bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Update on oral treatments for male erectile dysfunction
Authors: Kalsi JS , Kell PD 
Published: April 2004

ABSTRACTImpairment of erectile function compromises quality of life in millions of men and their partners, many of whom prefer to suffer in silence. It is important to maintain an elevated index of clinical suspicion in patients with erectile dysfunction (ED) risk factors (e.g. hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease). There remains a high rate of voluntary discontinuation of therapy associated with most treatment modalities.Since the introduction of sildenafil, a greater awareness and openness regarding the epidemiology and treatment of male erectile dysfunction has emerged. The development of newer and potentially more efficacious phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors will serve to treat an even greater number of patients, allowing once daily and more convenient dosing.An increased understanding of the physiological principles of penile erection has allowed the development of novel oral pharmacological therapies. The new agents offer a potential benefit in a broader range of patients and clinical situations. They may provide a more acceptable alternative than other more invasive options (intracavernosal/urethral injection, implant surgery).The dopamine agonist apomorphine acts on the central control of penile erection to allow a sublingual preparation to produce a prompt response. It is not contraindicated in patients on nitrate medication for coronary artery disease, or in patients with depression or on antidepressants.As with any other treatment, the clinician's responsibility in the care of ED patients does not end with the writing of a prescription. Adequate education and follow‐up are needed to optimize the efficacy and safety of oral ED therapy. Furthermore, patients and their partners need to be advised that the agents are not effective in the absence of sexual stimulation.Communicating with both the patient and his partner in a discreet, non‐judgemental manner that fosters the physician–patient alliance can facilitate the recognition and treatment of ED.
Prognostic signs in melanoma: state of the art
Authors: Lomuto M , Calabrese P , Giuliani A 
Published: April 2004

ABSTRACTPrognoses for melanoma patients are currently based on statistically confirmed parameters, above all the Breslow thickness and number of lymph node and/or distant metastases. However, metastases can develop even with ‘thin’ melanomas (< 0.7 mm), while survival has been recorded in patients with tumours classified as ‘thick’ (> 4 mm). This review of the literature examines the most recent advances in prognostic markers for melanoma (serological, immunohistochemical, histological, genetic and surgical). These markers offer interesting possibilities in terms of diagnostic certainty, identification of early growth phases and estimation of the tumour's potential for progression and metastasis. It is reasonable to assume that their combined use can provide useful information for formulating prognoses that are not only statistically valid but also individualized.
Cytokeratin expression in lichen amyloidosus and macular amyloidosis
Authors: Apaydin R , Gürbüz Y , Bayramgürler D , Müezzinoglu B , Bilen N 
Published: April 2004

ABSTRACTAim  To understand the role of epidermal cells in the pathogenesis of lichen amyloidosus (LA) and macular amyloidosis (MA).Methods  We carried out immunohistochemical investigations on cytokeratins (CKs) in amyloid deposits in formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded tissue specimens from eight persons with LA and 12 with MA. The primary antibodies of CK1–8 (AE3), CK10 (DEK‐10), CK14 (LL002), CK17 (E3), CK18 (DC10), CK19 (KS19.1), CK5/6/18 (LP34) and CK8/18 (5D3) were used in the study.Results  In amyloid deposits, immunoreactivity with only two monoclonal antibodies (CK1–8 and CK5/6/18) was observed in 14 cases (eight LA and six MA), confirming the hypothesis that epidermal cells participate in amyloid formation of LA and MA.Comments  All of the CKs detected in amyloid deposits were basic type (type II). It seems plausible either that acidic CKs might be degraded faster than basic types in amyloidogenesis or that paraffin‐embedded tissue specimens are less sensitive than frozen tissue sections. The results of our study suggest that when paraffin‐embedded specimens are investigated by immunohistochemical methods, CK5 antibody is useful in the diagnosis of LA and MA.
Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma associated with myeloma
Authors: Martínez Fernández M , Rodríguez Prieto MA , Ruiz González I , Sánchez Sambucety P , Delgado Vicente S 
Published: April 2004

