bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Building‐Block Size Mediates Microporous Annealed Particle Hydrogel Tube Microenvironment Following Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Ross Brian C. , Kent Robert N. , Saunders Michael N. , Schwartz Samantha R. , Smiley Brooke M. , Hocevar Sarah E. , Chen Shao‐Chi , Xiao Chengchuan , Williams Laura A. , Anderson Aileen J. , Cummings Brian J. , Baker Brendon M. , Shea Lonnie D. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractSpinal cord injury (SCI) is a life‐altering event, which often results in loss of sensory and motor function below the level of trauma. Biomaterial therapies have been widely investigated in SCI to promote directional regeneration but are often limited by their pre‐constructed size and shape. Herein, the design parameters of microporous annealed particles (MAPs) are investigated with tubular geometries that conform to the injury and direct axons across the defect to support functional recovery. MAP tubes prepared from 20‐, 40‐, and 60‐micron polyethylene glycol (PEG) beads are generated and implanted in a T9‐10 murine hemisection model of SCI. Tubes attenuate glial and fibrotic scarring, increase innate immune cell density, and reduce inflammatory phenotypes in a bead size‐dependent manner. Tubes composed of 60‐micron beads increase the cell density of the chronic macrophage response, while neutrophil infiltration and phenotypes do not deviate from those seen in controls. At 8 weeks postinjury, implantation of tubes composed of 60‐micron beads results in enhanced locomotor function, robust axonal ingrowth, and remyelination through both lumens and the inter‐tube space. Collectively, these studies demonstrate the importance of bead size in MAP construction and highlight PEG tubes as a biomaterial therapy to promote regeneration and functional recovery in SCI.
AllHgMIVS4 (All = Sr, Ba, MIV = Si, Ge): A Series of Materials with Large Second Harmonic Generation Response and Wide Band Gaps
Authors: Zhang Xingyu , Wu Hongping , Hu Zhanggui , Wang Jiyang , Wu Yicheng , Yu Hongwei 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWide band gaps and large second harmonic generation (SHG) response are two crucial yet contradictory parameters for nonlinear optical (NLO) crystals. Herein, through exploring the influence of anion groups on structural crystallization dimension and space group, a series of new NLO Hg‐based chalcogenides AIIHgMIVS4 (AII = Sr, Ba, MIV = Si, Ge) with wide band gaps and large SHG responses have been successfully designed and synthesized. The structures of these compounds consist of 2D [HgMS4]2− (M = Si and Ge) layers composed of distorted (HgS4 and MS4) tetrahedra arranged alternately, and the layers are separated by eight‐coordinated A2+ (A = Sr and Ba) cations. Their band gaps and SHG responses meet the basic requirements (SHG > 1 × AgGaS2; Eg > 2.33 eV). Especially, SrHgSiS4 and SrHgGeS4 exhibit both large SHG effects (2 and 2.4 × AgGaS2) and wide band gaps (3.06 and 2.97 eV), respectively, indicating they are promising IR NLO crystals. This work opens a new avenue for new NLO material design to achieve the balance between strong SHG response and large band gaps.
Biodegradability of bio‐based materials produced with dry heating treatment‐modified cassava starch
Authors: La Fuente Carla I. A. , Atanazio‐Silva Gabriel A. , Anjos Carlos A. R. , Tadini Carmen C. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractAmong the different types of starch modification that increase their performance, dry heating treatment (DHT) is a promising green technique that results in plastic materials with enhanced characteristics, mainly in their mechanical and barrier properties. The effect of this type of modification on its biodegradability and disintegration behavior has yet to be described in the literature. Therefore, this work aims to produce bio‐based plastic with cassava starch previously modified by DHT and study its disintegration and biodegradation in compost media. The main results showed that all materials showed up to 80% and 90% biodegradation and disintegration, respectively, for all materials in 45 days. Moreover, higher rates of disintegration were visualized until day 7, as well as microbial growth and disappearance of functional groups, which is attributed to the highly hydrophilic nature of starch that facilitates the hydrolysis of the polymer in the early stages. In particular, the sheet submitted to DHT for 4 h showed higher rates.
