bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimizing PRESS localized citrate detection at 3 Tesla
Authors: Trabesinger Andreas H. , Meier Dieter , Dydak Ulrike , Lamerichs Rolf , Boesiger Peter 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAnalytical methods are used to characterize the response of the strongly coupled two‐spin system of citrate to point‐resolved spectroscopy (PRESS)‐based sequences at 3 T. The signal output is analyzed line by line, as well as in the Cartesian product operator basis. Patterns with a periodicity of 80.9 ms are identified. Furthermore, it is shown that at TE = n · 80.9 ms (n ∈ {0,1,2,…}), the spin evolution can be described without direct reference to strong coupling terms. The theoretical results are found to be in good agreement with in vivo experiments. These results can be used to design protocols for prostate MRS and MRSI at 3 T, and give guidelines for optimizing spin‐echo‐based acquisition schemes for detecting two‐spin systems at arbitrary field strengths. Magn Reson Med 54:51–58, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Method of generalized projections algorithm for image‐based reduction of artifacts in radial imaging
Authors: Lee K. J. , Paley M. N. J. , Griffiths P. D. , Wild J. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis work describes the method of generalized projections (MGP) as an image‐based, postprocessing method to correct for phase inconsistencies caused by echo misalignments in radial imaging. Computer simulations show that MGP can correct for echo shifts, constant phase, and amplitude errors, but the accuracy of the correction is limited, and this accuracy is reduced by the addition of more degrees of freedom. In phantom experiments, MGP performed better than magnitude filtered backprojection and anti‐parallel projections correction. Magn Reson Med 54:246–250, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of proton T1 on oxymetry using Overhauser enhanced magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Matsumoto Shingo , Utsumi Hideo , Aravalluvan Thirumaran , Matsumoto Ken‐ichiro , Matsumoto Atsuko , Devasahayam Nallathamby , Sowers Anastasia L. , Mitchell James B. , Subramanian Sankaran , Krishna Murali C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn Overhauser enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (OMRI) for in vivo measurement of oxygen partial pressure (pO2), a paramagnetic contrast agent is introduced to enhance the proton signal through dynamic nuclear polarization. A uniform proton T1 is generally assumed for the entire region of interest for the computation of pO2 using OMRI. It is demonstrated here, by both phantom and in vivo (mice) imaging, that such an assumption may cause erroneous estimate of pO2. A direct estimate of pixel‐wise T1 is hampered by the poor native MR intensities, owing to the very low Zeeman field (15–20 mT) in OMRI. To circumvent this problem, a simple method for the pixel‐wise mapping of proton T1 using the OMRI scanner is described. A proton T1 image of a slice through the center of an SCC tumor in a mouse clearly shows a range of T1 distribution (0.2∼1.6 s). Computation of pO2 images using pixel‐wise T1 values promises oximetry with minimal artifacts by OMRI. Magn Reson Med 54:213–217, 2005. Published 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Uncovering of intracellular water in cultured cells
Authors: Galons Jean‐Philippe , Lope‐Piedrafita Silvia , Divijak Joseph L. , Corum Curt , Gillies Robert J. , Trouard Theodore P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe complexity of biologic tissues, with multiple compartments each with its own diffusion and relaxation properties, requires complex formalisms to model water signal in most magnetic resonance imaging or magnetic resonance spectroscopy experiments. In this article, we describe a magnetic susceptibility‐induced shift in the resonance frequency of extracellular water by the introduction of a gadolinium contrast agent to medium perfusing a hollow fiber bioreactor. The frequency shift of the extracellular water (+185 Hz at 9.4 T) uncovers the intracellular water and allows direct measurement of motional and relaxation properties of the intracellular space. The proposed method provides a unique tool for understanding the mechanisms underlining diffusion and relaxation in the intracellular space. Magn Reson Med 54:79–86, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐resolution relaxation scheme for the two‐dimensional Riemann problems in gas dynamics
Authors: Seaïd Mohammed 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe present a new relaxation method for the numerical approximation of the two‐dimensional Riemann problems in gas dynamics. The novel feature of the technique proposed here is that it does not require either a Riemann solver or a characteristics decomposition. The high resolution of the method is achieved by using a third‐order reconstruction for the space discretization and a third‐order TVD Runge‐Kutta scheme for the time integration. Numerical experiments, using several configurations of Riemann problems in gas dynamics, are included to confirm the high resolution of the new relaxation scheme. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2006
Properties of well‐defined alternating and random copolymers of methacrylates and styrene prepared by controlled/living radical polymerization
Authors: Denizli Betül Kirci , Lutz Jean‐François , Okrasa Lidia , Pakula Tadeusz , Guner Ali , Matyjaszewski Krzysztof 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe physical properties of well‐defined alternating copolymers poly(methyl methacrylate‐alt‐styrene) and poly(n‐butyl methacrylate‐alt‐styrene), prepared by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization in the presence of Lewis acids, were investigated with differential scanning calorimetry, wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, and dynamic mechanical measurements. The properties were compared with those of random copolymers of the same overall composition and the corresponding homopolymers. Wide‐angle X‐ray scattering data showed that the alternating copolymers possessed a more regular comonomer sequence than the random copolymers. The thermomechanical properties of alternating copolymers and random copolymers were quite similar and typical for amorphous polymers, but in one of the cases studied the glass‐transition temperature for alternating copolymer was remarkably higher than for the random copolymer. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 3440–3446, 2005
Wavefunction analysis and optical nutation in magnetized semiconductor quantum wires exhibiting multiple valence subbands
Authors: Kapoor Sheetal , Kumar Jitendra , Sen Pranay K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe energy eigenvalues and eigenfunctions have been obtained for a GaAs/AlGaAs quantum wire structure with multiple valence subbands, subjected to an external magnetic field. The hole wavefunctions are calculated by numerical diagonalization of Luttinger Hamiltonian in an appropriately chosen basis. The electron–hole wavefunctions thus obtained are used in conjunction with effective semiconductor Bloch equations for the study of optical coherent transient effects like optical nutation. The results show squeezing of wavefunctions with increasing magnetic field while band mixing effects lead to overlapping of peaks. The corresponding optical nutation curves show an increase in nutation frequency with magnetic field while band mixing effects are revealed through multiple oscillations. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structure and transport properties of coherently strained La2/3Ca1/3MnO3/SrTiO3 superlattices
