bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
chapter XXXVII
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ON we went, fortunately not down any more glaciers, and, after being upset about twenty times in the snow-drifts, reached Hasta Khan. This was a house built on the road-side for travellers. It was kept by an old Turk. According to him, the Kurds in the neighbourhood were engaged all the summer in robbing their neighbours, and were hardly ever brought to justice.
“They take our cattle,” said the man, “and they bribe the police. There is no sort of order here. What we want is our Sultan to be Padishah in his own dominions.”
I subsequently heard from the English Consul at Erzeroum a story which rather corroborated the Turk’s account of the Kurds.
chapter XL
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
LATER in the day, the Mutasarraf called at my house, and at once commenced his favourite theme, politics.
“What do the people in your country say about Russia’s conduct in Servia?”
“Many of them do not like it,” I replied.
“It was a cowardly act on the part of the Tzar, was it not?” said the Pacha; “he pretended to be at peace with our Sultan, and allowed Russian officers and soldiers to take part in the fight against us. I tell you what it is,” added the speaker, “Ignatieff wishes to cut off another arm from Turkey, by making Bulgaria independent, like Servia. If we are
destination. They were armed with needle rifles, but had no uniform, and were clad for the most part in rags and tatters. Many of them had no shoes or even slippers, but were walking with bare feet through the snow. A few men were riding on mules, and on a closer inspection I found that these poor fellows had been frost-bitten. Some of them had lost their toes on the march.
chapter XLIII
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THREE was not much European society at Erzeroum. It was made up of the English, French, and Russian Consuls and their families; no other European, so far as I could learn, being in the town. The Russian official was an energetic man. A short time previous he had discovered that some Circassians had the intention to leave the Caucasus, and enter Turkey. He had telegraphed the news in cypher to the Russian authorities. Troops had been sent to the Circassian villages. The inhabitants had been caught in the act of packing up their goods and chattels. Very strong measures had been taken. It was not likely that any similar attempt would be made by the inhabitants. There were now hardly any of them left.
An empty house is better than a bad tenant; this seems to be the policy of the Tzar’s generals in the Caucasus. It is undoubtedly cheaper to hang a prisoner than to imprison him. The Russian officers have great ideas of economy in this respect. The Russian Consuls at Erzeroum had been engaged for some time past in intriguing with the Armenians. Many Christians belonging to the higher monied classes were in favour of Russian rule--almost all of them being supplied with Russian passports. The traffic in such documents carried on in the Erzeroum district was very great. No large town in Armenia is free from pseudoRussians. Consul Taylor, writing from Erzeroum to the Earl of Clarendon on March the 19th, 1869, remarks about the Russian Consul, who was then in that city, as follows: “The exaggerated pretensions,
chapter XLVII
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN the next room, which was only separated from us by a railing about three feet high, there were buffaloes, cows, calves, and pigeons, besides the relatives of the Armenian, the postman, and a Kurd. The latter individual had a wonderful turban in the shape of a bonnet on his head. It was made of blue satin, and adorned with gold thread. He was evidently very proud of this attire, and told the Armenian that he had purchased it at Erzeroum, and that, when he had finished wearing the turban, he should give it to his favourite wife.
chapter XLVIII
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
OUR track led over some low hills. The ground was covered with deep snow. We had to dismount, and struggle as best we could through the treacherous soil. The sun shone bright above our heads; the reflection from the white surface at our feet was blinding in the extreme. We staggered about, and followed in each other’s track, like a number of drunken men, and after eight hours’ incessant toil reached Daha, a Kurdish village.
chapter LI
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WE leave the barracks. A beautiful view extends before us. We look down upon the red, green, and white plateau which divides us from the Tzar’s dominions. In some places the sun has slightly melted the snow, the sand is exposed to view; in others, and nearer the lake which lies in the midst of the plateau, patches of vegetation can be seen. The clouds which overhung Ararat have been dispelled by the sun: the huge mountain, enveloped in its white pall, stands out in bold relief.
chapter LIII
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
LATER in the day dinner was brought in-a chicken surrounded by a huge pile of rice. A Turk as rich as our Persian host would have provided his guest with fifteen or twenty courses, but the Persians are satisfied with one. I was not aware of the custom, and only tasted the chicken. Presently it was taken away; instead of a fresh dish making its appearance, some water was brought, in an ewer, for us to wash our hands. “You Englishmen are very temperate,” said the host, rising.
