bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Explanatory Levels in Living Organisms
Authors: Bechtel William 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This paper examines two notions of levels that are invoked in biology—levels of mechanisms and levels of control—and demonstrates that both notions of level are defined only locally. Neither generates to a general stratification of biological entities. This, however, does not present a problem for either the practices of biologists or of philosophers seeking to understand biology. In terms of locally characterized levels, researchers can develop multilevel mechanistic explanations and philosophers can explicate what is intended by claims of both bottom-up and top-down causation. Likewise, biologists can understand how a distinctive type of mechanism, a control mechanism, operates on and alters the operation of other mechanisms. Control is often understood hierarchically, but in biology control is often heterarchical. The result is that control processes are not neatly stratified. Nonetheless, levels of control can be identified locally. Defining mechanistic levels and levels of control locally suffices for the explanatory purposes of biology.
Levels Worth Having
Authors: Knox Eleanor 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Accounts of theoretical levels range from very weak to very strong. Very weak accounts do not offer articulated level structure or underpin ontological claims. Very strong accounts are at odds with our understanding of reduction in physics. This chapter proposes a mid-strength account of theoretical levels based on accounts of novelty and autonomy in physics. Accounts in the philosophy of physics literature often hold novelty and autonomy to be the hallmarks of weak emergence but focus on autonomy at the expense of novelty. The chapter suggests that an account of novelty based on the importance of variable changes in inter-theoretic relations might underpin an appropriate conception of levels. The result is a local, system-specific, and sparse (but not unrealistically sparse) levels structure that can underpin modest ontological commitments.
Explanation in Descriptive Set Theory
Authors: Antos Carolin , Colyvan Mark 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In this paper we investigate explanatory proofs in mathematics. We do this via an extended case study from descriptive set theory. The aim is to shed light on what makes explanatory proofs explanatory. Building on earlier work, we argue that there may be more than one notion of explanation in operation in mathematics: there does not seem to be a single account that ties together the different explanatory proofs we find in the various areas of mathematics. We then attempt to give a characterisation of the different notions of explanation in play and how these sit with accounts of explanation found elsewhere.
The Explanatory Role Argument and the Metaphysics of Deterministic Chance
Authors: Emery Nina 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
One common reason for thinking that there are non-trivial objective probabilities in worlds where the fundamental laws are deterministic is that such probabilities play an important explanatory role. According to this line of thought, it is vital to have probabilistic explanations of certain higher-level, macrophysical patterns, even if the underlying microphysical states can be explained in a purely deterministic way. This chapter examines this argument in detail and shows that insofar as it is successful, it places significant constraints on the further metaphysical theory that we give of deterministic chance. In particular, it is not clear how one can reconcile the explanatory role that deterministic chances are supposed to play with a Humean account of how deterministic chances are related to what is fundamental.
François Rabelais and the Renaissance Physiology of Invention
Authors: Garrod Raphaële 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
François Rabelais and the Renaissance Physiology of Invention explores the medical poetics of inventive, embodied thinking or ingenuity instantiated in episodes from Rabelais’s Gargantua and, mostly, his Quart livre. It unsettles established dichotomies in Rabelaisian scholarship between Rabelais’s ‘lowly’ laugher and ‘high’ erudite message and reassesses the Rabelaisian grotesque by highlighting its debts to grotesque ornament, this marginal yet omnipresent Renaissance visual art. Bodily functions are a trademark of Rabelais’s poetics. Scholarship has read them as signs of carnivalesque inversion and satirical degradation pitting the ‘lowly’ against the ‘high’, the ‘belly’ against the ‘head’. Yet for a physician like Rabelais, the ‘head’ or brain, the chest, belly and nether regions as sites of cognition, breathing, nutrition, and generation are all integrated physiological systems of animation. From this medical perspective, Rabelais’s fictions testify to his reflexive investigation into how culture results from natural, physiological processes. These underpin the animation of human ingenia—wits conditioned by biological natures—made manifest in pedagogical, artistic, mechanical, and spiritual ‘inventions’. While ingenia might be idiosyncratic, their animation is environmentally fuelled and shaped by the food we eat, the air we breathe, the places we inhabit, the company we keep. In this respect Rabelaisian fiction is grotesque in a period sense. With its emphasis on hybrid forms capturing the metamorphoses of animation, grotesque ornament reflexively commented on the embodied, inventive processes grounding Renaissance mimesis. Similarly, Rabelais’s fictions forefront the inventive powers of ingenious animation and articulate reflexive, often ironic alternatives to the (often transcendent) humanist views they alter: a thoroughly embodied anthropology, a naturalist genealogy of cultural production and transmission.
