bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can electronic medical images replace hard‐copy film? Defining and testing the equivalence of diagnostic tests
Authors: Obuchowski Nancy A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractElectronic medical images are an efficient and convenient format in which to display, store and transmit radiographic information. Before electronic images can be used routinely to screen and diagnose patients, however, it must be shown that readers have the same diagnostic performance with this new format as traditional hard‐copy film. Currently, there exist no suitable definitions of diagnostic equivalence. In this paper we propose two criteria for diagnostic equivalence. The first criterion (‘population equivalence’) considers the variability between and within readers, as well as the mean reader performance. This criterion is useful for most applications. The second criterion (‘individual equivalence’) involves a comparison of the test results for individual patients and is necessary when patients are followed radiographically over time. We present methods for testing both individual and population equivalence. The properties of the proposed methods are assessed in a Monte Carlo simulation study. Data from a mammography screening study is used to illustrate the proposed methods and compare them with results from more conventional methods of assessing equivalence and inter‐procedure agreement. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experience with an efficient parallel kernel memory allocator
Authors: McKenney Paul E. , Slingwine Jack , Krueger Phil 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThere has been great progress from the traditional allocation algorithms designed for small memories to more modern algorithms exemplified by McKusick's and Karels' allocator (McKusick MK, Karels MJ. Design of a general purpose memory allocator for the 4.3BSD UNIX kernel. In USENIX Conference Proceedings, Berkeley, CA, June 1988). Nonetheless, none of these algorithms have been designed to meet the needs of UNIX kernels supporting commercial data‐processing applications in a shared‐memory multiprocessor environment.On a shared‐memory multiprocessor, memory is a global resource. Therefore, allocator performance depends on synchronization primitives and manipulation of shared data as well as on raw CPU speed.Synchronization primitives and access to shared data depend on system bus interactions. The speed of system buses has not kept pace with that of CPUs, as witnessed by the ever‐larger caches found on recent systems. Thus, the performance of synchronization primitives and of memory allocators that use them have not received the full benefit of increased CPU performance.An earlier paper (McKenney PE, Slingwine J. Efficient kernel memory allocation on shared‐memory multiprocessors. In USENIX Conference Proceedings, Berkeley, CA, February 1993), describes an allocator designed to meet this situation. This article reviews the motivation for and design of the allocator and presents the experience gained during the seven years that the allocator has been in production use. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DirectJ: Java APIs for optimized 2D graphics
Authors: Bellotti Francesco , Berta Riccardo , De Gloria Alessandro , Poggi Andrea 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe ever more widespread diffusion of Java interfaces and animations has highlighted the performance problems of the Java graphics environment. We have analysed the bottleneck and created a set of APIs that support direct access to platform specific hardware resources for graphics acceleration. We have also re‐implemented standard APIs in order to allow transparent direct access also by programs using standard JFC. The improvement in performance of about one order of magnitude encourages the utilization of Java for realizing fluid animations on large windows. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developing Java applications for a nuclear fusion experiment: a test case for Java applicability in a demanding environment
Authors: Manduchi Gabriele 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe paper describes the experience gained in the development of Java applications in a nuclear fusion experiment. Two Java tools for graphical data display and experiment configuration set‐up are presented as case studies. Based on these tools, the results derived by the application of some metrics for object oriented software and by the analysis of the design patterns imported in the applications are presented to highlight the effective code reuse achieved with Java. The main issues in the applicability of Java in a demanding environment are then introduced and a few weaknesses of the language are finally discussed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
