bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“The World See Crazy”: 1780-1797
Authors: Nagel Paul C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Alice’s seclusion at Mount Peace occurred at the same time her brother William struggled with his own enforced retirement. He and his wife Hannah had remained in Europe when Arthur sailed for America. They did not wish to expose their children to a wartime voyage home. There were now three youngsters: William, Portia, and Cornelia. A second son, Brutus, had recently died. The last birth had been that of Cornelia. With her arrival, Hannah’s difficult childbearing days ended at age forty-three. Stuck in Brussels, repudiated by Congress, and given no chance to defend himself, William should have been miserable. And, indeed, he was often wrathful over what he considered the many injustices done him, as well as over the victory of his enemies. But he also recognized the pleasure in domesticity, and pledged that “my family and books will employ my whole time, until some business is undertaken.” William preached that “the care of a wife and family is amply sufficient to employ a man’s whole time.”
“Last of the Stratford Lees”: 1786-1817
Authors: Nagel Paul C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It happened that Alice Shippen’s son Tommy was visiting Virginia when Uncle Frank died at Menokin. From there Alice heard the sad news that she was, as Tommy put it, “the last of the Stratford Lees.” Of all the family who grew up at Thomas Lee’s proud house on the Potomac, she was now the only survivor. Astonishingly, Alice lived two more decades, long enough to see a new generation come to humiliation at Stratford. But by then, Alice had also watched the sorrows of her own children multiply. Neither her son nor her daughter would brighten the lives of their parents. One of the causes for Alice’s bout with depression in the 1780s had been the tug-of-war over Peggy Livingston, Alice’s granddaughter. “Poor little Peggy,” Uncle Arthur Lee had observed, “it should be flattering to her to know what a contention there is for her company.” Not only Nancy and Old Lady Livingston wished to have the six-year-old, but Nancy’s husband Henry Livingston was still demanding to have her. Again, he urged reunion with Nancy, claiming he had reformed.
... Calamity: 1794-1827
Authors: Nagel Paul C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Richard Bland Lee’s first campaign for a wife failed dismally. He sought to win a daughter of King Carter’s grandson and namesake, Robert Carter of Nomini Hall, a great Potomac estate situated near Lee Hall. At Christmas time 1790, Carter loftily rejected Richard’s suit. Ostensibly, the reason was Carter’s disagreement with Congressman Lee’s political views. Perhaps equally harmful to Richard’s cause was that Carter knew all about the Lees and the rising problem at Stratford. The prospect of a daughter married to a brother of Harry Lee could not have appealed to the Carter family. After this rebuff, Richard wasted no time in trying his luck else where. The result was impressive. He found a mate in the Philadelphia residence of Stephen Collins, one of the city’s most successful merchants and financiers. One wonders if Richard knew that Collins was numbered among Harry Lee’s impatient creditors and that as recently as August 1790 a discouraged Collins had reminded Harry: “I have wrote you several letters on the score of your note to me . . . and yet you take no notice of it.” Fortunately for Richard Lee, Stephen Collins was kind by nature and deferred to his daughter Elizabeth’s wishes that Richard be allowed to court her, even if he was Harry’s brother. Miss Collins was an unusually attractive and intelligent woman of twenty-five when she first welcomed Richard’s visits. The Collinses were good friends of Alice and Billy Shippen, and Elizabeth was one of Dr. Shippen’s admiring and admired patients, a relationship which may have helped foster her union with the Lee family.
Farewell to Stratford: 1787-1829
Authors: Nagel Paul C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Light-Horse Harry Lee left a record with some redeeming features. Compassionate friends remembered his brave Legion in the Revolution. Others recalled his plea for the federal Constitution’s adoption, or his stirring eulogy of George Washington. Unfortunately when Harry’s son Henry Lee died, in 1837, there was nothing edifying in his past. This grandson of Colonel Phil and son of the Divine Matilda at Stratford earned a derisive title as “Black-Horse Harry Lee.” His family called him Henry. Two children had survived from the union of Matilda and Light Horse Harry. Lucy Grymes Lee, the elder of the pair, and Henry Lee, who was fourth in descent to bear that name. Both appear to have had serious personality disorders which spoiled their lives. Stuck in the limited province imposed upon a nineteenth-century woman, Lucy’s escapades were necessarily more limited than her brother’s. In a step Lucy apparently considered a lark, at age seventeen she married Bernard Moore Carter. He was Ann Carter Lee’s brother, so the wedding made Lucy a sister-in-law to her step-mother, and an aunt to her half-brothers and sisters.
