bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Truth, Realism, and the Regulation of Theory
Authors: Blackburn Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this essay I want to approach an area where our metaphysics and our theory of knowledge are apt to become scrambled. Few would deny that a general theory of what it is that marks a statement as true should have implications for the theory of knowledge—of what is necessary, or sufficient, to know such a statement. Equally a view of knowledge might carry with it a picture of the kind of thing that makes true the statements said to be known. My trouble is this: I begin to doubt whether familiar ways of characterizing debates in the theory of truth—realism vs. instrumentalism, and so on—actually succeed in marking out interesting areas of dispute. I doubt too whether, if this is so, the theory of knowledge will provide a solution, so that by looking at conflicting views of what knowledge is we might come to understand genuine metaphysical oppositions. I shall pursue these doubts through the figure of the ‘quasi-realist,’ a person who, starting from a recognizably antirealist position, finds himself progressively able to mimic the intellectual practices supposedly definitive of realism. In effect, quasi-realism is the program begun by Hume in his treatment of both causal and moral belief. I take it that its success would be a measure of the difficulty of defining a genuine debate between realism and its opponents. There are certainly images and perhaps attitudes to our discourse within a field which seem to be associated with realism, but I shall argue that unless these are given some concrete employment they represent subjects not so much for decision as for nostalgia. This concrete employment would, in effect, be a practice that a quasi-realist cannot imitate.
Opinions and Chances
Authors: Blackburn Simon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ramsey was one of the few philosophers who have fully appreciated the fundamental picture of metaphysics that was originally sketched by Hume. In this picture the world-that which makes proper judgement true or false—impinges on the human mind. This, in turn, has various reactions: we form habits of judgement and attitudes, and modify our theories, and perhaps do other things. But then—and this is the crucial mechanism—the mind can express such a reaction by ‘spreading itself on the world’. That is, we regard the world as richer or fuller through possessing properties and things that are in fact mere projections of the mind’s own reactions: there is no reason for the world to contain a fact corresponding to any given projection. So the world, on such a metaphysic, might be much thinner than common sense supposes it. Evidently the picture invites us to frame a debate: how are we going to tell where Hume’s mechanism operates? Perhaps everywhere: drawing us to idealism, leaving the world entirely noumenal; or perhaps just somewhere; or nowhere. Hume’s most famous applications of his mechanism, to values and causes, are extended by Ramsey to general propositions, which to him represented not judgements but projections of our habits of singular belief, and also to judgements of probability, which are projections of our degrees of confidence in singular beliefs.
Perennial Antinomies and Perpetual Redrawings: Is There Progress in the Study of Mind?
Authors: Gardner Howard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I recently attended a conference filled with controversy. The purpose of the conference was to review studies of twins, with special reference to the insights about intelligence, personality, and psychopathology that can be gained from comparisons of identical (monoxygotic) and fraternal (dizygotic) twins reared together and reared apart (Bouchard, 1993). As a researcher who has questioned traditional views of intelligence and intelligence testing, I found myself caught in heated debate about whether intelligence is a single entity, one that is adequately measured by a standardized intelligence test; or whether the intellect is better viewed as a collection of separate faculties, which might be called distinctive factors of the mind, or intelligences. This controversy continued throughout the conference, adding spice if not clarity to the proceedings. When the conference had ended, one of the more senior persons in attendance remarked to a colleague, “I have not heard so much venom at a conference since the old days when we used to debate the effects of nature versus nurture. and it’s equally unlikely that either side will be proved correct.
Human Memory in the Twenty-first Century
Authors: Murdock Bennet B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Now that the nature of elementary particles and the basic framework of the genetic code have been worked out, the last, largely unexplored, scientific frontier is the nature of the human mind. Cognitive psychology is only one player in this game, but being a cognitive psychologist myself, I would like to think it takes a leading role. In general, cognitive psychologists are experimental psychologists whose domain of study is the higher mental processes-attention, perception, problem solving, thinking, and reasoning.
