bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Cognitive-Behavioral Approach To Suicide Risk Reduction In Crisis Intervention
Authors: Weishaar Marjorie E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Working with suicidal patients can be anxietyprovoking for even the most experienced clinician because of the perceived responsibility for another person’s life, the difficulty predicting the likelihood and timing of an individual’s suicide based on population models, and the particular reliance on the therapy relationship when collaboration may be difficult. Suicide is the 11th leading cause of death overall in the United States (Minino, Arias, Kochanek, Murphy,, Smith, 2002). Among adolescents, it accounts for a greater proportion of deaths than for the nation as a whole (McIntosh, 2000). Despite these facts, there is a paucity of well-designed research on treatments to reduce suicidality (i.e., suicide, suicide attempts, and suicide ideation; Linehan, 1997). Clinicians need empirically validated treatments or will continue to rely on methods that are unproven and perhaps ineffective. This chapter presents a summary of the research literature on randomized controlled trials to reduce suicide risk, descriptions of cognitive-behavioral treatments that have demonstrated efficacy, and guidelines for implementing cognitive and behavioral interventions with suicidal individuals.
Community Reintegration Prerelease Research Exemplar: Applying Theory to Practice-Based Research
Authors: Chaiklin Harris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Practice theory explains behavior and suggests interventions to maintain or change it. This chapter will show how data from the Community Reintegration Project, a prison prerelease program, were used to explicate the intervention component in practice theory. The practice concerned helping offenders prepare for release from prison. The program was designed to identify needs, to facilitate family and other social connections, and, where appropriate, to make referrals to community resources. The aim· was not to develop new theory but to make existing theory useful for practice. Tallman (2002) says that theory and not data provides a rationale for intervention and that data are not the basis for “building a cumulative body of knowledge” (p. 228). This does not mean the data are irrelevant, but, as Merton (1957) says, the abstractions of middle-range theory “are close enough to observed data to be incorporated in propositions that permit empirical testing” (p. 39). Middle-range practice theory helps avoid what Mills (1959) called “abstracted empiricism” and the rejection of rationality in dealing with human affairs.
Water and Salt
Authors: Piantadosi Claude A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Water is critical to the ability of plants and animals to acclimatize and survive in extreme environments, whether on the seas, in deserts, or in the high mountains. Dehydration is the most important cause of death from exposure to heat and may contribute to death during other types of extreme exposures. Lack of potable water is much more rapidly dangerous to human survival than lack of food. Furthermore, the popular notion that the human body acclimatizes to water deprivation is unfounded biologically. This misconception, or some twist on it, has caused the deaths of many a hardy but poorly informed explorer.
The misunderstanding about water stems from the fact that the human body adjusts to low water intake by conserving water. Although the body curtails its loss of water and salt in the first few days of exposure to hot climates, no scientific evidence has shown that minimum daily water requirements decrease with acclimatization. A hallmark of heat adaptation is actually an increase in the rate of water loss from sweating. Indeed, the old adage about conserving water by seeking shade in the day and walking only at night in the desert has much to recommend it. Nothing on Earth substitutes for potable water, and without an adequate supply death is inevitable.
Endless Oceans of Sand
Authors: Piantadosi Claude A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the tropical origin of human beings, the hot, dry deserts of the world are no place for ill-prepared adventurers. Through the centuries thousands of ill-fated explorers have underestimated the amount of water required for long desert treks. This miscalculation has led to many deaths by dehydration. Slightly more fortunate sojourners have stumbled across the hot sands for days only to find water in the nick of time or to be saved from certain death by hardy rescuers. The environment of the arid desert is indeed formidable.
The world’s largest desert, the Sahara, covers one-third of the African continent, an area the size of the United States (see Figure 8.1). Its temperatures range from 130°F during the day to 20°F at night. Rainfall averages only three to five inches and in the driest areas may be as little as one-sixteenth of an inch a year. Desertification of the Sahara has been one of the most dramatic climatic events since the end of the last Ice Age, some 10,000 years ago. As recently as 3000 B.C.E. much of the region was still arable, but the size of the Sahara continues to expand today.
On the Perceptual Reality of Synesthetic Color
Authors: Blake Randolph , Palmeri Thomas J , Marois René , Kim Chai-Youn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Synesthesia, the mental mixture of real and illusory sensory experiences, is incredibly fascinating to read or hear about but frustratingly complex to study. Those of us who are not synesthetes are spellbound by the accounts of those who are, but at the same time we are mixtures would occur. As the chapters in this volume document,investigation of synesthesia has rapidly developed into an area of great interest and debate within cognitive neuroscience, and our group at Vanderbilt University is among those seeking to understand this fascinating phenomenon.
