bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation and characterization of an immunogenic fragment of heat shock protein 60 from Trichophyton mentagrophytes
Authors: Raska M. , Zemanova E. , Kafkova L. , Belakova J. , Vudattu N. K. , Kopecek P. , Weigl E. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryHeat shock protein 60 (hsp60) were isolated from several fungal, protozoal and many bacterial pathogens and successfully used for protective vaccination in some infection models. This work focuses on the isolation of recombinant hsp60 from the dermatophyte, Trichophyton mentagrophytes as a potentially protective antigen in trichophytosis. With the help of a previously tested set of degenerated primers, it was used reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) for isolation of partial cDNA of the hsp60 T. mentagrophytes (labelled hsp60‐TM814), which was cloned into cloning vector. The sequencing of hsp60‐TM814 cDNA and global alignment confirmed homology of the hsp60‐TM814 with other members of the hsp60 family. Hsp60‐TM814 cDNA corresponds to the region encoding the immunoprotective fragment of the hsp60 from Histoplasma capsulatum, used successfully in mouse model of histoplasmosis. A recombinant fragment (r‐hsp60‐TM664), 220 amino acids in length, was prepared in a prokaryote expression system, and its identity confirmed by mass spectroscopy. High immunogenicity of r‐hsp60‐TM664 was proven after subcutaneous immunization of mice. Immunized mouse sera recognized r‐hsp60‐TM664 on Western blots as well as hsp60 from mouse liver lysate and lysate of Candida albicans.
Genotype of Candida species associated with different conditions of vulvovaginal candidosis
Authors: Lian C. , Zhao J. , Zhang Z. , Liu W. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryIt is unknown whether strains isolated from recurrent vulvovaginal candidosis (RVVC), vulvovaginal candidosis (VVC) and asymptomatic carriers are varying or not in genotyping. Candida isolates were genotyped to determine whether specific types were associated with RVVC and VVC. A total of 97 Candida isolates from RVVC patients (n = 43), from VVC patients (n = 47) and asymptomatic carriers (n = 7) were identified by germ tube test, chlamydospore test, CHROMagar Candida and API20 system and were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fingerprinting employing random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) assay with nine random primers screened. The RAPD identified distinct genotypes that were shared among isolates from most different individuals. Most of the 85 C. albicans strains failed to corroborate any obvious differences in the genotypic variability in the VVC, RVVC patient groups and carriers by clustering analysis. Only a few individuals were found to harbor a distinct genotype of C. albicans isolates associated with a specific disease condition.
A case of oral erosive candidosis in a kidney transplant patient
Authors: Romano C. , Ghilardi A. , Carcagnì M. R. , De Aloe G. B. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryA case of oral erosive candidosis due to Candida albicans in a 64‐year‐old female patient, who had undergone kidney transplant 20 days earlier, is reported. Concomitant herpes infection was excluded. The patient achieved clinical and mycological recovery after treatment with topical and systemic antimycotics (200 mg fluconazole per day) for 50 days. The case is reported because of the erosive ulcerating aspect and extent of the lesions, usually only reported in immunodepressed subjects, especially those with neutropenia or AIDS.
Follow‐up of epidemiological data of cryptococcosis in Austria, Germany and Switzerland with special focus on the characterization of clinical isolates
Authors: Tintelnot K. , Lemmer K. , Losert H. , Schär G. , Polak A. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryThe present survey in Austria, Germany and Switzerland continued the survey of cryptococcosis set up by the European Confederation of Medical Mycology (ECMM) in 1997. From 2000 to 2003 77 cases have been reported. An HIV infection is still the most important risk factor (68%). Young HIV+ women from ASIA contributed to the increase of cryptococcosis in females. A total of 129 clinical isolates of both surveys were genotyped by PCR fingerprinting to study the prevalence of different genotypes. The prevalence of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii (serotype A) with the genotypes VNA1 and VNA2 was higher in Germany and Austria (74.5%) than in Switzerland (52%), while in Switzerland the Cr. neoformans hybrids AD (26%) and Cr. neoformans var. neoformans (serotype D) (22%) were more prevalent compared with Germany and Austria (8 and 17.5% respectively). Cryptococcus gattii isolates were studied by FT‐IR spectroscopy. DNA in the ITS region was sequenced to get further information about Cr. neoformans serotype AD strains and about the geographical origin of the Cr. gattii isolates. The ITS sequence of the serotype AD isolates of the genotypes VNAD1, VNAD2 and VNAD4 is usually identical to serotype A or serotype D respectively. In the three isolates of the genotype VNAD3 a genotype‐specific sequence pattern was detected. Two autochthonous infections due to Cr. gattii could indicate that the genotype VGIV with the ITS type ‘Asia 2’ might be endemic in Europe.
