bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2’ -O-Methyloligoribonucleotides Synthesis And Applications
Authors: Sproat B S , Lamond A I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This enzyme specifically cleaves RNA in RNA-DNA heteroduplexes (8). In addition, 2'-O-methyloligoribonucleotides are chemically more stable than either oligodeoxyribonucleotides or oligoribonucleotides and moreover are totally resistant to degradation by either RNA- or DNA-specific nucleases (7).
Site-Specific Attachment Of Labels To The DNA Backbone
Authors: Conway Nancy E , Fidanza Jacqueline A , O’donnell Maryanne J , Narekian Nicole D , Ozaki Hiroaki , Mclaughlin Larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sequence-specific attachment of reporter groups, drug derivatives, or chemically reactive species to DNA sequences has the potential to provide new materials for detailed spectroscopic and biophysical studies as well as a host of new DNA therapeutics and diagnostics. The covalent binding of a variety of such agents at specific locations within the nucleic acid sequence can be achieved by a number of procedures depending on whether the nucleobase, carbohydrate, or phosphate residue is employed as the site of attachment. These procedures often exploit the availability of specific functional groups (such as terminal phosphomonoesters, see Chapter 8) or the reactivity of selected sites on the purine or pyrimidine building blocks (such as the CS position of pyrimidines, see Chapter 11) in order to attach an appropriate linker or the active agent directly. While the manner in which the nucleic acid is labelled may be dictated by the specific study involved, in general the principles of simplicity and versatility arc best employed to guide the choice of labelling procedure.
Oligodeoxynucleotides For Affinity Chromatography
Authors: Blanks Robert , Mclaughlin Larry W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A number of proteins such as polymerases, repressor proteins, transcription factors, and restriction and modification enzymes, bind to their recognition or initiation sites with relatively low dissociation constants (10-10 M) and exhibit a high degree of nucleic acid sequence specificity. Specific binding between a protein and a small molecule is commonly used for the affinity purification of proteins. In these procedures, the specific ligand or substrate analogue is covalently attached to an insoluble chromatographic matrix in such a manner as to facilitate interaction of the ligand with the protein. After introduction of the protein mixture to the matrix, only those proteins which bind effectively to the attached ligand arc retained, and thus separated from the mixture introduced to the matrix.
Oligonucleotides Attached To Intercalators, Photoreactive And Cleavage Agents
Authors: Thuong N T , Asseline U 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the past few years there has been a growing interest in the use of modified oligonucleotides as research tools in molecular biology and as specific inhibitors of gene expression. The potential therapeutic application of oligonucleotides as artificial gene control agents depends on the specificity of their binding to the target nucleic sequence under physiological conditions, their resistance to nuclease, and their uptake by intact cells. The calculation based on the statistical distribution of the nucleic bases showed that short oligonucleotides (11-15 nucleotides in length) could be used to recognize specifically a single target in the mRNA population of the human cell (1).
Analysis of barley and malt parameters by partial least squares loadings plots
Authors: Lebouille J L M , Drost W C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To predict the quality of brewing barley, many parameters are determined. Most of the parameters are empirical, and a molecular basis is often lacking. By using the combination of near-infrared (NIR) analysis and the spectral loadings of partial least squares regression, the “spectrum” of a parameter can be visualized. By comparing these loadings spectra with those of pure and mixed constituents, one can predict the relative involvement of each constituent. This opens the possibility to use the data of NIR calibrations of complex brewing parameters for analytical purposes.
Transformation of brewing yeast: use of a vector conferring resistance to cycloheximide
Authors: Delgado M , Pavón M C , Esteban M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A new cloning vector YEpCR20 carrying a dominant resistance to cycloheximide has been constructed. Because brewing yeasts are very sensitive to cycloheximide selection of transformants is unambiguous. YEpCR20 has been transferred from a karl laboratory strain to an industrial brewing yeast. Transformants show the same fermentation behaviour and electrokaryotype than the brewing parental.
Authors: Goossens E , Debourg A , Villanueba K D , Masschelein C A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to circumvent this problem, an integrative plasmid was constructed and used to transform haploid and brewing yeast. Brewing performance in 2L EBC-fermentors, flavour profile, effect on vicinal diketone production and isomeroreductase activity of these transformants were determined. ILV5 m-RNA levels from control yeast and transformants obtained with multi-copy and integrative plasmids were also compared.
Application of the gas-lift principle to the improvement of deep cooling efficiency in one tank operation
Authors: Lemer C , Taeymans D , Masschelein C A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pilot trials were carried out in two-hectoliter cylindro-conical vessels. Mixing and cooling efficiency being closely related, we investigated the effect of the power generated by CO2 bubbles on the recirculation distribution-time of a tracer. Results obtained showed total mixing as well as a significant reduction of the time required for deep cooling.
