bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blood disorders
Authors: Morton Rosemary J , Phillips Barbara M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Children with a haemoglobinopathy may develop acute symptoms from their disease or need A & E treatment for another related problem, such as trauma.
Infection is frequently due to pneumococcal disease associated with defective splenic function even in the presence of a large or normal spleen. A seriously ill sickle cell patient probably has pneumococcal or salmonella septicaemia. Urgent paediatric help should be requested and intravenous penicillin or ampicillin given.
Legal aspects
Authors: Morton Rosemary J , Phillips Barbara M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
1 If there are complaints about your management of a patient, full and accurate medical records are usually the best defence.
2 Ensure medical confidentiality.
3 Parental consent is not necessary for the emergency treatment of a seriously ill or injured child.
Medical complaints are more frequent in A & E departments than in some other hospital departments for three reasons. Firstly, the demands of an open-door service, where patients’ injuries and illnesses range from the trivial to the lifethreatening, can stress all staff and render mistakes and misunderstandings more likely. Secondly, the problems with which patients present range across the whole spectrum of medicine requiring a broad basis of knowledge and experience from doctors who may be relatively inexperienced. Thirdly, patients and their relatives attending an A & E service are often anxious and frightened. This can impede the doctor-patient relationship.
Menstruation: a cultural and historical perspective
Authors: Drife James O 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Attitudes to menstruation have an important influence on the practice of gynaecology. Menstruation is surrounded by myths and taboos in many cultures. Like any physiological process, it can become dysfunctional but doctors and indeed women themselves may find it difficult to define the difference between normal menstruation and pathological bleeding. The dividing line may be strongly influenced by the culture in which the woman and her medical attendants live. The effect of culture has been discussed by Philip Rhodes: Culture consists of everything which has ever been accepted as a way of doing or thinking, and so taught by one person to another ... The child in her growth learns what is done and what is not done partly by being told explicitly, but more importantly, by observing for herself what actions of herself and others appear to receive approval or disapproval. It is these cultural attitudes which in large measure mould her thinking, and which determine her values and philosophy of life.
Menorrhagia: clinical investigation
Authors: Critchley Hilary O D 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Disorders of menstruation are the commonest indication for women to seek medical attention. Up to 20 per cent of healthy menstruating women report an excessively heavy monthly blood loss (Jacobs and Butler 1965; Hallberg et al. 1966; van Eijkeren et al. 1989). Menstruation itself has been defined as the ‘shedding of the superficial layers of the endometrium following the withdrawal of ovarian steroids. The process is associated with a variable degree of blood loss and usually lasts for up to six days’ (Cameron et al. 1996). The increase in dissatisfaction with menstrual aberrations may be a reflection of the fact that women experience more menstrual cycles than they did at the turn of the century. The average woman nowadays experiences in the order of 400 menstrual cycles during her reproductive years, in contrast to the 40 or so cycles she would have been exposed to over 50 years ago (Short 1984; Rees and Turnbull 1989). The increased numbers of menstrual cycles are due to the fewer pregnancies and reduced lactation periods chosen by women in the latter half of this century.
The medical management of menorrhagia
Authors: Rees Margaret C P 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Menorrhagia is one of the most common reasons for women to consult their general practitioners and be referred to gynaecologists. This is not surprising since on average Westem women will experience about 400 menstruations between the menarche and the menopause. In a national community survey where 1069 women were interviewed in their own homes, 31 per cent reported heavy periods and 38 per cent painful periods (Corrado 1990). Of these, one third had consulted a doctor within the past four months. It has been estimated that 5 per cent of women aged 30-49 consult their general practitioners for complaints of excessive menstrual bleeding in one year in the UK (Coulter et al. 1995a).
The pathophysiology of dysmenorrhoea
Authors: Åkerlund Mats 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Painful menstruation is a common gynaecological problem. Different Scandinavian studies have shown that about 50 per cent of nulliparous women suffer from menstrual pain and that 10-20 per cent have to be absent from work 1–2 days each or every second menstruation (Bergsjö et al. 1975; Andersch and Milsom 1982). Although dysmenorrhoea tends to disappear after the first birth, a Norwegian study showed that more than 30 per cent of 30–40 year old women still had menstrual pain (Bergsjö et al. 1975).
The clinical treatment of dysmenorrhoea
Authors: Lumsden Mary Ann 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Dysmenorrhoea is a significant clinical problem. Twenty-one per cent of women referred to gynaecological outpatient clinics with menstrual complaints have severe dysmenorrhoea without associated menorrhagia and in many of the remainder the complaint is associated with heavy menstrual blood loss (Warner 1995). Since women now experience up to 400 menstrual bleeds during their reproductive life the significance of the problem cannot be overstated and knowledge of the effective treatments available is essential.
