bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impulsivity: a link between bipolar disorder and substance abuse
Authors: Swann Alan C , Dougherty Donald M , Pazzaglia Peggy J , Pham Mary , Moeller F Gerard 
Published: April 2004

Background:  Substance abuse is present in most patients with bipolar disorder and associated with poor treatment outcome and increased risk of suicide. Increased impulsivity may be a link between bipolar disorder and substance abuse.Methods:  First, we compared impulsivity as a stable trait (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, BIS) and as state‐dependent behavioral laboratory performance (Immediate Memory–Delayed Memory task, derived from the Continuous Performance Task) in interepisode bipolar and non‐bipolar subjects with and without substance abuse. Secondly, we compared impulsivity in interepisode and manic bipolar subjects with and without substance abuse.Results:  The BIS scores were increased in interepisode bipolar disorder and in subjects with histories of substance abuse, and were increased further in interepisode bipolar subjects with substance abuse. Performance impulsivity was increased in subjects with substance abuse, regardless of whether they had bipolar disorder. Among subjects with bipolar disorder, after correction for age, BIS scores were increased in those with substance abuse. Performance impulsivity was increased in manic compared with interepisode subjects, regardless of substance abuse history, and was increased in interepisode subjects with substance abuse similarly to manic subjects without substance abuse. These differences could not be accounted for by age, gender, or course of illness.Conclusions:  Trait impulsivity is increased additively in bipolar disorder and substance abuse. Performance impulsivity is increased in interepisode bipolar disorder only if a history of substance abuse is present. This increased predisposition to impulsivity when not manic may contribute to the decrement in treatment outcome and compliance, and increased risk for suicide and aggression, in bipolar disorder with substance abuse.
Cognitive impairment in euthymic bipolar patients: implications for clinical and functional outcome
Authors: Martínez‐Arán A , Vieta E , Colom F , Torrent C , Sánchez‐Moreno J , Reinares M , Benabarre A , Goikolea JM , Brugué E , Daban C , Salamero M 
Published: April 2004

Objective:  Cognitive impairment in bipolar disorder may be a stable characteristic of the illness, although discrepancies have emerged with regard to what dysfunctions remain during remission periods. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether euthymic bipolar patients would show impairment in verbal learning and memory and in executive functions compared with healthy controls. Secondly, to establish if there was a relationship between clinical data and neuropsychological performance.Methods:  Forty euthymic bipolar patients were compared with 30 healthy controls through a battery of neuropsychological tests assessing estimated premorbid IQ, attention, verbal learning and memory, and frontal executive functioning. The effect of subsyndromal symptomatology was controlled.Results:  Remitted bipolar patients performed worse than controls in several measures of memory and executive function, after controlling for the effect of subclinical symptomatology, age and premorbid IQ. Verbal memory impairment was related to global assessment of function scores, as well as to a longer duration of illness, a higher number of manic episodes, and prior psychotic symptoms.Conclusions:  Results provide evidence of neuropsychological impairment in euthymic bipolar patients, after controlling for the effect of subsyndromal depressive symptoms, suggesting verbal memory and executive dysfunctions. Cognitive impairment seems to be related to a worse clinical course and poor functional outcome.
Episodic memory impairment in bipolar disorder and obsessive–compulsive disorder: the role of memory strategies
Authors: Deckersbach Thilo , Savage Cary R , Reilly‐Harrington Noreen , Clark Luke , Sachs Gary , Rauch Scott L 
Published: April 2004

