bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanics of Expression
Authors: Albrecht Eduardo 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter considers programs that collect data relating to an individuals’ psychological activity, personality dispositions, and behavioral patterns. It begins with a look at the efficacy of criminal profiling in the past and the progression to emotion coding systems in the 1980s. The chapter explores how these historical programs, as well as the theory that facial expressions are biologically connected to certain emotions, provide the foundation for modern facial emotion recognition (FER) technologies in use today. The chapter looks at how FER software is utilized by governments to monitor facial expressions, and how natural language processing (NLP) is used by authorities to ascribe meaning to written discourse. The chapter also reviews the notion of cognitive security—the idea that our thought processes are vulnerable to hacking by foreign or nefarious actors and therefore the state has the responsibility to step in to protect our mental resilience to these threats.
The Role of Economics and Education in Shaping Public Opinion about Abortion
Authors: Adamczyk Amy 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter examines how money and education shape attitudes about abortion. I argue that economic and educational development can shift cultural values, allowing for more tolerant perspectives. As a result, even people who are not personally wealthy or well educated are more likely to adopt liberal views. Special attention is given to China’s one-child policy. Over the past fifty years, the policy has shaped how many Chinese think about abortion, childrearing, and the ideal family size. This chapter also discusses how overall levels of economic development and education condition the influence of religious importance on attitudes. Personal religious beliefs have a greater role on disapproving attitudes in richer and more educated countries than in poorer ones, offering important insight into current abortion debates in well-developed nations. Finally, the chapter includes a discussion of how educational attainment and household income specifically shape abortion attitudes in China and the United States.
Conclusion
Authors: Adamczyk Amy 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This Conclusion revisits the book’s major ideas. It also considers where the world is headed from here. Using longitudinal data, the Conclusion shows that over time abortion laws have generally become more liberal. But this movement is neither straightforward nor linear. Focusing on the largest countries in the World Values Survey sample, it shows how attitudes have evolved over time and where they may be headed. Abortion laws in the Global North are moving in a progressive direction. But there are important exceptions. Moreover, the liberalization of attitudes is not straightforward. Given the history of the abortion debate, the pathway forward is likely bumpy, especially as new technological developments (e.g., in vitro fertilization, newborn survival at twenty-four weeks) and ways of understanding abortion emerge.
Employment quality and suicide, drug poisoning, and alcohol-attributable mortality
Authors: Andreacchi Alessandra T , Fuller Anne E , Smith Peter M , Blair Alexandra , Harris Anne , Carnide Nancy , Pabayo Roman , Smith Brendan T , Siddiqi Arjumand , Shahidi Faraz Vahid 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Suicide, drug poisoning, and alcohol-attributable mortality (SDAM) – often labelled ‘deaths of despair’ – are increasing among working-aged individuals in many high-income countries. We examined the association between employment quality and SDAM in Canada. Census records from the 2006 Canadian Census Health and Environment Cohort (n=2,805,550) were linked to mortality data from 2006-2019. Latent class analysis identified five employment quality types: standard (secure and rewarding), portfolio (rewarding but demanding), marginal (limited hours and earnings), intermittent (sporadic and unstable), and precarious (insecure and unrewarding). Poisson regression models estimated sex/gender-stratified associations between employment quality type and suicide, drug poisoning, and alcohol-attributable deaths separately. We observed a consistent mortality gradient across employment quality groups, with lower-quality employment – and precarious employment in particular – associated with increased rates of SDAM relative to higher-quality (i.e., standard) employment. For example, precarious employment was associated with a more than threefold rate of drug poisoning deaths among women (RR: 3.58, 95% CI: 3.21-4.00) and a more than twofold rate of alcohol-attributable death among men (RR: 2.22, 95% CI: 2.07-2.38). Employment quality is an important determinant of SDAM, with varying associations by sex/gender. Improvements in employment conditions may help to reduce the burden of premature mortality attributable to suicide and substance use.
Reporting of concomitant and rescue topical therapies in atopic dermatitis randomised controlled trials evaluating a systemic treatment: a scoping review
Authors: Leducq Sophie , Fong Wei Chern Gavin , Williams Hywel C , Bradshaw Lucy , Thomas Kim S 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating new systemic treatments for atopic dermatitis (AD) have increased dramatically over the last decade. These trials often incorporate topical therapies either as permitted concomitant or rescue treatments. Differential use of these topicals post-randomisation introduces potential bias as they may nullify or exaggerate treatment responses.

Objectives
To determine the proportion of RCTs that clearly report the allowance or prohibition of concomitant and rescue topical treatments. Secondary outcomes involved examining the reporting of specific key parameters for these topicals.

