bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential uptake of ferumoxtran‐10 and ferumoxytol, ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide contrast agents in rabbit: Critical determinants of atherosclerotic plaque labeling
Authors: Yancy April D. , Olzinski Alan R. , Hu Tom C‐C. , Lenhard Stephen C. , Aravindhan Karpagam , Gruver Susan M. , Jacobs Paula M. , Willette Robert N. , Jucker Beat M. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPurposeTo compare atherosclerotic plaque uptake of a first (ferumoxtran‐10) and second generation (ferumoxytol) ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) contrast agent with different pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties.Materials and MethodsNew Zealand White rabbits maintained on a high cholesterol/fat diet were subjected to balloon injury to the abdominal aorta. Ferumoxtran‐10 or ferumoxytol (500 μmol/kg) was administered at 2, 4, and 8 weeks following injury. In vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed immediately prior to, immediately after, and 6 days post‐contrast administration. Ex vivo MRI, histologic, and inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) iron analyses were performed on the excised vessels.ResultsThe blood pool clearance of ferumoxytol (t½ ≤ 6 hours) was more rapid than that of ferumoxtran‐10 (t½ ≤ 48 hours). Decreased in vivo MRI signal intensity in the abdominal aorta was observed at 2, 4, and 8 weeks following injury with ferumoxtran‐10, but not with ferumoxytol. Consistent with these observations, ex vivo MRI signal intensity was decreased in the ferumoxtran‐10 vessels, and to a lesser degree in the ferumoxytol vs. control vessels (− contrast agent). In contrast, in vitro macrophage phagocytosis of USPIO was four to six fold greater with ferumoxytol than with ferumoxtran‐10. Additionally, the absolute iron content correlated with ex vivo MRI signal intensity in all vessels (r = −0.86, P < 0.0001).ConclusionsThese data suggest that the exposure period of atherosclerotic plaque to USPIO rather than the kinetics of the USPIO uptake by plaque alone is a critical criterion for experimental design of in vivo studies. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;21:432–442. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adding another spectral dimension to 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy of hepatic encephalopathy
Authors: Binesh Nader , Huda Amir , Bugbee Mary , Gupta Rakesh , Rasgon Natalie , Kumar Anand , Green Michael , Han Steven , Thomas M. Albert 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate a localized two‐dimensional correlated magnetic resonance spectroscopic (L‐COSY) technique in patients with hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and healthy subjects, and to correlate the cerebral metabolite changes with neuropsychological (NP) test scores.Materials and MethodsEighteen minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) patients and 21 healthy controls have been investigated. A GE 1.5‐T magnetic resonance (MR) scanner was used in combination with a body MR coil for transmission and a 3‐inch surface coil for reception. A 27‐mL voxel was localized by three slice‐selective radio frequency (RF) pulses (90°‐180°‐90°) in the anterior cingulate region. The total duration of each two‐dimensional L‐COSY spectrum was approximately 25 minutes. The NP battery included a total of 15 tests, which were grouped into six domains.ResultsMR spectroscopic results showed a statistically significant decrease in myo‐inositol (mI) and choline (Ch) and an increase in glutamate/glutamine (Glx) in patients when compared to healthy controls. There was also an increase in taurine (Tau) in patients. The NP results indicated a significant correlation between motor function assessed by NP tests and mI ratios recorded using two‐dimensional L‐COSY.ConclusionThe study demonstrated the feasibility of evaluating the two‐dimensional L‐COSY sequence in a clinical environment. The results showed additional cerebral metabolites that can be measured with the technique in comparison to one‐dimensional study. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005;21:398–405. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gone Astray; or, What the Public Feared
Authors: Gedge Karin E. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The gender ideology of separate spheres that emerged in nineteenth-century America prescribed public roles for men and private roles for women while, at the same time, asking clergy and women to serve together as moral guardians of the republic. The cultural no-man’s land they occupied proved to be dangerous territory. Four highly publicized trials reveal nineteenth-century Americans’ fascination and horror with clerical sexual misconduct and crimes against women: the 1832 murder trial of New England Methodist minister Ephraim Avery; the 1844 presentment for moral “impurities” of the Episcopal Bishop of New York, Benjamin Onderdonk; the 1857 criminal adultery trial of Boston pastor Isaac Kalloch; and the 1875 church hearing and civil trial for adultery of the renowned preacher, Henry Ward Beecher. The verbal and graphic images generated in each of these trials tapped deep cultural anxieties, showing clergy and women regularly transgressing the too permeable boundaries of separate spheres and calling into question their roles as moral guardians and the utility of gender ideals in regulating social and sexual behavior.
