bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrable systems and inverse scattering
Authors: Graeme Segal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The original soliton, or ‘solitary wave’, was the bow-wave of a canalbarge observed in 1834 near Edinburgh by the marine engineer John Scott Russell. The barge was stopped suddenly, and Scott Russell, galloping alongside on his horse, saw the bow-wave travel for miles along the canal without changing its shape, size, or speed.
So what are you afraid of now?
Authors: Little Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book, we have covered most of genetics, and in the future histories of Jeanne and Jean we have explored the future. We have as much information as we need to make reasoned judgements on the reality of genetics, on its power, its limitations, and on its potential. So I want to pose one final question: does gene science frighten you? Most people will generally admit to an element of fear in their attitude. From personal observation, there seem to be three main areas that cause this: the fear of knowing the future, the fear of the loss of free will and individuality, and, finally, the fear of discrimination. Let’s take each fear in turn and see what our knowledge of genetics makes of the reality behind the concerns.
Regularization methods for solving inverse problems
Authors: Engl Heinz W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Inverse Problems are concerned with determining causes for desired or observed effects: from this formulation, it is clear that inverse problems appear frequently in all kinds of applied fields. Examples of important classes of inverse problems are tomography (cf. [62]), which is import.ant both in medical applications and in nondestructive testing [33] inverse scattering (cf. [17], [65]) inverse heat conduction problems like solving a heat equation backwards in time ore “sideways” (i.e., with Cauchy data on part of the boundary) (cf. [34], [51) geophysical inverse problems like determining a spatially varying density distribution in the earth from gravity measurements (cf. [32]) inverse problems in imaging like deblurring and denoising (cf. [6]) identification of parameters in (partial) differential equations from interior or boundary meruurements of the solution (cf. [4], [45]), the latter case appearing e.g. in impedance tomography ([46]).
Sampling of multi-band signals
Authors: Moran Bill , Avdonin Sergei 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper is about sequences (tn) of real numbers with the property that knowl edge of a signal s at these points, that is, (s(tn) tells us everything about the signal. In order that this problem makes sense it is necessary to assume that the spectrum of the signal is constrained in some way. Classically such constraints have been that the spectrum lies in a finite interval, but recently there has been considerable interest in signals whose spectra lie in finite unions of such intervals.
Exotic applications of liquid crystals
Authors: Virga Epifanio G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Liquid crystals are mesophases, that is, intermediate states of matter, which flow like incompressible viscous fluids, and yet retain several features of crystals, especially the optical ones. In the classical Friedel’s classification, liquid crystals are distinguished in nematics, chiral nematics (or cholesterics), and smectics.
Turbulent Flow in an Arterial Stenosis
Authors: Sajjadi S G , Feng Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases for example acute myocardial infection, congestive heart failure and stroke are still most frequent causes of death within the population of European Union (EU). To continue and accelerate the pace of the discoveries of the last decades and translate these findings into treatment, multidisciplinary cardiovascular research must be developed. Studies are best and most economically accomplished in a research setting combining the expertise of physicians and scientists with different backgrounds in basic and clinical cardiovascular re search and in molecular genetics. Although the initiating factor for the development of atherosclerosis has yet to be fully established it is believed that the development of localized arterial stenosis alters the flow and the nutrient supply to the wall at least in the neighbourhood of the constriction. Therefore, it is essential to understand the flow mechanism in the presence of a constriction, particularly the flow separation downstream of the constriction and the behaviour of turbulence in the re circulating region. This will then lead to a deeper understanding of the pathology of atherosclerosis.
Modelling of Cerebral Autoregulation Experiments in Humans
Authors: Kirkham S K , Craine R E , Birch* A A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cerebral autoregulation is the process by which cerebral blood flow is kept con stant despite changes in the arterial blood pressure. This process is impaired in many patient groups, however, and knowledge of a patient’s ability to autoregulate could lead to an improved understanding of their condition and thereby help to manage their therapy. The mechanisms controlling cerebral autoregulation are complex and not well understood. Current techniques for assessing it have had limited success, and development of these techniques is required in order to improve our understanding of the measurements and to establish clinical applications.
