bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution of the vertebrate jaw: comparative embryology and molecular developmental biology reveal the factors behind evolutionary novelty
Authors: Kuratani Shigeru 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIt is generally believed that the jaw arose through the simple transformation of an ancestral rostral gill arch. The gnathostome jaw differentiates fromHox‐free crest cells in the mandibular arch, and this is also apparent in the lamprey. The basicHoxcode, including theHox‐free default state in the mandibular arch, may have been present in the common ancestor, and jaw patterning appears to have been secondarily constructed in the gnathostomes. The distribution of the cephalic neural crest cells is similar in the early pharyngula of gnathostomes and lampreys, but different cell subsets form the oral apparatus in each group through epithelial–mesenchymal interactions: and this heterotopy is likely to have been an important evolutionary change that permitted jaw differentiation. This theory implies that the premandibular crest cells differentiate into the upper lip, or the dorsal subdivision of the oral apparatus in the lamprey, whereas the equivalent cell population forms the trabecula of the skull base in gnathostomes. Because the gnathostome oral apparatus is derived exclusively from the mandibular arch, the concepts ‘oral’ and ‘mandibular’ must be dissociated. The ‘lamprey trabecula’ develops from mandibular mesoderm, and is not homologous with the gnathostome trabecula, which develops from premandibular crest cells. Thus the jaw evolved as an evolutionary novelty through tissue rearrangements and topographical changes in tissue interactions.
Gender‐specific distribution of glycosaminoglycans during cartilage mineralization of human thyroid cartilage
Authors: Claassen Horst , Werner Jochen 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe role of glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in the process of cartilage mineralization, especially in the hypertrophic zone of growth plates, is not yet fully understood. Human thyroid cartilage can serve as a model to observe matrix changes associated with cartilage mineralization because the processes follow a distinct route, progress very slowly and show sexual differences. Histochemical staining for low sulphated GAG (chondroitin‐4‐ and ‐6‐sulphates) was decreased in the interterritorial matrix of thyroid cartilage starting at the beginning of the fifth decade, but not in the pericellular or territorial matrix of chondrocytes. Because cartilage mineralization progressed in the interterritorial matrix it seems likely that a decreasing content of chondroitin‐4‐ and ‐6‐sulphates is involved in the mineralization process. This hypothesis is supported by the observation that immunostaining for chondroitin‐4‐ and ‐6‐sulphates was weaker in mineralized cartilage areas than in unmineralized areas, whereas there was no difference in staining for keratan sulphate. In all life decades, female thyroid cartilages contained more chondrocytes with a territorial rim of chondroitin‐4‐ and ‐6‐sulphates probably preventing cartilage mineralization compared with age‐matched male specimens. Taken together, the characteristic distribution pattern of chondroitin‐4‐ and ‐6‐sulphates being more concentrated in female than in male thyroid cartilages provided evidence that these macromolecules decrease in cartilage mineralization.
Cytomorphology of notochordal and chondrocytic cells from the nucleus pulposus: a species comparison
Authors: Hunter Christopher J. , Matyas John R. , Duncan Neil A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe nuclei pulposi of the intervertebral discs (IVDs) contain a mixed population of cell types at various stages of maturation. This tissue is formed either by or with the help of cells from the embryonic notochord, which appear to be replaced during development by a population of chondrocyte‐like cells of uncertain origin. However, this transition occurs at widely varying times, depending upon the species – or even breed – of the animal being examined. There is considerable debate among spine researchers as to whether the presence of these residual notochordal cells has a significant impact upon IVD degeneration models, and thus which models may best represent the human condition. The present study examines several different species commonly used in lumbar spine investigations to explore the variability of notochordal cells in the IVD.
LOCALISATION AND CONCENTRATION OF ORGANIC FARMING IN THE 1990s – THE DANISH CASE
Authors: FREDERIKSEN PIA , LANGER VIBEKE 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACT This paper explores the localisation of organic farms in Denmark for the three years 1994, 1997 and 2001, on a county and parish level. Spatial concentration is found in counties with a high share of milk producers, but also in the counties, which contain the two largest urban centres. General regional specialisation of the agricultural sector in Denmark contributes to the explanation of concentration patterns of organic conversion, but other factors such as a regional favourable policy climate and support also appear to play a role. Major variations in concentration within regions are found, suggesting that local factors play an important role for the explanation of spatial patterns of organic conversion and diffusion.
