bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution of Moldanubian rocks in Austria: review and synthesis
Authors: PETRAKAKIS K. 
Published: October 2004

The Moldanubian zone in Austria comprises three major lithological units. Despite general agreement that nappe tectonics contributed to its current structure, the number and position of tectonic boundaries, or continental pieces that were involved in its evolution, as well as the age, extent and position of oceanic sutures are disputed. Recent models ascribe the Moldanubian tectonostratigraphic structure to its oblique, N‐ to NE‐directed collision with Moravia only.The rocks of the Moldanubian Bunte series and Gföhl unit experienced a common, intensive overprint in the range 700–800 °C and 8–11 kbar. Textural evidence suggests that this overprint was attained during nearly isothermal decompression, so the rocks experienced higher pressures prior to this overprint. These conditions constrain a continent–continent collision environment that contributed to the formation of the Moldanubian granulites. The estimated metamorphic temperatures are close to Tmax. During this Hercynian, high‐T  overprint, the minerals underwent extensive diffusion‐controlled homogenization of elements. The early stages of retrogression of these units were characterized by isobaric cooling at c. 6 kbar in the range 650–500 °C that is related to the oblique collision of the Moldanubian and Moravian zones. Cooling to c. 400 °C is demonstrated by unstrained, diasporized corundum inclusions in garnet of common Moldanubian granulites.The available age data (including cooling ages) from metamorphic rocks show a very wide variation between 490 and 280 Ma that depends on sample characteristics and the dating method used. They demonstrate clearly, however, that the metamorphic overprint is Hercynian. The possibility that the large variation in ages reflects homogenization, resetting and closure of the isotopic systems attained at different, sample‐ and method‐specific times is discussed. Age data varying between c. 370 and c. 346 Ma tentatively date different stages during the Hercynian, high‐T  decompression. The majority of zircon and monazite U/Pb ages as well as the hornblende and muscovite Ar/Ar cooling ages cluster between c. 345 and c. 326 Ma and date the effective closure conditions and the onset of rapid, nearly isobaric cooling. The continent–continent collision that formed the granulites pre‐dates c. 370 Ma. The intra‐Moldanubian nappe‐stacking pre‐dates thrusting of the Moldanubian zone over the Moravian zone. The range c. 340–335 Ma is the lower limit for completion of tectonic activity in the Moldanubian zone.The Moldanubian series are post‐tectonically intruded by granitoids of the Southern Bohemian Pluton. Recent age determinations and geochemical evidence suggest that the formation of the early granitoid types took place in the lower crust in connection with the Hercynian high‐grade overprint.The Moldanubian Monotone series in Austria is separated from the other Moldanubian units by a conspicuous tectonic horizon. It also differs from them by its characteristic high‐T , low‐P overprint, which is best demonstrated by a widespread cordierite gneiss.
Disequilibrium for Ca during growth of pelitic garnet
Authors: CHERNOFF C. B. , CARLSON W. D. 
Published: October 2004

Compositional zoning in hundreds of almandine‐rich garnets in amphibolite by facies micaceous quartzites from the Picuris Range, north‐central New Mexico USA, indicates that although Mn, Mg and Fe achieve chemical equilibrium at hand‐sample scale during garnet growth, Ca does not. Instead, Ca concentrations at the surface of growing garnets appear to depend strongly on kinetic factors that govern the local chemical environment, yielding disequilibrium for Ca at scales larger than the region immediately surrounding an individual porphyroblast.Detailed zoning profiles were obtained for 371 garnet crystals in a small volume of a single sample of garnetiferous quartzite, and core analyses were made of 97 additional crystals. Each analysis was made on a section that passed precisely through the morphological centre of the crystal, located by means of 3‐D imagery from computed X‐ray tomography. The data reveal strong correlations between crystal size and concentrations of Mn, Mg and Fe (but not Ca) in garnet cores; a relationship between crystal size and isolation; rigorous cross‐correlations among concentrations of Mn, Mg and Fe (but not Ca); and systematic variations in Ca concentrations as a function of crystal size and core composition that are anomalous in comparison to the behaviour of the other divalent cations.We interpret these observations as the result of thermally accelerated diffusion‐controlled garnet growth, in circumstances that promoted rapid intergranular diffusion and thus rock‐wide equilibration of Mn, Mg and Fe, but that prevented equilibration at similar scale for Ca because of its more sluggish intergranular diffusion. The anomalous behaviour of Ca is made evident in these garnets by the presence of sharp spikes in Ca concentration, which are demonstrably not a consequence of any simultaneous rock‐wide event, such as a change in pressure, temperature, or some other intensive parameter. Instead, Ca concentrations probably reflect the local extent of reaction in the immediate vicinity of each porphyroblast. To the degree that such kinetic factors introduce departures from chemical equilibrium for Ca, thermobarometric estimates that involve grossular contents of pelitic garnet will be in error.
The effect of metamorphic fluid flow on the nucleation and growth of garnets from Troms, North Norway
Authors: SKELTON A. D. L. 
Published: October 2004

