bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weakness of Will and Practical Judgement
Authors: Stroud Sarah 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA practical judgement is one which enjoys an internal, necessary relation to subsequent action or intention, and which can serve as a sufficient explanation of such action or intention. Does the phenomenon of weakness of will show that deliberation does not characteristically issue in such practical judgements? The author argues that the possibility of akrasia does not threaten the view that we make practical judgements, when the latter thesis is properly understood. Indeed, the author suggests that the alleged possibility of global akrasia actually supports the practical‐judgement model over what she considers its main rival, a kind of ‘Humean externalism’ about practical reason.
The Work of the Will
Authors: Watson Gary 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe first part of the essay explores the relations between the will and practical reason or judgement. The second part takes up decision in the realm of belief, i.e. deciding that such and such is so. This phenomenon raises two questions. Since we decide that as well as to, should we speak of a doxastic will? Secondly, should we regard ourselves as active in the formation of our judgements as in the formation of our intentions? The author's answer to these two further questions is ‘no’ and ‘yes’, respectively: the boundaries between the active and the passive are not marked by the will.
Choosing Rationally and Choosing Correctly
Authors: Wedgwood Ralph 
Published: March 2005

AbstractArgues that internal requirements on rational choice are derived from the ultimate practical ‘aim’ of arriving at correct choices, which depend on which of one's options really are good things to do. In order to defend this ‘recognitional’ view of practical reason against the ‘constructivist’ who sees the internal, procedural requirements on rational choice as fundamental, the author argues that the objections which constructivists have raised against the recognitional view in fact apply only to substantive and not to formal versions of the latter. Furthermore, the author urges, objections of the very same kind can be pressed against the constructivist view itself.
Class Transformation and Trends in Social Fluidity in the Republic of Ireland 1973–94
Authors: Layte Richard , Whelan Christopher T. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe Irish case provides a particularly appropriate test of the consequences for social mobility of economic growth and, in particular, of the hypothesis of increasing merit selection. This is so not only because the lateness and speed of economic change allows us to capture it through a set of national surveys conducted in the past three decades but because such change was based on a sustained policy of increased openness to international competitive forces. The functional requirements of the economy and a rapid increase in the supply of those with higher educational qualifications provided an ideal context in which to observe the predicted movement from ascription to achievement. However, while changes in the class structure and a rapid expansion of educational opportunity had significant consequences in terms of absolute mobility, there was no clear evidence of a significant shift towards meritocratic principles; indeed, the impact of educational qualifications on class destination diminished. Controlling for education, we find that the impact of class origin effects is substantial and shows relatively little sign of diminishing over time.
Opportunities, Little Change: Class Mobility in Israeli Society, 1974–91
Authors: Yaish Meir 
Published: March 2005

AbstractEngages with the long lasting debate in sociology concerning the consequences of industrialization process for social mobility. It is argued that Israeli society provides one of the most adequate tests of this thesis. In this context, then, the analysis in this chapter is guided by two main questions: (1) has equality of opportunity in Israeli mobility increased over time, (2) has the mobility process in Israeli society become more meritocratic over time. The analysis in this chapter is based on data from two nationally representative surveys that were tailored to the study of social mobility–the 1974 and the 1991 Israeli mobility surveys. It is shown that Israelis (men and women alike) experience high level of social mobility and fluidity–but with little temporal variations. It is also shown that while the Israeli stratification system has some meritocratic components, these did not gain in strength over time. Thus it is concluded that, in the Israeli context, social mobility, and the industrialization process do not go hand in hand.
The Limitations of Financial Reporting
Authors: Ballwieser Wolfgang 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAfter a general introduction (Section 1), Section 2 discusses the objectives of financial reporting with respect to information. It explains the concept of decision usefulness by looking first at the individual decision-model, and then at the measurement of economic wealth or income using financial statements. Section 3 briefly examines some of the attempts that have been made to test decision usefulness empirically, and gives an overview of some of the results. Section 3 is the conclusion.
Value-Based Management and Performance Measures: Cash Flow versus Accrual Accounting
Authors: Pfaff Dieter 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe objective is to reflect on the merits of accrual accounting in light of its various imperfections, and to provide some explanation for why we still have only a limited understanding of accruals. The argument presented is based on a two-period model and attempts to demonstrate the problem of the ‘impatient manager’ to show how accruals can help solve this problem. The goal is to lay out the basic rationalization for using both accruals and the underlying assumptions and relationships as clearly and simply as possible. This rationale is then used as the basis for an examination of the question of which direction we might use to develop new models that propose the advantages of using accruals. The chapter is organized as follows: Section 1 introduces; Section 2 shows the substantial assumptions for the analysis of accruals – and cash-flow-based incentive systems in investment decisions; Section 3 discusses accruals as optimal performance measures, clarifying the connections between compensation functions and performance measures, and showing how performance measures can be designed to induce efficient investment decisions in a two-period model; Section 4 summarizes the results, thereby taking a more general look at the connections between incentive contracts, performance measures, and information structures; Section 5 discusses the problems of analytical research in showing the advantage of using accruals instead of cash flows as a performance measure to control investment decisions; Section 6 concludes.
Changing Boundaries of Innovation Systems
Authors: McKelvey Maureen 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Discusses the issue of the changing boundaries of system integration competencies between different actors. The argument is made that many complex, knowledge‐intensive innovations are not only systemic in the sense of requiring many components and interactions, but they must also be analysed as a situation where final demand requires a bundling of goods and services. Demand therefore must be analysed as an integrated set of goods and services. A multi‐sectoral comparison is made, as the bundling of goods and services is visible in such diverse areas as building and construction, health care management, biotechnology, and telecommunication infrastructures.
Modernizing the State: A New Style of Governance?
Authors: Newman Janet 
Published: March 2005

