bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fuel Cell Power Plants
Authors: Williams Mark C. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Fuel Cell Technology

Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells Status

Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells Status

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Status

Networks

High‐Efficiency Fuel Cell Gas Turbine Systems

The World Power Market

The Changing Face of Electricity Generation

Specific Fuel Cell Attributes and Market Applications

International Market Applications
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion
Authors: Masutani Stephen M. , Takahashi Patrick K. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

History of OTEC

Principles of Operation

Closed Cycle OTEC

Kalina Cycle

Open Cycle OTEC

Mist and Foam Lift OTEC Cycles

Hybrid Cycle OTEC

Comparison of OTEC Open and Closed Cycles

Open and Closed Cycle OTEC System Performance

Environmental Considerations

Economics of OTEC
Thermoelectric Conversion
Authors: Edwards Hal , Niu Qian , de Lozanne Alex 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Thermoelectric Effects

Thermoelectric Refrigeration

Thermoelectric Power Generation

Efforts to Improve Thermoelectric Efficiency

Cryogenic Thermoelectric Refrigeration

Thermoelectric Refrigeration Using Quantum‐Scale Devices

Thermoelectric Refrigeration Using a Superconducting Tunnel Junction

Prospects and Applications for Cryogenic Thermoelectric Refrigeration

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments
Activation Energy
Authors: Ghosh Subhasis 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Activation Energy of Ionization

Experimental Determination of Activation Energy for Ionization

Activation Energy of Diffusion

Experimental Determination of Activation Energy for Diffusion

Activation Energy of Current Transport Through Metal–Semiconductor Contact

Experimental Determination of Activation Energy for Schottky Barrier
Cathode Ray Tubes
Authors: Alig R. Casanova 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The cathode‐ray‐tube (CRT) is best known as the display for television and computer monitors. It is a vacuum tube in which electrons move in a beam. A cut‐away diagram of the interior of a CRT for color television display is shown. Inside the tube, the large, nearly flat, area, called the screen, is covered with phosphor materials that convert the electron‐beam energy into light. The beam is rapidly swept over this area, and its intensity is varied, so a display appears to the viewer, who visually integrates the light. When the display is rapidly changed, the viewer sees motion, as in television.
The CRT is described in this article. In particular, the parts of the CRT, such as the cathode, electron gun, phosphors, deflection system, and shadow mask, are explained. The electrons come from the negative electrode, called the cathode, and form a beam, or ray, inside a vacuum tube, leading to the name cathode‐ray‐tube. Much interesting physics is associated with the beam formation and direction and its conversion to light, as well as with the manufacture of CRTs. CRTs have been used in other display applications, such as oscilloscopes, radar, and photorecording tubes. Some history of the tube, which extends during the last century, is presented.

The
CRT

History and Applications

Construction

Industry—Today and Future
Diodes
Authors: Misiakos Konstantinos 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Fundamentals of
P–N
Junctions

