bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Central distribution of subdiaphragmatic vagal branches in the rat
Authors: Norgren Ralph , Smith Gerard P. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractIn the rat, the subdiaphragmatic vagus nerves (SDX) have five major branches—the right gastric, the left gastric, the coeliac, the accessory coeliac, and the hepatic. Although these branches innervate more than the organs after which they are named, some mediate specific behavioral functions. In addition to the SDX trunk, the central stump of each of these branches was incubated in horseradish peroxidase (HRP) for 6 hours in anesthetized rats. After processing the vagal ganglia, pons, medulla, and upper cervical spinal cord of each preparation, the sections were examined for both retrogradely and anterogradely transported HRP reaction product. When only one nerve had been incubated, retrogradely labeled neurons were confined primarily to the ipsilateral ganglion, medulla, and spinal cord. Within the brain, a few labeled neurons occurred within the nucleus ambiguus (NA) and the reticular formation caudal to the NA, but the vast majority appeared in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMX). The axons of most labeled neurons in the NA distributed in the gastric branches; those from cells caudal to the NA, probably distributed in the coeliac branch. Most labeled DMX cells also distributed with the gastric branches. Those on the lateral tip of the right DMX, however, had axons in the coeliac branch; those on the left DMX tip, in the accessory coeliac. After incubation of the SDX trunk, anterograde HRP reaction product occurred in the caudomedial nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) just rostral and subjacent to the area postrema (AP). Unlike the retrograde label, anterograde reaction product was bilateral, but always weaker contralaterally. Within the SDX distribution, the afferent axons from the gastric branches exhibited one pattern of termination; those from the coeliac, accessory coeliac, and hepatic branches, another. The gastric branch distributions began dorsolaterally in the SDX termination zone and continued caudally beneath the AP. Immediately subjacent to the AP, gastric branch terminals were never dense and the entire distribution faded at the level of the obex. The coeliac and accessory coeliac distributions began dorsomedially within the SDX termination zone and intensified caudally in a thin band immediately subjacent to the AP. The densest label was associated with the caudal half of the AP, but the distribution thinned rapidly caudal to the obex. The hepatic distribution was similar to that of the coeliac branches but never achieved similar density. Physiological and behavioral data correlate with the anatomical picture in that the efferent functions appear to be more densely localized than the afferent functions.
Oxytocinergic innervation of the brain of the garden dormouse (Eliomys quercinus L.)
Authors: Hermes M. L. H. J. , Buijs R. M. , Masson‐Pévet M. , Pévet P. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe oxytocinergic innervation of the brain of the garden dormouse (Eliomys quercinus L.) was studied by means of immunocytochemistry. In contrast to the sparse oxytocin innervation of the rat forebrain, dense fibre networks in various cortical and limbic brain areas were demonstrated in this animal. These include, e.g., the prefrontal cortex, the claustrum, the septum, and the hippocampus. A very dense innervation was also seen in the caudal regions of the garden dormouse brain; these regions are already known to have a relatively dense oxytocin fibre network in the rat.A dense innervation of oxytocin fibres is seen in several brain regions which, in the rat, have oxytocin binding sites but no visible oxytocin innervation. This discrepancy suggests that the differences in the oxytocinergic innervation of these two rodent brains may be due to an oxytocin system in the rat brain that is more difficult to detect immunocytochemically.
Development of β1 and β2 adrenergic receptors in baboon brain: An autoradiographic study using [125I]iodocyanopindolol
Authors: Slesinger Paul A. , Lowenstein Pedro R. , Singer Harvey S. , Walker Lary C. , Casanova Manuel F. , Price Donald L. , Coyle Joseph T. 
