bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The energy cost of adjuvant‐induced arthritis in rats
Authors: Goodson Tara , Morgan Sarah L. , Carlee Jodelle R. , Baggott Joseph E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that rats with adjuvant‐induced arthritis (AIA) need more metabolic energy to maintain body weight than healthy control rats or rats with AIA treated with methotrexate (MTX).MethodsRat AIA was induced by Mycobacterium butyricum injection at the base of the tail. The MTX‐treated group was injected with MTX (1.0 mg/kg/week) in phosphate buffered saline. Negative controls (i.e., disease‐free) and the MTX‐treated group were pair‐fed with positive controls (i.e., untreated AIA rats) to ensure equal mean body weights.ResultsAn additional 0.85 gm of food per day per rat was needed by the positive control group and 0.54 gm per day by the MTX‐treated group to maintain a body weight comparable with that of the negative control group during days 5–15 post–adjuvant injection. During days 15–34 post–adjuvant injection an additional 1.4 gm of food per day per rat was needed by the positive controls and 0.62 gm by the MTX‐treated group.ConclusionThe results of this study indicate that adjuvant arthritis has a metabolic cost, which increases substantially as the disease becomes clinically apparent (days 15–34). MTX treatment does not completely eliminate the caloric cost of the disease. During days 5–15 post–adjuvant injection, an average of 6% of the total calories eaten by the positive controls was metabolized to support subclinical inflammation and other physiologic processes of this disease. During the active phase of the disease (i.e., clinical inflammation), this value increased to 18% of total calories.
Monitoring by rheumatologists for methotrexate‐, etanercept‐, infliximab‐, and anakinra‐associated adverse events
Authors: Yazici Yusuf , Erkan Doruk , Paget Stephen A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractObjectiveTo determine what monitoring protocols rheumatologists use to identify adverse events in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients treated with methotrexate (methotrexate), etanercept (etanercept), infliximab (infliximab), and anakinra (anakinra), how often rheumatologists encounter treatment‐altering adverse events in their RA patients receiving these treatments, and how they feel about and comply with the current monitoring guidelines.MethodsThree hundred ten physician members of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) were notified by e‐mail of a survey that was posted on our rheumatology Web site. Questions were closed‐ended and multiple choice in format.ResultsOne hundred twenty‐three responses were received (40%). Most rheumatologists reported that they utilize the ACR recommended screening tests at baseline before methotrexate treatment is initiated. Seventy‐nine percent reported that treatment‐altering abnormalities had occurred in <5% of their methotrexate‐treated RA patients, and 88% reported that such abnormalities had occurred in <10% of such patients, in the previous 3 years. Forty‐one percent believed liver function monitoring guidelines need to be changed; 59% said they would agree with new guidelines that would include a recommendation for liver function monitoring every 3–4 months. Most rheumatologists were not aware of any guidelines for monitoring by blood tests in RA patients treated with biologic agents, yet the majority reported that they order blood tests before patients start these therapies and on followup.ConclusionOur survey indicates that treatment‐altering liver function abnormalities in methotrexate‐treated RA patients are rare, and more than half of rheumatologists agree that a less stringent monitoring regimen should be considered. Rheumatologists and pharmaceutical companies might work together to develop guidelines for monitoring of patients treated with biologic agents.
Tumor necrosis factor α activation of the apoptotic cascade in murine articular chondrocytes is associated with the induction of metalloproteinases and specific pro‐resorptive factors
Authors: Cho Tae‐Joon , Lehmann Wolfgang , Edgar Cory , Sadeghi Cameron , Hou Andrew , Einhorn Thomas A. , Gerstenfeld Louis C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractObjectiveTumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) blockade provides substantive reduction of the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). While the biologic actions of TNFα have been well characterized in immune and synovial cells, which are known to be major contributors to the progression of cartilage destruction in RA, the current studies were designed to assess the direct effects of TNFα on chondrocytes.MethodsWe examined the expression of several groupings of messenger RNA (mRNA) that define key biologic pathways that have previously been associated with either the general actions of TNFα or cartilage destruction, in murine articular chondrocytes isolated from wild‐type mice and TNFα receptor–null (p55/p75−/−) mice.ResultsTNFα induced the expression of multiple mRNA that facilitate apoptosis and lead to apoptosis‐induced cell death. The induction of apoptosis was accompanied by the increased expression of several factors involved in the regulation of skeletal tissue proteolysis and resorption. Quantitative increases from 2‐fold to >10‐fold were seen for inducible nitric oxide synthase, matrix metalloproteinase 3, macrophage colony‐stimulating factor, and osteoprotegerin mRNA expression. The dependence of the induction of these mRNA on TNFα was confirmed by comparison with the effects of TNFα on chondrocytes isolated from receptor‐null mice.ConclusionThese findings demonstrate that TNFα alters the expression of a complex array of genes within murine chondrocytes that contribute to the destruction of joint surfaces, independent of its actions on synovial and immune cells. Further studies are needed to clarify the biologic actions of TNFα in human cartilage cells.
Age‐dating a star‐burst with GEMINI/CIRPASS observations of the core of M83
Authors: Sharp R.G. , Parry I.R. , Ryder S.D. , Knapen J.H. , Mazzuca L.M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe present preliminary results from a set of near‐IR integral field spectroscopic observations of the central, star‐burst, regions of the barred spiral galaxy M83, obtained with CIRPASS on Gemini‐S. We present maps in the Paβ and [FeII] 1.257 μm emission lines which appear surprisingly different. We outline the procedure in which we will use Paβ emission line strengths and measures of CO absorption to determine the relative and absolute ages of individual star‐forming knots in the central kpc region of M83. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Integral field spectroscopy of QSO host galaxies
Authors: Jahnke K. , Wisotzki L. , Sánchez S. F. , Christensen L. , Becker T. , Kelz A. , Roth M. M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe describe a project to study the state of the ISM in ∼20 low redshift (z < 0.3) QSO host galaxies observed with the PMAS integral field spectrograph. We describe the development of the method to access the stellar and gas components of the spectrum without the strong nuclear emission, in order to access the host galaxy properties in the central region. It shows that integral field spectroscopy promises to be very efficient in studying the gas distribution and its velocity field, and also the spatially resolved stellar population in the host galaxies of luminous AGN. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Disk Mass project; science case for a new PMAS IFU module
Authors: Verheijen M.A.W. , Bershady M.A. , Andersen D.R. , Swaters R.A. , Westfall K. , Kelz A. , Roth M.M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe present our Disk Mass project as the main science case for building a new fiber IFU‐module for the PMAS spectrograph, currently mounted at the Cassegrain focus of the 3.5m telescope on Calar Alto. Compared to traditional longslit observations, the large light collecting power of 2‐dimensional Integral Field Units dramatically improves the prospects for performing spectroscopy on extended low surface brightness objects with high spectral resolution. This enables us to measure stellar velocity dispersions in the outer disk of normal spiral galaxies. We describe some results from a PMAS pilot study using the existing lenslet array, and provide a basic description of the new fiber IFU‐module for PMAS. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Randomized clinical trial of the effects of preoperative and postoperative oral nutritional supplements on clinical course and cost of care
Authors: Smedley F , Bowling T , James M , Stokes E , Goodger C , O'Connor O , Oldale C , Jones P , Silk D 
Published: June 2004

