bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of repertory grids in clinical practice
Authors: Leach Chris , Freshwater Kate , Aldridge Jan , Sunderland Joanne 
Published: February 2003

Objective. This paper illustrates the use of several different forms of analysis of repertory grid data, using a case study of a client who completed repertory grids at various stages of therapy.Method. Participants in a survivors' group completed grids before and after therapy and at 3‐ and 6‐month follow‐up. Grids from one of the participants, who had been sexually abused as a child, are presented using different levels of analysis: visual inspection of the raw grid; analysis of dissimilarities between pairs of elements or constructs; hierarchical cluster analysis of elements and constructs both separately and combined; principal components analysis; biplot representation of elements and constructs combined; multidimensional scaling analysis and unfolding analysis. The latter two methods also provide ways of presenting a combined analysis of a number of grids. Computer packages are reviewed, and SYSTAT commands are presented to perform the analyses.Results. The review of methods illustrates how different levels of analysis can usefully back up clients' own accounts of progress through therapy, from detailed analysis of individual ratings in the raw grid, through analyses that pull out structural patterns at the expense of detail, to the broad sweep provided by methods that combine data from a number of grids.Conclusions. Analysis of repertory grids completed at various stages of therapy can provide useful qualitative information on progress, but can also provide some simple quantitative measures (such as Self‐Ideal Self discrepancy as a measure of self esteem) to track progress. Different forms of analysis can be informative, highlighting different aspects of progress, but also allowing checks on adequacy and goodness‐of‐fit of particular analyses.
Interpretation of congruent and incongruent affective communications in paranoid schizophrenia
Authors: Davis Penelope J. , Stewart Katherine D. 
Published: February 2003

Objective. It was hypothesized that people with paranoid schizophrenia would differ from depressed and normal participants in their interpretation of complex communications in which the affect conveyed verbally was either congruent or incongruent with the affect conveyed non‐verbally.Design. A 3 (group) × 3 (positive, negative, neutral facial expression) × 3 (positive, negative, neutral verbal content) experimental design was used. There were eight participants per group, and the paranoid and depressed groups comprised inpatients in an acute psychiatric facility for either their first or second psychiatric episode.Methods. Participants, tested individually, were asked to interpret the affect conveyed by the various communications presented.Results. All participants interpreted most of the communications in a similar way. Paranoid schizophrenia patients, however, differed in their interpretation of communications in which negative feelings were expressed verbally. In contrast to both the normal and depressed groups, the paranoid schizophrenia group interpreted these communications as virtually devoid of any affect whatsoever.Conclusions. Paranoid schizophrenia patients show an information‐processing bias in response to communications involving both congruent and incongruent negative verbal content. It is not obvious why the bias observed would be specific to negative verbal messages and not extend to negative non‐verbal messages. Replication and further study are required.
Social cognition and subclinical paranoid ideation
Authors: Martin James A. , Penn David L. 
Published: February 2003

Objective. A number of cognitive biases have been identified relevant to persecutory thought (e.g. exaggerated self‐serving bias). Moreover, findings of increased depressed mood in conjunction with high levels of self‐esteem have contributed to theories of persecutory ideation (e.g. Bentall, Kinderman, Kaney, 1994). Using a nonclinical sample, the present study sought to expand upon previous research by examining the linear relationship between persecutory ideation and multiple clinical and social cognitive variables.Design. A cross‐sectional design was used. Correlational and multiple regression analyses were conducted.Method. One hundred and ninety‐three undergraduate students were administered a battery of questionnaires which assessed the following domains: Paranoid ideation, depression, social anxiety, self‐monitoring, attributional style and self‐esteem.Results. Higher levels of paranoid ideation were significantly associated with greater depressed mood, social anxiety and avoidance, evaluation apprehension, self‐monitoring and lower self‐esteem. There were no significant associations between paranoid ideation and attributional biases.Conclusions. These findings suggest that mood, anxiety and perceptions of the self are related to paranoid ideation in a nonclinical sample. These findings are tempered, however, by studying a nonclinical sample and the self‐report measures of paranoid ideation that might be assessing multiple aspects of paranoid thought (e.g. ideas of reference).
Effects of visuospatial tasks on desensitization to emotive memories
Authors: Kavanagh David J. , Freese Stefanie , Andrade Jackie , May Jon 
Published: February 2003

