bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A "Generalized" Lexical Functional Grammar-Based Processing of an Indian Language — Bangla
Authors: Sengupta P. , Chaudhuri B. B. 
Published: July 2003

An efficient LFG parser implementation of Indian languages in general and Bangla in particular has been discussed. It has been shown that the classical technique of nonconfigurational syntactic encoding principles lead to too many disjunctive constraints to be satisfied by the parser. Noting that most of the disjunctions do not exist if an a priori knowledge of the verb is available, a "delayed" syntactic encoding formalism has been proposed. The points of syntactic encoding of noun phrases have been treated a "forward references" that are to be temporarily maintained in a "symbol table" for later precipitation. The proposed solution has two parts. The first part deals with identification of forward reference points, which is done by introducing a new metavariable and augmenting the scope of the Locate operator. The second part deals with precipitation of forward references through special schemata called m-structure schemata projected by the verb. An extension of the solution to one type of Bangla complex sentences has also been proposed (in the Appendix). Implementation notes based on object-oriented programming principles have been provided.
Teaching Image Computation in an Upper Level Elective on Robotics
Authors: Murphy Robin R. 
Published: July 2003

This article offers a case study of how to teach image computation in an upper level elective course on robotics with a significant number of non-Computer Science majors. The MACS 415 course at the Colorado School of Mines is required for the popular interdisciplinary undergraduate minor in Robotics and AI. It is mandated to provide a broad survey of the artificial intelligence tools available to roboticists, including image computation. Teaching image computation in a robotics elective is challenging both because of the limited time that can be spent on computer vision, and because of the attributes of the students. Non-CS majors typically do not have enough programming experience to program DSP algorithms, yet the students' preferred learning style is "hands-on." In order to reconcile this dilemma, we (1) cover a broad set of topics in class, (2) have several laboratory assignments using khoros, and (3) require the students to complete a robot project involving computer vision. The article summarizes the lessons learned to date, which are expected to be applicable to any course with non-majors involving image computation.
Dog Bites Postman
Authors: Devillers Olivier , Golin Mordecai J. 
Published: July 2003

In this paper, we discuss two variations of the two-dimensional post-office problem that arise when the post-offices are n postmen moving with constant velocities. The first variation addresses the question: given a point q0and time t0who is the nearest postman to q0at time t0? We present a randomized incremental data structure that answers the query in expected O( log2n) time. The second variation views a query point as a dog searching for a postman to bite and finds the postman that a dog running with speed vdcould reach first. While it is quite straightforward to design a data structure for the first problem, designing one for the second appears more difficult. We show that if the dog is quicker than all of the postmen then there is a nice correspondence between the problems. This correspondence will permit us to use the data structure developed for the first problem to solve the second one in O( log2n) time as well.The proposed structure is semi-dynamic, that is the set of postmen can be modified by inserting new postmen. A fully dynamic structure that also supports deletions can be obtained, but in that case the query time becomes O( log3n).
Georg Groddeck: Originality and Exclusion
Authors: Avila Lazslo Antonio , Winston Mark 
Published: July 2003

This paper reviews Georg Groddeck's contribution to medicine and the other human sciences. His creative and original thinking, which was both radical and provocative, deserves a fresh appraisal. I present some of the ideas he developed in his seminal `Psychic Conditioning and the Psychoanalytic Treatment of Organic Disorders', published in German in 1917, which may be considered as the foundation of modern psychosomatic medicine. In this text, Groddeck proposed that all diseases contain symbolic meanings which need to be unveiled in order to bring about mental and physical transformation. He held that unconscious processes determine how susceptible we are to diseases, the nature of these diseases, and the conditions for our recovery. Groddeck's work has been neglected, and I suggest that his radical ideas about the connection between the mind and the body make his work simultaneously difficult to assimilate and essential for expanding this frontier of knowledge.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Applications in Hospital Ventilation Design
Authors: Colquhoun John , Partridge Lester 
Published: July 2003

