bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of hydrocortisone and triamcinolone inhibition of scale and feather development
Authors: Fisher Cynthia J. , Sawyer Roger H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHydrocortisone (30–40 μg on day 10) and triamcinolone (10–20 ng on day 7–8) both inhibit or alter morphogenesis of scales and feathers. However, there are marked temporal and region‐specific differences in the effects induced by these two glucocorticoids. Triamcinolone (TAC) is most teratogenic on day 7 or 8, inhibiting formation of spurs and feathers and inducing club feather formation. Hydrocortisone is most teratogenic later in development, on day 10. Unique hydrocortisone‐induced responses are complete inhibition of scutellate scale formation, bent feathers, and apteria around the external auditory meatus. Altered synthesis of keratin polypeptides follows inhibition of scale morphogenesis by hydrocortisone and TAC. These in vivo data suggest that heterogeneity of glucocorticoid binding occurs in embryonic chick metatarsal skin. Survival data indicate that TAC is 2,000 times more embryotoxic than hydrocortisone.
Yolk sac failure in embryopathy due to hyperglycemia: Ultrastructural analysis of yolk sac differentiation associated with embryopathy in rat conceptuses under hyperglycemic conditions
Authors: Pinter Emese , Reece E. Albert , Leranth Csaba Z. , Sanyal Mrinal K. , Hobbins John C. , Mahoney Maurice J. , Naftolin Frederick 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDiabetes mellitus in pregnancy is associated with an increased incidence of various congenital anomalies that occur during organogenesis. Because a well functioning yolk sac is crucial to embryonic growth and development during this period, we performed an ultrastructural study of the effects of excess glucose (total glucose 750 mg/dl, osmolality 305 mOsm/kg) on pregnancy day 10 (Witschi stage 13) rat conceptuses cultured for 48 hr in heat‐inactivated male rat serum with and without added d‐ or l‐glucose. Embryos exposed to excess d‐glucose demonstrated decreased conceptus size (P < 0.001), and gross malformations in a dose‐related fashion. The visceral yolk sac capillaries and vitelline vessels of conceptuses in excess d‐glucose were sparse, patchy, and nonuniformly located. Ultrastructurally, the visceral yolk sac endodermal cells had reduced numbers of rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, and mitochondria. These obvious defects in yolk sac structure suggest that hyperglycemia during organogenesis has a primary deleterious effect on yolk sac function with resultant embryopathy.
Scalp neoplasm associated with cranium bifidum in a 24‐week human fetus
Authors: Barr Mason , Heidelberger Kathleen P. , Dorovini‐Zis Katerina 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPrenatal ultrasonography at 24 weeks disclosed a fetus with a large mass protruding from the occiput. The mass was an invasive, undifferentiated mesenchymal neoplasm of the scalp associated with a defect in the occipital bone (cranium bifidum). The tumor may have derived from neural crest at the site of rhombencephalic closure. The tumor itself would seem to be a sporadic event, but the cranium bifidum may imply a recurrence risk of 2–3% for future pregnancies.
Perinatal cannabinoid exposure: Effects on hepatic cytochrome P‐450 and plasma protein levels in male mice
Authors: Dalterio S. , Thomford P. J. , Michael S. D. , DeAngelo L. , Mayfield D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMaternal exposure to the major psychoactive Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), or to the nonpsychoactive cannabinol (CBN) or cannabidiol (CBD) on day 12 of gestation, or on day 1 postpartum, affected the concentrations of hepatic cytochromes P‐450 in adult male offspring. Levels of P‐450 were significantly increased in adult males prenatally exposed to cannabinoids, but were reduced after postnatal exposure. The response to exogenous testosterone was also differentially affected by perinatal cannbinoid exposure, with reduced plasma androgen in males prenatally to THC or CBN. There was a concomitant decrease in plasma albumin and increased γ‐globulin in adult males postnatally exposed to CBN. Beta‐globulin levels were also significantly increased in adult males exposed to cannabichromine (CBC) on day 1 postpartum. Cannabinoid exposure during perinatal periods of development exert effects on hepatic function, plasma androgen levels, and on the immune system. These effects may reflect the ability of perinatal cannabinoid exposure to interfere with androgen‐mediated processes of differentiation.
