bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cognitivism in Political Philosophy
Authors: Hurley S L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter provides a bird’s-eye view of a cognitivist approach to political philosophy, by illustrating its application to three topics: justice, democracy, and punishment. The arguments are merely sketched rather than given in detail, to give an overall picture of the approach. Cognitivism in political philosophy is not a doctrine or thesis, but a category. Cognitivist accounts are cast primarily in terms of truth and knowledge rather than choice or preference. There are quite different ways of falling under this broad characterization, as we’ll see. But some unity can be given to a broadly cognitive approach by two key ideas.
Perception, Knowledge, And The Sceptic In Aristotle
Authors: Vasiliou Iakovos 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Coradiamond identifies a particular philosophical attitude which she calls the .metaphysical spirit.. A philosopher displays the metaphysical spirit when she sets out philosophical requirements in advance of investigating the topic at hand-requirements which the proper employment of a concept or the proper study of a branch of philosophy must follow. For example, it is in this sense of .metaphysical. that Diamond claims that Wittgenstein’ Tractatus is appropriately described as metaphysical. According to Diamond, what is metaphysical is not the content of the Tractatus (since Wittgenstein insists that the content is nonsense), but rather the belief that a complete logical analysis of our propositions must be possible. It is this requirement of logical analysis, this assumption that a logical analysis of our propositions must be possible, that exhibits .the metaphysical spirit..
Stoic Syllogistic
Authors: Bobzien Susanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Stoic logic is a propositional logic, and Stoic negation and conjunction are truthfunctional. This has, naturally, led to comparisons with the ‘classical’ propositional calculus (as e.g. presented in Principia Mathematical including repeated examinations of Stoic syllogistic on completeness in the modern sense. The Stoic theory of deduction invariably comes out as deficient, inferior, or simply outlandish in such comparisons, which has evoked adjusting additions and modificationsနtacit or explicit—in previous reconstructions of the system. I suggest that this is the wrong approach; that the classical propositional calculus is the wrong paradigm; that Stoic logic has to be considered first of all in its own light; and that, if one looks for comparisons with contemporary logic, one can find some rather more interesting parallels when turning one’s attention to non-truthfunctional propositional logics.
Making Sense of Aristotelian Demonstration
Authors: Mendell Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At Post. An. 1. 14, 79a17-32, we find Aristotle reiterating a familiar theme. Here he does not make the usual claim that all syllogisms can be reduced to first-figure syllogisms.2 Rather the first figure is said to be the most productive of knowledge (ϵπιστημονικòν μαλισσα). As evidence for this claim Aristotle proceeds to cite the mathematical sciences, e.g. arithmetic, geometry, and optics, as bearing their demonstrations through the first figure (δια τοντον ϕϵρονσι). One might, Well be shocked by this obviously false claim. So Barnes says: ‘This assertion is false; indeed syllogistic reasoning as a whole is unsurprisingly absent from Greek mathematics. Presumably Aristotle had observed that most mathematical arguments made use of affirmative universal propositions; and he inferred from this that they were, potentially at least, in Barbara.‘3 Barnes’s response is natural. It is better to commit Aristotle to a subtle falsehood, one only recognized, perhaps, in the last century, than to a falsehood recognizable to any Greek student of geometry.
Aristotle’s Definition of Happiness (Ne 1. 7, 1098a16-18)
Authors: Purinton Jeffrey S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For a generation now, beginning with the publication in 1965 of W. F. R. Hardie’s article ‘The Final Good in Aristotle’s Ethics’, there has been a great scholarly debate over the definition of ‘happiness’ (ϵυδαιμονíα) offered by Aristotle in book 1 of his Nicomachean Ethics. As formulated by Hardie, the question at issue is this: is happiness, as Aristotle there defines it, an ‘inclusive’ end or a ‘dominant’ one? Hardie answered as follows: although Aristotle ‘seems to be fumbling for the idea of an inclusive end’, and although ‘ what he ought to say’ is that happiness is an inclusive end, his ‘explicit view’ is that happiness is ‘not inclusive but dominant, the object of one prime desire, philosophy’.
Kant and the Problem of Induction: A Reply to Walker
Authors: Bird Graham 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ralph Walker and I agree in identifying most of the elements in Kant’s discussion of the Principle of Systematic Unity (PSU), but the pictures we want to construct from those elements turn out to be radically different. We evidently both believe that Kant’s transcendental arguments do not offer a direct refutation of traditional scepticism, but our conceptions of their indirect role are quite different. Ralph Walker’s account of that indirect way involves his distinction between a second-person and a third person way of construing the arguments.
Transcendental Arguments and the Inference to Reality: A Reply to Stern
Authors: Sacks Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Transcendental arguments standardly attempt to argue from some undeniable facts about experience, or the psychological realm, to conclusions about how the world beyond that merely psychological domain must be. Such arguments attempt-as we might put it-to cross the appearance reality gap: to cover the distance between our beliefs and the world they are about, or between how things seem to us and how they really are.
