bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Liberalism, J. L. Hammond and the Irish Problem, 1897–1949*
Authors: Peatling G. K. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
Historians have regarded new Liberalism as an ideology primarily concerned with domestic social reform. Yet this does little justice to the intensity and longevity of new Liberals' support of self‐government in Ireland. This side of new Liberal ideology is particularly illuminated by the career of J. L. Hammond (1872–1949), especially his Gladstone and the Irish Nation (1938). Hammond's historical scholarship, indeed, was heavily influenced by Liberal ideology, and can be seen as a belated effort to justify Gladstonian Liberalism's long mission in Ireland. Fittingly therefore, Hammond's arguments possessed the same strengths and weaknesses as earlier Liberal efforts to pacify Ireland.
Pawn and Political Player: Observations on the Life of a Thirteenth-Century Countess
Authors: Wilkinson Louise 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
This article explores the transformation of Margaret de Lacy, countess of Lincoln (d. 1266), from a young and vulnerable heiress into one of the most important and wealthy noble widows of her day, whose friendship was courted by Henry III's queen. Hitherto Margaret's career has been dogged by misconceptions about her father's identity and her marriages. A fresh consideration of the evidence affords a unique window on to the social and political factors that influenced the arrangement of noble marriages in the thirteenth century and might later allow an aristocratic widow to carve out a distinctive role for herself.
Uniting the whole people: proportional representation in Great Britain, 1884–5, reconsidered*
Authors: Bromund Ted R. 
Published: March 2003

Abstract
This article examines the ideological context and political role of proportional representation in the reform crisis of 1884–5. It demonstrates that proportional representation was part of a broader liberal project to promote social cohesion both at home and in the empire. As shown by the cross-bench support for the Proportional Representation Society, proportional representation roused unexpected enthusiasm in the Commons in 1884. It was rejected because single-member districts were more acceptable to Gladstone while promising to achieve the same narrowly political ends as proportional representation, though not its liberal purposes. This reconsideration of proportional representation revises the history of the reform crisis and lends support to the contention that Victorian liberalism emphasized not rights-based individualism but rather the building of voluntary communities.
An Alternative to an Assessment Centre on Six Pieces of Paper?
Authors: Lamsdale Caroline , Wood Robert , Mulrooney Chris 
Published: March 2003

The application form currently used in police officer recruitment neither measures competencies necessary ‘on the job’, nor screens out inappropriate applicants. To improve this situation, a competency‐based application form was developed and trialled in three police forces. Results were compared with those obtained via the assessment centre acting as the first competency screening stage of the current selection process.A high level of correspondence was found between the two sets of results raising a query as to whether the application form could be a valid replacement for the assessment centre. A future validation study, in which the performance of recruited police officers is compared with application form results, will better answer this question. In the meantime, it is proposed that the competency‐based application form questions are incorporated into the current form to reduce the number of inappropriate applicants reaching expensive, labour‐intensive stages of the selection process.
A New Social Service Professionalism? The Development of Social Work Theory in Germany
Authors: Otto H‐U. , Schaarschuch A. 
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the developments in German social work theory from the 1970s to the 1990s. It starts with an analysis of socio‐economic relations which have given rise to a division of society as well as a consumerist approach of “service orientation” for the social services which presents a challenge both for social work theory and professional practice.Against this background, major themes in the development of social work theory are identified. The authors observe a trend towards a greater recognition of the individual and her or his life‐world. Although presented in the ideological context of neoliberalism, they argue that the core of the consumerist approach of ”service orientation“– the privileging of the consumer – provides a basis for a paradigm shift in social work theory which will be an adequate response to “reflexive modernization” of society if taken out of the consumerist context and reformulated for the public services.In the final section of the paper the authors present an outline of a theory of ldquo;social work as service” as a professional mode of action in the public sector of social service provision. It starts from a conceptual analysis of the service relation, examines the structural elements of the service context and discusses the necessary societal conditions. It is the thesis of the paper that the dialectical relationship of professional and service user represented in the conceptualization of social work as service will be the foundation for a new professionalism.
The Relationship between Diversification and Growth: Some Evidence from the British Urban System 1978 to 1991
Authors: O’Donoghue Dan 
Published: March 2003

