bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Vitro and In Vivo Assessment of the Ability of Adeno‐Associated Virus–Brain‐Derived Neurotrophic Factor to Enhance Spiral Ganglion Cell Survival Following Ototoxic Insult
Authors: Lalwani Anil K. , Han Jay J. , Castelein Caley M. , Carvalho Gerard J. , Mhatre Anand N. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis Auditory dysfunction following ototoxic insult results from loss of cochlear hair cells. Secondary degeneration of auditory neurons ensues from withdrawal of neurotrophic support from hair cells and can be prevented with administration of neurotrophins. Administration of adeno‐associated virus containing the gene for brain‐derived neurotrophic factor will promote spiral ganglion neuron survival after the destruction of hair cells.Methods Prevention of aminoglycoside‐induced spiral ganglion neuron loss through the expression of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor mediated by means of the adeno‐associated virus was tested in vitro in cochlear explants and in vivo in mammalian cochlea.Results Neuronal survival was significantly enhanced in adeno‐associated virus–brain‐derived neurotrophic factor transfected rat cochlear explants compared with control samples (30% vs. 19%, P <.05) following exposure to aminoglycoside. Following deafening with aminoglycoside and loop diuretic and introduction of adeno‐associated virus–brain‐derived neurotrophic factor through osmotic minipump, the experimental group of animals infused with adeno‐associated virus–brain‐derived neurotrophic factor displayed enhanced spiral ganglion neuron survival in the basal turn of the cochlea when compared with the control group infused with adeno‐associated virus containing green fluorescent protein reporter gene.Conclusions Administration of adeno‐associated virus–brain‐derived neurotrophic factor enhances spiral ganglion neuron survival following ototoxic exposure in vitro and in vivo. These studies lay the groundwork for further exploration of its application as an adjunct therapy for patients undergoing cochlear implantation because the success of implantation depends directly on the population of neurons available for electrical stimulation.
Revision Ossicular Reconstruction With the Titanium Kurz Prosthesis
Authors: Downs Brian W. , Pearson James M. , Zdanski Carlton J. , Buchman Craig A. , Pillsbury Harold C. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjective/Hypothesis One European multicenter study has reported favorable outcomes after ossicular reconstruction with the titanium Kurz prosthesis. At the time of this study, however, no study has analyzed its outcomes when used for reconstruction after prior failure with another implant (revision reconstruction). The study reports our experience with the titanium Kurz prosthesis for revision ossicular reconstruction.Study Design A retrospective review was made of all revision ossicular reconstructions at our institution from October 1998 to September 2001.Methods Seventeen cases were reviewed. Patients were divided into two groups: patients who underwent revision ossicular reconstruction with the Kurz prosthesis and patients who underwent revision ossicular reconstruction with another prosthesis (the “other” group). Audiograms were reviewed and air–bone gaps were calculated for each patient.Results The average postoperative air–bone gap after Kurz revision was 15.6 dB, a statistically significant improvement over the average postoperative air–bone gap from the “other” revision group (P = .022).Conclusion The titanium Kurz prosthesis has been an effective implant at our institution for revision ossicular reconstruction. Future research should focus on a prospective, randomized trial comparing the Kurz prosthesis with other prostheses currently in use.
