bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON AN AGGLUTINOGEN (Rh) IN HUMAN BLOOD REACTING WITH ANTI-RHESUS SERA AND WITH HUMAN ISOANTIBODIES
Authors: Landsteiner Karl , Wiener Alexander S. 
Published: June 2004

Studies are reported on an individual agglutinogen (Rh) in human blood which has been found to be of clinical importance because occasionally it gives rise to the formation of immune isoantibodies in man, a peculiarity which leads to untoward transfusion reactions.
A method for the determination of the presence or absence of the new blood factor is described, which can be used for typing patients and prospective blood donors.
Examination of families showed that the agglutinogen is inherited as a simple Mendelian dominant. The distribution of the factor Rh among white individuals and negroes may indicate racial differences. The property is probably genetically independent of the blood groups and the factors M and N.
THE DETECTION OF A "MASKED" VIRUS (THE SHOPE PAPILLOMA VIRUS) BY MEANS OF IMMUNIZATION
Authors: Kidd John G. 
Published: June 2004

A study has been made of the immunization procedure described by Shope, with particular reference to the detection of "masked" papilloma virus by means of it. Papilloma extracts were frequently encountered which, though non-pathogenic, elicited the specific antiviral antibody and induced resistance to the virus upon injection intraperitoneally into normal rabbits. The results of the immunization experiments were often complicated, however, by the effects of extravasated antibody, which had accumulated in various amounts in many of the papillomas and was consequently present in extracts of them together with "masked" virus. The extravasated antibody was often sufficient to render extracts of domestic rabbit papillomas non-antigenic; and sometimes, when present in excess, its passive transfer conferred resistance to reinfection with the virus. The conclusion seems warranted that only positive immunization findings can be interpreted with certainty. Negative results provide no decisive evidence as to whether "masked" virus is or is not present in the injected material, unless the amount of extravasated antibody also present is known. The findings may have a bearing on the negative outcome of immunization experiments with extracts of the cancers deriving from the natural papillomas of cottontails.
Crude suspensions of domestic rabbit papillomas, which contain little or no virus demonstrable by ordinary methods, are far less antigenic than extracts of the natural growths of wild rabbits, which contain virus in quantity. In explanation of the finding the possibility seems worthy of attention that domestic rabbit papillomas may contain much less virus than the growths of cotton tails, the natural hosts of the virus.
EXPERIMENTAL NEPHRITIS IN RATS INDUCED BY INJECTION OF ANTIKIDNEY SERUM
Authors: Smadel Joseph E. , Swift Homer F. 
Published: June 2004

1. Three different inbred lines of rats were found to vary in their response to antikidney serum: rats of the Whelan strain were most susceptible to nephrotoxin and most prone to develop chronic glomerulonephritis immediately following the acute injury induced by this agent; animals of the Evans strain were almost as vulnerable to the acute effects of nephrotoxin; Wistar rats were the least affected.
2. Both Evans and Wistar rats usually recovered quickly from the acute injury, and between the 2nd and 5th months after injection they excreted normal or only slightly abnormal urines. During this period of absence of clinical signs of disease, histopathological examination of their kidneys revealed only minor scarring in the glomerular tufts.
3. Most of these apparently recovered rats subsequently developed a slowly progressing chronic glomerulonephritis irrespective of whether they were fed a basal or high protein diet.
4. Histopathologically similar renal lesions were present in all three strains of rats with active chronic nephritis regardless of whether the chronic disease followed immediately the acute nephrotoxic injury or was separated from it by an interval of months. These lesions were somewhat more severe, however, in Whelan rats.
5. Some intraglomerular scarring was present in the kidneys of all rats which survived acute nephrotoxic nephritis. It was especially prominent in those animals that remained clinically cured for as long as a year.
6. The permanent clinical recovery of certain animals, which were found to have moderate glomerular fibrosis on postmortem examination, suggests that factors other than this residual scarring contributed to the development of the recurrent nephritis observed in most of the Evans and Wistar rats. These unknown factors may produce varying degrees of renal functional trauma affecting both glomeruli and tubules.
EXPERIMENTAL GONOCOCCUS INFECTION OF THE CHICK EMBRYO
Authors: Bang Frederik 
Published: June 2004

