bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Political Institutions: A Contribution of the “Comparative Study of Electoral Systems” (CSES) to Micro–Macro Theories of Political Attitude Formation and Voting Behavior
Authors: Klingemann Hans-Dieter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the past decade (neo-) institutionalism has become the dominant paradigm in political science. The big questions about the emergence and impact of institutions have been brought back on the agenda. While this paradigmatic shift is widely acknowledged, a closer look reveals that the discipline had never stopped dealing with political institutions. Constitutions, election laws, party systems, and related sets of rules and regulations have continuously been studied, serving as dependent or independent variables in theory formation.
Socioeconomic Status and Nonvoting: A Cross-National Comparative Analysis
Authors: Nevitte Neil , Blais André , Gidengil Elisabeth , Nadeau Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most empirical research on electoral behavior is based on voting (or nonvoting) patterns in a single country, often in a single election. This chapter draws on the CSES data set to examine the extent to which socioeconomic status (SES) factors explain nonvoting in 23 countries (and 33 elections). The 23 countries included in the analysis are: Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Germany, Hong Kong, Hungary, Japan, Israel, Korea, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Taiwan, Ukraine, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
Economic Voting: Do Institutions Affect the Way Voters Evaluate Incumbents?
Authors: Nishizawa Yoshitaka 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A classic reward-punishment model of economic voting is a simple yet powerful tool to explain voting decisions (Goodhart and Bhansali 1970; Key 1966; Kramer 1971; Mueller 1970). It holds that when voters find that an incumbent government has done a good job in controlling the state of the economy during its term, they vote for the incumbent government parties or candidates on election day, and when voters are not happy about the way that incumbents have handled the economy, they vote for the opposition parties or their candidates.
How Voters Cope with the Complexity of Their Political Environment: Differentiation of Political Supply, Effectiveness of Electoral Institutions, and the Calculus of Voting
Authors: Klingemann Hans-Dieter , Weßels Bernhard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This analysis focuses on how individual-level vote choice is influenced by macro-contexts, which constitute the voters’ political environment. Are major evaluative criteria for vote choice—such as parties, candidates, and issues—systematically affected by characteristics of political macrocontexts? For example, does it make a difference in the evaluative process if citizens cast their votes in small, single-member constituencies or in large, multimember districts? How do voters cope with the complexity of their political environment? There is growing evidence that voters’ evaluative criteria for electoral behavior are conditioned by the nature of their political environment (Kroh 2003; Paldam 1991). Thus, generally we expect that the political macro-context matters for vote choice .
Institutional Variation and Political Support: An Analysis of CSES Data from 29 Countries
Authors: Listhaug Ola , Aardal Bernt , Ellis Ingunn Opheim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The institutionalist turn in political science has become so strong that it is unlikely that many scholars would question that institutions matter. At the same time it is quite obvious that there is an imbalance between theory and empirical research. It is easier to find arguments in favor of institutional effects than to observe systematic evidence in support of such effects. The lack of appropriate empirical research is especially striking in the field of mass politics (Wenzel, Bowler, and Lanoue 2000), where there is scarce data that combine measurement of relevant attitudes and behavior for representative samples of the population, and institutional characteristics for a significant number of countries.
Effectiveness and Political Support in Old and New Democracies
Authors: Thomassen Jacques , Kolk Henk van der 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Establishing a democracy is one thing, maintaining a stable democratic regime is another. In the current “third wave of democratization,” many new democratic regimes have succeeded nondemocratic regimes (Doorenspleet 2001; Huntington 1991). Most of the old regimes could only prolong their life by suppressing people and relying on violence as an instrument to enforce compliance with the rules and policies of the government. The new democratic regimes almost by definition cannot rely on force, but depend on political support for their survival. Political support, therefore, is a necessary condition for the stability and survival of new democracies.
Rome at a gallop: Livy, on not gazing, jumping, or toppling into the void*
Authors: Spencer Diana 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Getting a sense of perspective on Rome, whether temporal or spatial, is a recurrent concern of this collection. Modelling the chronological filters and processes of layering of the spaces from which, and into which, one gazes, is central to understanding how and why Rome’s multiple pasts continue to obsess us. It also allows us to tease out correspondences and conflicts between ongoing urges to recuperate ‘Classical’ Rome, and a succession of simultaneous penchants—from antiquity onwards—for rewriting it in our own image. Chronological perspective (or, in Bakhtin’s terms, the chronotope) Wgures as one underlying concern in this essay—the versions of us and them, then and now, that Rome and Livy invoke are never culturally neutral. Equally signiWcant, however, is the perhaps more straightforward trick of creating a textual ‘reality eVect’ by deploying a whole range of vertical and horizontal perspectives, both spatial and temporal. My essay is interested in particular in how one deWnes place, moves through space, and comprehends up and down in Livy’s early Rome; in the consequences of this for Augustan Rome; and Wnally, in the * David Larmour, Indra McEwen, and Gideon Nisbet signifycantly improved various drafts of this essay, for which many thanks are due.
