bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the submicroscopic organization of the myelinated sympathetic nerve fiber in the frog (Rana pipiens)
Authors: Pick Joseph 
Published: February 2005

AbstractExisting descriptions of the ultrastructure of myelinated nerve fibers were confirmed and extended on methacrylate‐ and Epon‐embedded sympathetic rami of the frog. The nerve fiber was not surrounded by a basement membrane, but by collagen. The Schwann cell contained fibrils, dark granules, mitochondria and also smooth‐edged vesicles which probably transported material into the nerve fiber. Profiles of large vesicles and of collaterals of the main nerve fiber, found in the Schwann cell, were interpreted as the corpuscles of Elzholz and Reich. The presence of cytoplasm between axolemma and myelin was considered as areas of transition of myelinated and tunicated fibers. Existing descriptions of the ultrastructure of the node of Ranvier were confirmed, but the occurence of Schmidt‐Lanterman indentations remained somewhat doubtful. The axon contained filaments, dark granules, mitochondria and a great variety of vesicles; their interpretation was difficult because of the unknown submicroscopic differences of sympathetic, somatic motor and afferent nerve fibers. Concurring with other authors, some vesicles with a light center may have been concerned with acetylcholinesterase activity. It was speculated that dark‐cored vesicles represented probably catecholamine bodies and others were tentatively related to mitochondria formation. Some electron dense granules may have derived from RNA particles in the perikaryon of the neuron.
The bone matrix adjacent to lacunae and canaliculi
Authors: Mjör Ivar A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThree techniques, phase contrast microscopy, microradiography, and electron microscopy, have been used to study the variation in mineralization and presence of collagen fibers in the bone matrix adjacent to lacunae and canaliculi. Undecalcified, partially decalcified and fully decalcified sections of normal bone from old individuals have been studied. No stains were used. A fairly good correlation of the results obtained with these techniques could be demonstrated as far as the degree of mineralization is concerned. A zone of modified matrix is found adjacent to lacunae and canaliculi and this zone is prone to hypermineralization. In certain areas, especially in interstitial bone, lacunae may become completely obliterated with a hypermineralized material. Collagen fibers are found at the surface of the lumen of lacunae and canaliculi. The arrangement of these fibers is in most cases different from that in the adjoining bone matrix producing a well delimited zone which separates the lacunae and canaliculi from the rest of the matrix. Microradiography of bone sections partially decalcified in EDTA indicates that decalcification in vitro may result in an initial preferential decalcification of areas previously hypercalcified.
Palate morphogenesis in mouse embryos after x‐irradiation
Authors: Callas Gerald , Walker Bruce E. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe development of cleft palate after x‐irradiation was studied in mice of the C57BL strain. Progress in palate development was evaluated with reference to chronological age, morphological rating and weight of the embryos. Movement of the palatine shelves from the sagittal to the horizontal plane was found to have been retarded by x‐irradition. Measurements of head and palate did not show any consistent disproportionality of palate growth in the x‐irradiated embryos except that which resulted from retardation of shelf movement.X‐irradiation affected A/Jax strain litters more severely than C57BL strain litters according to cleft palate frequency and average palate stage at eighteen and one‐third days postconception.
The decidual cell response in the golden hamster
Authors: Turnbull John G. , Kent George C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDecidual cell responses elicited by mechanical uterine trauma applied at two loci in one or both horns two full days after sterile mating were studied in 70 pseudoprgnant hamsters. The antimesometrial response was overt near the middle of the fourth 24‐hour interval post coitus and the mesometrial response appeared one day later. The response was maximal during the seventh and eighth 24‐hour intervals post coitus, necrosis commenced near the end of the eighth and total separation of the necrotic mass from the endometrium was complete one full day later. Glycogen appeared in the antimesometrial region before the mesometrial response was overt and later filled most of the cells of both regions. Sheathed arteries were prominent at the utero‐mesometrial junction.
Enlargement of the ulnar nerve behind the medial epicondyle
Authors: Chang K. S. F. , Low W. D. , Chan S. T. , Chuang Adson , Poon K. T. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractEnlargement of the ulnar nerve behind the medial epicondyle was noticed in museum and demonstration specimens and also in the dissection room cadavers. An investigation was carried out to study the incidence and character of the enlargement entirely from fresh autopsy cases, which included 400 ulnar nerves from 200 autopsy cadavers of Chinese subjects of all ages. The enlargement was graded into three categories — slight, moderate, and marked. Histological sections, 40 μthick and stained with H. & E., were examined. Twenty nerves from ten adult bodies were tested under stress for extensibility along the length of the nerve. Fortynine per cent of the ulnar nerves and 60.5% of cadavers of the total sample showed this enlargement, the incidence being greater in males than in females and slightly greater in the right limb than the left limb. Slight and moderate enlargement occurred in all ages; marked enlargement occurred only in ages over 35. The enlargement presented a normal histological picture; the enlargement was due to an increase of connective tissue present. The experimental results of extensibility along the length of the nerve showed the retro‐epicondylar region, whether enlarged or not, to be more extensible than the rest of the nerve. While there seemed to be a tendency of a decrease of extensibility with enlargement, the correlation between extensibility and enlargement was insignificant statistically.
