bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variations in the mode of stolon growth among different genera of colonial hydroids, and their evolutionary implications
Authors: Wyttenbach Charles R. , Crowell Sears , Suddith Robert L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractStolonic growth has been compared among several genera of calyptoblastic (Campanularia flexuosa, C. calceolifera, Gonothyraea and Sertularia) and gymnoblastic (Pennaria, Bougainvillia, Eudendrium and Cordylophora) hydroids with respect to such features as the (1) complexity and uniformity of the tip movements, (2) constancy of growth cycle duration, (3) variability in growth among cycles, (4) growth rate, and (5) variability of retractions among cycles.The “growth cycle,” previously described in C. flexuosa, is the basis for elongation in all species observed. Its pattern is indistinguishable between the Campanularia species; however, at the generic level the tip movements show peculiarities which delineate each genus from all others. In addition, the movements in all calyptoblasts are uniform from cycle to cycle and comparatively simple, whereas those of the gymnoblasts are complicated by the variable appearance of one or more secondary forward thrusts between crests.A dichotomy is seen between the calyptoblasts and most gymnoblasts in other respects as well. Cycle time is very predictable and cycle‐to‐cycle variability in growth is relatively narrow in all calyptoblasts. However, in most gymnoblasts both features are much more loosely regulated: only Pennaria shows some degree of control to its timing mechanism, and only in Bougainvillia and Eudendrium does the uniformity of growth per cycle reach the calyptoblast level.On the premise that calyptoblasts are evolutionarily the more advanced group, simplicity and regularity of growth movements are concluded to be the evolved, and complexity and variability the primitive, conditions. On this basis the evolutionary relations among the four gymnoblasts, as deduced from their stolonic growth behavior alone, are consistent in many but not all respects with those interpreted from morphological considerations.
Fine structure of light‐ and dark‐adapted eyes of desert ants, Cataglyphis bicolor (Formicidae, Hymenoptera)
Authors: Brunnert A. , Wehner R. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAmong ants, Cataglyphis bicolor shows the best performance in optical orientation. Its eye is of the apposition type with a fused rhabdom. Morphological studies on the general struture of the eye as well as the effect of light have been carried out with transmission and scanning electron microscopy.An ommatidium is composed of a dioptric apparatus, consisting of a cornea, corneal process and a crystalline cone, the sensory retinula, which is made up of eight retinula cells in the distal half and of an additional ninth one in the proximal half. The ommatidia are separated from each other by two primary pigment cells, which surround the crystalline cone and an average of 12 secondary pigment cells, which reach from cornea to the basement membrane.The eye of Cataglyphis bicolor possesses a light intensity dependent adaptation mechanism, which causes a radial and distal movement of the pigment granules within the retinula cells and a dilatation of cisternae of the ER along the rhabdom.Until now, no overall order in arrangement of retinula cells or direction of microvilli has been found from ommatidium to ommatidium. Such an order, however, must exist, either on the retina or the lamina level, since we have proven the ant's capacity for polarized light analysis.
Spermiogenesis in the horseshoe crab, Limulus polyphemus
Authors: Fahrenbach W. H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractGroups of spermatids of Limulus polyphemus undergo differentiation in thin‐walled cysts within the seminiferous tubules. The nucleus compacts to a spherical shape, but retains a much less condensed nuclear appendage, whose unique pores are each surrounded by a microtubule. The appendage, unmodified mitochondria, glycogen, and coated vesicles, all present in the mature spermatozoon, suggest an unusual degree of metabolic self‐sufficiency of the cell.The acrosome is associated with a 50 μ‐long acrosomal filament that penetrates the nucleus during spermiogenesis and coils up in the cytoplasm, enveloped by two outer nuclear membranes. The filament, which eventually comes to lie in the circumnuclear cisterna, retains a covering of one membrane during its discharge at the time of the acrosome reaction.The posterior region of the head forms a thin‐walled collar with peculiar internal supports around the base of the flagellum. Serverance of intercellular bridges between spermatids, cytoplasm elimination, and rupture of the cyst precede liberation of the immature spermatozoa into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules.Notwithstanding its peculiarities, the Limulus spermatozoon, with its simple shape closely resembling that of annelids and molluscs, represents the most primitive arthropod spermatozoon congruent with the evolutionary stability of the xiphosurans.
