bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design optimization of axial flow hydraulic turbine runner: Part I—an improved Q3D inverse method
Authors: Peng Guoyi , Cao Shuliang , Ishizuka Masaru , Hayama Shinji 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWith the aim of constructing a comprehensive design optimization procedure of axial flow hydraulic turbine, an improved quasi‐three‐dimensional inverse method has been proposed from the viewpoint of system and a set of rotational flow governing equations as well as a blade geometry design equation has been derived. The computation domain is firstly taken from the inlet of guide vane to the far outlet of runner blade in the inverse method and flows in different regions are solved simultaneously. So the influence of wicket gate parameters on the runner blade design can be considered and the difficulty to define the flow condition at the runner blade inlet is surmounted. As a pre‐computation of initial blade design on S2m surface is newly adopted, the iteration of S1 and S2m surfaces has been reduced greatly and the convergence of inverse computation has been improved. The present model has been applied to the inverse computation of a Kaplan turbine runner. Experimental results and the direct flow analysis have proved the validation of inverse computation. Numerical investigations show that a proper enlargement of guide vane distribution diameter is advantageous to improve the performance of axial hydraulic turbine runner. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Large eddy simulation of free surface turbulent flow in partly vegetated open channels
Authors: Xiaohui Su , Li C. W. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA large eddy simulation (LES) model has been developed to simulate the hydrodynamic behaviour of turbulent flow in an open channel with a domain of vegetation. Vegetation is considered as an internal source of resistant force and turbulence energy. The model is modified from the LES model of Li and Wang (International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids 2000; 34), and is distinctive in that the subgrid scale turbulence is parameterized by a k–l model. The length scale of turbulence l is proportional to the grid size and the turbulence energy k is obtained from the solution of the turbulence energy transport equation. An operator splitting method, which splits the solution procedure into advection, diffusion and pressure propagation steps, is employed so that different numerical schemes can be used for the solution of different physical processes. The model has been applied to simulate open channel flow with transverse shear produced by vegetation drag. Some organized large eddies were found in the interface between the vegetated and non‐vegetated regions and the organized structure clearly has a life cycle. At the interface the transverse velocity profile exhibits a steep gradient, which induces significant mass and momentum exchange, acts as a source of vorticity, and generates high Reynolds stresses. The logarithmic vertical velocity variation becomes uniform in the vegetated domain. The agreement between the numerical results and the experimental data (Tsujimoto and Kitamura, KHL Progressive Report '92, Hydrology Laboratory, Kanazawa University, Japan, 1992; 21) is satisfactory. The present k–l LES model is proven to be a useful tool for engineering applications, as it can simulate the dynamic development of large eddies and the associated intermittent turbulence. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards entropy detection of anomalous mass and momentum exchange in incompressible fluid flow
Authors: Naterer G. F. , Rinn D. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractAn entropy‐based approach is presented for assessment of computational accuracy in incompressible flow problems. It is shown that computational entropy can serve as an effective parameter in detecting erroneous or anomalous predictions of mass and momentum transport in the flow field. In the present paper, the fluid flow equations and second law of thermodynamics are discretized by a Galerkin finite‐element method with linear, isoparametric triangular elements. It is shown that a weighted entropy residual is closely related to truncation error; this relationship is examined in an application problem involving incompressible flow through a converging channel. In particular, regions exhibiting anomalous flow behaviour, such as under‐predicted velocities, appear together with analogous trends in the weighted entropy residual. It is anticipated that entropy‐based error detection can provide important steps towards improved accuracy in computational fluid flow. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fragmentation and complementarity: The case of EFPs
