bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Importance of Nonlinear Cross-Shelf Momentum Flux during Wind-Driven Coastal Upwelling*
Authors: Lentz Steven J. , Chapman David C. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
A simple theory is proposed for steady, two-dimensional, wind-driven coastal upwelling that relates the dynamics and the structure of the cross-shelf circulation to the stratification, bathymetry, and wind stress. The new element is an estimate of the nonlinear cross-shelf momentum flux divergence due to the wind-driven cross-shelf circulation acting on the vertically sheared geostrophic alongshelf flow. The theory predicts that the magnitude of the cross-shelf momentum flux divergence relative to the wind stress depends on the Burger number S = αN/f, where α is the bottom slope, N is the buoyancy frequency, and f is the Coriolis parameter. For S ≪ 1 (weak stratification), the cross-shelf momentum flux divergence is small, the bottom stress balances the wind stress, and the onshore return flow is primarily in the bottom boundary layer. For S ≈ 1 or larger (strong stratification), the cross-shelf momentum flux divergence balances the wind stress, the bottom stress is small, and the onshore return flow is in the interior. Estimates of the cross-shelf momentum flux divergence using moored observations from four coastal upwelling regions (0.2 ≤ S ≤ 1.5) are substantial relative to the wind stress when S ≈ 1 and exhibit a dependence on S that is consistent with the theory. Two-dimensional numerical model results indicate that the cross-shelf momentum flux divergence can be substantial for the time-dependent response and that the onshore return flow shifts from the bottom boundary layer for small S to just below the surface boundary layer for S ≈ 1.5–2.
Coastline Direction, Interannual Flow, and the Strong El Niño Currents along Australia's Nearly Zonal Southern Coast
Authors: Li Jianke , Clarke Allan J. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The western equatorial Pacific Ocean El Niño signal leaks through the gappy western equatorial Pacific Ocean boundary to the western and southern coasts of Australia. Ocean Topography Experiment (TOPEX)/Poseidon sea level data and coastal tide gauge measurements show that off the northwest coast the low-frequency signal propagates westward as large-scale Rossby waves. However, along the nearly zonal southern coast, particle displacements are nearly zonal near the coast and experience no planetary vorticity change. As a consequence, the Rossby wave mechanism fails, and theory suggests that the signal should decay from the shelf edge with baroclinic Rossby radius-of-deformation scale. High-resolution along-track TOPEX/Poseidon sea level heights show that the interannual height signal does decay rapidly seaward of the shelf edge with this scale. The sharp fall in sea level and geostrophic balance imply strong (∼10 cm s−1) low-frequency currents seaward of the shelf edge. On the shelf, interannual flow is in the same direction as the shelf-edge flow but is much weaker. The anomalous flows tend to be eastward during La Niña, when the western equatorial Pacific and Australian coastal sea levels are unusually high, and westward during El Niño when coastal sea levels tend to be anomalously low. The anomalous low-frequency flows can transport larvae large distances, enhancing the recruitment of Australian salmon to nursery grounds in the eastern part of the southern coast when the coastal sea level is higher than normal and decreasing recruitment when it is lower than normal.
Immunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotides induce apoptosis of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells
Authors: Jahrsdörfer Bernd , Wooldridge James E , Blackwell Sue E , Taylor Christiana M , Griffith Thomas S , Link Brian K , Weiner George J 
Published: December 2004

AbstractImmunostimulatory oligodeoxynucleotides (IS ODN) can mediate a number of immunologic effects. We previously demonstrated that treatment of B cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells with one class of IS ODN, CpG ODN, alters their phenotype and increases their immunogenicity. Here, we demonstrate that in contrast to the classic understanding of CpG ODN as inhibitors of B cell apoptosis, IS ODN including CpG ODN induce apoptosis in B-CLL cells. It is important that these changes are seen not only with CpG ODN but with ODN that lack the classical CpG motif. B-CLL cells from 20 subjects were treated in vitro with IS ODN for up to 7 days. IS ODN treatment resulted in increased numbers of apoptotic cells in 13 out of 20 B-CLL samples. IS ODN enhanced apoptosis in samples with 13q deletion as a single aberration and had a heterogeneous effect on apoptosis in samples with other aberrations including 17p deletion, 11q deletion, or trisomy 12. Induction of apoptosis did not correlate with expression of the CpG ODN receptor Toll-like receptor 9. Apoptosis was dependent on the activation of caspases and was accompanied by up-regulation of CD95/Fas and its ligand. We conclude that IS ODN including CpG ODN can induce apoptosis of most B-CLL samples. The ability of IS ODN to induce apoptosis differs based on cytogenetic status. Up-regulation of CD95/Fas may play a role in IS ODN-induced apoptosis of B-CLL.
