bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Americanizing Labor
Authors: Austin Robert 
Published: May 2004

We will not renounce our part in the mission of our race, trustees under God, of the civilization of the world. God has not been preparing the English speaking and Teutonic peoples for a thousand years for nothing but vain [and] idle contemplation and self admiration. No! He has made us the master organizers of the world to establish system where chaos reigns. He has made us adept in government that we may administer government among savages and senile people. —U.S. Senator Albert Beveridge, ca. 1890
Children‘s Mediational Teaching Style as a Function of Intervention for Cross-Age Peer-Mediation
Authors: Shamir Adina , Tzuriel David 
Published: May 2004

The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a programme providing cross-age peer-mediation on mediation teaching style of mediators and learners in a learning situation. A second objective was to investigate the effects of the mediators‘ and learners‘ cognitive level on different criteria of mediation. The sample was composed of 89 third graders (mediators) and 89 .rst graders (learners) coming from three third grade classes and three .rst grade classes in a primary school. The third graders were assigned to experimental ( n= 43) and control ( n= 46) groups. Each pair of mediator and learner was matched in a counterbalanced design (2 × 2) according to their cognitive level (high versus low), based on their score on the Raven‘s Matrices. The experimental third graders received the Peer-Mediation for Young Children (PMYC), which is a training programme based on the theoretical approaches of Vygotsky and Feuerstein. The control children received a general preparation for peer assisted learning. Following the PMYC, all children participated in a peer-mediation condition, which was videotaped for 25 minutes and subsequently analysed by the Observation of Mediation Instrument. The findings showed that the experimental children received signi.cantly higher mediation scores than the control children. Mediators‘ cognitive level was not related to the level of mediation. However, the learners‘ cognitive level was found to effect mediation for meaning of the mediator: requestfor meaning from learners and givingof meaning from mediator were higher in interactions of mediators with learners of low cognitive level. The .ndings are discussed with reference to Feuerstein‘s and Vygotsky‘s theories.
Is the Mirror Racist?
Authors: Winnubst Shannon 
Published: May 2004

This essay draws on a wide range of feminist, psychoanalytic and other anti-racist theorists to work out the specific mode of space as ‘contained’ and the ways it grounds dominant contemporary forms of racism i.e. the space of phallicized whiteness. Offering a close reading of Lacan’s primary models for ego-formation, the mirror stage and the inverted bouquet, I argue that psychoanalysis can help us to map contemporary power relations of racism because it enacts some of those very dynamics. Casting the production of subjectivity on the field of the visual, Lacan performs some of the fundamental conceptions of space and embodiment that ground the dominant forms of racism in these cultural symbolics. Namely, he articulates a body that is bound by skin, structured by a logic of containment, cathected through aggression and distance, and read primarily through the way it looks – both how it appears and how it beholds the appearances of other bodies. Unraveling this nexus of power relations, I argue that a fundamental anti-racist strategy is to interrupt, interrogate and re-deploy this interpellation of images.
Enterprise Competencies for Effective Information Systems and Information Management: A Quantitative and Qualitative Study of the SME Sector within Wales - 1
Authors: Jones Paul , Beynon-Davies Paul , Greaves Mike 
Published: May 2004

This paper investigates the usage of information technology (IT) and information systems (IS) within the small and medium enterprise (SME) sector. The study has five main objectives: to investigate levels of IT; identify key factors for the effective utilization of IT; investigate strategic management of the IT/IS function; and gauge whether the management and use of data creates cases of competitive advantage within the SME sector. The research involved a quantitative survey of over 600 SMEs in Wales, which achieved a response rate of approximately 26%. Thereafter 16 enterprises were interviewed, in order to appreciate fully their usage of the IS/IT function. The study suggests that whilst utilization of IT is increasing, the potential benefits are under exploited by the majority of SMEs as a result of a lack of management direction. Instances of competitive advantage were rare, with those enterprises that are adding value focusing on acquiring knowledge, using their flexibility and reactibility and generating innovative solutions. In part 1, the authors set out the aims of the survey and present their findings. Part 2 - to be published in the next issue of BIR - will cover the research methodology and details of the sources consulted.
Wave Propagation in Periodic Stiffened Shells: Spectral Finite Element Modeling and Experiments
Authors: Solaroli G. , Gu Z. , Baz A. , Ruzzene M. 
Published: May 2004

