bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potent P2X7 receptor antagonists: Tyrosyl derivatives synthesized using a sequential parallel synthetic approach
Authors: Ravi R. Gnana , Kertesy Sylvia B. , Dubyak George R. , Jacobson Kenneth A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNovel analogs of 1‐(N,O‐bis[5‐isoquinolinesulfonyl]‐N‐methyl‐L‐tyrosyl)‐4‐phenylpiperazine (KN‐62, 1) were synthesized and found to be potent antagonists in a functional assay, inhibition of ATP‐induced K+ efflux in HEK293 cells expressing recombinant human P2X7 receptors. Antagonism of murine P2X7 receptors was also observed. The analogs consisted of L‐tyrosine derivatives, of the general structure R1‐Tyr(OR2)‐piperazinyl‐R3, in which three positions were systematically varied in structure through facile acylation reactions. Each of the three positions was optimized in sequence through parallel synthesis alternating with biological evaluation, leading to the identification and optimization of potent P2X7 antagonists. The optimal groups at R1 were found to be large hydrophobic groups, linked to the α‐amino position through carbamate, amide, or sulfonamide groups. The benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz) group was preferred over most sulfonamides and other acyl groups examined, except for quinoline sulfonyl. At R2, an arylsulfonate ester was preferred, and the order of potency was p‐tolyl, p‐methoxyphenyl, phenyl > α‐naphthyl, β‐naphthyl. A benzoyl ester was of intermediate potency. Aliphatic esters and carbonate derivatives at the tyrosyl phenol were inactive, while a tyrosyl O‐benzyl ether was relatively potent. The most potent P2X7 receptor antagonists identified in this study contained Cbz at the R1 position, an aryl sulfonate at the R2 position, and various acyl groups at the R3 position. At R3, t‐butyloxycarbonyl‐ and benzoyl groups were preferred. The opening of the piperazinyl ring to an ethylene diamine moiety abolished antagonism. In concentration–response studies, a di‐isoquinolinyl, Boc derivative, 4 (MRS2306), displayed an IC50 value of 40 nM as an antagonist of P2X7 receptor‐mediated ion flux and was more potent than the reference compound 1. Nα‐Cbz, Boc‐piperazinyl derivatives, 11 (MRS2317), 22 (MRS2326), and 41 (MRS2409) were less potent than 1, with IC50 values of 200–300 nM. Drug Dev. Res. 54:75–87, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prenatal ethanol exposure and spatial navigation: Effects of postnatal handling and aging
Authors: Gabriel Kara I. , Johnston Sarah , Weinberg Joanne 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPrenatal ethanol exposure results in spatial navigation deficits in young and mid‐aged animals. In contrast, postnatal handling attenuates spatial deficits that emerge with age in animals that are not handled. Therefore, we investigated the ability of handling to attenuate spatial deficits in animals prenatally exposed to ethanol (E). Sprague‐Dawley male offspring from E, pair‐fed (PF), and control (C) groups were handled (H) or nonhandled (NH) from 1 to 15 days of age and tested on the Morris water maze at 2 or 13 to 14 months of age. In young animals, H‐E males had longer latencies to locate the submerged platform, and E animals, across handling conditions, showed altered search patterns compared to their PF and C counterparts. Mid‐aged animals had longer latencies than young animals, with no differences among E, PF, and C animals. However, corticosterone levels were higher in mid‐aged E than in C males. Handling did not attenuate impairments associated with either prenatal ethanol exposure or aging. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 40: 345–357, 2002. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/dev.10023
Cholecystokinin receptor antagonists increase the rat pup's preference toward maternal‐odor and rug texture
Authors: Shayit Michal , Weller Aron 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe role of the cholecystokinin (CCK) system in mediating the infant's natural preferences toward maternal‐related stimuli was examined by peripheral administration of selective CCKA and CCKB receptor antagonists (Devazepide and L‐365,260, respectively) to 11–12‐day‐old rats and presenting them with a 3‐minute preference test. In Experiment 1, the choice was between two floor textures, rug and plywood; the time spent on the relatively preferred side (rug) was measured. In Experiment 2, the odor of maternal faces emanated from one end of the test arena; time spent near that end was measured. These sensory stimuli were chosen as they represent olfactory and tactile aspects of the dam and nest. Compared to controls, both CCK receptor antagonists selectively increased the time spent on the preferred side, in both experiments, without affecting axillary temperature or locomotor activity. The results suggest that CCK may mediate and attenuate the infant's attraction toward naturally preferred stimuli. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 38: 164–173, 2001
Cardiovascular indices of physiological arousal in boys with fragile X syndrome
Authors: Roberts Jane E. , Boccia Maria L. , Bailey Donald B. , Hatton Deborah D. , Skinner Martie 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this study, the relationship between physiological arousal, as indexed by heart rate variability, was examined in boys with fragile X syndrome (FXS) and typically developing boys matched on chronological age. In addition, the relationship of heart activity to clinical and molecular factors in the group of boys with FXS was examined. Results suggest that boys with FXS have higher levels of heart activity during the passive phases, as reflected in shorter heart periods. This high level of heart activity appears to be due to increased sympathetic activity and reduced parasympathetic activity. Boys with FXS did not display the expected patterns of heart activity in response to phases of increasing challenge, and sympathetic and parasympathetic systems did not appear coordinated in these boys with FXS. Clinical factors may be related to neural regulation of heart activity while molecular factors do not appear to be. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 39: 107–123, 2001