1. The reaction of the chick embryo to nine strains of gonococci was studied. Four of these were inoculated intra-amniotically in 14 to 15 day embryos.
2. Infection of the 10 day chorio-allantoic membrane was localized and accompanied by polymorphonuclear leucocytic phagocytosis.
3. Infection was either transitory or persisted until hatching. Several strains killed the 10 day embryo in 3 days.
4. Chicken immune sera placed on the infected membranes failed to affect phagocytosis.
5. Slight sinusitis, bronchitis, and infection of the pulmonary alveoli were common following intra-amniotic injection of 14 to 15 day embryos. Infection also extended to the pulmonary and abdominal air sacs.
6. Serial passage on the membrane so modified one strain that it killed a greater percentage of both 10 day and 14 day embryos. The infection after modification was also accompanied by bacteremia and meningitis in one embryo.
7. The ability of meningococci to invade tissue and produce septicemia is contrasted with the inability of gonococci to produce more than a superficial infection.
8. The infection of the embryo with gonococci reproduces all of the essential characteristics of the disease in man.
9. Gonococci were found within columnar epithelial cells in a case of acute human urethritis.
TRANSPLANTABLE EPITHELIOMAS OF THE LIP AND MOUTH OF CATFISH
Authors: Lucké Balduin , Schlumberger H. 
Published: June 2004

The catfish (Ameiurus nebulosus) taken from streams near Philadelphia, is commonly afflicted with an epithelial tumor bearing some resemblance to epithelioma of the lip in man. This neoplasm usually occurs as solitary or multiple, large, red, fleshy masses upon the lips or dental plates, and by reason of its size, may prevent closure of the mouth. The tumor is comprised of epithelial cells, often in papillary arrangement, supported by a delicate vascularized connective tissue stroma. The larger growths frequently invade adjacent normal tissues and force their way into vessels where they are found as emboli. The clinical course of the tumor is one of relatively slow but progressive growth.
This neoplasm has been observed from the time of its inception in a number of animals. Thus it has been learned that the proliferative stage of the neoplastic process is preceded and accompanied by a striking vascular reaction. Intense hyperemia invariably occurs in that region of the mucosal surface which later becomes the site of neoplastic proliferation. Furthermore, by direct microscopic observation of the living tumors the atypical structure and arrangement of the blood vessels become apparent. A study of the significance of these vascular phenomena in their relation to the inception and growth of the tumor is now in progress.
It has been found possible to transmit the catfish tumor to fish of the same species by implanting fragments of the tumor into the anterior chamber of the eye. Also, by taking advantage of an anatomical peculiarity of the catfish cornea, it has been possible to embed the tumor fragments in normal tissue where it could still be readily observed both in the gross and microscopically. The growth of the transplants in the eye has been followed by periodic examination of the living tumor by means of the slit lamp microscope. In the anterior chamber, the tumor characteristically forms dense membranes which spread over the inner surface of the cornea. In this manner growth continues until the tumor fills the chamber. Between the two layers of the cornea, tumor growth is expansive.
Attempts to transplant the tumor to the anterior chamber of two other species of fish and to frogs, were unsuccessful. Implantation of the catfish epithelioma in alien species of fish excited no exudative response, whereas in a less closely related species of animal, the leopard frog, a pronounced exudative reaction resulted.
CULTIVATION OF THE HOG CHOLERA VIRUS
Authors: Tenbroeck Carl 
Published: June 2004

