bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The urban impact
Authors: Slack Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
After the contrasts between different counties noted in the previous chapter, it is something of a relief to find great similarities in the history of plague in the three provincial cities which have been chosen for detailed consideration here: Exeter, Bristol and Norwich. There were differences in the timing and in the severity of the epidemics which they suffered - Norwich was attacked more often and more savagely than Bristol or Exeter - but in outline the impact of plague on these great towns of provincial England was identical. In each of them there was more than one serious epidemic between 1535 and 1555, at a time when urban populations generally were stagnant or falling, and when urban economies were in decay. Plague did not disappear with the end of the mid-Tudor depression, however. Between 1565 and 1626 each town suffered another three major outbreaks of the disease, killing 15 per cent or more of the inhabitants, shattering every semblance of civic stability, and temporarily impeding the processes of economic recovery. Finally, in each town plague epidemics were closely bound up with the economic and social fabric of the urban community.
Counting the costs
Authors: Slack Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The frequency and severity of plague epidemics in London and in some of the larger provincial towns have now been described, and we have seen the lesser but by no means remote chance of their occurring in smaller places in Devon and Essex. In order to complete our survey of the problems posed by plague, we must now turn away from the standpoint of particular localities, and view the phenomenon from two different perspectives: one more general, the other still more specific. We must consider the impact of epidemic disease more broadly on the population and economy of pre-industrial England. We should also try to see its effects on the household and the family, on the individual cells which made up the country’s economic and demo graphic structures. Some impression of the gross damage done by plague can be gained from the simple totals of casualties to which we have already referred.
The end of plague 1665-1722
Authors: Slack Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As it turned out, William Hendley was wrong. Death in the form of plague never returned to England once the epidemic beginning in 1665 in London had run its course. There were recurrent scares that it would, the greatest of them at the time Hendley was writing, between 1720 and 1722 when there was plague in Marseilles. But the fears proved unfounded. England had been delivered from pestilence. No contemporary knew why that had happened, or could be sure that deliverance was permanent, and historians have similarly been unable to agree on the reasons for it. The end of plague remains the greatest of the mysteries surrounding the disease. No final solution to the mystery can be advanced here. The problem, and therefore its answer, extends beyond England to embrace the whole of western Europe, if not the world. Plague disappeared from most of Europe in the years between 1656 and 1721, and it may even have withdrawn from parts of Asia at the same time. English evidence may throw light on that development but it can only be partial. The issue cannot be avoided altogether, however. We must seek a tentative hypothesis to explain the end of plague if we are to make any final judgment on the measures which were taken against it. If quarantine and the isolation of the sick helped to eliminate the disease after 1665, they may also have helped to control it earlier.
The Time of Engolekume: The Administration of Turkana District 1919—1923
Authors: Lamphear John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Before taking up their new assignments in September 1918, Harry Rayne and D. R. Crampton met in Nairobi with Brigadier E. H. Llewellyn, the commandant of the KAR, to report on the recent operations against the Turkana and to discuss the future administration of the district. They concluded that while the southern sections were anxious for peace, the northerners would have to be controlled with a firm hand for some time to come. The operations had strengthened the British opinion that Turkana District was ‘an arid, uncultivated, waterless, dried-up corner of the world’. The only possible resource the area might contribute to British East Africa was manpower, and it was agreed that the Turkana would make fine colonial soldiers. A few southerners were now ordered to be trained as para-military district police and it was hoped that someday they might take complete responsibility for policing their own district. In the meantime the entire area was to remain under military rule; after Crampton’s departure no civil administrators would be posted to Eturkan for the next eight years.
The Image of Georgian Bath, 1700–2000
Authors: Borsay Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This interdisciplinary study explores the evolution, structure, and uses of the image of Georgian Bath, from its genesis in the eighteenth century to its renaissance in the twentieth century. In recent decades there has been both a popular resurgence of interest in heritage and tradition, and a growing academic awareness of the power of imagery in shaping the lives of individuals and societies. There is perhaps no city in Britain so saturated in history and layered with historic imagery as Bath. It therefore provides an ideal case-study to investigate the dynamic fusion and impact of the forces of past and representation. The dominant perception of Bath today is that of a classical and particularly Georgian city. In this stimulating and scholarly study, Peter Borsay examines the construction and development of this image. Its principal components, biography and architecture, are explored, together with the media through which it was constructed and transmitted, as well as its commercial, social, political, and psychological uses. Dr Borsay concludes by relating the findings for Bath to current debates on towns, heritage, and the nature of history.
