bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Operating Flexibility, Global Manufacturing, and the Option Value of a Multinational Network
Authors: Kulatilaka Nalin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The theory of the multinational corporation has traditionally sought to explain why a firm can successfully invest in overseas operations. As Hymer (1960) noted, a foreign company operates at a disadvantage relative to local firms; it must control the operations over longer distances and it is at a handicap in a foreign culture. Thus, he concluded, direct investment must be motivated by a competitive asset that provides the foreign firm with an advantage. Around this central perspective, the work in both economics and management has developed a substantial and complementary body of research. In the field of the economics of the multinational corporation, considerable attention has been paid to the theoretical and empirical investigation of firmlevel advantages and foreign direct investment.
Strategy, Heuristics, and Real Options
Authors: Kulatilaka Nalin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Strategizing is the application of heuristic frames to analyze the world and to generate normative evaluations of potential avenues of implementation. Yet, like many professional schools caught between academics and application, strategy research is often ambivalent about the implications of valuing the development of heuristics. Because a test of a good heuristic is its application, the relevant community by which to evaluate such contributions appears often to be the commercial world.
National Systems, Organizational Practices, and Institutions
Authors: Kogut Bruce 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The importance of national institutions and context has been an enduring, if not always obtrusive, element in the study of the character and performance of organizations. The factor of national origins is explicit in studies on the relationship between network governance and firm capabilities (Gerlach 1992), the comparative analysis of the degree of adoption of quality circles by three countries (Cole 1985), or the behavior of individual workers depending upon their ethnic origins and the national ownership of their place of work (Lincoln 1985; Lincoln 1993). The national dimension is implicit in the more recent work on institutions and organizational performance, such as in the studies on Israeli kibbutzim (Simons and Ingram 1997).
The Socially Entrepreneurial City
Authors: Leadbeater Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rodrigo Muscolevy is tired. For eight hours he has been tramping the streets of Curitiba, a city in central Brazil, pulling his makeshift, light green, handmade cart called Interprise II behind him, collecting rubbish to be recycled. On a good day, after two or three outings, Rodrigo can collect enough to earn £5 when he delivers his load to the recycling centre. Today his cart is full with 80 kg of plastic, glass, and metal and he should earn about £2.50. Rodrigo is one of a small army of recycling entrepreneurs created by a remarkable example of mass social innovation orchestrated by Curitiba ‘s city council, one of the most innovative public authorities in the world (see Hawken, Lovins, and Lovins 2001; . The way Curitiba council has organized this process of mass social innovation should give us pause to think about how we understand social entrepreneurship (see Leadbeater 1997; Dees 1998; Johnson 2000; Bornstein 2004).
Field Linguistics: Why Bother?
Authors: Crowley Terry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
No linguist can fail to be aware that during the twentieth century a substantial number of small languages ceased to be spoken. Some of these were described before their last words were spoken; others were not. A substantial number of other speech traditions are now similarly destined for linguistic oblivion. We can hope social, economic, and political practices will be able to adapt such that the world’s surviving linguistic diversity can survive. But if it cannot, then hopefully those languages that do disappear in the future will at least be recorded for posterity.
Conveyancing And Property Work
Authors: Davies Mark R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Property transactions have typically represented the most common area of work which results in solicitors’ negligence claims. In turn, there are a wide range of eventualities which may give rise to such claims. Failure to undertake searches, or to undertake them but not to communicate the findings, and inadequate investigation of title are common problems singled out by indemnity insurers. The variation in mistakes which can lead to claims is such that it is worth identifying common examples from the law reports.
Solicitors’ Professional Indemnity Insurance
Authors: Davies Mark R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A successful action against a solicitor could be pointless for the claimant and have the potential to be financially ruinous for the solicitor were it not for the presence of professional indemnity insurance. This chapter briefly considers some of the key principles relevant to solicitors’ indemnity insurance. Prior to the Solicitors Act 1974, individual firms of solicitors were responsible for determining their own professional indemnity arrangements. In changing the position, the 1974 Act had two broad aims.
Planning Development: Globalization and the Shifting Locus of Planning
Authors: Hwang Hokyu 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the most part of the post-World War II period, state planning was the dominant model of development. The spread of the nation-state system constructed and legitimated the state as a dominant modern rational actor (Strang 1990; Meyer et al. 1997). Postwar efforts to bring about prosperity in the Third World propelled the state as the central locus of vision and action, and the state as such pursued progress on behalf of the nation and provided a blueprint for the nation ‘s future in national development plans. State planning, however, has been in decline in the last few decades.