Endometriosis and its influence on dysmenorrhoea and menstrual disturbances
Authors: Stones R William , Thomas Eric J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Endometriosis is defined as the presence of endometrium-like glands and stroma outside the uterine cavity and myometrium. Adenomyosis, where such tissue is present within the myometrium, is reviewed in Chapter 24. Current opinion regarding the pathogenesis of endometriosis favours the concept of implantation of endometrial tissue shed during menstruation and passed via the Fallopian tubes into the peritoneal cavity, in contrast to the alternative hypothesis of coelomic metaplasia. The retrograde menstruation theory is consistent with the epidemiology of the condition, which is essentially more common in women who have experienced more episodes of menstruation. Interest presently centres on genetic, environmental, or local factors which might render endometrial tissue more likely to adhere to and invade the pelvic peritoneum and deeper tissues.
Psychosomatic and other influences on complaints of menstrual bleeding and pain
Authors: Warner Pamela 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For many health complaints there has been a relatively recent realization of the potential importance of psychosomatic aetiology. However, in women’s health, particularly menstrual complaints, there is a history of ready attribution to psychological factors. It might be expected that this would have resulted in psychologically focused research, an enhanced understanding of the aetiology of menstrual complaints, and to the development of psychologically based treatment strategies. Regrettably this is not the case, as may be seen in current major reviews (Effective Health Care Bulletin 1995).
Disturbances of bleeding with intrauterine contraceptive devices and hormonal intrauterine systems
Authors: Odlind Viveca 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Menstrual bleeding disturbance is often reported as a side-effect in users of intrauterine devices (IUDs) for contraception and it is the most common reason for discontinuation of IUD use. Around 40-50 per cent of all terminations in IUD users occur as a consequence of perceived bleeding problems (Table 30.1). Termination rates for bleeding problems vary between studies and between centres, probably, in part, reflecting variations in attitudes and counselling among service providers (Table 30.2). The rates are similar for inert and copper IUDs and hormone releasing systems but the nature of the bleeding problems reported by the women is very different in users of inert or copper IUDs as compared with that in users of hormonal intrauterine contraception. The most common complaints with copper IUDs are increased menstrual blood loss, prolonged menstrual bleeding periods, and intermenstrual bleeding. The most common complaints with hormone-releasing intrauterine systems are intermenstrual bleeding, irregular bleeding, and amenorrhoea.
Hormone replacement therapy and disturbances of bleeding: mechanisms and management
Authors: Archer David F 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Menopause has recently become a significant issue as the life expectancy of the female population increases. The average age of menopause in the United States is 52 years, with an average life expectancy to age 82. The majority of women in the world do not receive hormone replacement therapy following menopause. In fact, hormone replacement therapy as a treatment for post-menopausal women has only come into vogue in the developed world since the middle of the 1960s.
The midwife’s potential - from ritual to radical
Authors: Duerden Jean 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter will look at developments in midwifery, especially within the community setting, and suggest where the community midwifery service should be going in light of primary care development. It is important to remember that maternity services across the country vary tremendously and there can be no set pattern of care as the differing populations and geographic settings determine contrasting systems.
Educating the carers
Authors: Smith Lindsay , Alexander Jo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The education and training of midwives and doctors (whether obstetricians or GPs) providing maternity care must ensure that they are competent to provide women with continuity and choice (Taylor 1986; Flint et al. 1989; Ford et al. 1991; House of Commons 1992; Department of Health 1993; Campbell and Macfarlane 1994). This includes choice of care, carer, and of place of delivery. Such knowledge, attitudes, and skills which are required to achieve competence (Newble 1992) may be acquired as an undergraduate and/or during postgraduate education and training. The acquisition of appropriate knowledge and skills is not sufficient. It is also vital for both groups to believe that they have important complementary roles in maternity care.
Care of the mother after birth
Authors: Garcia Jo , Marchant Sally 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This comment, from a mother who took part in a study of postnatal care (Garcia and Marchant 1992), was chosen to illustrate two things: first, that care is given in the wider context of family support and the woman’s varied responsibilities; and second, that women’s physical health and mental well being are closely related. The first section of this chapter describes current patterns of postnatal care in this country. Next is a section about women’s health in the period after a birth. We then explore what the purposes of postnatal care might be and look at evidence about interventions in the postnatal period.
