bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ideology and Injury Prevention
Authors: Whitman Steven , McKnight John L. 
Published: May 2005

Data from a recently completed study of head injuries reveal that many of these injuries, and deaths from these injuries, result from interpersonal violence and automobile accidents. Such injuries are normally difficult to prevent. In this study it was found that much of the interpersonal violence involves family members and many of the vehicle accidents, especially those that result in death, happen to pedestrians. Prevention thus becomes even more difficult. Based upon these data and observations, five categories of prevention strategies are generated and evaluated. It is determined that the four strategies usually within the domain of traditional prevention (inaction, education, legislation, and design alterations) are not likely to prevent many head injuries or injuries in general. A fifth category is thus recommended. This category requires meaningful involvement of people into work that impacts on the social and political reality of their lives. The prevailing ideology of prevention offered by the health professions is considered and is found to be in opposition to our fifth prevention category. The implications of this opposition are examined and the search for improved health is considered in this context.
Psychiatric Assessment of Patients with Life-Threatening Cardiac Arrhythmias
Authors: Baker Brian , Kazarian Shahe S. , Dorian Paul , Lanphier Caroline 
Published: May 2005

Objective: This article describes the development of a protocol specifically designed for the psychiatric assessment of patients with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. Method: Psychiatric assessment occurs in the context of a team approach in which the cardiologist has a pivotal role. Initial findings and one-year follow-up data on the first twenty-five patients evaluated psychiatrically are presented. Results: Findings tend to confirm that psychiatric complaints are common on initial assessment and suggest that patients with life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias who do not use the psychological mechanism of denial and volunteer psychological complaints may constitute a subgroup of patients who would be more amenable to psychiatric intervention compared to those denying psychological complaints at initial psychiatric interview. Conclusion: Psychiatrists and associated professionals should become more involved with patients with life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias.
Thanatology
Authors: Lucente Frank E. 
Published: May 2005

Increasing aggressiveness in tackling the problem of head and neck cancer has been paralleled by a rising death rate on the E.N.T. service. As a result, the otolaryngologist has had to re-examine not only the manner in which he takes care of the terminally-ill patient but also his own thoughts on death and dying. This paper presents a review of 100 consecutive deaths on the otolaryngology service at Barnes Hospital, St. Louis between July 1965 and June 1970. The age, sex, race, and diagnosis for each patient is listed as well as the duration of his final admission. The frequently-seen themes of denial, pain, fear and loneliness are considered, particularly in regard to one patient who was hospitalized over ten months. Finally, some suggestions are made for the care of the dying patient.
Population and Economic Development in Latin America
Authors: Singer Paul 
Published: May 2005

Latin America has been sparsely populated since colonial times. The importation of slaves during the first half of the 19th century and European immigration during the second half have provided the manpower needed for the expansion of the Latin American colonial economies. At the end of the last century, industrialization in the form of import substitution began where sufficiently large domestic markets, brought about through increasing exports, permitted it. Consumer goods industries were created near population centers of sufficient size to provide a sizeable domestic market. After 1930, development became the driving force of economic growth in several Latin American countries. The extent to which import substitution could be accomplished depended on the size of the domestic market in each country. This is the reason that industrialization has made more headway in the three largest countries of the area. The small population size of many Latin American countries is now a constraint to their development. The enlargement of their domestic markets through the formation of free trade areas may spur development, but this cannot be achieved in the near future. For them, population growth is still important. Fertility is, however, already decreasing in Latin America and population growth is likely to diminish in the near future. In order to develop, most Latin American countries will have to integrate a larger proportion of their population into the markets, since they will not be able to continue to rely on population growth for the expansion of effective demand.
Media and Innovation Spark a Revolution in Higher Education in Iran
Authors: Cumming John , Rashidpour Ebrahim 
Published: May 2005

Educators in Iran are attempting an educational revolution through the use of media to bridge the gap between needs for higher education graduates and a woefully short supply of them. A massive growth of the economy has fueled a continuing crisis in providing adequately trained professionals for the nation. One answer has been the creation of the Free University of Iran. Local Centers equipped with instrumentation will form a network modeled after the Open University in England and Mid-America University in the United States.
Multiple Sclerosis and Schizophrenia: A Case Report
Authors: Hollender Marc H. , Steckler Philip P. 
Published: May 2005

