bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The contribution of the carpal bones to the assessment of skeletal age
Authors: Johnston Francis E. , Jahina Soona B. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe hand‐wrist radiographs of 64 boys and 63 girls were examined to determine the effect of the elimination of the carpal centers from those considered in estimating the skeletal age using the 1959 standards of Greulich and Pyle. The carpals were found to be a source of significant variable error in girls in repeated readings by individual observers. In addition, they lagged behind epiphyseal centers, relative to the standards. Based on these and other considerations it is recommended that they not be considered in assessing skeletal age. The presence of systematic errors within and between experienced observers casts doubt upon the accuracy of the Inspectional Technique itself in cases where precise assessments are needed.
Distribution of hereditary blood antigens among Indians in Middle America. VIII. In Panama
Authors: Albin Matson G. , Swanson Jane 
Published: August 2005

AbstractBlood specimens from 240 Guaymi, 388 San Blas Cuna, and 80 Chocò Indians of Panamá have been tested for the presence of antigens in the ABO, MNSs, P, Rh‐Hr, Lutheran, Kell‐Cellano, Lewis, Duffy and Kidd blood group systems and for the Diego (Dia), Wright (Wra), and Berrens (Bea) antigens. The incidences of their phenotypes and calculated frequencies of their genes are presented in appropriate tables, and the anthropological importance of these data has been discussed.All 708 blood samples tested were Group O. The frequency of the M gene is high in the Guaymí and San Blas Cuna ‐ as is usual for Indians ‐ but is sufficiently low (0.6313) in the Chocó to suspect racial admixture and/or inbreeding. Neither Miltenberger nor Verweyst antigens were observed.Frequency for the R2 (cDE) chromosome is high in the San Blas Cuna and in the Chocó (0.2554 and 0.2851 respectively), but low in the Guaymí (0.1049). The predominantly Negro antigen V was not found in the Panamá Indians.The Chocó differs from the other two populations with respect to the incidence of Le (a+b−). 22.5% of the 80 Chocó bloods examined were agglutinated by Anti‐Lea but not by Anti‐Leb serum, whereas the Guaymí and San Blas Cuna specimens lacked the Lea antigen.Gene frequency for Jka is lower (0.2364) in the Guaymí than usually occurs in Amerinds, but the distribution of frequencies for the Kidd gene in the San Blas Cuna and Chocó is similar to that observed in other tribes in Middle America.The Diego (Dia) antigen was found in one of 240 Guaymí, in 24 of 317 San Blas Cuna, and in three of 80 Chocó.
Genes and phenotypes in the Samaritan isolate
Authors: Bonné Batsheva 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA genetic and anthropological survey of the Samaritan community in Israel carried out in the autumn of 1963 included tests for about 30 blood group antigens, several serum proteins, hemoglobin variants Glucose‐6‐Phosphate Dehydrogenase activity, secretor status, color‐blindness and some 18 anthropometric measurements and 18 morphological observations. About 90% of the total group were studied.The results obtained show that in blood groups, the Samaritans have the highest O frequency in the Middle East, A2 is more common than A1, and there are more N genes than M. Not a single case of G6PD deficiency was found. The incidence of color‐blindness is very high (27%). There is heterogeneity in physical type and large variations between individuals are also manifested in hair and eye‐color distribution.
“Communalities” in the ossification timing of the growing foot
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Rohmann Christabel G. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAfter investigating communality of ossification timing (mean intercorrelation during growth) for 24 postnatal ossification centers of the foot, it is obvious that some bony nuclei have maximum predictive value and others provide little information about the ossification status of the growing foot. Employing the ten centers of highest communality in both sexes (primarily proximal and metatarsal centers) and excluding the cuboid, lateral cuneiform and low‐ranking centers, it is possible to obtain a new center‐specific average communality in excess of 0.60. While these high‐ranking centers from the basis for a “rational” approach to skeletal assessment, low‐ranking and zero‐communality centers are of major genetic interest.
