bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Achieving the goal of a quality teacher of reading for every classroom: Divest, test, or invest?
Authors: HOFFMAN JAMES V. 
Published: June 2004

Book reviewed in this article:Learning to Teach Reading: Setting the Research Agenda. Edited by Cathy Roller. 2001.Meeting the Highly Qualified Teachers Challenge: The Secretary's Annual Report on Teacher Quality. 2002. U.S. Department of Education, Office of Postsecondary Education, Office of Policy Planning and Innovation.No Dream Denied: A Pledge to America's School Children. 2003. National Commission on Teaching and America's Future.Quality Counts 2003: “If I Can't Learn From You….” 2003. Education Week.Teacher Certification Reconsidered: Stumbling for Quality. 2001. The Abell Foundation.
Gender effects in spatial orientation: cognitive profiles and mental strategies
Authors: Bosco Andrea , Longoni Anna M. , Vecchi Tomaso 
Published: June 2004

AbstractExperimental evidence and meta‐analyses offer some support for gender‐related differences in visuo‐spatial ability. However, few studies addressed this issue in an ecological context and/or in everyday tasks implying spatial abilities, such as geographical orientation. Moreover, the relation of specific strategies and gender is still unclear. In the present investigation, we compared men and women in a newly designed battery of spatial orientation tasks in which landmark, route and survey knowledge were considered. In addition, four visuo‐spatial working memory (VSWM) tasks were presented. Significant differences favouring men in VSWM tasks were reported, supporting existing evidence. However, men and women did not significantly differ in orientation tasks performance. The patterns of correlation between working memory and spatial orientation tasks indicated that men and women used somewhat different strategies in carrying out the orientation tasks. In particular, active processes seem to play a greater role in females' performance, thus confirming the importance of this variable in interpreting gender effect in VSWM tasks. Altogether, results indicate that gender effects could well result from differences in cognitive strategies and support data indicating that adequate training could reduce or eliminate them. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interviewing young children with props: prior experience matters
Authors: Nigro Georgia N. , Wolpow Sarah I. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of prior experience with props used during an interview on young children's recall of an event. In a one‐way design, we interviewed 4‐year‐old children 1 to 2 days after they participated in a staged event. One group of children played with toy replicas of items from the event prior to an interview with the toy props. Another group matched toy replicas to real items from the event prior to an interview with the toy props. A third group coloured before an interview with the toy props, and a fourth coloured before an interview with the real items. Finally, a fifth group coloured before an interview with no props, only verbal cues about the items that had been present. Results indicated that the condition in which children played with toy props prior to the interview had the lowest verbal accuracy during the interview. Children who saw toys for the first time during the interview behaviourally enacted the highest volume of correct information about the event. Implications for interviewing children are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Memory distortions in coerced false confessions: a source monitoring framework analysis
Authors: Henkel Linda A. , Coffman Kimberly J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractConfessions are routinely offered as evidence and are potentially damning to defendants. However, not all confessions are truthful. Suspects can be coerced into falsely confessing to crimes that they did not commit, and in a subset of cases, the confessors come to genuinely believe they committed the crimes and sometimes create vivid ‘memories’ of their activities. Against the backdrop of a model of cognitive processes involved in correct and incorrect remembering known as the source monitoring framework, this paper examines how coercive tactics routinely used in interrogations may give rise to memory illusions and distortions that can contribute to false confessions in which individuals believe they are guilty and create false memories to support those beliefs. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Feigning amnesia undermines memory for a mock crime
Authors: Oorsouw Kim Van , Merckelbach Harald 
Published: June 2004

AbstractUsing scripts, previous studies by Christianson and co‐workers have suggested that simulating amnesia undermines memory. Relying on a more realistic mock crime paradigm, the current study examined whether feigning amnesia has memory‐undermining effects. After committing a mock crime, one group of participants (n = 21) was instructed to simulate amnesia for the event. Their performance on immediate free recall tests was compared to that of participants (n = 20) who were instructed to respond honestly during free recall. After one week, simulators, honestly responding controls, and a second control group (n = 20) that had not undergone immediate memory testing after the pertinent event completed free recall tests. This time, all participants were instructed to perform as well as they could.At the follow‐up free recall test, both ex‐simulators and controls who underwent the memory testing for the first time performed significantly worse than the honestly responding controls. Thus, the current study supports the idea that simulating amnesia in order to evade responsibility for a crime has detrimental effects on true memory of the crime. Our results also suggest that this effect can best be understood in terms of lack of rehearsal. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional analysis and treatment of low rate problem behavior in individuals with developmental disabilities
Authors: Tarbox Jonathan , Wallace Michele D. , Tarbox Rachel S. F. , Landaburu Heidi J. , Williams W. Larry 
