bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antidepressant-related deaths and antidepressant prescriptions in England and Wales, 1998–2000
Authors: Cheeta Survjit , Schifano Fabrizio , Oyefeso Adenekan , Webb Lucy , Ghodse A. Hamid 
Published: December 2003

BackgroundDeaths from antidepressants continue to account for a substantial proportion of drug-related deaths.AimsTo investigate the relative toxicity of the major classes of antidepressant drugs, with the specific objective of assessing this in relation to the cause of death; and to analyse the deaths where there were multiple mentions of antidepressant drugs or other psychoactive drugs with antidepressants.MethodMortality data were collected from the National Programme of Substance Abuse Deaths, and antidepressant prescription data were collected.ResultsMost deaths from antidepressant drugs were suicides (80%). Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) accounted for more drug mentions than did other antidepressant drugs (12 per million prescriptions). Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) were associated with a significantly lower risk of toxicity, but 93% of deaths from SSRIs occurred in combination with other drugs, especially TCAs (24.5%). In ‘combination’ deaths patients were significantly more likely to have had a history of drug misuse.ConclusionsThe efficacy and safety of augmentation therapy with TCAs in SSRI-resistant patients should be monitored carefully, and patients prescribed antidepressants should be screened for drug use/misuse.
Heterogeneity of outcomes in schizophrenia
Authors: Ruggeri Mirella , Lasalvia Antonio , Tansella Michele , Bonetto Chiara , Abate Maria , Thornicroft Graham , Allevi Liliana , Ognibene Paola 
Published: December 2003

BackgroundCare for people with schizophrenia should address a wide range of outcomes, including professional and consumer perspectives.AimsTo measure changes in psychopathology functioning, needs for care and quality of life; to develop predictive models for each outcome domain; and to assess the frequency of ‘good'and ‘poor’ outcomes, as defined in a series of different definitions that use combinations of the four domains measured.MethodThree-year follow-up of a 1-year-treated prevalence cohort of 107 patients with an ICD–10 diagnosis of schizophrenia attending the South Verona community-based mental health service.ResultsMean symptom severity and some types of needs for care worsen, but quality of life shows no change. Functioning shows a non-significant trend to deteriorate. Between 32% and 42% of the variance in the four key outcomes was explained by our model. Different definitions of good'and ‘poor’ outcome included 0–31% of patients, depending on the definition used.ConclusionsThe 3-year outcome for schizophrenia depends on the domain of outcome used, whether staff or patient ratings are used and the stringency of the definitions used for good and poor outcome.
Effects of antipsychotics on fat deposition and changes in leptin and insulin levels
Authors: Zhang Zhi-Jun , Yao Zhi-Jian , Liu Wen , Fang Qun , Reynolds Gavin P. 
Published: December 2003

BackgroundWeight gain is a common consequence of antipsychotic drug treatment and can lead to further morbidity.AimsTo assess the effects of antipsychotic drug therapy on abdominal fat deposition, on insulin and leptin secretion, and on circulating glucose and lipids.MethodAbdominal body fat was determined by magnetic resonance imaging in a group of previously untreated patients with schizophrenia, before and after 10 weeks'antipsychotic drug treatment. Body mass and blood concentrations of glucose, insulin, leptin and lipids were also measured.ResultsSignificant increases in both subcutaneous and intra-abdominal fat were identified after antipsychotic drug treatment. A three-fold increase in leptin secretion as well as significant increases in levels of circulating lipids and non-fasting glucose were also identified.ConclusionsPatients first receiving antipsychotic drugs experience substantial deposition of both subcutaneous and intra-abdominal fat, reflecting a loss of the normal inhibitory control of leptin on body mass. Along with fat deposition, the increase in levels of fasting lipids and in non-fasting glucose may provide early signs of drug-induced progression towards the metabolic syndrome.
