bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reactions Of Ozone With Aromatic Compounds
Authors: Calvert Jack G , Atkinson Roger , Becker Karl H , Kamens Richard M , Seinfeld John H , Wallington Timothy J , Yarwood Greg 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The gas-phase reactions of aromatic compounds with0 3 are generally very slow and hence difficult to measure accurately because of the possible presence of impurities and the occurrence of secondary reactions. These reactions are only significant for those compounds containing unsaturated &gt; C=C &lt; bonds in the substituent groups. The reactions of 0 3 with monocyclic aromatic compounds not containing &gt; C=C &lt; bonds in the substituent group(s) either show no reaction or react only slowly (with rate coefficients of 10-20 cm3 molecule-1 s-1 at 298 K). This behavior is expected, because the gas-phase reactions of 03 with organic compounds generally involve initial addition of 03 across a &gt; C=C &lt; bond to form a primary ozonide, which then rapidly decomposes to (in general) two sets of carbonyl plus biradical (Atkinson and Carter, 1984).
Framing the West
Authors: Williams Carol J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Framing the West argues that photography was intrinsic to British territorial expansion and settlement on the northwest coast. Williams shows how male and female settlers used photography to establish control over the territory and its indigenous inhabitants, as well as how native peoples eventually turned the technology to their own purposes. Photographs of the region were used to stimulate British immigration and entrepreneuralism, and imagies of babies and children were designed to advertise the population growth of the settlers. Although Indians were taken by Anglos to document their “disappearing” traditions and to show the success of missionary activities, many Indians proved receptive to photography and turned posing for the white man’s camera to their own advantage. This book will appeal to those interested in the history of the West, imperialism, gender, photography, and First Nations/Native America.
Introduction
Authors: Williams Carol J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When diary entries by photographers Frederick Dally, Richard Maynard, and Hannah Maynard flank accounts by settler Charles Kent and an unidentified journalist reporting to Victoria’s Daily Colonist, it becomes apparent that from its earliest appearance in northwest coastal North America (fig. I.1) the camera was not a benign tool of observation. Photography’s purpose was instrumental: it was evidence in support of imperial science, topographical exploration, and colonial expansion. As practice and artifact, photography fulfilled the curiosity of the colonist and tourist who wanted to comprehend the unfamiliar in particular, the indigenous inhabitants of the region. On the two British Pacific coastal colonies of Vancouver Island and British Columbia, photography was first introduced by the 1859 survey crew of the British Engineers Corps, which employed cameras to assess, measure, and survey the land and to record available or exploitable resources.
“The Natural Habitat of the Anglo Saxon upon the Pacific Ocean”
Authors: Williams Carol J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before the European competition for maritime trade and, later, for territory, the Northwest Coast was inhabited by large populations of liguistically diverse coastal peoples who sustained intertribal trade and thrived on the abundance of the sea, land, and forest. The earliest contact with Europeans occurred at Nootka Sound on the northwestern shore of Vancouver Island in August 1774, with an expedition lead by the Mallorcan captain Juan Pérez, who sailed the Santiago along Vancouver Island and to the Queen Charlotte Islands. At Nootka Sound the Santiago was approached by 150 men, in twenty-one canoes, who boarded the ship and exchanged gifts with the sailors.1 Due to a lack of adequate supplies and outbreaks of scurvy, the Santiago’s stay was brief.2 Four years later, in March 1778, the British ships Resolution and Discovery, under the command of Captain James Cook, arrived at Nootka Sound.
“She Was the Means of Leading into the Light”
Authors: Williams Carol J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While our knowledge of Native American women’s response to contact is fragmentary, women were represented in written and photographic documents generated by explorers, traders, colonial travelers, government officials, and missionaries between 1830 and 1880 1. The editorial concerns expressed by eighteenth-century explorers and early-nineteenth-century traders and travelers about women’s dress, behavior, mobility, labor, and morality established a distinct pattern and a judgmental tone that gave way to a uniform call for the reform of Native American women by the mid–nineteenth century.
A People at War
Authors: Nelson Scott Reynolds , Sheriff Carol 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Claiming more than 600,000 lives, the American Civil War had a devastating impact on countless numbers of common soldiers and civilians, even as it brought freedom to millions. This book shows how average Americans coped with despair as well as hope during this vast upheaval. A People at War brings to life the full humanity of the war’s participants, from women behind their plows to their husbands in army camps; from refugees from slavery to their former masters; from Mayflower descendants to freshly recruited Irish sailors. We discover how people confronted their own feelings about the war itself, and how they coped with emotional challenges (uncertainty, exhaustion, fear, guilt, betrayal, grief) as well as physical ones (displacement, poverty, illness, disfigurement). The book explores the violence beyond the battlefield, illuminating the sharp-edged conflicts of neighbor against neighbor, whether in guerilla warfare or urban riots. The authors travel as far west as China and as far east as Europe, taking us inside soldiers’ tents, prisoner-of-war camps, plantations, tenements, churches, Indian reservations, and even the cargo holds of ships. They stress the war years, but also cast an eye at the tumultuous decades that preceded and followed the battlefield confrontations. An engrossing account of ordinary people caught up in life-shattering circumstances, A People at War captures how the Civil War rocked the lives of rich and poor, black and white, parents and children--and how all these Americans pushed generals and presidents to make the conflict a people’s war.
