bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Muscle cramps
Authors: Miller Timothy M. , Layzer Robert B. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractMuscle cramps are a common problem characterized by a sudden, painful, involuntary contraction of muscle. These true cramps, which originate from peripheral nerves, may be distinguished from other muscle pain or spasm. Medical history, physical examination, and a limited laboratory screen help to determine the various causes of muscle cramps. Despite the “benign” nature of cramps, many patients find the symptom very uncomfortable. Treatment options are guided both by experience and by a limited number of therapeutic trials. Quinine sulfate is an effective medication, but the side‐effect profile is worrisome, and other membrane‐stabilizing drugs are probably just as effective. Patients will benefit from further studies to better define the pathophysiology of muscle cramps and to find more effective medications with fewer side‐effects. Muscle Nerve, 2005
Synthesis of poly(1‐hexene)s end‐functionalized with phenols
Authors: Yanjarappa Mallinamadugu J , Sivaram Swaminathan 
Published: May 2005

AbstractElectrophilic alkylations of phenol/2,6‐dimethylphenol were performed with vinylidene‐terminated poly(1‐hexene)s using BF3·OEt2 catalyst. Vinylidene‐terminated poly(1‐hexene)s with Mn varying from 400 to 10000 were prepared by bulk polymerization of 1‐hexene at 50 to −20 °C using Cp2ZrCl2/MAO catalysts. The phenol/2,6‐dimethylphenol‐terminated poly(1‐hexene)s was characterized by NMR (1H, 13C), UV, IR and vapor phase osmometer (VPO). The isomer distribution (ortho, para and ortho/para) was determined by 13P NMR using a phosphitylating reagent, namely 2‐chloro‐1,3,2‐dioxaphospholane. The number‐average degree of functionality (Fn) >0.9 with >95% para selectivity could be achieved using low‐molecular‐weight oligomers of poly(1‐hexene)s. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Photochemistry and photocuring properties of thiol‐substituted α‐aminoalkylphenone as radical photoinitiator
Authors: Kura Hisatoshi , Oka Hidetaka , Ohwa Masaki , Matsumura Tadayoshi , Kimura Akira , Iwasaki Yohei , Ohno Teruhisa , Matsumura Michio , Murai Hisao 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThiol‐substituted α‐aminoalkylphenone was newly developed as a radical photoinitiator. Introduction of the thiol group drastically improved photosensitivity in an alkaline developable resist formulation composed of a prepolymer and a multifunctional acrylate monomer. The improvement in the photocuring speed was explained by a mechanism based on chain transfer reaction of the thiol group. Time‐resolved electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy indicated that the thiol group attached to the chromophore does not influence the photochemical process to generate primary radicals. The photoinitiation of α‐aminoalkylphenone can be spectrally sensitized by 2,4‐diethylthioxanthone (DETX). However, thiol‐substituted α‐aminoalkylphenone showed smaller spectral sensitization than the corresponding compound without a thiol group. Time resolved laser flash photolysis indicated that the rate constant of the quenching of the triplet state of DETX by thiol‐substituted α‐aminoalkylphenone is twice as large as that by the corresponding one without a thiol group. This suggests that, besides energy transfer from DETX in the excited triplet state to the α‐aminoalkylphenone, the thiol group quenches the excited triplet state of DETX via charge transfer and/or hydrogen transfer, as supported by the ESR analysis using a spin trapping technique, and lowers the efficiency of the spectral sensitization effect. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 1684–1695, 2005
Theoretical study of the structures and properties of cyclic nitramines: Tetranitrotetraazadecalin (TNAD) and its isomers
Authors: Qiu Ling , Xiao He Ming , Ju Xue Hai , Gong Xue Dong 
Published: May 2005