Renal functional teratogenesis resulting from adriamycin exposure
Authors: Kavlock Robert J. , Rogers Ellen H. , Rehnberg Blair F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPregnant Sprague‐Dawley rats were exposed to adriamycin and offspring were evaluated for renal functional competence. Exposure consisted of 0, 1.0 or 1.5 mg/kg/day by intraperitoneal injection on either gestational days 7–10 or 10–12. The exposed offspring were evaluated for 1) growth and viability; 2) serum concentrations and renal clearances of creatinine, urea, glucose, sodium, potassium, chloride, and total osmotic particles; 3) the ability to excrete an osmotically concentrated urine following fluid deprivation; 4) the ability to excrete an osmotically dilute urine following isotonic volume expansion; and 5) the ability to secrete hydrogen ions following administration of a fixed acid. Exposure during days 7–10 of gestation produced greater evidence of overt developmental toxicity than did exposure during days 10–12 of gestation. The reverse was true, however, for the effects of adriamycin on renal function, as the majority of effects on these measures were found in the high dose pups exposed during days 10–12 of gestation. The application of the renal function tests did not lower the observed effect level for adriamycin‐induced developmental toxicity, but it did provide confirmatory information on the nature of the effect, on the magnitude of the effect in the exposed population, and on the possible morphological site of observed functional lesion. For reasons discussed in the text, a combination of the basal clearance test and the renal concentrating test appears to provide the most efficient means for detecting the presence of prenatally induced functional alterations of the kidneys.
Syngeneic spleen cell immunization induces high mortality among progeny in mice
Authors: Pechan Peter A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSyngeneic spleen cell immunization of C57BL/6J females prior to syngeneic matings resulted in significant perinatal and postnatal mortality and increased abnormality among progeny. Thus female recipients of transplants and transfusions from major histocompatibility complex (MHC) compatible donors might effect some risk to their progeny.
The natural history of gastroschisis during fetal life: Development of the fibrous coating on the bowel loops
Authors: Tibboel D. , Vermey‐Keers C. , Klück P. , Gaillard J. L. J. , Koppenberg J. , Molenaar J. C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPatients with gastroschisis have a paraumbilical defect of the anterior abdominal wall through which bowel loops protrude. These bowel loops are edematous and covered by a fibrous coating. The moment of occurrence of gastroschisis as well as the development of the fibrous coating are unknown. This prompted an investigation of 26 human embryos and fetuses with gastroschisis at various developmental stages (crown‐rump length 25–240 mm) and two stillborn fetuses (gestational age 30 weeks) with gastroschisis, as well as resected material from ten newborns (gestational age 33–40 weeks) operated for gastroschisis. Progressive changes of the serosa were only noted after the 30th week of gestation and consisted of an amniotic fluid peritonitis and progressive fibrosis. The changes are in agreement with experimental data and correlate with changes in the composition of amniotic fluid. The findings prove that gastroschisis is a very early occurrence, while the fibrous coating is a late development.
An epidemiological study on the effect of N, N′‐methylene‐bis‐(2‐amino‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole) (MATDA) on outcomes of pregnancy
Authors: De‐Kun Li , Qi‐Dong Zhou , Xing‐Bo Qin , Rong‐Min Sun , Xi‐Lan Zhu , He‐Jian Cheng , Cheng‐Su Wang , Jian‐Ping He , Chao Qian , Shou‐Zhen Xue , Xue‐Qi Gu 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA retrospective cohort study on the effect of the suspected teratogenic pesticide N, N′ ‐methylene‐bis‐(2‐amino‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole) (MATDA) on outcomes of pregnancy was conducted. The exposed group (6,173 pregnancies) was composed of childbearing women who, during their gestation, consumed rice harvested from a field where MATDA had been applied. The control I group (10,145) came from an adjacent county where MATDA had never been used; the control II group (3,326) consisted of women who had been pregnant previous to the introduction of this pesticide in the same region as the exposed group. The validity of the survey was verified by comparability and data checking studies. After adjustment for the calendar year, maternal age, and pregnancy order, no significant differences were found in rates of spontaneous abortion, fetal death and stillbirth, birth defects, as well as in sex ratio and birth weight between the study groups. The same result was found in the comparison of individual categories of malformation. The rates of the birth defects were 23.84, 21.49, and 22.78 per 1,000 live births for the exposed, internal, and external control groups, respectively. No dose‐response relationship was revealed. The results were consistent with previous reports and indicated the difference between animal experiments and human exposures. Although MATDA is teratogenic in animals, it is clear that the pesticide does not adversely effect outcomes of pregnancy in humans as currently applied.
