of vertical cast-iron tubes decidedly antedate the increase in working pressures which required the use of steel tubes, now mostly horizontal and of the return-bend type, and because of the greater susceptibility to interior corrosion, may be fed only by water practically oxygen free. The introduction of pulverized coal requiring preheated air for proper combustion has greatly extended the use of air preheaters, of which three types are in use: tubular, plate, and regenerative. While the additional efficiency of a generating equipment runs from 3 to in some cases 7 per cent with economizers, it runs from 5 to 10 and sometimes more where air preheaters are used. Service and operating conditions may warrant the use of either or both, each plant being an individual problem of station economics.
Temperature Distribution in Combustion Furnaces
Authors: Mawhinney M. H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Metallurgical processes continue to become increasingly complicated and exacting, and their success very frequently depends upon the manner in which the metal is heated. One important requirement in the rational design of heating furnaces is uniformity of temperature distribution. The amount of published data on this subject is very small, and the purpose of the present paper is to add to it results of temperature measurements made in a test furnace to determine the temperature distribution in the heating chamber for different temperatures and different methods of firing.
The Synchronization of Sales and Production
Authors: Hubbard Howard M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Since the early days of the United States, the fundamental economic factors governing American business, and business methods, have undergone a marked change. The era of exploitation of natural resources in a new country is past and the emphasis has been shifted from production to marketing and the means for effecting the coordination of the activities in these two important departments.
Our prosperity, both agricultural and industrial, depends to a large extent upon the ability to export surplus production. Severe competition has developed from both domestic and foreign products and the rehabilitation of European industry will only serve to make the situation more acute. The persistence of a hand-to-mouth buying policy, and the development of the style factor, are other examples of the new economic era.
The American executive has realized that the methods of yesterday are unsuited to the problems of today, with the result that a new technique is being developed which visualizes business as a coordinated and well-balanced whole. In the majority of cases, this coordination revolves about some kind of a budget. Operating schedules are based upon forecasts prepared by the sales department, which in turn presumably has made its plans upon careful market studies. It is thus possible to prepare a financial budget well in advance of operations and to estimate the effectiveness of the proposed program.
The author gives some specific illustrations of the new method as applied in an organization producing a variety of products in scattered plants.
General Survey of Materials-Handling Conditions
Authors: Carmody John 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
That a great many opportunities exist for farther development of methods to do work more efficiently is brought out in this paper. The author finds a great disinclination on the part of managers to use, in their own industry, methods that are producing effective results in another. Best results will come from seeking new ideas and applying them to the particular needs found. Engineers should take more ideas from one industry into another.
Plate-Glass Manufacture by the Continuous Process
Authors: Avery C. W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Trouble encountered in the development of the continuous process of plate-glass manufacture are discussed in this paper. Materials used had to be perfected, and an absolutely uniform gas pressure maintained. There were many problems in rolling, annealing, grinding, and polishing that were quite different from previous practice. Cooling of the rolls, and securing a material for them that would withstand the high temperature required considerable study. Much experimenting with the shape, weight, and speed of the various grinding wheels was necessary. After four or five years of intensive study and hard work, a good quality of plate glass was produced at about half the cost of production by old methods.
New Developments in Materials Handling
Authors: Lockwood R. L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In the period from 1890 to 1910 a revolution was accomplished in methods of handling bulk goods. This period saw the greatest development in the power shovel, the huge unloading and loading machines for railroad cars and ships, the great bridge and gantry cranes, the continuous conveyor, and many other devices. During the early years of the twentieth century engineers made rapid progress in developing new methods for handling materials of construction, and an equally intensive development went on in methods of handling goods in process in factories.
Up to the time of the World War little attention had been paid to handling finished goods. During the period in which the skid and lift truck were extensively developed, a parallel development took place in connection with industrial tractors and trailers.
Materials-handling equipment of every kind can be counted upon to save its full cost within a definite period of time. Savings due to labor and time-saving equipment in many fields are sometimes partially offset by collateral losses in changed methods, inconvenience, or some other form of unavoidable waste. Handling materials is almost in a class by itself in this respect, in that savings made represent net gains shared by all elements in industry. A fundamental economic principle has been concisely expressed in a form which might well become a slogan for the materials-handling industry: “Handling materials adds cost, but adds no value.”
Savings Effected in Handling Railroad Stores by Lift Trucks and Skid Platforms
Authors: Miller J. V. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Tremendous quantities of stores are handled by every American railroad. These stores are to a large extent received in a central storeroom and are then forwarded as needed to local storerooms in various centers. Under ordinary conditions this procedure involves considerable rehandling.
During the past few years the C. M. St. P. & P. R. R. has succeeded in cutting down this rehandling by storing many of its supplies on skid platforms. When shipments are made up to send out to the local centers the supplies are thus to a large extent picked up directly on the original platforms by means of lift trucks, moved into the railroad cars, transported to their destination and there unloaded by lift trucks. Three handlings are thereby eliminated.