Governed by Governance: The New Prism for Organizational Change
Authors: Drori Gili S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recurring disappointment with rates of growth and a growing frustration with the lack of effect after pouring aid and investment money into developing countries for several decades directed the attention of developmentalists to political conditions. By the mid-1990s it was clear that corruption, mismanagement, and capricious bureaucracies were standing in the way of modernization in developing countries. Thus, even before the muchpublicized cases of corporate misconduct in the United States and Europe, corruption emerged as a worldwide concern, as did its curbing as a social policy subject to globalization.
Legislative Protection of The 1920s
Authors: Adeney Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen that, during the inter-war period from 1918 to 1939, the moral rights of authors were on the legislative agenda. Even before this time, some countries both within and beyond Europe already had basic provisions in place. Japan had had recognizable moral rights protection from 1899; Colombia was said to have had such protection from 1885; Germany had had incomplete legislative protection from the early years of the 20th century; and French Morocco had had more sophisticated protection since 1916. But most of these early laws did not adequately reflect the thinking of the 1920s.
The Development of International Protection—1858 To 1928
Authors: Adeney Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen that, during the period leading up to 1928, what we now call the moral rights of authors had become established in the major European countries. In some they were provided for comprehensively in legislation. In France their protection was developed predominantly by the courts, and based on a variety of principles. In Germany judicial decisions, interpreting legislation in the light of doctrine, helped to fix and expand the rights. The lack of uniformity in their treatment potentially hindered their further development and particularly their adoption into countries of the common law tradition. Consolidation was necessary.
Establishing Moral Rights In The Copyright Countries: Introductory Considerations
Authors: Adeney Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the end of 1928 moral rights were more securely established in the legal systems of the world than they had ever been before. They were well entrenched in the major jurisdictions of continental Europe and elsewhere and, while the 1930s might challenge the nature and purposes of the rights, their continued existence in some form seemed assured. Further, the rights had by now achieved an international recognition and agreed formulation that would facilitate their adoption by further countries of the Berne Union. This process of entrenchment would continue with the international instruments of the post-World War II period.
The United States: Developments Towards The Current Law
Authors: Adeney Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The development of moral rights in the United States forms something of a counterpoint to both Canadian and UK developments. While the idea of the rights was long greeted by silence in the United Kingdom, commentaries and draft provisions in the United States have been numerous and extend back to the 1930s. While Canada’s rights roused little fundamental opposition, the promotion of moral rights in the United States caused strong and organized objection.
The Exercise Of Investment Discretion
Authors: Setten Lodewijk Van , Fur Mag 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An institutional investment manager’s principal duty is to invest the investor’s capital in a mix of risk-free assets and assets that carry some risk, with a view to achieving the agreed risk–return objective. Within the boundaries of the mandate, the manner in which the investment duty is to be performed will be left to the professional judgement of the manager. Consequently, at the heart of the performance of every investment mandate is the quality of the manager’s decision-making process. If the quality of that process passes muster, the manager has discharged the investment duty in accordance with the terms of the mandate, regardless of the realized investment return.
Cash Accounts And Cash Transfers
Authors: Setten Lodewijk Van , Fur Mag 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Investors hold cash in the form of balances credited to an account maintained at a financial institution that is authorized and regulated as a bank.1 Consequently, as an account holder the investor will have rights against the bank in relation to the balance of the cash account. To distinguish these entitlements from tangible money (coins and notes), cash account balances are commonly referred to in commerce as ‘bank money’ or simply ‘funds’.
Trading And Settlement
Authors: Setten Lodewijk Van , Fur Mag 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Once an investment decision has been made, the manager will need to arrange for execution of the appropriate transactions. To that end, the manager will have to employ a specialist staff possessed of the expertise and skill necessary to access a trading venue, find a party that is willing to trade, and execute the trade on terms that are in the best interest of the investor. Conceivably, a market could consist of investors only. The investors would buy and sell from and to each other if and when the need arose to adjust their investment portfolios. However, there can be no doubt that the markets would not be as liquid and efficient if the trading process were not facilitated by market participants who make it their business to intermediate and provide liquidity. Indeed, arguably, various markets could not even exist without the intermediation of investment firms and banks that are willing to take either side of a trade on a regular and continuous basis.
