bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Health‐related quality of life during neoadjuvant treatment and surgery for localized esophageal carcinoma
Authors: Blazeby Jane M. , Sanford Emma , Falk Stephen J. , Alderson Derek , Donovan Jenny L. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDEsophagectomy has a negative influence on health‐related quality of life (HRQL) during the first postoperative year, but it is not known how chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy treatment before surgery affects HRQL. The current study examined HRQL during preoperative chemotherapy/chemoradiotherapy treatment and compared postoperative recovery of HRQL in patients undergoing combined treatment with patients undergoing surgery alone.METHODSOne hundred three patients completed standardized HRQL measures before and during neoadjuvant treatment and before and after surgery. Mean HRQL scores were calculated and preoperative scores were used to model postoperative ratings using linear regression.RESULTSDeterioration in most aspects of HRQL occurred during preoperative chemotherapy. Patients proceeding to concomitant radiotherapy further deteriorated with specific problems with reflux symptoms and role function (difference between means >15, P < 0.01). After neoadjuvant treatment, but before surgery, HRQL returned to baseline levels. Six weeks after surgery, patients reported marked reductions in physical, role, and social function (difference between means > 30, P < 0.01) and increase in fatigue, nausea and emesis, pain, dyspnea, appetite loss, and coughing (difference between means > 15, P < 0.01). Recovery of HRQL was not hampered by preoperative treatment, and fewer problems with postoperative nausea, emesis, and dysphagia were reported by patients who had undergone neoadjuvant treatment compared with patients who had undergone surgery alone.CONCLUSIONSPreoperative chemotherapy or chemoradiotherapy had a negative impact on HRQL that was restored in patients proceeding to surgery. Recovery of HRQL after esophagectomy was not impaired by neoadjuvant treatment. These results supported the use of neoadjuvant treatment before surgery. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Signaling through FGF receptor‐2 is required for lens cell survival and for withdrawal from the cell cycle during lens fiber cell differentiation
Authors: Garcia Claudia M. , Yu Kai , Zhao Haotian , Ashery‐Padan Ruth , Ornitz David M. , Robinson Michael L. , Beebe David C. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractFibroblast growth factors (FGFs) play important roles in many aspects of development, including lens development. The lens is derived from the surface ectoderm and consists of an anterior layer of epithelial cells and elongated, terminally differentiated fiber cells that form the bulk of the tissue. FGF signaling has been implicated in lens induction, proliferation, and differentiation. To address the role of FGFs in lens development, we inactivated FGF receptor‐2 (Fgfr2) using a Cre transgene that is expressed in all prospective lens cells from embryonic day 9.0. Inactivation of Fgfr2 shows that signaling through this receptor is not required for lens induction or for the proliferation of lens epithelial cells. However, Fgfr2 signaling is needed to drive lens fiber cells out of the cell cycle during their terminal differentiation. It also contributes to the normal elongation of primary lens fiber cells and to the survival of lens epithelial cells. Developmental Dynamics 233:516–527, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Subcortical lesions after transient thread occlusion in the rat: T2‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging findings without corresponding sensorimotor deficits
Authors: Wegener Susanne , Weber Ralph , Ramos‐Cabrer Pedro , Uhlenkueken Ulla , Wiedermann Dirk , Kandal Korinna , Villringer Arno , Hoehn Mathias 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPurposeTo investigate infarct evolution and functional consequences of exclusive subcortical or cortico‐subcortical strokes, transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was conducted in Wistar rats.Materials and MethodsMCAO was induced in male Wistar rats (260–300 g) for 60 minutes. Lesion volumes and absolute T2 times on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were assessed 1 and 14 days after MCAO using a 4.7‐T MRI animal scanner in conjunction with functional testing (adhesive tape removal, cylinder test, and ledged beam walking).ResultsFunctional test scores were not distinguishable between sham‐operated animals (N = 5) and those with exclusive caudoputaminal infarct (N = 8; group cp), but showed significant deficits in animals with cortico‐subcortical infarction (N = 10; group cp+). The cp group had lower absolute T2 times and a more pronounced reduction in T2 lesion volume over time than the subcortical component in the cp+ group. There was no correlation of T2 lesion size or absolute T2 times and functional impairment in either group.ConclusionWhen judged from functional tests alone, subcortical ischemic lesions may not be diagnosed reliably. Furthermore, T2‐weighted (T2‐w) MRI does not well anticipate functional deficits in primarily striatal lesions. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;21:340–346. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Myocardial blood flow in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: Quantitative assessment with velocity‐encoded cine magnetic resonance imaging of the coronary sinus
