bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolic responses to cold in subterranean crustaceans
Authors: Issartel Julien , Renault David , Voituron Yann , Bouchereau Alain , Vernon Philippe , Hervant Frédéric 
Published: July 2005

SUMMARYChanges in polyol, sugar and free amino acid (FAA) body contents were investigated in the aquatic, subterranean (i.e. hypogean) crustaceans Niphargus rhenorhodanensis and Niphargus virei and in a morphologically close aquatic, surface-dwelling (i.e. epigean) crustacean Gammarus fossarum acclimated to 12°C, 3°C and –2°C. With decreasing temperature, G. fossarum significantly increased its alanine and glutamine levels, while trehalose body content was found to increase above control levels only at –2°C. N. virei showed moderate increases of alanine and glycine, and no change in trehalose level was observed in this species. By contrast, N. rhenorhodanensis was the only species showing a significant rise in its total FAA pool, mainly explained by alanine, glycine, arginine and glutamine accumulations. This species also gradually increased its trehalose body content with decreasing temperature. Several cold-hardy ectotherms show metabolic responses to cold that are identical to those observed in N. rhenorhodanensis. A previous comparative study showed that the hypogean N. rhenorhodanensis exhibited a survival time (Lt50) at–2°C that was 26.3 times and 2.6 times higher than the hypogean N. virei and the epigean G. fossarum, respectively. Thus,crustacean levels of FAA and trehalose were correlated with their respective cold tolerances. Such differences in metabolic responses to cold in both hypogean organisms were unexpected since they both live in thermally buffered biotopes. Considering the current distribution areas of the two subterranean crustaceans studied, we assume that the cold hardiness found in the hypogean N. rhenorhodanensis could be correlated with its biogeography history during the quaternary glaciations.
Flow and conduit formation in the external fluid-transport system of a suspension feeder
Authors: von Dassow Michelangelo 
Published: July 2005

SUMMARY
To what extent is the development of a fluid-transport system related to flow within the system? Colonies of the bryozoan Membranipora membranacea have a simple external fluid-transport system with three components: the canopy of lophophores (crowns of ciliated tentacles), the edge of the canopy, and chimneys (raised openings in the canopy). The lophophores pump seawater into the colony and capture food particles from the seawater. The chimneys and canopy edge let the water back out of the colony. New chimneys form at the canopy edge as the colony grows. I tested whether there was a correlation between chimney formation and excurrent flow speed at the canopy edge by measuring excurrent flow speeds prior to chimney formation. Excurrent flow speeds were higher in regions that produced chimneys than in regions that did not form chimneys. Observations of changes in chimney shape after anesthetization with MgCl2 suggest that both growth and behavior determine chimney shape. Together, the results suggest that there is a strong correlation between growth and flow in this external fluid-transport system, with new chimneys forming at sites of high flow.
Novel Water-soluble Light-emitting Materials Prepared by Noncovalently Bonded Self-assembly
Authors: Qiang Liang-Liang , Fan Qu-Li , Ma Zhun , Zheng Zhe , Wang Yun-Yun , Zhang Guang-Wei , Huang Wei 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Novel noncovalently connected water-soluble nanoparticles containing hydroxyl-capped polyfluorene (PFOH) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) were obtained and characterized. These nanoparticles were quite stable in water and no precipitate was observed after weeks. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and laser light scattering (DLS) were used to confirm the morphology of the PFOH/PAA nanoparticles. Their optical properties were investigated and showed the similar optoelectronic properties with PFOH solid film.
Direct Synthesis and Intense Luminescence of Y2O3:Eu Nanophosphors by Complexation Combustion
Authors: Xia Guodong , Zhou Shengming , Zhang Junji , Wang Sumei , Xu Jun 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
In this paper, we report the synthesis of high-luminance Y2O3:Eu nanocrystal through a citrate–nitrate complexation combustion method at a low temperature of 200–280 °C. The as-combusted Y2O3:Eu phosphors are almost equiaxed crystallites with an average size of 30–40 nm, and have an intense red luminescence. The present fuel-deficient method suggests that by control of the ratio of citric acid to nitrates, it is valuable for the fabrication of Y2O3 nanoparticles without heat treatment. This process should be applicable to a wide range of nanocrystal oxides.
