bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organization of the Neurologic Critical Care Unit
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The essence of neurologic critical care lies in the acute decision making and management of emergency neurologic conditions. Surely, new skills, support structures, and attitudes are necessary to practice neurologic critical care—or acute neurology, for that matter. Avatars in critical care medicine contend that you need driven, primed neurologists, a team, and colleagues who understand the distinctive features of neurologic critical illness and belaud the presence of a service and a location. At the risk of oversimplification, the neurologic critical care unit is a better place from the perspective of the patient and is the locus in quo of critical care neurologists.
General Perspectives on Care
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Amid the multiple neurologic and medical complexities of care, neurologists may perhaps tend to take general daily matters of care for granted. Attending physicians in the NICU should be anticipatory to the many vexing needs of the critically ill neurologic patient. It is conventional wisdom that the daily care of patients with acute neurologic disorders is multifaceted. Its scope includes nursing care, physical therapy, infection precautions, and other prophylactic measures. Inattention to any of these may potentially result in a less favorable outcome. This chapter reviews the principles of nursing care and physical therapy. Communication with family members receives special attention because one should be prepared to engage with intricate sentimentalities.
Diagnostic Procedures
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Common diagnostic tests in the NICU are transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD), electrodiagnostic tests (such as electroencephalography, continuous electroencephalographic and video monitoring, and evoked potentials), and CSF examination. Neurologists who care for patients with a critical neurologic illness commonly perform or interpret neuroimaging studies (particularly CT, magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], magnetic reso-nance angiography, and cerebral angiography), and expert interpretation is necessary to minimize erroneous clinical decisions. The most pertinent neuroradiologic features in acute neurologic conditions are discussed and illustrated in the chapters of Part III of this book.
Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The critical steps in management of SAH are to surgically clip the aneurysm or occlude the sac by inserting platinum coils, to treat clinical neurologic deterioration early, and to manage major systemic complications. The patient with SAH most likely to benefit from early aggressive surgery or coiling is a formerly healthy person with a normal level of consciousness. Admission to the NICU is indicated for any patient with aneurysmal SAH. Admission to the ward (e.g., for patients in very good clinical condition) should be strongly discouraged, even when beds in the NICU are in short supply. The opportunities for rapid, successful resuscitation may not be optimal. Patients with SAH who are in excellent clinical condition face the risk of catastrophic rebleeding, rapidly developing hydrocephalus, and potentially life threatening cardiac arrhythmias that can be better monitored in an NICU.
Cerebellum and Brain Stem Hemorrhages
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Parenchymal hemorrhage in brain structures that make up the posterior fossa poses a unique circumstance. The small confines of this compartment surrounded by a taut tentorium border leave little room for a cerebellar hemor-rhage. Interruption of cerebrospinal fluid circulation quickly follows. Hemorrhages into the cerebellum and brain stem are by all means critical neurologic disorders that require immediate action. In fact, hemorrhage into the cerebellum is a neurosurgical emergency. Deterioration can be rapid in many of these wakeful patients. The decision is often either to evacuate the clot or, alternatively, to place a ventricular drain to manage acute hydrocephalus.
Acute Basilar Artery Occlusion
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Patients with acute occlusion of the basilar artery may have rapid deterioration to coma and then often need to be intubated. The need for mechanical ventilation in this disorder marks a very poor prognosis, and if no endovascular intervention is available or considered, death from propagating clot may follow. In other patients, progression of brain stem dysfunction has not yet occurred or the neurologic deficit is limited. Patients in both categories are admitted with some frequency to the NICU. When they arrive early, management ranges from blood pressure augmentation to lysis or fragmentation of the thrombus by advancement of an intra-arterial catheter.
Acute Viral Encephalitis
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most challenging admissions to the NICU is the patient with clinical characteristics of rapidly progressive encephalitis but no inkling of its source. Neurologists are adept at recognizing the emerging clinical picture, but a critically important part in the care of these patients is to identify pathogens that may radically change specific therapy. For example, the availability of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the diagnosis of herpes simplex encephalitis and cytomegalovirus (CMV) encephalitis has simplified evaluation in these patients and, most importantly, often obviated stereotactic brain biopsy.
Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Assault or accidental trauma to the brain merits stabilization in the emergency department and, as a matter of course, admission to a NICU or trauma unit for expeditious management. Traumatic brain injury is a major cause of disability in young persons and leads to the expenditure of billions of dollars. Epidemiologic surveys have estimated that the number of new disabled survivors of traumatic brain injury in the United States each year is nearly 80,000, labeled a “silent epidemic.” One of the most tragic, and often entirely avoidable, events is admission to the NICU of an inebriated teenager extracted from a rolled-over motor vehicle, resulting in an empty and unfulfilled life.
Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the disorders associated with neuro-muscular respiratory failure, myasthenia gravis is common. Many large institutions have specialized clinics dedicated to the care of patients with severe myasthenia gravis, and this concentration may also increase the annual number of hospital admissions in times of crisis. Serious exacerbation of myasthenia gravis can be encountered in two clinical situations. First, a myasthenic crisis can cause imminent respiratory failure or impairment of swallowing. Important triggers for myasthenic crisis are a viral upper respiratory infection and, less com-mon, recent use of medication that exacerbates the disease.
Cardiac Complications
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The patterns of myocardial injury are diverse in acute disorders of the central nervous system. It can result in cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac failure, and hard-to-manage hemodynamic instability. Cardiac abnormalities can be grouped into three categories. First, left ventricular dysfunction occurs in many patients with terminal acute central nervous system catastrophes and may imply a phenomenon called stunning. Second, cardiac arrhythmias are prevalent. The most common causes are underlying structural heart disease, associated drug therapy, left ventricular strain, pulmonary embolism, fever, and anemia.
Brain Death and Organ Procurement
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are limits beyond which treatment of catastrophic brain injury cannot go, leaving an irrecoverable condition and persistent coma. A clear dividing line exists between severe brain damage and complete loss of brain and brain stem function. Brain death is synonymous with total loss of brain function in a nondrugged, normothermic, apneic comatose patient with-out a major confounding acute systemic or metabolic derangement. We are dead when our brains are dead. Brain death means life has come to an end and the person has passed away. Life support is briefly continued to make organ donation possible.
A Dozen Problems in the Philosophy of Mind
Authors: Searle John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this book is to introduce the reader to the philosophy of mind. I have three objectives. First, the reader should get an understanding of the most important contemporary issues and discussions in this field, and also get some understanding of their historical background. Second, I want to make clear what I think is the correct way to approach these problems, and I even hope to provide answers to many of the questions I pose. And third, most important of all, I would like the reader to be able to think about these issues for himself or herself after reading the book. I can state all of these aims at once by saying that I am trying to write the book that I wish I had read when I first began to think about these questions. I write out of the conviction that the philosophy of mind is the most important subject in contemporary philosophy and that the standard views—dualism, materialism, behaviorism, functionalism, computationalism, eliminativism, epiphenomenalism—are false.
Consciousness Part I Consciousness and the Mind-Body Problem
Authors: Searle John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We ended the last chapter with an apparent contradiction of the sort that is typical in philosophy. On the one hand we accept a view that seems overwhelmingly convincing—the universe is material—but that seems inconsistent with another view that we cannot give up—minds exist. This pattern occurs over and over in philosophy. We will see in chapter 7 that the free-will problem exhibits the same sort of conflict or contradiction: we think all events must be causally determined, but we experience freedom. In other branches of philosophy, similar inconsistencies arise. In ethics we feel there must be an objective moral truth but at the same time we feel there cannot be that kind of objectivity in morals. Some people find these contradictions in philosophy exasperating. Others, like me, find them fun and challenging.
Mental Causation
Authors: Searle John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the residual problems left to us from dualism is the problem of mental causation. Our first mind-body problem was, How can physical processes ever cause mental processes? But to many philosophers the other half of the question is even more pressing, How can anything as ethereal and insubstantial as mental processes ever have any physical effects in the real world? Surely the real physical world is “causally closed” in the sense that nothing from outside the physical world can ever have any causal effects inside the physical world.
Free Will
Authors: Searle John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Philosophical problems tend to hang together. In order to solve, or even address, one problem, you typically have to address a series of others. The problem of free will is an especially striking example of this general phenomenon. In order to address the problem of free will, we have to address the nature of consciousness, of causation, of scientific explanation, and of rationality. Worse yet, after we have examined all of these other issues and how they relate to the problem of free will, we will have clarified our problem but we still will not have a solution; or at least I am unable to see my way to a solution. All I can really hope to do in this chapter is explain what the issues are and what the possible solutions might be. The general conclusion that I reach is that we will need to know a great deal more about brain operations before we have a solution to the problem of free will that we can be at all confident is right.