chapter LIV
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WE rode along a flat country. A few hills could be seen on our bridle-hand. The track was in capital order for the march. After passing several small hamlets-amongst others, Arab Dize, Shadili, and Shalendili-we pulled up at a large village called Karenee. It was inhabited by Kurds, all of them being Persian subjects. Here there were 350 houses. Judging by the number of people who came to ask for medicine, so soon as I dismounted from my horse, the whole population was unwell. It appeared that the Persian in whose house I had stopped on the previous evening had sent word to the chief proprietor in this Kurdish village, to say that a celebrated hakim was on his way. No amount of expostulation saved us from the intrusion of the inhabitants. Every one wished me to look at his tongue and to feel his pulse. Radford, who was in another room, was interrupted in his cooking by a crowd of the humbler Kurds, whe believed that, when the master was so great a hakim, his servant must necessarily have some medical skill.
chapter LXII
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WE were once more in winter, deep snow lay along our path. There were several Yezeed villages by the track, which began to rise abruptly by the side of the river Murad, and was here and there cut out of the solid rock. In many places waterfalls dashed over the path, and we were literally riding beneath a canopy of water, which fell several hundred feet over precipices into the river below. At others the torrent dashed across the track itself. We had to advance with the greatest caution to avoid being swept down the abyss.
chapter LXIV
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THERE were at the time of my visit to Kars about 20,000 troops quartered in and about the town; but large reinforcements could be sent from Erzeroum should occasion arise for their services. Later in the day Dr. Lanzoni, of the Quarantine, called upon me; he is an Italian, and in the International Service. On my alluding to the state of the streets in Kars, he remarked that he had written twice to the authorities at Constantinople, but that no notice had been taken of his letters. “We shall have an outbreak of typhus or plague in the summer,” continued the doctor. “The mortality will be very great, if we are besieged before the filth is cleared away.”
chapter LXVI
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WE rode by several Turkish and Kurd villages in the direction of Ardanusch. The track was firm and tolerably level. After a four hours’ march we crossed the Ardahan river on a wooden bridge about seventy yards long by sixteen feet wide. The structure was very much out of repair; the planks were loose in many places, here and there large holes in the timber let us see the river below. We halted at Shadavan, a Turkish village containing about thirty houses, and close to the water’s edge. I had intended to have made a longer march, but the hired steeds were wretched brutes. They had shown unmistakable signs of fatigue. The proprietor of the house in which we stopped owned large flocks of sheep, the country round Ardahan being chiefly grazing land. He informed me that for every thousand sheep he possessed, the tax collector took from him the sum of thirty liras annually. There was no tax for sheep under a year old, nor for cows and oxen.
chapter LXVII
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE road took a very circuitous course as we approached Livana. We were several hundred feet above the Tschoroch river, and could gaze down almost perpendicularly into the abyss below. Suddenly the sound of a shout reached our ears. We glanced in the direction of the noise. “It is the cayek,” said Mohammed eagerly. “The men are taking it to Livana. They will next propose that we should hire it from there to Batoum. Holy Prophet!” he continued, “how the waters roar, how near the boat goes to the rocks! My body groans, Effendi, at the idea of going to Batoum by water.”
Façade, 1921–79
Authors: Kennedy Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Edith Snwell wrote her Façadepoems as studies in word rhythms and onomatopoeia. They may appear to be nonsensical, but a continuous thread of allusions and images runs through them and evokes the bourgeois culture of turn-of-the century England-references to Queen Victoria, Tennyson, the Greek goddesses, flowers, trees, the music-halls, Spanish lovers, Negroes, English girls and nursemaids. Many of these are allusions to events and people in Edith’s unhappy childhood. The poet and her brothers decided they would be suitable for presentation as a drawing-room entertainment, a highbrow extension of country-house charades, and ought therefore to be accompanied by music.
Viola Concerto, 1928–9
Authors: Kennedy Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In spite of its twentyish trappings—echoes of Gershwin here and there—the Viola Concerto belongs musically and spiritually to the late romantic tradition: it is essentially within the orbit of Bax, Elgar, and Ireland, a mature, not to say middle aged, outpouring. (To test this, listen to even the early works of the later-developing Michael Tippett: one cannot believe that he is of Walton’s generation, being only three years younger. The gulf seems more like two decades.) Not the least of the extraordinary virtues of this concerto is the choice of solo instrument: the dark and huskily passionate sound of the viola became the perfect medium for the music’s prevailing mood of plaintive melancholy.
Columbus and Henry V, 1942–5
Authors: Kennedy Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With the Howard film out of the way, Walton was free from July to compose Christopher Columbus.During June someone at the BBC had at last realized that 12 October 1942 was the exact anniversary of Columbus’s discovery, so the broadcast was fixed for that evening, much to Walton’s relief, though, as he drily pointed out to Bower, ‘I see Oct. 12 falls on a Monday so you had better get busy in case any “Monday Night at 8” business has been scheduled. C.C. should have a priority for this date.’ In 1942 there were only two radio channels, the Home and the Forces. Most serious programmes were on the Home, but ‘Monday Night at 8’ was a popular ‘magazine’ show. Walton had apparently not realized there was another possible rival-12 October 1942 was Vaughan Williams’s seventieth birthday.
