bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent Surveillance Data and a Revised Embrittlement Correlation
Authors: Server WL , Lott RG , Rosinski ST , English CA 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The mechanistically-guided embrittlement correlation model adopted in ASTM E 900-02 was based on U.S. surveillance results current through calendar year 1998. There now exists an extensive amount of new surveillance data that includes a large amount of boiling water reactor (BWR) results from a supplemental surveillance program designed to augment the plant-specific BWR surveillance programs. These recent data allow a statistical check of the ASTM E 900-02 embrittlement correlation, as well as the NRC correlation model currently being used in the pressurized thermal shock (PTS) re-evaluation effort and the older Regulatory Guide 1.99, Revision 2 correlation. Even though the ASTM E 900-02 embrittlement correlation is a simplified version of the NRC model, a comparison of the two embrittlement correlation models utilizing the new database has proven to be revealing. Based on the new BWR data, both models are inadequate in their ability to predict BWR results. Other aspects of the two models are presented, as well as plans to develop a revised embrittlement correlation.
Stress Intensity Factor Analysis and Fatigue Behavior of a Crack in the Residual Stress Field of Welding
Authors: Terada H 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis paper deals with the behavior of a crack in the residual stress field induced by butt weld in a wide plate. It is known that the distribution pattern of residual stress is similar regardless of welding process, though the size and the magnitude of the residual stress depend largely on the welding process. Stress intensity factor and stress redistribution induced by the crack extension were calculated for a crack with arbitrary length and location. The stress redistributions caused by crack extension obtained by the present analysis showed good agreement with the experimental data. Fatigue crack propagation behavior in the residual stress field reported by Glinka was also examined from the ΔK point of view. In this paper, the effect of residual stress on the fatigue crack propagation rate is considered to be the effect of varying mean stress. The concept of ΔKeff, where the effect of residual stress is accounted as the correction factor by the way of simple superposition, is shown to predict the crack growth rate with sufficient accuracy.
Certification of Charpy V-Notch Reference Test Pieces at IRMM
Authors: Roebben G , Lamberty A , Pauwels J 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM) of the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission (EC) is one of the reference materials producers which certifies reference test pieces for the indirect verification of Charpy pendulum impact machines. The certification approach taken at IRMM consists of two main steps. In a first step, a Master Batch of reference test pieces is certified for each of a number of chosen nominal energy levels (currently 30 J, 60 J, 80 J, 120 J, and 160 J). The certified absorbed energy value of these Master Batches is determined in an international round-robin. In the second step of the certification process, the Master Batch test pieces are used to determine the certified value of Secondary Batches of reference test pieces of the same nominal energy. This is achieved by comparing samples of Master and Secondary Batch under repeatability conditions. In this paper, this Master Batch — Secondary Batch approach is critically assessed in terms of traceability and uncertainty of the certified absorbed energy. It is shown that the produced reference test pieces are fit-for-purpose: they meet the requirements of their intended use (indirect verification).
Understanding Polymeric Pads in Pre-CMP Conditioning
Authors: Ng D , Kulkarni M , Xu G , Severs P , Marvin R , Xiao J , Liang H 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Experiments were conducted to understand the principles behind polymeric pads during pre-CMP conditioning. Nylon, polycarbonate, and polyurethane pads were tested against copper pins in a slurry containing 3 wt % alumina nanoparticles. The surface properties of pads were estimated after conditioning. The wear of pads along with friction coefficient was evaluated during friction experiments. Results show that contact angles of polycarbonate and polyurethane pads increase with their surface roughness, while those of nylon show the opposite tendency. Surface roughness of pads induced by conditioning could influence the wear performance of nylon and polycarbonate, more than that of the polyurethane pad. Our previous study has shown that the stimulation of friction induces materials transfer during CMP. In this work, we further investigated the effect of such transfer on wear mechanisms of pads during conditioning and polishing. Compared with nylon and polycarbonate, chemical and material properties of polyurethane and their tribological performance are more stable. This makes polyurethane a unique material for CMP.
