bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functionally active estrogen receptor isoform profiles in the breast tumors of African American women are different from the profiles in breast tumors of Caucasian women
Authors: Poola Indra , Clarke Robert , DeWitty Robert , Leffall LaSelle D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDSeveral cancer surveys have shown that African‐American women (AAW) develop highly aggressive breast tumors and experience about three times higher mortality rates compared with other populations. Generally, breast tumors in AAW are poorly differentiated or undifferentiated and exhibit increased frequency of nuclear atypia, higher mitotic activity, higher S‐phase fraction, and tumor necrosis. The molecular factors responsible for these tumor characteristics are mostly unknown.METHODSTo explore whether the aggressive tumor biology observed in AAW is related to distinct alterations in estrogen receptor (ER) isoforms, the relative expression levels of four functionally active ER isoform mRNAs, ERα wild type, ERβ wild type, ERα exon 3Δ, and ERα exon 5Δ, were measured by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction analysis in 18 immunohistochemically ERα positive tumors and in 6 ERα negative tumors and their matched normal tissues.RESULTSIn the tumors of AAW, the protective ERβ isoform was decreased significantly compared with matched normal tissues (paired t test; n = 24 patients; P = 0.0018). In addition, both the constitutively active ERα exon 5Δ and the dominant negative ERα exon 3Δ mRNA levels were elevated in tumor tissues compared with matched normal tissues (paired t tests; n = 24 patients; P = 0.0002 and P = 0.024, respectively).CONCLUSIONSThe data presented here show for the first time that functionally active ER isoform profiles in the breast tumors of AAW are different from those in Caucasian women. The tumors in AAW are characterized by decreased levels of the protective ERβ isoform and elevated levels of the constitutively active ERα exon 5Δ isoform. Variations in estrogen‐mediated signaling because of the alterations in these two ER isoforms may account in part for differences in tumor biology between AAW and Caucasian women. Cancer 2002;94:615–23. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10274
Quantitation of human papillomavirus 16 E6 and E7 DNA and RNA in residual material from ThinPrep Papanicolaou tests using real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis
Authors: Wang‐Johanning Feng , Lu Danielle W. , Wang Yueying , Johnson Martin R. , Johanning Gary L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe detection of specific human papillomavirus 16 (HPV‐16) E6 and E7 oncogene transcripts may be a sensitive indicator of the direct involvement of viral oncogenes in the development of cervical neoplasia and carcinoma. The goal of this study was to determine the potential clinical uses of real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and reverse transcription‐PCR (RT‐PCR) methods for evaluating HPV‐16 E6 and E7 oncogene expression.METHODSThinPrep cervical samples were tested for expression of oncogenes of HPV‐16 by real‐time PCR or RT‐PCR analysis and were compared with detection of expression by conventional PCR and RT‐PCR analysis. Both sets of results were correlated with the cytologic diagnosis of the cervical samples.RESULTSThe presence of HPV‐16 E6 and E7 DNA and RNA was observed only in HPV‐16 positive cervical carcinoma cell lines but not in HPV‐18 positive or HPV negative cell lines. The percentage positive for HPV‐16 E6 or E7 DNA in a series of ThinPrep cervical cytologic samples (n = 348 samples) was 0% for negative samples (n = 45 samples), 9.7% for atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS; n = 144 samples), 16.9% for low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL; n = 118 samples), and 51.2% for high‐grade intraepithelial lesion (HSIL; n = 41 samples). The copy numbers per nanogram for both DNA and RNA E6 and E7 were increased significantly as severity of the lesions progressed from ASCUS to HSIL, and RNA copy numbers were a more sensitive indicator of HPV‐16 E6 and E7 expression than DNA copy numbers. The increase in copy numbers took place in a stepwise fashion from ASCUS, to LSIL, to HSIL.CONCLUSIONSThe detection of HPV‐16 E6 and E7 expression by real‐time RT‐PCR or PCR analysis in ThinPrep cervical cytologic specimens may serve as a quick, reliable, and sensitive tool to identify a subset of patients who express HPV‐16 oncoproteins. Cancer 2002;94:2199–210. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10439
Pretreatment prognostic factors and treatment results in children with hepatoblastoma
Authors: Fuchs Jörg , Rydzynski Jana , Von Schweinitz Dietrich , Bode Udo , Hecker Hartmut , Weinel Peter , Bürger Dietrich , Harms Dieter , Erttmann Rudolf , Oldhafer Karl , Mildenberger Hermann ,   the Study Committee of the Cooperative Pediatric Liver Tumor Study Hb 94 for the German Society for the Pediatric Oncology and Hematology
