bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Diet on Intestinal and Pancreatic Enzyme Activities in the Pig
Authors: Flores Carlos A. , Brannon Patsy M. , Bustamante Sergio A. , Bezerra Jorge , Butler Kevin T. , Goda Toshinao , Koldovský Otakar 
Published: January 2024

SummaryIntestinal and pancreatic enzyme activities are known to respond to changes in dietary composition. Studies in rats and humans suggest that adaptive mechanisms differ between species in response to altered intakes of carbohydrate and fat. Because of increased use of the pig in the study of human nutrition, we compared the responses of pancreatic enzymes and intestinal disac‐charidases in groups of 7− to 10‐week‐old pigs fed either high‐carbohydrate/low‐fat (70 cal% starch, 25% protein, 5% fat) or low‐carbohydrate/high‐fat (5, 25, 70%, respectively) diets for 7 and 30 days. No changes were observed in the activities for lactase, trypsin, or chymotrypsin or in the tissue protein concentrations, regardless of diet duration. High‐carbohydrate/low‐fat intake resulted in higher specific activities of sucrase, maltase, and amylase for both periods studied. Low‐carbohydrate/high‐fat intake resulted in higher specific activities of pancreatic lipase for both periods studied. The response of the intestinal disaccharidases differs from that observed previously in rodents but resembles the response reported in humans. Conversely, amylase and lipase responded similarly to the pattern in the rat. These data support the continued use of the pig as a suitable model in the study of adaptation to altered intakes of carbohydrate and fat.
Oral 5‐Aminosalicylic Acid in Children with Colonic Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Tolia Vasundhara , Massoud Neil , Klotz Ulrich 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARYFive children between the ages of 10 and 17 years with chronic inflammatory bowel disease with involvement of colon had intolerance to sulfasalazine, and desensitization trials had failed in them. In addition, they were steroid dependent. Therefore treatment was tried with an oral 5‐aminosalicylic acid (5‐ASA) preparation coated with the pH sensitive polymer Asacol. Three of these patients responded to the new drug and were weaned off the steroids. However, the other two patients developed repeated side effects from the medication. Plasma levels and urinary excretion of 5‐ASA and its major metabolite in four of these patients were determined and were noted to be similar to those in the adults. Range of variable steady state plasma level of 5‐ASA was 0.1–5 mg/L and of its acetyl‐metabolite (Ac‐5‐ASA) was 1–8 mg/L.
A Swine Model for Studying Intestinal Circulation of the Newborn
Authors: Bustamante Sergio A. , Lundgren Ove 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARYWe describe a newborn swine model to study intestinal hemodynamics of developing mammals. The preparation is designed to allow measurement of perfusion pressure and blood flow in an isolated segment of ileum under controlled conditions. Piglets in this study had a mean blood pressure of 65 ± 14 (SD) mm Hg and mean intestinal blood flow of 80 ± 20 (SD) ml/100 g/min at an average age and weight of 6.1 ± 3 (SD) days and 1,718 ± 427 (SD) g (n = 21). Experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of common physiologic perturbations: (a) Increased venous pressure caused a decrease in blood flow proportional to the lower perfusion pressure, but the relative change in vascular resistance was greater than the blood flow change. This effect, suggestive of a myogenic response, was significantly greater at a venous pressure increase of 20 cm of water over baseline compared with an increase of 10 cm water, (b) Gradual decrease in mesenteric artery blood pressure by clamping resulted in proportional decreases in blood flow. The calculated peripheral vascular resistance remained constant at blood pressure greater than 50 mm Hg and then increased as blood pressure decreased, (c) Stimulation of periarterial, postganglionic nerves surrounding the mesenteric artery produced a characteristic initial vasocon‐striction followed by “autoregulatory escape.” Frequency response tests using trains of stimulation of 6 ms and 12 V demonstrated responses starting at 2 Hz and maximal at 16 Hz. We suggest that this model should be applicable to a number of physiologic studies including assessment of water and nutrient flux in the intestine concomitant to changes in the circulation.