NR‐grep: a fast and flexible pattern‐matching tool
Authors: Navarro Gonzalo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe present nrgrep (‘non‐deterministic reverse grep’), a new pattern‐matching tool designed for efficient search of complex patterns. Unlike previous tools of the grep family, such as agrep and Gnu grep, nrgrep is based on a single and uniform concept: the bit‐parallel simulation of a non‐deterministic suffix automaton. As a result, nrgrep can find from simple patterns to regular expressions, exactly or allowing errors in the matches, with an efficiency that degrades smoothly as the complexity of the searched pattern increases. Another concept that is fully integrated into nrgrep and that contributes to this smoothness is the selection of adequate subpatterns for fast scanning, which is also absent in many current tools. We show that the efficiency of nrgrep is similar to that of the fastest existing string‐matching tools for the simplest patterns, and is by far unmatched for more complex patterns. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Half a century of programming and a spark of light
Authors: Barnes John 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this issue JOHN BARNES continues with a summary of a few programming languages that he has had the pleasure or misfortune to use and generally concludes that their design has been a series of missed opportunities. The paper concludes, however, with a glimmer of hope that, in one small corner of England, something good is emerging. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Excitatory synapses from CA3 pyramidal cells onto neighboring pyramidal cells differ from those onto inhibitory interneurons
Authors: Aaron Gloster B. , Dichter Marc A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe glutamatergic pyramidal cell (PYR) to pyramidal cell synapse was compared to the PYR to inhibitory interneuron (INT) synapse in area CA3 of rat hippocampal roller‐tube cultures. Paired‐pulses and tetanic stimulations of a presynaptic PYR were conducted utilizing dual whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings of either two PYRs or of a PYR and visually identified stratum oriens INT. Differences in synaptic characteristics were observed, depending on the postsynaptic target cell. Across cell pairs the variation of EPSC amplitudes was much larger for postsynaptic PYRs than for INTs. EPSCs recorded from INTs had faster rise times and shorter decays than those recorded in PYRs. There were also differences in the short‐term plasticity of these synapses. Dual PYR:PYR recordings during paired‐pulse stimulation at 100 ms interstimulus intervals demonstrated no modulation of EPSC amplitudes, while PYR:INT synapses showed paired‐pulse depression. During trains of action potentials, the PYR:PYR EPSCs followed the presynaptic action potential train reliably, with little depression of EPSCs, while PYR:INT EPSCs demonstrated failures of transmission or profound depression after the initial EPSC. These results indicate multiple differences at both the pre‐ and postsynaptic level in the characteristics of pyramidal cell synapses that depend on the postsynaptic target's identity as either PYR or INT. Synapse 42:199–202, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative ultrastructure of slowly adapting lingual afferent terminals in the principal and oral nuclei in the cat
Authors: Zhang Li Fen , Moritani Masayuki , Honma Shiho , Yoshida Atsushi , Shigenaga Yoshio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPrevious studies provide evidence that a structure/function correlation exists in the cytoarchitectonically different zones of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. To extend this relationship, we examined the ultrastructural features of trigeminal primary afferent neurons in the cat dorsal principal nucleus (Vpd) and the rostrodorsomedial oral nucleus (Vo.r) using intra‐axonal labeling with horseradish peroxidase and morphometric analyses. All labeled boutons contained round synaptic vesicles. Eighty‐two percent of the boutons in the Vo.r and 99% of the boutons in the Vpd were presynaptic to nonprimary dendrites. The remaining boutons in the Vo.r were presynaptic to somata (8%) or primary dendrites (10%). The average number of postsynaptic profiles per labeled bouton did not differ in the Vpd and Vo.r. Most labeled boutons in the two nuclei were postsynaptic to unlabeled axon terminals with pleomorphic vesicles (p‐ending). The number of p‐endings per labeled bouton was higher in the Vpd than Vo.r A morphometric analysis indicated that labeled bouton volume and apposed surface area were larger in the Vpd than Vo.r while active zone area and vesicle number did not differ. All these parameters were larger than those of p‐endings in each nucleus. In both labeled boutons and p‐endings, the parameters were positively correlated with bouton size. These results suggest that sensory information conveyed through trigeminal afferents is more strongly controlled at the level of the first synapse by presynaptic mechanisms in the Vpd than in the Vo.r, while the efficacy of transmission at primary afferent synapses does not differ. Synapse 41:96–111, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anticocaine catalytic antibodies have no affinity for RTI compounds: Implications for treatment
