bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Earnings Dispersion, Low Pay, and Household Poverty in Italy, 1977-98
Authors: Brandolini Andrea , Cipollone Piero , Sestito Paolo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Last decade was a period of considerable transformation for the Italian labour market. Employment fell sharply in the early 1990s, in the course of the deepest recession of the post-war period, and returned to growth only after 1995. This recovery coincided with a profound modification in the composition of the work force by sex, age, and educational attainment, and it went along with a rapid increase in part-time and fixed-term jobs as well as other forms of contingent work. At the same time, important institutional changes affected the wage formation mechanism, such as the abolition of automatic indexation in 1991 and the phasing-out of contribution relief for firms in the South since 1994.
Sales By Auction
Authors: Dyson Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Sales by auction in France fall into two categories depending on whether the owner has the free choice of this method of sale or whether the sale of his property by auction is forced upon him by an Order of the Court obtained at the instance of his creditors. The sale in the former case is an adjudication volontaire. Sales by virtue of an Order of the Court are adjudications judiciaires. The law and procedures relating to each type differ in important ways. The former type of auction sale is probably less popular than in England and does not seem to enjoy moments when it is particularly in vogue. They are mainly limited to sales of property in the estates of deceased persons.
Charges On Property
Authors: Dyson Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There being no equitable jurisdiction in France, every mortgage is a legal mort gage and there is nothing to be found in the system which simplifies the securing of the relationship between lender and borrower, particularly when it is of a temporary duration, such as the deposit of a Land Certificate. Neither Land Certificate nor Charge Certificate exist and the only way in which the existence of or freedom from a charge on property can be discovered is through the medium of a search. The unsecured creditor is a creanciér chirographaire.
Capacity
Authors: Dyson Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As a general rule of French private international law, all questions of capacity are answered by the loi personnelle of the person involved. Not only, there fore, is the status and capacity of a person governed by the rules of the law of the country of his nationality when he is in that country but they apply when he is outside that country. In most cases, the capacity of a person of British nationality domiciled in England and Wales will be governed by English law and the French Court will have no jurisdiction.
Avoiding The Réserve
Authors: Dyson Henry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It has been said that Anglo-Saxon law is ‘too individualist to admit any restriction on the freedom of a deceased person’ such as is imposed by the French Code civil and indeed by the laws of many countries which are based on that Code. Such sympathy for a non-French legal system is surprising since it must be admitted that reverence for le patrimoine is still a noticeable feature of French life. There is no better moment to observe this than at the completion of the sale of a property in the country which is frequently attended by children and sometimes by other members of the seller’s family who watch, not without anxiety, the disappearance from the family patrimoine of what should have formed part of their inheritance.
Comments
Authors: Boeri Tito , Hanson Gordon , McCormick Barry 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since my lifecycle trajectory includes some intra- and inter-continental migration, even before reading this wide-ranging and very enjoyable report I knew only too well some details of US immigration rules and procedures for members of the 1990s immigration wave’s highly qualified segment. From the report, I learned about many interesting features of immigration into the US by the vastly more controversial and numerous low-skill component of the US immigration phenomenon: the Statue of Liberty’s wretched, poor, and huddled masses.
Institutional Cultures and Regulatory Relationships in a Liberalizing Health Care System: A Tanzanian Case Study
Authors: Tibandebage Paula , Mackintosh Maureen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This paper draws on a study of the formal and informal regulatory relationships that shape the Tanzanian health care system. Liberalization of private for-profit health care practice in Tanzania, and the introduction of officially set fees in government health care facilities, date from the early 1990s; before that, only government facilities and those owned by religious bodies were allowed to operate. The fieldwork on which this paper is based, undertaken in 1998, provides a set of observations, from staff, patients, and household members, of one moment in an emerging mixed (public/ private/ religious and non-governmental) health care system that is still changing rapidly.
The Distribution of Realized Exchange Rate Volatility
Authors: Andersen Torben G , Bollerslev Tim , Diebold, Francis X , Labys Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Using high-frequency data on deutschmark and yen returns against the dollar, we construct model-free estimates of daily exchange rate volatility and correlation that cover an entire decade. Our estimates, termed realized volatilities and correlations, are not only model-free, but also approximately free of measurement error under general conditions, which we discuss in detail. Hence, for practical purposes, we may treat the exchange rate volatilities and correlations as observed rather than latent. We do so, and we characterize their joint distribution, both unconditionally and conditionally. Noteworthy results include a simple normality-inducing volatility transformation, high contemporaneous correlation across volatilities, high correlation between correlation and volatilities, pronounced and persistent dynamics in volatilities and correlations, evidence of long-memory dynamics in volatilities and correlations, and remarkably precise scaling laws under temporal aggregation.
