bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Style in Painting (1995)
Authors: Wollheim Richard 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Wollheim describes his generative, psychologically realistic notion of individual style: one realized in the artist’s ‘practical capacities’, one that is ‘encapsulated in the artist’s body [ ... ] the hand, the arms’, that ‘puts within reach of a painter the fulfilment of his intentions’. He distinguishes the notion from the merely taxonomic, categorizing notion of general, historical, or universal style, which is not of genuine use in explanation. Painting must be understood as the mode of intentional action that it is. Wollheim stresses the importance of his distinction between ‘styledescription’ and ‘stylistic description’, an important difference which the taxonomic notion of style cannot capture. He concludes by observing that there are times of deviance from the normal ‘one style, one artist’ pattern: a painter may lose or depart from their individual style. Indeed, although style need not normally be consciously represented, the ‘time may arise in an artist’s life when he starts to represent his style internally [... if] this is a time of deep crisis, we have to be prepared for the possibility that these representations will be misrepresentations.’ The potential of introjection, crisis of identity and other maladies explored in depth psychology thus inevitably makes its appearance.
Imagination and Pictorial Understanding (1986)
Authors: Wollheim Richard 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This is in reply to Anthony Savile, in the Joint Session of the Mind Association and the Aristotelian Society of 1986. Contrary to some theorists—Kendall Walton is the main figure in philosophy—‘we have a perfectly good explanation of how we perceive representations without invoking imagination.’ Wollheim’s famous view of pictorial representation involves a unitary ‘twofolded’ experience comprising the ‘configurational’ fold—seeing the arrangement of brush-strokes and the like—and the ‘recognitional’ fold—for example, seeing the figurative content. But even if ‘perception of representations is not necessarily imaginative, does it necessarily become imaginative when concepts and beliefs in excess of a certain limit are brought to bear upon it?’ Wollheim criticizes Savile’s answer; Wollheim’s alternative distinguishes the ‘internal spectator’ from the ‘external spectator’. Whereas the external spectator is the normal gallery-goer, the internal spectator is an imagined figure who is indeterminate in various respects but will possess ‘a repertoire of attitudes and responses to the represented scene’, and—crucially—‘is normally placed so that his field of vision is coincident with what can be seen in the picture’.
Selection and Landscape Evolution
Authors: Phillips Jonathan D 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Darwinian natural selection is the best known, but only one, example of selection in nature. Variations occur, and some are more efficient, stable, durable, or better adapted than others and are therefore selected for—that is, they are more likely to occur, to be replicated, to have high functionality, and to persist or grow. This chapter discusses types of selection relevant to landscapes, including natural selection, ecosystem-level selection, biogeochemical selection, and environmental filtering. Various forms of abiotic selection are outlined, including gradient, resistance, and network selection. The local nature of selection is emphasized, and the barriers to ubiquitous, constant evolution toward increased efficiency explained. Three case studies of landscape evolution highlighting the role of different types of selection are given: estuarine marsh islands in North Carolina, the Brazilian Cerrado, and fluviokarst in central Kentucky.
Why Everything Is Connected to Everything Else
Authors: Phillips Jonathan D 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
