bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
106 Using Postbiotic Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Yeast in Gestation and Lactation Diets of Gilts to Improve Immunoglobulin Transfer and Offspring Growth Pre-Weaning
Authors: Christensen Brenda , Schulze Hagen , Kiarie Elijah , Huber Lee-Anne 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Gilts [n = 50; initial body weight (BW) 190.7 ± 4.2 kg] were used to determine the optional inclusion level of postbiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae in late gestation and lactation diets to improve immunoglobulin transfer and piglet growth performance during the suckling period. Gilts were assigned to one of five (n = 10) diets: standard gestation and lactation diets (Y0) or diets with postbiotic yeast included at either 0.25% (Y0.25), 0.5% (Y0.5), 1.0% (Y1), or 1.2% (Y1.2). Diets were fed from d 85 of gestation until weaning (d 21 after farrowing). During gestation gilts were fed 2.6kg/d and feed was offered ad libitum during lactation. Gilt BW was recorded on d 85 and 110 of gestation, and gilt and piglet BW were recorded on d 1 and 21 of lactation. Twenty-four hours after farrowing, plasma was collected from each gilt and two median BW piglets per litter via orbital sinus. Additionally, 50 mL of colostrum was collected in equal parts from all functional teats on the right side. On d 21, plasma samples were collected from each gilt and two median BW piglets per litter. Concentrations of immunoglobulin (Ig) A, G, and M were quantified in plasma and colostrum. Data were analyzed in SAS with treatment as the main effect. Linear, quadratic, and yeast vs. no yeast contrast statements were used to assess responses to dietary inclusion of yeast. Time (minutes) between farrowing (defined as birth of the first piglet, confirmed by video recording) and sampling was used as a covariate for d 1 Ig concentrations. There were no differences in number of piglets born alive (12.5 ± 0.9), birth weight (1.40 ± 0.45kg), or gilt BW change during lactation (-7.98 ± 6.68kg). Lactation average daily feed intake tended to be 14.6% greater for gilts provided yeast versus no yeast (5.11 vs. 4.46 ± 0.31kg, respectively; P = 0.069). At weaning, offspring from Y0.25 fed gilts had greater BW than piglets from Y0- or Y1.2-fed gilts (6.48 vs. 5.66 and 5.82 kg ± 0.16, respectively; P &lt; 0.001), with all other treatments intermediate. On d 1, colostrum and gilt plasma Ig concentrations were unaffected by diets. However, yeast increased piglet plasma concentrations of IgM (linear; P = 0.034) and tended to increase IgA (linear; P=0.093), and total Ig (linear; P = 0.074). On d 21, gilts fed yeast-containing diets tended to have greater plasma IgA (yeast vs. no yeast and quadratic; P = 0.063 and P = 0.076, respectively), but IgM was greater for gilts fed Y0 (yeast vs. no yeast; P &lt; 0.05). On d 21, piglet plasma IgA tended to be greater when gilts were provided yeast-containing diets (yeast vs. no yeast; P = 0.069). Therefore, postbiotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae was effective in improving maternal transfer, with piglet IgA and IgM concentrations increasing linearly with increasing yeast inclusion, while Y0.25 also improved piglet growth performance during the suckling phase.
