bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eating Disorders
Authors: Steiger Howard , Bruce Kenneth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Eating disorders (EDs) are polysymptomatic syndromes, defi ned by maladaptive attitudes and behaviors around eating, weight, and body image but typically accompanied by disturbances of selfimage, mood, impulse regulation, and interpersonal functioning. In this chapter, we outline the defi ning features of the EDs, provide a brief historical perspective, and review fi ndings on ED epidemiology and comorbid psychopathology. We also provide an overview on factors thought to act in ED etiology. We then elaborate a multidimensional (biopsychosocial) perspective on ED causality that attempts to account for some of the more salient aspects of ED phenomenology.
The First Stoics
Authors: Irvine William B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Zeno (333–261 bc) was the first Stoic. (And by Zeno, I mean Zeno of Citium, not to be confused with Zeno of Elea, who is famous for a paradox involving Achilles and a tortoise, or with any of the seven other Zenos mentioned by Diogenes Laertius in his biographical sketches.) Zeno’s father was a merchant of purple dye and used to come home from his travels with books for Zeno to read. Among them were philosophy books purchased in Athens. These books aroused Zeno’s interest in both philosophy and Athens.
Social Relations
Authors: Irvine William B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Stoics, it should by now be clear, are faced with a dilemma. If they associate with other people, they run the risk of having their tranquility disturbed by them; if they preserve their tranquility by shunning other people, they will fail to do their social duty to form and maintain relationships. The question for the Stoics, then, is this: How can they preserve their tranquility while interacting with other people? The Stoics thought long and hard about this question. In the process of answering it, they developed a body of advice on how to deal with other people.
Old Age
Authors: Irvine William B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As a college professor, I spend my days around twenty-year-olds. Many of them, I have found, are convinced that the world will be their oyster. They think they will be rock stars, either literally or figuratively speaking. (It is understandable that they would think this. What perplexes me is their belief that, as rock stars, they will find profound and lasting happiness. They need, perhaps, to follow the entertainment news more closely.) These twentysomethings aren’t willing to settle for “mere tranquility” when there is so much else to be had: a perfect boyfriend, girlfriend, or spouse, a perfect job, and the love and admiration of all those around them. For them, Stoicism sounds like a philosophy for losers, and they aren’t losers.
Dying
Authors: Irvine William B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What makes old age a miserable thing, Musonius says, usually isn’t the frailty or sickness that accompanies it; rather, it is the prospect of dying.1 And why are people, both young and old, disturbed by the prospect of dying? Some are disturbed because they fear what might come after death. Many more, though, are disturbed because they fear that they have mislived—that they have, that is, lived without having attained the things in life that are truly valuable. Death, of course, will make it impossible for them ever to attain these things.
California’s Pioneering Role
Authors: Sperling Daniel , Gordon Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Leadership and innovation are key to curtailing carbon emissions and stabilizing climate change. Neither automakers, oil companies, nor consumers are likely to lead the way, at least on their own, so it falls to governments and entrepreneurs to spur action in the right direction. For a model of how this might happen, we need look no further than California. California is at the forefront of innovation and is focusing increasingly on the fight against global warming.
California’s reach extends far beyond its borders. It spurred the last two major global industrial revolutions (in information technology and biotechnology), has more top-rank universities than any other region, and is home to the Hollywood-based entertainment industry that projects American culture to the rest of the world. California exports goods, but perhaps more influential is its export of car-based cities and lifestyles. It has more people, cars, energy use, and carbon emissions than any other state in the Union, and most other nations.
When it comes to cars and oil, California has been an innovator and entrepreneur—though not always for the best. A positive view is that all the pieces are in place for California to create a low-carbon energy and transportation system and to lead other states and nations in doing the same. It has visionary political leaders, experienced government agencies, accomplished research institutions, technically sophisticated entrepreneurs, a large venture capital community, and environmentally savvy consumers and voters.
Stimulating Chinese Innovation
Authors: Sperling Daniel , Gordon Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In late 2007, China surpassed the United States as the single largest contributor of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. If this trend continues, China will increase its production of CO2 emissions at a rate faster than that of all the affluent countries of the world put together. Transportation and coal sources are responsible for a significant portion of these emissions, and their share will grow as China’s citizens are increasingly able to afford their own cars and coal is converted to liquid transportation fuels (and used for other energy purposes).
The automobile is at the heart of China’s economic growth and modernization. The Chinese government designated cars a pillar industry in 1994, with remarkable results. Since the start of the new millennium, growing wealth has led to soaring car use that’s remaking cities and lifestyles. If China follows America’s car-centric model, it could by itself add another billion cars in the twenty-first century. These conventional cars would consume vast amounts of energy, dump billions of tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, exacerbate social tensions, and demand massive new investments in roads. The result could be catastrophic for China and the world.
