bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Community participation in conserving and managing inland waters
Authors: Williams W.D. 
Published: August 2002

Abstract
Many international and national bodies have stressed the need for community participation in the conservation and management of inland waters. Community participation is needed for three basic reasons: to implement management measures difficult to enforce without community support; to act as a mechanism in protecting inland waters through support of conservation bodies; and, through voluntary actions, to monitor, restore and rehabilitate inland water‐bodies.
It is important to conserve and manage inland waters because of their many values and uses. To participate fully in conservation and management measures, the community needs to (a) recognize the importance of inland waters as a part of the global hydrological cycle, (b) have some knowledge of the nature and effects of major human impacts on inland waters, and (c) be aware of certain legal issues.
The ‘community’ is heterogeneous in nature but community groups of similar interest can be recognized. They vary from small, local action groups, through national groups to international bodies. They provide advice to and support government actions; others oppose and seek to change government actions. Community involvement can be at various levels, from the relatively inactive to the vigorously proactive.
Environmental education of the community should begin in childhood, continue at school and other educational institutions, and last throughout life. Information on the conservation and management of inland waters is available from many sources, but a powerful, modern source is the World Wide Web.
Four case studies are discussed with particular reference to community participation: Lake Washington and Mono Lake in the US (successful outcomes), the Aral Sea in central Asia and Lake Pedder in Australia (unsuccessful outcomes).
Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional overexpression of wild‐type p53 correlates with alveolar cell differentiation in the developing human lung
Authors: Tebar Maria , Boex Joost J.M. , Ten Have‐Opbroek Ank A.W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAt 15 weeks after conception (a.c.), the human pulmonary acinus is lined by distal low‐columnar and more proximal cuboidal cells that are successive stages in alveolar type II cell differentiation (pseudoglandular period of lung development). From 16 weeks a.c. onward, there are also 'flatter' cells that are intermediate stages in the differentiation of cuboidal type II cells into squamous type I cells (canalicular period). We investigated the role of wild‐type p53 protein and the proliferation marker Ki‐67 in the differentiation of type II and type I cells in these two periods. Serial sections from fetal lungs (n = 30) were immunoincubated with antibodies against p53 and Ki‐67. The presence of prospective type II and type I cells was confirmed using immunohistochemistry for surfactant protein SP‐A as a differentiation marker and light and electron microscopy. The p53 and Ki‐67 positive nuclei were quantified per alveolar cell phenotype (i.e., low‐columnar; cuboidal; flatter). The occurrence of cell apoptosis was studied using propidium iodide (PI) and 4′,6′‐diamino‐2‐phenylindol dihydrochloride (DAPI) staining. The combined increase in p53 expression and decrease in Ki‐67 expression during alveolar epithelial cell differentiation suggests that wild‐type p53 protein plays a role in the differentiation of alveolar type II and type I cells in the human lung, and that this function is mediated through cell cycle arrest. The rare incidence of apoptotic nuclei in alveolar type II cells, together with their absence in alveolar type I cells, supports the view that p53 is involved in the differentiation, rather than the death, of alveolar epithelial cells. Anat Rec 263:25–34, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Garlic prevents ultrastructural alterations caused by dehydration in mouse cerebral microvessels
Authors: Fahim Mohamed A. , El‐Sabban Farouk F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDehydration is known to significantly reduce both the time required for the first platelet aggregate and the time to full occlusion in photochemically‐induced thrombosis, in vivo. Ultrastructural changes that contribute to such events remain unknown. Therefore, the effect of water deprivation for 24 hr, (as a model for dehydration) on the ultrastructure of mouse pial microvessels was investigated. The possible beneficial effect of garlic in preventing such ultrastructural changes was also investigated. Four groups of TO strain: control, control‐garlic treated, dehydrated, and dehydrated‐garlic treated male mice, 10/group, were used. Dehydration was induced by water deprivation for 24 hr. Garlic solution was i.p. injected at 0.1 ml/10g body weight. In urethane‐anesthetized (2 mg/g, i.p.) mice, topical and transvessel bimodal fixation of pial microvessels was done with a phosphate buffered mixture of glutaraldehyde and paraformaldehyde, followed by a conventional electron microscopy procedure. Examination of control cerebral pial microvessels showed no evidence of cellular damage. Membranes of endothelial cells were intact. Within pial microvessels there was no evidence of platelet aggregation. Garlic treatments did not cause any ultrastructure abnormalities in control mice. Compared with control, dehydration caused the appearance of thrombi that consisted of platelet aggregates. Discoid platelets containing granules, spheroid degranulated platelets, and those with large pseudopodia were present in 80% of dehydrated mice. The venular endothelial surface of dehydrated mice revealed dilated profiles of endoplasmic reticulum and variously shaped vacuoles. Swelling of nuclear envelopes and mitochondrial distension were also present in dehydrated mice. Concomitant garlic treatment prevented most of these ultrastructural changes. These findings demonstrated the extent of damage to the pial microvessels in response to water deprivation and demonstrated the beneficial effect of garlic as a possible mean of protection against oncoming vascular pathology. Anat Rec 263:85–90, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A letter from the executive editor