109 The Effect of Lactation Diets Supplemented with a Feed Flavor on Sow and Litter Performance
Authors: Spinler Mikayla , Gebhardt Jordan T , DeRouchey Joel M , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Kyle Josh , Woodworth Jason C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A total of 105 sows (Line 241, DNA, Columbus, NE) were used across four batch farrowing groups to evaluate the effects of including a feed flavor (Krave AP, Adisseo, Alpharetta, GA) in lactation diets on sow and litter performance. Sow groups 1 and 2 farrowed in an old farrowing facility during the summer months with fans and drip coolers used to regulate the ambient temperature. Groups 3 and 4 farrowed in a new farrowing facility during the winter months and utilized fans and cool cells for environmental temperature control. Sows were blocked by BW within parity on d 110 of gestation and allotted to 1 of 2 dietary treatments, 55 sows on the control diet and 50 sows on the flavor diet. Dietary treatments were a standard corn-soybean-based lactation diet (control) or control diet with the addition of a feed flavor at 0.05% of the diet. Farrowing facility environment greatly impacted feed intake, with ADFI being greater (P &lt; 0.001) in the new farrowing facility during the winter months compared with the old farrowing facility in the summer months (Table 1). Sows fed the flavor treatment had a tendency (P = 0.093) for greater ADFI overall compared with control fed sows across the entire experiment. Piglet BW from sows fed the flavor diet tended to be greater (P = 0.087) on d 10 and was greater (P = 0.039) at weaning compared with pigs from sows fed control diets. An interaction between flavor and farrowing facility was observed for pig ADG (P = 0.001), with pigs from sows fed the flavor diet in the old farrowing facility having a greater ADG compared with piglets from sows fed the control diet. The opposite was observed in the new farrowing facility. Litter ADG tended (P = 0.093) to be greater for pigs from sows fed the flavor diet. Preweaning mortality of piglets from sows fed a diet containing a feed flavor was greater from birth to d 2 (P = 0.038) and d 2 to weaning (P = 0.005) compared with piglets from sows fed the control diet. In conclusion, sows fed the flavor-containing diet tended to have greater overall ADFI and had greater piglet weaning weights. The differences in feed flavor response between season and environment suggests that adding a feed flavor to the lactation diet in situations where sow lactation ADFI is less than optimal could lead to improvements in sow and litter performance.
113 Effect of Birth Weight on Tissue Copper, Iron, and Zinc Concentrations in Piglets
Authors: Hammers Kelsey L , Urriola Pedro E , Schwartz Mark , Ryu Moon-Suhn , Gomez Andres , Johnston Lee J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Pigs (n = 3,990) were used in a previous study to determine if supplemental zinc fed to sows at various timepoints during gestation would reduce pre-weaning mortality. Additionally, data were analyzed to evaluate the effect of birth weight on tissue concentrations and distribution of copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) in piglets. Mixed parity sows were fed 1 of 3 diets: a control corn-soybean meal diet containing 125 ppm supplemental Zn supplied by zinc hydroxychloride, a diet consisting of the control + 141 ppm supplemental Zn as ZnSO4 (266 ppm total supplemental Zn) fed from 5 days after breeding to farrowing, or the control diet fed from breeding to farrowing + 2,715 ppm of supplemental Zn from ZnSO4 (2,840 ppm total supplemental Zn) starting on day 110 of gestation until farrowing. Two low and 2 average birth weight pigs (n = 122) were selected from 10 sows per treatment group to assess Cu, Fe, and Zn concentrations of serum and tails. Serum was collected from each pig at day 1 of age and tails were collected on day 2 of age. Liver tissue was collected from a subset of pigs (n = 65) that died naturally or were euthanized within 2 days of age. The statistical model included fixed effects of treatment and farrowing group, the random effect of their interaction, and the random effect of pig nested within sow. Serum concentrations of each trace element did not differ by birth weight (Table). Low birth weight piglets had greater concentrations of Fe (P = 0.018) and Cu (P = 0.031) in their tails than average birth weight pigs. No differences were observed in tail Zn concentration by birth weight. Notably, pigs that died naturally weighed less at birth than euthanized pigs (P &lt; 0.001). Moreover, pigs that died naturally had greater hepatic Fe concentrations (P &lt; 0.001) and tended to have greater liver Cu concentrations (P = 0.098) compared with euthanized pigs. The associations between tissue iron and copper concentrations and birth weight of piglets may have nutritional and pathophysiological implications and thus warrant further investigation.
