bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐Pressure Homogenization as a Process for Emulsion Formation
Authors: Schultz S. , Wagner G. , Urban K. , Ulrich J. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractEmulsions find a wide range of application in industry and daily life. In the pharmaceutical industry lipophilic active ingredients are often formulated in the disperse phase of oil‐in‐water emulsions. Milk, butter, and margarine are examples of emulsions in daily life. In the metal processing industry emulsions are used in the form of coolants. Emulsions can be produced with different systems. In the following, the process of high‐pressure homogenization is briefly compared to other common mechanical emulsification systems. To facilitate the selection of an emulsification system, the influence of the most important parameters of the emulsion formulation on the resulting mean droplet diameter in the most prevalent continuous emulsification systems is outlined. Subsequently, the most common high‐pressure homogenization systems are discussed in detail. On the basis of data from the literature and own experimental results the described high‐pressure homogenization systems will be compared regarding their attainable mean droplet diameter. It shows that homogenizers with a relatively simple geometry like the patented “combined orifice valve” (Kombi‐Blende) attain the smallest mean droplet diameters. The advantage of the “combined orifice valve” compared to other high‐pressure homogenization systems is not more efficient droplet disruption but rather more efficient droplet stabilization against coalescence immediately after the droplet breakup. The greatest research potential concerning the development of new high‐pressure homogenization systems is still to be seen in improvements of droplet stabilization, i.e., the reduction of coalescence.
Sequence‐Specific Molecular Lithography Towards DNA‐Templated Electronics
Authors: Keren K. , Braun E. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractRecent advances in the realization of individual molecular‐scale devices [1,2] highlight the integration of individual devices into large‐scale functional circuits as the major challenge. DNA‐programmed assembly is a promising avenue in that direction due to the large amount of information that can be coded into the molecules and the ability to translate that information into physical constructs [3]. Large‐scale DNA‐templated electronics require, however, complex manipulation of double‐stranded DNA (dsDNA) molecules, as well as patterning of the electrical properties instilled to them by, e.g., metallization. To that end, sequence‐specific molecular lithography on single DNA molecules has been developed [4]. This was achieved by harnessing the exquisite homologous recombination process of the RecA protein. Sequence‐specific patterning of the metal coating of DNA molecules, localization of arbitrary labeled molecular objects at any desired dsDNA address without prior modifications, and generation of molecularly accurate stable dsDNA‐dsDNA junctions are demonstrated. The information encoded in the DNA molecules directs the lithographic process in analogy to the masks used in conventional microelectronics. The RecA protein provides the assembling capabilities, as well as the resist function.
Management of T1–T2 glottic carcinomas
Authors: Mendenhall William M. , Werning John W. , Hinerman Russell W. , Amdur Robert J. , Villaret Douglas B. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractT1–T2 glottic carcinomas may be treated with conservative surgery or radiotherapy. The goals of treatment are cure and laryngeal voice preservation. The aim of the current study was to review the pertinent literature and discuss the optimal management of early‐stage laryngeal carcinoma. Literature review indicated that the local control, laryngeal preservation, and survival rates of patients were similar after transoral laser resection, open partial laryngectomy, and radiotherapy. Voice quality depended on the extent of resection for patients undergoing surgery; results for patients undergoing laser resection for limited lesions were comparable to the corresponding results for patients receiving radiotherapy, whereas open partial laryngectomy yielded poorer results. Costs were similar for laser resection and radiotherapy, but open partial laryngectomy was more expensive. Patients with well defined lesions suitable for transoral laser excision with a good functional outcome were treated with either laser or radiotherapy. The remaining patients were optimally treated with radiotherapy. Open partial laryngectomy was reserved for patients with locally recurrent tumors. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Discrepancies among patients, family members, and physicians in Korea in terms of values regarding the withholding of treatment from patients with terminal malignancies
