bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Nature of Patterns
Authors: Gallagher Shaun 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter addresses some philosophical issues concerning the very concept of pattern. What does it mean to say that some grouping of things constitutes a pattern, or that a pattern constitutes a self? How is it possible to take a scientific approach to a heterogeneous collection of processes that includes bodily, experiential, affective, cognitive, social, cultural, narratival, and normative factors. Can such factors form a coherent phenomenon? The chapter develops the idea that we should think of a pattern as an irreducible dynamical gestalt where parts or processes are organized in nonlinear dynamical relations across a number of time scales rather than in a set of hierarchical levels. This solution builds on the work of Daniel Dennett, John Haugeland, and Scott Kelso and differs from both mechanistic and network theories.
Autonomy in the Self-pattern
Authors: Gallagher Shaun 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Questions about the nature of self and self-consciousness are closely aligned with questions about the nature of autonomy. These concepts have deep roots in traditional philosophical discussions that concern metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics. They also have direct relevance to practical considerations about therapeutic treatments in medical contexts. This chapter references some specific side effects of deep brain stimulation (DBS), increasingly employed as a therapeutic approach in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, obsessive compulsive disorder, and major depressive disorder, and shows that the best way to think of autonomy with regard to the self-pattern is to think of it in terms of relational autonomy as it connects to affect, agency, and the notion of affordances. Affordances for action and interaction define part of the ecological dimension of the self-pattern, where specific environments are not only physical, but also social and cultural.
Mindfulness in the Self-pattern
Authors: Gallagher Shaun 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Buddhist meditation practices have personal or existential significance and are relevant to treatment of psychiatric disorders. On the one hand, meditation-based interventions (MBIs) have been shown to have general health benefits, including stress reduction, the reduction of depression relapse, and improved wellbeing. This chapter explores the idea that rigidity or inflexibility in the self-pattern is a transdiagnostic symptom that can be addressed by MBI therapies. On the other hand, there is data showing that such practices are not always good for everyone, and may lead to adverse effects such as depersonalization. This chapter also considers that although the concept of the self-pattern correlates to some degree with the Buddhist psychology of the aggregates, philosophically, MBI practices that aim for the experience of no-self may seem to challenge the concept of the self-pattern.
Catholic Social Teaching and Labour Law
Authors: Bell Mark 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Catholic Social Teaching (CST) and Labour Law explores the contribution that religious ethics can bring to debates on justice in working life. The substantive provisions of labour law reflect prior ethical choices about how workers should be treated. Many faiths include beliefs about the significance of work to human development and the need for work to be performed under conditions that uphold dignity, equality, and solidarity. This book provides a thorough account of the reflection found in CST on human work and labour rights. It tests the contemporary relevance of its principles by applying them to current debates, using EU labour law as a case study. Specifically, it examines CST on the right to a just wage, the right to rest, worker participation, and equality and discrimination. The book finds that CST offers fresh insights on long-standing injustices in the labour market, such as low wages or poor working conditions, as well as shedding light on emerging challenges, such as ensuring rest in an era of digital connectivity. The book also recognizes that tensions arise in areas where the Church’s beliefs diverge from those that prevail in a secular understanding of human rights. This is particularly evident in debates relating to equality. It concludes that faith-based perspectives should be included in pluralistic dialogue on the future of labour law.
Religion, Theology, and Labour Law
Authors: Bell Mark 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the relationship between religion, theology, and labour law and it explains why this book focuses upon Catholic Social Teaching (CST). The chapter begins by examining ‘theology of work’, which concerns the perspective of religions on the value and meaning of work. It finds that many faiths hold that work has a spiritual significance that goes beyond its functional purpose of providing a means of subsistence. Performing work is often regarded as a duty and an essential part of human development. Given the importance attached by faiths to work, then the conditions under which work is performed are a matter of concern. This leads into theological scholarship on ‘ethics of work’, which addresses the normative criteria for constituting ‘good work’. Many faiths support the view that employment relationships need to respect values such as dignity, equality, and solidarity. Labour law is a key instrument through which such values can be advanced. Having identified the connection between theology and labour law, the chapter explains why this book concentrates upon CST. It offers extensive theological engagement with issues pertaining to justice in working life. Coupled with the history of social action by Catholic/Christian ethos organizations, it is a fruitful basis upon which to explore more deeply the relationship between faith and labour law.