In the borderland between psychiatry and neurology the clinician occasionally encounters patients with diseases which challenge diagnostic skills and treatment methods. A case is presented in which the coexistence of multiple sclerosis and schizophrenia raises essential questions about the relationship of mind and brain. A young woman with multiple sclerosis developed a clinical picture of schizophrenia in the initial stages of her disease. During sodium amobarbital interviews the patient's mental functioning cleared temporarily, although tranquilizers failed to control disruptive behavior. Electroconvulsive therapy was administered with dramatic improvement of her psychiatric disorder and no worsening of her neurological disease. In the seven years since recovery she has married and raised two healthy children without recurrence of either neurological or psychiatric disorder. While no cause-and-effect relationship can be defined, such cases emphasize the need for further studies of the relationship of central nervous system disease to psychiatric disorder.
Inequalities in Health. The Black Report: A Summary and Comment
Authors: Gray Alastair McIntosh 
Published: May 2005

In August 1980 the United Kingdom Department of Health and Social Security published the Report of the Working Group on Inequalities in Health, also known as the Black Report (after chairman Sir Douglas Black, President of the Royal College of Physicians). The Report showed in great detail the extent to which ill-health and death are unequally distributed among the population of Britain, and suggested that these inequalities have been widening rather than diminishing since the establishment of the National Health Service in 1948. The Report concluded that these inequalities were not mainly attributable to failings in the NHS, but rather to many other social inequalities influencing health: income, education, housing, diet, employment, and conditions of work. In consequence, the Report recommended a wide strategy of social policy measures to combat inequalities in health. These findings and recommendations were virtually disowned by the then Secretary of State for Social Services, very few copies of the Report were printed, and few people had the opportunity to read it. The Black Report is an important document that deserves wide attention and debate. This summary and comment is intended to give greater access to its evidence, arguments, conclusions, and recommendations.
The Medical Context of Hypochondriacal Traits
Authors: Mabe P. Alex , Riley William T. , Jones L. Ralph , Hobson Douglas P. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: This study examines the effects of two medical contexts on the relationship of hypochondriacal traits and their potential correlates. Method: Correlates of hypochondriacal traits were compared from a matched sample of fifty-five general medical inpatients with a sample of fifty-five medical inpatients referred for psychiatric evaluation. Patients completed questionnaires assessing emotional distress and health attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors, and their attending physician completed ratings of the patient's illness and illness behavior. Results: Patients referred for psychiatric consultation exhibited significantly higher levels of hypochondriacal illness presentation than the matched nonreferred sample. Moderated regression analyses revealed three trends regarding the interactive effects of group status on the relationship of hypochondriacal traits to their potential correlates: 1) presence of angry feelings and interpersonal friction was positively associated with hypochondriacal concerns for the psychiatric referred patients only, 2) the tendency to deny life stresses and attribute all problems to the effects of illness was positively associated with a misinterpretation of the severity of their illness and hypochondriacal illness presentation for the psychiatric referred patients, whereas this association was negative for the nonreferred medical patients, and 3) the association of reports of emotional distress symptoms with hypochondriacal illness preparation was negative for the psychiatric referred patients and positive for the nonreferred medical patients. Conclusions: Study results suggest that hypochondriasis may not represent a uniform nosological disorder and that the context of its study can significantly influence etiologic findings.
Neoliberalism, “Globalization,” Unemployment, Inequalities, and the Welfare State
Authors: Navarro Vicente 
Published: May 2005

This analysis of “neoliberalism” and its economic and social consequences is presented in six sections. Section I begins by describing the impact of neoliberal public policies on economic growth and inflation, on business profits and business investments, on productivity, on business credit, on unemployment and social inequalities, on social expenditures, and on poverty and family debt. The author shows that, except in the area of business profits and control of inflation, neoliberal policies have not proved superior to those they replaced. Section II deals with unemployment and social polarization in the developed capitalist countries. The author criticizes some of the theories put forward to explain these social problems, such as the introduction of new technologies and globalization of the economy, and suggests that a primary reason for these problems is the implementation of neoliberal policies. Section III challenges the widely held neoliberal perception that the U.S. economy is highly efficient and the E.U. economies are “sclerotic” due to their “excessive” welfare states and “rigid” labor markets. The author shows that the U.S. economy is not so dynamic, nor the E.U. economies so sclerotic. Some developed countries with greater social protection and more regulated labor markets are shown to be more successful than the United States in producing jobs and lowering unemployment. The reasons for the growing polarization in developed capitalist countries, rooted in political rather than economic causes, are discussed in section IV—especially the enormous power of the financial markets and their influence on international agencies and national governments, and the weakness of the labor movements, both nationally and internationally. Section V questions the major theses of globalization. The author shows that rather than globalization of commerce and investments, we are witnessing a regionalization of economic relations stimulated by political considerations. He also analyzes the globalization of capital finance, criticizing the thesis that capital markets are determining public policies. The economic determinism that underlies the globalization position is questioned, uncovering the importance of political explanations for understanding major social problems such as unemployment. Finally, section VI shows that neoliberal public policies on the deregulation of labor markets are creating enormous instability in the labor force, worsening the living conditions of the majority of the populations.
Personality Disorder Traits: Prevalence and Effects on Health Status in Primary Care Patients
Authors: Hueston William J. , Werth Jessica , Mainous Arch G. 
Published: May 2005

