bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An overview of emergency relief system design practice
Authors: Fisher Harold G. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractCost effective loss prevention requires an optimizing strategy to prevent, moderate (relieve) and contain runaway reactions. Ensuring that an emergency relief system design will either avoid or accommodate two‐phase vapor‐liquid flow is of particular importance. Use of adiabatic runaway reaction test information in combination with digital computer simulation is a powerful method to design an emergency relief system.
Worker hazard communications: The regulatory framework
Authors: West A. S. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMaterial Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) are a key element in the communication of chemical hazards in the workplace. Their use has grown far faster than earlier anticipated. This paper describes aspects of the regulatory requirements in the United States, in Canada, and in Europe. Some concern is expressed that the length and complexity of some of the data sheets currently being published may be deleterious to the original intent.
Structured packings for use in oxygen service: Flammability considerations
Authors: Dunbobbin B. R. , Werley B. L. , Hansel J. G. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMetallic structured packings have found increasing use in the cryogenic distillation of air. An experimental program was performed to test the flammability of selected metal packings under simulated high oxygen concentration operating conditions. Aluminum flammability in gaseous oxygen has been shown to be very dependent upon argon dilution, and in the presence of liquid oxygen, strong energy releases have been observed. Brass packing exhibited an unexpectedly high relative flammability whereas copper has been found to be non‐flammable in all tested oxygen purities. These findings suggest the use of copper structured packing in higher purity GOX/LOX regions of an air separation distillation column and aluminum structured packing in the remainder of the column.
Case history of a deflagration involving an organic solvent/oxygen system below its flash point
Authors: Kohlbrand Henry T. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractA deflagration occurred in a pilot scale vessel containing an oxygen atmosphere and an organic solvent well below the flash point. This was unexpected since the experiment had been carried out on a smaller scale over 50 times. Further investigation of the incident showed that the loading of the vessel and agitation system produced a flammable mist which was capable of explosion at temperatures below the flash point. Simulation studies of the mist conditions in a controlled flammability system were also conducted. Ignition sources were also investigated and at least two were shown to be feasible.
Experimental errors in predictions of thermal hazards
Authors: Duswalt Allen A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractPredictions of critical conditions for thermal runaways are generally based on heat balance models using experimentally generated heat and kinetic data. The accuracy of the predictions depends on the fit of the models and the quality of the thermal data. The relative importance of these factors to the calculated critical reaction conditions are discussed. Some additional procedures for evaluating and improving results are recommended.
Design of quench system for runaway reactions using bench‐scale equipment
Authors: Singh Jasbir , Boey David 
Published: June 2004

AbstractRunaway chemical reactions are a potential problem in many sectors of the chemical industry. The typical hazard scenario involves a batch (or semi‐batch) chemical reaction where, due to an operator error or instrument failure, the reaction temperature begins to accelerate rapidly. The rise in temperature is, of course, accompanied by a rise in pressure and in order to prevent vessel rupture, some means of protection must be provided. The common approach to overpressure protection in the industry is to fit a relief device to the reactor vessel in question; the device opens at a predetermined pressure and, provided it is sized correctly, the maximum pressure can be kept within acceptable limits. The Design Institute for Emergency Relief Systems (DIERS), organized through the auspices of the AIChE [1], undertook several years of research to develop the methodology for the sizing of relief systems to cope with runaway reactions. The emphasis in industry has changed so considerably since the DIERS work that companies are interested in avoiding the release of chemicals to the environment in addition to preventing equipment damage. This adds considerable complexity to the relief system and must be evaluated with the same thoroughness as the vent design.
Guidelines for technical management of chemical process safety
Authors: Schreiber Sanford 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe American Institute for Chemical Engineers formed the Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS) in March, 1985, shortly after the Bhopal tragedy. CCPS has published several technical guidelines and has sponsored needed research projects to fill gaps in technology. In addition, CCPS has sponsored several international symposia in the interest of providing forums for the interchange of the latest technology in the prevention of catastrophic events.
Dow Chemical Western Division Research pre‐operational review for new projects
Authors: DesJardin Michael , Gustafson Douglas , Helling Richard , Ladd Mary Jo , Steele Kent , Vanderhoof Danae 
Published: June 2004

AbstractPrevious authors have documented reviews for design projects prior to construction [1,2]. Very little has been written about research reviews and systems to adequately review new projects. Within the Dow Chemical U.S.A. Research community, a different set of procedures have been developed at each site. The process discussed in this report is the most documented review system of any site within Dow Chemcial U.S.A. Research.
