bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF FASTING ON THE SERUM PROTEIN CONCENTRATION OF THE RAT
Authors: Torbert Harold C. 
Published: June 2004

1. Experiments were carried out to test the hypothesis that there exists a special circulating fraction of plasma protein available for use by the tissues.
2. The changes in serum protein concentration after varying periods of fasting were followed in large numbers of individual rats.
3. Previous reports from this laboratory of a small initial drop in the total protein concentration of the serum, with subsequent maintenance of the serum protein at the new level are confirmed.
4. Evidence is offered that this initial fall involves chiefly or solely the albumin fraction.
5. The mechanism responsible for the observed initial drop and subsequent maintenance of the protein is not exactly known, but two definite factors are age and individual resistance.
6. It is concluded that no satisfactory evidence is available to support the hypothesis of a directly utilizable protein fraction in the blood.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PSEUDORABIES
Authors: Shope Richard E. 
Published: June 2004

Study of the pseudorabies virus-neutralizing antibody content of pooled and individual samples of swine serum have led to the conclusion that pseudorabies is a highly prevalent, unrecognized, disease in middle western hogs.
It has been shown that wild brown rats develop a fatal infection following ingestion of pseudorabies virus and that their carcasses, in turn, give rise to the disease in swine to which they are fed. It is believed that rats play a rôle in the epidemiology of porcine pseudorabies, serving as the initial source of infection for a swine herd and also as one means by which virus can be spread from farm to farm in swine herds. The experiments presented furnish further evidence that swine may serve as the source of infection for cattle.
IMMUNOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF VACCINE VIRUS
Authors: Parker Robert F. , Rivers Thomas M. 
Published: June 2004

By means of differential centrifugation in the horizontal and angle centrifuges it is possible to obtain appreciable quantities of relatively pure elementary bodies of vaccinia. Such preparations of elementary bodies exhibit an extremely high titer of vaccine virus.
The elementary bodies are specifically agglutinated by serum from rabbits immunized by means of injections of bacteria-free vaccine virus.
Virus-free filtrates of dermal vaccine virus and of bacteria-free testicular vaccine virus contain a soluble substance or substances that is precipitated by antivaccinal sera.
RABBIT POX
Authors: Greene Harry S. N. 
Published: June 2004

The epidemiological significance of age, race, sex, genetic constitution and physiological status were studied by means of a differential analysis of the mortality data derived from a devastating epidemic of rabbit pox and, with the exception of sex, were found to be factors of the utmost importance in the determination of susceptibility.
Young animals were more susceptible than adults and although the most susceptible age varied with the epidemic phase, it corresponded in general with the period of weaning. The influence of physiological status was further indicated by the increased susceptibility incident to lactation.
Racial variations in susceptibility were obscured by age factors in young animals, but were of profound importance in the adult population and formed the most significant feature of the analysis. A high degree of conformity was found in the susceptibility of racially related breeds, and this similarity in behavior increased with the proximity of relationship. Moreover, a study of the hybrids obtained from the crossing of pure breeds showed that two separable groups of hereditary factors were concerned in the determination of breed susceptibility, one group consisting of essential racial characters, the other of constitutional factors incorporated in the stock by chance association, and that the final expression of susceptibility or resistance was the result of their combined interaction.
THE INFECTION OF MICE WITH SWINE INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: Shope Richard E. 
Published: June 2004

