bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of New Polymer‐Bound Adenine Nucleotides Using Starburst PAMAM Dendrimers
Authors: Abdelmoez Wael , Yasuda Masahiro , Ogino Hiroyasu , Ishimi Kosaku , Ishikawa Haruo 
Published: September 2002

AbstractTwo types of new polymer‐bound adenine nucleotides were synthesized by coupling adenine nucleotides (ATP and ADP) with starburst polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers. The first type was obtained by coupling native adenine nucleotides directly with a carboxy‐terminated PAMAM dendrimer. In the second type, the nucleotides were modified by introducing a spacer arm containing a carboxylic end group ( N6‐R‐ATP and N6‐R‐ADP) and coupled with an amine‐terminated PAMAM dendrimer. Both types of the dendrimers were coupled with native or the modified nucleotides using the well‐known carbodiimide activation technique. The optimum coupling pH and temperature were 4 and 30 °C, respectively, for preparing the carboxy‐terminated PAMAM‐bound ATP or ADP, and were 9 and 50 °C, respectively, for preparing the amine‐terminated PAMAM‐bound N6‐R‐ATP or N6‐R‐ADP. The ATP or ADP contents in the synthesized polymers were found to be 4 mol of ATP or of ADP/mol of carboxy‐terminated PAMAM‐bound ATP or ADP and 25 mol of ATP or of ADP/mol of amine‐terminated PAMAM‐bound N6‐R‐ATP or N6‐R‐ADP. The coenzymatic activities relative to the native ATP of the carboxy‐terminated PAMAM‐bound ATP against glucokinase and hexokinase were 16 and 7%, respectively, and those of the amine‐terminated PAMAM‐bound N6‐R‐ATP 2 and 1%, respectively. The coenzymatic activities relative to the native ADP of the carboxy‐terminated PAMAM‐bound ADP and the amine‐terminated PAMAM‐bound N6‐R‐ADP against acetate kinase were 24 and 3.5%, respectively.
Optimal Approach for Classification of Acute Leukemia Subtypes Based on Gene Expression Data
Authors: Cho Ji‐Hoon , Lee Dongkwon , Park Jin Hyun , Kim Kunwoo , Lee In‐Beum 
Published: September 2002

AbstractThe classification of cancer subtypes, which is critical for successful treatment, has been studied extensively with the use of gene expression profiles from oligonucleotide chips or cDNA microarrays. Various pattern recognition methods have been successfully applied to gene expression data. However, these methods are not optimal, rather they are high‐performance classifiers that emphasize only classification accuracy. In this paper, we propose an approach for the construction of the optimal linear classifier using gene expression data. Two linear classification methods, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) and discriminant partial least‐squares (DPLS), are applied to distinguish acute leukemia subtypes. These methods are shown to give satisfactory accuracy. Moreover, we determined optimally the number of genes participating in the classification (a remarkably small number compared to previous results) on the basis of the statistical significance test. Thus, the proposed method constructs the optimal classifier that is composed of a small size predictor and provides high accuracy.
Space geodesy monitors mass transports in global geophysical fluids
Authors: Chao Ben F. , Dehant V. , Gross R. S. , Ray R. D. , Salstein D. A. , Watkins M. M. , Wilson C. R. 
Published: September 2002

Large‐scale mass transports in the Earth system produce variations in Earth's rotation, gravity field, and geocenter. Although relatively small, these global geodynamic effects have been measured by space geodetic techniques to increasing, unprecedented accuracy, opening up important new avenues of research that will lead to a better understanding of global mass transport processes and the Earth's dynamic responses.To take full advantage of these advances, the International Earth Rotation Service (IERS), the organization that monitors the rotational motions of the Earth and related properties, saw the need in 1998 to create an infrastructure to facilitate the link between the space geodetic measurement and the geodynamic “global change” research communities [Dehant et al., 1997]. Hence was born the IERS Global Geophysical Fluids Center (GGFC).
Introduction to special section: Studies of the ocean surface from the Spaceborne Imaging Radar‐C/X‐Band SAR experiments
Authors: Holt Benjamin 
Published: September 2002