Objective: Previous work in an academic setting has found that scoring in the higher ranges for selected personality disorders on an objective assessment tool was associated with increases in psychiatric co-morbidities, decreased satisfaction with health care, and diminished health related functional status. This study examines how often patients in primary care practices exhibit traits consistent with these selected disorders and what impact this has on their health related functional status and use of health care resources. Methods: Thirteen family practices agreed to distribute questionnaires to 50 consecutive patients in the spring of 1997. Questionnaires contained instruments that assess risk for personality disorders, health related functional status, health resource use, demographics, and depression. The relationships between four specific personality disorders (borderline, dependent, schizoid and schizotypal) and other assessed variables were explored. Results: Of the 250 patients returning completed survey instruments, 80 (32%) scored in the high range for traits consistent with one of the four target personality disorders. Patients in the high risk group also were noted to have more outpatient, emergency, and inpatient visits in the previous six months. Those in the high risk group also had significantly lower scores on seven of eight measures of health related functional status. Conclusions: Patients who have several traits for borderline, dependent, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders are common in primary care practices. These patients utilize services at higher rates than others and are more likely to screen in the positive range for depressive symptoms and have overall lower health related functional status.
Access to Medical Care for Individuals with Workers' Compensation Claims
Authors: Lax Michael B. , Manetti Federica A. 
Published: May 2005

Experience at a publically funded occupational health clinical center in New York State suggests that patients with work-related illnesses often have great difficulty accessing diagnostic and treatment services. A study was designed to more quantitatively investigate the extent and nature of barriers to medical services for patients with Workers' Compensation claims. Medical practices from 13 selected medical specialties were identified from telephone directories. The directories covered six areas encompassing almost all of a 15-county region. All practices from each selected specialty were contacted by phone and asked a set of standardized questions regarding patient acceptance policies. A number of barriers were identified by the survey including practices closed to new patients and practices closed specifically to patients with Workers' Compensation claims. Barriers also were found to be widespread among practices that did accept Workers' Compensation claims, primarily related to requiring a guarantee of payment prior to seeing the patient. The results were compared by medical specialty and geographic area. While the study showed some of the difficulties patients with occupational illnesses face attempting to access medical services, it most likely underestimated the extent of the problem. Attitudes and practices that impede access, but were not measurable, create additional barriers. Our study strongly suggests that policies that improve access to medical care for individuals with Workers' Compensation claims are necessary to better serve the needs of workers with occupational illnesses.
Behavioral Biology in Medicine
Authors: Stainbrook Edward 
Published: May 2005

The continuing emergence of a clinically helpful behavioral biology is a basic scientific trend in contemporary psychiatry and medicine. Much of this new knowledge describes the genetic, maturational and learned developmental structure and physiology of the behaving brain and body. The dichotomy between the depersonalized body and the disembodied person is no longer very productive either for pragmatic or for heuristic purposes. The growing science of behavioral genetics indicates that man is never an “empty” or a “standard” organism. Specific motivational and capacity factors are genetically conditioned. Since medicine deals largely with the phenotypic individual, ordinary clinical assessment of symptoms and behavior may entirely miss the genotypic differences between persons who are labelled with the same but genetically non-differentiating diagnosis of schizophrenia, epilepsy and other diseases. The increasing knowledge of molecular biology coupled with the genetic study of animal behavior has given us an increasing awareness of our own evolved behavior. Some of this behavior originally “bred in” as adaptive to environments now remote in time, space and culture has now become maladaptive to the contemporary changing world. Animal research becomes, among other objectives, another method for studying our own behavioral past. Particularly useful to the clinician are the accumulating efforts of the central neurophysiologists in demonstrating the interrelationships among arousal, emotional and cognitive, information-processing behavioral states. Emotions are the labels for the resultant effects of many variables. What makes emotions “abnormal” are not “abnormal” causes but the differences in the frequency, intensity or duration of emotional responses. “Hung-up” emotional states may be modified by a person-centered reappraisal of the stimulus, by an actual environmental alteration, by a person-centered reappraisal of himself in the situation, by a change in the availability or content of the environmental resources for problem-seeing and solving, or by a pharmacologic, physiologic or structural alteration of appropriate regional or integrative brain anatomy and process. Clinically relevant advances are being made in the study of the operant learning of the autonomic nervous system in body-organ adaptation to the internal milieu. Increased clinical modification of psychosomatic distress can now be based upon the current investigations of biofeedback sensation and the learning of sensory discrimination and of sensory awareness from “inside the skin.”
Brief report: Classification of adolescent suicide and risk‐taking deaths☆
Authors: Sankey Melissa , Lawrence Ruth 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThis study examined the suicide and risk‐taking deaths of adolescents aged 12–17 years between January 1996 and December 2000. The methodology consisted of a case file review of government records. One hundred and eighty‐seven adolescents (133 males, 54 females) died by suicide and risk‐taking and could be classified into three distinct groups: deaths resulting from (1) enduring difficulties (124), (2) pivotal life events (26), and (3) adolescent experimentation (28). Avenues for the prevention of further suicide and risk‐taking deaths are discussed.
Decline in physical activity, disability and pain‐related fear in sub‐acute low back pain
Authors: Verbunt Jeanine A. , Sieben Judith M. , Seelen Henk A.M. , Vlaeyen Johan W.S. , Bousema Eric J. , van der Heijden Geert J. , Knottnerus J. André 
Published: April 2005

