bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of tandem mass spectrometry combined with gas chromatography to the routine analysis of ethyl carbamate in stone‐fruit spirits
Authors: Lachenmeier Dirk W. , Frank Willi , Kuballa Thomas 
Published: December 2004

AbstractGas chromatography (GC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) operated in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode is currently the method of choice for the determination of the toxic contaminant ethyl carbamate in alcoholic beverages. However, even after extensive sample cleanup over diatomaceous earth columns, the identity of ethyl carbamate often cannot be ascertained with confidence, due to inconsistent ratios of the SIM ions m/z 62, 74 and 44 because the qualifier ions are highly susceptible to interferences. Therefore, a new method combining GC and tandem MS using a triple‐quadrupole instrument is introduced to determine ethyl carbamate in stone‐fruit spirits. For quantitative analysis the characteristic transitions of m/z 74 → 44 and m/z 62 → 44 for ethyl carbamate as well as m/z 64 → 44 for the deuterated internal standard ethyl carbamate‐d5 were monitored in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. In the validation studies, ethyl carbamate exhibited good linearity with a regression coefficient of 1.000. The limits of detection and quantitation were 0.01 and 0.04 mg/L. The recovery of the method was 100.4 ± 9.4%. The precision never exceeded 7.8% (intraday) and 10.1% (interday) and the trueness never exceeded 11.3% (intraday) and 12.2% (interday) at any of the concentrations examined, indicating good assay accuracy. A good agreement of analytical results between a previously developed GC/MS SIM method and the GC/MS/MS MRM procedure was found (R = 0.987). Regarding the validation data, the procedure is sensitive, selective and reproducible. The applicability of the developed method was demonstrated by the investigation of 70 stone‐fruit spirits from commercial trade. The ethyl carbamate concentration of the samples ranged between 0.07 and 7.70 mg/L (mean 1.21 mg/L). The main advantage of the developed GC/MS/MS method is the reliability of the results without the need for time‐consuming confirmatory analyses. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dissociation of gas‐phase dimeric complexes of lactic acid and transition‐metal ions formed under electrospray ionization conditions; the role of reduction of the metal ion
Authors: Kumar M. Ravi , Prabhakar S. , Kumar M. Kiran , Reddy T. Jagadeshwar , Vairamani M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDimeric complex ions of the type [M(A‐H)A]+, where M = metal ion (Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn) and A = ligand (lactic acid, methyl lactate or ethyl lactate), were generated in the gas phase under electrospray ionization conditions. The collision‐induced dissociation spectra of [M(A‐H)A]+ ions were recorded to study the behaviour of ligand and metal ions in decomposition of these dimeric complex ions. Based on the fragmentation pathways observed for complex ions of lactic acid, it is found that both the carboxylic and hydroxyl groups of lactic acid are involved in the complex formation following displacement of a proton by the metal ion. The dimeric complex ions of Co, Ni, and Zn dissociated to yield similar types of ions, whereas that of Cu behaved differently. The dissociations of Co‐, Ni‐, and Zn‐bound dimeric complexes involved losses of neutral molecules while keeping the oxidation state of the metal ion unchanged. However, elimination of radicals is found in the dissociation of dimeric complex ions of Cu, and the oxidation state of copper is reduced from Cu(II) to Cu(I) in the resulting fragment ions. The deprotonated ligand is involved in the fragmentation pathway of Cu complexes, whereas it is intact in other complexes. The oxidation state of the metal ion, nature of the ligand, and site of attachment to the metal ion are found to control the dissociation of these dimeric complex ions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative determination of fluvastatin in human plasma by gas chromatography/negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry using [18O2]‐fluvastatin as an internal standard
Authors: Leis Hans Jörg , Windischhofer Werner 
Published: December 2004

AbstractA sensitive and specific method for the quantitative determination of fluvastatin in human plasma is presented. The drug was isolated from plasma by extractive alkylation with pentafluorobenzyl bromide and further derivatized to the bis‐trimethylsilyl derivative. [18O2]‐Fluvastatin was prepared from unlabelled fluvastatin and used as an internal standard. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry under negative ion chemical ionization conditions was used for quantitative measurement of the drug, using m/z 554.26 and 558.26 for target and internal standard, respectively. Calibration graphs were linear within a range of 2 and 512 ng mL−1 plasma. Intra‐day precision was 0.94% (2 ng mL−1), 2.53% (8.2 ng mL−1), 2.16% (81.9 ng mL−1) and 3.26% (409.6 ng mL−1); inter‐day variability was found to be 1.64% (2 ng mL−1), 0.97% (8.2 ng mL−1), 1.97% (81.9 ng mL−1) and 2.01% (409.6 ng mL−1). Intra‐day accuracy showed deviations of 0.6% (2 ng mL−1), 0.37% (8.2 ng mL−1), −1.52% (81.9 ng mL−1) and −1.67% (409.6 ng mL−1); inter‐day accuracy was of −1.64% (2 ng mL−1), −1.13% (8.2 ng mL−1), −2.28% (81.9 ng mL−1) and −0.46% (409.6 ng mL−1). The stable isotope labelled standard was found to be stable under the analytical conditions. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reversible Regulation of Gelatinization of Potato Starch with Poly(ε‐lysine) and Amino Acids
Authors: Ito Azusa , Hattori Makoto , Yoshida Tadashi , Takahashi Koji 
Published: December 2004

