bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The community clinic — its advantages and disadvantages
Authors: Benbow Susan Mary 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA traditional hospital outpatient clinic for the follow‐up of patients with mental illness in old age was replaced by home visits (the community clinic). As a preliminary study, the first six community clinics were compared with six outpatient clinics and found to be superior on several practical measures (including the percentage of booked patients who were successfully seen and the number of carers seen) as well as in terms of information obtained. The DHSS does not monitor this activity but it is an important development of specialist services for the elderly mentally ill.
Late‐onset paranoia: Distinct from paraphrenia?
Authors: Flint Alastair J. , Rifat Sandra L. , Eastwood M. Robin 
Published: January 2005

AbstractUsing Kraepelin's distinction between paraphrenia and paranoia, 21 patients with late paraphrenia were compared with 12 with late‐onset paranoia. The paranoia group had significantly more clinically unsuspected (silent) cerebral infarction on CT brain scan and was less responsive to antipsychotic medication. The results suggest that cerebral organicity, especially stroke, is an important risk factor for late‐onset paranoia and may contribute to a relatively poor prognosis.
Late paraphrenia and ICD 10
Authors: Quintal Marie , Day‐Cody Diana , Levy Raymond 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAs part of a field study of the latest draft of WHO'S ICD 10 classification, two clinicians, one familiar with ICD 9 and one with DSM‐111, rated 36 cases previously diagnosed as ‘late paraphrenia’ using ICD 9. When raters adhered closely to the diagnostic guidelines issued with the new classification, complete agreement was achieved and most cases received a diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia. However, both raters were uncomfortable with the low threshold for this diagnosis and when freed from the need to give primacy to schizophrenia preferred a much wider range of diagnoses which included a number of subcategories of delusional disorder. ‘Persistent delusional disorder’ and ‘other persistent delusional disorder’ produced the best fit but up to eight cases were given two diagnoses. Levels of confidence in the diagnosis and ease of achieving this are also given. There was an acceptable level of agreement (kappa = 0.756) when this procedure was employed. It is argued that retrieval of such cases would be facilitated either by providing a code for age of onset or by restoring a separate category for late onset schizophrenia or late paraphrenia.
Human brain metabolic responses to familiarity during lexical decision
Authors: Nenov Valeriy I. , Halgren Eric , Mandelkern Mark , Smith Michael E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractLocal cerebral glucose metabolic rate was measured using F18‐DG/PET in 11 normal righthanded male volunteers performing two versions of a visual lexical decision task differing only with respect to whether the stimuli were all novel and shown only once, or whether they were all repeated many times. Each subject was also scanned in a resting state (eyes open and ears unplugged). Scalp recordings of cognitive evoked potentials in the same subjects and tasks confirmed that the effects of familiarity were present during the entire 30 min FDG uptake period. The N4 (a left temporoparietal negativity 400 ms after stimulus onset) decreased with repetition, and the P3b (a 600 ms latency parietal positivity) increased. The pattern of metabolic activation was also significantly different between the three experimental conditions. Planned comparisons of the tasks with the resting condition revealed significant relative activations of visual and motor areas. Novel words evoked significantly greater activation in the left and right anterior cingulate gyri and right hippocampal formation than did repeated words in the same task. Relative glucose metabolism in the left angular gyrus was significantly greater to novel words than to resting. Thus, two tasks equated in sensory, motor, and decision processes, but differing in the familiarity of the stimuli, evoke significantly different patterns of brain activation. The patterns observed provided evidence that recent episodic memory for words engages a system that includes the bilateral anterior cingulate gyri, the medial temporal lobe, and the left angular gyrus. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nimodipine decreases calcium action potentials in rabbit hippocampal CA1 neurons in an age‐dependent and concentration‐dependent manner
Authors: Moyer James R. , Disterhoft John F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIntracellular recordings were made from rabbit hippocampal CA1 neurons in vitro using slices from aging and young adult rabbits. Calcium action potentials were studied in the presence of 4 μm tetrodotoxin using electrodes filled with 2M CsCl. Increasing concentrations of the dihydropyridine L‐type calcium channel antagonist nimodipine were tested on the amplitude and time course of calcium action potentials. The calcium action potential (AP) consisted of two components: an initial fast phase followed by a slower plateau phase. No difference in the peak amplitude of the initial fast phase was observed between age groups. The amplitude and duration of the slower plateau phase of the calcium AP was significantly larger in aging neurons. Switching to a zero Ca2+ medium in the presence of 200 μm CdCl2 completely blocked the calcium AP. Nimodipine decreased the plateau phase of the calcium AP at concentrations as low as 100 nm in aging neurons and 10 μm in young neurons. Switching to higher concentrations of nimodipine did not reveal any substantially increased block of the calcium AP plateau phase. These data suggest that enhanced calcium influx through L‐type calcium channels is largely responsible for the enhanced calcium action potentials observed in aging CA1 neurons. The action of nimodipine in reducing the plateau phase of the calcium action potential may underlie the drug's notable ability to improve learning in hippocampally dependent tasks in aging animals.