AbstractDensity Functional Theory (DFT) was employed to study the geometries, electronic structures, infrared vibrational spectra, and thermodynamic properties of seven isomeric cyclic nitramines of C6H10N8O8 (i.e., TNAD and its six isomers) at the B3LYP/6‐31G* level of theory. The experimental results available for TNAD were used to determine the reliability of the DFT method for generating structural and IR spectroscopic values for these molecular systems. The relative stabilities of the conformers were evaluated from the energy differences of the structures. Detonation properties of various conformers were evaluated using the Kamlet‐Jacobs equations, and it was found that all the calculated results are comparable to the available experimental data. In addition, the calculated results demonstrate that all title compounds can be used as excellent propellant ingredients. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Geometry optimization of the cytosine molecules in a cytosine stack using the B3LYP crystal orbital method
Authors: Szekeres Zs. , Bogár F. , Bartha F. , Ladik J. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe B3LYP DFT crystal orbital method was applied (with helical periodicity) to calculate the total energy per unit cell of a cytosine (C) molecule in a C stack. Applying afterwards the multidimensional metric method in its BFGS form, the geometry of a C molecule was optimized in the stack of DNA B (3.36 Å stacking distance, 36° rotation). For comparison, we optimized also the geometry of a C trimer and pentamer (in DNA B form) using the Gaussian 03 program for the B3LYP molecular calculation and the default method for the geometry optimization. The results of the two completely different calculations agree quite well, which supports our confidence in the results of our C stack calculation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Relationship between a high density of sika deer and productivity of the short‐grass (Zoysia japonica) community: a case study on Kinkazan Island, northern Japan
Authors: Ito Takehiko Y. , Takatsuki Seiki 
Published: May 2005

AbstractAn extremely high‐density (ca. 800 deer km−2) wild sika deer population uses a short‐grass community dominated by Zoysia japonica on Kinkazan Island in northeastern Japan. To explain why the density of wild deer is quite high on the Zoysia community, (1) we quantified the seasonal productivity of the Zoysia community, (2) we compared food availabilities among the plant communities, and (3) we described the habitat selection by the deer in different seasons. Food availability was greater on the Zoysia community than in the forest understory from spring to fall. The productivity of the Zoysia community was high enough to support the actual high density of the deer (814 deer km−2) in summer. However, the productivity markedly decreased in winter, when the deer density decreased to less than half (358 deer km−2) of the summer value. In contrast, the deer density of the adjacent forests was highest in winter (154 deer km−2) and lowest in spring (19 deer km−2). These results suggest that the deer using the Zoysia community in summer left and were “absorbed” into the adjacent forest in winter. If such an adjacent community were absent, many deer would not survive, and consequently the deer density on the Zoysia community in summer would not be so high. This intercommunity movement is particularly important for the deer using a plant community like the Zoysia community, which is highly productive but has a small standing biomass.
Changes in morphological traits of the cabbage aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) associated with the use of different host plants
Authors: Ruiz‐Montoya Lorena , Nùñez‐Farfán Juan , Domínguez César A. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe genetic and morphological differentiation of insect populations in relation to the use of different host plants is an important phenomenon that predates ecological specialisation and speciation in sympatric conditions. In this study, we describe the morphological variation of populations of Brevicoryne brassicae (Homoptera: Aphididae) associated with two host species, Brassica oleracea and Brassica campestris, which occur sympatrically in the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico. The study is aimed at obtaining evidence regarding phenotypic differentiation induced by, or associated with, the use of distinct but closely related host species. Seven morphological characters were measured in 696 wingless aphids collected from plants of the two host species at four localities. Morphological variation was summarised through principal components analysis (PCA). Sixty‐two percent of morphological variation was explained by the first two PCs. The first component (PC1) was related to the general size of appendages, and PC2 was interpreted as the relationship between body size (body and leg size) and antenna length. Aphids growing on B. campestris were bigger than those collected from B. oleraceae. Significant differences between hosts were detected for PC1, whereas a significant effect of locality, host, and the interaction locality × host was detected for PC2. These results indicate that the average phenotype of B. brassicae individuals inhabiting different host‐plant species differs as a consequence of the contrasting feeding environments the host species provide.
Good and Bad Experiences of Family Presence During Acute Care and Resuscitation. What Makes the Difference?
Authors: Axelsson Åsa B. , Zettergren Margaretha , Axelsson Christer 
Published: May 2005