Which Chance was Lost? The Psychology of Damage Awards under the Loss of Chance Doctrine
Authors: Koehler Jonathan J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Behavioral decision theorists commonly think about their discipline in the binary terms given by normative and descriptive theory. Whereas normative theory is concerned with how people should behave (as given by models such as subjective expected utility or Bayes” theorem}, descriptive theory is concerned with how people actually do behave. Thanks in large part to the pioneering work of Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, behavioral research has shown that people frequently and systematically violate normative theory. For example, people violate various axioms of subjective expected utility theory (Kahneman and Tversky 1979; Tversky and Kahneman 1986) and make probability judgments that deviate from Bayesian norms (Wells and Harvey 1978). Although some deviations from normative theory are properly treated as errors, others may help us reflect on the completeness of normative theory as a guide for real world decision-making.
Flow-of-Funds Model of the Postal Savings System and Fiscal Investment and Loan Program
Authors: Cargill Thomas F , Yoshino Naoyuki 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter reviewed the role of the PSS and the FILP in Japan’s financial system from several perspectives. First, in quantitative terms, the PSS and FILP are large and pervasive institutions, and few aspects of Japan’s economy are immune to their influence. Second, despite an official policy of financial liberalization since 1976, the PSS and the FILP have increased their role in the economy.
Reforming the Postal Savings System and the Fiscal Investment and Loan Program: Summing Up of the Issues, Reform, and Recommendations
Authors: Cargill Thomas F , Yoshino Naoyuki 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The PSS and the FILP are important features of Japanese post war finance, and despite an official policy of financial liberalization for over two decades, they have continued to expand their roles in Japan’s financial system. As of fiscal year-end 1999 (31 March 2000), postal deposits represented 34 percent of total household deposits and 18 percent of individual assets. Postal deposits accounted for 62 percent of FILP lending, and the FILP budget represented 10.9 percent of GNP. Postal life-insurance accounts for 30 percent of total life insurance sales. Postal deposits as a percentage of total deposits, postal life insurance as a percentage of total life insurance, and the ratio of the FILP budget to GDP were larger in 2000 than at any time since the start of reindustrialization in 1950.
‘But yet each circumstance I taste not fully’: Spectacles of Ruin
Authors: Engel William E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
These lines, spoken by Bianca, the factor’s wife, after she has seized the poisoned cup and drunk from it—the last in a series of many deaths depicted on stage—invite the audience to see her death as an object lesson. But we are asked to learn by her fate, not how to live more moral or chaste or well-ordered lives, but how to recognize our foes. As we saw in the previous chapter, the slumping into death calls forth a moment of reflection, during which time we can frame up, in the theatre of our minds, the image evoked through the presentation of fatal destiny. This passage also comments on the toppling of mortal strivings and attributes, and the contentment this can bring.
Introduction
Authors: Woolf Daniel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Early Modernists, Especially those interested in the evolution of the discipline of history, have long taken a special pride in their chosen period. During this age the foundations of modern scholarly and critical techniques are thought to have been laid, and a recognizable sense of distance from the ancient past is held to have been achieved. Renaissance historical thinkers have enjoyed a particularly privileged position, whether engaging in epistolary conversation with dead ancients in the manner of Petrarch; adapting the historical style of Livy to tell the story of Florence as did Leonardo Bruni; scouring the ruins of late medieval Italy for its architecture and archaeology as did Flavia Biondo; or ransacking the past for political examples as did Niccolo Machiavelli.
Popular Beliefs about the Past
Authors: Woolf Daniel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Among The Popular beliefs that one is likely to find in any society there is usually a significant component concerning the past. A curiosity as to one’s own origins and the origins of one’s material surroundings is not the exclusive prerogative of literate societies, and still less of the educated elite in those societies. Oral traditions form a large part of the popular discourse about the past in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century communities, urban and rural. The character and range of these traditions, the changing attitudes of those who recorded them to both the speakers and the speech, and their eventual decline as a historical source, offer a special set of questions, to be addressed in the next chapter. Although the subject matter makes some overlap inevitable, the principal aim of the present chapter is more descriptive than explanatory: it will illustrate a variety of popular beliefs about the past conveyed in various forms from the end of the Middle Ages to the early eighteenth century. The word ‘popular’ is here taken to mean ‘widely held’ within a broad cross-section of society.