Entropy and the Magic Flute
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Harold Morowitz has long been regarded highly both as an eminent scientist and as an accomplished science writer. The essays in The Wine of Life, his first collection, were hailed by C.P. Snow as “some of the wisest, wittiest and best informed that I have read,” and Carl Sagan called them “a delight to read.” In later volumes such as Mayonnaise and the Origin of Life and The Thermodynamics of Pizza, he has established a reputation for a wide-ranging intellect, an ability to see unexpected connections and draw striking parallels, and a talent for communicating scientific ideas with optimism and wit. Kirkus Reviews praised Mayonnaise as “wonderfully diverting and very wise.” Nature wrote of Thermodynamics, “his chocolate-coated nuggets of science will continue to entertain and do surreptitious good.” With Entropy and the Magic Flute, Morowitz once again offers an appealing mix of brief reflections on everything from litmus paper to the hippopotamus to the sociology of Palo Alto coffee shops. Many of these pieces are appreciations of scientists that Morowitz holds in high regard. In the title piece, for instance, Morowitz tells of his pilgrimage to the grave of Ludwig Boltzmann, buried in the same cemetery—Vienna’s Central Cemetery—as Beethoven, Schubert, and Brahms. He also writes of J. Willard Gibbs (“thought by many to be the greatest scientist yet produced by the United States”), Jean Perrin (author of Les Atomes, a now-forgotten classic that convinced virtually everyone in science of the validity of the atomic hypothesis), Einstein, Newton (on the occasion of the 300th anniversary of his Principia, a date that passed virtually unnoticed except by Morowitz), Murray Gell-Mann, and Aristotle. Of Aristotle, Morowitz observes that “most people whose information comes from academic philosophy fail to appreciate that—among his many fields of expertise—first and foremost, Aristotle was a biologist.” Indeed, fully a third of Aristotle’s writings are on the life sciences, almost all of which has been left out of standard editions of his work. Many other pieces focus on health issues—such as America’s obsession with cheese toppings, the addiction to smoking of otherwise intelligent people, questionable obstetric practices—and several touch upon ethics, whistle-blowing, and scientific research. There is also a fascinating piece on the American Type Culture Collection, a zoo or warehouse for microbes that houses some 11,800 strains of bacteria, and over 3,000 specimens of protozoa, algae, plasmids, and oncogenes. Here then are over forty light, graceful essays in which one of our wisest experimental biologists comments on issues of science, technology, society, philosophy, and the arts.
Entrophy And The Magic Flute
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The Dying Light of a gray December afternoon my wife and I stood before the tombstone of the family Boltzmann in the Vienna Central Cemetery. At the center was a carved stone bust of the eminent nineteenth-century physicist Ludwig Boltzmann. On the left was the name of his wife, and on the right were the names of their three sons, the youngest of whom had died at Smolensk during World War II. Inscribed in stone above the bust was the formula S = k log W. The symbol S represents entropy, k has become known as Boltzmann’s constant, and W is the number of possible molecular configurations corresponding to a given observed state of a physical system. It is the formula that launched the science of statistical mechanics.
The Perversion Of J. Willard Gibbs
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It Was A Quiet Saturday Afternoon I was browsing the library looking for help with a mathematical difficulty I was having in representing the rotation of molecules and their optical isomers. I chanced on a copy of Vector Analysis by J. Willard Gibbs and was suddenly relieved. First, I had learned my vector theory from Leigh Page, who had overlapped with Gibbs at Yale and taught with Gibbsian notation, which was therefore familiar to me. Second, I had the feeling that the authoritative and farseeing Gibbs would have included the material I was looking for.
Tricentennial
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One Afternoon In Late November of last year I was reading for amusement the Preface of Treatise on Analytical Dynamics by L. A. Pars. This elegant compendium of classical dynamics begins, not surprisingly, with a recognition of Newton’s Principia, noting that the first edition appeared in 1687. I was struck by the realization that it was the 300th anniversary of one of the greatest publications of all time, and yet the year had passed with, to my knowledge, no remembrances or festivities. The anniversary seemed totally unmarked, at least in the spheres in which I travel. It was hard to imagine. I toasted Sir Isaac with a glass of wine at dinner that night and resolved to mount some more fitting commemoration of the event, however belatedly.
Jesus, Moses, Aristotle, And Laboratory Animals
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Issues Such As the use of animals in research do not arise as isolated abstractions, as many “animal rights” advocates would have us believe, but are embedded in a cultural framework that goes back over 25 centuries. For contemporary American and European society, the moral structure of that framework has two principal foundations: the Judeo-Christian religious development and the rationalist-humanist school, which has its roots in Greek culture, particularly in the thinking of A1istotle and the Athenian Academy. While animal experimentation per se was not an issue in the classical world, contemporary attitudes on related issues established the basic approaches.
The Fromagification Of America
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I Was Sitting in a favorite Fairfax, Va., bistro perusing the menu when I noticed that of the eight varieties of sandwiches and seven varieties of gourmet burgers offered, only four-a mere 27%were prepared and served without a cheese covering or cheese melt. Deployed by the chef were Wisconsin cheddar, mozzarella, Monterey Jack, and Swiss. Even the all-American steak sandwich was “topped with grilled onions and melted mozzarella cheese.”
