bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the water quality monitoring program of mountain Rivers located in a tropical protected Atlantic Forest area (PARNASO, Brazil): are the impacts of the highway really assessed?
Authors: Lopes Marcele Abreu , Teixeira Marco Antônio Gomes , Lema Maurício Lorenzo Cerda , Nepomuceno Aguinaldo 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Road activities are recognized sources of pollution that affect the hydrochemistry of nearby water bodies. This study evaluated the Water Quality Monitoring Program in the Soberbo and Iconha rivers in the Guapi-Macacu watershed, which is affected by the BR-116 highway. The Rio-Teresópolis Concessionaire from 2009 to 2016 carried out quarterly sampling. The parameters analyzed were: temperature, pH, turbidity, settleable solids, DO, BOD, NO3-, NO2-, NH4+, PO4-3, total and thermotolerant coliforms, Fe, Ni, Cr and Zn. PO4-3, pH, BOD and thermotolerant coliforms sometimes exceed the freshwater limits set by the National Environment Council (CONAMA 357/05, 2005). However, these values did not change the classification of "good" according to the water quality index used by the Brazilian environmental authorities for river waters. Precipitation was an important factor in understanding the hydrochemistry. Monthly precipitation ranged from 779.8 mm in January 2013 to 2.8 mm in July 2010. Temporal analysis using non-parametric tests showed significant differences (p &lt; 0.05) in almost all parameters, indicating a strong influence of precipitation patterns on water quality. On a spatial scale, only coliform was found to differ between rivers (p &lt; 0.01), suggesting an anthropogenic influence. Principal component analysis showed that chemical weathering and mechanical erosion processes predominated in both rivers (PC1: Soberbo River - 20.3%; Iconha River - 26.7%). Rainfall was identified as a secondary factor associated with coliforms and NH4+, especially in the Iconha River (PC2: Soberbo River—10.8%; Iconha River—11.9%), whose altitude indicated the atmospheric contribution of pollution from the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro. The reports of the Water Quality Monitoring Program were critically evaluated, resulting in recommendations aimed at optimizing their effectiveness and providing support for decision-making on the management of water resources in environmental protection areas.
Short, extended and continuous infusion of β-lactams: predicted impact on target attainment and risk for toxicity in an ICU patient cohort
Authors: Smekal Anna-Karin , Swartling Maria , Furebring Mia , Giske Christian G , Jönsson Siv , Lipcsey Miklos , Nielsen Elisabet I 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Objectives
This study aimed to predict the impact of different infusion strategies on pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) target attainment and the potential risk for toxicity in an ICU cohort treated with β-lactams.

Method
Using collected patient data from 137 adult ICU patients, and applying population PK models, individual PK parameters were estimated and used to predict concentrations and target attainment following cefotaxime 2 g q8h, piperacillin/tazobactam 4.5 g q6h and meropenem 1 g q8h, applying 15 min short infusions (SI), 3 h extended infusions (EI) and 24 h continuous infusion (CI). The MIC level of the most common primary pathogens, and the worst-case scenario (WCS) pathogen, were used in analyses.

Results
For primary pathogens, target was reached in 94% (129/137) using SI. For WCS pathogens treated with piperacillin/tazobactam and meropenem, 78% (65/83) and 92% (76/83) reached target using SI and EI, respectively. However, target attainment was lower for cefotaxime [SI: 31% (17/54), EI: 44% (24/54)]. Overall, the number of individuals with potentially toxic concentrations was low, both in EI (n = 7) and SI (n = 5). For CI and WCS, target was reached in 50% (27/54), 96% (54/56) and 93% (25/27) for cefotaxime, piperacillin/tazobactam and meropenem, respectively.

