bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phonological sensitivity: A quasi‐parallel progression of word structure units and cognitive operations
Authors: ANTHONY JASON L. , LONIGAN CHRISTOPHER J. , DRISCOLL KIMBERLY , PHILLIPS BETH M. , BURGESS STEPHEN R. 
Published: June 2004

ABSTRACTSThis study investigated the order of acquisition of phonological sensitivity skills among preschool and kindergarten children. Phonological sensitivity was examined in terms of four levels of linguistic complexity (words, syllables, onsets and rimes, phonemes) across four levels of task complexity (blending detection, elision detection, blending, and elision). Participants were 947 two‐ to five‐year‐old children from diverse backgrounds. Hierarchical loglinear analyses evidenced a quasi‐parallel pattern of development that corresponded to a hierarchical model of word structure and a working memory model of task complexity. Findings support a developmental conceptualization of phonological sensitivity. Findings are discussed in relation to their implications for improving assessment, early literacy instruction, and prevention of reading difficulties.
Dialogue online: Prospective teachers' discourse strategies in computer‐mediated discussions
Authors: WADE SUZANNE E. , FAUSKE JANICE R. 
Published: June 2004

ABSTRACTSEarly views considered computer‐mediated discussions (CMDs) to be ideal forums for fostering dialogue because women and other marginalized groups could be equal participants. However, such optimistic views have been tempered by research that found CMD to be dominated by a few individuals, often men, and discourse that is sometimes abusive. The purpose of the present study was to examine the range of discourse strategies and genres of dialogue that male and female prospective teachers used in CMD to align themselves with comembers, to establish their identities as teachers, to socialize other participants into the Discourse of being a teacher, and to exclude members who did not conform to group norms. Unlike many of the studies that examined online discourse in terms of gender, this study found that both men and women used a range and a mix of discourse strategies and genres of dialogue. With a few exceptions, both men and women were inclusive, supportive, personalizing, receptive to others' ideas, and attenuating. They were also willing to be critical and to challenge others' assumptions, images, beliefs, and positions. However, this did not necessarily mean that they changed their views when alternative ideas conflicted with strongly held beliefs. In addition, both men and women were equally likely to mock and exclude those who did not abide by the conventions of the group norms, although such comments were uncommon. Implications for teacher education and future research are discussed.
Modeling the effects of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, amount of reading, and past reading achievement on text comprehension between U.S. and Chinese students
Authors: WANG JUDY HUEI‐YU , GUTHRIE JOHN T. 
Published: June 2004

ABSTRACTSThis study examined the extent that motivational processes facilitate the comprehension of texts and the extent of culture's role in children's motivational processes of text comprehension. Relationships between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, the amount of reading, past reading achievement, and text comprehension were examined by utilizing structural equation modeling. Fourth‐grade students (187 U.S. and 197 Chinese) were administered a reading test and two questionnaires regarding reading motivation and reading amount. A final model fit the data well, showing that intrinsic motivation predicted text comprehension for both student groups after controlling for all other variables. Extrinsic motivation negatively predicted text comprehension except when associated with intrinsic motivation. Reading amount did not predict text comprehension after controlling for motivational variables. The structural relationships were statistically equivalent across the U.S. and Chinese groups. Cultural influences on reading motivation, reading amount, and comprehension were discussed.
Literacy(ies), culture(s), and development(s): The ethnographic challenge
Authors: WAGNER DANIEL A. 
Published: June 2004

Book reviewed in this article:Illegal Alphabets and Adult Biliteracy: Latino Migrants Crossing the Linguistic Border. Tomas Mario Kalmar. 2001.Literacy and Development: Ethnographic Perspectives. Edited by Brian Street. 2001.Local Literacies: Reading and Writing in One Community. David Barton and Mary Hamilton. 1998.The Making of Literate Societies. Edited by David R. Olson and Nancy Torrance. 2001.Multilingual Literacies: Reading and Writing in Different Worlds. Marilyn Martin‐Jones and Kathryn Jones. 2000.
Children report suggested events even when interviewed in a non‐suggestive manner: what are its implications for credibility assessment?
