bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of time and concentration on mortality of phosphine‐resistant Sitophilus oryzae (L) fumigated with phosphine
Authors: Daglish Gregory J , Collins Patrick J , Pavic Hervoika , Kopittke Rosemary A 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe effects of exposure period and phosphine concentration on mortality of susceptible and resistant Sitophilus oryzae (L) were investigated. Although S oryzae is one of the world's most serious pests of stored grain there are few data on the practical significance of phosphine resistance in this species. The strains investigated were an Australian susceptible strain, a homozygous resistant strain exhibiting a level of resistance common in Australia and an unselected field strain from China with a much stronger resistance. Fumigations were carried out at 25 °C on adults and mixed‐age cultures. For adults of all three strains and mixed‐age cultures of the susceptible and resistant Australian strains, the relationship between concentration and time could be described by equations of the form Cnt = k. In all cases n < 1, indicating that time was a more important variable than concentration. In all fumigations of adults the resistant strains were harder to kill than the susceptible strain. However, in fumigations of mixed‐age cultures, which contained the tolerant pupal stage, the difference between susceptible and resistant strains was more pronounced at lower concentrations than higher concentrations. For example, at 0.02 mg litre−1 the estimated LT99.9 for mixed‐age cultures of the Australian resistant strain (27 days) is 3.4 times that of the susceptible strain (8 days), but at 1 mg litre−1 there is no difference between the two strains (4 days). Limited data on the Chinese resistant strain supported this finding. Twenty‐three days exposure at 0.02 mg litre−1 had no effect on mixed‐age cultures of this strain, but there were no survivors after 5 days exposure to 1 mg litre−1.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
On the mechanism of selectivity of the corn herbicide BAS 662H: a combination of the novel auxin transport inhibitor diflufenzopyr and the auxin herbicide dicamba
Authors: Grossmann Klaus , Caspar Günter , Kwiatkowski Jacek , Bowe Steven J 
Published: October 2002

AbstractBAS 662H, a 1:2.5 combination of the semicarbazone‐type auxin transport inhibitor diflufenzopyr and the auxin herbicide dicamba, is used as a post‐emergence herbicide in corn. The combination has been observed to provide more effective broadleaf weed control and improved tolerance in corn than typical rates of dicamba used alone. In order to analyze this phenomenon, the uptake, translocation, metabolism and action of both compounds, applied alone and in combination, were investigated in Amaranthus retroflexus L, Galium aparine L and corn (Zea mays L). When plants at the third‐leaf stage were foliarly treated with diflufenzopyr and dicamba equivalent to field rates of 100 and 250 gha−1, respectively, diflufenzopyr synergistically increased dicamba‐induced 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase activity and ethylene formation in G aparine and even more in A retroflexus, followed by accumulations of (+)‐abscisic acid (ABA) in the shoot tissue within 20 h. This correlated with subsequent growth inhibition, hydrogen peroxide overproduction and progressive tissue damage. Diflufenzopyr also enhanced the activity of other auxin herbicides, such as quinclorac and picloram, and of the synthetic auxin, 1‐naphthaleneacetic acid. After foliar and root application of [14C]diflufenzopyr, alone or as BAS 662H, considerably lower tissue concentrations and systemic translocation of radioactivity beyond treated plant parts were found in corn, compared to G aparine and particularly A retroflexus. Furthermore, diflufenzopyr decreased foliar uptake of [14C]dicamba by c 50% selectively in corn, compared to the treatment alone. Metabolism of [14C]diflufenzopyr was more rapid in corn than in the weed species. In combination, the two compounds had no mutual effect on their metabolic degradation. In BAS 662H, diflufenzopyr synergizes the herbicidal activity of dicamba in sensitive weed species. In corn this effect is prevented by a more rapid metabolism of diflufenzopyr, coupled with lower uptake and translocation. Selectivity of BAS 662H is additionally favoured by a higher crop tolerance to dicamba because of reduced foliar uptake of this herbicide in corn under the influence of diflufenzopyr.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Long‐term impacts of an organophosphate‐based regime of pesticides on field and field‐edge Collembola communities
Authors: Frampton Geoff K 
Published: October 2002