Sinonasal Papillomas: Clinicopathologic Review of 40 Patients With Inverted and Oncocytic Schneiderian Papillomas
Authors: Kaufman Matthew R. , Brandwein Margaret S. , Lawson William 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjective To evaluate the pathological features and variations of sinonasal inverted and oncocytic papillomas and correlate the microscopic findings with the clinical behavior.Study Design A retrospective review and pathological assessment.Methods A retrospective review and pathological assessment were performed on 40 patients with a diagnosis of inverted papilloma treated by the senior author (w.l.) between 1994 and 2001.Results Forty cases were identified and reviewed. Seven patients developed recurrences (18%), and four underwent malignant transformations (10%). Pathological assessment revealed 34 (85%) inverted papillomas and 6 (15%) oncocytic schneiderian papillomas. Dysplasia was present in 26 cases (65%), including 9 cases (22%) of high‐grade dysplasia (moderate to severe). Metaplasia of the sinonasal mucosa adjacent to inverted papillomas and oncocytic schneiderian papillomas was seen in 18 (45%) cases. Recurrence developed in two patients with oncocytic schneiderian papillomas (33%) and five patients with inverted papillomas (15%). Four cases (10%) of carcinoma ex papilloma were seen; one arose from oncocytic schneiderian papilloma (17%), and three arose from inverted papilloma (9%). Oncocytic schneiderian papilloma was more often mixed with typical inverted papilloma, rather than presenting in its pure form.Conclusions Although oncocytic schneiderian papilloma is uncommon relative to inverted papilloma, the results suggest that they have higher rates of both recurrence and malignant transformation. The common admixture of oncocytic schneiderian papilloma with inverted papilloma speaks for a common etiological factor of these two lesions. A larger number of cases for analysis would be necessary to confirm the trend noted in our data. Nonetheless, pathological findings consistent with oncocytic schneiderian papilloma should be explicit in any classification system and justify aggressive treatment and careful postoperative surveillance.
Spontaneous Tracheal and Subglottic Tears in Neonates
Authors: Kacmarynski Deborah S. F. , Sidman James D. , Rimell Frank L. , Hustead Virginia A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis Spontaneous rupture of the trachea or subglottis as a complication of difficult delivery has not been reported in the United States literature. There have been a few cases reported in the European literature. The present report describes a series of newborns with this complication and discusses the signs and treatment options of this difficult, life‐threatening problem.Study Design Retrospective review.Methods Newborns born between 1996 and 2001 who were treated for spontaneous subglottic or tracheal rupture at a tertiary care children's hospital neonatal intensive care unit were reviewed.Results Four cases of spontaneous subglottic rupture were seen at the hospital. In three of the four cases the tracheas were emergently intubated after subcutaneous air was noted in the anterior aspect of the neck. In the fourth patient the trachea was not intubated until the subglottic tear was visualized intraoperatively. Two of the four patients died. One died without securing of an airway; the other died of complications of prolonged hypoxia. Eight cases from European literature of spontaneous neonatal subglottic and tracheal tears are reviewed and are compared with the cases presented in the current report.Conclusions Early detection of airway rupture by flexible endoscopy is essential for timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment. Standard endotracheal intubation can exacerbate the problem and should be deferred if possible until direct airway visualization can be accomplished. Signs associated with tracheal tears include subcutaneous emphysema, respiratory distress, pneumothorax, and pneumomediastinum. These should lead to emergent consultation with otolaryngologists for examination and securing of the airway.
Radiographic Comparison of Three Methods for Nasal Saline Irrigation
Authors: Olson David E. L. , Rasgon Barry M. , Hilsinger Raymond L. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjective To compare intranasal distribution of saline solution delivered by three popular methods for nasal saline irrigation.Study Design Prospective, controlled comparison.Methods Eight healthy adult volunteers received nasal irrigation with 40 mL of isotonic, nonionic contrast material immediately before having coronal computed tomography to visualize distribution of solution in the paranasal sinuses. For each study subject, three methods of irrigation were used: irrigation using positive‐pressure irrigation, irrigation using negative‐pressure irrigation, and irrigation using a nebulizer. For each subject, three‐dimensional computer reconstructions of the irrigated paranasal sinus airspaces were used to compare contrast solution volume and distribution achieved by the three methods.Results Of the three methods used, two methods, positive‐pressure and negative‐pressure irrigation, distributed contrast solution widely to ethmoid and maxillary sinuses, but distribution of contrast solution was more uniform using positive‐pressure irrigation than using negative‐pressure irrigation. The nebulization method distributed contrast solution poorly and resulted in a significantly lower volume of retained contrast solution (P <.05).Conclusion Judged solely on the basis of solution distribution in the nasal sinuses, nasal irrigation is effective when either positive‐pressure or negative‐pressure irrigation is used but is ineffective when a nebulizer is used.
