bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Annual Purgations
Authors: Kohn Livia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The “Rules for Worshiping the Dao according to the Three Caverns” says: The first day of the first month is the purgation of devotion to longevity.
The seventh day of the first month is the purgation to extend spirit.
The eighth day of the second month is the purgation for a plentiful spring. [9b] The eighth day of the fourth month is the purgation to announce summer.
The Collected Writings of Samson Occom, Mohegan
Authors: Brooks Joanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume brings together for the first time the known writings of the pioneering Native American religious and political leader, intellectual, and author, Samson Occom (Mohegan; 1723-1792). The largest surviving archive of American Indian writing before Charles Eastman (Santee Sioux; 1858-1939), Occom's writings offer unparalleled views into a Native American intellectual and cultural universe in the era of colonialization and the early United States. His letters, sermons, journals, prose, petitions, and hymns--many of them never before published--document the emergence of pantribal political consciousness among the Native peoples of New England as well as Native efforts to adapt Christianity as a tool of decolonialization. Presenting previously unpublished and newly recovered writings, this collection more than doubles available Native American writing from before 1800.
Ancient Mesopotamia The Earliest and Best-Documented Textual/ Educational System
Authors: Carr David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The starting point for study of textuality in the Near East necessarily must be Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia is likely the earliest origin point for writing in the Near East. Moreover, Mesopotamia developed one of the earliest and most influential educational systems. It is in Mesopotamia that we see the first possible attempt to systematically collect texts into a library. And, most important of all, the literary remains of Mesopotamia are better preserved than those of any other—thanks to the custom of writing so many types of documents on clay tablets that have withstood the test of time. As Klaas Veen hof in his helpful survey of relative preservation of archives in the Near East points out, sites elsewhere in the Near East (and in later Mesopotamia) often feature large finds of clay bullae and other wrappers of now destroyed papyrus and parchment—signs of a huge range of texts now lost to scholarly inquiry.
Temple- and Priest-Centered Textuality and Education in Hellenistic Judaism
Authors: Carr David M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Though there is much debate about whether early Israel had schools, most scholars agree that this mention of a bet hammidrash (“house of study”) in Ben Sira represents an unambiguous reference to some sort of formal school in early Judaism. Yet, as I will show, this quotation is part of a range of data testifying to fundamental shifts in textuality and education in Judaism during the “Hellenistic” portion of the Second Temple period (333 b.c.e.–70 c.e.). Ben Sira/ Sirach is but one book that testifies to the merging of Torah and education, a development already begun in the pre-Hellenistic period. Furthermore, we see testimony in 2 Maccabees to the collection of Jewish books by Judas Maccabeus, creating a temple library within Hellenistic Judaism that parallels the indigenous Egyptian libraries discussed in Hellenistic Egypt.
Popular Stories Of Ancient Egypt
Authors: El-Shamy Hasan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Translated for the modern reader, these popular stories have been revived to give fresh insight into one of the oldest civilisations. Unlike compiling folktales from more modern societies these rare gems have been translated from original hieroglyphic manuscripts, often damaged and fragmentary, to give a unique insight into the imagery and ideas which captivated the popular psyche in Ancient Egypt, and the cultural differences and assumptions of the storytellers about what their audiences would understand and enjoy.
The Memoirs Of Sinuhit
Authors: El-Shamy Hasan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The memoirs of Sinuhit appear to have been held in high estimation in the literary circles of Pharaonic Egypt, for they were frequently copied either in whole or in part, and we still possess the remains of three manuscripts which contained them complete-the Berlin Papyrus No. 1, to which the fragments of the Amherst Papyrus belong, the Golensfchejf Papyrus and the Ramesseum Papyrus No. 1 at Berlin (Berlin 3022). The Berlin Papyrus No. 1, bought by Lepsius in Egypt, and inserted by him in the Denkmaler au /Egypten und /Ethiopien, vi, pl. ro4-ro7, is imperfect at the beginning. It has been published in photographic facsimile with a hieroglyphic transcription by Alan H. Gardiner, die Ezralung des Sinuhe und die Hirtengeschichte, in Erman, Hieratische Texte des Mittleren Reichies, 8vo, Leipzig, 1909, vol. ii, pl. 5-15. In its present state it contains three hundred and eleven lines of text. The hundred and seventy-nine lines of the commencement are vertical; followed immediately by ninety-six horizontal lines (180-276); but from line two hundred and seventy-seven to the end the scribe has reverted to the system of vertical columns. The first forty lines of the part that has survived have suffered more or less from wear and tear; some of them (lines 1, 13, 15, 38) have lacuna: that I should have been unable to fill in, had I not been fortunate enough to discover another copy at Thebes. The end is intact and closes with the wellknown formula: It has come from its beginning to its end, as it has been found in the book. The writing, which is very good and bold in the vertical portions, becomes thick and confused in the horizontal lines, and full of ligatures and cursive forms, which in places render decipherment difficult. Some scraps of the parts that are missing at the beginning have been found among fragments belonging to the collection of the late Lord Amherst of Hackney. They have been published in hieroglyphic transcription by F.
