bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Texture, colour and sensory evaluation of a conventionally and ohmically cooked meat emulsion batter
Authors: Shirsat Nicky , Brunton Nigel P , Lyng James G , McKenna Brian , Scannell Amalia 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSamples of meat emulsion batter were steam or ohmically cooked (at voltage densities ranging from 3 to 7 V cm−1) to standardized cook values (Cs) or to target end point temperatures (EPT). Higher ohmic voltage densities produced faster heating rates. Texture profile analysis (TPA) of ohmic and steam‐cooked frankfurters showed no significant difference (p ≥ 0.05) in any of the attributes assessed with the exception of springiness, which was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in ohmically cooked samples heated to similar Cs values, although this trend was less pronounced in samples cooked to similar EPT. Instrumental colour evaluations revealed that ohmically cooked samples (cooked both to similar Cs and EPT) differed from steam‐cooked in both a* and hue angle values (especially at 5–7 V cm−1 (p < 0.05)). Although instrumental measurements revealed differences in selected texture and colour attributes, panellists were not able to distinguish between steam and similar EPT ohmically cooked samples (p < 0.05). Thus while subtle differences may exist in the eating quality of ohmic and steam‐cooked emulsions, these differences are unlikely to be of an order of magnitude to affect consumer acceptance of ohmically cooked meat emulsion products. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Utilization of protein concentrates from ungerminated and germinated fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis Hook) seeds in cookie formulations
Authors: Giami SY , Barber LI 
Published: August 2004

AbstractCookies (soft type biscuits) were produced from blends of wheat flour containing graded levels (0–25%) of protein concentrates prepared from ungerminated and germinated fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis Hook) seeds and evaluated for nutritional, baking and sensory properties. Protein quality was investigated using weanling albino rats fed diets that were formulated to supply 10% protein using cookie samples, with casein as a control. Cookies produced from blends containing protein concentrates from germinated seeds had higher contents of crude protein and lower levels of polyphenol and phytic acid, compared with cookies supplemented with concentrates from ungerminated seeds. The use of up to 15% concentrate from ungerminated seeds in the blends produced cookies with spread ratio, hardness, colour and flavour similar to the 100% wheat flour (control) cookies. Cookies supplemented with concentrates from germinated seeds at 15–25% levels were nutritionally comparable to diets based on casein, but at the expense of acceptability. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of an increased NaCl concentration on yield and quality of cherry tomato grown in posidonia (Posidonia oceanica (L) Delile)
Authors: Serio Francesco , Gara Laura De , Caretto Sofia , Leo Lucia , Santamaria Pietro 
Published: August 2004

AbstractTomato plants cv Naomi were grown in posidonia (Posidonia oceanica (L) Delile) with two NaCl salinity levels in nutrient solution (EC: 3 and 6 dS m−1) or with the NaCl level 3 dS m−1, in the most frequently used substrate in soilless systems, eg rockwool, to determine the effect of substrate or EC on yield, contents of minerals, antioxidants with nutritional and health values (vitamin C, lycopene, α‐tocopherol and glutathione) as well as parameters affecting the organoleptic quality in cherry tomato fruits. Total yield was not influenced by substrate, but it was higher with 3 dS m−1 than 6 dS m−1 salinity. The yield reduction was compensated by the improvement of dry matter, total soluble solids, vitamin C and α‐tocopherol, while lycopene and glutathione contents were not affected by NaCl. On average, when tomato plants were grown in the presence of the higher NaCl level, the fruit diameter was between 25 and 35 mm (considered optimal for cherry tomato) while, with 3 dS m−1, it was greater than 35 mm. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Long‐term impact of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers on yield, soil nutrients and biochemical parameters of tea
Authors: Venkatesan Selvaraj , Murugesan Subramanian , Ganapathy Muthukumar NK , Verma Dinesh P 