Objective. Intrusive memories of extreme trauma can disrupt a stepwise approach to imaginal exposure. Concurrent tasks that load the visuospatial sketchpad (VSSP) of working memory reduce the vividness of recalled images. This study tested whether relief of distress from competing VSSP tasks during imaginal exposure is at the cost of impaired desensitization.Design. This study examined repeated exposure to emotive memories using 18 unselected undergraduates and a within‐subjects design with three exposure conditions (Eye Movement, Visual Noise, Exposure Alone) in random, counterbalanced order.Method. At baseline, participants recalled positive and negative experiences, and rated the vividness and emotiveness of each image. A different positive and negative recollection was then used for each condition. Vividness and emotiveness were rated after each of eight exposure trials. At a post‐exposure session 1 week later, participants rated each image without any concurrent task.Results. Consistent with previous research, vividness and distress during imaging were lower during Eye Movements than in Exposure Alone, with passive visual interference giving intermediate results. A reduction in emotional responses from Baseline to Post was of similar size for the three conditions.Conclusion. Visuospatial tasks may offer a temporary response aid for imaginal exposure without affecting desensitization.
Future‐directed thinking in eating disorders
Authors: Godley Joanne , Tchanturia Ketevan , MacLeod Andrew , Schmidt Uirike 
Published: February 2003

Objective. The aim of the study was to examine future‐directed thinking in individuals with eating disorders, given the possible role of such cognitions in the maintenance of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa.Method. Twenty‐six anorexics, 18 bulimics and 34 female controls were interviewed using the “Future Thinking Task”, assessing quantitative and qualitative aspects of positive and negative anticipated events.Results. Patients with anorexia nervosa had similar levels of positive future‐oriented cognitions and significantly more negative future‐oriented cognitions than controls. The most common positive themes in this group concerned the social/interpersonal and leisure/pleasure domains. The negative theme most commonly mentioned by anorexics was that of their own health, followed by the social/interpersonal domain, whereas controls were most preoccupied with achievement/failure and a broad range of other issues. Bulimics had significantly fewer positive future‐oriented cognitions and significantly more negative future‐oriented cognitions than controls, most commonly concerning the patient's own health.Conclusion. In anorexia nervosa, anticipated positive future outcomes may to some extent help to maintain the disorder; however, these patients are also highly preoccupied with the possibility of negative future outcomes, i.e. a failure of recovery. Bulimia nervosa sufferers are relatively hopeless about their future. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
The effects of specific retrieval instruction on social problem‐solving in depression
Authors: Goddard Lorna , Dritschel Barbara , Burton Andrew 
Published: February 2003

Objective. We examine the proposal that social problem‐solving in depression may be improved with the retrieval of specific autobiographical memories.Design and methods. Social problem‐solving was assessed with the Means‐End Problem‐Solving task (MEPS; Platt & Spivack, 1975a). Depressed and non‐depressed participants were required either to retrieve a specific memory prior to generating a MEPS solution (primed condition) or to report on the memories retrieved during MEPS performance after giving their MEPS solution (non‐primed condition). Participants also judged whether the memories retrieved had been helpful or unhelpful for the process of solution generation.Results. In both depressed and non‐depressed individuals, priming increased specific memory retrieval but did not improve MEPS performance. An interaction between depression and priming revealed that priming increased the retrieval of helpful memories in the depressed sample.Conclusions. Specificity is not, in itself, a sufficient retrieval aim for successful social problem‐solving. However specific memory priming may be beneficial in depression because it facilitates the recognition of memories which are helpful for problem‐solving.
The Challenging Behaviour Scale (CBS): Development of a scale for staff caring for older people in residential and nursing homes
Authors: Moniz‐Cook Esme , Woods Robert , Gardiner Eric , Silver Miriam , Agar Sharon 
Published: February 2003

Objective. A review of behavioural rating scales identified the need for a measure of resident behaviours that staff in care homes for older people find difficult to manage. A 25‐item, broad‐based rating scale, the Challenging Behaviour Scale (CBS), was developed to meet this need and its psychometric properties were examined.Design. Cross‐sectional surveys.Methods. Ratings of 484 residents, living in 16 homes across England, were used to examine four methods of collecting inter‐rater reliability data. Ratings of 382 residents living in 13 homes were used to evaluate criterion validity and to establish norms. Six further homes were used to explore qualitatively the validity of the suggested norms. Ratings of 98 residents living in four further homes were used to examine concurrent validity. The predictive validity of the CBS ‘challenge’ score was evaluated, using time‐sampled direct observation of challenging behaviour in 237 residents, living in 11 homes.Results. The scale records staff reports of the incidence, frequency and ‘management difficulty’ of resident behaviour and it can also identify ‘challenging residents’ through a computed score. It has good internal consistency, good test‐retest reliability and adequate validity. Inter‐rater reliability is good when staff receive training or when staff groups of at least three, of mixed qualifications, complete the scale. Norms are suggested for prospective studies of the prevalence of challenging behaviour.Conclusions. The CBS is quick to complete and may have potential for the evaluation of psychosocial interventions in care settings. It is, as far as we know, the first staff observational rating scale that is based on the reports of care staff, who constitute the backbone of residential care provision. Suggestions for improvements in criterion and content validity are outlined.
The revised version of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED‐R): Treatment sensitivity in an early intervention trial for childhood anxiety disorders
Authors: Muris Peter , Mayer Birgit , Bartelds Emilie , Tierney Sandy , Bogie Nicole 
Published: February 2003