West Nile virus blood transfusion‐related infection despite nucleic acid testing
Authors: Macedo de Oliveira Alexandre , Beecham Brady D. , Montgomery Susan P. , Lanciotti Robert S. , Linnen Jeffrey M. , Giachetti Cristina , Pietrelli Larry A. , Stramer Susan L. , Safranek Thomas J. 
Published: December 2004

BACKGROUND:  A case of West Nile virus (WNV) encephalitis associated with transfusion of blood that did not react when tested for WNV by minipool (MP) nucleic acid testing (NAT) is described. A Nebraska man developed clinical encephalitis 13 days after surgery and transfusion of 26 blood components. Antibody testing confirmed WNV infection. An investigation was initiated to determine the source of this infection.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  The patient's family members were interviewed to identify risk factors for WNV infection. Residual samples were retested for WNV RNA using transcription‐mediated amplification (TMA) assay and two polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Blood donors’ follow‐up serum samples were collected. All samples were tested for WNV‐specific immunoglobulin M antibodies.RESULTS:  The patient's family denied recent mosquito exposure. The 20 blood components collected after July 2003 did not react when tested for WNV in a six‐member MP‐NAT at the time of donation. Retrospective individual testing identified one sample as WNV‐reactive by the TMA assay and one of the PCR assays. Seroconversion was demonstrated in the donor associated with this sample.CONCLUSION:  WNV RNA detection by individual donation NAT demonstrates viremic blood escaping MP‐NAT and supports transfusion‐related WNV transmission. MP‐NAT may not detect all WNV‐infected blood donors, allowing WNV transmission to continue at low levels. WNV NAT assays might vary in sensitivity and pooling donations could further impact test performance.Understanding MP NAT limitations can improve strategies to maintain safety of the blood supply in the United States.
Recovery and life span of 111indium‐radiolabeled platelets treated with pathogen inactivation with amotosalen HCl (S‐59) and ultraviolet A light
Authors: Snyder Edward , Raife Thomas , Lin Lily , Cimino George , Metzel Peyton , Rheinschmidt Margaret , Baril Laurene , Davis Kathryn , Buchholz D.H. , Corash Laurence , Conlan Maureen G. 
Published: December 2004

BACKGROUND:  A photochemical treatment (PCT) method to inactivate pathogens in platelet concentrates has been developed. The system uses a psoralen, amotosalen HCl, coupled with ultraviolet A (UVA) illumination.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  Three sequential clinical trials evaluated viability of PCT platelets prepared with a prototype device. Posttransfusion recovery and lifespan of 111Indium‐labeled autologous 5 day‐old platelets in healthy subjects was assessed. In the first study, 23 subjects received transfusions of autologous PCT and/or control platelets. In a second study, 16 of these subjects received PCT platelets processed with a Compound Adsorption Device (CAD) (PCT‐CAD) to reduce patient exposure to residual amotosalen. In the third study, the effect of gamma‐irradiation on PCT platelets was studied. Data from control transfusions from Study A were used for paired comparisons in the latter 2 studies.RESULTS:  Mean PCT‐CAD platelet recovery for the 16 subjects with paired data was 42.5 ± 8.7% versus 50.3 ± 7.7% for control platelets, mean difference of 7.8% (p < 0.01). Mean lifespan for PCT‐CAD platelets was 4.8 days (±1.3) versus 6.0 days (±1.2) for control platelets, mean difference of 1.3 days (p < 0.01). Platelet recovery and lifespan were similar to PCT‐CAD for PCT without CAD treatment and PCT‐CAD with gamma‐irradiation.CONCLUSION:  Viability of 5 day‐old PCT platelets was less than for control platelets. However, both were within ranges reported for 5 day‐old platelets.
