bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A simplified canonical form algorithm with application to porous metal plasticity
Authors: Keavey M. A. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractA canonical form for the representation of material constitutive equations within standard finite element codes has been developed which is deceptive in its simplicity. Substitution of different equation systems is trivial and a consistent material Jacobian may be obtained automatically. The process is essentially numerical and does not involve the difficult algebraic manipulation associated with more traditional approaches. It is nevertheless exact because partial derivatives are derived analytically and simple because calculation of these derivatives is the only algebraic manipulation required. The remainder of the process is generic. In this paper, the algorithm is simplified further. A much more detailed and transparent explanation of the key to the method is given, namely calculation of the consistent Jacobian. A trivial modification also extends the method to plane stress. The original algorithm was validated for a simple material model. The new form is used to implement the significantly more difficult modified Gurson model for porous metal plasticity with hydrostatic yield dependence. It is tested for single element cases involving total collapse and also used to simulate necking of a notched cylindrical bar. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward a more public discussion of the ethics of federal social program evaluation
Authors: Blustein Jan 
Published: September 2005

AbstractFederal social program evaluation has blossomed over the past quarter century. Despite this growth, there has been little accompanying public debate on research ethics. This essay explores the origins and the implications of this relative silence on ethical matters. It reviews the federal regulations that generally govern research ethics, and recounts the history whereby the evaluation of federal programs was specifically exempted from the purview of those regulations. Through a discussion of a recent evaluation that raised ethical concerns, the essay poses—but does not answer—three questions: (1) Are there good reasons to hold federal social program evaluations to different standards than those that apply to other research?; (2) If so, what ethical standards should be used to assess such evaluations?; and (3) Should a formal mechanism be developed to ensure that federal social program evaluations are conducted ethically? © 2005 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management
Treatment of stage I, IIA, IIIA1 pediatric Hodgkin disease with doxorubicin, bleomycin, vincristine and etoposide (DBVE) and radiation: A Pediatric Oncology Group (POG) study
Authors: Tebbi C.K. , Mendenhall N. , London W.B. , Williams J.L. , de Alarcon P.A. , Chauvenet A.R. ,   A report from the Children's Oncology Group
Published: August 2005

AbstractPurposeThe objectives of this study were to evaluate the feasibility of reducing therapy, while maintaining treatment efficacy, in the context of a cooperative group clinical trial that allowed for clinical staging in early stage Hodgkin disease (HD).Patients and MethodsBetween August 1992 and December 1993, 51 eligible children ≤21 years of age, 31 male and 20 female, were enrolled in this study which was designed for low stage (IA, IIA, IIIA1) HD. Laparotomy and surgical staging was optional. Five postpubertal patients with Stage IA and IIA disease received only involved‐field radiation therapy. The other 46 patients, who form the basis of this report, received combined modality therapy consisting of four courses of doxorubicin, bleomycin, vincristine, and etoposide (DBVE) followed by 2,550 cGy involved‐field irradiation.ResultsWith a median follow‐up of 8.4 years, the 6‐year overall and event‐free survival rates for the 46 patients treated with combination therapy were 98 ± 2% and 91 ± 5%, respectively. All patients achieved remission after completion of therapy. There have been four recurrences and a remission death due to gunshot wound. Combined modality therapy was well tolerated. Predominant side effects were gastrointestinal and hemopoietic. There have been no clinically significant cardio‐pulmonary side effects so far.ConclusionIn clinically staged children with early‐stage HD, DBVE and low‐dose involved‐field irradiation was effective therapy with tolerable side effects and reduced potential for long‐term adverse events. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation of proteins from different organs of Japanese morning glory by an in vivo electro‐elution procedure
Authors: Yanohara Taishi , Okamoto Shigehisa , Hongye Zhao , Nakamura Yasushi , Matsuo Tomoaki 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAn electro‐elution procedure has been employed efficiently to collect proteins from stem segments, young leaves and roots of the Japanese morning glory. Electrophoretic conditions were optimised, including the size of segments (10–30 mm), the strength of the current for electro‐elution (2.5–10 mA), and the exposure time of electro‐elution (2–12 h). From the same quantity of organs, the in vivo electro‐elution procedure permitted the collection of an amount of protein up to six times greater than that obtained with an earlier‐reported centrifugation procedure. Both preparations were analysed by SDS‐PAGE and showed similar protein profiles. This new technique provided an interesting insight into the large differences in both the quality and quantity of proteins between different organs of the plants. The average amount of protein collected from organs was 0.1 mg/g of tissue fresh weight. It is expected that this procedure may facilitate the discovery of new proteins with unique functions in extracellular matrices involved in the response of plants to various external stimuli. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Documented tuberculin skin testing among infliximab users following a multi‐modal risk communication interventions