Deriving the Difference between Full and Partial Pro-Drop
Authors: Koeneman Olaf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A much-studied phenomenon in linguistics is the possibility of leaving out a subject from a tensed clause. In Spanish, for instance, a declarative tensed clause can consist of a tensed verb only (see (1a)). The English equivalent of the Spanish sentence is ungrammatical (see (1b)), showing that this possibility is parametrized across languages.
A Durkheimian View of Organizational Culture
Authors: Lincoln James , Guillot Didier 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The degree of consensus over, and intensity of, cognitive orientations and regulative cultural codes among the members of a population is an inverse function of the degree of structural differentiation among actors in this population and a positive, multiplicative function of their (a) rate of interpersonal interaction, (b) level of emotional arousal, and (c) rate of ritual performance. (Durkheim’s theory of culture as rendered axiomatically by Jonathan Turner 1990).
The Economic Approach to Analysis of the Labor Market
Authors: Burrell Gibson 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Economics has always had a lot to say about the labor market. The labor market is a central feature of many macroeconomic models and has been analyzed in depth by at the microlevel by many leading economists dating back at least as far as Smith (1776). Having said that, the economic approach toanalyzing labor marketshas faced many dissentersin its time, withcritical references to its assumptions and from people arguing that it treats labor as a good or service like any others in the economy.
A
Authors: Dacko Scott G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Above-the-line activity in marketing refers to marketing practices making use of the mass media where, given a firm’s use of an advertising agency, the agency would make a commission on advertisements which are placed in media including television, newspapers, billboards, radio, magazines, and cinema, and where the commission charged by the advertising agency typically appears ‘above-the-line’ on the ad agency’s bill to the firm. Above-the-line marketing activity can be contrasted with ‘belowthe-line’ marketing activity, which typically is that where an ad agency would charge a firm a fixed fee. (See below-the-line marketing.) Through the-line marketingrefers to a marketing approach that makes use of both above-the-line marketing and below-the-line marketing. Above-the-line marketing is generally associated with classic and traditional approaches to marketing where advertising is used to build a brand’s image. As such, to some marketers, the approach has been considered one of marketing’s ‘necessary evils,’ but, in some industries (e.g. tobacco), below-the-line marketing approaches have gained momentum, or even overtaken above the-line marketing in importance, particularly as a result of increased regulatory scrutiny of mass media advertising.
B
Authors: Dacko Scott G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Backwash effects, where the economic growth of certain region(s) of an economy are adversely affected by the growth of another region, typically arise from the movement of capital and skilled labor from lagging region(s) of an economy toward a more prosperous region. Backwash effects are also viewed as resulting from the increase in production efficiency that is associated with the geographic concentration of activity in the growing region. Marketers involved in international marketing or other areas of marketing where the economic growth of a region is an important consideration in a firm’s activities may benefit from a greater understanding of the dynamics of backwash effects on regional economic growth. For retailers, manufacturers, and service firms alike, backwash effects may lead to either desirable or undesirable consequences for the firm, depending on the economic strength of the region in relation to the economic strength of surrounding areas.
D
Authors: Dacko Scott G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evolution commonly refers to the change in the traits of living organisms over generations as well as the emergence of new species. Darwinian evolution, as pioneered by Charles Darwin (1859), essentially adopts a ‘survival of the fittest’ perspective. The theory and the application of its insights have since extended well beyond the purely biological domain to that of organizations as living organisms as well as other areas including new products. In the context of organizations and products, the approach provides a basis for modelling how such entities may evolve over time, where, beyond the influence of natural forces (e.g. climate and natural resources), market forces provide a further or analogous basis for natural selection. Concepts drawing upon Darwinian evolution theory may therefore assist marketers in understanding and managing such dynamics in helping to ensure long-term success of the organization and its products.
H
Authors: Dacko Scott G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A cognitive bias where a perception of a particular characteristic or quality has an aural influence on perceptions and judgment beyond the characteristic or quality as a result of some association. Based on pioneering research by Thorndike (1920), the halo effect characterizes the situation where positive trait perceptions influence judgments of related traits, while the ‘horns and halo effect’ term characterizes any such influence. The effect is a form of cognitive bias which may present itself in perceptions of judgments of individuals, organizations, products, brands, service experiences, and the like. An example is where individuals perceiving a brand to be strong in an aspect such as name recognition or aesthetics in product design have subsequent positive perceptions of lesser-known qualities such as product durability and reliability. Whereas halo effect refers to positive aural influences, negative influences are sometimes referred to by the ‘horns effect’ term. Marketers must seek to be aware of halo effects in the consumer’s perceptions of a marketer’s offerings and should strive to leverage such effects. In the case of a brand, certain halo effects may be used strategically, as in the case where a well-received new product under the company’s brand name enhances the perceived value of all of the company’s same branded products and enables the firm to introduce more easily another new product under the same brand as well.
