bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An industry’s international connectedness and knowledge-sourcing behavior: a study of the Korean case
Authors: Cho Se Ho , Cantwell John 
Published: January 2024

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of an industry’s connectedness to foreign countries on knowledge sourcing.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors examine the research model through probit regression techniques to the 472,303-patent data across 16 industries derived from the United States Patent and Trademark Office.

Findings
The results suggest that international connectedness increases the accessibility of foreign knowledge and helps the accumulation of technological capability. Thus, this paper provides a better understanding that international connectedness can be critical for exploiting knowledge dispersed worldwide and influencing intra- and interindustry knowledge-sourcing behavior in the home country.

Originality/value
While prior studies have mainly paid attention to the relationship between parents and subsidiaries in foreign countries for international knowledge sourcing, the authors attempt to analyze international and local knowledge sourcing with a broader set of knowledge sourcing channels at an aggregate level. By considering an industry’s export intensity and inward foreign direct investment, this study reveals specifically how the extent of an industry’s international connectedness influences knowledge sourcing from both abroad and locally.
Unconventional entrepreneurs: the non-economic motives of souvenir sellers
Authors: Light Duncan , Lupu Cristina , Creţan Remus , Chapman Anya 
Published: January 2024

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine souvenir sellers as unconventional micro-entrepreneurs, focusing on non-economic motives for selling.

Design/methodology/approach
A qualitative methodology was used. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with 20 souvenir sellers in the Romanian city of Timişoara. These were analysed using thematic analysis which identified four non-economic motives for selling souvenirs.

Findings
Souvenir selling was a matter of choice rather than economic necessity. While these sellers were entrepreneurs who were seeking to generate income, non-economic motives were also important. These included passion, hobbyism and interpersonal interactions with customers. Some sellers considered themselves as cultural intermediaries, representing place and tradition to their customers.

Research limitations/implications
In a European context, selling souvenirs can be a matter of lifestyle choice rather than economic necessity. Micro-entrepreneurs are frequently motivated by passion, hobbyism and interpersonal rewards as much as financial profit. This represents a particular form of unconventional or lifestyle entrepreneurship.

Practical implications
The encouragement of on-street souvenir sellers by urban managers can add vibrancy to a city, enhancing the experiences of local communities and visitors. This can also encourage the development of an artisan class to enhance a city’s reputation as a creative place.

Originality/value
Souvenir sellers are little researched, and this is one of few studies that has investigated this group outside Developing World contexts. This study emphasises the importance of unconventional entrepreneurship and non-economic motives for selling souvenirs in a European context.
The interactive effects of heat stress, parasitism and host plant quality in a host–parasitoid system
Authors: Parker Anna L. , Kingsolver Joel G. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Species interactions are expected to change in myriad ways as the frequency and magnitude of extreme temperature events increase with anthropogenic climate change.

The relationships between endosymbionts, parasites and their hosts are particularly sensitive to thermal stress, which can have cascading effects on other trophic levels.

We investigate the interactive effects of heat stress and parasitism on a terrestrial tritrophic system consisting of two host plants (one common, high‐quality plant and one novel, low‐quality plant), a caterpillar herbivore and a specialist parasitoid wasp.

We used a fully factorial experiment to determine the bottom‐up effects of the novel host plant on both the caterpillars' life history traits and the wasps' survival, and the top‐down effects of parasitism and heat shock on caterpillar developmental outcomes and herbivory levels.

Host plant identity interacted with thermal stress to affect wasp success, with wasps performing better on the low‐quality host plant under constant temperatures but worse under heat‐shock conditions.

Surprisingly, caterpillars consumed less leaf material from the low‐quality host plant to reach the same final mass across developmental outcomes.

In parasitized caterpillars, heat shock reduced parasitoid survival and increased both caterpillar final mass and development time on both host plants.