Methods
We included AD systemic medication RCTs included in the living systematic review of Drucker et al (updated in March 2023, available at the time of this review). Inclusion criteria were published RCTs evaluating systemic immunomodulatory treatments in AD. Only anti-inflammatory topical therapies were included therapies in this review; emollients were not considered.

Results
We screened 83 AD trials and included 67 RCTs, published between 1991 and 2023. The majority adequately reported the allowance or prohibition of concomitant topical treatments (95.5%, N=64/67), but this clarity was less prevalent regarding rescue topicals (73.1%, N=49/67). All trials permitting concomitant therapies consistently reported the type, though details on potency (88.6%, N=31/35), duration (54.3%, N=19/35), application frequency (34.3%, N=12/35), and quantity (5.7%, N=2/35) were less frequently reported. Similarly, trials allowing rescue treatments often specified the type (91.2%, N=31/34) but provided limited information on potency (52.9%, N=18/34), duration (8.8%, N=3/34), application frequency (5.9%, N=2/34), and quantity (0%, N=0/34). Notably, only 23.5% (N=8/34) clearly reported the criteria for using rescue topical treatments, with the phrase "at investigator’s discretion" being used in most cases (61.8%, N=21/34). In the multivariable logistic regression analysis including impact factor, journal’s policy on adhering to CONSORT guidelines, publication year, funding, number of patients randomised and blinding status, only the publication year (≥ 2020) was associated with having better reporting for rescue topical treatments (aOR 9.55, 95% CI 1.76–39.8).

Conclusions
While most AD clinical trials of systemic treatments report concomitant topical treatments, reporting practices for rescue topicals were less consistent and inadequate. A standardized approach to reporting topical therapy in AD trials is needed to enhance transparency and interpretability.
Radiolytic reduction and controlling hybridization of oligodeoxynucleotides bearing phenylazothiazole groups by hypoxic X-irradiation
Authors: Tamura Kouki , Nishihara Tatsuya , Tanabe Kazuhito 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
We have attempted to construct a molecular system that regulates duplex formation by using X-irradiation. As a molecular system, we designed oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) bearing phenylazothiazole (PAT) groups that act as a radiation-responsive unit. The existence of PAT in the strand stabilized the duplex by intercalation, while it was decomposed to the corresponding hydrazine derivative upon hypoxic irradiation. The resulting hydrazine derivatives lost the stabilizing ability for the duplex, leading to its destabilization. In this study, we synthesized ODNs with PAT units and characterized their reaction properties upon hypoxic irradiation to regulate their duplex formation.
Refractory and Resistant Herpes Simplex Virus Mucocutaneous Infections in Immunocompromised Patients: Literature Review and Proposed Definitions for Use in Clinical Trials
Authors: Chemaly Roy F , Shafat Tali , Wald Anna , Kotton Camille N , Papanicolaou Genovefa , Yong Michelle K , Miller Veronica , Komatsu Takashi E , Mullick Charu , Hodowanec Aimee C , Westman Gabriel , Khawaja Fareed , Birkmann Alexander , Ljungman Per 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection is one of the most prevalent viral infections worldwide. In general, host immunity is sufficient to clear viral shedding and recurrences, although it is insufficient to prevent subsequent virologic reactivations. In immunocompromised patients, prolonged and difficult-to-treat HSV infections may develop. The diagnosis of refractory HSV infection is based on the lack of clinical response to nucleoside analogs. Antiviral resistance is confirmed via genotypic and/or phenotypic testing. To provide consensus definitions of refractory and/or resistant (R/R) HSV mucocutaneous infections for clinical trial use, the HSV Resistance Working Group of the Transplant Associated Viral Infections Forum, which includes international clinicians, scientists, industry representatives, and regulatory officials, conducted a literature review of previously published data related to R/R HSV infections in immunocompromised patients. We propose definitions of R/R HSV mucocutaneous infections, which will be subject to re-evaluation and revision based on forthcoming data and future studies.
Gender representation among sub-specialties in cardiac imaging within Europe
Authors: Berrill M , Santos C , Baltabaeva A 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Introduction
Large efforts have been made in the last decade to resolve gender inequality across cardiology faculty, trial participation, research publications and journal editorial boards. However, we were unaware of specific data examining female representation in cardiovascular imaging and its subspecialties among organisations associated with the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging (EACVI).

Purpose
To characterise the representation of women in cardiovascular imaging sub-specialties within EACVI and affiliated national cardiac imaging organisations.

Methods
We scraped publicly available name data from over 100 online sources from EACVI and its affiliated national societies, including EACVI or national accreditation records for cardiac imaging. We recorded data on the date of appointment/accreditation and sub-specialism, when available. We delineated sub-specialisms into congenital heart disease/paediatrics (CHD/P), echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR), computed tomography (CCT) or nuclear medicine (CNM). We defined gender in a binary manner as either male or female. We used the previously validated artificial intelligence (AI) system Namsor® to assign gender based on name morphology and geolocation data. We pre-set a confidence of gender-name matching of 95%.