Labour Rights and Catholic Social Teaching
Authors: Bell Mark 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines what Catholic Social Teaching (CST) says about labour rights and the role for labour law in their realization. The CST belief in the dignity of work implies certain rights that must be respected by employers for work to be performed under dignified conditions. The content of these rights has unfolded over time, but they include the right to a just wage, the right to rest, the right to safe working conditions, and freedom of association. Incrementally, the Church has endorsed the moral right to be free from discrimination in the workplace. The chapter finds that its teaching in this area remains divergent from mainstream secular thought, because it assumes that women have a distinct vocation for providing care in the home. Church teaching has increasingly recognized the legitimate role of the State and international organizations in securing labour rights, including the necessity of labour legislation. At the same time, it provides firm support for trade unions because they are viewed as an expression of the principle of solidarity. CST is also favourable to entrusting responsibility for securing labour rights to the social partners (representatives of management and labour) in keeping with the principle of subsidiarity.
The Right to Rest
Authors: Bell Mark 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores Catholic Social Teaching (CST) on the right to rest for workers. It uses this as a lens through which to evaluate EU law. In CST, the dignity of the human person demands sufficient rest for the body and time free from work for religious practice and for fostering relationships with others. Consequently, CST upholds a strong duty on employers to provide adequate rest for workers and it recognizes that this may require legal intervention by the state. In EU law, the Court of Justice attaches particular importance to the fundamental right of all workers to rest. Although this resonates with CST, the normative basis of the right to rest is less clear. Recent case law has begun to draw a connection between rest and dignity, but this remains tentative. CST and EU law diverge on the right to Sunday rest. This is central to CST, but the Court of Justice held that the EU did not enjoy the legislative power to designate Sunday as a rest day. Advocates for CST have supported the idea of a right to disconnect from digital devices during workers’ rest periods, which is under consideration at EU level. This chapter argues that CST provides a reminder of the value to workers of being able to share rest at a similar time to others in their family and community. This collective perspective on rest is absent from EU law and it warrants further reflection.
Worker Participation
Authors: Bell Mark 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores EU law on worker participation through the lens of Catholic Social Teaching (CST). It begins by explaining the ethical justification for worker participation found in CST. The dignity of the human person means that workers should not be treated as mere commodities by their employers. Businesses are regarded as communities of persons, and workers should have a say in their organizations. Reflecting the principle of subsidiarity, participation will often be via intermediate associations, namely trade unions. EU law also upholds the idea that workers have a right to participate in the life of the undertaking. The chapter identifies the main instruments through which EU law has sought to substantiate worker participation. This has often taken the form of rights to be consulted and, for certain transnational companies, the creation of European Works Councils. CST does not propose a specific model of worker participation. Its values can, though, be used to scrutinize the sufficiency of existing laws. To that end, the chapter takes a critical perspective on EU law’s approach to the purpose of participation, the meaning of participation, and which workers are participating. In various ways, it finds that EU law falls short of the aspiration for participation found in CST. The latter prompts consideration of whether there is a need for the Union to strengthen its existing instruments.
‘My heart hath store, write there’
Authors: Cioni Francesca 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In ‘Mattens’ Herbert asks ‘what is a heart?’; the complexity of the answers he offers suggests the importance and the difficulty of the heart within his poetry. The early modern heart is a cognitive organ, involved in spiritual and physical sensing and thinking; it is also engaged in constant, frenetic self-scrutiny. Prayer is done by, and works on, the heart, making the organ the site of identification and judgement, and of dislocated subjectivity. Anxieties about stony and broken hearts recur throughout The Temple and broader seventeenth-century devotional literature. Yet this brokenness, in Herbert’s treatment, also offers the possibility of redemptive generation: the broken heart is an inventive and spiritually productive thing. In this sense it is crucial to the work of devotional poetry, which effects interaction between the human and the divine, and itself works through constant meaningful reproduction.
‘Down with thy knees, up with thy voice’
Authors: Cioni Francesca 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Kneeling was for Herbert’s readers as for us today a ubiquitous and uncontroversial performance of prayer. The function of kneeling in prayer was complex: both an outward expression of inward devotion and a bodily exercise of spiritual discipline; and for all its value as external performance, it was therefore also both a guarantee of conformity, and a possible site of hypocrisy. As kneeling makes one’s prayer a communal act, the symbolism of the knee in devotional poetry carries aphoristic and emblematic meaning; Herbert’s verse therefore gives poetic form to the complex collective subjectivity of early modern prayer. In The Temple Herbert suggests and plays with parallels between the performance and affect of prayer and of devotional reading and writing, in their diverse, reflexive, controversial carrying of meaning both literal and figurative.