Authors: Shatin Deborah , Rawson Nigel S. B. , Curtis Jeffrey R. , Braun M. Miles , Martin Carolyn K. , Moreland Larry W. , Becker Angela F. , Patkar Nivedita M. , Allison Jeroan J. , Saag Kenneth G. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractPurposeFollowing its licensure, tuberculosis (TB) was reported as a potential adverse effect of infliximab. Subsequently, the product circular was changed to recommend tuberculin skin testing before patients received infliximab, which was reinforced by several risk communication efforts. The aim of this study was to evaluate patterns and predictors of documented tuberculin skin testing in patients before and after manufacturer, federal, and academic risk communications.MethodsPatients administered infliximab were identified from 11 health plans located throughout the United States, and claims data were examined to determine whether the patients had received a tuberculin skin test. Patients were divided into three cohorts depending on the timing of their first infliximab treatment in relation to the risk communication efforts.ResultsThe overall tuberculin skin testing rate doubled from 15.4% in the first cohort to 30.9% in the last cohort, while the rate of pre‐infliximab treatment testing increased from 0 to 27.7% (Chi‐squared test for trend, p < 0.0001 for both). Tuberculin skin testing rates were significantly higher in women, those with a diagnosis of rheumatoid or psoriatic arthritis, and those with a rheumatologist as prescriber. After multivariable analysis, only rheumatologist remained significantly associated with tuberculin skin testing.ConclusionsAlthough the tuberculin skin testing rate was relatively low overall, tuberculin skin testing doubled over 30 months of ongoing risk communication efforts and under ascertainment likely occurred. We also found variation in the tuberculin skin testing rate associated with physician specialty. This study demonstrates a significant change in patient care following risk communication efforts. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ATRP of butyl acrylates from functionalized carbon black surfaces
Authors: Liu Tianqi , Casado‐Portilla Rosa , Belmont James , Matyjaszewski Krzysztof 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe functionalization of carbon black surface with atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiating sites and subsequent ATRP of n‐butyl acrylate (n‐BA) and t‐butyl acrylate (t‐BA) from the surface of carbon black is reported. The polymerizations were carried out using CuBr/N,N,N′,N″,N″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine as the primary catalytic system in anisole at 70 °C. The initiator density on carbon black surface was tuned and the effect of initiator density on the polymers grafted on the surface was illustrated. Polymerizations were also performed in the presence of a sacrificial initiator to indirectly monitor the molecular weight evolution of polymers formed in the system. Block copolymerization of t‐BA initiated from poly(n‐BA) grafted carbon black was conducted to achieve water‐dispersible carbon black composites after cleavage of the t‐butyl groups. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 4695–4709, 2005
Supramolecular inclusion complexes of star‐shaped poly(ε‐caprolactone) with α‐cyclodextrin
Authors: Wang Lu , Wang Jing‐Liang , Dong Chang‐Ming 
Published: September 2005

AbstractBoth star‐shaped poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) having 4 arms (4sPCL) and 6 arms (6sPCL) and linear PCL having 1 arm (LPCL) and 2 arms (2LPCL) were synthesized and then investigated for inclusion complexation with α‐cyclodextrin (α‐CD). The supramolecular inclusion complexes (ICs) were in detail characterized by 1H NMR, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, wide angle X‐ray diffraction, solid‐state carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy using cross‐polarization and magic‐angle spinning, and Fourier transform infrared, respectively. The stoichiometry (CL:CD, mol:mol) of all ICs increased with the increasing branch arm of PCL polymers, and it was in the order of α‐CD‐6sPCL1 ICs > α‐CD‐4sPCL ICs > α‐CD‐2LPCL ICs > α‐CD‐LPCL ICs. All analyses indicated that the branch arms of star‐shaped PCL polymers were included into the hydrophobic α‐CD cavities and their original crystalline properties were completely suppressed. Moreover, the ICs of star‐shaped PCL with α‐CD had a channel‐type crystalline structure similar to that formed between the linear PCL and α‐CD. Furthermore, the thermal stability of the free PCL polymers probably controlled that of the guest polymers included in the ICs. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 4721–4730, 2005
The impact of nanoindentation at room temperature upon the real structure of decagonal AlCoNi quasicrystals
Authors: Reibold M. , Belger A. , Mukhopadhyay N. K. , Gille P. , Paufler P. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractPlastic deformation of the quasicrystalline decagonal phase Al72Co9Ni19, which appears macroscopically brittle at room temperature, has been performed by nanoindentation. Employing high resolution transmission electron microscopy it could be shown that near indents regions of a nanocrystalline phase appeared, which was identified as trigonal Al3(Ni,Co)2. So, for permanent deformation at room temperature no dislocation movement was needed. Instead, it seems reasonable to assume that the decagonal phase tends to decompose into a crystalline phase under stress. Values of nanohardness and elastic modulus determined during this work were found within the range of data reported so far by other authors. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Microstructure of (104)‐oriented Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12 and Bi3.54Nd0.46Ti3O12 ferroelectric thin films on multiply twinned SrRuO3/Pt(111) electrodes on YSZ(100)‐buffered Si(100)