An investigation into modelling the internal environment in important hospital air conditioning applications, using computational fluid dynamics techniques (CFD) to improve air quality and health outcomes has been conducted. Aggressive infections are developing which medical science is hard pressed to control with antibiotics. In facilities such as operating theatres where patients undergo deep surgery or in ICU/transplant/oncology wards where immuno-compromised patients are accommodated, the control of air quality is essential to minimise patient infection. This reduces the risk of compromising patient health, reduces the cost of expensive drug treatments and, in this day and age, reduces the risk of litigation when patients are infected. CFD analysis techniques allow a study of the air flow and temperature distribution and the optimisation of air delivery to achieve higher sterility in risk-affected areas. In the case of operating theatres, air quality is affected by many factors and the principal objectives are to deliver sterile air to the surgical site, ensure that inappropriate air mixing does not occur, air velocities do not adversely affect the operation and room comfort conditions are maintained. Computational fluid dynamics analysis allows a proposed operating room to be modelled and each of the variables to be tested to identify flaws in air distribution and make adjustments to achieve the optimum flows and temperature. Graphic displays show velocity distributions and temperature distribution, leading to specific placement of filters, diffusers and allow the effects of lights, staff and pendants to be identified.
Integrated Environmental Management for Hospitals
Authors: Saad Samia Galal 
Published: July 2003

The hospital indoor environment includes several unwanted elements including a mix of chemical pollutants, biological contaminants and a high physical and mental stress for all the staff offering medical services. Infection risks are increased by direct contact with sick people in addition to needle and medical equipment punctures conveying blood-transmitted diseases. Although infection control measures are considered seriously they are often inadequate because of concomitant construction problems and ingress of outdoor pollutants. This is especially so in metropolitan areas where the hospitals are engulfed in an urban environment and surrounded by small scale industrial pollution and traffic air emissions. Every country and indeed every hospital has its own problems and this paper describes the progress of an environmental integrated management scheme initiated for the indoor environment of hospitals to provide greater control to protect the hospital staff from occupational hazards impacting their health, their home contacts and their patients. The scheme started with the preparation of an environmental assessment for newly built hospitals. For those hospitals currently operating the scheme comprised the organisation of an environmental health group and the preparation of a checklist of the environmental sources of indoor pollutants, contaminants and sources of infection and occupational health hazards. An environmental audit was conducted with monitoring for sources of environmental deterioration. There was a follow up for the adoption of hazardous waste management and cleaning and disinfection protocols. A reporting system was set up within the scheme which included follow up actions. The problems of adopting the system are discussed with methodologies for their solutions.
Quality of the Air and Health Assessment of the Medical Staff Handling Disinfection Chemicals in Lithuanian Hospitals
Authors: Glumbakaitė Edita , Žymantienė Zita , Šeškauskas Viktoras , Smolianskienė Gražina , Jurkuvėnas Vytautas 
Published: July 2003

The use of chemical disinfectants where ventilation is insufficient can produce morbidity and allergic responses. Although disinfection is the universal tool for prevention of infections, the chemicals used can irritate the eyes and skin and may have neurotoxic and sensitising effects. The objective in the present study was to evaluate such chemical hazards, the use of personal protective equipment and the health status of those who handle disinfection chemicals in Lithuanian hospitals. Nine hospitals in Vilnius were studied in 2000-2001. Some 334 hospital employees from surgery, anaesthesiology, intensive care unit, resuscitation, nursing and endoscopy departments in contact with disinfecting chemicals were interviewed by questionnaire. Levels of several chemicals were monitored: glutaraldehyde, chlorine compounds and hydrogen peroxide were determined by a photometric method; isopropyl and ethyl alcohols were determined by gas chromatography. It was found that maximum levels of glutaraldehyde exceeded standards by 1.3 times, hydrogen peroxide by 8 times and isopropyl alcohol by 11 times. When working with the chemicals rubber latex gloves were used by 84.1% of personnel and protective face masks by 45.9%. Other personal protective equipment (goggles and respirators) were rarely used. Adverse reactíons included skin reddening and itching (57.6%; p<0.05), allergic conjunctivitis (39.5%), allergic rhinitis (36.0%), as well as frank diseases like chronic bronchitis (9.9%), allergic contact dermatitis (8.3%), allergic rhinitis (7.0%) and allergic conjunctivitis (6.4%). The study concluded that improvements were necessary in all aspects of work with chemical disinfectants containing these active components.
Murine neutrophils require α1,3-fucosylation but not PSGL-1 for productive infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum
Authors: Carlyon Jason A. , Akkoyunlu Mustafa , Xia Lijun , Yago Tadayuki , Wang Tian , Cummings Richard D. , McEver Rodger P. , Fikrig Erol 
Published: July 2003

