bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La ñata contra el vidrio: urban violence and democratic governability in Argentina
Authors: Tedesco Laura 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe article argues that the increase in crime and urban violence in Argentina, especially in Buenos Aires, can be explained as an outcome of the interaction of four factors: the new social relations established by neoliberalism; the incapacity of the state to resolve the social conflicts which have arisen from these new social relations; the failure to democratise the security forces; and the exclusion of a sector of society from the rights of effective democratic citizenship. The increase in crime and urban violence is, thus, analysed as a problem of governability.
Earnings Management through Transaction Structuring: Contingent Convertible Debt and Diluted Earnings per Share
Authors: MARQUARDT CAROL , WIEDMAN CHRISTINE 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACTIn this article we examine whether firms structure their convertible bond transactions to manage diluted earnings per share (EPS). We find that the likelihood of firms issuing contingent convertible bonds (COCOs), which are often excluded from diluted EPS calculations under Statement of Financial Accounting Standard (SFAS) 128, is significantly associated with the reduction that would occur in diluted EPS if the bonds were traditionally structured. We also document that firms' use of EPS‐based compensation contracts significantly affects the likelihood of COCO issuance and find weak evidence that reputation costs, measured using earnings restatement data, play a role in the structuring decision. These results are robust to controlling for alternative motivations for issuing COCOs, including tax and dilution arguments. In addition, an examination of announcement returns reveals that investors view the net benefits and costs of COCOs as offsetting one another. Our results contribute to the literature on earnings management, diluted EPS, financial reporting costs, and financial innovation.
Firms' Off‐Balance Sheet and Hybrid Debt Financing: Evidence from Their Book‐Tax Reporting Differences
Authors: MILLS LILLIAN F. , NEWBERRY KAYE J. 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACTWe match large U.S. corporations' tax returns during 1989–2001 to their financial statements to construct a firm‐level proxy of firms' use of off‐balance sheet and hybrid debt financing. We find that firms with less favorable prior‐period Standard & Poor's (S&P) bond ratings or higher leverage ratios in comparison to their industry report greater amounts of interest expense on their tax returns than to investors and creditors on their financial statements. These between‐firm results are consistent with credit‐constrained firms using more structured financing arrangements. Our within‐firm tests also suggest that firms use more structured financing arrangements when they enter into contractual loan agreements that provide incentives to manage debt ratings. Specifically, we find that after controlling for S&P bond rating and industry‐adjusted leverage, our sample firms report greater amounts of interest expenses for tax than for financial statement purposes when they enter into performance pricing contracts that use senior debt rating covenants to set interest rates. Furthermore, we find that the greatest book‐tax reporting changes occur when firms become closer to violating these debt rating covenants. These latter findings are consistent with firms' contractual debt covenants influencing their use of off‐balance sheet and hybrid debt financing.
Consequences of Financial Reporting Failure for Outside Directors: Evidence from Accounting Restatements and Audit Committee Members
Authors: SRINIVASAN SURAJ 
Published: April 2005

ABSTRACTI use a sample of 409 companies that restated their earnings from 1997 to 2001 to examine penalties for outside directors, particularly audit committee members, when their companies experience accounting restatements. Penalties from lawsuits and Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) actions are limited. However, directors experience significant labor market penalties. In the three years after the restatement, director turnover is 48% for firms that restate earnings downward, 33% for a performance‐matched sample, 28% for firms that restate upward, and only 18% for technical restatement firms. For firms that overstate earnings, the likelihood of director departure increases in restatement severity, particularly for audit committee directors. In addition, directors of these firms are no longer present in 25% of their positions on other boards. This loss is greater for audit committee members and for more severe restatements. A matched‐sample analysis confirms this result. Overall, the evidence is consistent with outside directors, especially audit committee members, bearing reputational costs for financial reporting failure.
Disability Associated With Headaches Occurring Inside and Outside the Menstrual Period in Those With Migraine: A General Practice Study
Authors: Dowson Andrew J. , Kilminster Shaun G. , Salt Rebecca , Clark Matthew , Bundy Michael J. 
Published: April 2005