The Unconscious and the Explanation of Behavior
Authors: Searle John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of my main aims in this book is to explain how mental phenomena—consciousness, intentionality, mental causation, and all of the other features of our mental life—fit into the rest of the universe. How, for example, does consciousness exist in a universe that consists entirely of physical particles in fields of force? How can mental states function causally in such a universe? So far, most of our investigation has been about conscious mental phenomena. In this chapter we will begin a serious exploration of the nature and mode of existence of unconscious mental states.
The Self
Authors: Searle John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Descartes’ famous slogan, “I think therefore I am,” what does the “I” refer to? For Descartes it definitely does not refer to my body; rather, it refers to my mind, the mental substance that constitutes the essential me. We have now seen good reason to suppose that Cartesian dualism is not a philosophically acceptable account of the nature of the mind. But for those of us who reject dualism there is still a serious question left over: What exactly is the self? What fact about me makes meme? Many contemporary philosophers, including myself until fairly recently, think that Hume had more or less the last word on this issue. In addition to the sequence of experiences, and the body in which these experiences occur, there is no such thing as the self. Hume says, when I turn my attention inward and try to discover some entity that constitutes the essential me, all I discover are particular experiences; there is no such thing as the self in addition to these experiences.
Solvation and Solvent Phenomena
Authors: Nelson William M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The role of solvents in chemical reactions has been well documented. It may be characterized as a carrier for another substance, as a medium for conducting a chemcal reaction, or as a means of extracting or separating other substances. Whatever the precise definition used, solvents are a ubiquitous feature of modern chemical research, industry and everyday life. A change of solvents or the use of different solvating media entirely can alter the rate of the chemical process, can shift the product mixture, and can significantly change the economics of the chemical process. The critical role that solvents play in chemistry (intentionally and inadvertently) is undisputed. An initial understanding of the basic chemistry involved is necessary. The physical properties of solvents greatly influence the choice of solvent for a particular application. The solvent should be liquid under the temperature and pressure conditions at which it is employed. Its thermodynamic properties, such as the density and vapor pressure, temperature and pressure coefficients, as well as the heat capacity and surface tension, and transport properties, such as viscosity, diffusion coefficient, and thermal conductivity, also need to be considered.
Introduction
Authors: Katz Jerrold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book sets out a new conception of the philosophy of language, and, due to the central role that language has played in twentieth-century philosophy, a new conception of many other aspects of philosophy as well. The new conception of the philosophy of language is needed because contemporary philosophy of language rests on a mistake. The mistake is the widespread assumption that the semantics of natural language is logic/reference-based. There is, of course, a sense in which the assumption is just a truism. Given the “theory of sense”/“theory of reference” ambiguity of the term ‘semantics’, reference is ipso facto a basic part of semantics. But the assumption in question makes the significant claim that the theory of sense is logicbased, too.
Reference
Authors: Katz Jerrold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The marriage of the theory of sense to the theory of reference has been central to intensionalist thinking for so long that it is hard for intensionalists to imagine how either theory could go it alone. Accordingly, the prospect of divorce that (D) raises is apt to seem daunting to intensionalists when, in fact, they ought to see it as most welcome. The three problems with Fregean intensionalism discussed in the first part of this book show that the marriage, at least for the theory of sense, was never a good one. Only after the theory gains its independence can it expect to have a satisfactory life of its own, one in which it is no longer beset by those problems and in which it has a chance of realizing its full linguistic and philosophical potential. As far as the theory of sense is concerned, the sooner the marriage ends the better.
Keepers of the Flame
Authors: Stokes W Royal 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
have witnessed the artistry of bass virtuoso Leonard Gaskin on numerous occasions, in several jazz contexts, and hearing him play is always a delight. I had not had that pleasure for a while when, a couple of years ago, I attended the Sunday jazz brunch at New York’s Cajun Restaurant. The house quartet was led by Doc Pittman, on cocktail drum and vocals. Carol Sudhaher was on tenor saxophone and flute, Zeke Mullens was at the piano, and Myrna Lake shared the vocals with the leader. And there on bass was Mr. Gaskin. I was in town doing interviews for this book, and it occurred to me while I was enjoying the music and a bowl of artichoke soup that Leonard’s life and career would make a wonderful story.
