bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐resolution two‐dimensional electrophoretic survey of serum protein genetic types in Schmiedeleut Hutterites
Authors: Harrison Harold H. , Ober Carole , Miller Kathy L. , Elias Sherman 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHigh‐resolution, two‐dimensional electrophoresis (2DE) was used to examine allele frequencies in eight serum protein marker systems and to screen for rare or previously undescribed alleles in 152 members of the Schmiedeleut branch of the Hutterite Brethren. The results include the first report of α2‐HS glycoprotein, apolipoprotein E, and SPPM‐158 frequencies and haptoglobin 1F and 2S subtype frequencies in the Hutterites. Designed as part of ongoing genetic studies in this reproductively isolated population, this study was done to determine which markers might correlate with medical features or could be useful in population studies. Prior studies of erythrocyte surface and enzymatic markers, lymphocyte surface and enzymatic markers, and serum proteins by other investigators have identified common, rare, and private markers in approximately 40 polymorphic systems. This study included five serum protein markers that were not examined in previous studies. The study identified a 2DE marker, SPPM‐158, that was later confirmed in other populations to be a ubiquitous serum protein polymorphism. Allele frequencies for α2‐HS glycoprotein, apolipoprotein E, group‐specific globulin, haptoglobin, SPPM‐158, α1‐antitrypsin, apolipoprotein A‐IV, and transferrin are presented. The first five of these had allele frequencies useful for population studies. We did not find any rare or private variants with 2DE in these systems. Overall, the 2DE data were in good agreement with prior studies in the Hutterites and relevant European populations.
Historical demographic and epidemiological studies of aging in American Samoans
Authors: Crews Douglas E. , Ozeran Janelle E. Smith 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAmerican Samoan mortality records, from 1920 through 1988, and epidemiological survey data from 1976 are used to examine demographic definitions of the elderly in different time periods and to examine the association of body habitus and blood pressure with mortality among middle‐aged and older Samoans. In the 1920s, the average Samoan lived 24 years, but over 50% of deaths occurred prior to age 15. In the 1980s the average Samoan lived about 54 years and 50% of deaths occurred after age 58. The common definition for matua (an elder or true old one) was 50 years in 1962, an age to which only 17% of the population lived in the 1920s; this value increased to 60–65 years by 1976, when 53% of the population survived to age 50 years and 34% to age 65 years. These data suggest that quantitative demographic factors may have constrained Samoan cultural definitions of matua i.e., “elderliness” during the 20th century. Among middleaged and older Samoans who died between 1976 and 1980, body weight, body mass index (BMI), and systolic and diastolic blood pressure were differentially associated with cause‐specific mortality by age and sex. None of these risk factors was associated with mortality in older men, but BMI and systolic pressure were significanlty lower among middle‐aged men who died. In contrast, all four risk factors were associated positively with mortality in middle‐aged women, but in older women only systolic pressure was.
Biocultural predictors of age increases in adult blood pressure among Samoans
Authors: McGarvey Stephen T. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA five‐year follow‐up sample of 509 adult male and female Samoans experiencing modernization in American Samoa was studied to determine the relation between baseline biocultural factors and follow‐up blood pressure level. Analyses were stratified by sex and baseline age: 18–44 and ≥45 years. Baseline factors in the predictive models included blood pressure level, sum of skinfolds, age, education level, and reported salt intake. This Samoan adult sample was characterized by high prevalence of overweight at all ages, continual fat gain, and high incidence of overweight in young adults over five years. Blood pressure levels were moderate in young adults considering the adiposity, although almost one‐third of those ≥45 years of age were hypertensive. In young adults baseline adiposity was the most important predictor of follow‐up blood pressure, whereas in older adults age itself was most important. As age increases, physiologic blood pressure regulation may become less labile due to long‐term adiposity and salt intake and lead to persistent elevations of blood pressure.
Interobserver error in a large scale anthropometric survey
Authors: Gordon Claire C. , Bradtmiller Bruce 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe adverse effects of interobserver error on morphometric population comparisons are well documented in the literature. While interobserver error can rarely be avoided, it can be minimized by having a single individual locate and mark relevant landmarks, by limiting the number of observers for each variable, and by reviewing repeated measures data daily to catch and correct measurer drift during data collection. In this study, two pairs of experts participated in interobserver error trials designed to pre‐set observer error limits for use in the quality control of a large scale anthropometric survey. Repeatability data were also collected twice daily in the field and reviewed with the measurers. Interobserver errors obtained in the field were lower than those achieved by the experts for 27 of 30 dimensions. These results suggest that establishment of permissible interobserver error in advance of data collection and frequent review of repeated measurements during data collection can reduce the magnitude of interobserver error below that obtained by experts measuring in a laboratory setting. However, even differences of small magnitude can be serios when they are directional, and 17 of 30 dimensions exhibited statistically significant bias between measurers despite all quality control efforts. The magnitudes of interobserver error observed in this study have proven particularly useful in evaluating the biological relevance of statistically significant differences which are of relatively small magnitude.
