bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of polyols by anionic polymerization: determination of kinetic parameters of propylene oxide polymerization using caesium and potassium alcoholates
Authors: de Lucas Antonio , Rodríguez Lourdes , Pérez‐Collado Mario , Sánchez Paula , Rodríguez Juan F 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCsOH is investigated, as an alternative to the traditionally used KOH, for the preparation of glycerine initiated polyols. CsOH allows polyether–polyols with higher molecular weights and lower unsaturation contents, ie of better quality, to be obtained. CsOH also increases the reaction rate and permits reduction of the time needed to produce a batch of polyol. Polyols were synthesized using caesium and potassium hydroxide at different temperatures and initiator concentrations. Kinetic constants at different temperatures are determined and parameters of the Arrhenius equation calculated for each type of initiator. Reaction rates for caesium are higher than those of potassium and therefore permit a reduction in production times.Copyright © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
New advances in poly(ethylene terephthalate) polymerization and degradation
Authors: MacDonald W A 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPoly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) has wide acceptance for use in direct contact with food, can be recycled and can be depolymerized to its monomer constituents. Advances are continually being made to reduce the environmental ‘footprint’ that the polymer leaves. This paper discusses new advances in three specific areas, ie process developments, catalysis and polymer degradation, that address this issue.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Modification of poly(styrene‐co‐divinylbenzene) resin by grafting on an aluminium selective ligand
Authors: Boudenne Jean‐Luc , Boussetta Sabrina , Brach‐Papa Christophe , Branger Catherine , Margaillan André , Théraulaz Frédéric 
Published: October 2002

AbstractFor use in the solid‐phase extraction of aluminium, a poly(styrene‐co‐divinylbenzene) commercial resin (Amberlite® XAD‐4) was modified by grafting on salicylic acid. Anchorage of this ligand was achieved via a ketone bridge formed by Friedel–Crafts acylation. Because of the insolubility of the resin in common organic solvents, the synthesis scheme was optimized on the monomeric entity, benzoyl chloride, so that the purity of products could be assessed by common analytical techniques (gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS), NMR and FTIR) and the yields improved. NMR spectroscopy indicated that the Friedel–Crafts acylation was performed in the position para to the methoxy group. The synthesis scheme was then applied to the resin activated by an acid chloride function. Different steps of the modification were characterized by FTIR and pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Py‐GC‐MS). The aluminium complexing capacity of the modified resin was evaluated and presence of complexed aluminium on the surface of the resin was assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and FTIR.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Hepatic targeting of macromolecular MRI contrast agents
Authors: Yan Guo‐Ping , Zhuo Ren‐Xi , Xu Mian‐Yi , Zhang Xu , Li Li‐Yun , Liu Mai‐Li , Ye Chao‐Hui 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWater‐soluble polyester ligands were synthesized by the polycondensation of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic dianhydride (DTPAA) with protected polyalcohol 3‐O‐benzyl‐glycerol (3‐O‐Bz‐GLYC), pentaerythritol monobenzaldehyde (S‐Bz‐PETO) and N‐benzyldiethanolamine (N‐Bz‐DEA), respectively, and the protecting groups were then removed by hydrogenation to give polyesters P(DTPA–GLYC), P(DTPA–PETO) and P(DTPA–DEA). In the same manner, by adding ethylene glycol (EG) monomer into the polymerization system, polyesters P(DTPA–GLYC–EG), P(DTPA–PETO–EG) and P(DTPA–DEA–EG) were also synthesized. Pyridoxamine was chosen as a liver‐targeting group and it was first chlorocarbonylated and then incorporated into polyesters. The polyester ligands containing pyridoxamine group thus prepared were further reacted with GdCl3 in water at room temperature to give the corresponding hepatic‐targeting polyester gadolinium complexes. These macromolecular ligands and their gadolinium complexes were characterized by 1H NMR, IR, UV and elementary analysis. Relaxivity studies showed that these polyester gadolinium complexes possess higher relaxation effectiveness than that of the clinically used small molecular gadolinium complex Gd‐DTPA. In vitro cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that these macromolecular ligands and their gadolinium complexes have low cytotoxicity to the human normal liver cells (L‐02). Magnetic resonance imaging of the liver in rats indicated that these polyester MRI contrast agents containing pyridoxamine group exhibit liver‐targeting property.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Monomers reactivity ratios of fluorinated acrylates–styrene copolymers