Hippocampus of the domestic pig: A stereological study of subdivisional volumes and neuron numbers
Authors: Holm Ida E. , West Mark J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWith the aim of establishing a quantitative structural basis for comparative and experimental studies, the volumes of the hippocampal subdivisions and the total number of neurons in each subdivision were estimated in domestic pig brains using modern stereological techniques. In addition to a detailed description of the stereological methods used in the analysis, comprehensive descriptions of the architectonic boundaries of the subdivisions are included. The absolute and relative volumes of the subdivisions were compared to those of a number of other species and the relationship between the number of neurons and the volume of the subdivisions was compared to that in homologous subdivisions of laboratory rats and humans. The methodology used to estimate the volumes and the total number of neurons in the individual subdivisions were evaluated with regard to the sensitivity that they can provide in experimental studies.
Comparative studies of food‐storing, memory, and The hippocampal formation in parids
Authors: Clayton Nicky S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBirds which scatter‐hoard large numbers of food items such as marsh tits Parus palustris, use memory to retrieve their caches and have an enlarged hippocampal formation relative to the rest of the telencephalon compared with species that store little or no food. Preliminary observations suggested that captive blue tits, P. caeruleus, may store small quantities of food albeit in limited amounts. This experiment compared food‐storing intensity, memory for cache sites, and relative hippocampal formation in marsh tits and blue tits. Comparisons were made both within species, by comparing wild‐caught adults and hand‐raised juvenile blue tits that store and those that do not, and between closely related species, by comparing food‐storing adult wild‐caught blue tits and juvenile hand‐raised blue tits with adult wild‐caught marsh tits. Food‐storing blue tits stored fewer seeds than did marsh tits, and they had a less accurate memory for cache sites and a smaller absolute and relative hippocampal formation than did marsh tits. For further analysis, the hippocampal volume was divided into a rostral (front) portion and a caudal (rear) portion, separated by the first appearance of the anterior commissure. Marsh tits had both larger rostral and caudal portions than did blue tits, but the species difference in hippocampal volume was greater for the rostral than for the caudal portion. In blue tits, wild‐caught adults had significantly larger absolute and relative hippocampal volumes than did hand‐raised juveniles, but there was no difference in the proportion of rostral to caudal portions, irrespective of whether they had stored and retrieved food. Although food‐storing blue tits did not differ from non‐storing blue tits in total absolute or relative hippocampal volume, they had larger rostral portions of the hippocampal formation and small caudal portions. Possible reasons for this area discussed. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of lormetazepam and other benzodiazepine receptor ligands on car driving‐related skills
Authors: Willumeit H.‐P. , Ott H. , Kuschel Chr. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAdequate car driving ability is essential for accident avoidance. Driving ability means the capability of the driver to keep a technically safe vehicle on a safe road without accident and free of danger to himself and to other traffic participants. Driving ability is influenced by the overall state of motivation, experience and fatigue of the driver, and is dependent on higher cognitive functions, perception, response selection and sensorimotor functioning. The large number of traffic accidents attributed to so‐called ‘driver failure’ include a high percentage of accidents in which the driver had taken drugs within the last 24‐hour period before the accident occurred. Results are presented from various studies showing different effects on driving performance and reaction time following nighttime application of long‐acting and short‐acting hypnotics. Furthermore, alcohol was used as an agent interfering with the test drugs. Different benzodiazepines were tested in two different situations characterized by high and low loads of motor coordination and vigilance level. In both experimental approaches it was revealed that in comparison to other hypnotics lormetazepam belongs to the group which do not exert hangover effects on drivingrelated skills. Even if lormetazepam were taken together with alcohol in the evening no driving‐related decrements were discovered the next morning. In conclusion it could be stated that lormetazepam belongs to the class of safe hypnotics inducing driving impairment far less than that produced by 0·8 BAC mg/ml, which is the upper legal limit for driving in Germany.