The process safety impact of distributed control systems
Authors: Franke Walter L. , Zodeh Oli M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractExperience has shown that a Distributed Control System (DCS) can provide enhanced process monitoring and control capabilities, as well as system self‐diagnostics, that permit increased safety of process operations. However, this enhanced safety does not come about automatically with the installation of a DCS. The complexity and versatility of the DCS can introduce new failure scenarios leading to process upset and potential relization of process hazards. This paper reviews some novel considerations that should be taken into account when conducting process hazards reviews on facilities controlled by a DCS.
Hydrodynamic aspects of venting for vessels containing viscous fluids
Authors: Skouloudis Andreas N. , Kottowski Heinz M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractNine depressurization experiments for vessels containing water, freon‐114 and high viscosity fluids have been analyzed. These experiments were carried out at different plants and provide information about the dependence of the depressurization process on the size of the vessel, the type of vent installed, and the initial conditions. The differences of venting into the atmosphere or venting into a catch tank have been also examined. The accuracy of the two‐phase flow model used for the analysis of these experiments has been demonstrated by comparisons with steady state data referring to co‐current liquid/vapor flow as well as to batch type of flows, where the liquid phase is stagnant.
Reliability performance of fault‐tolerant digital control systems
Authors: Paula Henrique M. , Roberts Michael W. , Battle Ronald E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThis paper presents the results of a generic reliability analysis of fault‐tolerant digital control systems (F‐T DCS). This analysis differs from previous efforts at estimating the reliability performance of F‐T DCS in the sense that this analysis relies extensively on actual experience with redundant computer systems rather than on theoretical evaluations. The dominant contributors to the frequency of failure of F‐T DCS are (1) failures within common or shared equipment, (2) software failures, and (3) inadvertent operator actions. Other contributors include loss of electric power, spurious signals that originate from within the DCS, lack of coverage, common cause failure (CCF) of redundant hardware, CCF of instrument channels, and physical damage from externally initiated events (e.g., high temperature). Much variation is expected in the reliability performance of F‐T DCSs. Although some systems may operate for 10 or 15 years without experiencing system failures, other systems may fail several times during the same time interval. This variation is expected among systems of different architectures as well as among systems of the same architecture. Because most failures of DCSs can be traced to some kind of CCF, particularly software failures and inadvertent operator actions, CCFs should probably receive more attention than they are presently given when selecting an F‐T DCS.
The role of instrumentation and process controls in minimizing accidental releases
Authors: Hill Ronald 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMost accidental releases are the result of either mechanical failures or measures taken to prevent such failures, such as, venting through emergency vents, relief valves, or rupture discs. Where the mechanical failure is the result of defective materials, inadequate design, or external factors, little can be done by means of instrumentation to prevent the release. It may be possible, however, to reduce the flow. Many failures are due to process upsets such as overpressure, internal explosions, and runaway reactions. The probability of these failures occurring can be substantially reduced by proper instrumentation.
Exothermic reactions of DCPD and protection against them
Authors: Ahmed M. , Lavin M. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractDicyclopentadiene (DCPD), which is usually considered inert, undergoes exothermic reactions at high temperatures. These reactions initially lower the pressure but ultimately can generate very high pressures. Adiabatic and nonadiabatic laboratory data are presented and characterized into a kinetic model. Strategies are described for safeguarding against potentially high temperatures in DCPD containing vessels and for relieving overpressures should runaway reactions occur.
Documentation of hazard and operability studies
Authors: Freeman Raymond A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe recently enacted Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 [1] and the proposed OSHA Process Safety Management Standard [2] both require that hazard evaluations be completed on all facilities that handle hazardous chemicals. Reports of the hazard evaluations must be kept on file and will be subject to inspection during an OSHA compliance audit. This paper outlines those concepts that are important in the preparation of the documentation of a Hazards and Operability (HAZOP) study.
Notes on a few vapor suppression techniques
Authors: Martinsen William E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWater‐based foams that are commonly used to extinguish pool and tank fires of flammable liquids can also be used to suppress the vaporization of flammable liquids pools prior to ignition. To suppress vaporization from pools of water‐soluble or water‐reactive chemicals, specialized foams or dry chemical agents may be more effective than typical low expansion, water‐based foams. Water‐based high expansion foams can be used to mitigate hazardous vapor clouds created by vaporization from pools of some liquefied gases. This paper discusses the advantages and limitations of these vapor suppression techniques.
