bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction to the Palms
Authors: Henderson Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The palm family, Palmae or Arecaceae, has recently been the subject of a magnificent generic monograph (Uhl & Dransfield, 1987). These authors recognize 200 genera worldwide. This number fluctuates somewhat, not only because of new discoveries, but also because of the nebulous concept of the genus. In the present work, several genera recognized by Uhl and Dransfield are placed in synonymy (Catoblastusis included in Wettinia,and Maximilianai, Orbignya,and Scheeleain Attalea).About 67 genera occur in the New World (for comparison, there are 15 in Africa, 20 in Madagascar, and 97 in the Asian and Pacific tropics). All the New World genera are endemic to the region except for Elaeis,with one species in West Africa and one in tropical America, and Raphia,with one species in tropical America and numerous species in West Africa. The number of species in the New World is not known, but the available estimates are generally too high. Glassman (1965) estimated 1439 species, and Moore (1973) estimated 1147; in contrast, Henderson and co-workers (in preparation) estimate fewer than 550. The reason for this reduction, as discussed in the following, is not only changing and broadening species concepts, but greatly increased numbers of collections available for study.
Experience and Objects
Authors: Van Cleve James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The heart of the Critique of Pure Reason is the Transcendental Deduction of the Categories, Kant’s attempt to show that the concepts of substance and causation and the other a priori concepts on his list of twelve are exemplified in the world we experience, or, as he puts it, are “objectively valid.” In the course of the Deduction he also argues for another conclusion that has been of much interest to contemporary philosophers, namely, that the validity of the categories enables our representations to be parlayed into knowledge of objects distinct from ourselves. This additional thesis has led many to hope that the Transcendental Deduction may furnish us with (or at least make an important contribution toward) a refutation of skepticism about the external world.
Causation and the Second Analogy
Authors: Van Cleve James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Second Analogy of Experience is the principle that every event has a cause or, as Kant also puts it, “everything that happens, that is, begins to be, presupposes something upon which it follows according to a rule” (A189). It was Hume’s doubting of this principle that aroused Kant from his dogmatic slumber, and it is Kant’s attempt to prove the principle that constitutes the core of his reply to Hume. There have been many attempts to reconstruct and defend Kant’s proof, but in my opinion none of them is successful.1 In this chapter I offer a critique of the best such reconstruction known to me-that of Lewis White Beck in his “Six Short Pieces on the Second Analogy of Experience.”
Kant and Contemporary lrrealism
Authors: Van Cleve James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As noted in section E of chapter 1, contemporary irrealism is not typically a variety of idealism. It is more often a theory that insists on a necessary connection between truth and evidence, which need not be the same thing as requiring a necessary connection between reality and minds. Two leading irrealists whose views fit this characterization are Hilary Putnam and Michael Dummett. Roughly, Dummett holds that nothing can be true unless there is adequate evidence for it, while Putnam holds that anything for which there is ideally adequate evidence is true. (Putnam also seems to espouse a doctrine of mind-dependence, as I show below.
Law as an Interpretive Community: The Case of Stanley Fish
Authors: Patterson Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like Ronald Dworkin, Stanley Fish has exhibited consistent attention to a single theme. Above all else, Fish is committed to the proposition that meaning lies with the reader and not with the text. Fish’s thought contains a counterpart to Dworkin’s relational thesis. For Fish, the truth of propositions of law depends on the interpretive assumptions of the reader. When this idea is translated into a jurisprudential theory, it engenders interesting and surprising consequences. Instead of the law being something about which one can make objective judgments, the truth of a legal judgment is a function of the interpretive assumptions of the reader of the text (e.g., a judge). Thus, on Fish’s account, the truth of a proposition of law is a function of the interpretive assumptions of the various readers of the legal text. Objectivity, then, means having the same interpretive assumptions as those in agreement with one’s preferred interpretation of the legal text.
Dialect, Register, And Genre: Working Assumptions About Conventionalization
Authors: Ferguson Charles A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I attempt to make explicit a number of working assumptions about conventionalization that seem to be implicit in sociolinguistic research touching on dialect variation, register variation, genre identification, and verbal interaction. In doing so I hope also to clarify some of the basic concepts of sociolinguistic research for students of human language phenomena. In recent years researchers and theorists operating from a number of different perspectives have come to make use of such terms as dialect, register, genre, and conversation in ways that sometimes cause confusion. The sociolinguistic perspective has, of course, no monopoly on correctness or truth or insight into the human condition. Also, conceptual confusion may sometimes signal the emergence of new and useful ways of thinking. Nevertheless, I am inclined to think that clarification of this one perspective may be of help in reducing some of the unnecessary and unhelpful confusion that appears in cross disciplinary studies dealing with conventionalization in language.
