bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PaVESy: Pathway Visualization and Editing System
Authors: Lüdemann Alexander , Weicht Daniel , Selbig Joachim , Kopka Joachim 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
Summary: A data managing system for editing and visualization of biological pathways is presented. The main component of PaVESy (Pathway Visualization and Editing System) is a relational SQL database system. The database design allows storage of biological objects, such as metabolites, proteins, genes and respective relations, which are required to assemble metabolic and regulatory biological interactions. The database model accommodates highly flexible annotation of biological objects by user-defined attributes. In addition, specific roles of objects are derived from these attributes in the context of user-defined interactions, e.g. in the course of pathway generation or during editing of the database content. Furthermore, the user may organize and arrange the database content within a folder structure and is free to group and annotate database objects of interest within customizable subsets. Thus, we allow an individualized view on the database content and facilitate user customization. A JAVA-based class library was developed, which serves as the database programming interface to PaVESy. This API provides classes, which implement the concepts of object persistence in SQL databases, such as entries, interactions, annotations, folders and subsets. We created editing and visualization tools for navigation in and visualization of the database content. User approved pathway assemblies are stored and may be retrieved for continued modification, annotation and export. Data export is interfaced with a range of network visualization programs, such as Pajek or other software allowing import of SBML or GML data format.
Availability: http://pavesy.mpimp-golm.mpg.de/
Partial purification of proteases that are generated by processing of the Northern shrimp Pandalus borealis and which can tenderize beef
Authors: Aoki Hitoshi , Ahsan Md. Nazmul , Matsuo Kenji , Hagiwara Toshihiko , Watabe Shugo 
Published: April 2004

SummaryThe crude extracts obtained from the heads of Northern shrimps, Pandalus borealis, (adapted to cold), showed considerable collagenolytic activities. When tested for beef tenderization, resulted in an overdegradation of meat proteins, which was detected organoleptically. Subsequently, four fractions with proteolytic activity were partially purified from the crude extracts by hydroxyapatite followed by MonoQ or Superdex 200 column chromatography. Warner‐Bratzler shear force values of steaks treated with three protease fractions (Q, S2, S3) at 10 °C were significantly lower (P < 0.01) than that of the control and the enzyme preparations were completely inactivated after mild heat treatment. These results suggest that the potential for Northern shrimp enzymes to be used in industrial processes, particularly in the food industry, is quite large, where working at lower temperatures to prevent undesirable chemical reactions is necessary.
The emulsifying properties of a polysaccharide isolated from the fruit of Cordia abyssinica
Authors: Benhura Mudadi Albert Nhamoiesu , Chidewe Cathrine Katayi 
Published: April 2004

SummaryPolysaccharide was isolated from Cordia abyssinica and its effect, at differing concentrations, on its emulsifying ability was determined. Emulsions of vegetable oil containing up to 1% of the polysaccharide in phosphate pH 7.4 buffer, were prepared by using a hand piston homogenizer. Emulsification was assessed by diluting samples of the emulsions in sodium dodecyl sulphate and measuring absorbance at 500 nm. Addition of increasing concentrations of the polysaccharide up to 1% enhanced emulsification and emulsion stability. Above 1% concentration the polysaccharide solutions were too viscous for making emulsions conveniently. At a constant concentration of the polysaccharide, addition of up to a 1% concentration of salt enhanced emulsion formation. Further addition of salt above 1% resulted in no further changes in emulsifying ability, but the stability of the emulsions formed decreased on increasing the concentration of salt above 1%. The effect of pH on emulsifying ability was investigated by preparing emulsions using buffers of different pH, from pH 3 to pH 13. The polysaccharide had poor emulsifying ability below pH 7. Emulsifying ability increased with pH between pH 7 and 11. At pH above 11 there was a decrease in emulsifying ability.
Metabolism of oligosaccharides and aldehydes and production of organic acids in soymilk by probiotic bifidobacteria
Authors: Tsangalis Dimitri , Shah Nagendra P. 
Published: April 2004

