bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Port of Koper—elemental concentrations in aerosols by PIXE
Authors: Žitnik M. , Jakomin M. , Pelicon P. , Rupnik Z. , Simčič J. , Budnar M. , Grlj N. , Marzi B. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe elemental composition of PM10 aerosols in the vicinity of the open‐air bulk terminal in the Port of Koper, Slovenia, was determined. Using a combination of short but intense and longer but relatively simple set‐up of sampling points and sampling periods, we studied elemental concentrations ranging from S to Br and Pb due to the presence of the terminal and related activities. We observed a decrease in concentrations with respect to the distance from the source and a long‐term correlation of different elemental concentrations detected during the non‐stop 2‐year sampling period. Two types of filters, Nuclepore and quartz fibre, were used for sampling as being most appropriate for different aims of the project. The filters were irradiated with 2 MeV protons at the PIXE beamline of the Microanalytical Centre at Jožef Stefan Institute (JSI). The elemental concentrations were obtained by analysing the recorded x‐ray spectra with the GUPIX code. We found a strong correlation between iron ore transfer and Fe concentration in PM10. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictors of social network composition among homeless and runaway adolescents
Authors: Johnson Kurt D. , Whitbeck Les B. , Hoyt Dan R. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractRecent research on the social support networks of homeless and runaway youth suggest the social networks of runaway youth are made up largely of transient deviant peer relationships. This paper examined social network characteristics of 428 homeless and runaway adolescents from small‐to moderate‐sized cities in four Midwestern states. We investigated size, homogeneity, and correlates of the composition of the instrumental and emotional support networks as reported by the adolescents. Results showed the networks are considerably heterogeneous, comprised of relationships from home and the street as well as family and non‐related adults. Further, the composition of these networks is related to adolescent characteristics and experiences including sexual identity, abuse history, and street experience.
Persistent back pain — why do physical therapy clinicians continue treatment? A mixed methods study of chiropractors, osteopaths and physiotherapists
Authors: Pincus Tamar , Vogel Steven , Breen Alan , Foster Nadine , Underwood Martin 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAims (a) To investigate how widespread is the use of long term treatment without improvement amongst clinicians treating individuals with low back pain. (b) To study the beliefs behind the reasons why chiropractors, osteopaths and physiotherapists continue to treat people whose low back pain appears not to be improving.Methods A mixed methods study, including a questionnaire survey and qualitative analysis of semi‐structured interviews. Questionnaire survey; 354/600 (59%) clinicians equally distributed between chiropractic, osteopathy and physiotherapy professions. Interview study; a purposive sample of fourteen clinicians from each profession identified from the survey responses. Methodological techniques ranged from grounded theory analysis to sorting of categories by both the research team and the subjects themselves.Results At least 10% of each of the professions reported that they continued to treat patients with low back pain who showed almost no improvement for over three months. There is some indication that this is an underestimate. reasons for continuing unsuccessful management of low back pain were not found to be primarily monetary in nature; rather it appears to have much more to do with the scope of care that extends beyond issues addressed in the current physical therapy guidelines. The interview data showed that clinicians viewed their role as including health education and counselling rather than a ‘cure or refer’ approach. Additionally, participants raised concerns that discharging patients from their care meant sending them to into a therapeutic void.Conclusion Long‐term treatment of patients with low back pain without objective signs of improvement is an established practice in a minority of clinicians studied. This approach contrasts with clinical guidelines that encourage self‐management, reassurance, re‐activation, and involvement of multidisciplinary teams for patients who do not recover. Some of the rationale provided makes a strong case for ongoing contact. However, the practice is also maintained through poor communication with other professions and mistrust of the healthcare system.
