bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BEHAVIOURAL RESPONSES TO CONSPECIFIC DISTURBANCE CHEMICALS ENHANCE SURVIVAL OF JUVENILE BROOK CHARR, SALVELINUS FONTINALIS, DURING ENCOUNTERS WITH PREDATORS
Authors: Mirza Reehan , Chivers Douglas 
Published: November 2003

AbstractSeveral species of aquatic organisms release chemical cues upon detecting predators. These chemicals may serve to 'warn' nearby conspecifics of the predator and hence have been termed disturbance cues. Disturbance cues are thought to be low-level indicators of risk to which prey animals respond with antipredator behaviour. However, little is known about the distribution of disturbance cues among different taxa or how prey animals use these cues to mediate their risk of predation. In this study we exposed brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) to water from a tank containing cues of disturbed or undisturbed conspecifics at the same time as we exposed them to cues of an unknown predator, northern pike (Esox lucius). In subsequent trials, we staged encounters between the charr and a pike and tested for differences in survival. We found that charr that were exposed to simultaneous cues from disturbed conspecifics and pike odour subsequently avoided the pike significantly more than charr that had been previously exposed to chemical stimuli from undisturbed charr plus pike odour. Moreover, pike took significantly longer to capture charr that had been previously exposed to disturbance cues from conspecifics plus pike stimuli compared to charr previously exposed to cues from undisturbed charr plus pike stimuli. Ours is the first study to demonstrate that detection of disturbance cues can provide a survival benefit during an encounter with a predator.
The European Court of Justice and the EC External Trade Relations: A Legal Analysis of the Court's Problems with Regard to International Agreements
Authors: Leal-Arcas Rafael 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis article explains why the WTOand the various agreements that form an integral part of the Agreement establishing the WTO raise problems and challenges for the Court of Justice of the European Communities (ECJ). It focuses on the role of the ECJ in relation to exclusive and shared competence. The European Community's (EC) specific problems and challenges for the ECJ are partly related to the EC's position in the WTO. In this sense, the opinion of Advocate General Tesauro in Hermès International v. FHT Marketing Choice is helpful for understanding the unitary character of the EC's external trade relations. This article includes a discussion of Hermès v. FHT Marketing concerning the interpretation of Article 50 of the Agreement on TRIPS, annexed to the 1994 Agreement establishing the WTO. The new mechanisms introduced by the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding are perhaps not comparable to the full judicial system within the EU, but they have changed both the rules and the legal culture concerning the adjudication and enforcement obligations. Although the WTO is still an intergovernmental organization, powerful private actors have already learned to manipulate the system to reach legal adjudication under the guise of intergovernmental disputes. This paper concludes that the EC wants to deny 'direct effect' to the WTO. This article offers the conclusion that we must aim at the creation of new standards to judge the applicability of international agreements. Otherwise, by allowing policy makers to decide rather than ECJ, the EC legal order may be at risk.
Preparation and Reactivity of N-Substituted S,S,S-Triphenyliminosulfonium Salts
Authors: Yoshimura Toshiaki , Fujii Takayoshi , Hamata Kouki , Imado Masahiro , Morita Hiroyuki , Ono Shin , Horn Ernst 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
N-Substituted S,S,S-triphenyliminosulfonium salts were prepared by the reaction of S,S,S-triphenylthiazyne with several electrophiles. The molecular structure of N-methyl-S,S,S-triphenyliminosulfonium perchlorate was determined by the X-ray crystallographic analysis. Furthermore, their reactivities were investigated.
Double Stereocontrol in α-Alkylation of Chiral Lithium Dienolates Generated from (E)-α,β-Olefinic Amides and Esters
Authors: Tomooka Katsuhiko , Nagasawa Atsushi , Nakai Takeshi 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The methylation of the lithium dienolate generated from (E)-α,β-olefinic amide with Katsuki’s chiral auxiliary affords the α-methylated β,γ-enamide in an exceptionally high Z-selectivity (99%) over the terminal olefinic bond along with 99% de at the α-chiral center. The origin of the high Z-selectivity is discussed.
ortho-Halogeno Substituents Effect in Asymmetric Cyclization of 4-Aryl-4-pentenals Using a Rhodium Catalyst
Authors: Fujio Masakazu , Tanaka Masakazu , Wu Xiao-Ming , Funakoshi Kazuhisa , Sakai Kiyoshi , Suemune Hiroshi 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Asymmetric cyclization of 4-aryl-4-pentenals by using a cationic [Rh((R)-BINAP)]ClO4 afforded (3R)-3-substituted cyclopentanones; on the other hand, the cyclization of 4-pentenals bearing ortho-halogeno phenyl groups afforded the opposite (3S)-ones.
pH-Dependent Photocurrent Response from Bacteriorhodopsin at Electrode-Electrolyte Interfaces
Authors: Saga Yoshitaka , Watanabe Tadashi , Koyama Koichi , Miyasaka Tsutomu 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The transient photocurrent response of bacteriorhodopsin (bR) at electrode-electrolyte interfaces showed a drastic pH dependence, reversing at a low pH. The ratio of the photocurrent by turning the light off to that at the onset of illumination, Ioff/Ion, decreased systematically from 0.92 to 0 by raising pH. These results can neatly be correlated with the proton release/uptake sequence in the bR photocycle.
Synthesis of Chlorophyll Doped Silica-mesostructure Materials
Authors: Zhou HaoShen , Honma Itaru 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
The photosynthetic molecule chlorophyll(Chl) doping silica mesostructure material can be directly synthesized by self-organized co-assembly of mixing Chl with hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (C16-TMA) surfactant, successfully. X-ray diffraction pattern (XRD) shows a typical hexagonal diffraction pattern of the mesoporous materials with d100 about 35.3 Å. The optical absorption spectra show the typical band (located at about 680 nm) of Chl.
Application of the Integral Equation Approach to the Study of Enthalpic Effects Accompanying Mixed-Gas Adsorption on Heterogeneous Solid Surfaces
Authors: Nieszporek Krzysztof 
Published: November 2003

