bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative morphology of female genitalia and the copulatory mechanism in Trypetimorphini (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Tropiduchidae)
Authors: Bourgoin T. , Huang J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractA comparative morphological study of the female genitalia in Trypetimorphini shows that Caffrommatissus trimaculatus has a monotrysian condition, while species of Trypetimorpha and Ommatissus are ditrysian. Dissection of Trypetimorpha biermani Dammerman in copula shows that spermatozoa are first deposited in the bursa copulatrix and probably are transferred secondarily into the spermatheca. Maintenance of copulatory position is achieved by the male's gonostyli gripping the female's VIII gonapophyses, by endosoma inflation, and by eversion of antero‐ventrally directed endosomal processes. Existence of the ditrysian condition in Fulgoromorpha is disputed and the presence of a copulatory‐duct has to be interpreted as a neoformation in Tropiduchidae, although within this group it could have evolved several times independently.
Developmental changes of the antenna and its neurons in the silkworm,Bombyx mori, with special regard to larval‐pupal transformation
Authors: Waku Yoshio 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe larval antenna ofBombyx morihas 13 sensilla and about 52 sensory neurons in its distal portion. The axons form two nerve cords which unite in the cranial hemocoel to supply the brain as the olfactory nerve. The antennal imaginal disc, which is a thick pseudostratified epithelium continuous with the antennal epidermis, thickens markedly during the 5th instar by rapid cell proliferation. At the prepupal stage cell proliferation ceases and the disc everts to form a large pupal antenna. Simultaneously, an extensive cell rearrangement occurs in the antennal epidermis and the disc tissue becomes much thinner because of the abrupt expansion of antennal surface area. The two larval nerve cords thin down markedly by degeneration of axons, but they do not disintegrate totally even after the onset of pupation. The epidermis of the larval antenna forms the distal portion of the pupal antenna, while the imaginal disc forms the more basal portion. Development to the adult antenna occurs almost immediately after the onset of pupation; many adult neurons appear in the simple epidermis facing toward the thick outer side of the newly formed pupal cuticle. By 12 hours after the onset of pupation, these neurons align themselves in many transverse rows which are the first sign of the adult antennal configuration. Addition of these neuronal axons to the once‐thinned nerve cords causes resumed thickening of the cords during the first 24 hours and thereafter. Differentiation of adult sensilla begins in the next 24 hours and is almost completed at the third day of pupation, which requires a total of 10 days.
Annual cycle of the chromaffin cells of Triturus cristatus
Authors: Laforgia V. , Capaldo A. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractMorphology of the chromaffin cells of Triturus cristatus during a complete annual cycle has been investigated. General ultrastructural characteristics are similar for all chromaffin cells, including numerous small mitochondria, well‐developed Golgi apparatus and rough endoplasmic reticulum with short cisternae. The primary difference among cells is the type of the chromaffin granules they posses. These are of two kinds: adrenalin (A) and noradrenalin granules (NA). Both types are simultaneously present in the chromaffin cells but with different ratios during the year. During December–January and May–August, NA granules largely prevail, while in September–November and February–April, A and NA granules are present in about equal quantities. The total quantity of catecholamine granules, however, is relatively constant throughout the year. These findings suggest that T. cristatus has a single type of chromaffin cell, the granule content of which varies according to different functional states. The catecholamines are apparently discharged by exocytosis.
