bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSXIV-12 Evaluation of an Ensiled, Self-Fed Diet for Backgrounding Beef Cattle
Authors: Viano Sergio , Méndez Daniel G , González Lucas , Ceconi Irene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Self-feeding of ensiled forages consists in allowing the animals to feed from the silo face through a physical barrier. Energy, protein, and mineral supplements are offered separately in free-choice portable feeders. Compared with offering a total mixed ration, the self-feeding system could result in differences in ensiled forage and supplement intake and may increase animal performance variability. Ensiling a complete diet may contribute to overcome these drawbacks. This study compared the performance of calves that consumed an ensiled backgrounding diet from a silo-bag face (self-feeding, SF) with that of calves fed a diet mixed and delivered daily in a feed bunk (TMR). A single forage sweet sorghum crop was harvested and bagged to be used in the TMR treatment, or harvested and added a dry supplement (45% finely-ground corn grain, 50% extruded soybean meal, and 5% vitamin-mineral premix without ionophore) during bagging, using an adjustable-discharge hopper mounted above the bagger’s packing rotor, to be used in the SF treatment. Regardless of treatment, the diet consisted of 61% forage sorghum and 39% dry supplement (DM basis; 9.9 and 11.6% CP, 42.3 and 43.8% NDF, and 9.8 and 9.5% starch for TMR and SF diets, respectively). Bagged feeds were allowed to ensile for 50 d before experiment began. Two hundred fifty-two, non-implanted Angus calves (224 ± 4.6 kg) were blocked by body weight (BW) and coat color resulting in 6 blocks and 1 pen/block per treatment with 12 or 30 animals per TMR or SF pen, respectively; more animals were required in the SF pens to maintain feed fresh and reduce spoilage, though BW was measured on 12 calves. Pens assigned to SF treatment were each equipped with a silo bag blocked off with an iron fence. The TMR animals were fed ad libitum once a day. In SF pens, feed was carved from the silo-bag face manually twice daily using a pitchfork onto a pile on the fence’s bag side. Cattle were fed for 70 d and held off feed and water for 16 h to record initial (day 1) and final BW (day 70). Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design. Rate of BW gain, DMI, and DMI relative to BW were greater (P &lt; 0.01; Table 1) for SF calves compared with TMR, resulting in greater (P = 0.03) final BW but similar (P = 0.36) ADG:DMI. Coefficient of variation (CV) of final BW and ADG and the increase in CV of BW did not differ (P ≥ 0.93) between treatments. Similar feed efficiency and animal performance variability were achieved by feeding an ensiled ration offered in a self-feeding system or a traditional TMR. The former might represent a simple and feasible feeding alternative for small-size beef cattle operations.
PSXIV-7 Comparison of Detection of Fasciola in Naturally Infected Slaughter (dairy) Cattle By Postmortem Examination, Sedimentation, Antibody Elisa and Real-Time Pcr
Authors: Jaja Ishmael F , Mpisana Zuko , Byaruhanga Charles , Marufu Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Fasciolosis is a global food-borne disease affecting livestock. Management of the parasitic disease greatly depends on control and proper monitoring through early detection. Highly improved diagnostic methods to detect fasciolosis have been introduced. Limited research has paid attention to comparing four detection methods. The current study aimed to compare the detection of Fasciola in naturally infected slaughtered dairy cattle using four methods. Blood and fecal samples were collected from slaughtered cattle in three high throughput abattoirs in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa, from 2020 through 2021. Postmortem liver examination was conducted to identify Fasciola spp. Then blood from condemned carcasses were analyzed using antibody ELISA to detect Fasciola antibodies, sedimentation technique to detect Fasciola eggs; and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) to detect Fasciola DNA. A binomial Generalized Linear Model (GLM) and Cohen’s Kappa test were used to compare the detection rate and level of agreement across the four diagnostic methods. Significant differences (P = 0.0001) across the four diagnostic methods existed. Postmortem liver examination (94.5%) and qPCR (90.4%) compared ELISA (22.6%) and sedimentation (3.53%), respectively. There was a poor agreement between sedimentation and Ab-ELISA (kappa= -0.105, P = 0.128), sedimentation and postmortem liver examination (kappa= -0.054, P = 0.163); and qPCR and liver examination (kappa= -0.076, P = 0.341) In conclusion, results from the current study revealed significant differences among the four detection methods. The postmortem liver examination and qPCR were more reliable, sensitive, and accurate than ELISA and sedimentation.
