bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Failure of a Plant-and-Krill-Based Diet to Affect the Performance of Yellowstone Cutthroat Trout Broodfish
Authors: Smith Mark A , Hubert Wayne A , Barrows Frederic T 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
We compared the performance of Yellowstone cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri broodfish when fed a diet with corn Zea mays gluten meal, wheat Triticum spp. gluten meal, and krill Euphausia superba protein sources relative to two fish meal diets. We hypothesized that the plant-and-krill-based diet would lead to a greater bioavailability of trace minerals and result in better broodfish condition, greater egg fertilization rates, increased survival of embryos to the swim-up stage, and increased egg mineral content. The three diets were fed to three replicate lots of 2-year-old, captive-reared fish for a 10-month period prior to spawning. None of the measured characteristics of broodfish condition differed significantly among diets. We found no significant differences among diets in rates of egg fertilization or survival of embryos to the swim-up stage. Manganese levels were lower in the eggs of fish fed one of the fish meal diets, but that was the only measure of egg content with a significant difference among diets. The experiment did not indicate that the plant-and-krill protein diet was better than fish-meal-based diets relative to the physiological condition of broodfish or the reproductive capabilities of Yellowstone cutthroat trout broodfish reared in captivity.
Effect of Daily Feed Intake on Feed Efficiency of Juvenile Channel Catfish
Authors: Li Menghe H , Manning Bruce B , Robinson Edwin H 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Pond-raised channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus fed to satiation typically have lower feed efficiency (the ratio of weight gain to feed consumption) than fish fed a restricted ration. It is not clear whether the reduction in feed efficiency of fish fed to satiation is caused by wasted feed or by less efficient feed utilization. Two studies were conducted using 110-L flow-through aquaria to evaluate the relationship among the feed intake, growth rate, and feed efficiency of juvenile channel catfish. In experiment 1, 20 fish averaging 46 g were fed once daily at 0.5% to 3.0% of body weight (BW) or to satiation for 2 weeks. In experiment 2, 15 fish averaging 37 g were fed once daily at 1.0% to 3.0% BW or to satiation for 4 weeks. Fish in the satiation group were fed as much as they would consume within 40 min, and the remaining feed pellets were removed and counted to determine the amount of feed consumed. In both experiments, weight gain increased as feed intake increased. Feed efficiency improved as feed intake increased and peaked at feeding rates of 100% and 89% satiation for experiments 1 and 2, respectively. The daily feeding rates required to maintain a constant BW were about 0.5–0.8% BW. The results from this study indicated that under controlled conditions, channel catfish most efficiently utilized feed when fed to satiation or close to satiation (without feed waste). This suggests that the reduction in the feed efficiency of fish fed to satiation in ponds is probably caused by wasted feed rather than by less efficient feed utilization by the fish. Pond-raised channel catfish should be fed at a rate slightly below satiation without overfeeding to achieve optimum feed efficiency. Severe feed restriction may result in poor feed efficiency because a higher proportion of ingested feed would be used for maintenance in heavily stocked ponds.
Rearing of the Cauque Prawn under Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Arana-Magallón F C , Ortega-Salas A A 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Postlarvae of the cauque prawn Macrobrachium americanum were reared for 4 months under laboratory conditions at 20°C and 33°C. Four hundred 50-d-old postlarvae were stocked into eight 70-L aquaria. A balanced commercial feed containing 40% protein was supplied daily at 9–20% of body weight during the first 2 months and at 3–5% of body weight during the final 2 months. Live brine shrimp Artemia spp. were also provided as food. The growth of the cauque prawns was greater at 33°C than at 20°C but did not differ significantly over the study period. Knowledge of cauque prawn rearing requirements under artificial conditions is important for the production of juveniles as stock for large-scale prawn culture.