Morphology and ultrastructure of the venom glands of the northern pacific rattlesnake Crotalus viridis oreganus
Authors: Mackessy Stephen P. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe venom gland of Crotalus viridis oreganus is composed of two discrete secretory regions: a small anterior portion, the accessory gland, and a much larger main gland. These two glands are joined by a short primary duct consisting of simple columnar secretory cells and basal horizontal cells. The main gland has at least four morphologically distinct cell types: secretory cells, the dominant cell of the gland, mitochondria‐rich cells, horizontal cells, and “dark” cells. Scanning electron microscopy shows that the mitochondria‐rich cells are recessed into pits of varying depth; these cells do not secrete. Horizontal cells may serve as secretory stem cells, and “dark” cells may be myoepithelial cells. The accessory gland contains at least six distinct cell types: mucosecretory cells with large mucous granules, mitochondria‐rich cells with apical vesicles, mitochondria‐rich cells with electron‐dense secretory granules, mitochondria‐rich cells with numerous cilia, horizontal cells, and “dark” cells. Mitochondria‐rich cells with apical vesicles or cilia cover much of the apical surface of mucosecretory cells and these three cell types are found in the anterior distal tubules of the accessory gland. The posterior regions of the accessory gland lack mucosecretory cells and do not appear to secrete. Ciliated cells have not been noted previously in snake venom glands.Release of secretory products (venom) into the lumen of the main gland is by exocytosis of granules and by release of intact membrane‐bound vesicles. Following venom extraction, main gland secretory and mitochondria‐rich cells increase in height, and protein synthesis (as suggested by rough endoplasmic reticulum proliferation) increases dramatically. No new cell types or alterations in morphology were noted among glands taken from either adult or juvenile snakes, even though the venom of each is quite distinct. In general, the glands of C. v. oreganus share structural similarities with those of crotalids and viperids previously described.
Selected aspects of spinning apparatus development in Araneus cavaticus (Araneae, Araneidae)
Authors: Townley Mark A. , Horner Norman V. , Cherim Nancy A. , Tugmon Cathy R. , Tillinghast Edward K. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn the first half of this century, several workers observed small, seemingly glandular structures attached to the ampullate glands of spiders. Hence, they were termed accessory ampullate glands. In juvenile Araneus cavaticus, two pairs of these structures are present (starting at least with third instars), one pair attached to the major ampullate (MaA) glands and the other pair attached to the minor ampullate (MiA) glands. In adults, two pairs of accessory MaA glands and two pairs of accessory MiA glands are present. The two latter‐formed pairs of accessory ampullate glands are clearly the remnants of those ampullate glands which atrophy shortly after adulthood is reached. Morphological similarities between these accessory ampullate glands and those present in juveniles provide an indication that the latter also have their origin in functional ampullate glands.A reduction in the number of ampullate glands following the last molt occurs in many spiders. The reason(s) for these reductions is unknown. In penultimate spiders close to ecdysis, we have observed that while the larger pairs of MaA and MiA glands (those that are retained in the adult) are undergoing molt‐related changes which apparently render them nonfunctional, their smaller counterparts are seemingly unaffected and functional. This raises the possibility that the principal role of the smaller ampullate glands may be to assume functions during the pre‐ecdysial period which are normally in the domain of the larger ampullate glands. If true, then their degeneration after the last molt would make economic sense.The presence of cylindrical spigots in juvenile females starting with fourth instars is documented.
Acid phosphatase activity in mature secretory granules of the salivary gland ofBradysia hygida
Authors: Laicine E. M. , Fernandez M. A. , Sauaia H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIt is uncommon to find acid phosphatase activity in mature secretory granules. This paper demonstrates by light and electron microscope cytochemistry an acid phosphatase in mature secretory granules in the cells of one region of the salivary gland ofBradysia hygida(Diptera, Sciaridae). These secretory granules increase in number during larval development up to the beginning of the pre‐pupal period when they undergo massive exocytosis. Biochemical assays show that upon exocytosis of the majority of the granules the total acid phosphatase activity in the granular gland region drops to 10% of the maximum reached before exocytosis. During and after exocytosis, two other acid phosphatases, eletrophoretically different and much weaker in activity, become increasingly detectable in all gland regions. At the same time, in whole mount preparations, numerous tiny acid phosphatase‐positive granules (probably secondary lysosomes) become evident in all major cell types of the salivary gland. These results indicate that the S2 region of the salivary gland has mature secretory granules containing an acid phosphatase destined for exocytosis which is different in molecular properties from other acid phosphatases (likely lysosomal) made by the gland.
