bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Italy in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
V1co and the theatre between them earn Italy a chapter to herself here, even if a short one. As so often in more important matters, Vico’s attitude to Athens and Sparta is remarkably original and pregnant for the future, though it also bears some resemblance to much enlightened thought of the early eighteenth century. In the Scienza Nuova he relegates Sparta firmly to a primitive stage in human progress.
Sparta in Germany
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For all the mass of works dealing with German thought and German writers in their relation to die Antike, there seems to be no special study of the German attitude to Sparta -perhaps because the Spartans are here so often concealed under the more general rubric of Dorians, or even of Greeks. But the story is of some interest. It could only be properly told by someone very familiar with the intellectual history of Germany during the past two centuries; but the following pages may provide a basis for further investigation.
England: From the Whigs to the Liberals
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the early eighteenth century the dominant political belief of first the Whigs and then the Tories too was that of the sublime wisdom of the constitution of 1688. From Liberty as enshrined therein every blessing flowed-virtue, prosperity, excellence in the arts and sciences. Like Romans and Venetians before them, the English considered their version superior to all its prototypes sometimes because of the fully equal share of the king, sometimes because, with representation and limited suffrage, the democratic element was not really democratic at all. The enormous literature in prose and verse celebrating English liberty does however often continue to consider English history and origins; while, as Voltaire observed, the English of the Augustan age liked to see themselves in Roman dress (though many people at this time believed antiquity had nothing really to teach the present age). But for a time Spartan precedents are rarely and briefly recorded. King Theopompus, incidentally, owing to the new stress on the king’s share in the constitution, can turn up in a surprising context. In 1719 Steele, opposing the Peerage Bill that threatened to deprive the king of the power to create new peers, was one of those who argued that this would destroy the famous equilibrium in favour of aristocracy, and he points out that Theopompus, gracious and moderate as he was, made a disastrous mistake in giving power to the ephors. ‘This unwary step prov’d fatal both to the Crown and the People, and ended in the ruin of the Constitution.’
The Form and Function of the Meditations
Authors: Rutherford R B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, emperor and philosopher, has generally been approached and criticised in terms of one or other of these roles. In consequence, Marcus the writer, through whom we have our most intimate knowledge of both, has suffered from a surprising neglect. From the historians his campaigns in Germany, his legal rulings as preserved in the Digest, and his behaviour concerning the Christians have received due attention, and in some recent work there have been attempts to reinstate the Meditations and their author in the cultural history of the period. Much, however, still remains to be done. On the philosophic side, Marcus finds a place in all accounts of late Stoicism.
The First Book: Literary and Cultural Background
Authors: Rutherford R B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first and shortest book of the Meditations differs in character entirely from the rest of the collection. It consists of seventeen chapters of roughly increasing length, stating the debts which the emperor feels that he owes to his relations, his teachers and friends, and finally to his adoptive father, the emperor Antoninus Pius (ch. 16), and to the gods (ch. 17). Further remarkable Characteristics, such as the extreme selectiveness of these accounts, and the peculiarity of some of the items singled out, will become evident later; but this much will suffice to show the strangeness of Marcus’ enterprise. There is quite simply nothing else like Book I of the Meditations in the whole of classical literature. Even its links with the rest of the work have never been very satisfactorily established. When this has been said, however, a number of qualifications are in order. It is certain that the first book cannot be said to belong to any of the regular categories of ancient writing. But in the first chapter, when considering the rest of the collection, we concluded that although unparalleled as a whole, it had many affinities with more familiar genres.
The Veteres (HMBOV) and Associates
Authors: Diggle James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In an attempt to assess the value of HMBOV, relative to each other, I have tabulated all the readings in which one or more of HMBOV (or Va, where Vis missing) disagree with the others. The number of readings is 781; His present for 300 of these.6 In classifying readings as right or wrong, I use my own judgement. Since the number of readings at issue is sufficiently large, a few disputable judgements ought not to distort the overall picture.
Θ
Authors: Diggle James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There exists a class, which I shall call Θ, consisting of AbFMnPrR SSa. This class may be subdivided into three pairs: FSa; AbR; MnS. Pr is a twin of Sa for about 400 lines; for the rest of the play it adheres now to FSa, now to AbR, now to MnS.
