bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regulation of matrix metabolism in equine cartilage explant cultures by interleukin 1
Authors: MacDonald Melinda H. , Stover Susan M. , Willits Neil H. , Benton Hilary P. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Explant cultures were set up, using articular cartilage obtained from metatarsophalangeal joints of 11 horses. Explants from 2 horses were used to determine culture conditions appropriate for tissue viability. The cartilage explants maintained steady-state metabolism of proteoglycans during a 13-day evaluation period. The metabolic response of equine articular cartilage to incubation with recombinant human interleukin 1 (0.01 to 100 ng/ml) was studied, using cartilage obtained from the remaining 9 horses, age of which ranged from 3 months to 20 years. Interleukin 1 induced a dose-dependent release of glycosaminoglycan from the matrix during a 3-day incubation period. It also caused dose-dependent inhibition of glycosaminoglycan synthesis during a 3-hour pulse-labeling period. Expiants obtained from older horses were significantly (P < 0.05) less responsive to interleukin 1, with respect to synthesis and release of glycosaminoglycan.
Effects of chlorothiazide on urinary excretion of calcium in clinically normal dogs
Authors: Lulich Jody P. , Osborne Carl A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Administration of thiazide diuretics has been recommended to prevent calcium oxalate urolith development in dogs. To evaluate the effects of thiazide diuretics in dogs, 24-hour urine excretion of calcium was measured in 6 clinically normal Beagles after administration of chlorothiazide (ctz) for 2 weeks, administration of ctz for 10 weeks, and administration of calcium carbonate and ctz for 2 weeks. Compared with baseline values, 24-hour urine calcium excretion did not decrease after ctz administration. When ctz was given at a high dosage (130 mg/ kg of body weight), urinary calcium excretion was significantly (P < 0.04) higher than baseline values. Based on these observations, we do not recommend ctz for treatment or prevention of canine calcium oxalate urolithiasis.
Effect of short-term exposure of chickens to corticosterone on resistance to challenge exposure with Escherichia coli and antibody response to sheep erythrocytes
Authors: Gross W.B. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Chickens in a low-stress environment (heterophil/lymohocyte ratio 0.31) were given feed containing 30, 40, or 60 mg of corticosterone/kg of feed for 0.5 hour. Between 0.5 to 12 hours later, chickens were exposed to Escherichia coli via the air sac route. For each dose of corticosterone, there was an untreated control group that was exposed to E coli via the air sac route. The prevalence of pericarditis was reduced from 78 to 7% between 2 and 4 hours after exposure. Resistance was associated with heterophil/lymphocyte (h/l) ratios greater than 1.04. Peak h/l ratios correlated positively with amount of corticosterone in the feed.
In one experiment, chickens were inoculated iv with sheep erythrocytes at various times after consumption of feed containing corticosterone. Suppression of antibody responsiveness was most pronounced 4 hours later. Antibody responsiveness correlated positively with lymphocyte numbers.
Histologic examination of air sacs was made following euthanasia at various times after E coli exposure. Lesions observed in control chickens included: edema at 0.5 hour, beginning of heterophil infiltration at 1 hour, increased edema and heterophil infiltration at 2 hours, and severe edema and heterophil infiltration at 4 hours. Lesions were not observed in chickens that had been given feed containing 40 mg of corticosterone/kg of feed.
Double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblot analysis used for control of caseous lymphadenitis in goats and sheep
Authors: ter Laak E. A. , Bosch J. , Bijl G. C. , Schreuder B. E. C. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A double-antibody sandwich elisa for detection of antibodies directed against the exotoxin of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, the cause of caseous lymphadenitis (CL) in small ruminants, was developed. A concentrated exotoxin was used. For interpretation of elisa results, these sera were tested: sequentially obtained sera of C pseudotuberculosis-inoculated goats and sheep that were monitored for 68 weeks; sequentially obtained sera from 80 goats of 3 flocks with CL; sera from 652 goats of 7 flocks without CL; sera from 160 sheep of 4 flocks without CL; and 2,265 caprine and 208 ovine sera submitted for diagnostic testing. Data regarding the infection status and history of 10,454 of the 23,302 animals were collected after testing; most of these were goats that had been part of a CL control program. Specificity and sensitivity of the elisa were nearly 100%. Subsequently, 31,978 animals from which no data on infection status of flocks had been collected were then tested. It was concluded that the elisa is a useful diagnostic test for CL eradication programs. Sera with doubtful or inconclusive elisa results were examined by use of immunoblot analysis. Proteins from C pseudotuberculosis culture supernatant were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and blotted onto nitrocellulose. Six proteins with molecular mass of 68, 65, 39, 38, 31, and 29 kDa reacted with sera from goats and sheep with experimentally induced or naturally acquired infection. Immunoblot analysis was valuable in classifying sera with doubtful or inconclusive results by elisa.
