bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
STUDIES IN RODENT POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Jungeblut Claus W. 
Published: June 2004

1. Attempts to separate by processes of physical segregation, i.e. ultrafiltration, ultracentrifugation, or dialysis, from live SK murine poliomyelitis virus a non-pathogenic agent capable of interfering with simian poliomyelitis virus were unsuccessful. Neither was it possible to convert live SK murine virus into a non-pathogenic interfering agent by processes of chemical inactivation, i.e., phenolization or formalinization.
2. Preparations of SK murine virus, which had been markedly attenuated by ultraviolet irradiation, gave evidence of having retained some interfering power in rhesus monkeys.
3. MM murine poliomyelitis virus interfered, both in mixture tests and by peripheral administration, with two simian strains of poliomyelitis virus. With adequate amounts, distinct protective effects could be obtained in rhesus monkeys which had received murine virus (animal passage or tissue culture virus) up to 48 hours after intracerebral infection with simian poliomyelitis virus.
4. Theiler's virus of spontaneous mouse encephalomyelitis, when tested in mixture with simian poliomyelitis virus, gave some evidence of irregular and low grade interference. Interference could not be shown conclusively in experiments to prevent poliomyelitic infection or to modify its effects.
5. The nature of the interfering agent present in murine virus is discussed.
THE CARDIOTOXIC ACTION OF PREPARATIONS CONTAINING THE OXYGEN-LABILE HEMOLYSIN OF STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES
Authors: Cantoni G. L. , Bernheimer Alan W. 
Published: June 2004

1. The mechanism of sensitization of the isolated frog' heart to a product of the hemolytic streptococcus has been investigated. The sensitization depends upon the release from the isolated heart of a substance which inhibits the action of the cardiotoxin. The inhibitor is released upon the first (sensitizing) administration of cardiotoxin, but not upon the second (contracture-producing) administration.
2. The inhibitor released by the heart neutralizes the lethal factor present in the streptococcal preparation employed.
3. Some of the properties of the inhibitor have been investigated.
STUDIES ON THE FLEXNER GROUP OF DYSENTERY BACILLI
Authors: Perlman Ely , Binkley Francis , Goebel Walther F. 
Published: June 2004

1. Volunteers have been immunized with the purified specific antigen of Type V Shigella paradysenteriae (Flexner). The subjects developed a high titer of bacterial agglutinins and mouse-protective antibodies. The agglutinin titer fell moderately after a period of 6 months. The subjects responded fairly well to a small recall dose of the antigen.
2. Two individuals from a group of 10 injected with the specific polysaccharide obtained from Type V organisms responded with an increase in bacterial agglutinins. Mouse-protective antibodies were demonstrable in the one serum tested.
A NEW VIRUS DISEASE OF PIGEONS
Authors: Smadel Joseph E. , Jackson E. B. , Harman John W. 
Published: June 2004

A virus has been isolated from the tissues of a pigeon with visceral lesions that were characterized by focal necrosis of parenchymatous tissue, by the presence in affected cells of intranuclear inclusions of the herpetic type, and by secondary inflammatory reaction. This newly recognized virus, which has been tentatively called the I.N.I. agent is pathogenic for pigeons and embryonated eggs but is avirulent for rabbits, guinea pigs, and mice. The virus is smaller than the agent of psittacosis and is immunologically different from it.
The I.N.I. agent and psittacosis virus were both of etiological importance in an epizootic among pigeons. Some birds were infected simultaneously with the two agents while others were infected with only one.
REVERSIBLE INACTIVATION OF THE SUBSTANCE INDUCING TRANSFORMATION OF PNEUMOCOCCAL TYPES
Authors: McCarty Maclyn 
Published: June 2004

