bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Earliest Stages of Wind Wave Generation in the Open Sea
Authors: Cavaleri Luigi , Langodan Sabique , Pezzutto Paolo , Benetazzo Alvise 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
We have explored the earliest stages of wind wave generation in the open sea, from the first initial wavelets appearing on an otherwise flat surface or low, smooth undulations until the practically fully developed conditions for the very low range of wind speeds we have considered. We suggest the minimal wind speed for the appearance of the first wavelets to be close to 1.8 m s−1. The peculiar conditions associated with the development of coastal sea breezes allow us to consider the local waves as generated under time-limited conditions. The 2D spectra measured during these very early stages provide the first evidence of an active Phillips process generation in the field. After appearing in these very early stages, wavelets quickly disappear as soon as the developing wind waves take a leading role. We suggest that this process is due to the strong spatial gradients in the surface orbital velocity, which impedes the instability mechanism at the base of their formation, while at a later stage of development, these gradients decrease and wavelets reappear. On a decadal perspective, the progressive decrease of the intensity of the sea breezes in the northern Adriatic Sea, where we have carried out our measurements, is associated with the steadily milder winters, and therefore not sufficiently cold local sea temperatures in early summer.

Significance Statement
We have explored for the first time the earliest stages of wind wave generation (millimeter scale) in the open sea. This was possible with the combination of the daily sea breeze development and the availability of an oceanographic tower 15 km offshore. The minimum wind speed for wave generation was 1.8 m s−1, lower than previously assumed. The data provide strong indications on the different stages of the generation process, offering measured and visual evidence, under these very light wind conditions, of the Phillips one. The presence of wind-related ripples, essential for remote sensing measurements, turns out to be dependent on the stage of generation.
The Water-Following Performance of Various Lagrangian Surface Drifters Measured in a Dye Release Experiment
Authors: Pawlowicz Rich , Chavanne Cédric , Dumont Dany 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Many different surface drifter designs have been developed recently to track near-surface ocean currents, but the degree to which these drifters slip through the water because of mechanisms associated with the wind is poorly known. In the 2020 Tracer Release Experiment (TReX), 19 drifters of eight different designs, both commercially available and home-built, were simultaneously released with a patch of rhodamine dye. The dye rapidly spread vertically through the mixed layer but also more slowly dispersed horizontally. Although winds were light, drifters moved downwind from the dye patch at speeds of 3–17 cm s−1 (0.6%–4% of wind speed) depending on the design type. Measurements were made of wind and ocean conditions, and these were incorporated into a boundary layer model at the air–sea interface to estimate complete velocity profiles above and below the surface. Then, a steady-state drag model is used with these profiles to successfully predict drifter slip. Drogued drifters (those with a subsurface drag element) can be affected by Eulerian shear in the upper 0.5 m of the water column, as well as the Stokes drift, but undrogued drifters are in addition greatly affected by direct wind drag, and possibly by resonant interactions with waves. The dye, cycling vertically in the mixed layer, is largely unaffected by all of these factors; therefore, even “perfect” surface drifters do not move with a mixed layer tracer.

Significance Statement
Surface drifters are used by oceanographers to measure ocean surface currents. However, different designs also slip downwind through the water at rates that are poorly known but are typically around a few percent of the wind speed. In 2020 we simultaneously deployed drifters of eight different designs along with rhodamine dye in a field experiment to see how well the different designs track the water. Here we independently and successfully model drifter slippage for the different designs. Slip factors are then estimated for a range of wind and ocean conditions.
An Observational Study on the Rapid Intensification of Typhoon Chanthu (2021) near the Complex Terrain of Taiwan
Authors: Fang Wei-Ting , Chang Pao-Liang , Yang Ming-Jen 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Intensification of Typhoon Chanthu (2021) along the eastern coast of Taiwan was accompanied by pronounced asymmetry in eyewall convection dominated by wavenumber-1 features, as observed by a dense radar network in Taiwan. The maximum wind speed at 3-km altitude, retrieved from radar observations, exhibited a rapid increase of approximately 18 m s−1 within an 11-h period during the intensification stage, followed by a significant decrease of approximately 19 m s−1 within 8 h during the weakening stage. Namely, Chanthu underwent both rapid intensification (RI) and rapid weakening (RW) within the 24-h analyzed period, posing challenges for intensity forecasts. During the intensifying stages, the region of maximum eyewall convection asymmetry underwent a sudden cyclonic rotation from the eastern to the northern semicircle immediately after the initiation of terrain-induced boundary inflow from the south of the typhoon, as observed by surface station data. This abrupt rotation of eyewall asymmetry exhibited better agreement with radar-derived vertical wind shear (VWS) than that derived from global reanalysis data. This finding suggests that the meso-β-scale VWS is more representative for tropical cyclones than meso-α-scale VWS when the terrain-induced forcing predominates in the environmental conditions. Further examination of the radar-derived VWS indicated that the VWS profile pattern provided a more favorable environment for typhoon intensification. In summary, Chanthu’s RI was influenced by the three factors: 1) terrain-induced boundary inflow from the south of the typhoon, observed by surface station data; 2) low-level flow pointing toward the upshear-left direction; and 3) weak upper-level VWS.