The Child Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Teacher Telephone Interview (CHATTI): reliability and validity
Authors: Holmes Jane , Lawson Deborah , Langley Kate , Fitzpatrick Helen , Trumper Anne , Pay Helen , Harrington Richard , Thapar Anita 
Published: December 2003

BackgroundThe ICD – 10 and DSM – IV diagnostic criteria for hyperkinetic disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) require symptoms or impairment in two or more settings. Thus, information on children's symptoms in school is usually required. This paper presents the Child ADHD Teacher Telephone Interview (CHATTI), an instrument aimed at systematically obtaining this information.AimsTo examine the stability, test–retest reliability and criterion validity of the CHATTI for children referred with a suspected diagnosis of ADHD.MethodData were obtained from 79 teachers, of whom 36 were interviewed on two occasions.ResultsOverall, the CHATTI shows good stability test–retest reliability and criterion validity for symptom scores. Test–retest reliability for some individual items was low. Reliability for the operationalised criteria of ‘pervasiveness' (i.e. symptoms at school and home) and ‘school impairment’ was excellent (κ=1).ConclusionsThe CHATTI appears to be a promising tool for assessing ADHD symptoms in a school setting and could be useful in clinical as well as research settings.
Reliving, emotions, and fragmentation in the autobiographical memories of veterans diagnosed with PTSD
Authors: Rubin David C. , Feldman Michelle E. , Beckham Jean C. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractFifty veterans diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) each recalled four autobiographical memories: one from the 2 years before service, one non‐combat memory from the time in service, one from combat, and one from service that had often come as an intrusive memory. For each memory, they provided 21 ratings about reliving, belief, sensory properties, reexperiencing emotions, visceral emotional responses, fragmentation, and narrative coherence. We used these ratings to examine three claims about traumatic memories: a separation of cognitive and visceral aspects of emotion, an increased sense of reliving, and increased fragmentation. There was evidence for a partial separation of cognitive judgments of reexperiencing an emotion and reports of visceral symptoms of the emotion, with visceral symptoms correlating more consistently with scores on PTSD tests. Reliving, but not fragmentation of the memories, increased with increases in the trauma relatedness of the event and with increases in scores on standardized tests of PTSD severity. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple sclerosis: Cytokine receptors on oligodendrocytes predict innate regulation
Authors: Cannella Barbara , Raine Cedric S. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractMultiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune‐mediated demyelinating condition in which numerous soluble mediators have been implicated. We have extended the repertoire of cytokines studied in MS tissue by examining interleukin (IL‐4), IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐12, IL‐18, interferon (IFNγ), and their receptors and have compared patterns with those seen in normal subjects and other neurological diseases (OND). Expression was evaluated by immunocytochemistry and Western blots. Remarkably, oligodendrocytes expressed all the cytokine receptors examined, particularly Th2‐type, constitutively in normal subjects and upregulated in disease. Microglial cells also expressed cytokine receptors at similar levels. Cytokine expression was invariably a feature of microglial cells, except for IL‐10, which was exclusively astrocytic. Oligodendrocytes did not display cytokines, except for low levels of IL‐18. Although no pattern was specific for MS, most molecules were upregulated in MS and OND. Downstream JAK/STAT molecules were correspondingly upregulated. Cytokine receptors on oligodendrocytes (and microglia), and their corresponding ligands on microglia (and astrocytes), may implicate paracrine/autocrine regulation and may bespeak innate immunity in the central nervous system.
