bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PARTISANSHIP AND IDEOLOGY IN THE REVENUE ACT OF 1978
Authors: Kenski Henry C. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe Revenue Act of 1978 was basically a tax policy written in Congress and supported by a broad coalition of moderate and conservative Democrats uniting with Republicans. This coalition was precipitated by ideological differences within the Democratic Party and between the President and Congress over the tax cut's size and primary beneficiaries. Ideological divisions in Congress are such that building a majority coalition for liberally‐oriented tax‐cut and tax‐reform legislation is difficult. Party and ideology were both salient in the Kemp‐Roth vote in each chamber and also in the Gorman amendment vote in the House. In the Senate, the relationship between party and tax cut benefits was unimpressive, although a modest relationship emerged between ideology and the latter.
ASSESSING CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET REFORM: THE IMPACT ON APPROPRIATIONS
Authors: Huddleston Mark W. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe 1974 Congressional Budget Reform was designed, at least in part, to enhance Congressional autonomy in the appropriations process and weaken the incrementalist rituals that have traditionally forestalled “rational” budget choices. This article assesses changes in patterns of spending decisions since 1974, and concludes that the legislation has, to date, had little discernible impact in these areas.
STATE TAX PREFERENCE ORDERINGS AND PARTISAN CONTROL OF GOVERNMENT
Authors: Portney Kent E. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTUsing scattered analyses linking partisan control of political institutions to taxation decisions as the point of departure, this paper examines patterns of tax preferences in American States. Focusing on the order in which states enacted personal income taxes, general sales taxes, and corporation income taxes, several important patterns emerge. First, states with both the governorship and state legislature traditionally controlled by members of the same political party showed a strong tendency to prefer a corporation income tax and a personal income tax together as a first preference, followed by a general sales tax. Second, partisan competition and divided institutional control seemed to constitute a modest impediment to taxation of personal incomes as a high priority. And third, the nature of the partisan culture did not seem to facilitate or impede high preference for either general sales taxes or corporation income taxes to the extent found for personal income taxation. The implication is that where there is traditionally a high degree of partisan competitiveness and fragmentation, personal income taxation is likely to be accorded rather low preferences relative to other taxes.
INTERREGIONAL BENEFITS FROM FEDERAL SPENDING: A NEW LOOK AT AN OLD ISSUE
Authors: Reid J. Norman , Fox William F. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThough the distribution of Federal expenditures among the regions of the country is an issue that has been much studied, comparison of overall spending totals obscures several important differences among the programs that make up those totals. These differences can be expected to relate to the economic effects of Federal outlays on local areas. This paper distinguishes among programs according to their expected community income multipliers and also according to the type of program (e.g., direct outlay, loan, etc.); it finds that there are important differences among the nation's regions which can indicate differential economic effects.
POSTMATERIAL VALUES AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY CHANGE
Authors: Watts Nicholas , Wandesforde‐Smith Geoffrey 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis paper advances the proposition that environmental policy may be particularly suited as a vehicle for the articulation of post‐material values in advanced industrial societies, and that recognition of this is likely to prove enormously helpful in future comparative and cross‐national research into the origins of environmentalism and the causes of environmental policy change. The paper notes the salient characteristics of postmaterialism and the overlap of these with the leading indicators of environmentalism. Possible structural causes for this overlap are noted and opposed to the prevailing socialization explanation for the adoption of postmaterial and environmental values. To help understand the impact of environmentalism on policy an idealized development of the movement is sketched. This leads to the description of a set of general factors likely to be related to the way environmentalism finds political expression in various countries. In the final section, the focus is on what we might want to know about the policy process in order to be able to gauge environmentalist influence on policy outputs.
CONCEPTS OF RISK AND SAFETY IN TOXIC SUBSTANCES REGULATION: A COMPARISON OF FRANCE AND THE U.S.
Authors: Brickman Ronald , Jasonoff Sheila 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe notions of risk and safety which play a conspicuous role in the regulation of toxic substances have shown a markedly different evolution in France and the United States. American law has moved toward the development of statutory criteria of risk assessment, balancing both the costs and benefits of regulation, while the French legislator has consistently avoided a substantive elaboration of safety concepts through legal texts. This contrast is documented and its implications for the discretionary authority of regulating agencies discussed. Divergent national patterns are explained with reference to four factors distinguishing the legal and political systems of the two countries.