Significance Statement
Tropical cyclone intensity change has been an important issue for both real-time operation and research, but the influence of terrain on intensity change has not been fully understood. Typhoon Chanthu (2021) underwent a significant intensity change near the complex terrain of Taiwan that was observed by a dense radar network. This study analyzes 24 h of radar and weather station data to investigate Chanthu’s evolution. The analyses indicate that the complex terrain affected the low-level flow near the TC. Such a change in flow pattern provided additional boundary inflow and a relatively favorable vertical wind shear pattern for TC intensification.
Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Before and Twelve Months After Bariatric Surgery: Repeated Cross-sectional Study
Authors: ElBarazi Amani 
Published: January 2024

Background: Bariatric surgery (BS) is an effective therapy for those who are excessively obese. However, the consequences of surgery on mental health are still debatable. We aimed to investigate the patients’ depression, stress, and anxiety levels before and after BS at two different times: just before surgery and 12 months later. Methods: This is a repeated cross-sectional study. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21) was used to assess depression, anxiety, and stress levels. Results: There were 288 participants in the BS groups. Changes in anxiety, stress, and depressive symptoms over time were examined using generalised estimating equations models with repeated measurements per individual. Anxiety (incidence rate ratio [ IRR] = 1.2, p < .001) and stress (IRR = 0.86, p < .001) worsened, whereas depression ( IRR = –1.8, p < .001) improved significantly in 288 patients one year after BS. Conclusions: BS had significant impacts on obesity-associated mental health issues.
Anti-epileptic Drugs Use and Increased Risk of Stroke: A Systematic Review
Authors: Prasad Gajurel Bikram , Kharel Sanjeev , Bhagat Riwaj , Ghimire Rakesh , Bhusal Kiran , Rijal Divas 
Published: January 2024

Background Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), the predominant treatment for epilepsy, are also utilised for migraine, neuropathic pain, and bipolar disorders, accounting for 1% of usage among the common population. There is a greater risk of stroke, heart attack, and arrhythmia among AED users particularly those with enzyme-inducing properties. Summary This systematic review aimed to look into the ischemic stroke risk among AED users, particularly in patients who had never had a cerebrovascular accident before. English-language literature was searched in the databases of PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar between 2000 and 2021. Studies should report the association between AEDs and the ischemic stroke risk. The outcomes for assessing efficacy and safety were: event ratio, hazard ratio, odds ratio, and risk ratio. Seven of the eight studies showed an increased risk of ischemic stroke associated with AEDs among individuals without a history of cardiovascular accidents Phenytoin, sodium valproate, oxcarbamazepine, levetiracetam, phenobarbital, and carbamazepine were all linked to an increased risk of stroke. Adequate data on the association between the duration of AED exposure and stroke was missing. Key message Not all AEDs are enzyme inducers. We conclude significant stroke risk with AEDs (mainly enzyme inducers), and dose dependency need to be assessed. The risks and benefits of AEDs should be weighed among the patients, especially with vascular risk factors to limit the risk of ischemic stroke.
Subacute Oral Toxicity Studies of Pankajakasthuri Orthoherb Tablets Formulated for Managing Pain and Inflammation of Joints
Authors: Nair J Hareendran , Nair A Kasthuri , MS Sithara , Sasidharan Shan 
Published: January 2024

