bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduced drug use as an alternative valid outcome in individuals with stimulant use disorders: Findings from 13 multisite randomized clinical trials
Authors: Amin‐Esmaeili Masoumeh , Farokhnia Mehdi , Susukida Ryoko , Leggio Lorenzo , Johnson Renee M. , Crum Rosa M. , Mojtabai Ramin 
Published: January 2024

AbstractBackground and aimsTotal abstinence has historically been the goal of treatment for substance use disorders; however, there is a growing recognition of the health benefits associated with reduced use as a harm reduction measure in stimulant use disorders treatment. We aimed to assess the validity of reduced stimulant use as an outcome measure in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of pharmacological interventions for stimulant use disorder.DesignWe conducted a secondary analysis of a pooled dataset of 13 RCTs.Setting and participantsParticipants were individuals seeking treatment for cocaine or methamphetamine use disorders (N = 2062) in a wide range of treatment facilities in the United States.MeasurementsWe validated reduced stimulant use against a set of clinical indicators drawn from harmonized measurements, including severity of problems caused by drug use, comorbid depression, global severity of substance use and improvement, severity of drug‐seeking behavior, craving and high‐risk behaviors, all assessed at the end of the trial, as well as follow‐up urine toxicology. A series of mixed effect regression models was conducted to validate reduction in frequency of use against no reduction in use and abstinence.FindingsMore participants reduced frequency of primary drug use than achieved abstinence (18.0% vs. 14.2%, respectively). Reduced use was significantly associated with decreases in craving for the primary drug [60.1%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 54.3%–64.7%], drug seeking behaviors (41.0%, 95% CI = 36.6%–45.7%), depression severity (39.9%, 95% CI = 30.9%–48.3%), as well as multiple measures of global improvement in psychosocial functioning and severity of drug‐related problems, albeit less strongly so than abstinence. Moreover, reduced use was associated with sustained clinical benefit at follow‐up, as confirmed by negative urine tests (adjusted odds ratio compared with those with no reduction in use: 0.50, 95% CI = 0.35–0.71).ConclusionReduced frequency of stimulant use appears to be associated with meaningful improvement in various clinical indicators of recovery. Assessment of reduced use, in addition to abstinence, could broaden the scope of outcomes measured in randomized controlled trials of stimulant use disorders and facilitate the development of more diverse treatment approaches.
Validating the laboratory risk indicator for necrotizing fasciitis (LRINEC) score: a prospective cohort study in a resource limited setting
Authors: Stallwood‐Hall Catrin , Binu Vineet , Rajendran Radhika K. , Hiremath Bharati V. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractBackgroundNecrotising fasciitis is a rare and fulminant soft tissue infection. Prompt surgical debridement of the involved soft tissues and necrotic fascia is its definitive treatment, with any delay associated with increased mortality. The LRINEC score is a scoring system initially designed to aid in early diagnosis of necrotising fasciitis to facilitate early surgical intervention. This score utilizes common biochemical tests to produce a score of 0–13, stratifying patients into risk categories.MethodsA prospective cohort study was designed including all patients presenting with severe soft tissue infection from June 2011 to January 2014. Exclusion criteria included: less than 15 years or above 90 years, antibiotics within 48 h of presentation or prior debridement of their soft tissue infection. All patients underwent routine blood investigations, required for calculation of the LRINEC score.ResultsThe positive predictive value of the LRINEC score was 95.42%, whilst the negative predictive value was 81.16%. There was a statistically significant correlation between white cell count, serum creatinine, blood glucose level and positive histopathology. The mortality rate for patients with histopathologically‐confirmed necrotising fasciitis was 10%.ConclusionThe LRINEC score is a clinical adjunct to risk stratify patients presenting to the emergency department with soft tissue infections. It utilizes common blood tests commonly to calculate a score, which risk stratifies patients. The use of this scoring system can facilitate better allocation of resources and aids in the decision to transfer patients in rural or regional settings, which are often complicated by being a resource limited environment.
A literature review on the redundancy of additional thyroid function tests in neonates of mothers with hypothyroidism
Authors: Deligeorgopoulou Marianna , Kosmeri Chrysoula , Giapros Vasileios , Balomenou Foteini , Baltogianni Maria , Serbis Anastasios 
Published: January 2024

AbstractAimNewborn thyroid screening tests are carried out during the first days after birth in many parts of the world. The aim of this review was to assess whether additional thyroid function tests of neonates born to mothers with hypothyroidism are necessary to diagnose newborns with congenital hypothyroidism (CH) missed by the usual screening test.MethodsA search in PubMed and Google Scholar databases was conducted for pertinent studies, using relevant keywords. All studies that were published in any language from 1 January 2000 to 30 June 2023 were included. Observational cohort studies were included in the analysis, while case reports and studies not referring to neonates were excluded.ResultsThirteen studies were identified comprising more than 4400 infants with CH. Studies with the larger study populations recommended against additional testing in healthy infants of hypothyroid mothers. Similar were the results of some smaller retrospective studies. Few studies identified in total 16 infants with CH that were missed on neonatal screening without, though, a definite causative link between the mother's and the infant's thyroid dysfunction.ConclusionBased on available data, additional thyroid function tests seem redundant in identifying undiagnosed cases of CH. Larger studies are needed to reach a definite conclusion.
