bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards Imaging the Neural Correlates of Language Functions
Authors: Démonet Jean-François , Thierry Guillaume , Nespoulous jean-Luc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the last twenty years, the study of the brain correlates of language functions has been marked by a profound mutation. Although the study of aphasia (the ‘lesion-based model’) prevailed until the 19 Sos, the evolution of functional neuroimaging techniques has led to new insights into implementation of language functions in the brain, yielding a new way of tackling and testing cognitive models. This new approach (the ‘function-based model’) is independent of and yet complementary to the previous one. It is based on recording subtle changes in brain activities (assessed via sophisticated imaging methods) that occur upon engagement of one’s mind in any experimental cognitive task, such as processing language stimuli.
Are SRNs Sufficient for Modelling Language Acquisition?
Authors: Sharkey Noel , Sharkey Amanda , Jackson Stuart 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Connectionist models of natural language processing have attracted considerable interest because of their simple learning mechanisms and their representational capabilities. Not surprisingly, much of the focus of recent research has been concerned with modelling aspects of language acquisition (e.g. Rumelhart and McClelland 1986; Elman 1990, 1991; Plunkett and Marchman 1991), and the findings have challenged old conceptions about the need for the learning of rules and the types of representations that are required for language development. It is early days yet, just over a decade (see Sharkey and Reilly 1992), and there appears to be reason for optimism about the prognosis for connectionist accounts of learning and representation. In this chapter, we assess whether this optimism is appropriate for some of the broader issues of language learning.
A Distributed, yet Symbolic, Model for Text-to-speech Processing
Authors: Den Bosch Antal Van , Daelemans Walter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Within psycholinguistics, various models have been proposed in which reading aloud in skilled readers is modelled. These models vary considerably in their restrictions imposed on the representation and processing of knowledge. All of these models face the problem of how to explain that experienced human readers are able to pronounce words with regular or irregular pronunciations, and also to pronounce words they have not encountered before (such as nonwords). The ability to pronounce nonwords and regular words can be explained in terms of a model which has knowledge of typical spelling-to-phonology rules; the pronunciation of words with irregular pronunciations, however, implies that the model needs some word-specific lexical knowledge. Furthermore, three general desiderata for a psychological model of skilled reading aloud are: (i) the model is able to account for human performance on the level of word naming reaction times and pronunciation errors, (ii) the model is able to build up its body of knowledge by learning from examples, and (iii) the model’s performance ‘gracefully degrades’ when it is damaged, or presented with noise.
Formal Models for Learning in the Principles and Parameters Framework
Authors: Nyogi Partha , Berwick Robert c. Berwick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the goals of linguistic theory is to develop a formal scheme to represent ‘linguistic knowledge’: in other words, what it is that we know when we know a language. One approach to this is the ‘principles and parameters’ framework (Chomsky 1981) whose central thesis is that knowledge of language can be reduced to knowledge of a (finite) number of principles. These universal principles take specific forms in the different natural languages of the world, and correspondingly associated with them are a number of parameters which capture the parametric variation across the world’s languages. Roughly speaking then, there are a number of parameters: setting them to one set of values might represent knowledge of German (and correspondingly define the grammar of German), setting them to another might define knowledge of Japanese, etc. This is a scheme to represent knowledge and a natural question to ask is how can this knowledge be acquired? The problem of language acquisition is reduced to learning to set the parameter values for the target language on the basis of sentences from that target. Thus a child is born in some linguistic environment; it receives evidence about the parental (target) parameter settings in the form of parental (societal) linguistic input, and on the basis of this evidence, is able eventually to set the parameters to the appropriate values and thus acquire the language of its parents. From a computational perspective, we are interested in algorithms whereby the child might set parameter values on the basis of data; whether these algorithms converge to target values in the limit and further the rate at which they do so Figure 11.1 provides a schematic view of the processes involved in language acquisition.
The Effect of Uphill Slopes on Mixing in Turbulent Gravity Currents
Authors: Brown Matthew A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Experiments are performed to study the impact of two-dimensional turbulent gravity currents on uphill slopes, with particular reference to mixing between the current and the ambient caused by the reflection. An optical techique is used to measure cross-stream averaged densities in the current, in an attempt to quantify this mixing. Quantities constructed from the vertical density profiles indicate that for finite-volume currents more mixing occurs during reflection from small slopes than from steep ones, although results for continuous-flux currents are less conclusive. The mechanisms of the reflection process are discussed in order to explain the observations.
The Temporal Evolution of the Boundary Layer in a Rotating Stratified Fluid
Authors: Hewitt* R E , Duck* P W , Foster** M R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The transient response of a contained fluid undergoing a spin-up from a state of rigid body rotation has been discussed for both homogeneous and stratified fluids (for example, Greenspan and Howard [2], Pedlosky [3], Walin [4], and Spence, Foster and Davies [5]). When a stratified fluid is considered, the time scale for the readjustment to the new conditions has been shown to be much longer than that appropriate in the homogeneous case. However, conclusions drawn from investigations into the stratified spin-up problem have been based on containers that do not have sloping walls.
