bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
S100b counteracts effects of the neurotoxicant trimethyltin on astrocytes and microglia
Authors: Reali Camilla , Scintu Franca , Pillai Rita , Donato Rosario , Michetti Fabrizio , Sogos Valeria 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCentral nervous system degenerative diseases are often characterized by an early, strong reaction of astrocytes and microglia. Both these cell types can play a double role, protecting neurons against degeneration through the synthesis and secretion of trophic factors or inducing degeneration through the secretion of toxic molecules. Therefore, we studied the effects of S100B and trimethyltin (TMT) on human astrocytes and microglia with two glial models, primary cultures of human fetal astrocytes and a microglia cell line. After treatment with 10–5 M TMT, astrocytes showed morphological alterations associated with an increase in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression and changes in GFAP filament organization. Administration of S100B before TMT treatment prevented TMT‐induced changes in morphology and GFAP expression. A decrease in inducible nitric oxide synthase expression was observed in astrocytes treated with TMT, whereas the same treatment induced iNOS expression in microglia. In both cases, S100B prevented TMT‐induced changes. Tumor necrosis factor‐α mRNA expression in astrocytes was not modified by TMT treatment, whereas it was increased in microglia cells. S100B pretreatment blocked the TMT‐induced increase in TNF‐α expression in microglia. To trace the mechanisms involved in S100B activity, the effect of BAY 11‐7082, an inhibitor of nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) activation, and of PD98059, an inhibitor of MEK‐ERK1/2, were investigated. Results showed that the protective effects of S100B against TMT toxicity in astrocytes depend on NF‐κB, but not on ERK1/2 activation. These results might help in understanding the role played by glial cells in brain injury after exposure to chemical neurotoxicants and support the view that S100B may protect brain cells in case of injury. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Integration of sensory and objective measurements of tomato quality: quantitative assessment of the effect of harvest date as compared with growth medium (soil versus rockwool), electrical conductivity, variety and maturity
Authors: Thybo Anette K , Bechmann Iben E , Brandt Kirsten 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSensory characteristics as well as objective measures of texture, refractory index, colour and total acid content were measured in tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) from two experiments comprising variation in harvest time, electrical conductivity (EC), growth medium (soil versus rockwool), variety and maturity. For most characteristics, simultaneous sensory evaluations were more sensitive for detection of small differences than corresponding objective measurements, while the objective measurements obtained better significances in comparisons of different harvest times. Using the correlations between parallel sensory and objective analyses of firmness, a procedure to combine objective and sensory measurements of texture was defined and used to compensate for the drift of sensory data at different evaluation times, and the calibrated measure of firmness used in a principal components analysis. For most sensory characteristics assessed, the greatest variation was due to differences in variety, followed by maturity, harvest time and EC, while the type of growth medium (soil or rockwool) had no or little effect. However, for the characteristics related to texture (crispness and firmness), the ranking was harvest time, EC, growth medium, maturity and variety, with soil‐grown tomatoes being slightly but significantly softer than the rockwool‐grown ones. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Chemical constituents and antimicrobial and antioxidant potentials of essential oil and acetone extract of Nigella sativa seeds
Authors: Singh Gurdip , Marimuthu Palanisamy , de Heluani Carola S , Catalan Cesar 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidant potentials of essential oil and acetone extract of black cumin were investigated by different techniques. In the inverted petriplate method, the essential oil showed complete zones of inhibition against Penicillium citrinum at a 6 µl dose. Essential oil showed complete growth inhibition against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa at 2000 and 3000 ppm, respectively, by the agar well diffusion method. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by measuring peroxide, TBA and total carbonyl values of rapeseed oil at fixed time intervals. Both the extract and essential oil showed strong antioxidant activity in comparison with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). In addition, their inhibitory action in the linoleic acid system was studied by monitoring the accumulation of peroxide concentration. Their radical scavenging capacity was carried out on 2,2′‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and they showed excellent scavenging activity in comparison with synthetic antioxidants. Their reducing power was also determined, demonstrating strong antioxidant capacity of both the essential oil and extract. Gas chromatographic and gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric studies on the essential oil resulted in the identification of 38 components representing 84.65% of the total amount. The major component was p‐cymene (36.2%) followed by thymoquinone (11.27%), α‐thujene (10.03%), longifolene (6.32%), β‐pinene (3.78%), α‐pinene (3.33%) and carvacrol (2.12%), whereas extract showed the presence of 16 components representing 97.9% of the total amount. The major components were linoleic acid (53.6%), thymoquinone (11.8%), palmitic acid (10%), p‐cymene (8.6%), longifolene (5.8%) and carvacrol (3.7%). Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Inactivation of yeasts in grape juice using a continuous dense phase carbon dioxide processing system
