bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of amphiphilic graft copolymers of SBS with acrylamide and study of their properties
Authors: Xie Hong‐Quan , Deng Ji‐Chen , Xie Dong 
Published: May 2005

AbstractGraft copolymerization of SBS in the form of sodium ionomer with acrylamide in emulsion using benzoyl peroxide as initiator and sodium ionomer of maleated SBS as a self‐emulsifier, which can form a stable cyclohexane/water emulsion with AM without using any other emulsifier, was carried out. Factors affecting the graft copolymerization were studied. The grafting % can reach about 15%. Emulsifying properties of sodium ionomer of maleated SBS and the graft copolymer, as well as the compatibilizing effect of the graft copolymer in blending polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with SBS, were studied. The sodium ionomer of maleated SBS, the graft copolymers, and the blends were characterized with IR and DSC. The results showed that water absorbency and emulsifying volume increase obviously after graft copolymerization with AM. 0.2 g of the graft copolymer containing 14 wt % PAM grafts can emulsify a mixture of 30 mL toluene and 70 mL water completely. The graft copolymer can be used as an effective compatibilizer in the blending of PVC and SBS, more effective than the sodium ionomer of maleated SBS. Only 2 wt % of the copolymer based on the blend used in blending is enough to raise the tensile strength three times. The blends with weigh ratios of PVC/SBS at 3/7–4/6 in the presence of the graft copolymer behave as thermoplastic elastomers with a tensile strength of 14 MPa, an ultimate elongation of 750%, and a permanent set of 17%. Glass transition temperatures of the blend shifted inward in the presence of the graft copolymer. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1248–1253, 2005
Copolymerization of glycidol with functionalized phenyl glycidyl ethers
Authors: Royappa A. Timothy , McDaniel Randall L. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractVarious copolymers of glycidol with phenyl‐containing comonomers (glycidyl 2‐methylphenyl ether, 2‐biphenylyl glycidyl ether, 4‐tert‐butylphenyl glycidyl ether, methoxyphenyl glycidyl ether, and p‐nitrophenyl glycidyl ether) were synthesized by cationic ring‐opening polymerization, for possible use as nanoparticle coatings. The copolymerization involving p‐nitrophenyl glycidyl ether produced p‐nitrophenol as a byproduct. The copolymers were found to have relatively low average molecular weights and high polydispersities, with glass‐transition temperatures in the −20 to +10°C range (approximately). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1462–1466, 2005
Synthesis and characterization of a kind of poly(3‐butylthiophene methine) with azo side groups
Authors: Meng Ling‐Jie , Wu Hong‐Cai , Gao Chao , Yi Wen‐Hui 
Published: May 2005

AbstractTo enhance the third nonlinear optical properties of poly(thiophene methine), we synthesized a new kind of poly(3‐butylthiophene methine) with azo side groups: poly[(3‐butylthiophene‐2,5‐diyl)‐p‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)azobenzylidenequinomethane] (PBTDMABQ). PBTDMABQ and its intermediate product were characterized with IR, ultraviolet–visible, and 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. The band gaps of PBTDMABQ were calculated to be 1.94 and 2.06 eV with two different models. The thermal stability, determined by thermogravimetric analysis, indicated that PBTDMABQ decomposed above 345°C. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1261–1265, 2005
Development of novel functional conducting elastomer blends containing butyl rubber and low‐density polyethylene for current switching, temperature sensor, and EMI shielding effectiveness applications
Authors: El‐Tantawy Farid 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA new class of functional conductive butyl rubber (IIR) with different loadings of low‐density polyethylene (PE) was prepared by roll mixing in a milling at a rotor speed of 24 rpm. To understand the filler dispersion and filler/matrix interaction, the network structure of the specimens was examined by evaluating of the crosslinking density, volume fraction of elastomer, interparticle distance among conductive phases, interfacial area per unit volume, torque rheometer, hardness, tensile strength, elongation at break, X‐ray, glass transition temperature, thermal gravemetry, differential scanning calorimetry, degree of crystallinity, and SEM microanalysis. Static conductivity, mobility carrier's concentration, number of charge carriers, and thermoelectric power as a function of PE content were investigated. The temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity as well as the conduction mechanism of IIR–PE blends were also analyzed. The isothermal resistance stability test was examined by displaying the resistance–time curve at certain temperatures. The relationship between current and DC applied voltage