1. The transforming substance of Pneumococcus Type III is inactivated by treatment with ascorbic acid. This effect of ascorbic acid is catalyzed by traces of cupric ion and is prevented by the presence of sulfhydryl compounds.
2. Under certain conditions, the activity of transforming substance treated with ascorbic acid can be restored by the use of glutathione and other sulfhydryl compounds.
3. Other compounds, such as catechol, hydroquinone, and p-phenylenediamine, which undergo autoxidation similar to that of ascorbic acid, have an analogous effect on the transforming substance.
4. The effect of these compounds on the transforming substance is nullified by exclusion of oxygen or by the use of catalase.
5. It is concluded that inactivation of the transforming substance is probably oxidative in character and depends on the formation of peroxides in the course of autoxidation of ascorbic acid or related compounds.
6. The relation of this phenomenon to that of the inactivation of other biologically active substances by ascorbic acid is discussed.
LOSS OF GROUP CARBOHYDRATE DURING MOUSE PASSAGES OF A GROUP A HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS
Authors: Wilson Armine T. 
Published: June 2004

In the course of rapid passages through mice a strain of group A type 27 hemolytic streptococcus was found to have lost its group carbohydrate without the loss of type-specific precipitinogens, agglutinogens, or its capacity to induce protective antibodies in rabbits, and without the acquisition of the carbohydrate of another group.
The loss of group carbohydrate was shown to be complete, within the limits of the methods for its detection. Extracts of the anomalous strain did not react with group A antisera; and antisera prepared with organisms of this anomalous strain did not contain demonstrable antibodies for the group carbohydrate. Bacterial suspension of the anomalous strain failed to absorb any appreciable amount of group-specific antibody.
The fact that the anomalous strain lacking group-specific carbohydrate, C, was derived from the original was established by the demonstration of persistence of its other characteristics, in particular the precipitinogens, agglutinogens, and antigens responsible for protective antibodies of type 27.
EFFECT OF ENZYME INHIBITORS AND ACTIVATORS ON THE MULTIPLICATION OF TYPHUS RICKETTSIAE
Authors: Greiff Donald , Pinkerton Henry 
Published: June 2004

The time of blending the rickettsial inoculum, as also the strain of hen's egg employed, influenced the degree of infection which developed in fertile eggs after the injection of typhus rickettsiae into the yolk sac. By varying these factors, maximal or minimal infections could be obtained.
Eggs incubated at 40°C. developed only minimal rickettsial infection, whereas control eggs incubated at 37.5°C. became heavily infected. Potassium cyanide markedly enhanced rickettsial growth in experiments in which the control eggs developed only minimal infection. Under circumstances such that the control eggs became heavily infected, KCN had no appreciable effect.
Toluidin blue and methylene blue delayed the development of rickettsial infection in the yolk sac, but their rickettsiostatic action under the conditions of these experiments was less marked than that of penicillin and para-aminobenzoic acid.
The rickettsiostatic action resulting from temperature elevation was neutralized by KCN, and hence is believed to be due to the increased activity of the cyanide-sensitive respiratory enzyme (cytochrome oxidase) in the entodermal cells in which the rickettsiae multiply.
The rickettsiostatic action of toluidin blue and methylene blue, though probably also resulting from increased metabolic activity in the entodermal cells, was not neutralized by KCN. This observation is in harmony with the reported observation that dyes of this type furnish an alternative mechanism for intracellular oxidation which is cyanide-insensitive.
The rickettsiostatic action of para-aminobenzoic acid was not neutralized by KCN. No conclusions can be reached at present concerning the mechanism of action of this compound.
Dinitrophenol and several compounds related to para-aminobenzoic acid gave negative results.
HEREDITARY ACHONDROPLASIA IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Brown Wade H. , Pearce Louise 
Published: June 2004

An achondroplastic condition in the rabbit has been described. It is present at birth and is characterized by size reduction, by a disproportion of bodily parts, most marked in the extremities, and by an invariably lethal effect. The animals are still-born or die very shortly after birth.
In physical appearance and in the character of the skeletal changes as shown by x-ray photographs, achondroplasia in the rabbit has a remarkable resemblance to the disease in man and in cattle and dogs.
The condition which first occurred in offspring of pure bred Havana rabbits is inherited. In anticipation of the later discussion of this phase of the study (13), it can be stated that the mode of inheritance is on the basis of a simple recessive unit factor and that the appearance of non-achondroplastic transmitters (heterozygotes) is that of normal animals.
STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF PRIMARY ATYPICAL PNEUMONIA
Authors: Eaton Monroe D. , van Herick William , Meiklejohn Gordon 
Published: June 2004

