bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of three types of half-limb casts on in vitro bone strain recorded from the third metacarpal bone and proximal phalanx in equine cadaver limbs
Authors: Schneider Robert K. , Ratzlaff Marc C. , White Karl K. , Hopper Scott A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine effect of 3 half-limb casts on bone strains recorded from the proximal phalanx (P-1) and third metacarpal bone (MCIII) of equine cadaver limbs, using a mechanical testing machine.

Animals
12 equine cadaver limbs and 4 live horses.

Procedure
Bone strains were recorded at middorsal P-1 and the dorsal cortical aspect of the distal third of MCIII while limbs were variably loaded with 100 to 1,000 lb of force. To determine ability of the cast to protect the distal portion of the limb from weight-bearing loads, strains were recorded with the limb in 1 of the 3 casts and with it unsupported. To determine cast-induced discomfort, weight-supporting and transfixation pin casts were evaluated on 2 live horses

Results
All 3 casts significantly reduced bone strain at P-1. Significant differences were observed: mean 61 % reduction for the standard half-limb cast, 84% for the transfixation pin cast, and 97% for the weight-supporting cast at weight-bearing force of 500 lb. Only the weight-supporting cast significantly reduced strains recorded from MCIII. The weight-supporting cast was not well tolerated by 2 live horses.

Conclusions
The 3 casts significantly reduced transfer of weight-bearing forces to the distal portion of the limb. The weight-supporting cast effectively reduced strain on the P-1 to near 0, but was well tolerated by live horses. The transfixation pin cast reduced strain on the P-1 by > 80% at weight-bearing loads of 500 lb, and live horses were comfortable. Standard half-limb casts significantly reduced strains on the P- 1, but to a lesser degree than did other casts. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1188-1193)
Morphometric analysis of endometrial periglandular fibrosis in mares
Authors: Evans T. J. , Miller M. A. , Ganjam V. K. , Niswender K. D. , Ellersieck M. R. , Krause W. J. , Youngquist R. S. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To develop an objective, quantifiable assay for endometrial periglandular fibrosis (EPF) and correlate assay results with histologic and ultrastructural changes in equine endometrial biopsy specimens.

Sample Population
Endometrial biopsy specimens from 70 mares from 3 to 27 years old in estrus.

Procedure
In a double-blinded study design, endometrial biopsy specimens were graded histologically (modified Kenney classification) for EPF and inflammation. Endometrial periglandular collagen volume fraction (%EPCVF) was determined by light microscopic image analysis of picrosirius red-stained sections. Specimens from selected mares were examined by transmission electron microscopy.

Results
%EPCVF values varied significantly among the 4 modified Kenney EPF categories (I, IIA, IIB, and III) and increased with increasing age of mares. Morphologically, EPF consisted of concentric layers of transformed fibroblasts with myofibroblastic features and deposition of fibrillar collagen around unaltered glandular basal laminae.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
%EPCVF correlates well with morphologic changes in endometrial biopsy specimens. Determination of %EPCVF could be useful in evaluation and clinical management of subfertile mares and in investigations of the pathogenesis of EPF. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1209-1214)
Shear-induced platelet activation and platelet-neutrophil aggregate formation by equine platelets
Authors: Weiss Douglas J. , Evanson Oral A. , McClenahan David , Fagliari José , Walcheck Bruce 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To determine whether platelets become activated and form platelet-platelet or platelet-neutrophil aggregates, or both, when subjected to shear.

Sample Population
Blood obtained from 3 Thoroughbreds.

Procedures
Blood, with PCV adjusted to 32 (low hematocrit) or 60 (high hematocrit)%, was subjected to shear rates of 11.25, 22.5, 45, 90, 225, and 750/s for 3 minutes by use of a cone-plate viscometer. Flow cytometric techniques were used to identify activated platelets, platelet-platelet aggregates, and platelet-neutrophil aggregates.

Results
Shear resulted in decreased platelet count, increased mean platelet volume, platelet activation, and formation of platelet-platelet and platelet-neutrophil aggregates. These changes occurred at lower shear rates in blood with high hematocrit. Platelet-neutrophil aggregate formation was inhibited by blocking P-selectin, but not CD11/CD18 receptors.

Conclusions
Shear-induced platelet activation and aggregate formation occur at physiologic shear rates.