Hiding in Paris: 1829-1840
Authors: Nagel Paul C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As she said goodbye to Henry, Lucy Carter urged that he “treat Ann with the utmost tenderness. It would be well to humour her peculiarities if she has any. Then they would wear off.” Lucy chose to add: “If I have said anything offensive, you must forgive me for it, as be assured the best motives dictate what I have said.” For themselves as Lees, Lucy said she could not avoid the conclusion “that we are both unfortunate.” Henry’s brother and agent, Carter Lee, was more concerned that Henry live prudently while abroad. He warned Henry to manage within his salary. What little income there was from the rental of Ann’s slaves must go to helping pay creditors in America. Ann’s property must be sacred, Carter admonished: “It would be wrong in you to attempt to diminish it.” At least Henry now had a steady, if modest, stipend as an employee of the United States government-or so the consul in Algiers and his brother assumed. But this security vanished in March 1830 when the United States Senate, by unanimous vote, denied Henry Lee his federal appointment. The senators discussed the nomination in secret session, using materials apparently supplied by Virginia’s senator John Tyler with the aid of Ann and Betsy’s uncle William Robinson. Thanks to Tyler and Robinson, evidently Henry’s adultery with Betsy was graphically recounted on the floor of the Senate.
“My Country”: 1846-1861
Authors: Nagel Paul C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By serving in the Mexican War, Robert E. Lee was parted from his family for two years, 1846 to 1848, an interval that affected him more than any other experience before 1861. He did not approve of the war, confiding to Mary his belief that America’s incitement of hostilities “disgraced” their country. As a staunch Whig, he shared the partisan view that the war with Mexico was a Democratic scheme. Believing he would die in Mexico, Captain Lee prepared his will before leaving Arlington. The document displayed how fruitful his discipline and economy had been. By living on his soldier’s pay, and by evading Carter Lee’s costly gambles, Robert could list $38,750 in stocks and bonds, notably shares in the Bank of Virginia. His slave Nancy and her children, all of whom he had inherited from his mother, were to be freed as soon as possible-both Robert and Mary were supporters of the American Colonization Society. His share of worthless western land he noted only in passing. All of Robert’s estate was left to Mary, and after her decease to their children equally. He pointed out that, with a sightless eye, daughter Annie “may be more in want of aid than the rest.” She must therefore “be particularly provided for.” In a letter to Mary, written 13 August 1846, Robert urged that the income from the stocks and bonds, usually amounting to $2000 per year, be used to educate their children.
Final Valor: 1865-1870
Authors: Nagel Paul C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As the war approached its end, Robert tried to encourage Mary. Admitting that Grant’s forces “seem to have everything their own way,” he said the Confederacy must trust “a Merciful God, who does not always give the battle to the strong.” He offered ilo prayers for victory, acknowledging that his supplications could only be “that we may not be over whelmed.” Not mentioning how he was outnumbered at Petersburg nearly three to one, Robert merely assured Mary that he would, as always, “do my duty and fight to the last.” With winter turning into the sorrowful spring of 1865, Robert’s letters home became the merest notes as he tried desperately at Fort Steadman and Five Forks to repel the Federal power. He placed Mary in the care of brother Smith Lee, who was no longer active in the war, telling them “we can only toil and trust.” God could be relied upon to “do all things right.” Taking what was left of his army, about 35,000 exhausted hungry men, Robert abandoned Petersburg on 2 April. Forced to allow Richmond to fall, he headed southwest toward Danville, where he thought another show of resistance might be possible. Grant and his men quickly foiled Lee’s last strategy, compelling him to turn for Lynchburg. Along the way, Lee steadily lost troops to weariness and the enemy. On 6 April, a quarter of what remained of the Army of Northern Virginia was captured and much of Lee’s pitifully few supplies were destroyed. The next day, after Grant suggested Lee should surrender, the two commanders began an exchange of notes in which Lee showed that he understood his plight: he was virtually surrounded and outnumbered six to one.
A Visit to the Suds Factory: Demystifying the Machines and Tubes
Authors: Offer Daniel , Offer Marjorie Kaiz , Szafir Susan Offer 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For most people, going to a hemodialysis center for the first time is a bit frightening and overwhelming. This is true for both patients and the family members who may be accompanying them. The tubes, machines, blood, and needles can be daunting to a firsttimer. In fact, it can be daunting for a good while. So we wondered how we could take away some of the fear factor.
Dialysis Options: Choosing What Works Best for You
Authors: Offer Daniel , Offer Marjorie Kaiz , Szafir Susan Offer 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Once your doctor determines that you are indeed in need of—or will be in need of—dialysis or a transplant, then together you must decide which type of treatment, or which type of “modality” as it is often referred to by the medical community, will work best for you. In this chapter we will specifically focus on the variety of dialysis modalities that exist. In the next chapter we’ll discuss at length the alternative modality: transplantation. You may already know that transplantation is your chosen route, but even so, it is very likely that you will be on dialysis for some amount of time before receiving a successful transplant. Or perhaps you are too sick to make any decisions about modalities when you first begin dialysis. That’s OK. The good news is that you are not wedded to any particular dialysis modality. Even if you’ve already started on one kind of dialysis, you may opt to switch to another in the future. So whether you are awaiting a transplant or have already started a particular dialysis regime, we’d encourage you to read on.