Oral disc muscles of anuran tadpoles
Authors: Carr Karen M. , Altig Ronald 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe presence and configurations of the small, extrinsic muscle fibers of the M. mandibulolabialis superior in the upper labium and the M. inferior in the lower labium are described for 24 species in 9 families. Although several species possess only the M. inferior, or both the M. inferior and superior, none has only the M. superior. Some species without tooth rows possess the M. inferior, and microhylid tadpoles have a single‐stranded muscle different than the M. mandibulolabialis in each oral flap. The extrinsic oral muscles insert near the bottom of the inter‐row valleys behind each tooth ridge and the bases of marginal papillae lateral to the ends of tooth rows. Muscles do not extend to marginal papillae beyond the most distal row of teeth. Muscle contraction is presumed to rotate the teeth distally so that they contact the substrate at the proper working angle. This action probably occurs at full extension of the oral disc just before disc closure starts.
Ultrastructure of the tongue and anterior process of the sublingual plica in four species of venomous snakes
Authors: Mao Shou‐Hsian , Wang Jaang‐Jiun , Huang Shu‐Chuan , Chao Chung‐Faye , Chen Cheng‐Chen 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe general histology and ultrastructure of the tongue and anterior process of the sublingual plica of four Taiwanese venomous snakes, the Chinese cobra (Naja naja atra), banded krait (Bungarus multicinctus), Taiwan habu (Trimeresurus mucrosquamatus), and bamboo snake (Trimeresurus stejnegeri stejnegeri) are described.The tongue fork exhibits a mid‐dorsal invagination that broadens gradually toward its base. No mid‐ventral invagination is observed. The epithelial cells on both dorsal and ventral aspects of the tongue fork have large and small microfacets, micropores and microvilli. The cell size, distribution pattern of the large microfacets, and the number of small microfacets present on both sides of the fork are essentially the same within a species, but vary among species. The function of these ultrastructures on the cell surface might be for the capture of chemical substances. The large microfacets are raised areas of the cell membrane, each with a pale granule contained within. The chemical nature of the pale granule is not yet known. The small pores surrounding the large microfacets are shallow hollows left after the release of the pale granules from the microfacets. The basic histological pattern of the tongue fork of these species is similar, being composed of a mucosal layer outside and dense musculature inside. No taste buds are discernible.The anterior processes are concave‐like expansions of the anteriormost portions of the sublingual plicae. The oblique folds and micropapillae of this organ might be helpful for receiving the chemicals collected on the tongue, when the tongue makes contact with the elevated processes. The elevated processes may penetrate the ducts of Jacobson's organs to effect the final transfer.
Skin structure and vascularization in the Antarctic notothenioid fish Gymnodraco acuticeps
Authors: Eastman Joseph T. , Hikida Robert S. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe scaleless notothenioid Gymnodraco acuticeps is a bottom dweller beneath the sea ice of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Gymnodraco experience unusual environmental conditions, including highly oxygenated subzero water. Skin morphology is evaluated with reference to its potential as a barrier to ice propagation and as a surface for cutaneous respiration. Light and electron microscopy and histochemistry reveal skin structure that is generally similar to that of other teleosts. In the epidermis, epithelial cells are arranged in nine to fifteen layers, and two types of mucous cells are also present. Large mucous cells are most common on external epidermal surfaces, whereas small cells are more frequent on internal epithelial surfaces. Epithelial cell junctions have extensive areas of desmosomes as well as interdigitations of the cell membranes, especially in the basal and midepidermis. The dermis consists of an exceptionally dense stratum compactum. The skin is thicker than that of Bovichtus, a scaleless temperate notothenioid from New Zealand. Mean skin thicknesses at sites on the trunk are 371–711 μm. With the exception of fins that contact the substrate, epidermal thickness between rays of most fins is 70–118 μm. The epithelial surfaces of the oral and branchial cavities are 27–50 μm thick. An unusual type of connective tissue is present beneath the epidermis of the pelvic fin. It contains abundant ground substance and is similar to mucous connective tissue of the mammalian umbilical cord. Perfusions of a microvascular filling agent reveal a moderately developed cutaneous vasculature. These vessels have the dimensions of capillaries (mean external diameter 11 μm). They are confined to the dermis and are more prominent on the head than on the trunk. The skin is secondary to the gills as a respiratory surface in Gymnodraco.
