bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vulvo‐vaginal melanoma—should radical surgery be abandoned?
Authors: DAVIDSON T. , KISSIN M. , WESTBURY G. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryA total of 32 patients presenting with melanoma of the vulva and vagina over a 20‐year period was reviewed. Primary surgical treatment was by local excision in 14 patients, simple vulvectomy in seven patients and radical resection in 11 patients. Overall 5‐year survival was 25% and only one patient was alive at 10 years. Comparison between the groups showed no benefit either in local control, disease‐free interval or patient survival according to extent of primary resection. We suggest that, as in anorectal melanoma, radical resection of the primary lesion is unlikely to alter the extremely grave prognosis and its routine use should be abandoned.
Stroke and minute distance in pregnancy: a longitudinal study using Doppler ultrasound
Authors: McLENNAN F. M. , HAITES N. E. , RAWLES J. M. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryUsing Doppler ultrasound directed at the aortic arch, stroke and minute distance were measured in 45 normal singleton pregnancies and compared with 42 controls. In the non‐pregnant controls, stroke distance was 5% more in the supine than in the left lateral position (P<0·01) and during pregnancy this relativity was maintained until 36 weeks gestation. In the supine and left lateral positions respectively, stroke distance was increased by 8% (both) at 4 weeks (P<0·05 and NS), by 14 and 11% at 8 weeks (P<0·001 and P<0·01) and showed a maximum increase of 21 and 20% at 16 weeks gestation (both P<0·001). At 40 weeks, supine stroke distance was 14% less than the non‐pregnant control value (P<0·001), and 6% less than the value in the left lateral position (P<0·05), which was itself not significantly different from that in the non‐pregnant controls. The maximum increase of heart rate was at 32 weeks, by 24% in the supine and by 19% in the left lateral position (both P<0·001). Minute distance was maximally increased by 37% in the supine at 16 weeks (P<0·001) and by 30% in the left lateral position at 24 weeks (P<0·001). Thereafter, minute distance, measured in both positions, declined until at 40 weeks it was not significantly different from the non‐pregnant control value.
A randomized control study of oxytocin augmentation of labour. 1. Obstetric outcome
Authors: BIDGOOD K. A. , STEER P. J. 
Published: August 2005

SummarySixty women who were progressing slowly in spontaneous labour were assigned at random to three management protocols. Group 1 were observed without the use of oxytocin for 8 h while groups 2 and 3 were managed with a low‐dose and high‐dose oxytocin protocol respectively. The caesarean section rates were not significantly different between the three groups: 45%, 35% and 26% respectively. Cervical dilatation rate increased significantly after oxytocin infusion in both treatment groups compared with controls. The‘delay‐to‐delivery’interval and second stage duration were significantly shorter in the high‐dose group than in the control group. There were no measureable differences in the condition of the newborn infants between the three groups.
A randomized control study of oxytocin augmentatioi of labour. 2. Uterine activity
Authors: BIDGOOD K. A. , STEER P. J. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryUterine activity was measured in 60 women whose first labour was progressing slowly in the active phase. The mean level of active contraction area (uterine activity integral, UAI) before oxytocin augmentation was 898 (SD 458) kPas/15 min. UAI increased significantly with time, even in women not given oxytocin. UAI increased logarithmically with increasing oxytocin infusion rate. Levels of uterine activity before and after oxytocin infusion are correlated positively such that the higher the initial level of UAI the higher the UAI in response to oxytocin. However, the regression line approaches the line of identity such that even with high doses of oxytocin UAI would not be likely to exceed 2500 kPas/15 min. There is a positive correlation between uterine activity and cervical dilatation rate in unstimulated labour; however, this is less evident following oxytocin infusion. Increases in uterine activity below 1200 kPas/15 min result from both higher frequency and active pressure, whereas above 1200 kPas/15 min any increase is due mainly to a rise in frequency.
Maternal perception of sound‐provoked fetal movements as a measure of fetal well‐being
Authors: WESTGREN M. , ALMSTROM H. , NYMAN M. , ULMSTEN U. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryMaternal perception of sound‐provoked fetal movements was studied on 613 occasions in 259 risk pregnancies. The response was compared with a non‐stress (N‐S) test performed immediately after the sound stimulation. A positive response to sound stimulation, recorded as a fetal movement by the mother, occurred on 534 occasions (87%) and was always accompanied by a normal N‐S test; sensitivity 100%. An inconclusive (3%) or negative response to sound (10%) had a specificity of 89% and a predictive value for a pathological N‐S test of 19%. There was a positive correlation between inconclusive or negative test results and fetal growth retardation (P<0·01), fetal hypoxia (P<0·05) and neonatal mortality (P<0·05). This rapid test may have a place as a simple first‐line screening test.
Prolactin measurement in the investigation of infertility in women with a normal menstrual cycle
Authors: GLAZENER C. M. A. , KELLY N. J. , HULL M. G. R. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryBasal serum prolactin concentrations were compared with mid‐luteal serum progesterone concentrations and prospectively studied conception rates up to 12 months in women with otherwise unexplained infertility including a normal menstrual cycle. There were altogether 188 women with mean prolactin levels up to 3075 mU/1: 47 with prolactin up to 200 mU/1, 100 with prolactin 201–400 mU/1,18 up to 600 mU/1, 16 up to 800 mU/1, and 7 greater than 800 mU/1. There were no significant differences in the mean progesterone values or chance of conception between any of the groups. The findings indicate that prolactin measurement is generally of no value in normally menstruating women, except possibly in the unusual event of evidence of persistent distinct luteal deficiency (not found in the present study).
Systematic semen culture and its influence on IVF management
Authors: GUILLET‐ROSSO F. , FARI A. , TAYLOR S. , FORMAN R. , BELAISCH‐ALLART J. , TESTART J. , FRYDMAN R. 
Published: August 2005