In the landscape sciences, the principle that everything is connected to everything else is virtually axiomatic. Why are Earth systems so strongly interconnected? The crowded landscape concept suggests that components of environmental systems are bound to come in contact because there are so many of them and because of finite space and time for their existence. Connections persist due to connection selection—the preferential preservation of connections that are advantageous for survival and functioning. High connectivity may occasionally be detrimental (e.g., spread of diseases or contaminants), but it offers many advantages in terms of fluxes and distribution of mass, energy, and information; redundancy; and reduced vulnerability. A fully connected system is an optimal compromise between connectivity of individual components and overall complexity. An example shows how the lower Waccamaw River, South Carolina, absorbed impacts of three record floods in a four years owing to the advantages of high connectivity.
The Ethical Theory of W. D. Ross
Authors: Hooker Brad 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the deontological pluralism of W. D. Ross. First, the structure of this ethical theory is explained and assessed, yielding a qualified endorsement. Then the focus moves on to the content of Ross’s prima facie duties. The chapter argues that Ross’s list of duties should be supplemented by agent-relative duties towards family and friends, moral permissions, and other moral rights. Furthermore, whereas Ross held that the duty to promote justice is an agent-neutral duty to bring about a match between virtue and happiness, this chapter argues that justice incorporates attention to agent-relative duties, to various rights, and to fairness, which is here explained in terms of sensitivity to relevant differences and insensitivity to irrelevant differences.
Ross and the Problem of Permissibility
Authors: Stratton-Lake Philip 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Ross’s theory of prima facie duties captures well our moral intuitions about what we ought to do, and why. The shift from understanding basic principles in terms of prima facie duty rather than duty proper is very important, and his list of basic prima facie duties (fidelity, reparation, gratitude, maximizing the good and avoiding harm) is very plausible. But it does generate two problems relating to the permissible. The first is that it seems to leave us with no moral free space, as whenever the other four duties are absent, the good-maximizing duty kicks in. The result is that there is always something we are obligated to do. The second problem is that the theory leaves no space for the supererogatory. If there is always something we are obligated to do, then there is no space for the idea that some acts can be good if you do them, but not wrong if you don’t do them. It appears that whatever makes such actions good will also make them obligatory. I consider how Ross’s theory generates these unattractive consequences, and how the theory could be revised to avoid them.
On the Value of Intellectual and Aesthetic Activity: A Reply to Ross
Authors: Theunissen L Nandi 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Is value personal in the sense that what is valuable is of value for someone, or is it impersonal in the sense that what is valuable, while it pertains to a subject, is of value simpliciter? Ross was a staunch proponent of the view that value is impersonal. The author is a proponent of the view that value is personal. This chapter asks which of them is right. The controversy is over the metaphysical structure. Since I have proverbial skin in the game, I will articulate a personal theory of value in terms I find plausible. Since I am personally exercised by a dispute that may appear scholastic to outsiders, I will make clear what turns on it for me. The controversy is over the metaphysical structure of non-instrumental value. But the abstract question is brought to bear on particular kinds of evaluative phenomena, and the phenomena arguably lend the dispute its liveliness and point. The battle is over forms of value that are properly thought ‘admirable’ or ‘commendable’ such as aesthetic and intellectual excellence. These values are marshalled as hard cases for the personal value theorist, so a lot turns on whether she can give a plausible account of them. I make the case that she can.
Couple-based lifestyle intervention for minority prostate cancer survivors: a randomized feasibility trial
Authors: Cho Dalnim , Li Yisheng , Basen-Engquist Karen , Acquati Chiara , Nguyen Nga T T , Ma Hilary , Pettaway Curtis A , McNeill Lorna H 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
Black and Hispanic prostate cancer (PCa) survivors, who face a high burden of comorbid conditions and often engage in low levels of physical activity and healthy eating, remain significantly underrepresented in lifestyle intervention studies.