The Veritable History of Satni-Khamois and His Son Senosiris
Authors: El-Shamy Hasan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Veritable History of Satni-Khamois and his son Senosiris was discovered on Papyrus DCIV of the British Museum, and published, transcribed, and translated into English by E LI. Griffith, Stories of the High Priests of Memphis, the Sethon of Herodotus, and the Demotic Tales of Khamuas, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1909, 8vo, pp. 41-66,142-207, and Atlas of xiv plates, folio, since analysed, commented on, and partially translated into French by G. Maspero, Contes relatifs aux grands-pretres de Memphis, in the Journal des Savants, 1911, pp. 473-504, finally transcribed into hieroglyphs and translated by Revillout, Le Roman de Satme, Second Roman du Satme Khaemouas, in Revue egyptologique, vol. xii, pp. 107-109, vol. xiii, pp. 29-38.
The Exploits of Osimandyas
Authors: El-Shamy Hasan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Theban versions of the legend of Ramses II were attached to the funerary temple that this prince had built on the left bank at the Ramesseum, and as one of the names of this temple was ta haft Uasimariya Maiamanu, “the castle ofUasimariya Maiamanu,” and, as an abbreviation, “the castle of Uasimariya,” the prenomen Uasimariya caused his proper name Ramses to be forgotten; transcribed Osimanduas in Greek, as I have said in the Introduction (p. cxv, note 87), it passed into the writings of Hecatreus of Abdera and Artemidorus, and thence into Diodorus as the name of a king other than Sesostris-Sesoosis. That which now remains of his Exploits is merely the description of the Ramesseum and of the sculpture which decorated the different parts. Nevertheless, one recognises that, like the Exploits If Sesostris, it included an important account of battles in Asia against the Bactrians. Osimanduas besieged a fortress surrounded by a river, and he exposed himself to the blows of the enemy, accompanied by a lion, who afforded him powerful assistance in the fight.
‘The ‘Doomed ‘Prince
Authors: El-Shamy Hasan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is said that the manuscript was intact when it was found, and that it was injured in Egypt, several years later, by the explosion of a powder magazine, which partially destroyed the house in Alexandria in which it was. It is supposed that a copy, made by Mr. Harris before the disaster, contains the destroyed portions of the original; but at present no one knows where the copy is to be found. In its present state the Story of the Doomed Prince covers four and a half pages.
The High Emprise far the Throne of Amon
Authors: El-Shamy Hasan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE second romance has come down to us in a Theban manuscript, which dates from the first half of the first century A.D. The fragments of it were bought from a dealer at Gizeh in 1904 by Borchardt and Rubensohn, and in 1905 by Seymour de Ricci. The larger part, which was acquired by Borchardt and Rubensohn, has gone to the University of Strasburg, where Spiegelberg discovered the subject of it. It has been published, as well as the pieces recovered by Ricci in W. Spiegelberg, Der Sagenkreis des Konigs Petubastis, nach dem Strassburger Demotischen Papyrus sowie den Wiener und Pariser Bruckstucken, 4to, Leipzig, 1910, So and 102 pages, and 22 plates in phototype. So far as it is possible to judge at present, it contains the Theban version of the theme dealt with in the first romance. The cuirass is replaced by the throne of Amon, probably, as I have said in the Introduction (p. cxxiii), by the sacred throne on which the priests placed the strangely shaped emblem, representing one of the types of the god of the Gr.-eco-Roman period. The personages that surround Pharaoh in the narrative are many of them the same as those of the previous story-Pakrur prince of the East, Pemu son of Eienharerou-Inaros prince of Heliopolis, Ankhhoru son of Pharaoh and his son Tak.hos, and Minnebmei prince of Elephantine; and yet, as Spiegelberg has justly observed (Der Sagenkreis, p. 8), years have passed since the affair of the cuirass, and new personages have arisen-Pesnufi, the son of Pakrur, and a young prophet of Horus of Buto who is not named anywhere, but whose auxiliaries are named generally as the Ameu. This name, which Spiegelberg translates literally as the Shepherds, and interprets as the Asiatics, affords the basis for a very ingenious comparison with the legend of Osarsuph, the priest of Heliopolis, the Moses of Jewish tradition, and his companions the shepherds or the Impure of Asia;
Story Of A Mariner
Authors: El-Shamy Hasan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This fragment is taken from the great Demotic Papyrus of the Bibliotheque Nationale of Paris. The document, brought to France at the beginning of the nineteenth century by one of the members of the expedition to Egypt, until 1873 remained forgotten among a mass of family papers. Offered by the Maisonneuve library to the Bibliotheque Nationale, it was purchased by it, on my representations, for the moderate sum of a thousand francs. It is written on both sides, and contains several compositions of a special character-Messianic prophecies, semi-religious dialogues, and apologues. The only fragment that is clearly marked out for insertion in this collection is this one of which I give a translation in the following pages. The credit for having discovered and published the text belongs to Eugene Revillout, who was then co-conservator of the Egyptian Museum at the Louvre:
“The Way Things Look Each Day” Poetry, Description, Nature