Authors: Stanley David W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractColleagues,One of the attractions of the position of Executive Editor is the opportunity to consider creative and experimental approaches to publishing findings from research on the frontiers of insect science. In future issues of Archives, we will be more active in publishing special issues. On one hand, we will continue working to publish special issues emerging from symposia presentations at scientific meetings. With cooperation from reviewers and from the publisher, we can arrange expedited reviews and rapid publication of issues that will appear in a timely manner relative to symposia presentations. On the other hand, we are also experimenting with Special Topics Issues, to appear no more than once each year. For these issues, papers from previous volumes of Archives will be published as a set of articles devoted to a single topic. The topics will emphasize research opportunities that are emerging or perhaps re‐emerging on the horizons of our field.For this first Special Topics Issue, we have collected several papers devoted to insect cell culture. Studies of insect cell culture enjoy a lengthy history, dating back to the 1930’s when the practical goal of culturing insect cells related to research on insect‐borne viruses. In the years since this early work, we have seen marvelous progress in cell culture techniques and in the use of cell cultures to forge important advances in basic and applied research. The papers in this Special Topics Issue highlight some of the contemporary research with insect cell cultures, including analysis of an ion transport peptide, studies of glandular secretion, interactions of hormones and cells, the influence of an insect growth regulator on insect cells and activation of cellular immunity. We see, also, that basic work on cellular nutrition continues to yield important insights. It is hoped that Special Topics Issues will help facilitate further research. We welcome your suggestions for future Special Topics Issues.In another innovative experiment in publishing, we have an opportunity to help bolster the careers of our colleagues in postdoctoral positions. As we all know, the postdoctoral phase of careers in insect science is growing in length and in the numbers of postdoctoral scientists. We invite nominations from mentors of active postdoctoral scientists (who have not yet accepted a permanent professional position), who may benefit from the experience of developing a sole‐authored mini‐review centered around their current research investigations. We are now developing guidelines for mini‐reviews, which will undergo the standard scrutiny of anonymous peer review. As always, your comments, and certainly your manuscripts are welcome. We look forward to working with you on these new initiatives.
Regulation of hexokinase in a freeze avoiding insect: Role in the winter production of glycerol
Authors: Muise Aleixo M. , Storey Kenneth B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHexokinase from larvae of the freeze‐avoiding goldenrod gall moth, Epiblema scudderiana, was purified 20‐fold using chromatography on DE52 Sephadex, phosphocellulose, and blue dextran. Final specific activity was 75.8 U/mg and SDS‐PAGE gave a molecular weight of 94,000 for the monomer. Arrhenius plot showed a break at 16° or 12°C in the absence vs. presence of 10% v/v glycerol, indicating a conformational change in the enzyme at lower temperatures but suggesting a stabilizing effect of glycerol. Comparison of hexokinase kinetic properties at 22° and 4°C showed higher affinity for both glucose and ATP (Km values were 45–50% lower), as well as for the cofactor Mg2+, at the lower temperature. Furthermore, product inhibition by glucose‐6‐phosphate and ADP was reduced at 4°C. Glucose levels rise in E. scudderiana as an apparent by‐product of high rates of glycogenolysis during glycerol synthesis. The temperature‐dependent properties of hexokinase would facilitate the recycling of this glucose back into the pathway of glycerol synthesis and could help to achieve the near stoichiometric conversion of glycogen to glycerol that is seen during cold hardening. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 47:29–34, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The origin and functions of the insect peritrophic membrane and peritrophic gel
Authors: Terra Walter R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThere is a a fluid (peritrophic gel) or membranous (peritrophic membrane, PM) film surrounding the food bolus in most insects. The PM is composed of chitin and proteins, of which peritrophins are the most important. It is proposed here that, during evolution, midgut cells initially synthesized chitin and peritrophins derived from mucins by acquiring chitin‐binding domains, thus permitting the formation of PM. Since PM compartmentalizes the midgut, new physiological roles were added to those of the ancestral mucus (protection against abrasion and microorganism invasion). These new roles are reviewed in the light of data on PM permeability and on enzyme compartmentalization, fluid fluxes, and ultrastructure of the midgut. The importance of the new roles in relation to those of protection is evaluated from data obtained with insects having disrupted PM. Finally, there is growing evidence suggesting that a peritrophic gel occurs when a highly permeable peritrophic structure is necessary or when chitin‐binding molecules or chitinase are present in food. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 47:47–61, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytoskeleton elements mediate the inhibition of the (Na++K+)atpase activity by PKC in Rhodnius prolixus malpighian tubules during hyperosmotic shock