Advanced Methods of Coating Adhesion Testing
Authors: Gitis NV , Xiao J , Vinogradov M 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Adhesion of coatings from 1 nm to 0.1 mm was successfully evaluated with multi-sensing technology, based on simultaneous high-resolution force, electrical, and acoustic measurements. Sharp changes in the signals were indicative of the thresholds of adhesion and delamination for various thin and thick coatings during scratching and indenting with several test tools, both sharp (diamond tips) and dull (balls).
Fracture Mechanics Applied to Adhesive Joints
Authors: Wheeler GE , Madsen BS , DeVries KL 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Since the advent of synthetic adhesives in the middle of the last century, the growth in their usage has been so phenomenal that a handbook, the International Plastics Selector-Adhesives, published by D.A.T.A. in 1991, lists some 5000 different adhesive formulations that are commercially available. Despite their wide usage, much is not well understood about adhesives and adhesive joint failure. A few observations relevant to this discussion of Fracture Mechanics Analysis of Adhesive Joints are: (a) The stress distribution in such joints is never as simple as often assumed, and the usually reported “standard test results” often completely ignore the most important aspects of the stress distribution. (b) Crack growth does not always initiate at the point of maximum stresses in an adhesive joint. (c) The locus of adhesive crack growth is often somewhat removed from the adhesive-substrate bond-line, but there are instances where it closely follows this bond-line. (d) Adhesive Fracture Mechanics analysis can provide significant information on the resolution of questions raised in these observations. This presentation will review some of the work in these areas by graduate students in our laboratory. Some of the cited work was accomplished by previous lab students. Other parts of the cited work are from ongoing research by current students. The presentation will endeavor to demonstrate that: (a) Adhesive Fracture Mechanics can be used to quantitatively predict the strength of adhesive joints and, more particularly, to elucidate the effects of such factors as adherend thickness, adhesive thickness (and variation), amount of overlap, geometric configuration, material discontinuities, etc. (b) Other factors being equal, crack growth tends to initiate at locations of maximum energy release rate irrespective of whether or not these are points of maximum stresses. (c) The preferred locus of crack growth is along those paths for which the energy release rate is a maximum. In each of these cases, results of a fracture mechanics analysis will be presented along with experimental verification of the analyses.
Advances in ICP-MS Technologies for Characterization and Ultra-Trace Speciation as a Tool for the Petroleum Industry
Authors: Paszek J , Mason KJ , Mennito AS , McElroy FC 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Particular elements can, even at trace levels, impact product quality, deposit formation, and regulatory compliance. Characterization of trace and ultra-trace level constituents in aqueous and/or organic matrices has often required the need to employ more than one analytical technique. In recent years, improvements in ICP-MS technologies have made it a preferred technique for multi-element trace level characterization in a variety of matrices. Coupling ICP-MS with various liquid chromatography techniques has enabled a unique capability to speciate organo-metallics at ppb levels. This paper will show how ICP-MS has been successfully used to measure ppb levels in refinery effluent streams. It will demonstrate how hyphenated ICP-MS techniques assisted in development of bioremediation options for selenium removal in wastewater treatment plants.
