bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spectroscopic properties and laser cooling feasibility with the
X1∏21/2↔X2∏23/2
transition for the PbX (X = F, Cl, Br, and I) molecules
Authors: Luan Jing-Zhen , Yang Chuan-Lu , Li Xiaohu , Liu Wen-Wang , Liu Yu-Liang , Zhao Wen-Kai 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The highly diagonal Frank–Condon factors (FCFs) are necessary for the laser cooling scheme, which means that only the molecules with the appropriate ground and excited electronic states can become candidates. Here, the laser cooling feasibility of the PbX (X = F, Cl, Br, and I) molecules is explored through four-component relativistic calculations. The potential energy curves and transition dipole moments of five Ω states are calculated and used to solve the Schrödinger equation of nuclear motion to obtain the rovibrational energy levels, spectroscopic parameters, the Einstein coefficients, and FCFs. Using the X1
2Π1/2 ↔ X2
2Π3/2 transition with highly diagonal FCFs, we construct optical schemes that can provide 104 ∼ 105 scattering phonons with four pumping lasers for PbX. The Doppler/recoil temperatures of PbX are 419.05 / 57.55, 9.63 / 61.20, 4.95 / 49.98, and 0.71 / 40.17 nK, respectively. Since the 10−4 s of the long spontaneous emission lifetime, the temperatures below microkelvin orders of magnitude can be achieved only if the adequate pre-cooling temperature is satisfied.
The multi-impurity system in CdSe nanoplatelets: electronic structure and thermodynamic properties
Authors: Baghdasaryan D A , Harutynyan V A , Kazaryan E M , Sarkisyan H A 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper theoretically studies the impurity states and the effects of impurity concentration and configuration on the optical, electrical, and statistical properties of CdSe nanoplatelets (NPLs). An image charge-based model of electron-impurity interaction is proposed. The charge-carrier energy spectra and corresponding wave functions depending on the impurity number and configuration are calculated. The electron binding energies are calculated for different NPL thicknesses. It is shown that the image charge-based interaction potential that arises due to the dielectric constants mismatch is much stronger than the interaction potential that does not take such a mismatch into account. Also, it is demonstrated that the binding energies are increasing with the number of impurities. We calculate the canonical partition function using the energy levels of the electron, which in turn is used to obtain the mean energy, heat capacity, and entropy of the non-interacting electron gas. The thermodynamic properties of the non-interacting electron gas that depend on the geometric parameters of the NPL, impurity number, configuration, and temperature are studied.
Revisiting the spin effects induced by thermal vorticity*
Authors: Gao 高 Jian-Hua 建华 , Yang 杨 Shi-Zheng 诗正 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
We revisit the spin effects induced by thermal vorticity by calculating them directly from the spin-dependent distribution functions. For spin-1/2 particles, we provide the polarization up to the first order of thermal vorticity and compare it with the usual results calculated from the spin vector. For spin-1 particles, we show that all the non-diagonal elements vanish and there is no spin alignment up to the first order of thermal vortcity. We present the spin alignment at second-order contribution from thermal vorticity. We also show that the spin effects for both Dirac and vector particles receive an extra contribution when the spin direction is associated with the momentum of the particle.
Gamma/Hadron Separation Method for the HADAR Experiment
Authors: Ren Yang-Zhao , Chen Tian-Lu , Feng You-Liang , Luo-Bu Dan-Zeng , Guo Yi-Qing , Liu Cheng , Gao Qi , Liu Mao-Yuan , Qian Xiang-Li , Wang Ya-Ping , Zhang Zi-Hao , Li Xin-Long , Hou Qing-Yuan , Liu Heng-Jiao , Zhou Qing-Qian , Shu Shan-Jie 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Ground-based arrays of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs) are the most sensitive γ-ray detectors for energies of approximately 100 GeV and above. One such IACT is the High Altitude Detection of Astronomical Radiation (HADAR) experiment, which uses a large aperture refractive water lens system to capture atmospheric Cherenkov photons (i.e., the imaging atmospheric Cherenkov technique). The telescope array has a low threshold energy and large field of view, and can continuously scan the area of the sky being observed, which is conducive to monitoring and promptly responding to transient phenomena. The process of γ-hadron separation is essential in very-high-energy (>30 GeV) γ-ray astronomy and is a key factor for the successful utilization of IACTs. In this study, Monte Carlo simulations were carried out to model the response of cosmic rays within the HADAR detectors. By analyzing the Hillas parameters and the distance between the event core and the telescope, the distinction between air showers initiated by γ-rays and those initiated by cosmic rays was determined. Additionally, a Quality Factor was introduced to assess the telescope’s ability to suppress the background and to provide a more effective characterization of its performance.
The extremality of disordered phases for the mixed spin-(1,1/2) Ising model on a Cayley tree of arbitrary order
Authors: Akin Hasan , Mukhamedov Farrukh 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This paper continues the exploration of translation-invariant splitting Gibbs measures (TISGMs) within the framework of the Ising model with mixed spin-(1,1/2) (abbreviated as (1,1/2)-MSIM) on a Cayley tree of arbitrary order. Building upon our prior work (Akin and Mukhamedov 2022 J. Stat. Mech. 053204), where we extensively elucidated TISGMs and investigated the extremality of disordered phases employing a Markov chain indexed by a tree on a semi-infinite Cayley tree of order two, our current research extends this analysis. In the present study, we begin by constructing TISGMs and tree-indexed Markov chains tailored to the (1,1/2)-MSIM. Notably, we extend our scope to encompass Cayley trees of varying orders, thereby affording a comprehensive examination of the extremality characteristics inherent to disordered phases. Utilizing the Kesten–Stigum condition, we delve into the non-extremality aspects of disordered phases by scrutinizing the eigenvalues of the stochastic matrix associated with the (1,1/2)-MSIM on Cayley trees with order k (