The development of brewing processes: The impact of European biotechnology regulations
Authors: Hammond J R M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, it has been demonstrated at the research level that new biotechnological techniques could be usefully applied within the brewery industry. The ability to transfer genes fro other organisms into brewing yeasts using genetic modification methods has provided a significant advance over the use of conventional techniques. Similar approaches for the development of brewing raw materials are under investigation. However, the implementation of these advances may be jeopardised by the stringency and inappropriateness of E.C. legislation for regulation of genetic modification and by the different approaches being adopted by product-based and environment-based regulatory authorities. The implications for the brewing industry are discussed.
Effect of dextrins composition on flavour characteristics
Authors: Louant G , Dufour J -P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The natural dextrins content of beer or their extra addition (as adjunct) appears as an interesting approach to improve the flavour profile of low or non-alcoholic beer. Data are presented which indicated that the effect of dextrins on higher alcohols and esters depend on the polymerisation degree of the dextrins and the characteristics of the aroma compound. In this respect, the quantitative and physico-chemical analysis of the dextrins appears as a perequisite for a rational use of these interactions. Two chromatographic techniques using the pulsed amperometric detector or viscometric/light scattering/refractive index detectors have been tested. The two techniques give complementary informations.
Immunological detection of Fusarium in barley and malt
Authors: Vaag P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
High levels of fungal infection of barley are incompatible with high quality malt and beer. In particular Fusarium infection is known to be involved in eliciting gushing in beer, although the actual causative component remains unknown. Antibodies raised to Fusarium have been used to establish immunological procedures (ELISA’s) for determination of Fusarium levels in either single seeds or larger samples.
Gellan gum: effect of composition on gel properties
Authors: K.Baird J , A.Talashek T , Chang H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gellan gum is the extracellular hetero polysaccharide produced by Pseudomonas elodea. The primary structure comprises a tetra saccharide repeat with glyceryl and acetyl substituents. X-ray diffraction analysis indicates that the molecule forms a parallel halfstaggered double helix in which each polysaccharide chain is a left handed 3-fold helix. The native product forms elastic gels whereas the completely deacylated product forms brittle gels. The alkali treatment conditions used during recovery determine both the composition and rheological properties of gellan gum. The controlling influence of the glycerate substituent on gel properties is consistent with the proposed secondary structure. The potential to vary the gel properties, in a systematic and controlled manner, should lead to enhanced functionality and wider application in food and industrial applications.
Methods in solid tumour cytogenetics
Authors: Mandahl N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is now firmly established that the acquired chromosome abnormalities of neoplastic cells are non-randomly distributed throughout the genome and that certain aberrations are associated with specific histologic tumour types (1, 2). In Human Gene Mapping 10.5 (3) no less than 179 non-random structural chromosome changes, identified in 51 different types of neoplastic disorders, have been listed. The number of neoplasms with cytogenetic aberrations investigated by chromosome banding techniques amounted, by September 1990, to 14141 cases (4). The majority of these, 68%, were leukaemias, 11% were lymphomas, and 21% were solid tumours. The reasons why so relatively few solid tumours have been investigated are the technical problems encountered. Good methods for cytogenetic analysis of solid tumours have only become available since the mid-1980s. As a consequence, from 1983 to 1990 the number of reported solid tumours has increased from about 500 to 3000 (4).
Purification and assay of mammalian protein (serine/ threonine) kinases
Authors: Wang Yuhuan , Roach peter J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phosphorylation of proteins at serine and threonine residues is one of the most frequent forms of post-translational modification leading to changes in biological function. The first protein (serine/threonine) kinase, phosphorylase kinase, was discovered in the study of the regulation of glycogen metabolism in the 1950s. Since then, well over a hundred protein (serine/threonine) kinases have been identified and many have been purified and characterized—it is likely that the number of protein (serine/threonine) kinases will escalate with time. Protein kinases and protein phosphorylation essentially pervade every area of cellular regulation so that the biochemical characterization of new protein kinases will continue to be an important aspect of research on signal transduction.
Characterization of protein (tyrosine) phosphatases
Authors: Tonks Nicholas K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is now well established that the phosphorylation of tyrosyl residues in proteins is an essential feature of many cellular processes, including the control of both normal and neoplastic cell growth (1). Initial studies of protein (tyrosine) phosphorylation highlighted the fact that this is a reversible process. Thus, in cells infected by temperature-sensitive mutants of Rous sarcoma virus, transformation occurs at the permissive temperature and is accompanied by elevated levels of phosphotyrosine (2). However, if the transformed cells are shifted to the non-permissive temperature, a rapid decline in the level of phosphotyrosine is detected, resulting from the action of protein (tyrosine) phosphatases (PTPases). While a plethora of protein (tyrosine) kinases (PTKs) have been identified, it is striking that phosphotyrosine accounts for less than 0.1% of the total protein bound phosphate in the cell (1). A component of this strict negative control of the PTKs is the family of PTPases (3). One should not lose sight of the fact that the net level of phosphotyrosine observed in a target substrate in vivoreflects the balance between the competing action of PTKs and PTPases. Thus a complete understanding of the physiological role of tyrosine phosphorylation and its potential as a mechanism for the reversible modulation of enzyme activity must necessarily encompass the characterization of the PTPases.
