bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fractionation of oligosaccharides by nanofiltration
Authors: Goulas Athanasios K , Grandison Alistair S , Rastall Robert A 
Published: April 2003

AbstractTwo loose nanofiltration membranes (NF‐CA‐50 and NF‐TFC‐50) and one dense ultrafiltration membrane (UF‐CA‐1) were used to fractionate commercial oligosaccharide mixtures by applying diafiltration in a ‘dead‐end’ filtration cell at 40 bar constant pressure with a maximum volume concentration ratio (VCR) of 6 at each fractionation. The rejections of a monosaccharide (glucose) and a disaccharide (lactose) were determined for each membrane; the results indicated that fractionation between these two sugars was possible using the two nanofiltration membranes. During the nanofiltration purification of a commercial oligosaccharide mixture, yields of 19% (w/w) for monosaccharides and 88% (w/w) for di‐ and oligosaccharides were obtained with the NF‐TFC‐50 membrane after four filtration steps, indicating that removal of the monosaccharides is possible with only minor losses of the oligosaccharide content of the mixture. The ultrafiltration membrane, at the same time, gave purification levels similar to the NF‐TFC‐50 membrane with fewer diafiltration steps but with higher losses of di‐ and oligosaccharides (12% (w/w) for monosaccharides and 53% (w/w) for di‐ and oligosaccharides on the third run).© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of cutting and storage on sensory traits of cantaloupe melon cultivars with extended postharvest shelf life
Authors: Lamikanra Olusola , Juaraez Benito , Watson Michael A , Richard Olga A 
Published: April 2003

AbstractFresh cut cantaloupe melons (Cucumis meloL varreticulatus) from fruits with extended postharvest shelf life were analysed for changes in their volatile aroma compounds and polygalacturonase activity during storage. The total volatile aroma contents and the number of volatile compounds in fruits with extended shelf life were significantly less than those present in the traditional shelf life cultivarMission. Esters were the major volatile compounds present in the fruits, and their concentrations decreased considerably with storage of the cut fruit for 24 h at 4 °C. Polygalacturonase activity was detected from measurements of the hydrolytic release of reducing groups after storage of the cut fruit for 3 days. Enzymatic activity decreased thereafter in all fruits. The results indicate a lack of correlation between the postharvest shelf life of whole cantaloupe and that of fresh cut fruit.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
The effect of cellulose crystallinity on the in vitro digestibility and fermentation kinetics of meadow hay and barley, wheat and rice straws
Authors: Rodrigues M A M , Cone J W , Gelder A H van , Sequeira J C , Fonseca A M , Ferreira L M M , Sequeira C A 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe effect of cellulose crystallinity on in vitro digestibility (IVD) and fermentation kinetics was investigated in samples of meadow hay and barley, wheat and rice straws. A saturated solution of potassium permanganate was used to isolate the celluloses, and their crystallinity was evaluated in a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer as the ratio of the observed transmittance at two distinct wave frequencies ${\bf (\alpha_{1372 \ cm}^{-1}/\alpha_{2900 \ cm}^{-1})}$. IVD was determined after 48 h of incubation, and the kinetics of fermentation was studied with fully automated gas production equipment. Despite significant differences (P < 0.05), crystallinity showed low variation (0.30–0.42) among celluloses and correlated positively with IVD (P < 0.05). Although positively correlated with maximal gas production (r = 0.91) and rates of fermentation, IVD (averaging 784 g kg−1 organic matter (OM)) was also low for all samples as compared with the usually referred values for isolated celluloses. The lowest means were observed for meadow hay and rice straw. The cumulative gas production profiles were well described by a monophasic model (r2 = 0.997, RSD (residual standard deviation) = 8.367), but all the curves had a lag phase varying from 3 to 6 h. Cellulose isolated from rice straw showed the lowest maximal gas production (366 ml g−1 OM) and highest times to reach half of the maximal gas production and maximal rate. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of two cellulose samples showing considerable gas production at highest rates as compared with cellulose isolated from rice straw that provided the lowest gas production at the lowest rate revealed generalised bacterial colonisation, the presence of glycocalyx fibres and cell erosion in all samples. Although samples collected after 12 h of fermentation appeared to present lower microbial attack as compared with those incubated for 24 h, TEM did not explain the observed differences in the data. Since crystallinity, IVD, gas production and rates of fermentation were shown to be associated with the nutritional availability of cellulose, further research dealing with extreme values of cellulose crystallinity may be important.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
The apparent ileal digestibility, determined with young broilers, of amino acids in near‐isogenic lines of peas (Pisum sativum L) differing in trypsin inhibitor activity
Authors: Wiseman Julian , Al‐Mazooqi Waleed , Welham Tracey , Domoney Claire 
Published: April 2003