Results
The AI was able to assign gender at 95% confidence to 12,643/13,436 (94.1%) available names. We could identify any sub-specialism in 10,840/12643 (85.7%) of names with a gender assignment. The proportion of names assigned female gender differed between sub-specialties: CHD/P 364/621 (58.6%), echocardiography 4475/8563 (52.3%), CMR 450/1071 (42.0%), CCT 92/246 (37.4%) and CNM 123/339 (36.3%) (χ2 101.8 [p&lt;0.0001]) (Figure 1). The proportion of women varied over time, within each specialty. For example, among the 3 largest sub-specialities since 2010, the proportion of women has increased in CMR, declined in congenital/paediatric imaging and remained similar in echocardiography (Figure 2).

Conclusion(s)
Despite the development of multimodality imaging, echocardiography dominates among publicly named individuals associated with EACVI. Here and within CHD/P women are well-represented. This study has significant limitations due to AI-based gender assignments into binary categories based on name and location data. However, broadly, it may identify areas to which equity-based interventions may be most effective such as increasing representation in cardiac CT, MRI and NM.
Prediction of mortality by echocardiographic parameters: human vs. fully-automated AI-based analysis
Authors: Merin R , Gvili Perelman M , Merin H , Tzuberi M , Topilsky Y , Ziv-Baran T , Flint N 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
The use of artificial intelligence (AI) for echocardiography analysis has been rapidly advancing and integrating into clinical practice. AI applications have demonstrated good accuracy in validation models compared to human experts. It is unclear how fully automated echocardiographic measures correlate with clinical outcomes, as compare to human readers.

Purpose
We aim to compare the performance of AI-based vs human expert-based analysis of echocardiographic measurements in prediction of mortality.

Methods
We retrospectively analyzed 889 consecutive hospitalized patients who underwent a clinically indicated transthoracic echocardiographic study. Each study was performed by experienced cardiac sonographers and reviewed by expert echocardiologists. All studies were also analyzed by a commercial, fully automated AI software (Us2.AI). For both human and AI measurements, we constructed multivariable models to predict 1-year all-cause mortality. Variables included in the models were selected based on their significance in univariate analysis. Cut-offs values were identified using a decision tree and the Chi-squared Automatic Interaction Detector (CHAID) algorithm. We used receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to determine which model provided stronger predictive power for mortality.

Results
Of the 889 patients, 731 (82%) patients (mean age 68±16, 46% Female) had sufficient echocardiographic data to be included in the analysis. One-year mortality was 13% (95 patients). Table 1 shows univariate analysis of human and AI measurements for 1-year all-cause mortality. 15 parameters automatically obtained by the AI system were found to be correlated with mortality, while 9 parameters from the human-based analysis were significant. In the multivariable regression model for 1-year mortality (Figure 1), the AI model showed superior predictive value (ROC area under the curve =0.758 vs. 0.709, P=0.041).

Conclusion
In this cohort of hospitalized patients, fully automated AI-based echocardiographic analysis was superior to human expert analysis in prediction of 1-year mortality.
Univariate analysis for mortality
Multivariable regression model
Right ventricular volumes and function indices by automated 3D speckle tracking echocardiography with artificial intelligence software
Authors: Koutsogiannaki E , Siama A , Ritsatos K , Tsoukas A , Ikonomidis I 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Introduction
Normal values of three dimensional right ventricular (RV) volumes, ejection fraction (EF) and systolic function indices by three - dimensional speckle tracking echcardiography (3D - STE) are not well established. All measurements relied on older 3D RV software analysis and most of these are operator - depended with a wide variability in measured values. The gold standard method for evaluation of RV volumes and EF remains the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)despite the rapid improvement in echocardiography softwares for RV evaluation.

Purpose
Aim of the study was to assess the feasibility of modern advanced technology echocardiographic software based on 3D imaging powered by Artificial Intelligence (AI) in measurement of RV volumes, RV EF and systolic function indices by 3D - STE in normal subjects.

Methods
Healthy subjects without any cardiovascular, pulmonary and renal disease, underwent complete echocardiographic evaluation including the 3D datasets from each of the parasternal, apical and subcostal views. 3D RV datasets were obtained and analyzed using RV software powered by AI, to measure Global RV Volumes, End - Diastolic volume (EDV), End - Systolic volume (ESV), RV EF and Tricuspid Annular Plane Systolic Excursion (TAPSE). Additionally 3D Free Wall Longitudinal Strain (FWLS) and 3D Global Strain (3D GS) were obtained. Three or more datasets obtained from the apical view were available for comprehensive analysis in each subject.

