bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Copulatory frequency, urinary pregnanediol, and fertility in great apes
Authors: Nadler Ronald D. , Collins Delwood C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPrevious research on sexual behavior of the great apes suggests that female chimpanzees readily conceive in traditional laboratory pair tests, i.e., free‐access tests (FATS), but female gorillas and orang‐utans do not. Although several different mechanisms could account for this result, the one tested is derived from R.V. Short's hypothesis that “form reflects function,” with respect to the ratio of testis weight to body weight in the great apes. The implication of this hypothesis is that the more frequent maleinitiated mating that occurs prior to ovulation in the FATs, in comparison with the wild, reduces the fertility of male orang‐utans and gorillas as a function of their relatively small testes. The hypothesis was tested by conducting restricted‐access tests (RATS) with female choice, tests in which the female determines whether and when copulation may occur. In the RATs, the cycle rate of copulation was reduced in both the gorillas and orang‐utans to rates typical of their wild counterparts. Three females of each species, moreover, did conceive in the RATs, but this result was not statistically significant. Several conditions were implicated in the failure of additional females of both species to conceive during the RATs, including an absence of copulation, copulation without ejaculation, and copulation with ejaculation temporally dissociated from the presumptive time of ovulation. Little support was obtained for the hypothesis that failure to conceive during the FATs was due to the males' relatively small testes and frequent copulation, but such a possibility cannot be ruled out. Relatively low levels of pregnanediol glucuronide during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle were implicated in the failure to conceive by female gorillas but not female orang‐utans. The data suggest that female regulation of mating in the RATs results in patterns and rates of copulation that are more characteristic of these species than those obtained in the FATs. Restricted‐access testing thus may prove useful in facilitating the breeding of gorillas and orang‐utans in other captive settings.
Postpartum infertility in common chimpanzees
Authors: Graham Charles E. , Struthers Elaine J. , Hobson William C. , McDonald Trent , Faiman Charles , Buckman Maire T. , Collins Delwood C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe endocrine profile during normal postpartum amenorrhea in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) closely resembles that of women, and its duration is similarly extended by nursing. However, when infant chimpanzees in our colony were removed at birth, excessively prolonged postpartum amenorrhea (7–26 months duration) occurred in 24% of cases. Our endocrine studies indicate that such prolonged postpartum amenorrhea (PPAm) is a pathological condition associated with chronically elevated serum prolactin levels and galactorrhea.In the absence of nursing, we sought an alternate behavioral basis for PPAm. Breast and genital auto‐ and partner‐directed manipulation was compared in PPAm chimpanzees, normal 2–3 mo. postpartum chimpanzees (infants removed at birth), and regularly‐menstruating chimpanzees. A statistically significant pattern of breast, but not genital, manipulation was observed in the PPAm group only, at levels comparable to normal suckling. In particular, a characteristic pattern of nipple auto‐manipulation (spooling) occurred. Two partner‐stimulated PPAm animals were also identified: when caged individually, they resumed cycling within a few days. In contrast, 2 self‐stimulators did not resume cyclicity when isolated. These observations suggested that interruption of breast stimulation allowed cyclicity to resume.Treatment of PPAm chimpanzees with oral Bromocryptine Mesylate (Sandoz, 2.5–5.0 mg b.i.d.) was associated with depression of prolactin levels in most animals and resumption of cyclicity in 11/13 subjects within 4 months. Oral Pergolide (Eli Lilly, 200 μg once daily, 13–17 days), appeared much more effective, cyclicity resumed in 8/8 animals within 14 days of commencing treatment; both drugs significantly reduced postpartum amenorrhea duration.
National chimpanzee breeding program: Primate research institute
Authors: Hobson William C. , Graham Charles E. , Rowell Thomas J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe Primate Research Institute (PRI) dedicated a colony of 81 proven breeders (60 females, 21 males) to the National Chimpanzee Breeding and Research Program (NCBRP). When possible, infants were left with their mothers for a minimum of 18 months. Programs to define and reduce fetal wastage and neonatal mortality were implemented. Pregnancies were diagnosed both by RIA for serum chorionic gonadotropin and by ultrasound prior to day 30 of pregnancy. Of 65 pregnancies detected by ultrasound and RIA, 15 (23%) resulted in fetal loss. Without the use of ultrasound and RIA, only 8 of these losses would have been detected. Infant mortality (7 of 53 live births; 13%) was primarily due to maternal abuse or problems related to premature delivery. The incidence of losses due to maternal abuse has been reduced by placing females in single cages 2 weeks prior to their estimated delivery date so endangered infants can be recognized and removed. The new system provided the first opportunity for most of the mothers to care for their infants; 25 succeeded (in 2 instances in the second pregnancy only) and 12 did not (infants from 2 mothers were removed due to delivery of twins). During this 26‐month period the colony grew by 46 infants (58%), half of which will be retained as future breeders. Thus, the NCBRP goal of achieving a self‐sustaining population appears viable.
