bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Criticism m the Present Time?
Authors: Too Yun Lee 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study began by proposing that histories of literary criticism have by and large decontextualized, by insufficiently contextualizing, the writings that they perceive to constitute ancient literary criticism. It argues that they cite them out of context and hypostasize individual terms, such as mimēsis and the sublime, and so in turn deny the opportunity to consider in what ways critical discourses in antiquity respond to a concern that texts can do something good or bad to the individual and society.
Jews, Greeks, and Romans
Authors: Goodman Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How different from other people in the Graeco-Roman world were the Jews? The question is easily posed even if any answer must be cautious and nuanced. Jews in many ways shared in the surrounding political, social, and religious culture of the Hellenistic period and the early Roman empire, but in some crucial respects they were radically different. Difficulties in formulating a clear response should not prevent the question being tackled, for the consequences of even a cautious answer are considerable. If Jews lived lives much like others in their world, it would be appropriate to use the plentiful surviving evidence about Jews to help understand wider Greek and Roman culture to an extent rarely attempted by classicists; from the opposing perspective, it would be more or less impossible to study properly the history of the Jews in this period without constant recourse to non-Jewish evidence. By contrast, if Jews lived in a world politically, mentally, socially, and culturally distinct from other cultures and peoples in the Mediterranean world, it would be entirely reasonable to study the Jewish tradition more or less in isolation from other ancient evidence.
The Structure of the Jewish Community in Rome
Authors: Williams Margaret 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Throughout the early Roman imperial period (i.e. the first three centuries CE), one of the largest concentrations of Jews to be found outside Judaea was at Rome itself. As early as the principate of Augustus they had come to number several thousands and possess a multiplicity of synagogues. And with the eclipse of Alexandrian Jewry after the Jewish revolt of u5-17 CE, they became the most important Diaspora community in the empire. How did they manage their affairs? Standard opinion nowadays has it that, throughout its long history, ancient Roman Jewry was organized along traditional Roman lines and in consequence structured differently from the Alexandrian Jewish community.
Honour and Influence in the Roman World
Authors: Lendon J E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No rich man am I, said the orator Dio Chrysostom to his townsmen. His father had relied upon his influence in managing the family’s financial affairs, trusting to it to ensure that no one would controvert his claims; on his father’s death Dio found it very difficult to reclaim money in other men’s hands. Dio’s admission transports his reader from a mental cosmos in which power depends largely on money to one where money depends as largely upon power, from New York to the Mafia’s Sicily. In the Roman world personal influence could be mobilized for the cheap purchase of a farm, for the return of a loan, for a roof over a traveller’s head far from home, for a post in the army, or even for the capture of a runaway, book-stealing slave; it pervaded the whole sphere of action. What a great man wanted, he frequently turned first to his influence to gain.
The Roman Army
Authors: Lendon J E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ancient observers describe the Roman army as the third essential constituency of the imperial system, with the aristocracy and the Roman plebs. Perhaps, indeed, the army could somehow be imagined as the plebs of Rome in arms, conferring ideological legitimacy on the emperor at the senate’s side. But the army’s fundamental role in empire is perfectly clear: the Roman empire depended, in the last resort, upon violent force, and so, in the last resort, it depended upon the discipline and loyalty of the soldiers who exerted that force. Thus, finally, we turn to examine the role honour played in their lives.
Clothing In The Oresteia (1)
Authors: Macleod C W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No lacuna should precede line 1028. The asyndeton there is natural and proper since the goddess breaks off to address her π ρ, whereas before she was only speaking about them: it is analogous to the asyndeton which commonly goes with a command to servants in tragedy (e.g.A. Sept. 675; S. El. 1468, Ant. 760).
