bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Warriors
Authors: Makin Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Brjggflatts takes a considerable part of its substance from the Dark Ages: from the lives of St Cuthbert, the Gododdin poems, the Norse sagas, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle. Of course Bunting is not alone among moderns in turning to the Dark Ages. In 1928 Auden wrote the movement and thought patterns of Old English verse into his fantasy of feud in the modern North: Paid on Both Sides: A Charade. It was an experiment in which Bunting showed great interest; perhaps his own poetic Northumbria was already more than a glimmer in his mind. In 1937 appeared David Jones’s In Parenthesis, each section framed with an epigraph from the Old Welsh Gododdin poems, each page full of reference to the matter of ancient Britain. Ted Hughes has drawn on the ancient kingdom of Elmet; Geoffrey Hill on the Mercia of the eighth century; Seamus Heaney on Viking Dublin.
Development of a Modernist Aesthetic New Languages for Painting and Music
Authors: Butler Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The major Modernists have an extremely respectful relationship to tradition. None of them began their careers as confrontational or avant-garde. This innate conservatism, which only arrives at a technical breakthrough after an exploration of the past, is one of the extraordinary strengths of early Modernism. The break with previous assumptions did not depend upon sudden conversion (of a kind which was later to be the aim of the typical avant-garde manifesto), but evolved by making art which shows a startlingly detailed appreciation of previous tradition, in masterpieces which often epitomize the very forms of taste that their makers were later to subvert, as, for example, in Matisse’s La Desserte (The Dinner Table) of 1897. This is a beautiful Impressionist picture, whose subject, as we shall see, he later restates in a Modernist style.
The City
Authors: Butler Christopher 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The great city demands competition and invention. It disseminates images of the modernization process through newspapers, magazines, and books, and so challenges the citizen’s creativity and desire to dominate. But it also threatens its inhabitants, who feel anonymous within the mass and cut off from the face-to-face relationships which were supposed to be typical of the smaller, ‘organic’ societies, from which so many of them had emigrated in the early decades of the nineteenth century. The peculiar psychology of the city dweller had long been of particular interest to the artist and, for literary intellectuals at least, Baudelaire provided a classic description of it in his ‘De l’heroisme de la vie modeme’.
Sidney’s Defence and the Collective-Farm Chairman
Authors: Sinfield Alan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
So Leonid Brezhnev in his Report of the Central Committee of the CPSU to the XXVI Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1981). He discovers in Soviet writing at once a truthful representation of reality and an incitement to readers who do not match up to an ideal. The proclaiming of ideal images in literature, with the hope that they will move the rest of us to virtue, has characterized not only Soviet realism. Nature has not produced “so true a lover as Theagenes, so constant a friend as Pylades, so valiant a man as Orlando, so right a prince as Xenophon’s Cyrus, so excellent a man every way as Virgil’s Aeneas”: so Philip Sidney, in his Defence of Poetry. And again: “If the poet do his part aright, he will show you in Tantalus, Atreus, and such like, nothing that is not to be shunned; in Cyrus, Aeneas, Ulysses, each thing to be followed.”2 Both theorists suppose that truth, right, and goodness are organized in an ideal, universal hierarchy, that this is displayed especially in the works currently recognized as good culture, and that the role of that culture is to incite people to aspire to the ideal.
Cultural Imperialism and the Primal Scene of U.S. Man
Authors: Sinfield Alan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter is the product of working visits to the United States, visits marked especially by the generosity, intellectual and otherwise, of many friends. It is the fruit of my distinctive experience of the position of the English professor in North America. I discovered North Carolina; and being unwilling to have my horizons bounded by the question of who was next to be bought in by Duke University English Department, I got a map and set off for the Blue Ridge Mountains. There is a very beautiful parkway, though it is rather strange: it doesn’t lead anywhere, in fact it carefully avoids all human purpose other than uninterrupted experience of the wilderness. I deduced that it was begun during the Depression to stimulate the local economy. Paths are interesting. It occurred to me only recently that the reason the Romans built straight roads is that they were an imperial power: they ignored the existing patterns of life, and with slave labor they did not have to take the easier route. British footpaths (trails) mostly derive from ancient rights-of-way, established perhaps as the route between the village church and a cottage long-disappeared; as these become tourist paths, one set of rural practices remains embedded within another. On the Blue Ridge, there are frequent places to pull off and look at the wilderness, without even getting out of the vehicle, with signs explaining what you’re looking at. Or there should be signs: it being winter, many of them had been taken away for repair, and there was a tiny temporary notice apologizing politely for this. There were just the two upright posts and in between, instead f a sign about the landscape there was—the landscape.