Abstract

Background
Postoperative oral nutritional supplementation has been shown to be of clinical benefit. This study examined the clinical effects and cost of administration of oral supplements both before and after surgery.

Methods
This was a randomized clinical trial conducted in three centres. Patients undergoing lower gastrointestinal tract surgery were randomized to one of four groups: group CC received no nutritional supplements, group SS took supplements both before and after surgery, group CS received postoperative supplements only, and group SC were given supplements only before surgery. Preoperative supplements were given from the time it was decided to operate to 1 day before surgery. Postoperative supplements were started when the patient was able to take free fluids and continued for 4 weeks after discharge from hospital. Data collected included weight change, complications, length of stay, nutritional intake, anthropometrics, quality of life and detailed costings covering all aspects of care.

Results
Some 179 patients were randomized, of whom 27 were withdrawn and 152 analysed (CC 44, SS 32, CS 35, SC 41). Dietary intake was similar in all four groups throughout the study. Mean energy intake from preoperative supplements was 536 and 542 kcal/day in the SS and SC groups respectively; that 2 weeks after discharge from hospital was 274 and 361 kcal/day in the SS and CS groups respectively. There was significantly less postoperative weight loss in the SS group than in the CC and CS groups (P &lt; 0·050), and significantly fewer minor complications in the SS and CS groups than the CC group (P &lt; 0·050). There were no differences in the rate of major complications, anthropometrics and quality of life. Mean overall costs were greatest in the CC group, although differences between groups were not significant.

