bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amelanotic/Hypomelanotic Melanoma – Is Dermatoscopy Useful For Diagnosis?
Authors: Zalaudek I. , Argenziano G. , Kerl H. , Soyer H. P. , Hofmann‐Wellenhof R. 
Published: June 2003

Summary Background: Amelanotic/hypomelanotic melanoma often leads to delayed clinical diagnosis because its clinical appearance can mimic other hypopigmented skin conditions. Dermatoscopy (dermoscopy, epiluminescence microscopy) is thought to be a helpful diagnostic tool in pigmented skin lesions, but it can be used also in non‐pigmented skin tumors due to the recognition of vascular structures not visible to the naked eye. Objective: 7 amelanotic/hypomelanotic melanomas in 6 patients were analyzed in order to define their dermatoscopic findings using standard pattern analysis. Methods: Clinical and dermoscopic images of each lesion were obtained using Dermaphot (Heine Optotechnik, Herrsching, Germany), with 10‐fold magnification of the lesion and the color slides were converted to digital format using a Kodak Photo CD system. Results: All 7 amelanotic/hypomelanotic melanomas revealed peculiar dermatoscopic findings, namely, atypical vessels, dotted vessels, and a central pink to white veil. In addition, in 2 patients a slight brownish homogenous pigmentation at the periphery of the lesion was observed. In one case the correct diagnosis was done by an experienced dermatologist using dermatoscopy, whereas in the remaining 6 cases the clinical diagnoses included squamous cell carcinoma, Bowen disease, pyogenic granuloma and basal cell carcinoma. In 2 of 6 patients amelanotic/hypomelanotic melanoma was associated with a previous history of melanoma. Conclusion: Amelanotic/hypomelanotic melanoma exhibits as a common dermatoscopic denominator atypical vessels, varying in size and shape, usually associated with a central pink to white veil.
Enhancer Trapping Reveals Widespread Circadian Clock Transcriptional Control in Arabidopsis
Authors: Michael Todd P. , McClung C. Robertson 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe circadian clock synchronizes the internal biology of an organism with the environment and has been shown to be widespread among organisms. Microarray experiments have shown that the circadian clock regulates mRNA abundance of about 10% of the transcriptome in plants, invertebrates, and mammals. In contrast, the circadian clock regulates the transcription of the virtually all cyanobacterial genes. To determine the extent to which the circadian clock controls transcription in Arabidopsis, we used in vivo enhancer trapping. We found that 36% of our enhancer trap lines display circadian-regulated transcription, which is much higher than estimates of circadian regulation based on analysis of steady-state mRNA abundance. Individual lines identified by enhancer trapping exhibit peak transcription rates at circadian phases spanning the complete circadian cycle. Flanking genomic sequence was identified for 23 enhancer trap lines to identify clock-controlled genes (CCG-ETs). Promoter analysis of CCG-ETs failed to predict new circadian clock response elements (CCREs), although previously defined CCREs, the CCA1-binding site, and the evening element were identified. However, many CCGs lack either the CCA1-binding site or the evening element; therefore, the presence of these CCREs is insufficient to confer circadian regulation, and it is clear that additional elements play critical roles.
Ethylene Modulates Root-Wave Responses in Arabidopsis
Authors: Buer Charles S. , Wasteneys Geoffrey O. , Masle Josette 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
When stimulated to bend downward by being held at 45 degrees off vertical but unable to penetrate into agar-based media, Arabidopsis roots develop waving and looping growth patterns. Here, we demonstrate that ethylene modulates these responses. We determined that agar-containing plates sealed with low-porosity film generate abiotic ethylene concentrations of 0.1 to 0.3 μL L-1, whereas in plates wrapped with porous tape, ethylene remains at trace levels. We demonstrate that exogenous ethylene at concentrations as low as a few nanoliters per liter modulates root waving, root growth direction, and looping but through partly different mechanisms. Nutrients and Suc modify the effects of ethylene on root waving. Thus, ethylene had little effect on temporal wave frequency when nutrients were omitted but reduced it significantly on nutrient-supplemented agar. Suc masked the ethylene response. Ethylene consistently suppressed the normal tendency for roots of Landsberg erecta to skew to the right as they grow against hard-agar surfaces and also generated righthanded petiole twisting. Furthermore, ethylene suppressed root looping, a gravity-dependent growth response that was enhanced by high nutrient and Suc availability. Our work demonstrates that cell file twisting is not essential for root waving or skewing to occur. Differential flank growth accounted for both the extreme root waving on zero-nutrient plates and for root skewing. Root twisting was nutrient-dependent and was thus strongly associated with the looping response. The possible role of auxin transport in these responses and the involvement of circadian rhythms are discussed.