Authors: Hesse Dietrich , Lee Sung Kyun , Gösele Ulrich 
Published: September 2005

AbstractUniformly (111)‐oriented, multiply twinned SrRuO3‐covered platinum electrodes have been grown on YSZ(100) buffer layers on Si(100) substrates by a combination of r.f. sputtering and pulsed laser deposition (PLD). They provide a smooth and plane substrate surface for the growth of multiply twinned, uniformly (104)‐oriented ferroelectric Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12 (BLT) and Bi3.54Nd0.46Ti3O12 (BNT) thin films grown by PLD at an optimum substrate temperature of 750 °C. Microstructure, morphology and crystallographic orientation of the SrRuO3/Pt electrodes and the BLT and BNT films are characterized by XRD, AFM, TEM, and SAED. In spite of the multiply twinned structure, the entire ferroelectric film has a uniform component P⊥ of the polarization vector perpendicular to the film plane. The (104)‐oriented BLT and BNT films on electroded Si(100) are shown to have good ferroelectric properties (remanent polarization, coercive field, fatigue resistance) and are thus suitable for applications in silicon‐based technologies. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Polyspherical parametrization of an N‐atom system: Principles and applications
Authors: Iung Christophe , Gatti Fabien 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis study reviews the polyspherical parametrization of a N‐atom system. In this general formulation, the N‐atom system is described by any set of (N‐1) vectors {Ri, (i = 1, … , N − 1)} chosen by the user and characterized by their spherical coordinates (Ri, θi, ϕi) in the body fixed (BF) frame. Moreover, we present the method employed to establish the general expression of the kinetic energy operator (KEO) in terms of the total angular momentum Ĵ and either the angular momenta {L̂i; (i = 1, … , N − 2)} or the conjugate momenta {(p, p, p); (i = 1, … , N − 2)} associated with the polyspherical coordinates. We propose to adopt a particular definition of the BF frame, but we show how the user can easily modify its definition in order to take into account the specificity of the studied system. Symbolic calculations can be very helpful to determine the general expression of the KEO of a N‐atom system. We also demonstrate how this general formalism can be adapted by the user in order to take into account some physical properties of the studied system, e.g., how the symmetry can be introduced, how the system can be separated into two subsystems, and how the polyspherical coordinates can be coupled with an other set of coordinates more adapted to describe the system. We also show that this formulation can be coupled easily and efficiently to numerical methods that solve the time‐independent Schrödinger equation or that propagate the wave packet using the time‐dependent picture. Special emphasis is placed on concrete applications of this parametrization performed very recently by several groups to study the infrared spectroscopy of a large variety of semi‐rigid molecules, floppy or van der Waals systems, or scattering processes. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Theory of chemical bonds in metalloenzymes II: Hybrid‐DFT studies in iron–sulfur clusters
Authors: Shoji M. , Koizumi K. , Kitagawa Y. , Yamanaka S. , Kawakami T. , Okumura M. , Yamaguchi K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractImportant chemical reactions for life often require multistep electron transfers (ET) and strong reducing forces. In these reactions, electron transfer proteins as ferredoxins (Fds) play a key role. For elucidation of the core electronic states in these electron transfer processes, an inorganic model compound [Fe2S2(S2‐o‐xyl)2] is used as our first study. It was experimentally characterized that the model compound is in a similar electronic state to the active site core in Fds. On the reduced form, the diiron core exists in a characteristic mixed‐valence state that has mobile electron (spin). Hybrid density functional theory (HDFT) calculations are performed to investigate the chemical bond nature, electronic structures, and magnetic interactions. The spin states and energy levels are further discussed with spin Hamiltonians, which contain Heisenberg exchange term and double exchange term to describe the mixed‐valence state. We have determined their effective exchange integrals (J) and resonance parameters (B) from (HDFT) calculations in several procedures. These magnetic interactions are in good agreement with experiments. To estimate B values, we propose a new procedure using molecular orbital energies. The B values are properly evaluated compared with other procedures, using total energies. The chemical bond natures and the ground electronic structures are elucidated in terms of chemical indices defined by the occupation number of natural orbitals. Finally, implications of the computational results are discussed in relation to rational design of biomolecular devices. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005
Formation of phosphopeptide‐metal ion complexes in liquid chromatography/electrospray mass spectrometry and their influence on phosphopeptide detection