ABSTRACTWe observed a 73‐year‐old man with necrobiotic xanthogranuloma (NXG) on the eyelids and concurrent multiple myeloma. The treatment was surgery followed by administration of melphalan. No relapse was seen in 19 months of follow‐up. We consider that surgical removal of xanthogranuloma is an advisable rapid treatment that involves fewer side‐effects than other treatments.
Ultimate Ownership, Income Management, and Legal and Extra‐Legal Institutions
Authors: HAW IN‐MU , HU BINGBING , HWANG LEE‐SEOK , WU WOODY 
Published: April 2004

ABSTRACTThis study provides evidence of the role of both legal and extra‐legal institutions in limiting the income management induced by the detachment of control rights from the cash flow rights of ultimate owners. The tests use a unique, comprehensive data set for firm‐level control and ownership structures from 9 East Asian and 13 Western European countries. Univariate regressions show that income management that is induced by the wedge between control rights and cash flow rights is significantly limited in countries with high statutory protection of minority rights (proxied by legal tradition, minority rights protection, the efficiency of the judicial system, or disclosure standards) and effective extra‐legal institutions (proxied by the effectiveness of competition laws, diffusion of the press, and tax compliance). Furthermore, multiple regression results show that a common law tradition and an efficient judicial system subsume the effects of the other legal institutions, and that a high rate of tax compliance subsumes the effects of the other extra‐legal institutions in curbing insider income management. It is surprising that a high rate of tax compliance ultimately has a greater effect than legal tradition and the efficiency of the judicial system. Although this finding is unexpected, given prior evidence on the dominant roles of legal institutions in macroeconomic issues and corporate policies, it is consistent with the recent argument that effective tax enforcement is like a public good in that it can reduce insiders' private control benefits. An implication of this finding is that closer attention to extra‐legal institutions has the potential to enhance our understanding of the institutional reforms needed to limit insider private control benefits.
Tositumomab and Iodine I 131 Tositumomab for Recurrent Indolent and Transformed B-Cell Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Authors: Davies A.J. , Rohatiner A.Z.S. , Howell S. , Britton K.E. , Owens S.E. , Micallef I.N. , Deakin D.P. , Carrington B.M. , Lawrance J.A. , Vinnicombe S. , Mather S.J. , Clayton J. , Foley R. , Jan H. , Kroll S. , Harris M. , Amess J. , Norton A.J. , Lister T.A. , Radford J.A. 
Published: April 2004

PurposeAn open-label phase II study was conducted at two centers to establish the efficacy and safety of tositumomab and iodine I 131 tositumomab at first or second recurrence of indolent or transformed indolent B-cell lymphoma.Patients and MethodsA single dosimetric dose was followed at 7 to 14 days by the patient-specific administered radioactivity required to deliver a total body dose of 0.75 Gy (reduced to 0.65 Gy for patients with platelets counts of 100 to 149 × 109/L). Forty of 41 patients received both infusions.ResultsThirty-one of 41 patients (76%) responded, with 20 patients (49%) achieving either a complete (CR) or unconfirmed complete remission [CR(u)] and 11 patients (27%) achieving a partial remission. Response rates were similar in both indolent (76%) and transformed disease (71%). The overall median duration of remission was 1.3 years. The median duration of remission has not yet been reached for those patients who achieved a CR or CR(u). Eleven patients continue in CR or CR(u) between 2.6+ and 5.2+ years after therapy. Therapy was well tolerated; hematologic toxicity was the principal adverse event. Grade 3 or 4 anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia were observed in 5%, 45%, and 32% of patients, respectively. Secondary myelodysplasia has occurred in one patient. Four patients developed human antimouse antibodies after therapy. Five of 38 assessable patients have developed an elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone; treatment with thyroxine has been initiated in one patient.ConclusionHigh overall and CR rates were observed after a single dose of tositumomab and iodine I 131 tositumomab in this patient group. Toxicity was modest and easily managed.
Phase III Randomized Trial of Calendula Officinalis Compared With Trolamine for the Prevention of Acute Dermatitis During Irradiation for Breast Cancer
Authors: Pommier P. , Gomez F. , Sunyach M.P. , D'Hombres A. , Carrie C. , Montbarbon X. 
Published: April 2004