Employment diversification has traditionally been seen as beneficial for local economies. Most of the previous research on diversity and diversification has been conducted in the North American context where a positive association between diversification and growth has been observed. This paper explores the diversification process for 150 Job‐Centre Travel‐to‐Work Areas (JCTWAs) which make up what is called here the British urban system. Regression analysis is used to highlight that there is no evidence for the trends previously found in North America, in fact the opposite appears to be true. From 1978 to 1991 deindustrialization was seen to be a contributing factor to diversification and the associated decline of employment. Those centres which displayed growth from 1978 to 1991 were apparently those places which became more sectorally specialized, albeit from a relatively diverse initial position.—La diversification de l’emploi a traditionnellement été considérée comme profitable aux économies locales. Presque toutes les recherches précédentes sur la diversité et la diversification ont été conduites dans un contexte nord‐américain où une association positive entre la diversification et la croissance a été observée. Cet article explore le processus de diversification pour cent cinquante Job‐Centre Travel‐to‐Work Areas qui forment ce que l’on appelle ici le système urbain britannique. Une analyse de régression est utilisée afin de souligner qu’il n’y a aucune preuve des tendances précédemment découvertes aux États‐Unis. Le contraire semble en fait plus probable. De 1978 á 1991 la déindustrialisation était considérée être une cause contribuant á la diversification et au déclin de l’emploi qui lui est associé. Les centres qui manifestaient de la croissance entre 1978 et 1991 étaient apparemment ceux qui sont devenus plus spécialisés par secteurs, même si leurs positions initiales étaient relativement diverses.
Manchester First: From Municipal Socialism to the Entrepreneurial City
Authors: Quilley Stephen 
Published: March 2003

After coming to power in 1984, Manchester's ‘New Urban Left’ were for a while at the forefront of those radical councils seeking to use the local state both as the primary site of resistance to the Thatcher government, but also to develop a genuinely ‘prefigurative’ local socialism. However, in Manchester this experiment proved short‐lived. The subsequent entrepreneurial project has proved both durable and more distinctive. This article provides a detailed narrative account of the transition from ‘municipal socialism’ to the politics of ‘Manchester First’. Whilst summarizing the notable differences between the two projects, the paper argues that an interpretative emphasis on the apparent political U‐turn after 1987 obscures important continuities. With hindsight, the municipal Left can be credited with redefining the role of local authorities in relation to the economy, creating a space for proactive local and regional economic strategies. At the same time, the embrace of urban entrepreneurialism in the late 1980s did signal a marked shift in the perception of what was actually possible in terms of the parameters and constraints on local strategyAprès son arrivée au pouvoir en 1984, la ‘nouvelle gauche urbaine’ de Manchester fut au premier rang des municipalités radicals qui voyaient dans l'administration locale à la fois le site privilégié d'une résistance au gouvernement Thatcher et le champ d'élaboration d'un socialisme local d'avant‐garde. Cependant, à Manchester, cette expÃrience fut de courte durée. Le projet qui suivit, d'inspiration ‘entrepreneuriale’, se révéla à la fois durable et plus typique. Cet article raconte en détail la transition entre un ‘socialisme municipal’ et la politique de ‘Manchester First‘. Tout en résumant les différences notables entre les deux projets, il démontre qu'en s'attachant principalement au revirement politique apparent qui débuta en 1987, toute interprétation dissimulerait d'importantes continuités. Rétrospectivement, on peut reconnaître à la Gauche municipale une redéfinition du rôle des autorités locales à l'égard de l'économie, créant ainsi un espace pour des stratégies économiques locales et régionales d'anticipation. Parallèlement, l'adhésion è‘l'entrepreneurialisme urbain’vers la fin des années 1980 marqua un changement net dans la perception des possibilités réelles quant aux paramètres et aux contraintes pesant sur la stratégie locale.
Contesting Flexibility: The Restructuring of Taiwan’s Labor Relations and Spatial Organization
Authors: Wang Jenn‐Hwan 
Published: March 2003

This article analyzes the transformation of labor relations in Taiwan. Employing a regulation approach to decipher the patterns of labor relations prevalent before the 1980s and the existing patterns characteristic of the 1990s, I argue that the former stage was a flexible Taylorist labor regime. This labor regime was coupled with an export‐oriented economy where the flexible use of labor was necessary to keep wages at low levels and to respond quickly to the world economy. In the 1990s, however, due to the upgrading and differentiation of the economy, plus a democratic movement that nurtured the emergence of unionism, this has been transformed into a new type of flexible labor regime in which different types of labor relations coexist. Different industrial sectors in this stage tend to adopt different forms of labor regulation within which none of them occupy a dominant position. Finally, the article discusses the spatial implications of labor relations in Taiwan with regard to geographical distribution. It is argued that, while geographical location did not matter in the former stage, in the 1990s geography does matter because of the differentiation of labor relations in different industrial sectors that exhibit distinctive patterns of geographical distribution.Cet article analyse la transformation des relations du travail à Taiwan. Utilisant la théorie de la régulation pour déchiffrer les modèles de relations dominants avant les années 1980, puis dans les années 1990, l’article démontre que la première phase se caractérisait par un régime tayloriste flexible; celui‐ci était associéà un économie orientée à l’exportation o? la souplesse d’utilisation de la main d’œuvre permettait de maintenir de faibles niveaux de salaires et de répondre rapidement au marché mondial. Dans les années 1990, en revanche, l’économie s’étant développée et diversifiée, parallèlement à l’émergence d’un mouvement démocratique d’oùétait né le syndicalisme, un autre régime de main d’œuvre flexible s’est dessiné, dans lequel plusieurs types de relations du travail coexistent. Dans cette phase, différents secteurs industriels ont tendance à adopter différents modes de régulation du travail sans qu’aucun ne prédomine. Pour finir, l’article aborde les implications des relations du travail dans l’espace taiwanais par rapport à la géographie; il affirme que, si le lieu n’importait pas dans la première phase, il rev?t un intér?t dans la seconde à cause de la différenciation des relations du travail dans des secteurs industriels présentant ainsi des modèles distincts de répartition géographique.
Fertility among Recent Immigrant Women to Canada, 1991: An Examination of the Disruption Hypothesis
Authors: Ng Edward , Nault François 
Published: March 2003