Regulation of craving training to support healthy food choices under stress: A randomized control trial employing the hierarchical drift‐diffusion model
Authors: Ju Qianqian , Wu Xuebing , Li Binghui , Peng Huini , Lippke Sonia , Gan Yiqun 
Published: January 2024

AbstractStress increases the likelihood of consuming unhealthy food in some individuals. Previous research has demonstrated that the Regulation of Craving ‐ Training (ROC‐T) intervention can reduce unhealthy food intake. However, its effectiveness under stress and the underlying mechanism remained uncertain. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of the ROC‐T intervention in improving healthy food choices and to explore the intervention mechanism through computational modeling employing the hierarchical drift‐diffusion model (HDDM). This study adopted a 2 (ROC‐T intervention vs. control) * 2 (stress vs. no‐stress) between‐subject experimental design. A total of 118 employees (72 women, Mage = 28.74) participated in the online experiment. Results show that the ROC‐T intervention increases healthy food choices under stress and no‐stress conditions. The HDDM results reveal a significant two‐way interaction for non‐decision time (Bayes factor, BF = 32.722) and initial bias (BF = 27.350). Specifically, in the no‐stress condition, the ROC‐T intervention resulted in lower non‐decision time and higher initial bias compared with the control group. The findings validated the negative impact of stress on healthy food choices, and that the ROC‐T intervention promotes healthy food choices both under stress and no‐stress conditions.
Single‐cell RNA‐seq of in vitro expanded cells from cranial neural crest reveals a rare odontogenic sub‐population
Authors: Zhao Yifan , Chen Shubin , Liu Xiaobo , Chen Xiaoming , Yang Dandan , Zhang Jiashu , Wu Di , Zhang Yanmei , Xie Si , Li Xiaomei , Wang Zhiyuan , Feng Bo , Qin Dajiang , Pei Duanqing , Wang Yaofeng , Cai Jinglei 
Published: January 2024

AbstractEcto‐mesenchymal cells of mammalian tooth germ develops from cranial neural crest cells. These cells are recognised as a promising source for tooth development and regeneration. Despite the high heterogeneity of the neural crest, the cellular landscape of in vitro cultured cranial neural crest cells (CNCCs) for odontogenesis remains unclear. In this study, we used large‐scale single‐cell RNA sequencing to analyse the cellular landscape of in vitro cultured mouse CNCCs for odontogenesis. We revealed distinct cell trajectories from primary cells to passage 5 and identified a rare Alx3+/Barx1+ sub‐population in primary CNCCs that differentiated into two odontogenic clusters characterised by the up‐regulation of Pax9/Bmp3 and Lhx6/Dmp1. We successfully induced whole tooth‐like structures containing enamel, dentin, and pulp under the mouse renal capsule using in vitro cultured cells from both cranial and trunk neural crests with induction rates of 26.7% and 22.1%, respectively. Importantly, we confirmed only cells sorted from odontogenic path can induce tooth‐like structures. Cell cycle and DNA replication genes were concomitantly upregulated in the cultured NCCs of the tooth induction groups. Our data provide valuable insights into the cell heterogeneity of in vitro cultured CNCCs and their potential as a source for tooth regeneration.
Using an ecosystem service model to inform restoration planning: A spatially explicit oyster filtration model for Pensacola Bay, Florida
Authors: zu Ermgassen Philine S. E. , Gair Jonathan R. , Jarvis Brandon , Geselbracht Laura , Birch Anne , Scheffel Whitney A. , Smith Kent , DeAngelis Bryan 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe development of science‐based restoration goals that reflect the primary motivation of stakeholders is a key factor leading to large‐scale, long‐term restoration successes. The ability to predict the potential ecosystem service delivery from restoration can inform the setting of appropriate goals and facilitate the strategic planning of restoration activities. While recovery of the ecosystem services provided by oyster reefs is a regularly cited reason for undertaking restoration, few examples exist where large‐scale oyster habitat restoration plans have been informed using ecosystem service functions. Such an approach is currently being implemented in the Pensacola Bay System, Florida, where a broad coalition of partners and community stakeholders are utilizing a watershed approach to restoring oysters with the aim of restoring oysters for multiple objectives including habitat, ecosystem services, and wild harvest and aquaculture. Through the process of developing a habitat management plan, water filtration was identified as a key ecosystem service by the stakeholders. To support restoration planning we derived a spatially explicit estimate of water filtration services provided by the eastern oyster in the Pensacola Bay system by linking an oyster habitat suitability map to a hydrodynamic‐oyster filtration model. This spatially explicit model allowed us to identify the areas where restored oyster reefs have the potential to provide the greatest increase in filtration service as well as provide spatially explicit estimates of the potential filtration provided by oyster habitat restored. Such information is useful in restoration planning and management and for stakeholder engagement, outreach, and education programs.