The Decision to Pursue a Transplant
Authors: Offer Daniel , Offer Marjorie Kaiz , Szafir Susan Offer 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As we’ve heard, dialysis is not the only option in dealing with defunct kidneys. In fact, for many it is not even the best option. Transplantation, agreed to be the preferable course of treatment for the majority of patients, is a lofty subject and an entire book could be spent on all that is involved before, during, and after a transplant. This is not that book. This is a book about dialysis—how best to live with, cope with, and adapt to it—an important subject even for the sizable population awaiting a transplant. But given the interconnectedness of dialysis with transplantation in the treatment of kidney failure, we would be shortsighted not to devote a chapter to the overarching discussion of transplantation and the role of this treatment in the lives of dialysis patients. For one who chooses to pursue transplantation, dialysis is still a necessary interim treatment until a donor kidney becomes available. But who chooses transplantation and for what reasons? Is it always an easy decision? Oftentimes yes, but not always, and it is a choice that many dialysis patients grapple with.
Dealing with Emotions: The Psychological Impact of Dialysis
Authors: Offer Daniel , Offer Marjorie Kaiz , Szafir Susan Offer 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
True or false: people who are on dialysis are unhappier than people who are not on dialysis? If you answered true you’ll probably be surprised to hear that a carefully designed research study has proven otherwise. The study, led by a psychologist, Jason Riis, while he was completing graduate work at the University of Michigan, compared forty-nine individuals on hemodialysis, three times weekly, with forty-nine healthy individuals of the same age, race, education, and sex.1 All of the subjects were given electronic devices that prompted them to record their moods throughout the day. Moods were rated on a 5-point scale from “very pleasant” to “very unpleasant” and subjects were given the opportunity to answer these questions privately and repeatedly over time.
The Impact of Dialysis on Interpersonal Relationships: Love, Sex, Family, and Friendship
Authors: Offer Daniel , Offer Marjorie Kaiz , Szafir Susan Offer 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Toss a rock into a body of water and watch as the water cascades from where the rock hits the surface. Now imagine that someone on dialysis is much like that rock being tossed into the water. The impact on the water is greatest at the center, the location of where the rock hits the surface. But, like the cascading water around the rock, those around a person on dialysis feel the reverberations of the impact and are profoundly affected as well. The more intimate you are with the person, the larger the ripple. Spouses, children, parents, and others very close to the person must endure the strongest impact. Those on the outer periphery—for example, a coworker or a simple acquaintance—may feel only the slightest blip or even calm. This chapter is written to help those near and dear to a dialysis patient ride the waves of dialysis successfully and to help patients understand the inevitable reverberations taking place around them.
Work and Financial Implications of Being on Dialysis
Authors: Offer Daniel , Offer Marjorie Kaiz , Szafir Susan Offer 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In most social situations when we meet a new person, one of the first questions we ask one another is “What do you do?” For most people what you do is considered to be a big part of who you are. When someone begins dialysis, one of the first concerns usually is “What do I do now ?” And in keeping with the logic that what we do is such an integral part of our identity, it is a safe assumption that wondering “What do I do now?” is really just another way of wondering “Who will I be now?” The thought of having to adopt a new identity, one that includes the response, “I do dialysis, or I do disability” isn’t really a self-portrait that many of us would be comfortable with or take pride in. This sudden loss of an answer to what had previously been a very straight-forward question can be very challenging. For many people new to dialysis the idea of who they were and where the future was going to take them has unexpectedly changed.
Financial Markets and Economic Efficiency
Authors: Bradfield James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In chapter 1, we explained that the essential function of a system of financial markets is to facilitate mutually beneficial intertemporal exchanges. We also learned that economists use the concept of economic efficiency to evaluate how well financial markets, as regulated by public policy, perform. In this chapter, we discuss the relationship between financial markets and economic efficiency. Financial markets facilitate mutually beneficial intertemporal exchanges by organizing trading in financial securities. These securities, and the information contained in their prices, enable individuals to reach higher levels of lifetime utility than would be possible in the absence of financial markets. We begin this chapter with a brief treatment of financial securities, followed by a discussion of the more important tasks that financial markets must perform to be economically efficient. We include brief treatments of two kinds of market failures. We conclude with a general discussion of informational efficiency and the efficient markets hypothesis.