These findings highlight the importance of studying community‐level responses to climate change from a holistic and integrative perspective and provide insight into potential substantial interactions between thermal stress and diet quality in plant–insect systems.

Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.
Divergent geographic variation in above‐ versus below‐ground secondary metabolites of Reynoutria japonica
Authors: Bi Jingwen , Bossdorf Oliver , Liao Zhiyong , Richards Christina L. , Parepa Madalin , Zhao Weihan , Berninger Frank , Zhao Yujie , Liu Zekang , Feng Xiangyan , Ju Rui‐Ting , Li Bo , Wu Jihua 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Secondary metabolites play an important role in plant adaptation, because they can mitigate biotic and abiotic environmental stresses. However, their production and allocation incur different costs and benefits, and are therefore subject to trade‐offs, which are less studied.

To understand large‐scale geographic patterns of secondary metabolites, and their environmental drivers and trade‐offs, we studied 39 natural populations of the perennial herb Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica) along a large latitudinal gradient in China. We measured the concentrations of six polyphenols in leaves and rhizomes of R. japonica, and associated the variation in these metabolites with biotic and abiotic environmental factors as well as with functional plant traits and putative costs of secondary metabolites.

We found that climate was an important driver of variation in secondary metabolites, both above‐ and below‐ground. Remarkably, the patterns of association differed between leaves and rhizomes, as well as between putative low‐cost versus high‐cost compounds. While annual mean temperature was a stronger predictor of above‐ground metabolites, annual precipitation was more frequently associated with variation in below‐ground metabolites. Moreover, annual temperature was positively associated with high‐cost metabolites, but negatively with low‐cost metabolites. Above‐ground secondary metabolites were generally more strongly associated with functional traits (e.g. specific leaf area) than below‐ground metabolites, and in all cases the directions of correlation were opposite for low‐cost versus high‐cost metabolites above‐ground. The patterns of association also varied with latitude such that leaf concentrations of low‐cost metabolites (quercetin) increased but those of high‐cost metabolites (resveratrol, piceid and emodin) decreased at higher latitudes. In rhizomes, in contrast, the concentrations of high‐cost metabolites (piceid and emodin) increased with latitude.

Synthesis. Our findings indicate that allocation strategies differ between above‐ and below‐ground tissues of Reynoutria japonica. As latitude increases, R. japonica invests relatively more into below‐ground metabolites. We propose that reduced high‐cost metabolites in the leaves at higher latitudes may help to conserve nutrients after defoliation, while maintaining high‐cost metabolites in rhizomes may be important for persistent allelopathic effects and resource conservation below‐ground. The divergent patterns of above‐ and below‐ground metabolite allocation thus likely reflect the multiple functions of metabolites and the plants' adaptation to different environments.
Actuarial senescence progresses similarly across sites and species in four boreal orchids
Authors: Tholstrup Ditte Wiig , Sletvold Nina , Øien Dag‐Inge , Moen Asbjørn , Colchero Fernando , Dahlgren Johan Petter 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Whole‐plant senescence, defined as a decrease in individual fitness as an organism grows older, has often been assumed to not occur in plants; however, it has now been detected in a range of plant taxa. Still, reported senescence patterns vary substantially, and it remains unknown how consistent patterns are within phylogenetic groups and how they may be affected by environmental factors. Plants show a high diversity in life‐history traits within phylogenetic groups and environments, but shared traits among related species are also common, making both diverse and similar patterns probable.

Here, we explore how mortality changes with advancing age in four closely related species (Dactylorhiza incarnata, D. lapponica, D. maculata and Gymnadenia conopsea) across two sites in Norway: the coastal Nordmarka and inland Sølendet. Using data collected over 34 years, following more than 2500 individual plants, we conduct Bayesian survival trajectory analysis to assess mortality age trajectories.

A simple Weibull model, illustrating increasing mortality at a decelerating rate with age, was the best fit for all species at both sites. From these models, we calculate rates of senescence and compare them using Kullback–Leibler divergences, finding no notable differences in rates between species or sites.

