bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Place in Time
Authors: Mallory J P , Adams D Q 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have considered the conceptual space of the Indo-European groups, their interrelationships with one another, and now it is time to enter the fourth dimension and consider their place in time or, as it is usually expressed in linguistics, time depth. Establishing time depth involves a combination of serenely difficult theoretical issues and some extraordinarily tricky practical problems. The theoretical problems stem from the fact that we are ultimately attempting to discuss the absolute dates, i.e. bc/ad dates, of a hypothetical construct. There are a lot easier things to do.
Reconstructing the Proto-Indo-Europeans
Authors: Mallory J P , Adams D Q 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is only one route to the reconstruction of Indo-European culture that offers any hope of reliability and that is language. Although we might compare cultural traditions, behaviour, or material culture among the different Indo-European groups, this exercise would be a very uncertain plunge into comparative ethnography or archaeology and we would be forced to compare peoples at vastly different time depths. For example, a number of Indo- European groups, from whatever period they are attested, indicate the existence of warrior bands or sodalities, Ma¨nnerbunde for those who prefer the German expression.
Anatomy
Authors: Mallory J P , Adams D Q 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We are able to reconstruct a substantial number of words for human and animal anatomy. This ability reflects both the natural human interest in the human body and the practical knowledge gained by butchery. Nevertheless, it is not altogether surprising that the vocabulary for the various parts of the external anatomy is better represented than that referring to internal organs. The terms for the external features were, of course, known to everyone while those concerned with at least some of the internal organs were a rather more restricted portion of the population.
Religion
Authors: Mallory J P , Adams D Q 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Approaches to the study of Indo-European religion and mythology differ substantially from those of the other semantic categories. There are several reasons for this difference. First, and obvious, is the paucity of terms for the names of deities reconstructable to Proto-Indo-European; with the exception of a few reconstructions that are found in almost any textbook, a number listed in Table 23.1 are of uncertain or, frankly, doubtful validity. Second, given the very nature of the subject—the ideological content of an ancient culture (here substituting ‘culture’ for ‘reconstructed proto-language’)—it has attracted far more attention than many other semantic categories.
Origins: The Never-Ending Story
Authors: Mallory J P , Adams D Q 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sir William Jones had hardly postulated the existence of what we now term the Indo-European language family before he set future Indo-European studies its longest and most frustrating problem. In the same lecture (see Section 1.1) in which he described the relationship between the various ancient languages, he also remarked that in a future discourse he would attempt to follow them back to ‘some central country’. In his later lectures he argued that the homeland lay in greater Iran.
Art or nature?
Authors: Cooper David E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When seeking to explain some relatively unexplored phenomenon— in our case, the ‘serious’ appreciation of gardens—it is tempting to assimilate, or even reduce, what needs explaining to something that, we feel, is already familiar and explicable. We seek models, one might say, for what we want explained. Gardens—’typical’ ones, at least—are natural places that have been transformed by creative human activity, and contain natural items, such as flowers, chosen, placed, and organized at least in part in accordance with aesthetic considerations.
Gardens, People, and Practices
Authors: Cooper David E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many pages in the ancient Japanese treatises on gardening—Sakuteiki and Zo en’s Illustrations—are devoted to warning the owners of gardens to respect, for their own well-being, various taboos. We learn, for example, that it is ‘exceedingly harmful for a person of the Fire Nature to look at a red rock.with a nandina plant facing it’ (Zo en 1991: §2). This is early testimony—quaint-sounding, but intelligible in the context of fengshui geomancy—to something apt to be forgotten by philosophers for whom reflection on the garden is confined to aesthetics: gardens connect with aspects of human life and well-being that are not confined to that domain.
Gardens and the Good Life
Authors: Cooper David E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our ‘fundamental question’, concerning the significance of gardens, ramified, I urged in Chapter 1, into that of the relation of gardens to the good life. One main reason why gardens and garden-practices matter to people is because they are appreciated as conducive to the good life. By these three words, I explained, I do not mean what the lottery winner probably does when, champagne glass in hand, he announces ‘Now I can really live the good life!’—a hedonistic life packed with the pleasures and fun that money can buy. (But nor do I exclude pleasure and fun from the good life.) Nor, as I also explained, do the words refer to the life of specifically moral goodness. (But nor, of course, do I exclude moral goodness from the good life.)
Conclusion: The Garden’s Distinction
Authors: Cooper David E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What musicologists call a leitmotiv of a piece does not need to blaringly obvious, but once it is identified, the piece may then be heard as a more organized whole than it sounded at first. An unobtrusive leitmotiv of this book has been the distinctiveness of the garden—or, better, of The Garden, to recall my orthographical device for speaking about ‘exemplary gardens’ (p. 123). This theme first appeared in the context of rejecting ‘assimilationist’ accounts of the (broadly) aesthetic appreciation of gardens. By the end of Chapter 3, I had concluded that such appreciation cannot be reduced to that of (other) arts or of ‘wild’ nature, or to a combination of these types of appreciation.
