bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring stomatal and guard cell metrics for plant physiology and growth using StoManager1
Authors: Wang Jiaxin , Renninger Heidi J , Ma Qin , Jin Shichao 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Automated guard cell detection and measurement are vital for understanding plant physiological performance and ecological functioning in global water and carbon cycles. Most current methods for measuring guard cells and stomata are laborious, time-consuming, prone to bias, and limited in scale. We developed StoManager1, a high-throughput tool utilizing geometrical, mathematical algorithms, and convolutional neural networks to automatically detect, count, and measure over 30 guard cell and stomatal metrics, including guard cell and stomatal area, length, width, stomatal aperture area/guard cell area, orientation, stomatal evenness, divergence, and aggregation index. Combined with leaf functional traits, some of these StoManager1-measured guard cell and stomatal metrics explained 90% and 82% of tree biomass and intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) variances in hardwoods, making them substantial factors in leaf physiology and tree growth. StoManager1 demonstrated exceptional precision and recall (mAP@0.5 over 0.96), effectively capturing diverse stomatal properties across over 100 species. StoManager1 facilitates the automation of measuring leaf stomatal and guard cells, enabling broader exploration of stomatal control in plant growth and adaptation to environmental stress and climate change. This has implications for global gross primary productivity (GPP) modeling and estimation, as integrating stomatal metrics can enhance predictions of plant growth and resource usage worldwide. Easily accessible open-source code and standalone Windows executable applications are available on a GitHub repository (https://github.com/JiaxinWang123/StoManager1) and Zenodo (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7686022).
The effect of socioeconomic status and training programmes on burnout in postgraduate trainees in the United Kingdom: a cross-sectional analysis
Authors: Super Jonathan , Vinnicombe Zak , Little Max , Gunnee Matthew , Anakwe Raymond 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Purpose
Burnout is described as a state of mental exhaustion caused by one’s professional life and is characterised by three domains: emotional exhaustion, depersonalisation, and a reduced sense of accomplishment. The prevalence of stress is high amongst doctors and varies by specialty, gender, trainee level, and socioeconomic status. The authors set out to examine the scale of the problem, as well as to determine the influence of both socioeconomic status and chosen training programme on burnout amongst postgraduate trainees. This would identify at-risk groups and aid in future targeted interventions.

Methods
Cross-sectional data were obtained, following approval from the General Medical Council, from The National Training Survey, completed annually by all trainees in the United Kingdom. Data were then anonymised and analysed. Burnout scores were derived from the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory and are positively framed (higher scores equal lower burnout).

Results
The questionnaire was completed by 63 122 participants from 2019 to 2020. Mean burnout amongst all trainees was 52.4 (SD = 19.3). Burnout scores from the most deprived quintile was significantly lower compared with those from the least deprived quintile: 51.0 (SD = 20.6) versus 52.9 (SD = 18.9), respectively (P &lt; 0.001). The highest levels of burnout were reported in Internal Medical Training, Emergency Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Core Surgical Training, respectively.

Conclusion
Postgraduates from lower socioeconomic backgrounds are more likely to encounter burnout during training. At-risk groups who may also benefit from targeted intervention have been identified, requiring further examination through future studies.
Positive Effects of Uric Acid on White Matter Microstructures and Treatment Response in Patients With Schizophrenia
Authors: Bang Minji , Heo Yul , Choi Tai Kiu , Lee Sang-Hyuk 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Background and Hypothesis
Schizophrenia involves microstructural changes in white matter (WM) tracts. Oxidative stress is a key factor causing WM damage by hindering oligodendrocyte development and myelin maturation. Uric acid (UA), an endogenous antioxidant, may protect against oxidative stress. We investigated the effect of UA on WM connectivity in antipsychotic-naive or -free patients with early- or chronic-stage schizophrenia.

Study Design
A total of 192 patients with schizophrenia (122 recent-onset [ROS] and 70 chronic [CS]) and 107 healthy controls (HCs) participated in this study. Diffusion tensor imaging data and serum UA levels at baseline were obtained.