k
⩾
3

). This approach allows for a nuanced exploration of the model’s behavior and stability under different conditions.
Kondo screening cloud scaling: impurity entanglement and magnetization
Authors: Sørensen Erik S 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The screening of an impurity spin in the Kondo model occurs over a characteristic length scale ξ

K
, that defines the size of the Kondo screening cloud or ‘mist’. The presence of such a length scale in experimental and numerical results is rather subtle. A consistent way to show the presence of the screening cloud is to demonstrate scaling in the spatial correlations in terms of the single variable,

r

/

ξ
K

instead of the correlations depending on r and ξ

K
separately. Here we study the paradigmatic one channel Kondo model using a spin chain representation, with an impurity spin at one end of the chain coupled with a strength

J
K

′

. Using Fermi liquid theory combined with numerical results, we obtain new high precision estimates of the non-universal terms in the entanglement entropy which leads to a verification of the expected non-integer ground-state degeneracy, g. This then allows us to study the impurity contribution to the entanglement in detail. If the impurity coupling

J
K

′

is varied, a precise determination of ξ

K
can then be obtained. The length scale, ξ

K
, is then shown to characterize the scaling of both the uniform and alternating part of a measure of the magnetization of part of an odd length chain.
Pilot study on the application of collaborative online tools and technologies in physics instruction
Authors: Babayeva M , Widenhorn R 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Current work is about technology-based curricula part assessment in the form of a pilot study. The developed activity was implemented in a high school in the USA. About 50 students participated in the pilot. The research team received 5 written surveys from the students who completed the whole activity part and a written teacher’s survey; conducted an in-person interview with the teacher and classroom observation. Based on the feedback the activity was revised, new hardware and software tools were implemented, and the updated activity was presented during two conference workshops for physics teachers and educational researchers. The paper discusses the conditions of implementation of technology in the classroom, presents background information on the pilot and workshops, implemented changes, and overall outcomes. The results show general interest and prospects for implementation of the technologies used with several conditions.
Comparing Simulations to Improve Physics Students’ Education
Authors: Bologna V , Koenig P , Longo F 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Deepening the authentic inquiry process framework, we analysed and compared some simulations used in physics teaching/learning activities and covering different topics in secondary schools’ curricula. The analysis focused on cognitive processes activated by exploring the simulation and using the proposed material for teachers/learners. While evaluating the inquiry tasks in the simulations analysed, we recognised some features that could become a starting point for identifying simulation patterns targeting learning outcomes and scientific abilities. But more interestingly, we tried to focus on which could improve physics students’ education in an epistemologically authentic inquiry process. With the performed analysis and the collected data, we chose some simulations that better fulfilled the inquiry goal. Then, we tried to develop teaching/learning materials based on the ISLE (Investigative Science Learning Environment) approach. We adopted this framework because it is an example of epistemologically authentic inquiry. Lastly, we shared the results of our analysis and the developed materials with a community of in-service physics teachers to collect their feedback and reflections on this use of simulations.
Study of damped oscillations using Phyphox and Arduino controlled Hall-sensor
Authors: Csernovszky Z , Hömöstrei M , Kurucz K 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The paper presents physics education activities organized around the topic of damped oscillations. We used the Phyphox smartphone application for secondary school physics classes. These activities served as a basis for a physics education workshop, where an Arduino-controlled Hall-sensor and the Phyphox Magnetometer were presented. The problem of a damped pendulum, a vertical oscillation in water, and an LCr oscillating circuit was examined as part of a Phyphox project. Mechanical and electromagnetic damped oscillations can be demonstrated with our devices. Using our data, we could compare Hall-sensors of different devices, estimate some characteristics of the waves and help plan an LCr oscillating circuit. Activities for secondary school physics classes are suggested, based on the pedagogical goals.
Teaching colour addition with a STEM educational resource based on Arduino and Processing Development Environment
Authors: Hahn Marcelo , Carvalho Paulo Simeão , Cruz Frederico , Rodrigues Marcelo 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