Doping‐Carrier Profiles in Equilibrium and the Quasi‐Neutral Approximation

Forward and Reverse Bias Conditions

Approximate Analytical Expressions in The Steady State

Transient Response of Diodes

Heavy Doping Effects in The Emitter

Diodes of Nonconventional Transport
Electroluminescence
Authors: De Visschere Patrick , Neyts Kristiaan 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article arePowder Electroluminescent DevicesThin‐Film Electroluminescent DevicesElectrical Behavior of Thin‐Film Electroluminescent DevicesOptical Behavior of Thin‐Film Electroluminescent DevicesThin‐Film Electroluminescent Color Displays
Electro‐Optical Devices
Authors: Takizawa Kuniharu 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areEOEffectElectro‐Optic Modulators Using Bulk CrystalsWaveguideEODevicesOptical Phase Modulators Using a Channel WaveguideMach–Zehnder Type Optical ModulatorElectroabsorption ModulatorDirectional CouplersOptical Waveguide SwitchesTwo‐Dimensional Optical Switches
Liquid Crystal Display
Authors: Anandan Munisamy 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areThermotropic Liquid CrystalAnisotropy in Liquid CrystalPrinciple of Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal DisplayTwisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Display FabricationPrinciple of Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Display Driving (Addressing)Thin‐Film‐Transistor Liquid Crystal Display with Twisted Nematic StructureOther Types of Liquid Crystal Displays
Modulation Doped Fets
Authors: Morkoç Hadis 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areAnalytical Description of Modulation Doped Field Effect TransistorsPower ModelingProcessingChannel DesignModfet PerformanceAIGaN/GaN ModfetsSi1−xGexModfet StructuresConclusionAcknowledgments
Noise, High‐Frequency
Authors: Agethen M. , Reuter R. , Breder T. , Bertenburg R. M. , Brockerhoff W. , Tegude F. J. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areNoise TheoryRF‐Noise MeasurementsRF Noise in Electronic DevicesExtension and Application of Presented Noise Models
Noise, Low‐Frequency
Authors: Handel Peter H. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areShot NoiseGeneration–Recombination NoiseThermal NoiseGeneral Introduction to 1/fNoiseCalculation of the Conventional Quantum 1/fEffect in Homogeneous Semiconductor MaterialsDerivation of Mobility Quantum 1/fNoise inn+pDiodes and Metal–Insulator–Semiconductor DevicesDerivation of the Conventional Quantum 1/fEffectPhysical Derivation of the Coherent Quantum 1/fEffectRigorous Derivation of the Coherent Quantum 1/fEffectRecent ResultsDevelopment of Special Materials for Ultralow‐Noise FET and Junction DevicesDevice Optimization for Ultralow 1/fNoiseDiscussion
Optoelectronic Devices
Authors: Pal B.B. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article arePhotodetectorsLong‐Wavelength DetectionOptical Field Effect TransistorsOptoelectronic SwitchPhototransistorOptical WaveguidesOptical AmplifiersMultiplexingSystem IntegrationMonolithic Optoelectronic Integrated Circuit ReceiverAcknowledgment
Silicon‐On‐Insulator Devices
Authors: Balestra F. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areTrends in MicroelectronicsThe SOI StructureSOI MaterialsSubthreshold Swing and Threshold Voltage of the SOI MosfetDriving CurrentKink EffectLatch and Breakdown PhenomenaSelf‐Heating EffectsTransient EffectsShort‐Channel EffectsHot‐Carrier EffectsUltimate Device ArchitecturesVolume InversionNoiseQuantum EffectsInfluence of Temperature
Surface States
Authors: Poindexter Edward H. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areSurface States on Ideal SemiconductorsModels of Surface States in Nonideal SystemsElectrical Analysis of Si–SiO2Interface TrapsEffects on Device‐Related PropertiesProcessing‐Related ChemistryInterface Traps Generated by Radiation or Electrical StressNature and Features of Surface States on Other Semiconductors
Transit Time Devices
Authors: Roy Sitesh Kumar 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Impatt Diodes

Impatt Structures and Doping Profiles

Basic Principle of Generation of Microwaves in Impatt Diodes

Small‐Signal Analysis Based on Analytical Approximation

Computer Studies of the DC and Small‐Signal Properties of Impatt Diodes of any Doping Profile

Small‐Signal Computer Analysis of Impatt Diodes

Large‐Signal Analysis of Impatt Diodes

DC‐to‐Microwave Conversion Efficiency

Effect of Mobile Space Charge

Double Avalanche Region Diode and Cancellation of Space Charge Effect

Low–High–Low Diodes for Reduction of the Space Charge Effect and Constriction of the Avalanche Zone

High‐Frequency Considerations

Noise in Impatt Diodes

Thermal Limitations and Heat Sink

Millimeter‐Wave Impatt Diodes

Pulsed Millimeter‐Wave Impatt Diode

Frequency Chirp in Pulsed Impatt Oscillators

GaAs and InP Impatt Diodes

Heterojunction Impatt Diodes

Control of Impatt Properties by Optical Illumination of the Active Area and by A Transverse Field in the Drift Region

Trapatt Diode

Baritt Diodes

Acknowledgement
Tunnel Devices
Authors: Sargent Edward H. , Xu J. M. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areTunneling ConceptFunctional DevicesTunneling: Early DevelopmentsThe Tunnel, or Esaki, DiodeThe Resonant Tunneling DiodeResonant Interband TunnelingSingle‐Electron Tunneling: Effects and DevicesTunneling in OptoelectronicsTunnel Device ModelingOverview, Assessment, and Outlook
Resistance Heating
Authors: Spannhake Jan , Helwig Andreas , Friedberger Alois , Müller Gerhard , Hellmich Wolfgang 
Published: September 2005

