bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sparsing in real time simulation
Authors: Schiela A. , Bornemann F. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractModelling of mechatronical systems often leads to large DAEs with stiff components. In real time simulation neither implicit nor explicit methods can cope with such systems in an efficient way: explicit methods have to employ too small steps and implicit methods have to solve too large systems of equations. A solution of this general problem is to use a method that allows manipulations of the Jacobian by computing only those parts that are necessary for the stability of the method. Specifically, manipulation by sparsing aims at zeroing out certain elements of the Jacobian leading to a structure that can be exploited using sparse matrix techniques. The elements to be neglected are chosen by an a priori analysis phase that can be accomplished before the real‐time simulation starts. In this article a sparsing criterion for the linearly implicit Euler method is derived that is based on block diagonalization and matrix perturbation theory.
Integration through singularities
Authors: Stoßmeister T. 
Published: September 2003

AbstractThe numerical integration of the equations of motion of a multi‐body system in index‐1‐formulation (differential‐algebraic equations) sometimes breaks down, because there is a singularity on the manifold of consistent positions. This can be the case even if there is a continuously differentiable solution of the equations. In this article it is shown how to get through such singularities in very common situations by “blowing up” the position constraint equations. A very simple proof for the finiteness of the algorithm is given and explained with simple, but non‐trivial examples.
Hems to Hairdos: Cultural Discourse and Philadelphia Catholic High Schools in the 1920s, A Case Study
Authors: DWYER-McNULTY SARAH 
Published: September 2003

Ode to a Spring UniformO believe me if all of the flagrant bright blue,Which to many an eye has brought hurt,Were to fade in the wash to some delicate hue,Both the blouse and the unplaited skirt.Thou wouldst then be more fit for the pupils to wear,Though thy advocates boost thee sky high,For this loud awful color is more than we'll bearIf thy shade can be changed by a dye
Jeffrey Cook: 1934–2003
Authors: Sharp Dennis , Szokolay Steve , Hawkes Dean , Yannas Simos 
Published: September 2003

Jeffrey Cook was best known for his pioneering work on bio-climatic design. But what made his particular contribution to architecture distinctive was the breadth of his interests and his concern to make connections between them. Two examples of this were the wonderful studies of the Natural History Museum (‘Designing the well-tempered institution of 1873’ in arq 1/2, pp70–78 and ‘Delivering the well-tempered institution of 1873’ in arq 2/1, pp66–75) which he wrote together with Tanis Hinchcliffe.Jeff was one of the members of the first arq Editorial Board. Both then and later, he was a generous and perceptive referee. And it was he who made the most helpful suggestions when a new board was formed after Cambridge University Press took over as publishers. Sadly, he was not a member of that Board but he continued to help us – and to gently castigate us for changing the layout: ‘The old design was distinctive and couldn't be bettered’ he wrote, ‘– all those wonderful large letters across the opening spreads!’Jeff is remembered here by Dennis Sharp, Steve Szokolay, Dean Hawkes and Simos Yannas.
Urban infoscapes: new tools to inform city design and planning
Authors: Ratti Carlo , Baker Nick 
Published: September 2003

During the past decades, many computer tools have been developed to assist in the environmental design of individual buildings. Heat, light, sound and especially energy consumption can be analyzed in many different packages. This is not generally true for urban design, especially at the medium scale. Although it is widely assumed that urban texture – the pattern of streets, building heights, open spaces and so on – will determine environmental quality both in the buildings and outside, tools for investigating the connections are sparse. The need for medium-scale understanding is confirmed by Givoni (1989):‘The outdoor temperature, wind speed and solar radiation to which an individual building is exposed is not the regional “synoptic” climate, but the local microclimate as modified by the “structure” of the city, mainly of the neighbourhood where the building is located.’This paper describes how novel image-processing algorithms could be applied in urban areas to calculate a wide number of parameters. These parameters allow the construction of what we could call ‘urban infoscapes’: a layered collection of information on cities, that can be successfully used to inform urban design and planning.
Generative design defended Gender differences discussed
Authors: EDITORS THE 
Published: September 2003