Authors: Lu Yafeng , Klein J. , Herbstritt F. , Philipp J. B. , Marx A. , Alff L. , Gross R. , Zhang H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe front cover of this issue, taken from the Editor's Choice, displays the structural characterization of coherently strained La2/3Ca1/3MnO3/SrTiO3 superlattices prepared by laser molecular beam epitaxy [1]. The pronounced superlattice Bragg peaks and the Kiessig fringes indicate an excellent superlattice structure. The superlattice modulation period is obtained by fitting sin2 θ ∼ n2 and also specular low‐angle X‐ray reflectivity. The correlated interface roughness is confirmed by offset low‐angle X‐ray reflectivity and low‐angle rocking curve.First author Yafeng Lu was a PhD student in the group led by Prof. R. Gross. His research interests are magnetic materials, superconducting materials, and surface physics.
A comparative study of fluoxetine, moclobemide, and tianeptine in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder following an earthquake
Authors: Önder E. , Tural Ü. , Aker T. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract.PurposeAlthough antidepressant drugs have been proven as an effective treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), there are few comparative studies of antidepressants that are acting on different neurotransmitters. The main aim of this study is to compare the efficacy of different class of antidepressant drugs on the PTSD.Subjects/materials and methods. –In this open label study, the patients who met DSM-IV criteria for PTSD were randomly assigned to flexible doses of fluoxetine, moclobemide, or tianeptine. After the first assessment, consecutive assessments were performed at the end of weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12 using clinician administered PTSD scale (CAPS) and Clinical Global Impression of Severity (CGI-S). Changes in the total score of CAPS and sub-scale scores of symptom clusters (re-experience, avoidance, and hyperarousal) were the main output of efficacy. All statistics were based on intention-to-treat and last-observation-carried-forward (LOCF) principles.Results.Thirty-eight patients were assigned to fluoxetine, 35 patients were assigned to moclobemide, and 30 patients were assigned to tianeptine group. Gender distributions and mean ages of the treatment groups were not significantly different. Drop-out rates due to an adverse events or unknown reasons were not significantly different among fluoxetine (18.4%), moclobemide (14.3%), and tianeptine (20.0%) groups. All three treatments has led to a significant improvement in PTSD severity assessed with CAPS total score (ANOVA P < 0.001). Similarly, total scores of re-experiencing, avoidance, and hyperarousal clusters that are subscales of CAPS were significantly reduced by all three treatments (with ANOVA all P values < 0.001). There was not significant difference in terms of treatment effect between three groups.Discussion. –Treatment groups showed very similar improvement on all ratings scales. The findings support that fluoxetine, moclobemide, and tianeptine are all effective in the treatment of PTSD. Different mechanisms of action for these antidepressant drugs might result in the same common neurochemical end point. However, further studies using different classes of antidepressant drugs are needed.
The use of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of catatonia
Authors: Van Den Eede Filip , Van Hecke Jan , Van Dalfsen Arjen , Van den Bossche Bart , Cosyns Paul , Sabbe Bernard G.C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPurposeEvidence indicates that classical antipsychotics may aggravate non-malignant and malignant catatonia (MC). Atypical antipsychotics are less likely to cause movement disorders than classical antipsychotics and they are being frequently prescribed in disorders that can be associated with catatonia. Therefore, the important question that arises is whether atypical antipsychotics have a role to play in the treatment of catatonia.Materials and methodsA Medline search was performed to locate papers on the use of atypical antipsychotics in catatonia published between 1970 and 31st December 2004.ResultsThe literature on the use of atypical antipsychotics in catatonia consists of case reports and retrospective studies. In most cases of non-MC a reduction of the catatonic symptoms is reported upon treatment with atypical antipsychotics. Cases of MC relate mainly to the neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), which is considered as an iatrogenic stuporous variant of MC caused by antipsychotics.ConclusionThere are indications that atypical antipsychotics may be useful in non-MC. As a consequence, one should not only focus on the possible extrapyramidal and autonomic side effects of these drugs, but also on the possible beneficial effects on certain brain functions and on the catatonic symptomatology. However, randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate the effect of these drugs, and caution is advisable, since cases of NMS have been linked to treatment with atypical antipsychotics. There is no evidence to prescribe atypical antipsychotics in MC.
Metabolic barrel representations with various patterns of neonatal whisker deafferentation in rats
Authors: Shin Jung‐Won , Lee Doo‐Jae , Jung Hyuk‐Sang , Sohn Nak‐Won 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWith various patterns of whisker deafferentation, C3 whisker stimulation produced divergently shaped metabolic barrel representations in layer IV of the primary somatosensory cortex. Whisker deafferentation results in functional and structural reorganization of the barrels in the primary somatosensory cortex. The present study examines the alteration of the metabolic barrel representations in layer IV with various configurations of selective whisker deafferentation in neonates, using [14C]2‐deoxyglucose autoradiography. The deafferentation was produced by unilateral ablation of whiskers, leaving certain follicles intact. Configurations of intact follicles included: (I) row C follicles; (II) B3, C3, and D3 follicles; (III) B3, B4, C3, and C4 follicles; (IV) C2, C3, D2, and D3 follicles. The metabolic C3 barrel representations in layer IV after the deafferentations were found to have expanded only toward the barrel sites in which the corresponding whiskers were ablated, with no expansion toward the neighboring barrels. Expansion toward row D was significantly more pronounced than expansion toward row B, and expansion toward the C2 barrel was significantly more pronounced than expansion toward the C4 barrel. From these results, it can be inferred that asymmetric intrinsic structural connections are reflected in the functional metabolic barrel representation under the condition of neural plasticity in the barrel cortex following whisker deafferentation.
The Retreat of the Elephants: An Environmental History of China. By Mark Elvin. [New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2004. xxviii+564 pp. ISBN 0-300-10111-2.]
Authors: Edmonds Richard Louis 
Published: June 2005

