bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of dominance on mating behavior and paternity in a captive troop of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Curie‐Cohen Martin , Yoshihara Deborah , Luttrell Lesleigh , Benforado Kathy , MacCluer Jean W. , Stone William H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe effects of social dominance on male mating behavior and paternity in a troop of rhesus monkeys (macaca mulatta) were examined. A wild‐caught troop of monkeys, captured in India in 1972, has been monitored in captivity for eight years. Some animals have been culled from this troop, but no new animals have been added except through births. The social structure of the troop has remained fairly stable over the eight years, although the number of adult males at any given time has ranged from four to ten. We blood typed 77 offspring born between 1973 and 1980 that survived to two months of age and determined paternity for 48 of them. During the eight‐year period, the dominant male sired only 13% to 32% of the offspring, even though he participated in 67% of the observed copulations. In contrast, the second ranking male sired 30% to 48% of the offspring, but participated in only 14% of the observed matings. The frequency and duration of copulation in any one year appeared to reflect a male's rank in the dominance hierarchy. However, in all but one year of our study, the largest number of offspring were sired, not by the dominant male, but by young males who were second or third in rank. Nevertheless, the dominant male may have a selective advantage because he sires a large number of offspring early in life, and continues to produce offspring over many years. This study demonstrates that observed copulations are imprecise indicators of paternity, and that paternity in any one breeding season is a poor indicator of the genetic structure of a population.
Brief report: Chimpanzees, tools, and termites: New record from Gabon
Authors: McGrew W. C. , Rogers M. E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) in northeastern Gabon use tools made of vegetation to obtain termites (Macrotermes? nobilis) for food. They mostly use probes in termite fishing, as recorded elsewhere in eastern and far western Africa. This is the first record of termite fishing by the central west African race of chimpanzees. There are signs that they also use stouter tools, perhaps to perforate the mounds of the termites. These new findings further complicate the status of material culture in this species of ape in nature.
Development of a congenitally malformed Japanese monkey in a free‐ranging group during the first four years of life
Authors: Nakamichi Masayuki , Fujii Hisanori , Koyama Takamasa 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA malformed male Japanese monkey completely lacking both hands was observed in a free‐ranging situation to four years of age. He developed a locomotor pattern appropriate to his deformity, namely, bipedal walking on hind legs. He maintained a stronger bond with his mother than did normal same‐aged male monkeys and retained the same high dominance ranking order as his mother. He did not show peripheralization as did normal juvenile monkeys. No social disadvantages based on his physical deficiencies were observed at least until the end of his fourth year of life.
Brief report: Outbreak of severe aggression in captive Macaca mulatta
Authors: Samuels Amy , Henrickson Roy V. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn outbreak of severe aggression occurred among females in a rhesus macaque breeding group at the California Primate Research Center four years after the group was established. During the breeding season in which this occurred, the incidence of injured females in other breeding groups at the Primate Center was significantly higher than in the previous year. This breeding season was the first in which a large number of females reached sexual maturity. The group in which the most severe aggression occurred contained the largest number and proportion of maturing females. Evidence suggests that the simultaneous maturation of a large cohort of adolescent females may be associated with increased levels of aggression, and that this aggression may be intensified by certain aspects of captivity.
Growth curves, dental emergence norms, and supplementary morphological observations in known‐age captive orangutans
Authors: Fooden Jack , Izor Robert J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPostnatal development in known‐age captive orangutans was studied by collating new data from seven orangutans at Chicago Zoological Park, Brookfield, Illinois, with published and unpublished data from 76 additional captive orangutans. Norms were tabulated for deciduous and permanent dental emergence. Growth curves for weight and linear dimensions in females and males were compared in captive‐reared and wild‐reared subjects. Hand‐reared and mother‐nursed captives were compared with respect to dental emergence and weight increase. Differential relative growth of extremity segments was investigated. Pedigree data are presented relative to genetics of hallucal nail absence. Males of various ages were compared with respect to testis size and location and cheek‐pad development.