Sarah Wigglesworth and Jane Wernick's article, ‘Clear Water Garden; A Study In Design Research and Collaboration’ (arq 6/2, pp214–229) contained (p216) the following passage:‘There was a very productive equality in our working relationship.
Partly because the power structure between different genders and knowledges
was almost entirely absent.’
Solvency requirements for pension annuities
Authors: OLIVIERI ANNAMARIA , PITACCO ERMANNO 
Published: September 2003

This paper deals with solvency requirements for life annuities portfolios and funded pension plans. Particular emphasis is devoted to longevity risk, i.e. the risk arising from uncertainty in future mortality trends. This risk must be faced by insurance companies and pension plans that have guaranteed lifelong payoffs.Solvency is investigated referring to immediate annuities, and hence the so-called decumulation phase is addressed. To assess solvency, assets are compared with the random present value of liabilities. Several requirements are considered, each leading to a required asset level that must be financed both with premiums (or contributions) and capital allocation.
A life-cycle analysis of defined benefit pension plans
Authors: McCARTHY DAVID 
Published: September 2003

This paper employs a lifecycle model from the consumption–savings literature to examine the tradeoffs between defined benefit and defined contribution pension plans. We examine the effects of varying risk aversion, varying initial income and financial wealth, and varying wage processes (that may be correlated with returns on the risky asset).Results indicate that wage-indexed claims are not an optimal vehicle for retirement policy if the decision to participate is made early in life, because individuals hold most of their wealth in their human capital and would not wish to increase their exposure to income shocks. Later in life, after most of a worker's human capital has been converted to financial assets, defined benefit pension plans help increase diversification by reducing exposure to financial market risk. The access that defined benefit plans provide to annuities markets and possible guaranteed rates of return over the risk-free rate increase the value of defined benefit plans to workers. The model also predicts that wage-indexed claims will be more valuable when equity markets provide low expected returns or are highly variable and when annuity markets are inefficient.The model illustrates two economic functions performed by defined benefit plans. Firstly, DB plans pool individual wage risks. This allows older workers to buy a wage-linked security that increases their exposure to wage risks. Secondly, they create a group annuities market that reduces the cost of adverse selection.
Bipolar disorders during adolescence
Authors: Lewinsohn P. M. , Seeley J. R. , Klein D. N. 
Published: September 2003

Objective:  To examine the incidence, correlates, course and family history of bipolar disorder (BD) and subthreshold BD in adolescents.Method:  Structured diagnostic interviews were conducted with a large community sample of adolescents and their first‐degree relatives, and the adolescents were re‐evaluated as young adults.Results:  The first lifetime onset of BD and subthreshold BD almost always occurred in adolescence. Adolescent BD and subthreshold BD were associated with elevated impairment, comorbidity, and suicide attempts. Adolescents with BD were at increased risk for BD, and adolescents with subthreshold BD were at increased risk for major depressive disorder (MDD) in young adulthood. Relatives of BD adolescents had elevated rates of subthreshold BD and MDD, and relatives of subthreshold BD adolescents had elevated rates of BD and MDD.Conclusion:  ‘Classical’ BD clearly exists in adolescence, but there is also a spectrum of milder bipolar conditions. Remediating and preventing BD in adolescents should be a high public health priority.
Postpartum depression: do we still need this diagnostic term?
Authors: Riecher‐Rössler A. , Hofecker Fallahpour M. 
Published: September 2003

