bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“Be what you would seem to be”: Samuel Smiles, Thomas Edward, and the Making of a Working-Class Scientific Hero
Authors: Secord Anne 
Published: August 2003

ArgumentThis paper examines the effort that was involved in sustaining the nineteenth-century middle-class ideological fabrication of the image of the working-class scientific autodidact. The construction and reception of Samuel Smiles’ biography of the Scottish cobbler and naturalist Thomas Edward provides a way to investigate this process in detail and to show how Smiles’ conception of the scientific persona related to the “politics of character” in mid-Victorian Britain. Edward’s own response to the biography offers an unusual opportunity to analyze the making of a Victorian scientific hero, who, in the process of being fitted to Smiles’ notion of a scientific persona, came to feel that he had been robbed of his life.
Survey of meshless and generalized finite element methods: A unified approach
Authors: Babuška Ivo , Banerjee Uday , Osborn John E. 
Published: August 2003

In the past few years meshless methods for numerically solving partial differential equations have come into the focus of interest, especially in the engineering community. This class of methods was essentially stimulated by difficulties related to mesh generation. Mesh generation is delicate in many situations, for instance, when the domain has complicated geometry; when the mesh changes with time, as in crack propagation, and remeshing is required at each time step; when a Lagrangian formulation is employed, especially with nonlinear PDEs. In addition, the need for flexibility in the selection of approximating functions (e.g., the flexibility to use non-polynomial approximating functions), has played a significant role in the development of meshless methods. There are many recent papers, and two books, on meshless methods; most of them are of an engineering character, without any mathematical analysis.In this paper we address meshless methods and the closely related generalized finite element methods for solving linear elliptic equations, using variational principles. We give a unified mathematical theory with proofs, briefly address implementational aspects, present illustrative numerical examples, and provide a list of references to the current literature.The aim of the paper is to provide a survey of a part of this new field, with emphasis on mathematics. We present proofs of essential theorems because we feel these proofs are essential for the understanding of the mathematical aspects of meshless methods, which has approximation theory as a major ingredient. As always, any new field is stimulated by and related to older ideas. This will be visible in our paper.
Entropy stability theory for difference approximations of nonlinear conservation laws and related time-dependent problems
Authors: Tadmor Eitan 
Published: August 2003

We study the entropy stability of difference approximations to nonlinear hyperbolic conservation laws, and related time-dependent problems governed by additional dissipative and dispersive forcing terms. We employ a comparison principle as the main tool for entropy stability analysis, comparing the entropy production of a given scheme against properly chosen entropy-conservative schemes.To this end, we introduce general families of entropy-conservative schemes, interesting in their own right. The present treatment of such schemes extends our earlier recipe for construction of entropy-conservative schemes, introduced in Tadmor (1987b). The new families of entropy-conservative schemes offer two main advantages, namely, (i) their numerical fluxes admit an explicit, closed-form expression, and (ii) by a proper choice of their path of integration in phase space, we can distinguish between different families of waves within the same computational cell; in particular, entropy stability can be enforced on rarefactions while keeping the sharp resolution of shock discontinuities.A comparison with the numerical viscosities associated with entropy-conservative schemes provides a useful framework for the construction and analysis of entropy-stable schemes. We employ this framework for a detailed study of entropy stability for a host of first- and second-order accurate schemes. The comparison approach yields a precise characterization of the entropy stability of semi-discrete schemes for both scalar problems and systems of equations.We extend these results to fully discrete schemes. Here, spatial entropy dissipation is balanced by the entropy production due to time discretization with a suffciently small time-step, satisfying a suitable CFL condition. Finally, we revisit the question of entropy stability for fully discrete schemes using a different approach based on homotopy arguments. We prove entropy stability under optimal CFL conditions.
Multigene DNA prime‐boost vaccines for SHIV89.6P
Authors: Doria‐Rose Nicole A. , Pierce Christopher C. , Hensel Michael T. , Sutton William F. , Sheikh Nadeem , Polacino Patricia , Kuller LaRene , Zhu Yong‐De , Hu Shiu‐Lok , David Anderson  , Haigwood Nancy L. 
Published: August 2003

