bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Van Diemen’s Land
Authors: Bergonzi Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Things looked up for Tom Arnold after he crossed the Tasman Sea. Van Diemen’s Land, as Tasmania was known until 1856, was a more developed colonial society than New Zealand; it was to provide him with a wife, a family, and work that he found, for the most part, constructive and satisfying. As his ship approached the coast on 13 January 1850 he was cheered by the sight of mountains, Those dear old friends, the sight of which is always a comfort to me’, as he told Jane.1 He disembarked at Launceston in the north of the island, and next day he left early for the capital, Hobart, 120 miles to the south along a good road built by convict labour. Such evidence of the colony’s origins and recent past lay all around. Van Diemen’s Land, like its parent colony, Botany Bay, later New South Wales, had been established and built up partly as a depository for convicts from the homeland. The practice of transportation was on the point of being abolished, after much delay and many arguments both in England and Australia, but it was still in force in Van Diemen’s Land.
Dublin
Authors: Bergonzi Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Arnold parents, with Mary, William, and Theodore, sailed from Hobart on 12 July 1856; they were accompanied by four other children, cousins of Julia’s, who had been in India and were going to school in England, plus their nurses. Mary was 5 years old and remembered the journey to the end of her life:
I can just recall... the deck of a ship which to my childish feet seemed vast—but the William Brown was a sailing ship of only 400 tons!—in which we made the voyage home in 1856. Three months and a half we took about it, going round the Horn in bitter weather, much run over by rats at night, and expected to take our baths by day in two huge barrels full of sea water on the deck, into which we children were plunged shivering by our nurse, two or three times a week.
Birmingham
Authors: Bergonzi Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Newman took advantage of the crisis with the striking schoolmasters to advance his long-standing plan to get Tom Arnold into the school. He handled it skilfully. When Fr St John went to Dublin early in January 1862 he took with him a letter addressed to Archbishop Cullen, respectfully asking if Newman could borrow one of the professors of the Catholic University to help out in the present emergency Tor a month or two’. This letter seems not to have been presented, and subsequent negotiations were conducted with Mgr Bartholomew Woodlock, who after a long interval had succeeded Newman as rector. An entry in Newman’s diary, dated 6 January but probably written later, says that Fr St John had “secured Arnold”. He had got the university to agree to lend him for three months, but Arnold himself was still in England, at Matthew’s.
Censorial Activity: The Burdens of Officebearing
Authors: Felling Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The irregulars, as we have seen, gave the College much of its definition, through the action it took against them. It is not too much to say that censorial activity kept the College alive in the absence of any other vital signs. From the College’s side, therefore, attention must focus on the President and Censors, who were responsible for maintaining this activity. But the small cadres of officebearers have even more salience from the point of view of the irregulars, the nature of their experience, and how they were represented. The College was small, but the interface between College and irregulars was smaller still. This chapter looks more closely at the lineaments of those with whom the irregulars had to deal.
Return to Twin Peaks: On the Intrinsic Moral Significance of Equality
Authors: Feldman Fred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some philosophers apparently think that equality has intrinsic moral significance. They seem to think that a situation of group receipt is made better in itself if the members’ receipt levels are more equal.1 Of course, even the most fanatical egalitarian must think that something else matters, too. This would be brought out by the question, ‘equality of what?’ There must be something such that the egalitarian thinks that it is better in itself for that thing to be received in more equal doses. For example, they might think that in the first instance it would be better if people received greater amounts of welfare.2 But in addition to increased amounts of welfare, the egalitarian might think that it is also better in itself if the amounts received are more nearly equal.
Introduction
Authors: Swyngedouw Erik , Moulaert Frank , Rodríguez Arantxa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book and the nine city stories in it are written out of a love for the city, a love of large metropolitan places. Cities are brooding places of imagination, creativity, innovation, and the ever new and different. But cities also hide in their underbelly perverse and pervasive processes of physical decay and suffocation, social exclusion and marginalization, and are rife with all manner of social and political conflict, and often outright despair in the midst of the greatest affluence, abundance, and pleasure.
Urban Restructuring, Social-Political Polarization, and New Urban Policies
Authors: Rodríguez Arantxa , Swyngedouw Erik , Moulaert Frank 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dynamics of economic restructuring and globalization have radically reshaped the fortunes of cities and urban regions during the last two decades. For cities throughout the world, changing fortunes mean coming to terms with the consequences of socio-economic dislocation brought about by the reorganization of production and demand globally, including increasing polarization and social exclusion. To meet the challenges posed by the new economic realities, the policy agenda of cities has been drastically redefined.