PSXI-23 Effects of Dietary Threonine, Tryptophan, and Glycine Supplementation on Growth Performance and Intestinal Barrier Function in Broiler Chickens Raised Under Multiple Stress Conditions
Authors: Kim Hyun Woo , Lee Seung Yun , Kim Jong Hyuk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective of the current study was to compare the effects of dietary threonine, tryptophan, and glycine supplementation on growth performance and intestinal barrier function in broiler chickens raised under multiple stress conditions. All birds were allotted to 1 of 5 treatments with 8 replicates in a completely randomized design. Positive control (PC) treatment was normal condition and other treatments are multiple stress conditions with heat stress and high stocking density. Multiple stress conditions were exposed to a cyclic heat stress condition (30 ± 0.3°C for 10 h/d and 23 ± 0.2°C for 14 h/d). In addition, 10 birds per cage (16.9 birds/m2) were allotted in multiple stress conditions, but 15 birds per cage (25.3 birds/m2) were allotted in normal conditions. Basal diet was fed to broiler chickens in PC (normal condition) and negative control (NC; multiple stress conditions) treatments. Three additional diets were prepared by adding 0.68% threonine (99%), 0.19% tryptophan (99%), or 1.60% glycine (99%) to the basal diet. Four treatment diets such as NC, threonine, tryptophan, and glycine treatments were provided to birds in multiple stress conditions. All experimental diets and water were provided ad libitum for 14 d. The body weight gain (BWG) and feed intake (FI) were recorded at the end of the experiment. The feed efficiency (FE, g/kg) was calculated by dividing BWG with FI after mortality correction for FI. The intestinal barrier function was analyzed by trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) value in a two-channel Ussing chamber system. Statistical analysis was conducted as a completely randomized design by using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). The replicate was considered an experimental unit. Outlier data were confirmed by the UNIVARIATE procedure of SAS. The LSMEANS procedure was conducted to calculate treatment means. In addition, if the difference was significant, the PDIFF option of SAS was conducted to separate the means. The significance for statistical tests was considered at P &lt; 0.05. Results indicated that all treatments under multiple stress condition (i.e., NC, Thr, Trp, and Gly treatments) caused a significant reduction (P &lt; 0.05) in BW, BWG, FI, and FE as compared with PC treatment (Table 1). Dietary Thr supplementation under multiple stress conditions was similar FE compared with PC treatment (Table 2). Dietary threonine, tryptophan, and glycine supplementation under multiple stress condition induced intermediated values for TEER with dietary threonine supplementation having similar values to PC treatment. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of threonine seems the most effective functional amino acid. In addition, it can be a novel dietary treatment to improve growth performance and gut health in broiler chickens raised under multiple stress condition.
PSXIII-9 Effects of Dietary Mixed Selenium Supplementation on Growth Performance, Frequency of Diarrhea, and Blood Profiles and Biochemical Constituents of Weaned Pigs
Authors: Nam Jinwook , Park Kyeong Il , Kyoung Hyunjin , Kim Yonghee , Ahn Jinmu , Lee Jae In , Ha Sewon , Kim Kimoon , Kang Yonggu , Park Youngmin , Shin Ikcheol , Song Minho 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Selenium (Se) is known as a micro essential mineral that acts as a component of the powerful antioxidant enzymes as known glutathione peroxidase. However, both excess and deficiency of Se can lead to health problems in swine, thus the proper amount is needed. In the swine industry, organic and inorganic forms of Se are commonly added to the feed, mixing these Se is important to maximize the efficiency of Se utilization. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary mixed Se supplementation on growth performance, frequency of diarrhea, and blood profiles and biochemical constituents of weaned pigs. A total of 156 weaned pigs [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc; 7.85 ± 0.10 kg of initial body weight (BW); 28 days of age] were assigned to 3 dietary treatments (4 pigs/pen; 13 replicates/treatment) in a randomized complete block design (block = initial BW and sex) for 6 weeks. Dietary treatments were 1) a corn- soybean meal-based diet with deficiency of Se (CON), 2) CON + 0.15 ppm organic Se (Ose) + 0.15 ppm inorganic Se (Ise; A), and 3) CON+ 0.25 ppm Ose + 0.25 ppm Ise (B). On day 7, 14, and 42, blood samples were collected from randomly selected 6 pigs per treatment to analyze blood profiles and biochemical constituents. Average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and gain to feed ratio were calculated to evaluate growth performance. The frequency of diarrhea was calculated by visual observation for 2 weeks after weaning. The number of white blood cells, red blood cells, hemoglobin (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) were measured using an automated hematology analyzer. The collected serum samples were analyzed for total protein (TP), glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) using a specific kit and a clinical auto-analyzer. Data were analyzed using GLM procedures of SAS. The experimental unit was a pen. The statistical model for growth performance, and blood profiles and biochemical constituents included dietary treatment as a main effect and initial BW as a covariate. The Chi-square test was used for analyzing frequency of diarrhea. The A treatment decreased (P &lt; 0.10) MCH, HGB, HCT, and BUN on day 42 compared with CON, but increased (P &lt; 0.05) TP on day 42. However, there were no differences on growth performance and frequency of diarrhea. In conclusion, supplementation of dietary mixed Se could modulate blood profiles and biochemical constituents.