Published: August 2004

AbstractA field experiment was conducted with tea cultivar UPASI‐9 over a period of 9 years to evaluate the long‐term effects of nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilizers on yield, biochemical parameters, soil and leaf nutrient status. The yield increase was as high as 66% over the control for N application of 450 kg ha−1 year−1. Polyphenol and amino acid contents increased with increase in K application rate. Positive and significant correlation was found between nitrate reductase activity and the amino acid content of the tea shoots. While ammoniacal nitrogen in the soil was not affected by the application of fertilizer, ammonium acetate extractable K increased. The failure to apply fertilizer resulted in depletion of the organic matter status of the soil. Although increased rate of nitrogen application increased the overall yield of made tea (kg ha−1 year−1), the specific yield (kg kg−1 N) declined. The soil tended to become acidic from frequent application of high doses of nitrogenous fertilizer. The leaf NK status was significantly influenced by the various treatments. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Absolute rate constants for the gas‐phase reactions of O(3P) atoms with CF2CFCl and (E/Z)‐CFClCFCl at 298 K. Reactivity trends of the halogen‐substituted ethenes series
Authors: Teruel Mariano A. , Taccone Raul A. , Lane Silvia I. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractAbsolute rate coefficients for the gas‐phase reactions of CF2CFCl and (E/Z)‐CFClCFCl with O(3P) atoms have been measured at 298 K using a discharge flow tube coupled to a chemiluminescence detection system. The observed rate constant values are (4.5 ± 0.4) × 10−13 and (1.5 ± 0.3) × 10−13 cm3 molecule−1 s−1, respectively. The experiments were carried out under pseudo‐first‐order conditions with [O(3P)]0 ≪ [alkene]0. These results are compared to those of O atom reactions with other chlorine‐ and fluorine‐substituted ethenes. Different factors that affect the rate of addition to the double bond are considered. The O(3P)/chloroethenes reactions do not obey the reactivity trend with the ionization potential, as is the case in the alkene and methyl‐substituted alkene reactions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 36:525–533, 2004
Polypyrrole Thin Films Formed by Admicellar Polymerization Support the Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Castano Harold , O'Rear Edgar A. , McFetridge Peter S. , Sikavitsas Vassilios I. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSummary: The objective of this study was to evaluate the attachment, proliferation, and differentiation of rat mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) toward the osteoblastic phenotype seeded on polypyrrole (PPy) thin films made by admicellar polymerization. Three different concentrations of pyrrole (Py) monomer (20, 35, and 50 × 10−3 M) were used with the PPy films deposited on tissue culture polystyrene dishes (TCP). Regular TCP dishes and PPy polymerized on TCP by chemical polymerization without surfactant using 5 × 10−3 M Py, were used as controls. Rat MSC were seeded on these surfaces and cultured for up to 20 d in osteogenic media. Surface topography was characterized by atomic force microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and static contact angle. Cell attachment, proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and calcium content were measured to evaluate the ability of MSC to adhere and differentiate on PPy‐coated TCP. Increased monomer concentrations resulted in PPy films of increased thickness and surface roughness. PPy films generated by different monomer concentrations induced drastically different cellular events. A wide spectrum of cell attachment characteristics (from excellent cell attachment to the complete inability to adhere) were obtained by varying the monomer concentration from 20 m to 50 × 10−3 M. In particular the 20 × 10−3 M PPy thin films demonstrated superior induction of MSC osteogenicity, which was comparable to standard TCP dishes, unlike PPy films of similar thickness prepared by chemical polymerization without surfactant.Adhesion of mesenchymal stem cells on tissue culture plates (TCP) coated with polypyrrole thin films made by admicellar polymerization.magnified imageAdhesion of mesenchymal stem cells on tissue culture plates (TCP) coated with polypyrrole thin films made by admicellar polymerization.