Driving toward Sustainability
Authors: Sperling Daniel , Gordon Deborah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
GM’s Futurama ride was the hit attraction of the 1939 New York World’s Fair. It depicted “an infinitely better place in which to live” 20 years in the future. Visitors were conveyed in moving chairs as if flying in an airplane over miniaturized dioramas of a paradise of industrial centers, towering cities, vast suburbs, and pristine forests, mountains, lakes, and rivers, all linked together by one thing—the car. Cars whizzed along automated expressways through cities and across the countryside. The people who visited Futurama in 1939 had never considered a future like this. Only one in four owned a car, and there was no interstate freeway system. But they left the exhibit with subliminal instructions from GM: build the highways with your tax dollars, buy the cars we manufacture, and all your dreams will come true.
Bolstered by a lot of lobbying, GM’s prophetic vision of a vast network of highways was soon realized. In 1956, the U.S. Interstate Highway program was launched, and 46,000 miles of high-speed, limited-access expressways eventually crisscrossed the nation. It transformed America.
Overcoming Hopelessness: Escape From Darkness
Authors: Scioli Anthony , Biller Henry B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dante Alighieri spent the last 13 years of his life (1308–1321) in exile, banished from his beloved Florence. It was during this period that he crafted his epic masterpiece, The Divine Comedy. Hailed as “the greatest single poem ever written,” it is a journey that spans Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise, an allegory representing “the soul’s struggle to find God” after descending into the deepest regions of hell.
At the start of his journey, Dante found himself on a “deep and savage road.” As he entered the “Inferno,” “the city of woes,” he gazed skyward, where over the portal of hell he saw inscribed the words, “Abandon all hope, you who enter here.” But with the aid of his guide, the ever-confident Virgil, he found his way back to paradise.
Dante’s “Inferno” provides an excellent backdrop for this chapter on hopelessness. His portrayal of hell featured nine “circles,” spiritual “torture chambers” containing little air, yet plenty of fire and ice. Within each realm, the dead were subjected to unique and insidious forms of torment.
What Illnesses Do Psychiatrists Treat?
Authors: Zorumski Charles F , Rubin Eugene H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychiatric disorders reflect dysfunction of the human mind and behavior and are diagnosed according to specific criteria. As noted in Chapter 1, dysfunction of the human mind results in symptoms in three primary spheres: thinking (cognition), emotion (meaning), and motivation (ability to set and achieve goals). These disorders can also produce a variety of physical (or “neurovegetative”) symptoms that include changes in appetite, sleep, sexual function, and energy level, among others. Some people develop symptoms suggestive of other medical or neurological disorders, such as heart palpitations, shortness of breath, pain, and memory disturbances. Additionally, patients with serious medical and neurological disorders can develop psychiatric disorders (e.g., people with diabetes are prone to develop depression), with adverse effects likely affecting the outcome of both conditions.
Who Are Psychiatrists and What Do They Actually Do?
Authors: Zorumski Charles F , Rubin Eugene H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is about psychiatrists themselves—about how they are trained and how their training clearly distinguishes them from other mental health professionals, such as clinical psychologists or social workers, and prepares them for their practice as physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders. We will also describe the nature of that practice and the various challenges and complications that psychiatrists encounter in the care of patients with psychiatric illness. In other words, because there is considerable misunderstanding in the general public, including among many patients and families, about the role that psychiatrists play in the mental health world, we believe it will be helpful to describe in some detail who they are and what they do.
Psychotherapies and Lifestyle Interventions
Authors: Zorumski Charles F , Rubin Eugene H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Psychiatrists and mental health professionals use a variety of methods to treat patients with psychiatric disorders. In the previous chapter, we discussed psychotropic medications. In the next chapter, we will discuss brain stimulation methods, such as electroconvulsive therapy. These are not the only weapons available, and other forms of treatment, including various forms of talk therapy (psychotherapy) and lifestyle interventions, can be extremely valuable in achieving optimal outcomes. An important principle to remember is that no one treatment is appropriate for all patients; effective care must be tailored to the needs of the individual patient. As we have noted previously, there are no cures for psychiatric disorders. However, there is considerable hope and opportunity for improvement in the outcome of these disorders, including by mechanisms through which patients can alter their own thinking and lifestyle to gain control over their symptoms. In this sense, psychiatric care is a bit like rehabilitative medicine where physicians work with a team of other health care providers to help patients with chronic and at times debilitating illnesses function at the highest level possible. A good portion of rehabilitative care is directed toward controlling symptoms and helping patients manage their lives as independently as they can.