The work of Hecke on the cultivation, of hog cholera virus was confirmed with ease. Virus was grown in the presence of fresh minced swine testicle in flasks containing Tyrode solution, on the chorioallantoic membrane of embryonated eggs, and on the surface of swine serum agar. In flasks it was grown for 14 transfers; while on eggs it was grown for 13 transfers, followed by an equal number of transfers on agar, making 26 transfers in all. Only one strain of virus was used and we do not know whether all strains can be cultivated so readily or whether we were particularly fortunate in the selection of the strain used. Neither do we know whether swine testicle is better than other tissues for growth.
The cultured virus produces characteristic hog cholera when injected into swine, and its effect can be neutralized with commercial anti-hog cholera serum. No evidence of attenuation of the virus was obtained, the last culture being highly virulent when small amounts were injected. No evidence for the adaptation to the egg could be secured, since passages without swine testicle on the membrane or intravenously for 2 transfers resulted in a loss of the virus. No contaminating virus that might favor the cultivation could be detected by animal or egg inoculation.
Not only has the virus been cultivated but it has been demonstrated in large amounts in the culture. Four suspensions containing slightly over 0.5 mg. of protein nitrogen produced typical hog cholera when 1 x 10–6 cc. was injected, and one suspension made in the same way was active in one-tenth this amount. Few titrations on what is commonly known as hog cholera virus, i.e. the serum from acutely ill pigs, are available. We made one such titration and produced a delayed disease with 1 x 10–5 cc. of infectious serum. It seems probable that the culture virus is more active than the commonly used virus and that its practical use in hog cholera vaccination and hyperimmunization would result in a considerable saving.
All of the methods used yielded active cultures, but the serum agar method is the one of choice since larger amounts of suspension can be obtained with less labor.
INFLUENCE OF EXTRANEOUS PROTEIN AND VIRUS CONCENTRATION ON THE INACTIVATION OF THE RABBIT PAPILLOMA VIRUS BY X-RAYS
Authors: Friedewald William F. , Anderson Rubert S. 
Published: June 2004

The pronounced resistance to the x-rays manifested by the papilloma virus in ordinary suspensions is due to the protecting influence of extraneous matter and also in considerable degree to the amount of virus present in the preparation. Two to 4 million r were required to inactivate the virus contained in the crude papilloma extracts prepared for the present work, whereas 100,000 r or less was enough to inactivate comparable concentrations of virus after extraneous matter had been excluded by repeated differential centrifugation. The addition of normal rabbit serum or crystalline egg albumin to purified suspensions of virus was found to increase greatly the amount of irradiation required to inactivate the virus. Furthermore the percentage destruction of virus by a given amount of irradiation increases as the concentration is decreased by dilution with saline or buffer solutions. As little as 3,000 r will inactivate much of the virus in very dilute suspensions. The complement-binding antigen of papilloma virus suspensions is also inactivated by x-rays, but requires a somewhat larger amount of irradiation than necessary to destroy the infectivity of the suspensions.
The effects of irradiation on the antiviral antibody present in the blood of animals which have become immune to the virus—an antibody that specifically fixes complement in mixture with the papilloma virus—are also conditioned by extraneous material. 250,000 to 500,000 r had only a slight effect on the antibody in whole serum, while this amount of irradiation completely inactivated comparable amounts of antibody in preparations partially purified by precipitation with ammonium sulfate.
As a whole the findings indicate that under certain conditions of purity and concentration most of the radiation does not act by direct hits on virus or antibody particles, but indirectly by ionizing or exciting some other molecules present in the exposed suspension, which then react with the virus or antibody molecules.
COMPARATIVE VIRULENCE OF ST. LOUIS ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS CULTURED WITH BRAIN TISSUE FROM INNATELY SUSCEPTIBLE AND INNATELY RESISTANT MICE
Authors: Webster L. T. , Johnson Mary S. 
Published: June 2004

We find that St. Louis encephalitis virus cultured in 10 per cent serum-Tyrode solution plus brain tissue from 1-day-old innately susceptible mice attains a higher titre than when cultured in a similar solution plus brain tissue from 1-day-old closely related, yet innately resistant mice. This difference in titre persists regardless of whether the serum comes from innately susceptible or resistant mice. The relatively high titre of virus in the susceptible media is not affected by the addition of an extract (not cell-free) from the resistant brain; the relatively low titre of the virus in the resistant media may possibly be slightly enhanced by the addition of an extract from the susceptible brain.
The findings as a whole show that the marked difference in the increase of St. Louis encephalitis virus in the brain tissue of innately susceptible and resistant mice, on culture in vitro, is due to some difference in the brain tissue itself.
OCCURRENCE OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS IN AUTOPSIES, PATIENTS, AND CONTACTS
Authors: Kessel John F. , Moore Frederick J. , Stimpert Fred D. , Fisk Roy T. 
Published: June 2004

