bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardiogenic Fields and Heart Tube Formation
Authors: Kirby Margaret Loewy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All vertebrates go through a type of development in which a primary PLEURIPOTENTIAL FIELD of cells is established that is subdivided into organ fields as development proceeds. Heart development is initiated when bilateral CARDIOGENIC FIELDS are established in the mesodermal GERM LAYER. These cardiogenic fields become spatially and molecularly subdivided into chamber-forming regions or fields. The mode in which the bilateral fields are brought together and fuse, as well as how the chamber forming regions are established, contribute to the complexity in understanding heart tube formation. The cardiogenic fields provide the myocardium and some of the endocardium used to build the heart tube. This chapter focuses on the myocardium, although formation of the heart tube necessitates formation of an endocardial tube, and these steps are covered briefly at the end of the chapter. The endocardium as a separate entity is covered in Chapter 9. An initial heart tube forms and begins to beat to initiate circulation even though more myocardium and endocardium are added to the INFLOW AND OUTFLOW (VENOUS AND ARTERIAL, RESPECTIVELY) POLES to lengthen the tube. The final myocardium is added to the arterial and venous poles from part(s) of the cardiogenic field that does not differentiate as myocardium with the rest of the cardiogenic mesoderm to form the initial heart tube. The cells in this subdivision of the cardiogenic fields are set aside during formation of the initial myocardial heart tube and are added later to lengthen the tube.
Epicardium and Coronary Vessel Development
Authors: Kirby Margaret Loewy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During its early existence the wall of the tubular heart is composed of only two cellular layers, the myocardium and endocardium. These cellular layers are separated by an acellular cardiac jelly. The third cellular layer, the epicardium, develops mostly from an extracardiac population of cells called the proepicardium. The proepicardium spreads over the myocardial surface during looping, which is well after the heart begins to function. The proepicardium originates from the splanchnic mesoderm caudal to the attachment of the sinus venosus. Protrusions of cells form near the sinus venosus. The protrusions elongate to form fingerlike processes that touch the dorsal wall of the ventricle. From this initial contact the proepicardium invests all of the myocardium of the atria, atrioventricular canal, and ventricles in a single layer of epithelial cells called the epicardium. A completely separate source of cells derived from the splanchnic mesoderm of the ventral pharynx near the attachment of the outflow pole forms the epicardium of the outflow tract. The epicardium covering the atrioventricular canal and ventricles generates an extensive population of cells by epithelial–mesenchymal transformation. These cells form the coronary vasculature (endothelium and smooth muscle), blood progenitors, and fibroblasts (connective and cushion tissue). Under certain in vitro conditions, epicardially derived cells can be forced to adopt a myocardial cell lineage suggesting that these cells represent a type of multipotent stem cells.
The Debate Over Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: May Steve , Cheney George , Roper Juliet 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Should business strive to be socially responsible, and if so, how? The Debate over Corporate Social Responsibility updates and broadens the discussion of these questions by bringing together in one volume a variety of practical and theoretical perspectives on corporate social responsibility. It is perhaps the single most comprehensive volume available on the question of just how "social" business ought to be. The volume includes contributions from the fields of communication, business, law, sociology, political science, economics, accounting, and environmental studies. Moreover, it draws from experiences and examples from around the world, including but not limited to recent corporate scandals and controversies in the U.S. and Europe. A number of the chapters examine closely the basic assumptions underlying the philosophy of socially responsible business. Other chapters speak to the practical challenges and possibilities for corporate social responsiblilty in the twenty-first century. One of the most distinctive features of the book is its coverage of the very ways that the issue of corporate social responsibility has been defined, shaped, and discussed in the past four decades. That is, the editors and many of the authors are attuned to the persuasive strategies and formulations used to talk about socially responsible business, and demonstrate why the talk matters. For example, the book offers a careful analysis of how certain values have become associated with the business enterprise and how particular economic and political positions have been established by and for business. This book will be of great interest to scholars, business leaders, graduate students, and others interested in the contours of the debate over what role large-scale corporate commerce should take in the future of the industrialized world.
Regulation
Authors: Llewellyn John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As this chapter is being written, the world is coming to grips with a natural disaster of monumental proportions—an undersea earthquake and the tsunamis it spawned. The death toll is 283,000. The initial aid commitment from the U.S. government was $35 million; it was characterized as “stingy$3x201D; by an official of the United Nations. Then came the announcement by President George W. Bush of an increased U.S. commitment of $350 million and his angry response to the earlier criticism (Sanger and Hoge, 2005).