Published: May 2005

Abstract[125I]iodocyanopindolol (ICYP) autoradiography was used to investigate the temporal development and distribution of β1 and beta;2 receptors in brains of baboons at ages embryonic day 100 (E100), full‐term gestation (E180), and 3 years. In all brain regions examined, with the exception of the hippocampus, binding to β1 receptors exceeded that to β2 receptors. The highest densities of ββ1 receptors were found in the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and cerebral cortex; intermediate receptor densities were observed in most nuclei of thalamus, and the lowest concentrations were in the hippocampus. At E100, β1 receptors were identified in the striatum, globus pallidus, and thalamus. During maturation, the number of β1 receptors declined in cortical areas but increased in the head of the caudate and putamen. Significant differences in the developmental distribution of β1 receptors during development were also detected: at E100 and E180 β1 receptors appeared as patches in the caudate and putamen, but by 3 years of age they were more homogeneously distributed in both regions; changes also occurred in the distribution of binding within cortical layers. Autoradiograms of [125I]ICYP and [3H]mazindol binding show overlapping patches of labeling in the E180 striatum, suggesting a possible developmental association between β receptors and dopamine high‐affinity uptake carrier sites. This study demonstrates that noradrenergic receptors in the primate forebrain undergo significant developmental reorganization with regional variations.
Acetylcholinesterase fiber staining in the human hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus
Authors: Green Robert C. , Mesulam M‐Marsel 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe AChE fiber distribution within the human hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus was studied in order to provide normative data for the examination of cholinergic fiberarchitecture in human pathology and to clarify the cytoarchitectonic organization of these structures. A modification of the Koelle method was used to stain temporal lobe serial sections from 6 neurologically normal human brains collected at autopsy.The hippocampal formation contains some of the densest staining of any cortical area. Regions with the heaviest concentrations of AChE fibers include a thin band along the inner edge of the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus (ml‐DG) and parts of the CA2, CA3, and CA4 sectors of Ammon's horn. Staining is of intermediate intensity in the CA1 region. The subiculum (S) is more lightly stained than the CA fields. Staining in the parahippocampal gyrus is generally less dense than in the hippocampal formation. The most conspicuous feature of the human entorhinal cortex (EC) is the AChE‐rich fiber patches seen overlapping the stellate cell islands in layer II. An additional band of relatively dense AChE staining is identified in layers IV‐V. Prominent AChE‐rich polymorphic neurons are present within the hilum of the dentate gyrus.The CA1/subiculum transition in Nissl preparation is characterized by an oblique interdigitation of CA1 cells. The transition from EC to prorhinal cortex occurs along the medial bank of the rhinal sulcus and is characterized by a band of AChE staining, which slopes obliquely away from layer II until it joins an intermediate pyramidal cell layer. Some comparisons with AChE staining in the monkey were made. The monkey has a similar pattern except in DG, where the intensely AChE staining band along the inner ml‐DG is thicker and much more prominent. In comparison to the human, the monkey has more conspicuous AChE staining in the parasubicular region.
Small lateral suprasylvian cortex lesions produce visual neglect and decreased visual activity in the superior colliculus
Authors: Hardy Stephen C. , Stein Barry E. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractPrevious experiments in cats have shown that complete contralateral visual neglect is produced by removing all known visual cortex on one side of the brain, which can then be reversed by damaging the opposite superior colliculus. Presumably, descending facilitatory influences from the visual cortex to the ipsilateral superior colliculus are counterbalanced by intercollicular inhibition (Sprague: Science 153:1544‐1546, ′66). However, not all of visual cortex or all of the superior colliculus needs to be involved in this circuit. It is the deep rather than the superficial laminae of the superior colliculus that are primarily involved in visual attentive and orientation behaviors, and these laminae are largely independent of primary visual cortex. However, they do depend on corticotectal influences from a comparatively small extraprimary visual area of the posterior region of the lateral suprasylvian cortex (PSSC—Ogasawara et al: J. Neurophysiol. 52:1226‐1245, ′84). The present experiments demonstrate that lesions only a few millimeters in diameter in this corticotectal zone of the PSSC can produce profound visual neglect. While damage to this area has little, if any, effect on superficial laminae visual activity, it produces a dramatic decrease in the visual activity of the deep laminae. These cats with PSSC lesions fail to orient to a visual stimulus that is introduced suddenly into the contralateral visual field, yet they respond on nearly 100% of the trials to this same stimulus when it is presented in the ipsilateral visual field. The lesion‐induced visual neglect produced by PSSC lesions is long‐lasting but can be abruptly ameliorated by a midbrain lesion that primarily involves, or undercuts, the deep laminae of the contralateral superior colliculus. Thus, (1) visual neglect can be produced by depriving the deep laminae of the superior colliculus of visual inputs from the cortex, even when the principal visual cortical regions (17, 18, and 19) and their target structures are intact, and (2) visually guided behavior can be restored by eliminating afferents originating in, or passing through, the deep laminae of the contralateral superior colliculus.