Community-based maternity care in the new millennium
Authors: Marsh Geoffrey N , Renfrew Mary J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Working on this book has been a major learning exercise for us. As we read the chapters that our contributors sent, we found that we learned much that was new to us about developments in community-based maternity care. We have also benefited from our discussions and work with each other. The combination of perspectives of an experienced GP who has cared for nearly 2000 child-bearing women with an academic midwife who believes in the key role of midwifery in the community as well as the fundamental importance of evidence-based care was not always straightforward, but it was always valuable. We knew when we started out that this book would be for other people - principally midwives, GPs, and obstetricians. It became, also, a mind-expanding exercise for us.
Skin loss
Authors: Wilson G R , Nee P A , Watson J S , Harrison R K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Small areas of skin loss on the fingertip are treated by the application of a semipermeable film dressing (e.g. Opsite). (See also fingertip injuries, burns.) Is there really skin loss, or is it just elastic retraction of the skin edges? What structures are beneath the wound? Is there any underlying injury? There is usually an obvious history of cutting, crushing, or avulsion of tissue.
Paronychia
Authors: Wilson G R , Nee P A , Watson J S , Harrison R K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
May spread, if neglected, to infect the pulp space (pulp abscess) or flexor tendon sheath (purulent tenosynovitis). Chronic resistant paronychia is often due to fungal infection. Treat by removal of part or all of nail plate, send specimen for culture and prescribe an antifungal cream.
Palmar space infections
Authors: Wilson G R , Nee P A , Watson J S , Harrison R K 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Do not just treat with antibiotics and review. Needs immediate assessment by a hand surgeon as delayed or inadequate treatment may lead to a useless hand. There are potential spaces in the hand where infection can occur. The mid-palmar space is deep to the flexor tendons. The thenar space lies radial to the third metacarpal. The hypothenar space overlies the hypothenar muscles (Fig. 45.1).
Family violence: the general practice context
Authors: Heath Iona , Amiel Stephen 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The discipline of general practice is founded in the long-term relationship between doctor and patient, which nurtures mutual respect and trust. Within this relationship, each has their own field of expertise. The patient has intimate knowledge of their own life situation and of the experience of illness or disease that brings them to the doctor; the doctor has expert knowledge of the science of disease.. . . however pressed he may be for time, each patient should be made to feel that his illness is of real concern to the doctor. The general practitioner needs a deeply imaginative sympathy which enables him to understand his patient’s fears, anxieties, pain and discomfort.
The context
Authors: Hanmer Jalna 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Violence against women from men they know and with whom they often live is common. In the past two decades, social knowledge of this widespread behaviour has increased, but not for the first time. Historically, public awareness of violence against women is associated with agitation for women’s rights. In our times the special events that created a climate where violence against women began to become socially visible once again arose when the Women’s Liberation Movement took up this issue in the early 1970s. After a long period of neglect women began to provide advice, counselling and accommodation services for other women who turned to the movement for assistance with problems of violence from known men.
The future
Authors: Heath Iona 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The pioneering work of Women’s Aid over the past 25 years has gradually but profoundly shifted attitudes to domestic violence within society. The 1989 Report from the Home Office Research and Planning Unit led directly to the Home Office circular which was issued to police in 1990. This made clear the responsibility of the police to treat violence perpetrated against women in their own homes as seriously as violence occurring in a public place.
The future
Authors: Jenkins Ginny 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Agreeing that elder abuse exists may seem straightforward. However, acceptance that it is more than granny battering or bashing and that its causes are complex has been slow. In 1993, only months after the publication of the national prevalence study by Ogg and Bennett, Virginia Bottomely, then Secretary of State for Health, said that she did not think that elder abuse was a problem.
Perplexed? You should be
Authors: Greaves Mel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Allow me to start with the bad news will you? Statistics. Around one in three of us will at some time have an unwelcomed diagnosis of cancer, providing common ground between presidents, movie stars, bishops, athletes, Nobel prize winners, Jew and gentile, black and white, wealthy and destitute. Every day, around 1500 Americans die of the disease and, needless to say, vastly more non-Americans. Worldwide, over eight million new cancer diagnoses are delivered each year. It’s geographically and ethnically ubiquitous, and it’s a big problem. Something of an acute problem in Western societies relishing wealth, health, and longevity, anticipating the quick fix and perplexed by the lack of it. In the developed world, with the eradication of infection and malnutrition as major causes of mortality, cancer has, largely by default, become more prominent as a life-threatening illness in children, although its frequency in the young remains very low.
Pundit’S Progress
Authors: Greaves Mel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The ancient Greeks and Romans recognized several types of cancers but many of their vague and erroneous ideas persisted unchallenged for 1500 years and more. For almost two millennia, cancer, as a medical problem, lay almost exclusively within the domain of surgeons and pathologists. This explains why societies prohibiting or eschewing these disciplines in medical training, such as the Chinese and most of Europe during the Dark Ages, made little or no progress in identifying and treating cancer. In medieval Europe, medical acumen with regard to cancer lay with Islamic surgeons and physicians practising throughout the Mediterranean region from Baghdad to Cordoba.