Authors: Kuhar Michael J. , Carroll F. Ivy , Bharat Narine , Landry Donald W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPotential medications for cocaine abusers include: anticocaine catalytic antibodies, which could serve as circulating peripheral blockers of cocaine that prevents its action in the brain; and 3‐phenyltropane cocaine analogs, which could serve as potent, selective, and long‐lasting substitutes that reduce drug‐seeking. In order to evaluate the compatibility of these agents, we measured if a catalytic antibody would bind and interact with some cocaine analogs. Anticocaine catalytic antibody 15A10 had no significant affinity for RTI‐51, RTI‐112, or RTI‐177 as examined by ELISA. They exhibited high affinity for the immunogen TSA1 in the same experiment, as expected. Because the antibody and the RTI compounds do not interact, they are candidates for simultaneous use. Synapse 41:176–178, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
μ‐Opioid receptors in the ventral tegmental area are targeted to presynaptically and directly modulate mesocortical projection neurons
Authors: Svingos Adena L. , Garzón Miguel , Colago Eric E.O. , Pickel Virginia M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMesocorticolimbic projections originating from dopaminergic and GABAergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) play a critical role in opiate addiction. Activation of μ‐opioid receptors (MOR), which are located mainly within inhibitory neurons in the VTA, results in enhanced dopaminergic transmission in target regions, including the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). We combined retrograde tract‐tracing and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry to determine if neurons in the VTA that project to the mPFC contain MOR or receive input from MOR‐containing terminals. Rats received unilateral injections of the retrograde tracer Fluoro‐Gold (FG) into the mPFC. Tissue sections throughout the VTA were then processed for electron microscopic examination of FG and MOR. Immunoperoxidase labeling for FG was present in VTA cell bodies that contained immunogold‐silver particles for MOR that often were contacted by profiles exclusively immunoreactive for MOR, including somata and axon terminals. The majority of dually labeled profiles were dendrites that received convergent input from unlabeled axon terminals forming either symmetric or asymmetric type synapses. Within retrogradely labeled cell bodies and proximal dendrites, MOR immunoreactivity was mainly sequestered within the cytoplasm. In contrast, distal retrogradely labeled dendrites contained MOR gold particles located along the plasma membranes. These data suggest that opiates active at MOR in the VTA modulate cortical activity through 1) presynaptic actions on MOR in terminals contacting mesocortical cell bodies, and 2) direct activation of MOR in distal dendrites of projection neurons. Synapse 41:221–229, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age differences in muscarinic cholinergic receptors assayed with (+)N‐[11C]methyl‐3‐piperidyl benzilate in the brains of conscious monkeys
Authors: Tsukada Hideo , Kakiuchi Takeharu , Nishiyama Shingo , Ohba Hiroyuki , Sato Kengo , Harada Norihiro , Takahashi Kazuhiro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAge‐related changes in muscarinic cholinergic receptors were evaluated with the novel ligand (+)N‐[11C]methyl‐3‐piperidyl benzilate ((+)3‐MPB) in the living brains of young (5.9 ± 1.8 years old) and aged (19.0 ± 3.3 years old) monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in the conscious state using high‐resolution positron emission tomography (PET). For quantitative analysis of receptor binding in vivo, metabolite‐corrected arterial plasma radioactivity curves were obtained as an input function into the brain, and kinetic analyses using the three‐compartment model and graphical Logan plot analysis were applied. Kinetic analyses of [11C](+)3‐MPB indicated a regionally specific decrease in the receptor binding in vivo determined as binding potential (BP) = k3/k4 in aged animals compared with