THE POLITICS OF LOCAL GROWTH CONTROL
Authors: Johnston Robert A. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTLocal growth controls are categorized as controlling class composition, growth location, or growth rate. Literature concerning the motives for adopting these types of growth controls is examined. Four case studies are presented, two involving growth rate controls and two concerned with growth phasing (locational) controls. Our findings agree with earlier ones that tax minimization and quality of services are the chief motives for rate and location controls, followed by “environmental protection,” often meaning view protection or preventing traffic increases. Agricultural protection was a major factor in two of the cases. We found no desires for economic exclusion or property value enhancement in the adoption of the controls. Questions remain, however, concerning the exclusionary effect of perpetuating rate controls.
CRITICAL THEORY AND PUBLIC POLICY
Authors: Dallmayr Fred R. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTIn the confines of the study of politics, public policy analysis involves a shift from pure to applied research, a shift which intensifies the problem of the fact‐value split inherited from positivist behavioralism. While early public policy literature concentrated on empirical policy‐making processes bypassing moral criteria, some recent writings have elaborated on policymaking and policy evaluation as a type of normative inquiry; significant steps in this direction have been undertaken by Duncan MacRae and especially by Jurgen Habermas in the context of “critical theory.” According to Habermas, policy evaluation requires a critically reflective “practical discourse” open not only to experts or policy analysts but to the public at large. The paper argues that such discourse is a valuable remedy against the technical‐instrumental bent of applied science, but that recovery of a fully non‐instrumental “practical” judgement presupposes an evaluation not only of concrete policies but of the status of “policy” itself.
FACTS, VALUES AND RATIONAL DECISION MAKING
Authors: Michalos Alex C. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis paper introduces some distinctions related to facts and values, indicates some of the uses and misuses of these distinctions, and draws conclusions for the problem of rational decision making. A major claim is that everyone but metaphysicians should forget about the fact‐value distinction and get on with the pursuit of truth and the performance of good deeds.
THE ASSUMPTIONS OF POLICY ANALYSIS
Authors: Vickers Geoffrey 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe preconditions of policy making are a concern in a human mind about some situation, actual or hypothetical, which is perceived as important and the conceived possibility that human action could make it better. Perceptions of the situation and of its origins and of the scope if any for acting on it and the actions conceived as available vary immensely with the culture of the society involved; and they change with time. This theme is illustrated by a brief summary of British political and cultural responses to poverty and to unemployment in the last hundred years.
RESPONSIBLE ACTION AND THE PROBLEM OF REIFICATION
Authors: Harmon Michael M. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis paper elaborates a “personal,” as opposed to an institutional, view of administrative responsibility. The idea of personal responsibility is better suited for appreciating the cognitive, conceptual, and interpersonal dynamics of policy processes than is the institutional view of responsibility as accountability. From the perspective of personal responsibility, the primary impediment to responsible action by policy makers, policy analysts, and administrators is not that they may act in ways that are ethically or morally wrong. Rather, the problem is that such actors may either not perceive that important choices are available to them or, when choices are perceived, their moral, as opposed to their instrumental, content may not be appreciated. Responsible action should thus be seen as a conceptual or cognitive issue, not simply one of adherence to or departure from institutionally objectivated standards of correctness. Inability to appreciate the moral nature of action may be explained by the cognitive tendency to reify policy making and administrative institutions, roles, rules, and situations.
THE MEANS MAY BE A COAL*
Authors: Nagel Stuart S. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTPolicy analysts, especially those with an economics orientation, tend to talk in terms of goals that deal with (1) effectiveness in achieving benefits, (2) efficiency in achieving them at low costs, and (3) equity or equality of benefits and costs across various groups. Lay people and also policy analysts with a political science background often supplement those substantive goals with procedural ones that emphasize (1) public participation, (2) predictability of decisions, and (3) procedural fairness that facilitates proving one is deserving of benefits or innocent of wrongdoing. Those procedural goals are often sought even at the expense of the substantive goals, not just as means to scoring higher on the substantive goals. Examples can be given for each procedural goal. The notion of procedures as goals‐in‐themselves should be distinguished from controversies over transcendentalism‐pragmatism, incrementalism‐ rationalism, and other social value controversies.
POLICY ANALYSIS AS ARGUMENT
Authors: Mason Richard O. , Mitroff Ian I. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTNumerous authors have attested to the incompleteness of most policy arguments. Until now, however, the machinery has not been available for dealing with complex and open‐ended policy arguments. This paper synthesizes and extends recent developments in the logic of argumentation and symbolic logic to create a methodology for treating complex arguments.