Overexpression of the ASN1 Gene Enhances Nitrogen Status in Seeds of Arabidopsis
Authors: Lam Hon-Ming , Wong Piu , Chan Hiu-Ki , Yam Kwan-Mei , Chen Li , Chow Cheung-Ming , Coruzzi Gloria M. 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
In wild-type Arabidopsis, levels of ASN1 mRNA and asparagine (Asn) are tightly regulated by environmental factors and metabolites. Because Asn serves as an important nitrogen storage and transport compound used to allocate nitrogen resources between source and sink organs, we tested whether overexpression of the major expressed gene for Asn synthetase, ASN1, would lead to changes in nitrogen status in the ultimate storage organ for metabolites—seeds. Transgenic Arabidopsis constitutively overexpressing ASN1 under the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter were constructed (35S-ASN1). In seeds of the 35S-ASN1 lines, three observations support the notion that the nitrogen status was enhanced: (a) elevations of soluble seed protein contents, (b) elevations of total protein contents from acid-hydrolyzed seeds, and (c) higher tolerance of young seedlings when grown on nitrogen-limiting media. Besides quantitative differences, changes in the relative composition of the seed amino acid were also observed. The change in seed nitrogen status was accompanied by an increase of total free amino acids (mainly Asn) allocated to flowers and developing siliques. In 35S-ASN1 lines, sink tissues such as flowers and developing siliques exhibit a higher level of free Asn than source tissues such as leaves and stems, despite significantly higher levels of ASN1 mRNA observed in the source tissues. This was at least partially due to an enhanced transport of Asn from source to sink via the phloem, as demonstrated by the increased levels of Asn in phloem exudates of the 35S-ASN1 plants.
Tensile Properties of Arabidopsis Cell Walls Depend on Both a Xyloglucan Cross-Linked Microfibrillar Network and Rhamnogalacturonan II-Borate Complexes
Authors: Ryden Peter , Sugimoto-Shirasu Keiko , Smith Andrew Charles , Findlay Kim , Reiter Wolf-Dieter , McCann Maureen Caroline 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
The mechanical properties of plant organs depend upon anatomical structure, cell-cell adhesion, cell turgidity, and the mechanical properties of their cell walls. By testing the mechanical responses of Arabidopsis mutants, it is possible to deduce the contribution that polymers of the cell wall make to organ strength. We developed a method to measure the tensile parameters of the expanded regions of turgid or plasmolyzed dark-grown Arabidopsis hypocotyls and applied it to the fucose biosynthesis mutant mur1, the xyloglucan glycosyltransferase mutants mur2 and mur3, and the katanin mutant bot1. Hypocotyls from plants grown in the presence of increasing concentrations of dichlorobenzonitrile, an inhibitor of cellulose synthesis, were considerably weakened, indicating the validity of our approach. In order of decreasing strength, the hypocotyls of mur2 &gt; bot1 and mur1 &gt; mur3 were each found to have reduced strength and a proportionate reduction in modulus compared with wild type. The tensile properties of the hypocotyls and of the inflorescence stems of mur1 were rescued by growth in the presence of high concentrations of borate, which is known to cross-link the pectic component rhamnogalacturonan II. From comparison of the mechanical responses of mur2 and mur3, we deduce that galactose-containing side chains of xyloglucan make a major contribution to overall wall strength, whereas xyloglucan fucosylation plays a comparatively minor role. We conclude that borate-complexed rhamnogalacturonan II and galactosylated xyloglucan contribute to the tensile strength of cell walls.
