bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antagonist effects of non‐host fruit volatiles on discrimination of host fruit by Rhagoletis flies infesting apple (Malus pumila), hawthorn (Crataegus spp.), and flowering dogwood (Cornus florida)
Authors: Linn Charles , Nojima Satoshi , Roelofs Wendell 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn previous flight‐tunnel tests Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae) flies originating from domestic apple (Malus pumila), hawthorn (Crataegus spp.), and flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), displayed greater numbers of upwind flights to blends of volatiles identified from their natal fruit compared to non‐natal fruit. Here, we show that when certain non‐host volatiles were added to the host blend, significantly fewer apple, hawthorn, and dogwood flies exhibited sustained upwind flight to the source. Specifically, the upwind flight of apple flies to the apple blend was significantly antagonized by the addition of the hawthorn or dogwood blends, the addition of 3‐methylbutan‐1‐ol alone (a key volatile for hawthorn and dogwood flies), or the combination of 3‐methylbutan‐1‐ol and another key dogwood volatile, 1‐octen‐3‐ol. Similarly, the upwind flight of dogwood and hawthorn flies to their respective natal blends was antagonized by the addition of the apple blend or the key apple volatile butyl hexanoate. Experiments were also conducted to determine whether non‐natal fruit volatiles could disrupt the close‐range flight response of flies to the visual stimulus of fruit alone, represented by an odorless red sphere. Tests with apple‐origin flies showed that when the hawthorn blend, the dogwood blend, or the key antagonist volatiles from each (3‐methylbutan‐1‐ol and 1‐octen‐3‐ol) were added to a red sphere fruit mimic, significantly lower proportions of flies were captured, compared with captures when no odor was present. Our results support the hypothesis that agonist and antagonist properties of fruit volatiles can play an important role in host recognition/discrimination by Rhagoletis flies.
Effectiveness of antipsychotic treatment for schizophrenia: 6‐month results of the Pan‐European Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes (SOHO) study
Authors: Haro J. M. , Edgell E. T. , Novick D. , Alonso J. , Kennedy L. , Jones P. B. , Ratcliffe M. , Breier A. ,   SOHO advisory board
Published: February 2005

Objective:  To present the 6‐month outcomes associated with antipsychotic treatment of patients participating in the Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes (SOHO) study.Method:  SOHO is a 3‐year, prospective, observational study of the health outcomes associated with antipsychotic treatment in 10 European countries. The study included over 10 000 out‐patients who were initiating or changing their antipsychotic medication.Results:  Clinical Global Impression (CGI)‐severity and quality of life (QOL) scores improved in all treatment cohorts. There was a higher response in the CGI‐overall symptoms and in the CGI‐schizophrenia positive, negative, cognitive and depressive symptom scales in the olanzapine (Olz) and clozapine (Cloz) cohorts compared with other treatment cohorts. Changes were associated with an improvement in QOL.Conclusion:  Patients starting Olz and Cloz tend to have better outcomes at 6 months than patients who start other antipsychotics in actual out‐patient clinical practice. The results should be interpreted conservatively because of the non‐randomized study design.
Association of the A/G Polymorphism at Position 49 in Exon 1 of CTLA‐4 with the Susceptibility to Unexplained Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion in the Chinese Population
Authors: Wang Xipeng , Lin Qide , Ma Zhengwen , Hong Yan , Zhao Aimin , Di Wen , Lu Peihua 
Published: February 2005

Problem:  To investigate whether the A/G polymorphism at position 49 in exon 1 of cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen‐4 (CTLA‐4) gene, which delivers a negative signal to T‐cell activation, confers the susceptibility to unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion in the Chinese population.Method of Study:  A total of 168 patients with unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA), who were treated in the Renji Hospital affiliated to the Shanghai Second Medical University, were matched against 117 women with normal pregnancy history. Case–control study to compare the frequency of G/A alleles, AA/AG/GG genotypes and A + (AA + AG) /G+ (GG + AG) phenotypes of CTLA‐4 between RSA patients and controls were performed. After amplification of CTLA‐4 exon‐1 region by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction fragment‐length polymorphism (RFLP) was used to detect the polymorphism at position 49 in exon‐1 of CTLA‐4 gene. Statistical significance was tested by SPSS software.Results:  There were dissimilar distributions of G/A alleles, AA/AG/GG genotypes and A+/G+ phenotypes of CTLA‐4 between RSA patients and controls. The frequencies of G allele (P = 0.032) and GG genotype (P = 0.011) in RSA patients were significantly higher than those in controls, while the frequencies of AG genotype (P = 0.039) and A + (AA + AG) phenotype in RSA patients were decreased significantly (P = 0.011).Conclusions:  Our findings suggest that A/G polymorphism in exon‐1 of CTLA‐4 is associated with the immunopathogenesis of RSA, and it confers susceptibility to RSA in Chinese population.
Ergänzende Verfahren in der Aknetherapie
Authors: Degitz Klaus , Plewig Gerd 
Published: February 2005

