bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of WBC reduction in neonates: what is the evidence of benefit?
Authors: Fergusson Dean , Hébert Paul C. , Barrington Keith J. , Shapiro Stanley H. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND: The presence of WBCs in RBCs is thought to be associated with a number of significant adverse effects in recipients. In adults, WBC reduction has been shown to reduce the frequency of HLA alloimmunization, CMV and HTLV infections, and febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions. However, neonates are unique, given that they have an immature immune system and are frequently transfused with RBCs. Thus, the aims of this systematic review were to determine whether WBC reduction of RBCs transfused to neonates decreases the transmission of CMV, reduces the ability to develop HLA antibodies, or reduces the risk of immunomodulation. In addition, nosocomial infection, mortality, and duration of stay were identified and analyzed. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: All studies of WBC reduction were identified by a systematic review of the literature. Studies meeting the inclusion criteria were grouped based on study outcome. Where appropriate, studies were pooled to obtain an overall measure of effect. RESULTS: Nine eligible studies were identified from the systematic literature search, and six were deemed evaluable. Two studies evaluated WBC reduction and the development of CMV, with different results. The pooled OR was 0.19 (95% CI, 0.01‐3.41), suggesting a clinical but nonsignificant effect. Two studies evaluated WBC reduction and HLA antibody development. As with CMV, the two studies were not congruent in their results. The pooled OR was 0.17 (95% CI, 0.01‐2.43). As for immunomodulation, two small studies presented evidence of a statistically significant change in lymphocyte subsets. No studies were identified with a primary objective of evaluating the impact of WBC reduction on nosocomial infection, mortality, or duration of stay. CONCLUSION: Current evidence suggests that WBC reduction may be effective in neonates; however, further studies are needed. The lack of convincing data and the significant cost of WBC reduction mandate evaluations to determine the clinical and economic impact.
Reticulated platelets predict platelet count recovery following chemotherapy
Authors: Wang Chao , Smith Brian R. , Ault Kenneth A. , Rinder Henry M. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND:A laboratory measure that predicted the timing of platelet recovery after chemotherapy could guide prophylactic platelet transfusion. Reticulated platelets (RPs) are the youngest circulating platelets; an increased percentage of RPs is diagnostic of increased marrow platelet production, such as seen with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, whereas a low percentage of RPs with thrombocytopenia indicates marrow suppression. This study examined whether the percentage of RPs, in combination with a newly devised measurement of "stress thrombopoiesis," the RP maturation index (RP‐MI), could predict platelet count recovery following chemotherapy‐induced thrombocytopenia.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:Platelet count nadirs were retrospectively determined in 35 chemotherapy‐induced thrombocytopenia patients; percentage of RPs and RP‐MI values were assayed at the early nadir (no imminent platelet recovery) and the late nadir (imminent platelet recovery). The latter was defined by a platelet count increase of 20 × 109per L or more in the subsequent 48 hours without platelet transfusion.RESULTS:Early in the nadir (when platelet recovery did not occur in the subsequent 48 h after sampling), a low RP‐MI and a low percentage of RPs were found in 29 of 35 patients. Late in the nadir, when recovery was imminent, 27 of 30 evaluable patients had elevated percentages of RPs or RP‐MI values; the mean time from sampling to an increase of 20 × 109per L or more was 42 hours. The positive and negative predictive values of this assay were 82 and 91 percent, respectively. Furthermore, when thrombocytopenia was severe (platelet count ≤20 × 109/L), an elevated RP‐MI and/or percentage of RPs correctly predicted imminent platelet count recovery in five of five patients.CONCLUSION:This noninvasive, rapid, whole‐blood assay of stress thrombopoiesis provides reproducible indices for timing platelet recovery following chemotherapy and the potential to optimize the use of prophylactic platelet transfusions in chemotherapy patients.