1. Poliomyelitis virus has been recovered in monkeys from 50 per cent of spinal cords, 10 per cent of olfactory bulbs, 50 per cent of tonsil-adenoid tissue, and from 26 per cent of the colon contents of autopsies; from the stools of 20 per cent of patients, and of 5 per cent of the contacts examined in this series.
2. Other materials as indicated in Table I were tested without success.
3. In autopsies with positive cords, tonsil-adenoid tissues, or colon contents were positive in 73 per cent.
4. 22 per cent of stools from patients with paralysis yielded virus and 19 per cent of the stools from patients without paralysis yielded virus.
5. 20 per cent of the stools from males and 22 per cent of the stools from females yielded virus.
6. 40 per cent of 35 stools from patients under 16 years yielded virus while 8 per cent of 38 stools from patients above the age of 15 yielded virus.
7. 71 per cent of the cords of 35 autopsies under 16 years yielded virus while 31 per cent 16 years and over yielded virus.
8. Repeat stools from 5 positive cases, 1 month after the first positive stool, were negative. The stool of one contact was positive the 2nd month after first recovery but was negative the 3rd month.
INHIBITION BY PHOSPHOLIPIDS OF THE ACTION OF SYNTHETIC DETERGENTS ON BACTERIA
Authors: Baker Zelma , Harrison R. W. , Miller Benjamin F. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Robert Wexler
Published: June 2004

1. Lecithin, cephalin, and sphingomyelin prevent the inhibition of bacterial metabolism which is caused by synthetic anionic and cationic detergents. The phospholipids must be added either before or simultaneously with the detergent. Addition after the detergent is without effect. Bacteria still exhibit this phenomenon after they have been exposed to the phospholipid and thoroughly washed.
2. A similar action of the phospholipids has been demonstrated towards the bactericidal compounds isolated by Dubos and Hoogerheide from soil bacteria. There is very little effect with bactericidal mercury compounds.
3. The effect of lecithin against the bactericidal action of synthetic detergents was also determined. It was found that germicidal quantities of the detergents were not effective in the presence of the phospholipids.
STUDIES CONCERNING THE SITE OF RENIN FORMATION IN THE KIDNEY
Authors: Friedman Meyer , Kaplan A. 
Published: June 2004

1. The absence of glomeruli in the kidney of the midshipman fish (Porichthys notatus) is reported.
2. The detection of renin in the glomerular kidney of the carp, the catfish, and the hog, and the apparent absence of this substance in the aglomerular kidney of the midshipman fish suggest that the tubular portion of the mammalian kidney does not produce or store renin.
THE EFFECT OF SULFAPYRIDINE UPON THE DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNITY TO PNEUMOCOCCUS IN RABBITS
Authors: Curnen Edward C. , MacLeod Colin M. 
Published: June 2004

1. Sulfapyridine, administered to rabbits during the period of developing immunity after a single intravenous injection of heat-killed Pneumococcus Type I, exerted no influence upon the immune response.
2. Active immunity as indicated by increased resistance to homologous intradermal infection was present 48 hours after the immunizing injection and 2 days before circulating type specific antibodies were detectable.
3. Of the serological techniques employed for the detection of circulating antibody the mouse protective test yielded the highest percentage of positive results followed in order by tests for type specific agglutinins and precipitins, the latter being least satisfactory for the detection of small amounts of antibody.
THE LS-ANTIGEN OF VACCINIA
Authors: Shedlovsky Theodore , Smadel Joseph E. 
Published: June 2004

