bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Lancastrian Affinity 1361-1399
Authors: Walker Simon 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
John of Gaunt was arguably the most powerful nobleman in later medieval England, and his imposing affinity - household servants, indentured retainers, and estate officials - formed one of the most crucial bases of his power. This book examines in detail its genesis, composition, and actions. Simon Walker makes full use of the available sources, particularly seigneurial archives, to turn the focus away from the centre towards the local communities of shire and hundred, wherein lay the basis of law, order, and administration in Lancastrian England. Simon Walker shows the extent to which an even greater magnate like John of Gaunt was constrained in the policies he pursued by the actions and expectations of his followers. His exploration of the Lancastrian affinity in its local context modifies accepted views of `bastard feudalism', and increases our understanding of the powerful but still enigmatic figure of John of Gaunt himself.
Society and Politics
Authors: Borsay Peter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The last chapter explored the role of the Georgian image in Bath’s economic history over the last three centuries. This one will attempt a similar exercise in respect of the city’s social and political life, though in a more thematic and selective fashion. The emphasis will be on the capacity of image both to articulate socio-political forces, and to shape the form of these. Three interrelated themes will be examined: status and class, power, and national identity. Given the relative weakness of the Georgian myth during the Victorian era, the eighteenth and twentieth centuries will be the focus of attention, especially the latter period.
The Princely Court
Authors: Vale Malcolm 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this fascinating new book, Malcolm Vale sets out to recapture the splendour of the court culture of western Europe in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Exploring the century or so between the death of St Louis and the rise of Burgundian power in the Low Countries, he illuminates a period in the history of princes and court life previously overshadowed by that of the courts of the dukes of Burgundy. Taking in subjects as diverse as art patronage and gambling, hunting and devotional religion, Malcolm Vale rediscovers a richness and abundance of artistic, literary, and musical life. He shows how, despite the pressures of political fragmentation, unrest, and a nascent awareness of national identity, a common culture emerged in English, French, and Dutch court societies at this time. The result is a ground-breaking re-evaluation of the nature and role of the court in European history and a celebration of a forgotten age.
The Contribution of Medieval Universities to the Birth of Individualism and Individual Thought
Authors: Verger Jacques 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is commonly accepted that in a movement parallel to the rise of the modern State, the individual as a political subject asserted himself in Europe from the thirteenth century onwards. This subject was immediately confronted with the demands and constraints of power, but also, from this moment on, became a direct partner in the dialogue between the government and the governed, and even, sometimes, an actor within the state apparatus. Moreover, it is clear that among the elites malting up the political society of the period, the proportion of graduates educated in the universities and holding university degrees rose constantly from the last centuries of the Middle Ages to at least the beginning of the seventeenth century (the very birth of the universities having only barely preceded the political evolution considered here). It thus seems logical to wonder whether the universities were not partially responsible for the appearance of ‘individualism’ in the political domain.
The Oxford History Of England
Authors: Raper Richard 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Oxford History of England forms a continuous history from the Roman period to the Second World War, and has been described as `the most authoritative general history of England’. Each of the sixteen volumes is the work of a distinguished scholar; and the series as a whole, edited by the late Sir George Clark, forms an unparalleled repository of knowledge. The Consolidated Index to The Oxford History of England crowns this immense work of scholarship. It is fully comprehensive, covering in detail the enormous variety of themes and topics which make up nearly two thousand years of history. This final volume in the series makes the wealth of information available in its predecessors readily accessible, and will prove an invaluable tool to scholars and general readers alike.
The Later Crusades, 1274—1580
Authors: Housley Norman 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The expulsion of the Christians from the Holy Land in 1291 was far from being the end of the crusading movement. Crusades continued for three centuries over a vast area stretching from Morocco to Russia, and played an important role in the politics and society of late medieval Europe. Norman Housley's comprehensive survey is the first to focus in depth on the later crusades. He explores with clarity and insight developments in all the areas touched by crusading activity, and examines the evolution of the international Military Orders and the Christian `frontier states' associated with crusading, especially Greece and Cyprus. Dr Housley illuminates the massive range and energy of the crusading movement in the late Middle Ages. He reveals the formidable problems which, as the period progressed, increasingly doomed crusades to failure, and shows how practical crusading was in a condition of decay even before the Reformation destroyed the religious framework in which it had once flourished. This is a wide-ranging and lucid study, which will be invaluable to students of the crusades. It is supplemented by fourteen maps and a guide to further reading.