Effects of regular alcohol intake and stress on mental performance, mood and cardiovascular function
Authors: Smith Andrew , Whitney Helen , Thomas Marie , Perry Kate , Brockman Pip 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAn experiment was conducted to examine the effects of alcohol consumption and stress on mood, mental performance and cardiovascular function. One hundred and six young adults (mean age 21.2 years) took part in the study. The results showed that alcohol consumption and stress interact to influence performance but not mood. Different effects were obtained depending on whether one examined the total number of units consumed per week or the frequency of drinking alcohol, but in both cases the effects were selective, being found only with certain stress measures and in some aspects of performance. The pattern of results was, however, consistent enough to suggest that these were not chance effects. The number of alcohol units consumed and degree of negative affect in the last week interacted reliably in analyses of the memory tasks. High scores on both were associated with improved performance (relative to low scores on both), whereas a high score on one but not the other was associated with impaired performance. Two types of effect could be distinguished in these interactions: the first, found in the working memory tasks, reflected the personality differences in the various groups; the other, seen in the episodic memory tasks, was present even when personality and gender were statistically controlled. Frequency of alcohol usage and frequency of negative life events were found to interact in the simple reaction time data, with frequent drinkers who had experienced a large number of negative life events having the slowest reaction times.
Motor effects of cholinergic stimulation of the globus pallidus in rats
Authors: Springer Paulette , Dill Russell E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractForty‐seven rats were cannulated permanently in either the globus pallidus or neostriatum and subsequently injected with carbachol, scopolamine, or carbachol plus scopolamine. The injection of carbachol (1 μg) into the globus pallidus produced transient hyperkinetic phasic dyskinesias (84%) followed in some cases by ipsilateral circling (47%) associated with hypertonic contralateral hind limbs. This condition progressed in some rats to a cataleptic state (42%). The injection of scopolamine (50 μg) plus carbachol (1 μg) into the pallidum produced ipsilateral circling associated with hypotonia of the contralateral hind limb in a few rats. No hyperkinetic dyskinesias nor catalepsy were produced by these injections. The injection of carbachol (1 μg) in to the neostriatum produced hyperkinetic dyskinesias (86%) of long duration, minimal circling (both directions) (10%), and catalepsy (29%). These effects were blocked by the addition of 50 μg of scopolamine to the carbachol injection. Scopolamine (50–100 μg) alone produced no effects after injection into the caudate/putamen. Saline injections in the neostriatum or globus pallidus produced no motor disturbance.
Histamine H1‐ and H2‐receptors in the central thermoregulatory pathways of the rat
Authors: Green M. D. , Cox B. , Lomax P. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effects of phyrilamine and burimamide (histamine H1‐ and H2‐receptor blockers, respectively) on the hypothermic response to histidine loading have been studied in rats. The antagonists were injected into one of three sites in the brain: the preoptic/anterior hypothalamic nuclei, the lateral ventricle, or the third ventricle. Only injections of burimamide into the third ventricle blocked the hypothermic response to systemic injection of histidine. Behavioral studies revealed that, after histidine, the animals increased their time of exposure to a heat lamp, which suggests that efferent heat loss pathways had been activated. Previous studies have shown that H1‐receptor antagonists will block the hypothermic effect of histamine injected into the rostral hypothalamus. These data suggest that there are, at least, two sets of histaminergic receptors on the neuronal pathway through the hypothalamus: H1‐receptors in the rostral hypothalamus and H2‐receptor on neurons lying close to the wall of the third ventricle. Activation of this thermoregulatory pathway leads to increased heat loss and a fall in body temperature.
Nerve growth factor‐induced rapid activation of RNA labeling in dorsal root ganglionic dissociates from chick embryos
Authors: Horii Zen‐Ichiro , Varon Silvio 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDorsal root ganglionic cells, from 8‐day chick embryo, undergo anabolic declines when incubated in vitro without Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) or other supportive agents. To determine whether the decline could be opposed by delayed administration of the NGF, cells were incubated without the factor for varying times, then supplied with it and tested periodically with pulses of radiouridine or radioleucine. The decline in RNA labeling was actually reversed by a delayed addition of NGF, and the effect was fully elicited within less than 10 min from the treatment. With delays up to 6 hr, this rapid activation by NGF fully restored the incorporation rate exhibited by fresh cells or by cells continuously incubated with NGF. From the hour 8 on, the NGF‐induced activation of RNA labeling fell progressively shorter of restoring maximal performance until, by18 hr, it was no longer significant. The residual (irreversible) decline in RNA labeling, starting after 6 hr, developed with a time pattern coincidental with that of the irreversible decline in protein labeling also displayed by those untreated cells, and similar to the appearance of RNA degradation and the acceleration of protein degradation. All four such “degenerative” events were fully prevented by NGF when administered with delays shorter than 6 hr, and only interrupted (or delayed) by NGF delivered at later times. Additional experiments revealed that, over the first 6 hr, NGF also prevented or reversed a decline in TCA‐soluble radioactivity of the cells, an effect which was not blocked by actinomycin D. This rapid increase of soluble radio‐activity could be responsible for the rapid activation of RNA labeling and may also be involved in the prevention by NGF of the later developing degenerative events.
