bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex differences in vocal structure in a callitrichid primate, Leontopithecus rosalia
Authors: Benz J. J. , French J. A. , Leger D. W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFour types of calls (long calls, chirps, chucks, and trills) from Golden Lion Tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia) were analyzed for sex differences in structure. Six or more acoustic variables were analyzed for each call type. One or more variables from each call category differed significantly between the sexes. In addition, discriminant function analyses were conducted on male vs. female data for each call type. Long calls, chirps, and chucks from males and females were quite discriminable, but trills were not. That these differences exist is surprising given that callitrichid primates are otherwise quite monomorphic in structure and behavior. Possible functions served by sex differences in call structure include group censusing or assessing the sex of transient individuals.
Determination of bioactive FSH in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Matteri Robert L. , Durning Maureen , Dierschke Donald J. , Handrow Richard R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractStudies of the reproductive biology of nonhuman primates are commonly hindered by the lack of homologous, sensitive immunoassay systems for gonadotropins. The recent development of a bioassay based upon folliclestimulating hormone (FSH)‐stimulated estradiol production by rat Sertoli cells (Padmanabhan et al.: Endocrinology 121:1089–1098, 1987) offers a novel opportunity to expand our knowledge of the physiological importance and regulation of this important reproductive hormone in these species. Accordingly, we have established the utility of the rat Sertoli cell FSH bioassay to study the reproductive biology of rhesus monkeys. Analysis of medium from cultured rhesus monkey pituitary cells demonstrates the ability of this assay system to specifically and sensitively detect macaque FSH. Serial dilutions of unextracted urinary samples stimulate estradiol in parallel with the reference standard. The pattern of bioactive FSH in daily urine samples throughout the menstrual cycle resembles that normally observed in serum, displaying a clear preov alatory gonadotropin surge. In attempts to analyze rhesus monkey serum, severe interference with cellular estradiol production was found with extremely low serum sample volumes. In order to circumvent this problem, a serum extraction procedure utilizing metaphosphoric acid was developed which permits the accurate determination of bioactive FSH in serum. The pattern of serum bioactive FSH secretion throughout the menstrual cycle is in general agreement with that observed by FSH RIA, although immunoreactive FSH values are consistently higher. The ability to detect bioactive FSH in macaques will significantly enhance our research capabilities with nonhuman primate species which share many physiological similarities with man. Important applications also may be found in studies on the reproductive biology in endangered species of primates.
Chromosomal evolution in Malagasy lemurs: XII. Chromosomal banding study of Avahi laniger occidentalis (Syn: Lichanotus laniger occidentalis) and cytogenetic data in favour of its classification in a species apart—Avahi occidentalis
Authors: Rumpler Y. , Warter S. , Rabarivola C. , Petter J. J. , Dutrillaux B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA cytogenetical study of the western form of Avahi (Avahi laniger occidentalis) shows that its karyotype differs from that of A. laniger laniger by at least 3 chromosomal rearrangements. Meiotic chromosomal pairing of hypothetical hybrids has been constructed. Its configuration, a tetravalent with an inversion loop, is likely to strongly reduce fertility, especially in the male. This leads us to propose that the two forms correspond to two distinct species, separated by a gametic barrier: Avahi laniger and a species apart, Avahi occidentalis.
Infant‐care behavior of mothers and fathers in a communal‐care primate, the cotton‐top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus)
Authors: Tardif Suzette D. , Carson Robert L. , Gangaware Barbara L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractInfant care behavior was examined for 35 litters of 23 different groups of captive cotton‐top tamarins. The behavior of mothers and fathers was compared to determine the effects of infant number and helper presence on each parent and to determine whether parents differed in responsiveness to infants. For young infants (1–4 weeks), the contribution of fathers to infant carrying was negatively correlated with helpers' contribution; as helpers carried more, fathers carried less. In contrast, the mothers' contribution to infant carrying was unaffected by helper contribution. Mothers carried older infants (5–8 weeks) less than did fathers, regardless of infant number or helper contribution. Fathers and mothers were equally likely to retrieve a non‐harassed infant; however, fathers were more likely than mothers to retrieve an infant being harassed. These results suggest that fathers are more responsive to infants than are mothers. Mothers may limit their involvement in infant care, as has been proposed by field results, due to an energetically demanding reproductive strategy.
Angular displacement patterns of leading and trailing limb joints during galloping in monkeys
Authors: Vilensky Joel A. , Moore‐Kuhns Marsha , Moore Ann M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe movement patterns of the joints of the right hind limbs and forelimbs of four vervet and one squirrel monkey were compared during right‐ and left‐lead gallops. Although the overall displacement patterns were similar under both conditions, comparisons of the inflection points in the curves yielded consistent differences in the joints at various phases in the cycle. Some of these differences appear to reflect differing mechanical conditions, whereas others seem to represent variation in muscle activation patterns. Although some of the differences in the joints under the two conditions were consistent with those reported previously for other quadrupeds, others were not. This may reflect that different quadrupeds use slightly different biomechanical strategies during galloping.
