bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kerala Christian Sainthood
Authors: Dempsey Corinne G. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractKerala Christian Sainthood is an ethnography‐based study that celebrates the multivocal function of saints. Drawing on pilgrim anecdotes, shrine practices, official hagiographies, and regional folklore, it shows how the business of saints routinely extends beyond their capacity as earthly conduits of miraculous power. Saintly characters described in this book, hailing from the religiously pluralistic South Indian state of Kerala, not only tend to the health and happiness of individual devotees but also help craft and express the multiple identities and complex power relations of their devotional communities as well.Highlighted throughout the study are the traditions of Sr. Alphonsa of Bharananganam (1910–46) and St. George the martyr, figures who richly reflect the many preoccupations of Kerala sainthood. Sr. Alphonsa, native to Kerala and famous for her life of suffering and posthumous power, stands in line to be canonized by the Vatican. St. George, the caped dragon slayer imported to Kerala by Syrian merchants and later by Portuguese and British colonizers, is today partially debunked by Rome. These two figures, while differing dramatically in temperament, nationality, age of cult, and Vatican standing, boast a vast popular appeal in Kerala's Kottayam district. By examining practices and stories surrounding Sr. Alphonsa and St. George, Dempsey shows how their traditions help express devotees’ hybrid identities in both colonial and postcolonial times. This ethnography of Christian sainthood within a Hindu cultural context, of “foreign” traditions adapted to native practice and of female sanctity negotiated through patriarchal expectation, is poised at a number of intersections. The book provides not only a comparative study of cultures, religions, and worldviews but also a unique grounding for contemporary ethnographic, postcolonial, and feminist concerns.
Me, St. George, and Other Foreigners
Authors: Dempsey Corinne G. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractBegins by questioning imperialist misconceptions that overestimate the ability of colonial powers to suppress indigenous cultures. Rather than viewing Kerala's Christian traditions as passive receptacles for foreign influence, this chapter highlights how they, as expressed through Roman Catholic and Orthodox Christian sainthood, have managed to refashion colonial traditions. This case is made by viewing how devotees’ approaches to and perceptions of a local almost‐saint, Sr. Alphonsa, reflect challenges to colonial stereotypes of the Indian other, helping construct and congeal a positive Kerala Christian identity. Similarly, this chapter demonstrates how local traditions surrounding St. George, a “foreign” saint brought to the Malabar coast by the Syrians, Portuguese, and British, have come to articulate a type of pro‐Keralite, anticolonial stance.
Calamity Management and the Role of Sacred Ambivalence
Authors: Dempsey Corinne G. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Juxtaposes local European Christian saint traditions with Kerala's Hindu and Christian practices as a means for understanding cross‐cultural responses to evil, calamity, and the problem of theodicy. By locating a number of similarities among local Christian traditions across cultures, this chapter challenges the notion, expressed primarily through institutional channels, that certain “unorthodox” (or undesirable) beliefs and practices found in Kerala's saint traditions are necessarily of Hindu origin. Lying at the root of this inconsistency are local beliefs in the healing efficacies of sacred material objects as well as their questionable benevolence; such beliefs contradict official Christianity's tendency to clearly distinguish spiritual from material and good from evil. The chapter also examines instances in which ambivalent sacred power, representing a particular calamity as well as its cure, has its place within both Christian and Hindu popular traditions.
The Life and Cult of Sr. Alphonsa
Authors: Dempsey Corinne G. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractExplores prominent themes in Alphonsa's hagiography as a means to compare Christian and Hindu perspectives and practices of female asceticism. While Christian and Hindu traditions have much in common in this regard, most strikingly different is the fact that Catholic Christianity commonly considers the female renouncer to be the pinnacle of holiness for women, while for some Hindu traditions, particularly Brahmanical Hinduism, female renunciation is a decided aberration. Referring back to postcolonial theory fleshed out in earlier chapters, this final chapter portrays Alphonsa as following normative religious prescriptions for female sanctity, yet ironically, through their fulfillment, she molds and transcends the same. The paradox of Alphonsa's devotional cult gets reflected furthermore through the story of a woman who was beaten down by life, enduring physical and emotional hardship throughout, yet whose posthumous powers are understood as a means for relieving the pain and suffering of her devotees.
