bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Very Low Birth Weight Outcomes of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network, January 1995 Through December 1996
Authors: Lemons James A. , Bauer Charles R. , Oh William , Korones Sheldon B. , Papile Lu-Ann , Stoll Barbara J. , Verter Joel , Temprosa Marinella , Wright Linda L. , Ehrenkranz Richard A. , Fanaroff Avroy A. , Stark Ann , Carlo Waldemar , Tyson Jon E. , Donovan Edward F. , Shankaran Seetha , Stevenson David K. ,   for the NICHD Neonatal Research Network
Published: August 2004

Objectives.To determine the mortality and morbidity for infants weighing 401 to 1500 g (very low birth weight [VLBW]) at birth by gestational age, birth weight, and gender.Study Design.Perinatal data were collected prospectively on an inborn cohort from January 1995 through December 1996 by 14 participating centers of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network and were compared with the corresponding data from previous reports. Sociodemographic factors, perinatal events, and the neonatal course to 120 days of life, discharge, or death were evaluated.Results.Eighty four percent of 4438 infants weighing 501 to 1500 g at birth survived until discharge to home or to a long-term care facility (compared with 80% in 1991 and 74% in 1988). Survival to discharge was 54% for infants 501 to 750 g at birth, 86% for those 751 to 1000 g, 94% for those 1001 to 1250 g, and 97% for those 1251 to 1500g. The incidence of chronic lung disease (CLD; defined as receiving supplemental oxygen at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age; 23%), proven necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC; 7%), and severe intracranial hemorrhage (ICH; grade III or IV; 11%) remained unchanged between 1991 and 1996. Furthermore, 97% of all VLBW infants and 99% of infants weighing &lt;1000 g at birth had weights less than the 10th percentile at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age.Mortality for 195 infants weighing 401 to 500 g was 89%, with nearly all survivors developing CLD. Mortality in infants weighing 501 to 600 g was 71%; among survivors, 62% had CLD, 35% had severe ICH, and 15% had proven NEC.Conclusions.Survival for infants between 501 and 1500 g at birth continued to improve, particularly for infants weighing &lt;1000 g at birth. This improvement in survival was not associated with an increase in major morbidities, because the incidence of CLD, proven NEC, and severe ICH did not change. However, poor postnatal growth remains a major concern, occurring in 99% of infants weighing &lt;1000 g at birth. Mortality and major morbidity (CLD, severe ICH, and NEC) remain high for the smallest infants, particularly those weighing &lt;600 g at birth.
Placebo-Controlled Evaluation of Amphetamine Mixture—Dextroamphetamine Salts and Amphetamine Salts (Adderall): Efficacy Rate and Side Effects
Authors: Ahmann Peter A. , Theye Fred W. , Berg Richard , Linquist Ann J. , Van Erem Alayne J. , Campbell Lois R. 
Published: August 2004

