bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The response of intracellular signaling and muscle‐protein metabolism to nutrition and exercise
Authors: Tipton Kevin D. , Sharp Carwyn P. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractIn recent years, a body of literature examining the response of muscle‐protein metabolism to exercise and nutrition has arisen. Developments in methods, especially stable isotopic tracer methodology, have allowed much information to be gathered in vivo in humans. The metabolic mechanism behind increased muscle mass requires that muscle‐protein synthesis exceeds breakdown, i.e., net muscle‐protein synthesis. Increased net muscle‐protein balance may occur due to exercise, but net synthesis may occur only with the addition of nutrients, particularly a source of amino acids. The major impact of increased amino acid availability on net muscle‐protein balance is due to stimulation of muscle‐protein synthesis and less to inhibition of muscle‐protein breakdown. Amino acids seem to stimulate muscle‐protein synthesis, not only by mass action, i.e., providing substrate, but also as signals for initiation of protein synthesis. Stimulation of muscle‐protein synthesis by amino acid ingestion may be linked to increased intracellular amino acid levels and/or to changing amino acid levels in the blood. Carbohydrate ingestion, most likely through the action of insulin, also may play a role in the response of muscle to exercise and nutrition. There is very little research in humans in vivo on the intracellular signaling that is linked to muscle‐protein synthesis. It is clear that intracellular signaling responds to both insulin and amino acids, but the interactions with exercise are not well known; however, the details of the pathways have only just begun to be investigated, especially in humans. Delineation of these pathways is complicated, and there is little doubt that multiple intracellular signaling pathways with several levels of communication are involved in the hypertrophy process in response to nutrition and exercise. A systematic investigation of the relationship of the signaling to insulin and amino acids combined with exercise will provide important information, especially for populations vulnerable to muscle loss.
Debilitative interpretations of competitive anxiety: A qualitative examination of elite performers
Authors: Hanton Sheldon , Wadey Ross , Connaughton Declan 
Published: September 2005

AbstractResearch has not accounted for a small but significant proportion of elite performers who consistently report debilitative interpretations of competitive anxiety‐related symptoms. Interviews were used to investigate elite athletes’ precompetitive thoughts, feelings, and mental strategies underlying symptom interpretation. Six male athletes, from a variety of sports (M age = 23.3, SD=2.2), who were currently competing within the UK, were found to hold debilitative interpretations. Data were drawn from verbatim transcripts and the content analysed. Four general dimensions traced the participants’ precompetitive states and mental skills from early competitive experiences to the present day. Findings indicated that the participants reported early debilitating symptoms, which became habituated throughout their respective careers. Possible explanations as to why these elite performers consistently reported negative interpretations related to mental preparation and effectiveness, psychological skills, coping strategies, perceptions of control, and perceived self‐confidence levels. The way in which the athletes are able to compete at an elite level, despite reporting debilitative interpretations, is also discussed.
Dragon Plant Biology Explorer. A Text-Mining Tool for Integrating Associations between Genetic and Biochemical Entities with Genome Annotation and Biochemical Terms Lists
Authors: Bajic Vladimir B. , Veronika Merlin , Veladandi Pardha Sarathi , Meka Archana , Heng Mok-Wei , Rajaraman Kanagasabai , Pan Hong , Swarup Sanjay 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
We introduce a tool for text mining, Dragon Plant Biology Explorer (DPBE) that integrates information on Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genes with their functions, based on gene ontologies and biochemical entity vocabularies, and presents the associations as interactive networks. The associations are based on (1) user-provided PubMed abstracts; (2) a list of Arabidopsis genes compiled by The Arabidopsis Information Resource; (3) user-defined combinations of four vocabulary lists based on the ones developed by the general, plant, and Arabidopsis GO consortia; and (4) three lists developed here based on metabolic pathways, enzymes, and metabolites derived from AraCyc, BRENDA, and other metabolism databases. We demonstrate how various combinations can be applied to fields of (1) gene function and gene interaction analyses, (2) plant development, (3) biochemistry and metabolism, and (4) pharmacology of bioactive compounds. Furthermore, we show the suitability of DPBE for systems approaches by integration with “omics” platform outputs. Using a list of abiotic stress-related genes identified by microarray experiments, we show how this tool can be used to rapidly build an information base on the previously reported relationships. This tool complements the existing biological resources for systems biology by identifying potentially novel associations using text analysis between cellular entities based on genome annotation terms. Thus, it allows researchers to efficiently summarize existing information for a group of genes or pathways, so as to make better informed choices for designing validation experiments. Last, DPBE can be helpful for beginning researchers and graduate students to summarize vast information in an unfamiliar area. DPBE is freely available for academic and nonprofit users at http://research.i2r.a-star.edu.sg/DRAGON/ME2/.
RNA Silencing of Single and Multiple Members in a Gene Family of Rice
Authors: Miki Daisuke , Itoh Rika , Shimamoto Ko 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
RNA silencing with inverted repeat (IR) constructs has been used to suppress gene expression in various organisms. However, the transitive RNA-silencing effect described in plants may preclude the use of RNA silencing for a gene family. Here, we show that, in rice (Oryza sativa), transitive RNA silencing (spreading of double-stranded RNA along the target mRNA) occurred with the green fluorescent protein transgene but not with the endogenous phytoene desaturase gene. We fused IR copies of unique 3′ untranslated regions derived from the rice OsRac gene family to a strong promoter and stably introduced them into rice. Each of the seven members of the OsRac gene family was specifically suppressed by its respective IR construct. We also examined IR constructs in which multiple 3′ untranslated regions were fused and showed that three members of the OsRac gene family were effectively suppressed by a single construct. Using highly conserved regions of the two members of the OsRac gene family, we also suppressed the expression of all members of the gene family with variable efficiencies. These results suggest that RNA silencing is a useful method for the functional analysis of gene families in rice and other plants.
Plant Virus RNAs. Coordinated Recruitment of Conserved Host Functions by (+) ssRNA Viruses during Early Infection Events
Authors: Thivierge Karine , Nicaise Valérie , Dufresne Philippe J. , Cotton Sophie , Laliberté Jean-François , Le Gall Olivier , Fortin Marc G. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractPositive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses have developed strategies to exploit cellular resources at the expense of host mRNAs. The genomes of these viruses display a variety of structures at their 5′ and 3′ ends that differentiate them from cellular mRNAs. Despite this structural diversity, viral RNAs are still circularized by juxtaposition of their 5′ and 3′ ends, similar to the process used by cellular mRNAs. Also reminiscent of the mechanisms used by host mRNAs, translation of viral RNAs involves the recruitment of translation initiation factors. However, the roles played by these factors likely differ from those played by cellular mRNAs. In keeping with the general parsimony typical of RNA viruses, these host factors also participate in viral RNA replication. However, the dual use of host factors requires that viral RNA template utilization be regulated to avoid conflict between replication and translation. The molecular composition of the large ribonucleoprotein complexes that form the viral RNA replication and translation machineries likely evolves over the course of infection to allow for switching template use from translation to replication.
The absence of CD20 messenger RNA in recurrent cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma following rituximab therapy
Authors: Rawal Yeshwant B. , Nuovo Gerard J. , Frambach Gwyn E. , Porcu Pierluigi , Baiocchi Robert A. , Magro Cynthia M. 
Published: September 2005

