bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of the reliability of a binary symmetric channel under non‐Gaussian disturbances
Authors: Al‐Smadi Adnan , Smadi Mahmoud M. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe field of digital and data communications is becoming increasingly dominant because digital transmission offers data processing options and flexibilities not available with analog transmission. The main feature of a digital communication system is that during a finite interval of time, it sends a waveform from a finite set of possible waveform. One of the most important and fundamental models of communications channels is the binary symmetric channel (BSC). An important measure of system performance in a digital communication system is the probability of error. In this paper, the probability of error, the reliability, the entropy and the channel capacity of a BSC model are studied under non‐Gaussian noise disturbances. Namely, Cauchy, Laplace and logistic distributions are considered. It is found that the reliability of the signaling system is low under non‐Gaussian noise distributions compared to the Gaussian noise distribution. Several methods were used to reduce the error probability. The amount of improvement in reliability using the reduction methods is higher in the case of Gaussian noise. In order to achieve high reliability under non‐Gaussian noise distribution, it is required to increase signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and increase number of repetitions when sending the same signal different times. Finally, it is observed that increasing the reliability for Cauchy distribution noise has totally failed based on sending the same signal different times and summing the received signals. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two algorithms for multi‐constrained optimal multicast routing
Authors: Tsai Kun‐Cheng , Chen Chyouhwa 
Published: December 2003

AbstractMultimedia applications, such as video‐conferencing and video‐on‐demand, often require quality of service (QoS) guarantees from the network, typically in the form of minimum bandwidth, maximum delay, jitter and packet loss constraints, among others. The problem of multicast routing subject to various forms of QoS constraints has been studied extensively. However, most previous efforts have focused on special situations where a single or a pair of constraints is considered. In general, routing under multiple constraints, even in the unicast case is an NP‐complete problem. We present in this paper two practical and efficient algorithms, called multi‐constrained QoS dependent multicast routing (M_QDMR) and (multicasting routing with multi‐constrained optimal path selection (M_MCOP)), for QoS‐based multicast routing under multiple constraints with cost optimization. We provide proof in the paper that our algorithms are correct. Furthermore, through extensive simulations, we illustrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our proposals and demonstrate their significant performance improvement in creating multicast trees with lower cost and higher success probability. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aggressive papillary male breast carcinoma on fine‐needle cytology sample
Authors: Zeppa Pio , Mascolo Massimo , Zabatta Assunta , Finelli Luigi , Vetrani Antonio , Palombini Lucio 
Published: December 2003

AbstractPapillary carcinoma (PC) is a histological variant of breast carcinoma that is more frequently observed in males than in females, showing the same cytological features in both sexes. PC is characterized by a low grade of malignancy and a generally favorable course. We describe a case of male breast PC (MPC) diagnosed by fine‐needle cytology (FNC) in which some aggressive morphologically detectable features were associated with bland cytologic features of the tumor. FNC was performed on a 3 cm palpable mass of the left breast of a 55‐yr‐old male. FNC yielded abundant bloody material. Two smears were Diff‐Quik and Papanicolaou stained, others were used for immunocytochemical assessment of estrogen, progesterone, c‐erbB‐2, and Ki‐67; another was Feulgen stained for DNA ploidy. Smears were highly cellular, showing isolated cells and papillary structures. Cells showed tall and well‐defined cytoplasm with a columnar aspect, light anisonucleosis, coarse chromatin, and small nucleoli. Immunoperoxidase staining demonstrated positivity for estrogen (50%), negativity for progesterone, intense positivity for c‐erbB‐2, with specific membrane staining and positivity for Ki‐67 in more than 20% of the cells. DNA‐ploidy showed an aneuploid histogram with 5c exceeding rate (5cER) of 59% and 2c deviation index (2cDI) of 29%. Subsequent surgical pathology examination confirmed the cytological diagnosis of papillary carcinoma; moreover, it revealed neoplastic endolymphatic thrombi and infiltrative border of the tumor that reached the thoracic wall. Cytological features can suggest diagnosis of MPC on FNC samples. Immunocytochemical evaluation of c‐erbB‐2 and Ki‐67 and DNA ploidy evaluation on cytological smears might reveal a biological aggressiveness of PC despite the bland microscopic features of the tumor and this should influence the therapeutic procedure. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2003;29:360–363. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of redundant and nonredundant bimodal sensory stimulation on heart rate in bobwhite quail embryos
Authors: Reynolds Greg D. , Lickliter Robert 
Published: December 2003

AbstractResearch with both animal embryos and human infants has provided evidence that information presented redundantly and in temporal synchrony across sensory modalities (intersensory redundancy) can guide selective attention, perceptual learning, and memory during early development. How this facilitation is achieved remains relatively unexamined. This study examined the effects of redundant versus nonredundant bimodal stimulation on a measure of physiological arousal (heart rate) in bobwhite quail embryos. Results show that quail embryos exposed to concurrent but nonredundant auditory and visual stimulation during the late stages of incubation exhibit significantly elevated heart rates following stimulus exposure and during stimulus reexposure when compared to embryos exposed to redundant and synchronous audiovisual stimulation, unimodal auditory stimulation, or no supplemental prenatal sensory stimulation. These findings indicate a functional distinction between redundant and nonredundant bimodal stimulation during early development and suggest that nonredundant bimodal stimulation during the prenatal period can raise arousal levels, thereby potentially interfering with the attentional capacities and perceptual learning of bobwhite quail. In contrast, intersensory redundancy appears to foster arousal levels that facilitate selective attention and perceptual learning during prenatal development. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 43: 304–310, 2003.
Peer rejection, temperament, and cortisol activity in preschoolers
Authors: Gunnar Megan R. , Sebanc Anne M. , Tout Kathryn , Donzella Bonny , van Dulmen Manfred M. H. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractIn this study, we examined a model that describes both direct and indirect pathways between children's temperament and activity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis when children are in peer‐group settings. We hypothesize that in peer‐group settings both shy, inhibited and exuberant, undercontrolled children would exhibit higher cortisol levels, but these associations would operate through different pathways. Sociometric measures of peer rejection, salivary cortisol, and teacher reports of temperament were collected on 82 preschoolers. Children who were rejected by classmates had higher cortisol levels than the other children. The combination of Surgency and Poor Effortful Control (Effortful Control, reverse scored) was associated with elevated cortisol through a pathway mediated by aggressive interactions with peers and peer rejection. With the indirect path explained, the combination of Surgency and Poor Effortful Control also was directly and negatively associated with classroom cortisol levels. These results help explain why temperament associations with HPA activity have been variable and difficult to discern when children are assessed in peer‐group contexts. In these contexts, both direct and indirect pathways between temperament and cortisol need to be examined. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 43: 343–358, 2003.
Effects of Atorvastatin on LDL sub‐fractions and peroxidation in type 1 diabetic patients: a randomised double‐blind placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Manuel‐y‐Keenoy Begoña , Van Campenhout Christel , Vertommen Jan , De Leeuw Ivo 
Published: December 2003

