bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative study of six rotary nickel–titanium systems and hand instrumentation for root canal preparation
Authors: Guelzow A. , Stamm O. , Martus P. , Kielbassa A. M. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAim  To compare ex vivo various parameters of root canal preparation using a manual technique and six different rotary nickel–titanium (Ni–Ti) instruments (FlexMaster, System GT, HERO 642, K3, ProTaper, and RaCe).Methodology  A total of 147 extracted mandibular molars were devided into seven groups (n = 21) with equal mean mesio‐buccal root canal curvatures (up to 70°), and embedded in a muffle system. All root canals were prepared to size 30 using a crown‐down preparation technique for the rotary nickel–titanium instruments and a standardized preparation (using reamers and Hedströem files) for the manual technique. Length modifications and straightening were determined by standardized radiography and a computer‐aided difference measurement for every instrument system. Post‐operative cross‐sections were evaluated by light‐microscopic investigation and photographic documentation. Procedural errors, working time and time for instrumentation were recorded. The data were analysed statistically using the Kruskal–Wallis test and the Mann–Whitney U‐test.Results  No significant differences were detected between the rotary Ni–Ti instruments for alteration of working length. All Ni–Ti systems maintained the original curvature well, with minor mean degrees of straightening ranging from 0.45° (System GT) to 1.17° (ProTaper). ProTaper had the lowest numbers of irregular post‐operative root canal diameters; the results were comparable between the other systems. Instrument fractures occurred with ProTaper in three root canals, whilst preparation with System GT, HERO 642, K3 and the manual technique resulted in one fracture each. Ni–Ti instruments prepared canals more rapidly than the manual technique. The shortest time for instrumentation was achieved with System GT (11.7 s).Conclusions  Under the conditions of this ex vivo study all Ni–Ti systems maintained the canal curvature, were associated with few instrument fractures and were more rapid than a standardized manual technique. ProTaper instruments created more regular canal diameters.
Shear bond strength of Resilon to a methacrylate‐based root canal sealer
Authors: Hiraishi N. , Papacchini F. , Loushine R. J. , Weller R. N. , Ferrari M. , Pashley D. H. , Tay F. R. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAim  To evaluate the adhesive strength of Resilon to NextTM root canal sealant (Heraeus–Kulzer), a methacrylate‐based root canal sealer, using a modified microshear bond testing design.Methodology  Flat Resilon surfaces of different roughnesses (smooth surface and surface roughness equivalent to 320‐grit and 180‐grit) were prepared by compression moulding for bonding to the sealer and compared with a composite control. The shear strength data were statistically analysed using Kruskal–Wallis one‐way anova on ranks and Dunn's multiple comparison tests (α = 0.05). After shear testing, fractured specimens were examined using a field emission‐scanning electron microscope for detailed analysis of the failure modes.Results  The composite control exhibited significantly higher mean shear strength (7.62 MPa) that was 4.4–4.7 times those of the Resilon groups (1.64–1.74 MPa; P < 0.001). Increasing the surface roughness of the Resilon surface did not contribute to further improvement in shear bond strength for this methacrylate‐based sealer (P > 0.05). Failure modes in the composite control were cohesive and mixed failures, while those in the Resilon groups were predominantly adhesive failures, with a small percentage of mixed failures. Ultrastructural evidence of phase separation of polymeric components could be identified in Resilon. Both intact, non deformed and plastically deformed Resilon surfaces could be observed in specimens that exhibited adhesive failures.Conclusion  The low shear strength of Resilon to a methacrylate‐based sealer compared with a composite control suggests that the amount of dimethacrylate incorporated in this filled, polycaprolactone‐based thermoplastic composite may not yet be optimized for effective chemical coupling to methacrylate resins.
Soil feedback and pathogen activity in Prunus serotina throughout its native range
Authors: REINHART KURT O. , ROYO ALEJANDRO A. , VAN DER PUTTEN WIM H. , CLAY KEITH 
Published: September 2005