Rearing infant monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) in pairs produces deficient social development compared with rearing in single cages
Authors: Ruppenthal Gerald C. , Walker Coleen G. , Sackett Gene P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMany scientists and colony managers assume that social housing is a beneficial living condition for all captive primates. Several older studies of primate development question the generality of this assumption. We recently tested this assumption by comparing the social development of pigtailed macaque infants raised in pairs and those that were raised in individual cages. All animals received 30 min of daily socialization in a playroom. Infants paired from postnatal week 3 through month 4 developed a playroom behavioral repertoire consisting largely of mutual clinging, fear, and social withdrawal. This was especially true of females. Unlike the singly caged infants, pair‐reared monkeys did not successfully adapt to living in a large social group at 8–10 months of age. In this situation, pair‐reared infants were subordinate and spent almost all of their time huddling on the pen floor. It was concluded that rearing macaque infants in pairs produces a behavioral repertoire that is maladaptive with respect to social development.
Infant carrying in a polygynous group of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Koenig A. , Rothe H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn a captive group of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus), consisting of six group members and the three infants of the two breeding females, we analyzed participation of all group members in infant carrying, and suckling by the two breeding females. During the first two weeks of the infants' lives, the two breeding females carried their own infant(s) almost exclusively due primarily to the mutual avoidance by the two females. At the beginning of the third week of the infants' lives nearly all group members began to carry all infants to a relatively high degree and both breeding females suckled all infants. The results indicate that the greater energetic demands in rearing three infants simultaneously are compensated by an extended division of labor among group members.All breeding animals preferred to carry and to suckle the infants according to kinship predictions. However, observed preferences of nonbreeding group members in infant carrying seemed not to be related to different degrees of genetic relatedness.
Characterization of prolactin and growth hormone immuno‐ and bioactivities in the pituitary gland and serum of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis)
Authors: Scammell J. G. , Von Haven R. , Friesen H. G. , Wear L. B. , Thompson M. E. , Brady A. G. , Williams L. E. , Abee C. R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe immunological and biological activities of growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) in the pituitary gland and serum of the squirrel monkey (Saimiri boliviensis boliviensis) have been studied. Proteins in pituitary homogenates were solubilized in 1% SDS, electrophoresed on 12% polyacrylamide gels, and transferred to nitrocellulose. Squirrel monkey GH and PRL were identified by immunoblotting with anti‐human GH antibodies and a monoclonal antibody to ovine PRL, 6F11, respectively. Squirrel monkey GH appeared predominantly as two proteins of apparent molecular weight 22 and 20 kD, corresponding to native and variant forms of human GH. Squirrel monkey PRL appeared as two proteins of apparent molecular weight 24 and 26.5 kD, which co‐migrated with native and glycosylated forms of ovine PRL. The cross‐reactivity of neutralizing antibodies to human GH and PRL with squirrel monkey GH and PRL were examined using the Nb2 lymphoma bioassay. One of three monoclonal antibodies to human GH (2A1) neutralized squirrel monkey GH with an apparent affinity for squirrel monkey GH (IC50 = 70 ng IgG/ml) which was fourfold lower than for human GH (IC50 = 15 ng IgG/ml). Both polyclonal [AR38‐5(1)] and monoclonal (9C3) antibodies to human PRL inhibited the activity of squirrel monkey PRL, athough their affinities for squirrel monkey PRL were four‐ and twentyfold lower than for human PRL. The activities of antibodies 2A1 and 9C3 on GH and PRL in squirrel monkey serum were also examined by the Nb2 bioassay. The anti‐glucocorticoid RU486 was used in all incubations with squirrel monkey serum to eliminate the effect of high glucocorticoid levels on Nb2 cell growth. The mitogenic activity of squirrel monkey serum in the Nb2 assay was completely eliminated in the presence of 2A1 and 9C3. This study represents the first description of the biochemistry of GH and PRL in the squirrel monkey.
Urinary and plasma gonadotropin concentrations in golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus r. rosalia)
Authors: French Jeffrey A. , deGraw William A. , Hendricks Shelton E. , Wegner Fritz , Bridson William E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper describes the development and validation of a plasma and urinary gonadotropin immunoassay for golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia), an endangered New World callitrichid primate. The assay is derived from a macaque chorionic gonadotropin assay and was validated for both plasma and urine samples in L. rosalia. Levels of immunoreactive LH/CG in lion tamarin urine were highly correlated (r = + 0.98) with gonadotropin bioactivity. Immunoreactive LH/CG levels were examined in two contexts: in the urine of adult females and in the plasma of adult males after administration of estrogen. Peaks of gonadotropin excretion were detected in samples collected from nonpregnant adult females. The peaks occurred immediately prior to cyclic elevations in urinary estrogen excretion. Plasma LH/CG concentration in males measured 24 and 48 hours after a single 50 μg injection of estradiol benzoate were significantly lower than levels at these time points measured after control treatment. Together, the results of this study point to the utility of the gonadotropin assay for monitoring reproductive function in both female and male lion tamarins.
