bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute Bacterial Meningitis
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Community-acquired acute bacterial meningitis remains a potentially devastating neurologic disorder prone to fatal outcome. Not only is meningitis at times difficult to control, but, in some patients, pathogens (Neisseria meningitidis) continue to pose a threat to close contacts. Overall survival has improved, but major risks for persistent neurologic sequelae remain, predominantly from complications or late recognition and delayed initiation of antibiotic therapy.20,28Some introductory remarks on epidemiology are appropriate. Acute bacterial meningitis can be community-acquired or nosocomial, and the circumstances are different (Table 19–1). Many patients have otogenic meningitis or had surgery for cholesteatoma causing chronic otitis.
Pulmonary Complications
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Acute pulmonary disease is a complicating factor in acutely ill neurologic patients, whereas in other medical intensive care units, exacerbation of long-standing pulmonary disease is often the primary reason for admission. Acute respiratory distress in the NICU can be due to aspiration pneumonia, pulmonary emboli, and nosocomial pneumonia. In fact, outcome from critical neurologic illness may be determined in many patients by whether or not pulmonary complications arise. Better outcomes can be expected with closer attention to prevention, recognition, and management of potentially fatal pulmonary com-plications.
Ethical and Legal Matters
Authors: Wijdicks Eelco F M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We can assume, ipso facto, that the neurointensivist or any attending neurologist will be confronted with ethical quandaries and legal challenges. Decisions that are ethically strained commonly involve the futility of care. Because of the profoundly altered consciousness of the patient—more often so than in other intensive care units—resigned acceptance of a devastating neurologic condition is transferred to the family. However, the patient, if consciously involved in decisions, may hold different views. Any of these judgments should give full weight to a person’s right to live.
Introduction: Why I Wrote This Book
Authors: Searle John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many recent introductory books on the philosophy of mind. Several give a more or less comprehensive survey of the main positions and arguments currently in the field. Some, indeed, are written with great clarity, rigor, intelligence, and scholarship. What then is my excuse for adding another book to this glut? Well, of course, any philosopher who has worked hard on a subject is unlikely to be completely satisfied with somebody else’s writings on that same subject, and I suppose that I am a typical philosopher in this respect. But in addition to the usual desire for wanting to state my disagreements, there is an overriding reason for my wanting to write a general introduction to the philosophy of mind. Almost all of the works that I have read accept the same set of historically inherited categories for describing mental phenomena, especially consciousness, and with these categories a certain set of assumptions about how consciousness and other mental phenomena relate to each other and to the rest of the world. It is this set of categories, and the assumptions that the categories carry like heavy baggage, that is completely unchallenged and that keeps the discussion going. The different positions then are all taken within a set of mistaken assumptions. The result is that the philosophy of mind is unique among contemporary philosophical subjects, in that all of the most famous and influential theories are false. By such theories I mean just about anything that has “ism” in its name. I am thinking of dualism, both property dualism and substance dualism, materialism, physicalism, computationalism, functionalism, behaviorism, epiphenomenalism, cognitivism, eliminativism, pan psychism, dual-aspect theory, and emergentism, as it is standardly conceived. To make the whole subject even more poignant, many of these theories, especially dualism and materialism, are trying to say something true. One of my many aims is to try to rescue the truth from the overwhelming urge to falsehood. I have attempted some of this task in other works, especially The Rediscovery of the Mind,1 but this is my only attempt at a comprehensive introduction to the entire subject of the philosophy of mind.
The Turn to Materialism
Authors: Searle John R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We now skip forward in time to the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Because of the failures of Cartesian-style dualism, especially the failure to get an adequate or even coherent account of the relationship between the mind and the body, it is widely assumed that substance dualism in any form is out of the question. This is not to say that no serious professionals are substance dualists. But in my experience most substance dualists I know are people who hold this view for some religious reasons, or as part of a religious faith. It is a consequence of substance dualism that when our body is destroyed our soul can continue to survive; and this makes the view appealing to adherents of religions that believe in an afterlife. But among most of the professionals in the field, substance dualism is not regarded as a serious possibility. A prominent exception is the defense of dualism offered by Karl Popper and J. C. Eccles. They claim that there are two quite distinct worlds, World 1 of physical objects and states and World 2 of states of consciousness. Each is a separate and distinct world that interacts with the other. Actually they go Descartes one better and also postulate World 3, a world of “culture in all its manifestations.”