SummaryFour strains of Bifidobacterium were assessed for α‐galactosidase activity in MRS broth using p‐nitrophenyl‐α‐d‐galactopyranoside as substrate. Bifidobacteria were then used to ferment soymilk prepared from soy protein isolate (SPI), with and without d‐glucose and l‐cysteine supplementation. Measurements of pH and the quantification of oligosaccharides, organic acids and aldehydes in soymilk were done after 0, 12, 24, 36 and 48 h of incubation. The presence of d‐raffinose stimulated the α‐galactosidase activity of B. longum BB536 (BB536) and B. pseudolongum 20099 (BP20099). In soymilk, oligosaccharides and aldehydes were effectively metabolized by Bifidobacterium; d‐glucose and l‐cysteine supplementation enhanced the hydrolysis of raffinose and stachyose. BB536 and BP20099 degraded a significantly greater level of oligosaccharides and aldehydes than B. animalis Bb‐12 and B. longum 1941 (P < 0.05). Raffinose and stachyose were completely metabolized by BB536 after 48 h. In soymilk without any supplementation, hexanal and pentanal were not detected after 12 h of fermentation with BB536 and BP20099. BB536 was the highest producer of organic acids, with an average acetic acid/l(+)‐lactic acid ratio of 0.7.
Glass transition behaviour of fructose
Authors: Truong Vinh , Bhandari Bhesh R. , Howes Tony , Adhikari Benu 
Published: April 2004

SummaryThe glass transition temperature and the second transition (the endothermic change between the glass transition and melting temperatures) of fructose were studied. The thermal history strongly affected both transitions of fructose. Storage for 10 days at 22 °C increased the dynamic glass transition temperature from 16 to 25 °C and decreased the second transition of fructose from 110 to 98 °C in the first differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) scan. The amplitude of the second transition increased slightly with storage time and reached 260% of the first transition for vacuum oven dried samples. The effect of thermal history on the glass transition temperature of fructose can be removed by scanning the sample in a DSC to 130 °C. The effects of water content, glucose and sucrose on the two transitions were also investigated.
The Impact of Public Infrastructure on the Productivity of the Chilean Economy
Authors: Albala‐Bertrand José M. , Mamatzakis Emmanuel C. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe aim of this study is to assess the effect of the change in infrastructure capital on the cost structure of the Chilean economy, and thereby on productivity, differentiating between two key institutional periods. A further aim is to establish the extent to which infrastructure capital formation affects private capital. The authors use an econometric estimation of the cost elasticity of infrastructure. Conclusions indicate that an increased infrastructure capital reduces the production cost of the economy, thereby increasing productivity, mostly in the second period. In turn, especially in this latter period, infrastructure capital formation appears to assert both a positive cost‐share effect on private capital and a negative cost‐share effect on labor. These effects can be explained to a large extent by the significant differences between the institutional structures of the two consecutive periods studied.
Non‐zero‐sum collaboration, reciprocity, and the preference for similarity: Developing an adaptive model of close relational functioning
Authors: Cole Tim , Bruno Teboul Jc. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractAn evolutionary framework was used to develop a model of relational functioning among friends. The proposed model focuses on the collaborative nature of close friendships and attempts to highlight two adaptive mechanisms important in creating non‐zero‐sum outcomes among highly interdependent parties. The model emphasizes the importance of reciprocity in creating mutually beneficial outcomes through social exchange, and it articulates how the preference for similarity is useful when creating non‐zero‐sum rewards through synergistic coordination. In particular, the focus is on the unique role that shared interests and mutual knowledge play when individuals attempt to pursue common goals through joint activity. The implications of the model are discussed with respect to a host of issues ranging from deceptive communication to relational satisfaction and commitment.
The favourable prognostic value of oestrogen receptor β immunohistochemical expression in breast cancer
Authors: Nakopoulou L , Lazaris A C , Panayotopoulou E G , Giannopoulou I , Givalos N , Markaki S , Keramopoulos A 
Published: April 2004