Nearly 20 years have now passed since Seasat briefly sampled the ocean surface with its suite of then extraordinarily advanced active microwave instruments. The tantalizing 3‐month snapshots from Seasat's altimeter and scatterometer were analyzed and reanalyzed and used to justify follow‐on missions that were finally implemented within the last decade, including the ERS missions, TOPEX/POSEIDON, NSCAT, and Geosat.The third active microwave instrument carried on Seasat, the synthetic aperture radar (SAR), has had more of a mixed success in its contribution to physical oceanography, despite its being flown on four satellites since 1991, the European Space Agency's ERS‐I and ERS‐2, the Japanese Space Agency's JERS‐I, and Canada's RADARSAT. The recent special issue on oceanographic results from ERS‐I and ERS‐2 (special section on Advances in Oceanography and Sea Ice Research Using ERS Observations, Journal of Geophysical Research, 103(C4), 1998) has numerous papers that incorporate SAR for both ocean and polar sea ice research. The finescale twodimensional view of the ocean surface seen in SAR imagery provides unparalleled detail of the short wave field and its interactions with longer waves and currents. However, the detailed view comes at an expense. Using the imagery for oceanographic applications has required the unraveling of the data's often baffling signatures, arising not only from the complicated wave‐wave and wave‐current interactions but also from the varying local wind field. Once understood, these signatures provide new and unique oceanographic and atmospheric information at higher spatial resolution than is available in the other microwave instruments. One approach to untangle this challenging interaction of ocean and radar physics is to look at the ocean surface simultaneously with multiple radar frequencies and polarizations. Most commonly, this is done with aircraft and surface‐based instrumentation. This suite of multiple channels provides a more complete understanding of the radar scattering from the ocean surface, since it is scale‐dependent, which can then lead to improved understanding of the ocean physics.
AWIPS in place
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: September 2002

After a decade‐long effort, the U.S. Commerce Department announced on July 28 that it has completed installing high‐tech, interactive weather computer and communications system units at 152 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) sites across the country.The Advanced Weather Interactive Processing System (AWIPS) significantly improves weather and flood‐related services of the National Weather Service (NWS), according to NOAA, a division of the Commerce Department that includes NWS.
UN head calls for “culture of prevention” in addressing natural disasters
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: September 2002

Citing war and natural disasters as “the major threats to the security of individuals and human communities worldwide,” United Nations Secretary General Kofi Annan, in his September 9 annual report on the UN, urged nations to focus on preventing these threats instead of simply reacting after the fact with relief.With hurricanes, cyclones, floods, and fires wreaking havoc last year, the United Nations head called 1998 the worst year on record for weather‐related natural disasters, which killed tens of thousands of people and displaced millions more. Earthquakes in Afghanistan, Turkey, and elsewhere, he said, added to the destructive toll from natural disasters.
Effects of changing immunosuppressive regimen on the incidence, duration, and viral load of cytomegalovirus infection in renal transplantation: a single center report
Authors: De Maar E.F. , Verschuuren E.A.M. , Homan vd Heide J.J. , Kas‐Deelen D.M. , Jagernath D. , The T.H. , Ploeg R.J. , Van Son W.J. , De Maar E.F. , Verschuuren E.A.M. , Homan vd Heide J.J. , Kas‐Deelen D.M. , Jagernath D. , The T.H. , Ploeg R.J. , Van Son W.J. 
Published: September 2002

Abstract: Background. In this retrospective single center study we have evaluated the relation between the immunosuppressive regimen and the incidence and characteristics of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in the setting without CMV prophylaxis from 1989 through 1998. Methods. All (470) first cadaveric renal transplantations in nonsensitized (PRA < 60%) patients were analyzed. Immunosuppression consisted of cyclosporine A (Sandimmune) and prednisolone from 1989 through 2‐1993 (S; 189 patients), of cyclosporine microemulsion (Neoral) and prednisolone from 3‐1993 through 5‐1997 (N; 200 patients) and of mycophenolate mofetil, Neoral and prednisolone from 5‐1997 until 1998 (M; 81 patients). The CMV pp65‐antigenemia was measured routinely at least once weekly from day 10 till 12 weeks after transplantation or until pp65‐antigenemia became negative. No CMV‐prophylaxis was given. Results. By changing from Sandimmune to Neoral and by adding mycophenolate mofetil, respectively, we observed a higher frequency of especially secondary CMV infections (S vs. N vs. M, respectively, 28 vs. 50 vs. 63%, P = 0.026; S vs. N, P = 0.027; S vs. M, P = 0.015; and N vs. M, n.s). The CMV infections lasted longer (median duration antigenemia S vs. N vs. M, respectively, 3 vs. 5 vs. 7 weeks, P = 0.0003; S vs. N, P < 0.002; S vs. M, P < 0.001; and N vs. M, P < 0.05). Viral load was higher in M (median maximal pp65‐antigenemia S vs. N vs. M, respectively, 19 vs. 14.5 vs. 73, P < 0.01; S vs. N, n.s.; S vs. M, P < 0.001 and N vs. M, P < 0.01). Conclusions. The use of Neoral and the addition of mycophenolate mofetil caused significant changes in the incidence, duration and viral load of CMV infections.
The Kettering Diabetic Monitoring Programme: twelve months experience of an optometric practice‐based scheme
Authors: Pointer J.S. , Baranyovits P. , O'Malley B. P. 
Published: September 2002