Groignet, the Slashing Tailor
Authors: Garrod Raphaële 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This aside elucidates an anecdote from the Papimanes episode: that of Groignet the tailor, who misused a parchment of Canon Law to cut his clothes on; he found himself turning courtly clothes into papal garb and ended up ruined. Rabelais stages a grotesque trophy denouncing the anti-French political agenda of the Vatican Stanze and the conception of Church history they promote. He counters them by alluding to the forgotten fortune of Groignet de Vassé: former soldier for Guillaume du Bellay in Piemont, he turned unwitting agent of papal politics and later struggled to obtain a Church benefice. Like grotesque ornament itself, Groignet’s sartorial trophy of papal clothes is a critical reflection from the margins of real, individual histories ruled by chance on the grand historical designs of the Stanze, which unmasks their coherent providential logic as the illusionistic ‘picture in the clouds’ of papal propaganda.
Ingenuity and the Needful, Illiberal Roots of Order
Authors: Garrod Raphaële 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This second aside compares, on the one hand, Rabelais’s grotesque trophies in Pantagruel XXVII and his gastric myth of violent cultural production in the Quart livre and, on the other hand, Dürer’s 1532 Treatise on Measurements and 1535 On the Construction and Fortifications of Castles, Cities and Camps. The first was prefaced by Rabelais’s friend Amaury Bouchard, the second was dedicated to Guillaume du Bellay, who faced the very real demands of warfare urban planning in Turin from 1537 to 1542 to prevent food shortages and control civil unrest. Rabelais and Dürer debunk the trophy’s epic mode and its related aristocratic ethics, highlighting satirically instead its funerary and spoliative dimension. Dürer’s geometry in his plan for a besieged fortified city in On the Construction turns grotesque in the Treatise’s peasant column as it highlights the illiberal violent order rooted in need that geometry codifies, chiming in with Rabelais’s Gaster episode.
En Fin. Rabelais and Renaissance Grotesque Ornament
Authors: Garrod Raphaële 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The conclusion investigates Rabelais’s debt to Renaissance grotesque ornament in his explicit uses of the term and his implicit reference to it (the Gargantua prologue), before interpreting grotesque prints by Androuet du Cerceau as reflections on spirited coction, quick-wittedness, and diffuse animation. Grotesque ornament allowed artists to showcase their ingenious, inventive designs and to articulate an alternative to orderly mimesis. This alternative highlighted the contradictions inherent in the architectonic and anatomical understanding (both Vitruvian and Galenic) of anatomical beauty as fitness to functions made manifest in harmony and symmetry. In Xenophon’s Symposium, Socrates/Silenus ironically emphasized that fitness to functions could actually warrant ugliness. Galen took note, and Rabelais after him. Furthermore, Galenic functions are rooted in the unseen: the spirited physiology of ingenuity. The reflexive logic of grotesque ornament, with its emphasis on the licence of ingenuity as embodied thinking, reaches for it, as do Rabelais’s grotesque poetics.
Decision-making when there is uncertainty
Authors: Hauer Julie 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter provides a comprehensive and detailed approach to decision-making with uncertainty, with emphasis on the process that generates certainty in the decision made. The likelihood that a chronic problem without cure is more or less likely to be modified and improved is analysed, with considerations for when and how to review using an iterative framework. This process aids in the direction phase of the ABCD tool in Chapter 1. Parental perspective and preference is key in this process, which is foundational to building and maintaining trust, and informs our understanding of a child’s level of thriving. Specific topics include decisional readiness and regret, advance care planning, anticipating versus experiencing a life-threatening event, surgical decisions, resuscitation, futility versus potentially inappropriate interventions, and chronic critical illness that results in being ‘stuck’ in the hospital. The chapter provides a framework that is relevant to decision-making circumstances in subsequent chapters.
Ottoman Sacred Kingship
Authors: Hagen Gottfried 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter draws attention to political ritual as a medium for the enunciation of the sacred character of kingship, focusing on the preservation, veneration, and display of the relics of the Prophet Muḥammad that the Ottomans acquired in the sixteenth century. It is widely accepted that in the Ottoman political imaginary the king or sultan possessed qualities that set him apart from normal human beings. Max Weber would have described this quality as charisma; more recently historians have adopted the term “sacred kingship” to describe this phenomenon. So far, however, such arguments have mostly rested on discursive textual sources and as a result have been primarily concerned with Ottoman claims to the caliphate. The cult of the relics, by contrast, has not been theorized in Ottoman religio-political writing, yet emerges as a crucial venue to articulate ideas of kingship and government. Specifically, it helped the Ottoman kings to assert “cosmic kingship” in order to extricate themselves from the encroachment of the scripturalist elite onto their domain. None of this, however, happened as part of a long-term strategic design; nor was the outcome a clear ideological pronouncement. Instead, the cult of the rituals added new contradictions and complications to the history of Ottoman political thought and mentality.