Direct Trace and Ultra-Trace Metals Determination in Crude Oil and Fractions by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Dreyfus S , Pécheyran C , Magnier C , Prinzhofer A , Lienemann CP , Donard OFX 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
A method was developed to analyze direct trace and ultra-trace metal elements in crude oil and its fractions (maltenes-asphaltenes) by ICP-MS after sample dilution in xylene. Efficient introduction of organic compounds requires addition of O2 for complete combustion of the sample, carbon deposit on cones (interface) and extraction lenses was minimized by optimization of argon to oxygen ratio in the plasma. A PFA-100 (100 μl.mn−1) MicroFlow Nebulizer and a Scott “double pass” chilled spray chamber were associated for an optimal introduction of petroleum products. The Q-ICP/MS was equipped with platinum cones to limit drifts caused by cone corrosion during an organic analysis. A standard addition method was realized for the calibration procedure in order to control the matrix effects. Method validation was completed by analyzing three certified reference materials from the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST). NIST 1085b, NIST 1084a, and NIST 1634c accuracies were approximately 10 %. Detection limit of ultra trace elements in xylene were at pg.g−1 level. A clean PFA filter system was developed to separate the oil fractions (maltenes and asphaltenes) by precipitation of asphaltenes (heavy fraction) in n-heptane. For optimal detection conditions, the samples were diluted in xylene according to their pre-estimated element concentration range. Total mass balance shows a recovery close to 100 % for Ni, V, Cu, Mo, Ag, Sn, Ba, and Pb. These results show that elements analyzed are highly concentrated in the asphaltenic fraction.
Latest Improvements on Using Polarized X-Ray Excitation EDXRF for the Analysis of Low Sulfur Content in Automotive Fuel
Authors: Wissmann D 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Polarized X-Ray EDXRF has been used for the analysis of low levels of a broad range of elements in light matrices for a long time. By using the polarization of the excitation radiation, the background scattered by the sample is drastically reduced. For the analysis of low sulfur in automotive fuels, this meant a detection limit comparable to the WDXRF technique.
Recent developments in detector technology and in closed coupled static geometry result in further improvement of sensitivity for this application.
This paper shows the development of this technique for the analysis of low sulfur content in petroleum products. It shows the results of a round robin test, performed by CEN TC 19 WG 27 in 2001.
The technical basis of these data is compared to the recent technical developments, and future options are shown. The influence by sample preparation and sample presentation, which might be special for this analytical technique, is investigated and discussed.
Fuel Analysis by Filter Furnace Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
Authors: Tittarelli P , Priola M , Ricchiuto S , Katskov DA , Ngobeni P 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The determination of Mn, Fe, Co, and Zn was performed in gasoline, jet, and diesel fuel samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using the Transverse Heated Filter Atomizer (THFA). Thermal conditions were experimentally defined for the investigated elements.
The elements were analyzed without the addition of chemical modifiers, using organometallic standards for the calibration. Gasoline samples were analyzed directly, while jet and diesel fuel samples were diluted 1+3 with n-heptane.
The following LODs were obtained using 40 µL injections: 0.08 µg/L Mn, 0.35 µg/L Fe, 0.54 µg/L Co, and 0.06 µg/L Zn. The limits of determination, calculated for diesel and jet fuel samples, were 1.2 µg/kg Mn, 4.9 µg/kg Fe, 7.6 µg/kg Co, and 0.8 µg/kg Zn. The corresponding limits of quantitation for gasoline samples were about four times higher.
Generalized Archie's Law for Estimation of Soil Electrical Conductivity
Authors: Shah PH , Singh DN 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Archie's law, which is an empirical relationship between the electrical conductivity of rocks and their porosity, has been used widely for saturated rocks, while Archie's second law has been developed for unsaturated rocks. Both of these laws assume that the rock matrix is non-conducting and the conduction takes place through the pore-solution only. However, not many efforts have been made by the researchers to check suitability and applicability of Archie's law to the saturated or unsaturated states of the soils. Hence, a generalized Archie's law for soils, by incorporating their physical properties, volumetric moisture content, and bulk and pore-solution conductivities, was attempted in this study utilizing the data available in the literature. Further, to demonstrate the validity of this law, four soils with entirely different properties were used. These soils were characterized by conducting conventional laboratory tests, and their bulk and pore-solution conductivities were determined with the help of an impedance analyzer and a pressure membrane extractor.