Talking with Young People I: Striptease News and the Shifting Balance Between Need and Want
Authors: Mindich David T Z 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1990, the Times Mirror Center published The Age of Indifference,a study that revealed “a generation that knows less, cares less, and reads newspapers less. It is also a generation that votes less and is less critical of its leaders and institutions than young people in the past.” This statement, while difficult to contradict, only provides a bare outline of the issue at hand. Who are these young people? Part of the answer can be found in the surveys that the Times Mirror Center and other organizations have conducted, but a deeper picture can only be found from talking with young people themselves. In 2002 and 2003, I traveled around the country talking with scores of under-40s from many different walks of life (for a list, see Appendix A.).
Talking with Young People II: Who Follows the News and Why
Authors: Mindich David T Z 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Finding a young person tuned in to news is like searching for Waldo and his friends in the Where’s Waldo? series. They’re there, in every crowd, but are half-hidden and very much in the minority. Who follows the news and why? I pondered this question in early May 2002 as I sat at the bar of the Newsroom, an actors’ hangout on North Robertson Boulevard in Los Angeles. I was in the middle of interviews with L.A. residents—the basketball players from L A. Pierce Junior College, the actors, and later that day, the assistant to the head of casting at Universal Pictures. The Newsroom had CNN on over the bar and newspapers and magazines for sale by the front door. But although the daily circulation of the Los Angeles Times is about a million, there were none in sight, except on the rack. Nobody was watching CNN. The Newsroom appeared to be practically news-free that day. With the exception of a young woman checking e-mail at the restaurant’s one terminal, and an older man with slicked-back hair scanning Variety at the bar, people were consuming and producing only the most primal of news sources: They were sitting and talking.
Of course, news is often passed orally, especially in a city in which the most important stuff is often the gossip. As I was leaving, Kato Kaelin (whose burgeoning film and television career, spurred by his role in the O. J. Simpson trial, is a great testament to the blur of news and entertainment) walked into the restaurant, creating a buzz.
Television, the Internet, and the Eclipse of the Local
Authors: Mindich David T Z 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Begin with a clear conception that the subject of deepest interest to an average human being is himself; next to that, he is most concerned about his neighbors. Asia and the Tongo Islands stand a long way after these in his regard. It does seem to me that most country journals are oblivious as to these vital truths Secure a wide-awake, judicious correspondent in each village and township of your county Do not let a new church be organized, or new members be added to one already existing, a farm be sold, a new house be raised, a mill be set in motion, a store be opened, nor anything of interest to a dozen families occur, without having the fact duly though briefly chronicled in your columns. If a farmer cuts a big tree or grows a mammoth beet, or harvests a bounteous yield of wheat or corn, set forth the fact as concisely and unexceptionably as possible.
The Decline of General News and the Deliberative Body
Authors: Mindich David T Z 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1965, CBS ran a story from Vietnam showing U.S. Marines burning the village of Cam Ne. The report, by correspondent Morley Safer, brought CBS’s huge audience face-to-face with marines as they were setting the thatched roofs afire with Zippo lighters. Villagers, mainly women and children, watched in horror. The next morning, Frank Stanton, CBS’s president, was awakened by a telephone call. “Frank, are you trying to fuck me?” said the voice, which Stanton, in his sleepiness, did not recognize. “Frank, this is your president, and yesterday your boys shat on the American flag.” Lyndon Johnson was on the line.
Thinking of Robert Schumann
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Robert Schumann? Yes, of course. The name is one of the most reassuringly familiar on our musical landscape, yet we know Schumann the composer less than we sometimes assume. How many people readingthese words have heard, let alone performed, Das Paradies und die Peri after Thomas Moore’s Lalla Rookh; the opera Genoveva the music for Byron’s Manfred beyond its stupendous Overture; the Scenes from Goethe’s Faust; the Requiem; the Overture, Scherzo, and Finale for Orchestra; the Romances for Oboe and Piano; the Spanisches Liederspiel for vocal quartet with piano; the Justinus Kerner songs; even the Piano Quartet? While Schumann may in some ways be surprisingly elusive, many of us can quickly summon up a picture: a handsome, distinctly Germanic face, the good looks in middle age slightly compromised by a bit too much fat and one of the more unfortunate hairdos in the history of Western music.