Microwave-assisted Preparation of Titanate Nanotubes
Authors: Wang Yan-an , Yang Jianjun , Zhang Jingwei , Liu Huijuan , Zhang Zhijun 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Titanate nanotubes were successfully prepared for the first time by using microwave irradiation as the heating resource. The process is mild, quick, and easy to control. The morphology and structure of the product were checked by TEM, HRTEM and XRD.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of ZnO Long Fibers
Authors: Zhang Wuxing , Yanagisawa Kazumichi 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
ZnO fibers are synthesized by hydrothermal method from Zn(OH)42− starting solution. The morphologies of obtained ZnO fibers are closely related to the hydrothermal treatment temperature and Zn2+/OH− ratio, and the bunch-like growth phenomenon is revealed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
Formation of Highly Reactive Species at the Interface Fe°–Iron Oxides Particles by Mechanical Alloying and Thermal Treatment: Potential Application in Environmental Remediation Processes
Authors: Moura Flávia Cristina Camilo , Oliveira Grazielli Cristina , Araujo Maria Helena , Ardisson José Domingos , Macedo Waldemar Augusto de Almeida , Lago Rochel Montero 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
In this work, the formation of highly reactive species at the interface of Fe°/iron oxides mixtures, i.e., Fe3O4, γ-Fe2O3, or α-Fe2O3 prepared by mechanical alloying and thermal treatment at 200–800 °C was studied. Mössbauer spectroscopic, XRD, SEM, BET, and magnetization measurements suggest a strong interaction between the metal and the oxides producing highly reactive surface species which can readily react with gas phases, i.e., O2, and with aqueous phase, i.e., H2O2, molecules.
Facile Fabrication of Nickel Oxide Hollow Spheres and Amorphous Carbon/Nickel Nanoparticles Composites Using Colloidal Carbonaceous Microspheres as Template
Authors: Zheng Mingbo , Cao Jieming , Chen Yongping , Ma Xianjia , Deng Shaogao , Tao Jie 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Core/shell structure with colloidal carbonaceous microspheres as core and nanowhisker-like Ni(OH)2 as shell was synthesized by a facile precipitation method. NiO hollow spheres with hierarchical nanostructure and amorphous carbon/nickel nanoparticles composites were obtained by heat treatment in air and nitrogen, respectively. Nitrogen adsorption and desorption analysis indicated that these two novel products are both nanoporous materials with high specific surface area and large pore volume.
Colorless Transparent Fluorescence Material at the VUV Excitation: The Leached Sintered Glass with Impregnation of Tb3+ Ions
Authors: Liu Wei , Chen Danping , Miyoshi Hiroshi , Kadono Kohei , Akai Tomoko 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
First sample of VUV-excited intensely luminescent glass is successfully prepared using the leached sintered glass with impregnation of Tb3+ ions which is colorless, transparent and gives intense emission 5D4 → 7F5 at 543 nm under the 160 nm VUV excitation.
Soft Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Using a Pyroelectric Ceramic Plate
Authors: Sato Hiroaki , Seino Teruyuki , Yamamoto Atsushi , Torimura Masaki , Tao Hiroaki 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
A novel matrix-free soft laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry using a pyroelectric ceramic plate with a flat surface as an ionization platform was developed. Molecular-related ions of thermally unstable compounds such as peptides, oligosaccharides, and surfactants could be observed on the mass spectra with almost no fragmentation of the analytes.
Synthesis of Novel Dendritic α-Glycol Ligands Derived from Dl-Dithiothreitol and Their Application to Ring-opening Polymerization of ε-Caprolactone
Authors: Fujita Ken-ichi , Muraki Takahito , Sakurai Takayuki , Oishi Akihiro , Taguchi Yoichi 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
A series of dendritic ligands with an α-glycol core was synthesized through the coupling of Dl-dithiothreitol with poly(arylether) dendron in high yields. The corresponding aluminum dendrimers were applied as initiator to ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone. A dendritic effect on the polydispersity (Mw/Mn) of poly(ε-caprolactone) was observed.