Abstract:We assessed four prime‐boost vaccine regimens with a Gene Gun component for SHIV89.6P in Macaca nemestrina. A dosing experiment using β‐galactosidase plasmid showed that 30 or 45 shots per dose elicited higher titer antibody than smaller doses. For SHIV89.6P, we administered a six‐plasmid vaccine capable of producing non‐infectious virions in vivo in combination with either vaccinia recombinants or inactivated virus. DNA prime/vaccinia boost, or the reverse, elicited strong immune responses. The SHIV89.6P challenge virus was grown in M. nemestrina peripheral blood mononuclear cells and titered in vivo intrarectally. As has been observed for SHIV89.6P in M. mulatta, the infected M. nemestrina experienced rapid and severe loss of circulating CD4+ T cells. Vaccinated macaques were challenged three weeks after the last boost. DNA prime/vaccina boost or vaccina prime/DNA boost protected 11/12 animals from acute CD4+ T cell depletion and disease, while other regimens were not effective.
Isolate‐dependent impacts of fungal endophytes in a multitrophic interaction
Authors: Bultman Thomas L. , McNeill M. R. , Goldson S. L. 
Published: August 2003

Neotyphodium lolii, an endophytic fungus of perennial ryegrass, deters Argentine stem weevil, Listronotus bonariensis, an important insect pest of pastures in New Zealand. Deterrence is apparently due to several alkaloids the fungus produces. We asked if the fungus also affects the third trophic level. Specifically, we tested if several different isolates of the fungus altered the growth and survival of the parasitoid, Microctonus hyperodae. Adult weevils were collected from paddocks near Lincoln, New Zealand and maintained in an environmental chamber. Weevils were assorted into treatment groups and fed perennial ryegrass (cv. Nui) lacking endophyte infection (nil) or containing one of the following endophyte strains: ARW, AR1, AR6, AR37. All endophyte strains differed from one another with respect to the profile of alkaloids they produce. Following two weeks of acclimation, weevils were placed with M. hyperodae to allow for parasitization. Weevils were then placed into Petri dishes (10 per dish) and fed grass clippings from the appropriate treatment group. We collected weevils as they died and dissected them to assess the development of parasitoids. Emergence of prepupae from hosts and survival to adulthood were also recorded.

Fungal isolates did not differ in their influence on weevil feeding or survival. In contrast, the effect of the endophyte on the parasitoid varied among isolates of the fungus. Isolates ARW and AR6 reduced parasitoid adult emergence relative to nil endophyte. In contrast, AR37 had no negative effect on survival of the parasitoid. Furthermore, an index of developmental rate showed that parasitoids developed more slowly when reared from hosts fed grass containing any of the strains of N. lolii, except AR37, compared to endophyte‐free grass. Negative effects of the endophyte on parasitoid survival were associated with the presence of ergovaline while effects on parasitoid development rate were associated with the presence of any alkaloid.
Life‐history trade‐off in two predator species sharing the same prey: a study on cassava‐inhabiting mites
Authors: Magalhães S. , Brommer J. E. , Silva E. S. , Bakker F. M. , Sabelis M. W. 
Published: August 2003

In cassava fields, two species of predatory mites, Typhlodromalus aripo and T. manihoti, co‐occur at the plant level and feed on Mononychellus tanajoa, a herbivorous mite. The two predator species are spatially segregated within the plant: T. manihoti dwells on the middle leaves, while T. aripo occurs in the apices of the plant during the day and moves to the first leaves below the apex at night.To monitor the prey densities experienced by the two predator species in their micro‐environment, we assessed prey and predator populations in apices and on the leaves of cassava plants in the field. Prey densities peaked from November to January and reached the lowest levels in July. They were higher on leaves than in the apices. To test whether the life histories of the two predator species are tuned to the prey density they experience, we measured age‐specific fecundity and survival of the two predators under three prey density regimes (1 prey female/72 h, 1 prey female/24 h and above the predators level of satiation). T. manihoti had a higher growth rate than T. aripo at high prey densities, mainly due to its higher fecundity. T. aripo had a higher growth rate at low prey density regimes, due to its late fecundity and survival. Thus, each of the two species perform better under the prey density that characterizes their micro‐habitat within the plant.
Pre‐medication with pronase reduces artefacts during endoscopic ultrasonography
Authors: Sakai N. , Tatsuta M. , Iishi H. , Nakaizumi A. 
Published: August 2003

