bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diachronic Prototype Semantics
Authors: Geeraerts Dirk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Prototype theory makes a crucial distinction between the central and peripheral sense of words. Geeraerts explores the implications of this model for a theory of semantic change, in the first full-scale treatment of the impact of the most recent developments in lexicological theory on the study of meaning change. He identifies structural features of the development of word meanings which follow from a prototype-theoretical model of semantic structure, and incorporates these diachronic prototypicality effects into a theory of meaning change. The author strikes a balance between theoretical exploration and diachronic description, supporting each step in the argumentation with detailed case studies which chart the semantic development of particular words, or illustrate specific mechanisms of semantic change. Thus the book provides both a theoretical model for diachronic semantics and a number of methodological strategies and representational formats that exemplify how changes of word meaning can be studied in practice.
Bilingual Acquisition
Authors: deuchar Margaret , Quay Suzanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book aims to explore the implications for language acquisition theory of a case study in bilingual acquisition. The subject is a child who acquired English and Spanish from birth, and the analysis focuses on various aspects of her language development during the second year of her life. The authors analyse aspects of the development of her sound system, her vocabulary, her early syntax, and her ability to choose languages appropriately. They discuss issues such as: What are the important cues used by children when acquiring contrasts in their sound systems? How are the sound systems from two languages differentiated by children? Is it possible for children to have two words meaning the same thing in their early vocabulary? Is it possible to identify two linguistic systems in the early two-word utterances of bilinguals? How early are children able to make appropriate language choices? This study is unusual in that it focuses on a bilingual child under the age of two. The methodology of data collection is fully discussed, and the book includes a extensive lists of the child's words in English and Spanish, as well as her two-word utterances.
Evaluation: An Introduction
Authors: Thompson Geoff , Hunston Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most holiday destinations, high summer naturally means high season, but around the capital cities of Europe the streets are often practically deserted. This makes July and August the perfect time to catch up on your culture so whilst the Parisians flock to Corsica or the Cote d’Azur, you can enjoy Paris without the traffic jams and experience the city’s many open spaces at their best. Barcelona is perfect for a summer break, and you can be both culture vulture and beach bum depending on your mood.
Beach-la-Mar to Bislama
Authors: Crowley Terry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oxford Studies in Language Contact Series editors: Professor Suzanne Romaine, Merton College, Oxford and Dr Peter Mülhäusler, Linacre College, Oxford This series aims to make available a collection of research monographs which present case studies of language contact around the world. The series will consider factors which give rise to language contact and the consequences of such contact in a broad inter-disciplinary context. Given the prevalence of language contact in communities throughout the world, there are as yet insufficient studies to permit typological generalization about the subject: this series aims to fill that gap. Bislama is the variety of Melanesian Pidgin spoken in Vanuatu (formerly New Hebrides). In this book Terry Crowley describes its history and development from the 1940s to the present. In the first chapters the labour history of Vanuatu is reviewed in detail in order to establish what were the contacts between speakers of various languages with one another over the period. The written record is thoroughly examined for evidence about how people communicated in the early contact period, and how the contact language developed over the time. In the later chapters the author gives a detailed treatment of selected grammatical constructions and their evolution, including syntactic developments that are currently in progress. In this discussion he addresses the controversial issue of the source of grammatical constructions in Bislama, considering in particular the possible role of substratum patterns. He concludes that while there is good evidence for substratum influence in the grammer of Bislama, the mere existence of stuctural parallels between Bislama and the substrate is not itself sufficient evidence. There are a range of other explanations that may also be drawn upon to account for these similarities.
The Human Rights Committee
Authors: Goldrick Dominic Mc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we noted in chapter r the principle of establishing a Human Rights Committee (HRC), a permanent human rights body to implement the Covenant, only just survived the drafting process. The HRC emerged as the only organ with express functions with respect to the Covenant and the Protocol. However, key changes had been made in the Third Committee concerning the composition and functions of the proposed Committee. This chapter examines the composition, organization, functions, nature, and status of the HRC.
Pornography and the Social Construction of Sexual Inequality
Authors: Itzin Catherine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is based on the assumptions: 1. That sexual inequality exists. 2. That it is institutionalized in social structures and internalized in the attitudes, beliefs and behaviour of individuals. 3. That sexual inequality is ‘socially constructed’, not ‘biologically determined’. 4. That pornography plays a part in the social construction of sexual inequality. What follows is an account of what this means in practice in the lives of women and men.
