bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Connective Leadership and the Serious Issues:Life, Death, and the Search for Meaning
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For hundreds of years, the subject ofl eadership has troubled and intrigued pundits and practitioners, as well as the rest of us. By now, one would think, that issue should have been exhaustively mined and thoroughly understood. Yet we continue, decade after decade, even century after century, to think, debate, and write about leadership.
Casting Light on the Sounds of the Tamil Veda Tirukkō nēri Dāsyai’s “Garland of Words”
Authors: Narayanan Vasudha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The right of a woman to recite and study the Veda has been disputed in many Hindu communities. In August 1994, Jagatguru Shankaracharya Kapileswaranand Saraswati is reported to have said that the recitation of Vedas by women will adversely affect their health and prevent them from having healthy babies.
Charles Wesley
Authors: Tyson John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is an anthology of the writings of Charles Wesley. Best known for his hymns, such as `Hark! the Herald Angels Sing', and `Jesus, Lover of My Soul', Charles was the younger brother of John Wesley and the co-founder of Methodism. Despite his importance in the history of Protestantism, there is no collection of his writings in print, and indeed, little work has been done specifically on Charles in the last two generations. Tyson presents a chronologically arranged selection of the journals, sermons, letters, hymns, and poems in such a way as to both outline Wesley's life and illuminate the leading elements of his thought.
/ Out of the Den of the Lion
Authors: Tyson John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The revival shook eighteenth-century society through the radical changes it brought in the lives of men and women. Its conception of Christian discipleship challenged both the mores of the age and the modus operandi of the religious establishment. The superstitions of the ignorant, instability of the political situation, rabid antiCatholicism, and growing anticlericalism fueled popular opposition to the Wesleys. Charles saw this opposition as the natural reaction of a fallen world confronted with the gospel of Christ; according to him, ‘‘it is always the Lamb who troubles the waters.’’ Divisions caused within families combined with bigotry of class, politics, and religion to create a volatile evangelistic climate. By the early 1740s mob violence became a fact of life for Charles Wesley and the Methodists. Deprived of civil rights and due process of law, persecution became a badge of discipleship among them. Adhering to the beatitudes and the doctrine of nonresistance ( “tum the other cheek”), Charles and his followers suffered physical peril and loss of property at the hands of “the rabble.” Yet the constancy of their Christianity and the tenacity of their faith gradually won the respect of their oppressors, and not a few of “the enemies” eventually joined Methodist societies.
/ The Predestination Controversy
Authors: Tyson John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The second major theological dispute to arise in early Methodism that elicited Wesleyan hymns and shaped Methodist doctrine had its locus in the emergence of a so-called predestinarian party. There are hints of predestinarian sentiments among the Methodists from the very beginning of the movement, as George Whitefield, one of the great preachers of the revival, took a Reformed posture from the outset. By November of 1740 the two soteriological perspectives threatened to divide Methodism. The Wesleys’ Kingswood school in Bristol became a center of predestinarian theology as John Cennick, a closet Calvinist, emerged as leader of the predestinarian party by December 6, 1740.
The Village Nexus
Authors: Gottschalk Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The ethnographic research for this book took place among the residents of a group of villages situated in the western Bihar district of Bhabhua. An understanding of this region and its socioeconomic situation is necessary not only to comprehend the conditions of the people from whom the research material derives but also because of the importance of territory to many forms of identity. The chapter concludes with a historical overview of religious self identification and exclusion in South Asia. Residents of the study area identify themselves with a concentric set of territories: household, muhalla (neighborhood), village, village nexus, district, state, and nation. The nexus is comprised of individual villages, villages of muhallas, muhallas of households, and so on. A description of the physical, social, and economic environment surrounding the residents of the Arampur nexus also demonstrates how residents may associate themselves with any or all of these nested sets of territory.2 That they characterize themselves according to territorial, as well as social, aspects of the region is evidenced in the common phrase, Jaisa pānī, vaisa ādmī (As the water, so the person), which expresses the understanding that the localized qualities of water influence the qualities of local residents.
Ocean of the Strands of Memory
Authors: Gottschalk Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The previous chapter showed how narratives can be compared to one another as group memories. It provides the necessary theoretical foundation for the next two chapters, which analyze a variety of local narratives and demonstrate the contextual and multiple nature of the identities that inform them. Here I attempt to portray some of the group identities to which individuals in the Arampur area refer (implicitly or explicitly, for themselves and for others) when they narrate their memories. As the personal expression of an individual narrator, each memory may reflect some of the multiple group identities with which the narrator associates. In the social context in which they are formed and expressed, these memories often negotiate conflicting or contradictory memories offered by family members, neighbors, or strangers. The five narrative themes considered demonstrate some of the primary identities to which residents allude, show how they vary in form according to context, give examples of counter memories, and reflect the recrystallization of individual identities according to social context.
