bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hovering and Jumping: Contrasting Problems in Scaling
Authors: Alexander R McNeill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evolution is a powerful, optimizing process that tends to form animals and plants to designs that are, for them, close to the best possible. When similar organisms evolve a range of sizes, evolution will tend to scale them so that each has a near-optimal design for its particular size. Scaling problems are problems of optimization over a range of sizes.
Why Are the Laws of Nature So Important to Science (I)?
Authors: Lange Marc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I take for granted that science is interested in discovering the non-nomic facts. But for p ∈ U, why should science care about discovering whether or not p is a law insofar as this goes beyond discovering whether or not p is true? By discovering a regularity to be a matter of natural law, we learn nothing more about the non-nomic facts than we already knew simply from discovering the regularity itself. Why, then, should science be concerned with discovering whether some regularity is accidental or a matter of natural law? Of course, if science’s goal is stipulated to be the discovery of all facts, including nomic facts, then science must be interested in discovering the laws. But this answer merely begs the question; it cannot persuade anyone who did not already accept that the laws matter to science.
The Temple Of Culture
Authors: Freedman Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the beginning of modern intellectual history to the culture wars of the present day, the experience of assimilating Jews and the idiom of “culture” have been fundamentally intertwined with each other. Freedman's book begins by looking at images of the stereotypical Jew in the literary culture of nineteenth- and twentieth-century England and America, and then considers the efforts on the part of Jewish critics and intellectuals to counter this image in the public sphere. It explores the unexpected parallels and ironic reversals between a cultural dispensation that had ambivalent responses to Jews and Jews who became exponents of that very tradition.
Iris Murdoch and Contemporary Moral Inquiry
Authors: Antonaccio Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How are we to think about morality in an age in which the very notion of the self has been challenged and every claim about the good is disputed? This book examines one of the most compelling contemporary responses to this question. The moral philosophy of Iris Murdoch presents an important challenge to current ethical inquiry: the effort to reclaim a notion of the self as individual and to reconceive its relation to an idea of moral value or the good. Specifically, Murdoch seeks to retrieve the notion of consciousness as morally central to an account of human being and, further, to conceive consciousness as inescapably related to an idea of the good. Such an argument is bound to be controversial in an intellectual climate characterized by an unrelenting critique of the idea of subjectivity, as well as a suspicion of any attempt to make substantive claims about humanity or the human good.
Prospects for Murdochian Ethics
Authors: Antonaccio Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter completed my exposition of the central themes of Murdoch’s moral thought. Specifically, the chapter drew together the themes of morality, the self, and the good through an interpretation of Murdoch as a “reflexive realist.” I showed that Murdoch’s realist and metaphysical ethic correlates her account of consciousness with an idea of the good through the reflexive structure of the ontological proof. So understood, the proof reveals that the good is an objective principle of perfected moral knowledge that is only accessible through the medium of “personal resonance.” This account complicates standard readings of Murdoch’s rhetoric of vision and unselfing by exposing the constructive role of the imagination in moral vision and the role of the will in moral motivation. It also led to a consideration of the limits of Murdoch’s account of morality as spiritual change, limits which compel her to formulate a morality of rules and axioms in a theory of obligation.
Husserl
Authors: Pietersma Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For reasons already given in the previous chapter, Husserl’s doctrine of knowledge plays a central role in this study. Because he attached a greater importance to a theory of knowledge than either Heidegger or Merleau-Ponty, he developed it with greater care than they did. In fact, his epistemology introduced most of the concepts and terms which· Heidegger and Merleau-Ponty made use of in writing about epistemic matters, whether to agree or to disagree with him. The doctrines of knowledge which they developed are therefore not intelligible with out a thorough study of Husserl’s doctrine.
Socrates at Colonus
Authors: White Stephen A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout the long day he knows will be his last, as he awaits the end decreed for him, conversing with his companions and a pair of visitors from Thebes, then rising to bathe and bid his family farewell, the old man grows steadily more imposing. Ushered in on the frail arm of his daughter- “awful to see, awful to hear,” proclaims the chorus of local residents in the Oedipus at Colonus (141)-Oedipus first appears as a miserable suppliant, terrified by the approach even of a solitary stranger.
Dopaminergic and Noradrenergic Influences on Cognitive Functions Mediated by Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Arnsten Amy F T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many researchers consider dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) a fundamental problem in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The PFC is critical for guiding behavior using working memory (Goldman-Rakic, 1987; see Rapport, Chapter 12). Working memory is constantly updated; the PFC uses these representations to guide behavior effectively, freeing the organism from its dependence on the environment, inhibiting inappropriate responses or distractions and allowing us to plan and organize our behavior (Robbins, 1996). The PFC, particularly on the right side, is activated during both sustained and selective attention tasks (Coull et al., 1998).
The Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat as a Model of ADHD
Authors: Sagvolden Terje 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In all areas of research, one is trying to find or build models that can be used to summarize and simplify the understanding of a disorder, research problem, or phenomenon under investigation. In clinical research there are several advantages associated with animal models of disorders (Sagvolden et al., 1992a; Sagvolden, 1996; Sagvolden & Sergeant, 1998a; Solanto, 1998; Taylor, 1998). Ethical, methodological and economic factors restrict research on human subjects. For example, ethical factors limit studies of drug effects on children with ADHD and comparison children.
The Origins of Philosophical Ideas
Authors: Locke John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After a traditional classical education at Westminister and Oxford, John Locke (1632–1704) developed an interest in the experimental sciences. Remaining at Oxford after his degree, he became acquainted with Robert Boyle and the physician Thomas Sydenham. Although he did not offficially receive a medical degree, he was trained as a physician. Offered a position as secretary to the Earl of Sandwich, then ambassador to Spain, he preferred to continue his studies at Oxford. But his friendship with the Earl of Shaftesbury—whom he also served as a personal physician—kept him at the center of political life. He helped write the Constitution of the Carolina colony, and was secretary of the Council of Trade and Plantations until 1700. Locke went to France in 1675, initially for reasons of health. Once there, he found an agreeable intellectual circle around Gassendi, who introduced him to other critics of Cartesian philosophy. After returning to England in 1679, he became a political advisor to the Whig opponents of the royalist party. When the Earl of Shaftesbury fled to the Netherlands, Locke—who had been kept under surveillance for his political views—followed him in 1683. During his stay in Holland he wrote the First Letter Concerning Toleration which was published anonymously in 1689. He was active in advancing the accession of William of Orange, and returned to England in 1689 as the offficial escort of Princess Mary.
Meditations on My Troubled Heart
Authors: Rousseau Jean-Jacques 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Born in Geneva, raised by an aunt after the death of his mother, Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778) was, he tells us, largely educated by his solitary reading of Cicero and Romantic French novels. When he left Geneva in 1728, he became associated with Mme Warens, who influenced his (temporary) conversion from Calvinism to Catholicism. In 1748, he went to Paris, intending to make his fame as a musician. His opera, Le Devin du Village (1752), was not a great success, but he became a visible intellectual figure, and Diderot invited him to contribute to the Encyclopédie. Against the background of a theory of human nature, both The Discourse on the Arts and Sciences (1750) and The Discourse on the Origins of Inequality (1755) present severely critical descriptions of social luxury and political corruption. The Lettre aà d’Alembert (1758) charges opera and the theater with debasing public morality. As he saw it, social corruption arises from a ramified and entrenched division of labor that engenders dependency, passivity, and resentment. Rousseau’s major works present therapeutic programs for these ills. La Nouvelle Heloise (1761) is a psychological novel of domesticity and romance; émile (1762) presents an educational regimen that is intended to preserve autonomy; The Social Contract or Principles of Right (1762) and Considerations on the Government of Poland (1770) present a political solution, sketching a contractarian theory of political legitimation and organization.
The Tasks of Philosophy
Authors: Kant Immanuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Born in a pietistic family of Scots origin, Immanuel Kant (1724–1804) studied theology, natural science, and philosophy at the University of Koenigsberg. Influenced by students of Leibniz and Christian Wolff, he was also impressed by his reading of Hume and Rousseau. After spending nine years as a private tutor, Kant was appointed as lecturer and eventually as a professor at the University of Koenigsberg. His early work, published in the 1760s, consisted largely of criticisms and modifications of Wolff, Leibniz, and Descartes. From 1781–1790, he wrote his major—and monumental—critical works: The Critique of Pure Reason (1781), Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics (1783), Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785), Critique of Practical Reason (1788), and Critique of Judgment (1790). The Metaphysics of Morals (1797) extended and applied his earlier ethical theory. Because Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone (1794) raised the suspicion of the Prussian censor, Kant was forbidden to publish on religious subjects. That prohibition lapsed with the death of Frederick William III. Kant’s later more popular essays—On Perpetual Peace (1795), The Idea of a Universal History from a Cosmopolitan Point of View (1784), and What Is Enlightenment? (1784)—were widely circulated and widely read.
