bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Position related analysis of the appearance of and relationship between post-match physical and mental fatigue in university rugby football players
Authors: Mashiko T , Umeda T , Nakaji S , Sugawara K 
Published: September 2004

Objective:The relationship between physical and mental fatigue in rugby players after a match was examined, taking into account the position played.Methods:The Profile of Mood State (POMS) test, blood biochemical parameters, and serum opsonic activity were measured for 37 university rugby football players before and after a match.Results:There were no differences in parameter changes except for blood urea nitrogen (a marker for protein catabolism) between the forwards and the backs. Regarding correlation between physical and mental fatigue, in forwards, changes in POMS scores showed a positive correlation with changes in the levels of enzymes of skeletal muscle origin, such as glutamate oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and free fatty acid (FFA) level and white blood cell count (for example, in the Total Mood Disturbance (TMD) score, Spearman’s correlation coefficient was 0.417 and p<0.05 with GOT, 0.413 and p<0.05 with LDH, 0.462 and p<0.05 with FFA, and 0.442 and p<0.05 with white blood cell count). In backs, changes in the POMS scores showed a positive correlation with changes in the levels of lipid related parameters such as FFA and total cholesterol (for example, as regards the TMD score, Spearman’s correlation coefficient was 0.481 and p<0.05 with FFA, and 0.550 and p<0.05 with total cholesterol), and showed a negative correlation with change in blood glucose level (TMD score, −0.517 and p<0.05).Conclusions:The different exercise loading of the position played during a rugby match may cause differences in the relationship between physical and mental fatigue.
Video analysis of injuries and incidents in Norwegian professional football
Authors: Andersen T E , Tenga A , Engebretsen L , Bahr R 
Published: September 2004

Objectives:This study describes the characteristics of injuries and high risk situations in the Norwegian professional football league during one competitive season using Football Incident Analysis (FIA), a video based method.Methods:Videotapes and injury information were collected prospectively for 174 of 182 (96%) regular league matches during the 2000 season. Incidents where the match was interrupted due to an assumed injury were analysed using FIA to examine the characteristics of the playing situation causing the incident. Club medical staff prospectively recorded all acute injuries on a specific injury questionnaire. Each incident identified on the videotapes was cross referenced with the injury report.Results:During the 174 matches, 425 incidents were recorded and 121 acute injuries were reported. Of these 121 injuries, 52 (43%) were identified on video including all head injuries, 58% of knee injuries, 56% of ankle injuries, and 29% of thigh injuries. Strikers were more susceptible to injury than other players and although most of the incidents and injuries resulted from duels, no single classic injury situation typical for football injuries or incidents could be recognised. However, in most cases the exposed player seemed to be unaware of the opponent challenging him for ball possession.Conclusions:This study shows that in spite of a thorough video analysis less than half of the injuries are identified on video. It is difficult to identify typical patterns in the playing events leading to incidents and injuries, but players seemed to be unaware of the opponent challenging them for ball possession.
Nerve conduction studies of upper extremities in tennis players
Authors: Çolak T , Bamaç B , Özbek A , Budak F , Bamaç Y S 
Published: September 2004

Objectives:The influence of regular and intense practice of an asymmetric sport such as tennis on nerves in the elbow region was examined.Methods:The study included 21 male elite tennis players with a mean (SD) age of 27.5 (1.7) years and 21 male non-active controls aged 26.4 (1.9) years. Anthropometric measurements (height, weight, limb length, and perimeters of arm and forearm) were determined for each subject, and range of motion assessment and radiographic examination carried out. Standard nerve conduction techniques using constant measured distances were applied to evaluate the median, ulnar, and radial nerves in the dominant and non-dominant limb of each individual.Results:The sensory and motor conduction velocities of the radial nerve and the sensory conduction velocity of the ulnar nerve were significantly delayed in the dominant arms of tennis players compared with their non-dominant arms and normal subjects. There were no statistical differences in the latencies, conduction velocities, or amplitudes of the median motor and sensory nerves between controls and tennis players in either the dominant or non-dominant arms. However, the range of motion of the upper extremity was significantly increased in tennis players when compared with control subjects. Tennis players were taller and heavier than control subjects and their dominant upper limb lengths were longer, and arm and forearm circumferences greater, than those of the control subjects.Conclusions:Many of the asymptomatic tennis players with abnormal nerve conduction tests in the present study may have presymptomatic or asymptomatic neuropathy similar to subclinical entrapment nerve neuropathy.
Which laboratory variable is related with time trial performance time in the Tour de France?
Authors: Lucia A , Hoyos J , Pérez M , Santalla A , Earnest C P , Chicharro J L 
Published: September 2004