Conclusions
In a Swedish ICU cohort target attainment rates for primary pathogens were high regardless of infusion strategy. In WCS pathogens, SI was insufficient, suggesting the benefit of routine use of EI or CI. However, for cefotaxime, target attainment remained low also with EI and CI. The use of CI might lead to unnecessarily high concentrations, but well-established toxicity levels are lacking and future studies are warranted.
O04 Use of the novel antifungal rezafungin in outpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy: early experience from a single centre
Authors: Davidson H , Dunstan I , Yau T , Houston A , Basarab M , Bicanic T 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
Rezafungin is a novel long-acting echinocandin antifungal drug with weekly dosing, which was licensed for treatment of invasive candidiasis in the UK in January 2024. We report on the early use of rezafungin in our outpatient parental antibiotic therapy (OPAT) service.

Objectives
To review indications, treatment regimens, outcomes and adverse events in adult patients receiving rezafungin at a tertiary infectious disease centre.

Methods
All adult patients who received rezafungin therapy via the OPAT service since it was added to the hospital formulary in July 2024 were included. Patient demographics, infection diagnosis, treatment regimens and outcomes were recorded. A single dose of rezafungin was assumed to be equivalent to seven doses of a comparable echinocandin (e.g. anidulafungin).

Results
Five patients (age range 30–80 years) received rezafungin therapy between July 2024 and October 2024. A total of 18 doses were administered. The median course length was 4 doses (range: 2–5). One patient received two courses of rezafungin as part of a planned series, otherwise patients received a single course. Indications for treatment were Candida osteomyelitis, recurrent mucocutaneous candidiasis (3 oral/oesophageal, 2 resistant or refractory to fluconazole; 1 drug interactions), and pulmonary aspergilloma (cyclical use: 2 weeks’ course every 8 weeks, in combination with voriconazole due to progression on monotherapy). Reasons for choosing rezafungin over daily echinocandins were patient preference/convenience, facilitating earlier patient discharge (1 case) and cost effectiveness compared with the cost of daily caspofungin administration by the OPAT nurses. Underlying conditions predisposing to fungal infection were diabetes mellitus (3), immunosuppression secondary to liver transplantation, STAT1 gain-of-function mutation and multisystem sarcoidosis on long-term prednisolone. All patients with mucocutaneous candidiasis reported a treatment response; treatment in the patient with aspergilloma and the patient with osteomyelitis is ongoing. Regarding treatment-emergent adverse reactions: there were no cases of pyrexia, hypokalaemia, pneumonia or septic shock (the most common AEs in reported in the RESTORE trial). One hundred and nine doses of equivalent echinocandin were saved through once weekly dosing.

Conclusions
Early use of rezafungin at our centre suggests it is a well-tolerated, convenient and useful addition to the antifungal armamentarium, particularly in the outpatient setting. Monitoring of blood tests is essential, particularly haemoglobin, renal function and electrolytes, including magnesium.
P17 Influence of drug infusion pumps compared with an electronic prescribing and medicines administration (ePMA) system on vancomycin pharmacokinetic model fit: implications for bacterial resistance breakpoints in critically ill adults and children
Authors: Oakley Robert , Vanniasegaram Divyen , Ostrowska Claire , Da Silva Cristina , Cookes Sophie , Mian Atif , Sprawka-Koszel Agnieszka , Davidson Harriet , Mohebi Qurban , Shah Reya , Manna Soumendu , Standing Joseph , Lonsdale Dagan O 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
Pharmacokinetic models contribute to calculating resistance suppression breakpoints and optimizing antibiotic doses. Antibiotic administration details, blood concentrations and sample times, infection and patient characteristics are required. Inputted data is assumed errorless. Vancomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic administered by intermittent or continuous infusion. The vancomycin pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profile combines the 24 h AUC to MIC ratio (AUC0–24:MIC). AUC0–24:MIC breakpoint ≥578 mg/L.h is required in critically ill patients.1

Objectives
Compare the model fit accuracy and breakpoint attainment using vancomycin dose and administration times recorded by infusion pumps and an ePMA system.

Methods
An observational study involving critically ill adults and children treated with vancomycin extracted data from participants’ nurse-programmed infusion pumps, ePMA system documentation, and up to 15 individually taken blood samples. Optimum structural models were built using population-pharmacokinetic software (nlmixr2). Model fit assessed using objective function value (OFV). Individual AUC0–24:MIC calculated using isolate or empirical 1 mg/L MIC, model outputted clearance and prescribed dose(s) within initial 24 h of treatment.

