bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE COMPARATIVE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF FETAL AND POSTNATAL GUINEA PIGS TO THE VIRUS OF EPIDEMIC INFLUENZA
Authors: Dettwiler Herman A. , Hudson N. Paul , Woolpert Oram C. 
Published: June 2004

Experiments were carried out to determine the relative susceptibility of guinea pigs at different ages to the virus of epidemic influenza.
From a correlation of these studies on the mature fetus, the newborn, and the adult animal, with previously reported findings on the immature fetus, we draw two conclusions: first, that there is a gradually increasing resistance to infection with this virus during intrauterine development, with but little change thereafter; and second, that at the time of birth there is a sudden loss of infectibility by routes other than the intranasal.
These results illustrate then the benefits which may accrue if one projects into the period of antenatal life studies dealing with the age factor in relation to susceptibility to infection. It is implied that data collected from observations of the postnatal animal alone are of necessity incomplete and may be misleading.
QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF HOMOLOGOUS AND HETEROLOGOUS ACTIVE IMMUNITY TO STRAINS OF THE VIRUS OF EPIDEMIC INFLUENZA
Authors: Eaton Monroe D. , Pearson Harold E. 
Published: June 2004

When mice are immunized by one intraperitoneal inoculation with active or inactive influenza virus (strain PR8, W.S., and Melbourne) the quantity required for protection against heterologous strains is about 10 times the homologous minimal immunizing dose. Three injections increase the immunity to all strains, but the ratio between the homologous and heterologous minimal immunizing dose is not altered.
Swine influenza virus given intraperitoneally fails to immunize against human strains unless the quantity injected is 1,000 times the minimal amount required for homologous immunity.
Intranasal immunization of mice with 1/100 M.L.D. of attenuated ferret passage strains PR8 and Philadelphia, or the tissue culture strain of swine influenza, gives a solid resistance to infection with heterologous strains. When smaller amounts of virus are given intranasally, strain specificity becomes more apparent, and with minimal doses the immunity may be effective only against the homologous and closely related strains.
THE ANTIGENIC POTENCY OF EPIDEMIC INFLUENZA VIRUS FOLLOWING INACTIVATION BY ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
Authors: Salk Jonas E. , Lavin G. I. , Francis Thomas 
Published: June 2004

A study of the antigenic potency of influenza virus inactivated by ultraviolet radiation has been made. Virus so inactivated is still capable of functioning as an immunizing agent when given to mice by the intraperitoneal route.
In high concentrations inactivated virus appears to be nearly as effective as active virus but when quantitative comparisons of the immunity induced by different dilutions are made, it is seen that a hundredfold loss in immunizing capacity occurs during inactivation.
Virus in suspensions prepared from the lungs of infected mice is inactivated more rapidly than virus in tissue culture medium.
A standard for the comparison of vaccines of epidemic influenza virus is proposed.
QUANTITATIVE EXPERIMENTS WITH ANTIBODIES TO A SPECIFIC PRECIPITATE. I
Authors: Treffers Henry P. , Heidelberger Michael 
Published: June 2004

1. Rabbits were injected with the washed specific precipitate from Type II antipneumococcus horse serum. Antibody in the resulting antiserum was determined by the quantitative agglutinin method using various specific precipitates as antigens.
2. Suspensions of Types I and II antipneumococcus horse specific precipitates, as well as the specific precipitates derived from Type VIII Pn (anti-C portion), and H. influenzae horse antisera were found to remove the same amount of antibody from the immune rabbit serum.
3. Purified antibody solutions prepared by dissociation methods from Types I and II antipneumococcus horse sera were found to remove the same quantity of antibody as did the homologous specific precipitates.
4. Specific precipitates from anti-crystalline egg albumin and anti-diphtheria horse sera were found to remove only a fraction of the antibody. The reasons for this are discussed.
5. A specific precipitate prepared from pepsin-digested Type I anti-pneumococcus horse serum removed all of the antibody to the homologous antigen from the rabbit anti-precipitate serum, but followed a different quantitative course.
6. From the quantitative course of these reactions and from experiments with specific precipitates from anti-Pn rabbit and pig sera it is concluded that the only antigenic specificity demonstrable for the antibodies investigated was that due to their common origin, and that the groupings responsible for their antibody function constitute either a small part of the total protein molecule or else are non-antigenic.
STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE TUBULAR EPITHELIUM OF THE DOG'S KIDNEY IN CHRONIC BRIGHT'S DISEASE AND THEIR RELATION TO MECHANISMS OF RENAL COMPENSATION AND FAILURE
Authors: Oliver Jean , Bloom Frank , MacDowell Muriel 
Published: June 2004