Ultrastructure of free neuromasts of Bathygobius fuscus (gobiidae) and canal neuromasts of Apogon cyanosoma (apogonidae)
Authors: Rouse G. W. , Pickles J. O. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractLight and electron microscopic observations were made on the lateral line organs of the free neuromasts of the goby Bathygobius fuscus and the canal neuromasts of the cardinal fish Apogon cyanosoma. As in other lateral line systems, each neuromast consists of hair cells, supporting cells and mantle supporting cells, the whole being covered by a cupula. In B. fuscus the free neuromasts are mounted on papillae and have hair cells with stereocilia up to 2.5 μm long and a single kinocilium at least 25 μm long. Each neuromast is covered by a vane‐like cupula that can be divided into two regions. The central region over the sensory area contains columns of myelin‐like figures. These figures are absent from the outer region covering the mantle. The canal neuromasts of A. cyanosoma are diamond‐shaped with up to 1,500 hair cells. The cupula is unusual in having a channel that lies over the sensory region. The hair cells have up to 45 stereocilia, the tallest reaching 2.5 μm, and a kinocilium at least 5 μm long. Tip links are shown for the first time between rows of stereocilia of the hair cells of lateral line neuromasts. The presence of tip links has now been demonstrated for all acousticolateral hair cell systems.
Distribution and expression of two interactive extracellular matrix proteins, cytotactin and cytotactin‐binding proteoglycan, during development of Xenopus laevis. II. Metamorphosis
Authors: Williamson David A. , Parrish Elaine P. , Edelman Gerald M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractDuring metamorphosis of Xenopus laevis the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins cytotactin and cytotactin‐binding (CTB) proteoglycan, and the cell adhesion molecules N‐CAM and Ng‐CAM, appear in highly restricted patterns determined by immunofluorescence histology.During limb development, cytotactin appears from the earliest stages in a meshwork of ECM fibrils associated with migrating mesenchymal cells forming the limb bud. Cytotactin also appears in the ECM between the apical limb ectoderm and mesenchyme. Later, both cytotactin and CTB proteoglycan appear co‐localized within the central (prechondrogenic) limb mesenchyme. During chondrogenesis in these areas, cytotactin becomes restricted to perichondrium, while CTB proteoglycan is expressed throughout the cartilage matrix. The premyogenic mesenchyme surrounding the chondrogenic areas expresses N‐CAM. Later, N‐CAM is concentrated at the myogenic foci where cytotactin appears at sites of nerve/muscle contact and in tendons.Expression of these molecules in the blastemas of regenerating limbs was also studied, and during development of the central nervous system, stomach, and small intestine.Analysis of the expression patterns of cytotactin and CTB proteoglycan throughout development and metamorphosis reveals several consistent themes. The expression of these molecules is highly dynamic, often transient, and associated with key morphogenetic events. Cytotactin appears at multiple sites where cells undergo a transition from an undifferentiated, migratory phenotype to a differentiated phenotype. One or both molecules appear at several sites of border formation between disparate cell collectives, and CTB proteoglycan expression is associated with chondrogenesis.
Immuno‐Fluorescent analysis of follicular growth and development in whole ovaries of the Indianmeal moth
Authors: Zimowska Grazyna , Silhacek Donald L. , Shaaya Eli , Shirk Paul D. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe differentiation and growth of ovaries was analyzed using immuno‐fluorescence microscopy and then correlated with the changes in the external morphology of female pupae during metamorphosis of the Indianmeal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner). Fourteen developmental points coincident with a daily change in the light:dark cycle were chosen for observation to describe the progress of cuticular, ovarian, and follicular development during metamorphosis. Follicular structure was examined in whole mounts of ovaries using an immuno‐fluorescent labelling technique. The growth of oocytes and nurse cell cap in terminal follicles was measured throughout ovarian development. A rapid increase in the relative size of the nurse cells began during the fourth scotophase and continued until the beginning of the sixth scotophase. Following the sixth scotophase, the relative size of the nurse cells decreased until they disintegrated prior to choriogenesis. Oocytes began to grow rapidly during the fifth scotophase, coincident with the initiation of vitellogenesis, and continued to grow until choriogenesis was initiated just after adult eclosion. The rate of follicular growth was related to the position of the follicle in the ovariole; the closer to the terminal position, the greater the rate of growth. Thus, at adult eclosion, each ovariole contained a linear array of follicles in progressive stages of development with the terminal follicles ready to begin choriogenesis.