Background: There is evidence that individuals with bipolar disorder exhibit neuropsychological impairments not only during mood episodes but also when they are euthymic. One of the most consistently reported cognitive problems in euthymic individuals with bipolar disorder is an impairment in verbal episodic memory. Verbal learning and memory depend on individuals’ ability to organize verbal information appropriately during learning. The purpose of the present study was (i) to determine whether episodic memory impairment in euthymic individuals with bipolar disorder is mediated by impairments in organization of verbal information during learning and (ii) to compare the characteristics of memory impairment in bipolar disorder with that previously found in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD).Methods: Study participants were 30 individuals with DSM‐IV bipolar I disorder (BP‐I), 30 individuals with DSM‐IV OCD and 30 normal control participants matched for age, gender and education. Participants completed the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT), a well‐established measure of verbal learning and memory that enables assessment of verbal organization strategies during learning.Results: Compared with control subjects, both BP‐I and OCD participants showed impaired performance in long‐delayed free recall and verbal organization strategies during learning. BP‐I participants showed greater long‐delay free recall difficulties but not greater verbal organization difficulties during learning than OCD participants. For OCD participants, the long‐delay recall impairment was mediated by difficulties using verbal organizational strategies during learning. In contrast, the group difference in long‐delayed free recall between BP‐I and control participants remained significant even when semantic clustering was introduced as a mediator. This indicated that BP‐I participants’ long‐delayed free recall difficulties were mediated to a lesser extent by difficulties using verbal organizational strategies than for OCD participants.Conclusions: Verbal episodic memory problems in individuals with bipolar I disorder and OCD are mediated to different degrees by difficulties using semantic clustering encoding strategies compared with control participants.
Bipolar‐panic disorder comorbidity within bipolar disorder families: a study of siblings
Authors: Doughty Carolyn J , Elisabeth Wells J , Joyce Peter R , Olds Robin J , Walsh Anne ES 
Published: April 2004

Objectives:  Although anxiety disorders often co‐occur with bipolar disorder in clinical settings, relatively few studies of bipolar disorder have looked specifically at panic comorbidity. This report examines lifetime panic comorbidity within a sample of families with a history of bipolar disorder.Methods:  One hundred and nine probands with bipolar disorder and their 226 siblings were interviewed as part of a family‐genetic study. Logistic regression was used to model bipolar disorder as a predictor of comorbid panic in those with affective disorder, with age at interview and gender included as covariates.Results:  The percentage with panic attacks was low in those without affective disorder (3%) compared with those with unipolar depression (22%) or bipolar disorder (32%). Panic disorder was found only in those with affective disorder (6% for unipolar, 16% for bipolar). When bipolar disorder and unipolar disorder were compared, controlling for age and sex, having bipolar disorder was associated with panic disorder (OR = 3.0, 95% CI = 1.1, 7.8) and any panic symptoms (OR = 2.0, CI = 1.0,3.8) and more weakly with the combination of panic disorder and recurrent attacks (OR = 1.8, CI = 0.9, 3.5).Conclusions:  The absence of panic disorder and the low prevalence of any panic symptoms in those without bipolar or unipolar disorder suggest that panic is associated primarily with affective disorder within families with a history of bipolar disorder. Furthermore, panic disorder and symptoms are more common in bipolar disorder than in unipolar disorder in these families.
The Course of Research into the Economic Consequences of German Works Councils
Authors: Addison John T. , Schnabel Claus , Wagner Joachim 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIn her recent survey, Carola Frege concludes that economic analysis of the works council has reached a ‘dead end’. The present paper offers a very different assessment. The evolving economic literature is shown to follow three distinct phases, the last of which contains some of the most positive evaluations to date of works council impact on establishment performance. Although these estimates are exaggerated, and the effects of works councils are likely to be small on average, the new literature redirects our research focus towards factors producing swings around this average, including differences in works council types and their workplace environments.
A Confucian War over Childcare? Practice and Policy in Childcare and Their Implications for Understanding the Korean Gender Regime
Authors: Won Sook‐yeon , Pascall Gillian 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe ask about the development of childcare policies in Korea and what these mean for our understanding of the gender assumptions of Korean governments. Women's labour market participation has been increasing rapidly, with married women now much more likely to be in the labour market. The provision and regulation around support for women's employment, and especially for mothers’ employment, is a key issue and problem for Korean women and for governments. A number of policies give the impression that the Korean government is moving rapidly towards a policy for reconciling work and family based on a dual‐earner model of the family. But we argue that a close inspection of these policies suggests that the state is still playing a residual role, legislation is not effectively implemented, and government is giving way to the private sector and to the family in responsibility for childcare. Mothers’ accounts of their lives centre on a childcare war played out beneath the apparently harmonious Confucian surface, with resisting husbands supported by powerful mothers‐in‐law, and daily struggles over the management of services. The Korean government and its policy‐makers, far from moving rapidly towards a dual‐earner model of the family, are still rooted in Confucian ideals.
Fluoroscopically Guided Closed Reduction and Internal Fixation of Fractures of the Lateral Portion of the Humeral Condyle: Prospective Clinical Study of the Technique and Results in Ten Dogs
Authors: Cook James L. , Tomlinson James L. , Reed Ann L. 
Published: April 2004