The Fifteenth Century
Authors: Bennett S H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The death of Chaucer in 1400 deprived England at a blow of her one outstanding author. His successors are to be found in a host of imitators at the head of whom stand Hoccleve and Lydgate; a body of Scottish poets who owe him some allegiance but have their own virtues; a number of anonymous writers of verse whose inspiration is more difficult to trace, and who sang in the remote country-side, and for ‘upland men’ far from Court or baronial halls. The fifteenth century is by no means as barren of poetry as it used to be fashionable for critics to believe; nevertheless, the glory had departed, and the story of fifteenth-century poetry in England is largely the story of ‘the shade of that which once was great’, though momentary flashes reveal the fires underneath.
The Author and his Public
Authors: Bennett S H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Before we attempt any detailed survey of the poetry and prose of the fifteenth century we may turn to consider the effects of the changes outlined above on the public for whom they were composed, and the problems facing the writer who wished to get a hearing for his work. To take the latter problem first: readers of Monsieur Jusserand’s delightful English Way-faring Life in the Middle Ages will not need to be reminded of the difficulties of travel in medieval England, and students of our early literature may well pause on reading his pages to reflect upon the results of such difficulties so far as they affected the creation and dissemination of literature. We must, perhaps, be on our guard against exaggerating these difficulties, for when all is said people did travel in medieval England not only ‘from every shires ende. … The hooly blisful martir for to seke’, but also on the more prosaic errands that the king’s officers, the monastic authorities, or the desire for gain commanded. The roads of medieval England were peopled with a motley crew: we may see something of them in Langland’s pages clearly enough, and need only remind ourselves of their existence. Every township and village saw the passing stranger: friars on their rounds, the plausible performing beggar, the haughty king’s messenger, the trader upon his lawful occasions —a variety of men from whom they learned of what was happening in the great world or, at least, that fraction of what was happening which was known to the traveller or that he was willing to divulge.
Fifteenth-Century Verse
Authors: Bennett S H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
From what has already been said it will be evident that fifteenth-century literature is deserving of far more respectful attention than it has received from literary historians in the past. The qualified nature of its claims we have already admitted, but even such claims have hitherto not been clearly set out. Both verse and prose have suffered, for the extent and variety of a valuable material in both forms has been very inadequately recognized. In verse the emphasis in literary histories has been on ‘courtly’ poetry, and Lydgate and his followers —the so-called ‘Chaucerians’ —have had most of the critical attention, while the whole body of writers of ‘non-Chaucerian’ verse have been fobbed off with a few condescending paragraphs of mild commendation. Dr. A. W. Pollard has been an honou-rable exception here: as early as 1903 he was calling attention to the mass of poetry of a ‘non-Chaucerian’ or ‘non-courtly’ nature that was available, and after quoting some verses from the Nut-Brown Maid declares: ‘to say that English poetry was dead when verse like this was being written is absurd. It was not dead, but banished from court.’
Fifteenth-Century Prose
Authors: Bennett S H 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Fifteenth-Century prose has not been well treated by literary historians. Indeed, much of it has scarcely received more than a bare mention in accounts which have lavished space upon Pecock, Fortescue, Malory, and Caxton. Pecock and Malory, in particular, have interested critics, yet neither of them had much influence on English prose. While attention has been thus diverted, the main movement of prose writing has been missed. If we wish to know what was done for prose in this century we shall find it best to give only limited attention to the four authors we have mentioned and to concentrate far more than has been the fashion on the many writers —known and unknown —who took over from the fourteenth century an inheritance which they fostered and developed with zeal and success.
Byron
Authors: Jack Ian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Byron had an extraordinary heredity. His father, who died when the poet was three, was an incorrigible gambler and spendthrift, the eldest son of Admiral John Byron, ‘Foulweather Jack’, one of the most colourful figures in the history of the eighteenth-century navy. His mother, Catherine Gordon of Gight, was a descendant of King James the First of Scotland. She was a passionate, ill-educated woman, and although she tried to do her best for her son he was often to blame her for the tempestuous course of his later life. He was born with a slight malformation of the right foot, and as a result he was slightly lame: a disability which he allowed to prey on his mind. He inherited the title on the death of his great-uncle, ‘the wicked Lord’, who had killed a man in a duel and then retired to live at Newstead with his mistress and a single servant in circumstances that recall the novels of the Brontȅs. There were traces of insanity on both sides of the family and marriages between cousins had been unhealthily common.
Keats
Authors: Jack Ian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Unlike Shelley, Keats was in no doubt what he wanted to do with his life.1 As one of his fellow students tells us, ‘Poetry was … the zenith of all his aspirations: the only thing worthy the attention of superior minds: so he thought: all other pursuits were mean and tame … The greatest men in the world were the poets and to rank among them was the chief object of his ambition.’ The difference between the two poets is brought out clearly by a comparison between their first volumes. It is impossible to imagine Keats’s Poems of 1817 accompanied by the notes on religion, morals, and politics which we find in Queen Mab. No contemporary reader of the volume could have been in any doubt where Keats’s political sympathies lay; but it is no less clear that his primary concern is not with politics or philosophy or natural science, but with poetry. The spirit in which the volume had been written is summed up in one of his letters-’! find that I cannot exist without poetry—without eternal poetry—half the day will not do—the whole of it.’
