bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Piezoelectric Sensors for Weigh-In-Motion Systems: An Experimental Insight into Edge Effects
Authors: Iaquinta J , Merliot E , Cottineau L-M , Desroche J-P 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Experimental campaigns conducted on the theme of weigh-in-motion exhibited an unexpected scattering of the weight measurements. In spite of several attempts, no argument was found to satisfactorily explain the dispersal, in particular for the sites implementing piezoelectric sensors. After tackling this problem numerically in a previous study, the present investigation aims at understanding experimentally the behavior of such systems within the material in which they are embedded in the road. A field campaign utilizing an instrumented truck confirmed a loss of sensitivity at the ends of the sensor. This result was also corroborated by laboratory testing on a servohydraulic jack. It is shown that the location of a load over the sensor affects its response, and that only a small part of the traffic lane is saved from edge effects. The major mission of this work is to make users of weigh-in-motion systems based upon piezoelectric sensors aware of this phenomenon so that they can take actions to recognize and compensate for the potential measurement errors associated with using this type of sensor.
Selectfluor: Mechanismen und Anwendungen
Authors: Nyffeler Paul T. , Durón Sergio Gonzalez , Burkart Michael D. , Vincent Stéphane P. , Wong Chi‐Huey 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDer Ersatz von Wasserstoff durch Fluor in organischen Substraten ist wegen der hohen Elektronegativität des Fluors bei fast gleich bleibendem Raumanspruch von großem Interesse in der Synthesechemie. Viele Quellen für nucleophiles Fluor zur Derivatisierung unter sauren, basischen und neutralen Bedingungen stehen zur Verfügung. Hingegen erforderte eine elektrophile Fluorierung früher den Einsatz von molekularem Fluor, was aufgrund dessen Toxizität und Explosionsneigung zu einer nur begrenzten Anwendung dieser Methode geführt hat. Der Bedarf an einem elektrophilen Fluorierungsreagens, das sicher zu handhaben, stabil und hoch reaktiv ist und in der industriellen Produktion als Alternative zum hoch giftigen gasförmigen Fluor eingesetzt werden kann, führte letztlich zur Entwicklung von Selectfluor (1). Dieses Reagens ist eines der reaktivsten elektrophilen Fluorierungsmittel und dazu noch ungefährlich, nicht toxisch und leicht zu handhaben. In diesem Aufsatz beschreiben wir die zahlreichen Einsatzmöglichkeiten von Selectfluor und diskutieren mögliche Reaktionsmechanismen.
Selectfluor: Mechanistic Insight and Applications
Authors: Nyffeler Paul T. , Durón Sergio Gonzalez , Burkart Michael D. , Vincent Stéphane P. , Wong Chi‐Huey 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe replacement of hydrogen atoms with fluorine substituents in organic substrates is of great interest in synthetic chemistry because of the strong electronegativity of fluorine and relatively small steric footprint of fluorine atoms. Many sources of nucleophilic fluorine are available for the derivatization of organic molecules under acidic, basic, and neutral conditions. However, electrophilic fluorination has historically required molecular fluorine, whose notorious toxicity and explosive tendencies limit its application in research. The necessity for an electrophilic fluorination reagent that is safe, stable, highly reactive, and amenable to industrial production as an alternative to very hazardous molecular fluorine was the inspiration for the discovery of selectfluor. This reagent is not only one of the most reactive electrophilic fluorinating reagents available, but it is also safe, nontoxic, and easy to handle. In this Review we document the many applications of selectfluor and discuss possible mechanistic pathways for its reaction.
