bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rheumatoid arthritis and pigmented villonodular synovitis: comparative analysis of cell polyploidy, cell cycle phases and expression of macrophage and fibroblast markers in proliferating synovial cells
Authors: Berger I , Weckauf H , Helmchen B , Ehemann V , Penzel R , Fink B , Bernd L , Autschbach F 
Published: April 2005

Aims : Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) are aggressive diseases with progressive joint destruction. The present study aims to define cell cycle phases, polyploidy and the immunophenotype of proliferating synovial cells in both diseases.Methods and results : Synovial tissues from patients with proliferative‐active RA, localized and diffuse PVNS were analysed by DNA flow cytometry, immunohistochemistry and double immunofluorescence with confocal laser scan microscopy. Expression of macrophage markers (CD68/CD163), fibroblast markers (h4Ph/CD55) and Ki67 antigen was examined. Synovial cells positive for either macrophage or fibroblast markers as well as double‐labelled cells were found in both RA and PVNS. In RA, CD68/CD163+ synoviocytes were preferentially located in the vicinity of the synovial lining layer, while they were more randomly distributed in PVNS. Of cases with diffuse PVNS, 20% showed an aneuploid cell pattern. All samples of localized PVNS and RA were diploid. Proliferative activity was significantly higher in aneuploid PVNS.Conclusions : In spite of their histologically homogeneous appearance, proliferating synovial cells display a heterogeneous immunophenotype in both RA and PVNS, indicating functional properties of both macrophages and fibroblasts. Aneuploidy seems to be a special feature of diffuse PVNS.
Bone marrow changes in chronic myelogenous leukaemia after long‐term treatment with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor STI571: an immunohistochemical study on 75 patients
Authors: Thiele J , Kvasnicka H M , Schmitt‐Graeff A , Kriener S , Engels K , Staib P , Ollig E S , Keller C , Fokkema S , Griesshammer M , Waller C F , Ottmann O G , Hansmann M L 
Published: April 2005

Aims:  To carry out an immunohistochemical study on bone marrow (BM) biopsy specimens in 75 patients with chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) on long‐term STI571 therapy.Methods and results:  Sequential BM specimens taken at intervals of 21 ± 6 months were investigated by enzyme‐ and immunohistochemistry including proliferating cell nuclear antigen and apoptosis. Evaluation was performed either by semiquantitative scoring or by morphometry (CD61+ megakaryopoiesis). In 41 patients with chronic phase CML, treatment resulted in a significant decrease in cellularity and neutrophil granulopoiesis contrasting with an accumulation of erythroid precursor cells. Morphometry showed a reduction of abnormal micromegakaryocytes consistent with normalization. Regression of myelofibrosis was identified in eight of 15 patients, whereas progression occurred in 17 patients; mostly in those with acceleration and blastic crisis. The increased post‐treatment incidence of reactive lymphoid nodules was remarkable. Myeloblasts, CD34+ progenitors and immature myelomonocytic cells initially decreased, but recurred in 14 patients who later developed a relapse. STI571 exerted an inhibitory effect on cell proliferation associated with enhanced apoptosis in responding patients.Conclusion:  Long‐term treatment with STI571 exerts pronounced changes on BM histopathology that not only involve haematopoiesis and stromal constituents, but also proliferation and apoptosis.
Expression of S100A2 and S100A6 in thyroid carcinomas
Authors: Ito Y , Yoshida H , Tomoda C , Uruno T , Miya A , Kobayashi K , Matsuzuka F , Kakudo K , Kuma K , Miyauchi A 
Published: April 2005