Misspecification analysis of gamma‐ and inverse Gaussian‐based perturbed degradation processes
Authors: Esposito Nicola , Mele Agostino , Castanier Bruno , Giorgio Massimiliano 
Published: September 2023

AbstractAlbeit not equivalent, in many applications the gamma and the inverse Gaussian processes are treated as if they were. This circumstance makes the misspecification problem of these models interesting and important, especially when data are affected by measurement errors, since noisy/perturbed data do not allow to verify whether the selected model is actually able to adequately fit the real (hidden) degradation process. Motivated by the above considerations, in this paper we conduct a large Monte Carlo study to evaluate whether and how the presence of measurement errors affects this misspecification issue. The study is performed considering as reference models a perturbed gamma process recently proposed in the literature and a new perturbed inverse Gaussian process that share the same non‐Gaussian distributed error term. As an alternative option, we also analyze the more classical case where the error term is Gaussian distributed. We consider both the situation where the true model is the perturbed gamma and the one where it is the perturbed inverse Gaussian. Model parameters are estimated from perturbed data using the maximum likelihood method. Estimates are retrieved by using a new sequential Monte Carlo EM algorithm, which use allows to hugely mitigate the severe numerical issues posed by the direct maximization of the likelihood. The risk of incurring in a misspecification is evaluated as percentage of times the Akaike information criterion leads to select the wrong model. The severity of a misspecification is evaluated in terms of its impact on maximum likelihood estimate of the mean remaining useful life.
Observations récentes sur le processus d'oxydation du cuivre par germination
Authors: Bénard J. , Grønlund F. , Oudar J. , Duret M. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe influence of several factors on the oxidation of copper by nucleation was investigated experimentally. Especially the influence of temperature and of oxygen pressure on the number of nuclei and on the kinetics of their growth was examined.The experimental results are discussed and a mechanism is proposed which is based on surface diffusion in an oxide film primarily covering the complete surface of the metal.
Membrane permeation in systems far from equilibrium
Authors: Schlögl R. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractA method is discussed which makes possible an approximate integration of the Nernst‐Planck equations of motion with the additional consideration of a convective term. Only systems at constant temperature and in a stationary state without the occurence of chemical reactions are treated. Comparison of the approximate solution with the exact integral shows satisfactory agreement. The driving potentials in the membrane are expressed in terms of measurable potential differences between the outer phases. An explicit approximate formula for the so‐called “diffusion potential” is derived. The conditions necessary for the separation of different types of ions are formulated. In the appendix the exact integral for the bi‐ionic case is presented in parametric form.
Zum elektrochemischen Verhalten des Systems Metall/gemischter Leiter/Elektrolyt. 1. Das System Ag/Ag2S/Lösung
Authors: Jaenicke W. , Khairy B. M. , Schäfer W. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractDurch anodische Polarisation bei konstantem Strom werden halbleitende Schichten von β‐Ag2S auf Silber in Dicken bis zu 40 μm erzeugt und ihre Eigenschaften potentiostatisch und galvanostatisch mit stationären und nichtstationären Methoden untersucht.Die mit der potentiostatischen Dreieckspannungsmethode gemessene Strom‐Spannungs‐Kurve zeigt eine fallende Charakteristik bei Potentialen, an denen die Oxydation von Sulfidionen möglich wird. Die bei konstantem Strom gebildete Deckschicht besitzt die Ionenleitfähigkeit von β‐Ag2S im Gleichgewicht mit Silber, solange die Phasengrenze auf der Lösungsseite für Elektronendurchtritt gesperrt ist. Wenn die Widerstandspolarisation das Redoxpotential des Schwefels übersteigt, bildet sich das im Gleichgewicht mit Schwefel stehende schlecht leitende Ag2S. Die Gesamtleitfähigkeit der Schicht läßt sich mit kurzen Stromimpulsen messen und so die Überführungszahl der Silberionen gewinnen. Im Verlauf anodischer Stromimpulse sinkt die Leitfähigkeit; sie steigt während kathodischer Belastung. Dies beruht auf dem Transport von Raumladungen durch die Schicht in Form einer wandernden Grenze und erlaubt, die Beweglichkeiten elektronischer Ladungsträger abzuschätzen.Mit Hilfe kurzer rechteckiger Stromimpulse werden die Strom‐Spannungs‐Kurven der Durchtrittsreaktionen am System Ag/Ag2S/S−− ermittelt. Aus ihnen ergibt sich als geschwindigkeitsbestimmender Schritt eine Reaktion erster Ordnung hinsichtlich der Sulfidionenkonzentration. Die Durchtrittsfaktoren sinken mit wachsender Schichtdicke und Überspannung. Das letztere folgt daraus, daß zwei Durchtrittsreaktionen an den beiden Phasengrenzen Ag/Ag2S und Ag2S/Lösung hintereinandergeschaltet sind.
