bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Undeniable Fiasco
Authors: Freedman Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On i april the code name for the operation was changed from “Cross patch” to “Ilumpy Road.” \Vhcthcr or not intentional. the new name was appropriate. As D day approached, presidential input into the planning process was largdy driven by Kcrnu:dy’s misconceived preoccupation with dcniahility. nissdl agn:cd with all of the president’s demands to trim the operation without ever warning or the consequences ror its integrity. “l’his e.,asperated his staff, who saw all the dangers.
Still Castro
Authors: Freedman Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tiie political damage was more evident abroad than at hollll.\ where there was seen to he nothing intrinsically wrong in having a go at Castro. Kennedy n:alizcd that his main error was in authorizing the operation in the first place, but the episode ldt him most vulm:rahk to the charge of irresolution in crisis. That argued as much for his standing firm in future crises as seeking compromises.
Military Steps
Authors: Freedman Lawrence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Tiie president’s speech announcing the discovery of the missiks was due to he broadcast on the evening of 22 October l962. It was crafted with great care. .i\fany audiences had to be addn:sscd simultaneously, requiring a bknd of restraint and resolve, a sense of risk and n:assurancc, so that the public would get behind the government, the Latin Americans would be supportive, the allies would remain calm, the Russians would be de spondent but not readul, and the Cubans would start looking ror a way out.
Understanding Children in Crisis: The Developmental Ecological Framework
Authors: Mohr Wanda K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
More than three decades of empirical investigations have highlighted the enormous complexities involved in studying and intervening with children who have been traumatized and who are in crisis. As a result, child trauma and its outcomes can no longer be viewed in terms of simple cause-effect relationships. There is increasing recognition that any traumatic event, such as child maltreatment, is a heterogeneous phenomenon that varies with respect to type, frequency, severity, and chronicity (Manly, Cicchetti, & Barnett, 1994). In addition, the impact of these traumatic events is linked to the child’s age and developmental status (Cicchetti & Lynch, 1993).
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Reaction
Authors: Esser June A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The task of this chapter is to explain posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and posttraumatic stress reaction (PTSR), as well as to offer useful interventions for youth exposed to catastrophic events. In responding to the catastrophe, the helper must realize that PTSD and PTSR are only two of many possibilities that may manifest in the young person. PTSD and PTSR are diagnostic terms used in clinical and psychological settings.
Genetic Polymorphism and Evolution
Authors: Nei Masatoshi , Kumar Sudhir 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most natural populations of organisms contain a large amount of genetic variation. In sexually reproducing or outbreeding organisms, any pair of individuals is genetically different except identical twins. When a ge netic locus is identifiable at the protein level, the locus often contains two or more alleles within a population. Existence of two or more alleles with substantial relative frequencies in a population (usually more than 1%) is called genetic polymorphism. Genetic polymorphism at a locus is generated by mutations such as nucleotide substitution, insertions/ deletions, gene conversion, and interallelic recombination. However, most of these new mutations are eliminated from the population by genetic drift or purifying selection, and only a minority of them are incorporated into the population by chance, positive selection, or overdominant selection, as mentioned in chapter . The main subject of population genetics is to study the generation and maintenance of genetic polymorphism and to understand the mechanisms of evolution at the population level.
Wharton’s Women
Authors: Banta Martha 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This could well be the heading Edith Wharton might attach to her own “Historical Guide.” As someone in Wharton’s 1925 novel, The Mother’s Recompense, observes about plans for a proposed wedding, “with the cut of everything changing every six months, there’s no use in ordering a huge trousseau . . . whatever people say, it is more satisfactory to get the latest models on the spot” (NW, 697). This is the situation that numbs the heart of the heroine, Kate Clephane, the woman most affected by “the latest models” for marriage whose cut seems to be “changing every six months.”
Look in vain for a Whartonian guide to laws regarding woman’s suffrage, to references to women entering male-bound professions, or to the rise of female enrollments into institutions of higher learning. Those markers by which women defined their march through history between the 1840s and 1930s are absent from Wharton’s pages. Her life and writings offer excellent notations on the ways in which women are affected by historical events, material changes, and shifts in social and legal matters, but her true subject is Time, not History.