Results
The paediatric ePMA informed 1-compartment model (OFV=354) gave a better fit than the pump 2-compartment model (OFV=362). The adult pump 2-compartment model (OFV=242) provided a better fit than the ePMA model, whereby only a 1-compartment could be stabilized (OFV=259). Paediatric participant breakpoint attainment was 30% (3/10) using the ePMA model and 50% (5/10) using the pump model. In adults, breakpoint attainment was 33% (4/12) with the pump model compared with 50% (6/12) using the ePMA model. The pump model predicted suboptimal breakpoints in the two adults encountering vancomycin resistance, unlike the ePMA model.

Conclusions
Administration data source affects model fitting and therefore breakpoint calculation. Recording errors related to infusion pump programming constraints, infusion type and setting are responsible. Pharmacokinetic models built using routine clinical data should state sources and implement data accuracy integrity measures.
P25 Polymicrobial UTI: could Lodestar DX be used to differentiate between contamination or true infection?
Authors: Diggle Joanna , Drazich-Taylor Stuart , Moore James , McCann Brian , Hayward John , Hayhurst Emma 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
As much as one-third of urine samples which are sent for culture are commonly reported as heavy mixed growth, in line with the current guidelines on UTI reporting. However, it is possible that these may be representative of true polymicrobial infection especially in symptomatic at-risk patient populations. The Lodestar DX UTI is a novel LAMP-based molecular test designed for point of care UTI diagnosis, consisting of a panel of seven uropathogens: Escherichia coli, Enterococcus species, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. It was hypothesized that microbial DNA identification may be able to accurately identify clinically relevant levels of uropathogens in mixed growth samples and may aid in improving diagnosis.

Objectives
To determine whether Lodestar DX could be used to accurately detect clinically relevant uropathogens from urine cultures designated heavy mixed growth.

Methods
This work was part of a larger performance evaluation comparing Lodestar DX with standard laboratory culture (flow cytometry and culture). Samples reported as heavy mixed growth by culture had the initial inoculum culture plate reviewed by the evaluation team, to assess whether the Lodestar DX test had accurately identified visible relevant uropathogens within the polymicrobial growth.

Results
Of the 241 samples selected for analysis, 35 were reported as heavy mixed growth. Of these, 23 had the inoculum culture plate successfully reviewed and the remaining 12 could not be reviewed; in most cases this was due to the plates being discarded prior to review. Lodestar DX correctly identified at least one relevant uropathogen visible within the growth in 20 of the 23 reviewed culture plate samples. Of the remaining three samples, one contained E. coli which was not detected by Lodestar, one contained an unknown coliform not detected by Lodestar, and one sample contained no significant uropathogen growth, but Lodestar detected E. coli, Enterococcus/S. aureus and Klebsiella.