Authors: Oh Do‐Youn , Kim Jee‐Eun , Lee Chee‐Hun , Lim Jae‐Sung , Jung Kyung‐Hye , Seog Heo Dae , Bang Yung‐Jue , Kyeong Kim Noe 
Published: March 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe role of the physician in end‐of‐life decision‐making is complicated. To analyze the controversies that surround therapeutic decision‐making and the withholding of life‐sustaining treatments, the authors compared values regarding therapeutic intervention that were held by physicians and family members of patients with terminal malignancies.METHODSOne hundred fourteen patients with either advanced‐stage or terminal disease were enrolled in the current study. Questionnaires were administered to the duty physician and to patients' family members. The questions covered issues such as the use of new anticancer agents with only partial efficacy (15%) and the use of opioid analgesics, intravenous nutrition, feeding tubes, antibiotics, and hemodialysis. In addition, participants were asked about the administration of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and the use of ventilators, and when the patient's family consented, the same questionnaire was administered to the patient as well.RESULTSSeventeen of 114 families refused to answer the questionnaire. Of the 97 available families, only 14 permitted access to the patient. Of those 14 patients, 5 refused to complete the questionnaire. Overall, 100% of families and 87% of patients had some knowledge regarding malignant disease, but only 69% of families and 37% of patients clearly understood the stage of the patient's disease. The use of a new agent with only partial efficacy (≈ 15%) was accepted by 41% of physicians and by 60% of families. The concordance rate between patients' physicians and family members regarding the same patient was 42%. The rankings of the acceptance of treatment by physicians were as follows: opioid analgesics, 100%; antibiotics, 91%; feeding tube, 87%; and intravenous nutrition, 78%. The rankings of the same items by family members were as follows: opioid analgesics, 92%; antibiotics, 89%; intravenous nutrition, 86%; and feeding tube, 75%. The concordance rates between patients' physicians and families were lowest for ventilator application (39%) and CPR (47%).CONCLUSIONSValues held on issues such as therapeutic decision‐making and the withholding of life‐sustaining treatment for patients with terminal malignancies were discordant between physicians and family members. To resolve controversies regarding the role of the physician in end‐of‐life decision‐making, the values of physicians, patients, and family members should be considered in the final decision‐making process. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Diagnostic accuracy of fine‐needle aspiration cytology and frozen section in primary parotid carcinoma
Authors: Zbären Peter , Nuyens Michel , Loosli Heinz , Stauffer Edouard 
Published: March 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe low incidence and histologic heterogeneity of primary parotid carcinomas makes it difficult to evaluate the value of preoperative fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and intraoperative frozen section (FS) analysis. In the current study, the authors reviewed a single institution's experience regarding the preoperative and intraoperative diagnostic value of FNAC and FS in primary salivary gland carcinomas.METHODSBetween January 1990 and December 2002, 108 primary parotid carcinomas were resected at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery at the University of Berne, Inselspital (Berne, Switzerland). Included in the study were a total of 101 carcinomas with preoperative FNAC results in 88 tumors and/or intraoperative FS results in 45 tumors. In a retrospective study, the results of FNAC and FS were analyzed and compared with the corresponding histopathologic diagnoses.RESULTSThe cytologic findings were true‐positive for malignancy in 63 tumors (72%), false‐negative in 22 tumors (25%), and nondiagnostic in 3 tumors (3%). The tumor grading was correct in 29 of 63 tumors (46%), and the exact tumor typing was correct in 27 of 63 (43%) true‐positive tumors. The FS findings were true‐positive for malignancy in 43 of 45 tumors (96%), the tumor grading was correct in 35 of 45 tumors (78%), and the tumor typing was correct in 32 of 45 tumors (71%). Overall, at the time of surgery, of the 101 parotid carcinomas, the tumor was known to be malignant in 83 tumors (82%), and the correct grade and the exact tumor type were known in 55 tumors (54%) and 48 tumors (48%), respectively.CONCLUSIONSFNAC recognized malignancy in 72% of tumors, but it could not be relied upon to provide an accurate tumor grading or typing. Therefore, FNAC alone is not prone to determine the surgical management of primary parotid carcinomas. The current analysis showed the statistically significant superiority of FS compared with FNAC regarding the diagnosis of malignancy, tumor grading, and tumor typing in primary parotid carcinomas. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Familial aggregation of Hodgkin lymphoma and related tumors