Delhi
Authors: Stripp Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WEC occupied the buildings of Ramjas College, a former part of Delhi University, perched on an isolated hill some miles outside the city on the Rohtak road. The hill was idyllically named Anand Parbat, ‘the hill of happiness’, and was crowned by the college buildings and outbuildings which now formed the security area At the bottom of the hill, further away from the road, was the lower camp where we lived in rows of standard-issue Public Works Department bungalows. In each were ten or so rooms opening off the long front verandah with ‘bathrooms’ behind; these were cubicles with a canvas bath and a ‘thunderbox’. Majors and above had two rooms. In hot weather we often moved our beds on to the verandah, never forgetting the obligatory mosquito-net. The rule was to wear long sleeves and long trousers as an anti-malarial precaution after twilight, though most people preferred shorts and short sleeves during the day.
Naini Tal, Agra and Abbottabad
Authors: Stripp Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wilfrid Noyce, also of C Section, was off to climb somewhere in the Himalayas; he was a promising climber who went twice to the South Col, once without oxygen, in the 1953 Everest expedition, and was later killed in an accident while climbing in the Soviet Union. Bernard Newman and I agreed on a more modest objective in the same area: Naini Tai, one of the hill-stations close to the Himalayas. There was a slow train across the plain to Bareilly, where we changed to a narrow gauge. The terrain altered as we reached the foothills and arrived at the terminus, Kathgodam; thence by rickety coach driven by a Sikh who worried us by gesturing at the views on the left while he negotiated hairpin bends to the right, with a sheer drop below. As the road twisted and climbed there were signposts to other hill-stations: Almora and Ranikhet.
Japanese Codes and Ciphers—What were they like?
Authors: Stripp Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In previous chapters I have often referred to the various crypto systems used by the Japanese. What were they like? What did they tell us? How were they sent? How were they intercepted? How were they broken? I shall try to answer these and similar questions in the next chapters. To understand the volume and the value of the information they gave us—the whole purpose of signals intelligence—we need to remember that by 1942 Japan occupied or controlled an area with an outer radius some 3,000-4,000 miles from Tokyo, compared with a German radius, excluding U-boats, usually under 1,000 miles from Berlin. Moreover in Asia and the Pacific overland communications were poor—in some places they scarcely existed—and telephone, cable and telex networks were scanty and unreliable. One telex link, newly installed between WEC Delhi and WWSC Bangalore, ran for twenty seconds and then went on strike for days. A really good radio network was therefore vital, and it carried almost all the countless orders and reports which a country’s armed services require.
How were they intercepted?
Authors: Stripp Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WEC at Delhi was part of a comprehensive array of Allied sigint units, large and small, which co-operated to ensure good coverage and exchanged news when progress was made. Furthest back were the very large units at Bletchley Park and Arlington Hall, Virginia, formerly a spacious girls school. Both of them tackled the really intractable problems of high-grade crypto systems that had never yet been broken, and fundamentally new materials which had lost us the ability to read a hitherto broken system. At a halfway stage came the large American and British units at Delhi, the former called ‘US 8’, the latter WEC with its two main out-stations: Western Wireless Sub-Centre at Bangalore in south India and Eastern Wireless Sub-Centre at Barrackpore near Calcutta. These were concerned with Japanese Army and Army Air traffic. There was also a large naval sigint unit at Anderson, near Colombo, and smaller ones at Kilindini near Mombasa and on Mauritius. They worked closely with US naval stations at Guam, Leyte and elsewhere, and acted as longstop for signals, travelling 4,000 miles or more, which through the vagaries of short-wave transmission, had evaded the main chain of intercept stations. These, quite apart from the huge US network in the Pacific, ran in a great arc from Melbourne, Canberra, Brisbane and Darwin through Ceylon to Calcutta and south China.
Clandestine Groups and their Signals
Authors: Stripp Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I have briefly touched on the use of spies and captured documents; we must not forget the role played by the groups that operated behind the lines in Burma and elsewhere in south-east Asia, with the original task of organising sabotage and guerrilla activities, and an extra responsibility, added later after acrimonious controversy, for collecting intelligence. There was a link with signals intelligence: signals were their lifeline, and signals security was even more crucial for their survival than it was for any military unit. The Americans had a simple arrangement in the area: the OSS (Office of Strategic Services) looked after all their clandestine groups, whatever their function, while the OWI (Office of War Information) dealt with propaganda For the same functions in the same area the British had no fewer than ten secret organisations, five of which had no hand in sabotage, the training of guerrillas or the getting of intelligence.
