bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Herpes simplex virus vectors
Authors: Rixon Frazer J , Mclauchlan John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As with other virus vector systems, one reason for using her pesviruses is to allow expression of proteins outside their normal environment so that their properties can be examined, either alone or in combination with other defined proteins. However, there is additional interest attached to herpes simplex viruses as vectors which relates to their ability to establish long-term latent infections in neuronal cells. This neurotropism implies that herpes simplex virus-based vectors may be used as tools to deliver genes of interest into neurones. Herpes simplex virus (HSY) is limited, as a natural infection, to man, where serological studies suggest an incidence of greater than 90%, but under laboratory conditions it has a wide host range in experimental animals and in tissue culture cells. Two serotypes of HSY are known: HSY-1 and HSY-2, which are typically associated with facial and genital lesions, respectively.
GPI membrane anchors: isolation and analysis
Authors: Ferguson Michael A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidyl inositol (GPI) membrane anchors are ubiquitous among the eukaryotes and are utilized by a wide variety of cell surface glycoproteins. The GPI anchor can be thought of as an alternative to the hydrophobic transmembrane polypeptide domain for membrane proteins anchorage. Discussions of the biosynthesis and the known and possible functions of GPI anchors have been extensively reviewed elsewhere (1–3). This chapter will concentrate on structure determination.
Tat trans-activator
Authors: Peterlin B Matija , Adams Melanie , Alonso Alicia , Baur Andreas , Ghosh Subir , Lu Xiaobin , Luo Ying 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Several lentiviral promoters or their 5’ long terminal repeats (LTRs) are unusual among eukaryotic promoters in that they contain an RNA structure in their leader sequences which is important for their function (for review see refs 1-10). This RNA element is called the trans-activation response element or TAR (11). Interactions between TARs and virally encoded trans-activators called Tats greatly increase levels of viral replication and expression of all viral proteins (12-15). Translated from multiply spliced mRNAs that appear early in the viral life cycle, Tat primarily affects rates of elongation of transcription (16); however, effects of Tat on initiation of transcription and translation have also been reported (17, 18). Since human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) lacking Tat or TAR replicates poorly and does not cause cytopathology (19, 20), approaches designed to interfere with Tat or TAR might be useful in the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
Auxiliary proteins of the primate immunodeficiency viruses
Authors: Gibbs James S , Desrosiers Ronald C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All known primate lentiviruses possess the essential structural genes gag, pol, arid env and the essential regulatory genes tat and rev. However, all of them possess at least three or four additional genes that are known to encode protein products and that are apparently unique to the lentivirus subfamily of retroviruses. In general, little is known about their functions (1). However, since they are likely to be important for some aspects of the virus life cycle, it is important that their functional roles be clarified. Such auxiliary genes are often referred to as ‘non-essential’ due to the fact that in many circumstances they may be mutated or deleted with little or no effect on virus growth in vitro. However, the importance of these genes for virus growth in cell culture often depends upon the particulars of the system employed. The extent to which a mutant virus is able to replicate appears to depend in many cases upon the host cell used, the particular virus being studied, the methods used for infecting the cell, and the methods used for monitoring virus production. For example, cocultivation vs. infection or transfection, or the inoculum employed may affect the rate or extent of mutant virus replication. One major caveat of such studies is that the situation in cell culture may or may not be relevant to virus growth in vivo.
Mutational analysis: new mutations
Authors: Michaelides K , Schwaab R , Lalloz M R A , Schmidt, W , Tuddenham E G D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last few years the search for mutations and sequence polymorphisms has been dramatically accelerated by the use of PCR and subsequently by direct sequencing of PCR products (1, 2). In spite of these powerful new methods, direct sequencing is not always practicable in detecting mutations because they may be positioned anywhere in some of the very large genes which are being studied. For example, mutations have now been found in nearly every one of the 26 exons of the factor VIII gene. Thus a number of prescreening methods have been developed, such as discriminant oligonucleotide hybridization (3), enzymatic (4) and chemical cleavage methods (5), single stranded conformation polymorphism (SSCP) (6) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) (7). These methods are described and by way of example, some results of their application to screening the coding sequences and splice sites of the factor VIII gene for mutations amongst haemophilia A patients (8-10) are shown.
Procedures for isolating yeast DNA for different purposes
Authors: Wach Achim , Pick, Horst , Philippsen Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The DNA isolation procedures described in this chapter have been extensively used with Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. However, they can be adapted for other Saccharomyces species and for other yeast genera. The demands with respect to purity, size, and amount of yeast DNA can be very different and mainly depend on the type of experiment to be performed, e.g. DNA hybridization for screening many strain isolates for rearrangements, to verify the status of transforming DNA, or to search for homologous sequences; re-isolation of recombinant yeast plasmids for transformation into Escherichia coli; PCR-type reactions; construction of gene banks with partially cleaved and size fractionated DNA; or DNA ligations on a preparative scale. (The isolation of chromosomal sized DNA for electrophoretic karyotyping is discussed in Chapter 5.)