Atogepant: Mechanism of action, clinical and translational science
Authors: Boinpally Ramesh , Shebley Mohamad , Trugman Joel M. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractSince the discovery of calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) in 1982, its integral role in migraine pathophysiology, specifically migraine pain, has been demonstrated through cumulative scientific discoveries that have led to the development and approval of migraine‐specific therapeutics. Today, eight drugs, including monoclonal antibodies and small molecule CGRP receptor antagonists, known as gepants, have received approval for acute or preventive treatment of migraine. The primary mechanism of these drugs is to block CGRP signaling, thus preventing CGRP‐mediated nociception and neurogenic inflammation. Here, we focus on atogepant, a highly potent and selective gepant and the first and only oral medication approved for the preventive treatment of both episodic and chronic migraine in adults. In this article, we summarize the role of CGRP in migraine pathophysiology and the mechanism of action of atogepant. In addition, we provide an overview of atogepant's pharmacology and the key clinical trials and outcomes that have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of atogepant.
Micro‐ and macroclimate interactively shape diversity, niches and traits of Orthoptera communities along elevational gradients
Authors: König Sebastian , Krauss Jochen , Classen Alice , Hof Christian , Prietzel Maximilian , Wagner Carolin , Steffan‐Dewenter Ingolf 
Published: January 2024

AbstractAimTemperature is one of the main drivers shaping species diversity and assembly processes. Yet, site‐specific effects of the local microclimate on species and trait compositions of insect communities have rarely been assessed along macroclimatic temperature clines.LocationBavarian Alps, Germany.MethodsBayesian joint species distribution models were applied to investigate how ecological and morphological traits drive variation in the climatic niches of 32 Orthoptera species on 93 grassland sites with contrasting microclimatic conditions along a steep elevational macroclimatic gradient in an Alpine region in Central Europe.ResultsSpecies richness and abundance decreased along the elevational macroclimatic gradient, and both benefitted from warm microclimate. Interactive effects of elevation and microclimate on the abundance were, however, species‐specific, and partly mediated by traits: Warm microclimatic conditions facilitated the occurrence of demanding xerophilic and late‐hatching species, resulting in marked community dissimilarities at mid‐elevations where colder sites harboured only a subset of the species. The latter mainly occurred at low elevations together with long‐winged species. Abundance peaks of non‐xerophilic species were further upslope when microclimate was warm. Intraspecifically, the body sizes and wing lengths of the larger females, but not the males, decreased with elevation akin the community mean, and brown colour morphs were more frequent at sites with warm microclimate.Main ConclusionsOur nuanced results reveal that trait‐dependent responses of species to microclimate play a key role in the assembly and structuring of insect communities along macroclimatic gradients. Since microclimate preferences changed with elevation, we conclude that species temperature niches are narrower than the elevational range suggests and both macro‐ and microclimatic conditions must be considered when predicting species responses to climate change. Microclimatic contrasts among sites at similar elevations enhanced species turnover mediated by moisture preferences and phenology, highlighting the importance of mountains for conservation as climatic refugia where species with diverging niches can persist in proximity.
Implementing Health Policy in Nigeria: The Basic Health Care Provision Fund as a Catalyst for Achieving Universal Health Coverage?
Authors: Chukwuma Julia Ngozi 
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACTIn 2014, Nigeria adopted a new law for its healthcare system, which mandated the establishment of a novel health‐financing mechanism, the Basic Health Care Provision Fund (BHCPF). The BHCPF was created to provide sustainable funding with a view to fast‐tracking Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and improving health outcomes in Nigeria. This article places Nigeria's UHC reform process in the broader context of social policy implementation in Africa to illustrate the extent to which interactions between different agents, contextual factors such as Nigeria's federal character, as well as changing conceptualizations of social policy at a global level, shape views on how best to implement UHC. The article is based on the careful examination of three different versions of implementation guidelines for the BHCPF combined with qualitative data collected during fieldwork. It argues that there is a discrepancy between the Nigerian government rhetoric of putting into place a system that improves access to healthcare and the actual practice of implementing UHC via the BHCPF. In reality, a range of controversies surround the ongoing operationalization of the BHCPF, contributing to the perpetuation of a social policy environment that allows poor health outcomes and significant health inequities in Nigeria to persist.
