bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of age on health
Authors: Taylor Ross J , Smith Blair H , Teijlingen Edwin R van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Homeostasis is defined as ‘a tendency to stability in the normal body status (internal environment) of the organism’. Homeostatic reserve tends to increase during development, reach a plateau in adult life, and decline thereafter. Indeed, one of the definitions of ageing is a progressive loss of adaptability as time passes. As we grow older, we become less able to react adaptively to challenges from the external or internal environment (Evans & Williams 1992). Because of impaired homeostasis, very young and very old individuals may be overwhelmed by stressful situations that would lead to more minor problems in younger adults.
Promoting our well-being–young views: a study of young people aged 13–19 in Britain
Authors: Katz Adrienne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is in two parts. The first part gives an overview of research involving children and the expression of their views. The second part reports on some key findings from two national studies that have been undertaken by Young Voice, a national charity which aims to listen and respond to young people, together with Ann Buchanan and her associates at Oxford.
Do intervention programmes for parents, aimed at improving children’s literacy, really work?
Authors: Baillie Catherine , Sylva Kathy , Evans Emma 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 199 7 the Literacy Taskforce argued that parents have a key role in promoting literacy. In this chapter we review the research evidence which supports calls for increased parental involvement in the first years of their children’s formal education. We go on to speculate about which elements of intervention programmes aimed at supporting parents to assist their children’s reading are necessary for success.
Improving children’s long-term well-being by preventing antisocial behaviour
Authors: Capaldi Deborah M , Eddy J Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Antisocial behaviour in childhood (e.g. failure to comply with adult requests, aggression toward peers, and stealing) frequently is not a temporary developmental phase, but prognostic of problems which will continue in adolescence and adulthood. In the Oregon Youth Study (OYS), early adolescent antisocial behaviour predicted a wide variety of adjustment problems in late adolescence and early adulthood, including substance use, a poor relationship with parents, rejection by normal peers, association with deviant peers, poor educational outcome, unemployment, arrests, driver’s licence suspensions, and early fatherhood (Capaldi and Stoolmiller 1999). Each of these outcomes is related to other failures that can strongly affect not only the individual, but also their friends, family, co-workers, and subsequent children.
Living with Haemophilia
Authors: Jones Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Living with haemophilia has established itself as the complete guide to haemophilia and related disorders. Written primarily for affected families, the. book also provides a useful and up-to-date guide for doctors, paramedical staff, including nurses and physiotherapists, and teachers. It explains the inheritance of haemophilia, bleeding episodes and how to control them, safe treatment including home therapy and prophylaxis, and the prospects for a genetic cure. Other coverage includes · Sex and family planning · Childhood with haemophilia · Education and employment · Sports and travel · Previous side effects of treatment including HIV and AIDS Sensitively and clearly written at an appropriate level for those with haemophilia, their families and friends. This book aims to dispel the myths and raise awareness of the realities of haemophilia. It takes a positive approach to physical development and encourages the pursuit of healthy, active and fruitful living. Peter Jones shows how, with the right care, the person with haemophilia can live an active and normal life. He addresses all the questions that those with haemophilia or those caring for them need to know the answers to, with humour and genuine concern. He has worked with those affected by it for over 30 years and this book contains his wealth of experience. “All of those who come into contact with haemophilia should read this book” Journal of the Royal College of Physicians Features include · Bullet pointed lists of dos and don’ts for those caring for haemophilic children · Boxes containing key information · Clear simple drawings showing treatments and exercises.
Side-effects of treatment, including transfusion-transmitted infection
Authors: Jones Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All medicines have more than one effect. The primary effect, the reason we take the medicine in the first place, is usually sufficiently beneficial to outweigh the other results or side-effects, but this may not always be so. Aspirin may well cure a headache but at the same time it is reducing platelet stickiness, and it may provoke bleeding. Codeine dulls pain but at the same time it reduces the motility of the bowel, causing constipation. Often these secondary effects are dose-dependent and easily relieved, but the more powerful the drug the more serious the other effects are likely to be. Every time a doctor prescribes a drug he weighs up the potential benefits against the potential costs to his patient. If the benefit could be life, for instance in cancer chemotherapy, then even drugs with very marked and potentially lethal side-effects are worthwhile.
