bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Defining the sports medicine specialist in the United Kingdom: a Delphi study
Authors: Thompson B , MacAuley D , McNally O , O’Neill S 
Published: March 2004

Objective:To define the role and responsibilities of the sports medicine specialist using a recognised research technique.Methods:A Delphi technique was employed using anonymous postal questionnaires sent to a random sample of 300 members of the British Association of Sport and Exercise Medicine. The questionnaire of 300 putative attributes was developed in a pilot study and the Delphi technique used allowed participants to modify their responses according to the responses of other participants.Results:There was a 53% response to both rounds of the study with 75.6% of the respondents being male, 39% having a higher qualification in sports medicine, and 45.6% being general practitioners. Some 86.3% strongly agreed that sport and exercise medicine should be a recognised speciality and 90% strongly agreed that it should be available on the National Health Service (NHS). The most important specialist attributes were orthopaedic and soft tissue medicine (83.6% strongly agreed) and emergency medical management (79.7% strongly agreed). More than 75% of respondents did not agree that either research or personal playing experience were relevant.Conclusion:Sports and exercise medicine is an evolving speciality in the United Kingdom. We believe this is the first systematic attempt to define the role and responsibilities of the sports medicine specialist and the findings are of relevance to the future development of a career pathway.
MACRODYNAMICS OF ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY IN THE WHOLE BRAIN
Authors: BAŞAR EROL 
Published: March 2004

The general problem of brain mechanisms involved in perception can now be studied directly by means of new analysis–methods for the activity of large population of neurons. These methods range from indirect means of measuring changes in cerebral blood flow in local regions of the human cortex (functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI), or changes in the electrical activity of the human brain with EEG-recording with topological distributed macroelectrodes, to the use of chronically implanted multiple microelectrodes in primates. f MRI has the disadvantage of low temporal resolution and with multiple microelectrodes long distance measurements cannot yet be properly performed. Accordingly, recording of macro-activity (EEG/ERP or MEG) with a time resolution of millisecond-range is the most possibly adequate method to measure the dynamic properties of memory and the integrative brain function.Since neuroscientists have come to the general conclusion that large numbers of different brain regions have to cooperate for any brain function, the analysis of relationships between different regions of the brain is becoming more and more important.Before new progresses and importance of EEG studies research became clear, scientists working with macrodynamics of the brain had a long way to go, in order to elucidate brain functioning. In this tutorial report we explain in a narrative way the developments leading to the concept of Macrodynamics in search of an integrative brain function. Moreover, elements of a brain theory, which we call neurons-brain theory describing the dynamics of electrical activity in the whole brain, are introduced. The concept of superbinding in integrative brain function, which emerged from experimental data, is a consequence of this theory.
HOW TO CONSTRUCT A MICROSTATE-BASED ALPHABET FOR EVALUATING INFORMATION PROCESSING IN TIME
Authors: SCHACK BÄRBEL 
Published: March 2004

Cognitive processes are highly dynamic processes concatenating different components of human thinking successively or parallel in time. Thereby, different cortical networks are generated, transient or stable in time. One important integration mechanism between different cortical sites is the synchronization of electrical oscillations of neural ensembles. Prior studies have shown that instantaneous EEG coherence analysis is a useful tool to unhide transient synchronization phenomena (see e.g. [Krause et al., 1998; Miltner et al., 1999; Schack et al., 1999a, 1999b]). In those studies instantaneous coherence was investigated for selected short time intervals, respectively, specific time parameters of instantaneous coherence were examined.The present study proposes a method for the evaluation of the whole cognitive process on the basis of instantaneous coherence without loss of time and process information. To this purpose prototypical microstates of synchronous oscillations are constructed. Their temporal, sequential and topographical properties reflect the underlying process of the dynamic activation and deactivation of neuronal networks during information processing. The sequence of microstates may be understood as the orderly arrangement of words of an alphabet in the correspondent thinking process.The presented method is applied to an event-related cognitive task of comparing categorization processes, pattern comparison, and to an irreproducible long task when solving mathematical problems. In both cases we obtain detailed information about temporal structures and strategies of human thinking.
