bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Natural and Synthetic Rubbers, Processing of
Authors: von Langenthal Wolfram , Schnetger Jochen 
Published: January 2005

AbstractLatex ProcessingLatex TestingTransportation, Storage, and In‐House Distribution of LaticesCompounding and Compounding FormulationProcessing ProcedureSolid Rubber ProcessingInternal Mixer (Kneader)Open MillPellet and Strip FeedingProduction of Sheeted and Reinforced RubberExtruded ArticlesMolded ArticlesSolutions of Rubber Compounds
Cutin from Plants
Authors: Kolattukudy Pappachan E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineOccurrence and Ultrastructure of CutinIsolation of CutinDepolymerization of CutinChemical DepolymerizationEnzymatic DepolymerizationMonomer Composition of CutinStructure of CutinBiosynthesis of CutinBiosynthesis of the C16Family of Cutin MonomersBiosynthesis of the C18Family of Cutin MonomersSynthesis of Cutin from MonomersCutin BiodegradationCutin Degradation in PlantsDegradation of Cutin by AnimalsCutin Degradation by BacteriaFungal DegradationFunction of CutinMaterial Exchange with the EnvironmentLow‐temperature AdaptationRole of Cutin in the Interaction with MicrobesCutin Required for Proper Development of Plant OrgansPotential Commercial Use for Cutin and CutinaseOutlook and PerspectivesPatents
Suberin from Plants
Authors: Kolattukudy Pappachan E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineOccurrence and Ultrastructure of SuberinIsolation of Suberized Cell WallsChemical Composition of SuberinAliphatic Components of SuberinAromatic Components of SuberinStructure of SuberinBiosynthesis of SuberinBiosynthesis of Aliphatic MonomersEnzymatic Synthesis of the Aromatic Monomers of SuberinSynthesis of the Polymer from MonomersDegradation of SuberinFunction of SuberinPotential Commercial Use for SuberinOutlook and PerspectivesPatents
Water‐soluble Aliphatic Polyesters: Poly(malic acid)s
Authors: Lee Bong‐Seop , Vert Michel , Holler Eggehard 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlinePoly(malic acid) from Natural SourcesPoly(malic acid) by Chemical SynthesisChemical StructuresOccurrencePoly(malic acid) from Natural SourcesPoly(β‐malic acid) by Chemical SynthesisFunctionsAnalysisPhysicochemical PropertiesChemistryPhysiologyBiochemistryDegradation and BiodegradationProductionApplicationsOutlook and PerspectivesPatents
Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Synthases: The Key Enzymes of PHA Synthesis
Authors: Rehm Bernd H. A. , Steinbüchel Alexander 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionTerminologyCloning Strategies for PHA Synthase GenesOrganization of PHA Synthase GenesPrimary Structures of PHA SynthasesSecondary and Quaternary Structures of PHA SynthasesIn vivoversusin vitroSubstrate Specificity of PHA SynthasesDevelopment of a Topological Model for PHA Synthases and Analysis of Site‐specific Mutants of the PHA SynthasesThe Proposed Catalytic Mechanism of PHA SynthasesFactors Determining the Molecular Weight and Composition of PHAsPHA GranulesIn vitroSynthesis of PHADiversion of Intermediates from Central Pathways to PHA BiosynthesisConclusions and OutlookAcknowledgments
Fermentative Production of SCL Polyhydroxyalkanoates (SCL‐PHAs)
Authors: Lee Sang Yup , Park Si Jae 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineProduction of SCL‐PHAs by Bacterial FermentationRalstonia eutrophaAlcaligenes latusOther BacteriaBiosynthesis and Production of PHAs by Metabolically Engineered BacteriaRecombinantE. coliRecombinantR. eutrophaEconomic Considerations in the Production of SCL‐PHAs by Bacterial FermentationOutlook and PerspectivesPatentsAcknowledgments
Biosynthesis and Fermentative Production of SCL and MCL Polyhydroxyalkanoates (SCL‐MCL‐PHAs)