ObjectiveTo report a technique for fluoroscopically guided closed reduction with internal fixation of fractures of the lateral portion of the humeral condyle (FLHC) and determine the long‐term results in 10 clinical cases.Study DesignProspective clinical case study.AnimalsTen dogs with 11 fractures.MethodsFractures of the lateral portion of the humeral condyle were stabilized with transcondylar screws and Kirschner wires. Closed reduction and implant placement were achieved using intraoperative fluoroscopic guidance. After fracture repair, postoperative radiographs were evaluated for articular alignment and implant placement. Dogs were evaluated after surgery by means of lameness scores, elbow range of motion (ROM), radiographic assessment, and owner evaluation of function.ResultsPostoperative reduction was considered anatomic in 6 fractures with all other fractures having <1.5 mm of malreduction. Follow‐up was available for 9 patients from 9 to 21 months after surgery. All of the fractures had healed. One minor (wire migration) and one major (implant failure) complication occurred. Mean lameness scores were 0 (n = 6), 0.5 (n = 2), and 1 (n = 1) at the time of final follow‐up. No significant differences were found in follow‐up ROM values between affected and unaffected elbows. All of the dogs in this study regained 90–100% of full function, based on owner assessment.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceFluoroscopic guidance for closed reduction and internal fixation of FLHC in dogs is an effective technique.
The Efficacy of Mechanical Abrasion and Talc Slurry as Methods of Pleurodesis in Normal Dogs
Authors: Jerram Richard M. , Fossum Theresa W. , Berridge Brian R. , Steinheimer Dan N. , Slater Margaret R. 
Published: April 2004

ObjectiveTo determine the efficacy of mechanical abrasion and talc slurry as methods for pleurodesis in normal dogs.Study DesignExperimental study.Animals or Sample PopulationTen normal beagle dogs.MethodsGroup I dogs had mechanical abrasion (MA) of the pulmonary and costal pleurae performed in one hemithorax with a dry gauze sponge with a median sternotomy approach. Group II dogs had 100 mL of a 1 g talc slurry (TS) administered into one hemithorax through a tube thoracostomy. Administration of the TS was visualized by using video thoracoscopy. All dogs were evaluated at 2, 10, 20, and 30 days postoperatively by means of thoracic radiography and ultrasonographic thoracic wall measurement. The dogs were euthanatized 30 days postoperatively and a gross necropsy was performed. Hemithoraces were assigned a pleurodesis score (0–4) and an obliteration grade (0–6). Tissues were collected for histopathologic examination of pulmonary pleura, costal pleura, and pleural adhesions. Pulmonary and costal pleurae were graded for the degree of fibrosis (0–4).ResultsObliteration grade and costal pleural fibrosis score were significantly higher for the treated sides in the MA dogs compared with the TS dogs.MA DogsMechanical abrasion dogs had pleurodesis, obliteration, and pleural fibrosis scores that were greater on the treated side than the untreated side, however, the differences were not statistically significant. Only two MA dogs had firm adhesion of the pulmonary pleura to the costal pleura in portions of the cranial and middle lung lobes in the treated hemithorax. Thoracic wall surface area covered with adhesions was 15% and 21% in each of these two dogs. The median pulmonary pleural fibrosis score of all MA dogs for the treated hemithorax was 3 compared to 0 on the untreated side.TS DogsThere was no statistical difference for pleurodesis scores and obliteration grades between the treated and untreated sides. No dogs showed evidence of pulmonary to costal pleural adhesions. Histopathology showed talc crossover into the untreated side in all five dogs. Median pulmonary fibrosis score of the treated hemithorax was 1 compared with 0 on the untreated side.ConclusionsNeither method of pleurodesis produced sufficient pleural adhesions to obliterate the pleural space. It is possible that the degree of pulmonary pleural fibrosis present in MA dogs may be sufficient to limit air leakage from pulmonary blebs and bullae resulting in successful treatment of spontaneous pneumothorax.
The Effect of Sedation on Gastric Emptying of a Liquid Marker in Ponies
Authors: Doherty Thomas J. , Andrews Frank M. , Provenza Melanie K. , Frazier Donita L. 
Published: April 2004

