bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intestinal Disaccharidase and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Giardiasis
Authors: Welsh Jack D. , Poley J. Rainer , Hensley Jess , Bhatia Mira 
Published: February 2024

SummaryWe report results on determinations of small intestinal brush‐border enzyme activities in 22 children (aged 11 months to 14 years) with giardiasis. In particular, activities of disaccharidases (lactase, sucrase, maltase) and of alkaline phosphatase were investigated. Forty‐one percent of the patients, irrespective of age, had a demonstrable depression of disaccharidase activities, usually in a combination involving two or more enzymes. A depression of intestinal alkaline phosphatase activity was present in 33% of patients, and only in those who demonstrated disaccharidase deficiencies. Mild villus atrophy was present in two mucosal specimens, whereas all others showed normal villus morphology by light microscopy. The results obtained in this study suggest that giardiasis in otherwise healthy children does not cause marked structural damage to the small bowel mucosa, as seen by the light microscope. However, some form of damage to the brush border does occur frequently, as evidenced by a depression of brush‐border enzymes. This damage most likely contributes to the diarrhea and also to the carbohydrate intolerance in these patients.
Picolinic Acid in Acrodermatitis Enteropathica
Authors: Krieger Ingeborg , Cash Ralph , Evans Gary W. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryThree children with acrodermatitis enteropathica (AE) were treated with oral zinc dipicolinate (zinc‐PA). The daily dose of zinc required to prevent exacerbations, when administered as the dipicolinate complex, was one‐third the minimum amount of zinc required as the sulfate salt. The concentration of picolinic acid in the plasma of asymptomatic children with AE was significantly less than that of normal children. However, oral treatment with PA alone was ineffective. The plasma of the three AE children contained a measurable quantity of kynurenine which was undetectable in plasma from normal children. Absorption of an oral zinc load was normal. The results support the hypothesis that the genetic defect in AE is in the tryptophan pathway, although the role of PA in zinc metabolism remains to be defined.
Total Parenteral Nutrition in Bone Marrow Transplantation
Authors: Weisdorf Sally , Hofland Constance , Sharp Harvey L. , Teasley Kathleen , Schissel Kathleen , McGlave Philip B. , Ramsay Norma , Kersey John 
Published: February 2024

SummaryBone marrow transplantation (BMT) is associated with severe metabolic stress secondary to anorexia, mucositis, enteritis, and infection. We compared nutritional parameters and clinical outcomes of 22 patients who received prophylactic total parenteral nutrition (TPN) to those of 22 controls, matched for age and diagnosis, who received nutritional support ad libitum. Over the 5‐week study period, the TPN group averaged caloric intakes greater than 1.5 × basal energy expediture (BEE) per day and gained 2.5% of body weight; the control group averaged less than 0.9 × BEE and lost 3.7% of body weight. Visceral protein status as reflected by serum albumin was not different. Engraftment of donor marrow cells was 3 days earlier (p < 0.01) in the TPN group than in the controls, despite there being no significant difference in the number of marrow cells each group received. There was no difference in the two groups' clinical outcomes; mortality, duration of hospital stay, and incidences of sepsis, graft‐versus‐host disease, and return of malignancy were equivalent. Thus, patients who received prophylactic TPN engrafted sooner than patients who did not; however, overall clinical outcome was unaffected by TPN. Controlled studies of prophylactic TPN are indicated for the BMT patient population.
Mother‐Infant Prothrombin Precursor Status at Birth
Authors: Bloch Clifford A. , Rothberg Alan D. , Bradlow Basil A. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryPrevious work from this laboratory has suggested there is a risk of hemorrhagic disease of the new‐born (HDNB) in approximately one‐third of term neonates, presumably as a result of vitamin K deficiency. Using the same assay for PIVKA (protein induced by vitamin K absence, prothrombin precursor), we studied 46 normal mother‐infant pairs at term to investigate the relationship between neonatal and maternal PIVKA status. PIVKA was found in 13 infants (28%) and in seven mothers (15%). Maternal PIVKA status correlated with infant status (p < 0.03). These data suggest that fetal vitamin K deficiency and risk of HDNB may be a consequence of maternal deficiency of the vitamin.
Synthesis of a Metallothionein‐Like Protein by Developing Turkey Embryos Maintained in Long‐Term, Shell‐Less Culture
Authors: Richards Mark P. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryTurkey embryos were maintained in long‐term, shell‐less culture to the age of 17 days. At this time, 10 cultures were given saline (controls), and 10 cultures were given 30 μg zinc in saline (+ Zn). In addition, all cultures received 5 μCi each of [35S]cystine and 65Zn dissolved in the saline and applied to the chorioallantoic membrane. After a further 20 h of incubation, no significant differences were found for embryo, liver, or yolk sac weights nor for relative liver size, hematocrit, serum protein, or serum concentrations of zinc and copper for the control and + Zn cultures. The addition of zinc to the cultures significantly (p < 0.01) elevated hepatic and yolk sac cytosol 65Zn and zinc concentrations. More than 70% of the increased 65Zn and zinc in the cytosol of liver and yolk sac could be accounted for as that bound to a lowmolecular‐weight metallothionein (MT)‐like protein. Added zinc significantly (p < 0.01) increased the incorporation of [35S]cystine and 65Zn into the MT‐like protein from liver and yolk sac indicating de novo synthesis of this protein. Liver and yolk sac MT‐like proteins eluted from DEAE Sephadex A‐25 columns as a single predominant species. The synthesis of an MT‐like protein by liver and yolk sac suggests a role in embryonic zinc homeostasis. Moreover, shell‐less culture of the avian embryo appears to be a useful method for studying zinc metabolism during periods of embryonic growth and development.
Effect of Various Metals and Calcium Metabolism Inhibitors on the Growth of Bifidobacterium bifidum Var. pennsylvanicus
Authors: Topouzian Nancy , Joseph Betty J. , Bezkorovainy Anatoly 
Published: February 2024