AbstractAim of investigation: To evaluate whether a perceived decline in the level of physical activity after the onset of pain (PAD) is more appropriate in the explanation of disability as compared to the actual level of physical activity (PAL) in patients with sub‐acute back pain.Methods: Patients with 4–7 weeks of non‐specific low back pain (LBP) participated in this study. Their habitual physical activity level before the back pain started (H‐PAL), their actual level of physical activity (PAL) and their perceived decline in the level of physical activity after the onset of pain (PAD) were assessed. The association between these physical activity related variables and perceived disability (QBPDS), fear of movement/(re)injury (TSK), pain catastrophizing (PCS) and pain intensity (VAS) was examined. The role of PAD as a mediator in the association between fear of movement/(re)injury and disability was examined by three linear regression analyses.Results: 123 patients (66 male and 57 female) with a mean age of 44.1 years (SD = 10.3) participated in this study. PAD was significantly correlated with disability, fear of movement/(re)injury, pain catastrophizing and pain intensity. PAD and PAL appeared more important in the explanation of disability in the subgroup of patients who were physically active before their back pain started. Generally, PAD indeed mediated the association between fear of movement/(re)injury and disability.Conclusions: The perceived decline in physical activity, rather than the current physical activity itself is important in the evaluation of the impact of activity related changes on disability in low back pain.
Strength of medial structures of the knee joint are decreased by isolated injury to the medial collateral ligament and subsequent joint immobilization
Authors: Thornton G. M. , Johnson J. C. , Maser R. V. , Marchuk L. L. , Shrive N. G. , Frank C. B. 
Published: April 2005

AbstractPast studies of the healing of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) in animal models have been conducted over a variety of healing intervals, some as early as 1 week. One concern with testing at early healing intervals is the difficulty in identifying and isolating the tissues that carry load. The purpose of this study was to determine if isolation of the MCL and healing time are critical factors in the assessment of structural strength in this model. Furthermore, the effect of immobilization on these critical factors was investigated. Our approach was to calculate the load‐sharing ratio between the MCL and the MCL plus capsule. A 4 mm gap was created in the midsubstance of both hindlimb MCLs of 52 female New Zealand White rabbits (n = 104). Of these, 29 rabbits had their right hindlimb pin immobilized (immobilized group), leaving the left hindlimb non‐immobilized. Testing was performed at 3 (n = 12), 6 (n = 22), and 14 (n = 24) weeks. The remaining 23 rabbits, which had both limbs non‐immobilized (non‐immobilized group), were tested at 3 (n = 10), 6 (n = 12), 14 (n = 12), and 40 (n = 12) weeks. For both groups, half of the specimens at each healing interval were used to test the MCL alone and half to test the MCL plus capsule, except for 3 week immobilized joints where only the MCL plus capsule was tested. Additionally, MCL (n = 12), MCL plus capsule (n = 6), and capsule alone (n = 5) were tested from normal animals. The load‐sharing ratio at MCL failure for the normal joint was 89%, suggesting an MCL‐dominated response. For the non‐immobilized group, the load‐sharing ratio was 24% at 3 weeks of healing, suggesting a capsule‐dominated response. At and after 6 weeks of healing, an MCL‐dominated response was observed, with the ratio being 68% or greater. Thus, at less than 6 weeks of healing, the structural strength capabilities of the joint may be better represented by the medial structures rather than the isolated MCL. Immobilization delayed the transition from a capsule‐dominated response to an MCL‐dominated response in this model. © 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.