bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF RECOVERY IN PNEUMOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA
Authors: Wood W. Barry , Smith Mary Ruth , Watson Barbara 
Published: June 2004

1. Evidence has been presented in previous publications that the phagocytosis of pneumococci in the pneumonic lung during chemotherapy is due neither to specific opsonins nor to capsular injury (1, 2). The present studies have shown that the phagocytosis taking place in the lung is independent of any sort of intermediary factor and results from a direct action of the phagocytic cells upon the pneumococci.
2. Phagocytosis in the absence of antibody has been demonstrated not only in the lungs of living rats but in formalin-fixed lungs, on the surfaces of a variety of tissues (both freshly removed from the animal and previously "killed" with heat), and on the surfaces of such inert materials as moistened filter paper, cloth, and fiber glass. On the other hand, smooth materials such as glass, cellophane, albumin, and paraffin have failed to support the phagocytic reaction. This latter observation indicates that the physical character of the surface to which the leucocytes have access constitutes a determining factor in the non-antibody mechanism of phagocytosis.
3. Further experiments have defined the relationship of "surface phagocytosis" to that induced by specific opsonins. The non-antibody mechanism was found to operate only upon surfaces of suitable physical properties, whereas opsonins enabled phagocytes floating freely in a fluid medium to engulf the fully encapsulated organisms.
4. Direct visualization of the surface phenomenon in the lung revealed that leucocytes phagocyte the virulent organisms in the absence of antibody only after having trapped them against the alveolar walls. Once the encapsulated pneumococci have been ingested, they can be seen to undergo digestion within a few hours.
The discovery of the phenomenon of surface phagocytosis affords clarification of previously unanswered problems concerning the mechanism of recovery in pneumococcal pneumonia.
STUDIES ON MALARIAL PARASITES
Authors: McKee Ralph W. , Ormsbee Richard A. , Anfinsen Christian B. , Geiman Quentin M. , Ball Eric G. 
Published: June 2004

1. Normal monkey, Macaca mulatta, plasma and red cells are similar in their inorganic composition to those of human beings.
Inorganic phosphate values of plasma and red cells from parasitized monkey blood are lower than normal. Plasma potassium values are higher than normal particularly during segmentation. Other inorganic components of parasitized blood show little variation from normal.
2. Monkey red blood cells parasitized with P. knowlesi consume oxygen in the presence of glucose, lactate, glycerol, and amino acids as substrates. Their respiration is inhibited by cyanide, carbon monoxide, and high oxygen tensions. Normal monkey red blood cells consume oxygen at an appreciable rate only in the presence of methylene blue.
3. Parasitized erythrocytes convert glucose to lactate at a rate 25 to 75 times that of the normal monkey erythrocyte. Unlike the normal red cell, the parasitized cell utilizes lactate if oxygen is present. Lactate is utilized, however, at a rate that is only one-sixth that of its production from glucose.
4. The significance of these findings in relation to the problem of cultivation of malarial parasites is discussed.
STUDIES ON MALARIAL PARASITES
Authors: Anfinsen Christian B. , Geiman Quentin M. , McKee Ralph W. , Ormsbee Richard A. , Ball Eric G. 
Published: June 2004

1. Methods have been described for the preparation and sterilization of a synthetic nutrient medium which supports normal growth during one 24 hour asexual cycle of the erythrocytic form of P. knowlesi.
2. Successive subcultures with good multiplication can be carried out when whole blood or plasma is added to the medium. Data are presented from two such experiments where the sixth and seventh generations, respectively, were injected into normal monkeys. In both cases, the injections produced clinical malaria and in one, an abnormally severe course was observed.
3. A high percentage (95 per cent) of O2 inhibits multiplication in in vitro cultures. A gas phase approximating alveolar air permits normal development. A lower percentage (0.37 per cent) of O2 in the gas phase supports growth at least as well.
4. Certain experiments indicate that in vitro growth is better supported in normal monkey plasma than in plasma from parasitized monkeys. Heating of parasitized plasma to 56°C. for 30 minutes removed the deleterious effect.
5. A nutritional need by the parasite for glucose and p-aminobenzoic acid has been shown. Attempts to demonstrate the need for other individual components of the nutrient medium have not been successful though the effect of the absence of blocks of nutrient such as purines and pyrimidines, amino acids, or water-soluble vitamins can be observed.
6. Further assay of the nutritional requirements of the parasite appears to be hampered by the supply of nutrient furnished by the red cells and plasma. Cultivation of parasitized cells washed free of plasma and resuspended in synthetic medium containing 1 per cent serum albumin has been accomplished as one step directed toward the removal of such interfering factors.
QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF COLLAGEN CONTENT IN EXPERIMENTAL CIRRHOSIS
Authors: Morrione Thomas G. 
Published: June 2004

