bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiology
Authors: Weiss Clifford R , Blitz Ari M , Macura Katarzyna J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Radiology is a powerful part of the diagnostic and therapeutic tool set and has become central to the diagnosis of many medical and surgical conditions. For many diagnostic questions there are any number of imaging tests which may be of use. In general the rule is to perform less expensive and more readily available examinations (such as plain film and ultrasound) before progressing on to more expensive ones (such as CT and MRI). However, a hospital bed is an expensive resource, and if a more expensive test can make or exclude a diagnosis quickly, performing it early may save time and money and may prevent patient complications.
Psychological Perspective
Authors: Cohen M Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Table 7-1 summarizes various types of information that can be derived from faces. These include facial likeness, facial structure, attributed information, specific information, facial expression, and facial speech (19). Functional models for face recognition, which are not discussed here, have been proposed by several authors (19, 60, 83, 136). Infants of 4-6 months can discriminate phonetic differences in their own language as well as unfamiliar languages. By 10-12 months, infants discriminate phonetic differences only in their own language. A similar phenomenon has been shown for facial recognition. Infants of 6 months of age are equally good at recognizing the facial identity of both human and nonhuman primates. However, infants at 9 months and adults have a marked ability for recognizing only human faces (Fig. 7-1.? What occurs during infancy for phonetic differences in languages and for differences in face processing suggests a perceptual narrowing in the neural networks involved in early cognition (122).
Mass Spectrometry in Systems Biology
Authors: Ruse Cristian I , Yates John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The cell is the fundamental entity of a living organism. Four main types of chemical compounds are essential for any living organism: amino acids, fatty acids, nucleic acids, and sugars [1]. Fatty acids form membranes (composed mainly of phospholipids) that in turn define the physical space of a cell and mediate its interaction with the environment. Hereditary information is stored in genes (made up by nucleic acids). Proteins, which constitute more than 50% of the dry weight of the cell, give the functional form of the genes. The cell draws energy from sugar that can subsequently be stored both in fatty acids and polysaccharides. Omics technologies aim to indiscriminately analyze and characterize genes (genomics/transcriptomics), proteins (proteomics), and metabolites (metabolomics). Systems biology uses these large-scale strategies to portray interactions among genes, gene products, and molecules involved in interactions with their environment (i.e., metabolites, lipids, carbohydrates, hormones, etc.). As the biological system reaches another level of complexity by assembly of multicellular systems into organs, metabonomics links the high-throughput technologies with tissue histology by analyzing biological fluids and tissues [2]. Understanding how these components assemble in a living cell (or any other physiological entity), communicate, and function requires the ability to formulate and test hypotheses. Analytical chemistry provides the measurement tools and computational modeling supplies the necessary framework to produce knowledge from the integration of these measurements [3].
Molecular Simulation and Systems Biology
Authors: Swope William C , Pitera Jed W , Germain Robert S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although we receive a relatively static view of molecular structure from spectroscopic tools such as x-ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), the reality is that molecules are in constant motion at biological temperatures. Intermolecular motions, such as the binding or unbinding of an antibody–antigen complex, have an important role in biological processes. In addition, biomolecules are always flexing, bending, and stretching in ways that affect their function. For example, many proteins display allosteric behavior in which the binding of a ligand to some site on the protein causes the protein to change its shape. This can result in the active site of an enzyme becoming operational. The folding and unfolding of a protein are more extreme examples of intramolecular motions that have a profound impact on biological function. One way to understand the motions of biological molecules is by using a computer to simulate those motions explicitly. The computational techniques used to model intra- and intermolecular motions are known as molecular simulations. Molecular simulations are a set of computational methods that allow the modeling of the motions of molecules. Molecular motions are coupled to the environment—other biomolecules, cofactors, counterions, and water. A typical molecular simulation involves simulating the motions of all of the atoms of a protein or nucleic acid along with all of the surrounding water molecules.
Genome-Scale Models of Metabolic and Regulatory Networks
Authors: Herrgård Markus J , Palsson Bernhard Ø 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mathematical models of biochemical networks have been built from the very early days of biochemistry and molecular biology [1]. However, these models have been focused on small subsystems that are thought to represent an independent module in the whole biochemical network of the cell. This subsystem-based approach was necessitated by the limited information available on the entire set of proteins that are present in a particular cell. The availability of genome sequences has allowed the development of systematic approaches to establish functions for unannotated genes and regulatory regions [2–5]. The resulting list of well-characterized coding and regulatory regions in a genome has further enabled the reconstruction of the structure of metabolic and regulatory networks at the genome scale. In this chapter we describe the process of reconstructing genomescale metabolic and regulatory networks, provide an overview of methods that have been developed to study these reconstructions in silico, and describe applications of existing network reconstructions. Network-level steady-state assumption has been used to derive a number of powerful mathematical analysis tools that can be used to elucidate network function in silico. These tools are based on imposing a succession of constraints on the cellular function giving rise to the term “constraint-based analysis” to describe the overall framework [6–8].