Of the various fundamental and mysterious processes involved in the use of human language, one of the most fundamental and most mysterious is the process of conventionalization, that is, the process by which members of a community some how come to share the sound-meaning pairings that constitute their means of verbal communication, in spite of the fact that no two speakers speak exactly the same way and the shared language keeps changing. Human language, although based on a species-specific innate ability to develop and use this special form of communication, is nevertheless largely a matter of convention, that is, an implicit contract among a community of users of a language variety that certain expressions will mean certain things when used in certain combinations under certain social conditions.
A Corpus-Based Analysis Of Register Variation In Korean
Authors: Kim Yong-Jin , Biber Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There have been numerous linguistic comparisons of speech and writing. Earlier studies often assumed a dichotomy between the two modes, while more recent studies have shown that there is considerable variation within each mode and considerable overlap in the linguistic characteristics of many spoken and written registers. However, few studies have analyzed the patterns of register variation in non Western languages.
The present study helps to fill this gap by investigating the linguistic variation among spoken and written registers in contemporary Korean. We adopt the multidimensional approach to identify underlying dimensions of variation in Korean, and we analyze the relations among registers along these dimensions, with special reference to the spoken and written modes.
This study is the first attempt at a macroscopic discourse analysis of Korean; previous analyses of Korean have been microscopic. While a macroscopic approach seeks to define the overall parameters of variation among registers, a microscopic approach focuses on the discourse functions of individual linguistic features in particular registers. For example, Hwang (1981) discusses aspects of discourse structure in written narratives such as folktales and fiction; Lukoff (1986) studies tense variation in written narratives; Lee and Thompson (1987) study the variable deletion of accusative markers in spoken· dialogues and narratives; Choi (1988) investigates textual coherence features in English and Korean argumentative essays; and Lee (1989) analyzes referential choices in conversations and personal letters. Microscopic and macroscopic analyses have complementary strengths.
The Scorpion’s Clock
Authors: Fleissner Günther , Fleissner Gerta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An animal’s circadian timing system synchronizes its biological functions and behavior with daily fluctuations of important factors in its external environment (reviewed by Aschoff, 1981). As a familiar example, the circadian clock in nocturnal animals, sends them to sleep around dawn and arouses them again around dusk. In principle, a circadian timing system would be composed of four elements as illustrated in fig. 5.1: (1) an oscillator, with a period of about 1 day, (2) a Zeitgeber, or synchronization input for phase adjustment of the oscillator, (3) output machinery for effecting biological functions, and (4) coupling pathways between these components.
Molecular Approaches to Biogeography
Authors: Yamashita Tsunemi , Fet Victor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past several decades, the most powerful tools for taxonomic and biogeographic studies of organismal diversity have included morphological and molecular means of analysis. This evolution in methodology has significantly improved our understanding of the genetic variability and taxonomic relationships of modern scorpions and promises to reveal aspects of their biogeographic history and factors controlling speciation within the group. In this chapter we summarize how morphological (phenotypic). All ozyme (protein).
Fractals In Molecular Biophysics
Authors: Dewey T Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historically, science has strived to reduced complex problems to its simplest components, but more recently, it has recognized the merit of studying complex phenomena in situ. Fractal geometry is one such appealing approach, and this book discusses their application to complex problems in molecular biophysics. It provides a detailed, unified treatment of fractal aspects of protein and structure dynamics, fractal reaction kinetics in biochemical systems, sequence correlations in DNA and proteins, and descriptors of chaos in enzymatic systems. In an area that has been slow to acknowledge the use of fractals, this is an important addition to the literature, offering a glimpse of the wealth of possible applications. application to complex problems
What Are Fractals?
Authors: Dewey T Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
River basins are fractal. So is the vasculation of the cornea. A lightning bolt shows a certain hierarchical jaggedness characteristic of fractals. Fractals are self-similar or scale-invariant objects. Regardless of the magnification with respect to a given variable, the structure remains statistically invariant. Often the fractal nature of such macroscopic phenomena, especially growth processes, is readily visualized. It is not so easy to visualize the fractality of a microscopic object such as a protein or a biomembrane. Temporal processes can also exhibit fractal time behavior. These too are not always easily visualized.