Authors: Caruso‐Neves Celso , Silva Ian Victor , Morales Marcelo Marcos , Lopes AnÍBal Gil 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn a previous paper, we observed that the specific activity of (Na++K+)ATPase of the isolated Malpighian tubules from Rhodnius prolixus is inhibited by protein kinase C (PKC) during hyperosmotic shock [Arenstein et al., J Membr Biol 146:47–57 [1995]; Caruso‐Neves et al., Z Naturforsch 53c:911–917 [1998]). In the present paper, we study the involvement of the cytoskeleton in this process using isolated Malpighian tubules of Rhodnius prolixus. We observed that pre‐incubation of the Malpighian tubule cells in hyperosmotic media decreases the specific activity of (Na++K+)ATPase by 90%. This effect was completely reversed when colchicine, which disrupts microtubules, or cytochalasin B, an inhibitor of actin microfilament polymerization, were added to the media in a dose‐dependent manner. The maximal reversion was obtained with colchicine 7.0 μM or cytochalasin B 5.0 μM. The simultaneous addition of sphingosine 50 ng/mL, an inhibitor of PKC, to 10 μM colchicine or 5 μM cytochalasin B, in hyperosmotic media, did not change the stimulatory effect of these drugs on the specific activity of (Na++K+)ATPase. On the other hand, the co‐incubation of TPA 20 ng/mL, an activator of PKC, to colchicine or cytochalasin B within hyperosmotic media, abolished the stimulatory effect of these drugs on the specific activity of (Na++K+)ATPase to a similar extent as hyperosmotic shock. These results suggest that inhibition of the (Na++K+)ATPase of the isolated Malpighian tubules from Rhodnius prolixus by PKC during hyperosmotic shock is mediated by cytoskeletal elements. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 48:81–88, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nitric oxide: An unconventional messenger in the nervous system of an orthopteroid insect
Authors: Bicker Gerd 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNitric oxide (NO) is a membrane‐permeant messenger molecule generated from the amino acid L‐arginine. NO can activate soluble guanylyl cyclase leading to the formation of cyclic GMP (cGMP) in target cells. In the nervous system, NO/cGMP signalling is thought to play essential roles in synaptic plasticity during development and also in the mature animal. This paper examines biochemical, cell biological, and physiological investigations of NO/cGMP signalling in the nervous system of the locust, a commonly used neurobiological preparation. Biochemical investigations suggest that an identical enzyme is responsible for both NO synthase (NOS) and NADPH‐diaphorase activity after tissue fixation. Immunocytochemical staining of an olfactory center in the locust brain shows that NOS‐immunoreactivity colocalizes with NADPH‐diaphorase at the cellular level. The cytochemical staining of NO donor and target cells in adult animals suggests functions in olfaction, vision, and sensorimotor integration. During development, NO is implicated in axonal outgrowth and synaptogenesis. The cellular distribution of NO‐responsive cells in neural circuits reflects potential functions of NO as a retrograde synaptic messenger, as an intracellular messenger, and as a lateral diffusible messenger independent of conventional synaptic connectivity. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 48:100–110, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distinctive hydrocarbons of the black dump fly, Hydrotaea aenescens (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: Carlson David A. , Bernier Ulrich R. , Hogsette Jerome A. , Sutton Bruce D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHydrotaea aenescens (Wiedemann), the black dump fly, is a potential biological control agent originally from the western hemisphere, now found in many parts of the Palearctic region except for the United Kingdom, where it cannot be imported for any reason. A complication of classical biological control is the problem of strain identification, as one must be able to somehow mark or follow a particular strain that has been introduced into the field or is contemplated for release. Gas chromatographic analysis of the surface hydrocarbons of pooled and individual dump fly adults resulted in reproducible hydrocarbon patterns that differentiated widely distributed strains of H. aenescens and showed similarities between strains that were related. Sexual dimorphism was observed in the surface hydrocarbons. Conspecific similarities included identities of the hydrocarbons found in colony material collected worldwide, with differences being found in the quantities of compounds present. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 48:167–178, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc
Analysis of an insect neuropeptide, Schistocerca gregaria ion transport peptide (ITP), expressed in insect cell systems
