bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quasi-Periodic Variations of the Polar Vortex in the Southern Hemisphere Stratosphere Due to Wave–Wave Interaction
Authors: Hio Yasuko , Yoden Shigeo 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
The winter polar vortex in the Southern Hemisphere stratosphere is characterized by prominent quasi-stationary planetary waves: zonal wavenumber 1 (wave 1) and the eastward-traveling wave (wave 2). Quasi-periodic variations of the polar vortex are investigated in terms of the wave–wave interaction between wave 1 and wave 2 with both the NCEP–NCAR reanalysis dataset from 1979 to 2002 and a spherical barotropic model.
A typical case shows that the transient wave 1 generated by the wave–wave interaction has comparable amplitude to those of the stationary wave 1 and the traveling wave 2, and has a node around 60°S, where these primary waves have large amplitude. The transient wave 1 travels eastward with the same angular frequency as that of the traveling wave 2. The polar night jet also vacillates with the same frequency such that it has its minimum when the stationary wave 1 and the transient wave 1 are in phase at the polar side of the node. The vacillation is basically due to quasi-periodic variations of the wave driven by the interference between the stationary and traveling wave 1s.
Similar periodic variations of the polar vortex are obtained in the model experiment here, in the circumstance that stationary wave 1 generated by surface topography has comparable amplitude to the eastward-traveling wave 2 that is generated by the barotropic instability of a forced mean zonal wind.
The winter polar vortex shows large interannual variability. Similar quasi-periodic variations due to wave– wave interaction often occurred for the 24 yr in late winter when the transient wave 2 was vigorous.
Tropical Cyclone Formation in a Sheared Environment: A Case Study
Authors: Molinari John , Vollaro David , Corbosiero Kristen L. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
The development of Hurricane Danny (1997) from depression to hurricane was examined using cloud-to-ground lightning data, reconnaissance aircraft data, and satellite imagery. Vertical wind shear between 850 and 200 hPa of 5–11 m s−1 produced persistent downshear convective outbreaks that became progressively more intense and closer to the center during the development. Early in the period the storm intensified steadily in the presence of this downshear convection. During the last and most intense outbreak, a second vortex appeared to develop within the convection. Evidence is presented that the new downshear vortex became the dominant vortex and absorbed the original. Based on these events, it is hypothesized that the presence of moderate vertical wind shear accelerated the early development process.
Equivalent potential temperature fields within 500 m of the surface were examined. Only well after the period of vortex interaction did the characteristic mature tropical cyclone radial profile of equivalent potential temperature appear. This came about by the virtual elimination of both low θe values in the core and high θe values outside the core that had been present at previous hours.
The growth of Hurricane Danny is viewed in terms of the wind-induced surface heat exchange (WISHE) theory. During the tropical depression and early tropical storm (“pre-WISHE”) periods, few if any of the assumptions of WISHE were met: vertical wind shear exceeded 5 m s−1, considerable azimuthal asymmetry was present, transient highly buoyant convection occurred, and low values of θe in the storm core suggested the presence of convective downdrafts. It is proposed that 1) vortex interactions and subsequent axisymmetrization produced a single dominant vortex at the surface, and 2) vertical mixing of moist entropy by strong convection moved the sounding toward moist neutrality. By this reasoning, the disturbance then met the key tenets of the known finite-amplitude WISHE instability, and the storm intensified to hurricane strength.
Analyzing the Potential Impacts of Soil Moisture on the Observed and Model-Simulated Australian Surface Temperature Variations
Authors: Zhang Huqiang 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Based on observational and modeling analyses, this study aims to assess the potential influence of land surface conditions (soil moisture, in particular) on the Australian surface temperature variations. At first, a simple linear regression method is used to largely remove the ENSO influence from 50-yr observational surface temperature and precipitation datasets. Then, lag and partial correlations of the residuals are analyzed. The impacts of precipitation on the forthcoming surface temperature variations are largely attributed to the soil storage of precipitation water and the slow-varying soil moisture process. Results from partial correlations between precipitation and temperature variations suggest that when responding to anomalous atmospheric forcing, the land surface can introduce some slow-varying processes that can in turn affect the mean state of the atmosphere at monthly or longer scales and increase the predictability of the climate system.
