bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns of origin and distribution of the major bronchial arteries in man
Authors: Liebow Averill A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn 50 lungs prepared as casts, the most common pattern of arrangement of the bronchial arteries, occurring in 30% of all lungs, was that of two posterior bronchial trunks to each side; next in frequency was the pattern of two trunks to the left and one to the right lung. In more than three‐fourths of all cases there were not more than two bronchial arteries on each side. In two‐thirds of the specimens various bronchial arteries arose both directly from the aorta and indirectly from an intercosto‐bronchial trunk. At least one intercosto‐bronchial trunk was present in 37 of the 50 specimens. All such trunks, even those supplying the left lung, took origin from the right side of the aorta, almost always from the first or second posterior segmental aortic branches, i.e., at the level of the fifth or sixth thoracic vertebra. Almost all intercosto‐bronchial trunks yielded a right bronchial artery. Approximately 84% of the left bronchial arteries sprang directly from the aorta. In 22% a single trunk was the source of all bronchial arteries to both lungs, and in 14% this trunk arose directly from the aorta. In 84% also there was at least one bronchial artery that supplied bronchi of both lungs.Arteries arising high on the anterior or right lateral surface of the aorta were found in more than one‐half of the casts, more than three times as frequently as in previously reported dissections.
The distribution within the brain of ferritin injected into cerebrospinal fluid compartments. II. Parenchymal distribution
Authors: Brightman Milton W. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe electron lucent channels, about 200 Å‐wide, between the plasma‐lemmas of adjacent cell processes within the brain are true pericellular spaces along which ferritin molecules can move. The micelles, visualized electronmicroscopically, move through the spaces until they encounter an interglial fusion or its myelin counterpart. The interspace between glial processes is abruptly sealed by these inter‐membranous fusions or occasionally distended by a dense filler capable of trapping ferritin. The cerebral interspace is thus highly variable in width and content.Molecules initially enter the interspace by passing across the basement membrane of the glial border fronting the subarachnoid space whence they are pinocytosed by the underlying glial processes and, at the subarachnoid border of the anterior medullary velum, by also passing directly between adjacent ependymal extensions. Once having entered the parenchymal interspace, micelles can be pinocytosed by neuronal somata and processes and, to a greater degree, by glial fibers. Pinocytosis by the thicker rather than the attenuated portions of glial fibers suggests that the plasmalemmas on the opposite sides of a process must be separated by a critical distance before pinocytotic indentations can be formed. The thinner portions thus offer greater barriers to the movement of micelles than do thicker regions.
A histochemical study of testosterone‐induced changes in the submandibular and sublingual gland of mice
Authors: Kronman Joseph H. , Spinale Joseph J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractPrior studies have established a definite interrelationship between the salivary glands and the endocrine system. This study was designed to histochemically characterize testosterone‐induced changes in the submandibular and the sublingual glands of male and female Ajax strain mice. In addition to morphologic stains, histochemical procedures included the demonstration of tryptophan, tyrosine, and sulfhydryl groups. Alcian blue, PAS, and toluidine blue staining was also employed. The Gomori and azo dye coupling procedures were both utilized for the demonstration of alkaline phosphatase.