Innovations in Approaches to Preventing HIV/AIDS: Applications to Other Health Promotion Activities
Authors: O’leary Ann , Holtgrave David R , Wright-Deaquero Linda , Malow Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1983, public health researchers unveiled the first study showing that the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is transmitted by sexual behavior (1,2). Not long afterward, it was learned that HIV is also transmitted by injection drug use (3). Therefore, early HIV prevention efforts, conducted by community organizations like San Francisco’s “Stop AIDS” and New York’s “Gay Men’s Health Crisis,” encouraged people to refrain from sexual and drug use activities that placed them at risk of infection. To the extent that sexual abstinence was not possible, the use of male, latex condoms was encouraged. To the extent that abstinence from drug injection was not possible, the use of bleach to disinfect injection equipment was encouraged. Over time, rigorously evaluated interventions to promote sexual risk reduction (4) and injection drug use (5) added to a growing portfolio of HIV risk-reduction interventions that were founded primarily on basic principles of behavior change. Research activities throughout the first two decades of the AIDS epidemic were deemed highly successful in identifying efficacious and effective intervention models (6).
What the Doctor Didn’t Say
Authors: Menikoff Jerry , Richards Edward P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most people know precious little about the risks and benefits of participating in a “clinical trial” – a medical research study involving some innovative treatment for a medical problem. Yet millions of people each year participate anyway. What the Doctor Didn’t Say explains the reality: that our current system intentionally hides much of the information people need to make the right choice about whether to participate. Witness the following scenarios: -Hundreds of patients with colon cancer undergo a new form of keyhole surgery at leading cancer centers – never being told that 85% of colorectal surgeons, worried that it increases the risk of the cancer returning, would not themselves undergo that procedure -Tens of thousands of women at high risk of developing breast cancer are asked to participate in a major research study. They are told about the option of having both breasts surgically removed – but not told about the option of taking a standard osteoporosis pill that might cut the risk of getting breast cancer by one half or more What the Doctor Didn’t Say, written by two prominent experts in the field, is the first book to reveal the secrets that many in the research establishment have fought long and hard to keep from patients. It shows why options not commonly known – including getting a new treatment outside of a research study – can often be the best choice. It explains how patients can make good decisions even if there is only limited information about a treatment’s effect. And it does this through the eye-opening of what is happening daily to thousands of people. Day after day, we are learning how little we know about what really works. Headlines regularly announce that a previously unquestioned treatment – hormane replacement therapy, drugs such as Vioxx or Celebrex – may now be much riskier than we thought. The latest in a surge of recent books criticising the medical establishment (but the first to look at clinical trials specifically), What the Doctor Didn’t Tell You helps to empower patients to survive in a world of medical uncertainty, and makes positive recommendations for systemic reform.
How Bad for the Subjects Can a Study Be?
Authors: Menikoff Jerry , Richards Edward P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 5, we saw that the major rule relating to the risks and benefits of a permissible study doesn’t actually prevent studies from being significantly “bad” for subjects. And yet, as we saw from the beginning of this book, many very smart people, ranging from leading health writer Jane Brody to the top-notch pediatricians who treat childhood cancers, have no trouble concluding that participating in perhaps the most important type of study—clinical trials to test some new treatment—will generally be in a patient’s best interests.
The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Research Study From Consent to Choice
Authors: Menikoff Jerry , Richards Edward P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 8, we examined how good a job consent forms do in informing subjects about the differences between being a research subject and being a patient. Now we turn to the other goal of informed consent: enabling a subject to determine whether enrolling in a particular research study is a good or bad choice for that person. To what extent do consent forms give subjects enough information to adequately distinguish “good choice” and “bad choice” studies?
Research and Reproduction
Authors: Menikoff Jerry , Richards Edward P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An FDA advisory committee composed of scientific experts recommended that the agency approve over-the-counter sale of the “morning-after pill.”1 In spite of that recommendation, the FDA took the somewhat unusual step of delaying its decision. That delay was no doubt at least partly due to an “aggressive campaign” by forty-nine members of Congress, who had sent a letter to President George W. Bush noting how greater availability of this pill would lead to increases in promiscuity and venereal disease.