was measured for all samples. The self‐electrical heater with PE content of 10 wt % exhibited the highest nonlinearity. The thermal stability was tested by means of temperature–time curve at certain applied power, on and off, for two cycles. Dielectric constant and relative loss factor of the blends are reported. The applicability of the rubber system for switching current, temperature sensor, and electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMI) was examined. The experimental results of EMI were compared with theoretical predictions. The results of the present study indicate that these blends are suitable for switching current, temperature‐sensitive sensor, and EMI shielding effectiveness applications with good thermal stability for consumer products. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1125–1138, 2005
New methods for acylation of pure and sawdust‐extracted cellulose by fatty acid derivatives—Thermal and mechanical analyses of cellulose‐based plastic films
Authors: Joly Nicolas , Granet Robert , Branland Pierre , Verneuil Bernard , Krausz Pierre 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThis work deals with the synthesis of cellulosic plastic films obtained in homogeneous conditions by microwave‐induced acylation of commercial or chestnut tree sawdust cellulose by fatty acids. The acylation reaction was studied according to N,N‐dimethyl‐4‐aminopyridine (DMAP) amount, DMAP simultaneously playing the role of catalyst and proton trapping base. This study clearly showed that DMAP does not influence degrees of substitution (DS), massic, and molar yields. Plastic films synthesized in the absence of DMAP showed a decrease in mechanical behavior. Organic (tributylamine) or inorganic bases (CaCO3, Na2CO3) were then added to replace DMAP basic activity, and no changes were observed. Concerning thermal and mechanical properties of plastics obtained with various bases, glass transition temperatures (Tg) and degradation temperature (Td) were found constant whatever the base, and the best mechanical properties were obtained for films synthesized in the presence of CaCO3. The same remarks were made concerning the valorization of chestnut tree sawdust cellulose. Microbial biodegradation of plastic films with DS = 2.2 led to a loss of their mechanical behaviors. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1266–1278, 2005
Effects of nano calcium carbonate modified by a lanthanum compound on the properties of polypropylene
Authors: Guo Tao , Wang Lianshi , Zhang Anqiang , Cai Tongmin 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe surface modification of nano calcium carbonate (nCaCO3) particles was carried out with a soluble compound of lanthanum via a coating process of chemical deposition, and nCaCO3 particles covered with a compound of lanthanum (nCaCO3La) were prepared. The polypropylene (PP)/nCaCO3 and PP/nCaCO3La composites were prepared with a two‐roll mill. The measurements of the mechanical properties showed that the impact strength of the composites increased at first and then decreased with the addition of fillers, and the tensile strength was reduced at the same time. The impact strength of PP/nCaCO3La was higher than that of PP/nCaCO3, and the impact strength of PP/nCaCO35La was three times that of virgin PP. Transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed that nCaCO3La dispersed well in the PP matrix, the size distribution of the particles was uniform, and nCaCO3La adhered to the PP matrix very closely. The crystallization properties of virgin PP and its composites were studied with differential scanning calorimetry and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. The results showed that the β‐PP phase easily formed with the addition of the lanthanum compound. In comparison with virgin PP, the addition of nCaCO3La led to a higher crystallization temperature. The size of the crystallites increased with the addition of nCaCO3La, and the nucleation of PP crystalline was also improved. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1154–1160, 2005
Polymerization of a hydantoinylsiloxane on particles of silicon dioxide to produce a biocidal sand
Authors: Liang J. , Wu R. , Huang T. S. , Worley S. D. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe monomer 3‐triethoxysilylpropyl‐5,5‐dimethylhydantoin has been polymerized on the surfaces of sand particles to produce an adhered film that, upon chlorination with dilute sodium hypochlorite bleach, becomes biocidal. The biocidal efficacy of this coated sand has been demonstrated in a cartridge filter experiment against the bacterial pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Complete inactivation was observed within 1 min of contact for the former bacterium and in the interval of 1–5 min for the latter. Upon a loss of biocidal activity due to the depletion of bound chlorine, the coated sand particles can be recharged by further exposure to dilute bleach. Synthetic methods and test data are presented. Potential uses of biocidal sand include disinfection and odor control in water treatment facilities and recirculating baths. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1161–1166, 2005