Immunohistological and histochemical localization of relaxin in the metrial gland of the pregnant rat
Authors: Dallenbach‐Hellweg G. , Battista J. V. , Dallenbach F. D. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe presence of relaxin in uteri, placentae, and ovaries of pregnant rats was studied immunohistologically with fluorescein labeled anti‐relaxin serum and confirmed by histological and histochemical techniques.In sections of uteri from day 12 of pregnancy stained with these antisera, the cytoplasm of the granular cells of the mesometrial decidua gave off a yellow‐green fluorescence indicating antirelaxin binding. On day 15, 17 and 19, the granular cells of the metrial gland and occasional lakes in near‐by vascular lumina fluoresced. No other specific fluorescence was evident in the uteri or placentae. The fluorescent regions of these cells corresponded exactly with the cytoplasmic aggregates of granules in the metrial gland and mesometrial decidua. Histochemical studies of these granules which bound with antirelaxin, revealed a chemical composition congruent with that known for relaxin, and with that of the relaxin‐containing granules of human decidual and placental cells. The dissolution of connective tissue fibers, believed to be a main function of relaxin, was observed in the last days of pregnancy within the metrial gland, especially where it borders the mesometrial decidua. These results correlate well with Schaub's discovery of a collagen‐degrading substance in the metrial gland. Other actions of relaxin may be explained as secondary to the primary effect of dissolution of collagen. The relaxin‐containing cells in the human and in the rat differ only in their localization in the tissue which depends on their phylogenetic adaptation to different placentational needs. The metrial gland cells of the pregnant rat correspond in their function to the basal trophoblastic cells of the human term placenta. The non‐menstruating rat has no counterpart for the endometrial granulocytes, but the granular cells in the mesometrial decidua adjacent to the site of implantation correspond to the endometrial granular cells surrounding the implantation site in the human; it is suggested their collagen dissolving action facilitates implantation.
The fine structure of nerve endings in the nucleus of the trapezoid body and the ventral cochlear nucleus
Authors: Lenn Nicholas J. , Reese T. S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractLarge, calyciform axonal endings, as well as typical terminal boutons, have been previously described in the ventral cochlear nucleus and the nucleus of the trapezoid body by light microscopists. In the present study, these endings were examined with the electron microscope in chinchillas, rats, and a cat after perfusion fixation with osmium tetroxide. The calyces were found to consist of elongated processes arising from myelinated axons and making multiple synaptic contacts with perikarya and dendrites. This finding suggests that an important property of calyces is the large amount of synaptic activity that they can bring to bear on a single post‐synaptic structure. Adjacent to the calyciform endings were variable numbers of boutons that made synaptic contacts with the same perikarya and dendrites. The majority of boutons contained smaller synaptic vesicles than those present in the calyces, implying both anatomical and functional differences between these two types of ending. It is suggested that many of these boutons in the ventral cochlear nucleus are endings of centrifugal, inhibitory fibers described by previous workers.
The effects of high fluoride diets on developing enamel and dentin in the incisors of rats
Authors: Yaeger James A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThree groups of ten rats each were placed on diets containing 0.025, 0.05, and 0.1% sodium fluoride, and killed in pairs at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 weeks. Their maxillary incisors were embedded in methacrylate, transverse and longitudinal sections were cut, and microradiographs prepared. A few teeth were demineralized, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned transversely. These demineralized sections were stained with histochemical methods for polysaccharide‐protein complexes.In the dentin, four abnormalities were commonly seen; striations, hypoplastic defects, hypomineralized interglobular spaces, and gross deformations of the external outline of the dentin. The number and severity of these abnormalities increased with increasing fluoride levels in the diets, and with increasing time on the diets. Both hypo‐ and hypermineralized striations were seen in the microradiographs. The previously hypomineralized layers and interglobular spaces stained weakly for polysaccharide‐protein complexes in the demineralized sections.In the enamel, a hypermineralized surface layer covered a diffuse zone in which mineralization was inhibited. Hypoplastic defects were also common.In the description of the effects of fluoride, these abnormalities form part of a continuum of changes from the histologically distinct and well characterized responses to injected fluoride, to the subtle changes seen in human chronic endemic dental fluorosis.