Clinical Relevance
Shear-induced platelet activation may explain the exercise-associated platelet-neutrophil aggregates observed in Thoroughbreds undergoing treadmill exercise. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1243-1246)
Sequence and structural analysis of feline interleukin-5 cDNA
Authors: Padrid Philip A. , Qin Yimin , Wells T. N. C. , Solway Julian , Camoretti-Mercado Blanca 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To clone and characterize the cDNA encoding feline interleukin-5 (IL-5) cDNA and the 170 basepairs (bp) of the 5' flanking region of the feline IL-5 gene.

Sample Population
Blood mononuclear cells from a healthy cat.

Procedures
Cells were cultured, stimulated for 48 hours with concanavalin A, and harvested for RNA and DNA isolation. Recovered RNA was used in northern blot and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses. Resulting cDNA was used for rapid amplification of 3' cDNA ends, dideoxy chain termination sequencing, and primer extension analysis.

Results
Full length cDNA was 838 bp, including a 402-bp open reading frame that encoded a precursor protein of 134 amino acids including a putative peptide signal of 19 residues. Homologies of the nucleotide and derived protein sequences between feline and human IL-5 cDNA were 72 and 71%, respectively. There also was homology between the human and predicted feline cytokines at amino acid positions that are critical for IL-5 receptor binding and signal transduction. The 5' flanking region of the feline gene was homologous to corresponding regions of the human (88%) and murine (72%) genes, and included putative transcriptional regulatory elements.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance
Identification of feline IL-5 cDNA is an important step toward a detailed, fully comprehensive characterization of the mechanisms that may be operative in the pathogenesis of eosinophilic disorders in cats. The striking homology between the human and feline IL-5 genes suggests that cats can be used as animal models for human diseases characterized by eosinophil infiltration of tissues. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1263–1269)
Local hemodynamics, permeability, and oxygen metabolism during acute inflammation of innervated or denervated isolated equine joints
Authors: Hardy Joanne , Bertone Alicia L. , Muir William W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To determine oxygen metabolism, permeability, and blood flow in isolated joints in response to interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and contribution of innervation.

Sample Population
One metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint of 24 adult horses.

Procedure
The MCP joint was isolated for 6 hours in a pump-perfused, auto-oxygenated, innervated or denervated preparation. Isolated joints were assigned to the following 4 groups: control, control-denervated, inflamed, and inflamed-denervated, and inflammation was induced by intra-articular injection of IL-1β. Circuit arterial and venous pressures, flows, and blood gas tensions, synovial fluid production, and intra-articular pressure were measured. Total vascular resistance; oxygen delivery, consumption, and extraction ratio (ER); and permeability surface area product were calculated. Synovial membrane blood flow was determined at 0, 60, and 330 minutes. Synovial membrane wet-to-dry ratio was obtained, and permeability to macromolecules was determined by intra-articular injection of Evans blue albumin and fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated dextran.

Results
Oxygen delivery and synovial membrane blood flow progressively increased but were not different among groups. Oxygen consumption and ER significantly increased in inflamed joints, as did intraarticular pressure and synovial fluid production. Inflamed joints had greater wet-to-dry ratio. Albumin permeability significantly increased in the villous synovial membrane of the inflamed groups, and dextran permeability was increased in the innervated groups, with a trend toward increased permeability in inflamed groups.

Conclusion
Inflammation significantly increased oxygen demand, which was initially met by increased ER. Permeability to small molecules was increased with inflammation; innervation increased permeability to large molecules. Use of an isolated joint model enabled documentation of the physiologic responses of the joint to acute inflammation. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1307–1316)
Functional responses of neonatal chicken and turkey heterophils following stimulation by inflammatory agonists
Authors: Kogut Michael H. , Holtzapple Carol , Lowry Virginia K. , Genovese Kenneth , Stanker Larry H. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine functional responses of neonatal chicken and turkey heterophils to various inflammatory agonists.

Animals
100 one-day-old chickens and turkeys.

Procedure
Blood heterophils were isolated and stimulated for 30 minutes at 39 C with ionomycin, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), opsonized zymosan (OZ), or formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP). Functional responses (shape change, adherence, phagocytosis, influx of intracellular calcium, and oxidative burst) of stimulated heterophils were measured and compared with responses of unstimulated (control) heterophils.