Pathology in the Darajani baboon
Authors: Bramblett Claud A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe loss of teeth from attrition may limit the life span of free‐ranging Darajani baboons. A high frequency of fractures is presumably the result of falls that oocur in chases or flights. The pattern of broken bones emphasizes the digits, the trunk, the face, and the lower limb. Such injuries affect virtually all individuals who survive to a relatively old age. Arthritic‐like changes in the skeleton frequently occur in the vertebral column and may reduce the baboon's speed and agility in flight. They have remarkable abilities to survive severe wounds, even amputations, as long as such wounds are clean. Numerous diseases and parasites infect the animals and those who survive must cope with repeated infection. Many of these pathogens affect the individual at the same time and each reduces the likelihood of survival. The brief life expectancy of the individual magnifies the genetic contribution of older animals to the group if the individual is of suitable position in dominance and central hierarchy.
Notes on anthropometric technique: Anthropometric measurements — right and left sides
Authors: Laubach Lloyd L. , McConville John T. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn order to discover whether statistically significant differences exist between measurements taken on the right and left sides of the body, 21 such anthropometric dimensions were compared. In eight cases significant differences were found. Six of these dealt with the forelimb, in which the dimension measured on the right side was greater. Since data on handedness is lacking, we do not know whether this is related to the handedness of the subjects.
The secular trend in the diameter of the femur of American Whites and Negroes
Authors: Trotter Mildred , Peterson Roy R. , Wette Reimut 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe transverse diameter of the adult femur at the level of its mid‐bicondylar length is related to length, age and year of birth in American White and Negro skeletons of both sexes of the Terry Collection. The coefficients of correlation between age at death and birth year are significant in all four sex‐race groups, as are also the regression coefficients of transverse diameter on length and on age. The regression of length on age is negative and on birth year positive, although statistically significant only in the Negro male group. The partial regression coefficients of transverse diameter on length, on age, and on birth year, each eliminating the effects of the other two variables, are significant for length, not significant for age except in the Negro male group, and significant for birth year except in the Negro male group. Thus, the statistics of three of the sex‐race groups do not support the hypothesis that transverse diameter of the femur increases with age, but rather suggest a negative secular trend; the apparent inconsistency in these findings of the Negro male group can, however, be considered insignificant from a statistical point of view.
Ancient Nubian human bone: A chemical and ultrastructural characterization including collagen
Authors: Race G. J. , Fry E. I. , Matthews J. L. , Wagner M. J. , Martin J. H. , Lynn J. A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractHuman bone 14,000 years of age from the Egyptian Nubian Desert has shown ultrastructural preservation of fossilized fibers with a periodicity of 600 Å. Intact Haversian systems were retained, but hydroxyproline and nitrogen contents were negligible. The fluorine content was markedly elevated. The complex chemical process of fossilization which resulted in retention of gross and micromorphology was examined and indicated the loss of organic material with probable replacement of some hydroxyapatite by amorphous and crystalline carbonates and phosphates.
Intra‐ and inter‐tribal genetic variability in South American Indians
Authors: Salzano Francisco M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA review was made of all studies to date concerning the genetic polymorphisms of South American Indians. The observed inter‐tribal variability was then compared with the intra‐tribal variation encountered in seven Caingang and three Xavante Indian communities. The differing pattern of genetic variability observed within these two tribes was afterwards correlated with the information available about their breeding structure.
Body‐height relative variation studied on 839 adult male samples
Authors: Schreider Eugene 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn most cases (80.6%), coefficients of variation of body height fall in a narrow range, between 3 and 3.9. Averages calculated for regional, racial and national groups or for successive periods may differ significantly, nevertheless they do not exceed these limits. There is no relationship with environmental, economic and social conditions and the most probable hypothesis is that body height relative variation is stable characteristic of Homo sapiens, dependent on some genotypic traits common to all populations.
