bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro snake venom detoxifying action of some marine algae of Gulf of Mannar, south‐east coast of India
Authors: Vasanthi Hannah R. , Jaswanth A. , Krishnaraj V. , Rajamanickam G. V. , Saraswathy A. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe extract of the brown seaweed Padina boergesenii and the red seaweed Hypnea valentiae was found to detoxify (in vitro) the venom of Naja nigricollis. There was a remarkable reduction in the mortality of albino mice after intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of reconstituted venom with the extract compared to those challenged with the venom only. The survival of the animals exposed to the venom incubated with the different concentrations of the extract was used as the in vitro detoxiﬁcation parameter. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anthelminthic and antiallergic activities of Mangifera indica L. stem bark components Vimang and mangiferin
Authors: García D. , Escalante M. , Delgado R. , Ubeira F. M. , Leiro J. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis study investigated the antiallergic and anthelmintic properties of Vimang (an aqueous extract of Mangifera indica family stem bark) and mangiferin (the major polyphenol present in Vimang) administered orally to mice experimentally infected with the nematode, Trichinella spiralis. Treatment with Vimang or mangiferin (500 or 50 mg per kg body weight per day, respectively) throughout the parasite life cycle led to a signiﬁcant decline in the number of parasite larvae encysted in the musculature; however, neither treatment was effective against adults in the gut. Treatment with Vimang or mangiferin likewise led to a signiﬁcant decline in serum levels of speciﬁc anti‐Trichinella IgE, throughout the parasite life cycle. Finally, oral treatment of rats with Vimang or mangiferin, daily for 50 days, inhibited mast cell degranulation as evaluated by the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test (sensitization with infected mouse serum with a high IgE titre, then stimulation with the cytosolic fraction of T. spiralis muscle larvae). Since IgE plays a key role in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases, these results suggest that Vimang and mangiferin may be useful in the treatment of diseases of this type. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antimalarial activity screening of some alkaloids and the plant extracts from Amaryllidaceae
Authors: Şener Bilge , Orhan Ilkay , Satayavivad Jutamad 
Published: December 2003

AbstractFour groups of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, namely lycorine‐, crinine‐, tazettine‐, and galanthamine‐type, as well as plant extracts of the Amaryllidaceae plants (Pancratium maritimum, Leucojum aestivum, and Narcissus tazetta ssp. tazetta) growing in Turkey were evaluated in vitro for their ability to inhibit Plasmodium falciparum growth by a high‐throughput screening method with a 96‐well microtiter plate. All four groups of alkaloids exhibited antimalarial activity at different potencies. 6‐Hydroxyhaemanthamine, haemanthamine and lycorine were found to be the most potent alkaloids against P. falciparum (T9.96) and galanthamine and tazettine had the least potent activity against P. falciparum (K1). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Nigella sativa (black seed) on subjective feeling in patients with allergic diseases
Authors: Kalus Ulrich , Pruss Axel , Bystron Jaromir , Jurecka Moric , Smekalova Alice , Lichius Johannes Josef , Kiesewetter Holger 
Published: December 2003

AbstractNigella sativa (black seed) is an important medicinal herb. In many Arabian, Asian and African countries, black seed oil is used as a natural remedy for a wide range of diseases, including various allergies. The plant's mechanism of action is still largely unknown. Due to the lack of study data on its efﬁcacy in allergies, four studies on the clinical efﬁcacy of Nigella sativa in allergic diseases are presented. In these studies, a total of 152 patients with allergic diseases (allergic rhinitis, bronchial asthma, atopic eczema) were treated with Nigella sativa oil, given in capsules at a dose of 40 to 80 mg/kg/day. The patients scored the subjective severity of target symptoms using a predeﬁned scale. The following laboratory parameters were investigated: IgE, eosinophil count, endogenous cortisol in plasma and urine, ACTH, triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL and HDL cholesterol and lymphocyte subpopulations.The score of subjective feeling decreased over the course of treatment with black seed oil in all four studies. A slight decrease in plasma triglycerides and a discrete increase in HDL cholesterol occurred while the lymphocyte subpopulations, endogenous cortisol levels and ACTH release remained unchanged. Black seed oil therefore proved to be an effective adjuvant for the treatment of allergic diseases. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supplementation of fenugreek leaves to diabetic rats. Effect on carbohydrate metabolic enzymes in diabetic liver and kidney