Evaluation of the Natural Product SeaKleen for Controlling the Musty-Odor-Producing Cyanobacterium Oscillatoria perornata in Catfish Ponds
Authors: Schrader Kevin K , Rimando Agnes M , Tucker Craig S , Glinski Jan , Cutler Stephen J , Cutler Horace G 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Oscillatoria perornata is the major cause of musty off-flavor in farm-raised channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus in western Mississippi. Currently, the only federally approved compounds for use as selective algicides in catfish aquaculture ponds in the southeastern United States are the herbicide diuron and copper-based products (e.g., copper sulfate). Due to environmental issues and the broad-spectrum toxicity of these synthetic algicides to nontarget organisms, there is a need for environmentally safe algicides for controlling O. perornata in catfish ponds. Laboratory bioassay screening of the natural product SeaKleen, a quinone-based biocide used to treat the ballast water from ships, found that it is selectively toxic towards O. perornata compared with the green alga Selenastrum capricornutum. Subsequently, efficacy testing of SeaKleen was performed using limnocorrals placed in catfish aquaculture ponds containing O. perornata blooms. Two studies were performed: a dose–response study and a single-effective-concentration study. For both studies, water samples were removed from inside the limnocorrals before and after the application of SeaKleen. These water samples were monitored for levels of the musty off-flavor compound 2-methylisoborneol (MIB), chlorophyll-a levels, and phytoplankton community structure. Results from both studies found that approximately 1.3 mg/L SeaKleen was effective in significantly reducing the levels of chlorophyll a and MIB compared with controls. In addition, the abundance of O. perornata and other predominant species of filamentous cyanobacteria were significantly reduced compared with controls. Green algae and diatoms were not significantly affected. Additional studies are needed to determine the potential of SeaKleen as a selective algicide in commercial catfish aquaculture.
Dietary Uptake of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) by Rainbow Trout
Authors: Carline Robert F , Barry Patrick M , Ketola H George 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The presence of detectable levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in commercially produced fish feed has raised a concern about the degree of biomagnification of these contaminants in hatchery-reared trout. Our objectives were to (1) define the relationship between concentrations of PCBs in fish feed and in fish tissue and (2) estimate the relative contributions of feed and hatchery supply water to PCB concentrations in fish. We conducted a 6-month feeding trial with fingerling rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss fed commercial diets with four concentrations of PCBs: a low-PCB diet (69 ng/g); a typical commercial diet (126 ng/g); and the typical diet spiked with PCBs at two levels (220 and 280 ng/g). The concentrations of PCBs in fillets after 1 month were commensurate with those in the feeds and remained relatively stable for the next 5 months; mean PCB concentrations in fillets ranged from 54 to 94 ng/g. Low levels of PCBs were detected in the hatchery supply water. We used the concentrations of PCBs in the feeds, absorption rates of PCBs, and two different rates of PCB depuration to estimate the potential uptake of PCBs from supply water. When we used a low depuration rate (half-life = 219 d), the computed body burdens of PCBs could be entirely attributed to the feeds. When a high depuration rate (half-life = 66 d) was used, some uptake of PCBs from the supply water was likely, but most of the total body burden originated from the feeds. We concluded that rainbow trout fed a diet with 126 ng/g PCBs would have a PCB concentration of about 60 ng/g in their fillets, which is high enough to warrant issuance of a consumption advisory (no more than one meal of fish per week) under a protocol adopted by some Great Lakes states.
Selected Methods for Dusky Darter Captive Propagation
Authors: Labay A A , Standage R W , Brandt T M 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Past disturbance of eggs or larvae of dusky darters Percina sciera has resulted in almost 100% mortality of the larvae within 9 d of hatch. Photoperiod and water temperature were manipulated to induce dusky darters collected from the wild to spawn in the laboratory. Eggs spawned in gravel spawning trays were transferred while in the trays to specially designed egg incubators. Dusky darter larvae were collected after they emerged from the gravel and swam out of the incubator. Groups of larvae were offered ground TetraMin (≤0.3 mm), zooplankton (≤0.3 mm), or a combination of both foods in aquariums that had circulated or noncirculated water. The highest mean survival per treatment was for zooplankton and no circulation (71%); the lowest mean survival was for TetraMin with no circulation (3%). A dusky darter growth curve from egg to first spawn, approximately 1 year, was developed. Dusky darters reared in the laboratory from eggs were successfully spawned.