Brief report: Chromosomal analysis of perinatal death in Macaca mulatta and Macaca radiata
Authors: Small Meredith F. , Smith David Glenn 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPeripheral blood samples from 53 macaque perinatal deaths at the California Primate Research Center (CPRC) were cultured to produce chromosomes for analysis. Karyotypes were constructed for 26 successful cultures and revealed no apparent chromosomal anomalies. A genetic screening program at primate breeding facilities is important for estimating the frequency of chromosomal anomalies in macaques and for understanding the contribution of chromosomal anomalies to reproductive loss and congenital malformations in macaques.
Embryonic development in Erythrocebus patas
Authors: Binkerd P. E. , Hendrickx A. G. , Rice J. M. , Palmer A. E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe developmental stages of 12 Erythrocebus patas embryos, ranging in gestational age from 30 to 50 days, is described. The pattern of embryogenesis in E. patas closely parallels the anatomic characteristics of human and other nonhuman primate embryos between stages 12 and 23. However, there is a delay in development in E. patas similar to that observed in human embryos which differs from the macaques and baboons. This temporal difference in the embryonic period is an important factor in the design and analysis of early pregnancy studies in this species.
Chemical dilution and clearance studies to estimate amniotic fluid volume and amniotic fluid ingestion in normal baboon pregnancies
Authors: Brans Y. W. , Kuehl Thomas J. , Hayashi Robert H. , Shannon Donna L. , Reyes Patty 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAmniotic fluid volume (AFV) and amniotic fluid ingestion rate (or fetal swallowing rate, FSR) were estimated by inulin and para‐aminohippurate (PAH) dilution in 14 normal baboon pregnancies. Mean (± SE) AFV was significantly lower at 137–140 days of pregnancy (preterm) than at 173–178 days (term) (inulin: 326 ± 22.9 ml vs 483 ± 55.9 ml, P = 0.014; PHA:269 ± 39.4 ml vs 471 ± 39.4 ml, P = 0.002). In proportion to fetal weight, however, mean AFV was similar throughout the third trimester of pregnancy (inulin: 582 ± 40.9 ml/kg; PAH: 541 ± 39.8 ml/kg). Mean FSR was lower in preterm than in term animals when estimated by inulin dilution (587 ± 55.5 ml/day vs 784 ± 55.0 ml/day, P = 0.030) but not when estimated by PAH dilution (753 ± 65.7 ml/day vs 625 ± 50.6 ml/day). In proportion to their weights, however, preterm fetuses swallowed amniotic fluid more rapidly than term fetuses (inulin: 1,216 ± 117.6 ml/kg/day vs 840 ± 67.5 ml/kg/day, P = 0.025; PAH: 1,561 ± 142.9 ml/kg/day vs 682 ± 62.7 ml/kg/day, P < 0.001). Furthermore, our data suggest that the commonly accepted technique for estimating AFV may be based on inaccurate premises, that insulin may be a better marker than PAH to estimate AFV and FSR, and that needle aspiration of amniotic fluid does not appear to be an adequate technique to validate chemical dilution methods. Our data, however, provide estimates which indicate that the baboon is an appropriate animal model in which to seek refinements and validation of our techniques.
Fetotoxicity of 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) for rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: McNulty Wilbur P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe fetotoxic and teratogenic potential of 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) for rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) was tested through oral administration to monkeys early in pregnancy. A single or divided dose, 1 μg of TCDD/kg of body weight, was followed by abortion in 13 of 16 pregnant monkeys treated between days 20 and 40 of gestation. One of four aborted at 0.2 μg/kg, and two of two at 5 μg/kg. None of the mothers given 0.2 μg/kg showed signs of toxicity. Eight of the monkeys aborting at 1 μg/kg showed clinical toxicity 44 to 111 days after aborting, and three died. Both given 5 μg/kg became toxic soon after abortion and died. No malformations except for two minor palatal abnormalities of questionable significance were found in the six fetuses that were not aborted at doses of 0.2 and 1.0 μg/kg. These results indicate (1) that TCDD is fetotoxic at doses that frequently have delayed toxicity to the mother, but that conclusions about teratogenicity cannot be drawn, and (2) that pregnant rhesus females are more sensitive to the toxic effects of TCDD than any species tested but the guinea pig.
