bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Christianity saved? Comments on Swinburne's apologetic strategies in the tetralogy
Authors: SCHELLENBERG J. L. 
Published: September 2002

This paper begins by surveying some of the problems facing Swinburne's general approach, finding unfortunate the absence from his tetralogy of a strategy (suggested at the end of the previous trilogy) that might have helped to alleviate them, namely an attempt to show that a traditional Christian creed is more probable than the creed of any other religion. It then discusses certain particular arguments of the tetralogy – arguments offered in defence of the traditional Christian doctrine of the Atonement – which are central to the detailed working out of the approach, concluding that they are unacceptable.
Advanced gain scheduledH∞controller for robotic manipulators
Authors: Yu Zhongwei , Chen Huitang , Woo Peng-Yung 
Published: September 2002

SummaryA conservatism-reduced design of a gain scheduled output feedbackH∞controller for ann-joint rigid robotic manipulator, which integrates the varying-parameter rate without their feedback, is proposed. The robotic system is reduced to a 1inear parameter varying (LPV) form, which depends on the varying-parameter. By using a parameter-dependent Lyapunov function, the design of a controller, which satisfies the closed-loopH∞performance, is reduced to a solution of the parameterized linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) of parameter matrices. With a use of the concept of “multi-convexity”, the solution of the infinite LMIs in the varying-parameter and its rate space is reduced to a solution of the finite LMIs for the vertex set. The proposed controller eliminates the feedback of the varying-parameter rate and fixes its upper boundary so that the conservatism of the controller design is reduced. Experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed design.
A mathematical model for a pneumatically actuated robotic fibre placement system
Authors: Alici Gürsel , Shirinzadeh Bijan , McConville Andrew , Foong Chee W. , Ang Marcelo 
Published: September 2002

SummaryIn this paper, a lumped parameter model of a robotic fibre placement system consisting of a Motoman SK-120 robot, a force/torque sensor, a pneumatic actuator and a stiff workpiece holder is developed and experimentally verified for the purpose of predicting and characterising the dynamic behaviour of the fibre placement system. Special attention has been given to the dynamics of the actuator which is represented as a mass confined to move between two non-linear springs and dampers. The overall model containing manipulator, force sensor, pneumatic actuator and the workpiece holder dynamics is of the tenth order. Step response experiments were conducted to verify the model and to determine the approximate values of the parameters in the mathematical model. The results prove that the established model is accurate enough to explain the dynamic behaviour of the fibre placement system and it can be employed to quantify the influence of the dynamics of the pneumatic actuator on the constant force-based fibre placement. The well-known fact that the dynamics of the pneumatic actuator varies with the piston position has also been experimentally demonstrated.
The identification of joint parameters for modular robots using fuzzy theory and a genetic algorithm
Authors: Li Yangmin , Liu Xiaoping , Peng Zhaoyang , Liu Yugang 
Published: September 2002

SummaryThis paper discusses a technique for identifying the joint parameters of a modular robot in order to study the dynamic characteristics of the whole structure and to realise dynamic control. A method for identifying the joint parameters of the structure applying fuzzy logic combined with a genetic algorithm has been studied using a 9-DOF modular redundant robot. A Genetic Algorithm was used in the fuzzy optimisation, which helped to avoid converging to locally optimal solutions and made the results identified much more reasonable. The joint parameters of a 9-DOF modular redundant robot have been identified.
Orientation capability representation and application to manipulator analysis and synthesis
Authors: Shah Paresh , Dai Jian S. 
Published: September 2002

SummaryThis paper proposes a new orientation representation of planar manipulators by resorting to polar coordinates. Connecting the end-effector point to the first joint of a manipulator with a virtual adjustable link, the length of the adjustable link corresponds to a workspace point and is related to the orientation of the end effector link by a virtual angle in the form of a transcendental equation. Plotting this link length against the virtual angle in polar coordinates, the orientation of a manipulator can be represented in a compact form, and the range of partial dexterity can be identified. The characteristics of the new representation is hence revealed and related to the assessment of an orientation capability of a manipulator. Based on this representation, a desirable task can be presented and a manipulator can be synthesised with the required orientation.
Dynamic bipedal walking assisted by learning
Authors: Chew Chee-Meng , Pratt Gill A. 
Published: September 2002

SummaryThis paper presents a general control architecture for bipedal walking which is based on a divide-and-conquer approach. Based on the architecture, the sagittal-plane motion-control algorithm is formulated using a control approach known as Virtual Model Control. A reinforcment learning algorithm is used to learn the key parameter of the swing leg control task so that speed control can be achieved. The control algorithm is applied to two simulated bipedal robots. The simulation analyses demonstrate that the local speed control mechanism based on the stance ankle is effective in reducing the learning time. The algorithm is also demonstrated to be general in that it is applicable across bipedal robots that have different length and mass parameters.
DMiner-I: A software tool of data mining and its applications
Authors: Yang Jie , Ye Chenzhou , Chen Nianyi 
Published: September 2002