Objectives The objective of this investigation was to assess the subacute oral toxicity of the Pankajakasthuri Orthoherb Tablets, a polyherbal formulation used to manage pain and inflammation due to various pathological reasons, including osteoarthrosis, polyarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and other chronic degenerative disorders. Materials and Methods The subacute toxicity studies of Pankajakasthuri Orthoherb Tablets were conducted using Wistar albino rats of both sexes, according to Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development-approved procedures. In this study, rats were orally administered Pankajakasthuri Orthoherb Tablets daily at doses of 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg body weight for 28 days. Throughout the study period, general behavior, mortality, and adverse effects were recorded. Body weight, selected hematological and clinical chemistry parameters were determined at the end of the investigation period. Finally, histopathological analysis was performed to determine whether the study drug was inducing any alternations in the vital organs. Results Daily administration of Pankajakasthuri Orthoherb Tablets for a continuous 28 days did not record any major toxicity indications. Additionally, no significant variation in food and water consumption, body weight, relative organs and hematology and clinical chemistry parameters was recorded in both sexes compared to the control. Histopathological investigation of the vital organs also revealed normal architecture, which suggests no morphological alterations after the administration of Pankajakasthuri Orthoherb Tablets. Conclusion The outcomes of this investigation confirmed that Pankajakasthuri Orthoherb Tablets did not have the potential to induce toxicity signs in the experimental rats. The No observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for female and male rats of Pankajakasthuri Orthoherb Tablets under these experimental conditions was 500 mg/kg body weight. Based on the NOAEL, the human equivalent dose of the Pankajakasthuri Orthoherb Tablet was calculated at 5.195 g/day.
Informing the development of a scoring system for National Health Service Clinical Impact Awards; a Delphi process and simulated scoring exercise
Authors: Abel Gary , Froud Rob , Pitchforth Emma , Treadgold Bethan , Hocking Lucy , Sussex Jon , Elliott Marc , Campbell John 
Published: January 2024

Objectives To establish principles informing a new scoring system for the UK's Clinical Impact Awards and pilot a system based on those principles. Design A three-round online Delphi process was used to generate consensus from experts on principles a scoring system should follow. We conducted a shadow scoring exercise of 20 anonymised, historic applications using a new scoring system incorporating those principles. Setting Assessment of clinical excellence awards for senior doctors and dentists in England and Wales. Participants The Delphi panel comprised 45 members including clinical excellence award assessors and representatives of professional bodies. The shadow scoring exercise was completed by 24 current clinical excellence award assessors. Main outcome measures The Delphi panel rated the appropriateness of a series of items. In the shadow scoring exercise, a novel scoring system was used with each of five domains rated on a 0–10 scale. Results Consensus was achieved around principles that could underpin a future scoring system; in particular, a 0–10 scale with the lowest point on the scale reﬂecting someone operating below the expectations of their job plan was agreed as appropriate. The shadow scoring exercise showed similar levels of reliability between the novel scoring system and that used historically, but with potentially better distinguishing performance at higher levels of performance. Conclusions Clinical excellence awards represent substantial public spending and thus far the deployment of these funds has lacked a strong evidence base. We have developed a new scoring system in a robust manner which shows improvements over current arrangements.
Sociodemographic and Clinical Correlates of Subjects Presenting with Complaint of Premature Ejaculation
Authors: Dwivedi Suyash , Tripathi Adarsh , Kar Sujita Kumar , Suvirya Swastika , Nischal Anil , Dalal PK 
Published: January 2024

