bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum from the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh
Authors: Van Den Broek Ingrid V. F. , Van Der Wardt Sophia , Talukder Lenin , Chakma Swarupa , Brockman Alan , Nair Shalini , Anderson Tim C. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryObjective  To assess the efficacy of antimalarial treatment and molecular markers of Plasmodium falciparum resistance in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh.Methods  A total of 203 patients infected with P. falciparum were treated with quinine 3 days plus sulphadoxine/pyrimethamine (SP) combination therapy, and followed up during a 4‐week period. Blood samples collected before treatment were genotyped for parasite mutations related to chloroquine (pfcrt and pfmdr1 genes) or SP resistance (dhfr and dhps).Results  Of 186 patients who completed follow‐up, 32 patients (17.2%) failed to clear parasitaemia or became positive again within 28 days after treatment. Recurring parasitaemia was related to age (χ2 = 4.8, P < 0.05) and parasite rates on admission (t = 3.1, P < 0.01). PCR analysis showed that some of these cases were novel infections. The adjusted recrudescence rate was 12.9% (95% CI 8.1–17.7) overall, and 16.6% (95% CI 3.5–29.7), 15.5% (95% CI 8.3–22.7) and 6.9% (95% CI 0.4–13.4) in three age groups (<5 years, 5–14, ≥15). The majority of infections carried mutations associated with chloroquine resistance: 94% at pfcrt and 70% at pfmdr. Sp‐resistant genotypes were also frequent: 99% and 73% of parasites carried two or more mutations at dhfr and dhps, respectively. The frequency of alleles at dhfr, dhps and pfmdr was similar in cases that were successfully treated and those that recrudesced.Conclusions  The clinical trial showed that quinine 3‐days combined to SP is still relatively effective in the Chittagong Hill Tracts. However, if this regimen is continued to be widely used, further development of SP resistance and reduced quinine sensitivity are to be expected. The genotyping results suggest that neither chloroquine nor SP can be considered a reliable treatment for P. falciparum malaria any longer in this area of Bangladesh.
Measuring the efficacy of insecticide treated bednets: the use of DNA fingerprinting to increase the accuracy of personal protection estimates in Tanzania
Authors: Soremekun Seyi , Maxwell Caroline , Zuwakuu Martin , Chen Cynthia , Michael Edwin , Curtis Christopher 
Published: December 2004

SummaryInsecticide‐treated nets have proved successful in the prevention of malaria as a result of both the personal protection with which they provide the sleeper and also the ‘mass effect’ on the local mosquito population when they are used on a community‐wide basis. Personal protection estimates are normally based on comparisons of the numbers of bloodfed mosquitoes found in rooms with and without nets, however it seemed possible that a number of those mosquitoes may not have fed on the occupants of the rooms in which they were found but had entered after feeding elsewhere. To address this possible source of error, we used an 8‐locus microsatellite system to identify the source of bloodmeals of Anopheles gambiaes.l. and A. funestus mosquitoes collected in rooms and window traps in Tanzanian villages with and without nets treated with alphacypermethrin. DNA fingerprints were produced from blood samples taken from people who had slept in these rooms and were matched to fingerprints obtained from the mosquito bloodmeals. We were able to type successfully over 90% of the bloodmeals collected and found that proportions of bloodfed mosquitoes that had fed on occupants of the rooms in which they were found were high and only slightly greater in villages without treated nets than those with them (95% and 88%, respectively). When these percentages were used to adjust estimates of personal protection, it was found that the error due to mosquitoes not feeding in the rooms in which they were collected is negligible.
The prevalence, intensities and risk factors associated with geohelminth infection in tea‐growing communities of Assam, India
Authors: Traub Rebecca J. , Robertson Ian D. , Irwin Peter , Mencke Norbert , Andrew Thompson R. C. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryObjective  To determine the prevalence, intensity and associated risk factors for infection with Ascaris, hookworms and Trichuris in three tea‐growing communities in Assam, India.Methods  Single faecal samples were collected from 328 individuals and subjected to centrifugal floatation and the Kato Katz quantitation technique and prevalence and intensities of infection with each parasite calculated. Associations between parasite prevalence, intensity and host and environmental factors were then made using both univariate and multivariate analysis.Results  The overall prevalence of Ascaris was 38% [95% confidence interval (CI): 33, 43], and the individual prevalence of hookworm and Trichuris was 43% (95% CI: 38, 49). The strongest predictors for the intensity of one or more geohelminths using multiple regression (P ≤ 0.10) were socioeconomic status, age, household crowding, level of education, religion, use of footwear when outdoors, defecation practices, pig ownership and water source.Conclusion  A universal blanket treatment with broad‐spectrum anthelmintics together with promotion of scholastic and health education and improvements in sanitation is recommended for helminth control in the communities under study.