Old Élites in a New City: Restructuring the Leopold Quarter and the Europeanization of Brussels
Authors: Baeten Guy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Europeanization has triggered substantial economic, political, and cultural change in the city of Brussels. It has evolved from a relatively unimportant national capital to one of the most multicultural and cosmopolitan cities in the world, exerting substantial political and economic power in Europe and the rest of the world. More than one-third of Brussels’s inhabitants are now of foreign origin. In this chapter, I will argue that, in spite of this dramatic post-war socioeconomic and demographic change and this new cosmopolitan reality, Brussels is still governed by traditional political and economic elites operating within well-tested formats of urban governance and urban planning.
Preface
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It seems impossible in practice to give priority to any particular truth in linguistics so as to make it the key starting point. However, there are five or six basic truths which are so interrelated that it is equally possible to use any one as the starting point, and to arrive logically at all the others and at every minute ramification of the consequences, starting from any one of them.
The object of linguistics
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anyone who confronts the complex object that is language so as to make a study of it will necessarily approach this object from one side or another, which will never be the whole of language—even assuming that it is well chosen. If it isless well chosen, it may not even fall within the sphere of language, or may brepresent a confusion of points of view which is subsequently found to be unacceptable.
Features of rules for synchronic phonetics*
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
even if the widest range of formulations is accepted, including those one would refuse on the grounds that they border on the etymological, . . .(A synchronic phonetic rule, even as a practical rule, is essentially unable to draw up a constant relationship between facts.)– Exchange: only expression appropriate to all movement in langue. There are two types of exchange, which are quite distinct, in the life of language. However, there is absolutely no change.
Identification; relative values, point of view
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is always a point when it is essential to describe a specific fact, and such a point may occur unexpectedly. But while such a description is invaluable in certain circumstances that we shall attempt to set out, the fact remains that in essence language rests on oppositions, on a network of wholly negative values which exist only in mutual contrast.
Signs and negativity
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When it is taken at a given point in time: not only signs, but also meanings, inseparable from signs, in that without meaning signs would no longer be signs. However, the following are not features of langue: meanings, ideas, grammatical categories outside signs; these may exist outside the linguistic domain; this is a very fraught question, which should certainly be taken on by non-linguists; vocal figures used as signs do not exist in the language system at a particular moment. Here they exist as far as the physician, or the physiologist, is concerned, but not the linguist or the speaking subject. Just as there is no meaning outside sign a, so there is no sign outside meaning.
New Miscellaneous Notes (from the Orangery manuscripts)
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The best proof of this is that vwar, in another language, would have another meaning: is therefore nothing in itself: and thus is only a word insofar as it evokes a meaning. But, once this is clear, it becomes obvious that you can no longer divide things up, putting the word on one side, and its meaning on the other. The two things make a whole.
Aphorisms (from the Engler edition)
Authors: Saussure Ferdinand de 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The condition of all linguistic phenomena is an interchange between at least two terms. These may either come one after the other or be simultaneous. The absence of the second term, wherever this may seem to occur, is only apparent. In the language system, as in all other semiological systems, there can be no difference between what characterizes a thing and what constitutes it.
The Old Sources: A Lack of Authenticity
Authors: Latacz Joachim , Kevin Windle , Ireland Rosh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This situation is difficult to grasp: throughout its history this city was, as we know, surrounded by cultures of writing in various languages and writing systems (cuneiform, hieroglyphs), and the notion that only in this precise place nothing at all was written may be dismissed, but so far not a single piece of written evidence that definitely originates in Troy has come to light. Troy itself remains mute. There is not so much as one mention of its name. Of course, this will not necessarily remain the case forever.
When Was the Tale of Troy Conceived?
Authors: Latacz Joachim , Kevin Windle , Ireland Rosh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It should be emphasized first that, with this question, the problem of the historicity of the sequence of events at Troy is left untouched. The point is how long the tale of Troy existed before Homer, not whether it is ‘true’. Of course this is not a random question. The answer to it is crucial for the question of historicity, which we ultimately wish to address. Crucial, since the veracity of a story which relates to particular events, whether or not it has a historical core, is bound to decrease as the time lapse increases between its appearance and its underlying events. That applies, of course, only to oral transmission.
How Did the Tale of Troy Reach Homer?
Authors: Latacz Joachim , Kevin Windle , Ireland Rosh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Up to this point we have argued at great length to demonstrate conclusively that the tale of Troy could have been conceived in no other period of Greek history than the Mycenaean. Some readers may indeed find that the argument has been altogether too long. It must be clear, however, that Homer can contribute something to the ‘Troy question’ only if the information on Troy and the Trojan War which we obtain from his Iliad (and the Odyssey) is not his own fabrication (nor that of a company of bards), but derives from the actual era of Troy.