A rapid and accurate B.E.T. Surface area measurement using radioactive krypton
Authors: Houtman J. P. W. , Medema J. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractA new method for the determination of the surface area of a solid is described. This method is based on the measurement of the reversible part of the gas adsorption isotherm, with the aid of radioactive 85Kr as adsorbate. The amount adsorbed and the gas pressure are measured with Geiger‐Müller tubes. The advantages of this method are simple apparatus and the possibility of rapid exact measurements. The same instrument can be used to measure areas of 0.003 m2/g to 1000 m2/g. The amounts of krypton‐85, necessary for it, are specified. For determining surface areas of high density materials a correction for „bremsstrahlung”︁ should be applied.
Untersuchungen über die Geschwindigkeit der Reaktion O2(g) = 2O(ad) an der Oberfläche von Cu2O und NiO
Authors: Stotz S. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractDie Geschwindigkeit der Sauerstoffaufnahme dünner Cu2O‐ und NiO‐Folien wurde mit Hilfe der Relaxation des elektrischen Widerstandes nach Änderung des Sauerstoffpartialdrucks in der Gasphase als Funktion des Metalldefizits bestimmt. Sie ist bei den gewählten Versuchsbedingungen (800–1000 °C; 0,94‐17 μ Foliendicke) im wesentlichen durch die Geschwindigkeit der Sauerstoffdissoziation an der Phasengrenze Oxid/Gas gegeben, indem Diffusionsvorgänge in der Gasphase und im Oxid vergleichsweise schnell erfolgen. Die Meßergebnisse werden an Hand verschiedener Reaktionsmechanismen diskutiert.
Über den α‐Fe‐FeAl2O4‐Mischkristall in aktivierten Ammoniakkatalysatoren
Authors: Hosemann R. , Preisinger A. , Vogel W. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractRöntgenographische Präzisionsmessungen der integralen Reflexbreiten von mit 3% Al2O3 aktivierten α‐Fe‐Katalysatoren beweisen, daß es sich um Parakristallite von etwa 200 Å Durchmesser handelt. Die parakristallinen Gitterstörungen sind anisotrop und haben senkrecht zu den (100)‐ bzw. (010)‐ und (001)‐Netzebenen den größten g‐Wert. Die Gitterstörungen werden quantitativ aus kugelförmigen Koordinationsstatistiken der nächsten Nachbarn errechnet. Sie werden zurückgeführt auf dreidimensional im α‐Fe‐Wirtsgitter eingebaute FeAl2O4‐Gruppen, wobei das Fe++‐Ion auf einem Fe‐Gitterplatz sitzt und von 4O−−‐Ionen in Form eines in der z‐Richtung verzerrten Tetraeders umgeben ist. Die Al+++‐Ionen sitzen auf der z‐Achse über den Tetraederkanten. Diese FeAl2O4‐Gruppen sind endotaktisch, d.h. dem Volumen und der dreidimensionalen Gestalt nach dem Wirtsgitter eingepaßt. Die aus den Linienbreitenmessungen errechneten parakristallinen Gitterstörungen entsprechen den durch diese Einbaugruppen hervorgerufenen.Ferner konnte gezeigt werden, daß der maximale 7,5%ige, endotaktische FeAl2O4‐Einbau mit der Entmischungskurve im Fe3O4‐FeAl2O4‐System im Zusammenhang steht. Bei höheren Al‐Gehalten kann die Ausscheidung epitaktisch als Spinellphase erfolgen.Mit diesem beschriebenen Fe‐Al2O3‐Mischkristall lassen sich viele von anderen Autoren am Ammoniak‐katalysator beobachtete Eigenschaften zwanglos erklären.
