bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sentinel lymph node—why study it: Implications of the B‐32 study
Authors: Harlow Seth P. , Krag David N. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSurgical removal of the regional lymph nodes by a level I and level II axillary dissection remains the standard of care for patients with surgically resectable breast cancer. Axillary dissection provides accurate pathologic staging and excellent regional disease control, and likely provides a small benefit in patient survival. Axillary dissection, however, is associated with significant patient morbidity. Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy procedures have been found to provide very accurate pathologic staging when compared to axillary dissection; however, their effect on regional disease control and patient survival is not yet known. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) has sponsored a Phase III prospective, randomized clinical trial (the B‐32 trial) through the National Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP), to compare results of patients treated with SLN biopsy alone vs. SLN biopsy with completion axillary node dissection in patients with clinically node‐negative breast cancer. Results of this trial will provide evidence of the safety of SLN biopsy procedures in the management of patients with breast cancer. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 20:224–229, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Altered dendritic spine density in animal models of depression and in response to antidepressant treatment
Authors: Norrholm Seth D. , Ouimet Charles C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractOlfactory bulbectomy, neonatal clomipramine administration, and maternal deprivation have been employed as animal models of depression. Each model is unique with respect to the experimental manipulations required to produce “depressive” signs, expression and duration of these signs, and response to antidepressant treatments. Dendritic spines represent a possible anatomical substrate for the enduring changes seen with depression and we have previously shown that chronic antidepressant drug exposure alters the density of hippocampal dendritic spines in an enduring fashion. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether persistent alteration of hippocampal spine density is a common element in each of these different models of depression and whether such alterations could be reversed with chronic antidepressant treatment. The results show that olfactory bulbectomy reduced spine density in CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus compared to sham‐operated controls. Chronic treatment with amitriptyline, a tricyclic antidepressant, reversed the bulbectomy‐ induced reduction in dendritic spine density in CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus, whereas treatment with mianserin, an atypical antidepressant, reversed this reduction only in dentate gyrus. On the other hand, neither neonatal clomipramine administration nor maternal deprivation affected hippocampal dendritic spine density. Repeated neonatal handling, however, as a control or as part of the maternal deprivation procedure, elevated spine density in dentate gyrus. These data suggest that long‐lasting alterations in hippocampal dendritic spine density contribute to the neural mechanism underlying the olfactory bulbectomy model of depression, but not the neonatal clomipramine or maternal deprivation models. Synapse 42:151–163, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Topology of ionotropic glutamate receptors in brains of heterozygous and homozygous weaver mutant mice
Authors: Reader Tomás A. , Sénécal Jacques 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn weaver mice, mutation of a G‐protein inwardly rectifying K+ channel leads to a cerebellar developmental anomaly characterized by granule and Purkinje cell loss and, in addition, degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. To evaluate other deficits, ionotropic glutamate receptors sensitive to N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA), amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoxazole‐4‐propionic acid (AMPA), and kainic acid (KA) were examined by autoradiography with [3H]MK‐801, [3H]AMPA, and [3H]KA. These surveys were carried out in selected areas of cerebral cortex, hippocampus and related limbic regions, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, brainstem, and cerebellum from heterozygous (wv/+) and homozygous (wv/wv) weaver mutants, and compared to wild‐type (+/+) mice. In wv/+ and wv/wv mutants, NMDA receptor levels were lower in cortical areas, septum, hippocampus, subiculum, neostriatum, nucleus accumbens, superior colliculus, and in the cerebellar granular layer. Densities of KA receptors were lower in cortical areas, hippocampus, limbic system structures, neostriatum, nucleus accumbens, thalamus and hypothalamus, superior and inferior colliculi, and cerebellar cortex of wv/wv mutants. Levels of AMPA receptors in the weaver were higher than in +/+ mice, particularly in somatosensory and piriform cortices and periaqueductal gray of wv/+, and in somatosensory cortex, CA1 field of Ammon's horn and cerebellar granular layer of wv/wv. Abnormal developmental signals, aberrant cellular responses, or a distorted balance between neurotransmitter interactions may underlie such widespread and reciprocal glutamate receptor alterations, while in the case of cerebellar cortex, NMDA receptors are lacking due to a massive disappearance of cerebellar granule cells and some loss of Purkinje neurons. Synapse 42:213–233, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age‐related changes in regional activation during working memory in young adults: An fMRI study