Characterisation of Monocytes by Filtration of Undiluted Blood
Authors: Evans Shelley-Ann , Cook Alison 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The effect of increased adhesiveness and decreased deformability of leukocytes, following activation in vivo, can have a profound effect on flow through the microcirculation. Measurement of leukocyte deformability is therefore an important tool in the study of the pathology of vascular dis eases. Although much work has been done on the rheological properties of lymphocytes and granulocytes, there is little information available on the larger mononuclear cells, the monocytes. To investigate monocyte rheology, blood obtained from 2 groups of healthy volunteers was filtered, undiluted, through 5 μm polycarbonate filters using a fully automated constant pressure filtrometer. Flow profiles were recorded over 300 seconds and the profiles were analysed by least squares fitting to an appropriate mathematical model. In both young and elderly adults, the leukocytes fall into 4 distinct sub-populations in terms of their rheological properties. In both groups, the majority of leukocytes are in rapid equilibrium with the pores of the membrane, and are predominantly lymphocytes and granulocytes. The remaining leukocytes are not in equilibrium with the pores and analysis of the declining flow rate calculates both the number and flow properties of these cells. These cells equate numerically with the monocytes, and are sub-divided into 3 distinct sub-populations according to their rheological properties. Other workers have characterised monocytes into defined sub sets on the basis of their size or phagocytic ability. Filtration of blood seems to be an acceptable way of measuring monocyte rheology, thus Flow profile of blood through 5vm filter. The points are experimental, and the line is the least squares fit avoiding purification which may alter their morphology, and the rheological heterogeneity of monocytes is confirmed.
Splitting the Atom*
Authors: Perutz Max F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
She came from a liberal Jewish family in Vienna-her father was a lawyer-and she grew up in what she herself described as a remarkably stimulating intellectual atmosphere. Toward the end of the last century and until the First World War, Vienna had one of the world’s leading medical schools and a renowned university. It was also a lively center of literature, music, and the arts. To illustrate the city’s intellectual ferment, Meitner’s biographer Ruth Sime mentions Sigmund Freud, Viktor Adler, and Theodor Herzl, but neither Adler, a socialist leader, nor Herzl, a founder of Zionism, contributed much to the cultural life of Vienna. She fails to mention Gustav Mahler or Arthur Schnitzler, or Otto Wagner and Adolf Loos, the two great pioneers of modern architecture, or Josef Hoffmann and Koloman Moser, who founded the Wiener Werkstatte, the cradle of modern design.
The Man Who Patented the Bomb*
Authors: Perutz Max F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On August 13, 1940, Lt. Col. S.V. Constant of U.S. Military Intelligence reported: “ENRICO FERMI. He is supposed to have left Italy because of the fact that his wife is Jewish He is undoubtedly a Fascist Employment of this person on secret work is not recommended:’ “MR SZELARD. [sic] He is a Jewish refugee from Hungary. It is understood that his family were wealthy merchants in Hungary and were able to come to the United States with most of their money He is stated to be very pro-German Employment of this person on secret work is not recommended:’ Fermi was not a Fascist, and Szilard lived in terror of the Germans; his family was neither wealthy nor had it come to the United States, but no matter. Had military intelligence been heeded, the atomic bomb would not have been built and the coming of the atomic age would have been at least delayed.
A Mystery of the Tropics*
Authors: Perutz Max F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some years ago, I listened to an emotional appeal by a director of the World Health Organization to fight against the parasitic infections that kill millions of children in the Poor World every year. His speech fell flat, partly because the audience regarded it as a well-rehearsed and often repeated performance, and partly because mere numbers fail to arouse people’s emotions. By contrast, the opening of Desowitz’s book on tropical diseases strikes to the heart with the story of the illness and unnecessary death of a single child in India. Unnecessary, because the mother could have saved her child had she or the Indian government been able to afford $15 worth of medicine.
Introduction To Connections, Curvature And Holonomy Groups
Authors: Joyce Dominic D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will introduce the theory of connections, focus sing in particular on two topics, the curvature and the holonomy group of a connection. Connections can be defined in two different sorts of bundle, that is, vector bundles and principal bundles. Both definitions will be given in §2.1.
Quasi-Ale Metrics With Holonomy Su(M) And Sp(M)
Authors: Joyce Dominic D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Let G be a finite subgroup of U(m) and suppose (X,π) is a resolution of Cm/G. In the case in which G acts freely on Cm\ (0), so that Cm/G has an isolated quotient singularity at 0, Chapter 8 defined a special class of Kähler metrics on X called ALE Kähler metrics, and proved an existence result for Ricci-flat ALE Kähler metrics. We will now generalize these ideas to the case when G does not act freely on Cm \(0) , so that the singularities of Cm/G are not isolated.
Construction Of Compact 7-Manifolds With Holonomy G
Authors: Joyce Dominic D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we explain how to construct examples of compact 7-manifolds with holonomy G. Here is a sketch of the method. We begin with a torus T equipped with a flat G-structure (ϕ0, g0), and a finite group r of automorphisms of T preserving (ϕ0, g0). Then T /r is an orbifold with a flat G-structure (ϕ0, g0).