Retrograde tracers for light and electron microscopy
Authors: Llewellyn-Smith Ida J , Pilowsky Paul , Minson Jane B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Retrograde neuronal tract tracing is used to establish where neurones send their axons, and is based on the ability of axons to take up substances from the extracellular fluid and transport them back to cell bodies. Retrograde tracing was introduced to the field of neuroanatomy just over twenty years ago (1, 2). Since then, retrograde tracers have become invaluable tools for the study of nerve pathways in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Initially, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was the only retrograde tracer available to neuroanatomists. However, in the late 1970s and in the 1980s, a number of new tracers were developed, including fluorescent molecules and fluorescent latex microspheres, HRP conjugated to lectins or toxins, gold labelled tracers, cholera toxin B subunit (which is detected immunocyto chemically), and most recently, viruses. These developments have lead to an explosion in the number of retrograde tracing studies, since there is now a retrograde tracer suitable for virtually any kind of study that the neuroanatomist can imagine. This chapter deals with non-viral retrograde tracers that can be used for both light and electron microscopic studies on neuronal connectivity, i.e. HRP-based tracers, colloidal gold-labelled tracers, and un conjugated cholera toxin B subunit.
Preparation and Analysis of Intercellular Fluid
Authors: Hammond-Kosack Kime E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The apoplast represents a key domain within the plant. It is a continuum with both the external environment and the plant cell, and, therefore, its contents can potentially be modified by both internal and external stimuli. The molecular events occurring peripheral to the plasma membrane are of immense importance to studies of plant-pathogen interactions, cell-to-cell interactions and to cell wall metabolism. This section describes a rapid, simple, and effective method to selectively analyse the apoplastic domain. The technique involves the recovery of intercellular fluids (IF). Such fluids, which are retrievable from all plant tissues, contains both free and ionically-bound polysaccharides, glycoconjugates, proteins, and enzymes from the cell wall, the surface of the plasma membrane and the external aqueous layers.
Biochemical Analysis of Chitinases and β -1,3-Glucanases
Authors: Boller Thomas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plant hydrolytic enzymes play an important role in host-pathogen interactions (1). Chitinase and 13-1,3-glucanase are of particular interest for three reasons: The activities of both enzymes increase markedly in many plant tissues in response to pathogen invasion, to treatment with fungal cell wall components (so-called elicitors), or to the presence of the plant stress hormone, ethylene indicating a possible role in the plant stress response to a given pathogen (1, 2). Both enzymes strongly inhibit the growth of many fungi in culture, indicating that they may have a direct antibiotic function in plant-fungus interactions (3-5).
Isoflavonoid Phytoalexins and their Biosynthetic Enzymes
Authors: Edwards Robert , Kessmann Helmut 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Phytoalexins are low molecular weight antimicrobial compounds which accumulate in plant tissues after exposure to micro-organisms. In the case of isoflavonoid phytoalexins , the rates of synthesis and accumulation of these compounds in leguminous plants can be correlated with the resistance of the host to the pathogen (for recent reviews see references 1-3). The biosynthesis of isoflavonoid phytoalexins (for example medicarpin) proceeds via a multistep pathway which begins with phenylalanine (Figure J). The pathway may also be extended to produce more complex isoflavonoid phytoalexins, such as the prenylated pterocarpans phaseollin and the glyceollins. In this review we will use the biosynthetic route to medicarpin to illustrate the methods used to analyse isoflavonoids and to measure the activities of the enzymes involved in their synthesis. The exact methods of treatment for induction of phytoalexins will depend on the biological system used. Whole plant tissues may be elicited with suspensions of fungi (spores or mycelia) or bacteria either by surface application or by infiltration. Alternatively, abiotic elicitors such as heavy metal salts, may be used at a final concentration of 10-2- 10-3 M. However, biotic elicitors derived from micro-organisms or plants (see Chapter 8) are frequently the inducing agents of choice. When treating suspension-cultured plant cells the sterilized elicitor is added in aqueous solution with sterile water serving as a control treatment. In the case of crude elicitor preparations from fungal cell walls elicitation may be optimized in the range 10-100 mg glucose equivalents per litre of cell culture medium. Elicitor active fractions may be most conveniently obtained from yeast (4).