Authors: Adler Caleb M. , Holland Scott K. , Enseleit Stephen , Strakowski Stephen M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSeveral lines of evidence suggest that working memory diminishes with advancing age, with concomitant functional changes in associated neuronal activation in frontal cortical regions and hippocampi. No studies to date, however, have investigated age‐related changes in neuronal activation in these regions during performance of a working memory task in younger subjects without working memory deficits. In this study, we utilized fMRI to examine changes in brain activation with increasing age in specific regions‐of‐interest. Eleven healthy subjects performed a “two‐back” working memory task and a matched “zero‐back” attention task during fMRI. There was no association between age and performance on either task. Left hippocampal activation significantly correlated with age (P = 0.01) and right hippocampal activation showed an association with age (P = 0.09). This study demonstrates that increasing age is associated with increased activation of hippocampus even in young patients without evidence of working memory deficits and suggests that functional changes may precede overt evidence of working memory deficits. Synapse 42:252–257, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Capability Maturity Model® Integration (CMMISM): A view from the sponsors
Authors: Rassa Robert C. , Garber Vitalij , Etter Delores 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe Capability Maturity Model® Integration (CMMISM) Project is a joint Industry—Government—Software Engineering Institute collaborative effort to develop an enterprise‐wide process improvement product suite based on existing capability models and methods. The Project is sponsored by the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense as well as by the National Defense Industrial Association Systems Engineering Committee. The first completed CMMISM product suite was released to the public for adoption in December 2000. This paper will describe the origins and rationale for the CMMISM Project, providing significant and detailed background information as well as a snapshot of current status and future plans. It will highlight some of the documented benefits of Capability Maturity Models, with specific focus on software engineering since this is the discipline where the greatest savings have been documented as a result of implementation of process improvement in engineering development. The paper will describe the CMMISM product suite components, and delineats some of the anticipated benefits from CMMISM adoption. Finally, the paper will discuss the CMMISM Version 1.1 update. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Syst Eng 5: 3–6, 2002; DOI 10.1002/sys.10011
A portrait of a CMMISM level 4 effort
Authors: Hollenbach Craig , Smith Doug 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThere is a significant amount of confusion over the quantitative and statistical nature of SW − CMM®‡ Level 4 within the assessment and improvement communities. Past SEI surveys of Level 4 and 5 companies have found a lack of consensus on what constitutes the necessary characteristics for Level 4. While the CMMISM model is an attempt to rectify this situation, experience with the CMMISM is limited. This article describes what a CMMISM Level 4 effort looks like by describing Northrop Grumman Information Technology's quantitative management program. Even though Northrop Grumman Information Technology has not been evaluated against the CMMISM, the authors have verified with the CMMISM model team that their processes meet the intent of the CMMISM model. This paper provides actual objectives, measures, results, and baselines that show how the specific goals and practices of the CMMISM Level 4 process areas can be implemented. The article provides a picture of how quantitative measures can be derived from business objectives, tracked at the project level using statistical process control, and meaningfully analyzed at the organizational level. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 5: 52–61, 2002; DOI 10.1002/sys.10012
Operator interface system using a plant object‐oriented model
Authors: Gabbar Hossam A. , Shimada Yukiyasu , Suzuki Kazuhiko 
Published: August 2002

AbstractRecent researches in the area of plant modeling in concurrent engineering proposed a mechanism to represent the plant lifecycle in a central model on the basis of unified modeling language (UML). UML models are intelligent and informative, where they include useful information about plant objects. In this article, we are studying the utilization of such model as a part of the operator interface system. The focus will be on how to represent plant design model in an easy and useful manner along with operational models in a window within the operator interface system. The proposed plant model is translated into static and dynamic web pages so that the operator can use normal Internet browsers to navigate through the model. The proposed plant model includes information about plant structure, behavior, and function. Such information is essential for an operator to make the correct decision in normal and abnormal situations. System architecture of the proposed solution is illustrated. A reactor unit from a PVC batch plant is used as a case study to elucidate the utilization of the proposed solution. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Syst Eng 4: 179–189, 2001
Empirical hysteretic energy with strength, strength and drift, and SCWB designs using steel moment‐resisting frames
Authors: Choi Byong Jeong , Shen Jay 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper represents the hysteretic energy performance of twelve steel moment‐resisting frames intentionally designed by three different design procedures. The three types of design procedure were: (1) strength controlled design; (2) strength and drift controlled design; and (3) strong‐column/weak‐beam controlled design. The energy performances of the so‐designed frames were discussed in view of the effects of strength variations, stiffness variations, and plastic mechanism variations, on the hysteretic energy input and its distribution in multiple storey frames. An empirical mean hysteretic energy formula has been proposed based on this study. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Life‐cycle cost analysis of supplemental damping