Platelet transfusions in children: results of a randomized, prospective, crossover trial of plasma removal and a prospective audit of WBC reduction
Authors: Couban Stephen , Carruthers Julie , Andreou Pantelis , Klama Luba N. , Barr Ronald , Kelton John G. , Heddle Nancy M. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND : Febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions (FNHTRs) complicate 2 to 37 percent of platelet transfusions in adults, but the incidence of such reactions in children is not known. The effectiveness of plasma reduction after storage and WBC reduction of platelet concentrates before storage was studied in pediatric recipients of platelet transfusions. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : In the first study, a prospective randomized crossover design was used in which patients received either unmodified whole‐blood‐derived or apheresis platelets or platelets from which most of the plasma supernatant had been removed just before transfusion. The second study was a prospective audit of recipients of prestorage WBC‐reduced platelets. Children between 3 months and 17 years of age were eligible for both studies. Patients were assessed for signs and symptoms that are characteristic of a reaction during, immediately after, and 2 hours following transfusion. RESULTS : There were 226 platelet transfusions administered to 66 children. One hundred and sixty transfusions were given to 35 children enrolled in the randomized study, and 66 transfusions were given to 33 children during the audit. In the randomized study, nine of the 75 transfusions of unmodified platelets (12%) and six of 85 transfusions of poststorage plasma‐removed platelets (7%) were associated with an FNHTR (p = 0.42). In the audit, three of 66 transfusions of prestorage WBC‐reduced platelets (5%) were associated with an FNHTR. Allergic reactions occurred with 5 percent (4 of 75), 6 percent (5 of 85), and 6 percent (4 of 66) of platelet transfusions, respectively. CONCLUSION : FNHTRs appear to be less common among pediatric recipients of platelet transfusions than in adults. In our two studies, there was a trend toward a lower frequency of FNHTRs with poststorage plasma removal and prestorage WBC reduction than with standard platelets, but this was not significant.
Anaphylactic transfusion reactions in haptoglobin‐deficient patients with IgE and IgG haptoglobin antibodies
Authors: Shimada Eiko , Tadokoro Kenji , Watanabe Yoshihisa , Ikeda Kazuyo , Niihara Hiromi , Maeda Ikiko , Isa Kazumi , Moriya Susumu , Ashida Takashi , Mitsunaga Shigeki , Nakajima Kazunori , Juji Takeo 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND : Patients with haptoglobin deficiency associated with haptoglobin IgG antibodies, who experienced severe nonhemolytic transfusion reactions (NHTRs), have been identified in Japan. Haptoglobin deficiency therefore might be a risk factor for NHTRs. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : A total of 4138 cases of voluntarily reported NHTRs in Japan, including 367 cases of immediate‐onset anaphylactic NHTRs, were examined to identify haptoglobin deficiency. Serum haptoglobin IgG and IgE antibodies were determined in haptoglobin‐deficient patients to elucidate the mechanism underlying the transfusion reactions. RESULTS
: Seven patients with haptoglobin deficiency were identified. Six of them experienced severe and acute NHTRs. Six of them were identified to be homozygous for the
Hp

del
allele of the haptoglobin gene. Both haptoglobin IgG and IgE antibodies were detected in serum samples of all the patients. The stimulative effects of blood transfusion on the production of hap‐ toglobin antibodies in the patients and the relation‐ ship between the presence of the antibodies and the occurrence of the transfusion reactions were observed. CONCLUSION : Anaphylactic NHTRs in these patients with haptoglobin deficiency associated with serum haptoglobin antibodies were suggested to be prevalent in Japan. In addition to IgG antibodies, IgE haptoglobin antibodies detected in the sera of such patients were suggested to play a role in the occurrence of the reactions.
The contribution of sociodemographic, medical, and attitudinal factors to blood donation among the general public
Authors: Boulware L.E. , Ratner L.E. , Ness P.M. , Cooper L.A. , Campbell‐Lee S. , LaVeist T.A. , Powe N.R. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND : Few studies have simultaneously assessed the relative importance of sociodemographic, medical, and attitudinal factors in explaining which individuals are more likely to donate blood. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : A cross‐sectional telephone survey of households in Maryland was conducted to identify the relation of sociodemographic, medical, and attitudinal factors to blood donation history among the general public. Random digit dialing was used to identify households; individuals aged 18 to 75 years were randomly selected within households. In multivariate analyses, the independent relationship of these factors with prior history of blood donation was assessed, and the amount of variation in prior history of blood donation among the study population that could be explained by these factors was determined. RESULTS : Of 385 participants (84% of randomized homes), 228 (59%) had donated blood at least once in the past. After adjusting for potential confounders, women, black participants, and those agreeing with the statement “I am afraid of hospitals” had 60 to 80 percent lower odds of prior donation when compared with men, white participants, and those who did not agree with the statement (OR [95% CI]: 0.2 [0.1‐0.4], 0.4 [0.2‐0.8], and 0.3 [0.2‐0.6], respectively). The effect of fear of hospitals was consistent across sex and race. Trust, fear, and suspicion of hospitals were among factors contributing most to variation in prior donation history. CONCLUSION : Female sex, black race, and fear of hospitals are three major factors negatively associated with prior history of blood donation. Fear of hospitals affects blood donation patterns across race and sex groups. Future study is needed to determine whether recruitment of blood donors may be more efficient if focused toward women, minorities, and donors' fears of healthcare facilities or hospitals.