Significant increases in neutralizing antibodies were demonstrated in 42 of a total of 69 persons with a clinical diagnosis of primary atypical pneumonia. Detailed titrations of virus-neutralizing antibodies in a representative group of 28 patients are presented. Increases of four- to 64-fold were demonstrated. Acute-phase titers were 4 or less in 83 per cent and convalescent titers were 16 or over in 86 per cent of these cases.
Only about half of the number of patients having increases in neutralizing antibodies also developed cold agglutinins and agglutinins for the indifferent streptococcus No. 344.
Patients from the Eastern United States as well as those from the Pacific Coast were shown to develop virus-neutralizing antibodies.
Patients with pneumococcal pneumonia and pneumonias caused by influenza virus type A or viruses of the psittacosis group did not have significant increases in neutralizing antibodies for the virus of atypical pneumonia. Cold agglutinins appeared in 3 cases of type A influenzal pneumonia.
Sera from persons with atypical pneumonia, when tested against the 3 most prevalent respiratory viruses isolated from cotton rats and hamsters, failed to neutralize these agents or showed no significant change in neutralization titer.
HEMOGLOBIN PRECIPITATION IN RENAL TUBULES
Authors: Yuile Charles L. , Gold Michael A. , Hinds Ewart G. 
Published: June 2004

1. A readily reproducible pathological lesion closely resembling that typical of the "transfusion kidney" has been obtained by the injection of hemoglobin into rabbits having acid urine, whose renal tubules had previously been damaged to a moderate degree by (a) a short period of complete renal ischemia, or (b) the administration of a specific chemical poison—sodium tartrate.
2. It has been found that hemoglobin is precipitated in the tubules of damaged kidneys excreting either acid or alkaline urine, in contrast to the absence of hemoglobin precipitation in normal kidneys.
3. In the acid state hemoglobin casts are more numerous and more persistent than in the alkaline, and are associated with renal functional disturbances, in contrast to the lack of such disturbances when the urine is alkaline.
4. The ultimate outcome, both anatomically and functionally, in any given instance is determined by variations in the degree of tubular damage, the level of hemoglobinemia, and the urinary pH.
STUDIES ON THE NATURE OF RESISTANCE OF GRAM-NEGATIVE BACILLI TO PENICILLIN
Authors: Shwartzman Gregory 
Published: June 2004

The susceptibility of E. coli and Salmonella to penicillin is highest in a basal medium devoid of amino acids. Blood serum in certain concentrations, meat infusion broth, yeast extract, and casein hydrolysate interfere with the penicillin activity. The effect is apparently due to the antagonism of certain amino acids in the materials.
Dicarboxyl-monoamino acids (i.e. aspartic, glutamic, and hydroxyglutamic acids and asparagine) cystine, arginine, histidine, and hydroxyproline are capable of suppressing the effect of penicilhn upon Gram-negative organisms.
The antagonism of amino acids is not primarily related to their effect upon the rate of bacterial growth.
It is suggested from the experiments detailed, that the antipenicillin activity is due to the effect of the amino acids upon bacterial metabolism.
Prepassages in media of various concentrations of antagonistic amino acids alter the resistance of E. coli to penicillin. The changes are in inverse relation to the concentration of the antagonists.
The antipenicillin activity of amino acids may be reversed significantly by dl-methionine. The substance, however, reverses only incompletely the antagonism of materials of mixed composition; i.e., casein hydrolysate, meat infusion broth, and serum.
Upon addition of methionine, methionine sulfoxide, and threonine, there occurs a marked enhancement of penicillin susceptibility of broth cultures of Brucella, Eberthella, Salmonella, and Shigella. The enhancement is apparently due to the ability of this amino acid mixture to reverse effectively the action of the antagonists present in the cultures.
Methionine is essential for the enhancement of penicillin susceptibility. Threonine and methionine sulfoxide facilitate the effect of methionine following a reciprocal quantitative relationship.
Alprazolam is relatively more toxic than other benzodiazepines in overdose
Authors: Isbister Geoffrey K. , O'Regan Luke , Sibbritt David , Whyte Ian M. 
Published: June 2004