SummarySemen specimens from 519 men were cultured for organisms 2 weeks before oocyte recovery for in‐vitro fertilization (IVF). The cultures from 72 men contained more than 5000 bacteria/ml and the IVF attempt was postponed. The IVF outcome was assessed in 382 couples in relation to the semen culture result. The pregnancy rate per cycle was significantly reduced when the semen culture contained organisms compared with axenic semen (P<0‐05). This was independent of the cleavage rate of oocytes and the number of embryos transferred. Although mycoplasma was frequently cultured, chlamydial infection was very rare and no viruses were isolated in this study.
Treatment with oral piperazine oestrone sulphate for genuine stress incontinence in postmenopausal women
Authors: WILSON P. D. , FARAGHER B. , BUTLER B. , BU'LOCK D. , ROBINSON E. L. , BROWN A. D. G. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe use of oestrogens in the treatment of genuine stress incontinence was assessed by a double‐blind prospective trial in 36 postmenopausal women with genuine stress incontinence who received 3 months of cyclical treatment with either piperazine oestrone sulphate or a matching placebo. Patients were assessed subjectively and objectively before and after treatment by 7‐day bladder charts, urethral pressure profiles (UPP), the Urilos nappy test, vaginal cytology and hormone assays (plasma oestrogens and gonadotrophins). There was no statistical difference in the subjective response to treatment between the two groups. After 6 weeks of treatment there was a greater reduction in the number of pad changes/24 h in the oestrogen‐treated patients that approached statistical significance but, because of a marked response in the placebo group, this difference was not significant after 3 months of treatment. There were also no significant differences between the two groups with respect to the UPP or Urilos measurements but the vaginal cytology and hormone profiles were significantly affected by oestrogens. In view of the possible risks of oestrogen therapy its use in genuine stress incontinence is limited.
Combination chemotherapy followed by surgery or radiotherapy in patients with locally advanced cervical cancer
Authors: KIRSTEN F. , ATKINSON K.H. , COPPLESON J. V. M. , ELLIOTT P. M. , GREEN D. , HOUGHTON R. , MURRAY J.C. , RUSSELL P. , SOLOMON H. J. , FRIEDLANDER M. , SWANSON C. E. , TATTERSALL M. H. N. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryForty‐seven patients with locally advanced cervical cancer at high risk of relapse received three cycles of chemotherapy with PVB (cisplatin, vinblastine and bleomycin) before definitive local treatment with either radical surgery or radiotherapy. Thirty‐one of the 47 patients (66%) responded to initial chemotherapy, and 11 of them have relapsed compared with 13 of the 16 non‐responders. Median time to recurrence was 31 weeks for PVB non‐responders but has not yet been reached for PVB responders. After a median follow‐up of 128 weeks, 14 of the 31 responders (45 %) are alive and disease free compared with 3 of the 16 non‐responders (19%). There was a positive correlation between response to chemotherapy and subsequent response to radiotherapy. PVB was in general well tolerated although one death is probably attributable to chemotherapy. A randomized study comparing radiotherapy alone with initial PVB chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy is in progress.
The Newbury Maternity Care Study: a randomized controlled trial to assess a policy of women holding their own obstetric records
Authors: ELBOURNE D. , RICHARDSON M. , CHALMERS I. , WATERHOUSE I. , HOLT E. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryTo assess a policy of women holding and thus having constant access to their own obstetric records, 290 women attending a peripheral consultant clinic in Newbury, West Berkshire, were randomly allocated to hold either their full case notes, or the more usual co‐operation card. Women holding their full records were significantly more likely to feel in control of their antenatal care (rate ratio 1·45; 95% confidence interval 1·08–1·95) and to feel it was easier to talk to doctors and midwives (rate ratio 1·73; 95% confidence interval 1·16‐2·59). No other beneficial effects were detected. Asked about their preferences for any subsequent pregnancies, women holding their own records in the index pregnancy were more likely to say they would prefer to hold the same kind of record again in a subsequent pregnancy than were women holding a co‐operation card (rate ratio 1·56; 95% confidence interval 1·34–1·81). There was no evidence of negative effects. In particular, women holding their case notes did not feel more anxious than co‐operation card holders. The policy of women holding their notes resulted in savings in elerical time, without evidence of an increase in the rate of lost notes.
Defective haemochorial placentation as a cause of miscarriage; a preliminary study
