bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
185 Effects of a Lactobacillus Fermentation Product on the Fecal Characteristics, Fecal Microbial Populations, Immune Function, and Stress Markers of Adult Dogs
Authors: Koziol Samantha A , Oba Patricia Massae , Soto-Diaz Katiria , Steelman Andrew J , Suchodolski Jan S , Eckhardt Erik , Swanson Kelly S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective of this study was to measure the effects of a Lactobacillus fermentation product (LBFP) on fecal characteristics and microbiota, blood biomarkers, immune function, and serum oxidative stress markers of adult dogs. Thirty adult beagle dogs [23 M, 7 F; mean age = 8.47 ± 2.65 y old; mean BW = 15.43 ± 4.17 kg] were used in a completely randomized design study. All dogs were fed a basal diet to maintain BW for 5 wk, followed by baseline blood and fecal sample collections. Dogs remained on the same diet, but then were randomly assigned to a placebo (dextrose) or LBFP supplement (both dosed at 4 mg/kg BW via gelatin capsule) for 5 wk (n = 15/treatment). Fecal and blood samples were collected at that time. Change from baseline data were analyzed using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS 9.4, with P &lt; 0.05 being significant and P &lt; 0.10 being trends. Most circulating metabolites and immunoglobulins (Ig) were unaltered by treatment, but LBFP-supplemented dogs had lower changes in serum corticosteroid isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (P &lt; 0.05), alanine aminotransferase (P &lt; 0.10), and IgM (P &lt; 0.10) than controls. The change in fecal scores tended to be less (P = 0.068) in LBFP-supplemented dogs than controls, signifying firmer feces in LBFP-supplemented dogs. Regarding the fecal microbiota, alpha diversity indicators tended to be greater (P = 0.087) in LBFP-supplemented dogs than controls. One fecal bacterial phyla (Actinobacteriota) was altered by treatments, with its relative abundance tending to have a greater (P &lt; 0.10) increase in controls than LBFP-supplemented dogs. Fifteen bacterial genera were altered (P &lt; 0.05 or P &lt; 0.10) by treatments, including relative abundances of fecal Peptoclostridium, Sarcina, and Faecalitalea that had a greater (P &lt; 0.05) increase in controls than LBFP-supplemented dogs. In contrast, relative abundances of fecal Faecalibaculum, Bifidobacterium, and uncultured Butyricicoccaceae had a greater (P ≤ 0.05) increase in LBFP-supplemented dogs than controls. After wk 5, dogs underwent transport stress (45 min vehicle ride) to assess oxidative stress markers. The change in serum superoxide dismutase after transport had a greater (P &lt; 0.0001) increase in LBFP-supplemented dogs than controls. Our data suggest that LBFP may provide benefits to dogs by stabilizing stool quality, beneficially shifting fecal microbiota, and protecting against oxidative damage when subjected to stress.
188 Optimal Dose and Functional Properties of Yeast Supplementation in Adult Cats
Authors: de Souza Junior Sergio Miranda , de Godoy Maria R C , Putarov Thaila Cristina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Yeast cell wall products have shown different health benefits, such as antioxidant properties, increase of short-chain fatty acids production by intestinal microbes, and immune-stimulatory effects. These benefits are mediated by beta-glucan activity. This study aims to evaluate the optimal level of inclusion of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and the longitudinal effects of supplementation for skin and coat quality, and oxidative biomarkers such as malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), c-reactive protein (CRP), and inflammatory biomarkers from a panel of 19 cytokines and chemokines, as well as the fecal metabolites such as phenol, indole, SCFA, and ammonia of adult cats. The study was a complete randomized design with 40 cats divided into 4 treatments (n = 10/trt). Animals were fed complete and balanced extruded diets with yeast inclusion in different levels formulated for maintenance. The 4 different diets were a control diet (CON) with no yeast inclusion, a low dose yeast diet (400 ppm of beta-glucan; LOW), a medium dose yeast diet (800 ppm of beta-glucan; MED), and a high dose yeast diet (1,600 ppm of beta-glucan; HIGH). Longitudinal analyses were performed every 21 days for a total of 42 days. Cats fed CON treatment had greatest scores (P &lt; 0.05) for hair quality and gloss compared with LOW treatment for main treatment effect. Although no significant differences (P &gt; 0.05) were observed for oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers, as well as fecal fermentative-end products. In conclusion, the optimal dose of yeast supplementation showed no detrimental effects on oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers, as well as fecal fermentative end products, and had comparable effects on skin and coat quality among the different dosages for adult cats.