Protein Structure Prediction
Authors: Skolnick Jeffrey , Zhang Yang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past decade, the success of genome sequence efforts has brought about a paradigm shift in biology [1]. There is increasing emphasis on the large-scale, high-throughput examination of all genes and gene products of an organism, with the aim of assigning their functions [2]. Of course, biological function is multifaceted, ranging from molecular/biochemical to cellular or physiological to phenotypical [3]. In practice, knowledge of the DNA sequence of an organism and the identification of its open reading frames (ORFs) does not directly provide functional insight. Here, the focus is on the proteins in a genome, namely, the proteome, but recognizes that proteins are only a subset of all biologically important molecules and addresses aspects of molecular/biochemical function and protein–protein interactions.
Artistic Programming
Authors: Wittry Diane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once the institutional vision has been set, all of the artistic programming must align with this vision. If the goal is to become the largest orchestra in the area, you will want to work toward building your audience and performing more concerts. If the goal is to become the best orchestra, you might need to increase your pay scale, set higher artistic standards, and find ways of motivating players to im-prove performance. If your goal is to be the most “well-known” orchestra in your area, you might want to concentrate on doing more recordings and putting more money into your marketing efforts. The institutional vision should define the course of action for the organization.
Philosophical Papers
Authors: Unger Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
While well-known for his book-length work, philosopher Peter Unger’s articles have been less widely accessible. These two volumes of Unger’s Philosophical Papers include articles spanning more than 35 years of Unger’s long and fruitful career. Dividing the articles thematically, the first volume collects work in epistemology and ethics, among other topics, while the second volume focuses on metaphysics. Unger’s work has advanced the full spectrum of topics at the heart of philosophy, including epistemology, metaphysics, philosophy of language and philosophy of mind, and ethics. Unger advances radical positions, going against the so-called “commonsense philosophy ”that has dominated the analytic tradition since its beginnings early in the twentieth century. In epistemology, his articles advance the view that nobody ever knows anything and, beyond that, argue that nobody has any reason to believe anything—and even beyond that, they argue that nobody has any reason to do anything, or even want anything. In metaphysics, his work argues that people do not really exist—and neither do puddles, plants, poodles, and planets. But, as Unger has often changed his favored positions, from one decade to the next, his work also advances the opposite, “commonsense” positions: that there are in fact plenty of people, puddles, plants and planets and, quite beyond that, we know it all to be true. On most major philosophical questions, both of these sides of Unger’s significant work are well represented in this major two volume collection. Unger’s vivid writing style, intellectual vitality, and fearlessness in the face of our largest philosophical questions, make these volumes of great interest not only to the philosophical community but to others who might otherwise find contemporary philosophy dry and technical.
Circadian Rhythm Disorders
Authors: Lee-Chiong Teofilo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rhythmicity in biological processes is a fundamental characteristic of life. There is simply insufficient cellular energy for organisms to perform all their functions at the same constant rate (steady state) and all at the same time. Biological rhythms are ubiquitous, being found in prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes; plants; insects; and animals, including humans. Endogenous rhythm generators or pacemakers as well as environmental factors, such as cycles of light and darkness, control these biologic rhythms.
Rhythms are characterized by specific frequency, period length, amplitude, and phase. See Table 6–1 for more information.
The term “circadian” is derived from the Latin words circa, which means “about,” and dien, which means “day.” There are specific, genetically determined circadian fluctuations in most biochemical and physiologic variables, with each oscillating at its own frequency, period length, amplitude, peak, trough, and phase. Different variables attain peak levels of activity at different points in time throughout a circadian period—some peak during the sleep phase, some peak in the awake phase, and others peak during the transition between sleep and wakefulness (Table 6–2).
Restless Legs Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movement Disorder
Authors: Lee-Chiong Teofilo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Restless legs syndrome (RLS) or Ekbom syndrome is characterized by abnormal and unpleasant sensations (paresthesias or dysesthesias) involving the lower extremities that become apparent or worsen at rest, especially in the evening at bedtime, and are relieved, at least transiently, with movement. Sensations often involve both legs but can be unilateral or may alternate between lower extremities.
Common complaints include a sensation of creeping, crawling, tingling, wormy, throbbing, pulling, burning, or increased “tension” located deep within the legs (rather than affecting the skin superficially) when sitting or lying down. Some patients are simply unable to describe adequately the sensation they feel. Although symptoms are typically not described as painful, a complaint of pain does not exclude the diagnosis. These uncomfortable sensations extend from the feet and ankle proximally to the legs and, occasionally, thighs. Similar sensations have also been described in the arms. Symptoms tend to occur at night, although unpleasant sensations may emerge during the daytime during prolonged periods of immobility (eg, airplane flights).
