bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Changing Nature of Inequality in South Africa
Authors: Jenkins Carolyn , Thomas Lynne 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
This is the fourth of five country case studies on income inequality, and looks at the case of South Africa. After an introduction, the second section of the chapter reviews the evolution of inequality in South Africa, and the third draws together the findings of other authors to highlight the primary sources of changes in the nature of income inequality (wage differentials and unequal access to employment). The fourth section assesses the evolution of economic policy and performance, drawing a distinction between the apartheid years and the post‐1994 period, and also considers the posttransition policy framework in more detail. The fifth section briefly discusses policies targeted at the structural causes of poverty and inequality since 1994 (policies on education and social expenditure, and on land). The sixth section focuses on the likely impact of the macroeconomic policy framework since 1994 on income distribution, arguing that changes in labour markets resulting from the breakdown of apartheid in the workplace dominated the observed shifts in the distribution of income during the 1970s and 1980s, although there is evidence that the shift towards neoliberal orthodoxy is increasingly affecting the income distribution; topics addressed include the effects of stabilization (inflation and interest rates), fiscal policy, trade and financial liberalization, and labour institutions.
Introduction
Authors: Milhaupt Curtis J. , West Mark D. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Outlines the author's institutional and empirical approach, which is to look at the ‘big picture’ rules of the game (institutions, in the form of both formal laws and informal norms and practices) and the fine detail of how those rules are actually impacting incentives, information, and bargaining in the Japanese economy (empirics). In each chapter, the authors explain behaviour in the Japanese economy as a function of the rules of the game. Where applicable, they describe how these rules are changing and why. This approach, novel to studies of Japan, offers compelling answers to heretofore unanswered questions, and provides new perspectives on debates scholars may have thought to be settled.
Sokaiya
Authors: Milhaupt Curtis J. , West Mark D. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Chapters 5 and 6 examine the dark side of Japanese economic institutions. Discusses the unusual and problematic form that shareholder activism has traditionally taken in Japan—professional disturbers of shareholders meetings, or ‘sokaiya’. Again we see the impact of institutions on behaviour, as the workings of the sokaiya are directly linked to the quality of corporate information disclosure in Japan, a function of the institutional environment in which Japanese firms operate.
Organized Crime
Authors: Milhaupt Curtis J. , West Mark D. 
Published: August 2004

Abstract
Examines the problem of organized crime. Shows how Japan's institutional environment for economic activity—specifically gaps between legal rights ‘on the books’ and the state's ability to enforce those rights in practice—have provided incentives for entrepreneurship on the dark side of society. Japanese organized crime syndicates, like other actors in the economy, respond to the rules of the game.
Pantoprazole for Sleepiness Associated with Acid Reflux and Obstructive Sleep Disordered Breathing
Authors: Steward David L. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractObjective: To determine the effectiveness of Pantoprazole (Wyeth Pharmaceuticals Inc., Philadelphia, PA) therapy for daytime sleepiness in patients with symptoms of acid reflux and obstructive sleep‐disordered breathing (OSDB).Study Design: Prospective interventional cohort study.Methods: Twenty‐seven adult subjects (67% men) with symptoms of acid reflux disease and mild to moderate OSDB were included in a 3‐month study of proton pump inhibitor therapy (Pantoprazole 40 mg once daily). Primary outcomes included changes in daytime sleepiness, reflux symptoms, and bed partner assessment of snoring. Secondary outcomes included changes in snoring quantification, apnea, and apnea‐hypopnea indices (AHI) with SNAP Laboratories (Glenview, IL) home sleep study and self‐reported global symptom improvement.Results: At baseline, patients were typically middle‐aged, obese men with mild to moderate sleep apnea (mean AHI = 15) with excessive daytime somnolence (mean Epworth Sleepiness Score = 13). After 3‐month treatment with Pantoprazole, a statistically significant improvement was noted for daytime sleepiness (P = .002) and total reflux symptoms (P = .0006). Subjects also reported a significant reduction in reflux awakening them from sleep (P < .0001). Bed‐partner assessment of snoring significantly improved (P = .03); however, no significant improvements were noted in snoring quantification, apnea, or AHI. When compared with a disease‐severity matched historic placebo‐control group, this cohort demonstrated a significantly greater reduction in daytime sleepiness (P = .04).Conclusions: This cohort of subjects had significant improvements in daytime sleepiness and reflux symptoms, including reflux awakening from sleep, with Pantoprazole therapy. Further controlled studies are indicated to confirm these results. Improvement in daytime somnolence likely resulted from a reduction in reflux‐related arousals because no improvements occurred in OSDB.