Sustained MAPK activation is dependent on continual NGF receptor regeneration
Authors: Qiu Dongru , Mao Likai , Kikuchi Shinichi , Tomita Masaru 
Published: December 2004

It still remains intriguing how signal specificity is achieved when different signals are relayed by the common intracellular signal transduction pathways. A well documented example for signal specificity determination is found in rat phaeochromocytoma PC12 cells where epidermal growth factor (EGF) stimulation produces a transient mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation and leads to cell proliferation while nerve growth factor (NGF) initiates a sustained MAPK activation and induces cell differentiation. In this simulation, we demonstrated that NGF‐induced sustained MAPK activation may mainly depend on continual regeneration of NGF receptors and that the presence of a small pool of surface receptors is enough to maintain a sustained MAPK activation. On the other hand, MAPK activation is not significantly sensitive to the half‐life of internalized receptors and the levels of NGF‐specific MAPK phosphatase MAP kinase phosphatase‐3 (MKP‐3), though cytoplasmic persistence of internalized NGF‐bound receptors and the MKP‐3 dependent feedback control also contribute to the sustaining of MAPK activation. These results are consistent with the recent experimental evidence that persistent tyrosine receptor kinase A (TrkA) activity is necessary to maintain transcription in the differentiating PC12 cells (Chang et al. 2003) and a sustained Src kinase activity is detected in response to NGF stimulation (Gatti 2003). It is suggested that sustained or transient MAPK activation induced by different growth factor and neurotrophins, which is crucial to their signaling specificity, could be satisfactorily accounted for by their specific receptor turnover kinetics rather than by the activation of specific downstream signaling cascades.
Prediction of August Atlantic Basin Hurricane Activity
Authors: Blake Eric S. , Gray William M. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractAlthough skillful seasonal hurricane forecasts for the Atlantic basin are now a reality, large gaps remain in our understanding of observed variations in the distribution of activity within the hurricane season. The month of August roughly spans the first third of the climatologically most active part of the season, but activity during the month is quite variable. This paper reports on an initial investigation into forecasting year-to-year variability of August tropical cyclone (TC) activity using the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis dataset. It is shown that 55%–75% of the variance of August TC activity can be hindcast using a combination of 4–5 global predictors chosen from a 12-predictor pool with each of the predictors showing precursor associations with TC activity. The most prominent predictive signal is the equatorial July 200-mb wind off the west coast of South America. When this wind is anomalously strong from the northeast during July, Atlantic TC activity in August is almost always enhanced. Other July conditions associated with active Augusts include a weak subtropical high in the North Atlantic, an enhanced subtropical high in the northwest Pacific, and low pressure in the Bering Sea region.The most important application of the August-only forecast is that predicted net tropical cyclone (NTC) activity in August has a significant relationship with the incidence of U.S. August TC landfall events. Better understanding of August-only TC variability will allow for a more complete perspective of total seasonal variability and, as such, assist in making better seasonal forecasts.
Finescale Surface Observations of the Dryline: A Mobile Mesonet Perspective
Authors: Pietrycha Albert E. , Rasmussen Erik N. 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Mobile mesonet line normal, time-to-space converted data analysis on three meridional drylines that occurred in west Texas on 10 June 1999 and 5 May 2000 are presented herein; two occurred in a quiescent environment on 5 May 2000. Based on the data, the mixing zone across the dryline was composed of a series of large horizontal moisture differentials that were highly variable in width, ranging from 5 km down to several hundred meters. The largest dewpoint differential sampled was 10.0°C over 185 m.