Self‐aggregates of cholic acid hydrazide–dextran conjugates as drug carriers
Authors: Xu Qingguo , Yuan Xubo , Chang Jin 
Published: December 2004

AbstractCholic acid hydrazide–dextran conjugates (CAH–DEX's) with stable acryl hydrazone linkages were synthesized from cholic acid hydrazide and poly(aldehyde dextran) and were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, 1H‐NMR, and surface tension measurements. The conjugates developed a lower critical aggregation concentration, which was determined by 1,6‐diphenyl‐1,3,5‐hexatriene dye solubilization methods, 1.41 and 2.10 × 10−2 mg/mL for CAH–DEX 9.0 and CAH–DEX 6.5, respectively. A hydrophobic drug, indomethacin (IN), was physically entrapped inside the self‐aggregates, and the IN‐loaded self‐aggregates were analyzed with a dynamic light‐scattering system, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The maximum loading of IN reached 29.9% of the CAH–DEX self‐aggregates, which suggested a high loading efficiency of 51.2%. The size of the self‐aggregates increased when the drug was entrapped. IN was released from CAH–DEX self‐aggregates at pH 4 much slower than at pH 7.4, and in pH 4 media, the release profile was pseudo‐zero‐order in kinetic terms for up to 14 days. There was almost no change in the FTIR spectra of the CAH–DEX's, which were incubated in buffers of pH 7.4 and pH 4 for 24 h, which indicated that acryl hydrazone was considerably resistant to hydrolysis. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 487–493, 2005
Synthesis, characterization, and performance evaluation of hard, anticorrosive coating materials derived from diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A acrylates and methacrylates
Authors: Ahmad Sharif , Ashraf S. M. , Hassan S. N. , Hasnat Abul 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDiglycidyl ether of bisphenol A acrylate (DAC) and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A methacrylate (DMAC) were synthesized by the reaction of an epoxy [diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)] with acrylic acid and methacrylic acid, respectively. The synthesized resins were characterized by determination of the acid, hydroxyl, and saponification values. Structure elucidation was done by gel permeation chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H‐NMR spectroscopy, and 13C‐NMR spectroscopy. DACs were cured with melamine formaldehyde resin at low pH values. The pH of the resin systems was adjusted with phosphoric acid. The coatings of these systems were formed on mild steel specimens for physicomechanical and chemical/corrosion‐resistance performance. The coatings of DAC and DMAC showed excellent scratch hardness and good impact‐resistance performance. The coatings of DMAC showed better performance than DAC with respect to chemical and corrosion resistance. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry were used to investigate the thermal stability and curing behavior of these systems. DAC showed a little higher glass‐transition temperature than DMAC and also showed a higher thermal resistivity. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 494–501, 2005
Molecular design of reactive amphiphilic phospholipid polymer for bioconjugation with an enzyme
Authors: Miyamoto Daisuke , Watanabe Junji , Ishihara Kazuhiko 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWater‐soluble amphiphilic phospholipid random copolymers such as poly(2‐methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC)‐random‐n‐butyl methacrylate (BMA)) and block‐type polymer, poly(MPC‐block‐BMA) (Mw = 1.0 × 104) with a carboxylic group on a terminal, were designed by photoinduced living radical polymerization. These polymers and poly(MPC) were conjugated to an enzyme, papain. The effects of BMA units in the polymers on the enzymatic activity and stability were investigated. The modification degrees of papain with poly(MPC‐random‐BMA) and poly(MPC‐block‐BMA) were 16–19% versus the total number of amino groups in native papain. The remaining α‐helix content of papains conjugated with poly(MPC‐random‐BMA) and poly(MPC‐block‐BMA) was maintained, but the remaining activity of the papains decreased with an increase in the composition of BMA units in the polymers. These activities were small compared to the papain conjugated to poly(MPC). However, the papains conjugated with poly(MPC‐random‐BMA) with 50% BMA units and poly(MPC‐block‐BMA) with 5% BMA units in the near side of the papain maintained much higher enzymatic activity for 28 days at 40°C compared with the papains conjugated with the other polymers. Moreover, the α‐helix content of the papains conjugated with the polymers was maintained at the initial level for 28 days at 40°C. We concluded that the MPC polymers, which contain BMA units, could effectively enhance the stability of papain by controlling the sequence of monomer units and the composition of BMA units in the polymer. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95: 615–622, 2005
Temperature effects of silane coupling on moisture treated silica surface