Workshop on unconfined vapor cloud explosions
Authors: Mancini R. A. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to summarize the principle points made during the course of the workshop, identify (to whatever extent is possible) a consensus position of the panel members on key issues, and to review research needs as identified by the panel. No attempt will be made to summarize each panel members' individual presentation, as such, since there was considerable overlap both in the presentation topics and in the subsequent discussions.
Relief system design scope of CCPS effluent handling guidelines
Authors: Huff James E. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe forthcoming CCPS Guidelines for Effective Handling of Emergency Release Effluents includes the methodology for defining effluent flow rates and characteristics during emergency pressure relief event. The intent is to provide the user with relief systems in a typical process unit without requiring expert assistance or access to other documents. Cases requiring special design training and methodology due to combinations of multi‐phase, multi‐component, reactive, geometric and thermodynamic complexities are identified and illustrated in the Guidelines. However, the complete design technology for such cases is beyond the scope of these Guidelines; reference is given to applicable documents.
Using material data in static hazard assessment
Authors: Britton Laurence G. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMinimum ignition energy (MIE) test methods for gases, liquid mists and dust suspensions are reviewed. A compilation of gas MIEs is given and applications described both in assessing static ignition risks for flammable liquids and the basic requirements for static grounding. The relevance of liquid electrical properties is discussed and a large compilation provided. MIE interpretation problems are discussed with emphasis on dust suspensions.
Measuring process safety management
Authors: Sweeney Joseph C. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractMany companies are developing and implementing Process Safety Management (PSM) systems. Various PSM models, including those by the Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS), the American Petroleum Institute (API), the Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA) and OSHA have emerged to guide the design, development and installation of these systems. These models represent distillations of the practices, methods and procedures successfully used by those who believed that a strong correlation exists between sound PSM practices and achieving reductions in the frequency and severity of process incidents.This paper describes the progress of CCPS research toward developing a PSM performance measurement model. It also provides a vision for future CCPS research to define effectiveness indices.
Toronado risk analysis
Authors: Rutch Christine , Anselmo Kenneth J. , Linney Robert E. , Sheesley John H. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe object of this analysis was to estimate the frequency of tornadoes with certain wind speeds hitting areas of concern, and to display this information easily and understandably. The results serve as a tool for risk analysis and loss prevention for industrial complexes, which can have large structures that are vulnerable to tornado destruction. A database containing detailed information about 31,000 tornadoes occurring across the U.S.A., was obtained. The frequency, total damaged area, and wind speed of tornadoes occurring across the country were calculated from the historical data. This information was used to quantify the risk of tornado occurrence. The results were reported on a color‐coded map detailing the probabilities in 1° × 1° areas, where they can be easily understood and distributed.
More bang for the buck: Getting the most from accident investigations
Authors: Anderson S. E. , Skloss R. W. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractAn Incident Investigation system based on a combination of Fault Tree Analysis logic and the Deming Principles of Systems and Quality was developed during a three‐year period. The system was given an excellent test in the investigation of the explosion of a tank car filled with methacrylic acid. In this case, the Event Tree constructed during the investigation was easily converted into a Fault Tree. The Fault Tree so constructed was then used to evaluate the effectiveness of proposed corrective changes to the production, loading, and analytical systems before the changes were actually implemented. By making use of these tools to guide the addition of feedback loops (“And” Gates in fault Tree terminology), the intrinsic safety of the methacrylic acid production and shipping system was greatly enhanced at a relatively low cost.
Measurement of flow resistance of rupture disc devices
Authors: Huff J. E. , Shaw K. R. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractPresent codes and practices for the design of relief systems in which rupture discs are used are based either on non‐typical system configurations or on “rule of thumb” default values of rupture disc flow parameters. There is a need to develop code methods and common practices based on actual relief system configurations, as well as test methods for determining the actual flow resistance of specific rupture disc devices. The methodology reported here is appropriate for these needs.
Ultimate capacity of blast loaded structures common to chemical plants
Authors: Whitney M. G. , Barker D. D. , Spivey K. H. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThere has been a great deal of investment in development of design criteria and design and construction of heavily reinforced, blast‐resistant control rooms. This remains the best option for protective construction against severe blast loading experienced close in to a vapor cloud or other explosion hazard. However, most structures encountered at chemical plants and contemplated for future construction are conventional steel frame, metal clad buildings. In this paper we look closely at the response of such buildings to explosion loads and their ability to undergo large deformations without structural failure. The types of structural elements evaluated include metal decking of various gauge and shape along with a variety of girt and purlin sections. Building frames or bents are also evaluated, although the date base for these is much more limited. The work is based on observations made during investigations of large explosion accidents along with analytical predictions and test measurements. To conclude, we offer specific design criteria and connection recommendations for enhancing the overall strength of a building through the use of conventional components in unconventional construction.
