bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Saint Thomas’s Sandal
Authors: Palma Ricardo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you take to reading Brazilian chroniclers and historians, you can’t help firmly believing that Saint Thomas traveled all over South America preaching the gospel. The facts and documents on which these gentlemen base their belief are so authentic that there is no weak point into which to sink one’s teeth. In Ceara, in San Luis de Maranon in Pernambuco, and in other provinces of the empire next to us a number of proofs of the apostolic visit exist. In Belen del Para the one who is writing these lines was shown a boulder, highly venerated, on which the disciple of Christ had stood. Whether this is true or not requires verification that I want nothing to do with, for God did not make me to be an investigating magistrate.
Bolivar’s Justice
Authors: Palma Ricardo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In June of 1824 the liberating army was spread out in the administrative department of Ancachs, preparing to undertake the operations of the campaign that, in August of that year, resulted in the battle of Junin, and four months later the splendid triumph of Ayacucho.1 Bolivar was residing in Caraz with his staff, the cavalry led by Necochea, the Peruvian division of La Mar, and the battalions Bogota, Caracas, Pichincha, and Voltijeros, that had fought so bravely under the courageous Cordova.
The judge’s Three Reasons
Authors: Palma Ricardo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On October 27, 1544, the residents of Lima were terrified. And with good reason, I assure you.
On getting up out of bed and opening their doors wide to allow God’s grace free passage, they were confronted with the heart stopping news that Francisco de Carbajal, without being heard by a soul, had slipped into the city with 50 of his men, imprisoned a number of the leading citizens said to be friends of Viceroy Blasco Nunez, and hanged, not a couple of poor devils as would have been desirable, but Pedro del Barco and Machin de Florencia, men of great importance because they had been among the first conquistadors, that is to say, those who captured Atahualpa in the main square of Cajamarca.
The Witches of lea
Authors: Palma Ricardo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Limefi.os of old called lea a land of good grapes and renowned witches. In our day it was the scene of the miracles of the venerable Friar Ramon Rojas, widely known as Father Guatemala, whose canonization is being carefully considered by Rome. I do not believe in any magic charms save those that a pretty girl’s face naturally comes by. Every good-looking woman has a pair of familiar little devils in her eyes that make us men fall into more than one temptation, followed later by heavy-caliber renunciations.
Canterac’s Bugler
Authors: Palma Ricardo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The battle waged by the patriot and royalist cavalries at Junin was a hard-fought one. A single pistol shot (for at Junin no powder was wasted) and a half hour of brandishing lance and saber. A combat of centaurs more than of men. Canterac, followed by his bugler, scoured the camp, and the bugler incessantly sounded the order to put the enemy to the sword.
The Major’s Calf
Authors: Palma Ricardo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My dear fellow countryman and comrade: I am taking the opportunity to write to you afforded me by the departure of Pedro Uriondo with letters from the viceroy to General Valdes. Uriondo is the most entertaining native of Malaga that an Andalusian mother has ever brought into the world. I recommend him most highly to you. He has a mania for betting on anything and everything. In heaven’s name, brother, don’t give in to the weakness of accepting any bet with him, and for charity’s sake pass this warning on to your friends. Uriondo boasts of never having lost a bet, and he is telling the truth. So, then, keep your eyes open and don’t allow yourself to be trapped.
The Liberator’s Three Etceteras
Authors: Palma Ricardo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the end of May 1824, don Pablo Guzman, the governor of what was then the small town of San Ildefonso de Caraz, received an official letter from the chief of staff of the Army of Independence, written in Huaylas, in which he was advised that since one of the divisions would be arriving two days later, he should ready, without delay, cattle for the troops’ mess and forage for the horses. He was further ordered to make ready for His Excellency the Liberator comfortable and decent lodging, with good food, a good bed, etc., etc., etc.
Victorians and Africans: The Genealogy of the Myth of the Dark Continent
Authors: Brantlinger Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In heart of darkness, Marlow says that Africa is no longer the “blank space” on the map that he had once daydreamed over. “It had got filled since my boyhood with rivers and lakes and names. . . . It had become a place of darkness.” Marlow is right: Africa grew “dark” as Victorian explorers, missionaries, and scientists flooded it with light, because the light was refracted through an imperialist ideology that urged the abolition of “savage customs” in the name of civilization. As a product of that ideology, the myth of the Dark Continent developed during the transition from the main British campaign against the slave trade, which culminated in the outlawing of slavery in all British territory in 1833, to the imperialist partitioning of Africa which dominated the final quarter of the nineteenth century.
