bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction to Knowledge in Organizations
Authors: Nonaka Ikujiro , Takeuchi Hirotaka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Japanese companies remain an enigma to most Westerners. They are not terribly efficient, entrepreneurial, or liberated. Yet, slowly but surely, they have advanced their position in international competition. Why have Japanese companies become successful? In this book we offer a new explanation. We argue that the success of Japanese companies is not due to their manufacturing prowess; access to cheap capital; close and cooperative relationships with customers, suppliers, and government agencies; or lifetime employment, seniority system, and other human resources management practices-although all of these factors, of course, are important. Instead, we make the claim that Japanese companies have been successful because of their skills and expertise at “organizational knowledge creation.” By organizational knowledge creation we mean the capability of a company as a whole to create new knowledge, disseminate it throughout the organization, and embody it in products, services, and systems. Organizational knowledge creation is the key to the distinctive ways that Japanese companies innovate. They are especially good at bringing about innovation continuously, incrementally, and spirally.
Middle-up-down Management Process for Knowledge Creation
Authors: Nonaka Ikujiro , Takeuchi Hirotaka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding chapters presented our theoretical model of organizational knowledge creation and its practical application within Japanese firms. We shift our focus in the next two chapters to consider the most appropriate setting under which organizational knowledge creation will flourish. In this chapter we focus our attention on a management process that can best facilitate the creation of organizational knowledge. Since organizational knowledge creation calls for a radically different setting than that which exists today, we will turn our attention in the next chapter to the most appropriate organizational structure.
The Federal Government Role the Development of the U.S. Software Industry
Authors: Langlois Richard N , Mowery David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of the U.S. computer software industry has been powerfully influenced by federal government policy during the postwar period. Its importance for the demands of cold war defense, especially strategic air defense during the 1950s, meant that the software industry received considerable federal R&D and procurement funding throughout the postwar period. But the very novelty of computer technology and software meant that a substantial portion of the defense-related spending in software was allocated to the creation of an infrastructure that would support a new area of R&D, training, and technology development. Federal support for the creation of this infrastructure provided important benefits to the commercial U.S. software industry. From the earliest years of the postwar era, private industry has been responsible for a great deal of innovation in software; but by the 1960s, these industrial innovations drew on research and manpower that had been generously supported by federal government funds.
We Can’t Go Home Again
Authors: Walker Clarence E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Afrocentrism has been a controversial but popular movement in schools and universities across America, as well as in black communities. But in We Can’t Go Home Again, historian Clarence E. Walker puts Afrocentrism to the acid test, in a thoughtful, passionate, and often blisteringly funny analysis that melts away the pretensions of this “therapeutic mythology.” As expounded by Molefi Kete Asante, Yosef Ben-Jochannan, and others, Afrocentrism encourages black Americans to discard their recent history, with its inescapable white presence, and to embrace instead an empowering vision of their African (specifically Egyptian) ancestors as the source of western civilization. Walker marshals a phalanx of serious scholarship to rout these ideas. He shows, for instance, that ancient Egyptian society was not black but a melange of ethnic groups, and questions whether, in any case, the pharaonic regime offers a model for blacks today, asking “if everybody was a King, who built the pyramids?” But for Walker, Afrocentrism is more than simply bad history—it substitutes a feel-good myth of the past for an attempt to grapple with the problems that still confront blacks in a racist society. The modern American black identity is the product of centuries of real history, as Africans and their descendants created new, hybrid cultures—mixing many African ethnic influences with native and European elements. Afrocentrism replaces this complex history with a dubious claim to distant glory. “Afrocentrism offers not an empowering understanding of black Americans’ past,” Walker concludes, “but a pastiche of ‘alien traditions’ held together by simplistic fantasies.” More to the point, this specious history denies to black Americans the dignity, and power, that springs from an honest understanding of their real history.
Parts and Wholes in Semantics
Authors: Moltmann Friederike 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book develops a unified account of expressions involving the notions of “part” and “whole “ in which principles of the individuation of part structures play a central role. Moltmann presents a range of new empirical generalizations with data from English and a variety of other languages involving plurals, mass nouns, adnominal and adverbial modifiers such as as a whole, together, and alone, nominal and adverbial quantifiers ranging over parts, and expressions of completion such as completely and partly. She develops a new theory of part structures which differs from traditional mereological theories in that the notion of an integrated whole plays a central role and in that the part structure of an entity is allowed to vary across different situations, perspectives, and dimensions.
