bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Processing of facial and non‐facial visual stimuli in 2–5‐year‐old children
Authors: Schwarzer Gudrun 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe present experiments examined the degree to which analytic and holistic modes of processing play a role in the way 2–5‐year‐old children process facial and non‐facial visual stimuli. Children between 2 and 5 years of age were instructed to categorize faces (in Experiment 1) and non‐facial visual stimuli, such as birds and planes (in Experiment 2), into two categories. The categories were so constructed as to allow the children to categorize the facial and non‐facial stimuli either analytically (by focusing on a single attribute) or holistically (in terms of overall similarity). The results demonstrated that the previous conclusions concerning older children's (from 6 years onwards) holistic mode of facial processing could not be generalized to younger children because most of the 2–5‐year olds processed the faces by taking single facial attributes into account. A similar pattern of results emerged for the processing of objects, showing that the majority of the children focused on single attributes. Thus, for both visual domains, holistic processing was the exception rather than the rule. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proneural and proneuroendocrine transcription factor expression in cutaneous mechanoreceptor (Merkel) cells and Merkel cell carcinoma
Authors: Leonard J. Helen , Cook Anthony L. , Van Gele Mireille , Boyle Glen M. , Inglis Kelly J. , Speleman Frank , Sturm Richard A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractMerkel cells form part of the peripheral neuroendocrine system of the skin and act as mechanoreceptors in touch response. Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, aggressive disease with similarities to small cell lung cancer (SCLC), which is also of neuroendocrine origin. We previously identified a novel DNA binding protein complex specific for MCC suspension cell lines, termed Merkel nuclear factor (MNF) by its binding to the POU‐IV family DNA binding consensus sequence. Here we report that MNF contains the POU‐IV family member Brn‐3c and that Brn‐3c is expressed in normal Merkel cells. Additionally, Brn‐3c protein reactivity is restricted to a subset of MCC biopsies and is not seen in biopsies revealing adherent, variant cell lines lacking neuroendocrine markers. Recently, proper development of murine Merkel cells was shown to require the proneural basic helix‐loop‐helix transcription factor, atonal family member, MATH1. We demonstrate a correlation between Brn‐3c and HATH1 reactivity in MCC biopsies and cell lines with retention of neuroendocrine phenotype. In SCLC, the related basic helix‐loop‐helix transcription factor HASH1 is responsible for neuroendocrine phenotype, but HASH1 transcripts were not detected in MCC cell lines. We propose that HATH1 and Brn‐3c may form a transcriptional hierarchy responsible for determining neuroendocrine phenotype in Merkel cells and that lack of Brn‐3c and/or HATH1 in MCC may indicate a more aggressive disease requiring closer patient follow‐up. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of Wnt pathway in medulloblastoma oncogenesis
Authors: Yokota Naoki , Nishizawa Shigeru , Ohta Seiji , Date Hiroaki , Sugimura Haruhiko , Namba Hiroki , Maekawa Masato 
Published: September 2002

AbstractTo clarify the roles of Wnt pathway in medulloblastoma oncogenesis, immunohistochemical staining of β‐catenin and Wnt‐1 and genomic analyses of CTNNB1 (β‐catenin) and AXIN1 (axin 1) were examined in 23 sporadic cases. Accumulation of β‐catenin in tumor cells was immunohistochemically proven in 5 cases; 2 cases showed positive immunoreactivity for Wnt‐1 and another 2 showed mutation of either CTNNB1 or AXIN1. AXIN1 mutation was in exon 3, corresponding to GSK‐3β binding site and CTNNB1 mutation was in exon 3, corresponding to its phosphorylation site. Disruption of these proteins could result in upregulation of the Wnt signaling and accumulation of β‐catenin, followed by cell proliferation and medulloblastoma oncogenesis. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antagonistic and agonistic effects of quinazoline tyrosine kinase inhibitors on mutant EGF receptor function