STEM Education is an important topic in today’s educational paradigm. The knowledge in the STEM area will be important to everyone because to solve real-world problems it is necessary to have information from different areas of knowledge. In this perspective we present an educational resource that combines the contents of physics (colour addition with LEDs), engineering (circuit assembly), technology (Arduino platform and Processing, an open-source programming language and integrated development environment), and mathematics (number handling and unit conversion). Although there are many examples in the literature regarding the study of colour addition, the educational resource here presented brings a novelty for the students. With a very intuitive setup and a simulation, students are able to understand colour addition perceived by the human eyes from two different mechanisms simultaneously: the colour seen on a computer screen and the colour produced by an RGB LED. This STEM activity uses a very simple and affordable experimental setup (less than 30 dollars, excluding the computer) and it is a clear example of how technology enhanced learning in science can be incorporated in the classroom for teaching physics in a very engaging context.
Smartphone-based undergraduate research projects in an introductory mechanics course
Authors: Lahme Simon Z. , Klein Pascal , Müller Andreas 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
At the University of Göttingen, we implemented undergraduate research projects into a first-year mechanics course for physics majors and teacher-training students. Our primary goal was to foster students’ affective factors and higher-order thinking skills in a self-directed, crosslinking, inquiry-based learning setting. A total of 160 students were organized into 40 small groups which worked on one of six open-ended experimental tasks, utilizing smartphone sensors for flexible first-hand data collection outside laboratories. The tasks originate from the Erasmus+ project DigiPhysLab and were significantly modified and opened to be used for undergraduate research projects. In this manuscript, we present the underlying rationales behind this program, outline the core concepts behind the developed experimental tasks, and explain the actual implementation. Additionally, we offer insights into the assessment process for the project work, including the evaluation of scientific posters and responses to eight reflection questions. To facilitate this, we have employed two rubrics to ensure a comprehensive evaluation process.
Interactive visualisation for teaching a quantum double slit experiment
Authors: Legerská Jana 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In teaching quantum physics, visualisation is a useful tool to improve students’ understanding of phenomena from the quantum realm. The double slit experiment has shown itself to be a good simple enough example where all important quantum concepts such as wave-particle duality, superposition, or measurement meet in a nice way. Compiling advantages of existing visualizations, we present a new simple web-based interactive interface visualising the double slit experiment with electrons suitable for high school level. Guidelines for using the visualization in classroom are also provided. Teachers and students would be able to conduct this experiment by themselves and explore behaviour of quantum objects step-by-step, following a path outlined by Richard Feynman in his famous lectures.
Training teachers on new topics and new tools in Physics education
Authors: Piccione A , Massa A A , Ruggiero M L , Serio M , Rinaudo M , Marocchi D , Marino T 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
We report the result of a collaboration among Universities, Schools, and Institutions to increase interest in new tools and learning environments. To address this issue, we provide scientific and didactic support to teachers through different kinds of training sessions to introduce innovative didactic methodologies for teaching and learning. The project involved a training course both in streaming and carried-out sessions with university staff as well as secondary school teachers. We selected current research such as climate change, space missions, and Einstein’s relativity since they are not commonly included in the Italian physics curriculum; we suggested an approach based on some new methodologies and technologies to introduce these topics. We used microcontroller development boards for measuring environmental parameters, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and data processing applied to Open Data from space missions or weather archives. We also suggested a new approach to teaching modern physics. For this purpose, we used a web-based platform to explore the basic concepts of relativistic physics by emphasizing its impact on Global Positioning Systems, which is of utmost importance in everyday life.
What are the perceptions of physics teachers in Brazil about ChatGPT in school activities?
Authors: Rezende Junior M F , López-Simó V 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
In this work, we propose to discuss the perceptions of physics teachers in Brazil about AI generative like ChatGPT. Data were collected by an online Focus Group (FG) held during three meetings of one and a half hours each, with six Brazilian physics teachers with varied experience and backgrounds. Participants’ discourse was analysed according to three different questions: (a) the players involved in using ChatGPT in physics classes, (b) the attitudes towards the introduction of ChatGPT in physics classes, and (c) the main functionalities of ChatGPT in physics classes. Our results indicate that physics teachers’ perceptions of GPT, in general, involves more the role of students than the role of the teacher, correspond to more positive than negative perception, and allows identifying four main functionalities defined as a co-pilot of lessons, as an educational bureaucracy manager, as a simple problem-solving tool, and as a literal information providing tool.
Visualizing the Movement of the Celtic Stone as High School Students Activity