AbstractDuring a 6‐year study, effects of two contrasting regimes of pesticide use on pitfall and suction catches of Collembola were monitored in an arable field under a rotation of grass and winter wheat. Current farm practice (CFP) represented conventional fungicide and herbicide use plus applications of organophosphorus (OP) insecticides, whereas reduced input approach (RIA) utilised minimum inputs of fungicides and herbicides and excluded any use of insecticides. Compared with RIA, the CFP regime caused a substantial decline in the abundance and diversity of Collembola in the field, including the local disappearance of one species, without recovery during the study. At the field edge, which was protected during OP applications by a 6‐m unsprayed buffer zone, effects of the CFP regime were less severe, and were not persistent in the long term. Some Collembola species occurred only in field‐edge samples. Pitfall and suction sampling yielded remarkably similar patterns of catches, indicating that pitfall trapping may be appropriate for detecting long‐term changes in collembolan abundance caused by intensive agricultural management practices.© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Gradient‐based parameter optimization for systems containing discrete‐valued functions
Authors: Wilson Edward , Rock Stephen M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractGradient‐based parameter optimization is commonly used for training neural networks and optimizing the performance of other complex systems that only contain continuously differentiable functions. However, there is a large class of important parameter optimization problems involving systems containing discrete‐valued functions that do not permit the direct use of gradient‐based methods. Examples include optimization of control systems containing discrete‐level actuators such as on/off devices, systems with discrete‐valued inputs and outputs, discrete‐decision‐making systems (accept/reject), and neural networks built with signums (also known as hard‐limiters or Heaviside step functions) rather than sigmoids. Even if most of the system is continuously differentiable, the presence of one or more discrete‐valued functions will not allow gradient‐based optimization to be used directly. A new algorithm, ‘noisy backpropagation,’ is developed here, as an extension of backpropagation, which solves this problem and extends gradient‐based parameter optimization to permit application to systems containing discrete‐valued functions. Moreover, the modification to backpropagation is small, requiring only (1) replacement of the discrete‐valued functions with continuously differentiable approximations, and (2) injection of noise into the smooth approximating function on the forward sweep during training. Noise injection is the key to reducing the round‐off error created when the discrete‐valued functions are replaced after training. This generic approach is applicable whenever gradient‐based parameter optimization is used with systems containing discrete‐valued functions; it is not limited to training neural networks. The examples in this paper demonstrate the use of noisy backpropagation in training two different multi‐layer signum networks and in training a neural network for a control problem involving on‐off actuators. This final example includes implementation on a laboratory model of a ‘free‐flying space robot’ to validate the realizability and practical utility of the method. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamics of discharge, sediment transport, heavy metal pollution and Sábalo (Prochilodus lineatus) catches in the lower Pilcomayo river (Bolivia)
Authors: Smolders A. J. P. , Guerrero Hiza M. A. , van der Velde G. , Roelofs J. G. M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe Pilcomayo river is one of the few intact natural river systems left on the South American continent. The high, largely natural, sediment loads of the river have led to the development of an alluvial fan system, which is still active. The river is currently retracting due to siltation of its bed, and in the near future the river is likely to abruptly change its course. There is a large difference in discharge between the wet and dry seasons. Pollution of the transported sediments by heavy metals from the mining district of Potosí is largely prevented by dilution of the toxic mining sludges with clean sediments derived from natural erosion processes. The Sábalo (Prochilodus lineatus) is a migrating fish which is very important for commercial fishing. The Sábalo grows up in the floodplains in the lower reaches of the river and starts its upstream migration at the end of the rainy season to spawn in the Andean foothill at the beginning of the next rainy season. Pollution does not seem to affect fish catches. Sábalo catches in a given year, however, do appear to depend strongly on the mean discharge in the three preceding years. Annual discharge is strongly influenced by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iterative demodulation and decoding of high‐order CPM signals in Rician fading channels
Authors: Xu Yingjiu , Geraniotis Evaggelos 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSpace communications require high data rate information transmission at low bit error rate (BER). In this paper, we present a pilot symbol‐assisted, iterative demodulation and decoding system for high‐order continuous phase modulated (CPM) signals. We consider CPM signals because they are especially suitable for space communications due to their high spectral efficiency and constant envelope property.Coherent demodulation is adopted because of its superior BER performance over non‐coherent demodulation like differential detection. To track the time‐varying channel state information (CSI) caused by the Doppler effect in space communications, pilot symbols are inserted periodically in the data stream to serve as references for channel estimation. Due to the inherent memory in continuous phase modulation, those pilot symbols are set to be data dependent so that the CPM phase trellis can be forced to some pre‐defined reference state at certain time epochs. In addition, pilot symbols are used as parity check symbols in demodulating each pilot frame to help reduce decoding errors. Powerful forward error correcting codes (convolutional codes) are then combined with the phase trellis of the CPM signal to form a structure similar to serial concatenated convolutional codes so that the BER performance can be significantly improved by applying iterative processing. Compared with other joint detection and decoding systems, the proposed system has high power‐bandwidth efficiency and low computational complexity by using pilot symbols to separate channel estimation from demodulation, which is even more significant in high‐order modulation.To further improve the receiver performance, information is exchanged between the CPM demodulator, the convolutional decoder, and the channel estimator. First, the channel estimator uses the information from CPM demodulator to construct an estimate of the phase trajectory of the transmitted signal and filters all received samples on this estimated phase trajectory to obtain a more accurate estimation of the CSI. Then the CPM demodulator combines this newly estimated CSI with the extrinsic information from the convolutional decoder to generate more reliable soft decisions, which is to be used as input to the convolutional decoder. This process can be carried out iteratively to improve the BER performance. Although there may be some errors in reconstructing the phase trajectory which will cause an increase in channel estimation errors, the number of errors will decrease at high signal‐to‐noise ratio and the accuracy of the estimated CSI will improve due to the increased sampling rate.At last, it should be pointed out that although the proposed system is designed for CPM signals, it applies in general to other signals modulated with memory such as differential phase‐shift keying. We have already obtained similar results for differential QPSK in Rician fading channels. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Symbol synchronization properties of CCSDS turbo codes
Authors: Calzolari Gian Paolo , Chiaraluce Franco , Garello Roberto , Vassallo Enrico 
Published: October 2002