Neutrophils and keratinocytes in innate immunity—cooperative actions to provide antimicrobial defense at the right time and place
Authors: Borregaard Niels , Theilgaard-Mönch Kim , Cowland Jack B , Ståhle Mona , Sørensen Ole E 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe human neutrophil is a professional phagocyte of fundamental importance for defense against microorganisms, as witnessed by the life-threatening infections occurring in patients with neutropenia or with defects that result in decreased microbicidal activity of the neutrophil [1, 2]. Likewise, the skin and mucosal surfaces provide important barriers against infections. Traditionally, these major defense systems, the epithelial cells and the neutrophils, have been viewed as limited in their armory: The epithelial cells provide defense by constituting a physical barrier, and the neutrophils provide instant delivery of preformed antimicrobial substances or on-the-spot assembly of the multicomponent reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase from stored components for the generation of reactive oxygen metabolites. Recent research has shown that epithelial cells are highly dynamic and able to generate antimicrobial peptides in response not only to microbial infection itself [3–6] but more importantly, to the growth factors that are called into play when the physical barrier is broken, and the risk of microbial infection is imminent [7]. Likewise, the neutrophil changes its profile of actively transcribed genes when it diapedeses into wounded skin [8]. This results in generation of signaling molecules, some of which support the growth and antimicrobial potential of keratinocytes and epithelial cells. This paper will highlight some recent advances in this field.
Mechanisms of action of peptide inhibitors of mammalian ribonucleotide reductase targeting quaternary structure
Authors: Gao Ying , Kashlan Ossama B. , Kaur Jaskiran , Tan Chiheng , Cooperman Barry S. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMammalian ribonucleotide reductase (mRR) is a chemotherapeutic target. The enzyme is composed of 2 subunits (mR1 and mR2) and is inhibited by Ac‐FTLDADF (denoted P7), corresponding to the C‐terminus of mR2, which competes with mR2 for binding to mR1. mRR has 2 physiologically important active forms, mR12mR22 and mR16(mR22)j (j = 1–3). Here we report on the mechanism of action of recently identified peptide derivatives having higher activities than P7 toward inhibition of one or both active forms. A significant feature of both P7 and these new inhibitors is that they are more potent vs. mR12mR22 than mR16(mR22)j. For some of these peptides, this is due in part to their preferential binding to the mR1 monomer. The possible application of these peptide derivatives in cancer chemotherapy is discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci), 2005
Newly developed basis sets for density functional calculations
Authors: Chiodo S. , Russo N. , Sicilia E. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractOptimized contracted Gaussian basis sets of double‐zeta valence polarized (DZVP) quality for first‐row transition metals are presented. The DZVP functions were optimized using the PWP86 generalized gradient approximation (GGA) functional and the B3LYP hybrid functional. For a careful analysis of the basis sets performance the transition metal atoms and cations excitation energies were calculated and compared with the experimental ones. The calculated values were also compared with those obtained using the previously available DZVP basis sets developed at the local‐density functional level. Because the new basis sets work better than the previous ones, possible reasons of this behavior are analyzed. The newly developed basis sets also provide a good estimation of other atomic properties such as ionization energies. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 26: 175–183, 2005
Urea: An ab initio and force field study of the gas and solid phases
Authors: Sun H. , Kung P. W.‐C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWe have studied the gaseous and solid phases of urea using both quantum mechanics calculation and force field simulation methods. Our ab initio calculations confirmed experimental observations that urea structure is planar in the crystal, but nonplanar in the gas phase. Based on electron structure analysis, we suggest that the significant difference between these two structures in different environments can be qualitatively explained by two resonance structures. The planar structure is more polarized than the nonplanar one, and the former is stabilized in the solid phases due to strong electrostatic interactions. We found classical force field method is incapable to represent such strong polarization effect. Using molecular dynamics simulations with a force field optimized for condensed phases, we calculated the crystalline structures of urea in the temperature range of 12 to 293 K. The densities as well as cell parameters are within 2% deviation from the experimental data in the temperature range. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 26: 169–174, 2005