Authors: Saïdi Salima , Guittard Frédéric , Géribaldi Serge 
Published: October 2002

AbstractCopolymerizations of styrene and 2‐F‐hexylethyl acrylate, 4‐F‐hexylbutyl acrylate and 6‐F‐hexylhexyl acrylate were conducted by free radical polymerization in acetonitrile at 80 °C using AIBN as initiator. The reactivity ratios of the three systems were determined by the Fineman–Ross and Kelen–Tüdos methods. Consequently, Q and e values have been calculated by the Alfrey and Price method. We found that the spacer length between the fluorinated chain and the ester function has no influence on the reactivity of our fluorinated monomers. Comparison of these results with those described in the literature for hydrocarbon homologous confirmed the reactivity scale.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of antipyretic potential of Leucas lavandulaefolia (Labiatae) aerial part extract
Authors: Mukherjee Kakali , Saha B. P. , Mukherjee Pulok K. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMethanol extract of Leucas lavandulaefolia (LLFE) was subjected to antipyretic evaluation with yeast‐induced pyrexia in rats. A yeast suspension (10 mL/kg, s.c.) increased the rectal temperature 19 h after administration. The extract at doses of 100, 200, 400 mg/kg (i.p.) produced significant dose dependent lowering of body temperature in yeast‐provoked elevation of body temperature in rats. The antipyretic effect produced was comparable to that of a standard antipyretic drug, paracetamol. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Potential antiamoebic property of the roots of Piper longum Linn.
Authors: Ghoshal Sheela , Lakshmi V. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn an earlier study we reported the effect of ethanol extracts of Piper longum fruit against caecal amoebiasis in rats. A follow‐up study to determine whether the roots possess similar antiamoebic activity was carried out. The ethanolic extract of roots was amoebicidal at 1000 μg/mL in vitro and cured 88% of caecal amoebiasis cases, suggesting that both the root and fruit of P. longum possess antiamoebic activity to approximately the same extent. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antimalarial activity of extracts and alkaloids isolated from six plants used in traditional medicine in Mali and Sao Tome
Authors: Ancolio C. , Azas N. , Mahiou V. , Ollivier E. , Di Giorgio C. , Keita A. , Timon‐David P. , Balansard G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMethanol and chloroform extracts were prepared from various parts of four plants collected in Mali: Guiera senegalensis (Gmel.) Combretaceae, Feretia apodanthera (Del.) Rubiaceae, Combretum micranthum (Don.) Combretaceae, Securidaca longepedunculata (Fres.) Polygalaceae and two plants ­collected in Sao Tome: Pycnanthus angolensis (Welw.) Myristicaceae and Morinda citrifolia (Benth.) Rubiaceae were assessed for their in vitro antimalarial activity and their cytotoxic effects on human monocytes (THP1 cells) by flow cytometry. The methanol extract of leaves of Feretia apodanthera and the chloroform extract of roots of Guiera senegalensis exhibited a pronounced antimalarial activity. Two alkaloids isolated from the active extract of Guiera senegalensis, harman and tetrahydroharman, showed antimalarial activity (IC50 lower than 4 μg/mL) and displayed low toxicity against THP1. Moreover, the decrease of THP1 cells in S phase of the cell cycle, after treatment with harman and tetrahydroharman, was probably due to an inhibition of total protein synthesis. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Artemisia santonicum L. on blood glucose in normal and alloxan‐induced diabetic rabbits
Authors: Korkmaz H. , Gürdal A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe hypoglycaemic effect of panicles of Artemisia santonicum L. in normal and alloxan‐induced diabetic rabbits was investigated. Blood glucose levels were determined after oral administration of an aqueous extract of Artemisia santonicum L. In normal and diabetic rabbits, 2 mL/kg (0.42 g/kg) aqueous extract significantly (p < 0.01) reduced blood glucose levels 6 h after administration, which was consistent and time‐dependent. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Paramyxovirus strategies for evading the interferon response