AbstractTwo pairs of near‐isogenic lines of peas were developed to have high and low concentrations of seed trypsin inhibitor. HA5 and LA5 contained 8.73 ± 0.19 and 1.45 ± 0.19 trypsin inhibitor units per mg dry weight respectively, whereas HB5 and LB5 contained 7.40 ± 0.65 and 1.78 ± 0.15 trypsin inhibitor units per mg dry weight respectively. The four pea samples were included in semi‐synthetic diets and evaluated in a poultry metabolism experiment, using birds aged 3 weeks, to determine the coefficient of apparent ileal amino acid digestibility (CAID). There was a significant difference in CAID for the amino acids reported that correlated with pea genotype. Thus, for example, CAID for cystine was 0.738 ± 0.0196 and 0.812 ± 0.0128 for HA5 and LA5 respectively and 0.721 ± 0.0139 and 0.804 ± 0.0178 for HB5 and LB5 respectively. Corresponding data for methionine, the other main nutritionally deficient amino acid in peas, were 0.887 ± 0.0103, 0.930 ± 0.0089, 0.885 ± 0.0083 and 0.929 ± 0.0125 respectively. Other amino acids followed similar patterns. These data provide information on the nutritional consequences of variation in trypsin inhibitor content of pea seeds in near‐isogenic backgrounds. Plant breeding for low trypsin inhibitor activity in seeds accordingly offers potential for improving nutritional value.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Mineral content and electrical conductivity of the honeys produced in Northwest Morocco and their contribution to the characterisation of unifloral honeys
Authors: Terrab Anass , González A Gustavo , Díez María J , Heredia Francisco J 
Published: April 2003

AbstractIn this study the mineral content, ash content and electrical conductivity of 98 honey samples from Northwest Morocco were studied. Using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP‐AES), six minerals were identified and quantified: K, Mg, Mn, Cu, Fe and Zn. Potassium was the predominant mineral (accounting for 80% of the total minerals quantified), followed by Mg and Fe (9 and 3% respectively). The ash content values were lower than 0.6% in 95 of the samples. The higher electrical conductivity values corresponded to the honeydew honeys (
x = 1734 µS cm−1). In addition, characterisation of the main unifloral honeys by principal component analysis (PCA), linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and multilayer perceptrons (MLP) was carried out. The PCA showed that the cumulative variance was approximately 67%. On the other hand, the LDA and MLP allowed perfect classification of the honeydew (100% correct classification) and Eucalyptus (92%) honeys.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Antioxidant capacity of tomato juice functionalised with enzymatically synthesised hydroxytyrosol
Authors: Larrosa Mar , Espín Juan Carlos , Tomás‐Barberán Francisco A 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe antioxidant hydroxytyrosol has been enzymatically synthesised in order to functionalise tomato juice. The antioxidant capacity significantly increased in the functionalised juice according to a set of in vitro antioxidant assays (ie ferric thiocyanate method, inhibition of oxygen consumption, and scavenging of both DPPH· and ABTS·+ free radicals). In addition, hydroxytyrosol was stable within the tomato juice matrix under extreme storage conditions (room temperature and light exposure) for 48 days. Sensory properties (flavour and colour) of the tomato juice were not affected by functionalisation with hydroxytyrosol concentrations of up to 1 mg ml−1. Therefore this functional tomato juice could be a promising source of health‐beneficial properties, beyond basic nutrition, taking into account both the high activity and bioavailability of hydroxytyrosol.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Relation between bioactive compounds and free radical‐scavenging capacity in berry fruits during frozen storage
Authors: González Eva M , de Ancos Begoña , Cano M Pilar 
Published: April 2003

