bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is use of a novel food source by young canaries (Serinus canarius) influenced by the sex and familiarity of the adult demonstrator?
Authors: Cadieu  , Cadieu J.-C. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe influence of experienced males or females on the use of a novel food (canary seed) by juvenile canaries was studied. The tutors were either the parents, which reared the juvenile or unknown adults. In the Experiment 1, the various tutors and the juvenile could see each other through a transparent wall. We tested (i) in the young: the use of seed, the attraction towards adults and the reduction of fear, if any, brought about by the presence of the tutor, (ii) in the adults: feeding activity. Manipulation of seeds by juveniles was greater in the presence of their father than in the presence of unknown males and a stronger effect of local enhancement was observed. In the presence of familiar or unfamiliar females, manipulation of seeds was always strongly enhanced. Juveniles ingested more seeds in the presence of familiar birds of either sex than in the presence of unfamiliar birds. The study of attraction towards the adults revealed that the young could distinguish familiar from unfamiliar adults. Fear was reduced more strongly in the presence of females and familiar birds. Adult females showed high feeding activity, which was not influenced by the presence of a juvenile whether familiar or not. Among males, the consumption of seed was only high in the presence of a familiar juvenile. Detailed analysis showed that the use of seed by the juveniles was favoured by the reduction of fear brought about by the presence of the father and of females. The feeding activity of adult females significantly facilitated the use of novel food by the young. No significant effect of the presence or the activity of an unfamiliar adult male was found. Experiment 2 showed that a familiar male adult and a juvenile exerted a reciprocal influence on each other. Observation of the father was required for facilitation of seed use by juveniles. The father consumed seed whether it could see the juvenile or not but, seeing the juvenile increased seed intake significantly. In the canary, the male looks after the young, which he feeds after fledging. His behaviour favours the use of new food by the young and hence the survival of his offspring.
The mate-guarding behaviour of male kokanee oncorhynchus nerka
Authors: Morbey Yolanda 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe patterns of mate-guarding in kokanee (non-anadromous Oncorhynchus nerka) are analysed and discussed in relation to existing theory of precopulatory mate-guarding. Male salmon typically guard females prior to spawning events and aggressively exclude other males from their vicinity. Mate-guarding is thought to increase the likelihood of releasing gametes before other males (during a spawning event) and fertilising the greatest proportion of the clutch. The optimal duration of mate-guarding can be considered in a game context because the mate-guarding behaviour of other males influences the probability of finding an unguarded female if a male leaves a female in search of other opportunities. At the Meadow Creek spawning channel, males guarded females, searched for unguarded females, or joined groups of non-breeding males and females. In accordance with mate-guarding theory, males continued to guard the same females after presumed spawning events (but during her egg deposition period) more often than expected on the basis of random pairing. This prevented some males from ever pairing with females. Gaining familiarity with habitat features may confer a competitive advantage to mate-guarding males and may favour prolonged mate-guarding. Because of the importance of finding nesting females quickly, before other males, unpaired males may wait for pairing opportunities rather than occupy distant satellite positions to breeding pairs.
Chemically mediated effects of injured prey on behavior of both prey and predators
Authors: McCarthy Thomas , Dickey Bradley 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
We examined the behavioral responses of aquatic snails (prey) and two species of crayfish (predators) following exposure to chemical cues from injured snails. Snail survival rates and crayfish capture rates were compared between cued treatments and controls. Snails (Physa gyrina) responded to chemical cues by significantly increasing refuge use (i.e. moving to the waterline, floating or crawl-out behavior). Despite their responses, use of refugia did not influence survival rates. Crayfish species differed in their responses to these same chemicals. Orconectes juvenilis became more active (including increased movements across the substrate and reaching up sides of aquaria). In contrast, the activity levels of Procambarus clarkii did not significantly change. Nevertheless, P. clarkii captured snails in less time than O. juvenilis, regardless of whether injured-snail cue was present, and the presence of these cues did not significantly influence capture times for either crayfish species. This study provides strong evidence that injury-released chemical cues can elicit behavioral responses from both conspecific prey and their predators, but found no benefits of response for either prey or predators. The complex interplay of effects makes it difficult to draw simple, general insights about the benefits of the responses for either participant during a predator-prey interaction.