Results
Turkey and chicken heterophils did not respond to FMLP stimulation. Stimulation of chicken and turkey heterophils with ionomycin resulted in significant increases in adherence, percentage of cells with a shape change, phagocytosis, intracellular calcium concentration, and oxidative burst. Turkey heterophils did not respond to PMA stimulation, whereas stimulation of chicken heterophils with PMA resulted in significant increases in adherence, percentage of cells with a shape change, phagocytosis, and oxidative burst but not intracellular calcium concentration. Stimulation of chicken and turkey heterophils with OZ resulted in significant increases in oxidative burst.

Conclusions
Mechanisms regulating initiation of heterophil activation in neonatal chicken and turkey heterophils are consistent with those described for heterophils isolated from mature birds. The biochemical and cytoskeletal systems of neonatal avian heterophils undergo functional alterations following stimulation with inflammatory agonists.

Clinical Relevance
Understanding heterophil activation and regulation should eventually lead to methods for controlling bacterial diseases in poultry. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1404–1408)
Effect of concurrent experimentally induced bovine respiratory syncytial virus and bovine viral diarrhea virus infection on respiratory tract and enteric diseases in calves
Authors: Brodersen Bruce W. , Kelling Clayton L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To compare experimentally induced concurrent bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) infection with single virus infection.

Animals
9- to 12-month-old calves.

Procedure
Calves were allotted to 4 groups: 1, mock-infected control (n = 3); 2, BRSV infected (5); 3, BVDV infected (5); and 4, concurrent BRSV and BVDV infected (5). Total and differential WBC counting was done. Concentration and duration of BVDV in nasal secretions and serum, and duration of BRSV in nasal secretions were determined. Concentration of BVDV in various tissues was determined, and isolation of BRSV from lung tissue was attempted. Histologic examination and immunohistochemical analysis were done to detect lesions and distribution of viral antigens, respectively.

Results
Calves with concurrent infection developed more severe clinical signs of disease (fever and diarrhea), leukopenia, and more severe lesions. They also shed virus from nasal secretions in greater concentration and for longer duration, and BRSV was isolated from their lungs. Calves with concurrent infection also had more extensive lung lesions. Alimentary epithelial necrosis and severe lymphoid depletion were associated with BVDV infection in calves with or without concurrent BRSV infection. BVDV antigen in lymphatic tissue was detected in stromal cells only.

Conclusions
Concurrent infection with BRSV and BVDV resulted in more severe respiratory tract and enteric disease than did infection with either virus alone, possibly indicating synergistic effect between the viruses. BVDV’s role in causing respiratory tract disease is attributable, indirectly, to effects on the host’s immune system, not to infection of the lungs. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1423–1430)
Pharmacokinetics of multiple-dose administration of eltenac in horses
Authors: Dyke T. M. , Sams R. A. , Thompson K. G. , Ashcraft S. M. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To compare pharmacokinetics of eltenac after first and last IV administrations (0.5 mg/kg), using a multiple dosing schedule.

Animals
6 adult mares.

Procedure
Eltenac (50 mg/ml) was administered IV at a dosage of 0.5 mg/kg of body weight every 24 hours for days 0 through 4. On days 0 and 4, blood samples were collected before, then periodically for 8 hours after eltanac administration. Concentration of eltenac in plasma samples was determined by use of high-performance liquid chromatography.

Results
On day 0, median area under the plasma eltenac concentration versus time curve (AUC) was 6.77 μg•h/ml (range, 5.61 to 8.08 μg•h/ml), median plasma clearance was 1.23 ml/min/kg (range, 1.03 to 1.40 ml/min/kg), and median steady-state volume of distribution was 191 ml/kg (range, 178 to 218 ml/kg). Median terminal half-life of eltenac was 2.36 hours (range, 2.30 to 2.98 hours). On day 4, median eltenac AUC was 6.70 μg•h/ml (range, 5.21 to 7.44 μg•h/ml), median plasma clearance was 1.23 ml/min/kg (range, 1.12 to 1.53 ml/min/kg), and median steady-state volume of distribution was 193 ml/kg (range, 172 to 205 ml/kg). Median terminal half-life of eltenac was 2.40 hours (range, 2.11 to 3.25 hours). Protein binding of eltenac, determined by ultrafiltration, was > 99% at a total plasma concentration of 36 μg/ml.

Conclusion
Pharmacokinetic variables determined for each horse were not different between days 0 and 4.

