bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design and evaluation of a novel portable erythema‐melanin‐meter
Authors: Dolotov L.E. , Sinichkin Yu.P. , Tuchin V.V. , Utz S.R. , Altshuler G.B. , Yaroslavsky I.V. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesObjective evaluation of the pigmentation index (PI) and the eythema index (EI) of human skin is a prerequisite for successful optimization of laser‐ and intense‐pulsed‐light (IPL)‐based treatment modalities in dermatology.Study Design/Materials and MethodsWe describe a three‐wavelength technique for determining PI and EI as well as its particular implementation using LEDs operating at wavelengths of 560, 650, and 710 nm and a large‐area photodiode. The instrument has been evaluated both in vitro and in vivo.ResultsIn vitro, good correlation between the measured indices and results obtained with commercially available techniques has been observed. In addition, linearity of the PI with melanin concentration in the phantom medium up to 7 × 10−3 nm−1 (defined as a slope of the optical density spectrum) has been established. In vivo, feasibility of using the technique for predicting the minimal erythema dose (MED), minimal phototoxic dose (MPD), and the threshold of epidermal damage in a photothermal treatment has been demonstrated.ConclusionsThe data suggest that the technique has a substantial potential as a method of pre‐treatment diagnostics for photochemical and photothermal procedures. Lasers Surg. Med. 34:127–135, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of cryogen spray cooling exposure on in vitro model human skin
Authors: Kao Bunsho , Kelly Kristen M. , Aguilar Guillermo , Hosaka Yoshiaki , Barr Ronald J. , Nelson J. Stuart 
Published: February 2004

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesCryogen spray cooling (CSC) is commonly used during dermatologic laser surgery. The epidermal and dermal effects of CSC have not been adequately evaluated. To study the potential for epidermal and dermal injury after CSC using an in vitro model of human skin (RAFT).Study Design/Materials and MethodsRAFT specimens were exposed to continuous CSC spurt durations of 10, 20, 40, 80, 100, 200, or 500 milliseconds. Biopsies were taken acutely, 3 and 7 days post‐CSC exposure. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin for evaluation of possible injury, Ki‐67 to determine keratinocyte viability, and Melan‐A, to identify and evaluate melanocytes.ResultsMinimal, transient epidermal changes were noted in specimens exposed to continuous CSC spurts of 80 milliseconds or less. Keratinocytes and melanocytes remained viable. Continuous CSC spurts of 100, 200, or 500 milliseconds (much longer than recommended for clinical use) resulted in significant epidermal injury acutely, with partial or full thickness epidermal necrosis at 7 days. Only the 500 milllisecond specimen demonstrated dermal change, decreased fibroblast proliferation at 3 days.ConclusionsContinuous CSC spurts of 80 milliseconds or less induce minimal, if any, epidermal or dermal damage and are unlikely to produce cryo‐injury when used during dermatologic laser surgery. Lasers Surg. Med. 34:146–154, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Facial photo rejuvenation using two different intense pulsed light (IPL) wavelength bands
Authors: Bjerring Peter , Christiansen Kåre , Troilius Agneta , Dierickx Christine 
Published: February 2004

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesIntense pulsed light (IPL) systems are increasingly used for treatment of photo damaged skin. In the present study, we investigated the clinical efficacy and safety of two different wavelength bands generated by the same IPL device.Study Design/Materials and MethodsAn IPL device was equipped with either a 555–950 nm filter (VL), or a 530–750 nm filter (PR).ResultsFair, good or excellent clearance of visible telangiectasias was obtained in 81.8% of the patients (PR) and in 58.8% (VL). In the treatment of diffuse erythema, fair, good or excellent clearance was obtained in 72.7% (PR) and in 35.0% (VL). The PR filter was more efficient (P = 0.025) in reduction of diffuse erythema. The average number of treatments was 1.75 (PR) and 1.82 (VL). For the treatment of irregular pigmentation, fair, good or excellent clearance was obtained in 54.5% (PR) and in 61.9% (VL). Multiple treatments of irregular pigmentation were also evaluated. Using the VL filter more than two treatments did not induce further clinical improvement. The patients also scored their over‐all satisfaction. Either fair, good or excellent results were reported by 66.7% (PR) and by 76.2% (VL). No skin atrophy, scarring or pigment disturbances were noted after the treatments. Swelling and erythema were registered by 2/3 (PR) and 1/3 (VL) of the patients.ConclusionsThe two IPL wavelength bands were both found to be effective in the treatment of photo damaged facial skin. The clinical efficacy and safety of the two different treatment procedures were comparable to those reported in earlier studies, and finally treatment with these filter combinations required less than half the fluence, no active cooling and fewer treatments. Lasers Surg. Med. 34:120–126, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pulsed dye laser and non‐ablative wrinkle reduction
Authors: Reynolds Nick , Thomas Kay , Baker Lynn , Adams Cathy , Kenealy John 
Published: February 2004

