bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sociosexual behavior of a free‐ranging Cebuella pygmaea (Callitrichidae, platyrrhini) troop during postpartum estrus of its reproductive female
Authors: Soini P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe sociosexual behavior of a free‐ranging Cebuella pygmaea troop containing two adult males was studied throughout a postpartum periestrous period of its reproductive female. A clear‐cut male‐initiated six‐day behavioral estrous period occurred from the 13th through 18th day postpartum, with a two‐day peak of mating activity on the 15th and 16th days. Both adult males attempted to mate with the female, but the dominant male maintained exclusive mating access to her by guarding behavior and aggression toward the subordinate male. Estrus‐related changes in the daily activity pattern included constant following of the female by the male, increased huddling and grooming between the consorts, a decrease in infant carrying, and suppression of insect foraging in the consorting male. Behaviors seen only during the periestrous period included genital presenting by the female, intensive licking and sniffing of her genitalia by the males, female‐guarding by the dominant male, anogenital scent‐marking on the male's body by the female, tongue protrusion and “tongue vibrating” by the male, and copulations, play chasing, and “consort walking” by the couple. Within the Callitrichidae, genital presenting and tongue vibrating in sexual context have been observed only in Cebuella.
Patterns of affiliation among immature rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Ehardt Carolyn L. , Bernstein Irwin S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe affiliative interaction patterns of the immature members of a group of rhesus monkeys at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center reflected a strong bias toward matrilineal kin, although this effect was modified by age and sex variables. Association with kin decreased with age, particularly for males. Juvenile males showed less of a kin bias in their behavior than did juvenile females, especially for grooming. Juvenile males also exhibited a preference for interaction with other males. The diminished association with kin and the same‐sex bias may be reinforced in adolescence as adult males begin to aggressively target adolescent males involved in agonistic encounters with females or immatures. Adolescent males did not decrease their levels of social interaction relative to those of adolescent females; however, these males preferentially associated with other males (predominantly their own age‐sex class) and specifically avoided females and younger animals, both kin and nonkin. Avoidance may diminish conflicts with females or immatures which could result from association, thereby decreasing the potential for selective aggressive interference by adult males. Juvenile and adolescent females maintained strong ties with their kin and preferentially associated with other females and immatures. The breadth of interaction of females with other females may facilitate the establishment of dominance relationships as females mature. Familiarity and predictability may also decrease the necessity of more severe agonistic interaction.
Locomotor diversity in prosimian primates
Authors: Gebo Daniel L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn understanding of prosimian movement is basic to many anatomical and paleontological studies in that these studies attempt to correlate movement with anatomy and therefore infer movement in fossil primates. Duke University has a large and diverse collection of prosimian primates, which are housed in cages and enclosures large enough for movement studies. Extant prosimians move in many different ways, and none are so specialized that only one mode of travel is used. The most general locomotor patterns are observed for the cheirogaleids, and thus theirs may best resemble the locomotor patterns of the ancestral euprimate.
Chromosome studies in Alouatta belzebul
Authors: Armada Jorge L. A. , Barroso Carmen M. L. , Lima Margarida M. C. , Muniz José Augusto P. C. , Seuánez Héctor N. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe chromosome constitution of Alouatta belzebul was studied with G‐, C‐, and silver staining. In ten specimens identified as Alouatta belzebul, the chromosome constitution of males (2n = 49) differed from that of females (2n = 50) owing to a Y‐autosome translocation. In another single female specimen, probably Alouatta belzebul nigerrima, the diploid chromosome number was also 50, though its karyotype was drastically different from that of Alouatta belzebul belzebul. Chromosome studies, taken together with phenotypic and field observations, suggest that Alouatta belzebul belzebul is phenotypically variable in respect to pelage coloration. This attribute is therefore unreliable for the precise identification of Alouatta belzebul subspecies. Conversely, relatively minor phenotypic differences, allowing for the characterization of subspecies within a same species, coexist with unparalleled, drastic karyotypic divergence. These findings clearly question gross morphological attributes as discriminative characteristics of Alouatta belzebul subspecies.
Species discrimination of male song in gibbons
Authors: Mitani John C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAcoustic analyses and field playback experiments were conducted to investigate interspecific song differences and discrimination in male gibbons. Songs were recorded and analyzed from males of three populations: agile gibbons (Hylobates agilis) in West Kalimantan and South Sumatra and Müller's gibbons (Hylobates muelleri) in East Kalimantan. Male songs from each of the three populations were played back to West Kalimantan agile gibbons. Acoustic analyses indicated that the songs of the two species differed in spectral features and in the temporal patterning of syllables. Agile gibbon songs from the West Kalimantan and South Sumatran populations varied in song durations and in the maximum frequencies of one song element. Field playbacks showed that West Kalimantan agile gibbons respond in a similar manner to local songs and to conspecific songs from South Sumatra. In contrast, the animals responded differentially to conspecific and heterospecific Müller's gibbon songs. These results indicate that gibbons discriminate specific differences in songs, and support the division of agile and Müller's gibbons into distinct species.