SummaryIn view of the facts that the normal intestinal flora exerts beneficial effects and that bifidobacteria are a more important component in the breast‐fed than in the bottle‐fed infant, factors affecting the growth of the latter microorganisms are of interest. A series of transition and other metals were shown to be growth inhibitors of Bifidobacterium bifidum var. pennsylvanicus. Such inhibition could be reversed fully or partially by 0.5–1.0 mM Fe2+ in the case of Zn2+, Cu2+, Au3+, Pt4+, La3+, Cr3+ Mn2+, Ni2+, and Cd2+, but not with Ag+, Hg2+, and VO2+. In addition, 2–4 mM Ca2+ substantially relieved the inhibitory effects of Zn2+, Mn2+, and La3+, and partially relieved the effects of Cd2+. Mg2+ was ineffective in relieving Zn2+ inhibition, but Ba2+ and Sr2+ could replace Ca2+ to some extent. The calcium metabolism antagonists verapamil, ruthenium red, 2‐chloroadenosine, lasalocid, Ca‐ionophore A‐23187, and calmodulin inhibitors W‐5 and W‐7 inhibited microbial growth. Inhibition could be relieved fully or partially with 0.5–1 mM Fe2+. Mg2+ relieved the inhibition by lasalocid, Ca‐ionophore A‐23187, and verapamil, whereas Ca2+ was effective only in the case of Ca‐ionophore A‐23187. We conclude that calcium and magnesium fluxes play an important role in the physiology of the bifidobacteria and that several metal growth inhibitors interfere with iron metabolism.
Breath Hydrogen Test in Infants and Children with Blind Loop Syndrome
Authors: Nose Osamu , Kai Hiroshi , Harada Tokuzo , Ogawa Minoru , Maki Ichiro , Tajiri Hitoshi , Kanaya Shinobu , Kimura Saburo , Shimizu Kazuo , Yabuuchi Hyakuji 
Published: February 2024

SummaryBreath hydrogen production after oral lactose loading was examined in infants and children with stagnant loop syndrome, blind loop syndrome, or both. All six infants under 3 years of age had bacteriological evidence of small intestinal colonization. The characteristics of the breath hydrogen test in this syndrome are: (a) extremely high basal excretion of breath hydrogen (after overnight fasting); (b) an earlier and greater breath hydrogen value (0.293 ± 0.201 ml/min/m2: mean ± SD) after oral lactose administration than formed in lactose malabsorption alone (0.050 ± 0.041 ml/min/m2); and (c) the observation of a sustained hydrogen rise over several hours. This investigation demonstrated that the breath hydrogen test is a promising and noninvasive tool for diagnosing blind (or stagnant) loop syndrome.
Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis Associated with Progressive Neuromuscular Disease and Vitamin E Deficiency
Authors: Nakagawa Michiko , Tazawa Yusaku , Kobayashi Yasuko , Yamada Masaaki , Suzuki Hiroshi , Konno Tasuke , Tada Keiya 
Published: February 2024