Peacock
Authors: Jack Ian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If it is doubtful whether Waverley should be called a novel, it is certain that Gryll Grange should not. Peacock’s works of prose fiction are best considered as satiric tales. In his essay on ‘French Comic Romances’ he distinguishes between two types of comic tale: that in which the characters are individuals and the events such as happen in real life, and that ‘in which the characters are abstractions or embodied classifications, and the implied or embodied opinions [are] the main matter of the work’. & it happens the two types are illustrated by two books that appeared in the year 1818, Northanger Abbey and Nightmare Abbey. They have a good deal in common. In each an author whose attitude is conservative and ‘eighteenth-century’ satirizes the excesses of modern literature as exemplified in the work of Mrs. Radcliffe and the ‘German’ drama of the day. In each life in an Abbey turns out to be much like life anywhere else. When Mr. Glowry in Nightmare Abbey tells Scythrop that his behaviour might ‘do very well in a German tragedy … but it will not do in Lincolnshire’ we are reminded of Catherine Morland’s discovery that it is not in the work of Mrs. Radcliffe and her followers that ‘human nature, at least in the midland counties of England, was to be looked for’. In Jane Austen’s book a young woman discovers the difference between life in books and life in fact: in Peacock’s a young man makes the same discovery. But there is a great difference between the two. In Northanger Abbey the characters are individuals, whereas in Nightmare Abbey the characters are abstractions and it is their opinions which form ‘the main matter of the work’. Unlike Jane Austen, Peacock is more interested in ideas than in people: his concern is not with what his characters do, but with what they say. He is the great satiric commentator on the age which we are considering, the Aristophanes of the period of which Hazlitt wrote, at the beginning of his essay on Coleridge: ‘The present is an age of talkers, and not of doers; and the reason is, that the world is growing old’.
De Quincey
Authors: Jack Ian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There have been few stranger literary careers. By the age of seventeen De Quincey had decided that his life was to be that of a thinker and a man of letters, and he had jotted down an ambitious list of works that he intended to write: by his late twenties he was even more firmly resolved to become ‘the intellectual benefactor’ of his species, to accomplish ‘a great revolution in the intellectual condition of the world’ which would include in its scope a complete reform of education, philosophy, and mathematics. But since, ‘like all persons … in possession of original knowledge’, he was unwilling to ‘sell’ his wisdom ‘for money’, he seems to have published virtually nothing, except a long note on Sir )ohn Moore prefixed to Wordsworth’s Convention of Cintra, until he was thirty-three. He then became editor of a provincial journal of small circulation and less importance, the Westmorland Gazette. By this time he seems also to have decided to contribute to the Reviews, for in August 1820 we find William Blackwood reproaching him with a ‘long bygone engagement to the Magazine’. The following year his Confessions of an English Opium-Eater were published in the London Magazine and he became a celebrity overnight.
History, Biography, And Autobiography
Authors: Jack Ian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Although no historical work comparable with Gibbon’s Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire or Macaulay’s History of England from the Accession of James II was published in this period, the work of Hallam and his contemporaries deserves attention both because it illustrates some of the motives that led men to study history in the earlier part of the century and because the books they wrote, combining with the immense influence of the romances of Sir Walter Scott, provided the great Victorians with the material from which they derived their sense of the past. Henry Hallam, the father of Tennyson’s friend, tells us that the aim of his View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages (1818) is to give ‘a comprehensive survey of the chief circumstances that can interest a philosophical enquirer’.1 His intention is to avoid mere annals and to concentrate on events ‘essentially concatenated with others, or illustrative of important conclusions’. He is more concerned with ‘modes of government and constitutional laws’ than with battles and the minutiae of. political history, and has no hesitation in passing rapidly over periods which seem to him of little importance: ‘Many considerable portions of time, especially before the twelfth century, may justly be deemed so barren of events … that a single sentence or paragraph is often sufficient.’ The book consists of a series of dissertations, instead of a narrative, and is noteworthy for such chapters as those ‘On the State of Society in Europe’ and ‘On the Feudal System, especially in France’. Hallam insists on the importance of understanding feudalism because of its bearing on the English constitution, and because ‘one of the parties which at present divide [France] professes to appeal to the original principles of its monarchy, as they subsisted before the subversion of that polity’.
