bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct Catalytic Asymmetric Mannich Reactions of Malonates and β‐Keto Esters
Authors: Marigo Mauro , Kjærsgaard Anne , Juhl Karsten , Gathergood Nicholas , Jørgensen Karl Anker 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe first catalytic asymmetric direct Mannich reaction of malonates and β‐keto esters has been developed. Malonates react with an activated N‐tosyl‐α‐imino ester catalyzed by chiral tert‐butyl‐bisoxazoline/Cu(OTf)2 to give the Mannich adducts in high yields and with up to 96 % ee. These reactions create a chiral quaternary carbon center and it is demonstrated that this new direct Mannich reactions provides for example a new synthetic procedure for the formation of optically active β‐carboxylic ester α‐amino acid derivatives. A series of different β‐keto esters with various ester substituents has been screened as substrates for the catalytic asymmetric direct Mannich reaction and it was found that the best results in terms of yield, diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity were obtained when tert‐butyl esters of β‐keto esters were used as the substrate. The reaction of different β‐keto tert‐butyl esters with the N‐tosyl‐α‐imino ester gave the Mannich adducts in high yields, diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities (up to 95 % ee) in the presence of chiral tert‐butyl‐bisoxazoline/Cu(OTf)2 as the catalyst. To expand the synthetic utility of this direct Mannich reaction a diastereoselective decarboxylation reaction was developed for the Mannich adducts leading to a new synthetic approach to attractive optically active β‐keto α‐amino acid derivatives. Based on the stereochemical outcome of the reactions, various approaches of the N‐tosyl‐α‐imino ester to the chiral bisoxazoline/CuII‐substrate intermediate are discussed.
A World Beyond Hydrogen Bonds?—Chalcogen–Chalcogen Interactions Yielding Tubular Structures
Authors: Gleiter Rolf , Werz Daniel B. , Rausch Bernhard J. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractIt is shown that tubular structures arise in the solid state through close chalcogen–chalcogen (X⋅⋅⋅X) contacts. As examples a variety of cyclic systems containing sulfur and selenium centers is presented. Common to all of them are close contacts between the chalcogen centers of neighboring stacks giving rise to a zigzag or ladder‐type arrangement. In the case of cyclic systems of ring size 24–33 the resulting tubes are able to include hydrocarbons as guest molecules. For 2,7‐ditelluraocta‐3,5‐diyne (17) the close contacts between the tellurium centers of the acyclic C2 symmetric building blocks generate a helical arrangement in which n‐hexane was included. The favored X⋅⋅⋅X contacts can be traced back to np(X)–σ*(XC) interactions.
Formation of Two Isomeric closo‐[(η5‐C5H5)FePC2B8H10] Phosphadicarbaborane Analogues of Ferrocene via Isolable η1‐Bonded Complexes of the [7‐{(η5‐C5H5)Fe(CO)2}‐(η1‐nido‐PC2B8H10)] Type
Authors: Štíbr Bohumil , Holub Josef , Bakardjiev Mario , Pavlík Ivan , Tok Oleg L. , Císařová Ivana , Wrackmeyer Bernd , Herberhold Max 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe reaction of nido‐[7,8,9‐PC2B8H11] (1) with [{CpFe(CO)2}2] (Cp=η5‐C5H5−) in benzene (reflux, 3 days) gave an η1‐bonded complex [7‐Fp‐(η1‐nido‐7,8,9,‐PC2B8H10)] (2; Fp=CpFe(CO)2; yield 38 %). A similar reaction at elevated temperatures (xylene, reflux 24 h) gave the isomeric complex [7‐Fp‐(η1‐nido‐7,9,10‐PC2B8H10)] (3; yield 28 %) together with the fully sandwiched complexes [1‐Cp‐closo‐1,2,4,5‐FePC2B8H10] 4 a (yield 30 %) and [1‐Cp‐closo‐1,2,4,8‐FePC2B8H10] 4 b (yield 5 %). Compounds 2 and 3 are isolable intermediates along the full η5‐complexation pathway of the phosphadicarbaborane cage; their heating (xylene, reflux, 24 h) leads finally to the isolation of compounds 4 a (yields 46 and 52 %, respectively) and 4 b (yields 4 and 5 %, respectively). Moreover, compound 3 is isolated as a side product from the heating of 2 (yield 10 %). The structure of compound 4 a was determined by an Xray structural analysis and the constitution of all compounds is consistent with the results of mass spectrometry and IR spectroscopy. Multinuclear (1H, 11B, 31P, and 13C), two‐dimensional [11B–11B]‐COSY, and 1H{11B(selective)} magnetic resonance measurements led to complete assignments of all resonances and are in excellent agreement with the structures proposed.
