bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural Brain Anomalies and Neural Tube Defects
Authors: Smith Moyra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter focuses on neural tube defects and structural brain defects associated with mental retardation where, in each case, an underlying gene defect in a specific biochemical pathway occurs. The brain malformations discussed include defects due to homeotic gene mutations, structural defects due to mutations in genes involved in protein glycosylation, and X-linked hydrocephalus associated with spastic paraplegia due to defects in the adhesion molecule LI CAM. Also described are structural brain defects due to mutations in genes in a signaling pathway known as the sonic-hedgehog pathway. Joubert’s syndrome serves as an interesting example of a specific brain malformation associated with other variable malformations and genetic heterogeneity. This disorder maps to three different chromosomal regions; the disease gene at one of these loci was defined in 2004 and will be discussed here.
A Life Worth Living
Authors: Csikszentmihalyi Mihaly , Csikszentmihalyi Isabella Selega 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A Life Worth Living brings together the latest thought on positive psychology from an international cast of scholars. It includes historical, philosophical, and empirical reviews of what psychologists have found to matter for personal happiness and well-being. The contributions to this volume agree on principles of optimal development that start from purely material and selfish concerns, but then lead to ever broader circles of responsibility embracing the goals of others and the well-being of the environment; on the importance of spirituality; on the development of strengths specific to the individual. Rather than material success, popularity, or power, the investigations reported in this volume suggest that personally constructed goals, intrinsic motivation, and a sense of autonomy are much more important. The chapters indicate that hardship and suffering do not necessarily make us unhappy, and they suggest therapeutical implications for improving the quality of life. Specific topics covered include the formation of optimal childhood values and habits as well as a new perspective on aging. This volume provides a powerful counterpoint to a mistakenly reductionist psychology. They show that subjective experience can be studied scientifically and measured accurately. They highlight the potentiality for autonomy and freedom that is among the most precious elements of the human condition. Moreover, they make a convincing case for the importance of subjective phenomena, which often affect happiness more than external, material conditions. After long decades during which psychologists seemed to have forgotten that misery is not the only option, the blossoming of Positive Psychology promises a better understanding of what a vigorous, meaningful life may consist of.
Substance Abuse in Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Cunradi Carol B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alcohol and substance abuse are very prevalent in society, especially among males and young adults. In 2003, approximately half of all Americans 12 years of age or older were current drinkers, and nearly one in 10 were current drug users. The etiologic role of alcohol in the occurrence of intimate partner violence (IPV) has not yet been established. However, high rates of hazardous drinking have been noted among perpetrators and victims of IPV; high rates of IPV perpetration and victimization have been found in individuals who drink at hazardous levels. Studies have shown that alcohol and drug use are associated with the level of severity of IPV and injury.
Amylose
Authors: Zhao W Brooke , Kadla John F , Braun Jennifer L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Adhesives, food, pharmaceutical, gels and foams, coating, and biodegradable packaging films. Properties of Special Interests The linear glucan chains in amylose are responsible for its film-forming ability. Preparative Techniques Fractionation of starches. Native starches contain about 20–30% amylose. Genetic modification can result in high amylose content (up to 80%).
Nylon MXD6
Authors: Lee Seung Woo , Sur Gil S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Blow molded bottles. Extruded film and sheets for food packing, including blend, multilayer, and laminate with nylon 6, PET, and polyolefins. Monofilament for bristle and filter cloth. Glass fiber reinforced injection molding materials used to make parts for automotive, machine, electrical /electronic, civil engineering, sports, and other industries as a metal substitute. Properties of Special Interest Relatively low cost. High mechanical strength, modulus, and heat resistance. Very low oxygen permeability in humid atmosphere.
Poly(bis maleimide)
Authors: Tan Loon-Seng 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Printed circuit boards, laminating powder, carbon-fiber composites for aero-engines and military aircraft parts such as flap inboard cover, forward nozzle, gun pack, ammunition pack, blade choke, deep choke, speed brake, and ventral fin1. Properties of Special Interest BMI resins are generally brittle. They can be toughened with additives such as aromatic diamines (chain extension via Michael Addition reaction), divinylbenzene, or bis(allylphenyl) compounds (chain extension via Diels-Alder reaction and ene reaction, respectively), benzocyclobutene derivatives (chain extension via Diels-Alder reaction), low molecular weight rubber, and thermoplastics (linear and hyperbranched polymers). Certain bismaleimides are liquid-crystalline.
