bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE INFLUENCE OF THE ANTERIOR LOBE OF THE PITUITARY BODY UPON THE GROWTH OF CARCINOMATA
Authors: Robertson T. Brailsford , Burnett Theodore C. 
Published: June 2004

1. The administration of emulsions of the anterior lobe of the ox pituitary increases very markedly the rate of growth of the primary tumor in rats inoculated with carcinoma. The growth of small tumors is accelerated relatively more than that of large tumors.
2. This acceleration is only evidenced, however, at a certain stage in the growth of the tumor, subsequent to the twentieth day succeeding inoculation. The administrations do not enhance the tendency of the tumors to metastasize.
3. Liver emulsion does not cause an acceleration of the growth of carcinomata in rats.
THE HISTOGENESIS OF CHRONIC URANIUM NEPHRITIS WITH ESPECIAL REFERENCE TO EPITHELIAL REGENERATION
Authors: Oliver Jean 
Published: June 2004

1. Proliferation of connective tissue in chronic uranium nephritis is early and progressive and due to a direct stimulation on the part of the uranium.
2. The hydronephrotic theory fails to explain the phenomena observed in the progress of the chronic nephritis.
3. Carmine is deposited, as shown by Suzuki, in the proximal convoluted tubule only, and in different amounts in different levels of this segment of the tubule, so that subdivisions may be made.
4. Regeneration begins about the fourth day, but varies in proportion to the dose of renal irritant given.
5. The first cells to appear are large vesicular elements, and there is a gradual development of syncytium-like masses and giant-cells. These last are due to the rapidity of cell division.
6. Small, deeply staining nuclei, which are morphologically identical with the newly regenerated cells described by Thorel and others, are present from the first day of the acute nephritis and are persisting renal cells which have been slightly affected by the toxic agent.
THE NATURE OF ANAPHYLATOXIN
Authors: Bronfenbrenner J. 
Published: June 2004

1. The union of fresh serum of pregnant or immunized animals with the corresponding boiled protein (substratum) is accompanied by the formation of poisonous substances.
2. The poison originates from the serum as a result of its autodigestion, and not from the substratum.
3. The process of autodigestion may be determined by the specific or non-specific removal of the antitrypsin of the serum.
4. The poisons originating from the serum are toxic only for homologous animals.
5. The autodigestion of the serum, if allowed to proceed far enough, may go beyond the toxic stage.
6. The biological properties of these poisons indicate their close similarity to the anaphylatoxin, and suggest that the anaphylatoxin of Friedberger is a product of the autodigestion of serum, and not of the protein outside of the serum.
PURE CULTIVATION IN VIVO OF VACCINE VIRUS FREE FROM BACTERIA
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo 
Published: June 2004

Vaccine virus freed from all associated bacteria by means of suitable disinfecting agents can be propagated in a pure state in the testicles of rabbits and bulls. The virus cultivated in this manner is not only devoid of all bacteria, but appears capable of indefinite transfer from one animal to another. Sixty passages in rabbits of a pure strain have been made within one year.
Several transfers from testicle to testicle are required to bring about accurate adaptation of the virus to the testicular parenchyma, so that continued propagation in this way can be certainly secured. During the first transfers from testicle to testicle the activity of the virus may be less than the original skin specimen from which the pure strain was derived; but as the transfers proceed the activity rises until, when the adaptation is complete, the activity of the testicular equals that of the skin strain.
The multiplication of the virus within the testicle is maximum on the fourth or fifth day after inoculation; the quantity of virus remains about stationary until the eighth day, when diminution begins. At the expiration of five weeks no more virus could be detected in the testicle.
The vaccinal processes in the skin, cornea, and testicle of rabbits are practically identical whether the virus employed for the inoculation has been the original skin strain or the pure testicular strain; and the skin lesions produced in the calf with the two strains are also identical.
In conformity with the finding mentioned in the last paragraph it has been found that human beings react to the pure testicular strain of vaccine virus in an entirely typical manner. In the case both of original vaccination and revaccination the vaccinal effects cannot be distinguished from those arising from uncomplicated skin virus.
Pure strains of testicular virus are readily produced, and once secured they may be propagated in a pure state by the method described in rabbits or bulls without difficulty and with economy. The pure strains thus obtained should supply an ideal form of virus for employment in the vaccination of human beings.
ADULT TERTIAN MALARIAL PARASITES ATTACHED TO PERIPHERAL CORPUSCULAR MOUNDS. THE EXTRACELLULAR RELATION OF THE PARASITES TO THE RED CORPUSCLES
Authors: Lawson Mary R. 
Published: June 2004