The treatment of mixed states and the risk of switching to depression
Authors: Vieta Eduard 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThere are few controlled studies evaluating the treatment of bipolar mixed states. Evidence suggests that mixed states may be more responsive to some anticonvulsants than to lithium. Olanzapine alone or in combination with divalproate or lithium has been adequately evaluated in randomized clinical trials involving mixed-state patients, whereas risperidone and quetiapine have not. There is also some evidence demonstrating the efficacy of ziprasidone and aripiprazole. The risk of switching to depression is high in mixed states. Conventional antipsychotics, such as haloperidol, may be less efficacious at protecting against a switch to depression than atypical antipsychotics, divalproate or lithium. When choosing drugs for the treatment of mania, and especially for the treatment of mixed states, their efficacy against manic and depressive symptoms, and their safety in terms of the risk of switching to depression should be taken into account.
Quantification of Fatty Tissue Mass by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia
Authors: FATTORI ROSSELLA , TRICOCI PIERLUIGI , RUSSO VINCENZO , LOVATO LUIGI , BACCHI‐REGGIANI LETIZIA , GAVELLI GIAMPAOLO , BRANZI ANGELO , BORIANI GIUSEPPE 
Published: March 2005

Introduction: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) is a heart muscle disorder in which the pathological substrate is a fatty or fibro‐fatty replacement of the right ventricular (RV) myocardium. Methods and Results: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies were performed in 10 patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia and in 24 matched controls in order to assess right ventricular epicardial/intramyocardial fatty tissue mass, RV myocardial mass, and RV functional parameters. Functional abnormalities were found in all ARVD cases. Patients with ARVD showed increased fatty tissue compared to controls (8.2 ± 4 g vs. 2.0 ± 1.0 g; P = 0.001), whereas no significant differences were found in RV myocardial mass (29.5 ± 9.2 g vs. 23.2 ± 6.7 g; P = NS). A correlation coefficient between 0.87 and 0.97 was found for repeated measurements. Conclusion: Quantification of fatty tissue with MRI is feasible and constitutes an objective method for differentiating normal from pathological conditions. This approach may lead to a complete diagnostic assessment of ARVD with the potential application for monitoring the evolution of the disease.
How Close Are the Phrenic Nerves to Cardiac Structures? Implications for Cardiac Interventionalists
Authors: SÁNCHEZ‐QUINTANA DAMIAN , CABRERA JOSÉ ANGEL , CLIMENT VICENTE , FARRÉ JERÓNIMO , WEIGLEIN ANDREAS , HO SIEW YEN 
Published: March 2005

Background: Phrenic nerve injury is a recognized complication following cardiac intervention or surgery. With increasing use of transcatheter procedures to treat drug‐refractory arrhythmias, clarification of the spatial relationships between the phrenic nerves and important cardiac structures is essential to reduce risks. Methods and Results: We examined by gross dissection the courses of the right and left phrenic nerves in 19 cadavers. Measurements were made of the minimal and maximal distances of the nerves to the superior caval vein, superior cavoatrial junction, right pulmonary veins, and coronary veins. Histologic studies were carried out on tissues from six cavaders. Tracing the course of the right phrenic nerve revealed its close proximity to the superior caval vein (minimum 0.3 ± 0.5 mm) and the right superior pulmonary vein (minimum 2.1 ± 0.4 mm). The anterior wall of the right superior pulmonary vein was <2 mm from the right phrenic nerve in 32% of specimens. The left phrenic nerve passed over the obtuse cardiac margin and the left obtuse marginal vein and artery in 79% of specimens. In the remaining specimens, its course was anterosuperior, passing over the main stem of the left coronary artery or the anterior descending artery and great cardiac vein. Conclusions: The right phrenic nerve is at risk when ablations are carried out in the superior caval vein and the right superior pulmonary vein. The left phrenic nerve is vulnerable during lead implantation into the great cardiac and left obtuse marginal veins.