Joseph Conrad’s First Cruise in the Nellie
Authors: Hop E G F W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Iarranged A cruise in the Nellie for Joseph Conrad who had just arrived from Australia, where he had been for about two years in command of the Otago, owned by Simpson & Co. of Adelaide. He was at the time waiting for his passport into Russia to visit with his Uncle. As he had nothing to do for a few days, I asked him to come down to spend a few days with me, and as he hadn’t seen my boat, to undertake a cruise in her with two other friends of mine. I thought this would be a good opportunity to introduce Conrad to Keen and Mears. The Nellie had accommodation for four—two in the main cabin and two in the ladies’ cabin. She had a lead keel. This made one feel safe in her as she had a small beam for her length.
Introduction
Authors: Ammons Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Uncle Tom’s Cabin has always stirred debate. When the novel came out in 1852, it enraged white Southerners, who called it libelous and Stowe a liar. In the Southern Literary Messenger, George F. Holmes accused her of vilifying Southern whites and planting “seeds of strife and violence” (Holmes [1852] 631), a charge he escalated the next year when he reviewed A Key to Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1853), the book Stowe published to defend her novel. Holmes exclaimed: “The woman’s rights Conventions, which have rendered the late years infamous, have unsexed in great measure the female mind, and shattered the temple of feminine delicacy and moral graces; and the result is before us in these dirty insinuations of Mrs. Stowe.” Most outrageous in Holmes’s view—and he was not alone—was a Yankee woman’s presuming to tell men what to think. He blazoned across the page these words from the New Testament: “Let the woman learn in silence with all subjection. But I suffer not a woman to teach, nor to usurp authority over the man, but to be in silence” (Holmes [1853] 322–23). No less incensed, William Gilmore Simms wrote of A Key to Uncle Tom’s Cabin in the Southern Quarterly Review: “Mrs. Stowe betrays a malignity so remarkable that the petticoat lifts of itself, and we see the hoof of the beast under the table” (Simms 226).
Letter to William Lloyd Garrison
Authors: Stowe Harriet Beecher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
DEAR SIR,—After seeing you, I enjoyed the pleasure of a personal interview with Mr. Douglass, and I feel bound in justice to say that the impression was far more satisfactory than I had anticipated. There did not appear to be any deep underlying stratum of bitterness; he did not seem to me malignant or revengeful. I think it was only a temporary excitement and one which he will outgrow.
I was much gratified with the growth and development both of his mind and heart. I am satisfied that his change of sentiment was not a mere political one but a genuine growth of his own conviction. A vigorous reflective mind like his cast among those who nourish these new sentiments is naturally led to modified views.
Sentimental Power Uncle Tom’s Cabin and the Politics of Literary History
Authors: Tompkins Jane P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once, during a difficult period of my life, I lived in the basement of a house on Forest Street in Hartford, Connecticut, which had belonged to Isabella Beecher Hooker—Harriet Beecher Stowe’s half-sister. This woman at one time in her life had believed that the millennium was at hand and that she was destined to be the leader of a new matriarchy.1 When I lived in that basement, however, I knew nothing of Stowe, or of the Beechers, or of the utopian visions of nineteenth-century American women. I made a reverential visit to the Mark Twain house a few blocks away, took photographs of his study, and completely ignored Stowe’s own house—also open to the public—which stood across the lawn. Why should I go? Neither I nor anyone I knew regarded Stowe as a serious writer. At the time I was giving my first lecture course in the American Renaissance—concentrated exclusively on Hawthorne, Melville, Poe, Emerson, Thoreau, and Whitman—and although Uncle Tom’s Cabin was written in exactly the same period, and although it is probably the most influential book ever written by an American, I would never have dreamed of including it on my reading list.
Getting in the Kitchen with Dinah Domestic Politics in Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Authors: Brown Gillian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dinah’s kitchen in Little Eva St. Clare’s New Orleans home “looked as if it had been arranged by a hurricane blowing through it.” In Dinah’s domestic arrangements, “the rolling pin is under the bed and the nutmeg grater in her pocket with her tobacco— there are sixty-five different sugar bowls, one in every hole in the house” (I, 304); she “had about as many places for each cooking utensil as there were days in the year” (I, 297). This promiscuous housekeeping scandalizes the St. Clares’ Northern cousin Ophelia, offending her domestic propriety as much as slavery disturbs her moral sense. Ophelia finds that Southerners not only neglect their “awful responsibility” for the souls of their slaves but also let their households operate “without any sort of calculation to time and place” (I, 255, 297). In Ophelia’s New England home “the old kitchen floor never seems stained or spotted; the tables, chairs, and the various cooking utensils never seem deranged or disordered” (I, 227). There, “everything is once and forever rigidly in place” (I, 226).