Authors: Spiegelman Willard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The 1954 Fall Term had begun. Again the marble neck of a homely Venus in the vestibule of Humanities Hall received the vermilion imprint, in applied lipstick, of a mimicked kiss. Again the Waindell Recorder discussed the Parking Problem. Again in the margins of library books earnest freshmen inscribed such helpful glosses as “Description of nature,” or “Irony”; and in ‘l pretty edition of Mallarme’s poems an especially able scholiast had already underlined in violet ink the difficult word oiseaux and scrawled above it “birds.” Again autumn gales plastered dead leaves against one side of the latticed gallery leading from Humanities to Frieze Hall. Again, on serene afternoons, huge, amber-brown Monarch butterflies flapped over asphalt and lawn as they lazily drifted south, their incompletely retracted black legs hanging rather low beneath their polka-dotted bodies. It is time to reconsider description. It struck Elizabeth Bishop as the antithesis to philosophy, religion, indeed, to thought itself. And it may strike impatient general readers, especially of prose fiction, as a superfluous or extraneous interruption of the dialogue and narrative action.
What is Biodivesity ?
Authors: Pimm Stuart L , Alves Maria Alice S , Chivian Eric , Bernstein Aaron 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Biological diversity, or biodiversity for short, is the variety of life on Earth—its genes, species, populations, and ecosystems. Human actions that have degraded land, bodies of fresh water, and the oceans have already caused biodiversity to decline sharply, and even greater losses are expected if humanity continues its current unsustainable use of natural resources. Although such activities as the release of greenhouse gases have exacted heavy, and in some cases potentially catastrophic, tolls on the global environment, the loss of biodiversity is the only truly irreversible consequence of environmental degradation. When a gene, a species, a population, or an ecosystem is lost, it is gone forever.
Desire: Emma In Love
Authors: Dussinger John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When characters play games in Austen’s fiction, we are led to believe, they may be sublimating “real-life” conflicts or actually revealing quite serious, even dangerous, intentions within the encounter. As we ponder their behavior, moreover, we are subscribing to a more fundamental game that the author has initiated in her parodic text—namely, the metaphor of lived experience. In this quixotic reflexivity, as the reader watches characters play tricks on other characters, he or she forgets about being manipulated within the linguistic frames arranged by Austen. Without quite knowing it, once our curiosity about the players is aroused, we fall into the role of spectators at an event and project our wishes onto the story. To begin with, even before the reader himself can become actively engaged with the text, characters are already shown to be prying into each other’s affairs and thus stirring up trouble; and almost at once patterns of discourse are set in motion to elicit a finite set of responses among the actors and external witnesses involved. At one level of abstraction, the narrative text insinuates itself like a crossword puzzle, providing just enough information to stir the reader’s interest in filling in the empty spaces. Similarly, the charades in Emma function reflexively as a play-within-a-play, imitating in miniature the whole enterprise of constituting the text of the novel.
Tristram Shandy as Aesthetic Object
Authors: De Voogd Peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Laurence sterne published his masterpiece The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman in nine slender volumes in the final decade of his life, between 1759 and 1767. The first two volumes appeared in York, Dublin, and London by January 1760. On 25 March the advertisement for the second (London) edition proudly announced a frontispiece designed by William Hogarth. Volumes 3 and 4 (again with a frontispiece by Hogarth) appeared a year later, in January 1761, and in December of that same year volumes 5 and 6 came out, with the unusual announcement that “Every book is signed by the author.” And indeed, to protect his book from being pirated, Sterne signed all copies of the first and second (revised) editions of volume 5, and of the first editions of volumes 7 and 9 on the first text page: 12,750 signatures in a neat (and still perfectly legible) hand.
Tristram Shandy and the Wound of Language
Authors: King Ross 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the eighteenth century, philosophy combines with physiology in such a way that, for some philosophers, all human faculties are traced back to their origins in sensation. As a result, mental experience is often contextualized by writers— by novelists as well as philosophers—within the sensory networks of the physical body. If the cult of sensibility and corollaries like sentimental fiction mark this turn, so also do aesthetic theory and the “aestheticization” of politics and ethics after 1688. However, perhaps the exemplary literary genre in the first decades of the century, satire, maintains a more historically sustained preoccupation with the body: From Rabelais and Cervantes to Swift and Sterne, somatic space, often filthy or deformed, represents a profitable site of a satirical humor. The nature of the preoccupations with the gross materiality of the flesh differs within the genre, of course, with Swift generally singled out as the writer whose “hatred and horror of physiological degradation,” as Henri Fluchère puts it, “have never been surpassed.”
