bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary Circulation
Authors: Milnor William R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Blood pressure and vascular resistance are much lower in the pulmonary than in the systemic circulation, and there are corresponding differences in vascular architecture. The large arteries and veins are shorter than their systemic counterparts, and the pulmonary vessels have thinner, more distensible walls containing less elastin and smooth muscle. The pulmonary artery and its main branches distend with each ejection of blood from the heart, just as the aorta does, and forward flow during diastole is maintained by recoil from this dis tended state.
Religion and American Intellectual History, 1945-1985: Reflections on an Uneasy Relationship
Authors: May Henry F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In 1986 I was asked to present a paper on this topic at a conference at the Smithsonian Institution. The topic had been so central in my teaching and thinking that I found I could not approach it in an impersonal mode. This essay, therefore, like the Introduction that precedes it, is directly autobiographical. The two pieces discuss some of the same persons and episodes, but the emphasis and purpose of each are obviously quite different. The other two essays in this section also deal with influences on my thinking and writing, and there are some autobiographical elements in other essays in this volume. Per¬ haps the addiction to reminiscence is the consequence of working for several years on a book about my childhood and youth. In any case, as one gets old, for better or worse present thinking becomes inseparable from reflecting on past experience.
The Enlightenment and America: The Jeffersonian Moment
Authors: May Henry F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Enlightenment, according to several important historians, was developed in Europe and put into practice in America In my opinion, this statement is not and could not possibly be true. How could a set of ideas, deeply rooted in two thousand years of European intellectual history, be transferred intact to a new continent and a new society? And did the Enlightenment have a program of action? It had many. One must at this point at least try to answer two obvious questions: Did the Enlightenment exist? and if so What was it? My answer to the first question is emphatically yes.
The Politics of Survival
Authors: Zdatny Steven M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
France has been considered the pre-eminent nation of the petit bourgeois, yet fascism had only limited appeal there. This book will significantly revise our understanding of the petit bourgeoisie's own perception of its political interests. In the course of examining the rise and fall of the French artisans' political movement from the turn of the century to the 1960s, Zdatny uncovers the reasons for the French petit bourgeoisie's failure to embrace fascism, in contrast to their counterparts in other European countries.
Artisans and the Popular Front, 1936-1939
Authors: Zdatny Steven M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Throughout the first years of the economic crisis, despite their occasional essays on parliamentary reform, artisans ‘ involvement in national politics remained sporadic and parochial. It was the question of definition, not the syndicalist-corporatist debate, that really inflamed the artisanat. This insularity became more and more tenuous after 1936. The victory of Leon Blum and the Popular Front coalition brought the country to a new pitch of intensity and the artisanal movement to a new degree of politicization. It finally forced artisans to choose sides.
Conclusion
Authors: Coetzee Marilyn Shevin 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The popular nationalist movement as embodied in the German Army League was devised and orchestrated by an activist minority for whom popular nationalism was a means by which to expand the restrictive ideological and political framework within which they perceived Germans to have been debilitatingly constrained. By mobilizing the opinions of German citizens, in particular those of the middle classes, in order to redirect the course of nationalist politics, the Army League activists intended to prove themselves more effective leaders than Germany’s ruling bureaucrats.
Prologue
Authors: Heinrichs Waldo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Before war pounced on the United States on December 7, 1941, it crept up, stage by stage, over many years. First came the world economic crisis, beginning with the American stock market crash in 1929, undermining confidence in the world order, shaking the foundations of political power in every country, and promoting authoritarian rule. Japan’s conquest of Manchuria in 1931 was an isolated case, but aggression and pressure for territorial revisions dominated international politics from the mid-thirties onward, as the sad litany of Ethiopia, China, Austria, and Czechoslovakia attest.
An Inward Quest
Authors: Buder Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
On a late Saturday afternoon in mid-February 1893, a middle-aged man animatedly addressed an audience in London’s Nonconformist Memorial Hall on Farringdon Street. In a pleasingly resonant voice, he urged those present to undertake an experimental community based upon the principles of collective land ownership and the joining together of the better features of urban and rural life. Observers reported a keen sense of expectancy among those present. Many belonged to organizations that had sponsored the occasion. Others had been attracted by notices that had appeared for several weeks in small radical newspapers. A turnout estimated at three hundred far exceeded expectations, and at the last moment the meeting was moved from a small room to the building’s main auditorium.
