bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Canonical Criticism and Old Testament Theology
Authors: Brett M. G. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis is the third of five chapters on the Old Testament and the reader, and discusses canonical criticism and Old Testament theology. Canonical criticism can be understood as a relatively recent proposal for reordering exegetical priorities, while Old Testament theology is usually seen as a summarizing discipline as old as modernity itself. The two areas of research could be treated separately but the juxtaposition is instructive: both are in some sense orientated towards the readers of biblical texts, both have been charged with under‐valuing historical research, both are involved in seemingly intractable arguments about the relationship between descriptive and normative claims in biblical studies, and both are implicated in debates about the role of biblical research within the larger religious traditions of Christianity and Judaism. The discussion in this chapter highlights only the most important issues addressed in these overlapping programmes of research setting out to provide only an orientation to the key issues in current research. The chapter is arranged in three sections: Canonical criticism; Old Testament theology and readers’ commitments; and Biblical studies and theology.
Canons of the Old Testament
Authors: Barton J. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis is the third of five chapters on the text of the Old Testament. It aims to trace the development of a canon (or several slightly different canons) of the Old Testament, and to examine some ways in which the canonization of the Bible made a difference to the perceived meaning and significance of its component parts. The first section, ‘The Old Testament canon today’ discusses the Hebrew canon, the Greek Bible, the Latin Bible, and the Ethiopic Bible. The second section, ‘The origins of diversity in the canons of the Old Testament’ presents the three major hypotheses that have been put forward to account for the complicated development of the Old Testament canon: the Alexandrian canon hypothesis—Sundberg's theory, which sets completion of the Greek canon as a work of the early Christian era; the Greek Bible as Christian canon; and more recent (traditional) attempts to go back behind the Alexandrian canon hypothesis to something more like the consensus that prevailed in the nineteenth century, which have been spearheaded by an alliance of Jewish and evangelical scholars (Leiman and Beckwith), who put the completion of the canon well before the end of the Second Temple period. The third section, ‘The origins and interpretation of ‘canonical’ Scripture’ looks at the growth and canonization of the Old Testament Scriptures.
Hebrew Narrative
Authors: Gunn D. M. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis is the fourth of five chapters on the text of the Old Testament, and focuses on the Hebrew prose narrative of the Old Testament. It starts by discussing the various definitions of the term narrative (as a mode of discourse; as a vehicle of narrative communication; as definable text) and the difficulties of determining which particular definable biblical texts are narrative texts, and notes that the attempt by the critic–reader to define so simple a thing as the narrative text is fraught with issues that have as much to do with the reader as with the text. The author notes that the title of the chapter and its placement within the ‘text’ part of the division of the book into parts on readers, text, and authors, might suggest a singular objective entity (the text) produced by authors, read by readers, and conceptually separable from both, but that the reality is more complicated. The Old Testament is described as a fuzzy‐edged concept, not a fixed object, and its text not as one but as beyond number; furthermore, the concept is ideologically loaded (i.e. reader‐oriented) and much of the essay is quite specifically not about the (Christian) Old Testament (which is why the hybrid term Hebrew Bible has been used). It is the author's understanding that there is no such thing as the text of the Old Testament apart from its readers and it is in this context that he gives an account (which he labels as partial) of biblical narrative and literary criticism over the past three decades; this is presented as an account not of what is in the biblical narratives, but of what some readers have claimed to find in these texts, and how they have gone about finding it.
The Religion of Israel
Authors: Day J. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis is the last of six chapters on the Old Testament and its authors, and its subject is the religion of Israel. The introduction to the chapter briefly reviews previous work on this subject. The sections of the rest of the chapter are devoted to the following topics; the pre‐monarchical period; Canaanite syncretism in the religion of Israel; divination and the cult of the dead; the Deuteronomic movement Josiah's reform and covenant theology; monotheism and the prohibition of images; cultic law; natural theology; universalism and exclusivism; and the apocalyptic movement.