Poly(phosphazene), Elastomer
Authors: Magill Joseph H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Low molecular weight atactic polypropylene is used as a component of hot melt adhesive and sealant formulations,(1) laminations, bitumen modification, as well as wire and cable filling and flooding. “Atactic” polypropylene which is produced as a by-product of isotactic PP production is not ideally atactic or completely amorphous.(2,3) Ideally atactic polypropylene has been prepared by hydrogenation of poly(2-methyl-1,3-pentadiene), that is, poly(1,3-dimethyl-1-butenylene) or PDMB.(4) Directly synthesized atactic polypropylene and other amorphous poly(á-olephins) (APAO or APO) have been developed.(1,2,3,5,6) Lower molecular weight versions are commercial products.(1,6,7) Atactic polypropylenes with higher molecular weight have also been developed using metallocene catalysts.(8,9)High molecular weight versions are being evaluated as elastomers and as blend components for modification of isotactic polypropylene.(2,3,5,6)
Poly(propylene sulfide)
Authors: Masamoto Junzo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Major Applications Poly(propylene sulfide) is an elastic material that compares with styrene-butadiene rubbers. However, this polymer has not yet achieved commercial production, although the PPS elastomer offers a combination of good solvent and weather resistance. Low molecular weight functional PPS is suitable for use in sealants, adhesive, etc.(1)
Poly(pyromellitimide-1,4-diphenyl ether)
Authors: Tan Loon-Seng 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Synthesis Poly(pyromellitimide-1,4-diphenyl ether) is generally prepared from polycondensation of pyromellitic dianhydride and 4,4t-oxydianiline followed by either thermal or chemical (in the presence of acetic anhydride and triethylamine) cyclodehydration of the polyamic acid precursor. Major Applications Kapton films are used as wire and cable wrap, formed coil wrap, motor-slot liners, substrates for flexible printed circuit boards, insulation for aircraft and spacecraft wiring, automotive applications such as switches and diaphragms, and in seat heaters and airbag seat sensors, magnet-wire insulation, and in transformers and capacitors, pressure-sensitive tapes, bar code labels, and in applications such as the solar array for thermal management.(1)
Siloxane dendrimers
Authors: Muzafarov Aziz M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Starch is the cheapest and most abundant food biopolymer worldwide. It is a complex carbohydrate which is insoluble in water; it is used by plants as a way to store excess glucose. Starch is often found in the fruit, seeds, rhizomes or tubers of plants. The four major resources for starch production and consumption in the USA are corn, potatoes, rice, and wheat. Pasta is an important dietary source of starch which is commonly prepared from wheat, rice or beans. Bread is another important source of starch and is commonly prepared from wheat.
Taking Sides, Making Sides
Authors: Batstone William W , Damon Cynthia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Characterization in a civil war narrative is more important, and more difficult, than it is in a colonial narrative, such as the Gallic War, of “us” against “them.” When the principal combatants are all Roman and all members of the governing elite, the difference between “us” and “them” needs careful delineation. But drawing the lines is complicated when the composition of the two parties shifts over time, as it did in dramatic fashion after the battle of Pharsalus in August of 48. Men who had joined Pompey at the outset of the conflict, in January of 49, or in the course of the ensuing months, faced a choice after his military defeat: to continue resisting Caesar, to withdraw from the contest, or to join Caesar. Those who chose the last moved from “them” to “us,” and the neutrals might still, it could be hoped, so realign themselves. Only the first group (and those who died at Pharsalus) remained in the category of “them.”
Mastering Victory
Authors: Batstone William W , Damon Cynthia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The three preceding chapters explored Caesar’;s literary achievement in the Civil War in terms of genre, structure, and characterization, and began to place the work in its contexts both literary and political. This chapter looks at how Caesar presents himself to his contemporaries through his text. The focus is not on what he says about himself and his virtues—his superiority to Pompey as general, for example, which was treated in chapter 3—but on the self he reveals to his readers by his authorial choices. At first glance, the Civil War seems to be structured around the contest for primacy between Pompey and Caesar. It begins with Pompey’;s assumption of leadership in the opposition to Caesar (1.1) and builds to their military confrontation in Greece (3.6–96). But neither Pompey’;s flight from Pharsalus (3.96.4) nor his death at Alexandria (3.104.3) is the end of the work.