Collapse
Authors: Offer Avner 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When food does not suffice, there are three options: one is to lose weight; the second, to cut down on effort; the third, to suffer in health. Having lost weight already by 1916, the workers could only preserve their health if they reduced their efforts. As the “turnip winter” progressed, the workers in Dtisseldorf, failing to get either better food or sufficient wage increases, complained of long shifts and downed tools for the day several times to press for shorter hours.
Shaping The Peace: The Role Of The Hinterlands
Authors: Offer Avner 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The international food economy had the same decisive impact on the outcome of the war as it had on its origins. As Geoffrey Blainey puts it, ‘the transition from war to peace is essentially the reverse of the transition from peace to war. What causes nations to cease fighting one another must be relevant in explaining what causes nations to begin fighting one another. ‘1 The peripheral economies of Australia, Canada and the United States made a decisive contribution to victory. They also made a claim to shape the peace.
Introduction
Authors: Stevenson David 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The war of 1914-18 was the first general war, involving all the Great Powers of the day, to be fought out in the modern, industrialized world. It came at a moment of mounting cultural, economic, and political instability in the Western countries: an instability it dramatically increased. The inter-war years, in consequence, were a period of extreme disorder in international economic and political relations, as well as in the domestic histories of the leading States. Only in the 1950s did a new equilibrium emerge, later in its turn to come under strain. By contrast, the century that followed the Vienna peace settlement of 1814-15 was interrupted by a series of short and limited wars between 1854 and 1878, but witnessed two periods of nearly forty years of European peace. The absence of war never meant the absence of tension, and, as after 1945, there were moments, such as the middle 1880s, of a heightened sense of danger and acceleration in the arms race. Until the growing turbulence that set in after approximately 1905, however, these periodic upward fluctuations eventually subsided, and for the established Powers of the northern hemisphere the posthumous reputation of the later nineteenth century as a golden twilight of prosperity and peace was generally well deserved.
Reform Refracted 1: Working and Voting
Authors: Phillips John A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
However much the preceding chapters may suggest the opposite, measuring the voting behaviour of thousands of individuals is a relatively straightforward, albeit arduous task. An assessment of the social composition of the electorate runs foul of far more daunting obstacles. An analysis of the relationship between political behaviour and socio-economic status is hardest of all. Many other scholars have wrestled with these complex problems, and Frank O’Gorman’s recent description of the occupational composition of the Hanoverian electorate has left little more to be said. Combined with work on the Victorian electorate by Nossiter, Vincent, Neale, Morris, and others, the overall structure of the electorate, unreformed or reformed, borough or county, freeman or householder, has been considered in all of its remarkable diversity. As O’Gorman notes, ‘There is, in practice, massive common ground between the classifications’ used by those examining socio-economic status.
The Townshends and Their World: Gentry, Law, and Land in Norfolk C.1450-1551
Authors: Moreton C E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is the first scholarly history of the rise of the Townshends, who were to become the most famous landowning family in Norfolk. C. E. Moreton exploits to the full the rich family archives in order to tell the story of individuals such as Roger Townshend I, a prominent lawyer of the late fifteenth century, and his son, also Roger, a leading country gentleman. Dr Moreton traces the growth in the Townshends' wealth and power in the late Middle Ages, and sets them in their context as a major gentry family. Their lawsuits, their estates policy, and their sheep-farming activities reveal much about the nature of the gentry's relationship to land and its role in local society in late medieval and early Tudor England.
Introduction
Authors: Wasserstein David J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book is a study of a political institution, the caliphate in Islamic Spain, al-Andalus. It is not a political history of Islam in the Iberian peninsula. There are several works available today which look at that aspect of Islamic Spain. The nature of the caliphal institution in Spain is such, however, that it does not lie easily with the political history of the caliphal state. The caliphal state is essentially the Umayyad state in its greatest phase; the caliphal institution overlaps with this, but outlasts it by several decades. The caliphal institution served, as it was created by, the Umayyad dynasty, but it also served many other dynasties after the last Umayyad had faded from the scene, and it was north Africans who finally put an end to local Andalusian caliphal pretensions.
Mujāhid
Authors: Wasserstein David J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters I have sought to discover what happened in respect of the caliphate in Cordoba after 422/i 031; to describe the caliphal pretensions of the Hammūdids in Cordoba and in the southern parts of the peninsula; and to analyse the discovery by Seville of an impostor claiming to be Hishām II al-Mu’ayyad, and the resort by many other taifa states, in part as a reaction to this, to the artifice of the invented ‘‘ ābd allāh’. Two other sets of reactions to the fall of the caliphal-‘amirid regime call for consideration here in addition to all of these. Both concern Slavs; each calls for separate study on account of this fact. Slavs stood in a special relation to the society of which they formed part in Islamic Spain. With no roots in the country and no possibility of recruiting support of any kind from outside Spain, with no particular loyalties going beyond their immediate patron (who was for most of them dead by the start of the fifth/eleventh century), they were faced with a difficulty of major proportions, and of special type, in attempting to ensure their own survival, individually and as a group, within the political jungle.