Work and Hobbies in Britain, 1880-1950
Authors: Mckibbin Ross 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
IN 1856 R. W. Emerson concluded that while an Englishman might eat and drink ‘not much more than another man’ he laboured three times as much: everything in England ‘is at a quick pace. They have reinforced their own productivity, by the creation of that marvellous machinery which differences this age from every other age.’ Fifty years later such a view was not the predominant one. If anything, conventional opinion held the reverse to be true: Englishmen laboured less hard than others; they were ill-adapted to even more marvellous machinery; their work irritated them; ingenious Americans and docile Germans passed them on all sides. The argument that industrial life and division of labour had become intolerably monotonous to many workers was, of course, a commonplace of the nineteenth century. When Marx wrote that the ‘the worker feels himself at home outside his work and feels absent from himself in his work’ there were few who would not have conceded that he was at least partly right. By the end of the nineteenth century, when the British economy appeared to flag, it came to be argued not only that boredom demoralized the worker but that it also damaged the economy by undermining his efficiency. Thereafter it was implied in the reports of royal commissions, departmental committees of inquiry and delegations of concerned persons. It was, of course, argued explicitly as well, both by employers and by workers themselves. The London engineering employer A. Bergtheil told the Tariff Commission that not only was ‘the foreign workman–I speak more particularly of the German and the Belgian–a more intelligent and better class of labourer … but he takes more actual interest in his work’. At the same time, W. J. Davis of the Brassworkcrs’ Union could write that Berlin brassworkers ‘appear to enjoy their work more, and to be able to work more easily, and with more satisfaction, and also to have a better time than our brassworkers in Birmingham’ . Boredom had allegedly gruesome consequences: a decline in craft-skills and inattention to detail and design, irregular attendance at work, and dogged resistance to technological changes that would further accelerate and decompose labour.
Family Life and Family Policies in Europe: an Introduction
Authors: Strohmeier Klaus Peter , Kuijsten Anton 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
‘Individualization’ is a term commonly used in the current sociological literature to denote the new ‘horizontal’ inequalities in modern society, i.e. differentiations in terms of the organization of private life and of ‘life-style’. In a stricter scientific use of the concept, it means the emancipation of the individual life course from traditional determining influences of factors such as gender or social and regional origin. It implies an increasing possibility for everyone to lead his or her ‘own life’. Individualization in that sense has reached women only after some delay, and it operates along cohort lines, with stronger effects on the younger generations. In this process there is an observable increase in the variation of significant life events over the life course, e.g. marriage or the birth of the first child, with respect to both their timing and their incidence. The resulting increase of the individual’s degrees of freedom to choose between distinct biographic options has, on the whole, transformed the status of the family from a self-evident institution in a ‘normal’ adult’s life to a matter of (more or less rational) individual choice.
What Happened to the European Family in the 1980s? The Polarization Between the Family and other Forms of Private Life
Authors: Schulze Hans-Joachim , Tyrell Hartmann 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
According to broad statistical trends much change has taken place within the private sector of European nations during the 1970s and the 1980s. The average household size decreased along with a growing proportion of one-person households among all households, private life forms of unmarried partners grew and the proportion of life forms with children fell with respect to all private life forms, the proportion of married adults in younger cohorts decreased and the number of divorces grew, births outside marriage grew, and the average age of a mother giving birth to her first child rose considerably (De Singly, 1993; Kuijsten, 1996; Commaille & De Singly, 1997; Kuijsten & Strohmeier, 1997; Matthijs, 1998; Kiely, 2000). Many of these changes with respect to the 1980s are documented in the country reports of Volume 1 of this publication (Kaufmann etal.,1997).
Introduction
Authors: Spencer Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The two views of a pastoral continuum expressed in the above quotations represent the span of the present work. In East Africa, pastoral nomads have been depicted as the custodians of a self-contained way of life that has been largely unaffected by the spread of Western ideals or any notion of progress. They are thinly dispersed over the ecological margins where the terrain does not encourage further development and the problem of recurrent drought seems insurmountable. Meanwhile, the thrust of change has been concentrated in the more populated areas, and development (for want of a better term) is undoubtedly creeping towards these margins, bringing with it settlement and a precarious form of rain-fed agriculture that displaces pastureland formerly used by nomads. More ominously, there is an increasing spread of irrigation and flood-retreat agriculture around the permanent sources of water that have provided vital reserves on which pastoralists depend during the driest parts of the year, threatening their ultimate survival.
