bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Human Rights Act 1998 (s 6 AND ECHR, ARTS 6 AND 8)
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
6.—(1) It is unlawful for a public authority to act in a way which is incompatible with a Convention right.Subsection (1) does not apply to an act if— as the result of one or more provisions of primary legislation, the authority could not have acted differently; orin the case of one or more provisions of, or made under, primary legislation which cannot be read or given effect in a way which is compatible with the Convention rights, the authority was acting so as to give effect to or enforce those provisions.
Statutory Instruments (2002)
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
in pursuance of section 71 of the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 (hereinafter referred to as “the 2000 Act”) the Secretary of State is under a duty to prepare codes of practice containing provisions relating to the exercise and performance of the powers and duties mentioned in subsection (2) of that section;in pursuance of section 71(3) of the 2000 Act the Secretary of State published the code prepared by him under section 71 of the 2000 Act relating to the interception of communications under Chapter I of Part I of the 2000 Act in the form of a draft and has considered representations made to him about the draft and modiﬁed the draft accordingly;The Order may be cited as the Regulation of Investigatory Powers (Interception of Communications: Code of Practice) Order 2002 and shall come into force on 1st July 2002.
Statutory Instruments (2003)
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whereas a draft of this Order has been approved by a resolution of each House of Parliament;Now, therefore, the Secretary of State, in exercise of the powers conferred on him by sections 30(1), (3), (5) and (6) and 78(5) of the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000, hereby makes the following Order:In this Order “the 2000 Act” means the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000.
Statutory Instruments (2004)
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Secretary of State, in exercise of the powers conferred on him by section 4(1)(d) of the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000, hereby makes the following Regulations:These Regulations may be cited as the Regulation of Investigatory Powers (Conditions for the Lawful Interception of Persons outside the United Kingdom) Regulations 2004.
Statutory Instruments (2005)
Authors: Williams Dr Victoria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Secretary of State, in exercise of the powers conferred upon him by paragraph (g) of the deﬁnition of “relevant public authority” in section 25(1) of the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 and by sections 25(2), (3) and (4) and 78(5) of that Act, hereby makes the following Order (a draft of which has been approved by resolution of each House of Parliament):Subject to paragraph (3), this Order shall come into force one month after the day on which it is made.
Specifying The Purchaser’s Requirements
Authors: Trepte Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purchaser’s requirements will first and foremost be based on a definition of what it is the purchaser wishes to buy. In the case of products, that will involve a description of the characteristics of the product to be purchased as well as quantity, quality, durability and safety issues. In the case of services, the requirements are generally concerned with defining the expected results and, as well as in the case of works services which may be deﬁned by reference to the ‘work’ to be completed, will need to deﬁne the tasks to be achieved and the methods of achieving them. The requirements will often refer to speciﬁc mandatory standards which need to be met.
Selecting Economic Operators
Authors: Trepte Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The new Directives use the term ‘economic operator’ to designate the three broad categories of supplier distinguished by reference to the contracts for which they tender: ‘contractors’ in the case of works contracts; ‘suppliers’ in the case of supply contracts and ‘service providers’ in the case of contracts for services. Except where an explicit reference is made in the text to a particular category, the term ‘supplier’ or ‘tenderer’ will be used throughout to describe all three categories, for ease of reference. There are few requirements in the Directives, other than those regarding their suitability, relating to suppliers.
Implementation and Enforcement
Authors: Trepte Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As discussed further in the introduction, it is not the EC Treaty which provides the essential framework for the regulation of procurement in the EC but rather a series of procedural Directives which began in earnest with the adoption of two Directives on works and supplies in the 1970s which have been constantly updated and supplemented, culminating in the two new Directives adopted in 2004 which form the essential subject-matter of this book.
Introduction
Authors: Coffee John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Academics tend to plough and re-plough the same furrow over and over. Nowhere is this truer than in the case of the scholars of corporate governance, who have studied the board of directors and shareholders endlessly. Useful and necessary as this research is, it leaves a blind spot. It ignores the professional agents of the board and the shareholders, who inform and advise them: auditors, attorneys, securities analysts, credit-rating agencies and investment bankers.
What Should Work? (and How to Get There)
Authors: Coffee John C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding chapter has concluded that gatekeepers will not always seek to protect their reputational capital. Circumstances can arise in which it is rational to risk that capital. Particularly in concentrated markets, the rational gatekeeper may recognize that it does not need an unblemished record, but only one not significantly worse than its rivals. Indeed, if its rivals have tarnished records, while it instead resembles Snow White, it arguably has made an excessive investment in reputational capital on which it will realize little return.