Fat Augmentation Following Microsurgical Removal of the Vocal Nodules
Authors: Hsiung Ming‐Wang , Chen Yen‐Yu , Pai Lu , Lin Yaoh‐Shiang , Kang Bor‐Hwang , Wang Hsing‐Won 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjectives Autogenous fat augmentation has been used as a treatment for glottic insufficiency. However, no information is available on the effectiveness of fat injection in patients with vocal nodules or recurrent vocal nodules after surgery.Study Design The retrospective study reviews the efficiency of fat injection after surgery in patients with vocal nodules (n = 18) and recurrent vocal nodules (n = 5).Methods The perceptual acoustic, phonatory function, and video laryngostroboscopic data were evaluated before and after surgery in 23 patients.Results Mean follow‐up time was 7.5 months. Nineteen patients had excellent results. Two patients had improvement, and no change was observed in two patients. Phonatory function showed significant improvement in shimmer, harmonic‐to‐noiseratio (P <.05), maximum phonation time, grade, roughness, and breathiness (P <.001). Video laryngostroboscopic rating showed significant improvement in linearity of the vocal fold edge, amplitude of vocal fold vibration, and excursion of the mucosal wave (P <.001). Less improvement was observed in recurrent vocal nodules than in nonrecurrent vocal nodules.Conclusions Fat injection is an effective autogenous implant and may be considered as an option in management of patients with vocal nodules after surgery. Recurrence of nodules is a problem, but the procedure may be repeated.
Apoptosis in the Aging Olfactory Epithelium
Authors: Robinson Alan M. , Conley D. B. , Shinners M. J. , Kern Robert C. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjectives Olfactory receptor neurons undergo apoptosis at a baseline rate, probably secondary to environmental damage even in the absence of gross disease. The study demonstrates age‐related changes in expression of genes known to regulate apoptosis in the rat olfactory mucosa. These results are compared with gene expression in young rats and rats that have undergone surgical deafferentation of the olfactory receptor neurons.Study Design The olfactory mucosae from three groups of rats were studied: young, normal rats (age, 12 wk); old, normal rats (age, 24 mo); and young rats 9 days after bilateral removal of the olfactory bulb. Bulbectomy is known to produce an initial wave of apoptotic cell death in the population of olfactory neurons. At 9 days after the injury, the olfactory mucosae consist of an enhanced population of regenerating neurons destined to also undergo apoptosis, since their synaptic target (bulb) has been removed.Methods Ribonuclease protection assays and histological analysis of the three groups were performed.Results Ribonuclease protection assay analysis indicates that age induces increases in the expression of pro‐apoptotic genes in the olfactory mucosae similar to the increase seen after deafferentation (bulbectomy). Specifically, the expression of procaspase‐3 and bax was increased in aged animals and bulbectomized animals when compared with young, normal animals.Conclusions Aging induces changes in gene expression in the olfactory mucosae that appear to favor apoptosis, probably associated with increased fragility of olfactory receptor neurons in older animals. These changes may, at least in part, explain the age‐related decline in olfactory sensation and loss of olfactory receptor neurons seen in elderly patients.