AbstractIn this article, we focus on resistance heating in miniaturized electronic devices, i.e., thermal sensors and thermal actuators. Such devices are transducers of energy, which involve thermal energy conversion on an intermediate stage. In such devices, heat dissipation is not an unwanted by‐product of the energy conversion process but constitutes the central mechanism that underlies device operation. Some industrially important kinds of such sensor and actuator devices are explained in more detail.IntroductionThermal Sensors and ActuatorsThermal MicrostructuresSpecific Sensor ApplicationsSpecific actuator applicationsMathematical modeling of thermal microstructures
Critical Path Analysis
Authors: Dey Sujit , Gefen Yosef G. T. , Parker Alice C. , Potkonjak Miodrag 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areAlgorithmic Transformations and RetimingState of the Art in Transformation Approaches for High‐Level SynthesisExtending the ERB Technique to High‐Level SynthesisThe ERB‐Based Algebraic Speedup AlgorithmExperimental ResultsFuture Work and Conclusions
Entrepreneuring
Authors: Hutt Roger W. , Chakravarthy Suresh 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areEntrepreneuring DefinedThe EntrepreneurInnovationSelecting an IndustryBusiness PlanGrowth StrategiesVenture CapitalEntrepreneurship and TechnologyEntrepreneurial Spin‐OffsCorporate Venturing
Expert Decision System for Robot Selection
Authors: Kamrani Ali K. , Wang Rong 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areEconomic Justification of Automated SystemsProblem StatementRobotics and Industrial RobotsRobot Applications and CharacteristicsEconomic Justification for RoboticsArtificial IntelligenceKnowledge‐Based Expert SystemsSelection of Industrial RobotsSample ScenarioConclusionAppendix 1. Sample Robots Specifications
Life Cycle Optimization
Authors: Stefanis Stavros K. , Livingston Andrew , Pistikopoulos Efstratios N. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Hierarchical Approach for Waste Minimization

Environmental Applications of MATHEMATICAL Programming

Risk Analysis Tools

Life Cycle Analysis Principles

Minimum Environmental Impact Methodology

Life Cycle Optimization in Continuous Processes

Life Cycle Optimization in Batch/Semicontinuous Processes

Environmental Impact Minimization and Risk Assessment of Nonroutine Releases

Conclusions
Operations Research Decision Making
Authors: Triantaphyllou E. , Shu B. , Sanchez S. Nieto , Ray T. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areMultiattribute Decision Making: A General OverviewClassification of MCDM MethodsSome MCDM Application AreasMulticriteria Decision Making MethodsSensitivity Analysis in MCDM MethodsData Estimation for MCDM ProblemsConcluding Remarks
PERT
Scheduling Techniques for Engineering Projects
Authors: Badiru Adedeji 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction and Historical Perspectives

PERT
/
CPM
Tools

Precedence Structure

PERT
Network Analysis

Complexity of
PERT
Networks

Resource Allocation in
PERT
Networks

Critical Resource Diagramming

Resource Scheduling Constraints

Resource Profiling

Resource Leveling

Resource Idleness

CRD
Network Construction

CRD
Network Analysis

Resource Schedule Chart

CRD
and Work Rate Analysis

Computational Examples

Conclusion
Survey of Job Shop Scheduling Techniques
Authors: Jones Albert , Rabelo Luis C. , Sharawi Abeer T. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionMathematical TechniquesDispatching RulesArtificial Intelligence (AI) TechniquesArtificial Neural NetworksNeighborhood Search MethodsFuzzy LogicSwarmReactive SchedulingLearning in SchedulingTheory of ConstraintsSummary and Conclusions
Educational Technology
Authors: Berge Zane L. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areTechnology’s RoleThe Goals of EducationEvidence of Schools Designed for the Industrial Age: What Schools ShouldNotBeThe Communication Era: What Twenty‐First‐Century Schools Should BeEnvironments Rich in Diversity and Authentic LearningChanging Roles and Functions of Students, Teachers, Teaching Styles, Curriculum, and InstitutionsConclusions
Business Process Reengineering
Authors: Gupta Bhuwenesh , Crowe Thomas J. , Noble James S. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areBusiness Process Reengineering DefinedLogic of Business Process ReengineeringBusiness Process Reengineering FailsHow to Get Started for ReengineeringNeed for Formal ModelingExample of Or/Ms Thinking Used for ReengineeringBusiness Process Modeling ToolsSystem DynamicsCase StudyConclusion
Data Warehouse
Authors: Bagchi Kallol K. , Cerveny Robert , Kirs Peeter 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Data Warehouse Use

Data Warehouse Types

Data Warehouse Components

Data Warehouse Products

Major Factors in Favor of Data Warehouse Adoption and Usage

Drawbacks in Data Warehouse Adoption

Major Share of Implementation:
DM
or
DW
?

A Few Key Major Players?

Integrated Products or a Set of Products?