Aims:  S100 calcium‐binding proteins are known to play multiple roles in carcinoma development. In this study, we focused on two kinds of these proteins, S100A2 and S100A6, and investigated their expression in thyroid neoplasms.Methods and results:  We investigated S100A2 and S100A6 expression in 141 thyroid neoplasms by immunohistochemistry. S100A2 was not expressed in normal follicles or follicular tumours, with one exception. Although 89.5% of papillary carcinoma were positive for S100A2, the expression was heterogeneous except in two cases. In anaplastic carcinoma, 78.5% of cases expressed S100A2 diffusely, while the remaining cases were negative. In normal follicles, S100A6 expression was always low, while 8.3% of follicular adenomas and 39.5% of follicular carcinomas showed increased expression. In papillary carcinomas, S100A6 expression was increased in 75% of cases, but in anaplastic carcinomas it was decreased, with only 14.3% showing high expression.Conclusions:  The expression patterns of S100A2 and S100A6 in thyroid neoplasms are unique compared with those of other carcinomas, suggesting that: (i) S100A2 and S100A6 contribute to certain events in papillary carcinoma progression, and (ii) S100A2 expression is one of the biological characteristics of anaplastic carcinoma.
Fruit‐bearing branchlets are carbon autonomous in mature broad‐leaved temperate forest trees
Authors: HOCH GÜNTER 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACTIn order to evaluate the degree of carbon autonomy for fruit development, the carbon source‐sink relationship in fruit‐bearing branchlets of mature deciduous forest trees was manipulated in situ. The tests included half and complete defoliation, girdling or the combination of both treatments, which were applied on fruiting branchlets by using a canopy crane. Concentrations of non‐structural carbohydrates (NSC) were analysed in different branchlet tissues and fruits, to identify situations of carbon imbalances induced by the treatments. NSC concentrations of branchlets were generally lower under treatments resulting in decreased fruit growth. All three investigated species (Carpinus betulus, Fagus sylvatica and Tilia platyphyllos) exhibited complete carbon autonomy of fruiting at the level of whole, undisturbed branchlets, since neither a decrease of total infructescence biomass, nor of individual fruit mass occurred on girdled, un‐defoliated branchlets. On girdled, 100% defoliated branchlets, fruit biomass relative to controls decreased by approximately 50% in Carpinus and Tilia, but by almost 80% in Fagus, which can be explained by different proportions of photosynthetically active infructescence tissues among the species. In contrast to the other two species, Tilia branchlets did not import carbon to compensate for assimilate loss after defoliation.
The effect of ozone on the emission of carbonyls from leaves of adult Fagus sylvatica
Authors: COJOCARIU CRISTIAN , ESCHER PETER , HÄBERLE KARL‐HEINZ , MATYSSEK RAINER , RENNENBERG HEINZ , KREUZWIESER JÜRGEN 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACTUnder the site conditions of a temperate forest, the exchange of short‐chained oxygenated carbonyls (aldehydes, ketones) was assessed from leaves of adult European beech trees. The crowns of the trees were either exposed to an elevated O3 regime as released by a free‐air fumigation system (2 × O3) or to the unchanged O3 regime at the site (1 × O3, ‘control’). Daily fluctuations of oxygenated carbonyls were quantified in relation to environmental and physiological factors. In particular, the effect of O3 on carbonyl exchange was studied. Measurements of leaf gas exchange were performed with a dynamic cuvette system, and carbonyl fluxes were determined using 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)‐coated silica gel cartridges. Leaves mainly emitted acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and acetone. Acetaldehyde dominated the emissions, amounting up to 100 nmol m−2 min−1, followed by formaldehyde (approximately 80 nmol m−2 min−1) and acetone (approximately 60 nmol m−2 min−1). Carbonyl emissions were highest during midday and significantly lowered at night, irrespective of the O3 exposure regime. Trees exposed to 2 × O3 emitted acetaldehyde and acetone at enhanced rates. The findings are of particular significance for future climate change scenarios that assume increased O3 levels.
Functional diversity in arbuscular mycorrhizas: exploitation of soil patches with different phosphate enrichment differs among fungal species
Authors: CAVAGNARO T. R. , SMITH F. A. , SMITH S. E. , JAKOBSEN I. 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACTMost terrestrial plant species form associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) that transfer soil P to the plant via their external hyphae. The distribution of nutrients in soils is typically patchy (heterogeneous) but little is known about the ability of AMF to exploit P patches in soil. This was studied by growing symbioses of Linum usitatissimum and three AMF (Glomus intraradices, G. mosseae and Gigaspora margarita) in pots with two side‐arms, which were accessible to hyphae, but not to roots. Soil in one side‐arm was either unamended (P0) or enriched with P; simultaneous labelling of this soil with 32P revealed that G. intraradices responded to P enrichment both in terms of hyphal proliferation and P uptake, whereas the other AMF did not. Labelling with 33P of P0 soil in the other side arm revealed that the increased P uptake by G. intraradices from the P‐enriched patch was paralleled by decreased P uptake by other parts of the mycelium. This is the first demonstration of variation in growth and nutrient uptake by an AMF as influenced by a localized P enrichment of the soil. The results are discussed in the context of functional diversity of AMF.
Response of Arabidopsis thaliana to 22 ALS inhibitors: baseline toxicity and cross‐resistance of csr1‐1 and csr1‐2 resistant mutants
Authors: ROUX F , MATEJICEK A , REBOUD X 
Published: April 2005