A comparison of cognitive and behavioral symptoms between Mexican and American eating disorder patients
Authors: Caballero Alejandro R. , Sunday Suzanne R. , Halmi Katherine A. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractObjectiveMexican and U.S. patients with anorexia nervosa or bulimia (complete and partial syndromes) were compared on severity and types of preoccupations and rituals related to eating disorders and the motivation to change.MethodOne hundred seventy‐four patients who met DSM‐IV criteria for anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or ED‐NOS participated. Eighty‐seven subjects entered treatment at the Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría “Ramón de la Fuente” in Mexico City and were matched with 87 patients treated at the New York Presbyterian Hospital. Patients were interviewed with the Yale‐Brown‐Cornell Eating Disorder Scale (YBC‐EDS) (English or Spanish version).ResultsAll YBC‐EDS scores were higher for the Mexican group, which also had a greater number of current preoccupations and rituals. U.S. and Mexican patients were quite similar in their endorsement of current preoccupations, but the Mexican group was more likely to have rituals in all checklist categories, and the rituals were more egosyntonic. More U.S. patients had received previous treatment for their eating disorder. A negative correlation was obtained between the amount of previous treatment and motivation to change the preoccupations and rituals (higher scores indicating lower motivation).DiscussionCultural factors may influence characteristics of eating disorders. The previous treatment experiences of the U.S. patients seemed to positively influence their motivation for further treatment. © by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 136–141, 2003.
A test of the continuity perspective across bulimic and binge eating pathology
Authors: Fitzgibbon Marian L. , Sánchez‐Johnsen Lisa A.P. , Martinovich Zoran 
Published: May 2003

AbstractObjectiveThis article examines the continuity/discontinuity perspective of eating pathology among 375 women seeking treatment.MethodsParticipants were categorized into five separate groups: obese nonbingers, subthreshold binge eating disorder (BED), BED, subthreshold bulimics, and bulimics. We tested whether differences in core eating pathology (drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction, current body image, body image ideal) and psychiatric symptoms (depression, interoceptive awareness) differentiated the groups quantitatively (supporting the continuity perspective) or qualitatively (supporting the discontinuity perspective).ResultsOur results, overall, supported the continuity perspective of eating pathology. A discriminant function analysis using the eating pathology and psychiatric symptom variables as predictor variables found that one primary factor differentiated the five groups on both core eating pathology and psychiatric variables.DiscussionThe implications of testing this model within a treatment‐seeking sample are discussed. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 83–97, 2003.
Anger and core beliefs in the eating disorders
Authors: Waller Glenn , Babbs Michelle , Milligan Rhonda , Meyer Caroline , Ohanian Vartouhi , Leung Newman 
Published: May 2003

AbstractObjectiveThe link between emotion and eating pathology has long been established, but relatively little is known about the role of anger, partly because the existing literature has tended to concentrate on anger as a unitary construct. Nor is there any understanding of the cognitive factors that drive this affect in the eating disorders. This study had two aims: to determine levels of different facets of anger across eating disorder diagnoses and behaviors; and to investigate whether facets of anger are related to the individual's negative core beliefs.MethodThe sample consisted of 140 women who met DSM‐IV criteria for eating disorders, and 50 female control participants (university undergraduates). The women completed self‐report questionnaires of anger levels and unhealthy core beliefs, and the presence of bulimic behaviors was recorded at assessment.ResultsThe eating‐disordered women had higher levels of state anger and anger suppression, particularly if the diagnosis included bulimic symptoms. Different aspects of anger were associated with specific bulimic behaviors. Unhealthy core beliefs were associated with higher levels of trait anger in both groups but with anger suppression in the clinical women only. DiscussionSuggestions are made regarding ways in which state anger and anger suppression might be understood and treated in women with eating disorders. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 118–124, 2003.
The effects of restraint, gender, and body mass index on the accuracy of self‐reported weight
Authors: Shapiro Jennifer R. , Anderson Drew A. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractObjectivePrevious research has shown that women, restrained eaters, and overweight/obese individuals have a tendency to underreport their weight. This study investigated gender, dietary restraint, and BMI to determine which is the best predictor of errors in self‐reported weight.MethodA total of 241 college students completed questionnaires pertaining to height and weight and then were weighed in the laboratory.ResultsAlthough overall students were fairly accurate in reporting their weight, restraint status was the best predictor of weight underestimation.DiscussionThese results suggest that restrained eaters, regardless of gender or BMI, have a tendency to underestimate their weight. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 177–180, 2003.