The Argument for Judicial Review
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I address two fundamental questions in this book: the question of the approach to constitutional interpretation the Supreme Court should follow, and the question of the nature of the role the Court should playhow large or active, or how small or passive-in bringing the interpreted Constitution to bear in resolving constitutional conflicts. Neither question would arise but for the practice of judicial review, which involves, centrally, the Court interpreting the Constitution in the course of resolving constitutional conflicts. In this chapter, I inquire into the legitimacy of judicial review. I do so not because the legitimacy of the practice is at issue in the United States today; judicial review seems to enjoy virtually consensual support in contemporary American society.I I do so because it is useful to explain why a practice that yields persistent controversy about constitutional interpretation and proper judicial role not merely enjoys our support but merits it. Moreover, as I explain in chapter 3, the argument for judicial review-the particular argument I make in this chapter-bears strongly on the argument I make in chapter 3 for the approach to constitutional interpretation that should inform the practice of judicial review. As I said in chapter 1, the question of the legitimacy of the practice of judicial review and the question of the approach to constitutional interpretation that should inform the practice are inextricably linked. As this and the next chapter illustrate, one’s response to the first question is an essential determinant of one’s response to the second.
Origi Does Not Entail Minimalism, II: The Indeterminacy of Morality
Authors: Perry Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An originalist approach to the interpretation of the constitutional text does not entail a minimalist judicial role-a role in which the exercise of judicial discretion is negligible-because, as I explained in the preceding chapter, (1) there is often more than one plausible conclusion to the inquiry into the original meaning of a constitutional provision, more than one conclusion an originalistjudge can plausibly reach; in that sense, the historical inquiry constitutive of the originalist approach is often indeterminate; and (2) according to at least one of those conclusions the directive represented by the provision as originally understood is often relatively indeterminate in the context of the conflicts, or of many of them, to which it is relevant. In the preceding chapter, I asked what an originalist judge is likely to do when confronted by the indeterminacy of constitutional history-the indeterminacy of historical inquiry into original meaning. Now the question is what an originalist judge is likely to do when confronted by the indeterminacy of constitutional morality-the indeterminacy of a constitutional directive.
George Bird Grinnell And The “Vanishing” Plains Indian Cultures
Authors: Smith Sherry L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
George Bird Grinnell and Charles Erskine Scott wood were contemporaries whose lives spanned the same decades. Both ventured west of the Mississippi River in the 1870s, when many Anglo-Americans still considered the West to be “wild,” and there encountered Indians as friends and enemies. In encouraging their countrymen to understand and sympathize with Indians, they both championed the distinctions of Indians’ cultures while simultaneously insisting on their shared humanity.
The Experimental Acidification of Little Rock Lake
Authors: Frost* Thomas M , Fischer Janet M , Brezonik Patrick L , Gonzalez Mária J , Kratz Timothy K , Watras Carl J , Webster Katherine E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Large-scale manipulations have proven to be highly effective in developing a basic understanding of the functioning of ecosystems and in evaluating how they are affected by human-generated stresses (Schindler 1990, Carpenter and Kitchell 1993, Frost and Blood 1996). Consequently, large-scale manipulations are highly relevant to environmental policy and management (Carpenter et al. 1995), and they avoid the problems of extrapolating results from small scale experiments that do not incorporate all components of the ecosystem (Schindler 1998). Although replication of the stress treatment is often impossible owing to costs or politics, the importance of unmanipulated reference ecosystems is recognized widely (Carpenter et al. 1995). We added such a whole-ecosystem experiment to the repertoire of the North Temperate Lakes Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) program with the experimental acidification of Little Rock Lake near the Center for Limnology’s Trout Lake Station in northern Wisconsin (Fig. 1.5, top). The experiment allowed us to assess the effects of acidification on aquatic ecosystems by speeding up a process that normally occurs slowly from acid rain.
Origin, Operation, Evolution, and Challenges
Authors: Magnuson John J , Benson Barbara J , Kratz Timothy K , Armstrong David E , Bowser Carl J , Colby Alison C C , Meinke Timothy W , Montz Pamela K , Webster Katherine E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objectives, scope, and realization of the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Program of the National Science Foundation (NSF) evolved as the activities played out at the various sites through the 1980s and 1990s and into the twenty-first century. At the onset of the program, each site had its own historical perspective and a core of individual participants who responded to NSF’s challenge to initiate long-term, site-based ecological research. Here we describe and discuss the origin, operation, history, evolution, and challenges of the LTER program from the perspective of the North Temperate Lakes site. This is our view of what happened and how the ecological science community set out in new directions, adapted, and evolved (Magnuson et al. 1984, Kratz et al. 1986, Magnuson and Bowser 1990, Magnuson et al. 1997a). We hope that this autobiographical history of science will be useful in understanding consequences of the multidirectional interactions among the researchers at the North Temperate Lakes, investigators at other LTER sites, and the National Science Foundation.