Pornography and Racism: Sexualizing Oppression and Inciting Hatred
Authors: Forna Aminatta 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
FACT: In Bombay, the production cost of a blue movie is around 28,000 rupees (around ￡1,000). The female model used is paid around ￡30. As many as 20,000 copies of the video will be produced and circulated to markets in India, the Middle East and Europe. FACT: In Nazi Germany, Hitler’s regime disseminated anti-Semitic propaganda depicting Jews as sexually voracious, Jewish men as rapists and Jewish women as sexually insatiable.
The Social Science and Psychological Research Evidence: Perceptual and Behavioural Consequences of Exposure to Pornography
Authors: Weaver James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines recent theory and research on the perceptual and behavioural effects of exposure to mass-media depictions of human sexual behaviour, especially sexually explicit materials consumed as entertainment (i.e. pornography). First, it outlines the basic contentions in the debate on sexually explicit materials. Next, it summarizes pertinent empirical research highlighting the perceptual and behavioural consequences of exposure to contemporary pornography. Finally, it discusses some potential implications suggested by the growing volume of investigations.*
Discretion: Power, Quiescence, and Trust
Authors: Handler Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Discretion has emerged from the shadows. Always known, grudgingly tolerated, it is now celebrated. Command-and-control regulation is challenged by decentralization, bargaining, and flexibility. Alternative-dispute resolution-various alternatives to formal adjudication-is now an industry: there are numerous and multiple forms of ‘informal-justice’ structures, a large scholarly literature, and public and foundation support. Even the very essence of legal practice is questioned; lawyers, we are being told, may well serve their clients better by replacing an adversary approach with bargaining or cooperative styles of negotiation. Trends in practice are reflected in jurisprudence and critical theory. A common theme in Critical Legal Studies, feminist jurisprudence, and continental reflexive law is that space has to be created within structural frameworks to allow for the flexible, creative resolution of conflicts. Modern and postmodern philosophers argue for conversation, for dialogue, and for community, rather than governing relationships through rules.1
The Swedish Sentencing Reform
Authors: Jareborg Nils 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A hundred years ago, the general penalties of the Swedish Penal Code (1864) were restricted to capital punishment, fines, and two forms of determinate incarceration, one for longer sentences (penal labour) and one for shorter sentences (imprisonment). The prisons were in principle run according to the Philadelphia system (single-cell prisons). The first decade of the twentieth century witnessed the reluctant and cautious introduction of legal measures based on preventive considerations: compulsory education for criminals aged 15-17 years (1902), the suspended sentence (1906), and parole (1906). Capital punishment was abolished in 1921 (the last execution occurred in 1901). The so-called day-fine system was adopted in 1931. Two forms of indeterminate incarceration for dangerous offenders were introduced in 1927, and another form of indeterminate incarceration for young offenders (youth imprisonment, primarily for offenders aged 18-20 years) in 1935. The English Borstal system served as a model for the latter sanction.
Sentencing Reform Across National Boundaries
Authors: Tonry Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At first sight, sentencing looks much the same in most Western countries. In circumstances of some formality, after a process that signals the symbolic importance of the state’s possible taking of a citizen’s liberty or property, an impartial judicial official soberly announces the penalty the offender will suffer. It seems quite simple, almost universal. Without acceptable excuse or justification, an individual has done something that the law forbids, and the state has declared him blameworthy and deserving of punishment. The problems that can arise-that the fact-finding process is unfair or unreliable, that judges are capricious or biased or idiosyncratic, that penalties are ineffective or cruel or inconsistently applied-also are universal. Different legal systems should, it would appear, want and be able to learn from one another about such elemental problems. In recent decades, however, there has been relatively little transfer of sentencing technology and learning between legal systems. That is understandable, but a pity.
Types of Appointments
Authors: Amerasinghe C F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
International organizations do not use a single type of appointment in their practice of employment. As already seen, most organizations base their employment relationship initially on a contract of employment. It is only a few organizations, such as the European Communities and the OECD, that in general resort to a statutory instrument to create the employment relationship without any reference to the agreement of the person appointed. But even such organizations may resort to the contract of employment to engage some of their personnel. Thus, the CJEC uses the contractual method to employ temporary and auxiliary staff.
