bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of gastrointestinal tolerability and patient preference for treatment with the 625 mg and 250 mg nelfinavir tablet formulations
Authors: Johnson M , Nieto‐Cisneros L , Horban A , Arasteh K , Gonzalez‐Garcia J , Artigas JG , Clotet B , Danise A , Landman R , Proll S , Snowden W , Foreman R , Smith P 
Published: March 2005

ObjectivesTo compare gastrointestinal (GI) tolerability and patient preference for the new 625 mg formulation of nelfinavir (NFV) and the marketed 250 mg tablets (Viracept®) in HIV‐1‐infected patients.MethodsVirologically controlled patients (n=126) treated with a nelfinavir (NFV) 250 mg‐containing regimen for ≥8 weeks completed a stool diary for 14 days to assess baseline bowel function. After switching to the NFV 625 mg formulation [1250 mg twice a day (bid)] for 28 days, patients continued their stool diaries and at study completion answered a questionnaire regarding formulation preferences.ResultsThe incidence and mean weekly duration of GI upset over a 2‐week period were lower with NFV 625 mg than with NFV 250 mg (79.8% vs. 84.9% of patients and 2.1 vs. 3.0 days, respectively). Fewer patients experienced moderate or severe diarrhoea with NFV 625 mg (6.5% vs. 11.1%), and the incidence of investigator‐assessed diarrhoea also decreased with NFV 625 mg. Importantly, there was a significant improvement overall in the incidence of diarrhoea (any grade) when patients switched to NFV 625 mg [38 of 124 (31%) improving, 69 of 124 (56%) stable and 17 of 124 (14%) worsening on NFV 625 mg; P<0.01]. At study completion, most patients expressed a preference to continue treatment with NFV 625 mg [112 of 122 (91.8%); P<0.0001], with only one patient (0.8%) preferring to resume treatment with NFV 250 mg. The new formulation was well tolerated with no new safety concerns.ConclusionsThe new NFV 625 mg formulation is better tolerated and preferred by patients switching from NFV 250 mg tablets. By reducing the daily pill count and improving GI tolerability, the NFV 625 mg formulation may enhance patient adherence to NFV‐containing antiretroviral regimens and thus potentially improve virological outcomes.
The prevalence and risk of immune restoration disease in HIV‐infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Jevtović DJ , Salemović D , Ranin J , Pešić I , Žerjav S , Djurković‐Djaković O 
Published: March 2005

BackgroundIt is becoming increasingly clear that, during successful highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), a proportion of treated patients develop opportunistic infections (OIs), referred to in this setting as immune restoration disease (IRD). We examined the risk of developing IRD in HAART‐treated HIV‐infected patients.MethodsA retrospective study of a cohort including all 389 patients treated with HAART between 1 January 1998 and 31 May 2004 in our HIV unit was performed to evaluate the occurrence of and risk factors for IRD during HAART. Baseline and follow‐up values of CD4 T‐cell counts and plasma viral loads (pVLs) were compared to assess the success of HAART.ResultsDuring successful HAART (significant increase in CD4 T‐cell counts and decrease in pVL), at least one IRD episode occurred in 65 patients (16.7%). The median time to IRD was 4.6 months (range 2–12 months). IRDs included dermatomal herpes zoster (26 patients), pulmonary tuberculosis (four patients), tuberculous exudative pericarditis (two patients), tuberculous lymphadenitis (two patients), cerebral toxoplasmosis (one patient), progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy (PML) (one patient), inflamed molluscum (one patient), inflamed Candidaalbicans angular cheilitis (three patients), genital herpes simplex (two patients), tinea corporis (two patients), cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis (two patients), CMV vitritis (one patient) and hepatitis B (three patients) or C (fifteen patients). A baseline CD4 T‐cell count below 100 cells/μL was shown to be the single predictor [odds ratio (OR) 2.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.9–6.4] of IRD, while a CD4 T‐cell count increase to >400 cells/μL, but not undetectable pVL, was a negative predictor of IRD (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.1–0.8).ConclusionsTo avoid IRD in advanced patients, HAART should be initiated before the CD4 T‐cell count falls below 100 cells/μL.
IMPACT OF TAX, TRANSFER, AND EXPENDITURE POLICIES OF GOVERNMENT ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF PERSONAL INCOME IN CANADA
Authors: Dodge David A. 
Published: March 2005