Maximizing Lifetime Utility in a Firm with Many Shareholders
Authors: Bradfield James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We know that individuals enter mutually beneficial intertemporal exchanges as part of their strategies to maximize their levels of lifetime utility. The essential purpose of financial markets is to facilitate these exchanges by providing information and liquidity. Some economists would say that the essential purpose of financial markets (indeed, any market) is to reduce transaction costs. In the preceding two chapters, we made several simplifying assumptions to develop the fundamental principles defining the economics of financial markets. In particular, we abstracted from an explicit consideration of firms.
The Capital Asset Pricing Model
Authors: Bradfield James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we use portfolio theory to derive the capital asset pricing model. This model, abbreviated CAPM in the literature, is the seminal model created by economists to address the following question: what empirical relationships should we observe among the prices of financial securities if investors allocate their funds according to the principles of portfolio theory? In particular, when financial markets are in equilibrium, what will be the relationship between the average rate of return offered by a security and the quantity of risk that must be borne by an investor who holds that security? Of course, to answer these questions we must first decide how to measure the risk in a security.
Capital Structure
Authors: Bradfield James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Debt is bad, right? Persons who have not studied economics, particularly the economics of finance, are likely to agree that debt is bad. While it may sometimes be necessary for a firm to borrow money to finance a new project, clearly the sooner the debt is paid off, the wealthier the firm’s shareholders will be. For a particular example, consider an individual who obtains a mortgaged loan to purchase a house. It would be obvious to many persons that the homeowner should put a high priority on paying off the loan as soon as possible. After all, the sooner the homeowner pays off the loan, the sooner he or she can stop paying interest.
Options
Authors: Bradfield James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The purposes of this chapter are to explain the pricing of options and to demonstrate some of the ways in which investors use options to effect mutually beneficial exchanges that would otherwise not occur. An option is a financial security. Throughout this book, we have argued that financial securities, and the markets in which these securities are priced and traded, contribute to economic efficiency by promoting mutually beneficial exchanges. In this chapter, we explain how options contribute to economic efficiency. At its most fundamental level, the relationship between options and economic efficiency is analogous to the relationship between economic efficiency and the capital structure of firms that we examined in chapter 13. We argued that a firm’s capital structure affects its ability to create wealth for its shareholders. In particular, by choosing the capital structure of their firms optimally, investors can create mutually beneficial exchanges that will otherwise be foregone. We demonstrated this argument in three ways. First, we showed how investors who differ in their willingness to tolerate risk can effect mutually beneficial exchanges by including both bonds and common stock in their firms’ capital structures. Second, we explained how a firm could use callable, convertible bonds to mitigate the economic inefficiencies that would otherwise occur when there is asymmetric information between investors and managers of firms. Third, we examined some of the ways that investors can use debt in a firm’s capital structure to mitigate problems of agency.
Additional Topics in the Economics of Financial Markets
Authors: Bradfield James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The analysis of the economic efficiency of financial markets involves many topics. This introductory treatment in this book omits several of these topics. The following sections describe briefly the more important of these topics. At the end of the chapter there is a selected bibliography for readers interested in a more comprehensive (omits more challenging) treatment. In our analysis of financial securities, we concentrated on common stocks, presenting bonds as an alternative way in which investors can hold claims against a firm’s earnings and firms can raise capital to finance new projects. We demonstrated how the use of bonds can promote economic efficiency by organizing exchanges between persons who have different tolerances for risk and by mitigating problems of agency between the shareholders and the managers of a firm. There are many additional ways in which the use of bonds affects the efficacy of financial markets. For example, there is a substantial literature on the effect of callable and convertible bonds on economic efficiency. The contributions to this literature analyze the optimal behavior of firms and investors with respect to these bonds. There is also a large empirical literature on the relationship of the rates of return on bonds that have different amounts of time remaining until their dates of maturity.
Summary and Conclusion
Authors: Bradfield James 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The purpose of a system of financial markets is to facilitate mutually beneficial intertemporal exchanges. Financial markets promote these exchanges by organizing trading in a variety of financial securities. A financial security is a saleable right to receive a sequence of future payments. Economists assess the performance of any system of markets against the criterion of economic efficiency. A system of markets is economically efficient if it allocates resources so that there are no further opportunities for mutually beneficial exchanges. The economic analysis of financial markets is a particular application of micro-economic theory. Equilibrium is the fundamental concept in the analysis of a system of markets. Equilibrium is a configuration of prices and quantities with the property that no one, whether a consumer, an investor, or a manager of a firm, has an incentive to change their current choices about the quantities that they wish to buy or sell. Equilibrium in a system of financial markets is a configuration of the prices and quantities of financial securities such that no person has an incentive to restructure his or her portfolio of securities. An investor’s portfolio of securities contains stocks and bonds issued by firms, and options and futures contracts issued by other investors. Each investor constructs a portfolio to obtain the combination of risk and expected rate of return that he or she most prefers.