Evidence for a “monitoring call” in red‐bellied tamarins
Authors: Caine Nancy G. , Stevens Cynthia 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn addition to a variety of calls whose functions are to increase or decrease space among individuals, many species of primates use one or more vocalizations that are emitted in no one particular context and elicit no one particular response. Although investigators have given this type of vocalization a number of different names (e.g., contact call, cohesion call), what these calls seem to have in common is that 1) they allow individuals to monitor the general whereabouts of groupmates and 2) they somehow contribute to group cohesion. Neither of these assumptions has been tested, however. In the red‐bellied tamarin (Saguinus labiatus), a vocalization we call the “slide” appears to be a monitoring call. In the current study we tested three hypotheses about the slide call: 1) If slide calls are not direct requests for action, there should be no reliable correlation between slide calls and movement toward or away from the slide caller; 2) if slide calls are emitted to monitor groupmates' whereabouts, they should occur at comparatively low rates when the presence of groupmates can easily be affirmed by visual means (e.g., when the animals are confined in a small space); 3) if slide calls contribute to intragroup cohesion, they should be produced at comparatively high rates during activity that requires coordinated behavior. Each of these predictions was supported. Although variants of the call and/or additional functions of the call(s) may emerge from further testing, social monitoring appears to be at least one important function of the slide calls of red‐bellied tamarins, especially in circumstances where coordinated and/or cohesive behavior is required of the group.
Sociophysiology of squirrel monkeys
Authors: Mendoza Sally P. , Lyons David M. , Saltzman Wendy 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPrimate sociophysiology is an emerging discipline concerned with understanding the proximate mechanisms that contribute to the generation and maintenance of species‐typical social systems. Studies of squirrel monkeys illustrate that sociophysiological processes are more varied than is commonly assumed with respect to both the effective social dimensions that influence physiological function and the nature of concomitant physiological effects. For adult squirrel monkeys, a major consequence of social stimulation is altered regulation of pituitary‐adrenal, pituitary‐gonadal, and autonomic function. In females, socially‐induced physiological changes appear to be independent of specific interindividual relationships with other adults, whereas in males, many sociophysiological effects can be understood only when specific relational attributes are considered. In all instances, adult relationships are associated with distinctly different sociophysiological profiles than have been found for the mother‐infant relationship and do not conform to the stress/buffering model within which they are often interpreted.
The complex relationship between behavioral attributes, social status, and whole blood serotonin in male Macaca fascicularis
Authors: Shively C. A. , Brammer G. L. , Kaplan J. R. , Raleigh M. J. , Manuck S. B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAmong group‐housed male Cercopithecus aethiops, dominant animals have higher concentrations of whole bood serotonin (WBS) than their subordinate counterparts. In contrast, there appears to be no relationship between social status and WBS in Macaca nemestrina. We report here the relationship between social status and WBS among 29 male Macaca fascicularis housed in groups of five. Membership in these groups was disrupted periodically (20 times in 26 months) with a reorganization manipulation. Concentrations of WBS were assessed just prior to the 20th (final) social reorganization and at 1, 2, and 5 weeks following that reorganization. Correlations between these repeated samples were high, indicating considerable intraindividual stability in WBS. Overall, there were no persistent differences in WBS between clearly dominant (ranked 1 or 2) and subordinate (ranked 3, 4, or 5) monkeys, despite the substantial behavioral differences between such animals and the stability of social status across time. A multivariate analysis indicated that WBS was best predicted by a model that included a positive relationship with the interaction between rate of grooming and social status (P < 0.002), a negative relationship with extreme aggressiveness (P = 0.03), and a positive relationship with time spent alone (P < 0.04). Further analysis of the social status by grooming rate interaction revealed that WBS was higher in dominants than subordinates, but only if the dominants also initiated grooming frequently. These differences in the relationship WBS and social status in C. aethiops and M. fascicularis may reflect differences in the behavioral dynamics underlying the dominance hierarchies in small groups of these two species.