The Use of Particle Image Velocimetry for the Measurement of the Effect of Post Breaking Turbulence on Stratified Fluids
Authors: Hann* D B , Greated* C A , Davies** P A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many indications in current research that the effect of surface breaking waves on a stratified fluid is more important than previously thought [1, 2]. The effect of breaking processes has been shown to extend to depths of the order of the wavelength, rather than the amplitude of the waves as previously expected [3, 4]. This means that the environmental effect of breaking waves in the deep ocean needs to be re-addressed, since this will increase the transfer of heat, gas and energy between the upper and lower layers in the ocean [5]. In order to investigate this more thoroughly, this research has been concerned with modelling the effect of surface breaking waves on an interface between two fluids of different density using a 2D wave tank.
Vortex Solitons in Stably Stratified Differentially Rotating Fluid
Authors: Stegner A , Zeitlin V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the present paper we address a question of large-scale long-living vortices in a differentially rotating continuously stratified fluid layer. Our basic motivation is provided by numerous astro- and geophysical observations indicating the presence of such structures in planetary atmospheres and in the ocean [1], [2]. We adopt an idea, first formulated in [3] (see also [4] in the oceanic context), that the structures of this kind may be, in principle, explained as solitons arising due to the mutual compensation of (weak) dispersion and (weak) nonlinearity of the long Rossby waves. Although a number of papers developing this approach exist in the literature (for a full list of references cf. [6)), most of the work was limited up to now by the barotropic shallow water. Recent generalizations to a two-layer model [5], [6] indicate that stratification introduces some important new features in the analysis and below we confirm this in the physically and technically much more interesting case of continuous stratification.
A Heated Vertical Buoyant Jet in a Cross flow
Authors: Papanicolaou P N , Papaspyros J N E , Kastrinakis E G , Nychas S G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The trajectory and temperature distribution in round vertical heated air jets that discharge into a uniform moving ambient cold air stream, have been studied in the laboratory using hot wire anemometry and a flow visualization technique. The model proposed [1] has been modified by use of two length scales, one to normalize the horizontal and one the vertical distance from the source. The dimensionless trajectory and centerline concentration of round buoyant jets issuing normally into a uniform current are expressed by analytical, non-parametric equations, that fit earlier and the present experimental data very well. The equation of temperature decay at the plume axis and the normalized self-similar profiles of the mean temperature and turbulence properties of plumes in cross flows presented here, can be used in modeling for the calibration and testing of numerical algorithms.
Tracer Dispersion by Internal Solitary Waves in Stable Stratifications
Authors: Zimmerman William B , Haarlemmer Geert W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Computational fluid dynamics simulations of solitary internal waves propagating in an atmospheric inversion layer are presented. The simulations are initiated by prescribed gusts of cold air at the domain inlet. Properties of the resultant solitary wave evolution are examined. The history of the fluid motion is recorded by either the diffusion of tracer components or the transport of Lagrangian fluid elements. In the case studies presented here, solitary waves of all amplitudes prove to be good at short range mixing and surprisingly poorer than expected at long range transport. When contaminants are introduced after a nocturnal industrial accident they may become trapped in solitary waves triggered by the same event. The upshot is that pollutants are convected away from the source faster then can be expected on the basis of the background wind. When only a few waves are created, mixing is slowed down due to the trapping of fluids by waves which prevents dispersion. When disturbances break up into trains of solitary waves, however, mixing is accelerated. These simulations show that the presence of shear has only little effect on the dynamics of the waves. Both recirculation and pollutant convection still occur.
Surface and Planetary Boundary-Layer Modelling of Stably Stratified Atmospheric Boundary Layers
Authors: Xu Dapeng , Weng Wensong , Chan Lucilla , Taylor Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For surface layer (0-lOOm height) studies of stable stratified flow over topography, the conventional constant flux layer flows with log-linear profiles for velocity and potential temperature or density are unsuitable as they stand, since velocity linearly increases with height. If they are applied throughout too deep a layer, internal gravity waves excited by the flow are trapped by the Froude number increasing above 1 at some height. Artificial sources/sinks of heat and momentum can be introduced as a device to replace slowly evolving background boundary-layer profiles by steady ones for studies of short time scale perturbations.