PLURALISM, PERSONAL IDENTITY, AND FREEDOM OF CONSCIENCE
Authors: Strike Kenneth A. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Kenneth Strike’s essay on pluralism, personal identity, and freedom of conscience, takes up the concept of identity, and contrasts cultural and religious pluralism. He argues that the issues of affiliational obligation and recognition are often different in these two types of pluralism, and that religious groups are often asking for something very different from cultural groups. Strike makes a case for a more fluid conception of the idea of identity and against its essentialist form; he holds, e.g. that some of his affiliations are stronger than others and more tied to his sense of a larger self, but it is questionable, he argues, whether any of these affiliations could not be re-evaluated without loss of the larger idea of the self. Strike does allow that members of groups more oppressed than his might certainly rally around the attributes that they hold in common, and he is sympathetic to this strategic function of identity. Nevertheless, he wants to hold onto the individualized and phenomenological conception of identity: identity is whatever the agent feels it to be.
SHOULD WE TEACH PATRIOTIC HISTORY?
Authors: Brighouse Harry 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Harry Brighouse’s essay concludes Part I of the book by taking up one aspect of the task of clarifying the role of common education, by applying it to the teaching of patriotism in public (common) schools. He asks whether liberal and cosmopolitan values are compatible with a common education aimed at fostering patriotic attachment to the nation. He examines numerous arguments recently developed to justify fostering patriotism in common schools from a liberal–democratic perspective, and finds them all wanting. However, even if liberal–democratic arguments for teaching patriotism could be found that withstand the criticisms he advances, Brighouse argues that common schools should avoid using history as the vehicle for fostering patriotic loyalty, since even the most honest, clear-sighted, unsentimental attempts to teach national history are likely to degrade and undermine the other purposes that teaching history properly has. The chapter proceeds as follows: Section 6.1, discusses briefly the justifications of patriotism and the further arguments that patriotism is something that should be taught to children in school – and in particular the argument that history is an appropriate vehicle for teaching it; Section 2 casts doubt on the arguments for patriotism and even more doubt on the idea that it should be taught; Section 6.3 argues that history is a discipline particularly inappropriate for conveying patriotic feeling; Section 6.4 concludes.
Ethanol Exposure Decreases Glutamate Uptake in the Nucleus Accumbens
Authors: Melendez Roberto I. , Hicks Megan P. , Cagle Stephanie S. , Kalivas Peter W. 
Published: March 2005

Background:An increased level of extracellular glutamate is a key neurochemical feature associated with ethanol exposure and withdrawal.Methods:In the current study, extracellular levels of glutamate and glutamate transport in the nucleus accumbens were assayed 24 hr after repeated ethanol exposure (1 g/kg ip daily for 7 days) with use of in vivo no‐net‐flux microdialysis and in vitro 3Hglutamate uptake, respectively.Results:Microdialysis revealed higher extracellular glutamate concentrations in the nucleus accumbens of rats that were given ethanol. The increase in basal extracellular glutamate levels was accounted for in part by a decrease in the in vivo probe recovery of glutamate. Moreover, an in vitro accumbens slice preparation measuring 3Hglutamate uptake revealed that Na+‐dependent 3Hglutamate uptake was significantly reduced 24 hr after 7 days of repeated ethanol exposure. The ethanol‐induced deficit in glutamate uptake was not associated with decreased total tissue levels of the transporters GLAST or GLT1. The in vivo and in vitro ethanol‐induced changes in glutamate levels and uptake returned to control levels 14 days after discontinuing 7 days of repeated ethanol exposure.Conclusions:These results suggest that the previously reported increases in extracellular glutamate induced by ethanol exposure may be due in part to deficits in glutamate transport.
Substance Abuse Treatment and Hospitalization among a Cohort of HIV‐Infected Individuals with Alcohol Problems
Authors: Palepu Anita , Horton Nicholas J. , Tibbetts Nicole , Meli Seville , Samet Jeffrey H. 