Background: Family presence (FP) in the resuscitation room is still controversial, and its appropriateness for patient and family has been discussed. We examined both positive and negative experiences in order to establish the reasons for the difference. Aim: The aim of the present literature review was to describe patients', relatives' and staff's opinions and experiences of FP during invasive procedures and resuscitation. Method: 12 original papers, published between January 1995 and February 2003, were reviewed. Results: Most patients and relatives agreed that they had positive experiences of FP. They described how FP enhanced the feeling of support and connectedness within the family. Family members believed that FP helped them in their grieving process. Most staff members without FP experience felt that FP would increase the risk of psychological distress for the family. Those who had participated in an FP programme believed that FP was not only beneficial for the family but also for staff. Conclusion: Family presence during resuscitation and acute care has the potential to enhance the care of the patient and to benefit everyone involved. However, implementation of FP during resuscitation must take account of potential problems.
Haematoma after Coronary Angiography and Percutaneous Coronary Intervention via the Femoral Artery Frequency and Risk Factors
Authors: Andersen Kirsten , Bregendahl Marianne , Kaestel Helen , Skriver Mette , Ravkilde Jan 
Published: May 2005

Background: The most common complication after coronary angiography (CA) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the development of haematoma. Several changes in procedures regarding CA and PCI have been made in our department in recent years. The aim of this audit is to establish how many patients develop haematoma after CA/PCI via the femoral artery and subsequently to find predictors that increase the risk of developing haematoma. Methods: We initially included 474 consecutive patients-322 patients undergoing CA and 141 patients undergoing PCI. Eleven patients were later excluded due to the absence of complete data. Thirty-three variables were registered in order to find predictors, which might increase the haematoma frequency. A univariate as well as a multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed. Results: Of the 463 patients, 6 patients developed a haematoma > 10 cm (1.3%) and 41 patients developed a haematoma > 5 cm (8.9%). The following factors were found to be associated with the generation of haematoma: Women, systolic blood pressure > 160 mm Hg, artery puncture > 1, sheath time > 16 min, ACT ≥ 175 s, Glycoprotein (GP) IIB/IIIa inhibitors, Low Molecular Weight Heparin before procedure, personnel change during compression, and anti-coagulant-treatment before procedure. Conclusions: The frequency of haematoma was 1.3% (> 10 cm) and 8.9% (> 5 cm), which corresponds with reports from similar studies and departments. The factors found to increase the risk of haematoma development can provide background for procedural changes and increase the focus on patients at increased risk in order to minimize the development of haematomas.
Effect of vitamin A deficiency on protein catabolism in chicks
Authors: Bruckental I. , Ascarelli I. , Bondi A. 
Published: May 2005

1. The changes in the concentration of some enzymes and their metabolites were studied in the first stages of vitamin A deficiency in chicks.2. Kidney arginase (EC3.5.3.1) and liver xanthine dehydrogenase activities had increased even before complete disappearance of vitamin A from the plasma. Similarly, an increase was found in plasma uric acid, and plasma urea also increased but to a lesser extent. Liver proteolytic activity also was slightly increased by vitamin A deficiency.3. Kidney D-amino acid oxidase (EC1.4.3.3) activity and plasma concentrations of total protein and free amino acids were not affected, at least in the first stages of the deficiency.4. Oral dosing of deficient chicks with retinyl palmitate to provide 300 μg retinol, 24 h before killing, brought about a decrease in the activities of both enzymes and of plasma uric acid, and an increase in plasma urea.5. Dietary levels of vitamin A were reflected not only in the liver concentrations of the vitamin but also in the plasma concentrations.
Concurrent studies of the flow of digesta in the duodenum and of exocrine pancreatic secretion of calves
Authors: Ternouth J. H. , Roy J. H. B. , Siddons R. C. 
Published: May 2005