Beween, Thru, and Amalgamemnon: Gender and the Discourses of the Human Sciences
Authors: Birch Sarah 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Christine Brooke-Rose’s growing interest in structuralist linguistics is evident in her novels of the 1960s in the use of creative juxtaposition and other devices which depend for their effect on the relations between elements rather than on the elements ‘as such’. In Out and Such one discourse is brought to bear on another through metaphor; in Between, Thru,, and Amalgamemnon the same type of metaphor is used to bring a number of discourses together in an increasingly interrogative conjunction. In these novels Brooke-Rose exploits the rhetorical force of the metaphoric technique by employing it to explore, among other things, gender stereotypes as they are manifest in specialized discourses.
Amalgamemnon, Xorandor, Verbivore, and Textermination: Technology and the Novel
Authors: Birch Sarah 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Amalgamemnon, Xorandor, Verbivore, and Textermination form what Christine Brooke-Rose has tentatively called the ‘Intercom Quartet’. The Quartet picks up the novel where Thru leaves it, dissected and decentred in vitro, and returns it to the social and historical context out of which it arose. The four novels deal with the status of the genre relative to the public discourses of the media and the discourses of specialized expertise in the domain of communications technology, both of which have become contemporary discourses of authority. Each warns of the consequences of failing to recognize the merits of the novel and the fictionality of many of the non-literary forms of representation which threaten to supplant it.
Reading the Signs
Authors: Thompson N S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the first half of this chapter I wish to look further at the viability of the reader response outlined in Chapter 1. Can one see such a sophisticated reader in the fourteenth century? Could the process of such stimulation be imagined at the time? And what was it going to achieve? I suggest that the use of ‘ethical irony’ (see below) is fundamental to both collections and forms part of the ambiguous signs the reader has to negotiate during the course of the text. In the second half, that irony is seen in a reading of the frames and early narratives of the two works, which open with portraits or portrayals of the vices of the age.
The Three Griseldas
Authors: Thompson N S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
With the narrative of Griselda we come to the centre of the narrative labyrinth, which is also its end, and the focus of much that has gone before in this study. Issues such as false-seeming, the recognition of true virtue (including the ‘gentilezza/ gentilesse’ debate), the range of meanings around marriage, and a literary question about the value of allegory and exemplarity are all subsumed under a narrative which, however much it provides a solution to the path of the individual through life, simultaneously complicates the reading of that solution by generating a more affective response than one which might be deemed necessary for the simple allegory alone. In examining the three great fourteenth-century versions of this narrative by Boccaccio, Petrarch and Chaucer, I wish to explore the excess of meaning in the narrative which is not easily gathered under the cloak of allegory and has given trouble to many commentators. If I tend to emphasize the allegorical reading of the Clerk’s Tale, it is only as a reminder that it is in competition with other readings and that, given the lack of closure, it is up to the individual reader to form an opinion.
Working on the Chain Gang: Interpretation in Law and Literature
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In his essay Law as Interpretation Ronald Dworkin is concerned to characterize legal practice in such a way as to avoid claiming either that in deciding a case judges find the plain meaning of the law “just ‘there’” or, alternatively, that they make up the meaning “wholesale” in accordance with personal preference or whim. It is Dworkin’s thesis that neither of these accounts is adequate because interpretation is something different from both. Dworkin is right, I think, to link his argument about legal practice to an argument about the practice of literary criticism, not only because in both disciplines the central question is, “What is the source of interpretative authority?,” but also because in both disciplines answers to that question typically take the form of the two positions Dworkin rejects. Just as there are those in the legal com munity who have insisted on construing statutes and decisions “strictly” (that is, by attending only to the words themselves), so there are those in the literary community who have insisted that interpretation is, or should be, constrained by what is “in the text”; and just as the opposing doctrine of legal realism holds that judges’ “readings” are always rationalizations of their political or personal desires, so do proponents of critical subjectivity hold that what a reader sees is merely a reflection of his predispositions and biases.
Profession Despise Thyself: Fear and Self-Loathing in Literary Studies
Authors: Fish Stanley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In September 1982 columnist Peter A. Jay of the Baltimore Sun turned from his usual concern with the intricacies of city politics to the absurdities, or so he perceived them, of the academy. His specific target was the world of English Studies, and he began by observing that “Professors, especially professors of literature, have always been fair game.” My purpose here is to inquire into the reason why this should be so, why professors of literature should so often be the objects of criticism and ridicule, and why the source of the criticism is so often the literary community itself. Jay is not a member of that community, but the charges he levels are familiar; we have all heard them, and some of us may even have made them. The bill of indictment contains several particulars, but the basic complaint is that teachers of literature, and especially of English, have abandoned their proper study, “the study of life itself, as seen by writers of skill and vision,” and given themselves over to the trivialities that accompany “specialization run amok,” to topics (the examples are Jay’s) like “Lesbian Feminist Poetry in Texas” and “The Trickster Figure in Chicano and Black Literature” or “other ephemera.”