bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low-shot learning and class imbalance: a survey
Authors: Billion Polak Preston , Prusa Joseph D. , Khoshgoftaar Taghi M. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe tasks of few-shot, one-shot, and zero-shot learning—or collectively “low-shot learning” (LSL)—at first glance are quite similar to the long-standing task of class imbalanced learning; specifically, they aim to learn classes for which there is little labeled data available. Motivated by this similarity, we conduct a survey to review the recent literature for works which combine these fields in one of two ways, either addressing the obstacle of class imbalance within a LSL setting, or utilizing LSL techniques or frameworks in order to combat class imbalance within other settings. In our survey of over 60 papers in a wide range of applications from January 2020 to July 2023 (inclusive), we examine and report methodologies and experimental results, find that most works report performance at or above their respective state-of-the-art, and highlight current research gaps which hold potential for future work, especially those involving the use of LSL techniques in imbalanced tasks. To this end, we emphasize the lack of works utilizing LSL approaches based on large language models or semantic data, and works using LSL for big-data imbalanced tasks.
Out-of-distribution- and location-aware PointNets for real-time 3D road user detection without a GPU
Authors: Seppänen Alvari , Alamikkotervo Eerik , Ojala Risto , Dario Giacomo , Tammi Kari 
Published: January 2024

Abstract3D road user detection is an essential task for autonomous vehicles and mobile robots, and it plays a key role, for instance, in obstacle avoidance and route planning tasks. Existing solutions for detection require expensive GPU units to run in real-time. This paper presents a light algorithm that runs in real-time without a GPU. The algorithm combines a classical point cloud proposal generator approach with a modern deep learning technique to achieve a small computational requirement and comparable accuracy to the state-of-the-art. Typical downsides of this approach, such as many out-of-distribution proposals and loss of location information, are examined, and solutions are proposed. We have evaluated the performance of the method with the KITTI dataset and with our own annotated dataset collected with a compact mobile robot platform equipped with a low-resolution LiDAR (16-channel). Our approach reaches a real-time inference on a standard CPU, unlike other solutions in the literature. Furthermore, we achieve superior speed on a GPU, which indicates that our method has a high degree of parallelism. Our method enables low-cost mobile robots to detect road users in real-time.
Analysis of imprecise measurement data utilizing z-test for correlation
Authors: Aslam Muhammad 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe conventional Z-test for correlation, grounded in classical statistics, is typically employed in situations devoid of vague information. However, real-world data often comes with inherent uncertainty, necessitating an adaptation of the Z-test using neutrosophic statistics. This paper introduces a modified Z-test for correlation designed to explore correlations in the presence of imprecise data. We will present the simulation to check the effect of the measure of indeterminacy on the evolution of type-I error and the power of the test. The application of this modification is illustrated through an examination of heartbeat and temperature data. Upon analyzing the heartbeat and temperature data, it is determined that, in the face of indeterminacy, the correlation between heartbeat and temperature emerges as significant. This highlights the importance of accounting for imprecise data when investigating relationships between variables.
Measurement invariance of the satisfaction with leisure satisfaction scale by gender, marital status, and age
Authors: Köse Elif , Gökçe Hüseyin , Toktaş Neşe , Yerlisu Lapa Tennur , Tercan Kaas Evren 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Background
Leisure satisfaction is the degree of positive perception and emotions that an individual acquires as a result of participating in leisure time activities, and it has an important function in maintaining and increasing leisure time participation. Some studies on leisure satisfaction address the comparisons between groups. These studies are based on the premise that the measurement tool used to reveal the between-group differences measures the same feature in subgroups.

Objective
In this study, we investigated whether the differences between the groups were due to the measurement tool by examining the psychometric properties of the leisure satisfaction scale.

Methods
The study sample comprised 2344 exercising individuals, including 1228 (52.3%) women and 1116 (47.6%) men. The structural invariance of the leisure satisfaction scale, developed by Beard and Ragheb (Journal of Leisure Research 12:20-33, 1980) and adapted into Turkish by Gökçe and Orhan (Spor Bilimleri Dergisi 22:139–145, 2011), was tested through multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis.