SummaryA software tool for data mining (DMiner-I) is introduced, which integrates pattern recognition (PCA, Fisher, clustering, HyperEnvelop, regression), artificial intelligence (knowledge representation, decision trees), statistical learning (rough set, support vector machine), and computational intelligence (neural network, genetic algorithm, fuzzy systems). It consists of nine function models: pattern recognition, decision trees, association rule, fuzzy rule, neural network, genetic algorithm, HyperEnvelop, support vector machine and visualization. The principle, algorithms and knowledge representation of some function models of data mining are described. Nonmonotony in data mining is dealt with by concept hierarchy and layered mining. The software tool of data mining is realized byVisual C++under Windows 2000. The software tool of data mining has been satisfactorily applied in the prediction of regularities of the formation of ternary intermetallic compounds in alloy systems, and diagnosis of brain glioma.
Residual vibration reduction for a flexible structure using a modified input shaping technique
Authors: Lee Ki-Seong , Park Youn-sik 
Published: September 2002

SummaryThis paper presents a modified input shaping method to reduce the motion-induced vibration of a linear time-varying system after a rest-to-rest motion. Shaping parameters were obtained using the concept of modal-filtered impulse response. The conventional shaping method can be said just a special case of the proposed shaping method. The effectiveness of this proposing method was checked using some examples of both moderate and considerably fast time-varying systems. With a rest-to-rest motion control of a two-link flexible manipulator, this study also demonstrates that this method can be expanded to nonlinear cases.
The English of shop signs in Europe
Authors: Schlick Maria 
Published: September 2002

A case study of foreign and especially English influence on the language of shop signs and shop windows in three European cities.PEOPLE have always worried about language purity: ‘No greater harm can be done to a
nation than taking away its national character and the idiosyncrasies of its language’
(Immanuel Kant, over 200 years ago). ‘Kein Denglisch in deutschen Wörterbüchern’
is a citation of the German Verein zur Wahrung der deutschen Sprache e.V. (‘Association for
the Protection of the German Language’)1, founded in 1997. Theirs is a struggle to keep German
free of too much foreign-language influence: most notably English.
People's English, codification, function, and logic
Authors: Titlestad Peter 
Published: September 2002

A response to Pearl Ntlhakana, ‘People's English’, on the language situation in South Africa, in ET62 (16:2), Apr 2000.If you have a non-standard local form of English, what do you do with it?Pearl Ntlhakana gives a bold answer, supporting her arguments by reference to an article by Chick and Wade (1997), also on the South African situation. By “People's English”, Ntlhakana means what is usually referred to as Black South African English (BSAE), the English that is said to be characteristic of the indigenous African population of South Africa. What she suggests is that “a restandardised variety would actually replace the current standard (White South African English with Southern British English as its model), performing the whole range of formal functions”.
Singaporeans' reactions to Estuary English
Authors: Boh Peng Chia , Brown Adam 
Published: September 2002

A consideration of whether EE could conceivably be an alternative to RP as a teaching model.Since David Rosewarne first coined the term in
1984, much has been written about Estuary
English (EE). The definition usually given of
Estuary English is that if we can imagine a continuum
with Received Pronunciation (RP) at
one end and Cockney (an urban accent of London)
at the other, then Estuary English is in the
middle. This definition is restated by Wells
(1998-9) as ‘Standard English spoken with the
accent of the southeast of England. This highlights
two chief points: that it is standard
(unlike Cockney) and that it is localized in the
southeast (unlike RP)’. The book English Language
for Beginners (Lowe & Graham 1998)
contains on p. 156 a diagram giving the actress
Joanna Lumley as an example of RP, the boxer
Frank Bruno for Cockney, and the comedian
and writer Ben Elton for EE. This is ironic, in
that Ben Elton himself denies that he is a
speaker of EE (John Wells, personal communication).
In search of a home: identities in transition in post-colonial Hong Kong
Authors: Jackson Jane 
Published: September 2002

Excerpts from the cultural identity narratives and follow-up interviews of a group of ethnic Chinese majors in English at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, identifying recurrent issues and metaphors.IN HONG KONG, how have recent political
events such as the Handover (change of sovereignty
from Britain to China) in 1997 impacted
on young people's sense of self? What cultural
groups do they now identify with and why? What
self-labels do they prefer? This article reports on
a qualitative, sociocultural investigation that
took place at the Chinese University of Hong
Kong, a bilingual English/Chinese institution.
Hong Kong have had a significant impact on
shaping and sometimes changing students' cultural
identities. The Handover, in particular,
caused them to reflect on and even question
their place in the world. Just before the change
of sovereignty, many applied for passports
whose nature sometimes brought them into
conflict with their parents and grandparents.
Cultural images and different varieties of English in French television commercials
Authors: Martin Elizabeth 
Published: September 2002