The Five Courts of Homicide
Authors: Carawan Edwin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If we set aside the Areopagite model that Demosthenes articulated and modern scholars have generally followed, and look instead to the direct evidence, we should conclude that the earliest homicide jurors were the ephetai; the jurisdiction of this body was not divided by intentionality or other criteria; ordinarily they made no ruling on the killer’s intent but only did so when special hearings were required for pardon by the phratry. It was Solon who first authorized the Areopagus council to determine malice aforethought, and it was this reform that led to the classical division of jurisdiction. In this chapter we proceed on this hypothesis to construct a new model of how homicide was divided among the five courts.
James Thomson’s Tragedies of Opposition
Authors: Hall Edith , Macintosh Fiona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a quiet corner of Westminster Abbey, above Charlotte Bronte’s memorial, the sculpted image of James Thomson still leans on a pedestal decorated with rural figures symbolizing his most famous poem, The Seasons (see Fig. 4.1). This delicate cycle, with its innovative experiments in the description of nature, informed critical debates of the Romantic period and is now regarded as an important forerunner of Romantic aesthetics and sensibility. It impressed the critic Lessing, influenced the poets Coleridge and Wordsworth and the painter Turner, and, translated into German, provided the libretto for Haydn’s secular oratorio Die Jahreszeiten (1801).
Talfourd’s Ancient Greeks in the Theatre of Reform
Authors: Hall Edith , Macintosh Fiona 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is 26 May 1836. Covent Garden theatre is packed with prominent writers, including Charles Dickens, Robert Browning, Richard Hengist Horne, William Wordsworth, Walter Savage Landor, Mary Russell Mitford, and John Forster. Politics and high society are well represented-Lord Melbourne, Lord Chief Justice Den­ man, Lord Grey, Lady Blessington. One literary man realizes that the theatre is thronged ‘with an audience the like of which, in point of distinction’, he has ‘never seen in an English theatre’.
Lancelot and the Grail
Authors: Kennedy Elspeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lancelot and the Grail offers a new solution to a fascinating problem: how the tale of Lancelot's love for Guinevere came to be linked with the Grail. The first part of this book establishes the existence and coherence of a version of the French Prose Lancelot in which his love is presented as a source of his chivalric achievement. This romance contains no Grail Quest, but only allusions to one already achieved by Perceval. The second part studies the transformation of this 'Lancelot without the Grail' into an integral part of a Lancelot - Grail cycle, where the destructive element in Lancelot's relationship with Guinevere is recognized. Based on many years' work on the textual tradition of a romance copied and read over three centuries, Lancelot and the Grail raises questions of interest to all students of early European literature: the interplay between feudal relationships and literary structures, intertextuality, and the development of a text through time.
The Reconquest of Asia Minor: A Narrative (226-192)
Authors: Ma John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A stele found at modern Gordes, in ancient north-eastern Lydia, preserves the dedication of a Seleukid Eµ,wv, Arkesilaos, ‘in gratitude for the safety of Apollophanes, son of Apollophanes, of Seleukeia in Pieria’, the well-documented physician of Antiochos 111.1 The inference is that Apollophanes, no doubt at Antiochos’ side, passed though north-eastern Lydia or close enough to concern an officer stationed there-but when did this take place? Perhaps during Antiochos’ campaign in 216-213 BC to subdue the usurper Achaios; or the activity in 204-203, on his return from his eastern expedition; or the campaign of 197-196, which swept from Syria to the Straits; or a march to Thrace; or even the Seleukid-Roman War.2 By its very chronological incertitude, the stele directs attention to the history of Antiochos III as one of military movements across the Seleukid empire: Asia Minor ‘on the other side’ of the Taurus, the eastern satrapies, Syria and Kaile-Syria (tabulated in Schmitt 1964: 85).
Husbands and Wives in the Frontier-Zone
Authors: Cherry David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From at least the time of Claudius to that of Septimius Severus, soldiers were forbidden to marry or, it seems, to be married during their term of service The prohibition evidently did not apply to officers, however. And it did not prevent soldiers from forming stable and, in at least some cases, long-lasting unions with women whom they treated as their wives.