AbstractThe Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems (CCSDS) standards establish a common framework for space telemetry, command and tracking, and covers many applications like deep space and near‐Earth missions, Earth exploration, tracking and data relay satellites. In this paper, we present a study on the symbol synchronization properties of the turbo code scheme recently adopted as one of the channel coding options for CCSDS telemetry recommendations. An extensive analysis is presented for transition/symbol probability, run‐length distribution and other parameters of key importance for synchronization recovery. All the code rates achievable by the examined turbo code are considered and analysed. We demonstrate that the behaviour of the CCSDS turbo code is generally good, satisfactorily matched with practical requirements, and better than more conventional solutions included in the previous standards. Some critical conditions are also discussed, their meaning interpreted and suitable countermeasures proposed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calculating the bulk vacancy formation energy (Ev) for a Schottky defect in a perfect Cu(111), Cu(100) and a Cu(110) single crystal
Authors: Terblans J. J. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractA study has been made of the bulk vacancy formation energy (Ev) of Cu by calculating the bulk vacancy formation energy for Cu single crystals with different surface orientations ($E_{v}^{(111)} \sim 1.54\ \hbox{eV},\ E_{v}^{(100)} \sim 1.34\ \hbox{eV}$ and $E_{v}^{(110)} \sim 1.07\ \hbox{eV}$). The calculations were performed with the empirical many‐body potentials of Sutton and Chen. The calculations indicate a significant difference in the bulk vacancy formation energy under different surface orientations. The bulk vacancy formation energies were also used to calculate theoretical bulk diffusion coefficients beneath the different surface orientations. These theoretical bulk diffusion coefficients were compared with experimental bulk diffusion coefficients that were calculated from kinetic bulk to surface segregation measurements of Sb that segregates to a Cu(111) and a Cu(110) surface. The calculated bulk diffusion coefficients and the experimental bulk diffusion coefficients showed the same trend regarding the different surface orientations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supply chains and compatibility among components in product design
Authors: Singhal Jaya , Singhal Kalyan 
Published: October 2002