Authors: Watzinger Norbert , Lund Gunnar K. , Saeed Maythem , Reddy Gautham P. , Araoz Philip A. , Yang Ming , Schwartz Alan B. , Bedigian Martin , Higgins Charles B. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPurposeTo quantify global myocardial perfusion using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with heart failure due to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC) and to compare myocardial perfusion and microvascular reactivity with healthy subjects.Materials and MethodsA total of 19 subjects (healthy volunteers (N = 12) and IDC patients (N = 7)) were studied using cine MRI to measure left ventricular (LV) mass and a velocity‐encoded cine MRI technique to measure coronary sinus flow at rest and after dipyridamole‐induced hyperemia. Absolute values of total myocardial blood flow (MBF) were calculated from coronary sinus flow and LV mass.ResultsAt baseline, MBF was not significantly different in patients with IDC (0.48 ± 0.07 mL/minute/g) and healthy subjects (0.55 ± 0.19 mL/minute/g, P= 0.41). After dipyridamole administration, MBF in IDC patients increased to a level significantly less than that in normal volunteers (1.05 ± 0.35 mL/minute/g vs. 1.99 ± 1.05 mL/minute/g, P < 0.05). Consequently, MBF reserve was impaired in patients with IDC (2.19 ± 0.77) compared to that in healthy subjects (3.51 ± 1.29, P < 0.05). A moderate correlation was found between MBF reserve and LV ejection fraction (r = 0.48, P < 0.05).ConclusionMBF reserve is reduced in patients with IDC, indicating that coronary microcirculatory flow is impaired. This integrated MRI approach allows quantitative measurement of global MBF in humans and may have the potential to study the effects of pharmacological interventions on myocardial perfusion. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;21:347–353. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dobutamine‐induced stress affects intracellular uptake of manganese: A quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study in pigs
Authors: Eriksson Rolf , Johansson Lars , Bjerner Tomas , Ahlström Håkan 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPurposeTo determine whether there are differences in increase in longitudinal relaxation rate (ΔR1) in the myocardium between bolus administration of Mn2+ ions during rest and during dobutamine‐induced stress and, additionally, to determine whether there are differences in ΔR1 between bolus injection and infusion of Mn2+ ions during dobutamine‐induced stress.Materials and MethodsPigs were divided into three groups with six pigs in each group. All animals received 15 μmol MnCl2/kg of body weight (b.w.) intravenously either as a bolus injection (groups 1 and 2) or as an infusion over one minute (group 3). The animals in groups 2 and 3 were subjected to dobutamine stress before injection of MnCl2, while those in group 1 were not given dobutamine. T1 was quantified in the myocardium and left ventricular blood pool before contrast injection and repeatedly during a one‐hour postinjection period.ResultsA significant difference in ΔR1 between the groups with and the group without dobutamine stress was noted in the myocardium up to 45 minutes after contrast agent injection. No such significant difference was found between pigs that received the contrast agent as a bolus injection compared to infusion.ConclusionDobutamine stress increases uptake of manganese ions in the myocardium. This increase was independent of whether the contrast agent was administered as a bolus injection or as an infusion. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;21:360–364. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Standardized assessment of whole body adipose tissue topography by MRI
Authors: Machann Jürgen , Thamer Claus , Schnoedt Birgit , Haap Michael , Haring Hans‐Ulrich , Claussen Claus D. , Stumvoll Michael , Fritsche Andreas , Schick Fritz 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPurposeTo assess standardized whole body adipose tissue topography in a cohort of subjects at an increased risk for type 2 diabetes and to compare fat distribution in subgroups regarding anthropometric (age, body mass index [BMI]) and metabolic parameters (insulin sensitivity).Materials and MethodsA total of 80 volunteers (40 females, 40 males) underwent T1‐weighted MR imaging of the entire body. Standardized adipose tissue (AT) profiles were calculated considering the different body structure of the participants. The measured data were interpolated to a defined number of sampling points enabling a direct comparison of the profiles independent on body structure. Resulting mean profiles and region‐dependent standard deviations of four age groups and three BMI‐groups were compared for females and males. Correlations between insulin sensitivity and body fat distribution were analyzed.ResultsReliable adipose tissue profiles could be obtained from all volunteers. In BMI‐matched subgroups, females show significant higher AT and subcutaneous abdominal AT (P < 0.05 both), but lower visceral AT (P < 0.01) compared to the males. Furthermore, visceral AT increases with age, as shown in the matched age groups. In both gender groups, insulin‐resistant subjects are characterized by higher visceral adipose tissue (VAT) compared to insulin‐sensitive subjects. In addition, profiles of insulin‐resistant subjects show more AT in the shoulder/neck region but less AT in the upper extremities.ConclusionStandardized assessment of whole body AT profiles based on T1‐weighted MRI provides a reliable basis for interindividual comparison of the body fat distribution and allows a fast and reliable quantification of total body adipose tissue and the distribution of different AT components as subcutaneous and visceral fat in different body regions. Differences in standardized profiles might enable an early identification of people at risk of metabolic disorders, as not only the amount but also the distribution of AT is expected to play an essential role in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;21:455–462. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Optimization of the arterial input function for myocardial perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance
Authors: Elkington Andrew G. , He Taigang , Gatehouse Peter D. , Prasad Sanjay K. , Firmin David N. , Pennell Dudley J. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPurposeTo determine how injection rate, cardiac function, and breathhold influence the arterial input function (AIF), in order to optimize the AIF in the clinical setting for quantitative myocardial perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR).Materials and MethodsGd (0.1 mmol/kg) bolus was injected at 3, 5, or 7 mL/second in 35 patients. In each cardiac cycle during the first‐pass, a series of saturation recovery (SR) fast low‐angle shot (FLASH) low resolution images with exponentially increasing SR delay times were acquired. Signal intensity (SI) time measurements were made from a region of interest (ROI) drawn in the ascending aorta (AA). The calculation of short T1s and thus peak Gd concentration [Gd] was performed by fitting the mean ROI SI against SR delay times.ResultsThe mean peak [Gd] in the AA increased as injection rate increased from 3 mL/second (5.0 mM), to 5 mL/second (7.1 mM), to 7 mL/second (4 mM) (P < 0.0001). The peak [Gd] increased as the left ventricular stroke volume (LV SV) increased (P = 0.01). Breath holding was not found to influence peak [Gd].ConclusionIn this study, we found that a high injection rate has advantages over lower injection speeds, although the duration of the AIF was apparently not significantly shortened by faster injection. The choice of expiration or inspiration as breathhold did not have a significant influence upon the AIF. Poor cardiac function was associated with a lower peak [Gd], indicating that first pass perfusion measurements in these patients will be suboptimal. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;21:354–359. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Test of the health promotion model as a causal model of commitment to a plan for exercise among Korean adults with chronic disease
Authors: Shin YunHee , Yun SangKyun , Pender Nola J. , Jang HeeJung 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to test seven constructs (prior experience of exercise, perceived health status, exercise benefits, exercise barriers, exercise self‐efficacy, social support for exercise, and options for exercise) from the health promotion model (HPM) as a causal model of commitment to a plan for exercise in a sample of 400 Korean adults with chronic disease. Using structural equation modeling (SEM), we found that all fit indices indicated a good fit. The final model accounted for 54% of the variance in commitment to a plan for exercise. Prior experience with exercise and exercise benefits were the factors most highly related. Health professionals can assess prior experience and emphasize personally relevant benefits of exercise in designing intervention programs to help Korean adults with chronic disease become more physically active. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 28:117–125, 2005
Coping with appraised breast cancer risk among women with family histories of breast cancer
Authors: Lancaster Diane R. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis descriptive correlational study was based on Neuman's Systems Model and was designed to examine how women with family histories of breast cancer appraise and cope with breast cancer risk. Ninety percent of 209 women in the sample appraised their degree of breast cancer threat as moderate or high. Women with high degrees of appraised risk had low breast cancer risk scores, while women with moderate degrees of appraised risk had higher risk scores. The most common and effective coping modes used were confrontive, optimistic, and early detection behaviors. Over 75% of women either did not use evasive, emotive, palliative, and fatalistic modes of coping, or rated them as ineffective. Canonical correlation analyses revealed five different patterns of appraisal and coping behaviors and lent support to the premise that the type of coping behaviors used varies with how breast cancer risk is appraised. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 28:144–158, 2005
Shifting Sands
Authors: Davis Thomas W. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This book traces the interaction of biblical studies and archaeology in Palestine. It highlights the field aspects of biblical archaeology, and clarifies the theoretical and methodological framework of the original excavators. Although biblical archaeology has been dismissed in favor of the new paradigm of Syro-Palestinian archaeology, the recognition of its positive contributions would restore a much needed balance to the current understanding of the growth and development of the field.
Power and the Spirit of God
Authors: Cooke Bernard 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Both the Hebrew Bible and Christian scriptures equate the Spirit of God with power. Power is a diverse phenomenon in human experience; several instances of power are examined here with the help of social scientific and psychological analysis. The book then relates the divine Spirit power to each of these instances of power: force and violence, fear, official and religious authority, law, wealth, images and symbols, language, teaching, sexuality, friendship and love. Finally, as a synthesizing metaphor to help gain insight into the divine outreach, i.e. the Spirit of God, the author uses the experience of a human embrace, examining this with a phenomenological hermeneutic and correlating it to the various forms of power studied.