Equity in a Global Public Goods Framework
Authors: Rao J. Mohan 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The current institutions of the world economy already have embedded a concern for distributive justice. Kapstein's historical perspective provides an argument in defense of this statement. This chapter argues that a just economic order has long been valued as a global public good, especially after the Second World War, when the Bretton Woods system was designed. For leaders reflecting on the causes of the war, the links between economic distress and global conflict were all too evident. Kapstein shows that the postwar architecture relied on two pillars: creating wealth and distributing it. Wealth was to be created primarily through free international trade, while redistributing it was the responsibility of domestic institutions. Yet this approach became less and less effective over time. Distributive policies have the character of an international public good, and as such, ways had to be found to ensure that these policies would not be underprovided, as they are if we rely on domestic action alone. The only way forward now, Kapstein argues, is to address these concerns at the international level.
Distributive Justice as an International Public Good
Authors: Kapstein Ethan B. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Global equity is sometimes identified with international equity. The two, however, are very different notions – both in terms of their constitutive contents and with respect to their policy implications. This chapter examines the nature of the distinction. Its implications for the understanding of global public goods are quite extensive. Ideas of justice and corresponding actions that cut across borders must not be confused with international relations in general, or with demands of international equity in particular. Individuals live and operate in a world of institutions, many of which operate across borders. Even though different commentators have chosen to focus on particular institutions (such as the market, the democratic system, the media or the public distribution system), we have to consider them all to be able to see what they can do, individually or jointly. Many of these institutions – not just the market mechanism – cut vigorously across national boundaries and do not operate through national polities. They make contributions that have strong elements of indivisibility and nonexclusiveness that are characteristic of public goods, and their claim to be seen as “global public goods” is quite strong. The literature has to take note of this important issue. Nonstate actors, operating across borders, are often at the forefront of global norms and standards of equity and justice. People's judgment on what is just and fair depends only marginally on their citizenship, and more on their personal and professional identities. So, in essence, justice has an inescapable global quality.
Global Justice
Authors: Sen Amartya 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Over the past 20 years, trade agreements among nations have gone beyond tariff and other border barrier reductions to agreement on domestic rules of the game – intellectual property rights, product standards, internal competition policy, government procurement and, to a lesser degree, labor and environmental standards. These more complex agreements bring deeper integration among participating nations – integration not only in the production of goods and services but also in standards and other domestic policies. As a result they imply many more trade‐offs and raise new issues concerning the sharing of the gains from trade – which nations benefit and within nations, which groups benefit.
This chapter explores the costs and benefits for developing countries of the “deep integration” that characterizes international trade relations today – what we will also refer to as “modern trade,” often associated with membership in a “modern trade club” e.g., multilaterally in the World Trade Organization (WTO) or regionally in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Asia–Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) or the South American Common Market (Mercosur). We put particular emphasis on developing countries because the income gap between them and the highly industrialized nations suggests that the pressures for harmonization that modern trade and modern trade clubs bring raise particularly interesting questions for them, and thus, ultimately for global welfare. In the first section, we discuss how the trend toward deep integration has ended the special treatment of developing countries in postwar trade agreements. Then we discuss how the modern multilateral character of trade agreements, by increasing the overall efficiency of world trading markets, can generate benefits at the global level, some of which are particularly relevant to developing countries. In the third section, we consider additional benefits that are specific to developing countries as a result of their participation. After that we explore the potential costs that face developing countries with the trend toward common rules. Following a brief aside on regional trade agreements for developing countries, we conclude with reflections on the political challenges to the international community and to governments posed by the ongoing negotiation of global trading rules.
International Financial Instability
Authors: Wyplosz Charles 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
If the Montreal Protocol has been so successful in reducing the production and use of ozone‐depleting substances, why cannot an effective treaty to control greenhouse gas emissions be put into place? Barrett's examination of this issue reveals two findings. First, the underlying economics of addressing climate change and ozone depletion are different. A study that guided policymakers at an early stage of ozone negotiations found that the costs of reducing ozone‐depleting substances were small relative to the benefits. In contrast, the best studies available today suggest that the costs of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by a substantial amount match or exceed the benefits only slightly. Second, Barrett argues that in the absence of a central global authority, international treaties must be self‐enforcing or must include credible incentives for compliance and disincentives to discourage noncompliance. Thus, the Montreal Protocol, while effective, cannot simply be redrafted to address the climate change problem. Rather, reducing greenhouse gases poses new challenges for burden‐sharing and effective implementation.