Authors: King S. A. , Jain A. , Hart G. C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper illustrates a method for assessing the economic effects of supplemental damping in a building design (new or rehabilitation scheme) over a given time period of interest. The method involves simulation of life‐cycle costs and benefits (in terms of avoided loss) attributable to earthquake hazard over a user‐defined time period. At each time step, the capacity of the building is a function of the capacity and earthquake performance at the previous time step. The method allows for the user to specify the threshold for capacity updating, as well as the level of damage at which repairs will be made (i.e. losses will actually be incurred). The simulation method is illustrated through a case study of a high‐rise steel moment frame building located in a region of high seismicity. The effects of adding supplemental damping to the building are investigated for several time periods. Time periods of 5, 15, 30, 50 and 100 years are used, and, for each time period, damping ratios of 5%, 10%, 20% and 30% of critical are used. The results can be used to help determine whether it is beneficial or not to incur the extra cost associated with adding supplemental damping in the building design. For example, for a 30‐year time period, the results show that it would be beneficial to use supplemental damping devices to increase the damping to 10% if the added cost is less than US$4·9 million, to 20% if the added cost is less than US$8·3 million, and to 30% if the added cost is less than US$10 million. Similarly, if an additional US$3·25 million is spent to increase the damping in the building to 20%, the results show that it would take approximately 15 years to recover the additional cost in terms of expected loss reduction. The paper also discusses the limitations associated with these results. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Embryolethality induced by metronidazole (MTZ) in Rattus norvegicus
Authors: Mudry M.D. , Martínez‐Flores I. , Palermo A.M. , Carballo M.A. , Egozcue J. , Caldés M. García 
Published: August 2002

AbstractParasitic illnesses is increasing all over the world, especially in developing countries, and metronidazole (MTZ) is the therapeutic agent usually administered to children as well as adults at the reproductive age. In this work, we propose an evaluation of MTZ in order to analyze the potential reproductive damage in females by using Rattus norvegicus (Sprague‐Dawley) as an animal model. Adult female rats were mated after MTZ treatments, and they were sacrificed at 21 days of gestation. Different types of damage were evaluated by using mortality, phenotypic abnormalities and reproductive capacity as parameters, and were studied and scored in 70 adult specimens (450 g/bw). They were divided into five groups: a) untreated females as a control group; females treated with b) DMSO as a solvent control group or c) 500 mg/kg/bw of MTZ per day for 7 days as therapeutic dose (TD); d) a half therapeutic dose (HD); and e) a double therapeutic dose (DD). Pre‐implantation death in MTZ‐treated groups was not significantly different from controls. However, drug treatments significantly increased the frequency of post‐implantation deaths and the dominant lethals were ranged between 12.0 % and 17.8 %. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 21:197–205, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biarylic Biscarbazole Alkaloids: Occurrence, Stereochemistry, Synthesis, and Bioactivity
Authors: Tasler Stefan , Bringmann Gerhard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe structurally and pharmacologically intriguing but stereochemically initially disregarded small class of biarylic biscarbazole alkaloids is presented, starting with an introduction of the different structural patterns found in nature. For the construction of the biaryl bond, mainly biomimetic oxidative coupling reactions were used, as shown for the natural products bismurrayaquinone‐A, bis‐2‐hydroxy‐3‐methylcarbazole, clausenamine‐A, and murrastifoline‐F. For most of these compounds, a resolution of the respective atropo‐enantiomers succeeded either directly, by high‐performance liquid chromatography by HPLC on a chiral phase, or via atropo‐diastereomers, after derivatization with a chiral auxiliary. The absolute configurations of the pure enantiomers were assigned by comparison of experimental (CD) spectra with those quantum chemi‐cally calculated, or, for atropo‐diastereomeric derivatives, by means of ROESY investigations and X‐ray crystallography. Ullmann‐type coupling conditions were also found to be feasible for the construction of the 2,2′‐biscarbazole core, necessitating a completely regioselective 2‐bromination protocol. The first atroposelective synthesis of such a basic target structure was achieved by application of the “lactone methodology,” giving rise to an atropisomeric ratio of 85 : 15. Some of the biscarbazole alkaloids and their derivatives were found to have interesting bioactivities, and for the first time, the natural atropo‐enantiomeric ratio in the plants was determined for one of these compounds, murrastifoline‐F. ©2002 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 2:113–126, 2002: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.10014
Success in everyday physics: The role of personality and academic variables*