Radiometric methods for detection in blots
Authors: Laskey R A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Radioisotopes are used extensively to label probes for many blotting applications. This chapter considers the best methods for detecting them efficiently. The most widely used methods involve autoradiographic detection on X ray film. Autoradiographic methods can provide a good combination of sensitivity and resolution, and they do not require investment in expensive capital equipment. In spite of claims to the contrary, accurate quantitation can be achieved easily. For direct autoradiography without intensifying screens or scintillators, the response of the film is inherently linear until it reaches saturation (1, 2). When intensifying screens or fluorographic scintillators are used to increase sensitivity, the response of film to the light they produce is non-linear but it can easily be made linear by pre-exposing the film to a flash of light (1, 2). Phosphorimagers offer a new alternative to film detection methods. Although they involve a high initial capital expense, they offer increased sensitivity for most of the radioisotopes commonly used in biological sciences, the exception being tritium (3H). They also offer linearity over a wide dynamic range.
Use of peptide ligands for the detection of binding proteins by Western blotting
Authors: Hossenlopp Paul , Binoux Michel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Western ligand blotting is a variation of the method of protein analysis first described by Towbin (1) in a pioneering article, ‘Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets’, and subsequently referred to as ‘Western blotting’. The technique involves electrophoretic separation of proteins which are then transferred to a nitrocellulose or equivalent membrane where they are recognized either by an antibody (this was the method reported by Towbin, known as immunoblotting) or by a specific ligand (known as ligand blotting). Towbin had foreseen the use of ligands, since in the conclusion to his article he predicted that his technique would become applicable not only to identification of proteins by antibodies, but, more generally, to analysis of any specific interaction between a protein and its ligand (nucleic acid, nucleotide, hormone, or another protein).
Renaturative catalytic blotting of enzyme proteins
Authors: Zhu Jia-Shi , Gray Gary M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unlike receptor proteins (see Chapter 14) which may recover appreciable ligand-binding activity after full denaturation and renaturation, the active sites of enzyme proteins are usually more fragile, presumably because their catalytic function requires a highly restricted conformation to facilitate both high-affinity binding and subsequent catalysis of their specific substrate. Many enzymes are large membrane-associated glycoproteins having a hydrophobic anchor and are rich in glycosylated domains. Traditional biochemical studies and the cDNA-derived amino acid sequences have provided considerable information about the primary and subunit structures of the enzyme proteins, but little is known of the native conformation of many membrane-associated enzyme proteins.
Lactococcal plasmid vectors
Authors: Leenhouts K J , Venema G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria comprise a heterologous group of organisms that are used in the fermentation of milk for the production of various types of cheese, buttermilk and yoghurts, meat, and vegetables. They are all Gram-positive bacteria and, as indicated by their name, they produce lactic acid during fermentation. An important species of this group is Lactococcus, consisting of only two subspecies: L. lactis subsp. lactis and L. lactis subsp. cremoris. This chapter will be limited to a description of a number of host vector systems and their use in the application of recombinant DNA technologies in Lactococcus, although some of these systems are also potentially useful in other bacteria, including Gram-negatives.
Use of λ-plasmid composite vectors for expression cDNA cloning
Authors: Miki Toru , Aaronson Stuart A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plasmid vectors provide straightforward approaches to clone and analyse genes of interest. They are easily manipulated, and a number of versatile plasmid vectors have been developed. Phage vectors have also been developed and successfully applied to cDNA cloning. Use of phage vectors has several advantages. For example, gene expression by λ phage can be much more tightly regulated than with plasmids. Moreover, cell viability is required only when phages are propagating in host cells.
Molecular genetics of purple bacteria
Authors: Lee Jeong K , Kaplan samuel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1957 Cohen-Bazire et al. (1), noted that light intensity, as well as O2 tension could dramatically and immediately alter the cellular bacteriochlorophyll (Bchl) content of photosynthetically growing cultures of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. It became clear that the cellular levels of Bchl reflect the presence of three Bchl-carotenoid (Crt)-protein complexes (2-4) which in turn are part of the inducible photosynthetic membrane structure, referred to as the intracytoplasmic membrane (ICM) (5). Subsequent studies detailed the earliest events in light entrapment and were pioneered by many investigators, one of the earliest being Rod Clayton (3). Biochemical studies of the pathways involved in Bchl and haem were pioneered by June Lascelles and her many colleagues (6).
