bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amateur Gentleman1829
Authors: Todd R Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea of sending Felix abroad on an extended journey—the “grand tour” of European gentlemen—was Abraham’s. Never fully comfortable with his family’s position as integrated Berliners, he harbored a desire that Felix would escape to launch a career elsewhere. Though Abraham preferred cosmopolitan Paris, Felix had already formed in 1825 a decidedly contrary view. Abraham’s solution was to subsidize three years of travel to allow Felix to examine firsthand several European musical centers. And so, between 1829 and 1832 Felix visited England, Bavaria, Austria, Switzerland, Italy, and France; his experiences, richly documented in letters, diaries, and drawings, and transformed into several major com- positions, ultimately reinforced his identity as a German musician.
Wanderlust1830–1832
Authors: Todd R Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Succumbing to Wanderlust, Felix yearned to depart for Italy, though he first celebrated his twenty-first birthday with panache: a military band serenaded him, and Heinrich Beer presented a Mozart autograph sketch- book. But some professional concerns intruded. At the beginning of 1830, the University of Berlin created a new professorship in music for Felix. Declining the honor, he advocated for Marx, who won the position later that year; Felix also refused an invitation to conduct again the St. Matthew Passion.
From Kapellmeister to Generalmusikdirektor
Authors: Todd R Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Overshadowing the happiness of Felix’s homecoming was the frustrating uncertainty of his position at the court, the topic of a stream of letters from August and September 1841. To Ferdinand David, who directed the Gewandhaus in Felix’s absence: “You wish to hear news about the Berlin Conservatory; I do as well, . . . but there is none.” To Verkenius in Cologne: “all the causes which formerly made it impossible for me to be- gin my career in Berlin . . . still subsist, just as they formerly did, and are likely, alas! to subsist to the end of time.” In a second, “hypochondriacal” letter to the same, Felix groused about the lack of professionalism in the royal orchestra, which he ascribed to Spontini’s vainglory (in July, Felix’s old nemesis had been convicted of lèse majesté and dismissed).
Introduction
Authors: Andal Keith G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the 1820s and 1830s, Joseph Tuckerman, a minister at large in Boston, wrote a series of reports on poverty; among his topics were the permanently poor of his city. In describing this group, he spoke of low wages and material destitution, but he also insisted on a distinction between “the impotent poor,” “who are virtuous and estimable,” and those “who are greatly debased and vicious.” Of the first class, “some of them are truly virtuous; and all of them, in an important sense, are respectable. They have, perhaps, been inefficient, and not as provident as they should have been for a time of weakness, or of sickness, or of old age.” The second class is made up of the “idle, intemperate, and improvident,” “who are broken in constitution and health by the viciousness of their lives.” They are “daily extending disease through their bodies, and corruption and misery through their minds, by the indulgence of their vitiated and lawless appetite for ardent spirits.”
“In Search of Excitement”
Authors: Andal Keith G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One editor who turned Maggie down did so because “it closely approaches the morbid and the morbid is always dangerous.” “It produced its effect upon me,” he told Crane, “the effect, I presume, that you wished to produce, a kind of horror.” Horror—or some similar sensation—for its own sake was exactly what the dime novels were after, and “in itself it is unpleasant and in its tendency unhealthful.” Crane could hardly have been surprised. He had inscribed several copies of the original edition of Maggie with this warning: “It is probable that the reader of this small thing may consider the Author to be a bad man, but, obviously, this is a matter of small consequence to The Author.”
The Language of Liberation
Authors: Burgees John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No genuine dialogue could take place between Christians and Marxist-Leninists in East Germany. Yet the Evangelische Kirche found ways to negotiate with the state and to raise views that implicitly challenged the state-sponsored ideology. The church regularly tested the ideological limits that the state imposed on public discourse. By examining the degree to which the church’s language went beyond the official language, this chapter offers some measure of the status of church-state relations in the mid-1980s. While focusing on official church statements and the public pronouncements of church officials, I also refer to groups that wished to go even further in testing the limits of public discourse, reflecting the tack that dissident, alternative groups in the church would take as they began to organize political protest.
The Church as a Religious and Political Force
Authors: Burgees John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the mid-1980s, the Evangelische Kirche in East Germany consistently represented the major ideological and political alternative to the Communist Party and the socialist state.1 In a society that had no legal political opposition and offered few opportunities for open discussion of controversial issues, the church represented a significant “free space.” It found support not only from those who continued to affiliate and participate, but also from millions of nonmembers who felt that it best represented their political interests.
