bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multivariate Analysis of Incomplete Mapped Data
Authors: Dray Stéphane , Pettorelli Nathalie , Chessel Daniel 
Published: January 2004

AbstractClassical multivariate analyses are based on matrix algebra and enable the analysis of a table containing measurements of a set of variables for a set of sites. Incomplete mapped data consist of measurements of a set of variables recorded for the same geographical region but for different zonal systems and with only a partial sampling of this zone. This kind of data cannot be analysed with usual multivariate methods because there is no common system of sites for all variables. We propose a new approach using GIS technology and NIPALS, an iterative multivariate method, to analyse the spatial patterns of this kind of data. Moreover, an extension of our method is that it can be used for areal interpolation purposes. We illustrate the method in analysing data concerning the distribution of roe deer weights over several years in a reserve.
The WTO, the Environment and Health and Safety Standards
Authors: Kelly Trish 
Published: January 2004

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is a product of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The WTO was created in the last round of negotiations (Uruguay Round, 1986‐94) to provide a stronger set of institutions to administer the various agreements negotiated under the GATT framework. Because the WTO is more powerful than its predecessors, critics claim that it poses a threat to national sovereignty. Concerns about the ability of nations to set their own environmental and health and safety agendas have figured prominently in these critiques. In addition, critics suggest that the WTO prioritises trade objectives at the expense of environmental and health and safety objectives.The article explores the extent to which the WTO has been able to reconcile trade, environmental and health and safety objectives by analysing its rulings on these matters. Overall, this analysis suggests that the WTO dispute resolution process has balanced all three sets of objectives. However, it is important to note the small number of disputes to date; only 21of the 175 disputes before the WTO involve environmental and health and safety matters. Further, the WTO has issued decisions in only six of these cases.
A Comparison of Student Persistence and Performance in Online and Classroom Business Statistics Experiences
Authors: McLaren Constance H. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTAs universities extend their distance education offerings to reach more time‐ and place‐bound students, the degree to which online students are successful, as compared to their classroom counterparts, is of interest to accreditation review boards and others charged with assessment. Teaching faculty use information about the effectiveness of their instruction to evaluate and improve the learning experience. By comparing persistence and performance measures from the author's five semesters of online and traditional sections of a required undergraduate business statistics course, this paper provides evidence that while there are significant differences in persistence between the two cases, accomplishment of the learning objectives, as measured by the final grade in the course for those students who persist, is independent of the mode of instruction.
Are Imports and Exports Cointegrated? An International Comparison
Authors: Irandoust Manuchehr , Ericsson Johan 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTIn this paper we use the Johansen and Juselius cointegration technique to examine the long‐run convergence between imports and exports for a number of industrialized countries. The results indicate that there exists a long‐run steady‐state relationship between imports and exports for most countries in the sample. The policy implications of our findings are that the countries are not in violation of their international budget constraints and, more importantly, there is no productivity gap between the domestic economy and the rest of the world, implying a lack of permanent technological shocks to the domestic economy.
The Labour Theory of Value as Foundation for Empirical Investigations
Authors: Mohun Simon 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTThis paper outlines some recent approaches to the construction of an accounting structure which relates observable prices to Marxian labour values. The first is that proposed (independently of each other) by Duménil and Foley (DF); the second in some sense is a generalization which focuses on gross value produced rather than net value added; and a third imposes some temporal structure upon the second approach. The second two approaches are based on different definitions of labour value from that in the DF approach, and in the paper it is argued that the DF approach is both more theoretically coherent and more practically useful.
Influenza Virus: Immunity and Vaccination Strategies. Comparison of the Immune Response to Inactivated and Live, Attenuated Influenza Vaccines
Authors: Cox R. J. , Brokstad K. A. , Ogra P. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractInfluenza virus is a globally important respiratory pathogen which causes a high degree of morbidity and mortality annually. The virus is continuously undergoing antigenic change and thus bypasses the host's acquired immunity to influenza. Despite the improvement in antiviral therapy during the last decade, vaccination is still the most effective method of prophylaxis. Vaccination induces a good degree of protection (60–90% efficacy) and is well tolerated by the recipient. For those at risk of complications from influenza, annual vaccination is recommended due to the antigenic changes in circulating strains. However, there is still room for improvement in vaccine efficacy, long‐lasting effect, ease of administration and compliance rates. The mucosal tissues of the respiratory tract are the main portal entry of influenza, and the mucosal immune system provides the first line of defence against infection. Secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) and IgM are the major neutralizing antibodies directed against mucosal pathogens. These antibodies work to prevent pathogen entry and can function intracellularly to inhibit replication of virus. This review describes influenza virus infection, epidemiology, clinical presentation and immune system response, particularly as it pertains to mucosal immunity and vaccine use. Specifically, this review provides an update of the current status on influenza vaccination and concentrates on the two main types of influenza vaccines currently in use, namely the cold‐adapted vaccine (CAV) given intranasally/orally, and the inactivated vaccine (IV) delivered subcutanously or intramuscularly. The commercially available trivalent IV (TIV) elicits good serum antibody responses but induces poorly mucosal IgA antibody and cell‐mediated immunity. In contrast, the CAV may elicit a long‐lasting, broader immune (humoral and cellular) response, which more closely resembles natural immunity. The immune response induced by these two vaccines will be compared in this review.
2  TESTING LIMA GRAFT PERMEABILITY BY TRANSTHORACIC ECHO‐DOPPLER.
Authors: Madariaga I. , Ansa I. , Ancin R. , De La Fuente A. , Sánchez R. , Fernández J.L. , Moriones I. 
Published: January 2004

Purpose: Postoperative measurement of graft permeability by angiography is invasive. The aim of this study is to evaluate the utility of transthoracic echo‐Doppler (TTE) in measuring LIMA graft permeability. Methods: We studied 89 consecutive patients (average age 65 years, range 37–79 years) who were revascularized with a LIMA. Graft permeability was evaluated by both color‐ and pulsed‐Doppler TTE. We measured the following parameters: systolic velocity peak (SVP), diastolic velocity peak (DVP), average velocity, pulsatility index (PI), resistivity index (RI). Of the 89 patients, 60 also underwent angiography. We considered stenosis to be severe if greater than 70% as indicated by angiography. Results: We were able to obtain TTE data for 85 patients (95.5%) and of these 57 had angiography as well. Doppler registers were biphasic, with both systolic and diastolic components. In patients with grafts functioning normally, registers were predominantly diastolic. When the graft was dysfunctional registers were predominantly systolic (similar to the register of the mammary artery in its anatomic position). Patients with dysfunctional grafts had higher SVP (p < 0.01), higher DVP (p < 0.05), and higher PI (p < 0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of TTE in the detection of severe graft dysfunction were 86% and 100%, respectively. The positive prediction value was 100%. Conclusions: TTE has high sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value in determination of LIMA graft permeability. Being noninvasive, TTE is ideal for the follow‐up of patients with LIMA grafts.
Disruption of self‐organized actions in monkeys with progressive MPTP‐induced parkinsonism: II. Effects of reward preference
Authors: Pessiglione Mathias , Guehl Dominique , Jan Caroline , François Chantal , Hirsch Etienne C. , Féger Jean , Tremblay Léon 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe motor and cognitive symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) are well documented, but little is known about the functionality of motivational processes mediated by the limbic circuits of basal ganglia. The aim of this study was to test the ability of motivational processes to direct and to urge behaviour, in four vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) progressively intoxicated with systemic 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) injections (0.3–0.4 mg/kg every 4–7 days). In the food preference task, the monkeys had to retrieve two types of directly visible food, simultaneously available in the wells of a reward board. At all stages of MPTP‐induced parkinsonism, the monkeys continued to take their favourite food first. In the symbol discrimination task, the wells were covered with sliding plaques cued by symbols indicating the absence or presence of a reward, and the different types of food were blocked in separate sessions. Monkeys with mild or moderate parkinsonism made fewer attempts and took longer to retrieve non‐preferred compared with preferred rewards. These results indicate that motivational processes are still able to direct (food preference task) and to urge (symbol discrimination task) behaviour in MPTP‐lesioned monkeys. Such a functional preservation may be related to the relatively spared dopaminergic innervation of the limbic circuits that we found in our monkeys, in agreement with the literature on humans. Furthermore, the frequency of executive disorders (such as hesitations and freezing) appeared to be much lower with the preferred rewards. Thus, the preserved motivational processes may help to overcome executive dysfunction in the early stages of human PD.