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn the past 20 years, a dramatic improvement in the prognosis of patients with hepatoblastoma (HB) has been achieved by combining surgery with chemotherapy in several national and international trials. A worldwide, unsolved problem remains the treatment of patients with advanced or metastatic HB.METHODSThe German Cooperative Pediatric Liver Tumor Study HB 94 was a prospective, multicenter, single‐arm study. The study ran from January 1994 to December 1998. The protocol assessed the efficiency of chemotherapy consisting of cisplatin, ifosfamide, and doxorubicin (CDDP/IFO/DOXO) and/or etoposide and carboplatin (VP16/CARBO). The prognostic significance of the surgical strategy, pretreatment factors, and tumor characteristics for disease free survival (DFS) were analyzed.RESULTSSixty‐nine children with HB were treated in the HB 94 study. The median follow‐up of survivors was 58 months (range, 32–93 months). Fifty‐three of 69 patients (77%) remained alive, and 16 of 69 patients (23%) died. Long‐term DFS was as follows: 26 of 27 patients had Stage I HB, 3 of 3 patients had Stage II HB, 19 of 25 patients had Stage III HB, and 5 of 14 patients had Stage IV. A complete resection of the primary tumor was achieved in 54 of 63 patients (86%). Six children (8%) had no surgical treatment. Twenty‐two tumors were resected primarily, and 41 children underwent surgery after initial chemotherapy. Two children underwent liver transplantation. There was no perioperative death. Forty‐eight children received primary chemotherapy with CDDP/IFO/DOXO. Forty‐one of 48 children achieved partial remission after CDDP/IFO/DOXO. Eighteen children with advanced or recurrent HB underwent VP16/CARBO chemotherapy, with a response achieved by 12 children. The relevant pretreatment prognostic factors were growth pattern of the liver tumor (P = 0.0135), vascular tumor invasion (P = 0.0039), occurrence of distant metastases (P = 0.0001), initial α‐fetoprotein level (P = 0.0034), and surgical radicality (P < 0.0001).CONCLUSIONSThe current results underline the necessity of preoperative chemotherapy in all children with HB. Complete tumor resection is one of the main prognostic factors. Cancer 2002;95:172–82. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10632
An exploration of the pretreatment coping strategies of patients with carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: List Marcy A. , Lee Rutherford Judith , Stracks John , Haraf Daniel , Kies Merrill S. , Vokes Everett E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDPatients with head and neck carcinoma (HNC) often face exhaustive and debilitating treatment as well as physical and functional residual effects, such as disfigurement, compromised speech, dry mouth, and difficulties swallowing. Understanding how patients cope with these challenges is important in comprehensive care of patients with HNC.METHODSSeventy‐nine patients with HNC were assessed for quality of life (QOL) and coping strategy. Measures included the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy‐Head and Neck, the Performance Status Scale for Head and Neck Cancer Patients, and the Ways of Coping‐Cancer Version. Coping strategies were summarized and related to patient demographics and QOL.RESULTSThe results suggested that patients with HNC used a wide range of coping strategies, with social support seeking behaviors representing the greatest proportion of total coping effort (25%). The use of avoidant coping strategies (both cognitive and behavioral escape) was associated with poorer overall QOL.CONCLUSIONSAlthough further examination of these issues in larger groups of patients with HNC is warranted, the current findings suggest the adaptability of this group of patients and the potential benefit of social support‐based assistance or intervention. Cancer 2002;95:98–104. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10653
Two N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors in rat dorsal root ganglia with different subunit composition and localization