Objective: The diagnostic term ‘postpartum depression’ is still widely used. This paper attempts to discuss if this is still justified in the light of recent research.Method: Comprehensive review of literature.Results: Postpartum depression is not a specific entity in terms of having a specific aetiology. Rather, giving birth to a child with all its biological and psychosocial consequences seems to act as a major stressor, which – within a general vulnerability–stress model – can trigger the outbreak of the disease in predisposed women. Nevertheless, it might still be justified to continue the use of this diagnostic term, as depression in early motherhood confronts us with specific needs. Thus, help‐seeking is often delayed due to shame and stigma, and diagnosis is often missed due to misinterpretation of symptoms. Services often do not meet these women's needs adequately, as they do not take into account their specific situation, problems and fears. Untreated, postpartum depression can have especially severe long‐term consequences, not only for the mother but also for the child and the whole family. Therefore, special attention and special treatment is necessary. This necessitates modifications of our pharmacological, non‐pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatment and also provision of new low‐threshold mother–infant services.Conclusion: Although postpartum depression is not a specific entity from an aetiological point of view, the diagnostic term [as ‘specifier’, as in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)‐IV)] should not be abandoned, as depression in the postpartum period confronts us with specific needs for care.
Comorbidity in depression
Authors: Kupfer D. J. , Frank E. 
Published: September 2003

Objective:  To define the extent of comorbidity in depression.Method:  The level of medical comorbidity in depression was assessed on the basis of the empirical literature and results from the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) conference on Depression's Toll on Other Illnesses.Results:  The global incidence of depression underscores the need to develop integrative treatment strategies for these disorders. An NIMH conference entitled ‘The Unwanted Cotraveler: Depression's Toll on Other Illnesses' has highlighted the impact of increased depression prevalence in the presence of medical disorders. Economic data from a large health insurance claims database concludes that the presence of a psychiatric condition, particularly depression, considerably increases the medical costs, as well as the cost of caring for the psychiatric condition.Conclusion:  Federally sponsored research intervention centres need to address these issues and provide opportunities for diverse medical specialties to collaborate on testing novel treatment approaches.
Life events and affective disorders
Authors: Paykel E. S. 
Published: September 2003

Objective:  To summarize research in life events and affective disordersMethod:  Review of the literature.Results and conclusion:  Many studies have shown that episodes of unipolar depression are preceded by life events at higher rates than in control samples. A variety of stressful events are involved with only limited specificity but some relationship to social exit events. Life events also affect remission and relapse of depression. Effects of life events are less when the disorder has already been recurrent, particularly where illness is severe. Effects of life events are also weaker in bipolar disorder than unipolar, but major life events may be important in first onset. Recent evidence suggests a specific role of social rhythm disruption events in manic relapses. Causative chains are multifactorial and complex, and genetic factors can influence life event exposure.
Migration and depression
Authors: Bhugra D. 
Published: September 2003

Objective:  Migrants migrate for a number of reasons and varying duration. The objective in this paper is to review the findings to ascertain whether rates of depression among migrants are higher compared with the non‐migrant populations.Method:  We used the published data to review the theoretical background for migration and to study the existing literature on rates of depression in various migrant and ethnic groups.Results:  The rates of depressive neurosis vary according to migrant status. Migrants in some groups are less likely to report symptoms of depression. Using fluency in language as a proxy measure of acculturation it appears that acculturated individuals are more likely to be depressed.Conclusion:  The impact of migration on depression is not as clear and straightforward as for other psychiatric conditions. More work needs to be carried out in understanding the impact of migration on depression.
Suicide, suicidality and suicide prevention in affective disorders
Authors: Möller H. J. 
Published: September 2003

Objective:  It is well known that functional psychiatric disorders are one of the main causes of suicidal behaviour. This paper discusses the epidemiology and risk factors of suicidal behaviour in affective disorders and goes on to describe the treatment and prevention of such suicidal behaviour.Method:  A narrative overview of relevant epidemiological and drug studies.Results:  About 60–70% of patients with acute depression experience suicidal ideas. There is a high incidence of suicide (10–15%) in depressive patients. Psychopharmacological treatment with antidepressants and/or mood stabilizers is the most successful approach to avoid the risk of suicidal behaviour. In addition, psychotherapeutic and psychosocial interventions are of importance.Conclusion:  Suicidal behaviour and suicide must be considered when treating patients with affective disorders. The complex causation of suicidality has to be borne in mind when considering methods of suicide prevention. In order to obtain the best results, psychosocial, psychotherapeutic and psychopharmacological approaches should be combined, depending on the risk factors of each individual patient.
Vulnerability, destabilization and restitution in anxious depression
Authors: Goldberg D. 
Published: September 2003