Quantitative determinations of collagen were carried out on rat livers showing cirrhosis due to p-dimethylaminoazobenzene and carbon tetrachloride.
A twofold increase in collagen content occurred in cirrhosis due to p-dimethylaminoazobenzene. The average total hepatic collagen as well as the per cent collagen content were doubled. The collagen content after 1½ months of normal diet had fallen to normal levels.
In cirrhosis due to carbon tetrachloride, the collagen content underwent about a fourfold increase. Partial reversal with significant decrease in collagen content occurred after stopping the carbon tetrachloride. The incomplete resorption of collagen in this group can be attributed to impaired hepatic regeneration following the prolonged administration of the compound.
The chemical values for collagen parallel the quantitative evaluations of collagen content, based on microscopic examination of liver sections stained for reticulum.
Deposition of collagen in hepatic cirrhosis is not necessarily an irreversible phenomenon.
ANEMIA AND HYPOPROTEINEMIA
Authors: Miller L. L. , Robscheit-Robbins F. S. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

Dogs with sustained anemia and hypoproteinemia due to bleeding and a continuing low protein or protein-free diet with abundant iron are used to test the value of food proteins as contrasted with mixtures of pure amino acids.
The stimulus of double depletion (anemia and hypoproteinemia) drives the body to use every source of protein and all protein-building materials with the utmost conservation. Raiding of body tissue protein to produce plasma protein and hemoglobin is a factor when protein-building factors are supplied in small amounts.
In this severe test (double depletion) the good food proteins in adequate amounts are able to maintain body weight, a strongly positive nitrogen balance, and produce considerable amounts of new hemoglobin and plasma protein. Casein, lactalbumin, whole egg protein, liver protein are all adequate in amounts of 150 to 250 gm. protein per week.
Under comparable conditions mixtures of pure amino acids (essential for growth) do produce large amounts of new hemoglobin and plasma protein and a positive nitrogen balance but do not maintain body weight. The loss of weight is conspicuous even with large amounts of amino acids (200 to 300 gm. protein equivalent per week).
Methionine, threonine, and phenylalanine are related to nitrogen conservation in growth mixtures of essential amino acids (Paper I) but when these three are given together they have little influence on the doubly depleted dog (Table 3).
Some unidentified substance or compound present in certain proteins but absent in mixtures of the essential amino acids may be responsible for these differences in the response of the doubly depleted dog.
FACTORS INVOLVED IN PRODUCTION OF CLOSTRIDIUM WELCHII ALPHA TOXIN
Authors: Adams Mark H. , Hendee Edelmira D. , Pappenheimer A. M. 
Published: June 2004

Maximum production of the alpha toxin by Cl. welchii is dependent on the inclusion in the medium of several substances in addition to those required for growth. These factors include:
1. Some substance present in enzymatic digests of certain proteins such as casein and gelatine.
2. Glycerylphosphorylcholine and other substances that are present in extracts of pancreas.
3. The use of starch or dextrin as a carbohydrate source in the absence of other fermentable carbohydrates.
The omission of any one of these factors from the medium results in a very low yield of alpha toxin.
THE MECHANISM OF AERIAL DISINFECTION BY GLYCOLS AND OTHER CHEMICAL AGENTS
Authors: Puck Theodore T. 
Published: June 2004

