bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Small subclass of rat olfactory neurons with specific bulbar projections is reactive with monoclonal antibodies to the HSP70 heat shock protein
Authors: Carr Virginia McMillan , Murphy Shawn P. , Morimoto Richard I. , Farbman Albert I. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAs part of a study of turnover of rat olfactory receptor neurons we have been examining immunohistochemical expression of members of the 70 kD heat shock protein (HSP70) family in the olfactory epithelium. Expression of HSP70 family members is up‐regulated in many cells following exposure to physiologically stressing conditions. Because dying neurons are likely to undergo some sort of physiological stress before the onset of frank degeneration, we hoped that anti‐HSP70 monoclonal antibodies would prove to be useful markers for early stages of olfactory neuron cell death. Two anti‐human HSP70 monoclonal antibodies were used, Mabs 2A4 and 3a3. Two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis /western blot analysis indicates that these Mabs are reactive with the HSC70 and HSP70 members of the rat HSP70 family. Immunohis‐ tological observations Show that both Mabs are strongly reactive with a widely dispersed subpopulation of olfactory receptor neurons. Morphological, immunohistological, and autoradiographic birthdating analyses demonstrate that reactive cells are fully mature receptor neurons. Their reactivity, however, does not appear to be stress‐related. More significantly, axon of reactive neurons show intense anti‐2A4 reactivity. This has allowed us to trace these axons to their target glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, demonstrating that the reactive neurons project to just one to two glomeruli on either side of each bulb via consistent and predictable pathways. This is the first subpopulation of olfactory receptor neurons to be traced to such a small number of glomeruli. Given this extremely small number, it seems likely that the reactive receptor cell subpopulation serves some specific olfactory function. In addition, axonal 2A4 reactivity should also prove useful in deffining the relative roles of receptor neurons and glomeruli in the establishment of epithelial‐glomerular connections. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship of thalamic basal forebrain projection neurons to the peptidergic innervation of the midline thalamus
Authors: Freedmanand L. J. , Cassell M. D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTo better understand the input‐output organization of the midline thalamus, we compared the distribution of its peptidergic and monoaminergic afferents, which were visualized by using immunocytochemistry, with the distribution of neurons projecting to different basal forebrain structures, which were mapped using retrograde fluorescent tracers. Serotonin and most of the peptides were found throughout paraventricular thalamic nucleus (PV) and in other midline and intralaminar nuclei (type 1 pattern). Neuropeptide Y, αMSH and the catecholamine synthetic enzymes were largely restricted to dorsolateral PV (type 2 pattern). Vasopressin was found in dorsomedial PV and intermediodorsal nucleus in a pattern complementary to the type 2 distribution (type 3 pattern). Neurons projecting to accumbens core were present in paraventricular, intermediodorsal, and other midline nuclei. Neurons projecting to accumbens shell and to central amygdaloid nucleus were found in dorsal PV. The peptidergic zones were only loosely correlated with the distribution of different classes of projection neurons. The type 2 pattern overlapped best with neurons projecting to accumbens shell, and to a lesser extent to central amygdaloid nucleus, While the type 3 pattern overlapped best with neurons projecting to core of accumbens. This partial overlap suggests that some brainstem and hypothalamic nuclei preferentially affect differentbasal forebrain targets through the midline thalamus, and may allow, for example, information about stress to specifically influence accumbens shell and central amygdaloid nucleus. Nevertheless, most of the peptidergic afferents (type 1 pattern) to midline thalamus cover neurons projecting throughout the basal forebrain, which suggests that all of these neurons receive a variety of brainstem and hypothalamic inputs. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Termination pattern of medial hyperstriatum ventrale efferents in the archistriatum of the domestic chick
Authors: Csillag A. , Székely A. D. , First D. C. Davies 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe chick archistriatum receives afferents from the intermediate part of the medial hyperstriatum ventrale (IMHV) and projects to the lobus parolfactorius (LPO). There is functional evidence to suggest that the IMHV and the LPO are connected, but there is no anatomical evidence for a direct connection between the two structures. The aim of the current study was to characterize the termination pattern of medial hyperstriatal afferents within the archistriatum to determine whether the archistriatum may act as a relay between the IMHV and LPO. Following iontophoresis of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin into the medial hyperstriatum ventrale (including the IMHV) of 1‐week‐old domestic chicks, anterogradely labelled fibers were observed to descend through the medial neostriatum and paleostriatum to enter the archistriatum. These medial hyperstriatum ventrale afferents arborised profusely to give varicose axon branches within all except the anterior part of the archistriatum. However, the greatest density was present in the ventral part of the intermediate archistriatum. Electron microscope examination Phaseolus lectin immunocytochemistry and Golgi impregnation revealed that medial hyperstriatum ventrale axons formed multiple asymmetric synapses with dendritic spines (head and neck regions) on the terminal and preterminal dendritic segments of densely spiny archistriatal projection neurons. Medial hyperstriatum ventrale afferents were not observed to contact calbindin immunoreactive, presumptive “local circuit” neurons, within the archistriatum, despite a spatial overlap in their distribution. These results suggest that the archistriatum may be capable of mediating the transfer of information from the IMHV to the LPO. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