Aims:Oestrogen receptor β (ERβ) is present in breast tumours, although its prognostic and pathophysiological roles remain to be established.Methods:Standard immunohistochemistry with a specific monoclonal antibody was performed on paraffin wax embedded sections; 10% of strongly immunostained carcinoma cells was used as the cutoff point to classify tumours as ERβ positive. Statistical correlations were sought with clinicopathological variables (including hormone receptor status) and disease free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in a well documented series of 181 invasive breast carcinomas. Cell proliferation was assessed immunohistochemically by topoisomerase IIa (TopoIIa) index; p53 protein accumulation and c-erbB-2 oncoprotein expression were also taken into account.Results:ERβ immunoreactivity was detected in most specimens (71.2%); it was positively linked to ERα immunoreactivity and increased TopoIIα index, and inversely to c-erbB-2 overexpression. There were no correlations with p53 immunostaining or other clinicopathological parameters. A significant favourable impact of ERβ immunopositivity emerged with regard to DFS and OS in both univariate and multivariate analysis; ERβ immunopositivity retained its favourable significance with regard to DFS in the subgroups of stage I and II patients when they were examined separately. Progesterone receptor expression also had an independent favourable influence on survival, albeit with less significance. In contrast, survival was not significantly influenced by ERα status.Conclusions:Because of the positive association between ERβ immunoreactivity and TopoIIα expression, the presence of ERβ in breast cancer cells could be considered an indication of increased proliferation. Nevertheless, ERβ immunoreactivity emerges as a valuable, independent indicator of favourable prognosis.
Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, hypoxia inducible factor 1α, and carbonic anhydrase IX in human tumours
Authors: Jubb A M , Pham T Q , Hanby A M , Frantz G D , Peale F V , Wu T D , Koeppen H W , Hillan K J 
Published: April 2004

Aims:To measure vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A) mRNA in a large, diverse cohort of tumours and to investigate whether VEGF-A expression is associated with markers of hypoxia, including hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and carbonic anhydrase IX (CA9).Methods:The expression of VEGF-A and CA9 was assessed in 5067 fresh frozen human tissue samples and 238 cell lines by DNA microarray analysis. In addition, tissue microarrays were constructed from 388 malignancies to investigate the expression of VEGF-A and HIF-1α by in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry, respectively.Results:VEGF-A was significantly upregulated in primary malignancies of the breast, cervix, colon and rectum, oesophagus, head and neck, kidney, ovary, skin, urinary system, and white blood cells by DNA microarray analysis. However, VEGF-A expression only correlated with CA9 expression in renal tissues. In the tissue microarrays, HIF-1α positive cores showed a significant increase in VEGF-A expression in lung, ovary, soft tissue, and thyroid malignancies.Conclusions:The expression of VEGF-A is upregulated in a large proportion of human malignancies, and may be associated with markers of hypoxia. VEGF-A expression can be induced in the absence of hypoxia and hypoxia does not always provoke VEGF-A upregulation in tumours.
Epstein-Barr virus in gastric carcinomas and gastric stump carcinomas: a late event in gastric carcinogenesis
Authors: zur Hausen A , van Rees B P , van Beek J , Craanen M E , Bloemena E , Offerhaus G J A , Meijer C J L M , van den Brule A J C 
Published: April 2004

Background:To determine at what stage during gastric carcinogenesis Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) enters the gastric epithelial cells, the presence of EBV was investigated in two pathogenetically related but distinct forms of adenocarcinoma of the stomach—gastric carcinoma of the intact stomach (GCIS) and gastric stump carcinoma (GSC)—and their presumed precursor lesions.Patients and methods:Eleven patients with EBV positive GCIS and eight patients with EBV positive GSC, demonstrated by the highly sensitive EBV encoded RNA 1/2 (EBER1/2) RNA in situ hybridisation (RISH) technique, were studied. Paraffin wax embedded tissue available from preoperative gastric biopsies and tumour adjacent tissue from the resection specimens containing normal gastric mucosa, inflamed gastric mucosa, and preneoplastic lesions (intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia) was investigated by EBER1/2 RISH, in addition to EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1) and latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1) immunohistochemistry (IHC).Results:In both GCIS and GSC and their precursor lesions EBER1/2 transcripts were restricted to the carcinoma cells. In addition, positivity of EBNA-1 IHC was also restricted to the tumour cells. IHC for LMP-1 was negative in all cases tested.Conclusions:The absence of EBER1/2 transcripts in preneoplastic gastric lesions (intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia) and their presence in two distinct types of gastric carcinoma strongly suggest that EBV can only infect neoplastic gastric cells and thus is a late event in gastric carcinogenesis.
Enforced expression of cyclin D2 enhances the proliferative potential of myeloid progenitors, accelerates in vivo myeloid reconstitution, and promotes rescue of mice from lethal myeloablation
Authors: Sasaki Yutaka , Jensen Christina T. , Karlsson Stefan , Jacobsen Sten Eirik W. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSevere and prolonged cytopenias represent a considerable problem in clinical stem cell transplantations. Cytokine-induced ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells has been intensively explored as a means of accelerating hematopoietic recovery following transplantation but have so far had limited success. Herein, overexpression of D-type cyclins, promoting G0/G1 to S transition, was investigated as an alternative approach to accelerate myeloid reconstitution following stem cell transplantation. With the use of retroviral-mediated gene transfer, cyclin D2 was overexpressed in murine bone marrow progenitor cells, which at limited doses showed enhanced ability to rescue lethally ablated recipients. Competitive repopulation studies demonstrated that overexpression of cyclin D2 accelerated myeloid reconstitution following transplantation, and, in agreement with this, cyclin D2–transduced myeloid progenitors showed an enhanced proliferative response to cytokines in vitro. Furthermore, cyclin D2–overexpressing myeloid progenitors and their progeny were sustained for longer periods in culture, resulting in enhanced and prolonged granulocyte production in vitro. Thus, overexpression of cyclin D2 confers myeloid progenitors with an enhanced proliferative and granulocyte potential, facilitating rapid myeloid engraftment and rescue of lethally ablated recipients.
Imatinib mesylate inhibits T-cell proliferation in vitro and delayed-type hypersensitivity in vivo
Authors: Dietz Allan B. , Souan Lina , Knutson Gaylord J. , Bulur Peggy A. , Litzow Mark R. , Vuk-Pavlović Stanimir 
Published: April 2004