Published: June 2004

AbstractExtensive research has validated the standard functional analysis as a useful technology for identifying the function of problem behavior in individuals with developmental disabilities. The assessment of low rate problem behavior is one area that has yet to receive a significant amount of research. Some problem behaviors may occur at rates too low to be observed during a standard functional analysis, despite the fact that they may be highly destructive behaviors. The current study evaluated the effectiveness of initiating functional analysis sessions contingent on the occurrence of bursts of problem behavior for producing interpretable functional analysis results. While a standard functional analysis did not produce definitive results with respect to behavioral function, the ‘low rate’ functional analysis produced interpretable results for all three participants. Two of the three participants were available for the evaluation of treatments based on their functional analysis results. Function‐based treatments suppressed rates of problem behavior for both participants. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modifications to basic functional analysis procedures in school settings: a selective review
Authors: Ellis Janet , Magee Sandy 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis review describes applied behavioral research involving functional analyses conducted in public school settings. Functional analyses in public school settings often require added conditions. The modified conditions described herein include changes to experimental designs, antecedent changes that include task variation, tasks included, idiosyncratic variables, physiological conditions, and modified escape conditions. Finally, consequent modifications cover peer attention, tangibles, varied attention, and altered escape. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A further comparison of external control and problem‐solving interventions to teach social skills to adults with intellectual disabilities
Authors: O'Reilly Mark F. , Lancioni Giulio E. , Sigafoos Jeff , Green Vanessa A. , Ma Chia‐Hui , O'Donoghue Deirdre 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe compared the effectiveness of a problem‐solving and an external control intervention to teach social skills to two adults with mild intellectual disabilities. Each participant received the problem‐solving intervention with one social skill and the external control intervention with another social skill. The comparative effectiveness of the social skill training protocols was evaluated using individual participant alternating treatment designs. Overall, there seemed to be little difference between the interventions in terms of acquisition, generalization, or maintenance of social skills with either participant. Limitations of the current study and issues for future research are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The neurodevelopmental outcome in infants who have sustained a subdural haemorrhage from non‐accidental head injury
Authors: Karandikar Swati , Coles Lisa , Jayawant Sandeep , Kemp Alison M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractSubdural haemorrhage (SDH) in infants arises most commonly from non‐accidental head injury (NAHI) from shaking. Patients present with a varied severity of illness and a variety of symptoms and signs. Data on long‐term outcome of the survivors are not widely reported. The aim of this paper is to describe the physical and educational outcomes of children <2 years diagnosed with non‐accidental head injury and formulate guidelines on follow‐up. Data on 65 children <2 years with non‐accidental head injury and subdural haemorrhage diagnosed on CT/MRI/postmortem were extracted from the hospital and community notes and education reports. The Kings Outcome Scale for Childhood Head Injury (KOSCHI) was used. Sixteen children died (24.6%), 13 within 6 weeks and three 5 years after the injury. Of the 45 children followed up (follow‐up time 21.7–103 months), 25 had a good outcome, six were moderately disabled and 11 were severely disabled, while three were in persistent vegetative state. Problems identiﬁed included cerebral palsy—16, ongoing seizures—5, visual problems—11, speech and language problems—17 and behavioural problems—13. Of the 29 children of school age on whom data were available, 12 children had a statement of educational needs. In conclusion, young children who survive non‐accidental head injury can have signiﬁcant physical, cognitive and behavioural problems. Regular follow‐up by a multidisciplinary team, which includes a community paediatrician, therapists, school health personnel and ophthalmologic services, until the child is established in school may facilitate early identiﬁcation of emerging problems and optimize management. Care must be taken not to discharge children with good outcomes, as behavioural and cognitive problems can emerge with time. Only a prospective study will help outline the subtle problems that can emerge with time in children with a so‐called good outcome. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure Determination of an Organometallic 1‐(Diazenylaryl)ethanol: A Novel Toxin Subclass from the Web of the Spider Nephila clavipes
Authors: Marques Maurício Ribeiro , Mendes Maria Anita , Tormena Cláudio Francisco , Souza Bibiana M. , Ribeiro Susan P. , Rittner Roberto , Palma Mario S. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA novel chemical subclass of toxin, [1‐(3‐diazenylphenyl)ethanol]iron, was identified among the compounds present in the web of the spider Nephila clavipes. This type of compound is not common among natural products, mainly in spider‐venom toxins; it was shown to be a potent paralytic and/or lethal toxin applied by the spider over its web to ensure prey capture only by topical application. The structure was elucidated by means of ESI mass spectrometry, 1H‐NMR spectroscopy, high‐resolution (HR) mass spectrometry, and ICP spectrometry. The structure of [1‐(3‐diazenylphenyl)ethanol]iron and the study of its insecticidal action may be used as a starting point for the development of new drugs for pest control in agriculture.
