bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE CONTROL OF THE RENAL EXCRETION OF WATER
Authors: Shannon James A. 
Published: June 2004

1. The administration of the posterior pituitary antidiuretic hormone by constant intravenous infusion has been used to examine the two characteristic actions of the hormone; namely, the facilitation of the active renal tubular reabsorption of water distally in the nephron and the inhibition of the renal tubular reabsorption of sodium proximally.
2. Experimental evidence was obtained which indicates that variations in the excretion of water and electrolyte involve the integration of these two actions with obscure variables which are discemible in the experimental data but are not subject to definition at this time.
3. Graded antidiuresis in the animal with diabetes insipidus, when normally hydrated, was only obtained in the range of 0.001 to 0.005 unit (pressor) per hour. This range of hormone administration was also found to be physiologically active in the normal animals. These observations together with others permit the placing of the normal rate of liberation of the antidiuretic hormone in a10 to 15 kilo dog in the range of 0.001 to 0.005 unit per hour.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF THE PHOTOCHEMICAL DESPECIATION OF HORSE SERUM
Authors: Henry J. P. 
Published: June 2004

1. Normal horse serum was irradiated for periods of 3 to 4 days, with visible light or with ultraviolet light of known intensity and wave length. The photosensitizer hematoporphyrin was employed in some instances. The serum was exposed to the air in thin layers, and thoroughly agitated throughout irradiation.
2. The irradiated sera were unchanged in color, and over 90 per cent of the original protein content remained precipitable by phosphotungstic acid.
3. Studies of the antigenicity of the sera were carried out on guinea pigs and rabbits. Fresh antigenicities of deviated specificity and of an activity of the order of 1/50th, 1/1,000th, and less than 1/20,000th that of normal horse serum were obtained. The residual content of material having the same antigenic specificity as normal horse serum was estimated as approximately equivalent in activity to dilutions of normal horse serum of 1 cc., 1/10 cc., and less than 1/100 cc. per litre respectively.
THE IMMUNIZATION OF FOWLS AGAINST MOSQUITO-BORNE PLASMODIUM GALLINACEUM BY INJECTIONS OF SERUM AND OF INACTIVATED HOMOLOGOUS SPOROZOITES
Authors: Russell Paul F. , Mohan B. N. 
Published: June 2004

This paper reports attempts to immunize domestic fowls against mosquito-borne infections of Plasmodium gallinaceum by means of (a) vaccination with inactivated homologous sporozoites; (b) injections of sera, both normal sheep serum, and serum from fowls chronically infected with the homologous Plasmodium, (c) combinations of both sporozoite vaccine and serum.
It was possible to reduce the normal malaria death rate (55.4 per cent) in these fowls by each of the above methods but most markedly by the combined prophylactic treatment. Mortality rates were 21.1 per cent in vaccinated fowls, 16.7 per cent in serum-treated fowls, and 7.3 in those having the combined treatment.
Intensity of infection was measured by counting the percentage of red cells infected each day. It was found that in each group of fowls having prophylactic treatment the average of highest percentages of red cells infected was less than in untreated malarious fowls (30.1 per cent). The average figure was 20.5 per cent in vaccinated fowls, 17.9 per cent in those having serum injections, and 15.0 per cent in those having combined treatment.
The prepatent period was not markedly affected by any of the prophylactic procedures. It averaged 9.1 days in the untreated group, 8.9 days in both the vaccinated and serum-treated groups, and 9.7 days in the group having combined treatment.
The results seemed to demonstrate an interaction of both cellular and humoral agencies in defence against malaria, since the greatest immunizing effect was seen in the series having both sporozoite vaccine and serum injections.
LOW PROTEIN DIET AUGMENTS HYPERPROTEINEMIA PRODUCED BY REPEATED INJECTIONS OF HOMOLOGOUS PLASMA
Authors: Holman Russell L. 
Published: June 2004