Civilians and Soldiers
Authors: Steinhoff Uwe 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Do civilians deserve immunity in war? If ‘yes’, why? If ‘no’, why not? And if the answer is ‘it depends’, what does it depend on? These questions cannot be answered without examining the status of non-civilians, the so-called combatants. What differentiates soldiers and combatants from civilians and non-combatants? Why are the former, presumably, non-innocent, and the latter not? How are we to make sense of ‘non-innocence’ and ‘innocence’ in armed combat at all? To answer these questions, we first discuss some of the most important theories in this field, before examining the implications of the analysis.
Women, War, and International Law
Authors: Zanetti Véronique 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
She no longer could possibly be beautiful. Or even desirable. Only as the object of hatred could she still provoke an erection. Everything about her was defiled. She was deprived of everything she possessed: her bodily integrity, her honour, and finally her life. Such was the revolting fate she shared with thousands of other women, masked by the clash of arms and the silence of the media. For the sexual abuse of women remains a topic infrequently discussed. Perhaps out of shame and, in the best of cases, for fear of humiliating its victims a second time. Does this sense of unease explain the relative public indifference to a phenomenon that claimed thousands of victims in the twentieth century alone? One thing is certain: it is only in the last decade, due to the systematic use of rape as a weapon of ethnic cleansing in the war in Bosnia, that rape has finally come to be explicitly treated as a war crime under international law.
The Phonology of Italian
Authors: Krämer Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book provides an overview of the phonology of Italian. It covers the different levels of analysis from individual sounds up to the phrasal level. It focuses on the most widely dispersed features of the language reflecting its significant regional and social variation and its most prominent regionally restricted patterns. Martin Krämer provides a critical survey of the generative literature on Italian phonology. He reports on current debates in the field, considers their particular and general theoretical interest, and provides both syntheses and original analyses. His accounts of the main aspects and characteristics of Italian phonology are couched in the framework of Optimality Theory, but he keeps formal aspects and theory-internal matters to a minimum and separate from the presentation and description of the data. His exposition is thus fully accessible to students and researchers who are not familiar with or do not subscribe to the tenets of the theory. Individual chapters may thus serve as starting points for in-depth investigations into particular aspects of Italian phonology in whatever framework the reader chooses to employ. The Phonology of Italian is the first fully comprehensive account of its subject for many years. It will interest scholars and advanced students of Italian, Romance phonology, and phonology as a system.
A Very Brief History of Italian Phonology
Authors: Krämer Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As all Romance languages, Italian is a daughter language of Latin. In this chapter I give a sketch of the origins of Italian, concentrating on the main changes to the phonological system that characterize the change from Classical Latin to Modern Italian. Nevertheless, I start with a short sketch of the emergence of fifteenth-century Florentine as the source variety for Modern Italian.
Syllable Structure
Authors: Krämer Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Italian syllable structure is highly restrictive. The language poses several challenges to an analysis, some of which have been taken up repeatedly in the literature. First, in Italian, as in most languages, onsets are relatively straightforwardly restricted by sonority requirements except for a few aspects, most prominently the occurrence of /s/ word-initially before any other licit onset cluster. A problem with sonority is that it has to be translated into categorical features which define segments by contrastivity and phonological activity. Otherwise it is another piece of redundant information that every segment has to carry along. When we look at the other edge of the Italian syllable, we find one of the few cases that imposes stricter limits on possible syllable-final consonants word-finally than word-medially. We found a similar asymmetry between word-initial position and intervocalic morpheme-internal position. Italian post-vocalic consonants (or codas) in general have been used to make substantial contributions to linguistic theorizing (e.g. the coda condition; Itô 1988). Another intriguing aspect of Italian syllables is a clear size restriction on the rhyme. Notwithstanding the number of segments in a syllable’s onset, the rhyme seems to be restricted to maximally two segments, either a diphthong or long vowel or a short vowel plus a consonant (there are a few exceptions, such as film ‘film’, which are recent loanwords).