The Survival of the Cities
Authors: Liebeschuetz J H W G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What happened to the physical structures of the cities of the Roman Empire in the Late Roman period? Archaeology has by now provided a great amount of evidence. But the story of urban evolution is still very, very incomplete. It is also unfortunately true that a great deal of the evidence is not dated. Another difficulty is that archaeological results are published in a wide range of periodicals, many of which are not at all easily accessible.
Civic Finance in the late Late Roman Cities of the East, with Special Reference to Egypt
Authors: Liebeschuetz J H W G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The decline and disappearance of political institutions centred on the city council was quite independent of the development of cities as centres of population and of administration. In the previous chapter I have suggested that civic politics developed in similar ways over much of what had been the Roman Empire even though the physical character of the cities might vary greatly from area to area.
Investigating Language Attitude
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The passage can tell us a number of things about the linguistic environment of Hardy’s novel. First, and most obviously, it tells us that the verb to bide and the verbal form you be are nonstandard English; it shows us that they are stigmatized as such (and that there is, therefore, a notion of correctness in the linguistic culture); and it reveals that non-standard English is associated with low social class and/or degrading occupations. Furthermore, Henchard’s sharpness with his daughter is belied by his own English (the standard form of the pronoun you is followed by the non-standard ye), and Elizabeth’s apology shows that (for some sections of society) correct language is a minefield which requires constant vigilance.
Non-Attic Dialect 1n Aristophanes
Authors: Colvin Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the extant comedies Aristophanes introduces characters speak ing in a dialect other than Attic for extended periods in three cases.
These passages have attracted attention in the past, not least because of the editorial complications they cause. In the present century analyses of the dialect forms in the Aristophanic plays have been restricted to commentaries on the individual plays.1 The only study which has taken Acharnians and Lysistrata together is the appendix (‘Excursus III’) to Elliott’s (1914) edition of Acharnians. This is a comparative sketch of the three dialects in question.
On Working under Pressure: The Performance of Lists and Catalogues
Authors: Minchin Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The various lists and catalogues which are to be found in the Homeric epics have, over recent years, been subject to careful scrutiny. But although they have been studied individually in terms of both form and content, there has been no real discussion of the activity itself—the activity of listing and cataloguing—in traditional oral epic. Although scholars recognize that Homer’s lists and catalogues, like his narrative, are the products of an oral tradition (indeed, lists of a certain kind may be considered to be a defining feature of the oral genre), they have not yet considered them in the context of oral performance.
Tacitus on Tiberius’ Accession
Authors: Woodman A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the autumn of AD 14, probably on 17 September, there took place in the senate the so-called ‘accession debate’, at which the formalities of Tiberius’ succeeding Augustus were to be handled.1 The debate has generated a very great deal of interest among modern scholars, many of whom have been preoccupied with the questions of precisely when Tiberius succeeded and what the constitutional implications of his succession were. Three accounts of the debate have come down to us from antiquity, in Tacitus’ Annals (1. IO. 8-13. 5), Suetonius’ biography of Tiberius (24-5), and Dio (57. 2-3); but most scholars have tended to concentrate on Tacitus, whose account is agreed to be ‘the fullest’ and ‘certainly the best we have’.
Self-Imitation and the Substance of History (Annals 1. 61-5 and Histories 2. 70, 5. 14-15)
Authors: Woodman A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the year AD 1 5 Germanicus, nephew and adopted son of the emperor Tiberius, led a Roman army into the heart of Germany. Finding himself near the Teutoburg Forest, where Quintilius Varus and three legions had been massacred by the native chieftain Arminius six years before, Germanicus decided to visit the site of the disaster and pay his last respects to his dead countrymen. We owe our knowledge of this episode to two main sources: Suetonius, who mentions it in one brief sentence,1 and Tacitus, whose account is, by contrast, extremely long (Annals 1. 61-2): Igitur cupido Caesarem inuadit soluendi suprema militibus ducique, permoto ad miserationem omni qui aderat exercitu ob propinquos, amicos, denique ob casus bellorum et sortem hominum.