Analgesic triptan action in an animal model of intracranial pain: A race against the development of central sensitization
Authors: Burstein Rami , Jakubowski Moshe 
Published: December 2003

AbstractWe have shown that the development of cutaneous allodynia (exaggerated skin sensitivity) during migraine is detrimental to the anti‐migraine action of the 5HTIB/ID receptor agonists known is triptans. Because cutaneous allodynia is a manifestation of sensitization of central trigeminovascular neurons, we examined whether triptan treatment can intercept such sensitization before its initiation or after its establishment in our rat model for cutaneous allodynia induced by intracranial pain. Single‐unit recordings were obtained from spinal trigeminal neurons that proved to received convergent inputs from the dura and facial skin. The effects of sumatriptan (300 μg/kg i.v.) on central sensitization induced by topical application of inflammatory soup (IS) on the dura were determined when the drug was administered either 2 h after IS (late intervention) or at the same time as IS (early intervention). Late sumatriptan intervention counteracted two aspects of central sensitization: dural receptive fields, which initially expanded by IS, shrunk back after treatment; neuronal response threshold to dural indentation, which initially decreased after IS, increased after sumatriptan. On the other hand, late sumatriptan intervention did not reverse other aspects of central sensitization: spontaneous firing rate and neuronal response magnitude to skin brushing which initially increased after IS, remained elevated after sumatriptan; response threshold to heating of the skin, which initially dropped after IS, remained low after sumatriptan. Early sumatriptan intervention effectively blocked the development of all aspects of central sensitization expected to be induced 2 h after IS application: dural receptive fields did not expand; neuronal response threshold to dural indentation and skin stimulation did not decrease; spontaneous firing rate did not increase. The early treatment results suggest that triptan action provides a powerful means of preventing the initiation of central sensitization triggered by chemical stimulation of meningeal nociceptors. The late treatment results suggest that triptan action is insufficient to counteract an already established central sensitization. Thus, triptan action appears to be exerted directly on peripheral rather than central trigeminovascular neurons. Ann Neurol 2004;55:000–000
Defeating migraine pain with triptans: A race against the development of cutaneous allodynia
Authors: Burstein Rami , Collins Beth , Jakubowski Moshe 
Published: December 2003

AbstractFor many migraine patients, triptan therapy provides complete pain relief in some attacks but not in others. Here, we tested whether the success of triptan therapy is hindered in the presence of cutaneous allodynia (pain resulting from a nonnoxious stimulus to normal skin), a phenomenon we previously described develop gradually during the course of the migraine attack in more than 70% of patients. We studied migraine patients repeatedly on three visits to the clinic: in the absence of migraine (baseline), within the first hour of one attack, or at 4 hours from onset of another attack. Presence or absence of allodynia was determined based on differences between migraine and baseline pain thresholds to mechanical and thermal stimulation of periorbital skin. In 31 patients, we studied 34 migraine attacks that were associated with allodynia at the time of triptan treatment and 27 attacks that were not. Within 2 hours of triptan treatment, patients were rendered pain‐free in 5 of 34 (15%) of allodynic attacks versus 25 of 27 (93%) of nonallodynic attacks. Treating migraine attacks 1 hour (early) or 4 hours (late) after the onset of pain was equally ineffective in inducing a pain‐free state in the presence of allodynia, and equally effective in the absence of allodynia. For patients susceptible to allodynia during the attack, triptan therapy was by far more likely to provide complete pain relief if administered before rather than after the establishment of cutaneous allodynia. Patients who never developed allodynia were highly likely to be rendered pain‐free by triptan therapy anytime after the onset of pain. We conclude that the probability of consistent pain‐free outcome increases drastically if triptan therapy is vigilantly timed to precede any signs of cutaneous allodynia. Ann Neurol 2004;55:000–000
Multiple sclerosis in US veterans of the Vietnam era and later military service: Race, sex, and geography
Authors: Wallin Mitchell T. , Page William F. , Kurtzke John F. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractWe identified 5,345 cases of multiple sclerosis (MS) among US veterans who first entered military service between 1960 and 1994, and who were “service‐connected” for MS by the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). Two controls per case were matched on age, date of service entry, and branch of service. Available for service and VA files were demographic and military data for 4,951 cases and 9,378 controls. Versus white men, relative risk of MS was significantly higher for all women, at 2.99 for whites, 2.86 for blacks, and 3.51 for those of other races. This was a significant increase from our prior series of veterans of World War II and the Korean Conflict, where white women had a relative risk of 1.79. Risk for black men was higher now (0.67 vs 0.44), while other men remained low (0.30 vs 0.22). Residence at service entry in the northern tier of states had a relative risk of 2.02 versus the southern tier, which was significantly less than the 2.64 for the earlier series. Residence by individual state at birth and service entry for white men further supported this decreasing geographic differential. Such marked changes in geography, sex, and race in such a short interval strongly imply a primary environmental factor in the cause or precipitation of this disease.
Effect of subthalamic deep brain stimulation on the function of the urinary bladder
Authors: Seif Christoph , Herzog Jan , van der Horst Christof , Schrader Bettina , Volkmann Jens , Deuschl Guenther , Juenemann Klaus‐Peter , Braun Peter M. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractDetrusor hyperreflexia is a relevant clinical symptom for patients suffering from Parkinson's disease. In a series of 16 patients, we demonstrated that subthalamic deep brain stimulation has a significant and urodynamically recordable effect leading to a normalization of pathologically increased bladder sensibility.
