bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On The Nature Of Promises And Pacts In General
Authors: Carr Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We must examine further now the manner in which obligations not congenital to man arise for him thereafter from some act of his, and how, by virtue of this act, there also springs up in others a certain right which they were formerly lacking. For these two things follow one another in such a way that whenever an obligation arises in one person a corresponding right springs up in another, since it is impossible to understand how I can be obligated to furnish something unless someone is able to demand it or, at least, properly to receive it from me. Yet the reverse, that a right in one person is immediately followed by an obligation in another, is not always the case (as, for example, while there is in rulers a right to exact punishment, the guilty are not obligated to submit to it), unless we are willing to say the following: A right, if taken narrowly as a faculty and competence to have something, always corresponds to an obligation in another; not always, however, if it denotes a faculty to do something.
On Price
Authors: Carr Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since the things subjected to ownership differed in their nature and did not provide the same use for human necessities, and indeed, since frequently it happened either that the same thing (whose parts were not in all respects alike) began to belong to several persons, or that things diverse in nature had to be mutually exchanged, it became necessary that by human agreement some evaluation be imposed on things, according to which those of a disparate nature could be compared and made equal to one another. But since things are compared and made equal to one another by means of a quantitative principle, that is, since equality is a coincidence of quantities, we must now examine the quantity of things and actions insofar as they are useful in human life, as well as this quantity’s foundations and common measure.
on contracts (which presuppose the price of things) in general
Authors: Carr Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We should now look at contracts, which cannot be understood apart from dominion over and the price of things. Here we must first inquire into the distinction thought to exist between simple pacts and contracts. Hobbes calls a contract “an action of two or more persons engaged in the mutual transfer of their rights.”1 But since “in every contract, either each person immediately furnishes that which has been agreed upon, so that neither trusts the other”; or “one person does so, while the other is trusted; or, finally, neither furnishes anything on the spot but each has a reciprocal faith in the other”; Hobbes insists that only contracts of the former class be included under the name of this category. Those, however, where one or both parties are trusted, and where the trusted party promises that he will furnish his part later on, ought according to Hobbes to be designated pacts.
On The Cause Impelling Men To Establish The State
Authors: Carr Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After the so-called primary societies we must now treat of the state, which is considered the most perfect society, and that by which the safety and integrity of humankind (now that it has multiplied) is most of all maintained. It will be clearly apparent why men who were formerly dispersed in separate families established the state, if we inquire somewhat more carefully into both the nature of civil society and the inclinations of human character. The elucidation of this matter will, in turn, be considerably advanced by a prior examination of what is ordinarily said about it.
On The Internal Structure Of States
Authors: Carr Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is appropriate now to examine more carefully the inner structure of states. Thus, men were able to think of no other way to make themselves secure against the wickedness of other men (as secure, at least, as their condition allows) than for each to surround himself with suitable aids by means of which one person’s attack on another would be rendered so dangerous that he would think it better for himself to restrain his hands and keep the peace than to raise them and provoke the other with war. For nothing can more effectively repress the wickedness of the human character and its inclination to hurt others than reference to an immediate evil that awaits anyone who has attacked another, and the elimination of any hope of impunity.
On The Characteristics Of Supreme Sovereignty
Authors: Carr Craig L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the characteristics of sovereignty we encounter, first of all, the fact that it is, and is said to be, supreme. The chief reason for this denomination seems to be that one man’s authority over another can be no greater than that which binds the latter to apply his strength and means toward the public good as the former chooses, and subjects him to the former’s right of life and death.
Economies of Morality and Power: Reading “Race” in Two Colonial Texts
Authors: Nelson Dana D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In order to remind us of the heteroglossia of early American attitudes on “race,” scholars like Roger Bruns have amply documented a segment-however small at times-of the Anglo-European community who dissented from the various and more prominent racist theorizing of other American colonists. These “colonizers who refused,” or at least resisted, complicated American colonial discourse on “race” by countering the growing power of the dominative and justificatory social fictions which would arbitrarily subjugate one “kind” of people in order to maintain the privilege of another. Retrieving these voices, then, works at the most immediate level to refute simplistic assumptions that the Anglo-Europeans entered into racial oppression against Africans and Native Americans “unthinkingly” or because they somehow did n’t know better. Such voices highlight that the American colonialists did not slip into a practice already provided for by preexisting social, political, and economic institutions as much as they invented and structured an ideological formation that would allow it to seem so- for themselves and others.