Objective. The revised version of the Screen for Childhood Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED‐R) is a recently developed self‐report questionnaire for measuring DSM‐IV defined anxiety disorder symptoms in children. The current study examined the treatment sensitivity of the SCARED‐R.Methods. Thirty‐six children (aged 8‐13 years) who fulfilled the criteria for generalized anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, and/or social phobia received either group or individual cognitive‐behavioural treatment. Children completed the SCARED‐R and a traditional measure of childhood anxiety, the State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC), at three points in time: (1) 6 months before treatment (i.e. baseline), (2) pre‐treatment, and (3) post‐treatment.Results. Results showed that children's SCARED‐R and STAIC scores did not change from baseline to pre‐treatment, but significantly declined from pre‐treatment to post‐treatment. An additional finding of the present study was that group and individual CBT were equally effective in reducing children's anxiety symptoms.Conclusions. It can be concluded that the SCARED‐R reliably taps treatment effects and thus should be regarded as a useful self‐report index of childhood anxiety in clinical and research settings. Furthermore, the data support the notion that CBT should be generally regarded as an efficacious intervention for anxiety disordered children.
The relevance of lowered personal control for patients who have stoma surgery to treat cancer
Authors: McVey Joanne , Madill Anna , Fielding Dorothy 
Published: February 2003

Objective. The objective of this study was to explore the experience of patients who had stoma surgery to treat cancer in order to explicate why problems associated with stoma surgery are not decreasing despite technical improvements in stoma care.Design. A longitudinal design was used in order to capture the process of preparing for surgery and dealing with its aftermath. Participants were interviewed using a semi‐structured protocol on three occasions; 1‐2 weeks before surgery (eight participants), 1‐2 weeks after surgery (seven participants), and 3 months after surgery (four participants).Method. Transcripts were analysed guided by the procedures of grounded theory. This involved developing categories from the data and linking them together to form a conceptual understanding of our participants' experience.Results. Lowered personal control was the most important concept to emerge from the analysis. We identified perceived causes of lowered control, its mitigating factors, the strategies used to manage this experience and the consequences of these processes.Conclusions. We make three recommendations based on the conclusion that improvements could be implemented in the psychological aspects of stoma care and, in particular, the enabling of patient perceived self‐efficacy. First, improvements could be made in doctor‐patient communication with doctors becoming more aware of their psychological impact on patients. Second, specialist stoma care nurses could be trained to recognize patients with dysfunctional self‐efficacy beliefs and/or delayed adaptation. Finally, we identify a need for more prolonged practical emotional support for at least some stoma out‐patients.
Affective reactions to auditory hallucinations in psychotic, evangelical and control groups
Authors: Davies Martin F. , Griffin Murray , Vice Sue 
Published: February 2003

Objective. Building on recent work on the similarities and differences in delusional ideation between psychotic and religious populations (Peters, Day, McKenna, & Orbach, 1999), the experiences of auditory hallucinations in psychotic, evangelical and control groups were examined in this study.Method. The incidence and subjective experiences of hearing voices were assessed using questionnaire methods in psychotic out‐patients, evangelical Christians and controls (non‐psychotic, non‐evangelical).Results. Incidence of auditory hallucinations differed significantly across the three groups with psychotics showing the highest levels and controls the lowest levels. The experiences of the evangelical group were significantly more positive than those of the control group, which in turn were significantly more positive than those of the psychotic group. The most recent experience of hearing voices was rated more positively than the first experience by the psychotic and religious groups but not by the control group. These findings were much stronger for affective reactions to the experiences than for perceptions of the voices.Conclusion. These results provide only partial support for the findings of Peters et al. (1999) on differences in delusional ideation and possible reasons for this are discussed. The findings for religious and psychotic individuals are discussed further in terms of interpretational and coping mechanisms.
An investigation of models of illness in carers of schizophrenia patients using the Illness Perception Questionnaire
Authors: Barrowclough Christine , Lobban Fiona , Hatton Chris , Quinn Joanne 
Published: February 2003