Distribution of hereditary blood groups among Indians in South America. V. In Northern Brazil
Authors: Matson G. Albin , Sutton H. Eldon , Pessoa Elba Maria , Swanson Jane , Robinson Abner 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis paper reports the results of tests made for hereditary antigens in blood samples procured from Indians in northern Brazil. Specimens were procured from 423 putatively full‐blood persons of the following tribes: in the province of Roraima from 261 Macuxi, 48 Uaica, 27 Xirixano, 10 Uapixana, 9 Cacarapai and 9 Paramiteri; in Pará from 21 Assurini; and in Amapá from 38 Galibi. Erythrocyte samples were tested for factors in the A‐B‐O, M‐N‐S‐s, P, Rh‐Hr, Lutheran, Kell‐Cellano, Lewis, Duffy, Kidd and Diego systems. Serum samples were tested for haptoglobins and transferrins. Hemolysates, prepared from whole blood, were tested for hemoglobin types. The results are presented on appropriate tables as number and per cent of phenotypes for the various blood group anigens and their calculated gene frequencies. Locations from which blood samples were procured are listed in the tables and shown on a map (fig. 1).All the 423 samples except one Macuxi belonged to group O. The Uaica tribe had a low frequency for M (0.534). All others showed the high frequency usually observed in Amerinds. The s allele was high in all except the Galibi in which the frequency was (0.500). Frequencies for P2 was higher than for P1 in all except the Assurini and Galibi, theirs was high for P1 (1.00) and low for P2 (0.00). The frequencies for R1 (CDe) and R2 (cDE) were high and all others in the Rh‐Hr system were low or absent. All specimens were positive for Cellano (k) and negative for Kell (K). There was a complete absence of Lewis (Le1), excepting in the Uaica and Xirixano in which populations Fya allele frequencies were higher than 0.500. The distribution of the Jk (a+) phenotype and corresponding ellele frequencies varied widely in Brazilian Indians as did those for Diego (a+). The haptoglobin Hp1 allele frequencies were in essential agreement with those reported elsewhere for Indians in South America, and all transferrins determined were classified as Tf C. All samples tested for homoglobin types contained homoglobin (A) as a major component, but five members of the Galibi tribe possessed hemoglobin (S) as well.
Asymmetry in East African skulls
Authors: Gundara Narindar , Zivanovic Srboljub 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSkulls from 297 East Africans were examined in relation to their symmetry; 98% were found to be asymmetrical. The most common types of asymmetry were right fronto‐petalia, left parieto‐petalia, and left occipito‐petalia (21.2%). No significant differences were found among the East African populations. Sixteen per cent of the skulls had wormian bones, all of which were found in asymmetrical skulls. The problem of asymmetry of skulls is discussed and the literature on the subject reviewed.
Hemoglobin types of Brazilian Indians
Authors: Salzano F. M. , Tondo C. V. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractStarch gel and paper electrophoresis determinations were performed in the bloods of 532 Indians and 123 Mestizos. The individuals tested belong to the Aweikoma, Caingang, Guarani, Xavante and Cayapo tribes and live in several places in Southern, Central and Northern Brazil. No abnormal types were observed in the putatively “pure blood” individuals; among the Mestizos only one AS person was found. Data concerning the hemoglobin types of Indians living in eight other South American countries are also reviewed.
Study of blood groups, ABH secretors and hemoglobin variants in three upper castes of West Bengal, India
Authors: Chaudhuri S. , Mukherjee B. , Ghosh J. , Roychoudhury A. K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn a serological survey it is found that the Brahmins, Kayasthas and Vaidyas, the three upper castes of Bengalis in West Bengal, cannot be differentiated satisfactorily with respect to ABO blood groups. The Brahmins and Kayasthas differ only slightly in the chromosome frequencies of RH blood groups.The difference in allele frequency for the secretor gene between the Brahmins and Kayasthas is negligible, but there is a marked decrease in frequency in the Vaidyas. In general, incidence of abnormal HbE among Bengalis is very low.