The experiments confirm the earlier observation of Andrewes, Laidlaw and Smith that the swine influenza virus is pathogenic for white mice when administered intranasally. Two field strains of the swine influenza virus were found to differ in their initial pathogenicity for mice. One strain was apparently fully pathogenic even in its 1st mouse passage while the other required 2 or 3 mouse passages to acquire full virulence for this species. Both strains, however, were initially infectious for mice, without the necessity of intervening ferret passages. There is no evidence that bacteria play any significant rôle in the mouse disease though essential in that of swine, and fatal pneumonias can be produced in mice by pure virus infections. Mice surviving the virus disease are immune to reinfection for at least a month. In mice the disease is not contagious though it is notably so in swine. The virus, while regularly producing fatal pneumonias when administered intranasally to mice, appears to be completely innocuous when given subcutaneously or intraperitoneally. Prolonged serial passage of the virus in mice does not influence its infectivity or virulence for swine or ferrets. It is a stable virus so far as its infectivity is concerned, and can be transferred at will from any one of its three known susceptible hosts to any other.
In discussing these facts the stability of the swine influenza virus has been contrasted with the apparent instability of freshly isolated strains of the human influenza virus. Though the mouse is an un-natural host for the virus it is, nevertheless, useful for the study of those aspects of swine influenza which have to do with the virus only.
CUTANEOUS REACTIVITY OF IMMUNE AND HYPERSENSITIVE RABBITS TO INTRADERMAL INJECTIONS OF HOMOLOGOUS INDIFFERENT STREPTOCOCCUS AND ITS FRACTIONS
Authors: McEwen Currier , Swift Homer F. 
Published: June 2004

Rabbits were immunized intravenously with intact indifferent streptococci, with homologous P fraction, and with an emulsion of mechanically ground cocci; others were sensitized by intravenous injection of the intact microorganisms. Their serologic and dermal reactions to these materials and to the homologous S fraction were compared with those of normal animals. The dissociation, in certain instances, between circulating antibody and dermal reactivity was noteworthy. From the results the following conclusions were drawn.
1. Intradermal injection of a soluble streptococcal protein into a rabbit immunized intravenously with that protein leads to the immediate anaphylactic type of skin response; while similar dermal testing of a rabbit sensitized by intracutaneous inoculation of the intact microorganism induces the delayed (tuberculin) type of response.
2. The induction of the immediate type of dermal reaction to streptococcal protein requires more than the mere presence of a high serum precipitin titer to that protein.
3. Lesions of the immediate type can be induced by the intradermal injection of a streptococcal carbohydrate into rabbits immunized intravenously with intact cocci and showing a high serum precipitin titer to that carbohydrate.
4. Intravenous immunization of rabbits with an emulsion of mechanically ground indifferent streptococci leads to the production of only non-type-specific antibodies.
5. It is possible that carbohydrate as well as protein fractions of indifferent streptococci are capable of eliciting the delayed type of dermal response in rabbits intracutaneously sensitized with that microorganism.
DISTRIBUTION OF BLOOD GROUP PROPERTIES AND BLOOD GROUP PROPERTY DESTROYING FACTORS IN THE INTESTINAL TRACT OF MAN
Authors: Witebsky Ernst , Neter Erwin 
Published: June 2004

1. The blood group specific substance A is present in the contents of the jejunum and upper ileum of persons belonging to Group A.
2. A marked decrease in the amount of A substance occurs in the lower ileum and cecum, while colon and rectum contents of adults are more or less free of group substance A.
3. The blood group destroying agent first appears in the lower ileum or cecum and its effectiveness increases in the lower parts of the large intestine.
4. In two cases with intestinal obstruction the blood group destroying agent could be demonstrated in the contents of the jejunum and ileum.
THE PHENOMENON OF LOCAL SKIN REACTIVITY TO BACTERIAL FILTRATES: ELICITATION OF LOCAL REACTIVITY BY WAY OF THE VASCULAR SYSTEM
Authors: Shwartzman Gregory 
Published: June 2004

The skin of the rabbit's ear is considerably more resistant than the abdominal skin to the phenomenon of local skin reactivity to bacterial filtrates. Ten times the provocative dose is required if it is given into the vein of the prepared ear and thirty times the provocative dose if it is given into the vein of the non-prepared ear.
The state of reactivity cannot be elicited by a preparatory intravenous injection of bacterial filtrates alone into clamped and non-clamped ears. The state also fails to appear in combination with cold, xylol, ethyl urethane, pilocarpine hydrochloride, atropine, calcium gluconate, guinea pig liver extract, histamine dihydrochloride, adrenalin chloride, and pituitrin.
Preparatory intravenous injections of toxins are capable of eliciting the state of reactivity in the rabbit's ear when they are accompanied by thermal hyperemia (i.e., exposure to 45°, 50°, and 55°C.). It is also possible to induce the state of reactivity when a mixture of the preparatory factors with testicular extract is given into the veins of clamped ears. The incubation period required may be less than 2 hours.
In the light of the above experiments, there are discussed various observations concerning the elicitation of the phenomena of organ reactivity by means of live bacterial cultures and the filtrates thereof.
THE COLONY MORPHOLOGY OF TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: Smithburn Kenneth C. 
Published: June 2004

