bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Statistical batch process monitoring using gray models
Authors: Van sprang E. N. M. , Ramaker H.‐J. , Westerhuis J. A. , Smilde A. K. , Wienke D. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA complete strategy for monitoring industrial batches processes using gray models is presented including fault detection and fault diagnosis tools. The use of gray models is a novel concept in batch process modeling and monitoring. A gray model is a hybrid model, intermediate between hard (white) process models and soft (black) models, combining the advantages of both approaches. The principles of gray models are explained and it is shown how these models can be constructed. For this purpose an industrial batch process is available that is spectroscopically monitored, and an explanation is provided as to how the spectroscopic measurements are combined with prior process knowledge. To show the versatility of the strategy, two types of gray models are constructed and used for statistical batch process monitoring. The two models are compared and validated for both on‐line monitoring and post‐batch analysis. For the latter, the batch consistency number (BCN) is introduced to have a fast and simple post‐batch analysis. The results show how these models help to detect and diagnose process upsets. The use of gray models for batch process monitoring results in a fast detection of process upsets and a good fault diagnosis. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 931–945, 2005
Temporalis function in anthropoids and strepsirrhines: An EMG study
Authors: Hylander William L. , Wall Christine E. , Vinyard Christopher J. , Ross Callum , Ravosa Mathew R. , Williams Susan H. , Johnson Kirk R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe major purpose of this study is to analyze anterior and posterior temporalis muscle force recruitment and firing patterns in various anthropoid and strepsirrhine primates. There are two specific goals for this project. First, we test the hypothesis that in addition to transversely directed muscle force, the evolution of symphyseal fusion in primates may also be linked to vertically directed balancing‐side muscle force during chewing (Hylander et al. [2000] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 112:469–492). Second, we test the hypothesis of whether strepsirrhines retain the hypothesized primitive mammalian condition for the firing of the anterior temporalis, whereas anthropoids have the derived condition (Weijs [1994] Biomechanics of Feeding in Vertebrates; Berlin: Springer‐Verlag, p. 282–320). Electromyographic (EMG) activities of the left and right anterior and posterior temporalis muscles were recorded and analyzed in baboons, macaques, owl monkeys, thick‐tailed galagos, and ring‐tailed lemurs. In addition, as we used the working‐side superficial masseter as a reference muscle, we also recorded and analyzed EMG activity of the left and right superficial masseter in these primates. The data for the anterior temporalis provided no support for the hypothesis that symphyseal fusion in primates is linked to vertically directed jaw muscle forces during mastication. Thus, symphyseal fusion in primates is most likely mainly linked to the timing and recruitment of transversely directed forces from the balancing‐side deep masseter (Hylander et al. [2000] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 112:469–492). In addition, our data demonstrate that the firing patterns for the working‐ and balancing‐side anterior temporalis muscles are near identical in both strepsirrhines and anthropoids. Their working‐ and balancing‐side anterior temporalis muscles fire asynchronously and reach peak activity during the power stroke. Similarly, their working‐ and balancing‐side posterior temporalis muscles also fire asynchronously and reach peak activity during the power stroke. Compared to these strepsirrhines, however, the balancing‐side posterior temporalis of anthropoids appears to have a relatively delayed firing pattern. Moreover, based on their smaller W/B ratios, anthropoids demonstrate a relative increase in muscle‐force recruitment of the balancing‐side posterior temporalis. This in turn suggests that anthropoids may emphasize the duration and magnitude of the power stroke during mastication. This hypothesis, however, requires additional testing. Furthermore, during the latter portion of the power stroke, the late activity of the balancing‐side posterior temporalis of anthropoids apparently assists the balancing‐side deep masseter in driving the working‐side molars through the terminal portion of occlusion. Am J Phys Anthropol 128:35‐56, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation and properties of acid‐treated multiwalled carbon nanotube/waterborne polyurethane nanocomposites
Authors: Kwon Ji‐Yun , Kim Han‐Do 
Published: February 2005