EXTENDED MEAN FIELD APPROACH TO ANALYZING PATTERN FORMATION IN SURFACE CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Authors: MOLA E. E. , KING D. A. , IRURZUN I. M. , RAFTI M. , VICENTE J. L. 
Published: March 2004

In this paper we apply a model of surface chemical reactions to describe pattern formation in the CO oxidation on Pt(100). The model is an extended mean field approximation (EMFA), where two coupling processes are included: gas global coupling (to take into account the mass chemical reaction balance) and CO diffusion. The surface is divided into M×M cells; inside each of them the mean field approximation (MFA) is fulfilled. Anisotropic diffusion between nearest neighbor cells and gas coupling among all cells are also allowed. The EMFA goes beyond the traditional reaction–diffusion approaches with Fickian terms, in favor of a more general mass balance equation that consistently incorporates the coupling between CO diffusion and the nonlinear phase transition of the substrate. In this paper we study three different cases: (a) homogeneous coverage oscillations — when CO and O 2 partial pressures are kept constant and the whole set of M×M cells have the same value of partial coverages and phase fractions; in this case the system exhibits self-oscillations, such as those experimentally observed; (b) inhomogeneous coverage oscillations — when CO and O 2 partial pressures are kept constant and inhomogeneities of coverage are present; the system evolves by CO diffusion between nearest neighbor cells; (c) gas global coupling — when gas global coupling is allowed and inhomogeneities of coverage are present, there are oscillations in the gas phase that follow the surface evolution.
High Glucose–Induced Alterations in Subendothelial Matrix Perlecan Leads to Increased Monocyte Binding
Authors: Vogl-Willis Catherine A. , Edwards Iris J. 
Published: March 2004

Objective—Hyperglycemia is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients, although the link between the two is unknown. These studies were designed to model effects of high glucose on an early event in atherogenesis: the binding of monocytes to subendothelial matrix (SEM).Methods and Results—SEM was prepared from human bovine aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) and bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) cultured in the presence of low (5 mmol/L) or high (30 mmol/L) glucose for 3 to 5 days. Monocyte binding was significantly higher (P<0.05) to the SEM of both HAEC and BAEC exposed to high glucose. This increase was a result of changes in SEM heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs). Metabolic radiolabeling of BAEC demonstrated a 24% decrease in [35S]sulfate incorporation into SEM HSPG produced by cells incubated in 30 mmol/L versus 5 mmol/L glucose, whereas no glucose-associated differences were measured in [35S]methionine incorporation into proteoglycans (PGs) or non-PG proteins. Autoradiography revealed 2 high-molecular weight SEM HSPGs. One was a hybrid PG that contained both heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate chains. Both PGs were identified by Western blotting as perlecan.Conclusions—These results illustrate that hyperglycemia-induced structural changes in perlecan may result in a SEM that is more favorable to retention of monocytes.
Interpolation and Extrapolation in Human Behavior and Neural Networks
Authors: Guigon Emmanuel 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Unlike most artificial systems, the brain is able to face situations that it has not learned or even encountered before. This ability is not in general echoed by the properties of most neural networks. Here, we show that neural computation based on least-square error learning between populations of intensitycoded neurons can explain interpolation and extrapolation capacities of the nervous system in sensorimotor and cognitive tasks. We present simulations for function learning experiments, auditory-visual behavior, and visuomotor transformations. The results suggest that induction in human behavior, be it sensorimotor or cognitive, could arise from a common neural associative mechanism.