The Lion’s Claws
Authors: Feingold Mordechai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ironically, the Principia, as we have seen, may have owed its publication to the persistent efforts of Robert Hooke to elicit from Newton a solution to his question regarding the shape of an orbit given force. Frustrated by Newton’s unwillingness to posit an answer, Hooke kept returning to what he perceived as both his finest accomplishment and greatest challenge: how to make the grand leap from a partly intuitive, partly experimental conception of a central force to a mechanics of orbital motion? Indeed, it was precisely his deep awareness of the enormous difficulties involved that had prompted him to seek Newton’s assistance. After the Lucasian Professor turned a cold shoulder, Hooke continued to dwell on the problem with his friends the architect Sir Christopher Wren and the astronomer (and Clerk of the Royal Society) Edmond Halley.
The Enlightenment Religion of Deism
Authors: Holmes David L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is free from all those invented and torturing articles that shock our reason ... with which the Christian religion abounds. Its creed is pure and sublimely simple. It believes in God, and there it rests. It honours Reason as the choicest gift of God to man and the faculty by which he is enabled to contemplate the power, wisdom, and goodness of the Creator displayed in the creation; And reposing itself on his protection, both here and hereafter, it avoids all presumptuous beliefs and rejects, as the fabulous inventions of men, all books pretending to revelation.
The Founding Fathers and Deism
Authors: Holmes David L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among educated eighteenth-century Americans, however, the idea of reason as a liberator from the shackles of repressive religion and tyrannical government won widespread acclaim. By the 1750s, orthodox clergy had begun to warn against the movement. Deism became especially fashionable at American colleges in the decades immediately following the Revolution. In those decades Enlightenment rationalism unseated Christian orthodoxy at Yale, Harvard, and other denominational colleges.
The Religious Views of George Washington
Authors: Holmes David L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historians have learned much about George Washington’s religious practices and beliefs, not only from his own writings but also from the observations and experiences of persons who knew him. In the twenty-first century, Washington’s religious views continue to be the subject of controversy. Washington was baptized and raised in the Established Church of Virginia. His wife, Martha, was a devoted Anglican and regular churchgoer. By the standards of the eighteenth century, Washington was religiously active.
Letters to Mollie
Authors: Ben-Zvi Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The documentation of the beginnings of the love affair between Susan and Jig is unusual because it exists almost entirely embedded in the love letters of another couple: Jig and Mollie Price. Jig began to write to Mollie on August 1, 1906, four days after they met in Moline, Illinois, at a Chicago Press Club outing, and he continued the correspondence until she arrived in Davenport in February 1908 tobecome his second wife and sporadically thereafter until their divorce in April 1911. This collection of 106 letters is fascinating, since it reveals not only their personal love but also the mores of the time concerning sexuality and divorce. Iowa then required a two-year period after divorce before individuals were free to remarry. For the thrice-married Cook that meant that between 1902 and 1913 he was married for a total of seven years and was awaiting divorce decrees for four. With birth control virtually nonexistent, and with the possibility of pregnancy being grounds for criminal charges against the divorcing party, not to mention the scandal of illegitimacy, it is not surprising that Jig saw himself as someone hounded by society and deprived of sexual relations on the turn of a law. His letters to Mollie reflect his state. They are erotic, highly charged, and explicitly sexual, giving vent to deep frustration and lashing out at the community that had ostracized him because of his marital position. To make matters worse, the waiting took place while he lived in plain view of the Davenport community.
Fire from Heaven on MacDougal Street
Authors: Ben-Zvi Linda 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The summer of 1917 in Provincetown was different from the last two. The Wharf Theatre was still there, but no longer being used for productions. The focus of the group was now New York, and there was no time or energy to plan a summer season, even if the inclination had been there. The Hapgoods were in town, but Neith had stopped writing plays after negative reaction to The Two Sons, which Louise Bryant reported caused the audience to burst into laughter. Mary Vorse, who from the start was peripheral to the group and had written nothing the Players would accept, was busy packing to move to Washington, D.C., where she would work for the Committee for Public Education during the remainder of the war. Wilbur Daniel Steele had just returned from the Caribbean and was completing short stories based on his experiences, while he and Margaret awaited the birth of their second child. And Louise Bryant and John Reed, progressively limiting involvement with the Players throughout the winter-Louise announcing that they “give me a pain in the stomach”-had married the previous November and taken up residence in Croton-on-Hudson, a community that other Villagers, including Mabel Dodge, were using as a city retreat.