Gut Content of First-Feeding Wild Darters and Captive-Reared Dusky Darters
Authors: Labay A A , Collins K , Standage R W , Brandt T M 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Five of 18 blackside darter Percina maculata larvae and 3 of 18 leopard darter P. pantherina larvae collected in light traps from the Glover River, McCurtain County, Oklahoma, contained ingested items. The maximum diameter of prey ingested was between 0.27 and 0.37 mm and was 70–90% of their gape widths. None of the larvae that contained prey items possessed a visible yolk sac. Forty-three of 48 laboratory-reared larval dusky darters P. sciera offered zooplankton (≤0.30 mm in diameter; harvested from hatchery ponds) contained ingested items. The dominant prey was Ceriodaphnia spp. adults and neonates. The maximum number of Ceriodaphnia consumed by an individual larva was 20. Calanoid copepods were abundant in the zooplankton offered but were not found in any but the 18-d-old larvae. Rotifers in low densities also were offered, but none were observed in any of the alimentary canals. We conclude that small (≤0.30-mm), pond- reared cladocerans such as Ceriodaphnia and Bosmina are suitable food for the first-feeding Percina species examined during this study.
Toxicological Evaluation of Two Anthraquinone-Based Cyanobactericides to Channel Catfish
Authors: Schrader Kevin K , Foran Christy M , Holmes Brad D , Schlenk Daniel K , Nanayakkara N P Dhammika , Schaneberg Brian T 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The use of biocides to control blooms of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) is important for the aquaculture industry because cyanobacteria produce chemicals that cause off-flavors in fish. However, the consequences of exposure to biocides for fish health will determine the effective use of a biocide treatment. Two novel cyanobactericides, anthraquinone-19 and anthraquinone-59, were evaluated for acute toxicity to fingerlings of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Acute toxicity was determined through measurement of 50% mortality following 96 h of aqueous exposure (96- h LC50). In addition, the no-observed-effect concentration (NOEC) was determined for each compound. Following a 1-week acclimation, groups of catfish fingerlings were exposed at each of six different concentrations ranging from 0.01 mg/L to 20 mg/L for each compound. Two groups of unexposed fingerlings served as the controls. The 96-h LC50 value for anthraquinone-19 was 2.51 ± 0.51 mg/L (mean ± SD) and that for anthraquinone-59 was 2.06 ± 0.31 mg/L. Among catfish exposed to the sublethal doses, no differences were detected in body size (weight and length) and gill and liver weight. The NOEC was determined to be 1 mg/L for both test compounds. Compared with anthraquinone-19, anthraquinone-59 has a greater margin between concentrations that are toxic to channel catfish and concentrations that reduce undesirable cyanobacteria in catfish ponds.
Lack of Correlation between Chinook Salmon Spawn Survival and the Number of Overripe Eggs as Determined by Digital Imagery
Authors: Barnes Michael E , Durben Dan J 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The number of overripe eggs in spawn of landlocked fall Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha was determined quantitatively from digital images recorded prior to fertilization. The percentage of overripe eggs recorded from the digital images was not significantly correlated with survival at egg eye-up, fry hatch, or swim-up but was significantly correlated with the visually estimated number of overripe eggs (r 2 = 0.914, P &lt; 0.001). There was also no significant difference between the percentages of overripe eggs determined by the two methods. Neither the digital image nor visual-estimation techniques for assessing overripe eggs are reliable predictors of egg survival, but the digital imagery validated the use of visual estimates.
Utilization of Glucose and Cornstarch by Juvenile Grass Carp
Authors: Tian Li-Xia , Liu Yong-Jian , Hung Silas S O 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
An experiment was conducted in a recirculation system to study the carbohydrate utilization of juvenile grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella (11.3 ± 0.1 g) fed a 30% glucose or cornstarch diet for 70 d and maintained at 28.9 ± 0.5°C. While weight gain, feed efficiency, protein efficiency ratio, carcass-to-body weight ratio, and whole-body moisture were significantly higher (P &lt; 0.05), the viscera-to-body weight ratio, mesenteric fat index, and whole-body and tissue lipid levels were lower in the glucose than in the cornstarch group. These results showed that carbohydrate utilization by juvenile grass carp was affected by the complexity of the carbohydrates, which, in turn, resulted in different degrees of enlarged hepatopancreas and viscera as well as increased body and tissue lipid depositions.