AbstractTwo problems in designing and developing a product are directly tied into effective management of the marketing/operations interface. We first consider technological incompatibility between pairs of alternatives for different components to identify feasible product designs at various stages of product‐development, from screening to the final design. We then consider experts’ judgment on compatibility between pairs of alternatives for different attributes to generate product ideas and to perform a preliminary screening. This expert‐based approach can be used in conjunction with other expert‐based approaches or consumer‐based approaches to identify potentially desirable product ideas. The methodology developed here includes explicit simultaneous consideration of product, process, and supply chain development and it is applicable to the entire spectrum of product novelty, from radical to incremental innovation. We also describe a real‐world application.
Effect of supply chain integration on the relationship between diversification and performance: evidence from Japanese and Korean firms
Authors: Narasimhan Ram , Kim Soo Wook 
Published: October 2002

AbstractSupply chain strategies and practices depend on not only the nature of the business, the competitive environment, and technological intensity of the product, but also on product and market characteristics. Consequently, supply chain integration (SCI) strategies should be evaluated in the light of a company’s market and product strategies. This paper examines the effect of SCI on the relationship between diversification and a firm’s competitive performance. The results of the study can be useful in integrating supply chain strategy into market and product diversification (PD) strategy. By comparing the main and interaction effects of SCI and diversification on performance, the paper shows that SCI strategy modifies the relationship between diversification and performance. Additionally, it is argued that coordinated use of SCI and diversification strategies has a significant effect on firm performance.
Quasilinear hyperbolic equations with hysteresis
Authors: Visintin Augusto 
Published: October 2002

Plasticity, ferromagnetism, ferroelectricity and other phenomena lead to quasi-linear hyperbolic equations of the form

\frac{\partial ^{2}}{\partial t^{2}}\left[u + F\left(u\right)\right] + Au = f,

where is a (possibly discontinuous) hysteresis operator, and

A

is a second order elliptic operator. Existence of a solution is proved for an associated initial- and boundary-value problem in the framework of Sobolev spaces. The argument is based on the dissipation properties of hysteresis, and can be applied to a large class of hysteresis operators, including the classic Preisach model.

Résumé
Plusieurs phénomènes (plasticité, ferro-magnétisme, ferro-électricité, etc.) conduisent à la formulation d'une équation hyperbolique quasilinéaire de la forme

\frac{\partial ^{2}}{\partial t^{2}}\left[u + F\left(u\right)\right] + Au = f,

ici

F

est un opérateur d'hystérésis éventuellement discontinu, et

A

est un opérateur elliptique du deuxième ordre. On démontre l'existence d'une solution faible pour un problème aux limites et aux valeurs initiales associé à cette équation. L'argument est basé sur les propriétés de dissipation de l'hystérésis, et s'applique à une large classe d'opérateurs, qui inclut le modèle classique de Preisach.
Quality of life and standard of living in a randomly selected group of psychiatrically disabled people in Sweden 2 years after a psychiatry reform
Authors: Carlsson I. , Frederiksen S.-O. , Gottfries C.-G. 
Published: October 2002