Authors: Gunes Gurbuz , Blum Lisa K , Hotchkiss Joseph H 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe effects of dense phase CO2 processing parameters, including temperature (25 and 35 °C), CO2 concentration (0, 85 and 170 g kg−1) and pressure (6.9, 27.6 and 48.3 MPa), on yeast survival and sensory properties of grape juice were investigated. The dense phase CO2 process resulted in more than a 6 log reduction in yeast population. As the CO2 to juice concentration, temperature and pressure increased, the inactivation rate increased. CO2 in the supercritical state was more effective in inactivating yeast than in the subcritical state. The process did not cause detectable flavor degradation. Dense phase CO2 processing can be an effective non‐thermal alternative process for pasteurization of grape juice. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of different blanching times on antioxidant properties in selected cruciferous vegetables
Authors: Amin Ismail , Lee Wee Yee 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of different blanching times on the antioxidant properties (antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities) and phenolic content of selected cruciferous vegetables. The study revealed that a 10‐min blanching time had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on the antioxidant properties and phenolic content of all the vegetables except for cabbage and mustard cabbage. The loss of antioxidant activity was highest in Chinese cabbage (40%) after 15 min of blanching, followed by cabbage (27%), Chinese white cabbage (19%), mustard cabbage (9%) and red cabbage (4%). Red cabbage had lost a total of 40% scavenging activity after 15 min of blanching followed by Chinese cabbage (38%), cabbage (36%), mustard cabbage (23%) and Chinese white cabbage (11%). Only Chinese cabbage showed an increase (p < 0.05) in total phenolic content after 15 min of blanching compared with other vegetables. Minimal heat treatment through blanching process is recommended to prevent the major loss of antioxidant properties and phenolic content in selected cruciferous vegetables. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Camptocormia in a patient with multiple system atrophy
Authors: Skidmore Frank , Mikolenko Irene , Weiss Howard , Weiner William 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe term “camptocormia” describes a severe forward‐flexed posture. Although initially used to describe a conversion disorder, early authors also recognized organic camptocormia occurring in old age, or “camptocormie senile,” as well as traumatic and arthritic camptocormia. More recently, camptocormia has been described in patients with Parkinson's disease and in an individual with parkinsonism. We describe a case of progressive camptocormia as part of the initial presentation of a patient with multiple system atrophy. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Dystonia and parkinsonism in GM1 type 3 gangliosidosis
Authors: Roze Emmanuel , Paschke Eduard , Lopez Nathalie , Eck Thomas , Yoshida Kunihiro , Maurel‐Ollivier Annie , Doummar Diane , Caillaud Catherine , Galanaud Damien , Billette De Villemeur Thierry , Vidailhet Marie , Roubergue Anne 
Published: June 2005

AbstractGM1 gangliosidosis is due to β‐galactosidase deficiency. Only patients with type 3 disease survive into adulthood and develop movement disorders. Clinical descriptions of this form are rare, particularly in non‐Japanese patients. We describe four new patients and systematically analyze all previous reports found by a literature search and contacts with the authors for additional information. Generalized dystonia remained the predominant feature throughout the disease course and was often associated with akinetic–rigid parkinsonism. GM1 gangliosidosis must be considered as a cause of early‐onset generalized dystonia, particularly in patients with short stature and skeletal dysplasia. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Variability of motor unit discharge and force fluctuations across a range of muscle forces in older adults
Authors: Tracy Brian L. , Maluf Katrina S. , Stephenson Jennifer L. , Hunter Sandra K. , Enoka Roger M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractVariability of motor unit discharge is a likely contributor to the greater force fluctuations observed in old adults at low muscle forces. We sought to determine whether the variability of motor unit discharge rate underlies the fluctuations in force during steady contractions across a range of forces in young (n = 11) and old (n = 14) adults. The coefficient of variation (CV) for discharge rate and force were measured during a force‐matching task as the first dorsal interosseous muscle performed isometric contractions. The recruitment thresholds of the 78 motor units ranged from 0.04% to 34% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force. The CV for discharge rate ranged from 7.6% to 46.2% and was greater (P < 0.05) for old adults (21.5% ± 7.7%) than young adults (17.3% ± 8.1%). Although the CV for force was similar for young and old subjects (2.53% ± 1.6%) across all target forces, it was greater for old adults at the lowest forces. Furthermore, there was a positive relation (r2 = 0.20, P < 0.001) between the CV for force and the CV for discharge rate across the range of recruitment thresholds. This relation was significant for old adults (r2 = 0.30, P < 0.001), but not for young adults (r2 = 0.06, P > 0.05). Thus, the normalized variability (CV) of motor unit discharge was greater in old adults and was related to the amplitude of force fluctuations across a broader range of forces than previously examined. These findings underscore the contribution of variability of motor unit activity to motor output in normal human aging. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Proteomics of the rat gut: Analysis of the myenteric plexus‐longitudinal muscle preparation
