bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of eel conservation strategy
Authors: Putra M D , Taryono  , Effendi H , Kamal M M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eel (Anguilla sp.) is one of the fish that is spread in the world into 18 types with the order Anguilliformes. Eel have a Catalan life cycle pattern which means to start living in the sea, then grow up in freshwater and return to the sea to spawn. Cimandiri River is one of the watersheds where there are many eel fish stocks and has the potential to meet the needs of eel fishing activities. Freshwater eel found in the Cimandiri River are dominated by Anguilla bicolor and Anguilla marmorata fish species. Glas eel activities in the Cimandiri River are quite massive because the high demand for enlargement companies can have an impact on the occurrence of overfishing at estuary. Community activities in agriculture both upstream and downstream can also have an impact on the sustainability of freshwater eel resources in the Cimandiri River. Sand mining carried out by the community for business and house construction as well as lack of awareness in the community can also have an impact on environmental damage. The government has imposed several rules in the management of freshwater eel in support of conservation efforts. As a form of efforts in the management of freshwater eel can be carried out, namely through an approach in realizing area management, preventing conflicts in resource utilization between sectors and environmental damage. This study aims to examine the management strategy of the eel fishing area in the Cimandiri River based on stadia. The research was conducted at the eel fishing site, both estuary, middle and upper reaches of the Cimandiri River. Data collection of respondents perpetrators of eel arrest activities and related stakeholders as key informants was carried out through in-depth interviews. The results showed that in the management of eel fish in the Cimandiri River has aggressive strategy that makes the best use of every opportunity that exists. Environmental management strategies in an effort to optimize the Cimandiri River include: making programs and policies to release (stocking) eel at least stadia yellow eel or adults for the sustainability of freshwater eel resources, increasing cooperation with the community to achieve the protection of freshwater eel habitats, and improving the quality of human resources in maintaining river sustainability.
Strain selection of red algae Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty farmed using different methods in Tablolong Waters, Kupang Regency-East Nusa Tenggara Province
Authors: Tisera W L , Meko A U I , Supit R R L , Teffu Y H , Kase A G O 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The main problem is facing in farming red algae Kappaphycus spp. in Kupang Regency are decreasing quality of seeds and the infection of ice-ice disease. This research aimed to analyze the growth of different strains of K. alvarezii farmed using different methods, and analyze which strains of K. alvareziii have high resistance to ice-ice disease. This research was carried on August to November 2020 in Tablolong waters, Kupang Regency. The strains used were Sacol from Sulamu and Semau, Tambalang (tissue culture) from Rote Island, and Cottonii strain from Pasir Panjang. The farming methods used were the Longline and Off-Bottom. The main data taken were wet weight and incidence as well as infection intensity of the disease. The study found that growth rates varied based on the strains and farming methods. Based on the strain, the Sacol strain from Sulamu gave a higher growth than the others. This strain grew and reached an average weight of 1087.5 grams at week 7; with an average specific growth of 4.87% per day. Based on the method, the longline method gave better growth compared to the off-bottom method. Regarding ice-ice disease, the Sacol strain from Sulamu gave higher resistance to disease compared to the other strains, with an average incidence of 27.26% and an infection intensity of 2.81%. The longline method provides higher disease resistance than the off-bottom method.