The New Science of Philosophy
Authors: Hegel Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
G.W.F. Hegel (1770–1831) studied theology and classics at the University of Tübingen. His first university post was at Jena, where he met Fichte, Schelling, and the Schlegels. His academic trajectory carried him to Heidelberg in 1816 and to Berlin in 1818. Having first focused on current issues in moral theory and the philosophy of religion, Hegel turned to a critical development of Kantian philosophy. At Jena, he began—and quickly finished—his vast, ambitious Phenomenology of Spirit (which, as popular legend has it, was completed when Napoleon’s troops invaded Jena on October 12, 1807). The Phenomenology presents a rational reconstruction of stages in the development of consciousness, starting from sense awareness, through perception and understanding, to the social world and fully articulated self-consciousness. This “movement” charts isomorphic phases in the maturation of individual psychology, the development of social relations, and the growth of self-consciousness in world history. Hegel attempted to break down—to unite, to show the interdependence—of an array of familiar philosophical oppositions: duty and inclination, objectivity and subjectivity, action and reaction, form and matter, mind and body, freedom and determinism, the individual and the state, the particular and the universal, moralityand science, language and reality, truth and fiction, imagination and reason, invention and discovery, empiricism and idealism, experience and the experienced, casual and logical relations. Each of these philosophic terms represents a partial perspective on Reality, which is, when properly understood, realized to be a uniffied, systematically interconnected system. Hegel thought of Absolute Spirit as the pervasive, immanent spirit that actively unfolds itself in a process that moves dialectically toward greater articulation and determinacy, revealing the rational interconnectedness of all the “parts” or “aspects” of Reality.
Autobiographical Note
Authors: Peirce Charles Sanders 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914), the son of the mathematician Benjamin Peirce, was born in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and educated at Harvard, where he took a degree in chemistry. After a few disastrous academic appointments, he worked as a physicist for the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey until 1887, when he retired to devote himself to writing philosophy. Living in isolation and poverty, he was supported by his lifelong friend, William James. Peirce’s early papers developed the initial formulation of pragmatism as a theory of meaning. The meaning of a proposition consists in the sum total of all conceivable necessary consequences of its truth. As Peirce saw it, those consequences include not only logical entailments but also projectible experimental observations and conduct. Influenced by his early reading of Hegel, he thought of \scientific inquiry—perhaps even philosophical inquiry—as progressively defining-and-discovering reality. Peirce eventually dissociated himself from what he saw as the weaker forms of pragmatism developed by James and Dewey, and insisted on calling his view “pragmaticism.”
Writing a Life of Writing
Authors: Beauvoir Simone De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Simone de Beauvoir (1908–1986) studied philosophy at L’Ecole Normale Supérieure and the Sorbonne. Like many other intellectuals of the time, she taught in a lycée. Influenced by Husserl and Heidegger, she wrote a phenomenological study of the experience of radical freedom (The Ethics of Ambiguity, 1949). She preferred to express her philosophical views in works of fiction: She Came to Stay (1943), All Men Are Mortal (1946), and The Mandarins (1954). Active in the Resistance, she wrote political essays, increasingly turning her attention to feminist theory. Her groundbreaking The Second Sex (1949) influenced feminist thinking around the world. She later turned to writing autobiography, using her life as an example of the complex situation of politically active intellectual women who are also fully engaged daughters and lovers (Memoirs of a Dutiful Daughter, 1958; The Prime of Life, 1960; The Force of Circumstance, 1963). Reflecting on the death of her mother, she began to write about ageing: The Coming of Age (1970) and All Said and Done (1972). She continued to write political essays, many of them severely critical of the United States (America Day by Day, 1948).
Philosophical Apprenticeships
Authors: Gadamer Hans-Georg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A student of Natorp and Heidegger at Marburg, Hans-Georg Gadamer (1900–) has been professor of philosophy at the University of Heidelberg since 1949. His first book, Plato’s Dialectical Ethics (1931), announced one of the major themes of his later work: the role of dialogue in the tasks of hermeneutic interpretation. Critical of Heidegger’s rejection of the history of philosophy of as merely logocentric, he thought that “the return to being” is best expressed in the continuity of a tradition of dialogic interpretation. In Truth and Method (1960) and Philosophical Hermeneutics (1967–1972) Gadamer argue that art should replace natural science as the model for understanding in the human sciences because works of art are inexhaustibly open to interpretation. Like genuine conversation, the “dialogue” between an interpreter and a work of art transforms the interpreter’s self-understanding. Habermas has criticized Gadamer for a conservatism that seems implicit in treating dialogue as a hermeneutic interpretation of the past, rather than as political deliberation about the future. Gadamer replied that he was engaged in explicating the conditions for the possibility of any communication—conservative or revolutionary. In Dialogue and Deconstruction (1989) Gadamer attacked (what he saw as) Derrida’s claim that perceptive interpretation under-mines itself by revealing its own critical deconstruction.
