bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forbidden Drugs 3E
Authors: Robson Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Recreational drug use is a world-wide phenomenon. Despite the best efforts of governments, the public fascination with drugs shows no signs of abating. With media accounts of illegal drug use often verging on the hysterical, this book provides a refreshingly balanced and honest account of drug use throughout the world, one based on scientific fact, and not dogma. The book examines all the drugs currently used throughout the world, looking at their effects and side-effects. Why do people use drugs? Why do they become addicted? What are the lessons to be learned from making drugs illegal? Updated for the third edition with chapters rewritten to take account of scientific, epidemiological and political developments since the second edition, and with a new section on the present and future US drug policy from high-profile contributors, the book provides a much needed rational approach to the problem of drug use.
The consequences of drug use
Authors: Robson Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An individual’s reaction to a drug is shaped by many factors: the pharmacology of the drug including its potential to induce dependence, its purity and the presence or absence of contaminants or adulerants, the route by which it is taken, the way it is metabolized and stored in the body, and possibly by the person’s unique pre-existing biological make-up; the individual’s personality and experience, mood, and expectations when the drug is taken; and the physical and social environment in which the experience happens. The existence of so many variables explains the unpredictability of drug effects, and why a particular drug may affect a person differently from one occasion to another. This will be discussed further in Chapter 13.
Ecstasy and other ‘party drugs’
Authors: Robson Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Multiple drug use has always been much more prevalent within the world-wide dance club subculture which emerged from the ‘rave’ scene of the 1980s in comparison with other young people. For example, a recent British survey revealed that whereas 50% of 16 to 29 year-olds had used an illicit drug at least once in the past, the figure for ‘clubbers’ was 79%. For many of these, drug taking might only be an occasional event, but 44% agreed that ‘taking drugs is an integral part of my social life’. The breadth of drug use is also staggering. A group of Scottish dance club attenders interviewed in the 1990s had each consumed an average of 11 different drugs. Drug use within the past year was as follows: alcohol 96%; cannabis 96%; Ecstasy 87%; tobacco 86%; LSD 79%; amphetamine 77%; cocaine 59%; nitrite ‘poppers’ 51%; psilocybin 47%; temazepam 39%; diazepam 26%; codeine 19%; heroin 11%; ketamine 7%; solvents 6%; and buprenorphine 6%.
Tranquillizers and sleeping pills
Authors: Robson Philip 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Insomnia, or at least the subjective impression that one is not getting enough sleep, is a perennial human blight. Modern surveys suggest that between 30–40% of the adult population of Europe, the US, and Japan are experiencing poor sleep at any one time, and half of these have measurable daytime deficits in performance as a result. Herbal potions, opium, and alcohol have all served as sleeping-draughts in their time. In the middle of the 19th century, the sleep-inducing property of bromide was discovered, and its derivatives became very popular. It was not until the 1930s that recognition of their neurotoxic effects led to their disappearance.
Why religion is nothing special but is central
Authors: Bloch Maurice 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper reconsiders how we should approach the study of the evolution of religion. The discussion leads me, however, to a more general consideration of the way social cognition has been approached in recent literature. This reconsideration bears in mind the kind of problems that Colin Renfrew has called the ‘sapient paradox’. The paper proposes a cognitively and neurologically more probable scenario for the development of religion than certain recent theories that are questioned by the problems he highlights.
Anonymous Work
Authors: Chambers E K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
[Here I bring together, giving them the same treatment as the individual works in ch. xxiii, pieces of which the authorship, as regards the whole or a large part, is unknown or conjectural. They are grouped as (A) Plays, (B) Masks, (C) Receptions and Entertainments. It has been convenient, for the sake of classification, to include in the third group a few which might alternatively have been brought into ch. xxiii under the name of a part-author or describer.]