202 Functional Properties of Ganoderma Lucidum (GL) Supplementation in Canine Nutrition
Authors: Kayser Emanuela , Osorio Luis M G M , de Godoy Maria R C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum (GL) is a mushroom that has been widely used in Asia for its immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory capacity. However, the nutraceutical properties of GL have not been tested in dogs. Forty adult beagles were used in a completely randomized design. Dogs were fed a commercial dry extruded complete and balanced diet plus GL top-dressed daily upon feeding time. Four experimental treatments were used: 0% GL supplementation (control), 5 mg/ kg BW of GL, 10 mg/ kg BW of GL, or 15 mg/kg BW of GL. Following a 7-d adaptation to the control diet, dogs were fed their respective treatment diets for 28 d. They were challenged with vaccination of a modified live virus Canine Distemper, Adenovirus Type 1 (Hepatitis), Adenovirus Type 2, Parainfluenza, and Parvovirus and killed Rabies Virus on d 7 with blood collections on d 0, 14, and 28. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of dietary inclusion of GL on vaccine-specific serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and fecal microbiota. The vaccine-specific serum IgG concentrations, following vaccination for rabies, in adult dogs fed 15 mg/kg of GL were greater (P = 0.0384) than the group control when analyzed as a fold change from baseline. The predominant phyla that comprised the fecal microbial community of the dogs in all groups were Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Fusobacteriota. At the class level, Bacilli, Bacteroidia, Clostridia, Fusobacteriia, and Negativicutes had greater relative abundance. The α and β diversities of fecal microbial communities were not impacted by treatment. These data suggest that the inclusion of GL had no detrimental effects on fecal microbiota. And due to impact in vaccine response among treatments, GL may exert beneficial immunomodulatory effects in healthy adult dogs when provided at a daily dose of 15 mg/ kg BW.
60 Aafco Approval and Regulatory Process for Novel Ingredients
Authors: Koutsos Liz , Haynes Carson 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this presentation, we will explore different pathways in the regulatory approval process. There are three routes that individuals or companies can take to gain approval for an ingredient in a target species. The most common and rigorous of the three is the AAFCO Ingredient Definition process, which takes at least 18 months from start to finish. This process involves a six-month FDA review period of safety data generated in a target species, gathered after feeding a range of inclusions of the target ingredient. Additionally, manufacturing and analytical data are required for this process. After FDA review, there is a minimum of one year for review by the AAFCO ingredient definition committee and general membership. The second regulatory route we will discuss is Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS). This route can be shorter but will require similar safety data and an assessment by an expert panel is recommended. FDA review of the GRAS panel findings is necessary for listing in the AAFCO original publication as GRAS. Finally, we will discuss the GRAS self-determined pathway. This does not require FDA review but entails state-by-state registration of products. This pathway will still require safety, analytical and efficacy data to support the product registration with each state.