There is often an accompanying irresistible urge to move the limbs (motor restlessness) to relieve the uncomfortable sensation. Less frequently, an isolated urge to move is present without any accompanying unpleasant sensations.
Sleep in Older Adults
Authors: Lee-Chiong Teofilo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although the requirements for sleep do not appear to decline with aging, the ability to sleep and achieve consolidated sleep may decrease in some older adults. Approximately 50% of older adults complain of sleep disturbance. Older adults often take longer to fall asleep, have lower sleep efficiencies, and have more nighttime awakenings. They are also sleepier during the day than younger adults. Compared to elderly men, women are better able to maintain satisfactory sleep with aging.
Aging is associated with changes in sleep architecture (Box 14–1). Greater nighttime sleep disturbance may lead to daytime sleepiness and more frequent daytime napping.
Significant disturbances may occur during sleep with aging (Table 14–1).
Although some of the observed changes can be attributed to normal aging itself (eg, age-related alterations in circadian rhythms), most are due to comorbid medical, neurologic, psychiatric, and primary sleep disorders.
Analyzing the Data
Authors: Shuy Roger W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The lawyers will send you a pile of material. Usually it is just what you need, but sometimes you need to ask for things that they didn’t send. Often, what you get needs to be organized in ways that you can better deal with it. Good organization is the key, especially when the case contains a great deal of material. The following is a list of the types of material you can expect to be sent you in civil and criminal cases.
Cross-Examination Testimony
Authors: Shuy Roger W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once the direct examination is over, the cross-examination begins. This may turn out to be on the following day. There are two schools of thought about the advantages of having the direct and cross-examinations occur continuously on the same day. One advantage to the witness, when these take place seamlessly, is that the opposing attorney has less time to think up new questions. On the other hand, it’s often a relief to get an overnight break between the direct and cross, so that witnesses can find time to relax and collect their thoughts a bit. There are obvious advantages and disadvantages to both sequences. Judges are more sympathetic to the stress of jurors than to the comfort of witnesses, so it is more than likely that the judge will want to move the trial along quickly, and the cross will take place immediately. When it does, you can expect a brief recess before it begins. This means that you need to depend on the effectiveness of your previous preparation for both the direct and cross.
PTCH and the Basal Cell Nevus (Gorlin) Syndrome
Authors: JR Ervin Epstein 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The basal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS) is a rare afliction that is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and is characterized by a wide panoply of clinical manifestations, especially the development of large numbers of cutaneous basal cell carcinomas (BCCs). Causative mutations occur in the PATCHED1 (PTCH1) gene, which encodes an inhibitor of hedgehog signaling. This identification in turn has led to the novel finding that sporadic BCCs, the commonest human cancer, are driven by pivotal mutations in genes encoding proteins that are components of the hedgehog signaling pathway. In addition to postnatal tumors of the skin and, less commonly, of other tissues, BCNS patients also have malformations (e.g., of the ribs and skull) and tissue overgrowths that are explicable on the basis of abnormal PATCHED1 function during embryogenesis.
Heteroplasia, and Pseudohypoparathyroidism Type IB
Authors: Weinstein Lee S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The heterotrimeric G protein Gs couples receptors for hormones and other extracellular signals to the stimulation of adenylyl cyclase and intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) generation. Ligand-bound receptors activate Gs by promoting the exchange GTP for GDP on the Gs α-subunit (Gsα); an intrinsic GTPase activity of Gsα deactivates the G protein by hydrolyzing bound GTP to GDP. Somatic Gsα mutations that disrupt the GTPase activity result in constitutive signaling and lead to endocrine tumors, fibrous dysplasia (FD) of bone, and the McCune–Albright syndrome (MAS) (OMIM 174800). Conversely, heterozygous inactivating mutations may lead to Albright hereditary osteodystrophy (AHO) (OMIM 13580) or, more rarely, to progressive osseous heteroplasia (POH) (OMIM 166350). Within AHO kindreds, paternal transmission of these mutations leads to the AHO phenotype alone [pseudopseudo- hypoparathyroidism (PPHP)], whereas maternal transmission leads to AHO plus multihormone resistance [pseudohypoparathyroidism type IA (PHPIA)]. This is presumably due to the fact that the Gsα gene GNAS is imprinted and in certain hormone-sensitive tissues Gsα is primarily expressed from the maternal allele. Patients with isolated renal resistance to parathyroid hormone (PTH) [pseudohy- poparathyroidism type IB (PHPIB)] (OMIM 603233) have a GNAS imprinting defect that presumably leads to tissue-specific loss of Gsα expression.