Authors: Brown‐Hruska Sharon , Laux Paul A. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWith the proliferation of alternative markets, concerns have arisen that they may induce lower liquidity on
centralized exchanges. In futures markets, the use of an alternative trading mechanism known as exchange of
futures for physicals (EFPs) has increased sharply in recent years. EFPs provide a means to obtain
futures positions, coupled with offsetting cash positions, away from the centralized exchange. Traders use EFPs
to ensure a desired price on complex packages of trades, thus avoiding the transactional risk
(slippage) that is inherent in the centralized market. Theoretical analysis establishes that any
detrimental effects of fragmenting the centralized market can be offset by traders' knowledge of another
opportunity to trade without transactional risk. If EFPs attract more risk‐bearing capacity, there could
even be a net benefit to the central market. An empirical analysis suggests that EFP trading is motivated by
transactional risk because it represents a larger portion of total trading during periods of unusually high
volatility when slippage is apt to be more of a problem. Consistent with the notion that alternative markets can
be complementary to centralized exchanges, we find that EFP trading is not associated with reductions in market
quality and may act as an outlet for extra volume when markets are under the most stress. © 2002 Wiley
Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 22:697–727, 2002
SOX9 has both conserved and novel roles in marsupial sexual differentiation
Authors: Pask Andrew J. , Harry Jenny L. , Graves Jennifer A. Marshall , O'Neill Rachel J. Waugh , Layfield Sharon L. , Shaw Geoffrey , Renfree Marilyn B. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSummary: In addition to an essential role in chondrogenesis, SOX9 is a highly conserved and integral part of the testis determining pathway in human and mouse. To determine whether SOX9 is involved in sex determination in noneutherian mammals we cloned a marsupial orthologue and studied its expression. The tammar wallaby SOX9 gene proved to be highly conserved, and maps to a region of the tammar genome syntenic to human chromosome 17. Marsupial SOX9 transcripts were detected by RT‐PCR in the developing limb buds and both the developing ovary and testis from the first sign of gonadal development through to adulthood. Northern blot, in situ hybridisation, and immunohistochemical analyses showed that SOX9 reaches high levels of expression in the developing testis, where it is confined to the Sertoli cell nuclei, and the brain. This is similar to the expression pattern seen in human and mouse embryos and is consistent with a conserved role for SOX9 in vertebrate brain, skeletal, and gonadal development. In addition, SOX9 was expressed in the developing scrotum and mammary gland primordium regions of the tammar up to the time of birth. SOX9 protein was also detected in the developing Wolffian duct epithelium in the male mesonephros. These previously undescribed locations of SOX9 expression suggest that SOX9 may play additional roles in the differentiation of the marsupial reproductive system. genesis 33:131–139, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Targeting mammary epithelial cells using a bacterial artificial chromosome
Authors: Wintermantel Tim M. , Mayer Anja K. , Schütz Günther , Greiner Erich F. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractWe describe the generation of transgenic mouse lines expressing Cre recombinase in epithelial cells of the lactating mammary gland. As an expression vector, we used a P1‐derived bacterial artificial chromosome (PAC) which harbors the gene for the secretory milk protein, whey acidic protein (Wap). Using homologous recombination in E. coli, the PAC was modified to carry the improved coding sequence of Cre recombinase (iCre). Transgenic lines carrying the WAPiCre PAC express Cre recombinase efficiently in the majority of mammary epithelial cells upon lactation. Of only four transgenic lines produced, three express Cre recombinase to a high efficiency. LoxP‐flanked DNA sequences are recombined in virtually all epithelial cells of WAPiCre transgenic mice at lactation day 3. genesis 33:125–130, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide inhibit chemokine production in activated microglia
Authors: Delgado Mario , Jonakait G. Miller , Ganea Doina 
Published: October 2002