Concurrent with a deceleration of dryline movement to nearly stationary, and while moisture differentials strengthened, surface-based mesoscale vertical circulations with horizontal diameters of 2 km down to less than 300 m were resolved in the data, and visual observations were made of numerous, strongly rotating dust devils. The estimated diameters of the largest dust devils were ∼80–100 m and ∼1 km deep, and these persisted for tens of minutes. All vortices were found to move along or adjacent to the zones of moisture differential. Additionally, when the circulations were observed, spatially isolated cumulus clouds located along the dryline exhibited rapid vertical development. It is plausible that the vortices protect an ascending air parcel by inhibiting mixing, thus allowing the parcel to reach its local lifting condensation level and level of free convection with relatively greater buoyancy than parcels not contained in vortices.
Is Agency Skin Deep? Surface Attributes Influence Infants' Sensitivity to Goal‐Directed Action
Authors: Guajardo Jose J. , Woodward Amanda L. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractThree studies investigated the role of surface attributes in infants' identification of agents, using a habituation paradigm designed to tap infants' interpretation of grasping as goal directed (Woodward, 1998). When they viewed a bare human hand grasping objects, 7‐ and 12‐month‐old infants focused on the relation between the hand and its goal. When the surface properties of the hand were obscured by a glove, however, neither 7‐ nor 12‐month‐old infants represented its actions as goal directed (Study 1). Next, infants were shown that the gloved hands were part of a person either prior to (Study 2) or during (Study 3) the habituation procedure. Infants who actively monitored the gloved person in Study 2 and older infants in Study 3 interpreted the gloved reaches as goal directed. Thus, varying the extent to which an entity is identifiable as a person impacts infants' interpretation of the entity as an agent.
The Generality—Specificity Issue in Infants' Emotion Responses: A Comment on Bennett, Bendersky, and Lewis (2002)
Authors: Izard Carroll E. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBennett, Bendersky, and Lewis (2002) highlighted a need for revision, or at least clarification, of aspects of differential emotions theory (DET) that relate to the development of facial expressions of discrete emotions. Their article reveals a need for a better theoretical integration of propositions about the emergence of discrete emotions, the generality and flexibility of emotion responding, and issue of specificity in event‐emotion relations. Bennett et al. tested and partly disconfirmed a hard version of an event‐emotion hypothesis that predicts a specific discrete emotion expression for a specific stimulus at a particular age (4 months). They noted that some statements of DET supported their hypothesis, whereas others did not. I clarify the relevant theoretical issues and formulate a soft hypothesis of event‐emotion relations. I suggest methodological changes that may prove necessary to verify or disconfirm hypotheses relating to infants' capacity to encode a specific discrete emotion expression at a given age.
Structure Analysis of Reaction Intermediates in Metal Substitution Reactions in Solution by the Stopped-Flow EXAFS Method
Authors: Ozutsumi Kazuhiko , Ohtaki Hitoshi 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Improvements of XAFS (X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure) measurements in the time domain are summarized and several examples of structure determination of reaction intermediates by the EXAFS (Extended X-Ray Absorption Fine Structure) method are given. The local structure around the copper(II) or cobalt(II) ion is described in the reaction intermediate in the metal substitution reaction of the homodinuclear mercury(II) porphyrinato (5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin; H6tpps) complex in an acetate buffer determined by the stopped-flow EXAFS (SF-EXAFS) method, which was developed by us. Comparison of the bond lengths in the intermediates with those in the reactants and the products of the metal substitution reaction, the structure of which has been determined by the same method, revealed the cause of the instability of the reaction intermediates.