Synthesis. Our findings suggest that actuarial senescence, an increase in mortality with advancing age, may be common in orchids and show that demographic ageing can proceed similarly in closely related taxa across different environments.
Are politicians democratic realists?
Authors: LUCAS JACK , SHEFFER LIOR , LOEWEN PETER JOHN 
Published: January 2024

AbstractPolitical scientists have long debated whether citizens meet the expectations of a ‘folk theory’ of democratic representation, in which voters correctly reward and punish politicians for their actions, make choices primarily on the basis of policy preferences and orient their decisions to the future rather than the past. But how do elected politicians themselves theorize voting behaviour? In this paper, we report results from an original survey of more than 2000 elected local politicians in Canada and the United States which allows us to characterize politicians' own democratic theories. We uncover substantial variation in politicians' theories of democracy, and we find examples of a number of well‐known theoretical traditions (democratic realism, partisan retrospection, folk theory) among politicians themselves. We also show that politicians' theoretical perspectives are related to how they undertake representation when in office. We conclude with an outline of a comparative research agenda on the causes and consequences of politicians' democratic theories.
Latin inscriptions from Bāyir (Jordan)
Authors: Gatier Pierre‐Louis , Hayajneh Hani 
Published: January 2024

AbstractFor centuries, the remote site of Bāyir, far to the east in southeast Jordan, in an arid environment, was frequented by nomads watering their herds, thanks to its huge wells. Four Latin graffiti from Bāyir area are published or revised and republished here. They provide new evidence of the visits paid to the place by troops from the Roman army.
Traumatic cervical spinal cord injury: Comparison of two different blood pressure targets on neurological recovery
Authors: Långsjö Jaakko , Jordan Sofia , Laurila Salla , Paaso Markku , Thesleff Tuomo , Huhtala Heini , Ronkainen Antti , Karlsson Sari , Koskinen Eerika , Luoto Teemu 
Published: January 2024

AbstractBackgroundControversy exists whether blood pressure augmentation therapy benefits patients suffering from spinal cord injury (SCI). This retrospective comparative study was designed to assess the impact of two different mean arterial pressure (MAP) targets (85–90 mmHg vs. 65–85 mmHg) on neurological recovery after traumatic cervical SCI.MethodsFifty‐one adult patients with traumatic cervical SCI were retrospectively divided into two groups according to their intensive care unit (ICU) MAP targets: 85–90 mmHg (higher MAP group, n = 32) and 65–85 mmHg (lower MAP group, n = 19). Invasive MAP measurements were stored as 2‐min median values for 3–7 days. The severity of SCI (AIS grade and neurological level) was evaluated upon ICU stay and during rehabilitation. Neurological recovery was correlated with individual mean MAP values and with the proportion of MAP values ≥85 mmHg upon the first 3 days (3d‐MAP%≥85).ResultsThe initial AIS grades were A 29.4%, B 17.6%, C 31.4%, and D 21.6%. AIS grade improved in 24 patients (47.1%). During ICU care, 82.0% and 36.8% of the measured MAP values reached ≥85 mmHg in the higher and the lower MAP groups, respectively (p < .001). The medians of individual mean MAP values were different between the groups (90.2 mmHg vs. 81.4 mmHg, p < .001). Similarly, 3d‐MAP%≥85 was higher in the higher MAP group (85.6% vs. 50.0%, p < .001). However, neurological recovery was not different between the groups, nor did it correlate with individual mean MAP values or 3d‐MAP%≥85.ConclusionThe currently recommended MAP target of 85–90 mmHg was not associated with improved outcomes compared to a lower target in patients with traumatic cervical SCI in this cohort.
Computed tomographic study analysing functional biomechanics in the thoracolumbar spine of horses with and without spinal pathology
Authors: Baudisch Natalie , Schneidewind Lukas , Becke Sophie , Keller Max , Overhoff Milena , Tettke Dennis , Gruben Viola , Eichler Fabienne , Meyer Henning Jürgen , Lischer Christoph , Ehrle Anna 
Published: January 2024