The density of marine debris in seaweed farming sites in Kupang Bay, East Nusa Tenggara Province – Indonesia
Authors: Kase A G O , Tisera W L , Rehatta B M , Emola I J , Bessie D M , Supit R R L , Merryanto Y , Afo A E , Meko A U I , Dawa U P L , Gadi D S , Banoet R I C , Kette A U S , Rupidara A D N , Ambariyanto  
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Organic and inorganic debris in the seaweed farming areas in Kupang Bay and its surroundings is a serious problem, but until now there has been no accurate scientific data on this waste, both macro and micro. This study aimed to calculate and analyze macro debris wasted in seaweed farming areas. Sampling for macro debris consists of (1) sampling of debris deposited in the farming area, using Belt Transect, (2) sampling of debris at Sea Level and Water Column. The data obtained were analyzed for absolute density (weight of waste), absolute density (number of pieces of waste), relative density (weight of waste), and relative density (number of pieces of waste). The results of this research found that the dominant debris found at the seaweed farming site in Kupang Bay and its surroundings was plastics, with a details density of 24.33 amount/1000 m2 (37.83%) in Bolok; 13.67 amount/1000 m2 (35.57%) in Tablolong; 38.00 amount/1000 m2 (74.06%) in Tesabela; 37.67 amount/1000 m2 (58.55%) in Pasir Panjang, and 87.00 amount/1000 m2 (57.90%) in Sulamu, followed by wood waste and nylon rope waste. The most dominant source of waste was the activities of seaweed farming itself.
Bioprospecting of katang-katang leaves (Ipomoea pes-caprae) from Sumba Island, East Nusa Tenggara: antimicrobial, antioxidant and secondary metabolites content
Authors: Nuskiya A , Sibero M T , Setyati W A , Andriani C , Hendryanti D N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract

Ipomoea pes-caprae (Katang-katang) is one of the vegetations that grows in coastal area. Previous studies have proven that I. pes-caprae showed antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. This research was conducted to characterize secondary metabolites content, antimicrobial activity and antioxidant activity of I. pes-caprae crude extract from Sumba, East Nusa Tenggara. The extraction was carried out using consecutive extraction method using n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol with agitation (115 r.p.m for 24 hours). Phytochemical test and thin layer chromatography were performed to analyse the secondary metabolites in I. pes-caprae. In addition, total phenolic content (TPC) was calculated using Folin-Ciocalteu method. The antimicrobial activity was conducted using paper disc diffusion method against Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus luteus, Candida albicans, and C. tropicalis. Phytochemical test and TLC analysis showed that n-hexane extract contained flavonoid, tannin, and steroid; ethyl acetate extract contained alkaloid, flavonoid, and terpenoid; while methanol extract contained alkaloid, tannin, and steroid. The antimicrobial activity gave negative results against all microbial pathogen. The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts were noted as a strong antioxidant agent with IC50 values of 65.7 ppm and 81.8 ppm. Moreover, TPC in each extract was 3.7 mg GAE/g in n-hexane extract, 6.4 mg GAE/g in ethyl acetate extract and 8.9 mg GAE/g in methanol extract.
Potency of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) vierh and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza L (Lam) mangrove extracts as natural batik dye
Authors: Pringgenies D , Wijayanti D P , Rois M A , Ariyanto D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mangroves have many environmental, ecological, economic, health and industrial benefits. One of the applications of mangroves in industry is as a natural dye for textile materials. The aim of the study was to determine the potential application of mangrove extract as a natural dye for batik, to determine the pigment content of the test sample, and to test the fastness of natural color made from leaves and bark of Avicennia marina and Bruguier gymnorrhiza, at plant ages of 5 and 10 years. Sample collection was done by picking leaves and collecting the bark of Avicennia marina and Bruguier gymnorrhiza. Color fastness to detergent washing test, wet and dry rubbing test were carried out with a crockmeter, using the Staining Scale and Gray Scale standards. UV Vis Spectrophotometry Analysis was employed to determine the pigment content. The results showed that leaf and bark extracts of Avicennia marina and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza mangroves have the potential to be applied as natural dyes for batik. Mangrove natural dyes showed scores of 3, 4, and 5 on the fastness tests of dry rubbing, wet rubbing and detergent washing. These findings indicate that the natural dyes in this study have met the Indonesian National Standard, which requires a minimum score of 3.