Effect of solvent on morphology of electrospinning ethyl cellulose fibers
Authors: Wu Xiaohui , Wang Linge , Yu Hui , Huang Yong 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe influence of the composition of a multicomponent solvent on the surface morphology and diameter distribution of ethyl cellulose fibers produced by electrospinning technology was investigated. The results showed that the average diameter of the fibers using the multicomponent solvent was thinner than when using either of the two components and the diameter distribution of the fibers became narrower. Tiny tubercles formed on the fiber surface, which may improve the specific surface area and broaden the applications. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1292–1297, 2005
Amphiphilic cycloterpolymers of diallyldimethylammonium chloride, diallyloctadecylammonium chloride, and sulfur dioxide
Authors: Ali Sk. Asrof , Umar Yunusa , Abu‐Sharkh B. F. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA hydrophilic monomer (diallyldimethylammonium chloride), a hydrophobic monomer (diallyloctadecylammonium chloride), and sulfur dioxide are cycloterpolymerized in dimethylsulfoxide using azobisisobutyronitrile as the initiator to afford water‐soluble cationic polyelectrolytes having a five‐membered cyclic structure on the polymeric backbone. The molecular weights of the polymers containing varying amounts of the hydrophobic monomer (0–7.5 mol %) are determined by light‐scattering experiments. The solution properties of the series of cationic polyelectrolytes are investigated by viscometric techniques. A polymer concentration (C*HA) of <1 g/dL is required for the manifestation of hydrophobic associations in these terpolymers containing C18 hydrophobic pendents. This is a notable improvement over the C*HA values (ca. 15–17 g/dL) for the associating cyclopolymers having a pendant length of C10 to C14. The polymer solutions exhibit a sharp increase in viscosity with increasing polymer concentrations in salt‐free as well as salt‐added solutions. The presence of sodium chloride is shown to enhance the hydrophobic association tremendously. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1298–1306, 2005
Synthesis and properties of soluble polypyrrole doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonate and combined with polymeric additive poly(ethylene glycol)
Authors: Lim H. K. , Lee S. O. , Song K. J. , Kim S. G. , Kim K. H. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractSoluble polypyrrole (PPy) samples advanced in electrical conductivity σ were chemically synthesized with dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS) sodium salt as a dopant, with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as an additive, and with ammonium persulfate as an oxidant. The PPy–DBS–PEG samples were soluble in organic solvents (N‐methylpyrrolinone and m‐cresol). The greater the molar percentage ratio was of DBS, the greater the solubility was of synthesized PPy composites (PPy–DBS–PEG). The maximum electrical conductivity at room temperature for PPy–DBS–PEG was 1.02 S/cm, which was in fact the true conductivity of 100/10 (mol %) PPy/DBS. The chemical composition and doping level of PPy–DBS–PEG were determined by elemental analysis. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used for the structural characterization of PPy–DBS–PEG. The scanning electron microscopy results showed that the electrical conductivity was related to the morphology of PPy–DBS–PEG. According to thermogravimetric analysis, PPy–DBS–PEG was more thermostable than PPy–DBS. Electron spin resonance measurements showed that the polaron and bipolaron acted as charge carriers of PPy–DBS–PEG. According to the temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity, PPy–DBS–PEG was a semiconductor and followed the three‐dimensional variable‐range hopping model. The improved electrical conductivity apparently resulted from the reduction of the crosslinking and structural defects of the PPy chains. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1170–1175, 2005
Polyurethane and carboxylated polysulfone blend ultrafiltration membranes. I. Preparation and characterization
Authors: Latha C. S. , Shanthanalakshmi D. , Mohan D. , Balu K. , Kumarasamy M. D. K. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractPolysulfone was functionalized by carboxylation and blended with polyurethane (ether type). Blend membranes were prepared in the presence and absence of the additive poly(ethylene glycol) 600 and subjected to ultrafiltration characterizations such as compaction, pure water flux, water content, and hydraulic resistance. Morphological studies of the membranes were performed with scanning electron microscopy. The effects of the polymer composition and additive concentrations on the above parameters were analyzed and the results compared. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1307–1315, 2005