NG 108-15 neuroblastoma × glioma hybrid cell line as a model neuronal system
Authors: Docherty R J , Robbins, J , Brown D A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Clonal cell lines are cultured tumour cells, i.e. they divide and proliferate spontaneously when given appropriate conditions in tissue culture. This property of cell lines gives them several distinct advantages over most other preparations available to biologists, especially neurobiologists, not least that they provide versatile model systems which involve a minimal sacrifice of life. Cell lines are homogeneous preparations of cells grown in a controlled environment where as few or as many cells may be prepared as are required for a particular purpose. Hence they have equal utility for investigators from different disciplines and provide a good preparation for multidisciplinary approaches to many of the problems facing biologists today.
Modelling the non-linear conductances of excitable membranes
Authors: Borg-Graham Lyle J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modelling the electrical response of single neurons is a tool that can be used by the electrophysiologist both (a) to understand the mechanisms underlying cell behaviour and (b) to integrate data from different protocols into a consistent theoretical description of a cell in toto. Models of single neurons have appeared in many contexts, including squid axon (1, 2), molluscan neuron (3), amphibian spinal neurons (4), bullfrog sympathetic ganglion cells (5), rabbit nerve (6), cerebellar Purkinje cells (7, 8), and hippocampal pyramidal cells (9, 10).
Aequorin Measurements of Cytoplasmic Free Calcium
Authors: Cobboldand P H , Lee J, A C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. Introduction The photoproteins aequorin and obelin generate blue-green light upon binding Ca2+ ions. Aequorin has been used over the past twenty years to measure cytoplasmic free Ca2+ (Cat) in single cells by injecting the cell with purified protein and then simply measuring the light emitted from the cell with a photomultiplier. The technique has been used in giant cells [giant barnacle muscle fibre (1), amoeba (2)] down to single mammalian cells [oocytes (3), and cells from heart (4), liver (5), and adrenal gland (6)]. Populations of mammalian cells have been loaded with obelin by liposome fusion, or with aequorin by various reversible permeabilization procedures such as hypo-osmotic shock, ATP-EGTA, scrape-loading, or spin-loading (for review see ref. 7).Photoproteins have several advantages over fluorescent indicators, includ ing the need for much simpler recording instrumentation and freedom from factors such as autofluorescence, intracellular compartmentalization, rapid leakage of the probe from the cell and buffering of calcium by the probe. Relative disadvantages are the need (at present) to microinject single cells, and lack of sufficient signal to make meaningful Cat images in mammalian cells. Recently it has been possible to compare data obtained with aequorin and fura-2 in single hepatocytes (5, 8, 9), when similar cellular Cat responses were found during hormone-stimulation; a gratifying result in view of the complexities of the intracellular environment and possible sources of spurious probe behaviour.
Metallochromic Indicators
Authors: Thomas M V 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. Introduction Metallochromic indicators were used quite extensively for intracellular Ca measurement before the introduction of the fluorescent indicators, and they can still be useful alternatives under some circumstances. In any case the two indicator families have a great deal in common, because they measure Ca in exactly the same way, i.e. by undergoing an optically detectable change as a result of binding Ca ions.
Quantification of the Affinity of Drugs Acting at the Calcium Channel
Authors: Kenny Barry A , Kilpatrick Andrew T , Spedding Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Functional calcium channels Calcium plays a vital role as an intracellular second messenger and is responsible for a variety of stimulus-response events. Intracellular calcium in resting cells is maintained at very low levels (less than 10-7 M) much of it being bound and sequestered at a variety of sites including endoplasmic and sarcoplasmic reticulum and intracellular Ca2+ binding proteins. Intracellular Ca2+ can rise as a result of increased permeability of the plasma membrane by the selective opening of Ca2+ channels allowing Ca2+ to pass into the cellular cytoplasm along its electrochemical gradient.