Population dynamics and damage potential of the burrowing nematode, Radopholus similis, on Anthurium andreanum grown in soil-less medium
Authors: Schrama Peter , Stapel Loes , Amsing Jan 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn a 14 month pot experiment with Anthurium andreanum cv. Sonate, grown in soil-less medium in glasshouse conditions, burrowing nematode (Radopholus similis) population development and crop damage were investigated. At 9 days after transplanting, plants were inoculated with R. similis at four initial densities (Pi): 0, 100, 1000 and 10 000 per pot. Three to 5 months after inoculation R. similis populations reached maximum densities ranging from 59 000 to 112 000 per pot in roots and from 500 to 1150 per litre of drainage water. The greatest densities occurred at the smallest Pi. Subsequently, nematode populations decreased in the decreasing root mass. Fourteen months after inoculation, root systems of nematode-inoculated treatments were almost completely necrotic and root weights were reduced by 84-91% compared to those of non-inoculated plants. In response to the deteriorating root systems, plant vigour of all nematode-inoculated treatments declined tremendously and flower production was significantly less compared to non-inoculated plants at 6 months after inoculation. During the last 2 months of the experiment, reductions in flowers ranged from 46-70% (number), 30-53% (weight), 19-33% (stem length) and 15-31% (width). The total yield losses of these flower growth parameters, calculated over the 14-month experimental period, ranged from 18-33, 15-35, 9-19 and 6-15%, respectively. Greatest reductions occurred in plants in the treatment with the greatest Pi. In these conditions, the damage threshold was calculated to be equal to or fewer than 100 R. similis per pot.
The African Carnoyidae (Nematoda: Rhigonematida). 4. Abirovulva insolita gen. n., sp. n., parasite of Coromus thomsoni (Polydesmida: Oxydesmidae) from Ivory Coast
Authors: Hunt David 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAbirovulva gen. n. is proposed for nematode denizens of the gut of various African polydesmid diplopods (Coromus thomsoni , Oxydesmus mimodesmus parabellus , O. sicarius , O. platycercus concolor , Plagiodesmus brunneus , P. variabilis and Prepodesmus ornatus). The new genus is usually accompanied by species of Afrocarnoya (also apparently restricted to polydesmid diplopods) and Rhigonema and is likely to be distributed throughout the Central to West African region. Abirovulva gen. n. is unique amongst African Carnoyidae because of a combination of characters, including the very posteriorly located vulva, the unusual form of the female genital system, presence of a ventral sucker in the male, the shape of the spicules and gubernaculum and the distribution of the male copulatory papillae. Abirovulva insolita gen. n., sp. n. is proposed as the type species and is characterised by: the strongly inflated intestine just posterior to the basal bulb in both sexes, the extremely posterior vulva, both female genital tracts running anteriorly in parallel, presence of a much expanded vagina uterina acting as an egg receptacle, long and robust female tail spike; presence of a ventral sucker in the male, form of the male spicules and gubernaculum, disposition of the 15 copulatory papillae, cuticular callosities on the cloacal lips, well developed, smooth, cephalic cap in the male and the truncate male cephalic extremity. No other genus of African Carnoyidae is known to have such a posterior vulva, ventral sucker in the male or spicules and gubernaculum of such unusual form. Relationships to other genera in the Ransomnematoidea and factors that may influence niche partitioning within the host gut are discussed.
A MONUMENTAL SYNAGOGUE FROM THE FIRST CENTURY: THE CASE OF OSTIA
Authors: Runesson Anders 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe synagogue at Ostia is one of the most important ancient synagogues. However, no final report from the excavations yet exists, which has left the field open for some debate as to the origin and nature of the building. Apart from discussing matters of terminology and definitions, the present study provides a detailed analysis of the building's architectural development, relating it to other structures at Ostia. It is maintained that the original edifice was public and monumental, containing a triclinium for common meals, and dated to the late Julio-Claudian period. The results of the analysis have implications for how we understand Jewish identity as expressed in architectural form, as well as the relation between Jews and non-Jews in the Diaspora.