Study Results
Fractional anisotropy was lower in the widespread WM regions across the whole brain, and diffusivity measures were higher in both schizophrenia groups than in HCs. The CS group showed lower diffusivity in some WM tracts than the ROS or HC groups. The linear relationship of serum UA levels with axial and mean diffusivity in the right frontal region was significantly different between schizophrenia stages, which was driven by a negative association in the CS group. WM diffusivity associated with serum UA levels correlated with 8-week treatment responses only in patients with CS, suggesting UA to be protective against long-term schizophrenia.

Conclusions
UA may protect against the WM damage associated with the progression of schizophrenia by reducing oxidative stress and supporting WM repair against oxidative damage. These results provide insights into the positive role of UA and may facilitate the development of novel disease-modifying therapies.
Omega-3 Supplementation Reduces Schizotypal Personality in Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Raine Adrian , Gur Ruben C , Gur Raquel E , Richmond Therese S , Hibbeln Joseph , Liu Jianghong 
Published: February 2024

Abstract

Background and Hypothesis
Based on a childhood intervention from ages 3 to 5 years that included additional fish consumption and which resulted in reduced schizotypal personality at age 23, we had previously hypothesized that omega-3 could reduce schizotypy. The current study tests the hypothesis that omega-3 supplementation reduces schizotypy in children.

Study Design
In this intention-to-treat, randomized, single-blind, stratified, factorial trial, a community sample of 290 children aged 11–12 years were randomized into Omega-3 Only, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) Only, Omega-3 + CBT, and Control groups. Schizotypy was assessed using the SPQ-C (Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire for Children) at 0 months (baseline), 3 months (end of treatment), 6 months (3 months post-treatment), and 12 months (9 months post-treatment).

Study Results
A significant group × time interaction (P = .013) indicated that, compared with Controls, total schizotypy scores were reduced in both Omega-3 Only and Omega-3 + CBT groups immediately post-treatment (d = 0.56 and 0.47, respectively), and also 3 months after supplementation terminated (d = 0.49, d = 0.70). Stronger findings were observed for the interpersonal schizotypy factor, with both omega-3 groups showing reductions 9 months post-treatment compared with the CBT Only group. Schizotypy reductions were significantly stronger for those with higher dietary intake of omega-3 at intake. Sensitivity analyses confirmed findings.

Conclusions
Results are unique in the field and suggest that omega-3 can help reduce schizotypal personality in community-residing children. From an epidemiological standpoint, if replicated and extended, these findings could have implications for early prevention of more significant schizotypal features developing later in adolescence.