Topsy and the End Man: Blackface in Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Authors: Meer Sarah 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first reviews of Uncle Tom’s Cabin lingered not only over the weepy deathbeds of Eva and Uncle Tom but also over comic aspects of the novel. Unlike later critics, nineteenth-century observers were particularly struck by the humor in the book, which was attested to by reviewers from both the North and the South in the United States as well as in Britain. The National Era, a Washington antislavery paper, noted Uncle Tom’s “drollery,” while a letter to the New York Independent from New Orleans reported that readers had been both “moved to tears” and “convulsed with laughter.” An article in New York’s Putnam’s Monthly implied that the novel inevitably produced these two extremes, relating the story of a man sleeping in a strange house: “Being annoyed by hearing somebody in the adjoining chamber alternately groaning and laughing, he knocked upon the wall and said, ‘Hallo, there! What’s the matter? Are you sick, or reading Uncle Tom’s Cabin?’”
Foundations of Tort Law
Authors: Fletcher George P , Sheppard Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The fundamental notion of a private action for a wrong done by one person to another in the absence of a contract between them is called a tort in the common law. Regardless of the name used, the tort systems of the West follow the same basic structure: They all recognize intentional torts, negligent torts, and cases of high-risk activity that generate strict liability. In French law, the three categories of torts are grounded in a few basic provisions. Sections 1382 and 1383 require compensation for harm caused intentionally or negligently. Section 1384 imposes liability for high risk activities under the rubric: damage caused by des choses que l’on a sous sa garde (“the things under one’s control”). The German code is slightly better developed. The categories of damage are enumerated in BGB § 823: “life, body, health, freedom, property or other right of another.” Any intentional or negligent violation of one of these interests generates liability if the violation is “unlawful.” The French code does not expressly recognize that the invasion of a protected interest might be justified and therefore lawful. (Recall our discussion of this question in Chapter Two.)
The Right and the Reasonable
Authors: Fletcher George P , Sheppard Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Studying law in a global perspective has subversive implications. If you are American, you realize that other cultures have other sources of law that are as important to their citizens and lawyers as the U.S. Constitution is to Americans. If you come from abroad and if you are accustomed to thinking history began with the enactment of your civil code in 1804 or 1900, suddenly you find yourself with a new set of historical dates providing points of reference. You have unwittingly absorbed a different history—one that stresses 1776, 1787, 1861, 1868, and 1954 instead of the dates that stand out in your home country’s liturgy of legal turning points. In effect, you have experienced a forced adaptation to a new legal culture—something like a required conversion to a new religion. Your sense of what constitutes a sound legal source now includes the ancient common law, the American Constitution, the Uniform Commercial Code, the Model Penal Code, and a new set of concepts such as estates in land, equity, consideration, conversion, and efficiency. Perhaps you now take cases more seriously as a source of law, at least such doctrinal cases as Marbury, McCulloch, Erie, and Brown.
A Step Ahead A Multifaceted System of Comprehensive Corruption Control
Authors: Ivković Sanja Kutnjak 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although in an ideal world a number of organizations in the current corruption-control system — from the mayor and the police agency itself to the prosecutors and courts — should perform their control functions continuously and systematically, the last two chapters show that the real world is very different. In the current setup, most existing mechanisms often operate in isolation, with insufficient resources, and are bound to fail where they are needed most — in profoundly corrupt agencies. At best, an occasional scandal or growing public pressure for change may compel the mayor or other public figures to react and try to address the problem of pervasive police corruption.
“In That Thicket of Bitter Roots”: The Ghazal in America
Authors: Caplan David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
in 1968 the ghazal entered american poetry. the year 1969 marked the centennial anniversary of the death of Mirza Ghalib, a Persian and Urdu poet and one of the form’s masters. In anticipation of the anniversary, Aijaz Ahmad, a Pakistani literary and cultural critic living in New York, solicited several well-known American poets to work on a pamphlet of translations for the centennial. Because none of the poets knew Urdu, the text’s original language, Ahmad supplied them with literal translations from which they crafted their collaborative versions. Ahmad’s queries generated much more enthusiasm than he anticipated. His project expanded from a pamphlet into a handsome 174-page book, Ghazals of Ghalib, published by Columbia University Press. Several of the translations also appeared in major American and Indian literary periodicals. The book’s contributors included four future Pulitzer-Prize winners who already enjoyed a certain stature in the literary community: W. S. Merwin, Adrienne Rich, William Stafford, and Mark Strand. Moving from translation to original composition, Rich started “Ghazals (Homage to Ghalib)” in July 1968, only a few months after Martin Luther King’s assassination and less than thirty days after Robert Kennedy’s death.
