bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The development of advanced practice roles: implications in the international nursing community
Authors: Ketefian S. , Redman R. W. , Hanucharurnkul S. , Masterson A. , Neves E. P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis article examined the critical elements that have been identified in the development of advanced practice roles of nurses in four countries: Brazil, Thailand, the United Kingdom and the United States of America. Several socio‐political and professional forces were examined for possible insights and ways in which they may have shaped the development and evolution of the roles of advanced practice nurses (APNs). These forces were: the socio‐political environment; the health needs of society; the health workforce supply and demand; governmental policy and support; intra‐ and interprofessional collaboration; the development of nursing education; and documentation of effectiveness of the advanced role. The development of APN roles in the four social systems was reviewed to illustrate how socio‐political and professional forces may have shaped nursing roles in each health care delivery system. Commonalities and distinguishing features across the four health and social systems were analysed to assess the predictive forces that may be identified as advanced roles in nursing have evolved in the global community.
Cross‐mapping the ICNP with NANDA, HHCC, Omaha System and NIC for unified nursing language system development
Authors: Hyun S. , Park H.A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractNursing language plays an important role in describing and defining nursing phenomena and nursing actions. There are numerous vocabularies describing nursing diagnoses, interventions and outcomes in nursing. However, the lack of a standardized unified nursing language is considered a problem for further development of the discipline of nursing. In an effort to unify the nursing languages, the International Council of Nurses (ICN) has proposed the International Classification for Nursing Practice (ICNP) as a unified nursing language system. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the inclusiveness and expressiveness of the ICNP terms by cross‐mapping them with the existing nursing terminologies, specifically the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA) taxonomy I, the Omaha System, the Home Health Care Classification (HHCC) and the Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC). Nine hundred and seventy‐four terms from these four classifications were cross‐mapped with the ICNP terms. This was performed in accordance with the Guidelines for Composing a Nursing Diagnosis and Guidelines for Composing a Nursing Intervention, which were suggested by the ICNP development team. An expert group verified the results. The ICNP Phenomena Classification described 87.5% of the NANDA diagnoses, 89.7% of the HHCC diagnoses and 72.7% of the Omaha System problem classification scheme. The ICNP Action Classification described 79.4% of the NIC interventions, 80.6% of the HHCC interventions and 71.4% of the Omaha System intervention scheme. The results of this study suggest that the ICNP has a sound starting structure for a unified nursing language system and can be used to describe most of the existing terminologies. Recommendations for the addition of terms to the ICNP are provided.
International field test results of the Observable Indicators of Nursing Home Care Quality instrument
Authors: Rantz M. , Jensdóttir A. B. , Hjaltadóttir I. , Gudmundsdòttir H. , Sigurveig Gudjónsdóttir J. , Brunton B. , Rook M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractResearchers at the University of Missouri‐Columbia developed the Observable Indicators of Nursing Home Care Quality instrument to measure the dimensions of nursing home care quality during a brief on‐site visit to a nursing home. The instrument has been translated for use in Iceland and used in Canada. Results of the validity and reliability studies using the instrument in 12 nursing homes in Reykjavik, in a large Veterans Home in Ontario with 14 units tested separately, and in 20 nursing homes in Missouri, are promising. High‐content validity was observed in all countries, together with excellent inter‐rater reliability and coefficient alpha. Test–retest reliabilities in Iceland and Missouri were good. Results of the international field test of the Observable Indicators of Nursing Home Care Quality instrument points to the usefulness of such an instrument in measuring nursing home care quality following a quick on‐site observation in a nursing facility. The instrument should be used as a facility‐wide assessment of quality, rather than for individual units within a facility. We strongly recommend its use by practising nurses in nursing homes to assess quality of care and guide efforts to improve care. We recommend its use by researchers and consumers and further testing of the use of the instrument with regulators.
A physical method for preservation of cosmetic products
Authors: LINTNER K. , GENET V. 
Published: March 2003