Political Power and Lawmaking in the Ottoman Empire
Authors: Atçıl Abdurrahman 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Delineating the authority to define and implement sharia has been an essential question in the historical practice of Islamic societies. Generally speaking, during the pre-Ottoman period, ʿulamāʾ (Muslim scholars), as specialists of scriptural sources and sharia knowledge, and rulers, as the holders of political power, competed for primacy in this sphere. This chapter starts with the Ottoman institutional development in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries that gradually transformed ʿulamāʾ from being independent interpreters of scriptural sources and producers of sharia to being agents of the Ottoman government, scholar-bureaucrats. It argues that this institutional development inaugurated a decisive new chapter in the configuration of political and lawmaking authority in Islamic history, one in which the executive authority and ʿulamāʾ were positioned not as rivals but instead as partners in the exercise of political power, harnessing the coercive power of the state to make binding laws from sharia knowledge.
Uncovering Ottoman Political Thought in Political Actors Who Did Not Write
Authors: Darling Linda T. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter explores how Ottoman documentary sources reveal the political thought of people who did not express themselves through political literature, from sultans through officials and military men to peasants and townsmen. It argues against the notion that political thought is what is contained in the literature of political thought, or that its authors were accurate and reflected the thinking of most people of their day. It asks two questions: who thought Ottoman political thought but did not write it, and what sources depict what that political thought must be. The first question is addressed from prior research, while the second, due to COVID-19, is explored in published documentary sources such as mühimme and ahkâm registers, grand viziers’ telhis, and kadı sicills. The chapter concludes that “political literature” is woefully incomplete in depicting Ottoman political thought.
Hybrid Justice
Authors: Ainley Kirsten , Kersten Mark 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The Introduction summarizes the history of hybrid courts, accounts for their recent resurgence, and sets out the conceptual framework that the authors of the subsequent chapters will work within. Proponents of hybrid justice claim that hybrid courts can underwrite a stable peace, strengthen institutions and the rule of law, and enhance human rights protections, that is, increase societal resilience. Critics note the susceptibility of hybrids to political inference if they lack authority and resources, that is, if they are not resilient themselves. Resilience is therefore operationalized in two ways within the book: internal resilience is understood to mean the extent to which the design of hybrid mechanisms enables them to function robustly and with legitimacy in the face of external pressures from donors, host states, states which oppose the mechanism, and other interested parties. Societal resilience is the extent to which hybrid mechanisms enable post-conflict societies to heal, reconcile, strengthen, and address the root causes of prior conflict. The authors use this framing to analyse the creation, practices, innovations, and impacts of hybrid courts. The Introduction sets out the main arguments of the chapters and considers contemporary challenges to hybrid justice.
In Whose Name? Mapping the Constitutional Legitimacy of Hybrid International Criminal Courts
Authors: Schmidt Dennis R. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Hybrid courts (or tribunals) are typically portrayed as the most advanced version of international criminal law (ICL) mechanisms, with the structural ability to collapse the artificial boundary between the international and the domestic. A court may be hybrid in its origins (created through domestic and international processes), its mandate (splicing together domestic and international law), or its composition (combining domestic and international members). The way in which the international–domestic distinction has been collapsed varies significantly in that the institutional structure and operation of particular hybrids never represent a mid-point between two jurisdictions. Instead, past hybrids and internationalized criminal courts have moved along a spectrum ranging at the one end, from purely international criminal courts, such as the International Criminal Court (ICC), to purely domestic courts at the other. What is the ideal weight of each element in the composition and design of a hybrid court? How international or domestic should a hybrid court be, or should a ‘perfect’ merger of the two be aimed for? This chapter addresses these questions by placing the international–domestic distinction within an area in which the hybrid model is claimed to hold significant advantages over alternative ICL mechanisms—legitimacy. While the ‘legitimacy promise’ has seen some evaluation since the completion of the first round of hybrids, there has been little theoretical engagement with the deeper-seated sources of hybrids’ legitimacy. The chapter concludes by offering some more general observations about legitimacy and hybrid courts that may help to improve their institutional design and implementation.
Valuing the Defence
Authors: Ashraph Sareta 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
At the outset of the fledgling systems of the hybrid tribunals, there often appeared to be no proper provision for the defence. Starting with the Special Panels of the District Courts of Dili, and tracing its way through the Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL), the Iraqi High Criminal Court (IHT), the Special Tribunal for Lebanon, to today’s Kosovo Specialist Chambers (KSC), this chapter looks at the development of the defence within the structures of the hybrid tribunals. The chapter recounts that, while the need for prosecutors, judges, and even prison officers has always been recognized, each iteration of the hybrid courts appears to have been taken by surprise at the need to fund defence counsel, and/or to have an office within the Court’s structure dedicated to defence rights. It traces the impulses—ideological, financial, cosmetic—that first motivated the creation of defence offices and other support to defence teams and looks at how the approach to the defence has evolved. Finally, the chapter examines whether hybrid justice systems have finally learned to value the defence.
