bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diffraction Unlimited Far-Field Fluorescence Microscopy
Authors: Schönle Andreas , Keller Jan , Harke, Benjamin , Hell Stefan W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For centuries, light microscopy has been an important tool in many fields of science. With the quality of available optical components becoming better over time, it has delivered ever-sharper images of small structures. However, in 1873, Ernst Abbe discovered a fundamental limitation known as the diffraction barrier (Abbe, 1873): Far-field light microscopes would never be able to resolve features smaller than approximately half the wavelength of the light used. However, many modern imaging applications obviously necessitate a higher resolution. Since the diffraction barrier had been accepted as an unalterable fact, the use of focused visible light was not considered an option in these situations. Consequently, alternative methods were developed to deliver images with much higher resolution. Two prominent examples are electron microscopy, which focused (matter) waves of much shorter wavelengths, and atomic force microscopy, which gave up focusing altogether. Nevertheless, far-field light microscopy has remained an irreplaceable tool, especially in the life sciences, due to a number of exclusive advantages: it has the ability to image samples in three dimensions with minimal negative impact on the (living) specimen. Unlike some other methods, it is not restricted to surfaces and does not require any special sample preparation. Finally, it can be combined with fluorescence to image features of interest with high specificity. Mapped with a confocal or multiphoton excitation microscope (Denk et al., 1990; Sheppard & Kompfner, 1978; Wilson & Sheppard, 1984), fluorescence emission readily measures protein 3D distributions, or those of other fluorescently labeled molecules within the complex inside of biological specimens. The development of a microscope that retains all these advantages while not being limited by diffraction would therefore almost certainly lead to exciting new discoveries and become a crucial tool for scientists not only in biology. However, due to the fundamental nature of Abbe’s law, all attempts to break this barrier seemed futile.
Multiphoton Imaging in Animal Development
Authors: Larina Irina V , Dickinson Mary E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vital time-lapse microscopy is a powerful and exciting way to study development. Many protocols for live cell imaging are now available for a large variety of developmental systems, and the advent of multicolor fluorescent proteins and turnkey instrumentation has attracted many scientists to this active field. Multiphoton microscopy is particularly well suited for developmental studies and has been used to answer many interesting questions about the mechanisms of invertebrate and vertebrate ontogeny. In this chapter we have highlighted a selection of recent studies where multiphoton microscopy has been used to study animal development. We describe animal models, pointing out their advantages and limitations for microscopic imaging, and review major achievements of multiphoton imaging in studying development of the different physiological systems.
Evaluation of Mineral Reserves
Authors: Journel André G , Kyriakidis Phaedon C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book addresses the practice of geostatistical simulation to evaluation of mineral reserves, prediction of recovered tonnages and mineral grades and the impact of mining dilution. Such prediction is absolutely critical for mine planning and investment decisions, yet it cannot be made on maps directly interpolated from present data. Various dilution factors need to be introduced to account for · the support effect: mining unit volumes are vastly different from composite data unit volumes · the information effect: future selection of ore/waste will be based on vastly different data than that presently available. Geostatistical simulations allow a rigorous evaluation of these effects on reserves recovery. These stochastic simulations have the potential to be for the mining industry what a wind tunnel is for aircraft design. This book is written by two expert geostatisticians—Journel is the pioneer of mining geostatistics—and established academics.
Genetics and Evolution in Structured Populations
Authors: Goodnight Charles J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Structured populations, or metapopulations, are sets of small populations tied together by migration, extinction, and recolonization. Because of the importance of population structure, the genetics of metapopulations cannot be modeled as simple extensions of standard single population systems. Genetic evolution, typically defined as changes in allele frequency (Dobzhansky 1937; see Futuyma 1998 for a more complete discussion), is normally considered to occur as a result of exactly four forces: selection, mutation, migration, and genetic drift. Within a single population only the first two, selection and mutation, are the primary forces of interest. Migration necessarily involves more than a single population, and becomes the cohesive force that distinguishes a metapopulation from a set of independently evolving populations. Genetic drift also takes on special meaning in a metapopulation. Whereas in a single population the consequences of small population size are limited to the effects on variation within demes, in metapopulations the effects of small deme size on the variation among demes also becomes an important area of study. Although generally considered as a force within single populations, selection also needs to be considered specifically within the context of metapopulations since selection, especially when it is coupled with genetic drift, may have very different consequences in a metapopulation compared with the well-understood effects it has in unstructured populations.
