bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
vowel definition and the Chiaroscuro
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No artist has ever learned to sing by studying a spectrogram of his own voice or of the voices of great artists, by analyzing formant relationships, or by determining what mouth postures best track which vowels. One learns to sing only by developing a tonal concept and by establishing a daily routine for its achievement (see chapters 13 and 17). Yet spectrographic analysis can reveal factors that heighten a singer’s awareness of what makes for completeness of tonal resonance. Acoustic analysis can show nothing that the cultivated ear cannot hear, but it can confirm and secure what the cultivated ear recognizes. For some singers and their teachers, there remains a hesitancy to examine spectrally the sounds of singing, out of fear that it might reveal errors best ignored, or that analysis might turn the creative art into something mechanistic and devoid of individuality. On the contrary, I have yet to meet any apprentice singer or professional artist who has not been fascinated to see what his or her sound looks like, and who has not wished to examine the usable colors of the voice; nor have I yet encountered any person who could not readily fully comprehend the user-friendly graphs within minutes. Indeed, it is easier for most of us to learn to read spectrum analysis than it was to learn to read the bass clef. It is not the aim of spectral analysis to bring about general uniformity of timbre from singer to singer but to determine what constitutes the individual’s best sound and to stabilize it. Despite wide diversities within the field of voice pedagogy, there is general agreement on the qualities that make up elite vocalism.
Pedagogic Uses Of Falsetto For Baritone, Bass-Baritone, And Bass Voices
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In public performance, no male singer resorts to falsetto timbre unless ill or for a humorous effect. Falsetto can occasionally be useful in marking (see chapter 17). It should be reiterated that attempting to substitute imitative female sound (falsetto) for legitimate male quality is not a main route of elite vocalism. However, pedagogic uses of falsetto can be productive. Unless he suffers from an unhealthy condition, the male who lacks a falsetto simply has not yet learned to use it. No matter how faint it may sound initially, with repetition falsetto timbre will stabilize itself. In falsetto production, the elongation of the vocal folds is identical to that assumed by the folds in legitimate male voice (voce piena) but the closure mechanism is not yet fully operative. Nonreinforced falsetto is fashioned by somewhat slacker vocal-fold closure than what happens in vital, resonant sound. For that reason, in the case of the young low-voiced male who tends to press the vocal folds when onsetting in the passage zone, patterns that go from falsetto to voce piena (the natural full male sound) can be of assistance in freeing the voice.
The Phenomenon Of Vibrato, An Inherent Component Of Elite Voice Resonance
Authors: Miller Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reviewers of the singing voice often resort to subjective terminology in describing voice timbre, with metaphors such as “warm,” “rich,” “full,” “thin,” “resonant,” “dull,” “lifeless,” “hollow,” “colorless,” and so on. In general, these expressions refer to the presence or the lack of vibrancy. There is general confusion as to the exact nature of “vibrato.” The term is sometimes used pejoratively to include tremolo and oscillation.
Florence, London and Paris
Authors: Budden Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
throughout the spring of 1846 verdi allowed himself to be nursed back to health, first by Piave in Venice, ‘with a care that was truly fraternal,’ then by Muzio in Milan. By June he was fit enough to stand as witness together with Giulio Carcano to the deed of separation between Andrea Maffei and his wife Clarina; then he followed both men to the spa of Recoaro, where he spent the summer in their company. Maffei and Carcano moved in the highest literary circles; both were poets and translators of merit, steeped as they were in foreign literature. His association with them at such a critical time could not fail to broaden Verdi’s horizons.