Authors: Goldin Lynn R. , Pfeiffer Ruth M. , Gridley Gloria , Gail Mitchell H. , Li Xinjun , Mellemkjaer Lene , Olsen Jørgen H. , Hemminki Kari , Linet Martha S. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe importance of genetic factors in the etiology of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) has been suggested by family and population studies. However, the spectrum of malignancies associated with common genetic etiology and the effects of gender and age on familial risk have not been established.METHODSDiagnoses of lymphoproliferative malignancies were compared in 15,799 first‐degree relatives of 5047 patients with HL versus 32,117 first‐degree relatives of 10,078 control probands from Sweden and in 7185 first‐degree relatives of 2429 patients with HL versus 27,434 first‐degree relatives of 8,495 control probands from Denmark using marginal survival models.RESULTSThe risk of HL in relatives of patients with HL was increased significantly in both populations, with relative risks of 3.47 (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.77–6.80) in Sweden and 2.55 (95% CI, 1.01–6.45) in Denmark and a pooled estimate of 3.11 (95%CI, 1.82–5.29). In Sweden, risks for relatives of patients also were increased significantly for chronic lymphocytic leukemia and non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (in males). Relative risks were higher in males compared with females and in siblings of patients compared with parents and offspring of patients. Relatives of patients with earlier‐onset disease were at higher risk for HL.CONCLUSIONSHL has an important familial component, which is stronger in families of affected individuals age < 40 years, in males, and in siblings, and it is shared with some (but not other) lymphoproliferative malignancies. The cumulative lifetime risks are very small, however, for the development of HL de novo or in first‐degree relatives of affected patients. Cancer 2004. Published 2004 by the American Cancer Society.
Methyl‐CpG‐binding domain 2
Authors: Zhu Yong , Spitz Margaret R. , Zhang Hui , Grossman H. Barton , Frazier Marsha L. , Wu Xifeng 
Published: March 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDMBD2, a methyl‐CpG‐binding domain 2 protein, has attracted much attention because of its role in epigenetic regulation of gene expression. In addition to transcriptional repression, MBD2 has also been shown to catalyze demethylation by directly removing methyl groups from 5‐methylcytosine residues in DNA. Although the demethylase activity of MBD2 remains controversial, reduction of MBD2 messenger RNA expression has been observed in various tumor tissue types. In the current case–control study, the authors investigated the association between MBD2 expression and bladder carcinoma risk.METHODSRNA was isolated from the peripheral blood lymphocytes of 98 bladder carcinoma case patients and 135 frequency‐matched control patients. MBD2 expression was measured by real‐time quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction assays.RESULTSOverall, there was a significantly reduced risk associated with high levels of MBD2 expression (odds ratio [OR], 0.43; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.21–0.90). This relation was maintained when the data were categorized according to quartile distribution for MBD2 expression (P for trend < 0.05). It is noteworthy that the protective effects were more apparent in women (OR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.06–1.02) compared with men (OR, 0.58; 95%; CI, 0.24–1.42), in older individuals (OR, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.03–0.45) compared with younger individuals (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 0.40–3.33), and in heavier smokers (OR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.18–0.93) compared with lighter smokers (OR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.18–2.86).CONCLUSIONSAlthough the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear, the data obtained in the current study represent the first evidence demonstrating a protective role against bladder carcinoma risk for MBD2. MBD2 expression may prevent age‐related, gender‐related, and smoking‐induced hypermethylation, which are predisposing factors for tumor development. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
p53 and p21 expression levels predict organ preservation and survival in invasive bladder carcinoma treated with a combined‐modality approach