Post‐pandemic Transformations and the Recasting of Development: A Comment and Further Reflections
Authors: Leach Melissa , MacGregor Hayley , Scoones Ian , Taylor Peter 
Published: January 2024

ABSTRACTThis Comment is both a response to critique and a wider contribution to renewed debate on the politics of development and development studies amidst multiple, intersecting challenges. In an article published in World Development in 2021, Leach et al. proposed that COVID‐19 and earlier epidemics provided fundamental lessons for post‐pandemic transformations and for rethinking development more broadly. In an article published in this journal in 2023, Wiegratz et al. critiqued Leach et al., arguing that their universalist framing effaces structural inequalities between the global North and the global South, and that the analysis underplays the importance of historically embedded political‐economic inequalities. This Comment shows how elements of the article by Wiegratz and colleagues point to ways to extend and elaborate Leach et al.’s overall argument — not to refute it — but that it is also based on a highly selective reading of the latter's work and its implications. Focusing first on the core question of universality, and then more briefly on the themes of inequalities and of uncertainty, it resurfaces parts of the authors’ work that Wiegratz et al. selectively ignore, and reflects on further recent evidence of pandemic impacts and inequalities amidst structural violence and contemporary capitalist dynamics. These are relevant across all geographies and polities, although in different ways, as shaped by particular contexts and histories that include, but also cross‐cut and complicate, dichotomies between the so‐called global North and global South. This Comment thus clarifies and extends the argument for a recasting of development around a radically transformative, egalitarian and inclusive knowledge and politics, relevant to all settings across the world.
Dynamic visual noise has limited influence on the habitat selection and behavioural activity of crustaceans and cephalopods
Authors: Drerup Christian , How Martin J. , Herbert‐Read James E. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractEnvironments contain various forms of noise that can interfere with the ability of animal sensory systems to perceive information. One ubiquitous type of visual noise in shallow aquatic habitats is caustic flicker (or caustics), consisting of dynamically moving light patterns caused by the refraction of light when passing through the water's rippling surface. While some teleost fish avoid environments with caustic noise (where their prey can be more difficult to detect), it remains untested whether caustics affect the habitat selection of invertebrates. In the present study, we ask whether three invertebrate species, the shore crab Carcinus maenas, the brown shrimp Crangon crangon, and the common cuttlefish Sepia officinalis, prefer or avoid associating with environments with caustic noise, and whether caustics affect their behavioural activity and habitat exploration. To do this, we exposed the three species in binary choice experiments to different simulated caustic noise levels varying in their temporal (speed) and spatial (definition) components. Neither of the three tested invertebrate species spent more or less time in environments with higher caustic noise levels. While we also found no evidence that caustics affected the behavioural activity and exploration of Ca. maenas and S. officinalis, the brown shrimp Cr. crangon reduced its activity with increasing spatial caustic noise. However, all obtained effect sizes in this study were small, suggesting that caustic noise only minimally affects invertebrate behaviour. Overall, our results show that, unlike in teleost fish, caustics have limited influence on the habitat selection, exploration, and activity of crustaceans and cephalopods.
Molar incisor hypomineralisation: Teaching and assessment across the undergraduate dental curricula in the UK
Authors: Humphreys Judith , Graham Anna , Rodd Helen D. , Albadri Sondos , Parekh Susan , Somani Cheryl , Hosey Marie Therese , Taylor Greig D. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractBackgroundNo consensus exists on how molar incisor hypomineralisation (MIH) should be covered by the undergraduate dental curricula.AimTo assess the current teaching and assessment of MIH in the UK.DesignA piloted questionnaire regarding the teaching and assessment of MIH was disseminated to paediatric, restorative and orthodontic teaching leads in each UK dental school (n = 16). Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, chi‐squared and Kruskal–Wallis tests.ResultsResponse rates from paediatric, restorative and orthodontic teams were 75% (n = 12), 44% (n = 7) and 54% (n = 8), respectively. Prevention of caries, preformed metal crowns, anterior resin composites and vital bleaching were taught significantly more by paediatric teams (p = .006). Quality of life and resin infiltration were absent from restorative teaching. Orthodontic teaching focussed on the timing of first permanent molar extractions.Paediatric teams were mainly responsible for assessment. Risk factors, differential diagnoses for MIH and defining clinical features were more likely to be assessed by paediatric teams than by others (p = .006). All specialities reported that students were prepared to manage MIH.ConclusionMolar incisor hypomineralisation is primarily taught and assessed by paediatric teams. No evidence of multidisciplinary or transitional teaching/assessment existed between specialities. Developing robust guidance regarding MIH learning in the UK undergraduate curricula may help improve consistency.