Estradiol‐induced follicular atresia in rhesus monkeys is not prevented by exogenous gonadotropins
Authors: Hutz Reinhold J. , Dierschke Donald J. , Wolf Richard C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEstradiol‐17β (E2) induces atresia of the dominant preovulatory follicle (DF) when administered on day 6 of the menstrual cycle. The present study was designed to determine whether the atretogenic effect of E2 could be averted by the administration of exogenous gonadotropins, in an attempt to determine whether E2‐induced atresia in primates is due to a direct action at the ovarian level or is mediated via pituitary secretion. After identification of the DF during laparoscopy, cyclic monkeys received Silastic capsules containing E2 placed s.c. for 24 hours, plus one of the following treatments: phosphate‐buffered saline, or 25 I.U. of either human urinary menopausal gonadotropin (hMG), FSH‐rich hMG, human urinary FSH (uFSH), or human pituitary FSH (pFSH) injected i.m. twice daily for 2 days. The control treatment resulted in atresia of the DF and extended follicular phases (26.3 ± 5.9 days, x̄ ± S.D.), but in normal luteal phases following ovulation of a substitute DF. Similar results occurred in all animals receiving FSH‐rich hMG or pFSH, and in 11 of 16 animals receiving hMG or uFSH (P > 0.05). Since all possible routes and regimens of gonadotropin administration were not attempted, a central action of E2 cannot be ruled out. However, we believe that the experimental observations support our contention that the atretogenic action of E2 is exerted in part at the ovary.
Sexual dimorphism and sex ratios in Madagascan prosimians
Authors: Jenkins Paulina D. , Albrecht Gene H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSkull length was used to evaluate the extent of sexual dimorphism in size among 21 taxa of extant Madagascan prosimians. Extraneous sources of variation were controlled by limiting male‐female comparisons to museum samples comprised of ten or more wild‐caught, adult individuals collected at the same locality (24 samples total). Sexual dimorphism in skull length averaged only 1.31%, with equal probability of males or females being larger. The only statistically significant sexual differences were Lepilemur edwardsi from St. Marie de Marovoay in western Madagascar (P < 0.05; males 4% larger then females = 2.2 mm) and Microcebus murinus from Amboasary‐Sud in southern Madagascar (P < 0.001; females 2% larger than males = 0.6 mm). A recent study of body weights of captive animals at Duke University Primate Center also showed that M. murinus displays highly significant sexual dimorphism. These results were examined in the context of factors believed to affect sexual dimorphism in anthropoid primates. The same 24 samples were used to demonstrate that the sex ratio is approximately 1:1 among Madagascan prosimians, and this information was correlated with data from field studies. The correlations between sexual dimorphism, sex ratio, and size are low, indicating that these are independent traits in Madagascan prosimians.
Testosterone changes during the period of adolescence in male rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Bernstein Irwin S. , Ruehlmann Thomas E. , Judge Peter G. , Lindquist Teresa , Weed James L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTestosterone levels of 59 male rhesus monkeys were monitored over a period of 5 years. Longitudinal comparisons revealed consistent rises in mid‐morning levels of circulating hormone in successive years from age 2.5 to 6.5 years of age, whereas cross‐sectional comparisons failed to detect significant differences among the older subjects. The first mid‐morning hormonal elevation could be detected in some males as young as 2.5 years of age, whereas other males showed no detectable rises until age 5.5 years. Males showing first rises at later ages did not show hormonal levels consistently below age peers who had shown earlier rises. Extreme month‐to‐month variability and a failure to manifest the seasonal normal curve of fully adult males was characteristic of younger males, but some of these males, nonetheless, proved capable of fertilizing females. Although hormonal and agonistic dominance measures failed to show consistent correlations, the alpha male in an age cohort significantly more often had the highest testosterone levels. These data are used to argue that adolescence is a process that takes place over several years and that classification of adolescent animals as adults, based on a single criterion like fertility, has confounded many prior studies involving cross taxa comparisons as well as developmental variables.
The potential role of mycoplasmas as autoantigens and immune complexes in chronic vascular pathogenesis
Authors: Clark Harold W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMany chronic degenerative diseases are suspected of resulting from autoimmune (AI) or immune complex (IC) mechanisms of unknown infectious etiology. Mycoplasmas have been associated with autoantibodies and tissue mimicry and with infertility and neonatal disorders, as well as with IC disorders. Their persistent colonization, which is clinically silent and common among healthy females, makes their etiopathogenic mechanisms difficult to assess.Finding the great apes to be colonized with and serologically expressing the human strains of mycoplasmas, as well as the anti‐IgG rheumatoid factor (RF), provided us the ideal model of immunologically‐related human disorders. In view of the etiopathologic role of IC in experimental vasculitis, especially collagen vascular diseases such as systemic lupus erythromatosus (SLE) with specific deposition on receptor sites of the vascular basement membranes, an investigation of IC's role in fetal and placental vascular disorders was initiated.The IgG‐IC fractions isolated from solubilized human synovial and placental tissue extracts on affinity protein‐A columns were further purified by pepsinization to minimize nonspecific Fc binding. Mycoplasmal antigens were identified in the F(ab)2‐IC fractions by reacting the electroblots from SDS‐PAGE with rabbit antisera to 6 IgG test serovars. Finding mycoplasmal and ureaplasmal antigens associated with the IgG‐IC in synovial and placental tissues suggests their pathogenic role in collagen vascular and reproductive disorders of both humans and the great apes.Mycoplasma cells cultured in rabbit‐serum‐enriched broth bound rabbit IgG as indicated by their specific reaction with goat anti‐rabbit IgG. Polyclonal rabbit antisera raised against the mycoplasma cells binding the gnotobiotic rabbit IgG expressed idiotypic antibodies reactive with heterologous mycoplasmas cultured with whole sera but not with gamma‐free or fetal bovine sera. Immunoblot analysis of SDS‐PAGE fractionated mycoplasmas with the anti‐M. pneumoniae rabbit IgG recognized common IgG epitopes in heterologous mycoplasma cells cultures with whole horse serum. These results demonstrate a potential role and pathogenic mechanism of mycoplasmas acting as a ligand, binding and causing conformational changes of IgG that could also apply to other specific tissue proteins. Conformational changes of bound tissue components could produce “altered‐self” antigens to initiate a variety of autoimmune disorders in both humans and the great apes.