This is a study of the first order incidence of government taxation and expenditure policies on the incomes of families and unattached individuals in Canada in 1970. The specific purposes of the study are twofold. The first is to estimate for calendar year 1970 the first order incidence of governments’actual tax, transfer, and expenditure policies on spending units. The second objective is to simulate the changes in this incidence that would have occurred in 1970 if the new federal personal income tax, unemployment insurance, old age sccurity and family allowance programs had been in operation during that year. The methodology is similar to that used by W. Irwin Gillespie in his pioneering 1964 study for the Royal Commission on Taxation.It is concluded that the 1970 incidence of the combined tax and transfer programs of all levels of government is broadly redistributive, with net incidence of federal government programs being considerably more redistributive than that of provincial and local governments. In general, the public sector provides large net benefits to families and individuals with incomes of less than $4,000, declining net benefits to families earning from $4,000 to $11,000 and levies small but increasing levels of net tax on families and individuals with incomes in excess of $11,000. This general conclusion is relatively insensitive to the precise assumptions made about the shifting of taxes and the distribution of expenditures on pure public goods. From simulation experiments, recent reforms of the federal income tax, unemployment insurance, old age security and family allowance systems were estimated to increase the amount of redistribution from the rich to the poor.
INCOME DISTRIBUTION AND REDISTRIBUTION: A MICRODATA ANALYSIS FOR SEVEN COUNTRIES
Authors: O'Higgins Mchel , Schmaus Guenther , Stephenson Geofrey 
Published: March 2005

This paper reports the detailed results of a comparison of the distribution and redistribution of income in seven countries using the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) database. Use of LIS facilitates comparisons of inequality in respect to similarly‐defined variables, permits methodological alternatives to be used, and allows the countries to be compared on aspects of income ranking and policy equity in ways not otherwise possible.The results indicate a pattern of inequality in which Sweden is the most equal, followed by Norway, the U.K. and Canada, while among the less equal countries Israel is generally more equal than Germany‐or the USA., whose relative inequality depends on the measure chosen. Use of the LIS database also allows a more detailed explanation of these results, noting, for example, the role of cash benefits in increasing equality in Sweden and the U.K., and in aiding the bottom quintile in Germany; and the important part played by self‐employment income in contributing to the high top quintile shares in Germany and Israel, and in rendering the Norwegian distribution less equal than that of its Scandinavian neighbour.The wealth of the database, however, means that methodological issues need to be treated both more explicitly and more carefully than is possible with more restrictive data. To interpret the data also requires a considerable degree of knowledge about the institutional features of tax and social provisions in each country, so that an income microdatabase could usefully be completed by one focused on the details of such provisions.
GROSS AND NET CAPITAL, AND THE FORM OF THE SURVIVAL FUNCTION: THEORY AND SOME NORWEGIAN EVIDENCE
Authors: Biørn Erik , Holmøy Erling , Olsen øYstein 
Published: March 2005

In this paper we discuss the empirical measurement of capital stocks derived from data on gross investment. Two capital concepts are involved: gross capital‐representing the capital's capacity dimension‐and net capital–representing its wealth dimension. A brief summary of their components is presented.The data base consists of long series of Norwegian national accounts data for gross investment at a disaggregated level of sector classification and for 1–3 capital categories within each sector. Survival functions, representing the process of retirement and decline in efficiency of capital units over time, with different curvature (concave, convex) and non‐zero interest rates for the discounting of future capital service flows are considered. The effects of these parameters on the calculated gross and net capital stocks in the years 1956–82 as well as on the implied replacement and depreciation rates and rates of return are discussed.
INCOME AND THE HAMILTONIAN1
Authors: Usher Dan 
Published: March 2005