Authors: Liu Suya , Zhang Cunjie , Campbell J. Larry , Zhang Haixia , Yeung Ken K.‐C. , Han Victor K. M. , Lajoie Gilles A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDespite major advances in mass spectrometry, the detection of phosphopeptides by liquid chromatography with electrospray mass spectrometry (LC/ES‐MS) still remains very challenging in proteomics analysis. Phosphopeptides do not protonate efficiently due to the presence of one or more acidic phosphate groups, making their detection difficult. However, other mechanisms also contribute to the difficulties in phosphopeptide analysis by LC/ES‐MS. We report here on one such undocumented problem: the formation of phosphopeptide‐metal ion complexes during LC/ES‐MS. It is demonstrated that both synthetic phosphopeptides and phosphopeptides from bovine β‐casein and α‐casein form phosphopeptide‐metal ion complexes containing iron and aluminum ions, resulting in a dramatic decrease in signal intensity of the protonated phosphopeptides. The interaction of phosphopeptides with metal ions on the surface of the C18 stationary phase is also shown to alter their chromatographic behavior on reversed‐phase columns such that the phosphopeptides, especially multiply phosphorylated peptides, become strongly retained and very difficult to elute. The sources of iron and aluminum are from the solvents, stainless steel, glassware and C18 material. It was also found that, upon addition of EDTA, the formation of the phosphopeptide‐metal ion complex is diminished, and the phosphopeptides that did not elute from the LC column can now be detected efficiently as protonated molecules. The sensitivity of detection was greatly increased such that a tetra‐phosphorylated peptide, RELEELNVPGEIVEpSLpSpSpSEESITR from the tryptic digestion of bovine β‐casein, was detected at a limit of detection of 25 fmol, which is 400 times lower than without EDTA. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct analysis of laser capture microdissected endometrial carcinoma and epithelium by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Guo Jingzhong , Colgan Terence J. , DeSouza Leroi V. , Rodrigues Mary Joe , Romaschin Alexander D. , Siu K. W. Michael 
Published: August 2005

AbstractDirect analysis of laser capture microdissected malignant and normal endometrial epithelium using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MS) was able to detect a number of proteins that are overexpressed in malignant epithelial cells. A total of 16 physiologic and malignant endometrial samples were laser capture microdissected, including four proliferative and four secretory endometria, and eight endometrioid adenocarcinomas. Two of these proteins, at 10 834 and 10 843 Da, likely correspond to calgranulin A and chaperonin 10, two proteins that had previously been identified in endometrioid adenocarcinoma in whole tissue homogenate by MS analysis. Direct analysis by MALDI‐MS not only confirms that these proteins are overexpressed in endometrial carcinoma, but also localizes them to the epithelial cells, the expected cancer site. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of delay time and grid voltage changes on the average molecular mass of polydisperse polymers and polymeric blends determined by delayed extraction matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Mineo Placido , Vitalini Daniele , Scamporrino Emilio , Bazzano Sebastiano , Alicata Rossana 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe dependence of the calculated average molecular mass of a polyethylene glycol with a large polydispersity on the instrumental parameters adopted in the acquisition of mass spectra using delayed extraction matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (DE MALDI‐TOFMS) was investigated. It has been shown that a combined effect of delay times and potential gradients can act on the ion cloud in the source chamber affecting both mass resolution and average molecular mass value of the analyzed polymeric sample. Also examined was a blend of two different polymers (a PEG and a PMMA commercial sample having a similar average molecular mass), which presents an additional problem concerning the discrimination among the different polymer species as a function of the experimental conditions. In this work, the best instrumental conditions to obtain both good resolution and a correct average molecular mass for the examined polydisperse sample are reported. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Everyday objects of learning about health and healing and implications for science education
Authors: Gitari Wanja 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe role of science education in rural development is of great interest to science educators. In this study I investigated how residents of rural Kirumi, Kenya, approach health and healing, through discussions and semistructured and in‐depth interviews with 150 residents, 3 local herbalists, and 2 medical researchers over a period of 6 months. I constructed objects of learning by looking for similarities and differences within interpretive themes. Objects of learning found comprise four types of personal learning tools, three types of relational learning tools, three genres of moral obligation, and five genres of knowledge guarding. Findings show that rural people use (among other learning tools) inner sensing to engage thought processes that lead to health and healing knowledge. The sociocultural context is also an important component in learning. Inner sensing and residents' sociocultural context are not presently emphasized in Kenyan science teaching. I discuss the potential use of rural objects of learning in school science, with specific reference to a health topic in the Kenyan science curriculum. In addition, the findings add to the literature in the Science, Technology, Society, and Environment (STSE) approach to science education, and cross‐cultural and global science education. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 43: 172–193, 2006