The Warrior Gods Nergal, Numušda, And Ninurta
Authors: Black Jeremy , Cunningham Graham , Robson Eleanor , Zólyomi Brá 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
War was an inescapable aspect of urban life from the time of the earliest Sumerian cities in the mid-fourth millennium BCE. Inter-city warfare was gradually replaced by inter-state warfare as the great kingdoms of Agade, Urim, Isin, Larsa, and ultimately Babylon developed through the late third and early second millennia. Active and defensive campaigns against the often hostile peoples of the Iranian mountains to the east of the Mesopotamian plain also featured both in reality and in legend.
Introduction
Authors: Cooper J P D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the evangelical Simon Heynes succeeded Reginald Pole as Dean of Exeter in 1537, he was far from impressed by his new posting. His servant Richard Chamber had already warned him that his house in town was ·wonderous fare owtt of reparacyon’, the garden ‘lay lyke a wyldernes’, and that the citizens were ‘hallfe afard of a prcvy insurreccyon of cornyssmen’. Heynes soon discovered that Exeter’s spiritual life was equally unkempt and uncultivated. The cathedral chapter had mislaid the royal injunctions that demanded ecclesiastical reforms in Devon and Cornwall. If Heynes himself had copies, he was told, ‘they impoted nothing ell is but that we shuld doo as we have don in tymes past, & live affter the old fation’. His attempt to collect the prebendal income due to him was obstructed. He found the priests ‘a straunge kynd of pep)e in this Contre’, and very few of them ‘well persuaded’ towards the new learning. His message to Thomas Cromwell was consequently both blunt and urgent: ‘my lorde this is a perillose contre, for goddes love let the kynges grace looke to it in tyme.’1
Allegiance
Authors: Cooper J P D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1531 Sir Thomas Elyot took it upon himself to explain why Christian kings set such store by stately ceremonial at their coronations. Hereditary monarchs were invested with the symbols of their office in public, so ran The Book Named The Governor, in order to impress in their subjects ‘perpetual reverence, which is fountain of obedience’.1 Elyoes opinion of the value of royal propaganda, and others like it, have caught the imagination of modern scholars, and of differing traditions. Both political and art historians have addressed the relationship between the theory and the imagery of sixteenth-century English kingship. We read how the Tudor crown inherited the defence of royal imagnificence’ presented in The Governance of England by Sir John Fortescue (d. c.1477) and developed it into something new, a doctrine of absolute non-resistance.2
Rebellion
Authors: Cooper J P D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1968, as French students hurled paving-stones and their English counterparts occupied university libraries, there appeared an influential little book on the subject of popular protest in Tudor England. Currently in its fourth edition, Tudor Rebellions has encouraged generation; of sixth-formers and undergraduates to perceive sixteenthcentury England as a battle of order against disorder, royal against rebel propaganda. Since first publication, its argument has expanded to absorb distinguished individual studies of earlier Tudor revolts.1 Moments of riot and rebellion allow historians to access hidden aspects of popular and provincial culture-in the words of Michael Hicks, ‘to study the attitudes and aspirations of those lower orders normally only visible, if at all, through the eyes of their social superiors’.2 But therein lies a problem. Popular uprisings, so rich in historical meaning, were uncommon events; they can overshadow the everyday functioning of shire government. Historical research frequently gravitates towards crisis rather than consensus, creating a false impression of the state of the peace. Furthermore, too narrow a focus on the recurrence of provincial rebellion can encourage the pursuit of patterns where none may have existed.
Tyranny and Drama
Authors: Cooper J P D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Sometime between 1548 and 1555, the Fleet Street printer William Coplande published a remarkable work by an Englishman named Andrew Borde. An erstwhile Carthusian monk and a practising physician, Borde had been traversing the British Isles and Europe since the late 1520s, pursuing his studies and latterly acting as an agent for Thomas Cromwell by testing foreign feelings towards Henry VIII. Having travelled as far as the holy sepulchre in Jerusalem, Borde settled down for a while in France to write up some of his experiences, the result being his Fyrst Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge. 1
Treason and Resistance
Authors: Cooper J P D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Five centuries since the death of Elizabeth I, her family reigns unchallenged over the market for popular history. Biographies, exposes of life at court, and historical novels frequently appear in the bestseller lists. Film and television have brought the Tudors even wider brand recognition. Their commanding position in the national imagination also has a considerable pedigree. The Victorians praised the Tudors for two great achievements: the reformation of the Church of England, and the birth of a maritime empire. The nineteenth century coined the terms ‘new monarchy’ and ‘Renaissance’ to describe the sixteenth.1 If adulation for Queen Elizabeth’s Protestant liturgists and sea-dogs has latterly faded, it has been replaced by public interest in how she ruled as a strong woman in a man’s world. What links Victorian and modern popular perceptions of the Tudors, however, is their belief in an expansive and confident monarchy, redefining English identity. This owes a good deal to the magnificent artistic deposit left by this dynasty, whether its palaces and castles or its portraits by Holbein and Hilliard. Nurtured by a deliberate campaign of royal propaganda, a compelling image of Tudor royal power has descended to posterity.