Authors: Erdmann Katja , Volbert Renate , Böhm Claudia 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAn important question in the legal context is how suggested statements about fictitious events develop over a course of various interviews. Sixty‐seven first‐graders were interviewed four times about one real and one fictitious event, applying various suggestive techniques. A fifth, non‐suggestive, interview was conducted by blind experts. Over the course of the interviews there was a considerable increase in assents to the fictitious events. Moreover, few significant differences in criteria‐based content analysis‐criteria were revealed between true and fictitious statements in the fifth interview. Accordingly, experts had difficulties in discriminating between true and suggested accounts. Furthermore, several children were convinced of the truth of their reports, even after having been partially debriefed in a sixth interview. Implications for statement validity assessment are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of image analysis techniques as a tool to detect and quantify morphological changes in anaerobic sludge: I. Application to a granulation process
Authors: Araya‐Kroff P. , Amaral A.L. , Neves L. , Ferreira E.C. , Pons M.‐N. , Mota M. , Alves M.M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractImage analysis techniques were developed and applied to quantify the process of anaerobic granulation in an expanded granular sludge blanket reactor (EGSB) fed with a synthetic substrate based on glucose [60–30% COD (chemical oxygen demand)] and volatile fatty acids (40–70% COD) over 376 days. In a first operation period that lasted 177 days, the aggregation of dispersed sludge was quantitatively monitored through the recognition and quantification of aggregates and filaments. A parameter defined as the ratio between the filaments' length and the aggregates projected area (LfA) has proven to be sensitive to detect changes in the aggregation status of the anaerobic sludge. The aggregation time—defined as the moment when a balance between filaments' length and aggregates' size was established—was recognized through the LfA. The percentage of projected area of aggregates within three size ranges (0.01–0.1 mm, 0.1–1 mm, and >1 mm, equivalent diameter) reflected the granular size spectrum during the aggregation process. When sudden increases on the upflow velocity and on the organic loading rate were applied to the previously formed granules, the developed image analysis techniques revealed to be good indicators of granular sludge stability, since they were sensitive to detected filaments release, fragmentation, and erosion that usually leads to washout. The specific methanogenic activities in the presence of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and H2/CO2 increased along the operation, particularly relevant was the sudden increase in the specific hydrogenophilic activity, immediately after the moment recognized as aggregation time. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The emotional abuse of elite child athletes by their coaches
Authors: Gervis Misia , Dunn Nicola 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis study investigates the prevalence of emotional abuse of elite child athletes by their coaches in the UK. Previous research has focused primarily on the parent–child relationship, with little attention given to date on the sports environment. Participants were 12 former elite child athletes who competed as internationals in their respective age groups. All participants had been identiﬁed as elite athletes between the ages of 8 and 16 years (M = 13.1 yr, SD = 2.4 yr) and had competitive careers of between 6 and 10 years. Participants were from the sports of diving (N = 2), football (N = 3), gymnastics (N = 4), hockey, netball and track and ﬁeld athletics (N = 1 each). The study was a retrospective analysis of their experiences as elite child athletes. (Age at interview: M = 22.9 yr, SD = 0.9 yr. male = 4, female = 8.) Thus, participants were reﬂecting on experiences from about 10 years previously, so their responses represented the residual impact of their experiences that had survived over this period. Data were collected using semi‐structured interviews and response‐coding techniques. Abusive behaviours were categorized under eight headings: belittling, humiliating, shouting, scapegoating, rejecting, isolating, threatening and ignoring. Results showed that all (N = 12) of the participants reported experiencing belittling and shouting by their coach, nine athletes reported frequent threatening behaviour, nine reported frequent humiliation, seven reported scapegoating, six reported rejection or being ignored and four reported being isolated when they were elite child athletes. All participants reported that the behaviour of their coaches changed and became more negative after they were identiﬁed as elite performers. Participants reported feeling stupid, worthless, upset, less conﬁdent, humiliated, depressed, fearful and angry as a result of the behaviour of their coaches. The results provide tentative evidence that the behaviour of some coaches is a threat to the psychological well‐being of elite child athletes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Screening of Non‐Alkaloidal Natural Compounds as Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors
Authors: Brühlmann Corinne , Marston Andrew , Hostettmann Kurt , Carrupt Pierre‐Alain , Testa Bernard 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAcetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors are currently the only approved therapy for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, only a limited number of drugs are commercially available. A library of non‐alkaloidal natural compounds was investigated. To this end, a convenient microtitre plate method for assaying AChE inhibition, which allows a complete kinetic analysis of AChE inhibitors, was developed. Seven active compounds with Ki values in the micromolar range were identified, six of which were xanthones. This is the first report that a promising potential for AChE inhibition exists in such non‐nitrogenous natural compounds. Furthermore, four xanthones among these xanthones had already been described as monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, making then dual AChE/MAO inhibitors of great interest.