GBgE
Authors: Diggle James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
gB is present for 121, gE for 406 lines or parts oflines. Their value for the editor of Orestes is negligible.’ Neither offers a true reading unknown to the other manuscripts, with one exception: 1I14 ωc gE, coni. Wecklcin (see Willink). I regard this as a happy slip, since gnomologies have no reliability in the transmission of connecting words at the beginning of the line.2 Neither gB nor gE shows any dear relationship with a single manuscript or group of manuscripts. Here arc the more notable agreements:
Colometry
Authors: Diggle James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Alexandrian colometry can usually be recovcred.1 When our manuscripts agree in rational colometry, this colometry is presumably the ancient one. When (less commonly) they agree in demonstrably false colometry, we cannot be sure whether the fault lies with them or with the Alexandrian metrician. But more often than not it will lie with them; and sometimes they are convicted of error by the evidence of papyri.
Comparisons, Assumptions, and the Concept of ‘Shape’
Authors: Todd S C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The word ‘law’ in English is used in at least two different ways: lay people tend to refer to it in the plural or with the indefinite article, speaking of ‘the laws’ or of ‘a law’; lawyers tend instead to be interested in ‘law’ or ‘the law’. This is a crucial distinction. ‘The laws’ are conceived of by the laity as a series of individual rules or enactments, but ‘the law’ in the lawyer’s sense is more than simply the sum of these rules: it is characteristic of ‘the law’ that it should take the form of a coherent system, in which the individual ‘laws’ should find their place.
The Shaping of Athenian Law
Authors: Todd S C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aims of this book have already been introduced at the end of Chapter 2. No attempt will be made to deal exhaustively with the interpretation of every disputed question, although the book does seek to cover the full breadth of the subject. Our focus throughout will be on the concept of ‘shape’: we shall be exploring how, and how effectively, Athenian law made and makes sense when viewed as a system. The second and third sections of the book will deal first with procedural and then with substantive law. Before examining these subjects in detail, however, it seems sensible first to draw together the three main themes that will recur throughout the body of this book. These, it will be argued, are the principal characteristics of Athenian law; and it is these which will furnish the essential shape of what follows.
Personal Status
Authors: Todd S C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At some time in the early fourth century, an anonymous client of Lysias delivered a speech against an otherwise unknown man called Pankleon. The manuscript title for the speech may roughly be translated as follows: ‘[prosecution] against Pankleon, because (or ‘showing that’) he was not a citizen of Plataia’. Plataia was a small polis and an ally of Athens, which had been destroyed by its mighty neighbour Thebes early in the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC), and was not to recover its independence until 386. Out of gratitude for services rendered (and in particular for their unique military assistance at the battle of Marathon in 490), Athens rewarded Plataian refugees during their period of exile with a rare privilege: Athenian citizenship. If Pankleon was therefore a Plataian, then in law he was to be treated as an Athenian not as a foreigner.
Relations within the Polis
Authors: Todd S C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Lysias’ speech Against Theomnestos (Lys. 10) is the climax of an extensive and intriguing series of trials which between them supply much of our evidence about the treatment of defamation and verbal abuse in Athenian law. To describe it as the ‘climax’ may indeed be misleading: since we have no evidence outside this speech for any of the stages in the sequence, there is therefore no compelling reason to believe that the quarrel was finally settled at this hearing, whatever its outcome.
Introduction
Authors: George Judith w. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Venantius Fortunatus is a poet who has provoked strong critical reaction. Curtius’s assessment was that he was one of the major literary figures of the early medieval period. For Dill, on the contrary, he was ‘a decadent alike in style and morals’. Some modern scholars also have followed Koebner in relegating Fortunatus’ verse to the depths of triviality, as poesie d’ameublement.
Fortunatus: Poet and Person
Authors: George Judith w. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The irony of informal occasional verse is that, for all its appearance of intimacy, it can erect an impenetrable barrier of elegant trivia which distances a reader as effectively from the poet himself as do the most public utterances. This, however, is not invariably the case with Fortunatus. His poems to various patrons such as Iovinus and Felix, and in particular to Gregory, Radegund, and Agnes, allow us to glimpse interests and friendships of significance to the poet. We can surely conclude that he was not merely a bread-and-butter writer, earning a living by technical mastery-a shrewd politician, but one with no heartfelt interest in his craft. The way in which his verse warms into life, passion, and humour when he has a patron who really appreciates the skill and the tradition behind his writing, conveys enthusiasm and innate humanity. And it must be significant that it was only for patrons, but not for good friends, that Fortunatus wrote his epitaphs; the greatest loss was not to be expressed in so public a fashion. While we can come close to him as a person in such pieces, there are two poems we have not yet considered which cast a particular light on Fortunatus’ role as a poet and on the change in his standing in Merovingian court circles over the years.
Rome And Persia
Authors: Isaac Benjamin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Much has been written about the motives for individual Roman campaigns against Parthia, later Persia, and there is no agreement. This is not surprising, given the fact that even the origins of the Second World War have been a subject of debate. Roman policy in the East in general reminds one of a statement made in another context:
This is a pronouncement made by Prince Alexander Gorchakov,. Russian foreign minister in 1864, cited in a recent book about Afghanistan and the Soviet Union.