Victim and voyeur: Rome as a character in Tacitus’ Histories 3*
Authors: Ash Rhiannon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In ancient literature, the device of personifying any city, whether to articulate moralism, to trigger pathos or to celebrate imperial or personal achievements, has rich potential. Rome above all repeatedly becomes a focal point for creative personification along such lines, particularly in genres such as epic, oratory, satire, and historiography.1 Of course, the scale and degree of an author’s elaboration naturally varies: personifications range from pithy instances encapsulated by a single word, such as Juvenal’s depiction of Rome enslaved * I would like to thank the editors, Diana Spencer and David Larmour, both for their invitation to contribute an article to this volume and for their helpful feedback on my piece. I am also grateful for the thoughtful questions and comments from the jovial audiences who attended my talks based on this paper, which were delivered at Glasgow University and the Oxford Philological Society in 2006. 1 See Fantham (1972: 128–30).
Ordering three kingdoms, 1649–1651
Authors: Morrill John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Over the next four years Cromwell combined the demanding business of war with the demanding business of sustaining a fragile political system and of seeking to develop viable long-term political and institutional forms. He was away from London, campaigning in Ireland and in Scotland, from July 1649 to mid-September 1651. But he kept in close touch with events there during his absences, and after 12 September 1651 he never left the environs of the capital (except for two brief excursions into Kent in May 1652) for the rest of his life, moving flrst to the Cockpit and then, early in 1654, into the royal palaces at Whitehall and Hampton Court.
Cartesian Trialism
Authors: Cottingham John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why does Descartes’s mind– body dualism have so little appeal for most philosophers nowadays? There are many problematic aspects of the theory, but two seem especially troublesome. (1) The first may be labelled the ‘non-corporeality dogma’: by insisting on the essential non-corporeality of the mind, Cartesian dualism is committed to a thesis that modern advances in neurophysiology have made less and less plausible. The claim, made by Descartes, that an act of thinking or doubting ‘does not require any place or depend on any material thing’ (e.g. requires no brain) seems in the light of today’s knowledge to be simply a non-starter. (2) The second troublesome aspect of dualism may be labelled the ‘mental or physical?’ dilemma.
Descartes and the Voluntariness of Belief
Authors: Cottingham John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a much admired paper Bernard Williams once observed that ‘there is not much room for deciding to believe’. This is because beliefs are ‘things which we, as it were, find we have’, though of course we can decide whether to express them or not. That we cannot decide to believe something on command is not, Williams goes on to say, just a brute empirical fact about our makeup: it is not a mere contingent aspect of our nature, like, for example, our inability to blush just by willing it. The fact that we cannot decide to believe something, just like that, depends, rather, on a feature that is analytically connected to the very concept of belief, namely that beliefs aim at truth. So if I could acquire a belief at will, presumably I could decide to acquire it, as it were, whether it was true or not. ‘If, in full consciousness, I could will to acquire a “belief” irrespective of its truth, it is unclear that before the event I could seriously think of it as a belief, i.e. as something purporting to represent reality’.
Descartes as Sage: Spiritual Askesis in Cartesian Philosophy
Authors: Cottingham John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In one of his earliest surviving writings Descartes says that just as actors put on masks (personam induunt), so he himself will enter the theatre of the world masked: larvatus prodeo. ‘Mask’ was, of course, the original meaning of the Latin term persona—in Greek prosōpon: the false face of clay or bark that actors in the ancient world donned in order to come on to the stage. It is an odd figure of speech for a philosopher to adopt: both in Classical philosophical thought (from Plato’s famous strictures against acting and role-playing), and also in the Christian gospels (from Jesus’ denunciation of those whose outward display did not match their inner thoughts), the connotations of the term ‘actor’ (hypocrites) were far from favourable.
An Independent Commission with Political Input: New Zealand’s Electoral Redistribution Practices
Authors: McRobie Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If the democratic objective of “one person, one vote—one vote, one value” is to be sustained, mechanisms must exist in law to ensure that regular and frequent adjustments to existing electoral districts are carried out. Equally important is the requirement that those redistributions are seen to be both fair and impartial. If voters are to have confidence in the outcome of an election they must be satisfied that those who stand to gain most from the electoral outcome—the politicians and political parties—have not influenced the determination of the electoral district boundaries within which the election is contested, either overtly or covertly.
