bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Projecting mammographic screens
Authors: Parr N. , Boyages J. , Taylor R. , Anura P. , Callaghan T. 
Published: October 2002

Objective The purpose of mammographic screening is to reduce mortality from breast cancer. This study describes a method for projecting the number of screens to be performed by a mammographic screening programme, and applies this method in the context of New South Wales, Australia. Method The total number of mammographic screens was projected as the sum of initial screens and re-screens, and is based on projections of the population, rates of new recruitment, rates of attrition within the programme, and the mix of screening intervals. The baseline scenario involved: 70% participation of women aged 50–69 years, 90% return rate for the second and subsequent re-screens, 5% annual screens (95% biennial screens), and a specified population projection. The results were assessed with respect to variations in these assumptions. Results The projections were strongly influenced by: the rate of screening of the target age group; the proportion of women re-screened annually; and the rates of attrition within the programme. Although demographic change had a notable effect, there was little difference between different population projections. Standard assumptions about attrition within the programme suggest that the current target participation rates in NSW may not be achieved in the long term. Conclusions A practical model for projecting mammographic screens for populations is described which is capable of forecasting the number of screens under different scenarios. Implications Projections of mammographic screens provide important information for the planning and financing of equipment and personnel, and for testing the effects of variations in important operational parameters. Re-screening attrition is an important contributor to screening viability.
Breast screening attendance: making better use of an appointment system
Authors: Tinkler C. , Pegington K. , Baldwin R. 
Published: October 2002

Objectives To improve the effective use of screening appointment time on mobile units and even out the daily workload. Setting Ten sites screened by three Breast Test Wales mobile units between January and August 1999. Methods Women who had never attended for screening in previous screening rounds were identified and block booked into dedicated sessions at a rate of up to eight women per five minute slot. After piloting in the first site, the number in each slot was varied depending on how many rounds of screening these women had failed to attend. The numbers of women attending the remaining days were compared before and after the introduction of the new booking system. Results There was a noticeable difference in uptake rates for previous non-attenders depending on how many screening rounds they had missed. The uptake rate for women who had missed one round of screening was found to average 20%. For those who had missed two previous rounds it averaged 9% and for those who had missed three it averaged 3%. Before the change in booking procedure, the average attending each day was 51 (median 51), but after the change, the average was 57 (median 59). The overall time needed was decreased. Conclusions Booking dedicated sessions for previous non-attenders results is a more effective use of resources, reducing screening time in every site and levelling out attendance.
Estimating risk of breast cancer from population incidence affected by widespread mammographic screening
Authors: Taylor R. , Boyages J. 
Published: October 2002

Objectives To estimate the absolute risk of breast cancer in women, allowing for the effect on incidence of the introduction of widespread mammographic screening. Design Annual breast cancer incidences were compared with numbers of annual mammograms in the population for 1980–96 to identify periods most likely to be affected by screening. Age specific breast cancer incidences 1972–96 were modelled by Poisson regression with an age, period, and cohort analysis. The 1996 age specific incidence was recalculated with the stable period effect 1972–89, and the age and cohort effects. Age specific incidence was converted to cumulative risk of breast cancer to age 79. Setting Population based data from all women in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Patients or participants Breast cancer incidence in women 1972–96 obtained from the NSW Central Cancer Registry and female populations derived from successive censuses. Mammographic data from private sector mammograms (1985–96), and the mammographic screening service (1988–96) for NSW women. Interventions Introduction of population mammographic screening. Main outcome measures Recorded age specific incidence and absolute risk of breast cancer to age 79 was compared with underlying incidence and cumulative absolute risk, adjusted for recent period effects, most likely due to mammographic screening in the population. Results The age, period, and cohort model showed an increasing effect for birth cohorts 1910–44 then a plateau, and prominent period effects in 1991 and 1994–6. Increased incidence of breast cancer coincided with an increase in mammographic examinations in the private sector (1991), and prevalent rounds of mammographic screening in the population (1994–6) after introduction of a statewide mammographic screening service. Recorded incidence produced a breast cancer risk to age 79 of 9.9% (1 in 10) for 1996, whereas estimation of underlying incidence yielded a risk of 8.5% (1 in 12). Conclusions The introduction of mammographic screening in a population inflates the incidence of breast cancer because of diagnosis of prevalent cases. For the purpose of public and clinical communication, it is more reasonable and responsible to adjust for period effects (due to screening) rather than produce risk estimates based on recorded incidence, which may show an alarming increase in risk of breast cancer over a short period.
Improving attendance for breast screening among recent non-attenders: a randomised controlled trial of two interventions in primary care
Authors: Bankhead C. , Richards S.H. , Peters T.J. , Sharp D.J. , Hobbs F.D.R. , Brown J. , Roberts L. , Tydeman C. , Redman V. , Formby J. , Wilson S. , Austoker J. 
Published: October 2002