An Improved Method for Determining the Fineness Value of Agricultural Limestone for Aquaculture
Authors: Silapajarn Kom , Boyd Claude E , Silapajarn Orawan 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The original method for determining the fineness of agricultural limestone was modified for the greater contribution of particles less than 0.25 mm in diameter that is found in the modern agricultural limestone used in aquaculture. Crusher-run limestone was screened to give nine particle size separates. Systems containing 3.0 kg of soil (pH = 5.21) and 23.5 L of water (total alkalinity = 0.39 mg/L) were treated with 8.0 g of each separate, and total alkalinity and pH were monitored. After 70 d, total alkalinity equilibrated at 55 mg/L in systems treated with particles less than 0.106 mm. The total alkalinity in systems treated with other particle size separates were as follows: control, 0.52 mg/L; greater than 2.0 mm, 2.28 mg/L; 2.0–0.85 mm, 5.75 mg/L; 0.85–0.42 mm, 12.25 mg/L; 0.42–0.25 mm, 26.8 mg/L; 0.25–0.15 mm, 45.62 mg/L; and 0.15–0.106 mm, 49.30 mg/L. Water pH exceeded 7.36 after 2 weeks for systems treated with particles less than 0.25 mm. Wet soil samples (2.5 kg) of pH 5.04 were placed in trays and treated with 6.7 g of limestone of different particle size separates. After 1 week, pH was 6.9–7.1 in soil treated with particles less than 0.106 mm. By 10 weeks, a pH greater than 6.5 was attained in soils treated with particles less than 0.25 mm. The pH of soil treated with particles greater than 0.25 mm was similar to the control pH. Efficiency factors were assigned to particle size-classes as follows: less than 0.106 mm, 100%; 0.25–0.106 mm, 86.7%; 0.42–0.25 mm, 49.06%; 0.85–0.42 mm, 22.4%; and greater than 0.85 mm, 7.3%. The sum of the products of the proportion of each particle size-class and the corresponding efficiency factor gave the fineness value. Fineness values usually were smaller when determined by the new method instead of the old method.
Assessment of Floating Vertical Raceways for the Culture of Phase-II Hybrid Striped Bass
Authors: Volkman Eric T , Kohler Christopher C , Kohler Susan T 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
A floating vertical raceway is a system designed to provide a constant, unidirectional flow of water to fish confined in a flexible raceway that is suspended vertically in the water column. This study evaluated the potential of floating vertical raceways for the culture of phase-II sunshine bass (female white bass Morone chrysops × male striped bass M. saxatilis) reared at two densities (125 and 188 fish/m3). Fish with a mean starting weight of 0.7 g were fed a diet containing 40% crude protein to satiation for 121 d. Fish in the low-density treatment reached a significantly higher final mean weight (160.0 g) than those in the high-density treatment (136.9 g). Survival was also significantly higher in the low-density treatment (81.1%) than in the high-density treatment (73.8%). No significant differences in water quality were detected for dissolved oxygen, total ammonia, un-ionized ammonia, or temperature between high-density and low-density treatments. Unlike the surrounding reservoir, water temperature inside the raceways remained destratified throughout the growing period. Based on the performance of fish, the high water quality maintained inside the enclosures, and ease of use, the floating vertical raceway system offers considerable promise as an alternative rearing system for deepwater impoundments.
Hatchery Performance Attributes of Juvenile Lake Sturgeon Fed Two Natural Food Types
Authors: Volkman Eric T , Pangle Kevin L , Rajchel Deborah A , Sutton Trent M 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The use of stocking programs to rehabilitate depressed populations of lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens requires the optimization of early life stage growth in hatchery settings. We evaluated the performance of juvenile lake sturgeon fed different proportions of two natural food types—adult brine shrimp Artemia spp. and larval bloodworms Chironomus spp.—over a 10-week laboratory experiment. The following five diet treatments were provided: (1) 100% bloodworms; (2) 75% bloodworms : 25% brine shrimp; (3) 50% bloodworms : 50% brine shrimp; (4) 25% bloodworms : 75% brine shrimp; and (5) 100% brine shrimp. Lake sturgeon growth was positively related to bloodworm content in the diet and was significantly different among treatments. Although the initial sizes of fish were similar, mean fork length and wet weight were greatest for the 100% bloodworm treatment (183.1 mm and 37.5 g, respectively) and lowest for the 100% brine shrimp diet (118.4 mm and 9.5 g) by the end of the study. Mean specific and absolute growth rates in length (0.93% and 1.28 mm/d, respectively) and weight (2.61% and 0.45 g/d) were greatest for the 100% bloodworm diet, followed by the other treatments in order of decreasing amount of bloodworms in the diet. Percent weight gain (525%) and food conversion efficiency (67%) were also greatest for the 100% bloodworm diet, followed by the other treatments in order of decreasing dietary bloodworm content. Whole-body protein (13.9%), lipid (2.5%), and gross-energy (3.77 kJ/g) content were greatest for fish fed 100% bloodworms, with these proximate-composition measures also ranked in order of decreasing dietary bloodworm content for the other treatments. We recommend that juvenile lake sturgeon reared in hatchery environments be fed high proportions of bloodworms to maximize growth, body size, and lipid content for rehabilitation stocking programs.
