bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IPOS Sutherland Memorial Lecture: An international perspective on the development of psychosocial oncology: overcoming cultural and attitudinal barriers to improve psychosocial care
Authors: Holland Jimmie C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAround the world, traditionally the diagnosis of cancer and its prognosis was withheld from patients for centuries, due to the stigma and fears attached to it. This custom of ‘never telling’ precluded talking with patients about their feelings and how they were coping with illness and the threat of death. In the last quarter of the twentieth century, patient's right of access to information, coupled with the diminished stigma attached to cancer, encouraged physicians into a more open dialogue. In the majority of countries today, patients learn their diagnosis and know their treatment options. This change permitted the first formal psychosocial studies of patients in the 1950s, and the beginning of research into coping and development of interventions to improve quality of life. However, a second independent stigma, also present for centuries, has persisted: the stigma associated with mental disorders (even in the context of severe physical illness). This prejudice about mental problems has been a barrier to the integration of the psychosocial domain into total cancer care; the identification of patients who are distressed; and, patient's acceptance of psychological help. Despite these barriers, psychosocial oncology has developed worldwide, with a small, but active cadre of investigators and clinicians engaging in clinical, educational and research aspects of psycho‐oncology. The International Psycho‐Oncology Society (IPOS), since 1984, has brought them together. The Sutherland Memorial Lecture has honored nine individuals from five countries who have made major contributions to the field: 1982, Avery Weisman; 1984, Bernard Fox; 1987, Morton Bard; 1991, Margit von Kerekjarto; 1993, Ned Cassem; 1996, Steven Greer; 1998, Hiroomi Kawano; 2000, Robert Zittoun; and 2003, Jimmie Holland. The scientific base for psychosocial oncology is now secure with a body of knowledge, textbooks and journals which have led to the development of evidence–based clinical practice guidelines for psychosocial services in several countries. A benchmark now exists against which care can be monitored and accountability established. The next 25 years will see an improvement in the psychosocial care of patients, based on research that gives a scientific basis for interventions, and a reduction in the barriers to psychosocial care in cancer. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rethinking research on psychosocial interventions in biopsychosocial oncology: An essay written in honor of the scholarly contributions of Bernard H. Fox
Authors: Temoshok Lydia R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIn his best known contribution to the field of psychooncology, the late Dr Bernard H. Fox applied his breadth of scholarship in biopsychosocial cancer epidemiology to address the question of whether and to what extent stress and other psychosocial factors may contribute to cancer risk. Less well known but equally important to the field is his incisive critique of the 1989 study by Spiegel et al. on survival time of patients with metastatic breast cancer following a psychosocial intervention. This essay represents an attempt to take Fox's line of thought to the next logical level of rethinking research on psychosocial interventions in biopsychosocial oncology. Following an analysis of the inadequacy of randomized clinical trials (RCT) to evaluate the causal effects of psychosocial interventions on cancer outcomes and distinguish these from mere prediction, an integrated RCT design is suggested to take into account the psychogenicity of a given intervention, potential mediating mechanisms, and individual differences that could help illuminate hypothesized causal processes linking an experimental intervention and cancer outcomes. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meaning and its measurement in psychosocial oncology
Authors: White Craig A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAlthough ‘meaning’ is a construct that has been referred to for many years within psychological research, particularly in work to examine the ways in which individuals respond to crises or illness, it is only relatively recently that this has started to appear within the psychosocial oncology literature. Where the term has been used, there has been much variation in the way in which this has been operationalised and measured (a problem that has been evident within other areas of psychosocial oncology). This article will review some of the self‐report measures that have been developed to assess levels of meaning, outlining their background and status regarding psychometric performance. This will be followed by some recommendations on measures that are particularly suited for use in further work. It is suggested that their application to examine conceptual issues of will be more productive if researchers aim to develop existing measures and not to create new measures. Use of those measures with better psychometric properties could in time facilitate larger data sets and allow for cross cultural comparisons of the impact of cancer on global and situational meaning. Specific recommendations are made for measures to be used in the assessment of global and situational meaning in cancer. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Broadcast MSCs
Authors: Krüger I. , Prenninger W. , Sandner R. 
Published: June 2004

