bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of dietary composition and of insulin on gluconeogenesis in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)
Authors: Cowey C. B. , De La Higuera M. , Adron J. W. 
Published: September 2005

1. The activities at 15° of three gluconeogenic enzymes,d-fructose-1,6-diphosphate, 1-phosphohydrolase (EC3.1.3.11), pyruvate carboxylase (EC6.4.1.1) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (4.1.1.32), were determined in liver, kidney, gill and muscle of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) given a commercial diet. The results indicated that liver and kidney are the main sites of gluconeogenesis.2. Glucose formation from pyruvate was approximately 6 μmol/h per g wet weight at 15° in liver slices of trout given a commercial diet.3. Glucose diffusion space in trout was measured by the dilution principle after intravascular injection of a trace dose of [U-14C]glucose. Glucose space was found to be 13.7% of the body-weight. Gluconeogenesis in vivo amounted to approximately 45 μmol/kg body-weight per h.4. Intraperitoneally injected [U-14C]alanine was quickly converted to glucose. Maximal incorporation of alanine into glucose occurred 6 h after alanine administration.5. Rainbow trout given a high-protein diet gained in weight significantly during a 4-week period. Those given a high-carbohydrate diet did not make a significant weight gain over the same period. Gluconeogenesis from alanine was markedly reduced in fish given the high-carbohydrate diet. There was no significant difference in gluconeogenesis from alanine in fish given a high-protein diet and fish which were fasted for 21 d.6. Gluconeogenesis from alanine in trout was suppressed by intravenous injection of insulin. This effect was found both in trout given a high-protein diet and in fasted trout.
Rate of passage of digesta in sheep
Authors: Grovum W. L. , Williams V. J. 
Published: September 2005

1.Five sheep were given 400, 625, 850, 1075 and 1300 g lucerne chaff/d according to a 5 × 5 Latin square design to perturbate a mathematical model describing the rate of passage of digesta in terms of rate constants for the reticulo-rumen (k1) and caecum and proximal2.colon (k2), and a transit time (TT) for the intestines. These values were obtained from the concentration curves of51Cr EDTA and144Ce-144Pr (144Pr) excretion in faeces for comparison with similar measurements obtained directly.3.The retention times of markers in the reticulo-rumen, caecum and proximal colon and intestines all decreased by approximately 50% as intakes were increased from 400 to 1300 g/d. For both markers, the direct and indirect measures of half-time in the reticulo-rumen were essentially identical. The predicted (indirect) values for half times in the caecum and proximal colon were smaller than the direct values (P< 0.005) but the correlations between them were significant (P< 0.01) for51Cr EDTA (r0.66) and144Pr (r0.78). The direct measures of transit time were smaller (P< 0.025) by 5–10% than the predicted values but correlations between them were significant (P< 0.01) for51Cr EDTA (r0.91) and for144Pr (r0.93). Thus the model predicted the changes produced in the rate of passage of digesta and its usefulness and limitations are discussed.3.With144Pr1/2k1for the reticulo-rumen andT1/2k2for the caecum and proximal colon were both positively correlated (P< 0.025) with the organic matter digestibilities.T1/2k2decreased at half the rate ofT1/2k1with increasing intakes. This would have favoured compensatory digestion in the large intestine.
The effects on glucose metabolism of feeding a high-urea diet to sheep
Authors: Leonard M. C. , Buttery P. J. , Lewis D. 
Published: September 2005

1. Sheep were given either a basal diet of 107 g crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25)/kg or the same diet to which urea was added to increase the crude protein content to 221 g/kg. Isotope-dilution techniques with [U-14C]glucose and [2-3H]glucose were used to measure various criteria of glucose metabolism. The plasma concentrations of urea and potassium were determined. The sheep were then given the alternative diet and the experiment was repeated.2. Plasma K concentrations were decreased on feeding urea (P< 0.05).3. Plasma glucose concentrations were reduced on the urea treatment (P< 0.05), while glucose space and metabolic clearance rate were not significantly reduced (P> 0.05).4. Some implications for the feeding of non-protein-N to ruminants are discussed.
The protein-sparing effect of carbohydrate
Authors: Fuller M. F. , Weekes T. E. C. , Cadenhead A. , Bruce J. B. 
Published: September 2005