The possibilities of the Integral Equation approach for describing mixed-gas adsorption equilibria are presented. In this study, the energetic heterogeneity was described through the use of the Gaussian-like adsorption energy distribution function. As a result, very simple equations describing the isosteric heats of mixture components were obtained. The advantage of the model presented is the possibility of predicting the phase diagrams and enthalpic effects accompanying mixed-gas adsorption from a theoretical viewpoint based on pure-component adsorption data. New equations for isosteric heats of component mixtures were examined using the experimental data obtained by Dunne et al. (1996a, b, 1997), i.e. C2H6, CH4 adsorbed on silicalite and CO2, C2H6 adsorbed on NaX zeolite. The calculations are relatively simple and can be applied industrially.
Perceptual Organization in Vision
Authors: Palmer Stephen E. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe field of perceptual organization in vision is surveyed and analyzed from phenomenological, empirical, and theoretical perspectives. Structuralist, Gestaltist, and ecological principles are discussed as a historical backdrop for modern computational theories. A set of basic organizational processes—region segregation, border assignment (orfigure‐ground organization), grouping, and parsing—are presented as underlying the visual system's ability to construct a part‐whole hierarchy of groups, objects, parts, and subparts from input images. Hypotheses about how these processes might be computed and interrelated in the stream of visual processing are also considered in light of both logical and empirical constraints. Further processes ofvisual interpolationand depth perception are required to account for the perception of amodal completion, illusory contours, translucency, and figural scission. Other organizational phenomena are also discussed, including global precedence,frames of reference,figural goodness, andmultistability. Explanations in terms of structural simplicity and ecological likelihood are presented, and their interrelations are discussed.
Attention
Authors: Luck Steven J. , Vecera Shaun P. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe termattentionis used to describe the focusing of cognitive processes onto a subset of the information that is currently available. This focusing is useful whenever a given cognitive process is faced with multiple sources of input, and attention is therefore important across a wide variety of tasks. Attention plays several distinct computational roles, including binding together the features of an object, minimizing interference in working memory, and mitigating the deleterious effects of noise. Recent research also indicates that attention can operate on a variety of different representational formats, including spatial representations and abstract object‐based representations. Most theories of attention have assumed that attention is a unitary process that operates at a single stage of processing, but it is now clear that it operates within different cognitive systems under different conditions. Thus, attentional focusing does not appear to be achieved by a unitary attentional process; instead, focusing appears to be implemented by a collection of partially independent attentional processes that are embedded within other cognitive processes. However, these attentional processes must work together to produce unified behavioral output, and recent research has focused extensively on the control systems that coordinate the allocation of attention.
Knowledge Representation
Authors: Markman Arthur B. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractPsychological theories make assumptions about how knowledge is represented and processed. In this chapter, I begin by defining the concept of representation and discussing the ways that mental representations come to have meaning. Then, I present four different types of representations: spatial representations, featural representations, semantic networks, and structured representations. For each type of representation, I first give an overview of the basic assumptions of the representation, and then present examples of its use in psychological theories. Next, I discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. At the end of the chapter, I consider ways that multiple approaches to representation may be combined. I also discuss principles of testing models of representation.
Reasoning
Authors: Rips Lance J. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractSome current theories portray human reasoning as the result of a single cognitive process that operates in a uniform way across all domains of knowledge. This unitary process handles both entailments (given information guarantees the conclusion) and inductively strong inferences (given information makes the conclusion more likely). Other theories partition reasoning into two or more types that differ according to the domain of knowledge to which they apply, the kind of inference (entailment vs. inductively strong inference) they implement, or other psychological properties (rule‐based vs. similarity‐based, explicit vs. implicit, analytic vs. holistic, decontextual vs. context‐bound, and so on). This chapter surveys both unitary and partitioning theories, as well as the experimental evidence that supports them. Unitary theories run into difficulties with simple inferences that people endorse but the favored method doesn't explain. Partitioning theories gain from flexibility, but often fail to distinguish their component processes in an adequate way. In some cases, evidence for multiple processes may be due instead to multiple knowledge sources; in others, the processes are described too vaguely to do serious psychological work.
Single versus Multiple Systems of Learning and Memory
Authors: Ashby F. Gregory , Ell Shawn W. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis chapter explores the debate between single and multiple systems. The focus is on the methodologies that have been proposed for testing between these two positions: an explicit system that is rule‐based, and an implicit system that operates largely without conscious awareness. In particular, we ask the following questions: 1) What constitutes a separate system? 2) What is the appropriate way to resolve this debate empirically?, and 3) What are the best empirical methodologies for testing between single and multiple systems? Finally, as a model of this debate, we focus on the question of whether human category learning is mediated by single or multiple systems.
Highly Selective Biphasic Telomerization of Butadiene with Glycols: Scope and Limitations
Authors: Behr Arno , Urschey Michael 
Published: November 2003