Urethral pressure response to α-adrenergic agonist and antagonist drugs in anesthetized healthy male cats
Authors: Frenier Susan L. , Knowlen Grant G. , Speth Robert C. , Moore Michael P. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Urethral smooth muscle tone in response to treatment with phenylephrine, a selective α1-adrenergic receptor agonist, and prazosin a selective α1-adrenergic receptor antagonist, was evaluated in 12 anesthetized healthy adult sexually intact male cats. Intravenous administration of prazosin (20 to 30 μg/kg of body weight) decreased the average preprostatic and prostatic intraurethral pressure, compared with baseline and postphenylephrine (20 to 30 μg/kg) administration, values. Neither prazosin nor phenylephrine administration had an effect on functional urethral length. Results have implications for the pharmacologic management of lower urinary tract disorders in male cats.
Histomorphometric analysis of the rumen of sheep during development
Authors: Franco A. , Regodón S. , Robina A. , Redondo E. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Histomorphometric and scanning electron microscopic analyses were carried out on 74 embryos and fetuses and 20 sheep (early postnatal to adult age). Histodifferentiation of the rumen took place at 33 days of fetal life. Ruminal pillars were observed at 42 days, and at 61 days, ruminal papillae appeared as evaginations of the epithelial stratum basale. Neutral mucopolysaccharides first appeared in epithelial cells at 46 days of fetal life; thereafter, numbers decreased gradually and subsequently stabilized in postnatal life. Acid mucopolysaccharides, mucins, and mucoid compounds were not detected. Age and diet were recognized as factors that determine the structure of the ruminal mucosa. Growth curves and formulas were set out for each tissue layer.
Effects of orally administered prednisone on glucose tolerance and insulin secretion in clinically normal dogs
Authors: Moore George E. , Hoenig Margarethe 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Prednisone was administered orally for 4 weeks at a dosage of 1.1 mg/kg of body weight/d, in divided dose every 12 hours, to a group of healthy adult dogs (n = 12). Intravenous glucose tolerance testing was performed before and after the 28-day regimen in each dog, as well as in dogs of a control group (n = 6). Glucose metabolism was evaluated by measurement of preprandial plasma insulin and glucose concentrations, total insulin secretion, and fractional clearance of glucose.
Mean preprandial plasma insulin and glucose concentrations were not increased after the 4-week regimen of prednisone. Total insulin secretion in response to an IV administered glucose load was not increased in treated dogs, compared with pretreatment values or with values for control dogs. The fractional clearance of glucose was also not altered in dogs given prednisone. Results indicate that anti-inflammatory doses of prednisone, given orally for 4 weeks, probably do not alter insulin sensitivity or glucose tolerance in clinically normal dogs.
Pulmonary response to intravenous administration of 5-hydroxytryptamine after type-2 receptor blockade in healthy calves
Authors: Linden Annick S. , Desmecht Daniel J.-M. , Amory Hélène , Rollin Frédéric A. , Michaux Charles L. , Lekeux Pierre 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanism by which 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-ht) modifies respiratory function, specifically, hyperventilation, diffuse bronchoconstriction, and pulmonary arterial hypertension in cattle. We determined whether the IV response to 5-ht in calves was attributable to stimulation of 5-ht2 receptors.
Six healthy unsedated young bull calves of the Friesian (n = 4) and of the Belgian White and Blue (n = 2) breeds were used. A specific 5-ht2 antagonist (metrenperone, 0.05 mg/kg of body weight) was administered IM 30 minutes before the cattle were given a 5-minute IV 5-ht infusion. Pulmonary function values were registered before, during, and after the 5-ht challenge infusion. Minute volume increased significantly, because of an increase in respiratory rate. Conversely, lung dynamic compliance, total pulmonary resistance, and pulmonary arterial pressure were not changed.
