bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Choices of Antiepileptic Drugs Based on Speciﬁc Epilepsy Syndromes and Seizure Types
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many patients, several agents are good choices with regard to efﬁcacy. However, for the generalized epilepsies, valproate may have the greatest efﬁcacy. Valproate has superior efﬁcacy in regard to seizure control in comparison to topiramate, and topiramate is better than lamotrigine. In respect to side effects and tolerability, lamotrigine is better than valproate and valproate is better than topiramate. In regard to time to treatment failure (considering both efﬁcacy and tolerability), valproate is the most effective drug and lamotrigine is better than topiramate in idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGE) (Marson et al., 2007). Ethosuximide is efﬁcacious for absences but has no or minimal effect on generalized tonicclonic seizures (GTCS).
Antiepileptic Drugs in Patients With Renal Disease
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The use of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in the presence of renal insufﬁciency is associated with an increased risk of adverse effects. Knowledge of the mechanisms of elimination of these drugs is crucial when selecting an AED in epilepsy patients with renal impairment (Kuo et al., 2002; Lacerda et al., 2006; Drug Facts and Comparisons, 2007; RxList, n.d.). Drugs that are cleared by the kidneys have different pharmacokinetic properties in the presence of renal failure, and intermittent dialysis can cause signiﬁcant swings in serum levels, depending on serum levels.
Antiepileptic Drugs in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Selection of the appropriate antiepileptic therapy should be guided by the recognition that some patients have multiple comorbidities and receive multiple medications. Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) may have various adverse or beneﬁcial effects in patients with diabetes mellitus. Acetazolamide has rarely caused severe metabolic acidosis in patients with diabetes mellitus (Zaidi and Kinnear, 2004). Diabetic patients should be monitored for a loss of blood glucose control and electrolyte
Antiepileptic Drugs in Patients With HIV Infection/AIDS
Authors: Asadi-Pooya Ali A , Sperling Michael R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Infection with the human immunodeﬁciency virus (HIV) is associated both with infections of the central nervous system and with neurological deﬁcits due to direct effects of the neurotropic virus. The incidence of seizures may be as high as 11% in HIV-infected patients (Liedtke et al., 2004; Kellinghaus et al., 2007). The combination regimens used to treat HIV infection often include substrates, inducers, and inhibitors of several cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes. Complex interactions may occur when some antiepileptic drugs are administered to patients receiving treatment for HIV infection. The choice of an appropriate antiepileptic drug (AED) can therefore be challenging. For example, phenytoin, carbamazepine, and valproic acid have complex drug-drug or drug-disease interactions and are suboptimal in these patients.
Investing to Express Your Values: A Natural Idea
Authors: Landier Augustin , Nair Vinay B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The article is about a raid by Indian police on a sweatshop in the back streets of New Delhi. Ten-year-old children worked there, making hand-sewn clothes in inhumane conditions. While such child labor situations exist all over the developing world—including India—the news media have latched onto this story because the clothes are being made for a large retailer with a globally recognized brand—Gap Inc.
Profits or Values?
Authors: Landier Augustin , Nair Vinay B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Are you sure?” asked Anthony, a professional financial advisor hired by a young firm to advise its employees on their pension allocations. The firm had grown rapidly and was well on their way to an initial public offering in the stock market. In antici-pation of this watershed event, the firm had set up a pension plan. With Anthony’s help, the employees were to decide where to invest. As he usually did, Anthony used the meeting to gauge risk characteristics of different employees. He asked them about how they saw themselves living in five years, and in 15 years.
Extremism Why and When
Authors: Sunstein Cass R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, my major goal is to answer two questions: Why do like-minded people go to extremes? And when do they do so? As we shall see, the answers to those questions bear on an exceedingly wide range of social puzzles, including the immense power of authorities, the nature of “evil,” the idea of groupthink, and social cascades, by which large groups of people move in new directions in terms of their investments, their political choices, and even their religious convictions. The most important reason for group polarization, and a key to extremism in all its forms, involves the exchange of new information. Group polarization often occurs because people are telling one another what they know, and what they know is skewed in a predictable direction. When they listen to each other, they move.
The War on al Qaeda and the Military Order of November 1 2
Authors: Sulmasy Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The days, weeks and months immediately following the attacks of / were the most tense moments I have experienced in my life. This is true, I presume, for most of my generation. It was, as many have stated, “a second Pearl Harbor.” In particular, New York City and Washington, D.C., both places I was in and out of routinely before and after / , were extremely tense. We seemed semper paratus—the United States was prepared to respond to anticipated additional attacks from al Qaeda—and we expected an attack every moment of every day in that fall and early winter of Like many Americans, I felt that the attacks were personal to me. I was born in New York City and still have many relatives there, my two older brothers in particular. One was living with his wife and two children in Battery Park City and one was living in the Franciscan Friary at Street. They both were impacted emotionally, spiritually, and person- ally by the events of that day. In fact, my brother and his wife were at the bottom of the Trade Center when the first plane hit the Twin Towers. They watched in horror as people they knew, and worked with, were killed, some of them jumping from the ninetieth floor to their deaths. Like so many Americans, they vowed never to forget that day.