Authors: Kim Kwang‐Jea , VanderKooi John 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMoisture and temperature effects were investigated on silica/(triethoxysilylpropyl) disulfide (TESPD)/carbon black (CB)/S‐SBR compounds with respect to processability, vulcanization characteristics, physical properties, and alcohol residues. The moisture‐treated compounds exhibited lower rates of viscous heat generation during mixing, lower discharging temperatures (drop temperatures), lower Mooney viscosities, shorter cure times (Tc‐90), higher torque rises (MH − ML), less heat build ups (HBU), and equal or less alcohol residues than the control. As the drop temperatures of the compound were increased, decreased temperature differences between mixer sensor (set drop) and real (proven) temperatures, increased the scorch times (Ts‐2), decreased the cure times (Tc‐90), increased the tensile moduli, and decreased the alcohol residues remaining in the compound. The higher temperature drop compounds (160 and 176°C) exhibited no reversion behavior; however, the lower temperature (120 and 140°C) drop compounds exhibited marching behavior. The treatment of moisture on the silica surface influenced the hydrolysis reaction to the silane and improved coupling on the silica surface. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 95:623–633, 2005
Bioequivalence assessment of Lovrak (Julphar, UAE) compared with Zovirax (Glaxo Wellcome, UK)‐Two brands of Acyclovir‐in healthy human volunteers
Authors: Najib Naji M. , Idkaidek Nasir , Beshtawi Muntaser , Mohammed B. , Admour Isra' , Alam S. Mahmood , Dham Ruwayda , Qumaruzaman  
Published: December 2004

AbstractTwo studies were performed to assess the relative bioavailability of Lovrak (Julphar, UAE) compared with Zovirax (Glaxo Wellcome, UK) at the International Pharmaceutical Research Center (IPRC), Amman, Jordan. One study involved acyclovir tablets and the other acyclovir suspension. Each study enrolled 24 volunteers and in both studies, after an overnight fasting, the two brands of acyclovir were administered as a single dose on 2 treatment days separated by 1 week washout period. After dosing, serial blood samples were collected for a period of 16 h. Plasma harvested from blood, was analysed for acyclovir by an HPLC method with UV detection. Various pharmacokinetic parameters including AUC0−t, AUC0−∞, Cmax, Tmax, T1/2 and Kelm were determined from plasma concentrations for both formulations and found to be in good agreement with the reported values. AUC0−t, AUC0−∝, and Cmax were tested for bioequivalence after log‐transformation of data. No significant difference was found based on ANOVA; 90% confidence intervals for the test/reference ratio of these parameters were found within the bioequivalence acceptance range 80%–125%. Based on these statistical inferences it was concluded that a Lovrak tablet is bioequivalent to a Zovirax tablet and that Lovrak suspension is bioequivalent to Zovirax suspension. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disturbed morphogenesis of cardiac outflow tract and increased rate of aortic arch anomalies in the offspring of diabetic rats
Authors: Molin Daniël G.M. , Roest Pauline A.M. , Nordstrand Hanna , Wisse Lambertus J. , Poelmann Robert E. , Eriksson Ulf J. , Gittenberger‐De Groot Adriana C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDMaternal diabetes (MD) is a risk factor for offspring to develop cardiovascular anomalies; this is of growing clinical concern since the number of women in childbearing age with compromised glucose homeostasis is increasing. Hyperglycemia abrogates cardiovascular development in vitro; however, a link to cardiovascular defects in diabetic offspring remains to be investigated.METHODSWe have studied cardiovascular development in offspring of MD rats by examining serial histological sections of GD 12.0–18.0 offspring. Development of pharyngeal arch artery malformations was analyzed and related to intracardiac anomalies.RESULTSPharyngeal arch artery and intracardiac defects were present in 27 of 37 MD GD 13.0–18.0 offspring. Early sixth arch arteries showed abrogated arteriogenesis, whereas fourth arch artery defects developed as a result of abnormal remodeling. Morphometrical analysis showed increased apoptosis in regressing artery segments and reduced apoptosis in persisting artery segments. Double outlet right ventricle with infundibular stenosis (tetralogy of Fallot) was predominantly found in combination with sixth artery defects and pulmonary atresia. As confirmed by morphometric analysis and three‐dimensional (3D)‐reconstructions, outflow tract defects coincided with endocardial cushion hypoplasia. Cases with teratology of Fallot additionally showed a shorter outflow tract. No relation with apoptosis or disturbed neural crest cell migration was found.CONCLUSIONSOur data uniquely demonstrate mechanistic differences involved in the development of sixth and fourth artery anomalies. Whereas increased apoptosis induces fourth artery anomalies, pulmonary outflow obstruction abrogates sixth artery differentiation independent of apoptosis. The model presented allows analysis of diabetic conditions on cardiovascular development in vivo, essential for elucidating this teratology. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modern management of salivary calculi
Authors: McGurk M , Escudier M P , Brown J E 
Published: December 2004

Abstract

Background
The aim was to investigate the results of a minimally invasive approach to the management of salivary calculi.

Methods
Four hundred and fifty-five salivary calculi (323 submandibular and 132 parotid) were treated using extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ECSWL), fluoroscopically guided basket retrieval or intraoral stone removal under general anaesthesia. The techniques were used either alone or in combination.

