bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
English in a historical perspective – a neglected inheritance?
Authors: Rastall Paul 
Published: September 2002

PAUL RASTALL assesses current issues and possibilities
in studying the history of English“…often…in words contemplated singly, there
are boundless stores of moral and historic truth,
and no less of passion and imagination are laid
up – that from these lessons of infinite worth
may be derived…”(Richard C. Trench, 1851, 1)When we think of “English today”, a range of issues naturally springs to mind. Principally, they are “synchronic” issues. They can be matters “internal” to linguistic systems, or viewpoints “external” to English considered as a communication system. Externally, we might consider, for example, the diversity of geographical, generational or sociolinguistic varieties, teaching and learning conditions and problems, the political and economic issues arising from the enormous spread of English worldwide. Internally, there are the many questions of phonology, grammar, lexicon, usage and textual practices, which are more directly “linguistic” in the narrow sense. A little less obviously, we can consider issues of the future of English both from the “external” point of view, looking at – for example – the selection of varieties for teaching or international communication purposes, and from the “internal” viewpoint, the “synchronic dynamics” of English, looking at the ways in which English is currently changing or tending to change. All of those matters and others are well covered in English Today.
Chromatic, Flow and
Reliability Polynomials: The
Complexity of their Coefficients
Authors: OXLEY JAMES , WELSH DOMINIC 
Published: September 2002

We study the complexity of computing the coefficients of three classical polynomials, namely
the chromatic, flow and reliability polynomials of a graph. Each of these is a specialization
of the Tutte polynomial Σtijxiyj. It is shown that, unless NP = RP, many of the relevant
coefficients do not even have good randomized approximation schemes. We consider the
quasi-order induced by approximation reducibility and highlight the pivotal position of the
coefficient t10 = t01, otherwise known as the beta invariant.Our nonapproximability results are obtained by showing that various decision problems
based on the coefficients are NP-hard. A study of such predicates shows a significant
difference between the case of graphs, where, by Robertson–Seymour theory, they are
computable in polynomial time, and the case of matrices over finite fields, where they are
shown to be NP-hard.
‘What We Think We Can Safely Say…’: Primary teachers’ views of the nature of science
Authors: Lunn Stephen 
Published: September 2002

AbstractSince science became part of the core curriculum in England and Wales for children aged five upwards, primary school teachers have moved from widespread diffidence to positions of some confidence and success in teaching it. In the process, their views of the nature of science and the purposes of teaching it can be expected to have developed. The importance of the teacher in relation to the quality of students' learning, and to the ideas about and orientations towards a subject that students develop, is well documented. There are good reasons to believe that teachers' views of the nature of science form part of a ‘hidden curriculum’ in their science teaching: thus, an understanding of them is necessary to an understanding of learners' experiences of science teaching. The research reported explored such views through both case study and survey methodologies. The case studies showed the depth and subtlety of some teachers' views of science. The survey data yielded six factors, explaining 82% of the variance in respondents' views of science, provisionally named scientism, naive empiricism, ‘new‐age‐ism’, constructivism, pragmatism and scepticism. The views of science expressed by teachers in interview, and those inferred from and made explicit in their practice, were in most cases consistent with their positions on these factors. These enable interesting insights into the representations of science communicated by primary teachers in their science teaching, which could inform curriculum development in relation to the nature of science, at both primary and secondary levels.
Metaphors in the Learning of Science: A discourse focus
Authors: Cameron Lynne 
Published: September 2002

AbstractChildren's interpretations of metaphors used in a science text and their teacher's use of explanatory metaphor are analysed and compared to identify key processes in metaphor understanding and to suggest factors that contribute to successful use of metaphor in learning science. The research adopts a Vygotskian socio‐cognitive approach to metaphor in discourse. Participants are children in Years 5 and 6, aged around 10 years, and their teacher, in a UK school. The data include think‐aloud protocols and teacher‐led classroom discourse, analysed for metaphor processing. Sample episodes from the data are used to illustrate how conceptual knowledge is used to interpret metaphor, and how the learning potential of metaphor may be rendered ineffective by interpretation problems or by the choice of metaphor. The mediation of metaphor by a skilled teacher reveals strategies for avoiding such problems and maximising the impact of metaphor on the learning of the formalised concepts of science.
Shame: An emotional response to doing mathematics as an adult and a teacher
Authors: Bibby Tamara 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIncreasingly, the mathematical subject knowledge required of teachers is described as lists of facts, skills and competencies. This listing appears unproblematic given the apparently rational nature of the subject. However, mathematics is often experienced as an intensely emotional subject. The focus of this article is shame: a reaction to other people's criticisms and an emotional response to knowing and doing mathematics. It is used as an analytical tool to explore the ways in which mathematics is known by primary school teachers. It is suggested that absolutist/product conceptions of mathematics provide ideal opportunities for experiencing shame and that, while shame can act as a positive motivational force, accessing it in this way is far from easy.
Partnerships: imperative or illusion in work‐force development
Authors: WILKINSON CELIA , BROWNE MYRA , DWYER PETER 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe central theme of the National Drug Strategy is “building partnerships”. In the education and training arena, intersectoral partnerships are important to increase the skill and knowledge base of generic professionals. However, partnerships are neither simple nor straightforward endeavours. While this paper argues that they are imperative, they can be time‐consuming and problematic. Discussion of the stages of change and how this model applies to partnerships and elements of successful partnerships form the basis of the paper.
Whither the drug specialist? The work‐force development needs of drug specialist staff and agencies
Authors: ALLSOP STEVE J. , HELFGOTT SUE 
Published: September 2002