PSXII-15 Automatic Estimation of Body Condition Score in Finished Cattle Using Deep Learning Computational Architectures in Two-Dimensional Images
Authors: De Dantas Allberson Bruno Oliveira , dos Santos Murilo Garrett Moura Ferreira , Modesto Mateus , Da Silva Vinícius Yuji Mendes , Albertini Thiago Zanetti 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective of this research was to investigate the possibility of using computational architectures of deep learning neural networks (deep learning) in two-dimensional images to automatically estimate the BCS (body condition score) in beef cattle. Data collection lasted from March 2021 to December 2022 and was carried out on a commercial farm in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Data from 1,570 animals of different genetic compositions, sex classes, ages and body weights were used. The animals were randomly selected in the confinement stalls, identified and concomitantly. To obtain the RGB digital images, the 3DBeef @Tech device was used, which was implemented in Python (based on OpenCV, 2015). The sensor was positioned in the passageway at a distance of 2.50 meters, allo wing the collection of images of only one animal at a time. The bBCS was evaluated remotely by trained professionals during the data collection period, ranging from 1 to 9, through the visualization of fat deposition and muscle coverage in certain anatomical points of the animal. The collected images and evaluations were used as input for a segmentation convolutional neural network (CNN; Figure 1). The labeled data set was divided into training, validation and testing, respectively in the proportions of 65%, 25% and 10%. A deep neural network was constructed to classify BCS using Python and the deep learning library Tensorflow and run through a Pro+ instance of Google Collaboratory. The results obtained show that, despite the small amount of data currently available for training, the neural network had a performance designed to classify BCS, with training accuracy of 80.5% and validation accuracy of 65.9% (Figure 2 and 3). when compared with professional raters. The validation still exhibited accuracy, recall, F1-score and AUC of 0.6676, 0.6562, 0.6562 and 0.9519 (P &lt; 0.05), respectively. Despite the fact that the BCS assessment is a problem of difficult visual classification, both due to the variability of possible scenarios and the subtle difference between different BCS scores. It is believed that with a greater number of evaluated images, an accuracy greater than 90% will be achieved for the BCS. Therefore, it is necessary to continue with studies to obtain a greater number of images collected in search of greater accuracy.
PSI-23 Effect of Supplementation with Tannins and Saponins on Animal Performance of Holstein Calves
Authors: Urrutia Ignacio , Maresca Sebastian , López-Valiente Sebastian O , Canton German , Gomez Cristian , Cabral Claudio , Rodriguez Alejandro M , DiLorenzo Nicolas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The optimization of the nutritional program of calves is essential for the sustainability and profitability of dairy companies. The use of additives such as Monensin allows to improve growth efficiency; however, concerns about the use of antibiotics in animal feed are growing. Therefore, the use of alternative products that can replace antimicrobial feed additives is necessary. Our objective was to evaluate the use of a combination of saponins and tannins in rearing stage of Holstein calves. A total of 36 female calves (BW, 114 ± 11 Kg; age, 86 ± 6 days) were distributed in 3 groups (n = 12/group) in a completely randomized design, using BW as criteria for assignment to each treatment (diet): 1) CON: without additives, 2) MON: Sodium Monensin (MON, 60 mg/kg DM, Elanco, Indianapolis, IN), 3) BXS: (900 mg/kg DM, a mixture of saponins and tannins, Silvafeed BXS, Silvateam, Argentina). The animal was used as the experimental unit. The calves were fed individually during an adaptation period of 10 days to the diet and a measurement period of 62 days. Body weight assessments were performed at the beginning and end of the measurement period with 12 previous hours of fasting. The feed intake was determined daily by measuring offer and rejection, and the conversion efficiency was determined using the quotient between the average daily gain and dry matter intake. Data were analyzed using PROC GLM of SAS, considering treatment as a fixed effect. Means differences were compared using Tukey's test, considering significance when P value ≤ 0.05. BXS and MON had increased final BW than CON (181, 181, and 174 kg respectively, P = 0.03). ADG was greater in BXS and MON than CON (1.075, 1.080, and 0.958 kg/d respectively, P = 0.03). BXS had similar DMI than MON but greater than CON (5.29, 5.13, and 4.62 Kg/d respectively, P = 0.03). The G:F was similar between treatments (0.208, P = 0.69). In conclusion, a combination of saponins and tannins can be used as an alternative additive to improve the performance of Holstein calves in rearing stage.