Light intensity and sexual maturity
Authors: Williams B. J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThere are confirmable clines, by latitude, of melanin concentration in pigmentation for man as well as other mammals and birds. This has been suggested to be, in man, a result of the importance of vitamin D synthesis which can be inhibited by darker skins in higher latitudes. Experiments on mice suggest that another mechanism may be operative; greater photic stimulation of the pineal lowers the age at first estrus and may confer a reproductive advantage in this way.
Brain‐size, grey matter and race —fact or fiction?
Authors: Tobias Phillip V. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA critical review is given of those factors which may be accompanied by variations in brain weight, viz. sex, body size, age of death, nutritional state in early life, source of the sample, occupational group, cause of death, lapse of time after death, temperature after death, anatomical level of severance, presence or absence of cerebrospinal fluid, of meninges, and of blood‐vessels. Valid comparisons between the brain‐weight of human populations should take all, or several, of these variables into account; however, published studies have not done so, despite claims to the contrary. The ideal sample is from subjects who have died suddenly without prior disease: while three such samples are on record for Europeans, none has been recorded for Negroes. The brain‐weight of healthy Negroes is not known. Most published interracial comparisons are invalid. The histological, chemical and functional counterparts of big and small brains in modern man are not known. Published interracial comparisons of thickness of the cerebral cortex and, particularly, of its supragranular layer, are technically invalid: there is no acceptable proof that the cortex of Negroes is thinner in whole, or in any layer, than that of Europeans. It is concluded that vast claims have been based on insubstantial evidence.
The fluoric origin of the bone lesion in the Pithecanthropus erectus femur
Authors: Soriano M. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe femur of a patient autopsied 11 years ago is presented in which an osteophyte comparable to the one of the Pithecanthropus Erectus femur can be observed. Their analogous anatomopathological disposition is due to the fact that both are caused by the ossification of the tendinous insertion of the adductors of the thigh. The orifices they both present correspond to the channel of the perforating arteries which normally pierce them. This type of osteophyte is only present as a result of bone fluorosis. The autopsied patient presents a bone fluorosis of the Periostitis deformans' type, as described by the author in 1952. The femur of the Pithecanthropus was found by Eugene Dubois in some geological strata composed mainly of volcanic ash. In the Pithecanthropus, the fluoric intoxication came from the ingestion of fruits and plants impregnated with the fluorine filled volcanic ash. This volcanic fluorisis, known as Gaddur, is now seen among animals living on the volcanic region of Iceland. For these reasons we assume that the Pithecanthropus erectus suffered a bone fluorosis of the type of the Periostitis deformans, which would be the first disease known in man.
The Seminole Indians of Florida: Morphology and serology
Authors: Pollitzer William S. , Rucknagel Donald , Tashian Richard , Shreffler Donald C. , Leyshon Webster C. , Namboodiri Kadambari , Elston Robert C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe Seminole Indians of Florida were studied on their three reservations for blood types, red cell enzymes, serum proteins, physical measurements, and relationships. Both serologic and morphologic factors suggest their close similarity to other Indians and small amount of admixture. The Florida Seminoles are similar to Cherokee “full‐bloods” in their absence of Rho and their incidence of O and M. In the presence of Dia they are similar to other Indians, especially those of South America. While the presence of G‐6‐P‐D A and the frequency of Hgb. S are indicative of Negro ancestry, the absence of Rho suggests that the Negro contribution must have been small. Physical traits give parallel results. Both serology and morphology further show that the Seminoles of the Dania and Big Cypress reservations are more similar to each other than to those of the Brighton reservation, in keeping with their history.