The forebrain and midbrain of some squamates and their bearing on the origin of snakes
Authors: Senn David G. , Northcutt R. Glenn 
Published: February 2005

AbstractAnatomical analysis of the forebrain and midbrain of Anelytropsis, Dibamus and feyliniids reveals structural similarities with those of skinks and snakes. Skinks and feyliniids are probably derived from a common ancestral stock. This is suggested by mutual reduction of several telencephalic nuclei, by similar trends in the development of the dorsal thalamus, and by similarities in the lamination of their optic tecta. Anelytropsis, Dibamus, feyliniids and snakes show interdigitation of the periventricular gray zones of the optic tectum and enlargement of lamina 7 of the posterior colliculus. Of these three taxa, Dibamus is most similar to burrowing snakes and many of its brain characters are intermediate between skinks and burrowing snakes. These similarities may suggest common ancestry between Dibamus and snakes rather than parallelism.
Ultrastructure of the spermatozoon of the earthworm as revealed by negative staining
Authors: Henley Catherine 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThis is the first demonstration of an apparent acrosome reaction by the use of negative staining (phosphotungstic acid) and electron microscopy. It is also the first report of such a reaction in spermatozoa of an oligochaete annelid (Lumbricus terrestris). The morphology of the negatively stained unreacted acrosomal complexes is entirely comparable to that seen in sectioned material. After reaction, a short straight filament is extruded and the compartmentalization seen in unreacted spermatozoa is no longer visible. In the flagellar axoneme there are short cross‐bridges linking the two central singlet microtubules at 150–170 Å intervals. Two fibrous elements are also present, forming, with the singlets, a tetragon. All four of these structures apparently change their elastic properties after incubation in distilled water for two hours, so that instead of following the doublet microtubules in gentle coils, the central complex components fall as a unit in jagged configurations.
Anatomy and histology of the digestive system of the paddlefish (Polyodon spathula)
Authors: Weisel George F. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) is one of the most primitive and unique freshwater fishes of North America. It is adapted as a plankton filter‐feeder. The wide mouth and greatly expansible pharyngeal cavity allows it to process a large quantity of water. Numerous setiform gillrakers, which operate against the flattened surfaces of the gill arches and opercula, are capable of filtering out small food particles. The abundance of taste buds and mucus secreting cells in the buccal cavity and pharynx probably aids in selecting and entangling the food. The first segment of the stomach is provided with peculiar, large longitudinal rods of fat which may help in selecting food from water by causing occlusion of the small lumen when the striated fibers of the muscularis contract. Teeth, unnecessary for microphagous fishes, are absent in adults.The digestive tube is one of the most complex present in fishes. It has two distinct divisions of the stomach and four distinct divisions of the intestine besides possessing a large caecum. Ciliated epithelial cells occur in many parts of the gut and may be an aid in moving or processing the small items of food.Besides the presence of cilia, other primitive features of the digestive tract include the lack of distinction between the esophagus and stomach, the presence of a spiral valve, and the presence of some of the diffuse pancreatic tissue within the wall of the gut.The numerous Peyer's patches in the wall of much of the intestine may be an immunological response to the heavy parasitic infestation.