SummaryOver recent years the British Government has pursued a policy encouraging the integration of primary and secondary health care. This drive to promote the efficient delivery of primary care at local centres has seen the forging of co‐operative alliances between various healthcare practitioners. A notable development has been the growth of optometric practice‐based schemes for monitoring the eyecare of diabetic patients. This paper reports on the first twelve months operation (April 1995–March 1996, inclusive) of such a ‘collaborative care’ scheme operating in the Kettering Health Area of Northamptonshire. With the co‐operation of their general medical practitioner (GMP) and under the case‐review of the hospital‐based specialist, diabetic patients attended participating optometric practices for an annual sight test and eye examination including mandatory fundus assessment under mydriasis. A brief ‘ticked menu’ report was subsequently forwarded to the patient's GMP for filing or action as necessary. A copy was also sent to the hospital clinic to enable updating of the diabetic patient database and for the authorisation of the supplementary fee payable to the examining optometrist.An audit of the first year of operation has indicated that those 92% of optometrists in the locality who participated in the programme logged 34% of the projected diabetic population of the Kettering Health Area. Of these individuals, 10.8% were identified as requiring referral for ophthalmological assessment, including 0.7% who needed urgent intervention. Approximately 80% of the referrals were assessed in the Ophthalmology Clinic within the twelve month timeframe of this first year audit; one‐third of these patients received treatment and/or a second review over this period, the net outcome being that one‐half of the original referrals were returned to the programme for continued routine annual screening. The scheme has received a funding allocation for a further financial year, with the possibility of its extension county‐wide being kept under review.
Self-Complexation of a Poly-Conjugated Donor Molecule with a Cyclic Acceptor
Authors: Naka Kensuke , Uemura Takashi , Chujo Yoshiki 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
The mixing of 2-benzylidene-4-phenyl-1,3-dithiole and cyclobis[4,4′-bipyridinium-1,1′-diyl-1,4-phenylenebis-(methylene)] as a cyclic acceptor in DMSO produced a green-brown solution, which showed a charge-transfer (CT) absorption band with a peak at 616 nm. The 1H NMR spectrum of the dithiole, after adding the cyclic acceptor in DMSO-d6, showed upfield shifts of the peaks for the dithiafulvene moiety. These facts indicated that an insertion of the dithiole into the cyclic acceptor by a CT interaction led to the formation of a pseudorotaxane. The self-assembly of π-conjugated dithiafulvene polymers and the cyclic acceptor by a CT interaction gave pseudopolyrotaxanes in DMSO. The UV-vis and 1H NMR spectra of the pseudopolyrotaxanes suggest that the incorporation ratio of the cyclic acceptors into the polymers depends on the molecular weights of the polymers. The polymers with lower molecular weights seem to be more favorable for polyrotaxane formation. After self-complexation of the polymer with the cyclic acceptor, an anodic shift of the oxidation potential of the dithiafulvene unit was observed in the cyclic voltammogram. In addition, the effective CT interaction between the dithiafulvene unit and the cyclic acceptor afforded a high conductivity of the pseudopolyrotaxane.
The Effect of Additives on the Radiation-Induced Coloration of Photochromic Dithienylethene Derivatives
Authors: Irie Setsuko , Irie Masahiro 
Published: September 2002

