bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of proneuropeptide Y‐derived peptides in the brain of Rana esculenta and Xenopus laevis
Authors: Lázár Gyula , Maderdrut Jerome L. , Trasti Scott L. , Liposits Zsolt , Tóth Pál , Kozicz Tamás , Merchenthaler István 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe distribution ofproneuropeptide Y‐containing perikarya and nerve fibers in the brain of Rana esculenta and Xenopus lavis was determined with antisera directed toward neuropeptide Y and the carboxyl terminal flanking peptide.The distribution of proneuropeptide Y‐like immunoreactivity was similar in both anurans. In the telencephalon, immunoreactive perikarya were found in the olfactory bulb, all subdivisions of the pallium, the septum, pars lateralis of the amygdala, the nucleus accumbens, and the anterior preoptic area. In the diencephalon, labelled perikarya were detected in the ventromedial, ventrolateral and central thalamic nuclei, the magnocellular preoptic nucleus, the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the posterior tuberculum, and the infundibulum. Amacrine‐like cells were stained in the retina. In the pretectal area, posterior thalamic neurons showed intense, Golgi‐like immunostaining. In the mesencephalon, immunoreactive cells were found in the reticular nucleus, the anteroventral tegmental nucleus, the optic tectum, the interpeduncular nucleus, and the torus semicircularis. In the rhombencephalon, labelled perikarya were detected in the secondary visceral nucleus, the central gray, the nucleus of the solitary tract, the dorsal column nuclei, and the spinal nucleus of the trigeminal nerve.Immunoreactive nerve fibers were observed in all areas of the brain that contained labelled perikarya. The densest accumulations were found in the accessory olfactory bulb, pars lateralis of the amygdala, the ventral habenula, the posterior pituitary, the optic tectum, the interpeduncular nucleus, and the saccular nucleus.The distribution of proneuropeptide Y‐like immunoreactivity in the anuran brain showed many similarities to the distribution described for the amniote brain. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of the neurons containing inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate 3‐kinase and its messenger RNA in the developing rat brain
Authors: Mailleux Pierre , Takazawa Kazunaga , Erneux Christophe , Vanderhaeghen Jean‐Jacques 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAs a result of its interaction with a specific receptor, inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate (InsP3) mobilizes intracellular calcium. The metabolism of InsP3 is rather complex: InsP3 3‐kinase produces Inositol 1,3,4,5‐tetrakisphosphate (InsP4), a putative second messenger also involved in the intraneuronal calcium homeostasis.The distribution of the messenger RNA coding for the recently cloned InsP3 3‐kinase was studied in the developing rat brain by using oligonucleotides derived from the rat cDNA sequence and in situ hybridization combined with Northern blot analysis. In addition, the locations of the enzyme were determined by immunohistochemistry in combination with Western blot analysis.By Northern blot and Western blot analyses on rat brain, the kinase was not detected in the embryo, was first found slightly at birth, and reached adult levels around 2–3 postnatal weeks. These findings were confirmed in the different positive regions by in situ hybridization conducted at the macroscopic level. At the cellular level, the mRNA was found exclusively in the neuronal populations previously demonstrated in the adult. The levels of transcripts per neuron were however higher in the adult than in the neonate brain. The enzyme mRNA could be detected first at postnatal day 0, (birth, PO) in the perikarya of the cerebellar Purkinje cells, followed at P4 by the hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells and granule cells of the dentate gyrus and finally, at P9, by a majority of the neurons in the cortical layers II‐III and V, especially in the frontal cortex and cingulate cortex; claustrum; caudate, putamen, accumbens, olfactory tubercle and calleja islets; anterior olfactory nucleus; taenia tecta; piriform cortex; dorsolateral septum; bed nucleus stria terminalis; amygdala; hippocampal CA2‐4 sectors and subiculum. By immunohistochemistry, the enzyme was initially found in the periphery of the cell bodies of the neonatal neurons; was progressively enriched in the developing dendritic arborization during the first postnatal weeks where it remained exclusively localized in the adult.In conclusion, in the developing brain, InsP3 3‐kinase was first detected at birth, and thereafter its concentrations increased to reach adult levels around 2–3 postnatal weeks. At the cellular level, the kinase was exclusively found in the neurons. The small amounts of transcripts found per neuron in the neonate increase during synaptogenesis and the protein became progressively enriched in the developing dendritic arborization, where it is localized in the adult. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two visual systems in one brain: Neuropils serving the secondary eyes of the spider Cupiennius salei