Introduction
Authors: Mortimer David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The greatly increased interest in andrology over the past two decades has produced a vast increase in our knowledge of male reproductive physiology and the processes leading to conception in vivo and in vitro. It is now obvious that the etiology of human infertility is as often due to the male partner as the female, although in a few socioreligious groups the existence of male infertility is still ignored or even adamantly denied.
Assessment of Sperm Transport
Authors: Mortimer David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Normally, for conception to occur in vivo spermatozoa must be deposited at the site of insemination around the external cervical os at a time when the cervical mucus is receptive to penetration by spermatozoa. This initial process of sperm-cervical mucus interaction is an essential first step in the complex series of events that take place in the relatively inaccessible female tract resulting in the production of a zygote which, hopefully, will implant and develop into a new individual. Consequently, its assessment is an integral part of the diagnostic workup of an infertile couple, and the various techniques available are described in this chapter.
Sperm Fertilizing Ability Testing
Authors: Mortimer David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Approximately 10–15% of couples trying to get pregnant fail to do so and seek medical advice. Infertility has been diagnosed as being due to a male factor in 25–33% of cases, often combined with a female factor; but 15–20% of couples have otherwise unexplained or ‘idiopathic’ infertility (Templeton and Penney, 1982; Spira, 1986; Collins, 1987; World Health Organization, 1990). About 34% of couples who have never been pregnant (primary infertility), and 21% of those who have previously conceived (secondary infertility) remain infertile after 9 years (Templeton and Penney, 1982). However, most pregnancies resulting from successful medical intervention are due to treatments for female endocrine disorders and surgical treatments of either partner; few are due to any specific medical treatment of a male factor. Indeed, rigorous placebo-controlled trials have revealed many of the supposed treatments for male infertility to be ineffective (Hargreave, 1983)
Safety in the Andrology Laboratory
Authors: Mortimer David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
People working in andrology laboratories are exposed not only to the usual risks associated with laboratory work but also specific risks related to possible infection from the biological materials being handled. Under the former heading are included such risks as physical injury resulting from the use of electrical equipment, chemical hazards, dropping or lifting heavy objects or boxes, and cuts from broken glassware. Avoiding this type of injury is largely common sense and is not considered further. The use of compressed gases, however, requires specific safety regulations relating to the safe storage and use of cylinders and regulators; the use of cryogenic materials such as liquid nitrogen poses its own additional safety concerns; and biohazard concerns are associated with the risk of infections being transmitted by biological materials including semen, cervical mucus, blood, and urine.
The Slave Narratives as History
Authors: Davis Charles T , Gates Henry Louis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most significant research projects generated by the Depression was the Federal Writers Project’s Slave Narrative Collection. Drawing upon precedents established by Lawrence Reddick and John McCade, the F.W.P. collected thousands of oral narratives during the nineteen thirties from black men and women who had once been enslaved. Used as sources of folklore by Benjamin Botkin in his collection Lay My Burden Down ( 1945), the worth of these narratives as historical data has remained in question until the last decade. Sterling Brown’s memorandum to that project’s interviewers reveals the care encouraged by the project’s directors to make those data collected of potential use to historians, linguists, and to literary scholars. One such literary scholar, John Widman, compares the use of language in these narratives to that used by Charles Chesnutt in his fictions. Essays by historians are sustained responses to the published edition of these oral tales, edited by the historian, George P. Rawick, and published as a “composite history” in over forty-volumes entitled The American Slave.
Planning and Generating
Authors: Kaye Sanford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Suppose I am under pressure to write about whether to have an English competency exam as a requirement for graduation at, say, Shakespeare College of the Communicable Arts, where I teach writing. This (thankfully) purely fictional assignment is due tomorrow morning, and I am expected to write “about three pages.” The dean is the audience. He doesn’t’t need background: he wants evidence for a point of view-a position paper. This imaginary assignment has the familiar characteristics of many such writing tasks: there is n’t enough time to do a good job; there is a strong likelihood that what I say will not convince the reader as he weighs my views against those of others closer to him; but there is the possibility of doing something useful.
Producing the Roughly Final Draft
Authors: Kaye Sanford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rough cutting the raw draft is an absorbing activity commanding the largest portion of the QWP timetable. Now, a second reading will reveal the gaps left by cutting repetitious, tangential, undeveloped, and inconsistent material, and combining related points. You will discover the need for transitions, a good example to crystallize an idea, and new material to re enforce the internal coherence of your argument. This second reading, especially with the constructive feedback of an objective reader, gives you the opportunity to develop a broader perspective for the conclusion, and then to transform your thesis into the complete introduction.