Authors: KHONG T. Y. , LIDDELL H. S. , ROBERTSON W. B. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe morphology of the placental bed in idiopathic sporadic and recurrent miscarriages was studied and the findings correlated with the fetal chromosomal pattern where possible. Defective development of haemochorial placentation, which was not necessarily linked with fetal chromosomal abnormality, was seen in association with some miscarriages. These preliminary results, not previously demonstrated, strongly support the concept that miscarriages and pregnancies complicated by pre‐eclampsia and/or small‐for‐gestational‐age infants may be a continuum of disorders with a similar pathology in the placental bed.
Low human fetal heart rate variation in normal pregnancy
Authors: SMITH J. H. , DAWES G. S. , REDMAN C. W. G. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe fetal heart rates of 340 normal singleton pregnancies at 30–33 weeks gestation were screened using a microprocessor system on‐line. Eleven fetuses (3·2%) with a heart rate variation less than the 5th centile were identified, of whom 10 were studied longitudinally. At 30–33 weeks the mean minute range of pulse intervals (a measure of fetal heart rate variation) was 314 (SE 1·5) ms compared with 51·0 (SE 3·4) ms in a randomly selected control group. The study group continued to have significantly lower fetal heart rate variation than controls on each of three subsequent occasions until delivery. There were no significant differences between the two groups in fetal outcome, which was good. This demonstrates that a small proportion of normal fetuses have consistently low heart rate variation, and helps to define the lower limit of the normal distribution of fetal heart rate variation. After delivery, there were no significant differences between heart rate or its variation between the two groups. We conclude that the lower prenatal heart rate variation in the study group was a consequence of the uterine environment.
Amniotic fluid and fetal tissues are not heated by obstetric ultrasound scanning
Authors: SOOTHILL P. W. , NICOLAIDES K. H. , RODECK C. H. , CAMPBELL S. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryAmniotic fluid temperature in first trimester pregnancies and fetal subcutaneous tissue and amniotic fluid temperature in second trimester pregnancies, measured by a thermocouple probe, did not increase during sector, linear‐array or Doppler ultrasound scanning. The mean fetal muscle temperature was higher (36·9°C) than mean amniotic fluid temperature (36·6°C) during the second trimester.
The clinical significance of pre‐operative serum CA 125 in ovarian cancer
Authors: CRUICKSHANK D.J. , FULLERTON W. T. , KLOPPER A. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryIn a prospective study of 52 patients with ovarian malignancy followed up for 3–18 months the clinical significance of pre‐operative serum CA 125 as a tumour marker was assessed. In 41 patients with epithelial ovarian cancer, the level of CA 125 correlated well with tumour load as indicated by FIGO stage. All epithelial histological types, including mucinous. released CA 125 although serous and undifferentiated tumours produced quantitatively more antigen. There was, however, no correlation between CA 125 concentration and histopathological grade, nor did CA 125 level appear to be of any prognostic value in epithelial ovarian cancer. Elevated CA 125 levels were also found in patients with sex cord/stromal tumours, Krukenberg tumours, an ovarian sarcoma and a serous carcinoma of low malignant potential.
Independent expression in serum of three tumour‐associated antigens: CA 125, placental alkaline phosphatase and HMFG2 in ovarian carcinoma
Authors: WARD B. G. , CRUTCKSHANK D. J. , TUCKER D. F. , LOVE S. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryCirculating levels of CA 125, the HMFG2 antigen and placental alkaline phosphatase were measured in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. In 37 patients the antigens were assayed before operation and 161 follow‐up samples from 41 patients were assayed at different times during treatment. These three human tumour‐associated antigens were expressed independently of each other. Measurement of all three antigens, compared with measurement of CA 125 alone, resulted in a statistically significant improvement in the detection rate of patients with localized disease from 18% to 69%.
A retrospective review of adenocarcinoma‐in‐situ and glandular atypia of the uterine cervix
Authors: LUESLEY D.M , JORDAN J.A. , WOODMAN C.B.J. , WATSON N. , WILLIAMS D.R. , WADDELL C. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryBetween 1978 and 1985, 19 cases of adenocarcinoma‐in‐situ and 12 cases of glandular atypia have been identified at the Birmingham and Midland Hospital for Women. In 19 cases an associated dysplastic squamous element was identified, 20 of 28 pre‐diagnosis smears correctly predicted a glandular lesion, 5 of 17 colposcopically directed biopsies predicted the findings in a larger biopsy (cone biopsy or hysterectomy). Colposcopy provided no additional information with regard to diagnosis. Twelve of 13 patients managed by cone biopsy and 16 of 17 by abdominal hysterectomy have been treated successfully as defined by subsequent normal cytology.
Annual fishes of the genus Nothobranchius as a model system for aging research
Authors: Genade Tyrone , Benedetti Mauro , Terzibasi Eva , Roncaglia Paola , Valenzano Dario Riccardo , Cattaneo Antonino , Cellerino Alessandro 
Published: August 2005