Investor Protection and Capital Market Regulation in Germany
Authors: Nowak Eric 
Published: March 2005

AbstractLa Porta et al . have shown that differences among countries in legal codes and enforcement of investor protection account for much of the disparity in the size and development of their financial markets. According to their empirical measure of shareholder protection, Germany scores only one out of five possible points on an aggregated index scale.This chapter argues that this assessment is no longer correct, because Germany has reformed its capital market regulation in ways that now afford much greater shareholder protection. In four sections, the chapter examines these developments and their effect on changes in corporate governance and investor protection to date.
New Risks—Are They Still New for the Nordic Welfare States?
Authors: Timonen Virpi 
Published: March 2005

AbstractNordic welfare states led the way in consolidating new social risk provision through welfare state social care and active labour market policies some two decades ago. Current provision has successfully resisted threats from the instabilities associated with the end of the Soviet system and globalisation. Key questions now are (1) will it be possible to integrate new poor groups such as migrants and refugees into the system?, and (2) will better‐off groups continue to support the levels of taxation necessary to provide high standards in collective benefits and services?
Saving and the Effectiveness of Financial Education
Authors: Lusardi Annamaria 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This chapter examines the impact of retirement seminars on the savings and investment behaviour of households. Retirement seminars have the greatest effect on families at the lowest income levels and those with low education. Seminar attendance can increase both financial and net worth by 20%, and even more across subgroups of low education. Seminars also increase total wealth inclusive of pension and Social Security for both high and low education families.
Environmental Taxation and Revenue for Development
Authors: Sandmo Agnar 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The taxation of externalities is the subject of this first of seven chapters that examine potential sources of development funding. It considers the possible role of environmental taxes for economic development. The chapter starts with a review of the welfare economics theory of environmental taxation in a single closed economy (analytical details are provided in an appendix A). The different sections then discuss alternatives to taxes as instruments of environmental policy, considering both fixed and transferable quotas; review the double dividend issue; consider the extent to which distributional concerns should be reflected in the design of environmental policy; take up some special problems in the application of environmental externalities to developing economies; extend the analysis from the single country case to the case of global externalities, where each individual country is affected by the environmental pollution of all other countries (the discussion is with specific reference to the carbon tax, and a formal analysis in the context of a two‐country model is given in a second appendix); consider the political economy of global environmental taxes, by comparing alternative tax designs with regard to the equity‐efficiency trade‐off; discuss some practical problems of tax collection; and evaluate the revenue potential of environmental taxes with special reference to the carbon tax.
Revenue Potential of the Tobin Tax for Development Finance: A Critical Appraisal
Authors: Nissanke Machiko 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The principal objective here is to assess the potential of currency transactions taxes (CTTs) – the celebrated Tobin tax – to raise revenues that can be used for developmental purposes. Thus, though Tobin proposed and others assessed CTTs in terms of reducing exchange rate volatility and improving macroeconomic policy environments, this chapter considers the CTT first and foremost from the standpoint of revenue and treats its potential to achieve valuable double dividends (such as the promotion of financial stability and policy autonomy) as a subsidiary objective. With a view of establishing the ‘permissible’ range of tax rates to obtain realistic estimates of revenue potential from CTTs, the debate on the effects of CTTs on market liquidity and the efficiency of foreign exchange markets is reviewed, and the P. B. Spahn proposal for a two‐tier currency tax briefly assessed. Next, a number of issues raised in the debate on the technical and political feasibility of CTTs are discussed, followed by an evaluation of several new proposals, such as those advanced by R. Schmidt and R. P. Mendez. The last two sections of the chapter present estimates of the potential revenue from CTTs in light of recent changes in the composition and structure of foreign exchange markets and give a concluding assessment of the potential of CTTs as a revenue‐raising tax instrument and their ability to achieve double dividends.
The historical universal: the role of cultural value in the historical sociology of Pierre Bourdieu
Authors: Bennett Tony 
Published: March 2005

AbstractBest known for his pioneering study Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste, in which the aesthetic attitude of disinterestedness is accounted for as the expression of a class ethos, Bourdieu has become something of an icon of relativism. In thus effecting a Bakhtinian ‘discrowning’ of official hierarchies of the arts, he is often celebrated for his concern to place all tastes, popular and high, on a similar footing, equally rooted in specific class practices. Only a careless inattention could support such a conclusion. From his early interventions in French cultural policy debates up to and including The Rules of Art and Pascalian Meditations (1996), Bourdieu has consistently repudiated the view that a sociological approach to questions of aesthetic judgment must result in a levelling form of relativism. In exploring why this should be so, this paper considers the issues at stake in the forms of ‘historical universalism’ that are associated with Bourdieu's account of the autonomy of the aesthetic sphere. It does so with a view to identifying some of the difficulties underlying his understanding of sociology as a historical practice.