Initiation of peripheral blood progenitor cell harvest based on peripheral blood hematopoietic progenitor cell counts enumerated by the Sysmex SE9000
Authors: Suh Cheolwon , Kim Shin , Kim Sang‐Hee , Kim Eun‐Kyung , Lee Jae‐Lyun , Park Keon‐Uk , Park Jung Sun , Lee Jungsin , Kim Michael W. , Chi Hyun‐Sook , Park Chan Jeong , Kim Sang We 
Published: December 2004

BACKGROUND:  The most reliable index for timing peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) collection following mobilization is still to be determined. The techniques to enumerate peripheral blood (PB) CD34+ cells are expensive and time‐consuming. The SE9000 (Sysmex) provides an estimate of immature cells, called hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs). The aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate the efficacy of PB HPC levels for timing PBPC harvest.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  Thirty‐five patients (15 non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma and 20 multiple myeloma) were enrolled. PB HPCs and harvested CD34+ cells were counted with the SE9000 and flow cytometry, respectively. Circulating HPCs were monitored daily. PBPC harvest was initiated when HPC levels reached at least 5 per mm3.RESULTS:  HPC levels reached 5 per mm3 or more on Median Day 12 (range, days 9 to 16) of mobilizing chemotherapy. The median number of CD34+ cells collected per patient was 19.40 × 106 per kg (range, 1.94 × 106‐52.55 × 106 per kg). Both successful and optimal harvest was achieved in 97 percent of patients. PBPCs were successfully harvested in 25 patients (71%) in one session. An optimal harvest in a single session was attained in 16 patients (46%).CONCLUSION:  This might be the first prospective study showing the PB HPC level for timing PBPC harvest.
Childhood externalizing and internalizing psychopathology in the prediction of early substance use
Authors: King Serena M. , Iacono William G. , McGue Matt 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTAims  To examine the prospective relationships between childhood externalizing and internalizing disorders and substance use in early adolescence.Design  Longitudinal, community‐based study of twins (aged 11 at intake; aged 14 at follow‐up).Setting and participants  The sample was composed of twins participating in the Minnesota Twin Family Study, an epidemiological sample of twins and their families representative of the state population of Minnesota. A total of 699 twin girls and 665 twin boys participated at both time‐points.Measurements  Twins participated in in‐person, life‐time diagnostic assessments of the following childhood DSM III‐R externalizing and internalizing disorders at age 11: conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, major depressive disorder and in addition, for girls only, overanxious disorder and separation anxiety disorder. At ages 11 and 14, substance use and abuse were assessed.Findings  Externalizing psychopathology predicted having tried alcohol, nicotine and cannabis by age 14 as well as regular and advanced experience with these substances. Internalizing disorders showed weak effects, with only major depression at age 11 showing a significant relationship with substance use at age 14.Conclusion  The results suggest that externalizing psychopathology is a robust prospective predictor of a variety of early onset substance use behaviors and is systematically related to degree of substance use involvement. The results also suggest that depression may predict initiation of licit substance use in early adolescence.
Effects of nicotine dependence on diurnal variations of subjective activation and mood
Authors: Adan Ana , Prat Gemma , Sánchez‐Turet Miquel 
Published: December 2004

ABSTRACTAim  To study the influence of nicotine dependence on diurnal variations of subjective activation and mood in smokers, without restrictions in their usual smoking habits, compared with non‐smokers. We analysed independently the impact of the postlunch phenomenon, a semicircadian rhythm overlapped with diurnal variations.Design and measurements  Every hour, from 0800 to 2100 hours, 60 students, 40 smokers and 20 non‐smokers, responded to questions on eight unipolar visual analogue scales; four referred to subjective activation and four to mood. Based on Fagerström's Test for Nicotine Dependence and on carbon monoxide expired air pre‐ and postsmoking, 20 smokers were classified as high‐dependent and 20 as low‐dependent smokers. At 0800 hours, smokers were in a state of nicotine deprivation. Circadian typology, sleep habits and other psychoactive substances consumption were controlled.Findings  Subjective activation and mood of smokers improved after they smoked their first morning cigarette, and this effect was greater for high‐dependent subjects. Mood scores were lower in high‐dependent smokers throughout the day, intermediate in low‐dependent smokers and greater in non‐smokers. Smokers showed a delay in the diurnal maximum of subjective activation of 2 hours for low‐dependent and 3 hours for high‐dependent smokers. Moreover, high‐dependent smokers showed a lower amplitude of diurnal function of subjective activation. We observed a greater postlunch interference in smokers, with a larger decrease of subjective feelings in low‐dependent smokers.Conclusions  Our data confirm that differences exist in the circadian rhythmicity between non‐smokers and smokers, and that the level of nicotine dependence in smokers is a relevant factor for the interpretation of the diurnal variations. The profiles obtained in smokers are consistent with models of nicotine deprivation‐reversal and with the hedonic homeostatic dysregulation nicotine addiction hypothesis.