AbstractAnaplasma phagocytophilum causes human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, the second most common tick-borne disease in the United States. Mice are natural reservoirs for this bacterium and man is an inadvertent host. A phagocytophilum's tropism for human neutrophils is linked to neutrophil expression of P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1), as well as sialylated and α1,3-fucosylated glycans. To determine whether A phagocytophilum uses similar molecular features to infect murine neutrophils, we assessed in vitro bacterial binding to neutrophils from and infection burden in wild-type mice; mice lacking α1,3-fucosyltransferases Fuc-TIV and Fuc-TVII; or mice lacking PSGL-1. Binding to Fuc-TIV-/-/Fuc-TVII-/- neutrophils and infection of Fuc-TIV-/-/Fuc-TVII-/- mice were significantly reduced relative to wild-type mice. A phagocytophilum binding to PSGL-1-/- neutrophils was modestly reduced, whereas sialidase treatment significantly decreased binding to both wild-type and PSGL-1-/- neutrophils. A phagocytophilum similarly infected PSGL-1-/- and wild-type mice in vivo. A phagocytophilum induced comparable levels of chemokines from wild-type and PSGL-1-/- neutrophils in vitro, while those induced from Fuc-TIV-/-/Fuc-TVII-/- neutrophils were appreciably reduced. Therefore, A phagocytophilum infection in mice, as in humans, requires sialylation and α1,3-fucosylation of neutrophils. However, murine infection does not require neutrophil PSGL-1 expression, which has important implications for understanding how A phagocytophilum binds and infects neutrophils.
Phenotypic and functional T-cell aging in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): differential behavior of CD4 and CD8 subsets
Authors: Janković Vladimir , Messaoudi Ilhem , Nikolich-Žugich Janko 
Published: July 2003

AbstractA prominent theory of immune senescence holds that repeated antigenic stimulation and decreased production of naive cells combine to progressively exhaust the reserve of lymphocytes available to fight new pathogens, culminating in an accumulation of lymphocytes that achieved replicative senescence. A well-defined primate model of immune senescence in vivo would greatly facilitate testing of this theory. Here, we investigated phenotypic and functional T-cell aging in the rhesus macaques (RMs), currently the dominant primate model of AIDS. Our results show that sharp differences exist between the CD8 and CD4 T-cell subsets in (1) cell-cycle programs (as assessed by both in vitro proliferation and in vivo turnover measurement); (2) CD28 regulation on cell-cycle entry; and (3) accumulation of immediate effector cells among the CD28– cells, believed to be close to or at replicative senescence. These results further suggest poor reliability of CD28 as a marker for senescence. We suggest that some of the T-cell aging phenomenology in RMs can be ascribed to accentuation over time of the inherent differences in activation programs in CD8 and CD4 T cells.
Scaffold attachment region–containing retrovirus vectors improve long-term proviral expression after transplantation of GFP-modified CD34+ baboon repopulating cells
Authors: Kurre Peter , Morris Julia , Thomasson Bobbie , Kohn Donald B. , Kiem Hans-Peter 
Published: July 2003

