bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La gestion des ressources humaines dans les grandes organisations privées et publiques
Authors: Maisonrouge Jacques 
Published: January 2024

Human Resource Management in the Large Public and Private Organizations.
In the large private as well as public organizations, the director of the future must be an ‘internationalist’, a good communicator, have a deep ethical sense, know how to motivate associates and master management techniques. Adapting human resource management to these demands requires, in particular, the diversification of recruitment, considerable development of continuing education, introduction of a System of assessment and career paths, and the drawing up of replacement lists for preparing promotions.
La modernisation de la gestion des ressources humaines du secteur public
Authors:   Institut de l'Entreprise
Published: January 2024

Modernizing Public Sector Human Resource Management.
Human resource management should confront the same challenges and adopt the same techniques in the public sector as in the private sector. However, the administration dealing with management changes is ten years behind the times and must find original methods for success. The top executives in the public service should, in particular, acquire field experience and exchange their know-how with private sector managers. Agent motivation involves improved working conditions and increasing the responsibility of operational units. Relations with social partners should be diversifled and decentralized. Finally, the roles and duties of personal management must be oriented towards coordination, support and animation.
Le contrôle de gestion dans l’entreprise et dans l’administration
Authors: Laurent Ambroise 
Published: January 2024

Management Control in Companies and the Administration.
An essential function in companies, management control has no institutional existence in the administration. In the absence of such a mode of control, it is more concerned with economizing than efficacity (the measure of results), and is, above ail, unconcemed with efficiency (the relation between resources and results). The introduction of management control in the administration, which would require substantial reassessment of its modes of operation, is an indispensable condition for modernizing the public service.
Les collectivités locales et le secteur bancaire
Authors: Cornut Charles 
Published: January 2024

Relations between Local Authorities and the Banking Sector.
Relations between local authorities and banks in Europe can be described as greatly diversified, in terms of freedom of borrowing, financial market access conditions, and cash management. Overall, however, the role of banks has increased during the past ten years. This development has resulted in some abuse. Clear rules, stipulating the responsibilities of authorities and the measures to be applied in case of default, are even more necessary for, with the creation of Europe, the financial freedom of local authorities must necessarily increase.
Conclusion. L'Europe : une chance pour les collectivités locales ?
Authors: Haenel Hubert 
Published: January 2024

Europe : an Opportunity for Local Authorities ?
On the institutional, judicial and decision-making levels, the European edifice has largely ignored local authorities. These have, however, entered into increased cooperation and competition within European context. This development requires the appropriate instruments for real dialogue between the Community, the State and local authorities.
La communication, levier du changement social ? L’exemple de la réforme des PTT
Authors: Wiener Michel 
Published: January 2024

Communication, a Lever for Social Change ?
The French postal service (PTT) reform, which went into effect on January 1, 1991, is the culmination of a wide-ranging debate. This process relied upon on a very strong desire for communication, which enabled all those wishing it, outside and within the PTT, to participate directly. Praised by all the observers, original forms of communication, using the most modem techniques, thus made it possible to involve all participants in a dynamic which resulted in this reform, despite rather unfavorable social conditions.
La communication municipale au Québec
Authors: Thériault Richard 
Published: January 2024

The Communication System in City Affairs in Quebec
At the dawn of a redefinition of city council powers, public communication in Quebec has been given new impetus. The responsibilities and the expectations, experienced by both elected representatives and citizens, have given it a new dimension today. Adequate communication structures have been set up and a very clear distinction between the political and administrative aspects of communication has been made.
La promotion du secteur privé dans les pays en développement. Pour un changement des politiques et des comportements de l’État
Authors: Gonon Jean-Pierre 
Published: January 2024

<i>Promoting the Private Sector in Developing Countries :
Towards Changing State Policies and Behavior</i>. Everyone agrees that State must play an active role in initiating policies for promoting the private sector. Rather than special measures for encouraging this, the private sector requires a stable and auspicious political environment. This means that State must reorientate its intervention and establish a new type of relation with the private sector.
Les missions de l’ombudsman finlandais
Authors: Söderman Jacob 
Published: January 2024

The Role of the Ombudsman in Finland.
The Parliamentary Ombudsman established in 1919, was influenced by the Swedish model. It is in charge of legal control, which mainly consists in investigating complaints made by citizens, inquiries on his own initiative, and inspections in closed institutions like prisons, psychiatric hospitals, police and armed forces units. In case of illegal action, the strongest weapon of the Ombudsman is prosecution, but he most commonly provides for critical comments. He also plays and active role in human rights protection and in legislative reform.
Le Protecteur du citoyen du Québec comme agent de changement
Authors: Jacoby Daniel 
Published: January 2024