SummaryThree Japanese patients with familial progressive intrahepatic cholestasis developed complications involving neurologic abnormalities characterized by ataxia and pigmentary retinopathy. Serum vitamin E concentrations were extremely low in all patients, suggesting a long‐term vitamin E deficiency. High dose oral supplementation of a‐tocopherol produced normal serum vitamin E levels in two patients. Parenteral administration of vitamin E resulted in no clinical improvement in one patient who first received the treatment at 14 years of age. In the other two patients, the progression of neurological abnormalities was slowed by vitamin E supplementation. Cholestyramine treatment resulted in an apparent decrease in serum vitamin E levels despite oral atocopherol supplementation.
Plasma Vitamin E Levels in Children with Cholestasis
Authors: Alvarez Fernando , Cresteil Daniele , Lemonnier Frederique , Lemonnier Alain , Alagille Daniel 
Published: February 2024

SummaryPlasma vitamin levels were assayed in 58 children presenting with chronic cholestasis. In the infants who developed cholestasis during the first weeks of life, vitamin E levels dropped below normal values after the age of 4 months. In the older children, vitamin E levels were not correlated with the etiology of cholestasis but with the degree of cholestasis, as expressed by serum bilirubin, serum bile acids, and fat absorption coefficient. We did not find any relationship between vitamin E levels and other biological parameters such as alkaline phosphatases, triglycerides, phospholipids, and cholesterol. These results further support the importance of vitamin E deficiency in chronic cholestasis of infants and children.
Serum Bile Acid Patterns Determined by an Enzymatic Method and High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography in Young Infants with Cholestasis
Authors: Tazawa Yusaku , Yamada Masaaki , Nakagawa Michiko , Konno Tasuke , Tada Keiya 
Published: February 2024

SummarySerum unconjugated and conjugated bile acids in young infants with intrahepatic cholestasis (idiopathic neonatal hepatitis syndrome, n = 8) or extra‐hepatic cholestasis (preoperative extrahepatic biliary atresia, n = 8) were examined by an enzymatic procedure and high‐performance liquid chromatography. In comparison with the mean level of total serum bile acid of controls having no liver or gastrointestinal diseases, those of each group markedly increased (15.6 ± 5.1 vs. 120.9 ± 64.0 and 161.8 ± 54.2 nmollml), but those of unconjugated bile acid were almost unchanged (1.4 ± 0.5 vs. 1.0 ± 0.6 and 0.6 ± 0.2 nmol/ml). The ratios of cholate to chenodeoxycholate and glycine‐ to taurine‐conjugated bile acids (G/T) were not significantly different between the groups of intrahepatic and extrahepatic cholestasis. However, in the patients with intrahepatic cholestasis, the G/T ratio varied greatly and the quantitative determination of individual conjugated bile acids in serum revealed that a half of the patients examined had very low levels of taurine‐conjugated cholate and chenodeoxycholate, suggesting a bile acid metabolism alternation specific for underlying intrahepatic cholestasis.
Exocrine Pancreatic Function in Diabetic Children
Authors: Sato M. , Yamamoto K. , Mayama H. , Yamashiro Y. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryExocrine pancreatic function was evaluated in 19 diabetic children on the basis of a pancreozyminsecretin test, a p‐aminobenzoic acid (PABA) test, and a determination of fasting plasma trypsin and elastase‐l levels. In the pancreozymin‐secretin test, the diabetics exhibited lower mean values in all the parameters measured, significant differences being seen in the volume of duodenal fluid and the output of bicarbonate and amylase. Compared to the controls, the diabetics also had lower levels in the PABA test and in the trypsin and elastase‐1 measurements. No significant correlation was seen between exocrine pancreatic dysfunction and the duration of diabetes. However, the duration of diabetes in children who showed extremely low levels (below the mean ± 2 SD for the control subjects) in the PABA test and low plasma trypsin and elastase‐1 values was more than 1 year. This study revealed that diabetic children had reduced exocrine pancreatic function, some in an early stage of the disease. Therefore, the reduction may be due to a functional disturbance rather than to an anatomical loss of exocrine pancreatic tissue.
Total Parenteral Nutrition with a New Amino Acid Solution for Infants
Authors: Kanaya Shinobu , Nose Osamu , Harada Tokuzo , Kai Hiroshi , Ogawa Minoru , Maki Ichiro , Tajiri Hitoshi , Kimura Saburo , Yabuuchi Hyakuji , Imura Kenji , Kamata Shinkichi , Itakura Takeo , Takagi Yoji , Okada Akira 
Published: February 2024