Objective:To investigate the relationship between several physiological variables that can be easily obtained during cycle ergometer gradual testing (for example, peak power output (Wpeak), Vo2max, or ventilatory threshold (VT)) and actual (>50 km) time trials (TT) time performance during the Tour de France.Methods:We collected data in professional cyclists from the first TT of the 1998 Tour de France (TT1, 58 km distance; n = 6 cyclists) and the first (TT2, 56.5 km; n = 5) and second TT of the 1999 Tour de France (TT3, 57 km; n = 5).Results:A negative relationship was found between power output (W) at VT (VTWatt) and TT final time (s) in TT1 (r = −0.864; p = 0.026; standard error of estimate (SEE) of 73 s; and 95% confidence limits (95% CL) −0.98; −0.18), TT2 (r = −0.77; p = 0.27; SEE of 139 s; and 95% CL −0.98; 0.35), and TT3 (r = −0.923; p = 0.025; SEE of 94 s; and 95% CL −1.00; −0.22).Conclusions:Actual performance in long TT during the Tour de France (>50 km distance, performed after at least 1–2 weeks of continuous competition), in which some cumulative fatigue inevitably occurs, is related, at least in part, to the power output that elicits the VT. No other routine physiological variable (for example, Vo2maxor Wpeak) is related to performance in this type of event.
The validity of capillary blood sampling in the determination of human growth hormone concentration during exercise in men
Authors: Godfrey R J , Whyte G , McCarthy J , Nevill A , Head A 
Published: September 2004

Background:Studies measuring human growth hormone (hGH) in blood during exercise have mainly used venous sampling. The invasive nature of this procedure makes evaluation of hGH impossible in various exercise environments.Objective:To determine whether capillary sampling could offer an alternative sampling method.Methods:Capillary and venous blood samples were collected for determination of hGH at the end of each exercise stage during an incremental exercise test in 16 male club level competitive cyclists (mean (SD) age 30.8 (8.0) years, body mass 72.2 (7.1) kg, body fat 12.9 (3.5)%, peak oxygen consumption 4.18 (0.46) l⋅min−1). Linear regression, from a plot of venousvcapillary blood hGH concentration, showed a correlation coefficient ofr = 0.986 (p<0.001). When geometric means and log transformations were used, a coefficient of variation of 14.2% was demonstrated between venous and capillary flow for hGH concentration. The mean ratio limits of agreement were 0.62 (1.72)—that is, 95% of the ratios were contained between 0.36 and 1.07, with a mean of 0.62.Conclusions:Capillary blood sampling is an acceptable alternative to venous sampling for determining hGH concentration during rest and exercise. Sample sites should not be used interchangeably: one site should be chosen and its use standardised.
Logical limitations to the “catastrophe” models of fatigue during exercise in humans
Authors: Noakes T D , St Clair Gibson A 
Published: September 2004

