bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study of ground‐structure interaction in dynamic plate load testing
Authors: Guzina Bojan B. , Fata Sylvain Nintcheu 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA mathematical treatment is presented for the forced vertical vibration of a padded annular footing on a layered viscoelastic half‐space. On assuming a depth‐independent stress distribution for the interfacial buffer, the set of triple integral equations stemming from the problem is reduced to a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. The solution method, which is tailored to capture the stress concentrations beneath footing edges, is highlighted. To cater to small‐scale geophysical applications, the model is used to investigate the near‐field effects of ground‐loading system interaction in dynamic geotechnical and pavement testing. Numerical results indicate that the uniform‐pressure assumption for the contact load between the composite disc and the ground which is customary in dynamic plate load testing may lead to significant errors in the diagnosis of subsurface soil and pavement conditions. Beyond its direct application to non‐intrusive site characterization, the proposed solution can be used in the seismic analysis of a variety of structures involving annular foundation geometries. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Consistent tangent operators for constitutive rate equations
Authors: Fellin Wolfgang , Ostermann Alexander 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA general approach for obtaining the consistent tangent operator for constitutive rate equations is presented. The rate equations can be solved numerically by the user's favourite time integrator. In order to obtain reliable results, the substepping in integration should be based on a control of the local error. The main ingredient of the consistent tangent operator, namely the derivative of the stress with respect to the strain increment must be computed simultaneously with the same integrator, applied to a numerical approximation of the variational equations. This information enables finite‐element packages to assemble a consistent tangent operator and thus guarantees quadratic convergence of the equilibrium iterations. Several numerical examples with a hypoplastic constitutive law are given. As numerical integrator we used a second‐order extrapolated Euler method. Quadratic convergence of the equilibrium iteration is shown. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional analysis of human parotid gland in vivo using the 1H MRS MT effect
Authors: Saito Moyoko , Umeda Masahiro , Fujiwara Kei , Kakimoto Naoya , Tanaka Chuzo , Murakami Shumei , Furukawa Souhei 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMagnetization transfer (MT) was measured in the parotid gland in vivo by 1H MR spectroscopy in 10 adult volunteers. A comparison was made of stimulated (excess saliva) and resting parotid gland (SPG and RPG, respectively). Following irradiation at an MT pulse of 150 Hz downfield from the water proton signal, signal reductions in SPG and RPG were 83.8 ± 4.7 and 91.4 ± 5.7%, respectively. The larger reduction for SPG indicates that an increase in the amount of water in gland cells for the production of more parotid saliva may lead to greater affinity between the protons adjacent to macromolecules and free water which contributes to the MT effect. Activity in the parotid gland correlates with the effect. This method is useful for diagnosing disorders of parotid gland secretion. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of the changes in the non‐neuronal cell populations of the superior cervical ganglia following decentralization and axotomy
Authors: Schreiber Rebecca C. , Vaccariello Stacey A. , Boeshore Kristen , Shadiack Annette M. , Zigmond Richard E. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTransecting the axons of neurons in the adult superior cervical ganglion (SCG; axotomy) results in the survival of most postganglionic neurons, the influx of circulating monocytes, proliferation of satellite cells, and changes in neuronal gene expression. In contrast, transecting the afferent input to the SCG (decentralization) results in nerve terminal degeneration and elicits a different pattern of gene expression. We examined the effects of decentralization on macrophages in the SCG and compared the results to those previously obtained after axotomy. Monoclonal antibodies were used to identify infiltrating (ED1+) and resident (ED2+) macrophages, as well as macrophages expressing MHC class II molecules (OX6+). Normal ganglia contained ED2+ cells and OX6+ cells, but few infiltrating macrophages. After decentralization, the number of infiltrating ED1+ cells increased in the SCG to a density