bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anti-Catholicism and Protestant Relations with Catholics
Authors: Haydon Colin 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines anti-Catholicism and Protestant-Catholic relations in Britain and Ireland from 1746 and the demise of Jacobitism to Catholic emancipation in 1829. The chapter delineates the continuing dissemination of anti-Catholicism through printed works, sermons, language itself, the commemoration of anniversaries, and rituals, and by bodies such as the Protestant Association and the Orange Order. It outlines lessening Protestant-Catholic animosities among social and intellectual elites from c.1760, but also emphasizes sources of persisting discord, notably theological differences. Consideration is given to tensions and accommodations within families and workplaces and in local communities, where plebeian memories and superstitions could both reinforce and temper anti-Catholic prejudices. Violence and rioting (most notably the Gordon Riots in Edinburgh and London) are analysed. So is the sympathy for Catholics in France engendered by the Revolutionaries’ persecution of the Church and hence for the Georgian State’s own Catholic subjects (though the Revolution excited some Protestants to expect the imminent ‘Fall of Antichrist’ too). The chapter describes the 1798 Irish Rising’s entrenchment of ‘no popery!’ sentiment among aghast Protestants, and not only in Ireland, during the three decades preceding emancipation, and opposition to that measure.
‘Every Quarter of the World’
Authors: Bellenger Dominic Aidan 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The British Empire and the Catholic Church had an uneasy but not unproductive relationship in the period covered by this book. Many territories under British rule had significant Catholic populations, not all of them made up of Irish or Scottish settlers. In the Mediterranean colonies like Gibraltar and Malta, Catholicism was deeply rooted and predominated in all social classes, as it did in the former New France, which became British Canada. In the wake of the French Revolution in which they had seen their mother church dispossessed, the French church leaders in the British colonies shared a cautious political outlook with their British rulers which made religious accommodation, and even limited toleration, a possibility, although achieving it was a long drawn out process in which mutual suspicions played a major role. In the ever-expanding wider empire the years after the decisive defeat of the French in 1815 saw the formation of a network of vicariates apostolic directly under the office of Propaganda Fide in Rome. The British government kept a close eye on key Catholic appointments across the empire, and the vicar apostolic of the London District, the Catholic prelate who had a brief which included colonial territories, acted as an intermediary between the War and Colonial Office and the Roman authorities. The unique communications network of the empire helped in this correspondence, as it would later in the nineteenth century with the expansion of the Church. The Irish diaspora was beginning to have its impact on the character of local churches across the empire, but had not yet achieved the dominance it gained later. Little was achieved in the evangelization of indigenous populations (in Canada this had been accomplished before the arrival of the British) or in coming to terms with diverse cultures. Little positive work was done in the care and emancipation of slaves. Nevertheless, opportunities had been opened up for future missionary activity and a less Eurocentric perception of the Catholic Church.
Church Music
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Music does not exist in a vacuum. It shapes and reflects social attitudes, especially when combined with text, as happens in a church service. It is therefore evidence for the nature of Catholicism in this period. This chapter explores three aspects. First, how the structure of the community affected the capacity and willingness of Catholics to perform music both at home and on the Continent, with the embassy chapels in London acting as a musical interface between them, at least in England. Such patterns were modified by Catholic relief, the influx of Continental institutions after the French Revolution and the development of Catholic music publishing in London. In turn, this last had significant implications for performance technique. Second, the ability of music to distort the liturgy during this period must be considered. Not only did it alter the balance within services but, at a detailed level, music could produce an emphasis on certain words and phrases at the expense of others. In their different ways such properties applied to both the contemporary Baroque-Classical styles and to the prevailing ‘measured’ form of plainchant, whose technical features must be clearly understood. By extension the ability of music to express ideological standpoints should also be noted; the Jacobite connotations of Adeste Fideles are a prime example. Third, in the early nineteenth century, the appearance of large Haydn-Mozart Masses brought Catholic music to a turning point. Was it, as a reflection of Catholic belief and culture, looking ‘forward’ and ‘outward’ or ‘backward’ and ‘inward’, or a mixture of both?
Feeble References
Authors: Richardson Carol M. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Rather than a sudden reawakening, relief and emancipation exposed the continuity of Catholic culture carefully preserved at home and abroad. This chapter considers and reconsiders Catholic references and artefacts hidden in plain sight. In Johann Zoffany’s portrait of an English nobleman, Charles Townley, and his collection, the main protagonists were materially and intellectually concerned with the past and present of Catholicism. Townley’s family seat in the north of England housed artefacts rescued from the nearby Whalley Abbey. Architectural fragments of the abbey are, in turn, embedded in local buildings and directly referenced in new structures that reassert the enduring existence of Catholicism. At the same time, largely as a result of the French Revolution, mundane yet highly prized artefacts returned with some of the religious communities exiled since the sixteenth century. These were the ‘feeble references’ that Charles Dickens, in his novel set against the backdrop of the Gordon Riots, Barnaby Rudge, recognized.