Asking semi‐literate adolescents about sexual behaviour: the validity of assisted self‐completion questionnaire (ASCQ) data in rural Tanzania
Authors: Plummer Mary L. , Wight Daniel , Ross David A. , Balira Rebecca , Anemona Alessandra , Todd Jim , Salamba Zachayo , Obasi Angela I. N. , Grosskurth Heiner , Changalunga John , Hayes Richard J. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryObjectives  To develop and test a sexual behaviour survey method for semi‐literate populations, combining the privacy of a self‐completion questionnaire (SCQ) with the clarity of a face‐to‐face questionnaire (FFQ).Methods  In 1998, 6079 Tanzanian primary school students (mean age 15.1 years) were surveyed using an innovative assisted self‐completion questionnaire (ASCQ). The format of the questionnaire was simple, all responses were closed, and conceptually complex questions such as those involving ranking or multiple answers were avoided. The ASCQ was administered to groups of 20 by a research assistant who read questions and answers aloud in two languages so pupils could tick or write responses independently. A total of 4958 of respondents from the 1998 ASCQ Cohort also participated in a 1998 FFQ interview and, in 2000, 4424 again completed an ASCQ.Results  In the 1998 ASCQ survey, 55.0% of males and 21.1% of females reported they had had vaginal intercourse, of whom 71.5% and 66.0%, respectively reported their first sexual relationship lasted for a week or less, and 49.5% and 59.6%, respectively reported they had had sex in the last 4 weeks. After adjustment for age, reported sex was associated with alcohol use in both males (OR = 1.57) and females (OR = 1.69), earning money for males (OR = 1.32) and not living with a mother for females (OR = 0.77). The vast majority of respondents did not appear to have difficulty completing the ASCQ, but 7.4% of 1998 respondents and 2.9% of 2000 respondents selected all first or all last answers in a section for which this was inconsistent. This bias was associated with female, less educated and more geographically remote respondents. Of those respondents who reported sex in the 1998 ASCQ survey, 32.1% reported fewer total partners in the 2000 ASCQ survey, 25.2% reported having had sex fewer times than originally reported, and 61.9% of those who reported having used a condom in 1998 reported never having used one in 2000. While the proportions reporting sex were very similar in the 1998 ASCQ and FFQ surveys, 37.9% of males and 59.2% of females reporting sex only did so on one of the two questionnaires. Higher proportions of respondents reported sensitive information in the ASCQ than the FFQ, although in some cases this may have related to answer order bias.Conclusion  The results suggest that an ASCQ may be useful in assessing sexual behaviour in African adolescents, particularly for older, male and/or educated respondents. However, triangulation with data from other surveys raises questions about the validity of self‐reported sexual behaviour in general.