American Legend, American Shrine
Authors: Desjardin Thomas A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Joshua Chamberlain looked out upon the surviving veterans of the regiment that he had commanded to an unlikely victory on Vincent’s Spur thirty-five years earlier, he struggled to put into words the meaning of the event that had so greatly transformed his life, and the lives of many of his men. His foresight was remarkable. The world has continued to record the events on the spur to an extent beyond what the veterans themselves wrote and, as he foretold, the centuries have recognized the events with growing gratitude and importance. Such is the place that the Civil War, and Gettysburg in particular, has grown to occupy in the American psyche. Carefully examined, the spur is a worthless piece of land. Two hundred feet in diameter, it is little more than a pile of loose rocks and large boulders of no monetary or agricultural value whatsoever. Neither cows nor sheep could or would graze on the stony slopes, trees do not grow straight, tall, or plentifully in its shallow soil, and it yields neither water nor minerals. Yet despite its uselessness, it has become a national shrine, attracting as many as a million visitors each year.
Responsible Citizenship
Authors: Zakaras Alex 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For over half a century now, social scientists have described American citizens as politically ignorant, apathetic, and self-involved. Consider this familiar litany of empirical findings: with occasional exceptions, voter turnout is low or declining; the average voter’s knowledge of public affairs is flimsy and her judgments vulnerable to “framing” and propaganda; public opinion is unstable and irrational, subject to voters’ variable moods and prejudices, or to the perennial instabilities of aggregation procedures. Readers unfamiliar with the past six decades of research on the American voter are invariably astonished by its pessimism.
Since Joseph Schumpeter’s influential writing in the 1940s, political scientists have used such research to puncture common assumptions about democracy. Democracy is, after all, thought to be government by the people. It is commonly thought to require, at the very least, that citizens be able to form judicious political judgments and be willing to sustain an interest in public affairs. If these requirements turn out to be impossible to fulfill, democracy itself loses much of its appeal. As an ideal, it becomes suddenly unattractive, for it recommends the political empowerment of a group of people terminally unfit for government. As a description, it seems simply wrong, a pleasant veneer that conceals the “iron law” of oligarchy: in modern democracy, as in every other society, elites rule and everyone else follows.
The Active Mind
Authors: Zakaras Alex 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Toward the end of the last chapter, I argued that domination threatens individuality. Anyone who endures the (nearly) unlimited power of another—be it a husband, an “oriental despot,” or a popular majority—is robbed of the capacity for self-authorship. I argued that this theft can take several forms: the powerless can be coerced outright or intimidated into conformity and obedience, or they can constrain themselves out of fear. Worse still, they can be socialized and manipulated into welcoming the conditions of their subjection. A well-designed democracy is, for Mill, a means of limiting and dividing power and thereby emancipating individuals from these several forms of domination.
I also suggested, however, that individuality was something more than an ideal of equality or non-domination. It has other, more positive elements. Conformity, though sometimes a consequence of domination, is, in other cases, simply a matter of habit or comfort. In fact, Mill holds that it is the human intellect’s natural point of repose. To succeed in living deliberately is to succeed, therefore, in overcoming some of the habits of mind that come easiest. In this chapter, I explore Mill’s account of the demands that individuality places on individuals. I focus especially on Mill’s conception of the “active mind,” which he thinks an integral part of individuality.
Individuality and Civic Virtue
Authors: Zakaras Alex 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two hundred years after his birth, John Stuart Mill’s interpreters still disagree about the extent of his commitment to democracy. Many maintain that he was a reluctant democrat, working subtly to insulate government from the vicissitudes of public opinion. These critics usually hold that Mill was, above all, a liberal who believed that personal liberties would always be too important to entrust fully to the demos. Others disagree sharply, insisting that Mill was a radical democrat, even by twenty-first-century standards, and that his ambition to justify broad new avenues for public participation was restrained only by his belief that the British public was not yet completely prepared (but would eventually be) for the fullest self-government.
Recent scholarship has strengthened this latter reading by clarifying the breadth of Mill’s participatory ideal: Mill wanted citizens to participate not only in national elections, not only in regular “conferences” between elected representatives and their constituents, but also in local government and adjudication, in volunteer militias and worker-owned cooperatives.