Delimitation in India
Authors: McMillanm Alistair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Indian Constitution, which was ratified in 1949 and came into force in 1950, set down the framework for the democratic system, including provisions for periodic delimitations. After each national census, a process of delimitation would take place in order to ensure that constituencies for the Lok Sabha (the House of the People) and the Vidhan Sabhas (State Legislative Assemblies) were roughly the same size in terms of population. In this way, the framers of the Constitution aimed to ensure that the principle of one person, one vote, one value was maintained.
The Design of Ethnically Mixed Constituencies in Fiji, 1970–2006
Authors: Fraenkel Jon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Pacific Island state of Fiji has witnessed an unusual series of changes in both constituency boundaries and the principles underlying these since independence in 1970. Fiji is an ethnically divided society, with roughly equal-sized indigenous Fijian and Indo-Fijian populations, the latter being descendants of migrant laborers originally brought from the Indian subcontinent. Fijians and Indo-Fijians seldom inter-marry, speak distinct languages, have different religions, and have tended to vote for dissimilar, ethnically identified, parties. All three postindependence constitutions allowed citizens to vote in separate communal constituencies. Two of these constitutions allowed them also to cast votes in “common roll” constituencies—where citizens of all ethnic groups voted together.
A Comparative Survey of Structures and Criteria for Boundary Delimitation
Authors: Handley Lisa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Countries that delimit electoral districts must designate an entity to carry out this task and a set of rules for this body to follow when engaged in the delimitation process. The task assigned to the boundary authority is the same in all countries: divide the country into electoral districts (constituencies) for the purpose of electing legislative representatives to office. The type of boundary authority established and the rules this authority is obliged to follow, however, vary markedly across countries.
On the rise of recursion
Authors: Heine Bernd , Kuteva Tania 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is an abundant literature on what distinguishes human languages from forms of animal communication, and there is considerable disagreement on what does and what does not (see e.g. Pinker and Jackendoff 2005; Givón 2002a, 2005). But what surfaces in some of the recent literature on language evolution is that if there is one property that is really unique to human languages then that is recursion (Hauser, Chomsky, and Fitch 2002; see also Coolidge and Wynn 2006). It is widely held that recursion belongs to the basic universals of language and that there do not appear to exist analogs in non-human communication in the wording of Bicker ton (2005: 9): Syntax without recursion and movement is about as viable as Hamlet without the Prince of Denmark.
Introduction
Authors: Hanna Robert , Maiese Michelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The purpose of this book is to provide the rudiments of a unified treatment of three fundamental philosophical problems: the mind– body problem, the problem of mental causation, and the problem of intentional action. As we are construing it, the mind– body problem is this: What explains the existence and specific character of conscious, intentional minds like ours in a physical world? Correspondingly, the problem of mental causation is this: What explains the causal relevance and causal efficacy of conscious, intentional minds like ours in a physical world? And finally the problem of intentional action is this: What explains the categorical difference between the things we consciously and intentionally do, and the things that just happen to us? Whether there are minds significantly unlike ours— ghostly minds, non-spatiotemporal minds, infinite minds, omniscient minds, omnipotent minds, etc.— and if so, what their nature is, are questions we will not seriously consider here. Our fundamental interest lies in trying to understand precisely what it is to be a creature with a conscious, intentional mind like ours, and then in working out the most salient implications of this understanding for a unified treatment of the three fundamental problems.
ConsciousnessƖ௦ and Essential Embodiment II: Types and Structures
Authors: Hanna Robert , Maiese Michelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Similarly, Chalmers says that ‘‘a mental state is conscious if it has a qualitative feel — an associated quality of experience.’’ So phenomenal consciousnessƖ௦ is the subjective qualitative feel of a mental state. We agree with Chalmers and Nagel that subjective qualitative feel is a necessary and sufficient condition of consciousnessƖ௦. But we also strongly disagree with Chalmers and Nagel if they are further claiming, or at least implying, that phenomenal consciousnessƖ௦ is the solely or uniquely necessary and sufficient condition of consciousnessƖ௦ — for we hold that subjective qualitative feel is only one aspect of subjective experience, and indeed an aspect that is fully embedded, in the sense that it cannot be either neurophenomenologically or metaphysically detached from a much larger and essentially richer set of factors.
Essentially Embodied Agency II: Guidance and Trying
Authors: Hanna Robert , Maiese Michelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Second, in Section 4.2 we look at Brian O’Shaughnessy’s conception of trying in order to help us make sense of the synchronous mental activity of active guidance that causes intentional action. But while O’Shaughnessy correlates successful tryings with corresponding overt intentional body movements that are temporally separated from trying events, by contrast we take trying to be a conscious, intentional process, grounded in desirebased emotion, that begins as incarnated by the neurobiological processes of the agent’s living organismic body, occurs synchronously with those neurobiological processes, and also extends throughout the entire duration of the overt intentional body movements that arise from and accompany those trying-informed neurobiological processes. Finally, in Section 4.3, we respond to a serious challenge to our theory from contemporary cognitive science.