Which Industry Segment
IS
Prominent?

Stages of Growth and Growth Forecasting

Future Trend
Fuzzy Image Processing and Recognition
Authors: Pal Sankar K. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThis article describes various fuzzy set theoretic tools and explores their effectiveness in representing/describing various uncertainties that might occur in an image recognition system and the ways these uncertainties can be managed in making a decision. Some examples of uncertainties that often develop in the process of recognizing a pattern are given in the next section. The Image Ambiguity and Uncertainty Measures Section provides a definition of image and describes various fuzzy set theoretic tools for measuring information on grayness ambiguity and spatial ambiguity in an image. Concepts of bound functions and spect sets charactering the flexible in membership functions are discussed in Their applications to formulate some low level vision operations (e.g., enhancement, segmentation, skeleton extraction, and edge detection), whose outputs are crucial and responsible for the overall performance of a vision system, are then presented. Some real‐life applications (e.g., motion frame analysis, character recognition, remote sensing image analysis, content‐based image retrieval, and brain MR image segmentation) of these methodologies and tools are then described. Finally, conclusions and discussion are provided.IntroductionUncertainties in a Recognition System and Relevance of Fuzzy Set TheoryImage Ambiguity and Uncertainty MeasuresGrayness Ambiguity MeasuresFlexibility in Membership FunctionsSome Examples of Fuzzy Image Processing OperationsSome ApplicationsConclusions and DiscussionAcknowledgment
Fuzzy Statistics
Authors: Kruse Rudolf , Gebhardt Jörg , Gil María Angeles 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionWhy Develop Fuzzy Statistics?Fuzzy Statistics Based on Fuzzy Perceptions or Reports of Existing Numerical DataFuzzy Statistics Based on Existing Fuzzy‐Valued DataOther Studies on Fuzzy StatisticsSome Examples of Fuzzy StatisticsAdditional Remarks
Remote Sensing Geometric Corrections
Authors: Moreno Jose F. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areSpatial ResolutionGeneral Parametric Approach for Image GeocodingPolynomial ApproximationsAutomatic Registration TechniquesThe Need of Ground Control Points for Accurate RegistrationCartographic ProjectionsThe Problem of Topographic DistortionsResamplingCalibration and Removal of Technical AnomaliesSpatial MosaickingMultitemporal CompositingOperational Processing and Data Volume Considerations
Oceanic Remote Sensing
Authors: Emery William J. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Visible Wavelengths

Sensing Ocean Color

Imaging Sea Ice and Ice Motion

The Thermal Infrared

Estimating Sea Surface Temperature

Split Window Methods

Global Maps and Data Availability

Relationship to Ocean Currents. SST Motion

Skin SST Versus Bulk SST and Heat Exchange

Presently Available Sensors and Future Plans

Filtering out Clouds

Various Methods and their Accuracies

Passive Microwave

Wind Speed

Atmospheric Water Vapor

Rainfall

Merging the Passive Microwave with the Optical Data

Active Microwave

Radar Altimeters

Scatterometer Winds

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)

Summary
Visible and Infrared Remote Sensing
Authors: Emery William J. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Development of Meteorological Satellites

The
AVHRR

Data Ingest, Processing, and Distribution

NOAA
's Comprehensive Large Array‐data Stewardship System (
CLASS
)

National Polar‐orbiting Operational Satellite System (
NPOESS
)

NASA
's MODerate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (
MODIS
)

The Geostationary Observing Environmental Satellite (
GOES
)

Development of Earth Resources Technology Satellites

The French Spot Satellites

Summary
Harmonics and Power Phenomena
Authors: Czarnecki Leszek S. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article arePower Theory of Systems with Nonsinusoidal Voltages and CurrentsFourier SeriesProperties of Harmonics'CRMSVauesHarmonics in Linear Circuits with LumpedRLCParametersHarmonics of Symmetrical Three‐Phase QuantitiesInstanteneous Power in Single‐Phase CircuitsActive Power in Single‐Phase CircuitsApparent Power in Single‐Phase CircuitsBudeanu's Reactive and Distortion PowersCurrent's Physical Components Power Theory of Linear, Time‐Variant LoadsCurrent's Physical Components and Powers of Single‐Phase Harmonic Generating LoadsThree‐Phase Systems — Doubts with Respect to Apparent Power DefinitionsCurrents' Physical Components of Three‐Phase, Linear, Time‐Invariant (LTI) LoadsCurrents' Physical Components and Powers of Three‐Phase Harmonic Generating LoadsInstantaneous Reactive Power p‐q TheoryAdvanced Topics That Have Not Been Discussed
ISDN
Authors: Becerra‐Fernandez Irma , Wunnava Subbarao V. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

What is ISDN?