1. The wall of the proximal convolution in chronic canine nephritis is composed of various types of epithelial cells which can be recognized as definite structural types from their cytological characteristics.
2. The function of these cell types, as tested by their reaction to the administration of trypan blue, varies with their structural constitution.
3. As a result of the varied cellular content of its wall the abnormal proximal convolution handles trypan blue by mechanisms which differ both quantitatively and qualitatively from those of the normal convolution.
4. A distinguishing characteristic of the decompensated kidney in chronic canine nephritis is the inability of its epithelium to concentrate trypan blue within its cells and to prevent diffusion of the dye from the lumen into the tubule wall.
5. It follows: (a) (from conclusion 3), that it cannot be assumed that the renal mechanisms concerned with other substances are not unaltered and that comparisons of blood and urine concentrations (clearances) have similar significance in the normal and nephritic kidney; (b) (from conclusion 4), that tubular dysfunction may play a part in the ultimate failure of the compensating kidney in all forms of chronic Bright's disease where the tubule walls are similarly affected.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE INTERMITTENT PASSAGE OF LOCKE'S SOLUTION INTO LIVING SKIN
Authors: McMaster Philip D. 
Published: June 2004

Minute amounts of Locke's or Tyrode's solution have been brought into contact with the interstitial connective tissue of the skin of the living mouse, at atmospheric pressure, in such a manner that the blood or lymphatic vessels are not entered directly. Under such circumstances these absorbable fluids enter the tissue spontaneously. Entrance is strikingly intermittent, not continuous, and so too when very slight pressures are brought to bear on the fluids (1).
Hyperemia of the tissues, with accompanying dilatation of the blood vessels, increases the entrance of fluids at atmospheric pressure but it is still intermittent. By contrast, venous obstruction leads to intermittent backflow into the apparatus, but reflex hyperemia, following release of the obstruction, is attended by an increase of flow into the tissues in spite of the great reactive dilatation of vessels. The inflow is also intermittent.
If the skin is deprived of circulation, fluid does not enter it at all at atmospheric pressure, though it moves in regularly and continuously if slight pressure is put upon it. Edema-forming fluids, described in the text, also enter in a continuous manner when forced into the skin of either living or dead animals. So too do serum and sperm oil.
The findings indicate that the passage of interstitial fluid into the blood vessels may be intermittent under normal circumstances and its escape from them as well. The observed occurrence of intermittent flow in the blood vessels of several tissues (9, 15–25) will go far to account for the intermittent entrance of fluid into the skin.
THE OCCURRENCE DURING ACUTE INFECTIONS OF A PROTEIN NOT NORMALLY PRESENT IN THE BLOOD
Authors: MacLeod Colin M. , Avery Oswald T. 
Published: June 2004

Methods are described for isolating a protein commonly present in the blood of patients during the acute phase of various infections which, unlike the normal serum proteins, is precipitable by the C polysaccharide of Pneumococcus.
The reactive protein is present in the fraction of serum albumin precipitated by either ammonium or sodium sulfate between 50 and 75 per cent saturation. From this fraction the reactive protein separates out on dialysis against tap water.
Following removal of the alcohol-ether-soluble lipids from acute phase serum the reactive protein becomes soluble in tap water, and is no longer precipitable by traces of calcium but still retains its precipitability with the C polysaccharide.
STUDIES ON PHOTO-OXIDATION OF ANTIGEN AND ANTIBODIES
Authors: Smetana Hans , Shemin David 
Published: June 2004