AbstractTo better understand physiological and pathological movement patterns in the equine thoracolumbar spine, investigation of the biomechanics on a segmental level requires a constant moment. A constant moment along the spinal column means that the same torque acts on each vertebral segment, allowing the range of motion of different segments to be compared. The aims of this study were to investigate the range of motion of the equine thoracolumbar spine in horses with and without spinal pathology and to examine whether the pressure between the spinous processes depends on the direction of the applied moment. Thoracolumbar spine specimens (T8‐L4) of 23 horses were mounted in a custom‐made mechanical test rig to investigate spinal biomechanics during lateral bending, axial rotation, flexion and extension using computed tomographic imaging. Results were compared between horses with spondylosis, overriding spinous processes and specimens free of gross pathology. The interspinous space pressure was additionally determined using a foil sensor. The median lateral bending between T9 and L3 was 3.7°–4.1° (IQR 5.4°–8.0°). Maximum rotational movement with inconsistent coupled motion was observed at T9–T16 (p < 0.05). The dorsoventral range of motion was greatest in segments T9–T11 (p < 0.05). Spondylosis and overriding spinous processes restricted spinal mobility, depending on the severity of the condition. There was no significant difference in interspinous pressure during motion (p = 0.54). The biomechanical study confirmed that the range of motion of intervertebral joints depends on the anatomical position of the joint and the direction of the moment applied. Restricted mobility was evident in the presence of different grades of overriding spinous processes or spondylosis. A better understanding of equine spinal biomechanics in horses with spinal pathology facilitates individual rehabilitation.
Domesticating Responsibility: Refugee Hosting and the Homes for Ukraine Scheme
Authors: Burrell Kathy 
Published: January 2024

AbstractIn March 2022, in response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the UK government launched its “Homes for Ukraine” private hosting scheme. The British public were urged to support Ukraine by signing up to host people fleeing the war in their own homes. There are many critiques of the scheme, especially the racialised connotations of welcoming Ukrainians while shunning others seeking sanctuary. However, the particular themes of responsibility and responsibilisation stand out. This scheme is the first programme of this scale in the UK, signalling a different approach to accommodating and supporting refugees, away from the realm of government. Is this a retreating state, and who exactly is responsible for supporting Ukrainians as they settle? What does this responsibility entail? Drawing on 58 interviews with hosts, guests, charities, and central and local government representatives, this article forges new contributions to understanding what is at stake in refugee hosting schemes.
Spatiotemporal development and the regulatory mechanisms of cardiac resident macrophages: Contribution in cardiac development and steady state
Authors: Qin Demeng , Zhang Ying , Liu Fang , Xu Xiang , Jiang Haiqiang , Su Zhaoliang , Xia Lin 
Published: January 2024

AbstractCardiac resident macrophages (CRMs) are integral components of the heart and play significant roles in cardiac development, steady‐state, and injury. Advances in sequencing technology have revealed that CRMs are a highly heterogeneous population, with significant differences in phenotype and function at different developmental stages and locations within the heart. In addition to research focused on diseases, recent years have witnessed a heightened interest in elucidating the involvement of CRMs in heart development and the maintenance of cardiac function. In this review, we primarily concentrated on summarizing the developmental trajectories, both spatial and temporal, of CRMs and their impact on cardiac development and steady‐state. Moreover, we discuss the possible factors by which the cardiac microenvironment regulates macrophages from the perspectives of migration, proliferation, and differentiation under physiological conditions. Gaining insight into the spatiotemporal heterogeneity and regulatory mechanisms of CRMs is of paramount importance in comprehending the involvement of macrophages in cardiac development, injury, and repair, and also provides new ideas and therapeutic methods for treating heart diseases.
Loss of testosterone induces postprandial insulin resistance and increases the expression of the hepatic antioxidant flavin‐containing monooxygenases in mice exposed to intermittent hypoxia
Authors: Ganouna‐Cohen Gauthier , Marcouiller François , Blachot‐Minassian Britanny , Demarest Maud , Beauparlant Charles Joly , Droit Arnaud , Belaidi Elise , Bairam Aida , Joseph Vincent 
Published: January 2024