My Intellectual Path
Authors: Berlin Isaiah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Born in Riga, Latvia, Isaiah Berlin (1909–1997) immigrated to Britain in 1920. With the exception of a period during which he served as an attacheÉat the British embassy in Washington, D.C. during World War II, he spent the greater part of his life in Oxford. A critic of historical determinism, moral relativism, and all forms of totalitarianism, Berlin wrote numerous essays on such political theorists as Machiavelli, Vico, Herder, le Maistre, Marx, and Sorel. Berlin’s influential “Two Concepts of Liberty” (1958) distinguishes the liberal “negative” liberty of Mill and Herzen from the “positive” liberty of Rousseau, Hegel, and Marx. The former argues for limiting the power of authority to constrain individual choice and action. In the name of assuring the development of human potentialities, the adherents of “positive” liberty are willing to grant authority to those who would promote (what they consider) the conditions for rational autonomy. Berlin argues that the movement toward positive liberty is a movement toward totalitarianism (The Crooked Timber of Humanity, 1990).
Understanding Cancer and Pain
Authors: Patt Richard B , Lang Susan S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A diagnosis of cancer is usually unexpected and is always a frightening and overwhelming experience. Few families possess the knowledge needed to undertake the many very difficult decisions that will be required; with referral to new doctors, busy medical offices, and changing insurance requirements, it is easy to feel bewildered, confused, and helpless. In addition to providing basic information about cancer and its treatment, this chapter will discuss the various kinds of pain that are associated with cancer.
Understanding Medications Used to Treat Severe Pain
Authors: Patt Richard B , Lang Susan S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Misconceptions about the effects and side effects of morphine, the most well known of the strong opioids, and similar drugs are the primary reasons why people with cancer around the world are undermedicated. Yet with a proper understanding of these drugs, pain can be adequately relieved with a minimum of side effects in nearly all patients.
Desperate Measures
Authors: Fontijn Claire 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most fascinating figures of seventeenth-century music, composer and singer Antonia Padoani Bembo (c.1640 - c.1720) was active in both Venice and Paris. Her work provides a unique cross-cultural window into the rich musical cultures of these cities, yet owing to her clandestine existence in France, for almost three centuries Bembo's life was shrouded in mystery. In this first-ever biography, Clare Fontijn unveils the enthralling and surprising story of a remarkable woman who moved in the musical, literary, and artistic circles of these European cultural centers. Rebuffed in the attempt to divorce her abusive husband, Bembo fled to Paris, leaving her children in Venice. Joining ranks with composers glorifying Louis XIV, her song charmed the Sun King and won over his court's sympathy to the cause of women. She obtained his sponsorship to live in a semi-cloistered community in Paris, where she wrote music for the spiritual and worldly needs of the royal family. Offering fine examples of sacred and secular vocal repertory for chamber settings and large ensembles, Bembo's oeuvre reveals her preoccupation with female agency through dynamic portrayals of such powerful figures as the Virgin Mary and the Duchess of Burgundy. The genres in which she worked--love song, opera, motet, cantata, trio sonata, and air--testify to the magic of her voice and to her place alongside Strozzi, Jacquet de La Guerre, and other major women composers of her time. Expertly engaging with musicology, history, and gender studies, Claire Fontijn tells the story of a brave and daring woman while providing a valuable key to a long-hidden treasure trove of music. A groundbreaking biography, Desperate Measures details the compelling life and music of a woman with courage, determination, and talent who thrived within the dictates of society and culture.
Ties That Bind
Authors: Fontijn Claire 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bembo’ s music for the wedding of the Duke and Duchess of Burgundy in 1697 beautifully proclaimed her devotion to the royal family in Produzioni armoniche with festive pieces describing the duchess’ s pleasing manner (no. 3), bringing metaphorical characters into dialogue for the wedding (no.), and celebrating the bridal chamber (no. ). The wedding dialogue, in particular, paved the way for Bembo’ s future endeavors in dramatic multi-section vocal work. Presumably having gained the approbation of the duchess, she anticipated the advent of her first child by selecting two new texts: the The Deum in Latin, followed by a secular Italian poem of equivalent length.
Hydrocephalus
Authors: Filley Christopher M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term hydrocephalus refers to the accumulation of excessive water in the head. Ordinarily the total volume of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the neuritis is approximately 140 cm3, of which roughly 25 cm3 are found in the four ventricles (Fishman, 1992). Higher ventricular volumes of CSF can develop either because additional CSF occupies space within a brain of normal size, or the parenchyma atrophies and CSF replaces the lost tissue (hydrocephalus ex vacuum). The cerebral white matter is implicated in both of these situations, either because an excessive volume of CSF may injure the periventricular regions or because changes in white matter contribute to the development of cerebral atrophy. These various situations, and their neurobehavioral squeal, are considered in this chapter. Hydrocephalus occurring acutely in the context of mass lesions, trauma, infarction, and the like will not be reviewed because of methodological difficulties in studying the impact of specific white matter neuropathology in these settings.