bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Semantic Solutions to the Problem of P
Authors: O’Dowd Elizabeth M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Following the analysis in chapter 2 of P’s categoriality and the inadequacy of purely syntactic explanations, this chapter examines what semantically oriented explanations can tell us. Specifically, we want to know what it is about P’s function that can produce such different interpretations for one word, so that, for example, run up the hill has a different meaning forllthan run up the flag; and believe in has a different meaning for in than in the library. We also want to know, following chapter2 (section 2.1.2), why different syntactic constraints seem to apply not only to prepositions and particles but also to different kinds of prepositional sequences, so that, for example, these sequences may be passivized in some sequences but not in others.
P in Discourse: Orienting, Situating, and Linking
Authors: O’Dowd Elizabeth M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first part of this chapter defines orientation and argues that this function is as basic in our cognitive makeup as is our perception of people, objects and events - in fact, it helps to define our perception of these entities. The adprep is represented as the prototypical orientating element. I will then argue from the data that orientation involves two subfunctions: situating and linking. I will illustrate how these subfunctions are taken up by particles and prepositions, respectively. Finally, I will consider some possible counterarguments and will conclude that the notion of orientation is meaningful as a theoretical principle, for both unifying and distinguishing prepositions and particles.
P in Construction
Authors: O’Dowd Elizabeth M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The task set for this study in chapter 1 was to account for P’s categoriality, semantic productivity, and syntactic constraints. The task was elaborated as a series of questions that language scholars or learners are likely to ask about P’s complexity of forms and functions. Previous chapters have now addressed the question of P’s categoriality and have argued for a new definition of P as an orienting element that unifies prepositions and particles and also explains their differentiated functions in pragmatic, semantic, and syntactic terms.
The Big Picture
Authors: O’Dowd Elizabeth M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That question entailed several smaller ones, often raised by students of English, about the intriguing characteristics of prepositions and particles. This volume has addressed both large and small questions and has resolved several other problematic issues from the previous literature on P, by proposing a new theoretical account of P as an orienting element. This account explains why we have prepositions and particles, why they alternate, why they pattern as they do, and why they have so many meanings. In the process, it has unified syntax and semantics with the pragmatic motivations that drive P’s extensions over time and across different conversational contexts.
On Derivatjonality
Authors: being There is no , Nietzsche only becoming. -Friedrich 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we take a closer look at a number of fundamental issues that arise in the context of the derivational framework we are proposing. First, we begin with a second look at the derivational construal of C-command and provide a formalization of the relation that overcomes a possible objection to the derivational construal analysis given in chapter 1. Second, we recap the implications of our approach for trace theory and the distinction between Merge and Move; in the final analysis, traces under this approach are epiphenomena!, and Merge and Move can in fact be unified (see also Kitahara 1994, 1995) as a single pairing operation. Third, we step back from the analysis a bit and compare the architecture of such a system with that of a representational system, suggesting that an argument in favor of the derivational architecture can be found in the natural way it simultaneously accommodates both symmetrical and asymmetrical relations.
The Illusion of Control: Our Information Past
Authors: Davenport Thomas H , Prusak Laurence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the 1950s, computers have enabled us to capture and store much larger volumes of information. Consequently, managers have gone from a cautious interest in planning and monitoring organizational performance to the current frenzied clamor to know everything. Of course, it’s impossible to know everything about how a business operates; that was true in 1900, and it will still be true after the year 2000. Yet the desire for control is never far from most managers’ hearts. It has often seduced them into attempting to quantify the inherently unquantifiable, or ignoring certain types of information that aren’t easily represented on a computer.
Information Politics
Authors: Davenport Thomas H , Prusak Laurence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Information is affected daily, even hourly, in virtually all organizations by power, politics, and economics. This is no secret.1 Yet few managers want to deal consciously and systematically with information politics, perhaps because to do so would somehow undercut an organization’s existing hierarchy. Therefore, power plays or political wrangling over information—when they do muscle themselves into managerial awareness—have been treated as an aberration rather than as a natural and inevitable component of information management. And the all-important economic ramifications of information politics are often dismissed, since it’s hard to quantify information value.