Clinical Trial Registration
“Healthy Brains & Behavior: Understanding and Treating Youth Aggression (HBB).” ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00842439, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00842439.
Racial Justice and Racialized Religion: Are Progressive White Christians Getting It Right?
Authors: Martí Gerardo 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The core question guiding this research is: What happens when the project of racial justice, specifically, anti-black racism, is taken on by white progressive Christians and their churches? Acknowledging religion as racialized allows our scholarship to be more discerning and less naive, especially regarding the true potential of racial justice—even among those who are most faithfully attempting to become antiracist. Drawing from preliminary data collected from congregations in the United States and Canada aligned with the Alliance of Baptists, a denomination explicitly committed to antiracism, I focus on a few significant dynamics, briefly summarized under seven themes: (1) Getting It Right, (2) The Volunteer Antiracist, (3) Congregational Politics, (4) Encountering Resistance, (5) Soliciting Cooperation, (6) Instrumentalizing Whiteness as a Ready Tool, and (7) Affirmation from Black Members. As data collection continues, this research remains open to developing more insights and revising tentative conclusions as the analysis proceeds further.
Long-term impacts of 48-h water and feed deprivation on blood and performance responses of grazing Bos indicus Nellore heifers
Authors: Abreu Mateus J I , Marques Rodrigo S , Cidrini Iorrano A , Batista Luis H C , Ferreira Igor M , Oliveira Karla A , Cruz Vinicius A , Limede Arnaldo C , Sousa Luciana M , França Matheus Q S , Bísio Gustavo H M , Siqueira Gustavo R , Resende Flávio D 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The study investigated the effects of 48-h water and feed deprivation on blood and the performance of grazing Nellore (Bos indicus) heifers. Twenty-four Nellore heifers (initial body weight [BW] = 238 ± 10 kg; age = 16 ± 2 mo), were ranked by initial BW and age and randomly assigned to one of the two treatments: (1) grazing animals with free access to pasture, water, and mineral-mix (CON; n = 12), or (2) the same grazing conditions but deprived of pasture, water, and mineral-mix for 48 h (DPR; n = 12). The paddocks consisted of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu, using a continuous and fixed stocking rate. The experiment lasted 225 d, with the first 14 d considered as the adaptation period (days −14 to −1) and the subsequent 211 d as the evaluation period (days 0 to 211). From days 0 to 2, treatments were applied by keeping the DPR heifers in pens and reintegrating them into the experimental area after a 48-h water and feed deprivation. Individual full BW was recorded on days −14, −13, −1, before (day 0) and after (day 2) treatment application, and on days 6, 11, 12, 41, 42, 210, and 211. Blood samples were collected in the morning on days 0, 2, 6, 12, and 211. A treatment effect was detected (P &lt; 0.001) for shrink BW from days 0 to 2, which was greater (P &lt; 0.001) in DPR vs. CON heifers. Subsequently, DPR animals were lighter (P &lt; 0.001) compared with CON heifers by the end of the deprivation period (day 2). From days 4 to 211, DPR was lighter (P &lt; 0.001) compared with CON heifers after treatment application and for the entire experimental period. In the first 10 d after treatment application (days 2 to 12), DPR heifers showed a partial compensatory average daily gain (ADG; P &lt; 0.001) compared with CON heifers, while no significant differences were observed in ADG between the treatments from days 12 to 42 and 42 to 211 (P &gt; 0.420). Overall ADG (days 2 to 211) was greater (P &lt; 0.001) for DPR vs. CON heifers. All serum variables, except AST, were higher (P &lt; 0.001) in DPR than in CON heifers on day 2 after treatment application. Our study demonstrates that grazing Nellore heifers subjected to 48-h water and feed deprivation experienced significant alterations in their blood metabolites and BW immediately after the stressful event. Although the deprived heifers partially compensated for their BW loss in the early days post-deprivation, they remained 12 kg lighter than the non-deprived animals throughout the production cycle.
Contemporary and historical human migration patterns shape hepatitis B virus diversity
Authors: Potter Barney I , Thijssen Marijn , Trovão Nídia Sequeira , Pineda-Peña Andrea , Reynders Marijke , Mina Thomas , Alvarez Carolina , Amini-Bavil-Olyaee Samad , Nevens Frederik , Maes Piet , Lemey Philippe , Van Ranst Marc , Baele Guy , Pourkarim Mahmoud Reza 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Infection by hepatitis B virus (HBV) is responsible for approximately 296 million chronic cases of hepatitis B, and roughly 880,000 deaths annually. The global burden of HBV is distributed unevenly, largely owing to the heterogeneous geographic distribution of its subtypes, each of which demonstrates different severity and responsiveness to antiviral therapy. It is therefore crucial to the global public health response to HBV that the spatiotemporal spread of each genotype is well characterized. In this study, we describe a collection of 133 newly sequenced HBV strains from recent African immigrants upon their arrival in Belgium. We incorporate these sequences—all of which we determine to come from genotypes A, D, and E—into a large-scale phylogeographic study with genomes sampled across the globe. We focus on investigating the spatio-temporal processes shaping the evolutionary history of the three genotypes we observe. We incorporate several recently published ancient HBV genomes for genotypes A and D to aid our analysis. We show that different spatio-temporal processes underlie the A, D, and E genotypes with the former two having originated in southeastern Asia, after which they spread across the world. The HBV E genotype is estimated to have originated in Africa, after which it spread to Europe and the Americas. Our results highlight the use of phylogeographic reconstruction as a tool to understand the recent spatiotemporal dynamics of HBV, and highlight the importance of supporting vulnerable populations in accordance with the needs presented by specific HBV genotypes.
Emerging biologic therapies for systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Kato Hiroshi , Kahlenberg J. Michelle 
Published: February 2024

Purpose of review
The approval of belimumab and anifrolumab has expanded the scope of treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. However, many patients remain refractory to currently available therapies and suffer from drug toxicities. This review will discuss approved and target-specific therapeutics in development that bring hope for better SLE treatments.