Authors: del Muro Xavier Garcia , Condom Enric , Vigués Francesc , Castellsagué Xavier , Figueras Agnès , Muñoz Josep , Solá Judit , Soler Teresa , Capellà Gabriel , Germà Josep R. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe purpose of the current study was to evaluate the expression levels of p53, p21 and pRB as predictors of for long‐term organ preservation and survival in patients with bladder carcinoma who were treated with bladder‐sparing intent using a combined‐modality approach.METHODSTumor samples from 82 consecutive patients with localized invasive bladder carcinoma treated on 3 different bladder‐sparing studies were examined for p53, p21, and pRB expression by immunohistochemical methods. Treatment consisted of transurethral resection, platinum‐based neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and, according to response, either radiotherapy or radical cystectomy. The median follow‐up duration was 55 months.RESULTSPositive immunoreactivity for p53, p21, and pRB was observed in 47%, 52%, and 67% of patients, respectively. Positive p53 immunoreactivity and positive p21 immunoreactivity were independent predictors of decreased survival with bladder preservation (P = 0.02 and P = 0.02, respectively) and disease‐free survival (DFS; P = 0.005 and P = 0.009, respectively) in a multivariate analysis adjusting for clinical stage, ureteral obstruction, and age. Regarding overall survival (OS), p53 overexpression was associated with poor outcome (P = 0.03), whereas the association of poor outcome with p21 expression did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.07). No association between pRB immunoreactivity and outcome was found. When the combined expression of p53 and p21 was assessed, the positive expression of both markers was a strong and unfavorable prognostic factor for survival with bladder preservation (P = 0.006), DFS (P = 0.003), and OS (P = 0.02).CONCLUSIONSExpression levels of p53 and p21, especially when simultaneously assessed, exhibit independent predictive value for long‐term bladder preservation and survival in patients with bladder carcinoma treated with combined‐modality therapy. These determinations could be useful in the selection of candidates for bladder‐preserving treatment. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Pharmacoproteomic analysis of prechemotherapy and postchemotherapy plasma samples from patients receiving neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy for breast carcinoma
Authors: Pusztai Lajos , Gregory Betsy W. , Baggerly Keith A. , Peng Bo , Koomen John , Kuerer Henry M. , Esteva Francisco J. , Symmans W. Fraser , Wagner Peter , Hortobagyi Gabriel N. , Laronga Christine , Semmes O. John , Wright George L. , Drake Richard R. , Vlahou Antonia 
Published: March 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn this study, proteomic changes were examined in response to paclitaxel chemotherapy or 5‐fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FAC) chemotherapy in plasma from patients with Stage I–III breast carcinoma. The authors also compared the plasma profiles of patients with cancer with the plasma profiles of healthy women to identify breast carcinoma–associated protein markers.METHODSSixty‐nine patients and 15 healthy volunteers participated in the study. Plasma was sampled on Day 0 before chemotherapy and on Day 3 posttreatment in the 69 patients or 3 days apart in the 15 healthy women. Twenty‐nine patients received preoperative chemotherapy, and 40 received postoperative chemotherapy. Surface‐enhanced laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry was used to generate protein mass profiles.RESULTSFew changes were observed in plasma during treatment. Only 1 protein peak was identified (mass/charge ratio [m/z], 2790) that was induced by paclitaxel and, to a lesser extent, by FAC chemotherapy. This proteomic response was detectable in 80% of patients who were treated preoperatively but also was present with lesser intensity in approximately 40% of patients treated postoperatively. There was no clear correlation between induction of m/z 2790 during a single course of treatment and final tumor response to preoperative chemotherapy. Five other peaks also were identified that discriminated between plasma from patients with breast carcinoma and plasma from normal women. These same peaks also were detectable in a subset of patients who already had undergone surgery to remove their tumors.CONCLUSIONSA single chemotherapy‐inducible SELDI‐MS peak and five other peaks that distinguished plasma obtained from patients with breast carcinoma from plasma obtained from normal, healthy women were identified. The (as yet unsequenced) proteins represented by these peaks are candidate markers of micrometastatic disease after surgery. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Distribution of soluble guanylyl cyclase in the rat brain