Cryopreserving human peripheral blood progenitor cells with 5‐percent rather than 10‐percent DMSO results in less apoptosis and necrosis in CD34+ cells
Authors: Abrahamsen Jenny Foss , Bakken Anne M. , Bruserud Øystein 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND : The grade of toxicity experienced by patients when cryopreserved peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPCs) are reinfused is related to the amount of DMSO present in the PBPC concentrate. This study was initiated to investigate whether cell viability, apoptosis, and necrosis would be altered in CD34+ cells if PBPCs were cryopreserved with 5‐percent as opposed to the conventional 10‐percent DMSO. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : Samples of PBPCs from consecutive patients were mixed in parallel with 5‐ and 10‐percent DMSO, frozen at a controlled rate, and stored in liquid nitrogen for periods of 3 to 22 months. Two different flow cytometric methods were used to measure both the absolute count of total and viable CD34+ cells as well as the fraction of apoptotic and necrotic cells in the post‐thaw samples frozen with 5‐ and 10‐percent DMSO. RESULTS : Both the number of total and viable CD34+ cells were higher (n = 18) or equal (n = 1) in all the samples cryopreserved with 5‐percent as opposed to 10‐percent DMSO. The percentage of viable CD34+ cells in the PBPC sample was significantly higher, and the fraction of apoptotic and necrotic CD34+ cells was significantly lower in the samples frozen with 5‐percent as compared to 10‐percent DMSO. CONCLUSION : Cryopreserving PBPC with 5‐percent rather than 10‐percent DMSO results in improved CD34+ cell viability and possibly a higher potential for in vivo engraftment and ex vivo manipulations of HPCs.
Relationship between tick bites and the seroprevalence of Babesia microti and Anaplasma phagocytophila (previously Ehrlichia sp.) in blood donors
Authors: Leiby David A. , Chung Amy P.S. , Cable Ritchard G. , Trouern‐Trend Jonathan , McCullough Jeffrey , Homer Mary J. , Reynolds Lisa D. , Houghton Raymond L. , Lodes Michael J. , Persing David H. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND : Tick‐borne diseases, particularly babesiosis and ehrlichiosis, represent recently emerging infections. Despite an increased recognition of the threat tick‐borne agents pose to blood safety, our understanding of the prevalence and transmissibility of these agents in blood donors is limited. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS
:
Babesia microti
and
Anaplasma phagocytophila
(previously
Ehrlichia sp.) seroprevalence was determined in random Connecticut and Wisconsin donors, and subsequently in Connecticut donors reporting tick bites. In the interim, a postcard survey regarding tick bites during the previous 6 months was sent to 6000 random donors in six geographically distinct collection regions. RESULTS
: In total, 3 of 999 Wisconsin donors (0.3%) and 6 of 1007 Connecticut donors (0.6%) had antibodies to
B. microti.
Of 992 donors tested for
A. phagocytophila,
5 Wisconsin donors (0.5%) and 35 Connecticut donors (3.5%) were seropositive. A total of 2482 donors (41.4%) completed the survey; 103 (4.1%) reported a tick bite. Of 848 Connecticut donors (0.4%) reporting tick bites, 3 had
B. microti
antibodies, while 8 (0.9%) had
A. phagocytophila antibodies. These rates were not significantly different from control donors. CONCLUSION
: Blood donors seropositive for
B. microti
and
A. phagocytophila are present in Connecticut and Wisconsin. Donors readily recall previous tick bites, but self‐reported bites are not reliable indicators of serologic status. The exposure of blood donors to tick‐borne pathogens does suggest a need to better understand the transfusion transmission potential of these agents.
