bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A method for determining movements of a deformable body from spatial coordinates of markers
Authors: Lenarčič Jadran , Parenti‐Castelli Vincenzo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this article, we present a numerical method to compute the relative displacement of a body that deforms
during movement. It is assumed that a group of markers is attached to the body's surface, and that their
spatial positions are obtained by an optical measurement system. The measured coordinates of markers are
perturbed by measurement inaccuracies and by the deformation of the body. The mathematical objective is to find
the best match between two subsequent images. The proposed numerical method has the same properties in treating
random‐type perturbations as a standard least‐squares technique, but it is more efficient in
minimizing the effect of the body's deformations. The method can be utilized in determining human
movements from inaccurate optical measurements. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cloud attenuation modelling for SHF and EHF applications
Authors: Dissanayake Asoka , Allnutt Jeremy , Haidara Fatim 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTropospheric propagation impairments that affect earth–space communication signals increase in severity with the increase of frequency. Introduction of satellite services using higher frequency bands such as Ka‐ and V‐band requires the characterization of propagation factors that are normally considered negligible at lower frequency bands. Cloud attenuation is considered one such factor. Clouds are present during a large fraction of an average year and cloud attenuation, together with gaseous absorption, will determine the system performance under non‐rainy conditions. A cloud attenuation model that has global applicability is presented in this paper. The model is based on average properties of four cloud types and their occurrence probabilities. The occurrence probabilities are derived from long‐term observations of cloud cover carried out by several thousand meteorological stations throughout the world. Predictions made with the model are compared with cloud attenuation data gathered using Ka‐band beacon signals and radiometers. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interfaces in magnesium‐based composites
Authors: Mordike Barry L. , Lukáč Pavel 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe properties of composites are dependent on the properties of the interfaces between the matrix and the reinforcement material. This paper describes how the interface can influence the various properties and also the various methods that can be used to determine the nature of the interface, both directly by microscopy or indirectly by electrical measurements or acoustic emission. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of amine‐ and amide‐terminated self‐assembled monolayers as ‘Molecular glues’ for Au and SiO2 substrates
Authors: Hooper A. E. , Werho D. , Hopson T. , Palmer O. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA series of organic monolayers containing amine and amide functional groups on silicon and gold substrates were characterized using x‐ray photoelectron and infrared spectroscopies. It was determined that the amine‐terminated monolayers had 70% of the amine groups in the —NH2 chemical state after removal from pure water. Next, Escherichia coli bacteria were exposed to the surfaces in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the monolayers as molecular adhesive agents. It was determined that the bacteria adhere readily to all of the amine monolayers but did not interact with the amide‐ containing monolayer. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radio frequency GDOES depth profiling analysis of a B‐doped diamond film deposited onto Si by microwave plasma CVD
Authors: Shimizu K. , Einaga Y. , Ohnishi K. , Fujishima A. , Habazaki H. , Skeldon P. , Thompson G. E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAnalysis of a boron‐doped diamond film, ∼13 µm thick, deposited onto a mirror‐finished n‐Si(100) substrate using microwave plasma chemical vapour deposition (CVD), demonstrates the suitability of radiofrequency glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (rf‐GDOES) for rapid depth profiling analysis. The distributions of boron and hydrogen are revealed clearly. Interestingly, the sputtering of the diamond film is accompanied by smoothing of the initial rough, faceted surface, implying that the ridges sputter more rapidly than the valleys during analysis. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mesophase‐derived nucleic acid (peptide) self‐organizations visualized by scanning force microscopy