Global Epidemiological Surveillance
Authors: Zacher Mark W. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In a world that increasingly resembles a global village, a new context of global health interdependence is emerging. Control of infectious diseases can be considered a global public good, but can the same be said for noncommunicable diseases? This chapter argues that today noncommunicable diseases have a global dimension. The reason is that bad consumption habits travel through global marketing and media, and new threats have emerged from such global bads as ozone depletion and climate change. The authors reason that in the future global health will increasingly be provided by private parties rather than state‐run services – a development that will place greater stress on the poor. In response, the authors suggest a number of incremental steps to increase the effectiveness and fairness of national and international health policies. They envision the provision of global health as a multiactor process involving, besides governments, academics, private industry, NGOs, and the media. Sometimes the interactions between different groups of actors will be harmonious, but at other times they may be conflictual. Regarding international organizations, the authors see their role primarily as a catalytic one – providing intermediate global public goods, such as relevant information, or negotiating norms and standards. The authors emphasize the critical importance of development assistance aimed at enhancing national capacities and health performance in weaker countries. Similar recommendations could be made for international organizations facilitating the provision of other public goods.
Knowledge as a Global Public Good
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter examines the worldwide trend toward increased privatization of both information and information and communications technologies, as well as the shrinking role of states and the effects on peoples’ access to adequate information goods and services. Publicness cannot be guaranteed unless users have low‐cost access to the opportunities afforded by the new information technologies. Privatization of telecommunications carriers will not guarantee low‐cost access and may actually impede it. In absolute terms, the prices of knowledge goods and services are higher in Africa than in high‐income countries. In addition, even though information and communications technologies have public good attributes, they are embedded in power relationships. In particular, they are crucial for access to developing country markets, for intelligence purposes and for the transmission of ideas and ideologies. Most of all, they have the potential to widen the gap between haves and have‐nots. Accordingly, the chapter calls for a renewed commitment to a public service agenda and, to that end, for increased cooperation between states on a regional basis.
The Public Face of Cyberspace
Authors: Spar Debora L. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Most people do not think of conflict prevention as a public good, and yet efforts to prevent, contain or stop a war, if successful, surely result in conditions that convey broad benefits – not only for the parties to the conflict but also for wider circles of people and states. Additionally, putting in place conditions that prevent the outbreak of conflicts has broader benefits than containing a specific war. Taking this substantive argument a step further, this chapter considers “just peace” as the true public good. Granted, certain conflicts may have only local effects in the short term. But preventing deadly conflict has truly universal externalities because it acts on any potential source of violence, and therefore potentially protects anyone from violence and death. Hamburg and Holl depict peace as the result of comprehensive and ongoing efforts to build social systems where differences can be settled peacefully. Human rights, the rule of law, basic needs, justice and environmental sustainability are all part of the equation, and the actors may involve public and private institutions or individuals. Hamburg and Holl present a bottom‐up, multiactor and multidisciplinary approach to world peace.
Wall Street
Authors: Geisst Charles R. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
A history of Wall Street beginning in 1791 and ending in the present, the book traces the development of the major financial markets from the New York Stock Exchange's origins in the outdoor curb market through developments in the 1990s. The history is divided into four main periods – 1791 through the Civil War, the Civil War to 1929, 1929 to 1954, and the late 1950s to the present. In each period, the book traces the development of Wall Street by examining how it issued new securities and traded existing ones on the exchanges. It also examines the role of major personalities such as Jay Gould, J. P. Morgan, and Michael Milken in new developments in finance. A major area of focus is the securities and banking laws initiated in the 1930s and their impact upon the Street's future role in raising and trading securities. Also discussed are the major milestone deals in each period and how they affected future trends. The major theme throughout is the often uneasy relationship between Wall Street and Washington, especially during the 1930s and again in the 1990s when several major scandals erupted.
The Early Years (1790–1840)
Authors: Geisst Charles R. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The development of the NYSE from an outdoor market to the major marketplace in the country. The first major scandal after independence in NY; the role of private individuals in financing the war of 1812; raising cash for canals and turnpikes; and the role of individual traders, mostly in New York, in giving the exchanges a reputation as gambling dens rather than serious places to raise money.
Wall Street Meets the New Deal (1930–35)
Authors: Geisst Charles R. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The reaction from Washington to Wall Street woes. Hoover calls Senate investigation into market practices, Roosevelt wins White House, short selling depresses market, F. Pecora becomes lead counsel for hearings. Wall Streeters give testimony. Congress passes banking and securities acts in 1933. Stock exchanges regulated in 1934 and SEC is created.