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesNon‐ablative wrinkle reduction is currently an issue, which is being widely discussed in the literature and at academic meetings worldwide. We present the findings of our randomized within patient controlled clinical trial into periorbital wrinkle reduction with a 595 nm pulsed dye laser.Study Design/Materials and MethodsTwenty‐six volunteers, 25 female and 1 male were enrolled into our study. The study was set up as a randomized within patient controlled clinical trial. Subjects received one treatment to the periorbital wrinkles around one eye, using the other as the control. They were then observed at 3 and 6 months post treatment. They then received three treatments spaced 4 weeks apart and were again observed at 3 and 6 months. The author and one blinded assessor reviewed them independently. At the end of the trial a panel of three blinded assessors scored photographs of the subjects independently. The Fitzpatrick wrinkle score was used to score the subjects. All data was subjected to statistical analysis using non‐parametric t‐tests.ResultsStatistical analysis revealed no significant differences in the wrinkle scores of the patients upon completion of the trial protocols.ConclusionsThe 595 nm pulsed dye laser set at 0.5 millisecond pulse width is not an effective means of achieving sub‐purpuric non‐ablative periorbital wrinkle reduction. Lasers Surg. Med. 34:109–113, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chronic UVB exposure enhances in vitro percutaneous penetration of 5‐aminulevulinic acid in hairless mouse skin
Authors: van den Akker Johanna T.H.M. , Holroyd J. Andrew , Vernon David I. , Sterenborg Henricus J.C.M. , Brown Stanley B. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractBackground and Objectives(Pre)cancerous skin lesions accumulate more protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) upon topical application of 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA) than the surrounding normal skin. This might be the result of a higher percutaneous penetration of ALA into (pre)cancerous skin.Study Design/Materials and MethodsALA penetration through (1) healthy skin with intact stratum corneum, (2) healthy skin with reduced stratum corneum (i.e. tape stripped skin) and (3) diseased skin with dysplastic and thickened epidermis (chronically UVB‐exposed skin) was determined in an in vitro model with hairless mouse skin.ResultsMore ALA had penetrated through chronically UVB‐exposed skin than through normal non‐exposed skin after 8 hours ALA application. The amount of ALA penetrated through chronically UVB‐exposed skin was smaller than through tape stripped skin.ConclusionsThe stratum corneum barrier function is less effective in chronically UVB‐exposed skin than in normal non‐exposed skin, but more effective than in tape stripped skin. A higher penetration rate of ALA into (pre)cancerous lesions may be (partly) responsible for the greater accumulation of PpIX in such lesions. Lasers Surg. Med. 34:141–145, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Full face laser resurfacing: Therapy and prophylaxis for actinic keratoses and non‐melanoma skin cancer
Authors: Iyer Shilesh , Friedli Andre , Bowes Leyda , Kricorian Greg , Fitzpatrick Richard E. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractBackgroundAlthough there are many effective treatment modalities for individual actinic keratoses (AKs), widespread lesions on the photoaged face pose a challenge due to inefficient and ineffective therapy resulting in high rates of recurrence after local destruction. Full face laser resurfacing offers an effective and efficient treatment option that successfully reduces the number of AK's on diffusely damaged skin and may show a prophylactic benefit for preventing non‐melanoma skin cancers.ObjectiveTo assess the efficacy of full face laser resurfacing in reducing the number of facial AK's by comparing preoperative and postoperative numbers of lesions present and to observe the incidence of non‐melanoma skin cancer after full face laser resurfacing.Study DesignA retrospective chart review of 24 patients with widespread facial AK's (greater than 30) treated with full face UPCO2 and/or Er:Yag laser resurfacing was performed. All patients were a minimum of 1 year post‐operative following facial laser resurfacing. The recurrence of AK's and the occurrence of facial non‐melanoma skin cancers in these patients was assessed through chart analysis.ResultsWidespread AK's were effectively eliminated in all patients. Twenty‐one patients (87%) remained lesion free for at least 1 year. Fourteen of the 24 patients (58.3%) showed no new lesions during a 2‐year follow‐up. There was an overall 94% reduction in total number of AK's. Adverse effects included transient perioral scarring in one patient, S. aureus infection in two patients, and dyschromia in two patients.ConclusionsFull face laser resurfacing provides long‐term effective prophylaxis against AKs and may reduce the incidence of AK related squamous cell carcinoma. Lasers Surg. Med. 34:114–119, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective electro‐thermolysis in aesthetic medicine: A review
Authors: Sadick Neil S. , Makino Yuriko 
Published: February 2004