Authors: Meister Walter‐Veselý , Bohley Christian , Lindau Sabine , Gromann Ulrich , Naumann Stefan , Herrmann Bernd , Kargov Sergej I. , Martini Torsten , Barthel Jochen , Hoffmann Siegfried 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFor approaching biomesogen self‐organizations in nucleic acid (peptide) assemblies from the perspective of interacting individual macromolecules and their integrating collective mesophase organizations, DNA duplex as well as RNA duplex, triplex, quadruplex and duplex/peptide domains and microdomains have been visualized as graphite surface adlayers by scanning force microscopy. Derived from corresponding mesophase designs, the adlayer imagings of dsDNA, dsRNA and qsRNA reveal aligned supramolecular bundles that follow self‐organizational strategies within the adlayer/interface restrictions. For tsRNA and dsRNA/oligo‐ and polypeptide variations more complex adlayer organizations are observed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of silicon gate oxides by conducting atomic force microscopy
Authors: Kremmer S. , Teichert C. , Pischler E. , Gold H. , Kuchar F. , Schatzmayr M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCharacteristics of the dielectric breakdown and the thickness homogeneity of silicon gate oxides have been investigated on the nanometre scale using conducting atomic force microscopy (C‐AFM). The I–V measurements in the Fowler– Nordheim tunnelling regime were applied in order to use C‐AFM as an experimental technique for the thickness determination of thin silicon gate oxides. Conducting AFM was used further to study dielectric breakdown with a lateral resolution below 100 nm. It was found that the accumulation of defects created by induced charges and a statistic path formation of these defects are the main mechanisms leading to dielectric breakdown. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methods for evaluating the performance of diagnostic tests in the absence of a gold standard: a latent class model approach
Authors: Garrett Elizabeth S. , Eaton William W. , Zeger Scott 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn many areas of medical research, ‘gold standard’ diagnostic tests do not exist and so evaluating the performance of standardized diagnostic criteria or algorithms is problematic. In this paper we propose an approach to evaluating the operating characteristics of diagnoses using a latent class model. By defining ‘true disease’ as our latent variable, we are able to estimate sensitivity, specificity and negative and positive predictive values of the diagnostic test. These methods are applied to diagnostic criteria for depression using Baltimore's Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study Wave 3 data. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Internal capabilities, external networks, and performance: a study on technology‐based ventures
Authors: Lee Choonwoo , Lee Kyungmook , Pennings Johannes M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis study examined the influence of internal capabilities and external networks on firm performance by using data from 137 Korean technological start‐up companies. Internal capabilities were operationalized by entrepreneurial orientation, technological capabilities, and financial resources invested during the development period. External networks were captured by partnership‐ and sponsorship‐based linkages. Partnership‐based linkages were measured by strategic alliances with other enterprises and venture capitalists, collaboration with universities or research institutes, and participation in venture associations. Sponsorship‐based linkages consisted of financial and nonfinancial support from commercial banks and the Korean government. Sales growth indicated the start‐up's performance. Regression results showed that the three indicators of internal capabilities are important predictors of a start‐up's performance. Among external networks, only the linkages to venture capital companies predicted the start‐up's performance. Several interaction terms between internal capabilities and partnership‐based linkages have a statistically significant influence on performance. Sponsorship‐based linkages do not have individual effects on performance but linkage with financial institutions has a multiplicative effect with technological capabilities and financial resources invested on a start‐up's performance. Implications and directions for future research were discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategic entrepreneurship: entrepreneurial strategies for wealth creation