Copper(II) Complexes Containing N,N‐Donor Ligands and Dipeptides Act as Hydrolytic DNA‐Cleavage Agents
Authors: Reddy Pulimamidi R. , Rao Kandibanda S. , Mohan Sepuru K. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractCopper(II) complexes are known to play a significant role in both naturally occurring biological systems and pharmaceutical agents. Recently, CuII complexes have gained importance in DNA cleavage essential for the development of anticancer drugs and chemotherapeutic agents. Therefore, we have designed small molecules, consisting of a metal ion, N,N‐donor ligands, and dipeptides, to probe their DNA‐cleaving potential. Accordingly, the interaction of CuII with ethylenediamine, histamine and the dipeptides histidylglycine, histidylalanine, and histidylleucine has been investigated. The binding modes, stabilities, and geometries of these complexes were determined by various physicochemical techniques. Their DNA‐binding abilities were probed by absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy, and their DNA‐cleavage potential was tested by electrophoresis.
Enantiospecific Syntheses of C(5)‐Functionalized Precursors of Artemisinin Derivatives
Authors: Cravero Raquel M. , Labadie Guillermo R. , Sierra Manuel Gonzalez , Mc Chesney James D. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractEnantiomerically pure compounds as precursors for the synthesis of hydroxylated derivatives of artemisinin/arteether have been prepared from (+)‐(S)‐carvone and (+)‐car‐2‐ene.
Synthesis, Spectral Properties, and Antitumor Activity of a New Axially Substituted Phthalocyanine Complex of Zirconium(IV) with Citric Acid
Authors: Tomachynski Larisa A. , Chernii Victor Y. , Gorbenko Helena N. , Filonenko Valeriy V. , Volkov Sergey V. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe new axially substituted phthalocyanine (pc) complex of zirconium(IV) with citric acid is reported. It has been shown that the replacement of two Cl‐atoms with two citric acid fragments takes place as the result of the reaction between [ZrCl2(pc)] and citric acid. The complex [Zr(citrate)2(pc)] was formed. The spectroscopic properties of the synthesized compound in DMSO, RPMI 1640 medium with and without fetal calf serum (FCS), H2O, and buffer (Tris) solutions have been described. Antitumor activity of this compound has been studied. The cytostatic activity was observed in the concentration range of 6.1–9.0×109 molecules [Zr(citrate)2(pc)]/cell and occurred in 4–6 h after treatment with [Zr(citrate)2(pc)] solution.
Cancer Chemopreventive Activity of Serratane‐Type Triterpenoids from Picea jezoensis
Authors: Tanaka Reiko , Minami Toshifumi , Ishikawa Yohei , Tokuda Harukuni , Matsunaga Shunyo 
Published: June 2004

AbstractTo search for cancer chemopreventive agents from natural sources, 13α,14α‐epoxy‐21α‐methoxyserratan‐3‐one, 21α‐methoxyserrat‐13‐en‐3‐one, and 21α‐hydroxy‐3β‐methoxyserrat‐14‐en‐30‐al isolated from the cuticle of Picea jezoensis (Sieb. et Zucc.) Carr. var. jezoensis (Pinaceae) were investigated for inhibitory effects in a two‐stage mouse skin carcinogenesis test on mouse skin with 7,12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) as initiator and 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA) as promoter. 21α‐hydroxy‐3β‐methoxyserrat‐14‐en‐30‐al and 13α,14α‐epoxy‐21α‐methoxyserratan‐3‐one were found to exhibit strong antitumor‐promoting activities in the in vivo carcinogenesis test.