The capability of periodic structures to act as filters for propagating waves is used to control the propagation of waves in thin shells. The shells are stiffened by periodically placed rings in order to generate periodic discontinuities in the stiffness and inertial spatial distribution along the longitudinal axes of these shells. Such discontinuities result in attenuation of the wave propagation over certain frequency bands called stop bands. A distributed-parameter approach is used to derive a spectral finite element model of the periodically stiffened shell. The model accurately describes the dynamic behavior of the shell using a small number of elements. The stiffening rings, modeled using the curved beam theory, are considered as lumped elements whose mass and stiffness matrices are combined with those of the shell. The resulting dynamic stiffness matrix of the ring-stiffened shell element is used to predict the wave propagation dynamics in the structure. In particular, the shell propagation constants are determined by solving a polynomial eigenvalue problem, as a numerically robust alternative to the traditional transfer matrix formulation. The study of the propagation constants shows that the discontinuity introduced by the stiffeners generates the typical stop/pass band pattern of periodic structures. The location and width of the stop bands depend on the spacing and geometrical parameters of the rings. The existence of the stop bands, as predicted from the analysis of the propagation constants, is verified experimentally. Excellent agreement between theoretical predictions and experimental results is achieved. The presented theoretical and experimental techniques provide viable means for designing periodically stiffened shells with desired attenuation and filtering characteristics.
The Design of Discovery Net: Towards Open Grid Services for Knowledge Discovery
Authors: AlSairafi Salman , Emmanouil Filippia-Sofia , Ghanem Moustafa , Giannadakis Nikolaos , Guo Yike , Kalaitzopoulos Dimitrios , Osmond Michelle , Rowe Anthony , Syed Jameel , Wendel Patrick 
Published: May 2004

With the emergence of distributed resources and grid technologies there is a need to provide higher level informatics infrastructures allowing scientists to easily create and execute meaningful data integration and analysis processes that take advantage of the distributed nature of the available resources. These resources typically include heterogeneous data sources, computational resources for task execution and various application-specific services. The effort of the high performance community has so far mainly focused on the delivery of low-level informatics infrastructures enabling the basic needs of grid applications. Such infrastructures are essential but do not directly help end-users in creating generic and re-usable applications. In this paper, we present the Discovery Net architecture for building grid-based knowledge discovery applications. Our architecture enables the creation of high-level, re-usable and distributed application workflows that use a variety of common types of distributed resources. It is built on top of standard protocols and standard infrastructures such as Globus but also defines its own protocols such as the Discovery Process Mark-up Language for data flow management. We discuss an implementation of our architecture and evaluate it by building a real-time genome annotation environment on top.
Reviewing Literature
Authors: Manthorpe Jill 
Published: May 2004

• Summary: This article draws on six works of contemporary fiction to analyse some of the depictions of the lives of people with learning disabilities in the context of their contact with professionals and services. It explores and illustrates the discussion through the texts. • Findings: Fiction and its relevance to practice have been little commented on in the context of social work and learning disability. A close reading of the texts reveals a number of themes relevant to the practice of learning disability social work and beyond. The work considered highlights the importance of gender, of the activity and relationships of people with learning disabilities and of the many contexts of the lives of people with learning disabilities. • Applications: In a context of increased attention to the arts and humanities in health and social care, the use of fiction to encourage reflective practice in supporting people with learning disability has potential and should be evaluated.
Issues Facing Adoptive Mothers of Children with Special Needs
Authors: Forbes Heather , Dziegielewski Sophia F. 
Published: May 2004

• Summary: Intensive interviews were conducted with 14 adoptive mothers, which identified 16 challenges adoptive mothers face when adopting children with special needs. The purpose was to specify and understand the issues these mothers of special needs children present when seeking professional therapy. The intent was also to increase awareness for professionals working in the field of adoption. • Findings: Findings indicated that these adoptive mothers were faced with a broad range of issues relating to societal, health, emotional, family, financial, and child behavioral factors. The prevalence of these issues was not influenced by differing demographics, by ages of the children at the time of adoption, nor by the types of adoptions. • Applications: Adoptive mothering of special needs children is different from other mothering and needs to be recognized with its challenges. Post-adoption support services that adequately and financially meet the needs of these mothers and their families can help to build strong healthy adoptive families. In doing so, there is a strong potential for a decrease in the number of adoption disruptions and an increase in the level of adoption satisfaction.
Putting the Care into Residential Care
Authors: Emond Ruth 
Published: May 2004