1. In five experiments with growing female pigs of 38–63 kg, insulin (2 mU/kg per min) and glucose (9–17 mg/kg per min) were infused continuously for 3–7 d. In three further experiments, glucose (9 mg/kg per min) was infused alone for 5 d.2. In response to the combined infusion, plasma insulin increased 2-7-fold, plasma glucose decreased, on average, by 50% and plasma urea concentration was reduced by 40%. Urinary excretion of urea and nitrogen decreased after the first day of infusion to values averaging 70% of control levels.3. The infusion of glucose alone provoked only a small increase in plasma insulin. The reduction of urinary urea and of N excretion were approximately 25% of those observed with the combined infusions.
The histology and in vivo sulphate uptake of epiphyseal cartilage in protein-depleted rats
Authors: Shapiro B. , Pimstone B. 
Published: September 2005

1. Weanling rats, aged 21 d, given a 40 g casein/kg diet for 25 d were compared with ‘age-matched’ controls given a 200 g casein/kg diet and with ‘weight-matched’ weanling controls.2. The protein-malnourished rats demonstrated failure of weight gain and linear growth, hypoproteinaemia, hypoalbuminaemia and fatty liver.3. Autoradiography of the tibia was carried out 24 h after intraperitoneal injection of Na235SO4(0.1, 1.0, 2.0, 5, 10 μCi/g body-weight). Sections of tibia, humerus and costochondral junction were stained by haematoxylin and eosin, resorcin-crystal violet and picro-fuchsin, Alcian Blue at pH 0.1 and pH 2.5, Alcian Blue at pH 5.7 with magnesium chloride (0.1, 0.7, 1.0m), and by Alcian Blue after ovine testicular hyaluronidase (EC3.2.1.35) digestion. The width of the upper tibial epiphysis was measured and the histological and histochemical features of the epiphyses studied.4. The incorporation of35SO4into the epiphyses of the protein-malnourished animals was markedly reduced. The chondrocytes were small and flattened with frequent pyknotic nuclei. The staining characteristics of the cartilagenous matrix was qualitatively similar in all animals. The epiphyses in malnutrition were found to be thin, all zones being affected. The upper tibial epiphyses (mean±sd; μm) were 202 ±46 for the protein-malnourished animals, 367±52 for age-matched controls and 578±40 for weight-matched controls.5. The changes found resemble those after hypophysectomy and the possible hormonal factors are discussed.
The effect of partially replacing urea nitrogen with protein N on N capture in the rumen of sheep fed a purified diet
Authors: Ben-Ghedalia D. , McMeniman N. P. , Armstrong D. G. 
Published: September 2005

1. The influence of replacing 10 % of the urea nitrogen in a purified diet with casein, maize gluten or white fish meal on the efficiency of conversion of dietary-N into microbial N was examined using sheep equipped with rumen fistulas and duodenal re-entrant cannulas.2. Total nitrogen (TN), non-ammonia nitrogen (NAN) and amino acid nitrogen (AAN) flowing to the proximal duodenum were significantly higher (P< 0.05) when maize gluten was added to the diet, and this appeared to be due to an increased efficiency of microbial protein production.3. Pepsin secretion was not significantly different between treatments and the daily amount of pepsin N flowing to the proximal duodenum was very small (40–53 mg). The peak of pepsin activity in duodenal digesta was reached 6–8 h after feeding.4. The possible practical implications of the results are discussed.
Quantitative aspects of the transformations of sulphur in sheep
Authors: Kennedy P. M. , Milligan L. P. 
Published: September 2005

1. [35S]sulphate was used to obtain quantitative estimates of the transfer of sulphur between the blood, rumen and postruminal tract of four sheep given brome grass (Bromus inermis) pellets or lucerne (Medicago sativa) pellets at the rate of 33 or 66 g/h. Sodium sulphate (0–4 g S/d) was infused into the rumen or abomasum of sheep given brome grass during four periods of 19 d and was not infused into the sheep during a subsequent period in which lucerne was given. The flow of sulphide, sulphate, microbial S and non-microbial organic S from the abomasum was estimated using103Ru and51Cr.2. The concentration of inorganic sulphate in serum was increased to maximum values of 35–46 mg S/l by infusion of sulphate into the rumen or abomasum. The rate of irreversible loss of serum sulphate and rumen sulphide was positively related to the amount of sulphate infused.3. Reabsorption of sulphate by the kidney reached a maximum of 0.69–1.1 mmol sulphate/l glomerular filtrate.4. The transfer of sulphate from blood to the rumen was related to the concentration of inorganic sulphate in serum, attaining maximum values of 133 (±13) mg S/d for sheep given brome grass plus sulphate, and 127–159 mg S/d for sheep given lucerne.5. Bacteria derived 0.52–0.67 of organic S from rumen sulphide in sheep given brome grass, and approximately 0.45 of bacterial organic S was derived from sulphide for sheep given lucerne. Protozoa derived approximately 0.90 of organic S from bacteria.6. It was estimated that endogenous organic S contributed 300–340 mg S/d to the rumen, and that 0.24–0.45 of S digested in the rumen was derived from endogenous sources.
Effect of refeeding raw and cooked starches on hepatic enzyme activities of rats
Authors: Michaelis IV O. E. , Nace Charlotte S. , Szepesi B. 
Published: September 2005