Introduction Post‐Protestant America
Authors: Porterfield Amanda 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Since the 1960s, many Americans embraced the personal and experiential aspect of religion, even as their allegiance to religious institutions and particular doctrines lessened. This enthusiasm for spirituality involved openness to a variety of different religious traditions, and interest in mining other traditions for their spiritual insight. However, while certain aspects of this enthusiasm for spirituality were unprecedented, it was not an entirely new phenomenon. As this introduction explains, some of the roots of this awakening to spirituality can be traced to the New England Puritans, and especially to those like Anne Hutchinson, whose experience of the Holy Spirit challenged ministerial and governmental authority.
The Catholicity of American Spirituality
Authors: Porterfield Amanda 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The blossoming of spirituality in late twentieth‐century America involved the mainstreaming of Catholicism within American culture. It also involved increasingly porous boundaries between American Catholicism and New Age religions. In a society previously dominated by Protestants and Protestant culture, Catholic spirituality moved to the fore as a matrix through which a wide variety of religious developments came to expression. This chapter traces some of the antecedents of this open, liberal form of Catholic spirituality to Transcendentalist interpretations of Catholic spirituality in nineteenth‐century America, and to progressive American Catholic leaders, especially Orestes Brownson and Isaac Hecker, who emphasized the importance of the Holy Spirit for social as well as personal life.
Walking in the Way of Peace
Authors: Weddle Meredith Baldwin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
“All bloody principles and practices we do utterly deny” – so pronounced a small band of the first English Quakers in 1660, renouncing wars, fighting, and weapons and enunciating principles of peace called the “peace testimony.” The deceptively simple words of the peace testimony conceal the complexity of the task facing each Quaker as he worked out their precise meaning and the restraints and the actions they required in his own life. Quakers in early New England had to translate peace principles into practice during King Philip's War between settlers and Indians in 1675–76. In a time of terror, individual Quakers had to decide whether the peace testimony allowed service in militias, standing watch, seeking safety in garrison houses, and paying taxes. Their decisions covered a broad range and resulted in a pacifist continuum of interpretation and behavior.
During this war, Quakers who dominated the government of Rhode Island were faced with reconciling the peace testimony with their duties as governors to protect their colony, to punish “evil‐doers,” and to reward “those who do good.” Their dilemma stimulated both imaginative legislation and corrosive compromises, illuminating the ambiguities of principles when applied to public policy. Before the war a Quaker government had enacted legislation, the Exemption of 1673, exempting conscientious objectors from all military duties including alternative civil service. But some Quakers chastised their Quaker rulers in a document called the Rhode Island Testimony for putting their faith in “carnal weapons” when they took warlike measures of offense and defense, such as transporting soldiers to battle. The struggle of early Quakers in England and America illuminates the intricate complications of pacifist belief, suggesting the kind of nuanced questions any pacifist must address.
“To Looke to Our Selefs”
Authors: Weddle Meredith Baldwin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The Rhode Island Colony was militarily active in King Philip's War, although the level of the central government's involvement was different from that of its neighboring colonies. It did not, for example, field a colony‐wide army; it did not act within the territory of other colonies; it relied on local towns and local councils of war during much of the war; it provided for conscientious objection until Quakers lost their dominant position in the elections of 1677 and the Exemption of 1673 was repealed. It was in the interest of the other colonies to downplay Rhode Island's contributions to the war effort, which they attributed to the fact that Rhode Island's leaders were Quakers. Historians, too, have echoed this assumption, although there is no written evidence that the peace testimony served as a curb on Rhode Island's decisions other than the Exemption. The Quaker government itself cited no principles of peace, explaining its constraints as stemming from economic difficulties, from threats to its sovereign rights, and from moral qualms about breaking promises to the Indians.
“Witnesses to the Life of Innocency”
Authors: Weddle Meredith Baldwin 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Some Rhode Island Quakers issued a “testimony” during the war elucidating the peace testimony and criticizing their brethren in government. The testimony stressed that peace was the fruit of righteousness, and was the way of the Kingdom of God where love and good will toward enemies led to the purity of the soul. The Kingdom of God had no room for weapons whether offensive or defensive, nor for fighting nor killing nor standing watch. The testimony chastised those Quaker magistrates who had once been in the Kingdom of God, but had returned to an unredeemed world by placing faith in the use of weapons and by encouraging war, thereby wounding their own souls. This collective discipline regarding the peace testimony was unusual because previously the testimony had not been a subject of discipline, since each had to transform his own motives in his own time.