The Way We Are: Risks and Restraints
Authors: Greaves Mel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the antique but thriving world of unicellular life forms such as bacteria and many protozoa, as well as viruses, success is a transparent process of self-perpetuation - a numbers game. The evolution of multicellular organisms some 700 million years ago was a critical transition point engendering more sophisticated survival and reproductive strategies involving specialization of cells and tissues, coupled with interdependence of cells and subservience of the parts to the whole. But this co-operative form of life does not eliminate the capacity of constituent cells to proliferate as clones and, under some circumstances, to migrate across tissue boundaries, or to behave, at least temporarily, like unicellular organisms or cancer cells. Indeed, these are critical functions for embryo development, in tissue renewal, inflammation, wound healing, immunity, and, in mammals, pregnancy. Evolution has therefore favoured conservation and elaboration of genes for these basic functions. But there then must be an inherent, genetic risk of clonal escape. In these circumstances, the potency of natural selection might be a real liability.
Green-Eyed Mutations?
Authors: Greaves Mel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Up until now, I’ve talked somewhat glibly about mutant genes in cancer cells as if identifying them and understanding their function in enabling clonal evolution has been a straightforward task. In fact it has taken little less than a technological revolution and intellectual tour de force by the biomedical research community to reach this point. Much of this progress has been skilfully chronicled elsewhere by the pilgrims involved. Identifying individual mutant genes has important implications, not only for unravelling the evolutionary process of cancer clone development but for sensitive and differential diagnosis, prognostication, monitoring of residual or cryptic disease, and possibly treatment. You don’t need here a catalogue of the hundreds of genes involved but a little insight into the nature of these mutations will help reinforce the evolutionary thread of this story and hopefully convince you that molecules indicted as culprits at one critical level in the causal pathway for cancer have been well and truly fingered.
The Great Glut
Authors: Greaves Mel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Patterns of food intake and culinary virtuosity vary dramatically between human societies and are part of their richness. The way we eat and what we eat has also changed many times during history, both in recent times and during our evolutionary trajectory from Africa. Along with our great ape cousins, we are derived from herbivorous primate predecessors. But climates change, food sources decline, and we move on. Over millennia, dental and intestinal anatomies will change also, reflecting our nutritional dialogue with nature and the potent selective force that is thus engaged. It is likely that prior to our emergence as erectile species, we shared with other great apes the predilection for plant foods with energy-rich, ripe fruits as haute cuisine.
Dying for a Living
Authors: Greaves Mel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Some argue that bacteria or insects are planet Earth’s most successful lifeforms. In terms of persistence, sheer numbers of individuals or species, and extraordinary environmental adaptations, they may well be. Mosquitoes usually get the better of me. But even a cursory observer from another planet would surely single out Homo sapiens as rather special. We are an extraordinarily dextrous and inventive species. We are enterprising at making things; superb at construction and destruction - and on a massive scale. In so doing we have drastically altered our habitat and can generate quite novel environments - no more so than where we work. Working for a living, as everyone knows, can seriously damage your health. Workers down the ages have been burnt, poisoned, drowned, or squashed, or have died of sheer exhaustion.
Finale: Cause, Complexity, and the Evolutionary Rub
Authors: Greaves Mel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The composite and probabilistic nature of risk for cancer, plus its extended time frame of evolutionary development, poses the major intellectual obstacle in understanding causation for the public and professionals alike. The ingredients and pattern of the composite are different for each type of cancer and, even for a single type of cancer, risk factors can vary in weight or importance. This is not intuitively easy to grasp given past false presumptions about disease causality. There is often a tacit assumption that not only can and should causation in cancer be formally and indisputably provable but that singular causes must exist and that these are both necessary and sufficient for the disease. This is simplistic and it is wrong.
Treatment: The Blindfolded Marksman
Authors: Greaves Mel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The long history of cancer in human society is replete with exotic or bizarre treatments, quackery, and gallant failure. Radical intervention by the surgeon’s knife has for centuries vied with the herbalist’s less harrowing, if ineffective, remedies and when all else fails, there has been no shortage of the surreal: An example of a woman who had cancer of the breast, which was already so severe that eight holes had been eaten into it, and who recovered through the following expedient: She took eight frogs applied to the breast in a muslin bag, which attached themselves instantly thereto as firmly as leeches. When they had sucked to repletion, they dropped off in violent convulsions without the sucking causing pain. This was repeated until 20 frogs were used, which all from time to time, sucked until they died. And the breast was not only cured, but returned again to its normal size absolutely.