Introduction: Muslims in America or American Muslims?
Authors: Esposito John L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Islam is the fastest growing religion in America and in Europe. There are, for example, more Muslims in America than in Kuwait, Qatar, and Libya. It has been common to speak of Islam and the West, but today any consideration of that topic must include Islam in the West. Islam is the second largest religion in France, the third in Britain, Germany, and North America. Even if Muslim immigration and the rate of conversion were not to grow, birth rate alone ensures that in the first part of the twenty-first century, Islam will replace Judaism as the second largest religion in the United States.
Introduction
Authors: Goodman Lenn E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oppression comes from the heart. It begins in fear and loathing of what one finds within, inclinations too frightening to be acknowledged. Externalized, these unwholesome or unwelcome desires are projected on the mythic other, the depersonalized, dehumanized members of some exotic or rival group. Are such projections the source of racist persecution and religious violence? I doubt that bigotry has a single source. But projection and the denial behind it form one source of its violent energies. The same destructive dynamics are found in every culture. And if we view religions not from the heights for which they reach but from sea level or below, watching the dalliances of their leaders and the actions and reactions of their adherents, we can find the same forces and potentials in every religion. They do not always rise to the surface, but they show their faces and their teeth often enough to give religion itself a bad name.
The Rise of Universal Historiography
Authors: Goodman Lenn E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Arabic history writing itself has a history that graphically testifies to the gradual ascendence of synthetic modes of presentation-and thought. Not that thought inevitably follows exposition. But synthesis, especially of a higher order, demands written exposition. if only as its worktable, and the vast and unmanageable materials of history do need a worktable. Initially, we might suppose, history writing would be linear, represented, perhaps, in ancient chronicles and annals. But in hif&gt;toriography, as with consciousness at large, a linear view of time is itself, as Kant suggests it would be, a signal achieve­ ment of synthetic understanding.
Mennonites and Conflict in Northern Ireland, 1970–1998
Authors: Liechty Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Beginning In The Early 1970s, the first Mennonite connections with Ireland were occasional, brief, and limited to a few people, mostly North Americans. Mennonite colleges sent groups to study literature and conflict; Mennonite scholars and administrators visited Ireland to speak and learn. While these visits were not designed to initiate Mennonite institutional involvement, one of them did have that unintended effect.
In 1972, a group of Mennonite Board of Missions (MBM) workers meeting in Dublin accepted an invitation from the Belfast Bible College to speak on Mennonite themes, including peace witness. One of their more skeptical auditors was Mike Garde, a dynamic young Irishman from County Cork, who was doing a degree at the college. On reflection, however, Garde found himself persuaded by what he had heard, and he became increasingly and passionately committed to Mennonite perspectives. From then on, more and more Mennonite visitors met Garde, and from these visits and relationships and from reflection centered in the emerging London Mennonite Fellowship, a vision for Mennonite witness in Ireland began to emerge. This finally took concrete form when Garde returned to Dublin as an employee of MBM and the Mennonite Central Committee (MCC) in 1978. The next year, North American Mennonites Paul and Dawn Ruth Nelson joined Garde, and when my wife, Linda, and I and our baby daughter, Anna, followed in 1980, the initial team of Mennonite workers was complete.
Building Peace from Below and Inside
Authors: Esquivia Ricardo , Stucky Paul 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From The Beginning, I have lived and suffered with the conflict in which my country, Colombia, has been immersed, and I have participated in and contributed to the development of the course of action of the Mennonite church in this situation of social upheaval. What follows is a description of the evolution of the active response of the Colombian Mennonite church in the ongoing conflict.
To understand the situation, let us go back to 1956 in Cachipay, Cundinamarca, Colombia. For nine years, from 1947, the General Conference Mennonite Church of the United States and the American Leprosy Mission had been operating a boarding grade school as a support to the healthy children of people with leprosy. This was a project of missionaries from the United States who had moved to this community and settled there with their families.
People with leprosy had been abandoned by a society and by a state that, at that time, had the belief that this was a contagious disease against which society had to be defended. For this reason, the sick were taken, often by force, to a quarantined community called Agua de Dios (Water of God), located approximately three hours’ drive west of Bogota. The children were separated from their families and placed in a state-operated boarding school called Nazaret under miserable conditions.
Fidelity of Heart
Authors: Gilman James E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What does it take to follow and not merely admire Jesus? How do religious affections reshape the practice of Christian values like love, peace, justice, and compassion? How can they possess both universal truth and local meaning? What role can they play in public life? In Fidelity of Heart Gilman answers these questions, while showing, in an innovative and provocative approach, how Christians can practice these values in ways continuous with the life of Jesus.