Malaria: Killing Mosquitoes and Anophelines ( 1915-1935)
Authors: Farley John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From the start, the possibility of taking on malaria had been discussed by members of the Rockefeller Foundation. At the time, experts were divided on how best to attack the disease. Some favored campaigns against mosquito larvae; others supported the use of medications, particularly quinine, against the malarial parasite. Depending on the dosage, quinine was assumed to act either as a prophylactic to prevent further infection or as a sterilizer to remove the parasite from the blood. Additionally, houses could be screened to keep out mosquitoes. The Health Board began testing for the most effective method of attack.
Yellow Fever Vaccines: A Slap in the Face
Authors: Farley John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1928, with the acquisition of two small rooms in the Rockefeller Institute’s animal house in New York to serve as a yellow fever laboratory, the production of a vaccine to protect the laboratory workers became the number one priority. By 1937 the Health Division had developed such a successful vaccine that the U.S. army turned to them for assistance on the outbreak of World War IL In 1942 disquieting news began to be heard which led to what became the most embarrassing episode in Health Division history.
Northern Lights: London and Toronto
Authors: Farley John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1920s, the Health Board endowed two schools of hygiene, one in London and the other in Toronto, which they regarded as model institutions, sharing with Johns Hopkins the distinction of being centers of research with the very highest standards-and so recipients of by far the most funding. At the same time, it turned its back on Rio and hospital schools of nursing, deciding instead to endow university schools of nursing, none more important than that at the University of Toronto. The Brazilian experiments were not to be repeated. Initially, both London and Toronto were seen as schools of the British empire, the former the central home and the latter serving Canada and the British Caribbean. Once the idea that schools should be opened in the poorer countries had seemingly been abandoned, London and Toronto would have seemed the logical next step where colonial nationals could be trained in first-class institutions. But such a smooth transition did not occur. European schools that had no link with the tropics predated the Health Board’s endowments of London and Toronto, although the European schools were never to attain the same status as Toronto and London. And in the end, the Health Board seemed more concerned with opening schools of hygiene in London and Toronto to serve the health needs of the British and Canadians than in creating centers of colonial training. Clearly, the Health Board’s attention was turning northward away from the problems of the tropical and colonial countries where they had started.
Adams vs. Jefferson
Authors: Ferling John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was a contest of titans: John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, two heroes of the Revolutionary era, once intimate friends, now icy antagonists locked in a fierce battle for the future of the United States. The election of 1800 was a thunderous clash of a campaign that climaxed in a deadlock in the Electoral College and led to a crisis in which the young republic teetered on the edge of collapse. Adams vs. Jefferson is a gripping account of a true turning point in American history, a dramatic struggle between two parties with profoundly different visions of how the nation should be governed. Adams led the Federalists, conservatives who favored a strong central government, and Jefferson led the Republicans, egalitarians who felt the Federalists had betrayed the Revolution of 1776 and were backsliding toward monarchy. The campaign itself was a barroom brawl every bit as ruthless as any modern contest, with mud-slinging--Federalists called Jefferson "a howling atheist"--scare tactics, and backstabbing. The low point came when Alexander Hamilton printed a devastating attack on Adams, the head of his own party, in "fifty-four pages of unremitting vilification." The election ended in a stalemate in the Electoral College that dragged on for days and nights and through dozens of ballots. Tensions ran so high that the Republicans threatened civil war if the Federalists denied Jefferson the presidency. Finally a secret deal that changed a single vote gave Jefferson the White House. A devastated Adams left Washington before dawn on Inauguration Day, too embittered even to shake his rival's hand. Jefferson's election, John Ferling concludes, consummated the American Revolution, assuring the democratization of the United States and its true separation from Britain. With magisterial command, Ferling brings to life both the outsize personalities and the hotly contested political questions at stake. He shows not just why this moment was a milestone in U.S. history, but how strongly the issues--and the passions--of 1800 resonate with our own time.