ZusammenfassungDie moderne Aknetherapie beruht auf der Anwendung von antikomedogenen, antimikrobiellen und entzündungshemmenden Substanzen sowie Antiandrogenen. Ergänzend stehen traditionelle oder neu entwickelte Verfahren zur Verfügung. Hierzu zählen pharmakologische (Dapson, Zink) und physikalische (Phototherapie, photodynamische Therapie, Aknetoilette, Abrasiva) Prinzipien. Diese ergänzenden Verfahren werden hinsichtlich ihrer Wirksamkeit und ihres Stellenwertes innerhalb der Aknetherapie beurteilt.
Cosmetic results of histographically controlled excision of non‐melanoma skin cancer in the head and neck region
Authors: Eberle Franziska Carola , Schippert Wilfried , Trilling Birgit , Röcken Martin , Breuninger Helmut 
Published: February 2005

Summary Background: Beside the primary goal of complete eradication, the cosmetic result is an important aspect of the treatment of non‐melanoma skin tumors especially in the head and neck region. Patients and Methods: From 1990 to 2000, we treated a total of 5,227 large basal cell carcinomas (BBC) and 1,189 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) in the head and neck region by surgical excision in 4,239 inpatients at the Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen. The procedure used in all patients was a conservative excision controlled by complete three dimensional histology of all margins (3D‐histology) and specifically targeted follow‐up surgery where required (histographic surgery). As part of the prospective tumor follow‐up, we asked the treating outdoor physician one and four years later to evaluate the results of our surgical procedures. Results: Of the 5,565 follow‐up questionnaires sent back, 4,868 contained answers regarding the cosmetic result. The data from both answers were pooled. In 1,972 (40,5 %) patients the cosmetic result was evaluated as “excellent”, in 1,992 (40,9 %) as “good”, in 662 (13,6 %) as “satisfactory”, in 191 (3,9 %) as “mediocre” and in 51 (< 1,0 %) as “poor”. In 697 of the responses, the physician did not comment the cosmetic results or the patient was lost for follow up. Conclusion: With respect to both long term safety and cosmetic outcome, tumor surgery with 3D‐histology of excisional margins has set very high quality standards in the treatment of non‐melanoma skin cancer of the head and neck area.
Alteration of a Novel Dispensable Mitochondrial Ribosomal Small-Subunit Protein, Rsm28p, Allows Translation of Defective
COX2
mRNAs
Authors: Williams Elizabeth H. , Bsat Nada , Bonnefoy Nathalie , Butler Christine A. , Fox Thomas D. 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT

Mutations affecting the RNA sequence of the first 10 codons of the
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
mitochondrial gene
COX2
strongly reduce translation of the mRNA, which encodes the precursor of cytochrome
c
oxidase subunit II. A dominant chromosomal mutation that suppresses these defects is an internal in-frame deletion of 67 codons from the gene
YDR494w
. Wild-type
YDR494w
encodes a 361-residue polypeptide with no similarity to proteins of known function. The epitope-tagged product of this gene, now named
RSM28
, is both peripherally associated with the inner surface of the inner mitochondrial membrane and soluble in the matrix. Epitope-tagged Rsm28p from Triton X-100-solubilized mitochondria sedimented with the small subunit of mitochondrial ribosomes in a sucrose gradient containing 500 mM NH
4
Cl. Complete deletion of
RSM28
caused only a modest decrease in growth on nonfermentable carbon sources in otherwise wild-type strains and enhanced the respiratory defect of the suppressible
cox2
mutations. The
rsm28
null mutation also reduced translation of an
ARG8

m

reporter sequence inserted at the
COX1
,
COX2
, and
COX3
mitochondrial loci. We tested the ability of
RSM28-1
to suppress a variety of
cox2
and
cox3
mutations and found that initiation codon mutations in both genes were suppressed. We conclude that Rsm28p is a dispensable small-subunit mitochondrial ribosomal protein previously undetected in systematic investigations of these ribosomes, with a positive role in translation of several mitochondrial mRNAs.
DNA-Binding Specificity of the IDI-4 Basic Leucine Zipper Factor of
Podospora anserina
Defined by Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX)
Authors: Dementhon Karine , Saupe Sven J. 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT

Heterokaryon incompatibility is a cell destruction process that occurs when fungal cells of unlike genotype fuse. In
Podospora anserina
, autophagy is engaged during cell death by incompatibility and a number of genes are induced at the transcriptional level. These genes are termed
idi
(induced during incompatibility) genes. Among these is
idi-4
, a gene encoding a basic leucine zipper (bZIP) factor. IDI-4 displays similarity to the GCN4/cross-pathway control (CPC) factors that control gene expression in response to amino acid starvation in fungi. The overexpression of
idi-4
triggers autophagy, leads to cell death, and also increases the expression of a number of
idi
genes, in particular
idi-7
, a gene involved in autophagy. Herein, we determined the in vitro target sequence of IDI-4. We have purified the recombinant IDI-4 bZIP domain and show that this 83-amino-acid-long peptide dimerizes in vitro and adopts an α-helical fold. We have then used a systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment procedure to identify the sequence bound by the IDI-4 bZIP domain. The IDI-4 binding site consensus sequence corresponds to the ATGANTCAT pseudopalindrome. IDI-4 binding sites are present in the promoter region of the
idi-7
gene, and the bZIP IDI-4 peptide binds to the
idi-7
promoter in vitro. The identified IDI-4 consensus binding sequence is very similar to the GCN4/CPC binding site, raising the possibility of an interplay and/or partial functional redundancy between IDI-4 and CPC-type bZIP factors in fungi.
Improvement in Nuclear Entry and Transgene Expression of Baculoviruses by Disintegration of Microtubules in Human Hepatocytes
Authors: Salminen Mirka , Airenne Kari J. , Rinnankoski Rita , Reimari Jenni , Välilehto Outi , Rinne Johanna , Suikkanen Sanna , Kukkonen Sari , Ylä-Herttuala Seppo , Kulomaa Markku S. , Vihinen-Ranta Maija 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT

Autographa californica
multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV), a potent virus for mammalian cell gene delivery, possesses an ability to transduce mammalian cells without viral replication. We examined the role of the cellular cytoskeleton in the cytoplasmic trafficking of viral particles toward the nucleus in human hepatic cells. Microscopic studies showed that capsids were found in the nucleus after either viral inoculation or cytoplasmic microinjection of nucleocapsids. The presence of microtubule (MT) depolymerizing agents caused the amount of nuclear capsids to increase. Overexpression of p50/dynamitin, an inhibitor of dynein-dependent endocytic trafficking from peripheral endosomes along MTs toward late endosomes, did not significantly affect the amount of nuclear accumulation of nucleocapsids in the inoculated cells, suggesting that viral nucleocapsids are released into the cytosol during the early stages of the endocytic pathway. Moreover, studies with recombinant viruses containing the nuclear-targeted expression β-galactosidase gene (
β-gal
) showed a markedly increased level in the cellular expression of β-galactosidase in the presence of MT-disintegrating drugs. The maximal increase in expression at 10 h postinoculation was observed in the presence of 80 μM nocodazole or 10 μM vinblastine. Together, these data suggest that the intact MTs constitute a barrier to baculovirus transport toward the nucleus.
Identification and Characterization of Avihepadnaviruses Isolated from Exotic Anseriformes Maintained in Captivity
Authors: Guo Haitao , Mason William S. , Aldrich Carol E. , Saputelli Jeffry R. , Miller Darren S. , Jilbert Allison R. , Newbold John E. 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT
Five new hepadnaviruses were cloned from exotic ducks and geese, including the Chiloe wigeon, mandarin duck, puna teal, Orinoco sheldgoose, and ashy-headed sheldgoose. Sequence comparisons revealed that all but the mandarin duck viruses were closely related to existing isolates of duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV), while mandarin duck virus clones were closely related to Ross goose hepatitis B virus. Nonetheless, the S protein, core protein, and functional domains of the Pol protein were highly conserved in all of the new isolates. The Chiloe wigeon and puna teal hepatitis B viruses, the two new isolates most closely related to DHBV, also lacked an AUG start codon at the beginning of their X open reading frame (ORF). But as previously reported for the heron, Ross goose, and stork hepatitis B viruses, an AUG codon was found near the beginning of the X ORF of the mandarin duck, Orinoco, and ashy-headed sheldgoose viruses. In all of the new isolates, the X ORF ended with a stop codon at the same position. All of the cloned viruses replicated when transfected into the LMH line of chicken hepatoma cells. Significant differences between the new isolates and between these and previously reported isolates were detected in the pre-S domain of the viral envelope protein, which is believed to determine viral host range. Despite this, all of the new isolates were infectious for primary cultures of Pekin duck hepatocytes, and infectivity in young Pekin ducks was demonstrated for all but the ashy-headed sheldgoose isolate.
Puma Lentivirus Is Controlled in Domestic Cats after Mucosal Exposure in the Absence of Conventional Indicators of Immunity
Authors: TerWee Julie A. , Yactor Jennifer K. , Sondgeroth Kerry S. , VandeWoude Sue 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT

A high percentage of free-ranging pumas (
Felis concolor
) are infected with feline lentiviruses (puma lentivirus, feline immunodeficiency virus Pco [FIV-Pco], referred to here as PLV) without evidence of disease. PLV establishes productive infection in domestic cats following parenteral exposure but, in contrast to domestic cat FIV, it does not cause T-cell dysregulation. Here we report that cats exposed to PLV oro-nasally became infected yet rapidly cleared peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) proviral load in the absence of a correlative specific immune response. Two groups of four specific-pathogen-free cats were exposed to PLV via the mucosal (oro-nasal) or parenteral (i.v.) route. All animals were PBMC culture positive and PCR positive within 3 weeks postinfection and seroconverted without exhibiting clinical disease; however, three or four oro-nasally infected animals cleared circulating proviral DNA within 3 months. Antibody titers reached higher levels in animals that remained persistently infected. PLV antigen-induced proliferation was slightly greater in mucosally inoculated animals, but no differences were noted in cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses or cytokine profiles between groups. The distribution of virus was predominantly gastrointestinal as opposed to lymphoid in all animals in which virus was detected at necropsy. Possible mechanisms for viral clearance include differences in viral fitness required for crossing mucosal surfaces, a threshold dose requirement for persistence, or an undetected sterilizing host immune response. This is the first report of control of a productive feline or primate lentivirus infection in postnatally exposed, seropositive animals. Mechanisms underlying this observation will provide clues to containment of immunodeficiency disease and could prompt reexamination of vaccine-induced immunity against human immunodeficiency virus and other lentiviruses.
Viral Replication-Independent Blockade of Dendritic Cell Maturation and Interleukin-12 Production by Human Herpesvirus 6
Authors: Smith Alison P. , Paolucci Clara , Di Lullo Giulia , Burastero Samuele E. , Santoro Fabio , Lusso Paolo 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT

Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) is a potentially immunosuppressive CD4
+
-T-lymphotropic betaherpesvirus that causes severe human thymocyte depletion in heterochimeric SCID-hu
thy/liv
mice and has been implicated as a potential cofactor in the progression of AIDS. However, the mechanisms of HHV-6-mediated immunosuppression have not yet been fully elucidated. We investigated the phenotypic and functional alterations induced by HHV-6 on peripheral blood-derived human dendritic cells (DC). The infection of DC with HHV-6 A or B was nonproductive, as revealed by calibrated real-time PCR measuring the accumulation of viral genome equivalents over time. Nevertheless, preexposure to HHV-6 markedly impaired the maturation of DC driven by gamma interferon and lipopolysaccharide, as shown by the reduced surface expression of major histocompatibility complex class I molecules, HLA-DR, CD40, and CD80. Moreover, HHV-6, but not the closely related betaherpesvirus HHV-7, dramatically suppressed the secretion of interleukin-12 (IL-12) p70 by DC, while the production of other cytokines that influence DC maturation, i.e., IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor alpha, was not significantly modified. Likewise, the secretion of the CC chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein 1β and RANTES was unaltered. Functionally, a pretreatment with HHV-6 impaired the ability of DC to stimulate allogeneic T-cell proliferation. Altogether, these data identify interference with the functional maturation of DC as a potential mechanism of HHV-6-mediated immunosuppression.
Maturation of Papillomavirus Capsids
Authors: Buck Christopher B. , Thompson Cynthia D. , Pang Yuk-Ying S. , Lowy Douglas R. , Schiller John T. 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT
The papillomavirus capsid is a nonenveloped icosahedral shell formed by the viral major structural protein, L1. It is known that disulfide bonds between neighboring L1 molecules help to stabilize the capsid. However, the kinetics of inter-L1 disulfide bond formation during particle morphogenesis have not previously been examined. We have recently described a system for producing high-titer papillomavirus-based gene transfer vectors (also known as pseudoviruses) in mammalian cells. Here we show that papillomavirus capsids produced using this system undergo a maturation process in which the formation of inter-L1 disulfide bonds drives condensation and stabilization of the capsid. Fully mature capsids exhibit improved regularity and resistance to proteolytic digestion. Although capsid maturation for other virus types has been reported to occur in seconds or minutes, papillomavirus capsid maturation requires overnight incubation. Maturation of the capsids of human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 proceeds through an ordered accumulation of dimeric and trimeric L1 species, whereas the capsid of bovine papillomavirus type 1 matures into more extensively cross-linked forms. The presence of encapsidated DNA or the minor capsid protein, L2, did not have major effects on the kinetics or extent of capsid maturation. Immature capsids and capsids formed from L1 mutants with impaired disulfide bond formation are infectious but physically fragile. Consequently, capsid maturation is essential for efficient purification of papillomavirus-based gene transfer vectors. Despite their obvious morphological differences, mature and immature capsids are similarly neutralizable by various L1- and L2-specific antibodies.
The Ectodomain of Herpes Simplex Virus Glycoprotein H Contains a Membrane α-Helix with Attributes of an Internal Fusion Peptide, Positionally Conserved in the
Herpesviridae
Family
Authors: Gianni Tatiana , Martelli Pier Luigi , Casadio Rita , Campadelli-Fiume Gabriella 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACT

Human herpesviruses enter cells by fusion with target membranes, a process that requires three conserved glycoproteins: gB, gH, and gL. How these glycoproteins execute fusion is unknown. Neural network bioinformatics predicted a membrane α-helix contained within the ectodomain of herpes simplex virus (HSV) gH, positionally conserved in the gH of all examined herpesviruses. Evidence that it has attributes of an internal fusion peptide rests on the following lines of evidence. (i) The predicted membrane α-helix has the attribute of a membrane segment, since it transformed a soluble form of gD into a membrane-bound gD. (ii) It represents a critical domain of gH. Its partial or entire deletion, or substitution of critical residues inhibited HSV infectivity and fusion in the cell-cell fusion assay. (iii) Its replacement with the fusion peptide from human immunodeficiency virus gp41 or from vesicular stomatitis virus G partially rescued HSV infectivity and cell-cell fusion. The corresponding antisense sequences did not. (iv) The predicted α-helix located in the varicella-zoster virus gH ectodomain can functionally substitute the native HSV gH membrane α-helix, suggesting a conserved function in the human herpesviruses. We conclude that HSV gH exhibits features typical of viral fusion glycoproteins and that this property is likely conserved in the
Herpesviridae
family.
MyD88 Expression Is Required for Efficient Cross-Presentation of Viral Antigens from Infected Cells
Authors: Chen Margaret , Barnfield Christina , Näslund Tanja I. , Fleeton Marina N. , Liljeström Peter 
Published: February 2005

ABSTRACTWhile virus-infected dendritic cells (DCs) in certain instances have the capacity to activate naïve T cells by direct priming, cross-priming by DCs via the uptake of antigens from infected cells has lately been recognized as another important pathway for the induction of antiviral immunity. During cross-priming, danger and stranger signals play important roles in modulating immune responses. Analogous to what has been shown for other microbial infections, virally infected cells may contain several pathogen-associated molecular patterns that are recognized by Toll-like receptors (TLRs). We analyzed whether the efficient presentation of antigens derived from infected cells requires the usage of MyD88, which is a common adaptor molecule used by all TLRs. For this study, we used murine DCs that were wild type or deficient in MyD88 expression and fibroblasts that were infected with an alphavirus replicon to answer this question. Our results show that when DCs are directly infected, they are able to activate antigen-specific CD8+T cells in a MyD88-independent manner. In contrast, a strict requirement of MyD88 for cross-priming was observed when virally infected cells were used as a source of antigen in vitro and in vivo. This indicates that the effects of innate immunity stimulation via the MyD88 pathway control the efficiency of cross-presentation, but not direct presentation or DC maturation, and have important implications in the development of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses against alphaviral replicon infections.