1. The malarial parasite is extracellular throughout its entire life cycle; that is, when it is not free in the blood serum, it is attached to the external surface of the red corpuscle.
2. Adult parasites follow the same procedure in attaching themselves to the outer surface of the red corpuscles as do the young parasites.
3. Adult parasites are most frequently seen attached to surface corpuscular mounds.
4. Corpuscular mounds projecting at the periphery of the red corpuscles and encircled by the pseudopodia of adult parasites, are proof positive of the extracellular relation of the adult parasite to the red corpuscle.
5. Adult parasites attached to peripheral corpuscular mounds are only found in appreciable numbers when the red corpuscles are not badly damaged, so that the mounds show more or less hemoglobin content.
6. The nuclei or protoplasm of adult parasites extending beyond the periphery of the red corpuscles is additional evidence of the extracellular relation of the parasites to the red corpuscle.
A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF SENSITIZATION ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE LESIONS OF EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Kirkbride Mary Butler 
Published: June 2004

While preliminary treatment with culture filtrates or dead cells of the extremely virulent strain A gave rise to varying degrees of immunity, the exudative lung lesions developing after tracheal injection with live organisms of the same virulent strain were not strikingly increased in any group or series of these rabbits. Despite carefully graduated dosage in the preliminary treatment, none of the animals developed symptoms of a definitely anaphylactic nature.
In similar experiments following sensitization with the attenuated avirulent culture AA, tracheal injection of virulent or avirulent organisms of the same strain failed to incite any definite increase in the exudative lung reaction. In none of the rabbits were symptoms resembling anaphylaxis noted. The immunity which was induced by the larger sensitizing doses of culture filtrates of the strain in the virulent state was lacking when similar doses of the culture filtrates of organisms in the non-virulent state were used.
Extensive lesions developed in both sensitized and unsensitized rabbits when the strain used in the tracheal injection was one apparently combining moderate virulence with exceptional toxicity, indicating that the exudative lung reaction was one of adjustment rather than of acquired hypersusceptibility.
When, in the experiments, small amounts of sera from normal rabbits, or from animals immunized to culture filtrates, were added to the culture before tracheal injection, an increased fibrinous lung reaction was frequently found.
The present study would seem to give some ground for the view that while in pneumonia a hypersensitive condition probably takes some part in the inception of the infection, the subsequent development of the diffuse exudative reaction in the lung is not directly due to an acquired hypersusceptibility, but to intrinsic qualities possessed by the pneumococcus itself.
This study was carried on in the Department of Bacteriology of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, and later, through the courtesy of Dr. Charles Norris, in the Bellevue Hospital Laboratories. It was completed in the Laboratories of the New York State Department of Health at Albany. I am greatly indebted to Dr. Augustus Wadsworth for his advice and criticism.
THE VISUAL CORTEX, ITS LOCALIZATION, HISTOLOGICAL STRUCTURE, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION
Authors: Funkhouser Edgar Bright 
Published: June 2004

In the study of the human cortex it seems well to follow the same primary divisions for the entire cortex, while in certain areas some layers may assume certain modifications; viz., in the area striata it seems clearer to retain the sixth layer ground type, of which the fourth is subdivided into three secondary layers. The visual cortex, on account of its relation to the act of seeing, is an especially interesting field for study. About the calcarine fissure one can readily see with the naked eye a stripe of white fibers lying in the gray substance, called stria of Gennari or of Vicq-d' Azyr. This layer is considered by Brodmann in the second subdivision of the fourth primary layer.
The two most characteristic types of the cortex are the giant pyramid type, called area gigantopyramidalis, and the calcarine type, called area striata. The higher types of mammals afford excellent material for comparison.
Minkowski's experimental study of the dog indicates that the clinical, anatomical visual sphere is covered with the cytoarchitectonic sphere; for lasting visual trouble can be caused only by extirpation of the area striata.
The subcortical visual center in mammals undergoes secondary degeneration through destruction of the area striata, and therefore depends on the cortex. Also certain parts of the corpus geniculatum externum have an exact projection over certain areas of the cortex.
LATE POISONING WITH CHLOROFORM AND OTHER ALKYL HALIDES IN RELATIONSHIP TO THE HALOGEN ACIDS FORMED BY THEIR CHEMICAL DISSOCIATION
Authors: Graham Evarts A. 
Published: June 2004