We concluded that in cattle, 5-ht-induced ventilatory response is not mediated through activation of 5-ht2 receptors. However, the 5-ht2 receptors are involved in 5-ht-induced broncho- and pulmonary vasoconstriction.
Serum triiodothyronine, total thyroxine, and free thyroxine concentrations in horses
Authors: Sojka Janice E. , Johnson M. A. , Bottoms G. D. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
The objectives of this experiment were to determine serum concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), and free thyroxine (fT4) at rest, following thyroid-stimulating hormone (tsh) administration, and following phenylbutazone administration in healthy horses. This was done to determine which available laboratory test can best be used for diagnosis of hypothyroid conditions in horses. Serum T3, T4, and fT4 concentrations in serum samples obtained before and after tsh stimulation and following phenylbutazone administration for 7 days were determined.
Baseline values ranged from 0.21 to 0.80 ng of T3/ml, 6.2 to 25.1 ng of T4/ml, and 0.07 to 0.47 ng of fT3/dl. After 5 IU of tsh was administered IV, serum T3 values increased to 6 times baseline values in 2 hours. Thyroxine values increased to 3 times baseline values at 4 hours and remained high at 6 hours. Free T4 values increased to 4 times baseline values at 4 hours and remained high at 6 hours. Administration of 4.4 mg of phenylbutazone/kg, every 12 hours for 7 days significantly decreased T4 and fT4 values, but did not significantly affect serum T3 concentrations. It was concluded that a tsh stimulation test should be performed when hypothyroidism is suspected. Measurement of serum fT4 concentrations, by the single-stage radioimmunoassay, does not provide any additional information about thyroid gland function over that gained by measuring T4 concentrations. Phenylbutazone given at a dosage of 4.4 mg/kg every 24 hours, for 7 days did significantly decrease resting T4 and fT4 concentrations, but did not significantly affect T3 concentrations in horses.
Clinical pathologic profiles of dogs and turkeys with congestive heart failure, either noninduced or induced by rapid ventricular pacing, and turkeys with furazolidone toxicosis
Authors: O'Brien Peter James , O'Grady Michael , Lumsden John H. , Holmberg David L. , Shen Hua , Weiler Janice E. , Horn Rhonnie D. , Mirsalimi S. Mehdi , Julian Richard J. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Characteristic alterations in the serum and urine biochemical profiles of Doberman Pinschers with congestive heart failure (chf) resulting from idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy were determined. We compared these alterations with those observed in 2 other models of chf: rate overload induced by rapid ventricular pacing in dogs, and biventricular hypertrophy and dilatation induced in turkey poults by furazolidone toxicosis. Serum and urine biochemical changes in both models of chf in dogs were mild to moderate in degree, and were moderately consistent. They could be attributed to secondary neurohumoral, hepatic, and renal effects of heart failure. The most marked and consistent changes observed were mildly decreased anion gap that developed, in part, because of decreased serum sodium concentration, moderately increased catecholamine concentrations, moderate lactaciduria, hyposthenuria, and mildly increased urea concentrations and liver enzyme activities. In birds with furazolidone cardiomyopathy, we observed mild increases in serum urate concentration, liver and muscle enzyme activities, but moderately increased sodium concentration with decreased chloride concentration. In the pacing and furazolidone models, in which chf was rapidly induced, moderate to marked hypoproteinemia was attributable to decreases in albumin and globulin concentrations. Using the avian model we found that the hypoproteinemia could be largely attributed to blood volume expansion, and to a lesser extent, inanition. Development of hypoalbuminemia during rapid ventricular pacing and furazolidone treatment may contribute to the effects of rate overload or drug toxicity in the pathogenesis of chf, because hypoalbuminemia may contribute to altered hemodynamics and neuroendocrine system activation. Our data indicate that clinical biochemical analysis of serum and urine may be useful for assessing progression of chf.
Temporal matrix synthesis and histologic features of a chondrocyte-laden porous collagen cartilage analogue
Authors: Nixon Alan J. , Sams Andrew E. , Lust George , Grande Daniel , Mohammed Hussni O. 