Green Solvents for Chemistry
Authors: Nelson William M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this book is to introduce the use of green solvents throughout chemistry and to provide a comprehensive reference for solvents currently applicable in green chemistry. The first section covers solvents in chemical perspective, and the second section is a guide to green solvents. Overall, this volume defines characteristics of green solvents and their current usage, and explores their importance ecologically and economically. It includes a full range of commercial, industrial, and academic green solvents, and discusses solvents in specific commercial and non-commercial practices. Green Solvents for Chemistry differs from other works on solvents in that only solvents for green chemistry are included along with their chemical properties and toxicological issues.
Correcting the Political: Interpretation as Mind Control
Authors: Nagel Robert F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Justice Brennan's arguments in Paris Adult Theatre and Texas v.Johnson reveal, it is intensely uncomfortable to recognize the extent to which we have a common interest in the attitudes, beliefs, and character traits of our fellow citizens. But this interest is a fact, and it is as unavoidable as it is dangerous. Many, like Brennan, who deny that it matters much whether society is permeated with pornographic materials believe that it is crucial for our culture to be suffused with courage and tolerance. Others, often on university campuses, deny the importance of a shared core of affection and respect for our country but propose “hate codes” and various forms of “sensitivity training” to assure that we all possess enlightened views about race, gender, disability, or sexual preference. To admit as a general principle that we do have a significant stake in the moral character of the community opens each of us to the possibility of domination by groups whose values and objectives we distrust. However, in pursuing our own moral visions, we necessarily attempt to inflict on others the very types of controls that we tend to think would be illegitimate if inflicted by others on us.
Aristotle on Fatalism
Authors: Sorensen Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Irish writer Lord Dunsany was fond of chess. He devised chess problems that convey insight without presupposing anything more than competence at the game. In my favorite problem, White is to play and checkmate in four moves (fig. 9.1). Since Black has all his pawns, he looks far more powerful than White. But something is awry; the black queen is not on a black square as required for the start of a legal chess game. The black king and queen must have moved. That means some of the pawns must have moved. Since pawns can only move forward, the black pawns must have reached their present positions by advancing to the seventh rank. So the only black pieces that can move are the knights. Black has far less liberty than it seems! The white knight can checkmate by first jumping in front of the king, then in front of the queen and finally to either side of the black king for checkmate. Black can only delay the inevitable by one move: he can move his knight to the bishop file.
Sextus Empiricus and the Infinite Regress of Justification
Authors: Sorensen Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We know almost nothing—about Sextus Empiricus. We do not know when this codifier of Greek skepticism was born or when he died. We do not know where he was born or taught or even if he was Greek rather than a barbarian. He appears to have been a physician and the head of some school of philosophy. Most scholars place him in the second century. But they are guessing.
Buridan’s Sophisms
Authors: Sorensen Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Jean Buridan (1295-1356) practiced what William of Ockham preached. He abstained from theology and concentrated on semantics, optics, and mechanics. In the case of insolubles, his secular focus on details led to an understanding of the “paradoxes of self-reference” that was only matched in the twentieth century. Buridan’s career follows the pattern encouraged by Ockham. He enrolled in the University of Paris, which was then the most prestigious school in Europe. He was later hired as an instructor and rose through the ranks. Buridan did not pursue the usual master of arts degree and so was not licensed to teach theology. He was a “secular cleric,” a priest who did not affiliate with an order. Consequently, his work was not promoted in the way Dominicans perpetuate Thomas Aquinas and Franciscans advance Duns Scotus. Buridan’s fame and influence came from research and administrative service. Buridan served as university rector in 1328 and again in 1340.
Wittgenstein and the Depth of a Grammatical Joke
Authors: Sorensen Roy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The problems arising through a misinterpretation of our forms of language have the character of depth. They are deep disquietudes; their roots are as deep in us as the forms of our language and their significance is as great as the importance of our language.—Let us ask ourselves: why do we feel a grammatical joke to be deep? (And that is what the depth of philosophy is.) (Wittgenstein 1958, 111) The logician and mathematician, Reverend Charles Dodgson, better known by his pseudonym, Lewis Carroll, is famous for his linguistic humor. In Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, the Duck inquires in vain for the referent of “it” in the Mouse’s lecture: “Stigand, the patriotic archbishop of Canter-bury, found it advisable . . . to go with Edgar Atheling. . . . “ The Duck assumes the “it” should be something particular such as a frog or a worm.
Consciousness in Psychology
Authors: Graham George , Valentine Elizabeth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There can be no doubt, to my mind, that Watson is right when he argues that there is no place in contemporary scientific psychology for concepts that cannot readily be integrated into the fabric of scientific thinking as a whole (see Notes­ Eds).