Anomalous pregnancies in the ia strain of rat
Authors: Mohammed Clive I. , Mardfin Dorothy F. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractBreeding records of the ia strain of rats have shown interesting cases of anomalous pregnancies where second litters are delivered either before or soon after weaning the first litter. This strain is characterized by a retardation of bone resorption which is inherited as a simple Mendelian recessive factor.Heterozygous and homozygous males are mated with females of both genotypes. One male and four females are kept in a breeding cage and the female rat is isolated either in the late stage of pregnancy or soon after birth of the litter.Nineteen anomalous pregnancies have been reported and the occurrence of the anomaly has been attributed to copulation during pregnancy. The ancestry of 13 cases is traced to four animals, two homozygous males and two heterozygous females, and the genetic pattern has been demonstrated.
The mouse uterine surface epithelium during the estrous cycle
Authors: Fuxe Kjell , Nilsson Ove 
Published: February 2005

AbstractFour groups, each containing six three‐month old virgin mice of the CBA strain have been used. The four groups represent different stages of the ovarian cycle, namely proestrus, estrus, metestrus, and diestrus.The uterine tissues have been both fresh frozen and fixed in a Champy solution. The fresh frozen specimens have been sectioned in a cryostat, postfixed, and used for fluorescence, polarization, and phase contrast microscopy or stained with Sudan Black, osmic acid, toluidin blue, or the PAS‐technique. The specimens, fixed in the Champy solution, have been embedded in PEG and sectioned for analysis of osmophilic substance.The lipid granules of the surface epithelium are numerous in the whole cell during diestrus. In estrus, only a small basal rim of granules is left. The lipid granules are neither autofluorescent nor anisotropic.The PAS‐positive secretory products are most prominent during estrus, and consist during this stage of cytoplasmic granules, a layer on the cell surface, and an irregular substance in the lumen. In diestrus, only a few cytoplasmic granules are observed.The basement membrane is thick and undulating in diestrus and metestrus, but thin and even in estrus. The present investigation has not revealed any vacuolar degeneration of the uterine epithelium nor any fading and disappearance of its basement membrane in late estrus and in metestrus as noticed by earlier workers.
Cholinesterases in the tongue of the potto (Perodicticus Potto)
Authors: Hodosh Milton , Montagna William 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe tongue has three circumvallate papillae, arranged in a triangle ahead of the foramen caecum. Gustatory buds are found only on the walls of the vallate papillae and at the surface of the fungiform papillae. The gustatory cells contain acetylcholinesterase; the sustentacular cells contain no such enzymes. A subepithelial network of nerve fibers, containing acetyl‐and butyrylcholinesterases is parallel to the surface of the tongue and extends into the connective tissue cores of all papillae. Numerous pleomorphic end organs are found below all four types of papillae. These abound in acetyl‐and butyrylcholinesterases. The dorsal subepithelial blood vessels contain butyrylcholinesterase, and small amounts of acetyl‐cholinesterase. The ventral aspect of the tongue has fewer nerve fibers and end organs than the dorsal surface does. The nerve fibers to the serous glands of von Ebner, and particularly those to the mucous glands contain considerable acetylcholinesterase.
Testosterone suppression of mesenchymal alkaline phosphatase activity and lympho‐epithelial nodule formation in the bursa of fabricius in the embryonic chick
Authors: Ackerman G. Adolph , Knouff Ralph A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe relatively strong alkaline phosphatase activity of the subepithelial mesenchyme of the bursa during the period of lympho‐epithelial nodule formation (12–15 days of incubation) and the close association of vascular channels with surface epithelium at sites of nodule formation suggest the possible role of these factors in induction and/or development of these nodules.Experimental inhibition of nodular formation and development may be accomplished by the administration of testosterone prior to the onset of this process (e.g., 12th day of incubation). One‐tenth milliliter (2.5 mg) of testosterone propionate in sesame oil (Schering) was administered on the tenth, eleventh and twelfth days of incubation. Bursas from 136 experimental and 64 control embryos were removed on the thirteenth, fifteenth and eighteenth days of development, fixed in cold 80% ethanol and embedded in paraffin. Alkaline phosphatase activity was demonstrated by the Gomori's glycerophosphate procedure using incubation times of one‐half, two and four hours at 37°C.Testosterone administered on the twelfth day produced a moderate decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity and markedly reduced nodule formation and subsequent development. When administered on the eleventh day, however, alkaline phosphatase activity was greatly reduced and essentially complete inhibition of nodular formation was accomplished.The possible direct inhibitory effect of testosterone on alkaline phosphatase activity (and possibly other mesenchymal cell functions) and the resulting inhibition of lympho‐epithelial nodule formation during embryogenesis of the bursa of Fabricius is suggested.