Selective deficits in appetitive conditioning as a consequence of ethanol withdrawal
Authors: Ripley T. L. , Borlikova G. , Lyons S. , Stephens D. N. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe acquisition of a conditioned response to a cue associated with a fearful event has been shown to be impaired in animals that had been repeatedly withdrawn from ethanol, but not in animals with the same chronic ethanol treatment but only a single withdrawal episode [D. N. Stephens et al. (2001) Eur. J. Neurosci., 14, 2023–2031]. Lesion studies have shown that the amygdala plays a vital role in this type of conditioning process. Here we investigate aspects of conditioning for appetitive reinforcers in operant tasks, also shown to rely on amygdala processing, in rats following repeated withdrawal from ethanol. Rats were chronically treated with either an ethanol‐containing liquid diet for 24 days continuously (single withdrawal) or interspersed with 2 × 3‐day withdrawal periods (repeated withdrawal), or with a control diet (control). Two weeks after the final withdrawal, operant training began. In tasks that are impaired by lesions of the basolateral amygdala, conditioned reinforcement and reinforcer devaluation, there was no effect of chronic ethanol treatment or withdrawal on acquisition or performance. However, in a task that is dependent upon functioning of the central nucleus of the amygdala, Pavlovian‐to‐instrumental transfer, the single and repeated withdrawal groups were significantly impaired. Therefore, chronic ethanol treatment and withdrawal resulted in deficits in behavioural tasks that are sensitive to central but not to basolateral amygdala lesions, and may reflect different sensitivities of these areas to ethanol.
2003 Spring Scientific Meeting of the British Endodontic Society
Authors: Tomson P. L. M. , Lea S. C. , Lumley P. J. , Walmsley A. D. 
Published: January 2004

Aim  To evaluate the variability in power output between Piezon‐Master 400 generators (EMS) with different Analytic handpieces (Analytic). The displacement amplitude of an unloaded KiS 2D (Obtura Spartan) root end preparation tip was measured using a Scanning Laser Vibrometer (SLV; Polytec) over a range of generator power settings.Methodology  Four Piezon‐Master 400 ultrasound generators were each used in conjunction with four analytic handpieces. A graduated scale was positioned over the power dial of each of the ultrasound generators to enable incremental power settings to be selected (six settings were used between the minimum and the 9 o'clock position). The handpiece with a KiS 2D tip was fixed in position so that the anterior surface of the tip was vertical and perpendicular to the scanner head of an SLV. Previous investigation showed that the maximum displacement amplitude of the oscillating tip occurred at the unconstrained end. The laser from the SLV was therefore scanned over this point to assess the maximum displacement amplitude. Scans were repeated 10 times for each power setting. The whole process was then repeated for all generator/handpiece combinations. Throughout the investigation, irrigation was used at a constant flow rate of 20 mL min−1.Results  Linear trend lines fitted to all tip data showed that none of the generator/handpiece combinations produced a linear increase in tip displacement amplitude with increasing power setting. A univariate analysis of variance (general linear model) showed that generator, handpiece and power were all significant variables (P < 0.0001). Multiple post hoc comparisons (Tukey's test) at a significance level of P < 0.05 (dependent variable being displacement amplitude) showed that all generators were significantly different from each other (P < 0.0001), except generators 1 and 3 that showed no significant differences (P > 0.66). No significant differences were found between handpieces 1 and 4 (P > 0.98) and handpieces 2 and 3 (P > 0.82). All other handpieces were significantly different from each other (P < 0.0001).Conclusions  This study demonstrated that, for all Piezon‐Master 400 generators and handpieces tested, there was no linear increase in tip displacement amplitude with increasing generator power setting. It was also shown that there is considerable variability in power output between commercially available Piezon‐Master 400 ultrasound generators and different analytic handpieces. Users should be aware of this variability, which may influence clinical practice. Further investigation using tips under load is required.
Nonsurgically retreated root filled teeth – radiographic findings after 20–27 years
Authors: Fristad I. , Molven O. , Halse A. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractAim  To identify periapical changes in nonsurgically retreated root filled teeth 20–27 years after root canal treatment.Methodology  From an original material of 429 roots, retreated by undergraduate students in a teaching clinic, 112 roots in 70 individuals could be evaluated radiographically 20–27 years after treatment. The same roots had been studied 10–17 years earlier. The periapical condition was registered and compared by three observers in two series of intraoral radiographs taken 10–17 and 20–27 years after treatment. A retrospective analysis was performed to gain information about probable endodontic and nonendodontic reasons for extractions of lost roots, by evaluating their periapical status immediately after retreatment and at the 10–17‐year follow‐up.Results  Favourable outcomes were observed in 11 roots that had radiolucencies at the 10–17‐year follow‐up. Eight of these roots had periapical pathosis preoperatively, five of them filled with surplus root filling material. The percentage of cases recorded as normal condition at the final follow‐up was 95.5%, including five cases initially recorded with increased width of the apical periodontal space. Delayed healing as a result of surplus root filling material explained most of the cases with favourable outcome assessed many years after treatment. Twenty‐eight roots were lost because of extraction during the observation period, 17 during the last 10 years. Based on status at previous follow‐ups, endodontic failure seems to represent a minor reason for extraction in the material.Conclusion  Late periapical changes, with more successful cases, were recorded when a 10–17‐year follow‐up after root canal treatment was extended for another 10 years. Persistent asymptomatic periapical radiolucencies, especially those with overfill, should generally not be classified as failures, as many of them will heal after an extended observation period.