Published: March 2005

Background:We examined the association of substance abuse treatment services on hospitalization among participants in the HIV‐Alcohol Longitudinal Cohort (HIV‐ALC) study of HIV‐infected individuals with a history of alcohol problems.Methods:A standardized questionnaire that inquired about demographics, substance use, use of substance abuse treatment services, and hospitalization was administered to 349 HIV‐ALC participants. We defined substance abuse treatment services as any of the following in the past 6 months: 12 weeks in a half‐way house or residential facility, 12 visits to a substance abuse counselor or mental health professional, or participation in any methadone maintenance program.Results:Almost one third of this cohort were hospitalized in the past 6 months. Substance abuse treatment was not significantly associated with hospitalization adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.0; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.7–1.5), whereas homelessness (AOR 2.3; 95% CI 1.5–3.6), injection drug use (AOR 1.7; 95% CI 1.0–2.7), severity of alcohol dependence (AOR 1.02; 95% CI 1.00–1.05), CD4 cell count (AOR 0.999; 95% CI 0.998–1.00), and HIV RNA (AOR 1.1; 95% CI 1.0–1.2) were independently associated with increased odds of hospitalization over time.Conclusions:Engagement in substance abuse treatment was not associated with a decrease in hospital use by HIV‐infected individuals with a history of alcohol problems. The period of substance abuse treatment may present an opportunity to address health care utilization patterns of HIV‐infected individuals.
Development of Acute Tolerance During Steady‐State Arterial Alcohol Concentrations: A Study of Auditory Event‐Related Potentials in Rats
Authors: Morzorati Sandra L. , Stewart Robert B. 
Published: March 2005

Background:The blood alcohol clamp is a method whereby alcohol is infused intravenously to maintain a predetermined arterial alcohol concentration (AAC) for an indefinite period of time. The objective of this study was to use the clamp to examine the effects of alcohol on event‐related potentials (ERPs) in rats and to assess the development of tolerance during a single alcohol exposure.Methods:Adult male Wistar rats that had a chronic implant of EEG electrodes overlying the frontal cortex and were equipped with cannulae in the jugular vein, were clamped at 75 or 150 mg/dl via an intravenous infusion of 20% (v/v) alcohol. Auditory ERPs were recorded before the alcohol infusion (baseline) and at 5, 15, 120, 135, or 195 min after steady‐state AAC was achieved. In a separate group of rats, test‐retest reliability was examined by acquiring ERPs two to three times in the same rat at 60‐min intervals. Dependent variables were calculated as changes from baseline for each time point for P1‐N1 amplitude and P1 and N1 latencies.Results:In the test‐retest study, there were no differences in any of the dependent variables over time, indicating that the measures were stable and repeatable. Estimated AACs of 75 and 150 mg/dl significantly (p= 0.0001) decreased P1‐N1 amplitude in a dose‐related manner. During both clamps, the alcohol effect peaked at 120 min (p < 0.03) and decreased thereafter. Alcohol had no effect on P1 or N1 latencies.Conclusions:Pharmacologically relevant AACs significantly decreased the amplitude but not the latencies of the long‐latency components of the rat auditory ERP. Acute tolerance developed because the amplitude of the ERP component recovered as AACs were held relatively constant.