Retroviral vectors
Authors: Stoker Andrew W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Retroviruses can transfer genetic material efficiently into vertebrate cells, and incorporate it stably into the cellular genome. Many differentiated and undifferentiated cell types of rodents, birds, and primates can be infected, and high viral expression levels can be achieved. Furthermore, retroviral gene transfer is effective in vivo from early embryonic stages onwards, as well as in cultured cells. Given this versatility, retroviruses are excellent tools for gene transfer in experimental animal systems, and are potential vehicles for gene therapy in humans. Engineered derivatives of naturally-occurring retroviruses, the retroviral vectors, are being used increasingly, and with great success, for the transfer and expression of foreign genes (1-3). This chapter describes the structures of retroviral vectors, their varied applications, and methods for their construction and use.
Expression of genes by vaccinia virus vectors
Authors: Smith Geoffrey L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jenner introduced the use of cowpox virus as a vaccine against smallpox in 1798, and, as he predicted, this practice led to the eradication of smallpox (in 1977), although in the modern era it was vaccinia, not cowpox, virus which was used as the smallpox vaccine. Today, variola (smallpox) virus is confined to two high-security laboratories in Moscow and Atlanta, and the World Health Organization plans to destroy these last stocks in 1993 after the genomes of representative strains have been sequenced. Cowpox and vaccinia viruses have clearly played important roles in the history of human medicine, since they represent the first human vaccine and the only vaccine whose use has resulted in the eradication of a human disease. Surprisingly, interest in poxviruses in general, and vaccinia virus in particular, increased substantially after the disappearance of smallpox. This interest stemmed, in a large part, from the development of vaccinia virus as an expression vector and from the potential use of vaccinia virus recombinants as live vaccines against pathogens other than variola virus. In this chapter, concepts and protocols central to the use of vaccinia virus as an expression vector are described. Readers should refer to another chapter in this series (1), which provides an earlier account of this topic and contains several protocols which remain essentially unaltered, and to another recent review on the construction and applications of vaccinia virus recombinants (2).
Cellular methods
Authors: Reinsmoen Nancy L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) is perhaps the most widely used of cellular assays, and represents a functional assay of cellular response to stimulatory determinants associated predominantly with HLA class II molecules including HLA-DR, and -DQ, and to a lesser extent HLA-DP molecules. The first descriptions of this assay as a measurement of cellular immunity (1, 2), together with the development of a one-way method of stimulation, allowed the correlation of proliferative responses between siblings and the conclusion that a single genetic locus or region, now known as HLA, controlled the MLC reactivity. The recognition of disparate HLA class II molecules and the resulting T cell activation as measured in MLC are thought to represent an in vitro model of the afferent arm of the in vivo allograft reaction.
Use of antibodies to visualize neurotransmitter receptor subtypes
Authors: Levey Allan I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Methods for visualization and quantification of receptors have provided information that is fundamental for understanding the roles of neurotransmission and specific receptors in development, synaptic plasticity, learning, memory, control of movement, and a variety of other neural processes. Receptor autoradiography is one of the most widely used methods for this purpose because it is a relatively easy and sensitive technique. However, this technique is limited by the specificity of available radioligands and by its relatively poor spatial resolution. These factors have become more problematic in the past several years as a result of the molecular cloning of large gene families of neurotransmitter receptors.
Molecular cloning of glycosyltransferase genes
Authors: Schachter Harry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oligosaccharides differ from proteins and nucleic acids, the other two classes of large biological polymers, in two important characteristics-they are usually highly branched molecules and their monomeric units are connected to one another by many different linkage types. Proteins and nucleic acids are linear and there is only a single type of linkage between the monomers of these molecules (amide bonds for proteins and 3'-5'-phosphodiester bonds for nucleic acids). Although all three classes of macromolecule share an almost infinite capacity for information storage, branching and multiple linkage types bestow on oligosaccharides an ability to store more information per unit of molecular size-more information 'bang' for the molecular weight 'buck'. Perhaps it is not surprising that a major site for information exchange mediated by oligosaccharides is at membrane surfaces, for example interactions between cells and their fluid or cellular environments. The cell surface and its environment are busy places and the spatial efficiency of oligosaccharides may make them uniquely suitable for these interactions.
The Protein Folding Probletn
Authors: Creighton Thomas E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To be biologically active, proteins must adopt specific folded three-dimensional, tertiary structures. Yet the genetic information for the protein specifies only the primary structure, the linear sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide backbone. Many purified proteins can spontaneously refold in vitro after being completely unfolded, so the three-dimensional structure must be determined by the primary structure (1). How this occurs has come to be known as 'the protein folding problem'. It had been primarily of academic interest, but the advent of protein engineering and the ability to produce any protein, often in an insoluble, unfolded, inactive, and useless form, has made it also of great practical importance (Chapter 9).