AbstractDrug specialist staff and agencies have been identified as having a critical role in responding to alcohol and other drug‐related harm. This role must be seen in the context of the broad needs of people affected by drug use and the services that they utilize. Unfortunately, as in generic mainstream services, skill development, expertise, organizational structures and resources do not always support the demands of the drug specialist role. In order to develop the drug specialist work‐force we must first review the evidence about the factors that influence effective practice. The available research indicates that a range of strategies is required and that these should not only focus on building the capacity of individuals, but also on organizations and systems. Substantial effort in capacity building is required in order to fulfil the expectations created by the title “drug specialist”.
The general practitioner's role in AOD issues: overcoming individual, professional and systemic barriers
Authors: ROCHE ANN M. , HOTHAM ELIZABETH D. , RICHMOND ROBYN L. 
Published: September 2002

AbstractGeneral practitioners (GPs) and increasingly other medical practitioners are well placed to address alcohol and other drug (AOD) problems. Their involvement in this area of care, however, is assessed to be less than optimal. There is, however, a growing body of evidence for the potential efficacy of medical practitioner intervention at the primary care, emergency department and in‐patient level. There is also considerably expanded scope to operate from an evidence‐based perspective. However, key questions arise regarding what constitutes best practice in the translation of the growing AOD knowledge base into clinical practice behaviours. This paper explores possible contributory factors to the low level of engagement with AOD issues by GPs and examines a wide range of individual, structural and systemic issues that may be amenable to change. Strategies for the dissemination of research findings, changing professional practice behaviour and introducing sustainable structural reforms are also addressed.
Co‐occurring mental health and drug dependency disorders: work‐force development challenges for the AOD field
Authors: SAUNDERS BILL , ROBINSON SUZANNE 
Published: September 2002

AbstractIn this paper it is argued that the sheer extent of the co‐occurrence of mental health and drug dependency disorders means inevitably that alcohol and other drug (AOD) staff encounter such problems. However, it is contended that the AOD work‐force has a number of characteristics that often act as impediments to people with co‐occurring disorders receiving, in that sector, appropriate, integrated, ‘one‐stop‐shop’ care. Nevertheless, because of the configuration of mental health services in Australia, as essentially acute services for people with severe mental illnesses, there has been, and will continue to be, an overspill of people with mental health disorders and drug problems disorders into the AOD sector. It is there absolutely necessary that initiatives are put into place that support and enable the AOD sector to respond more effectively to people with co‐occurring disorders.
Evaluating training effectiveness in psychotherapy: lessons for the AOD field
Authors: O'ONOVAN ANALISE , DAWE SHARON 
Published: September 2002

AbstractBased on evaluations of effectiveness training on trainee and client outcome in the psychotherapy field, this paper presents a model and recommendations for the alcohol and other drug (AOD) field to consider when conducting investigations into training. Determining the effectiveness of training requires the consideration of a number of factors, including pre‐existing trainee variables, methods of training and ability of trainers and the focus of training. The influence of each of these factors may be considered first in terms of proximal outcomes such as trainee satisfaction, improvements in clinical practice and knowledge, and secondly in terms of more distal outcomes, such as the impact that training may have on improving client outcome. The current literature regarding these factors pertaining to psychotherapy outcome is reviewed, and recommendations for evaluating training in the AOD field are made.
Achieving effective supervision
Authors: KAVANAGH DAVID J. , SPENCE SUSAN H. , WILSON JILL , CROW NATASHA 
Published: September 2002