1. The duodenal flow of digesta and the concurrent pancreatic secretion were compared when six Ayrshire calves, with duodenal re-entrant and pancreatic sac cannulas, were fed on three reconstituted milks. The diets were: reconstituted, ‘mildly’ preheated, spray-dried skim-milk powder (SK); the same skim milk containing 20 g fat/l (SKF); and reconstituted, ‘severely’ preheated skim-milk powder containing 20 g fat/l (HSKF). The calves were fed ad lib. from teats twice daily from 9 to 21 d of age, each diet being offered for 4 d. Collections of duodenal digesta and pancreatic secretions were made for 12 h after the fourth and eighth meals on each diet.2. The calves tended to have the highest liquid intakes when diet SK was given. After adjustment for differences in intake, diet SK resulted in the appearance of more hydrogen, chloride and potassium ions but less undigested protein nitrogen in the duodenal digesta than with either diet SKF or HSKF.3. Compared with diets SK and SKF, the whey fluids from diet HSKF took significantly longer to leave the abomasum, less H+ passed through the duodenum during the first 6 h after feeding and less Cl− during the whole postprandial period. More undigested protein N and fat from diet HSKF passed through the duodenum during the first 6 h after feeding, although this difference was significant only for protein N during the 1st hour after feeding.4. Over the 12 h postprandial period, the duodenal digesta contained almost exactly the same quantities of polyethylene glycol (PEG), N and fat as those in the meal. The total volume of digesta was 2.25 l greater than the quantity of milk ingested. When the hourly duodenal flows of PEG and fluid were expressed as the square root of the hourly quantities recovered, the pattern of abomasal emptying was rectilinear. The flows of N and fat were curvilinear, when expressed on the same basis.5. The concentration of ‘sodium-free’chloride in the duodenal digesta, in excess of that ingested in the milk, was used as an indicator of the quantity of acid secreted by the abomasum. The relative quantity of acid secreted was greatest with diet SK and least with diet HSKF.6. The pancreatic secretion of fluid was highest during the period 5–9 h after feeding but the secretion of enzyme activity was highest during the first 2 h after feeding.7. Considerable variability in the secretion of enzyme activity was observed and the rate of secretion did not appear to be related to any component of the duodenal digesta.8. Diet SKF was associated with a greater volume of pancreatic secretion and more pancreatic protease secretion than either diet SK or HSKF, but most amylase activity was secreted when diet HSKF was given. Evidence is presented which suggests that pancreatic enzyme activity adaptation occurred when diet HSKF was offered in succession to diet SK or SKF. The secretion of trypsin activity did not differ between diets.
Some factors influencing the chemical composition of mixed rumen bacteria
Authors: Smith R. H. , Mcallan A. B. 
Published: May 2005

1. Sheep, cows and calves fitted with rumen cannulas were given diets mostly containing 10–16 g nitrogen/kg dry matter and consisting of roughage and cereals. Mixed bacteria were separated from samples of their rumen contents.2. Bacteria taken 4–6 h after a feed from calves which were kept in an experimental calf-house with no contact with adult animals (environment A) contained more α-dextran, less total N and higher nucleic acid:total N ratios than similar bacteria from calves reared in contact with adult sheep (environment C) but otherwise treated in an identical way.3. Mixed bacteria taken 4–6 h after a feed from sheep and cows were similar in composition, with respect to nitrogenous components, to those from the ‘environment C’ calves. This composition did not vary significantly when diets containing differing proportions of roughage were given.4. The ‘environment A’ calves were free of ciliate protozoa. When they were placed in contact with, and were inoculated with rumen contents from, adult cattle (environment B), they rapidly developed a normal protozoal population and the chemical composition of their rumen bacteria became like that of the bacteria from the ‘environment C’ calves.5. Mixed bacteria taken just before a feed, from either cows or ‘environment A’ calves, showed significantly lower RNA-N:total N ratios and slightly (but not usually significantly) higher DNA-N:total N ratios than bacteria taken 4–6 h after feeding. Total N contents of the bacteria did not change consistently with time after feeding.6. The possible significance of these differences in relation to the nutrition of the host animal is discussed.
Protein turnover in skeletal muscle of piglets
Authors: Perry H. N. 
Published: May 2005