A central debate in the exercise sciences is the cause of the fatigue that develops especially during high intensity exercise of short duration. The most popular theory holds that this form of exercise is limited by a peripherally based, metabolite induced failure of skeletal muscle contractile function, independent of reduced muscle activation by the central nervous system; so-called peripheral fatigue. This theory arose originally from studies undertaken by Nobel Laureate Sir Archibald Vivian Hill and colleagues in Manchester, UK in the 1920s. In turn, their interpretations were crucially influenced by the earlier 1907 findings of Sir Frederick Gowland Hopkins, Nobel Laureate for his discovery of the vitamins, and Walter Morley Fletcher. The original model of Hill and his colleagues proposed that performance during exercise of high intensity was limited by skeletal muscle anaerobiosis that developed as the result of a limiting skeletal muscle blood flow, following the onset of myocardial ischaemia. Such skeletal muscle anaerobiosis ultimately prevented the neutralization of the lactic acid that, Hill believed, initiated muscle contraction. The resulting lactic acid accumulation impaired skeletal muscle relaxation, causing the (involuntary) termination of exercise. The evolutionary progression of this model led to the “catastrophe theory” of Richard Edwards, which posits that exercise terminates when the physiological and biochemical limits of the body are exceeded, causing a catastrophic failure of intracellular homeostasis.This paper addresses six hallmark physiological requirements that must be correct if Hill’s cardiovascular/ anaerobic/catastrophic model is the exclusive explanation for the fatigue that develops during maximum exercise to exhaustion. This leads to a review of the evidence supporting other, related “catastrophe” models that have been developed to explain fatigue during exercise of lower intensities and longer durations.It is concluded that there is little published evidence supporting the theory that fatigue occurs only after physiological homeostasis fails according to the prediction of these catastrophe models. Rather, it is proposed that fatigue in any form of exercise may form part of a regulated, anticipatory response co-ordinated in the subconscious brain. The ultimate goal of this regulation is to preserve homeostasis in all physiological systems during exercise, regardless of intensity or duration or the environmental conditions in which it is undertaken.
Self reported injury patterns among competitive curlers in the United States: a preliminary investigation into the epidemiology of curling injuries
Authors: Reeser J C , Berg R L 
Published: September 2004

Objective:To investigate the injury patterns among competitive curlers.Methods:Participants at two curling championship events were asked to complete injury history questionnaires.Results:76 curlers (39%) participated; 79% of these reported curling related musculoskeletal pain, most commonly involving the knee (54%), back (33%), and shoulder (20%). Sweeping and delivering the stone were most likely to provoke symptoms. Time loss injuries were estimated to occur at a rate of 2 per 1000 athlete exposures.Conclusions:Curling appears to be a relatively safe winter sport. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these preliminary findings and to further define the risk factors for curling related injuries.
Electrical twitch obtaining intramuscular stimulation (ETOIMS) for myofascial pain syndrome in a football player: Figure 1
Authors: Chu J , Takehara I , Li T-C , Schwartz I 
Published: September 2004

Background:Flare up of acute lower back pain associated with myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) may require various forms of treatment including activity restriction and bracing. Electrical twitch obtaining intramuscular stimulation (ETOIMS) is a promising new treatment. It involves the use of a strong monopolar electromyographic needle electrode for electrical stimulation of deep motor end plate zones in multiple muscles in order to elicit twitches.Case report:An elite American football player with MPS symptoms failed to respond to standard treatments. He then received ETOIMS which completely alleviated the pain. After establishing pain control, the athlete continued with a further series of treatments to control symptoms of muscle tightness.Conclusions:ETOIMS has a promising role in pain alleviation, increasing and maintaining range of motion, and in providing satisfactory athletic performance during long term follow up.
Are sports medicine journals relevant and applicable to practitioners and athletes?
Authors: Bleakley C , MacAuley D , McDonough S 
Published: September 2004

Objective:To examine the evidence base of sports medicine research and assess how relevant and applicable it is to everyday practice.Methods:Original research articles, short reports, and case reports published in four major sport and exercise medicine journals were studied and classified according to the main topic of study and type of subjects used.Results:The most common topic was sports science, and very few studies related to the treatment of injuries and medical conditions. The majority of published articles used healthy subjects sampled from the sedentary population, and few studies have been carried out on injured participants.Conclusions:There is a dearth of studies addressing diagnostic and treatment interventions in the sports medicine literature. The evidence base for sports medicine must continue to increase in terms of volume and quality.
From Peasant Soldiering to Peasant Activism: Reflections on the Transition of a Martial Tradition in the Flaming Fields of Bihar
Authors: Hauser Walter 
Published: September 2004