A spatial association is observed between the size distribution of garnet porphyroblasts and the size distribution of quartz veins in greenschist facies metapelites from Troms, North Norway. The size distribution of quartz veins reflects the flow regime of metamorphic fluids. The hypothesis that the flow regime of metamorphic fluids is also responsible for the size distribution of garnet crystals was tested by ascribing empirical acceleration parameters to the nucleation and growth rates of garnet crystals.In regions where fluid flow was interpreted as pervasive’, acceleration parameters for nucleation were high, whereas in regions where fluid flow was interpreted as channelled’, acceleration parameters for growth were high. Accelerated crystal growth is further implied from the chemical zoning and crystal morphologies of garnets collected near discrete veins.This spatial association may imply that fluid flow can be instrumental in controlling garnet crystallization. Fluid flow could affect garnet crystallization kinetics by facilitating thermal advection and/or mass transfer. In the study area, rhodochrosite (MnCO3) veins provide evidence for mass transfer of Mn by fluid flow. An influx of Mn would expand the stability field of garnet to lower temperatures. The resulting thermal overstep could accelerate nucleation and/or growth of garnets.The corollary of this study is that size distributions and chemical zoning of garnets, or other porphyroblast phases, can be used to study metamorphic fluid flow.
Elevated serum levels of a c‐erbB‐2 oncogene product in oral squamous cell carcinoma patients
Authors: Chen C. H. , Lin Y. S. , Lin C. C. , Yang Y. H. , Ho Y. P. , Tsai C. C. 
Published: October 2004

Objectives:  Amplification of the proto‐oncogene c‐erbB‐2 (HER‐2/neu) has been shown to be a prognostic marker in many kinds of cancer including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In order to obtain further information on the c‐erbB‐2 gene product p185, it is necessary to quantify expression levels. In this study we used an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the extracellular domain of p185 to determine whether a soluble oncoprotein fragment can be detected in the serum of OSCC patients.Method:  Sera from 84 OSCC patients, 51 breast cancer patients (as positive controls), and 15 healthy controls were assayed in an ELISA. To study c‐erbB‐2 overexpression in OSCC, and breast cancer tissue samples we used an immunohistochemical technique.Results:  The mean serum value (ng/ml, mean/SD) for the normal controls was 8.46/1.29. We chose the 95% level of normal controls as a cut‐off to distinguish individuals with elevated levels. The breast cancer patients’ and OSCC patients’ serum values were 13.83/6.82 and 13.1/4.56, respectively. Significant differences (P < 0.0001) were observed between normal control and OSCC, normal control and the breast cancer group. Immunohistochemically detectable p185 (intermediate to high) was noted in 30 of 61 OSCC, and 24 of 51 breast cancer patients. There was a trend of association of serum oncoprotein fragment levels with tumor stages, but not with tumor sizes, nodal stages, metastases, and oral habits including betel quid chewing, alcohol drinking and smoking in the OSCC group.Conclusion:  The results of the present study raise the possibility that soluble c‐erbB‐2 protein levels in serum is a useful parameter for monitoring the disease status as well as the effect of therapy on patients with OSCC.
Increased expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 in DMBA‐induced hamster cheek pouch carcinogenesis and chemopreventive effect of a selective COX‐2 inhibitor celecoxib
Authors: Nishimura Norihiko , Urade Masahiro , Hashitani Susumu , Noguchi Kazuma , Manno Yukiyo , Takaoka Kazuki , Sakurai Kazunari 
Published: October 2004