Authors: Pfeifer T. A. , Hegedus D. , Wang Y.‐J. , Zhao Y. , Meredith J. , Brock H. W. , Phillips J. E. , Grigliatti T. A. , Theilmann D. A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe have produced an active form of Schistocerca gregaria ion transport peptide (ITP) in an insect cell expression system. Transformed Drosophila Kc1 cells secreted a form of ITP into the cell culture medium that was proteolytically cleaved correctly at the amino (N)‐terminus. Concentrated culture supernatant from transformed Kc1 and Hi5 cells had high biological activity when tested on isolated locust ilea. Conversely, ITP expressed by baculovirus‐infected Sf9 cells was larger in size and had decreased specific activity compared to ITP produced by Kc1 cells due to incorrect cleavage of the peptide at the N‐terminus in the baculovirus system. This demonstrates how processing of the secreted foreign protein (ITP) expressed under the late polyhedrin promoter is compromised in a baculovirus‐infected cell. Transient transformation of Kc1 cells results in supernatants containing two forms of ITP; one form (A) co‐elutes with synthetic ITP and the other form (B) has reduced electrophoretic mobility. In contrast, in stably transformed Kc1 cell supernatant, ITP is expressed in a single form, which has the same electrophoretic mobility and specific biological activity as form A produced by transiently transformed Kc1 cells. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 42:245–252, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hormonal regulation of actin and tubulin in an epithelial cell line from Chironomus tentans
Authors: Fretz A. , Spindler K.‐D. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe morphogenetic changes in an epithelial cell line from Chironomus tentans that are evoked by molting hormones and molting hormone agonists are accompanied by transient changes in the concentration of actin and β‐tubulin protein and mRNA. As compared to controls, actin protein and mRNA concentrations increase by about 50%, whereas tubulin reaches maxima of 100% increase. The proportion between globular and filamentous actin remains constant after hormone treatment. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 41:71–78, 1999. © 1999 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interleukin‐1α expression in capillaries and major histocompatibility complex class I expression in type II muscle fibers from polymyositis and dermatomyositis patients: Important pathogenic features independent of inflammatory cell clusters in muscle tissue
Authors: Englund Pernilla , Nennesmo Inger , Klareskog Lars , Lundberg Ingrid E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo address the hypothesis that endothelial cells and/or muscle fibers are primary targets in the disease process by analysis of muscle tissue from patients with polymyositis (PM) and dermatomyositis (DM).MethodsWe included patients with laboratory signs and clinical symptoms typical of myositis, but without detectable infiltration of clusters of inflammatory cells in their muscle biopsy samples. An immunohistochemical technique was applied to identify CD3, CD68, lymphocyte function–associated antigen 1α, CD11b, very late activation antigen 4, endothelium 4, interleukin‐1α (IL‐1α), intercellular adhesion molecule 1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, IgG, IgM, IgA, and HLA–A/B/C in muscle tissue. Fiber type was defined by ATPase staining.ResultsIL‐1α expression was detected in endothelial cells of capillaries to a greater extent in patients than in controls, and class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expression was significantly increased in muscle fibers. We also observed that class I MHC expression was mainly confined to type II muscle fibers.ConclusionOur findings imply that defined molecular changes of blood vessels and muscle fibers are both independent of adjacent inflammatory infiltrates and could thus be primary events in the development of myositis. Moreover, both IL‐1α and class I MHC molecules might be important for the development of clinical symptoms in PM and DM patients.
Influence of hypoxia and reoxygenation on cytokine‐induced production of proinflammatory mediators in articular cartilage
Authors: Cernanec Julie , Guilak Farshid , Weinberg J. Brice , Pisetsky David S. , Fermor Beverley 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveArticular cartilage is an avascular tissue that functions at a lower oxygen tension than do most tissues. With mobilization, arthritic joints may undergo cycles of hypoxia and reoxygenation. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of hypoxia and reoxygenation on cytokine‐induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production in articular cartilage.MethodsPorcine cartilage explants were incubated at 37°C for 72 hours in either 1% O2 (hypoxia) or 20% O2 (normoxia) in media supplemented with interleukin‐1α (IL‐1α) or tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), with or without the NO synthase 2 (NOS2) selective inhibitor 1400W. Culture media were then removed and replaced with freshly prepared media and incubated for a further 24 hours in normoxia.ResultsNO levels were significantly higher in explants supplemented with IL‐1α and TNFα compared with controls, in both hypoxia and normoxia. Compared with normoxia, hypoxia decreased IL‐1α– and TNFα‐induced NO production significantly. Reoxygenation of hypoxic explants resulted in sustained significant NO production in response to either cytokine. However, comparably high levels of NO production were not sustained in explants cultured continuously in normoxia. Although IL‐1α alone did not significantly increase PGE2 production, significant PGE2 superinduction occurred in cartilage stimulated with IL‐1α and the NOS2 inhibitor 1400W compared with stimulation with IL‐1α alone in hypoxia, but not in normoxia.ConclusionOxygen tension significantly affects cytokine‐induced proinflammatory mediator production in articular cartilage. Furthermore, hypoxia alters NO mediation of PGE2 production. Hypoxia and reoxygenation can affect cytokine‐induced proinflammatory mediator production, suggesting that oxygen tension may influence inflammation associated with cartilage injury and disease.