Construction Of Compact 8-Manifolds With Holonomy Spin(7)
Authors: Joyce Dominic D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we explain how to construct compact 8-manifolds with holonomy Spin(7), following the G2 case in Chapter 11 closely. We begin with a torus T 8 equipped with a flat Spin(7)-structure (Q0, g0), and a finite group r of automorphisms of T 8 preserving (Q0, g0). Then T 8/r is an orbifold with a flat Spin(7)-structure (Q0, g0).
Methods for studying nucleic acid structure
Authors: Neidle Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our knowledge of DNA and RNA three-dimensional structures has advanced immeasurably since the elucidation of the first such structure, that of the DNA double helix, in 1953 by Watson and Crick in conjunction with the X-ray fibre diffraction data of Franklin and Wilkins. Fibre diffraction methods subsequently enabled the morphologies of a whole range of nucleic acid double-helical types to become established. More recently, the relationships between DNA primary sequence and fine details of molecular structure have become increasingly understood, in large part from single-crystal and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) structural studies on defined-sequence oligonucleotides. DNA structure itself continues to surprise with its ability to exist in a wide variety of forms, such as left-handed and multiple-stranded helices. The study of RNA structure has a more recent history, which reveals that RNA can fold in a variety of complex ways as well as occur in a double-helical form. There is also now a very large body of experimental information on the structures of protein-DNA and drug-DNA complexes.
Assumptions and modelling philosophy
Authors: Buckland S T , Anderson D R , Burnham K P , Laake J L , Borchers D L , Thomas L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This section provides material for a deeper understanding of the assumptions required for the successful application of distance sampling theory. The validity of the assumptions allows the investigator assurance that valid inference can be made concerning the density of the population sampled. Before we address the assumptions, we note that the design and conduct of the survey must pay due regard to good survey practice, as outlined in Chapter 7. If the survey is poorly designed or executed, the estimates may be of little value. Sound theory and analysis procedures cannot make up for poor sampling design or inadequate field protocol.
The Boundary Layer On A Flat Plate
Authors: Sobey I J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter and the next are concerned with a simple boundary layer problem of flow past a flat plate aligned with the stream. In the present chapter we will follow developments up to 1969. Boundary layer theory development had followed two avenues, on one hand seeking to describe finite Reynolds number flows over bodies such as cylinders and airfoils, flows which involved separation, whilst on the other hand finding greater analytic success with the geometrically simpler flat plate where separation was absent. Even with the simplification of geometry, the development of an analysis for a flat plate boundary layer saw two periods of activity before 1969.
Prediction Of Separation From A Cylinder
Authors: Sobey I J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The length scales needed to resolve the singularity at the trailing edge of plate were simultaneously applied to separation in a compressible flow by Stewart son and Williams (1969) and Neiland (1969). In compressible flow separation can occur ahead of the place where an oblique shock interacts with a wall and the spontaneous nature of this upstream separation was something of a puzzle since the mechanism by which a disturbance could be propagated upstream of the wall-shock interaction in a supersonic flow was unclear, see, for example, Reyhner and Flilgge-Lotz (1968).
Coanda Effect
Authors: Sobey I J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Amongst many interesting phenomena in fluid dynamics, one of the simplest illustrations of unexpected physical complexity in fluid flow is the Coanda effect. It is an effect named after H.Coanda (1886-1972) who observed that a jet of air flowing parallel but near a wall (in his case, the fuselage of an aircraft) would deflect so as to flow closer to the wall, appearing to ‘attach’ to the wall. One explanation for this comes from consideration of the pressure distribution.
Power semiconductors
Authors: Holmes-Siedle Andrew , Adams Len 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The power subsystems of large space equipment, radiation-generating equipment, and nuclear power sources are required to handle high currents and voltages in the kilowatt range. Local regulation is by, amongst other devices, power transistors, thyristors, and large rectifiers. CERN, for example, will employ power diodes for the Large Hadron Collider (Berland et al. 1995) and power ASICs (see Section 6.14). Silicon power devices of the type described operate on the same general principles as junction devices discussed earlier, but their construction is often different: the chip is larger and may even be in the form of a ‘pellet’ having the full diameter of the source ingot. Epitaxial growth is used more extensively in power devices, while special doping (e.g. neutron transmutation) and unusual geometry are required to achieve a high junction breakdown voltage, low ‘ON’ resistance and good heat removal. In general, locally low levels of doping are required for high-voltage devices. In radiation-effects engineering, this is significant because carrier removal due to particle irradiation will be more noticeable. Also, in order to accommodate large depletion regions, large values of base width are required in the design of power transistors and thyristors. This can impart unusually high sensitivity to degradation of gain (see Chapter 5). In some respects, the power MOS device is also structurally different from its low-power relatives (see, for example, VMOS and HEXFET construction). Nevertheless, the response of the gate oxide layer-a dominant effect in space and gamma radiation–can still be predicted by the methods described earlier. One IC supplier has issued a ‘rad hard power management ICs Handbook’ (Intersil 2000). BICMOS is discussed in Section 4.8.9.