Authors: Devi B. Anitha , Kamalakkannan N. , Prince P. Stanely Mainzen 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe present study was designed to evaluate the effect of supplementation of fenugreek leaves, an indigenous plant widely used in Indian Ayurvedic medicine for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Supplementation of the diet with fenugreek leaves showed a signiﬁcant effect on hyperglycaemia, hypoinsulinaemia and glycosylated haemoglobin in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Fenugreek leaves improved the body weight and liver glycogen. Fenugreek leaves also showed a signiﬁcant effect on key carbohydrate metabolic enzymes in diabetic rats. The effect of fenugreek leaves was found to be similar to that of glibenclamide. Thus, fenugreek leaves exhibited antidiabetic action in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats. Insulin restored all the parameters to near normal levels in diabetic rats. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combination effects of chloroquine with the febrifugine and isofebrifugine mixture against a blood‐induced infection with chloroquine‐resistant Plasmodium berghei NK65 in ICR mice
Authors: Ishih Akira , Suzuki Tohru , Watanabe Machiko , Miyase Toshio , Terada Mamoru 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe combination effects of chloroquine with a mixture of febrifugine and isofebrifugine were evaluated against a blood‐induced infection with chloroquine‐resistant P. berghei NK65 in ICR mice. Mice in the untreated control showed a progressively increasing parasitemia leading to mouse death. A two‐day dosage of 20 mg base/kg of chloroquine alone showed little effect against P. berghei NK65 infection, and all mice died from day 13 to 14 with an increasing parasitemia. A four‐day dosage of 1 mg/kg of the febrifugine and isofebrifugine mixture alone showed a little antimalarial activity, but all mice died from day 19 to 27 with an increasing parasitemia. On the other hand, mice treated with chloroquine plus alkaloids survived during the experiment. All mice treated with chloroquine alone or the alkaloid mixture alone showed low parasitemia levels during a drug administration and following a few days, but then malaria parasites increased in the bloodstream of the treated mice until death. On the other hand, malaria parasites in the mice given chloroquine plus alkaloids decreased on day 6 and then were not detected by a microscopic examination during observation period. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibitory effects of several flavonoids on E‐selectin expression on human umbilical vein endothelial cells stimulated by tumor necrosis factor‐α
Authors: Takano‐Ishikawa Yuko , Goto Masao , Yamaki Kohji 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe present study investigates the suppressive effect of ﬂavonoids on TNF‐α‐stimulated E‐selectin expression on HUVECs by carrying out a comparative examination of the 37 ﬂavonoids. Several ﬂavonoids: ﬁsetin, luteolin and apigenin (subclass of ﬂavone), kaempferol and quercetin (ﬂavonols), eriodictyol (ﬂavanones), genistein (isoﬂavones) and butein (chalcone) exhibit the inhibitory effects. Considerations to the structure of ﬂavonoids, the C2–C3 double bond of C‐ring and 4‐oxo functional group are essential for their inhibition activities. These results help to explain the pharmacological efﬁcacy of ﬂavonoids as anti‐inﬂammatory compounds. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antidiabetic herbal drugs ofﬁcially approved in China
Authors: Jia Wei , Gao Wenyuan , Tang Lida 
Published: December 2003

