bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The importance of vasoconstriction in the mechanism of the antimigraine action of the triptans
Authors: Feniuk W , Humphrey Patrick P A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is now some 10 years since the first selective 5-HT1 agonist, sumatriptan, was introduced into clinical practice for the acute management of migraine. During this decade we have witnessed enormous advances in genetic and cloning technologies, which have not only increased our awareness of the molecular diversity of 5-HT1 receptor types but also our understanding of the genetic basis of migraine itself. In addition advances in imaging technologies, the development of experimental headache models in man and identification of possible surrogate markers in migraine have all added to our understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease and our knowledge of the clinical pharmacology of the antimigraine action of 5-HT1 agonists, now known collectively as the triptans.
Evidence against tight correlation between chest oppressive symptoms and ischaemic coronary changes after subcutaneous sumatriptan injection
Authors: Tomita Manami , Suzuki Norihiro , Igarashi Hisaka , Endo Motoi , Sakai Fumihiko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ischaemic heart accident is one of the most serious issues on administration of the antimigraine agent, sumatriptan. Several cases have been reported as victims of sumatriptan’s side-effect of constricted coronary arterial smooth muscles through 5-HT1B receptors. On the other hand, there are some reports that the occurrence of chest oppression is attributed not to coronary vasospasm but other mechanisms such as contractile response in oesophageal or bronchial smooth muscle. To date, however, there is no firm evidence that sumatriptan actually constricts the coronary arterial smooth muscles to cause fatal heart attacks.
Comparison of the triptans with other drugs in the development of drug-induced headache
Authors: Göbel Hartmut , Heinze Axel , Heinze-Kuhn Katja , Zumbroich Vera 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A large proportion of the patients who are admitted for inpatient treatment of headaches that are very frequent or difficult to treat are suffering from druginduced headache1–3. A study was made of the patients with drug-induced headache treated at the Kiel Pain Clinic, with particular regard to their existing primary headache syndromes, their medication-taking habits, and the results of treatment. An aspect of special interest was the comparison of triptans with other drugs used for acute migraine treatment and the development of drug-induced headache.
An epidemiological study on the differences between sumatriptan and ergotamine overuse
Authors: Evers Stefan , Gralow Ingrid , Bauer Birgit , Suhr Birgit , Buchheister Alexandra , Husstedt Ingo W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Drug abuse with subsequent drug-induced headache is a common problem in the treatment of different headache disorders. In particular, abuse of ergotamine derivates has been known for a very long time to induce a chronic headache syndrome. The International Headache Society (IHS) has defined analgesics abuse headache and ergotamine-induced headache by: (i) daily abuse of analgesics or ergotamine derivates, chronic headache at least every second day, and (iii) successful treatment by withdrawal therapy. The prevalence of analgesics abuse and ergotamine-induced headache has been estimated to be about 15% of the patients in headache ambulances and up to 3% of the general population3,4.
Global patterns of smoking and smoking-attributable mortality
Authors: Gajalakshmi C K , Jha Prabhat , Ranson Kent , Nguyen Son 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews the global data on the prevalence of smoking and its incidence (or uptake), on consumption trends, and on smoking-attributable deaths. The vast majority of the world’s 1.1 billion smokers in 1995 lived in low-income and middle¬ income countries. Cigarette consumption bas risen over the past two decades in these countries, in contrast to declines in overall consumption in high-income countries. Most smokers start in youth, and there is some evidence that the average age of smoking uptake is falling. Because of the long delay between the age at which people take up smoking and their death from tobacco-related disease, current mortality patterns largely reflect past smoking patterns, and future mortality depends on current and future smoking. Currently, tobacco deaths number about 4 million per year worldwide, about one in ten of all adult deaths. For the twentieth century, the cumulative number of tobacco deaths is estimated to have been about 100 million, with about 60 million of these in the high-income countries and the former socialist countries. Projections are difficult to make with precision, but on current smoking trends it is plausible that there will be 10 million tobacco deaths per year, about one in six of all adult deaths, by 2030. About seven in ten of these deaths will be in low-income countries. The variations in the tobacco epidemic over time, sex, age group, and region, attest to the importance of conducting further reliable long-term epidemiological studies. If current pat¬ terns of smoking continue, about 0.5 billion of the world”s population alive today will be killed by smoking, half of them in middle age (defined as ages 35-(;9). Over the twenty-first century as a whole, about billion tobacco deaths are projected. Much of the projected mortality increase over the next fifty years could be avoided if adults quit smoking. However, quitting remains rare in low-income and middle-income countries.