Sodium-Calcium Exchange Activity in Plasma Membrane Vesicles
Authors: Reeves John P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. Introduction The Na+-Ca2+ exchange system is a carrier-mediated transport process in which the movement of Ca2+ions across the membrane is directly coupled to the movement of Na+ ions in the opposite direction. It is found in the plasma membrane of many types of cells, particularly excitable cells such as nerve and cardiac muscle. The exchange system is electrogenic with a stoichiometry in most cells of 3 Na+ per Ca2+ (1); in retinal rods, however, K+ movements are coupled to the exchange process and it can function with a stoichiometry of 4 Na+ per 1 Ca2+ + 1 K+ (2, 3).
Site-directed in vitro mutagenesis using uracil-containing DNA and phagemid vectors
Authors: Yuckenberg Patricia D , Witney Frank , Geisselsoder Janet , McClary John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oligonucleotide directed in vitro mutagenesis is a widely used procedure for the study of the structure and function of DNA and the protein for which it codes, for studies on regulation of gene expression and DNA replication, and for modification of food and therapeutic proteins. A wide variety of techniques is available for performing in vitro mutagenesis (reviewed in ref. 1 and this book). One strategy is to clone the segment of DNA to be mutated into a vector whose DNA exists in both single and double-stranded forms. An oligonucleotide complementary to the region to be altered, except for a limited internal mismatch, is hybridized to a single-strand copy of the DNA. A complementary strand is then synthesized by DNA polymerase using the oligonucleotide as primer. Ligase is used to seal the new strand to the 5’-end of the oligonucleotide. The double-stranded DNA, homologous except for the intended mutation, is then transformed into E. coli, resulting in two classes of progeny; the parental and those carrying the oligonucleotide directed mutation. Since there are both parental and mutant progeny, no more than half of the progeny will be mutant. In practice, a much lower fraction is usually obtained. Recently, a number of methods have been developed which are more efficient. These methods create an asymmetry between the two strands of the heteroduplex and permit selection against the wild-type strand (see also Chapters 1 and 3).
An Introduction to the Crystallogenesis Of Biological Macromolecules
Authors: Giege R , Ducruix A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The word ‘crystal’ is derived from the Greek root ‘krustallos’ meaning ·clear ice’. Like Ice, crystals are chemically well defined, and many of them are of transparent and glittering appearance. like quartz, which was for a long time the archetype. Often they are beautiful geometrical solids with regular faces and sharp edge which probably explains why crystallinity, even in the figurative meaning, is taken as a symbol of perfection and purity. From the physical point of view, crystals are regular three-dimensional arrays of atoms. ions, molecule or molecular assemblies. Ideal crystals nm be imagined as infinite and perfect arrays in which the building hlock (the a ymmetric units) arc arranged according to well-defined symmetries (forming the 230 space groups) into unit cells that are repeated in the three-dimensions by translations. Experimental crystals. however, have finite dimensions. An implicit consequence is that a macroscopic fragment from a crystal is still a crystal, because the orderly arrangement of molecules within such a fragment still extends at long distances. The practical consequence is that crystal fragments can be used as seeds (see Chapter 5) In laboratory-grown crystals the periodicity is never perfect, due to different kinds of local disorders or long-range imperfections like dislocations.
Methods of crystallization
Authors: Ducruix A , Giege R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many methods to crystallize biological macromolecules (for recent reviews see references 1-3). all of which aim at bringing the solution of biological macromolecules to a supersaturation state (see Chapters 9 and 10). Although vapour phase equilibrium and dialysis techniques are the two methods most favoured by crystallographers and biochemists, batch and interface diffusion methods will also be described.
Crystallization in Gels and Related Methods
Authors: Robert M C , Provost, K , Lefaucheux F 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gel growth is a particular case of, solution growth and consequently is ruled by the same parameters; however, some of the parameters can be varied much more conveniently by gelling the growth medium. After a short description of gel structures allowing identification of the parameters involved, typical techniques used for macromolecule crystal growth are reviewed in order to explain how the techniques are tailored for gel growth. Practical advice for the preparation of different gel-growth experiments is given together with comments about the expected results. To some extent, gel growth has features common with growth under reduced gravity or hypergravity. These related techniques are considered as well.