SummaryThe baseline toxicity of 22 acetolactate synthase (ALS)‐inhibiting herbicides and the cross‐resistance patterns of chlorsulfuron‐ and imazapyr‐resistant (R) lines on these 22 ALS‐inhibiting herbicides were investigated using the model species Arabidopsis thaliana. The 22 herbicides consisted of 18 sulfonylureas (SU), three imidazolinones (IMI) and one triazolopyrimidine (TP). The ED50 values (doses of herbicides required to reduce dry matter by 50%) of the post‐emergence‐treated Col and Ler susceptible (S) lines ranged from 22 to 4822 mg ha−1 and from 17 to 3143 mg ha−1 respectively. The csr1‐1 chlorsulfuron‐resistant line (substitution of Pro197 to Ser) conferred a high resistance to the only TP tested as well as to nine SU herbicides (R:S ratio ≥30), a low resistance to two SU herbicides (R:S≥5 and <30) and little or no resistance to the three IMI and seven other SU herbicides (R:S <5). This result contradicts the expectation that an ALS mutation selected by an SU herbicide confers high cross‐resistance to other SU herbicides. We found that the efficacy of specific ALS inhibitors was different for different species and therefore could not be predicted from our results with A. thaliana; however, the cross‐resistance patterns in A. thaliana were highly correlated with cross‐resistance patterns in unrelated species with the same resistance mutation. These results have implications for resistance management.
Can an integrated management approach provide a basis for long‐term prevention of weed dominance in Australian pasture systems?
Authors: HUWER R K , BRIESE D T , DOWLING P M , KEMP D R , LONSDALE W M , MICHALK D L , NEAVE M J , SHEPPARD A W , WOODBURN T L 
Published: April 2005

SummaryBroad‐leaved weeds in pasture, such as Carduus nutans, Onopordum spp. and Echium plantagineum are a major problem for graziers in southern Australia. Previous attempts to combat these weeds with a single technique have only resulted in short‐term success. An approach to long‐term control, combining biological control with different grazing and herbicide strategies, was evaluated in an integrated weed management (IWM) programme, in south‐eastern Australia. This IWM study was one of the few that has focused on biological control agents. During the field trials, the impacts of grazing and herbicide treatments on the weed and biological control agents, as well as on pasture composition, were monitored. This paper concentrates on the part of the study that focuses on the role and importance of pasture composition as part of weed management. The main pasture components were monitored using botanal, a sampling technique for estimating species composition and pasture yield in the field. IWM is a long‐term ecological approach and after 3 years, major trends were just becoming apparent. This study shows that pasture composition can be manipulated to increase productivity and sustainability. It demonstrates that broad‐leaved weeds can be reduced when high level pasture background management and chemical control are combined.
Forest Service Budget Requests and Appropriations
Authors: Farnham Timothy J. 
Published: April 2005