Results
Of the 54 healthy subjects, 40 (50% male and 50% female, mean age 51 +/- 15 years old) had adequate image quality for measurements. Mean indexed 3D EDV, ESV and RV EF were measured at 48.5 +/- 10.3 mL/m2, 16.7 +/- 5.8 mL/m2, 56,1 +/- 5.9 % respectively. in addition 3D FWLS and 3D GS were measured at - 27.9 +/- 4.5 % and - 24.7 +/- 3.6 % respectively. TAPSE was measured at 22.4 +/- 5.1 mm.

Conclusions
Modern softwares based on AI are a new era in Cardiology and Echocardiography. A rapid increase of AI contribution in cardiovascular imaging techiniques is expected in the near future. 3D RV acquisition is feasible in the majority of subjects, although the quality of imaging and appropriate echocardiographic views remains operator - depended. Reference values of 3D RV volumes and 3D - STE systolic function indices were obtained by advanced technology AI software. Larger studies are required to establish normal values for the above indices.
Impact of mitraclip on diastolic inflow dynamics and energy loss in severe mitral regurgitation: a topological flow data analysis
Authors: Kayama K , Itatani K , Kikuchi S , Seo Y 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
The MitraClip is a transcatheter edge-to-edge repair device whose efficacy in treating mitral regurgitation (MR) has been increasingly established in recent years. A unique aspect of this procedure is that, during diastole, the mitral valve orifice can be divided into two or more openings, a feature not seen in traditional surgical mitral valve repair. However, the impact of this division on diastolic inflow dynamics and left ventricular workload remains unclear.

Methods
We performed topological flow data analysis based on echocardiography vector flow mapping (iTEcho, Cardio Flow Design Inc.) to compare left ventricular flow vortex, streamlines, and energy loss in patients with severe MR before and after MitraClip. The patients examined in this study had severe atrial functional MR due to long-standing atrial fibrillation and underwent MitraClip with the placement of one clip at the A2-P2 leaflets of the mitral valve. Post-procedure, the severity of MR improved to a mild degree. Additionally, these parameters were compared with data from healthy individuals.

Results
In a healthy patient, during the diastolic filling phase, a unidirectional vortex is observed beneath the anterior leaflet, accompanied by a straightforward flow stream (Figure 1-A). Conversely, in severe MR, vortices form beneath both the anterior and posterior mitral leaflets, resulting in highly distorted, curved trans-mitral flows (Figure 1-B). Post-MitraClip intervention, unlike in healthy patients, a twin vortex structure with oppositely directed swirling flows is seen beneath the anterior leaflet. However, compared to the pre-MitraClip state, a straightforward trans-mitral flow is restored (Figure 1-C).
Analysis of energy loss reveals that the maximum energy loss before MitraClip treatment was 18.4 mW/m², which was associated with the distorted, curved blood flow in mid-diastole (Figure 2-B). In contrast, post-MitraClip treatment, the energy loss significantly improved to 5.9 mW/m², which was attributed to the improvement in diastolic inflow blood flow (Figure 2-C).

Conclusion
Although the vortex structure in diastole after the clip is different from that in healthy cases, successfully reduced energy loss with straight streamlines is obtained, indicating feasible inflow dynamics despite the double orifice.
Diabetes duration over the adult life course and associations with cardiac structure in later life
Authors: Al Saikhan L , Chaturvedi N , Wong A , Ghosh A , Hughes A 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with adverse left ventricular (LV) remodelling including an increase in LV mass. With falling global age of onset of T2DM, knowing the impact of T2DM duration over the adult life course on future cardiac structure is increasingly important.

Purpose
We studied the association of T2DM duration over the adult life course with cardiac structure in a British birth cohort.

Methods
Participants in the MRC National Survey of Health and Development, (the 1946 British birth cohort) underwent comprehensive investigations including echocardiography at 60-64y. The diagnosis of T2DM and age of onset was established from self-report, doctor diagnosis and/or glycated haemoglobin. The relationship between T2DM duration (3-year intervals) and LV structure (LV mass indexed to height1.7 (LVMi), LV end-diastolic volume indexed to height1.7 (LVEDVi) and LV remodelling index (LVRI)) measured at 60-64y was investigated using multivariable linear regression models.

Results
Age at echocardiography was 63.2±1.10 years and 701 (47.4%) were men (Table-1). Longer T2DM duration was associated with higher LVMi (1.09 (95% CI [0.364, 1.81], g/m1.7 per 3-year; p=0.003) and was independent of confounders (model-2) (Table-2). The was no relationships with LVEDVi and LVRI. The association of T2DM with LVMi was also independent of glycaemia estimated by HbA1c at 60-64y (model-3) (Table-2).

Conclusions
Longer duration of T2DM is associated with elevated LVMi in later life independent of current glycaemia. Preventing or delaying the onset of T2DM may have beneficial effects on the subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease.