bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patient management scenario: A framework for clinical decision and prognosis
Authors: Gospodarowicz Mary , O'Sullivan Brian 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe depiction of prognosis is one of the main activities and a mainstay in medical practice. In cancer, as in other diseases, the prognosis differs for a variety of situations and evolves with time and with medical interventions. Although most commonly described at diagnosis, prognosis may be defined at any time during the course of the disease and for any endpoint including response to therapy, failure of treatment, survival, or preservation of function, and so forth. To facilitate the accurate portrayal of the future, the prognosis should be defined within a specific setting, referred to as a ‘management scenario’. In the concept of a management scenario, the prognosis is defined using systematically considered prognostic factors, interventions and the outcome of interest. A deliberate and careful determination of prognosis is essential to clinical decision making and patient care. We illustrate the use of the concept of management scenario in several clinical examples. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 21:8–12, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prognostic factors in cancer
Authors: Gospodarowicz Mary , O'Sullivan Brian 
Published: August 2003

AbstractDiagnosis, prognosis, and treatment are the three core elements of the art of medicine. Modern medicine pays more attention to diagnosis and treatment but prognosis has been a part of the practice of medicine much longer than diagnosis. Cancer is a heterogeneous group of disease characterized by growth, invasion and metastasis. To plan the management of an individual cancer patient, the fundamental knowledge base includes the site of origin of the cancer, its morphologic type, and the prognostic factors specific to that particular patient and cancer. Most prognostic factors literature describes those factors that directly relate to the tumor itself. However, many other factors, not directly related to the tumor, also affect the outcome. To comprehensively represent these factors we propose three broad groupings of prognostic factors: ‘tumor’‐related prognostic factors, ‘host’‐related prognostic factors, and ‘environment’‐related prognostic factors. Some prognostic factors are essential to decisions about the goals and choice treatment, while others are less relevant for these purposes. To guide the use of various prognostic factors we have proposed a grouping of factors based on their relevance in everyday practice; these comprise ‘essential,’ ‘additional,’ and ‘new and promising factors.’ The availability of a comprehensive classification of prognostic factors assures an ordered and deliberate approach to the subject and provide safeguard against skewed approaches that may ignore large parts of the field. The current attention to tumor factors has diminished the importance of ‘patient’ (i.e., ‘host’), and almost completely overshadows the importance of the ‘environment’. This ignores the fact that the latter presents the greatest potential for immediate impact. The acceptance of a generic prognostic factor classification would facilitate communication and education about this most important subject in oncology. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 21:13–18, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
TNM, sixth edition: New developments in general concepts and rules
Authors: Sobin Leslie H. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis article describes changes and clarifications in the 6th edition of TNM that concern site‐independent rules, regarding such aspects as sentinel lymph node biopsy, methods to distinguish between micrometastasis and isolated tumor cells, classification of tumors undergoing treatment, tumor deposits in lymph drainage beds, the number of lymph nodes needed for pathologic classification, and classification of residual tumor. These changes mainly reflect advances in diagnosis and treatment, and modulate rather than change the basic rules of classification. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 21:19–22, 2003. Published 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
TNM staging for malignancies of the digestive tract: 2003 changes and beyond
Authors: Greene Frederick L. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractIn preparation for the 6th edition of the UICC and AJCC publications on TNM staging, all data regarding sites of the digestive system (gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary) were reviewed by expert site teams. Although the information for several sites (esophagus, small bowel, and anal canal) required no change from the 5th editions, significant changes were recommended for the pancreas, liver, extrahepatic biliary system, colon, and rectum. Minor but important changes were made regarding gastric and peri‐ampullary malignancies. The changes were made based on new prognostic information and analysis of available data sets. The importance of large national registries, such as the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB; American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer), is stressed. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 21:23–29, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New TNM staging criteria for head and neck tumors
Authors: O'Sullivan Brian , Shah Jatin 
Published: August 2003