Authors: Hitt Michael A. , Ireland R. Duane , Camp S. Michael , Sexton Donald L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractEntrepreneurship involves identifying and exploiting entrepreneurial opportunities. However, to create the most value entrepreneurial firms also need to act strategically. This calls for an integration of entrepreneurial and strategic thinking. We explore this strategic entrepreneurship in several important organizational domains to include external networks and alliances, resources and organizational learning, innovation and internationalization. The research in this special issue examines both traditional (e.g., contingency theory, strategic fit) and new theory (e.g., cultural entrepreneurship, business model drivers). The research also integrates, extends, and tests theory and research from entrepreneurship and strategic management in new ways such as creative destruction (discontinuities), resource‐based view, organizational learning, network theory, transaction costs and institutional theory. The research presented herein provides a basis for future research on strategic entrepreneurship for wealth creation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Realism and constructivism in strategy research: a critical realist response to Mir and Watson
Authors: Kwan Kai‐Man , Tsang Eric W. K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMir and Watson (2000) advocate that constructivism has the potential to inform strategy research. In their discussions, they compare constructivism with realism, and highlight certain alleged strengths of the former over the latter. Although their paper provides some insights, their version of constructivism is problematic and their understanding of realism is inaccurate. In this note we clarify some key issues concerning constructivism and realism. Moreover, we argue that Mir and Watson's insights can be accommodated within a critical realist framework. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mapping technological capabilities into product markets and competitive advantage: the case of cholesterol drugs
Authors: Afuah Allan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWhile a lot of attention has been paid to those characteristics of capabilities that give firms a competitive advantage, a lot less attention has been given to supporting empirical evidence and to the deployment of these capabilities. This paper presents a model for mapping firm capabilities into customer value and competitive advantage in different markets. With empirical evidence from cholesterol drugs, I illustrate how the model can be used to estimate customer value and competitive advantage from technological capabilities. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Local versus global mimetism: the dynamics of alliance formation in the automobile industry
Authors: Garcia‐Pont Carlos , Nohria Nitin 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe alliance dynamics among the 35 largest firms in the worldwide automobile industry indicates that the likelihood of an alliance between any two firms depends on the local density of alliances among the members of their strategic groups, rather than on the global density of alliances in the industry. These results suggest that firms most closely observe and imitate the strategic behavior of firms who occupy the same strategic niche rather than the behavior of firms in their industry defined more broadly. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A base62 transformation format of ISO 10646 for multilingual identifiers
Authors: Wu Pei‐Chi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractISO 10646 Universal Character Set (UCS) is a 31‐bit coding architecture that covers symbols in most of the world's written languages. Identifiers in programming languages are usually defined by using alphanumeric characters of ASCII, which represent mainly English words. An approach for working around this deficiency is to encode multilingual identifiers into the alphanumeric range of ASCII. For case‐sensitive languages, an encoding that utilizes [0–9][A–Z][a–z] can be more space‐efficient for multilingual identifiers. This paper proposes a base62 transformation format of ISO 10646 called UTF‐62. The resulting string of UTF‐62 is within a [0–9][A–Z][a–z] range, a total of 62 base characters. UTF‐62 also preserves the lexicographic sorting order of UCS‐4. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduced field response to perforant path stimulation after adrenalectomy: Effect of nimodipine treatment
Authors: Stienstra C. , Van Diepen M. , Ten Dam M. , Joëls M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAdrenalectomy enhances apoptosis in the rat dentate gyrus and concurrently decreases the field response of dentate cells to perforant path stimulation. Recent data showed that calcium current amplitude is increased 1 day prior to the appearance of apoptotic cells, pointing to calcium as a risk factor for the onset of apoptosis. We here tested if in vivo administration of nimodipine—thus presumably reducing dentate calcium influx through L type calcium channels—prevents the appearance of apoptotic cells and the change in field responses after adrenalectomy. It was found that nimodipine does not largely alter the number of animals with apoptosis nor the average number of apoptotic cells in the tip of the suprapyramidal blade of the dentate gyrus. After nimodipine treatment, field responses in the dentate gyrus of adrenalectomized rats were comparable to responses in adrenally intact rats. However, this was due to a reduction of the field response in slices from adrenally intact rats, rather than a prevention of synaptic impairment in adrenalectomized rats. The data clearly indicates that in vivo nimodipine treatment is insufficient to prevent apoptosis and synaptic impairment after adrenalectomy. Synapse 44:1–7, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alleviation of motor hyperactivity and neurochemical deficits by endocannabinoid uptake inhibition in a rat model of Huntington's disease