Structural Genealogy of BEDT-TTF-Based Organic Conductors III. Twisted Molecules: δ and α′ Phases
Authors: Mori Takehiko 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
δ-phase (β-PF6 type) BEDT-TTF (bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene)-based organic conductors are characterized by the twisted overlap mode in the stack. Since the twisted mode has large intermolecular orbital overlap, the δ-phase is regarded as a twisted dimer structure. This type of overlap is, however, insensitive to small changes of the structure. On the contrary, an oblique interaction alters the warping of the open Fermi surface, to control the metal-insulator transition temperature, TMI. Through the change of this oblique interaction, TMI is scaled by the axis ratio for a family of salts with the same stacking pattern. As a general summary of BEDT-TTF salts, an empirical rule is proposed to predict, from the number of crystallographically independent molecules, whether an insulating state of BEDT-TTF salts will be paramagnetic or nonmagnetic. This rule is based on hypothetical pair formation of spins located on each dimer, and universally applies to all BEDT-TTF salts. This rule is extended to metallic salts, and among the potentially nonmagnetic salts, a dimerized dimer structure is the necessary condition of superconductivity. The potentially paramagnetic superconductors have strongly dimerized structures like β and κ phases. From this we can make a reasonable prediction as to superconducting phases.
Analysis of 109Ag MAS NMR Chemical Shieldings Observed in AgxCu1−xI Crystals
Authors: Ida Tomonori , Endo Kazunaka , Suhara Masahiko , Kenmotsu Motoko , Honda Kenji , Kitagawa Susumu , Kawabe Hiroyuki 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
109Ag NMR signals in AgxCu1−xI crystals were shifted to a low field relative to that in solid AgI with decreasing the unit cell constant analogously to 63Cu MAS NMR signals reported in a previous study. The observed chemical shieldings were analysed using the results of Ag and Cu NMR shielding calculations of tetrahedral (Td) MI43− (M = Ag, Cu) complex ions with the ab initio GAUSSIAN 94 program using a double-ζ basis set for the Ag, Cu, and I atoms. Since the shift is explained dominantly by the paramagnetic shielding term, which depends on the d-hole and p-electron densities in Ag or Cu atoms for the MI43− complex ions, the observed 109Ag shift moved to a low field with decreasing the lattice constant, corresponding to an increase in the d-hole and p-electron densities for AgI43− (RAg–I = 2.68, 2.73, 2.77 Å) relative to the AgI43− (RAg–I = 2.81Å) ion.
[3 + 2] Cycloaddition of Allylic Silane with N-Chlorosulfonyl Isocyanate
Authors: Isaka Masahiko , Williard Paul G , Nakamura Eiichi 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Reaction of a substituted allylsilane with N-chlorosulfonyl isocyanate at 0 °C takes place in an unexpected manner to give a [3 + 2] cycloaddition product, a β-silyl-γ-lactam, rather than a [2 + 2] cycloadduct.
Calcined Layered Double Hydroxides as Basic Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Oppenauer Oxidation of Alcohols
Authors: Raja Thirumalaiswamy , Jyothi T M , Sreekumar K , Talawar M B , Santhanalakshmi J , Rao B S 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The oxidation of various alcohols with a ketone was carried out over a series of calcined layered double hydroxides, producing corresponding ketones in a batch reaction system. From the observed results it was found that the layered double hydroxide, MgII–AlIII (4:1) ratio), calcined in air at 723 K efficiently oxidize alcohols compared with other LDHs.
Preparation and Characterization of Novel Carbosilane Dendrimers Carrying Mesogens
Authors: Terunuma Daiyo , Kato Tomonori , Nishio Rei , Aoki Yoshio , Nohira Hiroyuki , Matsuoka Kouji , Kuzuhara Hiroyoshi 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
A series of new carbosilane dendrimers carrying cyanobiphenyl derivatives was prepared starting from the tertiary core molecule, triallylphenylsilane. The phase transition of the dendrimers depends on the dendrimer generation, and the spacer lengths were investigated by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and an optical polarizing microscope. All of the dendrimers prepared exhibited smectic A phases. The phase behavior on the phase-transition pattern of the DSC curve and the texture appearances of G2-mesogen(5) carrying twenty-seven mesogens were observed to be similar to that of the reported G2 dendrimer prepared starting from the quarternary core molecule, tetraallylsilane, carrying thirty-six mesogens.