AbstractNitric acid treated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (A‐CNTs) were dispersed in a waterborne polyurethane (WBPU) matrix to obtain WBPU/A‐CNT nanocomposite films (99.99/0.01–98.5/1.5) with enhanced thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties. By X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), the oxygen content of the carbon nanotube (CNT) surface was found to increase with increasing acid treatment time. With increasing acid treatment time, the contact angle of the CNT surface was significantly decreased from 15 to 0°. The mean particle sizes of the raw CNT and A‐CNT aqueous solutions were 404.2 and 17.2 nm, respectively, indicating that the acid treatment led to a reduced agglomeration of CNTs. The electrical conductivity of raw CNT was 23 S/cm, and that of A‐CNT significantly increased with increasing acid treatment time up to 30 min and then decreased a little. By dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, the storage modulus and loss tangent peak temperature (the glass‐transition temperature) of the WBPU/A‐CNT nanocomposites were found to increase with increasing A‐CNT content. The initial tensile moduli and tensile strengths of the nanocomposite film with 1.5 wt % loading of A‐CNT were enhanced by about 19 and 12%, respectively, compared to the corresponding values for the original WBPU film. The WBPU/A‐CNT1.5 nanocomposite film containing 1.5 wt % of A‐CNT exhibited a conductivity of 1.2 × 10−4 S/cm, which was nearly eight orders of magnitude higher that of the WBPU film (2.5 × 10−12 S/cm). The antistatic half‐life (τ1/2) of the WBPU film was about 110 s, indicating that pure the WBPU film was a typical electrostatic material. However, those of the WBPU/A‐CNT nanocomposites decreased exponentially with increasing A‐CNT content. The WBPU/A‐CNT1.5 sample, containing 1.5 wt % of A‐CNT and with a τ1/2 of 1 s, had good antistatic properties. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 595–604, 2005
Water flux through blends from waste materials: Cellulose acetate (from sugar cane bagasse) with polystyrene (from plastic cups)
Authors: Filho Guimes Rodrigues , da Silva Ricardo Chagas , da Silva Meireles Carla , de Assunção Rosana Maria Nascimento , Otaguro Harumi 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn the present work we blended cellulose acetate (taken from sugar cane bagasse) (CA) with polystyrene (taken from postconsumer plastic cups) (PS). The blends were produced in the following ratios (w/w) of the polymers: CA 50%/PS 50%, CA 90%/PS 10%, and CA 10%/PS 90%, using dichloromethane as solvent. The blends were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. The results show that the presence of polystyrene hinders the organization of regions responsible for the crystallinity originally existing in pure cellulose acetate. We also made measurements of water flux through blends, using the Payne cup technique. The flux properties were compared with those obtained for commercial membranes by Osmonix: nanofiltration (SG) and reverse osmosis (CG). The results show that the blend CA 90%/PS 10% presents water vapor flux comparable with that of commercial membranes for nanofiltration (SG). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 516–522, 2005
Graphite–epoxy graded material by centrifugation
Authors: Hashmi S. A. R. , Dwivedi U. K. , Jain D. , Naik Ajay , Chand Navin 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA graded distribution of graphite particles in epoxy resin matrix was obtained using a centrifugation technique. By varying the centrifugation time the graded profile could be effectively controlled. Scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy revealed the graded dispersion of graphite particles in the epoxy matrix, which is sensitive to centrifugation time. Electrical or wear properties can accurately estimate the property profile of graded material. The abrasive wear test also provided a quick estimation of the extent of gradient formed in the sample. The increased centrifugation time increased the compaction of graphite particles in the graphite‐rich phase of graded material that could be correlated with the increased capacitance of the sample. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 550–556, 2005
Poly(etherurethane) anionomers with azobenzene carboxylate groups: Synthesis and properties
Authors: Buruiana Tinca , Buruiana E. C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA new diol with a one‐sided azobenzene‐carboxyl group was prepared to be used for photosensible polymers synthesis. Azobenzene carboxyl containing polyurethane based on poly(tetramethylene oxide) diol of 2000 average molecular weight, 2,4‐tolylene diisocyanate, and the mentioned azo diol, was obtained and characterized. Upon neutralization the acid form with metal acetate (Li+1, Ca+2) or triethylamine azo carboxylate anionomers with an improved phase separation were obtained. Viscometric measurements of diluted dimethylformamide solutions exhibited evidence of polyelectrolyte behavior. Some aspects of the trans‐cis photoisomerization have been examined to design in future various dyed aqueous dispersions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 577–582, 2005
Problems with Existing Procedures to Calculate Exact Unconditional P‐Values for Non‐Inferiority/Superiority and Confidence Intervals for Two Binomials and How to Resolve Them