Properties and preparation of thermoplastic polyurethane/silica hybrid using sol–gel process
Authors: Lai S.‐M. , Wang C.‐K. , Shen H.‐F. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer/silica hybrid (TPU/SiO2) was prepared using the sol–gel process. This work was undertaken to investigate the thermal and physical properties of this type of hybrid by employing different catalyst systems during sol–gel processing. Two types of catalyst systems including acetic acid (HOAc) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) were used to prepare sol particles. The mixing of the sol solution and TPU solution was then carried out to form a TPU/silica hybrid. Fourier transform IR spectra and dynamic mechanical properties were recorded to depict the enhanced interfacial interaction. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to determine the actual silica content forming in the hybrid and to evaluate the heat resistance of the hybrid. Mechanical properties such as the tensile strength and cutting strength were investigated at various concentrations of in situ silica. The tensile strength increased at all concentrations of silica. In contrast, the cutting strength decreased, probably because of a reduction of the energy dissipation from silica as physical crosslinks. The HOAc catalyzed system showed better optical properties than the HCl catalyzed system. The fracture surface was revealed through scanning electron microscopy to observe the degree of dispersion of SiO2, which in turn confirmed the results for the optical and mechanical properties. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1316–1325, 2005
Preparation and properties of electrically conducting textiles by in situ polymerization of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)
Authors: Hong Kyung Hwa , Oh Kyung Wha , Kang Tae Jin 
Published: May 2005

AbstractPoly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) was in situ polymerized on nylon 6, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), and poly(trimethylene terephthalate) (PTT) fabrics using ferric p‐toluenesulfonic acid (FepTS) and ferric chloride (FeCl3) as oxidants. The effect of the organic solvents used in the polymerization bath was investigated. Prepared PEDOT/nylon 6 composite fabrics have superior electrical conductivity (0.75 S/cm, in ethanol solvent) compared to those of the other PEDOT composite fabrics. In particular, after five cycles of polymerization, the electrical conductivity of the composite fabric reached about 2 S/cm. However, the nylon 6 fabric was damaged by EDOT radical cations and the strong acidity of FepTS during the polymerization process. It was concluded that PTT fabric, which has excellent elastic recovery and acid resistance, is a suitable substrate for in situ polymerization of PEDOT, because the PEDOT/PTT composite fabric was hardly damaged during the polymerization process and its electrical conductivity is comparatively good (0.36 S/cm, in butanol solvent). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1326–1332, 2005
Curing kinetics of UV‐initiated cationic photopolymerization of divinyl ether photosensitized by thioxanthone
Authors: Cho Jung‐Dae , Hong Jin‐Who 
Published: May 2005

AbstractPhotodifferential scanning calorimetry was used to investigate the photocuring kinetics of UV‐initiated cationic photopolymerizations of 1,4‐cyclohexane dimethanol divinyl ether (CHVE) monomer with and without a photosensitizer, 2,4‐diethylthioxanthone (DETX), in the presence of a diaryliodonium‐salt photoinitiator. Two kinetics parameters, the rate constant (k) and the order of the initiation reaction (m), were determined for the CHVE system with different amounts of added DETX photosensitizer (0–1 wt %) and at different isothermal temperatures (25–55°C) using an autocatalytic kinetics model. The photosensitized CHVE system exhibited much higher k and m values than did the nonphotosensitized system, which was attributable to the effects of photosensitization. Furthermore, the values of k and m for both CHVE systems increased significantly with increasing isothermal temperature because of a thermal contribution toward increasing the mobility of active species. The addition of DETX lowered the activation energy for the UV‐curable vinyl ether system. The collision factor for the system with DETX was higher than that obtained for the system without DETX, indicating that the reactivity of the former was greater than that of the latter because of the photosensitization effect. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1345–1351, 2005
Soluble and light‐colored polyimides from 2,3,2′,3′‐oxydiphthalic anhydride and aromatic diamines
Authors: Yang Chin‐Ping , Hsiao Sheng‐Huei , Chen Yung‐Chung 
Published: May 2005