93 Animal Based Ingredients in Diets for Captive Exotic Animals
Authors: Morris Cheryl L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Animal managers in zoological facilities are faced with unique challenges when feeding large collections of species. Few nutrient requirements of exotic species are known or established; therefore, diet formulation is a series of scientific extrapolations, mingled with an understanding of natural history of individual species. Goals of nutrition programs in zoos also include supporting behavioral diversity. This leads to the use of a wide variety of animal-based ingredients within zoo nutrition programs to support species across multiple taxa inclusive of amphibians, reptiles, avians, mammals and fish. Commonly used rendered protein ingredients such as fish meal and other meat meals are commonly used in extruded and processed diets developed for exotic species. For example, a commercially marketed extruded diet designed for cranes includes fish meal, porcine meat and bone meal and dried whey. An extruded diet for small exotic felids includes chicken meal, poultry by-product meal and fish meal. While these are commonly accepted animal-based ingredients across different animal industries, other animal protein ingredients are well-accepted in zoos and yet fail to reach general acceptance in other industries including pet food. Some of these common animal-based ingredients used in various zoo diets include insects, whole prey (rodents), raw meat (inclusive of horse and pork) and raw organ meats. These ingredients are often met with reluctance, misunderstanding, or dated information when applied to other animal industries. One example of dated information is the fear of using raw pork in relation to the risk of trichinella. The zoo nutrition industry may provide benefit to other animal industries when exploring opportunities to safely utilize and include novel animal-based ingredients in diet formulations.
95 Nutritional Ecology of Arthropod Predator-Prey Interactions
Authors: Wilder Shawn , Barnes Cody 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arthropods can provide a valuable source of protein for many vertebrate and invertebrate consumers. Yet, not all protein in an arthropod may be equally digestible to consumers. Arthropods are defined by their exoskeleton, which is a mixture of chitin and protein that is largely indigestible to most consumers. I will discuss how exoskeleton complicates the measure of arthropod protein content for insectivores. Arthropod taxa vary widely in exoskeleton content from about 10 to 40 % of their dry mass. Exoskeleton also varies in amino acid content from about 6 to 70 % of its dry mass. When spiders feed on arthropods, they extract nearly all of the soft tissue and leave behind the exoskeleton as prey remains. This complicates the measurement of digestible protein content of arthropod prey as one of the most common methods, crude protein, does not distinguish between exoskeleton and soft tissue. Instead, our results show that some spectrophotometric methods are more accurate measures of digestible protein in arthropods, especially if solvents like NaOH are used to prepare samples. Finally, proteins are an important source of nitrogen for insectivores. Using feeding experiments, we showed that measures of digestible (i.e., non-exoskeleton) nitrogen content of arthropods are a more accurate measure of what a spider consumes than is the whole nitrogen content of an arthropod body. Hence, while exoskeleton complicates the measure of arthropod protein content, there are ways to correct for exoskeleton to get more accurate measures of the quality of arthropods as prey for insectivores.
16 Evolutionary-Based Neurochemical Intersections of Microbiology and Neurobiology in the Gut Matter to Infection, Behavior and Nutrition
Authors: Lyte Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The gut contains a highly dynamic environment where elements of the neurophysiological, microbiological, and immunological systems interact, and which nutrition has an impact on those interactions. In endeavoring to understand the mechanisms governing such complex interactions an approach has been utilized that employs a common evolutionary-based language that unites all the systems. That common uniting element is a shared, evolutionary-based neurochemistry. Neurochemicals, which are ubiquitous throughout nature, first evolved in bacteria and ultimately through lateral gene transfer to animals as well as being found throughout the plant kingdom. Crucially, these neurochemicals, which share the exact same structure and often identical synthetic pathways, serve as a shared language between bacteria, plant and animal thereby forming the basis of the theory of microbial endocrinology. Critically, this approach is highly tractable allowing it to be employed as a mechanistic-based platform to devise new strategies to improve animal health including mitigating the effects of stress on the development of infectious disease. This talk will discuss the various aspects of animal health and well-being that may be influenced by microbial endocrinology-based mechanisms and ways in which it may be used to improve animal health and behavior.