Objective.The primary objective of this study was to determine the efficacy rate of Adderall in children newly diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). A secondary objective was to address the severity of side effects associated with Adderall treatment in children with ADHD using the Barkley Side Effects Questionnaire (BSEQ).Design.Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial.Setting.A large rural tertiary care clinic.Patients.Participants were prospectively recruited from children 5 to 18 years of age referred for academic and/or attention problems; 154 children who met the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria for ADHD were enrolled.Interventions.Two doses of Adderall (0.15 mg/kg/dose and 0.3 mg/kg/dose) were compared with placebo in separate 2-week trials. Participants received each dosage regimen twice daily for 7 consecutive days.Measurements and Main Results.Efficacy rates were determined by comparing Adderall with placebo during the low-dose crossover sequence and also during the high-dose crossover sequence. The criteria that defined a positive response to Adderall relative to placebo (with each patient serving as their own control) included an indication of response by at least 1 of 2 parent measures of children's behavior or at least 2 of 5 teacher measures of children's behavior. The Adderall efficacy rate was determined based on parent criteria alone, teacher criteria alone, and by a more stringent definition of response that required concurrence between parent and teacher criteria. The Adderall response rate in this study ranged from 59% when requiring concurrence between parent and teacher observers, to 82% when based on parent criteria alone. Overall, 137 of 154 participants (89%) showed a positive response by either the parent or teacher response criteria.Parents completed a modified version of the BSEQ during each week of the trial. Appetite, stomachaches, and insomnia were rated as worse by parents while children were receiving either dose of Adderall; headaches were rated as worse when children were receiving the higher dose of Adderall. Parents rated certain side effects, including staring/daydreaming, sadness, euphoria, and anxious/irritable, as worse during placebo regimens.Conclusions.We found that Adderall is highly efficacious in our population of youth diagnosed with ADHD. In addition, Adderall is well-tolerated with a side effect profile similar to that reported for other psychostimulants.
A Randomized, Double-Blind Study of Triple Nucleoside Therapy of Abacavir, Lamivudine, and Zidovudine Versus Lamivudine and Zidovudine in Previously Treated Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected Children
Authors: Sáez-Llorens Xavier , Nelson Robert P. , Emmanuel Patricia , Wiznia Andrew , Mitchell Charles , Church Joseph A. , Sleasman John , Van Dyke Russell , Richardson Carol Gilbert , Cutrell Amy , Spreen William , Hetherington Seth ,   the CNAA3006 Study Team
Published: August 2004

Objectives.Abacavir (ABC) is a potent inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase. We compared the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of combination therapy with ABC, lamivudine (3TC), and zidovudine (ZDV) versus 3TC and ZDV in antiretroviral experienced HIV-1-infected children over 48 weeks.Methods.Two hundred five HIV-1-infected children who had received previous antiretroviral therapy and had CD4+ cell counts ≥100 cells/mm3 were stratified by age and by previous treatment. Participants were randomly assigned to receive ABC (8 mg/kg twice daily [BID]) plus 3TC (4 mg/kg BID) and ZDV (180 mg/m2 BID; ABC/3TC/ZDV group) or ABC placebo plus 3TC (4 mg/kg BID) and ZDV (180 mg/m2; 3TC/ZDV group). Participants who met a protocol-defined switch criteria (plasma HIV-1 RNA &gt;0.5 log10 copies/mL above baseline at week 8 or &gt;10 000 copies/mL after week 16) had the option to switch to open-label ABC plus any antiretroviral combination or continue randomized therapy or withdraw from the study.Results.The Kaplan-Meier estimates (95% confidence interval) of the proportion of participants who maintained HIV-1 RNA levels ≤10 000 copies/mL for 48 weeks or more was significantly better in the ABC/3TC/ZDV group compared with the 3TC/ZDV group: 33% (23%–42%) versus 21% (13%–29%). At week 48, the proportions of participants with HIV-1 RNA ≤10 000 copies/mL were 36% versus 26% for the ABC/3TC/ZDV and 3TC/ZDV groups, respectively, by intent-to-treat analysis. For the subgroup of participants with baseline HIV-1 RNA &gt;10 000 copies/mL, a significantly higher proportion of participants in the ABC/3TC/ZDV group had HIV-1 RNA ≤10 000 copies/mL compared with the 3TC/ZDV group (29% vs 12%) but no difference was observed in the subgroup of participants with baseline HIV-1 RNA ≤10 000 copies/mL (78% vs 72%). The median changes from baseline in CD4+ cell counts were greater in the ABC/3TC/ZDV group than in the 3TC/ZDV group. Few participants (3%) experienced abacavir-related hypersensitivity reaction.Conclusions.ABC, in combination with 3TC and ZDV, provides additional antiretroviral activity over 48 weeks, compared with combination therapy with 3TC and ZDV in antiretroviral experienced HIV-1-infected children. ABC was safe and generally well-tolerated and should be considered an active component of combination antiretroviral therapy in this pediatric population.
Safety of Late In Utero Exposure to Zidovudine in Infants Born to Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Mothers: Bangkok
Authors: Chotpitayasunondh Tawee , Vanprapar Nirun , Simonds R. J. , Chokephaibulkit Kulkanya , Waranawat Naris , Mock Philip , Stat M App , Chuachoowong Rutt , Young Nancy , Mastro Timothy D. , Shaffer Nathan ,   for the Bangkok Collaborative Perinatal HIV Transmission Study Group
Published: August 2004