A Global Perspective on the Problem of Hell
Authors: Kvanvig Jonathan L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To this point this book has approached the problem of hell from the provincial perspective of Christianity. As pointed out in the Introduction, I followed this procedure to take advantage of the history of dialogue on the problem within that tradition, whereas a procedure that attempted to address the problem from a more global perspective would have had no such history on which to draw. It is time, however, to step back from the particular claims of Christianity to take a broader view of the problem of hell, to see what general religious commitments give rise to the problem and what possible solutions are available to a religious perspective once the problem arises. Our investigation has shown that the religious commitments that generate the problem of hell are quite minimal. The problem of hell arises once one affirms a traditional conception of Godomnipotent, omniscient, perfectly good, and the creator of the universe-together with a religious outlook that has an eschatological component with afterlife significance. The problem of hell is thus independent of the differences between various religious outlooks on issues such as the possibility of reincarnation, the mechanism of salvation or enlightenment, the truth of monotheism, and a variety of other religious controversies. The problem of hell arises at a level of religious commitment more basic than many of these controversial issues and, as such, is a problem best thought of as independent of any particular religion.
The Dialect of Modernism
Authors: North Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The second volume in Oxford’s new Race and American Culture series, The Dialect of Modernism uncovers the crucial role of racial masquerade and linguistic imitation in the emergence of literary modernism. Rebelling against the standard language, and literature written in it, modernists, such as Joseph Conrad, Gertrude Stein, T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, and William Carlos Williams reimagined themselves as racial aliens and mimicked the strategies of dialect speakers in their work. In doing so, they made possible the most radical representational strategies of modern literature, which emerged from their attack on the privilege of standard language. At the same time, however, another movement, identified with Harlem, was struggling to free itself from the very dialect the modernists appropriated, at least as it had been rendered by two generations of white dialect writers. For writers such as Claude McKay, Jean Toomer, and Zora Neale Hurston, this dialect became a barrier as rigid as the standard language itself. Thus, the two modern movements, which arrived simultaneously in 1922, were linked and divided by their different stakes in the same language. In The Dialect of Modernism, Michael North shows, through biographical and historical investigation, and through careful readings of major literary works, that however different they were, the two movements are inextricably connected, and thus, cannot be considered in isolation. Each was marked, for good and bad, by the other.
Against the Standard: Linguistic Imitation, Racial Masquerade, and the Modernist Rebellion
Authors: North Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preface to Pygmalion George Bernard Shaw reassures his readers, some of whom might be daunted by the dazzling success of Eliza Doolittle, that she is but an example of the “many thousands of men and women who have sloughed off their native dialects and acquired a new tongue.” Sounding a bit like Dale Carnegie, who began his self-help empire at about this time, Shaw promises those who follow Eliza a world of social harmony based on proper phonetics, a world in which words cannot be mispronounced, in which men and women will no longer be divided by differences of speech. “It’s filling up the deepest gulf that separates class from class and soul from soul,” as Henry Higgins crows in the play itself.1 The American musical My Fair Lady expands on Shaw’s expansiveness by staging Eliza’s final elocution lesson as a triumphant tango: when “the rine in Spine” finally becomes “the rain in Spain,” the three principals drop all decorum and dance.
Two Strangers in the American Language: William Carlos Williams and Jean Toomer
Authors: North Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The December 1922 issue of Broom included a brief sketch that already seemed to justify its high hopes for a new art as American as skyscrapers and jazz. Aesthetically Jean Toomer’s “Seventh Street” was as original as anything Broom would publish, and its subject matter was immediate, timely, and American: “Seventh Street is a bastard of Prohibition and the War. A crude-boned, soft skinned wedge of nigger life breathing its loafer air, jazz songs and love, thrusting unconscious rhythms, black reddish blood into the white and whitewashed wood of Washington.” The same month this appeared, Waldo Frank took a whole book of such sketches to Horace Liveright, who had just published The Waste Land. A year and a day after he had agreed to publish that poem, Liveright accepted Toomer’s manuscript, which was entitled Cane.
Arguments for the Dilemmas Thesis
Authors: Gowans Christopher W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is considerable controversy about the claim that there are moral conflicts in which wrongdoing is inescapable. For some it is obvious that wrongdoing may be inescapable, while for others it is equally obvious that this cannot be the case. Many may find themselves attracted to both positions. The fact of these conflicting intuitions is something that the method of reflective intuitionism ought to take into account. We ought to begin by accepting as significant input both the intuition that moral wrongdoing is sometimes inescapable and the intuition that it can never be inescapable. In the end we cannot conclude that both intuitions, taken in the same sense, are correct. Rather, we ought to aim for a consistent explanation of the fact that these conflicting intuitions are widely and deeply held. Such an explanation may take different forms. It may be said that one intuition is correct and that the other, though incorrect, is mistakenly held for reasons that the nature of morality, properly understood, makes intelligible and predictable. On this view, the conclusion is that one or the other intuition ought to be abandoned as untenable. Another approach would be to say that there is a sense of ‘moral wrongdoing’ such that it is sometimes inescapable and another sense such that it cannot be inescapable. On this view, the conclusion is that both intuitions, properly interpreted, should be retained.