Recurrent Infantile Vomiting Due to Intentional Ipecac Poisoning
Authors: Colletti Richard B. , Wasserman Richard C. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARYRecurrent vomiting is a common symptom in infancy that, when severe, may prompt an extensive diagnostic evaluation. We report a 1‐year‐old infant whose recurrent vomiting eluded diagnosis until ipecac syrup was detected in vomitus and urine. Separation of the infant from the mother resulted in complete resolution of the symptoms. In Munchausen syndrome by proxy, a disorder in which a mother fabricates or induces illness in her child, most reported fatalities are due to intentional poisoning. In atypical cases of recurrent vomiting, early screening of body fluids for unexpected drugs, particularly ipecac, may prevent potentially fatal delays in diagnosis.
Acute Self‐Limited Colitis Associated with Cryptosporidium in an Immunocompetent Patient
Authors: Hart Michael H. , Kruger Robert , Nielsen Stephen , Kaufman Stuart S. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARYA case report of acute self‐limiting colitis associated with enteric Cryptosporidium infection in an immunocompetent child is presented. This case broadens the spectrum of symptoms and manifestation of Cryptosporidium infection in a normal human host.
Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Children in Western Norway
Authors: Olafsdottir Edda J. , Fluge Gjermund , Haug Kjell 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThe incidence of Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) in children in western Norway was estimated in a prospective epidemiological study during the years 1984 and 1985. The total population in the area was 807,000 and the child population was 198,570 (1984). There were 27 new cases of chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in children aged 15 years or less, 10 new cases of CD, and 17 of UC. The mean annual incidence of CD in the child population was 2.5/100,000/year, whereas the incidence of UC in the child population was 4.3/100,000/year. Nearly all the children had abdominal symptoms. In this study, we found an incidence of CD in children that is the highest hitherto reported, to our knowledge. To the contrary, the incidence of UC was considerably lower than previously reported from northern Europe.
Breast‐Milk Fatty Acids of Rural Gambian Mothers
Authors: Prentice Ann , Jarjou Landing M. A. , Drury Patrick J. , Dewit Odile , Crawford Michael A. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThe influence of diet and maternal parity on the fatty acid composition of mature breast milk have been studied in 23 rural Gambian mothers. The subjects' habitual diet was low in fat (16% total energy), groundnuts (peanuts) constituting the principal fat source. The high abundance of oleic and linoleic acids in groundnut fat were reflected in the proportions of these fatty acids in breast milk (47.0 ± 1.5 and 13.0 ± 0.3 g/100 g fat, respectively), which were elevated compared with mothers in other African communities. Estimates of daily breast‐milk fatty acid secretion indicated that there was little risk of essential fatty acid deficiency in Gambian infants. The proportions of fatty acids synthesized de novo (10:0, 12:0, 14:0) were less than expected from published studies of mothers consuming low‐fat diets, averaging 16.8 ± 1.4 g/100 g fat. As the study was conducted at a time of food shortage and high energy expenditure, it is argued that mobilisation of body fat during negative energy balance increased the availability of long‐chain fatty acids to the breast. The proportion of endogenous fatty acids was markedly reduced in the milk of mothers of very high parity (parity 1 = 19.3 ± 1.6 g/100 g fat; parities 10 + = 11.4 ± 1.5 g/100 g fat; p < 0.01). It is hypothesised that this represents an impairment of the ability to synthesise breast‐milk fatty acids de novo in these mothers.
Identification of the Cause of Separation (Creaming) of Lipid Emulsions in Intravenous Infusion
Authors: Rattenbury J. M. , Timmins J. G. , Cawthorne E. A. , Ganapathy S. , Taylor C. J. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryOver a 2‐month period, white deposits were found in infusion sets delivering parenteral nutrition mixtures that included a lipid emulsion. When components of the infusion were mixed in the laboratory, separation (creaming) of the emulsion could be demonstrated, and this enabled us to predict the concentrations of the prescribed infustes that were likely to cream. Further investigations showed that creaming occurred when the lipid emulsion was mixed with heparin and calcium ions at concentrations above 1 U/ml and 1 μmol/ml, respectively.