Cast of Characters
Authors: Evans Howard Ensign 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN THE SPRING OF I8I9, TWENTY-FOUR men gathered in Pittsburgh with their personal effects, ready to depart on Major Stephen H. Long’s steamboat, the Western Engineer. The military contingent had preceded them in five steamboats. Long's party included a small group of army personnel as well as five “scientific gentlemen” and a crew of six:
Up the Missouri
Authors: Evans Howard Ensign 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
JUNE 22. TP: The meeting of the waters of the Mississippi and Missouri have a very singular appenance. The Mississippi is clear and of a transparent green, the Missouri thick with yellow mud and being heavier than the Mississippi, the water takes the bottom of the river until it strikes the opposite shore. It is there thrown to the surface and presents large spots of muddy water intermingled with the clear. The Minute Tems were very numerous near the confluence of the two rivers. This morning heard the cries of a flock of Parrakeets. Arrived opposite Bellefontaine [four miles up the Missouri] at 2 o’clock and ran on a sand bar which kept [us] until 4 before we landed. The 6th regiment are encamped on the banks of the river opposite the garrison of Bellefontaine. Col. Atkinson is contriving his boats to go by wheels turned by the soldiers. Each boat is to have two pairs of wheels and 8 men at each pair.
New Plans and a New Cast of Characters
Authors: Evans Howard Ensign 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
WHILE IN WASHINGTON, MAJOR LONG HAD reported to Secretary of War Calhoun and attempted to obtain financial support for another year of exploration. He found that Congress, irked by the slow progress and modest accomplishments of both the military and scientific contingents, had launched an investigation of the expedition. Furthermore, the Panic of 1819 had caused deep cuts in the military budget, and Calhoun’s resources were limited. After much discussion, it was decided that Long would lead a low-budget, four-month trip west by land, sending the Western Engineer down the Mississippi to pick up the explorers on their return. The grandiose plans of the Yellowstone Expedition had been scuttled. According to Hiram Chittenden, a harsh later critic of the expedition, “[A]s a halfhearted apology to the public for its failure, a small side show was organized for the season of 1820 in the form of an expedition to the Rocky Mountains.” The “side show” would also have its critics, including Chittenden, but it was to yield results far greater than might have been expected from the meager support provided by the government.
To the Rockies
Authors: Evans Howard Ensign 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
ON THE FIRST DAY OUT FROM Engineer Cantonment, the expedition moved only a few miles, camping for the night on Papillion Creek. There were delays occasioned by “the derangement of the packs, the obstinacy of the mules, and the want of dexterity and experience in our engagees.” It rained in the night, but three tents adequately protected the men. On the following morning they reached the Elkhorn, a river about thirty yards wide.
Wittgenstein: Soul on Fire
Authors: Mcginn Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ludwig Wittgenstein did most of his publishing after his death, leaving that sordid business to his literary executors. The modest curriculum vitae that accumulated during his lifetime—one short book, which was his doctoral dissertation, one article, one book review—has O:ow expanded to fifteen substantial volumes. And there is more where that came from. Wittgenstein would hardly have flourished in today’s academic environment. The greatest philosopher of the century would have had to fight hard for tenure. Hi kind of perfectionism is no longer tolerated.
Churchland: A Problem Ignored
Authors: Mcginn Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contemporary cognitive science—that recent and fertile confluence of philosophy, psychology, and computer science—is apt to represent the human mind (or its underlying mechanism) as a proposition-manipulating engine, a device for processing language-like symbols. Thus, philosophy of mind investigates the so-called propositional attitudes (belief, desire, intention, etc.), those central pillars of commonsense or “folk” psychology; scientific psychology tries to uncover the mechanisms and algorithms whereby the mind constructs its representations of the world, these processes being seen as symbolic computations; and the builders of computer models of mental accomplishments program their machines with appropriate languages in which the machine takes instruction. On this view, the mind is conceived as a kind of word-processor.
Davidson: Weak Wills
Authors: Mcginn Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Donald Davidson has this year been George Eastman Visiting Professor at Oxford: only the second philosopher to hold the august position (the first being W. V. Quine, a teacher of Davidson’s at Harvard and his greatest philosophical influence). This honor reflects his present stature in the academic world. Last year he was the subject of a massive conference held in New Jersey, organized by the indefatigable Ernie Lepore. It was probably the largest philosophical conference ever held, and it attracted nearly all of the world’s leading philosophers. Most of the papers delivered were addressed (often critically) to some aspect of Davidson’s work. For a philosophical event, it was undoubtedly a great occasion, if a somewhat overwhelming one (especially for Davidson, who attended as many of the papers as was humanly possible). Probably no other philosopher now working has been discussed as much during the last decade.