Objectives.—This study investigated the disability of females who have migraine and other headache attacks occurring during and outside the menstrual period.Methods.—One thousand four hundred and thirty‐four of 3470 female patients (41.3%) aged 14 to 50 years registered at a UK general practice completed two questionnaires. The first questionnaire assessed the prevalence of headache, depression, and bodily pain in the total population. The second questionnaire assessed the disability of all headaches over a 2‐month period (to capture a complete menstrual cycle) for patients reporting migraine who were still menstruating. Disability was assessed as the time lost and time spent at less than 50% productivity in normal activities due to headache, and analyzed as rank sums using the Mann‐Whitney U‐test.Results.—The first part of the study showed that the prevalence of headache (66.1%), depression (55.4%), and bodily pain (40.6%) were high in this population of women. Thirty migraine patients who were still menstruating reported 89 migraine and 114 nonmigraine headache episodes in the second part of the study. For migraine, the rank order of time at less than 50% productivity was greater for attacks taking place inside the menstrual period than for those occurring outside the menstrual period. The comparison was significant for time at less than 50% productivity (P= .01). For nonmigraine headaches, the rank order of time lost was greater for attacks taking place outside the menstrual period than for those occurring inside the menstrual period. The comparison was not significant for time lost (P= .06).Conclusions.—For those with migraine, migraine attacks that took place during the menstrual period tended to be slightly more disabling than those taking place outside the menstrual period, but the opposite was true for nonmigraine headache.
Aspirin Is Efficacious for the Treatment of Acute Migraine
Authors: Lipton Richard B. , Goldstein Jerome , Baggish Jeffrey S. , Yataco Alberto R. , Sorrentino James V. , Quiring John N. 
Published: April 2005

Background.—More than 50% of migraine sufferers rely on over‐the‐counter medications for the treatment of migraine. Along with other over‐the‐counter products, aspirin is considered by the US Headache Consortium to be an option for first‐line migraine treatment. This study assessed the efficacy and tolerability of aspirin versus placebo for the acute treatment of a single acute attack of migraine.Methods.—This prospective, randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group, placebo‐controlled study evaluated the efficacy of a single, 1000‐mg dose of aspirin for the treatment of acute moderate to severe migraine, with or without aura. Subjects recorded all study evaluations in a diary at baseline and at .5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 24 hours after treatment. Pain was rated on a 4‐point ordinal scale from no pain to severe pain. The primary efficacy end point was headache response at 2 hours. Secondary efficacy parameters included reduction of nausea, photophobia and phonophobia, pain intensity difference, and headache recurrence at 24 hours.Results.—Of 485 subjects enrolled, 409 took study medication and 401 treated a confirmed migraine attack (201 with aspirin and 200 with placebo). Baseline demographic and migraine characteristics were not significantly different between groups. The 2‐hour headache response rate was 52% with aspirin versus 34% with placebo (P < .001). Aspirin was significantly more effective than placebo for pain reduction beginning 1 hour after dosing (P < .001) and continuing throughout the 6‐hour evaluation period. Significantly (P < .05), more subjects were pain free from the 1‐hour evaluation through the 6‐hour evaluation. Of the aspirin‐treated subjects, 20% were pain free at 2 hours versus only 6% of placebo‐treated subjects. At 24 hours, the headache recurrence rate was 21.8% for aspirin (23 of 105 subjects) and 27.7% for placebo (19 of 68 subjects). Only 34% of aspirin‐treated subjects needed rescue medication at 24 hours compared with 52% of placebo‐treated subjects (P < .001). Aspirin was well tolerated, and adverse events were not significantly different between groups.Conclusions.—This study demonstrates that aspirin is safe and effective for treatment of acute migraine in appropriately selected patients.
Duration of Migraine Is a Predictor for Response to Botulinum Toxin Type A
Authors: Eross Eric J. , Gladstone Jonathan P. , Lewis Susan , Rogers Robert , Dodick David W. 
Published: April 2005