Recent studies show that current fertility is higher for women who immigrated to Canada than for Canadian‐born women. This represents a reversal of the historical pattern that can perhaps be partly explained by the more pronounced decline of fertility among the Canadian‐born compared with the foreign‐born population and the higher proportion of Non‐Europeans among recent immigrants.Recent studies also provide support for the disruption hypothesis which suggests that during the period immediately following immigration, foreign‐born fertility is depressed but subsequently rises somewhat and then declines as duration of stay in Canada increases.However, this article shows that fertility immediately following immigration does not appear to be disrupted by the immigration process: immigrant women who came to Canada between 1986 and 1991 had a higher current fertility than those who immigrated in earlier periods. This finding was obtained by calculating the ratio of infants age 0 to women of childbearing ages using 1991 census data. Previous studies that had found a disruption effect used a ratio of children aged 0 to 4.
Migration To Israel: The Mythology of “Uniqueness”
Authors: Shuval Judith T. 
Published: March 2003

The article explores the widespread assumption that immigration to Israel is a unique phenomenon which differs structurally from migration to other places. This assumption stems from the view that migrants to other destinations generally leave a place they consider home to find a new home. In terms of the Israeli construction, Jews have been “strangers” in their countries of origin and seek to find a new home by means of migration.The Law of Return (1950), which established an open‐door policy for Jews and extensive support benefits for immigrants in a context of presumed social consensus, has generally been thought to be sui generis. The article considers evidence that shows that in the 1980s and 1990s, Israel is becoming more like other Western countries which admit large numbers of refugees, asylum seekers, foreign workers, persons seeking family unification and diaspora migrants.As in other migration societies, multi‐ethnicity poses problems of cultural integration and some groups seek actively to retain major elements of their earlier cultural heritage.Immigrants have become an identifiable political force to be reckoned with. There is more overt questioning within the society of the open‐door policy for Jewish immigrants than in previous years. Nevertheless, the tradition of “uniqueness” remains strong in the sociology of migration in Israel. Consideration of the empirical reality at the end of the 1990s suggests that the sociology of migration in the Israel context has many important parallels in other societies and is best understood in a global context of theory and practice.
International Migration and the Global Agenda: Reflections on the 1998 UN Technical Symposium
Authors: Castles Stephen 
Published: March 2003

As a cross‐border phenomenon affecting many countries, migration should be an important area for international cooperation. Yet such cooperation has been slow to emerge. Politically, the topic has been marked by interest conflicts and differing national policy approaches. As a field of social scientific research, it has been characterized by fragmentation according to disciplines, paradigms, methodologies and ideologies.The 1998 United Nations Technical Symposium on International Migration and Development was therefore highly significant as a step towards a global response, although as a meeting of experts it fell short of the intergovernmental deliberations some states (especially emigration countries) have called for.The Symposium reviewed knowledge on the links between migration and development and discussed the relative success of various policy approaches. A number of key themes emerged. An inclusive research framework is needed which takes account of all types of population mobility and all stages of the migratory process. The contributions of a range of social scientific disciplines and paradigms should be integrated. An important advance has been the growing understanding of the role of social networks and cultural capital in the migratory process.The Symposium discussed the need for strategies which reflect the ambivalence of women’s experience: international migration can be both a source of exploitation and abuse, and an opportunity for greater autonomy.Issues of settlement and return of migration were debated: both need to be considered in strategies for maximizing the benefits of migration for the various participants. An urgent need for better public information and education on migration and settlement was noted.Overall, the Symposium showed the great complexity of links between migration and development. It also found that a knowledge base does exist for greatly improved policy formation and international cooperation in this area of growing global significance.
The Discourse and Dimensions of Irregularity in Post‐Apartheid South Africa
Authors: Crush Jonathan 
Published: March 2003