AbstractThe use of radiofrequency (RF) for selective electro‐thermolysis has been found to produce a highly efficient thermal effect on biological tissue. Different from optical energy, RF energy is dependent on the electrical properties of the tissue rather than on concentration of chromophores in the skin for selective thermal destruction of targeted sites. Good results have been obtained with systems that use RF current alone for skin resurfacing, with efficacy comparable to laser resurfacing but with potentially more rapid healing. A related adverse effect is pain accompanying the procedure, due to a high depth of penetration. Another technology integrates RF energy together with optical energy (using lower energies of both forms of energies). These systems have shown efficacy in hair removal for all hair colors and skin types, as well as wrinkle reduction; and may reduce the risk of side effects associated with either RF or optical treatments alone. This article discusses the properties of electrical current in medicine and reviews the studies to date that have evaluated RF energy for dermatological applications. Lasers Surg. Med. 34:91–97, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Supramolecular Hydrogel Formation Based on Inclusion Complexation Between Poly(ethylene glycol)‐Modified Chitosan and α‐Cyclodextrin
Authors: Huh Kang Moo , Cho Yong Woo , Chung Hesson , Kwon Ick Chan , Jeong Seo Young , Ooya Tooru , Lee Won Kyu , Sasaki Shintaro , Yui Nobuhiko 
Published: February 2004

AbstractSummary: Supramolecular hydrogels have been prepared on the basis of polymer inclusion complex (PIC) formation between poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐modified chitosans and α‐cyclodextrin (α‐CD). A series of PEG‐modified chitosans were synthesized by coupling reactions between chitosan and monocarboxylated PEG using water‐soluble carbodiimide (EDC) as coupling agent. With simple mixing, the resultant supramolecular assembly of the polymers and α‐CD molecules led to hydrogel formation in aqueous media. The supramolecular structure of the PIC hydrogels was confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X‐ray diffraction, and 13C cross‐polarized/magic‐angle spinning (CP/MAS) NMR characterization. The PEG side‐chains on the chitosan backbones were found to form inclusion complexes (ICs) with α‐CD molecules, resulting in the formation of channel‐type crystalline micro‐domains. The IC domains play an important role in holding together hydrated chitosan chains as physical junctions. The gelation property was affected by several factors including the PEG content in the polymers, the solution concentration, the mixing ratio of host and guest molecules, temperature, pH, etc. All the hydrogels in acidic conditions exhibited thermo‐reversible gel‐sol transitions under appropriate conditions of mixing ratio and PEG content in the mixing process. The transitions were induced by supramolecular association and dissociation. These supramolecular hydrogels were found to have phase‐separated structures that consist of hydrophobic crystalline PIC domains, which were formed by the host‐guest interaction between α‐CD and PEG, and hydrated chitosan matrices below the pKa.The formation of inclusion complexes between α‐cyclodextrin and PEG‐modified chitosan leads to the formation of hydrogels that can undergo thermo‐reversible supramolecular dissociation.imageThe formation of inclusion complexes between α‐cyclodextrin and PEG‐modified chitosan leads to the formation of hydrogels that can undergo thermo‐reversible supramolecular dissociation.
Dye Affinity Hollow Fibers for Albumin Purification
Authors: Yavuz Handan , Denizli Adil 
Published: February 2004