Efficacité de combinaisons thérapeutiques avec des dérivés de l'artémisinine dans le traitement de l'accès palustre non‐complique au Burundi
Authors: Ndayiragije Athanase , Niyungeko Déo , Karenzo Jeanne , Niyungeko Ernest , Barutwanayo Marianne , Ciza Alphonse , Bosman Andrea , Moyou‐Somo Roger , Nahimana Adélaïde , Nyarushatsi Jean Paul , Barihuta Tharcisse , Mizero Liévin , Ndaruhutse Jérome , Delacollette Charles , Ringwald Pascal , Kamana Jean 
Published: December 2004

RésuméConfrontées au problème de la résistance à la chloroquine et à la sulfadoxine‐pyriméthamine, les autorités du Burundi ont choisi d’étudier l'efficacité de deux combinaisons à base de dérivés de l'artemisinine, d'une part l'association fixe artéméther‐luméfantrine et d'autre part l'association non‐fixe artésunate + amodiaquine. Les combinaisons médicamenteuses ont étéétudiées dans 2 sites représentatifs du pays à Kigobe, un site urbain situé dans la périphérie de Bujumbura et à Buhiga en milieu rural. L’étude a été menée selon le protocole de l'OMS modifié en 2001 d'octobre 2001 à novembre 2002. Au total 295 enfants ont été recrutés, 153 enfants ont été traités avec l'association artésunate + amodiaquine (77 à Buhiga et 76 à Kigobe) et 142 patients avec l'association artéméther‐luméfantrine (64 à Buhiga et 78 à Kigobe). Parmi les 295 enfants, 290 ont été suivis jusqu’à J14. Sur les 149 enfants qui ont reçu la combinaison artésunate + amodiaquine, 142 (95,3%, IC95%: 91,9–98,7%) ont présenté une réponse clinique et parasitologique adéquate, 5 (3,3%) un échec parasitologique tardif, 1 (0,7%) un échec clinique tardif et 1 (0,7%) un échec thérapeutique précoce. Sur les 141 enfants ayant reçu la combinaison artéméther‐luméfantrine, 140 (99,3%, CI95%: 97,9–100%) ont présenté une réponse clinique et parasitologique adéquate et 1 (0,7%) un échec parasitologique tardif à Buhiga. Les effets secondaires étaient similaires dans les deux groupes de traitement, excepté les vomissements qui étaient significativement plus fréquents à J1 et J2 dans le groupe artésunate + amodiaquine. Les deux traitements ont eu une action sur le nombre de porteurs de gamétocytes sans obtenir une disparition totale chez tous les malades. Au cours d'une réunion de consensus, le Ministère de la Santé Publique du Burundi a choisi de sélectionner la combinaison thérapeutique artésunate + amodiaquine comme première ligne de traitement du paludisme non‐compliqué au Burundi y compris au cours des épidémies.
Bibliometric analysis of research published in Tropical Medicine and International Health 1996–2003
Authors: Glover Steven W. , Bowen Sarah L. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryWe examine the bibliometric profile of Tropical Medicine and International Health using the subjects of the articles published and the geographical distribution of the authors. The most common subject areas of papers published during 1996–2003 are highlighted, and the most cited papers indicated.
Predominance of lineage I among Trypanosoma cruzi isolates from Venezuelan patients with different clinical profiles of acute Chagas’ disease
Authors: Añez Nestor , Crisante Gladys , Silva Flavia Maia da , Rojas Agustina , Carrasco Hugo , Umezawa Eufrosina S. , Stolf Anna Maria S. , Ramírez Jose Luis , Teixeira Marta M. G. 
Published: December 2004

Summary Trypanosoma cruzi isolates from 23 acute chagasic patients from localities of Western Venezuela (state of Barinas) where Chagas’ disease is endemic were typed using ribosomal and mini‐exon gene markers. Results showed that isolates of the two major phylogenetic lineages, T. cruzi I and T. cruzi II, were isolated from these patients. Six isolates (26%) were typed as T. cruzi II and 17 (74%) as belonging to T. cruzi lineage I. Analysis of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) patterns confirmed these two groups of isolates, but did not disclose significant genetic intra‐lineage polymorphism. Patients infected by both T. cruzi I or T. cruzi II showed different clinical profiles presenting highly variable signs and symptoms of acute phase of Chagas’ disease ranging from totally asymptomatic to severe heart failure. The predominance of T. cruzi I human isolates in Venezuela allied to the higher prevalence of severe symptoms of Chagas’ disease (heart failure) in patients infected by this lineage do not corroborate an innocuousness of T. cruzi I infection to humans. To our knowledge, this is the first study describing predominance of T. cruzi lineage I in a large number of acute chagasic patients with distinct and well‐characterized clinical profiles.
Exploring 30 years of malaria case data in KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa: Part II. The impact of non‐climatic factors
Authors: Craig M. H. , Kleinschmidt I. , Le Sueur D. , Sharp B. L. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryMalaria transmission is a multifactorial phenomenon. Climate is a major limiting factor in the spatial and temporal distribution of malaria, but many non‐climatic factors may alter or override the effect of climate. Thirty years of monthly malaria incidence data from KwaZulu‐Natal province, South Africa, reveal strong medium and long‐term trends, which were not present in the climate data. This paper explores various non‐climatic factors that may have contributed towards the observed trends. The development of antimalarial drug resistance, available information on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence, cross‐border people movements, agricultural activities, emergence of insecticide resistance and the case reporting system are reviewed and their potential effect on malaria transmission examined. Single‐variable linear regression analysis showed significant association between seasonal case totals (log‐transformed) and the measured level of drug resistance (log‐transformed) (r2 = 0.558, n = 10, P = 0.013) as well as relative measures of HIV infection since 1990 (r2 = 0.846, n = 11, P = 0.001). The other factors appear to have affected the level of malaria transmission at certain periods and to some degree. The importance of surveillance and inclusion of non‐climatic variables in analysis of malaria data is demonstrated.