Following the observational analysis, results from 16 Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project Phase 2 (AMIP2) AGCM simulations are analyzed to assess whether land surface modeling can affect the model-simulated climate variability. Lag-correlation analysis reveals that “climatic memory” of soil moisture has different features in the 16 models. Models with simple bucket-type schemes tend to have a rapid decay rate in the retention of soil moisture anomalies and show rapid feedback between land surface and the overlying atmosphere, with a much weaker influence of soil moisture conditions on surface climate variations. In contrast, most models using nonbucket schemes in which more physical processes are introduced in simulating soil water evaporation and soil water movement tend to show slow-varying soil moisture processes, affecting the model integrations at longer time scales. Different characteristics for translating soil moisture memory into climate variability and predictability are seen across the models, and more detailed studies are needed to further explore how land surface processes affect climate variability and predictability.
Upstream Subtropical Signals Preceding the Asian Summer Monsoon Circulation
Authors: Yang Song , Lau K-M. , Yoo S-H. , Kinter J. L. , Miyakoda K. , Ho C-H. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractIn this study, the authors address several issues with respect to the antecedent signals of the large-scale Asian summer monsoon that were earlier identified by Webster and Yang. In particular, they revisit the changes in the subtropical upper-tropospheric westerlies preceding the monsoon, depict the detailed structure of the monsoon's antecedent signals, and investigate the physical processes from the signals to the monsoon. They also explore the teleconnection of these signals to various large-scale climate phenomena and emphasize the importance of the upstream location of the signals relative to the Tibetan Plateau and the monsoon.Before a strong (weak) Asian summer monsoon, the 200-mb westerlies over subtropical Asia are weak (strong) during the previous winter and spring. A significant feature of these signals is represented by the variability of the Middle East jet stream whose changes are linked to the Arctic Oscillation, North Atlantic Oscillation, El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and other climate phenomena. When this jet stream intensifies and shifts southeastward, cold air intrudes frequently from eastern Europe into the Middle East and southwestern Asia. As a result, in subtropical Asia, snow and precipitation increase, the ground wetness increases, and surface temperature decreases. A strengthening Middle East jet stream is also accompanied by increases in both stationary wave activity flux and higher-frequency eddy activities. The Tibetan Plateau acts to block these westerly activities propagating eastward and increase the persistence of the low-temperature anomalies, which in turn prolongs the atmospheric signals from winter to spring.A strong link is found between the persistent low-temperature anomalies and the decrease in geopotential height over southern Asia, including the Tibetan Plateau, in spring. The latter indicates a late establishment of the South Asian high, and implies a delay in the atmospheric transition from winter to summer conditions and in the development of the summer monsoon. The preceding scenario for a strong Middle East jet stream and a weaker Asian monsoon can be applied accordingly for the discussion of the physical processes from a weak jet stream to a strong monsoon.The current results of the relationship between the extratropical process and Asian monsoon resemble several features of the tropical–extratropical interaction mechanism for the tropospheric biennial oscillation (TBO). While the role of tropical heating is emphasized in the TBO mechanism, compared to the variability of the sea surface temperature related to El Niño–Southern Oscillation, the extratropical process examined in this study is more strongly linked to the Asian summer monsoon.
Analogous Pacific and Atlantic Meridional Modes of Tropical Atmosphere–Ocean Variability*
Authors: Chiang John C. H. , Vimont Daniel J. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
From observational analysis a Pacific mode of variability in the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ)/cold tongue region is identified that possesses characteristics and interpretation similar to the dominant “meridional” mode of interannual–decadal variability in the tropical Atlantic. The Pacific and Atlantic meridional modes are characterized by an anomalous sea surface temperature (SST) gradient across the mean latitude of the ITCZ coupled to an anomalous displacement of the ITCZ toward the warmer hemisphere. Both are forced by trade wind variations in their respective northern subtropical oceans. The Pacific meridional mode exists independently of ENSO, although ENSO nonlinearity projects strongly on it during the peak anomaly season of boreal spring. It is suggested that the Pacific and Atlantic modes are analogous, governed by physics intrinsic to the ITCZ/ cold tongue complex.