Prevention of caffeine‐induced limb malformations by maternal adrenalectomy
Authors: Moriguchi Masahide , Scott William J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCaffeine at high doses is a known rodent teratogen and induces limb malformations along with cleft palate in various strains of rats and mice. Fujii and Nishimura ('74) postulated that caffeine was teratogenic by virtue of catecholamine release from maternal or embryonic tissue. We tested this hypothesis by surgically removing the maternal adrenal gland on day 6 of pregnancy and then administering 175 mg/kg of caffeine intraperitoneally at 1600 h day 11 and 900 h day 12. The teratogenic effects of caffeine in adrenal‐ectomized versus nonadrenalectomized AKR mice were assessed in day 18 fetuses. Thirty percent of the surviving offspring were malformed in caffeinetreated, nonadrenalectomized dams compared to 7% of the offspring from adrenalectomized dams. Therefore we believe caffeine teratogenesis is initiated by release of catecholamines from the maternal adrenal gland.
Pulmonary hypoplasia in chondrodystrophic mice
Authors: Seegmiller R. E. , Cooper C. A. , Houghton M. J. , Carey J. C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLungs of day‐18 fetal mice with hereditary chondrodysplasia (cho) were examined histologically and biochemically for pulmonary hypoplasia. Compared with normal littermate controls, the mutant's lungs were smaller by 37 (wet weight) and 22% (dry weight). Total DNA and protein per whole lung were decreased by 13 and 19%, respectively. The significantly smaller‐than‐normal terminal sacs observed in histological sections of the mutant's lungs corresponded with the greater difference (37%) in lung wet weight. The developmental mechanism for this disorder was further explored by examining the volumes of thoracic cavity and amniotic fluid. the volume of the thoracic cavity of newborn mutants was less than half that of controls, suggesting that the pathogenetic mechanism for the hypoplastic lungs in chondrodysplastic mice includes thoracic dystrophy. Measurement of the amniotic fluid volume revealed polyhydramnios in the mutant, thereby ruling out oligohydramnios as a mechanism. The relevance of this study to human pulmonary hypoplasia in short‐limb chondrodystrophy is discussed.
Developmental anomalies induced by all‐trans retinoic acid in fetal mice: I. Macroscopic findings
Authors: Yasuda Yoshiko , Okamoto Masaharu , Konishi Hiroyoshi , Matsuo Takuya , Kihara Takahide , Tanimura Takashi 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe administration of a single dose of all‐trans retinoic acid on day 8 of gestation to pregnant mice, ICR strain, led to malformed fetuses in all of the litters. All‐trans retinoic acid (RA) was dissolved in olive oil and given in doses of 60 or 40 mg/kg of body weight. The control mice were given vehicle alone. Examination on day 18 of gestation of the fetuses exposed to 60 mg/kg showed various malformations, such as exencephaly, exophthalmus, micrognathia, agnathia, cleft palate, cleft lower lip, spina bifida, atresia ani, tail anomalies, agenesis of the kidneys, or hydronephrosis. In the fetuses exposed to 40 mg/kg, isolated cleft palate was much more common than in those exposed to 60 mg/kg. Double‐stained preparations of bone and cartilage showed cranio‐facial anomalies and axial skeletal anomalies: a‐ or hypogenesis of palatine or maxillary bones, tympanic ring, squamosal temporal bone or otic ossicles in cartilage, and fusion of basioccipital to basisphenoid and maxilla, zygomatic and mandibular bones; a‐ or hypogenesis of caudal vertebrae and supernumerary thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. These results indicate that anomalies comparable to those seen in the infants of mothers treated with isotretinoin, 13‐cis retinoic acid, during pregnancy can also be induced in mice and suggest that the site affected by RA may be neural crest cells, including those in the cephalic and caudal regions, and cells committed to somitic mesoderm in the trunk region.