In spite of recent arguments that significant changes are occurring in the United States Department of Agriculture's Forest Service, to date little empirical evidence exists demonstrating that this is indeed the case and whether these presumed changes are impacting upon substantive policy outcomes. Most of the current evidence available is from studies that have inferred change by measuring attitudinal change in Forest Service employees. None to date has examined changes in quantitative indicators of agency policy efforts or outcomes.In this article, we analyze trends in the budget requests of the Forest Service, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the Office of Management and Budget (OMB), and appropriations made by Congress, to ascertain whether priorities of these actors concerning the commodity and non‐commodity programs of the National Forests have changed since the passage of the National Forest Management Act. The data reveal shifting priorities for the Forest Service, USDA, and OMB. However, although the shifts have been greater for the Forest Service than for the other two agencies, they have been significantly less than the shifts in congressional appropriations. This fact suggests that Congress is changing its view of how the Forest Service should manage its lands more quickly than the Forest Service is changing itself, and that, as some have argued, Congress has been an important external agent of change concerning the agency and its policies.
Optimizing Productivity Through Privatization and Entrepreneurial Management
Authors: Van Johnston R. 
Published: April 2005

Efficiency and economy have become the forces driving both, public and private organizations in the 1990s. Competition and legal mandates constrict managers' abilities to use their traditional options in delivering goods and services to their citizens and customers. Privatization and entrepreneurial management are being utilized increasingly to improve productivity. This is creating a genuine transformation in the way we manage our organizations, it also changes the nature of the relationship between our organizations and their citizens, clients, and customers.In this article we explore this unfolding transformation and analyze its significance. An entrepreneurial management productivity optimization model is also developed. Productivity is explored in terms of efficiency and effectiveness. The mechanisms for improving productivity, privatization, and entrepreneurial management are then examined. After noting the changing rotes that public policy and competition now play, the more prominent managerial models are explored, including reinventing and reengineering.The article then presents examples of federal, state, and local entrepreneurial strategies and innovations. It concludes by alerting us to endangered public policy priorities and sets forth significant public management caveats to which we increasingly should become sensitive. The entrepreneurial management productivity optimization model has been developed to assist in clarifying and analyzing the issues involved in this article. It should also help those working in this arena to formulate optimal choices when building entrepreneurial management models for their own organizations or for those of their citizens, clients, or customers.
Policy Issues: License Renewal for Older Drivers‐Analysis of the Iowa Experience in Reexamination of High‐Risk Drivers
Authors: Mercier Cletus R. , Falb Scott R. 
Published: April 2005

Loss of a driver license places an older person in the unhappy role of a transportation dependent. This dependence weighs heavily on that person' s family; if family members are nearby, they become either the sole or primary source of transportation for their transportation‐dependent parent(s). If there are no family members nearby, as occurs often in today's highly mobile society, then a major concern of that family may be their parent(s)' lack of mobility, with the parent becoming effectively restricted to home due to lack of access to adequate transportation facilities.Most of those who are involved in the issue of driver license renewal favor keeping older drivers on the road as long as possible, rather than arbitrarily denying them the privilege to drive. But there is legitimate concern about the presence of impaired drivers on the road and accompanying safety risks. Many states address this concern by devising license renewal procedures that will cause at least some potentially unsafe drivers to be flagged and referred for reexamination.This study evaluates the bases for referral and reexamination currently used in the state of Iowa and assesses the validity of referrals. The results of our analysis indicate that the current referral process works quite well in identifying at‐risk drivers, resulting in a high percentage of suspensions or imposing additional restrictions on an existing license. Results also support policies instituted by some states using age as a criterion for more frequent license renewal–which would allow examiners to test and observe driver behavior more frequently. The choice of age 75 as a threshold is supported by these results.
Book Notes
Authors: Donoher William J. 
Published: April 2005