Mark Elvin's books often deal with big ideas over large swathes of Chinese history and this book is no exception. The Retreat of the Elephants attempts to describe three millennia of environmental change and environmental ideas in China and to produce conclusions about the nature of Chinese environmental thought as well as experience. It is a masterful tour de force. As such, there is something of interest for everybody. The book is divided into three sections: the first sets the scene and looks at some general cases of degradation over time; the second section concentrates on case studies; and the final section provides textual analysis to elucidate changes in the Chinese view of their environment.The book begins with a simple geography and history lesson. This is helpful for the non-specialist but provides an overly simple and unusual regionalization. Then again, this approach, accompanied with a style that often translates lesser place names into literal translations, does help to open access to the book for a wider audience. Later in the book, however, there is a tendency to digress about Latin names of plants and stories of the supernatural, with wonderful esoteric translations of Chinese poetry and texts. Elvin's translations use words that would require most of us to thumb through a very thick English dictionary although Elvin kindly introduces these Scottish, Welsh and old English terms to us and provides good explanations on the stories behind many of the Chinese textual allusions. These are delightful and help to clarify the points being made. Still, with such almost overwhelming detail of textual analysis later in the book, it is not completely clear for whom the book is written.
The effects of flavoxate hydrochloride on voltage‐dependent L‐type Ca2+ currents in human urinary bladder
Authors: Tomoda Toshihisa , Aishima Manami , Takano Naruaki , Nakano Toshiaki , Seki Narihito , Yonemitsu Yoshikazu , Sueishi Katsuo , Naito Seiji , Ito Yushi , Teramoto Noriyoshi 
Published: June 2005