Ultrastructure of erythrocytes and leucocytes of Priapulus caudatus (de Lamarck) (Priapulida)
Authors: Mattisson Artur , Fänge Ragnar 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe marine priapulid Priapulus caudatus has a voluminous body cavity filled with a blood‐like fluid containing erythrocytes and leucocytes (amoebocytes). The hematocrit of animals weighing 0.5–14 gm was 2–10%. The erythrocytes contain a hemerythrin blood pigment. The structure of the coelomocytes was studied by light and electron microscopy. The erythrocytes are nucleated and contain marginal bands, vacuoles and occasionally crystals. The cytoplasm has few organelles. The leucocytes are amoeboid motile cells, the cytoplasm of which contains numerous organelles. The most conspicuous of these are oval particles, probably representing developmental stages of lysosomes. Most of these organelles contain tubules stretching from one pole to another. In the hind part of the animal, certain tissues, primarily the posterior warts contain large numbers of coelomocytes. The histological picture is complicated, showing some resemblance to the lymphoepithelial tissues of vertebrates.
The photoreceptors of the “four‐eyed” fish, Anableps anableps L
Authors: Borwein B. , Hollenberg M. J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe photoreceptors of the adult Anableps anableps have been investigated by light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The fish is a surface swimmer and the eye is divided by the water meniscus. In general, the photoreceptors (rods, single cones, and double equal cones) resemble those of other vertebrates, but there are several unusual features: (1) The outer segment discs of the double cones differ in the two members. (2) All cones have a prominent accessory outer segment derived from the single connecting cilium, and there is no second centriole. (3) The exterior of the inner segments is ridged and grooved longitudinally, most markedly so in the cones. (4) A membranebounded oil droplet is present in the distal cone inner segment, formed from mitochondria which enlarge, fuse and transform in a vitreal‐scleral gradient. (5) There are knob‐like invaginations of rod cytoplasm into the cones immediately scleral to the external limiting membrane. (6) Subsurface cisterns underlie apposed plasma membranes of double cone inner segments and direct rod‐cone inner segment contacts. (7) Fine “fins” on the cones interdigitate, with Müller cell cytoplasm between, just scleral to the external limiting membrane. (8) In the rod spherule there is a greater density of vesicles and the cytoplasm is darker than in the cone pedicle.The well‐defined cone mosaic has a linear pattern peripherally and a square pattern centrally. The photoreceptors undergo photomechanical movements. Photoreceptor ultrastructure is alike in both dorsal and ventral parts of the retina, but the ventral retina contains more cells and is thicker than the dorsal retina.The adjustments necessary for simultaneous air and water vision are found mainly in lens shape, corneal thickness and curvature, and the greater number of cells in the ventral retina.
Regional cytology and cytochemistry of the crayfish kidney tubule
Authors: Peterson Darryl R. , Loizzi Robert F. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractCytological and cytochemical methods were used to identify and characterzie six distinct regions of the crayfish kidney: coelomosac, labyrinth I and II, and nephridial canal I, II, and III. Cells of the coelomosac possess cytoplasm which is strongly PAS‐positive, but poor in RNA and protein. Their nuclei possess unusual projections which extend to the basal plasmalemma. Labyrinth I contains columnar cells rich in glycogen. Labyrinth II is characterized by a distended lumen and by shorter cells with high cytoplasmic RNA, many possessing a large intracellular vacuole. A PAS‐positive brush border is unique to the two portions of the labyrinth. Cells in the nephridial canal show strong reactions for RNA and Mg++‐dependent ATPase. In nephridial canal I and II, cells are flattened to cuboidal with the lumen being more distended in nephridial canal I than anywhere else in the tubule. In nephridial canal III, the cells are large and columnar, and the cytoplasmic RNA concentration is greatest apically. Nuclei in all regions of the tubule epithelium, except coelomosac, are large and react strongly for protein. Coelomosac nuclei and those in blood cells are condensed and contain little protein. The cytoplasm of blood cells displays a significant amount of RNA, and traces of polysaccharide material.These observations demonstrate the presence of highly specialized morphological and histochemical alterations along the length of the kidney tubule and indicate sequential modification of urine in the lumen. Evident morphological and cytochemical likenesses between analogous regions of the mammlian nephron and the crayfish kidney tubule suggest that basic physiological similarities may also exist.