Authors: Montgomery R. Bruce 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA mutated form of the EGF receptor (EGFRvIII), resulting from deletion of exons 2–7, is an oncogenic protein that is expressed in multiple human tumors. This mutation induces ligand‐independent activation of the EGFR tyrosine kinase and thereby can initiate unregulated cell growth and tumorigenesis. Thus, inhibition of the kinase activity of EGFRvIII is a potential means of suppressing its oncogenic properties. Certain tyrosine kinase inhibitors (tyrphostins) specifically inhibit the wild‐type EGFR and thereby inhibit tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate that the quinazoline tyrphostins AG 1478 and AG 1517 can suppress morphologic transformation of cell lines by EGFRvIII. Quinazolines were found to inhibit receptor autophosphorylation and signaling through MAP kinase, but had minimal effects on association of EGFRvIII with Grb2/SOS. Low concentrations of quinazoline also increased receptor dimerization and phosphotyrosine content. This was associated with increases in colony formation in soft agar and increased invasion through matrigel for AG 1478. Thus, both AG 1478 and AG 1517 can inhibit multiple EGFRvIII signaling pathways, but at low concentrations AG 1478 can enhance colony formation, presumably related to augmented homodimerization of the receptor and activation of downstream signaling. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intraperitoneal bispecific antibody (HEA125xOKT3) therapy inhibits malignant ascites production in advanced ovarian carcinoma
Authors: Marmé Alexander , Strauß Gudrun , Bastert Gunther , Grischke Eva‐Maria , Moldenhauer Gerhard 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBispecific antibody HEA125xOKT3 was shown to redirect T lymphocytes toward carcinoma cells and to induce tumor cell lysis in vitro. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that tumor‐associated lymphocytes (TAL) derived from malignant ascites can be used as effector cells with a high efficacy and without prior stimulation. These data provided the rationale for a clinical trial to investigate whether bsAb HEA125xOKT3 is also able to induce tumor cell lysis in vivo and can be used for local treatment of malignant ascites arising from ovarian carcinoma. Ten ovarian carcinoma patients presenting with malignant ascites resistant to chemotherapy were enrolled in the study. They received weekly intraperitoneal injections of 1 mg bsAb diluted in 500 ml NaCl solution to allow homogeneous antibody distribution within the peritoneal cavity. All patients responded clinically well to the therapy. Eight patients experienced a complete and 2 patients a partial reduction of ascites production. A decrease or stabilization of tumor marker CA125 was detected in the sera of 8 patients. Only WHO Grade I and II toxicity was observed including mild fever, chills and allergic eczema. Thus, intraperitoneal application of bsAb HEA125xOKT3 appears to be an easy and cost effective palliative treatment for ovarian carcinoma with recurrent ascites that leads to a substantially increased quality of life for the patients. During therapy TNF‐α concentrations raised markedly in the ascites fluid whereas VEGF and sFLT‐1 ascites levels declined. This indicates that not only T cell‐mediated tumor cell lysis but also changes in vascular permeability due to downregulation of VEGF and its receptors might be responsible for the beneficial therapeutic effect. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sun exposure predicts risk of ocular melanoma in Australia
Authors: Vajdic Claire M. , Kricker Anne , Giblin Michael , McKenzie John , Aitken Joanne , Giles Graham G. , Armstrong Bruce K. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPrevious studies examining sun exposure and ocular melanoma have produced inconsistent results. We investigated this association in a population‐based case‐control study in Australia. Cases (n = 290) aged 18–79 years were diagnosed between January 1996 and July 1998. Controls (n = 893) were randomly selected from the electoral rolls and frequency‐matched to cases by age, sex and state. A self‐administered questionnaire and a telephone interview measured sun exposure on weekdays and weekends at 10, 20, 30 and 40 years of age and over the whole of life for specific jobs and recreations. Multivariate logistic regression models of ocular melanoma and sun exposure contained age, sex, region of birth, eye color and measures of ocular and cutaneous sun sensitivity as covariates. Choroid and ciliary body melanoma (n = 246) was positively associated with time outdoors on weekdays and, less persuasively, total time outdoors but not ambient solar irradiance. Odds ratios increased with increasing exposure to OR 1.8 (95% confidence interval 1.1–2.8) for the highest quarter of sun exposure on weekdays up to 40 years of age for men and women together. The strongest positive associations were for total exposure up to 40 years of age, lifetime occupational exposure and total exposure at about 20 years of age in men; all had odds ratios between 2 and 3 in the highest exposure categories. There was inconclusive evidence for an association between sun exposure and iris (n = 25) or conjunctival (n = 19) melanomas. Sun exposure is an independent risk factor for choroidal and ciliary body melanoma in Australia. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cancer‐testis antigen expression in uterine malignancies with an emphasis on carcinosarcomas and papillary serous carcinomas