The New Order
Authors: Budden Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
for all that verdi considered un ballo in maschera the most harmless drama in the world, the scruples of the Roman and Neapolitan censorship were not hard to understand. True, order had been restored often brutally throughout the peninsula since 1849 but during the decade that followed the symptoms of unrest grew ever more alarming. In 1857 there had been an attempt on the life of Ferdinand I of Naples. In Verdi’s own province of Parma Carlo III, the restored Bourbon monarch, as profligate and irresponsible as an Emperor from the pages of Gibbon, was assassinated in the theatre. His successor, another Maria Luigia, far less politic than the first, attempted to rule with the aid of an Austrian garrison, which, after much hostile demonstration she was persuaded to withdraw. Cracks in the Holy Alliance were deepening, to the advantage of Italy as well as France. In England, popular sympathy was on the Italian side, Gladstone having described the rule of King Ferdinand II as ‘the negation of God erected into a system’. If the republican ideal of Mazzini seemed a lost cause, a united realm under Victor Emmanuel of Piedmont offered a distinct prospect of success. Not only did
The Prison Years
Authors: Budden Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
in 1858 verdi wrote to countess maffei, ‘ever since nabucco I haven’t known an hour’s peace and quiet, sixteen years of hard labour.’ The expression ‘anni di galera’ has been picked up by his biographers and used to designate that period between the triumph of Ernani and the moment when Verdi settled in his own property in Busseto and could accept or reject commissions as he felt inclined. During this time his power of self-renewal could not always keep pace with the demands made upon him; and though he never repeated himself, one sometimes senses the language of Nabucco and Ernani applied almost automatically without any of the composer’s former zest.
Towards Grand Opera
Authors: Budden Julian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
for all their conspicuous differences rigoletto, il tro-vatore and La traviata all share a common idiom: the language of Italian Romantic opera purged of all that is inessential to dramatic expression; a heart-on-sleeve manner in which, though the formal reach may be long, the component units are short since the singers come quickly to the point (Verdi, like Mozart, has the ability to say in a handful of bars what others can barely express in a whole aria). The rhythmic schemes are plain, the accompaniments unencumbered. The emphasis is all on the individual—lit fiercely, as in Il trovatore or gently, as in La traviata; but the ambience barely impinges. (The Parisian waltz of La traviata is the subtlest of odours.) Verdi now aspired to wider and more varied canvasses. Over the next few years his sources would be many; but the most immediate was Paris and the world of Meyerbeer.
Writing Through Music
Authors: Pasler Jann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Drawing on a passion for music, a remarkably diverse interdisciplinary toolbox, and a gift for accessible language that speaks equally to scholars and the general public, Jann Pasler invites us to read as she writes "through" music, unveiling the forces that affect our sonic encounters. In an extraordinary collection of historical and critical essays, some appearing for the first time in English, Pasler deconstructs the social, moral, and political preoccupations lurking behind aesthetic taste. Arguing that learning from musical experience is vital to our understanding of past, present, and future, Pasler's work trenchantly reasserts the role of music as a crucial contributor to important public debates about who we can be as individuals, communities, and nations. The author's wide-ranging and perceptive approaches to musical biography and history challenge us to rethink our assumptions about important cultural and philosophical issues including national identity and postmodern musical hybridity, material culture, the economics of power, and the relationship between classical and popular music. Her work uncovers the self-fashioning of modernists such as Vincent d'Indy, Augusta Holmès, Jean Cocteau, and John Cage, and addresses categories such as race, gender, and class in the early 20th century in ways that resonate with experiences today. She also explores how music uses time and constructs narrative. Pasler's innovative and influential methodological approaches, such as her notion of "question-spaces," open up the complex cultural and political networks in which music participates. This provides us with the reasons and tools to engage with music in fresh and exciting ways. In these thoughtful essays, music--whether beautiful or cacophonous, reassuring or seemingly incomprehensible--comes alive as a bearer of ideas and practices that offers deep insights into how we negotiate the world. Jann Pasler's Writing through Music brilliantly demonstrates how music can be a critical lens to focus the contemporary critical, cultural, historical, and social issues of our time.