Effects of Dexamethasone on Mucin Gene Expression in Cultured Human Nasal Epithelial Cells
Authors: Ishinaga Hajime , Takeuchi Kazuhiko , Kishioka Chikako , Yagawa Mayuko , Majima Yuichi 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjective To clarify 1) which mucin gene expression is influenced by glucocorticoid and 2) whether glucocorticoid influences steady‐state mucin expression or mucin gene expression induced by lipopolysaccharide.Methods Dissociated cells obtained from nasal polys were cultured on a collagen gel substrate in an air‐liquid interface. Dexamethasone was added to the culture medium in the steady‐state and prior to the stimulation by LPS. RNAs were extracted from culture cells, and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction was performed for MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC5B, MUC8, and β‐actin.Results Dexamethasone did not influence steady‐state messenger RNA levels of either mucin gene. Dexamethasone suppressed lipopolysaccharide‐induced messenger RNA levels of MUC8.Conclusion Glucocorticoid does not influence steady‐state mucin gene expression but suppresses mucin gene expression induced by secretagogues such as lipopolysaccharide.
Nonsyndromic Hearing Loss Caused by a Mitochondrial T7511C Mutation
Authors: Ishikawa Kotaro , Tamagawa Yuya , Takahashi Katsumasa , Kimura Hiroshi , Kusakari Jun , Hara Akira , Ichimura Keiichi 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjectives The aims of the present study were to identify a mutation in a Japanese family showing nonsyndromic sensorineural hearing loss and to relate the mutation to characteristics of patients, including audiovestibular findings.Study Design Familial cohort study.Methods Mutation analysis was performed using genomic DNA extracted from blood samples. Subjects underwent audiovestibular examinations, including pure‐tone audiograms, tympanometry, self‐recording audiometry, acoustic reflex threshold, speech discrimination testing, evoked and distortion‐product otoacoustic emissions, auditory brainstem responses, and caloric testing.Results We identified a T7511C mutation in the mitochondrial tRNASer(UCN) gene previously reported in one other family. The degree of heteroplasmy for the T7511C mutation ranged from 84% to 92%, and did not correlate with age at examination or severity of hearing loss. Extensive audiologic evaluation suggested both cochlear and retrocochlear involvement.Conclusion Families with maternally transmitted nonsyndromic hearing loss should be investigated for mutations in the tRNASer(UCN) gene.
Temporary Intraoperative External Fixation in Mandibular Reconstruction
Authors: Ung Feodor , Rocco James W. , Deschler Daniel G. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjectives To describe the use of a temporary intraoperative external fixation device to assist in the optimal bony reconstruction of the mandible in the setting of vascularized bone grafts.Study Design A retrospective review of six patients who underwent composite resection of the mandible and subsequent reconstruction with osteocutaneous free tissue transfer in a tertiary care center.Methods Six cases of mandibular reconstruction using an intraoperative external fixation system to assist the positioning of vascularized bone grafts are presented. All patients had composite resection of the mandible and subsequent reconstruction with either a scapula or fibula osteocutaneous flap. Follow‐up ranged from 2 to 16 months.Results Successful reconstruction as defined by acceptable contour, occlusion, and condylar position was achieved in all cases. Complications were limited to a postoperative cerebrovascular accident requiring anticoagulation and subsequent neck hematoma.Conclusions Use of intraoperative external fixation maintains the proper alignment of mandibular segments without the use of a bridging reconstruction plate. This technique is particularly valuable with tumors involving the outer cortex of the mandible.
On the Origin of Tonsillectomy and the Dissection Method
Authors: Koempel Jeffrey A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjectives To identify the person or persons responsible for the conception and description of the operation that we know of today as tonsillectomy and to determine whether this was accomplished by an American otolaryngologist(s) before the description by George Waugh of London in 1909.Study Design A review of the English language medical literature from 1879 to 1910.Methods Three hundred seventy‐five articles relating to tonsil surgery or instrumentation for tonsil surgery were identified. It was possible to obtain and review only 67 articles. In addition, 20 textbooks relating to the tonsils and tonsil surgery (published between 1880 and 1966) were identified and reviewed.Results An attempt to remove the entire tonsil intact was described by Edwin Pynchon in 1890 with the use of galvanocautery. He recommended that only one tonsil be removed at one time with approximately 2 weeks between operations. In 1903, Charles Robertson advocated the removal of both tonsils at one operation using scissors but did not mention the capsule. J. Gordon Wilson published a description of the tonsillar capsule in 1906 but did not comment on tonsil surgery or the importance of any particular structure as a surgical landmark. In that same year, William Lincoln Ballenger of Chicago, Illinois, clearly recommended the complete removal of the tonsil with its capsule intact but commented that he usually used an écraseur‐tonsillotome to finally remove the tonsil. Also in 1906, Ovidus Arthur Griffin of Ann Arbor, Michigan, described the use of a knife and a specially designed pair of scissors to remove the tonsils in their entirety in one operation without the use of a guillotine or an automatic instrument.Conclusion The operation that we know of today as tonsillectomy, the removal of the entire tonsil with the capsule intact, and the term tonsillectomy itself were conceived, described, and published by American otolaryngologists before the description by George Waugh of London in 1909.