Authors: Strausfeld Nicholas J. , Barth Friedrich G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractLike other araneans, the wandering spider Cupiennius salei is equipped with one pair of principal eyes and three pairs of secondary eyes. Primary and secondary eyes serve two distinct sets of visual neuropils in the brain. This paper describes cellular organization in neuropils supplied by the secondary eyes, which individually send axons into three laminas resembling their namesakes serving insect superposition eyes. Secondary eye photoreceptors send axons to small‐field projection neurons (L‐cells) which extend from each lamina to supply three separate medullas. Each medulla is a vault of neuropil comprising only a few morphological types of neurons. These can be compared to a subset of retinotopic neurons in the medullas of calliphorid Diptera supplying giant motion‐sensitive neurons in the lobula plate. In Cupiennius, neurons from secondary eye medullas converge at a single target neuropil called the “mushroom body.” This region contains giant output neurons which, like their counterparts in the calliphorid lobula plate, lead to descending pathways that supply thoracic motor circuits. It is suggested that the cellular arrangements serving Cupiennius's secondary eyes are color independent pathways specialized for detecting horizontal motion. The present results do not support the classical view that the spider “mushroom body” is phylogenetically homologous or functionally analogous to its namesake in insects. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Location, morphology, and central projections of mesencephalic trigeminal neurons innervating rat masticatory muscles studied by axonal transport of choleragenoid‐horseradish peroxidase
Authors: Raappana Pentti , Arvidsson Jan 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRetrograde and transganglionic transport of horseradish peroxidase conjugated to the B‐fragment of cholera toxin (B‐HRP) was used to study the location, morphology, and central projections of mesencephalic trigeminal (Me5) neurons innervating rat masticatory muscles. Labeled Me5 cell bodies were found throughout the Me5 nucleus from a level slightly caudal to the trigeminal motor nucleus to the level of the superior colliculus 5 mm further rostrally. Occasionally, labeled Me5 cells were observed in the anterior medullary velum, in the cerebellum, and in the brainstem contralateral to the B‐HRP injection. The vast majority of the labeled Me5 cells were pseudounipolar, but multipolar cells were also found. Extensive central projections from labeled Me5 cells could be seen extending from the nucleus of Darkschewitsch rostrally to the C2 segment caudally. Small but consistent projections from Me5 neurons were observed in nuclear islands among the incoming Me5 root fibers. Trigeminal and hypoglossal motor nuclei received direct projections from Me5 cells, but not the facial motor nucleus. The most prominent Me5 projections appeared in the brainstem reticular formation, including the supratrigeminal nucleus. Smaller projections also extended into the main sensory trigeminal nucleus, trigeminal subnucleus oralis, and the nucleus of the solitary tract. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pre‐ and postnatal development of efferent connections of the cochlear nucleus in the rat