Acute Pancreatitis from a Duodenal Foreign Body in a Child
Authors: Dabadie A. , Roussey M. , Betremieux P. , Gambert C. , Lefrancois C. , Darnault P. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryA 14‐month‐old child was admitted to the hospital with acute pancreatitis, abdominal pain, and shock. An abdominal radiograph revealed a paper clip standing out at the duodenal level. The foreign body was removed by endoscopy, revealing an edematic and hemorrhagic duodenal papilla. The patient progressed favorably after the foreign body was removed. This observation underlines the necessity of digestive transit surveillance of a foreign body that has not been endoscopically removed and the relevancy of duodenal endoscopy for acute pancreatitis of indefinite etiology.
Retrograde Esophagoscopy for Foreign Body Removal
Authors: Winkler Ann Rody , McClenathan Daniel T. , Borger James A. , Ahmed Nasim 
Published: January 2024

SummaryForeign bodies of the esophagus may penetrate the wall and migrate extralumenally, requiring a thoracotomy for removal. We report two children who swallowed coins that went undetected for several months and slowly eroded into the esophageal wall. These coins could not be retrieved by upper endoscopy, because of proximal strictures and granulation tissue at the perforation sites. Following surgical gastrostomy and retrograde flexible endoscopy, the coins were successfully removed. Retrograde endoscopy should be considered for removal of foreign esophageal objects before undertaking a thoracotomy.
Modulation by Human Milk of IgG Subclass Response to Hepatitis B Vaccine in Infants
Authors: Azzari Chiara , Resti Massimo , Rossi Maria E. , Lami Caterina Adami , Vierucci Alberto 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThe influence of breast and formula feeding on specific anti‐hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) IgG subclass production and distribution has been investigated in 40 healthy infants, born to HBsAg‐positive mothers and vaccinated against hepatitis B virus (HBV). Twenty children were bottle fed and 20 were breast fed. Specific subclasses were detected at the 4th and 12th months using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay with monoclonal antibodies. A defect in total IgG and IgG subclasses was previously excluded. Significant differences were observed both at the 4th and 12th months for IgG1 and IgG2. Breast‐fed infants had significantly higher levels of specific IgG2 (about three times higher), while IgG1 levels were significantly higher in formula‐fed infants. Anti‐HBsAg IgG4 levels were always higher in bottle‐fed infants, but a statistical significance was never present. No difference was found in specific IgG3 levels. This study reports the evidence that breast feeding influences specific IgG subclass synthesis against a viral antigen and suggests an immunologic modulation of the response to vaccines dependent not only on age but also on factors present in human milk.
Esophageal Reflux in Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Infants
Authors: Dreizzen E. , Escourrou P. , Odievre M. , Guilleminault C. , Gaultier Cl. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryTwenty‐two full‐term infants, nine asymptomatic and 13 symptomatic for chronic digestive problems, had long‐term (mean = 21 h) esophageal pH monitoring. All children were observed in strictly standardized conditions including meals and body position. Symptomatic infants presented significantly more esophageal refluxes, spent a greater percentage of time with a pH below 4, had a longer reflux duration (longer clearing time) and presented more refluxes lasting more than 5 min. We performed a determination of the circadian variations of parameters associated with esophageal reflux. Asymptomatic and symptomatic infants presented significant circadian variations of the percentage of time below pH 4 and of the longest duration of reflux. However, symptomatic infants had significantly higher mean values and increased amplitudes of circadian rhythms. Moderate phase lag existed for certain variables between symptomatic and asymptomatic infants. These findings can be helpful when interpreting the results of long‐term esophageal pH monitoring.
An in Vitro Model to Study Aspects of the Pathophysiology of Murine Rotavirus‐Induced Diarrhoea
Authors: Starkey W. G. , Candy D. C. A. , Thornber D. , Collins J. , Spencer A. J. , Osborne M. P. , Stephen J. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryAn in vitro system is described and validated for studying transport of solutes and water in both uninfected and rotavirus‐infected neonatal mouse intestine. Control intestine exhibited stable water absorption for periods of up to 40 min. Water absorption was temperature‐dependent, Na‐dependent, and enhanced by glucose‐containing perfusion solutions. Theophylline induced net secretion of water by control intestinal tissue. Water transport by rotavirus‐infected lower small intestine was significantly depressed as compared to control levels, and rotavirus‐infected middle small intestine exhibited net secretion of water. Upper small intestine and colon from infected animals did not differ significantly from control tissues in their ability to transport water. Water secretion by infected middle small intestine was reversed to absorption by glucose‐containing solutions.