The effect of relaxin on the endometrium of monkeys histological and histochemical studies
Authors: Dallenbach‐Hellweg G. , Dawson A. B. , Hisaw F. L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractCastrated or juvenile monkeys were given estrogen, progesterone and relaxin in various doses and combinations. Relaxin induced: (1) a dilatation of the superficial endometrial blood vessels and proliferation of their endothelial cells; this effect may be regarded as due to relaxin alone; (2) an intensified differentiation of the endometrial stroma cells into predecidual cells and granulocytes, dependent on estrogen priming and the simultaneous injection of progesterone; (3) a periarteriolar mantle‐like accumulation of granulocytes in the basal endometrium dependent on the above pretreatment; (4) a degranulation of the granulocytes and hypersegmentation of their nuclei following prolonged administration of relaxin with estrogen and progesterone. Morphologically and histochemically the granulocytes of the monkey are almost identical with those of the human uterus and with the granular cells in the decidua and mesometrial gland of the pregnant rat. Immunohistologically relaxin has been demonstrated in the granulocytes of man and rat. The changes in the arterioles brought about by exogenous relaxin occur under physiological conditions only with the increased formation of endogenous relaxin during early pregnancy. They have been described in the immediate vicinity of ovum implantation in man, monkey, and rat. Their function possibly lies in the preparation of blood spaces for nutrition of the young embryo.
Morphology of the cells of normal, testosterone‐deprived and testosterone‐stimulated levator ani muscles
Authors: Venable John H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe atrophy of the levator ani following castration of an adult mouse or rat results from the dissolution of the myofilaments from myofibrils and eventual loss of two‐thirds of the sarcoplasm. Within 45 days the atrophy ceases. The morphology of the now smaller muscle fibers is indistinguishable from those from intact males. Treatment of the stable neuter with testosterone produces rapid enlargement of the muscle fibers, but neglegible changes in the morphological patterns of the sarcoplasm. Observations indicate that new myofilaments form in register along the myofibrils, the enlarging myofibrils being divided to maintain a diameter between 0.5 and 1.5 μ. The cytology of each of the five cell types common to the primary bundles is described. Satellite cells of the muscle fibers are a consistent component, but do not contribute to the processes of atrophy or hypertrophy.
Properties of body segments based on size and weight
Authors: Dempster Wilfrid Taylor , Gaughran George R. L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractValues are presented for body constants based on a study of nine male white cadavers of normal appearance and average build. The limb data are supplemented by a further analysis of 11 upper and 41 lower limbs. Techniques used in the study form standard procedures that can be duplicated by subsequent workers. Each cadaver was measured, weighed, and somatotyped. Joints were placed in the midposition of the movement range and the body was frozen rigid. Joint angles were bisected in a systematic dismemberment procedure to produce unit segments. These segment lengths were weighed, measured for linear link dimensions, and analysed for segment volumes. The segment centers of mass were located relative to link end points as well as in relation to anatomical landmarks. Finally, each segment was dissected into its component parts and these were weighed. The specific gravity of each body part was calculated separately. Data are expressed in mean values together with standard deviations and, where available, are correlated and evaluated with other values in the literature.
Differences and relationships between the physical properties and the microscopic structure of human femoral, tibial and fibular cortical bone
Authors: Evans F. Gaynor , Bang Seong 
Published: February 2005

AbstractCoefficients of correlation between certain physical properties and the histological components of the break area were calculated on an IBM 7090 computer for 56 femoral, 79 tibial and 37 fibular specimens of embalmed cortical bone of standardized size and shape. Strong positive correlations (0.01–0.02 significance level) were found between tensile strength and the percentage of interstitial lamellae in the break area; between hardness and the number of osteons/mm2; and between hardness and the percentage of osteons in the break area. Equally high negative correlations were found between tensile strength and percentage of osteons in the break area; between shearing strength and average area/osteon remnant; between elastic modulus and percentage of spaces in the break area; and an even higher correlation (0.001) between hardness and percentage of spaces in the break area. Negative correlations (at slightly more than 0.05 significance level) were found between shearing strength and modulus and average area/osteon. Osteons tend to reduce the tensile strength and elastic modulus of bone while interstitial lamellae tend to increase them. The probable reason is the relatively greater amount of cement lines, which are sites of weakness where failure can occur, in Haversian bone as compared with lamellar bone. The predominant orientation of collagen fibers and the amount and distribution of calcium may also be involved. These factors are now being investigated.