7. Pelle´as and PowerForces behind the Reception of Debussy’s Opera
Authors: Pasler Jann 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The premiere of Debussy’s opera Pell´east et Melinda in 1902 provoked a reaction comparable in historical importance to those produced by Hugo’s Hermana in 1830, Wagner’s Lohengrin in 1887 and 1891, and Stravinsky’s The Rite of Spring in 1913. At the open dress rehearsal on 28 April, much of the public responded with surprise, laughter, and hostility. Ill disposed to the work by a parodying pamphlet circulated before the performance, they entered the theater resistant to the simple story; they laughed heartily at Mary Garden’s English accent, when, as Me´lessened, she sang ‘‘Je ne sues pas he reuse’’ and shouted ‘‘petit googol [little clown]’’ at Yield; and they left indignant because the opera was so different from those to which they were accustomed. Others in the audience, largely Debussysts, clapped excessively—even during the orchestral preludes—and argued vehemently during intermissions with anyone who refused to regard the work as a total triumph. For the premiere on 30 April, Debussy agreed to some prudent cuts, but both sides continued to respond to the opera with an equal lack of dignity and discrimination.
Shadows in the Classroom
Authors: Cohen Judah M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What happens when the shadows we chase appear in our classrooms? From one perspective, I offer this essay as a reflection on central ethnomusicological questions regarding the subjects, methods, locations and ethics of conducting ethnographic field research, particularly when traveling in the footsteps of earlier scholars. In another sense, however, I use this essay to explore the pragmatic and theoretical issues involved in bringing students into contact with musical cultures they call their own, through the deceptively hermetic space of the university classroom. That fieldwork and classwork can complement each other, as I hope to show, offers an argument for understanding the first perspective. That the constructed border between the two can fade spontaneously into a multilayered and theoretically complex sense of ethnographic experience, as I will suggest, adds nuance to the second. Stepping into the classroom, in other words, can become an intimate, self-reflective, and sometimes startlingly unplanned trip to the field.
The Challenges of Human Relations in Ethnographic Enquiry : Examples from Arctic and Subarctic Fieldwork
Authors: Beaudry Nicole 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once a journey is designed, equipped, and put in process, a new factor enters and takes over. A trip, a safari, an exploration, is an entity, different from all other journeys. It has personality, temperament, individuality, uniqueness. A journey is a person in itself; no two are alike. And all plans, safeguards, policing and coercion are fruitless. We find after years of struggle that we do not take a trip; a trip takes us.
Apnea and True Illusion: Breath(less) in Beckett
Authors: Blau Herbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“We have time to grow old.” But as you get older, and memory fails you, forgetting a name or a face—or, as with me, more frequently now in a class, you suddenly lose the lines of a poem long known by heart—it’s hard not to think of Alzheimer’s, from the complications of which my brother recently died, the last time I saw him not knowing who I was.
“Just Looking”: Ne(i)ther-World Icons, Elsheimer Nocturnes, and Other Simultaneities in Beckett’s Play
Authors: Moorjani Angela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The pleasures (if not the rapture) of vertigo are felt by many readers plunging into Beckett’s contrapuntal and paradoxical texts. Aware of the effects that encourage superimposed readings, some commentators nevertheless downplay those that are in a different domain from their own, the political seemingly disqualifying the psychoanalytical, or the inquiry into the medium ruling out the mythical or ontological, or the other way around.
Migraine Diagnosis and Comorbidity
Authors: Lipton Richard B , Scher Ann I , Silberstein, Stephen D , Bigal Marcelo E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Migraine is a very common neurologic disorder, characterized by recurrent attacks of severe headache, autonomic nervous system dysfunction and in some patients, by aura (Headache Classification Committee, 1988, 2004). The diagnosis of migraine has been facilitated by the development and publication of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-1 and ICHD-2) (Headache Classification Committee, 1988, 2004). The therapeutic options for migraine have greatly expanded in recent years for both acute and preventive treatments (Goadsby et al., 2002). On the acute treatment side, advances in neuroscience have led to the development of a novel class of selective serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), 5-HT1B/1D receptor agonists, known as the triptans (Ferrari et al., 2001). These agents have changed the lives of countless migraine sufferers. On the prevention side, neuromodulators such as divalproex sodium and topiramate play an expanding role in migraine management (Silberstein, 2005). Despite the availability of new and more effective treatment options, migraine remains under-diagnosed, and available therapies are not used optimally (Diamond et al., 2007; Lipton et al., 2007).