AbstractIn this work the correlation between the free radical‐scavenging capacity and bioactive compounds (anthocyanins, ellagic acid, total phenolics and vitamin C) in four Spanish raspberry cultivars (Heritage, Autumn Bliss, Zeva and Rubi) and Spanish wild blackberry as affected by freezing and frozen storage was evaluated. From this mathematical study a significant correlation was obtained between the radical‐scavenging capacity and the anthocyanin and total phenolic contents in both raspberry (r = 0.85 and 0.83 respectively) and blackberry (r = 0.84 and 0.68 respectively) fruits, but no correlation was found between this parameter and the ellagic acid and vitamin C contents. A key objective of this study was to select the raspberry cultivar most suitable for freezing preservation in terms of the stability of its health‐promoting constituents. A two‐dimensional principal component analysis (PCA) of the raspberry cultivars explained 82% of the total variance of the factors mentioned above. The early raspberry cultivars (Heritage and Autumn Bliss) showed a lower content of bioactive compounds and lower radical‐scavenging capacity, while the late cultivars (Zeva and Rubi) showed higher values, and these differences were clearly displayed by the PCA.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Determination of fat in live farmed Atlantic salmon using non‐invasive NIR techniques
Authors: Solberg Christel , Saugen Esten , Swenson Lars‐Petter , Bruun Lars , Isaksson Tomas 
Published: April 2003

AbstractNon‐destructive near‐infrared (NIR) measurements were performed on 100 live, anaesthetised farmed Atlantic salmon, whole weight 1–11 kg, using two different NIR instruments: a grating monochromator instrument equipped with a fibre optic interactance probe, and a diode array instrument measuring diffuse reflectance in a non‐contact mode. Crude fat content was determined using partial least squares (PLS) regression. Full cross‐validation was used to evaluate the performance of the calibration models, expressed as the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP). For the fibre optic instrument the wavelength range from 800 to 1098 nm resulted in a correlation coefficient of 0.90 and an RMSEP equal to 14 g kg−1 fat. The diode array instrument using the wavelength range from 900 to 1700 nm gave results of the same accuracy. The measurement times were 21 and 3 s respectively. It is concluded that either instrument could be used to determine the crude fat content in live Atlantic salmon, with good accuracy.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Hydrolytic enzyme activities as indicators of fungal spoilage in bakery products
Authors: Marín Sonia , Guynot M Elena , Sanchis Vicente , J Ramos Antonio 
Published: April 2003

AbstractCake analogues were prepared at different aw (0.80, 0.85 and 0.90) and pH (6 and 7.5) levels and inoculated with a range of seven representative moulds of spoilage mycoflora of bakery products. The responses recorded were colony radii after 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks as well as microbial counts and total and specific activities of six hydrolytic enzymes after 4 weeks. Multivariate analysis was applied in order to determine correlations among the responses and thus assess the suitability of using enzyme activities as estimators for fungal growth. The results showed that enzyme activities correlated with growth parameters for Aspergillus and Penicillium isolates, although the useful enzymes were not the same for the three isolates tested. The correlation was poor, however, for Eurotium isolates. In general, specific activities of some enzymes showed better correlation with growth parameters, with α‐D‐galactosidase, β‐D‐galactosidase, β‐D‐glucosidase and N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase being the more useful enzymes among those assayed.© 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of (E)‐2′‐deoxy‐2′‐(fluoromethylene)cytidine on the 9L rat brain tumor model using MRI
Authors: Ross Brian D. , Chenevert Thomas L. , Garwood Michael , Kim Boklye , Stegman Lauren D. , Ben‐Yoseph Oded , Zwolshen John , Rehemtulla Alnawaz , Sunkara Prasad S. 
Published: April 2003