Characterization of the Early Response of Arabidopsis toAlternaria brassicicolaInfection Using Expression Profiling
Authors: van Wees Saskia C.M. , Chang Hur-Song , Zhu Tong , Glazebrook Jane 
Published: June 2003

AbstractAll tested accessions of Arabidopsis are resistant to the fungal pathogen Alternaria brassicicola. Resistance is compromised by pad3 or coi1 mutations, suggesting that it requires the Arabidopsis phytoalexin camalexin and jasmonic acid (JA)-dependent signaling, respectively. This contrasts with most well-studied Arabidopsis pathogens, which are controlled by salicylic acid-dependent responses and do not benefit from absence of camalexin or JA. Here, mutants with defects in camalexin synthesis (pad1, pad2, pad3, and pad5) or in JA signaling (pad1, coi1) were found to be more susceptible than wild type. Mutants with defects in salicylic acid (pad4 and sid2) or ethylene (ein2) signaling remained resistant. Plant responses to A. brassicicola were characterized using expression profiling. Plants showed dramatic gene expression changes within 12 h, persisting at 24 and 36 h. Wild-type and pad3 plants responded similarly, suggesting that pad3 does not have a major effect on signaling. The response of coi1 plants was quite different. Of the 645 genes induced by A. brassicicola in wild-type and pad3 plants, 265 required COI1 for full expression. It is likely that some of the COI1-dependent genes are important for resistance to A. brassicicola. Responses to A. brassicicola were compared with responses to Pseudomonas syringae infection. Despite the fact that these pathogens are limited by different defense responses, approximately 50% of the induced genes were induced in response to both pathogens. Among these, requirements for COI1 were consistent after infection by either pathogen, suggesting that the regulatory effect of COI1 is similar regardless of the initial stimulus.
Corpora Analyses of Frequency of Schwa Deletion in Conversational American English
Authors: Patterson David , LoCasto Paul C. , Connine Cynthia M. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThis study utilized two conversational speech databases to generate statistics about the frequency of occurrence of schwa deletion. Overall, the results showed a low frequency of schwa deletion in conversational American English. We investigated a number of factors that could have a potential effect on the propensity to delete schwa. The most pervasive factor was stress environment (pre-stress vs. post-stress), which showed a greater frequency of schwa deletion in the post-stress environment. The results are discussed with reference to processing spoken words and the role for corpus statistics in constraining models of word recognition.
Simple Clinical Prognostic Model for Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Developing Countries and Its Validation
Authors: Tan Chee Kiat , Law Ngai Moh , Ng Han Seong , Machin David 
Published: June 2003

Purpose: More than 80% of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) worldwide occur in developing countries, especially in Asia. It often presents at an advanced stage beyond treatment. In this circumstance, a simple prognostic model is useful. Previous prognostic models require radiologic and laboratory investigations that are not readily available in developing countries. Our aim is to formulate and then validate a simple clinical prognostic model for HCC in an Asian population using only clinical parameters and with serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) as the sole laboratory test. Patients and Methods: Cox regression modeling was performed on several clinical parameters and serum AFP level in 397 patients with HCC who received only supportive care in Singapore. A later group of 324 HCC patients from an Asia-Pacific–wide randomized trial was then used to validate the model. Results: Ascites, physical performance status, and serum AFP were independently predictive of survival. Cox analysis yielded a simple score based on these three variables that categorizes patients into low-, medium-, and high-risk groups with 6-month survivals of 43%, 21%, and 5%, respectively. The prospective validation data provided corresponding estimates of 33%, 15%, and 3% and give confirmation of the utility of the simple model. Conclusion: We have formulated and prospectively validated a simple prognostic score for untreated HCC that only requires a clinical evaluation for ascites and physical performance status and measurement of serum AFP. This simple model is particularly apt for developing country circumstances and can also be used to select patients for treatment trials.
Induction of P450 monooxygenases in the German cockroach, Blattella germanica L.