DNA Minor‐Groove Recognition by 3‐Methylthiophene/Pyrrole Pair
Authors: Doss Raymond M. , Marques Michael A. , Foister Shane , Dervan Peter B. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractHairpin polyamides are synthetic oligomers, which fold and bind to specific DNA sequences in a programmable manner. Internal side‐by‐side pairings of the aromatic amino acid residues 1‐methyl‐1H‐pyrrole (Py), 1‐methyl‐1H‐imidazole (Im), and 3‐hydroxy‐1‐methyl‐1H‐pyrrole (Hp) confer the ability to distinguish between all four WatsonCrick base pairs in the minor groove of B‐form DNA. In a broad search to expand the heterocycle repertoire, we found that when 3‐methylthiophene (Tn), which presents a S‐atom to the minor groove, is paired with Py, it exhibits a modest threefold specificity for T⋅A>A⋅T presumably by shape‐selective recognition. In this study, we explore the scope and limitations of this lead by incorporating multiple Tn residues within a single hairpin polyamide. It was found that hairpin polyamides containing more that one Tn/Py pair exhibit lowered affinities and specificities for their match sites. It appears that little deviation is permissible from the parent five‐membered ring 1‐methyl‐1H‐pyrrole‐2‐carboxamide scaffold for DNA recognition.
Enzymatic Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation as the Key Step in Decano‐4‐lactone and Decano‐5‐lactone Degradation by Sporobolomyces odorus
Authors: Garbe Leif‐A. , Tressl Roland 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe biosyntheses of aroma active γ‐ and δ‐lactones have been previously characterized in yeasts and plants by incubation of labeled fatty acid derivatives. The lactones were considered as end products. Liquid cultures of the lactone‐producing yeast Sporobolomyces odorus were used to investigate catabolic pathways of the lactones by incubation of ethyl (±)‐5‐hydroxy(1‐13C1)decanoate ((13C)‐1b) and methyl (±)‐4‐hydroxy(1‐13C1)decanoate ((13C)‐7a). Aliquots of the culture broth were analyzed with GC/MS after CH2N2 derivatization. S. odorus degraded (13C)‐1b to 5‐oxo(1‐13C1)decanoic acid ((13C)‐2c) and, subsequently, to pentyl (1‐13C1)pentanedioate ((13C)‐3c) and 3‐[(1‐13C1)carboxypropyl] hexanoate ((13C)‐4c) by a BaeyerVilliger‐type oxidation (BVO). In addition, the oxidation of (13C)‐7a to 4‐oxo(1‐13C1)decanoic acid ((13C)‐8c) and a BVO of (13C)‐8c to hexyl (1‐13C1)butanedioate ((13C)‐9c) is reported. So far, BVO has been observed in bacteria and some fungi; the data presented indicate a BVO catalyzed by the yeast S. odorus in the course of endogenous lactone metabolism.
Wedge‐Shaped Molecules with a Sulfonate Group at the Tip—A New Class of Self‐Assembling Amphiphiles
Authors: Zhu Xiaomin , Tartsch Bernd , Beginn Uwe , Möller Martin 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe synthesis of 4‐N‐[3′,4′,5′‐tris(dodecyloxy)benzamido]benzene‐4‐sulfonic acid (1) and 4′‐[3′′,4′′,5′′‐tris(dodecyloxy)benzoyloxy]azobenzene‐4‐sulfonic acid (2) is described. Pure acid 1 is stable, while 2 can be stored only in solution. Both acids were obtained from their sodium salts and were quantitatively transformed into the pyridinium salts. The phase behavior of these acids, as well as the sulfonates was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and polarizing optical microscopy. The investigated compounds exhibit columnar mesophases. The formation of columnar superstructures was demonstrated for the sodium sulfonates by scanning force microscopy, gelation experiments, and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
Copper‐Free Monomeric and Dendritic Palladium Catalysts for the Sonogashira Reaction: Substituent Effects, Synthetic Applications, and the Recovery and Re‐Use of the Catalysts
Authors: Heuzé Karine , Méry Denise , Gauss Dominique , Blais Jean‐Claude , Astruc Didier 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA series of bis(tert‐butylphosphine)‐ and bis(cyclohexylphosphine)‐functionalized PdII monomers and polyamino (DAB) dendritic catalysts were synthesized and investigated for Sonogashira carbon–carbon coupling reactions in a copper‐free procedure. The influence of phosphine substituents (tBu versus Cy) on the reaction kinetics was investigated by a GPC technique to monitor the reactions. The dendritic catalysts containing the cyclohexylphosphine ligands could be recovered and reused without loss of efficiency until the fifth cycle. The dendritic PdII catalysts show a negative dendritic effect, that is, the catalyst efficiency decreases as the dendrimer generation increases.
