bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microscopic age determination of human skeletons including an unknown but calculable variable
Authors: Wallin Johan A. , Tkocz Izabella , Kristensen Gustav 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHistomorphometric semi‐automatic image analysis of cross‐sections of 101 femoral diaphyseal bone sections were performed to reconsider to what degree osteon remodelling in the outer cortex is affected by age. The data were analysed statistically using the generalized least squares method. The model estimation, which includes the covariance matrix of four single equation residuals, improves the accuracy of age determination. The standard deviation, however, of age prediction remains 12.58 years. An experimental split of the data was made in order to demonstrate that the use of subgroups gives a false impression of higher precision of age determination. The present study demonstrates that determination of age at death through microscopic bone morphometry is considerably less precise than generally stated in the literature.
Age estimation from the pars basilaris of the fetal and juvenile occipital bone
Authors: Scheuer Louise , MacLaughlin‐Black Sue 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe pars basilaris of the human occipital bone is reported to be of considerable value for age estimation in juvenile skeletal remains between early fetal periods and 6 years of age, when it fuses to the remainder of the bone. The aim of this investigation was to examine the relationship between various dimensions of the pars basilaris, and assess their reliability for accurate age estimation. The results confirm the usefulness of the bone in this respect and they are discussed in the light of differential growth of the pars basilaris, and in the increase in dimensions of the boundaries of the foramen magnum.
Volume density of South American camelid skeletal parts
Authors: Elkin Dolores C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper provides a set of volume density values for skeletal parts of lama (Mammalia, Artiodactyla, Camelidae). The method by which these values were obtained is described and compared with published data of densitometries made on cervids, showing a high positive correlation between the bone densities of the two artiodactyls. The camelid bone density data are used to discuss the interpretation of skeletal patterning in an Andean archaeofaunal assemblage.
Of mice and sparrows: Commensal faunas from the Iberian iron age in the duero valley (central spain)
Authors: Muñiz Arturo Morales , Pecharroman Manuel Angel Cereijo , Carrasquilla Francisco Hernández , von Lettow‐Vorbeck Corina Liesau 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper aims to emphasize the importance of imported commensal faunas in archaeological contexts by reporting on the earliest known house sparrows and house mice from the Iberian peninsula. The finds, which date to the Iron Age of a hinterland area of the peninsula, have been identified on the basis of osteomorphological and osteometrical criteria, which are specified in the text in order to demonstrate the reliability of the identification. The temporal and geographical coincidence of these remains in the two sites analysed with those of donkey and, secondarily, chicken remains and faunal remains of littoral origin, lends support to the hypothesis that these animals arrived with the earliest trans‐Mediterranean colonizers to the southern shores of the Iberian peninsula and spread involuntarily thereafter as ‘side‐products’ of the Phoenician commercial routes throughout the Iberian hinterland.
Sex identification from the distal fibula
Authors: Sacragi Akihiko , Ikeda Toshiko 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study was designed to determine whether the fibula, which is one of the least studied long bones, can provide reliable information for sexing of human bones, provided that one condition is satisfied, namely, its distal end is available for measurement. The materials consisted of the dried fibulae of 71 Japanese males and 35 females whose names, ages and sex were known. The distal end of the fibula was measured with respect to five novel dimensions that are closely related to the soft tissues that had been attached to the bone surface. Highly significant sex differences were found when all parameters examined were considered together. The differences for separate items were not, however, sufficient for sex discrimination. Discriminant analysis was performed using the five parameters and yielded the correct sex with 90. 6 per cent accuracy for the entire group of specimens. This degree of accuracy suggests the utility of the present method for sexing human bones, in particular, in osteoarchaeological situations.
Extreme osteoporosis in a sixth century skeleton from the Negev desert
Authors: Foldes A. Joseph , Moscovici Anka , Popovtzer Mordecai M. , Mogle Paul , Urman Daniel , Zias Joe 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOsteoporosis was probably rare in ancient times due to the short life expectancy. An extremely osteopaenic skeleton of an adult female who lived in the Negev Desert c. AD 500 was studied using radiology, bone densitometry and histomorphometry. Possible aetiologic factors are discussed, with special emphasis on calcium and/or vitamin D deficiency, because nutritional deficiency has been described in Bedouin women who retain traditional dietary habits resembling those prevalent in the Negev region in antiquity.
The first archaeological case of Madelung's deformity?
Authors: Anderson T. , Carter A. R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn elderly male medieval skeleton excavated from St Gregory's Priory presented with unilateral Madelung's deformity. The right radius and ulna were shortened due to premature fusion of the distal growth plate. The radius displayed lateral and dorsal bowing and the ulna was dislocated posteriorly. Pronation and supination was not possible and the available hand bones presented with disuse atrophy. Degenerative changes had reduced the mobility of the elbow joint and marked cubitus valgus was demonstrated. The unilateral presentation, shortening of the ulna and atrophy of the hand bones and the sex of the skeleton suggest a post‐traumatic rather than an idiopathic form of Madelung's deformity. As far as we are aware this is the first archaeological example of this condition.
