bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Subtle is the Lord … ’
Authors: Pais Abraham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Subtle is the Lord is widely recognized as the definitive scientific biography of Albert Einstein. The late Abraham Pais was a distinguished physicist turned historian who knew Einstein both professionally and personally in the last years of his life. His biography combines a profound understanding of Einstein’s work with personal recollections from their years of acquaintance, illuminating the man through the development of his scientific thought. Pais examines the formulation of Einstein’s theories of relativity, his work on Brownian motion, and his response to quantum theory with authority and precision. The profound transformation Einstein’s ideas effected on the physics of the turn of the century is here laid out for the serious reader. Pais also fills many gaps in what we know of Einstein’s life — his interest in philosophy, his concern with Jewish destiny, and his opinions of great figures from Newton to Freud. This remarkable volume, written by a physicist who mingled in Einstein’s scientific circle, forms a timeless and classic biography of the towering figure of twentieth-century science.
William Wordsworth
Authors: Gill Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Based on intimate knowledge of the poet's manuscripts, on a fresh look at contemporary records, and on a study of the mass of material that has appeared since the last serious biography, a quarter-century ago, this new account of Wordsworth focuses on what was most important to him - his life as a writer. The common notion is that the older Wordsworth betrayed his youthful, radical self to become a prosy Tory bore. By contrast, this intelligent and authoritative biography demonstrates that once the poet had returned to the Lake District, determined to live dedicated to poetry at whatever cost, his life took on a unity and purpose it had previously lacked. His politics certainly changed, and his poetic power waned, but from 1799 almost until his death in 1850, Wordsworth single-mindedly shaped his own life in submission to an imaginative possession whose importance he never doubted. It was, in its way, a heroic life. Wordsworth suffered numbing blows from the death of friends and family, including three of his own children. Critics reviled his poetry for over twenty years, and he never made enough money by his pen to live on - unlike his dear friend Scott. Yet his dedication to his art did not waver. In middle age he knew that contemporaries valued him as a moral sage; in old age he suffered the embarrassment of being a cultural icon. The lucid narrative that Stephen Gill draws out is the story of that hard-won triumph: its purpose is to bring readers back freshly to poetry that is full of human understanding and experience, and a tested, sober faith in 'Man's unconquerable mind'.
The Strange Case of the Spotted Mice and other classic essays on science
Authors: Medawar Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sir Peter Medawar was not only a Nobel prize-winning immunologist but also a wonderful writer about science and scientists. Described by the Washington Post as a `genuinely brilliant popularizer' of science, his essays are remarkable for their clarity and wit. This entertaining selection presents the very best of his writing with a new Foreword by Stephen Jay Gould, one of his greatest admirers. The wide range of subjects include Howard Florey and penicillin, J. B. S. Haldane, whom he describes as a `with-knobs-on variant of us all', and, in the title essay, scientific fraud involving laboratory mice. There is Medawar's defence of James Watson against the storm of criticism that greeted the publication of The Double Helix. A merciless debunker of myths, he reveals the nonsense to be discovered in psychoanalytic interpretations of Darwin's illness and launches devastating attacks on Arthur Koestler, IQ psychologists, and, most notably, Teilhard de Chardin. He raises questions about the nature of scientific endeavour - he famously defined science as the art of the soluble - and a common theme is his desire to communicate the importance of science to the widest possible audience.
Lucky Jim
Authors: Medawar Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On 30 May 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick published in Nature a correct interpretation of the crystalline structure of deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA. It was a great discovery, one which went far beyond merely spelling out the spatial design of a large, complicated and important molecule. It explained how that molecule could serve genetic purposes-that is to say, how DNA, within the framework of a single common structure, could exist in forms various enough to encode the messages of heredity.
On ‘the effecting of all things possible’
Authors: Medawar Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My title, or, if you like, my motto, comes from Francis Bacon’s New Atlantis, published in 1627. The New Atlantis was Bacon’s dream of what the world might have been, and might still be come, if human knowledge were directed towards improving the worldly condition of man. It makes a rather strange impression nowadays, and very few people bother with it who are not interested either in Bacon himself, or in the flux of seventeenth century opinion or the ideology of Utopias.
Further comments on psychoanalysis
Authors: Medawar Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In my Romanes Lecture on science and literature I implied that a psychoanalytical explanation-structure answered pretty closely to Levi-Strauss’s description of a myth. By this I meant that a psychoanalytical interpretation weaves around the patient a well tailored personal myth within the plot of which the subject’s thoughts and behaviour seem only natural, and, indeed, only what is to be expected.
