bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conditioning of nyala (Tragelaphus angasi) to blood sampling in a crate with positive reinforcement
Authors: Grandin Temple , Rooney Matthew B. , Phillips Megan , Cambre Richard C. , Irlbeck Nancy A. , Graffam Wendy 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHabituation and positive reinforcement procedures were successfully used for low stress blood sampling of nyala (Tragelaphus angasi) at the Denver Zoological Gardens. Four adult females and three offspring were conditioned with a food reward voluntarily to enter a plywood crate for bimonthly blood sampling from the rear leg. Habituated and conditioned, nonsedated nyala could also be given intramuscular injections and be palpated on the udder and abdomen. Highly palatable sliced yams and carrots were used to train the seven animals to enter the crate and allow a handler to confine each animal in it by closing a remotely controlled, vertical slide gate. The next step was slow, careful desensitization and habituation of each animal to having its legs and body touched by a person who reached through a small hole in the side of the crate. The animal was given yam treats during this procedure. The solid sides on the crate helped keep the animal calm. Conditioning and habituation were done slowly and carefully over a period of 3 months to avoid frightening the animals or causing a dangerous escape attempt. All animals remained calm during both conditioning and blood sampling procedures. Investing the time and effort to train nyala to crate handling resulted in improved animal welfare and blood samples that were not confounded by stress. The nyala were trained for a vitamin E supplementation study. In captivity, nyala often suffer from myopathy due to vitamin E deficiency. Vitamin E levels will change when an animal is stressed. Training the animals to cooperate during blood sampling eliminated handling stress. This made it possible to accurately measure vitamin E levels, which will aid nutritionists in determining supplementation levels. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Factors affecting pair compatibility in captive kangaroo rats, Dipodomys heermanni
Authors: Thompson Katerina V. , Roberts Miles , Rall William F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCaptive propagation is a critical component of the Morro Bay Kangaroo Rat Recovery Plan, but past attempts to breed this and other kangaroo rat species have had mixed success. In three experiments using a closely related surrogate species, the Lompoc kangaroo rat, we evaluated the effects of familiarity and long‐term housing experience on the behavior of captive males and females during dyadic encounters in an attempt to devise husbandry methods most conducive to reproduction. Females exhibited less aggression with and were more likely to allow physical contact with familiar males, provided the males had had previous social experience, such as that provided by living in close sensory contact with female conspecifics. Socialized males (those housed adjacent to females, separated from them by a wire mesh screen) were cautious, rather than persistent, when interacting with unfamiliar or anestrous females. Males housed in isolation from conspecifics were persistent whether or not they were familiar to the female. Pairs with very long periods of familiarity exhibited more nonaggressive contact than newly acquainted pairs. Results suggest that housing structures allowing longterm sensory contact between potential mates may improve breeding success in kangaroo rats and other solitary, aggressive species. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Selected aspects of female white‐faced saki (Pithecia pithecia) reproductive biology in captivity
Authors: Savage A. , Lasley B. L. , Vecchio A. J. , Miller A. E. , Shideler S. E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLittle is known regarding the reproductive biology of the white‐faced saki. Although sakis have been in zoos since the mid‐1970s, little attention has been paid to the reproductive biology of this threatened species. This study describes the results of a 3‐year study of the reproduction of the white‐faced saki in captivity. Using noninvasive methods to determine levels of estrone conjugates (E1C) and pregnanediol‐3‐glucuronide (PdG) in daily urine samples, we have characterized the female reproductive cycle of this species. Nonconceptive ovarian cycles were 16.95 ± 1.57 (SD) days, gestational length was 146.1 ± 5.2 (SD) days, and the length of lactationally induced infertility varied among females but averaged 163 ± 40.6 (SD) days. Attempts to accelerate puberty by pairing a young female with an adult male was without effect. Puberty occurred at 32 months of age in one female. This study provides information that enhances our understanding of the reproductive biology of this species. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Benefits of the zoological park to the teaching of comparative vertebrate anatomy