Authors: Brown Danielle , Zhang Li , Wen Zhimou , Scott Jeffrey G. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are an important metabolic system whose level of activity can be influenced by several dietary constituents. We examined the effects of six known P450 inducers on the levels of total cytochromes P450, cytochrome b5, and six monooxygenase activities in adult German cockroaches. In addition, the levels of CYP6L1 and CYP9E2 mRNA were also investigated. Phenobarbital treatment resulted in increases in total cytochromes P450 and metabolism of three resorufin analogues, but not CYP6L1 nor CYP9E2 mRNA. There was no significant effect of the other five inducers on any of the monooxygenase parameters we measured. In comparison with other insects, the German cockroach seems unusually refractory to most inducing agents. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 53:119–124, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cloning and expression of gallerimycin, an antifungal peptide expressed in immune response of greater wax moth larvae, Galleria mellonella
Authors: Schuhmann Berit , Seitz Volkhard , Vilcinskas Andreas , Podsiadlowski Lars 
Published: June 2003

AbstractA novel defensin‐like peptide was identified in the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella. It was discovered in a haemocyte cDNA bank enriched with transcripts upregulated after immune challenge via subtractive hybridisation and suppressive PCR. The deduced amino acid sequence of the defensin‐like peptide exhibits similarities to the antifungal peptides drosomycin from Drosophila melanogaster and heliomicin from Heliothis virescens. Therefore, it has been termed gallerimycin. Upregulation of gallerimycin after stimulation of the immune system by LPS‐injection was demonstrated by quantitative real‐time PCR. A full‐size cDNA was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli Origami cells in order to obtain a functional peptide with disulfide bridges. The recombinant peptide was active against the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae, but not against yeast, gram‐negative and gram‐positive bacteria. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 53:125–133, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cortical connections of the second somatosensory area and the parietal ventral area in macaque monkeys
Authors: Disbrow Elizabeth , Litinas Evangelos , Recanzone Gregg H. , Padberg Jeffrey , Krubitzer Leah 
Published: June 2003

AbstractTo gain insight into how cortical fields process somatic inputs and ultimately contribute to complex abilities such as tactile object perception, we examined the pattern of connections of two areas in the lateral sulcus of macaque monkeys: the second somatosensory area (S2), and the parietal ventral area (PV). Neuroanatomical tracers were injected into electrophysiologically and/or architectonically defined locations, and labeled cell bodies were identified in cortex ipsilateral and contralateral to the injection site. Transported tracer was related to architectonically defined boundaries so that the full complement of connections of S2 and PV could be appreciated. Our results indicate that S2 is densely interconnected with the primary somatosensory area (3b), PV, and area 7b of the ipsilateral hemisphere, and with S2, 7b, and 3b in the opposite hemisphere. PV is interconnected with areas 3b and 7b, with the parietal rostroventral area, premotor cortex, posterior parietal cortex, and with the medial auditory belt areas. Contralateral connections were restricted to PV in the opposite hemisphere. These data indicate that S2 and PV have unique and overlapping patterns of connections, and that they comprise part of a network that processes both cutaneous and proprioceptive inputs necessary for tactile discrimination and recognition. Although more data are needed, these patterns of interconnections of cortical fields and thalamic nuclei suggest that the somatosensory system may not be segregated into two separate streams of information processing, as has been hypothesized for the visual system. Rather, some fields may be involved in a variety of functions that require motor and sensory integration. J. Comp. Neurol. 462:382–399, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dopamine and histamine in the developing stomatogastric system of the lobster Homarus americanus
Authors: Pulver Stefan R. , Thirumalai Vatsala , Richards Kathryn S. , Marder Eve 
Published: June 2003

AbstractDopamine and histamine are neuromodulators found in the adult stomatogastric nervous system (STNS) of several crustacean species. We used antibodies against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and histamine to map the distribution and developmental acquisition of the dopamine and histamine neurons in the STNS of the lobster, Homarus americanus. Embryos, larvae, juvenile and adult animals were studied. TH labeling was present in the STNS as early as E80–85 (80–85% of embryonic development). A subset of preparations in embryos, larvae, juveniles, and adults contained 1–5 labeled somata in the stomatogastric ganglion. Histamine staining appeared in the STNS as early as E50. The distribution of both TH and histamine staining remained relatively constant through development. Electrophysiological recordings demonstrated that receptors for both amines are present in the embryo. Bath application of dopamine increased the frequency of the pyloric rhythm in embryos, and evidence for dopaminergic activation of peripherally initated spiking in motor axons was seen. In embryos and adults, histamine inhibited the motor patterns produced by the stomatogastric ganglion (STG). These data suggest that the dopaminergic and histaminergic systems in H. americanus appear relatively early in development and that the effects of each are largely maintained through development. J. Comp. Neurol. 462:400–414, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A method of equi‐valued surface construction from volume data on a face‐centered cubic lattice