Ruling Orders
Authors: Doyle William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
European society was largely dominated by rich, hereditary, landed oligarchies. Most of the members of these groups also enjoyed nobility. Human society has never existed without elites, but those of the post-industrial world are numerous, diverse, and difficult to assess in their relative importance. Before 1800 matters were much simpler. Most wealth, most power, most privilege, and most prestige tended nearly everywhere to be concentrated in the hands of a single social group, universally recognizable. Like all social categories, it was considerably blurred at the edges, with an infinite number of local variations. No one term used by historians-aristocracy, landed interest, privileged order, feudal class-captures its full character. Yet the reality was concrete enough. It was the basic feature of social organization throughout Europe.
The Ruled: the Country
Authors: Doyle William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Noble supremacy was rooted in the countryside. The rural population scattered, unprotected, unsophisticated, and totally absorbed in producing the means of subsistence-offered far less resistance to control than towns men. And in 1660 this control was tightening, as the deceleration in over-all population growth brought diminishing agricultural profits and landlords sought to compensate by harder pressure upon those beneath them. The whole of Europe found itself in the grip of an agrarian reaction, in the course of which the peasantry found its rights, independence, and standards of living curbed by the appetite of its lords. When agricultural profits recovered, in the eighteenth century, the peasantry regained none of the lost ground. The power of large landlords continued to grow, only to be curbed eventually by governmental intervention which itself was undertaken in an attempt to redistribute the peasant’s burden in the state’s favour, rather than to diminish its total weight. Most peasants suffered to some extent from these circum-stances. But as usual, serfs suffered most of all.
The Progress of Doubt
Authors: Doyle William 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This was the age of Enlightenment; and Enlightenment meant an attack on the church. Of course, anti-clericalism in Europe was almost as old and deep rooted as Christianity itself. Medieval monarchs had exploited it to promote their own secular authority; the Protestant reformers proclaimed the priest hood of all believers in conscious rejection of clerical pretensions; the Counter Reformation’s reaffirmation of the church’s priestly character provoked new friction with the laity.
Appealing For Justice
Authors: Gatrell V A C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The People Who Petitioned For Mercy On Others’ Behalf in the 1820s were of a kind obscure to history, who wrote no books, contributed to no newspapers, and signed no public petitions. But they spoke as revealingly about punishment and justice as public propagandists did-more so indeed, since their opinions were not programmatic or for public effect. The documents they leave give significantly different meanings to public opinion from those acknow ledged so far. Many petitioned out of obligation to dependants, and a few out of expedience. But most acted disinterestedly against the injus tice perceived in particular verdicts or sentences, moved by common sensical ideas of fair trial and proportioned punishment which were remote from the discretionary principles of the judges’ law. ‘We only want fair play,’ as Sydney Smith exclaimed in 1826 when he inveighed against counsel’s inability to sum up for defendants. Most petitioners could have said the same.
The Reluctant Politician
Authors: Grassby Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As an instrument of the Tory Reaction of the 1680s, Dudley has received short shrift from Whig historians. To Macaulay he was ‘an enlightened adviser and an unscrupulous slave’.1 Yet for half his life his political activities were confined to negotiating with Ottoman officials. It was as much by accident as by design that he became embroiled in the tempestuous struggle between the later Stuarts and the Whig opposition through service as Sheriff of London and in the Parliament of 1685.
The Landholders And The Kingdom In The Time Of King Edward
Authors: Clarke Peter A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The men identified in earlier chapters as holding the larger lay estates in England on the eve of the Conquest were presumably in volved to some extent in the political life of the kingdom. For infor mation on that life we have to look to sources other than Domesday Book. Quite a lot is known concerning the greatest lay landholders the earls and their immediate families. The narrative sources provide many references to different members of the families of Godwine, Leofric, and Siweard, and they also appear prominently among the witnesses to both royal and private charters. The activities of this group during Edward’s reign has been thoroughly covered in the literature and will not be considered here. Instead, this chapter will be concerned with the remaining major lay landholders, as identified in Chapter 3 (see Fig. 3.1).