Published: January 2024

SUMMARY
Cartilage resurfacing by chondrocyte transplantation, using porous collagen matrices as a vehicle to secure the cells in cartilage defects, has been used experimentally in animals. This in vitro study evaluated the temporal morphologic features and proteoglycan synthesis of chondrocyte-laden collagen matrices. Forty-two porous collagen disks were implanted with a minimum of 6 × 106 viable chondrocytes, covered by a polymerized collagen gel layer, and 6 disks were harvested after 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, 18, or 22 days of incubation in supplemented Ham's F12 medium at 37 C and 5% CO2. Histologic and histo-chemical evaluation of formalin-fixed segments of the cultured disks indicated that the chondrocytes proliferated in the implant, producing small groups and linear segments of cells by day 14. The collagen framework remained intact over the course of the study with thick areas attributable to depositions of matrix material after day 10. Alcian blue-stained matrix was evident in the pericellular region of chondrocytes in sections of disks harvested on days 14, 18, and 22.
Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) assay by dimethyl-methylene blue dye binding after papain digestion of the disk segments revealed negligible amounts of GAG at day 0. Significant (P ≤ 0.0001) increase in total GAG content was observed by day 3 (0.329 M-μg of disk) and further increases were observed until a plateau in GAG quantity was seen on day 14. Mean peak GAG content was 0.553 ± 0.062 μg/mg. Secondary treatment of the papain-digested implants with keratanase and chondroitinase ABC yielded similar trends in chondroitin sulfate (CS) and keratan sulfate (KS) concentrations. The CS content significantly (P = 0.0002) increased for the first 14 days of incubation, then a plateau was observed for the remainder of the study. Peak CS content was 0354 ± 0.037 μg/mg. Concentration of KS reached a plateau earlier than did CS content, with peak amount of 0.193 ± 0.027 μg/mg on day 10. Fluctuations in K5 content were not significant until an increase on day 22.
Chondrocytes actively populated the collagen implants, increasing in number and synthesizing matrix GAG epitopes over the 22 days of incubation. These results indicate that chondrocyte-laden porous collagen matrices may be suitable cartilage analogue materials and the optimal metabolic time for transfer to cartilage defects is 10 to 14 days.
Blockade of endotoxin-induced cecal hypoperfusion and ileus with an α2 antagonist in horses
Authors: Eades Susan C. , Moore James N. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Stimulation of α2 adrenergic receptors inhibits colonic motility and may constrict some peripheral vascular beds. Endotoxemia elicits release of sympathetic neurotransmitters and increases sympathetic nerve activity, which may result in stimulation of α2 adrenergic receptors. The objective of this study was to determine whether blockade of α2 adrenergic receptors would restore cecal motility and blood flow during endotoxemia in horses. Strain-gauge force transducers and ultrasonic flow probes were used to measure cecal and colonic mechanical activity and lateral cecal arterial blood flow. Intravenous infusion of endotoxin (cumulative dose of 0.03 mg/kg) significantly decreased cecal and right ventral colon contractile activity and lateral cecal arterial blood flow. Slow iv infusion of yohimbine (cumulative dose of 75 μg/kg) significantly attenuated those effects of endotoxin. On the basis of our findings, we concluded that endotoxemia causes cecal and proximal colonic ileus and cecal hypoperfusion via a mechanism that involves α2 adrenergic receptors.
Contributions to variance in force-plate analysis of gait in dogs
Authors: Jevens D. J. , Hauptman J. G. , DeCamp C. E. , Budsberg S. C. , Soutas-Little R. W. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Coefficients of variation were calculated for peak vertical force and for vertical, cranial, and caudal impulses recorded from the left forelimb and left hind limb of 5 dogs that were trotted across a force plate 5 times by 5 handlers. To determine the percentages of variance attributable to dogs, handlers, and trial repetitions, data recorded for each force measurement were analyzed according to a two-factor anova. Coefficients of variation for peak vertical forces and for vertical impulses varied between 5.8 and 8.5%. Coefficients of variation for the forelimb cranial and caudal impulses and for the hind limb cranial and caudal impulses were 26.4 and 30.5%, and 63.0 and 25.9%, respectively. The percentage of the total variance attributable to dogs and to trial repetitions ranged from 14 to 69% and from 29 to 85%, respectively, depending on the force or impulse evaluated. The percentage of variance attributable to handlers varied between 0 and 7%. The trivial amount of variation attributable to handlers indicated that multiple handlers may be used in experiments without an appreciable influence on the results.