How the Copyright Wars Are Being Fought and Why
Authors: Patry William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Words matter. We use particular words because we want to convince others of our viewpoint. When the topic is copyright law, however, language is rarely employed to persuade, and most often to demonize. The intensity of the debates over copyright has reached the point where the term the “Copyright Wars” need not be explained; it is now part of our common cultural language. The term originated with those who regard enforcement actions by corporate copyright owners as an assault on consumers. One of those corporate copyright owners, Warner Music Group CEO Edgar Bronfman, Jr., acknowledged the aptness of the phrase in a 2007 speech, agreeing that the recording industry had “gone to war with consumers by denying them what they wanted and could otherwise find; as a result of course, consumers won.”2 What consumers supposedly won is unclear: in 2007, Mr. Bronfman’s and other record labels (through the Recording Industry Association of America) were still in the midst of suing tens of thousands of individuals.
The Role of Metaphors in Understanding
Authors: Patry William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding one thing by associating it with another is integral to the way we learn. When we ask how a food we haven’t tried tastes, the answer is usually, “It tastes like …”1 These type of comparisons draw their power from the accuracy of the perceived similarities, even in the presence of dissimilarities: If we say pheasant tastes like chicken, we also know that a pheasant isn’t a chicken and won’t taste exactly like one either. But we do expect that pheasant will share certain taste characteristics with chicken but not with other meat, say beef.2
Metaphors and the Law
Authors: Patry William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The reputation of metaphors in the legal literature is mixed: Some judges delight in their usage. British jurist Lord Hoffman wrote in Designers Guild Ltd. v. Russell Williams (Textiles) Ltd.: “Copyright law protects foxes better than hedgehogs.”1 Judge Fysh later praised this metaphor with his own metaphor, describing Lord Hoffman’s remarks as a “sibylline observation.” (Scholars, less generously, have termed the observation “enigmatic.”3)
The Mythical Origins of Copyright and Three Favorite Copyright Metaphors
Authors: Patry William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the constitutional basis for copyright in the United States as rooted in the objective of promoting learning, there are a number of different origin theories advanced for why we have copyright. No theory, however, commands majority agreement. The lack of an agreed-on foundational theory justifying copyright is a considerable embarrassment for advocates of such extra-constitutional theories. As Joanne Wright observed, origin stories are “narratives that do more than simply uncover beginnings; they authorize implicitly particular solutions.”3 Like historical writing, origin stories are an effort to influence the present and not to objectively unearth the past. In the case of copyright, Majid Yar asserts:
Property as Social Relationships
Authors: Patry William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ben Franklin’s view was that “Private Property … is a Creature of Society, and is subject to the Calls of that Society, whenever its Necessities shall require it, even to the last Farthing.”1 Another Founding Father, Thomas Jefferson, wrote in 1813: “Stable ownership is the gift of social law, and is given late in the progress of society.”2 Jeremy Bentham wrote at about the same time as Jefferson, “there is no such thing as natural property[;] [property] is entirely the work of law Property and law are born together, and die
Why Classifying Copyright as Property Is Important in the Copyright Wars
Authors: Patry William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter we explored the concept of property as social relations, rather than as dominion over things. At issue is not whether social relationships are the essence of property—they clearly are—but why are the interests of one social group favored over another? What social objective is being furthered by the decision to privilege one particular group? Also not at issue is whether to regulate, because all property constitutes regulation; the issue is “what kind of property system to create in the first place.”1 Property and regulation are not “mortal enemies. In fact, private property cannot exist without regulation.”2
Moral Panics, Folk Devils, and Fear as a Tactical Weapon
Authors: Patry William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The power of the concepts “thief” and “trespasser” is traceable to the fundamental negative associations they invoke. Thieves and trespassers are usually metaphoric, fictive creations (outside of course, people who actually do steal your wallet or enter your land without your permission and refuse to leave).They are also examples of moral panics. Moral panics in copyright are the flip side of the initial classification of copyright as property. The appellation thief or trespasser is meaningless without an owner of property from whom one can steal or commit trespass. In Daniel Defoe’s famous novel, did the cannibals care a hoot about Robinson Crusoe’s fenced-in habitation and cave? Hardly; to them, he was food, and if they had eaten him, they would not have taken over his created space; nor would it have prevented Crusoe from becoming an entrée if he had claimed a fee simple absolute over his living quarters and refused entry to the cannibals as trespassers. What good, then, is it to say you own property if there are no thieves or trespassers to do battle with? Copyright owners claiming status as property owners need to create conflict with others to create their status; the classical way in which such conflict is created is through moral panics.