Authors: Doolittle Richard L. , Grand Theodore I. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractZoological parks offer varied benefits and opportunities to comparative vertebrate anatomy (CVA) as it is taught at the college/university level. First, exotic species enrich and clarify the major principles of anatomy—form and function, adaptive behavior, and evolutionary process—in ways that traditional laboratory species (dogfish, frog, cat) cannot achieve. Second, students aged 18–22 are sophisticated enough to integrate gross anatomy with the functions of behavior, behavior with exhibit design, design with animal management, and management with the politics of conservation. Third, direct contacts between students and zoo person‐nel (keepers, clinical and research staff) suggest career options beyond the pre‐med/prevet orientations of most biology concentrators. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Parentage verification of a mountain zebra (Equus zebra hartmannae) using polymorphic microsatellite markers
Authors: Breen Matthew , Irvin Zlata , Downs Peter , Gill Ian , Bircher Peter , Hart Niki , Bell Kevin 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe Hartmann's mountain zebra (Equus zebra hartmannae) has been classified by the IUCN as a vulnerable species. Approximately 300 individuals, maintained in zoos throughout Europe and the United States of America, are being managed as part of a captive breeding program. An International Studbook is maintained for the Hartmann's mountain zebra at Marwell Zoological Park, UK. Despite the use of a variety of means to identify each individual in a captive herd, confusion sometimes occurs, resulting in the misidentification of an animal. Here we report the first application of DNA typing, using polymorphic microsatellite loci, to resolve a misidentification involving two female Hartmann's mountain zebra. This case demonstrates the way in which genetic tests derived from a related domesticated species may be used as an effective tool for captive management. Further, this case highlights the need to be able to conclusively identify captive individuals and to maintain accurate pedigree information for successful captive management. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Urinary cortisol analysis for monitoring adrenal activity in elephants
Authors: Brown Janine L. , Wemmer Christen M. , Lehnhardt John 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCortisol was measured in dichloromethane‐extracted elephant urine using an 125I solid‐phase radioimmunoassay (RIA). The cortisol RIA was validated by demonstrating 1) parallelism between dilutions of pooled urinary extracts and the standard curve, 2) significant recovery of exogenous cortisol added to elephant urine, and 3) a relationship between changes in peripheral and urinary cortisol after an adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) challenge. One African (Loxodonta africana) and one Asian (Elephas maximus) elephant were given three injections of ACTH (1.25 mg) at 2 h intervals. Serum cortisol increased four‐ to eightfold within 30 min after the first injection and peaked (nine‐ to twelvefold increase) after the second injection. Serum concentrations began to decline 2–3 h after the last injection but were still approximately fourfold higher than baseline at the end of the collection period (hour 8). In the urine, cortisol concentrations were increased in the first sample postinjection (1.5–4 h) and peaked twenty‐ to fortyfold by ∼6 h. Urinary cortisol remained elevated at 8 h, but returned to baseline the following morning. Analysis of high performance liquid chromatography fractions of extracted urine revealed that immunoactivity was associated with free cortisol (∼90% of total immunoactivity) and a more polar, unidentified metabolite. A method for preserving urine was developed to allow storing unfrozen samples. One pool of urine from each of one African and two Asian elephants was divided into aliquots, placed in tubes containing absolute ethanol (10%), sodium azide (0.1%) or distilled water (control), and frozen after 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 24 weeks of storage at ∼25°C. In unpreserved samples, cortisol concentrations were reduced 46% by 2 weeks and 95% by 24 weeks. In contrast, ethanol‐ and sodium azide‐preserved samples retained 100 and 95% of cortisol immunoactivity through 8 weeks and 93 and 85% of activity through 12 weeks, respectively. We infer from these data that changes in urinary cortisol excretion in the elephant reflect fluctuations in adrenal activity and may be a useful indicator of stress. Additionally, urine samples can be collected and stored unfrozen for at least 2 months before any appreciable loss in cortisol immunoactivity occurs, a finding potentially useful to field application of this technique. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America
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Effect of dietary protein level and thyroxine on vitamin A depletion from liver in chicks
Authors: Nir I. , Ascarelli I. 
Published: June 2005