1. In 4 dogs maintained on a high protein diet (lean meat) repeated intravenous injections of plasma obtained from healthy donor dogs (18 to 24 injections during the course of 3 to 4 weeks, totalling 1595 to 4355 cc.—averaging 1800 cc. when figured on thc basis of a 5 kg. dog) resulted in a mean increase in the plasma protein concentration of 20 per cent (from 7.1 per cent to 8.5 per cent).
2. In 7 dogs maintained on a low protein diet (only 7 per cent of total caloric value derived from protein) almost identical injections of donor's plasma caused an average increase in the plasma protein concentration of 40 per cent (from 6.7 per cent to 9.4 per cent).
3. The albumin:globulin ratio in the group on the low protein diet showed an average fall of 30 per cent (from 1.4 to 0.9) while in the group on the high protein diet the change in this ratio was insignificant (from 1.3 to 1.2).
4. In all dogs in both groups there was a consistent fall in the hematocrit value of about 15 to 20 per cent (from 49 to 40, or 18 per cent) which can be explained in part at least by the increase in plasma volume of about 15 per cent.
5. There were no significant changes in body weight or in plasma N.P.N.
THE VIRUS OF INFECTIOUS FELINE AGRANULOCYTOSIS
Authors: Syverton J. T. , Lawrence J. S. , Ackart R. J. , Adams W. S. , Ervin D. M. , Haskins A. L. , Saunders R. H. , Stringfellow M. B. , Wetrich R. M. 
Published: June 2004

Thirty-two strains of an infectious filterable agent, with properties that establish it as a virus, have been isolated from a malady of cats. This disease can be readily recognized and differentiated from other feline diseases by blood studies, which make apparent the characteristic profound leucopenia and marked relative lymphocytosis in the absence of thrombopenia and appreciable anemia. (Because the cytological pictures of the bone marrow and blood are essentially similar to those which characterize human agranulocytosis, we have named the disease under study "infectious feline agranulocytosis.") The cytological reaction to the presence of the virus is further characterized by proliferation of the reticuloendothelial cells of the lymph nodes and spleen, and by the formation of intranuclear inclusion bodies in the cells of the gastro-intestinal mucosa, lymph nodes, and bronchial mucosa.
The etiological agent, the virus of infectious feline agranulocytosis, is pathogenic for cats when given by the oral, intragastric, cutaneous, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, intravenous, and intranasal routes; it can be recovered at the height of the disease from the blood, spleen, liver, lung, intestinal mucosa, nasal secretions, nasal mucosa and turbinates, feces, and urine. The virus appears to be limited in its pathogenicity to the feline species. We found that a variety of animals, as represented by albino Swiss mice, guinea pigs, domestic rabbits, and ground squirrels (Citellus richardsonii Sabine), failed entirely to react to the injection of massive doses of virus. Repeated attempts at infection of these animals regularly failed when the intranasal, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, and intramuscular routes of inoculation were employed for single doses. The same was true when from four to six transfers in "blind" serial tissue passages were made. Moreover, attempts to propagate the virus on the chorio-allantoic membrane of the developing chick were unsuccessful.
The significance of the facts is discussed in the paper that follows.
THE SWINE LUNGWORM AS A RESERVOIR AND INTERMEDIATE HOST FOR SWINE INFLUENZA VIRUS
Authors: Shope Richard E. 
Published: June 2004

1. The presence of masked swine influenza virus has been demonstrated in lungworm larvae from earthworms dug on Midwestern farms.
2. Swine influenza virus infections were provoked in 2 of 3 swine obtained from an Iowa farm during an interepizootic period.
3. The evidence presented has been interpreted as indicating that the swine lungworm is the reservoir and intermediate host for swine influenza virus in the field.
4. A concept of the epidemiology of swine influenza in which the causative virus is represented as being maintained and disseminated in a masked form by its lungworm intermediate host has been presented.
THE LS-ANTIGEN OF VACCINIA
Authors: Shedlovsky Theodore , Rothen Alexandre , Smadel Joseph E. 
Published: June 2004