Results
The results indicated that the structural and metric invariance conditions were fulfilled across gender, marital status, and age in all subscales of the leisure satisfaction scale. Scalar invariance was obtained in educational and social satisfaction subscales across gender and in physical satisfaction subscale across marital status.

Conclusion
The study provides evidence for the future comparisons according to these three variables, indicating that the differences obtained will result from the real differences between groups rather than the measurement tool properties.
Applicability of artificial intelligence-based computer-aided detection (AI–CAD) for pulmonary tuberculosis to community-based active case finding
Authors: Okada Kosuke , Yamada Norio , Takayanagi Kiyoko , Hiasa Yuta , Kitamura Yoshiro , Hoshino Yutaka , Hirao Susumu , Yoshiyama Takashi , Onozaki Ikushi , Kato Seiya 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Background
Artificial intelligence-based computer-aided detection (AI–CAD) for tuberculosis (TB) has become commercially available and several studies have been conducted to evaluate the performance of AI–CAD for pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in clinical settings. However, little is known about its applicability to community-based active case-finding (ACF) for TB.

Methods
We analysed an anonymized data set obtained from a community-based ACF in Cambodia, targeting persons aged 55 years or over, persons with any TB symptoms, such as chronic cough, and persons at risk of TB, including household contacts. All of the participants in the ACF were screened by chest radiography (CXR) by Cambodian doctors, followed by Xpert test when they were eligible for sputum examination. Interpretation by an experienced chest physician and abnormality scoring by a newly developed AI–CAD were retrospectively conducted for the CXR images. With a reference of Xpert-positive TB or human interpretations, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were drawn to evaluate the AI–CAD performance by area under the ROC curve (AUROC). In addition, its applicability to community-based ACFs in Cambodia was examined.

Results
TB scores of the AI–CAD were significantly associated with the CXR classifications as indicated by the severity of TB disease, and its AUROC as the bacteriological reference was 0.86 (95% confidence interval 0.83–0.89). Using a threshold for triage purposes, the human reading and bacteriological examination needed fell to 21% and 15%, respectively, detecting 95% of Xpert-positive TB in ACF. For screening purposes, we could detect 98% of Xpert-positive TB cases.

Conclusions
AI–CAD is applicable to community-based ACF in high TB burden settings, where experienced human readers for CXR images are scarce. The use of AI–CAD in developing countries has the potential to expand CXR screening in community-based ACFs, with a substantial decrease in the workload on human readers and laboratory labour. Further studies are needed to generalize the results to other countries by increasing the sample size and comparing the AI–CAD performance with that of more human readers.
Factors associated with undiagnosed hypertension among Tongan adults: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Fifita Seini Siahi Talanoafoou , Nonaka Daisuke , Cama Mele Tilema , Filise Mele Inu 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Background
Hypertension is responsible for many premature deaths worldwide. However, many individuals with hypertension remain undiagnosed. Tonga is one of the countries that has had a steep increase in hypertension, thus undiagnosed hypertension could also be increasing. Purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and factors associated with undiagnosed hypertension among Tongan adults.

Methods
This cross-sectional study used data collected from conveniently sampled 473 participants using electronic questionnaire and digital sphygmomanometer through household visits between February and March 2023. Inclusion criteria were age of 18–65 years, residence in the villages for at least six months, and not being pregnant. Fisher’s exact test and mixed-effect logistic regression were performed using the EZR software to assess the association between undiagnosed hypertension and predictor variables.

Results
The prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension was 22.4% (106/473). Five variables that were significantly associated with undiagnosed hypertension in Fisher’s exact test were included in the multivariate logistic regression. Overall, only three variables remained significant. First, participants who never had their blood pressure measured had higher prevalence compared to those who had it checked recently (33.3% vs. 19.1%); odds ratio: 2.24). Secondly, participants who were not aware of the risk of developing hypertension were significantly more likely to have undiagnosed hypertension compared to those who were aware (27.9% vs. 16.7%; odds ratio: 1.81). Lastly, middle-aged participants (30–49 years) and older (50–65 years), were significantly more likely to have undiagnosed hypertension compared to those who were 18–29 years old (30.0% and 23.7% vs. 11.8%; odds ratio: 3.58 and 3.38 vs. 1.00).