Determination of Total Mercury in Crude Oil by Combustion Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (CVAAS)
Authors: Fox BS , Mason KJ , McElroy FC 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Unlike many heavy metals, mercury is a long-range air and water pollutant whose load on the environment is increasing. According to published reports, a major source of atmospheric mercury is the burning of coal for electrical power generation. However, certain crude oils may contain up to several hundred ng/g of total mercury. Accurate analysis of total mercury in crude oil is the first step in determining the value of a crude oil and one's ability to process the material within the refinery, while generating finished products. This paper details the use of Combustion Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (CVAAS) technology for the analysis of crude samples and distillation cuts. The instrument described in the report is one of several instrument methods currently being evaluated by groups in industry and government. The use of a boat-inlet sample introduction system allows crude oil and other types of material to be analyzed without acid digestion. The strengths and weaknesses of the combustion-CVAAS technique, along with a year's worth of operating experience, will be presented from the user's perspective.
Interlaboratory Evaluation of a Portable Fluorescence Method for the Measurement of Trace Beryllium in the Workplace
Authors: Ashley K , McCleskey TM , Brisson MJ , Goodyear G , Cronin J , Agrawal A 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Researchers at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) developed a field-portable fluorescence method for the measurement of trace beryllium in workplace samples such as surface dust and air filters. The technology has been privately licensed and is commercially available. In cooperation with the Analytical Subcommittee of the Beryllium Health and Safety Committee, we have carried out a collaborative interlaboratory evaluation of the LANL field-portable fluorescence method. The interlaboratory study was conducted for the purpose of providing performance data that can be used to support standard methods. Mixed cellulose ester (MCE) membrane filters and Whatman 541 filters were spiked with beryllium standard solutions so that the filters spanned the range ≈0.05 − ≈0.5 µg Be per sample. Sets of these filters were then coded (to ensure blind analysis) and sent to participating laboratories, where they were analyzed. Analysis consisted of the following steps: 1. Removal of the filters from transport cassettes and placement of them into 15-mL centrifuge tubes; 2. mechanically-assisted extraction of the filters in 5 mL of 1% ammonium bifluoride solution (aqueous) for 30 min; 3.–4. filtration and transfer of sample extract aliquots (100 µL) into fluorescence cuvettes; 5. introduction of 1.9 mL of detection solution (to effect reaction of the fluorescence reagent with beryllium in the extracted sample); and 6. measurement of fluorescence at ≈475 nm using a portable fluorometer. This work presents performance data in support of a procedure that is targeted for publication as a National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) method and as an ASTM International standard.
Dynamic Modelling and Simulation of Squirrel-Cage Asynchronous Machine with Non-Linear Effects
Authors: Okoro OI 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
The paper presents the dynamic modelling and computer simulation of a squirrel-cage induction machine with non-linear effects. The computer simulation for the transient operation is obtained from the non-linear differential system of equations, which describe the induction machine in the rotor reference frame and with currents as state variables. It is shown that by using the characteristic data available from d.c. measurement, no-load, Blocked rotor, and retardation tests of the machine as well as the results obtained from the optimization of the T-model rotor circuit, accurate simulation of the machine under dynamic condition is possible. The simulated time function of the transient current, mechanical speed, and shaft torque characteristics of the machine are compared with the experimental results.
The Mechanical Characterization of Low Work Hardening, High Strength Steel
Authors: Scott RI , Hodgson PD 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
One of the major challenges in assessing the mechanical properties of recovery annealed steel is the strain localization that occurs almost immediately on the formation of the first Lüders band, such that no or limited propagation of the Lüders band occurs along the tensile coupon. The stress raiser associated with the geometry of the standard tensile coupon means that this plastic deformation is often completely outside the standard extensometers on the coupon. Hence, no strain is measured during the test. While this is not important for assessing the tensile strength of the steel, it does mean that the strain related properties, such as the elastic limit of the steel, cannot be measured using standard testing techniques.
This work addresses this issue by examining three techniques for ensuring that the strain occurs inside the extensometer. It is shown that the best technique is the extended extensometer, where the gauge length covers slightly more than the tensile coupon parallel length. While this leads to some variation in the width of the material being measured, compensation can be made by adjusting the strain to correct the Young's Modulus.