A report on the impact of English on media advertising in France.English (in all of its creative manifestations) and images associated with English are
extremely popular advertising strategies in France. In order to explore the stereotypical
images that French consumers commonly associate with different varieties of English and
the reasons for such perceptions, this study compares television data collected in France
during the summer of 2000 with data featured in an earlier study (Martin 1998).
‘New English’ words in international English dictionaries
Authors: Hung Tony T. N. 
Published: September 2002

How such words are–and might be–handledThe author argues that, with the development of English as a world language and the burgeoning of new varieties of English (‘New Englishes’, or NE's), and with the inclusion of more and more NE words in international English dictionaries, there is a need for systematic and principled solutions to the proper phonetic representation of these words, instead of arbitrarily imposing the same transcription conventions on them as for ‘Old’ varieties of English (‘Old Englishes’, or OE's).
On English, its simplicity and great usefulness
Authors: Hook Donald D. 
Published: September 2002

A dissertation on the essentially easy nature of the English language and in praise of learning tougher tongues.THROUGHOUT my now rather long life I have
frequently heard said, seen written, and even
myself somewhat seriously contended, that
English is the world's most difficult language.
Let me now go on record as saying quite the
opposite: English is the world's easiest known
[major] language.
English in private letters in India
Authors: Mehrotra Raja Ram 
Published: September 2002

Some aspects of a corpus of personal correspondence.English as used in business letters, job applications and different types of bureaucratic communication in India has become more or less standardized and is not much different from the language of similar letters written elsewhere in the English-speaking world. But this is not the case with private letters, which are intimate, informal and often lax. Since a personal letter is written to a friend, spouse or relative, the writer comes out with his/her ‘real self’ in the use of language. It may therefore be taken as an authentic indication of the extent to which one is proficient in English and also the extent to which nativised features of English in this specific genre are attributable to native socio-cultural factors.
The world's lingua franca of science
Authors: Sano Hikomaro 
Published: September 2002

A survey of English as the universalizing language of chemistry.In recent decades the use of English has extended greatly in various fields, including both science and engineering, where it is now more widely used than in any other scientific fields. However, only a few papers have been published (cf. Sano, 1986) to demonstrate the trend in a quantitative manner. In order to discuss this trend here, a bibliometric approach has been adopted in order to retrieve the relevant information from a large scientific database.
L'exemplarité de ‘par exemple’. Un cas de pragmaticalisation en français québécois
Authors: Dostie Gaétane 
Published: September 2002

Le marqueur par exemple présente en français québécois des usages qui le distinguent de ceux qu'il possède actuellement en français de référence. L'article a deux objectifs.1) Il vise d'abord à faire ressortir un certain nombre de caractéristiques sémantiques propres aux différentes acceptions de par exemple et à dégager les liens qui les unissent.2) Il vise ensuite à mettre en relief quelques aspects relatifs à l'organisation sémantique de marqueurs à valeur pragmatique issus d'un processus de pragmaticalisation. Ainsi, les différents sens de par exemple présentent une organisation sémantique graduelle. De manière générale, ce type d'organisation s'expliquerait par la présence dans les sens lexicaux / grammaticaux de composantes qui généreraient des sens pragmatiques. Ceux-ci généreraient d'autres sens pragmatiques, de sorte qu'il en résulterait souvent une chaîne (sur cette notion, v. Heine, 1992) où un sens pragmatique initial serait lié à un sens lexical/ grammatical, mais où le sens pragmatique final n'aurait pas nécessairement de lien direct avec un sens lexical / grammatical.L'étude fait suite à une série de travaux sur les marqueurs discursifs (sur tiens, v. Dostie et Léard, 1997; sur écoute/ regarde, v. Dostie, 1998; sur t'sais, v. Dostie et de Sève, 1999; sur dis donc et dis-moi pas, v. Dostie, 2001)
Contexte et acquisition du langage: un cas de narration
Authors: Kern Sophie 
Published: September 2002

Le but principal de cette contribution est de revisiter la notion de contexte à la lumière de travaux portant sur la mise en place de la référence personnelle chez des enfants francophones monolingues d'âge préscolaire et scolaire au cours d'une production narrative.Les résultats montrent que les enfants apprennent progressivement à gérer 3 types de contraintes de manière simultanée: les contraintes communicatives afin de réaliser une interaction dans des conditions optimales, les contraintes textuelles dans le but de construire un texte multipropositionnel d'un genre particulier, et enfin, les contraintes linguistiques, à savoir respecter les caractéristiques structurelles et fonctionnelles de la langue utilisée.
The logic of linear functors
Authors: BLUTE R. , COCKETT J. R. B. , SEELY R. A. G. 
Published: September 2002