PSI-25 Associations Between Feeding Behavior, Residual Feed Intake, and Residual Average Daily Gain in Performance Tested Yearling Angus Bulls and Heifers
Authors: Yost Tylor J , Blake Nathan , Holaskova Ida , Mata-Padrino Domingo , Yost John , Yates Jerry , Sanders Kelsie , Wilson Matthew E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate relationships among feeding behaviors, off-test residual feed intake (RFI), and residual average daily gain (RADG) EPD for performance tested cattle. Eighty-seven angus bulls and thirty-two angus heifers (n = 119) were fed a high forage diet consisting mainly of ground hay and corn silage for 57 days using the Vytelle feed system. The variables evaluated were time spent visiting the bunk, time with head down, number of visits, RFI, average DMI, DMI, RADG, ADG, and quadrant location of RFI and ADG. RFI and ADG are plotted for each individual animal, which places that individual into one of four quadrants (1 = Favorable RFI/ Below average ADG, 2 = Favorable RFI/ Above average ADG, 3 = Unfavorable RFI/ Below average ADG, 4 = Unfavorable RFI/ Above average ADG). The data were analyzed by gender, using non-parametric Spearman’s Rho in JMP to determine variable relationships. A very strong positive correlation was observed in yearling bulls for the time spent with head down and the length of time spent at the bunk (0.8331, P &lt; 0.0001). Also, a moderate correlation for the animals individual RFI and total number of visits (0.4924, P &lt; 0.0001). A very strong negative correlation was observed for yearling bulls in the average amount consumed and the total number of visits to the bunk (-0.8380, P &lt; 0.0001). Also, a weak negative correlation was observed in the animals individual RADG and RFI (-0.2777, P &lt; 0.0001). Similarly, a strong positive correlation in yearling heifers was observed in head down and length of time spent at the bunk (0.9457, P &lt; 0.0001). A strong negative correlation was observed in yearling heifers for the total number of visits and the average amount of feed consumed per each visit (-0.5293, P &lt; 0.0018). Also, a moderate negative correlation in each animals individual RADG and RFI (-0.4822, 0.0052*). While a moderate positive correlation of individual animal RFI and the total number of visits was observed for the yearling bulls, the yearling heifers showed no significant correlation between the two. Our studies show that feeding behavior on a high forage diet is similar to that of behaviors shown on a high concentrate diet by others. Although there was a significant, but weak relationship between RFI and RADG, the strength of the relationship is such that one cannot be used predict the other and they are measuring different components of the animal’s efficiency.