As Above
Authors: Paterson Don 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Having read a few of Don Paterson’s poems before I met him, I was aware of his craftsmanship with language, and the careful selection and juxtaposition of words in his work. For example, in his poem ‘The Sea at Brighton’ I was quite taken with the image of ‘The bird that skites over its blank flags ’, and in ‘The White Lie’ I liked ‘nor could I put a name to my own face’. When I spoke to him I realized that I was ignorant of the strategies for a poem’s construction.
Spirit Machines: The Human and the Computational
Authors: Crawford Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Shortly before my father died, I began to use a computer for the first time. It was in my office at work, and I ‘m not sure he ever saw it. For over a year after it was installed I didn’t ‘t do anything with it. Now at least I use it as a word-processor, and summon up one or two databases. Once, when it broke down, a technician came and prized open its casing, revealing drab chips and wiring. But when it is working in its closed body, it has its own sense of animation and activity. What appears on its screen appears tangibly present, yet has almost no being, seems part of a sensation connected both with faith and bereavement. I remember the last time I touched my father ‘s body where he lay collapsed. I knew he was dead, but his face was still warm and stubbly, the essential face of a Dad. The computer after a little while gives of a mild, but unhirsute warmth. It is somehow akin to the machines which replaced my father, yet to which he is linked and I connect him through printing out this. Memories feed the machine, the machine holds memory. The machine too dies, is replaced ‘not a soul, but a body through which the spirit can be known. My father’s lifetime saw the birth of these spirit machines.
A Fistful of Foraminifera
Authors: Maguire Sarah 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Though not an avid reader of poetry, I nonetheless consider myself familiar with the poetic experience through my work on foraminiferal systematics. Over the years I’ve found very few people who can look at the wonderful diversity of shell shapes, colours, textures, and ornaments constructed by these minute creatures and not be moved. Perhaps it was this shared sense of the poetic side of natural history that caused Sarah Maguire and me to establish a rapport almost immediately. Prior to our meeting Sarah had mailed me a copy of her book The Florist’s at Midnight. Reading through her poems I learned that, aside from writing verse I could relate to, she was familiar with the scientiﬁc names of various plant species too. A poet who was comfortable with binomial nomenclature, and had an eye for natural history, even in urban settings. I was impressed.
Contemporary Psychology and Contemporary Poetry: Perspectives on Mood Disorders
Authors: Redﬁeld Jamison Kay 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is not always obvious when listening to scientists or talking with poets that their intellectual and emotional worlds overlie. But of course they do. Poetry and science have common roots in observa tion and they take their cues from the rhythms and patterns of the natural world. Scientists and poets alike must put words to what they see and think and both require rigorous intellectual discipline in order to do so. Scientists and poets share a keen response to the beauty of nature and take delight in the act of discovery or creating. Both must communicate their ideas to others and so appreciate the use of language and a clarity of image. Psychological science, in particular, has in common with poetry a profound interest in human nature and emotion.
Expenditure on Healthcare in the UK: A Review of the Issues
Authors: Propper Carol 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Public expenditure on healthcare in the UK is large. In 2000, just under £50 billion was spent by the state on healthcare, a sum that accounted for around 6 per cent of GDP. On top of these large public expenditures, individuals buy healthcare and pharmaceuticals directly, and private expenditure on healthcare in the UK totalled about £9 billion in 2000. Nor is high public and private expenditure on healthcare just a British phenomenon. Governments and private individuals throughout the OECD contribute large sums for healthcare expenditure.
What We Spend and What We Get: Public and Private Provision of Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice
Authors: Witte Ann Dryden , Witt Robert 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Communities that cannot provide an acceptable level of security for persons and property will not survive long. Economists have long pointed out that, even if such communities were to survive, they would not prosper. Communities where the strong are allowed to victimise the weak freely will be small, and surviving members will have to spend most of their resources on defence. When property can be freely taken by theft and deception, no one has the incentive to invest. Protection of property from taking is the most basic of all property rights. Without this protection, the problem of the commons is pervasive.
Public Financing of the Arts in England
Authors: Peacock Alan 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The justification for paying particular attention to public financing of the arts, including heritage and broadcasting, cannot be based on their relative significance in the public budget. This is soon apparent (cf. Section III) when it is realised that, by any acceptable definition, the arts represent less than 1.5 per cent of total government direct expenditure. Nevertheless, they have a high profile in public debates on the place of government in influencing the allocation of resources, which is also reflected in the amount of Parliamentary time devoted to them, particularly if the role of broadcasting in promoting cultural activities is included.
Arbitrage and Asset Pricing: Induced Preference Approach
Authors: Milne Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Given the basic asset economy outlined in the last chapter, we can now analyse the role of arbitrage in asset allocations and asset prices. By using induced preferences, we have a simple tool for constructing geometric proofs. In this chapter, we will illustrate the ideas using simple examples, but the ideas generalize in a straightforward fashion. (See Milne, 1981, 1988.)