GABAergic terminals in nucleus maznocellularis and laminaris originate from the superior olivary nucleus
Authors: Lachica E. A. , Rübsamen R. , Rubel E. W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe auditory brainstem nuclei, angularis (NA), magnocellularis (NM), and laminaris (NL) of the chicken, Gallus, contain terminals that stain for antibodies against the inhibitory neurotransmitter, gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA). Some of these terminals originate from cells surrounding nucleus Magnocellularis. Results from this study indicate that the majority of the GABAergic terminals found in NA, NM and NL originate from the superior olivary nucleus (SON). Injections of cholera toxin and horseradish peroxidase show that superior olivary nucleus (SON) neurons, which respond to pure tones, project bilaterally to NA, NM and NL. NA and NL are reciprocally connected with the SON. More NA cells project to the SON than NL cells. While SON neurons project to NM, NM neurons do not project axons back to the SON. The configuration of SON terminals in NA, NM and NL matches the pattern of GABAimmunoreactive puncta seen in these three nuclei: they surround individual NM cells, congregate in the dendritcneuropil of NL, and blanket the NA. The data indicate that NA, NM and NL may be affected by two different inhibitory cell types: local interneurons and SON neurons. Patterns of connectivity described in this report suggest that the activity of NA cells could influence NM and NL cell physiology, Specifically, increases in NA cell activity could augment the effects of GABAergic SON neurons on NM and NL. Hence, binaural perception in the chicken may be more dependent upon changes in intensity cues than previously believed. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of preproenkephalin mRNA in the chicken and pigeon telencephalon
Authors: Molnar Margherita , Casini Giovanni , Davis Brian M. , Bagnoli Paola , Brecha Nicholas C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBioassay and immunological studies have detected the presence of opioid peptides in the nervous system of representatives of all classes of vertebrates. The present study evaluates the expression and localization of preproenkephalin (PPE) mRNA to determine the sites of synthesis of the enkephalin peptides in the adult chicken and pigeon telencephalon using in situ hybridization histochemistry. We used a 500‐base‐pair chicken RNA probe corresponding to chicken PPE cDNA. In both the chicken and the pigeon telencephalon, the highest concentration of PPE mRNA‐containing cells was observed in the lobus parolfactorius, paleostriatum augmentatum, nucleus accumbens, and septum. Distinct populations of labeled cells were also detected in the hyperstriatum accessorium, hippocampus, area parahippocampalis, nucleus of the diagonal band, cortex dorsolateralis, and cortex piriformis. Differences in PPE mRNA expression between chicken and pigeon were observed in several telencephalic regions. For instance, the bulbus olfactorius was heavily labeled in the pigeon, but was not labeled in the chicken, and numerous PPE mRNA‐containing cells were present in the area parahippocampalis of pigeons but not of chickens. In contrast, in the hyperstriatum dorsale and hyperstriatum ventrale, numerous PPE mRNA‐expressing cells were detected in the chicken but not in the pigeon. Overall, PPE mRNA‐expressing cells were more numerous than enkephalinimmunoreactive cells described in previous studies. In addition, our results suggest that the general pattern of enkephalin expression in the avian telencephalon is similar to that found in other vertebrates. Finally, the results of the present study illustrate some differences in the pattern of PPE mRNA distribution between closely related species, indicating the existence of species‐specific neurochemical pathways, which may influence and perhaps mediate different behaviors characteristics of these species. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative distribution of neurotensin‐like immunoreactivity in the brain of a teleost (carassius auratus), an amphibian (hyla meridionalis), and a reptile (gallotia galloti)
Authors: Bello Aixa R. , Milän Javier , Anglade Isabelle , Martín Argelia , Negrín Isabel , Díaz Carmen , Conlon J. Michael , Tramu Gérard , Kah Olivier 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe distribution of neurotensin (NT) was studied in the brain of three species belonging to the three major classes of cold‐blooded vertebrates: teleost fishes (Carassius auratus), anuran amphibians (Hyla meridionalis), and reptiles (Gallotia galloti; Lacertidae). By using antibodies directed against synthetic bovine NT in the three species, immunoreactive cell bodies were discovered mostly in the telencephalon and diencephalon, in particular at the level of the preoptic region the mediobasal hypothalamus, and the thalamus. In the frog and the lizard, additional immunoreactive (ir) structures were observed in the optic tectum and the tegmentum of the mesencephalon. In the goldfish pituitary, an extensive innervation was consistently observed at the level of the rostral pars distalis, whereas in both frog and lizard, positive fibers were only detected in the external layer of the median eminence. In the three species there is a striking overlap between the distribution of the NT‐ir cell bodies and that of the target cells for sexual steroids. The results are discussed in relation with those reported in birds and mammals, and with the possible interactions among NT, sexual steroids, and the neuroendocrine control of pituitary hormone release, in particular prolactin and gonadotrophin. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunocytochemical analysis of bipolar cells in the macaque monkey retina