Objectives To examine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of two primary care based interventions aimed at increasing breast screening uptake for women who had recently failed to attend. Setting 13 General practices with low uptake in the second round of breast screening (below 60%) in north west London and the West Midlands, United Kingdom. Participants were women in these practices who were recent non-attenders for breast screening in the third round. Methods Pragmatic factorial randomised controlled trial, with people randomised to a systematic intervention (general practitioner letter), an opportunistic intervention (flag in women's notes prompting discussion by health professionals), neither intervention, or both. Outcome measures were attendance for screening 6 months after randomisation and cost-effectiveness of the interventions. Results 1158 Women were individually randomised as follows: 289 control; 291 letter; 290 flag; 288 both interventions. Attendance was ascertained for 1148 (99%) of the 1158 women. Logistic regression adjusting for the other intervention and practice produced an odds ratio (OR) for attendance of 1.51 (95% confidence interval (95% CI 1.02 to 2.26; p=0.04) for the letter, and 1.39 (95% CI 0.93 to 2.07; p=0.10) for the flag. Health service costs/additional attendance were £35 (letter) and £65 (flag). Conclusions Among recent non-attenders, the letter was effective in increasing breast screening attendance. The flag was of equivocal effectiveness and was considerably less cost-effective than the letter.
Mortality among Japanese construction workers in Mie Prefecture
Authors: Sun J , Kubota H , Hisanaga N , Shibata E , Kamijima M , Nakamura K 
Published: October 2002

Aims:A historical cohort mortality study was conducted among 17 668 members of the Construction Workers’ Health Insurance Society of Mie Prefecture in Japan, in order to verify the relation between occupations and mortality status.Methods:The cohort was followed from 2 April 1973 to 1 April 1998. Standardised mortality ratios (SMR) were calculated for all members and each job classification.Results:98.7% of the members were traced successfully until the date when the follow up terminated. When all members were considered together, significant excess mortality was observed for “accidents and adverse effects”. Significant excess mortalities were also observed for lung cancers among scaffold men and ironworkers, for cancer of the oesophagus among plumbers, and for “chronic liver disease and cirrhosis” among scaffold men and painters.Conclusion:Results suggest that more detailed investigations, which would include some minor job classifications should be undertaken. This is an updated cohort study which was partially completed in 1997.
Personal exposure of Paris office workers to nitrogen dioxide and fine particles
Authors: Mosqueron L , Momas I , Le Moullec Y 
Published: October 2002