Word Stress
Authors: Krämer Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I will focus on word stress. The chapter is organized as follows. I will first introduce the conundrum of Italian word stress placement, which is that the stress system is obscured by lexical stress both in roots and in affixes. We will see that, at least for nouns, a default stress assignment algorithm cannot be determined in every detail. We will further see that for verbs there are ways to determine the default stress algorithm. The determining criteria for verbs are that stress goes on the penultimate syllable unless there is a lexical stress mark in the root or in an affix in a given form. The Italian foot structure will be shown to be maximally a bimoraic trochaic foot. After these preliminaries, I show that with nouns native speakers of Italian have the same problem as the linguistic analyst. It is not possible to determine the default algorithm unambiguously. A nonce-word test shows that speakers make individual decisions on this issue that diverge from one another. An aspect of the system all speakers agree on, though, is that a heavy penult attracts stress. After dealing with main stress I will discuss secondary stress. Even though an analysis of secondary stress in non-compound words has been produced (Vogel and Scalise 1982), the existence of secondary stress itself is disputed.
Prosodic Phonology
Authors: Krämer Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of the phonological processes that will be discussed in the following sections have figured prominently in the establishment of the theory of prosodic phonology (e.g. Selkirk 1980; 1984; Nespor and Vogel 1986; 1989). For example, intervocalic s-voicing was crucially seen as limited by the Prosodic Word (or phonological word), applying only to /s/ between two vowels which are both inside the same prosodic word (Nespor and Vogel 1986). Raddoppiamento sintattico was considered by Nespor and Vogel as applying within the Phonological Phrase, which, to a large extent, is determined via syntactic organization. In later work, Vogel (1997) considered the possibility that raddoppiamento sintattico actually applies within the Intonational phrase.
A Study in Greene
Authors: Bergonzi Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bernard Bergonzi has been reading Graham Greene for many years; he still possesses the original edition of The End of the Affair that he bought when it was published in 1951. After so much recent attention to Greene's life he believes it is time to return to his writings; in this critical study Bergonzi makes a close examination of the language and structure of Greene's novels, and traces the obsessive motifs that recur throughout his long career. Most earlier criticism was written while Greene was still alive and working, and was to some extent provisional, as the final shape of his work was not yet apparent. In this book Bergonzi is able to take a view of Greene's whole career as a novelist, which extended from 1929 to 1988. He believes that Greene's earlier work was his best, combining melodrama, realism, and poetry, with Brighton Rock, published in 1938, a moral fable that draws on crime fiction and Jacobean tragedy, as the masterpiece. The novels that Greene published after the 1950s were very professional examples of skilful story-telling but represented a decline from this high level of achievement. Bergonzi challenges assumptions about the nature of Greene's debt to cinema, and attempts to clarify the complexities and contradictions of his religious ideas. Although this book engages with questions that arise in academic discussions of Greene, it is written with general readers in mind.
Obsessions and Jokes
Authors: Bergonzi Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
He came over the top of the down as the last light failed and could almost have cried with relief at the sight of the wood below. He longed to fling himself down on the short stubby grass and stare at it, the dark comforting shadow which he had hardly hoped to see. Thus only could he cure the stitch in his side, which grew and grew with the jolt, jolt of his stumble down hill. The absence of the cold wind from the sea that had buffeted him for the last half hour seemed like a puff of warm air on his face, as he dropped below the level of the sky. As though the wood were a door swinging on a great hinge, a shadow moved up towards him, and the grass under his feet changed from gold to green, to purple and last to a dull grey.
The Insignificance of the Distinction Between Telic and Deontic Egalitarianism
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Slightly more than a decade ago, Derek Parfit introduced a distinction between teleological and deontological egalitarianism or, for short, telic and deontic egalitarianism. In his influential presentation of the distinction, Parfit suggests that whereas the concern for equality has, in a way that is attractive, a wider scope on the telic view, deontic egalitarianism has the advantage of being invulnerable to the levelling down objection. Both of these suggestions are widely accepted in some form or another (McKerlie 1996: 280; Nagel 1997; Temkin 1993: 247– 8). In this chapter, I want, first, to unpack the distinction between telic and deontic egalitarianism into three logically independent distinctions. These, I claim, better capture the logical space of possible egalitarian positions. This claim is not intended as a criticism of Parfit.
‘The Maker of Modern Oxford’ Jackson and the Architecture of Progress
Authors: Whyte William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Amidst much pageantry, carefully choreographed by Lord Curzon, on 28 June 1911 T. G. Jackson was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Oxford. It was a tribute by his Alma Mater to a man who ‘might most rightly be called the . . . creator of modern Oxford’, as the Professor of Poetry put it. Never one to underestimate his own value, Jackson accepted this affirmation of his importance with apparent equanimity.
‘An Intellectual Aristocracy’ 1 Jackson, his Clients, and their World
Authors: Whyte William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The twentieth century began on 1 January 1901. Twenty-one days later, the Victorian era ended. Celebration turned to mourning; anticipation turned to retrospect. Even the prostitutes were clad in black, and the street-sweepers carried crepe on their brooms. It was an occasion, all agreed, which must be marked. Victoria, who had made the commemoration of death a way of life, now demanded her own memorial. With almost indecent haste, a committee was convened and architects invited to compete; Jackson joined the list.