Brief History of the Social Clause in Trade Policy
Authors: Bairoch Paul 
Published: August 2004

AbstractA social clause is a clause that may be included in a customs tariff or other commercial instrument that specifies sanctions against the importation of goods from countries that do not enforce a minimum standard of working conditions. This chapter discusses the development of the social clause in trade policy. It covers reasons for the delayed concern for salary inequalities, appearance of a social element in modern tariff history, the position of working classes in the 19th century, the ILO and the social clause, and the interest given to social clauses from end of World War II till the present.
The Politics of Judging
Authors: Stone Sweet Alec 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe theme of the need to reconceptualize traditional models of legitimation such as separation of powers doctrines is brought into focus. The question of the democratic legitimacy of review is most commonly addressed by grafting Kelsenian constitutional theory onto the classical distinctions between the judicial and the legislative functions. However, this model is found to be theoretically incoherent and empirically inaccurate. An alternative perspective is advanced, arguing that the legitimacy of constitutional review is a product of the participatory nature of constitutional adjudication, driven by strategic interaction that is necessarily pursued through normative argument.
Impersonal Exchange and the Origin of Markets: From the Community Responsibility System to Individual Legal Responsibility in Pre‐Modern Europe
Authors: Greif Avner 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis chapter analyses the community responsibility system the prevailed in Europe before the rise of contract enforcement by the state. It discusses the reasons for the system’s decline and how the nature of the distinct political systems in England and Italy directed the details of the system that replaced the community responsibility system. It argues that although social structures can be used to foster contract enforcement required for promoting development, these can be taken as exogenous to economic processes only in the short- or medium-term. The economic processes brought about by economic development can erode underlying social structures. The economy may be stifled unless it develops contract enforcement institutions that can replace those based on social structure.
The Two Paths of Agrarian System Evolution in the Philippine Rice Bowl
Authors: Hayami Yujiro , Kikuchi Masao 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis chapter analyses the emergence of two distinct agrarian systems in major rice-producing provinces in Luzon Island, Philippines. These are the large hacienda system characterized by the management hierarchy for supervising a large number of tenants in Inner Central Luzon, and the relatively small-scale landlordism wherein landlords and tenants were tied by a patron-client bond. These agrarian systems evolved despite basic similarities in economic conditions such as ecological conditions for rice production, market access, colonial history, and post-independent government policies such as land reform.
Water Community: An Empirical Analysis of Cooperation on Irrigation in South India
Authors: Bardhan Pranab 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis chapter examines the factors affecting cooperation in irrigation communities, based on a survey conducted in the state of Tamil Nadu in India. Cooperative behaviour in an irrigation community is negatively related to inequality of landholding, urban or market connections, and positively related to duration of access to water, monitoring by guards, social homogeneity, small group size, proportional cost-sharing rule, and collective adversarial relation with other villages over water. The impact of the involvement of the Public Works Department, government and village elite in water allocation and maintenance is discussed.
Periodic Time Series Models
Authors: Franses Philip Hans , Paap Richard 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis book considers periodic time series models for seasonal data, characterized by parameters that differ across the seasons, and focuses on their usefulness for out-of-sample forecasting. Providing an up-to-date survey of the recent developments in periodic time series, the book presents a large number of empirical results. The first part of the book deals with model selection, diagnostic checking, and forecasting of univariate periodic autoregressive models. It discusses tests for periodic integration, and provides an extensive discussion of the role of deterministic regressors in testing for periodic integration and in forecasting. The second part discusses multivariate periodic autoregressive models. It provides an overview of periodic cointegration models, including single-equation type tests and a full-system approach based on generalized method of moments. All methods are illustrated with extensive examples, and the book will be invaluable to advanced graduate students and researchers in econometrics and to practitioners looking for an understanding of how to approach seasonal data.
The Institutionalization of European Administrative Space
Authors: Shapiro Martin 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
The institutionalization of European administration space is examined through one of the least visible or understudied, but most important, outcomes of integration: the development of administrative law for the European Union (EU). As positive integration came to constitute a central priority for EU organizations, the European Commission’s administrative responsibilities and capacities multiplied, so that it is now expected not only to monitor and enforce compliance with an increasingly dense and technical body of supranational rules but also to determine how that law is to be applied to specific individuals and situations. Neither task could be performed without appropriating a great deal of discretionary authority, and it is argued that, in Western democracies, the problem of controlling rising administrative discretion has inevitably been felt, and has typically been dealt with through the development of judicial mechanisms. Using the American (US) experience as a comparative backdrop, it is shown that once judges require that administrators furnish formal justifications for their actions, the judicial review of the ‘reasonableness’ of administrative acts follows. The author traces how these and other forms of judicial control of the EU’s administrative acts developed through litigation and the rule-making of the European Court of Justice and the Court of First Instance, despite the absence of explicit Treaty of Rome provision, so that the basic foundations of EU administrative law are now in place.