110 Effects of Supplementation of Refined Functional Carbohydrates in Sow and Piglet Diets on Performance During pre-Weaning and in Nursery in Pigs Fed Diets without any Antimicrobials
Authors: Jalukar Sangita , Vargas Antonio , Carrion-Lopez Maria-Jose 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The objective of the study was to test effects of supplementation of Refined Functional Carbohydrates in sow and piglet diets on performance during pre-weaning and in nursery in pigs fed diet without antibiotics and pharmacological level of Zinc Oxide. Hybrid-hyper prolific sows (n = 269) and their litters [(Landrace x Large-white) x Pietrain] were used for the trial. All sows participated in the gestation phase, but only 94 of them were monitored throughout the lactation phase and their piglets during nursery phase. During the first 90 days of gestation all sows were fed a common standard diet. On approximately d 90 of gestation, sows were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: 1) control group (CONTROL, n = 134), and 2) RFC group (0.02% CELMANAX SCP, n = 135), until transfer to farrowing unit (d 110 of gestation). A subset of sows received the corresponding lactation feed (CONTROL n = 54 and 0.02% CELMANAX SCP, n =4 6) after entering the farrowing room and throughout lactation. The day after farrowing, piglets were weighed individually and the number of piglets born alive, stillborn, and mummified were recorded. The piglets were supplemented with creep feed from day 7 of lactation with identical treatments as their sows. Sow body condition and feed intake during lactation and rectal temperature post farrowing were recorded. Piglet BW at weaning, pre-weaning mortality and medical treatments were recorded. Fecal score of sows and litter during pre-weaning were also recorded. At weaning, piglets were assigned to the 2 treatments (CONTROL and CELMANAX SCP, 0.02%), according to lactation treatment with 30 piglets/pen and 22 pens/treatment. Treatments were fed in the first two phases of nursery, 0-7 days and 7-21 days post weaning. Nursery pig performance was recorded. Data were analyzed with statistic software Minitab version 17.0 Windows using sow as the experimental unit for variables of gestation and lactation stages, and pen for the variables during nursery period. Sows that received diets supplemented with RFC showed a reduced mortality rate of piglets at 24 h of life (P=0.05). At weaning, an increase in piglet BW (P&lt; 0.05) and a trend for greater ADG (P = 0.07) was noted in piglets from RFC supplemented multiparous sows. Nursery pigs fed diets supplemented with RFC had greater BW (P=0.03) and ADG (P=0.03) and a trend for greater ADFI during the first 21 days of nursery (P=0.08). In conclusion, sows supplemented with RFC in late gestation diet (d 90 to d 110) had reduced piglet mortality 24 h postpartum. Continued supplementation of RFC in lactation diet of sows and in piglet creep increased piglet weaning weight. Piglets supplemented with RFC in the early nursery stage (0 to 21d) also saw an improvement in the main productive indicators.
125 Effects of Wheat Middlings and Sugar Beet Pulp on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Cemin Henrique S , Hart Morgan D , Pietig Jamie L , Hansen Sharlie A , Soto Jose A , Hansen Ernie L 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the interactive effects of wheat middlings (WM) and sugar beet pulp (SBP), on growth performance of nursery pigs. A total of 2,393 pigs (initial BW = 7.4 kg), placed in pens with 33 to 35 pigs each, were used in a 42-d trial. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 3 factorial structure with two levels of WM (0 or 15%) and three levels of SBP (0, 2.5, or 5%) with 12 replicates per treatment. Corn and a fermented soybean meal product (ME-Pro, Prairie AquaTech, Brookings, SD) were replaced by the fiber sources to achieve the desired levels, whereas soybean meal inclusion rate was held constant across treatments. Diets were not balanced for net energy. The experimental diets were fed from d 0 to 21 and a common corn-soybean meal-based diet was fed from d 21 to 42. Pigs were weighed on d 0, 21, and 42 to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F (Table 1). Data were analyzed with the MIXED procedure in SAS. There was no evidence (P &gt; 0.10) for WM × SBP interactive effects. From d 0 to 21, pigs fed WM had poorer (P ≤ 0.040) ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Feeding up to 5% SBP did not affect (P &gt; 0.10) growth performance. From d 21 to 42, pigs previously fed WM had improved (P = 0.012) G:F and those previously fed SBP had decreased (P, linear = 0.032) G:F. Overall (d 0 to 42), pigs fed WM had lower (P ≤ 0.048) ADG and G:F and those fed SBP had decreased (P, linear = 0.012) G:F. In conclusion, there were no interactive effects between WM and SBP. Pigs fed 15% WM had decreased performance and a minor impact was observed by feeding up to 5% SBP.