Applying QWP: Reader and Writer
Authors: Kaye Sanford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first part of this book presents a system and a general policy for writing well, on time, under pressure. This second part applies QWP to common writing situations in a public context. QWP is constructed out of common sense and writing experience. The essence of the system is discovering and presenting meaning. The emphasis, then, is on a planned, continuous process, from thinking about the subject and the audience, to structuring more than enough raw evidence for a provisional thesis, through fashioning the most powerful ideas and examples into the clearest language.
Writing for Organizations: The Communication Problem
Authors: Kaye Sanford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What could be more exciting for a writer than discovering ideas and words that help people make decisions or take actions? Yet no other writing assignment is more difficult, more vulnerable to external and internal pressures, or more likely to cause mischief. Take, for example, the text of Colonel Oliver L. North’s “Action Memorandum for the President,” printed in the New York Times on January 10, 1987. This top-secret memo outlines an Israeli plan to ‘‘bring about a more moderate government in Iran’’ by ‘‘unilaterally . . . selling military materiel to Western oriented Iranian factions.”
Improving Organizational Writing
Authors: Kaye Sanford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Keats’ advice in a letter to Shelley to “load every rift in your subject with ore,” may strike you as far removed from writing in organizations. But in their effort to pack meaning into the fewest words, and to be visually clear on the page, poets share a good deal with the writers of memos, letters and manuals. However different in motivation and in intended audience, good poetry and good organizational writing resemble each other in distilling meaning to evoke an immediate response. In poetry, the private effect on the reader can be enduring. In organizational writing, the effect is social and catalytic.
Nietzsche’s Letters and a Poem
Authors: Middleton Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nietzsche’s prose can captivate you with its dynamic linearity, its candor, its cleanness-until, impulsively, its polyphony carries you off into “the transcendent.” Hence philosophers have tended to regard him as a writer, and writers as a philosopher: explicators are hard put to capture the magic of conjecture, the superpositional halo that his style gives off-like smoke rings rising from the far crest of his thought, signals decipherable to some other Euro-Indians on another crest, perhaps, in another age, even in ours. Faintly foreseeing that the Texas 1985 conference would generate spiky varieties of theoretical discourse with which to circumscribe the halo, I decided to contribute not another discourse on anything, but a series of downright phenomena, some of Nietzsche’s letters, as a sort of blanket to cap off, then release, the halofumes.
Introduction
Authors: Benedict Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book is first and foremost a critique of the way the print press covers sex crimes. In it, I will demonstrate that the pervasiveness of rape myths and the habits of the newsroom have led the press to consistently cover these crimes with bias and, sometimes, even cruelty. I have chosen this subject not only as an exercise in press criticism, however, but as a way of examining public attitudes toward women, sex, and violence, and the role the press plays in establishing or rein-forcing those attitudes. Sex crimes have a unique ability to touch upon the public’s deep-seated beliefs about gender roles. Whereas people may put on a tolerant front when discussing those roles in marriage or the job market, their true opinions are often shocked out of them by the news of a rape or sex-related murder. For example, the very person who declares that a woman has a right to be paid as much as a man for the same work might well blurt out, “Well, what did she expect?” upon hearing of a gang rape in a seedy bar. Sex crimes have the ability to evoke such beliefs because they involve aggressive, sexual interaction between men and women, and call-into play age-old myths and assumptions about rape and sex.
“She Should be Punished”: The 1983-1984 New Bedford “Big Dan’s” Gang Rape
Authors: Benedict Helen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One Sunday night in March 1983, in the small city of New Bedford, Massachusetts, a young woman ran, screaming, out of Big Dan’s Tavern. Wearing only a sock and a jacket, she flagged down a passing pick-up truck for help. Sobbing and shaking, she told the driver that she had been gang-raped. The story was quickly labeled the “Big Dan’s pool table rape” by the local press and became a national fixation within days. The case was disturbing not only because the woman had been attacked by at least six men in a public place, but because she had told police that a roomful of men had cheered during the rape instead of helping her. Virtually overnight, columns and letters appeared all over the country likening the Big Dan’s rape to the killing of Kitty Genovese (described in Chapter z) and chiding the accused men, society in general, and individual citizens for allowing such a brutal crime to occur.
The Structure of Faith
Authors: Neiman Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Perhaps the most decisive aspect of Kant’s work, for the subsequent history of philosophy, is his argument that questions concerning God, human freedom, and immortality involve objects beyond the realm of human knowledge. These questions had been, when not the main object of philosophical endeavor, the points around which all other philosophical inquiry revolved; no wonder that Kant’s placing them outside the province of philosophical speculation seemed to his contemporaries to be “all-destroying.”