Objective:  To summarize what is known about vulnerability and resilience to common mental disorders, and the psychosocial factors associated with speed of recovery.Method:  Recent genetic factors are summarized, and taken together with known facts about social factors encouraging or reducing likelihood of an episode.Results:  Multiple genes are likely, controlling both vulnerability and resilience, with the manifestation in phenotype modified by environmental factors. Restitution must be thought of separately from vulnerability.Conclusion:  Instead of specific genes causing specific mental disorders, we need a more complex model.
Sleep and manipulations of the sleep–wake rhythm in depression
Authors: Berger M. , Van Calker D. , Riemann D. 
Published: September 2003

Objective:  Disturbed sleep is typical for most depressed patients and complaints about disordered sleep are the hallmarks of the disorder. Polysomnographic sleep research has demonstrated that besides impaired sleep continuity, sleep in depression is characterized by a reduction of slow wave sleep and a disinhibition of random eye movement (REM) sleep, with a shortening of REM latency, a prolongation of the first REM period and increased REM density.Method:  Our own experimental work has focused on the reciprocal interaction hypothesis of non‐REM and REM sleep regulation as a model to explain the characteristic features of depressed sleep.Results:  In agreement with the major tenet of this model, administration of cholinomimetics provoked shortened REM latency in healthy subjects and led to an even stronger REM sleep disinhibition in depressed patients. Manipulations of the sleep–wake cycle, such as sleep deprivation or a phase advance of the sleep period, alleviate depressive symptoms.Conclusion:  These data indicate a strong bidirectional relationship between sleep, sleep alterations and depression.
Seasonality in affective disorders in Switzerland
Authors: Wirz‐Justice A. , Graw P. , Kräuchi K. , Wacker H. R. 
Published: September 2003

Objective:  To estimate the prevalence of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and its subsyndromal form (S‐SAD) in Switzerland (47°N).Method:  A representative sample from all three language areas of Switzerland (n = 980) were given a structured telephone interview using the extended Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ+). A smaller, but also representative sample in the city of Basel filled in the SPAQ+ form as well as undergoing a structured diagnostic interview.Results:  In this Swiss sample, 2.2% of the population presented with symptom severity of SAD, 8.9% with S‐SAD. In Basel, a much higher prevalence of SAD was found. Seasonal problems occurred more often in patients with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)‐III diagnosis of major affective disorders than in those with pure anxiety disorders or no psychiatric diagnosis.Conclusion:  These estimates for SAD in Switzerland are similar to those found in the Zürich Study, using other methods, and for populations in the UK, with the limitations inherent in retrospective questionnaire studies.
Lay beliefs about causes of depression
Authors: Lauber C. , Falcato L. , Nordt C. , Rössler W. 
Published: September 2003

Objective:  Assessing lay beliefs about causes of depressive behaviour and analysing the influence of labelling and demographic factors on causal attributions.Method:  In Switzerland we conducted a representative telephone survey with 873 interviewees. A vignette depicting a man with depression satisfying the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)‐III‐R criteria was presented. Content analysis of up to three answers about assumed causes was conducted.Results:  For more than half the respondents (56.6%) difficulties within the family or the partnership are causal for depression. Occupational stress is the second most‐mentioned cause (32.7%), whereas unspecified further stress is in third place (19.9%). Traumatic events (17.9%), depressive disorder (14.1%) and further unspecified illnesses (11.6%) follow. Few correlations were found between causal attributions, labelling and demographic factors.Conclusion:  The respective causal attributions are mainly independent of demographic factors, thus generalizable for the population. The attributions are shaped primarily by psychosocial ideas about aetiology. Nevertheless, one‐third of the interviewees holds biological or disease‐related beliefs about causes of depression. The respective illness models cannot be neglected in the therapeutic relationship.
The Zurich Study: participation patterns and Symptom Checklist 90‐R scores in six interviews, 1979–99
Authors: Eich D. , Ajdacic‐Gross V. , Condrau M. , Huber H. , Gamma A. , Angst J. , Rössler W. 
Published: September 2003