All the strains of human tubercle bacilli described in this report as recently isolated from clinical cases proved to be virulent and showed but slight differences in pathogenic properties. Neither did they show extreme variation in virulence when compared with Strain H-37, isolated many years ago. Between twelve bovine strains cultivated in vitro for varying periods, there was a much wider range in virulence, some being so attenuated as to give regressive lesions in both rabbits and guinea pigs, while other strains were highly pathogenic. In general, the more recently isolated strains were the more virulent. Attenuation occurs with prolonged in vitro cultivation, but the rate of attenuation is apparently not the same for all strains.
Studies of cultures recovered from inoculated animals demonstrated that in the case of bovine tubercle bacilli virulence is correlated with three phenomena: the number of bacilli which can be stained in tissues of inoculated animals, the number of organisms recoverable in cultures from the tissues, and the proportion of smooth colonies in these cultures. All cultures of either human or bovine type recovered from animals showed either two or three types of colonies.
In general the percentage of the smooth form varied directly with virulence. However, some smooth colonies were present in strains having little or no pathogenicity. One example was cited of an avian strain which had lost its virulence while retaining the smooth colony form—indicating that, although pathogenicity is usually correlated with smooth colony form, it is not necessarily so. And smooth variants devoid of virulence do occur.
In the comparison of the effect of the same human strain on rabbits and guinea pigs, it was shown that native resistance (of the rabbit) was associated with a power to dissociate the inoculated bacilli into a greater proportion of rough forms, and then to destroy them. This power is not possessed by the naturally susceptible animal (guinea pig).
THE TRANSMISSION OF EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS BY AËDES AEGYPTI
Authors: Merrill Malcolm H. , Tenbroeck Carl 
Published: June 2004

In confirming Kelser's work on the transmission of equine encephalomyelitis of the western type by Aëdes aegypti it has been learned that the mosquitoes must be fed virus of high titer if positive results are to be secured. A period of from 4 to 5 days after feeding either on infected guinea pigs or on brain containing virus must elapse before the disease is transmitted by biting, but after this time transmission regularly results for a period of about 2 months. By inoculation, virus can be demonstrated in the bodies of infected mosquitoes for the duration of life.
Although virus multiplies in the mosquitoes and is generally distributed in their bodies, repeated attempts to demonstrate it in the eggs from females known to be infected as well as in larvae, pupae, and adults from such eggs have been uniformly negative. Larvae have not taken up virus added to the water in which they were living.
Male mosquitoes have been infected with virus by feeding but they have not transmitted the virus to normal females, nor have males transmitted the virus from infected to normal females.
When virus of the eastern instead of the western type is used transmission experiments with Aëdes aegypti are negative. Apparently this virus is incapable of penetrating the intestinal mucosa of the mosquito. If, however, it is inoculated into the body cavity by needle puncture it persists and transmission experiments are positive.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE BLOOD CHOLESTEROL OF RABBITS IN RELATION TO ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Authors: Turner Kenneth B. , Bidwell Emily H. 
Published: June 2004