Studies on LS-protein, the soluble double antigen of vaccinia, and on the degradation products L'S and L''S' have been made with electrophoresis and in the analytical ultracentrifuge.
LS, which is homogeneous electrically and in the ultracentrifuge, has an isoelectric point at pH 4.8. At 4°C. its partial specific volume is 0.72 cc./gm., and its diffusion constant is 1.50 x 10–7 cm.2/sec. The sedimentation constant is 6.35 at 20°C., the molecular weight is 214,000, and the molecule appears to have an elongated ellipsoidal shape with an axis ratio of 1:20.
L'S and L''S' are homogeneous electrically but not in the ultracentrifuge, L''S' being extremely polydisperse.
THE LS-ANTIGEN OF VACCINIA
Authors: Smadel Joseph E. , Hoagland Charles L. , Shedlovsky Theodore 
Published: June 2004

Pure LS-antigen of vaccinia contains 15.8 per cent N and 50.6 per cent C. These analytical data together with the absence of lipids, phosphorus, nucleic acid, and glucosamine in preparations of the antigen confirm the protein nature of the substance. The action of proteolytic enzymes on LS offers further confirmation of the protein character of the antigen.
Both the L- and S-activities of the antigen are destroyed by digestion with papain. The effects of crystalline chymotrypsin on LS-antigen are particularly interesting for, under proper conditions, this enzyme destroys the serological activity of the S-portion of the molecule without affecting the L-portion. This newly prepared degradation product of LS, called LS'', contains the same amount of N as the native substance but unlike LS, it forms needle-shaped crystalloids.
ALLERGENIC RELATIONSHIP OF THE POLLENS OF DWARF AND GIANT RAGWEED TO SEVERAL OF THEIR BOTANIC RELATIVES
Authors: Simon Frank A. 
Published: June 2004

Thirty-eight of forty patients, allergic to the pollen of dwarf and giant ragweed, were found to be allergic also to the pollen of botanically related species. There was definite variation in the degree of reactivity to the various pollens in different patients. One additional patient reacted to dwarf ragweed but not to giant ragweed or to four other composites.
Antibody neutralization studies in six cases indicated that (a) in four cases dwarf ragweed could have been the only sensitizing allergen. (b) In one case either dwarf or giant ragweed could have been the only sensitizing allergen. (c) In one case cosmos plus either of the ragweeds or some undetermined pollen could have been the sensitizing allergen, (d) In none of the six cases studied could cosmos, sunflower, goldenrod, or dandelion have been the only sensitizing allergens.
The evidence presented supports the following concepts: (1) Hypersensitiveness of this type develops as the result of allergenic stimulation. (2) The pollens of the ragweeds and their botanic relatives contain, in addition to species-specific allergens, multiple common allergenic determinants which vary in their distribution among related species. (3) A person exposed simultaneously to a group of allergens may become sensitized to certain members of the group and not to others, while another person, exposed to the same group of allergens, may become sensitized to different members of the group.
THE ULTRACENTRIFUGE AS AN AID IN THE DETECTION OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS
Authors: Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: June 2004

1. By means of differential ultracentrifugation, a purified and concentrated macromolecular fraction has been regularly obtained from infected human, monkey, and chimpanzee stools. This fraction was isolated from sixteen stools in which virus was thought to be present, and inoculated intracerebrally into sixteen monkeys, of which fifteen developed poliomyelitis.
2. Eleven stool specimens in which virus was suspected, when tested separately in eleven monkeys by the intra-abdominal-intranasal method, produced poliomyelitis in two of these animals. When the same specimens were tested separately by the ultracentrifugal-intracerebral method, poliomyelitis developed in ten monkeys out of eleven inoculated.
3. With the intra-abdominal-intranasal method, it has been customary to inoculate the virus present in 1.6 gm. of stool. With the ultracentrifugal-intracerebral method, the virus present in as much as 30 gm. of stool has been inoculated.
4. From one titration experiment it would appear that the ultracentrifugal-intracerebral method is at least 100 times more sensitive than the intra-abdominal-intranasal method.
TEN AMINO ACIDS ESSENTIAL FOR PLASMA PROTEIN PRODUCTION EFFECTIVE ORALLY OR INTRAVENOUSLY
Authors: Madden S. C. , Carter J. R. , Kattus A. A. , Miller L. L. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