SummaryBackground : Gastric mucus usually induces artefacts during endoscopic ultrasonography.Aim : To investigate the effectiveness of pre‐medication with the proteolytic enzyme, pronase, before endoscopic ultrasonography.Methods : Out‐patients scheduled for endoscopic ultrasonography were randomly assigned to oral pre‐medication with the anti‐foam agent, dimethylpolysiloxane, alone (treatment A; n = 29), with dimethylpolysiloxane plus sodium bicarbonate (treatment B; n = 29) or with dimethylpolysiloxane, sodium bicarbonate and pronase (treatment C; n = 29). All drinks were given about 10 min before the start of the procedure. After insertion of the endoscope, endoscopists recorded visibility scores before the procedure, imaging scores at endoscopic ultrasonography and the numbers of high‐echo spots in the gastric cavity and on the gastric wall surface after the procedure.Results : Pre‐medication with pronase (treatment C) significantly reduced (both at P < 0.05) the visibility score (score 4, 46%) in comparison with that obtained for pre‐medication without pronase (10% for both treatments A and B). Treatment with pronase significantly reduced (both at P < 0.05) the endoscopic ultrasonography score in the gastric cavity (score 4, 34%) in comparison with that found for treatments A (7%) and B (0%). It also significantly reduced (P < 0.05) the endoscopic ultrasonography score on the gastric wall surface (score 4, 14%) in comparison with that observed for treatment A (3%). The numbers of high‐echo spots in the gastric cavity and on the gastric wall surface were significantly less (both at P < 0.001) for pre‐medication with pronase (treatment C) than for pre‐medication with treatments A and B. There were no complications associated with the solutions.Conclusions : Pre‐treatment with pronase reduced the artefacts during endoscopic ultrasonography.
The mechanisms of prednisone inhibition of inflammation in Crohn's disease involve changes in intestinal permeability, mucosal TNFα production and nuclear factor kappa B expression
Authors: Wild G. E. , Waschke K. A. , Bitton A. , Thomson A. B. R. 
Published: August 2003

SUMMARYBackground : The clinical course of Crohn's disease after the induction of remission with medical therapy is characterized by unpredictable relapse.Aim : To evaluate three surrogate markers, intestinal permeability, mucosal TNFα and nuclear factor (NF)‐κB/IκBα expression, in order to determine the relationship of these parameters to clinical relapse.Methods : Thirty patients with active Crohn's disease were treated with a 10 week course of prednisone using a tapering dosing regimen. Intestinal permeability (lactulose/mannitol [L/M ratio]) was determined at baseline and at the end of prednisone tapering. TNFα production and the levels of expression of NF‐κB/IκBα were measured in colonic mucosal biopsies obtained after the induction of remission.Results : Twenty‐two patients (73%) achieved remission and 50% of patients experienced a clinical relapse during the ensuing 12 months. Treatment with prednisone resulted in a significant decrease in the L/M ratio. Of the patients that relapsed, 75% had a raised L/M ratio at the time of remission compared with 20% of patients with a normal L/M ratio (P < 0.008; hazard ratio = 6.094; CI 1.55, 17.43). Mucosal TNFα production was greater in relapsers compared with those who remained in remission. The levels of NF‐κB in relapsers were significantly greater and levels of cytosolic IκBα were significantly lower compared with those measured in patients who remained in remission.Conclusions : These findings underscore the importance of incorporating biological parameters of inflammation in determining the clinical course of Crohn's disease.
Long‐term results of low‐dose intravenous ciclosporin for acute severe ulcerative colitis
Authors: Rayner C. K. , McCormack G. , Emmanuel A. V. , Kamm M. A. 
Published: August 2003