1. The action of potassium iodide in preventing a significant rise in the blood cholesterol of rabbits fed cholesterol was temporary. After about 4 months it lost its effectiveness and the blood cholesterol rose.
2. In rabbits with hypercholesterolemia resulting from long continued cholesterol feeding, the administration of potassium iodide caused a marked rise in the blood cholesterol.
3. On the other hand, dried whole thyroid given to such animals produced a sharp fall in the blood cholesterol. This fall was temporary and was followed by a rise to new high levels.
4. In thyroidectomized rabbits fed cholesterol and potassium iodide, both thyroid and thyroxin delayed but did not prevent a rise in blood cholesterol. Even with the hypercholesterolemia in these animals, however, the incidence of atherosclerosis was low.
5. Age apparently played a part in determining the response of the blood cholesterol to cholesterol feeding. In a group of old rabbits when compared with a younger group the rise in the cholesterol of the blood was greater and the subsequent return toward normal was slower when the feeding was stopped.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON ENCEPHALITIS
Authors: Webster Leslie T. , Fite George L. , Clow Anna D. , Muench Hugo 
Published: June 2004

1. A protection test for measuring serological protective properties against the encephalitis (St. Louis type) virus is described.
2. Normal non-contact sera and sera from persons supposed to have had no exposure to the disease do not protect against the virus. 82.5 per cent of sera from tested St. Louis encephalitis convalescents and at least 66 per cent of sera from tested persons thought to have had the disease do show protective properties.
3. The protective activity of sera is maintained for at least 2½ years after onset of the disease. In vitro aging of serum decreases its activity.
4. Protection tests indicate that the virus was present as early as 1932 in Paris, Illinois, spread through the north central states and reached New York in 1933, and was again active in the north central states in 1934.
Characterization of an Ultraviolet B-Induced Lipase in Arabidopsis
Authors: Lo Maisie , Taylor Catherine , Wang Li , Nowack Linda , Wang Tzann-Wei , Thompson John 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
An Arabidopsis expressed sequence tag clone, 221D24, encoding a lipase has been characterized using an antisense approach. The lipase gene is expressed during normal growth and development of Arabidopsis rosette leaves but is down-regulated as the leaves senesce. When plants are exposed to sublethal levels of UV-B radiation, expression of the lipase is strongly up-regulated. The lipase protein is localized in the cell cytosol and is present in all organs of Arabidopsis plants. Recombinant lipase protein produced in Escherichia coli preferentially hydrolyzed phospholipids, indicating that the gene encodes a phospholipase. Transgenic plants in which lipase expression is suppressed showed enhanced tolerance to UV-B stress but not osmotic stress and were unable to up-regulate PR-1 expression when irradiated with UV-B. The observations collectively indicate that the lipase is capable of deesterifying membrane phospholipids and is up-regulated in response to UV-B irradiation.
Arabidopsis Downy Mildew Resistance Gene RPP27 Encodes a Receptor-Like Protein Similar to CLAVATA2 and Tomato Cf-9
Authors: Tör Mahmut , Brown Duncan , Cooper Abigail , Woods-Tör Alison , Sjölander Kimmen , Jones Jonathan D.G. , Holub Eric B. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The Arabidopsis Ler-RPP27 gene confers AtSgt1b-independent resistance to downy mildew (Peronospora parasitica) isolate Hiks1. The RPP27 locus was mapped to a four-bacterial artificial chromosome interval on chromosome 1 from genetic analysis of a cross between the enhanced susceptibility mutant Col-edm1 (Col-sgt1) and Landsberg erecta (Ler-0). A Cf-like candidate gene in this interval was PCR amplified from Ler-0 and transformed into mutant Col-rpp7.1 plants. Homozygous transgenic lines conferred resistance to Hiks1 and at least four Ler-0 avirulent/Columbia-0 (Col-0) virulent isolates of downy mildew pathogen. A full-length RPP27 cDNA was isolated, and analysis of the deduced amino acid sequences showed that the gene encodes a receptor-like protein (RLP) with a distinct domain structure, composed of a signal peptide followed by extracellular Leu-rich repeats, a membrane spanning region, and a short cytoplasmic carboxyl domain. RPP27 is the first RLP-encoding gene to be implicated in disease resistance in Arabidopsis, enabling the deployment of Arabidopsis techniques to investigate the mechanisms of RLP function. Homology searches of the Arabidopsis genome, using the RPP27, Cf-9, and Cf-2 protein sequences as a starting point, identify 59 RLPs, including the already known CLAVATA2 and TOO MANY MOUTHS genes. A combination of sequence and phylogenetic analysis of these predicted RLPs reveals conserved structural features of the family.