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry of organic–inorganic materials: identification and gas‐phase reactivity of functionalized octahedral rhenium(III) clusters
Authors: Rondeau David , Perruchas Sandrine , Avarvari Narcis , Batail Patrick , Vékey Karoly 
Published: December 2004

AbstractElectrospray ionization mass spectrometry was used for the analysis of functionalized rhenium clusters such as [Re6Se8(o‐Me2TTFPPh2)6]2+ (1), {Re6Se8[(o‐Me2TTF)2PPh]6}2+ (2) and [Re6Se8(MePPh2)6]2+ (3). The high‐resolution mass spectra of the intact clusters, performed in dichloromethane, confirm the identification of the compounds by comparison with the theoretical isotopic distributions. Low‐resolution full‐scan mass spectra recorded at increasing desolvation cone voltage values allow the study of the intrinsic reactivity of ionic species. The survival yield curves illustrating the bimolecular reactivity of 1 and 2 suggest that a bisdimethyltetrathiafulvalene(phenyl)phosphine ligand increases the stability of the functionalized ML62+ cluster 2. In the case of the 3, instead of loss of a neutral ligand, ligand exchange is observed either with traces of water present in dichloromethane or with acetonitrile used as solvent. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometric analysis of chemical reactions of dissolution of selenium in strongly basic amines
Authors: Arakawa Ryuichi , Sasao Ai , Sonoda Noboru 
Published: December 2004

AbstractWhen elemental selenium was added to a strongly basic amine, 1,8‐diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU) or 1,5‐diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non‐5‐ene (DBN), the selenium started to dissolve and the solution turned dark brown. We investigated the chemical reaction of this selenium dissolution process by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS). The study reveals for the first time that cleavage of SeSe bonds by the amine initiates the reaction to form molecular Se2, which then abstracts hydrogen from the amine molecule. ESI‐MS with the use of a nanospray technique was shown to be a useful tool for studying the dissolution of elements in strongly basic or acidic solvents. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Poly(propylene terephthalate) Modified with 2,2‐Bis[4‐(ethylenoxy)‐1,4‐phenylene]propane terephthalate) Units: Thermal Behaviour, Crystallisation Kinetics and Morphology
Authors: Berti Corrado , Colonna Martino , Finelli Lara , Lorenzetti Cesare , Lotti Nadia , Vannini Micaela 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSummary: The thermal behaviour of poly(propylene terephthalate) modified with 2,2‐bis[4‐(ethylenoxy)‐1,4‐phenylene]propane terephthalate) units (PPT/BHEEBT copolymers) was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and hot‐stage optical microscopy (MO). Good thermal stability was found for each sample. The thermal analysis carried out using the DSC technique showed that the Tm of the copolymers decreased with the increment in BHEEBT unit content. This was different from the Tg which, on the contrary, increased. Wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction measurements allowed the identification of the PPT crystalline structure in each semicrystalline sample. Multiple endotherms were shown in the PPT/BHEEBT samples, due to melting and recrystallisation processes, similarly to PPT. The $T_{\rm m}^ \circ $ of the copolymers was derived from the application of the Hoffman‐Weeks' method. The isothermal crystallisation kinetics were analysed according to Avrami's treatment. The introduction of BHEEBT units was found to decrease the crystallisation rate compared to pure PPT. Values of the Avrami's exponent n close to 3 were obtained for PPT/BHEEBT6 and PPT/BHEEBT12, regardless of Tc, in agreement with a crystallisation process originating from pre‐determined nuclei and characterised by three‐dimensional spherulitic growth. As a matter of fact, for these two copolymers, space‐filling spherulites were observed through optical microscopy at all Tcs. The heat of fusion (ΔHm) was correlated to the specific heat increment (Δcp) for samples with different degrees of crystallinity, and the results were interpreted on the basis of the existence of an interphase, whose amount was found to depend mainly on composition, despite the thermal treatment applied to the polymer also playing an important role.Calorimetric curves of PPT, PBHEEBT homopolymers and their random copolymers after melt quenching.magnified imageCalorimetric curves of PPT, PBHEEBT homopolymers and their random copolymers after melt quenching.