Purpose
Given the significance of spousal influence, we developed a culturally tailored lifestyle intervention for these survivors and their spouses and assessed its feasibility, acceptability, and impact on behavioral change.

Methods
Survivor-spouse couples were randomly assigned to an intervention group (n = 22), which received 12 health-coaching calls over 6 months, or a usual-care control group (n = 9). Assessments were conducted at baseline (T1), mid-intervention (T2, month 3), and post-intervention (T3, month 6).

Results
The mean attendance was 10.58 sessions, and the intervention received high acceptability scores. Assessment completion rates were 84% at T2 and 81% at T3 for survivors, and 77% at T2 and 81% at T3 for spouses. Intervention group survivors showed meaningful improvements in diet quality from T1 to T2 (+ 6.56) and a clinically important increase in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) from T1 to T3 (+ 17.5 min/day on average). Intervention group spouses also showed meaningful improvements in diet quality from T1 to T2 (+ 8.19) and from T1 to T3 (+ 6.34) and MVPA from T1 to T3 (+ 17.3 min/day on average). Control group participants showed improvements in MVPA.

Conclusions
This couple-based lifestyle intervention is feasible, highly accepted, and promising for improving healthy lifestyle behaviors among Black and Hispanic PCa survivors and their spouses. The results should be carefully interpreted and replicated in an adequately powered trial.
Cancer
Authors: James Nick 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Cancer: A Very Short Introduction discusses the notion of cancer and how it affects people and the world as one of the biggest killers worldwide. It highlights that cancer is a problem that touches virtually everyone either directly or indirectly. Thus, cancer is a primary focus of many healthcare plans and government strategies. Paradoxically, with improving life expectancy, especially in low- and middle-income countries, cancer is becoming more common globally. This VSI provides an overview of the biology of the disease and its causes, including the growing role of evolutionary analysis in cancer research and trends in diagnosis and treatment, before detailing its subsequent economic consequences. It then looks into several issues, such as expensive drug development, new surgical and radiotherapy technologies, reduction of risk of developing cancer, and the use of complementary and alternative therapies.
Evolution and cancer
Authors: James Nick 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter, a new addition in the 2nd edition, provides an overview on the evolution of cancer. It points out that since one of the hallmarks of cancer is genomic instability, cancer cells will be more likely to generate new mutations. The advent of high-precision, relatively cheap DNA sequencing has allowed the field of cancer evolutionary biology to explode in recent years. The chapter then discusses evolutionary selection by treatment, which highlights the fact that different treatments in the same patients may produce different patterns of subsequent relapse. It elaborates on how obtaining DNA sequence data became key to understanding cancer behaviour and responses to treatment.
Cancer research
Authors: James Nick 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter elaborates on the extent and process of cancer research. It examines the differences between the rules for drugs and those for devices like radiotherapy and techniques such as surgery. Since drug treatments must meet different criteria, a new drug treatment requires testing in a series of clinical trials typically involving large numbers of patients. The chapter also discusses the process of comparing existing treatments, especially since requirements of trials differ in different countries. It mentions that new technologies, such as technical radiotherapeutic or surgical innovations, tend to be introduced via a marketing rather than a trials route, which will become increasingly problematical as healthcare budgets come under pressure.
The economics of cancer care
Authors: James Nick 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter explores the economics of cancer care. It explains that the changes in both medical technology and drug therapy are underpinned by extensive investment in new treatments by both drug and medical equipment manufacturers. While different systems have different pros and cons, a major difference can be seen between high-, middle-, and low-income countries. The chapter considers the interplay of factors in how healthcare systems operate and how the population behaves—which can substantially affect outcomes. It then looks into the likelihood that cancer incidence will rise as life expectancy improves with economic growth in low- and middle-income countries.
Alternative and complementary approaches to cancer care
Authors: James Nick 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This chapter considers alternative and complementary approaches to cancer care. It explains that complementary medicines are aimed at running alongside conventional therapies as a form of support. Meanwhile, alternative medicines aim to replace the mainstream treatment with one that conventional medicine would regard as unproven at best and harmful at worst. Many patients will use both conventional and alternative or complementary treatments, since most people have only the sketchiest understanding of science and tend to view the claims of scientists and alternative practitioners as equally valid. The chapter also elaborates on various dietary approaches, which are also frequently adopted by patients alongside herbal remedies and herbal medicines. Vitamin and mineral preparations are also considered in this chapter.
AOP-networkFinder—a versatile tool for the reconstruction and visualization of Adverse Outcome Pathway networks from AOP-Wiki
Authors: Yarar Nurettin , Martens Marvin , Rognes Torbjørn , Lavender Jan , Dirven Hubert , Audouze Karine , Wojewodzic Marcin W 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Motivation
The Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOP)-Wiki, a knowledge database for AOPs, requires an efficient way to present an overview of its content for the reconstruction of networks by experts in a given domain. We have developed the AOP-networkFinder, a user-friendly tool that retrieves AOPs of interest, allows network generation and cleaning, and finally visualizes networks built around the retrieved AOPs. Our tool constructs AOP networks by connecting AOPs that use the same Key Events (KEs) in a versatile but controlled manner. Genes related to these KEs are also displayed. The constructed networks can then be exported as images or to Cytoscape for further fine-tuning and statistical analysis.