Abstract.
Message sequence charts (MSCs) have proven to be a useful modeling technique especially within the requirements analysis phase of software development. MSCs, however, do not support the concept of broadcast communication, which is frequently used in technical applications. In this paper, we present an extension to MSCs for the modeling of broadcast interaction scenarios. Based on the mathematical framework of timed streams we also introduce a semantics for broadcast MSCs. We thoroughly discuss methodological benefits and semantic properties of this approach, consider alternative solutions, and address its scaleability with respect to complex real-time systems applications.
Certifying circuits in Type Theory
Authors: Coupet-Grimal Solange , Jakubiec Line 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
We investigate how to take advantage of the particular features of the calculus of inductive constructions in the framework of hardware verification. First, we emphasize in a short case study the use of dependent types and of the constructive aspect of the logic for specifying and synthesizing combinatorial circuits. Then, co-inductive types are introduced to model the temporal aspects of sequential synchronous devices. Moore and Mealy automata are co-inductively axiomatized and are used to represent uniformly both the structures and the behaviors of the circuits. This leads to clear, general and elegant proof processes as is illustrated on the example of a realistic circuit: the ATM Switch Fabric. All the proofs are carried out using Coq.
EFFECT OF VARIOUS AGENTS ON THE BLOOD FLOW THROUGH THE CORONARY ARTERIES AND VEINS
Authors: Bond G. S. 
Published: June 2004

The results obtained show that adrenalin, transfusion with salt solution, and the inhalation of tobacco smoke caused an increased circulation in the coronary vessels. Amyl nitrite and nitroglycerin produce the opposite effect. Digitalis, strophanthus, caffeine, and theobromine give no change in the velocity of circulation.
We can conclude from the results that the blood pressure is the main element which influences coronary circulation, while the other factors play only a minor part in its variations.
THE EFFECT OF VAGUS SECTION UPON ANAPHYLAXIS IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Auer John 
Published: June 2004

Depriving the bronchial muscles of one side of the lungs of their motor innervation does not interfere with sensitization nor the production of the typical anaphylactic lung. There is, therefore, direct sensitization of the muscle substance.
Complete degeneration of the vagus nerve, after sensitization has occurred, interferes in no appreciable way with the course of immediate anaphylaxis.
Partial degeneration of the vagus nerve, so that the bronchodilator fibers are still physiologically active, after sensitization has taken place, exerts no effect on the symptoms and lung picture of immediate anaphylaxis (very acute anaphylaxis with death after some minutes).
No definite evidence was obtained regarding the function of the motor nerve endings in the bronchial muscles in anaphylaxis.
The two sides of the lungs in immediate anaphylaxis may occasionally be unequal; when this occurs, the left side, especially the lower lobe, is usually fuller than the right side.
A TRANSMISSIBLE AVIAN NEOPLASM. (SARCOMA OF THE COMMON FOWL.)
Authors: Rous Peyton 
Published: June 2004

In this paper is reported the first avian tumor that has proved transplantable to other individuals. It is a spindle-celled sarcoma of the hen, which thus far has been propagated into its fourth tumor generation. This was accomplished by the use of fowls of pure blood from the small, intimately related stock in which the growth occurred. Market-bought fowls of similar variety have shown themselves insusceptible, as have fowls of mixed breed, pigeons and guinea-pigs. The percentage of successful transplantations has been small, but in the individuals developing a tumor its growth has been fairly rapid. Young chickens are more susceptible than adults. The reinoculation of negative fowls has never resulted in a growth.
Throughout, the sarcoma has remained true to type. It is infiltrative and destructive. Metastasis has been observed once (to the heart). Experiments to determine whether the growth may be transmitted by cell-fragments have not yet been made. Repeated bacteriological examinations have yielded negative results.
In its general behavior, so far as tested, this avian tumor closely resembles the typical mammalian neoplasms that are transplantable.
Identification of human erythrocyte blood group antigens on decay- accelerating factor (DAF) and an erythrocyte phenotype negative for daf
Authors: Telen MJ , Hall SE , Green AM , Moulds  , Rosse  
Published: June 2004

Decay accelerating factor (DAF) is a glycoprotein present on the surfaces of many types ofcells in contact with plasma, including erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets (reviewed in reference 1). A small amount of DAF is also present in serum. Numerous investigators have demonstrated that DAF inhibits the action of C3 convertases on cell surfaces, and its absence has been shown to be at least partially responsible for the abnormal sensitivity to lysis by complement exhibited by erythrocytes of patients with the acquired stem cell disorder paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) (2). Hereditary absence of DAF has not been previously described.
Tc(a) and Cr(a) are high-frequency human erythrocyte antigens . These antigens are part of a family of blood group antigens, designated Cromer related, which are all absent from the null phenotype cell IFC(-) , or Inab (3). Recently, Spring and colleagues (4) have identified two monoclonal antibodies which bound to high frequency red cell antigens absent from the Inab phenotype. They also demonstrated that these antibodies, as well as several human antisera to Cromer-related antigens, bound to a 70-kD glycoprotein when used to stain immunoblots of human erythrocyte membrane proteins . Because the wide tissue distribution of mAb reactivity, along with some of the biochemical characterization and immunoblotting data, was similar to that of DAF, we investigated whether the Cromer-related antigens Cr(a) and Tc(a) resided on the DAF molecule.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE IDENTITY OF PRECIPITINS AND PROTEIN SENSITIZERS (ALBUMINOLYSINS)
Authors: Zinsser Hans 
Published: June 2004