Estuaries and Coastal Lagoons
Authors: Trenhaile A S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term ‘estuary’ is derived from the Latin aestuarium (aestus-tidal flow), which refers to a tidal inlet of the sea. Estuaries have been defined in many ways. One of the most widely used definitions was provided by Pritchard, who described them as partly enclosed bodies of water, freely connected to the open sea, within which sea water is measurably diluted with river water (Pritchard 1967a). This definition, which is based on the salinity of the water, extends the use of the term ‘estuary’ to include a variety of coastal re-entrants, including lagoons formed by a chain of barrier islands.
Understanding the Rise in Homelessness and HIV/AIDS
Authors: Takahashi Lois M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Community opposition is an increasingly common phenomenon across the United States. In Sacramento, the State of California’s capital city, a Loaves & Fishes dining hall feeding 1,000 homeless persons each day encountered vehement opposition by local businesses. The privately funded charity was sued by the City, which accused it of zoning violations (Warren 1997). Local business persons were upset about what they perceived were the ‘hordes of homeless people who litter, trespass, deal drugs and otherwise pollute the ambiance downtown’ (Warren 1997: A3).
HIV/AIDS, Homelessness, and Communities of Colour
Authors: Takahashi Lois M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Given the rising significance of homelessness and HIV/AIDS among communities of colour, it is not surprising that in these communities, there are varied responses-some address the fall-out of these two social crises and work towards prevention, and others attempt to keep these issues from permeating further into these communities. Attempts to prevent home lessness and HIV/AIDS from further affecting communities of colour have included passive efforts (such as denial that such issues are significant) and more active practices (such as community opposition of proposed human service facilities).
The foundation technologies
Authors: Kainz Wolfgang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Geospatial infrastructures only function effectively when reliable and efficient computing and communication technologies are in place. Increasingly large databases have to be linked for the transfer of data or to provide a basis for inter-operability of heterogeneous software and hardware systems. Many of these technologies have resulted from military research and applications, with the Internet as perhaps the best known example. Together with the World Wide Web they currently form the most widely used vehicles for geospatial infrastructures.
Crops, Tools, and Soft Technology
Authors: Denevan William M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The focus of this study is on the visible landscape features created by or for cultivation. As background, however, I first provide a brief listing and description of the associated aspects of indigenous agricultural technology in South America—the crops grown, the tools used, and soft technology or nonlandscaping techniques of cultivation, such as fertilization and crop rotation. These aspects will be elaborated on in subsequent chapters where appropriate.
Pre-European Riverine Cultivation
Authors: Denevan William M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Handbook of South American Indians, Julian Steward (1948: 886) stated that: ‘the important ecological differences were those between water-front and hinterland peoples ... The differences were in resources, and these partly determined population density and community size.’ Meggers’ 1971 (also 1996) Amazonia book is organized on the basis of várzea and terrafirme distinctions. The same emphasis is made by Lathrap (1968a; 1968b; 1970), Roosevelt (1980), Denevan (1966b; 1976), D. J. Wilson (1999: 63-5, 169-71, l 76), and others. A riverine concentration of settlement is supported by archaeology and ethnohistory, although both are meager.
Pre-European Forest Cultivation
Authors: Denevan William M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The forms of Amazonian Indian forest farming examined in Chapters 4 and 5 are mostly recent. It is tempting to believe that pre-European field practices were similar; however, we do not know this. We can only speculate as to what fields may have been like, based on limited evidence. A common assumption is that shifting cultivation was the dominant form of prehistoric cultivation, with forms of intensive (permanent or semipermanent) agriculture being absent or rare (Meggers 1957; 1993-5; 1995; Steward and Faron 1959: 292; Willey 1971: 339; D. J. Wilson 1999: 63). However, there is no archaeological method that I know of that can conclusively demonstrate the presence of shifting cultivation.1 Nor is there an ‘archaeological signature’ to indicate even relative cropping to fallow ratio (Killion 1990: 192).
Irrigated Fields
Authors: Denevan William M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Andean mountains are mostly arid, with high elevations and often poor soils. The adjacent Pacific Coast from southern Ecuador to central Chile is one of the driest deserts on earth. The eastern Andes north of Argentina have torrential rainfall, montane tropical forest, and some of the most precipitous terrain in the hemisphere. Nevertheless, the Andean region in prehistoric times witnessed intensive forms of cultivation that supported locally dense populations and complex states and civilizations. Much of this agriculture involved irrigation and terracing or, on many mountain sides, a combination of both. The forms of Andean irrigation are highly diverse, complex, and innovative, reflecting sophisticated water-management skills (Ortloff 1993; 1995).