Cricoid Chondrosarcoma Presenting as Arytenoid Hypertelorism
Authors: Koufman Jamie A. , Cohen Jacob T. , Gupta Sumeer , Postma Gregory N. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractBackground: Arytenoid hypertelorism (arytenoid cartilages spaced too widely apart) appears to be the most common initial recognizable physical finding of cricoid chondrosarcoma. Nine cases from the Center for Voice Disorders are presented. With arytenoid hypertelorism caused by cricoid chondrosarcoma, usually the posterior larynx is open. In fact, patients with arytenoid hypertelorism caused by cricoid chondrosarcoma may be aphonic even though the anterior membranous vocal folds make contact during attempted phonation.Methods: Between 1991 and 2002, nine patients were diagnosed with cricoid chondrosarcoma. Patients' charts and video examinations were retrospectively evaluated for symptoms and the presence of arytenoid hypertelorism on endoscopic evaluation. Two were women, and seven were men, with a mean age of 70 (range 53–72) years at diagnosis.Results: Eight (88%) patients had aphonia or dysphonia caused by arytenoid hypertelorism as their presenting symptom. Six were diagnosed after failed medialization laryngoplasty or other laryngeal rehabilitation surgery. All nine patients had a low‐grade tumor. The initial treatment in eight patients was hemicricoidectomy, and one patient had a total laryngectomy. In four cases, a second procedure was needed 1 to 6 years later because of recurrence. Seven patients are alive without clinically significant disease; one is alive with moderate disease, and one has died from an unrelated cause.Conclusions: Severely dysphonic, elderly patients presenting with arytenoid hypertelorism of unknown cause should be evaluated by fiberoptic laryngoscopy and by computed tomography scan to rule out cricoid chondrosarcoma. Because these tumors behave so benignly, the authors recommend conservative surgery (unilateral hemicricoidectomy) as the diagnostic/treatment modality of choice.
Chronic Rhizopus Invasive Fungal Rhinosinusitis in an Immunocompetent Host
Authors: Scharf Joshua L. , Soliman Ahmed M. S. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractHypothesis:
Rhizopus species may cause chronic invasive fungal rhinosinusitis in an immunocompetent host.Study Design: Individual case report.Methods: Review of inpatient and outpatient records, radiographic studies, pathologic examination, and microbiology of the presented case. Review of the literature.Results:
Rhizopus species may be the cause of chronic invasive fungal rhinosinusitis in an immunocompetent host and result in intracranial extension.
Cochlear Implantation in Adults with Prelingual Deafness. Part I. Clinical Results
Authors: Wooi Teoh Su , Pisoni David B. , Miyamoto Richard T. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: To examine the hypothesis that the newer generations of cochlear implants could provide considerable speech understanding to late‐implanted, prelingually deaf adult patients.Study Design: Retrospective review.Methods: Speech perception scores of 103 patients with long‐term prelingual deafness obtained from the recent clinical trials were compared with other previously published results.Results: Unlike patients receiving implants in early childhood, the audiologic performance of most patients with long‐term prelingual deafness rapidly approached asymptotic levels within 1 year after implantation. Beginning at 3 months postimplantation, statistically significant improvement was noted in their speech perception scores compared with their preimplant levels. However, the average performance plateau achieved by this group of patients was significantly below the levels published for postlingual patients. No statistically significant differences were observed between the test scores at any testing interval among patients with different devices.Conclusions: Most patients with long‐term prelingual deafness achieve their performance plateau within 1 year after implantation. The results suggest that patient characteristics, rather than device properties, are likely to be the major contributing factor responsible for the observed audiologic outcomes.
Is Nasal Packing Necessary Following Endoscopic Sinus Surgery?
Authors: Orlandi Richard R. , Lanza Donald C. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: To determine the necessity of nasal packing or hemostatic agents or both following endoscopic sinus surgery.Study Design: Retrospective review of cases in a tertiary care sinus practice at an academic medical center.Methods: Records of 165 patients undergoing 169 endoscopic sinus surgeries were reviewed to determine the presence of adjunctive nasal procedures, the use of nasal packing or hemostatic agents or both, blood loss during surgery, and the incidence of bleeding complications following surgery.Results: The median estimated blood loss during surgery was 50.0 mL (range, 5–1000 mL). In four surgeries (2.4%) hemostatic agents were placed in the nose at the conclusion of surgery, 19 (11.2%) had packing, and 147 (87.0%) had no material left in the nose. No patients had bleeding complications postoperatively. There was a significant decrease in the use of packing or hemostatic agents or both over time.Conclusion: Placement of nasal packing or other hemostatic agents or both within the nasal cavity is not necessary in the majority of endoscopic sinus surgeries. The risks, costs, and discomforts associated with these interventions can often be avoided.