1. The effect of dietary protein level and supplementation with thyroxine and thiouracil on depletion of liver stores of vitamin A, on the percentage of liver vitamin A in the alcohol form and on the plasma level of vitamin A and protein has been studied in chicks. In an experiment with cockerels the relation was investigated between the vitamin A level of plasma and the electrophoretic pattern of its proteins.2. Liver vitamin A depletion was considerably reduced by lowering the dietary protein level.3. Protein malnutrition lowered the percentage of vitamin A found in the liver in the alcohol form.4. Depletion of vitamin A from the liver was related to the percentage of vitamin A in the alcohol form.5. Thyroxine increased both vitamin A depletion from the liver and the percentage of vitamin A in the alcohol form, whereas thiouracil had the opposite effect.6. Plasma vitamin A, and plasma protein contents were significantly lowered in cockerels receiving a 5% protein diet. The drop in plasma protein level was essentially caused by a reduction of the albumin fraction. No significant change in the levels of globulins was observed even after a 4-week period of protein malnutrition.7. When the dietary protein level was restored to normal both the albumin and vitamin A levels in plasma increased.
Milk in schools: an experiment in nutrition education
Authors: McKenzie J. C. , Mattinson Juliet , Yudkin John 
Published: June 2005

1. An experiment was conducted with 4600 children in nine schools, in which an attempt was made to persuade a greater number of children to take school milk. The proportion taking the milk before the experiment ranged from about 25 to 65%.2. Four methods of nutrition education were used: posters, lectures and films each in two schools, and pamphlets in one school. The remaining two schools acted as controls.3. The material was used for one term in all seven ‘experimental’ schools, and again for the following term in one of the schools receiving each of the different forms of education.4. Although it appears that there was a small increase in the number of children that said they would take milk, there was no significant increase in the number that did in fact do so, in either the first or the first or the second term.5. The analysis of the possible causes for this failure to increase milk consumption suggests that nutrition education does not affect dietary behaviour if the factors that limit consumption are sufficiently strong.
Studies on magnesium in ruminant nutrition
Authors: Suttle N. F. , Field A. C. 
Published: June 2005

1. In expt 1 daily supplements of 0 or 27–28 g potassium, with 0 or 7·5 1. water, were given to each of eight fistulated wether sheep on a hay and concentrate diet in two 4 × 4 latin square experiments. Faeces were collected for the last 4 days of, and urine throughout, 10-day treatment periods.2. Adding K to the diet decreased the urinary output of magnesium by 33% (P< 0·001) and significantly increased those of phosphorus, sodium and calcium by 98, 76 and 150%, respectively. Faecal outputs of Mg and K were increased, whereas that of P was decreased. The retentions of P and Na tended to be decreased, whereas that of K was increased (P< 0·001). Mg in serum was decreased by 0·4 mg/100 ml (P< 0·05) and K increased by 4·9 mg/100 ml (P< 0·001).3. Increasing the water intake increased the urinary outputs of Mg, P, Na and Ca by 33, 165, 47 and 200%. The faecal output of Ca was increased and the retentions of Mg, P and Ca were decreased (P< 0·01).4. The effects of water and K were generally independent, but interactions affected the urinary outputs of P and K and the retention of K.5. The increases in urinary Na output were three- and eight-fold greater during the first 3 days of increased water and K intakes than during the balance study.6. In expt 2, mineral balance studies were conducted before and after supplementing the diet with potassium acetate, using five wethers from Expt 1. K intakes were similar to those of Expt 1. The effects of potassium acetate and KCl were generally similar qualitatively but the acetate produced greater decreases in urinary Mg and faecal P outputs and greater increases in urinary Na and K outputs than KCl. K in serum was increased by 28 mg/100 ml but Mg was not affected.7. The nature of these responses in discussed with particular reference to the aetiology of hypomagnesaemic tetany.
Vitamin E and stress
Authors: Green J. , Muthy I. R. , Diplock A. T. , Bunyan J. , Cawthorne M. A. , Murrell Elspeth A. 
Published: June 2005