To date, the microbiological stability of cosmetics products is assured by means of chemical preservatives, with well‐known possible side effects such as irritation or cutaneous allergic events. This paper describes a new concept to protect all types of cosmetic formulae from microbiological contamination: the osmotic effect of a particular form of glycerylpolyacrylate gels. The latter allows the formulator to conceive numerous preservative‐free formulae. The basis of its activity lies in the strong osmotic properties of the hydrogel: it absorbs water from its surroundings, thus depriving germs of the vital aqueous environment needed for survival. Challenge tests on various microorganisms, repeat insult challenges and time‐stability tests performed on these hydrogels in cosmetic formulas were carried out. At the same time, the hydrogel exhibited high skin moisturizing power. The hydrogel is non‐toxic and non‐irritant as the Primary Cutaneous Irritation Index observed after 48 h of occlusive patches in 10 adult volunteers is only of 0.10.RésuméJusqu'à l'heure actuelle, malgré les risques connus d'observer des effets secondaires comme, par exemple, des cas d'irritation locale ou d'allergie cutanée, la pérennité de l'asepsie des produits cosmétiques était assurée par l'ajout de conservateurs de nature chiminique. Pour remédier à ces inconvénients, nous avons développé un nouveau concept: l'effet osmotique qui est apporté par une forme particulière de gels de nature polyacrylate de glycérine. Cet hydrogel autorise la réalisation par l'homme de l'art, de nombreux types de formulations cosmétiques sans aucun conservateur ou, s'il le désire, d'en diminuer considérablement les quantités utilisées. Le mécanisme d'action qui explique l'efficacité de cet hydrogel dans le maintien de l'asepsie initiale réside dans sa capacité d'absorption de l'eau du milieu environnant et donc de priver les germes de l'eau nécessaire à leur survie. Cet effet est démontré par les résultats des études réalisées avec de nombreux micro‐organismes ainsi que par des tests de stabilité dans le temps réalisés sur des compositions cosmetiques en présence ou en l'absence de cet hydrogel. De plus, cet hydrogel démontre un pouvoir hydratant très puissant qu'il est toujours intéressant d'apporter dans les préparations cosmétiques. Cet hydrogel est non toxique et non irritant puisque l'index d'Irritation Primaire Cutané obtenu après un patch occlusif de 48 heures chez 10 voluntaires adultes est égal à seulement 0,10. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998
A novel in vitro technique for measuring the water resistance of sunscreens
Authors: Stokes R.P. , Diffey B.L. , Dawson L.C. , Barton S.P. 
Published: March 2003

SynopsisA novel in vitro technique has been used to assess the water resistance of topical sunscreens. The technique is based upon transmission spectrometry using excised human epidermis as the substrate. The sun protection factors (SPFs) of four sunscreens obtained prior to water immersion and after two immersions were compared with in vivo data determined using human volunteers. In every case there was close agreement between the SPFs obtained on dry skin and on skin that had been immersed in water. Not only does the technique provide a less expensive and less time consuming alternative to in vivo testing, it also offers the possibility to study the effect that water immersion may have on the absorption spectrum of products which cannot be determined in vivo. This can give valuable information on which, if any, of the active ingredients present in sunscreens are being preferentially removed by water. In addition, the method can be easily adapted to study the effects on sunscreen substantivity of other factors such as water temperature, salinity and turbulence.RésuméOn a utilizé une nouvelle technique in vitro pour évaluer la résistance à l'eau d'écrans solaires topiques. La technique est basée sur la spectrométrie de transmission utilisant de l'épiderme humain excisé comme support. Les IPS de 4 écrans solaires obtenus avant immersion dans l'eau et après deux immersions ont été comparés avec des données in vivo déterminées en utilisant des volontaires humains. Dans chaque cas il existe une proche correspondance entre les IPS obtenus sur peau sèche et sur peau ayant été immergée dans l'eau. Non seulement la technique apporte une alternative moins chère et moins longue aux essais in vivo, mais elle offre aussi la possibilité d'étudier l'effet que l'immersion dans l'eau peut avoir sur le spectre d'absorption de produits qui ne peuvent pas être examinés in vivo. Ceci peut fournir des informations intéressantes sur ceux, s'ils existent, des ingrédients actifs présents dans les écrans solaires qui sont préférentiellement éliminés par l'eau. En outre, la méthode peut être adaptée facilement pour étudier les effets sur la composition des écrans solaires d'autres facteurs tels que la température de l'eau, la salinité et la turbulence. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998
Moisturizing Effect of Vesicles Formed From Monoglycerides on Human Skin
Authors: Sone Toshiro , Hanamizu Tomoko , Ichioka Minoru , Yokokura Teruo , Yoshikawa Satoshi , Kondo‐Yanai Naomi , Hiraki Yoshio , Esumi Kunio 
Published: March 2003