416 Urgency to Address Infrastructure in Animal sciences–A Preliminary Report
Authors: Mulvaney Don R , Corbitt Katie , Randel Lowell , Cammack Kristi M , Cross Russell , Davis Ellen , Davis Teresa A , Gambino Chris , Godfrey Robert , Murdoch Gordon K , Reynolds Larry P , Riggs Penny K , Tolleson Doug R , Swanson Janice , Wulster-Radcliffe Meghan , Archibeque Shawn L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of the ASAS Public Policy Committee (PPC) is to help ASAS shape public policy and public opinion on current issues affecting farms and companion animals. PPC sets goals to make federal agencies aware of the scientific expertise and resources available within ASAS that could be used to develop science-based federal policies affecting poultry and livestock production. Recent reports point to a poor state of agricultural facilities at public colleges of agriculture which puts research priorities related to adaptation to and mitigation of climate change, food safety, zoonotic disease preparedness, animal populations and their care, diet-health, nutrition, biosecurity, new biobased packaging, energy innovations, and advanced market analysis at risk (APLU, 2021). To ascertain input specific to the Animal Sciences (AS), an IRB approved ‘Survey About Infrastructure in Animal Sciences’ (#22-495) was offered by the PPC to department heads and faculty of Animal Science programs across the country. The survey instrument was constructed to allow open-ended responses as well as 5-point Likert scale questions regarding participants views about infrastructure (IF) and thereby learn what members closest to the animal sciences community perceive to be the strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities for improvement in our research infrastructure. Analysis of coded responses in the open-ended questions among varied disciplinary arenas within AS revealed ‘facilities’ as the largest Grand Challenge. About 98% of respondents affirmed sustainable food and animal production is a critical national asset in terms of economic growth and development and 98% indicated an overlooked maintenance of IF in AS undermines national food security. Additionally, 68% indicated the state of core labs, at least for AS programs are only average or below. All respondents (100%) agreed that without comprehensive investment in infrastructure within AS, the USA will continue to fall behind in competing with other countries in areas of research. Study results provided insight into potential consequences of deferred maintenance which should elevate awareness of urgency to address the deficiencies. Since IF needs included future workforce development and working environments, an eroded IF and consequences of deferred maintenance threatens the capacity of AS to pursue Grand Challenges in research and ability to create future workforce readiness of graduates from AS programs.
215 Optimizing the Standardized Ileal Digestible Lys-To-Net Energy Ratio for Nitrogen Utilization of Sows Throughout a 24-Day Lactation Period
Authors: Watzeck Maddy , Huber Lee-Anne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fifty multiparous sows (average parity 3.7±0.9 and initial BW 245.6±32.5 kg) were used to evaluate the effects of dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys-to-net energy (NE) ratios on nitrogen utilization throughout a 24-day lactation period. Sows were randomly assigned to one of five isoenergetic feeding programs that provided equally spaced and increasing Lys-to-NE ratios between 2.79 and 5.50 g SID Lys/Mcal NE. The feeding programs were generated by blending the two extreme diets in varying proportions using a precision feeding system and were provided to sows immediately after farrowing (d1) and until weaning at d 24 ± 1. At farrowing, litters were standardized to 12 piglets. Three nitrogen balances were conducted from d 4 to 7±1 (NB1), 12 to 15 ± 1 (NB2), and 20 to 23 ± 1 (NB3) using total urine collection and fecal grab sampling. Contrast statements were used to determine linear and quadratic effects of increasing Lys-to-NE ratios. Linear (LBL) and quadratic (QBL) broken-line and polynomial quadratic (QPM) models were used to determine the optimum dietary Lys-to-NE ratios for N retention. The Bayesian information