A Comprehensive Microscopy and Peripheral Blood Smear Curriculum for Hematology Fellows
Authors: Banaszak Lauren G , Brunner Matthew James , Guenther Chad , Williams Eliot C. 
Published: December 2023

Background: Peripheral blood smear (PBS) analysis is an essential skill for the practicing hematologist and allows for the timely diagnosis of a variety of hematologic disorders. In most cases, PBS analysis can be performed faster than advanced laboratory tests, allowing for the prompt treatment of life-threatening diseases, such as acute promyelocytic leukemia and thrombotic microangiopathies. For these reasons, the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education requires that hematology fellows achieve competency in PBS interpretation in order to graduate. However, most hematology training programs lack a structured PBS curriculum and formalized method of skills assessment. Consensus recommendations were recently developed by a multi-institutional focus group as to the ideal structure and components of PBS curricula within hematology training programs (Chase et al., Blood Advances, 2023). Herein, we report our initial experience implementing a longitudinal PBS curriculum for hematology fellows based on these consensus guidelines and demonstrate the effectiveness of this curriculum using a novel assessment tool.
Methods: We developed a longitudinal PBS curriculum for hematology fellows at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. The curriculum included an introductory course for first-year fellows on the use of a microscope, slide handling, and PBS review using a hands-on and collaborative approach (Figure 1A). The introductory course included five two-hour sessions spanning the first two months of fellowship. The first three sessions were led by a faculty member and senior fellow and included training on how to use the microscope as well as identification of normal blood cell morphology and blood cell morphologies and hematologic diagnoses deemed high-priority by consensus recommendations using a slide library. For the final two sessions, the fellows were provided with a set of unknowns and asked to work as a group to identify the pathologic findings and underlying diagnosis. The introductory course was supplemented with ongoing experience and education on PBS interpretation through hematology consult, ward, and clinic rotations throughout fellowship under the direction of hematology faculty skilled in PBS analysis. A novel assessment tool was distributed to participants before and after the introductory course in order to assess the effectiveness of the curriculum. The assessment tool was a ten-question image-based questionnaire in which fellows were prompted to identify high-priority morphologies or hematologic diagnoses after being provided with a clinical vignette and associated PBS for review.
Results: To date, four hematology fellows have participated in the PBS curriculum. Prior to the introductory course, no participants expressed feeling very or extremely confident in analyzing and interpreting PBS. After the introductory course, 25% of participants expressed feeling very confident in analyzing and interpreting PBS, whereas the remaining 75% felt somewhat confident. 75% of participants strongly agreed that the course improved their ability to use a microscope, and 100% of participants strongly agreed that the course improved their ability to analyze and interpret PBS. Participation in the course led to improved ability of participants to identify high-priority blood cell morphologies and diagnoses as determined by the assessment tool (Figure 1B, 8.25/10 pre-course compared to 9/10 post-course).
Conclusions: Our longitudinal PBS curriculum was perceived positively by hematology fellows and led to improved confidence and independence in using a microscope and PBS interpretation. Additionally, participation in the introductory course improved identification of high-priority PBS morphologic abnormalities and hematologic diagnoses. Our curriculum and assessment tool serve as proof of concept that can now be improved upon and potentially adopted on a larger scale to promote competency in PBS interpretation among hematology trainees.