AimsTo describe alprazolam poisoning and the relative toxicity of alprazolam compared with other benzodiazepines.MethodsA database of consecutive poisoning admissions to a regional toxicology service was searched to identify consecutive benzodiazepine deliberate self poisonings, which were coded as alprazolam, diazepam or other benzodiazepine. Major outcomes used were length of stay (LOS), intensive care (ICU) admission, coma (GCS < 9), flumazenil administration and requirement for mechanical ventilation. Prescription data were obtained for benzodiazepines for the study period.ResultsThere were 2063 single benzodiazepine overdose admissions: 131 alprazolam overdoses, 823 diazepam overdoses and 1109 other benzodiazepine overdoses. The median LOS for alprazolam overdoses was 19 h which was 1.27 (95% CI 1.04, 1.54) times longer compared with other benzodiazepines by multiple linear regression. For patients with alprazolam overdoses, 22% were admitted to ICU which was 2.06 (95% CI 1.27, 3.33) times more likely compared with other benzodiazepines after multivariate analysis adjusting for age, dose, gender, time to ingestion and co‐ingested drugs. Flumazenil was administered to 14% of alprazolam patients and 16% were ventilated, which was significantly more than for other benzodiazepine overdoses (8% and 11%, respectively). Twelve percent of alprazolam overdoses had a GCS < 9 compared with 10% for other benzodiazepines. From benzodiazepine prescription data, total alprazolam prescriptions in Australia increased from 0.13 million in 1992 to 0.41 million in 2001. Eighty five percent of prescriptions were for panic disorder, anxiety, depression or mixed anxiety/depression.ConclusionsAlprazolam was significantly more toxic than other benzodiazepines. The increased prescription of alprazolam to groups with an increased risk of deliberate self poisoning is concerning and needs review.
Effects of hydrofluoroalkane formulations of ciclesonide 400 µg once daily vs fluticasone 250 µg twice daily on methacholine hyper‐responsiveness in mild‐to‐moderate persistent asthma
Authors: Lee Daniel K. C. , Haggart Kay , Currie Graeme P. , Bates Caroline E. , Lipworth Brian J. 
Published: June 2004

Aims  There are no data comparing the relative efficacy of hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) formulations of ciclesonide (CIC) and fluticasone propionate (FP) on airway hyper‐responsiveness, in mild‐to‐moderate persistent asthma. We therefore elected to evaluate the comparative efficacy of HFA pressurized metered‐dose inhaler formulations of CIC and FP, assessing methacholine challenge, in addition to exhaled nitric oxide, lung function, diary cards and quality of life.Methods  Nineteen mild‐to‐moderate asthmatic patients completed the study per protocol in randomized, double‐blind, double‐dummy, crossover fashion. Patients were required to stop their usual inhaled corticosteroid therapy for the duration of the study. Pa‐tients were commenced instead on salmeterol (SM) 50 µg one puff twice daily + montelukast (ML) 10 mg once daily for 2‐week washout periods prior to each randomized treatment, in order to prevent dropouts. Patients received 4 weeks of either CIC 200 µg two puffs once daily (08.00 h) + CIC‐placebo (PL) two puffs once daily (20.00 h) + FP‐PL two puffs twice daily (08.00 h and 20.00 h), or FP 125 µg two puffs twice daily (08.00 h and 20.00 h) + CIC‐PL two puffs twice daily (08.00 h and 20.00 h). SM + ML were withheld for 72 h prior to post‐washout visits and CIC or FP was withheld for 24 h prior to study visits.Results  There was no significant difference between CIC vs. FP for the primary outcome of methacholine PC20 as doubling dilution (dd) shift from respective baseline; mean difference: 0.4 dd (95% CI −0.4, 1.2). Moreover, there was no difference between treatments for the sequence of CIC first vs FP second; mean difference: 0.2 dd (95% CI −1.3, 1.7) or FP first vs CIC second; mean difference: 0.9 dd (95% CI −0.1, 1.8). There were also no differences for other secondary outcomes between treatments, either respective or irrespective of sequence, as change from baseline.Conclusions  There were no differences between 4 weeks of CIC 400 µg once daily and FP 250 µg twice daily on methacholine hyper‐responsiveness in mild‐to‐moderate persistent asthma. Longer‐term studies are indicated to evaluate their relative efficacy on asthma exacerbations.
Acute and clinically relevant drug‐induced liver injury: a population based case‐control study
Authors: De Abajo Francisco J. , Montero Dolores , Madurga Mariano , Rodríguez Luis A. García 
Published: June 2004