In Search of the Foundations of Theism
Authors: Quinn Philip L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Foundationalism comes in two varieties. Descriptive foundationalism is a thesis about the structure of a body of beliefs, and normative foundationalism is a thesis about the structure of epistemic justification for a body of beliefs. Both varieties partition a body of beliefs into two subclasses, a foundational class and a founded class. For descriptive foundationalism, the foundational class is the class of basic beliefs. A belief is basic for a person at a time provided it is accepted by that person at that time but is not accepted by that person at that time on the basis of any of his or her other beliefs at that time. For normative foundationalism, the foundational class is the class of properly basic beliefs. A belief is properly basic for a person at a time just in case it is basic for the person at the time and its being basic for the person at the time is contrary to no correct canon of epistemic propriety and results from no epistemic deficiency on his or her part at that time. For descriptive foundationalism, the founded class is the class of beliefs based on basic beliefs, and, for normative foundationalism, the founded class is the class of beliefs properly based on properly basic beliefs.
Political Liberalisms and Their Exclusions of the Religious¹
Authors: Quinn Philip L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Writing a Presidential Address provides a fine opportunity to set aside for a while the small puzzles that tend to preoccupy us in our increasingly specialized discipline and to spend time on larger issues of general interest. I have taken full advantage of my opportunity. I shall be speaking about the role of religion in the politics of a pluralistic democracy. A growing literature in political philosophy addresses this issue, but it is also much discussed in other academic disciplines, particularly law, political science, religious studies, and theology. And, of course, educated citizens of a pluralistic democracy such as ours have a stake in and should, though they often do not, take an interest in the course of academic discussions of this issue. So I do not worry about there being considerable interest in my topic, both within and beyond philosophy.
‘In Adam’s Fall, We Sinned All’
Authors: Quinn Philip L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The great drama of sin and atonement holds a central place in Christian life and thought. It shapes Christian views of history, is recapitulated in the lives of individual Christians, and is reenacted in Christian liturgies. A large part of what is distinctively Christian in Christian theism derives from this drama. Traditionally it has been an important theme in the thought of Christian theologians and philosophers. Among those who have contributed to our store of philosophical reflections on it are Augustine, Anselm, Aquinas, Scotus, Martin Luther, John Calvin, Jonathan Edwards, and Immanuel Kant. In the light of this tradition, it is striking that sin and atonement have not been at center stage in twentieth century analytic philosophy of religion. They have not been among the doctrines that have preoccupied even those philosophers sympathetic or committed to Christianity who employ the analytic style in their work.
Naval Triumph and the Public Sphere
Authors: Jenks Timothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On Tuesday, 2 October 1798, a crowd assembled at Tower Wharf to witness a salute in honor of Nelson ‘s just announced victory at the Battle of the Nile. Since military protocols dictated that the guns could not be fired until the royal standard had been raised, considerable delay was experienced as the stiff cloth of a ‘splendid new ‘ standard initially proved too difficult to hoist. The crowd became ‘very impatient ‘ until two men pressed forward and ‘inspired with joy at the news, eagerly ran up to the White Tower, and hoisted the flag themselves, giving three cheers, in which they were heartily joined by the populace, and then the cannon thundered forth! ‘ One of this pair was Samuel Dixon, a Common Councillor, and no stranger to the theatre of patriotism.
The Security Council and the iran–iraq war
Authors: Tripp Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Iran–Iraq war ended in 1988 when both Iran and Iraq accepted UN Security Council Resolution 598 as the basis for a ceasefire and for the beginning of negotiations. Satisfactory as this might seem, it must be set against the knowledge that the war had been grinding on by that stage for eight long years. It had started with a well-planned, if indifferently executed, Iraqi invasion of Iran, followed by years of bloody conflict in which hundreds of thousands of people died, chemical weapons were repeatedly used by Iraq, civilian areas in both Iran and Iraq were routinely bombarded, and commercial shipping in the waters of the Gulf was targeted by both sides.
The Security Council And The 1991 And 2003 Wars In Iraq
Authors: Malone James Cockayne David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many years, the legal-regulatory approach centred on ‘sanctions plus in-spections’ seemed to provide a viable alternative to military action against Iraq. But by 1995/1996, Security Council strategy on Iraq was adrift. Coincident with a creeping resort to unilateral military action, support for sanctions slowly frayed. After the events of 9/11, influential voices in Washington sought to deal with Iraq in a manner that would deter others from challenging American power. Broad coalition-building became less of a priority, marginalizing the utility of the UN for Washington and precipitating US and UK military action without explicit Council authorization in March 2003.