Conspiracy
Authors: Cooper J P D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Geoffrey Elton wrote his survey of the sixteenth-century English state, The Tudor Constitution, his emphasis lay firmly on its institutions and machinery. Crown and council, parliament, Star Chamber, even the court of high commission, all took precedence over personalities; and for Elton, his chosen topics were definitively ‘the ones that matter’. Local government was relegated to a rather brief final chapter. Elton was less interested in the devolution of royal power in the provinces, although he noted the administrative importance of Tudor justices of the peace, and subsequently produced in Policy and Police an incisive analysis of the enforcement of Henry VIII’s reformation.1 Outside their role in parliament, the nobility and gentry barely appear in The Tudor Constitution.
The Duchy and the Stannaries
Authors: Cooper J P D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding chapters have painted a picture of south-western political culture that challenges the stereotypes often applied to the peripheries of the Tudor state. Although lying at the geographical extremities of the kingdom, Cornwall and Devon were not lawless borderlands akin to the militarized marches of the north, or the lordships of Wales before the Acts of Union of 1536–43. By and large, the institutions of local government—magistrates and ministers, constables and tithing-men, churchwardens and civic corporations-passed the test imposed by reform and reformation from the center. Royal policy may sometimes have been irksome, but it was seldom ignored, and even more rarely opposed. The Tudor south-west should not be judged solely by the crises of 1497 and 1548–9.
Propaganda
Authors: Cooper J P D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The circumstances of its accession left the Tudor dynasty acutely aware of the need to imprint an image of power on the minds of its subjects. Henry VII’s hereditary claim to the throne was tenuous, a legal fiction whose logical conclusion was that several scions of York outranked him in the royal hierarchy. The new king’s authority rested upon a combination of divine sanction and parliamentary approval. Victory at Bosworth represented the hand of God intervening in the affairs of men, and statutes of 1485 and 1495 declared the absolute duty of obedience to Henry as sovereign.1 But it was imperative that these justifications of Tudor rule be strengthened by ‘magnificence’, the display of royal power through artistic and architectural patronage, Henry VII had to be seen to he the true king of England. This was as much a function of recent political thought as of the specific needs of the Tudors. Edward IV’s household ordinances of 1478 encouraged economies in the royal establishment, but also recognized that kings must be magnificent, ‘which means superabundant liberality’.
Conclusion
Authors: Cooper J P D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book has pursued a dual agenda. First, it takes a fresh look at the political culture of Tudor Devon and Cornwall, with a particular eye to establishing popular attitudes towards the monarchy. Secondly, it examines the strategies employed by the crown to cultivate obedience at a time of church reformation, agrarian discontent, and periodic war with France and Spain. This is a study of the Tudor state from the vantagepoint of a region that contained overlapping English and Celtic languages, law, and religious practice. It seeks to locate the western peninsula more subtly within a ‘British’ historical framework, and reconsiders royal propaganda as a neglected dynamic of state intensification. It also adopts a wide definition of politics. Wherever possible, through Star Chamber or other evidence, ordinary people speak in their own words. The symbolic and material cultures of tin-miners and Duchy tenants, reeves and churchwardens, rioters and rebels, have a central place in this discussion.
Indigenous Voices and the Linguistics of Language Revitalization
Authors: Berardo Marcellino , Yamamoto Akira Y 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter emphasizes the linguists ‘ task to provide diverse linguistic data for scientific purposes, and, equally important, to make available rich language materials to the endangered language communities from whom we obtain the very linguistic information. We also address issues that arise when working with endangered languages and in endangered language communities. When we work with endangered languages, we are committing ourselves not only to documenting and describing the languages, but also to meeting the linguistic, social, and educational needs of the communities.
Pidgins and Creoles in the Pacific
Authors: Ehrhart Sabine , Mühlhausler Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In research on endangered languages it is relatively common to downplay the value of written records or any other second-hand attestation of the actual uses of the language as a source of information. This tendency undoubtedly has to do with the fact that the collection of primary data has been felt to be more important and urgent than devoting time to secondary records of the language when endangered language communities are going through drastic and rapid acculturation. This feeling has been strengthened by the fact that many of the previous records were of inferior quality, especially in terms of phonetic accuracy.