Pulsradiolytische Untersuchung der Oxydation und Reduktion des Nitrosobenzols in wäßriger Lösung
Authors: Asmus K.‐D. , Beck G. , Henglein A. , Wigger A. 
Published: September 2023

AbstractDie Zwischenprodukte der Oxydation und Reduktion des Nitrosobenzols wurden auf Grund ihrer optischen Absorption und elektrischen Leitfähigkeit nachgewiesen. Das OH‐Radikal bildet mit Nitrosobenzol C6H5NO‐H (k = 1,1 · 1010 mole−1 liter sec−1). Das hydratisierte Elektron reagiert mit Nitrosobenzol zu C6H5NO− (k = 4,3 · 1010). Der pK‐Wert des Gleichgewichts C6H5NOH ⟷ C6H5NO− + H+ beträgt 11,7. Die opti‐schen Absorptionsspektren von C6H5NOH und C6H5NO− werden beschrieben. Sowohl die sauren als auch die basischen Formen der Alkoholradikale reduzieren Nitrosobenzol; mehrere Geschwindigkeitskonstanten solcher Prozesse wurden gemessen. CO überträgt ein Elektron an C6H5NO (k = 4 · 109). C6H5NO reagiert mit C6H5NOH bzw. mit C6H5NO− zu Nitrobenzol und Phenylhydroxylamin (k = 2,1 · 108 bzw. 106). C6H5NOH bzw. C6H5NO− reagieren mit ihresgleichen unter Aufbau eines bei 3300 Å absorbierenden stabilen Produktes; die Geschwindigkeitskonstante ist vom pH‐Wert der Lösung abhängig (∼5 · 105 bei pH = 7).
Zum Einfluß des Stickstoffs auf die chemische Verschiebung von Protonenresonanzen. Die 1H‐NMR‐Spektren von Diphenyl‐methyl‐s‐triazin, 3,6‐Diphenyltetrazin und 2‐Phenylpyridin
Authors: Günther Harald , Castellano Salvatore 
Published: September 2023

AbstractDie Protonenresonanzspektren der im Titel genannten Verbindungen wurden bezüglich Kopplungskonstanten und chemischer Verschiebungen analysiert. Die Ursache für die zwischen den Resonanzen der ortho‐und metaständigen Protonen der aromatischen Ringe gefundene Verschiebungsdifferenz wird diskutiert und auf Grund von Modellrechnungen quantitativ beschrieben. Die wahrscheinlichsten Torsionswinkel für die Drehung der Phenylkerne um die C‐C‐Bindung zum Azinring werden abgeschätzt.