Authors: Röhmel Joachim 
Published: February 2005

AbstractRecently several papers have been published that deal with the construction of exact unconditional tests for non‐inferiority and confidence intervals based on the approximative unconditional restricted maximum likelihood test for two binomial random variables. Soon after the papers have been published the commercially available software for exact tests StatXact has incorporated the new methods. There are however gaps in the proofs which since have not been resolved adequately. Further it turned out that the methods for testing non‐inferiority are not coherent and test for non‐inferiority can easily come to different conclusions compared to the confidence interval inclusion rule. In this paper, a proposal is made how to resolve the open problems. Berger and Boos (1994) developed the confidence interval method for testing equality of two proportions. StatXact (Version 5) has extended this method for shifted hypotheses. It is shown that at least for unbalanced designs (i.e. largely different sample sizes) the Berger and Boos method can lead to controversial results. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mild and Efficient Copper‐Catalyzed Cyanation of Aryl Iodides and Bromides
Authors: Cristau Henri‐Jean , Ouali Armelle , Spindler Jean‐Francis , Taillefer Marc 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAn efficient copper‐catalyzed cyanation of aryl iodides and bromides is reported. Our system combines catalytic amounts of both copper salts and chelating ligands. The latter, which have potential nitrogen‐ and/or oxygen‐binding sites, have never previously been used in this type of reaction. A protocol has been developed that enables the cyanation of aryl bromides through the copper‐catalyzed in situ production of the corresponding aryl iodides using catalytic amounts of potassium iodide. Aryl nitriles are obtained in good yields and excellent selectivities in relatively mild conditions (110 °C) compared with the Rosenmund–von Braun cyanation reaction. Furthermore, the reaction is compatible with a wide range of functional groups including nitro and amino substituents. The protocol reported herein involves two main innovations: the use of catalytic amounts of ligands and the use of acetone cyanohydrin as the cyanating agent in copper‐mediated cyanation reactions.
Soluble Oligoaramide Precursors—A Novel Class of Building Blocks for Rod–Coil Architectures
Authors: Abbel Robert , Frey Holger , Schollmeyer Dieter , Kilbinger Andreas F. M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA new synthetic route is described that allows the reversible conversion of the inherently insoluble oligo‐p‐benzamides into soluble materials through the formation of imidoyl chlorides. Syntheses of the corresponding dimer, trimer, and tetramer are reported; these compounds can easily be purified by crystallization and are accessible on the multigram scale. Structural proof was obtained by single‐crystal X‐ray structures of the trimer and tetramer precursors. They can be selectively functionalized into amides or esters at the terminal carboxylic acid group followed by hydrolysis of the imidoyl chlorides to the parent amides. This new class of compounds gives access to strongly aggregating rigid rodlike materials in few synthetic steps, as is demonstrated by the preparation of poly(ethylene glycol)‐co‐oligo(p‐benzamide) rod–coil block copolymers.
Enantioselective Syntheses and Configuration Assignments of γ‐Chiral Butenolides from Plagiomnium undulatum: Butenolide Synthesis from Tetronic Acids
Authors: Kapferer Tobias , Brückner Reinhard , Herzig Axel , König Wilfried A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBoth enantiomers of the γ‐chiral α,β‐dimethylated butyrolactones nat‐1 and nat‐2 from the moss Plagiomnium undulatum were synthesized stereoselectively through butenolides and tetronic acids, respectively. The configuration of the natural products was determined by GLC comparisons with mono(3‐O‐acetyl‐6‐O‐tert‐butyldimethylsilyl‐2‐O‐methyl)hexakis(6‐O‐tert‐butyldimethylsilyl‐2,3‐di‐O‐methyl)‐β‐cyclodextrin as a stationary phase.
Synthesis and Structure of an Unexpected Platinum π Complex Formed from Substituted 1,4‐Diamino Ligands through an Elimination Process
Authors: Gay Marina , Montaña Ángel M. , Moreno Virtudes , Font‐Bardia Mercè , Solans Xavier 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAn unusual reactivity of cis‐1,2‐bis[(N,N‐dimethylamino)methyl] cyclohexane with PtCl2 was observed, resulting in the formation of a platinum(II) π‐olefin complex instead of the conventional square‐planar cis PtII coordination complex with the diamino ligand. This behavior was interpreted on the basis of the steric hindrance of the dimethylamino groups whose electron lone pairs are barely accessible to a platinum atom, which can make it difficult for both dimethylamino groups to bind platinum at the same time. This complex has been physically and spectroscopically characterized and its structure has been confirmed by using X‐ray diffraction analyses on single crystals.