SynopsisThe moisturizing effect of vesicles formed from monoglycerides on human skin was studied by measurement of conductance on and transepidermal waterloss from the skin surface. Although sonication of the monoglycerides in water with Ca2+ gave multilamellar vesicles, the lamellar structure of the vesicles disappeared during their storage without any other additive. With the addition of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) after the sonication, the stability of the vesicles increased and their lamellar structure was maintained for 3 months at 40°C. These vesicles led to a significantly higher water content of the stratum corneum of human skin compared with non‐lamellar monoglyceride, and consequently they improved rough human skin.
The Society of Cosmetic Scientists 1999 Spring Symposium. Cosmeceuticals – one small step or a giant leap? Proving benefits for botanical products
Authors: Dweck  
Published: March 2003

Synopsis This paper examines the various methods that are available to the scientist working with natural materials to substantiate their efficacy. The methods discussed are: literature surveys, clinical trials, instrumental measurement, products with Pharmaceutical Licenses, comparison with other plants containing same active chemicals, and comparison of benefits with related members of the same family. Examples are given using the Compositae family as a primary model, other examples are given quoting the Labiatae, and Solanaceae families. Résumé Cet article examine les divers procédés à la disposition du scientifique travaillant avec des matériaux naturels pour matérialiser leur efficacité. Les procédés exposés sont les études de bibliographie, les essais cliniques, les mesures instrumentales, les produits ayant des autorisations pharmaceutiques, la comparaison avec d’autres plantes contenant les mêmes substances chimiques actives, et la comparaison des avantages avec des membres apparentés de la même famille. Des exemples sont donnés en utilisant la famille des Compositae comme modèle principal, et d’autres exemples sont donnés en citant les familles des Labiatae, et des Solanaceae.
Baker’s yeast‐mediated synthesis of endo‐2‐cineolylol, a starting compound for potential cosmetic odourants
Authors: Mariani  , Bruno  , Villa  , Neuhoff  
Published: March 2003

Synopsis Baker’s yeast‐mediated reduction of (+)‐1,3,3‐trimethyl‐2‐oxabicyclo[2,2,2]octan‐6‐one yields the corresponding 1,3,3‐trimethyl‐2‐oxabicyclo[2,2,2]octan‐6‐ol as endo configuration in optically pure form. To study the reaction behaviour we have developed a RP‐HPLC method. The synthesis and the olfactive character of some esters obtained from the endo‐2‐cineolylol are reported. A comparative odour evaluation between these esters and the corresponding compounds synthesized from the endo‐exo alcohol mixture was performed. Résumé La réduction de (+)‐1,3,3‐triméthyl‐2‐oxabicyclo[2,2,2]octan‐6‐one par la lévure conduit au 1,3,3‐triméthyl [2,2,2]octan‐6‐ol correspondant, de configuration endo avec une forme optique pure. On a développé une méthode RP‐HPLC pour enregistrer le comportement de la réaction. La synthèse et le caractère olfactif des esters obtenus de cet alcool sont rapportés.. On a comparé l’évaluation de l’odeur de ces composés avec celle des composés correspondants, dérivés du mélange endo‐eso des alcools.
Investigation of interactions between silicones and stratum corneum lipids
Authors: Glombitza B. , Müller‐Goymann C.C. 
Published: March 2003