1. Responses of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49; G6PD), malic enzyme (EC 1.1.1.40; ME), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.2; ACAC), and fatty acid synthetase (FAS) were studied in male Wistar rats after a period of starvation and refeeding of diets containing 400 g glucose, or raw or cooked starches as the source of carbohydrate/kg. Starches fed included maize, potato, wheat, rice, and tapioca.2. When compared to the responses of rats given the glucose-containing diet, rats given raw maize- or rice-starch-containing diets had a significantly lower ME response, and rats given raw potato starch had significantly lower responses of G6PD, ME, ACAC, and FAS. The enzyme responses of rats given cooked starches were similar to those of glucose-fed rats, except that rats given cooked wheat starch had significantly lower G6PD and ME responses than did glucose-fed rats.3. When the enzyme responses to refeeding of the same starch source in either raw or cooked form were compared, it was found that (a) the FAS response was significantly higher to cooked than to raw maize starch, (b) the G6PD and ACAC responses were significantly higher to cooked than to raw tapioca starch, (c) the G6PD, ME, ACAC, and FAS responses were significantly higher to cooked than to raw potato starch.4. The results suggest that reported differences in the lipogenic enzyme responses between simple sugars and starch may in some instances be magnified because of the use of uncooked starches in experimental diets.
The influence of the gut microflora and of dietary fibre on epithelial cell migration in the chick intestine
Authors: Rolls B. A. , Turvey A. , Coates Marie E. 
Published: September 2005

1. The renewal of the intestinal mucosal epithelium has been investigated in germ-free and conventional chicks given a practical chick diet and a low- and high-fibre diet, using tritiated thymidine to label the nuclei of mucosal cells undergoing division.2. Villus height, crypt depth and number of mitoses in the crypt were generally, although not always significantly, greater for conventional chicks than for germ-free chicks at all sites investigated in the intestine, and all became progressively lower from the upper intestine to the lower intestine.3. There was a linear relationship between the height of the radioactively labelled mucosal cells on the villus and the period after injection, and the rates of epithelial cell migration were higher for conventional than for germ-free chicks, the relative differences being greater in the lower intestine than the upper intestine.4. The inclusion of wheat bran as a source of dietary fibre had no effect on the rate of epithelial renewal, either in germ-free or conventional birds.
Effects of cold exposure on digestion, microbial synthesis and nitrogen transformations in sheep
Authors: Kennedy P. M. , Milligan L. P. 
Published: September 2005