B
Authors: Andrews Tamra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the ancient Maya, the Bacabs were four wind gods who held up the sky at the corners of the earth. To the Maya, the universe was multilayered, and the Bacabs supported the thirteen heavens. Equivalent to the four Tezcatlipocas of the Aztecs, the Bacabs were the spirits of the cardinal points. The Bacabs assumed the task of supporting the thirteen heavens when a great flood poured down from the waters of the firmament, ended the rule of Chalchihuitlicue, the water goddess, and collapsed the sky.
J
Authors: Andrews Tamra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The jaguar was a common image in myths of the Americas, a symbol, it has been said, for both the dark earth and the night sky. The jaguar had nocturnal habits, prowling the earth at night and sneaking around dark crags and mountain caves and roaring ferocious roars that rumbled like thunder. The animal represented earth because it preferred to remain hidden, and it represented the night sky because its spotted coat resembled the starry heavens.
S
Authors: Andrews Tamra 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The horror with which most people today view the practice of sacrifice is perhaps surpassed only by the sacredness with which it was viewed by many people of the past. Blood sacrifice was one of the most universal acts of piety; it was, and continues to be by some, the height of reverence for the gods. In polytheistic cultures, the gods controlled natural phenomena, so sacrifices ensured that these nature powers looked kindly upon the earth. What justified the practice of sacrifice to those who worshipped in this manner was their belief in appeasing the nature gods to gain their favor.
The Buddhist Precepts and Meditative Development
Authors: Sheng-yen Master , Stevenson Dan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Avatmr, saka Sutra says, “The precepts are the foundation of supreme enlightenment:1’ Thus, one could say that the basic spirit of Buddhism is to be found in the solemn dignity of the precepts, or moral restraints, that describe the life of the Buddhist renunciant, and in the importance that followers of the Buddha’s teaching attach to their observance. For anyone who becomes a disciple of the Buddha, whether a layperson or one who has formally left the household life as a renunciant, the first great act by which one enters the gate of Buddhism is to receive the precepts. Without this, one is not really sanctioned by the Buddhist tradition, even though one may consider oneself to be a believer and practitioner of Buddhism. One is just an ordinary person who hangs outside the gate.
Chan and the Sudden Path to Enlightenment
Authors: Sheng-yen Master , Stevenson Dan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In our introductory chapter on Chan and emptiness, we introduced a distinction between the “sudden;’ or “instantaneous;’ approach to enlightenment and the “gradual;’ or “graduated;’ approach. We noted that the Chan tradition identifies itself with the sudden path, while at the same time preserving basic principles of spiritual discipline and development characteristic of the more traditional, graduated path. Having touched upon the rudiments of the graduated practice in our discussion of the three disciplines of moral purity, meditative concentration, and meditative contemplation, or insight, we will now turn to the concept and practice of Chan.
What It Means to Be a Chan Master
Authors: Sheng-yen Master , Stevenson Dan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To act like a Chan master or talk about being a Chan master is a very easy thing to do; but to actually become a Chan master is difficult. What is a Chan master? In effect, it is to develop the viewpoint of Chan and to use Chan methods to become master of oneself The Chan school drew its inspiration or “heart” from India, but developed its characteristic form and institutions in China. One of the first marks of being a Chan master is to be personally versed in both the heart and form of Chan. Properly speaking, though, this constitutes a practitioner of Chan, and not necessarily a Chan master.
The Quranic World-view
Authors: Ruthven Malise 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Few things are more indicative of the cultural differences between Europe and the Arab world than the sounds which emerge from the radio. In Europe the heavy, stressed rhythms of western rock music, punctuated by chat from fast-talking disc jockeys, create contrasting patterns which flash at the ear like so many multi-coloured neon signs. The aural world of Arab radio seems to operate within a much narrower range of frequencies. The complex rhythms and quarter-tones of eastern music are considerably more subtle than the strident impulses which hypnotize western listeners, while the language has a richness of tone and density of texture that seems to combine the warmth of a Bukhara carpet with the silken delicacy of Damascus brocade.
Old West and New South, 1865–1890
Authors: Campbell Randolph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Texas enjoys a fabled past as part of the Old West—a land of bold ranchers, courageous women, heroic cowboys, and legendary gunfighters. Somewhat ironically, this image is based on a very short span of time in the state’s long history—the twenty-five years or so following the Civil War—and even then represents the experience of only a minority of Texans. While soldiers and buffalo hunters closed the Indian frontier and ranchers expanded the cattle frontier, most of the state’s people continued to farm for a living. Publicists pointed to new railroads, growing cities, and developing industries as evidence that a prosperous and progressive New South had arrived in Texas as in other states of the old Confederacy, but in ever-increasing numbers farmers found themselves, like their counterparts across the Old South, in debt and working someone else’s land. Moreover, conservative Democrats generally turned a deaf ear to their complaints and pleas for help. Thus, by the close of the 1880s, Texas had changed in important ways. Texans had secured a place in the romantic story of conquering the Old West, but many, having far more in common with southern farmers than western frontiersmen, stood on the verge of political revolt.