about twofold greater than that previously seen after axotomy. Both the densities of ED2+ and OX6+ cells were essentially unchanged after decentralization, though a large increase in OX6+ cells occurred after axotomy. Proliferation among the ganglion's total non‐neuronal cell population was examined and found to increase about twofold after decentralization and about fourfold after axotomy. Double‐labeling experiments indicated that some of these proliferating cells were macrophages. After both surgical procedures, the percentage of proliferating ED2+ macrophages increased, while neither procedure altered the proliferation of ED1+ macrophages. Axotomy, though not decentralization, increased the proliferation of OX6+ cells. Future studies must address what role(s) infiltrating and/or resident macrophages play in regions of decentralized and axotomized neurons and, if both are involved, whether they play distinct roles. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 53: 68–79, 2002
Circadian control of neurogenesis
Authors: Goergen Erin M. , Bagay Leslie A. , Rehm Kris , Benton Jeanne L. , Beltz Barbara S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe life‐long addition of new neurons has been documented in many regions of the vertebrate and invertebrate brain, including the hippocampus of mammals (Altman and Das, 1965; Eriksson et al., 1998; Jacobs et al., 2000), song control nuclei of birds (Alvarez‐Buylla et al., 1990), and olfactory pathway of rodents (Lois and Alvarez‐Buylla, 1994), insects (Cayre et al., 1996) and crustaceans (Harzsch and Dawirs, 1996; Sandeman et al., 1998; Harzsch et al., 1999; Schmidt, 2001). The possibility of persistent neurogenesis in the neocortex of primates is also being widely discussed (Gould et al., 1999; Kornack and Rakic, 2001). In these systems, an effort is underway to understand the regulatory mechanisms that control the timing and rate of neurogenesis. Hormonal cycles (Rasika et al., 1994; Harrison et al., 2001), serotonin (Gould, 1999; Brezun and Daszuta, 2000; Beltz et al., 2001), physical activity (Van Praag et al., 1999) and living conditions (Kemperman and Gage, 1999; Sandeman and Sandeman, 2000) influence the rate of neuronal proliferation and survival in a variety of organisms, suggesting that mechanisms controlling life‐long neurogenesis are conserved across a range of vertebrate and invertebrate species. The present article extends these findings by demonstrating circadian control of neurogenesis. Data show a diurnal rhythm of neurogenesis among the olfactory projection neurons in the crustacean brain, with peak proliferation during the hours surrounding dusk, the most active period for lobsters. These data raise the possibility that light‐controlled rhythms are a primary regulator of neuronal proliferation, and that previously‐demonstrated hormonal and activity‐driven influences over neurogenesis may be secondary events in a complex circadian control pathway. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 53: 90–95, 2002
Patterns of neurogenesis in the midbrain of embryonic lobsters differ from proliferation in the insect and the crustacean ventral nerve cord
Authors: Benton Jeanne L. , Beltz Barbara S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractNeurogenesis persists throughout life in the olfactory pathway of many decapod crustaceans. However, the relationships between precursor cells and the temporal characteristics of mitotic events in these midbrain regions have not been examined. We have conducted studies aimed at characterizing the sequence of proliferative events that leads to the production of new deutocerebral projection neurons in embryos of the American lobster, Homarus americanus. In vivo bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling patterns show that three distinct cell types are involved in neurogenesis in this region. Quantitative and temporal analyses suggest that the clearing time for BrdU is 2–3 days in lobster embryos, and that the sequence of proliferative events in the midbrain is significantly different from the stereotypical pattern for the generation of neurons in the ventral nerve cord ganglia of insects and crustaceans. The unusual pattern of proliferation in the crustacean midbrain may be related to the persistence of neurogenesis throughout life in these regions. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 53: 57–67, 2002
Besov regularity of edge singularities for the Poisson equation in polyhedral domains