Conclusion
Perioperative oral nutritional supplementation started before hospital admission for lower gastrointestinal tract surgery significantly diminished the degree of weight loss and incidence of minor complications, and was cost-effective.
A review of clinical guidelines
Authors: Andrews E J , Redmond H P 
Published: June 2004

Abstract

Background
Clinical guidelines are increasingly used in patient management but few clinicians are familiar with their origin or appropriate application.

Methods
A Medline search using the terms ‘clinical guidelines’ and ‘practice guidelines’ was conducted. Additional references were sourced by manual searching from the bibliographies of articles located.

Results and conclusion
Clinical guidelines originated in the USA in the early 1980s, initially as a cost containment exercise. Significant improvements in the process and outcomes of care have been demonstrated following their introduction, although the extent of improvement varies considerably. The principles for the development of guidelines are well established but many published guidelines fall short of these basic quality criteria. Guidelines are only one aspect of improving quality and should be used within a wider framework of promoting clinical effectiveness. Understanding their limitations as well as their potential benefits should enable clinicians to have a clearer view of their place in everyday practice.
A Photoswitchable Rotaxane with a Folded Molecular Thread
Authors: Abraham Werner , Grubert Lutz , Grummt Ulrich W. , Buck Karin 
Published: June 2004

AbstractNovel [2]rotaxanes containing the tetracationic cyclophane cyclobis(paraquat‐4,4‐biphenylene) and a dumbbell‐shaped molecular thread incorporating a photoactive diarylcycloheptatriene station as well as a photoinactive anisol station have been synthesized with yields of nearly 50 % by the alkylative endcapping method. The rotaxane was transformed into the related rotaxane incorporating a diaryl tropylium unit by electrochemical oxidation. The precursor of the cycloheptatrienyl rotaxane, the related pseudorotaxane, and the rotaxanes incorporating the diarylcycloheptatriene and the corresponding tropylium unit were characterized by 1HNMR spectroscopy and UV/Vis spectroscopy. According to the NMR spectra, both the cycloheptatriene and the tropylium rotaxane possess a folded conformation enabling the tetracationic cyclophane to interact with two stations. The diarylcycloheptatriene station is incorporated inside the cavity of the cyclophane and the anisol station resides alongside the bipyridinium unit of the cyclophane. In contrast, the anisol station is inside the cyclophane in the tropylium rotaxane. The exchange between both conformations can be achieved by introducing the methoxy leaving group into the cycloheptatriene ring; the tropylium rotaxane is generated by photoheterolysis of this methoxy‐substituted rotaxane, which reacts thermally back to the cycloheptatriene rotaxane, thus closing the switching cycle. These induced conformational changes achieve a so‐called molecular machine.
Synthesis and Structure of Five Sc3CuyZn18‐y‐Type Compositions (0 ≤ y ≤ ≈2.2), 1/1 Crystalline Approximants of a New Icosahedral Quasicrystal. Direct Example of Tuning on the Basis of Size Effects and Hume—Rothery Concepts.
Authors: Lin Qisheng , Corbett John D. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
First Characterization of the Ammine—Ammonium Complex [{NH4(NH3)4}2 (μ‐NH3)2]2+ in the Crystal Structure of [NH4(NH3)4] [B(C6H5)4]×NH3 and the [NH4(NH3)4]+ Complex in [NH4(NH3)4] [Ca(NH3)7] As3S6×2NH3 and [NH4(NH3)4] [Ba(NH3)8] As3S6×NH3.
Authors: Rossmeier Thomas , Reil Markus , Korber Nikolaus 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Li17Ag3Sn6: A Polar Intermetallic π‐System with Carbonate‐Like [AgSn3]11‐ Anions and Trefoil Aromatic [Ag2Sn3]6‐ Layers.
Authors: Lupu Corina , Downie Craig , Guloy Arnold M. , Albright Thomas A. , Mao Jiang‐Gao 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Construction of a New Asymmetric Reaction Site: Asymmetric 1,4‐Addition of Thiol Using Pentagonal Bipyramidal Hf(salen) Complex as Catalyst.