Identification of the blue‐sensitive cones in the mammalian retina by anti‐visual pigment antibody
Authors: Szél Á. , Diamanstein T. , Röhlich P. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractMonoclonal antibodies to visual pigments produced in our laboratory were applied to analyze the distribution of color‐specific photoreceptor cells in the retina (photoreceptor mosaic). We demonstrated in two ways that the monoclonal antibody OS‐2 specifically recognized the blue‐sensitive cone cells in the mammalian retina. First, rabbit photoreceptors damaged selectively by intense blue light were recognized by OS‐2 antibody. Second, OS‐2‐positive cones in the ground squirrel were those with thick inner segments, which is known to be characteristic of the blue‐sensitive cones. In addition, the OS‐2‐positive cones in monkeys have a distribution and pattern characteristic of blue‐sensitive cones in that species. In several other species (human, rabbit, cow, and pig), the OS‐2‐positive cones represent an appropriate minority of the population of photoreceptor cells.The visual pigment recognized by the OS‐2 antibody had a relative molecular weight of 36,000, as shown by immunoblotting of 3 mammalian species. All other cones were recognized by another monoclonal antibody, COS‐1, which is regarded as specific to middle‐to‐long‐wavelength‐sensitive photoreceptors.
Forebrain connections of the gustatory system in ictalurid catfishes
Authors: Kanwal Jagmeet S. , Finger Thomas E. , Caprio John 
Published: May 2005

AbstractHorseradish peroxidase tracing and extracellular electrophysiological recording techniques were employed to delineate prosencephalic connections of the gustatory system in ictalurid catfishes. The isthmic secondary gustatory nucleus projects rostrally to several areas of the ventral diencephalon including the nucleus lobobulbaris and the nucleus lateralis thalami. Injections of HRP in the vicinity of the nucleus lobobulbaris reveal an ascending projection to the telencephalon terminating in the area dorsalis pars medialis (Dm) and the medial region of area dorsalis pars centralis (Dc). Conversely, injections of HRP into the gustatory region of area dorsalis pars medialis label small neurons in the nucleus lobobulbaris. Gustatory neurons in the telencephalon send descending projections via the medial and lateral forebrain bundles to several nuclei in the anterior and ventroposterior diencephalon. The nucleus lateralis thalami, a diencephalic nucleus, receives ascending gustatory projections from the secondary gustatory nucleus but does not project to the telencephalon. Neurons in both the nucleus lateralis thalami and the telencephalic gustatory target exhibit multiple extraoral and oral receptive fields and complex responses to chemical (taste) and tactile stimulation.
Relationship between cortical lamination and texture sensitivity in complex neurones of the striate cortex in cats
Authors: Edelstyn N. M. J. , Hammond P. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe present study provides detailed anatomical evidence that the strongly texture‐sensitive complex neurones of the cat's striate cortex constitute a discrete subset of all complex neurones, and lie in two bands, deep in lamina III and in lamina V.Physiological properties of simple and complex striate cortical neurones were characterized extracellularly in lightly anaesthetized cats by use of micropipettes filled with 12% Fast Green FCF dye in 2.0 M sodium chloride. Complex neurones were further subdivided on the basis of their length‐summating properties for an optimally oriented bar into “standard,” “special,” or “intermediate” categories and on the basis of their tuning and degree of sensitivity to motion of random texture.Extracellular dye marks were made at strategic locations along each microelectrode track, especially at the site of recording from strongly texture‐sensitive complex neurones. Tracks were reconstructed with the aid of the histologically recovered dye marks in sections counterstained with cresyl violet to reveal cortical lamination.The results confirm and refine the inference made by Hammond and MacKay (Exp. Brain Res. 22:427–430, '75; Exp. Brain Res. 30:275–296, '77) and the gross observations from 2‐deoxyglucose uptake studies by Wagner, Hoffmann, and Zwerger (Brain Res. 224:31–43, '81) concerning the laminar distribution of texture‐sensitive complex neurones in the cat's striate cortex.