Aims:(1) To obtain an overall estimate of variability of personal exposure of Paris office workers to fine particles (PM2.5) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and to quantify their microenvironmental determinants. (2) To examine the role of potential determinants of indoor concentrations.Methods:Sixty two office workers in a Paris municipal administration (all non-smokers) were equipped with personal samplers: passive samplers for 48 hours for NO2(n = 62), and active pumps for 24 hours for PM2.5(n = 55). Simultaneous measurements were performed in homes and offices; the local air monitoring network provided ambient concentrations. A time activity diary was used to weight measured concentrations by time spent in each microenvironment in order to estimate exposure concentrations.Results:On average, PM2.5personal exposure (30.4 μg/m3) was higher than corresponding in-home (24.7 μg/m3) and ambient concentrations (16.7 μg/m3). Personal exposure to NO2(43.6 μg/m3) was significantly higher than in-home concentrations (35.1 μg/m3) but lower than the background outdoor level (60.1 μg/m3). Personal exposures to PM2.5and NO2were not significantly different from in-office concentrations. PM2.5and NO2personal exposures were not significantly correlated. In-home, in-office, in-transit, outdoor time weighted concentrations, and time spent in other indoor microenvironments explain respectively 86% and 78% of personal variations in PM2.5and NO2. In-home PM2.5concentration was primarily influenced by exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, and secondly by the ambient level (R2= 0.20). NO2in-home concentration was affected mostly by the ambient level and gas cooking time (R2= 0.14).Conclusion:While results show the major contribution of in-home and in-office concentrations to both NO2and PM2.5personal exposures, the identification of indoor level determinants was not very conclusive.
Elbow fistulas using autogeneous vein: patency rates and results of revision
Authors: Murphy G J , Saunders R , Metcalfe M , Nicholson M L 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundThe provision and maintenance of vascular access remains a major cost to end stage renal failure programmes. There are few reports regarding the surgical revision of the failing native elbow arteriovenous fistula (AVF).Patients and methodsA retrospective case note review was performed on all patients identified from the hospital vascular access database as having undergone construction of an autogeneous vein elbow AVF. Over a seven year period 282 autogeneous vein AVFs were fashioned in 232 patients using the brachial artery as the in-flow conduit. Of these 208 were brachiocephalic fistulas, or a variant thereof, and 74 were fashioned using the transposed autologous basilic vein (136 male: 96 female; median age 60 years, range 14–94 years).ResultsOf 282 elbow fistulas 197 were successfully used for dialysis (70%). Cumulative primary patency of elbow fistulas using autogeneous vein in this series was 68%, 54%, and 44% at one, two, and three years respectively. A further 34 revision procedures were performed on 28 fistulas to maintain fistula function, and cumulative secondary patency after surgical revision was 75%, 60%, and 46% at one, two, and three years. Overall 21 out of 34 procedures (62%) successfully restored fistula function and cumulative primary patency of the revised fistulas was 56% at one year. Eighteen AVFs (brachiocephalic, n=12; autologous basilar vein, n=6) required revision for access dysfunction secondary to a short stenoses within 4 cm of the arteriovenous anastomoses. Of these 18 AVFs eight were revised by excision of the stenosed segment and either primary anastomoses of the two cut ends of arterialised vein or reanastomoses of the proximal venous limb proximally on the brachial artery. In another nine fistulas the excised segment was replaced with a short interposition graft (polytetrafluoroethylene, n=7; native basilic vein, n=1; bovine carotid artery, n=1). One fistula with postanastomotic stenoses and a more proximal needle site stenoses was revised using two vein patches. Overall 100% were patent at 24 hours, 13 provided successful dialysis (72%), and cumulative primary patency was 67% and 50% at six months and one year respectively.ConclusionsSuccessful surgical revision of failing native elbow fistulas can restore patency and improve cumulative secondary patency with potential benefits in terms of patient morbidity and mortality. These results compare favourably to published patency rates after fistula salvage using interventional radiological techniques.
Idiopathic heterotopic ossification in the intensive care setting
Authors: Lane J E , Dean R J , Foulkes G D , Chandler P W 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Heterotopic ossification is characterised by the periarticular deposition of ectopic bone. It typically occurs after trauma, neurogenic injury, or congenital causes. Idiopathic heterotopic ossification has been rarely reported. A patient who developed idiopathic heterotopic ossification in the intensive care unit without any known predisposing conditions is presented.
Eosinophilic gastroenteritis mimicking pancreatic cancer
Authors: Christopher V , Thompson M H , Hughes S 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
Eosinophilic gastroenteritis is a condition characterised by eosinophilic infiltration of the gastrointestinal tract. Biliary obstruction is an unusual presentation. A case where the initial investigations were consistent with carcinoma of the head of pancreas but the resection specimen showed no malignancy is presented. The diagnosis was suspected from a review of the patient’s past history and confirmed by re-examination of the histology.
A general expression for symmetry factors of Feynman diagrams
Authors: Palmer C D , Carrington M E 
Published: October 2002