1. Rates of protein synthesis and catabolism were measured in longissimus dorsi and hind-limb muscles of suckling piglets.2. Half-lives for synthesis and catabolism for mixed sarcoplasmic proteins were 4.8 and 9.4 d respectively. The corresponding values for mixed myofibrillar proteins were 5.7 and 16.4 d.3. The half-lives for synthesis of sarcoplasmic proteins were significantly different from those of myofibrillar proteins and were not confounded by contamination of the sarcoplasmic protein fraction with plasma proteins of higher specific activity.4. Individual myofibrillar proteins were synthesized and catabolized at rates which were not statistically significantly different. Intramuscular connective tissue also appeared to turnover rapidly, the half-life for synthesis being 8 d and that for catabolism 20 d.5. Values obtained for the specific radioactivities of aspartate + glutamate in mixed plasma proteins support the view that, in so far as the young of animals larger in mature body size than rats or mice are concerned, muscle assumes a more important role relative to liver in regulating whole body amino acid metabolism.
Response of adult rats to deficiencies of different essential amino acids
Authors: Said A. K. , Hegsted D. M. , Hayes K. C. 
Published: May 2005

1. Adult rats were fed on diets free of either lysine, methionine, threonine or protein. The threonine- and protein-deficient animals lost weight at approximately the same rate, about 100 g in 14 weeks, at which time several were moribund. In contrast, lysine-deficient animals lost only about 30 g in 14 weeks and had lost only 46 g after 22 weeks, when they were killed. Methionine-deficient animals showed an intermediate response. Losses in weight of several tissues – kidney, heart and two muscles – were related to, but not necessarily proportional to, the loss of body-weight. Liver weights relative to body-weights were large in lysine- and threonine-deficient animals and smallest in methionine-deficient animals.2. Adult rats were fed on diets containing zero, a moderate amount (about twice the estimated minimal requirement) or an excess (about four times the estimated requirement) of lysine or threonine in all combinations (3 × 3 design). Analysis of variance of the body-weights, tissue weights and tissue nitrogen contents indicated, in general, a significant effect of each amino acid, as expected, but also, in most instances, a significant interaction. Plasma concentrations of lysine and threonine were affected by the intakes of the respective amino acids, but plasma lysine concentrations were also affected by the threonine intake.3. Liver histology also suggested significant interactions between the two amino acids. Animals given no lysine but moderate amounts of threonine developed severely fatty livers; next most severely affected were animals receiving excess of both amino acids. Threonine deficiency, in the presence or absence of lysine, produced moderately fatty livers similar to those seen in protein-deficient animals.4. Since animals have varying ability to conserve body nitrogen when they are fed on diets limiting in different essential amino acids, measurements of biological value (BV) and net protein utilization by conventional methods, over a short period of time, over-estimate nutritive value relative to amino acid score and probably over-estimate the true nutritive value of poor-quality proteins, particularly those limiting in lysine. If so, this is a serious error, since it leads to underestimates of the protein requirements if BV is used. The fact that certain tissues, particularly the liver, do not necessarily lose nitrogen in proportion to total body nitrogen and may show specific pathological effects depending on the limiting amino acid or the proportions of amino acids in the diet also indicates that general measures of nitrogen economy may not be sufficiently discriminating tests of the nutritive value of proteins.
Electroencephalograms and nerve conduction in survivors of kwashiorkor
Authors: Taori G. M. , Pereira Sheila M. 
Published: May 2005

1. Electroencephalographic and nerve-conduction studies were undertaken in children who had been treated in hospital for kwashiorkor 6–8 years previously; the results were compared with those for age-matched controls of similar cultural and socio-economic backgrounds.2. The electroencephalograms were normal in all.3. In three survivors of kwashiorkor, the amplitude of the sural nerve potential was less than that of the lower limit of the normal range.4. The findings are discussed in the context of the present knowledge of protein-energy (protein-calorie) malnutrition.