1. Quantitative precipitin studies indicate that progressive photo-oxidation progressively destroys the antigenic function of egg albumin.
2. Quantitative precipitin reactions of antisera (anti-egg albumin rabbit serum and antipneumococcus Type I horse serum) demonstrate that progressive photo-oxidation causes progressive lowering of the potency of the sera.
3. Quantitative precipitin reactions of the photo-oxidized globulin gamma fraction of anti-egg albumin rabbit serum and of Felton solution of antipneumococcus Type I horse serum show that these specific antibody fractions behave similarly to antibodies in whole sera.
4. Egg albumin whose precipitin reaction is destroyed by photo-oxidation no longer causes anaphylaxis in guinea pigs and does not produce precipitins in rabbits.
5. Chemical studies of progressively photo-oxidized egg albumin show a progressive destruction of tryptophane and histidine while tyrosine remains intact and cystine is reversibly oxidized. Sulfhydryl groups can no longer be demonstrated in photo-oxidized egg albumin whose antigenic characteristics are greatly weakened.
6. Similar studies on the globulin gamma fraction of anti-egg albumin rabbit serum and on Felton solution show no diminution of these amino acids in photo-oxidized material whose antigenic properties are destroyed.
7. The non-coagulable nitrogen and the amino nitrogen of egg albumin, antisera, and their specific antibody fractions show but an insignificant increase during photo-oxidation, indicating that the loss of the precipitin reaction is not due to splitting of the respective protein molecules.
8. Electrophoretic studies of egg albumin, antisera, and their specific antibody fractions show that photo-oxidation causes a marked alteration of the pattern of these substrates.
9. Photo-oxidation of proteins causes the formation of aggregates, indicating denaturation.
10. Hematoporphyrin migrates with the albumin fraction of unaltered as well as the photo-oxidized anti-egg albumin rabbit serum and pneumococcus Type I horse serum; in isolated proteins such as egg albumin, globulin gamma, or Felton solution, etc., the dye moves independently of the protein; after progressive photo-oxidation Hp becomes progressively fixed to the protein. Eosin behaves similarly to hematoporphyrin.
THE ORIGIN OF PLATELETS
Authors: Fidlar E. , Waters E. T. 
Published: June 2004

1. In heart-lung preparations perfused with heparinized blood, clumping of platelets and a sharp fall in the platelet count occurred in the first 5 to 15 minutes after the external circuit was established.
2. In 10 such preparations surviving from 1 to 4 hours, only one showed a return of the platelet count to the level existing before operation.
3. When platelets were reduced in numbers before the blood was used for perfusion, the count tended to level off after a small recovery, if any.
4. An estimate of clumping showed it to bear an inverse relationship to the platelet recovery.
5. No satisfactory evidence of platelet production in the lungs has been obtained in these studies with heart-lung preparations.
6. The possibility of special factors which may influence platelet formation is discussed.
THE EFFECT OF TYROSINASE ON EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Schroeder Henry A. , Adams Mark H. 
Published: June 2004

1. The intravenous injection of tyrosinase, a phenolic oxidase obtained from mushrooms, consistently lowers the blood pressure of rats made hypertensive by three different methods, while on the average not affecting the blood pressure of normal animals.
2. The intravenous and intramuscular injection of tyrosinase lowers blood pressure in dogs made hypertensive by the method of Goldblatt, while affecting that of normal ones to a less extent.
3. Tyrosinase inactivates renin, angiotonin, Victor's pressor substance, adrenalin, and tyramine in vitro, and alters the response of the blood pressure to these substances in rats and dogs.
4. Renal function of hypertensive dogs is not depressed when the blood pressure is lowered by tyrosinase.
5. Tyrosinase is an effective substance for combating experimental arterial hypertension. It is probable that some phenolic substance present in hypertension is altered.
CASEIN DIGESTS PARENTERALLY UTILIZED TO FORM BLOOD PLASMA PROTEIN
Authors: Madden S. C. , Zeldis L. J. , Hengerer A. D. , Miller L. L. , Rowe A. P. , Turner A. P. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

When blood plasma proteins are depleted by bleeding with return of the washed red cells (plasmapheresis) it is possible to bring dogs to a steady state of hypoproteinemia and a uniform plasma protein production on a basal diet limited in protein. Such dogs are clinically normal but have a lowered resistance to infection and certain intoxications.
Casein digests given by vein or subcutaneously to such plasma depleted dogs are effective in promoting abundant new plasma protein production. Casein digest L by vein is equivalent to whole liver of like protein equivalence by mouth. The ratio of new plasma protein production to protein intake is 20 to 25 per cent in both instances.
Casein digest L by vein gives the same response in plasma protein output as the same digest by mouth. Protein digest X by vein requires addition of tryptophane and cysteine to be effective in plasma protein production. The added cysteine sulfur is more than 95 per cent retained by the dog.
The speed of digest injection has no effect on its utilization, within the range tested.
Casein digest L given by vein to non-depleted dogs is less well utilized than in dogs depleted of plasma protein.
HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES FOLLOWING OVARIECTOMY IN MICE
Authors: Fekete Elizabeth , Woolley George , Little C. C. 
Published: June 2004