Abstract
The effect of the addition of metal complexes and aromatic compounds on the radiation-induced coloration of polystyrene films containing 1,2-bis(2-methyl-5-phenyl-3-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene was examined to develop a sensitive reusable color plastic dosimeter. By the addition of metal complexes, the radiation sensitivity increased along with an increase in the atomic numbers. When aromatic compounds, such as naphthalene, biphenyl, and acenaphthene, were added to the polymer film, the coloration sensitivity increased, while the addition of anthracene and pyrene decreased the sensitivity. Excitation energy transfer from the sensitizers to the dithienylethene is considered to play an important role in the radiation-induced coloration in polystyrene films containing the additives.
Aspasia
Authors: Kennedy Rebecca Futo 
Published: January 2024

Abstract
Aspasia was an immigrant to Athens from a prominent family in Miletos. Her sister was

married to an Athenian aristocrat while she married the Athenian general Pericles. Her relationship to Perikles made her a frequent target on the comic stage in the fifth century, often through sexual innuendos and explicit name calling. Numerous Socratic dialogues feature her as a teacher of rhetoric and intellectual. In the second century
ce
, these traditions combined to turn her image into that of a sophisticated elite courtesan, one that has endured to modern times, despite being historically unlikely.
Pausanias, Spartan regent
Authors: Fornis César 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Pausanias the Regent (ca. 510/505–ca. 470/465
bce
) was a Spartan dynast belonging to the Agiad royal house who commanded the Greek army in the decisive battle of Plataia (479) in the Second Persian War. His subsequent activity in the Hellespont, of uncertain chronology and apparently marked by personal interests, led him to be accused of Medism and pursue tyranny, ultimately costing him his throne and his life.
Phokion (Phocion)
Authors: Bearzot Cinzia , Fornis César , Plácido Domingo 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Phokion (402/1–318
bce
), called “the Good,” was an Athenian general and politician. A disciple of Plato's Academy, Phokion had a conservative ideology critical of democratic structures. He first hid this behind a suspiciously pacifist attitude to the growing Macedonian interference in Greece and later, after the Lamian War and the surrender of Athens to Antipater, he made it explicit by becoming the face of the oligarchy established by the Macedonians in Athens. In his old age, Phokion was condemned to death during the brief democratic restoration endorsed by Polyperchon.
Common Peace (
Koine Eirene
)
Authors: Fornis César 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

The
koine eirene
(common or general peace) is a diplomatic construct typical of the fourth century
bce
. Several such overarching treaties applied in the Greek world between 387/6 and 338/7 in order to build a lasting and stable peace. In the hands of the mighty
poleis
, however, these treaties, which were based on the principle that all cities, small or big, were free and independent, in fact became instruments of imperialism designed to secure them the hegemony in the Greek world.
Phlegon of Tralles
Authors: Brodersen Kai , Popescu Valentina 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Phlegon of Tralles (
FGrH
257) was a Greek writer in the time of the emperor Hadrian (117–138
ce
). His main surviving work,
On Marvels
, is a paradoxographic work focused on compiling reports on marvels related to the human body, including ghost stories, sudden sex changes, monstrous births, giants, and hippocentaurs.
Petronius
Authors: Vannini Giulio 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Petronius, a Roman author traditionally identified as the “arbiter of elegance” at Nero's court, wrote the
Satyrica
, a partially extant prosimetric novel that may have originally consisted of 24 books. The protagonist and narrator, Encolpius, is in love with the younger Giton, and they face various adventures together. The story is set in southern Italy and features well‐crafted prose with different levels and registers of language.
Honos
Authors: Dowling Melissa Barden 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Honos personified male Roman political and military success and received cult temples and rituals. Frequently associated with Virtus (military prowess), Honos appeared in the third century
bce
and continued through the Imperial period in a broad range of sources (literature, inscriptions, coins, sculpture, etc.). No mythology or genealogy was connected to the cult.
Equites
, republic and empire
Authors: Owens E. J. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Eques
(pl.
Equites
), translates as horseman. The origins of the Equestrians as a distinct social category lay in the military organization of early Rome. During the republican period, they became a wealthy, socially eminent class, which exploited the business interests of the Roman Empire, and a political pressure group. Augustus reformed the
Equites
(
Ordo Equester
) and employed them as a second tier of administration. Their responsibilities grew, until under Diocletian they were appointed to all senior administrative and military positions. Social and administrative developments degraded the order, and they disappeared as a distinct class by the end of the fourth century
ce
.
Choirilos (Choerilus) of Samos
Authors: Nudell Joshua P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Choirilos of Samos was a fifth‐century
bce
poet famed for developing a new genre of historical epic. He was particularly noted for a poem on the Persian wars that the Athenian Assembly ordered to be performed annually at the Panathenaia. Choirilos found employment not only in Athens, but also in Lysander's entourage and Macedonia, where he died.
Theokritos (Theocritus) of Chios
Authors: Nudell Joshua P. 
Published: January 2024