AbstractPoly(ε‐lysine) (PL), lysine (Lys), monosodium glutamate (GluNa), glycine (Gly), alanine (Ala), and leucine (Leu) were used to regulate the characteristic gelatinization behavior of potato starch. As determined by differential scanning calorimetry, PL, Lys, and GluNa with positive or negative net charge elevated the gelatinization temperature with increasing amount added as compared with the small effect of Gly, Ala, and Leu with zero net charge. The peak viscosity evaluated by a Rapid Viscoanalyser was markedly decreased by adding PL, Lys, and GluNa, whereas Gly and Ala had no effect on the peak viscosity. The swelling was also decreased by added PL, Lys, and GluNa, whereas it was unchanged by added Gly, Ala, and Leu. Potato starch immersed in PL or amino acid solution released most of the retained PL and amino acids by the subsequent washing with water. The increased gelatinization temperature of the PL‐treat­ed potato starch returned to the original value by washing with water. It is thus considered that the regulatory effects of PL and amino acids on the gelatinization behavior of potato starch were substantially reversible.
The influence of plant characteristics on the entry mode choice of overseas firms
Authors: Elango B. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractOne of the most important strategic decisions a manufacturing firm makes while expanding overseas is making the choice between setting up greenfield operations or acquiring a local firm. Using a knowledge‐based framework, I propose that the ability to transfer knowledge and competencies across national boundaries is much easier in plants characterized by physical capital investment. Hence, during overseas entry, manufacturing firms are likely to use greenfield operations. On the other hand, in plants characterized by human capital investment, the difficulty in transferring knowledge and the need to learn and adapt to host nation requirements will make a local acquisition the preferred mode of entry by manufacturing firms. Using 682 entry decisions made by manufacturing firms during entry into the U.S., I investigate this notion while controlling for size of the industry, research intensity of the industry, degree of unionization, cultural distance, and the value of investment. Study findings indicate that in plants characterized by human capital intensity, the preferred entry mode is acquisitions over greenfield operations. However, foreign entrants with physical capital‐intensive plants prefer greenfield operations over acquisitions.
Coordinating product design, process design, and supply chain design decisions
Authors: Rungtusanatham M. , Forza C. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractDespite the undeniable appeal and importance of coordinating decisions across products design, manufacturing process design, and supply chain design to both science and practice, we know very little about how to do so to maximize operational, supply chain, and firm performance. This special issue on Coordinating Product Design, Process Design, and Supply Chain Design Decisions was conceived early 2003 to bring awareness to and to spur scholarly research into this topic. In doing so, we cast a wide net from both content and methodological perspectives, encouraging interdisciplinary papers that were theory‐building and/or theory‐testing in purpose using either empirical‐based (e.g., case research, survey research, historical research, etc.) and/or modeling (i.e., optimization or simulation) methodologies.The resulting seven papers represent the fruits of this harvest and are being presented in two consecutive parts. Whereas Part A introduces the three papers that speak to the performance implications of coordinating product design, manufacturing process design, and supply chain design decisions, Part B introduces the remaining four papers that address how and why these three decision areas can be coordinated. Included in Part A of this special issue, we also make the review process transparent for third‐party evaluation and, more importantly, formally recognize and thank the numerous colleagues from across multiple disciplines and academic institutions around the world for their efforts in helping us produce this two‐part special issue.
SHOPPING AND FERVOUR: MODERN LITERATURE AND THE CONSUMER SOCIETY
Authors: Walker David H. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
This essay considers the rise of the consumer society as articulated in sociological, cultural and literary discourses. The theories of Veblin, Sartre, Baudrillard and Lipovetsky are set alongside the observations of cultural commentators such as Barthes and Debord, and literary works are analysed in relation to themes and motifs they have in common with them. Nineteenth-century texts by Huysmans, Zola and Gide are seen to have affiliations in this regard with twentieth-century novels by Perec, Beauvoir and others. Themes treated include the predominance of the visual, the fantasmatic suppression of process in the production and consumption of commodities (and the anxieties this suppression can engender), the fetishization of newness, proliferation and the eroticization of availability. The depiction of disorders associated with consumerist mentalities opens on to considerations of existential and socio-economic debates which remain current, such as the nature of satisfaction; the relationship between choice and identity; desire and the self; and the problematic autonomy of the subject.
‘Crânement Beau Tout de Même’: Still Life and
Le Ventre de Paris
Authors: Tunstall Kate E. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract

This essay revisits the relationship between Zola’s descriptive techniques and painting by taking a detailed look at
Le Ventre de Paris
, and at one particular genre of painting, still life. The argument involves dissolving the easy identification between the painter Claude Lantier and the narrator in order to reveal the presence of visions of Les Halles other than Claude’s quasi-Impressionist one, to which much critical attention has been devoted. In a series of close readings of the visual descriptions, this essay reveals the presence of a Rococo aesthetic, implying parallels between the Second Empire and the eighteenth century; by exploring Florent's perspective on Les Halles in particular, it uncovers
vanitas
imagery and
memento mori
in which ‘nourriture’ is ‘pourriture’. To read
Le Ventre de Paris
is thus to be placed in a position analogous to that of the spectator in Holbein’s
The Ambassadors
, with its notorious anamorphosis; for, as the narrative perspective shifts between Claude and Florent, and as the descriptions evoke Impressionist, Rococo and early modern aesthetics, so the death's head flickers disconcertingly in and out of view.
Beyond the Cave: Lascaux and the Prehistoric in Post-War French Culture
Authors: Smith Douglas 
Published: December 2004

Abstract

Discovered in 1940 a few months after the military collapse of France, the prehistoric cave paintings of Lascaux were to become for many writers and artists of the post-war period a symbol of the twin births of art and
homo sapiens
. This new primitivism may be explained with reference to three contexts: the institutional recognition of Modernism by the French state; the Gaullist rehabilitation of national cultural identity after Vichy; and French resistance to growing American cultural hegemony. In each case, the cultural reconstruction of France privileges the originary moment symbolized by Lascaux. The work of Georges Bataille, René Char and Maurice Blanchot, however, explores and problematizes the originary status of prehistoric art in terms of anthropology, ontology and aesthetics. Far from providing a solid foundation for cultural reconstruction, Lascaux comes to represent the suspended and precarious nature of human existence in the post-war years and to function as a caution against the dangers implicit in the quest for cultural origins.
Initiation of Treatment and Selection of Antiepileptic Drugs in Childhood Epilepsy
Authors: Oka Eiji , Murakami Nagako , Ogino Tatsuya , Kobayashi Katsuhiro , Ohmori Iori , Akiyama Tomoyuki , Ito Minako 
Published: December 2004

Summary:  Purpose: A retrospective study was carried out on 53 cases with childhood epilepsy to evaluate the validity of the initial selection of antiepileptic drug (AED). Methods: We investigated the AEDs selected at the beginning of the treatment from the medical records of 53 untreated cases. A follow‐up study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of the AEDs. In the second study, we investigated the AEDs of 10 cases with atypical benign partial epilepsy (ABPE), to clarify whether the initial AEDs selected for rolandic epilepsy were related to the appearance of ABPE. Results: The AEDs used at the initial stage consisted of carbamazepine (CBZ), valproic acid (VPA), phenobarbital (PB), and vitamin B6. The main AEDs were CBZ and VPA for localization‐related epilepsy, and VPA for generalized epilepsy. The initial selection of AEDs in 41 (85.4%) of 48 cases treated with AEDs were considered to be correct from the results of follow‐up. We could not specify any AEDs that related to the appearance of ABPE. Conclusions: The selection of AED in this series was considered to be most appropriate. We proposed a criterion to determine whether to begin the AED treatment immediately at the initial seizure.
METHODOLOGICAL INSIGHT: Linking management changes to population dynamic responses: the transfer function of a projection matrix perturbation
Authors: HODGSON D. J. , TOWNLEY S. 
Published: December 2004