AbstractOver the centuries, Chinese herbal drugs have served as a major source of medicines for the prevention and treatment of diseases including diabetes mellitus (known as ‘Xiao‐ke’). It is estimated that more than 200 species of plants exhibit hypoglycaemic properties, including many common plants, such as pumpkin, wheat, celery, wax guard, lotus root and bitter melon. To date, hundreds of herbs and traditional Chinese medicine formulas have been reported to have been used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. This paper provides a brief review of the antidiabetic drugs of plant origin that have been approved by the Chinese health regulatory agency for commercial use in China. It was believed, through pharmacological studies, that medicinal herbs were meticulously organized in these antidiabetic drug formulas such that polysaccharide containing herbs restore the functions of pancreatic tissues and cause an increase in insulin output by the functional beta cells, while other ingredients enhance the microcirculation, increase the availability of insulin and facilitate the metabolism in insulin‐dependent processes. Pharmacological and clinical evaluations indicated that these drugs had a mild, but signiﬁcant, blood glucose lowering effect and that the long‐term use of these agents may be advantageous over chemical drugs in alleviating some of the chronic diseases and complications caused by diabetes. Additionally, the use of these natural agents in conjunction with conventional drug treatments, such as a chemical agent or insulin, permits the use of lower doses of the drug and/or decreased frequency of administration which decreases the side effects most commonly observed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protonophoric and uncoupling activity of royleanones from Salvia ofﬁcinalis and euvimals from Eucalyptus viminalis
Authors: Spiridonov Nikolay A. , Arkhipov Vladimir V. , Foigel Alexander G. , Shipulina Liudmila D. , Fomkina Maria G. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe mechanism of action of quinones from the roots of Salvia ofﬁcinalis L. (royleanones) and terpenoid phenolaldehydes from the leaves of Eucalyptus viminalis Labill. (euvimals) was studied. Royleanones and euvimals displayed marked protonophoric activity on artiﬁcial bilayer lipid membranes in vitro, and exerted an uncoupling action on oxidative phosphorylation in isolated rat liver mitochondria. The results suggest that biological membranes are the primary targets of royleanones and euvimals, and the protonophoric activity may contribute to the cytotoxicity and antimicrobial properties of these compounds. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anti‐obesity action of Salix matsudana leaves (Part 1). Anti‐obesity action by polyphenols of Salix matsudana in high fat‐diet treated rodent animals
Authors: Han Li‐Kun , Sumiyoshi Maho , Zhang Jing , Liu Mo‐Xiang , Zhang Xin‐Feng , Zheng Yi‐Nan , Okuda Hiromichi , Kimura Yoshiyuki 
Published: December 2003

AbstractIn preliminary experiments, polyphenol fractions prepared from the leaves of Salix matsudana reduced the elevation of the rat plasma triacylglycerol level at 3 and 4 h after oral administration of a lipid emulsion containing corn oil, at a dose of 570 mg/kg. The present study examined the anti‐obesity action of polyphenol fractions of S. matsudana leaves by testing whether the polyphenol fractions prevented the obesity induced by feeding a high‐fat diet to female mice for 9 weeks. Body weights at 2–9 weeks and the ﬁnal parametrial adipose tissue weights were signiﬁcantly lower in mice fed the high‐fat diet with 5% polyphenols of S. matsudana leaves than in those fed the high‐fat diet alone. The polyphenols of S. matsudana leaves also signiﬁcantly reduced the hepatic total cholesterol content, which was elevated in mice fed the high‐fat diet alone. In addition, the polyphenol fractions of S. matsudana leaves inhibited palmitic acid uptake into brush border membrane vesicles prepared from rat jejunum and α‐amylase activity, and their fractions enhanced norepinephrine‐induced lipolysis in fat cells. In conclusion, it is suggested that the inhibitory effects of the ﬂavonoid glycoside fraction of S. matsudana leaves on high‐fat diet‐induced obesity might be due to the inhibition of carbohydrate and lipid absorption from small intestine through the inhibition of α‐amylase and palmitic acid uptake into small intestinal brush border membrane or by accelerating fat mobilization through enhancing norepinephrine‐induced lipolysis in fat cells. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anti‐obesity action of Salix matsudana leaves (Part 2). Isolation of anti‐obesity effectors from polyphenol fractions of Salix matsudana
Authors: Han Li‐Kun , Sumiyoshi Maho , Zheng Yi‐Nan , Okuda Hiromichi , Kimura Yoshiyuki 
Published: December 2003