Clinical Relevance
Under conditions of this study, there was no clinically relevant accumulation of eltenac in equine plasma or alteration of pharmacokinetic variables after multiple IV dosing of 0.5 mg/kg of eltenac. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1447–1450)
Pharmacokinetics of thiamphenicol in dogs
Authors: Castells Glòria , Intorre Luigi , Franquelo Carme , Cristòfol Carles , Pérez Belén , Martí Gabriel , Arboix Margarita 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine pharmacokinetic parameters of thiamphenicol (TAP) after IV and IM administration in dogs.

Animals
6 healthy 2- to 3-year-old male Beagles.

Procedure
In a crossover design study, 3 dogs were given TAP IV, and 3 dogs were given TAP IM, each at a dosage of 40 mg/kg of body weight. Three weeks later, the same dogs were given a second dose by the opposite route. At preestablished times after TAP administration, blood samples were collected through a catheter placed in the cephalic vein, and TAP concentration was determined by use of a high-performance liquid chromatography.

Results
Kinetics of TAP administered IV were fitted by a biexponential equation with a rapid first disposition phase followed by a slower disposition phase. Elimination half-life was short (1.7 ± 0.3 hours), volume of distribution at steady state was 0.66 ± 0.05 L/kg, and plasma clearance was 5.3 ± 0.7 ml/min/kg. After IM administration, absorption was rapid. Peak plasma concentration (25.1 ± 10.3 μg/ml) was reached about 45 minutes after drug administration. The apparent elimination half-life after IM administration (5.6 ± 4.6 hours) was longer than that after IV administration probably because of the slow absorption rate from the muscle. Mean bioavailability after IM administration was 96 ± 7%.

Conclusion
The pharmacokinetic profile of TAP in dogs suggests that it may be therapeutically useful against susceptible microorganisms involved in the most common infections in dogs, such as tracheobronchitis, enterocolitis, mastitis, and urinary tract infections. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1473–1475)
Effects of interleukins on secretion of luteinizing hormone from ovine pituitary cells
Authors: Braden T. D. , Fry C. , Sartin J. L. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether cytokines of homologous species might mediate the stimulatory effects of endotoxin on release of luteinizing hormone (LH) from pituitary cells.

Sample Population
Cells from pituitary glands collected from 8- to 14-month-old wethers.

Procedure
Cells from the anterior pituitary gland were cultured in the presence of recombinant ovine or bovine cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1α, IL-1β, and IL-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Luteinizing hormone that was released into the medium was measured. Cells were also cultured with modulators of signal transduction pathways to evaluate the second messenger system used by IL-1α and IL-1β.

Results
Similar to effects of endotoxin, IL-1α and IL-1β stimulated release of LH. Interleukin 2, TNF, and IFN-γ did not have a detectable effect on release of LH. Stimulation of LH release by IL-1αand IL-1β required activation of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels and appeared to involve protein kinase C.

Conclusions
IL-1αand IL-1β may mediate the direct stimulatory effect of endotoxin on release of LH in vitro. Interleukin 2, TNF, and IFN-γ do not have a direct effect on release of LH; therefore, they do not mediate this effect of endotoxin.

Clinical Relevance
Stressors, including infection, are often associated with reduced fertility. Infection resulting in endotoxin release, production of interleukins, or both, can lead to direct stimulation of LH release from the pituitary gland. Inopportune release of LH via cytokines may interfere with normal pulsatile release of LH, thereby suppressing gonadal function. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:1488–1493)
Chromogenic assays for equine coagulation factors VII, VIII:C, IX, and X, and C1-esterase inhibitor
Authors: Topper Michael J. , Prasse Keith W. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To adapt manual human chromogenic assays for coagulation factors VII (F.VII), VIII:coagulant (F.VIII:C), IX (F.IX), and X (F.X), and C1-esterase inhibitor (C1-INH) for use with an automated analyzer, and to measure the activity of these proteins in horses.

Animals
10 healthy horses were used to determine ranges for the assays. Pooled plasma for standards was collected from an additional 20 healthy horses.

Procedure
A computer-assisted analyzer was programmed from the manual method for commercially available human F.VII, F.VIII:C, F.IX, F.X, and C1-INH chromogenic assay kits. Standards were prepared from pooled citrated equine plasma for the F.VII, F.VIII:C, and F.X assays, and from commercial pooled citrated human plasma for F.IX and C1-INH assays.