Authors: Marvizón Juan Carlos G. , McRoberts James A. , Ennes Helena S. , Song Bingbing , Wang Xueren , Jinton Lisa , Corneliussen Brit , Mayer Emeran A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractN‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors in sensory afferents participate in chronic pain by mediating peripheral and central sensitization. We studied the presence of NMDA receptor subunits in different types of primary afferents. Western blots indicated that rat dorsal root ganglia (DRG) contain NR1, NR2B, NR2C, and NR2D but not NR2A. Real‐time RT‐PCR showed that NR2B and NR2D were expressed at higher levels than NR2A and NR2C in DRG. Immunofluorescence with an antibody that recognized NR1 and another that recognized NR2A and NR2B showed that NR1 and NR2B colocalized in 90% of DRG neurons, including most A‐fibers (identified by the presence of neurofilament 200 kDa). In contrast, an antibody recognizing NR2C and NR2D labeled only neurofilament‐negative DRG profiles. This antibody stained practically all DRG cells that contained calcitonin gene‐related peptide and neurokinins and those that bound isolectin B4. The percentage of cells immunoreactive for NR1, NR2A/NR2B, and NR2C/NR2D were the same in the T9, T12, L4, and L6 DRG. The intracellular distribution of the NR2 subunits was strikingly different: Whereas NR2A/NR2B immunoreactivity was found in the Golgi apparatus and occasionally at the plasma membrane, NR2C/NR2D immunoreactivity was found in the cytoplasm but not in the Golgi. The NR1 subunit was present throughout the cytoplasm and was more intense in the Golgi. These findings indicate that DRG neurons have two different NMDA receptors, one containing the NR1, NR2D, and possibly the NR2C subunits, found only in C‐fibers, and the diheteromer NR1/NR2B, present in the Golgi apparatus of both A‐ and C‐fibers. J. Comp. Neurol. 446:325–341, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Involvement of cyclin‐dependent kinases in axotomy‐induced retinal ganglion cell death
Authors: Lefèvre Karine , Clarke Peter G.H. , Danthe Eve E. , Castagné Vincent 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe have tested the role of cyclin‐dependent kinases (CDKs) in the type 3B death of axotomized retinal ganglion cells, by injecting intraocularly olomoucine, roscovitine, or butyrolactone I. Each of these inhibits CDK1, CDK2, and CDK5; CDK1 and CDK2 are involved in cell proliferation, whereas CDK5 is involved in neuronal differentiation. The inhibitors partially protected ganglion cells against the effects of axotomy. These agents may affect the ganglion cells directly, because CDK1, its regulatory subunit cyclin B1, and CDK5 were identified immunohistochemically in the perikarya of ganglion cells, and this was confirmed for CDK1 and CDK5 in Western blots of the ganglion cell layer. These blots showed an axotomy‐induced phosphorylation of CDK5 occurring remarkably quickly (within 6 hours of axotomy) but little if any change in the phosphorylation state of CDK1. In addition, we studied the expression of proliferation markers, including proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and the synthesis of DNA, by immunohistochemical and autoradiographic methods. Normal or axotomized ganglion cells did not express PCNA and did not synthesize DNA. Although we cannot exclude the possibility that axotomized ganglion cells may leave their quiescent state, our data show that they did not progress beyond the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Finally, in contrast to inhibitors of CDKs, cell cycle blockers with different targets than CDKs did not protect ganglion cells. Globally, our results suggest that axotomy‐induced death of ganglion cells involves the activation of CDK1, CDK2, or CDK5 (most probably CDK5) but not the full cell cycle machinery. J. Comp. Neurol. 447:72–81, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chemical organization of the macaque monkey olfactory bulb: II. Calretinin, calbindin D‐28k, parvalbumin, and neurocalcin immunoreactivity
Authors: Alonso José R. , Briñón Jesús G. , Crespo Carlos , Bravo Ignacio G. , Arévalo Rosario , Aijón José 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe distribution and morphologic features of calcium‐binding protein‐ (calbindin D‐28k, calretinin, neurocalcin, and parvalbumin) immunoreactive elements were studied in the macaque monkey olfactory bulb by using specific antibodies and the avidin‐biotin‐immunoperoxidase method. A characteristic laminar pattern of stained elements was observed for each marker. Scarce superficial short‐axon cells and superficial stellate cells demonstrated calbindin D‐28k immunoreactivity in the outer layers, whereas a moderate number of calbindin D‐28k–immunoreactive granule cells and scarce deep short‐axon cells were observed in the inner layers. Calretinin‐staining demonstrated abundant periglomerular cells and granule cells and a scarce number of other interneuronal populations. Most neurocalcin‐immunopositive elements were external and medial tufted cells and periglomerular cells, although other scarcer interneuronal populations were also immunostained. A few superficial and deep short‐axon cells as well as small interneurons in the external plexiform layer were the only elements immunoreactive to parvalbumin. The distribution of the immunoreactive elements in the olfactory bulb of the macaque monkey showed a high similarity to that reported in the human, whereas it demonstrated a different and simpler pattern to what has been reported in the olfactory bulb of macrosmatic animals. It suggests more homogeneous calcium‐mediated cell responses after stimulation that could be correlated to the lower capability to modulate olfactory signals in microsmatic animals. In addition, these results indicate that experimental models in rodents do not provide an accurate estimation of calcium‐binding protein‐immunoreactive neuronal populations in the primate olfactory system. J. Comp. Neurol. 