Carboloy
Authors: Gilson E. G. , Sieger G. N. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The paper discusses a new cemented tungsten carbide which bears the registered trade name of “Carboloy” and in which the cementing substance is cobalt. The physical properties of this material are characterized by extreme hardness, and a strength approximately half that of high-speed steel. As a material for cutting tools, when properly applied, carboloy may be used for machining substances which cannot be cut by ordinary tools, or which easily dull the present type of tool. Examples of these are given. It is shown that high cutting speeds are obtainable with carboloy and that there are inherent defects in modern machine tools, such as lack of rigidity in tool posts, excessive wear of tail-stock spindles in lathes, because of the impossibility of proper lubrication, weakness in power-transmitting elements of the machines, and inadequacy of power available in standard types to drive them to the limit which carboloy tools will withstand.
Tungsten-Carbide Cutting Tools
Authors: Long Henry J. , Eddy W. Paul 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Results are given in the fabrication of tools of tungsten carbide, and experiences are detailed of successful and unsuccessful attempts to apply them to various kinds of work. Readjustment of manufacturing practices must take place if there is to be a place in industry for tungsten carbide. The present high price may have its effect upon general adoption. The future of such alloys as factors in efficient manufacturing is asserted to be in the hands of the users of machine tools and not the makers of tool materials nor of the machine-tool builders. The rigidity and absence of vibration in the machine tool must continue, even as it grows appreciably older, to permit these materials to operate without chipping. An even stronger and tougher alloy may become necessary.
Progress of Fluid-Film Lubrication
Authors: Michell A. G. M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper discusses briefly problems of bearing design imposed by the increasing demands of modern practice, and shows how they are being met in bearings of the film-lubricated type, especially with respect to carrying high intensities of bearing pressure in journal bearings, and to increasing the durability of bearings by elimination of wear. Some commonly unrecognized factors controlling the lubrication of bearings are discussed, especially with respect to lubricants other than oil.
Some new types of bearings are illustrated and described.
The Occurrence and Elimination of Surge or Oscillating Pressures in Discharge Lines From Reciprocating Pumps
Authors: Diederichs H. , Pomeroy W. D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper deals first with the occurrence of surge or oscillating pressures in the field, in connection with the pumping of oil, resulting in some cases in serious damage. It next reports upon the experiments carried out at Seneca Falls in order to study the phenomenon while all the conditions of operation are under definite control. This is followed by a study of the theory which underlies the occurrence, and definite recommendations are given to eliminate it. It is pointed out that the means at hand for doing this are twofold: (a) The establishment of a proper relation between pump speed and length of discharge line, and (b) the use of air chambers. A diagram is given which shows the relation between length of line and the critical speed of duplex and triplex pumps, and the paper concludes with a discussion of air-chamber design and operation.
What the Bureau of Standards Has Done in Research for the Printing Industries
Authors: Hubbard Henry D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The outstanding element of industrial progress is the use of measurement in the precise control of design and process. Desired properties may be built into materials almost at will. The bureau was drawn into industrial research because of the growing union of science and industry. It has successfully solved some of the problems of the printing industry, and the address deals with research in bindery materials, in electrotyping, in printing plates, particularly chromium plating, and in paper.
Research Applying to the Relationship of the Impression and Plate Cylinders of Newspaper Printing Presses
Authors: Ellis Theodore T. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Thirty years of research into the multitudinous problems of proper cylinder packing are described by the author in the effort to meet the increasing needs of high-speed presses and have resulted in producing a compressible cylinder surface that will maintain its standard in thickness and excellence in printing results.
Plywood Cores as a Foundation for Good Woodwork
Authors: Knight E. Vernon , Perry Thomas D. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Plywood consists of laminated sheets of wood. The core supports the interlocking layers and the face veneer. Various manufacturing problems of plywood are discussed in this paper. The various woods used are selected for their strength, artistic figure, and workability. Some of the physical characteristics of the more usual species of woods are given. The various types of joints and the methods of matching and gluing are described, and department layouts for two plants are given to illustrate routing procedure and the types of woodworking tools used.
Correlates of Motor Competence in Primary School Students: A Cross-Sectional Study From a Portuguese Municipality
Authors: Carvalho Francisco , Onofre Marcos , Mota João , Peralta Miguel , Marques Adilson , Quitério Ana , Rodrigues António , Alves Pedro , O’Brien Wesley , Martins João 
Published: January 2024

Children’s motor competence (MC) levels tend to be low, and the investigation of variables that facilitate skillfulness is an important concern. The socioecological model is a useful framework to explore factors that influence MC and to inform the development of targeted interventions. This cross-sectional study aimed to perform an exploratory analysis of MC correlates among children. The sample comprised 267 second- and fourth-grade children (120 female; Mage = 102 months, SD = 14 months) from six primary schools. The children’s legal guardian questionnaire collected sociodemographic, behavioral, and family variables. MC was assessed with the Motorische Basiskompetenzen battery. Data analysis involved simple and multiple regression models. The mean total Motorische Basiskompetenzen score was 8.9 (3.4) out of a maximum score of 16. Sex, age, body mass index, and physical activity and sports clubs were significantly related to total MC in all models (p < .05). The final model predicted a variance of 24.5%, adjusted R2 = .245, F(20, 246) = 5.32, p < .001, with male sex (B = 2.03) and organized physical activity (B = 0.35) being positively associated with total MC. Fourth grade (B = −3.6) and body mass index (B = −0.23) were negatively associated with MC. The study provides provisional evidence for the role of some sociodemographic and behavioral factors in MC development, which are important to design future MC interventions.