When blood plasma proteins are depleted by bleeding with return of the washed red cells (plasmapheresis) it is possible to bring dogs to a steady state of hypoproteinemia and a constant level of plasma protein production if the diet protein intake is controlled and limited. Such dogs are outwardly normal but have a lowered resistance to infection and to certain intoxications.
When the protein intake of such dogs is completely replaced by the growth mixture (Rose) of crystalline amino acids, plasma protein production is excellent, weight and nitrogen balance are maintained. This growth mixture consists of ten amino acids, threonine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, tryptophane, lysine, phenylalanine, methionine, histidine, arginine, and is as effective as most diet proteins in plasma protein production.
The above amino acid mixture in aqueous solution may be given by vein with equally good plasma protein production and no apparent clinical disturbance even when given rapidly.
Cystine may replace methionine in the above mixture with equally good plasma protein production for 7 to 10 days but at the expense of the body tissues, that is, with weight loss and a negative nitrogen balance.
The addition of cystine to the protein-free, otherwise adequate diet may result in the production of considerable new plasma protein during a period as long as 1 week (cystine effect). This reaction may depend upon the amino acid constitution of the preceding diet protein in that it occurred following a liver feeding but did not occur after pancreas feeding.
Arginine is required in the diet of the protein depleted dog for fabrication of plasma protein. It is apparently not needed for nitrogen balance for as long as 1 or 2 weeks.
The omission of either threonine or valine from the growth mixture is quickly followed by a sharp decline in plasma protein formation and by a negative nitrogen balance.
When histidine, arginine, and most of the lysine are omitted from the growth mixture, nitrogen balance and weight may be maintained for as long as 1 week but plasma protein production falls off markedly.
The findings indicate that the growth mixture of amino acids should be a valuable addition to transfusion and infusion therapy in disease states associated with deficient nitrogen intake or tissue injury and accelerated nitrogen loss, including shock, burns, and major operative procedures.
STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Goldblatt Harry , Kahn Joseph R. , Lewis Harvey A. 
Published: June 2004

Persistent hypertension has been produced in the goat and sheep by constriction of the main renal arteries. The presence or absence of accompanying uremia depends upon the degree of constriction of the renal arteries.
In both sheep and goat, constriction of one main renal artery also caused elevation of the blood pressure which tended to persist longer than in the dog. Excision of the one kidney with main renal artery constricted resulted in a prompt (24 hours) return of the blood pressure to normal.
In the animals with hypertension of long duration but without renal excretory insufficiency, (the "benign" phase) no significant arterio- or arteriolosclerosis developed as a result of the hypertension alone. In the animals that had both hypertension and renal excretory insufficiency, (the "malignant" phase) the typical terminal arteriolar lesions developed in many organs. These lesions consisted of necrosis and fibrinoid degeneration of arterioles and necrotizing arteriolitis which should not be confused with arteriolosclerosis.
The same humoral mechanism which is responsible for experimental renal hypertension in the dog and other animals also obtains in the pathogenesis of experimental renal hypertension in the sheep and goat.
STUDIES ON EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Goldblatt Harry , Katz Yale J. , Lewis Harvey A. , Richardson Evelyn 
Published: June 2004

A simple, rapid method for the bioassay of renin has been presented. Reliable and consistent results are obtained by this method whereby an arbitrary dog unit of renin has been established.
The response of normal unanesthetized dogs to renin is independent of the body weight of dogs weighing between 10 and 25 kilos. An estimate of potency of renin per kilo of body weight of the test animals is therefore not only unnecessary but misleading.
A dog unit of renin has been defined as that amount which raises the blood pressure at least 30 and not more than 35 mm. Hg within 3 minutes in at least three unanesthetized dogs. The potency is expressed as dog units of renin per cubic centimeter.
The determination of the amount of renal substance represented by a cubic centimeter of extract and the number of dog units per cubic centimeter give an estimate of the yield of renin which can be expressed as dog units of renin per gram of original renal tissue.
By determination of the number of dog units per cubic centimeter and the amount of nitrogen in milligrams per cubic centimeter in any renal extract the purity of the renin can be determined and expressed as dog units of renin per milligram N.
The establishment of a standard method for the bioassay of renin is considered highly desirable and the method outlined in this paper is suggested for this purpose.
HEMOGLOBIN AND PLASMA PROTEIN
Authors: Robscheit-Robbins F. S. , Miller L. L. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