Abstract(E)‐2′‐deoxy‐2′‐(fluoromethylene)cytidine (FMdC), was evaluated as a potential treatment for malignant gliomas using the rat 9L brain tumor model. FMdC was shown to be an effective inhibitor of cell proliferation in cultured 9L cells with an EC50 of 40 ng/ml. In vitro studies also revealed that this compound significantly inhibited incorporation of [3H]thymidine in 9L cells. In vivo therapeutic efficacy of FMdC was evaluated in rats harboring intracerebral 9L tumors which were treated daily with 15 mg/kg, i.p. Treatment response was quantified from changes in tumor growth rates as assessed from sequential magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) tumor volume measurements. In vivo tumor cell kill in individual animals was calculated by fitting tumor volume data with an iterative computer routine. It was estimated that therapeutically responsive rats treated with FMdC daily produced a ≥ 0.1 log kill per therapeutic dose which resulted in a significant reduction in tumor growth rate. In addition, localized 1H‐MRS of intracerebral 9L tumors revealed changes in metabolite levels which correlated with therapeutic response. These results provide evidence supporting the use of FMdC in clinical trials for the treatment of malignant gliomas and reveals that MR can play an important role in the pre‐clinical evaluation of novel compounds using orthotopic tumor models. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diffusion tensor imaging in fixed brain tissue at 7.0 T
Authors: Guilfoyle David N. , Helpern Joseph A. , Lim Kelvin O. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe purpose of this work is to assess the feasibility of performing quantitative in vitro brain tissue diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) measurements and to examine their comparability to in vivo measurements. DTI of fixed tissue at high field strength is potentially a very valuable investigative tool as very high spatial resolution can be achieved. DTI was applied to human and mouse brain fixed tissue samples as well as in vivo measurements of the mouse brain. T1 and T2 relaxography of the fixed tissue samples was also performed to provide further characterization of the tissue. All experiments were performed at 7 T. The fractional anisotropy (FA) of the human fixed brain tissue samples is found to be higher in the corpus callosum than in the occipital white matter region, consistent with in vivo measurements reported in the literature. Our FA measurements of the corpus callosum of a mouse brain are also found to be the same both in vitro and in vivo. This preliminary work supports the use of DTI in both fixed human and fixed animal brain tissue as a valid investigative tool. With the increased availability of brain banks in different brain disorders, DTI in fixed tissue may prove to be a very useful method for the study of white matter abnormalities. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Manganese ions as intracellular contrast agents: proton relaxation and calcium interactions in rat myocardium
Authors: Nordhøy Wibeke , Anthonsen Henrik W. , Bruvold Morten , Jynge Per , Krane Jostein , Brurok Heidi 
Published: April 2003