Objective.—To identify the clinical characteristics and/or injection parameters that predict a favorable response to botulinum toxin type A in patients with episodic and chronic migraine.Background.—There is emerging scientific and clinical evidence to support the utility of botulinum toxin type A (BoNT‐A) in the prophylaxis of episodic and chronic migraine headache. However, the patient characteristics and injection strategies that predict a favorable treatment response are unknown.Methods.—We conducted a prospective, open‐label study on 74 patients from our clinic receiving BoNT‐A for episodic or chronic migraine. For all patients, migraine‐related disability (Migraine Disability Assesment [MIDAS]), headache frequency, and average headache intensity were obtained at baseline and at 3 months post‐BoNT‐A. Information regarding demographic characteristics and injection parameters was also collected.Results.—Sixty‐one patients met the study criteria and were available for 3‐month follow‐up. At the 3‐month follow‐up visit, the mean MIDAS scores of the 61 qualified study patients had decreased from 102 at baseline to 49 (52% decrease, P < .001). The mean number of headache days was reduced from 60 to 39 (P < .001), and the mean headache intensity decreased from 7.6 at baseline to 5.9 (P < .001). Frequency of migraine attacks, presence of analgesic overuse, total BoNT‐A dose, and presence of underlying muscle tenderness were not predictive of treatment response. Age and duration of migraine were the only clinical factors significantly predictive of treatment response. Age likely was a predictor only as a consequence of duration of illness as subjects with migraine duration greater than 30 years were significantly less likely to respond to treatment with BoNT‐A.Conclusion.—BoNT‐A may be effective in decreasing headache frequency, headache intensity, and headache‐related disability in episodic and chronic migraine patients. Duration of illness emerged as a predictor of treatment response. Randomized controlled studies should evaluate headache‐related disability as a primary endpoint in patients with episodic and chronic headache.
One‐Year Follow‐Up of Headache in an Adult General Population
Authors: Boardman Helen F. , Thomas Elaine , Millson David S. , Croft Peter R. 
Published: April 2005

Objective.—To investigate variation in headache occurrence and characteristics over 1 year.Background.—Headache is a common condition which can affect the work, home, and social lives of sufferers, yet surprisingly little is known about how headache changes over time.Methods.—Postal survey to a random general population sample of 5000 adults aged 18 years plus, with follow‐up survey to all baseline responders at 1 year and a subsample of 500 being surveyed at 3‐monthly intervals between the baseline and 1‐year surveys.Results.—A total of 1589 (74% response) responded to the 1‐year follow‐up and 282 of the subsample responded to all five surveys at 3‐monthly intervals. Among 1‐year respondents with recent headache at baseline (defined as occurring during the previous 3 months), nearly all (94%) also reported headache during the follow‐up year. One‐third of respondents without recent headache at baseline reported a new episode of headache during the follow‐up year. Most (85%) respondents with recent headache at both baseline and 1‐year follow‐up reported a variation in at least one headache characteristic. These findings were replicated in the sample completing the 3‐monthly surveys. Although most of this subgroup reported their headache occurrence status was unchanged during each 3‐month period, only a few (3%) respondents with headache in each period reported no variation at all in headache characteristics during the study.Conclusions.—While prevalence of recent headache was stable over time for individuals, there was considerable variation in headache characteristics.
Neuroleptics in Headache
Authors: Siow Hua C. , Young William B. , Silberstein Stephen D. 
Published: April 2005