VALUES DUALISM AND SOCIAL POLICY AFFECTING THE ELDERLY*
Authors: Tropman John E. , McClure Jane K. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe impact of American values on social policy for and affecting older people is a little explored and complex area. A conceptual framework is developed which reveals the dual and often contradictory nature of the American value system. This framework sets forth the interrelationships of fundamental value‐laden issues such as adequacy/equity, work/leisure and religious/secular.
A VALUE BASIS FOR CONSERVATION POLICY
Authors: Leiss William 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis paper is a case study in attempting to apply a particular value (caring) to the domain of social policy, specifically resource conservation policy. The argument is that our consumer society erodes the social basis for the development by individuals of a sense of well‐being and personal identity, and that a conservation ethic based on the concept of caring could provide a foundation in practical morality and public policy for a viable sense of well‐being.
FROM THE FIRM GROUND OF RESULT AND FACT TO THE TOSSING SEA OF CAUSE AND THEORY: THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN URBAN DEVELOPMENT*
Authors: Doig Jameson W. , Danielson Michael N. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTAre government policies of any real significance in shaping the pattern of development in metropolitan regions? This essay summarizes the widely‐held view that ‘economic forces’ determine the distribution of jobs and residences in urban areas, and argues that this conclusion involves serious conceptual difficulties. The essay then shows how the theory of political influence and related concepts can be used to clarify the issue of causation in urban development, and summarizes the authors' own substantive conclusions—that under certain specifiable conditions government activities do have a highly significant role in shaping metropolitan growth.
CARTER AND HUMAN RIGHTS: ADMINISTRATIVE IMPACT OF A SYMBOLIC POLICY
Authors: Molineu Harold 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTAnalyses of foreign policy impact seldom take into account the domestic and symbolic consequences of implementation. This study begins with the assumption that since President Carter's human rights policy is largely an exercise in symbolic politics, the criteria for understanding its impact have more to do with the impression than with substantive improvement in human rights. Implementation to date has been felt primarily in administrative adjustments and revisions, not on concrete achievements in human rights around the world. While in terms of substantive criteria the impact of the policy has been minimal, in terms of increased bureaucratic visibility and other symbolic responses, the policy's implementation can be considered successful.
THE NEW FEDERALISM PARADOX*
Authors: Hudson William E. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTOne of the aims of Nixon's “New Federalism” reforms was to promote political decentralization in the federal system. An examination of the impact of revenue‐sharing and block grant programs in El Paso, Texas, reveals that the New Federalism seems to have had the opposite effect in that city. El Paso is now more dependent, politically and economically, on federal grants than it was prior to the New Federalism and local autonomy is significantly reduced. The reasons for this paradoxical impact in El Paso and the applicability of these findings to other cities are discussed.
BLOCK GRANTS AND URBAN POLICIES: IMPLETATION AND IMPACT
Authors: Jones E. Terrence 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTIn the 1970's, the federal government has made greater use of block grants to encourage subnational units to pursue national goals. Using two jurisdictions—St. Louis City and St. Louis County—and two block grant programs—Community Development and Comprehensive Employment and Training—as case studies, this essay describes how differences in local polities affects policy implementation and policy impact. The tentative conclusion is that maintaining local autonomy and achieving national goals are far from mutually compatible.
INCORPORATIVE THE VIEWS OF THE UNINTERESTED BUT IMPACTED PUBLIC IN ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING
Authors: Milbrath Lester W. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTDue to a variety of factors, the great proportion of the public is excluded from participation in environmental planning. A well designed sample survey is one viable method for incorporating the views of the uninterested but impacted public in environmental decision making. Such a study was carried out on the Niagara Frontier, Experience with that study is instructive for delineating the conditions needed for maximum utilization of the information such a study can generate.
ANALYZING POLICY IMPACT: SELECTION OF A LINEAR TREND MODEL
Authors: Newcomer Kathryn E. , Hardy Richard J. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTPolicy analysts, as well as politicians, have shown great interest in assessing both short‐term and long‐term consequences of public policies in recent years. Recent time‐trend studies have attempted to depict the time dimension of policy consequences through extensions of regression techniques. This study examines three linear trend models which have been used to depict policy impact through time‐series analyses, and identifies the relative advantages and disadvantages associated with the use of each model. The three models are applied in a quasi‐experimental time‐series design to time‐series of per capita state expenditures for large cities, in eight states, over a twenty‐year period. Differences in degrees of multicollinearity and autocorrelation inherent in the three models are discussed, and the model providing the most conservative coefficient estimates is identified.