AbstractSustained high-level proviral expression is important for clinical applications of gene therapy. Genetic elements including the β-interferon scaffold attachment region (SAR) have been shown to improve transgene expression in hematopoietic cells. We hypothesized that SAR elements might improve expression and allow the preselection of successfully transduced cells. Thus, we transplanted green fluorescent protein (GFP)–selected cells, half of which had been transduced with either SAR or non–SAR-containing retrovirus vectors, into 3 animals. All animals showed delayed engraftment compared with historic controls (28 vs 15.5 days). GFP marking was seen at levels up to 8% but declined over the first 6 weeks. Importantly, fluorescence intensity was 2- to 9-fold increased in progeny of SAR versus non–SAR vector–modified cells in all hematopoietic lineages for the duration of follow-up (6-12 months). In conclusion, the use of SAR-containing vectors improved transgene expression in hematopoietic repopulating cells, which may obviate the need for multicopy integration to achieve high-level expression and reduce the risk for insertional mutagenesis.
The zebrafish spi1 promoter drives myeloid-specific expression in stable transgenic fish
Authors: Ward Alister C. , McPhee Dora O. , Condron Melanie M. , Varma Sony , Cody Stephen H. , Onnebo Sara M. N. , Paw Barry H. , Zon Leonard I. , Lieschke Graham J. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractThe spi1 (pu.1) gene has recently been identified as a useful marker of early myeloid cells in zebrafish. To enhance the versatility of this organism as a model for studying myeloid development, the promoter of this gene has been isolated and characterized. Transient transgenesis revealed that a 5.3 kilobase promoter fragment immediately upstream of the spi1 coding sequence was sufficient to drive expression of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in injected embryos in a manner that largely recapitulated the native spi1 gene expression pattern. This fragment was successfully used to produce a germ line transgenic line of zebrafish with EGFP-expressing myeloid cells. These TG(spi1:EGFP)pA301 transgenic zebrafish represent a valuable tool for further studies of myeloid development and its perturbation.
Protease-activated receptors 1 and 4 mediate thrombin signaling in endothelial cells
Authors: Kataoka Hiroshi , Hamilton Justin R. , McKemy David D. , Camerer Eric , Zheng Yao-Wu , Cheng Abby , Griffin Courtney , Coughlin Shaun R. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractDefining the relative importance of protease-activated receptors (PARs) for thrombin signaling in mouse endothelial cells is critical for a basic understanding of thrombin signaling in these cells and for the rational use of knockout mice to probe the roles of thrombin's actions on endothelial cells in vivo. We examined thrombin- and PAR agonist–induced increases in cytoplasmic calcium, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation, and gene expression in endothelial cells from wild-type and PAR-deficient mice. PAR1 and PAR4 agonists triggered responses in wild-type but not in Par1–/– and Par4–/– endothelial cells, respectively. Calcium imaging confirmed that a substantial fraction of individual endothelial cells responded to both agonists. Compared with wild-type cells, Par1–/– endothelial cells showed markedly decreased responses to low concentrations of thrombin, and cells that lacked both PAR1 and PAR4 showed no responses to even high concentrations of thrombin. Similar results were obtained when endothelial-dependent vasorelaxation of freshly isolated mouse aorta was used as an index of signaling in native endothelial cells. Thus PAR1 is the major thrombin receptor in mouse endothelial cells, but PAR4 also contributes. These receptors serve at least partially redundant roles in endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo and together are necessary for the thrombin responses measured.
The shared tumor-associated antigen cytochrome P450 1B1 is recognized by specific cytotoxic T cells
Authors: Maecker Britta , Sherr David H. , Vonderheide Robert H. , von Bergwelt-Baildon Michael S. , Hirano Naoto , Anderson Karen S. , Xia Zhinan , Butler Marcus O. , Wucherpfennig Kai W. , O'Hara Carl , Cole Geoffrey , Kwak Silvia S. , Ramstedt Urban , Tomlinson Andy J. , Chicz Roman M. , Nadler Lee M. , Schultze Joachim L. 
Published: July 2003