Behavioral and physiological suppression of fertility in subordinate marmoset monkeys
Authors: Abbott David H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn laboratory groups of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus jacchus), socially induced reproductive suppression among subordinates and offspring effectively maintained a monogamous breeding system. Male subordinates or male offspring were inhibited or restrained from showing sexual behavior, while similarly placed females could also suffer from complete ovarian failure. In well‐established families, a familiarity or inbreeding taboo restricted reproduction among otherwise fertile offspring. However, only one daughter ovulated in any family, and in up to 50% of family groups, all daughters were inhibited from ovulating. This differential effect on daughters may have reflected a qualitative shift in the mother‐daughter relationship: the ovulating daughter may have represented the next breeding female and may no longer have regarded the mother as an inhibitory influence. In newly established peer groups of pubertal and postpubertal offspring, one male and female dominated all others in each group and overtly inhibited sexual behavior in subordinates of their own sex. Ovulation was suppressed in all subordinate females because of inadequate gonadotrophin secretion. This was not related to increased secretion of cortisol or prolactin, but may have been related to hypothalamic inhibition of luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone (LHRH) secretion.
A study of a black howling monkey (Alouatta caraya) population in northern Argentina
Authors: Thorington R. W. , Ruiz Julio Cesar , Eisenberg J. F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA population of Alouatta caraya in northern Argentina had an ecological density of 130 animals per km2. Mean troop size varied from 7.2 to 8.9 individuals, and the ratio of adult males to adult females from 0.58 to 0.51. Infants comprised from 6% to 14% of the population, juveniles from 16% to 21%. These percentages probably vary seasonally in response to a birth peak at the beginning of the dry season. Males were age‐graded in multi‐male troops. Sexual dimorphism was extreme in this species. Males were all black and averaged 6.7 kg; females were yellow‐brown and averaged 4.4 kg. Juvenile males retained the pelage color of the female until approximately 4.5 yr of age and 5 kg in weight. No genital mimicry or exaggeration occurred in this species. Vocalizations of A. caraya were similar to those of A. seniculus, both of which tend to be lower pitched than those of A. palliata.
Triadic interactions among Macaca radiata: Passports and buffers
Authors: Silk Joan B. , Samuels Amy 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMale members of a group of captive Macaca radiata at the California Primate Research Center held and carried infants as they approached or were approached by higher‐ranking males and as they were threatened by other males. Male infants between the ages of 25 and 84 weeks were involved in triadic interactions more frequently than were female infants of any age or male infants of other ages. That males were less likely to be harassed while huddling with or embracing infants suggested that infants provided an effective buffer against aggression.
Adoption success under single‐cage conditions by cynomolgus macaque mothers (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Cho Fumiaki , Suzuki Michihiro , Honjo Shigeo 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRetrospective data were studied to determine the success of experimental adoption by 122 cynomolgus macaques kept in individual cages at the Tsukuba Primate Center. The four types of adoption procedures included (1) singletons adopted after weaning (SAW)—21 cases; (2) singletons adopted after stillbirth (SAS)—20 cases; (3) singletons adopted after forced separation of the biological infant during the nursing period (SAF)—4 cases; and (4) adoption of a second “twin” while still nursing a biological infant (TA)—77 cases. Adoption was defined as successful if the mother nursed the foster infants for at least 7 days. Success rates (percent) were 47.6 for SAW, 75 for SAS, 100 for SAF, and 74 for TA. Success was affected by the postbirth stage of foster mothers at adoption but not by foster infant age or sex.