Authors: Ding Jin‐Dong , Burette Alain , Nedvetsky Pavel I. , Schmidt Harald H.H.W. , Weinberg Richard J. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe diffusible messenger nitric oxide (NO) acts in the brain largely through activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), a heterodimer comprising α and β subunits. We used immunohistochemistry to study the distribution of both sGC subunits in the brain of adult rats. α and β subunits gave similar widespread staining throughout the CNS, which was strongest in neostriatum, olfactory tubercle, and supraoptic nucleus. Double‐labeling experiments showed striking cellular colocalization in most brain regions, suggesting that the two subunits may be organized into enzymatically active α/β heteromers. Mismatches were observed in cerebellar cortex: Purkinje cells and Bergmann glia were positive for both subunits, whereas granule cells and interneurons in the molecular layer were strongly immunopositive for β but only weakly stained for the α subunit. By using multiple labeling, we compared the localization of sGC with neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS‐I, the NO‐producing enzyme in neurons). In forebrain, the distribution of sGC and NOS‐I was complementary, with only occasional colocalization. In contrast, cellular colocalization was common in midbrain and cerebellum. These data support a widespread role for the NO/sGC/cGMP pathway in the CNS and suggest that, in addition to its role as paracrine messenger, NO may also be an intracellular autocrine agent. J. Comp. Neurol. 472:437–448, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tectal mosaic: Organization of the descending tectal projections in comparison to the ascending tectofugal pathway in the pigeon
Authors: Hellmann Burkhard , Güntürkün Onur , Manns Martina 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe optic tectum of vertebrates is an essential relay station for visuomotor behavior and is characterized by a set of connections that comprises topographically ordered input from the eyes and an output that reaches premotor hindbrain regions. In the avian tectofugal system, different ascending cell classes have recently been identified based on their dendritic and axonal projection patterns, although comparable information about the descending cells is missing. By means of retrograde tracing, the present study describes the detailed morphology of tectal output neurons that constitute the descending tectobulbar and tectopontine pathways in pigeons. Descending cells were more numerous in the dorsal tectum and differed in terms of 1) their relative amount of ipsi‐ vs. contralateral projections, 2) the location of the efferent cell bodies within different tectal layers, and 3) their differential access to visual input via dendritic ramifications within the outer retinorecipient laminae. Thus, the descending tectal system is constituted by different cell classes presumably processing diverse aspects of the visual environment in a visual field‐dependent manner. We demonstrate, based on a careful morphological analysis and on double‐labeling experiments, that the descending pathways are largely separated from the ascending projections even when they arise from the same layers. These data support the concept that the tectum is arranged as a mosaic of multiple cell types with diverse input functions at the same location of the tectal map. Such an arrangement would enable the tectal projections onto diverse areas to be both retinotopically organized and functionally specific. J. Comp. Neurol. 472:395–410, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro analyses of interactions between olfactory receptor growth cones and glial cells that mediate axon sorting and glomerulus formation
Authors: Tucker Eric S. , Oland Lynne A. , Tolbert Leslie P. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractDuring development, the axons of olfactory receptor neurons project to the CNS and converge on glomerular targets. For vertebrate and invertebrate olfactory systems, neuron–glia interactions have been hypothesized to regulate the sorting and targeting of olfactory receptor axons and the development of glomeruli. In the moth Manduca sexta, glial reduction experiments have directly implicated two types of central olfactory glia, the sorting zone‐ and neuropil‐associated glia, in key events in olfactory development, including axon sorting and glomerulus stabilization. By using cocultures containing central olfactory glial cells and explants of olfactory receptor epithelium, we show that olfactory receptor growth cones elaborate extensively and cease advancement following contact with sorting zone‐ and neuropil‐associated glial cells. These effects on growth cone behavior were specific to central olfactory glia; peripheral glial cells of the olfactory nerve failed to elicit similar responses in olfactory receptor growth cones. We propose that sorting zone‐ and neuropil‐associated glial cells similarly modify axon behavior in vitro by altering the adhesive properties and cytoskeleton of olfactory receptor growth cones and that these in vitro changes may underlie functionally relevant changes in growth cone behavior in vivo. J. Comp. Neurol. 472:478–495, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.