Postnatal Development of the Eustachian Tube Glands
Authors: Orita Yorihisa , Sando Isamu , Hirsch Barry E. , Miura Makoto , Hasebe Seishi , Balaban Carey D. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjective To delineate a possible difference in the function of the eustachian tube (ET) between infants and adults.Study Design Morphometric and histopathological examination on the human temporal bones.Methods The secretory glands in the ET were studied in serial histological sections through the cartilaginous portion of the human ET obtained from 32 individuals whose ages ranged from 1 day to 19 years. Of these, 26 were normal control cases and 6 were cases with otitis media (OM).Results In both normal and OM groups, the distribution of the glands was predominantly in the medial side of the cartilaginous portion of the ET, and the volume of the ET glands was directly related to both the volume of the ET lumen and the patients' age. In normal cases, the relative proportion of the three types of acinar cells (mucous, serous, and mixed) varied among the different age groups. The cases in patients under 1 month of age had more mucous glands and fewer serous glands. In cases of the 1‐month‐old to 7‐year‐old age group, the three ET gland cell types came to be approximately equal. Relative proportion of the serous glands continuously increased with aging, and in cases of patients older than 7 years of age, serous glands were predominant over the other two components.Conclusion It is assumed that the greater proportion of mucous glands and insufficient serous glands by 7 years of age reflects immature development, which may be one of the associated factors contributing to recurrent OM among infants.
The Nucleus Contour Electrode Array: An Electrophysiological Study
Authors: Pasanisi Enrico , Vincenti Vincenzo , Bacciu Andrea , Guida Maurizio , Bacciu Salvatore 
Published: November 2003

AbstractObjective/Hypothesis Positioning intracochlear electrodes adjacent to the modiolus would lead to a reduction in threshold levels and latencies, as measured with electrically evoked auditory brainstems responses. Recently, Cochlear Corporation introduced a new perimodiolar array (Contour electrode) characterized by a platinum stylet inserted into the array's silicone carrier that keeps the electrode in a straightened configuration before insertion. After completion of the insertion, the withdrawal of the stylet allows the array to coil within the cochlea positioning electrodes closer to the modiolus. The purpose of the study was to analyze the stimulation properties of the Contour electrode by evaluating the effects of the withdrawal of the stylet on electrical auditory brainstem response (EABR) characteristics.Methods Electrical auditory brainstem response registrations were performed intraoperatively on three electrodes (1 apical, 1 medial, 1 basal) before and after the removal of the stylet in 10 patients implanted with the Nucleus 24 Contour device. A within‐patient comparison of EABR characteristics was performed. The Student t test was used to assess differences in EABR measures obtained before and after the stylet removal.Results Mean EABR thresholds were significantly lower after the removal of the stylet than with the stylet in situ for all three electrodes tested. After the removal of the stylet, latencies of waves III and V significantly decreased, whereas amplitudes significantly increased.Conclusion Reduction in EABR threshold levels and latencies as well as an increase in waves III and V amplitudes after the stylet removal all demonstrate the effectiveness of the Contour system in positioning intracochlear electrodes closer to auditory neurons.