AbstractImatinib mesylate (STI571, imatinib) inhibited DNA synthesis in primary human T cells stimulated with allogeneic mature dendritic cells or phytohemagglutinin (PHA) but did not induce apoptosis. The values for the concentration that inhibits 50% (IC50) of T-cell proliferation stimulated by dendritic cells and PHA were 3.9 μM and 2.9 μM, respectively, that is, within the concentration range found in patients treated with imatinib mesylate. Interestingly, imatinib mesylate did not inhibit expression of T-cell activation markers CD25 and CD69, although it reduced the levels of activated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and changed phosphorylation or protein levels of Lck, ERK1/2, retinoblastoma protein, and cyclin D3. When T cells were washed free of imatinib mesylate, they proliferated in response to PHA, demonstrating that inhibition is reversible. Treatment with imatinib mesylate led to accumulation of the cells in G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. The in vitro observations were confirmed in vivo in a murine model of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH). In mice treated with imatinib mesylate, DTH was reduced in comparison to sham-injected controls. However, the number of splenic T cells was not reduced showing that, similarly to in vitro observations, imatinib mesylate inhibited T-cell response, but did not cause apoptosis. These findings indicate that long-term administration of high-dose imatinib mesylate might affect immunity.
Interleukin-17 regulates expression of the CXC chemokine LIX/CXCL5 in osteoblasts: implications for inflammation and neutrophil recruitment
Authors: Ruddy Matthew J , Shen Fang , Smith Jeffrey B , Sharma Ashu , Gaffen Sarah L 
Published: April 2004

AbstractInterleukin (IL)-17 is the founding member of an emerging family of inflammatory cytokines whose functions remain poorly defined. IL-17 has been linked to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis, and numerous studies implicate this cytokine in inflammation-induced bone loss. It is clear that a major function of IL-17 is to amplify the immune response by triggering production of chemokines, cytokines, and cell-surface markers, ultimately leading to neutrophil chemotaxis and inflammation. As an IL-17 signaling deficiency in mice causes a dramatic reduction in neutrophil chemotaxis and a consequent increased susceptibility to bacterial infection, it is important to define gene targets involved in IL-17-mediated neutrophil trafficking. Here, we demonstrate that IL-17 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) cooperatively induce the lipopolysaccharide-inducible CXC chemokine (LIX; a.k.a., CXC chemokine ligand 5, Scya5, or murine granulocyte chemotactic protein-2) in the preosteoblast cell line MC3T3. LIX is induced rapidly at the mRNA and protein levels, likely through the activation of new gene transcription. Conditioned media from MC3T3 cells treated with IL-17 and/or TNF-α stimulates neutrophil mobility potently, and LIX is a significant contributing factor to this process. In addition, IL-17 cooperates with bacterial components involved in periodontal disease to up-regulate LIX expression. This study is the first demonstration of LIX expression in bone cells and has implications for inflammatory bone diseases such as arthritis and periodontal disease.
Relative Safety and Efficacy of Finasteride for Treatment of Hirsutism
Authors: Townsend Kara A , Marlowe Karen F 
Published: April 2004