Effects of Pretransplantation Treatment With Rituximab on Outcomes of Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Authors: Hoerr Amy L. , Gao Feng , Hidalgo Josephine , Tiwari Divya , Blum Kristie A. , Mathews Vikram , Adkins Douglas R. , Blum William , Devine Steven , Vij Ravi , Goodnough Lawrence T. , Dipersio John F. , Khoury Hanna J. 
Published: November 2004

Purpose To analyze the effects of preautografting treatment with rituximab (R) on stem-cell mobilization, post-transplantation complications, engraftment, disease-free survival, and overall survival in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Patients and Methods Single-institution retrospective comparative outcome analysis in a cohort of 273 relapsed chemosensitive NHL patients of whom 127 (47%) received R pretransplantation. Results R was administered a median of 3 months before autologous transplantation. When compared to the nonrituximab group, R patients were older (56 v 50 years; P < .001), and had delays in post-transplantation platelets recovery (39 v 27 days; P = .001). Pretransplantation R did not affect stem-cell mobilization, post-transplantation early complications, duration of hospitalization, or mortality rates at days 30 and 100. In contrast to patients with low-grade NHL, both disease-free and overall survival rates were significantly better when R was included in the pretransplantation salvage therapy for patients with intermediate-grade NHL. Conclusion In this large, single-center retrospective analysis, pretransplantation treatment with R was associated with improved survival in patients with intermediate-grade NHL, at the price, however, of a delay in platelet engraftment.
Wilms' Tumor in Adults: Results of the Society of Pediatric Oncology (SIOP) 93-01/Society for Pediatric Oncology and Hematology (GPOH) Study
Authors: Reinhard Harald , Aliani Schahin , Ruebe Christian , Stöckle Michael , Leuschner Ivo , Graf Norbert 
Published: November 2004

Purpose In the Society of Pediatric Oncology (SIOP) 93-01 study, 30 patients older than 16 years were found to have Wilms' tumor. They were treated according to the pediatric protocol and were analyzed for clinical presentation, stage distribution, and prognosis. Patients and Methods Patient age ranged from 16 to 62 years (median, 25.4 years). Tumor stages were defined according to SIOP, and treatment was risk-adapted according to SIOP 93-01/Society for Pediatric Oncology and Hematology (GPOH) protocol. The patients were evaluated with regard to response, toxicity, and prognosis. Specimens of all tumors were centrally reviewed. Results Ten patients (33%) had metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis (liver, four patients; lung, three patients; liver and lung, three patients). The local stage distribution showed a predominance of higher stages (stage I, eight patients; stage IIN−, three patients; stage IIN+, four patients; stage III, 15 patients). Histologic studies revealed intermediate-risk in 23 of 30 tumors; two tumors were classified as high-risk; and three tumors were clear-cell sarcomas. Two of 30 patients showed a nephroblastoma and a renal cell carcinoma simultaneously in the same kidney. A complete remission was achieved in 24 patients; four patients relapsed after complete remission; and three of them reached a second remission with further treatment. Event-free survival was 57%, with an overall survival of 83% (median observation time, 4 years). Conclusion Adults can be cured in a high percentage by a multimodal treatment according to pediatric protocols. Toxicity is higher than in children, but acceptable in view of the high remission rate.