Pulmonary Surfactant, Cell Culture, and Tissue Regeneration as Models for Understanding the Evolution of Developmental Physiology
Authors: Daniels Christopher B , orgeig sandra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recently there have been substantial advances in our understanding of the ontogeny of the control and regulation of developmental processes in animals. It is clear that a particular system is generally composed of similar cells and tissue types and often demonstrates a similar overall structural pattern across a range of vertebrate groups. In many cases, it is the same groups of genes that control the morphology, biochemistry, and development of a structure. However, the function of these structures can differ dramatically between species. Therefore, a subset of often highly conserved genes can create spectacular phenotypic diversity. How has this functional diversity evolved, and how do evolutionary forces control the developmental processes to create the functional diversity in anatomical structures? Hence, the big question in developmental biology (especially from an evolutionary viewpoint) is: “If the genes controlling development are conserved, then how do these systems demonstrate such phenotypic diversity?”
A Physiological Approach to Heterochrony
Authors: Spicer John I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One way in which Aristotle defined comedy was as an event out of place and out of time but without danger or damage (Halliwell 2000). Though it is less humorous, the definition could also be extended to the subject of this chapter, physiological heterochrony. This is defined as altering the timing of the development of physiological traits (be they systems or components of that system) in one species relative to an ancestral species. Heterochrony is seen by many as one of the key developmental processes that couples ecology to development and development to evolution (Gould 1977; McKinney 1988; McKinney and McNamara 1991; Raff 1996; Hall 1999). That being so, it is perhaps surprising that heterochrony currently seems to have little or no role at all in the developing fields of evolutionary physiology (Garland and Carter 1994; Feder et al. 2000) and ecological physiology (Spicer and Gaston 1999), or the most recent marriage of these two disciplines to genomics, evolutionary and ecological functional genomics (Feder 2001 and chapter 11, this volume; also see .
The Nazi Medical Experiments
Authors: Weindling Paul J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hitler’s racial state and racial war provided German doctors and their associates with the opportunity to inflict unparalleled medical atrocities. These involved not only research but also using medical knowledge and resources for a race-based program of public health and genocide. The Nazi government imposed no mandatory professional standards on the conduct of experiments— although Germany had earlier adopted such standards—and no international humanitarian or medical agency intervened to protect the victims. German physicians experimented to advance medical and racial science, and to contribute to the German war effort. They exploited bodies, used body parts and internal organs for research, and drained the blood of Jews and Slavs for use as a cell culture medium and to support transfusion. The exploitation of human beings for medical research occurred within the broader context of how the Nazis harvested hair, gold fillings, and any other usable body parts from victims of the Holocaust.
The Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital Case
Authors: Arras John D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the summer of 1963, Chester M. Southam and Deogracias B. Custodio together injected live, cultured cancer cells into the bodies of 22 debilitated patients at the Jewish Chronic Disease Hospital ( JCDH) in Brooklyn, New York. Custodio, a Philippineborn, unlicensed medical resident at JCDH, was participating in a medical experiment designed by Southam, a distinguished physician-researcher at the Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, an attending physician at Memorial Hospital in New York City, and associate professor of medicine at Cornell University Medical College. The purpose of the research was to determine whether the previously established immune deficiency of cancer patients was caused by their cancer or, alternatively, by their debilitated condition. Southam thus looked to a group of noncancerous but highly debilitated elderly patients who might bear out his guiding hypothesis that cancer, not old age, was the cause of the previously witnessed immune deficiency. Importantly, he believed on the basis of long experience that the injection of cultured cancer cells posed no risk to these patients, and that all of the cells would eventually be rejected by their immune systems. Although Southam’s professional credentials were impeccable, and although his work was deemed by his peers to be of the utmost scientific importance, the JCDH experiment soon erupted in a major public controversy. Critics denounced Southam’s methods as being morally comparable to those of the Nazi physicians tried at Nuremburg, whereas his defenders countered that he was a distinguished physician-researcher, and by all accounts an honorable man, who merely had the bad luck to be caught in the shifting rip tides of history.
The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment
Authors: Jones James H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment, commonly called The Tuskegee Study, was a peculiarly American tragedy, and it ultimately played a key role in creating the institutions and practices that today govern the use of human volunteers in U.S. biomedical research. From 1932 until 1972, the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS), aided and abetted by a number of partners, conducted a nontherapeutic study of the effects of untreated syphilis on more than 400 black men in Macon County, Alabama, in and around the county seat of Tuskegee. Although PHS officers and other participating physicians performed a variety of tests and medical examinations on the men over the years, the Tuskegee Study in essence was a 40-year deathwatch. Only men with advanced cases of syphilis were selected for study, and the men were left largely untreated. Instead, the Tuskegee Study’s basic procedures called for periodic blood tests and routine autopsies to supplement the information obtained through regular clinical examinations. The fact that only men with advanced syphilis were selected for the study indicated that the PHS officers were eager to learn more about the serious complications that the disease inflicts on its victims. To comprehend the magnitude of the risks to the men from denying them adequate treatment, it is useful to know a few basic facts about the disease.