432:389–407, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identifiable nitrergic neurons in the central nervous system of the nudibranch Melibe leonina localized with NADPH‐diaphorase histochemistry and nitric oxide synthase immunoreactivity
Authors: Newcomb James M. , Watson Winsor H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous intercellular messenger produced by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS). In this study, we used two different techniques—nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate‐diaphorase (NADPH‐d) histochemistry and NOS immunocytochemistry—to demonstrate that NOS is present in a pair of identifiable cells in the central nervous system of the nudibranch Melibe leonina. In the Melibe brain, NADPH‐d histochemistry revealed only a single pair of bilaterally symmetrical cells in the cerebropleural ganglia. NOS activity also was found in the neuropil of the cerebral, pedal, and buccal ganglia; in the tentacles of the oral hood; in the sensory end of the rhinophores; and in the epithelial tissue of the mouth, preputium, and glans penis. Immunocytochemistry using NOS antisera corroborated the results of the NADPH‐d histochemistry by staining the same two cells in the cerebropleural ganglia. Each of these identifiable nitrergic neurons projects into the ipsilateral pedal ganglion. Because the pedal ganglia play a critical role in the control of locomotion, our results provide morphological evidence suggesting that NO may influence swimming or crawling in Melibe leonina. J. Comp. Neurol. 437:70–78, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nimodipine promotes regeneration and functional recovery after intracranial facial nerve crush
Authors: Mattsson Per , Janson Ann Marie , Aldskogius Håkan , Svensson Mikael 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe calcium flow inhibitor, nimodipine, has been shown to promote motor neuron survival in the facial nucleus after intracranial facial nerve transection. However, it has not been known whether the neuroprotective effects primarily involve survival of nerve cell bodies or outgrowth and/or myelination of nerve fibers. Here, we studied the effects of nimodipine in a different injury model in which the facial nerve was unilaterally crushed intracranially. This lesion caused complete anterograde degeneration and partial retrograde degeneration that were studied with a combination of several stereological methods. Nimodipine did not attenuate the modest lesion‐induced neuronal loss (13%) but accelerated the time course of functional recovery and axonal regrowth, inducing increased numbers and sizes of myelinated axons in the facial nerve. It is interesting to note that nimodipine also enlarged the axons and the myelin sheaths in the nonlesioned facial nerve, which points to the possibility of using this substance for new clinical applications to promote axonal growth and remyelination. J. Comp. Neurol. 437:106–117, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of NPY‐induced c‐Fos expression in hypothalamic neurones projecting to the dorsal vagal complex and the lower thoracic spinal cord
Authors: Viñuela Manuel Carrasco , Larsen Philip Just 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNeuropeptide Y exerts profound effects on body weight and glucose homeostasis. We have investigated the effect of centrally administered neuropeptide Y on the activity of descending neurones of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus by combining retrograde tract tracing with c‐Fos immunocytochemistry. Male rats were injected with True Blue into the dorsal vagal complex and with FluoroGold into the intermediolateral column of the lower thoracic spinal cord. One week after the last surgical procedure, animals were injected centrally with an orexigenic dose of neuropeptide Y (5 μg) and sacrificed 60 to 240 minutes following this injection. Temporal analysis of NPY‐induced c‐Fos expression showed a peak at 90 minutes, which was nearly returned to basal levels between 120 and 240 minutes. Expression of c‐Fos was prominent in several of the subnuclei of the paraventricular nucleus and in the adjacent perifornical nucleus. Neurones projecting to the spinal cord were prominent in the dorsal, lateral, and ventral portion of the medial parvicellular subnuclei of the PVN. About 15% of IML projecting neurones of the medial parvicellular subnucleus were Fos‐positive, whereas less than 5% of IML projecting neurones from other subnuclei were Fos‐positive. Hardly any PVN neurones projecting to the dorsal vagal complex were concomitantly Fos‐positive. A considerably larger (>10%) proportion of perifornical neurones projecting to the nucleus of the solitary tract were c‐Fos‐immunopositive. In conclusion, NPY induces c‐Fos in paraventricular neurones projecting to intermediolateral column of the spinal cord and in neurones of the perifornical nucleus projecting to the dorsal vagal complex. J Comp. Neurol. 