Manometric Variations Following Spiral Myotomy for Long‐Gap Esophageal Atresia
Authors: Levine Jeremiah J. , Shoshany Gideon , Davidson Murray , Kimura Ken 
Published: January 2024

SummaryWe have previously demonstrated that a spiral myotomy and delayed definitive procedure is a viable alternative for esophageal reconstruction in long‐gap esophageal atresia. In this study we sought to determine whether this procedure leads to esophageal motility disturbances and to compare the manometric findings with controls as well as with those seen in children with esophageal atresia and primary anastomosis. Six beagles had esophageal transection and a spiral myotomy, one had esophageal transection without a myotomy, and two served as normal controls. Following esophageal reconstruction, esophageal manometry was studied in all dogs using a standard pull‐through technique. We found that the three control dogs all had similar manometric findings with normal peristalsis. In contrast, the dogs with a spiral myotomy all had propagation of waves in the myotomized segment but termination of waves at the anastomotic site. There was delayed velocity through the myotomized segment and retrograde peristalsis distally. Finally, upper esophageal sphincter pressure was elevated, while lower esophageal sphincter pressure was similar to that in the normal dogs. These findings are similar to those described in children with primary anastomosis and suggest that (a) spinal myotomy is a good alternative to other esophageal replacement options in patients with long‐gap esophageal atresia and that (b) the motility dysfunction observed in children with esophageal atresia following primary anastomosis may be secondary to the disruption of the vagus nerve and that may be part of the congenital abnormality or secondary to surgical trauma.
Comparison of Evaluation of Gastroesophageal Reflux in Infants Using Different Feedings During Intraesophageal pH Monitoring
Authors: Tolia Vasundhara , Kauffman Ralph E. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThe effect of two different types of feedings on results of esophageal pH monitoring was prospectively studied in 49 infants undergoing evaluation for gastro‐esophageal reflux (GER). Infants were randomly assigned to receive either apple juice (AJ) or formula for the first feeding during extended pH monitoring (EPM). Each infant received the alternate liquid for the second feeding. During the rest of the monitoring period, infants received formula feedings. The percentage of time that esophageal pH was less than 4.0 following both types of feedings and the percentage of time that pH was lower than 5.0 following formula feedings were determined. Following AJ feeding, the mean percentage of time pH was less than 4.0 was 43.8% in contrast to 5.1% following formula feeding. However, following formula feeding, pH was less than 5.0 35.7% of time, similar to the percentage of time pH was less than 4.0 after AJ feeding. Ability to detect GER with short‐term monitoring after the two feedings was compared to detection following extended monitoring. Detection of GER with short‐term monitoring following AJ feeding correlated well with extended monitoring (r = 0.67; p < 0.001). There was a weaker, although significant, correlation between short‐term monitoring following formula feeding using pH less than 5.0 as the reflux criterion and extended monitoring (r = 0.3; p < 0.01). We conclude that outpatient GER evaluation with intraesoph‐ageal pH monitoring during a feeding interval following an AJ feeding may serve as an acceptable substitute for extended pH monitoring when it is not practical or desirable to admit the patient to the hospital.