Authors: Matsumoto Kazuhiro , Watanabe Akira , Uchida Tatsuya , Ogi Kayoko , Katsuki Tsutomu 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Preparation of β‐ and γ‐Lactams via Ring Closures of Unsaturated Carbamoyl Radicals Derived from 1‐Carbamoyl‐1‐methylcyclohexa‐2,5‐dienes.
Authors: Bella A. Franco , Jackson Leon V. , Walton John C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nitriles in Heterocyclic Synthesis: The Preparation of Novel Indeno[1,2‐d]pyridazines, Fused Pyrazolo[5,1‐c][1,2,4]triazines, and Fluorenones.
Authors: Hassanien Abu Zeid A. , Kandeel Zaghloul E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
From α,β‐Unsaturated Fischer Carbene Complexes to Highly Substituted 3‐Ethoxycyclopentadienes, Masked Cyclopentenones.
Authors: Wu Yao‐Ting , Flynn Bernard , Schirmer Heiko , Funke Frank , Mueller Stefan , Labahn Thomas , Noetzel Markus , de Meijere Armin 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Pd(0)‐Catalyzed Conjugate Addition of Benzylzinc Chlorides to α,β‐Enones in an Atmosphere of Carbon Monoxide: Preparation of 1,4‐Diketones.
Authors: Yuguchi Motoki , Tokuda Masao , Orito Kazuhiko 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Photochromic Dihetarylethenes. Part 19. Synthesis of 1,2‐Dihetarylethenes with 2,5‐Dihydrothiophene Bridge from Thieno[3,2‐b]pyrroles.
Authors: Krayushkin M. M. , Yarovenko V. N. , Semenov S. L. , Zavarzin I. V. , Martynkin A. Yu. , Uzhinov B. M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Behavior of N,N‐Disubstituted 5‐Arylmethylidene‐2‐aminothiazole‐4(5H)‐ones Towards Cyclic CH Acids and Ethyl Cyanoacetate.
Authors: Kandeel Kamal A. , Youssef Ali M. , El‐Bestawy Hany M. , Omar Mohamed T. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
One‐Pot Syntheses of 6‐Mercaptopurines (6MP) from 4,5‐Diamino‐6‐chloro‐pyrimidines.
Authors: Tandel Sagun , Bliznets Igor , Ebinger Katalin , Ma You‐An , Bhumralkar Dilip , Thiruvazhi Mohan 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Simultaneously Electrogenerated Cycloaddition Partners for Regiospecific Inverse‐Electron‐Demand Diels—Alder Reactions: A Route for Polyfunctionalized 1,4‐Benzoxazine Derivatives.
Authors: Blattes Estelle , Fleury Maurice‐Bernard , Largeron Martine 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Aminomethylation by Formaldehyde and Primary Amines of Anionic σ‐Adduct Obtained from 2,4‐Dinitrophenol and Acetophenone Carbanion.
Authors: Shakhkel'dyan I. V. , Leonova O. V. , Atroshchenko Yu. M. , Boikova O. I. , Bobrulevich O. Ya. , Grintselev‐Knyazev G. V. , Yakunina I. E. , Shchukin A. N. , Alifanova E. N. , Subbotin V. A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Various Sulfoforms of the Trisaccharide β‐D‐GlcpA‐(1→3)‐β‐D‐Galp‐(1→3)‐β‐D‐Galp‐ (1→OMP) as Probes for the Study of the Biosynthesis and Sorting of Proteoglycans.
Authors: Thollas Bertrand , Jacquinet Jean‐Claude 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Glaucine and (.+‐.)‐Neospirodienone via a One‐Pot Bischler—Napieralski Reaction and Oxidative Coupling by a Hypervalent Iodine Reagent.
Authors: Huang Wei‐Jan , Singh Om V. , Chen Chung‐Hsiung , Lee Shoei‐Sheng 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Spirocyclic Trichothecanes, Spirotenuipesine A and B, Isolated from Entomopathogenic Fungus, Paecilomyces tenuipes.
Authors: Kikuchi Haruhisa , Miyagawa Yasuhiro , Sahashi Yuko , Inatomi Satoshi , Haganuma Asami , Nakahata Norimichi , Oshima Yoshiteru 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Kigamicins, Novel Antitumor Antibiotics. Part 1. Taxonomy, Isolation, Physico‐chemical Properties and Biological Activities.
Authors: Kunimoto Setsuko , Lu Jie , Esumi Hiroyasu , Yamazaki Yohko , Kinoshita Naoko , Honma Yoshiko , Hamada Masa , Ohsono Michiyo , Ishizuka Masaaki , Takeuchi Tomio 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors: The First Selective, Membrane‐Impermeant Inhibitors Targeting the Tumor‐Associated Isozyme IX.