Introduction Organizational Trust: Progress And Promise In Theory And Research
Authors: Kramer Roderick M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past two decades, the topic of trust moved from bit player to center stage in organizational theory and research. Whereas previously it often had been treated as a mediating variable in empirical studies—a variable of secondary interest, at best—trust emerged in the 1990s as a subject deemed important and worthy of study in its own right. Illustrative of the new significance afforded trust as a serious and central subject for the organizational sciences is a series of special journal issues (Bachmann and Van Witteloostuijn 2003; Bachmann, Knights, and Sydow 2001; McEvily, Perrone, and Zaheer 2003; Rousseau et al. 1998) and edited volumes (Cook 2001; Falcone, Singh, and Tan 2001; Hardin 2004; Kramer and Cook 2004; Kramer and Tyler 1996; Lane and Bachmann 1998) devoted exclusively to the subject. These contributions were complemented by several scholarly integrations and critical assessments of this rapidly burgeoning literature (Creed and Miles 1996; Hardin 2002; Hollis 1998; Kramer 1999; Misztal 1996; Sztompka 1999).
The Emergence of Exchange Structures: An Experimental Study of Uncertainty, Commitment, and Trust1
Authors: Kollock Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The emergence of social structure has been a chronically underexamined topic across all areas in sociology (Coleman 1986). In particular, the feature of social structure that is examined here—the emergence of stable exchange relationships—has received very little empirical attention. The purpose of this study is to begin to explore this issue experimentally, examining the effects of a crucial variable—uncertainty—on the patterns of exchange that emerge. A further goal is to examine the role of reputation as an important factor related to the formation of stable exchange relations and to examine some of the consequences of different patterns of exchange—in particular, how different exchange conditions lead to different levels of trust among trading partners.
Camping on Seesaws: Prescriptions for a Self-Designing Organization
Authors: Hedberg Bo L T , Nystrom Paul C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An organization ‘s history can be broken down into segments of all kinds. One can focus upon single members ‘ activities in their jobs or upon the activities involving single functional or geographic units, like the purchasing department or the European division. One can discuss social and intellectual domains, such as chemistry, supervision, or theology. One can attend to contiguous events, such as what happened during January 1962. Although prevalent, these analyses portray an organization as static, and do not reveal its developmental capabilities. Designing an organization to fit society ‘s needs implies that it is less important to discover where an organization is than to understand how it got there, and where it can go tomorrow. Analyses that give footholds in time are the appropriate components for assembling trajectories into the future.
Responding to Crises
Authors: Greve Arent , Hedberg Bo L T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For nearly fifty years, Facit was regarded as a successful manufacturer of business machines and office furnishings. Facit grew until it operated factories in twenty cities and it maintained sales units in fifteen countries. Employment reached 14,000. Suddenly, this success metamorphosed into impending disaster. For three consecutive years, gross profits were negative and employment and sales declined. Plants were closed or sold. Again and again, top managers were replaced and the managerial hierarchy was reorganized. Consultants were called in: they recommended that more operations should be closed and more employees should be fired. But after numerous meetings, the top managers could not decide whether to do what the consultants recommended.
When Is Play Productive?
Authors: Webster E Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘Anyone who has spent much time with computers knows how easy it is to get so involved that time just flies. Sometimes when at my computer, I say to my wife, ‘ ‘I ‘ll be done in just a minute ‘ and the next thing I know she ‘s standing over me saying, ‘ ‘It ‘s been an hour! ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘I really like my computer because it makes work more like a game. It even makes mundane tasks more like a game. I can play with logos. I can play with designs. I can play with text. I like to play. It ‘s really good for my creativity. ‘ ‘Computers remove distraction because you ‘re not constantly going back and forth between different mediums (cutting, pasting, ink, paper, etc.). You can do it all right there at your computer and get completely lost in what you ‘re doing.
Keeping a Butterfly and an Elephant in a House of Cards: The Elements of Exceptional Success
Authors: Starbuck William H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My wife and I were eating dinner with Donna and Joe. Joe asked what I had been doing lately. I explained that I had been studying knowledge-intensive firms—ones that earn revenues from specialized expertise. I cited the Rand Corporation and Arthur D. Little as examples, and briefly described their work. Joe, a partner in a prominent Park Avenue law firm, asked if I had studied any law firms. With insufficient tact and excessive confidence, I told him I had not. I understood law firms to make most of their revenues by routinely generating standardized documents such as contracts, stock offerings, or wills. Because legal word-processing systems are widely available, because all lawyers have adequate basic knowledge, and because law firms employ lawyers with diverse skills, clients can readily substitute one law firm for another. My interest lay, I said, in firms that are renowned for their unusual expertise.