Extracellular Matrix‐Like Surfactant Polymers Containing Arginine‐Glycine‐Aspartic Acid (RGD) Peptides
Authors: Anderson Eric H. , Ruegsegger Mark A. , Murugesan Gurunathan , Kottke‐Marchant Kandice , Marchant Roger E. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSummary: We report on a novel series of biomimetic polymers exhibiting interfacial properties similar to the extracellular matrix. A series of well‐defined surfactant polymers were synthesized by simultaneously incorporating arginine‐glycine‐aspartic acid (RGD) peptide, dextran oligosaccharide, and hexyl ligands with controlled feed ratios onto a poly(vinyl amine) (PVAm) backbone. The peptide sequence was H‐GSSSGRGDSPA‐NH2 (Pep) having a hydrophilic extender at the amino terminus and capped carboxy terminus. The peptide‐to‐dextran (Pep:Dex) ratios were varied to create surfactants having 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mol‐% peptide relative to dextran. The surfactants were characterized by IR, NMR and atomic force microscopy (AFM) for composition and surface active properties. AFM confirmed full surface coverage of PVAm(Pep)(100%) on graphite, and supported the mechanism of interdigitation of hexyl ligands between surfactant molecules within a specified range of hexyl chain densities. the attachment and growth of human pulmonary artery endothelial cells on the PVAm(Pep)(100%) surface was identical to the fibronectin positive control. Cell adhesion decreased dramatically with decreasing peptide density on the surfactant polymers.Molecular model of a peptide surfactant polymer, consisting of poly(vinyl amine) backbone with peptide, dextran oligosaccharide and hexyl branches coupled to the polymer chain.magnified imageMolecular model of a peptide surfactant polymer, consisting of poly(vinyl amine) backbone with peptide, dextran oligosaccharide and hexyl branches coupled to the polymer chain.
Fully‐Biodegradable Poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate)/Poly(vinyl alcohol) Blend Films with Compositional Gradient
Authors: Zhao Li , Tsuchiya Katsunori , Inoue Yoshio 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSummary: Fully‐biodegradable bacterial poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)/chemosynthetic poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) blend films with compositional gradient from one surface to the other surface of the films were prepared by a dissolution‐diffusion technique. Three kinds of PVA samples, high‐ and low‐molecular weight atactic PVA and highly syndiotactic PVA (s‐PVA), were used in order to investigate the effects of molecular weight and tactic structure on the generation of compositional gradient. The solution of PHB in 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoro‐2‐propanol (HFIP), which is also a good solvent for PVA, was cast on the PVA film and then the solvent HFIP was evaporated. By selecting the optimum volume of solvent and the evaporation rate, the PHB/PVA blend film with compositional gradient was obtained. The formation of compositional gradient was confirmed by FT‐IR microscopy and ATR‐FT‐IR analysis. The 50%/50% PHB/s‐PVA blend film with a nearly ideal compositional gradient, that is, the composition of PHB (or PVA) in the film changing gradually from 100% at one surface to 0% at the other surface of the film was obtained by casting PHB/HFIP solution on to the s‐PVA film.Positional dependence of the absorbance of CO and OH stretching bands along the film thickness direction for the PHB/S‐PVA cast films.magnified imagePositional dependence of the absorbance of CO and OH stretching bands along the film thickness direction for the PHB/S‐PVA cast films.
Bone Tissue Engineering: State of the Art and Future Trends
Authors: Salgado António J. , Coutinho Olga P. , Reis Rui L. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSummary: Although several major progresses have been introduced in the field of bone regenerative medicine during the years, current therapies, such as bone grafts, still have many limitations. Moreover, and in spite of the fact that material science technology has resulted in clear improvements in the field of bone substitution medicine, no adequate bone substitute has been developed and hence large bone defects/injuries still represent a major challenge for orthopaedic and reconstructive surgeons. It is in this context that TE has been emerging as a valid approach to the current therapies for bone regeneration/substitution. In contrast to classic biomaterial approach, TE is based on the understanding of tissue formation and regeneration, and aims to induce new functional tissues, rather than just to implant new spare parts. The present review pretends to give an exhaustive overview on all components needed for making bone tissue engineering a successful therapy. It begins by giving the reader a brief background on bone biology, followed by an exhaustive description of all the relevant components on bone TE, going from materials to scaffolds and from cells to tissue engineering strategies, that will lead to “engineered” bone.Scaffolds processed by using a methodology based on extrusion with blowing agents.magnified imageScaffolds processed by using a methodology based on extrusion with blowing agents.