AbstractMicroglia react to even minor disturbances in CNS homeostasis and function as critical regulators of CNS inflammation. Activated microglia secrete inflammatory mediators such as cytokines and chemokines, which contribute to the pathophysiological changes associated with several neuroimmunologic disorders. Microglia‐derived inflammatory chemokines recruit various populations of immune cells, which initiate and maintain the inflammatory response against foreign antigens. Entry and retention of activated immune cells in the CNS is a common denominator in a variety of traumatic, ischemic, and degenerative diseases. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP) are two structurally related neuropeptides that function as potent anti‐inflammatory factors in the periphery. Here we investigated the effects of VIP and PACAP on chemokine production by activated microglia. VIP and PACAP inhibit the expression of the microglia‐derived CXC chemokines MIP‐2 and KC, and of the CC chemokines MIP‐1α, ‐1β, MCP‐1, and RANTES. The inhibition of chemokine gene expression correlates with an inhibitory effect of VIP/PACAP on NFkB binding. The VIP/PACAP inhibition of both chemokine production and of NFkB binding is mediated through the specific receptor VPAC1 and involves a cAMP‐dependent intracellular pathway. Of biological significance is the fact that the inhibition of chemokine production by VIP/PACAP leads to a significant reduction in the chemotactic activity generated by activated microglia for peripheral leukocytes, i.e., neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes. Because reduction in the number and activation of infiltrating leukocytes represents an important factor in the control of inflammation in the CNS, VIP and/or PACAP released by neurons during an inflammatory response could serve as neuronal survival factors by limiting the inflammatory process. GLIA 39:148–161, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accumulation of intracellular ascorbate from dehydroascorbic acid by astrocytes is decreased after oxidative stress and restored by propofol
Authors: Daskalopoulos Rina , Korcok Jasminka , Tao Lei , Wilson John X. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractPrimary rat astrocyte cultures absorbed dehydroascorbic acid from the medium and reduced it to intracellular ascorbate. Uptake of dehydroascorbic acid (5–200 μM) was inhibited only partially by glucose (10 mM). The remaining glucose‐insensitive component of dehydroascorbic acid uptake was inhibited reversibly by sulfinpyrazone (IC50 = 80 μM). Dehydroascorbic acid uptake was not mediated by Na+‐ascorbate cotransporters or volume‐sensitive anion channels because it was neither Na+‐dependent nor blocked by the channel antagonist, 4,4′‐diisothiocyanatostilbene‐2,2′‐disulfonic acid. Oxidative stress, induced in astrocytes by the lipophilic radical generator tert‐butyl hydroperoxide, decreased intracellular glutathione concentration and inhibited accumulation of intracellular ascorbate from dehydroascorbic acid. Subsequent administration of either the native antioxidant alpha‐tocopherol (200 μM) or anesthetic concentrations of the antioxidant sedative propofol (1–8 μM, administered 30 min after tert‐butyl hydroperoxide), did not change glutathione concentration but restored the ability of astrocytes to accumulate intracellular ascorbate from dehydroascorbic acid. These results are consistent with a novel mechanism of astrocytic ascorbate accumulation that is inhibited by lipophilic radicals and protected by lipophilic antioxidants such as propofol. GLIA 39:124–132, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A new neuromodulatory pathway with a glial contribution mediated via A2a adenosine receptors
Authors: Nishizaki T. , Nagai K. , Nomura T. , Tada H. , Kanno T. , Tozaki H. , Li X.X. , Kondoh T. , Kodama N. , Takahashi E. , Sakai N. , Tanaka K. , Saito N. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA low concentration (10 nM) of adenosine potentiated hippocampal neuronal activity via A2a adenosine receptors without affecting presynaptic glutamate release or postsynaptic glutamatergic conductance. Adenosine inhibited glutamate uptake through the glial glutamate transporter, GLT‐1, via A2a adenosine receptors. In addition, adenosine stimulated GLT‐1‐independent glutamate release from astrocytes, possibly in response to a rise in intracellular Ca2+, via A2a adenosine receptors involving PKA activation. Those adenosine actions could lead to an increase in synaptic glutamate concentrations responsible for the potentiation of hippocampal neuronal activity. The results of the present study thus represent a novel neuromodulatory pathway with a glial contribution, bearing both inhibition of GLT‐1 function and stimulation of glial glutamate release, as mediated via A2a adenosine receptors. GLIA 39:133–147, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The cost of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) in community dwelling Alzheimer's disease patients