The homology of cranial glands in turtles: With special reference to the nomenclature of “salt glands”
Authors: Cowan F. Brian M. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe cranial glands of ten species of turtles were studied by the use of histochemistry applied to serial sections of whole heads. The majority were stenohaline species, but one brackish water form, Malaclemys, was included. The results show that all species have two major orbital glands, an anterior Harderian gland, and a posterior lachrymal gland. The latter is seromucous in all species except Malaclemys terrapin in which the gland shows little evidence or organic secretion. External and medial nasal glands are found in all species studied, and also are seromucous glands. With these reslts, combined with a review of the literature the following conclusions are made. The Harderian gland is by definition the orbital gland opening through the medial surface of the nictitating membrane at or near the anterior canthus. It is of constant occurrence, and histological appearance, probably serving the same function. However, despite much recent study this function remains unknown. The lachrymal gland is defined as the orbital gland which opens through the lateral surface of the nictitating membrane, or medial surface of the lower eyelid, at or near the posterior canthus. It is of variable occurrence, absent in many reptiles, and has a histological structure which is also variable. In the stenohaline species it is apparently involved in organic secretion, while in the brackish water Malaclemys it may be involved in salt secretion, as it is in Cheloniidae. The nasal glands in turtles are probably homologous with the nasal salt glands of lizards and birds, but they do not appear to subserve the same function. In all species of turtles studied the nasal glands are seromucous. They are perhaps involved in the maintenance of the epithelium of the olfactory cavity.
The marginal zone and marginal sinus in the spleen of the gerbil. A light and electron microscopy study
Authors: Hayes Thomas G. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe spleen of the adult gerbil (M. unguiculatus) is characterized by the absence of venous sinuses and ellipsoid sheaths. The follicle (white pulp) is separated from the surrounding red pulp by a distinct marginal zone. The cell types in the marginal zone are common to both the follicle and red pulp. Separating the marginal zone from the follicle is a vascular channel of capillary dimension, the marginal sinus. A number of terminal segments of the arterial vessels within the follicle were observed to form a direct connection with the marginal sinus. Ultrastructurally, discontinuities were evident within the walls of the marginal sinus that would permit passage of both cellular and plasma components from the marginal sinus to either marginal zone or the follicle.
The hemocytes of a millipede, Thyropygus poseidon
Authors: Ravindranath M. H. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractSome of the cytological and histochemical characteristics of hemocytes of Thyropygus poseidon were studied. Jone's system of classification of hemocytes was extended to millipede hemocytes. Seven classes were identified as prohemocytes, plasmatocytes, granular hemocytes, cytocytes, oenocytoids, spherule cells and adipohemocytes. Oenocytoids were rarely found. All cells except prohemocytes and oenocytoids sequestered oxidized products of catechol. Results of the histochemical tests for proteins also suggest that these cells sequester plasma proteins. Cytocytes do not bring about any visible coagulation similar to the hemocytes of some hemipteran insects. Granular hemocytes contain phenol‐oxidase capable of oxidising tyrosine as well as catechol, similar to the hemocytes of crustaceans. In this respect millipede hemocytes differ from insect hemocytes. It is suggested that these cell types may represent distinct cell lines and may not represent transformation of one cell type to another.
Normal embryonic stages of the western painted turtle, Chrysemys picta bellii
Authors: Mahmoud I. Y. , Klicka John , Hess George L. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractTwenty‐three stages in the embryonic development of the western painted turtle, Chrysemys picta bellii are described. The staging is based primarily on morphological changes, as well as age and size of the embryo.
Surface pits in the family esocidae. I. Structure and types
Authors: Merriless M. J. , Crossman E. J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractIn Esox americanus and Esox niger (Esocidae) there are two types of surface pits, sensory and nonsensory. Both types of pits are morphologically very similar and are associated with modified (cardioid) scales. The pits are distinguished by the presence and absence respectively of neuromasts. Ultrastructure of the neuromasts indicates that they are basically similar to previously described neuromasts. However, the hair cells have crystalline‐like deposits in the nuclear region. The nonsensory pit contains a small group of distinct epidermal cells, called central cells. These cells occupy a central position in the pit, similar to that of the neuromasts in the sensory pit. The central cells are unlike any cell types described for fishes, and on an ultrastructural basis no function can be ascribed to them and the significance of the nonsensory pit is unknown.