Proposal of a New Hydrogen‐Bonding Form to Maintain Curdlan Triple Helix
Authors: Miyoshi Kentaro , Uezu Kazuya , Sakurai Kazuo , Shinkai Seiji 
Published: June 2004

AbstractCurdlan and other β‐1,3‐D‐glucans form right‐handed triple helices, and it has been believed that the intermolecular H‐bond is present at the center of the helix to maintain the structure. In this H‐bond model, three secondary OH groups form an inequilateral hexagonal shape perpendicular to the helix axis. This hexagonal form seems to be characteristic for β‐1,3‐D‐glucans and is widely accepted. We carried out MOPAC and ab initio calculations for the curdlan helix, and we propose a new intermolecular H‐bonding model. In our model, the H‐bonds are formed between the O(2)‐atoms on different x‐y planes along the curdlan helix, hence the H‐bonds are not perpendicular to the helix axis. The new H‐bonds are connected along the helix, traversing three curdlan chains to make a left‐handed helix. Therefore, the H‐bonding array leads to a reverse helix of the main chain. According to our MOPAC calculation, this model is more stable than the previous one. We believe that the continuous H‐bonding array is stabilized by cooperative phenomena in the polymeric system.
Donor–Acceptor Polymers: A Conjugated Oligo(p‐Phenylene Vinylene) Main Chain with Dangling Perylene Bisimides
Authors: Neuteboom Edda E. , van Hal Paul A. , Janssen René A. J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractTwo new donor–acceptor copolymers that consist of an enantiomerically pure oligo(p‐phenylene vinylene) main chain with dangling perylene bisimides have been synthesized by using a Suzuki cross‐coupling polymerization. Absorption and circular dichroism spectroscopy revealed that the transition dipole moments of the donor in the main chain and the dangling acceptor moieties of the copolymers are coupled and in a helical orientation in solution, even at elevated temperatures. A strong fluorescence quenching of both chromophores indicates an efficient photoinduced charge transfer after photoexcitation of either donor or acceptor. The formation and recombination kinetics of the charge‐separated state were investigated in detail with femtosecond and near‐steady‐state photoinduced absorption spectroscopy. The charge‐separated state forms within 1 ps after excitation, and recombination occurs with a time constant of 45–60 ps, both in solution and in the solid state. These optical characteristics indicate a short distance and appreciable interaction between the electron‐rich donor chain and the dangling electron‐poor acceptor chromophores.
Interferon‐α‐2a with or without 13‐cis retinoic acid in patients with progressive, measurable metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Fosså Sophie D. , Mickisch Gerald H. J. , De Mulder Pieter H. M. , Horenblas Simon , van Oosterom Allan T. , van Poppel Hein , Fey Martin , Croles Jelle J. , de Prijck Linda , Van Glabbeke Martine 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (MRCC), interferon‐α (IFN) monotherapy leads to response rates of 5–15%, dependent on the selection of patients. In 1995, preclinical and clinical data indicated an improvement of these results if IFN was combined with 13‐cis retinoic acid (CRA).METHODSIn a randomized Phase II study, patients with measurable MRCC received either subcutaneous IFN (9 MU daily; Arm A) or the same daily subcutaneous dose of IFN plus oral CRA (1 mg/kg; Arm B). A central expert panel reviewed the X‐ray documentation of objective responses.RESULTSIn the 50 eligible patients from Arm A, the objective, expert‐reviewed response rate was 6% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.3–16.6%; 2 complete responses [CRs] and 1 partial response [PR]). A 19% response rate (95% CI, 9.4–32.0%) was stated for 53 eligible patients from Arm B (2 CRs and 8 PRs). Only one of the four CRs claimed by the clinical investigator was confirmed by the central review committee. Conversely, the expert committee deemed that 3 of 12 investigator‐stated PRs were CRs. Constitutional toxicity (flu‐like symptoms) and/or side effects from skin, mucosa, or eyes led to discontinuation of treatment in 22% of nonprogressing patients, more often in Arm B than in Arm A.CONCLUSIONSThe results from this randomized Phase II study support expansion of the trial into a Phase III study to evaluate the effect of IFN‐CRA combination therapy on the survival of patients who undergo nephrectomy prior to IFN‐based immunotherapy. The considerable interobserver variability of response evaluation (individual investigator vs. expert panel) indicates the necessity of a central review of claimed responses in future Phase II studies involving patients with MRCC. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Breast cancer survivorship in a multiethnic sample
Authors: Ashing‐Giwa Kimlin T. , Padilla Geraldine V. , Tejero Judith S. , Kim Jinsook 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe inclusion of ethnic minorities in cancer‐related studies continues to be an important concern for researchers. In this article, the authors present 1) a brief discussion of recruitment and measurement challenges in conducting multiethnic survivorship research, and 2) recruitment outcomes and sample characteristics for a health‐related quality‐of‐life study with a multiethnic sample of breast cancer survivors (BCS).METHODSA case–control, cross‐sectional design with mixed sampling methods was used. The Contextual Model for Recruitment and Enrollment of Diverse Samples was used to guide the protocol. BCS were recruited from the California Cancer Surveillance Program, from hospital registries, and from community agencies. Participation rates, demographic factors, and medical factors were compared. The reliability of