It was not always so. Davidson was something of a late-developer, or at least a late publisher. His publishing career did not seriously get off the ground until the early sixties, when he was into his forties. It was in the seventies that his writings really took hold, passing from cult status into virtual orthodoxy (in certain circles). There has yet to be a significant reaction. He has still not published a single book setting forth his ideas systematically, preferring to publish short pithy articles, intricately interrelated, which have eventually been bound together into collections.
Davidson: When Is an Action Intentional?
Authors: Mcginn Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume usefully assembles Davidson’s hitherto scattered writings on events, action, and the mind-body problem. Their juxtaposition brings out the system in Davidson’s thought: one has the sense of a tightly knit garment held ingeniously together by a few carefully interwoven strands-the points of vulnerability may be few but the consequences of snapping are more calamitous.
The master threads of this system are the twin notions of event and cause. These notions, especially that of event, are scrutinized and tested with relentless persistence. The spirit of the enterprise is undogmatic and theoretical: events are to be recognized, not so much because of their commonsense or metaphysical credentials, but on account of their utility in devising attractive and rigorous theories--of logical form, intentional action, the nature of mental events. Davidson’s influence is owed as much to his attitude toward philosophical problems as to the specific doctrines for which he is justly celebrated.
The proposal to acknowledge an ontology of events can seem banal, for surely things change-and changes are events. What is not banal, though once perceived is compellingly obvious, is the idea that events are basic particulars: they are not to be conceived as logical constructions from substances, times, and properties, but are genuine objects of discourse susceptible of multiple characterizations.
Strawson and Warnock: Reputation
Authors: Mcginn Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philosophical reputations come and go-they surge and gutter-according largely to the prevailing intellectual climate, and are only tenuously tied to the actual merits of the views put forward by the reputand in question. To have a reputation is to have something perishable and fleeting, an imposition from without, no sooner bestowed than withdrawn.
Take the case of David Hume. In the dark days oflogical [sic] positivism Hume’s reputation ran high as the philosopher who first did away with causal necessity; he was thought to have shown that causation consists in nothing, objectively, but constant conjunction: things happen in regular sequences but nothing makes them happen that way. In reality, the cement of the universe consists in nothing over and above the dependable concatenation of separable events. But when positivism quietly expired, and natural necessity regained its lost respectability, Hume’s standing correspondingly dipped. The neglected Locke began to seem like the philosopher with the better eye for metaphysical truth, while Hume started to look guilty of trying to deduce metaphysical conclusions from epistemological premises: “if no ideas then no reality.”
Now here comes Galen Strawson to argue that Hume has been grievously misrepresented all along: for the real David Hume never denied the objective reality of causal necessity. He firmly believed in it. And so Hume’s reputation is set to rise high again.
Dennett: Leftover Life to Live
Authors: Mcginn Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Purposive creatures, such as ourselves, tend to find purpose everywhere. It takes some mental discipline to banish it from our thoughts, even when we know very well it does not belong there. Random, mindless, mechanical processes are hard for us to keep in focus. And this is particularly difficult where the process leads to creatures with purposes-how can our purposes lack purpose?
But that is the way Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection explains the history and existence of living things. There is no point to the long painful process whereby animal species come to exist; it is simply the unfolding of a purposeless sequence of mechanical steps. Yet even those who fully accept the theory are tempted by teleological descriptions of the process, supposing it to be aiming at something-complexity, mind, morality, selfannihilation, or what have you. Agency lurks somewhere behind the scenes, it is obscurely felt, directing the process to some predetermined end. To see why this is a mistake, we should note that the concept of natural selection itself applies also to the inanimate world; in fact, everything exists by virtue of natural selection. Mountains, snowflakes, tectonic plates, hydrogen atoms, planets, galaxies-all these exist because natural selection has operated in their favor. That is to say, the destructive forces of nature allow entities of these kinds to come to be and to endure.
Frey: Beyond the Moral Pale
Authors: Mcginn Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In questioning received attitudes toward the moral status of animals, it is a common experience to find one’s qualms reinforced by the jejune and sophistical character of the arguments put up in defense of our current practices. R. G. Frey’s book is sure to have this unintended effect, and for that reason may not be without value. He is out to oppose the “philosophical orthodoxy”(!) that calls for radical changes in our treatment of animals, and does so by offering a series of transparent paralogisms directed against the proanimal writings of various contemporary philosophers.