When a Form Comes out of the Closet
Authors: Caplan David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
is great love literature still possible? every day people fall in love, but shrewd readers report they no longer take seriously Western literature’s major theme. Why? The experience of romantic love involves the intense feeling of extraordinariness, a sense that the two who share it are uniquely suited for each other, “soul mates,” as the cliché goes. For this reason, one cannot love just anyone. Classic love literature places this desire as the key to self-understanding, to a life passionately lived. Many contemporary readers are far too suspicious to accept such a claim, except ironically. The experience of love, they know, is hardly unprecedented; even when a novel or a poem asserts that the depicted love affair makes the characters extraordinary, the artistic form confirms that the declaration follows a well-established literary convention. The lovers are as ordinary as the emotion they experience. This situation’s awkwardness defines “the postmodern temper,” as Umberto Eco argues: “I think of the postmodern attitude as that of a man who loves a very cultivated woman and knows he cannot say to her, ‘I love you madly,’ because he knows that she knows (and that she knows that he knows) that these words have already been written by Barbara Cartland.”
Women and Wahhabis: In Defense of Women’s Rights
Authors: Delong-bas Natana J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Wahhabism in the contemporary era is largely portrayed as misogynist, denying women their human rights, insisting on strict gender segregation, forbidding women access to public space, and subjugating them by considering them inferior to men. Women under Wahhabi regimes are assumed to have second-class citizenship, if not slave status. Critics of Wahhabism point to extreme examples like the Taliban and Saudi Arabia’s requirement that women wear the full burqa’ or abaya covering them from head to toe, leaving barely enough room to breathe; the ban on women driving or being recognized as heads of households; and the Taliban’s forbidding women to go to school, work, or seek medical care as evidence of Wahhabism’s oppression, suppression, and repression of women in accordance with an extremely conservative interpretation of Islamic law. All of these stereotypes and images are assumed to be based on the conservative Wahhabi interpretation of Islam despite the fact that no systematic analysis of Muhammad Ibn Abd al-Wahhab’s writings about women and gender has ever been undertaken. In addition, no distinctions have been made between tribal customs, local traditions, and Islamic law in these portrayals.
Novelist
Authors: Ziff Larzer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although Mark Twain’S Literary Activities Extended For Some sixty years, from his newspaper apprenticeship in 1851 to his death in 1910, all seven of his full-length novels appeared in a twenty-one year period within that long span. His first novel, The Gilded Age (1873), written in collaboration with Charles Dudley Warner, was set in the time in which it was written, an era that has ever since borne the label given it in the book’s title. Almost twenty years later he returned to the same setting and to some of the same characters in The American Claimant (1892), another political satire, while three other novels—The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876), The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884), and Pudd’nhead Wilson (1894)—were set in the antebellum South of his boyhood, and two were set in an England of the imagined past—historical in The Prince and the Pauper (1882) and legendary in A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court (1889). Twain, however, never followed a novel within one of these groups with another from the same group, but over the years of his novel writing he interleaved them. As a consequence, although the settings place the novels in three distinct groups, their themes connect them in different patterns so that, for example, a boyish craving for high adventure and popular admiration in Tom Sawyer is echoed in the novel that followed, The Prince and the Pauper; the narrowminded mores of village society in Huckleberry Finn are echoed in the behavior of peasant society in Connecticut Yankee. Twain was an avid reader of history. He delighted in visualizing the pageantry of the past and mimicking what he imagined to be the diction of an earlier day. But present in Arthurian or Tudor England, albeit in armor or tights, were the same men and boys and the same flawed patterns of social conduct that characterized the life led in nineteenth-century villages on the banks of the Mississippi.
Humorist
Authors: Ziff Larzer 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The Account Given In “Old Times On The Mississippi,” Mark Twain left the town for the river to seek distinction. The town bred in its boys fantasies of the capture of murderers and the discovery of buried treasure, but realistically there seemed no escape from the droning slumber that enveloped all animate beings from the pigs in the street to the clerks in the stores to the people in their homes—except to take to the river.
The Development and Nature of Daoist Institutions
Authors: Kohn Livia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In their wake and under growing Buddhist influence, Daoists in the fifth century began to establish community centers that also housed celibate practitioners and functioned as separate institutions within larger society rather than as a semiindependent state. Still, the communal ideas and practices of the Celestial Masters continued to play an active role in Chinese society, and the formal institutions of the Tang inherited their practices as much as the monastic arrangements of the Buddhist-inspired community centers.
Residences
Authors: Kohn Livia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Rules say: All Daoists, whether male or female, have residences and sleeping places that should be surrounded by four walls and built for single occupancy. There should not be several bunks [in the same room] either in front or behind each other. Whether sitting or sleeping, Daoists should always be alone and one per bed. Failure to comply carries a subtraction of 120 [days of life].
The Noon Purgation
Authors: Kohn Livia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the time [of the ceremony] approaches, wash and rinse, then prepare the presentation of offerings, all as prescribed by the divine law. Then intone, as each participant bows in respect:
With all my heart I knock my head
To the Great Dao of the Highest Nonultimate!
With all my heart I knock my head
To the Venerable Scriptures in Thirty-Six Sections!
With all my heart I knock my head
To the Great Preceptors of the Mysterious Center!