Estimation of Thermodynamic Parameters on Enantioselective Complexation Equilibria by Temperature-dependent FAB Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Shizuma Motohiro , Yamada Hitoshi , Takai Yoshio , Sawada Masami 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The relative thermodynamic parameters, ΔΔG°enan(R/S), ΔΔH°enan(R/S), and ΔΔS°enan(R/S), on the enantioselective host–guest complexation equilibria were estimated easily using the temperature-dependent FAB mass spectrometry coupled with the enantiomer labeled guest method.
Ammonium Carboxylate-catalyzed [2,3]-Wittig Rearrangement of Silyl Enolates Generated from α-Allyloxy Esters
Authors: Sato Yoshinori , Fujisawa Hidehiko , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Silyl enolates that were generated from α-allyloxy esters afforded the corresponding [2,3]-Wittig rearrangement products in moderate to good yields on treatment with a catalytic amount of Lewis base such as tetrabutylammonium acetate or tetrabutylammonium 4-methoxybenzoate in DMF at room temperature.
The Importance of Lone Pair Electron Delocalization in the cis–trans Isomers of 1,2-Dibromoethenes
Authors: Yamamoto Takashi , Kaneno Daisuke , Tomoda Shuji 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
The subtle experimental energy difference between isomers of 1,2-dibromoethenes (0.090 ± 0.240 kcal mol−1) has been confirmed by high level MO calculations: the cis isomer is more stable by 0.04 kcal mol−1 than the trans isomer at the MP4(STDQ)/6-311++G(3df,3dp)//MP2/6-311++G(3df,3dp) level. It was strongly suggested that the most important origin of the cis-effect is the stabilizing hyperconjugative (charge-transfer) interaction of Br lone pairs with the πC=C* antibonding orbital.
Electric Field Effects on IR Absorption of α-Helical Polypeptide
Authors: Nakabayashi Takakazu , Ohta Nobuhiro 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
External electric field effects on the IR absorption spectrum of α-helical poly(γ-benzyl-l-glutamate) have been examined with electric field modulation spectroscopy. The electric-field-induced change in each vibrational band is reproduced by a superposition of the absorption spectrum, and its first and second derivative spectra, suggesting that the electric dipole moment and the molecular polarizability change following vibrational excitation. The N–H stretching band at 3291 cm−1 shows the largest change in the magnitude of dipole moment following vibrational excitation.
Synthesis of Well-isolated Barium Titanium Trioxide Nanocubes
Authors: Yan Tao , Shen Zhi-Gang , Chen Jian-Feng , Liu Xiao-Lin , Tao Xia , Yun Jimmy 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Almost perfectly cubic shaped BaTiO3 nanocrystallites are generated by seed-mediated growth of BaTiO3 nanospheres, which are produced by a low-temperature aqueous synthetic method. The formation mechanism of the nanocubes is also proposed on the basis of dissolution–recrystallization mechanism.
Rapid Reversed-phase Separation Using Methacrylate-based C18 Monolithic Capillary Columns at High Flow Rates and Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Ueki Yuji , Umemura Tomonari , Iwashita Yoshikazu , Tsunoda Kin-ichi , Haraguchi Hiroki 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Rapid reversed-phase separation in the time-scale of seconds was conducted using methacrylate-based C18 monolithic capillary columns at high flow rates and elevated temperatures. The reversed-phase monolithic columns were prepared by in situ polymerization of octadecyl methacrylate (ODMA) and ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) within the confines of a polyimide-coated fused silica capillary. When a mixture of isoamyl alcohol and 1,4-butandiol was employed as a porogenic solvent, highly permeable monolithic stationary phases with adequate separation efficiency were reproducibly produced. The pressure drops of 20 cm-long columns were typically below 0.4 MPa at a normal flow rate of 3 μL/min (linear velocity of 1 mm/s), and the theoretical plate numbers mostly reached 3000 plates/20 cm. These monolithic columns exhibited excellent mechanical strength as well as thermal stability, and they were properly operated even at a temperature of 80 °C and a high linear velocity of 100 mm/s. At 80 °C, the theoretical plate numbers exceeded 6000 plates/20 cm due to the enhanced mass transfer. Consequently, a series of alkylbenzenes, from toluene to amylbenzene, could be efficiently separated within 30 s on the 20 cm-long column by carrying out a ultra-high flow rate gradient at 80 °C.