The economics of addiction
Authors: Chaloupka Frank J , Tauras John A , Grossman Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews economic models of addiction and their empirical applications to cigarette smoking and other tobacco use. These models can help in understanding the impact of prices and tobacco-control policies on individuals’ smoking behavior, including their decisions to start, continue, reduce, quit, or re-start smoking. The discussion of economic models is technical and assumes some knowledge of economics. Here we provide a summary for the reader interested in the key implications from the various models.
The taxation of tobacco products
Authors: Chaloupka Frank J , Hu Teh-wei , Warner Kenneth E , Jacobs Rowena , Yurekli Ayda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews a variety of issues related to the taxation of cigarettes and other tobacco products. The empirical evidence showing that higher cigarette taxes result in higher cigarette prices is reviewed. This is followed by a discussion of the econometric literature examining the impact of prices and taxes on the demands for tobacco products. The small but growing body of research for low-income and middle-income countries clearly shows that higher prices would lead to significant reductions in tobacco use. Similarly, numerous studies from high-income countries reach the same conclusion. The estimated price-elasticities for low-income and middle-income countries are about double those for high-income countries, where estimates center on –0.4. Because of the addictive nature of tobacco use, demand for tobacco products is more elastic in the long-run. In addition, estimates from high-income countries indicate that youth and young adults, less educated persons, and those with lower incomes will be relatively more responsive to price changes. This review is followed by a discussion of the various motives for tobacco taxation, including the use of these taxes to generate revenues and to improve economic efficiency and public health. Finally, several other issues in tobacco taxation, including the earmarking of tobacco tax revenues and barriers to tobacco taxation, are discussed.
The impact of trade liberalization on tobacco consumption
Authors: Taylor Allyn , Chaloupka Frank f. , Guindon Emmanuel , Corbett Michaelyn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past two decades, trade in tobacco and tobacco products bas expanded dramatically as a result of a variety of bilateral, regional, and international trade agreements that have significantly reduced trade barriers. This chapter provides a brief discussion of arguments derived from economic theory suggesting that the reductions in trade barriers will lead to greater competition, lower prices, and increased advertising and promotion in tobacco-product markets. This is followed by a review of recent trade agreements, highlighting features particularly relevant to tobacco. The limited empirical evidence on the impact of liberalized trade in tobacco products on their consumption is then discussed, followed by a new empirical analysis using data on 42 countries over the period from 1970 through 1995. This new analysis clearly demonstrates that trade liberalization has led to increases in cigarette smoking, with the most significant impact in low-income and middle-income countries. Finally, the globalization of the tobacco industry and global tobacco-control responses are briefly described.
Issues in the smuggling of tobacco products
Authors: Joossens Luk , Chaloupka Frank J , Merriman David , Yurekli Ayda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews several issues related to the smuggling of cigarettes and other tobacco products. First, the health and other consequences of cigarette smuggling are described, emphasizing the potential for cigarette smuggling to undermine tobacco-control efforts. This is followed by a description of the various legal, quasi-legal, and illegal activities that are broadly described as smuggling. The factors that create incentives for and/or facilitate these activities are reviewed, noting that non-price factors, such as the presence of corruption, organized crime, and widespread street-selling, can be as, or more, important than the levels of taxes and prices and the differentials between these in different jurisdictions. The impact of smuggling on tobacco tax revenues is then discussed, highlighting the experiences of Canada and Sweden, where cigarette taxes were reduced in response to the perception that cigarette smuggling was draining revenues. The role of the tobacco industry in smuggling is then discussed. Finally, a set of policy measures that can be used to counter cigarette smuggling is presented.
The effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of price increases and other tobacco-control policies
Authors: Ranson Kent , Jha Prabhat , Chaloupka, Frank J , Nguyen Son 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides conservative estimates of the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of tobacco-control policies. Using a model of the cohort of smokers alive in 1995, we find that tax increases that would raise the real price of cigarettes by 10°/o worldwide would cause about 42 million of these smokers to quit. This price increase would prevent a minimum of 10 million tobacco-related deaths. A combined set of non-price measures (such as comprehensive bans on advertising and promotion, bans on smoking in public places, prominent warning labels, and mass information) would cause some 23 million smokers alive in 1995 to quit and would prevent S million deaths. The non-price measures are assumed to have an effectiveness of 2% —a conservative assumption. Increased use of nicotine-replacement therapies (NRTs), with an assumed effectiveness of 0.5%, would enable some 6 million smokers alive in 1995 to quit and would avert 1 million deaths.