Luteinizing hormone receptors in ovaries of the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis) during the menstrual cycle
Authors: Yoshida Takashi , Cho Fumiaki , Honjo Shigeo 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOvarian luteinizing hormone (LH) receptors were characterized using ovarian tissues from 17 cynomolgus monkeys at different phases of the menstrual cycle. Low binding affinity receptors for 125I‐LH were observed throughout the menstrual cycle. The binding affinity of these receptors for LH (< 12 × 1010 M−1) was approximately the same as that of ovarian LH receptors previously reported in human and nonhuman primates. In addition, high‐affinity receptors (17−85 × 1010 M−1) were also detected at the mid‐luteal phase, during which a large functional corpus luteum was present. Thus the high‐affinity LH receptors appear with the formation of the corpus luteum and disappear with its regression. Almost no fluctuation of binding capacity was observed throughout the menstrual cycle (32−112 fmol/ mg of ovarian tissue). The high‐affinity LH receptor was judged to be derived from the functional corpus luteum.
A nonintrusive method for determining relative body fat in free‐ranging monkeys
Authors: Berman Carol M. , Schwartz Susan 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA procedure is described for designing simple obesity rating scales for use with free‐ranging rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Ratings are based on observers' judgments of degree of overall obesity of individual monkeys. The procedure was tested separately on samples of males and females over 2 successive years. Within each of these four samples, observers' judgments were both highly reliable and highly correlated with actual measures of body weight and with estimates of body fat based on morphometric measures, including the Quetelet index. To test the degree to which scores from different applications of the scale could be compared with one another, regression functions were calculated for scale vs. the Quetelet index and for scale vs. body weight for each application. No significant differences were found among the four regression functions for scale vs. the Quetelet index for fully grown adult monkeys. This suggested that observers' judgment criteria with regard to this measure were sufficiently stable across the four test applications to allow meaningful comparison of scores. Comparable analyses for body weight suggested that observers' judgment criteria were stable over time but not between sexes. These data suggest that observers had been successful in attending more closely to obesity than to body weight. Obesity scales have many potential uses both in the field and in captivity provided they are adequately tested before use.
DA/DAPI fluorescent bands in the chromosomes of Pan paniscus
Authors: Wienberg J. , Stanyon R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe fluorochrome pattern produced by DA/DAPI double staining in Pan paniscus chromosomes is reported. The location of DA/DAPI prominent bands differs from that reported for all other hominoid species. However, the pattern in the pygmy chimpanzee is most similar to that seen in Pan troglodytes. Comparison of the DA/DAPI pattern of the other hominoid species allows the construction of a proposed hominoid ancestral karyotype and a preliminary phylogenetic reconstruction of DA/DAPI bands for the great apes and man.
Social mechanisms of population regulation in a captive group of bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata)
Authors: Silk Joan B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe purpose of the present paper is to evaluate the factors that contributed to annual variation in fertility and infant survival in a relatively undisturbed captive group of bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) over a 16‐year period. The size and composition of this population fluctuated over time, and these changes were consistently associated with changes in female fertility and infant survival. Female fertility was highest when there were relatively few adult females in the group and when there were relatively few adult females per adult male. Similarly, infant survival was highest in years when there were relatively few adult females present and when cohorts of infants were small. Since environmental factors, such as availability of food and vulnerability to predation, were unlikely to constrain population growth in captivity, the data suggest that other mechanisms may have affected demographic processes in this captive group.
Patterns of metric variability in the dentition of Papio ursinus
Authors: Kieser Julius A. , Groeneveld H. T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe present investigation assesses a number of explanations for the patterns of variability in dental dimensions. Coefficients of variation were calculated for mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters in a sample of 105 Papio ursinus crania (52 male, 53 female). Variability profiles consisting of arrays of values of coefficients of variation were evaluated by means of Friedman's two‐way analysis of variance and Kendall's coefficient of concordance. Although molar teeth were found to be the most dimensionally stable, our results failed to support either the morphogenetic field theory or the occlusal complexity hypothesis. The data presented here are generally supportive of Pengilly's phenotypic complexity theory. However, speciesspecific clustering patterns found in our regressions of dimensional variability on mean tooth size suggest that differences in variability levels might be related to differences in selective pressures.