Negative Ion Chemical Ionization Mass Spectra of C1–C6 n-Alkyl Nitrates
Authors: Sato Keiichi , Tanimoto Hiroshi , Imamura Takashi 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Negative ion chemical ionization mass spectra were examined for C1–C6 n-alkyl nitrates. In contrast to peroxyacyl nitrates, NO3− ions were minor fragments. Major fragment ions were found to be NO2−, and [RO − H2]−, alkoxy counterparts from which two hydrogen atoms were eliminated. Relative intensity of the two fragment ions largely depends on the speciation, and the [RO − H2]−/NO2− ratio increases with the increasing carbon number.
Preparation of Fe3O4 Thin Films by a Chemical Bath Technique
Authors: Saito Yoichi , Kaga Kunitoshi , Tsutsumida Mei , Unuma Hidero 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
This letter describes a new method to prepare Fe3O4 thin films on glass substrates from aqueous solutions kept in a temperature range from 333 to 343 K. The process includes the deposition of precursor thin films, α-FeOOH, by oxidation of Fe2+ ion in aqueous solutions, and the conversion of the precursor to Fe3O4 in another solution. The film thickness, microstructure and magnetic properties of the resultant Fe3O4 thin films were characterized.
Radar‐duct and boundary‐layer characteristics over the area of The Gulf
Authors: Atkinson B. W. , Zhu M. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractRadar‐duct characteristics and the associated atmospheric boundary layer over the The Gulf (50 ° N, 28 ° E) on 28 April 1996 were simulated with the NCAR–Penn State MM5V3 numerical model. The model was validated against meteorological observations and duct data gathered in a special observational programme. A benchmark study with horizontal grid‐length of 5 km revealed complete coverage of The Gulf by ducts throughout the whole twenty‐four hours. Over land, ducts existed only at night. Over The Gulf, meso‐β scale variation occurred: shallow (250 m) surface ducts existed within about 200 km of the north coast; elevated ducts, over 500 m deep, near the southern coast, and S‐shaped ducts (about 400 m deep) over the majority of the area. Duct strength also increased from north to south. These features were related to the marine internal boundary layer (MIBL) that formed over The Gulf in the ambient north‐west wind. Meso‐γ scale variations in duct‐top height occurred within 200 km of the north coast, immediately downwind of Qatar and off the central east and west coasts. Duct characteristics were influenced at the meso‐γ scale by coastal configuration and at the meso‐β scale by sea surface temperature (SST), land–sea temperature difference, orography and ambient wind. An increase in grid length to 25 km lost much of the meso‐γ scale structure but retained the meso‐β scale features. At the meso‐β scale, duct‐top height and strength were consistently lower in the sensitivity runs than those in the control run because of changes in the depth of the MIBL. Elimination of the north–south SST gradient resulted in a shallower and more stable MIBL. Maximizing the land–sea temperature difference increased the subsidence associated with the stronger sea‐breeze circulation in the sensitivity case and therefore decreased the depth of the MIBL. When the orography was much reduced the lower wind‐speeds in the sensitivity run were again associated with a shallower MIBL. The lower wind‐speeds resulted from the lack of the thermal‐wind effect induced by the high orography around much of The Gulf. The explicit reduction of the ambient wind also led to a reduction in depth of the MIBL. Duct type also changed in the sensitivity studies, surface ducts replacing S‐shaped ducts in those areas where the depth of the MIBL decreased. Of the meso‐β scale factors influencing the ducts, ambient wind speed was most important, closely followed by orography. The distribution of SST had the smallest effect. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society.