The Listening Ebony
Authors: James Wendy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Notions of the person and of the foundations of bodily and moral experience lie at the heart of this second ethnographic volume devoted to the Uduk-speaking people of Sudan. The first part discusses enduring elements of personal knowledge in the context of a hunters’ worldview. The second part gives an account of how alien religious discourse has confronted the Uduk in the course of the region’s political history. The third section tells the story of the contemporaneous rise of a new diviners’ movement, in part an antithetical response drawing upon the older cultural strata. The key act of the diviners is oracular consultation of the burning ebony wood: through the ebony, personal healing is sought and the foreign gods are kept at bay. The author abandons a number of older anthropological paradigms and their relativist assumptions. In drawing upon general moral philosophy, historical writing, and literary criticism, she offers a modern, humane analysis with important implications for the cross-cultural study of religion. In a new introduction Wendy James explains how the Sudan-Ethiopian borderlands were overrun by war in 1987, and how all the villages described in the original edition were destroyed. Having revisited the Uduk for various UN agencies she is able to provide an indication of the way in which they have since been embroiled in the war, and how the survivors have increasingly embraced Christianity in the course of their exile. She refers to her own reports and publications written since 1988 and to the TV documentary on the Uduk and other refugees which she made with Granada in 1993. Details of other recently published work on the region and to relevant new emphases in anthropology which focus on displacement, violence, and memory have also been added.
The Territorial State
Authors: Baldwin Thomas 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Max Weber famously defined states as human associations that successfully claim the monopoly of legitimate use of physical force within a given territory. Modern theorists and critics of the state who start out from Weber’s definition typically concentrate on the first part of it-the claim to a monopoly of the legitimate use of force. Thus Michael Taylor starts his discussion in Community, Anarchy, and Liberty with the Weberian definition, enters a few critical reservations concerning it, and concludes that ’What is left of the Weberian account is the notion of a concentration of force and the attempt by those in whose hands it is (incompletely) concentrated to determine who else shall be permitted to employ force and on what occasions.’ What is manifestly lacking here is any reference to the territorial aspect of Weber’s definition. This absence reflects Taylor’s interests; but my aim in this essay will be to discuss precisely that aspect of the Weberian definition which Taylor and others neglect, the claim to a territory.
Powers and Duties of an Occupant in Relation to Land and Natural Resources
Authors: Cassese Antonio 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Before considering the subject of this chapter, it may prove useful briefly to touch on a preliminary issue: what legal rules govern a military occupation such as that of Israel over the Arab territories invaded in 1967? It has been contended by a distinguished scholar, and was also suggested in an official Israeli document,2 that the long duration of that occupation makes it quite unique; as a consequence, not all the legal constraints concerning ‘normal’ belligerent occupation could apply in the case of the Israeli ‘administration’ of the Arab territories.
Human Rights in the Private Sphere
Authors: Clapham Andrew 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book challenges several traditional assumptions concerning human rights. In particular it challenges the presumption that the fundamental rights and freedoms contained in the European Convention on Human Rights are irrelevant for cases which concern the sphere of relations between individuals. It asks whether victims should be protected from non-state actors, and attempts to develop a coherent approach to `human rights in the private sphere'. This study concentrates on the rights contained in the European Convention on Human Rights, and their enforcement in the courts of the United Kingdom and at the European level; at the European Commission and Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, and at the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg. In addition, some constitutional cases are examined from the United States and Canadian legal orders. The application of international human rights law to the private sphere has implications for the worlds of labour relations, race relations, discrimination and violence against women, and for victims of indignities everywhere. This study shows that respect for privacy need not mean excluding wrongs in the private sphere from the world of human rights.
Feelings Matter: Inverting the Hidden Equation
Authors: May* Tim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Before starting the research on the changing nature of the probation service I had completed a postgraduate course in social-research methods. During this time my, as yet, unarticulated concerns about the ‘detached’ and ‘sterile’ nature of methodological writings, design, training, and procedures were reinforced. Attention to the detail of methodological procedure was encouraged and is increasingly so in postgraduate training. Forays into the theoretical justification for these procedures were not. In fact, they were frequently dismissed as mere ‘philosophical speculation’.