133 The Effects of Increasing Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Levels on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of 24- to 130-kg Grow-Finish Pigs Sired by PIC 800 Boars
Authors: Kitt Steve J , Cast Wayne R , Hover Mark , Vier Carine M , Sievers Chris , Lu Ning , Navales Ron A , Montoro Jordi Camp , Betlach Alyssa , Hamilton Dan , Kiehne Ross , Zaragoza Luis E , Dritz Steve , Orlando Uislei A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Our objective was to determine the effects of increasing overall standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine (Lys) levels on growth performance and carcass characteristics of grow-finish pigs sired by PIC 800 boars. A total of 1,715 barrows and gilts (PIC800×Camborough, initially 23.7±0.58 kg) were used in a 117-d growth trial with 70 mixed sex pens in two rooms (35 pens per room), 14 pens per treatment, and 23 to 25 pigs per pen. At the beginning of the trial, pens within each room were blocked by body weight and randomly allotted to one of five treatments (overall dietary SID Lys level as 80, 88, 94, 100, or 110% of PIC SID Lys recommendations) in a randomized complete block design. Diets were corn-soybean meal (SBM)-based, and treatments were achieved through the inclusion of SBM with adjustments of corn and choice white grease inclusion rates. Diets were fed in 6 phases (24-47, 47-63, 63-75, 75-95, 95-113, and 113-130 kg) and formulated to be iso-caloric across treatment for each phase. Within each phase, only the diets of the lowest and highest SID Lys levels were manufactured, and the diets of intermediate SID Lys levels were blended by the automatic feeding system in the research facility. Growth performance data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure in SAS (Version 9.4, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC) and considered pen as the experimental unit. The statistical model considered fixed effects of SID Lys levels and random effects of the block. Mortality and removals were also analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure and specified a binomial distribution. All data are reported as least square means and considered statistically significant at P &lt; 0.05 and marginally significant at P &lt; 0.10. Increasing overall dietary SID Lys levels marginally reduced average daily feed intake (linear, P = 0.108) and increased gain-to-feed ratio (linear, P &lt; 0.001), but there was no evidence for difference among treatments for average daily gain (P &gt;0.10) or removal and mortality rate (Table 1; P &gt; 0.10). There was no evidence for increasing overall dietary SID Lys levels affect hot carcass weight, carcass yield, backfat depth, loin depth, or lean yield. In conclusion, increasing overall dietary SID Lys level over PIC recommendations through increasing SBM levels resulted in improved feed efficiency of 24 to 130 kg pigs sired with PIC 800 boars, but there was no evidence for difference in the carcass characteristics.