1. In dba mice ovariectomized at birth the vagina, uterus, and mammary glands showed a gradual recovery from the castrate state, and finally reached the stage which they presumably can attain only under the influence of estrogenic hormones. Tumors of the mammary glands developed in 37 animals, of 75 examined, between the ages of 14 and 28 months (3 adenomas and 34 carcinomas).
2. As ovarian regeneration had not taken place the probability that estrogen originated in some other organ in the absence of the ovaries is suggested.
3. The consistent nodular hyperplasia of the suprarenal cortex and close morphological similarity of cells of these nodules to lutein-like cells of the ovaries points to the abnormal suprarenals as possible sources of the estrogenic hormones.
INFLUENCE OF AGE ON SUSCEPTIBILITY AND ON IMMUNE RESPONSE OF MICE TO EASTERN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS
Authors: Morgan Isabel M. 
Published: June 2004

The experiments described in this paper were carried out with the Rockefeller Institute strain of albino mice and with the Eastern strain of the virus of equine encephalomyelitis.
1. The observation was confirmed that with increasing age of mice there occurred a decrease in susceptibility to intraperitoneal injection of active virus; also, the length of incubation period of those which succumbed increased with age.
2. The mice of various age groups which survived an intraperitoneal injection of active virus were indistinguishable in their antibody response.
3. Young mice, vaccinated with formalin-inactivated. virus when 2, 5, and 7 days old, gave an immune response to such a degree that they showed (a) measurable peritoneal immunity which increased with small increments of age, (b) no cerebral resistance, and (c) detectable amounts of neutralizing antibody in their sera which paralleled, though at a considerably lower level, their peritoneal resistance.
4. The peritoneal resistance induced as a result of vaccination was shown to be not local, but a general, systemic immunity, specific for the Eastern strain. Such a peritoneal resistance was demonstrable by the 4th day after beginning of vaccination of 10-days-old mice.
5. After intraperitoneal injection of active virus, large amounts of virus were recoverable from the blood of non-vaccinated young mice; none was found in the blood of vaccinated young mice; a minimal amount was detectable in the blood of non-vaccinated adult mice.
6. The bearing of age on the degree of immune response of which mice are capable and on their susceptibility to the virus has been discussed.
THE CAPACITY OF THE CORONARY BED IN CARDIAC HYPERTROPHY
Authors: Dock William 
Published: June 2004

After eliminating vascular rigor, perfusing human hearts with kerosene under pressure postmortem gives values for coronary flow which seem an index of the maximum possible flow during life. This is 3.1 cc. per gm. per minute at 100 mm. Hg in normal men under 40. It is 35 per cent lower in the hearts of those 60 to 80 years old, and also falls in hypertrophied hearts. In old people it is 30 per cent lower in hearts over 600 gm. than in those under 350; in patients 40 to 60 years old it is 37 per cent less in hearts over 600 as compared with those under 350 gm.
In discussion it is brought out that while the decrease in coronary capacity associated with age or hypertrophy may play a part in predisposing some hearts to congestive failure, there is no evidence that the hypertrophied heart has an inadequate oxygen supply or that its fibers are too thick for adequate oxygen diffusion. Congestive failure cannot be ascribed to anoxia except in the presence of severe anemia, coronary occlusion, or tachycardia with low blood pressure. Decrease in perfusibility with age and growth may be a perfectly normal adaptation to the needs of the tissue; the perfusibility of the heart of the young adult is about half that of an infant at 2 years.
THE BEHAVIOR OF POX VIRUSES IN THE RESPIRATORY TRACT
Authors: Nelson John B. 
Published: June 2004