Synopsis Ingredients of topically applied skin care formulations have not only positive effects on the appearance of human skin but can also disturb the Stratum corneum (SC) lipid barrier. In the present study, the influence of silicones (PDMS), as often used cosmetic ingredients, on the microstructure of SC lipids was investigated. For this purpose the interactions of four different PDMS with excised human SC were examined first using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide angle X‐ray diffraction for physical characterization. Because the physical properties of human stratum corneum strongly depend on the lipid composition, showing inter‐and intra‐individual differences, the interactions with an in vitro model lipid system containing SC fatty acids were also studied, using polarized light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, small angle X‐ray diffraction and DSC. The results revealed that the investigated PDMS do not change either the microstructure of excised human SC or the biphasic lamellar/inverse hexagonal structure of the in vitro model. We concluded that PDMS will not cause any side‐effects when topically applied and that our simplified in vitro model could be helpful for estimating interactions between cosmetic ingredients and other topically applied substances and the skin barrier at an early moment of formulation development. Résumé Les produits cosmétique et d’hygiène corporelle n’entraînent seulement des effets positifs sur la peau mais peuvent également désorganiser la barrière du stratum corneum. Les silicones sont des ingrédients couramment utilisé dans ces produits. L’objet de cette recherche est d′étudier l′influence des silicones sur la microstructure des lipides du stratum corneum. Dans cet objectif, on a examiné d’abord les interactions entre différent silicones et la structure du stratum corneum excisé, au moyen de diffraction de rayons X et par calorimétrie différentielle. Etant donné que la structure du stratum corneum dépend essentiellement de sa composition en lipide, et que cette composition varie entre les individus et au sein d’eux même, un modèle artificiel de stratum corneum a été mis au point. L’étude par diffraction de rayons X, microscopie électronique et calorimétrie différentielle des interactions entre silicones et stratum corneum artificiel ne montre de modifications ni dans les propriétés caractéristique des lipides du stratum corneum ni dans la structure cristalline liquide du modèle artificiel. Les résultats suggèrent que les silicones n’affectent pas la barrière de la peau par application. En outre, le modèle artificiel, pourrait permettre d’évaluer les propriétés d’un excipent cosmétique et dès la phase de développement d′une nouvelle formulation.
Models to assess perfume diffusion from skin
Authors: Schwarzenbach R , Bertschi L 
Published: March 2003

Synopsis Temperature, fragrance concentration on the skin and power of ventilation have been determined as crucial parameters in fragrance diffusion from skin. A tool has been developed to simulate perfume diffusion from skin over time, allowing headspace analysis and fragrance profile assessments in a highly reproducible way. Résumé La température, la concentration du parfum sur la peau et la puissance de ventilation ont été déterminées comme étant des paramètres primordiaux de la diffusion du parfum à partir de la peau. Un outil a été développé pour simuler la diffusion du parfum à partir de la peau dans le temps, permettant l’analyse headspace et des évaluations de profil de parfum de façon tout à fait reproductible.
Iron: a cosmetic constituent but an essential nutrient for healthy skin
Authors: Lansdown A. B. G. 
Published: March 2003

SynopsisIron compounds have an established role as colorants in many cosmetic products applied to the skin, hair and nails. Evidence is reviewed showing that in addition to its importance as an essential nutrient necessary for oxygen metabolism and mitrochondrial function, iron exhibits a fundamental importance as a trace metal in the normal growth and functional maturation of the skin and in the health of hair and nails. The implications of iron from cosmetic sources in the nutrition of human skin is discussed.
Assessment of sun reactive skin type with multiple correspondence analysis, hierarchical and tree‐structured classification methods
Authors: Guinot C. , Latreille J. , Morizot F. , Ambroisine L. , Mauger E. , Tenenhaus M. , Malvy D. J.‐M. 
Published: March 2003