Authors: Lastres‐Becker Isabel , Hansen Henrik H. , Berrendero Fernando , De Miguel Rosario , Pérez‐Rosado Alberto , Manzanares Jorge , Ramos José A. , Fernández‐Ruiz Javier 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecent studies have demonstrated a loss of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the postmortem basal ganglia of patients affected by Huntington's disease (HD) and in transgenic mouse models for this disease. These studies have led to the notion that substances that increase the endocannabinoid activity, such as receptor agonists or inhibitors of endocannabinoid uptake and/or metabolism, might be useful in the treatment of hyperkinetic symptoms of this disease. In the present study, we employed a rat model of HD generated by bilateral intrastriatal injections of 3‐nitropropionic acid (3‐NP), a toxin that selectively damages striatal GABAergic efferent neurons. These rats exhibited biphasic motor disturbances, with an early (1–2 weeks) hyperactivity followed by a late (3–4 weeks) motor depression. Analysis of GABA, dopamine, and their related enzymes, glutamic acid decarboxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase, in the basal ganglia proved marked decreases compatible with the motor hyperkinesia. In addition, mRNA levels for CB1 receptor, neuronal‐specific enolase, proenkephalin, and substance P decreased in the caudate‐putamen of 3‐NP‐injected rats. There were also reductions in CB1 receptor binding in the caudate putamen, the globus pallidus, and, to a lesser extent, the substantia nigra. By contrast, mRNA levels for tyrosine hydroxylase in the substantia nigra remained unaffected. Interestingly, the administration of AM404, an inhibitor of endocannabinoid uptake, to 3‐NP‐injected rats attenuated motor disturbances observed in the early phase of hyperactivity. Administration of AM404 also tended to induce recovery from the neurochemical deficits caused by the toxin in GABA and dopamine indices in the basal ganglia. In summary, morphological, behavioral, and biochemical changes observed in rats intrastriatally lesioned with 3‐NP acid were compatible with a profound degeneration of striatal efferent GABAergic neurons, similar to that occurring in the brain of HD patients. As expected, a loss of CB1 receptors was evident in the basal ganglia of these rats. However, the administration of substances that increase endocannabinoid activity, by inhibiting the uptake process, allowed an activation of the remaining population of CB1 receptors, resulting in a significant improvement of motor disturbances and neurochemical deficits. These observations might be relevant to the treatment of hyperkinetic symptoms in HD, a human disorder with unsatisfactory symptomatic treatment for most patients. Synapse 44:23–35, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dopamine transporter‐dependent induction of C‐Fos in HEK cells
Authors: Yatin Servet M. , Miller Gregory M. , Norton Courtney , Madras Bertha K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe psychostimulants cocaine and amphetamine increase expression of the immediate early gene (IEG) c‐fos indirectly, via D1 dopamine receptor activation. To determine whether dopamine transporter substrates and inhibitors can affect c‐Fos expression directly, we investigated their effects on c‐Fos protein and c‐fos mRNA in HEK‐293 (HEK) cells transfected with the human dopamine transporter (hDAT). In untransfected HEK cells, methylphenidate and cocaine produced a small but statistically significant increase in c‐Fos, whereas dopamine and amphetamine did not. In hDAT cells, DAT substrates (dopamine, amphetamine) increased c‐Fos immunoreactivity 6‐ and 3‐fold (respectively). The DAT inhibitors cocaine, methylphenidate, and bupropion also increased c‐Fos approximately 3‐fold in hDAT cells. If coincubated with dopamine, the inhibitors attenuated dopamine‐induced c‐Fos in hDAT cells. The magnitude of c‐fos mRNA induction by substrates and inhibitors paralleled induction of c‐Fos protein immunoreactivity. The results indicate that substrates or inhibitors of the DAT can trigger induction of IEG expression in the absence of D1 dopamine receptor. For substrates, IEG induction is DAT‐dependent, but for certain DAT inhibitors the cellular response can be elicited in the absence of the DAT in HEK cells. Oxidative stress may partly, but not fully, account for the DA‐induced c‐Fos induction as an inhibitor of oxidative stress Trolox C, attenuated DA‐induced c‐Fos induction. Protein kinase C (PKC) may also partially account for c‐Fos induction as a specific inhibitor of PKC Bisindolylmaleimide I (BIS) attenuated DA‐induced c‐Fos by 50%. DAT substrate and inhibitor effects on IEGs, other fos‐related antigens, and possible mechanisms that contribute to c‐Fos induction warrant investigation in presynaptic neurons as a potential contribution to the long‐term effects of psychostimulants. Synapse 45:52–65, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Opioid peptide receptor studies. 