Unlearning Ineffective or Obsolete Technologies
Authors: Starbuck William H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Starting in the mid-1970s, the Swedish defense forces pursued Soviet submarines lurking of the Swedish coast. Time and again, the Swedes mounted large-scale antisubmarine searches that included the dropping of grenades and depth charges and the detonating of remote-control mines. For example, in May and June 1988, there were nine live-fire engagements between the Anti-Submarine Warfare unit and suspected foreign submarines. The Swedish Defense Ministry reacted by giving commanders on the scene authority to decide when to open fire. On one occasion, ‘the prowler was detected and trapped in 282 feet of water. . . about 60 miles south of Stockholm ‘, said a Ministry spokesman.
Distrust in Dependence: The Ancient Challenge of Superior–Subordinate Relations
Authors: Rindova Violina P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the oldest records that offer practical advice for a manager are Mesopotamian stone tablets engraved with a story of a flood.1 Scholars say the story of Noah, written around 1000 BCE, was a Judaic adaptation of this Mesopotamian story. Although the oldest substantial copy was composed around 1635 BCE, fragments of tablets suggest that the story probably goes back to at least 3000 BCE in Mesopotamia.2 In Mesopotamia, the man who built a boat was named Atrahasis, Ziusudra, or Utnapishtim. He lived in a city named Shuruppak (now called Fara) on the Euphrates river.
How Organizations Learn from Success and Failure
Authors: Hedberg Bo L T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Grinyer and Norburn (1975) made a careful study that they had expected to document the beneficial consequences of formal strategic planning. They did find a positive correlation between profitability and the use of formal planning, but the correlation was very weak. Profitable firms were nearly as likely to plan informally as formally, and the same was true of unprofitable firms. This suggests that efforts to forge consensus among managers around rationalizations about effective behavior are unlikely to produce the benefits sought. Furthermore, Grinyer and Norburn found that profitability correlated inconsistently and meaninglessly with the degrees to which senior executives agreed about their firms ‘ objectives or about their personal responsibilities. Since such disagreements indicate that some executives have misperceived, this suggests that greater perceptual accuracy may not make effective behavior more likely.
The Accuracy of Managers ‘ Perceptions: A Dimension Missing from Theories about Firms
Authors: Salgado Susan R , Mezias John M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter looks at some evidence about the accuracy—or rather the inaccuracy—of managers‘ perceptions. With few exceptions, academic theorists assume that managers perceive accurately. Some theorists, mainly economists, even assume that managers have precisely correct expectations about future events. But managers often perceive inaccurately. They often make perception errors when they are dealing with phenomena that they run into daily in their jobs; they make larger errors and make them more often when they encounter novel phenomena. Yet academics often base studies on managers ‘ perceptions of phenomena that are unfamiliar to the managers and do not into their daily experiences. As a result, academics generate noisy data that have very different meanings for managers than for academics.
Multi-Bank Financing: What It is and is Not
Authors: Mugasha Agasha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This introductory chapter describes the different types and phases of multi- bank financing and distinguishes multi-bank financing from similar transactions. These initial remarks are completed in chapter 2, which describes who uses multi- bank financing, where, and why.
Multi-bank financing occurs when a number of banks act in concert to extend credit to a borrower. The combination of the banks is usually highly coordinated, but in some cases the banks act in loose associations that are linked only by the simultaneous extension of credit to a borrower. The two main phases of multi- bank financing are the syndicated loan and secondary loan market practices.
A Framework For Adaptive Strategy
Authors: Mulgan Geoff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are now ready to introduce the framework for strategy in public organizations.
The central task is to find ways to achieve profound purposes within the constraints of an external and internal environment. That requires any serious exercise of strategy to address:
• Why actions are taken: the purposes, needs, values, aspirations, and fears that most matter to a society, and which cannot be provided without the help of the state. These are shaped and fought over through politics and through the slow movement of culture. What the context is in which these purposes can be achieved—the possible opportunities and threats; the state of knowledge; and the capacities of institutions.
Whither Core Competency for the Large Corporation in an Open Innovation World?
Authors: Christensen Jens Frøslev 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the early 1990s, it had become broadly acknowledged that large technology-intensive companies, in order to achieve sustainable competitive advantage, should stick to their core technological competencies, exploit these in the development of critical components and product architectures within their core business areas, and pursue opportunities for diversification into technology-related product markets. In several ways this strategic ‘wisdom ‘ represented a substantial change in the mental models and practices of corporate strategy that had prevailed during the previous decades. First, it reflected a break away from the tendencies in the 1960s and 1970s towards unrelated business diversification based on portfolio thinking, particularly in the US (Porter 1987).