Alcohol: no ordinary commodity
Authors: Babor Thomas , Caetano Raul , Casswell Sally , Edwards Griffith , Giesbrecht Norman , Graham Kathryn , Grube Joel , Gruenewald Paul , Hill Linda , Holder Harold , Homel Ross , Österberg Esa , Rehm Jürgen , Room Robin , Rossow Ingeborg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alcohol has multiple functions in any society. Alcoholic beverages have important cultural and symbolic meanings. They are commodities that are bought and sold in the marketplace. And alcohol is a drug with toxic effects and other intrinsic dangers such as intoxication and dependence. This chapter examines these different functions, paying special attention to the contrast between alcohol’s role as a commodity and as a drug. An understanding of this contrast is essential to the book’s central purpose.
Diet and dental caries
Authors: Moynihan Paula 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite a low mortality rate associated with dental caries, it has a considerable impact on self-esteem, eating ability, nutrition, and health. Teeth are important in enabling consumption of a varied diet and preparing the food for digestion. In modern society the most important role of teeth is to enhance appearance and facial appearance is very important in determining an individual’s integration into society. Teeth also play an important role in speech, being essential for making certain sounds. Dental diseases may therefore impact on diet and nutrition, facial appearance and speech. In addition, dental caries cause considerable pain and anxiety. The 1998 Adult Dental Health Survey showed that 40% of adults in the United Kingdom had experienced dental pain in the past year.
Microbiological aspects of caries prevention
Authors: Russell Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern developments in dentistry have given us a wide range of options for the effective treatment of dental disease, but it is only by understanding the details of the events that lead to the diseased state that we can hope to design rational methods of prevention. Insights into the disease will help us to achieve the ultimate aim of prevention and also lead to methods for prediction of disease and new approaches to treatment. In this chapter therefore, we shall first consider what is known of the way in which bacteria are involved in the dental caries process and then how this knowledge can be exploited.
Prevention of oral mucosal disease
Authors: Scully Crispian , Hegarty Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most conditions that affect oral mucosal health are acquired, through environmental or lifestyle factors, albeit the genetic constitution may well influence the result of an onslaught by some agent such as a micro-organism. Various biological, physical, and chemical factors may act singly or in concert to cause disease, some of which is preventable. A range of infections can affect the oral mucosa, but few are more devastating than HIV, which can result in oral and other fungal, viral, or other mucosal infections, or neoplasms.
The prevention of social inequalities in oral health
Authors: Nuttall Nigel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evidence for the existence of social inequalities in health has existed throughout history. In fifteenth century Florence, mortality rates have been shown to be related to the size of women’s dowries on marriage; women with higher dowries were found to be less likely to die within any given year than women with lower dowries. In other cases the evidence is still visible in our architectural heritage. It was fashionable among the wealthy in Victorian.
Developing the concept of prevention—evidence-based dentistry
Authors: Murray John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The suggestion that the dental caries rates in English children were declining was cautiously put forward by Palmer in 1980. The theme of a decline in dental caries took on an international flavour when a conference was held in Boston in 1982. Speakers from Denmark, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Scotland, Sweden, and the United States all confirmed that a downward trend in dental caries in children and young adults had occurred in the 1970s (Glass 1982, Table 16.1).
Learning And Literature In Early England
Authors: Stenton F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the middle of the seventh century there was nothing to suggest the imminence of a great English achievement in learning and literature. The strongest of English kings was an obdurate heathen. The country was distracted by wars which destroyed the peace of scholars, and offered little but a succession of well-worn themes to the makers of heroic verse. The Christian faith, which was to carry imagination into new worlds, was only secure in the extreme south-east of the island. Within a hundred years England had become the home of a Christian culture which influenced the whole development of letters and learning in western Europe. The greatest historical work of the early middle ages had been written in a northern monastery, and English poets had begun to give a permanent form to heroic traditions. There is nothing in European history closely parallel to this sudden development of a civilization by one of the most primitive peoples established within the ancient Roman empire.
The Conquest Of Scandinavian England1
Authors: Stenton F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the end of the ninth century the Scandinavian attack upon western Europe had lost much of its energy. The Danish invasion of England in 892 was only the ill-planned enterprise of an army which had been decisively defeated on the Continent in the previous year. By the year 900 the great armies which had devastated northern France and the Low Countries between 880 and 890 had disintegrated into a number of small bands, of which one was destined to enter the service of the king of the West Franks, and to receive from him the lands along the Seine which formed the nucleus of the duchy of Normandy. For nearly a generation there had been no Norwegian descent in force on Ireland, and native kings had begun to take the offensive against the foreign settlers along the eastern coast. The future of England was still uncertain, but the possibility of a Danish conquest of the whole country was steadily becoming more remote as the Alfredian organization for the defence of the land was tested and extended.