Land Reform in an Urban Age
Authors: Buder Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The decade of the 1880s was a watershed in British history and thought as Victorian ideas of progress pushed against the sharp edge of hard times. It was a decade to reflect on the “much good and much harm” produced by an industrial system. Henry George’s Progress and Poverty expressed the mood of many that progress was an illusion in any nation which tolerated a great disparity of conditions among the classes. Indeed, George’s London lectures in the fall of 1882 elicited a remarkable popular response and helped spawn the birth of a fiery new radical mood.
Haward and Welwyn Garden City, 1910-1940 I’
Authors: Buder Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Howard’s wife died unexpectedly in 1904. A year later the grieving Howard moved to Letchworth, where he soon became a familiar figure with sparse silver hair and a walrus mustache. By his mid-fifties, Howard had acquired a grandfatherly appearance which conformed well with his image as a gentle, eccentric dreamer-the honored founder of the Garden City movement. Invariably, he wore ill-fitted and baggy clothing-a business suit for London and mismatched jacket and pants at Letchworth-and a battered felt hat. In 1907, Howard remarried a Miss Annie Hayward of Letchworth, a consider ably younger woman. The marriage proved difficult.1
Symbolic Validation, Ritual, and Pedigree
Authors: Franck Thomas M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As determinacy is the linguistic or literary-structural component of legitimacy, so symbolic validation, ritual, and pedigree provide legitimacy’s cultural and anthropological dimension. Once again, the legitimacy of a rule-its ability to exert a pull to voluntary compliance-will be examined in the light of its ability to communicate. In this instance, however, what is to be communicated is not so much content as validity or authenticity: the voluntarily acknowledged authenticity of a rule or a rule-maker, or, sometimes, the authenticity (validity) bestowed on a symbolic communication’s recipient. Reisman refers to this as “the authority signal.”160 We shall call these validating communications cues.
The Distinctive Pathof German Zionism
Authors: Lavsky Hagit 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Zionist movement in Germany in the Weimar period was marked by three well- defined characteristics. It was Palestinocentric; its predominant political philosophy was radical-national, oriented toward socialist etatisme in the socioeconomic sphere; and it pursued a moderate course in the diplomatic or geopolitical sphere that sought compromise with Arab nationalism. By virtue of these positions, the German Zionist movement in the 1920s functioned as a sort of Weizmannist ruling faction in the World Zionist movement. Signs of the distinctiveness of the movement in Germany had emerged in the years prior to the First World War. The impact of the war helped to make these special features the hallmark of Zionism in interwar Germany.
Ritual, Ceremony and the Reconstruction of Judaismin the United States
Authors: Liebman Charles S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Until very recently, observers of American Jewish life have noted a steady decline in ritual observance. This observation has been challenged in recent years1 and was one of the points of contention in two recently published papers on the quality of Jewish life in the United States.2 Each author assumed that the question of whether Jews were observing more, the same or less Jewish ritual than they had in the recent past was a critical dimension in assessing the quality of Jewish life in the United States. I wish to argue that the issue was improperly formulated. In the first place, insufficient account was taken of the distinction between ceremony and ritual. Second, too much emphasis was given to whether a particular ritual (or ceremony) was performed and inadequate attention was paid to the context in which it was performed and, therefore, the manner in which it is understood.
A Body Floating Between Two Tides
Authors: Srebnick Amy Gilman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Rogers boardinghouse at 126 Nassau Street was a three-story red brick building with a flat roof, typical of the small buildings that flanked the downtown streets of lower Manhattan in the first half of the nineteenth century. Located on the east side of the street between Beekman and Ann streets, it formed part of a group of similar houses built in the late 1820s with the city’s northward expansion. Nassau Street itself was a winding stretch that reached from Broad Street and continued to Park Row, ending just one block short of intersecting with City Hall Park. Along it was the usual jumble of stores, workshops, boardinghouses, and residences that defined the character of the early city, a bustling urban space where rich and very poor often lived next to each other, where work and recreation took place in the same city blocks, and where the social segregation of neighborhoods by class, race, and ethnicity had not yet fully taken hold.
“The Beautiful Segar Girl”: Mary In The City Of The New World
Authors: Srebnick Amy Gilman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the important transitional passages in Melville’s Pierre; or, the Ambiguities, published just over a decade after Mary’s death, depicts the entry of Pierre and his half-sister Isabel into New York. They have left their rural family seat and the oppressive patriarchal past it represents for the presumed anonymity and imagined freedom offered by the town. In a foreshadowing of later events, the entry of these youthful characters is full of fearful expectation. As they approach the city limits, Pierre and his companion are quite literally jolted by the “great change in the character of the road” as it narrows from a wide and gentle country path to a hard city street: “The coach seems rolling over cannonballs of all calibers.” Frightened, Isabel grabs Pierre’s arm and “eagerly and forbodeingly demands what is the cause of this most strange and unpleasant transition?” In response, Pierre tells her that it is the pavement that marks the beginning of the town, hard stones that he likens to “the buried hearts of some dead citizens . . . come to the surface.”