criterion was used to assess best fit. Feeding program did not influence sow ADFI (5.96 ± 0.19 kg/d), BW change (-5.4 ± 4.1 kg) or change in backfat thickness (-2.0 ± 1.1 mm) over the entire 24-d lactation period, but piglet ADG increased with dietary Lys-to-NE ratio (linear; P &lt; 0.05). Sow N intake increased with dietary Lys-to-NE ratio in NB2 and NB3 (linear; P&lt; 0.001). Nitrogen retention (N intake – N output in urine and feces) increased with dietary Lys-to-NE ratio in all NB (linear; P = 0.05, P &lt; 0.001, and P &lt; 0.001 for NB1 -to 3, respectively). The QPM showed an inflection point at 3.75 g Lys/Mcal NE during NB1 and the QBL model showed break points at 2.87 and 4.83 g Lys/Mcal NE in NB2 and NB3, respectively. Nitrogen retention in milk increased with dietary Lys-to-NE ratio only in NB1 (linear; P &lt; 0.05) and the QPM showed inflection points at 4.31, 4.37, and 4.90 g Lys/Mcal NE for NB1-to-3, respectively. Maternal nitrogen retention (N intake – N output in urine, feces, and milk) decreased and then increased in NB1 (quadratic; P &lt; 0.01) and increased in NB2 and NB3 (linear; P &lt; 0.01) with dietary Lys-to-NE ratio. The QPM showed inflection points at 4.01 and 3.01 g Lys/Mcal NE for NB1 and NB2, respectively, and the QBL model showed a breakpoint at 4.83 g Lys/Mcal NE for NB3. To optimize N retention, feeding programs with a Lys-to-NE ratio between 3.75 and 4.31, 2.87 and 4.37, and 4.83 and 4.90 g SID Lys/Mcal NE should be considered during early, mid, and peak lactation, respectively. Therefore, precision feeding programs can be developed to match the ideal SID Lys-to-NE ratio more closely at different stages of lactation to improve sow performance and reduce nitrogen excretion to the environment.
216 Alternative Trace Mineral Supplementation Strategies for Beef Cattle
Authors: Wilcox Corissa , Larson Kathy A , Christensen David , Erickson Nathan , Waldner Cheryl , Lardner Herbert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study evaluated an injectable trace mineral (ITM) source containing Cu, Mn, Se, and Zn (Multimin90) administered to gestating beef cows receiving a free-choice 2:1 mineral supplementation. Two hundred and eight multiparous and primiparous cross-bred cows (BW = 621 kg ± 96.6 kg; avg. 4 yr. old) were randomly allotted into one of two treatments and received either i) ITM + inorganic, granular 2:1 trace mineral free-choice; or ii) inorganic, granular 2:1 trace mineral free-choice alone (CON). A cross-over design was used for the study and cows in year 2 (n = 202) were allocated to the other treatment group. The ITM was administered at 4 weeks pre-calving and 4 weeks pre-breeding. Body weight and body condition score (BCS) were evaluated at injection times and pregnancy diagnosis using a weigh scale and a 5-point BCS scale (Lowman et al., 1976). Mineral status was determined from blood serum mineral concentration at 4 weeks pre-calving, 4 weeks pre-breeding, and at pregnancy diagnosis. Cows grazed grass-legume pastures in the summer and had access to dugout and well water sources. Cows were managed as two groups during spring and while on summer pasture during a 63-day breeding season until weaning. Serum blood mineral concentrations at 4 weeks pre-calving, 4 weeks pre-breeding, and pregnancy diagnosis did not differ (P &gt; 0.05) between treatment groups. Copper conetrations at pregnancy diagnosis tended (P = 0.09) to be greater for the ITM cows compared with CON cows. At 4 weeks pre-calving and pregnancy diagnosis, Cu and Mn concentrations were numerically greater in the ITM group compared with the CON group. There were no significant results (P &gt; 0.05) for cow BW, BCS, and days pregnant. Over 2-yr, pregnancy rates were 93.6% and 88.6% for the ITM and CON cows, respectively. Calves born to ITM and CON cows did not differ (P &gt; 0.05) for birth weight, Julian birth date, age at weaning, average daily gain, or adjusted 205 d wean weight. However, CON calves tended (P = 0.07) to be heavier at weaning. Study findings suggest that administering an ITM source to beef cows does not improve cow and calf performance, which suggests that more research in this area is required. Additionally, pregnancy rates in beef cattle may be improved with the use of an injectable trace mineral.