ObjectiveThe effect of sedation on gastric emptying was evaluated in six ponies by monitoring serum concentrations of acetaminophen (AP) after intragastric administration.Experimental DesignProspective randomized experimental study.AnimalsSix adult ponies, 135 to 275 kg.MethodsFifteen minutes after the intravenous administration of xylazine (1 mg/kg), butorphanol (0.05 mg/kg), acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg) or saline, ponies were given AP (20 mg/kg in 350 mL water) by stomach tube. Blood for AP analysis was collected at baseline and 15, 30, 45, 75, 90, 105, and 120 minutes after AP administration. The time (Tmax) to reach peak serum concentration (Cmax), and the area under the AP serum concentration versus time curve (AUC) were determined for each treatment group.ResultsTmaxwas 31 mins in the control group, and this increased significantly (P< .05) after sedation. Cmaxdecreased (P< .05) after xylazine administration, and AUC decreased (P< .05) after acepromazine.ConclusionsThis study indicated that sedation has a significant effect on the gastric emptying rate of a liquid in ponies.Clinical RelevanceAlthough sedation produced a significant delay in gastric emptying, the influence was transient and unlikely to be of clinical significance in healthy ponies. However, the ability of these agents to slow gastric emptying should be considered in the surgical patient.
Comparison of Two Surgical Techniques for Renal Transplantation in Cats
Authors: Bernsteen Lynda , Gregory Clare R. , Pollard Rachel E. , Griffey Stephen M. , Menwrath Victor 
Published: April 2004

ObjectiveTo compare two surgical techniques for renal transplantation in cats with respect to graft warm ischemia time, total surgical time, operative and postoperative complications, and return to normal renal function based on measurement of plasma creatinine concentrations.Study DesignResearch study using normal cats.Animals or Sample PopulationFourteen adult, feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus (FELV/FIV) negative, neutered male and spayed female cats.Materials and MethodsFourteen cats underwent heterotopic renal isograft transplantation with nephrectomy of the contralateral kidney. Renal arterial end‐to‐end anastomosis to the external iliac artery was performed in eight cats and renal arterial end‐to‐side anastomosis to the aorta was performed in six cats. Cats were monitored for 14 days after surgery. Renal function was evaluated by daily measurement of plasma creatinine concentrations. The cats' health was assessed by the daily recording of body weight, rectal temperature, postoperative complications, urine production, appetite, packed red blood cell volume, and total serum protein. Ultrasonographic assessment of the isograft was performed every third day. Animals were euthanatized or adopted 14 days after surgery and histopathologic analysis of biopsies or whole isograft tissues was performed.ResultsNine of fourteen cats survived the 14‐day study period. Although not statistically significant, mean total surgical time and graft warm ischemia time was shorter for the arterial end‐to‐side anastomosis. Mean daily plasma creatinine concentrations were not significantly different between the two groups. Five of eight cats (62%) undergoing the arterial end‐to‐end technique developed neuropraxia and lameness of the ipsilateral pelvic limb. Five cats died or were euthanatized because of other complications.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceThe arterial end‐to‐side technique appears to be the better method for renal transplantation in cats. Shorter graft warm ischemia and total surgical times, absence of pelvic limb complications, and an adequate return to normal renal function were associated with this technique.
Management of Hypertension Controls Postoperative Neurologic Disorders After Renal Transplantation in Cats
Authors: Kyles Andrew E. , Gregory Clare R. , Wooldridge John D. , Mathews Kyle G. , Aronson Lillian R. , Bernsteen Lynda , Ilkiw Janet E. 
Published: April 2004