The Metaphysics of Agency I: The Problem of Mental Causation
Authors: Hanna Robert , Maiese Michelle 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The mind– body problem, as we understand it, is the problem of explaining the existence and specific character of conscious, intentional mindsƖ௦ in a physical world. But since the physical world is also a world of causally efficacious events in spacetime, any attempt to solve the mind– body problem leads directly to another, even deeper problem: How can we explain the causal relevance and causal efficacy of conscious, intentional mindsƖ௦ in a physical world? That is the problem of mental causation, and it obviously relates directly to the problem of action. Comprehensively and ultimately, then, what we really want to know is this: How can we explain the existence, specific character, causal relevance, and causal efficacy of conscious, intentional mindsƖ௦ in a physical world, insofar as these minds are engaged in intentional actions? According to our Essential Embodiment Thesis, conscious, intentional mindsƖ௦ are necessarily and completely neurobiologically embodied.
The Nation and its Ruins: Antiquity, Archaeology, and National Imagination in Greece
Authors: Hamilakis Yannis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This innovative, extensively illustrated study examines how classical antiquities and archaeology contributed significantly to the production of the modern Greek nation and its national imagination. It also shows how, in return, national imagination has created and shaped classical antiquities and archaeological practice from the nineteenth century to the present. Yannis Hamilakis covers a diverse range of topics, including the role of antiquities in the foundation of the Greek state in the nineteenth century, the Elgin marbles controversy, the role of archaeology under dictatorial regimes, the use of antiquities in the detention camps of the Greek civil war, and the discovery of the so-called tomb of Philip of Macedonia.
Government and Administration c.1815–1830
Authors: McCord Norman , Purdue Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Britain has often been seen as a unitary state with the ‘King in Parliament’ being able to legislate for anything that was ‘not impossible’ by Acts of Parliament.1 In practice and in law things were not so simple. Scotland retained its own laws and its own religious settlement, even if its political life was increasingly one with the United Kingdom as a whole, while the constitutional settlements of 1688 for both England and Scotland could not be easily overturned. In addition a code and a host of unwritten assumptions helped maintain the relative autonomy of counties and cities within a national framework.
Political Developments 1852–1880
Authors: McCord Norman , Purdue Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The general election of 1852 produced a House of Commons without a clear majority. The minority Conservative government which had been cobbled together after the collapse of Russell’s ministry made some gains, but the allegiance of other newly elected members remained unclear. Optimistic calculations of Conservative strength put them at over 300. There were about 120 Whigs and 150 radicals on the opposition benches, although these terms were not very precise. A crucial balancing position was held by the Irish nationalists and the Peelites, both numbering 40 or slightly fewer.1
Political Developments 1880–1914
Authors: McCord Norman , Purdue Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The general election in the spring of 1880 replaced an overall Conservative majority of about 50 seats with a slightly larger Liberal majority. The Conservative defeat was comprehensive (see pp. 303–4 above).1 Altogether the Conservatives lost, and the Liberals gained, more than 100 seats. The Scottish, Irish, and Welsh results were especially striking. In Scotland the Conservative victories fell from 19 to only 7; in Wales the Conservatives held only 2 seats. In Ireland the Home Rule Party consolidated its position, winning 61 seats, 10 more than in 1874. Yet in some respects the Conservative defeat was less crushing than appears at first sight. It had been a hard-fought contest, marked by a sharp drop in the number of uncontested returns from 188 in 1874 to 109 and the Conservatives took nearly 44 per cent of the overall popular vote (only some 2,000 votes behind the Liberal total). There was, though, no gainsaying the result in terms of seats in the House of Commons.
Economy and Society c.1880–1914
Authors: McCord Norman , Purdue Bill 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Whether monarch’s reigns and the associations we attribute to them are helpful means of dividing the past into periods is debateable but there can be little doubt that ‘Victorian’ remains a term redolent in its expression of a cultural unity. The Queen died in 1901 but it can be argued that Victorian attitudes long outlived her and a recent study has conceived of the last Victorians and many of their attitudes dominating British society until after the Second World War;1 this rather sidelines ‘Edwardian’ or ‘Edwardianism’. Clearly the period 1880–1901 is objectively late-Victorian or even high-Victorian but the question of a discernible break with a new century and a new monarch in 1901 is a matter of interpretation while, save in the narrow literary sense of a school of poetry, few use the term Georgian to describe the last years before 1914.