Nonsocial behavior of captive infant gorillas
Authors: Gold Kenneth C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractFrequencies of eight nonsocial behaviors (object contact, environmental exploration, mouthing, self‐directed behavior, display behavior, solitary behavior, rest, and locomotion) were obtained for 20 infant lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) between 14 and 36 months of age. They lived in 13 groups in 10 zoological collections. Approximately 12 hours of one‐zero data were collected on each animal. Behavioral data were analyzed with regard to the following independent variables: rearing history of the focal animal (mother‐reared vs. human‐reared), time of day (a.m. vs. p.m.), sex of the focal animal, age of the focal animal, and complexity of the physical and social environment. Results indicated significant differences in the frequency of behaviors within each independent variable, including selfdirected behavior, rest, environmental exploration, and display behavior with rearing history. Additional significant differences in the frequencies of behavior were also found, including mouthing behavior and locomotion with infant age.
The care of infants in a wild marmoset (Callithrix flaviceps) group
Authors: Ferrari Stephen F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe behavior of a free‐ranging group of buffy‐headed marmosets (Callithrix flaviceps) was observed in detail over a five‐month period following the birth of twins. Infant care, principally carrying and food sharing, were analyzed and the variation both between age‐sex classes and through time investigated. Potentially reproductive males exhibited a relatively high degree of interest in the infants during the first week following birth, but their provision of care was otherwise little different from that of other group members. The data are considered in relation to the factors stimulating care‐giving behavior and possible differences between callitrichid genera are discussed.
Male chimpanzee behavior in relation to female ano‐genital swelling
Authors: Shefferly Nancy , Fritz Paul 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study examined the relationships between male agonistic, affiliative, and sexual behaviors and female estrus condition in captive adolescent and young‐adult chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Data on agonistic, affiliative, and sexual behaviors of 11 males living in three social groups were collected during daily 45 minute observations over a 5 month period. Female estrus condition was assessed daily using the relative size of the female's ano‐genital swelling. It was hypothesized that the presence of maximally tumescent females would generate conflicts between males, so an increase in inter‐male agonism was predicted. Males exhibited higher rates of agonism toward other males when at least one female in the group was maximally tumescent. Male affiliative behavior directed toward other males and social play with males were affected by the presence and number of maximally tumescent females. Male sexual behavior increased when maximally tumescent females were present.
Interplay between various aspects in social relationships of young rhesus monkeys: Dominance, agonistic help, and affiliation
Authors: Janus Magdalena 
Published: June 2005

AbstractRelationships between group‐living primates depend strongly on their position in the group dominance hierarchy and on their relationships with other group members. The influence of various behaviours on social relationships of immature rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) was investigated here. Dominance ranks were established and related to the degree of affiliation in a dyad. Older monkeys were mostly dominant to the younger ones, regardless of kinship. Subordinate monkeys left proximity of their dominant members more often than they were left by them both among siblings and non‐siblings, but the effect of dominance rank on the amount of play initiation and grooming in a dyad differed between these two types of dyads. The amount of agonistic help two individuals provided for each other was low among immatures. Nevertheless, pairs of siblings gave help to each other in agonistic conflicts more often than non‐siblings, and such help was more often reciprocated between siblings than between non‐siblings. Help in agonistic conflicts was positively correlated with the amount of time monkeys spent playing, grooming, or in proximity. Adults tended to interfere less in conflicts of frequent sibling play partners or non‐sibling grooming partners. No evidence was found for young monkeys to exchange reciprocally grooming for agonistic help. It is argued that the time monkeys spend interacting with each other in affiliative interactions increases their familiarity and thus promotes close relationships between them. On the whole, young monkeys' relationships, like those between adults, are influenced strongly by their kinship, and position in the dominance hierarchy.
Endocrine and developmental correlates of unilateral cryptorchidism in a wild baboon
Authors: Altmann Jeanne , Alberts Susan , Sapolsky Robert M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA wild, group‐living 8.5‐year‐old adult baboon was found to have only a single palpable testicle, the only case of cryptorchidism found among more than 200 males that we have examined. This young adult had an unusually small body size for his age, one that was comparable to that of immature males two years younger, and during maturation his body mass was increasingly small for his age. As a young adult, he also had very low testosterone concentrations, which, in combination with his small size, history of impaired growth, and the absence of any obvious scars around the scrotum, suggest that this is a case of spontaneous unilateral cryptorchidism of unknown cause rather than one of monorchidism arising from injury. Despite striking differences in his growth, adult body size, and testosterone levels, the male's cryptorchidism seemed to have relatively little effect on his social and sexual maturation in his natal group. Nonetheless, it may be related to his inability to gain entry into another group after dispersal.