Fundamentals of ISDN Technology

Interface

Connecting to ISDN

ISDN As a Network Controller

The Power of Packet Switching

ISDN Equipment

ISDN As the Only Line or As a Second Line

Workgroup Connectivity

Network Security Concepts
Radiotelemetry
Authors: Tsou Haiping , Cheung Kar‐Ming 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areCommunication Link‐Budget AnalysisData CompressionForward Error‐Correction CodingInteraction Between Data Compression and Error Control in a Communication SystemModulation and DemodulationSynchronizationSymbol SNR DegradationBit‐Error Performance (Uncoded System) and Telemetry System LossAdvanced Topics
Tachometers
Authors: Neves Mário Ventim 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Tachogenerators

The Drag‐Cup Tachometers

Fly‐Ball Tachometers

Inductive Pulses Tachometers

Hall Effect Pulse Tachometers

Optical Pulse Tachometers

Other Pulse Tachometers

Stroboscopes

Frequency Measurement

Gyrometers
Weighing
Authors: Armitage David R. , Knott Andy J. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Mass and Weight

A Brief History of Weighing and Mass Standards

Gravity and Density

Weighing in Air—The Buoyancy Effect and the Conventional Value

Weighing Methods and Equipment

Force

Force Measurement Systems

Force Transducers

Applications

Quality Assurance of Force and Mass Measurements
Intermodulation Measurements
Authors: Abuelma'atti Muhammad Taher 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article areSimple Intermodulation TheorySpectral RegrowthSimple Transient Intermodulation TheoryVolterra‐Series and Harmonic Balance AnalysisPassive Intermodulation (PIM)Alias‐Intermodulation DistortionIntermodulation CharacterizationIntermodulation Measurement
Instrument Transformers
Authors: Betts Peter J. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Transformer Ratio

Use of INstrument Transformers

Voltage Transformer Construction

Capacitive Voltage Transformers

Inductive Voltage Dividers

Current Transformer Construction

Transformer Error

Definitions

Transformer Class

Equivalent Circuit of an Instrument Transformer

Terminal Marking Convention

Calibration of Instrument Transformers

Automatic Instrument Transformer Testing Sets

Applying Corrections for Instrument Transformers

Uncertainties in the Errors of Instrument Transformers

Voltage Transformers Connected Phase‐to‐Phase

Calibration of Three‐Phase Voltage Transformers

Absolute Calibration of Instrument Transformers

Compensated Instrument Transformers

Other Special Designs of Instrument Transformers
Temperature Sensors
Authors: Zakrzewski Jan 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Temperature as a Physical Quantity

International Temperature Scale of 90

The General Principles of Temperature Measurements

Resistance Sensors

Semiconductor Sensors

The Measurement of Sensor Resistance

Resistive Sensors for Low Temperature Ranges

Thermocouple Sensors

Quartz Temperature Sensors

Radiation Thermometry

Errors and Uncertainties
Magnetic Sensors
Authors: Eren Halit 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Inductive Sensors

Eddy Current Sensors

Transformative Sensors

Mos Magnetic Field Sensors

Magnetometers

Magnetoresistive Sensors

Hall‐Effect Sensors

Magneto‐Optical Sensors

Magnetic thin Films

Amorphous Magnetic Materials

Shielding and Sensitivity to Electromagnetic Interference
Ammeters
Authors: Roy S. C. Dutta 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

The Permanent Magnet Moving‐Coil (
PMMC
) Instrument: a DC Ammeter

DC/AC Ammeters

Alternating Current Ammeters

Electronic Ammeters

Hall Effect Ammeters

Ammeters for Large Alternating Currents

Current Standard
Density Measurement
Authors: Eren Halit 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Density and Density Measurement of Solids

Density and Density Measurement of Liquids

Density and Density Measurement of Gases

Magnetic and Vibrational Methods

Weight/Weighing System/Mass Measurement Methods

Reference Methods

Radioactive Methods

Optical Methods

Falling‐Slug Method
Velocimeters
Authors: Gander Robert E. 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThe sections in this article arePhysical Principles of Direct Velocity MeasurementPhysical Principles of Indirect MeasurementsPractical ConsiderationsLinear Electromagnetic Induction VelocimetersElectromagnetic Flow MetersTachometersVelocity Measurement Using UltrasoundMicrowave VelocimetryOptical Velocimetry