Conclusion
The prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension could be substantial among Tongan adults, implicating a need to address this issue by doing further research and review current public health work to address hypertension in Tonga. Undiagnosed hypertension was associated with having no experience of blood pressure measurement, lack of awareness about hypertension, and age. Tongan government should provide people with more opportunities to have their blood pressure measured and to improve their awareness.
Bioanalytical method development and validation for the simultaneous estimation of Olanzapine and Samidorphan in rabbit plasma by using HPLC–MS/MS and application to pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Kantipudi Rambabu , Pavuluri Sugandha Kumar 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Background
Samidorphan is an opioid antagonist while Olanzapine is an effective medication for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. A unique and accurate MS/HPLC approach due to simultaneous measurement of Olanzapine and Samidorphan is, therefore, more urgently required. Simultaneous quantification of Olanzapine and Samidorphan in rabbit plasma using HPLC-MS. Using a buffer composed of 1 mL of formic acid in 1 L of water and a mixture of two components, buffer and acetonitrile in a ratio of 50:50 and a flow rate of 1 mL/min at room temperature, we separated compounds on an Inertsil ODS column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 m).

Results
Analysis was performed within 8 min over a satisfactory linear concentration range of 2–40 ng/mL for Olanzapine (r2 = 0.99901 0.024) and 2–40 ng/mL for Samidorphan (r2 = 0.99927 0.012). The matrix effect recoveries of Olanzapine and Samidorphan at various QC concentration levels were 104.5, 100.51% and 110.36, 99.25%, respectively. The precision and recovery study outcomes fall within the acceptable range. An electrospray ionization source was used to analysis of Olanzapine and Samidorphan at m/z 313.40 → 192.54, m/z 371.45 → 220.61 for Olanzapine and Samidorphan, m/z 316.40 → 237.58, m/z 374.41 → 223.61 for D3 Olanzapine and D3 Samidorphan that were ion pairs of mass analysis.

Conclusions
Liquid–liquid extraction was used to remove Olanzapine (0.17 mg/kg) and its reference standard (D3-Olanzapine) from rabbit plasma. Both the active compound Samidorphan (0.17 mg/kg) and its reference, D3-samidorphan, were isolated from rabbit plasma. We conducted stability studies to ensure that the medications would remain stable in accordance with USFDA regulations.
Africans’ response to the January 2023 Omicron variant wave in China: the impact of COVID-19 vaccination status
Authors: Thokerunga Erick , Kisembo Peter , Abi Manzama-Esso , Fangninou Fangnon Firmin , Avala Ntsigouaye Juval , Bolorunduro Janet Oluwasola , Olovo Chinaza Valerie , Okeke Marvellous , Peter Samuel Emeka , Agida Innocent Okohi , Kumi Moses , Drokow Emmanuel Kwateng , Komolafe Temitope Emmanuel 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Introduction
The January 2023 COVID-19 omicron wave in China garnered wide publicity partly because it evaded most vaccines at that time and resulted in “breakthrough infections” in previously vaccinated individuals. This study focused on the COVID-19 vaccination status and the response of foreigners of African descent who were in China during the January 2023 Omicron-driven COVID-19 wave.

Materials and methods
A cross-sectional online survey of Africans in China was conducted in January 2023. Self-report electronic questionnaires were sent to eligible participants across the country, with no restriction on age, gender, or country of origin. Two hundred sixty-six participants were eventually enrolled. Collected data was cleaned and analyzed using SPSS. Descriptive analysis was used to summarize the data in terms of numbers and percentages, while the Chi-square test was used to determine relationships among variables.

Results
A total of 266 participants were enrolled, 68.8% males and 31.2% females. The majority (97%) were 45 years and below and mostly students (75.2%). 87.2% were vaccinated, with 53.1% having taken at least 2 shots. Sinovac (53.9%) was the most used vaccine brand. 21.4% reported infection with COVID-19 during the January 2023 omicron wave, with 14.0% reporting “breakthrough” infections. No significant difference was seen in the risk of getting infected with COVID-19 between unvaccinated and vaccinated participants; OR 1.2 (95% CI 0.396–3.634, p = 0.747). 35.1% reported mild asymptomatic infections, while 64.9% reported symptoms. The majority of the cases (89.5%) were managed from home.