Accounting for Water Temperature during Hydrogen Peroxide Treatment of Channel Catfish Eggs
Authors: Small Brian C 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
The effect of water temperature on the efficacy of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a disinfectant for channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus eggs was examined at 24°C and 28°C. Eggs at each temperature were treated with H2O2 at 0, 100, 250, 500, or 1,000 mg/L as a daily 15-min bath. Mean hatching success at 24°C was greatest (P &gt; 0.05) for eggs treated with 250 and 500 mg/L H2O2, hatching success tending to increase with increasing treatment concentration between 100 and 500 mg/L. The opposite effect was observed at 28°C: hatching success was greatest (P &lt; 0.05) for eggs treated with 100 and 250 mg/L H2O2, hatching success tending to decrease with increasing H2O2 concentration between 100 and 500 mg/L. The results of this research, together with previously published results, demonstrate that there is a negative correlation between H2O2 concentration and water temperature with respect to the optimal efficiency of H2O2 as an egg disinfectant and suggest that there is an increased toxicity of H2O2 at higher temperatures. Careful consideration of temperature is necessary when disinfecting channel catfish eggs with H2O2.
Plasma Cortisol and Chloride Stress Responses in Juvenile Walleyes during Capture, Transport, and Stocking Procedures
Authors: Barton Bruce A , Haukenes Alf H , Parsons Bradford G , Reed Jeffrey R 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
Extensively reared juvenile walleyes Stizostedion vitreum subjected to capture and transport stressors associated with stocking procedures in South Dakota and Minnesota displayed acute increases in plasma cortisol and extended declines in concentrations of plasma chloride. In four separate South Dakota transport hauls, mean plasma cortisol in walleyes rose from 12–49 ng/mL at the time of trap-net capture to 138–174 ng/mL after 1 h of transport; these concentrations remained increased at 3 h. Plasma chloride decreased by about 19% during this period; by 3 h, mean values had dropped about 30%, to 53–61 meq/L. Similarly, in Minnesota mean plasma cortisol in captured and transported walleyes increased from 13–26 ng/mL during trap-net capture to 154–214 ng/mL by 1 h after transport in three separate trials and remained at the higher values at 3 h posttransport. Mean plasma chloride concentrations dropped about 28%, to 65–72 meq/L, by 3 h after transport and remained significantly decreased at 68–82 meq/L 24 h later, even though plasma cortisol, an acute stress indicator, had returned to near pretransport values. Results from these experimental transport hauls indicate that the juvenile walleyes experienced considerable physiological stress when captured and transported to lakes for stocking. This stress was reflected by an appreciable decrease in plasma chloride that failed to recover to pretransport values after 24 h, which suggests a possible mechanism for poststocking mortality.
An Evaluation of Selective Feeding by Three Age-Groups of the Rainbow Mussel Villosa iris
Authors: Beck Kevin , Neves Richard J 
Published: June 2004

Abstract
A tri-algal diet was fed to three age-groups of the rainbow mussel Villosa iris: ages 2–3 d, 50–53 d, and 3–6 years. Changes in the relative abundance of each algal species were determined in 5-h feeding trials from feeding chambers and by gut content analyses. All age-groups rejected Scenedesmus quadricauda and preferentially selected Nannochloropsis oculata and Selenastrum capricornutum, principally on the basis of size. Changes in the relative abundance of algae in feeding chambers did not differ significantly among age-groups. Observed differences in the ingested quantities of the similar-sized N. oculata and S. capricornutum were attributed to other particle-related characteristics. Results indicate that the rainbow mussel can be fed similar-sized algae at all ages in captive propagation facilities. When developing a suitable algal diet for rearing juvenile mussels, one probably need not investigate different species at each stage of development if the algae used are in the 2.8–8.5-μm size range.