Recent findings
Since the last review on this subject in the journal, the FDA has approved anifrolumab and belimumab for SLE and lupus nephritis (LN), respectively. A fully humanized anti-CD20, obinutuzumab, met the primary end point in a phase II trial in LN. A Tyk2 inhibitor, deucravacitinib, and an antibody targeting plasmacytoid dendritic cells, litifilimab, met the primary end point in phase II trials in SLE and cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CLE). Ustekinumab and baricitinib met the primary end point in phase II but not in phase III trials.

Summary
While many drug candidates which met the end points in phase II trials have failed phase III trials, the number of target-specific therapies for SLE has continued to expand.
MRI of the Spine in Patients who Toe Walk: Is There a Role?
Authors: Flaugh Rachel A. , May Collin J. , Curran Patrick , Miller Patricia E. , Kasser James R. , Shore Benjamin J. 
Published: February 2024

Background:
Little is known about the prevalence of intraspinal pathology in children who toe walk, but magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be part of the diagnostic workup. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of MRI for children who toe walk with a focus on the rate of positive findings and associated neurosurgical interventions performed for children with said MRI findings.

Methods:
A single-center tertiary hospital database was queried to identify a cohort of 118 subjects with a diagnosis of toe walking who underwent spinal MRI during a 5-year period. Patient and MRI characteristics were summarized and compared between subjects with a major abnormality, minor abnormality, or no abnormality on MRI using multivariable logistic regression. Major MRI abnormalities included those with a clear spinal etiology, such as fatty filum, tethered cord, syrinx, and Chiari malformation, while minor abnormalities had unclear associations with toe walking.

Results:
The most common primary indications for MRI were failure to improve with conservative treatment, severe contracture, and abnormal reflexes. The prevalence of major MRI abnormalities was 25% (30/118), minor MRI abnormalities was 19% (22/118), and normal MRI was 56% (66/118). Patients with delayed onset of toe walking were significantly more likely to have a major abnormality on MRI (P=0.009). The presence of abnormal reflexes, severe contracture, back pain, bladder incontinence, and failure to improve with conservative treatment were not significantly associated with an increased likelihood of major abnormality on MRI. Twenty-nine (25%) subjects underwent tendon lengthening, and 5 (4%) underwent neurosurgical intervention, the most frequent of which was detethering and sectioning of fatty filum.

Conclusions:
Spinal MRI in patients who toe walk has a high rate of major positive findings, some of which require neurosurgical intervention. The most significant predictor of intraspinal pathology was the late onset of toe walking after the child had initiated walking. MRI of the spine should be considered by pediatric orthopedic surgeons in patients with toe walking who present late with an abnormal clinical course.

Level of Evidence:
Level III Retrospective Comparative Study.
Acute undifferentiated leukemia with undifferentiated myeloid sarcoma: Case report and literature review
Authors: Luo Lan , Wang Xiaoqing , Luo Ji , Zheng Shuai , Gong Ninghan , He Yuan , Xi Qian , Chen Jiao , Jiang Tao , Zhong Ling 
Published: February 2024

Background:
With the advancement of diagnostic technology, true acute undifferentiated leukemia (AUL) is becoming more rare, and AUL with extramedullary sarcoma has not been reported.

Case presentation:
This article reports a case of AUL with extramedullary sarcoma. Flow cytometric analysis of the bone marrow and lymph nodes indicated that the tumor cells of both were of the same origin and mainly expressed stem cell markers and CD7, no myeloid-specific markers, T-lymphoblastic-related markers, and B-lymphoblastic-related markers. Although the priming regimen combined with azacitidine was ineffective, complete remission was achieved by switching to azacitidine combined with HIA (homoharringtonine, idarubicin plus Ara-C).