standard measures by ethnicity was assessed.RESULTSSeven hundred three women participated, including 135 African‐American women (19%), 206 Asian‐American women (29%), 183 Latina‐American women (26%), and 179 European‐American women (26%). Participation was influenced by ethnicity, age, and site of recruitment. Overall, African Americans were least likely to participate, and European Americans most likely to participate. African Americans and Asian Americans were more likely to refuse, European Americans and Latina Americans were more likely to agree to participate, and European Americans and Asian Americans were most likely to complete the survey after consenting. Measures possessed moderate to excellent reliability (0.64–0.91).CONCLUSIONSDespite important recruitment and measurement challenges, this study obtained acceptable participation rates and good internal consistency of the measures. The results demonstrate the utility of a culturally responsive approach to health disparities research. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Complex of urokinase‐type plasminogen activator with its type 1 inhibitor predicts poor outcome in 576 patients with lymph node–negative breast carcinoma
Authors: Manders Peggy , Tjan‐Heijnen Vivianne C. G. , Span Paul N. , Grebenchtchikov Nicolai , Geurts‐Moespot Anneke , van Tienoven Doorlène T. H. , Beex Louk V. A. M. , Sweep Fred C. G. J. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe ability of a solid tumor to grow and metastasize has a significant dependence on protease systems, such as the plasminogen activation system. The plasminogen activation system includes the urokinase‐type plasminogen activator (uPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI‐1), among other molecules. Both uPA and PAI‐1 are established prognostic factors for patients with breast carcinoma. In the current study, the authors investigated whether the complex of uPA with PAI‐1 is also associated with the natural course of this malignancy.METHODSCytosolic levels of uPA, PAI‐1, and the uPA:PAI‐1 complex were measured in tumor tissue from 576 patients with lymph node–negative invasive breast carcinoma using quantitative enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. Patients did not receive adjuvant systemic therapy, and the median follow‐up duration was 61 months (range, 2–187 months) after primary diagnosis. Correlations with well known clinicopathologic factors were assessed, and univariate and multivariate survival analyses were performed.RESULTSuPA:PAI‐1 complex levels were positively associated with adverse histologic grade and inversely correlated with estrogen and progesterone receptor status. On univariate analysis, increased levels of the uPA:PAI‐1 complex were found to be associated with reduced recurrence‐free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) rates. On multivariate analysis, uPA:PAI‐1 complex levels were found to be an independent predictor of OS (P= 0.039), but not RFS (P= 0.240). When uPA and PAI‐1 levels were not included in the multivariate analysis, uPA:PAI‐1 complex levels became a significant predictor of both RFS and OS (P= 0.029 andP= 0.007, respectively).CONCLUSIONSThe results of the current study demonstrate that uPA:PAI‐1 complex levels have prognostic value on univariate analysis. In addition, increased uPA:PAI‐1 complex levels were significantly associated with poor OS on multivariate analysis. Increased uPA:PAI‐1 complex levels were also significantly associated with reduced RFS rates after the exclusion of uPA and PAI‐1 levels from the multivariate analysis model. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Assessment of humoral immunity to poliomyelitis, tetanus, hepatitis B, measles, rubella, and mumps in children after chemotherapy
Authors: Zignol Matteo , Peracchi Marta , Tridello Gloria , Pillon Marta , Fregonese Federica , D'Elia Ruggiero , Zanesco Luigi , Cesaro Simone 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDTo evaluate the effect of chemotherapy on humoral immunity to vaccine‐preventable disease, the authors investigated the persistence of protective antibody titers in a group of patients who were alive and well after they were treated for pediatric malignancies.METHODSSerum antibody levels were evaluated for polio, tetanus, hepatitis B, rubella, mumps, and measles in 192 children. The terms lack of immunity and loss of immunity, respectively, were used to describe the absence of immunity in patients who were tested only after chemotherapy and in patients who were tested both before and after chemotherapy and determined to have immunity before chemotherapy.RESULTSOverall, the absence of a protective serum antibody titer for hepatitis B, measles, mumps, rubella, tetanus, and polio was detected in 46%, 25%, 26%, 24%, 14%, and 7% of patients, respectively. On univariate analysis, loss of antibodies against rubella, mumps, and tetanus was associated significantly with younger age (P < 0.001, P = 0.02, and P = 0.001, respectively), and loss of antibodies against measles was significantly associated with younger age and female gender (P = 0.0003 and P = 0.008, respectively). The administration of 59 booster vaccinations to 51 patients who had lost ≥ 1 protective antibody titer resulted in an overall response rate of 93%.CONCLUSIONSChemotherapy induced different rates of loss of protective antibody titers depending on the type of vaccination administered. This finding may be responsible for the failure of vaccination programs for patients who have undergone chemotherapy. The administration of a booster dose after the completion of chemotherapy is a simple and cost‐effective way to restore humoral immunity against most vaccine‐preventable diseases. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.