The Army Of The Principate: An Army Of Occupation
Authors: Isaac Benjamin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The last chapter was concerned with the internal situation in Judaea, Arabia, and Southern Syria. Various forms of unrest, banditry, and resistance were described in an effort to identify the problems of security which the Romans faced in this area. The information was derived from literary sources. Through the perspective thus gained we shall now attempt to describe the organization and aims of the Roman forces in the area. These can be traced only, if at all, if we reach a partial understanding of the local security situation and critically combine various sources, literature, epigraphy, and material remains, even though these do not allow of an easy synthesis. At II times the possibility of changes in the security situation and, hence, of the aims of the army in the area, must be allowed for. An effort is made to offer an analysis of all relevant information, leaving aside ambiguous or uncertain material; and at the same time there is some discussion of the methodology of combining historical and archaeological information. Chapter III deals with the army of the principate, Chapter IV with that of the later empire.
The army of the fourth Century
Authors: Isaac Benjamin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter will continue the theme of Chapter III. The relevant information on army organization will be analysed in an attempt to gain a better understanding of the function of the troops. During the late third and early fourth centuries, in the reigns of the tetrarchs and of Constantine, a major reorganization is known to have taken place. We shall have to consider both the nature of the reform and the change in the distribution of the. troops in the east, notably the increased army presence in the desert. Numerous relatively small installations can be dated to this period. Their function will be discussed. The interpretation proposed, like other opinions expressed in this book is closely connected with the interpretation of the concept ‘limes’ proposed in a recent paper and briefly restated in Chapter IX. It is argued that limes nowhere means ‘defended frontier’ and never denotes any physical form of military organization. For the period under discussion, the fourth century, it can easily be shown that limes is an administrative concept. It means ‘frontier district’ and refers to an area under the military (as distinct from the civil) command of a dux limit is. This has important consequences for our understanding of the military organization in districts called limites, as attested in the provinces of Palaestina and Arabia. If a limes is not a defended frontier it is no longer necessary to interpret the military installations in such an area as connected with frontier defence and we are free to consider other hypotheses.
Enemies And Allies After septimius severus
Authors: Isaac Benjamin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The conquest of northern Mesopotamia by the Roman empire at the end of the second century had many consequences, notably an increase in tension which resulted in a century of intensive warfare. The Parthian dynasty was succeeded by the Sassanids, a development which was accompanied by changes in religion, government, and society.in Persia. In the middle of the third century, for the first time in almost three hundred years, the eastern Roman provinces were overrun by enemy forces. It is not intended to recount the history of the relationship between Rome and Persia during the centuries following the Roman expansion east of the Euphrates in the second century, but to describe changes that occurred between the third and sixth centuries.
Urbanization
Authors: Isaac Benjamin 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What was merely a natural assumption for Gibbon became a certainty for many others. Yet Gibbon does not really say anything in support of his hypothesis. Augustus rebuilt Rome in marble, but Rome is a special case. ‘Scarcely had the proud structure of the Coliseum been dedicated at Rome, before edifices of a smaller scale indeed, but of the same design and materials, were erected for the use, and at the expense, of the cities of Capua and Verona. The inscription of the stupendous bridge of Alcantara attests that it was thrown over the Tagus by the contribution of a few Lusitanian communities.’Gibbon then devotes two pages to the munificence of Herodes Atticus, the wealthy Athenian, before returning to public buildings erected by the emperors in the city of Rome. He is careful in noting who paid for the work in Rome and who did so in the provinces. ‘The public .monuments with which Hadrian adorned every province of the empire were executed not only by his orders, but under his immediate inspection.’ Here, however, Gibbon does not say Hadrian paid for the work.
Achamians
Authors: Parker L P E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Dicaeopolis and Lamachus: Iamhic, with resolution and syncopation, perhaps dochmiac. Then Dicaeopolis and chorus using iambic tetrameters. Cretics are much used in the early plays of Aristophanes, but in none do they predominate as in Achamians. It is at least highly plausible that the poet felt the rhythm to be not only suitable to comic dance but particularly suitable to the fierce and virile old men of this chorus.
Knights
Authors: Parker L P E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With few characters and little diversity of incident, Knights depends heavily on the interchange of speech, song, and recitative for variety and pace. The first, second, fourth and fifth songs are in metres predominant in Ach.: cretic, trochaic, and iambic, with a few dactyls. Dochmiacs are absent from the play: neither the chorus nor any of the characters gives way to the kind of uncontrolled emotion typically expressed in that metre.