Objective:  The Zurich study is a longitudinal study in psychiatric epidemiology that started in the late 1970s. The sixth interview in 1999 provides the basis to investigate and update the participation and drop‐out patterns of the Zurich subjects.Method:  Aside from descriptive analyses, particular attention was paid to the Symptom Checklist 90‐R (SCL‐90‐R), used initially to stratify the Zurich sample.Results:  The initial proportions of high‐scorers vs. low‐scorers (two‐thirds vs. one‐third) have not changed significantly in the 367 subjects who participated in the 1999 interview. More detailed analyses indicate a selective and changing dependence of participation/drop‐out on health status as measured by the SCL‐90R. In recent interviews drop‐out has become more likely in subjects with extremely high SCL scores and in subjects with low SCL scores.Conclusion:  Drop‐out in the Zurich Study is associated with extreme SCL scores.
Risk factors for the bipolar and depression spectra
Authors: Angst J. , Gamma A. , Endrass J. 
Published: September 2003

Objective:  To identify risk factors for mood disorders in a community sample studied from the ages of 20 to 35 years.Method:  Social characteristics, a family history of mood disorders and some personality features were analysed as risk factors for bipolar and depressive disorders by means of logistic regression.Results:  Frequent ‘ups and downs’ of mood were the strongest risk factor for both bipolar and depressive disorders; a weaker risk factor for both was emotional/vegetative lability (neuroticism). An additional risk factor for bipolar disorders was a positive family history of mania, whereas for depression it was a positive family history of depression/fatigue. As a risk factor for bipolar disorders, ‘ups and downs’ were much stronger than a positive family history of mania. Frequent ups and downs were independent of the family history of mood disorders.Conclusion:  The results suggest that mood regulation should be investigated as a new, very important independent risk factor for mood disorders.
Prevalence of affective disorders in children and adolescents: findings from the Zurich Epidemiological Studies
Authors: Steinhausen H.‐C. , Winkler Metzke C. 
Published: September 2003

Objective:  Affective disorders were studied in two epidemiological studies of children and adolescents in the Canton of Zurich, Switzerland.Method:  In the Zurich Epidemiological Study of Child and Adolescent Psychopathology Study (ZESCAP) in 1994 a representative cohort of 1964 pupils aged 7–16 years was studied. The Zurich Adolescent Psychology and Psychopathology Study (ZAPPS) included 1089 adolescents aged 15–19 years who were assessed in 1997. A two‐stage approach with questionnaire screening of the entire sample in stage 1 and consecutive interviews in stage 2 was used in both studies. Diagnoses according to DSM‐III‐R were derived from structured parent interviews in the ZESCAP and from both parent and adolescent interviews in the ZAPPS.Results:  The total prevalence rate for affective disorders in the ZESCAP was 0.66% (SE 0.25) whereas it was 5.1% based on adolescent interviews and 1.2% based on parent interviews in the ZAPPS. Adolescent girls have significantly higher prevalence rates for affective disorders than boys (9.4 vs. 1.1%).Conclusion:  These findings are in accordance with various other international epidemiological studies on affective disorders in children and adolescents.
Modern diagnostic concepts of the affective disorders
Authors: Parker G. 
Published: September 2003

Objective:  To review critically alternative models of depression.Method:  Contrasting historical models are noted and some results of a study overviewing a temperament‐based model for the non‐melancholic disorders are presented.Results:  Limitations to all models are considered.Conclusion:  As depression can present as a mood state, a syndrome, a disorder and as a disease, it is unwise to assume that a single model will suffice. A pure temperament diathesis model of non‐melancholic depression is unlikely to be sufficient and would benefit from testing of additional personality constructs.