Separate Geometric and Non-Geometric Modules for Spatial Reorientation: Evidence from a Lopsided Animal Brain
Authors: Vallortigara Giorgio , Pagni Piero , Sovrano Valeria Anna 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Research has proved that disoriented children and nonhuman animals can reorient themselves using geometric and nongeometric features of the environment, showing conjoined use of both types of information to different degree depending on species and developmental level. Little is known of the neurobiological bases of these spatial reorientation processes. Here we take advantage of the neuroanatomical peculiarities of the visual system of birds (showing segregation of information between the two sides of the brain to a considerable degree) to investigate the way in which geometric and nongeometric information is encoded and used by the left and right hemispheres. Domestic chicks were trained binocularly in an environment with a distinctive geometry (a rectangular cage) with panels at the corners providing nongeometric cues. Between trials, chicks were passively disoriented to disable dead reckoning. When tested after removal of the panels, lefteyed chicks, but not right-eyed chicks, reoriented using the residual information provided by the geometry of the cage. When tested after removal of geometric information (i.e., in a square-shaped cage), both rightand left-eyed chicks reoriented using the residual nongeometric information provided by the panels. When trained binocularly with only geometric information, at test, left-eyed chicks reoriented better than right-eyed chicks. Finally, when geometric and nongeometric cues provided contradictory information, left-eyed chicks showed more reliance on geometric cues, whereas right-eyed chicks showed more reliance on nongeometric cues. The results suggest separate mechanisms for dealing with spatial reorientation problems, with the right hemisphere taking charge of large-scale geometry of the environment and with both hemispheres taking charge of local, nongeometric cues when available in isolation, but with a predominance of the left hemisphere when competition between geometric and nongeometric information occurs.
Inter- and Intra-hemispheric Processing of Visual Event-related Potentials in the Absence of the Corpus Callosum
Authors: Bayard Sophie , Gosselin Nadia , Robert Manon , Lassonde Maryse 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Interhemispheric differences of the N100 latency in visual evoked potentials have been used to estimate interhemispheric transfer time (e.g., Saron & Davidson, 1989). Recent work has also suggested that the P300 component could reflect the efficacy of interhemispheric transmission (Polich & Hoffman, 1998). The purpose of the present study was to study the differential role of the corpus callosum (CC) and anterior commissure (AC) in the interhemispheric propagation of these two electrophysiological components. Thus, the amplitude and latency distribution of the N100 and P300 components were analyzed using high-density electrical mapping in a subject with agenesis of CC but preservation of AC, a subject with agenesis of both CC and AC, and 10 neurologically intact control subjects. The task consisted of a modified visual oddball paradigm comprising one frequent and two rare stimuli, one presented on the same and the other on the opposite side of the frequent stimulus. Interhemispheric differences in latency were found for the N100 component in controls. However, in the acallosal subjects, this component was not identifiable in the indirectly stimulated hemisphere. In controls, no interhemispheric differences were observed in the distribution of the P300 latency and amplitude to rare and frequent stimuli. The distribution of the P300 amplitude in the acallosal subject with an AC was identical to that of the controls, whereas in the acallosal subject lacking the AC, the amplitude was greater in the hemisphere receiving the frequent stimuli, regardless of the visual hemifield in which the rare stimuli were presented. In both acallosal subjects, hemispheric differences in the P300 latency were observed, the latencies being shorter in the hemisphere directly stimulated for all categories of stimuli. These results suggest that the interhemispheric transfer of both the N100 and P300 components relies on the integrity of cortical commissures. Possible P300 generator sources are discussed.
Semantic Relevance and Semantic Disorders
Authors: Sartori Giuseppe , Lombardi Luigi 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Semantic features are of different importance in concept representation. The concept elephant may be more easily identified from the feature &lt;trunk&gt; than from the feature &lt;four legs&gt;. We propose a new model of semantic memory to measure the relevance of semantic features for a concept and use this model to investigate the controversial issue of category specificity. Category-specific patients have an impairment in one domain of knowledge (e.g., living), whereas the other domain (e.g., nonliving) is relatively spared. We show that categories differ in the level of relevance and that, when concepts belonging to living and nonliving categories are equated to this parameter, the category-specific disorder disappears. Our findings suggest that category specificity, as well as other semantic-related effects, may be explained by a semantic memory model in which concepts are represented by semantic features with associated relevance values.