Bioelectric observations on adult and newborn hypothalamic dendrites
Authors: Torda Clara 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBioelectric activities of hypothalamic dendrites of newborn kittens and adult cats were recorded in vivo. Stimulation of various hypothalamic areas with electrical stimuli, or by injection of norepinephrine, generated propagated spikes in both new‐born and adult neurons. The morphologically immature hypothalamic dendrites were hypersensitive to stimuli and were able to generate propagated spikes not only of axon hillock (adults) but also of dendritic membrane origin. Some mechanisms responsible for the two types of spike formation (newborn and adult) have been identified.
Kinetics of interfacial ATP adsorption and anionic exchange with a synaptic membrane protein
Authors: Hoss Wayne , Abood Leo G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA study was conducted on the adsorption of 14C‐ATP to a surface film of a hydrophobic protein derived from synaptic membranes isolated from bovine cerebellum. The adsorption of ATP to the protein film followed a rate law based on diffusion and an energy barrier to adsorption, the rate law being generally applicable to the adsorption of ions to a charged interface. Studies were also carried out on the displacement of ATP from the film by the injection of other nucleotides, inorganic phosphates, and other anions. The kinetics conformed to a rate law based on diffusion and displacement. The most important factor in the displacement of ATP was the magnitude of charge of the anion, while steric factors were relatively minor. However, from a consideration of the energy barrier to adsorption it appeared that steric factors play a greater role in the adsorption of ATP. The results are discussed in relationship to the configurational aspects of the surface film as well as their possible significance in synaptic function.
Molecular information structures in the brain
Authors: Conrad Michael 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis paper presents a theory of memory and memory mediated learning based on the manipulation of macromolecular conformations. The main features of the theory are: (1) the brain contains primary and reference neurons; (2) inputs from the external environment produce particular patterns of primary firing; (3) the firing of a primary neuron sensitizes certain of its dendrites; (4) the sensitized primaries are loaded by the reference neuron active at the time and in such a way that they fire when called by this reference neuron, thus reconstructing the original pattern of primary activity. The reference neurons may also be loaded by primaries, thus making it possible for the reconstruction process to be initiated by some feature of the initial input. Each reference neuron loads and calls at most one primary pattern of activity, thereby preventing superposition of memories. If the primaries are loadable by sequences of impulses, this makes it possible to increase the connectivity among the various types of neurons by using party‐line organization. The loading and calling processes themselves are mediated by call molecules. These are allosteric enzymes, located in the dendrites of primary and reference neurons, whose states are set either by an impulse or sequence of impulses and which catalyze events leading to impulse formation whenever this input recurs. The call molecules are capable of duplicating their setting (or conformation) using either intra‐ or interneuronal potentials, thereby ensuring stability of the memory trace. The theory allows for general powers of memory manipulation (by rememorization), for the construction of time ordered, content ordered, and associative data structures, and for computation with global representations of the environment. It makes a large number of testable predictions, provides a natural interpretation for the structure of the cerebral cortex, and accounts for: resistance to cooling, differential effects of chemical agents on short and long term memory, distributed character of memory, accessibility of memories by stimulation of specific brain loci, and also the details of classical conditioning and instrumental learning.
Neurotransmission and glial cells: A functional relationship?
Authors: Henn Fritz A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe investigations reported here demonstrate high affinity transport systems localized in glial cells which appear to be specific for amino acid neurotransmitter candidates. Data on uptake of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, glycine, and taurine, show transport systems with KT's in the range of 10−5M. In addition, the distribution of the glial transport system for glycine is shown to parallel the presumed distribution of glycine as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Results of these studies also suggest that transport studies on brain homogenates or synaptosomal preparations do not serve to localize these functions to synaptic elements as is widely believed. This report shows that glia can form vesicles during homogenization which band with synaptosomes in density gradients, and retain transport activity. Glia also may contribute to the release of neurotransmitters via control of the extracellular to cause release of Ca++ by glia.
In vitro vs in situ development of Purkinje cells
Authors: Palacios‐Prü Ernesto , Palacios Laura , Mendoza Rosa V. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAnalysis of in vitro vs in situ development of Purkinje cells was undertaken in order to compare the transitory morphology of Purkinje cells grown in situ with their differentiation in vitro. Purkinje cells in rotary cultures developed their basic morphological pattern only when the cultures were prepared from 16‐day chick embryos, indicating the existence of a critical period during their normal differentiation, which lasted approximately 24 hr between days 14 and 15 of embryonic development.