Conclusion
In summary, most Africans in China were vaccinated during the January 2023 COVID-19 omicron wave, although “breakthrough” infections were reported. The infection rate among Africans in China was relatively higher than for African Americans and those living in Africa, but the majority were managed from home. Future studies are needed to capture vital COVID-19 information on Africans in China for more trailered responses to future outbreaks.
Cancer Research Challenges and Potential Solutions in Saudi Arabia: A Qualitative Discussion Group Study
Authors: Alessy Saleh A. , Almotlak Abdulaziz A. , Alattas Maha , Alshareef Abdulraheem , Alwosaibai Kholoud , Alghamdi Majed A. , Razack Habeeb I.A. , Alqahtani Saleh A. 
Published: January 2024

PURPOSE Cancer incidence in Saudi Arabia has recently shown an upward trend. Research efforts within the different cancer continuum are pivotal to strengthening control measures. Since cancer research is evolving in the country, it is crucial to understand the current challenges and implement defined interventions to overcome them. The present qualitative study aimed to assess cancer research barriers among researchers and identify potential solutions from their perspectives. METHODS We conducted a focus group discussion among 17 Saudi-based cancer researchers from diverse research backgrounds, provinces, and institutions. We used descriptive-interpretive thematic analysis following an open-ended approach to investigate the challenges in conducting cancer research. We also captured the solutions suggested based on the researchers' experiences. RESULTS Six major themes emerged from the analysis: requirements of the data landscape, organizational support, national research roadmap, sustainable funding, clearer policies and regulations, and capacity building. To address challenges in these areas, researchers stressed the need for improved interinstitutional collaborations, immediate availability of research materials, and unlimited and easy access to research data. CONCLUSION Improving health research is one of the primary goals of Saudi Vision 2030. It is, therefore, essential to overcome the current challenges in cancer research, enabling research findings to inform policies related to cancer control and care provision.
A Bispecific Modeling Framework Enables the Prediction of Efficacy, Toxicity, and Optimal Molecular Design of Bispecific Antibodies Targeting MerTK
Authors: Li Ran , Dere Edward , Kwong Mandy , Fei Mingjian , Dave Rutwij , Masih Shabkhaiz , Wang Joy , McNamara Erin , Huang Haochu , Liang Wei-Ching , Schutt Leah , Kamath Amrita V. , Ovacik Meric A. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractInhibiting MerTK on macrophages is a promising therapeutic strategy for augmenting anti-tumor immunity. However, blocking MerTK on retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPEs) results in retinal toxicity. Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) containing an anti-MerTK therapeutic and anti-PD-L1 targeting arm were developed to reduce drug binding to MerTK on RPEs, since PD-L1 is overexpressed on macrophages but not RPEs. In this study, we present a modeling framework using in vitro receptor occupancy (RO) and pharmacokinetics (PK) data to predict efficacy, toxicity, and therapeutic index (TI) of anti-MerTK bsAbs. We first used simulations and in vitro RO data of anti-MerTK monospecific antibody (msAb) to estimate the required MerTK RO for in vivo efficacy and toxicity. Using these estimated RO thresholds, we employed our model to predict the efficacious and toxic doses for anti-MerTK bsAbs with varying affinities for MerTK. Our model predicted the highest TI for the anti-MerTK/PD-L1 bsAb with an attenuated MerTK binding arm, which was consistent with in vivo efficacy and toxicity observations. Subsequently, we used the model, in combination with sensitivity analysis and parameter scans, to suggest an optimal molecular design of anti-MerTK bsAb with the highest predicted TI in humans. Our prediction revealed that this optimized anti-MerTK bsAb should contain a MerTK therapeutic arm with relatively low affinity, along with a high affinity targeting arm that can bind to a low abundance target with slow turnover rate. Overall, these results demonstrated that our modeling framework can guide the rational design of bsAbs.
Graphical Abstract
An analogy between effective potential representing prime numbers and Schwarzschild black hole
Authors: Pal Charli Chinmayee , Mishra Subodha , Mahapatra Prasanta Kumar 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The effective two body interaction is derived using the single particle Schrödinger equation for the prime numbers with probability density based on the prime counting function (which is the number of primes below a certain x). Though the speculative connection of primes to Schwarzschild spacetime or black hole has been there for a long time, here for the first time our derived potential serendipitously shows the unique similarity with the effective potential derived from general theory of relativity (GTR) for Schwarzschild spacetime. Also, we report the existence of ISCO and photon sphere in prime potential and compare with GTR. It is found that when the prime numbers are represented by a quantum system, the two-body interactions mimic the effective general relativistic gravitational interaction in black hole with the four-acceleration diverging. We also establish an analogy between Einstein's static universe and the universe of primes. The question is: “Who ordered that?”
Presurgical Medical Treatment in Prolactinomas: Surgical Implications and Pathological Characteristics From 290 Cases
Authors: Chen Zhengyuan , Shou Xuefei , Ji Lijin , Cheng Haixia , Shen Ming , Ma Zengyi , He Wenqiang , Ye Zhao , Zhang Yichao , Qiao Nidan , Zhang Qilin , Wang Yongfei 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To review experience regarding the treatment of prolactinomas by endoscopic endonasal surgery focusing on the association between presurgical dopamine agonist (DA) treatment and perioperative outcomes, surgical morbidities, endocrine outcomes, and pathological characteristics.