Face Recognition Memory and Configural Processing: A Developmental ERP Study using Upright, Inverted, and Contrast-Reversed Faces
Authors: Itier Roxane J. , Taylor Margot J. 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
The effects of configural changes on faces were investigated in children to determine their role in encoding and recognition processes. Upright, inverted, and contrast-reversed unfamiliar faces were presented in blocks in which one-third of the pictures repeated immediately or after one intervening face. Subjects (8–16 years) responded to repeated faces; eventrelated potentials were recorded throughout the procedure. Recognition improved steadily with age and all components studied showed age effects reflecting differing maturation processes occurring until adulthood. All children were affected by inversion and contrast-reversal, and face-type effects were seen on latencies and amplitudes of early components (P1 and N170), as well as on later frontal amplitudes. The “old-new” repetition effects (larger amplitude for repeated stimuli) were found at frontal sites and were similar across age groups and face types, suggesting a general working memory system comparably involved in all age groups. These data demonstrate that (1) there is quantitative development in face processing, (2) both face encoding and recognition improve with age, but (3) only encoding is affected by configural changes. The data also suggest a gradual tuning of face processing towards the upright orientation.
Erythropoietin regulation of Raf-1 and MEK: evidence for a Ras-independent mechanism
Authors: Chen Changmin , Sytkowski Arthur J. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractStimulation of the erythropoietin (EPO) receptor triggers a cascade of signaling events. We reported that EPO upregulates c-myc expression through 2 pathways in BaF3-EpoR cells—a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway operating on transcriptional initiation and a Raf-1–mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway affecting elongation. We now show that EPO induces phosphorylation of Raf-1 at serine 338 and within the carboxy-terminal domain, resulting in an electrophoretic mobility change (hyperphosphorylation). Importantly, MEK 1 inhibitor PD98059 blocked only the hyperphosphorylation of Raf-1 but not the phosphorylation at serine 338. This inhibition of Raf-1 hyperphosphorylation resulted in increased kinase activity of Raf-1 and increased phosphorylation of MEK, suggesting that the hyperphosphorylation of Raf-1 inhibits its MEK kinase activity. Deletion of the first 184 amino acids of Raf-1, which are involved in its interaction with Ras, had no effect on EPO-induced phosphorylation. Introducing the dominant-negative N17Ras or GAP had no effect on EPO-induced kinase activity of Raf-1 and ELK activation. N17Ras failed to inhibit ELK activation in another cell line—Rauscher murine erythroleukemia— which expresses the EPO receptor endogenously and differentiates in response to the hormone. These results indicate the presence of a Ras-independent mechanism for Raf-1 and MEK activation in these cells.
Selective recognition of fibroblast growth factor-2 by the long pentraxin PTX3 inhibits angiogenesis
Authors: Rusnati Marco , Camozzi Maura , Moroni Emanuela , Bottazzi Barbara , Peri Giuseppe , Indraccolo Stefano , Amadori Alberto , Mantovani Alberto , Presta Marco 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe long pentraxin PTX3 is a soluble pattern recognition receptor produced by monocytes and endothelial cells that plays a nonredundant role in inflammation. Several pathologic conditions are characterized by local production of both PTX3 and the angiogenic fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2). Here, solid-phase binding assays demonstrated that PTX3 binds with high affinity to FGF2 but not to a panel of cytokines and growth factors, including FGF1, FGF4, and FGF8. Accordingly, PTX3 prevented 125I-FGF2 binding to endothelial cell receptors, leading to specific inhibition of FGF2-induced proliferation. PTX3 hampered also the motogenic activity exerted by endogenous FGF2 on a wounded endothelial cell monolayer. Moreover, PTX3 cDNA transduction in FGF2-transformed endothelial cells inhibited their autocrine FGF2-dependent proliferation and morphogenesis in vitro and their capacity to generate vascular lesions when injected in nude mice. Finally, PTX3 suppressed neovascularization triggered by FGF2 in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane with no effect on physiologic angiogenesis. In contrast, the short pentraxin C-reactive protein was a poor FGF2 ligand/antagonist. These results establish the selective binding of a member of the pentraxin superfamily to a growth factor. PTX3/FGF2 interaction may modulate angiogenesis in various physiopathologic conditions driven by inflammation, innate immunity, and/or neoplastic transformation.