The Use of Intellectual Property in Software: Implications for Open Innovation
Authors: Mowery Stuart J H Graham David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sine qua non of the ‘open innovation ‘ paradigm is the use by firms of both internal and external sources of knowledge in their quest for competitive advantage in the marketplace (Chesbrough 2003a). The movement from the ‘closed ‘ to the ‘open ‘ innovation paradigm has spanned decades. Chesbrough catalogues changes in firms ‘ strategies during the 1980s and 1990s for sourcing knowledge and managing their innovation processes, with firms moving increasingly from a ‘closed ‘ to an ‘open ‘ paradigm. This shift to an ‘open ‘ paradigm encompasses change in industry structure, firm strategy, and managers ‘ perception and uses of intellectual property (IP).
The controversy over Iran’s nuclear programme
Authors: Kile Shannon N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This research report is set against the background of the international controversy over the scope and nature of Iran’s nuclear programme and Iran’s compliance with its comprehensive safeguards agreement with the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The controversy has moved to the forefront of the international debate about the future of the nuclear non-proliferation regime and its principal legal foundation, the 1968 Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (Non-Proliferation Treaty, NPT). It has centred on revelations by the IAEA that Iran failed over a period of 18 years to declare important nuclear activities, in contravention of its NPT-mandated full-scope safeguards agreement with the agency. Iran insists that its nuclear programme is aimed solely at producing electricity and that any safeguards violations were inadvertent.
Interpreting Normativity
Authors: Dickson* Julie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Interpreting the views of Hans Kelsen was one of Jim Harris’s long-standing academic interests. In a series of articles and book chapters from the early 1970s onwards, Harris developed a distinctive and sometimes critical take on several important aspects of Kelsen’s thinking. In this essay, I will focus on Harris’s interpretation and critical analysis of Kelsen’s account of the normativity of law. The search for an adequate understanding of legal normativity has generated a series of enduring puzzles for analytical jurisprudence.
Weak and Strong Conceptions of Property: An Essay in Memory of Jim Harris
Authors: Epstein* Richard A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By no stretch of the imagination would I count myself as a close friend of Jim Harris. Until May of 2003, I only knew of his work from afar. But when I came to Oxford to deliver the Hart Lecture, he graciously invited me and my wife to Keble College for lunch, where on one occasion I got the full flavour of the man. Undeterred by his blindness, he was at once courteous, lively, and insistent. He cared deeply about the field to which he made such a major contribution, and seemed primed to take on new intellectual challenges in the years to come, before his life was so tragically cut short.
Property and Ownership: Marginal Comments
Authors: * Tony Honoré 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jim Harris’s Property and Justice is a major work. Its range, coherence, and depth put it in a different class from most modern writing on these intractable topics. The comments that follow concern his treatment of property, in particular the relation of his view of property and ownership to mine. The ad hominem strategy is suggested by the way in which Harris summarizes his conclusions in the introduction to Property and Justice: [I]t will emerge that the essentials of a property institution are the twin notions of trespassory rules and the ownership spectrum.
The Morality of James Harris’s Theory of Property
Authors: Lametti* David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People everywhere invoke ‘justice’ in political and ethical controversies and in criticizing and applying the law. Against that, two and a half millennia of speculative thought have yielded no agreement about what justice is. Indeed, in addition to diametrically opposed conceptions of justice, there are those who say justice does not exist. . . . Such disagreements and scepticism about justice are familiar enough. More surprisingly, there is no consensus, and there is also scepticism, about the concept of property. All societies have property institutions of one kind or another.
Towards Principles of Overruling in a Civil Law Supreme Court
Authors: Rorive* Isabelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Professor Jim Harris dedicated a fair amount of his research to the issue of precedent in English law and in the common law system. He developed a very fine analysis of the attitude of the House of Lords towards its own precedents. His work is crucial for anybody interested in the way supreme courts are developing and changing the law on their own, with no legislative intervention whatsoever. Today, writing about judge-made law does still bring back to me the long hours spent in his room at Keble College, discussing the subtleties of overruling and distinguishing.
The Rationality of Tradition
Authors: Smith* Lionel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This Chapter is concerned with the binding power of precedent. It argues that the commitment to a particular outcome, which is represented by an official decision on the issue, rightly provides a rational basis for dispensing with any re-examination of the same issue. This rational basis is independent from, and incommensurable with, the rationality (the set of substantive reasons) underlying the original decision. The irreconcilable tension between the two modes of rationality is resolved differently in different legal systems; the common law solution is that in some situations, the rationality that favours consistency is privileged as a mandatory rule of law ( stare decisis) that disallows access to the rationality based on substantive reasons.