FAMILY IMPACT ANALYSIS: CONCEPTS AND METHODOLOGIES*
Authors: Ory Marcia C. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTA brief introduction to the background, current concerns, and methodologies of Family Impact Analysis is presented. The concept of Family Impact Analysis will be delineated by a discussion of the background of Family Impact Analysis, its particular timeliness now, the relationship of Family Impact Analysis to other policy or program analyses, the nature of potential policy impacts on families, and different research strategies appropriate for Family Impact Analysis. The basic elements of a step‐by‐step methodology for engaging in family impact analysis is briefly outlined. These steps include: 1) identification of the policy for analysis; 2) identification of family impacts of concern; 3) specification of the relationship between policy components and hypothesized family impacts; 4) design and implementation of the research; 5) analysis of findings; and 6) evaluation of and presentation of findings. The current state of the art regarding family impact analysis as a methodology will be reviewed, and recommendations for further development and utilization of this methodology will be offered.
SOCIAL SCIENCE AND SOCIAL POLICY: ROLES OF THE APPLIED RESEARCHER*
Authors: Ballard Steven C. , Brosz Allyn R. , Parker Larry B. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTResearch on policy impact has increasingly focused on the practical application of social science research. This paper outlines four roles—substantive expert, information processor, change agent, and scholar—which have helped to increase the potential usefulness of our research while maintaining linkages to the academic community. This paper suggests the general nature of these roles and suggests specific implementation strategies, which need to be pursued as an early and continuing aspect of the research enterprise. Balancing these multiple roles presents several analytical and ethical difficulties, but helps to establish credibility in both the scientific and policymaking communities.
AN ADVOCATE ROLE MODEL FOR POLICY ANALYSIS
Authors: Foster John L. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThe most common role descriptions for professional policy analysts may be described as “problem solving” models, these models assume that most policy issues are essentially technical problems which can be solved through professional expertise. This paper outlines an alternate advocacy analysis model which assumes that many policy problems are matters of competing self interests and that analysts will often be sought to provide the strongest possible case for a client's preference. It also reviews questions of feasibility, credibility, appropriate training, and ethics for an advocacy analysis profession.
MEASURING THE INEQUITY OF URBAN PUBLIC SERVICES METHODOLOGICAL DISCUSSION WITH APPLICATIONS*
Authors: Coulter Philip B. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis article attempts to extend the analysis of urban service delivery beyond equality of units of service input to measurement of the equity of both inputs and outputs (impact). The author develops an original technique for measuring and indexing service equity. It is applied to police services in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. The findings are generally consistent with other recent research around the nation in that only modest inequities in service inputs and outputs are found and little evidence of systematic discrimination toward the poor and racial minorities is found.
PRESSURE POLITICS REVISITED: THE ANTI‐ABORTION CAMPAIGN*
Authors: Margolis Michael , Neary Kevin 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis article focuses on the anti‐abortion campaign as an extreme example of pressure group operations. After a review of the history of the abortion controversy, the recent activities of anti‐abortion groups are assessed in the state of Pennsylvania. A comparison to the Anti‐Saloon League is examined, and the article concludes with speculations about the probable consequences and future of such closely defined single interest groups.
JURY DECISION MAKING MODELS AND THE SUPREME COURT: THE JURY CASES FROM WILLIAMS v. FLORIDA TO BALLEW v. GEORGIA*
Authors: Grofman Bernard 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis article analyzes recent U.S. Supreme Court decisions in cases relating to the size and unanimity of juries as an example of the use (and abuse) of social science by the Court in the realm of policy analysis. The four cases reviewed “cast an unflattering light on the U.S. Supreme Court's ability to integrate social science findings into public law.”
POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF ALTERNATIVE AGRICULTURE
Authors: Rushefsky Mark E. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis paper suggests that there has been a small shift in American agricultural practices, and more importantly in policy making in this area, toward what can be called organic or alternative agriculture. These policy changes are partially due to triggering devices, exogenous forces that have led to changes in the policy agenda. Two major exogenous factors are reviewed–the energy “crisis” and environmental factors. Both sets of forces have resulted in farmers beginning to turn to alternative agricultural techniques, in government officials changing their attitudes about alternative agriculture, and new research activities in this direction being undertaken by various government bodies.
PARADIGMS IN THE STUDY OF HEALTH POLICY
Authors: Riska Elianne 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACTThis essay identifies and analyzes four different paradigms in the study of problems in the American health system. The paradigms, which are labelled the individual–deficiency, the economic, the organizational, and the Marxist perspective, are examined as “diagnostic paradigms” according to the way in which problems are conceptualized and the way in which remedial strategies are chosen. The essay shows the differences and similarities between characteristic diagnoses and policy solutions within the four perspectives. It is argued that such paradigms can easily be identified in recent health reform proposals.