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relative safety and efficacy of finasteride for treatment of hirsutism related to hyperandrogenism in women. DATA SOURCES: Literature retrieval was accessed through MEDLINE (1966-March 2003) using the terms finasteride and hirsutism. Additional information was obtained from the drug manufacturer. DATA SYNTHESIS: Finasteride has been evaluated for treatment of hirsutism in multiple observational and randomized trials. Finasteride lowered hirsutism scores by 30–60% in most trials, as well as decreasing average hair diameter. In comparative trials, finasteride demonstrated efficacy similar to that of other antiandrogens, with fewer adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS: Finasteride does reduce the overall hair diameter and number in androgen-sensitive areas. Reported adverse effects have been minimal. Concern over potential teratogenicity and lack of long-term safety information leave finasteride a secondary treatment option for hirsutism.
Pharmacokinetic Interaction between Ketoconazole and Amprenavir after Single Doses in Healthy Men
Authors: Polk Ronald E. , Crouch Michael A. , Israel Debra S. , Pastor Antonio , Sadler Brian M. , Chittick Gregory E. , Symonds William T. , Gouldin Winston , Lou Yu 
Published: April 2004

Study Objective. To determine the effects of coadministration of amprenavir and ketoconazole on the pharmacokinetics of both drugs, and to assess the utility of the erythromycin breath test (ERMBT) to predict and explain these effects.Design. Open‐label, randomized, balanced, single‐dose, three‐period crossover study.Setting. University research center.Subjects. Twelve healthy men.Intervention. Subjects received amprenavir 1200 mg, ketoconazole 400 mg, and amprenavir 1200 mg plus ketoconazole 400 mg. Each treatment was separated by 14 days.Measurements and Main Results. Serial plasma samples for amprenavir and ketoconazole concentrations were measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Coadministration of the drugs increased amprenavir area under the curve extrapolated to infinity (AUC∞) by 31% and reduced its maximum concentration (Cmax) by 16%. Amprenavir increased the AUC∞ of ketoconazole by 44% and increased the drug's half‐life and Cmax by 23% and 19%, respectively. Both agents resulted in substantial inhibition of ERMBT.Conclusion. Coadministration of ketoconazole and amprenavir results in a statistically significant increase in AUC for both agents, but the changes are not likely to be clinically important.
Synthesis of Amino Acid Ester Isocyanates: Methyl (S)‐2‐Isocyanato‐3‐Phenylpropanoate
Authors: Tsai James H. , Takaoka Leo R. , Powell Noel A. , Nowick James S. 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

Methyl (S)‐2‐isocyanato‐3‐phenylpropanoate

R L‐Phenylalanine methyl ester hydrochloride

P Methyl (S)‐2‐isocyanato‐3‐phenylpropanoate
Amines, Aliphatic
Authors: Eller Karsten , Henkes Erhard , Rossbacher Roland , Höke Hartmut 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.General Chemical Properties2.1.Salt Formation2.2.Conversion to Carboxamides2.3.Conversion to Sulfonamides2.4.Reaction with Carbonyl Compounds2.5.Reaction with Carbon Dioxide and Carbon Disulfide2.6.Reaction with Epoxides2.7.Alkylation2.8.Formation of Isocyanates and Ureas2.9.Reaction with Acrylonitrile2.10.Formation of Isonitriles2.11.Oxidation2.12.Dealkylation3.General Production Methods3.1.Production from Alcohols3.2.Production from Carbonyl Compounds3.3.Production from Nitriles3.4.Production from Alkyl Halides3.5.Production from Nitro Compounds3.6.Production from Olefins3.7.Other Processes4.Lower Alkylamines4.1.Physical Properties4.2.Storage and Transportation4.3.Quality Specifications and Analysis4.4.Production4.5.Uses4.6.Economic Aspects5.Cycloalkylamines6.Cyclic Amines7.Fatty Amines7.1.Properties7.2.Production7.3.Analysis and Quality Control7.4.Uses7.5.Economic Aspects8.Diamines and Polyamines8.1.Diamines8.1.1.1,2‐Diaminoethane (Ethylenediamine)8.1.2.Diaminopropanes8.1.3.Higher Diamines8.2.Oligoamines and Polyamines8.2.1.Physical Properties8.2.2.Chemical Properties8.2.3.Production, Analysis, and Uses9.Chiral Amines10.Toxicology and Occupational Health10.1.General Aspects10.2.Toxicology of Specific Amines10.2.1.Alkylamines, Cyclic Amines, and Polyamines10.2.2.Fatty Amines11.Acknowledgment