‘Betwixt this world and that of grace’
Authors: Cioni Francesca 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In poems like ‘Affliction (IV)’ and ‘Businesse’ Herbert expresses a deep sense of displacement and restlessness, which is set in contrast to a longed-for settled state in Heaven. This is a feature of real life for English readers, who had seen increased enclosure, civil unrest, and redistribution of lands in decades surrounding The Temple’s publication. It also expresses the spiritual weight of the doctrine of predestination, under which believers anxiously looked for signs of their unalterable state of election or reprobation. If spiritual and material lives are characterized by continual displacement and the hope of final settlement, this also accords with the work of literary circulation: The Temple may seem a fixed edifice, but its poems invite fragmentation and recontextualization. This chapter explores the relationship between The Temple’s literary and material form, and the lives and spiritual experiences of its readers and Herbert’s parishioners.
Sublime Physics in Paradise Lost
Authors: Vozar Thomas Matthew 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 contends that in Paradise Lost in particular Milton makes use of a physics of sublime magnitudes in his attempt to adequately render the unimaginable sizes and spaces of the poem, inspired both by classical authors and by the technologies and discoveries of the new science. I begin with a focus on Mount Etna as it appears in Milton’s early work In Quintum Novembis and especially in Paradise Lost. I then consider what I call Milton’s “hyperbolic similes” in Paradise Lost. In the last part of this chapter I examine Milton’s attempts to depict the impossibly huge sublimities of the universe—indeed the multiverse—in the poem, ranging from the seemingly incalculable span of the finite created universe to the infinite expanse of Chaos.
Human Rights Due Diligence and Labour Governance
Authors: Landau Ingrid 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Human rights due diligence (HRDD) has emerged as a dominant frame through which to conceptualise and operationalise responsible business conduct with respect to workers’ rights in transnational supply chains. Legislation mandating HRDD is now found in a number of European countries and is on national regulatory agendas in other regions of the world. Many scholars, practitioners, and activists are welcoming—and, indeed, actively calling for—further legalisation of the concept, believing that this will broaden and deepen respect for human rights. This book critiques HRDD as an emerging instrument of transnational labour law. Proceeding from the observation that the concept as originally articulated in the UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights is open to multiple interpretations, the book examines contests that have taken place globally over the role and status of the concept. It also considers the implications of HRDD’s ascension for transnational labour law as a distinct field of law, scholarship, and activism. Combining insights from transnational governance and business regulation with empirical analysis, this book reveals that HRDD is not being institutionalised at either the global or national level in a way that renders it a transformative or even robust mechanism of transnational labour law. It also draws attention to the important ways in which the rise of the concept is leading to subtle shifts in the configuration of actors and institutions in transnational labour governance.
HRDD and Divergent Logics in Transnational Labour Governance
Authors: Landau Ingrid 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores how human rights due diligence (HRDD) was received and understood by actors within the field of transnational labour governance subsequent to adoption of the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs). Drawing on in-depth interviews and document analysis, it shows that HRDD has played an important function in enabling a shared frame and language between diverse stakeholders. However, this shared language did not equate to shared understandings of the concept. Actors interpreted HRDD in divergent ways. Drawing on insights from legal endogeneity theory, it is argued that these divergences in interpretation arise largely from the fact that actors were filtering the concept through divergent logics. Two basic stylised logics within transnational labour governance are identified: a transnational labour logic and a managerial one. This chapter shows that, when mediated through these competing logics, HRDD takes on different characteristics and implications. While the former logic leads to a robust interpretation of HRDD that challenges extant business models and approaches, the latter logic leads to an interpretation that demands significantly less from companies and presents much less of a challenge to existing practices.
Norm-instability as a Strategy in International Lawmaking
Authors: Esponda Pedro Martínez 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on an understudied, though pervasive, form of engagement with legal change: the deliberate perpetuation of instability in international legal rules. That is, the reluctance of actors to concretize arguments about the meaning, scope, bindingness, or existence of a rule, as a means for prolonging a situation of legal uncertainty. While examples of these meaning-destabilizing attitudes are not lacking in international law, this work centres its attention on a particularly prominent one: the rule on self-defence against non-state actors (SD-NSA). An analysis is conducted here on the equivocal courses of action followed by a number of states and other actors around this notion for over half a century now. This exercise, as shown in the chapter, provides ample insights into the workings of norm-destabilization strategies beyond the law on the use of force, and its effects on processes of legal change throughout the discipline.