Results
ECSWL achieved complete success (stone and symptom free) in 87 (39·4 per cent) of 221 patients (84 of 218 primary and all of three secondary procedures; 43 of 131 submandibular, 44 of 90 parotid). Basket retrieval cured 124 (74·7 per cent) of 166 patients (103 of 136 primary and 21 of 30 secondary procedures; 80 of 109 submandibular, 44 of 57 parotid). Intraoral surgical removal was successful in a further 137 (95·8 per cent) of 143 patients with submandibular stones (99 of 101 primary, 36 of 38 secondary and two of four tertiary procedures). The overall success rate for the three techniques was 348 (76·5 per cent) of 455.

Conclusion
A minimally invasive approach to the management of salivary calculi is to be encouraged. All three techniques described have low morbidity and afford the possibility of retaining a functional gland.
Aromatic Gold and Silver “Rings”: Hydrosilver(I) and Hydrogold(I) Analogues of Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
Authors: Tsipis Constantinos A. , Karagiannis Eustathios E. , Kladou Panagiota F. , Tsipis Athanassios C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ab initio Study of [Mg,nH2O]‐ Reactive Decay Products: Structure and Stability of Magnesium Oxide and Magnesium Hydroxide Water Cluster Anions [MgO,(n—1)H2O]‐, [HMgOH,(n—1)H2O]‐ and [Mg(OH)2,(n—2)H2O]‐
Authors: Reinhard Bjoern M. , Lagutschenkov Anita , Niedner‐Schatteburg Gereon 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Extensive Migration of Ni and Mn by Lithiation of Ordered LiMg0.1Ni0.4Mn1.5O4 Spinel.
Authors: Wagemaker Marnix , Ooms Frans G. B. , Kelder Erik M. , Schoonman Joop , Kearley Gordon J. , Mulder Fokko M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Lipase‐Mediated Deracemization of Secondary 1‐Phenyl‐Substituted Propargylic Alcohols of Different Topology.
Authors: Vlasyuk A. L. , Gamalevich G. D. , Ignatenko A. V. , Serebryakov E. P. , Struchkova M. I. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
[2,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangement of Unstable Sulfur Ylides from Allyl Sulfonium Salts. Comparative Study of Electrochemical Reduction with the Base Method and Mechanism Elucidation by the MO Method.
Authors: Okazaki Yuichi , Ando Fumio , Koketsu Jugo 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Generation and Trapping of Cyclopropyldiazonium and Diazocyclopropane in the Nitrosation of Cyclopropylamine with Alkyl Nitrites.
Authors: Tomilov Yu. V. , Okonnishnikova G. P. , Shulishov E. V. , Nefedov O. M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Solvent‐Free Synthesis of Chiral N,N′‐Disubstituted Thioureas by “Just Mixing” the Reagents.
Authors: Vazquez Jaime , Bernes Sylvain , Reyes Yasmi , Moya Monica , Sharma Pankaj , Alvarez Cecilio , Gutierrez Rene 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Trialkylsilyl Group‐Directed Regioselective Transformations of 2‐(Alk‐1‐yn‐1‐yl)‐2‐(trialkylsilyl)‐1,3‐dithianes to Alkynylcyclopropanes and Enynes.
Authors: Takeda Takeshi , Kuroi Shuichi , Ozaki Makoto , Tsubouchi Akira 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Catalytic Intermolecular Pauson—Khand‐Type Reaction: Strong Directing Effect of Pyridylsilyl and Pyrimidylsilyl Groups and Isolation of Ru Complexes Relevant to Catalytic Reaction.
Authors: Itami Kenichiro , Mitsudo Koichi , Fujita Kazuyoshi , Ohashi Youichi , Yoshida Jun‐ichi 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Organic Reactions in Water: An Efficient Zinc‐Mediated Stereoselective Synthesis of (E)‐ and (Z)‐Trisubstituted Alkenes Using Unactivated Alkyl Halides.
Authors: Das Biswanath , Banerjee Joydeep , Mahender Gurram , Majhi Anjoy 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Regioselective C‐Alkylation of Alkyl 4‐Hydroxy‐2‐methylthiophene‐3‐carboxylates with α‐Halo Ketones.
Authors: Krayushkin M. M. , Shirinian V. Z. , Nikalin D. M. , Shimkin A. A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Convenient Preparation of 2,3,5,6‐Tetrafluoro‐4‐iodo‐benzaldehyde and Its Application in Porphyrin Synthesis.
Authors: Leroy Jacques , Schoellhorn Bernd , Syssa‐Magale Jean‐Laurent , Boubekeur Kamal , Palvadeau Pierre 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Indole Derivatives. Part 142. Some Properties of [4‐(2‐Indolyl)phenyl]phenylmethane and 1‐[4‐(2‐Indolyl)phenyl]‐2‐phenylethane.