Bovine Serum Albumin-Estrogen Compounds Differentially Alter Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-1 Neuronal Activity
Authors: Temple Jennifer L. , Wray Susan 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Steroid hormones regulate a host of physiological processes and behaviors. These actions can occur by genomic mechanisms involving gene transcription or by nongenomic mechanisms proposed to involve receptors associated with the plasma membrane. BSA-conjugated steroid hormones have been extensively used to elucidate signal transduction pathways for these hormones. We have previously shown, using calcium imaging, that 17β-estradiol (E2) significantly increases GnRH-1 neuronal activity. During the course of these experiments, it became apparent that three different BSA-estrogen compounds have been used in a variety of cell types: 17β-estradiol 6-O-carboxymethyloxime-BSA (E2-6-BSA); 1,3,5(10)-estratrien-3,16α,17β-triol-6-one 6-O-carboxymethyloxime-BSA (E-6-BSA); and 1,3,5(10)-estratrien-3,17β-diol 17-hemisuccinate-BSA (E2-17-BSA). The effects of these compounds on GnRH-1 neuronal activity were compared using calcium imaging. E-6-BSA and E2-17-BSA, but not E2-6-BSA, significantly increased all parameters of GnRH-1 neuronal activity. In addition, the effects of these two BSA compounds were reversed by the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780 but not by inhibition of gene transcription. The effects of E2-17-BSA, but not E-6-BSA were reversed by treatment with pertussis toxin, which blocks G protein-coupled receptors. These data indicate that these compounds cannot be used interchangeably and clearly have different binding properties and/or different effects on target tissues.
Serum Lipid Concentrations and Prevalence of Dyslipidemia in a Large Professional Population in Beijing
Authors: Li Zhiyan , Yang Ruifeng , Xu Guobing , Xia Tiean 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Background: Lipid abnormalities are major risk factors for premature coronary artery diseases. We investigated serum lipids and the prevalence of dyslipidemia in a professional population in Beijing and compared these data with those obtained in a similar population during 1984–1986.
Methods: We studied 14 963 individuals 20–90 years of age. Health status was determined by questionnaires and physical check-ups. Total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C), and total triglycerides (TGs) were measured. TC &gt;5.7 mmol/L, LDL-C &gt;3.6 mmol/L, TGs &gt;1.7 mmol/L, and HDL-C &lt;0.9 mmol/L were defined as abnormal.
Results: Mean serum TC, LDL-C, and TG concentrations were increased compared with the values obtained in 1984–1986, with 52.7% of males and 42.9% of females having at least one abnormal lipid concentration. Hypercholesterolemia occurred in 6% of males and 2.8% of females in the younger group (20–39 years) and in 20.2% of males and 38.7% of females in the older group (&gt;60 years). HDL-C was abnormally low in ∼7% of males and in 1.6% of females. The prevalences of hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and abnormally low HDL-C, especially the presence of slight hypertriglyceridemia, were higher than in 1984–1986 in all age groups. The increase was most prominent in the middle age group (40–59 years).
Conclusions: Hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and abnormally low HDL-C have increased considerably over the past 20 years in professional populations in Beijing. Dietary changes and less physical activity resulting from rapid improvements in living conditions may be the causes for the increases. Enhanced preventive measures should be undertaken to modify these situations.