Paradoxical Pastors; or, What the Novelist Imagined
Authors: Gedge Karin E. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Nineteenth-century American readers regularly encountered powerful and paradoxical images of clergy and women in many fictive genres, a reflection of the cultural tensions manifested in the contemporary pastoral relationship. Sensational novelists such as George Lippard exposed the monstrous incongruity of the “reverend rake.” Sentimental novelist Susan Warner constructed a romantic clerical hero who was both benevolent and despotic in his relationship with the female protagonist, while Harriet Beecher Stowe’s minister was impotent, dependent on the women who supported him. Nathaniel Hawthorne’s enduring Scarlet Letter portrayed the pastor as an unworthy saint and Hester Prynne as the worthy sinner. Even pious memoirs and parsonage novels acknowledged the intrusion of sexuality, “something peculiar and insidious” in Stowe’s words, which inevitably corrupted the spiritual relationship between pastors and women. Only transforming it into a marital relationship could, to some degree, resolve the inherent sexual tension.
The Unsteady Shepherd; or, What the Pastor Experienced
Authors: Gedge Karin E. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The journals and correspondence of young men entering the Protestant ministry reveal their anxieties about undertaking pastoral work in general and their discomfort and frustration in ministering to women in particular. Formal coursework in the seminary provided insufficient field experience and left the novice pastor deeply worried about his manner, manners, and efficacy. Encounters with women were exceptionally painful, especially when they resisted the clergyman’s exhortations, argued with his theology, or appeared too eager to entertain him. Questioning their own abilities or that of women, young men retreated and avoided women. Even the search for a suitable wife to whom he could delegate his ministry to women generated apprehension, since he was acutely aware that she could “make or mar” his career in the ministry. Whether novices or veteran pastors, many men experienced distance, rather than intimacy or an alliance with women.
Sheep without a Shepherd; or, What Women Experienced
Authors: Gedge Karin E. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The diaries and correspondence of two dozen northern Protestant women offer little evidence of a close bond with a pastor unless the pastoral relationship became a marital relationship. Despite expressions of admiration for an occasional “good sermon” or a “dear pastor,” women expressed disillusionment and disappointment when pastors failed to offer effective spiritual support from the pulpit or in person in times of need. Few reported any face-to-face religious conversations with pastors; those who did recorded responses ranging from surprise to embarrassment to frustration to outrage. Cultural constructions of gender difference imposed distance in the pastoral relationship, whether women expressed it as reverence for the minister as an “ambassador of Christ,” or inchoate resentment of masculine privileges and shortcomings, or a fear of rejection, or a troubling recognition of their own romantic desire or jealousy.
Epilogue
Authors: Gedge Karin E. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Gedge asks scholars to reject the “feminization” paradigm for understanding women’s role in the nineteenth-century American Protestant church. In its stead, she proposes a “great” or masculine tradition and a “little” or feminine tradition, modifying a conceptualization borrowed from sociologists of religion who propounded a “great” ecclesiastical tradition and a “little” popular tradition in the church. Protestant clergy, the church, and theology were not “feminized” during this period; these institutions were redefined as “masculine” to conform to new gender ideals. Women continued to be excluded from institutional church leadership, but began to articulate and act upon their discontent in creative ways. They discovered spiritual guidance in non-institutional ways, among families and friends, read and wrote tracts and novels, and participated in new anticlerical religious movements such as spiritualism, Mormonism, and Christian Science.
Conditioned Perceptions
Authors: Graziano Frank 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Considers the ways in which sanctity is constructed in folklore, hagiography, iconography, and testimony taken during processes for canonization. Detailed analysis elucidates how an unrealized ideal constructed textually serves as the model for aspirants to sanctity, how this prototype becomes a palimpsest as over the centuries new textually constructed lives are embedded, how tautology contributes to perceptions of sanctity, and how true saints are distinguished from impostors. The case material includes saints Catherine of Siena, Mariana of Jesus, and Teresa of Avila, in addition to Rose of Lima.
Roots
Authors: Shea William M. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This chapter examines the roots of evangelical critique of Catholicism. The Roman church was viewed as the legion of the Antichrist, a false church, a heretical and apostate church. So evil was its “system”, and so corrupt its doctrine and practice that it can only be dealt with in the language of an apocalyptic invented to pierce through an opaque history to its roots in the infernal mind. The Reformation was thus, inextricably linked to Manichean rhetoric.
Hard Evangelicals and the Apostate Church
Authors: Shea William M. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The most important decision faced by American Evangelicals in the late 20th century was whether to regard the Catholic Church as either an apostate church or a heretical church. Those who hold the traditional judgment of apostasy are called “hard” evangelicals; those who have modified this judgment are called “soft” evangelicals. This chapter reviews some recent examples of the “hard” evangelical option.
Soft Evangelicals and the Heretical Church
Authors: Shea William M. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Reformation principles have made conservative evangelicals unable to view the Catholic Church as positively related to the Pauline gospel of free grace, as in some sense a Christian church. However, some evangelicals have managed it. This chapter examines the figures representative of the very Reformed tradition that has historically judged Rome to be an apostate church.