Systemic sclerosis
Authors: Denton Christopher P , Haddock Jamanda , Black Carol M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) has the highest case-specific mortality of any of the autoimmune rheumatic diseases and forms part of the scleroderma spectrum of disorders. These conditions are characterized by the development of excessive and inappropriate connective tissue fibrosis, most frequently in the skin. There have been substantial advances in the management of systemic sclerosis in recent years, largely related to the identification and appropriate treatment of organbased complications. In part this has been due to the development and refinement of imaging methodologies, and the validation of new assessment tools based upon these methods.
Heritable disorders of the skeleton and associated tissues
Authors: Wordsworth Paul , Smith Roger , Halliday Dorothy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A large number of single gene disorders affect the skeleton and associated mesenchymal tissues. These include diseases affecting bone, the growth plate, articular cartilage, tendons, ligaments, blood vessels, and also other tissues such as the eyes and teeth that may contain elements, such as fibrillin or collagens, shared with skeletal tissues. Traditionally, these disorders have been classified according to the presence of shared clinical and radiographic characteristics (Table 22.1).
Miscellaneous conditions
Authors: Stoll Thomas , Brühlmann Pius , Weishaupt Dominik 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two types of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) can be distinguished. CRPS type 1 is also called Sudeck’s disease or Leriche’s syndrome after those who first described it in Germany (1900) and France (1939), respectively. The term CRPS type 1 increasingly replaces all the previously used synonyms such as algodystrophy or reflex sympathetic dystrophy. In addition to the symptoms and signs in CRPS type 1, patients with CRPS type 2 (causalgia) have experienced a nerve injury. This was first described by Mitchell in 1864 in a patient after a gunshot injury to a major limb nerve.
overview of child abuse and neglect
Authors: Poblete Ximena 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The evidence from research carried out during the last thirty years has placed child abuse and neglect within the most serious health conditions affecting children. Increased knowledge on risk factors has helped to unravel a complex process, whereby child abuse is seen to occur as the result of an interaction between parents, a vulnerable child and a family ‘s social and cultural environment (Belsky 1993). There is enough research evidence to confirm the devastating effects that abuse has on a child ‘s overall health and we recognize the long-term effects of maltreatment, from childhood through to adulthood. Information from the National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) (Creighton 2001) reveals that 100 children die each year from abuse and that infants under 12 months of age are four times more likely to be homicide victims than the rest of the population, with at least one being killed every fortnight. According to the Department of Health statistics for England (Department of Health 1999), between 1997 and 1998 there were 30,000 children newly placed on Child Protection Registers and 78,200 children looked after by local authorities in foster homes and children ‘s homes.
Frequency and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms in advanced cancer
Authors: Potter Jean , Higginson Irene 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Knowledge of the prevalence of symptoms is important for the care of patients. Symptoms are prerequisite to making diagnoses, and the identification of symptoms is an essential part of medical and nursing training. The prevalence of symptoms contributes to the identification of patients’ needs in terms of symptom control, and therefore provision of services. Furthermore, such information can direct research, audit, and care planning, especially since the development of new symptoms can herald disease progression, which in turn may be a prognostic indicator for determining survival.
Gastrointestinal bleeding in advanced cancer patients
Authors: Mancini Isabelle , Hendlisz Alain , Body Jean-Jacques 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are few data concerning the frequency of symptomatic gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding in patients with advanced cancer. In a survey of 800 advanced cancer patients admitted in a palliative care program, the incidence of GI bleeding was 2.25% (1). In the general population, hospitalization for acute GI bleeding is 1 per 1000 (2). The incidence among men is approximately double that among women, and the rate increases markedly with age and with the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (3).
Education and training in the NHS in England
Authors: Percy David , Easmon Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The organization and funding of education and training systems within the NHS in England is complex and difficult to understand. This is largely because it results from the bringing together over the years of a number of differing systems without any attempt in the past to make sense of the whole rather than the individual parts. At the time of writing this failing is starting to be tackled, although this process will itself take a little while. Along with an appreciation of the need for the different disciplines that work together to learn together, where appropriate, so that they can better understand their different roles, the importance of seeing education and training as a whole system, linked with research and supporting and informing service delivery, is finally being widely recognized. Education and training is a means to an end, that of providing good quality health care, not an end in itself.
The principles of educational support in primary care
Authors: Spencer John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Education and training, and the ability to manage change successfully lie at the heart of the future development of general practice and primary care. Traditional models of continuing education and professional development will need to change significantly in the face of the new challenges. Clinical governance, personal and practice development plans, revalidation, evidence-based practice, and multiprofessional working all demand a different philosophy and approach to learning.