Other Primary Headaches
Authors: Newman Lawrence C , Grosberg, Brian M , Dodick David W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recognition of primary headache disorders that are less common than migraine, tension-type headache, and others discussed in this text is important, as the sufferers may be disabled, often misdiagnosed and therefore inappropriately treated. Although included under the rubric of other primary headaches, all of the disorders listed within this classification have secondary mimics. International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-II) criteria for these disorders, the diagnosis of the primary headache can only be given after secondary causes have been excluded. Furthermore, the proper treatment of these disorders is predicated upon establishing the correct diagnosis; some of the conditions described in this chapter respond dramatically to therapy with indomethacin but not to agents typically prescribed for the other more common primary headaches. This chapter reviews the epidemiology, clinical features, and treatment options for several of these less common disorders.
Disorders of the Mouth and Teeth
Authors: Graff-Radford Steven B , Newman Alan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Orofacial pain is a complex and often puzzling problem that clinicians are faced with on a daily basis. The International Association for the Study of Pain defines pain as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage” (Mersky, 1986). This definition allows pain to be present without nociception (the recordable neural activity in a delta and c fibers) and encourages the clinician to consider assessing the associated suffering and pain behavior in understanding and treating pain. Before one can treat facial pain it is essential to have an accurate diagnosis. This requires a working knowledge of a classification system. This chapter will describe a comprehensive classification system and address pains that present in the trigeminal nerve distribution.
The Poetry of Sappho
Authors: Powell Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Artfully adorned Aphrodite, deathless child of Zeus and weaver of wiles I beg you please don’t hurt me, don’t overcome my spirit, goddess, with longing, but come here, if ever at other moments hearing these my words from afar you listened and responded: leaving your father’s house, all golden, you came then, hitching up your chariot: lovely sparrows drew you quickly over the dark earth, whirling on fine beating wings from the heights of heaven down through the sky and instantly arrived—and then O my blessed goddess with a smile on your deathless face you asked me what the matter was this time, what I called you for this time, what I now most wanted to happen in my raving heart: “Whom this time should I persuade to lead you back again to her love? Who now, oh Sappho, who wrongs you? If she flees you now, she will soon pursue you; if she won’t accept what you give, she’ll give it; if she doesn’t love you, she’ll love you soon now, even unwilling”.
Diderot’s Paradoxe and C. P. E. Bach’s Empfindungen
Authors: Kramer Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On his way home to Paris via The Hague, Denis Diderot paused for a few days in Hamburg at the end of March 1774. “I return from St. Petersburg in a housecoat under a fur pelt, and without other clothing, otherwise I should not have missed calling on a man as famous as Emmanuel [sic],” he wrote, in the first of two surviving letters to Bach. We know the texts of these letters not from Diderot’s autograph, but (tellingly) from their publication in four literary journals within weeks of Diderot’s visit—the first of them in Claudius’s Wandsbecker Bothe for 8 April.