Authors: Kandler Karl , Friauf Eckhard 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAlthough the connections of the auditory brainstem nuclei are well described in adult mammals, almost nothing is known concerning how and when these connections develop. The purpose of the present study was to describe the development of the efferent projections of the cochlear nucleus (CN), the first central relay station in the ascending auditory pathway of mammals. We used two tracers in rats aged between embryonic day 15 (E15) and postnatal day 14 (P14; birth in the rat is at E22 = P0). The carbocyanine dye DiI was applied into the CN in aldehyde‐fixed tissue. The second tracer, biocytin, was applied into the ventral acoustic stria in an in vitro slice preparation.The ontogeny of the efferent projections from the CN could be divided into three periods. The first period (E15–E17) is characterized by axonal outgrowth. Axons traverse nuclei in the superior olivary complex and the lateral lemniscus and finally grow up into the inferior colliculus, but axon collaterals do not from during this period. The second period (E18–P5) is marked by pronounced collateral branching of CN fibers in auditory brainstem nuclei. Collateralisation in the contralateral inferior colliculus starts shortly before that in the ipsilateral superior olivary complex. The remaining auditory nuclei become successively innervated, as indicated by collaterals found in them. During the third period (P5–P14) terminal structures mature further, as shown by the morphological changes of the calyces of Held in the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body.In conclusion, our results show that the efferent connections from the cochlear nucleus form over a period of almost two weeks and are laid down without forming aberrant internuclear connections. On a nuclear level, an adult‐like projection pattern is already achieved one week prior to the onset of physiological hearing. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Astrocyte subtypes in the rat olfactory bulb: Morphological heterogeneity and differential laminar distribution
Authors: Bailey Mary S. , Shipley Michael T. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDespite increased recognition of the importance and heterogeneity of astrocyte functions throughout the central nervous system (CNS) relatively little attention has been paid to morphological diversity among astrocytes. Recent studies have indicated that subsets of astrocytes are involved in glial‐axonal interactions critical to both development and reinnervation of the rat olfactory bulb. Here, we have characterized the morphologies and distribution of astrocytes within anatomically and functionally distinct layers of the adult main olfactory bulb (MOB).Using a known immunohistochemical marker for astrocytes, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and the classic gold sublimate method, we identified six astrocyte subtypes based on their morphology and distribution: (1) unipolar, (2) irregular, (3) wedge‐shape, (4) circular, (5) semicircular, and (6) elongate. Unipolar, irregular and wedge‐shape astrocytes have not been previously described in the CNS. The unipolar and irregular types are located exclusively in the olfactory nerve layer. Wedge‐shape astrocytes are unique to, and are the major subtype in, the glomerular layer. These three morphologically unique astrocyte subtypes may correspond to olfactory nerve layer (ONL) and glomerular layer (GL) astrocytes, which express molecules that regulate axonal growth or synaptogenesis during development and/or regeneration of the olfactory nerve.In the glomerular layer, astrocytes are highly organized with respect to the glomeruli. Individual astrocytes are loyal to a single glomerulus. In the external plexiform layer, astrocytes are spaced relatively uniformly. In the granule cell layer, astrocytes appear to compartmentalize granule cell aggregates, recently shown to be coupled by tight junctions. The distribution and patterns of astrocyte processes and the density of GFAP immunoreactivity are distinctive for each of the layers of the olfactory bulb. The spacing of astrocytes and the organization of their processes may be important to compartmentalization of neuronal functions. High levels of GFAP immunoreactivity correlated with layers of high neuronal plasticity.The morphological diversity and differential distribution of astrocytes in the olfactory bulb reported here support growing evidence for functional diversity of astrocytes and important interactions among specific astrocyte and neuron subtypes. It is reasonable to hypothesize, therefore, that as for neurons, morphologically distinctive astrocyte subtypes may correspond to functionally specific classes. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The diencephalon of the pacific herring, Clupea harengus: Cytoarchitectonic analysis