The Role of the State
Authors: Little Ian Malcolm David 
Published: August 2004

AbstractPublic policy requires the state to make distributional judgements, but there are moral constraints on its authority. Individuals’ rights as well as state rights have evolved through social interaction. General human rights are the corollary of wrongs, things that neither the state nor any person may do to them. The acquisition of property rights is discussed. It is concluded paradoxically that although the state has a general obligation to protect property, it also has a right to take it away from some to give to others.
Utilitarianism: Theory and Applications
Authors: Little Ian Malcolm David 
Published: August 2004

AbstractUtilitarianism is a comprehensive doctrine claiming that the greatest amount of happiness is an end that should exclusively guide all actions of both government and individuals. The fact that people value the happiness of those close to them more than that of strangers makes utilitarianism personally unacceptable to many, but it may still be a proper principle for government, given some overriding respect for individual rights. There are, however, basic problems concerning the value of life, and the treatment of future people and foreigners. The conventional discounting of future incomes does not imply that the utility of future people is discounted. The state's primary responsibility is to its own citizens, but it should not treat aliens as mere instruments for the welfare of citizens.
Bimetallism in Theory
Authors: Flandreau Marc 
Published: August 2004

AbstractChapter 1 describes the international monetary landscape between 1848 and 1873. The prominent role of bullion is emphasized. It also reviews existing theories of the operation of a bimetallic system. The main point is that a bimetallic system rests on bimetallic arbitrage: agents will buy the depreciating metal and sell the appreciating one, herby stabilizing their relative value. This suggest that it is key to study the actual operation of bimetallic arbitrage.
A Survey of the Literature on Dividends and Control
Authors: Silva Luis Correia Da , Goergen Marc , Renneboog Luc 
Published: August 2004

AbstractConcentrates on dividend policy as a signalling device and, in particular, as an alternative corporate governance device. We argue that firms with a high concentration of control are less likely to use dividends as a signal of their future prospects. Similarly, firms with a large monitoring shareholder rely less on dividend policy to keep checks on the management. The impact of banks and taxation on dividend policy is also analysed.
Twenty-first-century Pension (In)Security
Authors: Clark Gordon L. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis chapter explores the commonalities between pension systems from a global perspective. It is argued that the future of pensions in Western economies is bound up with finance regulation and the process of global financial integration. Fulfilling the promise of globalisation for the future incomes of retirees is essential to any comprehensive nation-state policy that seeks to provide pension security in the 21st century.
The Global Covenant
Authors: Jackson Robert 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis book explores modern international society by drawing on the closely related disciplines diplomatic and military history, international legal studies, and international political theory. It analyses the most significant international issues to date, including peace and security, war and intervention, human rights, failed states, territories and boundaries, and democracy. It then considers the future of international society in the 21st century, and argues that the pluralist relationship of sovereign states is one that upholds freedom and respects human diversity.
The Classical Approach as a Craft Discipline
Authors: Jackson Robert 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis chapter argues that the classical approach to the study of international relations is a craft discipline. It discusses topics such as erroneous conceptions of norms in social science, the tension between academic detachment and political engagement, the dialogical modality of international ethics, the ethics of practitioners, and the difference between practice and theory. It presents the stages of research involved in carrying out a classical normative inquiry into world politics.
The Political Theory of International Societas
Authors: Jackson Robert 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis chapter explores the constitutional framework of international relations, which is primarily a societas of states. It considers the place of international organisations, non-governmental organisations, transnational networks, and human rights in such a society. It examines the distinction between an international system and an international society, the prudential and procedural association, and the role of political ideals in international law.