Composite materials in wind energy: design, manufacturing, operation, and end-of-life
Authors: Griffith D. Todd , Cao Dongyang , Lu Hongbing , Qian Dong 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wind energy has consistently grown over recent decades and has grown in many aspects including in terms of installed capacities, turbine size, blade length, and grid penetration. Along with this, wind energy is one of the largest producers of composite structures, and as a result is one of the largest users of composite materials. For wind energy applications, composite materials require high reliability, low-cost, and near-term and future industry goals are to reuse or recycle composite materials. These requirements are quite challenging as wind energy faces a challenging operating environment, which puts great pressure on wind blade materials over their entire life cycle. This paper aims to examine the challenges of composite materials for wind energy applications, and to highlight a few research studies that offer potential new solutions and new insights across the entire life cycle of composites for wind energy systems ranging from the design phase, to manufacturing, to operation, and finally to the end-of-life phase.
Wind blades circularity - Resins development for improved sustainability
Authors: Stecher Harald , Salgado Francisco Javier Hierro-Olabarria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wind turbines play a vital role in the transition to greener energy and to fight climate change. In the coming years the number of installed turbines will increase dramatically. Consequently, the sustainability and especially the circularity of wind turbine components becomes more and more important. Many components of a wind turbine are made from recyclable materials like steel or aluminum, but blades are made from composite and are with that the biggest non-recyclable structure of a wind turbine.
The resin is key for the circularity of wind blades. Glass and carbon fibers offer the strength and stiffness to build long wind blades, core materials like balsa and polymeric foams are applied to reduce weight, and the resin secures fiber straightness, transfers stresses and glues everything together. If it is possible to remove the resin in a mild and efficient way, the other materials can be recovered and reused. This is the reason why the research in the field of composites recycling has intensified over the last years.
Two main directions have been followed in the last years: Discovering a recycling method for blades and in general composite structures based on conventional resin technology or implementation of chemically modified or tailored resins for recyclability by design
Design of an element test specimen for fatigue delamination growth of a thick laminate
Authors: Erives R. , Sørensen B.F. , Samareh-Mousavi S.S. , Bangaru A. , Chen X. , Miao X.-Y. , McGugan M. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following the observation of multiple delaminations growing from a tunnelling crack in the spar cap of a wind turbine rotor blade subjected to cyclic loading, an element test specimen is proposed. Design of the element test specimen to study fatigue delamination of a thick laminate is presented. Complexities inherent to a full structure e.g., curvatures, ply drops, manufacturing defects, etc. are removed to study the fatigue delamination damage mechanism. The element test specimen is made of unidirectional layers with two embedded artificial delamination cracks connected by a tunnelling crack. In this paper, analytical and numerical (2D) models are used to design the element test specimen.
Development of wind turbine blade recycling baselines in the United States
Authors: Korey Matthew , Sproul Evan , Rencheck Mitchell L. , Ennis Brandon L. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past several years, the wind energy industry has received scrutiny regarding wind turbine blade (WTB) recycling due to the landfilling of WTBs caused by a lack of industrially viable recycling solutions. The amount of WTBs that will need to be recycled is set to increase in the United States as the deployment of wind energy is expected to rapidly grow to meet the nation’s energy goals by 2035. While significant progress has been made worldwide, it is still unclear which WTB recycling solutions would be the most cost and energy effective within the United States for the existing fleet of wind turbines. To guide researchers and industry with a clear path forward, a range of options for WTB recycling in the United States are modeled through development of baseline scenarios and the use of formal life cycle assessment (LCA). Model data have been collected through literature review, industry engagement, and expert opinion regarding current end of life practices and considerations surrounding equipment, labor, and logistics. A detailed baseline for WTB decommissioning processes has been developed and used to assess alternative approaches, such as on-site shredding to compare the impacts on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The developed LCA model and baseline scenarios for WTB recycling is used to assess the current WTB decommissioning practices in the United States along with emerging recycling pathways, including cement kiln co-processing and pyrolysis. Initial findings indicate that there are different approaches to decommissioning WTBs in the United States, each of which has unique implications for recycling. In light of this finding, additional results from the modeling will be used to better understand decommissioning practices and assist in making educated decisions on recycling pathways for the future. Throughout the analysis, focus was given to where international efforts might differ from the United States. WTB recycling is occurring worldwide, and different countries have different drivers for creating markets for recycled WTB materials. The contrasts and similarities between the United States and other countries offer insight to areas of opportunity that the United States could investigate and areas that can be readily transferred from existing solutions. By modeling and characterizing the current decommissioning practices and potential recycling solutions for the United States, a clearer vision will be created for pathways forward as to how to handle end of life WTBs to enable more efficient and cost-effective opportunities for material recovery from end-of-life WTBs.