Authors: Schnaider Beeri Michal , Werner Perla , Davidson Michael , Noy Shlomo 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIntroductionBehavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are highly prevalent in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. They are a source of distress for the caregivers and one of the main reasons for nursing home placement, which is the major component of the cost of Alzheimer's disease. The aim of the present study was to assess the direct and indirect cost related to the care of BPSD within a prospective study examining the overall cost of AD in Israel.MethodsSeventy‐one community dwelling AD patients were interviewed. Interviews covered information about the number of caregivers' hours invested in caring for the patient and amount of expenditure such as in‐house paid help and payments for day care. Effort devoted to BPSD was defined as the number of hours spent by primary and secondary caregivers in a typical week dealing with BPSD (managing aggression, pacing, attempts to leave the house under inappropriate circumstances, or comforting a hallucinating, depressed or anxious patient).ResultsThe annual indirect cost for management of BPSD in an AD patient was approximately $2665—over 25% of the total annual indirect cost of care ($10 520). The annual direct cost of BPSD of an AD patient was approximately $1450—over 35% of the total annual direct cost of care ($3900).ConclusionsApproximately 30% ($4115) of the total annual cost of AD ($14 420) is invested in the direct management of BPSD. Given the importance of BPSD as one of the main components of the cost of AD, future cost studies should be designed to measure the cost of specific components of BPSD and verify which are the most costly aspects of the disease. Despite the considerable methodological difficulties in disentangling the costs of the specific symptoms of AD, cost effectiveness studies of different interventions should be conducted in order to determine the optimal intervention with relation to cost. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors associated with antidepressant treatment in residential care: changes between 1990 and 1997
Authors: Arthur Antony , Matthews Ruth , Jagger Carol , Lindesay James 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundDepression is common among older people living in residential and nursing homes. Detection and treatment of late life depression may be sub‐optimal in these settings.AimTo report the changes in, and factors associated with, antidepressant use among residents in care homes in 1990 and 1997.MethodCensuses of those aged 65 years and over in any type of residential care in the county of Leicestershire, UK, on 27 November 1990 and 30 November 1997. Care staff were asked to complete an assessment form for each resident which included a rating of depression and use of antidepressants.ResultsThe use of antidepressants increased from 11% (484/4415) in 1990 to 18.9% (777/4111) in 1997. Severity of depression as assessed by care staff, gender, younger age, better cognitive functioning, and use of other medications were consistently associated with antidepressant treatment. Antidepressant use was associated with better physical functioning (p = 0.001) in 1990 and frequency of falls in 1997 (p = 0.044).ConclusionsIncreased use of antidepressants appears to be due to the wider range of antidepressant drugs available since 1990. However there is a need for better methods for care staff to detect depression in residents, and for appropriate action to be taken by those responsible for their medical management. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Depression in subjects with and without dementia: a comparison using GMS‐AGECAT
Authors: Janzing Joost G. E. , Hooijer Chris , van 't Hof Martin A. , Zitman Frans G. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo compare depression in subjects with and without dementia, adjusting for possible confounders.BackgroundThe results of comparisons of depression between subjects with and without dementia are inconclusive. Probably confounders play a role.MethodsNinety‐one subjects with DSM‐III‐R dementia and 110 controls without dementia were recruited from homes for the elderly using an identical procedure. The prevalences of AGECAT depressive syndromes, subsyndromes and factors of depressive symptoms were compared adjusting for possible confounders.Results(1) Both groups had similar prevalences of AGECAT depressive syndromes, subsyndromes and overall rates of depressive symptoms; (2) subjects with dementia had significantly more ‘motivation symptoms’; and (3) there was a trend to a lower prevalence of ‘mood symptoms’ in subjects with dementia. These results refer to a sample of institutionalised elderly subjects. It is not clear to what extent they can be generalised to subjects living in the community.ConclusionThe results indicate that it is not AGECAT (sub)syndrome measures of depression but the profile of depressive symptomatology which is affected by dementia. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Subjective sleep problems in later life as predictors of cognitive decline. Report from the Maastricht Ageing Study (MAAS)