Secular decline in cranioskeletal size over two millennia of interior central California prehistory: Relation to calcium deficit in the reconstructed diet and demographic stress
Authors: Ivanhoe Francis 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn osteometric study of residual rickets (RR) skeletal plasticity has been made of a time‐ordered sequence of fifteen series of adult skeleton sets (n=359) from the Great Valley of central California (GV), spanning the three archaeological horizons of California Indian prehistory in this region: Early (EH), Middle (MH) and Late (LH). By least‐squares linear regression analysis, a clear and continuous downward trend obtained in cranioskeletal size in both sexes, proceeding from EH to LH in the GV sequence,pari passuwith a steady upward trend in the RR‐15 score. To ascertain if dietary calcium deficit (CADEF), a known cause of active rickets, can explain the observed secular increase in RR, the aboriginal diet was reconstructed by the diet grid method: CADEF was found to rise from borderline in the EH, to moderate in the MH, to severe in the LH, as the subsistence base shifted gradually away from hunted prey, and storable seed foods—mainly leached acorn meal—became the dominant source of energy. Further regression analysis has shown that the secular upward trend in CADEF is highly correlated with the temporal clines of the GV sequence, directly with the RR‐15 score, and inversely with cranioskeletal size: in round numbers, one grade of CADEF brings about a loss of 120 cm3or 4 per cent in partial skeleton volume. Two biocultural influences—demographic stress (DS) in females, and the less common ‘male nutritional advantage interaction co‐factor’ (MNAIC)—modulate the primary bone antitrophic CADEF effect: DS enhancing, MNAIC ameliorating.
Neolithic case of metastasizing carcinoma: Multiple approaches to differential diagnosis
Authors: de la Rúa C. , Baraybar J. P. , Etxeberria F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe remains of the fragmented skeleton of a mature male individual from a Neolithic mass burial (ca. 5000 years BP) are presented. The lesions consist of osteoblastic proliferation and replacement of previously normal haematopoietic tissue. The most affected area seems to have been the iliac blade. So‐called ‘seeding’ of tumour tissue has been found in different loci in the femoral neck, sacrum, L4 and scapula. Differential diagnosis points to metastatic carcinoma, most likely from the prostrate gland. In order to support the observations, radiological and histological analyses have been performed. Trace element analyses of tumour and control samples have shown the limited contribution of these data to ascertain the aetiology of secondary neoplasias in buried material.
Analyses of measurements taken from adult femurs of a British population
Authors: Porter Alan M. W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe femur remains an important bone in palaeoanthropology and this paper reports various analyses of measurements taken from long‐cassette radiographs of adult femurs of a reference population from the south of England (n=81, males 33, females 48). Discriminant analysis confirmed that the male femur is usually larger than the female femur, and that a femur may be sexed with some confidence. Discriminant scores have been derived to permit estimates to be made, from the whole or a part of a femur, of the probability of the male gender. Outcomes from a principal component analysis suggest: that the female proximal femur is a morphological unit; that neck length and shaft length are dissociated and there is no common factor representing linearity; and that the male bicondylar width is anomalous, a finding that is confirmed by other analyses. An estimate of the robusticity of the complete female, but not male, bone may sometimes be made from a proximal fragment. The robusticity of the complete bone may be made confidently from the shaft for both genders. The two width variables relating to a distal fragment cannot be used to predict the robusticity of the complete bone for either gender. A method of defining the position of the waist in terms of displacement in deciles down the shaft is described. The position of the waist seems to have a bimodal distribution. The positive association between age and distal displacement may be due to remoulding of the shaft with age or to a cohort (generational) effect. There is a weak correlation between a small neck–shaft angle and the distal displacement of the waist, two archaic phenotypic traits. Ten statements in the literature relating to the femur have been examined and tested; six are confirmed and four are unconfirmed, and it is suggested that there is a need for further studies relating to the morphology of the femur.
Activity‐induced musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) and subsistence strategy changes among ancient Hudson Bay Eskimos
Authors: Hawkey Diane E. , Merbs Charles F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAlthough archaeological evidence may express the results of several seasons of activity, the human skeleton, when correlated with archaeological and ethnographic data, provides information concerning daily activities performed throughout an individual's lifetime. Studies in occupational and sports medicine, along with electromyographic analysis of movement, have shown that different activities place different amounts of stress on human bone. In the present study, analysis of upper extremity musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) has been used to clarify habitual activity patterns of two ancient Thule Eskimo groups from northwest Hudson Bay, Canada. Distinct pattern differences in muscle use occurred between Thule adult males and females and suggest possible gender‐specific activity patterns that are not always discernible from the archaeological record alone. Temporal applications of the MSM data for Early and Late Period Thule support McCartney's theory of a substantial change in subsistence strategies through time, particularly among the adult males.