The central lobular necrosis in the liver, which has been regarded by some writers as characteristic of late chloroform poisoning, has been produced experimentally with a number of other drugs. It is, therefore, in no sense peculiar to chloroform poisoning. Substances which have been shown to produce a morphological picture indistinguishable from that of late chloroform poisoning are: (a) dichlor- and tetrachlormethane, (b) tribrom- and triiodomethane, (c) monochlor-, monobrom-, and monoiodoethane, also the dibromethane; that is, in general, the halogen substituted aliphatic hydrocarbons containing one or two carbon atoms. Presumably similar results might be obtained with the higher members of the same series.
The mechanism by which chloroform produces its characteristic tissue changes must accordingly be considered as a group reaction. Outside the body the similarities between the chemical behavior of different members of this group have been correlated by Nef on the basis of the type of dissociation which these substances undergo and the differences in their behavior on the basis of the differences of the degree to which such dissociations occur. According to the work of Nef, the group of substances under discussion has the property of dissociating to yield a halogen acid and an unsaturated alkylidene rest. Thus with chloroform the type of dissociation may be expressed thus:
See PDF for Equation
In this paper the view is developed that the changes characteristic of late poisonings with the above named group, namely edema, multiple hemorrhages, fat infiltration, and necrosis are ascribable (1) to acids and (2) to the fact that the amount of acid formed parallels the chemical dissociability of the drug outside of the body.
Favoring the view that acid is responsible for the changes are the following observations.
1. All the characteristic features of late chloroform poisoning have been produced merely by the administration of hydrochloric acid, except, however, for a different distribution of the liver necrosis.
2. The areas of central necrosis produced in the liver by the various substances under discussion give an acid reaction to neutral red.
3. Sodium carbonate in a hypertonic sodium chloride solution markedly inhibits the production of the lesions.
SERUM FERMENTS AND ANTIFERMENT AFTER FEEDING
Authors: Jobling James W. , Petersen William , Eggstein A. A. 
Published: June 2004

1. After feeding, an increase in non-coagulable nitrogen of the serum can be determined, reaching a maximum in about six hours.
2. This increase is greatest in the portal blood and is partially due to an increase in amino-acids. There is no increase in proteoses.
3. There is usually a progressive decrease in serum protease, reaching a minimum after from five to seven hours.
4. The portal blood may show an unaltered or an increased amount of protease.
5. The serum antiferment shows a slight increase, but is subject to considerable fluctuation.
6. The serum lipase (esterase) shows a slight increase, reaching a maximum after three hours. The hepatic blood usually contains the lowest concentration of lipase.
THE ARTIFICIAL PRODUCTION IN MAMMALIAN PLASMA OF SUBSTANCES INHIBITORY TO THE GROWTH OF CELLS
Authors: Walton Albert J. 
Published: June 2004

Active immunity to the growth of tissue may be obtained by intraperitoneal injections of tissue emulsions.
This immunity is of short duration and is followed by an anti-immunity.
The immunity varies for individual tissues both in extent and in the time of onset.
The immunity is not specific in so far that it is not more marked to the tissue similar to that forming the emulsion.
EXTIRPATION OF THE PINEAL BODY
Authors: Dandy Walter E. 
Published: June 2004