Authors: Norvilitis Jill M. , Reid Howard M. , Norvilitis Bret M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractTwo studies examined students' intuitive physics ability and characteristics associated with physics competence. In Study 1, although many students did well on a physics quiz, more than 25% of students performed below levels predicted by chance. Better performance on the physics quiz was related to physics grades, highest level of math taken, and students' perceived scholastic competence, but was not related to a number of other hypothesized personality variables. Study 2 further explored personality and academic variables and also examined students' awareness of their own physics ability. Results indicate that the personality variables were again unrelated to ability, but narcissism may be related to subjects' estimates of knowledge. Also, academic variables and how important students think it is to understand the physical world are related to both measured and estimated physics proficiency. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 39: 394–409, 2002
Design, technology, and science: Sites for learning, resistance, and social reproduction in urban schools
Authors: Seiler Gale , Tobin Kenneth , Sokolic Joseph 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe teaching of science through activities that emphasize design and technology has been advocated as a vehicle for accomplishing science for all students. This study was situated in an inner7‐city neighborhood school populated mainly by African American students from life worlds characterized by poverty. The article explores the discourse and practices of students and three coteachers as a curriculum was enacted to provide opportunities for students to learn about the physics of motion through designing, building, and testing a model car. Some students participated in ways that led to their building viable model cars and interacting with one another in ways that suggest design and technological competence. However, there also was evidence of resistance from students who participated sporadically and refused to cooperate with teachers as they endeavored to structure the environment in ways that would lead to a deeper understanding of science. Analysis of in‐class interactions reveals an untapped potential for the emergence of a sciencelike discourse and diverse outcomes. Among the challenges explored in this article is a struggle for respect that permeates the students' lives on the street and bleeds into the classroom environment. Whereas teachers enacted the curriculum as if learning was the chief goal for students, it is apparent that students used the class opportunistically to maintain and earn the respect of peers. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 38: 746–767, 2001
A screen for mutations in human homologues of mice exencephaly genes Tfap2α and Msx2 in patients with neural tube defects
Authors: Stegmann Karolin , Boecker Julia , Richter Bärbel , Capra Valeria , Finnell Richard H. , Ngo Ernestine T.K.N. , Strehl Elisabeth , Ermert August , Koch Manuela C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundVery little is known about the identity of genetic factors involved in the complex etiology of nonsyndromic neural tube defects (NTD). Potential susceptibility genes have emerged from the vast number of mutant mouse strains displaying NTD. Reasonable candidates are the human homologues of mice exencephaly genes Tfap2α and Msx2, which are expressed in the developing neural tube.MethodsA single‐strand conformation analysis (SSCA) mutation screen of the coding sequences of TFAP2α and MSX2 was performed for 204 nonsyndromic NTD patients including cases of anencephaly (n = 10), encephalocele (n = 8), and spina bifida aperta, SBA (n = 183). A selected number of SBA patients was additionally tested for specific mutations in MTHFD, FRα, and PAX1 already shown to be related to NTD.ResultsTwo TFAP2α point mutations in individual SBA patients were silent on the amino acid level (C308C, T396T). On nucleic acid level, these mutations change evolutionary conserved codons and thus may influence mRNA processing and translation efficiency. One SBA patient displayed an exonic 9‐bp deletion in MSX2 leading to a shortened and possibly less functional protein. None of these mutations was found in 222 controls. Seven polymorphisms detected in TFAP2α and MSX2 were equally distributed in patients and controls. Patients with combined heterozygosity of an exonic MSX2 and an intronic TFAP2α polymorphism were at a slightly increased risk of NTD (OR 1.71; 95% CI 0.57–5.39).ConclusionsAlthough several new genetic variants were found in TFAP2 and MSX2, no statistically significant association was found between NTD cases and the new alleles or their combinations. Further studies are necessary to finally decide if these gene variants may have acted as susceptibility factors in our individual cases. Teratology 63:167–175, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of prenatal phenobarbital and phenytoin exposure with genital anomalies and menstrual disorders
Authors: Dessens Arianne B. , Cohen‐Kettenis Peggy T. , Mellenbergh Gideon J. , Koppe Janna G. , Poll Nanne E. V.D. , Boer Kees 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundAnimal studies demonstrated that early exposure to phenobarbital decreases reproductive function. This study investigates whether prenatal exposure to these anticonvulsants affects human genital tract development.MethodsGenital anomalies at birth were studied retrospectively in 90 phenobarbital‐exposed, 108 phenobarbital plus phenytoin‐exposed, and 198 matched control infants. Of this group, 72 drug‐exposed males, 75 drug‐exposed females, and 147 matched control subjects participated in a follow‐up and were interviewed at age 19–35. Differences between groups were tested by chi‐square and t‐tests.ResultsA total of 15% of the phenobarbital‐exposed boys versus 2.8% control boys had undescended testes at birth. More anticonvulsant‐exposed (24%) than control males (11%) had received medical treatment for genital anomalies. Anticonvulsant‐exposed females more often had irregularities in menstrual cycles (31% vs 17%) and bleeding (15% vs 3%) and reported more problems during pregnancy.ConclusionsPrenatal exposure to anticonvulsants seems to induce minor genital anomalies and may affect reproductive function. Teratology 64:181–188, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.