Habitat acoustics and primate communication
Authors: Waser Peter M. , Brown Charles H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe acoustic characteristics of three tropical habitats were investigated to determine how they might constrain the structure of primate signals. Ambient noise was measured, along with signal attenuation and aspects of signal degradation (reverberation, amplitude fluctuations, and pulse train modulation depth). These measures allowed estimation of the effects of habitat acoustics on the distances over which calls would be audible (the “active space”) and over which primates could reliably transmit amplitude‐modulated or pulse‐coded information.
The ecology of seed dispersal in two species of callitrichid primates (Saguinus mystax and Saguinus fuscicollis)
Authors: Garber Paul A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractData collected during a 12‐month field investigation of mixed species troops of Saguinus mystax and Saguinus fuscicollis in the Amazon Basin of north‐eastern Peru indicate that callitrichid primates play an important role in tropical forest seed dispersal. Moustached and saddle‐back tamarins were observed to ingest seeds from a variety of tree and liana species and pass them unharmed. These seeds tended to be large and heavy, and passed through the tamarin digestive tract in one to three hours. Experimental plantings of defecated seeds yielded a germination success rate of 70%. The specific gravity of these seeds (weight/volume) was inversely correlated with passage time and apparently had an indirect influence on the distance that seeds were dispersed from the parent tree. In the case of three preferred fruiting species, Leonia glycycarpa, Pourouma sp., and Hippocrateaceae #283, the present distribution of adult trees closely resembled the pattern of the seed shadow created by Saguinus. Moustached and saddle‐back tamarins appeared to be reliable and high‐quality dispersal agents for a number of tree and liana species. In this role, they are likely to exert an important influence on the composition, distribution, and regeneration patterns of Amazonian rain forest.
Social behavior and genital swelling in pregnant chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Wallis Janette , Lemmon W. B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPrevious reports of increased sexual activity associated with genital swelling during chimpanzee pregnancy have suggested that the tumescent pregnant female may be regarded as a regularly cycling estrous female. Analysis of additional data from seven pregnant and eight cycling females, however, indicated that tumescent pregnant females differed from cycling females in some social interactions with males. As in earlier reports, pregnant females were more receptive to male‐initiated copulatory bouts. In addition, pregnant females initiated grooming bouts with males much less frequently than did cycling females, and males spent less time grooming and less frequently inspected the genitals of pregnant than cycling cagemates. This tendency to decrease social interaction during pregnancy is consistent with field reports that pregnant chimpanzees prefer the company of their offspring and other noncycling females. In addition, the genital swelling patterns of 40 chimpanzee pregnancies were analyzed. Length of gestation averaged 231.5 days. Although a high degree of individual variation existed, females were swollen an average of 41% of the days observed, yet reached maximum swelling only 8.7% of the time. Genital swelling was less frequent during the third trimester, averaging 50.5, 47.9, and 22.6% tumescent days in each trimester. Young pregnant females showed maximum swelling more often than did older females. This finding is discussed with respect to field reports of intercommunity transfer of young, tumescent female chimpanzees.
Atretogenic action of estrogen in rhesus monkeys: Effects of repeated treatment
Authors: Dierschke Donald J. , Hutz Reinhold J. , Wolf Richard C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe effects of 17β‐estradiol (E2), administered in Silastic capsules for 24 hours at intervals of 10 or 14 days, on follicular development and menstrual cycle characteristics were studied in 13 rhesus monkeys. In seven monkeys receiving E2 at l0‐day intervals for 50 treatment periods, new follicles frequently developed between treatments but usually regressed. In seven instances, the follicles persisted longer than expected but were steroidogenically suppressed and regressed spontaneously. Ovulation occurred in only two instances. In six monkeys receiving E2 at 14‐day intervals, new follicles developed regularly, with seven ovulations occurring in 37 treatment periods. A persistent anovulatory follicle was noted in only one instance. Menstruation occurred with equal frequency, and the interval from treatment to onset of menstruation was not significantly different regardless of treatment or the occurrence of ovulation; the intervals between menstruation approximated those of normal menstrual cycles. In general, following termination of treatment, menstrual cycles returned to normal quickly. These data indicate that E2 administered intermittently at 10‐day intervals effectively suppresses ovulation, and they provide new insight into the actions of E2 on folliculogenesis in primates.