The Structure and Content of Annals 4. 57-67
Authors: Woodman A J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Book 4 of the Annals, covering the years AD 23-8, traces the turning-point in the story of Tiberius’ reign. Tacitus prepares us for disaster from the start. After a reference to Jortuna in suitably Sallustian language (1. 1 repente turbare Jortuna coepit, saeuire ipse, cf. Sall. C. IO. 1) and the deum ira in rem Romanam (1. 2), we are told that the year AD 23 ‘initiated the deterioration in Tiberius’ principate’ (6. 1). Modern historians are agreed that a decisive factor in this deterioration was the emperor’s determination to leave Rome in AD 26, a move which Tacitus gloomily portends in chapter 41 (AD 25) and eventually records, in due chronological sequence, at 57. 1. Suetonius is our other main source for this momentous event, and it is instructive to compare his treatment of it with that of Tacitus.
Mental Life and the Body
Authors: Clarke Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we will try to understand the basis of Homeric thought, emotion, and consciousness: so we turn to the nouns θ νµó ç and µ ;óoç, answering to the mysterious group of things which we have called ‘the OvpLos family’. The sum of the argument will be that these things are manifestations in action of an indivisible human whole, a whole where the complexities of mental life make sense best if apprehended without trying to divide man into mind and body. This will send us to the relationship between the , the corpse, and the ‘I’ of the dead man armed with an important insight: if Homer’s understanding of mental life involves no concept of a spiritual core distinguishable from the body, it will make good sense to avoid imposing the same model on his view of what happens at death.
The Recovery of Primitive Wisdom in Early Stoicism
Authors: Coys-Stones G R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the course of his discussion of the movers of the heavens in Metaphysics A 8, Aristotle breaks off to make the following observation
Fragments of the thought of the ancient, the very ancient thinkers have been handed down to us in the form of a myth, to the effect that these [sc. the planets] are gods, and that the divine embraces the whole of nature. The rest has been added later in a mythological form to influence the beliefs of the vulgar, for the benefit of the laws, and for pragmatic reasons. And they say that these [gods] are human in shape or are like some other animals, and add other things consequent on and similar to what has been said. If we separate out and take only the first claim, that they thought the first substances to be gods, we must regard it as a divine saying, and reflect that, since every art and philosophy has probably been repeatedly developed to the utmost and has perished again, these beliefs of theirs have been preserved as relics. To this extent only, then, can we see the opinion of our ancestors and of the first men
Plato and the Socratics
Authors: Gribble David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As tyrant or democratic hero, saviour of the city or its greatest enemy, Alcibiades is depicted in most of the texts examined so far in a way which discourages moral or psychological analysis. The depiction of Alcibiades as a moral agent, shaped by choices made especially in his youth, which was to distinguish the later Alcibiades tradition from that of other fifth-century figures, derives above all from the Socratics. Nevertheless, their portrayal is still very much a reaction to the political controversy excited by Alcibiades which has been investigated in earlier chapters. In this chapter we will see how the Socratic Alcibiades acts as a bridge between this world of the city and philosophy.
Performance Criticism: Point and Methods
Authors: Revermann Martin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Greek drama of the with century was written for (usually competitive) performances and with a performance in mind. This tenet has been uncontroversial for some time now. But it is worth recalling the days when it was not. While the well-known existence of dramatic festivals in Athens made an outright denial of a link between play and performance absurd, scholars have variously shifted the emphasis. Wilamowitz, to recall the most influential voice, argued that ‘book ‘-publication of tragedies was a necessary supplement to, as he thought, one-off performances. Though flawed, the majority of his reasons for taking this line of argument remain thought-provoking: the sheer number of tragedies performed (which misgauges the nature of a predominantly oral society that provided numerous occasions for full and fragmented (re)performances); the apparent overall high textual quality of the dramatic scripts we have (which is startling, see Chapter 3.1); and the existence of stage directions in our texts (which, however, ought to be far more numerous, and which are quite certainly not authorial, see Appendix B).