SummaryAging research in vertebrates is hampered by the lack of short‐lived models. Annual fishes of the genus Nothobranchius live in East African seasonal ponds. Their life expectancy in the wild is limited by the duration of the wet season and their lifespan in captivity is also short. Nothobranchius are popular aquarium fishes and many different species are kept as captive strains, providing rich material for comparative studies. The present paper aims at reviving the interest in these fishes by reporting that: (1) Nothobranchius can be cultured, and their eggs stored dry at room temperature for months or years, offering inexpensive methods of embryo storage; (2) Nothobranchius show accelerated growth and expression of aging biomarkers at the level of histology and behaviour; (3) the species Nothobranchius furzeri has a maximum lifespan of only 3 months and offers the possibility to perform investigations thus far unthinkable in a vertebrate, such as drug screening with life‐long pharmacological treatments and experimental evolution; (4) when the lifespan of different species is compared, a general correlation is found between wet season duration in their natural habitat and longevity in captivity; and (5) vertebrate aging‐related genes, such as p66Shc and MTP, can be easily isolated in Nothobranchius by homology cloning. These fishes can become excellent models for aging studies. They can be employed to test the effects of experimental manipulation on aging at a pace comparable with that of Drosophila and to probe the effects of natural selection on the evolution of aging‐related genes.
Some Analogous Problems Involving Variable Mass, Moment of Inertia, Inductance, and Capacitance
Authors: Chapin E. K. 
Published: August 2005