Surface pits in the family esocidae. II. Epidermal dermal interaction and evidence for aplasia of the lateral line sensory system
Authors: Merriless M. J. , Crossman E. J. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractEsox americanus and Esox niger (esocidae) possess two types of surface pits, sensory and nonsensory. The pits are morphologically very similar and both are associated with modified (cardioid) scales. The pits are distinguished by neuromasts in the sensory and central cells in the nonsensory pit.Neuromasts and central cells are responsible for the formation and maintenance of respectively the pit and cardioid scale. This supports an extension of the epidermal co‐participation hypothesis that epidermal cells control the form of dermal structures in addition to contributing to composition.The central cells are similar in structure to induced primordial cells of regenerating neuromasts.The development of primordial cells may be arrested and the cells maintained in a static condition during which time they still influence the dermal tissues and maintain a pit and cardioid scale. Essentially this represents the experimental conversion of a sensory pit into a nonsensory pit. This evidence is taken in support of the hypothesis that the nonsensory pit and central cells represent an aplasic condition of the lateral line system.
Parathyroid gland structure of some tropical lizards
Authors: Senior William 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe number, location, size, shape and microstructure of the parathyroid glands of Agama agama agama, Hemidactylus brooki angulatus and Pytodactylus hasselquisti hasselquisti was investigated using approximately 250 specimens of each species from the Zaria area of Nigeria.Only parathyroid III was found. Additional patches of tissue in Hemidactylus, though possibly parathyroid IV, are considered to be derived from parathyroid III. It was found that the amount of parathyroid tissue per gram of body weight was similar in the three species used, and that females had more parathyroid tissue than males. The same situation seems possible in other species.The structure of the parathyroid glands could not be related to taxonomic grouping within the Sauria, but the general picture was found to be more similar to that of birds and mammals than to that of amphibians.
Structure and anatomical relationships of the synganglion in the American dog tick, Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodiadae)
Authors: Obenchain Frederick D. 
Published: February 2005

AbstractThe synganglion of Dermacentor variabilis Say is a single nerve mass, condensed around the esophagus and within the periganglionic sinus of the ciculatory system. Protocerebral, cheliceral (including stomodeal bridge), and pedipalpal ganglia lie in the pre‐esophageal portion of the nerve mass and bear optic, cheliceral, and pedipalpal nerves respectively. The unpaired stomodeal and the recurrent nerve which forms the hyper‐esophageal ganglion arise from the stomodeal bridge. Paired primary and accessory nerves to the retrocerebral organ complex have mixed protocerebral‐cheliceral origins. Pedal ganglia (including ventral olfactory lobes of pedal ganglia I) and composite opisthosomal ganglion lie in the post‐esophageal nerve mass and bear pedal nerve trunks and two pairs of opisthosomal nerves respectively.Internally, the synganglion consists of cellular rind and fibrous core. A welldefined neurilemma with a laminar matrix covers nerve mass and peripheral nerves. The rind contains the somata of ganglionic neurons and ensheathing glial cells and is restricted to the synganglion mass. It is limited by two specialized glial layers, the external perineurium and internal subperineurium. Discrete glomerular formations are present within the protocerebrum and olfactory lobes. Olfactory glomeruli located in pedal ganglia I are associated with a pair of globuli cell groups.Possible physiological relationships between anatomical specializations of the synganglion, extraneural sinuses and circulating hemocytes are considered. The evolutionary significances of condensation in the stomatogastric neuropile regions and throughout the synganglion, together with the simplification and loss of glomerular formations, are discussed.