SummaryBackground : Intravenous ciclosporin for acute, severe colitis is usually administered in a dose of 4 mg/kg/day, with concurrent intravenous steroids. This is associated with considerable morbidity. We have been using a low‐dose regimen, most commonly without concurrent steroids, for seven years, and present the outcome.Methods : Records of all patients admitted for severe ulcerative colitis, treated by one physician over seven years, were reviewed.Results : Thirty‐one patients received low‐dose intravenous ciclosporin (2 mg/kg/day) for a median 8 days. Eleven early patients received concurrent intravenous corticosteroids. Three patients had hypertension requiring dose reduction, one elevated creatinine and one elevated liver enzymes (all transient), and four experienced infection (two arm cellulitis, one perianal abscess, one post‐operative wound infection). Twenty‐four patients (77%) avoided urgent colectomy, and were discharged on oral ciclosporin and azathioprine. After a median 18 months (range 3–77), 14 patients (45% of total) avoided colectomy, of whom eight had flares responding to medical therapy and two had persistent, mildly active disease.Conclusions : Low‐dose intravenous ciclosporin (2 mg/kg/day), usually used as a monotherapy and followed by azathioprine, achieves similar long‐term efficacy to higher dose ciclosporin combined with steroids in severe acute ulcerative colitis. Morbidity appears to be low.
The management of acute variceal bleeding
Authors: Ferguson J. W. , Tripathi D. , Hayes P. C. 
Published: August 2003

SummaryVariceal haemorrhage is a common medical emergency with a high mortality (30–50%). Adequate resuscitation is vital, and once stabilised the patient should be moved to a high‐dependency area. Antibiotics reduce mortality, and the vasoactive drug terlipressin should be administered if early endoscopy is unavailable. Early endoscopy is essential both to make the diagnosis and to allow therapeutic measures to be performed. The evidence suggests that variceal band ligation is the most effective therapy for oesophageal varices. If gastric varices are found at the index endoscopy the evidence at present is inadequate to be certain which is the best treatment, but both endoscopic therapy with cyanoacrylate or thrombin and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt (TIPSS) have been reported to be of benefit. When initial treatments fail, rescue therapy should be initiated. Most authorities agree that TIPSS is the rescue therapy of choice. Many questions remain concerning the treatment of acute variceal bleeding, particularly the ideal therapy for gastric varices and the role of combination vasoactive and endoscopic therapy. Randomised controlled trials are required to answer these important issues.
Double‐blinded placebo‐controlled study of Phyllanthus urinaris for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Chan H. L.‐Y. , Sung J. J.‐Y. , Fong W.‐F. , Chim A. M.‐L. , Yung P.‐P. , Hui A. Y. , Fung K.‐P. , Leung P.‐C. 
Published: August 2003

SummaryBackground : Previous studies suggested that Phyllanthus species have an anti‐viral effect on hepatitis B, but methodologies have been inadequate.Aims : This study aimed to investigate the anti‐viral effect of Phyllanthus urinaris.Methods : Chronic hepatitis B patients with positive hepatitis B e‐antigen (HBeAg), hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA > 500 000 copies/mL and elevated alanine transaminase (ALT) were recruited. Patients were randomized into groups of 12 receiving P. urinaris 1, 2 and 3 g three times daily for 6 months or placebo (six cases). The primary endpoint was HBV DNA reduction, and secondary endpoints were HBeAg seroconversion and ALT normalization.Results : On an intention‐to‐treat analysis there was no difference in log10[HBV DNA] reduction of the Phyllanthus 1‐g (0.18 ± 1.42), 2‐g (0.33 ± 1.08) and 3‐g (0.85 ± 1.30) groups vs. placebo (0.28 ± 0.85) (P = 0.90, 0.92 and 0.38, respectively) at the end of treatment. The percentage of patients among the placebo, Phyllanthus 1‐g, 2‐g and 3‐g groups undergoing HBeAg seroconversion (0%, 9.1%, 8.3% and 16.7%, respectively) and ALT normalization (0%, 0%, 8.3% and 33.3%) were not significantly different at the end of treatment. No delayed virological or biochemical response was documented at 24 weeks after the cessation of treatment. No serious adverse event was reported.Conclusion : P. urinaris treatment for 6 months has no demonstrable anti‐viral effect in chronic hepatitis B.
Acute respiratory distress syndrome: an audit of incidence and outcome in Scottish intensive care units
Authors: Hughes M. , MacKirdy F. N. , Ross J. , Norrie J. , Grant I. S. ,   on behalf of the Scottish Intensive Care Society
Published: August 2003