Valuing Stratification:Honor In Oratory And Feasting Practices
Authors: Keating Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout this book I have been looking closely at how social stratification is constructed through “practical activity” (Bourdieu 1977). As Bourdieu (1977) states: “Practice always implies a cognitive operation, a practical operation of construction which sets to work, by reference to practical functions, systems of classification (taxonomies) which organize perception and structure practice” (97). As shown in previous chapters, Pohnpeians constitute status as an important organizing principle, both verbally and visually. Honorific speech is an important tool in this process. In this chapter, I discuss more broadly the concept of honor in Pohnpeian society as it is expressed in a public discourse about honor at honor feasts (kamadipw en wahu). In oratory, honor is topicalized, and it is classified as sharing properties with other socially valued cultural ideas and ideals. At public feasts, self-depletion (figuratively through language and literally through resources) is classified as its opposite (accrual).
Financing an Acquisition
Authors: Hitt Michael A , Harrison Jeffrey S , Ireland R Duane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even the best-intended acquisitions can result in financing-related corporate indigestion. For example, Hilton Hotels absorbed a $125 million loss to restructure debt after its acquisition of Bally Entertainment. Further­ more, a financing arrangement that makes sense for one combination may not work elsewhere. When First Union agreed to acquire Signet Banking in a stock transaction, the share prices of both companies fell. On the other hand, both Travelers and Citicorp enjoyed increases in their share prices when they agreed to join forces in an all-stock deal.
Clinical Hypoglycemia
Authors: Cryer Philip E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The arterial plasma glucose concentration is normally a tightly regulated biological variable. Large variations in glucose flux into or out of the vascular compartment normally cause rather small changes in the plasma glucose concentration because endogenous glucose production (largely from the liver) and extra-CNS glucose utilization (largely by skeletal muscle) are rapidly regulated such that systemic glucose balance is promptly restored and maintained (Chapter 2).
Ideology in Discourse
Authors: Philips Susan U 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the time I spent studying judges’ use of language in the Pima County Superior Court, in Tucson, Arizona, judges and lawyers occasionally expressed surprise that an anthropologist was doing research in their courts. Some of them may have been surprised because they associate anthropology with archaeology, which is a highly visible area of endeavor in Arizona, and other kinds of anthropologists usually do ethnographic studies of communities in small-scale non-Western societies. So what was I doing in court? My own single major study up to that time had been an ethnographic study of language use on a small Indian reservation in Oregon (Philips [1983] 1993). In that study I combined the classic ethnographic method of participant observation in a community with what has come to be called microethnography, which is the study of culture and social structure in face-to-face interaction (Philips 1993). Usually, microethnographic work involves tape recording or videotaping an activity in a bounded setting. In my case the settings were classrooms where I tape-recorded as well as observed.
lntertextual Relations between Written and Spoken Genres of Law
Authors: Philips Susan U 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 2, I described how the legal profession, particularly legislatures and appellate courts and including the judges in this study, sees trial court judges as implementers of written law made by others. In this chapter and the next, I discuss how the judges in this study implement the written law in the spoken guilty plea. Both of these chapters then focus on the way legal ideologies, rather than political and everyday ideologies, dominate the practical consciousness of these judges. From the judges’ point of view, the key issue in the guilty plea is to make sure defendants are waiving their constitutionally guaranteed due process rights to a trial knowingly and voluntarily as they plead guilty to a crime.
Ideological Diversity in Legal Discourses
Authors: Philips Susan U 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the beginning of this book, I talked about how the Marxist tradition offers a model of ideology as socially ordered and as grounded in society, even though this model is simplistic in its image of a dualistic opposition between dominant and subordinate ideologies. And I suggested that the oversimplicity of this model is due in part to its lack of empirical engagement, particularly engagement with actual ongoing social practices. Marxist approaches to ideology acknowledge a role for language as a manifestation of ideology, but this role is not well developed. However, there is now a literature that looks at resistance as symbolic interaction (Willis 1977; Scott 1990), pays increasing attention to ideological diversity in legal language use in courts (Merry 1990; Conley & O’Barr 1990; Matoesian 1993), and fosters an emerging awareness of the shaping influence of relations of domination and subordination in the constitution of ideologies in discourse practices. Linguistic anthropological approaches to situated language use in the traditions of the ethnography of communication and textual analysis (which show culture and ideology constituted in discourse) offer theoretical and methodological models for the empirical and practical grounding of ideology in language use. But here, attention to the significance of power and to the shaping influence of relations of domination and subordination was much less developed than in Marxist traditions generally and is only now emerging in the study of language within these traditions.
Patterns of Interpretation and Grammaticality
Authors: Fernald Theodore B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I will survey the range of grammatical phenomena that have been proposed as sensitive to the ILP/SLP distinction. These phenomena have been used as diagnostic tests by which predicates can be sorted into two classes. Consideration of these diagnostics in some detail is important because, as noted in the introduction, an independent definition of the contrast has thus far eluded investigators. The constructions discussed in the following sections have traditionally been assumed to divide the (non-kind-level) predicates into two classes. Past investigations have focused on syntactically simple predicates, and this initial discussion will be confined to that domain.