Taurocholate Transport by Brush‐Border Membrane Vesicles from the Developing Rabbit Ileum
Authors: Schwarz Steven M. , Watkins John B. , Ling Saidee C. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryTo examine the ontogenesis of bile acid transport in the rabbit ileum, brush‐border membrane vesicles (12− to 20‐fold purified) were prepared from 14− to 49‐day‐old animals. Taurocholate uptake was characterized by the emergence of secondary active, Na+ ‐dependent transport at the start of weaning (21 days). Transient intravesicular accumulation (overshoot) of taurocholate occurred at 5–10 s of incubation, and the overshoot maximum increased significantly from 21 days (349.2 ± 22.4 nmol/mg protein) to 35 days (569.0 ± 84.3 nmol/mg protein; p < 0.001), without further increase at maturity (49 days, ± 607.6 ± 136.7 nmol/mg protein). No significant taurocholate active uptake component was noted at 14 days; however, ileal vesicles from sucklings showed carrier‐mediated, Na+ D‐glucose cotransport. In ± 35‐day‐old rabbits, osmolarity studies at 20 s of incubation showed that only 12% of [14C]taurocholate uptake was secondary to bile acid‐to‐membrane binding. Conversely, at 20 min, >95% of radiolabel incorporation represented solute bound to the external and/or internal membrane surface. Arrhenius plots establish brush‐border membrane taurocholate uptake as an intrinsic, lipid‐dependent process, with a slope discontinuity between 24 and 28°C, similar to the membrane lipid thermotropic transition region. Steady‐state fluorescence polarization studies (1,6‐diphenyl‐1,3,5‐hexatriene) demonstrate a temporal association between the maturation of taurocholate uptake and age‐related decreases in ileal brush‐border membrane fluidity. These data indicate that maturation of bile acid secondary active transport in the rabbit ileum may be regulated, at least in part, by changes in brush‐border membrane lipid dynamics.
Defined Formula Diets Alter Characteristics of the Intestinal Transport of Amino Acid and Peptide in Growing Rats
Authors: Ohkohchi Nobuhiro , Andoh Tadashi , Ohi Ryoji , Mori Shozo 
Published: January 2024

SummaryRecently defined formula diets are widely used for patients with digestive diseases. Long‐term administration of such diets is presumed to change the absorptive characteristics of the small intestine. We investigated the influence of the defined formula diet on the absorptive capacity of growing rats by measuring the potential difference of sugars, amino acid, half‐maximum concentration (kt) of these substrates, the activities of disaccharidase and dipeptidase, and the portal amino acid concentrations. There was no significant difference in the body weight of rats fed amino acid or peptide diets and those given the normal chow, but the administration of the defined formula diets reduced the absorption of amino acid and small peptide per serosal area and kt. On the other hand, absorption of sugars was not significantly influenced by the type of the diets. The differences in the absorptions of amino acid and peptide following the administration of the defined formula diet might be associated with the change in the resistance of the unstirred water layer or the alteration in the active transport system of amino acids or peptides in the small intestine. No significant differences were observed between the influences of the amino acid and the peptide diets.
Diet‐Induced Alterations of Lipids During Cell Differentiation in the Small Intestine of Growing Rats
Authors: Alessandri J.‐M. , Arfi T. S. , Thevenoux J. , Léger C. L. 
Published: January 2024

SummaryThe lipid components of columnar cells harvested from rat small intestine were analyzed at each step of cell maturation. The effect of dietary lipids on the evolution of lipids in differentiating cells was studied using two diets representative either of a control or of an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid deficient lipid supply. Two groups of weanling rats were fed a semisynthetic diet composed of corn oil (control diet) or hydrogenated coconut oil (deficient diet) for 11 weeks. Intestinal cells were extracted according to their position along the villus column. Linoleic and arachidonic acids constitutive of cell phospholipids increased as cells migrated from the lower to the mid‐part of the crypt‐villus axis only with the control diet. This gradient disappeared after a 3‐week feeding period with hydrogenated coconut oil diet so that columnar cells of essential fatty acid deficient rats exhibited the same overall fatty acid composition all along the crypt‐villus axis. Essential fatty acid deficiency resulted in an increase of both the triene to tetraene and arachidonic acid to linoleic acid weight ratios regardless of the maturational step of cells. As compared to the control diet, the essential fatty acid deficient diet induced a decrease of both the cholesterol and free fatty acid to phos‐pholipid molar ratios only in lower villus cells. We conclude that (a) progressive compositional modifications of lipids occur while ascending the crypt‐villus axis and (b) essential fatty acid deficiency induces substantial alterations of the lipid evolution normally linked to cell differentiation.