A Language of Our Own
Authors: Bakker Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Michif language — spoken by descendants of French Canadian fur traders and Cree Indians in western Canada — is considered an ‘impossible language’ since it uses French for nouns and Cree for verbs, and comprises two different sets of grammatical rules. Bakker uses historical research and fieldwork data to present the first detailed analysis of this language and how it came into being.
Introduction
Authors: Williamson Oliver E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chester I. Barnard’s remarkable and still influential book The Functions of the Executive was first published in 1938. The golden anniversary of that publication was celebrated with a seminar series of lectures held at the University of California, Berkeley, in the spring of 1988. Eight of those lectures were subsequently written down as essays and, with the exception of chapter 1, are published here for the first time.
Transaction Cost Economics and Organization Theory
Authors: Williamson Oliver E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Economic and sociological approaches to economic organization have reached a state of healthy tension. That is to be contrasted with an earlier state of affairs in which the two approaches were largely disjunct, hence ignored one another, or described each other’s research agendas and re search accomplishments with disdain (Swedberg, 1990, p. 4). Healthy tension involves genuine give-and-take. Neither the obsolescence of organization theory, to which Charles Perrow has recently alluded (1992, p. 162), nor the capitulation of economics, to which James March (tongue-incheek) remarks, is implied.
Noisy Talk: Conversation and Collaboration in a Youth Writing Group
Authors: Tannock Stuart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Collaborative endeavor has frequently been described by educators and philosophers through an analogy with conversation or dialogue. Conversation, particularly through the work of conversation analysts, has been shown to be thoroughly collaborative. But the active role of conversation in furthering collaborative endeavor has been less frequently examined. Although reformers in schools, universities, and workplaces have become increasingly interested in collaborative work, they have paid limited attention to the ways in which conversational interaction structures and supports the successful completion of collaborative tasks.
Relatively Speaking
Authors: Danziger Eve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Based upon 14 months of ethnographic fieldwork among the Mopan Maya in Belize, Eve Danziger examines the semantic complexity of particular kinship terms used among Mopan women and children and shows that a culture-specific analysis of their terms is superior to other non-ethnographically-based methods. In doing so she contributes not only to theoretical semantics and the ethnography of that area, but to the cross-cultural study of child development and language acquisition.
Three Exceptions: Sarah Childress Polk, Mary Todd Lincoln, and Julia Dent Grant
Authors: Caroli Betty Boyd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most historical patterns expose an exception-a conspicuous deviation from an otherwise straight, clear line. Presidents' wives are no different; and if in the middle half of the nineteenth century most preferred anonymity to exploring new possibilities in the job, a minority achieved prominence. Sarah Childress Polk (1845-1849) eschewed domestic de tails so that she could maintain a close working relationship with her husband. Mary Todd Lincoln (1861-1865) left observers unsure about whether or not she had any influence on important decisions, so that merchants, intent on catering to her, permitted her to run up enormous bills. Julia Dent Grant's activities (1869-1877) and those of her children received enough attention to qualify the Grants as the first”star" family in the White House. The three women totalled only a bit more than sixteen years in the White House, but they stand out in sharp contrast to the faceless First Ladies who preceded them.
The Paradoxical 1920s
Authors: Caroli Betty Boyd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most popular book on the 1920s emphasizes enormous contradictions in the American scene. At the same time that individuals experienced great strides in their personal lives, the nation took one giant step backward into”normalcy. A country tired of sacrificing for war and weary of high-minded slogans about”making the world safe for democracy" reverted to old ways that emphasized personal comfort and national isolation. Nowhere is the contradiction more apparent than in accounts of women’s lives. The view of the 1920s as”roaring" gives only half the picture. It is true that contraception and cosmetics became more available and acceptable; Freud and flapper fashions offered new freedoms. Electric appliances promised to diminish the time required for house work (if standards of acceptable cleanliness did not rise concurrently) and old barriers that had stood between the sexes, in matters such as smoking in public, dropped. Women increased their percentage of the labor force, and 450,000 of the new jobs were in the professions.
Twenty-First-Century Careers
Authors: Miles Raymonde. , Snow Charles C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A career is described as the evolving sequence of a person’s work experiences over time (Arthur, Hall, and Lawrence 1989). Effective careers benefit individuals, organizations, and society. From the individual’s perspective, an effective career is one that allows the full development and utilization of potential. Effective careers in organizations are achieved when individual competencies and organizational needs are consistently matched. From society’s perspective, effective careers not only enhance individual and organizational achievement, but they also integrate individuals into their communities and help them become better citizens (Wilensky, 1961).