Reproductive and teratogenic effects of fentanyl in Sprague‐Dawley rats
Authors: Fujinaga Masahiko , Stevenson Joseph B. , Mazze Richard I. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFemale Sprague‐Dawley rats were administered fentanyl continuously using chronically implanted osmotic minipumps for 2 weeks before breeding and during the entire period of pregnancy. Three different fentanyl dosage regimens were emplyed, i.e., 10, 100, and 500 μg/kg/day. Reproductive indices were determined and the 1,046 offspring delivered at cesarean section were examined for external, visceral, and skeletal abnormalities. There were no major or minor reproductive abnormalities or teratogenic findings in any of the fentanyl‐treated groups. We conclude that fentanyl is devoid of adverse reproductive effects in this strain of rats up to dosages of 500 μg/kg/day administered by osmotic minipumps. From a methodologic point of view, osmotic minipumps facilitate study of the reproductive effects of narcotics as they allow delivery of dosages that ordinarily would not be tolerated without producing severe respiratory depression.
Congenital malformations and maternal smoking during pregnancy
Authors: Shiono Patricia H. , Klebanoff Mark A. , Berendes Heinz W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe relationship between smoking during pregnancy and congenital malformations was studied in prospective studies of 33,434 live births in the Kaiser‐Permanente Birth Defects Study and 53,512 live births in the Collaborative Perinatal Project (CPP). In the Kaiser study, statistically significant positive associations (P < .05) were observed for ventral hernias, omphaloceles, and „other major gut abnormalities,”︁ but, for each comparison the estimates were based on one or two unexposed cases. Statistically significant negative associations were found for ventricular septal defects (odds ratio, 0.5 [95% confidnece interval, 0.2–0.96]), hydroceles (0.7 [0.6–0.9]), clubfoot (0.7 [0.6–0.9]), pigmented nevi (0.7 [0.6–0.9]), hemangiomas (0.8[0.7–0.98]) and Down syndrome (0.2[0.1–0.9]). To determine if the findings noted above were an artifact of multiple comparisons, seven of these nine malformations were analyzed by smoking status for women in the CPP. All but one of the associations were not confirmed in the CPP. Previously described associations between smoking and specific congenital malformations were also tested using data from the CPP. We conclude that smoking is unlikely to be responsible for a large increase in malformations at birth.
Uptake and blood pressure studies in the chick embryo following treatment with a teratogenic dose of dopamine
Authors: Borkowf Anne , Kolesari Gary L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe report on the ventricular pressor response and regional (head, heart, and body) uptake of dopamine hydrochloride (DA) following topical application of a teratogenic dose to the stage 24 chick embryo. Embryos treated with DA exhibited a significant increase in mean ventricular blood pressure (MVBP) at 0.5 and 1 hour after treatment when compared to salinetreated control embryos. The time of the elevated MVBP correlated with the time of the peak uptake of DA in the embryonic heart. Even though the level of DA in the heart remained high for 9 hours, there was no measurable increase in blood pressure beyond 1.5 hours, suggesting unresponsiveness to DA or perhaps conversion of DA to its metabolites. These experiments have correlated a physiologic response of a known cardiovascular teratogen to its uptake in the embryo.
Morphogenesis of isotretinoin‐induced microcephaly and micrognathia studied by scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Irving Delilah W. , Willhite Calvin C. , Burk Dorothy T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIsotretinoin ingestion during the first trimester of human pregnancy can induce malformations of the skull, ears, face, central nervous system, eyes, palate, lungs, circulatory system, limbs, and digits. A single oral dose of isotretinoin on day 8 of gestation in hamsters induces a similar syndrome of congenital malformation. The present study concerned scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observation of embryonic and fetal hamster craniofacial structures at 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hr after administration of an oral dose of 50 mg/kg isotretinoin or an equivalent volume of the vehicle. The variability in development among control embryos recovered 4 hr after treatment precluded objective assessment of pathologic change by SEM at very early time points. Craniofacial damage was obvious within 8–12 hr of isotretinoin treatment, and it included hypoplasia of the maxillary and mandibular processes of the first branchial arch, a rudimentary second arch, and apparent collapse of the forebrain. Equivalent fusion between the lateral nasal process and the maxillary process and between the medial nasal process and the maxillary process in treated and control embryos accounts for the very low incidence of cleft lip observed in fetuses. The terminal microstomia was not associated with excessive merging or overgrowth of the first arch components. Hypoplasia of the first arch can account for retinoid‐induced macrostomia and microstomia.
Diplomyelia: Caudal duplication of the neural tube in mice
Authors: Cogliatti S. B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDiplomyelia (duplication of the neural tube or spinal cord) was studied histologically in nine cases of T/+ mouse embryos at 10–15 days of gestation. Grüneberg investigated T/+ fetuses and interpreted the extra neural tube to be notochord, but a reexamination of this material demonstrated that the interpretation is incorrect. Diplomyelia is produced in the mutations Fused, Kinky, vestigial tail, homozygous Brachyury, and t‐haplotype t9 and in the new mutation, NM 529, described here.
Campomelic syndrome: Concepts of the bowing and shortening in the lower limbs
Authors: Lazjuk G. I. , Shved I. A. , Cherstvoy E. D. , Feshchenko S. P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA comprehensive study (bone roentgenography, arteriography, gross dissection, microscopy of the long bones, and biochemical study of proteoglycan‐aggregates in the hyaline cartilage) of the lower limbs in a fullterm stillborn with the campomelic syndrome was performed. Hyaline cartilage immaturity of the long bones, dysplasia of growth plates, focal shaft dysplasia, and a defective length of the posterior femur and crus muscles were revealed. The genesis of the bowing and shortening of the long bones in the lower limbs is discussed.
Embryotoxicity of sex steroidal hormones in nonhuman primates: II. Hydroxyprogesterone caproate, estradiol valerate
Authors: Hendrickx A. G. , Korte R. , Leuschner F. , Neumann B. W. , Poggel A. , Binkerd P. , Prahalada S. , Günzel P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTwo sex steroid compounds which have been used clinically for parenteral supportive therapy of pregnancy were examined for embryotoxic effects in rhesus and cynomolgus macaques. Hydroxyprogesterone caproate (HPC) alone or in combination with estradiol valerate (EV) were administered intramuscularly (i.m.) to pregnant monkeys at 7‐day intervals between 20 and 146 days of gestation and fetuses were examined following cesarean section at 150 ± 2 days. HPC alone was tested in both species at doses ranging from 0.01 × to 10 × the human dose equivalent (HDE); only rhesus monkeys were exposed to the HPC + EV combination at 0.1 × to 10 × HDE. Total embryole‐thality resulted following the administration of HPC alone and combined with EV at 1 × and 10 × HDE in rhesus monkeys; the level of abortions in cynomolgus monkeys exposed to HPC (0.1 × to 1 × HDE) was comparable to controls. A small number of nonspecific malformations and developmental variations observed in cynomolgus fetuses after HPC exposure were considered to be incidental findings. No anomalies were found in surviving rhesus monkey fetuses treated with HPC + EV. The results indicate that long‐term in utero exposure to the progestin, HPC, alone or in combination with EV in rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys, is embryolethal but not teratogenic at doses up to ten times the human therapeutic dose.
Anatomical defects associated with a feathering mutant (Ottawa naked) in domestic fowl
Authors: Fulton J. E. , Wenger B. S. , Wenger E. L. , Crawford R. D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn autosomal recessive mutation (Ottawa naked, nk) that causes abnormal feathering, fusion of the third and fourth toes, and low viability has been reported previously in the chicken. In the present study mutant individuals were examined from three different stocks: the original one in which the mutant was found and two outbred F2 stocks. Defects of the tail region were observed in all mutants from the original stock (20/20) and in 64% (16/25) of the mutants produced from the outcrossed stocks. The severity of the defects ranged from mild distortion and scoliosis of the coccygeal vertebrae to absence of all vertebrae from the lumbosacral level caudad. Forty percent (16/40) of the mutants from the original stock lacked caudal portions of the kidneys to varying degrees. Edematous areas were observed in 22% (15/67) of the embryos examined at 14 days of incubation. Other defects observed in the mutant embryos but not studied in detail are abnormal patterning or absence of scales, absence of the caudal spinal cord in embryos with severe rumplessness, and failure of the three metatarsal bones to fuse into a single element. Since all structures affected in the mutants differentiate primarily from or may be dependent upon the mesoderm, it is suggested that the site of gene action lies within this germ layer. A decrease was observed in both incidence and severity of the various defects following outcrossing, which suggests the presence of modifiers that influence the expression of the trait.