The Case of Quebec : The Ombudsman and Change.
The Citizens’ Protector came into existence in a context marked by an inadequate control over administrative and governmental activities. He depends on the legislature. He is responsible for combatting injustice, errors and the arbitrary in administrative and governmental action, and is an accessory contributor to personal rights and public liberties. The Citizens’ Protector also acts to promote alternative procedures of conflict resolution and contributes to the development of complaint processing bodies which act as first-level ombudsmen.
Maastricht et les citoyens : le Médiateur européen
Authors: Gosalbo Bono Ricardo 
Published: January 2024

Maastricht and the citizens : The European Ombudsman.
The creation of the European Ombudsman by the Treaty of Maastricht is part of the endeavour to democratize EC practice. Its aim is to ensure citizens the right to lodge complaints with an Ombudsman designated by Parliament. He is competent for handling ail misadministration cases within community institutions or agencies and according to the statute drafted by the European Parliament, will have powers of enquiry and recommendation. His assessments can become part of the parliamentary political control of the Commission.
La médiation hors du champ administratif — son avenir
Authors: Guillaume-Hofnung Michelle 
Published: January 2024

The Future of Extra-Administrative Mediation.
In addition to mediation which institutionalized at the highest level and initiated by public authorities, numerous social activies perform ‘mediation’ (family, community, social, judicial, political, etc.). Although they are interesting and useful, most of these more closely resemble experiments in negotiation and conflict resolution techniques, but few reveal any form of mediation as a mode for managing social tensions. It is carried out through the intervention of a third, neutral, independent party, with no other authority than the one freely granted and recognized by the parties involved. Beyond problems of terminology, the future of mediation depends largely on the consideration it is given on the institutional framework of such experiments, as well as on the training and ethics of the mediators.
Action publique, création privée
Authors: Urfalino Philippe 
Published: January 2024

Public Action, Private Creation.
In spite of the recent blossoming of cultural sponsoring by private business, artistic creation in France is still dominated by public action. Comparing with the IIIrd Republic only reinforces this view ; in those times public/private duality was founded on a clear and well - balanced separation between the two sectors. The present situation is more complex, and examining it shows that there is no real reason to fear the seizure of culture by the State. In fact, the wearing out of cultural democratization as a way of legitimizing public action, leads government to redefine it’s role in integrating market requirements.
Le rôle des collectivités locales
Authors: Rizzardo René , Beghain Patrice , Bordier Jean-Marc , Rauch Werner , Thorel Fred 
Published: January 2024

The Local Authorities’ Role. Round Table.
Representatives of governmental and local cultural administrations discuss three major themes : the state-local partnership wich is original, and specific to the cultural sector ; the extension of the local authorities’ role in cultural matters ; finally the modemization of cultural institutions, their evolving status, management and control.
Réflexions sur les différents modèles d’évaluation
Authors: Perret Bernard 
Published: January 2024

Reflexions on Different Models of Evaluation.
There is no specific french model of evaluation. But certain differences come out of an analysis of the objects of evaluation on one side, the logic of evaluation demand on the other, and of the ways for institutionalizing and professionalizing evaluation in France and a number of other western countries. Evaluation develops in a way which is more scattered in France than abroad. The diversity of objects, goals and competences leads to a complexity which makes the accumulation of a methodological knowledge and the progress of capabilities more difficult.
Un premier bilan de l’expérience française
Authors: Trosa Sylvie 
Published: January 2024

Policy Evaluation in France : a First Appraisal.
Because of its recent development in France, there is no precise definition of evaluation. It is nevertheless possible to question its underlying philosophy. The goal of evaluation, as distinct of controlling and judging, is the organization of a possible debate on the ends of public action. But the developments of initiatives happens until now in a rather scattered way, which could sometimes go astray if one is not careful about it. The Higher Council for Evaluation, on its side, intends to develop the principles which will permit a coherent and independent practice of evaluation. This objective can only be met by establishing a prior connection between evaluation and the process of administrative modernization and public management.
L’évaluation des politiques publiques au Royaume-Uni
Authors: Saint-Clair William 
Published: January 2024

Policy Evaluation in the United Kingdom.
In the United Kingdom evaluation, first concentrated on service to the customer in the public sector, now focuses on policies themselves. Evaluation is not considered as a sort of audit or inspection, but as an element of the management of govemment. This is why internal evaluation develops considerably, encouraged by training. The aim is to insert evaluation in standard administrative procedures. British govemement has obtained important results in evaluation. Problems did not stem from the methodology, but from the difficulty to convince decision-makers to integrate evaluation in day-to-day action.
Gestion et émasculation des évaluations : le cas du Canada
Authors: Lacasse François 
Published: January 2024