From Genes to Genomes: A Historical Perspective
Authors: Dunham Ian , Powell Don 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You may or may not have noticed, but during the past 10 or so years, you have just experienced the genomics revolution. A precise start point is difficult to define, but for argument’s sake we can identify the first publication of the genome sequence of a freeliving organism (Haemophilus influenzae) (Fleischmann et al., 1995) as the harbinger of the flood of genomic information that would appear over the next 10 years. Notably this flood included the first complete sequences of a human chromosome (Dunham et al., 1999), the completed sequence of the human genome (IHGSC, 2004), and draft sequences of the mouse (Waterston et al., 2002) and rat (Gibbs et al., 2004) genomes. After the wealth of whole-genome sequences have come the beginnings of genome re-sequencing as human genomes have been sampled to generate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (Sachidanandam et al., 2001) and these SNPs have been used to build maps of the sequence content of different individual human genomes (Altshuler et al., 2005). All of this information is freely available through public domain Web servers such as Ensemble (Hubbard et al., 2005), so any researcher with access to the Internet can interrogate the human genome. It is now hard to imagine a time when genome sequence information was not central to human genetics. However, looking back to the time before genome sequencing was a reality there were genuine questions as to whether we could afford or indeed needed the human genome sequence (Lewin, 1986). Thus it is worth looking back to see how we got to the position we are now in and what were the motivating factors behind the drive toward genome sequencing (Table 1–1).
Pharmacogenomics: Drug Development, Drug Response, and Precision Medicines
Authors: Penny Michelle , McHale Duncan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In its broadest sense, pharmacogenomics can be defined as the investigation of variations of DNA and RNA characteristics as related to drug response. The last decade has seen a large increase in the amount of genomics data generated and, with it, increased the expectations of how improved understanding of disease will lead to the development of more effective therapies and personalized medicines. Despite the regular media reports of novel genes being identified in a range of disorders, by 2007 the much-heralded promise of the human genome project has yet to materialize. However, it is important to realize that this does not represent a failure of the science to deliver but is a reflection of the length of time it takes to develop new drugs. The 1980s and 1990s saw a boom time for the pharmaceuticals industry producing many highly effective new classes of drugs from statins to proton-pump inhibitors and quinolone antibiotics. All were novel therapeutic approaches offering significant benefit to individuals and society. The science that drove many of these advances was based on the greater understanding of biochemistry and pharmacology that emerged during the 1970s and early 1980s. This 10–15-year time-lag from gaining scientific knowledge to developing therapies is typical for the pharmaceutical industry, and reflects the complexity of drug discovery and the time required for preclinical and clinical testing to ensure safety and efficacy. This chapter will introduce the major concepts of drug discovery and development and give a broad overview of how genetics and genomics is used across the whole drug discovery and development pipeline, from pretarget identification to postmarketing surveillance to help discover and develop improved medicines.
Chronic Renal Disease
Authors: Ong Albert CM , Maxwell A Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prevalence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is steadily increasing, contributing to growth in the provision of renal replacement therapy (RRT) (dialysis and transplantation) for over 1 million individuals worldwide (Collins et al., 2003). Living with ESRD is challenging for individuals and the economic costs of RRT for society are enormous (El Nahas and Bello, 2005). Figure 13–1 shows the relative prevalence of different primary renal diseases among the England and Wales population on RRT in 2003. Diabetic nephropathy is the most common cause of ESRD and is increasing in incidence worldwide. There is increasing evidence for genetic (polygenic) susceptibility for diabetic nephropathy. Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) accounts for approximately 10% of treated ESRD and is the single most common monogenic cause of ESRD worldwide. In this chapter, we review the evidence of how genetic factors can modify the phenotypic expression of these two common diseases and illustrate the different experimental approaches that are being used to identify modifying genes, important in chronic renal failure.
Disorders of Platelets
Authors: Bahou Wadie F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Overview of Platelet Biology and Function
Blood coagulation is controlled by a tightly regulated cascade of proteases and their cofactors that sequentially lead to the generation of a gelatinous meshwork of protein called fibrin. This coagulation mechanism ensures the normal cessation of blood flow that occurs during physiological processes such as wounding or menstruation, and is termed hemostasis. Human blood platelets play a critical function in the maintenance of primary hemostasis, not only via adhesive interactions with the sub endothelial matrix but also by providing the negatively charged phospholipid required for coagulation factor assembly, amplification, and thrombin generation (Bahou, 2002). Platelets aresmall, discoid cells thatare 2–3 mindiameter with an approximate cell volume of 10 fl. Generated as cytoplasmic buds from precursor bone marrow-derived megakaryocytes, the normal human platelet count is 2,50,000 + 1,00,000/ml of whole blood. Although platelets are required for normal hemostasis, longstanding observations have established that their primary relevance to human diseases are their roles in situations of pathological thrombosis, that is, vascular disorders such as stroke or coronary occlusion with myocardial infarction (MI) (Wardle, 1973).