Rethinking The Public In Lawyers’ Public Service: Strategic Philanthropy And The Bottom Line
Authors: Rhode Deborah L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In principle, the bar’s commitment to provide unpaid service “pro bono publico” implies concern for the public good. But in practice, pro bono has never been only about what is good for the public. It has also been about what is good for lawyers: what will enhance their reputation, experience, contacts, and relationships? Such concerns are not, of course, unique to this charitable context. And whether they matter is part of a longstanding debate about the meaning of altruism. Some branches of philosophy and economics deny the possibility of wholly disinterested behavior (Andreoni 1990: 1; Batson 1991:6; Cialdini et al. 1987:756; Loder 2001:467; Lerner 1982; Katz 2000:14). Their assumption is that all reasoned action is motivated by some self-interest: after all, why else would someone act? (Batson 1991:3–4; Mueller 1979:4; Gauthier 1986:1–20). On this view, when people attempt to benefit another, it is because they derive personal satisfaction from doing so. And from a societal standpoint, it scarcely matters. To borrow the philosopher Bernard Williams’s (1972:66) example, when a man gives money to famine relief, why should we care whether his motive is to enhance his standing with the Rotary Club? So too, what difference does it make if law firms volunteer time on civil rights cases less out of concern for social justice than out of a desire to improve their recruitment, reputation, training, and rankings in The American Lawyer? The point is to get their contributions.
Venezuela
Authors: Malumian Nicolas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Venezuela, trusts are regulated by the Trust Act (Ley de Fideicomiso), whose entrance into force dates back to 1956 (Extraordinary Official Gazette No. 496 of August 17, 1956), but it has not been actively used until more recently. In fact in 1999, Turuhpial Cariello expressed that “the trust is one of the few bank contracts fully regulated in detail by our law, notwithstanding it is still practically unknown. If when lecturing I forget to say that the Trust Law that my students must purchase for the course dates back to 1956, many of them come back the following class without purchasing the law because they think that the bookseller tried to sell them an old and abrogated law.” Nevertheless, the same author explained that the situation described was changing: “[T]he financial institutions realized the exceptional flexibility of the trust for fulfilling private and social benefit purposes.” He also said that he envisioned a development of the trust for family needs, the development of the public sector trust for public works and services, and as collective schemes of investment. The author was right, as currently public sector trusts and so-called “social benefits trusts” (which will be addressed in detail at the end of this chapter), among others, are intensively used.
When WordStar Was King
Authors: Baron Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing on clay was not the last word technology to drop off the screen. The market for parchment dried up in the late Middle Ages, and while papyrus continues to be sold as a souvenir in Egypt (Roemer 2007), paper has become the universal medium of choice for writing on soft and pliant surfaces, though thanks to computers those surfaces have become “hard copy.” Typewriters are quickly moving toward extinction, though they’re not dead yet. Although the machines have become increasingly rare in the United States, typewriters are still manufactured and sold around the world. But it is hardly a stretch to claim that sooner rather than later the people who are still typing will join the digital age and retire their machines in favor of the computer.
Writing on Screen
Authors: Baron Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Are email, texting and instant messages destroying the English language, killing the art of conversation, and rupturing social relationships? How can I use email, texting, and IM to enhance my communications skills, cement business and personal relationships, and increase profitability, while at the same time protecting my privacy? The first question is often raised by alarmists who don’t trust digital texts and are anxious to find something wrong with the new technologies of com- munication, and its answer seems to be “No.” English survives, conversation thrives online as well as off, and on balance, digital communication seems to be enhancing human interaction, not detracting from it. The second ques- tion is more likely to be asked by those who want to trust the new media and are anxious to learn how it might be useful for them, while making sure these new ways of doing things with words won’t blow up in their faces. The answers to the second question are too complex to be rendered in a sound bite. But as we see in the chapters that follow, both questions reveal a lot about how digital communications are changing our lives and how we’re responding to those changes.
Trial and Punishment For Battlefield Misconduct
Authors: Corn Geoffrey S , Jensen Eric T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The terms war crime and terrorism share common connections: they both refer to the unjustified infliction of suffering, they both connote the victimization of the innocent, and they both trigger criminal sanction. But these two terms also differ in certain legally substantial ways. Perhaps the most important difference is the source of law that operates to condemn these crimes. War crimes are quintessential international law violations—crimes that are defined by international law and subject to criminal sanction either through international tribunals or domestic tribunals invoking the substance of international law. Terrorism, in contrast, although ostensibly universally condemned, is primarily the subject of domestic law, subject to criminal sanction as the result of domestic criminal prohibition.