AbstractSummary: Reactive Green HE 4BD was immobilized on polyamide (PA) hollow fibers for human serum albumin (HSA) adsorption from both aqueous solutions and human plasma. Different amounts of Reactive Green HE 4BD were incorporated on the PA hollow fibers by changing the dye attachment conditions, i.e. the initial dye concentration and the addition of sodium carbonate and sodium chloride. The maximum amount of dye attachment was obtained as 39.4 μmol · g−1 when the hollow fibers were treated with 3 M HCl for 30 min before performing the dye attachment. HSA adsorption onto unmodified and dye‐attached hollow fibers was investigated batchwise. The non‐specific adsorption of HSA was low (6.0 mg/g hollow fiber). Dye attachment onto the hollow fibers significantly increased the HSA adsorption (86.7 mg/g). The maximum HSA adsorption was observed at pH 5.0. Higher HSA adsorption was observed from human plasma (198 mg HSA/g). The desorptions were performed by adding 0.1 M Tris/HCl buffer containing 0.5 M NaSCN or 1.0 M NaCl to the HSA solutions in which adsorption equilibria had been reached. The desorption results demonstrated that the adsorption of HSA to the adsorbent was reversible.Chemical structure of Reactive Green HE‐4BD.imageChemical structure of Reactive Green HE‐4BD.
Characterization of Riboflavin‐Photosensitized Changes in Aqueous Solutions of Alginate by Dynamic Light Scattering
Authors: Kjøniksen Anna‐Lena , Baldursdóttir Stefania G. , Nyström Bo 
Published: February 2004

AbstractSummary: The effect of irradiation, in the wavelength range of 310–800 nm, on aqueous solutions (pH = 7.4) of alginate in the presence of the photosensitizer riboflavin (RF) has been investigated with the aid of dynamic light scattering (DLS). Under aerobic conditions light irradiation of RF causes scission of the polymer chains which affects the polymer dynamics. The time correlation data obtained from DLS experiments showed at all conditions the existence of two relaxation modes: one single exponential at short times, followed by a stretched exponential at longer times. The slow relaxation time revealed, over the whole considered concentration range, lower values for the alginate/RF system, whereas no effect of photochemical degradation was observed for the fast relaxation time in the semidilute regime. The results suggest that the photochemically induced fragmentation of alginate affects the slow relaxation mode, associated with disengagement relaxation of individual chains or cluster relaxation, in a similar way as the zero‐shear viscosity. These findings provide detailed insight into the dynamics of the polymer matrix, and this knowledge can be useful in the context of controlled‐release delivery of drugs.The chemical units of alginate (M = mannuronic acid and G = guluronic acid).imageThe chemical units of alginate (M = mannuronic acid and G = guluronic acid).
Ethanol and aloe emodin alter the p53 mutational spectrum in ultraviolet radiation–induced murine skin tumors
Authors: Badgwell Donna B. , Walker Christopher M. , Baker Whitney T. , Strickland Faith M. 
Published: February 2004

AbstractMutations in the p53 tumor‐suppressor gene contribute to the development of skin cancer, and the spectrum of mutations in this gene correlates with specific physical and chemical carcinogens in the environment. Cosmetics may contain alcohols and/or aloe emodin (AE). Although these compounds are not carcinogenic when applied to the skin, they may increase the carcinogenicity of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. We investigated whether ethanol (EtOH) and AE alone or combined with UV radiation cause mutations in the p53 gene. In the absence of UV radiation, C3H/HeN mice chronically treated for up to 33 wk with AE in 25% EtOH‐in‐water vehicle or vehicle alone failed to develop tumors and had no mutations in exons 4–8 of the p53 gene. UV radiation alone induced skin tumors, which had mutations predominantly in p53 exons 5 and 8. In contrast, mutations arising in UV + EtOH–or UV + AE–treated groups were more broadly distributed throughout the p53 gene. Mutations were found in exons 4, 6, and 7, as well as in exons 5 and 8. This altered distribution of mutations across the p53 DNA sequence more closely resembles the pattern observed in TP53 from human skin tumors at sun‐exposed sites than that in the p53 gene of mice treated with UV alone. Thus, treatment with UV radiation in combination with two chemicals not thought to be carcinogenic, alcohol, and AE results in a broader distribution of mutations in a critical tumor‐suppressor gene. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intronic polymorphism (1541‐1542delGT) of the constitutive heat shock protein 70 gene has functional significance and shows evidence of association with lung cancer risk
Authors: Rusin Marek , Zientek Helena , Krześniak Małgorzata , Małusecka Ewa , Zborek Anna , Krzyżowska‐Gruca Stefania , Butkiewicz Dorota , Vaitiekunaite Rasa , Lisowska Katarzyna , Grzybowska Ewa , Krawczyk Zdzisław 
Published: February 2004