HIV Research
Authors: Jr. John Y Killen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 26 years since its first recognition, the AIDS epidemic has had a profound impact on human history. The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV=AIDS estimates that in 2006 there were 39.5 million people worldwide living with HIV, 4.3 million became newly infected, and 2.9 million died. “In addition to the untold grief and human misery caused by AIDS, the epidemic is wiping out development gains, decreasing life expectancy, increasing child mortality, orphaning millions, setting back the situation of women and children, and threatening to undermine national security in highly-affected societies”
The Nuremberg Code
Authors: Annas George J , Grodin Michael A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Nuremberg Code is a primary foundational document informing all ethical codes on research with humans. Many consider it the most authoritative legal and human rights code on the subject of human experimentation. Its significance cannot be appreciated without a basic knowledge of its historical origins: It is a legal and ethical code promulgated by U.S. judges at the trial of the Nazi doctors at Nuremberg after World War II.
The Council of Europe
Authors: Zilgalvis Pēteris 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Founded in 1949, the Council of Europe is an intergovernmental organization with a pan-European mandate to foster political, legal, and cultural cooperation between its 46 member countries. Its Convention and the protocols that have been negotiated under its aegis form a set of legally binding treaties addressing a wide variety of topics at the international level. The Council is distinct from the 25-nation European Union (EU), although all EU member countries are also members of the Council of Europe. Its aims, as specified by its Statute, are to protect human rights and strengthen pluralist democracy, to enhance European cultural identity, and to seek solutions to the major problems of our time such as the bioethical problems addressed by the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine.
The European Community Directives on Data Protection and Clinical Trials
Authors: Beyleveld Deryck , Sethe Sebastian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The two legislative instruments of the European Community (EC) with the greatest impact on medical research are Directive 95=46=EC, the “Data Protection Directive,” and Directive 2001=20=EC on good clinical practice in clinical trials, the “Clinical Trials Directive” Although Directive 95=46=EC had to be implemented by October 1998, there has as yet been no case law at the EC level on its requirements in relation to medical research. The deadline for implementation of Directive 2001=20=EC was May 2004, and, again, no case law about it has yet emerged. This renders it difficult to make definitive legal statements about many aspects of these directives. Consequently, our analysis is to a degree speculative and tentative, and some of the statements we make might be controversial.
Exploitation in Clinical Research
Authors: Wertheimer Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some writers on research ethics have argued that the principle “minimize exploitation” is a rationale—even the rationale—for many of the oft-mentioned principles of ethical research. The four canonical principles of bioethics (nonmaleficence, beneficence, respect for persons, and justice) do not invoke the language of exploitation, nor do some of the standard principles of research ethics, such as social value, scientific validity, fair participant selection, favorable risk-benefit ratio, and respect for human research participants. Still, it can be argued that many or all of these principles are based on a more general principle: minimize exploitation. For example, it can be argued that research that has no social value or is not scientifically valid is exploiting research participants because they are being “used” for no good end. Similar things can be said about research that involves unfair participant selection or that does not have a favorable risk-benefit ratio.
Research With Biological Samples
Authors: Wendler David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The collection and storage of human biological samples has become integral to health research. The number of stored samples, estimated to be in the hundreds of millions, if not billions, increases daily as researchers and clinicians routinely obtain samples and store them for research purposes.1 To identify an appropriate consent process for research with human biological samples, commentators have relied largely on theoretical considerations. Not surprisingly, this approach has led to divergent practices and conflicting recommendations.
Research With Ethnic and Minority Populations
Authors: Lo Bernard , Garan Nesrin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Egregious misconduct in clinical research has often centered on ethnic and minority populations. The Nazi “experiments” involved disregard for the lives of Jewish, Gypsy, and other subjects whom the Nazis considered racially inferior. The Tuskegee study was flagrantly unethical because of its lack of informed consent, its deception, and its exploitation of poor, often illiterate African Americans. The legacy of Tuskegee persists today among many African Americans, who are largely mistrustful of medical research and often unwilling to participate in clinical trials. Specifically, a number of studies show that African Americans are more likely than people from other ethnic backgrounds to believe that researchers would lie to them about research and would expose them to unnecessary risks. In addition, African Americans tend to believe that to give informed consent for research is to sign away their rights. Furthermore, African Americans view research in the context of broader concerns about racism and remain skeptical that research would provide any benefits to them as a group.