I
Authors: Dacko Scott G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Icarus paradox phenomenon as developed and researched by Miller (1990) views an effect of organizational success as contributing to blinding it to future threats, thereby increasing the likelihood of failure in the future. Such organizations become slow in their ability to react to changing environments as a result of success contributing to an overall sense of organizational superiority. Marketers must be aware of how an organization’s successes may ultimately contribute to its vulnerability to decline. Anticipating competitive moves, for example, is an activity that could increase in importance and scope as an organization becomes increasingly successful.
M
Authors: Dacko Scott G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The macro environment can be considered to consist of multiple forces of influence to industries and markets. Examples of such forces, or pressures on the firm, include political, economic, social, cultural, demographic, technological, legal, regulatory, environmental, and natural forces. To ensure that a firm’s marketing efforts are compatible with these and other broad societal forces, an analysis of the microenvironment is recommended, where the implications for the firm’s marketing efforts receive critical attention. Aside from the general term environmental analysis, there are a number of generally equivalent terms used for such an analysis, including PEST analysis(also called STEP analysis), which involves an analysis of political (including legal and regulatory), economic, social, and technological forces of the macron environment, and PESTLE analysis, which also involves analysis of the same set of forces as for PEST but makes legal forces distinct from political forces and further includes environmental forces. What is most important in the environmental analysis is not so much the precise categorizations used but the identification of important forces of influence, both current and potential, to the firm’s marketing efforts. For example, a firm involved in developing new teleworking products may find that there are numerous important influences in the area of technological forces, which may further include influences associated with technological advances in both communications hardware and software. At the same time, the firm would not want to neglect analyses of cultural forces and economic forces, both of which may be important in the firm’s plans to offer the product in multiple countries.
O
Authors: Dacko Scott G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Pricing decisions where odd numbered prices are used (or avoided) indicates that the pricing approach is a form of psychological pricing, where the aim is to manipulate consumers’ perceptions of price desirability through the selection of a price’s ending digits. Research on the topic for a wide array of products clearly suggests that most managers believe that price endings are important in influencing product sales as a result of believing that most customers are more receptive to some price endings over others. While many managers are found to advocate the use of odd pricing to generate additional demand and increase sales at the level of an individual brand, particularly where endings of five or nine are used as means to make the product appear significantly cheaper in comparison to pricing to the next round number or even number, other managers are also observed to advocate the use of even-numbered pricing. Actual influences of price endings are observed to vary among product categories and price amounts. Beyond operational considerations, explanations for managerial use of price endings to achieve desired effects include the acknowledgment of consumer behaviors such as tendencies for consumers to round prices down, limited consumer memories, and consumers using price endings to draw conclusions about whether or not a product is on sale.
P
Authors: Dacko Scott G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Pareto principle characterizes the situation where a disproportionately large percentage (e.g. 80%) of a particular phenomenon is caused by a disproportionately small percentage (e.g. 20%) of another phenomenon. (For example, 80% of company profit is derived from 20% of the company’s customers.)The Pareto principle was originally developed by economist Vilfredo Pareto to understand and explain the relationship between national income and the benefit of such income to the population. The principle is now more broadly understood and interpreted to suggest there are often many instances where it is a relatively small fraction of some phenomenon, rather than the larger fraction, that has the most significant effect on some other phenomenon, such as where it may be found that 80% of a firm’s sales volume is a result of the purchases of 20% of a firm’s customers. The Pareto principle can be used as a guide to managers in deciding how to allocate limited resources. In particular, the principle suggests that priority should be given to identifying and acting upon the most significant 20% of a cause as it may have a large (e.g. 80%) influence over the desired effect. Quantitative analyses (e.g. cost analyses and profitability analyses) may be useful to identify cause and effect relationships that are found to generally follow the Pareto principle, where the exact proportion of an observed or desired effect stemming from a proportion of a particular cause may, of course, vary from 80% to 20%. The Pareto principle can be widely extended to apply to numerous areas of marketing and management ranging from advertising to marketing strategy development where the aim is to accomplish particular objectives with limited resources.