Background:  Rituximab has been used to treat relapsed low‐grade or advanced non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma since 1997, targeting the CD20 antigen expressed by B cells. Single‐agent rituximab therapy is safe and well tolerated. Recurrences showing a loss of CD20 expression following rituximab therapy have been reported.Methods:  Four patients with CD20‐positive cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma received rituximab therapy with subsequent recurrences. The biopsies were assessed for cytoplasmic CD20 expression; CD20 messenger RNA was also assessed where tissue was available.Results:  Cutaneous relapses occurring within 1.5–3 months following the last dose of rituximab were CD20 negative. In three cases, subsequent relapses showed renewed expression of CD20. Those biopsies demonstrating a loss of surface and cytoplasmic CD20 by immunohistochemistry also showed no evidence of messenger RNA for CD20 using an in situ polymerase chain reaction‐based methodology.Conclusions:  Rituximab may be associated with the emergence of CD20‐negative B‐cell clones, potentially rendering a tumor insensitive to this drug. Conversely, following cessation of the drug, a re‐expression of CD20 within the neoplastic cells may occur allowing therapeutic intervention with this monoclonal antibody. The loss of CD20 expression appears to be a direct effect of the drug on CD20 messenger RNA synthesis.
De novo intraepidermal epithelioid melanocytic dysplasia as a marker of the atypical mole phenotype – a clinical and pathological study of 75 patients
Authors: Sachdeva Mandi , Frambach Gwyn E. , Crowson A. Neil , Deng April C. , Mihm Martin C. , Magro Cynthia M. 
Published: September 2005