Authors: Chikvaidze I. Sh. , Samsoniya Sh. A. , Narindoshvili T. G. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and DP‐IV Inhibition of Cyano‐Pyrazoline Derivatives as Potent Antidiabetic Agents.
Authors: Ahn Jin Hee , Kim Hye‐Min , Jung Sun Ho , Kang Seung Kyu , Kim Kwang Rok , Rhee Sang Dal , Yang Sung‐Don , Cheon Hyae Gyeong , Kim Sung Soo 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Leukemia Cell Growth Inhibition of a Series of 1,3‐Dithiazolylbenzene Derivatives.
Authors: Lagoja Irene M. , Nauwelaerts Koen , Bal‐Bahieu Christine , Pasqualini Michela , Bailly Christian , Herdewijn Piet 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
3‐Hydroxy‐4‐arylsulfonyltetrahydropyranyl‐3‐hydroxamic Acids Are Novel Inhibitors of MMP‐13 and Aggrecanase.
Authors: Noe Mark C. , Snow Sheri L. , Wolf‐Gouveia Lilli A. , Mitchell Peter G. , Lopresti‐Morrow Lori , Reeves Lisa M. , Yocum Sue A. , Liras Jennifer L. , Vaughn Marcie 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Substituted 6‐Phenyl‐pyridin‐2‐ylamines: Selective and Potent Inhibitors of Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase.
Authors: Nason Deane M. , Heck Steven D. , Bodenstein Mathew S. , Lowe John A. III , Nelson Robert B. , Liston Dane R. , Nolan Charles E. , Lanyon Lorraine F. , Ward Karen M. , Volkmann Robert A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of Substituted 2,3,4,5‐Tetrahydro‐1H‐1‐benzazepine‐5‐carboxylic Esters by a Tandem Reduction‐Reductive Amination Reaction.
Authors: Bunce Richard A. , Johnson Lara B. , Holt Elizabeth M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reactions of Some Terpenoids with CH‐Acids in the Presence of Cs‐β Zeolite.
Authors: Volcho K. P. , Suslov E. V. , Kurbakova S. Yu. , Korchagina D. V. , Salakhutdinov N. F. , Barkhash V. A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Expedient Synthesis of Triazole‐Linked Glycosyl Amino Acids and Peptides.
Authors: Kuijpers Brian H. M. , Groothuys Stan , Keereweer A. R. , Quaedflieg Peter J. L. M. , Blaauw Richard H. , van Delft Floris L. , Rutjes Floris P. J. T. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of C‐6 Carbamate Ketolides, a Novel Series of Orally Active Ketolide Antibiotics.
Authors: Henninger Todd C. , Xu Xiaodong , Abbanat Darren , Baum Ellen Z. , Foleno Barbara D. , Hilliard Jamese J. , Bush Karen , Hlasta Dennis J. , Macielag Mark J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Monitoring myeloablative therapy‐induced small bowel toxicity by serum citrulline concentration
Authors: Lutgens Ludy C. H. W. , Blijlevens Nicole M. A. , Deutz Nicolaas E. P. , Donnelly J. Peter , Lambin Philippe , de Pauw Ben E. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDIntestinal mucositis is an important cause of cancer treatment‐related morbidity and mortality, carrying a serious economic burden. Currently, objective parameters are lacking that would enable the monitoring of gut damage in routine clinical practice, thus hindering the development of clinical studies designed to investigate potential new strategies aimed at reducing or preventing this side effect. The authors investigated the characteristics of serum citrulline concentration compared with sugar permeability tests with respect to its use as a marker for cancer treatment‐induced small bowel injury.METHODSIn this prospective study, 10 patients with hematologic malignancies who were receiving myeloablative therapy had gut toxicity assessed with sugar permeability tests. Serum citrulline concentrations also were determined using archival serum samples. The association between both parameters and their respective characteristics were analyzed and compared with data from the literature.RESULTSSensitivity and specificity were better for the citrulline assay compared with sugar permeability tests. Maximum gut damage assessed with the citrulline assay was observed 1–2 weeks earlier compared with the sugar permeability test. Similarly, citrulline indicated recovery of gut damage at 3 weeks after transplantation, whereas most sugar permeability tests remained abnormal.CONCLUSIONSThe simplicity of the method, the low costs, and the lack of drawbacks to the method make the citrulline assay the first choice for measuring and monitoring treatment‐related gut damage and provides an objective parameter for cancer treatment‐related gut toxicity. Cancer 2005. © 2004 American Cancer Society.