Release of Chlorambucil from Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) Hydrogels with β‐Cyclodextrin Moieties
Authors: Liu Yu‐Yang , Fan Xiao‐Dong , Hu Hui , Tang Zhong‐Hua 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSummary: The present work is focused on investigating the behavior of controlled drug release poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPA) hydrogels in the presence of β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD). For this purpose, three types of NIPA hydrogels with β‐CD moieties were synthesized with different architectures according to our previous studies. An anti‐cancer drug (chlorambucil, CLB), which can form an inclusion complex with β‐CD, was selected for loading and in vitro release studies. The drug was loaded into hydrogels via a swelling method. DSC was used to study the interactions between the CLB molecules and the polymers. The results indicate that the CLB‐polymer interactions are at the molecular level. Loading CLB into these polymers can result in an evident decrease in the glass transition temperature (Tg), and the variation of Tg (ΔTg) depends on the structures of the polymers and their β‐CD content. The controlled release experiments show that the presence of β‐CD can markedly enhance CLB release from shrunken PNIPA hydrogels and increase the ratio of CLB released in total drug loading content.Release profile of CLB from hydrogels 1a‐c and 4 at pH 1.4 and 7.4, at 37 °C.magnified imageRelease profile of CLB from hydrogels 1a‐c and 4 at pH 1.4 and 7.4, at 37 °C.
Enzymatic Synthesis and Chemical Recycling of Poly(carbonate‐urethane)
Authors: Soeda Yasuyuki , Toshima Kazunobu , Matsumura Shuichi 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSummary: Novel enzymatically recyclable poly(carbonate‐urethane) consisting of a diurethane moiety as a hard segment and a carbonate linkage as an enzymatically cleavable unit was prepared by the polycondensation of biodegradable diurethanediol and diethyl carbonate using lipase. The produced poly(carbonate‐urethane) was readily transformed by lipase into the corresponding cyclic oligomers which were more easily repolymerized by lipase to produce a higher molecular weight poly(carbonate‐urethane) than that of the parent poly(carbonate‐urethane).
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End‐Functionalised 1‐Vinyl‐2‐Pyrrolidinone Oligomers Bearing Lactate Functions at One End
Authors: Ranucci Elisabetta , Macchi Luca , Annunziata Rita , Ferruti Paolo , Chiellini Federica 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSummary: 1‐Vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone (VP) oligomers bearing a lactate group at one end (PVP‐L) were obtained by chain‐transfer controlled radical polymerisation carried out in the presence of ethyl L‐lactate as chain‐transfer agent (CTA). Their number‐average molecular weights were in the range 1500–4000 with molecular weight distributions ranging from 1.4 to 1.8. The chain transfer constant, CT, of the ethyl L‐lactate/VP system was determined by monitoring the variation of PVP‐L number‐average molecular weight on conversion. The CT value so obtained was 1.03 × 10−2, which is by about one order of magnitude higher than the CT value previously determined for a seemingly similar system, namely methyl isobutyrate/1‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone (1.64 × 10−3). The resultant PVP‐L oligomers were thoroughly characterised by means of 1H and 13C NMR, in order to ascertain the regular presence of the lactate functions at one of their chain terminals. NMR characterisations gave results in full agreement with the proposed structure. Moreover, the molecular weight values determined by NMR very closely agreed with those obtained by SEC. Preliminary biological evaluations of the PVP‐L oligomers showed a complete lack of toxicity.
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Local Chain Mobility of Gellan in Aqueous Systems Studied by Fluorescence Depolarization
Authors: Horinaka Jun‐ichi , Kani Kohei , Honda Haruhiko , Uesaka Yoko , Kawamura Takanobu 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSummary: The local chain mobility of a gellan, an electrolyte polysaccharide, in aqueous systems was examined with respect to the effect of the temperature, the concentration of gellan (cG), and the concentration of added salt (cS). The relaxation time of local motion was estimated for fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)‐labeled‐gellan by the fluorescence depolarization technique, and the chain mobility was discussed. The relaxation time increased with decreasing temperature, in particular when accompanying the coil‐helix transition due to the great difference in chain mobility between the coil and the helical conformations. The effect of cG was observed for gellan solutions even below the critical concentration of chain entanglement (2 wt.‐%) for well‐expanded nonelectrolyte polymers with size similar to that of the gellan. This suggests that the actual excluded volume of gellan is larger than that of nonelectrolyte polymers due to the electrostatic repulsion between segments. The relaxation time for 0.2 wt.‐% systems of gellan in coil conformation is independent of cS, whereas a cS dependence of the relaxation time is clearly observed for 0.5 wt.‐% systems. The degree of expansion of the gellan chain is independent of the shielding effect of cations on the electrostatic repulsion between gellan segments due to the stiffness of gellan chain. On the other hand, the cG as well as the cS dependence of the chain mobility is clearly observed for gellan in the helical conformation, examined over the concentration range, probably due to the partial aggregation of helices induced by the attractive interaction between gellan segments.