Authors: Resnick Murray B. , Sabo Edmond , Kondratev Svetlana , Kerner Hedviga , Spagnoli Giulio C. , Yakirevich Evgeny 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe cancer testis (CT) family of antigens are expressed in certain malignant neoplasms and are silent in normal adult tissues, except for the testis. Expression of 2 members of this family, MAGE‐A4 and NY‐ESO‐1, has been described recently in germ cell tumors, malignant melanomas, certain carcinomas and sarcomas. Our study is the first to describe the expression pattern of CT antigens in uterine neoplasms. Ninety‐eight cases of uterine neoplasms, including 41 endometrioid, 19 papillary serous and 7 clear cell carcinomas, 22 carcinosarcomas and 9 endometrial stromal sarcomas were studied. Immunohistochemistry was carried out with the 57B monoclonal antibody that recognizes predominantly the MAGE‐A4 antigen in paraffinized tissues and the D8.38 antibody that recognizes NY‐ESO‐1. MAGE‐A4 expression was found to be present in 12% of the endometrioid adenocarcinomas, 63% of the papillary serous carcinomas and 91% of the carcinosarcomas. Within the tumor population the extent of MAGE‐A4 expression was highest in the carcinosarcomas. In 12 of 22 positively staining carcinosarcomas more than 50% of the tumor cells expressed MAGE‐A4. NY‐ESO‐1 expression was seen in 19% of the endometrioid adenocarcinomas, 32% of the papillary serous carcinomas and in 45% of the carcinosarcomas. CT antigen immunoreactivity was observed in both the carcinomatous and sarcomatous components of the carcinosarcomas and strong correlation between MAGE‐A4 and NY‐ESO‐1 expression was present in individual cases. In summary, strong MAGE‐A4 expression and to a lesser degree NY‐ESO‐1 expression is characteristic of the vast majority of uterine carcinosarcomas and a major subset of papillary serous carcinomas. These results suggest that CT antigen expression by these tumors may represent a novel target for immunotherapy. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The most appropriate (Ca+Zn)/P molar ratio to minimize the zinc content of ZnTCP/HAP ceramic used in the promotion of bone formation
Authors: Sogo Yu , Sakurai Tokoha , Onuma Kazuo , Ito Atsuo 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe (Ca+Zn)/P molar ratio of zinc‐containing tricalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite composite ceramics (ZnTCP/HAP) was investigated in the range from 1.50 to 1.66 to reveal the minimum zinc content possible in ceramics used in the promotion of osteoblastic cell proliferation and bone formation. The release rate of zinc increased with an increase in the (Ca+Zn)/P molar ratio up to 1.64 (ZnTCP/HAP1.64) and then decreased over 1.64 even when the zinc content of ZnTCP/HAP was the same. The zinc release rate of ZnTCP/HAP1.64 with a 0.21 Zn wt % nearly coincided with that of ZnTCP/HAP1.60 with a 0.316 Zn wt %, which was found be the most effective for promoting bone formation in rabbit femora. This means that the zinc content needed to promote bone formation can be reduced by 34% when the (Ca+Zn)/P molar ratio is increased to 1.64. The relative growth rate of MC3T3‐E1 cells cultured on ZnTCP/HAP1.64 had a maximum value of 1.3 at a zinc content of 0.51 wt %; however, a 1.20 Zn wt % is required to attain the same value in relative growth rate in the case of ZnTCP/HAP1.60. A reduction in zinc content at a certain zinc release rate results from an increase in zinc content of the ZnTCP phase in ZnTCP/HAP. The ZnTCP/HAP1.64 would be better than any other ZnTCP/HAP relative to material safety because the risk of an accidental burst of zinc from the material is minimized due to the low zinc content. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 62: 457–463, 2002
Optimization of monomethoxy‐polyethylene glycol grafting on the pancreatic islet capsules
Authors: Lee Dong Yun , Yang Kyungwook , Lee Sangjun , Chae Su Young , Kim Kwang‐Won , Lee Moon Kyu , Han Duck‐Jong , Byun Youngro 
Published: September 2002