Solid-phase peptide synthesis
Authors: Walker Brian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The chemical synthesis of oxytocin, with biological activity indistinguishable from that of the native hormone, by du Vigneaud and co-workers in 1953, represents a landmark in the application of synthetic peptides to the study of biology (1). This pioneering work earned du Vigneaud the Nobel prize for chemistry and established unequivocally the pivotal role of synthetic chemistry in peptide structure-function studies. The synthesis of this nonapeptide hormone required many months of effort and involved the combined industry of four experienced synthetic organic chemists (2). It was this labour-intensive feature that prompted Merrifield, in 1964, to introduce the solid-phase approach for the rapid production of synthetic peptides (3). This methodology has revolutionized the synthesis of peptides and has made an inestimable impact on the study of their biological activity. Fittingly, Merrifield was also awarded the Nobel prize for chemistry in 1986.
Preparative immunoaffinity techniques
Authors: Price Michael R , Beyzavi Kami 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Immunoaffinity chromatography is one of the most powerful separative procedure-s for the purification of antigens or antibodies. The technique exploits the exquisite immunological specificity of their recognition and binding, which occurs even in complex mixtures. The procedure is highly empirical, but often separations resulting in purification of a product by several thousand-fold may be achieved by using simple chromatographic techniques. The technique has found application in the purification of diverse macro-molecules. This has been particularly enhanced over the last decade or so, following the development of hybridoma technology for the production of stable cell hybrids secreting homogeneous monoclonal antibodies of identical immunological and biochemical characteristics (1). Moreover, it is feasible to identify the epitopes for many monoclonal antibodies and, in the case of protein antigens, to prepare synthetic peptides corresponding to the native epitopes. This is being exploited in an attempt to enhance our understanding of the antigen-antibody interaction, and at the practical level to provide novel approaches in immunoaffinity techniques.
Non-isotopic DNA analysis
Authors: Dennis Lo Y -M , Mehal Wajahat Z 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Advances in molecular biology have resulted in a rapid increase in knowledge of the human genome. To date, a large number of polymorphic systems has been described, many of which, for example the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system, have many alleles and play an important role in human disease. The accurate and rapid genotyping of these multi-allelic systems, therefore, has important applications in research and potentially clinical diagnosis. The advent of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (1) has provided us with a powerful method for amplifying DNA sequences. The enormous amplification factor offered by the PCR allows the visualization of amplified products non-isotopically.
Thermal gelation of methylcellulose: mechanisms and structures
Authors: Haque A , Jones A K , Richardson R K , Morris E R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thermogelation of methylcellulose occurs in two ‘waves’ of increase in rigidity (G’), preceded by an initial reduction at lower temperature. We attribute the reduction and first increase to progressive unfolding of bundles of chains held together by residual cellulosic structure, and the second increase to hydrophobic association of methyl groups exposed to the aqueous environment during the unfolding step. Consistent with this interpretation, the high-resolution 1H NMR signal is only partially (∼50%) visible in the solution state, and attains its maximum value towards the end of the first increase in G’, where transmission of light and strain-dependence of mechanical properties are also greatest. Optical rotation at temperatures up to this point shows sigmoidal transitions with the thermal hysteresis characteristic of formation and dissociation of aggregated assemblies. Both ‘waves’ of structure-formation are accompanied by enthalpic processes in DSC (endothermic on heating; exothermic on cooling). Dissociation of the gel network on cooling is attributed to the enthalpic advantage of re-forming the postulated cellulosic bundles. Addition of ethylene glycol increases G’ for the solution state, indicating that it destabilises the ‘bundles’ by acting as a solvent for the methyl substituents. At concentrations of ethylene glycol sufficient to eliminate the first ‘wave’ of increase in G’ (∼40% v/v), the resulting gels remain intact on cooling to 0°C.
Electrophoretic separation and characterization of barley and green malt endoproteinases
Authors: Jones B L , Wrobel R , Marinac L , Zhang N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Soluble nitrogenous compounds (amino acids, peptides and proteins) necessary for brewing quality beer are produced by proteinases during malting and mashing. These enzymes are critical to the brewing process. We have used two-dimensional electrophoretic separations to study green malt endoproteinases. We found many more endoproteinases in malt than were previously known, together with endogenous inhibitors. An understanding of these malt proteinases and their interactions with each other and with the inhibitors is essential for developing barleys having maximal malting quality and for selecting malting and mashing procedures that will yield worts containing optimal amounts of the various protein hydrolysis products.
Breeding high vigour barley—a short cut to fast maltings
Authors: Riis Preben , Pedersen Lars Haastrup , Bang-Olsen Kirsten 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
High seed vigour is a prerequisite for good malting barley. An investigation of the possibilities for breeding for higher vigour has been performed. Heredity studies of seed vigour and robustness in winter barley have shown significant genetic variations between varieties.