The experiments here recorded, as well as those preceding them and outlined in the introductory paragraphs, have had the purpose of analyzing the phenomenon of alexin fixation occurring when dissolved, unformed proteins are added to their specific antisera. The present experiments have shown that specific precipitates have the same relation to the complement fractions first described by Ferrata that are possessed by sensitized cells. In this they differ from indifferent suspensions, like kaolin, which fix alexin and its fractions indiscriminately, fixing the end-piece without dependence upon previous adsorption of the mid-piece.
The writer believes this to be of theoretical importance since it seems to show, in the first place, that the fixation of alexin by precipitates is not merely a mechanical adsorption, and in that it renders more likely the supposition that the so called precipitin is actually a protein sensitizer by which a foreign protein is rendered amenable to the proteolytic action of the alexin. The visible precipitation in such reactions is merely secondary, occurring because of the colloidal nature of the reacting bodies, under conditions of quantitative proportions and environment which favor flocculation. It does not seem necessary to assume a structure for the so called precipitins essentially different from that of other sensitizers.
Carried to its logical consequences, the acceptance of this view, taking the identity of agglutinins and precipitins at least as a possibility, leads to the conception that functionally there is but one variety of specific antibodies, and that is the sensitizer which makes possible the action of alexin or complement upon various antigens.
THE HISTOGENESIS OF BLOOD PLATELETS
Authors: Brown Wade H. 
Published: June 2004

1. Under normal circumstances blood platelets are largely derived from the megakaryocyte of the blood-forming organs.
2. The transitional leucocyte, representing a persistent form of the embryonic premegakaryocyte, is a circulating homologue of the megakaryocyte and probably plays some part in normal platelet formation.
3. Under conditions of excessive demand for platelet production, there may be a greater or less reversion to an embryonic mode of platelet formation in which less highly specialized cells than the megakaryocyte participate in platelet production.
4. In addition to the megakaryocyte, the cells that have been observed to take part in platelet formation are hyperplastic endothelial cells in the marrow, and mononuclear and transitional cells (premegakaryocytes) in the marrow, spleen, and blood.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE STUDY OF THE MECHANISM OF THE GROWTH OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Authors: Carrel Alexis 
Published: June 2004

When connective tissue cells have been cultivated for a certain length of time in a medium which has been repeatedly changed, a definite relation arises between the rate of growth of the cells and the composition of the medium. It is possible, by adding to the culture medium a given quantity of certain substances, such as embryonic juices, to foresee the extent to which a fragment of tissue composed of a given strain of cells will increase in a given time. The rate of growth of a strain of cells can be accelerated or retarded by the addition to the medium of activating or retarding substances.
The dynamic condition of a strain of connective tissue cells, which have been living in a given medium for some time, is not a definitely acquired characteristic, but a temporary state, and is the product or function of the medium in which the cells are living, and is readily modified merely by altering the composition of the medium.
A knowledge of the characteristics of the growth of connective tissue described has led to a new result,—the indefinite proliferation of a strain of connective tissue cells outside of the organism. The strain of connective tissue originally obtained from a fragment of chick embryo heart, which had been pulsating in vitro for 104 days, was still actively alive after sixteen months of independent life and more than 190 passages. The rate of proliferation of the connective tissue sixteen months old equalled and even exceeded that of fresh connective tissue taken from an eight day old embryo. It appears, therefore, that time has no effect on the tissues isolated from the organism and preserved by means of the technique described above. During the sixteenth month of life in vitro the cells increased rapidly in number and were able in a short time to produce a large quantity of new tissue. This fact, therefore, definitely demonstrates that the tissues were not in a state of survival, as was the case in certain earlier experiments, but in a condition of real life, since the cells of which they were composed, like microorganisms, multiplied indefinitely in the culture medium.
THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE ACTION OF STRYCHNIN IN FROGS
Authors: Githens Thomas Stotesbury 
Published: June 2004