Authors: Zawadzki P , Greczylo T 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The Celtic Stone (also known as a rattleback) is a semi-ellipsoidal shaped solid object which when spun rotates on its axis in a preferred direction. If spun in the opposite direction, it goes to the stop and reverses its spin to the preferred direction. As the movement of the stone is multidirectional it is a challenge to perform quantitative measurements of its motion characteristics. The work presents the experimental set-up and the procedure for collecting date of a rattleback motion as the high school students activity. Proposals for specific student actions and their benefits for learning were described in connection with the results obtained. Some preliminary results of video measurements performed with a specific metal rattleback and meant to visualize its motion are reported. Attempts to compare the results with predictions based on the numerical model of the situation are undertaken. The advantages and disadvantages of the measurement system are presented and discussed.
Comparing AI and student responses on variations of questions through the lens of sensemaking and mechanistic reasoning
Authors: Zollman D , Sirnoorkar A , Laverty J 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Physics education research (PER) shares a rich tradition of designing learning environments that promote valued epistemic practices such as sensemaking and mechanistic reasoning. Recent technological advancements, particularly artificial intelligence has caught significant traction in the PER community due to its human-like, sophisticated responses to physics tasks. In this study, we contribute to the ongoing efforts by comparing AI (ChatGPT) and student responses to a physics task through the cognitive frameworks of sensemaking and mechanistic reasoning. Findings highlight that by virtue of its training data set, ChatGPT’s response provide evidence of mechanistic reasoning and mimics the vocabulary of experts in its responses. On the other hand, half of students’ responses evidenced sensemaking and reflected an effective amalgamation of diagram-based and mathematical reasoning, showcasing a comprehensive problem-solving approach. Thus, while AI responses elegantly reflected how physics is talked about, a part of students’ responses reflected how physics is practiced. In a second part of the study, we presented ChatGPT with variations of the task, including an open-ended version and one with significant scaffolding. We observed significant differences in conclusions and use of representations in solving the problems across both student groups and the task formats.
Safe by process design (SbPD) strategies based on proper measures to mitigate nanoparticle exposure in industrial settings
Authors: Fito-López Carlos , Salvador Hermosilla Jorge , Vela Vela Veronica , Barbero Colmenar Elena , Andreu Sánchez Oscar 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Due to its potential to develop new added value products, a staggering number of nanoparticles (NPs) is already available on the market. Moreover, this increase is expected to continue in the future. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the level of exposure to nanoparticles, and the information related to possible adverse health effects is scarce. Furthermore, there is very little studies concerning the effect of risk management measures (RMMs) on the levels of exposure to nanoparticles at workplaces, compared to the number of exposure situations that can be distinguished.
This study focuses on 5 case studies covering different types of materials, assessing the effectiveness of targeted mitigation strategies applied during the production process. Customized mitigation measures were applied in each industrial scenario to minimize exposure levels. The effects on the particle concentration levels using source enclosure, partial or full, combined with local exhaust ventilation systems (LEVs), was evaluated to generate new knowledge to support the definition of informed safe by process design approaches when dealing with NPs. This study demonstrates that technological advancements can significantly reduce work-related exposures. The findings underscore the importance of tailored mitigation measures due to the diverse range of potential sources and activities in industrial scenarios.
The role of decellularized cell derived extracellular matrix in the establishment and culture of in vitro breast cancer tumor model
Authors: Tevlek Atakan 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Decades of research have shown that two-dimensional cell culture studies are insufficient for preclinical cancer diagnosis and treatment, and that cancer cells in three-dimensional (3D) culture systems have better cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions, gene expression, heterogeneity, and structural complexity that more closely resemble in vivo tumors. Researchers are still optimizing 3D culturing settings for different cancers. Despite promising tumor spheroid research, tumor cell-only aggregates lack the tumor microenvironment and cannot model tumors. Here, MCF-7 breast cancer cell derived decellularized extracellular matrix (CD-dECMs) were obtained and converted into autologous, biologically active, biocompatible, and non-immunogenic hydrogels to be used as micro-environment in both organoid formation and culture. For the production of organoids, CD-dECM doping concentrations ranging from 0.1 mg ml−1 to 1.5 mg ml−1 were evaluated, and the lowest concentration was found to be the most effective. For organoid culture, 8 mg ml−1 CD-dECM, 4 mg ml−1 rat tendon collagen type I (Col I) (4 mg ml−1) and a 1:1 (v/v) mixture of these two were used and the most viable and the biggest organoids were discovered in CD-dECM/Col I (1:1) group. The results show that autologous CD-dECM can replace hydrogels in tumor organoid generation and culture at low and high concentrations, respectively.