Books reviewed in this article:Erik Asard and W. Lance Bennett, Democracy and the Marketplace of Ideas: Communication and Government in Sweden and the United States.Andre Blais, Donald E. Blake, and Stephane Dion, Governments, Parties, and Public Sector Employees.William J. Breen, Labor Market Politics and the Great War: The Department of Labor, the States, and the First U.S. Employment Service, 1907–1933.James W. Button, Barbara A. Rienzo, and Kenneth D. Wald, Private Lives, Public Conflicts: Battles Over Gay Rights in American Communities.Lynton K. Caldwell and Robert V. Bartlett (Eds.), Environmental Policy: Transnational Issues and National Trends.John Carver, Boards That Make a Difference: A New Design for Leadership in Nonprofit and Public Organizations (2nd ed.).Larry N. Gerston, Public Policy Making: Process and Principles.Michele M. Hoyman, Power Steering: Global Automakers and the Transformation of Rural Communities.David L. Imbroscio, Reconstructing City Politics: Alternative Economic Development and Urban Regimes.Sheldon Kamieniecki, George A. Gonzalez, and Robert O. Vos (Eds.), Flashpoints in Environmental Policymaking: Controversies in Achieving Sustainability.Samuel Krislov, How Nations Choose Product Standards and Standards Change Nations.Brian K. Landsberg, Enforcing Civil Rights: Race Discrimination and the Department of Justice.Duncan MacRae, Jr. and Dale Whittington, Expert Advice for Policy Choice.William R. Nester, American Industrial Policy: Free or Managed Markets?William R. Nester, The War for America's Natural Resources.Howard Risher, Charles H. Fay, and Associates, New Strategies for Public Pay: Rethinking Government Compensation Programs.
Book Notes
Authors: Donoher William J. 
Published: April 2005

Books reviewed in this article:Judith Wagner DeCew, In Pursuit of Privacy: Law, Ethics, and the Rise of Technology.Peter DeLeon, Democracy and the Policy Sciences.Herbert Inhaber, Why Energy Conservation Fails.Sheila Jasanoff, Science at the Bar: Law, Science, and Technology in America.Marick F. Masters, Unions at the Crossroads: Strategic Membership, Financial, and Political Perspectives.Susan E. Mayer, What Money Can't Buy: Family Income and Children's Life Chances.Pietro S. Nivola (Ed.), Comparative Disadvantages? Social Regulations and the Global Economy.Sudhir Chella Rajan, The Enigma of Automobility:Democratic Politics and Pollution Control.Paul M. Sniderman and Edward G. Carmines, Reaching Beyond Race.Elliott White (Ed.), Intelligence, Political Inequality, and Public Policy.Robet H. Wilson (Ed.), Public Policy and Community: Activism and Governance in Texas.
Feminists in Power: Women Cabinet Ministers in the New Democratic Party (NDP) Government of Ontario, 1990–1995
Authors: Byrne Lesley Hyland 
Published: April 2005

Faced with power all women, whether feminists or not, are confronted with three possible strategies: to become part of the existing structure of political power and find a position of equality within it; to challenge the existing power structure through parties whose goal it is to preempt such power in order to transform it; or to remain on the fringes of the established structures in order to engage in the pressure tactics of subversion.Sylvie Paquerot, 1983
The difference between quantitative representation and qualitative (or “substantive”) representation has become of interest to scholars exploring the impact of the number of women elected to political institutions. Where once the focus was on the number alone, the most recent work emphasizes the significance of “interest representation.” Ultimately, the question is: Does it make a difference to have substantive representation of women, especially in positions of power? Does it make a difference in terms of policy outcomes? Does it make a difference in terms of institutional change? This research examines a case study of women cabinet ministers in the New Democratic Party government of Ontario, Canada, from 1990 to 1995. Based on lengthy interviews and an analysis of policy outcomes, this paper concludes that it did indeed make a difference, on both fronts, but that those transformations were not as dramatic as the feminist progressive components might project nor as extensive as the women's movement had hoped.
Effects of soil nutrient heterogeneity on the growth of plants under the various distributions and levels of nutrients in Zoysia japonica Steud.
Authors: Li Dezhi , Ito Mutsuyasu , Okajima Tsuyoshi 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAn experiment was carried out to analyze the effects of soil nitrogen heterogeneity in containers on the growth of a clonal plant of Zoysia japonica Steud. The overall soil nitrogen supply in the containers, their distribution and their interactions significantly affected the dry matter production of Zoysia japonica plants. Dry matter production in Zoysia japonica was benefited from heterogeneous nitrogen distributions when the overall soil nitrogen supply in the containers was relatively low. When the overall soil nitrogen was relatively high, stolon production was substantially higher in homogeneous soil nutrients. In heterogeneous distributions of nutrients, the positions of rich soil bands close to the initial Zoysia ramets positively affected the stolon production. The earlier Zoysia clones acquired abundant nitrogen from rich soil bands, the more they increased dry matter production in low nitrogen levels.