Adverse effects of social pressure to be thin on young women: An experimental investigation of the effects of “fat talk”
Authors: Stice Eric , Maxfield Jennifer , Wells Tony 
Published: May 2003

AbstractObjectiveExperiments have found that pressure to be thin from the media promotes body dissatisfaction and negative affect, but the effects of social pressure to be thin have not been examined experimentally. Thus, this study tested whether social pressure to be thin fosters body dissatisfaction and negative affect.MethodYoung women (N = 120) were randomly assigned to a condition wherein an ultra‐thin confederate complained about how fat she felt and voiced intentions to lose weight or a control condition wherein she discussed a neutral topic.ResultsExposure to social pressure to be thin resulted in increased body dissatisfaction but not negative affect. The effects were not moderated by initial thin‐ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, or social support.DiscussionResults support the assertion that peer pressure to be thin promotes body dissatisfaction but suggest that this factor may not contribute to negative affect. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 108–117, 2003.
Sociotropy and bulimic symptoms in clinical and nonclinical samples
Authors: Hayaki Jumi , Friedman Michael A. , Whisman Mark A. , Delinsky Sherrie S. , Brownell Kelly D. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to examine the relation between sociotropy and bulimic symptoms. Studies of interpersonal functioning among individuals with bulimia nervosa consistently reveal issues of social dependency, need for approval, and fear of rejection. These themes are conceptually related to sociotropy, a cognitive‐personality factor that has been implicated in the development and maintenance of depression. Individuals high in sociotropy are keenly invested in attaining others' approval and avoiding social rejection.MethodsThe relationship between sociotropy and bulimic symptoms was examined in two samples of women: undergraduate women and community women seeking treatment at a private eating disorder facility.ResultsIn both samples, sociotropy was significantly associated with bulimic symptoms beyond the shared relation with depressed mood.DiscussionFindings are discussed in terms of the maintenance and treatment of bulimia nervosa. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 172–176, 2003.
The relationship among binge severity, personality psychopathology, and body mass index
Authors: Picot Angela K. , Lilenfeld Lisa R.R. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the relationship among binge severity, personality psychopathology, and body mass index (BMI) among individuals with binge eating disorder (BED).MethodParticipants were 50 individuals from the community who responded to advertisements for a medication treatment study of compulsive overeating and met BED criteria. Participants completed the Eating Disorder Examination and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV Personality Disorders.ResultsBinge eating severity was significantly and positively correlated with BMI and personality disorder symptomatology. The frequency of binge eating episodes, but not binge size, was associated with greater levels of personality psychopathology. BMI and personality psychopathology were unrelated. Twelve percent of the participants met full criteria for avoidant personality disorder (APD) and 10% met full criteria for obsessive‐compulsive personality disorder (OCPD).DiscussionFindings suggest that eating pathology, rather than weight, is related to personality psychopathology. APD and OCPD traits may be of particular relevance when considering treatment interventions for individuals with BED. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 98–107, 2003.
Body size estimation: Testing a new mirror‐based assessment method
Authors: Farrell Clare , Shafran Roz , Fairburn Christopher G. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of the current study was to compare a new ecologically valid method of body size estimation with an existing, commonly used method.MethodThe new method uses a “mirror‐sized” image and measures perception rather than memory of body size. Fifty‐five healthy women participated in the study.ResultsBody size estimations with the new method were significantly larger than with the existing method (p < .001). This difference was specific to body size and was not seen for estimation of neutral images.DiscussionThe results of the study show that different body size estimations are made with the new more ecologically valid method compared with the existing method. This finding has important implications for research into the factors influencing the perception of body size. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 162–171, 2003.
The bitter truth: Sensitivity to saccharin's bitterness predicts overactivity in highly arousable female dieters
Authors: Craig Melynda L. , Hollis Karen L. , Dess Nancy K. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractObjectiveThe interaction between taste sensitivity and emotionality in rats provides a provocative view of hyperactivity. Rats that have been bred selectively for their reactivity to saccharin exhibit characteristic emotionality. When placed on restrictive diets, these rats exhibit excessive activity levels, relative to rats that are not sensitive to saccharin. Because humans who are highly arousable (i.e., reactive to environmental stimuli) also exhibit an increase in sensitivity to saccharin's bitterness, the current study evaluated whether women who are highly arousable, currently dieting, and sensitive to saccharin's bitterness engage in excessive exercise.MethodParticipants completed a questionnaire packet, which assessed emotionality, eating patterns, and exercise patterns. On another occasion, they completed a body contour drawings handout, and their weight and height were measured. They also rated saccharin's bitterness and sweetness following a stressful event.Results and DiscussionAs hypothesized, sensitivity to saccharin's bitterness predicted overactivity in highly arousable female dieters, which reveals the multidimensionality of activity anorexia. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 71–82, 2003.