A Case Study of Plume Dispersion During the Evolution of a Stable Nocturnal Boundary Layer
Authors: Bennett* M , rgensen** H E J , Lyck† E , Løfstrømt P , Mikkelsen** T , Ott** S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In July 1995, a series of measurements (BOREX ‘95) were made of the dispersion of a tracer plume from a 21 m instrumented tower in Borris Heath in Jutland. Facilities available included two scanning Lidars, SF6 tracer samplers and full micrometeorological instrumentation. Between 2250 and 0030 DST on the night of 11-12/7/95, the tracer plume was monitored over 3 series each of 30 min duration. Repeated Lidar scans were taken at travel distances of 600, 2000 and 2400 m; SF6 tracer was monitored with a single bag sampler at 600 m and an arc of samplers and a fast-response instrument at ˜2600 m; and wind, temperature and turbulence profiles were measured up to a height of 21 m at the source. There was a moderate E airflow over the period, with very dry air allowing an intense stable stratification to develop over the dry heathland.
Mixing in Stratified Flow Over Three-Dimensional Obstacles
Authors: Paisley* M F , Castro** I P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Numerical computations of viscous stratified flows over three dimensional obstacles are presented. Attention is concentrated on the localised regions where density gradients are reversed and vertical mixing occurs, namely the upstream flow reversal zone, downstream separated flow under a lee wave crest and the region surrounding a breaking lee wave. A particular case is examined in detail, and data relating to the evolution in time of mixed flow in each of these regions is considered. Modelling such phenomena requires the use of a turbulence model, and the question of the adequacy of either a mixing length or a one-equation turbulence model is addressed. Flow gradients are high in mixing regions and the issue of sufficient grid resolution is discussed.
The Effect of the Tidal Barrage on the Flows and Mixing in the Tees Estuary
Authors: Riddle A M , Lewis R E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Tees estuary has recently been transformed by the construction of a barrage which has reduced the tidal length from 44 km to 18 km. The barrage now restricts the upstream movement of the salt resulting in the formation of a new freshwater region to landward. Surveys undertaken before and after construction of the barrage, in 1990 and 1995 respectively, have demonstrated changes to the hydrographic conditions in the estuarial waters.
Entrainment and Mixing in Long Sea Outfalls
Authors: Ali* K H M , Burrows* R , Spence** K , Davies† P A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The paper presents an experimental investigation into the characteristics of salt wedges in long sea outfalls. Several high-level instrumentation systems were employed to study the various aspects of the problem. Salt wedge lengths and profiles were obtained for various densimetric Froude numbers. Velocity distributions of the freshwater layer of the primary salt wedges were obtained and used to calculate wall and interfacial shear stresses.
Cancer
Authors: Mantovani A , Dinarello C A , Ghezzi P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tumor immunology has long been an area of descriptive phenomenology, wild speculation, and unfullfilled expectations. Attempts at activating host resistance to tumors go back to early in this century with Coley’s toxin, a bacterial preparation with some antitumor activity. The only remnant of the ‘bacterial era’ of tumor immunotherapy in widespread clinical use, is probably intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guerin in early bladder carcinoma. The latest tools, including molecularly defined tumor antigens, gene transfer techniques, and cytokines, have renewed interest in the possibility of exploiting host- immune responses in the treatment of neoplasia and are the basis for a renaissance of tumor immunology as a clinically important discipline.
Skin
Authors: Mantovani A , Dinarello C A , Ghezzi P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Together with the mucosal surfaces, the human integument is a major interface between host and environment, and an active micro-environment for the generation and expression of immunological reactions (Kupper, 1989; Bos and Kapsenberg, 1993). Moreover, inflammatory and allergic responses often involve the skin as a major site. The skin consists of the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous fat. Its resident and blood-derived cellular constituents are differentially distributed among these compartments. In the epidermal compartment, the keratinocyte is the predominant cell type, but there are also melanocytes, Langerhans cells, macrophages, and T cells.
Alkyl and aryl glycosides and glycosamines
Authors: David Serge 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Furanoses and pyranoses are hemiacetals. Glycosides are acetals. On paper, they are derived from furanoses and pyranoses by replacing the hydrogen of the hemiacetal hydroxyl group by an R group. These are thus mixed acetals, internal and external, whereby one of the acetal oxygens is derived from one of the alcohol functions of the sugar, and the other from the external hydroxylated compound, R-OH. It follows that there are four types of glycosides, corresponding to either a pentose or a hexose. Below are examples of four glycosides derived from galactose by substituting the hemiacetal hydrogen by a methyl group: methyl α-D-galactofuranoside 3.1, methyl β-D-galactopyranoside 3.2, methyl α-D-galactofuranoside 3.3, and methyl β-D-galactofuranoside 3.4.
Oligosaccharides: configuration and analysis
Authors: David Serge 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The molecules we have seen so far have been derived, in general, from a single simple sugar such as a pentose or a hexose. Although we have referred to them as sugars, which is a correct term, we will henceforth need to differentiate them from other sugars built from two, three, four, or a great number of simple sugars. Now is the moment to introduce terms whose meanings are obvious such as mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, ... poly-saccharide.