• Summary: There has been long-standing academic interest in the study of residential child care. Such study has made a valuable contribution to the development of both services and care practice. The perspectives of young people have, however, received less attention. This gap is most significant in relation to their group care experiences. Indeed the resident group is seen as a somewhat negative force and one from which children and young people require protection. This article uses data from one ethnographic study undertaken in Scotland to explore the ways in which young people in residential care offer one another support. • Findings: The findings from this study illustrate the various functions that the group serves for residents and the ways in which young people achieve status within such groups. In particular this article focuses on young people’s use of support. It was found that support was provided in a number of ways, ranging from material provision to advice. • Applications: It is argued that whilst the individualization of care is necessary in terms of care planning and intervention, the experience of group living must not be overlooked. Practitioners need to have a clear sense of how their group is functioning and seek to encourage positive group behaviours.
An Initial Assessment of the Extent to Which Risk Factors, Frequently Identified in Research, Are Taken into Account When Assessing Risk in Child Protection Cases
Authors: Warner Joe 
Published: May 2004

• Summary: This article briefly outlines the development of risk assessment instruments in a social work context. This is followed by an analysis of the initial stages of analysing the presence, absence and consideration of identified risk factors within one English local authority child protection context using initial cases conference minutes. The article then examines the relationship between risk factors identified from the conference minutes with outcome measures for each child four years later. • Findings: Many of the risk factors identified in the literature were not routinely recorded in conference minutes making risk assessment in general and the application of a risk assessment tool, in particular, problematic. There was some weak association between severity of abuse and subsequent social work intervention for a number of children, but there appeared to be little correspondence in respect of the majority of cases. There was support for Farmer’s (1999) concerns about children not being registered when at risk of abuse or being deregistered when the risk of abuse remains high. • Applications: The need to routinely gather and record information on identified risk factors during the assessment process is highlighted. Though still at an early stage, the intention is to develop an empirically tested risk assessment tool, which can be used to evaluate potential risk more accurately and more consistently.
Evidence in Policy and Practice
Authors: Qureshi Hazel 
Published: May 2004

• Summary: Over-generalization of the ‘effectiveness hierarchy’, and echoes of past paradigm wars about methodology, persist in generating conflicting judgements about the value of different research designs for evidence-based practice. A range of ways in which the worth of research is actually judged, and might be judged, are elaborated. The article then focuses on specific examples of the use of research, considering the kinds of evidence which could usefully support practice with carers, and the evidence which has been used to justify policy (the National Service Framework) for older people. The article concludes by using ideas about complex adaptive systems to illustrate similarities between uses of evidence in policy and individual practice. • Findings: Fundamentally, considerations which affect our judgements about the worth of research relate to the values expressed in the process of conducting the research, and the likely usefulness of the results. Inboth policy and practice, a whole range of research evidence can be, and is, used to support values, identify and understand problems, inform negotiations, and suggest solutions, without necessarily determining action to be taken in particular cases. • Applications: The article is a contribution to the ongoing debate about evidence-based practice in social care. It aims to clarify concepts and realities and thus promote an approach to this issue which remains rigorous but is inclusive with regard to both methods and stake aholders.
Specialization in Social Work Practice
Authors: Blom Bj÷rn 
Published: May 2004

• Summary: Specialization in social work practice is increasing in many countries at the same time as textbooks argue for generalist practice. Is there any empirical evidence for one or the other of these approaches? This article discusses generalist and specialist practice, theoretically as well as empirically, by presenting a study of a personal social services organization in Sweden. • Findings: The article demonstrates advantages as well as disadvantages of specialization for clients and social workers, and concludes that it is the work with clients within the personal social services which, to a large extent, demands that the social worker is a generalist. An outline structure for an alternative personal social services organization is postulated. • Applications: It is argued that the alternative structure could 1) satisfy the need for generalist and specialist competence respectively, and 2) facilitate harmony between social workers’ professional needs and administrative requirements for management and resource allocation.
Talking Child Protection
Authors: Garrett Paul Michael 
Published: May 2004