Authors: Grünert Ulrike , Martin Paul R. , Wässle Heinz 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTransfer of visual information from photoreceptors to ganglion cells within the retina is mediated by specialized groups of bipolar cells. At least 10 different morphological types of bipolar cells have been distinguished in Golgi studies of primate retina. In the present study, bipolar cell populations in the macaque monkey retina were identified by their differential immunoreactivity to a spectrum of antibody markers. This enabled their spatial density and photoreceptor connections to be analysed. An antibody against the β isozyme of protein kinase C (PKCAβ) labelled many cone bipolar cells. Invaginating (presumed ON) cone bipolar cells and rod bipolar cells were prefentially labelled with a monoclonal antibody raised against rabbit olfactory bulb. Flat (presumed OFF) bipolar cells were labelled with an antiserum against the glutamate transporter protein (GLT‐1).Different populations of diffuse cone bipolar cells, which contact 5–10 cones, could be distinguished. The GLT‐1 artiserum preferentially labelled the flat diffuse bipolar cell type DB2 (Boycott and Wässle, 1991, Eur. J. Neurosci. 3:1069–1088) as well as flat midget bipolar cells. Antibodies to calbindin (CaBP D‐28K) labelled the flat diffuse bipolar cell type DB3 and (possibly) the invaginating diffuse bipolar cell type DB5. An antibody against the α isozyme of PKC labelled an invaginating diffuse bipolar cell type (DB4) as well as rod bipolar cells. Comparison of the spatial density of cone bipolar cell populations with that of photoreceptors suggests that each bipolar cell class provides a complete coverage of the cone array (each cone is contacted by at least one member of every bipolar cell class). These results support the classification scheme of Boycott and Wässle (1991) by showing that different diffuse bipolar cell classes express different patterns of immunoreactivity, and they reinforce the view that different spatial and temporal components of the signal from the photoreceptor array are processed in parallel within the primate retina. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Central projections of the nervus terminalis and the nervus praeopticus in the lungfish brain revealed by nitric oxide synthase
Authors: Schober Andreas , Meyer Dietrich L. , Von Bartheld Christopher S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractLungfishes possess two cranial nerves that are associated with the olfactory system: the nervus terminalis enters the telencephalon with the olfactory nerve, and the nervus praeopticus enters the diencephalon at the level of the optic nerve. We investigated the central projections of the nervus terminalis and the nervus praeopticus in the Australian lungfish (Neoceratodus forsteri) and in the African lungfish (Protopterus dolloi) by NADPH‐diaphorase histochemistry (nitric oxide synthase; NOS) and compared them with the projections of the nervus terminalis of the frog (Xenopus laevis).In Neoceratodus, NOS‐positive fascicles of the nervus terminalis divide and project with a ventral component through the septum and with a dorsal component through the pallium; fibers of both trajectories extend caudally beyond the anterior commissure and join the lateral forebrain bundle. In the nervus praeopticus, about 300 fibers contain NOS; they innervate the preoptic nucleus and continue their course through the diencephalon; many fibers cross in the commissure of the posterior tuberculum.In Protopterus, ganglion cells of the nervus terminalis and of the nervus praeopticus contain NOS. NOS‐positive fibers of the nervus terminalis project through the septal region but not through the pallium. Several major fascicles cross in the rostral part of the anterior commissure, where they are joined by a small number of NOS‐containing fibers of the nervus praeopticus. Both nerves innervate the preoptic nucleus. The number and pathways of the fascicles of the nervus terminalis are not always symmetric between the two sides. The nervus terminalis fascicles remain in a ventral position, whereas the nervus praeopticus gives rise to the more dorsal fascicles. Many fibers of the two nerves extend throughout the diencephalon and cross in the commissure of the posterior tuberculum.These findings demonstrate many similarities but also significant differences between the contributions of the nervus terminalis and the nervus praeopticus to forebrain projections in the two lungfishes. They support the view that the nervus praeopticus is part of a nervus terminalis system comparable to that in frogs and other nonmammalian vertebrates. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of galanin‐like immunoreactivity in the brain of the turtle Mauremys caspica
Authors: Jiménez Antonio‐J. , Mancera Juan‐Miguel , Pérez‐Fígares José‐Manuel , Fernández‐Llebrez Pedro 
Published: January 2005