Glycoconjugates
Authors: David Serge 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A glycolipid is an association of an oligosaccharide with a lipid (Morrison 1988; Li and Li 1982; Stults et al. 1989). Our description will be limited to two families which are easily definable. In the sphingosine type, the oligosaccharide is linked glycosidically to the primary alcohol function of a long-chain amino alcohol. The most common one is sphingosine 13.1. In glycolipids, the amino function is involved in an amide bond with an acyl residue of a long-chain fatty acid. There is a great variety of derivatives of this type, which have been given the collective name ceramide (Cer). The other important family of glycolipids belongs to the glycerol type. The oligosaccharide is linked by a glycosidic bond to the primary alcohol function of a glycerol molecule esterified by two fatty acid molecules 13.2.
ABH and related blood group antigens
Authors: David Serge 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Antigenic determinants are trisaccharide A, 16.1, trisaccharide B, 16.2, and disaccharide H, 16.3. The reader will recognize that trisaccharides A and B are glycosidation products of disaccharide H at position 3 of galactose by an N-acetylgalactosamine unit and a galactose unit, respectively, and in the two cases by an a-anomeric linkage. Thus the A and B determinants differ only by their substitution at position 2 on their D-galacto non-reducing terminal end, N-acetyl in the A substance, and hydroxyl in the B substance. Note as well the participation of the deoxygenated sugar fucose and finally the α-1,2-cis bonds, not as common as the β-1,2-trans bonds in glycoconjugates. These disaccharides and trisaccharides are located at the non-reducing terminal ends of the oligosaccharide chains of glycoproteins and glycolipids and possibly their branches. Blood group A individuals have the A determinant and a certain quantity of H, but not B, whereas those of blood group B have B and H but not A, in a symmetrical fashion. Blood group O individuals only have the H determinant. This immediately implies an incomplete biosynthesis due to the absence or the non-expression of genes which code for the A or B glycosyltransferases. Carrier molecules are found in the membrane of erythrocytes and determinants are exposed towards the outside. In blood group A individuals, the B molecule is recognized as a foreign substance and gives rise to the appearance of anti-B antibodies. For the same reason, anti-A antibodies are found in people with blood group B and and anti-A and anti-B antibodies in those with blood group 0. Problems observed during blood transfusions were due to the presence of these antibodies. Thus the donor of blood group A who has anti-B antibodies causes the agglutination of erythrocytes in a receiver of blood group B. ABH antigens are also present on cell surfaces in the majority of organs and in secretions. Their presence is one of the major causes of the failure of organ transplants between a donor and receiver of different blood groups. For this reason, they should also be named histo-blood group antigens.
Oligosaccharides as ligands to DNA
Authors: David Serge 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cytotoxicity of calicheamicin and its congeners is due to the cleavage, apparently irreparable, of the double helix of DNA, the result of a remarkable transformation of the aglycon. It can be observed in the absence of DNA. Treatment of calicheamicin in CD2Cl2 solution by triphenylphosphine gives compound 18.2 (in which R represents the oligosaccharide residue), with a deuterium atom at each of the x and y positions. This can be interpreted as follows: the reagent attacks the central sulfur of the trisulfide group thus separating the sulfur atom from the side of the aglycon, which is now found in the form of thiolate. Michael addition of the thiolate to the cyclohexenone gives dihydrothiophen 18.3. In this intermediate, the enediyne system is destabilized and cyclizes to the benzene diradical 18.2, where x and y represent, this time, single electrons, mainly located at these two sites. This diradical abstracts two deuterium atoms from the solvent.
The morphology of grebes
Authors: Fjeldså Jon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will review some characteristic morphological traits of grebes and some functional systems where there is some interesting variation among species. However, it is outside the scope of books in this series to describe skeletomuscular and other anatomical systems in detail. As expected for specialized diving birds, grebes, have a streamlined body. However, there is a considerable, variation between forms with short/broad mand long/slender bodies (Fig. 4.1).The latter have a long and laterally compressed pelvis, especially Aechmophorus, which in this respect resembles divers and hesperornithids.
The ecological distribution of grebes
Authors: Fjeldså Jon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The global variation in species richness of grebes (Fig. 5.1) illustrates that grebes are best represented in the ‘parklands’ on the transition between the grass-land and the temperate forest biomes. The core areas are inland, but pale ecological data suggest that the characteristic bird communities of steppe lakes were periodically well developed also in regions, that now have a more oceanic climate, such as in Western Europe (Kalela 1946).
Modules, extensions and duality
Authors: Wilson John S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Groups and rings derive much of their importance from their actions on mathematical structures, and frequently these structures are (or are closely associated with) abelian groups. For example, we saw in Chapter 3 that every profinite group acts as the full group of automorphisms of some field extension. These abelian groups, together with a map describing the action of the group or ring, are called modules.