Conclusions
Authors: Holmes-Siedle Andrew , Adams Len 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The overall scientific conclusion from the reviews given in this handbook must be that, in the millennium, microelectronics and the newer nano-and optoelectronics, when operating in a radiation environment, exhibit sometimes alarming misbehaviour. Without a doubt, this situation continues to provide the engineer/designer with a wide range of challenges in applied science. Our job herein is to highlight these problems, explain them where possible and then lead the engineer towards a balanced solution. Explanations, we feel, require proper scientific review. Topics must include a description of the radiation environment and the theory of how radiation interacts with effects in solids, especially solids of the electronic variety. This method, deriving from the style of the original ‘design handbook’ for ESA, is different from the textbook style of some competitors. We gather from readers, however, that such a handbook still serves, in addition, as a grounding for students. Now, preparing a second edition, we look backward and forward. First, colleagues tell us that the first edition was helpful and not too difficult to read and that the indexing was good. We have worked to give a smoother and even better cross-referenced scientific and engineering review.
The adaptive brain
Authors: Tweed Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To cope with an uncertain, changing world, the brain must be able to reprogram itself on the fly. Its sensorimotor systems will do their jobs only if they are correctly tuned, their synapses set to appropriate values. The right setting for each synapse depends on how the other synapses are set, and on the state of the sense organs and the muscles. If a muscle weakens, the neural signals driving it must strengthen to achieve the same motion. But then how does a sensorimotor system stay accurate over a lifetime, as the sensors and muscles, and the body parts moved by the muscles, change with growth, injury, aging, and disease? And how does it tune itself in the first place, in the fetal and infant brain, when the neural circuits encounter the newly formed sensors and muscles for the first time? There is only one way. It manages all this by constantly monitoring and calibrating itself, adjusting its own internal structure to optimize its performance.
Thoughts running in circles
Authors: Tweed Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the Second World War a mathematician named Norbert Wiener was recruited to lend his special talents to the American military effort. His secret mission: to design automatic aiming mechanisms for anti-aircraft guns. As he toiled over his sinister engines, with their sensors, motors, and electronic brains, he reflected that their operating principles applied equally to living organisms. After the war he presented his ideas in the influential book Cybernetics: or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine.127 Wiener’s central message in Cybernetics was the crucial role of feedback guidance, the process where a system’s output loops back and affects its input to steer it to some goal. In this chapter I discuss why this sort of feedback is crucial to brain function.
Beyond isometry
Authors: Silvester J R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of this book has been about the transformations called isometries, the distance preserving maps on ℝ2 ( or ℝn). These transformations form a group, I(ℝ2), and we have been studying the properties preserved by the transformations in this group: distance, angle, collinearity, etc., and for a conic (in the last chapter), eccentricity and axis length.
The size of a group
Authors: Krause Jens , Ruxton Graeme D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last two chapters discussed the mechanisms by which being in a group can affect an individual. Of course, these mechanisms are often not mutually exclusive, and being in a group will affect an individual in several different ways simultaneously. Further, the different costs or benefits that an individual derives from these different mechanisms will change differentially with changes in group size. Section 4.1 will outline the idea that this differential change in costs and benefits will often lead to the existence of a unique group size that allows individuals to maximize fitness, the ‘optimal group size’. Deviations from this group size will be disadvantageous to group members.
Heterogeneity and homogeneity of group membership
Authors: Krause Jens , Ruxton Graeme D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Until now, this book has discussed groups as if they were composed of intrinsically identical individuals. Of course, this is often a poor approximation of reality. Even in cases where there is marked similarity between individuals in a group, we must consider if individuals have chosen to assort non-randomly. The next sections look at assortment in the context of both anti-predatory behaviour and foraging in groups. However, other factors, such as transport costs or disease transmission, although much less studied, are also likely to have a considerable influence on the composition of groups.
Environmental effects on grouping behaviour
Authors: Krause Jens , Ruxton Graeme D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We discussed in the preceding chapter how grouping behaviour can evolve in a population, and how the tendency for grouping can change over evolutionary time as an adaptation to environmental selection pressures. However, there are also many ways in which the behaviour of an individual animal can be affected by the environment during its lifetime. Phenotypic plasticity as a short-term response of the organism to its environment is particularly common during the early stages of development when tissues and organs and their nervous control are in the process of differentiation. Such plasticity should be specially selected for in changeable environments where conditions fluctuate within a generation.