Results
The AOP-networkFinder allows users to comprehensively identify relationships between KEs and visualize the overall structure of an AOP both quickly and easily. This is immensely beneficial to researchers who need to understand the complex interplay between different KEs and the overall pathway they are studying and helps them to build further networks of interest while logging relevant information about changes within the network. These efforts are in line with the Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable principles, which are crucial attributes for any developed databases and tools for optimizing (re)use in a dynamically changing landscape of AOP-Wiki.

Availability and implementation
The AOP-networkFinder is an open-source application and is available online at aop-networkfinder.no, in the ‘Computational Toxicology at Norwegian Institute of Public Health’ Zenodo community at DOI 10.5281/zenodo.11068434, in the GitHub repository at github.com/folkehelseinstituttet/AOPnetworkFinder_v1, as well as in a Docker image at hub.docker.com/r/nurre123/aop_network_finder. The software is available under the GNU Affero General Public License (AGPL), v3.0. The tool uses the AOP-Wiki SPARQL endpoint to retrieve AOP data.
OrthoBrowser: gene family analysis and visualization
Authors: Hartwick Nolan T , Michael Todd P 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Motivation
The analysis of gene families across diverse species is pivotal in elucidating evolutionary dynamics and functional genomic landscapes. Typical analysis approaches often require significant computational expertise and user time.

Results
We introduce OrthoBrowser, a static site generator that will index and serve phylogeny, gene trees, multiple sequence alignments, and novel multiple synteny alignments. This greatly enhances the usability of tools like OrthoFinder by making the detailed results much more visually accessible. This interface can scale reasonably up to hundreds of genomes, allows a user to filter this large dataset to a subset of samples they are interested in at that particular moment in time, or “zoom in” to only a subtree of the orthogroup. The multiple synteny alignment method uses a progressive hierarchical alignment approach in the protein space using orthogroup membership to establish orthology. Orthobrowser makes it easy for users to identify, interact with, explore, and share key information about their gene families of interest.

Availability and implementation
OrthoBrowser is pip installable and is available under MIT license at: https://gitlab.com/salk-tm/orthobrowser. Complete example OrthoBrowser results are available at: https://orthobrowserexamples.netlify.app/.
ESCARGOT: an AI agent leveraging large language models, dynamic graph of thoughts, and biomedical knowledge graphs for enhanced reasoning
Authors: Matsumoto Nicholas , Choi Hyunjun , Moran Jay , Hernandez Miguel E , Venkatesan Mythreye , Li Xi , Chang Jui-Hsuan , Wang Paul , Moore Jason H 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Motivation
LLMs like GPT-4, despite their advancements, often produce hallucinations and struggle with integrating external knowledge effectively. While Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) attempts to address this by incorporating external information, it faces significant challenges such as context length limitations and imprecise vector similarity search. ESCARGOT aims to overcome these issues by combining LLMs with a dynamic Graph of Thoughts and biomedical knowledge graphs, improving output reliability, and reducing hallucinations.

Result
ESCARGOT significantly outperforms industry-standard RAG methods, particularly in open-ended questions that demand high precision. ESCARGOT also offers greater transparency in its reasoning process, allowing for the vetting of both code and knowledge requests, in contrast to the black-box nature of LLM-only or RAG-based approaches.