Automating Crystallization Experiments
Authors: Ward. K B , Perozzo. M A , Zuk W M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book on the practical aspects of preparing single crystals of macro molecules suitable for diffraction analysis describes in detail the various activities required to find conditions suitable for optimum crystallization. These often involve the repetitive manipulation of small (1-10 µI) volumes of reagents to produce a solution which must then be inspected visually at intermittent times throughout a period ranging from several days to several months. This experimental protocol is ideally suited for the use of laboratory automation equipment. Conse4uently, several research groups have developed equipment in which one or more laborious, repetitive, and tedious operations have been automated.
Preparation of Selenomethionyl Protein Crystals
Authors: Doublie S , Carter C W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For many years multiple isomorphous replaccement (MIR) has been the method of choice for phase determination. In most cases MIR is reliable, but occasionally it fails: heavy-atom binding may not occur, or if it does it may lead to loss of isomorphism. Use of Multiwavelength Anomalous Dispersion (MAD) has been introduced to circumvent these two problems (I, 2). On the one hand, the MAD method exploits the presence of anomalous scatterers, such as Cu or Fe in metalloproteins, or any of the heavy-metal derivatizing agents. On the other hand, all measurement relevant to determining a single phase can be made on the same crystal o isomorphism is exact, and electron density maps are of very high quality (3, 4). Thus, the MAD method will likely become a preferred method for phase determination.
Finite element analysis biomechanics
Authors: Beaupre Gary s. , Carter dennis r. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most bioengineers would agree that finite element analysis (FEA) has had a profound impact in the field of biomechanics. Finite clement analysis provides analysts with a technique to quantitatively analyse complex biological systems for which other solution strategies are either impractical or completely intractable. For example, in the field of orthopaedic biomechanics, FEA has increased our understanding of successful design strategics for total joint replacements to such an extent that the majority of research laboratories, as well as most manufacturers of orthopaedic implants, now comider FEA to be an indispensable analysis and design tool. In addition, FEA is becoming established as a powerful approach to implement and test new theories for the role of mechanical stresses in the development, maintenance, and repair of many tissue and organ systems.
Hydrodynamics of animal movement
Authors: DcMont M E , Hokkanen J E I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
All organisms, whether plant or animal, terrestrial or aquatic, sessile or freely moving, large or small, experience now of fluid over and through external and internal structures. This flow can be an unwanted consequence of some other process that induces the flow, or generated purposefully for functional mechanisms. The forces generated by this flow, for all situations, have important implications to the life of the organism, and influence the physiology and ecology of the organism, as well as many other biological processes. Clearly, knowledge of these fluid processes will have important implications in understanding the relationship of an organism to its environment. This chapter introduces some basic theory of fluid dynamics and experimental techniques, important in understanding one particular aspect of biology — how animals move through water.
Functional analysis of uvomorulin by site-directed mutagenesis and gene transfer into eukaryotic cells
Authors: Stappert Jorg , Kemler Rolf 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The generation and expression of suitable mutants of a gene is a powerful technique for altering the primary structure of the coded protein to study structure-function relationships. New methods for the isolation and cloning of genes and, above all, the chemical synthesis of DNA allow genes to be altered specifically by introducing deletions or insertions or by replacing individual bases in the DNA. In this way virtually any change desired may be made to the protein primary structure involving the 20 amino acids. The biological activity of these mutants can then be tested in vitro and in vivo. The availability of full-length CDNAs coding for cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) has opened new possibilities for detailed studies on the molecular mechan isms of cell adhesion.
Integrin mutagenesis
Authors: Reszka A , Horwitz A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Integrins are cell-surface receptors involved in cellular adhesion to the extra cellular matrix (ECM), to other cell receptors, and to blood molecules (1-4). In the cell’s interior, integrins are connected to the cytoskeleton through a supramolecular linkage. By virtue of these interactions, integrins are implicated in a vast number of functions (Table J).