ObjectivesTo determine the prevalence and describe the management of hypertension and central nervous system (CNS) complications after renal transplantation in cats. We also compared the prevalence of CNS complications between cats monitored and treated for postoperative hypertension and a previously described, historical control group of cats not monitored or treated for postoperative hypertension.Study DesignRetrospective clinical study.Animals or Sample PopulationA total of 34 client‐owned cats that received renal allografts for the treatment of end‐stage renal failure.MethodsMedical records were reviewed. Data obtained included preoperative and postoperative systolic blood pressures, antihypertensive therapy, response to treatment, neurologic signs, and clinical outcome. The results were compared with a historical control group of feline renal allograft recipients that were neither monitored nor treated for postoperative hypertension.ResultsSevere postoperative hypertension occurred in 21 of 34 of cats. Hypertension was treated in all 21 cats with subcutaneously administered hydralazine which reduced systolic blood pressure to less than 170 mm Hg in 15 minutes in 20 of 21 cats; hydralazine produced hypotension in one cat and failed to control hypertension in 1 cat. After transplantation, seizures were observed in one cat and other neurologic complications (stupor, ataxia, and central blindness) were observed in three cats. The prevalence of seizures and neurologic complication‐related deaths after transplantation was significantly reduced with treatment of postoperative hypertension.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceHypertension is a major contributing factor to postoperative seizure activity after renal transplantation in cats; treatment of hypertension reduces the frequency of neurologic complications.
The Effects of Ketoconazole on the Pharmacokinetics of Cyclosporine A in Cats
Authors: Jonathan F. McAnulty , Lensmeyer G.L. 
Published: April 2004

ObjectiveTo determine the effects of ketoconazole (KC) on the pharmacokinetics of cyclosporine A (CsA) elimination in cats.Study DesignResearch study and prospective clinical trial.AnimalsFive healthy adult cats (pharmacokinetic studies) and 6 client‐owned cats with chronic renal failure.MethodsBlood CsA concentrations were measured after CsA (4 mg/kg IV) administration with or without concurrent oral KC (10 mg/kg). Subsequently, a combined CsA‐KC immunosuppressive regimen was used in cats after kidney transplantation. Blood CsA concentrations were measured using high performance liquid chromatography. CsA elimination was analyzed using a computerized pharmacokinetics program.ResultsKC increased blood CsA concentrations 1.8‐fold and 2.2‐fold at 12 and 24 hours after CsA administration. KC significantly decreased the mean systemic CsA clearance from 2.73 mL/min/kg to 1.22 mL/min/kg resulting in an increase in the terminal phase half‐life from 10.7 to 22.2 hours. The volume of distribution of steady‐state of CsA was unaffected by KC. In a series of clinical feline kidney transplant patients, a once‐a‐day CsA‐KC regimen was able to be used in most of the cats and was effective for prevention of allograft rejection in all of these cats.Conclusion and Clinical RelevanceKC is an effective adjunct treatment for immunosuppression in feline kidney transplant patients. KC suppresses CsA elimination, which reduces the need for CsA and allows once daily administration of CsA.