"I don't do systems": An interview with Clifford Geertz
Authors: Micheelsen Arun 
Published: October 2002

AbstractI had the honor of interviewing Clifford Geertz at the Institute for Advanced Studies in Princeton, USA, on October 18, 2000. The interview focused on Geertz's theoretical conceptions, the tradition on which he draws, the critique he has encountered, and on interpretive anthropology's future development. Of particular interest was the clarification of his much-debated method, his definition of symbol and his famous definition of religion as a cultural system. Geertz emphasizes his attempt to exercise an applied pragmatic phenomenological and hermeneutical method without any general theory (or philosophy) of meaning, phenomenology, or culture. He maintains that he only has a conceptual framework inspired by different scholars, which nevertheless has consistent focus and perspective, i.e., meaning and symbol. In relationship to this, Geertz defines his symbol within the Peircean semiotic tradition. Therefore, the term symbol is understood as a sign (an index for example), which becomes a symbol via a cultural interpretation. Furthermore, his definition of religion as a cultural system is, in his view, a nonessentialistic definition and therefore is not—as Talal Asad claims—ethnocentric. Although it is Geertz's opinion that interpretive anthropology has been influenced by postmodernism, he predicts that interpretive anthropology's future development will be in reasonable continuity with its past. In my closing comments I tentatively suggest that Geertz may have a theory of interpretation because of his definition of the symbol, his unavoidable assumptions, and his unique method, which has the capacity of grasping the cultural specific in a general way.
Vermiculite-like minerals in low-grade metasediments from the Coastal Range of central Chile
Authors: Ruiz Cruz M. D. , Puga E. , Aguirre L. , Vergara M. , Morata D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMixed-layer minerals with optical properties similar to metamorphic vermiculite were identified in rocks belonging to a Palaeozoic and a Triassic formation separated by an angular unconformity and exposed in the Coastal Range of central Chile. Both formations are affected by low-grade metamorphism. The mixed-layer minerals were studied by optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), electron microprobe (EMPA), and transmission/ analytical electron microscopy (TEM/AEM). Two types of phyllosilicates were identified: chlorite-vermiculite and mica-chlorite, which are present in the Palaeozoic and Triassic rocks respectively. Chlorite-vermiculite mixed layers form packets with well-defined boundaries and mainly show 1:1 ordered sequences. On the contrary, mica-chlorite mixed layers show, in most cases, random sequences evolving laterally toward chlorite. The AEM data indicate compositions close to that of chlorite in the ternary Si-Al- (Fe+Mg+Mn) diagrams for both types of mixed-layer phyllosilicates. Relative to the coexisting chlorite, they have lower (Fe+Mg) contents, and a higher Si/Al ratio. They are interpreted as products of the transformation of chlorite, developed during prograde metamorphism, and probably represent intermediate, metastable phases, in the chlorite to biotite transformation.
Chlorite composition and geothermometry: a comparative HRTEM/AEM-EMPA-XRD study of Cambrian basic lavas from the Ossa Morena Zone, SW Spain
Authors: López-Munguira A. , Nieto F. , Morata D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractChlorites from Cambrian basaltic vesicular lavas, characterized by relatively highXc (0.81-0.98), gave temperatures of formation of 285 to 350°C (Cathelineau's empirical geothermometer). Both theXcand temperature calculations gave results which were too high for the diagenetic conditions indicated by the interbedded shale mineralogy. The HRTEM and XRD studies indicate the absence of smectite layers in these chlorites; i.e. according to lattice images, the actual value ofXcis 1. The chlorite composition in these basaltic lavas must, therefore, be explained in relation to their whole-rock geochemistry, with which a good correlation has been found. The basaltic lavas are characterized by relatively high FeO/M ratios (3.28±1.66) and must be considered as an Fe-rich system, with similar chemical behaviour to pelitic rocks. In these cases, direct chlorite formation, without a previous smectite precursor, is a normal occurrence and theXccalculation and empirical geothermometric calculations are inadequate.