Diseases and pathology of chimpanzees at the southwest foundation for biomedical research
Authors: Hubbard Gene B. , Lee D. Rick , Eichberg Jorg W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research (SFBR) chimpanzee colony is a conventionally housed production and research population. The present population is 203 chimpanzees, consisting of 87 males and 116 females. Fifty‐four apes were born between 1985 and 1989, 56 from 1980 to 1985, 49 from 1975 to 1980, 24 from 1965 to 1975, and 20 from 1954 to 1965. Twenty‐five apes were added to the colony from outside sources over the last 10 years. The average yearly mortality for the past 8 years was 2.4%. The primary causes of death since 1982 were heart disease (6), trauma (5), and respiratory disease (4). The heart lesions included myocarditis, necrosis, fibrosis, and mineralization. The respiratory disease deaths were due to Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The traumatic deaths were primarily in young chimpanzees and were caused by adults. Since 1976, 20 stillbirths occurred and were not included in the total deaths. There were two cases of placenta previa and one of abruptio placentae. Clinical conditions not leading to death included respiratory disease, parasitism, alopecia, diarrhea, maternal rejection, and trauma. The most significant commonly isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Haemophilus, Klebsiella, Citrobacter, and Campylobacter. The most common intestinal parasites were Balantidium, Entamoeba, Chilomastix, Iodamoeba, Giardia, Trichuris, Enterobius, and Strongyloides. The colony pathology is sketchy from 1967 to 1981, but the main causes of death during this period were probably pneumonia and intestinal disease.
Assessment of luteal competency by urinary hormone evaluation in the captive female gorilla
Authors: Czekala N. M. , Reichard T. , Lasley B. L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAnalysis of urinary estrone conjugates and pregnanediol‐3‐glucuronide were used to document ovarian events in female gorillas known to be fertile. These normal parameters were used to assess ovarian function in gorillas suspected as infertile. Insufficient luteal hormonal dynamics were observed in the infertile group. Based on this observation, exogenous progesterone as the only treatment was administered to infertile females post ovulation and mating. Positive pregnancy tests were observed in all 3 females during the progesterone treatment and one full‐term pregnancy resulted. This successful treatment supports the concept that insufficient progesterone secretion may be a contributing factor to the infertility of captive female gorillas. The present data demonstrate the utility of urinary assays for evaluating ovarian function in gorillas and suggest that one type of infertility may be resolved with progesterone therapy.
Real‐time ultrasonography as a clinical and management tool to monitor pregnancy in a chimpanzee breeding colony
Authors: Lee D. Rick , Kuehl Thomas J. , Eichberg Jorg W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAccurate assessment of gestational age, date of parturition, and evaluation of placental abnormalities are essential to monitor obstetrical and fetal complications in captive chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) breeding colonies. Since ultrasonography is a safe and noninvasive technique for monitoring chimpanzee pregnancies, we have developed a technique to estimate the date of parturition using the fetal biparietal diameter (BPD) of the skull from real‐time ultrasonographic measurements. A formula for determining gestational age was based on analysis of data obtained from 62 pregnancies over an 8‐year period. From this formula an estimated gestational age was calculated and compared with menstrual cycle data from the period near the time of the estimated date of conception (EDC). If the data from the scan and cycle history were in agreement within 7 days, the estimate date of conception was corrected to be 3 days prior to detumescence of the sex cycle phase. Lastly, the estimated date of parturition (EDP) was predicted to be 240 days after the EDC. To evaluate the utility of this prediction, we subsequently examined 13 chimpanzee pregnancies using the above technique and compared it to the actual date of parturition (ADP). Nine of the 13 chimpanzees delivered within 2 weeks of the EDP. In addition to estimating gestational age, ultrasonography may be a useful tool for evaluating fetal growth and placental abnormalities and assessing third trimester complications in chimpanzee pregnancies.