CAM: Chemo Interactions—What Is Known?
Authors: sparreboom Alex , Baker Sharyn D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the United States, 15 million adults combine herbal remedies with prescription medications; CAM use is more common among cancer patients than among individuals in the general population Many types of CAM, in particular herbs, have the potential to interact with prescription drugs, altering their pharmacokinetic characteristics and leading to clinically significant interactions. Many herbal preparations are known to either inhibit or induce the function of drug-metabolizing enzymes or drug transporters that are of putative relevance to the pharmacokinetic profile of anticancer drugs.
Clinical Testing of Optic Nerve Function
Authors: Buono Lawrence M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clinical testing of optic nerve function is a critical component of the ophthalmologic examination in determining the cause of visual loss. Characteristic features of an optic neuropathy include decreased visual acuity, visual field defect, decreased brightness sensation, relative afferent pupillary defect, and loss of color vision (acquired dyschromatopsia). This chapter focuses on relevant clinical tests used to assess the function of the optic nerve.
Papilledema
Authors: Foroozan Rod , Kline Lanning B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The term papilledema has been applied to any type of swelling of the optic disc, with or without visual loss or other signs of optic neuropathy. How- ever, most neuro-ophthalmologists reserve papilledema for optic disc swelling due to increased intracranial pressure and designate optic disc edema as a more general term to describe other forms of acquired disc swelling. Some of these forms may be further specified with respect to presumed causation; for example, anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (vascular infarction) or papillitis (demyelination or idiopathic inflammation). Throughout this chapter, papilledema is used only to describe optic disc swelling associated with elevated intracranial pressure.
Snake oil Science: The Truth About Complementary And Alternative Medicine
Authors: Bausell R Barker 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every year millions of people flock to complementary and alternative therapists offering a vast array of treatments ranging from acupuncture to biofeedback to urine injections. Millions more purchase over-the-counter alternative medications, such as glucosamine, herbs, and homeopathic remedies. While consumer motivations for turning to complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) vary, there is one common element among them all: a belief in their effectiveness. This belief appears to be prevalent among all elements of society, from scientists and physicians to celebrities such as Prince Charles and Oprah Winfrey to clerical workers and senior citizens. Do these therapies actually work? And if they work, how do they work? This book is about the science of complementary and alternative medicine, about how that science is conducted, how it is evaluated, and how it is synthesised to arrive at a conclusion about whether CAM therapies work. It is also about the phenomenon of the placebo effect, and the extent to which it is at play in a given CAM therapy’s efficacy. Are CAM therapies in fact nothing more than creatively packaged placebos? In exploring this question, Barker Bausell provides an authoritative and engaging look at the nature of scientific evidence and at the logical, psychological, and physiological impediments that can confound such evidence in the world of CAM research. Ultimately, the book is not so much opposed to CAM as to the shoddy science upon which CAM claims are based, and in fact it closes with a chapter about how one might maximise the placebo effect that Bausell asserts is the main ‘ingredient’ of most CAM therapies. This book is a learned, witty examination not just of the scientific process as it is applied to CAM but also of the wonders of the human mind/body system.
Abandoning Informed Consent
Authors: Veatch Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consent emerged as a concept central to the late stages of modern medical ethics. Often the term is used with a modifier, such as informed or voluntary or full, and is loosely used in phrases like “fully informed and voluntary consent.”; Modern ethics in health care could hardly function without the notion of consent. Although we might occasionally encounter an old-guard, retrograde longing for the day when physicians did not have to go through the process of obtaining consent, the necessity of consent is now taken as a given, at least at the level of theory. To be sure, we know that actual consent is not obtained in all cases, and even when consent is obtained, it may not be adequately informed or autonomous. For purposes of this discussion, I shall not worry about the deviations from the ideal; rather, the focus will be on whether consent ought to be the goal. In this chapter I will argue that in the world of the new medicine, consent won’t cut it.
The Ionists: Arrhenius and Nernst
Authors: Coffey Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the spring of 1884, Uppsala University’s faculty and graduates gathered in their academic robes. Svante Arrhenius, a heavyset young man with few social graces, had been awarded his doctorate and had marched in the procession. The doors to the faculty chambers opened, and the professors came out to congratulate the new graduates. Arrhenius looked around for Per Theodor Cleve and Tobias Thalén, the two who had directed his studies for the past seven years. He finally saw them—a porter was helping them take off their robes and put on their overcoats. They glanced at him, looked a bit embarrassed, and left him standing there. Arrhenius never forgave this snub. Forty years later, he would recount the story, saying that Cleve and Thalén “had decided to sacrifice him.”1 His son later said that this had “opened a wound that never healed.”