The Emperor’s Geniusin State Cult
Authors: Gradel Ittai 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Indirect evidence for this may be found in oath formulas. At some point a formula by Jupiter Optimus Maximus, the Divi,and the Geniusof the ruling emperor became standard to the extent that it has been termed ‘the official state oath’. Indeed, official status for the formula seems to be supported by the inclusion of the Divi,prominent in the public sphere in the capital, but far less so on the private level (see p. 339 below).
Allegories of Representation: Messengers and Angels
Authors: Laird Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern technology has made the need for a human individual to act as a messenger a rarity, if not a complete anachronism. The word ‘message’ is now often used as a technical term in current theories of language and communication for the content of an utterance-for what is said. That notion of ‘what is said’ is far from unproblematic. The nature of the relationship between the message (as substance) and its medium (as style) has been an issue of intense debate for centuries among grammarians, rhetoricians, philosophers, and theologians.
Wealthy Households: Theory, Sources, Methodology
Authors: Foxhall Lin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most fundamental and difficult methodological issue facing any study of Greek agriculture is how and where to situate the political, social, and economic contexts of the source materials. Whom are we actually seeing in these sources? Whose past do they represent? There have been many answers to these intractable questions, which have resulted in widely different interpretations, most of which have contributed in their own ways to honing the terms of our investigations and improving our understanding. How individual scholars have addressed these questions has depended largely on the theoretical position (or sometimes the lack of one) from which they have started. For most, the theoretical frameworks which have formed their starting points are linked into larger, long-standing, debates about the overall character and operation of ancient economies, and the ‘nature’ of Greek society.
Ancient Poetry and Modern Readers
Authors: Gould John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My title, unchallenging though it must seem, is intended briefly to present the theme of what I mean to say tonight. It is my belief that to embark on the study of what by tradition and for the sake of brevity, though not without some danger of misunderstanding, we call ‘Classics’ is in essence to set about the acquisition of a skill of reading the literature of Greece and Rome. It is in an attempt to define that skill, and to consider both some of the inferences that we may legitimately draw from the definition, and the difficulties that lie in the way of one who today tries to acquire the skill so defined that I wish to speak to you tonight.
Introduction
Authors: Williams J H C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why did Caesar choose to attack Gaul in 59 BC? According to his own account, there was no choice involved. The large and war-like tribe of the Helvetii were on the move westwards, likely to endanger Roman interests in the south. In the background were the even more menacing Germani intending to invade Gaul under the leadership of Ariovistus. Italy itself was in danger. Memories of the Cimbric Wars, only forty years in the past, ,vere not far away and Caesar played on them to good effect. There had been fears that the Catilinarian conspirators were in collusion with the subject Gallic people of the Allobroges in 63 BC. In the following year they broke out into open rebellion which lasted until 60. On the Ides of March of that year, Cicero wrote to Atticus that the Senate had decreed that the consuls draw lots for the two Gallic provinces either side of the Alps and that troops be recruited with none of the usual exemptions allowed. Ambassadors were dispatched to the neighbouring Gallic peoples with orders to dis courage them from making common cause with the Helvetii. Fears of a Gallic war were the dominant theme in politics.
Deviant Focalization in Vergil’s Aeneid
Authors: Fowler Don 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
MY subject is point of view in the Aeneid. I want to make some theoretical points about that concept, and to discuss some examples. In writing this paper, however, I have come to realize that underneath there lies an attempt to come to terms with the work on Vergil of two of my elders, betters, and friends, Oliver Lyne and Gian Biagio Conte, to whom this piece is offered with affection.