Kernel filling and malting barley quality
Authors: Duijnhouwer I D C , Grashoff C , Angelino S A G F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to improve malting barley quality, barley breeders need a definition of barley quality in terms of intrinsic grain quality characteristics rather than in terms of processing quality specifications. It is therefore essential to define these characteristics and provide a good translation into processing quality. Barley crops were grown under different assimilation conditions. A great variation in kernel filling and therefore in the size of mature kernels was obtained.
Total β-amylase in barley used as screening criterion for combined amylolytic activity in malt
Authors: Erdal K , Jensen M O , Kristensen M , Krogh J J , Riis P , Vaag P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The combined amylolytic activity of malt is often evaluated by Diastatic Power (DP). Using new specific colorimetric assays recently developed by McCleary B-amylase was found highly correlated to DP whereas only insignificant correlations were observed between DP and a-amylase/limit dextrinase. By modifying the extraction conditions a procedure for determination of total B-amylase in barley has been worked out.
Developments in yeast science and technology
Authors: Molzahn S W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many years the scientific study of yeast has progressed faster than the advances in yeast technology applied to brewing. This paper considers key developments in yeast biochemistry, physiology and genetics as well as the parallel, but often unconnected advances in yeast technology. The reasons for the apparent failure to exploit fully our improved understanding of how yeast functions will be explored. Prospects for applying more of the available scientific knowledge to the benefit of the process and product will be discussed.
Neural network modeling: applications to brewing fermentations
Authors: D’Amore Tony , Celotto Guy , Austin Glen D , Stewart Graham G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brewing fermentations are dependent on a number of initial ingredient and process variables. Neural network modeling is capable of establishing relationships between variables within sets of given input and output data. This technique is being employed to optimize and control wort composition, wort oxygen levels, and yeast pitching rates.
Optimal ester production by the application of the fed-batch principle to brewery yeast fermentations
Authors: Masschelein C A , Winkel L Van De , Debourg A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ester synthesizing activity of alcohol acetyl transferase under batch fermentation conditions is subject to cyclic variations depending upon yeast growth and substrate availability. It is therefore clear that for achieving the full potential of brewing yeast to produce esters we need to conduct the fermentation at a single optimum condition.
Novel differences between ale and lager brewing yeasts
Authors: Crumplen Rena , Amore Tony D’ , Slaughter Colin , Stewart Graham G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The differences between ale and lager yeast strains familiar to the brewing industry have been disregarded by the taxonomic grouping of brewing and non-brewing yeasts under the name Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Studies have been conducted to provide further evidence regarding the distinctiveness between ale and lager yeasts. In addition to the well-documented differences in growth temperatures, ability to utilize melibiose and giant colony morphology, ale and lager yeasts exhibit unique patterns of mixed carbohydrate fermentation, carbohydrate transport, flocculation, sulfite production and sensitivity to cations.
Practical experiments to improve foam stability
Authors: Haukeli A O , Wulff T O , Lie S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The following full scale experiments were performed in five plants, in order to improve the foam stability: acidification and increased mashing-in temperature, changes in the pretreatment of the yeast strains, wort aeration and fermentation temperature, and finally use of low levels of caramel malt in addition to lager malt.
Electronic measurement of beer aroma using an array of conducting polymers
Authors: Cope R , Molzahn S W , Gardner J W , P.J. Iredale 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sense of smell is a personal characteristic, with individuals differing both in their sensitivity and in their response to odours. This poses a challenge for the Brewing Industry which relies on subjective sensory profiling for monitoring beer quality and for the comparison of different beers. An instrument has been developed which contains an array of polymer sensors whose conductance changes when exposed to odorous molecules. The profile of sensor output is specific for a given beer. The instrument is designed to provide objective discrimination between beers and indicate the origin of sensory differences without recourse to complex analysis.
Carbonyl compounds during beer production and in beer
Authors: Grönqvist Anders , Virtanen Johanna Siirilä , Virtanen Hannele , Home Silja , Pajunen Esko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aldehydes and ketones play a very important role in beer flavour. A new method for the simultaneous determination of several carbonyl compounds during beer production and in beer was developed. The method is based on direct derivatization with 0-(2,3,4,5,6-pentafluoro- benzyl)-hydroxylamine (PFBOA) and on gas chromatographic analysis with EC detection.
Untersuchungen flüchtiger Aromastoffe bei der Bieralterung mittels multidimensionaler Gaschromatographie
Authors: Lustig S , Miedaner H , Narziß L , Back W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The behaviour of beer volatiles during the staling process is still not fully understood. Therefore fresh and extremely aged beers were investigated by means of multidimensional gaschromatography. About 350 substances were identified, of which about 30 were of greater relevance for the aging process. Some of these compounds were quantified. The increase in concentration of these components shows a strong correlation to the appearence of stale flavour. Thus a good analytical criteria is given to evaluate flavour stability of beer.