Dominant factor XI deficiency caused by mutations in the factor XI catalytic domain
Authors: Kravtsov Dmitri V. , Wu Wenman , Meijers Joost C. M. , Sun Mao-Fu , Blinder Morey A. , Dang Thao P. , Wang Hongli , Gailani David 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe bleeding diathesis associated with hereditary factor XI (fXI) deficiency is prevalent in Ashkenazi Jews, in whom the disorder appears to be an autosomal recessive condition. The homodimeric structure of fXI implies that the product of a single mutant allele could confer disease in a dominant manner through formation of heterodimers with wild-type polypeptide. We studied 2 unrelated patients with fXI levels less than 20% of normal and family histories indicating dominant disease transmission. Both are heterozygous for single amino acid substitutions in the fXI catalytic domain (Gly400Val and Trp569Ser). Neither mutant is secreted by transfected fibroblasts. In cotransfection experiments with a wild-type fXI construct, constructs with mutations common in Ashkenazi Jews (Glu117Stop and Phe283Leu) and a variant with a severe defect in dimer formation (fXI-Gly350Glu) have little effect on wild-type fXI secretion. In contrast, cotransfection with fXI-Gly400Val or fXI-Trp569Ser reduces wild-type secretion about 50%, consistent with a dominant negative effect. Immunoprecipitation of cell lysates confirmed that fXI-Gly400Val forms intracellular dimers. The data support a model in which nonsecretable mutant fXI polypeptides trap wild-type polypeptides within cells through heterodimer formation, resulting in lower plasma fXI levels than in heterozygotes for mutations that cause autosomal recessive fXI deficiency.
Bleeding risks associated with inheritance of the Quebec platelet disorder
Authors: McKay Heather , Derome Francine , Haq M. Anwar , Whittaker Susan , Arnold Emmy , Adam Frédéric , Heddle Nancy M. , Rivard Georges E. , Hayward Catherine P. M. 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Quebec platelet disorder (QPD) is an autosomal dominant bleeding disorder associated with increased urokinase-type plasminogen activator in platelets and α-granule protein degradation. To determine bleeding risks and common manifestations of QPD, a history questionnaire was developed and administered to 127 relatives in a family with QPD. Data entry was done blinded to affected and unaffected status, determined by assays for platelet urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) and fibrinogen degradation. Odds ratios (ORs), with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), were determined for items queried. Summative bleeding scores for each individual were calculated using items with OR more than 1. Mean ages (34 years; range, 1-89 years) were similar for affected (n = 23) and unaffected (n = 104) family members. Affected individuals had higher mean bleeding scores (P &lt; .0001) and a much higher likelihood (OR &gt; 20) of having bleeding that led to lifestyle changes, bruises that spread lower or as large or larger than an orange or both, joint bleeds, bleeding longer than 24 hours after dental extractions or deep cuts, and received or been recommended other treatments (fibrinolytic inhibitors) for bleeding. Individuals with QPD and exposure(s) to hemostatic challenges had experienced excessive bleeding only when fibrinolytic inhibitors had not been used. These data illustrate that QPD is associated with increased risks of bleeding that can be modified by fibrinolytic inhibitors.