The genetic demography of a chimpanzee colony
Authors: Williams‐Blangero S. , Eichberg J. W. , Dyke B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractChimpanzees used for biomedical research must be bred in captivity because of restrictions on importation. Because they are large and expensive animals, population sizes at breeding facilities are limited. This implies that inbreeding at some level is inevitable and that genetic management techniques should be employed to minimize matings between related individuals. The purpose of this paper is to consider the genetic history of the chimpanzee colony at the Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research (SFBR) and to suggest ways in which genetic variability may be affected by management schemes.A total of 339 chimpanzees resided at SFBR between January, 1980, and January, 1990. Although only one mating between related individuals has occurred so far, the average level of kinship in the colony and between potential breeders is increasing. Population structure techniques were employed to assess the mating patterns which have occurred and to explore the degree of change in the characteristics of potential mates. A “gene dropping” simulation method was used to predict expected levels of heterozygosity and strategies for maintaining variability by increasing the breeding portion of the population were evaluated using a simulation approach. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic analysis of sexual dimorphism in serum apo AI and HDL‐C concentrations in baboons
Authors: Towne Bradford , Blangero John , Mott Glen E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSexual dimorphism is evident in many quantitative genetic traits, and there has been much speculation on the evolution of primate sexual dimorphism. Morphological characters have been the main focus of attention, while sexual dimorphism in physiological quantitative traits has been neglected. In either case, the genetic basis of primate sexual dimorphism has received little attention. This study characterizes genotype by sex (GxS) interactions in two physiological traits, serum apolipoprotein AI (apo AI) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) concentrations, in baboons fed two different diets, a basal diet and a high cholesterol saturated fat (HCSF) diet. A GxS interaction effect on a trait indicates a heritable component of male/female differences in that trait. Using maximum likelihood methods, eight different quantitative genetic models were evaluated. Significant GxS interactions were found for serum apo AI and HDL‐C concentrations on the basal diet. GxS interactions were suggested for serum apo AI and HDL‐C concentrations on the HCSF diet, but they were not statistically significant. These results reveal that sexual dimorphisms in serum apo AI and HDL‐C concentrations in baboons are heritable, with heritabilities that are influenced by diet. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of male blue monkey “Pyow” calls for long‐term individual identification
Authors: Butynski Thomas M. , Chapman Colin A. , Chapman Lauren J. , Weary Daniel M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study examines whether individual adult male blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni) can be identified through acoustic analysis of their “pyow” calls. It is possible to reliably assign the pyow call of the blue monkeys of Kibale Forest, Uganda, to the individual caller based on the acoustic properties of the vocalization. Analysis of pyows made by a recognizable male over a 10‐yr period shows that the acoustic properties of one individual's pyow call can remain relatively constant over time. Acoustic analysis of pyow calls may provide a relatively easy and reliable method to document tenure lengths of adult male blue monkeys resident in groups. Similar analyses of the loud calls of other species of primates may, likewise, prove to be useful in documenting long‐term membership. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Studies in neurobiology and aging at the United States National Institutes of health‐sponsored regional primate research centers
Authors: King F. A. , Yarbrough C. J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe seven NIH‐sponsored Regional Primate Research Centers conduct a wide variety of studies in the neurosciences and on aging. Monkeys and chimpanzees are investigated to validate the results of research obtained with lower species. In addition, primates are often the only species with the appropriate characteristics for studying a particular health problem or certain behavioral or biological principles. One neurological disorder for which the primate model has proven crucial is Parkinson's disease. The surgical implantation of dopaminergic cells and tissue containing a growth factor has been developed in the primate model, and is now being evaluated clinically in humans with Parkinsonism. In addition to neurological diseases such as Parkinson's, multiple sclerosis, and epilepsy, the visual system is a strong focus of basic and applied research at the Centers. In 1981, two neuroscientists whose basic research on vision with application to pediatric ophthalmology took place in part at the New England Regional Primate Research Center, were honored with the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine. Currently, vision studies at the Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, for example, focus on myopia, post‐surgical treatment of congenital cataracts, adult cataract development and treatment, and laser surgery to correct corneal abnormalities. At the Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, the role of diet in visual impairment is evaluated during infancy. Diet is also studied to determine its role in the aging process, and the effects of aging on memory. Further, brain cells and other components of the nervous system in aging are also being investigated at these centers. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.