AbstractSomatic mutations of 11q23.3‐linked constitutive heat shock protein 70 gene (HSPA8 alias HSC70) are detected by others in breast carcinomas. To examine whether intragenic, somatic mutations of HSPA8 occur in lung carcinomas, we sequenced its exons 2–8, with adjacent intronic sequences, in a series of DNA samples from non‐small‐cell lung cancers (NSCLC). Twenty‐one polymorphisms were detected, but no somatic mutation. However, we observed an association between the HSC70 1541‐1542delGT genotype and the immunohistochemical staining pattern of HSC70 protein. Tumors with weak (+) HSC70 protein staining were more frequent in the carriers of the polymorphic 1541‐1542delGT allele than in the homozygotes of the major allele (20% vs. 6%, P = 0.05 by Fisher's exact test). This statistically significant association prompted us to test the polymorphism functionally. The method we developed for the functional evaluation of intronic sequence alterations showed that the HSPA8 intron 2 with the deleted GT dinucleotide was associated with noticeable (approximately 20%) and statistically significant (P = 0.005) reduction of the reporter gene activity. Our case‐control analysis showed that the 1541‐1542delGT heterozygous genotype was associated with significantly decreased risk for lung cancer (crude odds ratio (OR) = 0.44; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.23–0.84). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the association between a polymorphism of a gene coding for the chaperone protein and lung cancer risk. Moreover, the simple method reported here, based on the dual‐luciferase reporter assay system, can be useful for testing functional significance of polymorphisms located in introns of other genes. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Increase in DNA methylation downregulates conceptus interferon‐tau gene expression
Authors: Nojima Hisashi , Nagaoka Kentaro , Christenson Ronald K. , Shiota Kunio , Imakawa Kazuhiko 
Published: February 2004

AbstractExpression of ovine interferon‐tau (oIFNτ) genes, essential for the maternal recognition of pregnancy in ruminant ungulates, is restricted to the trophoblast and is not detected in any other cell types or tissues. Substantial secretion of oIFNτ starts on day 12–13 of pregnancy (day 0 = day of estrus), reaches the highest on day 16–17, and then declines rapidly. Ovine IFNτ mRNA, on the other hand, reaches the highest level on day 14 of pregnancy, 2–3 days before peak production of the protein. In this study, day 14 and 17 conceptuses treated with 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine, an inhibitor of DNA methylation, were cultured in vitro and only day 17, not day 14, conceptuses resulted in upregulation of oIFNτ gene expression. To gain insight into the molecular mechanism of oIFNτ gene downregulation, the methylation status within 1 kb of the 5′‐flanking region of oIFNτ‐o10 gene was investigated: CpG dinucleotides of this gene in day 14 ovine conceptuses were hypomethylated compared to day 20 conceptuses or other tissues. In vitro methylation of oIFNτ‐o10‐reporter constructs caused suppression of reporter activity in transient transfections. Cotransfection of methyl‐CpG‐binding protein (MeCP2) with the reporter construct elicited further suppression of the reporter activity. In electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), patterns of shifted bands did not show much difference between methylated and unmethylated probes in distal regions, but exhibited differences in the proximal region of upstream sequences of the oIFNτ gene. These results provide evidence that changes in the degree of DNA methylation could be one of the major mechanisms leading to downregulation of the oIFNτ‐o10 gene during early gestation, and possibly its silencing in nonconceptus tissues. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 67: 396–405, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.