Boundaryless Careers and Social Capital
Authors: Raider Holly J , Burt Ronald S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Social capital refers to the structure of individuals’ contact networks-the pattern of interconnection among the various people with whom each person is tied. The central idea behind social capital arguments is that differences in social contexts produce inequality. In fact, with regard to career attainment, social capital arguments reason that differences in social networks account for performance differences among similarly educated, able, and experienced individuals-that individuals with better social capital earn higher rates of return on their human capital.
Challenging the Last Boundary: Reconnecting Work and Family
Authors: Fletcher Joyce K , Bailyn Lotte 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The needs of today’s business enterprises—responsiveness, adaptability, flexibility, and creativity in responding to global markets and to customers—are increasingly identified with their ability to cross internal and external boundaries, boundaries that for years have been considered inviolate. Indeed, boundary crossing is quickly becoming the hallmark of a new approach to business, one that has been called “co-opetition” (Lipnack and Stamps, 1993). The center piece of this approach is a recognition of the added value that comes from bridging barriers that traditionally have fostered competition, rather than cooperation, such as barriers between marketing, engineering, and research and development; barriers with external suppliers; and even competitive barriers between companies within the same industry (Handy, 1989; Ring and Van de Ven, 1994; Wheatley, 1993). In the words of Jack Welch, CEO of General Electric (quoted in Slater, 1994: 110):
Feminization at Work: Career Implications
Authors: Fondas Nanette 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recently arguments have appeared in both business publications and academic journals that suggest a “feminization” is occurring in the workplace (Fondas, 1993; Jenson, Hagen, and Reddy, 1988; Lee, 1994; Lenz and Myerhoff, 1985; Lunneborg, 1990; Reskin and Roos, 1990; Smith and Smits, 1994). Feminization is used generally to refer to the rising rate of female participation in the paid labor force and its effect on occupational sex composition (Jensen, Hagen, and Reddy, 1988; Johnston and Packer, 1987) and to women’s entry into customarily male fields, such as law, business, and medicine (Cohn, 1985; Reskin and Roos, 1990). “Feminization” is also used to refer the spread of characteristics culturally ascribed to females and thus held to be feminine in society. Ann Douglas (1977) introduced this usage in The Feminization of American Culture, when she documented the spread of domesticity throughout the mass culture of Victorian America. Drawing on Douglas’s definition, in The Feminist Case against Bureaucracy, Ferguson (1984) used feminization to refer to the spread of traditionally feminine traits-such as supportiveness and attention to others-to bureaucratically defined subordinates. Similarly, Calas and Smircich (1993) adopted this definition in their description of the continued subordination of women in global workforce. Fondas (1993) followed in this tradition by describing “feminized” managers whose careers are now characterized by temporary, subcontracted, part-time, ad hoc, and insecure employment arrangements. These concepts are used in this chapter to describe feminization and its implications for organizing and managing within the context of boundaryless careers.
Organizational Ethics and the Good Life
Authors: Hartman Edwin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In giving an account of what is ethical, we can begin by describing the community that accommodates the good life; to be ethical, then, is to be a contributor to that sort of community. We live in political communities as well as in communities built around families, neighborhoods, churches, and other associations. But for many of us the community that will afford the good life that is the purpose of morality is the organization that employs us. Aristotle claimed the greatest ethical questions are political ones; today we have reason to believe that the greatest ethical questions are organizational ones. In Organizational Ethics and the Good Life, Edwin Hartman contends that, as ethics is about the good community, a great part of business ethics is about the good organization. He argues that a large and complex organization has the characteristic of the “commons” studied by game theorists, and that it is the task of management to preserve the commons in the long-term interests of all its members, principally by creating an appropriate corporate culture. A good corporate culture not only serves the interests of the participants but makes the organization a place in which they can develop interests that are compatible with both autonomy and good corporate citizenship: that is, they can develop a sense of the good life that is appropriate to the moral person. Hartman opposes the standard view that the study of organizational ethics is a matter of considering how certain foundational ethical principles apply in organizational settings; instead, he argues, business ethicists should consider how free and rational people arrive at a consensus on practical ethical principles in a morally good organization that leaves room for moral progress. And what makes an organization morally good? In discussing justice, loyalty, and other features of a morally good organization, Hartman draws largely on the work of Rawls and Hirschman. In describing the good life as one in which well-being and morality overlap, Hartman proposes a new version of an idea as old as Aristotle, who taught that human beings are rational but also irreducibly communal creatures.