Elizabethan England, Wales, and Ireland
Authors: Gibbons Katy 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a chronological overview of the changing fortunes of Catholics in England, Wales, and Ireland across the reign of Elizabeth I. It explores how the experiences of Catholics in these three realms were closely connected and yet distinct. The chapter outlines some key differences in the political, legislative, and ecclesiastical contexts for Catholics across these three realms, and explores the central importance of the support they received from Catholics beyond the British archipelago. Whilst noting acts of solidarity between Catholics from the three different realms, it goes on to argue that there were divisions, both between and amongst them, over the best way to respond to the dilemma they found themselves in, as Catholics living under a Protestant queen, and over how best to work towards a Catholic restoration.
The Early Stuarts
Authors: hAnnracháin Tadhg Ó 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The early Stuart period saw the consolidation of Catholicism as the confessional identity of the great majority of the Gaelic and Old English of Ireland. Continental colleges provided sufficiently large numbers of educated clergy, particularly at leadership level, to cultivate commitment to Catholicism and hostility to heresy. In addition, from the safety of Continental centres, a sophisticated literary engagement developed that emphasized the inherently Catholic identity of the island. Particularly important actors in both these developments were the observant Franciscans who greatly outnumbered all other religious orders. During this period, a significant diminution in the political and economic position of the Catholic landholding elite helped to prime deep discontent with the existing structures of the kingdom. During this period, Catholicism in Britain declined to a tiny proportion of the general population, although massively overrepresented at elite social level. Proximity to Continental Catholic jurisdictions allowed for the development of a complex web of expatriate institutions which both sustained an increase in clerical numbers in England and provided education for the wealthy laity. The community which developed offered important avenues of agency for elite women and adapted its practices to minority status, although it was riven by faction and, often bitter, disputes between regular and secular clergy and their lay champions. The political and ecclesiastical threat of Puritanism, Stuart foreign policy, and the fractious relationship between royal power and parliament provided Catholics with an opportunity to try with some success to reframe their position as the chief danger to the kingdom’s stability.
Martyrdom
Authors: Tait Clodagh 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Nearly 700 people from the Irish and British Isles, mostly men, have at various times been described as ‘martyrs’ and put forward as candidates for sainthood as a result of the manner of their deaths in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Of these, one Scots, one Irish, and forty-two English and Welsh martyrs have been canonized; 242 English and Welsh people and seventeen from Ireland have been beatified. This chapter considers the differing experiences of the martyrs, following them through capture, imprisonment, and episodes of psychological and physical torture. Local concerns and political circumstances strongly influenced decisions to arrest, try, and execute, and the means by which conviction was accomplished (with consequent implications for the production and preservation of documentation crucial to official recognition of ‘fama martyrii’). Martyrs aligned themselves with past examples of heroic virtue and sought to foreshadow their anticipated arrival in heaven via their performance of emotion, as well as their demeanour and words at the time of their deaths. Audiences looked out for miraculous events, and relics were an important link between the martyrs and the faithful. Despite this, many had been more or less ‘forgotten’ by the nineteenth century. This chapter thus also considers the ebb and flow of their cults.
Catholics and Their Protestant Neighbours
Authors: Sheils William 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on how Catholics and Protestants negotiated religious change at a local and regional level throughout the British Isles, concentrating on the gentry and non-gentry population in county town and parish. Relations between Catholics and their neighbours changed over time and place, reflecting both the political imperatives of government and the ecclesiastical demands of the clergy. Neither of them went unchallenged however, and in many regions the local standing of Catholic gentry often required that they, and their tenants, be treated with tolerance by their Protestant neighbours if the region was to be well governed. This was also true among the peasant population at parochial level, although in towns Catholics were more rapidly removed from civic office, in England at least if not elsewhere. The emergence of a strongly Protestant preaching ministry from the 1580s in southern England, and from 1600 elsewhere polarized attitudes among the laity in the localities. This resulted in both many Catholics and Protestants taking up more radical and intransigent positions, which were exacerbated by ethnic issues in Ireland following the policy of plantation, and in Scotland by distrust of an absentee government after 1603. Nevertheless, the records show constant and often sympathetic negotiation of difference in varying localities throughout the period, often at odds with the aims of government. These negotiations remained fragile, and at the end of the period the three kingdoms were plunged into civil war, a war in which religious distrust added to deep seated economic and social rivalries.