Nontraditional Careers for Chemists: New Formulas in Chemistry
Authors: Batstone William W , Damon Cynthia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Chemistry background prepares you for much more than just a laboratory career. The broad science education, analytical thinking, research methods, and other skills learned are of value to a wide variety of types of employers, and essential for a plethora of types of positions. Those who are interested in chemistry tend to have some similar personality traits and characteristics. By understanding your own personal values and interests, you can make informed decisions about what career paths to explore, and identify positions that match your needs. By expanding your options for not only what you will do, but also the environment in which you will do it, you can vastly increase the available employment opportunities, and increase the likelihood of finding enjoyable and lucrative employment. Each chapter in this book provides background information on a nontraditional field, including typical tasks, education or training requirements, and personal characteristics that make for a successful career in that field. Each chapter also contains detailed profiles of several chemists working in that field. The reader gets a true sense of what these people do on a daily basis, what in their background prepared them to move into this field, and what skills, personality, and knowledge are required to make a success of a career in this new field. Advice for people interested in moving into the field, and predictions for the future of that career, are also included from each person profiled. Career fields profiled include communication, chemical information, patents, sales and marketing, business development, regulatory affairs, public policy, safety, human resources, computers, and sever others. Taken together, the career descriptions and real case histories provide a complete picture of each nontraditional career path, as well as valuable advice about how career transitions can be planned and successfully achieved by any chemist.
Flipping markets in vice to markets in virtue
Authors: Braithwaite John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Competition policy has been a good thing for the wealth of the world. Yet we have seen it has its downside. Just as competition can deliver improvements in things we regard as virtuous, competition in vice is also a reality. The very idea of a corporate tax department being a profit centre is that it is a department that competitively pursues goods (sometimes non-virtuously), rather than one that controls bads (costs, non-compliance). Enron’s tax department was so much a profit centre that it was set annual revenue targets (Johnston, 2003: 297). Referring to the profits that can be made by trading losses, one of my informants joked that when large corporates are finding the Tax Department the biggest profit centre in the company you know the economy is in recession. Ed Kleinbard (1999) may be right that the growth in corporate tax shelter activity is an integral part of competition for efficiency in corporate management - corporate tax liabilities are treated, along with other business liabilities, as costs that respond to aggressive management techniques to turn them into benefits.
Terror in the Balance
Authors: Posner Eric A , vermeule Adrian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Terror in the Balance, Posner and Vermeule take on civil libertarians of both the left and the right, arguing that the government should be given wide latitude to adjust policy and liberties in the times of emergency. They emphasize the virtues of unilateral executive actions and argue for making extensive powers available to the executive as warranted. The judiciary should neither second-guess security policy nor interfere on constitutional grounds. In order to protect citizens, government can and should use any legal instrument that is warranted under ordinary cost-benefit analysis. The value gained from the increase in security will exceed the losses from the decrease in liberty. At a time when the ‘struggle against violent extremism’ dominates the United States’ agenda, this important and controversial work will spark discussion in the classroom and intellectual press alike.
Fair Trade For All
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E , Charlton Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics and author of the New York Times bestselling book Globalization and Its Discontents, Joseph E. Stiglitz here joins with fellow economist Andrew Charlton to offer a challenging and controversial argument about how globalization can actually help Third World countries to develop and prosper. In Fair Trade For All, Stiglitz and Charlton address one of the key issues facing world leaders today--how can the poorer countries of the world be helped to help themselves through freer, fairer trade? To answer this question, the authors put forward a radical and realistic new model for managing trading relationships between the richest and the poorest countries. Their approach is designed to open up markets in the interests of all nations and not just the most powerful economies, to ensure that trade promotes development, and to minimize the costs of adjustments. The book illuminates the reforms and principles upon which a successful settlement must be based. Vividly written, highly topical, and packed with insightful analyses, Fair Trade For All offers a radical new solution to the problems of world trade. It is a must read for anyone interested in globalization and development in the Third World.
Comprehensive Review of Headache Medicine
Authors: Baskin Steven M , Bigal Marcelo E , Lipton Richard B , Markley Herbert G , McGeeney Brian E , Newman Lawrence C , Rapoport Alan M , Rapoport Mark J , Shapiro Robert E , Sheftell Fred D , Tepper Stewart J , Ward Thomas N , Weeks Randall E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A broad review of headache pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment, this book is divded into four parts. Part 1 covers head pain physiology and anatomy, headache epidemiology, and current concepts regarding headache pathophysiology. Part 2 is devoted to diagnosis of the primary headache disorders. Part 3 covers the diagnosis of secondary headaches. Part 4 is concerned with treatment of primary headaches including special considerations such as paediatric treatment, surgical treatment and inpatient treatment.