Solvation of Uranyl(II), Europium(III) and Europium(II) Cations in “Basic” Room‐Temperature Ionic Liquids: A Theoretical Study
Authors: Chaumont Alain , Wipff Georges 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe report a molecular dynamics study of the solvation of UO22+, Eu3+ and Eu2+ ions in two “basic” (Lewis acidity) room‐temperature ionic liquids (IL) composed of the 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium cation (EMI+) and a mixture of AlCl4− and Cl− anions, in which the Cl−/AlCl4− ratio is about 1 and 3, respectively. The study reveals the importance of the [UO2Cl4]2− species, which spontaneously form during most simulations, and that the first solvation shell of europium is filled with Cl− and AlCl4− ions embedded in a cationic EMI+ shell. The stability of the [UO2Cl4]2− and [EuIIICl6]3− complexes is supported by quantum mechanical calculations, according to which the uranyl and europium cations intrinsically prefer Cl− to the AlCl4− ion. In the gas phase, however, [EuIIICl6]3− and [EuIICl6]4− complexes are predicted to be metastable and to lose two to three Cl− ions. This contrasts with the results of simulations of complexes in ILs, in which the “solvation” of the europium complexes increases with the number of coordinated chlorides, leading to an equilibrium between different chloro species. The behavior of the hydrated [Eu(OH2)8]3+ complex is considered in the basic liquids; the complex exchanges H2O molecules with Cl− ions to form mixed [EuCl3(OH2)4] and [EuCl4(OH2)3]− complexes. The results of the simulations allow us to better understand the microscopic nature and solvation of lanthanide and actinide complexes in “basic” ionic liquids.
Interstitial Zn Atoms Do the Trick in Thermoelectric Zinc Antimonide, Zn4Sb3: A Combined Maximum Entropy Method X‐ray Electron Density and Ab Initio Electronic Structure Study
Authors: Cargnoni Fausto , Nishibori Eiji , Rabiller Philippe , Bertini Luca , Snyder G. Jeffrey , Christensen Mogens , Gatti Carlo , Iversen Bo Brummerstadt 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe experimental electron density of the high‐performance thermoelectric material Zn4Sb3has been determined by maximum entropy (MEM) analysis of short‐wavelength synchrotron powder diffraction data. These data are found to be more accurate than conventional single‐crystal data due to the reduction of common systematic errors, such as absorption, extinction and anomalous scattering. Analysis of the MEM electron density directly reveals interstitial Zn atoms and a partially occupied main Zn site. Two types of Sb atoms are observed: a free spherical ion (Sb3−) and Sb24−dimers. Analysis of the MEM electron density also reveals possible Sb disorder along thecaxis. The disorder, defects and vacancies are all features that contribute to the drastic reduction of the thermal conductivity of the material. Topological analysis of the thermally smeared MEM density has been carried out. Starting with the X‐ray structure ab initio computational methods have been used to deconvolute structural information from the space‐time data averaging inherent to the XRD experiment. The analysis reveals how interstitial Zn atoms and vacancies affect the electronic structure and transport properties of β‐Zn4Sb3. The structure consists of an ideal A12Sb10framework in which point defects are distributed. We propose that the material is a 0.184:0.420:0.396 mixture of A12Sb10, A11BCSb10and A10BCDSb10cells, in which A, B, C and D are the four Zn sites in the X‐ray structure. Given the similar density of states (DOS) of the A12Sb10, A11BCSb10and A10BCDSb10cells, one may electronically model the defective stoichiometry of the real system either by n‐doping the 12‐Zn atom cell or by p‐doping the two 13‐Zn atom cells. This leads to similar calculated Seebeck coefficients for the A12Sb10, A11BCSb10and A10BCDSb10cells (115.0, 123.0 and 110.3 μV K−1atT=670 K). The model system is therefore a p‐doped semiconductor as found experimentally. The effect is dramatic if these cells are doped differently with respect to the experimental electron count. Thus, 0.33 extra electrons supplied to either kind of cell would increase the Seebeck coefficient to about 260 μV K−1. Additional electrons would also lowerσ, so the resulting effect on the thermoelectric figure of merit of Zn4Sb3challenges further experimental work.