Genetics of Sexual Selection
Authors: Moore Allen J , Moore Patricia J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sexual selection was defined by Darwin (1871) as selection that “depends on the advantage that certain individuals have over other individuals of the same sex and species, in exclusive relation to reproduction.” Sexual selection was developed separately from natural selection because Darwin wished to explain the evolution of elaborate characters, particularly secondary sexual characters (traits “not directly connected with the act of reproduction”; i.e., traits that influence but are not required for copulation). Such traits apparently have no benefit outside of influencing the outcome of male-male competition or female mate choice. Secondary sexual traits might even be counter to survival and natural selection by drawing the attention of predators or limiting physiological performance. Why should traits be so elaborate when their function is apparently limited to influencing the competition for mates? Darwin’s solution was sexual selection with two main mechanisms: female mate choice and male-male competition. Darwin suggested that male combat or female preferences resulted in particularly strong selection. He saw these as fundamentally different from the mechanisms leading to the process of natural selection because they involved social interactions and influenced mating success rather than survival or fecundity and so might have no limits to the evolved outcome or expression. There need not be an optimum expression, as the “best” was that which was most extreme.
If the Glove Fits: The Art of Theoretical Choice in Psychobiography
Authors: Elms Alan C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the past twenty years, I ‘ve regularly taught an undergraduate course on psychobiography. Students in this course must write a brief but original psychobiographical term paper on a subject of their choice. Most students quickly choose a subject who meets the assignment ‘s basic requirements: he or she must be publicly known for some kind of achievement (political, scientific, artistic, criminal, or whatever), and the student must be able to obtain a substantial amount of biographical information. But then, because this is to be a psychobiographical paper and not merely a biographical sketch, each student faces the problem of which psychological concepts, or what psychological theory, to apply. By the time they get around to writing a rough draft, my students have already been exposed, in class and in assigned reading, to a variety of short and long examples of psychobiography, and to several different theories of personality. But the relationships between these examples or theories and a student ‘s chosen subject may not be at all obvious. Indeed there may be little apparent connection between, let ‘s say, Erik Erikson ‘s analysis of Gandhi and the student ‘s typical term-paper choice of Madonna or Charles Manson.
Margaret ‘s Smile
Authors: Ogilvie Daniel M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Afew guidelines usually govern my activities when I conduct case study research: (a) per-the person who is the object of my investigation to take the lead as far as he or she is able to go, (b) suspend any notions regarding how the study will work out, (c) be open to surprises,(d) use the problems that arise as opportunities to learn about and welcome developments in surrounding disciplines, and (e) estimate how much time it will take to complete the project, triple it, and be prepared to triple it again. I didn ‘t think I would need to consult my guidelines when I embarked on a study of James M. Barrie. I intended it to be a simple investigation with a specific focus on the possible Oedipal origins of Barrie ‘s famous story about Peter Pan. My original purpose went no further than to locate and organize some new material for a course in personality psychology that I have taught for many years. In the context of a field deeply rooted in the tradition of psychometric science wherein variables instead of people are the preferred units of analysis, I felt it would do no harm to expose my students to “old “ ways of thinking about personality development, if only in the form of interludes or breaks between lectures on scale construction and research designs.
In his Father ‘s Shadow: George W. Bush and the Politics of Personal Transformation
Authors: Renshon Stanley A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to understand who George W. Bush is, one must first understand who he was. His story, like the man himself, is not particularly complicated, at least in broad outline. He was born into an accomplished and wealthy family, and then took some time to find his way. The most important ingredients of adult development were consolidated only very gradually by Mr. Bush. How did Mr. Bush ‘s life begin? With great promise, many assets, and colossal advantages. But with these benefits came demands. The complexities he faced, and the talents he brought to bear—and developed—as he faced these demands are the focus of this chapter. Understanding Mr. Bush requires special emphasis be placed on Mr. Bush ‘s relationships with his father and mother, the challenges of being born into such a spectacularly successful family, his battles with alcohol, and his ownership role in the Texas Rangers baseball team. All these experiences propelled Mr. Bush into what can only be described as a profound psychological impasse. His life history, combined with his private ambition, pushed toward success. Yet every time he sought to gain a foothold, he found little solid ground. The result was an erratic commitment to the outward manifestations of conventional achievement, first in adolescence, then early adulthood, and finally on to middle adulthood. Bush became the family rebel and in school the campus cutup. Later, he combined hard work with equally hard- driving living, including too much drinking. Self-medication with alcohol and acting out in middle and late adulthood became a partial substitute for the success he so desired but that remained out of reach—for a time. The story of how Mr. Bush managed to forge a stable and successful adulthood is one of perseverance, resilience, determination, and profound but gradual personal transformation. It is seen, by some, as a tale of faith restored; Mr. Bush first rejected, then rediscovered, a personal God. Yet his is more than a story of personal faith. It is, in addition, a story of inner resolve.