Clinicopathologic findings after experimental implantation of synthetic intraocular lenses in dogs
Authors: Gilger Brian C. , Whitley R. David , McLaughlin Susan A. , Wright James C. , Boosinger Timothy R. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Clinical findings indicate that canine eyes tolerate implantation of polymethylmethacrylate (pmma) intraocular lenses (iol) well, although inflammation and ocular damage attributable to the implants is not known. The use of silicone or polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate (hema) iol has not been reported in dogs. In this study, 15 conditioned, mixed-breed dogs were allotted to 3 groups: 5 received pmma iol; 5 received silicone iol; and 5 received hema iol. The iol optic was inserted into the anterior chamber of the right eye and anchored to the cornea. An identical surgical procedure was done on the left eye, except that no lens optic was inserted. Clinical examination and measurement of corneal thickness were done immediately prior to and after surgery. Aqueous humor samples were collected at the time of surgery and 28 days after surgery. Only mild and transient inflammation was observed in iol-implanted eyes. On several postoperative days, it was found that pmma iol induced significantly greater corneal thickness, aqueous flare, anterior uveal irritation, and corneal edema than did other iol. Significantly more anterior uveal irritation and increased aqueous humor protein concentration was observed with hema iol than with pmma or silicone iol. Silicone iol induced significantly less fibrin deposition than did pmma or hema iol.
Ground reaction force patterns of Dutch Warmbloods at the canter
Authors: Merkens Henk W. , Schambardt Henk C. , van Osch Geertruda J. V. M. , Hartman Wrister 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Ground reaction force (grf) patterns from 20 clinically sound Dutch Warmbloods were recorded at the right fore-leading canter, and a standard horse was composed. These grf data for the standard can be used for evaluation of jumping horses.
The grf patterns were asymmetric for all 4 limbs. The leading right forelimb decelerated the body. The trailing left forelimb propelled the body and decelerated it slightly. The trailing left hind limb propelled, and the leading right hind limb contributed to deceleration and propulsion. Referred to the maximal vertical load of the leading right forelimb, the load of the trailing left forelimb was 25% more; the load of the right hind limb was slightly less, whereas the load of the left hind limb was about 80% of that value.
Characterization of newly isolated plasmids from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
Authors: Ishii Hiroshi , Fukuyasu Tsuguaki , Iyobe Shizuko , Hashimoto Hajime 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The genetic basis of drug-resistant strains of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in Japan was studied. The A pleuropneumoniae strains AV277 and AV281 that belong to serotype 2 were resistant to streptomycin (sm) and sulfonamide (sa). Both strains had an 8.1-kilobase (kb) sm-sa plasmid that was previously classified in the H1 group. The AV177 (serotype 1) strain was resistant to sm, sa, ampicillin, and kanamycin (km), but did not have any plasmids. The AV319 and AV324 (serotype 1) strains were resistant to sm, sa, tetracycline (tc), and chloramphenicol (cp). The AV318 (serotype 12) strain was resistant to sm, sa, tc, minocycline, and cp. These 3 strains (AV319, AV324, and AV318) had a 4.3-kb sm-sa plasmid and a 5.2-kb cp plasmid. The 4.3-kb plasmid was classified in the H2 group. The AV263 (serotype 1) strain was resistant to sm, sa, km, tc, and cp. It had a 5.2-kb cp plasmid and a 6.6-kb sm-sa-km plasmid. Both plasmids did not replicate stably in Escherichia coli strains. The former 5.2-kb plasmid was mobilized in E coli strains by plasmid RP4, which belonged to incompatibility P with broad host range, but the latter 6.6-kb plasmid was not so mobilized. Three 5.2-kb cp plasmids isolated from strains AV319, AV324, and AV318, had the same restriction endonuclease pattern after digestion with Ava I and EcoRI. They coexisted with H1 group plasmids in the incompatibility test, and coexisted also with H2 group plasmids of the original A pleuropneumoniae strains. Results indicated that the 5.2-kb cp plasmids could be classified in a new incompatibility group, H3. In this study, 4 types of plasmids were isolated, but no plasmids encoded tc and minocycline resistance.