In order to establish the influence of temperature upon the effect of varying doses of strychnin injected into frogs, the animals must be kept under observation for several days and at various definite degrees of temperature. Statements that the animal was kept "cold," "at room temperature," or "warm" are insufficient. With a certain dose tetanus may result constantly at 30° C. yet never appear at 21° C., and either of these temperatures might be described as warm, when compared to a room temperature of 15° C. Furthermore an animal may apparently fail to respond in the cold to an injection of certain doses of strychnin and yet be found in tetanic convulsions the next day. That an animal may have late, long lasting, or strong tetanus while kept at such a low temperature as 5° C. after an injection of a dose of strychnin smaller than 0.01 of a milligram per frog emphasizes the fact that great caution must be exercised in formulating laws as to the influence of temperature on drug action.
The main results of this investigation may be summarized as follows: Doses of strychnin amounting to 0.0006 of a milligram per gram of frog will cause tetanus at all temperatures between 5° C. and 30° C., although at low temperatures the tetanus may appear late. A dose of 0.0003 of a milligram per gram of frog will frequently produce tetanus at 5° C. as well as at 30° or 27° C., but may nevertheless fail to produce any reaction at such an intermediary temperature as 21° C. Smaller doses, 0.0002 of a milligram per gram, will cause tetanus in the cold but not at high temperatures.
It may be stated in general that in frogs kept at low temperatures the tetanic state sets in later, continues longer, and each tetanic attack is of longer duration, while in the interval between the attacks the state of tonus is higher and the animals are more irritable than when they are kept at higher temperatures.
PNEUMOCOCCUS HEMOTOXIN
Authors: Cole Rufus 
Published: June 2004

Solutions of the bodies of pneumococci, obtained by dissolving them in dilute solutions of sodium cholate, by permitting them to undergo autolysis, or by first freezing, drying, and then grinding in salt solution, are actively hemolytic for rabbit, sheep, guinea pig, and human red blood corpuscles. The substance on which this hemolytic property depends is very labile, much of its activity is lost on passing through a filter, and it is destroyed by the action of trypsin. In its properties it corresponds to the substance contained in such solutions which causes the death of guinea pigs on intravenous injection. Its activity is prevented by the presence of minute amounts of cholesterin.
Following the injection of this solution into rabbits and sheep, the sera of these animals acquire increased power of inhibiting its hemolytic action. It therefore possesses antigenic properties.
It may therefore be concluded that the bodies of pneumococci contain a toxin that is hemolytic for red blood corpuscles. This substance is not simply a product of autolysis but undoubtedly exists preformed in the bacterial cell. However, it is not given up to the surrounding fluid as long as the bodies of the bacteria are intact. It may therefore be considered a hemolytic endotoxin.
THE PRODUCTION OF METHEMOGLOBIN BY PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Cole Rufus 
Published: June 2004

1. Pneumococci in contact with hemoglobin transform this into methemoglobin. This reaction occurs only when the pneumococci are living; it is not induced by the culture fluid or by extracts of the bacteria.
2. The reaction does not occur when hemoglobin is added to an emulsion of washed pneumococci in salt solution. However, if minute traces of dextrose be added to such a mixture, the reaction quickly occurs. The dextrose may be replaced by any one of a number of other sugars, and also by certain other organic substances, if the latter are added in large amounts. Certain other organic substances are not able to replace dextrose, but it has been impossible to determine any special molecular configuration on which this property depends.
3. The formation of methemoglobin by pneumococci probably resembles the formation of methemoglobin by certain chemical substances, such as aminophenol.
4. From the work of others it is probable that the formation of methemoglobin is always a reaction of oxidation. In the formation of methemoglobin by reducing agents, the latter are first oxidized, this occurring better in the presence of oxyhemoglobin. In certain instances an alternate oxidative and reduction of the transforming agent occurs, so that the reaction is continuous.
The effect which the presence or absence of free oxygen has on the reaction with pneumococci suggests that this follows similar lines.
5. The reaction does not occur in the absence of oxygen. If the free oxygen be first removed, and then replaced, the reaction occurs more rapidly than if the oxygen had not been removed. The presence of free oxygen in excess slightly delays the reaction, possibly because of the inhibition of the reduction process which forms the first part of the reaction.
6. The explanation of this phenomenon of methemoglobin production is not only of importance so far as this special reaction is concerned, but also because it suggests an explanation for the manner in which pathological effects are produced by those bacteria which apparently produce no soluble toxin.