Among the many interpretations of real national income are (i) the return to national wealth and (ii) the Hamiltonian of an appropriately‐chosen dynamic model of the economy. These interpretations are sometimes alleged to be equivalent and to constitute the self‐evidently ideal definition to which statistics of real national income should conform as closely as possible., The allegation is correct on some very restrictive assumptions about technology and taste. Otherwise, these interpretations are inconsistent, inexpedient as definitions of real national income and significantly at variance with the usage in the national accounts. The return to wealth is unmeasurable with the currently‐available data. The Hamiltonian is typically in the wrong units. It is an accurate reflection of neither productive capacity nor welfare in an intertemporal context. It is not well‐defined in a tax‐distorted economy. It is rarely an indicator of the return to wealth.
A personn's income is “the maximum value he can consume during a week and still be as well off at the end of the week as he was at the beginning”J. R. Hicks2

“…the rigorous search for a meaningful income concept leads to a rejection of all current income concepts and ends up with something closer to a “wealth‐like magnitude,” such as the present discounted value of future consumption. …a standard welfare interpretation of NNP is that it is the largest permanently maintainable value of consumption. …What we have been calling net national product is just the Hamiltonian for a general optimization problem.”Martin L. weitman3
Effects of Labial Margin Design on Stress Distribution of a Porcelain‐Fused‐to‐Metal Crown
Authors: Chai John Y. , Steege John W. 
Published: March 2005

Purpose This study compared the stress distribution of three porcelain‐fused‐to‐metal labial margins on a central incisor under simulated occlusal force.Materials and Methods The margin designs were rounded‐shoulder, rounded‐shoulder with a bevel, and a chamfer.Results Evaluation of mean equivalent Mises tensile stress did not show any difference at the cement‐dentin and metal‐cement interfaces of the three margins. The mean equivalent Mises tensile stress at the porcelain‐metal interface was found to be significantly higher for rounded‐shoulder when compared with the chamfer. There was no significant difference in the axial stresses along the three interfaces among the three margin designs. Statistically significant differences in radial stresses at some interfaces of the three margin designs were found.Conclusions The change of cement thickness of the chamfer margin is significantly greater than that of either the rounded‐shoulder or the bevelled‐shoulder margin.
In Vitro Consistency of the Periotest Instrument
Authors: Chai John Y. , Yamada Jason , Pang Iok‐Chao 
Published: March 2005

Purpose The consistency of measuring the damping characteristics using the Periotest (Siemens AG, Bensheim, Germany) was studied.Materials and Methods Periotest values (PTV) of three rods embedded in various depths of impression material were recorded by seven dentists.Results There is no statistically significant difference among the subjects in measuring PTV of any of the three rods. However, the variation in the occlusal‐gingival position of impact resulted in statistically significant different PTV measurements of each of the three rods. Assessment of mobility of the same objects using a clinical criterion was found to be less consistent as the mobility of the object increased.Conclusion In vitro PTV measurements are consistent provided that the position of impact is controlled.
Mechanical Properties of Metal Connectors Soldered by Gas Torch Versus an Infrared Technique
Authors: Cheng Ansgar C. , Chai John Y. , Gilbert Jeremy , Jameson Lee M. 
Published: March 2005

Purpose The ultimate tensile strength and percentage elongation of solder joints of three alloy systems were tested.Materials and Methods Solder joints were formed using either an infrared soldering machine or gas‐oxygen torch. Intact solder materials were used as controls.Results There were no significant differences in percentage elongation among different treatment methods of the solders or among various solder materials. All intact solder materials possessed significantly higher ultimate tensile strength than the joints made with either method. For high‐noble and noble alloy solders, there were no significant differences in ultimate tensile strength of joints made with either method. For base metal alloy solder, the ultimate tensile strength of joints made with the infrared technique was significantly higher than that made with the gas‐oxygen torch technique.Conclusions The infrared technique can be used as an alternative to the gas‐torch technique for soldering high‐noble and noble alloys. It is superior to the gas‐torch technique for soldering a cobalt‐chromium alloy.
Theoretical Assessment of Cross Sections for Cantilevered Implant‐Supported Prostheses
Authors: Staab George H. , Stewart Robert B. 
Published: March 2005