1. The nature of the relationship between vitamins A and E has been studied in the rat and the chick.2. Stress induced by diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was found to have no effect on the liver vitamin A reserves of vitamin E-deficient rats given dietary vitamin A or repeated small oral doses of vitamin A.3. Dietary PUFA did not affect the liver vitamin A reserves of young rats given necrogenic diets deficient in vitamin E and selenium, nor were these reserves affected by the onset of liver necrosis or its prevention by Se.4. The effect of dietary PUFA on the rate of depletion of liver vitamin A reserves in weanling rats or rats depleted initially of vitamins A and E and then given a single large dose of vitamin A was studied over periods from 2 to 12½ weeks. In three experiments the dietary PUFA did not significantly accelerate vitamin A depletion. In one experiment the depletion rate was increased, but this was not reversed by dietary vitamin E and thus could not be attributed to an enhancement of peroxidation in vivo but rather to a toxic effect. The effect of vitamin E in these experiments was not consistent but, in general, it slightly decreased the rate of depletion.5. Large doses of vitamin A did not affect the metabolism of small amounts of [14C]D-α-tocopherol in the vitamin E-deficient rat or chick, when interaction of the two vitamins in the gastro-intestinal tract was avoided.6. Large doses of vitamin A (40000 i.u. in total) given to vitamin E-deficient chicks receiving a diet containing 1% linoleic acid (as maize oil esters) did not accelerate the onset of encephalomalacia and therefore failed to exert a pro-oxidative effect on tissue tocopherol.7. The conclusion drawn from these experiments was that any relationship that may exist in vivo between vitamins A and E is not concerned with an effect of vitamin E in preventing oxidation of vitamin A. A critical review of the literature on the nature of the relationship in general supports this view.
Adaptive enzyme changes in liver and muscle of rats during protein depletion and refeeding
Authors: Stephen Joan M. L. 
Published: June 2005

1. Young rats were kept on a 6% casein diet for 4–7 weeks and then either killed or returned to a stock diet. Control rats were given a stock diet.2. Argininosuccinate lyase (EC 4.3.2.1, L-argininosuccinate arginine-lyase) was assayed in liver, and amino acid activating enzymes were assayed in liver and muscle of rats after depletion and while they were refed on the stock diet. Levels of enzymes were compared with those in the control rats.3. Amino acid activating enzymes were markedly increased in liver at the end of the depletion period, but returned almost to normal levels after 4–6 days of refeeding. In muscle the enzyme levels were not decreased after depletion, but began to rise after 4 days of refeeding.4. Argininosuccinate lyase activity in depleted female rats was about half that in control rats and rose again slowly on refeeding. Male rats were hardly affected by depletion.5. It is suggested that these enzyme changes play a part in the adaptation of the rat to a reduced protein intake.
Volatile fatty acids in the digestive tract of the fowl
Authors: Annison E. F. , Hill K. J. , Kenworthy R. 
Published: June 2005

1. Examination of the digesta from all regions of the avian digestive tract showed that volatile fatty acids (VFAs) were present in greatest concentration in the caeca and that they comprised mainly acetic, propionic and butyric acids.2. All droppings contained VFAs but they were present in highest concentration in those of caecal origin. Caecectomy was followed by a marked reduction in the total output of VFAs.3. Birds 14–20 weeks of age had similar concentrations of VFAs along the tract and similar numbers and distribution of micro-organisms.4. Portal blood contained all the VFAs found in the digestive tract whilst peripheral blood contained only acetic and formic acids.5. The almost complete absence of VFAs from the tract contents of germ-free birds showed that the VFAs normally present in the tract were of microbial origin.6. The presence of similar levels of acetate in the peripheral blood of conventional and germfree birds indicated that circulating acetate was mainly of endogenous and not microbial origin.7. The significance of VFAs as an energy source is discussed.
Protein-rich mixtures for human consumption based on fish flour, sunflower presscake meal, dried skim milk and wheat flour
Authors: Ballester Digna , Barja ITA , Yáñez E. , Donoso G. 
Published: June 2005