Results
Mean ± SD activities in citrated equine plasma from 10 horses were 226 ± 19% for F.VII; 209 ± 31% for F.VIII:C; 149 ± 38% for F.IX; 88 ± 12% for F.X; and 18.4 ± 8.4% for C1-INH. Intra-assay coefficients of variation (CV) were 5.3% for F.VII; 2.1% for F.VIII:C; and 3.0% for C1-INH. Interassay CV were 5.7% for F.VII; 7.4% for F.VIII:C; 3.8% for F.IX; 14.4% for F.X; and 22.0% for C1-INH.

Conclusions
Human chromogenic assay kits can be automated and used to measure F.VII, F.VIII:C, F.IX, F.X, and C1-INH activities in citrated equine plasma.

Clinical Relevance
Human chromogenic assays can be routinely used to measure F.VII, F.VIII:C, F.IX, F.X, and C1-INH in horses, and may be useful in evaluation of horses with disorders of hemostasis. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:538–541)
Cardiopulmonary effects of propofol and a medetomidine-midazolam-ketamine combination in mallard ducks
Authors: Machin Karen L. , Caulkett Nigel A. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objective
To compare safety of propofol with a medetomidine-midazolam-ketamine (MMK) combination as an anesthetic agent in mallard ducks.

Animals
12 healthy adult female mallard ducks.

Procedure
Each duck was anesthetized twice in a crossover study design with 5 days between randomized treatments. Ducks were given medetomidine (50 μg), midazolam (2 mg), and ketamine (10 mg) in combination, IV, or propofol (10 mg, IV, followed by 1- to 4-mg boluses). Systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures, heart and respiratory rates, and esophageal temperature were recorded before anesthesia and every 5 minutes after induction for 30 minutes, and at 5 minutes after reversal with atipamezole (250 μg) and flumazenil (25 μg; MMK group) or last bolus (propofol group). Arterial blood samples from 8 ducks were collected before anesthesia, 5, 10, 15, 30 minutes after induction, and after reversal or last bolus.

Results
8 ducks survived the MMK anesthesia; 1 duck died and 3 ducks required resuscitation to prevent death. All ducks survived propofol anesthesia. Ducks anesthetized with either anesthetic agent had a significant increase in arterial carbon dioxide tension and decrease in arterial oxygen tension, arterial pH, and esophageal temperature. Ducks given MMK had a decrease in mean arterial pressure and respiratory rate, whereas ducks given propofol had an increase in respiratory rate. Rapid reversal of the effects of MMK was achieved with atipamezole and flumazenil. All physiologic variables, except esophageal temperature in the propofol group, returned to approximate baseline values after reversal or last bolus.

Conclusions
The MMK combination is unsafe for use in ducks. Ducks can be anesthetized safely with propofol but should be monitored and ventilated artificially. (Am J Vet Res 1998;59:598–602)
Culture and characterization of equine terminal arch endothelial cells and hoof keratinocytes
Authors: Wunn Denise , Wardrop K. Jane , Meyers Kenneth , Kramer John , Ragle Claude 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To develop methods to isolate, culture, and characterize equine hoof endothelial cells (EC) and keratinocytes.

Sample Population
Cells harvested from the forelimbs of 8 horses.

Procedure
EC were obtained via catheters placed in the palmar digital arteries of the disarticulated lower portion of the forelimbs from 4 horses that had been heparinized prior to euthanasia. Phosphate-buffered saline solution was used to remove and discard RBC from blood vessels, and collagenase was used to loosen and flush EC from the vasculature. Hoof keratinocytes were obtained from 4 recently euthanatized horses by use of dispase/trypsin dissociation of the coronary band epidermis. Use of an extracellular matrix gel as a culture flask attachment factor was important to the success of hoof keratinocyte cultures.

Results
EC from the palmar digital arteries were successfully cultured and characterized by in vitro morphology, uptake of a fluorescence-labeled acetylated-low density lipoprotein, and lack of expression of von Willebrand factor and smooth muscle actin. Hoof keratinocytes were characterized by morphology in culture and expression of keratin proteins, as determined by immunochemical reaction. Keratinocyte cultures were also positive for vimentin expression.

Conclusions
Culture techniques to isolate and characterize hoof cells should aid investigators in their study of equine hoof pathobiologic features, especially as it relates to laminitis. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:128–132)