AbstractCancers of the head and neck have always represented a unique perspective in cancer staging. Not only are these lesions numerous in terms of anatomic sites of origin, but, unlike most other major cancers, they frequently and readily lend themselves to adequate clinical assessment by visual inspection and palpation, which greatly facilitates documentation by the trained clinician. In addition, their location often involves treatment programs that focus on nonsurgical organ‐preservation strategies, and thus anatomic and histological data for comprehensive pathologic staging are often not available. Nevertheless, the processes involved in surgical decision‐making and radiotherapy treatment planning require meticulous assessment and documentation of the extent of locoregional disease. For all these reasons it is especially important to perform reliable and accurate pretreatment clinical staging of head and neck cancers. Also, many patients who succumb to head and neck cancer do so as a result of locoregional disease. Therefore, the staging system must take into account detailed local anatomic features that dictate management, since the degree of involvement of these structures by tumor may be as important as distant metastasis in threatening survival. For this reason the most recent cancer staging classification (6th edition) of the International Union Against Cancer (UICC) and the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) includes new criteria for the more advanced cases (e.g., T4 categories and stage IV disease). These criteria reflect the fact that in heterogeneous populations there is a realistic opportunity for cure in some patients but not in others. This review summarizes the criteria used in the new TNM for head and neck tumors, and outlines the rationale behind the current changes. It also provides some guidance regarding optimal source data to facilitate classification in the registry setting. In addition, the need for additional changes in the future is recognized. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 21:30–42, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New TNM melanoma staging system: Linking biology and natural history to clinical outcomes
Authors: Balch Charles M. , Buzaid Antonio C. , Soong Seng‐Jaw , Atkins Michael B. , Cascinelli Natale , Coit Daniel G. , Fleming Irvin D. , Gershenwald Jeffrey E. , Houghton Alan , Kirkwood John M. , McMasters Kelly M. , Mihm Martin F. , Morton Donald L. , Reintgen Douglas S. , Ross Merrick I. , Sober Arthur , Thompson John A. , Thompson John F. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) implemented major revisions of the melanoma TNM and stage grouping criteria in the recently published 6th edition of the Staging Manual. The new staging system better reflects independent prognostic factors that are used in clinical trials and in reporting the outcomes of various melanoma treatment modalities. Major revisions include: 1) melanoma thickness and ulceration but not level of invasion to be used in the T classification, 2) the number of metastatic lymph nodes rather than their gross dimensions and the delineation of microscopic vs. macroscopic nodal metastases to be used in the N classification, 3) the site of distant metastases and the presence of elevated serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) to be used in the M classification, 4) an upstaging of all patients with Stage I, II, and III disease when a primary melanoma is ulcerated, 5) a merging of satellite metastases around a primary melanoma and in transit metastases into a single staging entity that is grouped into Stage III disease, and 6) a new convention for defining clinical and pathological staging so as to take into account the new staging information gained from intraoperative lymphatic mapping and sentinel node biopsy. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 21:43–52, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Revision of breast cancer staging: The 6th edition of the TNM classification
Authors: Singletary S. Eva , Greene Frederick L. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractA Breast Task Force comprised of nationally known experts in the field of breast cancer treatment was charged with recommending additions and changes for the 6th edition of the TNM Classification that were based on published evidence and/or were consistent with widespread clinical consensus. Additions made to the staging system were designed to facilitate the uniform collection of clinically relevant information about new techniques for the detection of metastatic cells. These additions include quantitative criteria to distinguish micrometastases from isolated tumor cells, and specific identifiers to record the use of sentinel lymph node biopsy, immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, and molecular biology techniques. Revisions of the previous staging system are related to the number of affected axillary lymph nodes and to the classification of level III axillary lymph nodes and lymph nodes outside of the axilla. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 21:53–59, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seismic response of a cable‐stayed bridge: active and passive control systems (Benchmark Problem)
Authors: Bontempi Franco , Casciati Fabio , Giudici Massimo 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis paper describes the Benchmark Problem for controlled cable‐stayed bridges. The benchmark in question is the first to be related directly to bridges. It follows on from past experience and experimentation, devoted to buildings, developed at an international level. These past experiences focused upon buildings subjected to wind and earthquake excitation. In this paper seismic excitation is explored in relation to bridges.Three different schemes of active control are compared with each other. Their performance is also compared with the two most widely used passive control systems which summarize present energy dissipation practice. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
H2‐based control strategies for civil engineering structures
Authors: Yang Jann N. , Lin Silian , Jabbari Faryar 
Published: August 2003

AbstractTwo H2‐based control strategies are proposed and their applications to civil engineering benchmark structures are presented. The first strategy deals with a class of excitations with a specified ‘energy’ bound, referred to as the H2‐based controller with energy‐bounded excitations (H2B‐EB), whereas the second strategy addresses a class of excitations with a specified peak bound, referred to as the H2‐based controller with peak‐bounded excitations (H2B‐PB). Both control strategies are derived by minimizing an upper bound of the H2 performance with the constraints (or penalties) on the peak values of another set of quantities, such as the control resources. State feedback and dynamic output feedback controllers are derived and presented. The design syntheses of these control strategies are developed and formulated within the framework of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs), so that the LMI toolbox in MATLAB can be used effectively and conveniently. These control strategies are applied to the Phase I long‐span cable‐stayed benchmark bridge subject to earthquakes and a wind‐excited 76‐storey benchmark building to illustrate their applicability to practical problems. Simulation results indicate that the performances of these proposed controllers for structural responses are better than that of the LQG sample controller. It is shown that these new control strategies are viable and effective for applications to civil engineering structures. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hybrid control systems for seismic protection of a phase II benchmark cable‐stayed bridge