Content Externalism and Cartesian Scepticism: A Reply to Brueckner
Authors: Mcculloch Gregory 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Brueckner’s headline question is whether content externalism yields a transcendental argument ‘anti-Cartesian in nature, in that its conclusion would be that there is an external world of mind-independent physical objects located in space’ (this volume: 229; all unattributed references are to this). As transcendental, the argument must use only premisses granted by a Cartesian sceptic-someone who will not concede the existence of the physical world-and everything, including the defence of content externalism, must proceed a priori from the ‘slender premiss ... that one knows that one is the subject of intentional mental states with certain determinate contents’ (229). Now I agree with Brueckner that the prospects here are dim.
Themes in Hume
Authors: Penelhum Terence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Terence Penelhum has since the 1950s been a leading contributor to studies of the thought of David Hume; he now presents a selection of the best of his essays on Hume, most of them quite recent, three of them previously unpublished. The central themes of the book are selfhood, the will, and religious belief. Penelhum’s view of Hume will be fascinating for all who work on these themes, whether from an eighteenth-century or a twentieth-century perspective.
Religion in the Enquiry and After
Authors: Penelhum Terence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding contains two sections devoted to religious themes. Neither has a counterpart in the Treatise. The first, Section X, is probably the most famous of all Hume’s writings, and has generated more responses than any others; the second, Section XI, is hardly ever given separate attention, being passed by because it is seen as an early version of certain major arguments in the Dialogues. Antony Flew has, very reasonably, complained of the tendency not to read the Enquiry as a work deserving examination in its own right, commenting particularly on the fact that these two sections in it are not examined together as though they form a connected argument.1 I am sympathetic to both complaints, especially the second. I want first to revisit these two sections, to see how much of a connected argument there is, and then to see how much the Enquiry reveals of Hume’s detailed views on religion.
The Representation of Life
Authors: Thompson Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the many scandalous features of Hegel’s table, or system, of logical categories, we would nowadays want, I think, to accord high rank to this, that he finds a place for the concept life on it. Hegel is of course not blind to the counter-intuitive character of his teaching on this point. In the so-called ‘Greater Logic’, the chapter headed ‘Life’ begins with the formulation of an objection to any specifically logical treatment of the notion. Something in the objection, at least, might still find favour today:
Categorical Requirements: Kant and Hume on the Idea of Duty
Authors: Wiggins David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Would it necessarily be a good thing for everything that has to do with ethics to be demystified? Or, ought not some things to be remystified-not least the frequently invoked idea of the ‘point of the whole thing’ (the ‘whole enterprise’, as people say, already gravely misrepresenting it)? But the categorical imperative-or the categorical imperative as that has so often been conceived by some sorts of moral philosophy-this did deserve demystification. Philippa Foot’s memorable assault upon these conceptions is not her most important service to philosophy. (That is surely to have been constantly prepared to point to the quality and quantity of working moral ideas that were being arbitrarily excluded from serious consideration by positions such as prescriptivism and consequentialism.) But it is the contribution I have had here constantly in mind.
Acts and Omissions, Doing and Not Doing
Authors: Williams Bernard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In a famous and strongly argued essay, Philippa Foot sought to explain a range of widely held moral beliefs, including some about abortion, partly in terms of a distinction between doing and allowing. Her article was not primarily directed to the analysis or explication of the distinction itself, though she was careful to distinguish it from some other distinctions that resemble it and perhaps overlap with it; she was concerned, rather, with organizing moral beliefs around it. In the enormous literature that has followed her work on these subjects, there is a rough distinction between writers who have been mainly concerned with the ethical application of such distinctions, and others who have been more interested in them as part of an attempt to understand the structure of action and action-ascriptions.
‘What All Men Believe–Must Be True’: Common Conceptions and Consensio Omnium In Aristotle and Hellenistic Philosophy
Authors: Obbink Dirk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Having thoroughly derided the gods of the major Presocratics, of Socrates, of Plato (and his successors), of Aristotle (and his followers), of the Stoics, of the poets, and those of popular belief (vulgi opiniones) (ND I. 25–43), Cicero’s Epicurean Velleius asserts: Velleius is usually taken to appeal, as Cicero’s wording suggests, to the argumentation from consensus omnium, the doctrine that ‘what all men believe must be true’. If so, there is an obvious contradiction, which has gone unremarked. To the extended catalogue of rival philosophers attacked for their atheistic views is strikingly juxtaposed the assertion of universal consensus of belief as to the existence and nature of the gods.