AbstractBackgroundPatients with diabetes have an increased risk of both developing and dying from cardiovascular disease, and, currently, more aggressive lipid‐lowering targets are being recommended for these patients. Statins are widely and successfully used to correct dyslipidemia and prevent acute coronary episodes, but their effects on lipoprotein composition and peroxidation have not been fully investigated. We aimed to address this issue in type 1 diabetes mellitus.MethodsT1DM patients with atherogenic index (total/HDL‐cholesterol > 4) were randomised double‐blindly to group A (n = 12) that received Atorvastatin 40 mg/day and group P (n = 12) that received placebo. They were monitored for blood biochemistry, LDL sub‐fractions and lipid peroxidation at inclusion, after 6 and after 12 weeks.ResultsIn group A, the 40% decrease in serum total and LDL cholesterol and 20% decrease in triglycerides was accompanied by a decrease in serum α‐tocopherol from 46.4 ± 16.3 (mean ± SD) at inclusion to 32.2 ± 11.8 and 32.6 ± 14.0 µmol/L after 6 and 12 weeks respectively (p < 0.001 compared to group P by repeated‐measures ANOVA). Relative to LDL + VLDL cholesterol, α‐tocopherol increased by 40% (p < 0.001). Copper‐induced LDL + VLDL peroxidation increased from 4891 ± 1325 at inclusion to 6821 ± 2291 and 7040 ± 1712 nmol TBARS/mg LDL + VLDL cholesterol produced in 3 h (p = 0.004). LDL sub‐fractions shifted towards the less dense regions (p = 0.03).ConclusionsThese results suggest that Atorvastatin lowers the antioxidant capacity of LDL and VLDL in T1DM. The mechanisms underlying these changes merit further investigation and should be taken into account when planning long‐term primary prevention of CHD in diabetes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cadherin‐1, ‐2, and ‐11 expression and cadherin‐2 function in the pectoral limb bud and fin of the developing zebrafish
Authors: Liu Q. , Kerstetter A.E. , Azodi E. , Marrs J.A. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractCadherins are cell adhesion molecules that play important roles in development of a variety of organs, including the vertebrate limb. In this study, we analyze cadherin expression patterns in the embryonic zebrafish pectoral limb buds and larval pectoral fins by using both in situ hybridization and immunocytochemical methods. cadherin‐1 is detected in the epidermis of the embryonic limb buds and the larval pectoral fins. Cadherin‐2 is expressed in the pectoral limb bud mesenchyme and chondrogenic condensation. As development proceeds, cadherin‐2 expression is detected in newly differentiated pectoral fin endoskeleton, but its expression is greatly down‐regulated in the fin endoskeleton of larval zebrafish. cadherin‐11 is found in the basal region of the embryonic limb buds and in the proximal endoskeleton of the larval pectoral fins. Interfering with cadherin‐2 function using two specific antisense morpholino oligonucleotides disrupts formation of the chondrogenic condensation/endoskeleton, suggesting that cadherin‐2 is crucial for the normal development of the zebrafish pectoral fins. Developmental Dynamics 228:734–739, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thrombospondin‐1–deficient mice exhibit increased vascular density during retinal vascular development and are less sensitive to hyperoxia‐mediated vessel obliteration
Authors: Wang Shoujian , Wu Zhifeng , Sorenson Christine M. , Lawler Jack , Sheibani Nader 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThrombospondin‐1 (TSP1) is a natural inhibitor of angiogenesis. Its expression is most prominent during the late stages of vascular development and in the adult vasculature. Our previous studies have shown that TSP1 expression promotes a quiescent, differentiated phenotype of vascular endothelial cells. However, the physiological role TSP1 plays during vascular development and neovascularization requires further delineation. Here, we investigated the role of TSP1 during development of retinal vasculature and retinal neovascularization during oxygen‐induced ischemic retinopathy. The retinal vascular density was increased in TSP1‐deficient (TSP1‐/‐) mice compared with wild‐type mice. This finding was mainly attributed to increased number of retinal endothelial cells in TSP1‐/‐ mice. During oxygen‐induced ischemic retinopathy, the developing retinal vasculature of TSP1‐/‐ mice was less sensitive to vessel obliteration induced by hyperoxia but exhibited a similar level of neovascularization induced by normoxia compared with wild‐type mice. This finding is consistent with the similar pattern of VEGF expression detected in wild‐type and TSP1‐/‐ mice. Furthermore, the increased expression of TSP1 during development of retinal vasculature was not affected by oxygen‐induced ischemic retinopathy. In addition, the regression of ocular embryonic (hyaloid) vessels, as well as the newly formed retinal vessels during oxygen‐induced ischemic retinopathy, was delayed in TSP1‐/‐ mice. Therefore, TSP1 is a modulator of vascular homeostasis and its expression is essential for appropriate remodeling and maturation of retinal vasculature. Developmental Dynamics 228:630–642, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of a novel homeobox gene Ehox in trophoblast stem cells and pharyngeal pouch endoderm