Ultrastructural analysis of iridophore organellogenesis in a lizard, Sceloporus graciosus (Reptilia: Phrynosomatidae)
Authors: Morrison Randall L. , Frost‐Mason Sally K. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTransmission electron microscopy (TEM) data from the ultrastructure of lizard skin iridophores (reflective dermal chromatophores) are used to illustrate the organellogenesis of small rectangular reflecting platelets, which are the color‐generating components of these cells. During the development of reflecting platelets, crystals are deposited within double‐membraned vesicles from electron‐dense material located within the vesicles. The crystals are initially small but expand lengthwise eventually to fill the vesicle that contains them. The inner membrane then tightly surrounds the crystal whereas the outer membrane is much more loosely associated with the inner‐membrane‐bound crystal. These observations allow discussion of the possible origin of the precursor double‐membraned vesicles from endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi‐derived vesicles. A model is proposed that incorporates our findings and other published reports to explain the origin of the precursor double‐membraned vesicles via three alternative pathways.
Experimental morphology of the feeding mechanism in salamanders
Authors: Reilly Stephen M. , Lauder George V. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe subarcualis rectus I muscle (SAR) in the feeding mechanism of four tiger salamanders (Ambystoma tigrinum) was removed early in ontogeny and these individuals were allowed to complete metamorphosis. This procedure resulted in postmetamorphic tiger salamanders which differed from control individuals in the size (and thus force generating capacity) of the SAR muscle. The experimental manipulation of muscle ontogeny allowed a test of previous hypotheses of SAR function in postmetamorphic individuals. Multivariate analysis of variance for kinematic variables measured from high‐speed video records of feeding revealed that experimentally modified tiger salamanders did not protract the hyobranchial apparatus or project the tongue from the mouth during feeding. Removal of the SAR muscle resulted in significantly reduced hyobranchial elevation in the buccal cavity and reduced maximum tongue projection distance.
Movement of spermatozoa of Megaselia Scalaris (Diptera: Brachycera: Cyclorrhapha: Phoridae) in artificial and natural fluids
Authors: Curtis Sherill K. , Benner David B. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn artificial fluid, the spermatozoa move as linear cells or round up and rotate, propelled by spontaneous bending of their tails. Both linear and rounded cells can move forward and backward, but usually they move forward. The tails of all cells display, simultaneously, small primary bends and fewer, much larger secondary bends. Rounded cells form single secondary bends that remain unchanged as the cells rotate. They also form “node‐like” primary bends that travel posteriorly or anteriorly as the cells rotate forward or backward, respectively. Linear cells move their anterior regions into and out of focus in a cyclic fashion. They form rather prominent primary bends, as well as two to four secondary bends that travel posteriorly as the cells move forward. Secondary bends change in shape continuously and are not sinusoidal. The cells follow approximately linear trajectories, but the distances traveled per cycle, speeds, and secondary bending patterns are variable. When methyl cellulose is added to artificial fluid, linear movement is improved, and forward speeds are approximately tripled. The movement of spermatozoa in natural fluid of the female reproductive tract is remarkably less stereotyped than that of cells in artificial fluid. The cells, usually resembling straight lines or arcs, are very flexible and active. They lack obvious cyclic activity and double bending patterns. They are capable of moving both forward and backward and of adjusting their bending activity and speed within rather wide limits. Their average forward speed is about nine times faster than that of cells in artificial fluid.