The question of the existence of God
Authors: Medawar Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because of the especially important place he occupies in the philosophy of science, I gave Francis Bacon his say near the beginning of this essay.1 Now, at about the same distance from the end, I think he should be allowed to speak again. Francis Bacon was a simply reverent man, in spite of the traits in his thought that led Paolo Rossi to describe him as ‘a medieval philosopher haunted by a modern dream’.2 In his Confession of Faith, Bacon wrote thus: ‘I believe that nothing is without beginning but God; and no nature, no matter, no spirit, but one only and the same God, that God as He is eternally almighty, only wise, only good in His nature, and so He is eternally Father, Son and Spirit in persons.’
Eugenics and Genetic Manipulation
Authors: Ryan Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I shall begin this commentary on Professor Glover’s lecture with two thoughts about eugenics in general, then turn to the question of how much genetic manipulation we should welcome, in the hope of saying a little more about the so-called ‘yuk factor’ that Professor Glover mentions. The first thing I would wish to emphasize about eugenics is its origins in broadly progressive, and often in left-wing, thinking. Today when we think of eugenics, we think inevitably of the Nazis. We ought not to do so. Nor ought we to think of the Nazis when we discover that writers at the turn of the century-Bertrand Russell was among them-feared what they called ‘the degeneration of the · race’. We ought certainly to flinch at the lack of humanity with which Russell, like H. G. Wells, contemplated the disappearance of the aboriginal peoples of underdeveloped countries: something they thought was sad but inevitable. But the nonsense of Aryan supremacy was not what fuelled their views.
Tin Genes and Compensation
Authors: Wolff Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One highly prominent theme in libertarian thought is that of privatization. Libertarians wish to reduce the role of the state or society to a minimum and Hillel Steiner is no exception. However, as a libertarian who is also an egalitarian, the framework in which he operates is rather distinctive. Many egalitarians make a basic distinction between ‘choice’ and ‘circumstance’. On this view one is responsible for those results of one’s freely chosen actions or decisions, but should receive compensation (or pay tax) for the results of bad (good) luck. Compensation should be received from ‘society’ and society will receive the tax dividend from those who benefit from their good fortune. On such an egalitarian scheme those with genetic disadvantages should receive compensation from society for this disadvantage.
This Stage-Play World
Authors: Briggs Julia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The later years of Elizabeth and the reign of James I were the age of Shakespeare, but the age also of Sidney, Spenser, and Donne, of fellow dramatists Marlowe, Jonson, and Webster, and of the prose writers Nashe, Bacon, and Burton. This book examines the social conditions that produced this uniquely dazzling array of talent, and relates them closely to the literature of the period. Politically, 1580-1625 was a period of comparative stability, but men's lives were constantly threatened by plague, famine, or even casual violence; a sudden population rise added problems of inflation and unemployment. Writers struggling to earn a living needed either to please the court, with its wealthy and influential patrons, or else to score a popular success with London's new theatre-going public. The establishment itself was actively engaged in promoting ideals of order, hierarchy and centralized authority, while religious reformers urged men to heed the promptings of the spirit, and humanist schoolmasters introduced the young to the pagan culture of ancient Rome, its erotic poetry, and its republican sentiments. New ideas were in the air and sceptical, sometimes iconoclastic attitudes were widely expressed: a constant theme in the literature of the age was man's simultaneous greatness and littleness, the dramatic antitheses contained within him and acted out upon what Raleigh called `this stage-play world'. This extensively revised new edition also includes two new chapters which examine the role of women, the family, travellers and `outsiders' within the social and literary contexts of the period. It also contains textual notes and a fully updated bibliography.
Neurosurgical Management Procotols
Authors: Black Peter McLaren , Rossitch Eugene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A prerequisite for neurosurgical procedures in adults is obtaining normal preoperative bleeding studies (prothrombin time, partial thromboplastin time, platelet count). Electrolytes (sodium, potas¬sium, chloride, carbon dioxide), BUN, and sugar should have been measured no more than 2 weeks before.
Degenerative Diseases of the Spine
Authors: Black Peter McLaren , Rossitch Eugene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Intervertebral disc disease is a common cause of neurological dis-ability. It generally affects those segments of the spinal column that are most vulnerable to physical forces; the neck and lower back. In the neck, C5, C6, and C7 are most often involved; L4, L5, and SI are the levels most commonly affected in the lower back. The tho¬racic spine, buttressed by the ribs, rarely suffers disc herniation, but it must be recognized and treated correctly when it occurs.