A high-temperature Fourier transform infrared study of the interlayer and Si–O-stretching region in phengite-2M1
Authors: Mookherjee M. , Redfern S. A. T. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA natural phengite-2M1 of composition (K0.95Na0.05)(Al0.76Fe0.14Mg0.10)2 (Si3.25Al0.75)O10(OH1.96F0.04) [a= 5.2173(1) Å, b= 9.0493(2) Å, c= 19.989 (1) Å and β = 95.734(4)°] was studied using in situ high-temperature FTIR. Correlations to structural changes were made using previously-reported neutron diffraction data from the same sample. Correlations have been made between the microscopic atomic displacements (arising from thermal effects) and analogous macroscopic properties, such as bond strain and ditrigonal distortions. Spectra were collected in the far-infrared region to study the behaviour of the interlayer (K+) cation and also in the mid-infrared region to distinguish the Si–O stretching modes. We found anisotropic thermal expansion of the interlayer site. The K O bond length is divided into K Oouter and K Oinner, and the K–Oinner bond length is correlated with the far-infrared spectra. The thermal dependence of the correlation between K–O bond length and corresponding far-infrared stretching frequency is different from the effect of the chemical composition. We also found that the K–O bond strain could be successfully resolved into the sum of inner strain and lattice strain. The Si–O stretching mode, obtained from the mid-infrared measurements, showed only weak changes. However, the neutron refinement data showed different thermal behaviour for distinct crystallographic T-sites.
Hydrolysis of ceramic materials: neoformation or rehydroxylation of clay minerals. Oxygen stable isotope analysis
Authors: Nuñez R. , Capel J . , Reyes E. , Delgado A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractHand-made bricks were manufactured from natural sediments by firing at 700°C and 800°C after which they were hydrothermally altered at 150°C in a high-pressure reactor for 1200 h. Sediments and fired pieces were studied by X-ray diffraction. The <2 μm size-fraction of fired and hydrolysed samples were also studied by X-ray diffraction and oxygen isotope analysis. The oxygen isotope composition of the samples became depleted in 18O by alteration. Our results are consistent with a process of hydration and hydroxylation of the partially destroyed clay minerals in the fired bricks. The work is relevant to understanding the origins and alteration processes in old ceramic materials.
Contrasting clay mineral assemblages in British Lower Palaeozoic slate belts: the influence of geotectonic setting
Authors: Merriman R. J . 
Published: October 2002

AbstractRegional differences in clay mineralogy are found in British Lower Palaeozoic slate belts formed during Caledonian terrane amalgamation. Extensional basins in Wales, the northern Lake District and the Isle of Man are characterized by a greater diversity of species in clay mineral assemblages. Slates that evolved in these basins contain both the K- and Na-rich products of the 2:1 dioctahedral reaction series. Pyrophyllite, rectorite and corrensite are sporadically distributed but kaolinite is rarely recorded even in lowest-grade mudstones. In contrast, clay assemblages that evolved in the convergent basins of the Scottish Southern Uplands and northern England generally contain fewer mineral species, and Na-micas and pyrophyllite are rare or absent. Na-bearing clays may have been generated from low-temperature mixing of hydrothermal fluids and seawater in the extensional basins. Such fluids appear to have been unavailable in the convergent basins through lack of volcanic activity in the early stages of basin development.