Esomeprazole 40 mg i.v. provides faster and more effective intragastric acid control than pantoprazole 40 mg i.v.: results of a randomized study
Authors: Wilder‐Smith C. H. , Röhss K. , Bondarov P. , Hallerbäck B. , Svedberg L.‐E. , Ahlbom H. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryBackground : Oral esomeprazole 40 mg provides greater acid control than oral pantoprazole 40 mg.Aim : To compare the effects on intragastric acid control of esomeprazole 40 mg administered intravenously with pantoprazole 40 mg intravenously.Methods : Healthy Helicobacter pylori‐negative male and female subjects were enrolled into this single‐centre, open, randomized, two‐way crossover study. Esomeprazole 40 mg intravenously and pantoprazole 40 mg intravenously were administered as 15‐min infusions once daily at 09:00 hours for 5 days. Continuous 24‐h intragastric pH monitoring was carried out at baseline and on days 1 and 5.Results : pH‐data were available for all 25 subjects who completed the study. Esomeprazole 40 mg intravenously resulted in 8.3 and 13.9 h with an intragastric pH > 4 on days 1 and 5 compared with 5.3 and 9.0 h, respectively for pantoprazole 40 mg intravenously (day 1: P < 0.001, day 5: P < 0.0001). During the first 4 h of dosing on day 1 corresponding values were 1.7 and 0.6 h respectively (P < 0.0001). A mean median pH above 4 on day 5 was only attained with esomeprazole 40 mg intravenously.Conclusions : Once‐daily dosing with esomeprazole 40 mg intravenously provides faster and more pronounced intragastric acid control than pantoprazole 40 mg intravenously.
Alteration of the food web along the Antarctic Peninsula in response to a regional warming trend
Authors: Moline Mark A. , Claustre Hervé , Frazer Thomas K. , Schofield Oscar , Vernet Maria 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn the nearshore coastal waters along the Antarctic Peninsula, a recurrent shift in phytoplankton community structure, from diatoms to cryptophytes, has been documented. The shift was observed in consecutive years (1991–1996) during the austral summer and was correlated in time and space with glacial melt‐water runoff and reduced surface water salinities. Elevated temperatures along the Peninsula will increase the extent of coastal melt‐water zones and the seasonal prevalence of cryptophytes. This is significant because a change from diatoms to cryptophytes represents a marked shift in the size distribution of the phytoplankton community, which will, in turn, impact the zooplankton assemblage. Cryptophytes, because of their small size, are not grazed efficiently by Antarctic krill, a keystone species in the food web. An increase in the abundance and relative proportion of cryptophytes in coastal waters along the Peninsula will likely cause a shift in the spatial distribution of krill and may allow also for the rapid asexual proliferation of carbon poor gelatinous zooplankton, salps in particular. This scenario may account for the reported increase in the frequency of occurrence and abundance of large swarms of salps within the region. Salps are not a preferred food source for organisms that occupy higher trophic levels in the food web, specifically penguins and seals, and thus negative feedbacks to the ecology of these consumers can be anticipated as a consequence of shifts in phytoplankton community composition.