Fatigue S-N curve approach for impact loading of hyper- and visco-elastic leading edge protection systems of wind turbine blades
Authors: Hamers T W , Jespersen K M , Mikkelsen L P , Bech J I , Johansen N F-J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Computational evaluation of leading edge erosion remains challenging due to the high-strain rate loading conditions caused by impact of the wind turbine blade leading edge with rain droplets and other environmental particles. Here, a methodology is proposed for obtaining an S-N curve which can be used for impact fatigue evaluation of hyper- and viscoelastic leading edge protection systems for wind turbine blades, in the relevant strain rate domain. Two material systems (hard and soft polyurethane (PU)) are characterised experimentally by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and static tensile tests. Time-temperature superposition is applied to the raw DMA data in order to obtain the material’s mastercurve, describing its visco-elastic behaviour in an expanded strain rate domain. The Yeoh (hyperelastic) and prony series (vis-coelastic) material model parameters are calibrated and form the input for a 2D-axisymmetric finite element model, in which Single Point Impact Fatigue Test (SPIFT) testing conditions are simulated. The stress field experienced by the coating during SPIFT testing is obtained and combined with the experimental measurements, allowing the determination of the material systems S-N curve, in the relevant strain rate domain. Results for a hard and soft PU coating system are compared with rain erosion test (RET) data. The RET data shows higher lifetime for the hard PU systems, a tendency that can be predicted when comparing the S-N curve for the hard and soft PU system. This methodology can be utilised in computational lifetime evaluation of leading edge coating systems. Furthermore, the methodology has the potential to partly alleviate the need of RET in the development and comparison of next-generation leading edge protection systems.
How epoxy cure profiles (may) impact performance of non-crimp fabric composites
Authors: Mortensen Ulrich A. , Andersen Tom L. , Mikkelsen Lars P. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Glass fibre reinforced polymers made from quasi uni-directional non-crimp fabrics have recently been shown to suffer from a specific damage mechanism. This damage mechanism is dominated by off-axis cracks in the off-axis backing bundles of the fabrics. In addition, research results have indicated that the onset and propagation of such off-axis cracks may be influenced by the residual stresses that arising from the manufacturing process used to produce the Glass fibre reinforced composites. The current article investigates the potential effect of residual stresses on the fatigue life through an experimental set-up that involves tailored cure profiles and image based evaluation of tensile test experiments.
J integral strain-curvature approach for multilayer fracture specimens with unknown thickness and stiffness of layers
Authors: Sørensen B F , Toftegaard H L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the coming years, many wind turbines will reach their planned design life, and it is of great interest to investigate if their service life can be extended so that the turbines can produce a larger amount of electricity before decommissioning. Such an assessment can include the measurement of the fracture mechanics properties of materials interfaces, e.g., for trailing edge bondlines, web foot bondlines and interfaces between layers in the load-carrying main spars. It would then be preferable to conduct the fracture mechanics testing and data analysis by approaches that give accurate results with the smallest amount of testing. In the present work we propose an approach for measurement of mixed mode fracture resistance (and mixed cohesive laws) that does not require knowledge of the stiffness properties and the elastic centre of the laminates of the test specimens. This is advantageous since the layer stiffness, layer thickness and the lay-up of a laminate cut from an old blade may not be known. Furthermore, the elastic properties of polymer resins of bondlines and matrix materials in fibre composites can have changed (aging) due to the blades long-time environmental exposure.