Authors: Gotoh Bin , Komatsu Takayuki , Takeuchi Kenji , Yokoo Junko 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTwo genera, the Respirovirus (Sendai virus (SeV) and human parainfluenza virus (hPIV3) and the Rubulavirus (simian virus (SV) 5, SV41, mumps virus and hPIV2), of the three in the subfamily Paramyxovirinae inhibit interferon (IFN) signalling to circumvent the IFN response. The viral protein responsible for the inhibition is the C protein for respirovirus SeV and the V protein for the rubulaviruses, both of which are multifunctional accessory proteins expressed from the P gene. SeV suppresses IFN‐stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) at an early phase of infection and further inhibits the downstream signalling without degrading any of the signalling components in most cell lines. On the contrary, the Rubulavirus V protein targets Stat1 or Stat2 for degradation. Proteasome‐mediated degradation appears to be involved in most cases. Studies on the molecular mechanisms by which paramyxoviruses evade the IFN response will offer important information for modulating the JAK‐STAT pathway, designing novel antiviral drugs and recombinant live vaccines, and improving paramyxovirus expression vectors for gene therapy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular diagnosis of influenza
Authors: Ellis Joanna S. , Zambon Maria C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe past decade has seen tremendous developments in molecular diagnostic techniques. In particular, the development of PCR technology has enabled rapid and sensitive viral diagnostic tests to influence patient management. Molecular methods used directly on clinical material have an important role to play in the diagnosis and surveillance of influenza viruses. Molecular diagnostic tests that allow timely and accurate detection of influenza are already implemented in many laboratories. The combination of automated purification of nucleic acids with real‐time PCR should enable even more rapid identification of viral pathogens such as influenza viruses in clinical material. The recent development of DNA microarrays to identify either multiple gene targets from a single pathogen, or multiple pathogens in a single sample has the capacity to transform influenza diagnosis. While molecular methods will not replace cell culture for the provision of virus isolates for antigenic characterisation, they remain invaluable in assisting our understanding of the epidemiology of influenza viruses. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The production of sustainable tourism: concepts and examples from Norway
Authors: Eligh Jason , Welford Richard , Ytterhus Bjarne 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPlace, location and locality are examined in the context of the development of tourism in a way that is consistent with the concept of sustainable development. Concepts relating to tourism destination management are discussed in this context and a number of characteristics indicating possible success factors are drawn out. Two examples from Norway are used to illustrate how successful destination management strategies can be applied and which of the success factors appear to be the most important. The paper suggests a very strong role for leadership, external funding, support from appropriate external agencies and the existence of consumer demand in an area where small size is more conducive to success. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Separating computation, coordination and configuration
Authors: Andrade L. , Fiadeiro J. L. , Gouveia J. , Koutsoukos G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe present methodological and technological solutions for evolving large‐scale software systems. These solutions are based on many years of research and experience in developing systems in one of the most volatile application domains—banking. We discuss why ‘promising’ software development techniques, such as object‐oriented and component‐based approaches, on their own, cannot meet the challenges and objectives of software development today, and propose a three‐layered architectural approach based on the strict separation between computation, coordination and configuration. We present a set of modelling primitives, design principles and support tools through which such an approach can be put effectively into practice, and discuss how it promotes a more ‘dynamic’ approach to software evolution. Finally, we make comparisons with related work. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evolving hypermedia systems: a layered software architecture
Authors: García‐Cabrera Lina , Rodríguez‐Fórtiz María José , Parets‐Llorca José 
Published: October 2002