Morphogenetic studies of the rabbit XXXV. Comparison of the weights and linear measurements in normal and heterozygous dwarf rabbits of race X
Authors: Latimer Homer B. , Sawin Paul B. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis report presents the weights of the skeleton and 11 bones, 26 linear measurements of the bones and 17 measurements of the skull of 35 adult heterozygous (Dwdw) dwarf rabbits of race X.The female skeleton is slightly heavier but the long bones of the extremities are heavier in the males. The most varible bones are those with much cancellous bone.As percentages of total skeleton, in rabbits of the same sex, the mandible is the only bone significantly heavier in both sexes of the dwarfs. The ribs and scapula are significantly heavier in normal (dwdw) rabbits.Measurements of the bones are slightly more variable in the males. Only two of the 26 measurements are significantly longer in each sex, but as percentages of body length, 11 are significantly longer in the males and one in the females. The long bones of the extremities are generally longer and narrower in both sexes of the dwarfs.The 17 linear measurements of the skull show no significant sex differences. Six of these, as percentages of body length are greater in dwarf and none in normal females. Only two are significantly greater in dwarf males. The skull measurements are slightly larger in males and somewhat larger as percentages in the dwarfs.
On the structural peculiarities of the pituitary in some clupeoid fishes with a note on their probable evolutionary significance
Authors: Sathyanesan A. G. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractHilsa ilisha has a well developed sella turcica comparable to that of Polypterus and Epiceratodus. The persistent orohypophyseal duct and parasphenoidal foramen of adult Hilsa ilisha may represent the retention of embryonic features such as those seen in Salmo trutta, Chanos chanos and Elops saurus. Since this duct is considered to be the persistent base of Rathke's pouch, its presence in adult Hilsa ilisha is an archaic feature which may be considered as the repetition of the condition observed in Polypterus, Calamoichthys and Latimeria. The presence of discontinuous orohyphyseal duct in the fry and fingerlings of Engraulis telara and Gadusia chapra suggests that it may be the remnant of an open buccal connection present during the embryonic condition. In all the specimens used in this study the hypophyseal cavity is in the form of a “tube system” restricted to the rostral pars distalis and it is formed by the constricted and separated portion of the diverticuli of the orohypophyseal canal. It is better developed in the adult Hilsa ilisha and Gadusia chapra than in Engraulis telara. This reduction in the prominence of the duct tends towards the reported condition in the “primitive teleosts” the trout and the eel. Though basically the pituitary of the clupeoid fishes described are of the typical teleostean type, the orohypophyseal duct and the hypophyseal cavity in the form of a “tube system” are distinctly chondrostean features. The presence of these features in different degrees of expression in these forms and the expression of ductile and tubular structure in the fry of Chanos chanos, Salmo trutta and Elops saurus together apparently provide a continuous range of variations from the typically chondrostean to that of the higher teleostean type where cavities and ducts are totally absent.
Holocrine secretory cells of the rat epididymis
Authors: Martan Jan , Risley Paul L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractEpithelial cells of the rat epididymis are of two major types, principal and holocrine. So called basal, apical, and clear cells represent different stages of the holocrine cell cycle in which it accumulates secretion products, dies, and is replaced. The twocell types differ not only in their secretory behavior, but also in mitotic characteristics and staining properties. Condensed mitoses of holocrine cells occur in the basal epithelium, but larger mitotic figures of principal cells occur in their own apical regions. Holocrine cells are acid phosphatase positive only in their activated basal forms, but are strongly PAS and silver positive in all stages except when disintegrating. In principal cells, only the Golgi area is acid phosphatase and silver positive, and small scattered PAS granules also appear in this region. While secretory functions of both cell types are under testicular hormone control, frequent mating releases holocrine cellsfrom the epithelium into the lumen where they disintegrate. A shortened cycle in mated males occurs within 24 hours. Holocrine cells are also present in the rat vas deferens. Cells with similar staining reactions occur in ductuli efferentes and seminal vesicles of the rat, and in epididymides of hamsters and guinea pigs. Similar fixation methods and staining reactions applied to purified glycerylphosphorylcholine indicate that holocrine cells may accumulate and secrete this constituent of epididymal fluids.