AbstractGalanin is a brain‐gut peptide present in the central nervous system of fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals. For comparative studies among vertebrates, the distribution of galanin in the brain of reptiles has been investigated. We studied the localization of galanin‐like‐immunoreactive perikarya and nerve fibers in the brain of the turtle Mauremys caspica by using an antiserum against porcine galanin. In the telencephalon, few immunoreactive perikarya were seen in the amygdaloid complex. The diencephalon contained the majority of the immunoreactive perikarya present in the lamina terminalis, nucleus periventricularis anterior, lateral preoptic area, nuclei hypothalamicus ventromedialis and posterior, nucleus basalis of the anterior commissure, and nucleus ventralis tuberis. Many immunoreactive cells, especially in the infundibulum, contacted the cerebrospinal fluid by an apical process. In the rhomben‐cephalon, immunopositive perikarya were restricted to a few cells in the nucleus tractus solitari. In the mesencephalon, they were absent. Immunoreactive nerve fibers were present in all regions containing labeled perikarya and in (1) telencephalon: septum, nucleus fasciculi diagonalis Brocae; (2) diencephalon: nucleus paraventricularis, nucleus supraopticus, nucleus suprachiasmaticus, subventricular grey, nucleus of the paraventricular organ, nucleus mamillaris, infundibular decussation, outer layer of the median eminence, posterior commissure and subcommissural organ region, habenula, nuclei dorsomedialis anterior, and dorsolateralis anterior of the thalamus; and (3) mesencephalon and rhombencephalon: stratum griseum periventriculare, stratum fibrosum periventriculare, laminar nucleus of the torus semicircularis, periventricular grey, nucleus interpeduncularis, nucleus ruber, substantia nigra, locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei, nuclei of the reticular formation, nucleus motorius nervi trigemini, cochlear and vestibular area, and nucleus spinalis nerve trigemini. Our results suggest that galanin may have hypophysiotropic and central roles in the turtle Mauremys caspica. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Innervation of the larynx, pharynx, and upper esophageal sphincter of the rat
Authors: Kobler James B. , Datta Subimal , Goyal Raj K. , Benecchi Elizabeth J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe identified a ‘semicircular’ compartment of the rat thyropharyngeus muscle at the pharyngoesophageal junction and used the glycogen depletion method to determine how the fibers of this muscle (as well as all others of the pharynx and larynx) are innervated by different cranial nerve branches. The semicircular compartment appears anatomically homologous to the human cricopharyngeus muscle, an important component of the upper esophageal sphincter. While we found very little overlap in the muscle targets of the pharyngeal, superior laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal nerves within the pharynx and larynx, the semicircular muscle receives a dual, interdigitating innervation from two vagal branches: the pharyngeal nerve and a branch of the superior laryngeal nerve we call the dorsal accessory branch. After applying horseradish peroxidase to either of these two nerves, we compared the distribution and number of cells labeled in the brainstem. The dorsal accessory branch conveys a more heterogeneous set of efferent fibers than does the pharyngeal nerve, including the axons of pharyngeal and esophageal motor neurons and parasympathetic preganglionic neurons. The observed distribution of labeled motor neurons in nucleus ambiguus also leads us to suggest that the semicircular compartment is innervated by two subsets of motor neurons, one of which is displaced ventrolateral to the main pharyngeal motor column. This arrangement raises the possibility of functional differences among semicircular compartment motor neurons correlated with the observed differences in brainstem location of cell bodies. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative electron microscopic analysis of synaptic input from cortical areas 17 and 18 to the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus in cats
Authors: Vidnyánszky Zoltán , Hámori József 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCortical feedback is the largest extraretinal projection to the lateral geniculate nucleus. This input is thought to modulate the transfer of visual information in a state‐dependent manner. The quantitative distribution and synaptology of axon terminals arising from different cortical areas is still an unsolved question. To address this problem, the synaptic termination pattern of corticogeniculate axons from cortical areas 17 and 18 entering the lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat was examined. The Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin anterograde tract tracing method was used for the labeling of corticogeniculate terminals. Postsynaptic targets were characterized by postembedding γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunocytochemistry. In both laminae A and A1, labeled corticogeniculate axons from area 17 established synaptic contacts with GABA‐immunopositive, interneuronal dendritic profiles more frequently (17.5% of all axons) than did labeled axon terminals from area 18 (7% of axons). Conversely, 76% of labeled corticogeniculate axons from area 17, as opposed to 87% of labeled axons from area 18, terminated on GABA‐immunonegative relay cell dendrites. Furthermore, the mean diameter of GABA‐negative relay cell dendrites postsynaptic to labeled axons from area 17 was significantly smaller than the diameter of relay cell dendrites synapsing with labeled terminals from area 18. These results indicate that the corticogeniculate axons from cortical areas 17 and 18 exhibit different synaptic termination patterns in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the cat, suggesting that these two projections may subserve different functions in visual information processing. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.