bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brexit and the Failure to Reform
Authors: Mitchell Christopher 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter explains why the 2016 decision of the UK to leave the European Union failed to produce substantial European financial reforms, because as a moderate crisis originating outside of the European financial system, it did not create the circumstances where reformers could frame reforms as essential. Brexit posed threats to European financial stability through a loss of access to London markets and a shock to already fragile banks. However, attempts by reformers to argue that these dangers made immediate implementation of European Capital Markets Union essential fell short. Brexit’s origins outside of finance meant that the deeper integration would not prevent further member state exits, and the moderate threat to integration from financial turmoil out of Brexit failed to motivate member states to compromise on harmonization of market rules or give up their individual ambitions to host the new hub of European financial market activity.
Conclusion
Authors: Mitchell Christopher 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The conclusion explores the four crises examined in comparison to each other, the possibilities for future crises to generate deeper financial integration, and the application of the theoretical framework to crises outside of finance within the European Union and to crises in federations and strong regional associations outside of the European Union. Comparing the four crises highlights the importance of severity when controlling for crisis origin, the importance of origin when controlling for severity, and the importance of the shift to emergency policymaking in a crisis generally. The utility of this framework to explain the impact of integration on other sectors is discussed in the context of immigration policy, energy policy, and foreign and security policy within the European Union, as well as the implications for study of federations such as the United States and Canada, and of regional associations such as ASEAN or the African Union.
The AI Commander
Authors: Johnson James 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
What do emerging technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) mean for the role of humans in war? This book addresses the largely neglected question of how the fusion of machines into the war machine will affect the human condition of warfare. Specifically, it investigates the vexing, misunderstood, and at times contradictory, ethical, moral, and normative implications—whether incremental, transformative, or revolutionary—of synthesizing man and machine in future algorithmic warfare—or AI-enabled “centaur warfighting.” At the heart of these vexing questions are whether we are inevitably moving toward a situation where AI-enabled autonomous weapons will make strategic decisions in place of humans and thus become the owners of those decisions. Can AI-powered systems replace human commanders? And, more importantly, should they? The book argues that AI cannot be just passive and neutral force multipliers of human cognition. Instead, AI will likely become, whether by conscious choice or inadvertently, strategic actors in war. AI could transform the role and nature of human warfare, but in very different ways from what most observers currently expect.
Introduction
Authors: Johnson James 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
What do emerging technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) mean for the role of humans in war? The chapter summarizes the book’s overarching arguments and describes its methodological and theoretical approach. It describes the nature of and the ethical and political dilemmas associated with human-machine interactions in AI-enabled warfare. The chapter includes a fictional vignette (“2027: Centaur Warfighting in the Taiwan Straits”) to illustrate how AI-augmented human–machine teaming might affect a crisis between two nuclear-armed adversaries. These themes are examined further in Chapters 1–5. The chapter also includes a brief overview of the current state of AI technology and the potential impact of these advances on military capabilities—in particular, those that interact with and augment human warfighters.
Conclusion
Authors: Johnson James 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
The conclusion distils the book’s main findings and connecting themes and advances some tentative proposals for potential policy responses. The book is premised on the assumption that (a) the drive to synthesize AI technology with military capabilities is inevitable and exponential; (b) the effects of this phenomenon on human agents in war is neither incontrovertible nor predetermined; and (c) machines cannot reliably compliment or augment, let alone replace the role of humans in command decision-making. It includes possible follow-up measures, designed to maximize the advantages and minimize the risks in future human–machine interfaces, that policymakers, designers, and users might consider. The chapter ends with three counterfactual scenarios that expose and challenge prevailing assumptions and what we think can be done to assuage them. They are designed as reflective tools to expose weaknesses in the perceived wisdom and to expose potential blind spots in how we frame our research questions to consider nuclear risk anew in the digital age.
Interview Themes and Results, Part 1
Authors: Wolff Jonathan , de-Shalit Avner 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapters 3 and 4 summarize the interviews undertaken over a period of four years, and conducted in London, Oxford, New York, Rio de Janeiro, Rotterdam, Amsterdam, Hamburg, Berlin, Jerusalem, and Tel Aviv. Interviewees were asked what makes a city a city of equals and what distorts equality in their cities. Thus, these interviews draw out a series of key, recurring themes. The themes discussed in Chapter 3 are: relational equality; themes that relate to non-market accessibility to goods and services; spatial dimensions of integration, segregation, and their consequences; frequency and variety of public transport; gardening, environmental goods, and environmental bads; housing policies; sense of meaning and place.