Authors: Lee Sang Yup , Park Si Jae 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineGeneral Metabolic Pathways for the Synthesis of PHAsProduction of SCL‐MCL‐PHAs by Wild‐type BacteriaProduction of SCL‐MCL‐PHAs by Metabolically Engineered BacteriaBiosynthesis of MCL‐ and SCL‐MCL‐PHAs in RecombinantE. coliBiosynthesis of MCL‐PHAs and SCL‐MCL‐PHAs in RecombinantPseudomonassp.Biosynthesis of SCL‐MCL‐PHAs in RecombinantR. eutrophaOutlook and PerspectivesPatentsAcknowledgments
Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates from Activated Sludge
Authors: Satoh Hiroyasu , Mino Takashi 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionActivated Sludge ProcessesHistorical OutlineStudies on PHA in Activated SludgeMicrobial StudiesChemical Structure and its OccurrenceBiochemistry of PHA Production by Activated SludgePHA Production by PAOs under Anaerobic ConditionsPHA Production by GAOs under Anaerobic ConditionsMicrobiologic and Genetic Aspects of PHA Accumulation by Activated SludgeOutlook and PerspectivesPatents
Enzymatic Polymerization to Polyesters
Authors: Kobayashi Shiro , Uyama Hiroshi 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineRing‐opening Polymerization of Cyclic MonomersPolymerization of LactonesPolymerization of Other Cyclic MonomersCopolymerization of Cyclic MonomersSingle‐step Synthesis of End‐functionalized PolyestersPolymerization of Dicarboxylic Acid Derivatives and GlycolsPolyester Synthesis from Dicarboxylic AcidsPolyester Synthesis from Dicarboxylic Acid EstersPolyester Synthesis from Acid Anhydride DerivativesPolycarbonate Synthesis by Enzymatic PolycondensationPolycondensation of Hydroxyacid DerivativesLipase‐catalyzed Modification of PolymersRelevant PatentsOutlook and Perspectives
Intracellular Degradation of Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)
Authors: Saito Terumi , Kobayashi Teruyuki 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineIntracellular PHA DepolymeraseEndogenous Degradation of PHAIntracellular mcl‐PHA DepolymeraseIntracellular Poly(3HB) DepolymeraseIntracellulard(–)‐3‐Hydroxybutyrate Oligomer HydrolaseOther Enzymes Related to PHA Degradative Metabolismd(–)‐3‐Hydroxybutyrate DehydrogenaseAcetoacetyl‐CoA Transferase and Acetoacetyl‐CoA Synthetase3‐KetothiolaseOutlook and PerspectivesPatents
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), Structure, Composition and Solution Properties of
Authors: Yoshie Naoko , Inoue Yoshio 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineChemical Structure of PHAsChemical Composition and its Distribution among PHA CopolymersComonomer CompositionComonomer Sequence DistributionCompositional FractionationChemical Composition DistributionEffect of CCD on Crystalline Structure and Physical PropertiesCrystal Structure of PHAsCrystal Structure and Unit Cell Dimensions of Poly(3HA)sIsomorphous Behavior of SCL‐PHA CopolymersSolution Properties of PHAsSolvents of PHAsProperties in Dilute SolutionNMR Studies on Solution Properties
Physical and Processing Properties of Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) Copolymers
Authors: Satkowski Michael M. , Melik David H. , Autran Jean‐Phillipe , Green Phillip R. , Noda Isao , Schechtman Lee A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionExperimentalChemical SynthesisBiological ProductionMolecular Weight DeterminationNMRThermal AnalysisX‐ray AnalysisCrystallization KineticsMechanical AnalysisRheological MeasurementsPropertiesBreaking Down IsodimorphismIncreasing Flexibility, DuctilityCrystallization RateMelt PropertiesMelt StabilityDeformation Properties and MorphologyConclusionsAcknowledgements
Aliphatic Polyesters
Authors: Albertsson Ann‐Christine , Varma Indra K. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract

Introduction

Historical Outline

Chemical Structure

Naturally Occurring Polyesters: Shellac

Microbial Polyesters

Condensation Polyesters

Polyesters Prepared by ROP

Structural Modification by Copolymerization

Occurrence

Degradation

Applications

Outlook and Perspectives

Acknowledgements
Polylactides
Authors: Tsuji Hideto 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineSynthesis and Purification of MonomersSynthesis of PolymersHomopolymersLinear CopolymersGraft CopolymersBranched PolymersCross‐linked PolymersPolymer BlendingAdditivesFiber‐reinforced PlasticsMoldingThermal TreatmentsPore FormationHighly Ordered StructuresCrystallizationCrystal StructureMorphologyPhysical PropertiesThermal PropertiesMechanical PropertiesElectric PropertiesOptical PropertiesSurface PropertiesPermeabilitySwelling and SolubilityViscosityHydrolysisHydrolysis MechanismsEffects of Surrounding MediaEffects of Material FactorsBiodegradationApplicationsOutlook and PerspectivesPatentsAcknowledgments
Polylactic acid “LACEA”
Authors: Nobuyuki Kawashima  , Ogawa Shinji , Shoji Obuchi  , Mitsunori Matsuo  , Tadashi Yagi  
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineRaw MaterialsBiodegradabilityProduction TechnologiesRing‐opening PolymerizationDirect PolycondensationOther Polymerization ProcessesProcessing TechnologiesGeneral Physical PropertiesInjection MoldingFilm FormingSpinningBlow‐molding, Extrusion‐foaming and Expansion‐moldingBlown FilmMarketing Activities for LACEAPackaging and ContainersAgricultural and Civil Engineering MaterialsComposting MaterialsOther ApplicationsLabeling System and RegulationsChallenges to the Market Development for GreenPla and LACEAConclusionsPatents
Production of Chiral and other Valuable Compounds from Microbial Polyesters
Authors: Lee Sang Yup , Park Sang Hyun , Lee Young , Lee Seung Hwan 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical Outline(R)‐Hydroxycarboxylic AcidsProduction of (R)‐3‐Hydroxycarboxylic AcidChemical DepolymerizationBiological DepolymerizationApplications of (R)‐Hydroxycarboxylic AcidsChiral Starting Material for the Synthesis of Valuable CompoundsDioxanonesLactones, Cyclic Oligomers and DendrimerOutlook and PerspectivesPatentsAcknowledgments
Glycogen Synthesis and its Regulation in Bacteria
Authors: Preiss Jack 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionCharacterization of Bacterial Glycogen StructureThe Function of Glycogen as an Energy‐Storage CompoundEnzymatic Reactions Involved in Glycogen SynthesisProperties of the Glycogen Biosynthetic EnzymesADP‐Glucose PyrophosphorylaseBacterial Glycogen SynthaseBranching EnzymeGenetic Regulation of Glycogen Synthesis inE. coli
Bacterial Cellulose
Authors: Bielecki Stanislaw , Krystynowicz Alina , Turkiewicz Marianna , Kalinowska Halina 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineStructure of BCChemical Analysis and DetectionOccurrencePhysiological FunctionBiosynthesis of BCSynthesis of the Cellulose PrecursorCellulose SynthaseMechanism of BiosynthesisGenetic Basis of Cellulose BiosynthesisRegulation of Bacterial Cellulose SynthesisSoluble Polysaccharides Synthesized byA. xylinumRole of Endo‐ and Exocellulases Synthesized byA. xylinumBiodegradation of BCBiotechnological ProductionIsolation from Natural Sources and Improvement of BC‐producing StrainsFermentation ProductionIn vitroBiosynthesisChemo‐enzymatic SynthesisProduction Processes Expected to be Applied in the FutureRecovery and PurificationPropertiesApplicationsTechnical ApplicationsMedical ApplicationsFood ApplicationsMiscellaneous UsesPatentsOutlook and Perspectives
Succinoglycan
Authors: Stredansky Miroslav 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineChemical StructureChemical Analysis and DetectionOccurrenceBiological FunctionBiosynthesisBiosynthetic PathwayGenetic Basis of BiosynthesisRegulation of BiosynthesisBiodegradationSolution and Rheological PropertiesBiotechnological ProductionContinuous ProcessBatch and Fed‐Batch FermentationSolid‐state FermentationRecovery and PurificationPatents and Commercial ProductsApplications