PurposeOcclusal forces concentrate at the cantilevered section(s) of fixed implant‐supported prostheses. Investigators in early clinical applications of these prostheses described fractures of the metal alloy framework at the cantilevered‐distal abutment junction. Improved performance was noticed when the framework's cross‐sectional area was increased and the metal alloys used had an increased tensile strength and elastic modulus. Long‐term service of a cantilevered implant‐supported prosthesis is directly dependent on the fatigue life of the metal alloy framework. Two fatigue durability factors that are alterable by the technician/clinician are the framework material and the cross‐sectional design of the structure. These factors can increase rigidity and alter the stress distribution through the framework. The importance of cross‐sectional design on the rigidity may become more critical in situations with decreased intermaxillary space, especially if lengthened cantilevers are required or patients show discernible parafunctional habits. The theoretical aspects of beam deflection and the cross‐sectional design of cantilevered structures under stress were investigated in this study. A subsequent report will provide results from experimental evaluations of designs similar to those assessed in this study.Materials and MethodsThe cross‐sectional designs considered are an L, I, U and a nearly elliptical‐shaped configuration. The size of the framework was determined by approximating the total cross‐sectional space available for the restoration, minus the space required for artificial teeth in severe restrictions. All theoretical and actual specimens were modeled within these confines. Some allowance for the contours of the inferior surface of the artificial teeth was made to optimize the dimensions of each framework. Calculations enabled comparison of relative deflection and stress characteristics of each design group and predictions of fatigue durability.ResultsThe displacements of each cantilever were found to be dependent upon the heights of each framework. As evaluated, the L and elliptical designs experienced larger maximum end deflections than the I‐ and U‐shaped designs. The maximum normal stresses were observed to be less in the I and elliptical sections than in the U and L sections.ConclusionsThe space restrictions for limited intermaxillary conditions reveal that the I cross‐sectional design may provide the least displacement and smallest maximuim normal stress under conditions in which each framework is subjected to an identical load. Each of the framework cross sections considered, however, is a viable candidate for use. The effectiveness of any particular shape in an intraoral environment cannot be easily assessed from the simple statical analysis. Limitations of the predictability with statical analysis as opposed to actual mechanical testing or in vivo use was noted. Less severe space restrictions would probably improve the estimated performance of the other designs.
A Three‐Dimensional Finite Element Stress Analysis of Angled Abutments for an Implant Placed in the Anterior Maxilla
Authors: Clelland Nancy L. , Lee June K. , Bimbenet Olivier C. , Brantley William A. 
Published: March 2005

Purpose A three‐dimensional mathematical model of the maxilla was developed that was used to analyze the stresses and strains produced by an abutment system capable of three abutment angulations.Materials and Methods Computed tomography was used to derive the geometry and density values used for the maxillary model. A 3.8 × 10–mm cylindrical implant was embedded in the right central incisor position at a 35° angle to the horizontal plane and parallel to the angulation of the bone site. All geometric and elastic properties for the fixture and the surrounding bone were included in the model. A simulated occlusal load of 178 N was applied along the long axis of 0°, 15°, and 20° abutments. The mathematical models were solved by the Cray Y/MP Ohio Supercomputer (Cray, Eagan, MN) using the ABAQUS software program (Hibbitt, Karlsson, and Sorenson, Providence, RI).Results Numerical and graphic results were generated for the maximum (tensile) and minimum (compressive) stresses and strains. Principal stresses occurred predominantly in the cortical bone layers, whereas strains occurred mostly in the cancellous bone.Conclusions In general, there was an increase in the magnitude of stress and strain as the abutment angulation increased. Reported stresses and strains for all three angles were within or slightly above the physiological zone derived from animal studies. A need to investigate the response of human bone to stress and strain was indicated.
Color Stability of Heat‐Activated and Chemically Activated Fluid Resin Acrylics
Authors: Wang Xinzhi , Powers John M. , Connelly Mark E. 
Published: March 2005