Language and Identity Politics In Canada
Authors: Schmid Carol L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the politics of identity and language relations between Quebec and the rest of Canada. Is the United States likely to face the same problems as Canada? Does accommodation to languages other than English mean that separatist demands are likely, as the representative of U.S. English insinuates? Or do many Americans, as well as the members of U.S. English, misunderstand the Quebec case, as Lemco indicates? Seymour Martin Lipset (1990), in Continental Divide, argues that national behaviors—including language relations—can only be understood comparatively, for those who know only one country, know neither well. In order to understand language relations in the United States, it is important to discover the differences and occasional similarities between Canada and the United States.
The Politics of Language In The Late Twentieth Century
Authors: Schmid Carol L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Ebonics debate, the discussion about Puerto Rican statehood, and the bilingual controversy in California have challenged long-held beliefs about the melting pot and symbolize the changing meaning of language and cultural pluralism in the United States. These three significant issues, often misunderstood, have served to polarize the American public. In the late 1990s, non-English and non-standard English become a substitute for a political agenda far beyond language itself. The English-Only movement gained widespread political momentum, often with racial overtones. An America Online poll about Ebonics drew thousands of responses (“Hooked on Ebonics:” 1997). Many of the comments were racially motivated. Language differences became a new symbol for racial intolerance. U.S. English, the nation’s largest English-Only lobby, testified before Congress on Puerto Rican statehood.
When Atypical Development and Typical Development Cross Paths
Authors: Siegel Bryna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Where and when do things start to go wrong developmentally for the child with autism? When is it chat the “signal” which is sent out to the child-is received differently from the way it is received by other children? When is it chat the child first looks at something, hears something, touches something, but the information that he gets is somehow different from what other children understand from chat same experience?
Studies of how newborns scan a mother’s face show relatively random inspection of its features, with the baby’s eyes wandering to the shape of the mother’s face as well as its interior features. However by four months, it is normal for infants to have locked on to the eyes and mouth as the centers of the “action” on Mom’s face.
Autistic Learning Disabilities Defined: How Strengths Compensate for Weaknesses and Form Autism
Authors: Siegel Bryna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An analysis of autistic learning disabilities is meant to assist in the move from observations made during diagnostic or psycho-educational assessment to specific teaching strategies. The concept of autistic learning disabilities provides a method for systematically examining how different symptoms of the autistic spectrum disorders have a direct impact on how the child with autism learns. The concept of autistic learning disabilities is based on understanding how receiving and processing information can be different for a child with autism compared to a typically developing child. It is a developmentally based method for looking at learning in the autistic spectrum disorders.
In the preceding chapter, we discussed the origins of the kinds of learning difficulties that are experienced by children with autistic spectrum disorders. Some of these difficulties were defined as innate difficulties or deficits. This means that these are conditions that the child with autism probably had from birth, or around the time of birth.
Mainstreaming That Works: Too Accommodating, or Really Including?
Authors: Siegel Bryna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Two main approaches for teaching children with autism have been described so far. Both the ABNDTT approach innovated by Lovaas and the TEACCH approach innovated by Schopler are in widespread use in therapy and education programs seeking primarily to address the specific learning needs of children with autism. Not all children with autism, however, are in autism-specific programs. Not all children with autism are treated with just one modality. Not all children with autism are in special education.
In chapter 14 there will be discussion of curricula and treatment programs that involve combining different methods, such as classes that contain both DTT and TEACCH instruction units, or children home-based programs that are combined with special education. Other children are in general special-education classes with a variety of resource and therapy services.
Thoreau, Manhood, and Race
Authors: Nelson Dana D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this opening passages of Walden’s first chapter Thoreau sets up his arguments about “Economy” through a complex of images desperate man (laboring men), mastered man (slaves), and premitive, or natural, man (the Indian basket-weaver). Readers generally take these “men” as figures for timeless truths-and they do so for good reason. Thoreau consistently pushes such images toward general, or representative, rather than specific meaning. The direction of his opening reflections is resonantly symbolic in these pages, where even apparently locally drawn images (such as the Indian basket-weaver) point the way toward larger, universal truths for our modern world.
Bibliographical Essay
Authors: Cain William E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the study of Thoreau’s writings, Raymond R. Borst’s David Thoreau: A Descriptive Bibliography (1982) is an excellent resource. It presents a comprehensive list of Thoreau’s publications as well as the title pages of first editions and other illustrations. For a list and description of Thoreau’s papers and manuscripts in private and public collections, see William L. Howarth’s The Literary Manuscripts of Henry David Thoreau (1974).