Methods
A single-center series of 290 cases was analyzed retrospectively and clinical data were collected. Intratumoral collagen content was assessed by Masson trichrome staining.

Results
Tenacious tumor consistency (27.8% vs 9.8%, P &lt; .001) was more common in DA-pretreated patients compared with patients who underwent initial surgery. Moreover, DA-pretreated macroadenomas presented more intraoperative blood loss (200 [100-400] mL vs 175 [100-300] mL; P = .014), longer surgical duration (177 ± 95 minutes vs 154 ± 57 minutes; P = .043), and more surgical morbidities (19.4% vs 8.9%; P = .034). Additionally, DA-pretreated macroadenomas presented a higher collagen volume fraction than that of the initial surgery group (23.6 ± 2.2% vs 13.2 ± 2.1%; P = .001). Correlation analysis revealed a close correlation between collagen volume fraction and the cumulative dose of bromocriptine (BRC) in macroadenomas (r = 0.438, P &lt; .001). Regarding endocrine outcomes, DA-pretreated microadenomas showed a lower proportion of initial remission compared with patients who underwent initial surgery (86.7% vs 100%, P = .047).

Conclusion
This study described increased surgical difficulty and inferior endocrine outcomes associated with tumor fibrosis secondary to presurgical BRC treatment in prolactinomas. Neurosurgeons should note that presurgical BRC treatment may render subsequent surgery more challenging.
Poisoning with e-cigarette liquid (VPG Power Smoke Baze) - case report
Authors: Zając Marlena , Gruca Dariusz , Wais Marcin 
Published: January 2024

Introduction and purpose: E-cigarettes have emerged as an alternative to traditional tobacco smoking. Toxicological studies have investigated the composition and potential toxicity of e-cigarette liquid components. While they are generally considered less harmful than combustible cigarettes, cases of poisoning associated with e-cigarette liquid ingestion or exposure have been reported.
Brief description of the state of knowledge: Nicotine intoxication resulting from e-cigarette liquid ingestion can lead to a range of symptoms and complications, including cardiovascular effects, neurological symptoms, gastrointestinal disturbances, respiratory issues, and even death. This report presents a case of a 58-year-old woman hospitalized in the Toxicology and Cardiology Department due to poisoning with e-cigarette liquid.
Conclusions: Accidental or intentional ingestion and/or injection of e-liquid is becoming a new emerging challenge for Emergency Medicine, mainly because of the easy accessibility of advertisements and the sales of e-cigarettes online, and the high nicotine concentration in e-liquids. It is important to report instances of e-liquid-related nicotine intoxication in order to improve the legal restrictions on the sale of e-liquid.