Traditional Explanations
Authors: Fernald Theodore B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Carlson (1977) developed an account of the behavior of bare plurals using a sorted intensional logic. The set of entities is partitioned into three sorts: kinds, objects, and stages. Objects belong to the familiar sort of entity known from traditional logic. Names like Jane Austen and Al Gore, and common noun phrases like that dog are taken to have the set of objects as their denotation space.
Taking Stock
Authors: Fernald Theodore B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having surveyed the previous accounts of the ILP/SLP distinction, and having seen ways in which slippage is possible between the sorts of predicates, we now will consider what is required of an adequate analysis. This chapter will make three main points that, along with the conclusions of chapter 6, will serve as the basis for the analysis in chapter 7. First, it will be established that, given considerations of syntax, the ILP/SLP distinction must be visible after the predicate has composed with its subject argument, at least in infinitival and small clauses. Evidence supporting this conclusion comes from the analysis of perceptual reports and augmented absolutes as containing small clauses.
Cardiovascular Toxicity of Nicotine in Animals
Authors: Gourlay Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tobacco smoking is a well-known cause of cardiovascular diseases such as accelerated atherosclerosis, acute myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death, stroke, and peripheral vascular occlusion.1 However, the constituent of tobacco smoke that is responsible for long-term, adverse effects on the cardiovascular system is unknown. Potential candidates include carbon monoxide, nicotine, polycyclic hydrocarbons, and glycoproteins.
Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines
Authors: Hecht Stephens. , Borukhova Anna , Carmella Steven G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1956, Magee and Barnes’ described the hepatocarcinogenicity of dimethylni trosamine, providing the first example of nitrosamine carcinogenesis. Since that landmark study, the broad-ranging and potent carcinogenic activities of more than 200 nitrosamines in at least 40 animal species have been firmly established, and there is substantial evidence that nitrosamines are also responsible for a large number of human cancers.
Adverse Events and Prolonged Use of Nicotine Gum and Patch
Authors: Spyker Daniel A , Alderfer Raymond J , Goetsch Roger A , Longmire A W , Kramer E Douglas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nicotine substitution products have been commercially available for a decade. Nicotine gum (2 mg) was first approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1984; the agency approved the 4-mg dose for more highly dependent smokers in 1991. Four transdermal patch systems (5-21 mg/day) were approved in 1991 and 1992. In 1996, nicotine nasal spray was approved as a prescription product, and the gum (2--4 mg) and patch (7-21 mg/day) were approved for over­ the-counter sale. In a review of postmarket surveillance, we examined adverse event (AE) reports for the nicotine gum and patch to establish whether possible differences existed in the frequencies of reported dependence on different nicotine delivery systems, with particular attention paid to prolonged use.
The Politics of Crime
Authors: Windlesham Lord 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the politician in a representative democracy, populism is a slippery concept. The aspirant to public office knows that electoral success is a prerequisite for the exercise of influence and power and that in order to gain more votes than rival candidates it is imperative to ascertain the opinions of the voters, and then to satisfy them. Elected politicians everywhere are keenly aware of the need to keep their ears close to the ground. The skill lies in interpreting the signals that are picked up, some loud but irregular, others fainter but more consistent, and the uses to which they are then put. Once elected to the representative assembly, the successful political candidate becomes a legislator, a more dignified status, with a voice and a vote in reaching decisions on policies and making laws. It takes some newly elected representatives longer than others to realize that the function of any legislative assembly worth the name is not simply to transmit undiluted the outpourings of raw public opinion but, in the felicitous language of James Madison, “to refine and enlarge the public views, by passing them through the medium of a chosen body of citizens, …”
Partisanship and Compromise
Authors: Windlesham Lord 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the time that the legislators returned to Washington for the Second Session of the 103rd Congress in late January 1994, they had seen concern about crime climb in the polls and had been reminded of its compelling importance to their electorates. In the House of Representatives, congressmen were vocal in declaring that legislation on crime was a top priority. The President embraced the popular sense of urgency. In his State of the Union Address, Clinton characterized the problem of violence as an American problem without any partisan or philosophical element. He admonished members of Congress “to find ways as quickly as possible to set aside partisan differences and pass a strong, smart, tough crime bill.” In endorsing the three strikes law, and mentioning Polly Klaas by name, he drew the longest ovation for his speech. The rapidity of Clinton’s conversion to the policy of three strikes owed more to the promptings of his private pollsters than the caution of the Department of Justice. Biden for one was taken by surprise, having only shortly before dismissed the three strikes policy as “wacky.” Despite the stirring language, what was smart and what was tough were linked only in rhetoric. In practice there were bound to be conflicts. The dilemma was illustrated with embarrassing clarity by the Deputy Attorney General, Philip Heymann, an experienced criminal lawyer and administrator who had served four previous Attorneys General at the Department of Justice. On the day before the State of the Union speech, Heymann announced his resignation, citing differences in management style with the Attorney General, Janet Reno. But, as became only too clear at a news conference called when vacating office on February 15 and in later public statements, he had become disenchanted with the way the administration had responded to public pressures and the legislative compromises required by Congress.