Neurodegenerative Disorders: Tauopathies and Synucleinopathies
Authors: Morris Huw R , Singleton Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are common and usually affect the elderly. This is set to become the most pressing health concern in the developed world, because of the projected rapid expansion in the aged population. The prevalence of Alzheimer disease (AD) is predicted to quadruple in the United States over the next 50 years (Kawas and Brookmeyer, 2001). Unlike cancer and vascular disease, there are no disease-modifying therapies for patients with neurodegenerative diseases. There is an immediate need to develop new treatments, based on an understanding of the underlying disease biology. The genomic analysis of neurodegenerative disease is progressing rapidly, and unlike other common sporadic conditions, this has largely been guided by the study of rare Mendelian families with inherited late onset neurodegenerative disease. Although, genomewide screens have been performed in series of affected sibling pairs (ASPs), small multiplex families and more recently in case–control series, more work has been done on systematic selective candidate gene analysis. Despite the inherent difficulties in studying Mendelian families with late onset disease, a series of genes have been identified which can be responsible, in mutated forms, for AD, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and other conditions (Hardy and Gwinn-Hardy, 1998). The identification of these genes has led to intensive work on basic protein biology, with the development of in vitro and transgenic in vivo disease models, and exploration of the role of these Mendelian disease proteins in sporadic human disease. Some investigators initially felt that Mendelian disease genes were unlikely to be relevant to sporadic disease. However, molecular neuropathology, and more recently, genomic association analysis have confirmed the validity of a Mendelian disease-driven approach.
Complex Skin Diseases II: Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Morar Nilesh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) or atopic eczema is a chronic, itchy, inflammatory skin condition that predominantly affects the skin flexures. Approximately 70% of cases start in children younger than 5 years of age (Williams, 2000). The prevalence has increased three-fold over the past three decades in developed countries, with a higher prevalence in urban regions and in higher social classes (Taylor et al., 1984). The lifetime prevalence in children is 10%– 20% and in adults 1%–3% (Schultz-Larsen, 2002). Though 60% of children with AD are free of symptoms in adolescence (Rystedt, 1985), up to 50% may have recurrences in adulthood (Lammintausta, 1991). Asthma develops in 30% of children with AD and allergic rhinitis in 35% (Luoma et al., 1983). There has been substantial variation in disease definition and diagnosis due to the variable clinical appearance, distribution patterns, and the intermittent nature of the disease. On the basis of the original consensus criteria by Hanifin and Rajka (1980), a set of minimum and validated discriminators have been determined by the UK Working Party (Williams et al., 1994). The diagnosis requires evidence of itchy skin plus three or more of the following: history of involvement of the skin creases, history of asthma or hay fever, history of generally dry skin, onset in a child under 2 years of age, and visible flexural dermatitis. These robust criteria are crucial for effective and reproducible genetic studies.
Genomics and Global Health
Authors: Weatherall Sir David , Kumar Dhavendra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The provision of healthcare in the future offers completely different challenges to the developed, industrialized nations as compared to developing countries. For the former, the major problem is how to control the increasing costs of healthcare arising from the prevention and management of chronic disease in aged populations. The role of genetics and genomics in the prevention and management of these conditions is described in earlier chapters. Here, we focus on the quite different problems of the developing countries.
Genetic Testing and Genomic Screening
Authors: Clarke Angus 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Twenty years ago, it became possible to isolate genes by first inferring their chromosomal location—the reverse approach to previous attempts at gene isolation. The recognition of widespread variation in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence of noncoding regions of the genome enabled the coinheritance of such variation with genetic diseases to be detected and measured, so that linkage could be established between the sites of variation and specific disease loci. This required (i) the preliminary work of gathering DNA samples and clinical information from many individuals in families segregating for Mendelian (monogenic) disorders, (ii) the ingenuity to manipulate the DNA with restriction enzymes and simple microbial vectors and then (iii) the ability to interpret the accumulated data in a statistically meaningful manner. Even when the protein encoded by a gene was completely unknown, it became possible to predict its amino acid sequence and then to recognize, isolate, and study the protein. This gave insight into completely novel cellular processes and greatly accelerated the pace of research in much of biology. Testing also become feasible for diagnostic and predictive purposes within many families affected by genetic diseases and some of the developmental disorders transmitted in the same fashion. These simply inherited conditions are, however, uncommon and together they account for only a small proportion of the overall burden of human disease.
The Regulation of Human Genomics Research
Authors: Kaye Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A key event in the regulation of medical research was the Nuremberg Trials that were held after World War II, which found Nazi physicians and researchers guilty of atrocities that were committed in the name of medical research. Since then, research ethics committees (RECs) and oversight mechanisms for medical research on human beings have become the accepted norm in most countries. The regulation of genomic research, like other subsets of medical research, is subject to the same regulatory controls that apply to medical research in general. Therefore, the focus of this chapter will be on the regulation of medical research on human beings, excluding the approval of medicine and medical devices, in order to discuss the ways in which these more general requirements apply to genomic research. This paper will also make reference to some of the specialist bodies that have been established as expert advisory agencies for genomics.