SummaryIn Sweden, a psychiatry reform, aimed at improving the living conditions of the psychiatrically disabled, came into force in 1995. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of the reform by investigating quality of life and standard of living 2 years later in a randomly selected group of people with longstanding psychiatric disability. Self-ratings and interviews were conducted in a study group and a control group. The study group consisted of 19 women and 18 men (mean age 46.1 years) diagnosed with neurosis, schizophrenia or affective disorder. The control group consisted of 19 women and 17 men (mean age 48.7 years). Self-rated quality of life was significantly poorer in the study group (P < 0.0001, unpaired t-test), and so was housing (P < 0.001, test of similar proportions in independent samples). We found no significant positive correlation between subjective quality of life and standard of living in either group but a significant negative correlation in the control group (P < 0.05; r = 0.40, Pearson correlation coefficient). The results suggest that, in 1997, people with longstanding psychiatric disability still had poorer quality of life than the general population. This may be due to factors other than outward standard of living.
Are bipolar I depressive patients less responsive to treatment with antidepressants than unipolar depressive patients? Results from a case control study
Authors: Bottlender R. , Rudolf D. , Jäger M. , Strauss A. , Möller H.-J. 
Published: October 2002

SummaryThe increasing evidence that bipolar and unipolar affective disorders have different biological etiologies and courses of illness has been associated with an intensifying interest in specific treatment regimens for both disorders during the last decade. In this context, the question arose whether antidepressants exert similar efficacy in the acute treatment of bipolar compared to unipolar depression. Although the clinical impression does not indicate substantial differences in the efficacy of antidepressants between these groups of patients, empirical databases concerning this topic are rare. The present study compared the efficacy of antidepressants in 50 unipolar and 50 bipolar depressed inpatients (ICD-9 criteria) under naturalistic treatment conditions. Both groups of patients were mahed for age, gender and duration of illness. Clinical assessments of status at the time of admission and at discharge were used to rate response to antidepressant treatment. Analyses of the data revealed that both groups of patients needed the same time for treatment response and did not show any significant differences in ouome measures at discharge. These findings do not concur with the hypothesis formulated by some experts in the field of affective disorders that antidepressants are less effective in the acute treatment of bipolar depressed patients compared to unipolar depressed patients.
Oxidative Stress and Stress-Activated Signaling Pathways: A Unifying Hypothesis of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Evans Joseph L. , Goldfine Ira D. , Maddux Betty A. , Grodsky Gerold M. 
Published: October 2002

AbstractIn both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, the late diabetic complications in nerve, vascular endothelium, and kidney arise from chronic elevations of glucose and possibly other metabolites including free fatty acids (FFA). Recent evidence suggests that common stress-activated signaling pathways such as nuclear factor-κB, p38 MAPK, and NH2-terminal Jun kinases/stress-activated protein kinases underlie the development of these late diabetic complications. In addition, in type 2 diabetes, there is evidence that the activation of these same stress pathways by glucose and possibly FFA leads to both insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion. Thus, we propose a unifying hypothesis whereby hyperglycemia and FFA-induced activation of the nuclear factor-κB, p38 MAPK, and NH2-terminal Jun kinases/stress-activated protein kinases stress pathways, along with the activation of the advanced glycosylation end-products/receptor for advanced glycosylation end-products, protein kinase C, and sorbitol stress pathways, plays a key role in causing late complications in type 1 and type 2 diabetes, along with insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes. Studies with antioxidants such as vitamin E, α-lipoic acid, and N-acetylcysteine suggest that new strategies may become available to treat these conditions.
A Novel Three-dimensional Structure Based on Both μ8-Bridging Benzene-1,2,4,5-tetracarboxylate and μ2-Bridging Oxalate
Authors: Zhang Li-Juan , Xu Ji-Qing , Shi Zhan , Zhao Xiao-Li , Wang Tie-Gang 
Published: October 2002

Abstract
This novel crystal structure of the coordination polymers {[M(μ8-bta)1/2(μ2-C2O4)1/2]·(H2O)4}n (1: M=CoIII; 2: M=FeIII; bta = benzene-1,2,4,5-tetracarboxylate) is based on both bta and oxalate as bridging ligands and contains helical chains composed of left-handed and right-handed helices interlaced in pairs.