Frey’s target is the claim, due originally to Leonard Nelson, that since animals have interests and interests confer moral rights, animals have moral rights. He is sceptical of this claim on two counts: he does not believe in moral rights at all, and he denies that animals have interests. Since the first of these contentions is not specific to the case of animals, he proposes to concentrate on the second. His procedure is to examine a number of suggested bases for the possession of interests-having needs, beliefs, desires, emotions, being sentient, and having the capacity to suffer-and to deny either that animals have them, or that they confer interests. On each of these topics his arguments have the unmistakable hollow ring of the bottom of the barrel.
Some have suggested that sentience and the capacity to suffer give animals an interest in not being subjected to certain kinds of life.
Held and Baier: Mothers and Moralists
Authors: Mcginn Colin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
G. E. Moore wrote, in Principia Ethica, the classic work of analytic moral philosophy: “By far the most valuable things, which we know or can imagine, are certain states of consciousness, which may be roughly described as the pleasures of human intercourse and the enjoyment of beautiful objects. . . . [P]ersonal affections and aesthetic enjoyments include all the greatest, and by far the greatest goods we can imagine “* This celebration of human intimacy, in all its forms, was the element in Moore’s book that most ignited the members of the Bloomsbury Group, male and female, heterosexual and homosexual. (Beauty was already on the list.) It is nothing other than the firm suggestion that love-personal love of particular others, not an abstract love of humanity-is the central moral value. This emphasis on love was not, by itself, a particularly novel suggestion (there was that other male moral theorist, Jesus). But adjoining it in secular form to a pure and rigorous system of analytic thought was felt to mark a major moral advance. And it reflected Moore’s personality: searchingly critical, relentlessly clear, yet famously kind, simple, and pure. To many, that seemed like a good way to be; and nobody at the time was surprised or troubled by the fact that Moore was a man.
The Paradox of the American Republic
Authors: Erkkila Betsy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“We are battling for great principles-for mighty and glorious truths,” Whitman told a Democratic rally of about fifteen thousand people in New York City in 1841. “I would scorn to exert even my humble efforts for the best democratic candidate that ever was nominated, in himself alone. It is our creed-our doctrine, not a man or set of men that we seek to build up. Let us attend then, in the meantime, to measures, policy and doctrine, and leave to future consideration the selection of the agent to carry our plans into effect.” As the guiding spirit of the Democratic party, Whitman invoked the female genius of the republic that hovered over the revolutionary era of Thomas Jefferson: “The guardian spirit, the good genius who has attended us ever since the days of Jefferson, has not now forsaken us. I can almost fancy myself able to pierce the darkness of the future and behold her looking down upon us with the same benignant smiles she wore in 1828, ‘32, and ‘36” (UPP,I, 51). In the dark days of the 1840s, Whitman continued to “behold” this revolutionary genius as a source of personal and political renewal.
How Dangerous, How Alive”
Authors: Erkkila Betsy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On March 1, 1882, the Boston district attorney, Oliver Stevens, initiated proceedings to suppress the 1881 edition of Leaves of Grass.Perhaps responding to a complaint by the Society for the Prevention of Vice, the district attorney wrote to Whitman’s publisher, Osgood & Company of Boston: “We are of the opinion that this book is such a book as brings it within the provisions of the Public Statutes respecting obscene literature and suggest the propriety of withdrawing the same from circulation and suppressing the editions thereof’ (Corr.,III, 267 n).Whitman at first agreed to remove what Osgood called “the obnoxious features,” thinking that the changes involved “about ten lines to be left out, & half a dozen words or phrases” (Corr.,III, 267). But when he received a full list of the “lines and pages and pieces” to be “expunged,” which included several passages as well as the entire text of “A Woman Waits for Me,” “To a Common Prostitute,” and “The Dalliance of the Eagles,” he demurred. “The list whole & several is rejected by me, & will not be thought of under any circumstances” (Corr.,III, 270). He withdrew his book from Osgood & Co., and placed an official ban on any future attempt to suppress what he called his “sexuality odes.”Whitman had been repeatedly vilified in the American press for his obscenity, and New England had been particularly vocal in protesting his base sensuality.
Free Will
Authors: Vailati Ezio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Both Leibniz and Clarke attached great importance to the issue of free will, and like many philosophers agreed that the highest form of freedom involves willing as one should, namely, having one’s will in step with one’s right values. Unlike Spinoza, they also agreed that freedom of the will is a necessary condition for that higher form of freedom, and that Hobbes’s and Spinoza’s official necessitarian view that everything happens by metaphysical necessity destroys it (NE II, 21, 8i On the Liberty of Moral Agents: WI, 218-20). Both held that God, like us, is endowed with free will and follows his judgment of what is good, as we do when acting wisely (Theodicy § 234: GP VI, 256-57i WI, 218-20).