Authors: Pastorekova Silvia , Casini Angela , Scozzafava Andrea , Vullo Daniela , Pastorek Jaromir , Supuran Claudiu T. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Human papillomavirus, smoking, and sexual practices in the etiology of anal cancer
Authors: Daling Janet R. , Madeleine Margaret M. , Johnson Lisa Godefroy , Schwartz Stephen M. , Shera Katherine A. , Wurscher Michelle A. , Carter Joseph J. , Porter Peggy L. , Galloway Denise A. , McDougall James K. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe incidence of anal cancer has increased among both men (160%) and women (78%) from 1973 to 2000 in the U.S. The authors conducted a population‐based case–control study of anal cancer to examine factors that may account for this increase.METHODSMen (n = 119 patients) and women (n = 187 patients) who were diagnosed with anal cancer between 1986 and 1998 in the Seattle area were ascertained through the local Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registry. Control participants (n = 1700) were ascertained through random‐digit telephone dialing. Participants were interviewed in person and provided blood samples. Archival tumor tissue was tested for human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA, and serum samples were tested for HPV type 16 (HPV‐16).RESULTSOverall, 88% of tumors (all histologies) in the study were found to be positive for HPV. HPV‐16 was the most frequent HPV type detected (73% of all tumors), followed by HPV‐18 (6.9%), regardless of gender. However, 97.7% of tumors from men who were not exclusively heterosexual contained HPV DNA. The risk of anal cancer increased among men (odds ratio [OR], 5.3; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 2.4–12.0) and women (OR, 11.0; 95% CI, 5.5–22.1) who had ≥ 15 sexual partners during their lifetime. Among men who were not exclusively heterosexual and women, receptive anal intercourse was related strongly to the risk of anal cancer (OR, 6.8 [95% CI, 1.4–33.8] and OR, 2.2 [95% CI, 1.4–3.3], respectively). Current smokers among men and women were at particularly high risk for anal cancer, independent of age and other risk factors (OR, 3.9 [95% CI, 1.9–8.0] and OR, 3.8 [95% CI, 2.4–6.2], respectively).CONCLUSIONSThe high proportion of tumors with detectable HPV suggests that infection with HPV is a necessary cause of anal cancer, similar to that of cervical cancer. Increases in the prevalence of exposures, such as cigarette smoking, anal intercourse, HPV infection, and the number of lifetime sexual partners, may account for the increasing incidence of anal cancer in men and women. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Pure Organic Phase Phenol Biosensor Based on Tyrosinase Entrapped in a Vapor Deposited Titania Sol‐Gel Membrane
Authors: Yu Jiuhong , Ju Huangxian 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA novel amperometric biosensor was constructed for the determination of phenols in pure organic phase. This biosensor was fabricated by immobilizing tyrosinase in a titania sol‐gel membrane which was obtained with a vapor deposition method. This method was facile and avoided the calcination step needed in conventional titania sol‐gel process. The titania sol‐gel membrane could effectively retain the essential water layer around the enzyme molecule needed for maintaining its activity in organic phase. The experimental parameters such as solvent and operating potential were optimized. At −100 mV this biosensor showed a good amperometric response to phenols in pure chloroform without any mediator and rehydration of the enzyme. For catechol determination the sensor exhibited a fast response of less than 5 seconds. The sensitivity of different phenols was as follows: catechol > phenol > p‐cresol. Additionally, the apparent Michaelis‐Menten constants of the encapsulated tyrosinase to catechol, phenol and p‐cresol were found to be 0.15±0.003, 0.17±0.008 and 0.21±0.004 mM, respectively. The biosensor had also good reproducibility and stability. This work provided a promising platform for the construction of pure organic phase biosensors and the determination of substrates with poor water solubility.