Then and Now
Authors: Estes James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To be entirely honest, Aldo Leopold was unknown to me in 1967 when I began graduate study in wildlife biology at Washington State University. I entered graduate school with a traditional education in zoology, which did not emphasize conservation, natural resource management, nor, for that matter, even ecology. Frankly, I can’t remember what it was that drew me to the natural sciences other than perhaps a fondness for nature and an aversion to normal day-to-day work activities.
Bypassing the Will: Toward Demystifying the Nonconscious Control of Social Behavior
Authors: Bargh John A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Paris, 1986: Doctor Lhermitte accompanies two patients of his to various locations around the city. Both of them had suffered a stroke, which had damaged portions of their prefrontal cortex, areas critical for the planning and control of action. First, in his office, the woman gives Dr. Lhermitte a physical exam using the available equipment and utensils. Later, after they spend a half hour in the professor’s apartment, he escorts the two of them out to the balcony, casually mentions the word museum, and leads them back inside. Their behavior becomes suddenly different: they scrutinize with great interest the paintings and posters on the wall, as well as the common objects on the tables, as if each was an actual work of art. Next, the man enters the bedroom, sees the bed, undresses, and gets into it. Soon he is asleep. Across these and several other situations, neither patient is able to notice or remark on anything unusual or strange about their behavior.
The Mechanics of Imagination: Automaticity and Control in Counterfactual Thinking
Authors: Roese Neal J , Sanna Lawrence J , Galinsky Adam D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Imagination [is] a blind but indispensable function of the soul, without which we should have no cognition whatever, but of the working of which we are seldom conscious. Counterfactuals are thoughts of what might have been. They are mental representations of alternatives to past occurrences, features, and states. As such, they are imaginative constructions fabricated from stored representations, typically embracing a blend of traces from both episodic and semantic memory. For example, “If only she had remembered her umbrella, she would have stayed dry” is a counterfactual rooted to (and directly evoked by) an episodic memory involving a recent occurrence in which an acquaintance became drenched by a summer downpour. This counterfactual is constructed via alteration (or mutation) of one discrete element of the factual episode (e.g., presence versus absence of umbrella), but this mutation draws upon semantic memory’s abstract generalizations about the world (e.g., umbrellas are water repellent and thus can protect from moisture). Like many judgments, counterfactual thinking can be both automatic, in that its unconscious activation may follow from the simple recognition of particular outcomes, or intentional and controlled, in that it may be deliberately recruited, sculpted, or suppressed in response to ongoing goals.
Folk Theory of Mind: Conceptual Foundations of Human Social Cognition
Authors: Malle Bertram F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ability to represent, conceptualize, and reason about mental states is one of the greatest achievements of human evolution. Having an appreciation for the workings of the mind is considered a prerequisite for natural language acquisition (Baldwin & Tomasello, 1998), strategic social interaction (McCabe, Smith, & LePore, 2000), reflexive thought (Bogdan, 2000), and moral development (Hoffman, 1993). The initial research on representations of mental states was sparked by the hypothesis that apes, too, have such a theory of mind (Premack & Woodruff, 1978), but more recent theories and evidence suggest that the evolutionary emergence of a genuine theory of mind occurred after the hominid split off and may thus be uniquely human (Baron-Cohen, 1999; Malle, 2002; Povinelli, 1996, 2001; Tomasello, 1998).
The Glimpsed World: Unintended Communication and Unintended Perception
Authors: Choi Y Susan , Gray Heather M , Ambady Nalini 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1979, the sociologist Erving Goffman published Gender Advertisements, an examination of the ways in which images of men and women are used in advertisements. Goffman was particularly interested in how such images reflect underlying cultural values about relations between the sexes. He went on to draw a parallel between the still photographs of advertisements and the fleeting observations of strangers, gathered in the course of our lives, that comprise what he called “our glimpsed world.” Just as posed photographs provide insight into sociocultural values, Goffman averred, brief glimpses of others reveal a great deal about their psychological lives. In sum, Goffman suggested that observations made in passing can be used as sources of information about the internal states, social identities, and relationships of those who make up our social worlds.
Attitudes as Accessibility Bias: Dissociating Automatic and Controlled Processes
Authors: Payne B Keith , Jacoby Larry L , Lambert Alan J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In February 1999, four New York Police Department officers ordered West African immigrant Amadou Diallo to freeze as he stood in his apartment’s darkened alcove. Diallo raised his wallet in the air, and 41 bullets later, he was dead. Somewhere between the time Diallo pulled out his wallet and the first officer drew his gun, one of the officers made a judgment that their lives were in danger. The incident caused local protests and national controversy, as the public and the courts debated whether that judgment depended on the fact that Amadou Diallo was Black.