15. Relative efficacy of 4‐[(N‐allyl‐3‐methyl‐4‐piperidinyl)phenylamino]‐N,N‐diethylbenzamide and related compounds at the cloned human δ‐opioid receptor
Authors: Xu Heng , Lu Yi‐Feng , Thomas James B. , Carroll F. Ivy , Rice Kenner C. , Rothman Richard B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPrevious data obtained from both binding and functional assays demonstrated that (−)‐4‐[(N‐allyl‐3‐methyl‐4‐piperidinyl)phenylamino]‐N,N‐diethylbenzamide [(−)‐RTI5989‐54] displays selective binding and full agonist activity relative to (±)‐RTI5989‐54 for the δ opioid receptor. The present study was conducted to evaluate the activities of structurally diverse opioid receptor δ ligands in the [35S]GTP‐γ‐S binding assay, comparing the relationship between receptor binding, activation, efficacy, and intrinsic efficacy. The data, obtained with cloned human δ receptors, demonstrated that (−)‐RTI5989‐54 behaves like the highly selective δ agonist SNC80. Addition of the hydroxyl group to RTI5989‐54 (RTI5989‐61) or replacement of the allyl group with the trans‐crotyl group on the piperidine nitrogen of RTI‐5989‐61 (RTI5989‐62) increased binding affinity, produced full agonist activity, and decreased intrinsic efficacy at the δ opioid receptor. The order of potency for the EC50 (GTP‐γ‐S) was RTI5989‐62 (0.20 nM) > RTI5989‐61 (0.43 nM) > SNC80 (1.92 nM) > DPDPE (3.50 nM) > (−)‐RTI5989‐54 (17.6 nM) > (±)‐RTI5989‐54 (65.6 nM) > (+)‐RTI5989‐54 (483 nM). RTI5989‐61 and RTI5989‐62 were fully efficacious, but had intrinsic efficacy values that were 2.2–3.1 times lower than that of DPDPE and SNC80. Comparison of the binding Ki in competitively inhibiting [125I]IOXY binding to the functional Ki for δ antagonists [Ki (IOXY)/Ki (GTP‐γ‐S)] shows that antagonists might antagonize agonist‐evoked neurochemical effects with equal magnitude while occupying different proportions of target receptors. Synapse 40:269–274, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differentially altered mGluR1 and mGluR5 mRNA expression in rat caudate nucleus and nucleus accumbens in the development and expression of behavioral sensitization to repeated amphetamine administration
Authors: Mao Limin , Wang John Q. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAltered glutamatergic transmission in the striatum may be implicated in behavioral sensitization to repeated amphetamine (AMPH) administration. Quantitative in situ hybridization histochemistry was performed to define the effects of acute and chronic AMPH exposures on mRNA expression of Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in the striatum. Behavioral ratings indicated that the motor activity of rats was significantly higher after the final of five daily AMPH injections (4 mg/kg, i.p.) than that after the first of five daily AMPH, indicative of the development of behavioral sensitization. Moreover, the motor activity of rats treated with five daily AMPH was significantly greater than that of rats treated with five daily saline in response to a 2 mg/kg challenge dose of AMPH 7, 14, 28, and 60 days after the discontinuation of drug treatments, indicative of the persistent expression of behavioral sensitization. Three hours after acute administration of AMPH to naive rats, mGluR1 and mGluR5 mRNA expression in the dorsal (caudatoputamen) and ventral (nucleus accumbens) striatum showed no change as compared to acute saline injection. In rats that developed behavioral sensitization to repeated AMPH, mGluR1 levels in the dorsal and ventral striatum were increased by 53% and 43%, respectively, 3 h after the final AMPH treatment. However, this change did not persist during withdrawal since it was not observed 7, 14, and 28 days after the discontinuation of AMPH treatment. Conversely, mGluR5 levels were markedly reduced 3 h after the final of five daily AMPH treatments in the entire striatum of sensitized rats (34% and 77% of controls in the dorsal and ventral striatum, respectively). The reduction persisted at 7, 14, and 28 days of withdrawal. These results reveal a close linkage between striatal Group I mGluR gene expression and behavioral sensitization to AMPH. This may indicate functional implications of the two subtypes of Group I mGluRs in the regulation of behavioral sensitization to the dopamine stimulant. Synapse 41:230–240, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.