High‐throughput genotyping of human platelet antigens using the 5′‐nuclease assay and minor groove binder probe technology
Authors: Higgins M. , Hughes A. , Buzzacott N. , Lown J. 
Published: December 2004

Background and Objectives  Human platelet antigen (HPA) genotyping is a valuable tool for typing platelets to assist in the management of alloimmunized thrombocytopenic patients. We describe, for the first time, 5′ nuclease assays (NA) to genotype HPA‐5 and ‐15, and improved 5′‐NA to genotype HPA‐1, ‐2 and ‐3, by utilizing minor groove binder (MGB) and non‐fluorescent quencher (NFQ) technology. Superior probe specificity and fluorescent performance is attained through MGB‐NFQ probe modifications compared with previous 5′‐NA designs.Materials and Methods  Primers and dye‐labelled MGB‐NFQ probes were designed and synthesized to detect the single nucleotide polymorphism responsible for each HPA‐1, ‐2, ‐3, ‐5 and ‐15. One‐hundred blood samples were tested for the combinations of HPA genotypes 1, 2, 3 and 5 by our traditional sequence‐specific primer–polymerase chain reaction (SSP–PCR) method, and 41 blood samples were tested for HPA‐15 by SSP–PCR at an external laboratory. These results were then compared with those obtained by using the new 5′‐NA.Results  There was complete concordance of results for all samples tested by SSP–PCR and 5′‐NA. The 5′‐NA offers distinct advantages over non‐fluorescent genotyping methods. DNA amplification and allele discrimination occurs in a single closed tube for each antigen with no post‐PCR manipulation required. This minimizes the risk of cross‐contamination and mislabelling of samples, as well as making the assay less time‐consuming to perform. In comparison with other fluorescent assays, the 5′‐NA has the highest sample throughput, resulting from the use of a 96‐well platform, identical cycling conditions for all assays and the potential for automation.Conclusions  Genotyping for HPA‐1, ‐2, ‐3, ‐5, and ‐15 by the 5′‐NA is suitable for routine analysis. The latest 5′‐NA design, using MGB probe technology, ensures superior detection of all alleles and is the most versatile fluorescent assay, ideal for both urgent clinical samples and large‐scale screening programs.
The Relations among Observational, Physiological, and Self‐Report Measures of Children's Anger
Authors: Hubbard Julie A. , Parker Elizabeth H. , Ramsden Sally R. , Flanagan Kelly D. , Relyea Nicole , Dearing Karen F. , Smithmyer Catherine M. , Simons Robert F. , Hyde Christopher T. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractOur first goal was to examine the relations among observational, physiological, and self‐report measures of children's anger. Our second goal was to investigate whether these relations varied by reactive or proactive aggression. Children (272 second‐grade boys and girls) participated in a procedure in which they lost a game and prize to a confederate who cheated. Skin conductance reactivity, heart rate reactivity, self‐reports of anger, angry facial expressions, and angry nonverbal behaviors were measured for each turn of the game. We used multi‐level regressions to calculate the relations among the 10 pairs of the five anger variables over the course of the game. Six of the 10 pairs of anger variables were positively related. These findings suggest that measuring children's anger using any one approach may not capture the full complexity of children's overall experience and expression of anger. Furthermore, three of the 10 relations were stronger at higher levels of reactive aggression, although none varied by proactive aggression. These findings suggest that reactive aggression is related to greater cohesiveness in the experience and expression of anger than is proactive aggression.