Termination for Other Reasons than Unsatisfactory Service
Authors: Amerasinghe C F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Termination of a staff member’s appointment may take place for other reasons than unsatisfactory service, whatever the nature of his appointment. Thus, the written law of international organizations provides for termination of appointments for reasons such as abolition or suppression of post (because of a reduction in the size of an organization, for purposes of reorganization, or for other reasons), ill-health or invalidity, disciplinary measures, abandonment of post, or retirement These are but a few examples of the reasons for termination of appointments which are referred to in the written law of international organizations. International administrative tribunals have not hesitated to control and review the decisions taken by organizations to end the employment relationship in any of these circumstances. Generally, they have sought to apply the written law while interpreting it sometimes in the light of general principles of law and the practice of the organizations. Consequently, it is mainly these interpretations, particularly in the light of such general principles and practices, that are of special interest in connection with the termination of appointments for reasons other than unsatisfactory service.
Fixed-Term Contracts
Authors: Amerasinghe C F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
International organizations often resort to the fixed-term appointment as a means of employing personnel. The written law of most organizations has special provisions relating to such appointments. Thus, UN Staff Rule 104.12 (b) states that: ‘The fixed-term appointment, having an expiration date specified in the letter of appointment may be granted for a period not exceeding five years’. in most cases fixed-term appointments are temporary appointments which have a minimum duration of one year and do not exceed five years. Temporary appointments for less than a year are short-term appointments which are usually but not always dealt with differently in the Staff Rules of organizations.
Migrant Workers in International Human Rights Law
Authors: Cholewinski Ryszard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Migrant workers and their families outnumber refugees and displaced persons, but are given far less attention when it comes to the international protection of their rights. Indeed, to be an economic migrant today carries with it a stigma in a word where barriers to voluntary international migration are growing ever higher. This timely work evaluates the international protection of the rights of migrant workers and their families in countries of employment focusing on their economic, social, cultural, political, and residence rights. The book begins with an overview of international labour migration and its relationship to the right to development. It examines the rights of migrant workers as aliens in general international human rights law as well as the specific efforts and measures of the International Labour Organization and the United Nations. The final part contains a comprehensive case study of the multifarious standards adopted under the auspices of the Council of Europe and the European Union to protect this increasingly vulnerable group of human beings.
Marshalling Of Securities
Authors: Ali Paul A U 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book provides an extensive analysis of the equitable doctrine of marshalling as it applies to secured debt. There is detailed and systematic reference to the application of marshalling in the United Kingdom, in particular the conditions that must be satisfied before marshalling will assist a secured creditor and the limitations imposed on its effective operation. There is also substantial comparative material, with extensive analysis of Commonwealth law and selected US authorities. This book will appeal equally to those specialists working in equity, finance and insolvency law and to commercial lawyers more generally.
Individualism and Holism in the Social Sciences
Authors: Boudon Raymond 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a much quoted letter Max Weber once wrote: ‘Sociology itself can only proceed from the actions of one or more separate individuals and must therefore adopt strictly “individualistic” methods’. Interestingly, Weber put the term ‘individualistic’ in inverted commas, doubtless to indicate that he did not mean it in its traditional ethical or sociological sense. In its ethical sense, individualism is a doctrine which makes of the person—the individual—a point of reference which cannot be transcended. In this sense, ‘individualism’ is opposed particularly to’ collectivism’.In its sociological sense, a society is taken as individualist when the autonomy conferred upon individuals by law, custom, and social constraints is very wide.
The Emergence and Nature of Arab Infiltration into Israel
Authors: Morris Benny 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1948 war left in its wake not only a refugee problem but also an infiltration problem. Each year between 1949 and 1956, thousands of Palestinian Arabs illegally crossed the border into Israel from Jordan’s West Bank, the Egyptian-controlled Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula, Lebanon, and Syria. In 1952, when the marauding peaked, there had been, according to the IDF, some 16,000 cases of infiltration-over 11,000 along the Jordanian-Israeli border alone, and some 5,000 along the frontier with Egypt. Israel police figures show a gradual drop after 1952, to ‘7,018’ in 1953, ‘4,638’ in 1954, ‘4,351’ in 1955, and ‘2,786’ in the first four months of 1956. No doubt, many infiltrations went completely unnoticed and unrecorded.
Sea Hunters Of Indonesia
Authors: Barnes R H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sea Hunters of Indonesia is a comprehensive study of the coastal community of Lamalera, whose traditional ways of life make it unique. One is an unusual kind of sea-fishing: the hunting of whales, porpoises, and giant manta rays. The other is the production, by the women of the community, of remarkable fine dyed textiles. Recently these traditions have come under intense pressure from external economic influences, and the people of Lamalera are starting to move into modern occupations. The community, famous for the beauty of its setting as well as for its crafts, is now a major tourist attraction, and it may now survive only as part of the tourist industry. At this crucial point in the history of the region, R. H. Barnes offers a richly detailed and beautifully illustrated picture of the culture and economy of Lamalera, the fruit of many years' study. He records all aspects of life in Lamalera, and places it in the broader context of the past, present, and future of Indonesia as a whole.