Infectious complications of vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, and the nephrotic syndrome
Authors: Gaskin Gill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Infection is an important cause of morbidity, and even mortality, in vasculitis and glomerular disease. The predisposing factors include immunological abnormalities, structural damage directly attributable to the diseases, and the wide range of drug regimens used to treat them (summarized in Table 5.1). The breadth of the resulting immunosuppression contributes to the wide range of infections seen, and some patients may be infected with multiple pathogens. Immunosuppressed patients with infection may deteriorate rapidly, and urgent investigation is required. Distinguishing infection from active inflammatory disease can be difficult in multisystem diseases such as vasculitis and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Infectious complications of the diabetic patient with renal disease
Authors: Pham Phoung-Chi T , Pham Phuong-Thu T , Mathisen Glenn 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Diabetic patients are predisposed to infectious complications due to variable impairment of their host defence mechanisms and diabetes-associated complications. Patients with renal disease, especially those with advanced renal impairment, are also at increased risks due to their depressed immune system (Chapter 1) and complications associated with renal failure. Diabetic patients with concomitant renal disease, whether due to diabetic or non-diabetic nephropathy, may be at particularly increased risks due to the potential combined adverse effects of depressed host defence mechanisms, malnutrition, vascular insufficiency, neuropathy, and urinary tract abnormalities.
Infections in peritoneal dialysis
Authors: off-Rubin Nina E Tolk , Varma Prem P , Rubin Robert H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is an established modality for the treatment of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Today over 20% of ESRD patients in the United States, more than 50% of ESRD patients in the United Kingdom, and over 90% of dialysis patients in Mexico are receiving CAPD. Several recent studies suggest that CAPD has survival rates comparable to haemodialysis, when adjusted for patient age and comorbid conditions. However, despite improvements in the technology of peritoneal dialysis, infection remains the most common problem plaguing CAPD patients and represents the most frequent cause for removal of peritoneal dialysis catheters and discontinuation of this form of renal replacement therapy.’
Infection and immunity
Authors: Playfair John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In July 1989, just four months before the Wall was reduced to souvenir-sized rubble, Berlin hosted the seventh International Congress of Immunology Societies. The brand new International Conference Centre buzzed with research students, lecturers, professors, clinicians, specialists in biochemistry, genetics, haematology, allergy, rheumatic disease, transplant surgery, from fifty countries, six and a half thousand of them altogether – plus some very nervous German security guards. It was the city’s chance to show what it could do, the World Cup of immunology.
Communication and collaboration
Authors: Playfair John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 3 I described the collaboration of phagocytes, antibody, and complement in dealing with a typical bacterium. In Chapter 4 I mentioned that helper T lymphocytes collaborated with B lymphocytes to make a larger antibody response, and T lymphocytes with macrophages to improve their handling of intracellular pathogens, while in the reverse direction, antigen-presenting cells were needed to start the process of lymphocyte activation. I recounted all these interactions as if there was no doubt about them. In fact, however, it was not always so easy to prove that immunity really did work in this collaborative way.
A look ahead
Authors: Playfair John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The preceding chapters will, I hope, have left you with an impression of the host–pathogen relationship as a continuously evolving balancing act – in the very long term as parasites adjust to their hosts over millions of years, in the medium term as pandemics rage across continents, pursued by vaccines, and in the very short term as a pathogen struggles to avoid elimination by the immune system for long enough to spread to another host. The story is by no means finished – indeed we are in the very middle of a period when things are happening faster than ever before. By looking back at what has changed within living memory, perhaps it may be easier to imagine what may be coming next.
My Forty-Year Journey In Formulating The Precepts
Authors: Higginbotham A Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For More than forty years, I have had a keen interest in the evolution of American colonial and antebellum slavery and the related race relations law. I believe that I have read every published appellate case and statute on this subject from 1630 to 1865. After reflecting on those thou sands of statutes and cases and on innumerable related articles and books, I have concluded that, for those Americans in power, there were several premises, goals, and implicit agreements concerning the institution of slavery that at once defined the nature of American slavery and direcd how it was to be administered with the imprimatur of the legal process. Sometimes these premises and goals were articulated precisely in statutes, judicial opinions, and executive orders. At other times, they were implicit; since most in power understood and agreed with these pernicious propositions, it would have been superfluous to announce or codify the common understanding. But whether or not articulated as formal rules of law, there was a general consensus on principles or premises that led to the legitimization of slavery and of racism.