Interview Themes and Results, Part 2
Authors: Wolff Jonathan , de-Shalit Avner 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter 4 continues to review and discuss the themes raised in the interviews. The themes in this chapter include: the value of diversity and social mixing; special arrangements for elderly people, for young children and their parents; women-friendly city design and planning and gender equality, themes that relate to the value of non-deferential inclusion, communication between people, and political standing. However, many interviewees also accepted that their own city was far from being a city of equals, pointing out serious material and social inequalities, which, they sometimes admitted, they had become accustomed to on a daily basis, even while finding them objectionable from a more abstract perspective. Keywords
Conclusions and Next Steps
Authors: Wolff Jonathan , de-Shalit Avner 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 explains the authors’ approach towards operationalizing the theory and makes some initial steps and suggestions while pointing to some limitations and further research. While making several suggestions about how to understand each of the above-mentioned core values when applied to policy and how much weight should be given to each theme, the authors also suggest that a specific index has to be devised for each city, to reflect both its own particular circumstances and the interests and values of its city-zens, who should be consulted in the construction of the index for their city. The purpose of the index is not to rank cities in an equality index but for a city to provide an audit of itself, and to set goals and monitor progress.
A Contractualist Approach to Moral Uncertainty
Authors: Bukoski Michael 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
People are often uncertain about morally relevant non-moral facts, but also often uncertain about fundamental moral facts or principles. How, if at all, does moral uncertainty affect what one morally ought to do? This chapter distinguishes between “global” approaches to moral uncertainty that appeal to independent, moral-theory-neutral principles such as maximizing expected choiceworthiness (MEC) and “local” approaches that appeal to principles that are part of particular first-order moral theories. It illustrates the latter option by developing a contractualist account of what one ought to do in situations of moral uncertainty: roughly, the correct principle is a moderate one that gives weight to the interests of both morally uncertain agents and the potential victims of actions under moral uncertainty, and which treats only some kinds of moral uncertainty as affecting what agents ought to do. The chapter also argues that contractualist moral uncertainty principles (and likely other local moral uncertainty principles) can avoid several important objections to global principles such as MEC and that they should not be rejected on the grounds that they fail to provide adequate action-guidance.
Japanese and Korean
Authors: Sato Yutaka , Cho Sungdai 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter gives background information about the phonological, typological, and genealogical characteristics of Korean and Japanese. It compares a relatively complex inventory of Korean phonemes (e.g., a tripartite contrast of obstruents) with a relatively simple inventory of Japanese phonemes (e.g., a binary contrast in which obstruents contrast in voicing) and shows how they correspond to the systems of romanization used in examples. Korean and Japanese are head-final agglutinating languages just like Altaic languages and differ from head-initial isolating Chinese and agglutinating/polysynthetic Ainu. Of these neighboring languages, the two languages are particularly similar, exhibiting almost identical morpho-syntactic features. Such similarities may have resulted from areal factors (language contact) rather than genealogical. There have been debates between theories advocating and opposing their genetic affiliation. A proposal was also made to relate Japanese to the Koguryŏ language based on the record of old toponyms. Contact with Chinese resulted in influx of Sinic origin vocabulary in their lexicons.
Topic and focus
Authors: Sato Yutaka , Cho Sungdai 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 describes the topic and nominative markers in Japanese and Korean. As commonly treated as being both topic-prominent and subject-prominent, these languages distinguish the particles for topic and nominative markers. A topic is presented as old information in a discourse, or more precisely as relationally given information, rather than referentially given information, and thus it never appears in focus, or an element presented as new information, even if it is definite. The occurrence of focus is described in relation to the presence of a nominative-marked subject. Two types of focus, i.e., narrow and wide focus, are illustrated in connection to the type of predicates (individual-level and state-level predicates). The use of nominative subjects in Korean different from that in Japanese is also mentioned. Lastly, this chapter explains another function of the Japanese and Korean topic markers, i.e., a marker for contrast.
Word order and scrambling
Authors: Sato Yutaka , Cho Sungdai 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 discusses the basic components of a sentence: a range of predicates classified in terms of the semantic type and number of their arguments and their syntactic categories, auxiliary verbs (auxiliaries and light verbs), and tense and mood morphemes. Verbal predicates divide into intransitive, transitive, and ditransitive verbs. Adjectival predicates also divide into a transitive type (with an experiencer subject and a theme object) and an intransitive type. This chapter discusses major differences between verbs and adjectives in the two languages. In the discussion of matrix clause phenomena, it discusses the marking of basic clause types: Korean has four distinct moods, i.e., declarative, interrogative, imperative, and propositive, whereas Japanese has limited distinction in mood. The basic sentence patterns in terms of word order are presented, and a syntactic word order-changing process of scrambling (subject to a constraint such as the Complex NP Constraint) is illustrated.