Poly‐(1→4)‐β‐d‐glucuronan
Authors: Courtois Josiane , Courtois Bernard 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineChemical StructureOccurrencePhysiological FunctionChemical Analysis and DetectionChemical HydrolysisEnzymatic HydrolysisNMR StudiesBiosynthesisBiodegradationMolecular GeneticsBiotechnological ProductionFermentative ProductionSpecific Production Conditions for Specific GlucuronanChemical Routes as an Alternative?Recovery and PurificationPropertiesPhysical and Chemical PropertiesBiological PropertiesApplicationsCosmeticsAgricultureMedicinePatentsOutlook and Perspectives
Alternan
Authors: Côté Gregory L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineChemical StructureOccurrence and Physiological FunctionBiosynthesisAlternansucrase: Purification and PropertiesAlternansucrase: Reactions and Mechanism of ActionAlternansucrase: Genetics and RegulationBiodegradationBiotechnological ProductionProperties of AlternanPhysical PropertiesBiological PropertiesProduction and ApplicationsOutlook and PerspectivesPatents
Murein (Peptidoglycan)
Authors: Heidrich Christoph , Vollmer Waldemar 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineIsolation, Analysis and Structure of MureinIsolation of MureinThe Basic Chemical Structure of MureinThe Fine Structure of MureinVariability of the Species‐specific Murein CompositionThree‐dimensional Structure of MureinBiosynthesis of MureinBiosynthesis of the Murein Precursor Lipid IIMurein Synthases and HydrolasesGrowth Mechanism of the Murein SacculusRecycling of the Turnover ProductsInhibition of Murein BiosynthesisMolecular Genetics of Murein BiosynthesisExogenous Murein HydrolasesBiological Activities of MureinProductionCurrent Problems and OutlookAcknowledgments
Pullulan
Authors: Leathers Timothy D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineChemical StructurePhysiological FunctionChemical AnalysesOccurrenceBiosynthesisCulture Conditions and Cell MorphologyBiosynthetic MechanismGenetics and Molecular BiologyBiodegradationProductionProperties and ApplicationsPatentsOutlook and Perspectives
Scleroglucan
Authors: Ioannis Giavasis  , Harvey Linda M. , McNeil Brian 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineChemical StructureOccurrenceFunctionsPhysiologyEffect of TemperatureEffect of pHDissolved OxygenEffect of Aeration and AgitationEffect of Medium CompositionEffect of Other FactorsByproduct FormationBiochemistryMolecular GeneticsBiodegradationProductionProducersWorld MarketApplicationsOutlook and PerspectivesPatents
Carrageenan
Authors: van de Velde Fred , Dr. Gerhard A. De Ruiter  
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineChemical StructureGeneral DescriptionMolecular StructureOccurrencePhysiological FunctionChemical AnalysisIsolation and FractionationInfrared SpectroscopyNuclear Magnetic Resonance SpectroscopyChromatographic AnalysisBiosynthesisExtracellular BiodegradationEnzymology of DegradationGenetic Basis of DegradationProductionSeaweed HarvestingSeaweed FarmingManufacturingModified Carrageenan FunctionalitiesCurrent World MarketCompanies Producing CarrageenanPropertiesPhysical PropertiesChemical PropertiesSafetyApplicationsTechnical ApplicationsMedical ApplicationsExcipient Applications in DrugsPersonal Care and HouseholdAgricultureFood ApplicationOther ApplicationsRelevant PatentsCurrent Problems and LimitationsOutlook and Perspectives
Pectins
Authors: Ralet Marie‐Christine , Bonnin Estelle , Thibault Jean‐François 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineChemical Structure of PectinPrimary StructureOccurrence and Distribution of Pectins in Cell WallsMacromolecular FeaturesPectin CharacterizationExtractionAnalysis of Pectin ConstituentsPectin BiosynthesisMolecular GeneticsPectin DegradationChemical DegradationBiodegradation by Pectolytic EnzymesPectins and Plant Product TransformationIndustrial PectinCurrent Raw MaterialsExtraction of PectinRegulation and World MarketPectin Gelling Properties and ApplicationsHM PectinLM PectinStabilizing PropertiesOutlook and Perspectives