Morphology and Rheological Behaviors of Polycarbonate/High Density Polyethylene in situ Microfibrillar Blends
Authors: Xu Hong‐Sheng , Li Zhong‐Ming , Pan Ji‐Lin , Yang Ming‐Bo , Huang Rui 
Published: December 2004

AbstractSummary: Polycarbonate (PC)/high density polyethylene (HDPE) in situ microfibrillar blends were fabricated by a slit die extrusion, hot stretching, and quenching process. Despite PC and HDPE having a high viscosity ratio, which is usually disadvantageous to fibrillation, the morphological observation indicated that the blends had well‐defined PC microfibrils. The size and amount of the PC fibrils were nonuniform through the thickness of the extrudate, and were also affected by the PC concentration and hot stretch ratio. There were coarse and dense fibrils in the core zone, while these fibrils became finer and reduced in number toward the surface. The melt flow rate (MFR) of the PC/HDPE microfibrillar blend decreased with the increase of PC concentration, but increased with the larger hot stretching rate (or hot stretching ratio, HSR). Besides, it was found that the fibrillar blend had better flowability than the common blend with spherical particles at the same PC concentration. Temperature was also an important factor influencing the MFR due to the temperature dependence of PC and HDPE viscosity, and the PC phase morphology. The PC microfibrils could not be preserved beyond 230 °C and transformed into spherical particles. The rheological behaviors at various shear rates were studied by capillary rheometer. The orientation of PC fibrils and HDPE molecules with higher shear rate led to a decrease in the viscosity of microfibrillar blend. The data obtained in this study can help construct the technical foundation for recycling and utilization of PC and HDPE waste by manufacture of microfibrillar blends in future work.SEM micrograph of the PC/HDPE microfibrillar blend.imageSEM micrograph of the PC/HDPE microfibrillar blend.
Analysis of ovarian cancer cell lines using array‐based comparative genomic hybridization
Authors: Lambros Maryou BK , Fiegler Heike , Jones Angela , Gorman Patricia , Roylance Rebecca R , Carter Nigel P , Tomlinson Ian PM 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn this study, 23 ovarian cancer cell lines were screened using array‐comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) based on large‐insert clones at about 1 Mb density from throughout the genome. The most frequent recurrent changes at the level of the chromosome arm were loss of chromosome 4 or 4q, loss of 18q and gain of 20 or 20q; other recurrent changes included losses of 6q, 8p, 9p, 11p, 15q, 16q, 17p, and 22q, and gain of 7q. Losses of 4q and 18q occurred together more often than expected. Evidence was found for two types of ovarian cancer, one typically near‐triploid and characterized by a generally higher frequency of chromosomal changes (especially losses of 4p, 4q, 13q, 15q, 16p, 16q, 18p and 18q), and the other typically near‐diploid/tetraploid and with fewer changes overall, but with relatively high frequencies of 9p loss, 9q gain, and 20p gain. Multiple novel changes (amplifications, homozygous deletions, discrete regions of gain or loss, small overlapping regions of change and frequently changed clones) were also detected, each of which might indicate the locations of oncogenes or tumour suppressor loci. For example, at least two regions of amplification on chromosome 11q13, one including cyclin D1 and the other the candidate oncogene PAK1, were found. Amplification on 11q22 near the progesterone receptor gene and a cluster of matrix metalloproteinase loci was also detected. Other potential oncogenes, which mapped to regions found by this study, included cyclin E and PIK3C2G. Candidate tumour suppressor genes in regions of loss included CDKN2C, SMAD4‐interacting protein and RASSF2. Copyright © 2004 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regioregular head‐to‐tail poly(6‐alkylpyridine‐2,5‐diyl)s and a new type of packing structure of the polymer in the solid state
Authors: Fukumoto Hiroki , Kimura Ryosuke , Sasaki Shintaro , Kubota Kenji , Yamamoto Takakazu 
Published: December 2004