Mothers’ Regulation Strategies in Response to Toddlers’ Affect: Links to Later Emotion Self‐Regulation
Authors: Spinrad Tracy L. , Stifter Cynthia A. , Donelan‐McCall Nancy , Turner Laura 
Published: December 2004

AbstractRecently, there has been a great deal of research on the socialization of children's emotions and self‐regulation. In the present study, the specific strategies that mothers use to help their young children regulate their emotional responses were examined using a longitudinal design. Forty‐three mother–toddler pairs were observed when toddlers were both 18 and 30 months of age, and mothers’ attempts to regulate their toddlers’ emotions during several emotion‐eliciting tasks were transcribed from videotape. When the children were 5 years old, their responses to a disappointment task were observed. Results indicated a relation between mothers’ regulation strategies in toddlerhood and children's facial and behavioral responses to the disappointment task measured at 5 years of age. Specifically, mothers’ use of regulation strategies at 30 months, but not at 18 months, was positively related to children's appropriate emotional displays in response to disappointment. Moreover, the specific types of strategies that mothers used had differential associations to children's responses to disappointment. Findings are discussed in terms of the potentially important role of mothers’ behaviors in the development of children's emotion self‐regulation.
A Short‐term Longitudinal Study of Children's Playground Games in Primary School: Implications for Adjustment to School and Social Adjustment in the USA and the UK
Authors: Pellegrini Anthony D. , Blatchford Peter , Kato Kentaro , Baines Ed 
Published: December 2004

AbstractIn this study we described development of boys’ and girls’ games on the school playground at recess as they progressed across the first year of primary school in London (UK) and Minneapolis (USA) in order to document age‐related trends in games during this period and to examine the predictive role of games in children's adjustment to school and more general social adjustment. Consistent with expectations, games accounted for a significant portion of children’s, but especially boys’, behavior during recess. American children played games more frequently, especially simple games, relative to English children. Consistent with expectation, the complexity of games increased, especially for boys, across the school year for children in both countries. We also examined the extent to which facility with games forecasted adjustment to school and social adjustment. Games predicted both, but only in the USA sample. Results are discussed in terms of games being an important developmental task for children of this age. Implications for future research and educational policy are discussed.
Repeated Screening with Inspection Error and No False Positive Results with Application to Pharmaceutical Pill Production
Authors: Gasparini Mauro , Nusser Harald , Eisele Jeffrey 
Published: December 2004

Summary
Repeated screening is a 100% sampling inspection of a batch of items followed by removal of the defective items and further iterations of inspection and removal. The reason for repeating the inspection is that the detection of a defective item happens with probability p&lt;1. A missed defective item is a false negative result. The no false positive result is contemplated in this paper, which is motivated by a problem coming from the production of pharmaceutical pills. Bayesian posterior distributions for the quality of the lot are obtained for the case of both p known and p unknown. Batch rejection and batch acceptance control limits for the number of defective items at subsequent iterations can then be calculated. Theoretical connections to the problem of estimating the number-of-trials parameter of a binomial distribution are drawn.
Assessment of hemiplegic gait using the Wisconsin Gait Scale
Authors: Turani Nur , Kemiksizoğlu Ayşe , Karataş Metin , Özker Rıdvan 
Published: December 2004

Objectives : (i) To document gait improvement at walking performance and to point out the correlations between movement patterns in patients with hemiparesis using the Wisconsin Gait Scale (WGS, which is a visual gait analysis system that examines 14 observable variables related to the hemiplegic gait deviations); (ii) To identify correlations between function, motor performance, gait velocity and WGS results.Design : A prospective study.Setting : University‐affiliated rehabilitation centres.Participants : Thirty‐five consecutively treated patients with hemiparesis were included in the study. Patient age ranged from 43 to 76 years, and time from onset of hemiplegia to admission ranged from 2 to 40 weeks.Assessment tools : Adapted Patient Evaluation Conference System (APECS), Functional Independence Measure (FIM), lower extremity Brunnström stage of recovery, time to walk 15 m, WGS.Results : Statistical analysis revealed that patients‘ WGS scores were significantly better after they had completed the rehabilitation programme. There were significant correlations between WGS score Brunnström recovery stage and gait velocity, but gait quality assessed by using the WGS was not correlated to the overall scores of FIM and APECS.Conclusion : In hemiplegia, the results of WGS showed that this visual scale together with the gait velocity is valuable for assessing gait deviations and monitoring gains in gait performance in patients with hemiparesis. Certain correlations between variables on the WGS pointed out the problems of dominating limb synergies.