131 Effect of Dietary Standardized Ileal Digestible Lysine Concentration Curve on Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Finishing Pigs of DNA Genetics
Authors: Fent Russell W , Cooper Carson V , Hedges Jim D , Peper Kelly M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
A total of 1,125 pigs (31.4 kg BW) of DNA genetics were used in a 109-d experiment to evaluate the effect of SID Lys feeding curve of pigs from 31.4 to 133.3 kg BW. Forty-five pens of mixed sex pigs were used. Pens were blocked by location within the barn with barrow and gilt numbers in pens kept consistent within block. Pens were allotted to one of five dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with 9 replicate pens per treatment. Dietary SID lysine concentrations were evaluated on a curve (corresponding to 90, 95, 100, 105, and 110% of the DNA Genetics SID lysine recommendations) using a 6-phase feeding program throughout the experimental period. The 100% curve concentrations used were 1.16% for phase 1 (31.4 – 47.5 kg), 1.02% for phase 2 (47.5 – 64.4 kg), 0.92% for phase 3 (64.4 – 81.8 kg), 0.79% for phase 4 (81.8 – 98.9 kg), 0.72% for phase 5 (98.9 – 117.1 kg), and 0.65% for phase 6 (117.1 – 133.3 kg). Diets were corn-soybean meal-DDGS-based and formulated for equal NE concentrations across treatment within diet phase. Data were analyzed using a general linear model. Orthogonal contrasts with coefficients for equally spaced treatments were used to analyze for linear and quadratic effects. A linear (P &lt; 0.05) increase was observed for BW, average daily gain, and G:F as SID lysine level in the diet increased. There was a linear increase observed (P &lt; 0.05) for lysine intake (g/d and g per lb. gain) as SID lysine level of the diet increased. While no difference (P &gt; 0.10) was observed for NE intake, caloric efficiency improved linearly (P &lt; 0.05) as lysine level in the diet increased. Furthermore, return over feed cost improved linearly (P &lt; 0.05) as dietary SID lysine level increased. There was no effect of SID lysine level fed on mortality and morbidity. A linear response (P &lt; 0.05) for hot carcass weight and loin depth was observed as SID lysine level increased. Additionally, a quadratic response was observed (P &lt; 0.05) for fat depth and percent lean as SID lysine level increased. These data indicate the SID lysine level that optimized growth and carcass measurements for DNA pigs ranging from 31.4 to 133.3 kg to be above the 105% curve, corresponding to 1.22, 1.071, 0.966, 0.83, 0.756, and 0.683 for diet phases 1 through 6, respectively.
140 Effects of Dietary Inclusion of a Medium Chain Fatty Acid Blend and a Phytogenic Feed Additive on Growth Performance, Gut Health, and Mortality of Escherichia Coli-Challenged Pigs
Authors: Vega Caroline Gonzalez , May Sabrina , McGhee Molly L , Paton Neil , Saddoris-Clemons Kari 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that supplementing diets with a blend of medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) and a phytogenic feed additive (Fresta Protect, Delacon, Linz, Austria), together or separately, would improve growth performance and stool quality of nursery pigs challenged with Escherichia coli (ETEC). A total of 200 pigs [5.52 ± 0.17 kg body weight (BW)] were weaned at 17 to 19 days of age, allotted to 40 pens (5 pigs/pen), and allowed to acclimate for 2 days before initiation of dietary treatments. Pens were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 5 treatments: negative control (NC), NC + 55 mg/kg carbadox (Positive control; PC), NC + 1.0% MCFA, NC + 0.1% phytogenic, or NC + 1.0% MCFA and 0.1% phytogenic. All pigs were administered an oral gavage of 5 mL ETEC (blend of K88+ and F18+) with a final titer of 1010 CFU/pig on day 5 and 6. Body weights were recorded on days 0, 4, 11, and 18, whereas feed intake was recorded for the overall trial (day 0 - 18). Fecal scores were assessed daily on an ordered likert scale to determine the joint probability of more normal stool quality. Data were analyzed using the lme4 package of R 4.1.2, and the statistical models included the fixed effect of treatment and random effect of BW block. Growth performance data were assumed to be normally distributed, whereas mortality and stool quality were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models specifying binomial and multinomial distributions, respectively. Contrasts were used to test for effects of dietary additive (carbadox, MCFA, phytogenic, or MCFA and phytogenic) compared with NC (Table 1). Results indicated post-challenge BW, post-challenge and overall average daily gain (ADG), and overall gain:feed (G:F) were greater (P &lt; 0.05) for PC than for NC. In the pre-challenge phase, dietary inclusion of MCFA reduced (P &lt; 0.05) final BW and ADG compared with NC, but overall G:F was greater (P &lt; 0.05) than NC when the MCFA blend was fed. Inclusion of the phytogenic increased (P &lt; 0.05) ADG in the post-challenge period and G:F in the overall trial compared with NC. The combination of MCFA blend and phytogenic resulted in increased (P &lt; 0.05) post-challenge final BW, post-challenge ADG, and overall ADG compared with NC. All treatments, except MCFA blend, tended (P &lt; 0.10) to reduce mortality compared with NC. The PC, MCFA blend, and combination treatments resulted in a greater (P &lt; 0.05) probability of normal stool quality than NC. In conclusion, supplementation of the phytogenic and the combination of MCFA with phytogenic improved growth performance and tended to reduce mortality of nursery pigs under ETEC challenge. Furthermore, the combination improved stool quality.