The effects of flavoxate hydrochloride (Bladderon®, piperidinoethyl‐3‐methylflavone‐8‐carboxylate; hereafter referred as flavoxate) on voltage‐dependent nifedipine‐sensitive inward Ba2+ currents in human detrusor myocytes were investigated using a conventional whole‐cell patch‐clamp. Tension measurement was also performed to study the effects of flavoxate on K+‐induced contraction in human urinary bladder.
Flavoxate caused a concentration‐dependent reduction of the K+‐induced contraction of human urinary bladder.
In human detrusor myocytes, flavoxate inhibited the peak amplitude of voltage‐dependent nifedipine‐sensitive inward Ba2+ currents in a voltage‐ and concentration‐dependent manner (Ki=10 μM), and shifted the steady‐state inactivation curve of Ba2+ currents to the left at a holding potential of −90 mV.
Immunohistochemical studies indicated the presence of the α1C subunit protein, which is a constituent of human L‐type Ca2+ channels (CaV1.2), in the bundles of human detrusor smooth muscle.
These results suggest that flavoxate caused muscle relaxation through the inhibition of L‐type Ca2+ channels in human detrusor.

British Journal of Pharmacology (2005) 146, 25–32. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706284
The Rokhlin lemma for homeomorphisms of a Cantor set
Authors: Bezuglyi S. , Dooley A. , Medynets K. 
Published: June 2005

For a Cantor set

X
X

, let

H
o
m
e
o
(
X
)

Homeo(X)

denote the group of all homeomorphisms of

X
X

. The main result of this note is the following theorem. Let

T
∈
H
o
m
e
o
(
X
)

T\in Homeo(X)

be an aperiodic homeomorphism, let

μ
1

,

μ
2

,
…
,

μ
k

\mu _1,\mu _2,\ldots ,\mu _k

be Borel probability measures on

X
X

, and let

ε
>
0

\varepsilon > 0

and

n
≥
2

n\ge 2

. Then there exists a clopen set

E
⊂
X

E\subset X

such that the sets

E
,
T
E
,
…
,

T

n
−
1

E

E,TE,\ldots , T^{n-1}E

are disjoint and

μ
i

(
E
∪
T
E
∪
…
∪

T

n
−
1

E
)
>
1
−
ε
,

i
=
1
,
…
,
k

\mu _i(E\cup TE\cup \ldots \cup T^{n-1}E) > 1 - \varepsilon ,\ i= 1,\ldots ,k

. Several corollaries of this result are given. In particular, it is proved that for any aperiodic

T
∈
H
o
m
e
o
(
X
)