Objectives.—To review the mechanism of action of neuroleptics, the evidence for their efficacy, and their clinical use in headache treatment.Background.—Neuroleptics and antiemetics have long been used for headache treatment; however, they have not been widely utilized because of general unfamiliarity with them and concerns about their adverse events. With the recent advent of the atypical neuroleptics and their improved adverse event profile, our armamentarium for headache treatment has expanded. In this review, we explore the mechanism of action of these classes of drugs, their adverse events, and the evidence for their efficacy. We also detail our experience with the different drugs and how we use them as both acute and preventive headache therapy.Design.—A review of published literature was obtained through a MEDLINE search on the use of neuroleptics in headache therapy.Conclusion.—Neuroleptics have widespread evidence supporting their use in headache treatment and present an important part of the armaterium against headache.
Terrorism and Transportation Policy and Administration: Balancing the Model and Equations for Optimal Security
Authors: Johnston Van R. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractSeptember 11 was the catalytic event that clearly demonstrated that transportation security was a virtual myth. We had obviously overinvested in efficiency‐based mechanisms and procedures while the security and safety standards provided by effectiveness considerations were being increasingly ignored. This article analyzes the increasingly dangerous situation as it unfolded and provides an Emerging Entrepreneurial Management and Public Policy Model designed to provide insights towards rebalancing our transportation security and public policy considerations as we attempt to design, implement, and pay for optimal security systems to deal with the terrorism threats we face in the early twenty‐first century. Rebalancing the model and the equations will require increased focus, will, and skills. It will also be a lot more expensive . . . in both the private and the public sectors.
Terrorism, Airport Security, and the Private Sector
Authors: Seidenstat Paul 
Published: April 2005

AbstractSeptember 11, 2001, led to renewed emphasis on airport security in the United States. Before the tragedy, government policy led to a suboptimal level of security. The fundamental problem was not simply the use of private security firms, but rather the reliance on airline financing and poor Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) oversight. After 9/11 a federalized security system was put in place. The current system of tightened security is substantially more costly and should be evaluated in terms of its cost‐effectiveness compared to a public–private approach.
Terrorism and the Railroads: Redefining Security in the Wake of 9/11
Authors: Plant Jeremy F. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis article examines the impact of the 9/11 attacks on railroad security. Railroad security has been traditionally defined as a problem of trespass and liability for deaths, injuries, and property damage sustained or caused by trespassers. It argues that the private freight railroad industry, not government, has largely directed the efforts to prevent terrorism and share information on suspected terrorist threats, through the prompt formation of a loosely coupled network of organizations coordinated by the industry trade association, the American Association of Railroads. The freight railroad network approach is contrasted with the efforts of Amtrak to gain public funds for its security efforts by connecting its survival with homeland security. Kingdon's model of the policy process is used to explain how 9/11 has presented an opportunity for railroads to use policy windows to gain benefits for the industry while at the same time resisting possible reregulation. It contrasts the network approach with the traditional hierarchical‐bureaucratic form of organization used in the design of the Department of Homeland Security, and suggests it poses a valuable case study to see how information can be shared between widely divergent types of organizations, and test how best to prevent future terrorist events.
Reducing the Risk of Terror Events at Seaports1
Authors: Price Willard 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThere are several paths of terror at seaports, terminals, inland waterways, and pipelines for entry of persons, materials, and weapons and for access to destroy seaport infrastructure, ships, equipment, and people so as to disrupt economic activity. This research seeks to:

Examine the probability of terror events via these paths and to determine a strategy to create barriers to entry and access, and to ensure the likelihood of these events is near zero.
Identify specific actions taken, and by whom, to accomplish the above objective, considering interacting government levels and public–private partnerships.
Suggest apparent inaction where a probability of terror remains, albeit judged more qualitatively than quantitatively.