AbstractHypermedia systems are evolutionary in nature. This paper presents SEM‐HP, a model based on a semantic, systemic and evolutionary perspective, which facilitates the management of hypermedia evolution during the whole lifecycle process. Following the model the architecture of hypermedia systems can be conceived as composed of three sub‐systems (conceptual, presentation and navigation) and two abstraction levels, the system level and the meta level (the first used by the reader and the second by the designer). The objective of this division is to achieve a good separation of concerns both in the development and in the evolution processes and to obtain a better understanding, thus facilitating the further development of tools. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Infectious complications following abdominal hysterectomy in Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Ahmed F. , Wasti S. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjective: In this paper we studied the prevalence of post‐operative infections after total abdominal hysterectomy in Karachi, Pakistan and their associated risk factors. Method: A retrospective analysis was conducted by reviewing the case notes of 827 consecutive total abdominal hysterectomies. Results: The post‐operative infection rate was 22%. Of the patients, 6% (49) developed operative site infections including wound and vaginal cuff infections and pelvic abscesses while 16% (133) developed non‐operative site infections including urinary tract infections and thrombophlebitis. Six risk factors were found to be significantly associated with post‐operative infections: a pre‐operative hospitalization of more than 2 days (P<0.02); additional non‐gynecological procedures performed intra‐operatively (P<0.02); indwelling catheterization for more than 7 days (P<0.001); patient's age greater than 50 years (P<0.02); an underlying malignancy (P<0.0001); and developing a hematoma post‐operatively (P<0.04). Conclusion: The results of this study may serve as a baseline for future comparison and indicate interventions which may contribute to a reduction in the post‐operative infection rate.
Assessment of fetal weight based on ultrasonic femur length after the second trimester
Authors: Honarvar Mehrdad , Allahyari Mahboobeh , Dehbashi Sedigheh 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjective: The ultrasonic measurement of the fetal femur length is a sensitive and precise variable for estimation of fetal growth and development. The objective of this study is to predict fetal weight in fetuses of more than 24 weeks gestation by ultrasound measurement of the femur length. Method: In this study, pregnant mothers were identified by the criteria of normalities, such as: well‐known LMP, regular menstrual cycles, no use of OCP for the last 3 months, no use of alcohol or cigarettes, no drug abuse, no history of diabetes or chronic HTN. Multiple gestations, congenital anomalies and still‐births were excluded. Birth‐weight measurements (adjusted for maternal age, baby's sex, parity and week of gestation) were taken immediately after birth. Result: The relation between fetal weight and fetal femur length has been determined by cross‐sectional analysis of 900 normal fetuses (≥25 weeks gestation) using real time ultrasonography. Mathematical modeling of the data has demonstrated that the femur growth curve is non‐linear beyond 24 weeks gestation. With the aid of a scientific calculator the data were analyzed and a simple second‐grade equation has been derived: EFW (kg)=0.042FL2 (cm)+0.32FL−1.36, S.D.∼±235 g (Honarvar's Formula 2). With the use of this data, the error in estimation of EFW given FL is ±235 g. Conclusion: This simple, new and accurate equation appears to be clinically reliable and easy to use and suggests that previous normal ultrasonic fetal femur length curves for another population may underestimate or overestimate normal fetal weight for the Iranian population. Thus, our formula is an excellent means to estimate true fetal weight.
Prenatal diagnosis of twin–twin transfusion syndrome complicated with hydrops fetalis at 14 weeks of gestation
Authors: Su R.‐M , Yu C.‐H , Chang C.‐H , Yang H.‐B , Chang F.‐M 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTwin–twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) may complicate multiple pregnancy. Monochorionic discordant twins with oligohydramnios and polyhydramnios may be diagnostic. Hydrops fetalis is particularly ominous. All the signs can appear independently at any stage of gestation. However, TTTS with hydrops fetalis in early pregnancy is rare. We report here a case of TTTS complicated with hydrops fetalis diagnosed at 14 weeks of gestation. Our case may be one of the earliest cases of the prenatal diagnosis of TTTS complicated with hydrops fetalis in the literature.