The effectiveness of any compound as an aerial germicide depends upon the extent of condensation of its vapor on air-suspended bacteria, and on the rate at which the resulting concentration of germicide can produce death of the microorganisms.
The properties of any compound conducive to production of the highest rate of kill of air-borne microorganisms by means of the smallest possible concentration of germicide vapor, are as folows: (a) a low vapor pressure, but not lower than 0.001 mm. Hg at 25°C.; (b) high hygroscopicity; (c) toxicity for bacterial metabolism—a high degree of potency is not necessary although the killing action will be more efficient the higher the antibacterial activity of the compound employed.
For any compound the killing action is always a direct function of the concentration of its vapor in the air. The maximum amount of a hygroscopic substance which can exist in the vapor state decreases as the relative humidity increases. Hence, at high relative humidities the bactericidal efficiency is lowest. At lower relative humidities the air can contain more vapor, and hence a greater effect is possible. At any relative humidity, the killing action is greater, the more closely the germicide vapor concentration approaches the saturation point.
The presence of soluble compounds in droplets containing bacteria promotes more extensive condensation of the germicide than would otherwise occur, and so enhances its effectiveness.
In the absence of such soluble substances, low atmospheric humidities may cause complete desiccation of a bacterial particle. Under these conditions its surface may become resistant to the condensation of the vapor, and thus prevent effective germicidal action.
The influence of temperature changes on the killing efficiency maybe correctly deduced from a consideration of the effect of a rise in temperature on the vapor pressure of the germicide and on the rate of its bactericidal action in vitro.
Equations are presented for estimating quantitatively the magnitude of some of the effects discussed.
TOLERANCE TO BACTERIAL PYROGENS
Authors: Beeson Paul B. ,   With the Technical Assistance of Elizabeth Roberts
Published: June 2004

In a study of the febrile responses of rabbits to repeated intravenous injections of pyrogenic substances from Eberthella typhosa, Serratia marcescens, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the following observations were made:
1. A characteristic pattern of response to daily injections of the same dose of pyrogenic material was noted. This consisted of a progressive diminution in febrile response during the 1st week or 10 days, after which an animal responded to each injection with approximately the same degree of fever, even when the injections were continued for several weeks.
2. Animals given injections of the same amount of pyrogenic material at semiweekly or weekly intervals showed some diminution in febrile reaction but the alteration was less pronounced than that in animals injected every day.
3. Pyrogen tolerance appeared to be lost quickly. Animals allowed to rest for approximately 3 weeks reacted to readministration of pyrogen with fever comparable with that which occurred after the first injection.
4. By gradually increasing the size of the daily dose of pyrogen a tolerance could be established such that a reduced, but still considerable, amount of pyrogen caused no fever whatever.
5. Rabbits that had been injected with S. marcescens or Ps. aeruginosa pyrogens showed a diminished febrile response to E. typhosa vaccine.
6. Passive transfer of the unresponsiveness to pyrogens could not be demonstrated.
7. Prevention of temperature elevations during the course of immunization by use of an antipyretic drug did not interfere with the development of tolerance to pyrogens.
8. A series of mechanically induced bouts of fever did not reduce the responsiveness to bacterial pyrogens.
ANTIPROTEINS IN HORSE SERA
Authors: Treffers Henry P. , Heidelberger Michael , Freund Jules 
Published: June 2004

1. The intravenous injection of two horses with alum-precipitated rabbit serum globulin resulted in the production of antibody which gave a typical precipitin reaction without a prezone in the region of antibody excess.
2. The chemical, physical, and serological properties of this antibody are comparable to those of the more familiar anticarbohydrate antibodies.
3. The subcutaneous injection of horses with the globulin antigen gave rise to low grade "univalent" antibody which did not precipitate with soluble antigen.
4. The low grade antibody could be removed from solution by attachment to preformed specific precipitates, or by coprecipitation in the presence of "multivalent" precipitating antibody.
5. It is concluded that the familiar antitoxin type of antibody is not the only form of antiprotein response in horses but that precipitating and low grade non-precipitating antibodies may also be formed.
6. The nature of the antigen and the route of injection are demonstrated to be important factors in determining the characteristics of the antibody formed.
THE RELATIVE PRESSURES WITHIN CUTANEOUS LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES AND THE TISSUES
Authors: McMaster Philip D. 
Published: June 2004