This paper describes a family of logics whose categorical semantics is based on functors
with structure rather than on categories with structure. This allows the consideration of
logics that contain possibly distinct logical subsystems whose interactions are mediated by
functorial mappings. For example, within one unified framework, we shall be able to handle
logics as diverse as modal logic, ordinary linear logic, and the ‘noncommutative logic’ of
Abrusci and Ruet, a variant of linear logic that has both commutative and noncommutative
connectives.Although this paper will not consider in depth the categorical basis of this approach to
logic, preferring instead to emphasise the syntactic novelties that it generates in the logic, we
shall focus on the particular case when the logics are based on a linear functor, in order to
give a definite presentation of these ideas. However, it will be clear that this approach to
logic has considerable generality.
Occupancy frequency distributions: patterns, artefacts and mechanisms
Authors: McGEOCH MELODIE A. , GASTON KEVIN J. 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACTNumerous hypotheses have been proposed to explain the shape of occupancy frequency distributions (distributions of the numbers of species occupying different numbers of areas). Artefactual effects include sampling characteristics, whereas biological mechanisms include organismal, niche‐based and metapopulation models. To date, there has been little testing of these models. In addition, although empirically derived occupancy distributions encompass an array of taxa and spatial scales, comparisons between them are often not possible because of differences in sampling protocol and method of construction. In this paper, the effects of sampling protocol (grain, sample number, extent, sampling coverage and intensity) on the shape of occupancy distributions are examined, and approaches for minimising artefactual effects recommended. Evidence for proposed biological determinants of the shape of occupancy distributions is then examined. Good support exists for some mechanisms (habitat and environmental heterogeneity), little for others (dispersal ability), while some hypotheses remain untested (landscape productivity, position in geographic range, range size frequency distributions), or are unlikely to be useful explanations for the shape of occupancy distributions (species specificity and adaptation to habitat, extinction–colonization dynamics). The presence of a core (class containing species with the highest occupancy) mode in occupancy distributions is most likely to be associated with larger sample units, and small homogenous sampling areas positioned well within and towards the range centers of a sufficient proportion of the species in the assemblage. Satellite (class with species with the lowest occupancy) modes are associated with sampling large, heterogeneous areas that incorporate a large proportion of the assemblage range. However, satellite modes commonly also occur in the presence of a core mode, and rare species effects are likely to contribute to the presence of a satellite mode at most sampling scales. In most proposed hypotheses, spatial scale is an important determinant of the shape of the observed occupancy distribution. Because the attributes of the mechanisms associated with these hypotheses change with spatial scale, their predictions for the shape of occupancy distributions also change. To understand occupancy distributions and the mechanisms underlying them, a synthesis of pattern documentation and model testing across scales is thus needed. The development of null models, comparisons of occupancy distributions across spatial scales and taxa, documentation of the movement of individual species between occupancy classes with changes in spatial scale, as well as further testing of biological mechanisms are all necessary for an improved understanding of the distribution of species and assemblages within their geographic ranges.
Snake phylogeny based on osteology, soft anatomy and ecology
Authors: LEE MICHAEL S. Y. , SCANLON JOHN D. 
Published: September 2002

ABSTRACTRelationships between the major lineages of snakes are assessed based on a phylogenetic analysis of the most extensive phenotypic data set to date (212 osteological, 48 soft anatomical, and three ecological characters). The marine, limbed Cretaceous snakesPachyrhachis and Haasiophisemerge as the most primitive snakes: characters proposed to unite them with advanced snakes (macrostomatans) are based on unlikely interpretations of contentious elements or are highly variable within snakes. Other basal snakes include madtsoiids andDinilysia– both large, presumably non‐burrowing forms. The inferred relationships within extant snakes are broadly similar to currently accepted views, with scolecophidians (blindsnakes) being the most basal living forms, followed by anilioids (pipesnakes), booids and booid‐like groups, acrochordids (filesnakes), and finally colubroids. Important new conclusions include strong support for the monophyly of large constricting snakes (erycines, boines, pythonines), and moderate support for the non‐monophyly of the ‘trophidophiids’ (dwarf boas). These phylogenetic results are obtained whether varanoid lizards, or amphisbaenians and dibamids, are assumed to be the nearest relatives (outgroups) of snakes, and whether multistate characters are treated as ordered or unordered. Identification of large marine forms, and large surface‐active terrestrial forms, as the most primitive snakes contradicts with the widespread view that snakes arose via minute, burrowing ancestors. Furthermore, these basal fossil snakes all have long flexible jaw elements adapted for ingesting large prey (‘macrostomy’), suggesting that large gape was primitive for snakes and secondarily reduced in the most basal living foms (scolecophidians and anilioids) in connection with burrowing. This challenges the widespread view that snake evolution has involved progressive, directional elaboration of the jaw apparatus to feed on larger prey.