Given healthy dogs, fed abundant iron and protein-free or low protein diets, with sustained anemia due to bleeding, we can study the capacity of these animals to produce simultaneously new hemoglobin and plasma protein.
The reserve stores of blood protein producing materials in this way are very largely depleted, and levels of 6 to 8 gm. per cent for hemoglobin and 4 to 5 gm. per cent for plasma protein can be maintained for considerable periods of time. These dogs are very susceptible to infection and to injury by many poisons.
Under such conditions, these anemic and hypoproteinemic dogs will use very efficiently a variety of digests (serum, hemoglobin, and casein) and the growth mixture (Rose) of pure amino acids. Nitrogen balance is maintained and considerable new blood proteins are produced.
Dog plasma by vein is used freely in these doubly depleted dogs to make new hemoglobin in abundance (Table 1). Serum digests by vein are well utilized to make new hemoglobin and plasma protein in the same dogs (Table 1). Serum digests by mouth are effectively used to make new blood proteins (Table 5).
Dog or sheep hemoglobin given in large amounts intraperitoneally are remarkably well utilized to form hemoglobin and plasma protein (Table 6). It must be obvious that the globin of the hemoglobin is saved in these protein-depleted dogs and used to make large amounts of hemoglobin and plasma protein.
Hemoglobin digests are also well utilized whether given by mouth (Table 7) or by vein (Table 8) and liberal amounts of plasma protein are manufactured from digests presumably ideally suited for hemoglobin production.
Casein digests are well used (Table 8) and form as much new plasma protein as any material tested—even serum digests.
Amino acid mixtures are of especial interest. The growth mixture of 10 amino acids (Rose) is well utilized by mouth or by vein and favors new hemoglobin production more than any material tested (Table 2). Cystine replacing methionine in the amino acid mixture increases the plasma protein—hemoglobin output ratio, that is it favors plasma protein production.
Digests of various sorts and amino acid mixtures or combinations of digests and amino acid mixtures can be used rapidly and effectively to build new hemoglobin or plasma protein, to maintain nitrogen equilibrium, and to replete reserve protein stores. These experiments point to clinical problems.
The unexplained preference given to hemoglobin production in these hypoproteinemic dogs is observed under all conditions, even when whole plasma or serum digests are given by vein. In general, 2 to 4 gm. of hemoglobin are formed for every gram of plasma protein.
This all adds up to a remarkable fluidity in the use of plasma protein or hemoglobin which can contribute directly to the body protein pool from which are evolved, without waste of nitrogen, the needed proteins, whether hemoglobin, plasma protein, or tissue proteins.
THE DETECTION OF POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS IN FLIES COLLECTED DURING EPIDEMICS OF POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Trask James D. , Paul John R. , Melnick Joseph L. ,   With the Technical Assistance of John T. Riordan and Marshall Bishop
Published: June 2004

1. A series of 19 different samples of flies collected within epidemic areas during and after the onset of nearby human cases of poliomyelitis have been tested for the virus of poliomyelitis. Four of these samples proved positive.
2. Methods used in collecting the flies, preparing the inocula, and examining the inoculated monkeys (and other animals) are described.
3. All of the positive tests were obtained by the intranasal and intra-abdominal inoculation of Java (cynomolgus) monkeys. Green African and rhesus monkeys represented the smaller number of other monkeys used in which only negative results were obtained.
4. All of the positive samples (as well as nearly all the negative ones) contained "blow flies," and green bottle flies.