• Summary: In the United Kingdom, following the death of Victoria ClimbiÈ, child protection procedures are currently being reviewed once again. At the core of child protection activity is the police/social work relationship and the notion of ‘working together’ to respond to child abuse. However, there is often a failure to interrogate what rhetorical assertions about multi-disciplinary working actually amount to in terms of the micro-politics of ‘joined up’ endeavours. This police/social relationship needs to be analysed because of specific issues related to child protection, but also because of the creation of multi-disciplinary youth offending teams and the more encompassing popularity, within eee policy discourse of New Labour, of ‘joined up’ approaches to the delivery of child welfare services. • Findings: Interviews conducted with police officers and social workers in three different locations illuminate how they view their roles. Respondents reveal the tensions in ‘working together’ and a police tendency to perceive themselves as the ‘lead agency’. In addition, issues bound up with recruitment and selection are significant. Within joint police/social work specialist units, there is a blurring of the social work role. • Applications: It is argued that joint working between social workers and police officers needs to be subject to reflexive scrutiny. Perhaps, in the past, aspects of policing have been inadequately examined in social work education and training. The creation of a new social work degree may provide, however, an opportunity to address this issue. More generally, et should allow course participants the space to comprehend critically other ‘disciplines’ and the social processes that underpin joint working paradigms.
Multiple dose toxicity study of the humanized anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody h-R3 intravenously administered to Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus monkeys
Authors: Arteaga-Pérez María E , Maceira M , Casaó A , Hernández-Sosa O , Bada-Barro Ana M , León-Goñí A , Orpheé-Suárez R , Cuevas-Fiallo A , Moreno-Díaz D , Padro-Gutiérrez P , Baro-González F , Rodríguez-Rodríguez V , Charoo-Ruiz L , Vázquez-Castro F , Ballester-Labrada A , Cedeño M 
Published: May 2004

The h-R3 is a humanized growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody (mAb) in development for the treatment of head and neck tumours in which malignant cells overexpress the Epidermal Growth Factor receptor. The present study was designed to evaluate the toxicity of repeated intravenous doses of the h-R3 mAb in a relevant species demonstrated by the avidin-biotin-peroxidase immunohistochemical (IHC) technique in skin biopsy samples from three Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus monkeys (green monkeys). Additionally, 18 green monkeys were daily intravenously treated during 14 consecutive days. Monkeys were distributed into three experimental groups with three animals of each sex in each group. Group I received saline solution and served as control group; group II received 2.85 mg/kg of h-R3 mAb; and group III received 11.4 mg/kg of the h-R3 mAb. During the study there were no deaths, neither pathological clinical signs, or variations in the corporal weight curve. The electroneurophysiological and sanguine chemistry results did not evidence alterations related to the assay substance. Areas of haematomas, haemorrhages and inflammation, probably related with the administration procedure, were observed at the administration zones of all animals; this fact could also explain the increase in the neutrophil count of all animals at the end of the study. The electrocardiography study showed that in the 14 days of the study one female monkey, from the higher dose group, shifted its cardiac axis from +60° to +120°; this finding could be interpreted as a right ventricular elongation due to the relative high daily administered volume. It is concluded that doses up to 11.4 mg/kg of h-R3, intravenously administered during 14 consecutive days to Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus monkeys do not produce considerable toxic effects in the studied system.
Testing the “Inverted‐U” Phenomenon in Moral Development on Recently Promoted Senior Managers and Partners*
Authors: BERNARDI RICHARD A. , ARNOLD DONALD F. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis paper examines the change in the average level of moral development over a 7.5‐year period of promotion, attrition, and survival in five Big 6 firms. The study improves upon previous cross‐sectional studies that found decreases in the average level of moral development at the senior manager and partner levels, which has been referred to as the “inverted‐U” phenomenon. Problems with these studies that limit the generalizability of their findings include their cross‐sectional nature and samples that usually come from one or two firms. Over a 7.5‐year period, we found that the participating Big 6 firms retained auditors with higher average levels of moral development (measured using the defining issues test), while those with lower average levels left the firms. The average level of moral development for new partners was at least as high as the group from which they came. This research suggests that the concern about Big 6 firms retaining a higher proportion of auditors with lower moral development may be an artifact of research design.
Last‐Chance Earnings Management: Using the Tax Expense to Meet Analysts' Forecasts*
Authors: DHALIWAL DAN S. , GLEASON CRISTI A. , MILLS LILLIAN F. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWe assert that the tax expense is a powerful context in which to study earnings management, because it is one of the last accounts closed prior to earnings announcements. Although many pre‐tax accruals must be posted in the year‐end general ledger, managers estimate and negotiate tax expense with their auditors immediately prior to earnings announcements. We hypothesize that changes from third‐ to fourth‐quarter effective tax rates (ETRs) are negatively related to whether and how much a firm's earnings absent tax expense management miss analysts' consensus forecast, a proxy for target earnings. We measure earnings absent tax expense management as actual pre‐tax earnings adjusted for the annual ETR reported at the third quarter. We provide robust evidence that firms lower their projected ETRs when they miss the consensus forecast, which is consistent with firms decreasing their tax expense if non‐tax sources of earnings management are insufficient to achieve targets. We also find that firms that exceed earnings targets increase their ETR, but this effect is less significant. By studying the tax expense in total, rather than narrow components of deferred tax expense, our results provide general evidence that reported taxes are used to manage earnings.