Prevalence of and factors affecting postpreparation pain in patients undergoing two‐visit root canal treatment
Authors: Glennon J. P. , Ng Y.‐L. , Setchell D. J. , Gulabivala K. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractAim  This longitudinal, prospective study (i) investigated the prevalence of postpreparation pain during root canal treatment and (ii) evaluated the influence of factors affecting the pain experience.Methodology  Twenty practitioners, comprising general dental practitioners, MSc graduates and endodontists, participated in this study. The patient sample (n = 272) was derived from consecutive patients attending the practitioners' surgeries for a two‐visit root canal treatment on a single tooth. Demographic, medical history, preoperative and intraoperative data as well as pain experience on days 1 and 2 after root canal preparation were recorded. Intensity of pain experienced was recorded on a visual analogue scale (VAS) of 0–5. The data were analysed using logistic regression models.Results  The prevalence of postpreparation pain within 48 h after treatment was 64.7% (n = 176), but less than 10% of patients experienced severe pain (VAS 4 or 5) on either day 1 or day 2. The presence of preoperative pain (OR = 2.841, P < 0.001), tooth type (OR = 2.008, P = 0.009), systemic steroid therapy for other medical reasons (OR = 0.181, P = 0.023) and preoperative swelling (OR = 2.433, P = 0.040) were the only factors to significantly influence postpreparation pain experience.Conclusions  The prevalence of postpreparation pain was high, and the important prognostic determinants were presence of preoperative pain, tooth type, systemic steroid therapy and preoperative swelling.
Effect of nonvital bleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide on sealing ability of resin composite restorations
Authors: Türkün M. , Türkün L. Ş. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractAim  To (i) determine the effect of nonvital bleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide on the sealing ability of resin composite restorations bonded with a self‐etching adhesive system; and (ii) compare the effects of antioxidant treatment and delayed restoration after bleaching on marginal seal.Methodology  Forty‐eight noncarious maxillary incisors were divided into four groups (n = 12) after conventional root canal treatment was completed. In group 1, access cavities were restored with a self‐etching adhesive system and resin composite. In the remaining three groups, 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching gel was placed into the access cavities for periods of 8 h per day for 1 week. They were then restored in the same manner as group 1. Group 2 consisted of specimens restored immediately after bleaching. Group 3 specimens were treated with the antioxidant, 10% sodium ascorbate, whereas group 4 specimens were immersed in artificial saliva for 1 week before restoration. Ten specimens in each group were then subjected to dye leakage; the remaining 2 specimens were examined in a SEM (Jeol/JSM 5200, Tokyo, Japan). The dye penetration was assessed with the standard scoring system. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Kruskal–Wallis and the Mann–Whitney tests.Results  Groups 1, 3 and 4 exhibited similar leakage patterns and significantly less leakage than group 2 (P < 0.0083). SEM examination of groups 1, 3 and 4 specimens demonstrated close adaptation of resin composite to cavity walls, whereas group 2 specimens did not.Conclusion  Nonvital bleaching with 10% carbamide peroxide adversely affected the immediate sealing ability of resin composite restoration; both 10% sodium ascorbate treatment and a 1‐week delay in restoration following bleaching improved the reduced sealing ability of resin composite.
PATIENT VIEWS ON THE MANAGEMENT OF RHEUMATIC FEVER AND RHEUMATIC HEART DISEASE IN THE KIMBERLEY: A QUALITATIVE STUDY
Authors: Mincham Christine M. , Toussaint Sandy , Mak Donna B. , Plant Aileen J. 
Published: January 2004

ABSTRACTObjective:  To describe, from a patient perspective, factors leading to suboptimal management of individuals with rheumatic fever (RF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) among members of the Kimberley population. Method:  Qualitative in‐depth semistructured and repeated interviews of seven Kimberley patients, or parents of children, with rheumatic fever and/or rheumatic heart disease, during 1998. Results:  Participants showed variable levels of understanding about RF/RHD, often relating to the need for secondary prophylaxis. Compliance with medication was closely linked with positive patient–staff interactions. From the perspective of health care, living in a remote location was frequently described as a negative influence. Participants desire more accessible and culturally appropriate opportunities for learning about their disease. Conclusions:  Participants focused on issues closely related to effective and ineffective management of RF/RHD. The lessons learned are indicators for health staff attempting to improve the quality of management that people receive.