This technique has direct implications not just for recovery annealed steels, but for other high strength, low work hardening materials such as ultrafine ferrite. A particular requirement of these high strength steels in structural applications is a high elastic limit; hence, measurement of the strain related properties for these high strength materials must be considered vital in their mechanical assessment.
Modifizierte Optimale Regelung – Stabilitätsorientierter nichtlinearer Reglerentwurf (Modified Optimal Control – Stability-Oriented Nonlinear Control)
Authors: Sackmann Martin 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
In diesem Beitrag wird mit dem Konzept der Modifizierten Optimalen Regelung auf das erste stabilitätsorientierte Reglersyntheseverfahren im Zustandsraum für nichtlineare zeitkontinuierliche Mehrgrößensysteme eingegangen, das robuste Stabilität, Optimalität und günstiges dynamisches Verhalten konstruktiv miteinander kombiniert. Die Leistungsfähigkeit und die Vorteile der Methodik werden beim Reglerentwurf für das nichtlineare Modell 6. Ordnung einer Raumfähre dargestellt.
Trisomy 20q13 → 20qter in a girl with multiple congenital malformations and a recombinant chromosome 20 inherited from a paternal inversion (20)(p13q13.1): Clinical report and review of the trisomy 20q phenotype
Authors: Grange Dorothy K. , Garcia‐Heras Jaime , Kilani Ramzi A. , Lamp Stephen 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWe report on a patient with a rec(20)dup(20q) chromosome abnormality derived from a paternal chromosome 20 inversion [inv(20)(p13q13.1)]. The rearrangement results in a duplication of 20q13.1 to 20qter and a deletion of 20p13 to 20pter. The patient is a girl with craniofacial features and multiple congenital malformations that overlap with the abnormalities previously described in trisomy 20q syndrome. To our knowledge this is the first report of a patient with rec(20)dup 20q. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Some aspects of parent‐offspring and sibling relations in a group of rhesus monkeys, with a discussion of grooming
Authors: Sade Donald Stone 
Published: August 2005

AbstractObservations of a group of rhesus monkeys living on Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico show (1) that a rhesus female and her offspring can continue to maintain a distinct relation into the offspring's physical maturity, and (2) that the offspring often develops its strongest relations with monkeys of its own genealogy. Detailed descriptions of relations in several of the genealogies illustrate the above points. The observer identifies relations by the consistent close spacing of individual monkeys, by incidents, such as fights, and by frequency of interactions, such as grooming. Grooming behavior is described. Provisional categories of motor patterns of rhesus monkey grooming are the slide, scrape, and pick. Apparent differences in intensity of grooming may be due to differences in number of slides, scrapes, and picks per time interval, differences in the sequences of the three categories within a bout, and differences in the area covered by each movement. Sequences of slides, scrapes, and picks interrupted by other behaviors, such as scratching, make up grooming bouts. Grooming bouts occur in sequences with bouts of other behavior such as locomotion, fighting, sleeping. Grooming seems to serve a variety of functions although a common element is the relaxing effect on the participants. Monkeys both solicit grooming from others, and groom others without being solicited. Grooming sometimes placates an aggressor following a fight. Monkeys sometimes seem to anticipate aggression and forestall it by grooming the potential aggressor. The case histories of grooming relations show that each relation is unique and is always changing, at least slightly. The human family may have originated when symbolic definition and generalization was given to some such system of behavioral relations already present in populations of the ancestors of the human species.
Studies of a mammalian enzyme system for producing evolutionary evidence on man
Authors: Stone Irwin 
Published: August 2005

AbstractNearly all animals have the enzymes required for the synthesis of ascorbic acid within their bodies. Man and certain monkeys are known to have an inherited lack of one of these enzymes and are thus unable to produce this important substance. It is generally assumed that the whole order of the Primates suffer from this genetic defect but no systematic tests have been conducted to verify this assumption. These tests would not be difficult to conduct by anyone with the required animals. The evidence thus obtained could prove of value in deducing which ancestor of Man lost this important biochemical system and at what point in Time it was lost.