Starch
Authors: Tester Richard Frank , Karkalas John 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroduction and Historical PerspectiveOccurrence, Sources and ProductionMorphology and Composition of the Starch GranuleMorphologyPolysaccharidesLipidsProteinsMineralsBiosynthesis and Granule DepositionBiosynthesisGranule DepositionThe Structure of Starch GranulesMajor Features of the GranuleCrystallinityArchitecture of the GranulePhysical PropertiesMicroscopy of Starch GranulesGelatinization and SwellingRheological Properties of StarchHelical Complexes of AmyloseRetrogradation of StarchResistant StarchModification of Starch PropertiesThe Need for ModificationAnalysis of StarchEarly Methods of Determination of StarchQuantitative Enzymatic MethodsIndustrial Production of StarchGeneral PrinciplesUses of StarchHydrolysis Products of StarchIntroductionOther Products of HydrolysisUses of Hydrolyzed ProductsConcluding Remarks
Inulin
Authors: Franck Anne , De Leenheer Leen 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineChemical StructureNatural OccurrencePhysiological FunctionChemical Analysis and DetectionHigh‐performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)Gas ChromatographyHPAEC Analysis (Dionex)PermethylationQuantitative Determination of Inulin and Oligofructose in FoodQuantitative Determination of Inulin in FoodBiosynthesisSynthesis of Microbial FructanIn vitroSynthesis of FOSSynthesis of Inulin from Plant Origin (Asteraceae)BiodegradationPlant Endogenous DegradationIn vitroHydrolysis by Yeast and Mold EnzymesProductionFOS Production Starting from SucroseCommercial Inulin of Plant OriginCommercial Production of Inulin and FOSScale of ProductionPropertiesPhysical and Chemical PropertiesMaterial PropertiesBiological PropertiesFood ApplicationsNon‐food Developments and ApplicationsOutlook and PerspectivesPatentsAcknowledgements
Chitin and Chitosan from Animal Sources
Authors: Peter Martin G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineStructure of Chitin and ChitosanConformation in SolutionCrystal StructuresOccurrencePhysiological FunctionDetection of Chitin in Animals and Analysis of Chitin and ChitosanDetection of Chitin in Biological SamplesDetermination of FAMass Spectrometry of Chitin and Chitosan OligosaccharidesMacromolecular Characterization of Chitin and ChitosanBiosynthesis of Chitin in AnimalsSynthesis of Substrates for the Polymerizing EnzymeEnzymology of Chitin SynthaseGenetic Basis of Chitin SynthesisRegulation of Chitin SynthesisBiodegradationEnzymology of Chitin DegradationChitinase GenesRegulation of DegradationProduction of Chitin and ChitosanIsolation of Chitin and Chitosan from Shellfish WastePreparation of Low Molecular‐weight Chitin, Chitosan, and of ChitooligosaccharidesCurrent World Market and EconomicsCompanies Producing the PolymerProperties of Chitin and ChitosanPhysico‐chemical PropertiesMaterials Produced from Chitin or ChitosanChemistry of Chitin and ChitosanBiological PropertiesApplications of Chitin and ChitosanTechnical ApplicationsMedicine and HealthcarePharmaceutical ApplicationsCosmeticsAgricultureFoodCurrent Problems and LimitsOutlook and PerspectivesRelevant Patents for Isolation, Production and Applications of Chitin and ChitosanAcknowledgements
Proteoglycans (Glycosaminoglycans/Mucopolysaccharides)
Authors: Nakano Takuo , Dixon Walter T. , Ozimek Lech 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineChemical StructuresGAGsOligosaccharidesLinkage of GAG to Core ProteinCore ProteinsBiochemistry and PhysiologyBiosynthesisGenesDegradationNonmammalian EnzymesExtraction of ProteoglycansExtraction of GAGsIsolation of ProteoglycansCharacterization of ProteoglycanMicroscopyFunctionsApplication and ProductionOutlook and PerspectivesPatentsAcknowledgements
Ribosomal Protein Synthesis
Authors: Wintermeyer Wolfgang , Rodnina Marina V. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract

Introduction

Historical Outline

The Genetic Code

The Four Letters of the Genetic Code

Mutations

Recoding

The Translational Apparatus

Transfer RNA

Ribosomes

Translation Factors

Messenger RNA

Protein Synthesis

Initiation of Translation in Bacteria

Initiation of Translation in Eukaryotes

The Elongation Cycle

Termination

Regulation of Translation in Eukaryotes

Inhibitors, Antibiotics, and Toxins
Epsilon‐Poly‐l‐Lysine
Authors: Yoshida Toyokazu , Hiraki Jun , Nagasawa Toru 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineChemical Structure and StabilityChemical Analysis and DetectionOccurrenceFunctionsProductionApplicationsBiodegradationBiosynthesis of ɛ‐PLPossible Physiological Role of the ɛ‐PL‐degrading EnzymeMolecular GeneticsOutlook and PerspectivesPatents
Polyaspartic Acids
Authors: Joentgen Winfried , Müller Nikolaus , Mitschker Alfred , Schmidt Holger 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineChemical StructureChemical Analysis1H‐NMR Spectroscopy13C‐NMR Spectroscopy15N‐NMR SpectroscopyGel‐permeation ChromatographyIsotachophoresisDetection in Technical ApplicationsFluorescence SpectroscopyPrecipitation TitrationPolyelectrolyte TitrationBiodegradationProduction of PASPWorld Market and ApplicationsPatentsOutlook and Perspectives
Cell Membranes: Protein Components and Functions
Authors: Wimley William C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineThe Fluid Mosaic Model of Biological MembranesChemical StructuresThe Lipid Bilayer MilieuPhysical Properties of Lipid Bilayer MembranesPolypeptides in MembranesComposition and Organization of Biological MembranesGenomics and ProteomicsBiological FunctionsInformation TransferMaterial TransferTransport Against Concentration GradientsMembrane Protein EnzymesMembrane AnchorsOutlook and PerspectivesPatents
Bacterial Protein Secretion and Targeting
Authors: Driessen Arnold J.M. , van der Does Chris , Nouwen Nico 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionHistorical OutlineProtein Targeting to the TranslocaseSignal PeptidesCo‐translational Protein TargetingPost‐translational Protein TargetingConverging Targeting PathwaysTranslocase: A Multisubunit Integral Membrane Protein ComplexSecASecYSecESecGSecD, SecF, and YajCConserved Protein Translocases in Bacteria, Eukaryotes, and ArchaeaRole of Lipids in Protein TranslocationMechanism of Protein TranslocationATP‐driven TranslocationProton Motive Force‐driven TranslocationDynamics of the Protein‐conducting ChannelRegulation of Protein TranslocationOutlook and PerspectivesAcknowledgments
Cytoskeletons in Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes
Authors: Mayer Frank 
Published: January 2005

Abstract

Introduction

Historical Outline

Principles of the Architecture of Cytoskeletons at the Cellular Level

Cytoskeletons in Eukaryotes: Their Constituents, Dynamic Properties and Interactions

Microtubules

Microfilaments

Intermediate Filaments

Cytoskeletons in Prokaryotes

Cytological Aspects

Cytoskeletal Elements with Specific Functions, and their Polypeptides

A “Basic” Cytoskeleton?

Molecular Characteristics of Cytoskeletal Polypeptides, and Comparison between Cytoskeletal Polypeptides of Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes Molecular Characteristics of Cytoskeletal Polypeptides

Aspects of Evolution of Cytoskeletal Polypeptides

Patents

Outlook and Perspectives
Proteasomes: Molecular Machines for Protein Degradation
Authors: Witt Susanne , Baumeister Wolfgang 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroduction: Controlling Intracellular ProteolysisHistorical OutlineOccurrence and Subunit Composition of 20S ProteasomesStructural Features of the 20S ProteasomeCatalytic Mechanism of the 20S ProteasomeProcessing and Assembly of 20S ProteasomesSize Distribution of 20S Proteasome ProductsThe 19S Regulatory ComplexSubcomplexes and Subunits of the 19S RegulatorThe PA28 ActivatorOutlook and Perspectives
Modifications of Proteins and Poly(amino acids) by Enzymatic and Chemical Methods
Authors: Ohkawa Kousaku , Yamamoto Hiroyuki 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntroductionNaturally Occurring Cross‐linked MaterialsKeratin, Collagen, and ElastinStructural Proteins in Invertebrate BodiesIsopeptide Cross‐linking of Cellular ProteinsEnzymes Involved in the Protein Cross‐linksLysyl OxidaseTyrosinaseTransglutaminaseChemical Cross‐linkingBifunctional Cross‐linking ReagentsOxidantsPhoto‐Induced Cross‐linking – Photodimerization of Polypeptide Side ChainNoncovalent Cross‐linking – Electrostatic Force InteractionMaterial Science of Cross‐linked Proteins and Poly(amino acids)Cross‐linked HydrogelsPolyion Complex Material FormulationsMedical AdhesivesOutlook and PerspectivesAcknowledgments