SummaryThe currently available, commercially prepared amino acid mixtures for intravenous usage do not result in completely normal plasma amino acid patterns. Taking into consideration the known imbalances that occur with the commercial preparations, we designed a new amino acid solution (AF). This solution was prepared to contain a low concentration of those amino acids usually found in increased concentrations in plasma during the course of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) with a commercially prepared product (CF) and a high concentration of branched‐chain amino acids and arginine. Plasma amino acid concentrations were determined for nine infants receiving CF (Group A) and eight infants receiving AF (Group B) as the protein source while on TPN for 5 days. These data were compared to 2‐h postprandial values obtained from breast‐fed, growing infants serving as controls. In comparison with controls, the plasma concentrations of threonine, glycine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and lysine were higher in infants in group A, while those of taurine, alanine, valine, cystine, isoleucine, and proline were lower. In group B, the levels of valine and leucine were slightly higher, while those of alanine, cystine, tyrosine, histidine, and proline were lower. Mean nitrogen balances in groups A and B were + 112 and + 170 mg/kg/day, respectively. Therefore, our new amino acid solution may be better for infants receiving TPN.
Chronic Constipation in Childhood
Authors: Abrahamian Frida P. , Lloyd‐Still John D. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryOne hundred eighty‐six patients with chronic constipation and soiling were seen between 1975 and 1982. On follow‐up, 47% had resolution of symptoms, with another 36% having their soiling controlled with either continuous or intermittent laxatives. Thirteen clinical features were analyzed in relation to outcome. The only predictor of poor outcome was the presence of soiling (p = 0.003), while the presence of abdominal pain correlated well with cure (p = 0.007). Fifty‐five percent of patients had a positive family history for constipation. Significant psychological problems were present in 20% of patients; however, these did not appear to affect the outcome. Constipation was uncommon over the age of 12 years, and there was no evidence of the development of laxative dependence. These findings suggest that chronic idiopathic constipation of childhood may be a constitutional condition which tends to resolve with age.
The Selective Administration of Corticosteroid into the Mesenteric Arteries in Children with Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Hirai Yoshinori , Takamatsu Hideo , Nakagawa Toshiyuki , Koide Toshio 
Published: February 2024

SummaryThree children with acute, severe ulcerative colitis were successfully treated by the selective administration of prednisolone into the mesenteric arteries combined with total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and Salazopyrine therapy. The regimen was as follows: route: a selective angiographic catheter via a femoral artery; drug: prednisolone; dosage: 1–1.5 mg/kg body weight in single injection (if the disease was located in the left side colon, 0.7 mg/kg was given into the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) and 0.3 mg/kg into the superior mesenteric artery (SMA), and if the disease occupied the entire colon, 1.0 mg/kg was into the IMA and 0.5 mg/kg into the SMA). The symptoms in two children improved dramatically following this regimen. Thereafter, they did well with Salazopyrine alone. The third child repeated the therapy three times in 2 subsequent years. Each time, the symptoms improved dramatically several days after the regimen. Here, however, since mild relapses were not infrequent in this child, the third regimen was followed by azathioprine administered in combination with systemic prednisolone for 5 weeks. Thereafter, the patient did very well with salazopyrine alone. Such selective administration of corticosteroid into the mesenteric arteries, in combination with TPN and salazopyrine, may emerge as an effective treatment for acute, severe ulcerative colitis in children.
Treatment and Prognosis of Symptomatic Gallbladder Disease in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Stern Robert C. , Rothstein Fred C. , Doershuk Carl F. 
Published: February 2024

SummaryTwenty‐four (3.6%) of 670 patients with cystic fibrosis seen over a 25‐year period developed symptomatic gallbladder disease. Only four patients were less than 16 years old. Four patients presented with unusual problems, including one with acute cholangitis and two with atonic gallbladder, one of whom required cholecystectomy. Another patient was found to have cholangiocarcinoma of the gallbladder when an exploratory laparotomy was performed to investigate biliary obstruction. Twenty patients had cholelithiasis, 15 of whom underwent cholecystectomy. Only one patient had substantial pulmonary difficulties postoperatively. Patients who presented with classic biliary colic had no further symptoms after cholecystectomy. One patient developed intrahepatic stones 6 years later and required a choledochoduodenostomy. As the pulmonary status of most cystic fibrosis patients will eventually deteriorate, we recommend that serious consideration be given to performing a cholecystectomy as soon as practical after the diagnosis of symptomatic cholelithiasis. Our experience indicates that surgery can be performed safely unless pulmonary status is already extremely compromised and the patient is in overt respiratory failure.
Intravenous Amino Acids and Stimulation of Gastric Acid Secretion in Infants
Authors: Hyman Paul E. , Everett Susan L. , Harada Tokuzo 
Published: February 2024