Authors: Butler Ann B. , Northcutt R. Glenn 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe cytoarchitecture of nuclei in the preoptic area, ventral thalamus, dorsal thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus, posterior tuberculum, synencephalon, and pretectum and the accessory optic nuclei was analyzed in the clupeomorph teleost, Clupea harengus. Plesiomorphic (evolutionarily primitive) and apomorphic (evolutionarily derived) features of nuclei were identified by cladistic analysis. Plesiomorphic features include the cytoarchitectonic organization of most of the preoptic nuclei, the somewhat scattered cells of nucleus ventrolateralis, the compact, oval shape of nucleus intermedius, the presence of dorsoventrally oriented laminae in the central posterior nucleus, and most features of the hypothalamic nuclei. Also plesiomorphic are the presence of a thick, prominent paraventricular organ, a nucleus of the paraventricular organ, a nucleus tuberis posterior, and a preglomerular complex in which the boundaries between multiple nuclei are relatively difficult to distinguish. Additionally, the cytoarchitecture of the three synencephalic nuclei present in Clupea, the presence of small cells in nucleus pretectalis superficialis pars parvicellularis and of larger, scattered cells in nucleus pretectalis superficialis pars magnocellularis, the presence of large cells in the dorsal accessory optic nucleus that form a rostrocaudally oriented column, and the feature of a small, cell‐sparse ventral accessory optic nucleus are plesiomorphic. Apomorphic features include the presence of a single, large, circular lamina that surrounds a central neuropil in all but the most caudal part of nucleus anterior, a lack of bilateral asymmetry in the habenular nuclei, the relatively small size of the periventricular nucleus of the posterior tuberculum, the presence of two, distinguishable caudomedial nuclei in the posterior tuberculum, elongation and folding of the neuropil of nucleus pretectalis superficialis pars parvicellularis, and the relatively large size of nucleus pretectalis superficialis pars magnocellularis and the posterior pretectal nucleus. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Off‐alpha and OFF‐beta ganglion cells in cat retina: II. Neural circuitry as revealed by electron microscopy of HRP stains
Authors: Kolb Helga , Nelson Ralph 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAn OFF‐center alpha and an OFF‐center beta ganglion cell in cat retina, which had been recorded from and intracellularly stained with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were examined by serial section electron microscopy. We counted synapses and identified presynaptic neurons to the HRP‐stained cells in 20 μm radial slices through the centers of their dendritic trees. Presynaptic amacrine and bipolar cells were identified on cytological criteria known from previous studies.The OFF‐beta cell with a 62 μm dendritic arbor, restricted to S1 and S2 (sublamina a) of the inner plexiform layer (IPL), received 38% bipolar and 62% amacrine cell synapses. The bipolar input was from both cb1 and cb2 cone bipolar types. Input from three distinct amacrine cell types occurred upon the dendrites, namely from: (1) AII amacrine lobular appendages, (2) large pale amacrine profiles (possibly A2 or A3 cells), and (3) small, dark amacrine types (possibly A8 cells). Large pale amacrine profiles (possibly A13) were found on the cell body and apical dendrite in sublamina b of the IPL. In addition, several amacrine profiles synapsed directly on the sides and base of the cell body in the ganglion cell layer. We estimate that the complete dendritic tree of this beta cell received about 1,000 synapses contributed by 12–14 bipolar cells, 7–10 AII amacrines and 28–41 other amacrine cells.The OFF‐alpha cell had a dendritic tree size of 680 × 920 μm. A 250 μm length of two major dendrites stratifying narrowly in S2 of the IPL was reconstructed. Amacrine cells provided most of the synaptic input (80%). This input came from: (1) AII amacrine lobular appendages, (2) amacrines exhibiting large, pale synaptic profiles (possibly A2 or A3 cells), (3) pale amacrines with large mitochondria and a few neurotubules (unknown type), and (4) densely neurotubule‐filled amacrine profiles (possibly A19 cells). A large pale amacrine cell type (possibly A13) provided synaptic input to the cell body as a serial synaptic intermediary with rod bipolar cells. Cone bipolar synapses were from only one type of cone bipolar, the cb2 type and formed 20% of the total synaptic input. We estimate that a minimum of 142 bipolar cells, 256 AII amacrine cells and 1,011 other amacrine cells, altogether providing 6,000–10,000 synapses, converged on the dendritic tree of this OFF‐alpha cell. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Goldfish bipolar cells and axon terminal patterns: A Golgi study