Conclusion:
To diagnosis de novo acute leukemia with extensive and comprehensive cellular immune maker detection is available and credible, the expression of a single relatively nonspecific myeloid antigen as a immune maker to detect AUL or AUL associated with sarcoma is precise and effective in our case, which patient was benefit from HIA regiment.
A unusual presentation of liver failure caused by Ibuprofen-sustained release capsules: A case report
Authors: Liu Yan , Liu Ming-wei 
Published: February 2024

Rationale:
Previous studies have shown that acetaminophen has the potential to induce hepatotoxicity in patients, rendering it a prominent drug implicated in the development of acute hepatic failure. However, there is currently no available literature reporting the impact of ibuprofen-sustained release capsules on liver failure.

Patient concerns:
A 65-year-old man was presented with a 4-day history of tea-colored urine with oil avoidance, jaundiced skin, and anorexia, and impaired liver function. One ibuprofen-sustained release capsule was taken on the day before the onset of the disease due to “headache.”

Diagnoses:
A diagnosis of this patient was made of liver failure due to taking ibuprofen-sustained release capsules.

Interventions:
Initially, the patient discontinued the use of hepatotoxic drugs in order to prevent further exposure. Subsequently, the patient underwent a standard therapeutic regimen, which encompassed the administration of hepatoprotective agents, nutritional support drugs, correction of acid-base imbalances, and electrolyte abnormalities, as well as other relevant treatments.

Outcomes:
After 9 days of hepatoprotective and nutritional supplement therapy, the patient saw notable improvement in symptoms, reporting an absence of discomfort, subsided skin jaundice, clear urine, and liver function tests returning to a near normal range. The patient was granted permission to be discharged from the hospital while being prescribed drugs. After 2 weeks of follow-up, the patient reported an absence of discomfort and exhibited normal results in the liver function test.

Conclusions:
Liver failure caused by ibuprofen-sustained release capsules has not been reported. It is worth noting that conventional treatments such as suspending offending agents, and administration of hepatoprotective agents and nutritional support drugs have proven to be successful.

Lesson:
There is currently no known peer-reviewed literature indicating that the administration of ibuprofen-sustained release capsules leads to liver failure. When patients taking ibuprofen-sustained release capsules encounter symptoms such as anorexia, skin jaundice, lack of appetite, and nausea, it is recommended that they undertake a cardiac and liver function tests. In the event that ibuprofen-sustained release capsules induce liver injury, it is imperative to administer timely and immediate medical intervention.
Hepatocellular carcinoma combined with sarcomatoid hepatocellular carcinoma: A case report
Authors: Li Jingyi , Gao Xizhuang , Zhao Kun , Meng Xiangzheng , Liu Shuwei , Zhang Jian 
Published: February 2024

Rationale:
Sarcomatoid hepatocellular carcinoma (SHC) is an uncommon variant of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), characterized by HCC features combined with sarcomatoid histology and manifestations. The simultaneous occurrence of HCC and hepatosarcomatoid carcinoma is infrequent. This report presents a distinctive instance of HCC coexisting with hepatic sarcomatoid carcinoma in a 56-year-old male. The case exhibits an unusual clinical presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Through the presentation of this case, we aspire to contribute novel concepts to shape forthcoming strategies encompassing SHC diagnosis and treatment.

Patient concerns:
The 56-year-old male patient was admitted to the hospital, due to discovering a hepatic mass lasting for over 2 months.

Diagnoses:
Ultimately, combined hepatocellular and SHC diagnosis was conclusively confirmed through histopathological and imaging examinations.

Intervention:
In this case, our approach encompassed hepatectomy coupled with ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation for HCC. Intraoperative ultrasound localization was employed for accurate tumor identification, followed by postoperative hepatic artery embolization to facilitate meticulous tumor resection.

Outcomes:
He underwent hepatic arteriography chemoembolization treatment and is currently stable, experiencing regular chemotherapy follow-up visits.

Lessons:
The presence of distinct tumor types concurrently can influence treatment choices and prognosis. Given the intricate nature of this condition, crafting an optimal treatment strategy necessitates the incorporation of variables such as the patient age, tumor characteristics, liver function, and other pertinent factors.