Authors: Takahashi Tomokazu , Yonekura Tatsuhiro , Kishi Yoshiki 
Published: June 2003

AbstractIn this paper, the authors propose a method of constructing the equi‐valued surface from quantized data based on the face‐centered cubic lattice. Hitherto, the quantization of the three‐dimensional scalar field has been generally based on the simple cubic lattice, and the technique called the marching cubes method is widely used in constructing equi‐valued surfaces. It is known theoretically, on the other hand, that lattice quantization of the three‐dimensional scalar field is best based on the face‐centered cubic lattice. The proposed method provides a polyhedron approximation of the equi‐valued surface by linear interpolation from the quantized data of the three‐dimensional scalar field based on the face‐centered cubic lattice. An experiment on equi‐valued surface construction was performed for the scalar field generated algebraically by using a meta‐ball. The equi‐valued surface obtained by the proposed method is compared to the equi‐valued surfaces obtained by the marching cubes method and other related cube decomposition methods. The effectiveness and range of application of the proposed method are demonstrated. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(12): 1–13, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10095
A quick AND/OR search for multimedia signals based on histogram features
Authors: Kashino Kunio , Kurozumi Takayuki , Murase Hiroshi 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe problem of finding the point in time at which a known audio or video source (reference signal) appears in a long audio or video source (input signal) is referred to as a time series search, in contrast to a text string search. In a time series search, a search can be performed quickly by combining the audio and video, and then identifying several search conditions using logical equations. Thus, in this paper the authors describe the application of the time series active search method, a method to search audio signals proposed in the authors' previous paper, to video searches. Next, the authors propose an efficient algorithm for AND searches and OR searches of reference signals. In addition, the authors propose a multimodal AND search which combines audio and video. The proposed algorithms are faster than combining the results of searches performed individually. For instance, in an OR search of a reference signal, when the mutual similarity in the reference signals is above 0.8, five reference signals can be searched in a search time that is 1.2 times faster than searching one reference signal. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(12): 54–64, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10142
Cooperation and competition of agents in the auction of computer bridge
Authors: Ando Takahisa , Kobayashi Noriyuki , Uehara Takao 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe auction in contract bridge is a game with incomplete information. This paper models the process as an interaction among agents with a hypothetical reasoning mechanism. The criterion for the action of each agent is defined as “maximizing gain by cooperating with the partner and minimizing loss by competing with the opponents.” An agent with the following characteristics is created. Based on the course of bidding, the hands of both sides are estimated by hypothetical reasoning. Then flexible bids are made in an effort to obtain the contract with the greatest gain or smallest loss of points. Experiments show that in a game with incomplete information, it is useful not only to send information to the partner, but also to disrupt information exchange by the opponents. The effect of ambiguity of information on the behavior of both sides is discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(12): 76–86, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10144
The essential oil of Achillea falcata L.
Authors: Kürkçüoğlu Mine , Demirci Betül , Tabanca Nurhayat , Özek Temel , Başer K. Hüsnü Can 
Published: June 2003

AbstractWater‐distilled oils of Achillea falcata L. collected from two different localities in Turkey were analysed by GC–MS. Fifty‐two and 60 components were identiﬁed, representing 95% and 90%, respectively, of the total oil. 1,8‐Cineole (14–24%), camphor (4–24%), α‐pinene (2–12%) were characterized as the main constituents. The enantiomeric distribution of 1S(−) camphor was measured as 93.3% and 99.6% in the two oils, respectively. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.