The Quest for Freedom: Runaway Slaves and the Plantation South
Authors: Franklin John Hope , Schweninger Loren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jane was yesterday afternoon about six o’clock arrested,’’ Charles Colcock Jones, Jr., of Savannah began in a letter to his father on the first day of October 1856; ‘‘she is now in confinement in Wright the broker’s yard.’’ Owned by cotton planter Charles C. Jones, Sr., of Liberty County, Georgia, Jane had been in Savannah more than a month before being discovered. She had passed herself off as a slave from the upcountry who was permitted to hire her own time and she had found employment atΛ6.50 a week doing housework.
Prepositional Complementizers as Attractors
Authors: Kayne Richard S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At this point, two questions arise: What property do infinitival phrases have that finite phrases lack, such that only the former are compatible with deldi, and what is the best way of expressing the ‘selectional’ relation between deldi and infinitives? With regard to the second question, I will develop an analysis that expresses that relation via movement, recalling proposals by Koopman (1994) and Svenonius (1994), except that the movement at issue will be phrasal movement. (Deldi will attract the infinitive phrase to its Spec.)
A Note on Prepositions, Complementizers, and Word Order Universals
Authors: Kayne Richard S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just as of in (1)/(2) enters the derivation after the phrase John’sfriends has been put together, so does de in (3) enter the derivation above the verb phrase essayé chanter (and similarly for Italian). These prepositional complementizers are not merged directly with the infinitival IP they are associated with. The relation between complementizer and IP is established rather by movement (attraction).
The Framework
Authors: Heine Bernd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Assumptions
Language structure is the product of our interaction with the world around us. The way we build discourses and develop linguistic categories can immediately be derived from the way we experience our environment and use that experience in speciesspecific communication.
A common human strategy of communication consists in relating different concepts by describing one in terms of the other. This strategy, it is argued here, can be held responsible for much of why grammar looks the way it does, and perhaps also why grammar exists in the first place. And it also constitutes the foundation of the framework used in this book. This framework is based primarily on the following assumptions:
Punishment, Communication, and Community
Authors: Duff R A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Part of the Studies in Crime and Public Policy series, this book, written by one of the top philosophers of punishment, examines the main trends in penal theorizing over the past three decades. Duff asks what can justify criminal punishment, and then explores the legitimacy of actual practices by examining what would count as adequate justification for them. Duff argues that a “communicative conception of punishment,” which he presents as a third way between consequentialist and retributive theories, offers the most fruitful way of understanding punishment’s meaning and justification. Duff addresses such question as how much sentences should be constrained by proportionality requirements; what modalities of punishment best communicate their intended meaning; and what decisionmaking procedures he envisions. This book will appeal to criminologists, philosophers, and others interested in theories of punishment.
Medicinal Chemistry
Authors: Nogrady Thomas , Weaver Donald F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fully updated and rewritten by a basic scientist who is also a practising physician, the third edition of this popular textbook remains comprehensive, authoritative and readable. Taking a receptor-based, target-centered approach, it presents the concepts central to the study of drug action in a logical, mechanistic way grounded on molecular and biochemical principles. Students of pharmacy, chemistry and pharmacology, as well as researchers interested in a better understanding of drug design, will find this book an invaluable resource. Starting with an overview of basic principles, Medicinal Chemistry examines the properties of drug molecules, the characteristics of drug receptors, and the nature of drug-receptor interactions. Then it systematically examines the various families of receptors involved in human disease and drug design. The first three classes of receptors are related to endogenous molecules: neurotransmitters, hormones and immunomodulators. Next, receptors associated with cellular organelles (mitochondria, cell nucleus), endogenous macromolecules (membrane proteins, cytoplasmic enzymes) and exogenous pathogens (viruses, bacteria) are exained. Through this evaluation of receptors, all the main types of human disease and all major categories of drugs are considered. There have been many changes in the third edition, including a new chapter on the immune system. Because of their increasingly prominent role in drug discovery, molecular modeling techniques, high throughput screening, neurpharmacology and genetics/genomics are given much more attention. The chapter on hormonal therapies has been thoroughly updated and re-organized. Emerging enzyme targets in drug design (e.g. kinases, caspases) are discussed, and recent information on voltage-gated and ligand-gated ion channels has been incorporated. The sections on antihypertensive, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiarrhythmic, and anticancer drugs, as well as treatments for hyperlipidemia and peptic ulcer, have been substantially expanded. One new feature will enhance the book’s appeal to all readers: clinical-molecular interface sections that facilitate understanding of the treatment of human disease at a molecular level.