Pedicled Temporoparietal Fascial Flap Reconstruction of Select Intraoral Defects
Authors: Nayak Vijay K. , Deschler Daniel G. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: Multiple modalities exist for reconstruction of oral cavity defects following resection. Although microvascular free tissue transfer is often the first choice for complex intraoral defect reconstruction, not all patients are suitable candidates for “free flaps.” The authors present their experience with the pedicled temporoparietal fascial flap (TPFF) for reconstruction of selected intraoral defects.Study Design: Retrospective chart review.Methods: Charts of patients who underwent a TPFF for reconstruction of intraoral defects at a tertiary academic institution between 2001 to 2003 were reviewed. Information regarding tumor, surgical procedure, complications, and results was gathered. The anatomy and surgical technique of using the TPFF for intraoral reconstruction were reviewed.Results: Three patients underwent reconstruction of an intraoral defect with a TPFF. All defects were on the lateral buccal space with significant anterior or posterior extension. All patients had specific contraindications for free flaps, including compromised donor site or recipient site vascularity and medical comorbidity. The procedures were uncomplicated. There was no incidence of flap failure, and all flaps accepted a split‐thickness skin graft. The average hospital stay was 7 days. An oral diet was begun on the fifth postoperative day. The cosmetic result at the donor site was excellent. Follow‐up has ranged from 7 to 30 months. Mild contracture of the flap developed in two patients, limiting mandibular motion.Conclusion: The TPFF is a thin, vascular, durable flap that is a viable option for reconstruction of selected intraoral defects in patients who are not suitable candidates for other methods.
Development and Validation of the Voice Handicap Index‐10
Authors: Rosen Clark A. , Lee Annie S. , Osborne Jamie , Zullo Thomas , Murry Thomas 
Published: August 2004

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: The objective was to develop an abbreviated voice handicap assessment instrument and compare it with the Voice Handicap Index (VHI).Study Design: Item analysis of the VHI in individuals without voice disorders and patients with voice disorders and creation and validation of the abbreviated VHI.Methods: Clinical consensus review of the VHI items was held to prioritize the clinical value of each of the VHI items (30 items in all). Item analysis of the VHI was performed using the VHI responses of 100 patients with voice problems and 159 control subjects. The 10 most robust VHI items were selected using the item analysis and clinical consensus results to form the Voice Handicap Index‐10 (VHI‐10). Statistical analysis comparing the validity of the VHI‐10 with the VHI was performed with 819 patients representing a wide spectrum of voice disorders.Results: Statistical analysis of the VHI and VHI‐10 scores from the study group showed no statistically significant differences between the VHI and the VHI‐10. Irrespective of diagnosis, the correlation between the VHI and the VHI‐10 was greater than .90 (P = .01). The ratios of the VHI‐10 to VHI scores for a variety of voice disorder categories were analyzed and found to be consistently greater than the expected value (33%). This suggests that the VHI‐10 may be a more robust instrument than the VHI.Conclusion: The VHI‐10 is a powerful representation of the VHI that takes less time for the patient to complete without loss of validity. Thus, the VHI‐10 can replace the VHI as an instrument to quantify patients' perception of their voice handicap.
Laryngeal Findings in Users of Combination Corticosteroid and Bronchodilator Therapy
Authors: Mirza Natasha , Kasper Schwartz Sandra , Antin‐Ozerkis Danielle 
Published: August 2004

AbstractEducational Objective: At the conclusion of this article, the readers should be able to 1) describe the laryngeal findings in patients who use combination therapy for asthma, 2) discuss the mechanism of laryngeal irritation from the use of inhalers, and 3) describe possible mechanisms for reducing laryngeal irritation and secondary dysphonia from the use of inhalers.Objectives: To describe voice changes and laryngeal findings in patients who are started on combination corticosteroid and bronchodilator therapy in the form of a dry powder inhaler (DPI).Study Design: Retrospective, single‐subject design.Methods: Retrospective review of 10 consecutive patients meeting inclusion criteria, who presented at the voice center with more than 4 weeks of dysphonia after being started on a combination form of asthma medication for control and maintenance therapy. All patients were nonsmokers and without history of previous identification or excision of vocal pathology. All patients were treated previously with a proton pump inhibitor for gastroesophageal reflux. Laryngeal videostroboscopic evaluations were performed on all patients. Patients were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding their perceived voice change and history of medical maintenance therapy for asthma.Results: Dysphonia was present in the patients selected for greater than 4 weeks. Patients had been switched to combination therapy after previously using traditional two‐drug asthma regimens. In eight of nine patients, the vocal folds demonstrated areas of hyperemia, with plaque‐like changes on the surface mucosa. Reduced amplitude of vibration and a reduction in mucosal wave propagation were present on videostroboscopy. Questionnaires revealed that all patients were initiated on combination DPI treatment within the last 6 months.Conclusions: Dysphonia caused by a change in the surface mucosa is a side effect from the use of DPI therapy for asthma. The high‐impact force during inhalation of the medication and carrier leads to deposition of particles in the upper airway. We believe the extent of mucosal irritation can be minimized by patient education in the proper delivery of DPI. In some cases, however, return of the two medications delivered separately was necessary. The irritation of the laryngeal mucosa and return of normal vibratory parameters occurred in all patients.