Non-metallic lightning strike protection coating for wind-turbine blades
Authors: Kumar V , Saha S , Millen S , Murphy A , Seta B , Spangenberg J , Tobin J , Knouff B , Hassen A , Kunc V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The increasing use of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composites in the wind energy industry presents a challenge concerning lightning strike protection (LSP). Due to their low electrical conductivity, these materials are inferior to metals in dissipating electrical currents generated by lightning strikes, potentially leading to catastrophic damage. The current LSP system for wind turbine blades involves metallic lightning arrestors, which may only sometimes be effective due to the accumulation of debris and salt on other parts of the blade. Other commercially available products, such as diverter strips and nano-filler coatings, are expensive and impractical for use throughout the entire blade. Recently, researchers have proposed using electrically conductive polymeric coatings as a potential solution. These coatings are easy to apply and can be spray-coated, painted, or manufactured via automation. In this study, newly developed polymeric coating solutions were experimentally tested and compared to traditional metallic-based LSP systems. The experiments showed promising results in dissipating the current generated by lightning strikes. In addition, the thicker coatings reduced catastrophic damage, including puncture, fiber breakage, and resin evaporation, compared to thinner coatings. Overall, the study highlights the potential of polymeric coatings as a viable solution for lightning strike protection in the wind energy industry.
Material aspects of wooden towers for offshore wind turbines
Authors: Gamstedt E. Kristofer , Bengtsson Rhodel , Florisson Sara , Bernhoff Hans 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Possible new innovative materials for Counter Rotating Axis Floating Tilted Turbines are studied and discussed. The 40 MW version of the Counter Rotating Axis Floating Tilted Turbine (CRAFTT) will reach as far as 80 m below sea surface and up to 400 m above. The CRAFTT is an integrated design for floating offshore wind with two turbines on the same tilted shaft where the lower turbine is mounted directly on a rotating mast integrated with floater. The upper turbine will reach altitudes of 400 m. The system is designed to be a direct drive system, eliminating need for gearbox, taking advantage of the double air-gap speed of generator. With the generator placed at lower end as ballast the incentive to reduce weight for wings, tower and blades increase. Furthermore, wood is an attractive option as it enables both low CO2 impact production and higher degree of reusability. However, fatigue properties from both mechanical and thermal cycling needs to be addressed in order to evaluate new structural materials in the context of floating wind turbines. Starting from scratch without any preconceived notions, one could consider timber as a potential option for the tower. In such a preliminary and qualitative deliberation, one can consider that the use of wood as the main load-carrying material in large structures has been proven during the last decade by the development of new high-rise wooden buildings, with even higher buildings with timber as the main structural component expected in the future, The tall wooden buildings have been made possible since wood has the advantage of having high specific mechanical properties, i.e. high strength and stiffness with respect to density in the grain direction, in addition to being renewable. Another advantage is that wood is less sensitive to fatigue than many metallic materials, since its hierarchical microstructure prevents the propagation dominant cracks when loaded in the longitudinal direction. Design against fatigue is crucial in wind turbine structures given the inevitable cyclic loading. As all materials, wood certainly has its drawbacks, the foremost being its sensitivity to moisture, which is of obvious concern in off-shore applications. Moisture has a softening effect, resulting in creep, and moisture may trigger chemical or microbial degradation. The development of barrier coatings of aluminium has shown to be very efficient in e.g. high-voltage cables and food packaging, making them impermeable to moisture and air. Such techniques should be applicable also in wood constructions. This presentation highlights the main points specific for wood as a construction material in the design of wood towers for wind turbines in offshore locations, which need to be addressed in design.