Rational Fools and Co-operation in a Poor Hydraulic Economy
Authors: Bardhan Pranab 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the poorest parts of the world, in many ways water is destiny. In South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa—the two regions where mass poverty in the world is geographically concentrated—the life of most peasants continues to be a precarious gamble on the rains (apart from the relentless fact that their children die by the millions from unsafe drinking water and largely water-borne diseases). A controlled supply of water is crucial for agriculture in these areas, which are marked by generally low and highly variable rainfall and by flood-proneness in areas of high rainfall. In 1853, when Marx and Engels first discussed, in correspondence, the problems of ‘Asiatic’ societies, they immediately agreed on the particular importance of public irrigation in these societies, necessitated by what they called ‘climatic and territorial conditions’. Even though their emphasis on the idea of the centralized hydraulic state (particularly its subsequent extension by Witt-fogel 1957 in a drastic form) was somewhat misplaced, it was a valuable insight which gave rise to a large anthropological literature on the relationship between irrigation and social and political organization. In this paper, however, we shall keep our focus on the economic-institutional aspects; also, while there are major problems with the management of the main canal systems and with the structure and practices of the irrigation bureaucracy, we shall concentrate instead on the local community-level issues of co-operation which have often been cited as the key to substantially improving the e)listing levels of utilization of potential in irrigation and flood control.
Primary Education and Economic Development in China and India: Overview and Two Case Studies
Authors: Dreze Jean , Saran Mrinalini 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A recent article in China Daily quotes Vice-Premier Zhu Rongji as saying that ‘the introduction of a market economy does not mean making intellectuals hawk in the streets’. The context, which refers inter alia to the well-known story of a ‘leading Beijing professor who was selling dumplings in the street’, helps us to understand this somewhat mysterious statement. The concern of the Vice-Premier is with recent reports of disquieting trends in China’s education sector, including the fact that, owing to the failure of the government to guarantee salary payments, many teachers have to ‘scrape about for the basic necessities of life’. These trends may seem surprising, given the extremely rapid growth of the Chinese economy since the reform process was initiated in 1978. But the connections between economic organization and social achievements are far from simple, and some of them can be easily overlooked when dazzling rates of economic growth capture most of the attention. This paper explores some of these connections, with reference to primary c in China as well as in India.
The Beveridge Report: Its Origins and Outcomes
Authors: Abel-Smith Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the middle of the Second World War, during the period when Britain was left alone to fight Hitler’s Germany, the Beveridge Report was published. It was seen by many throughout the world as the dawning of a new age to replace the prewar horrors of mass unemployment, inability to afford health care and poverty in sickness, widowhood and old age. The language was confident and grandiloquent The plan for social security is put forward as part of a general programme of social policy.
Organizational Participation
Authors: Heller Frank , Pusić Eugen , Strauss George , Wilpert Bernhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Team-working, partnership, quality circles, works councils, industrial democracy, empowerment - are they distinct and innovative arrangements or is it a case of new wine in old bottles? In the post war period we have seen numerous forms of organizational participation sometimes as experiments, sometimes as negotiated expediency, and sometimes as hype. Different ideas have emerged from different parts of the world, in different industries, at different times with different objectives. In this book four experienced international analysts take the longer view and look at the changing forms of - and changing debates around - orgnaizational participation. The review an extensive literature of experiments and practical experiences through a critical evaluation of the available data to reach balanced conclusions about the importance and utility of this concept for organizations now and in the future.
Institutional Change, Cultural Transformation, and Economic Regeneration: Myths and Realities from Europe’s Old Industrial Areas
Authors: Hudson Ray 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last three decades or so, but especially the last ten to fifteen years, have been a period of continuing decline and deindustrialization in most of those areas that were the original birthplaces of industrial capitalism in western Europe. For many years prior to this, these were locations of not only national but also global significance as centres of capitalist production, associated with a range of industries such as coalmining, chemicals, and metal production and transformation. These old industrial areas were characterized by the employment of waged labour, in big plants owned by big mining and manufacturing companies; associated with this, there was typically a strong gender division of labour between male waged work outside the home and female unwaged domestic labour within it.