The National Security Court System
Authors: Sulmasy Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The recent Boumediene v. Bush decision, which tossed aside the dysfunctional military court system envisioned by the Bush administration and upheld the right of habeas corpus for detainees, promises to throw national security law into chaos, and will also probably lead to the closing of Guantanamo. In this timely and much-needed book, Glenn Sulmasy, one of America’s leading experts on national security law, opens with a much-needed history of America’s long and complicated experience with such courts since the early days of the Republic. After tracing their evolution in the contemporary era, Sulmasy argues for a more sensible approach to the global war on terror’s unique set of prisoners. He proposes a reasonable “third way” solution that avoids even more extreme measures, on the one hand, and a complete shuttering of the court system, on the other. Instead, he advocates creating a separate standing judicial system, overseen by civilian judges, that allows for habeas corpus appeals and which focuses exclusively on existing war-on-terror cases as well as the inevitable cases to come. For all those who want to explore the crucial legal issues behind the headlines about Gitmo and the rights of detainees, The National Security Court System offers a clear-headed assessment of where we are and where we ought to be going.
Pro Bono, The Public Good, And The Legal Profession: An Introduction
Authors: Granfield Robert , Mather Lynn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lawyers at the New York law firm of Arnold & Porter in 2004 represented the State of Israel and the World Jewish Restitution Organization in federal court to allocate a $1.2 billion settlement fund established to compensate heirs of Nazi victims whose assets were hidden by Swiss banks. Elsewhere, lawyers from Goodwin Procter filed a lawsuit on behalf of a class of homeless children to overcome hurdles to uninterrupted educational access. A team of 42 litigators and professional staff from Goodwin Procter participated in more than 30 separate depositions, resulting in sweeping changes in the policy for educating homeless children in Suffolk County and the rest of New York State. Attorneys at another law firm, Hunton & Williams, have served as counsel for asylum-seekers from Tibet and two African countries.
Lawyers’ Pro Bono Service And Market-Reliant Legal Aid
Authors: Sandefur Rebecca L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the United States, many services that facilitate people’s participation in our common life are provided through markets or, for those who cannot afford market rates, through a combination of public and private sources of labor and of public and charitable funding—so many that this model of provision might be termed “American-style.” For example, transitional housing for people moving out of homelessness and into stable housing is provided in this way (Barrow & Zimmer 1999), as is the distribution of surplus food to hungry people (Barrett 2002), as is temporary accommodation and counseling for women seeking safety from battering partners (Roberts & White 2007; see generally Abel in this volume; Katz 1996:283–334, 2001; Marwell 2004). Among many other services provided in this way are subsidized civil legal services, or civil legal assistance.
The Institutionalization Of Pro Bono In Large Law Firms: Trends and Variation Across the AmLaw 200
Authors: Boutcher Steven A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past decade, the practice and organization of pro bono publico has undergone dramatic changes within the American legal profession. The formalization of pro bono has been one of the major projects of the professional bar in recent years. Recent scholarship has illustrated the varied ways that pro bono has rapidly and profoundly changed in form over the past decade (Cummings 2004). Historically, the delivery of pro bono was idiosyncratic; however, pro bono is now a systematic enterprise throughout the legal profession. As Cummings (2004:4) notes, “Whereas pro bono had traditionally been provided informally—frequently by solo and small-firm practitioners who conferred free services as a matter of individual largesse—by the end of the 1990s pro bono was regimented and organized, distributed through a network of structures designed to facilitate the mass provision of free services by law firm volunteers acting out of professional duty.”
Ubiquitous but Invisible: The Presence of Women Singers within a Basque Male Tradition
Authors: Larranaga Carmen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most celebrated traditions in the Basque Country is bertsolaritza. This is a tradition that consists of singing in an improvised way, preferably in open spaces such as market-places and squares, but also in theatres, cider bars, and taverns. The understanding of bertsolaritza as a male-dominated public event has led people to believe that this tradition only involves men. As a result a very significant dimension of activity that relates bertsolaritza to women has been ignored. Although outdoor gatherings are thought to be this tradition’s ‘genuine’ and only location, which encourages an almost automatic association with men, the truth is somewhat more complex. No matter how masculine, and how ‘naturally’ it is believed to relate to the public world of performance, the whole process of learning and mastering this tradition is linked to domestic life, and, as will shortly become apparent, to women. Little if any effort has been made to explain the absence of women from public bertsolaritza. But this absence is not as conclusive as appears at first sight, even though in the public history of this oral tradition their traces have almost faded into oblivion.