Identification of the components of taste mixtures by adults and children
Authors: Watson W. L. , Laing D. G. , Hutchinson I. , Jinks A. L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecently, it was reported that cognitive factors may have impeded the analysis of binary taste mixtures by 8‐ to 9‐year‐old children, resulting in them identifying only the strongest component in each mixture compared to adults who identified both components (Oram, Laing, Freeman, & Hutchinson, 2001). The current study aimed to overcome this limitation by employing different training procedures and different instructions when conducting the task. In particular, the training involved familiarization with the two stimuli at several levels of perceived intensity to facilitate identification of the varying levels of each stimulus in mixtures. Using a selective attention procedure, adults and children were required to identify the components of stimuli that contained water, sucrose (sweet), sodium chloride (salty), or were binary mixtures of these two tastants. Both groups were successful in identifying the component(s) in each stimulus, demonstrating the importance of appropriate training and test procedures when studying the sensory responses of children. Together with data from the earlier study by Oram et al. (2001) it is concluded that 8‐ to 9‐year‐olds have the cognitive skills to analyze taste mixtures in terms of the identity of the components and their perceived strengths. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 39: 137–145, 2001
Blink reflex abnormalities in diabetes mellitus
Authors: Nazliel B. , Yetkin I. , Irkeç C. , Koçer B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundDamage of the peripheral nervous system is particularly frequent in diabetes mellitus (DM), but somatic cranial neuropathies usually presenting as mononeuropathies are rare. Oculomotor and facial nerves are among the most commonly affected, whereas the Vth, IXth and Xth cranial nerves are less often affected. While existing neurophysiological tests in the subclinical diagnosis of damage to the peripheral nerve in diabetic patients have advanced, the same does not hold true for the subclinical diagnosis of the central nervous system (CNS). Electrophysiological studies such as the blink reflex was shown to be an effective method for revealing subclinical involvement of cranial nerves in generalised neuropathies.The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of blink reflex as a method for obtaining early diagnosis of cranial nerve involvement in diabetic patients frequently affected with peripheral neuropathy.MethodsTwenty diabetic patients with electrophysiologically confirmed neuropathy were included in the present study for the evaluation of blink reflex. Patients with earlier cranial nerve involvement were excluded.ResultsAbnormal blink reflex responses were found in 55% of patients studied. R2Y and R2C latencies in diabetic patients were prolonged relative to controls (p<0.001 and p<0.001, respectively). However R1 values in diabetic patients did not differ significantly from those of normal controls (p<0.5). R2Y and R2C prolongation showed a positive correlation with the duration of disease (p=0.015 and p=0.009, respectively). However the same correlation could not be found with R1 values. No correlations were found between R1, R2Y, R2C values and HbA1c nor between R1, R2Y, R2C values and patients' age.ConclusionWe suggest that blink reflex testing is a useful method for obtaining early diagnosis of cranial nerve compromise in diabetic patients who do not show any clinical symptoms or signs of CNS involvement. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cell death along the embryo midline regulates left–right sidedness
Authors: Kelly Kristine A. , Wei Yan , Mikawa Takashi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDuring embryogenesis, left–right sidedness is established by asymmetric expression of laterality genes. A recent model predicts the presence of a functional midline that divides the left side of the embryonic disc from the right side, separating left‐ and right‐inducing signals. We show evidence that this midline is formed from a distinct population of cells within the primitive streak. Cells in the dorsal midline of the chick primitive streak display unique expression of the gastrulation markers fgf‐8 and brachyury. These midline cells are fated to die, and dead cells remain in the midline during gastrulation. Inhibition of midline cell death compromises the early expression of laterality genes, such as shh and nodal and randomizes the direction of heart looping. We suggest that cell death along the primitive streak midline is a novel mechanism involved in the regulation of left–right asymmetry during early embryogenesis. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Case Study: A virtual non‐reader achieves a degree
Authors: Cooke Ann 
Published: August 2002

AbstractJ, a mature age student with severe dyslexia, entered university with virtually no reading and writing. She could recognize very few words, she had difficulty with spelling simple words and her handwriting was poor. She also had distinctive difficulties with numbers. Yet, she graduated successfully 3 years after entry. In this paper, the characteristics of her disabilities are discussed and the teaching programme and support systems set up to help her are described. Some theoretical and practical implications which arise from J's case are also considered. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of fasting on attentional biases for food and body shape/weight words in high and low Eating Disorder Inventory scorers