The need for secrecy and the reality of erroneous public information complicates the task of researcher and terrorist alike.
International Transportation Security
Authors: Szyliowicz Joseph S. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractSince the September 11 tragedy, all aspects of our lives, including our approach to transportation security, have been transformed. In this article, the ways in which transportation has become a global and intermodal enterprise are analyzed with specific attention to the implications of these developments for the security of the system. Such issues as the security of land borders and sea and air entry points as well as the role of containerized freight and aviation are discussed in terms of the situation that existed before September 11 and the changes that have occurred since then. Existing shortcomings and probable future developments are analyzed with particular attention to the potential of energy and other technologies and the role of foreign policy, economic and social development, and conflict resolution.
From Bakke to Grutter and Gratz: The Supreme Court as a Policymaking Institution
Authors: Naff Katherine C. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractFinding the best means for ensuring equal opportunities for women and minorities has long been controversial and initial efforts to do so were addressed by executive orders, and later the historic Civil Rights Act of 1964. However, this paper argues, since its initial Bakke decision in 1978, it is the Supreme Court that has set policy in this area. In the twenty‐five years between that decision and the recent Gratz and Grutter decisions, the court has shifted in its stance, in many cases declaring unconstitutional what it once sanctioned. That shift has not resulted from changes in laws or new amendments to the Constitution, nor can it be seen as reflecting public opinion, as that is not clear‐cut. Rather, affirmative action policy has reflected the ideological stances of the justices sitting at the time a decision was rendered. The paper concludes with an assessment as to what this means for a democracy.
I Respectfully Dissent: Consensus, Agendas, and Policymaking on the U.S. Supreme Court, 1888–1999
Authors: Hurwitz Mark S. , Lanier Drew Noble 
Published: April 2005

AbstractScholars have been intrigued by the abrupt change in the rate of nonconsensual opinions that the Supreme Court has published over time, which substantially increased beginning with the battles concerning the court's New Deal transition in the 1930s. Notwithstanding, none of the prior studies on this topic has made any link, whether theoretical or empirical, between the Supreme Court's issuance of these special opinions and the justices’ policy preferences. We utilize fractional cointegration to examine the relationship between consensus, agendas, and decisionmaking on the Supreme Court. We find that there is a systematic interrelation between the justices’ policy preferences and their issuance of nonconsensual opinions that is dependent upon the policy agenda before the court. In turn, this connection influences the court's policy outcomes, demonstrating that the justices’ behavior regarding nonconsensual opinion writing is a classic example of judicial policymaking.
Transient Expression of CC Chemokine TECK in the Ovary during Ovulation: Its Potential Role in Ovulation
Authors: Zhou Cindy , Wu Jean , Borillo Jason , Torres Lisa , McMahon John , Bao Yongde , Lou Ya‐Huan 
Published: April 2005

Problem:  Chemokine thymus‐expressed chemokine (TECK), which is expressed exclusively in the thymus and small intestine, plays a critical role in T‐cell development. Our previous study revealed its expression in the ovary also. This study investigated its ovarian expression during ovulatory process.Method of study:  Super‐ovulation was induced in young female CD1 mice by equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) and human chorionic gonadotropic (hCG). Ovarian TECK expression during ovulation was determined by: (1) reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) at mRNA level, (2) Western blot and immunohistology at the protein level, and (3) leukocyte infiltration assay at the bioactive level.Results:  A transient, high‐level expression of TECK in murine ovaries at the mRNA level during hCG‐induced ovulation was detected. Sequencing of directly cloned PCR product confirmed the ovarian expression of TECK. The peak expression of TECK was observed at 10–12 hr post‐hCG injection; real‐time PCR revealed an 800‐fold increase during its expression peak over 0 hr. The expressed ovarian TECK protein was readily detectable by Western blot. Immunohistochemistry localized TECK expression to the ovarian interstitial tissue surrounding, or in the theca layer of the mature follicles undergoing ovulatory process. Expression of TECK receptor, the CC chemokine receptor (CCR9) was also detected in the ovulating ovaries. Using in vitro leukocyte infiltration assay, we first demonstrated that ovaries undergoing the ovulatory process were able to selectively chemoattract mononuclear cells. Importantly, neutralization of TECK by the antibody resulted in a 85% reduction in the chemotactic activities of the ovaries.Conclusion:  This study suggested that ovarian expression of TECK is under a tight hormonal regulation, and expressed TECK may be responsible for recruitment of mononuclear cells into the ovary to participate in the ovulatory process.