Filamentous Phage
Authors: Model Marjorie Russel Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Filamentous phages constitute a large family of bacterial viruses that infect many Gram-negative bacteria and even a Gram-positive bacterium (18). These long, slender viruses contain a circular, single-stranded DNA genome encased in a somewhat flexible tube composed of thousands of copies of a single major coat protein (figure 12-1). Two minor proteins at one end and two others at the other end Figure 12-1 Filamentous phage f1/M13/fd: genes and gene products.
Phages with Segmented Double-Stranded RNA Genomes
Authors: Mindich Leonard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first member of this family of bacteriophages, the Cystoviridae, was isolated in 1973. This phage, named f6, was found to have a genome of three double-stranded RNA molecules packaged within a polyhedral nucleocapsid surrounded by a lipid-containing membrane (47, 52). The basic outlines of the life cycle of f6 were described in several reviews (25, 29). Since that time, a number of important advances have been made. The structures of the virus and subviral particles have been defined through the application of cryoelectron microscopy (1,7). The structure of the RNA-dependent polymerase has been elucidated through X-ray diffraction studies on protein crystals (2, 3). The reassembly of inner core particles of both f6 and f8 has been accomplished with pure individual proteins (21, 40). The packaging of the genomic segments has been elucidated and several reverse genetic systems have been developed (27, 28, 48). Recombination between the genomic segments has been described (26). In addition, a number of relatives of f6 have been isolated from nature, enlarging the family of Cystoviridae (31).
Viruses of Archaea
Authors: zillig Kenneth M Stedman david prangishvili wolfram 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Archaea (previously known as archaebacteria) were originally identified as such by Carl Woese in the late 1970s (121) and are now accepted as one of the three major divisions or domains of life, along with the Bacteria and the Eukarya. They have recently been shown by molecular techniques to be ubiquitous and may even be the dominant organisms in the open ocean (22, 45). Phylogenetically the Archaea have been split into four major phyla: the Euryarchaeota, the Crenarchaeota, the Korarchaeota, and the Nanoarchaeota. The Euryarchaeota comprise the methanogens (6), the extreme halophiles, and the extremely thermophilic Thermococcales (29). All isolated members of the Crenarchaeota are extreme thermophiles; however, some as yet uncultured members appear to be mesophilic or even psychrophilic, for example in marine environments (28). Korarchaeota are not yet represented by any cultured organisms (8, 56, 87). The recently discovered phylum Nanoarchaeota is represented to date by only one apparently parasitic organism (38).
Molecular Genetics of Streptomyces Phages
Authors: Smith Margaret C M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bacteria in the genus Streptomyces are abundant in most soil environments (103). They are prolific producers of secondary metabolites, which often have antibiotic or other biological activity, and they have an unusual growth habit (57). A streptomycete colony grows initially as a vegetative mycelium, containing branching hyphal filaments with occasional cross-walls. As the colony matures, signals govern the production of aerial hyphae, which differentiate to form chains of spores. As spores are resistant to drought and can persist in the soil for many years, the high streptomycete count in soils is often attributable to the presence of spores (16). The isolation of phages from soil samples using a Streptomyces host is generally easy with most samples yielding phage after enrichment (57). Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) is a model organism for this genus and has been studied most intensively. The linear genome contains 8,667,507 bp (5).
Lactobacillus Phages
Authors: Bruässow Harald , Suárez Juan E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The studies conducted with Lactobacillus bacteriophages reflect the economic and medical importance of their hosts. Due to the variety of food fermentation lactobacilli-based processes that can become disrupted by phage development, and the diversity of mucosal surfaces colonized by lactobacilli, phage research has not concentrated on a single Lactobacillus species or phage. Lactobacillus phage research also is frequently directed by practical needs. For example, the industrially relevant properties of lactic acid bacteria are often plasmid-encoded. These plasmids are intrinsically unstable, which frequently leads to strain degeneration. The DNA-integration mechanism used by temperate Lactobacillus phages therefore has been studied to develop tools for chromosomal stabilization of economically important traits (57, 73). In addition, many fermented products undergo a ripening period that may last several months. Early lysis of the starter bacteria might accelerate ripening through release of the intracellular enzymes into the food matrix. To this aim, the expression of cloned phage lysis cassettes, controlled by inducible promoters, has been studied (19). Furthermore, the need of phage-insensitive Lactobacillus-based fermentation starters has promoted the generation of strains harbouring a cI-like repressor gene or a phage replication origin (3, 59).
Bacteriophage as Pollution Indicators
Authors: Gerba Charles P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because of the difficulty and cost of detecting water-borne enteric pathogens, indicator organisms have been used since the beginning of the twentieth century. Much of the work in this area has focused on bacterial indicators, such as coliform and fecal coliform bacteria. However, it has been recognized in the last 30 years that these traditional indicators do not always reflect the waterborne occurrence of human pathogenic viruses and protozoa. Thus, bacteriophages have been investigated as a better indicator of these groups of pathogens in water, as models of enteric virus removal by treatment processes, and to examine the fate and transport of enteric viruses in the environment (12).