Authors: Dahlke Stephan 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the regularity of the solutions to the Poisson equation in polyhedral domains Ω contained in R3. Especially, we consider the specific scale Bτα(Lτ(Ω)),1/τ = α/3 + ½, of Besov spaces. The regularity of the variational solution in these Besov spaces determines the order of approximation that can be achieved by adaptive and non‐linear numerical schemes. It is well‐known that in polyhedral domains different types of singularities according to edges and vertices occur. In this paper, we shall primarily be concerned with the Besov regularity of edge singularities. By the usual reduction procedure, these singularity functions are studied in an unfinite cylinder R × ϒ, where ϒ denotes a bounded polygonal domain contained in R2. We show that the singularity functions are much smoother in the specific Besov scale than in the usual L2–Sobolov scale which justifies the use of adaptive schemes. The proofs are based on specific representations of the solutions and on characterizations of Besov spaces by wavelet expansions. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An approach to the connection between subdomains with non‐matching meshes for transient mechanical analysis
Authors: Herry B. , Di Valentin L. , Combescure A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThis paper describes a general method for coupling non‐matching linear finite element meshes in transient dynamic analysis. We propose a method based on Schur's dual formulation whose main advantage is to provide equilibrium as well as kinematic continuity throughout the interface. The essence of our work lies in the particular discretization of the space of Lagrange multipliers and in the validation of the method through two‐ and three‐dimensional static calculations as well as two‐dimensional dynamic calculations. An example is also presented and the results are compared to those of the mortar method. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Successive approximation method for non‐linear optimal control problems with application to a container crane problem
Authors: Jaddu Hussein , Vlach Milan 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA numerical method is proposed to solve a non‐linear optimal control problem with terminal state constraints, inequality state constraints and control saturation constraints. The method solves this problem directly and without employing penalty functions. First, the problem is reformulated, using the quasilinearization and the state parameterization techniques, into a sequence of quadratic programming problems. Then the resulting quadratic programming problems are solved by the active set method. The proposed method is applied to a practical optimal control problem of minimizing the swing angle of a container during its transfer from a ship to a truck. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Book Reviews
Authors: Donahue John D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractNegotiating the World Economy, by John S. Odell. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2000,
252 pp., $45.00 cloth, $19.95 paper. Reviewed by Daniel J.B. MitchellEvaluating Welfare Reform in an Era of Transition, edited by Robert A. Moffitt and Michele Ver
Ploeg. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001, 268 pp., $42.95. Reviewed by Daniel H. WeinbergRed Tape and Housing Costs: How Regulation Affects New Residential Development, by Michael I.
Luger and Kenneth Temkin. New Brunswick, NJ: Center for Urban Policy Research, 2000, 192 pp., $24.95 cloth.
Reviewed by Thomas BierWaste Trading among Rich Nations, by Kate O'Neill. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2000,
310 pp., $60.00 cloth, $22.00 paper. Reviewed by Lee S. FriedmanMarkets for Clean Air, by A. Denny Ellerman, Paul L. Joskow, Richard Schmalensee,
Juan‐Pablo Montero, and Elizabeth M. Bailey. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000, 352 pp.,
$40.00. Reviewed by Lee S. FriedmanThe Collapse of the Kyoto Protocol and the Struggle to Slow Global Warming, by David G.
Victor. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001, 178 pp., $22.95. Reviewed by Robert FalknerCauses of War: Power and the Roots of Conflict, Stephen Van Evera, Ithaca, NY: Cornell
University Press, 1999, 270 pp., $35.00 cloth, $17.95 paper. Reviewed by Erik GartzkePower versus Prudence: Why Nations Forgo Nuclear Weapons, by T. V. Paul. Montreal:
McGill‐Queen's University Press, 2000, 227 pp., $22.95. Reviewed by Leonard S. SpectorThe Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor, by David S. Landes,
New York: W.W. Norton, 1998, 650 pp., $11.87 paper. Reviewed by Eugene B. McGregor, Jr.The End of the Nation‐state: The Rise of the Regional Economies, by Kenichi Ohmae, New
York: Free Press Paperbacks, 1995, 214 pp., $16.95 paper. Reviewed by Eugene B. McGregor, Jr.Governance in a Globalizing World, edited by Joseph S. Nye and John D. Donahue, Washington,
DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2000, 386 pp., $18.95 paper. Reviewed by Eugene B. McGregor, Jr.