Passives and causatives
Authors: Sato Yutaka , Cho Sungdai 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter 7 sheds light on passive and causative constructions in Korean and Japanese. Korean has lexical, morphological, and syntactic types of passive and causative constructions, whose morpho-syntactic behaviors are illustrated contrastively. The morphological passive and causative constructions are derived by bound morphemes, some of which appear in identical forms. The Korean syntactic passive and causative constructions are periphrastic and are realized as sentence patterns with -ci(ta)(passive) and -key ha/mantulor -tolok ha/mantul(causative). In Japanese, bound passive and causative morphemes derive syntactic passive and causative constructions. Both the Korean (periphrastic) syntactic causative and Japanese (affixal) syntactic causative constructions are biclausal, yet they behave differently. Japanese has direct and indirect passive constructions and allows even indirect verbs to be passivized, unlike Korean. Different patterns of causativization and passivization between the two languages are contrasted.
Honorifics
Authors: Sato Yutaka , Cho Sungdai 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Chapter 12 illustrates the honorific systems of Japanese and Korean. They have elaborate honorific systems that consist of addressee honorifics and reference honorifics, which further divide into subject and nonsubject honorifics. The addressee honorifics are marked on the predicate of a sentence, lack of which clearly indicates that the intention of the speaker is not to show respect linguistically to the hearer, playing roles similar to those of T-form and V-form in European languages. Subject honorifics and nonsubject honorifics are also marked on predicates in accordance with the subject or nonsubject (e.g., object) referent. Although almost identical, the honorific systems in the two languages differ greatly in their use, i.e., the interpersonal relationships of power (e.g. an age factor) and distance play different roles in these languages. This sociolinguistic difference between the two languages seems to reflect the value systems of each society.
Raising the stakes of the institutional contest over the normative dimension
Authors: Cooper Andrew F. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
A major preoccupation across the spectrum of institutionalist international relations has been the comparative weight accorded instrumentality versus the normative dimension in organizational preference. Rational design scholars remain firm that a self-regulating utilitarian logic conditions institutional choice. As crafted by Keohane’s array of scholarly contributions, neo-institutionalism in parallel fashion to the rational design literature originally placed the onus on instrumentality. With this common starting point in mind, this chapter traces the striking manner in which the core rationalist institutionalist literature became bifurcated to some considerable degree on the normative dimension, which exposed a gap with Global South motivations and modalities.
Between aspirations and anxiety
Authors: Cooper Andrew F. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Bull poses a question glossed over by institutionalist international relations (IR) scholars: is ‘concerting’ with one another the exclusive preserve of the incumbents? At odds with the constricted interpretation across the body of institutionalist IR, this chapter argues that the cluster of non-incumbents encompassing developing countries in the Global South generally, and India and China as aspirant powers in particular, could at least contemplate institutional choice beyond the hold of formal multilateralism. Yet if the non-incumbent states believed in their entitlement to an uplifted status in the international system, formidable obstacles stood in the way of the obtainment of this goal. Although the dominant position of the established institutional formats, especially with respect to the hold of formal international organizations, could be challenged, the privileged status of these pillars remained intact.
Verbal Dispute and Metalinguistic Negotiation
Authors: Ball Derek 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
On one view, definitional disputes are primarily about how we should use words. TI reject this view is rejected. PI give precise accounts are given of two claims associated with this view: that definitional disputes are merely verbal disputes, and that definitional disputes are matters of metalinguistic negotiation. The idea that definitional disputes are merely verbal falsely predicts that purely practical considerations bear on the issues; this is calledI call this the Wrong Kinds of Reason Argument. The idea that definitional disputes are metalinguistic negotiations cannot make sense of many of the kinds of evidence and arguments that do bear on the issues; I call this is called the Argument Argument.
Contextualism, Relativism, and Metasemantics
Authors: Ball Derek 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses context-sensitive expressions, including gradable adjectives such as “tall” and “rich”, and predicates of taste such as “tasty” and “funny”. AI develop a formal framework for theorising about context sensitivity is developed, and it is shown how a range of metasemantic questions relate to this formal framework. Extant answers to these questions in the literature—including views that focus on speaker intentions, as well as relativist views—fare badly, because they cannot give a good account of what is going on in disputes involving gradable adjectives and predicates of taste.