Formation of Pyruvaldehyde (2-Oxopropanal) by Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Hydroxyacetone
Authors: Ai Mamoru , Ohdan Kyoji 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Various mixed oxides were tested as catalysts for oxidative dehydrogenation of hydroxyacetone to form pyruvaldehyde (2-oxopropanal). The best results were obtained from an iron phosphate with a P/Fe atomic ratio of 1.05. The yield of pyruvaldehyde reached 88%. The next best results were obtained from a supported heteropoly acid (H3PMo12O40). The other molybdenum- and vanadium-based oxide catalysts were not suitable. The effects of the composition and structure of iron phosphate and the effects of reaction variables on the formation of pyruvaldehyde were also studied.
“Syn-Effect” in the Conversion of (E)-α,β-Unsaturated Esters into the Corresponding β,γ-Unsaturated Esters and Aldehydes into Silyl Enol Ethers
Authors: Guha Samar Kumar , Shibayama Atsushi , Abe Daisuke , Sakaguchi Maki , Ukaji Yutaka , Inomata Katsuhiko 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The stereochemistry in the conversion of (E)-α,β-unsaturated esters into the corresponding β,γ-unsaturated esters, and that in the conversion of aldehydes into the silyl enol ethers, were investigated. The Z/E ratios of the resulting β,γ-unsaturated esters and the silyl enol ethers varied according to the γ-substituents of the (E)-α,β-unsaturated esters and the α-substituents of the aldehydes, respectively. This phenomenon was rationalized by a “syn-effect”, which may be attributed primarily to a σ → π* interaction and/or 6π-electron homoaromaticity.
Two-Dimensional 1H Spin-Exchange NMR Study of Molecular Arrangements in Diphenylhexatrienes
Authors: Hayashi Shigenobu , Sonoda Yoriko 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Molecular arrangements in crystalline solids of p,p′-disubstituted (1E,3E,5E)-1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatrienes (DPHs) have been studied by two-dimensional 1H spin-exchange NMR. The mixing time dependence of the cross peak intensity has been analyzed, and the time constants representing proton spin exchange rates have been estimated. Data for methoxy derivative 1 demonstrate the presence of intermolecular spin exchange between triene protons and methoxy protons; thus one may conclude that a methoxy group is located close to a hexatriene chain of an adjacent molecule. On the other hand, there is no evidence of intermolecular spin exchange for formyl derivative 2.
Bond-Length Equalization and Aromaticity in Charged π-Systems
Authors: Aihara Jun-ichi 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
The conventional interpretation of bond-length equalization gives a misleading picture of the aromaticity on charged π-systems. A charged π-system in general is reluctant to undergo marked bond-length alternation, even if it is antiaromatic with a negative topological resonance energy. The pentalene dication and the C60 decacation are antiaromatic with a modest distortion of the molecular skeleton. Small maximum eigenvalues of the bond–bond polarizability matrices support the absence of second-order double-bond fixation in many charged antiaromatic π-systems.
Kinetics on Isomeric Alcohols Recognition by α- and β-Cyclodextrins Using Ultrasonic Relaxation Method
Authors: Fukahori Takanori , Nishikawa Sadakatsu , Yamaguchi Kyohei 
Published: December 2004

Abstract
Ultrasonic absorption method was applied to elucidate the dynamic properties of host–guest complexation between α-cyclodextrin or β-cyclodextrin (host) and butanol isomers (guest) at 25 °C. The aim of this work was to reveal the effect of a structural difference in the hydrophobic part of a guest on the kinetic parameters for an inclusion reaction with cyclodextrins. Moreover, it was expected to clarify the effect of the cavity size on the reaction. Only when the host and guest existed together in water, a clear single relaxational phenomenon was observed. The cause of the relaxation was responsible for the complexation reaction between the host and the guest. The rate and equilibrium constants were obtained from the concentration dependence of the relaxation frequency, and the standard volume changes of the complexation reaction were from the maximum absorption per wavelength. The backward rate constant, kb, was very dependent on the structure of the guest molecule. The kb value decreased in the next hydrophobic series, nor- &lt; sec- &lt; tert- in β-CD systems, although a smaller kb value was observed when the guest possessed a normal carbon chain in α-CD systems. The results of the volume change of the reaction implied that α-CD could only include a guest quite shallowly, and almost the entire guest molecule was included into the β-CD cavity.