Gravity wave drag estimation from global analyses using variational data assimilation principles. I: Theory and implementation
Authors: Pulido M. , Thuburn J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractA novel technique to estimate gravity wave drag from global‐scale analyses is presented. It is based on the principles of four‐dimensional variational data assimilation, using a dynamical model of the middle atmosphere and its adjoint. The global analyses are treated as observations. A cost function that measures the mismatch between the model state and observations is defined. The control variables are the components of the three‐dimensional gravity wave drag field, so that minimization of the cost function gives the optimal gravity wave drag field. The minimization is performed using a conjugate gradient method, with the adjoint model used to calculate the gradient of the cost function.In this work, we present the theory behind the new technique and evaluate extensively the ability of the technique to estimate the gravity wave drag using so‐called twin experiments, in which the ‘observations’ are given by the evolution of the dynamical model with a prescribed gravity wave drag. The results show that the technique can estimate accurately the prescribed gravity wave drag. When the cost function is suitably defined, there is good convergence of the minimization scheme under realistic atmospheric conditions. We also show that the cost function gradient is well approximated taking into account only adiabatic processes. We note some limitations of the technique for estimating gravity wave drag in tropical regions if satellite temperature measurements are the only observational information available. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society.
Neutral turbulent flow over forested hills
Authors: Ross A. N. , Vosper S. B. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractNumerical simulations of neutral, turbulent flow over periodic forested hills are carried out using a first‐order turbulence closure scheme. The forest is represented by the inclusion in the model of a canopy near the surface where additional drag is exerted on the flow as a result of the trees. Simulations with a more traditional roughness‐length parametrization of the surface, which does not explicitly model the flow within the forest, are also carried out for comparison. Comparison of simulations with existing wind‐tunnel data shows that the simple mixing‐length canopy closure scheme provides a good estimate of the mean flow over a forested hill and is a significant improvement on a traditional roughness‐length parametrization in this case.The numerical results are seen to be in close agreement with existing linear analytical solutions for flow over a low and wide forested hill. The model is used to investigate the breakdown of the analytical solution when the hill becomes steep and the perturbations to the flow are no longer linear. Even in the case of a gentle slope, the analytical solution can break down when the hill is narrow or the canopy is deep and the vertical velocities near the top of the canopy become large. This leads to a downwind shift in the surface pressure perturbation and an enhanced drag compared to a roughness‐length model. Model results also show enhanced flow separation in the presence of a canopy. These results are important for a range of meteorological problems including the interpretation of flux measurements, parametrization of orographic drag, predicting wind damage to trees and calculating the yield from wind turbines. © Royal Meteorological Society, 2005. S. B. Vosper's contribution is Crown copyright.
Turbulence measurements in marine stratocumulus with airborne Doppler radar
Authors: Lothon M. , Lenschow D. H. , Leon D. , Vali G. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis study investigates the ability of a W‐band radar to measure turbulence structure as a function of height throughout the drizzling marine boundary layer from the fine‐structure of the Doppler velocity field obtained during Dynamics and Chemistry of Marine Stratocumulus Experiment using the NCAR C‐130 aircraft. In situ air velocity measurements are used as a basis for the comparison with radar measurements of turbulence energy and dissipation, and integral length‐scale, after correcting for the effects of velocity averaging within the pulse resolution volume and random uncorrelated noise. One essential step for this study is to estimate the contribution to the fluctuations in Doppler velocity due to the terminal velocity of hydrometeors. To do this, we use microphysics probe measurements of the spatial distribution of the drop counts in each size bin. We find a small velocity standard deviation (0.05 to 0.1 m s−1) contributed by the radar‐measured drizzle fall velocity and a substantial negative correlation between air vertical velocity and this fall velocity in the upper part of the cloud. This correlation has an impact on the turbulent energy and dissipation deduced from the Doppler velocity. However, it does not significantly affect the integral scales, which are in good agreement with the in situ measurements. Thus, the radar enables us to obtain the profile of this key variable through the entire cloud‐capped boundary layer. We obtain estimates of the dissipation in the lower 2/3 of the boundary layer that are in excellent agreement with the in situ measurements and consistent with the predominant production terms in the turbulent kinetic energy budget. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society.