SynopsisThe sun reactive skin type classification is based on sunburn susceptibility, tanning ability and phenotypic information. As subjects rarely match all features of a given skin type, the attribution to a class is partially subjective. The aims of the study, were to analyse the contribution of each characteristic to the classification made by the expert, and to establish a classification based on a statistical approach conducted on 212 women living in the Ile‐de‐France area. Multiple regression was used to construct a formula for each phototype. The coefficients obtained demonstrated that the importance of each characteristic was extremely variable from one phototype to another, suggesting that the phototype determination could be facilitated by adding a weight for every characteristic in the decision. Then, multiple correspondence analysis and clustering analysis methods showed that one phototype could be divided into two more homogenous classes.
Dietary antioxidants and human immune function
Authors: Hughes David A. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe immune system is extremely sensitive to oxidative damage. Many immune cells produce reactive oxygen species as part of the body’s defence against infection and depend on adequate protection by antioxidants for optimal function. Many antioxidants can be obtained directly from the diet (e.g. vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids and polyphenolic flavonoids) or require micronutrients as integral components of protective enzymes (e.g. selenium, copper and zinc). Whilst a balanced diet should provide sufficient protection, periods of infection, inflammatory conditions or cigarette smoking may tip the balance in favour of oxidative stress. This review summarises some of the mechanisms by which antioxidants may affect immune status.
The sympathetic nervous system and obesity: role in aetiology and treatment
Authors: Snitker S. , Macdonald I. , Ravussin E. , Astrup A. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe sympathetic nervous system SNS) is an important component of the autonomic nervous system, and thus plays a major role in the maintenance of homeostasis. The SNS is of particular importance in the control of the cardiovascular system and of a number of metabolic processes. Alterations in SNS effects on metabolism have been implicated in the development and maintenance of obesity, and the SNS is a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of obesity. This review provides an overview of the anatomical and physiological aspects of the SNS, before considering the evidence showing a role for the SNS in the development or treatment of obesity.
Lessons from obesity management programmes: greater initial weight loss improves long‐term maintenance
Authors: Astrup A. , Rössner S. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIt is a common belief that weight loss achieved at a slow rate is better preserved than if the weight is lost more rapidly. However, the literature shows that initial weight loss is positively, not negatively, related to long‐term weight maintenance. There is evidence from randomised intervention trials to support that a greater initial weight loss induced without changes in lifestyle e.g. liquid formula diets or anorectic drugs) improves long‐term weight maintenance, providing it is followed by a 1–2 years integrated weight maintenance programme consisting of lifestyle interventions involving dietary change, nutritional education, behaviour therapy and increased physical activity. In conclusion, we find evidence to suggest that a greater initial weight loss as the first step of a weight management programme may result in improved sustained weight maintenance.
Sleep disordered breathing – a new component of syndrome x?
Authors: Coughlin S. , Calverley P. , Wilding J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractSleep disordered breathing (SDB) is a complication of obesity estimated to occur in about 4–6% of overweight individuals. These respiratory disturbances during sleep incorporate a number of conditions including snoring, upper airway resistance syndrome and obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS). It is thought that as well as having deleterious effects on sleep quality these conditions may also promote cardiovascular and hormonal changes leading to an elevated blood pressure and an increased incidence of cardiovascular morbidity. Evidence reviewed here points to an alteration in sympathovagal balance, baroreceptor sensitivity, insulin resistance and leptin, growth hormone and lipid levels. Whether these changes are a consequence of the associated obesity or the SDB itself remains to be proven.
Hypothalamic obesity in humans: what do we know and what can be done?
Authors: Pinkney J. , Wilding J. , Williams G. , MacFarlane I. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryObesity is a common sequel to tumours of the hypothalamic region and their treatment with surgery and radiotherapy. The prevalence of hypothalamic obesity has been underestimated because it may take some years to develop, and the problem has been under‐recognized by physicians. Weight gain results from damage to the ventromedial hypothalamus which leads, variously, to hyperphagia, a low metabolic rate, autonomic imbalance, growth hormone (GH) deficiency and various other problems that contribute to weight gain. However, with the exception of GH replacement, few clinical trials have evaluated significant numbers of patients and so the roles of various behavioural, dietary, pharmacological and obesity surgery approaches are controversial. Sufficient knowledge exists to identify those at high risk of hypothalamic obesity so that weight gain prevention approaches can be offered. In those who are already obese, we propose that the principal causal mechanisms in individual patients should be considered as a basis for guiding clinical management.