T\in Homeo(X)

the set of all homeomorphisms conjugate to

T
T

is dense in the set of aperiodic homeomorphisms.
Operator-valued free Fisher information and modular frames
Authors: Meng Bin , Guo Maozheng , Cao Xiaohong 
Published: June 2005

We introduce the operator-valued free Fisher information for a random variable in an operator-valued noncommutative probability space and point out its relations to the amalgamated freeness. Using M. Frank and D. Larson’s modular frame notion we can construct the conjugate variable for an operator-valued semicircle variable with conditional expectation covariance. Then we obtain its free Fisher information and show it is equal to the index of the conditional expectation. At last the conjugate variable with respect to a modular frame operator for a semicircle variable is also constructed.
Isolation, Characterization, and Cloning of α-l-Arabinofuranosidase Expressed during Fruit Ripening of Japanese Pear
Authors: Tateishi Akira , Mori Hitoshi , Watari Junya , Nagashima Kenji , Yamaki Shohei , Inoue Hiroaki 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
α-l-Arabinofuranosidase (α-l-arafase) was purified from fruit of Japanese pear (Pyrus pyrifolia). The enzyme solubilized from the cell wall by NaCl and Triton X-100 had the homogeneity of a single 62-kD polypeptide on SDS-PAGE after purification through the steps of hydroxyapatite, anion-exchange chromatography, and size-exclusion chromatography. A related cDNA clone was isolated (PpARF2). The transcript and related protein were detected solely in the ripening fruit corresponding to the increase of α-l-arafase activity. Transcripts of PpARF2 were not detected in buds, leaves, roots, or shoots of the Japanese pear. The deduced amino acid sequences of PpARF2 had low identity with those of other plants or bacteria. This α-l-arafase belonged to glycoside hydrolase family 3, which includes some β-xylosidases. The purified enzyme hydrolyzed mainly p-nitrophenyl α-l-arabinofuranoside and also reacted bifunctionally with p-nitrophenyl β-d-xylopyranoside. However, it released only arabinose from native cell wall polysaccharides prepared from Japanese pear and from sugar beet arabinan. The enzyme did not release xylose from arabinoxylan and xylan. The only activity of the α-l-arafase presented here was hydrolyzing the arabinosyl residue from native polysaccharides, whereas it showed bifunctional activity against artificial substrates. According to the expression pattern and properties of the enzyme, it is a new member of the glycoside hydrolase family 3 isolated from fruit, and it may be responsible for modification of the cell wall architecture during fruit softening.
A RING Domain Gene Is Expressed in Different Cell Types of Leaf Trace, Stem, and Juvenile Bundles in the Stem Vascular System of Zinnia
Authors: Dahiya Preeti , Milioni Dimitra , Wells Brian , Stacey Nicola , Roberts Keith , McCann Maureen C. 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
The in vitro zinnia (Zinnia elegans) mesophyll cell system, in which leaf mesophyll cells are induced to transdifferentiate into tracheary elements with high synchrony, has become an established model for studying xylogenesis. The architecture of the stem vascular system of zinnia cv Envy contains three anatomically distinct vascular bundles at different stages of development. Juvenile vascular strands of the subapical region develop into mature vascular strands with leaf trace segments and stem segments. Characteristic patterns of gene expression in juvenile, leaf trace, and stem bundles are revealed by a molecular marker, a RING domain-encoding gene, ZeRH2.1, originally isolated from a zinnia cDNA library derived from differentiating in vitro cultures. Using RNA in situ hybridization, we show that ZeRH2.1 is expressed preferentially in two specific cell types in mature zinnia stems. In leaf trace bundles, ZeRH2.1 transcript is abundant in xylem parenchyma cells, while in stem bundles it is abundant in phloem companion cells. Both of these cell types show wall ingrowths characteristic of transfer cells. In addition, ZeRH2.1 transcript is abundant in some phloem cells of juvenile bundles and in leaf palisade parenchyma. The complex and developmentally regulated expression pattern of ZeRH2.1 reveals heterogeneity in the vascular anatomy of the zinnia stem. We discuss a potential function for this gene in intercellular transport processes.