Objective. Although carers' reactions to schizophrenic illness in a close family member may have important implications for the patient and for themselves, little is known of factors that influence the way carers respond. In the area of physical health problems, people's models of their illness or illness representations have been found to be related to the ways they react and cope with their illness. This study examines the use of a modified form of the Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ) to investigate illness models in a sample of carers of schizophrenia patients.Methods. Forty‐seven carers participated. The psychometric properties of the modified IPQ were examined, and a number of carer and patient outcomes were investigated in relation to carer scores on the illness identity, consequences, control‐cure and timeline subscales of the modified IPQ. These outcomes included measures of carer distress and burden, expressed emotion dimensions, and patient functioning.Results. The modified IPQ was found to be a reliable measure of carers' perceptions of schizophrenia. Carer functioning, the patient‐carer relationship and patient illness characteristics were associated with different dimensions of illness perceptions.Conclusions. The findings support the proposal that carer cognitive representations of the illness may have important implications for both carer and patient outcomes in schizophrenia.
The utility of dimensional and categorical approaches to understanding dissociation in the eating disorders
Authors: Waller Glenn , Ohanian Vartouhi , Meyer Caroline , Everill Joanne , Rouse Helen 
Published: February 2003

Objective. The present study compared levels of dissociation across groups of eating‐disordered women, investigating the utility of dimensional and categorical measures of dissociation in understanding diagnoses and behaviours in the eating disorders.Methods. The Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES‐II) was completed by 170 eating‐disordered women (drawn from out‐patient assessment clinics) and 203 nonclinical women. The clinical group also supplied information regarding eating behaviours and related features (alcohol abuse, reported history of sexual abuse). The DES‐II and a subset of its items (DES‐Taxon) were used as dimensional and categorical discriminators of the groups and of the presence/absence of specific features and symptoms.Results. When treated as dimensional measures, the DES‐II and DES‐Taxon had similar levels of clinical utility (particularly discriminating the binge‐purge anorexics from the other clinical groups). However, the DES‐Taxon was a superior categorical measure, discriminating groups more clearly and predicting the presence of many symptoms and features much more powerfully.Conclusion. The DES‐Taxon is a potentially valuable self‐report measure for indicating the level and presence of dissociative psychopathology in the eating disorders. As well as being convenient to administer and score, it has the clinical and research value of indicating those patients in whom treatment might need to include addressing pathological dissociation.
Predicting onset of depression: The Vulnerability to Depression Questionnaire
Authors: Moran Patricia M. , Bifulco Antonia , Ball Caroline , Campbell Caroline 
Published: February 2003

Objective. The development of a self‐report questionnaire capable of assessing cognitive and interpersonal vulnerability factors for clinical depression is described. The Vulnerability to Depression Questionnaire (VDQ) was developed to provide a brief, economical alternative to the Self‐Evaluation and Social Support interview (SESS; O'Connor & Brown, 1984), assessing negative evaluation of self, negative interaction with partner or child and lack of a support figure.Design. The VDQ was tested in a prospective study of community‐based women who were contacted on three occasions over the course of approximately 1 year, to: (i) compare the VDQ's capacity to categorize vulnerability compared with the SESS interview, and (ii) to test the VDQ's prediction of onset of clinical depression during the follow‐up.Method. Selected nondepressed respondents completed the VDQ and were interviewed to determine their vulnerability using the SESS. They were reinterviewed on two further occasions during the follow‐up period, and the VDQ was also re‐administered at the time of first follow‐up. Onset of clinical depression during the follow‐up was assessed by interview at each contact.Results. Comparison of VDQ and SESS interview classification of participants' vulnerability at first contact indicated that the questionnaire had good sensitivity and specificity. Test‐retest scores for the VDQ indicated satisfactory levels of reliability. VDQ scores also predicted onset of clinical depression in the follow‐up period.Conclusions. Results suggest that the VDQ is an economical and effective means of screening large populations for the purposes of risk assessment, to aid future research into clinical depression and to facilitate the implementation of intervention strategies.
Normative data for the HADS from a large non‐clinical sample
Authors: Crawford J. R. , Henry J. D. , Crombie C. , Taylor E. P. 
Published: February 2003

Objective. To provide normative data for the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS).Design. Repeated measures and correlational.Methods. The HADS was administered to a non‐clinical sample, broadly representative of the general adult UK population (N = 1792) in terms of the distributions of age, gender and occupational status. Correlational analysis was used to determine the influence of demographic variables on HADS scores.Results. Demographic variables had only very modest influences on HADS scores. The reliability of the HADS is acceptable; the Anxiety and Depression scales are moderately correlated (.53). Tables to convert raw scores to percentiles are presented for females and males.Conclusions. The present normative data allow clinicians to assess the rarity of a given HADS score, and thus provide a useful supplement to existing cut‐off scores.