AbstractExamines the social policies associated with 'third ways' in European social democracy. It focuses on the Third Way in terms of discourse (e.g. a rhetoric of reconciliation), values (e.g. solidarity, equity), and policy goals and mechanisms (e.g. maximizing employment; containing public spending and strengthening the social investment component of welfare states). Our main conclusion is that the current position is best represented by one-third way with several variants, and that there is greater similarity on the level of policy content than on values or discourse.
The Third Way's Social Investment State
Authors: Lister Ruth 
Published: March 2005

AbstractTraces the dispersal of power associated with contemporary transformations of the state and discusses the tensions that arise in the shift towards partnership working, public participation, citizen engagement, and the 'responsibilisation' of citizens in modernized social health and welfare systems. Governance theory, it argues, has much to contribute to analyses of the Third Way in that it shifts the focus of attention beyond economic structures or processes towards a broader concern with issues of citizenship, concepts of community, and flows of power beyond the state. However, the chapter critiques a number of assumptions on which it is based and highlights its capacity to de-politicize analyses of the state and to legitimize the Third Way as an inevitable consequence of social and economic change.
The Future of the Welfare State
Authors: Castles Francis G. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis book uses data from 21 OECD countries for the period 1980 to 1998 to test a variety of hypotheses suggesting that contemporary welfare states are in crisis and to establish the factors shaping the trajectory of welfare state development during these years. It assesses the validity of arguments that globalization leads to a ‘race to the bottom’ in social spending and that population ageing poses a threat to public budgets. It finds both of these arguments wanting and, instead, suggests that contemporary welfare states have been converging to a steady state over recent decades. The book also examines the extent to which welfare states across the OECD have been restructured in recent years and whether there are signs of the emergence of a distinctive European ‘social model’. Again, it finds that accounts of substantial welfare state restructuring and of the Europeanization of the welfare state are much exaggerated. Finally, the book identifies a potential threat to the viability of existing societies in a trend to declining fertility throughout the advanced world, but argues that the welfare state in the form of family-friendly policy is actually our best protection against this trend.
A European Welfare State Convergence?
Authors: Castles Francis G. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractSeeks to explore the notion that European welfare states have been becoming more alike in recent years, with a view to establishing the reality or otherwise of the notion of a distinct ‘European social model’. The analysis shows that convergence within Europe is largely restricted to aggregate social expenditure levels, but that welfare state standards, spending on individual welfare programmes and welfare state priorities quite often differ appreciably within and between different European families of nations. In consequence, it would appear that we are no nearer to a European ‘social model’ in the early twenty-first century than we were in the early 1980s.
A Multiple-Proposition Approach
Authors: Corazza Eros 
Published: March 2005

AbstractProposes a multiple-proposition theory, which explains certain linguistic data in a straightforward way. The data are provided by description-names, i.e. proper names like ‘The Holy Virgin’, ‘The Beatles’, etc. and complex demonstratives, i.e. NPs of the form ‘that table covered in books’, ‘this pen’, ‘these horses’, etc. The multiple-proposition theory proposed fits within the framework of direct reference.
Empathy, Imagination, and Reports
Authors: Corazza Eros 
Published: March 2005

AbstractDiscusses the attribution of attitudes. In attributing to someone an attitude, we usually use constructions like: “Jane believes/desires/wishes/said/…that p”, where the that-clause ‘that p’ should capture what the attributee, Jane, believes/desires/wishes/said/…The conception proposed concentrates on the notion of imagination. In particular, it rests on the notion of transference, i.e. the way one imagines oneself to be another.
Quasi-Indexicality and Puzzling Reports
Authors: Corazza Eros 
Published: March 2005