Exile Movement
Authors: O’Connor Thomas 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Under Queen Mary, Catholic reformers associated with Cardinal Pole envisaged the establishment of domestic institutions to provide formal training for at least some of the parish clergy. Elizabeth’s rejection of Catholicism obliged senior English and Scots clergy to make emergency provision for the overseas education of all clergy. From the late 1560s, a network of English and Scots seminaries was established, principally in Iberia, the Spanish Netherlands, and Rome. In Ireland, it was initially hoped that a domestic clerical educational infrastructure might be possible, and, throughout the period, the majority of Irish clergy continued to be trained informally and at home, often in Franciscan networks. However, Irish students also enrolled in the English and Scots colleges, and, from the 1590s, the Irish too began to establish overseas seminaries, usually in the same towns as their English and Scots confreres. For all three nations, the Jesuits played a decisive role in college management, although, in the English case, the Benedictines assumed a significant role in the early seventeenth century. During these early years, the colleges suffered governance and financial challenges, which were exacerbated by internal divisions and outside interference. After 1622, the Roman Congregation of Propaganda Fide gradually assumed oversight for the overseas networks, which suffered near ruinous personnel and fiscal setbacks with the onset of the civil war.
Music
Authors: Cichy Andrew 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The essential contingency of British Catholic music on the vagaries of contemporary government and politics remained a key feature of its development into the eighteenth century. It survived and flourished only to the degree that it was protected— by either power or distance—or concealed, in which case surviving evidence is limited. This chapter explores the protected musical culture of music in England, as well as other English Catholic institutions on the Continent. The evidence for domestic music is also considered, alongside the interactions between British Catholic households and Continental Europe. In a field that remains on the whole underexplored, a number of avenues for future research are suggested, alongside an argument as to why the repertoire for this period has been neglected (especially compared to earlier post-Reformation British Catholic works), particularly in liturgical contexts.
Introduction
Authors: Harris Alana 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Twentieth-century Catholicism in Britain and on the island of Ireland has not been the subject of sustained comparative analysis until the assembly of chapters within this volume. This Introduction surveys relevant synoptic literature for the study of the denomination in each national context and summarizes the present volume’s key themes, including: the increasing role and importance of the laity, the reception and impact of the Second Vatican Council (1962–5), shifting configurations of Church-State relations and challenges (within and outside the Church) to its authority and legitimacy, including the impact of child sexual abuse.
The Church in England and Wales: An Historical Overview
Authors: Bullivant Stephen 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
Over the course of the past century, Catholics in England and Wales went from being a marginalized minority, with a strong subcultural identity as Catholics, to a largely unexceptional and accepted part of the mainstream: ‘like everyone else’, in the famous words of British Catholic anthropologist Mary Douglas. This simplistic narrative, while true enough in its broadest contours, nevertheless obscures a great deal. This chapter presents a more nuanced and detailed overview of the various complex and contested factors contributing to the transformation of English and Welsh Catholicism since 1914. It is intended as a complement to the deeper treatment of key topics and themes offered elsewhere in this volume, while offering a sociologically informed overview of Catholicism’s changing place within wider English and Welsh culture and society.
Twentieth-Century Scottish Catholicism: Poverty, Affluence, and Freedom
Authors: Gilfillan Paul 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The story of twentieth-century Scottish Catholicism is one of demographic and institutional growth until the 1970s and early 1980s, with the reforms of Vatican II inaugurating a crisis in the priesthood and seminary life, while awakening members of the laity to their secular apostolate. Attaining socio-economic parity from the 1980s, the economic and social conditions of Scots Catholics change radically with the advent of new freedoms, with the consequences of material affluence to younger generations including the virtual extinction of Catholic identity as a matter of unchosen ‘fate’, and the shift to Catholicism as a personal ‘lifestyle’ choice; resulting in unprecedented levels of lapsing from Catholic practice. Finally, a new ‘politics of identity’ among Catholics in favour of nationalism has emerged from the 1970s, with Scotland’s Catholics leading the way in the politicization of new freedoms, resulting in the resurrection of the nation’s Catholic-era institutions in the new devolution era.
Catholics, War, and Britain’s Armed Forces
Authors: Snape Michael 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The history of Catholics and war in the British Isles in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries is an oddly side-lined area of research, yet it provides not only a broad and dramatic context to that history but reveals much about the underlying nature and trajectory of Catholic life, Catholic moral theology, Catholic identity, and Catholic involvement in public affairs. Often paradoxical, sometimes poignant, occasionally striking, but always significant, the experience and role of Catholics in Britain’s armed forces provides an illuminating insight into this neglected history and deserves far greater recognition and prominence in the historiography of British and Irish Catholicism.