Genome-Wide in Silico Mapping of Scaffold/Matrix Attachment Regions in Arabidopsis Suggests Correlation of Intragenic Scaffold/Matrix Attachment Regions with Gene Expression
Authors: Rudd Stephen , Frisch Matthias , Grote Korbinian , Meyers Blake C. , Mayer Klaus , Werner Thomas 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe carried out a genome-wide prediction of scaffold/matrix attachment regions (S/MARs) in Arabidopsis. Results indicate no uneven distribution on the chromosomal level but a clear underrepresentation of S/MARs inside genes. In cases where S/MARs were predicted within genes, these intragenic S/MARs were preferentially located within the 5′-half, most prominently within introns 1 and 2. Using Arabidopsis whole-genome expression data generated by the massively parallel signature sequencing methodology, we found a negative correlation between S/MAR-containing genes and transcriptional abundance. Expressed sequence tag data correlated the same way with S/MAR-containing genes. Thus, intragenic S/MARs show a negative correlation with transcription level. For various genes it has been shown experimentally that S/MARs can function as transcriptional regulators and that they have an implication in stabilizing expression levels within transgenic plants. On the basis of a genome-wide in silico S/MAR analysis, we found a significant correlation between the presence of intragenic S/MARs and transcriptional down-regulation.
Type-B Response Regulators Display Overlapping Expression Patterns in Arabidopsis
Authors: Mason Michael G. , Li Jie , Mathews Dennis E. , Kieber Joseph J. , Schaller G. Eric 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Two-component signaling systems, involving His kinases, His-containing phosphotransfer proteins, and response regulators, have been implicated in plant responses to hormones and environmental factors. Genomic analysis of Arabidopsis supports the existence of 22 response regulators (ARRs) that can be divided into at least two distinct groups designated type-A and type-B. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the type-B family is composed of one major and two minor subfamilies. The expression of the type-B ARRs was examined by using both reverse transcription-PCR and β-glucuronidase fusion constructs. The major subfamily of type-B ARRs showed particularly high expression in regions where cytokinins play a significant role, including cells in the apical meristem region and in young leaves that would be undergoing cell division. Multiple members within this same subfamily of type-B ARRs were expressed near the root tip with highest expression in the root elongation zone. β-Glucuronidase-fusions to full-length ARR2, ARR12, and ARR19 were nuclear localized, consistent with a role in transcriptional regulation. These data suggest that differing expression levels of the type-B ARRs may play a role in modulating the cellular responses to cytokinin.
Expression of the Isochrysis C18-Δ9 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Specific Elongase Component Alters Arabidopsis Glycerolipid Profiles
Authors: Fraser Thomas Colin Michael , Qi Baoxiu , Elhussein Salah , Chatrattanakunchai Sunantha , Stobart Allan Keith , Lazarus Colin Michael 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
A cDNA isolated from the prymnesiophyte micro-alga Isochrysis galbana, designated IgASE1, encodes a fatty acid elongating component that is specific for linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) and α-linolenic acid (C18:3n-3). Constitutive expression of IgASE1 in Arabidopsis resulted in the accumulation of eicosadienoic acid (EDA; C20:2n-6) and eicosatrienoic acid (ETrA; C20:3n-3) in all tissues examined, with no visible effects on plant morphology. Positional analysis of the various lipid classes indicated that these novel fatty acids were largely excluded from the sn-2 position of chloroplast galactolipids and seed triacylglycerol, whereas they were enriched in the same position in phosphatidylcholine. EDA and ETrA are precursors of arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n-3) synthesized via the so-called ω6 Δ8 desaturase and ω3 Δ8 desaturase biosynthetic pathways, respectively. The synthesis of significant quantities of EDA and ETrA in a higher plant is therefore a key step in the production of very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid in oil-seed species. The results are further discussed in terms of prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathways of lipid synthesis in plants.