Background:  We encountered a distinctive pattern of dysplastic intraepidermal melanocytic proliferation, which defies classification as a dysplastic melanocytic nevus, but in which the morphologic features fall short of a diagnosis of melanoma in situ. We designate such lesions as de novo intraepidermal epithelioid melanocytic dysplasia.Methods:  From 75 patients, 82 skin biopsies were encountered that showed this distinctive morphology. Hematoxylin‐ and eosin‐stained histologic sections were studied and the features were correlated with personal and family histories of dysplastic nevi and melanoma.Results:  The diagnosis of de novo melanocytic dysplasia was made in 27 male patients and 48 female patients (mean age: 44 years). The histologic hallmark was a pagetoid (single‐cell) array of moderately to severely atypical epithelioid melanocytes within the epidermis. Seventy‐three lesions were located on sun‐exposed skin and nine on sun‐protected skin. In 41 patients, there was an atypical mole phenotype, whereas 20 patients had a prior or subsequent diagnosis of melanoma with five of 16 patients questioned revealing a family history of melanoma.Conclusions:  De novo intraepidermal epithelioid melanocytic dysplasia is a distinct entity associated with an atypical mole phenotype and a personal and/or family history of melanoma.
Retiform hemangioendothelioma: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Tan Dongfeng , Kraybill William , Cheney Richard T. , Khoury Thaer 
Published: September 2005

Background:  Retiform hemangioendothelioma (RH) is a rare, recently described vascular neoplasm of low malignant potential.Methods:  We report a case of RH of the foot of a 19‐year‐old white female. Histologically, the tumor grew as numerous elongated vessels resembling the shape of rete testis with involvement of the skin adnexal structures and subcutaneous adipose tissue. No dissection of collagen by small groups of endothelial cells was seen. Wide local excision was performed and the patient was healthy with no metastasis at 14 months follow‐up.Results and Conclusions:  Our case is discussed in the context of previously reported cases of RH; we also include a review of all cases of RH published to date.
Primary cutaneous carcinosarcoma arising in a patient with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome
Authors: Bhattacharjee Pradip , Leffell David , McNiff Jennifer M. 
Published: September 2005

Background:  Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCC) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by developmental abnormalities and neoplasms including basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and sarcomas (i.e. leiomyosarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, and fibrosarcoma). Primary cutaneous carcinosarcoma (PCC), a rare tumor composed of malignant epithelial and mesenchymal components, has never been previously described in association with this syndrome.Case report:  A 61‐year‐old Hispanic man with a history of NBCC presented with a 4 cm nodule on the right proximal medial thigh.Pathologic findings:  Areas of typical BCC merged with intersecting fascicles of large atypical spindle cells that stained for vimentin and were negative for actin, desmin, CD‐34, and S‐100 protein. Scattered bizarre solitary cytokeratin‐positive epithelioid cells were embedded within the fibrocytic proliferation.Conclusions:  Several carcinosarcomas have been reported to contain BCC as the malignant epithelial component, but to our knowledge, this is the first report of PCC associated with NBCC. Mutation in patched tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 9q occurs in BCCs of NBCC, and aberrancies on chromosome 9q are also reported in some carcinosarcomas. It is possible that the known genetic defect on chromosome 9 in this patient contributed to the development of carcinosarcoma.
Anaesthetic management of placenta accreta: use of a pre‐operative high and low suspicion classification*
Authors: Weiniger C. F. , Elram T. , Ginosar Y. , Mankuta D. , Weissman C. , Ezra Y. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryPlacenta accreta may be suspected prior to surgery, but the actual diagnosis is only confirmed at surgery. This prospective and observational study was performed to assess whether preparations should be made for potential massive blood loss prior to Caesarean surgery in all patients with suspected placenta accreta. Patients were classified as high or low suspicion for placenta accreta based on ultrasonography and clinical factors. Among 28 suspected cases of placenta accreta, diagnosis was confirmed at surgery in 50% (12/17 high and 2/11 low suspicion) cases. Hysterectomy was only performed in the 12 high suspicion patients with placenta accreta (p < 0.001). High suspicion patients required more blood transfusions: mean(SD) 6.5 (7.0) units vs 1.09 (1.1) units, p = 0.017. Anaesthetists should be prepared for major haemorrhage in all cases of suspected placenta accreta, although use of a system to grade level of suspicion may identify those at greater risk.
Airway rescue in acute upper airway obstruction using a ProSeal™ Laryngeal mask airway and an Aintree Catheter™: a review of the ProSeal™ Laryngeal mask airway in the management of the difficult airway
Authors: Cook T. M. , Silsby J. , Simpson T. P. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryWe report the successful use of a ProSeal™ Laryngeal mask airway (PLMA) to rescue the airway when emergency tracheal intubation and ventilation of the lungs were impossible after haemorrhage into the neck following carotid endarterectomy, despite evacuation of the clot. The airway was re‐established after placement of a PLMA. Fibreoptic examination of the airway revealed severe supraglottic swelling compromising airway patency. An Aintree catheter was placed in the trachea under fibreoptic guidance and a tracheal tube railroaded over this. The use of the PLMA in seven cases of difficult airway management and 11 cases of airway rescue is reviewed. Use of the PLMA was associated with high levels of success, often rescuing the airway when other techniques had failed. No complications of use of the PLMA were reported in these cases. The PLMA appears to be a useful device to assist in management of the difficult airway and for airway rescue. Potential advantages over the classic laryngeal mask airway include improved airway seal and reduced risk of aspiration. The gum elastic bougie‐guided insertion technique is recommended when the PLMA is used for airway rescue.
The pharmaco‐economics of peri‐operative statin therapy
Authors: Biccard B. M. , Sear J. W. , Foëx P. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryWe analysed the pharmaco‐economics of the prospective peri‐operative studies of statin administration for major elective vascular surgery, using the NHS reference costs for 2004. This analysis suggests that peri‐operative statin therapy for patients undergoing vascular surgery may present the most cost‐effective use of statin therapy yet described, with a number‐needed‐to‐treat of 15 and almost 60% of the total cost of atorvastatin therapy recovered through a reduction in peri‐operative adverse events.
A prospective, randomised controlled trial comparing the efficacy of pre‐oxygenation in the 20° head‐up vs supine position*
Authors: Lane S. , Saunders D. , Schofield A. , Padmanabhan R. , Hildreth A. , Laws D. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryWe investigated whether positioning patients undergoing general anaesthesia for cholecystectomy in a 20° head‐up position, as opposed to supine, improved the efficacy of 3 min of standard pre‐oxygenation via a circle breathing system. Following pre‐oxygenation, patients received a standard induction of anaesthesia and the apnoea time (from administration of rocuronium to the arterial oxygen saturation to fall to 95%) was recorded. Mean (95% CI) apnoea time was 386 (343–429) s in the 20° head‐up position (n = 17) vs 283 (243–322) s in the supine position (n = 18; p = 0.002). Pre‐oxygenation is significantly more efficacious and by inference more efficient in the 20° head‐up position than in the supine position.
Implementation of a tight glycaemic control protocol using a web‐based insulin dose calculator
Authors: Thomas A. N. , Marchant A. E. , Ogden M. C. , Collin S. 
Published: September 2005