AbstractProposes a picture of attitude ascriptions, which relies on the notion of quasi-indicators. The main idea defended is that in an attitude ascription we relate the attributee to a proposition and a sentence. The latter is the sentence the reporter uses to classify the attributee’s mental state. This classification can be more or less accurate and often it can only be partial.
A question of perception: Bourdieu, art and the postmodern
Authors: Prior Nick 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBourdieu and Darbel's classic study of European art museum audiences,The Love of Art(1991), remains one of the most influential academic studies of the social indices of art perception. Its findings were central to Bourdieu's on‐going study of culture‐mediated power relations, as found in the bookDistinction(Bourdieu 1984), as well as social surveys of the behaviour of museum audiences across the world. Much in Bourdieu's account of art perception, however, has begun to appear dated and in need of supplementation. This paper will be a critical but sympathetic re‐reading of Bourdieu's sociology of art perception in the light of recent criticisms of his approach. Whilst fine art and its institutions continue to function as sources of social identification and differentiation, this paper argues that the relationship between perception and stratification is somewhat looser than connoted in Bourdieu's work. Beyond the shift to a less rigid taxonomy of social formations, the immense expansion of the visual arts complex has opened up possibilities for the dissemination of art knowledge beyond the cultivated bourgeois. The erosion of boundaries between the aesthetic and the economic, between art and popular culture, are the result of processes of commodification that have placed museums alongside shopping malls within the realms of consumption and entertainment. New audiences have emerged from this mix with less dichotomized – that is,eithercultivated or popular – ways of seeing culture that suggest a revision of Bourdieu's overly integrated account of class and cognition. An alternative, ‘postmodern’, approach to art perception is entertained, where an aesthetics of distinction is replaced by a culture of distraction, but this abstracts culture from any structural grounding. Capturing the shift to an accelerated cultural present, instead, requires a warping of Bourdieu's categories to account for broader patterns of culture and economy and the accentuation of modern visual culture.
Vascular ossification – calcification in metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and calciphylaxis – calcific uremic arteriolopathy: the emerging role of sodium thiosulfate
Authors: Hayden Melvin R , Tyagi Suresh C , Kolb Lisa , Sowers James R , Khanna Ramesh 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBackgroundVascular calcification is associated with metabolic syndrome, diabetes, hypertension, atherosclerosis, chronic kidney disease, and end stage renal disease. Each of the above contributes to an accelerated and premature demise primarily due to cardiovascular disease. The above conditions are associated with multiple metabolic toxicities resulting in an increase in reactive oxygen species to the arterial vessel wall, which results in a response to injury wound healing (remodeling). The endothelium seems to be at the very center of these disease processes, acting as the first line of defense against these multiple metabolic toxicities and the first to encounter their damaging effects to the arterial vessel wall.ResultsThe pathobiomolecular mechanisms of vascular calcification are presented in order to provide the clinician – researcher a database of knowledge to assist in the clinical management of these high-risk patients and examine newer therapies. Calciphylaxis is associated with medial arteriolar vascular calcification and results in ischemic subcutaneous necrosis with vulnerable skin ulcerations and high mortality. Recently, this clinical syndrome (once thought to be rare) is presenting with increasing frequency. Consequently, newer therapeutic modalities need to be explored. Intravenous sodium thiosulfate is currently used as an antidote for the treatment of cyanide poisioning and prevention of toxicities of cisplatin cancer therapies. It is used as a food and medicinal preservative and topically used as an antifungal medication.ConclusionA discussion of sodium thiosulfate's dual role as a potent antioxidant and chelator of calcium is presented in order to better understand its role as an emerging novel therapy for the clinical syndrome of calciphylaxis and its complications.
Determining toxicity of lead and zinc runoff in soils: Salinity effects on metal partitioning and on phytotoxicity
Authors: Stevens Daryl P. , McLaughlin Mike J. , Heinrich Tundi 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