438:286–299, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Light‐induced c‐Fos expression in suprachiasmatic nuclei neurons targeting the paraventricular nucleus of the hamster hypothalamus: Phase dependence and immunochemical identification
Authors: Munch Inger Christine , Møller Morten , Larsen Philip J. , Vrang Niels 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) contain a master clock driving the majority of circadian rhythms in mammals. It is believed that the SCN confers circadian rhythmicity as well as light responsiveness to pineal melatonin secretion via a direct projection to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). Neurons in the SCN respond to light during subjective night with an expression of the immediate early gene c‐fos. The number and distribution of c‐Fos protein‐containing neurons depend on the zeitgeber time (ZT) at which the light stimulus is presented. To investigate whether this phase‐dependent activity is present in the SCN output neurons targeting the PVN, we combined retrograde cholera toxin subunit B (ChB) tracing from the PVN with c‐Fos immunohistochemistry. Male golden hamsters were injected iontophoretically with ChB into the PVN area and 7 days later given a 1.5‐hr light stimulus at either ZT 14 or ZT 19 followed by vascular fixation. Light stimulation at ZT 19 gave rise to more c‐Fos containing neurons in the SCN than light presented at ZT 14. Double immunostaining for ChB and c‐Fos revealed that light stimulation at ZT 14 induced c‐Fos expression in 26.6% ± 2.8% of the retrogradely filled perikarya, whereas light‐stimulation at ZT 19 increased this fraction to 40.7% ± 1.9%. This demonstrates the presence of a phase‐dependent c‐Fos induction in the suprachiasmatic‐paraventricular projection system. Triple immunohistochemistry showed that light‐activated output neurons contained both gastrin‐releasing peptide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide and to a lesser extent vasopressin. The present findings provide functional evidence of light activation of central pathways involved in the regulation of circadian output rhythms. J. Comp. Neurol. 442:48–62, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A three‐dimensional boundary element/Laplace transform solution of uncoupled transient thermo‐elasticity in non‐homogeneous rock media
Authors: Elzein Abbas 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA boundary element solution of the uncoupled transient thermoelasticity in 3D, non‐homogeneous media is proposed. The method is an extension of an earlier, 2D formulation. An explicit expression of the thermal integral function is derived and an efficient Laplace inversion scheme is implemented. The method is validated and its scope of application is illustrated with an example. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A revision of CIECAM97s for practical applications
Authors: Fairchild Mark D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe CIE 1997 Interim Color Appearance Model (Simple Version), abbreviated CIECAM97s, was proposed by CIE TC1‐34 in 1997 in response to the needs of the imaging industry for a single, practically applicable, color appearance model for device‐independent color imaging applications. CIECAM97s has been successful in focusing a large number of researchers on a single direction to implement, evaluate, and suggest improvements for a single CIE model. However, CIECAM97s has been less successful in achieving the goal of being practically applicable. CIECAM97s remains a complex color appearance model, and this complexity seems to be somewhat of a barrier for its widespread adoption and use. CIE TC8‐01 is currently working toward recommendations for practical application of CIECAM97s. Part of TC8‐01's work is the consideration and evaluation of potential revisions and simplifications of CIECAM97s. This article incorporates several previously proposed enhancements of CIECAM97s and a few new suggestions into a revised model for the consideration of TC8‐01. It is hoped that this revision will aid in focusing ongoing model tests and perhaps be the starting point for a new CIE recommendation, once sufficient testing and perhaps further refinements are completed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, 418–427, 2001