Authors: Marvin‐Guy Laure , Lopes Luísa V. , Affolter Michael , Courtet‐Compondu Marie‐Claude , Wagnière Sandrine , Bergonzelli Gabriela E. , Fay Laurent B. , Kussmann Martin 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe enteric nervous system (ENS) – present all along the gastrointestinal tract – is the largest and most complicated division of the peripheral nervous system that can function independently of the brain. The peripheral nerve cells are organized in two separate but interconnected meshworks, called the myenteric and submucous plexus. The nervous control of intestinal motility is primarily governed by the myenteric plexus (MP), which lies in‐between the longitudinal‐ (LM) and circular‐muscle layers and regulates their functions. To determine whether the proteomic technology is adapted to the analysis of specific gut tissues, we dissected the MP‐LM layers from the jejunum, ileum, and colon of Long Evans rats, homogenized them, and separated the proteins using two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis. A subset of all the visualized protein spots, covering the entire range of molecular weights and isoelectric points, was then selected and further analyzed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time of flight and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry. We identified around 80 proteins in each gut segment, and among those, five were segment‐specific. Most of the proteins identified were derived from muscle cells, but we also detected some neuron‐specific proteins. This study represents, to our knowledge, the first extensive protein catalog of a neuromuscular layer of the rat intestine and it may constitute the basis to understand pathophysiological mechanisms related to the ENS.
Two‐dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis analysis of the urine proteome in human diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Sharma Kumar , Lee SoHee , Han Steven , Lee Sungchun , Francos Barbara , McCue Peter , Wassell Richard , Shaw M. Alexander , RamachandraRao Satish P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractUrinary proteins may provide clues regarding pathogenesis of kidney disease as well as providing markers of disease activity. We employed two‐dimensional differential in‐gel electrophoretic analysis (2‐D DIGE) to assess multiple urine samples in patients with diabetic nephropathy. Patient samples were collected as timed overnight collections. All the patients had longstanding diabetes, impaired renal function, and overt proteinuria. Control and patient urinary protein were analyzed by 2‐D DIGE and DeCyder analysis. Ninety‐nine spots were significantly regulated in the urine proteome of the diabetic samples, with 63 up‐ and 36 down‐regulated. One spot corresponding to a pI 5–6 and a molecular weight between 45 and 66 kDa was consistently up‐regulated by 19‐fold across individuals in the diabetic group. Surface‐enhanced laser desorption/ionization‐time of flight analysis of in‐gel tryptic digest of this spot identified this protein as alpha 1 antitrypsin (AAT). ELISA of urine samples from a separate group of patients and controls confirmed a marked increase of AAT in diabetic patients. Immunostaining of human diabetic kidneys revealed up‐regulation of AAT in areas of renal fibrosis. In conclusion, we developed a method to analyze numerous urine samples from patients and allowed for detection and identification of regulated urine protein spots.
Differential protein expression in human gliomas and molecular insights
Authors: Chumbalkar Vaibhav C. , Subhashini Chanumolu , Dhople Vishnu M. , Sundaram Curam S. , Jagannadham Medicharla V. , Kumar Kafnam N. , Srinivas Pasumarti N. B. S. , Mythili Ravinutala , Rao Mulla K. , Kulkarni Mahesh J. , Hegde Sridevi , Hegde Alangar S. , Samual Cini , Santosh Vani , Singh Lalji , Sirdeshmukh Ravi 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSee original http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pmic.200401202
The ‘Protection’ of Aborigines in colonial and early federation Australia: the role of population data systems
Authors: Kraly Ellen Percy , McQuilton John 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper reveals the role of population data systems in the governmental management of Aborigines and Aboriginal communities in Australia during the colonial era, and the first several decades after federation in 1901. State control over Aboriginal affairs was paramount during this period. In varying degrees, each of the Australian states implemented policies and programmes concerning Aboriginal persons and communities in the areas of settlement and geographical mobility, employment, marriage and cohabitation, health, criminal activities, voting, and the education of children. Each of these areas of management suggests an important role of population statistics and data systems. This paper considers the colony, then state, of Victoria as the first in a series of case studies. Archival methods are used to examine records concerning Aboriginal policy and administration. In Victoria, the call for evidence and reports on the conditions of Aborigines is heard often throughout historical records of communication between colonial representatives and governors, and subsequently between state parliamentarians and Chief Protectors. The distribution of rations and blankets to Aborigines and the regulation of movement in and out of reserves similarly were monitored using demographic accounting and registration systems. The forced removal of Aborigines to reserves in some areas, and the prohibition of half‐caste persons from reserves in other locales, notably Victoria, were administered by the larger reserves through population registration and the recording and tabulation of information about individuals and families. The policy to treat Aborigines of ‘pure blood’ differently from persons of mixed heritage, and hence to maintain an official classification of lineage, similarly required population registration and classification of Aboriginal persons for legal, administrative and managerial purposes. This research contributes to the growing scholarly literature on the role of population data systems in the infliction of human rights violations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sex, life, death, geography: fragmentary remarks inspired by ‘Foucault's population geographies’