AbstractSupervision probably does have benefits both for the maintenance and improvement of clinical skills and for job satisfaction, but the data are very thin and almost non‐existent in the area of alcohol and other drugs services. Because of the potential complexity of objectives and roles in supervision, a structured agreement appears to be an important part of the effective supervision relationship. Because sessions can degenerate easily into unstructured socialization, agendas and session objectives may also be important. While a working alliance based on mutual respect and trust is an essential base for the supervision relationship, procedures for direct observation of clinical skills, demonstration of new procedures and skills practice with detailed feedback appear critical to supervision's impact on practice. To ensure effective supervision, there needs not only to be a minimum of personnel and resources, but also a compatibility with the values and procedures of management and staff, access to supervision training and consultation and sufficient incentives to ensure it continues.
Long‐term trends in drinking habits among Swedish teenagers: National School Surveys 1971–1999
Authors: ANDERSSON BARBRO , HANSAGI HELEN , THAKKER KERSTIN DAMSTROM , HIBELL BJORN 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe purpose of the study is to describe the long‐term trends in drinking habits among Swedish students aged 15–16 years. Data were collected from 1971 to 1999, using self‐administered questionnaires from nationally representative random cluster samples of school classes, totalling on average 6000 students per year. The highest proportion of alcohol consumers among both boys and girls, about 90%, was seen in the 1970s; this percentage decreased to about 80% in the 1980s and remained at that level through the 1990s. The estimated average annual consumption of pure alcohol was 4 litres for boys in 1977. It fell to 2.1 litres in 1988 and rose to 3.9 litres in 1999. The tendency was similar for girls, with 3.5 litres consumed in 1977, about 1.5 litres in the 1980s and 2.3 litres in 1999. Also frequent binge drinking and intoxication were reported by the largest proportions in the 1970s; the figures decreased in the 1980s and rose again among both boys and girls in the first part of the 1990s. Hence, although fewer of the students in this age group are alcohol consumers at the end of the 1990s compared with the 1970s, those who drink are approaching the high consumption levels of the 1970s. The beverages of choice are beer and spirits.
The influence of the therapeutic relationship in treatment for alcohol dependency
Authors: RITTER ALISON , BOWDEN STEPHEN , MURRAY TANIA , ROSS PAULA , GREELEY JANET , PEAD JOHN 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe substance abuse field has been slow to embrace research into the impact of the therapeutic relationship on treatment outcome. Limited previous research has demonstrated that therapist factors such as unconditional regard and empathy are associated strongly with treatment outcome. This study examined the relationships between client perception of the therapist and client characteristics; client response to out‐patient relapse prevention treatment; and client outcome 3 months following treatment for alcohol dependence. One hundred and sixty‐one male clients of a 3‐week relapse prevention programme participated in the research, completing questionnaires assessing their perception of therapist regard, empathy, congruence, attractiveness, expertness and trustworthiness. Treatment outcome was measured at the conclusion of treatment, and 3 months post‐treatment. Clients who were more anxious and those with poorer cognitive functioning appeared to perceive therapists as showing less unconditional regard, empathy and congruence. Self‐efficacy and coping skills acquisition measured at the end of treatment correlated significantly with clients' perceptions of the therapist as empathic, congruent and displaying high regard for them. Treatment outcome at 3 months was associated significantly with degree of perceived therapist expertness and empathy. These relationships held when cognitive functioning and skills acquisition were controlled for. Self‐efficacy moderated the relationships between regard and empathy and outcome, but not perceived therapist expertness. A lower than desirable follow‐up rate limits the generalizability of the findings. The quality of the therapeutic relationship as perceived by clients appears to be associated with client characteristics, response to treatment and treatment outcome.
Peer overdose resuscitation: multiple intervention strategies and time to response by drug users who witness overdose
Authors: BEST DAVID , GOSSOP MICHAEL , MAN LAN‐HO , STILLWELL GARRY , COOMBER ROSS , STRANG JOHN 
Published: September 2002

AbstractOne hundred and thirty‐five drug users in contact with treatment services in Scotland and England were interviewed about their experiences of witnessing overdoses both overdoses resolved successfully and those leading to death and actions taken to effect resuscitation. One hundred and four (77%) had witnessed a mean of 11.5 overdoses, of whom 41 (30.4% of the study sample) had witnessed an average of 4.2 fatal overdoses. A wide range of actions was reported at the most recent witnessed overdose, the most common being slapping or shaking the victim (an average of 2.5 minutes after overdose was first recognised) or walking the person around the room (3.2 minutes after recognizing overdose). There was no consistent relationship between the time taken to acting and the number of actions taken. Successful resolution of last witnessed overdose was associated more strongly with immediate onset of overdose, while those that led to death were more often those that involved slow onset of overdose. There is clear evidence of the opportunity and willingness of witnesses to intervene, particularly when overdose onset is immediate, with a wide range of strategies adopted to encourage recovery, although these may often be inappropriate and wrongly prioritized.
Substance use disorders in an Australian community survey
Authors: TEESSON MAREE , DIETRICH UTA , DEGENHARDT LOUISA , LYNSKEY MICHAEL , BEARD JOHN 
Published: September 2002