Complex phenotypes in an Indian family with homozygous SCA2 mutations
Authors: Ragothaman Mona , Sarangmath Nagaraja , Chaudhary Shashi , Khare Vishwamohini , Mittal Uma , Sharma Sangeeta , Komatireddy Sreelatha , Chakrabarti Subhabrata , Mukerji Mitali , Juyal Ramesh C. , Thelma B. K. , Muthane Uday B. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractWe describe a consanguineous Indian family having spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) expansions with complex phenotypes (early‐onset, dopa‐responsive parkinsonism, ataxia and retinitis pigmentosa). The two probands having homozygous SCA2 mutations presenting with early‐onset dopa‐responsive parkinsonism without ataxia develop dyskinesias within a year of starting levodopa. Their siblings, heterozygous for SCA2 mutations, had retinitis pigmentosa with or without ataxia. Approximately 38% of family members with SCA2 mutations were asymptomatic.
Tactile awareness and limb position in neglect: Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Valenza Nathalie , Seghier Mohamed L. , Schwartz Sophie , Lazeyras François , Vuilleumier Patrik 
Published: December 2003

AbstractWe studied a patient with right parietal damage for whom tactile stimuli on the right/ipsilesional hand (projecting to the intact left hemisphere) were extinguished from awareness during double simultaneous stimulation, when his right hand was positioned in the left/contralesional space. This demonstrates the role of an egocentric spatial reference frame in attention that can determine awareness of stimuli despite intact sensory pathways. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging to elucidate the neural correlates of such perceptual extinction, we found that limb position modulated neural responses to tactile stimuli at early cortical stages (SI) in the intact hemisphere. Activity in bilateral middle frontal gyri also was modulated by limb position and may contribute to integrate sensory inputs into a supramodal, egocentric representation of space.
Non‐Enzymatic Synthesis of Polysaccharides, Nucleosides and Nucleic Acids and the Origin of Self‐Reproducing Systems
Authors: Schramm G. , Grötsch H. , Pollmann W. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractCompounds containing free amino, hydroxyl or carbonyl groups can be activated by reaction with polyphosphate ester. If the compounds contain a second functional group, polycondensations are possible; e.g. amino acids → polypeptides, carbohydrates → polysaccharides, nucleotides → polynucleotides. In the presence of polyadenylic acid, polymerization of uridylic acid is speeded up tenfold. This mutual effect of complementary nucleotide strands constitutes the experimental basis for a hypothesis concerning the terrestrial origin of systems capable of self‐reproduction.
Chemical Reactions in the Atmosphere
Authors: Harteck P. , Reeves R. R. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractChemical reactions in the upper atmosphere may be investigated by sending rockets into the region of interest or by simulating conditions in the laboratory. Ultraviolet solar radiation dissociates and ionizes all types of particles present in the chemosphere. This results in recombination reactions of radicals, charge transfers, and chemical reactions of ions with neutral particles. In addition bimolecular reactions between neutral particles and reactions involving excited molecules take place.
Liquid Ion‐Exchange Technology
Authors: Kunin R. , Winger A. G. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractLiquid ion exchangers have certain advantages over conventional solid ion exchange resins. For example, they make possible the removal of ionic species from solutions of relatively high concentration. Because of favorable distribution factors, the number of stages needed for a practical degree of extraction is usually low. Typical liquid ion exchangers are amines or alkyl phosphoric acids in the molecular weight range 250–500.
Some Organic Sulfur Compounds in Vegetables and Fodder Plants and their Significance in Human Nutrition
Authors: Virtanen Artturi I. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractMany plants that serve for human nutritional purposes contain compounds from which physiologically active substances are formed by enzymic reactions. Usually such compounds, and the enzymes which react with them, are located in different cells, so that the active substances are formed only on crushing the plant: Examples are the lachrymatory factor and the antimicrobial substances formed from the different cysteine‐S‐oxides of the onion and garlic, as well as the goitrogenic compounds formed from the thioglucosides occuring in the Brassica species.