A New Isolationism
Authors: Windlesham Lord 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The politics of gun control can be looked at in two ways. The first is to see in the cautious approach of the 104th Congress a true reflection of the national mood. Relatively minor legislative changes were made re-enacting the federal ban on guns in school zones and adding persons convicted of a misdemeanor offense of domestic violence to the categories prohibited by federal law from possessing a firearm or ammunition. The vote to repeal the assault weapons ban had been an embarrassing fiasco, contributing to the electoral defeat a few months later of several of its most ardent proponents. No comprehensive proposals to limit the availability of firearms had been put forward by the administration, and had it done so only a few brave spirits believed that such a measure would have had any realistic chance of passing into law.
From Adkins to Nebbia
Authors: Cushman Barry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1923: Adkins and Wolff Packing In 1918 Congress enacted a statute creating a minimum wage board for the District of Columbia. The board was authorized to investigate the wages paid to women engaged in local occupations and to prescribe for those occupations minimum wages adequate “to supply the necessary cost of living to any such women workers to rnaintain them in good health and to protect their morals “Thceonstitutionality of the act was questioned in Adkins v. Children’s Hospital Felix Frankfurter’s argument defended the statute as a legitimate exercise of Congress’ power to protect public health, morals, and general welfare in the District of Columbia.
Catching the Current
Authors: Cushman Barry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Schechter Corporation was a slaughterhouse operator that purchased live poultry from commission men in New York City and Philadelphia, slaughtered the purchased poultry at its Brooklyn slaughterhouse, and then sold the slaughtered poultry to local retail poultry dealers and butchers for direct sale to consumers. The corporation did not sell poultry in interstate commerce. The principals of the corporation were convicted of violating, inter alia, the provisions of the code pertaining to minimum wages and maximum hours.
The Persistence of Memory
Authors: Cushman Barry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wagner’s Wake Reaction to the Wagner Act decisions was mixed. Many sanguine New Dealers were confident that Carter Coal had been overruled and the gateway to national regulation thrown wide open. Others were more circumspect. Solicitor General Stanley Reed, for example, wrote: “I do not see any clear inconsistency between Wagner on the one hand and the Guffey or N.R.A. decision on the other.
The Struggle with Judicial Supremacy
Authors: Cushman Barry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the summer of 1937, the Four Horsemen began to put themselves out to pasture. Justice Van Devanter retired June 2, 1937; Justice Sutherland followed him on January 18, 1938. Due to illness Justice Butler did not participate in any of the cases heard during the 1939 term; he died in Washington on November 16, 1939. Justice McReynolds, dissenting to the end, retired February 1, 1941. Frustrated during his first term by his lack of opportunity to make any appointments to the Court, Roosevelt placed five justices on the High Bench during his second term. By the time the Court handed down its opinion in United States v. Darby in 1941, the only justices remaining from the 1937 Court were Hughes, Roberts, and Stone.
Punctuation
Authors: Bailey Edward P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Punctuation has intimidated brave men and women for years. Yet it’s not that hard-really. This chapter simplifies some rules and makes them easier to learn. How often is punctuation important when you write? The answer: every time. So take a few minutes now to expand your arsenal. There’s no need to spend the rest of your life restricted to only the period, the comma, and the colon introducing a list.
Graphics
Authors: Bailey Edward P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you look at a page with an illustration on it, don’t you look at the illustration first? And if you look at a page with nothing but paragraphs full of words, don’t you wish there were an illustration there? I imagine most of us have learned to value illustrations. There are some obvious types of illustrations. For example: If you want to show how your profits have increased over the past five years, use a line graph or bar chart.