Process safety testing program for reducing risks associated with large scale chemical manufacturing operations
Authors: Sharkey J. J. , Cutro R. S. , Fraser W. J. , Wildman G. T. 
Published: June 2004

AbstractThe reduction of risks associated with chemical processing operations is essential for the safe operation of chemical plants. The reduction of these risks is accomplished through a comprehensive process safety management program. Key elements of this program include Hazard and Operability Studies, Emergency Relief Venting, Process Automation, Management of Change Control Procedures, Process Specific Training, and so forth. Central to many of these elements is a thorough, in‐depth understanding of the reactive nature of chemical processing operations. This understanding can only be obtained through intensive laboratory evalutions using “leading edge” process safety testing technologies. To accomplish this goal, a systematic process safety testing program has been established aimed at characterizing the reactive nature of both the desired and undesired chemistry. The information obtained is directly applicable to the development of intrinsically safe processes and for the safe design/operation of chemical processing facilities.
Ab initio calculation of parity‐violating potential energy hypersurfaces of chiral molecules
Authors: Bakasov Ayaz , Berger Robert , Ha Tae‐Kyu , Quack Martin 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWe introduce the explicit concept of parity‐violating potential energy hypersurfaces which govern the rotation–vibration tunneling dynamics as well as the time‐dependent parity violation in chiral molecules. Calculations are reported for sections of the hypersurfaces of H2O2 and H2S2 at various levels of electroweak quantum chemistry, including CIS‐RHF, CIS‐LR, and CASSCF‐LR. Important findings concern the observed increase of the parity‐violating potentials (Epv) with increasing bond lengths rOO and rSS, which is to some extent physical and partly a consequence of the only approximate electronic wavefunction and perturbational treatment, the confirmation of lines and surfaces of “accidentally” zero Epv at chiral geometries, and the absence of a precise, simple scaling law for observables such as the measurable parity‐violating energy difference between enantiomers ΔEpv. The latter is due to the complicated geometry dependent Epv, although a rough scaling on the order of Z(5±1) with nuclear charges of the two heavy centers can be confirmed. The results are discussed in relation to possible experiments on molecular parity violation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Reine Normsache? — Ein Ansatz zum Risiko‐Assessment für den British Standard 7799
Authors: Scholz Peter 
Published: June 2004

AbstractIm folgenden Beitrag wird ein Ansatz zum hierarchischen Assessment von Risiken vorgestellt, welcher die Risiken verschiedener Unternehmensebenen in Bezug setzt, eine Bewertung der Schutzziele Verfügbarkeit, Vertraulichkeit sowie Integrität ermöglicht und damit die Basis für eine gezielte Suche nach Gefahrenpotenzialen bildet. Daraus resultiert eine einerseits realistische, andererseits für die Geschäftsprozesse relevante Einschätzung der Gefährdungslage.
Herdentrieb
Authors: Erben Roland Franz 
Published: June 2004

AbstractWenn zwei Nobelpreisträger und ein ehemaliger Vizepräsident der amerikanischen Notenbank einen Hedgefonds managen, kann eigentlich nicht viel schief gehen … glaubte man zumindest bis zum September 1998. Dann bewies die Beinahepleite des „Long Term Capital Management (LTCM)”︁‐Fonds, dass auch geballter ökonomischer Sachverstand nicht vor dem Bankrott schützt. Die Schieflage von LTCM sandte Schockwellen durch das weltweite Finanzsystem, die nur durch eine konzertierte Aktion der US‐Notenbank und mehrer internationaler Großbanken eingedämmt werden konnten.
Hacker, Cracker, Datenräuber — Risiken aus dem Untergrund
Authors: Erben Roland Franz , Romeike Frank 
Published: June 2004

AbstractHacker, Cracker, Datenräuber, Virenbastler und Raubkopierer sind längst zu einem wichtigen Thema für jeden Risiko‐Manager geworden. Wir sprachen mit Patrick Kiwitter über die Hacker‐Szene, die Risiken, die von ihr ausgehen und mögliche Schutzmaßnehmen für Unternehmen.