Managing Evaluation and Emasculating it : the Canadian Experience.
The canadian tradition in policy evaluation goes back to the early seventies. Less than ten years later, there were evaluation units in each ministerial department : ail policies had to be evaluated within a five years cycle. Nevertheless, this institutional victory of evaluation leaves open issues. Evaluation questions neither the grounds of policies nor alternatives to evaluated policies. There would be less deceptions if evaluation were seen as a source of information for decision-makers which cannot bring forward major changes on their own. But when major changes are envisaged, evaluation should go beyond its institutional framework and include a substantial dose of policy analysis.
L’évaluation des activités de formation et de leur impact à l’IDE (Banque mondiale)
Authors: Le Rouzic Violaine 
Published: January 2024

Training Evaluation at the Institute for Economie Development.
The IED of the World Bank has developped procedures in order to evaluate its training activities in a multi-annual process. Three types of evaluation are distinguished. Evaluation at the end of seminars is aimed at measuring participant’s satisfaction. Follow-up evaluation is based on personalized procedures, aimed at following participant’s post-training careers. Evaluation of the impact of training beyond participant’s careers is very difficult to realize, because it is hardly impossible to evaluate the Institute’s share in the amelioration of development policy.
Les contrôles sous le signe de l’inefficience
Authors: D’Auria Gaetano 
Published: January 2024

Controls — the Rule of Inefficiency ?
In Italy, controls on administration are greatly inefficient. Internal controls hardly exist and external controls suffer a lack of coordination and a more or less important dependence towards political and administrative power. This inefficiency is partly due to the age of the controlling system which goes back for its greatest part to the middle of the nineteenth century and has not been adapted to transformations during the last fifty years (there have been no more than three important Acts of Parliament in that period). Nevertheless, some recent initiatives try to find remedies, in the field of local authorities amongst others. The influence of the European Union on the future evolution of these controls, and especially on a possible redefinition of the functions of the Court of Auditors, is still difficult to measure.
La décentralisation administrative et les autonomies locales
Authors: Voci Pietro 
Published: January 2024

Administrative Decentralization and Local Autonomies
The Constitution of 1948 gives a great importance to administrative decentralization under various forms ; it is even considered as one of the fundamental principles of the Republican State. But the implementation of these principles has been very slow. The regional reform, launched in 1970, has led to an important transfer of administrative powers to the regions, with a predominance of political upon administrative guidance. A reform of the organization and functions of other local authorities has had to wait until 1990. But there is a dramatic lack of reforms of ministerial departments and field services of state administration.
La nouvelle constitution économique
Authors: Torchia Luisa 
Published: January 2024

The New Economic Constitution
The state-economy relationships in Italy can be briefly described as follows : a traditionally powerful and vast public sector ; an essentially finalistic regulation of the economy, i.e. a control of complete sectors by public bodies according to government priorities. During the last twenty years, government intervention in the economy has shrunk as well in its extension as in its intensity. The privatization of bodies and activities which were previously run by the public sector has been accompanied by a reshuffling of public control on private economic activities. Furthermore the process of european integration has led to a reduction of national regulations and to the introduction of uniform minimal rules for all economic actors.
Les privatisations dans le secteur industriel public
Authors: Vesperini Giulio 
Published: January 2024

Privatizations in the Industrial Public Sector
In Italy the rare cases of direct transfer of public enterprises to the private sector have not been decided by government, but by the public bodies which owned their capital, in view of reinforcing their own position. The privatizations which have been programmed by government have mainly been targeted to the legal form of enterprises, without changing their direction and control, which remain public. Because they have followed two different paths, the Italian privatizations have not had the same consequences as in other countries, namely an increase of government regulation of private activities, a reinforcement of capital market and a decrease of government debt. The latest program of transfer of public companies which has been presented by the Italian Cabinet does not bring any major innovations in this field.
Genèse d’une réforme
Authors: Picq Jean 
Published: January 2024

The Quai d’Orsay : Genesis of a Reform.
What was mainly at stake with a reform of the ministry of Foreign Affairs was the modernization of french diplomacy and remotivation of ail those who serve it. In order to cope with this, the method for reform has privileged opening on the outside world, and a pragmatic approach, more oriented on methods for working together than on structures. The reform follows four major lines : make better use of the diplomatie network, reinforce the management of people and careers, ensure the départaient’ s internai cohésion and reaffirm the central rôle of the ministry of Foreign Affairs in government.
L’adaptation de l’instrument diplomatique aux changements intervenus en Europe centrale et orientale depuis 1989
Authors: Poudade Paul 
Published: January 2024