Availability and implementation
ESCARGOT is available as a pip package and on GitHub at: https://github.com/EpistasisLab/ESCARGOT.
Species recovery as a half empty process: the case against ignoring social ecology for gray wolf recovery
Authors: vonHoldt Bridgett M , Blumstein Daniel T , Berger Joel , Carroll Carlos 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The criteria used to assess recovery under the US Endangered Species Act (ESA) often fall short when considering social, group-living species. To illustrate this, we use recent insights on sociality in gray wolves to highlight how such definitional failures in implementing the ESA limit the efficacy of recovery efforts for species with complex societal arrays. The loss of conspecifics in social species has an enhanced impact on demographic viability that is not captured by estimates of population abundance. The reproductive skew in social species reduces effective population size and exacerbates threats to genetic health of populations. For group-living species such as wolves, it is critical that regulations consider sociality in recovery guidelines. Biological processes that include social behavior and group structure need to be more fully considered for the ESA to effectively reflect biological reality. Until regulations and policy include language that incorporates these considerations, the species we try to protect will lose.
BHSo4 Improving the quality of parastomal hernia care through a dedicated clinic
Authors: Warner-Levy John , Lockett Kylie , Goscimski Andrzej , Slade Dominic 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Parastomal hernia (PSH) affects more than 50% of ostomates, but are frequently managed conservatively. The majority of colorectal surgeons do fewer than 3 PSH repairs annually and very few would declare a specialist interest in them.
In May 2022, we set up a dedicated monthly clinic for the assessment and management of PSH. Patients selected by our stomacare team are seen by two surgeons with a declared PSH interest. The purpose was to concentrate expertise and provide MDT decisions in clinic. From February 2023, 27 patients reported symptoms using the Measure Yourself Medical Outcome Profile (MYMOP2).
Since inception we have seen 78 new referrals (35 male, mean age 63), with the majority of stomas being end colostomies (50%). 50% had a tobacco use history with 18% being current smokers. 56% were obese (BMI &gt; 30) with 24% being morbidly obese (BMI &gt; 35). 45% (13% recurrent) presented with early, symptomatic, PSH (EHS grade 1), and 31% had concomitant midline hernias (EHS grades 2 & 4). MYMOP2 scores showed pain & discomfort as the most frequent symptom.
Over 2 years, 27% have been listed for surgery with 7 undergoing repair. 7% were discharged after initial assessment with 6% after one follow up. 50% have been managed conservatively and 3 died after referral. Since this clinic was set up no other surgeons are performing PSH repair with all new cases referred to it.
Dedicated PSH clinics concentrate expertise, provide excellent multidisciplinary team working and identify PSH symptoms early allowing consideration of effective early repair.
BHSeP13 Laparoscopic management of traumatic abdominal wall injury
Authors: Zanellato Artur , Ewing Anne , Skipwoth Richard , Damaskos Dimitrios 
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Background
Traumatic abdominal wall defects are consequence of either penetrating or blunt abdominal trauma, usually associated with multitrauma organs and the minimally invasive approach is still debateable. The authors present a case report of patients with traumatic injury of abdominal wall managed laparoscopically.

Case report
35 years old sustaining 2 stab wounds in the left interscapular area at level of 5th intercostal space (3 cm) and left flank at posterior axillar line (3 cm). He was brought to emergency department stable but with history of significant blood loss in the scene. Bloods Hb 101 otherwise unremarkable. CT scan demonstrated no internal organs injury. Wound was washed and closed in the emergency department and patient admitted for observation in the trauma unit. Later review by senior surgeon no signs of peritonism but proposed diagnostic laparoscopy for completion of thoraco-abdominal injury investigation and concerns of diaphragmatic injury. Intraoperative findings no visceral injury but large abdominal wall defect with omentum herniation. Omentum reduced and defect closed with 2-0 V-lock. Wound re-opened washed and external layer closure with loop PDS 0.

Conclusion
Penetrating thoraco-abdominal injuries should have laparoscopic exploration even though patient doesn't demonstrate signs of visceral injury due to the risk of abdominal wall and/or diaphragmatic unrecognized injuries that will be more difficult to correct at later stage and are a potential risk of complications such as incarceration.