Comparison of blood lipids and blood pressure in black and white collegiate male athletes
Authors: Millard‐Stafford Mindy , Sparling Phillip B. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBlood lipids, lipoproteins, and blood pressure (BP) were examined in 74 black and 93 white male NCAA Division I‐A collegiate football athletes. Subjects were involved in resistance training and anaerobic running and all ate at the same training table. All measurements were done in the morning following a 12 hour fast. No significant differences were found in mean systolic (128 mm Hg) or diastolic (77 mm Hg) BPs. Blacks and whites were similar in age, height, weight, V̇O2max estimated from a 12 minute run test, total serum cholesterol, and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C). However, the black athletes had significantly (P < 0.01) lower serum triglycerides, total cholesterol to HDL‐C ratio, and higher high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) compared to whites. In a subgroup of 34 subjects, there were no differences in dietary fat, carbohydrate, cholesterol, sodium, potassium, calcium, or fiber intake. These data suggest a race‐related difference in some blood lipids‐lipoproteins without a concomitant difference in BP within a group of young adult male athletes.
Development of reference data for increments in variables related to growth
Authors: Roche Alex F. , Guo Shumei 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis paper directs attention to the progress made during the last few decades in methods for the development of reference data for increments and in the application of such data. This progress is exemplified by analyses of increments in recumbent length during infancy based on data from the Fels Longitudinal Study that have led to the development of reference data that can be applied easily to individuals and groups. The methods used to develop incremental reference data have improved considerably, but further progress is needed to construct better models, to refine the procedures for fitting models, and to simplify the application of incremental reference data. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Birth seasonality and the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases in the native population of Guam
Authors: Underwood J. H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAnalyses of data from a linked family register for the native population of Guam reveal marked birth seasonality in nearly 27,000 livebirths registered during the period 1901–1941. In contrast to a November peak for all births, victims of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) who died between 1947 and 1984 show a maximum birth peak in February while those afflicted with parkinsonism‐dementia (PD) and dying during this period exhibit a bimodal pattern of births peaking in April and October. Birth seasonality in victims of neurologic diseases, including ALS and parkinsonism, has also been reported from Japan. Intensive clinical, genetic, epidemiologic, and other investigations over more than three decades, while noting familial patterns of occurrence, fail to reveal any simple pattern of genetic transmission in the etiology of ALS/PD among natives of Guam, site of one of three hyperendemic foci in the Pacific area for ALS. Several environmental agents have been proposed to account for familial, temporal, and local patterns of occurrence, although no hypothesis has remained unchallenged. This report reviews evidence of birth seasonality in relation to patterns of cycad ingestion, rainfall seasonality, and prevailing morbidity patterns of the period. Despite earlier failures to identify antibody markers or a slow‐acting virus in ALS victims, the probable role of an arbovirus in a complex etiology of the disease is presented. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Allele sharing at six VNTR loci and genetic distances among three ethnically defined human populations
Authors: Chakraborty Ranajit , Deka Ranjan , Jin Li , Ferrell Robert E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBecause of their high degree of polymorphisms, the variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) loci have become extremely useful in studies involving gene mapping, determination of identity and relatedness of individuals, and evolutionary relationships among populations. However, there are some concerns regarding whether or not the patterns of such genetic variation can be studied by the classical population models that are developed for studying genetic variation at blood groups and protein loci, since VNTR alleles detected by molecular size may not always be identical by descent. Although theoretical and empirical studies demonstrate that this concern is overstated, this study provides further support of the application of the traditional mutation‐drift models to predict the pattern of intra‐ and inter‐populational variation at VNTR loci. By comparing genetic variation at six VNTR loci with that at 16 blood groups and protein loci in three ethnically defined populations, we show that the patterns of variability at these two sets of loci are in general parallel to each other. Shared VNTR alleles among populations are generally more frequent than the ones which are not present in every population; the proportion of shared alleles among populations increases with increasing genetic similarity of populations; and the number of VNTR alleles is positively correlated with gene diversity at these loci. All of these observations are in agreement with the prediction of the mutation‐drift models, particularly when the possibility of forward‐backward mutations are taken into account. This parallelism of genetic variation at VNTR loci and blood groups/protein loci further asserts the potential of using such hypervariable loci for microevoltionary studies, where closely related populations may exhibit considerably less allele frequency differences at the classical blood group and protein loci. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A revised equation for estimating thigh muscle and bone area from anthropometric dimensions