Armed Intervention for Humanity
Authors: Jackson Robert 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis chapter explores the issue of armed intervention in sovereign states where there are gross violations of human rights or other humanitarian problems, but no obvious threats to peace and security. Four cases of intervention are considered: Iraq, Somalia, Bosnia, and Kosovo. It argues that the grounds for legitimate and lawful armed intervention in sovereign states, jus ad bellum, was restricted by international society during the course of the 20th century. However, interventions at the end of the century raise questions on whether these grounds are being expanded, and if so, can this be justified in a pluralist world.
Failed States and International Trusteeship
Authors: Jackson Robert 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis chapter addresses the question of whether international society is or should be responsible for the domestic civil conditions of sovereign states. It considers the problem of failed states, and the role of international trusteeships or protectorates. It argues that having a cause, such as democracy and human rights, is not justification for violating state sovereignty. Western leaders have no right to place themselves above international society, so long as respect for state sovereignty remains the universal standard of international conduct.
International Boundaries as a Planetary Institution
Authors: Jackson Robert 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis chapter examines concept of international boundaries. It considers the character and modus operandi of international boundaries, how these are determined and changed, and the justification for the current practice of endorsing inherited and existing borders. It discusses the current international norm of uti possidetis juris, which in a nutshell, states that ethnonationality or any other sociological definition of collective self is not by itself a valid basis for claiming self-determination.
Democracy and International Community
Authors: Jackson Robert 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis chapter explores the issue of democracy as a basis of international community. It reviews the debate on the European Union as a political community, NATO, and a speech by the leader of a major Western power who advocates a ‘doctrine of international community’ which would make democracy and human rights a global standard of conduct. It argues that pluralism or international freedom is a greater international good than democracy. This, in turn, makes democracy possible by giving people a choice on whether or not to establish democracy in their own country.
Alternatives to International Societas?
Authors: Jackson Robert 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis chapter explores alternative images of current and future world politics, which address the morality of the sovereign state and the ethics of statecraft. These claim that world politics has embarked on a course of fundamental transformation that renders the post-1945 international societas out of date or even obsolete. They see the rise of either a global universitas based on a hierarchy of values, or a retreat into a fractured world characterised by relativism. It is argued there is no convincing evidence that people around the world are giving up on the societas of states in the ways suggested by these alternative images.
International Peace and Security, International Criminal Justice, and the Yugoslav War
Authors: Kerr Rachel 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis chapter analyses the decision to establish the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia from the legal, political, and diplomatic context in which it was taken. The tribunal was a product of interconnected pressures: concern among domestic public opinion, the failure of the international community to stop the fighting, and changes in international political systems in the early 1990s. It represented the convergence of UN Security Council powers and responsibility for international peace and security, with enforcement of international humanitarian law. Although it was a tool of politics, it is a judicial, not a political tool.
Renewing Meaning
Authors: Barker Stephen J 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This book develops an alternative approach to sentence- and word-meaning, which I dub the speech-act theoretic approach, or STA. Instead of employing the syntactic and semantic forms of modern logic–principally, quantification theory–to construct semantic theories, STA employs speech-act structures. The structures it employs are those postulated by a novel theory of speech-acts. STA develops a compositional semantics in which surface grammar is integrated with semantic interpretation in a way not allowed by standard quantification-based theories. It provides a pragmatic theory of truth, a treatment of logically complex discourse as expressive cognitive states, and a background metaphysics in which the world is a totality of logically simple states of affairs. The book also puts forward an account of how intentional states provide the simple, representational foundation for a superstructure of speech-act structures–a system of thoughts–that far outruns the expressive power of the intentional foundation. In short, it provides an account of cognitive foundations of a language and a naturalistic reduction of semantics through an expressive theory of semantic norms.
G. E. Moore, Hedonist?
Authors: Feldman Fred , Feldman Fred 
Published: August 2004

AbstractHedonism's ‘plasticity’ is a major theme of the book. By this, the author means its capacity to take many forms. Pursues this theme by showing that it is possible to construct a form of hedonism that will generate life evaluations very similar to those generated by the non‐hedonistic axiology defended by Moore in Principia Ethica. To this end, formulates and explains a clear statement of the Moorean axiology. Discusses the claim that this axiology is in fact the one Moore intended to defend. Presents two serious objections to this allegedly Moorean theory.