1. Six closely shorn sheep were given brome grass (Bromus inermis) pellets at the rate of 59 or 98 g dry matter (dm)/h and maintained at ambient temperatures of 2–5° and 22–25° for 35 d. Measurements of digestion, rate of passage of digesta, and nitrogen transformations were made during the last 13 d of temperature exposure.2. Cold exposure at the lower level of intake reduced the apparent digestibility of dm and organic matter (om) approximately 0.055 units. Apparent digestibility of dm and om was further decreased approximately 0.03 units with the higher level of food intake in the cold. Apparent N digestibility was significantly depressed from 0.62 to 0.59–0.60 for sheep exposed to cold at both levels of intake.3. Exposure of sheep to cold resulted in a decrease in the turnover time of the particulate marker, 103Ru, from 19 h to 10.12 h in the rumen, a decrease in rumen volume, and a significant increase in dm and om which escaped digestion in the stomach. Volatile fatty acid and methane production in the rumen were highly correlated with the amount of om digested in the stomach. Methane production in the rumen comprised 0.81 of total production in warm sheep, and 0.68–0.74 of total production in cold-exposed sheep.4. More om and non-ammonia-N were apparently digested in the intestines of sheep exposed to cold than in warm sheep at the same food intake, but the apparent digestibilities in the intestines of dm, om and non-ammonia-N leaving the abomasum did not change significantly between treatments. The retention time of 103Ru in the intestines was 17.18 h in sheep given 59 g dm food/h at both exposure temperatures, but was reduced to 12 h for cold-exposed sheep given 98 g dm/h. Methane production in the postruminal tract was increased at the higher food intake, but there was no difference between warm and cold-exposed sheep at the same food intake.5. The rate of irreversible loss of plasma urea and rumen ammonia was measured by infusion of [15N]urea and [15N]ammonium chloride. Exposure to cold reduced the irreversible loss of plasma urea from 0.85 to 0.75–0.77 g N/g N intake, and the irreversible loss of rumen ammonia from 0.66 to 0.57–0.61 g N/g N intake. The transfer of plasma urea-N to the rumen ammonia pool was significantly greater (9.5 g N/d) in the cold-exposed sheep than the value (7.3 g N/d) in warm sheep.6. The efficiency of microbial synthesis in the rumen was increased in cold-exposed sheep, and was related to the amount of N recycled through the rumen ammonia pool from intraruminal sources. The effect of dilution rate and fermentation patterns on efficiency of microbial synthesis is discussed.
Absorption of calcium from a leafy vegetable rich in oxalates
Authors: Pingle Urmila , Ramasastri B. V. 
Published: September 2005

1. Plant foods, especially green leafy vegetables, are the cheapest and richest source of calcium in developing countries and are recommended in balanced diets. Hence it was worth while obtaining further information about the availability of Ca from these commonly-consumed green leaves.2. The green leafy vegetable belonging toAmaranthusspp. was taken as a suitable experimental model because it is not only commonly-consumed, but is also rich in Ca and oxalates. In the first experiment, each of the eight adult male subjects was given a basal diet containing negligible Ca, a milk diet and an‘Amaranthus’diet, both containing the same amount of Ca. These diets were given on 3 consecutive days and the urinary Ca excreted in a 6 h period after the test diet was considered an approximate index of Ca absorbed in that period. The second experiment was designed to study the influence ofAmaranthusspp. on the availability of milk Ca. Each of the ten adult male subjects were given a basal diet, a milk diet and a diet containing the same amount of milk withAmaranthusspp. added to it. Urinary Ca excreted in a period of 6 h was estimated.3. While availability of Ca from milk was good, that fromAmaranthusleaves was low. The ingestion ofAmaranthusleaves together with milk adversely affected the absorption of milk Ca.4. In view of these findings, recommendation of green leaves as a regular source of Ca to the vulnerable section of the Indian Community should be considered with caution. Since green leaves are a main source of other nutrients, especially β-carotene, their consumption cannot be discouraged and hence leaves low in oxalates should be recommended.
The B-vitamin group and the activity of hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidases of the growing Wistar rat
Authors: Miltenberger R. , Oltersdorf U. 
Published: September 2005

1. Male Wistar rats were given isoenergetic, semi-synthetic diets deficient in thiamin, riboflavin, pyrid-oxine or all the B-vitamins.2. In rats given these deficient diets the ‘sleeping time’ induced with pentobarbital (PB) and the ‘paralysis time’ with zoxazolamine (Zz) were prolonged.3. The tolerance effect against both drugs was nearly independent of the levels of B-vitamins in the diets.4. In preparations from vitamin-B deficient animals the activities of the following hepatic microsomal enzymes were reduced: the aliphatic hydroxylase of PB, the aromatic hydroxylases of aniline (EC1.14.14.1) and of Zz, theN-demethylase of aminopyrine, the UDP glucuronyltransferase (EC2.4.1.17) ofp-nitrophenol. The reactions most influenced were those of ‘type-1’ substrates, particularly those involving the hydroxylases.5. The effects observed were caused mainly by deficiency of riboflavin and to a lesser extent of thiamin or pyridoxine.
Response of lipogenic enzymes to overfeeding in liver and adipose tissue of light and heavy breeds of chicks
Authors: Shapira Niva , Nir I. , Budowski P. 
Published: September 2005