Background: Premature ejaculation (PE) is a common sexual disorder. The profile of subjects seeking treatment of PE in India has not been reported earlier. Objective: To study the sociodemographic and clinical profile of subjects presenting with the complaint of PE. Material and Methods: The subjects presenting with the complaints of PE were recruited from a specialty psychosexual OPD in the department of psychiatry of a tertiary care center in North India. The subjects were assessed on semistructured proforma, MINI-International Neuropsychiatric Interview, version 7.0, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool, Arizona Sexual Experience Scale, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, and Hamilton Rating Scale Anxiety, Sexual Health Inventory for Men, and Short Form-36 Health Questionnaire. Results: A total of 102 subjects were selected after screening 148 cases attending OPD with the complaints of PE after applying selection criteria. The mean age of the sample was 32.17 years (± 8.11). Most of the subjects were married (80.4%), cohabitating with partners (70.6%) and living in the rural area (53.9%). The mean age of onset was 28.29 years (± 7.83, range 17–53), and the mean duration of illness was 3.87 years (± 5.49, range 0.5–31). Prevalence of sexual, psychiatric, and medical comorbidities was 60.8%, 16.7%, and 29.5%, respectively. Emotional role functioning, energy, and general health were the most adversely affected domains of health-related quality of life. Conclusion: Most of the men in this study of PE subjects seeking treatment were married young adults. The individuals typically had moderate to severe PE. Comorbidities are prevalent, and roughly two-thirds of people have another medical, psychiatric, or sexual dysfunction.
Clinical antiviral efficacy of favipiravir in early COVID-19 (PLATCOV): an open-label, randomised, controlled, adaptive platform trial
Authors: Luvira Viravarn , Schilling William H. K. , Jittamala Podjanee , Watson James A. , Boyd Simon , Siripoon Tanaya , Ngamprasertchai Thundon , Almeida Pedro J. , Ekkapongpisit Maneerat , Cruz Cintia , Callery James J. , Singh Shivani , Tuntipaiboontana Runch , Kruabkontho Varaporn , Ngernseng Thatsanun , Tubprasert Jaruwan , Abdad Mohammad Yazid , Keayarsa Srisuda , Madmanee Wanassanan , Aguiar Renato S. , Santos Franciele M. , Hanboonkunupakarn Pongtorn , Hanboonkunupakarn Borimas , Poovorawan Kittiyod , Imwong Mallika , Taylor Walter R. J. , Chotivanich Vasin , Chotivanich Kesinee , Pukrittayakamee Sasithon , Dondorp Arjen M. , Day Nicholas P. J. , Teixeira Mauro M. , Piyaphanee Watcharapong , Phumratanaprapin Weerapong , White Nicholas J. ,   the PLATCOV Collaborative Group
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Brief summary
In early symptomatic COVID-19 treatment, high dose oral favipiravir did not accelerate viral clearance.

Background
Favipiravir, an anti-influenza drug, has in vitro antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2. Clinical trial evidence to date is inconclusive. Favipiravir has been recommended for the treatment of COVID-19 in some countries.

Methods
In a multicentre open-label, randomised, controlled, adaptive platform trial, low-risk adult patients with early symptomatic COVID-19 were randomised to one of ten treatment arms including high dose oral favipiravir (3.6g on day 0 followed by 1.6g daily to complete 7 days treatment) or no study drug. The primary outcome was the rate of viral clearance (derived under a linear mixed-effects model from the daily log10 viral densities in standardised duplicate oropharyngeal swab eluates taken daily over 8 days [18 swabs per patient]), assessed in a modified intention-to-treat population (mITT). The safety population included all patients who received at least one dose of the allocated intervention. This ongoing adaptive platform trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT05041907) on 13/09/2021.

Results
In the final analysis, the mITT population contained data from 114 patients randomised to favipiravir and 126 patients randomised concurrently to no study drug. Under the linear mixed-effects model fitted to all oropharyngeal viral density estimates in the first 8 days from randomisation (4,318 swabs), there was no difference in the rate of viral clearance between patients given favipiravir and patients receiving no study drug; a -1% (95% credible interval: -14 to 14%) difference. High dose favipiravir was well-tolerated.

Interpretation
Favipiravir does not accelerate viral clearance in early symptomatic COVID-19. The viral clearance rate estimated from quantitative measurements of oropharyngeal eluate viral densities assesses the antiviral efficacy of drugs in vivo with comparatively few studied patients.
Factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in unvaccinated children and young adults
Authors: Silverberg Sarah L. , Shulha Hennady P. , McMillan Brynn , He Guanyuhui , Lee Amy , Márquez Ana Citlali , Bartlett Sofia R. , Gill Vivek , Abu-Raya Bahaa , Bettinger Julie A. , Cabrera Adriana , Coombs Daniel , Gantt Soren , Goldfarb David M. , Sauvé Laura , Krajden Mel , Morshed Muhammad , Sekirov Inna , Jassem Agatha N. , Sadarangani Manish 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Background and objectives
Pediatric COVID-19 cases are often mild or asymptomatic, which has complicated estimations of disease burden using existing testing practices. We aimed to determine the age-specific population seropositivity and risk factors of SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity among children and young adults during the pandemic in British Columbia (BC).