Conclusion
Authors: Terrell Robert Shea 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
The conclusion recaps some of the main ways that Bavarian traditions, convictions, and interests shaped the discourses and structures of the German nation. From the near total homogenization of German beer as lager to contemporary tax structures, and from dominant brewing practices to ongoing consumer sentiments, the impact of Bavarian capital and regulatory power remain prevalent. The conclusion then draws on scholarship from several other geographical areas to propose the concept of the “provincial nation” as a useful analytic tool beyond the present case. The term captures the ways that nations defined by relatively decentralized politics, industry, and culture can feature centers of gravity—Bavaria, in this history of beer—that shape national politics and culture even, and perhaps especially, in the context of 20th century globalization.
Social Dimensions of Latinization
Authors: Mullen Alex 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
This introduction to the volume on social factors in Latinization weaves together key themes and offers further fuel for the debates tackled in the chapters. It argues that the story of Latinization has suffered from too much focus on the elite-level dimension—namely, linguistic imperialism and the vain search for wide-ranging language policies. While attitudes of the elites and language management, broadly conceived, did play a role in the promotion and spread of Latin, the exploration of the uptake of Latin in the provinces must also consider a series of social factors in local contexts and try to make sense of complex local identities and their relationships to language. But, since life is full of intertwined sociocultural elements, and language is part of everything and linked to everything, it is not easy to isolate and assess the impact of specific factors that may have promoted the spread of Latin, encouraged the retention of local languages or fostered bilingualism. Our evidence is also patchy and fragile: there are voices that we struggle to hear—for example, those of women—and limitations on our ability to interpret often poorly contextualized data or extrapolate from isolated caches of texts. Despite the difficulties, we argue that through a multidisciplinary approach, which draws on recent advances in sociolinguistics, we can explore differential Latinization, regionality, local languages, and literacies and advance our understanding of provincial linguistic experience.
Mobility, Roads, and Milestones
Authors: Kolb Anne 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In the expansion of the Roman Empire, mobility and its infrastructural basis of roads and waterways played a crucial role in securing stability of this state over the ten centuries of its existence. In this multi-ethnic confederation, Latin contributed to this in serving as a vehicular language in the literal and figurative sense in the West. This is reflected by epigraphic monuments alongside roads, especially milestones. Although these distance markers display Latin as the language of power, divergent sources declare that the implementation was not all-encompassing, with exceptions such as the Celtic leuga reflecting the pragmatic approach of the Roman state.
The Role of Education in the Latinization of the Roman West
Authors: Wolff Catherine 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
In the western regions conquered by Rome, members of the elite ensured that their children learned Latin through careful education given either at home, or by a grammarian and then a rhetorician. The question of the role of education in the Latinization of the West is much more uncertain when it comes to the rest of the population. It seems that education played a less important role for lower-status groups than for the elite. Epigraphic sources indicate that a certain number of them could read and/or write more or less well in Latin, though this does not necessarily mean that their everyday language was Latin. They could acquire this Latin literacy at school, or at home, or, more or less formally, ‘on the job’, as needed. Education at school could have promoted the Latinization of provincial students, but its effect may have been limited, since these children mostly learned only the rudiments. Our evidence is patchy, but it seems likely that access to, and levels of, education among provincials differed across the provinces.
Law and Latinization in Rome’s Western Provinces
Authors: Meyer Elizabeth A. 
Published: December 2023

Abstract
Under what legal circumstances did inhabitants of Rome’s western provinces find themselves encouraged or subjected to incentives to learn Latin? This chapter argues that, because Latin and Roman status were prestigious and Roman citizenship could provide access to forms of the ius civile that protected property and inheritance, provincial elites were strongly pulled towards acquiring both. The possibility of appearing in a Roman court where Latin was spoken was also an incentive that probably worked more forcefully on the rich, although people from all ranks of society could in theory be summoned to appear before a Roman judge. This possibility of court therefore appears as a kind of push towards learning Latin as a form of legal self-defence. Finally, redress for wrongs suffered that could not be prosecuted in a court both pushed and pulled provincials towards Latin, since Latin had rapidly become the (written) language of cursing in the western provinces (particularly well attested in Britannia). Curse tablets embody an extra-legal form of self-help and were particularly employed, with urgency and emotion, to punish theft, which was a civil-law delict under Roman law for which an action was not available to non-citizens. For them, Latin was not about the law but was certainly about justice.