Construction of high‐dimensional neural networks by linear connections of matrices
Authors: Kobayashi Masaki , Muramatsu Jun , Yamazaki Haruaki 
Published: May 2003

AbstractHigh‐dimensional neural networks, such as complex neural networks and three‐dimensional neural networks, have been proposed. They are capable of learning high‐dimensional motions, which cannot be done by real‐valued neural networks. In this paper, high‐dimensional neurons are defined as vectors, and certain high‐dimensional neural networks, such as complex neural networks, quaternary neural networks, and three‐dimensional exterior neural networks, are unified in terms of a vector representation. It is shown that all of these types have the common feature of alternating matrices. The inverse quaternion neural network has the ability to learn rotations. In addition, it is shown that the proposed model cannot represent all rotations in neural networks that are higher than three‐dimensional, and that the inverse quaternary neural network has a partial ability to learn rotations. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(11): 38–45, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10072
The FDTD(2, 4) method for highly accurate acoustic analysis in three‐dimensional space
Authors: Sendo Yuuki , Kudo Hironori , Kashiwa Tatsuya , Ohtani Tadao 
Published: May 2003

AbstractRecently, simulation has become important in the field of acoustics. As an acoustic simulation method, the FDTD (Finite‐Difference Time‐Domain) method has been proposed. However, when this method is applied to a large‐scale propagation analysis such as indoor acoustic propagation, the phase error cannot be neglected and causes a problem in the analysis. Therefore, a highly accurate method of analysis that can reduce the phase error is strongly desired. In the present paper, a three‐dimensional FDTD(2, 4) method with second‐ and fourth‐order accuracy in time and space is formulated as a highly accurate method of analysis. Also, the numerical dispersion and stability condition, which are important for understanding the characteristics of the method, are derived. It is demonstrated that the present method provides much greater accuracy than the FDTD method. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(11): 30–37, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10076
High‐speed finite element computation in 3D acoustical analysis of vocal tract
Authors: Sasaki Koji , Miki Nobuhiro , Matsuzaki Hiroki , Miyanaga Yoshikazu 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThis paper discusses computational techniques and the way to provide the boundary conditions in order to derive the transfer function of the vocal tract by a three‐dimensional finite element analysis of vocal tract acoustic analysis in a short time. With regard to computational techniques, a solution of the simultaneous equations by successive use of iterative solution, taking the solution at a certain frequency as the initial value, and the use of the finite difference method in part of the analysis domain, are discussed. With regard to the method of providing the boundary condition, the boundary condition at the lip radiating section is discussed. By combining the techniques proposed in this paper, the derivation of the vocal tract transfer function can be accelerated by a factor of as much as 14. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(11): 21–29, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10091
Extracting relational constraints among objects with haptic vision in support of automatic construction of a virtual space simulator
Authors: Yamaoka Masaru , Yamasaki Kayoko , Tanaka Hiromi T. 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThe virtual reality technique has been widely applied to various problems, as a human interface technique emphasizing vision. Recently, practical use of tactile/force feedback device realizing the haptic (tactile) interface has been considered, recognizing the importance of tactile sensation. Consequently, the authors have proposed a “touch and see” haptic vision/active vision‐tactile idea, aiming at the automatic construction of a virtual space simulator faithful to the real world from the observed image, by using the haptic interface [6–8]. Aiming at the automatic construction of the virtual object manipulation simulator faithful to the real world based on haptic vision, this paper proposes a method of automatic extraction of the 2D constraints among objects on the horizontal plane. A method is also proposed to describe the mutual constraints among objects in the 3D space, based on the hierarchical structure of the extracted 2D mutual constraints. It is verified from the results of experiments using the haptic vision system that the horizontal support relation among rigid objects is extracted faithfully to the real world. It is also verified that the system is useful in realizing virtual object manipulations which are faithful to the real world, by using extracted mutual constraint among objects as an input to a virtual space simulator with a haptic interface. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(11): 75–85, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10130
Notes on a construction of error correcting codes
Authors: Hada Toru , Kasahara Masao 
Published: May 2003

AbstractThis paper proposes a new construction method for error correcting codes and its decoding method. The code proposed in this paper (code KI) maps the symbol of error correcting codes over a certain finite field onto another class of error correcting codes. In this sense, the code can be interpreted as a generalization of the conventional error correcting codes. The proposed codes have the following features. (1) The codes are fundamentally suitable for unequal error protection (UEP) codes. (2) Maximum likelihood decoding can be used efficiently in part. (3) There exists a coding parameter enabling improvement of performance in comparison to the conventional codes in the region of small SN ratios. In this paper, the principle of the proposed codes, encoding method, decoding method, and performance are discussed. Further, it is shown that the proposed codes provide a chance to discuss the problems of efficiency enhancement, synchronization characteristics, and unequal error correcting characteristics from a new point of view. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(11): 65–74, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.1155