AbstractAs a new approach to islet transplantation, biocompatible monomethoxy‐poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG) was chemically grafted onto the pancreatic islet capsule. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal conditions for completely covering the islet by the mPEG while maintaining a high viability of islets according to the reaction time and the repeating number of the reaction. By grafting the fluorescein‐PEG instead of mPEG, we determined the optimal mPEG grafting time as 1 h, during which time the procedure did not reduce islet viability. Insulin secretion from islets where the mPEG was grafted on for 3 times was similar to that of control islets. Moreover, the mPEG‐grafted islets rapidly responded to the changes in the glucose concentration in the same pattern as did control islets. These results showed that mPEG grafting did not damage the function of islets. In conclusion, when the mPEG grafting was performed for 1 h and repeated twice with 1‐day culture between each mPEG‐grafting step, the mPEG completely covered the islet capsules without any damage to the viability and function of the islets. The main advantage of mPEG grafting on the islet capsule is that it can protect the islet against the host's immune system without increasing the islet size so that it can be administered into the portal vein by the catheter. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 62:372–377, 2002
Characterization of microrough bioactive glass surface: Surface reactions and osteoblast responses in vitro
Authors: Itälä A. , Ylänen H. O. , Yrjans J. , Heino T. , Hentunen T. , Hupa M. , Aro H. T. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe current study characterized the in vitro surface reactions of microroughened bioactive glasses and compared osteoblast cell responses between smooth and microrough surfaces. Three different bioactive glass compositions were used and surface microroughening was obtained using a novel chemical etching method. Porous bioactive glass specimens made of sintered microspheres were immersed in simulated body fluid (SBF) or Tris solutions for 1, 6, 24, 48, or 72 h, and the formation of reaction layers was studied by means of a scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive X‐ray analysis (SEM/EDXA). Cell culture studies were performed on bioactive glass disks to examine the influence of surface microroughness on the attachment and proliferation of human osteoblast‐like cells (MG‐63). Cell attachment was evaluated by means of microscopic counting of in situ stained cells. Cell proliferation was analyzed with a nonradioactive cell proliferation assay combined with in situ staining and laser confocal microscopy. The microroughening of the bioactive glass surface increased the rate of the silica gel layer formation during the first hours of the immersion. The formation of calcium phosphate layer was equal between control and microroughened glass surfaces. In cell cultures on bioactive glass, the microrough surface enhanced the attachment of osteoblast‐like cells but did not have an effect on the proliferation rate or morphology of the cells as compared with smooth glass surface. In conclusion, microroughening significantly accelerated the early formation of surface reactions on three bioactive glasses and had a positive effect on initial cell attachment. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 62: 404–411, 2002
An investigation of the cytotoxicity and histocompatibility of in situ forming lactic acid based orthopedic biomaterials
Authors: Burdick Jason A. , Padera Robert F. , Huang Janice V. , Anseth Kristi S. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe cytotoxicity and biocompatibility of polymer networks prefabricated from multifunctional lactic acid based oligomers that are being developed for orthopedic applications were assessed through in vitro cytotoxicity analysis and subcutaneous implantation. After 7 and 14 days, no significant difference was observed in the relative viability or alkaline phosphatase activity of primary rat calvarial osteoblasts cultured in the presence or absence of degrading polymer networks, indicating that the degradation products had no detrimental effect on the function or activity of the cultured cells. The tissue response to preformed lactic acid networks implanted in rats consisted of a mild inflammatory response with an increase in fibrous capsule thickness and inflammation correlating with faster degrading polymer compositions. This relatively neutral response is indicative of a biocompatible, degradable polymer that has potential medical applications. Finally, porous scaffolds were implanted subcutaneously in rats, and vascularized fibrous tissue infiltration was highly dependent on the scaffold porosity and architecture. This finding indicates that an in situ forming porous scaffold of this composition may support the infiltration of surrounding vascularized tissue, and thus be applicable to orthopedic treatments of large bone defects. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 63: 484–491, 2002
Ion release in patients with metal‐on‐metal hip bearings in total joint replacement: A comparison with metal‐on‐polyethylene bearings