The Titicaca Raised Fields
Authors: Denevan William M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prehistoric reclamation of wetlands for agriculture in the New World was practiced not only in the tropical lowlands but also by the large states in the mountain basins of Mexico and the Andes. The largest concentration of highland raised fields is in the region of Lake Titicaca in Peru and Bolivia at 3,800 to 3,900m above sea level. These fields are of pre-Inca origin and were a major source of food for the Tiwanaku civilization. Their existence helps to substantiate other indications of a dense pre-Colombian Indian population in the region. They are now used mainly for pasture, but efforts are being made to revive them. Today, only the higher and drier parts of the lake plain are cultivated.
Legal Literature at the Time of the Reception
Authors: Wieacker Franz , Weir Tony , Zimmermann Reinhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The circulation of Romanistic legal literature in Germany from the pre reception of canon and secular law in the High and late Middle Ages onwards was surprisingly wide, as recent research has shown. Its libraries already held rich manuscript collections of works by Italian and French legists as well as canonists, but Germany quite soon produced its own literature-scholarly glosses on the Corpus’ and native law, primers, vocabularies, books of forms, admittedly of a somewhat provincial cast, and even some original studies of the law books of Justinian. Such production continued smoothly into the Reception proper, the only difference being that there was much more of it, particularly of popular writing in German; this was in response to the demand stimulated by the rapid increase in secular courtwork and commercial law as the Reception progressed, a demand which could be met only by printed books. So whereas the pre-reception had to depend on manuscripts, which provide us with the evidence for it, the Reception itself was dominated by print, which helped it on its way. Just as printing paved the way for the revolutions in religion, politics, and literature from the late fifteenth century onwards, so it was critical for the full effect of the Reception. Printing rendered the written word accessible to the people, and formed public opinion in the bourgeoisie, artisanate, and even peasantry, no less ready then than now to believe whatever they saw in print. Only scholars and the elite attended lectures or read manuscripts-almost invariably couched in the hallowed language of Western learning, as they continued to be for a long time-but the medium of printed books in the vernacular allowed the broad middle classes to acquire some little knowledge of Roman law.
Precursors and Founders of the Law of Reason
Authors: Wieacker Franz , Weir Tony , Zimmermann Reinhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The luminaries of legal science at most periods in European history have generally been university men. This is not true of those who set the stage for the Law of Reason (and consequently for European intellectual development in general). Until the Reformation, universities throughout Europe had a great deal in common. This came to an end with the schism in faith. Catholic universities after the Counter-Reformation were mainly training institutions under Jesuit control, highly disciplined and often quite productive in research; in the Lutheran territories, universities were of the kind founded by Melanchthon, places of humanist education for civil servants and clerics within the state; only the Protestant universities of The Netherlands, Switzerland, France, and western Germany (Heidelberg and Marburg) offered any forum for free-thinking, and this ceased to be true of French universities after the Huguenots were worsted, and of Heidelberg when the Wittelsbachs came to power there.
The Consent of the Governed
Authors: Green Leslie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
That political authority is properly founded on the consent of the governed has, at least since the seventeenth century, seemed almost truistic. We turn naturally to consent, not only because of its centrality in the democratic tradition, but also because consenting is a common and normal way of binding ourselves. The power to do so is one which we might legitimately want to have; to justify it is to explain why. The problem of political authority is whether there are any valid reasons for wanting to be able to bind ourselves to the state. The structure of consent-based arguments for authority is thus radically different from that of contractarian or conventionalist ones which attempt to show that authority is necessary or particularly useful in establishing and securing valuable forms of social order. They fail because the link is very much weaker than their proponents hold. In contrast, consent theory posits a more direct connection based on the appealing view that the free and informed consent of rational persons binds them to obey.
Hedley Bull, 1932-1985
Authors: Miller J D B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hedley Norman Bull was born in Sydney on 10 June 1932, the third child of Joseph Norman and Doris Bull. His father, who came from a family with a commercial background, was an insurance broker. His mother’s maiden name of Hordern was a famous one for many years in the retail trade and the pastoral life of New South Wales. The Bull family home, first at Burwood and then at Strathfield, was a stable and conservative one. Hedley went to Fort Street High School, one of the most prominent in the New South Wales state system, where he took part in debating and dramatics. He finished with a good pass at the Leaving Certificate in 1948-including First Class Honours in history, a subject which was to inform and shape his mind, and continue to be one of his dominant interests. From 1949 to 1952 Hedley Bull was an undergraduate in the Faculty of Arts at the University of Sydney. Initially he intended to do both arts and law, but abandoned law to concentrate on history and philosophy. In these he obtained Honours in 1952, First Class in philosophy and Second in history. He led a boisterous social life, continued with debating, launched a short-lived Sydney University Political Science Association, edited the Arts Faculty journal Arna, and wrote often in the student newspaper Honi Soit; but it was what he learnt from John Anderson that mattered most.