The pressure in the cutaneous lymphatic capillaries of normal mice anesthetized with nembutal ranged between 0.0 and 2.7 cm. of water. Measurements of the interstitial pressure in the tissue immediately next the lymphatics showed that, in more than half the instances studied, there was a slight gradient of pressure from the tissues to the lymph. In nearly all the other instances the pressures inside and outside the lymphatic capillaries were approximately equal. In two cases in which lymph flow in the capillaries was rapid, the lymph pressure may have been negative. Under these circumstances there must have been a considerable gradient of pressure from the tissues to the lymph.
In skin which was rapidly becoming, or had recently become, edematous as result of the application of xylol or of heat, the intralymphatic capillary pressure generally was increased, yet when compared with the pressure prevailing in the edema fluid outside of the capillaries it was usually found to be relatively much lower, at times by as much as 5.9 cm. of water. The findings indicate that a pressure gradient is an important factor in lymph formation under normal and pathological circumstances.
COMPARISONS OF INFLUENZA VIRUS STRAINS FROM THREE EPIDEMICS
Authors: Hirst George K. 
Published: June 2004

Some of the peculiarities of strains of influenza A and B virus from two epidemics have been described. The influenza B virus of 1945–46, when compared with influenza A virus, proved to be much more difficult to isolate from human sources by any known means. Its adaptation to the chick embryo (by any route) or to mice was much slower than that of A virus. It did not keep nearly as well on storage at –72°C. either in throat garglings or as passage material. Its adaptation to amniotic growth was usually much better than to allantoic growth even after repeated allantoic passages. It failed to show primary evidence of occurring in the O form, although many of the secondary O characteristics were present and persisted. Its titer in throat washings was not demonstrably high as compared with certain strains of A virus, which were demonstrated in garglings at dilutions of 10–5 and 10–6.
The antigenic patterns of influenza A strains from two epidemics were compared. No antigenic differences of significant degree were found among the strains of either epidemic and the difference between the strains of the two epidemics was very slight. A similar study was made of the influenza B strains of the epidemic of 1945–46. This also showed complete lack of significant strain differences. The implications of these findings for influenza prophylaxis are discussed.
PREPARATION OF HEMOGLOBIN SOLUTIONS FOR INTRAVENOUS INFUSION
Authors: Hamilton Paul B. , Farr Lee E. , Hiller Alma , Van Slyke Donald D. 
Published: June 2004

A procedure has been detailed for the preparation of sterile non-pyrogenic solutions of oxyhemoglobin which have the approximate protein content and electrolyte composition of plasma.
Large volumes of solution can be rapidly prepared, with 95 to 98 per cent of the hemoglobin in the active form capable of combining with oxygen. The solutions contain no particulate matter; 95 per cent of total blood lipids are removed.
Solutions stored at 4°C. showed no conversion of hemoglobin to methemoglobin over a period of 2½ months; over a 6 month period a small and variable amount of methemoglobin may be formed.
STUDIES ON ENDEMIC PNEUMONIA OF THE ALBINO RAT
Authors: Nelson John B. 
Published: June 2004

An attempt was made to reestablish the virus-like agent associated with rat pneumonia by the nasal instillation of the infectious material into supposedly normal young rats from the selected Princeton colony. The incidence of the pneumonia in these animals after the injection of suspensions of pneumonic lungs from either rats or mice was not significantly greater than the incidence under natural conditions.
In attempting to account for the refractory state of the immature rats it was found that the agent was widely dispersed through the breeding colony at an early age. Detailed tests of many litters indicated that the agent was acquired shortly after birth by way of the upper air passages as the result of maternal contact. In most instances it was so well tolerated by young rats during the suckling period and for several months thereafter that its presence was recognized only by nasal transfer to mice.
There is every indication that the rate of infection of rats in the breeding colony approaches 100 per cent by the time the animals are old enough to be used experimentally.
STUDIES ON PLANT HYPERTENSINASE
Authors: Gollan Frank , Richardson Evelyn , Goldblatt Harry 
Published: June 2004