Temporal Externalism, Context Sensitivity, and Matters of Taste
Authors: Ball Derek 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Building on the discussion in chapter 8, this chapter develops a temporal externalist theory of a range of context-sensitive expressions, including gradable adjectives and predicates of taste. It is shown that discussions involving these expressions mirror the definitional disputes discussed in chapters 5 and 6, and that David Lewis’s account of accommodation takes the first step toward a temporal externalist account. TI develop this account is developed further, and appliedy it to disputes about taste. It is shown that disputes about taste are not as distinctive as some theorists have argued, and in particular that the appearance that such disputes involve faultless disagreement is illusory.
Temporal Externalism: Choice Points
Authors: Ball Derek 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents a map through various ways temporal externalism might be developed. Issues discussed include: does temporal externalism apply to language, to thought, or to both? How much does meaning vary over time and between different discourses? How radically can we revise our definitional views? What makes temporal externalism true? What role do other speakers play in determining what we mean? Is temporal externalism committed to a kind of analyticity, or is it compatible with holism? Can judgements play a meaning-fixing role even if they are arrived at in epistemically problematic ways? What should the temporal externalist say about essentially contested concepts, and other kinds of discussion that do not resolve?
The Very Long Run
Authors: Meissner Christopher M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
How much economic integration existed prior to the industrial revolution? Although humans have been attempting to reap the gains from trade since the dawn of history, gains were limited in scope. The physical means of transporting products was under-developed until the early 19th century. Moreover, trade depends crucially on institutions and policies. Without an umbrella of security and a culture of integration, globalization scales poorly. Prior to the mid-19th century, integration remained limited. Notwithstanding, Eurasian and parts of Africa have, for a long time, been interacting economically in important ways. In many instances, these interactions were mutually beneficial, but coercion, violence, and power often shaped the evolution and impact of global integration.
The Great Migrations
Authors: Meissner Christopher M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
What determined where migrants would move to in the late 19th century? What was the impact of migration on workers’ wages? During the 19th century, nearly forty-five million people moved away from Europe and another fifteen million left their place of birth in Asia for other regions. A host of determinants mattered for where migrants went and when migrants decided to leave. Wage differentials and economic opportunities played a strong role, but so did transportation costs and information. Poor nations did not automatically witness a large exodus since emigration depended on the age distribution of the population, whether anyone from their region had previously migrated and on the status of structural economic change in their country. The United States, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, and Argentina were some of the places where immigrants made up a large share of the population. Southern and Eastern European nations were the principal senders to the Americas and Australasia in Europe. In Asia, Chinese and Indian emigrants found opportunity in Southeast Asia, but also in the Caribbean. Wages tended to grow more slowly in receiving places and rose in sending areas. In 1882, the United States imposed the first stringent control on immigration with the Chinese Exclusion Act.
The Beginning of the End
Authors: Meissner Christopher M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
How did globalization in the 19th century impact local economies? While many countries involved in the Atlantic economy converged economically and grew richer, not all places did. The international slave trade and imperialism, examples of non-voluntary exchange, promoted trade and movement of people but led to large welfare losses and legacies of under-development. Free trade and declines in trade costs led to large shocks for local industries and sectors. With lower tariffs on wheat in Europe, farmers faced stiffer competition and lobbied for reimposing tariffs. Other countries in the New World raised tariffs to fend off international competition. Tariffs did little to promote economic development, possibly slowing the move a more modern economy. Immigration led to competition in the labor market and workers in the New World often clamored for restrictions on immigration.
Rebuilding the World Economy (Yet Again)
Authors: Meissner Christopher M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
International relations were a key concern after World War II. The United States encouraged and promoted strong economic growth and improved economic development for a range of countries. Economic growth in Western Europe was significantly faster than it had been historically. In East Asia, a number of economies including South Korea and Taiwan also experienced fast growth after the 1960s. Foreign aid and policy advice through the Marshall Plan and other efforts helped spur an unexpectedly strong recovery. Western European nations used a number of institutional devices to incentivize strong economic growth. In East Asia economic development and growth was driven by innovative policy approaches that turned out to be very successful. These policies promoted investment in key sectors and products which raised the productivity of a number of key industries. Initial conditions of low income inequality and high human capital also promoted the success of these activist policies. Strong economic growth and a revival of international integration went hand-in-hand in the period.