Retrograde Weight Implantation for Correction of Lagophthalmos
Authors: Kao Chuan‐Hsiang , Moe Kris S. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractObjectives: Gold weight implantation is the most commonly used method for surgical correction of paralytic lagophthalmos. Numerous techniques for placement of the weight have been described, yet complications with these methods continue to occur (implant migration or extrusion, wound infection, failure to correct the lagophthalmos, and excessive postoperative ptosis). We developed a retrograde, postlevator aponeurosis method for implantation to improve the placement and fixation of the weight. This study describes the rationale, technique, and surgical outcome of the retrograde approach.Study Design: Retrospective analysis.Methods: Data maintained and collected on 25 consecutive cases of retrograde upper lid weight implantation for paralytic lagophthalmos. Pre‐ and postoperative photographs were obtained, and patients were followed for at least 6 months. All procedures were performed by or under the direction of a single surgeon at tertiary academic medical centers (University of California, San Diego and University of Zurich, Switzerland).Results: Twenty‐five consecutive patients were evaluated, 16 male and 9 female, ranging in age from 27 to 86 years. There were no surgical failures or perioperative complications and no instances of implant migration or extrusion. One patient developed a delayed infection requiring removal of the implant, and one patient required replacement of the gold weight with a platinum chain implant to better fit the contour of her eyelid.Conclusions: Retrograde implantation allows more accurate placement of the weight while creating a permanent circumferential seal for fixation. The procedure is minimally invasive, less traumatic than previous methods, and produces an excellent cosmetic result. The efficacy has been demonstrated in the outcome of the 25 cases described in this study.
Outcomes and Achievement of Students Who Grew Up with Access to Cochlear Implants
Authors: Spencer Linda J. , Gantz Bruce J. , Knutson John F. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: To provide long‐term speech perception and production, educational, vocational, and achievement outcome data for pediatric cochlear implant recipients.Study Design: This is a retrospective study using consecutive referrals of prelingually, profoundly deaf children at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics.Methods: Twenty‐seven prelingually deaf young adults who received a cochlear implant between the ages of 2 and 12 years participated. Outcome measures included device‐use information, perceptual information, reading results for all participants and educational achievement results for 17 of 27 participants, educational placement information/vocational information for all students, as well as a comparison of the child's educational/vocational outcome with that of the parent's educational/vocational outcome.Results: Speech perception and production scores were highly correlated. Achievement test results indicated that scores were within 1 SD from normative data based on hearing individuals. Over 50% of the college‐age eligible students enrolled in college. This initial group of implant users had a nonuse rate of 11% in the first 3 years. Eighty‐nine percent of the users maintained full‐time use for 7 years, and 71% of this group have maintained full‐time use to date.Conclusions: This cohort of cochlear implant users compared favorably with their hearing peers on academic achievement measures. Although there was a wide distribution of educational and vocational outcomes, the children tended to follow the educational/vocational patterns of their parents. As age of implantation decreases, it will be important to compare achievement outcomes of this first generation with those of subsequent generations of cochlear implant users.
Microaspiration in Infants with Laryngomalacia
Authors: Midulla Fabio , Guidi Roberto , Tancredi Giancarlo , Quattrucci Serena , Ratjen Felix , Bottero Sergio , Vestiti Katia , Francalanci Paola , Cutrera Renato 
Published: August 2004

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: Laryngomalacia is the most common congenital laryngeal anomaly and the most frequent cause of stridor in infants. Infants with laryngomalacia may have associated respiratory symptoms other than stridor. In this study, we evaluated whether infants with laryngomalacia have episodes of microaspiration by calculating the amount of lipids present in the alveolar macrophages.Study Design: We reviewed bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) findings obtained in 14 infants with laryngomalacia and in 11 control children.Methods: BAL was performed during flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FFB) to diagnose persistent stridor. The presence of microaspiration was determined by evaluating the amount of lipid per single macrophage, assigning each cell a score from 0 to 4 according to the amount of lipid in the cytoplasm.Results: The lipid‐laden macrophage index was similar in patients and controls (31.5, range 12–177 vs. 45, range 35–106). In 5 of the 14 (36%) patients the index exceeded 100, and more than 25% of the cells were graded 3 and 4, indicating the presence of microaspiration. The lipid‐laden macrophage index correlated significantly with the number and percentage of BAL neutrophils (Pearson correlation test, r = 0.83, P < .001 and r = 0.925, P < .001) as a marker of lung inflammation.Conclusions: Infants with laryngomalacia may have episodes of microaspiration. BAL performed during FFB to evaluate stridor may add helpful therapeutic information without increasing the risks of the procedure.