Binding of lipopeptide to CD14 induces physical proximity of CD14, TLR2 and TLR1
Authors: Manukyan Maria , Triantafilou Kathy , Triantafilou Martha , Mackie Alan , Nilsen Nadra , Espevik Terje , Wiesmüller Karl‐Heinz , Ulmer Artur J. , Heine Holger 
Published: February 2005

AbstractLipoproteins or lipopeptides (LP) are bacterial cell wall components detected by the innate immune system. For LP, it has been shown that TLR2 is the essential receptor in cellular activation. However, molecular mechanisms of LP recognition are not yet clear. We used a FLAG‐labeled derivative of the synthetic lipopeptide N‐palmitoyl‐S‐[2,3‐bis(palmitoyloxy)‐(2R,S)‐propyl]‐(R)‐cysteinyl‐seryl‐(lysyl)3‐lysine (Pam3CSK4) to study the roles of CD14, TLR2 and TLR1 in binding and signaling of LP and their molecular interactions in human cells. The activity of Pam3CSK4‐FLAG was TLR2 dependent, whereas the binding was enabled by CD14, as evaluated by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Using FRET and FRAP imaging techniques to study molecular associations, we could show that after Pam3CSK4‐FLAG binding, CD14 and Pam3CSK4‐FLAG associate with TLR2 and TLR1, and TLR2 is targeted to a low‐mobility complex. Thus, LP binding to CD14 is the first step in the LP recognition, inducing physical proximity of CD14 and LP with TLR2/TLR1 and formation of the TLR2 signaling complex.
Graft rejection mediated by CD4+ T cells via indirect recognition of alloantigen is associated with a dominant Th2 response
Authors: Csencsits Keri , Wood Sherri Chan , Lu Guanyi , Magee John C. , Eichwald Ernst J. , Chang Cheong‐Hee , Bishop D. Keith 
Published: February 2005

AbstractCD4+ T cells that respond to indirectly presented alloantigen have been shown to mediate chronic rejection, however, the role of the indirect pathway in acute rejection has yet to be completely elucidated. To this end, BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice were depleted of CD8+ T cells and transplanted with class II transactivator (CIITA)‐deficient cardiac allografts, which cannot directly present class II alloantigens to CD4+ T cells. In this manner, the rejection response by CD4+ cells was forced to rely upon the indirect recognition pathway. When not depleted of CD8+ cells, both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice rejected CIITA–/– allografts and a polarized Th1 response was observed. In contrast, when BALB/c recipients of CIITA–/– allografts were depleted of CD8+ T cells, the grafts were acutely rejected and a strong Th2 response characterized by eosinophil influx into the graft was observed. Interestingly, CD8‐depleted C57BL/6 recipients of CIITA–/– allografts did not acutely reject their transplants and a Th2 response was not mounted. These findings indicate that CD4+ T cells responding to indirectly presented alloantigens mediate graft rejection in a Th2‐dominant manner, and provide further evidence for the role of Th2 responses in acute graft rejection.
CCL22‐induced responses are powerfully enhanced by synergy inducing chemokines via CCR4: evidence for the involvement of first β‐strand of chemokine
Authors: Sebastiani Silvia , Danelon Gabriela , Gerber Basil , Uguccioni Mariagrazia 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn an attempt to clarify how cells integrate the signals provided by multiple chemokines expressed during inflammation, we have uncovered a novel mechanism regulating leukocyte trafficking. Our data indicate that the concomitant exposure to CCR4 agonists and CXCL10/IP‐10 strongly enhances the chemotactic response of human T lymphocytes. This enhancement is synergistic rather than additive and occurs via CCR4 since it persists after CXCR3 blockade. Besides chemotaxis, other cellular responses are enhanced upon stimulation of CCR4‐transfected cells with CCL22/MDC plus CXCL10. Several other chemokines in addition to CXCL10 were able to increase CCL22‐mediated chemotaxis. The first β‐strand of the chemokine structure is highly and specifically implicated in this phenomenon, as established using synergy‐inducing and non‐synergy‐inducing chimeric chemokines. As shown in situ for skin from atopic and allergic contact dermatitis patients, this organ becomes the ideal environment in which skin‐homing CCR4+ T lymphocytes can accumulate under the stimulus offered by CCR4 agonists, together with the synergistic chemokines that are concomitantly expressed. Overall, our results indicate that chemokine‐induced synergism strengthens leukocyte recruitment towards tissues co‐expressing several chemokines.