Projections of the nucleus of the tractus solitarius in the pigeon (Columba livia)
Authors: Arends J. J. A. , Wild J. M. , Zeigler H. Philip 
Published: May 2005

AbstractWith the aid of autoradiographic and histochemical (WGA‐HRP) tracing techniques, the projections of the nucleus of the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (nTS) in the pigeon have been delineated and related to the viscerotopic organization of the nucleus. As in mammals, nTS projects to both brainstem and forebrain structures. At medullary levels, projections were seen to nTS itself, to the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus and to the subjacent and more ventral reticular formation. There is a substantial projection to the parabrachial nuclear complex with terminations in all its subnuclei and minor projections to locus coeruleus and several mesencephalic areas, including the ventral area of Tsai, the nucleus of the ascending brachium conjunctivum, and the compact portion of the tegmental pedunculopontine nucleus. At diencephalic levels, projections to the hypothalamus (magnocellular periventricular nucleus, stratum cellulare internum and externum) and dorsal thalamus were seen. Terminal fields within the basal telencephalon included the nucleus of the pallial commissure, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and the nucleus accumbens.The organization of nTS projections in pigeons is correlated with the pattern of inputs to specific nTS subnuclei. Lateral tier subnuclei receiving cardiovascular and pulmonary inputs project upon the ventrolateral reticular formation and the ventrolateral parabrachial complex. Medial tier subnuclei receiving gustatory and gastrointestinal inputs project upon dorsal and medial parabrachial nuclei. Transparabrachial projections arise from nTS subnuclei receiving little or no primary input from the viscera.
Lumbar lateral motor column development in triploid Xenopus laevis
Authors: Sperry David G. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe effects of increasing ploidy on the development of the lumbar lateral motor column (L‐LMC) in Xenopus laevis were investigated in order to determine how early events contribute to producing the significant difference in the average number of motoneurons present in diploid and triploid animals after cell death (Sperry: J. Comp. Neurol. 277:499–508, '88). From naturally occurring diploid and experimentally produced triploid siblings at two stages prior to significant amounts of neuronal cell death, at one stage during the peak period of cell death, and at one stage after cell death, the L‐LMC motoneurons were counted and nuclear cross‐sectional areas were measured. At stages before and after cell death, the average nuclear crosssectional areas of motoneurons and of other cells that were also measured were greater in the triploids, while the average number of motoneurons and motoneuron density (the mean number of cells per section) were less. Average body size and average motor column length in diploid and triploid animals were equal at each of the stages. The general characteristics of L‐LMC development that have been widely noted in diploids, an increase in cell size accompanied by a decrease in cell number, were also observed in the triploid animals. However, not only were these general features present in the triploids, but the increase in average motoneuron size and the decrease in average motoneuron number in diploids and triploids were roughly equal when scaled to the general differences in nuclear size or to the difference in the average number of motoneurons present prior to cell death. There was no evidence that the triploid condition affected the magnitude of the cell death process.Overall, the findings suggest that the processes underlying L‐LMC development in experimentally produced triploids may not be different from those in naturally occurring diploids. The smaller average numbers of motoneurons after cell death in the triploids may be related to some feature of the triploid condition that affects the number of motoneurons present before cell death rather than to a feature of the triploid animals, such as peripheral size, that is thought to affect the motoneuron cell death process itself. The relationship of these findings to the general issue of how the size of the L‐LMC motoneuron population in triploids, as well as in diploids, might be regulated is discussed.