Marriage, the Family, and Sexual Ethics
Authors: Geiringer David , Kelly Laura 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the development of Catholic teachings and practices relating to marriage and the family, sexualities, and reproductive health in Britain and Ireland in the twentieth century. Evidently, Catholic lay experiences and understandings of sex, marriage, and the family varied greatly depending on age, geographical location, ethnicity, and class throughout the century. Through a focus on the key themes of divorce, homosexuality, abortion, contraception, and reproductive health technologies such as IVF, we reconsider the extent to which the cultural shifts of the mid-century, notably those relating to sexuality, reproduction, and the body, marked a watershed for modern British and Irish Catholicism. The chapter concludes by pointing to potential avenues for future research.
Saints and Devotional Cultures
Authors: Heimann Mary , Delay Cara 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines Catholic spirituality and devotion across the British and Irish isles in the twentieth century, a time of profound change in the devotional life of the Catholic Church. The chapter opens with an examination of the intensely devotional and minutely organized world of cradle-to-grave Catholicism which prevailed until the Second Vatican Council (1962‒5). The authors show how distinctively Catholic beliefs, practices, and attitudes—including Marian piety, Eucharistic devotion, and popular devotions to the saints—were transmitted, practised, and supported, in Church, at home, in the parish, and in the landscape, both officially and unofficially. Two landmark Eucharistic congresses held in London (1908) and Dublin (1932) offer snapshots of approved pre-conciliar devotion. The Second Vatican Council, together with the wider social changes of the 1960s and 1970s, gradually replaced the Catholic ‘ghetto’ with today’s eclectic mix of traditionalist, revivalist, populist, official and unofficial devotions, prayers, and practices.
Liturgy and Music
Authors: McElroy Christopher 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The liturgical rituals of Catholics in Britain and Ireland were transformed during the twentieth century. Whilst the liturgical constitution of Vatican II Sacrosanctum Concilium played a role, this chapter argues that change was already occurring in the earlier part of the century, sparked by the reception of Pius X’s Tra le Sollecitudini in 1903. Whereas large-scale liturgical renewal was largely orchestrated from above, there is evidence that wholesale changes to music in the liturgy were more localized, falling largely in the domain of the laity. These differences expose two underlying issues prevalent throughout this chapter: the shift of ecclesial authority and an increasingly more democratized ecclesiology.
Ecumenism and Interfaith Relations
Authors: Power Maria 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the profound change in attitudes within the Catholic Church towards ecumenical and interfaith relations throughout the twentieth century. By exploring issues such as mixed marriage, relationships with other faiths, and the role of the churches in the Northern Irish troubles, it shows how a variety of methods and practices were used to improve relationships between Catholics and those of different denominations and faiths. It argues that as the century progressed, Catholic participants transformed their understanding of evangelization and the mission of the Church. Conversation and action rather than conversion became the motif of ecumenism and interfaith relationships, with action for social justice becoming the main motivation rather than reunification with Rome.
Women Religious, Charitable Ministries, and the Welfare State
Authors: Mangion Carmen M. 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
As part of the renewal process following the Second Vatican Council, women religious questioned and rethought their religious ministries. What were once ventures that had at their essence caritas and evangelization were now embedded in the Welfare State apparatus. In examining the shift in women’s ministries, this chapter scrutinizes the relinquishment of institutional religious ventures, particularly those relating to education and medical care, in favour of new ministries. These shifts were often a move from Catholic-centred services to forms of outreach that acknowledged and engaged with those marginalized by society. The move was a significant one, turning away from structured ministries with regulated State oversight to the flexibility of services that offered aid to anyone in need. The activities of women religious became broader than charity, as social justice also diagnosed the need for structural change and systemic remediation, refashioning more paternalistic and preventative characteristics of charity.
Migration, Migrant Chaplaincy, and Multi-Ethnic Britain
Authors: Gray Breda , Ryan Louise 
Published: September 2023

Abstract
The work of migrant or ‘ethnic’ chaplaincies is central to understanding how the Catholic Church in Britain responds to the immigration-related diversification of membership through the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Despite the significance of these chaplaincies, they have received little historical attention, especially in the post-conciliar ‘era of migration’. The chapter adopts an empirically based, sociological approach, and brings together data from two separate studies of ethnic chaplaincies based primarily in London. The case studies demonstrate how the conditions of migration and the response of migrant chaplaincies have changed greatly since the 1950s. Although limited by resources, these initiatives respond to State gaps in migrant care, advocate on their behalf, and facilitate the Church’s work on informing public debate on migration.