Predicting bullying and victimization among early adolescents: Associations with disruptive behavior disorders
Authors: Kokkinos Constantinos M. , Panayiotou Georgia 
Published: November 2004

AbstractBullying is a common problem faced by children and adolescents in schools. One hypothesis that needs to be examined regarding the causation of this problem is whether being a bully or a victim may stem from disparate underlying patterns of psychopathology. Results are particularly scarce regarding the association between bully‐victim problems and disruptive behavior disorders. The present study sought to investigate the association between DSM‐IV symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), Conduct Disorder (CD), and bully‐victim problems in a sample of 202 adolescents, aged 12–15, attending two junior high schools in Cyprus, to determine whether these symptoms differentiate between bullies and victims and provide a new approach to the understanding of bully‐victim problems. Students completed measures of bullying, victimization, disruptive behavior disorder symptoms, and self‐esteem, along with demographic questions. On the basis of their responses, teenagers were classified as bullies, victims, or both bullies and victims. Those who were bully/victims reported greater CD symptomatology. CD and low self‐esteem were predictive of bullying, whereas ODD and low self‐esteem were predictive of victimization. Aggr. Behav. 30:520–533, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Criminal attitudes to violence: Development and preliminary validation of a scale for male prisoners
Authors: Polaschek Devon L.L. , Collie Rachael M. , Walkey Frank H. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractTwo studies report on the development and preliminary psychometric properties of a new scale measuring criminal attitudes to violence. In Study 1, the responses of a mixed sample of male prisoners were used to select 20 scale items from a larger pool. The final scale (the Criminal Attitudes to Violence Scale; CAVS) was designed so that it had a single‐factor structure and was uncorrelated with a measure of social desirability bias. It demonstrated high internal reliability, and a strong relationship to a self‐report measure of physical aggression. Significant differences were found in CAVS mean scores for various offence history comparisons, such as whether or not the offender was currently on sentence for a violent conviction. In the second study, most results from the first study were replicated with an independent sample of male prisoners. Further, compared to another scale measuring attitudes to aggression [the EXPAGG Instrumental subscale; Archer and Haigh, 1997b], the CAVS was a better predictor of general attitudes to crime. Mean CAVS scores were again significantly higher for current violent offenders than those on sentence for other types of offences. Lastly, the CAVS was moderately predictive of estimated risk of reconviction and re‐imprisonment. Overall these results suggest that this scale measures the construct of attitudes to criminal violence, which partially overlaps two other constructs: attitudes to aggression and attitudes to crime. Aggr. Behav. 30:484–503, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new adaptive algorithm for reducing non‐linear effects from saturation in active noise control systems
Authors: Costa Márcio H. , Bermudez José Carlos M. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAdaptive algorithms applied to active noise and vibration control are frequently designed for maximum performance in linear environments. In many cases, non‐linear effects can severely impair the adaptive algorithm performance. One of the most common non‐linear effects is saturation, which can occur at the electronic circuits that drive the acoustic or mechanical transducers. An effective solution to mitigate such non‐linear distortions is to embed an automatic control of the non‐linear effects within the adaptive algorithm. Algorithms that use this approach are called minimum effort adaptive filters. This work presents a new minimum effort algorithm (MOV‐FXLMS), based on the minimum output variance least mean square estimator, for situations in which the influence of the secondary path cannot be neglected and its output is constrained by a saturation non‐linearity. Analytical expressions are obtained for the behaviour of the mean weight vector and for the mean square error for Gaussian inputs and slow learning. Monte Carlo simulations show excellent agreement with the predictions of the theoretical model. The optimum penalty factor (a design parameter of the MOV‐FXLMS algorithm) is determined as a function of the system's degree of non‐linearity. The new algorithm provides an unbiased solution to the associated non‐linear mean square estimation problem for small estimation errors of the secondary path and degree of non‐linearity. Robustness of the algorithm's performance to such errors is addressed. The new algorithm is compared with the conventional FXLMS algorithm for performance. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A fast‐array Kalman filter solution to active noise control
Authors: Fraanje Rufus , Sayed Ali H. , Verhaegen Michel , Doelman Niek J. 
Published: November 2004

AbstractA Kalman filter solution to active control and its fast‐array implementation are provided. The adaptive control problem is formulated as a state‐estimation problem and no interchanging of the adaptive filter and the secondary‐path is imposed. Moreover, no estimate of the disturbance signal is needed, and we exploit the structure in the state–space matrices to derive a fast‐array implementation. A minimum variance estimate of the controller coefficients and the secondary path state is obtained. When there is no uncertainty in the secondary path, state equivalence with the modified filtered‐RLS algorithm is proven. Using exponential forgetting, the analysis shows that in the generation of the filtered reference signal in the modified filtered‐RLS, exponential forgetting should be incorporated too. Simulations show the superiority in convergence of the fast‐array Kalman algorithm over the fast‐array modified filtered‐RLS algorithm. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.