Purpose The effectiveness of nonsteroid topical agents for the prevention of acute dermatitis during adjuvant radiotherapy for breast carcinoma has not been demonstrated. The goal of this study was to compare the effectiveness of calendula (Pommade au Calendula par Digestion; Boiron Ltd, Levallois-Perret, France) with that of trolamine (Biafine; Genmedix Ltd, France), which is considered in many institutions to be the reference topical agent. Patients and Methods Between July 1999 and June 2001, 254 patients who had been operated on for breast cancer and who were to receive postoperative radiation therapy were randomly allocated to application of either trolamine (128 patients) or calendula (126 patients) on the irradiated fields after each session. The primary end point was the occurrence of acute dermatitis of grade 2 or higher. Prognostic factors, including treatment modalities and patient characteristics, were also investigated. Secondary end points were the occurrence of pain, the quantity of topical agent used, and patient satisfaction. Results The occurrence of acute dermatitis of grade 2 or higher was significantly lower (41% v 63%; P < .001) with the use of calendula than with trolamine. Moreover, patients receiving calendula had less frequent interruption of radiotherapy and significantly reduced radiation-induced pain. Calendula was considered to be more difficult to apply, but self-assessed satisfaction was greater. Body mass index and adjuvant chemotherapy before radiotherapy after lumpectomy were significant prognostic factors for acute dermatitis. Conclusion Calendula is highly effective for the prevention of acute dermatitis of grade 2 or higher and should be proposed for patients undergoing postoperative irradiation for breast cancer.
Genetic heterogeneity in northeastern India: Reflection of Tribe–Caste continuum in the genetic structure
Authors: Kumar Vikrant , Basu Debashis , Reddy B. Mohan 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe critically examined the gene frequency data for 11 genetic markers commonly available in the literature for 22 populations of northeastern India in the light of their geographic, linguistic, and ethnic affiliations. The markers investigated were three blood groups (A1A2BO, MNS, and Rh), four serum proteins (KM, Gc, Hp, and Tf), and four enzyme systems (AP, AK, EsD, and Hb). The neighbor‐joining tree and multidimensional scaling of the distance matrix suggest relatively high genetic differentiation among the Mongoloid groups, with probably diverse origins when compared to the Caucasoid Indo‐European populations, which had probably come from relatively more homogeneous backgrounds. Broadly speaking, the pattern of population affinities conforms to the ethno‐historic, linguistic, and geographic backgrounds. An interesting and important feature that emerges from this analysis is the reflection of the effect of the sociological process of a Tribe–Caste continuum on genetic structure. While on one end we have the cluster of Caucasoid caste populations, the other end consists of Mongoloid tribal groups. In between are the populations which were originally tribes but now have become semi‐Hinduized caste groups, viz., Rajbanshi, Chutiya, and Ahom. These groups have currently assumed caste status and speak Indo‐European languages. Therefore, one may infer that what appears to be a purely sociological phenomenon of a Tribe–Caste continuum may well reflect in their genetic structure. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 16:334–345, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Season of birth and fluctuating asymmetry
Authors: Benderlioglu Zeynep , Nelson Randy J. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFluctuating asymmetry (FA) refers to random, small deviations from perfect bilateral symmetry in morphological traits. These minor deviations from the ideal phenotype reflect environmental and genetic perturbations experienced during ontogeny. FA has been associated with negative health outcomes and many developmental disorders in humans. The prevalence of developmental disorders and adult health vary according to the month of birth, suggesting that seasonal stressors may leave enduring signs in the adult body, marked by high FA. The current study examined the relationship between FA and birth season. Data were collected for 205 males and females (average age = 20.39 years) on FA of 10 bilateral traits (second, third, fourth, and fifth digit length, palm height, wrist diameter, elbow width, ear height, foot breadth, and ankle circumference). Additional relationships were also investigated among FA, testosterone (T), and birth order. Results indicate that ear FA was lower for fall births compared to winter births in males. In females, palm FA was lower for fall births compared to those of the spring. FA of the digits was positively associated with T in males. Average FA, excluding the digits, decreased as the number of maternal siblings increased for both sexes. T concentrations in males were positively associated with the number of younger brothers. Our results generally confirm previous research on seasonal variation in adult longevity and neurological and psychiatric disorders, suggesting that winter and spring births are at risk for asymmetric developmental trajectory. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 16:298–310, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Empirically derived new equations for calculating body fat percentage based on skinfold thickness and midarm circumference in preschool Indian children
Authors: Shaikh Saijuddin , Mahalanabis Dilip 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe wanted to develop and apply new equations based on skinfold and midarm measurements for estimating %fat in preschool children suitable for field use. Prediction equations were developed on preschool‐aged urban boys (n = 100) and girls (n = 84). Skinfolds at four sites and midarm measurements were regressed on %fat derived from equations based on height and weight and from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA; resistance at 50 kHz). These equations were applied: 1) to 12 children in whom the %fat was determined using D2O dilution, and 2) to 50 children in whom their %fat was derived using height–weight and BIA equations. The 95% limits of agreement (mean ± 2 SD) for %fat derived by anthropometry and by new equations were within 1.7% in boys (r = 0.85; P < 0.001) and girls (r = 0.90; P < 0.001) and by BIA and new equations were within 1.5% in boys (r = 0.82; P < 0.001) and 2% in girls (r = 0.88; P < 0.001). For %fat measured by D2O dilution and new equations, 95% limits of agreement was within 1.3% (r = 0.98; P < 0.001). In 50 children 95% limits of agreement between anthropometry and new equations were within 1.8% in boys (r = 0.88; P < 0.001) and 1.4% in girls (r = 0.92; P < 0.001) and between BIA and new equations were within 1% in boys (r = 0.91; P < 0.001) and 1.5% in girls (r = 0.89; P < 0.001). The new equations for measuring %fat based on midarm circumference and skinfold measurements are rapid and accurate for South Asian children and should be useful for prediction of body composition and nutritional survey in field studies. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 16:278–288, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma in a 21‐year‐old male with Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome
Authors: Batton Beau , Amanullah Adoor , Main Charles , Fivenson David , Jamil Samir 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe describe a case of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma occurring in a 21‐year‐old male with Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) due to a chromosome 4p16.3 deletion. This is the first documented case report of malignancy occurring in an adult with WHS. We also review the literature regarding patients with WHS and the joint occurrence of malignancy and discuss genetic changes involving chromosome 4 which may have contributed to the genesis of our patient's lymphoma. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maternal UPD(14) in the patient with a normal karyotype: Clinical report and a systematic search for cases in samples sent for testing for Prader–Willi syndrome
Authors: Cox Helen , Bullman H. , Temple I.K. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractMaternal uniparental disomy for chromosome 14 causes a recognizable phenotype that has a number of consistent features, irrespective of the underlying chromosome abnormality. To illustrate this, we describe a patient with a 46,XX karyotype whose short stature, hypotonia, feeding problems, truncal obesity, early puberty, learning difficulties, and craniofacial characteristics led to a diagnosis of maternal (mat) UPD(14). No evidence is available to indicate how common mat UPD(14) in patients with a normal karyotype might be. Because of the similarity between Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) and the mat UPD(14) phenotype in childhood, we systematically tested samples from 35 patients with normal karyotypes and an unexplained PWS‐like phenotype referred to the Wessex Genetics Service. We sought to address the practical question should laboratories carry out tests for mat UPD(14) on all samples received for PWS testing when PWS testing gives negative results? None of the samples tested showed evidence of mat UPD(14). Routine screening of DNA from patients with possible PWS cannot be recommended on this basis. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distal arthrogryposis type IIB: Unreported ophthalmic findings
Authors: Sahni Jayashree , Kaye Stephen B. , Fryer Alan , Hiscott Paul , Bucknall Roger C. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWe describe four members spanning three generations of a Caucasian family affected with distal arthrogryposis (DA). Based on Hall's original classification, we have placed our family under type IIB and present previously unreported ophthalmic features. All the members had different degrees of ophthalmoplegia, ptosis, astigmatism, and strabismus. Other findings in affected family members included keratoconus in the index patient, which was associated with abnormal electron microscopy of the affected cornea and increased thickness of the central cornea, small axial length of the globe and choroidal folds in the others. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association between nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate and the glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 gene in the Japanese population
Authors: Kanno Kiyoshi , Suzuki Yoichi , Yamada Atsushi , Aoki Yoko , Kure Shigeo , Matsubara Yoichi 
Published: April 2004

AbstractNonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCLP) is one of the most common craniofacial malformations. Both genetic and environmental factors are involved in the pathogenesis. In addition to its role as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) synthesized by glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is presumed to play a role in normal embryonic, especially facial, development. This notion has been substantiated by the fact that Gad67 knockout mice have been shown to have cleft palate. We hypothesized that GAD67 may be involved in the development of NSCLP and investigated the possible association between the GAD67 gene (GAD67) and NSCLP in Japanese patients. We screened 50 probands for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in GAD67 using denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) and found seven SNPs. Since two SNPs showed complete linkage disequilibrium (LD) to the other SNPs, we constructed a 5‐locus haplotype of GAD67. The frequency distribution of the haplotype differed between NSCLP patients and controls (P = 0.0028). The frequency of −445A, −292A, −147G, 111C, and IVS9–39T haplotype in the NSCLP patients was significantly lower than that in controls (P = 0.00098). In a transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) in 99 parent–offspring trios, we found −445C, −292C, −147G, 111C, and IVS9–39C haplotype was preferentially transmitted to the patients with cleft lip and palate (P = 0.0077). Our data suggest that GAD67 is involved in the pathogenesis of NSCLP in the Japanese population. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Non‐neurogenic sarcomas in four children and young adults with neurofibromatosis type 1
Authors: Coffin Cheryl M. , Cassity Jamie , Viskochil David , Lor Randall R. , Albritton Karen 
Published: April 2004