The mechanism of spermiation in the toad
Authors: Burgos M. H. , Vitale‐Calpe R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe present paper is the first demonstration, at the ultrastructural level, of the mechanism of sperm release from the Sertoli cells. The main target of the immediate effect of LH is the cytoplasm of the Sertoli cells.Three main stages are recognized in the cellular response: (1) swelling of the endoplasmic reticulum, (2) swelling of the apical cytoplasm, (3) the apical detachment.The preservation of the nucleated basal portion of the Sertoli cells after the stage of apical detachment is assured by a mechanism of protective overlapping of residual membranes.It has also been shown that LH is able to increase water and sodium content in the toad testis. It is postulated that water enters after the injection of the LH into the channels of the endoplasmic reticulum, then the water moves into the apical cytoplasm attracted by hydrophilic products derived from enzymatic splitting of cytoplasmic mucoproteins. Finally water passes into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules simultaneously with cell debris and the liberated spermatozoa. The lysosomes present in the cytoplasm of the Sertoli cell in this mucolytic action may be involved.
An electron‐ and light‐microscope study of sinus structure in perfused rabbit and dog spleens
Authors: Thomas Carolyn Eyster 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe removal of blood cells by low‐pressure perfusion produced well‐delineated views of the sinus wall in rabbit and dog spleens. The sinus wall contained three elements: an inner layer of sinus cells, an intermediate layer of basement membrane, and an outer layer of cord‐limiting cells. Sinus and cord‐limiting cells, apparently similar to each other in cytoplasmic detail, appeared to be reticular cells that possessed only a limited capacity for phagocytosis of gold particles. Apertures in the sinus wall enabled blood cells to pass through the wall. Many apertures in perfused spleen contained no cells and yet remained patent. Sinus cells often were contiguous and commonly did not alternate with apertures. However, sinus‐cell interdigitation was slight, and evidence for tight junctions and desmosomes between sinus cells was inconclusive.
The effects of multiple pregnancies and age on the elastic tissue of uterine arteries in the guinea pig
Authors: Albert Ernest N. , Bhussry B. R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMesometrial arteries and representative areas of the uterus were obtained from young and old postpartum guinea pigs. The tissues were fixed in Bouin's solution and then stained with Taenzer's Orcein and Verhoeff's elastic stains. Picro‐indigo‐carmine and Van Gieson were used as counterstains.It was found that the distribution of elastic tissue and the number of elastic and muscle layers in the arterial walls in general reflected the number of pregnancies the animal had had. This was found to be reliable only up to three pregnancies, after which the animals could be referred to only as being multiparous. There appeared to be a continuous increase in the amount of elastin in the blood vessels with each successive pregnancy. Further, aged animals showed more elastin in their vessels than younger ones of comparable parity. The formation of the new internal elastic membrane appeared to be delayed in older females.Our observations suggest that there might be a decrease in the postpartum resorption of elastin as a result of successive pregnancies and aging. They also suggest that the delay in the formation of the new internal elastic membrane in older postpartum females is probably due to aging.
Movement of palatine shelves in untreated and teratogen‐treated mouse embryos
Authors: Ross Lawrence M. , Walker Bruce E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMovement of palatine shelves in living mouse embryos after tongue displacement was evaluated by direct observation and by re‐examination of the shelves after freezing or submersion in fixative. Effect on shelf function of suspending the embryos in saline or plasma was compared with manipulations in air. Measurements were made of head dimensions and residual space between the palatine shelves in embryos fixed in the cornua or after experimental manipulation. All methods of evaluating palatine shelf behavior indicated movement toward the midline by the anterior portions of the shelves after tongue displacement. Experiments with complete detachment of the tongue demonstrated that the tongue contributes to the flattening of the shelves into a horizontal plane by exerting pressure from below.The same techniques applied to embryos treated with cortisone, vitamin A and x‐ray demonstrated reduced movement of palatine shelves toward the midline when compared with untreated embryos. The reduction was greatest with x‐irradiation and least with hypervitaminosis A.