A Puzzle Concerning Matter and Form
Authors: Fine Kit 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Montgomery Furth has written,1 ‘given a suitable pair of individualsߪ there is no reason of Aristotelian metaphysics why the very fire and earth that this noon composes Callias and distinguishes him from Socrates could not, by a set of utterly curious chances, twenty years from now compose Socrates ߪ ‘. He does not specify what these ‘curious chances’ might be. But we may suppose that Socrates eats Callias for his lunch and that, owing to the superiority of Callias’ flesh and bone, it is the matter of this which remains in Socrates after the period of twenty years.
The Definition of Generated Composites in Aristotle’s Metaphysics
Authors: Ferejohn Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Consider where matters stand at the beginning of Metaphysics Z. 4 in the search for the identity of primary substance which occupies most of z. In the previous chapter Aristotle had narrowed the field of leading candidates for primary substance to the familiar triad of matter, form, and the matter/form composite (i.e. the concrete particular), and had then gone on to eliminate matter from further serious consideration on the ground that it cannot be what primary substance must be, namely something which is ‘separate’ (χωριστόν) and a ‘certain this’ (τόδε τι)2 (1O29a27-8).
Indications of a Creator: Whewell as Apologist and Priest
Authors: Brooke John Hedley 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So confident was William Whewell of the durability of natural theology that in his History of the Inductive Sciences he would describe a hymn to the Creator as the ‘perpetual song’ of the temple of science. However misplaced that confidence proved to be, it stands in sharp contrast to the perceptions of those historians and philosophers who have treated natural theology, with its repertoire of design arguments, as a force already spent by the close of the eighteenth century. Those who have expressed astonishment that William Paley, the noted Anglican apologist, could write with such jaunty assurance after Hume had so devastated the foundations of natural religion, must find it even more astonishing that hymns to a Creator remained a prominent feature of scientific culture, in Britain at least, until Whewell’s generation had passed away. How does one account for the longevity of a tradition which, whilst not confined to Britain, was nevertheless so conspicuous here that observers have sometimes spoken of a peculiarly British propensity to proclaim a holy alliance between science and religion?.
Aristotle on the Transmutation of the Elements in De Generatione Et Corruptione 1.1-4
Authors: Bostock David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I shall here assume that Aristotle did believe in prime matter, at least for most of the time. In particular he believed that his four elements-earth, water, air, and fire-are each made of the same matter, with different combinations of the four forms ‘hot’, ‘cold’, ‘wet’, and ‘dry’. On my account he is committed to this doctrine by his analysis of change in Physics 1. 7, together with his belief that the four elements can change into one another. I also take it that he affirms the doctrine in Physics 1. 9 (and elsewhere), when he claims that matter is neither generated nor destroyed, for this is true only of prime matter.
Reply to Foster*
Authors: Davidson Donald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There is much with which I agree, and more I admire, in Mr Foster’s paper. I share his bias in favour of extensional first-order languages; I am glad to keep him company in the search for an explicitly semantical theory that recursively accounts for the meanings of sentences in terms of their structures; and I am happy he concurs in holding that a theory may be judged adequate on the basis of holistic constraints. I especially applaud Foster for what he passes over: just as Lear gains power through the absence of Cordelia, I think treatments of language prosper when they avoid uncritical evocation of the concepts of convention, linguistic rule, linguistic practice, or language games.
Truth Conditions, Bivalence, and Verificationism*
Authors: Dowell John Mc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Frege held that the senses of sentences can be specified by giving truth conditions, and that the sense of a sentence-constituent is its contribution to the senses of sentences in which it occurs.1 (‘Sense’ may be paraphrased as ‘cognitive meaning’.2) Those two ideas of Frege’s are captured by the following conception of a theory of sense for a language: it assigns a suitable property to each simple sentence constituent discerned in the language by an appropriate syntax, and states rules which determine suitable properties for complex expressions formed in each of the ways permitted by that syntax, given the relevant properties of their components; the property thus determined for a complete sentence is that of being true if and only if some specified condition holds.
The Phenomenology of Episodic Recall
Authors: Hoerl Christoph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of episodic memory has been highly influential in shaping psycho logical research over almost three decades now. It was first introduced into the psychological literature by Endel Tulving ( 1972). Yet Tulving was not the first to use the term ‘episodic memory’. It had been used before in a book on the philosophy of memory by Stanley Munsat (1966). Given that Tulving acknowledges Munsat as his source of inspiration, one should expect that the two authors use the term in the same sense. Looking back over the two texts, however, it soon becomes clear that Munsat and Tulving are using the tem1 ‘episodic memory’ to mark out two potentially quite different phenomena.