Trade Unions in the Labour Movement 1934-1939
Authors: Clegg Hugh Armstrong 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Trades Union Congress met annually in the first full week of September to discuss the report of its General Council, to debate resolutions submitted by its 200-odd affiliated unions or by the Council, and to choose the members of the Council for the following twelve months. For this purpose the unions were divided into seventeen groups, to each of which was allotted one, two, or three seats on the Council, roughly according to the membership covered by the group. Every union within a group was entitled to nominate candidates for the allotted seats. There was also an eighteenth group for women, with two seats on the Council, to which all unions with women members were entitled to nominate candidates-making thirty-two seats in all. Election to the Council, however, was by the vote of Congress as a whole. Each affiliated union was entitled to send one delegate to Congress ‘for every 5,000 members or fraction thereof. Not all of them filled their quotas, but that did not diminish their voting strength, since voting was by cards, issued to each union ‘on the basis of one vote for every 1,000 members or fractional part thereof represented’.
Medicine and the Renaissance
Authors: Park Katharine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
LIKE Giovanni Boccaccio’s Decameron, the Renaissance period was overshad owed by plague. The Decameron begins with a vivid description of the Black Death, which had attacked the city of Florence four years earlier, in 1348. ‘It started in the East,’ Boccaccio wrote,
Plague dominated the experience of Europeans from 1348 until well into the seventeenth century, returning repeatedly in a series of epidemics of vary ing severity. Its demographic consequences were devastating; between a third and a half of all Europeans died in the Black Death of 1348-53, and the popu lation continued to drop catastrophically through the later fifteenth century, when the plague began gradually and intermittently to loosen its grip. In the 1490s, however, plague was joined by another frightening ‘new’ illness, in the form of syphilis, often known as morbusgallicus(French pox). Although syphilis never rivalled plague as a threat to collective health, its chronic character and the virulent and disfiguring form it took in its early years made it a special object of horror.
Vicissitudes of a World Power 1500–1700
Authors: Kamen Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All other empires began through violence and force of arms,’ a Spanish commentator noted in 1597, ‘only that of Spain began through just means, since the greater part came together through succession.’ The claim was by no means exaggerated. The combination of territories that came to form the vast Spanish ‘empire’ could not have been put together by systematic conquest, for the territories of the peninsula did not have the manpower or arms adequate to the purpose. The union of the crowns of Castile and Aragon in the persons of Ferdinand and Isabella began the chain of hereditary links that brought Spain’s empire into existence.
The ‘Quad’: Dynamics Of Institutional Change
Authors: Haftendorn Helga 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few institutions in international affairs have started with an explicit concern that they not be formally institutionalized. When the ‘Interallied Working Group on Questions Relating to the So-called GDR, Berlin and the Transit Routes’ first met on 14 December 1955, at the suggestion of the United States, no one in the six-year-old Federal Republic of Germany wanted any hint of a prolongation of the occupation regime which had ended only a few months before. The three western powers (France, Britain, and the United States) wished to consult with Bonn about technical issues concerning Berlin and intra-German relations, and they wished to do so on a very low administrative level whenever the latter’s cooperation was necessary.
Anaphora, Discourse, and Understanding
Authors: Cornish Francis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This was a different man, said Mr Welbecker. "Listen! This man was called Hamlet and his uncle had killed his father because he wanted to marry his mother." "What did he want to marry his mother for?" said William. "I've never heard of anyone wanting to marry their mother."* In almost any conversation the meaning of what is said depends on the listener seeing how some words refer to what has already been said, and that others must be related to the characteristics of time, place, or person of the situation around which the conversation revolves. These modes of reference, anaphora and deixis respectively, involve surprisingly complicated cognitive and syntactic processes, which people (normally) perform easily and unerringly. But they present formidable problems for the linguist and cognitive scientist trying to explain precisely how comprehension is achieved. Anaphora and deixis are thus a central research focus in syntactic theory, while understanding and modelling their operation in discourse are important targets in computational linguistics and cognitive science. In this ambitious work, Francis Cornish sets out an original theory of anaphora and deixis, and proposes a new and elegant theoretical model to represent the transfer of meaning in discourse. Dr Cornish considers anaphoric reference in discourse from both psychological and linguistic perspectives. He argues that anaphora and deixis are essentially parts of integrative discourse procedures that facilitate the linking of representations held in working memory. He brings together work by linguists, formal semanticists, psychologists, and researchers in artificial intelligence, as well as drawing on his own extensive experimental work on a variety of corpora of different genres in French and English. Anaphora, Discourse, and Understanding will interest researchers and advanced students in a variety of fields within and outside linguistics, including cognitive science, artificial intelligence, syntactic theory, formal semantics, and the analysis of discourse. [* from William - The Pirate by Richmal Crompton, London, Macmillan, 1932]