Background.
Short-course zidovudine (ZDV) given in the late antenatal period can reduce mother–infant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission by one half. Because this intervention is being implemented in developing countries, evidence of its safety is needed.

Methods.
In a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial in Bangkok, HIV-infected pregnant women received either ZDV (300 mg twice daily from 36 weeks' gestation until labor, then every 3 hours until delivery) or an identical placebo regimen. Infants were evaluated at birth and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 15, and 18 months of age. Growth, clinical events, and hematologic and immunologic measurements were compared between treatment groups.

Results.
Of the 395 children born (196 in ZDV group and 199 in placebo group), 330 were uninfected, 55 were infected, and 10 had indeterminate infection status. Overall, 319 children (81%) completed 18 months of follow-up, and 14 (4%) died before 18 months of age. Among uninfected children, the mean hematocrit was lower in the ZDV group at birth (49.1% vs 51.5%) but not at later ages; mean weight, height, head circumference, and CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte counts were similar in both groups at all ages. Five uninfected children in the ZDV group but only one in the placebo group had a febrile convulsion. No other signs suggestive of mitochondrial dysfunction and no tumors were observed. Among infected children, an estimated 62% in the ZDV group and 77% in the placebo group survived free of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention class C disease during the 18-month follow-up.

Conclusions.
No significant adverse events were associated with short-course ZDV during 18 months of follow-up in this population.
The Effect of a Community Intervention Trial on Parental Knowledge and Awareness of Antibiotic Resistance and Appropriate Antibiotic Use in Children
Authors: Trepka Mary Jo , Belongia Edward A. , Chyou Po-Huang , Davis Jeffrey P. , Schwartz Benjamin 
Published: August 2004

Background.Overuse of antibiotics for children's upper respiratory infections is widespread and contributes to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.Objective.To assess changes in knowledge and awareness regarding antibiotic resistance and appropriate antibiotic use after community-wide educational interventions to reduce inappropriate antibiotic use.Design.Baseline survey conducted during June through July 1997 and postintervention survey of baseline participants during June through August 1998.Setting.Communities in northern Wisconsin.Participants.Parents of 729 randomly selected children &lt;4 years of age were called until 215 in each of the intervention and control areas were reached. Of the 430 baseline participants, 365 (85%) participated in the postintervention survey.Intervention.Parent-oriented activities included distribution of materials and presentations. Physician-oriented activities included formal presentations and small group meetings.Outcome Measure.Change in awareness about antibiotic resistance and knowledge about antibiotic indications.Results.A higher proportion of parents in the intervention area (53%) were exposed to 2 or more local educational messages, compared with the control area (23%). From the baseline to the postintervention survey, the percentage of parents with a high degree of antibiotic resistance awareness increased more in the intervention area (58% to 73%) than in the control area (60% to 65%). In the intervention area, there was also a larger increase in knowledge regarding appropriate indications for antibiotic use, compared with the control area. The proportion of parents who expected an antibiotic for their child and did not receive one declined in the intervention area (14% to 9%), while it increased in the control area (7% to 10%). In addition, the percentage of parents in the intervention area who brought their child to another physician because they did not receive an antibiotic decreased (5% to 2%), while it increased in the control area (2% to 4%).Conclusion.Parental knowledge and awareness about antibiotic indications and antibiotic resistance can be changed with educational interventions directed at parents and clinicians.
Relationships Between Use of Television During Meals and Children's Food Consumption Patterns
Authors: Coon Katharine A. , Goldberg Jeanne , Rogers Beatrice L. , Tucker Katherine L. 
Published: August 2004

Objective.
We examined relationships between the presence of television during meals and children's food consumption patterns to test whether children's overall food consumption patterns, including foods not normally advertised, vary systematically with the extent to which television is part of normal mealtime routines.