AbstractA community survey of the common mental disorders in a geographically defined treatment service area was used to explore the socio‐demographic correlates and service utilization of people with alcohol and drug use disorders living in the area. These data represent the most comprehensive data on substance use disorders in a defined geographic region in Australia. Alcohol and drug use disorders were most likely to be found in the young, with those aged 18–34 uyears being three times more likely to have an alcohol use disorder than those aged 55 years and over. A third (33%) of those people with an alcohol use disorder and 42% of those with a drug use disorder had consulted a health professional in the past 12 months for their substance use disorder.
Increasing practice nurse access to alcohol training
Authors: DEEHAN ANN , MCCAMBRIDGE JIM , BALL DAVID M. , STRANG JOHN 
Published: September 2002

AbstractPolicy makers have repeatedly placed emphasis on the role of primary care in screening for at‐risk alcohol consumption and delivering public health messages to the general population. Research has pointed to primary care staff holding negative attitudes towards alcohol misusing patients. Training has traditionally been seen as the key to increasing the capacity of the medical field to engage with alcohol misusing patients but little work has been undertaken to examine the potential barriers to training take up. Consequently, the aim of this study was to explore the willingness of practice nurses to be trained in alcohol screening and brief intervention, and whether identifiable barriers to training exist and how they may be overcome. All practice nurses (n = 82) in an outer London (UK) Health Authority Area were twice mailed an invitation to an alcohol training seminar and a telephone invitation was made to all of those who did not reply to the mailings. Those who did not attend (n = 66) were contacted to take part in a short structured telephone interview –89% (59/66) were contacted successfully and interviewed. Respondents were experienced in primary care and viewed health promotional activity as a valid part of their role. Few had undertaken previous alcohol training and as a group they were highly active in attending training events with training undertaken tending to be related directly to perceived practice needs and priorities: thus this group could not be characterized as unwilling to be trained. Barriers to training at alcohol events were found to be either personal or work‐related, with most nurses interested in receiving further training or information. These data imply that the ways in which training is organized and delivered require sensitivity to identifiable barriers if it is to reach and effect changing practice among practice nurses successfully. A range of possibilities are identified as alternative approaches to the provision of elective training events which may be more acceptable to the target population of health‐care staff.
Researching drug information needs in Australia
Authors: LINDSAY FIONA , MIDFORD RICHARD , COOPER MARTIN 
Published: September 2002

AbstractNational research about drug information needs and access strategies from a cross‐section of professionals and community respondents was undertaken in conjunction with the development of the Australian Drug Information Network (ADIN).* Many professionals who have an active concern about drug and alcohol issues experience frustration with their access to high quality and relevant drug information. Although the Internet is widely perceived to be the answer to disseminating information, it remains the least favoured source of drug information among professionals, especially in regional and remote locations. Limited access to technology and doubts about the quality of web‐based information were expressed concerns. Community differences about where and how to access information were also apparent, with the Internet being a more feasible resource for metropolitan and younger respondents.
Guidelines for Quality Standards for Immunization
Authors: Gardner Pierce , Pickering Larry K. , Orenstein Walter A. , Gershon Anne A. , Nichol Kristin L. 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
This is an update of the 1997 Quality Standards for Immunization, which is one of a series of guidelines commissioned by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) through its Practice Guidelines Committee. This information is presented as a standard-of-care rather than practice guidelines because the evidence for following these recommendations is so strong that they should be implemented with rare exceptions. The purpose of these standard-of-care guidelines is to provide assistance to clinicians who make decisions on providing immunizations to infants, children, adolescents, and adults. This document is a summary of evidence-based guidelines previously developed by national organizations. A standard ranking system was used to determine the strength of the recommendations, and the quality of evidence cited in the literature was reviewed for each guideline. The targeted health care professionals are pediatricians, family practitioners, internists (including specialists), obstetricians, and others who provide immunizations. The panel members are experts in the field of adult and pediatric infectious diseases. The document has been subjected to external review by peer reviewers as well as by the Practice Guidelines Committee, and it was approved by the IDSA Council. Indicators for measuring compliance with the standards are included. The document will be posted on the IDSA home page at http://www.idsociety.org/.