Conclusions
From the polymicrobial infections which were able to be reviewed as part of this evaluation, Lodestar DX correctly identified clinically relevant uropathogens in 87% of the mixed-growth cultures. Whether this represents a true infection or heavily contaminated sample is not clear, but in clinical scenarios where the growth is deemed significant, Lodestar DX is able to accurately identify the common uropathogens present. Identification of the organisms in mixed samples may help guide subsequent therapy and facilitate narrow spectrum prescribing.
Influence of source of origin and region of finishing on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing heifers fed in the United States
Authors: DeHaan Erin R , Dornbach Colten W , Blair Amanda D , Burdick Sanchez Nicole C , Carroll Jeffery A , Broadway Paul R , Rusche Warren C , Hales Kristin E , Smith Zachary K 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The objective was to evaluate growth performance and carcass traits of finishing beef heifers sourced and finished in different regions in the U.S. Heifers (n = 190; initial body weight [BW] 483 ± 0.4 kg and 425 ± 1.9 kg for South Dakota [SD] and TX sourced, respectively) were used in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of origin state (SD vs. TX) and finishing state (SD vs. TX) was used. Heifers were allotted on day −1 to: 1) sourced from SD and finished in SD (SD-SD), 2) sourced from SD and finished in TX (SD-TX), 3) sourced from TX and finished in SD (TX-SD), and 4) sourced from TX and finished in TX (TX-TX). Heifers were weighed on d -1, 3, 15, 28, 56, 78 (TX-TX and SD-TX) and 90 (SD-SD and TX-SD). On day 0, SD-TX and TX-SD heifers were shipped to their respective finishing locations. The following morning (day 1), SD-TX and TX-SD heifers were individually weighed to determine transit shrink. To monitor transit stress effects, vaginal temperature probes were used on all SD-TX and TX-SD heifers and a portion of SD-SD and TX-TX heifers on day −1 and removed on day 3. Clinical attitude scores (CAS) were recorded on days −1, 0, 1, 2, and 3 for bovine respiratory disease symptoms. Transported heifers had decreased temperatures (P ≤ 0.01) during transit and post-transit and increased (P ≤ 0.01) vaginal temperature during loading and unloading compared to non-transported heifers. On days 0, 1, and 3 there was a shift in the distribution of heifers that had a CAS score greater than 0 for TX-TX, SD-TX, and TX-SD. Heifers endured elevated ambient temperatures (temperature-humidity index &gt; 75) for 54% and 18% of the feeding period for TX and SD. Growth performance and carcass trait interactions were significant (P &lt; 0.01) except for day −1 BW, percent shrink during transit, average daily gain, dressing percent, ribeye area, and liver abscess severity, which did not differ (P &gt; 0.30). A shift in the distribution (P &lt; 0.02) towards a greater proportion of Yield Grade (YG) 1 and Select carcasses was observed for TX versus SD. Overall, heifers transported to higher ambient temperatures had improved overall YGs but decreased dry matter intake, quality grades (QG), and limited growth recovery (45 kg lighter) following transit than non-transported heifers. Heifers transported to lower ambient temperatures recovered growth and had improved QG (P &lt; 0.02) at the same thickness of rib fat compared to non-transported heifers but had decreased overall yield and yield grades.
Rehabilitation Interventions for Fear-Avoidance Beliefs and Behaviors in Sudden Onset Musculoskeletal Conditions: A Scoping Review
Authors: Lu Julia , Kobelsky Emma , Fung Jason , Sogomonian Tamara , Edger-Lacoursière Zoë , Nedelec Bernadette 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Fear avoidance (FA) describes beliefs and behaviors related to avoiding movements or activities after a painful event. Fear avoidance is a prevalent issue that limits the recovery outcomes and social reintegration of burn survivors. However, as current literature focuses on chronic conditions, understanding the impact and treatment of FA within sudden onset musculoskeletal (MSK) conditions, specifically in the burn survivor population, is lacking. The purpose of this scoping review is to synthesize evidence-based rehabilitation interventions aimed at improving FA behaviors and beliefs after sudden onset MSK conditions and to provide suggestions for clinical application with the burn survivor population. Ovid Medline, Ovid EMBASE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO were sourced from inception to May 2023. Monthly Google Scholar searches and hand-searching of included articles’ reference lists were done to add additional relevant publications. Eligibility criteria included: (1) adults with sudden onset MSK condition, (2) intervention from a rehabilitation professional, and (3) FA as the primary outcome. Four authors performed data extraction using the TIDIER checklist. Seven intervention types were identified: (1) education; (2) exercise; (3) graded motor imagery; (4) manual therapy (MT); (5) multimodal—education with exercise; (6) multimodal—education with MT and exercise; and (7) multimodal—interactive gaming console with exercise. All intervention types, except MT, demonstrated significant decreases in FA. This review summarizes effective rehabilitation interventions to address FA while highlighting the role of rehabilitation professionals in improving function and alleviating potential disability stemming from FA despite physical recovery.