Localization of enkephalinergic neurons in the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum projecting to the spinal cord of the cat
Authors: Reddy V. Krishna , Fung Simon J. , Zhuo Huang , Barnes Charles D. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe dorsolateral pontine tegmentum of the cat is known to contain enkephalinergic neurons, with most of the enkephalin co‐contained in the catecholaminergic neurons; however, enkephalinergic cells projecting to the spinal cord have not been identified. This study employs retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase in combination with methionine‐enkephalin or tyrosine hydroxylase immunocytochemistry to 1 determine the locations of pontospinal enkephalinergic neurons and 2 compare these with the locations of pontospinal catecholaminergic neurons.Pontospinal enkephalinergic neurons were observed in the nuclei locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus and the Kölliker‐Fuse nucleus. A high concentration of these neurons was evident in the Kölliker‐Fuse nucleus when compared to the nuclei locus coeruleus and subcoeruleus (P<.01). Both the enkephalinergic and catecholaminergic neurons projecting to the spinal cord were located in the same general areas of the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum and there was no significant difference in the mean diameters of these two neuronal types (P>.05). Quantitative data concerning the pontospinal enkephalinergic neurons correlated well with previous data an pontospinal catecholaminergic neurons (Reddy et al., Brain Res. 491:144–149, '89). A majority of the descending neurons from the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum contain enkephalin (72–80%) and catecholamine (80–87%). The observations suggest that enkephalin is contained in many of the pontospinal catecholaminergic neurons.
Synaptic morphometry and synapse‐to‐neuron ratios in the superior colliculus of albino rats
Authors: Albers F. J. , Meek J. , Hafmans T. G. M. 
Published: May 2005

AbstractThe superior colliculus of mammals is generally divided into seven layers on the basis of the distribution of myelinated fibers, which are densely packed in layers III, V, and VII but sparse in the other layers. The laminar distribution of afferents and efferents allows, in addition, for the distinction of a superficial visual zone (layers I‐III) and a deeper multimodal and premotor zone (layers IV‐VII). Collicular neurons, however, do not show a lamination pattern, but are rather homogeneously distributed with only gradual transitions (Albers et al.: J. Comp. Neurol. 274:357‐370, '88).The present study analyses whether the distribution of collicular synapses is correlated with the laminar organization of collicular axons or rather with the more homogeneous distribution of collicular neurons. For this purpose, the size and density of synaptic terminals and contacts as well as synapse‐to‐neuror ratios were determined in all collicular layers of albino rats by means of quantitative analysis of electron microscopic pictures.The size of presynaptic terminals and contacts does not differ significantly between individual collicular layers. On average, presynaptic terminal diameter is 1,079 nm, and synaptic contact size 338 nm, while 23% of all contacts are of the symmetrical type with pleiomorphic vesicles. The average numerical synaptic density is 422 million per mm3. This value is significantly higher in layers I and II (on average 670 million per mm3) than in layers III–VII (on average 370 million per mm3). The synapse‐to‐neuron (S/N) ratios calculated show that collicular neurons have on average 6,120 synaptic contacts on their receptive surface. The S/N ratio is lowest in layer III (4,330), while this ratio is highest in layers I and VII (i.e., 8,970 and 8,560 respectively). Layer II has a significantly higher S/N ratio than layer III (i.e., 8,060 and 4,330, respectively).Our results show that the size of synaptic terminals and contacts is not correlated with the different connectivity patterns of the distinct collicular layers. However, the density of synapses as well as the synapse‐to‐neuron ratios show a certain degree of laminar differentiation. In particular the superficial visual zone appears to be inhomogeneous in this respect, since layers I and II have a significantly higher density of synapses and higher S/N ratios than layer III. The deeper collicular zone is more homogeneously organized with synaptic densities similar to that of layer III and gradually increasing synapse‐to‐neuron ratios from layer IV to layer VII.