Summary

Oomycete soil pathogens are known to have a negative effect on Prunus serotina seedling establishment and to promote tree diversity in a deciduous forest in Indiana, USA. Here, we investigate whether negative feedbacks operate widely in its native range in eastern USA.
In laboratory experiments, soil sterilization was used to test the net effect of soil biota (pathogens and mutualists) and fungicide treatments to test the effects of soil pathogens (oomycetes) on survival of P. serotina seedlings in soils from 22 P. serotina populations throughout the eastern USA.
In soil associated with P. serotina trees, there was a significant positive effect of both soil sterilization and fungicide on seedling survival. The two effects were positively correlated, suggesting that oomycetes were responsible for the observed mortality of seedlings in untreated soils relative to sterilized soils.
We determined the host‐specificity of these interactions by comparing the effects of the soil biota associated with conspecific and heterospecific trees. There was no interaction between the effects of soil origin and soil sterilization, or of soil origin and fungicide, on seedling survival, although an effect of soil origin on the relative oomycete effect suggested that soil pathogens associated with conspecifics had a more negative influence than those from heterospecifics.
Fungicide treatment decreased pre‐emergence mortality of P. serotina seedlings at two of three field sites in the northern USA.
The overall consistency between the laboratory experiments and the field experiment strongly suggests that oomycete soil pathogens have a negative effect on the survival of P. serotina seedlings throughout its native range in the eastern USA.
Soil‐borne pathogens therefore appear to regulate the densities of a common tree species (P. serotina) at larger geographical scales than previously described, providing additional evidence of the important role that soil biota play in regulating plant populations and structuring plant communities.
Soil‐related performance variation and distributions of tree species in a Bornean rain forest
Authors: RUSSO SABRINA E. , DAVIES STUART J. , KING DAVID A. , TAN SYLVESTER 
Published: September 2005

Summary

Spatial distributions of tropical trees often correlate with environmental variation, suggesting that ecological sorting caused by niche differentiation may be important for maintaining species diversity.
Four soil types have been identified in a 52‐ha forest dynamics plot in Bornean mixed dipterocarp forest (ranked by increasing fertility and moisture: sandy loam, loam, fine loam, and clay). The distributions of 73% of tree species in the plot are significantly aggregated on one of these soil types. We tested the hypothesis that variation in performance (growth and mortality) underlies these edaphically biased species distributions.
Annual growth and mortality rates over 5 years were estimated for trees ≥ 1 cm in diameter and compared among soil types, life histories and species‐aggregation patterns.
Overall, growth and mortality rates were lowest on the poorest soil (sandy loam). Growth rates on each soil type correlated with soil fertility for pioneers, while mortality rates correlated with soil fertility for both pioneers and late‐successional species.
There was little evidence that soil specialists had a home‐soil performance advantage. Soil‐specific ranks of growth and mortality rates of each species‐aggregation group largely mirrored the ranks of their rates across the plot and did not shift substantially among soil types. On every soil, species aggregated on sandy loam or clay ranked last or next‐to‐last, and species aggregated on loam ranked the highest.
Ecological sorting of species among soils was strong. With increasing diameter, species were lost from the soils on which they were not aggregated more frequently than would be expected based on random mortality. The underlying mechanisms of ecological sorting may involve low mortality rates as a requirement for species to achieve high abundance on the poorest soil, whereas for the richer soils, having high growth rates appears relatively more important for achieving high abundance.
Thus, species’ demographic responses to resource variation among soil types, especially related to the poorest soil, affects tree species distribution patterns in this forest and thereby influences the structure of tropical forest communities.
Effects of long‐distance dispersal for metapopulation survival and genetic structure at ecological time and spatial scales
Authors: BOHRER GIL , NATHAN RAN , VOLIS SERGEI 
Published: September 2005

SummaryLong‐distance dispersal (LDD) of seeds by wind plays an important role in population survival and structure, especially in naturally patchy or human‐fragmented metapopulations. However, no study has tested its effects using a realistic dispersal kernel in a metapopulation context with explicit spatial structure and local extinctions.We incorporated such kernels into a newly proposed simulation model, which combines within‐patch (population) demographic processes and a simplified maternally inherited single‐locus, two‐allele genetic make‐up of the populations. As a test case, we modelled a typical conservation scenario of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) populations.The effects of LDD were rather diverse and depended on initial population conditions and local extinction rates. LDD increased metapopulation survival at intermediate local‐extinction probabilities. LDD helped maintain higher total genetic variability in populations that were initially drifted, but facilitated random genetic loss through drift in initially ‘well mixed’ populations. LDD prevented population differentiation in low extinction rates but increased it at intermediate to high extinction rates.Our results suggest that LDD has broader evolutionary implications and would be selected for in populations facing intermediate local‐extinction pressures. Our modelling approach provides a strong tool to test the effects of LDD on metapopulation survival and genetic variability and to identify the parameters to which such effects are most sensitive, in ecological and conservational scenarios.
Do health care professionals underestimate severe pain more often than mild pain? Statistical pitfalls using a data simulation model
Authors: Idvall Ewa , Brudin Lars 
Published: September 2005

AbstractRationale  When comparing patients’ pain ratings with the health care professional's conception of pain assessed by Visual Analogue Scales (VAS) ratings, statistical problems arise.Method and Result  In this data simulation study we have shown that the tendency for health care professionals to underestimate severe pain compared with mild pain is probably not attributed to difficulties in judging severe pain more often than mild but the result of professionals having a different and often narrower distribution of their ratings compared with patients.
Morphological and physiological characteristics of Saprolegnia spp. strains pathogenic to Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.
Authors: Stueland S , Hatai K , Skaar I 
Published: September 2005