When assessingcationic metal toxicity in soils, metals are often added to soil as the chloride, nitrate, or sulfate salts. In many studies, the effects of these anions are ignored or discounted; rarely are appropriate controls included. This study used five soils varying in pH, clay content, and organic matter to determine whether salinity from counter-ions contributed to or confounded metal phytotoxicity. Varying rates of Pb and Zn were applied to soils with or without a leaching treatment to remove the metal counter-ion (NO3-). Lactuca sattva (lettuce) plants were grown in metal-treated soils, and plant dry weights were used to determine median effective concentrations where there was a 50% reduction in yield (EC50s) on the basis of total metals measured in the soil after harvest. In two of the five soils, leaching increased the EC50s significantly for Zn by 1.4- to 3.7-fold. In three of the five soils, leaching increased the EC50s significantly for Pb by 1.6- to 3.0-fold. The shift in EC50s was not a direct result of toxicity of the nitrate ion but was an indirect effect of the salinity increasing metal concentrations in soil solution and increasing its bioavailability for a given total metal concentration. In addition, calculation of potential salinity changes in toxicological studies from the addition of metals exhibiting strong sorption to soil suggested that if the anion associated with the metal is not leached from the soil, direct salinity responses could also lead to significant overestimation of the EC50 for those metals. These findings question the relevance of the application of single-metal salts to soils as a method of assessing metal phytotoxicity when, in many cases in our environment, Zn and Pb accumulate in soil over a period of time and the associated counter-ions are commonly removed from the soil during the accumulation process (e.g., roof and galvanized tower runoff).
A comparative assessment of azinphosmethyl bioaccumulation and toxicity in two estuarine meiobenthic harpacticoid copepods
Authors: Klosterhaus Susan L. , DiPinto Lisa M. , Chandler G. Thomas 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Aqueous, pore-water, and whole-sediment bioassays were conducted with meiobenthic copepods with different infaunal lifestyles to assess the acute and chronic toxicity of the organophosphorous pesticide azinphosmethyl (APM) and its bioaccumulation potential in sediments. Biota sediment accumulation factors were an order of magnitude higher for the deeper burrowing Amphiascus tenuiremis (26.6) than the epibenthic Microarthridion littorale (2.2). The female A. tenuiremis APM median lethal concentration (LC50; 3.6 μg/L) was twice the male LC50 (1.8 μg/L), in straight seawater exposures, and nearly 20% higher than males in whole-sediment exposures (540 vs 456 ng/g dry weight). Amphiascus tenuiremis were 17 times more sensitive to sediment-associated APM than M. littorale. In pore-water-only exposures, the adult mixed-sex A. tenuiremis LC50 (5.0 μg/L) was nearly twice the seawater mixed-sex LC50 (2.7 μg/L). Dissolved organic carbon in pore water was five times higher (20 mg/L) than in seawater-only exposures (4 mg/L). Differences in acute toxicity within exposure media were driven by species- and sex-specific differences in lipid content. Amphiascus tenuiremis likely experienced greater exposure to sediment-associated toxicants via longer periods of direct contact with pore water than M. littorale and, therefore, exhibited correspondingly higher bioaccumulation and acute toxicity. Copepod reproduction was significantly reduced (&gt;60%) in 14-d sediment culture exposures at sublethal APM levels, suggesting that chronic field exposure to sediment-associated APM would result in sharp declines in copepod population growth.
Agricultural adjuvants: Acute mortality and effects on population growth rate of Daphnia pulex after chronic exposure
Authors: Stark John D. , Walthall William K. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Acute and chronic toxicity of eight agricultural adjuvants (Bond®, Kinetic®, Plyac®, R-l 1®, Silwet L-77®, Sylgard 309®, X-77®, and WaterMaxx®) to Daphnia pulex were evaluated with 48-h acute lethal concentration estimates (LC50) and a 10-d population growth-rate measurement, the instantaneous rate of increase (ri). Based on LC50, the order of toxicity was R-11 &gt; X-77 = Sylgard 309 = Silwet L-77 &gt; Kinetic &gt; Bond &gt; Plyac &gt; WaterMaxx; all LC50 estimates were higher than the expected environmental concentration (EEC) of 0.79 mg/L, indicating that none of these adjuvants should cause high levels of mortality in wild D. pulex populations. Extinction, defined as negative population growth rate, occurred after exposure to 0.9 mg/L R-11, 13 mg/L X-77, 25 mg/L Kinetic, 28 mg/L Silwet, 18 mg/L Sylgard, 450 mg/L Bond, 610 mg/L Plyac, and 1,600 mg/L WaterMaxx. Concentrations that caused extinction were substantially below the acute LC50 for R-11, Kinetic, Plyac, X-77, and Bond. The no-observable-effects concentration (NOEC) and lowest-observable-effects concentration (LOEC) for the number of offspring per surviving female after exposure to R-11 were 0.5 and 0.75 mg/L, respectively. The NOEC and LOEC for population size after exposure to R-11 were 0.25 and 0.5 mg/L, respectively. Both of these values were lower than the EEC, indicating that R-11 does have the potential to cause damage to D. pulex populations after application at recommended field rates. The wide range of concentrations causing extinction makes it difficult to generalize about the potential impacts that agricultural adjuvants might have on aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, additional studies that examine effects on other nontarget organisms and determine residues in aquatic ecosystems may be warranted.