Authors: Park Kyu‐Sik , Jung Hyung‐Jo , Spencer Billie F. , Lee In‐Won 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis paper presents hybrid control systems for seismic protection of a phase II benchmark cable‐stayed bridge. Because multiple control devices are operating, a hybrid control system could alleviate some of the restrictions and limitations that exist when each system is acting alone. In this study, two types of hybrid control system are considered to protect the cable‐stayed bridge under seismic events. Lead–rubber bearings are used as passive control devices to reduce the earthquake‐induced forces in the bridge and hydraulic actuators or magnetorheological fluid dampers are used as additional control devices to further reduce the bridge responses, especially deck displacements. Numerical simulation results show that the performances of the proposed hybrid control systems are superior to those of the passive control system, and slightly better than those of the active or semi‐active control system alone. Furthermore, it is verified that the hybrid control systems are robust to mass or stiffness parameter perturbation, and there is no sign of instability in the overall system due to the passive control part. Therefore, the proposed hybrid control systems could effectively be applied to seismically excited cable‐stayed bridges. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Politeness and the clash of interaction orders in cross‐cultural communication
Authors: Morand David A. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis conceptual article suggests that crosscultural variation in politeness behaviors, that is, differential culture‐specific norms for
treatment of face, comprises an important dimension of crosscultural organizational behavior. The gentle and respectful handling of others' face
is a vital social behavior in any cultural context. However, research shows that cultures have evolved differential norms for treating face. These
differential norms are at the heart of many crosscultural communication problems. This article provides a conceptual framework explicating the above,
reviews empirical literature on crosscultural variation of politeness norms, and suggests important implications for organizational theorists and for
managers interested in crosscultural communication. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Political risks as firm‐specific (dis)advantages: Evidence on transnational oil firms in Nigeria
Authors: Frynas Jedrzej George , Mellahi Kamel 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe international business literature has recognized that political risk can be firm‐specific, but it has so far focused almost exclusively on the national business environment rather than the firm itself. Scholars have still largely confined firms to the role of relatively passive bystanders who, at best, can forecast political risks with some precision or guard against risk (e.g., through insurance). The basic premise of this article, however, is that transnational corporations (TNCs) can be active actors capable of acquiring and upgrading firm‐specific resources and capabilities for coping with or even benefiting from political risk. The research is based on the case of the Nigerian oil industry. The research provides evidence to suggest that the same political events can have varying effects on different transnational firms depending on their strategic resources and capabilities, and can benefit specific firms under certain circumstances. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Indonesia
Authors: Sitorus Sihar , Budhwar Pawan S. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractIndonesia's long stability of over three decades came to a sudden end after the regional economic crisis of 1997–1998. The economic
crisis not only shattered the Indonesian economy but also resulted in political turmoil. The national leadership has changed three times over the last
five years. In such conditions, the confidence of foreign investors is very low. The present government has initiated a number of steps to restore
political stability and economic recovery. This article provides useful information on the complex business environment, aimed to help foreign
investors to develop a good understanding on key background knowledge for being successful in Indonesia. It reviews Indonesian historical development,
political structure and climate, regional relations, and economy and foreign trade. Indonesia's infrastructure, legal framework, sociocultural
setup, as well as market structure and potential, are also analyzed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Research note: Synergies between export channels in mature and emerging markets
Authors: Li Lee 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis study identifies and assesses synergies between export channels in emerging and mature markets. The results indicate that exporters'
performance determinants in emerging markets are different from those in mature markets. Exporters transfer funds between export channels. Experienced
exporters' channels in fast‐growing emerging markets and their channels in mature markets where they have developed product or brand
advantages require heavy funding. Other channels will be used as the fund sources to support and control these export channels. © 2003 Wiley
Periodicals, Inc.
An approach to change management
Authors: Calvez Vincent , Guénette Alain Max 
Published: August 2003

AbstractFrançois Pichault and Jean Nizet. 2000. Les Pratiques de Gestion des Ressources Humaines. Approches Contingente et Politique.
Paris: Editions du Seuil (Points). 332 pages, 2000. ISBN 2020347709, 9 EUR.