Use of a club by a wild white‐faced capuchin (Cebus capucinus) to attack a venomous snake (Bothrops asper)
Authors: Boinski S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn Parque Nacional Manuel Antonio, Costa Rica, an adult male Cebus capucinus was observed repeatedly hitting a venomous snake (Bothropsasper) with a branch. Initially a large dead branch overhanging the snake had been broken off in the course of aggressive displays to the snake by the adult and two subadult males. The snake's escape was apparently prevented by the weight of the fallen branch and possibly by the injuries caused by its fall. This is the first direct observation of a capuchin monkey in a natural habitat using a tool.
Primate models to study eccrine sweating
Authors: Elizondo Reynaldo S. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe histochemistry and histology of the eccrine sweat gland in the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) are described. The histochemical distribution and localization of enzymes and substrates are very similar to those found in the human; innervation is cholinergic. Active eccrine glands on the general body surface average 136 glands/cm2. Above the thermal neutral zone (TNZ), sweating is the major avenue for heat loss and the role of panting in dissipating heat is relatively insignificant. The intrahypothalamic administration of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) suppresses sweating and leads to an increase in core temperature. A linear relation is found between local sweat rates on the general body surface and clamped hypothalamic temperature. Studies also provide direct support for the concept that brain temperature and skin temperature interact additively in the control of sweating in higher primates. The functional characteristics of eccrine sweating in the patas monkey (Erythocebus) are qualitatively similar to those in the rhesus monkey. The patas monkey maintains a relatively constant rectal temperature (37.6–38.4°C) when equilibrated to a wide range of ambient temperaures of 15–40°C. Eccrine sweating is the main effector system for heat dissipation above the TNZ. We emphasize here that evaporative heat loss that is due to sweating is related to both mean skin and mean body temperature and at 40°C is 40% higher than that recorded from the rhesus monkey. These results indicate that the patas monkey, because of its high sweating capacity and other similarities with the human eccrine system, is a most appropriate animal model for comparative studies of eccrine sweat gland function in primates in general.
Chromosome studies of Saguinus midas niger (Callithricidae, Primates) from Tucurui, Para, Brazil: Comparison with the karyotype of Callithrix jacchus
Authors: Nagamachi Cleusa Yoshiko , Pieczarka Julio Cesar 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe karotype of Saguinus midas niger was studied by G‐, C‐, and nuclear organizer region (NOR)‐banding techniques. Variations in C‐banding patterns were observed in some chromosomes. The banding patterns obtained were compared with those previously described for Callithrix jacchus. The two species differ by a reciprocal translocation involving pairs 9 and 16; by a paracentric inversion in chromosomes 1, 13, 14, 18, and 22; and by a pericentric inversion in at least four subtelocentric pairs (chromosomes 19, 20, 21, and 22), dislocating the nucleolar organizer region from the small short arm in C. jacchus to the proximal segment of the long arm in S. m. niger (or vice versa). The amount of constitutive heterochromatin is greater in S. m. niger than in C. jacchus, especially in chromosomes 4, 7, and 14. The Y chromosome is smaller in C. jacchus than in S. m. niger.
Sociosexual development, pair bond formation, and mechanisms of fertility suppression in female cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus oedipus)
Authors: Savage Anne , Ziegler Toni E. , Snowdon Charles T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe effect of various social environments on sociosexual behavior was examined in six young female cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus oedipus) and in three established breeding females. Behavioral observations and hormonal samples were collected on young females while they were living with their families, when they were isolated from conspecifics, and after they were paired with an unrelated male. While living with the family, all females showed a suppression of fertility and low frequencies of sociosexual behavior. Following removal from the family, isolated females displayed an increase in rate of scent marking and an increase in hormonal levels. When young females were paired with males, they were exposed to scent secretions from their natal families, from an unfamilar family, and from a control for a total of 24 weeks. After pairing, hormonal levels increased dramatically, and ovarian cyclicity began. An increase in sociosexual behavior and elevated levels of scent marking accompanied this physiological change. Newly paired females had higher rates of affiliative behavior and scent marking than did established breeding females. However, both newly paired and established breeding males were more likely to initiate contact, grooming bouts, and social sniffing than were females. Time to first ovulation was later in females who were exposed to scent secretions from their natal families than it was in those females given a control for the first 8 weeks following pairing. No female conceived during exposure to scent secretions. However, once normal ovarian cycling had begun or a pregnancy was established, exposure to scent secretions had no effect. Thus, the social environment influences the fertility, sociosexual behavior, and pair bond formation of cotton‐top tamarins. In addition, chemical stimuli found in the scent secretions produced by the natal family are most likely involved in reproductive suppression.