The Norman Conquest
Authors: Stenton F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Harold was king of England for nine months, in which the national life was overshadowed by the threat of invasion. For more than half this period the forces available for the defence of southern England were kept in a state of readiness for war-on shipboard, or in stations along the coast. It was a time not only of strain and danger but of political unease. The Northumbrians refused at first to accept Harold as king, and were not brought into obedience until he had visited the north, and Bishop Wulfstan of Worcester, who accompanied him, had impressed on them the danger in which the country stood. There is no evidence that Edwin and Morcar, the earls of Mercia and Northumbria, had opposed Harold’s election, and there is reason to think that early in his reign he secured their formal allegiance by marrying Ealdgyth, their sister. But the course of events in the autumn showed that they had not identified their personal interests with his, and that the things and smaller landowners of their earldoms, to say the least, had no enthusiasm for his leadership.
The Norman Settlement
Authors: Stenton F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cardinal principle of the Conqueror’s government was the wish to rule, and to be accepted by Englishmen, as King Edward’s legitimate successor. He claimed the English throne as the heir whom the Confessor himself had selected from among all his kinsmen. He preserved the constitutional framework of the Old English state, so that it was without any breach of continuity that the Old English witena gemot developed under him into the feudal Great Council. His administration was based on the theory that he had restored the good law of King Edward’s time after it had been overthrown by Harold’s usurpation. Few invaders who have overcome so strong an opposition have been at such pains to disguise the fact of conquest.
Culture and War
Authors: Kramer Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Cultural destruction was not merely an incidental phenomenon of the Great War, but intrinsic to it. Intellectuals anticipated and welcomed the war, and played the leading role in the mobilization of culture and minds. They popularized the idea of the war to defend civilization, as the Allies saw it, or a war to defend culture, as Germany saw it. It is practically a cliche of Great War historiography that intellectuals, even those regarded as the cultural ‘avant garde’, everywhere reacted in parallel fashion in rallying to their nation, only to be gradually disillusioned by the reality of industrialized mass killing in a long war of attrition.
Fleeing Hitler
Authors: Diamond Hanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wednesday 12th June 1940. The Times reported 'thousands upon thousands of Parisians leaving the capital by every possible means, preferring to abandon home and property rather than risk even temporary Nazi domination'. As Hitler's victorious armies approached Paris, the French government abandoned the city and its people, leaving behind them an atmosphere of panic. Roads heading south filled with ordinary people fleeing for their lives with whatever personal possessions they could carry, often with no particular destination in mind. During the long, hard journey, this mass exodus of predominantly women, children, and the elderly, would face constant bombings, machine gun attacks, and even starvation. Using eyewitness accounts, memoirs, and diaries, Hanna Diamond shows how the disruption this exodus brought to the lives of civilians and soldiers alike made it a defining experience of the war for the French people. As traumatized populations returned home, preoccupied by the desire for safety and bewildered by the unexpected turn of events, they put their faith in Marshall Pétain who was able to establish his collaborative Vichy regime largely unopposed, while the Germans consolidated their occupation. Watching events unfold on the other side of the channel, British ministers looked on with increasing horror, terrified that Britain could be next.
On the Road
Authors: Diamond Hanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once people had left home, the pressure of the German advance created the momentum which kept the floods of refugees moving slowly south and west. The crowds from Paris joined columns of other advancing civilians who had left their homes during the first exodus. Peasants from rural areas with their heavily laden carts set a slow, tortuous pace. Food became more and more difficult to and, and comfortable provision for shelter was increasingly thin on the ground. Refugees were obliged to sleep rough as hotels in towns ran out of space, local residents had no more spare rooms to rent out, and local farms and their outbuildings were already packed with those who had preceded them. To add to their discomfort, this human mass was an easy target for the German planes who sought to kill indiscriminately as well as add to the confusion by machine-gunning them down.
Back to ‘Normal’?
Authors: Diamond Hanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Refugees who returned to their homes were encouraged by the German and Vichy authorities to get on with their lives in an atmosphere of business as usual. Their exodus experience was evoked by Pétainist publicists as a just punishment for believing in the Republican regime which had brought disaster upon the country. People tended to go along with this in the immediate aftermath of the defeat as they slowly came to terms with the upheaval these events had brought to their lives. Gradually the French began to wake up to the reality of their situation and soon came to realize that returning to their ‘ homes’ could not provide the return to their normal lives that they longed for. The majority found themselves obliged to make the best of the changed situation and adapted to it as best they could. A small minority began to question the policies of the Vichy government, to react against the Occupation, and started to and ways of expressing this.