Authors: Jackson Melany , Baird Janet W. , Nichols Jennifer , Wilkie Ron , Ansell John D. , Graham Gerry , Forrester Lesley M. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractEhox is an X‐linked paired like homeobox gene identified from a differentiating embryonic stem (ES) cell cDNA library and is expressed at low levels in the preimplantation blastocyst and in ES cells in vitro. In embryos at 6.5 days post coitum (dpc), Ehox expression was restricted to the extraembryonic ectoderm which correlates with high‐level expression in cultures of trophoblast stem cells. Extraembryonic expression becomes further restricted to the chorion and by 15.5 dpc Ehox is expressed in chorionic trophoblast of the labyrinth and spongiotrophoblast layers of the placenta. Ehox expression in the embryo proper first appears at 8.5 dpc in the anterior foregut endoderm and by 9.5 dpc is visible in pharyngeal pouches 2–4. By 10.5 dpc, Ehox expression becomes restricted to the ventral end of pouches 2 and 3. The data presented here is the first description of Ehox expression during embryogenesis and suggests a dual role for Ehox: (1) in trophoblast stem cells and compartments of the developing placenta, and (2) during development of the pharyngeal pouches, possibly delineating the area to become thymus. Development Dynamics 228:740–744, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alk8 is required for neural crest cell formation and development of pharyngeal arch cartilages
Authors: Payne‐Ferreira T.L. , Yelick P.C. 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe type I TGFβ family member receptor alk8 acts in bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathways to establish dorsoventral patterning in the early zebrafish embryo. Here, we present evidence that alk8 is required for neural crest cell (NCC) formation and that alk8 signaling gradients direct the proper patterning of premigratory NCCs. We extend our previous functional studies of alk8 to demonstrate that ectopic expression of constitutively active and dominant negative Alk8, consistently results in more medially or laterally positioned premigratory NCCs, respectively. We also demonstrate that patterning defects in premigratory NCCs, induced by alk8 misexpression, correlate with subsequent defects in NCC‐derived pharyngeal arch cartilages. Furthermore, an anteroposterior effect is revealed, where overexpression of Alk8 more severely affects anterior arch cartilages and decreased Alk8 activity more severely affects posterior arch cartilage formation. Ectopic expression studies of alk8 are supported by analyses of zygotic and maternal‐zygotic laf/alk8 mutants and of several BMP pathway mutants. Pharyngeal mesodermal and endodermal defects in laf/alk8 mutants suggest additional roles for alk8 in patterning of these tissues. Our results provide insight into alk8‐mediated BMP signaling gradients and the establishment of premigratory NCC mediolateral positioning, and extend the model for BMP patterning of the neural crest to include that of NCC‐derived pharyngeal arch cartilages. Developmental Dynamics 228:683–696, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Syntheses, Characterizations, and Crystal Structures of Three New Metal Phosphonocarboxylates with a Layered and a Microporous Structure
Authors: Yang Bing‐Ping , Mao Jiang‐Gao , Sun Yan‐Qiong , Zhao Han‐Hua , Clearfield Abraham 
Published: December 2003

AbstractHydrothermal reactions of N‐(phosphonomethyl)proline (H3L) with MII (M = Cd, Pb, and Zn) chlorides resulted in three new metal amino‐phosphono‐carboxylates, namely, [Cd2LCl(H2O)] (1) and [Pb2Cl2(HL)] (2) with a layered structure, and [Zn7L6][Zn(H2O)6]2·16H2O (3) featuring a microporous structure built from centered octahedral Zn6(Zn) cluster anions. The cadmium(II) ions in complex 1 are octahedrally coordinated [Cd(1)O5Cl, Cd(2)O4NCl]. These cadmium octahedra form a 1D zigzag chain along the b‐axis through edge sharing, and such chains are further interconnected via phosphonate tetrahedra to form a <002> layer. The organic rings of the ligands are orientated to the interlayer space. Complex 2 also has a layered structure, in which Pb(1) is six‐coordinated by four phosphonate oxygen atoms and two carboxylate oxygen atoms from four ligands in a distorted octahedral geometry, three Pb−O distances are relatively longer than those of the remaining ones, whereas Pb(2) is six coordinated by three phosphonate oxygen atoms and one carboxylate oxygen from four ligands as well as two chloride anions in a distorted octahedral geometry, one Pb−O bond is much longer than the remaining ones. These two different types of PbII ions are further interconnected through bridging carboxylate and phosphonate groups to form a <200> layer. Complex 3 contains a novel heptanuclear zinc phosphonate cluster anion [Zn7L6]4− and two hexahydrated zinc(II) cations as well as 16 lattice water molecules. The seven ZnII cations in an anion form an unusual centered Zn6(Zn) octahedron, packing of such cluster anions creates micropores that are occupied by the hexahydrated zinc(II) cations and lattice water molecules. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Reaction of Methyl Radicals with Metal Powders Immersed in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Rusonik Irena , Polat Hurriyet , Cohen Haim , Meyerstein Dan 