Methods
We conducted two cross-sectional serosurveys: phase 1 enrolled children and adults < 25 years between November 2020-May 2021 and phase 2 enrolled children < 10 years between June 2021-May 2022 in BC. Participants completed electronic surveys and self-collected finger-prick dried blood spot (DBS) samples. Samples were tested for immunoglobulin G antibodies against ancestral spike protein (S). Descriptive statistics from survey data were reported and two multivariable analyses were conducted to evaluate factors associated with seropositivity.

Results
A total of 2864 participants were enrolled, of which 95/2167 (4.4%) participants were S-seropositive in phase 1 across all ages, and 61/697 (8.8%) unvaccinated children aged under ten years were S-seropositive in phase 2. Overall, South Asian participants had a higher seropositivity than other ethnicities (13.5% vs. 5.2%). Of 156 seropositive participants in both phases, 120 had no prior positive SARS-CoV-2 test. Young infants and young adults had the highest reported seropositivity rates (7.0% and 7.2% respectively vs. 3.0-5.6% across other age groups).

Conclusions
SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity among unvaccinated children and young adults was low in May 2022, and South Asians were disproportionately infected. This work demonstrates the need for improved diagnostics and reporting strategies that account for age-specific differences in pandemic dynamics and acceptability of testing mechanisms.
Characterisation, symptom pattern and symptom clusters from a retrospective cohort of Long COVID patients in primary care in Catalonia
Authors: Torrell Gemma , Puente Diana , Jacques-Aviñó Constanza , Carrasco-Ribelles Lucia A. , Violán Concepció , López-Jiménez Tomás , Royano Veronica , Cantón Alba Molina , Medina-Perucha Laura , Rodríguez-Giralt Israel , Berenguera Anna 
Published: January 2024

AbstractBackgroundAround 10% of people infected by SARS-COV-2 report symptoms that persist longer than 3 months. Little has been reported about sex differences in symptoms and clustering over time of non-hospitalised patients in primary care settings.MethodsThis is a descriptive study of a cohort of mainly non-hospitalized patients with a persistence of symptoms longer than 3 months from the clinical onset in co-creation with the Long Covid Catalan affected group using an online survey. Recruitment was from March 2020 to June 2021. Exclusion criteria were being admitted to an ICU, < 18 years of age and not living in Catalonia. We focused on 117 symptoms gathered in 18 groups and performed cluster analysis over the first 21 days of infection, at 22–60 days, and ≥ 3 months.ResultsWe analysed responses of 905 participants (80.3% women). Median time between symptom onset and the questionnaire response date was 8.7 months. General symptoms (as fatigue) were the most prevalent with no differences by sex, age, or wave although its frequency decreased over time (from 91.8 to 78.3%). Dermatological (52.1% in women, 28.5% in men), olfactory (34.9% women, 20.9% men) and neurocognitive symptoms (70.1% women, 55.8% men) showed the greatest differences by sex. Cluster analysis showed five clusters with a predominance ofTaste & smell(24.9%) andMultisystemicclusters (26.5%) at baseline and_Multisystemic (34.59%)andHeterogeneous (24.0%)at ≥3 months. TheMultisystemiccluster was more prevalent in men. TheMenstrualcluster was the most stable over time, while most transitions occurred from theHeterogeneouscluster to theMultisystemiccluster and fromTaste & smelltoHeterogeneous.ConclusionsGeneral symptoms were the most prevalent in both sexes at three-time cut-off points. Major sex differences were observed in dermatological, olfactory and neurocognitive symptoms. The increase of theHeterogeneouscluster might suggest an adaptation to symptoms or a non-specific evolution of the condition which can hinder its detection at medical appointments. A carefully symptom collection and patients’ participation in research may generate useful knowledge about Long Covid presentation in primary care settings.