Adapting the Diplomatie Instruments to changes in Central and Eastern Europe since 1989.
The new european map shows a moving area where nations are again the main actors, because of the dissolution of cold war alliances in a framework of insufficiently solid legal instruments. In three years, the number of States in what was called Eastern Europe has been multiplied by three. France decided to undertake diplomatie relations with these States, a decision leading to administrative adaptations. Three types of French embassies abroad have thus been created. Some are led by a résident ambassador, others by a non-resident ambassador, with accreditations to several heads of State, some by semi-permanent ambassadors. The structures of the ministerial department hâve also been deeply changed in order to take account of this new situation.
Quai, Élysée, Matignon - Les centres de décision en matière de politique étrangère
Authors: Trean Claire 
Published: January 2024

Quai, Élysée, Matignon — Centers of Decision - making in Foreign Policy
In the field of foreign policy, the rôles are not resulting from the distribution of powers operated by the constitution. They dépend largely upon internai political distribution of forces as well as upon the main actors’ personalities, especially in periods of ‘cohabitation’ between a President and a Prime Minister of different political origins. The rather bad relations between the three main actors of foreign policy in 1986-1988 actually never went beyond problems of persons, of good manners and of protocol and it did not really affect France’ s action abroad. Between 1988 and 1993 France experienced the political constellation most favourable to a monopoly of the executive on diplomacy and theoretically more favourable to the administration of Foreign Affairs, with a minister who had a very close relationship to the President of the Republic. Since 1993, the institutions are functioning smoothly as ail actors want to show that ail government authorities are tuned up to lead foreign policy.
L’Auswärtiges AMT et le quai d’Orsay
Authors: Beuth Heinrich Wilhelm 
Published: January 2024

The Auswärtiges Amt and the Quai d’Orsay
Comparing the centers of diplomacy in France and Germany shows as well similarities as différences. A bill of 1990 sets the legal framework of the german foreign service. It defines the functions of the ministry, particularly its rôle as coordinator of the State’s international relations and those of other government services. The organisational structures of the Auswärtiges Amt are being constantly adapted to new facts. This is why the ministry’s organization chart is adapted once a year. Another characteristic of the ministry is that decisions are made on the basis of an internai consensus as broad as possible.
L’État face au malaise urbain au début des années 80
Authors: Harburger Sylvie 
Published: January 2024

Administration and Urban Discontent at the beginning of the eighties
In order to find an answer to "suburban discontent", the government created a commission for the social development of urban districts in 1982, composed of elected representatives, socio-professional representatives and a horizontal and interministerial selection of state services. One of the most effective instruments of this commission has been the possibility of working under the leadership of a mayor - facilitating relations with elected representatives - while remaining in the institutional framework of the Prime minister’s services.
Statuts des sols, droit de propriété et mécanismes fonciers dans les pays d’Europe en transition
Authors: Acosta Rodrigo 
Published: January 2024

Statute of Lands, Property Rights, and Land Ownership Mechanisms in the Economy in Transition of Eastern Europe
Some land ownership problems are an obstacle to the emergence of a market economy in Eastern countries. The implantation of land and real estate property rights, recently introduced in the legal system of these countries, bump into the absence or the complexity of a land registry system, the absence of solvent demands, and the difficulties related to the restitution to the previous owners. For sure, the western models cannot be transposed. The solution to these problems has to go through a simplification of the legal framework, and a clear distribution of powers, and also through the practice of an evaluation of the risks caused by this adjustment operation.
De la modernisation de l’administration à la réforme de l’État
Authors: Rouban Luc , Ziller Jacques 
Published: January 2024

From Modernizing the Administration to State Reform.
Policies of modernizing the administration in European States resemble each other in some ways. One major objective is to reduce State spending but to also develop new techniques of public management. Yet, changes brought on by the establishment of these policies vary in function of the countries and their political environments. Likewise, the endeavor to modernize can be interpreted in different ways. Indeed, on the one hand, modernization may constitute a response to constraints imposed upon European States, but on the other hand, it can also serve as a means to find alternative solutions to the welfare State model.
Pour une meilleure compréhension de l’administration allemande
Authors: Siedentopf Heinrich 
Published: January 2024

Towards a Better Understanding of German Administration.
Public administration in Germany is characterised by both continuity and change. Continuity, resulting from the presence of all the necessary elements to ensure the rule of law, change resulting firstly from unification but also from the restrictions which affect the administrative structures of western countries (such as reduced public funding and the quest for increased efficiency in administrative action). These changes must also be made in accordance with Germany’s federal structure which demands the reconciliation of federal interests and those of the regional Länder. Finally, the integration of European Law equally provides a new challenge for German administration.