SummaryWe describe the implementation of a glucose control protocol supported by a web‐based insulin dose calculator in a 16‐bedded intensive care unit. The protocol was introduced and then modified after 15 months' use. Glucose concentrations were retrospectively reviewed and compared for the 9‐month period before introduction of the protocol (288 patients), for 15 months after its introduction (502 patients) and for a further 5 months after its modification to increase insulin dose (101 patients). The mean (SD) blood glucose concentrations decreased from 7.3 (1.8) mmol.l−1 to 6.6 (1.6) mmol.l−1 and then to 6.2 (1.3) mmol.l−1. The proportion of values < 8.0 mmol.l−1 increased from 69% to 81% and then to 89%. Blood glucose concentrations were increased by the use of intravenous nutrition and by vasoactive drugs but not by the administration of propofol. The odds ratio [95% CI] for death for glucose values > 8.0 mmol.l−1 was 2.10 [1.19–3.73] compared to values < 6.1 mmol.l−1. However, patient mortality remained constant during the study. Glycaemic control was improved outside a research setting using a protocol supported by a web‐based insulin dose calculator.
Characterization of HIV-1 Gag-specific T cell responses in chronically infected Indian population
Authors: Kaushik S , Vajpayee M , Wig N , Seth P 
Published: September 2005

Summary
India is at the epicentre of the global HIV/AIDS epidemic in South-east Asia, predominated by subtype C infections. It is important to characterize HIV-1-specific T cell responses in this particular population with the aim of identifying protective correlates of immunity to control HIV-1 infection. In this study, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the breadth and magnitude of T cell responses directed at HIV-1 subtype C Gag, one of the most conserved HIV-1 proteins. The study population consisted of antiretroviral naive, chronic HIV-1 subtype C-infected individuals at various stages of infection. We used recent advanced techniques such as enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay and intracellular cytokine staining to quantify the total CD4+ and CD8+ T cell response to HIV-1 gag at single peptide level, regardless of HLA haplotype of the infected individual. The p24-Gag was identified as the most frequently recognized subunit protein with the greatest magnitude of CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses. Stronger and broader CD8 T cell responses were recognized, contrasting with the weaker and narrower CD4 T cell responses with regard to Gag protein subunits. The magnitude of the HIV-specific interferon (IFN)-γ responses was observed to be higher than the corresponding interleukin (IL)-2 response, indicating the persistence of antigenic load in chronically infected Indian population due to the probable dysfunction of HIV-specific, IFN-γ-secreting CD8 T cells in absence of IL-2 help.