Synchronization of ovarian cycles within and between social groups in golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia)
Authors: French Jeffrey A. , Stribley Judith A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSynchronization of ovarian events has been reported in a number of primate species, with the temporal resolution of synchrony ranging from the occurrence of seasonal breeding within the annual cycle to a close matching of ovarian events within a single ovarian cycle. However, ovarian synchrony has not been reported in a New World primate. The temporal association of ovarian events was examined in female golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) living in the same or different social groups. Ovarian cyclicity was monitored by measuring the excretion of urinary estrogen metabolites. There was a high degree of synchronization in the occurrence of urinary estrogen peaks for females in different social groups (mean peak discrepancy = 2.1 days) and in females housed in the same social group (mean peak discrepancy = 1.3 days). Contrary to previous reports on callitrichid primates, daughters housed in their natal family group exhibited cyclic patterns of urinary estrogen excretion. These findings represent the first explicit demonstration of ovarian synchrony in a New World primate, and the tight coupling of ovarian cycles in female tamarins resembles the nature of menstrual synchrony in human females.
Lactation length in three species of Galago
Authors: Izard M. Kay 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMilk expression was used to determine lactation length in three species of Galago at the Duke University Primate Center. Lactation length in G. senegalensis moholi was significantly shorter than the lactation length of either G. garnettii or G. crassicaudatus, but lactation length did not differ between G. garnettii or G. crassicaudatus. Litter size had no significant effect on lactation length. The lactation lengths determined in this study are substantially longer than those reported by investigators who used observational techniques. These discrepancies may be partially explained by failure to observe nursing during the diurnal inactive period.
Ecological constraints on the development of infant independence in rhesus
Authors: Johnson Rodney L. , Southwick Charles H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMother‐infant dyads were observed among three populations of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) in India and Nepal. This research had three purposes: 1) to examine the influences of maternal activities (ie, feeding, locomotion, and rest) and arboreality on the early development of infant independence; 2) to determine whether interpopulation differences in the development of infant independence can be accounted for by correlated differences in maternal time budgets and the amount of time infants spent on the ground; and 3) to explore how patterns of maternal care may or may not mitigate increased risk of infant mortality resulting from human harassment. Despite significant interpopulation differences in maternal time budgets, the amount of time infants spent on the ground, and the degree of harassment the animals experienced, few interpopulation differences in infant development could be found. The application of a multiple regression/ correlation analysis revealed that the development of infant independence was affected by the above factors but that those factors were acting in complementary ways to constrain development and to minimize the differences across populations.
Reactions to fear as a proximate factor in the sociospatial organization of baboon progressions
Authors: Rhine Ramon J. , Tilson Ronald 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that fearfulness is a key proximate factor determining the nonrandom order repeatedly reported for baboon troops progressing from one location to another. According to this hypothesis, the most vulnerable troop members, the walking immatures, are expected in most circumstances to be cautious and to keep others between themselves and potential danger. The more confident adults, especially large powerful males, should tend toward the front and rear of progressing troops. The fear hypothesis predicts that in progressions toward a fear source, adult males should be near the front of the troop; on the other hand, when the troop is retreating from a frightening or tense situation, adult males should be found more toward the rear. Progressions of chacma baboons away from the location of a severe fright or in retreat from another troop were compared with other progressions. Adult males tended to be more rearward in these situations. The number of adults of either sex interposed between a fear source and the first walking immature was greater for retreating troops than for others. Some adult males continued to be near the front of the troop when retreating from tense situations.