Barrier property of clay/Acrylonitrile‐butadiene copolymer nanocomposite
Authors: Nah Changwoon , Ryu Hyune Jung , Kim Wan Doo , Choi Sung‐Seen 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe resistance to air permeation was investigated for ­an intercalated clay/acrylonitrile‐butadiene copolymer ­nanocomposite. The nanocomposite is prepared by melt mixing the organo‐treated montmorillonite into a rubber matrix, together with peroxide curative, and crosslinked by conventional compression molding for typical rubbers. In the case of intercalated nanocomposite, the air permeability decreases considerably with increasing clay content, and the decreasing trend agrees reasonably with the Neilson's tortuous model. No considerable improvement is found when the pure montmorillonite is added. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An overview of developments in poly(urethane‐isocyanurates) elastomers
Authors: Samborska‐Skowron Roksana , Balas Adolf 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe growth of the science and technology of plastics leads to the development of new materials with more desirable properties. Such kinds of materials include polyurethanes with isocyanurate structural units combining the properties of great strength and high temperature stability. Most of them are produced as rigid foams designed as insulation materials for industrial applications. However, great progress has been made with the introduction of isocyanurate rings in the non‐cellular areas, especially in elastomers. The aim of this work is to present an overview of the major developments on the field of poly(urethane‐isocyanurate) elastomers. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polymer light‐emitting electrochemical cell based on a block copolymer containing tri(ethyleneoxide) spacers
Authors: Sun Qingjiang , Yang Chunhe , Wang Haiqiao , He Gufeng , Li Yongfang 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe presented the optical properties of a novel block copolymer containing chromophores, 2,5‐dimethoxy‐1,4‐di(α‐(2‐naphthalene vinylene)benzene (MDNVB) and spacers, tri(ethylene oxide) (TEO). The intrachain and interchain excitations due to the molecular aggregation are responsible for the significant bathochromic shift in the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum when going from the solution to the thin film. With a certain content of the polymer electrolyte, blue–green light‐emitting electrochemical cell based on this block copolymer was demonstrated with the turn‐on voltage of 2.5 V, the maximum electroluminescence (EL) efficiency of 1.2 cd/A, and the d.c. response time of less than 5 sec, indicating strongly that an improved morphology of the active layer is formed because of the effective TEO‐PEO interaction. Lowering the content of the polymer electrolyte results in a higher turn‐on voltage and smaller injection current; increasing the content leads to a considerable microscopic leaking current and lower EL efficiency of the device. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metalloelastase (MMP‐12) expression by tumour cells in squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva correlates with invasiveness, while that by macrophages predicts better outcome
Authors: Kerkelä Erja , Ala‐aho Risto , Klemi Pekka , Grénman Seija , Shapiro Steven D. , Kähäri Veli‐Matti , Saarialho‐Kere Ulpu 
Published: October 2002

AbstractHuman metalloelastase (MMP‐12) has been implicated in elastin degradation and macrophage migration in many pathological conditions. It also generates angiostatin, thus having a potential to prevent tumour angiogenesis. It has previously been shown that transformed epithelial cells express MMP‐12 in skin cancer. The aim of this study was further to elucidate the role of metalloelastase in squamous cell cancer (SCC) progression. By in situ hybridization, expression of MMP‐12 mRNA was detected in 28/33 vulvar SCC samples in CD‐68‐positive macrophages, while 10 samples had positive cancer cells. By immunohistochemistry, MMP‐12 protein was seen in the same area as the mRNA. MMP‐12 mRNA expression in tumour cells correlated with more aggressive histology (p = 0.0099). In contrast, macrophage‐derived MMP‐12 mRNA was more abundant in well‐differentiated grade I than grade III tumours (p = 0.01). However, the level of MMP‐12 mRNA, regardless of its origin, did not correlate with metastasis or patient survival. No significant correlation was found between macrophage‐derived MMP‐12 mRNA and a low amount of blood vessels, as quantitated after von Willebrand staining. In agreement with vulvar SCCs in vivo, MMP‐12 was expressed in cultured SCC cells by northern and western blot analysis. In HaCaTs and epithelial MCF‐10f cells, MMP‐12 mRNA was induced by transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) as measured by quantitative RT‐PCR (TaqMan). Two MMPs capable of generating angiostatin in vivo, matrilysin (MMP‐7) and gelatinase B (MMP‐9), were also examined in these tumours. MMP‐7 mRNA was mainly expressed by epithelial tumour cells, particularly in less differentiated tumours. MMP‐9 was usually expressed by neutrophils and macrophages; epithelial protein was predominantly found in grade II/III tumours. These results suggest a dual role for MMP‐12 in tumour progression. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frequent expression of the multi‐drug resistance‐associated protein BCRP/MXR/ABCP/ABCG2 in human tumours detected by the BXP‐21 monoclonal antibody in paraffin‐embedded material
Authors: Diestra Julio E. , Scheffer George L. , Català Isabel , Maliepaard Marc , Schellens Jan H. M. , Scheper Rik J. , Germà‐Lluch Jose R. , Izquierdo Miguel A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBreast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/MXR/ABCP/ABCG2; hereafter ABCG2) is a member of the ATP‐binding‐cassette family of transporters that causes multi‐drug resistance to various anticancer drugs. The expression of ABCG2 in human tumours and its potential involvement in clinical drug resistance are unknown. Recently, two monoclonal antibodies against human ABCG2 were produced, BXP‐34 and BXP‐21. This study describes an immunohistochemical method using BXP‐21 to study ABCG2 expression in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissues. No staining was seen using BXP‐34 with the same protocols. The expression of ABCG2 was then investigated in a panel of 150 untreated human solid tumours comprising 21 tumour types. Overall, ABCG2 expression was frequent. Specificity of immunohistochemistry was confirmed by the detection of a 72 kD band in western blotting. ABCG2 expression was seen in all tumour types, but it seemed more frequent in adenocarcinomas of the digestive tract, endometrium, and lung, and melanoma. Positive tumours showed membranous and cytoplasmic staining. In certain adenocarcinomas, prominent membranous staining was seen. Endothelial cells frequently displayed moderate to strong staining. ABCG2 is widely present in untreated human solid tumours and may represent a clinically relevant mechanism of drug resistance. Future studies in specific tumour types are needed to ascertain its clinical relevance. BXP‐21 and the immunohistochemical protocol described here will be of value in these investigations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Presence of pharmacoepidemiology in three bibliographic databases: Medline, IPA and SCI
Authors: Arrebola‐Pascual I. , García‐López J. A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study is to make a comparative description of the evolution and distribution of international research into pharmacoepidemiology, using three bibliographic databases, in order to select the most appropriate for future bibliometric studies.MethodsBibliographic searches were performed using the following databases: Medline (1966–99), IPA (1970–99) and SCI (1990–99), using the term ‘pharmacoepidemiology’. On the basis of these searches, the number of original articles per year and per journal title were noted. The growth of the output of scientific writing was found to fit Price's law.ResultsA total of 845 original articles were recovered: 467 from IPA, 219 from Medline and 159 from SCI. The highest mean number of original articles per year (33.4) was obtained with the IPA database. Price's exponential growth pattern was observed among all three databases. The total numbers of journals in which the original articles were published were 102 in Medline, 65 in IPA and 60 in SCI. The journals providing a single original article comprised 65% of the Medline titles and 61% of those in IPA and SCI.ConclusionsInternational research into pharmacoepidemiology presents an exponential growth pattern, in accordance with Price's law. There is a large degree of publishing dispersion. IPA was found to be the bibliographic database that recovered the greatest number of original articles, nearly half of which were published in Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety. We therefore consider the latter database appropriate for bibliometric studies in the field of pharmacoepidemiology. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.