The “Public Prints,” The Body Of Mary Rogers, And The Violence Of Representation
Authors: Srebnick Amy Gilman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A wood engraving, probably executed some years after her death, depicts the dead body of Mary Rogers in the shallow waters along a rocky and wooded Jersey shore. Mary’s voluptuous and unmarked body floating languidly figures prominently in the foreground, out of proportion to the rocks and trees. She seems asleep rather than dead or drowned: a poetic, sleeping beauty, ready to be awakened. This image, typical in style of the wood engravings featured in contemporary press and pamphlet literature, offers a marked contrast to the verbal descriptions of the destroyed and violated body of Mary Rogers that appeared in the penny press. But whether depicted as the beautiful maiden or as the destroyed corpse, the imagery of Mary deprived her of all poetry and privacy, making her dead body into an image of pollution and putrefaction, a symbol of all that was fractured and fractious in the city’s body politic.
Development of the Germ Cell
Authors: McCarrey John R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
From an evolutionary view the primary purpose of an individual in a population is to reproduce and test the relative fitness of his or her phenotype. If sufficient, the corresponding genotype will then be passed on to the next generation. The vehicle for this process is the germ cell. Unlike all other cell lineages in the body (collectively known as the soma or somatic cells), the germ cell line does not face death as a mandatory endpoint. Rather, by contributing genetic information to the next generation, including that required for the development of new germ cells, the germ-cell line can be viewed as a potential continuum from generation to generation.
The Process of Meiosis
Authors: Stern Herbert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An obvious and indispensable requirement for sexual reproduction is that the gametes involved, sperm or egg, contain a haploid number of chromosomes. This apparently simple requirement may be contrasted with the fact that mechanisms involved in fulfilling the requirement display considerable complexity. The latter can only be accounted for by features of chromosome behavior that are frequently disregarded in textbook descriptions of the process. From the standpoint of human reproduction it must be emphasized that the target haploid number must represent a fully balanced chromosome complement to provide normal progeny. The contribution by either gamete of even one additional chromosome to the fertilized egg leads most commonly to embryonic or fetal death, and the occasional fetuses that come to term are disabled to a greater or lesser degree depending on the chromosome involved in the resulting trisomy. Apart from the special case of sex chromosomes, no survivors are known among fetuses that have only one member of a homologous chromosome pair. Meiosis is the only divisional process capable of providing haploid cells for gamete formation and it may, therefore, be rightly considered as the gateway to sexual reproduction. It is the universal gateway among sexually reproducing or-ganisms, be they fungi, flowering plants, or mammals.
Cell Biology of Mammalian Spermiogenesis
Authors: Clermont Yves , Oko, Richard , Hermo Louis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The spermatozoon is an unusual cell destined to deliver its nuclear DNA into a far-reaching target cell, the oocyte. It is a highly specialized cell with a head containing compact DNA in the nucleus and the acrosomic system provided with the enzymatic machinery necessary to penetrate the shell of the oocyte. It also has a tail made up of a contractile apparatus, the axoneme, in addition to cytoskeletal structures and mitochondria providing the energy necessary to maintain the tail’s motion. This cell is the product of an extraordinarily intricate process of cell differentiation termed spermiogenesis. Spermiogenesis is the third and last phase of spermatogenesis taking place in the seminiferous epithelium of the testis. The objective of the present review is to examine the structural and biochemical features of spermiogenesis, beginning with a brief review of the structure of the developing spermatids and an examination of a number of general cytological features of spermiogenesis. Then, we examine systematically the changes of each organelle or cytoplasmic component of the spermatid during spermiogenesis. Although some of the features of spermiogenesis and the spermatozoon have been recently reviewed (de Kretser and Kerr, 1988; Eddy, 1988; Oko and Clermont, 1990), we include in this chapter several of our more recent findings on the rat.
Regulation of Testicular Autoimmune Disease
Authors: Tung Kenneth S K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of this century, it was thought that the chief function of the immune system was the defense against microbes, and that immune reaction against self, or “horror autotoxicus,” was not anticipated (Ehlich, 1905). Very soon after, however, autoimmunization against spermatozoa resulted in antisperm antibodies and this finding, among others, heralded the concept of autoimmunity and autoimmune disease (Metchnikoff, 1899).