South Africa’s migration policy since 1994 has been described as contradictory and confused. Indeed, there are profound differences of opinion within government and civil society over the best means to deal with what is believed to be a massive and threatening increase in clandestine migration and irregular employment.Clarity of thought and policy debate has been hampered by an inflammatory discourse which fixates on the issue of numbers, and views all migrants as a problem and threat. Partly this reflects fundamental inadequacies in systems of data collection and analysis, and partly a poor understanding of the causes and character of cross‐border migration in Southern Africa.As a corrective, this article presents an overview of the causes and spatial/sectoral distribution of irregular employment in post‐apartheid South Africa, drawing on recent research. It then critically examines efforts to ascertain the dimensions of undocumented migration to South Africa, concluding that the results are fundamentally flawed by the methodologies used. The article then disaggregates irregular migration and assesses current knowledge about each subcategory.In conclusion, the article argues for a comprehensive labour market survey as the foundation for a coordinated and rational approach to the challenges of irregular migration and employment.
The Dark Side of Democracy: Migration, Xenophobia and Human Rights in South Africa
Authors: Crush Jonathan 
Published: March 2003

South Africa prides itself on having one of the most progressive constitutions in the world. The Bill of Rights guarantees a host of basic political, cultural and socio‐economic rights to all who are resident in the country. Yet there have been persistent reports that citizen intolerance of non‐citizens, refugees and migrants has escalated dramatically since 1994.This article documents this process through presentation of results of national public opinion surveyed by the Southern African Migration Project (SAMP).The surveys show that intolerance is extremely pervasive and growing in intensity and seriousness. Abuse of migrants and refugees has intensified and there is little support for the idea of migrant rights. Only one group of South Africans, a small minority with regular personal contact with non‐citizens, is significantly more tolerant.These findings do not augur well for migrant and refugee rights in this newly democratic country, or early acceptance of the UN Convention on the protection of migrant workers.
Some Migration Dynamics Specific to Southern Europe: South‐North and East‐West Axis
Authors: Carella Maria , Pace Roberta 
Published: March 2003

This article examines the magnitude and determinants of migration from east to west (Europe) following the collapse of communism, and from south (Africa) to north (Europe).Special attention is given to assessing numbers and characteristics (including illegal) of the flows, and also to reasons for and success of bilateral agreements and cooperative projects by the governments of Italy and Spain designed to check and control the flows.Notwithstanding tighter controls on visas for Third World nationals, migration to western Europe does not seem to have abated. In Italy, illegal migration from the east (Albania in particular) is connected, directly or indirectly, with the criminal underworld.The inventory of legal texts and agreement protocols between Spain and Morocco designed to resolve many issues relating to migration, reflect long‐standing relations between the two countries. Political and economic relations between Italy and Albania, on the other hand, have developed only within the framework of recent policies.While the presence of Moroccans in Spain and Albanians in Italy is not yet demographically significant, the authors predict that, in the absence of further appropriate political and economic measures, numbers will increase.
International Migration Policies: 1950‐2000
Authors: Appleyard Reginald 
Published: March 2003

Policies on international migration since the Second World War reflect the enormous changes in economic, social and political situations around the world.The implications of changes in the volume and composition of international migration have increasingly become an issue of major concern to governments in all countries.Following emigration from Europe to countries of the New World as a result of war‐damaged economies, reconstruction witnessed high demand for migrant labour, mainly from parts of southern Europe. But by the early 1970s, decline in economic growth, unexpected impacts of the guest‐worker scheme, and an increase in refugees from Third World countries led, in due course, to an era of restriction on entry of asylum‐seekers and tighter controls over undocumented migration to developed countries.A “new era” evolved during the 1990s, characterized by growing interdependence of major economic powers. Globalization led not only to a significant demand for highly‐skilled and professional workers, but also to decision‐making on some aspects of the migration process being transferred from the national to the regional level, and an increase in the influence of multinational corporations.The globalization process, and the growing influence of international trade regimes, may well represent the first steps towards a new “international migration regime” that incorporates all types of migration.
Implizite Einkommensteuer als Messlatte für die aktuellen Rentenreformvorschläge
Authors: Thum Marcel , Weizsäcker Jakob von 
Published: March 2003

Abstract The rate of return in a PAYG pension system is typically lower than in a funded system. This lower rate of return generates a loss for the contributors which basically acts like an implicit income tax. In this paper, we argue that the implicit income tax is an excellent measure with which to evaluate the upcoming pension crisis in Germany and that it is also much better suited than other measures (such as the contribution rate, the pension level or the rate of return) to understand the impact of various reform scenarios. We also calculate the development of the implicit tax for prominent reform proposals in Germany.