The calculation of the symmetry factor corresponding to a given Feynman diagram is well known to be a tedious problem. We have derived a simple formula for these symmetry factors. Our formula works for any diagram in scalar theory (ϕ3 and ϕ4 interactions), spinor QED, scalar QED, or QCD. PACS Nos.: 11.10-z, 11.15-q, 11.15Bt
Electron excitation of the Group IV elements
Authors: Srivastava R , McEachran R P , Stauffer A D 
Published: October 2002

We investigated the electron excitation of the fine-structure levels of the 3P ground state and the first excited 1D state of the first four elements of Group IV: carbon, silicon, germanium, and tin. These calculations were carried out in the jj coupling scheme using the relativistic distorted-wave method. Results are presented for the differential cross sections and spin-polarization parameters for incident electron energies of 25 and 40 eV. PACS Nos.: 34.80Dp, 34.80Nz
Parametric-time coherent states for Morse potential
Authors: Unal N 
Published: October 2002

We transform the Lagrangian of the Morse-potential problem into two harmonic oscillators in a new parametric time and quantize this system by using path integrals over holomorphic coordinates of oscillators and derive coherent states. PACS Nos.: 31.15-p, 03.65Ca, 03.65Ge
ON DELETION IN DELAUNAY TRIANGULATIONS
Authors: DEVILLERS OLIVIER 
Published: October 2002

This paper presents how the space of spheres and shelling may be used to delete a point from a d-dimensional triangulation efficiently. In dimension two, if k is the degree of the deleted vertex, the complexity is O(k log k), but we notice that this number only applies to low cost operations, while time consuming computations are only done a linear number of times. This algorithm may be viewed as a variation of Heller's algorithm,1,2 which is popular in the geographic information system community. Unfortunately, Heller algorithm is false, as explained in this paper.
A FOURIER TRANSFORM SPECTROMETER WITHOUT BEAM SPLITTER FOR THE VUV–EUV RANGE
Authors: DE OLIVEIRA NELSON , JOYEUX DENIS , PHALIPPOU DANIEL , POLACK FRANCOIS 
Published: October 2002

We describe a Fourier transform spectrometer designed to operate down to 60 nm on a synchrotron beam line. As far as we know, there is no such instrument available in the EUV (λ < 140 nm) partly because manufacturing accurate beam splitters remains the major difficulty at these wavelengths. We use a wave front division interferometer instead of an amplitude division one to overcome this difficulty. The interferometer is based on a modified Fresnel bimirror configuration, which is controlled by an original optical system. This system keeps the mirror tilt error to a negligible value during mirror translation, and provides a sensitive interferometric measurement of the mirror translation. The sampling interval is 29 nm (path difference), allowing one to record large band spectra down to λ = 58 nm with spectral resolution δσ = 0.33 cm -1 for 512 K samples (one-sided interferograms). We measured the apparatus function by recording an interferogram from a He–Ne stabilized laser. By studying the white noise in the corresponding spectrum, we found that the sampling error in the interferogram was about 0.4 nm rms, which produces a near-perfect apparatus function. Finally, we recorded the visible/near UV spectrum of an arc mercury lamp for illustration.
THERMODYNAMICS OF NUCLEATION AND GROWTH
Authors: TROMP RUUD M. , HANNON JAMES B. 
Published: October 2002

Nucleation and growth are often discussed in terms of kinetics, i.e. the adsorption of atoms from the gas phase or a solution onto a surface, the diffusion of these atoms on that surface, and their attachment to a growing nucleus, island or layer. In recent years, scanning tunneling and atomic force microscopy studies have tremendously improved our understanding of such kinetic processes for a wide range of materials. At relatively low temperatures where diffusion is slow, and where typical deposition rates result in adatom concentrations that far exceed the equilibrium concentration of adatoms on the surface, growth is indeed controlled by irreversible atomic scale kinetics. But at higher temperatures this is not necessarily the case. Indeed, the equilibrium concentration of adatoms can be so high that it is only slightly increased by an external flux. Diffusion can be so fast that spatially separated regions on the surface interact on a time scale that is not slow relative to the growth process. In such cases reversible, collective phenomena are more important than individual atomic events, and thermodynamics is more important than kinetics. In this paper we examine a number of cases related to nucleation and growth on surfaces, where a deep and quantitative insight into the growth process can be obtained by detailed consideration of the thermodynamics involved. It is our hope that this paper will help to bring about a balanced understanding of these phenomena, where kinetics and thermodynamics are two poles on a continuum with an importance that depends on the particulars of each experiment.
DOUBLE ATOMIC LAYERS OF GRAPHENE/MONOLAYER h-BN ON Ni(111) STUDIED BY SCANNING TUNNELING MICROSCOPY AND SCANNING TUNNELING SPECTROSCOPY
Authors: KAWASAKI TOYOSEI , ICHIMURA TAKASHI , KISHIMOTO HIROSHI , AKBAR ADE ASNEIL , OGAWA TAKASHI , OSHIMA CHUHEI 
Published: October 2002