SummaryTo determine the immediate, short‐term effect of intravenous amino acids on gastric acid secretion in infants, we measured acid secretion by continuous aspiration of gastric contents in nine enterally fed, chronically ill infants who required intravenous supplements. On day 1, basal acid output was 25 ± 15 μmol/kg/h (mean ± SD), and postpentagastrin maximal acid output was 91 ± 59 μmol/kg/h. On day 2 basal acid output was 24 ± 16 μmol/kg/h. Acid output was measured for 4 h following addition of amino acids to the intravenous solution. The rate of amino acid infusion was 0.15 g/kg/h. The infusion of intravenous amino acids resulted in an immediate and sustained twofold increase in acid secretion. Hourly totals of amino acid‐stimulated acid output were 51 ± 38, 44 ± 37, 46 ± 30, and 47 ± 31 μmol/kg/h in hours 1–4, respectively. These results were significantly different from basal acid output (p < 0.01) during the last 2 h of amino acid infusion. Serum gastrin concentration was not significantly different before and after the amino acid infusion (87 ± 63 pg/ml vs. 105 ± 56 pg/ml). We conclude that amino acids infused at a rate typical for parenteral nutrition stimulate gastric acid secretion in infants.
Gallbladder Wall Thickening in Acute Hepatitis
Authors: Levine Jeremiah , Seidman Ernest , Teele Rita Littlewood , Walker W. Allan 
Published: February 2024

SummaryMassive gallbladder wall thickening in association with hepatitis was diagnosed in a 13‐year‐old hemophiliac boy. The gallbladder returned to normal with improvement of clinical symptoms, illustrating the nonsurgical nature of this problem in pediatrics.
Cow's Milk Protein‐Sensitive Enteropathy
Authors: de Sousa Salazar J. , da Silva Aires , Pereira Virginia M. , Soares J. , Ramalho Magalhães P. 
Published: February 2024

Summary:Intestinal biopsy is an essential procedure in the diagnosis of cow's milk protein‐sensitive enteropathy. The number and timing of biopsies, however, is still controversial. Twenty‐two infants who were clinically suspected of having cow's milk protein intolerance were put on a milk‐free diet, during which they all improved. In the first 14 infants (Group I), milk withdrawal lasted 6‐8 weeks; in the following 8 infants (Group II), milk withdrawal lasted 3.5‐4 months. At the end of the withdrawal period, each patient was submitted to an oral lactose tolerance test and then to a first jejunal biopsy, followed by a cow's milk challenge, and a second biopsy (1‐2 days later). None of the infants showed evidence of lactose intolerance, but they all reacted adversely to milk reintroduction. In Group I, the distribution of mucosae from grade 0 (normal) to III was almost the same before and after challenge (p > 0.5); this is considered to be due to the severe mucosal damage still present in prechallenge biopsies. In Group II, however, a significant difference was found in the distribution of mucosae before and after challenge (p < 0.05), and a deterioration could be observed in each case after challenge. Intraepithelial lymphocyte counts and mitotic index determinations before and after milk reintroduction were of no diagnostic value in either group. It is suggested that the diagnosis of cow's milk protein‐sensitive enteropathy may rely on two biopsies, the first after a period of 3.5‐4 months on milk‐free diet and the second following milk challenge.
Transfer of Orally or Intravenously Administered Proteins to the Milk of the Lactating Rat
Authors: Telemo E. , Weström B. , Dahl G. , Karlsson B. 
Published: February 2024

Summary:Lactating rats were given a test solution containing various marker proteins via oral or intravenous routes. Using immunoprecipitation methods for the detection of ovalbumin (OvA), bovine serum albumin (BSA), and bovine gammaglobulins (BIgG) and radioimmunoassay for the analysis of β‐lactoglobulin (β‐LG), these proteins could be found in the blood serum and the milk of the rat 6 h after administration. A specific distribution pattern between the serum and the milk was observed for each protein. The results show that orally fed dietary proteins are able to cross the gut of the lactating rat and can be found in the serum and the milk. It was also observed that oral feeding of the proteins resulted in relatively greater concentrations in the milk than did intravenous administration. This very early presentation to the young of antigenic macromolecules derived from the mother's diet might be of importance for the development of a proper immunological response to common food antigens.