Ozonolyses of Enantiopure 4‐Alkoxy‐3,6‐dihydro‐2H‐1,2‐oxazines:An Expedient Route to Functionalized α‐Amino‐β‐hydroxy Esters
Authors: Helms Matthias , Reißig Hans‐Ulrich 
Published: February 2005

AbstractOzonolysis and subsequent in situ acylation/base treatment converted the enantiopure carbohydrate‐derived 1,2‐oxaz‐ines 1, 5, 8 (either syn‐ or anti‐configured) and anti‐11 into the highly functionalized α‐amino‐β‐hydroxy esters 2, 6, 9 and 12 in moderate to good yields. Ketals of 5‐hydroxylated 1,2‐oxazines (e.g., syn‐3) were formed as side products in most cases; the reactions of precursors syn‐ and anti‐8 even provided the ketals syn‐ or anti‐10 as major components. The synthesized functionalized amino esters are valuable intermediates, as demonstrated by the subsequent transformation of anti‐2 into the enantiopure building blocks 13–15. Since precursor 1,2‐oxazines were prepared via lithiated alkoxyallenes, the latter species were serving as formyl ester anion equivalents. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Capillary electrophoresis direct enantioseparation of aromatic amino acids based on mixed chelate‐inclusion complexation of aminoethylamino‐β‐cyclodextrin
Authors: Wu Bidong , Wang Qingqing , Liu Qin , Xie Jianwei , Yun Liuhong 
Published: February 2005

Abstract6A‐(2‐Aminoethylamino)‐6A‐deoxy‐β‐cyclodextrin (CDen) was synthesized and formed a binary complex with Cu(II) which was shown to be an effective chiral selector for separation of underivatized amino acid enantiomers in capillary electrophoresis (CE). Moreover, the chiral resolution was greatly enhanced by the presence of polyethyl glycol (PEG) and tert‐butyl alcohol in the running buffer. The optimum experimental conditions were 20 mmol/L CDen, 20 mmol/L CuSO4·5H2O, 5.0 mg/mL PEG20000 and 1.0% v/v tert‐butyl alcohol, pH 5.80. With the proposed method, the four selected aromatic chiral amino acid pairs were separated in less than 15 min.
Chiral recognition ability of an (S)‐naproxen‐ imprinted monolith by capillary electrochromatography
Authors: Xu Yan‐Li , Liu Zhao‐Sheng , Wang He‐Fang , Yan Chao , Gao Ru‐Yu 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe racemic naproxen was selectively recognized by capillary electrochromatography (CEC) on an (S)‐naproxen‐imprinted monolith, which was prepared by an in situ thermal‐initiated polymerization. The recognition selectivity of a selected monolith strictly relied on the CEC conditions involved. The factors that influence the imprinting selectivity as well as the electroosmotic flow (EOF), including the applied voltage, organic solvent, salt concentration and pH value of the buffer, column temperature, and surfactant modifiers were systematically studied. Once the column was prepared, the experiment results showed that the successful chiral recognition was dependent on CEC variables. For example: the recognition could be observed in acetonitrile and ethanol electrolytes, while methanol and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) electrolytes had no chiral recognition ability. The buffer with pH values of 2.6 or 3.0 at a higher salt concentration had chiral recognition ability. Column temperatures of 25–35°C were optimal. Three surfactants, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate (Tween 20), can improve the recognition. Baseline resolution was obtained under optimized conditions and the column efficiency of the later eluent (S)‐naproxen was 90 000 plates/m.
Electrochromatographic evaluation of a silica monolith capillary column for separation of basic pharmaceuticals
Authors: Xie Chuanhui , Hu Jiwei , Xiao Hua , Su Xingye , Dong Jing , Tian Ruijun , He Zhike , Zou Hanfa 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA silica‐based monolithic capillary column was prepared via a sol‐gel process. The continuous skeleton and large through‐pore structure were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The native silica monolith has been successfully employed in the electrochromatographic separation of β‐blockers and alkaloids extracted from traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). Column efficiencies greater than 250 000 plates/m for capillary electrochromatography (CEC) separation of basic compounds were obtained. It was observed that retention of basic pharmaceuticals on the silica monolith was mainly contributed by a cation‐exchange mechanism. Other retention mechanisms including reversed‐phase and normal‐phase mechanisms and electrophoresis of basic compounds also played a role in separation. A comparison of the differences between CEC and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) separation was also discussed.