1. The quality of the protein in five high-protein mixtures intended for human consumption and made from materials that are available in Chile is reported.2. The ingredients were fish flour, bread, wheat (Triticum sativum Lam.) flour, roasted whole wheat flour, a wheat flour made from a variety of durum wheat (T. durum Desf.), skim milk and sunflower presscake, mixed in different proportions.3. The net protein utilization when fed to rats in diets at the 10% level of protein calories gave values in the range 66–76, which compare well with that (67), found for Incaparina, an all-vegetable mixture produced by the INCAP Group and used in Colombia, and are higher than the values (55 and 56) obtained for Peruvitas, which are mixtures made up basically from cottonseed and quinoa reinforced with dried skim milk.4. The protein values of the mixtures, expressed as net dietary protein calories %, were calculated from their biologically determined net protein utilization (operative), and gave values that ranged from 10·5 to 12·8, which are higher than the recommended values in diets for infants and toddlers.
Digestion of concentrate and of hay diets in the stomach and intestines of ruminants
Authors: Topps J. H. , Kay R. N. B. , Goodall E. D. , Whitelaw F. G. , Reid R. S. 
Published: June 2005

1. Two young steers, aged approximately 6 months and each fitted with a rumen and an abomasal cannula, were used to measure the flow of digesta to the abomasum over periods of 24 h. A diet of concentrates, at two levels, and a diet of hay cubes were given to the steers. Paper impregnated with chromium sesquioxide was inserted into the rumen twice daily.2. The amount of digesta passing to the abomasum and the output of faeces were measured and the values were adjusted to give 100% recovery of chromium sesquioxide. Measurements were also made of concentrations of plasma glucose, of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in both the rumen and abomasal fluid, and of rumen fluid volume and outflow.3. About 60–80% of the digestible dry matter and of the digestible energy of both diets disappeared from the forestomach (reticulo-rumen and omasum). The amounts of starch flowing through the abomasum differed little between diets and ranged from 29 to 77 g daily.4. The volume of rumen fluid did not differ consistently between diets, but the outflow of fluid from the rumen was considerably higher when hay was given.5. Diet had little influence on plasma glucose but affected the concentrations and molar proportions of VFA in the rumen fluid, and to a lesser extent in the abomasal fluid.
The effect of tungstate ingestion on xanthine oxidase in milk and liver
Authors: Owen E. C. , Proudfoot R. 
Published: June 2005

1. The ingestion of doses of up to 6 g sodium tungstate (56 mg W/kg body-weight) by goats was found to diminish the amount of xanthine oxidase secreted in their milk so that, in some samples, the enzyme became undetectable. This effect occurred whether the goats were eating a semi-synthetic or a conventional diet.2. Tungstate ingestion by goats did not affect the concentration of riboflavine in their milk.3. The ingestion of sodium tungstate by young goats for 3–5 months diminished the amount of xanthine oxidase in their livers.4. When given in early lactation to two cows, doses of sodium tungstate (up to 20 g) diminished the titre of xanthine oxidase in their milk with no concomitant effect on the yields.5. Much later in lactation the milk phosphatase of these two cows was poorly correlated with milk xanthine oxidase. Reasons for this are discussed.6. Under anaerobic conditions, with xanthine as substrate and triphenyl-tetrazolium chloride as hydrogen acceptor, neither molybdate nor tungstate affected the xanthine oxidase activity of cow's or goat's milk in vitro. Molybdate in vitro did not enhance the very low titre of human milk.