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Influence of the mode of introduction of a reactive element on the high temperature oxidation behavior of an alumina‐forming alloy. Part II: Cyclic oxidation tests
Authors: Chevalier S. , Dawah Tankeu A. P. , Buscail H. , Issartel C. , Borchardt G. , Larpin J. P. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSeveral routes of yttrium introduction were applied to test the high temperature oxidation performance of a FeCrAl alloy. Isothermal oxidation tests were described in a previous paper (Part I of this paper in this journal, 2004, 55, 352). Cyclic oxidation tests were performed in air under atmospheric pressure on blank specimens, Y2O3 sol‐gel coated‐, Y2O3 metal‐organic chemical vapor deposited (MOCVD)‐, yttrium ion implanted‐alloys, as well as on a steel containing 0.1 wt. % of yttrium as an alloying element. For the 20 hours cycles, all the samples, except FeCrAl‐0.1Y, exhibit weight losses after a few cycles, indicating drastic spallation of the oxide scales. The MOCVD coated specimen has the highest weight loss. The oxidation kinetics of the FeCrAl‐0.1Y alloy obey a parabolic law, indicating that the alumina scale formed on its surface is protective even after more than 1200 hours of oxidation (> 50 cycles). The 100 hours cycle oxidation tests give similar results. The FeCrAl‐0.1Y alloy exhibits the best oxidation behavior with very little spallation after more than 2000 hours (85 days) of oxidation at 1100°C (20 cycles). Most of the other samples exhibit severe oxide scale spallation followed by an increase of their oxidation rate related to the formation of non‐protective iron oxides.
Effects of turbulent flow on the corrosion kinetics of X52 pipeline steel in aqueous solutions containing H2S
Authors: Galvan‐Martinez R. , Mendoza‐Flores J. , Duran‐Romero R. , Genesca‐Llongueras J. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis work presents the electrochemical results obtained during the study of the corrosion of X52 pipeline steel sample, immersed in brines containing H2S, under turbulent flow conditions. Linear polarisation resistance (LPR), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Electrochemical Noise (EN) and polarisation curves were used in order to determine the effect of turbulent flow upon the corrosion kinetics of the steel. It was found that flow has a considerable influence upon the electrochemical process occurring on the surface of the steel and the corrosion rate is increased.
Microstructure and corrosion behaviour of plasma‐nitrocarburized sintered steel
Authors: Borges P. C. , Martinelli A. E. , Franco C. V. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractPowder characteristics and manufacturing processes determine the microstructure, and therefore, the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties of sintered steels. In particular, porosity and corrosion resistance are intimately related, since the contact area between substrate and electrolyte significantly affects the corrosion resistance of sintered steels. This study addresses the effect of powder characteristics and pressing parameters on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of low‐carbon sintered and sintered/plasma‐nitrocarburized steel. The results indicated that the corrosion resistance increased with increasing density and decreasing specific surface area. Additionally, plasma‐nitrocarburizing was highly effective in coating open pores of the material.
Aromatic Polyethers with a 4‐Chloro‐3‐trifluoromethylphenyl Group
Authors: Liu Baijun , Hu Wei , Jin Yuhui , Chen Chunhai , Jiang Zhenhua , Wu Zhongwen , Matsumoto Toshihiko , Matsumura Akiko 
Published: August 2004

AbstractSummary: A novel bisphenol, (4‐chloro‐3‐trifluoromethyl)phenylhydroquinone (3FC‐PH), was synthesized via a three‐step synthetic procedure. Four aromatic polyethers based on 3FC‐PH were prepared via a nucleophilic aromatic substitution polycondensation. These polymers had a high thermal stability, and the temperatures at a 5% weight loss were above 516 °C in air. The solubility of the polyethers was improved by the introduction of bulky pendant groups. The average refractive indices of the polymer films at 1 320 nm were in the range 1.5381–1.6145. The dielectric constants of the polyether films estimated from the refractive indices were 2.69–2.98. Highly fluorinated 3FC‐PAE exhibited lower light absorption in the near‐IR region.Part of the 1H NMR spectra of 3FC‐PAE.magnified imagePart of the 1H NMR spectra of 3FC‐PAE.