The Vanished Dream
Authors: Hasan S S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Because of the heavy taxation of the peasantry, conscription, corvee, and debt foreclosures throughout the nineteenth century,1 by 1907 an estimated 90 percent of the population were landless or held insufficient land to sustain their families.2 This brought about one of the precursors to a capitalist mode of industrial development in the cities, through the separation of the peasant from his land and the transformation labor into a salable commodity. Egypt’s mode of economic development did not, however, produce a class oflocal manufacturers and entrepreneurs able to expand on the basis of their own profits and provide jobs for these landless peasants in industry: A bourgeoisie did not grow out of the traditional urban middle class of merchants and traders; what did emerge was a new professional and white-collar middle class.
Toward a More Democratic Church?
Authors: Hasan S S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen that the bishops of the Sunday School generation, as rulers of dioceses, were driven by the nature of their worldly commitments to create a modem administration. The growing complexities of economic development compelled them to withdraw from day-to-day administration and separated the ruler’s household from the administrative apparatus. This led to the growth of a bureaucracy of church-servants with specialized tasks and to institutions with their own budgets, office buildings, and staff. Even if, as has been argued, this process is more advanced in Cairo and Minya than in some of the other dioceses, the movement toward a legal-rational bureaucracy is unmistakable.
Greek Athletics and Religion
Authors: Scanlon Thomas F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Despite the fact that thecontemporary term “sport” (originally from Latin deportare, “to carry away”) has largely different connotations from ancient terms for “contest,” we share the notion of being “carried away” by such contests with the Greeks, who set aside special occasions for athletics. Perhaps the clearest dlfterence between us and the Greeks is that In the Greek mind, at least by the seventh century B.C., games were closely connected with cult festivals to the gods. In the great Funeral Oration of Pericles, Thucydides tells us of the Athenian attitude:
We have also provided for our minds very many sources of relief from labor, adopting as custom games and sacrifices throughout the year, and becoming accustomed to the beauty of our personal estates and possessions. The daily delight of these things ban is hes our distress. (Thuc. 2.38.1)
Racing for Hera—A Girls’ Contest at Olympia
Authors: Scanlon Thomas F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Athletics in ancient Greece is normally, and correctly, considered a male domain. Yet there were exceptional instances of young women, prior to marriage, participating to different degrees and in different ways in this area of the man’s world, These next three chapters examine the regional athletic rituals for girls at Olympia, Sparta, and Attica, events that were effectively the female counterpart of boys’ paideia or initiations. Then chapter 7 looks at the mythical example of the legendary Atalanta, an exceptional. fictional female athlete proving the rule that the contests are for men. In all the regional contests, it Is noteworthy that only unmarried girls could partlclpate and the events were seen as part of their passage to adulthood, And the instances of girls’ games are much rarer than those for boys or men. Married women mostly kept to the domestic sphere, while their husbands were publicly active and continued to take part in athletic activities so long as they were physically able.
Atalanta and Athletic Myths of Gender
Authors: Scanlon Thomas F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In view of the general exclusion of women as competitors, the legend of “swiftfooted, noble Atalanta” as an indomitable athlete stands out as an exceptionally problematic narrative appearing early and often in Greek literature and art. She was, in the Boeotian or central Greek version of the myth, daughter of a certain Schoeneus, who lived as a virgin huntress, despising sex but agreed to marry the suitor who defeated her in a footrace. Hippomenes (also called Meilanion) won her by the stratagem of throwing golden apples, supplied by Aphrodite, In her path to delay her as she stopped to collect them. The newlyweds make love in a sanctuary and are metamorphosed Into lions by some divinity—Zeus, Cybele, or Artemis. In the Arcadian, or southern Greek version of the story, Atalanta Is exposed as an Infant, is suckled by a bear, becomes a man-hating huntress, and Is ultimately won by Meilanion In a footrace.
At Ease in Virtue: Wu-wei in the Analects
Authors: Slingerland Edward 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the Analects, however, this wu-wei family of metaphors coexists alongside quite contradictory metaphors implying hard work, extreme effort, and even doing violence to the natural tendencies of a material. Below we will explore the relationship between the various metaphoric conceptualizations of wu-wei, as well as the manner in which the “effortless” metaphors are linked to the “effort” metaphors by means of Confucius’s soteriological strategy.