Purpose Heat‐ and chemically activated acrylics processed by compression molding or fluid resin matrix techniques for fabrication of partial dentures were evaluated for color stability by reflection spectrophotometry after accelerated aging.Materials and Methods Samples of heat‐activated (L 199, PDON, SB) and chemically activated (PR, PVAR, SC) denture base acrylics were polymerized according to manufacturers' instructions. Samples were aged in an artificial aging chamber, and color was measured by CIE L*a*b* on a reflection spectrophotometer at baseline and after each of three aging cycles.Results At 450 kJ/m2, color changes of two chemically activated acrylics (PR and SC) were perceptible. PR became less red, whereas SC became darker and more yellow. The most color‐stable acrylics were a heat‐activated resin (SB) and one chemically activated acrylic (PVAR).Conclusions The three heat‐activated acrylics tested were more color‐stable than two of the chemically activated acrylics, but one chemically activated acrylic (PVAR) recommended for a fluid resin matrix technique was color‐stable.
Accelerated Aging Affects Color Stability of Provisional Restorative Materials
Authors: Doray Pamela G. , Wang Xinzhi , Powers John M. , Burgess John O. 
Published: March 2005

Purpose The color stability of two shades each of five acrylic resin and seven resin composite provisional restorative materials was evaluated by reflection spectrophotometry following in vitro accelerated aging.Materials and Methods Specimens of provisional restorative materials were polymerized according to manufacturers' instructions and aged in an artificial aging chamber with exposure to a total ultraviolet irradiation of 60 kj/m2. Color was measured by CIE L*a*b* on a reflection spectrophotometer before and after aging. Color change (ΔE*) was calculated and analyzed statistically.Results Statistically significant changes in color were observed after accelerated aging. Nine of the 12 provisional materials tested showed perceptible color change of at least one of the shades tested. The most color‐stable materials were the acrylic, Alike, and the resin composites, Luxatemp and Protemp Garant, which had no perceptible color changes under these conditions.Conclusions Some acrylic resin and composite provisional materials change color significantly and perceptibly when exposed to in vitro accelerated aging conditions.
Physical‐Property Comparison of a Chairside‐ or Laboratory‐Polymerized Permanent Soft‐Liner During 1 Year
Authors: Parr Gregory R. , Rueggeberg Frederick A. 
Published: March 2005

PurposeThis investigation examined the influence of polymerization mode and water storage duration on the Shore A hardness, water sorption, resin solubility, and glass transition temperature of Permasoft, a commercial soft denture liner that is polymerized either chairside or in the laboratory.Materials and MethodsSpecimen disks (31‐mm diameter × 10 mm thick) and bars (44 × 8.5 × 1.2 mm) were polymerized following manufacturer's recommendations. The chairside polymerization process was simulated by pouring the mixed components into a mold and processing at 70°C for 15 minutes under 2‐psi pressure. Laboratory‐polymerized specimens of the same dimensions were fabricated by processing under 500‐psi pressure at 100°C for 45 minutes. Specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 1, 7, and 30 days, and 6 and 12 months. Specimens were tested for Shore A hardness, water sorption, resin solubility, and glass transition temperature after the prescribed interval. To determine the effects of polymerization mode and storage time on material properties, a repeated‐measures ANOVA (hardness data) and a two‐way ANOVA (sorption and solubility data) with appropriate post‐hoc tests were used.ResultsShore A hardness values increased from a low of 9.4 (±0.5) units immediately after fabrication to a maximum of 15.9 (±1.1) units after 1 year. Mode of polymerization did not influence hardness (p= .9851). Water‐sorption values ranged from 4.2 (±0.2%) of dry weight to 14.7 (±2.5%) after 1 year. Resin solubility varied from 10.3 (±0.6%) of preimmersion weight to 15.4 (±1.1%), and immersion duration had no effect on solubility. In addition, after 1 year of storage, no difference in resin solubility or water sorption was found with respect to cure mode. The glass transition temperature for chairside‐polymerized samples approximated −10°C, while that for labpolymerized samples approximated −15°C.ConclusionsWith regard to the material properties evaluated in this study, clinically processed Permasoft liner was equivalent to the laboratory‐processed material.