Human herpesvirus 8 seroprevalence and viral load in healthy adult blood donors
Authors: Hudnall S. David , Chen Tiansheng , Rady Peter , Tyring Stephen , Allison Paul 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND : Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV‐8) is widely suspected to be a human tumor virus because it is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma and primary effusion B cell lymphoma. Report of a case of HHV‐8‐positive donor blood in the US has led to concern for the safety of donor blood from HHV‐8‐seropositive donors. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : The findings of HHV‐8 seroprevalence and virus load from 100 randomly selected blood donors from the Houston, Texas, area are reported. Serology with serial titration was performed using a highly sensitive indirect immunofluorescence assay to lytic and latent HHV‐8 antigens. For detection of blood‐borne virus, buffy‐coat DNA was subjected to two ultrasensitive nested PCR‐dot blot assays to HHV‐8 orf26 and orf72 regions. RESULTS
: At a screening titer of 1 in 10, nearly one‐quarter (23%; 95% CI, 15‐33) of the blood donors are HHV‐8 seropositive with a geometric mean titer of 1 in 53. Seroreactivity to lytic antigens (23%) greatly exceeded that to latent antigens (5%). There was a significant association between seropositivity and older age (p
< 0.02), white ethnicity (OR, 3.33; 95% CI, 1.40‐7.95) and ABO blood group B (OR, 6.44; 95% CI, 2.46‐16.80). No association with sex or CMV seropositivity was demonstrated. No HHV‐8 viremia was detected, even though 64 percent of tested donor blood samples were EBV DNA positive. CONCLUSIONS : Despite a relatively high HHV‐8 seroprevalence in this cohort of Houston area blood donors, HHV‐8 DNA was not detected in any sample of donor whole blood using a highly sensitive PCR assay. Thus, at least in the southeast Texas region, large‐scale screening of blood donor units for HHV‐8 antibody or DNA seems unwarranted.
Absence of D– alloimmunization in AIDS patients receiving D‐mismatched RBCs
Authors: Boctor Fouad N. , Ali Nahed M. , Mohandas Kala , Uehlinger Joan 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND
: More than 80 percent of D– patients who receive D+ blood become alloimmunized to the D antigen. Anemia occurs in most AIDS patients at some point in the disease. D– patients with AIDS may require blood transfusion and, during times of blood shortage, may receive D+ RBCs. They would be expected to become alloimmunized to the
d antigen. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : The records of the transfusion service between January 1996 and July 2000 were reviewed for D– patients who received D+ blood. IATs were performed before the initial transfusion and subsequently when the patient required further RBC transfusion. RESULTS : Eight D– AIDS patients who received multiple transfusions (three women and five men; age range, 31‐44 years; mean, 44 years) who received between 2 and 11 units (mean, 6.25) of D+ RBCs were identified. Antibody screens were performed at 8 to 65 weeks after transfusion. It was found that none of the eight D– AIDS patients developed anti‐D. ABO antibodies were found as expected. During the same period, it was found that six D– patients admitted with other diagnoses who received 1 to 9 units of D+ RBCs, all developed anti‐D within 7 to 19 weeks of transfusion. CONCLUSION : Patients with AIDS may not form alloantibodies to the D antigen. This may be attributable to their immunodepressed state, particularly to the decrease in CD4+ T lymphocytes. Therefore, during blood shortages, transfusion of D+ blood to D– AIDS patients may be without any subsequent consequence.
WBC reduction reduces storage‐associated RBC adhesion to human vascular endothelial cells under conditions of continuous flow in vitro
Authors: Luk Cynthia S. , Gray‐Statchuk Leslie A. , Cepinkas Gediminas , Chin‐Yee Ian H. 