Mammals I Have Known
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I Have A Newfound Respect for the hippopotamus. Having previously seen animals of this species only in zoos, I thought of them as ungainly, slovenly overeaters waddling slowly through life and surviving because they were too large and thick-skinned for any predator. But walking along the Mara and Tsavo rivers in Kenya and watching these creatures in their native habitats gives one a different perspective. They spend their days mostly submerged to help regulate temperature and their nights grazing in the woods and grasslands near the river. The sound of hippos snorting within earshot of one’s tent at night is, I assure you, a genuine communion with nature.
Expertise
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AFTER HAVING BEEN AN ACADEMIC for more years than I care to recount, I suppose I have come to have a love-hate relationship with the professoriat. A few things have emerged in recent months that have shaken me up.
It began in the Persian Gulf crisis, leading up to and culminating with Operation Desert Storm. During most of this period, there was little hard news and a great desire for more information on the part of many Americans. The radio and television networks responded with around-the-clock coverage (except on Saturday morning, when the usual inane cartoons took precedence). In the absence of facts to report and with long hours to fill, the tendency is to turn to expert opinion, and that is what the media did.
But who were the experts? There was really a shortage of genuine specialists, and those with sufficient facts were often involved in classified projects. But even in that case, expertise is a fuzzy concept when factual information is in such short supply and good theory virtually nonexistent. The media turned to the universities, and I sensed that some stations were willing to accept as a Middle East expert a social science professor who had smoked a Camel cigarette, sung “The Sheik of Araby,” or seen Bob Hope and Bing Crosby in The Road to Morocco. Similarly, a military expert was often an academic who had risen above the rank of sergeant or gone deer hunting with an automatic rifle. Fifteen minutes of fame was being proffered, and few could answer with the truth: “I really have nothing of value to say at this time.”
Literati
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I HAVE FOR SOME YEARS NOW been an advocate of the optimistic view that lurking in our archives and libraries are insights, propositions, and generalizations that are hidden in the sheer mass of material. In the biological domain, there has been a growing movement to get publications on-line electronically, in order to use computerized methods of retrieval and analysis to search for hidden meaning. Other fields of study are using computer tools in similar ways.
Sometimes the insights come more traditionally, when one is browsing and grazing in the library. I used to say “browsing” and leave it at that until I came across the ecological distinction that browsing refers to eating leaves and shoots-that is, above ground level-whereas grazing refers to eating grasses. Since the books I seek are, for some curious reason, all too often on the lowest library shelf, I have had to add grazing to browsing to describe library foraging. Thus, I am often found by students in the undignified position of sitting on the floor in the stacks, thumbing through books from the bottom shelf. In addition, random-access material comes in a great variety of ways through the mail, hand carried, by fax, and by electronic mail.
What Is Life? Now Is The Time To Find Out
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
RECENT EXCITEMENT ABOUT sequencing the human genome has generated interesting possibilities for understanding general biology. The raison d’etre of sequencing is to understand the biochemical behavior of an organism. The sequence of DNA base pairs must be indexed to the full structural and functional repertoire of the cells being studied. The time is now at hand to undertake a total analysis, not for something so complex as a human being, but for the smallest and simplest autonomous, selfreplicating organisms. The hope is that basic principles will be most easily seen in the simplest system, in much the same way that early twentieth-century physicists chose hydrogen as the simplest system exhibiting the features of atomic spectra.
In 1962, there began an intensive study of the pleuropneumonia-like organisms, called PPLO, which were then (as now) believed to be the tiniest organisms capable of growth and replication outside a host cell. Almost three decades of further study have focused attention on one genus of the group, Mycoplasma, which includes cells as small as 0.3 pm in diameter and genomes that consist of loops of double-stranded DNA about 800,000 base pairs in length. Some of these cells contain only a billion atoms yet fulfill all our criteria for living organisms. They thus serve as ideal models for probing life at the most reduced level.
Parenting in Transition
Authors: Coltrane Scott 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While shopping for groceries a short time ago, I ran into Terry, a bright and vibrant attorney friend I hadn’t seen in several years. As we stood in front of the produce bins, Terry used car keys to entertain a fidgety two year old and described the difficulties of balancing family and career: “I’ll bet you can’t imagine me as the domestic type, but things have changed since we had Megan. Now all I want to do is stay home and take care of her, and everyone at the office is questioning my commitment to the firm.”