Notes on the development of the lung in infancy and early childhood
Authors: Boyden Edward A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis account is based upon graphic reconstructions and wax models of the lungs of an infant five and one‐half months of age and of a child 3.7 years old; also upon plastic injections of a 10‐month lung and upon modelled serial sections of the bronchioles in a child six and two‐thirds years of age.In passing from the second postnatal month to the sixth month the general pattern of a terminal bronchiole and its branches seems not to have changed. However, angulation of the crowded alveolar ducts becomes visible in the tenth month and may have produced small accessory saccules at such angles.Sometime before the fourth year numerous alveoli of a new type have appeared, designated here as ductular alveoli, since they arise as invaginations of bronchiolar diverticula lined originally by columnar epithelium. These become the “spherical alveoli” of the adult and transform terminal bronchioles at this late stage into respiratory bronchioles. By the seventh year narrow ductular processes, radiating from preterminal or terminal bronchioles, are beginning to penetrate adjacent alveoli, initiating the Lambert type of collateral ventilation. Thus, the centripetal advance of differentiation continues.
An electron microscopic study of ciliogenesis in developing epidermis and trachea in the embryo of Xenopus laevis
Authors: Steinman Ralph M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis paper describes the ultrastructural phenomena occurring during the differentiation of cilia in the epidermis and trachea of Xenopus laevis. The sequence of developmental events seems to begin with the de novo formation of clusters of small, dense “procentriole precursor bodies” which are apparently transformed into procentrioles under the influence of dense amorphous masses here termed “procentriole organizers.” The procentriole so formed is a cylinder 150 mm̈ in diameter with nine single microtubules in its wall which probably give rise to the nine “triplet” microtubles in the wall of the definite centrioles (200 mm̈ in diameter). The appearance of multiple centrioles in the apical cytoplasm is correlated with disappearance of procentriole precursor bodies and procentrioles. Smooth‐surfaced vesicles seemingly produced in the well developed Golgi zones may contribute to the development of the ciliary membrane. Following their formation in the supranuclear cytoplasm, the centrioles or presumptive basal bodies align with their longitudinal axes perpendicular to the apical plasmalemma. A ciliary shaft then appears distal to each basal body and simultaneously small, dense bodies like those termed “procentriole precursor bodies” reappear. At this time we call the dense bodies, “axonemal precursor bodies,” because they probably provide material for the synthesis of new axial microtubules at the tip end of the growing cilium. Centriolar rootlets develop during centriolar alignment and ciliary shaft formation from a distinct, low electron‐opaque, precursor substance.
The pattern of glycogen distribution in the liver
Authors: Corrin Brian , Aterman Kurt 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe behaviour of glycogen in the rat liver under conditions of fasting, refeeding, and cortisone administration has been investigated in a combined chemical and histochemical study. In contrast to the observations of others the distribution of glycogen in the liver was found to be reasonably uniform. Histochemically, the periodic acid‐Schiff reaction was considered to be the method of choice for the assessment of glycogen, particularly at low levels. In sections from frozen dried liver, however, reasonably good results could also be obtained with Best's carmine stain, although this stain was not very sensitive at the lower, and was thought to be too dense for accurate visual assessment at the higher levels of glycogen. As far as the intralobular distribution of glycogen was concerned, no fixed zones of “glycogen deposition” and “glycogen withdrawal” were found, since the intralobular gradient could be altered by varying the experimental conditions. This observation led to the postulate of a “glycogenic wave,” which not only helps to explain some of the contradictory findings in the literature on the localization of glycogen in the liver, but which can also be reconciled with the traditional concept of the liver lobule. The “heterogeneity of the cell population” in the liver lobule was considered to be a function of time rather than of fixed anatomical features.