Peace
Authors: Parker L P E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Trygaeus’ children (114-18). Dactylic hexameter parody will figure largely later in the play. The main action from the entrance of the chorus to the rescue of Peace is marked off by recurrences of the same stanza-form, at 346ff., 385ff. and 582ff. The stanza combines trochees and cretics, so that these are the rhythms that dominate the first half of the play. Between the first and second antistrophae, the two attempts to rescue Peace are accompanied by songs (463ff.=49off. and 512ff.) which combine anapaestic, iambic, and (in the first song) cretic in different proportions. The parabasis comes in two parts, 729-818 and 112.7-90, and each part has its own parabasis-song which is quite distinct metrically from the songs which belong to the action of the play. The first parabasis-song, 775ff.=796ff., uses metres of tragedy and high lyric for a complex combination of allusion and parody.
Birds
Authors: Parker L P E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Birds Aristophanes seems to have set out to dazzle his audience with a display of metrical and musical virtuosity. Here, in consequence, we face most painfully our inability to appreciate what he was doing, except theoretically and intellectually. The repeated use of certain rhythms with structural and thematic functions, which is so common a feature of Aristophanes’ plays, is absent here.
General Introduction
Authors: Silk M S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The essays that make up this book are new. They are the work of classical scholars, largely though not exclusively. They centre on Greek tragedy and the qualities that make Greek tragedy what it is; at the same time, they bear on tragedy as a whole and the qualities that make tragedy as a whole what it is. There is a good deal here about more recent drama, from Shakespeare to Beckett (but especially Shakespeare). There is much reference to theory, and much discussion—and use—of theoretical perspectives, from Nietzsche to Heidegger, from the Romantics to the post-structuralists, from Vernant to Northrop Frye, from Carol Gilligan to Rene Girard, from Aristotle to Brecht (but especially Aristotle). There is an out-ward-looking spirit to the discussions, individually or in their cross-relations, which explains the subtitle of the book: Greek Theatre and Beyond.
Is there a Polis in Aristotle’s Poetics?
Authors: Hall Edith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Yet such an identification, though widely assumed, poses a considerable problem. At no point does Aristotle specify the nature or constituency of his imagined theatrical audience. More importantly, no amount of special pleading can alter the fact that the Poetics goes against the grain of all previous discussions of tragedy in virtually excising from the genre not only the Athenian democratic polis, but also the very abstract notion of a polis, and of the civic context, consciousness, and function of tragic drama.
Tragic Freedom and Fate in Sophocles’ Antigone: Notes on the Role of the ‘Ancient Evils’ in ‘the Tragic’
Authors: Mogyoródi Emese 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the basis of the thesis indicated above, I could be expected to argue for the pervasiveness of necessity, as opposed to freedom, in Greek tragedy. But the case is quite the contrary: I agree with Dodds in considering the ‘necessity versus freedom’ debate a debate about false alternatives, but I wish to stress the importance of both the ‘ancient evils’ (unlike Dodds) and yet also the element of freedom. The Greeks were well aware of superhuman forces of causation, striking at the very heart of human endeavours, yet ‘vigorous, self-assertive, emulous, ambitious, they pursued their aims in some confidence that they could attain them. And freedom, as individuals and as communities, they valued above most other things. ’ I do not think it would be much of an overstatement to say they valued freedom above all. By exploring in what way freedom is operative despite the inevitable workings of some external determination, I hope to provide reinstatement for freedom, as against views that overemphasize the determination.
Family and Friends
Authors: Mcdowell A G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some of the most charming documents from Deirel-Medina are letters between family and friends, which are full of information about the concerns of and relations between the villagers as well as about individual styles of expression and use of language-especially by women, whose voices are seldom heard in the rest of the textual record. But even where the letters do not contain information that is directly useful to the social historian, they furnish glimpses of the personalities of the villagers that help to flesh out the drier accounts and official journals. Unfortunately, the most personal letters are also the most tantalizing, because they refer casually to people and events known to the correspondents but not to us. Some 470 letters from Deir el-Medina are preserved, of which we can present only a few; the interested reader may wish to consult Edward Wente ‘s Letters from Ancient Egypt, which includes translations of 175 texts from the village.
Education, Learning, and Literature
Authors: Mcdowell A G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The literary texts from Deir el-Medina include works of which no other copies are known and also give these and more familiar literary texts a well-documented setting from which it is possible to recon struct something of the use and ownership of belles lettres by the villagers. No other Egyptian community offers us this opportunity. This chapter will focus on literary and scholarly works in their context, that is, on works used for educational purposes, works collected by individuals to be read for pleasure, and above all, works composed by the villagers themselves.