Thr105Ile, a Functional Polymorphism of Histamine N‐Methyltransferase, Is Associated with Alcoholism in Two Independent Populations
Authors: Oroszi Gabor , Enoch Mary‐Anne , Chun Jeffrey , Virkkunen Matti , Goldman David 
Published: March 2005

Background:Histamine is expressed in cortical and limbic areas that are involved in emotion and cognition and modulates these behaviors. H1 receptor antagonists are sedative. Histamine N‐methyltransferase (HNMT) catalyzes the Nτ methylation of histamine, the sole pathway for termination of the neurotransmitter action of histamine in mammalian brain. A common and functionally significant polymorphism, a C314T transition in exon 4 of the HNMT gene results in a Thr105Ile substitution of the protein encoded. The Thr105 allele is associated with ˜2‐fold higher enzyme activity, leading to the prediction that it might be associated with diminished histamine levels, resulting in differences in anxiety, cognition, and sedation that play important roles in alcoholism. In two ethnically distinct populations, we tested whether the Thr105Ile polymorphism was associated with alcoholism and with harm avoidance, a dimensional measure of anxious personality.Methods:A 5′ exonuclease assay (TaqMan) was used to genotype Thr105Ile in psychiatrically interviewed Finnish Caucasian (n= 218) and Plains American Indian (n= 186) alcoholics, along with ethnically matched, psychiatrically interviewed, controls (Finns: n= 313, Plains Indian: n= 140).Results:Ile105 allele frequencies were significantly lower in alcoholics compared with nonalcoholics in both populations (Finns: 0.12 vs. 0.17, χ2= 6, p= 0.015; Plains Indians: 0.03 vs. 0.08, χ2= 5, p= 0.023). Genotype distributions also differed significantly. In Finns, Ile105 showed borderline significance for an association with lower harm avoidance (p= 0.070) after correcting for alcoholism diagnosis.Conclusions:Decreased levels of brain histamine consequent to the Thr105 allele may result in higher levels of anxiety and, as a consequence, vulnerability to alcoholism.
Genetically Modified Organisms in the Portuguese Press: thematization and anchoring
Authors: CASTRO PAULA , GOMES ISABEL 
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACT: The main aim of this paper is to examine how the recent themata developments in Social Representations Theory can be linked with the classical process involved in the construction of social representations—anchoring—, as well as with the communicative modalities that are part of the theory since its inception. This was done through a study of the representation of GMOs in the Portuguese press, taken as an opportunity for addressing the issues related to the role played by old categories in rendering new meanings and in establishing new categories.A further objective of the study, more applied in nature, was to explore whether the central characteristics of the representations of biotechnology in European countries were also present in Portugal.All articles that included the expressions Genetically Modified/Genetic Modification/Manipulation or Transgenics, were collected, in five Portuguese newspapers, during the years of 1999, 2000 and 2001. Content analysis of the 239 articles collected showed that their thematical organisation re‐constitutes the Red/Green dichotomy found in most European countries. The Red/health discussion is structured around such themata as health/disease, risk/safety, benefits/problems, and anchors in categories like science and progress. The nature/culture opposition emerges, in turn, in the Green/food discussion, which anchors on categories like ideology and employs Propaganda as a communicative modality—a set of indicators configuring a more polemic debate. The conclusions discuss the relevance of linking themata with anchoring and the importance of devising more fine‐grained tools for the analysis of Diffusion.
Predictors of reproductive cost in female Soay sheep
Authors: TAVECCHIA G. , COULSON T. , MORGAN B. J. T. , PEMBERTON J. M. , PILKINGTON J. C. , GULLAND F. M. D. , CLUTTON‐BROCK T. H. 
Published: March 2005

Summary

We investigate factors influencing the trade‐off between survival and reproduction in female Soay sheep (Ovis aries). Multistate capture–recapture models are used to incorporate the state‐specific recapture probability and to investigate the influence of age and ecological conditions on the cost of reproduction, defined as the difference between survival of breeder and non‐breeder ewes on a logistic scale.
The cost is identified as a quadratic function of age, being greatest for females breeding at 1 year of age and when more than 7 years old. Costs, however, were only present during severe environmental conditions (wet and stormy winters occurring when population density was high).
Winter severity and population size explain most of the variation in the probability of breeding for the first time at 1 year of life, but did not affect the subsequent breeding probability.
The presence of a cost of reproduction was confirmed by an experiment where a subset of females was prevented from breeding in their first year of life.
Our results suggest that breeding decisions are quality or condition dependent. We show that the interaction between age and time has a significant effect on variation around the phenotypic trade‐off function: selection against weaker individuals born into cohorts that experience severe environmental conditions early in life can progressively eliminate low‐quality phenotypes from these cohorts, generating population‐level effects.