Many plants contain an enzyme similar in most biological properties to the hypertensinase obtained from blood and some animal tissues, notably kidney and intestinal mucosa.
Wheat bran is a rich source of the plant hypertensinase, and from it a potent, non-toxic preparation was made by the use of isoelectric and ammonium sulfate precipitation as the means of purification.
Hypertensinase derived from bran and administered intramuscularly was not absorbed, or was absorbed only very slowly, into the blood plasma.
Repeated intramuscular injection of large quantities of plant hypertensinase did not reduce the blood pressure of dogs with experimental renal hypertension.
The intravenous injection of large quantities of plant hypertensinase into dogs resulted in an immediate increase in the content of hypertensinase in the plasma.
Dogs with a high hypertensinase level in the plasma failed to react, or reacted much less markedly to the intravenous injection of amounts of renin or hypertensin which had previously proved effective.
The slow intravenous injection of plant hypertensinase into a dog with experimental renal hypertension reduced the blood pressure to the normal level for the period during which the concentration of plant hypertensinase in the blood was considerably elevated. After the return of the hypertensinase of the plasma to normal, the blood pressure rose again to its previously high level.
Inactivated plant hypertensinase did not increase the hypertensinase content of the plasma, did not interfere with the action of renin and hypertensin, and did not reduce the high blood pressure of dogs with experimental renal hypertension.
In a dog with an increased level of plasma hypertensinase, the pressor substance hypertensin could still be detected in the systemic blood immediately after the intravenous injection of renin in an amount to which the animal responded with only a slight rise in blood pressure.
STUDIES IN THE RELATION OF THE HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS TO RHEUMATIC FEVER
Authors: Harris T. N. 
Published: June 2004

After disintegration by sonic vibrations the contents of the hemolytic streptococcus can be separated by differential centrifugation into three fractions: an insoluble residue, cytoplasmic particles, and a solution of proteins of smaller unit size.
The residue (R) presumably comprises the cell walls of the bacteria and contains the type-specific M protein. The cytoplasmic particles (CP) contain some lipoid, the group-specific carbohydrate, and nucleoprotein of the ribose type. The supernate fraction (S) contains two components, presumably protein, at least one of which is part of a dissociable nucleoprotein of the desoxyribose type.
Both CP and S precipitate and fix complement with antistreptococcal sera. Both give rise to antibodies on injection into rabbits. Both are of broad reactivity. CP and S can be shown to be serologically distinct by several means, including cross-absorption tests.
On continued disintegration of the organism an inverse relation is noted between the yield of R and that of CP, whereas the yield of S is constant.
A theory as to the structure of the streptococcal cell is offered in terms of the data presented.
HEPARINEMIA (?)
Authors: Allen J. Garrott , Sanderson Margaret , Milham Mary , Kirschon Alice , Jacobson L. O. 
Published: June 2004

When the entire body of dogs was exposed to 450 units of Roentgen irradiation a hemorrhagic syndrome developed which was characterized by thrombo-cytopenia, prolonged clotting and bleeding times, and neutropenia.
The prothrombin time remained normal until about 24 hours before death. The calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium levels were not altered. Fibrinogen was present but syneresis was poor.
Toluidine blue and protamine sulfate, substances which can inhibit the biologic action of heparin, restored the clotting time to normal.
The hemorrhagic state was not materially altered by transfusions, vitamin K, or vitamin C.
Toluidine blue and protamine sulfate were ineffective in the control of hemorrhage produced by dicumarol.
The defect responsible for bleeding after irradiation appeared to be the presence in the circulation of an anticoagulant whose properties, so far as tested, were indistinguishable from those of heparin.
STUDIES ON A PROTEOLYTIC ENZYME IN HUMAN PLASMA
Authors: Ratnoff Oscar D. 
Published: June 2004

1. The experiments reported suggest that the plasma proteolytic enzyme activated by streptococcal fibrinolysin is identical with that activated by chloroform.
2. The precursor of this plasma proteolytic enzyme is precipitated with the euglobulin fraction of plasma at pH 5.2.