Consciousness, Computation, and the Chinese Room
Authors: Penrose Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I shall begin by recalling what I perceive to be the four polarities of viewpoint that I enunciated in Shadows of the Mind (Penrose 1994: 12) with regard to the relationship between conscious thought and computation: All thinking is computation; in particular, feelings of conscious aware ness are evoked merely by the carrying out of appropriate computations. Awareness is a feature of the brain’s physical action; and whereas any physical action can be simulated computationally, computational simulation cannot by itself evoke awareness. Appropriate physical action of the brain evokes awareness, but this physical action cannot even be properly simulated computationally. Awareness cannot be explained in physical, computational, or any other scientific terms.
The Nehemiah Autobiographical Memoir
Authors: Blenkinsopp Joseph 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Towards the beginning of his massive History of Autobiography in Antiquity, Georg Misch defined his topic as ‘the history of human self-awareness’. The definition, which no doubt owed something to the influence of his father-in- law Wilhelm Dilthey, would certainly apply to Augustine’s Confessions, often taken to be the first specimen of the genre. In spite of his definition, however, Misch notes that Augustine represents a terminus rather than a beginning and, true to his word, reaches him only on page 625 of his history.
Pauline Christianity
Authors: Ziesler J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This revised edition of John Ziesler's broad yet detailed overview of St Paul's thought and distinctive kind of Christianity is intended for a general readership, and is therefore of wider value than individual and more technical commentaries. Dr Ziesler's starting point is St Paul's view of Jesus Christ as marking the end of an era and the beginning of a new world and a new humanity. The concentration is on theology, but matters of authorship and dating are discussed briefly where relevant. A number of key passages from the Pauline letters are given a more extended treatment.
Conscience as Self-Authorizing in Butler’s Ethics
Authors: Darwall Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There has long been general agreement about the intended meaning of Butler’s claim that conscience is supremely authoritative. C. D. Broad nicely articulates this consensus when he writes: ’by saying that conscience has supreme authority Butler means that we regard the pronouncements of conscience, not simply as interesting or uninteresting statements of fact, and not simply as reasons to be balanced against others, but as conclusive reasons for or against doing the actions about which it pronounces. To this it might be added that, according to Butler, we do not simply happen so to regard conscience’s pronouncements; we do so rightly.
George Berkeley
Authors: Berman David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Unlike nearly all studies of Berkeley, this book looks at the full range of his work and links it with his life - focussing in particular on his religious thought. While aiming to present a clear picture of his career, this book breaks new ground on, among other topics, Berkeley's philosophical strategy, his account of immortality, his Jacobitism, his emotive theory of religious mysteries, and the motivation of his Siris (1744). Also distinctive is the attention paid to the Irish context of his thought, his symbolic frontispieces and portraits, and recent discoveries concerning his life and writings. The Berkeley that emerges from this study is deeper and more human that the usual picture of him as a starry-eyed idealist with every virtue under heaven.
Labour Movements Employers And The State
Authors: Fulcher James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This comparative study uses Barrington Moore's notion of `suppressed historical alternatives' to reassess theories of industrial conflict, class organization, and state intervention. It explores the origins of organizational differences in the emergence of labour movements and the employer counter-attack, emphasizing the strength of Sweden's neglected craft unions and the forgotten attempts by British unions to build Swedish style national federations. It examines the strong tendencies towards state control in Sweden and repeated British efforts to establish joint central regulation, which have been similarly overlooked. Unfashionable institutionalist explorations of the Swedish labour peace are defended but it is also argued that the Swedish system of regulation was self-undermining. The book analyses the failure of corporatist integration in both countries and the ensuing struggle between left and right alternatives. The attempt to bring about economic and industrial democracy in Sweden, the decline of the British unions, and current tendencies towards a neo-liberal convergence, are all discussed.
Sects and Society in Tension
Authors: Wilson Bryan R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is a commonplace to refer to the cultural situation in Britain as one of religious pluralism, in which a notional and pervasive orthodoxy has been fragmented by various currents of diversified religious belief and practice. In some measure that pluralism has existed for centuries, of course, but it may be important to note that two divergent tendencies have been at work. Whilst new and exotic religions have been introduced, certain older forms of religious diversity have lost their distinctiveness. The terms in which we had become accustomed to think of religions other than orthodoxy—‘nonconformity’ and ‘dissent’—have become anachronisms, not only because we have largely abandoned the idea of religious conformity as a norm, but also because bodies once seen as radical departures from the norm have gradually come to be regarded as only marginally different.
Secularization: The Orthodox Model
Authors: Wallis Roy , Bruce Steve 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The secularization thesis is one of sociology’s most enduring research · programmes and like many other long-standing theoretical frameworks it has generated a multitude of criticisms. Most critics have been satisfied with presenting by way of refutation such anomalies as evidence of enduring religiosity or countervailing trends. Few have attempted to erect a comprehensive alternative theory. The only compel¬ ling recent contender has been the self-equilibrating model of relatively constant religious ‘demand’ which Stark and Bainbridge have founded on exchange theory.