AbstractA series of polyimides were prepared from 2,3,2′,3′‐oxydiphthalic anhydride (3,3′‐ODPA) with various aromatic diamines via three different synthetic procedures. The one‐step and two‐step methods with the thermal imidization of poly(amic acids) (PAAs) yielded polyimides with a relatively low inherent viscosity; these produced brittle films. The polyimides prepared by the two‐step method via the chemical imidization of PAA precursors exhibited a higher inherent viscosity and afforded tough and creaseable films. All the 3,3′‐ODPA based polyimides had a significantly higher solubility than the corresponding polyimides from 3,4,3′,4′‐oxydiphthalic anhydride. The films cast from 3,3′‐ODPA polyimides also showed high optical transparencies and less color, with an ultraviolet–visible absorption edge of 370–397 nm and low yellowness index values of 11.3–29.8. These polyimides exhibited glass‐transition temperatures in the range 211–289°C and showed no significant decomposition below 500°C under nitrogen or air atmospheres. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1352–1360, 2005
Anomalous sorption kinetics in the methanol vapor–poly(methyl methacrylate) system
Authors: Dimos V. , Sanopoulou M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe non‐Fickian sorption kinetics of methanol vapor in poly(methyl methacrylate) films 8 and 51 μm thick at 25°C are presented. The behavior of the system was studied in series of interval and integral absorption runs. The relevant diffusion coefficient and viscous relaxation processes were studied separately by kinetic analysis of the first and second stages of sorption kinetic curves. The sorption isotherm concaved upward at high activities, this being typical of Flory–Huggins behavior, whereas it exhibited a convex‐upward curvature at low methanol vapor activities, this indicating sorption in the excess free volume of the polymer matrix. After excess free‐volume fill‐up, the concentration dependence of the diffusion coefficient was found to be well represented by the free‐volume theory of Vrentas and Duda. Relaxation frequencies calculated from the second stage of two‐stage curves exhibited a weak dependence on the concentration. Integral sorption experiments indicated that the system exhibited nearly case II kinetics at high methanol vapor activities. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1184–1195, 2005
Mesomomorphism enhancement of modified side‐chain liquid‐crystalline polysiloxanes by copolymerization
Authors: Sun Qiu‐Ju , Zhang Bao‐Yan , Jia Ying‐Gang , Yang Lu 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe liquid‐crystalline (LC) monomer 4‐allyoxybenzoyloxy‐4′‐buthylbenzoyloxy‐p‐phenyl (M1), whose LC phase appeared at lower temperatures, from 137 to 227°C, and the modified mesogenic monomer 4‐allyoxybenzoyloxy‐4′‐methyloxybenzoyloxy‐p‐biphenyl (M2), whose LC phase appeared at higher temperatures, from 185 to 312°C, were prepared. A series of side‐chain LC polysiloxanes containing M1 and M2 were prepared by graft copolymerization. Their LC properties were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, polarizing optical microscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. The results show that the introduction of the modified mesogenic monomer M2 into the polymeric structure caused an additional increase in the clearing point (isotropic transition temperature) of the corresponding polysiloxanes, compared with unmodified polysiloxanes, but did not significantly affect the glass‐transition temperature. Moreover, the modified polysiloxanes exhibited nematic phases as the unmodified polymer did. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1196–1201, 2005
Antibody purification by concanavalin A affinity chromatography
Authors: Bereli Nilay , Akgöl Sinan , Yavuz Handan , Denizli Adil 
Published: May 2005

AbstractConcanavalin A (Con A) immobilized poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) beads in a spherical form (100–150 μm in diameter) were used for the affinity chromatography purification of human immunoglobulin G (IgG) from aqueous solutions and human plasma. PHEMA adsorbents were prepared by suspension polymerization. Bioligand Con A was then immobilized by covalent binding onto PHEMA beads. The maximum IgG adsorption on the PHEMA/Con A beads was observed at pH 6.0. The nonspecific IgG adsorption onto the plain PHEMA adsorbents was very low (ca. 0.17 mg/g). Higher adsorption values (up to 54.3 mg/g) were obtained when the PHEMA/Con A beads were used from aqueous solutions. A higher adsorption capacity was observed for human plasma (up to 69.4 mg/g) with a purity of 82.5%. The adsorption capacities of other blood proteins were 2.0 mg/g for fibrinogen and 4.2 mg/g for albumin. The total protein adsorption was determined to be 76.0 mg/g. IgG molecules could be repeatedly adsorbed and desorbed with the PHEMA/Con A beads without noticeable loss in the IgG adsorption capacity. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1202–1208, 2005