1. Following the removal of the pineal I have observed no sexual precocity or indolence, no adiposity or emaciation, no somatic or mental precocity or retardation.
2. Our experiments seem to have yielded nothing to sustain the view that the pineal gland has an active endocrine function of importance either in the very young or adult dogs.
3. The pineal is apparently not essential to life and seems to have no influence upon the animal's well being.
THE CONCENTRATION OF THE PROTECTIVE BODIES IN ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERUM. SPECIFIC PRECIPITATE EXTRACTS
Authors: Chickering Henry T. 
Published: June 2004

1. The protective substances contained in specific precipitates from antipneumococcus serum can be extracted by suitable chemical and physical agents, dilute sodium carbonate at 42°C. being especially advantageous as an extractive agent.
2. The resulting water-clear extracts, when made up to the original volume of the serum used for precipitation, protect animals almost as well as does the whole serum.
3. The bacterial extracts used in precipitating the protective substances from the serum act specifically; that is, a bacterial extract of pneumococcus of Type I removes the protective substances from a Type I immune serum only.
4. In a polyvalent serum of Type I and Type II, the protective substances of each type may be removed independently of each other by the successive addition of the homologous antigens.
5. Extracts of specific serum precipitates contain only one-fiftieth to one-sixtieth of the protein in the original serum, and about one-half the protein of the whole precipitate.
6. Extracts contain not only protective substances but agglutinins and precipitins.
7. Extracts and whole precipitates not only confer passive immunity but stimulate the production of active immunity to pneumococcus infection in rabbits and mice.
THE INTOXICATION OF SPLENECTOMIZED MICE BY FEEDING FRESH SPLEEN AND OTHER ORGANS
Authors: Lewis Paul A. , Margot Arthur Georges 
Published: June 2004

The intoxication which is developed when splenectomized mice are fed with fresh spleen is more regular in occurrence when the feeding experiment is carried out four or five days after splenectomy than when it is done at later periods. The intoxication is easily recognizable even in its less severe forms by a lengthening of the coagulation time of the blood.
An intoxication of the same character is produced when splenectomized mice are fed with the mucous membrane of the stomach and upper small intestine. Bone marrow and dried blood probably give the same reaction in a somewhat milder form. The other organs either give no intoxication at all when fed, or in certain instances the thyroid, adrenal, and salivary gland (mouse) give intoxications of a different character which affect intact mice and splenectomized animals equally.
The spleen or the gastro-intestinal mucosa is equally effective in producing the intoxication, whether it be derived from heterologous or homologous species.
Certain experiments, not reported in detail, indicate that the susceptibility to the intoxication disappears in time and that this time may be shortened by repeated feedings with sublethal amounts of organ substance.
THE CHEMOSEROTHERAPY OF EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMOCOCCAL INFECTION
Authors: Moore Henry F. 
Published: June 2004

1. A single small dose of ethylhydrocuprein (optochin base), which by itself has practically no protective effect against experimental pneumococcal infection in mice, is capable of increasing the threshold value of the type homologous antipneumococcus serum at least fifty times.
2. This effect is proportionately many times greater than a simple summation of the protective effects of these two bodies.
3. No such effect is obtained when the antiserum used is one produced against a strain of pneumococcus from a group other than that to which the infecting pneumococcus belongs.
THE MECHANISM OF ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK
Authors: Jobling James W. , Petersen William , Eggstein A. A. 
Published: June 2004

1. The serum ferments are practically unaltered by a primary injection of foreign protein.
2. During the course of sensitization the injection of the antigen is followed by the mobilization of a non-specific protease which increases in rapidity and intensity as the maximum period of sensitization is reached.
3. Acute shock is accompanied by:
(a) The instantaneous mobilization of a large amount of non-specific protease; (b) a decrease in antiferment; (c) an increase in non-coagulable nitrogen of the serum; (d) an increase in amino-acids; (e) a primary decrease in serum proteoses.
4. Later there is a progressive increase in the non-coagulable nitrogen, in proteoses, and in serum lipase.
5. The acute intoxication is brought about by the cleavage of serum proteins (and proteoses) through the peptone stage by a non-specific protease.
6. The specific elements lie in the rapid, mobilization of this ferment and the colloidal serum changes which bring about the change in antiferment titer.
AN IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDY OF BACILLUS INFLUENZÆ
Authors: Wollstein Martha 
Published: June 2004