In Vivo Optical Imaging of Molecular Function Using Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probes
Authors: Ntziachristos Vasilis , Weissleder Ralph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tissue observation with light is probably the most common imaging practice in medicine and biomedical research. The original physicians’ visual inspection of their patients has been followed by more elaborate photon technologies applied to biomedical and clinical applications, many of which are described in this book. Light offers unique wavelengthdependent interactions with tissue and has been used to investigate both structural and functional tissue characteristics. A recent development in optical applications is the noninvasive imaging of molecular events in tissues. Underpinning these developments are the discovery of biocompatible, target-specific, and activatable fluorescent imaging probes and the development of highly sensitive imaging technologies forin vivo fluorescent detection. Of particular interest are fluorescent probes that emit in the near infrared, a spectral window in which hemoglobin and water photons to penetrate for several centimeters in tissue.
In this chapterwe review technological advances that have allowed molecularimaging in the near infrared. First, we outline design strategies for fluorescent probes developed for in vivo applications and focus on the engineering of molecular beacons, a particular category of near-infrared fluorescent smart probes that maximize imaging capacity. We describe the chemistry of such probes and delineate current and future molecular targets. Second, we describe optical imaging technologies used for noninvasive imaging of the distribution of such probes. We illuminate the advantages and limitations of simple photographic methods and turn our attention to fluorescence-mediated molecular tomography (FMT), a technique that can resolve fluorescence and quenching/activation in deep tissues in three dimensions. We describe theoretical specifics, and we obtain insight on its in vivo capacity and the sensitivity achieved. Last, we discuss its clinical feasibility.
Effects of Endocrine Disruptors on Human and Wildlife Health
Authors: Colborn Theo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter briefly describes the endocrine system and the role it plays in survival and quality of life for both wildlife and humans. It provides evidence that products and chemical by-products of modern technology can pose a threat to the future integrity of many species on the earth, including humans. Two studies are presented in which reported untoward health effects in wildlife led to studies to determine whether the same effects were being expressed in humans. Based on insight gained from the two studies, the need for welldirected, long-term research that involves wildlife, human, and laboratory collaborations is discussed.
Emergence of Infectious Diseases in Marine Mammals
Authors: House Carol , Aguirre A Alonso , House James A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Emerging diseases are defined as infections that either have newly appeared or have existed and are rapidly expanding their geographic range with a corresponding increase in detection, prevalence, mortality, or morbidity (Morse 1995). Many infectious diseases have been documented as emerging or reemerging in the marine environment (table 9.1). Specific factors responsible for the emergence of a new disease or the reemergence of an old disease can be identified in most cases. This chapter identifies the factors associated with emerging microbial infectious diseases of marine mammals.
Zoonotic Infections and Conservation
Authors: Graczyk Thaddeus K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1967, the Joint FAO/WHO Experts Committee defined zoonoses as “diseases and infections naturally transmitted between vertebrate animals and humans” (Soulsby 1974). Since then it has been recognized that zoonoses are problems in every country; they are no longer associated with rural and sylvatic environments, and represent the most frequent public health risk (Soulsby 1974).
The Mountain Gorilla and Conservation Medicine
Authors: Cranfield Michael , Gaffikin Lynne , Sleeman Jonathan , Rooney Matthew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Certain species, especially those conservation biologists term “umbrella species,” engender a broad suite of ecological values and act as an ecological proxy for habitat conservation. The mountain gorilla {Gorilla gorilla beringei) serves as an umbrella species within the montane forests of Nile- Zaire Divide of Central Africa. Unique challenges to the mountain gorilla dictate that a different and perhaps more concentrated approach to conservation must be employed than that used for the other two subspecies of gorilla.
Deer Tick-Transmitted Zoonoses in the Eastern United States
Authors: Telford Sam R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whereas plagues were once thought to mainly affect developing countries, people now are increasingly aware of the threat within American borders. Ticks have catapulted into public awareness, to the point that if it were not for AIDS, these eight-legged creatures and their bloodsucking habits would be the focus of astounding public attention. The relatively sudden appearance of these infections seemed enigmatic at the time but is now relatively well understood. In the case of Lyme disease, babesiosis, and ehrlichiosis, reforestation in eastern North America has permitted deer to proliferate.
Global Ecological Integrity, Global Change, and Public Health
Authors: Soskolne Colin L , Bertollini Roberto 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ecological degradation, precipitating large-scale ecosystem collapses, likely will have an impact on human health (McMichael et al. 1999). Bearing the principle of sustainable development in mind, a pilot workshop on “Global Ecological Integrity and Human Health” took place in 1998. It was convened at the World Health Organization (WHO) European Center for Environment and Health, Rome Division, Italy, 3--4 December (Soskolne and Bertollini 1999).