The Task of Philosophy
Authors: Neiman Susan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first Critique tells us that all the interests of reason combine in three questions: What can I know? What should I do? What may I hope? A lesser-known passage of the Logic adds a fourth question—What is the human being? – and tells us that the first three questions are related to the last. Hence, Kant concludes provocatively, the whole field of philosophy could be reckoned to anthropology, whose business it is to tell us what is human (IX, 25).
Unit-Characters, Pairs, and Dominance
Authors: Darden Lindley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The task in s 6 to 13 is to trace the changes between 1900 and 1926 in the theoretical components of Mendelism. Furthermore, strategies for producing the changes will be described. Each will discuss challenges to one or more components, the way the components changed in the light of the challenges, and one or more strategies exemplified in changes. As will be seen, changes were driven by the need to explain anomalies, to expand the scope of the domain of Mendelism, and to clarify the explanatory concepts.
Boveri-Sutton Chromosome Theory
Authors: Darden Lindley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This traces the early development of the chromosome theory of Mendelian heredity proposed by Sutton and de Varies in 1903 and Boveri in 1904. After a brief discussion of the nineteenth-century background in Section 7.2, the Boveri-Sutton theory (as it came to be called) is discussed in Section 7.3. The extremely fruitful interaction between cytology and Mendelism produced new hypotheses and predictions for both fields.
The Chromosome Theory and Mutation
Authors: Darden Lindley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1912, Spillman, an early proponent of Mendelism, published a review article surveying the “present status of the genetics problem,” as he put it. He reviewed the history of research on the problem of heredity, including Mendelism. In the first decade of the century, Mendelian investigations had focused on the issue of the universality of the law of segregation. That question, he claimed, was now settled. He went on to discuss puzzles facinggeneticists, including the new findings about numerous instances of “pairing of unrelated characters” being found in animals and plants.
Unit-characters to Factors to Genes
Authors: Darden Lindley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the development of the theory of the gene, the need for postulating the existence of a hypothetical entity, the gene, gradually emerged. No one person discovered the gene. The distinction between the character and the unit carried by the germ cells gradually entered the literature. The factor hypothesis emerged between about 1906 and 1910, and with it came debate about the nature of the unit factor, in contrast to the unit-character. Johannsen introduced the term “gene” in 1909, although determining his meaning of that term, as well as of his other terms, “genotype” and “phenotype,” has proved difficult for historians.
Implications for Further Work
Authors: Darden Lindley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book has discussed strategies for theory change, including strategies for producing new ideas, strategies for theory assessment, and strategies for anomaly resolution and change of scope. s 6 to 13 analyzed the strategies exemplified in the development of the theory of the gene between 1900 and 1926. 14summarized those strategies, and 15 placed those strategies into a more systematic list of strategies.
It Must Be Humdrum
Authors: Longenbach James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To many readers, the coda to “Notes toward a Supreme Fiction” has seemed uncharacteristically explicit following the ambiguous undulations of the sequence at large. Helen Vendler calls the coda “something of an anticlimax,” and Harold Bloom finds it “deliberate” and “overtly personal.” But Stevens himself thought this final address to the soldier was central to the entire poem. In correspondence with Katharine Frazier of the Cummington Press, he suggested that she print “on the back outside cover of the book a border consisting of a line or two of the poem beginning ‘Soldier, there is a war’ etc: enough to state the idea”.
Mendelian Inheritance in Humans
Authors: Ostrer Harry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
After having been overlooked for 35 years, Gregor Mendel’s laws of genetic transmission were rediscovered in 1900. Mendel had based his work on breeding experiments in peas and flowering plants, but the laws were found to be applicable to other organisms as well. With their rediscovery, Mendel’s laws provided the framework upon which all subsequent work in human genetics has been based.
Mendel’s first law is referred to as the independent assortment of alleles. (Alleles are the two different copies of a gene.) Alleles may be dominant or recessive in their influence on the development of characteristics. (Genetic characteristics are commonly referred to as “phenotypes.”) If an allele is dominant, one copy is sufficient to produce the phenotype-that is, to encode it. If it is recessive, two copies are required.
Mitochondrial Inheritance
Authors: Ostrer Harry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea that certain traits may be transmitted exclusively by the mother has existed since the 1930s. The term applied to such transmission was cytoplasmic inheritance, because the cytoplasm of the zygote is transmitted almost exclusively by the oocyte. The first human disease for which cytoplasmic inheritance was proposed was Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), a condition that is characterized by deterioration of the optic nerves with progressive vision loss leading to blindness. Based on the observation that almost all cases were trans mitted by the mother, in 1936, Imai and Moriwaki suggested that LHON may be an example of cytoplasmic inheritance in humans.