Designing multicenter individually randomized group treatment trials
Authors: Tong Guangyu , Tong Jiaqi , Li Fan 
Published: September 2023

AbstractIn an individually randomized group treatment (IRGT) trial, participant outcomes can be positively correlated due to, for example, shared therapists in treatment delivery. Oftentimes, because of limited treatment resources or participants at one location, an IRGT trial can be carried out across multiple centers. This design can be subject to potential correlations in the participant outcomes between arms within the same center. While the design of a single‐center IRGT trial has been studied, little is known about the planning of a multicenter IRGT trial. To address this gap, this paper provides analytical sample size formulas for designing multicenter IRGT trials with a continuous endpoint under the linear mixed model framework. We found that accounting for the additional center‐level correlation at the design stage can lead to sample size reduction, and the magnitude of reduction depends on the amount of between‐therapist correlation. However, if the variance components of therapist‐level random effects are considered as input parameters in the design stage, accounting for the additional center‐level variance component has no impact on the sample size estimation. We presented our findings through numeric illustrations and performed simulation studies to validate our sample size procedures under different scenarios. Optimal design configurations under the multicenter IRGT trials have also been discussed, and two real‐world trial examples are drawn to illustrate the use of our method.
The anticancer/cytotoxic effect of a novel gallic acid derivative in non‐small cell lung carcinoma A549 cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy individuals and lung cancer patients
Authors: Jafarinejad Shohreh , Martin William H. C. , Ras Bayan Abu , Isreb Mohammad , Jacob Badie , Aziz Abid , Adoul Zahra , Lagnado Ruby , Bowen Richard D. , Najafzadeh Mojgan 
Published: September 2023

AbstractGallic acid (GA) is a naturally occurring polyphenol with a strong antioxidant capacity. GA stimulates the apoptosis of cancer cells, thereby suppressing cancer cell invasion. However, the low oral permeability of GA limits its therapeutic use. In order to enhance the antioxidant capacity and oral permeability of GA, a series of compounds analogous to GA were synthesized: 4‐methoxybenzenesulfonamide (MBS), 3,4‐dimethoxybenzenesulfonamide (DMBS) and 3,4,5‐trimethoxybenzenesulfonamide (TMBS). In the new compounds, hydroxyl groups were replaced with various numbers of methoxy groups (stronger electron‐donating groups), to increase hydrophobicity and oral permeability compared to GA. In addition, the carboxylic group was replaced with a sulfonyl group (a stronger electron‐withdrawing group), to increase the molecular polarity and antioxidative activities of the compounds. The cell counting kit‐8 (CCK‐8) assay was used to detect the effect of GA, MBS, DMBS, and TMBS on cell proliferation and apoptosis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy individuals and non‐small cell lung carcinoma A549 cells. Additionally, the comet assay was used to assess the genotoxicity of these compounds in PBMCs from healthy individuals, lung cancer patients, and A549 cells. Compared to untreated cells, TMBS reduced DNA damage more effectively than GA in PBMCs from lung cancer patients and healthy donors. Furthermore, in comparison to GA, TMBS was more cytotoxic in A549 cells. Moreover, TMBS was not cytotoxic in healthy PBMCs, suggesting that TMBS demonstrates therapeutic potential in cancer.
Government environmental concerns and corporate green innovation: Evidence from heavy‐polluting enterprises in China
Authors: Chen Jinyu , Zhu Dandan , Ding Shijie , Qu Jingxiao 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe objective of this study is to examine the impact of government environmental concerns on green innovation and whether this has a “leverage effect” or a “crowding‐out effect.” This study employs a two‐way fixed‐effects model to conduct an empirical test using panel data from 2010 to 2020 on Chinese firms listed in heavy‐polluting industries. The results suggest that an increase in government environmental concerns can promote corporate green innovation. However, government environmental concerns primarily stimulate strategic innovation rather than substantive innovation. After a series of robustness and endogeneity tests, the conclusions of this paper still hold. Corporate green innovation induced by government environmental concerns is not the “leverage effect” superimposed on existing innovation activities but the “crowding‐out effect” of other technological innovation. The heterogeneity tests in this paper indicate that the impact is more pronounced for firms with poorer environmental conditions, stronger political connections, and richer executive backgrounds.