The Origins of the 1964 Revolution
Authors: Skidmore Thomas E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It was an early April 1 morning in Rio de Janeiro. Brazilian President Joao Goulart had spent the previous night at Palacio’ Laranjeiras, the Rio presidential residence. His trip to Rio had come at a critical time in 1964. His advisers warned that dissident army units from the inland state of Minas Gerais were marching on Rio to overthrow his government. A few die-hard advisers tried to convince Goulart that the military were loyal and would soon take this rebel faction into custody.
Eloquence in an Electronic Age
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In a book that blends anecdote with analysis, Kathleen Hall Jamieson--author of the award-winning Packaging the Presidency--offers a perceptive and often disturbing account of the transformation of political speechmaking. Jamieson addresses such fundamental issues about public speaking as what talents and techniques differentiate eloquent speakers from non-eloquent speakers. She also analyzes the speeches of modern presidents from Truman to Reagan and of political players from Daniel Webster to Mario Cuomo. Ranging from the classical orations of Cicero to Kennedy's "Ich bin ein Berliner" speech, this lively, well-documented volume contains a wealth of insight into public speaking, contemporary characteristics of eloquence, and the future of political discourse in America.
The Emergence of Gospel Blues: 1931-1932
Authors: Harris Michael W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At each of the critical points in Dorsey’s career a cry―perhaps to him like the mother eagle’s―sounded for him to alter his life significantly. The cry from Bessie Smith’s downhome blues awakened him to the fact that he had been running with the Tin Pan Alley “chickens.” Her cry brought him back to traditional blues and into his blues-making with Ma Rainey and then into his recording career as Georgia Tom. Next the cry came in the preaching/singing of the Reverends Nix and Hall and the other recording preachers. They summoned him to a more effective presentation of his gospel songs and to a unification of the disparate parts of his religious personality.
Giving the Gospel a Blues Voice: 1932
Authors: Harris Michael W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By early Spring 1932, two forms of gospel blues had emerged and were becoming acceptable as modes of music in old-line black churches. For the first of these, solo gospel blues, Dorsey was the most prominent in shaping it―especially its notated and printed forms―and in bringing it out before the public. This form also evolved most clearly out of Dorsey’s life history and thus may be considered more the product of Dorsey’s creation than any style of music he played with the exception of the soft, rhythmic party blues he was well known for during his early professional years in Atlanta. The second form, choral gospel blues, emerged out of circumstances in which Dorsey was at most peripherally involved. Although this form dearly helped to resolve some of the lingering conflicts that had dogged Dorsey since childhood, the reasons underlying its growth were unrelated to Dorsey’s life to the extent that choral gospel blues cannot be considered a logical develop ment of Dorsey’s biographical history.
A Place for Gospel Blues in Old-Line Religion: 1932-1937
Authors: Harris Michael W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The marriage of Dorsey’s musical and textual voices, as represented by the composition of Take My Hand, Precious Lord, amounted to the final resolution of the warring interpersonal dualities in Dorsey’s life. It ultimately would offer a similar resolution of the deep conflicts between old-line and indigenous African American religion. The first hint of this broader cultural impact came the following week when Frye and Dorsey introduced the song at Ebenezer: The folk went wild. They went wild. They broke up the church. Folk were shouting everywhere.
Labor Displacement in the United States
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Christensen Kathleen , Flynn Patricia M , Hall Douglas T , Katz Harry C , Keefe Jeffrey H , Ruhm Christopher J , Sum Andrew M , Useem Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Dynamic economies engage in a process Schumpeter has described as "creative destruction."1 New enterprises are continually forming while old ones disappear. Within existing companies, production processes change, organizations evolve, and labor requirements adapt to an ever-shifting marketplace. In the last two decades, international competition has intensified pressure, and, now more than ever, long-term economic success requires that firms respond to flux and strive to achieve ever-changing goals. Substantial changes in labor force patterns and population demographics have further modified work practices and norms of corporate behavior.
Labor Market Turbulence and the Older Worker
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Christensen Kathleen , Flynn Patricia M , Hall Douglas T , Katz Harry C , Keefe Jeffrey H , Ruhm Christopher J , Sum Andrew M , Useem Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The employment tenure and seniority of older workers have given them somewhat better protection against the problems of labor market turbulence than their younger counterparts.1 Older workers, however, have not been exempt from the effects of plant closings, plant relocations, and downsizing efforts of corporations or from the structural changes that have occurred in the industrial and occupational composition of employment. The problems of older workers have also received increasing public attention because the aging of the population has created pressures on retirement benefits and health care costs and because the slowing of aggregate labor force growth has potential consequences for labor shortages.