Using STM, we have directly confirmed the incommensurate stacking of double atomic layers of graphene and monolayer h-BN on Ni(111). The formation of a graphene layer weakens the interfacial interaction between monolayer h-BN and Ni(111), resulting in insulating h-BN layers, while a pristine monolayer h-BN on Ni(111) is metallic. The STS spectra of the double atomic layers showed a tunneling character with a band gap of 0.5 eV.
INTERFACIAL OXIDE LAYERS AT THE METAL–OXIDE PHASE BOUNDARY
Authors: NETZER FALKO P. 
Published: October 2002

The nature of oxide phases at metal–oxide interfaces, i.e. of oxide layers in the proximity of a metal surface, is assessed by critically examining the available data in the literature. The data reveal a trend towards the formation of reduced oxide phases with lower oxidation states in the vicinity of the interface with a metal. The physical origin of these interface-stabilized oxide layers is discussed and the possible causes include strong metal–metal bonding, high oxygen affinity of the substrate metal, reduction of the interfacial strain, and the stability of two-dimensional oxide phases.
HUGE MAGNETOVOLUME EFFECT IN AN INVERTED Mn LAYER ON Ag(001) STUDIED BY LEED
Authors: SCHIEFFER P. , KREMBEL C. , HANF M.-C. , GEWINNER G. , GAUTHIER Y. 
Published: October 2002

The surface structure obtained by deposition of a Ag monolayer on the ideal c(2 × 2) antiferromagnetic Mn monolayer on Ag(001) at 100 K and subsequent annealing at room temperature is determined by low energy electron diffraction. It is established that this system is actually a good realization of an inverted monolayer, i.e. a pseudomorphic Ag/Mn/Ag(001) structure that corresponds to a reversed composition of the two topmost layers with respect to the Mn overlayer. The Ag–Mn and Mn–Ag interlayer distances, d12 = 1.97 ± 0.015 Å and d23 = 1.97 ± 0.02 Å respectively, indicate only a fairly small contraction of ~ 3.5% (~ 1.5%) with respect to the ideal Ag bulk lattice (Mn monolayer on top) as compared to ~ 10% expected from atomic radii in bulk Mn and Ag. This clearly reveals a spectacular magnetovolume effect related to the high spin state of Mn in this two-dimensional structure.
THE EFFECTS OF NICOTINE ON FRACTURE HEALING: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
Authors: Agca Mustafa , Tuncay Ibrahim , Tosun Nihat , Akpinar Fuat 
Published: October 2002

This study is aimed to evaluate treatment research the effects of nicotine on fracture healing. Thirty rats were used. Nicotine was injected subcutanously at a dosage of 2 mg/kg/day to group A and 4 mg/kg/day to group B. Control group (group C) received 0.5 ml/kg/day saline solution.Three weeks later, transverse fractures were performed on to the left ulnar and radial bones for each animal. Animals were designed to one of two follow-up groups which were euthanized either 2 or 3 weeks. On the 14th day of fracture, randomly chosen five rats from each group of A, B and C were sacrificed. At the 21st day of fracture, same procedure performed for all remaining rats. Both had surgical and histopathological evaluation were performed. Transverse fractures performed on the 21st day of study were confirmed by direct radiograms. One rat died spontaneously before completing the study was therefore excluded from the final analysis.The results indicate that healing process proceeds in each group. There was no significant difference in fracture healing between groups A and B two weeks after the fracture. However, fracture healing was significantly delayed in nicotine treated group comparing to control group. We continue to support the notion that nicotine has a negative effect on fracture healing.