138 Effects of Antibiotics and Low Crude Protein Diets on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Disease Incidence of Growing Pigs
Authors: da Gomes Maykelly Silva , Kim Sung Woo , Duarte Marcos Elias , Rocha Gabriel C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This study investigated the effect of antibiotics and low crude protein (CP) diets on growth performance, carcass characteristics, and disease incidence of growing pigs. Barrows (n = 180; 59-d-old; 18.5 ± 2.5 kg BW; AGPIC 800 × TN70) were distributed in a randomized complete block design, in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, nine replicates, and five pigs per pen. The factors were CP (18.5% or 13.0%) and antibiotics (none or 100 mg/kg tiamulin + 506 mg/kg oxytetracycline). Medicated diets were fed for 14 days. After that, all pigs were fed their respective CP diets for an additional 14 days (Post-medication period). Diets were formulated according to the NRC, (2012). Growth performance, backfat thickness, loin muscle area (ultrasound; Aloka SSD 500V), and disease incidence (couch and diarrhea) were evaluated. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure in SAS 9.4. For the first 14 days, pigs with antibiotics had improved (P &lt; 0.05) BW, ADG, ADFI, and G:F compared with those without antibiotics. Pigs with 18.5% CP had greater (P &lt; 0.05) BW, ADG, and G:F, whereas decreased (P &lt; 0.05) ADFI compared with those with 13.0% CP. There was no interaction (P &gt; 0.05) between CP and antibiotics for growth performance and carcass variables. Reduced (P &lt; 0.05) cough and diarrhea incidence were observed in pigs fed antibiotics diets compared with those without antibiotics. Pigs fed 13.0% CP diets presented with less (P &lt; 0.05) diarrhea incidence only when fed without antibiotics. During post-medication period, there was no carryover effect (P &gt; 0.05) of antibiotics on growth performance, whereas pigs fed the 18.5% CP diets had greater (P &lt; 0.05) BW, ADG, and G:F than those with 13.0% CP. Overall, G:F was improved (P &lt; 0.05) by the use of antibiotics and the 18.5% CP diets improved (P &lt; 0.05) ADG and G:F compared with 13.0% CP. Antibiotics did not have carryover effects (P &gt; 0.05) on cough and diarrhea incidence whereas, pigs with 13.0% CP diets had less (P &lt; 0.05) diarrhea incidence than those with 18.5% CP. Pigs fed 18.5% CP diets had improved (P &lt; 0.05) loin muscle area compared with the 13% CP, whereas treatments did not influence the backfat thickness (P &gt; 0.05). In conclusion, the reduction of dietary CP from 18.5% to 13.0% reduces the growth performance and loin muscle area of growing pigs, although it was effective to reduced diarrhea incidence. Antibiotics improved growth performance and reduced cough and diarrhea incidence. However, overall, only G:F was improved by the use of antibiotics.