Authors: Tanaka Shigeho , Shiraki Hitoshi , Machida Nozomu 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe accuracy of an anthropometric equation for estimating thigh muscle and bone area (MBA) and fat area (FA) was examined in two groups of Japanese male university students, an athletic group (n = 31) and a non‐athletic group (n = 18). The anthropometric equation examined included the anterior thigh skinfold (SFT) and thigh circumference (CF): (CF – π × SFT)2/4π. Actual MBA and FA were calculated by means of a computed tomography (CT) scan. The anthropometric equation overestimated MBA and underestimated FA, although the estimated values were strongly correlated with actual values. In addition, total thigh area was also overestimated by using thigh circumference. As MBA increased, the difference between estimated and actual MBA increased. Regression analysis using estimated MBA through an anthropometric equation was also done. The resulting equation was as follows: MBA = c1 × (CF – π × SFT)2/4π + c2, where the value of (CF – π × SFT)2/4π was the estimated MBA through the first anthropometric equation. The mean ratio of the residual to actual MBA was very small, 2.8% in the athletic group and 3.3% in the non‐athletic group. When a non‐linear model (MBA = (k1 × CF – k2 × π × SFT)2/4π + k3) was applied, the ratio was almost the same, 2.7 and 3.2% in the athletic and non‐athletic groups, respectively. The equation for all subjects in this study was as follows: thigh MBA = 0.706 × (CF – π × SFT)2/4π + 27.94. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of skin thickness and skinfold compressibility on skinfold thickness measurement
Authors: Martin A. D. , Drinkwater D. T. , Clarys J. P. , Daniel M. , Ross W. D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractVariability in both skin thickness and skinfold compressibility affects the relationship between the skinfold caliper reading at a particular site on the body and the actual adipose thickness at that site, thus inducing error in the estimation of body fatness. To investigate this variability, skinfold thickness by caliper and incised depth of subcutaneous adipose tissue were measured at 13 skinfold sites in 6 male and 7 female unembalmed cadavers aged 55 to 94 years. All skin was then removed and its thickness measured at the exact sites of skinfold measurement. The regional patterns for skin thickness were similar in men and women, though women had significantly (P < .05) thinner skin than men at the biceps, chest, supraspinale, and abdominal sites. Mean (SD) skin thickness for each cadaver over all sites ranged from 0.76 mm (0.28 mm) to 1.47 mm (0.43 mm), with an overall mean for men of 1.22 mm (0.36 mm) and for women of 0.98 mm (0.36 mm). The thickness of a double layer of skin expressed as a percentage of skinfold thickness for all cadavers over all 13 sites ranged from 7.1% to 33.4%. Because of their leanness and thicker skin, the mean for men, 22.7% (10.1%), was significantly greater than that for women, 10.8% (6.2%) (P < .0001). Mean skinfold compressibility over all sites was 53.5% (16.4%) in men adn 51.9% (16.5%) in women (not significant). Such marked variability in skinfold compressibility and in the relative contribution of skin thickness to skinfold thickness suggests the need for caution in comparing estimates of fatness by skinfold caliper between different subjects. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
FELS, Greulich‐Pyle, and Tanner‐Whitehouse bone age assessments in a group of Italian children and adolescents
Authors: Vignolo M. , Milani S. , Cerbello G. , Coroli P. , Di Battista E. , Aicardi G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAssessments of skeletal maturity are usually made from handwrist radiographs, using either the method of Greulich‐Pyle (GP) or Tanner‐Whitehouse (TW). Recently the FELS method has been developed, and it represents a potentially valuable approach to skeletal age assessment. The present study evaluates the accuracy and precision of FELS skeletal age assessments compared with ratings by the GP and TW methods in a group of Italian children and adolescents. The hand‐wrist radiographs of subjects (171 males and 156 females 1 to 17 years) referred to the “Istituto di Puericultura e Medicina Neonatale” of the University of Genoa in Italy between 1985 and 1990 were assessed according to each method. Two independent observers rated the radiographs and one observer reassessed them after 6 months or more. GP estimates rather closely match chronological age; TW ratings tend to overestimate chronological age by 7–9 months around puberty, mainly in boys; and the FELS method tends to overestimate chronological age by amounts that increase with chronological age. The degree of precision of skeletal age assessments is within the usually accepted limits. Higher levels of repeatability and reproducibility are apparent for the FELS estimates than for GP and TW assessments. Thus, skeletal maturity is likely to be adequately interpreted by the FELS method as well as by the more commonly used GP and TW systems in Italian children and adolescents. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fat patterning of adolescents: Allometry of fatfolds