AbstractParamagnetic manganese (Mn) ions (Mn2+) are taken up into cardiomyocytes where they are retained for hours. Mn content and relaxation parameters, T1 and T2, were measured in right plus left ventricular myocardium excised from isolated perfused rat hearts. In the experiments 5 min wash‐in of MnCl2 were followed by 15 min wash‐out to remove extracellular (ec) Mn2+ MnCl2, 25 and 100 µM, elevated tissue Mn content to six and 12 times the level of control (0 µM MnCl2). Variations in perfusate calcium (Ca2+) during wash‐in of MnCl2 and experiments including nifedipine showed that myocardial slow Ca2+ channels are the main pathway for Mn2+ uptake and that Mn2+ acts as a pure Ca2+ competitor and a preferred substrate for slow Ca2+ channel entry. Inversion recovery analysis at 20 MHz revealed two components for longitudinal relaxation: a short T1 − 1 and a longer T1 − 2. Approximate values for control and Mn‐treated hearts were in the range 600–125 ms for T1 − 1 and 2200–750 ms for T1 − 2. The population fractions were about 59 and 41% for the short and the long component, respectively. The intracellular (ic) R1 − 1 and R2 − 1 correlated best with tissue Mn content. Applying two‐site exchange analyses on the obtained T1 data yielded results in parallel to, but also differing from, results reported with an ec contrast agent. The calculated lifetime of ic water (τic) of about 10 s is compatible with a slow water exchange in the present excised cardiac tissue. The longitudinal relaxivity of Mn ions in ic water [60 (s mM)−1] was about one order of magnitude higher than that of MnCl2 in water in vitro [6.9 (s mM)−1], indicating that ic Mn‐protein binding is an important potentiating factor in relaxation enhancement. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A spline strip kernel particle method and its application to two‐dimensional elasticity problems
Authors: Liew K. M. , Zou G. P. , Rajendran S. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractIn this paper we present a novel spline strip kernel particle method (SSKPM) that has been developed for solving a class of two‐dimensional (2D) elasticity problems. This new approach combines the concepts of the mesh‐free methods and the spline strip method. For the interpolation of the assumed displacement field, we employed the kernel particle shape functions in the transverse direction, and the B3‐spline function in the longitudinal direction. The formulation is validated on several beam and semi‐infinite plate problems. The numerical results of these test problems are then compared with the existing solutions obtained by the exact or numerical methods. From this study we conclude that the SSKPM is a potential alternative to the classical finite strip method (FSM). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐dimensional viscous flow over rotating periodic structures
Authors: Kim Kyu‐Tae , Khayat Roger E. , Pollet Anthony 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe three‐dimensional Stokes flow in a periodic domain is examined in this study. The problem corresponds closely to the flow inside internal mixers, where the flow is driven by the movement of a rotating screw; the outer barrel remaining at rest. A hybrid spectral/finite‐difference approach is proposed for the general expansion of the flow field and the solution of the expansion coefficients. The method is used to determine the flow field between the screw and barrel. The regions of elongation and shear are closely examined. These are the two mechanisms responsible for mixing. Besides its practical importance, the study also allows the assessment of the validity of the various assumptions usually adopted in mixing and lubrication problems. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of non‐Fickian diffusion problems with the potential field in the cylindrical co‐ordinate system
Authors: Chen Han‐Taw , Liu Kuo‐Chi 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe present study applies a hybrid numerical scheme of the Laplace transform technique and the control volume method in conjunction with the hyperbolic shape functions to investigate the effect of a potential field on the one‐dimensional non‐Fickian diffusion problems in the cylindrical co‐ordinate system. The Laplace transform method is used to remove the time‐dependent terms in the governing differential equation and the boundary conditions, and then the resulting equations are discretized by the control volume scheme. The primary difficulty in dealing with the present problem is the suppression of numerical oscillations in the vicinity of sharp discontinuities. Results show that the present numerical results do not exhibit numerical oscillations and the potential field plays an important role in the present problem. The strength of the jump discontinuity can be reduced by increasing the value of the potential gradient. The propagation speed of mass wave is independent of the potential gradient and the boundary condition. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fatigue control of thin‐walled structures
Authors: Tesar Alexander 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe control of the ultimate fatigue behaviour of slender thin‐walled structures is treated in the paper. A macro‐ and micromechanical simulation model adopting the neural network approach is used for the numerical analysis of the problem. The numerical treatment of the non‐linear problems is made using the updated Lagrangian formulation of motion combined with the pseudo‐force technique in the FETM‐approach. Each step of the iteration approaches the solution of the linear problem and the feasibility of the parallel processing and neural network numerical techniques is established. The application on the actual slender bridge is made in order to demonstrate the efficiency of the procedures suggested. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An algorithm using co‐ordinate transformation for free vibration analysis of fully incompressible materials
Authors: Kohsetsu Yuji 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThis paper presents an algorithm for conducting eigenvalue analysis of fully incompressible isotropic materials (a Poisson's ratio of exactly 0.5). This algorithm is based on the concept of co‐ordinate transformation defined by eigenvectors with positive eigenvalues of the system stiffness matrix. The transformation to the new co‐ordinates of orthogonal bases in the system potential energy can reduce the size of the system equations. The original eigenvalue problem is reduced to a smaller one that can be solved. This algorithm possesses two drawbacks. One is the increase of system degrees of freedom (DOF) due to the mixed method for incompressible problems; the other is due to additional eigenvalue calculation. However, the present algorithm is inherently able to compensate for the above two drawbacks by reducing the DOF. Numerical demonstrations indicate that the exact transformation yields accurate results that converge to analytical results. They also indicate that an approximated transformation retaining only several per cent of all the eigenvectors produces accurate results in the lower frequency range that is generally of interest in engineering analyses. Therefore, the proposed algorithm is judged to be an efficient procedure for eigenvalue problems of fully incompressible materials. This co‐ordinate‐transformation scheme, derived from the system stiffness matrix, will be applicable to static incompressible problems. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.