Methods.
Ninety-one parent–child pairs from suburbs adjacent to Washington, DC, recruited via advertisements and word of mouth, participated. Children were in the fourth, fifth, or sixth grades. Socioeconomic data and information on television use were collected during survey interviews. Three nonconsecutive 24-hour dietary recalls, conducted with each child, were used to construct nutrient and food intake outcome variables. Independent samplet tests were used to compare mean food and nutrient intakes of children from families in which the television was usually on during 2 or more meals (n = 41) to those of children from families in which the television was either never on or only on during one meal (n = 50). Multiple linear regression models, controlling for socioeconomic factors and other covariates, were used to test strength of associations between television and children's consumption of food groups and nutrients.

Results.
Children from families with high television use derived, on average, 6% more of their total daily energy intake from meats; 5% more from pizza, salty snacks, and soda; and nearly 5% less of their energy intake from fruits, vegetables, and juices than did children from families with low television use. Associations between television and children's consumption of food groups remained statistically significant in multiple linear regression models that controlled for socioeconomic factors and other covariates.
Children from high television families derived less of their total energy from carbohydrate and consumed twice as much caffeine as children from low television families. There continued to be a significant association between television and children's consumption of caffeine when these relationships were tested in multiple linear regression models.

Conclusion.
The dietary patterns of children from families in which television viewing is a normal part of meal routines may include fewer fruits and vegetables and more pizzas, snack foods, and sodas than the dietary patterns of children from families in which television viewing and eating are separate activities.
Brain Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging in Children Exposed to Cocaine in Utero
Authors: Smith Lynne M. , Chang Linda , Yonekura M. Lynn , Gilbride Kathleen , Kuo Jennifer , Poland Russell E. , Walot Irwin , Ernst Thomas 
Published: August 2004

Objective.The effects of prenatal cocaine exposure have been examined using neurobehavioral and brain structural evaluations; however, no study has examined the effects of prenatal cocaine on brain metabolism. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) is a noninvasive method to examine the biochemistry of various brain regions. The purpose of this study was to examine the possible neurotoxic effects of prenatal cocaine exposure on the developing brain using 1H-MRS.Methods.Cocaine-exposed children (n = 14) and age-matched unexposed control participants (n = 12) were evaluated with MRI and localized1H-MRS. Metabolite concentrations ofN-acetyl-containing compounds (NA), total creatine (Cr), choline-containing compounds, myoinositol, and glutamate + glutamine were measured in the frontal white matter and striatum.Results.Despite an absence of structural abnormalities in either group, children exposed to cocaine in utero had significantly higher Cr (+13%) in the frontal white matter. NA, primarily a measure of N-acetyl aspartate and neuronal content, was normal in both regions examined by 1H-MRS. Normal NA suggests no significant neuronal loss or damage in the 2 brain regions examined in children exposed to cocaine prenatally.Conclusions.Consistent with findings in abstinent adult cocaine users, we found increased Cr in the frontal white matter, with normal NA in children exposed to cocaine. These findings suggest the need to investigate further possible abnormalities of energy metabolism in the brain of children exposed to cocaine in utero. In addition, this study demonstrates the feasibility of using 1H-MRS to investigate the effects of prenatal drug exposure on the developing brain.
Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of a Cholesterol-Lowering Diet in Children With Elevated Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: Seven-Year Results of the Dietary Intervention Study in Children (DISC)
Authors: Obarzanek Eva , Kimm Sue Y. S. , Barton Bruce A. , Van Horn Linda , Kwiterovich Peter O. , Simons-Morton Denise G. , Hunsberger Sally A. , Lasser Norman L. , Robson Alan M. , Franklin Frank A. , Lauer Ronald M. , Stevens Victor J. , Friedman Lisa Aronson , Dorgan Joanne F. , Greenlick Merwyn R. ,   on Behalf of the DISC Collaborative Research Group
Published: August 2004

Objective.
Diets reduced in fat and cholesterol are recommended for children over 2 years of age, yet long-term safety and efficacy are unknown. This study tests the long-term efficacy and safety of a cholesterol-lowering dietary intervention in children.