AbstractSeventeen strains of Saprolegnia spp. were examined for morphological and physiological characteristics, and seven were examined for their pathogenicity to Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Two of the Saprolegnia strains tested caused 89 and 31% cumulative mortality in challenged salmonids and were significantly more pathogenic than the other strains tested. The positive control (Saprolegnia parasitica ATCC 90213) caused 18% mortality, but this was not significantly higher than non‐pathogenic strains (0–3% cumulative mortality). All the pathogenic Saprolegnia strains and two non‐pathogenic strains had secondary cysts with long, hooked hairs, a characteristic which is claimed to be typical of S. parasitica. This characteristic is apparently necessary, but does not in itself determine the ability to cause mortality in Atlantic salmon. However, all the pathogenic Saprolegnia strains in the present study showed a significantly higher initial growth rate of cysts in sterilized tap water than did non‐pathogenic strains. The results of the present study suggest that initial growth rate of germinating cysts in pure water, together with the presence of long hooked hairs on the secondary cysts, may be indicators of pathogenicity of Saprolegnia strains to Atlantic salmon.
Isolation of the salmonid rhamnose‐binding lectin STL2 from spores of the microsporidian fish parasite Loma salmonae
Authors: Booy A , Haddow J D , Olafson R W 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe microsporidian parasite, Loma salmonae, is the causative agent of gill disease in both wild and netpen‐reared salmonids worldwide. In this paper we report the finding of a rhamnose‐binding lectin from steelhead trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, which was found bound in high concentration to the surface coat of L. salmonae spores. SDS‐PAGE, immunoblot, N‐terminal sequencing and mass spectrometric analyses were used to determine that the dominant 24 kDa protein lectin observed on SDS‐PAGE analysis of intact spore extracts is the O. tshawytscha variant of the previously identified rhamnose‐binding lectin STL2 from rainbow trout, O. mykiss. Although the physiological role of these lectins has not been clearly delineated, they have been implicated in a variety of functions, including inhibition of pathogenic bacteria by opsonization and macrophage‐mediated tumour lysis.
Energy intakes of children with Crohn's disease treated with enteral nutrition as primary therapy
Authors: Gavin J. , Anderson C. E. , Bremner A. R. , Beattie R. M. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBackground  Enteral nutrition (EN) is widely used and is effective in the treatment of children with Crohn's disease given as an exclusive feed for 6–8 weeks. Current dietetic practice during EN is to recommend an energy intake based on estimated average requirement (EAR) for energy for age [Department of Health (1991) Report on Health and Social Subjects No. 41. Dietary Reference Values for Food Energy and Nutrients for the United Kingdom. London: HMSO].Aims  To examine factors affecting energy intake and weight gain during EN in relation to disease site and nutritional status.Methods  A retrospective cohort study examining energy intake and weight gain during the exclusive EN feeding period in 40 patients newly diagnosed with Crohn's in relation to EAR, nutritional status, disease site.Results  All patients improved clinically and gained weight during EN with improvement in the CRP as a marker of the systemic inflammatory response. Energy intake was higher than EAR in 82% (33/40 patients), with the median 117.5% of EAR. Weight gain correlated with body mass index standard deviation score (P = 0.001) at start of treatment, but not energy intake or CRP.Conclusion  Estimated average requirement underestimates energy intakes in most children with newly diagnosed Crohn's disease. During EN, an energy intake in the range of 100–149% (median 117.5%) EAR for energy for age may be required. Energy balance studies in children with active disease are required.
A study to investigate women's experiences of radiation enteritis following radiotherapy for cervical cancer
Authors: Abayomi J. , Kirwan J. , Hackett A. , Bagnall G. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBackground  Radiotherapy remains the standard treatment for cervical cancer, especially for more advanced disease. It is estimated that the prevalence of chronic radiation enteritis (CRE) post‐radiotherapy is in the region of 5–15% (http://www.nci.nih.gov/cancertopics). However, preliminary studies at the study hospital suggest the problem to be more widespread (C. Israel, unpublished data).Aim  This qualitative study of 10 cervical cancer patients investigates experiences of CRE and its impact on quality of life.Methods  Informed volunteers participated in one‐to‐one tape‐recorded in‐depth interviews exploring experiences following treatment. These interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using NUD*IST Nvivo.Results  The majority of women reported side‐effects from radiotherapy, predominantly diarrhoea. CRE had a significant impact upon the physical, psychological and social aspects of life of sufferers, enforcing some to be virtually housebound. Other sufferers were managing their symptoms with regular medication and/or self‐imposed restricted diets. Few of these women had ever sought professional help in dealing with their problems because of embarrassment or reluctance to complain.Conclusions  If untreated the side‐effects of CRE have a disabling affect on sufferers, who may be reluctant to seek help about their symptoms. Health professionals need to be more pro‐active in identifying and caring for sufferers of CRE.