The Politics of Inferiority (1830–1865)
Authors: Higginbotham A Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the second stage in the development of title precept of inferiority, as this nation began to wander into the labyrinth of racial oppression, a few prophetic voices called out, warning of the dangers ahead, and beseeching us to stop and tum back. As early as 1688, fewer than seven decades after the first Africans had arrived in Virginia and many years before slavery would be fully institutionalized into law, a small group of German Mennonites and Quakers gathered near Philadelphia and passed a resolution declaring slavery immoral.
The Supreme Court’s Sanction of Racial Hatred
Authors: Higginbotham A Leon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Ultimate betrayal of African Americans that ended Recon struction gave rise to a reappearance of racial patterns, laws, and court decisions in the states that differed little from antebellum slavery jurisprudence. Following Reconstruction, in terms of failing to protect African Americans, the Supreme Court continued to legitimize the resurrection of the inferiority precept and gave sanction to acts of discrimination against African Americans. The Court did so partly by blinding itself to the unequal treat ment, and partly by creating unnecessary legal doctrine that had harsh racial consequences.
Whether a society grants or denies equal access rights to minorities reveals whether its government repudiates or sanctions perceptions of inferiority. In the post-Civil War era, racial hostility was often manifested in denials to African Americans of the right to equal and full access to public accommodations. States continued to implement and perpetuate the precept of black inferiority in innumerable ways, through the exclusion of African Americans from equal access to major public accommodations, rampant racial segregation, and all manner of unequal and adverse treatment.
“We Just Didn’ t Realize It Was Going To Be That Difficult”: Political Socialization the Hard Way
Authors: Mathews Donald G , Hart Jane Sherron De 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the Equal Rights Amendment was introduced in North Carolina in 1972, ratificationists hoped for a swift victory. Neither they nor their opponents realized that they were enlisting in a decade of struggle; neither anticipated the way in which their lives would change through an unfolding process of organizing, lobbying, and electioneering. Proponents expected to build on the political promises of the 1960s but were thwarted by an intensifying conser-vative trend. To suffer defeat as they did-narrowly and repeatedly-while at the same time developing a collective consciousness of empowerment was a profoundly paradoxical experience.
The Homeless of the 1980s: Case Reports from Clinicians’ Notebooks
Authors: Grunberg Jeffrey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hsuan-Li, as I shall call him, was born in 1949 in Hunan Province, which is located in the central part of mainland China. His father, a municipal judge, and his mother had high expectations for him and his six brothers and sisters. All seven obtained college degrees. The oldest, a woman currently residing in China, received a doctorate in drama and literature from an American University. The others, except for one still in school, received master’s degrees. One is now in Europe working as a business lawyer. Another is a professional printer living in the American Midwest.
Crisis Shelter and Housing Programs
Authors: Caton Carol L M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The homeless have sought shelter in a myriad of settings. Some have taken refuge under bridges, in church doorways, in subway tunnels, or on the heating grates of modem office buildings. Others have gone to low-cost hotels, hospitals, police stations, missions, and shelters. The increased demand for shelter services throughout the 1980s has given rise to new crisis shelters, offering the homeless an alternative to makeshift accommodations and living in streets and byways. Crisis shelters, targeted to subgroups within the homeless population such as single adult males, single adult females, families, and children and youth, provide a respite from the ravages of homelessness.
Independent Democrat
Authors: Niven John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The onset of Belle’s illness and the expenses entailed made it difficult for Chase to find decent lodgings that were within his means. He was glad to move out of Dr. Bailey’s busy household where he had temporary quarters and into Mrs. Galvin’s boarding house on C Street nearby and close to the Capitol.1 Chase’s social life was as intermittent as his living conditions. Apart from formal dinners at the White House, any relief from his duties as a senator and his weekends in New Jersey centered around Dr. Bailey’s Saturday evenings. The inimitable doctor and his equally inimitable wife Margaret presided over a salon in the European tradition.
Defeat at the Summit
Authors: Niven John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The year 1859 began inauspiciously for Chase. It was scarcely three weeks old when he learned that his friend Bailey was supporting Seward. Bailey, unusually candid with Chase, said that Seward was an older and more discerning political leader, an accurate assessment but nonetheless hurtful to Chase’s self-esteem. Bailey added that the New Yorker had a much better chance than Chase of carrying Pennsylvania and New Jersey, both of which were indispensable for a Republican victory. On all sides came word that Chase’s acknowledged free-trade stand was hurting his chances for the nomination as much as his alleged radicalism on the slavery issue.