Identification of components in smectite/kaolinite mixtures
Authors: Madejová J . , Kečkéš J . , Pálková H. , Komadel P . 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMechanically-prepared binary mixtures of two dioctahedral smectites (of different chemical compositions) with two kaolinites (with different amounts of structural defects) were studied by infrared (IR) spectroscopy to verify the ability of IR spectroscopy to detect small amounts of individual components in the mixtures. The same samples were analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) in transmission and reflection geometries to compare the sensitivities of these techniques. Infrared spectroscopy is suitable for detecting small amounts of kaolinite in the smectite-rich samples but is not sensitive to small amounts of smectite in kaolinite-rich samples. The IR spectra of kaolinite/ smectite mixtures have a ‘strongly kaolinitic character’ even with only 30% kaolinite. The most characteristic band of kaolinite, near 3695 cm–1, gradually decreased in intensity with decreasing kaolinite content though the presence of this absorption allowed 0.5 mass % of both kaolinites to be detected in their mixtures with smectites. On the other hand, XRD powder techniques are much more adept at detecting low smectite contents in kaolinite-rich samples.
Report of the Association Internationale pour l'Etude des Argiles (AIPEA) Nomenclature Committee for 2001: Order, disorder and crystallinity in phyllosilicates and the use of the ‘Crystallinity Index’
Authors: Guggenheim S. , Bain D. C. , F. Bergaya  , Brigatti M. F. , Drits V. A. , Eberl D. D. , Formoso M. L. L. , Galán E. , Merriman R. J . , Peacor D. R. , Stanjek H. , Watanabe T. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe purpose of this report is to describe the appropriate use of indices relating to crystallinity, such as the ‘crystallinity index’, the ‘Hinckley index’, the ‘Kü bler index’, and the ‘Árkai index’. A ‘crystalline’ solid is defined as a solid consisting of atoms, ions, or molecules packed together in a periodic arrangement. A ‘crystallinity index’ is purported to be a measure of crystallinity, although there is uncertainty about what this means (see below). This report discusses briefly the nature of order, disorder and crystallinity in phyllosilicates and discusses why the use of a ‘crystallinity index’ should be avoided. If possible, it is suggested that indices be referred to using the name of the author who originally described the parameter, as in ‘Hinckley index’ or ‘Kübler index’, or in honour of a researcher who investigated the importance of the parameter extensively, as in ‘Árkai index’.
Thrombin functions during tissue factor–induced blood coagulation
Authors: Brummel Kathleen E. , Paradis Sara G. , Butenas Saulius , Mann Kenneth G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTissue factor–induced blood coagulation was studied in 20 individuals, for varying periods of time during 54 months, in contact pathway–inhibited whole blood at 37°C and evaluated in terms of the activation of various substrates. After quenching over time with inhibitors, the soluble phases were analyzed for thrombin–antithrombin III (TAT) complex formation, prothrombin fragments, platelet activation (osteonectin release), factor Va generation, fibrinopeptide (FP) A and FPB release, and factor XIII activation. TAT complex formation, for 35 experiments, showed an initiation phase (up to 4.6 ± 0.6 minutes) in which thrombin was generated at an average rate of 0.93 ± 0.3 nM/min catalyzed by about 1.3 pM prothrombinase yielding approximately 26 nM thrombin. During a subsequent propagation phase, thrombin was generated at a rate of 83.9 ± 3.8 nM/min by about 120 pM prothrombinase, reaching ultimate levels of 851 ± 53 nM. Clot time, determined subjectively, occurred at 4.7 ± 0.2 minutes and correlated with the inception of the propagation phase. The thrombin concentrations associated with the transitions to rapid product formation are 510 ± 180 pM for platelet activation (1.9 ± 0.2 minutes), 840 ± 280 pM for factor XIII activation and factor Va generation (2.2 ± 0.6 minutes), 1.3 ± 0.4 nM for FPA release (2.5 ± 0.7 minutes), 1.7 ± 0.5 nM for FPB release and prethrombin 2 (2.8 ± 0.8 minutes), 7.0 ± 2.2 nM for thrombin B chain (3.6 ± 0.2 minutes), and 26 ± 6.2 nM for the propagation phase of TAT formation (4.6 ± 0.6 minutes). These results illustrate that the initial activation of thrombin substrates occurs during the initiation phase at less than 2 nM thrombin (0.2%). Most thrombin (96%) is formed well after clotting occurs.