young animals. Thus, the frontal and temporal cortices as well as the striatum showed age‐related reduction of muscarinic cholinergic receptors in vivo, reflecting the reduced receptor density (Bmax) determined by Scatchard plot analysis in vivo. In the hippocampus, although BP of [11C](+)3‐MPB indicated no significant age‐related changes, it showed an inverse correlation with individual cortisol levels in plasma. When the graphical Logan plot analysis was applied, all regions assayed showed significant age‐related decrease of [11C](+)3‐MPB binding. These results demonstrate the usefulness of kinetic three‐compartment model analysis of [11C](+)3‐MPB with metabolite‐corrected arterial plasma input as an indicator for the aging process of the cortical muscarinic cholinergic receptors in vivo as measured by PET. Synapse 41:248–257, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Release of enzyme strain during catalysis reduces the activation energy barrier
Authors: Kagamiyama Hiroyuki , Hayashi Hideyuki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSeveral mechanisms have been considered as principal factors in enhancing the catalytic reaction velocity of enzymes: approximation, covalent catalysis, general acid‐based catalysis, and strain. Among them, the strain on the substrate and/or the enzyme is often found to be brought about on association of the substrate and the enzyme. If this strain is released in the transition state, it contributes to enhancing the kcat value, although it does not change the kcat/Km value. In aspartate aminotransferase, however, we found by analysis of the Schiff base pKa values that the unliganded enzyme carries a strain in the protonated Schiff base formed between the coenzyme pyridoxal phosphate and a lysine residue. This bond is cleaved in most of the reaction intermediates, including the transition state. As a result, the activation energy between the free enzyme plus substrate and the transition state is decreased by 16 kJ/mol, equal to the value of the strain energy. The net effect of this strain is enhancement (103‐fold) of the catalytic efficiency in terms of kcat/Km, the more important indicator of the catalytic efficiency at low concentration of the substrate. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and The Japan Chemical Journal Forum Chem Rec 1: 385–394, 2001
Exencephaly in a subset of animals heterozygous for AP‐2α mutation
Authors: Kohlbecker Andreas , Lee Anna E. , Schorle Hubert 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundTranscription factor AP‐2α has been implicated as a cell‐type‐specific regulator of gene expression during vertebrate embryogenesis based on its expression pattern in neural crest cells, ectoderm, and the nervous system in mouse, chick, and frog embryos. AP‐2α is prominently expressed in cranial neural crest cells, a population of cells migrating from the lateral margins of the neural folds during closure of the neural tube in E (embryonic day of development) 8–9 mouse embryos. Homozygous AP‐2α mutant mice die perinatally with cranio‐abdominoschisis, full facial clefting, and defects in cranial ganglia and sensory organs.MethodsMice heterozygous for the AP‐2α mutation on a 129/Sv strain were crossed with wildtype mice from the strain 129/Ola. The resulting embryos were genotyped, examined and used for histological analysis.ResultsA subset of animals heterozygous for the AP‐2α mutation develop a midbrain exencephaly after the mutation was crossed for one generation in the 129/Ola mouse strain. Up to 14% of the animals show a failure of the cranial neural folds to close resulting in a partial exencephaly, all of them being heterozygous for the mutation. The affected animals show reduced rostrocaudal dimensions of the skull and malformations of the bones of the cranial vault. The neural tube defects vary from pure midbrain exencephaly to a forebrain/midbrain exencephaly where the proliferating neural tissue covers the eyes completely.ConclusionsThe results support a role of AP‐2α in the etiology of exencephalic disorders. The phenotype observed might be due to a downregulation of the remaining allele suggesting the presence of an upstream modifier gene. Teratology 65:213–218, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exposure–disease continuum for 2‐chloro‐2′‐deoxyadenosine, a prototype ocular teratogen. 1. Dose‐response analysis