Authors: Jelicic Marko , Bosma Hans , Ponds Rudolf W. H. M. , Van Boxtel Martin P. J. , Houx Peter J. , Jolles Jelle 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundAlthough biological sleep criteria seem to be associated with cognitive changes in older people, it is not clear if subjective sleep parameters are related to cognitive decline in later life.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine whether subjective sleep complaints in a population‐based sample of 838 middle aged and older adults (≥ 50 years) predicted cognitive decline over a period of 3 years.MethodsSleep complaints at baseline, assessed with the subscale Sleep Problems of the Symptoms Checklist−90, were used as a predictor variable. Cognitive performance at follow‐up, measured with the Mini Mental Status Examination, was employed as a dependent variable.ResultsControlling for the effects of age, gender, length of follow‐up interval, systemic diseases, and cognitive function at baseline, subjective sleep complaints were negatively associated with cognitive performance at follow‐up.ConclusionSubjective sleep complaints predict cognitive decline in middle aged and older adults. Mechanisms behind the effect of subjective sleep complaints on cognitive performance are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reducing the burden of caring for Alzheimer's disease through the amelioration of ‘delusions of theft’ by drug therapy
Authors: Shigenobu Kazue , Ikeda Manabu , Fukuhara Ryuji , Maki Naruhiko , Hokoishi Kazuhiko , Nebu Akihiko , Komori Kenjiro , Tanabe Hirotaka 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBackgroundDelusions of theft (delusions involving the theft of possessions) are one of the most frequent neuropsychiatric manifestations of Alzheimer's disease (AD).ObjectiveThe current study investigated the presence and extent of such delusions before and after drug treatment in a group of AD patients, and the consequent effects on the burden of care on caregivers.MethodThe study was an open‐label cohort design. The delusions studied consisted only of those involving theft of possessions. Sixteen AD patients served as subjects in order to assess the efficacy of Risperidone administration, in the reduction or elimination of these delusions. The caregiver burden was evaluated using the Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview (ZBI) before the administration of Risperidone and 12 weeks after administration, for cases where delusions of theft were eliminated or reduced.ResultsThe burden of care on caregivers was significantly reduced (p < 0.001) through the elimination or reduction of delusions of theft.ConclusionDelusions of theft are considered to be a major factor in increasing the burden of care, and the treatment of these, through appropriate drug therapy, is therefore of great importance in the continuation of satisfactory care in the home. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lavender oil as a treatment for agitated behaviour in severe dementia: a placebo controlled study
Authors: Holmes Clive , Hopkins Vivienne , Hensford Christine , MacLaughlin Vanessa , Wilkinson David , Rosenvinge Henry 
Published: October 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo determine whether aromatherapy with lavender oil is effective in the treatment of agitated behaviour in patients with severe dementia.DesignA placebo controlled trial with blinded observer rater.SettingA long‐stay psychogeriatric ward.PatientsFifteen patients meeting ICD‐10 diagnostic criteria for severe dementia and suffering from agitated behaviour defined as a minimum score of three points on the Pittsburgh Agitation Scale (PAS).InterventionA 2% lavender oil aromatherapy stream was administered on the ward for a two hour period alternated with placebo (water) every other day for a total of ten treatment sessions.AssessmentsFor each subject 10 total PAS scores were obtained. Five during treatment and five during placebo periods.ResultsNine patients (60%) showed an improvement, five (33%) showed no change and one patient (7%) showed a worsening of agitated behaviour during aromatherapy compared with placebo. A comparison of the group median PAS scores during aromatherapy showed a significant improvement in agitated behaviour during aromatherapy compared with placebo (median PAS scores 3 c.f. 4; Wilcoxon Signed‐Ranks test p = 0.016 (one‐tailed)).ConclusionsLavender oil administered in an aroma stream shows modest efficacy in the treatment of agitated behaviour in patients with severe dementia. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.