Innocence Lost
Authors: Gowans Christopher W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My argument in the last three chapters has been that the responsibilities to per sons account provides a better explanation of inescapable moral distress than accounts rooted in either the utilitarian or the Kantian traditions. On the basis of this, along with considerations developed in Chapter 5, it is reasonable to accept the conclusion of the phenomenological argument that there is a sense in which moral wrongdoing is sometimes inescapable. The differences between my account and the theories of these influential traditions turn centrally on contrasting conceptions of valuing and relating to particular persons and associations of persons in our lives. Nothing could be more fundamental to the understanding of morality than these issues. For this reason, the full ramifications of the responsibilities to persons account, and the whole range of its differences with utilitarianism and Kantianism, go well beyond the questions pertaining to moral conflicts I have considered here. The holism of the method of reflective intuitionism pushes us towards an overall assessment of contrasting approaches apropos our moral intuitions, and hence urges evaluation of these further topics. But this evaluation is beyond the scope of my present concerns. I conclude with some brief and somewhat more speculative comments on three topics, each related to the remainders view, but only loosely related to one another. The last, the problem of dirty hands, has already received a good deal of attention.
Treatment and Prevention of Hypertension
Authors: Whelton Paul k. , He Jiang , Appel Lawrence J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Average blood pressure (BP) and the prevalence of hypertension (high BP or treatment with antihypertensive medications) both tend to rise progressively with increasing age. With the exception of relatively isolated societies, this is true in almost every population (Whelton 1985, 1994a). The pattern of age-related changes in systolic and di-astolic BP in residents of six economically developed countries is illustrated in Figure 7.1 (Italian National Research Council 1981; MacMahon 1984; National Center for Health Statistics 1986; Ueshima 1987; Appleyard 1989; Joffres 1992). Systolic BP tends to rise progressively until the eighth or ninth decade, while diastolic BP remains constant or declines after the fifth decade.
Aspirin
Authors: Buring Julie E , Hennekens Charles H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the fifth century B.C., Hippocrates discovered that an extract of willow bark had analgesic properties. The pain-killing effect was the result of salicin, a naturally occurring chemical in willow bark, which is closely related to today’s synthetic aspirin, acetylsalicylic acid. It is only quite recently, however—over the past few decades—that attention has focused on the potential role of aspirin in reducing risks of occlusive vascular disease.
The hypothesized mechanism for aspirin’s benefit is its ability to decrease platelet aggregation and thereby reduce the risk of thrombotic vascular events. Platelets, plate let products, and thrombosis play key roles in the occurrence of acute occlusive vascular events, such as myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemic stroke. The disruption of platelet-and fibrin-rich atherosclerotic plaque may lead to aggressive platelet deposition and, ultimately, the formation of a thrombus, which can precipitate an acute clinical event. Findings from basic research demonstrate that, in platelets, small amounts of aspirin irreversibly acetylate the active site of cyclooxygenase, which is required for the production of thromboxane A2, a powerful promoter of aggregation (Moncada 1979). This effect is so pronounced that higher doses of aspirin appear to yield no additional benefit. It has, in fact, been hypothesized that far higher doses might even reverse this tendency, due to activation of vessel wall enzymes.
Introduction
Authors: Christman John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Property is the right of increase. To us this axiom shall be like the name of the beast in the Apocalypse, a name in which is hidden the complete explanation of the whole mystery of this beast. It was known that he who should solve the mystery of this name would obtain a knowledge of the whole prophecy, and would succeed in mastering the beast. … Starting from this eminently characteristic fact … we shall pursue the old serpent throughout his coils; we shall count the murderous entwinings of this frightful taenia, whose head, with its thousand suckers, is always hidden from the sword of its most violent enemies, though abandoning to them immense fragments of its body.
A Patch-Work Screen for the Ladies
Authors: Wilson Carol Shiner 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My Two former Volumes of NOVELS having met with a favourable Reception, (much beyond their Desert) encourages me to perform my Promise in pursuing The Sequel of GALESIAs Story. But I doubt my Reader will say, Why so long about it? And why a History reduc’d into Patches? especially since HISTORIES at Large are so Fashionable in this Age; viz. Robinson Crusoe, and Moll Flanders; Colonel Jack,4 and Sally Salisbury;5 with many other Heroes and Heroines? Why, truly, as to the First, I had lost my GALESIA, she being gone from St. Germains,6 and I retir’d into an obscure Corner of the World.