Comparison of genetic and anthropological interpretations of population isolates in Aguacatenango, Chiapas, Mexico
Authors: Erickson Robert P. , Nerlove Sara , Creger William P. , Romney A. Kimball 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIntensive demographic and genetic studies were made of Aguacatenango, a partial isolate population in Chiapas, Mexico. The census showed higher rates of birth than mortality, with a stable population maintained by emigration. Complete enumeration showed many discrepancies between the ideal and actual mating patterns. Though ideally an endogamous town, many marriages were to outsiders. Also many occurred between the two allegedly endogamous barrios of the town. Blood group determinations on a third of the population provided a second description of the isolate. This description suggested that although the population is nearly a homogeneous genetic unit, the elder residents of one barrio show genetic differences from those of the other. That the barrios might have indeed been genetic isolates was further suggested by a better fit to Hardy‐Weinberg equilibria for each barrio separately than for the isolate as a whole. These blood group data were compared to blood group data on one other isolate in the region revealing marked gene frequency differences. It is suggested that similar studies are needed on many populations if the effects of particular population structures on gene drift and selection are to be elucidated.
Origin of the human hand
Authors: Marzke Mary Walpole 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA means of determining the phylogenetic implications of similarities between the hands of man and non‐human primates is proposed. The only traits shared by man and non‐human primates accepted as evidence of our ancestral hand structure and functions are those which are incompatible or out of keeping with current behavior of the human hand. They may be assumed to remain only as relics of adaptations to former habits of locomotion and feeding. The relics found through this analysis are all traits that are present in the apes (some of them only in African apes) and probably related to functions of the hand in suspension of the body, fist‐walking, and knuckle‐walking. The presence of these traits in man implies that human ancestors similarly used the hand to suspend the body in the trees and to support it on the back of the flexed fingers.
Torus mandibularis in two Northwest Territories villages
Authors: Mayhall John T. , Mayhall Melinda F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA study of 433 Canadian Eskimos from the villages of Igloolik and Hall Beach, Northwest Territories, revealed an incidence of torus mandibularis of 39.7% in Igloolik and 37.3% in Hall Beach. No statistically significant differences in size or incidence were noted in a comparison of males and females of the two communities. Further, there were no significant differences in the expression and incidence of the torus between the two villages. The incidences noted in these two communities were comparable with the incidences reported for other Eskimos subsisting upon an essentially aboriginal diet but were higher than those previously published for the Wainwright, Alaska, Eskimos who appear to be more acculturated. Studies within the villages indicate that those individuals ingesting a predominately European diet display reduced incidence of the torus when compared with those individuals on a more aboriginal diet.
Analysis of contingency table data on torus mandibularis using a log linear model
Authors: Muller T. P. , Mayhall John T. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe hypothesized sexual difference in the incidence of torus mandibularis in Eskimoid groups, as well as age and group differences, was studied in two Northwest Territories Eskimo groups and in an Aleut group (examined by Moorrees). The data were analyzed using statistical methods new to the field of anthropology. The method analyzes data sampled from a multinomial distribution. A hierarchy of log linear models are fitted to the cell counts of a contingency table. An iterative proportional fitting procedure is used to obtain expected cell counts under each log linear model. The “goodness of fit” of each model is tested by the log likelihood ratio. This statistic can be partitioned into additive components such that differences between models can be tested. In this way a “best” model, from the hierarchy of models, is chosen. Among these three groups of Eskimos, the incidence of torus mandibularis was not affected by sex but was affected by age and was different between the three groups.
Analysis of palm dermatoglyphics in Taiwan indigenous populations
Authors: Chai C. K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAn analysis of a‐b and a‐d palm ridge counts was made from samples of people in eight indigenous Taiwan populations. Differences between hands, sexes, and populations were all significant. Bimanual differences for both counts were large, and right hand counts were consistently smaller than those for the left hand in all the populations. This is believed to be a consequence of the evolution of development, reflecting some inborn bilateral differences in function and anatomy. Sex differences, although small, were noticed. Variations between populations, ranging from approximately 7 to 19% of the total, were assumed to be genetic. The population relationships, based on dermatoglyphics, partially resembled those based on anthropometric measurements; and some aspects of their evolutionary significance were discussed.