Analogy
Authors: Turner Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
REASONING by analogy is a basic topic in social science, commonly recognized as playing a principal role in law, politics, economics, policy making, cultural development, discovery, judgment, choice, and persuasion. It is also a basic topic in cognitive science. Lately, cognitive science has been gathering evidence that our folk theory of how analogy works is wrong, just as our folk theories of how language, vision, categorization, imagination, and memory work are wrong. In this chapter, I will explore what cognitive science might have to say to social scientists about the conception, analysis, and use of analogy in social science. I begin with an example where many billions of dollars were at stake in how an analogy was constructed.
Leaping a few orders of magnitude: the optical maser
Authors: Hecht Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE MASER GOT PHYSICISTS THINKING about stimulated emission. No longer was it a physical curiosity of purely academic interest. It was a effect that could generate and amplify microwaves. The maser’s microwave emission was confined to a very narrow range of frequencies, making it very attractive for spectroscopy and atomic clocks. As a device that amplified stimulated emission, it was a step on the road to the laser.
The outsider’s invention: the laser
Authors: Hecht Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
TOWNES MAY HAVE UNDERESTIMATED Gordon Gould, but Gould harbored no delusions about Townes. Gould had already been thinking about an optical version of the maser, and he knew that Townes would be formidable competition. Yet Townes’s interest also validated Gould’s intuition that the idea was important. Gould sometimes put off unpleasant tasks, but his conversation with Townes pushed him to action.
A spreading interest in the laser idea
Authors: Hecht Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IT TOOK TIME FOR THE APPEAL of the laser to spread. In early 1959, the laser was the kind of far-out research project that belonged at ARPA, Bell Labs, or a university. It looked good on paper, but lots of things that look good on paper never work. The laser was still in the basic research stage. The real action and the serious money were in the development of microwave masers.
The siren call of the laser
Authors: Hecht Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE SIREN CALL OF THE LASER continued to spread through the little world of physics in the latter part of 1959. Scientists instinctively sniff the intellectual winds for hot new ideas in their fields. Ted Maiman had picked up on the laser scent quickly because he had just completed his last project successfully. Trying to build a laser was a tempting idea for those wanting a change, because they were finishing old projects, starting new jobs, or simply getting bored or frustrated with old lines of research that had yielded few results. Many talked about the idea. A few, like Nicolaas Bloembergen, looked closely and resisted the temptation because they knew they couldn’t win the race. And some big industrial labs began venturing into the laser race in a serious way.
The critical question of efficiency
Authors: Hecht Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE NOVEMBER 1959 ISSUE of The Review of Scientific Instruments carried Wieder’s description of his ruby light source, where he wrote that the output he observed “corresponded to photon efficiency of 1%.” Ted Maiman thought that low energy-transfer efficiency in ruby was the biggest roadblock to making a laser. The chromium atoms in ruby strongly absorbed visible light in two broad bands, blue and violet light centered at about 0.42 micrometers, and green and yellow light centered near 0.55 micrometer. Yet Wieder’s paper said that only about 1 percent of the photons that a ruby crystal absorbed at those wavelengths excited chromium atoms to emit red light.
An idea simpler in theory than in practice
Authors: Hecht Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
AS MAIMAN QUIETLY WORKED ON RUBY, optimism about prospects for making some kind of laser was spreading beyond the inner circle of researchers, managers, and project sponsors. The leading industry magazine Electronics listed the laser among hot new concepts in its March 11, 1960, issue. “Working infrared and optical masers for communications and radar-like purposes are expected within two years. A wide variety of solids, liquids and gases are being investigated.” Yet the laser wasn’t headline news. It was buried on the fifth of six pages of a preview of an Institute of Radio Engineers convention in a magazine written for electronic engineers. The prediction also was carefully qualified by adding the weasel words “are expected” to the optimistic projections that had emerged after the Shawanga Lodge meeting.
An unexpected struggle for acceptance
Authors: Hecht Jeff 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE HARD PART SHOULD HAVE BEEN OVER. After nine months of intense effort, Maiman had reached his goal. With data in hand, Maiman sat down to write a paper reporting his evidence for the ruby laser. The laser race was too tight to wait for arrival of better ruby crystals. His manuscript passed swiftly through the Hughes chain of command, but the company’s patent department didn’t see anything worth filing—later costing Hughes any shot at overseas patents. On June 22, 1960, Maiman air-mailed it to Physical Review Letters, the country’s leading journal for reporting hot research in physics.