Authors: Sherry David M. , Yazulla Stephen 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe morphology and axon terminal arrangement of Golgi stained goldfish bipolar cells were examined to understand better the organization of bipolar cells in the inner plexiform layer (IPL) of the retina. Fifteen morphological bipolar cell types were identified, representing two major cell classes: mixed input cells that receive input from rod and cone photoreceptors, and cone bipolar cells that receive input from cones only. Mixed input bipolar cells comprised six types, including two new types, characterized by large somas and terminals. The terminals of mixed input bipolar cells terminated strictly within sublamina a or b of the IPL. Cone bipolar cells comprised nine subtypes, including seven new types, characterized by small somas and from one to four small terminal bulbs along the length of the axon, each having a characteristic termination depth in the IPL. The cone bipolar cell system had a complex multilaminar organization of terminals in the IPL, but maintained a high degree of anatomical symmetry about sublamina a and b. Cone bipolar cells could be divided into three groups: cells terminating within sublamina a and having an anatomically symmetrical counterpart terminating in sublamina b; cells with anatomically similar terminals in both sublamina a and b; and cells having no anatomically symmetrical counterpart or having anatomically dissimilar terminals in sublamina a and b. Based on bipolar cell terminal arrangement, we suggest that each bipolar cell type probably has a unique set of synaptic targets in the IPL, and that several bipolar cell types may be involved in functionally equivalent circuits at more than one level in the IPL. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Codistribution of GABA‐ with acetylcholine‐synthesizing neurons in the basal forebrain of the rat
Authors: Gritti Ivana , Mainville Lynda , Jones Barbara E. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn recent years, GABAergic neurons have been identified in the basal forebrain where cholinergic cortically projecting neurons are located and known to be important in mechanisms of cortical activation. In the present study in the rat, the relationship of the GABA‐synthesizing neurons to the acetylcholine‐synthesizing neurons was examined by application of a sequential double staining immunohistochemical procedure involving the peroxidase‐antiperoxidase technique for glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). In these double and adjacent single immunostained series of sections, the GAD+ and ChAT+ cells were mapped, counted and measured with the aid of a computerized image analysis system.Through the entire basal forebrain, there was no evidence for colocalization of GAD and ChAT in the same neurons. Instead, a large population of GAD‐immunoreactive neurons is codistributed with ChAT‐immunoreactive neurons and outnumbers them by a factor of two: approximately 39,000 GAD+ cells to 18,000 ChAT+ cells. Although the GAD+ and ChAT+ neurons lie intermingled within fascicles of the major longitudinal and transverse forebrain fiber systems in subregions of the basal forebrain, the GAD+ cells are more highly concentrated within different sectors of the pathways and regions than the ChAT+ cells. Although GAD+ neurons resemble ChAT+ neurons in certain regions, both being bi‐ or multipolar and, on average, medium‐sized cells, the GAD+ neurons are, in the majority (51%), small‐sized cells ( < 15 μm in length) and as a population significantly smaller than the ChAT+ neurons. These results suggest that many GABAergic neurons may represent interneurons in the basal forebrain and potentially exert an inhibitory influence on adjacent cortically projecting cholinergic neurons. Medium‐ to large GAD+ cells, which resemble similar ChAT+ cells, are also present and represent the majority of the GAD+ cells in the nucleus of the diagonal band of Broca, magnocellular preoptic nucleus, and olfactory tubercle, but represent the minority in the anterior and posterior substantia innominata and globus pallidus. Given their prominent size, such GABAergic cells may also exert an inhibitory influence outside the basal forebrain as projection neurons and potentially in parallel with cholinergic neurons, to certain regions of the cerebral cortex. Accordingly, GABAergic cells may be considered as constituents of the magnocellular basal nucleus and potentially important elements within the ventral extrathalamic relay from the brainstem reticular formation to the cerebral cortex. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.