Virus-free filtrate, obtained from suspensions of vaccine virus-infected dermal pulp of rabbits and rich in the soluble substances of vaccinia, was shown to contain four distinct components in electrophoresis experiments. Electrophoretic and serological observations served as a guide in developing a method for separating these components from one another. This method depended upon changes in the solubilities of the components with alterations of pH.
Three of the four components appeared to be serologically inert when tested with anti-vaccinia sera. All of the L- and S-activity was found to be associated with a single component which was electrically homogeneous at several values of pH and which was homogeneous in the ultracentrifuge.
This single substance, designated as LS-antigen, precipitates in equal titers with optimal amounts of L- and of S-antibody and is completely removed from solution by absorption with either antibody.
The LS-antigen of vaccinia appears to be a protein molecule with two antigenically distinct parts, L and S. Heating modifies the L-portion in such a manner that the substance no longer precipitates with L-antibody; this degraded antigen still combines with L-antibody, as is shown by inhibition tests, and still precipitates with S-antibody. Similarly, treatment with heat and dilute alkali modifies the S-portion of LS-antigen so that it combines but does not precipitate with S-antibody; and at the same time all recognizable immunological properties of the L-portion are destroyed.
LIVER DAMAGE AND URINARY EXCRETION OF SULFATE IN RATS FED l-CYSTINE, dl-METHIONINE, AND CYSTEIC ACID
Authors: Earle David P. , Kendall Forrest E. 
Published: June 2004

1. Rats fed l-cystine at excessive levels excrete large amounts of sulfate sulfur in the urine and develop liver necrosis and cirrhosis.
2. Rats fed dl-methionine at excessive levels excrete large amounts of sulfate sulfur, but do not develop liver necrosis and cirrhosis.
3. Rats fed cysteic acid at high levels excrete relatively small amounts of sulfate, but do develop liver necrosis and cirrhosis.
4. In conclusion, there is no apparent correlation between the amount of sulfate formed and the development of liver damage in rats fed l-cystine, dl-methionine, and cysteic acids.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF IMMUNITY IN TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Lurie Max B. ,   With the Collaboration of Peter Zappasodi
Published: June 2004

1. Mononuclear phagocytes of immunized animals that had ingested tubercle bacilli in vivo and had subsequently been transplanted and grown in the environment of a normal animal continue to inhibit the multiplication of the microorganism in their cytoplasm in the absence of immune body fluids.
2. Mononuclear phagocytes of immunized animals that had ingested tubercle bacilli in vitro in the presence of immune serum inhibit the multiplication of the microorganism in their cytoplasm to a much greater extent than cells of normal animals that had ingested the bacteria in the same medium and had grown in a similar environment.
3. The presence of immune serum during the in vitro ingestion of tubercle bacilli by mononuclear phagocytes of normal animals does not regularly endow them with increased bacteriostatic properties for the microorganism. Whether or not continued sojourn of normal cells in immune body fluids will confer upon them such properties has not been determined.
4. Mononuclear phagocytes of immunized animals that had ingested tubercle bacilli in vitro in a medium of normal serum and had subsequently grown in an environment devoid of immune body fluids inhibit the multiplication of the microorganism in their cytoplasm to a much greater extent than do normal cells under the same conditions.
5. Active tuberculosis confers on the mononuclear phagocytes themselves increased bacteriostatic properties for the tubercle bacillus which are independent of the immune body fluids or of the organ environment in which they grow.
THE EFFECT OF UNDERNOURISHMENT ON THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE RABBIT TO INFECTION WITH VACCINIA
Authors: Sprunt Douglas H. 
Published: June 2004

Experiments are reported in which it is shown that if rabbits are deprived of food, the lesions resulting from injection of vaccinia are either fewer or smaller; presumably this is partially explainable on reduction of available nutrients in the cell. The number and character of the lesions are also modified by the state of hydration of the interstitial tissues: If the amount of interstitial fluid is increased by permitting the animal to drink water, the lesions are even less numerous; but if the interstitial tissues are dehydrated either by withholding water or by injecting physiological saline solution into the peritoneal cavity, then the lesions are more numerous.
The increase in interstitial fluids in these experiments was not due to decreased plasma proteins, for these were normal. In this respect, therefore, the rabbit differs from man, for unless the plasma proteins are reduced, simple starvation in man results in dehydration rather than edema of the tissues.
From these experiments it is concluded that the virus is less able to multiply in the poorly nourished cell than in the well nourished one, and that hydration of the tissues increases the resistance of the tissue to infection while dehydration has the opposite effect. It is suggested that this is because hydration tends to localize the virus in situ, with result that fewer cells are exposed to it, while dehydration has the opposite effect. However, actual changes in cell susceptibility consequent upon altered water balance may be responsible for the effect.