Four problems, a, b, c, and d, are proposed which deal with the application of (a) constant force to a mass m, (b) constant torque to a body with rotational inertia I, (c) constant emf to a condenser with capacitance C, and (d) constant emf to a coil with inductance L.
In (a) and (b) the acceleration is prevented by having the mass m in one case and moment I in the other increase at the proper rate. In (c) and (d) the current is kept constant by having the capacitance in one case and the inductance in the other increase at the proper rate. The power required is shown to be constant in each case and the distribution of energy supplied to each element turns out to be equally divided between kinetic energy, in (a) and (b), or field energy, in (c) and (d), and some system of restraints such as friction, springs, etc., which inevitably opposes the required change of the elements, m, I, C, and L.
The Old-Time Classroom Recitation: Can It Be Restored?
Authors: Dodd Laurence Ellsworth 
Published: August 2005

Large enrollments and relatively restricted teaching staffs have in recent years increased the challenge to teachers. But in addition to this, the diminished emphasis, that was generally adopted earlier in the century, on the recitation as a teaching method, has left limited opportunity, or none at all, for adequate oral self-expression in the classroom. Such training, it is felt, is indispensable to the student's broadest development, whatever other methods, however meritorious, may be used. The problem is serious and requires attention. It is discussed here in some detail.
The question is raised whether now, in too many institutions, the lecture method is over-stressed, encouraging too much in students an habitual dependence on the lecturer, with a resulting lack of development of dependence upon themselves
World Trends in the Publication of Physical Research, 1938–1948
Authors: McCarthy John J. 
Published: August 2005

This study is based on the abstracts published in Physics Abstracts (Science Abstracts, Section A) in 1938 and 1948. In 1938 the twelve countries credited with the most abstracts ranked as follows: United States, Germany, France, Great Britain, Soviet Union, Japan, Netherlands, Italy, India, Poland, Switzerland, and Canada. In 1948 the standings of the leading twelve were: United States, Great Britain, France, Germany, Netherlands, Soviet Union, India, Italy, Sweden, Canada, Austria, and Switzerland.
India and Japan in 1938, and India alone in 1948, were the only countries outside of Europe and North America with an appreciable number of abstracts. Less than half of the countries in the world publish the results of physical research.
The emigration of physicists and economic conditions may account for the decline of published articles in many countries.
Lines of Force in Electric and Magnetic Fields
Authors: Slepian Joseph 
Published: August 2005

Assemblages of lines of force are widely used to represent electric and magnetic fields, the density of lines in the neighborhood of a point being proportional to the intensity of the vector at that point. It is not generally recognized, however, that the properties of continuity and individuality of such lines are irrelevant so far as observable electromagnetic phenomenon are concerned.
Contrary to widely held views, it is not possible generally to represent the magnetic field of a linear circuit carrying a steady current by such an assemblage of lines of force which are everywhere continuous. This is because the continuous magnetic lines of force do not generally form simple closed curves, which each link the circuit just once. The interlinkage which is significant is that between the circuit and arbitrarily chosen closed paths of integration of the magnetic vector.
Microwave Reflection from Water Spheres
Authors: Aden A. L. 
Published: August 2005

When any material object is placed in the field of an electromagnetic wave, the object removes energy from the field. In general, some of the energy is dissipated internally as heat, and some of the energy is reradiated to produce a secondary or scattered field. The back-scattering cross section is a lumped measure of the ability of the scattering object to reradiate energy in the direction of the source.
This paper deals with the experimental determination of the back-scattering cross section for water spheres with sizes comparable with the wavelength. The determination of this parameter is fundamental in the investigation of the microwave reflection from rain.
Compressible Flows
Authors: Kelley James B. 
Published: August 2005

A brief exposition (descriptive rather than quantative) is given of some of the common phenomena of compressible flow. The aim of the paper is to supply background material to the physicist who may wish to know a little more about the problems and techniques involved in the mechanics of compressible fluids.
A graphical representation of a point source moving through a fluid at various velocities from subsonic to supersonic is given and described. There is also a description with sketches of the principal optical methods of wind-tunnel testing for compressible flows. A number of actual test photographs is included which show the type of picture obtained by the various test methods and which also show the formation of shock and Mach waves.