Pareto Optimality
Authors: Milne Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Parts 1 and 2 we showed that with differentiable preferences, Pareto optimality implies a unique Arrow-Debreu, or Martingale, measure. In this chapter we show that the extension to multiple commodities leaves the proofs largely unchanged. We show that the aggregation or representative consumer models can be extended in a straightforward fashion. Finally, if preferences are not differentiable, we show that we can replace gradients with subgradients.
Idiosyncrasies that are Irrelevant for Security Pricing
Authors: Milne Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the previous section we decomposed the asset returns, Arrow-Debreu measures and commodity vectors into factor structures. Now these factor structures may not all be relevant for asset pricing if their coefficients are (or almost) zero. In this section we provide arguments that rationalize a reduction in the number of factors, by partitioning the factors into basic or economy-wide factors, and idiosyncratic factors.
Confrontation on the Futures Market
Authors: Goodhart Charles , Dai Lu 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the previous chapters, we reviewed the confrontation between the Hong Kong government and the speculators in the stock market. We not only covered the local equity market, but also studied the London market-another important market for trading Hong Kong’s blue chips. The government took the unprecedented action of intervening in the market because they felt the need to protect local financial markets from being destroyed by the speculators’ ‘double play’ strategy.
Financing the Intervention
Authors: Goodhart Charles , Dai Lu 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At various points in this book, it may have sounded as if the government used taxpayers’ money for the intervention. In the literal sense that the funds employed by the HKMA came directly from inflows of tax receipts, this is not the case. The one sense in which the authorities were, however, using taxpayers’ moneywas that any loss/profit from the intervention would (ultimately) accrue to the taxpayers.
Migration, Gender, and Returns to Education in Shenzhen, China
Authors: Liang Zai , Chen Yiu Por 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During the past two decades, major social and economic transformations have occurred in China. One of the demographic consequences of these changes is the large increase in the migrant population. In the pre-reform era, the Chinese government strictly controlled and regulated migration through the household registration system (hukou)and other mechanisms. Since the late 1970s, however, the role of household registration has weakened so much that one does not need to obtain local hukouto migrate. Migration, especially temporary migration, is clearly on the rise.1
Postscript: Debating Degradation over the Long Term: Animals, Veld, and Conservation
Authors: Beinart William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Awareness of environmental change ran deep in South African society. By the 1930s both white and black rural communities were being confronted with its perceived consequences and with the state’s determination to act. At the heart of conservationist concern was the desire to guarantee agricultural production in the long term by protecting and enhancing natural resources, and especially the veld. However, investment and regulation had facilitated more intensive livestock farming before a sufficiently protective regime had been put in place. Veterinary measures contributed to rising stock numbers amongst both white and black owners. Debt and depression helped further to drive animal numbers up in the late 1920s and early 1930s. While it is difficult to make cross-national comparisons because of the variety of ecological conditions, South Africa does appear to have been comparatively heavily stocked at the time. Sheep and cattle numbers in 1930 were more than twice their levels in the first decade of the century.
Judicial Assistance in Cross-Border Insolvencies: Current Provisions under National Law
Authors: Fletcher Ian F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the preceding two chapters, we have considered the approaches to recognition of foreign insolvency proceedings, and of the consequences flowing from them, that have been evolved under English Common Law. We saw that these approaches embody principles mainly developed by the courts over a considerable span of time, and that in some respects there is a want of symmetry between the international effects claimed by English law for insolvency proceedings which take place in this country, and the effects which will be accorded in England to proceedings opened in other countries. Nevertheless, the overall position, with respect to both individual and company insolvencies, may be summed up as one which is imbued with a positive spirit to facilitate international cooperation between the different jurisdictions which are actively concerned in any particular case. One of the leading virtues of the English Common Law approach to giving recognition and assistance to foreign insolvency proceedings, and to the office holders conducting them, is its essentially non-discriminatory policy in terms of the foreign countries with which such cooperation and assistance may in principle be shared.
Key Questions in Anthropology
Authors: James Wendy , Lambek Michael 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The questions we ask about the past and the present, not to mention the future, are mostly attempts to divine some kind of fitting shape in the material world, in events, and in people’s actions —partly because we have to respond to all these, especially the latter. From where do we get our feeling that there must be significant design and reason behind the appearance of things? Do we re-theorize the world and what other people are up to each time we leave our front doors? Sometimes, perhaps, we do. But most of the time, we operate with patterns of expectation we have learned through sharing our language, ideas, and life with others since we were born.