Probing Unconscious Emotional Processes:On Becoming a Successful Masketeer
Authors: Wiens Stefan , Öhman Arne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Have you ever had an unconscious emotion? As conscious beings, humans might consider this question absurd. Because everyday experience suggests that all important mental events are accompanied by consciousness, humans are convinced that consciousness is critical in mediating and controlling these events and behavior. Accordingly, emotion is commonly equated with emotional experience (feeling), and the notion of unconscious emotion seems either contradictory in terms or not worth discussing, as unconscious emotions would play only a trivial, if any, role at all in mental life. William James (1884), one of the forefathers of modern psychology, supported this notion by stating that “our feeling . . . IS the emotion” (p. 190). This discussion of emotion in terms of conscious experience (feeling) has a long tradition in psychology (e.g., Damasio, 1994; Frijda, 1986; Schachter & Singer, 1962).
Introduction
Authors: Post Stephen G , Binstock Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Atiaging interventions-a wide variety of ambitions and measures to slow, arrest, and reverse phenomena associated with aging-have been part of human culture and societies since early civilizations. An obsession with immortality is a central theme in a Babylonian legend about King Gilgamesh, who ruled southern Mesopotamia in about 3000 B.c. In the third century B.C., adherents of the Taoist religion in China developed a systematic program for prolonging life (Olshansky and Carnes, 2001). Perhaps the oldest written record of attempts to reverse aging is in an Egyptian papyrus, circa 1600 B.c., which provides instructions for preparing an ointment that transforms an old man into a youth of 20 and claims that it has been “found effective myriad times” (quoted in Hayflick, 1994, p. 267). Through the centuries, a variety of anti-aging approaches have recurred.
In Defense of Immortality
Authors: Zaleski Carol G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Not a ringing endorsement perhaps, but James was sure of one thing: that the common arguments against immortality need not deter us. In his 1898 Ingersoll Lecture on the Immortality of Man, James set out with his usual relish to kick over the obstacles to belief. Chief among those obstacles was a general climate of learned doubt. Our situation today is not so different. Although social surveys indicate that roughly 80% of Americans believe in life after death, it is a belief cherished against the grain of perceived official skepticism. Therefore it is a belief riddled with anxiety and doubt. While our ancestors worried about their fate at the seat of judgment and hun¬ gered for assurance that their sins would be dissolved, we moderns worry about our fate at the hands of death and hunger for assurance that our personalities will remain intact. To this worry and this hunger one can attribute much of the current fascination not only with life extension but also with personal transcendence of death.
Eat Less, Eat Better, and Live Longer: Does It Work and Is It Worth It? The Role of Diet in Aging and Disease
Authors: Casadesus Gemma , Perry George , Joseph, James A , Smith Mark A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unless a cure is found, the number of individuals afflicted by, and dying from, Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD) is projected to rise exponentially such that, by the middle of the twenty-first century, 30% of the aged population will be afflicted by motor and/or cognitive declines. Even though the mechanisms resulting in the onset of AD and PD are unknown, it is clear that oxidative stress, a cellular condition associated with free radical dam¬ age, is centrally involved such that oxidative stress is one of the earliest alterations of AD (Olanow, 1992; Smith et al., 1995, 1996, 2000;Jenner and Olanow, 1996; Finch and Cohen, 1997; Nunomura et al., 2001). Oxidative stress, albeit at lower levels than those seen in neurodegenerative disease, is also centrally involved in aging (Harman, 1992) and likely plays a critical role in the cognitive and functional declines apparent in many aged individuals.
Medication Treatment
Authors: Simeon Daphne , Abugel Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As shown in the last chapter, the world of depersonalization, like the ocean, is vast, mysterious, and deep. But someone who is drowning couldn’t care less about that. He wants to be safely back in the boat or on shore. Only from that perspective, when his immediate fears have subsided, can he begin to explore the wonder of what nearly killed him.
Global models
Authors: Motulsky Harvey , Christopoulos Arthur 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The example models in the previous chapters each define a single curve. Routinely, therefore, you would fit those models to a single set of data. This is the way curve fitting is usually done-fitting a model to a single set of data. An alternative approach is to create a global model that defines a family of curves, rather than just a single curve. Then use a nonlinear regression program that can perform global fitting to fit a family of data sets at once. The important point is that when you fit the global model, you tell the program to share some parameters between data sets. For each shared parameter, the program finds one (global) best-fit value that applies to all the data sets. For each nonshared parameter, the program finds a separate Oocal) best-fit value for each data set.