The Travelling Court
Authors: Vale Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The convoy was made up of two kitchen waggons, a third with the larder, a fourth for the bakers, a fifth with the cellar, carrying drink and vessels, the sixth with the pastry-cooks, a seventh with the confectioners, the eighth with the coffee-makers, a ninth with the buttery and other supplies, the tenth with the physician and his dispensary, the eleventh with the tableware, the twelfth with the smith and the wheelwright, the thirteenth and fourteenth with the bakery, the fifteenth and sixteenth carried the trunks and belongings of the courtiers who rode in the Prince’s carriages, the seventeenth the Prince’s garderobe, and the eighteenth the tents. Each was a covered waggon drawn by seven horses ⃛ Behind them three mounted stable-boys . . . led six camels, covered in beautiful drapes of worked cloth, bearing large chests which contained the library. Behind this caravan ⃛ came two or three large carriages, and a number of light ones ⃛ At least eight spare horses for the Prince were led along by an equerry and a stable-hand ⃛ When the Prince rode a horse, he was followed by a light buggy with a change of clothes, in which rode his valet and barber ⃛ who carried a soaping-dish and razors in his cartridge-case.
The Illustration of Texts
Authors: Gameson Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The New Minster Charter was written in 966 to commemorate and perpetuate the replacement of secular clergy with Benedictine monks at the New Minster, Winchester, which had been achieved through the agency of King Edgar (959-75). This was a controversial affair, and the document is correspondingly unusual (Pl. 2). The lengthy text in hermeneutic Latin, for which Bishop JE the wold of Winchester himself (963-84) may well have been responsible, describes the spiritual implications and the practical details of the new settlement, and attempts to sanctify and hence legitimize the arrangement in the most powerful way possible-by casting the affair into a cosmic perspective of the fall and redemption of mankind. The designer of the document realized precisely the same aim by preparing it according to the format of a supremely de luxe liturgical book. This is the ultimate development of the well-attested practice of adding sacred authority to a record by copying it into a gospel book.
Decoration
Authors: Gameson Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We have alluded several times in the aforegoing chapters to the importance of decoration and ornamental criteria in late Anglo-Saxon art and aesthetics. We shall now examine the subject of decoration itself-in particular, as it was applied to frames and initials. This concentration is not to imply that frame and initial decoration was more important than that in other media-the reverse was probably true-rather it is that these are the two contexts in which non-figural ornament survives in a significant quantity while preserving its original form and colour, enabling us to assess it with some confidence. Moreover, consideration of this material will usefully complement our discussion of other forms of book decoration in previous chapters.
Les Citoyens envers l’ État’: The Individual as a Citizen, from Bodin’s République to Rousseau’s Contrat social
Authors: Quaglioni Diego 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It has recently been pointed out that there is only one passage in Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Contrat social where we can find an explicit reference to Jean Bodin’s République: this passage is in a marginal note in chapter 6 of Book I (Du pacte social). Rousseau considers that Bodin had ‘made a blunder’, confusing the citoyens of Geneva with the Genevan bourgeois: ‘when Bodin wished to speak of our citizens and our bourgeois, he made a great blunder in taking the former to mean the latter’.3 According to the author of the Contrat social, Bodin is the most glaring example of a trend, which Rousseau considers typical of French political culture: for the French, the name of citizen ‘expresses a virtue and not a right’.4 The only exception is d’Alembert: ‘No other French author that I know, has understood the true meaning of the word citizen’.’ In the same fashion, the French confuse ville and cité:
Economy and society
Authors: Sharpe J A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For the few sixteenth-century visitors whose opinions have come down to us, the British Isles were clearly regarded as being something rather exotic if a little bit backward. England and Scotland had long been locked into European diplomacy, and Ireland, like these two countries, had equally long been a welcoming recipient of cultural and intellectual influences from the continent. But observers from more sophisticated places, like Castille, the Southern Netherlands, or Northern Italy, while finding much to comment upon favourably, were aware that they were in a peripheral area, still relatively under developed by the most advanced continental standards. The idea that this area would one day be the location of the world’s first industrial nation, or that it would lie at the centre of the most extensive empire the world has ever seen, would have seemed improbable to foreign observers in 1500, and hardly less so to those arriving a century later. Many of the Spaniards who accompanied Philip II to England when he came to marry Mary Tudor in 1554 commented on the strangeness of the land in which they found themselves ‘I had always heard that the marvels described in books of chivalry fell far short of what was to be seen here’, wrote one.
The Development of Shrines
Authors: Crook John 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters the principal subject of study was the architectural setting of saintly relics. We now turn our attention to the monuments provided to house and display such relics within their architectural environment, the structures known in English from the later Middle Ages as ‘shrines’. These have aroused scholarly interest since at least the mid-eighteenth century; and by a happy coincidence the very first volume of Archaeologiaincluded an article entitled Observations on Shrines.