AbstractHighly selective telomerization reactions of a number of short‐chain glycol nucleophiles with 1,3‐butadiene have been achieved in aqueous biphasic systems employing the water‐soluble catalyst system Pd(acac)2/TPPTS. For all substrates the selectivity for the obtained monotelomers 5–7 reached ≥95% whereas butadiene dimers 3, octadienols 4 and ditelomers like 2 were produced only in trace amounts. The order of reactivity is ethylene glycol>>1,3‐propylene glycol ≈ glycerol>1,4‐butylene glycol, which is in agreement with generally observed trends. The scope and limitations of these reactions are discussed in terms of obtained yields and achievable catalyst productivities (total turnover numbers).
Simple, Mild, and Practical Esterification, Thioesterification, and Amide Formation Utilizing p‐Toluenesulfonyl Chloride and N‐Methylimidazole
Authors: Wakasugi Kazunori , Iida Akira , Misaki Tomonori , Nishii Yoshinori , Tanabe Yoo 
Published: November 2003

AbstractWe have developed an efficient method for the esterification or thioesterification of equimolar amounts of carboxylic acids and alcohols or thiols using a novel reagent, p‐toluenesulfonyl chloride (TsCl) together with N‐methylimidazole. The present method is simple, mild, and reactive, uses readily available and economical reagents. The choice of amine is critical for the present method. The amine, N‐methylimidazole, has two roles: (i) as an HCl scavenger for the initial smooth generation of mixed anhydrides between carboxylic acids and TsCl and (ii) successive formation of highly reactive ammonium intermediates from mixed anhydrides. This method could be applied to various types of carboxylic acids, alcohols, and thiols: a) several functionalities were tolerated; b) two N‐Cbz amino acids were smoothly esterified without racemization; and c) the labile 1β‐methylcarbapenem key intermediate and a pyrethroid insecticide, prallethrin, were successfully prepared. The related amide formation between carboxylic acids and primary or secondary amines was also performed. The proposed reaction mechanism involves a novel method for producing the reactive acylammonium intermediates. The production of these intermediates was rationally supported by a careful 1H NMR monitoring study.
Efficient Asymmetric Synthesis of 2,6‐Disubstituted 2H‐Dihydropyrans via a Catalytic Hetero‐Diels–Alder/Allylboration Sequence
Authors: Deligny Michael , Carreaux François , Toupet Loïc , Carboni Bertrand 
Published: November 2003

Abstract[4+2] Cycloaddition of (E)‐3‐borylacrolein 1 with ethyl vinyl ether, catalysed by chromium complex (1R,2S) or (1S,2R) 2, led to the corresponding cycloadducts with high diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities. Further reaction with aldehydes offers an attractive asymmetric route to synthetically useful substituted 3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐pyrans.
Chemie der Atomlagenabscheidung (Atomic Layer Deposition): jüngste Entwicklungen
Authors: Leskelä Markku , Ritala Mikko 
Published: November 2003