Authors: Placanica Jennifer L. , Faunce Gavin J. , Soames Job R. F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo assess attentional biases associated with food and body shape/weight words in fasted and nonfasted high and low Eating Disorder Inventory‐2 (EDI‐2) scorers.MethodSubjects were 56 female first‐year undergraduate psychology students, aged 17–24 years, participating for course credit. High and low scorers on the Drive for Thinness and Body Dissatisfaction subscales of the EDI‐2 completed alternative modified dot probe tasks containing food words, body shape/weight words, and control words, under fasted and nonfasted conditions.ResultsFasting increased attentional bias toward high‐calorie food words across all subjects. High EDI‐2 scorers also showed an attentional bias toward low‐calorie words, but only when nonfasted.DiscussionFood‐related attentional biases, commonly observed in eating disorder patients, may reflect a pervasive concern with food‐related stimuli as opposed to being simply a product of chronic hunger. That is, with increasing hunger, high EDI‐2 scorers shift their focus away from low‐calorie foods to high‐calorie foods. This result suggests an attentional bias basis for the cycle of high‐calorie binging when hungry and low‐calorie food selections when less hungry. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 79–90, 2002.
Antibodies against human putamen in adolescents with anorexia nervosa
Authors: Harel Zeev , Hallett Joseph , Riggs Suzanne , Vaz Rosalind , Kiessling Louise 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo examine whether antiputamen antibodies are present in adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN).MethodUsing enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with an extract of human putamen as an antigen, sera samples obtained from 22 adolescents with active AN and from 22 healthy adolescents (control group) were assayed for antibodies to neuronal componentsResultsMean optical density (OD) readings for serum antibodies against human putamen in adolescents with AN was significantly greater than the mean OD readings in the control group (0.492 ± 0.086 vs. 0.275 ± 0.028, p = .02). When serum positivity was defined as an OD level greater than 2 SD above the mean control group value (0.541), antiputamen antibodies were detected in the blood of 6 AN patients (27%) whereas they were detected in the blood of 1 patient (5%) in the control group (p < .05; Fisher's exact test).DiscussionThe detection of antiputamen antibodies in adolescents with AN suggests an underlying immune process at the putamen level in some patients with this eating disorder. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disorder 29: 463–469, 2001.
Proposal and analysis of multicast communication method in a department VPN
Authors: Kamata Minoru , Kawase Tetsuya , Watanabe Akira , Sasase Iwao 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn recent years, VPN (Virtual Private Network) has become an important subject not only in the Internet, but also on intranets and extranets. The VPN enables us to communicate safely by using public networks. A number of researchers have studied DVPN (department VPNs). Furthermore, multicasting has been attracting attention as a means to increase the volume of voice data and multimedia data on the Internet. However, a multicast router is needed to deliver data with multicasting on the default network. Although it is possible that the IP multicast function will be added to all new routers in the future, it is not realistic to convert all default routers in use to multicast routers at this moment. Systems which make use of multicast servers without using multicast routers have been proposed. However, many problems arise in the conventional model, such as excess load on the multicast server, and traffic on its domain when data with multicasting are sent or received over the DVPN. In this paper, we propose an effective method of multicast communication over the DVPN in order to establish a secure DVPN for multicast applications such as video conferencing. In the proposed method, the relay function for multicast communication is added to the DVPN terminals themselves, which leads to easy use compared to the conventional method with multicast server. We propose two packet delivery system models, the daisy chain model and the extended daisy chain model. The daisy chain model is made up of a group of DVPN hosts, which have the copy function. In the extended daisy chain model, a branch division function is added to the daisy chain model. We present a network model for numerical calculation to show the efficiency of our proposed models. We investigate the effects of load variance, network traffic, and delay time on the performance of the two proposed models compared to the conventional model, and show that the two proposed models are superior to the conventional model. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 84(7): 45–56, 2001
Broadband monopole Yagi–Uda antenna
Authors: Taguchi Yujiro , Chen Qiang , Sawaya Kunio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA broadband Yagi–Uda antenna composed of several monopole elements is proposed. By locating the director close to the excited element and superposing the characteristics of the reflector in a lower band to those of the director in a higher band, a broadband property is obtained for both the input impedance and the unidirectional pattern. Analysis by the method of moments indicates that the Yagi–Uda antenna (type 1) composed of three monopole elements has a bandwidth of 1:1.67 for VSWR ≤ 2, 1:1.84 for