When Doctors Become Patients
Authors: Klitzman Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many doctors, their role as powerful healer precludes thoughts of ever getting sick themselves. When they do, it initiates a profound shift of awareness – not only in their sense of their selves, which is invariably bound up with the ‘invincible doctor’ role, but in the way that they view their patients and the doctor-patient relationship. While some books have been written from first-person perspectives on doctors who get sick, never has there been a systematic, integrated look at what the experience is like for doctors who get sick, and what it can teach us about our current health care system and more broadly, the experience of becoming ill. The psychiatrist Robert Klitzman here weaves together gripping first-person accounts of the experience of doctors who fall ill and see the other side of the coin, as a patient. The accounts reveal how dramatic this transformation can be – a spiritual journey for some, a radical change of identity for others, and for some a new way of looking at the risks and benefits of treatment options. For most however it forever changes the way they treat their own patients. These questions are important not just on a human interest level, but for what they teach us about medicine today. While medical technology advances, the health care system itself has become more complex and frustrating, and physician-patient trust is at an all-time low. The experiences offered here are unique resource that point the way to a more humane future.
“Touched by the Light”: Spiritual Beliefs and Their Obstacles
Authors: Klitzman Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ill physicians now came to appreciate, as never before, the importance of spirituality. Past studies have been divided as to whether and how physicians resembled, or differed from, patients in spiritual beliefs and practices. Early studies found that patients were more religious and spiritual than physicians as a whole, but more recent investigations suggest more commonalities (1). Still, comparisons remain difficult. Possible differences are significant because patients often wish to talk about religion with their physicians, but hesitate, sensing that physicians are not interested or too busy (2). Doctors’ spiritual beliefs may also influence their clinical decisions. For example, among physicians, Catholics and Jews have been less willing than Protestants to withdraw life support (3). Doctors who are more sensitive to spiritual concerns may discuss these issues more readily with patients.
Nishida’s Conception of Person
Authors: Kopf Gereon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nishida Kitarō (1870–1945), founder of the philosophical movement called the Kyoto school, was born in the Meiji period (1868–1912). During this time, Japan sought to rapidly modernize and to enter the exclusive club of the world powers of that time (Great Britain, Russia, the United States, and Germany). It was an intellectually vibrant period, when Japanese students traveled abroad to gain knowledge of and to assimilate European and American advancements in science as well as technology, and Japanese intellectuals were trying to redefine Japan’s self-understanding in the face of modernization and imperialism. Such was the world of Nishida, who not only studied Chinese classics in high school and European languages and philosophies at Tokyo Imperial University but also suggested, in the later years of his career, that his philosophy expressed “Eastern logic” with “Western categories.”
English Gentlemen with American Energy
Authors: Bliss Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
William Osler was born in a parsonage in backwoods Canada on July 12, 1849. His parents had come out from England to serve the Anglican Church in an obscure comer of British North America. Their parish centered on the hamlet of Bond Head, Canada West, some forty miles north of the little city of Toronto. At the time of Osier’s birth, Bond Head was still a frontier station on the edge of a savage wilderness. Thousands of miles across the Atlantic, Victorian Britain was approaching the height of its power, prestige, and cultural refinement.
Osler was of mainly Celtic descent. Many generations of his forebears had lived in Cornwall in southwestern England. The name Osler is derived from ‘ostler,’ a stableman at an inn, and has a common root with ‘host’ and ‘hospitality.’ The Canadian family pronounces the ‘o’ long as in ‘host,’ not short as in ‘lost.’
Never Use a Crutch
Authors: Bliss Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Osler had seen three patients on Thursday, August 30, and written several letters. He was in his library reading articles on asthma, thinking about the next edition of his text, when at 4.15 PM a telegram arrived from Cushing, advising that Revere was dangerously, though not hopelessly wounded. Osler sent Benning with the car to bring Grace, who was making social calls. She knew the reason right away. Osler phoned the War Office and asked permission to rush to France, but was advised to await further word. Grace and William had their bags packed and were waiting to leave when at 8.30 the call came to say Revere was dead.
There was nothing to do. Bodies were not brought home from wars until the Americans began to do it in Vietnam in the 1960s. Revere had already been buried. There would be no memorial service – too many soldiers had died and were dying every day. The practice of public mourning – wearing black, staying in seclusion, using black-bordered stationery-had largely disappeared by 1917.