Moth caterpillar embryos and parasitoid egg infection as revealed in vivo and visualized by micro-CT scanning
Authors: Smith Ryan J , Han Liwen , Bede Jacqueline C , Dutilleul Pierre 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The Lepidopteran pest Trichoplusia ni and the parasitoid wasp Trichogramma brassicae represent a fascinating biological system, important for sustainable agricultural practices but challenging to observe. We present a nondestructive method based on micro-CT scanning technology (CT: computed tomography) for visualizing the internal parts of caterpillar embryos and of emerging parasitoids from infected eggs. Traditional methods of microscopic observation of the opaque egg contents require staining or dissection. To explore the biological system nondestructively, we optimized the application of micro-CT scanning to construct 3-D images of insects in vivo.
Host range of the oothecal parasitoid Aprostocetus hagenowii (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
Authors: Smith Chelsea M , Fadamiro Henry Y , Appel Arthur G 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Aprostocetus hagenowii (Ratzburg) is a generalist parasitoid of cockroach (Blattodea) oothecae. Previous studies examining the host range of A. hagenowii have largely focused on cockroaches of economic and medical importance, which represent a minority of species in an order filled with species of diverse morphology, behavior, and ecology. The aim of this study was to expand the known host range of A. hagenowii with emphasis on nonpest as well as pest species from 3 cockroach families (Blattidae, Corydiidae, and Ectobiidae). Previously recorded host species were also reexamined. Oothecae from 17 cockroach species were exposed to A. hagenowii. Three new host species were recorded: Blatta lateralis (Walker) (Blattidae), Neostylopyga propinqua (Shelford) (Blattidae), and Parcoblatta fulvescens (Saussure and Zehntner) (Ectobiidae). Among the reexamined host species Periplaneta australasiae (Fab.) (Blattidae), Blatta orientalis L. (Blattidae), and Neostylopyga rhombifolia (Stoll) (Blattidae) were successfully parasitized. The cuticle thicknesses of 7 cockroach species’ oothecae were also investigated. There were significant differences [Kruskal–Wallis: each zone (below keel, side, and bottom) measured P &lt; 0.001] in cuticle thickness among the species measured. Polyphaga sassurei (Dohrn) (Corydiidae) and Eurycotis floridana (Walker) (Blattidae) had the thickest cuticles (each zone &gt;0.09 mm) and Blattella germanica (L.) (Ectobiidae) had the thinnest (each zone &lt;0.03 mm). However, the mean A. hagenowii ovipositor length (0.92 mm ± 0.01 mm) far exceeded the thickest oothecae measured. Oothecal cuticle thickness alone was not observed to determine the host suitability of each tested cockroach species for A. hagenowii.
Evidentiary challenges in the litigation of war reparations: Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (DRC v Uganda)
Authors: Rose Cecily 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The reparations phase of Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v Uganda) raised myriad evidentiary problems for the International Court of Justice (ICJ), which had never before heard a case concerning compensation for war damages. The failure of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) to produce sufficient evidence was compounded by the ICJ’s approach to evidentiary issues, including the manner in which it instructed its own court-appointed experts. Meanwhile, several reparations decisions of the International Criminal Court in the DRC situation show that the extent of the challenges before the ICJ was not inevitable. The ICJ ought to have done more to ensure a stronger evidentiary basis for its decision to order Uganda to pay the DRC US$325 million in compensation. This article analyses some of the evidentiary problems that arose in this case and suggests alternative approaches.
Checking trustworthiness of probabilistic computations in a typed natural deduction system
Authors: D’Asaro F A , Genco F A , Primiero G 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In this paper we present the probabilistic typed natural deduction calculus TPTND, designed to reason about and derive trustworthiness properties of probabilistic computational processes, like those underlying current AI applications. Derivability in TPTND is interpreted as the process of extracting $n$ samples of possibly complex outputs with a certain frequency from a given categorical distribution. We formalize trust for such outputs as a form of hypothesis testing on the distance between such frequency and the intended probability. The main advantage of the calculus is to render such notion of trustworthiness checkable. We present a computational semantics for the terms over which we reason and then the semantics of TPTND, where logical operators as well as a Trust operator are defined through introduction and elimination rules. We illustrate structural and metatheoretical properties, with particular focus on the ability to establish under which term evaluations and logical rules applications the notion of trustworthiness can be preserved.