AbstractAimWe tested the hypothesis that low testosterone alters the effects of intermittent hypoxia (IH) on glucose homeostasis, hepatic oxidative stress, and transcriptomic profile in male mice.MethodsWe used sham‐operated or orchiectomized (ORX) mice exposed to normoxia (Nx) or IH for 2 weeks. We performed fasting insulin and glucose tolerance tests and assessed fasting and postprandial insulin resistance with the HOMA‐IR. The activity of hepatic prooxidant (NADPH oxidase—NOX), antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase—SOD, Cat, GPx), lipid peroxidation (MDA concentration), and the total concentration of glutathione (GSH) were measured under postprandial conditions. mRNA sequencing and pathway enrichment analyses were used to identify hepatic genes underlying the interactions between IH and testosterone.ResultsIn Sham mice, IH improves fasting insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance, while there are no effects of IH in ORX mice. In ORX mice, IH induces postprandial hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, and a prooxidant profile of enzyme activity (low SOD activity) without altering hepatic MDA and GSH content. ORX and IH altered the expression of genes involved in oxidoreductase activities, cytochromes‐dependent pathways, and glutathione metabolism. Among the genes upregulated in ORX‐IH mice, the flavin‐containing monooxygenases (FMO) are particularly relevant since these are potent hepatic antioxidants that could help prevent overt oxidative stress in ORX‐IH mice.ConclusionLow levels of testosterone in male mice exposed to IH induce post‐prandial hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance and determine the mechanisms by which the liver handles IH‐induced oxidative stress.
Adult rats sired by obese fathers present learning deficits associated with epigenetic and neurochemical alterations linked to impaired brain glutamatergic signaling
Authors: Mezo‐González Carla Elena , García‐Santillán Juan Antonio , Kaeffer Bertrad , Gourdel Mathilde , Croyal Mikaël , Bolaños‐Jiménez Francisco 
Published: January 2024

AbstractAimOffspring of obese mothers are at high risk of developing metabolic syndrome and cognitive disabilities. Impaired metabolism has also been reported in the offspring of obese fathers. However, whether brain function can also be affected by paternal obesity has barely been examined. This study aimed to characterize the learning deficits resulting from paternal obesity versus those induced by maternal obesity and to identify the underlying mechanisms.MethodsFounder control and obese female and male Wistar rats were mated to constitute three first‐generation (F1) experimental groups: control mother/control father, obese mother/control father, and obese father/control mother. All F1 animals were weaned onto standard chow and underwent a learning test at 4 months of age, after which several markers of glutamate‐mediated synaptic plasticity together with the expression of miRNAs targeting glutamate receptors and the concentration of kynurenic and quinolinic acids were quantified in the hippocampus and frontal cortex.ResultsMaternal obesity induced a severe learning deficit by impairing memory encoding and memory consolidation. The offspring of obese fathers also showed reduced memory encoding but not impaired long‐term memory formation. Memory deficits in offspring of obese fathers and obese mothers were associated with a down‐regulation of genes encoding NMDA glutamate receptors subunits and several learning‐related genes along with impaired expression of miR‐296 and miR‐146b and increased concentration of kynurenic acid.ConclusionPaternal and maternal obesity impair offspring's learning abilities by affecting different processes of memory formation. These cognitive deficits are associated with epigenetic and neurochemical alterations leading to impaired glutamate‐mediated synaptic plasticity.