The Crusading Movement,1096–1274
Authors: Lloyd Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following the Council of Clermont and his call to arms (described in Chapter 1), Pope Urban II remained in France until September 1096. The projected expedition to the East was not the only reason for his extended stay, but Urban was naturally concerned to provide leadership and guidance in the formative stages of what would become the First Crusade, very much his own creation.
The State of Mind of Crusaders to the East,1095–1300
Authors: Riley-Smith Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Crusading attracted men and women of all classes. The involvement of the masses in the First Crusade was attributed by a contemporary to disorder, to an epidemic of ergotism which was sweeping western Europe, and to economic distress. He described what appeared to be a passage of migration, with many of the poor travelling ‘weighed down by wives, children and all their domestic goods’.
Parrot Pie For Break Fast
Authors: Robinson Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is nothing quite like parrot pie for breakfast. First one must catch one's parrot, of course, and build the hearth to bake it, but that is all in a days work for the woman pioneer. This riveting anthology tells the story of over 100 such women spanning four centuries, from the lowliest kitchen skivvy to ambassadors' wives: emigrants who settled the wildernesses of the world in search of new and better lives. Many were lured abroad by the promise of work or fortune; some went because imperial duty called, while for others it was a most unfeminine lust for adventure that drew them away. But all faced challenges in their homes from home that were to test to the limit their spirits, their resourcefulness, even their survival.
First impressions
Authors: Robinson Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For Mrs Moodie, arriving in Canada in 1832 (along with some fifty thousand other emigrant pioneers driven by hope or despair that year alone), a sense of precedent—even the odd ghost or two—would have been a great comfort. She had answered the advertisements promising grants of land and an honest, homespun fortune to those who were unafraid of work and the wilderness, and, one long, apprehensive voyage later, had found herself suddenly marooned.
Introduction
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A LOW room, with but little furniture, and that of the simplest kind; a few telegraphic instruments scattered about here and there in out-of-the-way corners, and mixed up promiscuously with rifles and wooden boxes, some filled with cartridges, others containing provisions for a journey ; two or three bottles, labelled “Quinine, “ on a rickety wooden table ; several men of various nationalities all talking at the same time, and a Babel of different languages ; —such was the scene around the writer of this work, who was leaning against the window-sill, and glancing from time to time at an old number of an English newspaper.
A Start with the Courier—Tea-money—A Breakdown—-The Book for Complaints —Improvement in Scenery—Trade in Shawls—An Eastern Tale—Podgor- naya—A Precipice—Oura—The Inn at Orsk—A Basin and a Table Napkin —A Servant with a Joyful Countenance—No Horses at the Stable—A Man who has Horses for Hire—You have a Grandmother—A Blue-eyed Siren.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I determined to take advantage of the presence of the man with the mails, and said that I would continue the journey with him, hoping by this means the quicker to reach my destination. The courier had no objection, and, after a considerable delay in obtaining horses for our sleighs we started. There was an advantage in accompanying him, for he was well provided with shovels and spades to dig out his vehicle in the event of the horses straying from the path and stumbling into a snowdrift. The main difficulty I should have would be to keep up with him, this being owing to the superiority of the teams which are supplied for the post However, I hoped to do this by the means of tea-money, an open sesame to the affections of Russian sleigh-drivers, and which I had hitherto found their most vulnerable point. Let it be known that you tip handsomely, and your Jehu will drive you along regardless of his master’s interest, whilst the regulation ten versts an hour can often be converted into half as much again.
The Present Khan—The Law of Succession—The Turkomans and their Tribute —The Royal Gardens—A Summer Palace—How the Sovereign administers Justice—God’s Vengeance—The Prison—The Prisoners—The Stocks—The Schools—The Moullahs—Reading, Writing, and the Koran—How Schoolmasters are remunerated for their trouble—Preparations for a Start to Bokhara—L’homme propose, mais Dieu dispose—A Letter—It must have cost a large sum of money sending that Telegram—General Milutin— The Bazaar—A Strict Order—A Nose-ring—The Unclean Animal—A Present from the Khan—His Invitation to Englishmen—His Hospitality.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The present Khan is the eleventh in succession of the same family. He commenced his reign ten years ago, at the death of the previous sovereign, the khanate descending from father to son, and not to the eldest male relative, as is the case amidst some other Mohammedan nations. The monarch receives the crown lands and gardens intact. With the rest of the nation, the property at a fathers death is divided equally amongst his sons, thus doing away with the possibility of any one possessing a large extent of the soil.