Tackling obesity in men – preliminary evaluation of men‐only groups within a commercial slimming organization
Authors: Bye C. , Avery A. , Lavin J. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBackground  Over Slimming World's 36‐year history men have always made up a small percentage of the slimming organization's membership. Past company research suggested that men would feel more comfortable in men‐only groups rather than mixed. In 2002, Slimming World set a target to raise the awareness among men about the dangers of being overweight and made practical weight‐management solutions more accessible through a national network of men's groups.Aim  To evaluate men's weight loss within these ‘men‐only’ groups.Methods  Data analysed included those men having attended a group for at least 8 weeks.Results  At the point of data collection average BMI had decreased from 35.9 to 32.5 kg m−2. At least 5% weight loss was achieved in 90% of the sample. In those who had been members for 24 weeks 69% achieved a 10% weight loss. Shift working did not affect weight loss success.Conclusion  This data shows that overweight and obese men attending Slimming World are successful at losing weight in this environment and can achieve recommended health‐related weight loss targets. There should be a move to get away from the mis‐perception that slimming groups are only for women and raise awareness of the commercial option to men.
A novel 3D wavelet‐based filter for visualizing features in noisy biological data
Authors: MOSS W. C. , HAASE S. , LYLE J. M. , AGARD D. A. , SEDAT J. W. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryWe have developed a three‐dimensional (3D) wavelet‐based filter for visualizing structural features in volumetric data. The only variable parameter is a characteristic linear size of the feature of interest. The filtered output contains only those regions that are correlated with the characteristic size, thus de‐noising the image. We demonstrate the use of the filter by applying it to 3D data from a variety of electron microscopy samples, including low‐contrast vitreous ice cryogenic preparations, as well as 3D optical microscopy specimens.
Cross‐sectional TEM investigation of nickel‐catalysed carbon nanotube films grown by plasma‐enhanced CVD
Authors: YAO Y. , FALK L. K. L. , MORJAN R. E. , NERUSHEV O. A. , CAMPBELL E. E. B. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryNickel‐catalysed multiwall carbon nanotubes synthesized by plasma‐enhanced chemical vapour deposition on a silicon substrate with acetylene and ammonia at 700 °C have been characterized by high‐resolution and analytical transmission electron microscopy. The nucleation of the carbon nanotubes occurs as a consequence of the carburization and dusting of supported preformed nickel‐ and silicon‐rich particles. This process yields disintegrated silicon‐containing nickel particles dispersed in dome‐shaped carbon islands adherent to the substrate. The particles act as catalysts for tube growth, resulting in aligned multiwall carbon nanotubes with a bamboo‐like structure anchored to the dome‐shaped carbon islands. The bottom part of the carbon islands contains bundles of graphene sheets orientated parallel to the substrate. The nanotubes are capped with fcc nickel particles containing dissolved silicon. Most of these particles have a conical shape orientated with a <110> direction along the tube growth axis, and with {110} and {111} planes as exposed faces.
Genetic estimates of contemporary effective population size: to what time periods do the estimates apply?
Authors: WAPLES ROBIN S. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAlthough most genetic estimates of contemporary effective population size (Ne) are based on models that assumeNeis constant, in real populationsNechanges (often dramatically) over time, and estimates (&#x004e;̂e) will be influenced byNein specific generations. In such cases, it is important to properly match &#x004e;̂eto the appropriate time periods (for example, in computingNe/Nratios). Here I consider this problem for semelparous species with two life histories (discrete generations and variable age at maturity — the ‘salmon’ model), for two different sampling plans, and for estimators based on single samples (linkage disequilibrium, heterozygote excess) and two samples (temporal method). Results include the following.Discrete generations: (i) Temporal samples from generations 0 andtestimate the harmonic meanNein generations 0 throught − 1 but do not provide information aboutNein generationt; (ii) Single samples provide an estimate ofNein the parental generation, not the generation sampled; (iii) single‐sample and temporal estimates never provide information aboutNein exactly the same generations; (iv) Recent bottlenecks can downwardly bias estimates based on linkage disequilibrium for several generations.Salmon model: (i) A pair of single‐cohort (typically juvenile) samples from years 0 andtprovide a temporal estimate of the harmonic mean of the effective numbers of breeders in the two parental years (Nb(0)andNb(t)), but adult samples are more difficult to interpret because they are influenced byNbin a number of previous years; (ii) For single‐cohort samples, both one‐sample and temporal methods provide estimates ofNbin the same years (contrast with results for discrete generation model); (iii) Residual linkage disequilibrium associated with past population size will not affect single‐sample estimates ofNbas much as in the discrete generation model because the disequilibrium diffuses among different years of breeders. These results lead to some general conclusions about genetic estimates ofNein iteroparous species with overlapping generations and identify areas in need of further research.