Authors: Savarino L. , Granchi D. , Ciapetti G. , Cenni E. , Nardi Pantoli A. , Rotini R. , Veronesi C.A. , Baldini N. , Giunti A. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPolyethylene (PE) wear has been shown to be a problem in long‐term joint replacement using metal‐on‐PE bearing. The use of metallic heads articulating with metallic cups could solve this problem: success will be enhanced if wear and corrosion of the articulating surfaces are maintained at a low level. New models with metal‐on‐metal bearing have been proposed, to be used mainly for young subjects: such coupling seems to have a reduced release, but it is unclear yet if the medium‐term corrosion rate is really negligible or, on the contrary, it is significantly higher than in the metal‐on‐PE bearing. Aim of our study was the comparison of ion release in the serum of two groups of patients who had the same type of stable cementless prosthesis, but different bearing: twenty‐six patients with metal‐on‐metal (Group A) and fifteen patients with metal‐on‐PE bearing (Group B) were examined. The follow‐up was 14‐38 months for group A and 18‐34 months for group B. The serum concentration of chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co) and molybdenum (Mo) was measured. Twenty‐two patients before surgery were used for comparison (Group C). The reference values were obtained from a population of twenty‐two healthy subjects (Group D). Our findings indicate that metal‐on‐metal bearings produce a significantly higher systemic release of cobalt and chromium (ng/ml) when compared with levels found in metal‐on‐PE, pre‐surgery and reference groups. Such a high release should induce to improve the bearing materials or, at least, to study the biologic fate of metal ions and consequently their long‐term effects. In such a way a risk‐to‐benefit ratio for the patient could be established. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 63: 467–474, 2002
Standardized analysis of UHMWPE wear particles from failed total joint arthroplasties
Authors: Mabrey Jay D. , Afsar‐Keshmiri Armin , Engh Gerard A. , Sychterz Christi J. , Wirth Michael A. , Rockwood Charles A. , Agrawal C. Mauli 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPeriprosthetic tissue obtained at revision surgery from eight total hip replacement cases was hydrolyzed, and polyethylene debris particles were isolated from each case. Individual particles were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and computerized image analysis in accordance with ASTM F1877‐98, a standard for quantitative description of wear debris. For comparison, periprosthetic tissues from eight total knee revision and four total shoulder revision cases were processed and analyzed with identical methods. A total of 2599 hip, 4345 knee, and 1200 shoulder particles were analyzed. The morphologies of the isolated polyethylene particles from the total hip specimens were distinctly different from the total knee and total shoulder particles. The mean equivalent circle diameter (ECD) for hip particles was 0.694 μm ± 0.005; knee particles measured 1.190 μm ±0.009; and shoulder particles 1.183 μm ± 0.017. The ECD was significantly different between hip particles and those from the shoulder and knee. The mean aspect ratio (AR) for the hip particles was 1.626 ± 0.015, compared to the knee particles at 1.935 ± 0.015 and shoulder particles at 2.082 ± 0.033. The AR was statistically different among all three groups. Other descriptors from the ASTM standard, elongation (E), form factor (FF), and roundness (R) were all significantly different among the three groups of joints. This study demonstrates the utility of ASTM F1877‐98 in differentiating wear debris particles from different sources. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 63: 475–483, 2002
Effect of water treatment on the apatite‐forming ability of NaOH‐treated titanium metal
Authors: Uchida Masaki , Kim Hyun‐Min , Kokubo Tadashi , Fujibayashi Shunsuke , Nakamura Takashi 
Published: September 2002

AbstractNaOH and heat treatments of titanium metal induce an apatite‐forming ability on the metal by producing a bioactive graded sodium titanate structure on its surface. An enhancement of the apatite‐forming ability of titanium metal induced by the NaOH treatment was attempted by conjoining the water and heat treatments. These treatments are assumed to convert the sodium titanate into anatase, which is presumed to be more effective for apatite nucleation. The sodium titanate gel on the metal formed from the NaOH treatment was shown to transform into anatase by a simple immersion in pure water, with subsequent heat treatments. Forming anatase on the metal significantly improved the apatite‐forming ability of the metal in a simulated body fluid (SBF). The apatite‐forming ability correlated directly with the amount of anatase on the metal. It is therefore expected that bioactive titanium metal and its alloys with a higher bone‐bonding ability can be obtained with the use of the water and subsequent heat treatments after the NaOH treatment. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 63: 522–530, 2002