Authors: Philo Chris 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper is prompted by Stephen Legg's contribution to the journal on the subject of ‘Foucault's population geographies’. It provides a brief appreciation of Legg's contribution, and uses his claims as a platform for reflecting further on what attention to the work of Michel Foucault – the French philosopher‐historian – can bring to the table of population geography. More specifically, it is argued that Foucault's concern for sex, its bio‐politics and bio‐history could be more explicitly foregrounded in the subdiscipline. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The rise of the small household: demographic change and household structure in Paris
Authors: Ogden Philip E. , Schnoebelen François 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper examines the changing numbers and structure of households in the City of Paris during the 1980s and 1990s. It sets the findings in the context of the Paris agglomeration and considers the results in the light of broader demographic trends associated with the second demographic transition. Although part of a longer‐term historical process of declining household size, the growth of one‐person households was rapid in this period, accounting for most of the growth in numbers of households. Over 50% of all households were one‐person in 1999 in the City of Paris, and four‐fifths consisted of just one or two people. The greatest increase was in the pre‐retirement age groups. The paper examines the demographic structure of these households and their geographical distribution, raising questions about the relationship between household changes, occupational structure, housing markets and patterns of residential mobility. Whilst the analysis confirms the well‐established concentration of one‐person households in the central city, it indicates considerable dispersion of new household forms to the rest of the agglomeration. Moreover, although young adults continue to play an important role in the City of Paris, the effects of previous demographic change on the size of generations points to a sharp increase in older adults in their forties and fifties during the 1990s. As in other leading French cities, gender, occupational status and housing are found to be important ingredients in the explanation of one‐person households, with the increase in women in professional employment a particular feature. A case study of one quartier exemplifies these relationships. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Empirical evidence of regional population concentration in Europe, 1870–2000
Authors: Martí‐Henneberg Jordi 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper presents empirical evidence to support the hypothesis that, over time, Europe's population has undergone progressive regional concentration. Using data at the regional level from the first (1870) until the most recent (2000) available censuses, it is shown that the most densely populated areas in 1870 have continued to absorb subsequent population increase, and that as a result, territorial inequalities with respect to population have been exacerbated. Our main contribution consists of measuring this phenomenon and studying the spatial distribution of population in Europe from a historical perspective. For example, a high correlation (0.83) was found between the population density patterns for 1870 and 2000. These results allow a better understanding of the organisation of European society and more specifically of the phenomenon of counter‐urbanisation, which has traditionally been observed at the local level but not at the regional one. To make this possible, we have built a new and comprehensive database on the distribution of population in Central and Western Europe between 1870 and 2000. In this paper we explain the methodology followed, which involves the combination of historical information from a variety of sources, to produce a homogeneous, regional‐scale database that considers changes in European administrative borders within recent history. This database has been produced to trace the evolution of regional population throughout this period and to provide an insight into the most important long‐term trends and spatial patterns affecting European population. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Partnering ‘out’ and fitting in: residential segregation and the neighbourhood contexts of mixed‐race households
Authors: Holloway Steven R. , Ellis Mark , Wright Richard , Hudson Margaret 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis analysis considers how racial segregation affects the residential geographies of households headed by mixed‐race couples. We also become interested in assessing whether diverse households live in diverse places. To measure neighbourhood diversity, we develop a new index of diversity based on the exposure index. The analysis of 12 large US metropolitan areas finds that race (in tandem with status markers like income) and nativity provide some of the best understandings of the neighbourhood geographies of mixed‐race households. The study also reveals that instead of fitting into and thus reinforcing the existing racialised urban spatial structure, some households formed by ‘partnering out’ live in spaces characterised by their racial diversity. We focus on the mixed‐race household because such a collective constitutes a scale at which mixed‐race contact takes place and a site for identity construction of individuals, partners, and the surrounding neighbourhood. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.