Upcycling of Polypropylene Wastes via Catalytically C−H Modification with Polar Olefins
Authors: Zhou Shuangjing , Zhang Zongnan , Zeng Rong 
Published: September 2023

AbstractWhile polypropylene (PP) is one of the most widely used polyolefin materials, its post‐functionalization has been a continuously researched topic in the polymer field since it could significantly improve physical and chemical properties by introducing polar groups, beneficial for development of the next generation of polyolefin materials. In this work, we describe the development of a visible‐light promoted, environmentally friendly iron‐catalyzed strategy and establishing of the reaction scope for C−H alkylated modification of polypropylene. Under our conditions, various polypropylenes could be functionalized with diverse polar alkenes with good levels of functionalization (LOF). The properties of the resulting polymers were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and tensile testing. Polypropylene wastes could also be upcycled. While the incorporation of the polyglycol groups enhanced hydrophilicity, the installation of the ester groups increased the miscibility with other polymers by acting as a compatibilizer for polystyrene and polyethylene.
Ammonium and Tartrate Salts as Alternatives to Neutral Aqueous Electrolytes for Supercapacitors
Authors: Heumann Johannes , Baltes Norman T. M. , Tübke Jens 
Published: September 2023

AbstractSupercapacitors are promising energy storage devices in terms of power density and lifetime. Organic electrolytes are frequently applied in commercial supercapacitor devices. However, their water‐based counterparts are much safer, more sustainable and cost‐effective. In this study we therefore present, for the first time, aqueous tartrate‐based electrolytes (sodium tartrate / ammonium tartrate) for supercapacitor applications, and relate them to well‐known inorganic aqueous electrolytes like Na2SO4. Additionally, the influence of the cation on the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors is investigated using sodium and ammonium cations for comparison. We demonstrate the electrochemical performance and physicochemical properties of ammonium tartrate / sulfate and sodium tartrate / sulfate. An improvement of the conductivity in the range of 40–60 % was achieved by the exchange of sodium cation with ammonium cation. Carbon electrodes in newly introduced aqueous tartrate‐based electrolytes deliver high specific capacitances up to 117 Fg−1. Furthermore, electrical double layer capacitors (EDLCs) containing 1 M ammonium tartrate display a high energy density at 0.1 Ag−1 and at 10 Ag−1 (9.88 Whkg−1 and 1.14 Whkg−1, respectively). Floating tests show excellent long‐term performance. Tartrate‐based EDLCs retain >80 % of their initial capacitance at 1.6 V cell voltage (120 h floating time). In the case of ammonium tartrate electrolyte, a novel metal‐free and non‐toxic concept for an eco‐friendly supercapacitor device is proposed.
Electrochemical Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia – Recent Progress
Authors: Niu Shanshan , Yang Ji , Qian Leilei , Zhou Dan , Du Pan , Si Nan , Gu Xiaomin , Jiang Dawei , Feng Yan 
Published: September 2023

AbstractThe presence of nitrate in industrial, domestic and agricultural wastewater has a detrimental impact on both ecosystem and human health, as remediation and purification efforts are slow, challenging and difficult, given the high solubility and stability of this pollutant. Taking nitrate into high value‐added ammonia by electrochemical reduction can overcome high pollution and energy consumption limit of Haber‐Bosch process with long‐term significance of environmental protection and energy saving. This review summarized the research progress on the electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate to ammonia, with a focus on the reaction mechanisms, influencing factors, product detection methods, performance evaluation methods and the research status of electrocatalysts up to now. The review reported the latest strategies employed to design efficient electrocatalysts, such as pore structure regulation, alloying, heterostructure construction, defect and interface engineering, crystal surface regulation and microenvironment modulation of single‐atom catalysts. It highlights critical factors that determin the performance in terms of nitrate adsorption, exposed active sites, mass transfer rate, intermediates barrier and side reactions, as well as the stability of electrocatalysts and recovery of ammonia. In addition, the future direction of technology for electrocatalytic reduction of nitrate to ammonia has also been proposed.