Prephenic Acid: Properties and the Present Status of its Synthesis
Authors: Plieninger H. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractPrephenic acid is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of aromatic compounds. Its synthesis is made difficult by the fact that it is a cyclohexadienol which is easily aromatized by acids and bases. Experiments aimed at its synthesis have led to an as yet inseparable mixture of a little prephenic acid, epiprephenic acid and dihydroprephenic acid (as‐Ba‐salt). Comparison with model compounds indicated that the tertiary carboxyl group and the hydroxyl group are in cis relationship.
Special Properties of the Sugars in Cardioactive Glycosides
Authors: Reichstein T. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractStriking differences are observed when the sugar components of digitaloid lactones ( as well as of two additional minor groups of substances) are compared with those of the other glycosides in higher plants: non‐digitaloid glycosides almost always contain one or more of the following eight sugars as a structural unit: D‐glucose, D‐glucuronic acid, D‐xylose, L‐arabinose, D‐galactose, D‐galacturonic acid, L‐fucose, and L‐rhamnose. Oligosaccharide moieties almost always contain hexoses “on the inside”. i.e. linked directly onto the aglycone, and pentoses and methyl pentoses “on the outside”. Oligosaccharide moieties containing more than two sugars often appears to be branched. Cardioactive glycosides ( and two related minor groups of substances) chiefly contain only two sugars of the eight listed, viz. D‐glucose and L‐rhamnose. Very often numerous other sugars are found, particularly hexamethyloses. Oligosaccharide moieties always contain the hexose (D‐glucose) “on the outside”. As far as is known, oligosaccharide moieties with more than two sugars are always built up linearly.
Carbonic Acid Derivatives from Formamides
Authors: Kühle E. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractStarting from a few known synthese employing formamide/acid chloride adducts or the formamide chlorides derived therefrom, new routes leading to aromatic isocynodichlorides, iminochlorothioformates, and organic thiocyanates are described. The respective reaction mechanisms are briefly discussed.
Valence Isomerizations in Compounds with Strained Rings
Authors: Vogel E. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractAmong the many molecular rearrangements that may occur in compounds with strained rings, valence (or valence bond) isomerizations have recently received special attention. Relief of strain in energy‐rich small or medium‐sized rings is the driving force behind these predominantly thermal (pyrolysis) reactions. In many instances, valence isomerizations must be considered as multicenter rearrangements (with six‐ or four‐membered cyclic transition states). This mechanism can be regarded as firmly established for Cope rearrangements, as well as for intracyclic diene syntheses and diene cleavages of strained rings, with which this paper deals.
Reactive Dyes Containing Vinylsulfonyl Groups
Authors: Heyna J. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractCompounds and dyes containing vinylsulfonyl groups or groupings which readily yield vinylsulfonyl groups possess a marked ability to add onto many compounds containing active hydrogen under alkaline conditions. They also react with natural substances of high molecular weight, e.g. wool and cellulose, which contain amino‐ or hydroxyl groups. These reactions lead to the formation of strong covalent bonds between the reactants. As a result of this finding, reactive dyes for nitrogenous and cellulose fibers have been developed.
Syntheses in the 3‐Aminoquinazol‐4‐one and 3‐Aminobenzotriazin‐4‐one Series
Authors: Petersen S. , Herlinger H. , Tietze E. , Siefken W. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractAmong the derivatives of 3‐aminoquinazol‐4‐one and 3‐aminobenzotriazin‐4‐one are compounds with narcotic, sedative, analgetic, and muscle‐relaxant properties. Of special interest are compounds with one or several urethane groups and those substituted in the 3‐position by a morpholine moiety.
Cyclooligomerization of Butadiene and Transition Metal π‐Complexes
Authors: Wilke G. , Bogdanovič B. , Borner P. , Breil H. , Hardt P. , Heimbach P. , Herrmann G. , Kaminsky H.‐J. , Keim W. , Kröner M. , Müller Herbert , Müller Ernst Willi , Oberkirch W. , Schneider J. , Stedefeder J. , Tanaka K. , Weyer K. , Wilke G. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractAdvances in the fields of synthesis and reactions of some medium‐sized hydrocarbon rings are reported and in connection therewith on novel π‐complexes of transition metals. Catalytic syntheses yield 1,5,9‐cyclododecatriene, 1,5‐cyclooctadiene, and 1,5‐cyclodecadiene either from butadiene or from butadiene and ethylene. The reactions proceed very readily.