School-age Children Fight the War
Authors: Tuttle William M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This was a war between good and evil; there were no shades of grey, no nuances, especially for America’s school-age children. Ranging in age from five or six to puberty, these girls and boys learned well the lesson of their country’s righteousness before all nations, imbibing it in their schools, churches, and the aters. Indeed, although feelings of invincibility and moral certainty were two qual ities widely shared by the school-age children, another was a sense of personal self-worth, motivated by participation in the war effort. “Our pride in our country,” noted a homefront girl, “made us proud of ourselves.” Boys and girls col lected scrap materials for recycling, and they bought War Bonds and knitted afghans. George Curtis, born in 1935, remembered that even helping his parents perform household tasks made him feel he was making “a genuine contribution” and was “a part of the overall team.” Whether helping with the dishes or the farm chores, George saw the war years “as a time for children such as me to feel of greater human worth or value; to be more respected by adults, because we had the opportunity to ... contribute.”
A Problem About Continued Belief
Authors: Perry John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I believe we have and probably need the notion of “continuing to believe the same thing.” Suppose, for example, that Julius points to a man at a party, saying “That fellow near the bar is a dean.” I believe him, saying the same sentence to myself. Later on, Julius is near the bar, the man is next to me, and I say “So you are a dean.” A week later I see him in the quad and think to myself, “He is a dean.” I think I came to believe something when Julius spoke, and continued to believe it until the end of the story.
Defining the Race 1890-1930
Authors: Stein Judith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Popular identities, whether racial or nonracial, are constructed as people define their social and political objectives. For instance, in 1848, the abolitionist Frederick Douglass took for granted that blacks were Americans when he asked his audience, “[I]f this is not mean and impudent in the extreme, for one class of Americans to ask for the removal of another class?” This assumption was essential to Douglass’s campaign against the American Colonization Society’s attempt to re­ move blacks to Africa. A few months later, he asserted that blacks were a people.
Anzia Yezierska and the Making of an Ethnic American Self
Authors: Dearborn Mary V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nathaniel Hawthorne, the master of American romance, is not a writer we commonly think of as ethnic. On closer examination, in fact, Hawthorne appears to have been positively obsessed with ancestry and genealogy, as works like The House of the Seven Gables (1851) attest. Moreover, his obsession led him to imagine an invented British ancetry-in short, Nathaniel Hawthorne was an early “invented” ethnic. Thus Hawthorne was fascinated with the legend of a bloody footprint left by a British clergyman on the stone floor of a hall in Lancashire.
The Race Hygiene Movement in Germany, 1904-1945
Authors: Weiss Sheila Faith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the histories of all national eugenics movements raise both difficult and controversial questions, the case of German eugenics, or “race hygiene” (Rassenhygiene), is by far the most troubling.1 For many people the term German eugenics immediately brings to mind visions of the Nazi death camps and the “final solution.” This presumed connection between German eugenics and the racial policies of the Third Reich makes a sophisticated analysis of German eugenics especially urgent, and also especially problematic. Indeed, until recently many German and non-German historians have simply subordinated race hygiene to the larger themes of either the history of European racism or the development of volkisch thought and, by so doing, have done little to challenge the “gut reaction”.
Eugenics in Russia, 1900-1940
Authors: Adams Mark B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years the history of eugenics has proved a useful way to study the subtle relationships between science and society. However, despite the explosion of literature on eugenics movements in many countries, the history of eugenics in Russia has remained virtually unexplored. In an important article published more than a decade ago comparing the German and Soviet movements in the 1920s, Loren Graham showed in a dozen pages what interesting comparative issues are raised by the Russian case (Graham 1978), but no detailed study of Russian eugenics has yet been published that begins to approach the available literature on the British, American, and other national cases in analytic sophistication or detail.
Toward a Comparative History of Eugenics
Authors: Adams Mark B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the International Congress of the History of Science held at Bucharest in August 1981, only one or two papers were presented on the history of eugenics. Four years later, at the next congress, held in Berkeley, California, in August 1985, there were some fifteen papers on the history of eugenics, covering ten national cases, presented in seven sessions by scholars from six countries. Since then five books have appeared dealing with Germany, and studies are under way on the eugenics movements in Denmark (Hansen), Finland (Hietala) Norway (RollHansen), Sweden (Broberg), Russia (Adams), France (Schneider, Lemaine, Clark}, Austria (Hubensdorf), Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, and Cuba (Stepan).
Investigating Our Beliefs About Ourselves: An Introduction
Authors: Unger Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the end of this book, if not before, you may come to have a fuller appreciation of some of your central beliefs about yourself, and some of your related attitudes. In particular, you may come to realize more fully that, even as you yourself most deeply believe, after several more decades at most, you will cease to exist, completely and forever. In the light of this awareness, and according to your deepest values, perhaps you will make the most of your quite limited existence.