AbstractPreviously, it was reported that polyphenol fractions prepared from the leaves of Salix matsudana reduced the elevation of the rat plasma triacylglycerol level at 3 and 4 h after oral administration of a lipid emulsion containing corn oil, at a dose of 570 mg/kg. Moreover, body weights at 2–9 weeks and the ﬁnal parametrial adipose tissue weights were signiﬁcantly lower in mice fed the high‐fat diet with 5% polyphenol fractions of S. matsudana leaves than in those fed the high‐fat diet alone. The polyphenol fractions of S. matsudana leaves also signiﬁcantly reduced the hepatic total cholesterol content, which was elevated in mice fed the high‐fat diet alone. In addition, the polyphenol fractions of S. matsudana leaves inhibited palmitic acid uptake into brush border membrane vesicles prepared from rat jejunum and α‐amylase activity, and their fractions enhanced norepinephrine‐induced lipolysis in fat cells. To clarify the active substances inhibiting the palmitic acid uptake into small intestinal brush border membrane, the α‐amylase activity or enhancing the norepinephrine‐induced lipolyis in fat cells, the isolation of the active substances from polyphenol fraction was attempted using the above three assay systems. Compounds 1, 2 and 3 were isolated from the polyphenol fractions and identiﬁed as apigenin‐7‐O‐d‐glucoside, luteolin‐7‐O‐d‐glucoside and chrysoeriol‐7‐O‐d‐glucoside, respectively. Among three ﬂavonoids, apigenin‐7‐O‐d‐glucoside inhibited α‐amylase activity, and luteolin‐7‐O‐d‐glucoside and chrysoeriol‐7‐O‐d‐glucoside inhibited palmitic acid uptake into small intestinal brush border membrane. Furthermore, three ﬂavonoid glucosides enhanced norepinephrine‐induced lipolysis in fat cells. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the regulated River Alta: effects of altered water temperature on parr growth
Authors: Jensen Arne J. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe chief objective of this study was to analyse the effects of altered water temperature, due to the hydropower regulation of the River Alta, on growth of Atlantic salmon parr. The river was developed for hydroelectric purposes in 1987. A 110 m high concrete dam was built in the main river 49 km upstream from the outlet to the sea. The outlet of the power station is located 2.5 km downstream from the dam. The annual regime of water temperature has been altered downstream from the power station because of the regulation. It has decreased 1–2° C during June, July and the first half of August, while it has increased up to 3° C during late summer. During winter, water temperature has increased from 0° C to about 0.3–0.4° C. Atlantic salmon is the predominant fish species in the river. They can penetrate 46 km from the sea, up to the outlet of the power station.In this paper I have studied the relationship between growth of juvenile Atlantic salmon and water temperature in the upper part of the river. At similar temperatures, the growth rate of salmon parr in the River Alta is higher in early summer than later in the growing season. In early summer the salmon grew faster than the maximum rate predicted by a recently published model. Therefore, I adjusted the model to describe growth rates of salmon in early summer (ice break to mid‐August), using data derived prior to the hydropower development (1981–1986).The new model proved effective at describing growth rates of fish in early summer following the hydropower development (1987–1996). After development, growth rates decreased during early summer, but increased correspondingly later in the season. There was close agreement between these growth changes and the altered annual regime of river temperature. Overall, only minor changes in annual growth rates have been observed after the hydropower development. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of elevated water temperature on fish and macroinvertebrate communities below small dams
Authors: Lessard JoAnna L. , Hayes Daniel B. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractMany studies have investigated the ecological changes that occur below dams that release cold, hypolimnetic water, but very few studies have looked at the effects of the release of warm, surface waters. The effect of small, surface release dams on downstream thermal regimes is a major habitat concern for many cold‐water systems, however. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of summer temperature increases due to impoundment on downstream fish and macroinvertebrate communities in cold‐water streams. We sampled fish, macroinvertebrates and habitat upstream and downstream of dams on ten rivers during the summers of 1998 and 1999. Changes in mean summer temperature downstream varied from a cooling of 1 °C to an increase of more than 5 °C. Increasing temperatures downstream coincided with lower densities of several cold‐water fish species, specifically brown trout (Salmo trutta), brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus) while overall fish species richness increased downstream. Density of mottled sculpin (Cottus bairdi), another cold‐water species, was not related to temperature changes below the dams. Macroinvertebrates showed shifts in community composition below dams that increased temperature. This study provides information useful for determining the extent of impact of these small, surface release dams, which are abundant across the country. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Age, growth and non‐flood recruitment of two potamodromous fishes in a large semi‐arid/temperate river system
Authors: Mallen‐Cooper M. , Stuart I. G. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractGolden perch Macquaria ambigua (Percichthyidae) and silver perch Bidyanus bidyanus (Terapontidae) are two potamodromous fish species of the Murray‐Darling river system in southeastern Australia. Ageing of these species using thin sections of the sagittal otoliths and validation with known‐age fish revealed: they live for over 26 years; male and female silver perch reach maturity at 3 and 5 years respectively; male and female golden perch reach maturity at 2 and 4 years respectively; both species exhibit sexual dimorphism with larger females; and growth varies (L∞ silver perch 331–397 mm, golden perch 354–502 mm) among interconnected river systems. Longevity and opportunistic growth are characteristics that are well suited to the semi‐arid and temperate hydrology of this river system. A flood‐recruitment model for these two species, consistent with the ‘flood‐pulse concept’, has previously been assumed to be the main mechanism of recruitment. The model appeared appropriate for this large, low‐gradient river system with productive floodplains. However, in the middle reaches of the Murray River we found that golden perch recruitment was strong in non‐flood years and poor in flood years, and silver perch recruited in all years. These data do not preclude golden perch recruiting during floods as well, because downstream larval drift may have resulted in strong year‐classes being swept downstream of the sampling area during high flows. However, the recruitment models for these species need to be re‐evaluated to include within‐channel flows. Importantly, these flows can be manipulated by river regulation, unlike large floods, and therefore there is potential to enhance recruitment. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stable isotopes in zebra mussels as bioindicators of river–watershed linkages
Authors: Fry Brian , Allen Yvonne C. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractConcerns about biodiversity and sustainability extend to many ecological systems, including large river systems that are highly modified by human activities. The Mississippi River is one such system that is currently regulated for navigational and flood control purposes, bears a large agricultural nutrient load, and has experienced rapid spread of the exotic zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, since 1991. Human development of the extensive watershed system of the Mississippi River is ongoing and is expected to lead to further changes in river ecology. This study tested whether stable isotope compositions of the zebra mussel could help identify watershed and tributary loading of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and sulphur (S) to the mainstem river. Zebra mussels were collected seasonally in the lower Mississippi River at Baton Rouge in 1997, and along most of the length of the river in a north–south transect from Minnesota to Louisiana during August 1998. Results showed substantial seasonal variations in C, N and S isotopic compositions of 2‰ or greater, but also that seasonal changes appeared regular and linked to changing watershed inputs and chemistry of the river water. Nitrate was the dominant N nutrient in the Mississippi River, but isotope analyses showed that food webs based on ammonium rather than nitrate were likely important for the zebra mussel. Results from the north–south transect followed expectations based on mixing of mainstem river water with tributaries that had different chemistries, so that local zones of influence were detectable in the combined CNS zebra mussel isotopes downstream of major tributary confluences for the Illinois, Missouri and Ohio Rivers. Overall, the study supports use of stable isotopes to help monitor watershed development and downstream effects on aquatic food webs. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.