Background:  In recent years, overexpression of cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2 protein and mRNA has been reported in various cancer tissues. Therefore, it has been suggested that COX‐2 is related to carcinogenesis.Methods:  Hamsters were treated by painting a buccal pouch with a 0.5% DMBA solution dissolved in acetone. Basal diet or diets containing 150, 500 and 1500 ppm of celecoxib, a selective COX‐2 inhibitor, were given ad libitum to hamsters, and tumor development was observed.Results:  Immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses revealed that COX‐2 expression was increased toward the carcinogenesis. Although all hamsters developed squamous cell carcinoma, the onset of tumor formation was delayed in a dose‐dependent manner. Also, tumor growth was retarded and survived animals were increased in the group of celecoxib treatment. Histologically, administration of celecoxib increased the apoptotic cells in the tumor parenchyma and significantly inhibited the angiogenesis in the stroma.Conclusions:  The COX‐2 expression was increased during hamster cheek pouch chemical carcinogenesis. Administration of celecoxib demonstrated the chemopreventive potential against the carcinogenesis.
Interleukin‐1β increases RANTES gene expression and production in synovial fibroblasts from human temporomandibular joint
Authors: Ogura N. , Tobe M. , Sakamaki H. , Nagura H. , Hosaka H. , Akiba M. , Abiko Y. , Kondoh T. 
Published: October 2004

Background:  Synovial fibroblasts of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) are poorly characterized, although they have important roles in progression of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). In this study, we investigated responses of synovial fibroblasts to interleukin (IL)‐1β.Methods:  We examined gene expression profiles of synovial fibroblasts in response to IL‐1β, using Affymetrix GeneChip. Regulated upon activation normal T‐cell expressed and secreted (RANTES) gene expression was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real‐time PCR. RANTES protein levels were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results:  The RANTES was preferentially up‐regulated in synovial fibroblasts by IL‐1β. The increase in RANTES gene expression in response to IL‐1β was confirmed by PCR and real‐time PCR. Protein level of RANTES in synovial fibroblasts was also increased by IL‐1β.Conclusions:  The RANTES, a cc‐type chemokine, has chemotactic effects on lymphocytes and monocytes. Increased gene expression and protein production of RANTES in synovial fibroblasts, in response to IL‐1β, may play an important role in recruitment of inflammatory cells into synovium and progression of synovitis in TMD.
In vivo determination of skin surface topography using an optical 3D device
Authors: Jacobi Ute , Chen Mai , Frankowski Gottfried , Sinkgraven Ronald , Hund Martina , Rzany Berthold , Sterry Wolfram , Lademann Jürgen 
Published: October 2004

Background/purpose: Topography of the skin surface is a mirror of the functional skin status. Therefore, its evaluation is of great interest for dermatological research. In the present study, a new optical measuring system was applied to evaluate human skin surface topography in vivo and non‐invasively, in order to determine elastotic and mimic wrinkles dependent on age, body site and therapy.Methods: The measurements were performed on the back (n=5), the flexor forearm (n=14) of volunteers in different age groups and on the face of women (n=4) participating in an anti‐wrinkle study. The evaluation of the three‐dimensional‐profiles was performed determining skin surface parameters (mean roughness (Ra), mean depth of roughness (Rz), maximum roughness (Rm) and waviness (Wt)) and applying Fourier analysis.Results: Significant increases in all surface parameters were obtained on the forearms with increasing age. Differences between the surface topographies of forearm and back were only expressed by the waviness and the Fourier analysis. The treatment with botulinum Toxin A led to a diminution of mimic wrinkles as reflected by the furrow profiles.Conclusions: The results show a significant dependence of the skin surface topography on the age of the volunteer and the body site measured. Particularly the waviness, the Fourier analysis and the furrow profiles reflect such dependencies. The system used also fulfils the requirements for the testing of therapies, as was demonstrated by the reduction of mimic wrinkles after treatment with botulinum Toxin A.
Influence of hydration and experimental length scale on the mechanical response of human skin in vivo, using optical coherence tomography
Authors: Hendriks F. M. , Brokken D. , Oomens C. W. J. , Baaijens F. P. T. 
Published: October 2004