Patterns and uncertainties of species' range shifts under climate change
Authors: Thuiller Wilfried 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAlthough bioclimatic modelling is often used to estimate potential impacts of likely climate changes, little has been done to assess the reliability and variability of projections. Here, using four niche‐based models, two methods to derive probability values from models into presence–absence data and five climate change scenarios, I project the future potential habitats of 1350 European plant species for 2050. All 40 different projections of species turnover across Europe suggested high potential species turnover (up to 70%) in response to climate change. However variability in the potential distributional changes of species across climate scenarios was obscured by a strong variability in projections arising from alternative, yet equally justifiable, niche‐based models. Therefore, projections of future species distributions and derived community descriptors cannot be reliably discussed unless model uncertainty is quantified explicitly. I propose and test an alternative way to account for modelling variability when deriving estimates of species turnover (with and without dispersal) according to a range of climate change scenarios representing various socio‐economic futures.
Forest and agricultural land‐use‐dependent CO2 exchange in Thuringia, Germany
Authors: Anthoni P. M. , Knohl A. , Rebmann C. , Freibauer A. , Mund M. , Ziegler W. , Kolle O. , Schulze E.‐D. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractEddy covariance was used to measure the net CO2 exchange (NEE) over ecosystems differing in land use (forest and agriculture) in Thuringia, Germany. Measurements were carried out at a managed, even‐aged European beech stand (Fagus sylvatica, 70–150 years old), an unmanaged, uneven‐aged mixed beech stand in a late stage of development (F. sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior, Acer pseudoplantanus, and other hardwood trees, 0–250 years old), a managed young Norway spruce stand (Picea abies, 50 years old), and an agricultural field growing winter wheat in 2001, and potato in 2002. Large contrasts were found in NEE rates between the land uses of the ecosystems. The managed and unmanaged beech sites had very similar net CO2 uptake rates (∼−480 to −500 g C m−2 yr−1). Main differences in seasonal NEE patterns between the beech sites were because of a later leaf emergence and higher maximum leaf area index at the unmanaged beech site, probably as a result of the species mix at the site. In contrast, the spruce stand had a higher CO2 uptake in spring but substantially lower net CO2 uptake in summer than the beech stands. This resulted in a near neutral annual NEE (−4 g C m−2 yr−1), mainly attributable to an ecosystem respiration rate almost twice as high as that of the beech stands, despite slightly lower temperatures, because of the higher elevation. Crops in the agricultural field had high CO2 uptake rates, but growing season length was short compared with the forest ecosystems. Therefore, the agricultural land had low‐to‐moderate annual net CO2 uptake (−34 to −193 g C m−2), but with annual harvest taken into account it will be a source of CO2 (+97 to +386 g C m−2). The annually changing patchwork of crops will have strong consequences on the regions' seasonal and annual carbon exchange. Thus, not only land use, but also land‐use history and site‐specific management decisions affect the large‐scale carbon balance.
Carbon isotope discrimination indicates improving water‐use efficiency of trees in northern Eurasia over the last 100 years
Authors: Saurer Matthias , Siegwolf Rolf T. W. , Schweingruber Fritz H. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe investigated the response of conifer trees in northern Eurasia to climate change and increasing CO2 over the last century by measuring the carbon isotope ratio in tree rings. Samples from Larix, Pinus and Picea trees growing at 26 high‐latitude sites (59–71°N) from Norway to Eastern Siberia were analysed. When comparing the periods 1861–1890 and 1961–1990, the isotope discrimination and the ratio of the intercellular to ambient CO2 concentration (ci/ca) remained constant for trees growing in mild oceanic climate and under extremely cold and dry continental conditions. This shows a strong coordination of gas‐exchange processes, consisting in a biochemical acclimation and a reduction of the stomatal conductance. The correlation for ci/ca between the two investigated periods was particularly strong for Larix (r2=0.90) and Pinus (r2=0.94), but less pronounced for Picea (r2=0.47). Constant ci/ca under increasing CO2 in the atmosphere resulted in improved intrinsic water‐use efficiency (Wi), the amount of water loss at the leaf level per unit carbon gain. We found that 125 out of 126 trees showed increasing Wi from 1861 to 1890 to 1961 to 1990, with an average improvement of 19.2±0.9% (mean±SE). The adaptation in gas exchange and reduced transpiration of trees growing in this region must have had a strong impact on the water and energy budget, resulting in a drier and warmer surface air layer today than would exist without this vegetation–climate feedback.