1. Chicks, 3-d-old, of a heavy breed (HB) and a light breed (LB) were overfed for 18 d. The activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (EC6.4.1.2; CBX), fatty acid synthetase (FAS), ATP citrate lyase (EC4.1.3.8; CCE), NADP-malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) (EC1.1.1.40; ME), 6-glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC1.1.1.49; G6PDH) and phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (EC1.1.1.44; 6PGDH) were determined in abdominal adipose tissue (AT) and liver samples of overfed andad lib.-fed chicks. Size and fat content of liver and adipose tissue were also determined in order to evaluate the extent of obesity.2. Onad lib.-feeding HB chicks consumed more food, gained more weight and deposited more fat than the corresponding LB chicks. Their lipogenic enzymes were more active than in the LB chicks in both adipose tissue and liver. The increase in food consumption (%) that could be achieved by overfeeding was three times greater in the LB chicks than in the HB chicks.3. Overfeeding increased the weight and fat content of liver and AT in both breeds. The specific activities of CBX, FAS, CCE and ME in liver and AT increased in the LB chicks only and the total activities of liver and AT enzymes increased much more in the LB chicks than in the HB chicks in which the increase was derived mainly from tissue enlargement.4. The activity of the pentose cycle dehydrogenases was very low in liver, but in AT about one third of the NADPH generating capacity could be accounted for by these dehydrogenases.5. The results show that lipogenic enzymes of chicks respond to an increased substrate flux. It is suggested that the enlarged liver, the higher participation of AT in lipogenesis and the uninterrupted supply of cropstored excess food enable the chick to accommodate the increased amounts of substrate with only moderate enzymic adaptation.
Serum cholesterol, triglycerides and heart disease of nomadic and sedentary tribesmen consuming isoenergetic diets of high and low fat content
Authors: Murray M. J. , Murray Anne B. , Murray N. J. , Murray Megan B. 
Published: September 2005

1. The effects were examined of two approximately isoenergetic diets differing widely in saturated fat content on the levels of serum cholesterol and triglycerides of nomads and non-nomads in eastern Niger. Each person was also examined for clinical and electrocardiographic evidence of heart disease.2. No significant differences could be found between serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels of 297 Anagamba nomad men consuming 73 % energy as fat and 303 Kanouri sedentary men consuming 9 % energy as fat.3. Rheumatic heart disease was common in nomads and four possible cases of ischaemic heart disease were found in sedentary men only.
Lead and iron absorption from rat small intestine: the effect of dietary Fe deficiency
Authors: Robertson I. K. , Worwood M. 
Published: September 2005

1. When lead is administered in drinking-water iron-deficient rats retain more Pb than Fe-replete rats (Six & Goyer, 1972; Klauder & Petering, 1975). In the present study the relationship between the absorption of Pb and Fe was investigated.2. Adult male rats were transferred to a milk-based diet fed with or without supplementary Fe (180 mg Fe/kg as ferrous sulphate). After 7–9 d the absorption of duodenally-administered203Pb and59Fe was measured as uptake of radioactivity from the gastrointestinal tract after 90 min.59Fe absorption was increased in rats given the unsupplemented diet for 7 d and was further increased in rats kept on the diet for up to 7 weeks.203Pb absorption was not consistently increased by either short- or long-term Fe deprivation.3. Much of the203Pb in homogenates of the upper small intestine was bound to soluble protein of which up to 85% was dialysable. In contrast little59Fe was dialysable. Only a small proportion of the soluble musosal Pb was associated with ferritin during gel-filtration chromatography although203Pb precipitated together with carrier rat-liver ferritin with an antibody to rat-liver ferritin.4. There appeared to be no direct relationship between the transfer of Fe and Pb across the small intestine of the adult rat.
The effect of vitamin B12 on physical performance capacity
Authors: Tin-May-Than  , Ma-Win-May  , Khin-Sann-Aung  , Mya-Tu M. 
Published: September 2005

1. Physical performance capacity was assessed before and after injection of cyanocobalamin and a placebo for thirty-one Burmese male subjects whose age ranged from 18.7 to 20.8 years.2. The subjects chosen were free from anaemia and were paired on a ‘weight-age’ basis and divided into two groups.3. One group received an injection of 1 mg cyanocobalamin and the other was given a placebo injection three times weekly for 6 weeks. This was done on a ‘double-blind’ basis.4. There was no significant difference between the two groups in any of the criteria measured, before and after administration of either 1 mg cyanocobalamin or placebo injection. So also there was no significant increase in any of the measurements in the subjects after receiving cyanocobalamin injections compared with those receiving the placebo.