SummaryThis prospective audit of incidence and outcome of the acute respiratory distress syndrome was conducted as part of the national audit of intensive care practice in Scotland. All patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome in 23 adult intensive care units were identified using the diagnostic criteria defined by the American‐European Consensus Conference. Daily data collection was continued until death or intensive care unit discharge. Three hundred and sixty‐nine patients were diagnosed with acute respiratory distress syndrome over the 8‐month study period. The frequency of acute respiratory distress syndrome in the intensive care unit population was 8.1%; the incidence in the Scottish population was estimated at 16.0 cases.100 000−1.year−1. Intensive care unit mortality for acute respiratory distress syndrome was 53.1%, with a hospital mortality of 60.9%. In our national unselected population of critically ill patients, the overall outcome is comparable with published series (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II standardised mortality ratio = 0.99). However, mortality from acute respiratory distress syndrome in Scotland is substantially higher than in recent other series suggesting an improvement in outcome in this condition.
Natal Attraction in Adult Female Baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) in the Moremi Reserve, Botswana
Authors: Silk Joan B. , Rendall Drew , Cheney Dorothy L. , Seyfarth Robert M. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractMammalian females are strongly attracted to infants and interact regularly with them. Female baboons make persistent attempts to touch, nuzzle, smell and inspect other females’ infants, but do not hold them for long periods, carry them, or provide other kinds of care for them. Mothers generally tolerate these interactions, but never initiate them. The function of these brief alloparental interactions is not well understood. Infant handling might be a form of reproductive competition if females’ interest in infants causes distress to mothers or harm to their infants. Alternatively, infant handling might be the product of selection for appropriate maternal care if females who are highly responsive to infants are the most successful mothers. We test several predictions derived from these hypotheses with data collected in a free‐ranging group of baboons (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) in the Moremi Reserve of Botswana. Infants were most attractive when they were very young. Mothers of young infants were approached by other adult females on average once every 6 min, and other females attempted to handle their infants approximately once every 9 min. By the time infants were a year old, their mothers were being approached only once every 30 min and infants were being handled only once every 5 h. Females were more strongly attracted to other females’ infants when they had young infants of their own, and their interest in other females’ infants declined as their own infants matured. Females seemed to be equally attracted to all infants, but had greater access to offspring of their relatives and subordinate females. Females nearly always grunted as they handled infants. As in other contexts grunts are a reliable predictive signal that non‐aggressive behavior will follow, the use of grunts before handling suggests that these interactions were not a form of deliberate harassment.
Male Rock Sparrow (Petronia petronia) Nest Defence Correlates with Female Ornament Size
Authors: Griggio Matteo , Matessi Giuliano , Pilastro Andrea 
Published: August 2003

AbstractWe investigated the relationship between male nest defence and female breast patch size in an alpine population of rock sparrow (Petronia petronia) in northern Italy. We presented a mounted weasel (Mustela nivalis), a common nest predator, to 28 pairs breeding in nest boxes, with 12–13‐d‐old nestlings, and measured the intensity of male and female defence reaction. We measured the frequency of attack flights, intensity of alarm calling and total time spent in view, and then combined these for each individual, in a single defence factor by principal component analysis. All the females arrived to defend the nest while only 21 males arrived, and females defended the nest more intensely than males. We analysed, by stepwise regression, the relationship of male defence factor to female behaviour and phenotype (breast patch size, a measure of quality) and brood properties (size, mass, phenology). Male defence factor was significantly related only to female breast patch size. We argue that male rock sparrows apparently make parental investment decisions according to their mate's quality, and examine possible alternative hypotheses.