Where I do not agree with him is in supposing that there is any necessary incompatibility between the assumption that behavior is in part causally determined by conscious processes and the assumption “that there are no causal processes antecedent to behaviour which could not be described within the range of the concepts of physiology, chemistry, engineering and so on.” I have argued elsewhere (Place, 1956) that the view that consciousness, in the sense in which we are using it for the purposes of this symposium, is a process in the brain is a reasonable scientific hypothesis, which cannot be dismissed on logical grounds alone. It is not clear whether Watson thinks there is some logical contradiction in supposing consciousness to be a process in the brain. But if he does, the only argument he gives that can conceivably be construed as supporting this conclusion is the argument in which he maintains that consciousness is an intervening process quite different from those postulated by psychologists, because its occurrence is directly ascertained.
Thirty Years On­ Is Consciousness Still a Brain Process1
Authors: Graham George , Valentine Elizabeth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thirty years ago a paper of mine titled “Is consciousness a brain process?” was published in the British Journal of Psychology (Place, 1956). This paper together with Herbert Feigl’s paper “The ‘Mental’ and the ‘Physical,’” which appeared in volume 2 of the Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science (Feigl, 1958), and Jack Smart’s paper “Sensations and Brain Processes,” which appeared in Philosophical Review (Smart, 1959), are generally held to be the three primary sources in recent philosophical literature for the materialist or identity view of the mind-brain relationship. There is therefore some justice in the claim that these three, and my own in particular as the first to be published, may be regarded as ancestral to the materialism that has become a widely accepted establishment view in contemporary philosophy, particularly in the United States. These days whenever the broadcasting media in the United Kingdom do a feature on the mind-body problem, it is a virtual certainty that it will be a philosopher, such as Dan Dennett or John Searle, who presents the materialist position. The only thoroughgoing dualist they seem to be able to find is the brain physiologist Sir John Eccles, with the psychologist, if there is one, sitting as usual on the fence. Truly a remarkable transformation from the situation that existed thirty years ago, when every philosopher you met was quite convinced that whatever answer to the mind-body problem, if there is one, is true, materialism must be false.
Linguistic Behaviorism as a Philosophy of Empirical Science
Authors: Graham George , Valentine Elizabeth R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
B. F. Skinner (1969; 1974) used to maintain that his radical behaviorism is a philosophy of science. It is a philosophy of science, however, that is restricted in its application to the science of psychology conceived as the empirical and experimental study of the behavior of living organisms. I shall argue in this chapter that what I call “linguistic behaviorism” is a philosophy of science that has application to every empirical science from physics to sociology.
Erich Wolfgang Korngold: A Meditation
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On a gray Vienna morning in 1954, Erich Wolfgang Korngold sits in a hotel room, trying to figure out what went wrong. He is fiftyseven—too old to be a Wunderkind, as he said when he left Warner Brothers. Twenty-five years ago a newspaper survey of Viennese music lovers named him one of the two greatest living Austrian composers, along with Arnold Schoenberg. Last night he attended the world premiere of his Symphony in F-sharp. He had worked on it for five years, and to hear its first performance here, in the city that had nurtured and adored him, should have been the crowning moment of his career. Now he is writing to the Austrian Radio network, requesting that the tape recording of the performance be suppressed—a request that will be ignored. He had expected better and had thought he had a right to. But five years ago, when he had returned to Vienna for the first time since before the war, he had been through the same thing. The Staatsoper premiere of his opera Die Kathrin had filled him with high hopes, but Die Kathrin was withdrawn after only six performances, performances as poorly attended as the rehearsals were unfriendly. “Unfriendly” was a gentleman’s word, and he was a gentleman in everything but his music, which was the work of a man whose honesty would allow him to say nothing but what he believed, for better or worse. He had learned his manners, along with his art, in another era. Maybe that was part of the problem.
Tchaikovsky’s Mozart (and Others’)
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Driving on Route 101 south of San Francisco, I picked up on my car radio something by Mozart that I could not at first identify. Before long, a couple of strange bass notes made me suspicious, and then I realized I was making a mistake that I had made before: this was not Mozart at all, but the Mozartian pastiche in the masquerade scene of Tchaikovsky’s The Queen of Spades. I thought how delighted Tchaikovsky would have been at taking someone in at his own ballo in maschera, so to speak, and I tried to imagine the joy he must have had writing this substantial patch of “eighteenthcentury music.”