Chronic pelvic pain: defining the scope of the problem
Authors: Duffy S 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjective: To define the scope of the problems associated with chronic pelvic pain (CPP) and optimize management. Method: Clinical trial results and healthcare utilization data from the literature were reviewed. Results: Recent evidence suggests that a large percentage of women experience CPP. While no etiology tends to be found in the majority of these women, the annual cost for diagnosing and treating CPP seems considerable. The management of patients with negative laparoscopies constitutes a clinical challenge. While surgical and medical therapy have a role in CPP, there appears to be no 100% effective cure. Conclusions: There is no consensus on management of patients with no visible pathology and chronic pelvic pain. Physicians should select a treatment for CPP that will be the least complicated and least risky and will deliver speedy symptomatic relief.
Role of a symptom‐based algorithmic approach to chronic pelvic pain
Authors: Winkel C.A 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjective: Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is a disorder that has a significant impact on the patient's quality of life. Laparoscopic diagnosis can be disappointing, and recurrence is common after surgical treatment. A symptom‐based algorithmic approach to treatment of CPP is presented that is safe and cost‐effective. Methods: This approach is oriented towards making a potential clinical diagnosis of endometriosis. It relies on a structured evaluation of the patient and administration of medical therapy including GnRH agonists to selected patients. Evaluation begins with a history and physical examination; selected cases receive specific therapy. Non‐responders undergo appropriate laboratory and imaging studies. If results remain negative, it is possible to make a clinical diagnosis of endometriosis and begin empiric treatment. Results: Early results strongly indicate that using this approach allowed clinicians to make highly accurate diagnoses (correct in 85–90% of cases). Conclusion: Use of this approach will minimize the need for surgery.
Abstract: Avoidance of radiation injuries from medical interventional procedures, ICRP Publication 85
Authors: Valentin J. 
Published: October 2002

Interventional radiology (fluoroscopically-guided) techniques are being used by an increasing number of clinicians not adequately trained in radiation safety or radiobiology. Many of these interventionists are not aware of the potential for injury from these procedures or the simple methods for decreasing their incidence. Many patients are not being counselled on the radiation risks, nor followed up when radiation doses from difficult procedures may lead to injury. Some patients are suffering radiation-induced skin injuries and younger patients may face an increased risk of future cancer. Interventionists are having their practice limited or suffering injury, and are exposing their staff to high doses. In some interventional procedures, skin doses to patients approach those experienced in some cancer radiotherapy fractions. Radiation-induced skin injuries are occurring in patients due to the use of inappropriate equipment and, more often, poor operational technique. Injuries to physicians and staff performing interventional procedures have also been observed. Acute radiation doses (to patients) may cause erythema at 2 Gy, cataract at 2 Gy, permanent epilation at 7 Gy, and delayed skin necrosis at 12 Gy. Protracted (occupational) exposures to the eye may cause cataract at 4 Gy if the dose is received in less than 3 months, at 5.5 Gy if received over a period exceeding 3 months. Practical actions to control dose to the patient and to the staff are listed. The absorbed dose to the patient in the area of skin that receives the maximum dose is of priority concern. Each local clinical protocol should include, for each type of interventional procedure, a statement on the cumulative skin doses and skin sites associated with the various parts of the procedure. Interventionists should be trained to use information on skin dose and on practical techniques to control dose. Maximum cumulative absorbed doses that appear to approach or exceed 1 Gy (for procedures that may be repeated) or 3 Gy (for any procedure) should be recorded in the patient record, and there should be a patient follow-up procedure for such cases. Patients should be counselled if there is a significant risk of radiation-induced injury, and the patient's personal physician should be informed of the possibility of radiation effects. Training in radiological protection for patients and staff should be an integral part of the education for those using interventional techniques. All interventionists should audit and review the outcomes of their procedures for radiation injury. Risks and benefits, including radiation risks, should be taken into account when new interventional techniques are introduced. A concluding list of recommendations is given. Annexes list procedures, patient and staff doses, a sample local clinical protocol, dose quantities used, and a procurement checklist.