Aims To provide quantitative information about the absolute and relative risks of acute and clinically relevant drug‐induced liver injury.Methods We performed a population‐based case‐control study using the UK‐based General Practice Research Database as the source of information. A total of 1636792 persons subjects aged 5–75 years old registered in the database from 1 January, 1994 to 31 December, 1999 were followed‐up for a total of 5404705 person‐years. Cases were identified by an exhaustive computer search, then reviewed manually and finally validated against the clinical records. Only idiopathic cases serious enough to be referred to hospital or a consultant were selected. A total of 5000 controls were randomly sampled from the person‐time of study cohort. Current users were defined if a prescription ended within 15 days of the index date, and nonusers if there was no prescription before the index date.Results One hundred and twenty‐eight patients were considered as valid cases, being the crude incidence rate of 2.4 (95% confidence interval: 2.0, 2.8) per 100 000 person‐years. The strongest associations were found with chlorpromazine (adjusted odds ratio (AOR); 95% CI = 416; 45, 3840), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (AOR = 94.8; 27.8, 323), flucloxacillin (AOR = 17.7; 4.4, 71.0), macrolides (AOR = 6.9; 2.3, 21.0), tetracyclines (AOR = 6.2; 2.4, 15.8); metoclopramide (AOR = 6.2; 1.8, 21.3); chlorpheniramine (AOR = 9.6; 1.9, 49.7); betahistine (AOR = 15.3; 2.9, 80.7); sulphasalazine (AOR = 25.5; 6.0, 109); azathioprine (AOR = 10.5; 1.4, 76.4), diclofenac (AOR = 4.1; 1.9, 8.8) and antiepileptics (AOR = 5.1; 1.9, 13.7). A dose‐effect was apparent for diclofenac, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and flucloxacillin. The combination of two or more hepatotoxic drugs increased the risk by a factor of 6. The highest crude incidence rates were found for chlorpromazine, azathioprine, and sulfasalazine (about 1 per 1000 users).Conclusions Idiopathic, acute and clinically relevant liver injury, which has the use of drugs as the most probable aetiology, is a rare event in the general population. The relative risks of 40 drugs/therapeutic classes are provided, along with the crude incidence rates for 15 of them where a statistical association was found.
Spatial nonstationarity and scale‐dependency in the relationship between species richness and environmental determinants for the sub‐Saharan endemic avifauna
Authors: Foody Giles M. 
Published: June 2004

ABSTRACTAim  This article aims to test for and explore spatial nonstationarity in the relationship between avian species richness and a set of explanatory variables to further the understanding of species diversity variation.Location  Sub‐Saharan Africa.Methods  Geographically weighted regression was used to study the relationship between species richness of the endemic avifauna of sub‐Saharan Africa and a set of perceived environmental determinants, comprising the variables of temperature, precipitation and normalized difference vegetation index.Results  The relationships between species richness and the explanatory variables were found to be significantly spatially variable and scale‐dependent. At local scales > 90% of the variation was explained, but this declined at coarser scales, with the greatest sensitivity to scale variation evident for narrow ranging species. The complex spatial pattern in regression model parameter estimates also gave rise to a spatial variation in scale effects.Main conclusions  Relationships between environmental variables are generally assumed to be spatially stationary and conventional, global, regression techniques are therefore used in their modelling. This assumption was not satisfied in this study, with the relationships varying significantly in space. In such circumstances the average impression provided by a global model may not accurately represent conditions locally. Spatial nonstationarity in the relationship has important implications, especially for studies of species diversity patterns and their scaling.