The patho‐epidemiology of benign proliferative epithelial disorders of the female breast
Authors: Cook Martin G. , Rohan Thomas E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBenign breast disease is associated with increased risk of subsequent breast cancer, especially when there is evidence of epithelial proliferation. There is no standard terminology for benign proliferative epithelial disorders (BPED), and this hinders direct comparisons between the various studies which have examined their pathology and their relationship to breast cancer. The present paper reviews previous classification schemes for BPED, and proposes an alternative system in which epitheliosis and blunt duct adenosis are the major features, the degree and pattern of the hyperplasias being graded separately. Adoption of this or a similar system as a standard should facilitate future comparative studies of these conditions. As BPED are apparently pre‐malignant conditions, an understanding of their aetiology is important because it may help to elucidate the aetiology of breast carcinoma, and to open up avenues for its prevention. If BPED are precursors to breast carcinoma, then risk factors for BPED should also be risk factors for breast carcinoma. To date, in epidemiological studies of BPED, such concordance has not been demonstrated, as consistent risk factors for the BPED have not yet emerged. This may have resulted, at least in part, from differences in the histological categories included in the various studies. Therefore, collaboration between epidemiologists and pathologists may facilitate progress towards an understanding of BPED.
An immunohistological study of factor VIII related antigen and kaposi's sarcoma using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Millard Peter R. , Heryet Andrew R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractImmunohistochemical techniques have been used to demonstrate Factor VIII related antigen (FVIIIRA) in endothelial cells and to study a variety of tumours including Kaposi's sarcoma. Conflicting reports on the presence of this antigen within the spindle cells of Kaposi's sarcoma have been made. These differences may be due to variations in techniques, in the immunoreagents used and in the method of fixation and handling of the specimen. A major factor may also be the lack of a uniform interpretation of positive peroxidase labelling. This study was confined to paraffin‐embedded tissues and compared the results and distribution of FVIIIRA labelling in Kaposi's sarcoma using two commercially available polyclonal antibodies and three monoclonal antibodies. The effects of predigesting the sections with trypsin and protease were also evaluated. Positive labelling of tumour spindle cells was accepted only when it matched that seen in labelled endothelial cells. The polyclonal antibodies provided satisfactory localization of FVIIIRA and gave positive results more frequently than the monoclonal antibodies both with and without enzyme digestion. Endothelial labelling was evident in vessels both within and around the tumour but none was seen in the tumour spindle cells. Most previous studies gave no definition of positive labelling but spindle cells were reported as labelled. However, in those few reports where a definition was given the findings are analogous to those in this report, demonstrating the importance of defining positive labelling.
Adrenal corticomedullary hyperplasia in hypobaric hypoxia
Authors: Gosney J. R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractContinuous exposure of adult male Wistar albino rats to a barometric pressure of 380 mm Hg (equivalent to an altitude of 5500 m) for 28 days causes a marked increase in adrenal gland weight due to hyperplasia of both adrenal cortex and medulla. The size of the cortical and medullary components of the gland relative to each other is unaffected; in both hypoxic and control animals the cortex occupies approximately 85 per cent of the overall volume of the gland. Cortical hyperplasia is consistent with the elevated levels of ACTH which have previously been shown to occur during hypoxia. Medullary hyperplasia under such conditions presumably reflects a continuing increased requirement for catecholamines in an hypoxic environment. The morphology of these adrenal medullae bears a striking structural resemblance to some phaeochromocytomata. Adrenal medullary hyperplasia does not appear to have been described previously under such conditions and may be an important effect of prolonged severe hypoxia.
Immunohistochemistry of soft tissue tumours: A review
Authors: Du Boulay Clair E. H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe diagnosis and classification of soft tissue sarcomas can pose difficult problems for the histopathologist. Many sarcomas are too poorly differentiated to exhibit morphological features specific enough to define their histogenesis. Using the immunoperoxidase technique with commercially available antisera as a routine adjunct to other diagnostic aids, it is possible to arrive at more accurate diagnoses on which treatment protocols can be based. In addition a better understanding of mesenchymal neoplasms and their origins can be obtained by functional immunohistochemical studies.