Gd/Gr ≥ 9 dB
, and more than one octave for
Gd≥8 dBi
, where
Gd
and
Gr
denote the directive gains in the front and back directions, respectively. It is also shown that the Yagi–Uda antenna (type 4) composed of five monopole elements has about one octave for a bandwidth of VSWR ≤ 2 and
Gd≥8 dBi
. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(1): 49–57, 2002
VP protection switching on ATM ring network architecture
Authors: Okada Mitsumasa , Uematsu Yoshihiko , Ohta Hiroshi , Tsuboi Toshinori 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWith an increase in demand for traffic and in modes of network services, it is required that the backbone network be able to cope flexibly with changes in demand for traffic with high speed and reliability. ATM ring networks can enhance the path capacity by unified processing of various service modes. In addition, due to the low transmission path cost attained by network topology, economical construction of a transport network is possible. In this paper, it is recognized that the path capacity becomes larger as the path length of the protection VP becomes longer. Then, a VP switching method for an ATM ring network, BPSR/PF (Bidirectional Path‐Switched Ring/Path‐Failure detection), is proposed in which the path length of the protection VP becomes the shortest. With regard to the items for evaluation, such as the maximum required link capacity, switching time, required number of link VPs, data sustaining number by VP pairs, and path survival rate, the proposed method is compared quantitatively with the conventional ATM ring network VP switching method. It is made clear that the proposed ATM ring network VP switching method BPSR/PF is superior. © 2002 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(5): 57–70, 2002
BntNetL and its evaluation on a situation of congestion
Authors: Doi Shigeo , Yamamura Masayuki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAntNet was reported to exhibit an undesirable effect called “Routing Lock.” If a link is congested or down, a node can select another link easily with the ability to cancel the effect quickly. As means of canceling the effect, the decay method and the negative feedback method were proposed. However, the decay method is not effective in balancing the cancellation of the effect with the learning speed of network traffic statistics. Also the negative feedback method requires ants to move on at least one congested link so that it takes a long time to cancel the effect. In this paper, we propose an improvement algorithm, BntNetL, which cancels the effect indirectly by giving ants the ability to update routing tables bidirectionally. BntNetL shows better performance than its competitors in simulations. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(9): 31–41, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.1123
Random code selection for a multibeam adaptive array in a slotted ALOHA radio network
Authors: Ito Kuniaki , Ohgane Takeo , Ogawa Yasutaka 
Published: August 2002

AbstractUsually, in the slotted ALOHA system using a multibeam adaptive array, separate detection of colliding packets is carried out from the shift of PN code due to the difference in arrival time. In this paper, unlike the usual method, a method for separate detection of colliding packets is proposed in which each user randomly selects a PN code among several alternatives. As a result of the evaluation of the throughput by computer simulation, it is found that a high throughput can be obtained without consideration of arrival‐time difference in the proposed method with only code selection as the separation condition, even though packet collision occurs due to identical PN code. Therefore, by restraining the increase of the preamble length, the transmission efficiency can be improved. In the case of 16 codes and 4 elements, the throughput is about 2.2, constituting significant improvement. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(9): 69–77, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.1127
IS simulation for the waiting time of ATM burst cell traffic
Authors: Ueda Takeshi , Nakagawa Kenji 
Published: August 2002

AbstractInvestigations of cell delay characteristics for various kinds of traffic are necessary for the design of buffer sizes in ATM converters. The purpose of this research is to obtain the cell delay characteristics, particularly the cell delay α value, using simulations. However, using the prior method, the Monte Carlo (MC) method, requires considerable design time and imposes limits on the precision of the pseudo‐random numbers. As a result, cell delay characteristics for a very small α cannot be obtained. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to apply Importance Sampling (IS) and obtain cell delay characteristics quickly at a precision below 10−9. In particular, the IS method is applied to the waiting time characteristics in the steady state for Geo/D/1, a queue model for random cell traffic, and to the two‐state MMGP/D/1 queue for burst cell traffic. An approximate optimal simulation distribution is obtained based on large deviation theory. Then an actual IS simulation is performed using the obtained simulation distribution. Compared to the MC simulation, the IS simulation is shown to have superior speed and a higher confidence interval. In addition, the IS estimated values are shown to be more precise compared to theoretical values or approximate values. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 85(11): 97–105, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.1142