PSII-30 Effect of Dietary Alpha-Amylase Enzyme Supplementation on Growth Performance and Carcass Quality of Crossbred Dairy Beef Bulls Fed Pellet Or Mash High-Concentrate Diets
Authors: Devant Maria , Llonch Lourdes , Marti Sonia , Duclos Julie , Tamassia Luis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary alpha-amylase supplementation on growth performance and carcass quality in crossbred dairy beef bulls fed either pellet or mash high-concentrate diets. Two parallel studies were conducted in two barns. In the first barn, 138 bulls (170 ± 2.3 kg of BW, and 148 ± 0.7 days of age) were grouped in 8 pens of 16 to 19 animals/pen and fed pelleted concentrate (PELLET study); and in the second barn, 148 (180 ± 1.6 kg of BW, and 150 ± 0.7 days of age) were grouped in 8 pens of 17 to 19 animals/pen and fed mash concentrate (MASH study). All bulls were fed concentrate (Table 1), straw, and water ad libitum. In each study, pens were assigned to one of 2 treatments: 1) CTR, no amylase supplementation; 2) RUM, RumiStar600 CT concentrate inclusion [630 mg/kg DM, based on 600 kilo novo units (KNU) of alpha-amylase activity]. After 196 days, divided in seven 28-days periods, where daily concentrate intake per pen, and BW per animal every 28 days was recorded animals were transported to slaughterhouse at different days within a month. Also, on days 0, 42, 84 and 168 concentrate samples were collected for enzyme activity and nutrient content analyses. Carcass quality was recorded at the slaughterhouse, bulls of PELLET study were slaughtered on average at 236 days of study and bulls of MASH study were slaughtered on average at 226 days of study. Data of each study were analyzed using a mixed model. In PELLET study, growth performance and carcass quality were not affected by treatments; however, conformation grade (SEUROP) was improved (P = 0.03) in RUM bulls compared with CTR bulls (score R: 18 vs. 5 %; score O: 54 vs. 56 %; score P: 28 vs. 39 %; RUM vs. CTR, respectively). Moreover, feed conversion ratio (FCR) was numerically (P = 0.11) improved in RUM fed bulls compared with CTR fed bulls (4.65 vs. 4.99 kg DM/kg, RUM vs. CTR, respectively;). In the MASH study, only an interaction between treatment by time in BW (P = 0.04) was observed; RUM bulls tended to be heavier than CTR bulls in the period 7 (476 vs. 470 ± 3.2 kg, RUM vs. CTR, respectively; P = 0.10). In conclusion, in crossbred dairy beef bulls fed high-concentrate diets with alpha-amylase supplementation (600 KNU of alpha-amylase activity/kg DM of concentrate) for at least 196 days improved FCR and carcass conformation grade when concentrate presentation form was pellet.
PSII-23 Effect of Protein Supplementation Level and Degradability on N Balance in Steers Consuming Low-Quality Forage: Ii.Bos Taurus Indicus
Authors: Cox Jodi R , Wickersham Tryon A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Low-quality forage lacks the nitrogen (N) necessary for optimal forage utilization and animal performance. Supplemental protein improves forage utilization by increasing ruminally available N and energy supply to the animal. Together these two are expected to increase N absorption and balance. Therefore, our objective was to determine the effect of ruminal degradability and level of protein supplementation on N balance in Bos taurus indicus steers. Accordingly, six ruminally cannulated Brahman steers (BW 369 ± 51 kg) were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square to evaluate the interaction between level and degradability of protein supplementation when consuming King Ranch Bluestem hay (3.5% CP, 71.0% NDF). Treatments were arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial with steers receiving protein supplements (43% CP) with two ruminal degradable protein levels; 35% RDP (35%; 58% corn gluten meal and 42% soybean hulls) and 70% RDP (70%; 100% soybean meal). Supplements were fed at two levels, providing 1.26 or 2.53 g of supplement/kg BW (LOW and HIGH). A control (CON) provided no supplement. Five, 14-d periods, consisted of 9 d adaptation and 4 d to measure intake, digestion, and N balance, and 1 d for ruminal fermentation. No degradability × level interactions were significant (P &gt; 0.10) for any measures of N balance. Forage organic matter intake increased (P &lt; 0.01) in response to supplementation, forage N intake tended to increase (P = 0.06). Supplemental N intake increased with increased supplementation, as designed, (P &lt; 0.01) resulting in a significant increase in total N intake (P &lt; 0.01). Degradability tended (P = 0.09) to affect supplement N intake with 70% RDP being greater than 35% RDP. Fecal N excretion increased 50% for LOW and 68% for HIGH (P &lt; 0.01) compared with CON but did not differ (P = 0.24) between RDP levels. Urinary N excretion increased with increasing level (P &lt; 0.01) and degradability (P &lt; 0.01) of the protein supplement. Urinary N excretion increased 250% for the 70% HIGH supplement and 84% for the 35% HIGH supplement. Nitrogen absorption increased from -3.8 g N/d for unsupplemented steers to 38.8 and 48.8 g N/d for the 35% HIGH and 70% HIGH, respectfully (P &lt; 0.01). Nitrogen retention increased (P = 0.03) with level of supplementation from -19.1 g N/d for unsupplemented steers to 10.6 and 9.7 g N/d for 35% HIGH and 70% HIGH, respectfully. Providing supplemental N to Bos taurus indicus increased N intake, excretion, absorption, and retention. Level of ruminal degradability did not affect the amount of N retained or absorbed suggesting that protein supplementation regardless of ruminal N degradability will improve N balance in Bos taurus indicus consuming low-quality forage.