AbstractNew regioregular head‐to‐tail type poly(6‐alkylpyridine‐2,5‐diyl)s (P6RPys; R = nonyl, dodecyl, and pentadecyl) were prepared by organometallic polycondensation. The head‐to‐tail (HT) content in the polymers was higher than 95%, as revealed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Powder X‐ray diffraction data of HT‐P6RPys indicated that P6RPys formed a new type of structure composed of an alternating end‐to‐end packed unit and an interdigitation packed unit. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 215–222, 2005
Elastic behavior of ring polymer chains
Authors: Shen Yu , Zhang Linxi 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn this article, the conformational properties and elastic behaviors of ring polymers in the process of tensile elongation are investigated with the Monte Carlo method and the bond fluctuation model. The ratio of the mean‐square diameter <d2> to the mean‐square radius of gyration <S2> increases with the elongation ratio, λ, and the instantaneous shape of ring polymers is more symmetric than that of linear chains in the process of tensile elongation. Here <d2> for ring polymers rather than the mean‐square end‐to‐end distance <R2> for linear polymers is defined as the average of squared distances between two segments separated by N/2 bonds, where N represents the total number of bonds. Local quantities, that is, the mean‐square bond length <b2> and the mean bond angle <θ> increase with λ, especially for short ring chains. The <d2> and <S2> have the same relationship with the chain length, N, that is, <d2> ∼ N1.130±0.020 and <S2> ∼ N1.160±0.013 for a different λ. Some thermodynamics properties are also addressed here. The average energy per bond <U> decreases with λ and the average Helmholtz free energy and elastic force f increase with λ, especially for short ring chains. Comparisons with linear chains are also made. These investigations may provide insight into the elastic behaviors of ring polymers. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 223–232, 2005
Explosion of auxiliary boiler in an ammonia plant
Authors: Babic Zlatko , Losso Ivica 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThe explosion of an auxiliary boiler occurred in the process of lighting, during plant start‐up. In the 20 years of plant operation, the boiler has been operated in the same way and without any problems. The investigation showed that the explosion happened because the manual valves for burners were not sufficiently closed and that they allowed larger quantities of gas into the boiler; moreover, the dampers were not sufficiently open for air and the flue gas. The installation of firing equipment, made according to the latest revision of relevant and recognized standards, which ensures automatic burner ignition, flame monitoring, and safety control equipment is one of the requirements to avoid boiler explosion. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2004
Thermostimulated luminescence properties of CaSO4:Dy and CaSO4:Tm phosphors annealed at high temperatures
Authors: Lakshmanan A. R. , Lapraz D. , Prévost H. , Benabdesselam M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPre‐irradiation annealing at temperatures ≥800 °C in air drastically reduces the 230 °C dosimetric thermostimulated luminescence (TSL) peak in CaSO4:Dy/Tm and simultaneously the 60 °C and 120 °C peaks are strongly enhanced. In samples sintered at 1000 °C, the dosimetric peak vanished totally while the low temperature peaks exhibit a high TSL sensitivity. Moreover, the PL intensities decrease drastically on high temperature sintering; a reduction by as much as 75% is seen at 1000 °C. Photo‐transfer studies indicate that the 60 °C peak might originate from electron release while the 120 °C peak from hole release. These two low temperature TSL peaks could have potential applications for photostimulation. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An experimental design for the development of adaptive treatment strategies
Authors: Murphy S. A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn adaptive treatment strategies, the treatment level and type is repeatedly adjusted according to ongoing individual response. Since past treatment may have delayed effects, the development of these treatment strategies is challenging. This paper advocates the use of sequential multiple assignment randomized trials in the development of adaptive treatment strategies. Both a simple ad hoc method for ascertaining sample sizes and simple analysis methods are provided. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.