Published: December 2003

AbstractMethyl radicals radiolytically produced in aqueous solutions react efficiently with Cr0, Mn0, Fe0, Ni0, Cu0 and Zn0 powders immersed in the solution. The Cr0, Mn0, Fe0, Ni0 and Zn0 powders reduce the radicals to form methane. On the other hand the Cu0 powder seems to oxidize the radicals. Surprisingly a part of the energy absorbed by the Cr0, Fe0, Ni0 and Zn0 powders is transferred to the aqueous solution, thus increasing the radical yield. CH4, C2H4, C2H6, C3H6 and C3H8 are formed when an aqueous deaerated buffer solution, pH 4−5, is added to powders of analytical iron, zinc, manganese and chromium. The source of these gases is carbon traces present, as atoms or atom clusters, in the “analytical” metal powders. These carbon atoms, when present on the surface of the metals, are reduced by the metal particles in aqueous solutions. This mechanism might be the source of light alkanes and alkenes in the prebiotic era. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Modulation of the Communication between Redox Centers in a Tris(ferrocene)‐tren Ligand by Complexation of Lanthanide Ions
Authors: Heitzmann Marie , Moutet Jean‐Claude , Pécaut Jacques , Reynes Olivier , Royal Guy , Saint‐Aman Eric , Serratrice Guy 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThe tripodal ligand L built on the tren platform and bearing three chemically equivalent ferrocene units was prepared and characterized. Electrochemical investigations indicate that electrostatic communication occurs between the three ferrocene groups in L, which leads to the observation of two distinct voltammetric waves. The electrochemical communication between the three ferrocene moieties is disrupted in 1:1 (L:M3+) type complexes formed between L and Y3+ or Eu3+ metal cations and their electrochemical response tends towards that of a single three‐independent‐electrons oxidation wave. Modulation of the electrochemical properties of L in the presence of lanthanide ions might be exploited with a view to their electrochemical sensing in organic and aqueous media. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Advances in capillary electrophoretically mediated microanalysis
Authors: Van Dyck Sigrid , Kaale Eliangiringa , Nováková Soňa , Glatz Zdeněk , Hoogmartens Jos , Van Schepdael Ann 
Published: December 2003

AbstractRecent developments in the use of capillary electrophoretic techniques for the in‐line study of enzyme reactions and derivatization protocols are reviewed. The article is divided into two parts: (i) in‐line enzyme reactions and (ii) in‐line derivatization. The first part introduces electrophoretically mediated microanalysis (EMMA) and discusses and illustrates the different modes of EMMA. A literature overview is provided, starting from 1996, and the investigated enzymes are classified into two tables based on the mode of engagement (i.e., continuous or transient) of the developed EMMA‐based assay. The second part starts with an introduction of the procedures and the nomenclature used in the area of in‐line derivatization protocols based on EMMA. Reported derivatization procedures are discussed and classified in tables, according to the functional group that is derivatized.
Silica‐based monoliths for capillary electrochromatography: Methods of fabrication and their applications in analytical separations
Authors: Allen Darin , El Rassi Ziad 
Published: December 2003

AbstractThis review article is intended to provide the reader with the recent advances made in the fabrication of silica‐based monolithic capillary columns for use in capillary electrochromatography (CEC). The silica‐based monoliths can be produced by three different approaches, namely (i) fusion of silica particles by thermal sintering, (ii) cross‐linking/entrapping silica particles in a packed bed using the sol‐gel process, and (iii) polymerization of silicon alkoxide precursors using the sol‐gel process. Thus far, approach (iii) is the most widely used for fabricating silica monoliths. After providing a thorough description of each of the three approaches used for the production of silica‐based monolithic capillary columns, the analytical separations performed by CEC on each kind of monolith are discussed.