The Psychological Approach To Our Survival
Authors: Unger Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nowadays, many leading writers give their endorsement, in one form or another, to our objective view of ourselves. In so doing, they reject the purely subjective view of the self, as well as hybrid views like the Cartesian view and the Butlerian view. But our objective view may itself take various forms. Indeed, there may be several competing objective approaches, each of which is initially plausible. Any of these plausible approaches will treat questions of our existence and identity as being, in large measure, conventional matters. However, each will differently locate the conventions that shape answers to these questions.
The Appreciation Of Our Actual Values
Authors: Unger Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although your values are different from mine, there is a basic core of values that we share. People from radically different cultures and eras may share little of this valuational core; people from other galaxies may share scarcely any of it. But the lack of universality need not diminish the importance of our coming to understand more clearly what our own main values actually are. In this final chapter, we will take a few steps toward achieving this understanding. In so doing, we will embark on a study that I will call the appreciation of our actual values.’
Hospitals at the Crossroads Government, Society, and Catholicism in America, 1950-1975
Authors: Risse Guenter B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A hospital, particularly a Catholic hospital where Christ dwells in the chapel tabernacle, is another Holy Land where the workers from the Sister Administrator to the least of the maids are doing in r part and in a humbler way what our Savior did long ago in Palestine. Its product is a happy death for the few; for the many, health so necessary in all walks of life.
Social Control”: Rockefeller Foundation’s Agenda in the Human Sciences, 1913-1933
Authors: Kay Lily E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1894 the young sociologist Edward Alsworth Ross rejoiced in his “great new discovery in Sociology.” Having jotted down 33 ways in which society exercised social control, he proceeded to develop these preliminary thoughts into the organizing principle of sociology. A newcomer to the discipline from economics, Ross intended to resolve the social and political dilemmas of modernity confronting a society whose national self-conception of historical uniqueness had been formed early in the century as a reaction against forces of modernization sweeping the Old World. Through the concept of social control, Ross intended to empower sociology by supplying it with an analytical framework grounded in liberal premises and sociopsychological sciences. The series of articles published beginning in 1896 in the American Journal of Sociology and his book Social Control (1901) not only revolutionized the discipline of sociology but also shaped the other human sciences.1 In the social sciences it had a profound impact on the direction of political science, economics, and psychology; and in the biological sciences it influenced the course of genetics, eugenics, and psychobiology. In its later technocratic forms, social control would play a critical role in the conception and design of the molecular biology program during the 1930s.
Protein Paradigm
Authors: Kay Lily E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The interest in physiological genetics during the 1930s stimulated the formation of linkages between studies of genetic function and analyses of the composition and structure of genes and chromosomes. These new cognitive strategies, backed by financial and institutional resources of the Rockefeller Foundation, brought a number of American geneticists into interdisciplinary cooperation with biochemists and biophysicists. These convergences were based on the protein paradigm, on the dominant explanatory framework that endowed proteins with determinative powers over heredity and related vital phenomena. Most life scientists, whether explicitly or tacitly, subscribed to the protein view of life; and a coalescence of cognitive interests and institutional dynamics sustained the authority of the protein paradigm until the early 1950s.
Convergence of Goals: From Physical Chemistry to Bio-Organic Chemistry, 1930-1940
Authors: Kay Lily E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Mason approved the first Rockefeller grant to T. H. Morgan in 1930, it was agreed that the cooperative attack on vital processes was predicated on the development of chemistry; the thriving chemistry division would have to expand even further to include bioorganic research. During the 15 years of Arthur Amos Noyes’s leadership of chemical research at Caltech, the Gates Chemical Laboratory had attained international acclaim. It was “the most forward looking Department of Chemistry with respect to physical chemistry in the world,” according to Linus Pauling. As early as 1922, when he first arrived in Caltech from Oregon Agricultural College, Pauling was struck by the progressive chemistry program at the Gates Laboratory. There was little formal instruction; instead, European-style seminars emphasized new topics on the borderland between physics and chemistry: chemical thermodynamics, relativistic thermodynamics, quantum theory, and mathematical physics.
“Or Does It Explode”
Authors: Greenberg Cheryl Lynn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The establishment of Harlem as the main area of black settlement and as a poor ghetto occurred before the Depression. When the Depression came, the blacks fell still further into poverty. Racism created and perpetuated Harlem’s poverty, yet segregation and discrimination also produced strong social and political networks that served not only to meet immediate needs, but to mobilise thousands to demand a better life. In this extensively researched and well argued book, Cheryl Greenberg examines the growth in the 1930s of a widespread, activist, political culture in Harlem.