AbstractNeue Materialien, z. B. High‐k‐Dielektrika als Ersatz für SiO2 , Cu als Ersatz für Al und Sperrschichtmaterialien für Cu, revolutionieren die Fertigung moderner integrierter Schaltungen. Entscheidend dabei ist, dass diese Materialien als sehr dünne Filme auf strukturierten Oberflächen abgeschieden werden müssen. Der selbstkontrollierende Wachstumsmechanismus bei der Atomlagenabscheidung (Atomic Layer Deposition, ALD) erleichtert die Steuerung der Filmdicke auf atomarer Ebene und ermöglicht eine Abscheidung auf großen und komplexen Oberflächen. Diese Eigenschaften machen die ALD zu einem vielversprechenden Verfahren zur Fertigung von integrierten Schaltungen, optischen Bauelementen, magnetischen Schreibköpfen und mikroelektromechanischen Systemen. Eine Schlüsselrolle, insbesondere bei der Auswahl der geeigneten Materialvorstufen, spielt die Chemie.
Identification of biochemical markers linked to neonicotinoid cross resistance in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Authors: Rauch Natascha , Nauen Ralf 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), is a serious pest in many cropping systems world‐wide and occurs in different biotypes. The most widespread one is the B‐type, whereas the Q‐biotype is nowadays still mostly restricted to Southern Spain. Neonicotinoid cross‐resistance is known at a high level in Q‐types from Spain and individual samples collected in Italy and Germany. Now we detected for the first time high neonicotinoid cross‐resistance in a B‐type from Israel. Target site resistance to imidacloprid using [3H]imidacloprid in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) binding assays could not be detected in any of these highly resistant strains. The impact of metabolizing enzymes such as esterases, glutathione S‐transferases, and cytochrome P450‐dependent monooxygenases in neonicotinoid resistance was studied biochemically with artificial substrates. Monooxygenase activity was increased 2–3‐fold in moderately resistant strains (RF ∼30) and even 5–6‐fold in highly resistant strains (RF ∼1,000). Only monooxygenase activity correlated with imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and acetamiprid resistance and, therefore, monooxygenases seem to be the only enzyme system responsible for neonicotinoid resistance in B. tabaci Q‐ and B‐types. The oxidative degradation of imidacloprid in resistant Q‐type strains could be confirmed by metabolism studies of [14C]imidacloprid in vivo. Five‐hydroxy‐imidacloprid could be detected as the only main metabolite. The insecticidal activity and binding affinity to nAChR of this compound was 10 times lower than imidacloprid itself in B. tabaci. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 54:165–176, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inheritance of pyriproxyfen resistance in the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Q biotype)
Authors: Horowitz, A. Rami , Gorman Kevin , Ross Gavin , Denholm Ian 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe inheritance of resistance to pyriproxyfen, an insect growth regulator (a juvenoid, with ovicidal and larvicidal activities), was studied in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius). Two parental strains, both belonging to Q biotype, were assayed with pyriproxyfen; a susceptible strain (ALM‐1) originating from Spain and a pyriproxyfen‐resistant one (Pyri‐R) from Israel. The resistance ratio between the two parental strains was approximately 7,000‐fold. Concentration‐mortality lines for F1 heterozygous females from reciprocal crosses (SS♀ X R♂ and RR♀ X S♂) were derived by statistical modelling and proved intermediate to those of the parents. The pooled degree of dominance from both reciprocal crosses was +0.26, indicating that resistance was incompletely or partially dominant. Mortality curves for F2 males produced by virgin F1 heterozygous females displayed a broad plateau at 50% mortality, indicating that resistance to pyriproxyfen in B. tabaci is conferred primarily by a mutant allele at a single locus. The role of arrhenotoky in influencing the mode of inheritance of resistance, and its selection in field populations, is discussed. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 54:177–186, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tryptophan as a probe for acid–base equilibria in peptides
Authors: Marquezin Cássia Alessandra , Hirata Izaura Yoshico , Juliano Luiz , Ito Amando Siuiti 
Published: November 2003

AbstractWe present results of time resolved fluorescence measurements performed in Tryptophan (Trp) derivatives and Trp‐containing peptides in the pH range 3.0–11.0. For each compound a set of decay profiles measured in a given range of pH values was examined as a whole, using the global analysis technique. The data were fitted to two or three lifetime components and the analysis allowed the monitoring of the changes in the concentration of the different species contributing to the total fluorescence in that pH interval. The decay components were sensitive to the ionization state of groups neighboring the indol ring, and pK values for the equilibrium between protonated and deprotonated species were obtained from the preexponential factor of the lifetime components. In Trp, protonation of the amino terminal of the rotamer having electron transfer rate comparable to fluorescence decay rates was responsible for the interconvertion of a long lifetime component, to the 2.9 ns component usually observed in neutral pH. TrpX peptides also have a single rotamer dominating the decay that is quenched by NH. X–Trp peptides seem to be conformationally less restricted, and it is possible that rotamers interconvertion occur in high pH, increasing the population of nonquenched rotamers. Interconvertion between rotameric conformations of Trp are also present in the titration of ionizable groups in the side chain of peptides like His–Trp and Glu–Trp and control of pH is essential to the correct interpretation of fluorescence data in the study of peptides having such groups near to the Trp residue. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 71: 569–576, 2003