Abstract

Theokritos was a fourth‐century
bce
politician and sophist on Chios. Despite his local importance to his native island, his reputation stems from his caustic wit. He had bitter disputes with his rival Theopompos and was a critic of Alexander the Great, among others. Ill‐timed comments about Antigonos Monophthalmos led to his death.
Tissaphernes
Authors: Nudell Joshua P. 
Published: January 2024

AbstractA Persian satrap in western Anatolia, Tissaphernes is an enigmatic figure who became known in Greco‐Roman sources as the “bitterest” enemy of the Greeks. He restored Persian rule in Ionia and oversaw the involvement in the late stages of the Peloponnesian War before feuding with Cyrus the Younger and subsequently resisting Spartan invasions of Anatolia before Achaemenid court intrigues led to his execution.
Injectable Responsive Hydrogel Delivery Platform: Enabling High Tissue Penetration and Sonogenetic‐Like Potentiating Anti‐Tumor Immunotherapy
Authors: Dai Zideng , Li Xiaohong , Chen Qian , Zhu Yutong , Shi Zhangpeng , Deng Xi , Wang Chen , Chen Hangrong 
Published: January 2024

AbstractThe characteristics of malignant solid tumors with dense extracellular matrix (ECM) and immunosuppressive microenvironment (IME) seriously restrict the high efficacy and precise treatment of tumors, leading to increased susceptibility to malignant recurrence and metastasis. Herein, an ultrasound‐mediated hydrogel delivery platform HA‐F127@Ti‐MOF‐Au/PEG‐TK‐DOX/PFD (abbr. HFTiDP) based on a “sonogenetic‐like technology” is developed, which encapsulates sonosensitizer (Ti‐MOF‐Au), chemotherapeutic prodrug (PEG‐TK‐DOX), and ECM‐solubilizing drug pirfenidone (PFD), to achieve high tissue penetration and endogenous intracellular regulation of IME. More importantly, exogenous ultrasound stimulation combined with a hydrogel delivery platform can affect drug resistance‐related gene/protein expressions and influence signal transduction pathways in the immune microenvironment, leading to promoting TAAs release to activate immunity, achieving high efficacy in either pancreatic or triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC), and remarkably inhibiting lung metastasis and splenomegaly. Overall, this work provides a novel strategy for an ultrasound‐mediated niche‐like delivery platform that offers high efficacy and biosafety in localized cancer therapy.
Perylene‐Mediated Cytoskeletal Dysfunction Remodels Cancer‐Associated Fibroblasts to Augment Antitumor Immunotherapy
Authors: Shi Bing , Lou Xue , Ma Feiyan , Nie Yanling , Chen Haoxing , Huang Yongwei , Zhang Wei , Wang Tie 
Published: January 2024

AbstractTargeted reprogramming of cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) is one of the most essential cancer therapies. However, how to reprogram active CAFs toward deactivated state still remains immense challenge. To tackle this challenge, herein, one perylene N, N'‐bis(2‐((dimethylammonium)ethylene)‐2‐(methoxylethyl))‐1, 6, 7, 12‐tetrachloroperylene‐3, 4, 9, 10‐tetracarboxylic diimide (PDIC‐OC) is prepared, which can trigger endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst to result in cytoskeletal dysfunction and cell apoptosis so that suppress transforming growth factor β (TGF‐β) production. As a result, PDIC‐OC can reprogram the activated CAFs and relieve immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment by efficient polarization of M2‐typed macrophages into M1‐typed ones, downregulation of alpha‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA), alleviation of hypoxic state to promote infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and ultimately realizes outstanding antitumor performance on B16F10 tumor‐xenografted and lung‐metastatic mouse model even at low concentration of 1 mg kg−1 body weight. This work thus presents a novel strategy that cytoskeleton dysfunction and cell apoptosis cooperatively suppress the secretion of TGF‐β to reprogram CAFs and meanwhile clarifies intrinsic mechanism for perylene‐triggered chemo‐immunotherapy against hypoxic tumors.