Histiocytic lymphoma: A report of a case with an unusual phenotype
Authors: Salisbury Jonathan R. , Ramsay Alan D. , Isaacson Peter G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA 41‐year‐old female underwent a supraclavicular lymph node biopsy. Light microscopy showed a tumour with morphology suggestive of a malignant lymphoma arising from interdigitating reticulum cells (IDRC). Immunohistochemistry and enzyme histochemistry revealed the tumour cells not only to possess differentiation markers found on IDRCs but also markers characteristic of monocyte derived histiocytes. The implications of a neoplasm expressing this unusual phenotype are discussed in relation to the origin of histiocytes and their subsets.
Ulex europeus I—peroxidase as a marker of vascular endothelium: Its application in routine histopathology
Authors: Walker Rosemary A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPeroxidase‐labelled Ulex europeus I lectin has been applied to a series of routinely fixed and processed vascular lesions to assess its value in the identification of endothelium. A group of breast carcinomas previously examined for binding of the lectin to the tumour have been re‐assessed for evaluation of the use of Ulex europeus I in the determination of vascular invasion. There was consistent binding to normal vascular endothelium but this could be variable, there being stronger reactivity in small vessels of some tissues. All benign lesions stained showed clear definition of vascular channels but angiosarcomas were much less consistent in their staining reaction and the peroxidase‐labelled lectin was considered to be a less satisfactory marker. Lymphatic endothelium was always negative; this proved to be a useful feature in differentiating between blood vessel and lymphatic invasion by breast carcinoma. Ulex europeus I‐peroxidase could certainly have a role in routine histopathology in this area.
Lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia identified as lymphoma of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
Authors: Herbert Amanda , Walters M. T. , Cawley M. I. D. , Godfrey R. C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe widespread interstitial pulmonary infiltration in two patients, showing the clinical, radiological and histological features of lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP), has been characterized by histological and immunological criteria as malignant lymphoma of follicle centre cell (FCC) origin with plasmacytic differentiation. One patient also had malignant lymphoma of the parotid glands which had been present for many years and was previously considered benign (benign lymphoepithelial lesion). The other patient had a long history of Sjögrens syndrome. The lymphomas in these patients are presented as typical examples of malignant lymphoma of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue.
Immunocytochemical identification of cell types in pleomorphic adenoma, with particular reference to myoepithelial cells
Authors: Palmer Richard M. , Lucas Raleigh B. , Knight Jennifer , Gusterson Barry 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn immunocytochemical study was carried out on normal salivary gland tissue and ten salivary gland pleomorphic adenomas. Antibodies to myosin were used to stain myoepithelial cells. Duct cells were stained using an antibody to total keratin and a subpopulation of basal duct cells with an antibody to 45/46K keratins. Basement membranes were stained with anti‐type IV collagen. The results demonstrated that myoepithelial cells are relatively rare in the majority of pleomorphic adenomas and that many of the cells which have been classically described as myoepithelial in routine histological preparations do not clearly show this type of differentiation. However, the tumours presented a spectrum of differentiation patterns from those that were mainly ductal to the rare tumour which was largely myoepithelial. It is further suggested that the 45/46K keratin antibody is capable of identifying a subpopulation of cells which could possibly be important in the histogenesis of this tumour.
The response of small blood vessels in rat skin and skeletal muscle to repeated application of histamine: A chemical, topographical and electron microscopic study
Authors: Jones Gayle M. , Hurley John V. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractQuantitative studies of increased vascular permeability, employing vascular labelling with colloidal carbon and measurement of the rate of escape of intravascular 99Tc labelled antimony sulphide (Sb2S3) colloid, show that local injection of histamine into the skin or cremaster muscle of rats reduces for a period of 6–8 h the leakage induced by a second injection of histamine into the same site Electron microscope studies employing multiple marker particles show that individual blood vessels are able to respond to two successive applications of histamine, and that the dimished leakage seen after the second injection is due to a reduced response of individual vessels and not to leakage from vessels unaffected by the first injection. Prior administration of bradykinin does not reduce the response to local injection of histamine into rat skin. The result suggest that sustained release of histamine is unlikely to be important in the production of prolonged increase in vascular permeability in acute inflammation. Bradykinin may be involved in such response but the findings provide no evidence for its participation.
Lipid in the human gallbladder mucosa. A histochemical study by light and electron microscopy
Authors: English Martin , Hopwood David 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe distribution of lipids in the epithelium of 70 gallbladders removed for cholecystitis was investigated histochemically. Lipid was demonstrated in 68 gallbladders—cholesterol and its esters, triglycerides, free fatty acids and phospholipids. Neutral lipid was found at the bases of epithelial cells in 90 per cent and at the apex in 10 per cent of the gallbladders. Phospholipid was shown at the apex of epithelial cells in 64 per cent of the gallbladders. Electron microscopy in 12 specimens revealed cholesterol in and between the epithelial cells and in the underlying connective tissue.