Methods.
Six hundred sixty-three children 8 to 10 years of age with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were randomized to a dietary intervention or usual care group, with a mean of 7.4 years' follow-up. The dietary behavioral intervention promoted adherence to a diet with 28% of energy from total fat, &lt;8% from saturated fat, up to 9% from polyunsaturated fat, and &lt;75 mg/1000 kcal cholesterol per day. Serum LDL-C, height, and serum ferritin were primary efficacy and safety outcomes.

Results.
Reductions in dietary total fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol were greater in the intervention than in the usual care group throughout the intervention period. At 1 year, 3 years, and at the last visit, the intervention compared with the usual care group had 4.8 mg/dL (.13 mmol/L), 3.3 mg/dL (.09 mmol/L), and 2.0 mg/dL (.05 mmol/L) lower LDL-C, respectively. There were no differences at any data collection point in height or serum ferritin or any differences in an adverse direction in red blood cell folate, serum retinol and zinc, sexual maturation, or body mass index.

Conclusion.
Dietary fat modification can be achieved and safely sustained in actively growing children with elevated LDL-C, and elevated LDL-C levels can be improved significantly up to 3 years. Changes in the usual care group's diet suggest that pediatric practices and societal and environmental forces are having positive public health effects on dietary behavior during adolescence.
Comprehensive Mutation Screening in a Cystic Fibrosis Center
Authors: Wine Jeffrey J. , Kuo Eugene , Hurlock Gregory , Moss Richard B. 
Published: August 2004

Objectives and Background.
The identities of a cystic fibrosis (CF) patient's CFTRmutations can influence therapeutic strategies, but because &gt;800CFTR mutations exist, cost-effective, comprehensive screening requires a multistage approach. Single-strand conformation polymorphism and heteroduplex analysis (SSCP/HA) can be an important part of mutation detection, but must be calibrated within each laboratory. The sensitivity of a combined commercial-SSCP/HA approach to genotyping in a large, ethnically diverse US center CF population has not been established.

Study Design.
We screened all 27 CFTR exons in 10 human participants who had an unequivocal CF diagnosis including a positive sweat chloride test and at least 1 unknown allele after commercial testing for the 70 most common mutations by SSCP/HA. These participants were compared with 7 participants who had negative sweat tests but at least 1 other CF-like symptom meriting complete genotyping.

Results.
For the 10 CF participants, we detected 11 of 16 unknown alleles (69%) and all 4 of the known alleles (100%), for an overall rate of 75% inpatients not fully genotyped by conventional 70 mutation screen. For 7 participants with negative sweat tests, we confirmed 1 identified mutation in 14 alleles and detected 3 additional mutations. Mutations detected in both groups included 7 missense mutations (S13F, P67L, G98R, S492F, G970D, L1093P, N1303K) and 9 deletion, frameshift, nonsense or splicing mutations (R75X, G542X, ΔF508, 451–458Δ8 bp, 5T, 663ΔT, exon 13 frameshift, 1261+1G→A and 3272–26A→G). Three of these mutations were novel (G970D, L1093P, and 451–458Δ8 bp1). Thirteen other changes were detected, including the novel changes 1812–3 ins T, 4096–278 ins T, 4096–265 ins TG, and 4096–180 T→G.

Conclusion.
When combined with the 70 mutation Genzyme test, SSCP/HA analysis allows for detection of &gt;95% of the mutations in an ethnically heterogeneous CF center population. We discuss 5 possible explanations that could account for the few remaining undetected mutations.