Fowl pox virus from active skin lesions was established in the upper respiratory tract of normal chickens by nasal instillation and maintained for 12 successive passages. The nasal infection was not communicable by direct contact but did afford protection, for at least 6 weeks, against subsequent development of the virus in the skin.
Multiplication of the virus in the nasal passages was only irregularly attended by specific mucosal changes and was not accompanied by the vigorous counter-reaction engendered by the causal agents of roup.
The same strain of virus on propagation in embryonated eggs also survived and multiplied in the nasal tract but with somewhat reduced activity, the 34th egg transfer failing to afford complete protection. Nasal instillation in mice was followed only by a reaction in the lung from which the virus was recoverable through the 7th day.
IMMUNOLOGICAL SPECIFICITY OF MATERIAL SEDIMENTABLE AT HIGH SPEED PRESENT IN NORMAL AND TUMOR TISSUES
Authors: Furth Jacob , Kabat Elvin A. ,   With the Assistance of Jean Brundage and Mary C. Boon
Published: June 2004

Materials sedimentable at high speed (approximately 27,000 R.P.M.) were found in all normal and neoplastic tissues studied. They are carriers of the Forssman antigen and of the Wassermann hapten.
These heavy materials exhibit species, organ, and individual specificity and produce several antibodies which can be demonstrated by absorption tests. Heavy materials from chicken sarcoma and chicken spleen could not be distinguished by complement fixation tests.
QUANTITATIVE CHEMICAL STUDIES ON COMPLEMENT OR ALEXIN
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Rocha e Silva M. , Mayer Manfred 
Published: June 2004

1. Quantitative data are given on the effect of variations in the time of contact and the proportions of the reactants on the quantity of complement combining component nitrogen (C'1 N) found in active guinea pig serum.
2. C'1 N was the same when determined with precipitates containing excess antibody or excess antigen.
3. Finely divided specific precipitates took up the complement combining component (C'1) from subsequently added guinea pig serum almost as well as specific precipitates formed in the presence of complement.
THE INACTIVATING EFFECT OF SULFAPYRIDINE ON THE LEUKOTOXIC ACTION OF BENZENE
Authors: McCarty Maclyn , Tillett William S. 
Published: June 2004

1. In rabbits receiving subcutaneous injections of benzene, the simultaneous administration of sulfapyridine, per os, prevented the development of leukopenia. The sparing effect of sulfapyridine on the intoxication of the leukopoietic tissue by benzene was demonstrated not only by the range of daily leukocyte counts but also by microscopic examination of the bone marrow of treated animals.
2. The administration of para-aminobenzoic acid failed to inhibit the leukotoxic action of benzene.
3. The administration of sulfapyridine alone to rabbits was followed by daily variation in the number of leukocytes in the circulating blood but persistent leukocytosis was not observed. The inhibiting action of sulfapyridine was not found to be referable to the development of an overcompensating leukocytosis.
4. In preliminary experiments, the excretion of phenols by rabbits receiving sulfapyridine together with benzene differed from that observed in animals receiving benzene alone. In the former group, the rise in the excretion of total phenols was not so high as in the latter group, but the percentage of combined phenols was greater. The possible significance of the findings has been discussed.
A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF THE SCARLET FEVER TOXIN-ANTITOXIN FLOCCULATION REACTION
Authors: Hottle George A. , Pappenheimer A. M. 
Published: June 2004

1. Highly purified scarlet fever toxin has been prepared from culture filtrates of two scarlatinal strains (NY5 and 594B) of hemolytic streptococcus grown on a medium of defined composition.
2. The flocculation reaction of Rane and Wyman has been studied quantitatively and has been shown specific for scarlet fever toxin and antitoxin.
3. Scarlet fever toxin from strains NY5 and 594B are quantitatively identical in their immunological behavior.
4. Pure scarlet fever toxin contains 0.00023 mg. nitrogen per flocculating unit and close to 1.3 x 108 skin test doses per mg. nitrogen as calculated from the immunological data. Both the immunological and the analytical data suggest that scarlet fever toxin is a protein. Similar calculations indicate that scarlet fever antitoxin contains 0.00093 mg. nitrogen per unit.
5. The scarlet fever toxin-antitoxin complex is readily dissociated in dilute solutions. In this respect the scarlet fever toxin-antitoxin system contrasts sharply with the diphtheria toxin-antitoxin system.
6. The scarlet fever toxin-antitoxin reaction is discussed in relation to other flocculation reactions.