AbstractIn his ethnohistory of the military labour market in eastern Hindustan, 1450-1850, Dirk Kolff is concerned as much with the qualities of the supply side of the market, that is the villages of the rural countryside, as by the demand side of what the state might need or when it might need it. He describes the towns and villages of the region as an armed society in the Mughal and early modern centuries, and implies that this martial ethos extends into the late nineteenth and the twentieth centuries. My suggestion is that the social, cultural, and political history of the twentieth century affirms this to be the case, generally in Gangetic north India, and speci fically so in Bhojpur and Bihar, the heart of Kolff's Hindustan. Dans son étude ethno-historique du marché du travail militaire en Hindoustan oriental entre 1450 et 1850, Dirk Kolff se concentre autant sur l'offre provenant des villages ruraux que sur la demande représentée par les besoins de l'Etat. Il décrit les villes et villages de la région pendant la période moghole et pre-modern comme une société guerrière, et sous-entend que leur idéologie militaire perdure aux XIXe et XXe siècles. L'histoire socio-culturelle et politique du vingtième siècle semble con firmer cette théorie dans la région nord de l'Inde, et plus précisément dans le Bhojpur et le Bihar, le centre de l'Hindoustan chez Kolff.
Warriors and the State in Early Modern India
Authors: Richards John 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThis essay argues for reconsideration and greater scholarly attention to the insights of Prof. Dirk Kolff as expressed in his 1989 book, Naukar, Rajput and Sepoy and in later writings. Kolff described a fluid, pervasive military labor market in late Mughal and early colonial North India that made vast numbers of armed, largely peasant soldiers available to military contractors, rulers, and rebels alike. His formulation permits us to see that armed Indian peasants in this period had considerable agency and independence within a society that was riven with con flict. Such a reconsideration underscores the magnitude of the changes wrought in Indian society by violent British conquest, pacification and disarmament in rural society — especially after the failed 1857 revolt. L'article plaide pour une reconsidération et une réévaluation des idées du professeur Dirk Kolff, telles qu'elles sont présentées dans son ouvrage paru en 1989, Naukar, Rajput et Sepoy, et dans ses publications ultérieures. Kolff décrit un marché du travail militaire flexible et omniprésent en Inde Mogole et en Inde Septentrionale au début de l'ère coloniale, et qui a rendu disponible aux courtiers militaires, aux dirigeants et aux rebelles un grand nombre de soldats d'origine paysanne. Son exposé nous permet de voir comment, pendant cette période, les paysans indiens armés avaient une importance et une indépendance considérables dans une société fendue par les con flits armés. Une telle reconsidération souligne l'importance des changements dans la société indienne, déclenchés par la soumission violente, la paci fication et le désarmement par les Anglais — surtout après l'échec de la révolte de 1857.
The Social Dynamics of the Mughal Empire: A Brief Introduction
Authors:   Heesterman
Published: September 2004

AbstractIt is only recently that the study of Indian history since the Muslim conquest, especially the Mughal period (1526-1857), has seen a fundamental change. No longer is this period viewed in the static terms of 'oriental society,' the perennial 'village community' and the unchangeable rigidities of caste and community. Instead full attention is now given to the dynamics of Indian society. Dirk Kolff's work has significantly contributed to this change of perspective. Focussing attention on India's 'armed peasantry' in its various guises of both sedentary 'ryots' and itinerant warriors, Kolff brings out the flexibility and dynamics of the Mughal world that was known to its European contemporaries as the 'flourishing Indies.' Even though traces may still be found in modern India, the price of modernity has been the loss of the flexible dynamics of the ancien régime . Ce n'est que récemment que l'étude de l'histoire de l'Inde depuis la conquête musulmane et particulièrement durant la période de l'empire moghol (1526-1857) a été essentiellement transformée. Au lieu d'utiliser des expressions qui suggèrent des conditions inchangées comme la "société orientale", la sempiternelle "communauté de village," et l'immuable "système des castes", la recherche examine actuellement les aspects dynamiques de la société indienne. A ce changement M. Dirk Kolff a de manière incisive contribué. Focalisant son attention sur la "paysannerie armée", il met en évidence le dynamisme de l'Inde moghole que les contemporains occidentaux appelaient "les Indes florissantes". On en trouve encore des traces dans l'Inde moderne, mais le prix de la modernité a été la perte irréparable de la dynamique flexible de l' ancien régime .
Body size, diet and reproductive ecology of Coluber hippocrepis in the Rif (Northern Morocco)
Authors: Pleguezuelos Juan , Fahd Soumia 
Published: September 2004