Feasts
Authors: Shevzov Vera 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Local feasts were a deeply rooted feature of Russian Orthodoxy. These not only displayed the characteristics of classical Christian worship, but integrated universally recognized traits of Orthodox worship into the fabric of village life. Such feasts grounded the Orthodox calendar in that feasts which bore witness to biblical events, saints, or icons of universal or national significance mixed with feasts that testified to similar though more immediate events.
The Paradise of God
Authors: Wirzba Norman 
Published: March 2005

AbstractJewish and Christian doctrines of creation, when interpreted as accounts of the moral and spiritual character of the world rather than simply its origin, hold the key to addressing a variety of contemporary environmental concerns. They do so by showing how our identities as creatures lead to vocations that promote the care, peace, and celebration of creation. This account is developed through a sustained conversation with contemporary ecological science and agrarian thought. This book develops why the idea of creation has fallen upon hard times in modernity, and how something like a culture of creation might be envisioned that would pair ecologically informed theology with a variety of cultural concerns like education, economics, work, food, design, and built environments. This new interpretation of creation offers the possibility for a culture of justice and peace for humans and non-humans alike.
On (Re)Centering the Margins
Authors: Field David N. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
While many theologians have turned from the preferential option to a postmodern emphasis on otherness and difference, the author contends that the discourse of postmodernity, which is linked to the shifts in global capitalism, has destructive and oppressive potential, particularly for Africans. The preferential option entails that God is partial to the marginalized and that God works from the margins. Thus, an orientation to the other is not theologically sufficient; what is required is orientation to the exploited, suffering, and abandoned other, gained through a kenotic pilgrimage to the margins. A liberative theology that respects otherness will be rooted in the sociocultural realities experienced by Africans as they resist the forces of death and struggle for liberation and life. African theologies offer an alternative vision of Christian faith and praxis that critiques and corrects North Atlantic theologies.
Space and Subtle Matter in Descartes's Metaphysics
Authors: Bennett Jonathan 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Descartes rightly attacked the idea of space as extended nothing, but in inferring that space is an extended something, a substance, he overlooked the possibility that it is instead a system of relations (as Leibniz held). Even if it is a substance, it does not follow – as Descartes implied that it does – that “space” and “matter” are synonymous. It might instead be (1) that space is a substantial container, portions of which can be colocated with bodies or (2) that space is a substantial separator, portions of which flow into all locations where there are no bodies.
Descartes's Extended Substances
Authors: Stuart Matthew 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Was Descartes an occasionalist about body–body causation? Many scholars (including Garber and Hatfield) have argued that he was. This essay examines the textual evidence against such a reading of Descartes, his discussions of force, and his doctrine of the creation of the eternal truths, and argues that Descartes was not such an occasionalist.
The Range of Leibnizian Compatibilism
Authors: Sotnak Eric 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
“The Range of Leibnizian Compatibilism” Leibniz is generally regarded as a compatibilist, holding that an individual can be determined and also act freely (or have free will). However, some Leibnizian texts suggest that perhaps Leibniz also had incompatibilist tendencies; in particular, Leibniz could not entirely give up the thesis that free individuals must have the ability to act in ways other than they actually do. I identify several varieties of deterministic threat to freedom and examine Leibniz's views with respect to them. Leibniz must find room in his metaphysics for compatibilism not only with respect to human freedom, but also for divine freedom. There are asymmetries in his accounts of human and divine freedom that make it easier for Leibniz to accommodate compatibilism for God than for humans.
The Visitation
Authors: Kreitzer Beth 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This chapter explores Lutheran sermons on the Visitation text. Mary is portrayed as the faithful believer, the inspired witness to God’s word, the humble Christian servant. Her goodness in the theological virtues strengthens her role as a model of good social behavior. The complexity of her image in these sermons allows the authors to honor an ideal in Mary that is not only true to the scriptural text, but also avoids the pitfalls of her medieval portrait.
Other Marian Holidays and Herrenfesten
Authors: Kreitzer Beth 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
This chapter explores Lutheran sermons on texts in which Mary appears. In the Christmas story from Luke 2:1-20, Jesus as the promised messiah is the focus of sermons despite Mary’s vital role in the events that took place. In the story of Jesus’ passion, the significance of Mary at the cross is minimized, and the growing devotion to Mary as coredemptrix is ignored. Sermons on the three important holidays celebrating Mary’s conception, birth, and assumption appear only in the earliest postils.