Biochemical approaches for analysing de nova assembly of epithelial junctional components
Authors: Pasdar Manijeh 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The epithelial intercellular junctional complex is composed of four major components: tight junctions (1-4), adherens junctions (5-8), desmosomes (1, 9-12), and cell adhesion molecules (13-22). These components rapidly appear on the plasma membrane of adjacent cells upon induction of cell-cell contact. A common feature of these junctional components is their apparent structural similarity (Figure IA). Each junctional component consists of an extracellular or membrane core domain and an intracellular or cytoplasmic plaque domain to which cytoskeletal elements are attached. In all identified cases the extracellular domain consists of glycosylated integral membrane proteins and the cytoplasmic domain comprises non-glycosylated proteins (Figure 1B). These integral membrane and cytoplasmic proteins presumably go through different biosynthetic pathways (Figure 2). The glycoproteins of the membrane core domain are synthesized and core glycosylated in the endoplasmic reticulum. These proteins are then transported to the Golgi complex, where they become complex glycosylated. Subsequently, the glycoproteins are transported via transport vesicles to the plasma membrane. The protein components of the cytoplasmic domain however, are synthesized on free ribosomes and are then transported to the plasma membrane. Consequently, the assembly of a multi-subunit junctional complex requires the coordinated expression and processing of the constituent proteins and their final association in the fully assembled structure. Therefore, a comparative analysis of the biosynthetic pathways of the protein constituents of a multi subunit complex should provide valuable insights into mechanisms regulating its assembly.
Recording membrane currents of peripheral neurones in short-term culture
Authors: Stansfeld Catherine , Mathie Alistair 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In comparison with central neurones, ganglion cells are attractive because they are accessible collections of relatively uniform cell types, easily identified visually. An added advantage is that they are generally large—dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cells being 10-60 μm and sympathetic superior cervical ganglion (SCG) cells being 15—40 μm—thus, they are readily accessible to electrophysiological techniques. Quite apart from questions concerning the physiology of the sensory system, the unipolar DRG and nodose ganglion cells can be viewed as model spherical neurones to which can be applied more general questions concerning pre- or post-synaptic membrane processes. They have, for example, been used extensively to examine biochemical processes governing calcium channel function. Thus, they are an invaluable electrophysiological tool from which we can gain insights into the mechanisms at work in less accessible neuronal membranes. On the other hand, SCG cells are normally multipolar, and so lack the ideal compactness afforded by the sensory ganglion cells; however, they temporarily adopt this ideal spherical form when dispersed from the ganglion. At this stage their membrane currents can be studied without the complications of dendrites. In this chapter, we concentrate on a short-term preparation or isolated cells-to be studied within 24 h-and have chosen sympathetic SCG cells as our example. The purpose of this preparation is to achieve rapid cell dissociation for electrophysiology in which high cell yield is not important (4000 cells per day is usually enough for most electro physiologists). Our emphasis is on how to optimize conditions for good control of the membrane voltage, and how to make use of this in interpreting the membrane currents seen.
Transport mechanisms in ocular epithelia
Authors: Jacob T J c. , Stelling J W , Gooch Amanda , Zhang Jin Jun 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
1. Introduction
The epithelia of the lens and ciliary body of the eye represent very different structures both from structural and functional viewpoints. The reasons for studying them are, however, related. Two diseases of the eye, cataract and glaucoma, result from the malfunctioning of these respective epithelia.
All cpithelia arc involved in transport and, although there are some broad categories, each individual epithelium tends to possess specific faculties that arc directly related to its particular function. In the case of the lens, this function is to maintain the ionic and solute balance in the tissue to prevent swelling and opacification, and in the case of the ciliary epithelium, it is to secrete aqueous humour. Although these two epithelia have distinct functions, they nevertheless have a number of channels, exchange mechanisms, and pumps in common, and this chapter deals with the techniques used in their identification.