AbstractAlthough it is generally assumed that the Horseshoe Whip Snake (Coluber hippocrepis) originated in northern Africa, its biology and ecology has been studied mainly in southern Europe. In this paper we report on morphology, feeding, and reproductive ecology of Coluber hippocrepis in the Rif region (northern Morocco). Males attained larger sizes than did females, but there was no body-size difference between populations separated by the Strait of Gibraltar. The species feeds exclusively on vertebrates: mammals (45%), reptiles (28%), birds (17%), and amphibians (10%). There was an ontogenetic dietary shift in terms of frequency of prey consumed and in terms of prey size; moreover, an intersexual difference in prey frequency was found. Sexual maturity was attained at 540 mm snout-vent length (SVL) in males, and 720 mm SVL in females. Males showed a vernal spermatogenic cycle. Oviposition occurred at the beginning of summer, and offspring were observed in the field during September.
Vocal repertoire and calling activity of the mink frog, Rana septentrionalis
Authors: Larson Kristin , Reilly Kelly , Bevier Catherine , Tat Stephanie 
Published: September 2004

AbstractWe studied the calling behavior of male mink frogs, Rana septentrionalis, and how their calling activity varied through nightly calling periods. We observed focal males during their summer breeding season for 1 h periods during chorus activity, which extends from midnight until 0900h, and recorded call types and rates. During this period, male R. septentrionalis produced a repertoire of single and multi-note calls composed of one or two note types, referred to as cuk and rumble notes. Calls that included series of both note types were most frequent between 0100 and 0330h, while single cuks were primarily produced early and late in the chorus period. Call rate peaked between 0200h and 0300h, declined until dawn, then increased until 0900h. Call properties were analyzed from recordings of male vocalizations; temporal properties, such as call and note duration, were the most variable, both within and among males, whereas spectral properties, such as dominant frequency, varied the least. In general, males produced the most complex and variable calls during a peak period of calling activity.
Breeding ecology of Scinax trapicheiroi (Anura, Hylidae) at a creek in the Atlantic Rainforest of Ilha Grande, southeastern Brazil
Authors: Borges Vitor Nelson , Van Sluys Monique , Rico Miguel , Rocha Carlos 
Published: September 2004

AbstractWe analyzed the breeding biology in a population of the hylid Scinax trapicheiroi and evaluated how some environmental and structural factors affect the temporal and spatial distribution of the clutches. Fieldwork was carried out at a small stream running inside the Atlantic Rainforest at Ilha Grande, an island in Rio de Janeiro State, southeastern Brazil, from October 2000 to September 2001. Breeding occurred all year round, but the presence of females and clutches was affected by rain from the previous days. Clutches had an aggregate distribution, because they were mainly laid on lentic waters (with slow water flow). Rain affected the availability, stability and size of ponds. The high numbers of eggs per clutch, and the fast development of eggs and larvae are influenced by an unpredictable environment.
Cloacal anatomy of the palmate newt, Triturus helveticus (Amphibia, Salamandridae)
Authors: Delfino Giovanni , Tanteri Gianfranco , Brizzi Rossana 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe cloacal anatomy of the palmate newt, Triturus helveticus, was studied in both sexes using light and scanning electron microscopes. The female cloaca is characterized by the occurrence of rugae and folds. Two folds are especially prominent in the region where the spermathecal tubules open into the cloaca. In addition to sperm storage structures, vent glands are obvious in the connective tissue around the cloacal orifice. Their pores occur externally to the cloacal borders, thus suggesting that these glands are a possible source of mating pheromones. Typical features of the male cloaca are: a ciliated epithelium; a cloacal tube dorsal and separate from the anterior cloacal chamber; a broad pseudopenis and wide lateral recesses in the cloacal chamber. Four main types of cloacal glands are recognized in males (dorsal, pelvic, Kingsbury's, and ventral gland). Quite unusual is the occurrence of two distinct types of dorsal glands, possibly related to the production of different pheromonal substances. These glands in the male, together with the occurrence of vent glands in the female, are proposed as cloacal specializations for the production of unequivocal species-specific sex attractants.