Qualitative venous Doppler waveform analysis improves prediction of critical perinatal outcomes in premature growth‐restricted fetuses
Authors: Baschat A. A. , Gembruch U. , Weiner C. P. , Harman C. R. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractBackgroundOur aim was to test the hypothesis that qualitative ductus venosus and umbilical venous Doppler analysis improves prediction of critical perinatal outcomes in preterm growth‐restricted fetuses with abnormal placental function.MethodsPatients with suspected intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) underwent uniform fetal assessment including umbilical artery (UA), ductus venosus (DV) and umbilical vein (UV) Doppler. Absent or reversed UA end‐diastolic velocity (UA‐AREDV), absence or reversal of atrial systolic blood flow velocity in the DV (DV‐RAV) and pulsatile flow in the umbilical vein (P‐UV) were examined for their efficacy to predict critical outcomes (stillbirth, neonatal death, perinatal death, acidemia and birth asphyxia) before 37 weeks' gestation.ResultsSeventeen (7.6%) stillbirths and 16 (7.1%) neonatal deaths were observed among 224 IUGR fetuses. Forty‐one neonates were acidemic (19.8%) and seven (3.1%) had birth asphyxia. Logistic regression showed that UA‐AREDV had the strongest association with perinatal mortality (R2 = 0.49, P < 0.001), stillbirth (R2 = 0.48, P < 0.001) and acidemia (R2 = 0.22, P = 0.002) while neonatal death was most strongly related to DV‐RAV and P‐UV (R2 = 0.33, P = 0.007). UA waveform analysis offered the highest sensitivity and negative predictive value and DV‐RAV and P‐UV had the best specificity and positive predictive values for outcome prediction. Overall, DV‐RAV or P‐UV offered the best prediction of acidemia and neonatal and perinatal death irrespective of the UA waveform. In fetuses with UA‐AREDV, prediction of asphyxia and stillbirth was significantly enhanced by venous Doppler.ConclusionPrediction of critical perinatal outcomes is improved when venous and umbilical artery qualitative waveform analysis is combined. The incorporation of venous Doppler into fetal surveillance is therefore strongly suggested for all preterm IUGR fetuses. Copyright © 2003 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Turner's syndrome in fetal life
Authors: Surerus E. , Huggon I. C. , Allan L. D. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the incidence and type of heart disease found in association with 45X karyotype in fetal life with postnatal life and to examine the outcome after fetal diagnosis.MethodsFifty‐three fetuses with a 45X karyotype were examined echocardiographically over a 4‐year period between 1999 and 2002. Of these, 47 were referred because of increased nuchal translucency (NT).ResultsA cardiac abnormality was detected in 33/53 (62.2%) fetuses. The most common diagnosis was coarctation of the aorta in 24/53 (45.3%) fetuses, followed by the hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) in 7/53 (13.2%) fetuses. The mean NT was significantly higher in fetuses with a heart defect than in those with normal echocardiography. Termination of pregnancy was carried out in 45/53 (84.9%) fetuses and intrauterine death occurred in six cases. Two of four fetuses with a mosaic karyotype are currently alive.ConclusionTurner's syndrome is associated with a higher incidence of heart defects detected prenatally when compared to postnatal reports. The commonest associated heart defects detected prenatally are HLHS and coarctation of the aorta, in contrast to postnatal life where a bicuspid aortic valve is the most common diagnosis. The typical intrauterine presentation of Turner's syndrome with a markedly increased NT or with hydrops and with a typical 45X karyotype has an extremely poor prognosis for intrauterine survival. Copyright © 2003 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pelvic ultrasound and color Doppler findings in different isosexual precocities
Authors: Battaglia C. , Mancini F. , Regnani G. , Persico N. , Iughetti L. , De Aloysio D. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the role of ultrasound and color Doppler analyses in improving the differential diagnosis of pubertal precocities.MethodsSixty‐nine girls with premature (<8 years old) breast development and/or pubic hair growth underwent: auxological (height, weight, body mass index, skeletal maturation), hormonal (basal, gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)‐test, adrenocorticotropic hormone test), and sonographic (uterine and ovarian volume and endometrial echo) including color Doppler (uterine arteries) evaluations.ResultsThe uterine size was greater in girls with a pubertal response to the GnRH test (Group II, n = 16; 7.48 ± 4.18 mL) than in those with a prepubertal response to the GnRH test (Group I, n = 17; 3.02 ± 1.36 mL; P = 0.006), an isolated pubarche (Group III; n = 20; 2.58 ± 1.32 mL; P < 0.001) or an isolated thelarche (Group IV, n = 16; 1.82 ± 1.07 mL; P < 0.001). Endometrial echo was observed in 87.5%, 29.4% and 5% of girls, respectively, in Groups II, I and III. The Doppler analysis of the uterine arteries showed the lowest impedance to be in patients with a pubertal response to the GnRH test (Group II).ConclusionsSonographic and color Doppler parameters may improve the diagnosis of GnRH‐dependent precocious puberty and may be useful to determine which girls need treatment. Copyright © 2003 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.