Authors: Becque M. Daniel , Hattori Komei , Katch Victor L. , Rocchini Albert P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe relationship between fatfold thickness and fat mass of 101 male and 66 female adolescents (10–16 yr) was examined with the allometric equation y = bxa. Body composition was assessed by underwater weighing and 5 fatfolds were measured: triceps, subscapular, suprailiac, abdominal, and thigh. Percent body fat ranged from 4.9% to 56.1%. The log of each fatfold thickness was plotted versus the log of fat mass. All the relationships were linear and exhibited monophasic allometry. All the alpha coefficients (slope of the log‐log plots) exhibited positive allometry. The prepubescent male and female alphas were similar and had the same pattern. The pattern contrasted the trunk with the extremity fatfolds. No differences (P > .05) were found between the alphas for the pubescent males. The triceps alpha of the pubescent females was less (P < .05) than the subscapular, suprailiac, and abdominal alphas. The thigh, subscapular, suprailiac, and abdominal alphas were not significantly (P > .05) different. In conclusion, the trunk was the predominant site of subcutaneous fat deposition for prepubescents, while pubescents exhibit a more general pattern of fat distribution. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maximal voluntary isometric force production characteristics of six muscle groups in women aged 25 to 74 years
Authors: Christ C. B. , Boileau R. A. , Slaughter M. H. , Stillman R. J. , Cameron J. A. , Massey B. H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe age‐related force production characteristics of six muscle groups in 143 women aged 25–74 years were examined. Measures of maximal force (MFR) were obtained on the finger flexors (FF), thumb extensors (TE), forearm flexors (FAF), forearm extensors (FAE), dorsi flexors (DF), and plantar flexors (PF) utilizing a linear voltage differential transducer. The subjects were categorized by age into ten 5‐year groups. The magnitude of decline across age in MFR ranged from 36.2% (FAE) to 45.1% (PF). There were differences among muscle groups in the age at which a significant decline in MFR was first detected. The earliest drop off in MFR was observed in FF and FAF (45–49 years), while the latest significant decline across age was noted in FAE (65–69 years). Since the magnitude of maximal force decreases with age, and because these characteristics can not be entirely explained by age‐related decrements in fat‐free mass, it appears that the quality in addition to the quantity of senescent muscle tissue may be compromised. However, the magnitude of decline in maximal force is dependent upon the muscle group considered. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Body composition prediction equations based on bioelectrical impedance and anthropometric variables for Japanese obese women
Authors: Tanaka Kiyoji , Nakadomo Fumio , Watanabe Kanji , Inagaki Atsushi , Kim Hun Kyung , Matsuura Yoshiyuki 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance (BI) technique has been proposed as a convenient, valid approach to estimate body composition in normal, healthy adults. However, the validity of the BI technique for obese individuals is undetermined. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of body composition estimated from the BI method when compared to underwater weighing with correction for residual volume, and to develop a convenient, useful equation that would sufficiently predict body composition of Japanese obese women. The order of assessing body composition was randomized for each subject. The subjects were 75 moderately or mildly obese women with a body fat content of 25.1–60.1%, aged 18–68 years. Among 12 independent variables which were arbitrarily selected as possible predictors of hydrodensitometrically determined body density (Db), BM Z/S2 was the best predictor (r = 0.803, n = 53), where BM = body mass (kg), Z = impedance (ohms), and S = stature (cm). When chronological age was added in a multiple regression analysis, Db was derived with higher accuracy (r = 0.878) with an SEE of 0.0064 g/cm3. The linear multiple regression equation constructed for predicting the Db was, for instance, Db = 1.1171 – 0.0535BM Z/S2 – 0.0003 Age – 0.0005T, where T = triceps skinfold thickness (mm). Three equations developed in the present study were then cross‐validated in a different sample (n = 22) of obese women. The results indicated that the above equation had the lowest SEE (0.0070 g/cm3). We suggest that body composition of Japanese obese women can be predicted with relatively high accuracy by a combination of BM Z/S2 with age and the triceps skinfold thickness. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multilevel models for repeated measures: A flexible approach for studying dental arch morphology
Authors: Tanguay Richard , Buschang Peter H. , Goldstein Harvey 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTraditional OLS and recently developed multilevel IGLS statistical techniques for analyzing repeated measures are compared and contrasted. Comparisons are based on arch width measurements for a mixed‐longitudinal sample of 166 boys and girls. The multilevel IGLS procedures produce estimates that are more stable and meaningful than OLS estimates; sex differences are consistent for both the deciduous and permanent dentitions, maxillary widths are related to chronological age, and standard errors are consistently smaller based on the IGLS procedures. The multilevel procedures are also able to estimate variances and covariances—even when all measurements are not available for each subject—which can be used for predicting arch length. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.