Menstrual cycles in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) are unaffected by a single dose of the anesthetics ketamine and xylazine administered during the midfollicular phase at laparoscopy
Authors: Hutz Reinhold J. , Dierschke Donald J. , Wolf Richard C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTo identify an anesthetic regimen that produces more complete relaxation and analgesia than ketamine hydrochloride (Ketaset®) alone, a combination of ketamine (15 mg/kg body weight) and the hypnotic xylazine (Rompun®, 0.33 mg/kg) was evaluated. Since the desired experimental application required that the anesthetic not interfere with normal hormonal events during the menstrual cycle, this combination administered on day 6 of the cycle was tested to determine whether hormonal surges, incidence of ovulation, or cycle length would be altered relative to the use of ketamine alone. In five of six animals, ketamine plus xylazine had no effect on the occurrence of timely surges of estrogen, luteinizing hormone (LH), or follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), or on ovulation as determined by the presence of a corpus luteum at laparoscopy and normal serum concentrations of progesterone. There were no significant differences between the cycle during treatment and previous cycles in the same animal for length of the menstrual cycle (26.0 ± 2.3 [5] days; X̄ ± S.D. [n] or luteal phase (13.4 ± 2.4 [5] days). Likewise, these values did not differ from those of ten control monkeys treated with ketumine only on day 5 or 6 of the cycle (incidence of ovulation, 10/10; cycle length, 27.9 ± 1.8 [10]; luteal phase length, 15.1 ± 1.4 [10], P > 0.05). Patterns of circulating progesterone were not altered by the addition of xylazine anesthesia. These findings indicate that xylazine, given in the midfollicular phase, did not alter ovulatory events or menstrual cycle characteristics in rhesus monkeys. Ketamine plus xylazine apparently provides anesthesia appropriate for laparoscopy.
Effects of physical and chemical restraint on intravenous glucose tolerance test in crested black macaques (Macaca nigra)
Authors: Yasuda Mitsuya , Wolff Joann , Howard Charles F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe effects of physical and chemical restraint on glucose clearance and insulin secretion were evaluated during intravenous glucose tolerance testing in Macaca nigra. Conscious monkeys placed in plexiglas cylindrical restraining devices (CRD) appeared relaxed, but glucose clearance and insulin secretion were impaired. A combination of midazolam with ketamine, compared to ketamine alone, did not cause detectable changes in the intravenous glucose tolerance tests; midazolam also reduced adverse reactions to ketamine and extended the duration of anesthesia. The cylindrical restraining device can be convenient for examining monkeys, but it is limited by its adverse affects on metabolic and hormonal measurements in intravenous glucose‐tolerance tests. Chemical restraint using ketamine with midazolam was more effective than ketamine alone.
Effects of trapping on the vervet (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus) population in Barbados
Authors: Horrocks J. A. , Baulu J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe effects of a 7‐year trapping program on a population of vervets, Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus, in Barbados is described. The pretrapping population was estimated at between 6,000 and 12,000 monkeys. The number trapped annually has increased from less than 200 in 1980 to almost 1,000 in 1986. Despite this, annual catch per trapping effort indicates that population abundance has remained relatively constant. However, the proportion of juveniles to adults in the population has increased markedly, largely because of an increase in the proportion of juvenile females. The data, therefore, suggest that the number of adults in the feral population has been decreasing, while that of juveniles has been increasing. The observation that adults are more vulnerable to trapping than juveniles and the possibility that juvenile survivorship has increased since trapping began may explain these trends. The change in age structure of the population toward juveniles is one explanation for the claimed increase in crop damage in Barbados at constant population size.
Social interactions following parturition in stumptail macaques
Authors: Bruce Katherine E. , Estep Daniel Q. , Baker Suzanne C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe social behavior of six female stumptail macaques (Macaca arctoides) living in a social group of 23–29 individuals was monitored before and after parturition and was compared to the social interactions of six nonpregnant females. Pregnant and control females did not differ in terms of affiliative and most types of agonistic behavior performed or received. After parturition, new mothers interacted with more group members than did control females. New mothers received more grooming initiations but did not differ from control females in the duration of time spent grooming. New mothers also received more frequent contact aggression from adult males and increased frequency of contact aggression toward juveniles. Overall, new mothers received more submissive responses relative to control females. New mothers did not show elevations in overall dominance status, as measured by the direction of agonistic interactions, and still received aggression from dominant individuals at normative rates. These data indicate that new mothers may become focal points for group interactions, but they do not receive more affiliation overall or less aggression than nonmothers.