Improved fluids for anatomical embalming and storage
Authors: Richins Calvin A. , Roberts Eugene C. , Zeilmann Joseph A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAn improved embalming fluid has been developed for anatomical use. Potassium pyrophosphate and magnesium chloride are used to decrease the rigidity associated with formalin fixation. Substitution of sodium pentachlorophenate for phenol improves color relationships and eliminates most of the unpleasant cadaver odor. It gives as much, or more, protection against bacteria and fungi. Sorbitol replaces glycerine as a humectant with less browning of tissues, and a wetting agent is incorporated to facilitate distributionand penetration of the fluid.Wet storage of cadavers is recommended, and a vat fluid is described for use with the new embalming formula.
Intersexuality with associated mammary gland stimulation in the rat
Authors: Maibenco Helen Craig , Krehbiel Robert H. , Nelson Dorothy 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSpontaneous intersexuality in an adult rat, thought to be genetically male, has beendescribed. Both male and female primordia developed concurrently and most components ofeach were retained with normal adult characteristics. Gonadal and hypophyseal hormones in this specimen stimulated ductal and lobulo‐alveolar proliferation simulating that of the mammary gland during lactation.
Number of rat ova implanting after sub‐sterilizing X‐irradiation of one or both ovaries
Authors: Krehbiel Robert H. , Plagge James C. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIrradiation with 800 r of x‐ray was applied to the exteriorized left ovary, to both ovaries or to the left ovary after unilateral (right) castration of 60day old rats. Treated females were placed with the male at 60, 70, 80 or 90 days of age. Females were explored at eight or nine days after sperm were found in the morning smears to determine the number of implanations.The number of matings was reduced during the period of normal vaginal cycles. Matings did occur after the unset of continuous vaginal cornification.Animals with an irradiated left and a normal right ovary maintained an average number of implantations through pregnancies one to seven. The normal ovary compensated for the loss of production by the irradiated ovary. Bilateral irradiation caused a decrease in implantations in the second and third pregnancies. In individual cases, however, thenormal complement for a single ovary occurred as late as 201 days after irradiation. The irradiated ovary in the absence of the other ovary compensated by producing more implantations; its period of production was limited to 31 days following irradiation.
Some limitations of the theoretical approach to problems in morphology
Authors: Turner R. S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe concept of optimal mechanical efficiency as a valuable adaptation in organic evolution leads logically to the measurement of anatomical structures with a view to ascertaining their degree of correspondence to a theoretically optimal design. This idea is here considered as it applies to samples of specimens from human cardiovascular and respiratory systems. It is shown that theoretical criteria of efficiency will indeed predict the mean measurements of the samples with a very high degree of accuracy. In individual cases, however, the correlation between theoretically predicted and actual observedvalues is very poor. The diffeculties inherent in isolating a small part of a total biological system and treating it as a controlled physical system are discussed, as are some of the biological variables which must limit many of the theoretical formulations. It is concluded that until further biological and statistical refinements are possible the present theoretical methods may have only limited practical application.
Studies of an injury‐induced growth in the frog lens
Authors: Rafferty Nancy S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA tumor‐like growth in the lens of Rana pipiens occurs following mechanical injury to the lens. The frequency of occurrence and size of the growth are roughly dependent on the extent of the injury inflicted. The growth first appears four days after wounding, grows actively for three weeks and usually begins to regress after a month. The cells of the growth appear to originate by proliferation of the lens epithelialcells surrounding the wound which grow into and actively invade the lens fibers. The lens growth was not transplantable either homologously into the anterior eye chamber after dissociation, nor isologously in a subcutaneous site. Protein, LDH, MDH, and G‐6‐PD patterns obtained after electrophoretic separation in starch gels were similar for normal and the abnormal lenses. Whether a true tumor or hyperplasia, the froglens exhibits an unique reaction to the injury stimulus which is not found in mammals (man, rabbit, mouse). The controversial tumor immunity of the mammalian lens appears to the related to an innate resistance of the epithelium to proliferation which is illustrated in part by the species difference in the reactivity of the mammalian lensand the amphibian lens to injury.
Permanent gross demonstration of the conduction tissue in the dog heart with palladium iodide
Authors: Baerg Richard D. , Bassett David L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA permanent gross demonstration of dog cardiac conduction tissue was attempted unsuccessfully using standard glycogen and fat stains, experimentally induced lipogenesis, iodine, and the iodides of fluorescein, silver, and lead. Staining with insoluble sulfides was also unsuccessful. Permanent gross differentiation of the tissue can be accomplished with palladium iodide. The best fixative for minimum tissue distortion which stillpermits good differentiation is neutralized formol‐saline. The opened and fixed heart is dipped in alcohol for 15 minutes prior to staining, then placed in an iodine‐potassium iodide solution for two to five minutes. It is then rinsed in running water for one minute and transferred to a solution containing PdCl2 and HCl and left for ten minutes. Following the staining reaction, a differentiation lasting several hours is necessary. By this method, the entire sub‐endocardial ramificationof the specialized tissue can be permanently demonstrated. Alternatively, the above process may be replaced by painting the endocardium with the various solutions, the results being equivalent but more localized.