Competition among rules in the single European market
Authors: Woolcock Stephen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The balance or tension between harmonization and competition among national rules is central to the development of the EC and the Single European Market (SEM). The approach to market regulation within the Single European Market embodied a constructive ambiguity. Some national regulators/governments saw the establishment of a single market as a means of retaining control over markets in the face of increased internationalization of production and economic interdependence which was undermining the viability of national regulatory policies in a number of sectors. National governments and regulators were aware that the global market pressure for change could not be resisted at a national level.
Competing Conceptions of Regulatory Competition in Debates on Trade Liberalization and Labour Standards
Authors: Langille Brian A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There has been much confusion and controversy in the popular press, political debates, and academic journals about the impact of trade liberalizing regimes, such as NAFTA or the WTO, upon domestic policy, particularly environmental and labour market regulation. To take the labour market as an example, there are two sorts of questions which are mooted in these dis cussions-first, the direct impact of trade liberalization upon the domestic labour market, i.e., jobs; and second, the indirect impact upon domestic labour market policies and laws. This chapter focuses upon the second debate about the impact of trade liberalization, and economic integration more generally, upon domestic labour market policies-that is, on policies regarding collective bargaining, employment standards, occupational health and safety, etc.
Passing On
Authors: Rose Francis 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Increasing attention has been given recently to the situation where a plaintiff charges to a third party (or, more commonly in practice, a number of third parties) a payment made to a defendant for which the defendant should make restitution. For example, the plaintiff raises the prices payable by third party customers in order to pay a tax unlawfully levied by a defendant revenue authority. If the plaintiff is entitled to restitution from the defendant, can the defendant plead as a defence that the plaintiff has passed on the burden of the tax to third parties? The situations in which the issue of passing on has arisen are ones in which the defendant has been liable either to restore his enrichment in full (e.g., where a totally invalid tax has been levied)1 or to restore part of his enrichment (e.g., where a tax has exceeded the lawful amount).2 The current inquiry is concerned only with the amount of such payments for which restitution is due.
Why Bulk Discounts in Multiple Offence Sentencing?
Authors: Areborg Nils J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The law of most countries provides for mitigation for first offenders, with the result that a repeat offender receives a more severe sentence. The law of most countries also provides for a discount where an offender has committed more than one crime and the court sentences him on one occasion for these. (I will use the term ‘bulk discount’ for such discounts.) For the recidivist, the second crime costs more than the first one. For the multiple offender, the second crime costs less than the first one.
Interpreting Interpretation
Authors: Moore Michael S 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There is a simple life-cycle for metaphors. They are born of fresh insight about an unnoticed similarity, wither with over-use, and die by becoming so familiar that they are treated as established senses of words. Intellectual fashions are like metaphors in this respect. Although they may begin life fresh and full of promise, they eventually become the tired counters in a patter that prevents insight rather than conveys it.
Legislators’ Intentions and Unintentional Legislation
Authors: Waldron Jeremy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this paper, I shall discuss the latest attempt in analytic jurisprudence to revive the view that reference to legislators’ intentions should play a role in the interpretation of statutes whose texts leave issues of meaning, purpose, or application unclear or controversial. I use ‘revive· advisedly: reference to legislative intention in one form or another is reasonably common among judges in the United States, and the appeal to ‘original intent’ is common too in the politics of American constitutional law. Philosophically, however, the idea of appealing beyond the statutory text to what legislators are thought to have intended has been subject to such powerful criticisms, most notably by Ronald Dworkin, that one is surprised to find it appearing again in anything other than a trivial form in respectable academic jurisprudence.
International Law and Infectious Diseases
Authors: Fidler David P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
International Law and Infectious Diseases is the first comprehensive analysis of the intersection between international law and infectious diseases. Infectious diseases pose a global threat, and international law plays an important but under-explored role in infectious disease control. The book analyses the globalization of public health; and it examines the history of international law in this area, the International Health Regulations, and international law on trade, human rights, armed conflict and arms control, and the environment. Fidler develops the concepts of microbialpolitik and global health jurisprudence to provide a political perspective and a framework for future legal action. The aim of this series of monographs is to publish important and original pieces of research on all aspects of public international law. Topics that are given particular prominence are those, which, while of interest to the academic lawyer, also have important bearing on issues which, touch the actual conduct of international relations. None the less the series is wide in scope and includes monographs on the history and philosophical foundations of international law.