AbstractCytochrome P450 1B1 (CYP1B1), a drug-metabolizing extrahepatic enzyme, was recently shown to be overexpressed in multiple types of cancer. Such tumor-associated genes may be useful targets for anticancer therapy, particularly cancer immunotherapeutics. We identified HLA-A*0201–binding peptides and a naturally processed and presented T-cell epitope capable of inducing CYP1B1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) in HLA-A2 transgenic mice. Furthermore, the induction of CYP1B1-specific T cells was demonstrated in healthy donors and cancer patients. These T cells efficiently lysed target cells pulsed with the cognate peptide. More important, HLA-A2–matched tumor cell lines and primary malignant cells were also recognized by CYP1B1-specific CTLs. These findings form the basis of a phase 1 clinical trial exploring a DNA-based vector encoding CYP1B1 for widely applicable cancer immunotherapy conducted at the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute.
Redirection of antileukemic reactivity of peripheral T lymphocytes using gene transfer of minor histocompatibility antigen HA-2-specific T-cell receptor complexes expressing a conserved alpha joining region
Authors: Heemskerk Mirjam H. M. , Hoogeboom Manja , de Paus Roelof A. , Kester Michel G. D. , van der Hoorn Menno A. W. G. , Goulmy Els , Willemze Roel , Falkenburg J. H. Frederik 
Published: July 2003

AbstractDonor-derived T lymphocytes directed against minor histocompatibility antigens (mHags) exclusively expressed on cells of the hematopoietic lineages can eliminate hematologic malignancies. Transfer of T-cell receptors (TCRs) directed against these mHags into T lymphocytes may provide a strategy to generate antileukemic T cells. To investigate the feasibility of this strategy the TCR usage of mHag HA-2-specific T-cell clones was characterized. Thirteen different types of HA-2-specific T-cell clones were detected, expressing TCRs with diversity in TCR α- and β-chain usage, however, containing in the TCR α chain a single conserved gene segment Jα42, indicating that Jα42 is involved in HA-2-specific recognition. We transferred various HA-2 TCRs into T lymphocytes from HLA-A2-positive HA-2-negative individuals resulting in T cells with redirected cytolytic activity against HA-2-expressing target cells. Transfer of chimeric TCRs demonstrated that the HA-2 specificity is not only determined by the Jα42 region but also by the N-region of the α chain and the CDR3 region of the β chain. Finally, when HA-2 TCRs were transferred into T cells from HLA-A2-negative donors, the HA-2 TCR-modified T cells exerted potent antileukemic reactivity without signs of anti-HLA-A2 alloreactivity. These results indicate that HA-2 TCR transfer may be used as an alternative strategy to generate HA-2-specific T cells to treat hematologic malignancies of HLA-A2-positive, HA-2-expressing patients that received transplants from HLA-A2-matched or -mismatched donors. (Blood. 2003;102:3530-3540)
Male DNA in female donor apheresis and CD34-enriched products
Authors: Adams Kristina M. , Lambert Nathalie C. , Heimfeld Shelly , Tylee Tracy S. , Pang Jennifer M. , Erickson Timothy D. , Nelson J. Lee 
Published: July 2003

AbstractIncreased risk of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) has been described in recipients of hematopoietic stem cell transplantations when the donor is a parous woman. Cells from prior pregnancies are now known to persist in women and could contribute to GVHD. We asked whether male DNA (presumed fetal microchimerism) is present in apheresis products of female donors. A total of 50 samples were studied by using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the Y chromosome-specific sequence DYS14. Among 29 growth factor-mobilized peripheral blood mononuclear cell (G-PBMC) products, 34% were positive for male DNA. Quantitative results, expressed as DNA genome equivalent of male cells per million host cells (gEq/mil), ranged from 0 to 35 gEq/mil. Among 21 CD34-enriched cell fractions, 48% were positive with a range of 0 to 357 gEq/mil. In summary, male DNA was frequently detected in G-PBMC and CD34-enriched products from female donors. Whether fetal microchimerism contributes to GVHD merits further investigation. (Blood. 2003;102: 3845-3847)