AbstractIt is well known that children and young adults with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) have a higher risk for non‐neurogenic sarcomas than the general population, in addition to an increased risk for malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. When non‐neurogenic sarcomas occur in early childhood, a subsequent malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor can occur as a second malignant neoplasm, especially after alkylating agent chemotherapy and irradiation. This report includes the clinicopathologic features of non‐neurogenic sarcomas and secondary malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor in the context of four cases of NF1. The purpose is to emphasize that early diagnosis of NF1 and recognition of potential manifestations of non‐neurogenic sarcomas are important for clinical care of these patients and their families. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gene responsible for mitochondrial myopathy and sideroblastic anemia (MSA) maps to chromosome 12q24.33
Authors: Casas Kari , Bykhovskaya Yelena , Mengesha Emebet , Wang Dai , Yang Huiying , Taylor Kent , Inbal Aida , Fischel‐Ghodsian Nathan 
Published: April 2004

AbstractMitochondrial myopathy and sideroblastic anemia (MSA) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of oxidative phosphorylation and iron metabolism. Individuals with MSA present with weakness and anemia in late childhood and may become dependent on blood transfusions. Recently, we reported affected sibling pairs from a Jewish‐Iranian kindred living in the US [Casas and Fischel‐Ghodsian, 2003]. A genome scan and fine mapping of DNA from this family revealed homozygous alleles in the affected individuals, and a multipoint logarithm of the odds (lod) score of 3.3, within 2.3 mb of chromosome 12q24.33. Previously, Inbal et al. [1995: Am J Med Genet 55:372–378] described siblings with a similar clinical phenotype who lived in Israel but originated from the same Iranian town as the US family. Focused analysis of DNA from the Israeli family confirmed the presence of identical, homozygous alleles in the affected of the US and Israeli families within 1.2 mb of chromosome 12q24.33. Combined multipoint linkage analysis revealed a maximum lod score of 5.41 at the 132 cM position of chromosome 12. Therefore, in these two families of Jewish‐Iranian descent, a disease gene for MSA maps to a 1.2 mb region of chromosome 12q24.33. This region contains 6 well described genes (SFRS8, MMP17, ULK1, PUS1, EP400, and GALNT9) and at least 15 additional putative transcripts. The known genes are expressed in multiple tissues and lack a function specific to mitochondria, making none an obvious candidate. The eventual identification of the disease gene in MSA is expected to provide insight into the tissue specificity and phenotypic variability of mitochondrial disease. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.