Hybrid Investigatory Mechanisms and Other Hybrid Justice Initiatives
Authors: Sánchez Nelson Camilo 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Hybrid tribunals have not generally been used in Latin America, with ordinary domestic criminal courts favoured to provide accountability in transitions. However, in recent years, domestic justice systems—especially in Central America—have struggled with successfully linking longstanding contexts of corruption and impunity with macro criminality patterns and specific crimes. Against that backdrop, hybrid investigatory mechanisms and other hybrid justice initiatives have gained attention in the past decade. These include the UN-backed International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala (CICIG), the Mission to Support the Fight against Corruption and Impunity in Honduras (MACCIH), and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights’ ‘Interdisciplinary Group of Experts’. This chapter focuses on these new hybrid investigatory mechanisms and other innovative hybrid justice initiatives. The chapter first summarizes the main traits of modern hybrid justice mechanisms. This assessment includes not only the aforementioned Latin American commissions but also other arrangements of the type such as the International Impartial Independence Mechanism to assist the investigation and prosecution of serious crimes in Syria (IIIM) and the Joint Investigation Team (JIT) established to conduct the criminal investigation of the Malaysia Airlines flight MH17 brought down over eastern Ukraine in 2014. The chapter then uses the Latin American commissions and the context in which they operate to test some of the main questions of the book: how they are failing/succeeding in resisting political pressure; how they have increased their legitimacy; and what their expected contributions to delivering accountability are.
Conclusion
Authors: Ainley Kirsten , Kersten Mark 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This conclusion draws the chapters into conversation around the design, function, and evaluation of hybrid mechanisms, highlighting the most important findings of the authors. It draws on the Dakar Guidelines on the Establishment of Hybrid Courts to knit together the implications of these for the practical tasks of establishing and operating hybrid mechanisms. It considers what needs to be learned from the book’s chapters by those working in hybrid courts operating now and those likely to be established in the future, and discusses the possible future of hybrid justice in response to the wide-scale commission of war crimes in Ukraine from 2022 and Gaza from 2023.
“Had to Eat”
Authors: Riccardi Ricky 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter explains how Louis Armstrong received a chance to prove himself in a brass band setting when Joe Oliver suggested him as a replacement in the Tuxedo Brass Band. It notes that Armstrong was present for Oliver’s departure. Armstrong’s whole life had seemingly been building up to the moment Kid Ory offered him a spot in his band. The chapter notes that World War I was raging overseas and that Armstrong’s draft registration card identified him as a musician instead of a coal cart driver. As the war raged on, the government turned to New Orleans for help, erecting its great Army Supply Depot at Poland and Dauphine Streets, where Armstrong worked.
“They Loved Us”
Authors: Riccardi Ricky 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter discusses how Louis Armstrong joined Fate Marable’s band. In the spring of 1919, Louis Armstrong showed up at Co-operator’s Hall on North Liberty Street for one of his regular weekly gigs with Kid Ory’s band. Armstrong could not have known that this supposedly normal night with the Ory band was an audition for one of the biggest opportunities of his career. The chapter notes that Armstrong’s repetition of the phrase “they Loved us” signifies that this was another major event in his life. Armstrong admired Ory but was not ready to go to California following his offer and was content to remain with Marable.
Dopamine Agonists for RLS
Authors: Spector Andrew R. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
For the past two decades, dopamine agonists, primarily ropinirole and pramipexole, have been considered first-line medications for RLS. They are inexpensive and readily available. Dopamine agonists are also highly effective. However, their benefits tend to wear off due to tolerance, and complications such as tolerance, augmentation, and impulse control disorders can set in. Augmentation cause RLS symptoms to worsen with ongoing use of the medications. Impulse control disorders, typically compulsive eating, shopping, gambling, or pornography use, can occur, particularly with higher doses of dopamine agonists. Discontinuing dopamine agonists requires a taper. The speed of the taper can be quick and difficult with a more rapid recovery, or slower and more controlled with a delayed recovery. Rapid discontinuation of dopamine agonists can result in dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome.
RLS in Vulnerable Populations
Authors: Spector Andrew R. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Vulnerable populations in the health care setting include those groups who are at higher risk of disease or of receiving inadequate medical care. Geography plays a large role as rural patients can be a great distance from their health care providers. In urban areas, low-income patients tend to be most vulnerable. In the United States, racial and ethnic minority populations along with sexual and gender minorities are also vulnerable to inadequate health care and higher disease burdens. Finally, those with physical and cognitive disabilities face barriers to care as well. The expansion of telehealth and high-speed internet connections, drug discount programs, campaigns to end mental health stigma, and improvements in drug availability are ways of combatting these vulnerabilities.