The Promised Land
Authors: Taylor William R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Shall it be said in after-times that the descendants of the noble Cavaliers and gentlemen, who conquered and reclaimed this country, had become so degenerate as to suffer this great inheritance to pass from us? Oh, never let it be said! Gird on your armor, Virginians, and follow me at least to the mountain’s brow! Take one glance over those hitherto impregnable barriers, the great Appalachee, and I will show you a finer country than that promised land which Moses beheld, but never reached Shake off the lethargy which oppresses you, and go with me to this great, this boundless country-this future seat of empires.
Compassion
Authors: Pellegrino Edmund D , Thomasma David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If there is one criticism of medicine and physicians that is widespread among patients today and painful for physicians to hear, it is a perceived deficiency in compassion. This criticism is usually accompanied by a plea for physicians, nurses, all health professionals, and health care institutions to couple their use of medical knowledge and skill with a better perception of the predicament of illness in the persons they are attending. This call for compassion goes directly to the central concern of this book: the character of the physician. Compassion cannot be expressed neatly in a principle, rule, guideline, or description of a duty. It summates the whole of the character, virtues, and vices of physicians and nurses. Its components are many psychological, sociological, cultural, ethnic, and intellectual. But compassion is also a moral virtue in the classical sense in which we are using the term in this book-a habitual disposition, to act in a certain way, a way that facilitates and enriches the telos or purpose of whatever human acts we perform. In medicine, of course, the act in question is the act of healing, helping, and caring for someone who is ill. Compassion is the character trait that shapes the cognitive aspect of healing to fit the unique predicament of this patient.
Can the Medical Virtues Be Taught?
Authors: Pellegrino Edmund D , Thomasma David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his celebrated but characteristically indecisive dialogue with Meno, Socrates posed the question that still worries the critics and even the friends of ethics: Can good character be taught? More specifically for the purposes of this book, Can the virtues essential to the formation of the good physician be taught, and, if so, How? To answer the question, as Socrates pointed out to Meno, we must know what virtue is and, then, by what method we should teach it. In this book, we have tried, with the post-Socratic insights provided by Aristotle, Aquinas, and other thinkers, to define virtue in general and then those individual virtues important to attaining the ends of medicine. We can now tum, with somewhat less assurance, to a qualified answer to Socrates’ question. Yes, we think the virtues essential to being a good physician can be taught-at least in part, and with some hope of success.
Toward a Comprehensive Philosophy for Medicine
Authors: Pellegrino Edmund D , Thomasma David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this book we have examined one facet of the moral philosophy of medicine the place virtue theory occupies-and its relationship to principle- and duty-based theories. This is far from a complete rendition of the practical structure requisite for an integral or complete moral philosophy peculiar to medicine. Such a moral philosophy would require that the principles, duties, and virtues appropriate to right and good medical morality themselves be grounded in something more funda mental-in a theory of medicine or some theory of the moral order (its ontology, epistemology, and axiology) as they relate and are applied to a theory of medicine.
Machine: Authorizing an End
Authors: Dunn Francis M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The credits begin to roll, the curtain falls, or the curl of a koronis adorns the page, and we are reassured that the performance has ended or that the book is finished. But is such a gesture necessary? Or is a mere gesture sufficient? If the drama is complete, then surely the gesture is an empty one: formal but redundant confirmation that the action has been wrapped up in a satisfactory manner. However, if the action remains open, then the gesture is ironic, like Ionesco’s curtain or Estragon’s decision to go: not an agent of closure but an informer that betrays the work’s incompleteness. In either case we have, or seem to have, an opposition between form and content, between the “internal” completeness or incompleteness of the action and the “external” flourishes that advance or subvert this closure. This opposition shifts the question of closure from the outside to the inside, from the empty gestures of the stage to the “real” completeness of the plot or action that these gestures may or may not endorse. Once we turn our attention from the outside to the inside, and try to judge the completeness of the action, the question seems to have a simple answer: the deus ex machina, the god on the machine, enters at the end to tie up loose ends, resolve all problems, and guarantee that the action is complete. But in so doing, the deus formalizes the closure of the plot and turns this reassuring ending into yet another gesture. The opposition between inside and outside, meaning and gesture, collapses and renders closure deeply problematic.
Becoming Southern
Authors: Morris Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mississippi represented the Old South and all that it stood for perhaps more than any other state. Christopher Morris takes a close look at one of those “typically” southern communities, Jefferson Davis's Warren County, the northern-most of the five old river counties located in the state’s southwestern corner. By exploring Warren County’s history Morris traces the evolution of Old South society from its pioneer origins to its end at the onset of the Civil War. This is a study of a society’s development, a snapshot of the people and their community in crisis and demonstrates the significance of change over time in the antebellum South.