Authors: Wubah Judith A. , Setzer R. Woodrow , Lau Christopher , Charlap Jeffrey H. , Knudsen Thomas B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundTreatment of pregnant mice with 2‐chloro‐2′‐deoxyadenosine (2CdA) on day 8 of gestation induces microphthalmia through a mechanism coupled to the p53 tumor suppressor gene. The present study defines 2CdA dosimetry with respect to exposure (pharmacokinetics), p53 protein induction, and disease (microphthalmia).MethodsPregnant CD‐1 mice dosed with 0.5–10.0 mg/kg 2CdA on day 8 provided fetuses for teratological evaluation; 2CdA was measured by HPLC in the antimesometrium through 180 min postexposure, and p53 was assessed with immunostaining of the embryo through 270 min. 5′‐/3′‐RACE was used to sequence the candidate gene for 2CdA bioactivation from target cells.ResultsMicrophthalmia appeared first in the dose‐response curve. The highest 2CdA dose having no observable adverse effect (NOAEL) was 1.5 mg/kg; the benchmark dose that produced an extra 5% risk of microphthalmia (BMD5) was 2.5 mg/kg, and the lower confidence limit (BMDL) was 2.0 mg/kg. Pharmacokinetic parameters for doses encompassing the threshold (1.5–2.5 mg/kg) were modeled at 1.0–1.8 μM (Cmax) and 30–80 μM‐min (AUC). The p53 response was not detected below the BMDL; however, a low‐grade response appeared 4.5 hr after a teratogenic dose (5.0 mg/kg), and high‐grade induction followed an embryolethal dose (10.0 mg/kg). RACE identified a novel splice variant of mitochondrial deoxyguanosine kinase, dGK‐3, as the likely candidate for 2CdA bioactivation in the embryo.ConclusionsMicrophthalmia represented the critical effect malformation of 2CdA. The findings suggest a mitochondrial mechanism for 2CdA bioactivation, leading to an embryonic p53 response only after 2CdA elimination and implying pharmacodynamic coupling to the exposure–disease continuum. Teratology 64:154–169, 2001. Published 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rare earth experimental L x‐ray fluorescence cross‐sections at 13 and 14 keV with synchrotron radiation
Authors: Barrea Raúl A. , Bonzi Edgardo V. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractExperimental determinations of L x‐ray fluorescence cross‐sections for elements with 64 ≤ Z ≤ 70 at 13 and 14 keV were carried out with synchrotron radiation. The experimental set‐up provided a linearly polarized monoenergetic photon beam producing a very low background, which improved the signal‐to‐noise ratio and reduced the experimental uncertainties. Results of the experimental cross‐sections obtained for the L lines were grouped considering the transitions scheme, the energies of the emission lines and the detector's resolution. The data obtained were compared with theoretical data using two different data tables. Very good agreement was found between our experimental values and the theoretical values calculated using Puri et al.'s data. A new set of ω1, f12 and f13 coefficients for Gd were also used to calculate theoretical cross‐sections and the experimental values were in excellent agreement. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
EPMA line analysis of chemical states of chromium
Authors: Hashimoto Satoshi , Fujiwara Yukihiko , Kitahara Yasuko , Tsuchiya Yasuo , Nishimura Toshiyasu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA novel technique for determining the chemical states of elements with a heterogeneous distribution in samples involving EPMA line analysis is proposed. LLS (linear least squares) calculation was applied to a set of reduced spectra measured in the line analysis. The reduced spectra which have several energy points (including two points for backgrounds) were measured in order to save measuring time. The LLS calculation gives the mole fraction of each chemical state. We applied this method to the analysis of corrosion products formed on Cr‐containing steel after corrosion tests. EPMA mapping revealed that Cr is enriched only in the inner layer of the corrosion products. From the results of the LLS calculation, it was determined that Cr in the corrosion products exists in the trivalent Cr state whereas in the steel Cr is in the metallic state. This result corresponds to the spectra of characteristic x‐rays from the corroded steel. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Background spectrum of synchrotron radiation‐excited total reflection x‐ray fluorescence for Si wafer analysis
Authors: Shin N. S. , Chang C. H. , Koo Y. M. , Padmore H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the synchrotron radiation‐excited total reflection x‐ray fluorescence (SR‐TXRF) determination of surface contaminants on Si wafers, the minimum detection limit is intrinsically determined by the background spectrum. The absolute counts of background spectra for the whole energy range concerned was calculated under the usual SR‐TXRF experimental conditions and was compared with measurements. The detection limits for contaminants near the surface of Si wafers within a few atomic layers were evaluated from the calculated background spectrum and the fluorescence signal under given experimental conditions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.