Summary

An important task in applied population ecology is to understand how changes to individual life‐history parameters, such as survival, growth and fecundity, affect population dynamics. Parameter changes, or perturbations, may be caused by deliberate attempts to manage populations (e.g. in pest control, harvesting or conservation) or they may be side‐effects of pollution, genetic modification and climate change.
For organisms with complicated life cycles, links between individual life histories and population dynamics are made using population projection matrix (PPM) modelling.
Changes to individual, or groups of, life‐history transition rates within a PPM have a nonlinear impact on the resulting eigenvalues. Conventional sensitivity analysis calculates the derivative of the perturbation‐eigenvalue curve to provide tangential linear extrapolation. Until now, only the simulation of perturbed PPMs has captured nonlinear perturbation effects.
Here we describe the transfer function of a matrix perturbation. The transfer function captures analytically the true relationship between perturbation magnitude and PPM eigenvalues. This analytical link extends easily to multi‐transition and multiple perturbations, promotes an understanding of matrix properties, and provides a simple method to predict the perturbation required to achieve a desired population rate of increase.
We use the transfer function approach to analyse a PPM for the desert tortoise Gopherus agasizzii Cooper, in the context of conservation management decisions.
Synthesis and applications. The transfer function offers a novel and powerful framework for the analysis of population projection matrices (PPMs), giving precise predictive power and analytical understanding of population‐level responses to life‐history perturbations, for example in the design of conservation, pest control and population harvesting strategies, prediction of population effects of pollution in ecotoxicology, and in ecological risk assessment. A useful focus is to set a target for the desired rate of increase (or decline) of a population, and use the transfer function to determine how best to achieve this rate.
METHODOLOGICAL INSIGHTS: The role of satellite image‐processing for national‐scale estimates of gene flow from genetically modified crops: rapeseed in the UK as a model
Authors: ELLIOTT LUISA J. , MASON DAVID C. , WILKINSON MIKE J. , ALLAINGUILLAUME JOEL , NORRIS CAROL , ALEXANDER MATTHEW , WELTERS RUTH 
Published: December 2004

Summary

There is concern over the possibility of unwanted environmental change following transgene movement from genetically modified (GM) rapeseed Brassica napus to its wild and weedy relatives.
The aim of this research was to develop a remote sensing‐assisted methodology to help quantify gene flow from crops to their wild relatives over wide areas. Emphasis was placed on locating sites of sympatry, where the frequency of gene flow is likely to be highest, and on measuring the size of rapeseed fields to allow spatially explicit modelling of wind‐mediated pollen‐dispersal patterns.
Remote sensing was used as a tool to locate rapeseed fields, and a variety of image‐processing techniques was adopted to facilitate the compilation of a spatially explicit profile of sympatry between the crop and Brassica rapa.
Classified satellite images containing rapeseed fields were first used to infer the spatial relationship between donor rapeseed fields and recipient riverside B. rapa populations. Such images also have utility for improving the efficiency of ground surveys by identifying probable sites of sympatry. The same data were then also used for the calculation of mean field size.
This paper forms a companion paper to Wilkinson et al. (2003), in which these elements were combined to produce a spatially explicit profile of hybrid formation over the UK. The current paper demonstrates the value of remote sensing and image processing for large‐scale studies of gene flow, and describes a generic method that could be applied to a variety of crops in many countries.
Synthesis and applications. The decision to approve or prevent the release of a GM cultivar is made at a national rather than regional level. It is highly desirable that data relating to the decision‐making process are collected at the same scale, rather than relying on extrapolation from smaller experiments designed at the plot, field or even regional scale. It would be extremely difficult and labour intensive to attempt to carry out such large‐scale investigations without the use of remote‐sensing technology. This study used rapeseed in the UK as a model to demonstrate the value of remote sensing in assembling empirical information at a national level.
Mapping uncertainty: sensitivity of wildlife habitat ratings to expert opinion
Authors: JOHNSON CHRIS J. , GILLINGHAM MICHAEL P. 
Published: December 2004

Summary

Expert opinion is frequently called upon by natural resource and conservation professionals to aid decision making. Where species are difficult or expensive to monitor, expert knowledge often serves as the foundation for habitat suitability models and resulting maps. Despite the long history and widespread use of expert‐based models, there has been little recognition or assessment of uncertainty in predictions.
Across British Columbia, Canada, expert‐based habitat suitability models help guide resource planning and development. We used Monte Carlo simulations to identify the most sensitive parameters in a wildlife habitat ratings model, the precision of ratings for a number of ecosystem units, and variation in the total area of high‐quality habitats due to uncertainty in expert opinion.
The greatest uncertainty in habitat ratings resulted from simulations conducted using a uniform distribution and a standard deviation calculated from the range of possible scores for the model attributes. For most ecological units, the mean score, following 1000 simulations, varied considerably from the reported value. When applied across the study area, assumed variation in expert opinion resulted in dramatic decreases in the geographical area of high‐ (−85%) and moderately high‐quality habitats (−68%). The majority of habitat polygons could vary by up to one class (85%) with smaller percentages varying by up to two classes (9%) or retaining their original rank (7%). Our model was based on only four parameters, but no variable consistently accounted for the majority of uncertainty across the study area.
Synthesis and applications. We illustrated the power of uncertainty and sensitivity analyses to improve or assess the reliability of predictive species distribution models. Results from our case study suggest that even simple expert‐based predictive models can be sensitive to variation in opinion. The magnitude of uncertainty that is tolerable to decision making, however, will vary depending on the application of the model. When presented as error bounds for individual predictions or maps of uncertainty across landscapes, estimates of uncertainty allow managers and conservation professionals to determine if the model and input data reliably support their particular decision‐making process.