Influenza bacilli isolated from various pathological processes in man differ widely in pathogenic power for animals, especially rabbits. While the cultures derived from the leptomeninges and blood, and rarely from the pneumonic lung are pathogenic, those generally derived from the respiratory tract exhibit little or no virulence for rabbits.
The two types of cultures as indicated by virulence for animals do not differ in kind, but only in degree, in relation to the serological tests of agglutination, complement deviation, and opsonification.
The two types of cultures do, however, differ with respect to their ability to undergo autolysis. While the virulent cultures autolyze almost completely, yielding a turbid supernatant fluid and little sediment, the non-virulent cultures give rise to an abundant sediment and a clear supernatant fluid.
The non-virulent cultures incite far less antibody production in rabbits. Hence, rabbits inoculated with non-virulent strains yield sera possessing low antibody content. Conversely, rabbits inoculated with virulent strains yield sera possessing a higher content of antibody.
In keeping with and possibly because of the low antibody content of the sera of rabbits inoculated with the non-pathogenic strains, the rabbits so treated are not, as a rule, protected against subsequent inoculation with virulent strains.
Influenza bacilli therefore vary in pathogenic effect both for man and animals, but they are not distinguishable by means of serological reactions into different types. Apparently all influenza bacilli belong to one class or race irrespective of origin or virulence.
THE AGGLUTINATION OF BACTERIA IN VIVO
Authors: Bull Carroll G. 
Published: June 2004

1. Small quantities of antiserum bring about instantaneous agglutination of pneumococci in the circulation of the rabbit; the reaction is specific and occurs in every case in which sufficient serum is given to influence the course of the septicemia or to prolong the life of the animal.
2. The agglutinating titer of antipneurnococcus serum can be made considerably higher by adding only a small quantity of culture to the tests, thus making the test a finer differential.
3. Typhoid bacilli agglutinate spontaneously in the circulation of the normal rabbit; the reaction is positive in vivo even in cases in which undiluted serum gives a negative result in vitro; heating the bacilli to 80°C. for thirty minutes renders them more agglutinable in vivo.
4. Dysentery bacilli of the Shiga type do not agglutinate in the blood stream of the normal rabbit, but a small quantity of antiserum injected into the circulation causes immediate agglutination; while all strains of the Flexner group undergo spontaneous agglutination.
5. Non-virulent influenza bacilli agglutinate spontaneously in the circulation of the normal rabbit; virulent strains remain in the blood unclumped.
6. In all instances so far investigated of both passive and natural immunity, agglutination of the bacteria within the blood of the infected animal was followed by a rapid removal of the bacteria from the circulation, and by phagocytosis and destruction of the agglutinated bacteria in the capillary systems of the viscera; while those bacteria which are not agglutinated remain in the circulation and produce a progressive septicemia.
7. Hence the agglutinins seem to play the decisive part in at least certain instances of bacterial infections.
CHEMOPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES WITH COMPOUNDS OF ARSENIC
Authors: Pearce Louise , Brown Wade H. 
Published: June 2004

1. We have shown that the type of renal lesion produced by compounds of arsenic varies widely: while some arsenicals produce changes in which vascular injury predominates, others produce an equally dominant tubular injury.
2. In either of these groups the character and degree of the vascular or tubular injury produced by different compounds shows further variation, such that the lesions of different arsenicals of the same group are not identical. Each compound of arsenic that we have tested, therefore, produces a lesion-complex in the kidney that is relatively characteristic for that compound.
3. The mode and character of the action of arsenicals are dependent upon the chemical constitution of the compound.
CHEMOPATHOLOGICAL STUDIES WITH COMPOUNDS OF ARSENIC
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise 
Published: June 2004

1. Toxic doses of all arsenicals of which we have any knowledge produce definite pathological changes in the adrenals of guinea pigs. These changes include congestion, hemorrhage, disturbances in the lipoid content, cellular degenerations and necroses, and reduction in the chromaffin content.
2. The character and severity of the injury produced by different arsenicals varies with the chemical constitution of the compounds.
3. From these facts, we believe that adrenal injury is an important factor in arsenical intoxication and suggest that therapeutic doses of some arsenicals may produce adrenal stimulation.