Published: March 2003

BACKGROUND : The effects of storage duration, WBC reduction, and irradiation on RBC adherence to vascular endothelia are unknown and are investigated under conditions of continuous flow. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS : Thirty‐two RBC units were collected and divided into three groups, non‐WBC‐reduced (NWR), WBC‐reduced (WR), and irradiated‐WBC‐reduced. Aliquots of RBCs were removed on Days 1, 15, and 28 of storage for analysis. The RBC suspensions were then perfused at a 1.5 percent Hct in a protein‐poor medium under conditions of continuous flow over human umbilical vein endothelial cell monolayers. On each slide, 25 randomly chosen sites were videorecorded over 10 minutes, and the number of RBCs adherent to the endothelial cell monolayer was counted. RESULTS
: NWR RBCs stored for 28 days demonstrated a greater degree of adherence to endothelial cells compared to Days 1 and 15 (p < 0.03). The WR group had significantly fewer adherent RBCs than the NWR group on day 28 (p
< 0.01). Irradiation had no effect on RBC adherence. CONCLUSION : Prolonged storage of NWR RBCs increases RBC adherence to endothelial cells in vitro. WBC reduction before storage abrogates the effect of storage duration on increased adhesion. Studies to assess whether an in vivo effect occurs are required.
The Logic of Action: Indeterminacy, Emotion, and Historical Narrative
Authors: Reddy William M. 
Published: March 2003

Modern social theory, by and large, has aimed at reducing the complexity of action situations to a set of manageable abstractions. But these abstractions, whether functionalist or linguistic, fail to grasp the indeterminacy of action situations.Action proceeds by discovery and combination. The logic of action is serendipitous and combinative. From these characteristics, a number of consequences flow: The whole field of our intentions is engaged in each action situation, and cannot really be understood apart from the situation itself. In action situations we remain aware of the problems of categorization, including the dangers of infinite regress and the difficulties of specifying borders and ranges of categories. In action situations, attention is in permanent danger of being overwhelmed. We must deal with many features of action situations outside of attention; in doing so, we must entertain simultaneously numerous possibilities of action. Emotional expression is a way of talking about the kinds of possibilities we entertain. Expression and action have a rebound effect on attention. “Effort” is required to find appropriate expressions and actions, and rebound effects play a role in such effort, making it either easier or more difficult.Recent theoretical trends have failed to capture these irreducible characteristics of action situations, and have slipped into a number of errors. Language is not rich in meanings or multivocal, except as put to use in action situations. The role of “convention” in action situations is problematic, and therefore one ought not to talk of “culture.” Contrary to the assertions of certain theorists, actors do not follow strategies, except when they decide to do so. Actors do not “communicate,” in the sense of exchanging information, except in specially arranged situations. More frequently, they intervene in the effortful management of attention of their interlocutors. Dialogue, that is, very commonly becomes a form of cooperative emotional effort.From these considerations, it follows that the proper method for gaining social knowledge is to examine the history of action and of emotional effort, and to report findings in the form of narrative.
Merging Markets
Authors: Arnold Tom , Hersch Philip , Mulherin J. Harold , Netter Jeffry 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe study the causes and effects of the competition for order flow by U.S. regional stock exchanges. We trace the origins of competition for order flow to a change in the role of regional exchanges from being venues for listing local securities to being more direct competitors for the order flow of NYSE listings. We study the way regionals competed for order flow, concentrating on a series of stock‐exchange mergers that occurred in the midst of this transition of the regional exchanges. The merging exchanges attracted market share and experienced narrower bid‐ask spreads.
The Phoenix Algorithm for Three Dimensional Data Capture
Authors: Taylor G. , Fairbairn D. J. , Parsley S. 
Published: March 2003

The graphical representation and interactive manipulation of accurate three dimensional (3D) models of reality is rapidly becoming an inescapable necessity for many applications of geographical information systems (GIS). There are many problems and difficulties that must be overcome in order to facilitate such 3D models. Can accurate measurements, at sufficient resolution and using affordable resources, be obtained? Will application software usefully process, in all aspects, models of the real world, held in full 3D? Can a topology of containment, adjacency and contiguity in 3D be integrated into the conventional procedural and recording functionality of two dimensional (2D) GIS and still provide workable spatial analysis tools? A 3D GIS applied to an urban environment should maintain a model that would typically consist of solid representations of individual buildings, roads and utilities, providing both external and internal detail, all assigned to a suitable digital terrain model (DTM).The particular 3D application considered here addresses the need for accurate reconstruction of historical urban buildings. The creation, manipulation and exploration of such models is often referred to as “virtual heritage”. Much of this paper describes an effective methodology, called the Phoenix algorithm, requiring only a single image of an urban object, for the construction of 3D models of buildings at high resolution. The development of this algorithm is discussed and the results obtained from it are compared with those obtained using traditional 3D capture techniques. An outline of further potential GIS applications is presented.