Isaac Stern—On Music and Life
Authors: Steinberg Michael , Rothe Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1987 Isaac Stern played the Brahms Violin Concerto with the Los Angeles Philharmonic, conducted by that orchestra’s then favorite guest conductor, Kurt Sanderling. The opportunity to visit both these musicians was too good to miss, and wanting to ask Stern some questions about his early years in San Francisco, I called on him at the Beverly Hills house of his friend Richard Colburn, a generous patron of the arts with whom he was staying. I had hit, it turned out, on a topic especially dear to him. So here, from that sunny morning, is a bit of Stern on Stern.
Introduction
Authors: Slobodkin Lawrence B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ecology studies interactions among organisms and between organisms and their environment in nature and is also concerned with the effects that organisms have on the inanimate environment. It is concerned with not only what kind of air a species must have but also what effect that species has on the air. This book is not an elementary ecology textbook. A textbook would be longer and more didactic. Ideally it would present a survey of what is being done by the 7,600 members of the American Ecological Society and their students and collaborators, and it would prepare students for more advanced, specialized books covering one or more of the sixteen subdivisions of the science of ecology that are listed by the society.
The Big Picture
Authors: Slobodkin Lawrence B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Before we look at any specific ecological systems it will help to understand two fundamental facts that are basic for under standing everything else. These are:• Water is enormously important for all life and is an extremely peculiar compound.• Organisms are local accumulations of energy. Energy is cru cially important for all organisms.Life could never have begun if water were not so peculiar. The peculiar properties of water have been seen as a demonstration of divine providence or as an extremely fortunate accident without which life would be impossible.1 Water and mercury are the only common inorganic materials that are liquid at the earth’s surface temperature. Some compounds, such as alcohol, gasoline, ether, and toluene, are also liquid at the earth’s temperature, but these are all organic. They are ultimately products of organisms.*
Two Major Current Problems: Global Warming and Endangered Species
Authors: Slobodkin Lawrence B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have considered great global aspects of ecology, such as life in the oceans, and small aspects, such as how individual organ isms survive and maintain themselves. We also have seen how populations grow and species are defined, why they are important, and how individual organisms, populations, and species may interact. I have assumed that most ecological change is dangerous or at least inconvenient and unaesthetic. None of this is controversial. Human history, until recently, simply rolled on without seriously worrying about ecological changes. Humans are now numerous enough, and each of us is making sufficiently heavy demands on our environment, that we are, in the aggregate, a global force. We will make serious, permanent, and probably deleterious changes to the world even if we are extremely careful.
Writing Alone and with Others
Authors: Schneider Pat , Elbow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For more than a quarter of a century, Pat Schneider has helped writers find and liberate their true voices. She has taught all kinds--the award winning, the struggling, and those who have been silenced by poverty and hardship. Her innovative methods have worked in classrooms from elementary to graduate level, in jail cells and public housing projects, in convents and seminaries, in youth at-risk programs, and with groups of the terminally ill. Now, in Writing Alone and with Others, Schneider’s acclaimed methods are available in a single, well-organized, and highly readable volume. The first part of the book guides the reader through the perils of the solitary writing life: fear, writer’s block, and the bad habits of the internal critic. In the second section, Schneider describes the Amherst Writers and Artists workshop method, widely used across the U.S. and abroad. Chapters on fiction and poetry address matters of technique and point to further resources, while more than a hundred writing exercises offer specific ways to jumpstart the blocked and stretch the rut-stuck. Schneider’s innovative teaching method will refresh the experienced writer and encourage the beginner. Her book is the essential owner’s manual for the writer’s voice.
Voice
Authors: Schneider Pat , Elbow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You must trust your own voice. You cannot write in the voice of various characters until you accept and trust your own voice. Writers often ask me, “How do I find my voice?” It is a sad question—as sad as if the question were, “How do I find my face?” The answer is so clear, so transparent, we can easily miss it altogether. Listen. Listen to yourself. Listen to your own voice telling your own stories to the listener you most trust— to your best friend, to your lover, to someone with whom you relax, or perhaps to your siblings in a session of “remember when.” You have a voice, just as surely as you have a face, and it is already full of character, passionate and nuanced and beautiful.
Growing as a Writer
Authors: Schneider Pat , Elbow Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How do I grow as a writer? Beyond the hard and lonely work of applying my derriere to the chair at my writing desk, and beyond the psychological work of embracing my own voices and freeing myself to use them, how can I develop my craft?
“Craft is the work of writing clearly,” my son, Paul, wrote in the margin of this manuscript. Perhaps craft is as simple as that. Perhaps that’s what Hemingway was trying to do when he said all he wanted was to write one true sentence. I agree with my son; craft is the work of writing clearly. But it is also the work of writing with courage, and with the grace of an assurance that comes to an artist through long practice. The ability to write well regularly and dependably is the reward of practice, as it is in every other art form.