Backgrounds/aims: Human skin is a complex tissue consisting of different layers. To gain better insight into the mechanical behaviour of different skin layers, the mechanical response was studied with experiments of various length scales. Also, the influence of (superficial) hydration on the mechanical response is studied. The work is based on the hypothesis that experiments with different length scales represent the mechanical behaviour of different skin layers. For suction, this means that a large aperture diameter reflects the behaviour of mainly dermis, whereas a very small diameter reflects the behaviour of only the top layer of the skin.Methods: Suction measurements at varying pressures and aperture sizes were performed on the volar forearm of 13 subjects aged 29–47 years. The deformation of the skin was visualized using ultrasound (US) (dermis) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) (epidermis and dermis). US measurements were performed on hydrated skin, OCT measurements on dry and hydrated skin. The experiment was simulated by a finite element model (FEM) exhibiting extended Mooney material behaviour. An identification method was used to compare the experimental and numerical results to identify the parameters of the material.Results: The material parameters C10 and C11 were calculated for four subjects: C10=29.6±21.1 kPa and C11=493±613 kPa for 6 mm aperture diameter, C10=11.5±8.7 kPa and C11=18.3±12.6 kPa for 2 mm aperture diameter and C10=10.8±9.5 kPa and C11=9.3±7.7 kPa for 1 mm aperture diameter. Skin hydration caused ambiguous effects on the mechanical response.Conclusions: US and OCT, combined with suction, using varying apertures sizes, proved to be a valuable tool to study the mechanical behaviour of different skin layers. With increasing experimental length scale, increasing values for the parameters of the material model were found. This indicates the need of a multi‐layered material layer FEM, which can be used to identify mechanical behaviour of epidermis and dermis.
Dental hygiene education in Japan: present status and future directions
Authors: Yoshida N , Endo K , Komaki M 
Published: October 2004

Abstract:The aim of this report is to provide basic information about the historical development, current status and future needs of education and training of dental hygienists in Japan. The first formal training of dental hygienists in Japan started at Tokyo in 1949. Restructure and modification of the dental hygiene education system has been reiterated over the years in order to satisfy the needs of the constantly changing society. Although previously only vocational training was provided for dental hygienists, higher‐level education has been conducted. The present legislation of dental hygiene has gone through a complicated process. The student should take the dental hygienist licensing examination which is held once a year by the National Board organized by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Currently there are 136 dental hygiene schools and the total enrolment is about 7000. The duration of dental hygiene education course has been prolonged from 2 to 3 years since 2001. In 2004, the 4‐year course started. The 2‐year dental hygiene education program is expected to be replaced with the 3‐ and 4‐year courses by 2010. The dental hygiene education system in Japan will be improved in many ways as dental hygienists are expected to participate in health promotion and preventive care, and to gain knowledge of the economics and organization of health care in relation to oral hygiene.
Impact on Genetic Networks in Human Macrophages by a CCR5 Strain of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1
Authors: Coberley Carter R. , Kohler James J. , Brown Joseph N. , Oshier Joseph T. , Baker Henry V. , Popp Michael P. , Sleasman John W. , Goodenow Maureen M. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACTHuman immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) impacts multiple lineages of hematopoietic cells, including lymphocytes and macrophages, either by direct infection or indirectly by perturbations of cell networks, leading to generalized immune deficiency. We designed a study to discover, in primary human macrophages, sentinel genetic targets that are impacted during replication over the course of 7 days by a CCR5-using virus. Expression of mRNA and proteins in virus- or mock-treated macrophages from multiple donors was evaluated. Hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis grouped into distinct temporal expression patterns >900 known human genes that were induced or repressed at least fourfold by virus. Expression of more than one-third of the genes was induced rapidly by day 2 of infection, while other genes were induced at intermediate (day 4) or late (day 7) time points. More than 200 genes were expressed exclusively in either virus- or mock-treated macrophage cultures, independent of the donor, providing an unequivocal basis to distinguish an effect by virus. HIV-1 altered levels of mRNA and/or protein for diverse cellular programs in macrophages, including multiple genes that can contribute to a transition in the cell cycle from G1to G2/M, in contrast to expression in mock-treated macrophages of genes that maintain G0/G1. Virus treatment activated mediators of cell cycling, including PP2A, which is impacted by Vpr, as well as GADD45 and BRCA1, potentially novel targets for HIV-1. The results identify interrelated programs conducive to optimal HIV-1 replication and expression of genes that can contribute to macrophage dysfunction.
Direct Inoculation of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus from Sooty Mangabeys in Black Mangabeys (
Lophocebus aterrimus
): First Evidence of AIDS in a Heterologous African Species and Different Pathologic Outcomes of Experimental Infection
Authors: Apetrei Cristian , Gormus Bobby , Pandrea Ivona , Metzger Michael , ten Haaft Peter , Martin Louis N. , Bohm Rudolf , Alvarez Xavier , Koopman Gerrit , Murphey-Corb Michael , Veazey Ronald S. , Lackner Andrew A. , Baskin Gary , Heeney Jonathan , Marx Preston A. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACT

A unique opportunity for the study of the role of serial passage and cross-species transmission was offered by a series of experiments carried out at the Tulane National Primate Research Center in 1990. To develop an animal model for leprosy, three black mangabeys (BkMs) (
Lophocebus aterrimus
) were inoculated with lepromatous tissue that had been serially passaged in four sooty mangabeys (SMs) (
Cercocebus atys
). All three BkMs became infected with simian immunodeficiency virus from SMs (SIVsm) by day 30 postinoculation (p.i.) with lepromatous tissue. One (BkMG140) died 2 years p.i. from causes unrelated to SIV, one (BkMG139) survived for 10 years, whereas the third (BkMG138) was euthanized with AIDS after 5 years. Histopathology revealed a high number of giant cells in tissues from BkMG138, but no SIV-related lesions were found in the remaining two BkMs. Four-color immunofluorescence revealed high levels of SIVsm associated with both giant cells and T lymphocytes in BkMG138 and no detectable SIV in the remaining two. Serum viral load (VL) showed a significant increase (>1 log) during the late stage of the disease in BkMG138, as opposed to a continuous decline in VL in the remaining two BkMs. With the progression to AIDS, neopterin levels increased in BkMG138. This study took on new significance when phylogenetic analysis unexpectedly showed that all four serially inoculated SMs were infected with different SIVsm lineages prior to the beginning of the experiment. Furthermore, the strain infecting the BkMs originated from the last SM in the series. Therefore, the virus infecting BkMs has not been serially passaged. In conclusion, we present the first compelling evidence that direct cross-species transmission of SIV may induce AIDS in heterologous African nonhuman primate (NHP) species. The results showed that cross-species-transmitted SIVsm was well controlled in two of three BkMs for 2 and 10 years, respectively. Finally, this case of AIDS in an African monkey suggests that the dogma of SIV nonpathogenicity in African NHP hosts should be reconsidered.
Influence of Acylation Sites of Influenza B Virus Hemagglutinin on Fusion Pore Formation and Dilation
Authors: Ujike Makoto , Nakajima Katsuhisa , Nobusawa Eri 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACT
The cytoplasmic tail (CT) of hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza B virus (BHA) contains at positions 578 and 581 two highly conserved cysteine residues (Cys578 and Cys581) that are modified with palmitic acid (PA) through a thioester linkage. To investigate the role of PA in the fusion activity of BHA, site-specific mutagenesis was performed with influenza B virus B/Kanagawa/73 HA cDNA. All of the HA mutants were expressed on Cos cells by an expression vector. The membrane fusion ability of the HA mutants at a low pH was quantitatively examined with lipid (octadecyl rhodamine B chloride) and aqueous (calcein) dye transfer assays and with the syncytium formation assay. Two deacylation mutants lacking a CT or carrying serine residues substituting for Cys578 and Cys581 promoted full fusion. However, one of the single-acylation-site mutants, C6, in which Cys581 is replaced with serine, promoted hemifusion but not pore formation. In contrast, four other single-acylation-site mutants that have a sole cysteine residue in the CT at position 575, 577, 579, or 581 promoted full fusion. The impaired pore-forming ability of C6 was improved by amino acid substitution between residues 578 and 582 or by deletion of the carboxy-terminal leucine at position 582. Syncytium-forming ability, however, was not adequately restored by these mutations. These facts indicated that the acylation was not significant in membrane fusion by BHA but that pore formation and pore dilation were appreciably affected by the particular amino acid sequence of the CT and the existence of a single acylation site in CT residue 578.