Conclusion
Authors: Kreitzer Beth 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The sermons considered in this volume present the orthodox, official opinions of the emerging Lutheran tradition during the 16th century. The purpose behind the presentation of Mary in these sermons is both pedagogical and hortatory. Portrayals of Mary are meant to teach the audience how to believe, live, behave, and read the bible, and then encourage them to incorporate these ideas into their lives and behavior. Images of Mary help answer the question, what did it mean for German Lutherans pastors to be a “good Christian”, and a good citizen.
The Collapse of the Paradigm
Authors: Davis Thomas W. 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
The dominance of the Albright-Wright paradigm was challenged from both within and without. The most vigorous challenges to biblical archaeology came from Wright’s own students. The paradigm of biblical archaeology collapsed in the 1960s. By the end of this decade, Wright had rejected the view that archaeology could provide an answer to the Kulturgeschichte questions of biblical archaeology. He did this by declaring that, “Ambiguity is a central component of history”.
introduction
Authors: Slone D. Jason 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis introductory chapter begins with an explanation of the basis of this book, namely, Justin Barrett’s notion of “theological correctness”. He showed that while religious believers produce theologically correct ideas in situations that allow them the time and space to reflect symmetrically on their beliefs, the same people can stray from those ideological beliefs in situations that require them to solve problems rapidly. Theological correctness is the logical extension of this phenomena — why is it that people believe what they shouldn’t? An overview of the chapters in this volume is also presented.
w.d.g.d.? (what does god do?)
Authors: Slone D. Jason 
Published: March 2005

AbstractPeople believe that human beings or other mundane agents (mechanical processes, other people, etc.) cause most of life’s events, despite their religious beliefs. Thus, there is tension between theological determinism (events are controlled by God), and free will (events are controlled by human beings). It is argued that this tension results from the ambiguity of agency.
The Power of Office
Authors: Cooke Bernard 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
People's ordinary understanding of ‘power’ is the authority exercised by civil or religious officials. To limit a very broad topic but still illustrate the power inherent in ‘office’, this chapter focuses on the dynamic historically operative in the power of Church officials, specifically in the Roman Catholic community. Tracing the gradual evolution of ecclesiastical power from initial judgment against sin to overall ruling of Christian faith and life, the chapter treats ‘the power of orders’ as it moves from social location to internal power to grant ‘grace’ through ritual presidency. It then describes ‘the power of jurisdiction’ as it emerges in the Middle Ages and gradually controls Church order and Church teaching.
The Power of Fame
Authors: Cooke Bernard 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
As far back as St. Paul, a central and recurrent theme in discussion of the Holy Spirit has been the tension between Spirit and law, closely linked to debate about faith and good works. Law's power flows from the authority of the lawgiver, ultimately the authority of a divine creator; but legitimate civil law arises from the consent of the governed. Law lies at the root of social order; expresses the dictates of the common good while guaranteeing the rights of individuals. Conscience and the influence of the Spirit in conscience are the norm of moral law.
The Power of Law
Authors: Cooke Bernard 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Fame and good reputation have long been recognized as powerful forces of motivation. A person's good name and credibility can be enhanced or damaged by report or rumours; to so influence one's public esteem is to exert considerable power. Again, the power of propaganda has often been employed to influence public opinion and acceptance of a regime. Esteem of influential professional groups, such as clergy, doctors or lawyers, provides subtle power for members of those groups, provided they adhere to accepted norms of ‘respectability’. Special credibility attaches to those in ‘sacred’ offices or those with a reputation for sanctity.
The Power of Imagination
Authors: Cooke Bernard 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Underlying humans’ creativity and their ability to plan the future is the power of imagination. Situated between thought and affectivity and involving both, the human imagination has power to shape humans’ lives in new and unexpected ways. Link of images to emotions, insights, decision and action. Religious problem of images of the divine, and the response of iconoclasm. Basic role of human bodiliness in imagination and in divine revelation.
The Power of Symbol/Word
Authors: Cooke Bernard 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Because symbols exercise a fundamental and indispensable function in human perception and communication, there has been extensive research into symbolism in modern times. Explores the key role of Immanuel Kant's philosophy. The most pervasive and important symbol system is human language that shapes and expresses thought, feelings and intentions. Words have power to inform, motivate, and direct human activity. Religious and philosophical reflections have long focused on the power of ‘word’. Biblical insight into the creative power of God's word comes to climax in the claim (in John's gospel) that Jesus is the incarnation of the divine Word. Religious symbolism, especially in ritual, has been seen as the context of ionic presence of the divine.
The Power of Eros
Authors: Cooke Bernard 
Published: March 2005

Abstract
Unjustified limitation of eros to sexual attraction; actually, it deals with the interdependent relationship of all created realities. Desire as basic to human experience and an instance of cosmic drive towards fulfillment. Intertwining in humans of erotic attraction with love. Mysterious application of ‘desire’ to divine creativity and intrinsic teleology of the universe. Erotic attraction not evil; instead it has functioned as positive element in Jewish and Christian spirituality.