bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Number of viable bacteria and presumptive antibiotic residues in milk fed to calves on commercial dairies
Authors: Selim Sheikh A. , Cullor James S. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To assess the number of bacteria and presumptive antibiotic residues in milk fed to calves and to identify those bacteria and the antibiotic susceptibility of selected bacterial strains.

Design
Cross-sectional prospective study.

Sample Population
189 samples obtained from 12 local dairies.

Procedure
Samples of waste milk and milk-based fluids (eg, milk replacer, colostrum, bulk-tank milk) were obtained. Cumulative number of viable bacteria was determined. Bacteria were cultured aerobically, and antibiotic susceptibility testing of selected strains was performed. Presumptive antibiotic residues were detected by use of test kits.

Results
Geometric mean of the cumulative number of bacteria for waste milk samples was significantly higher than for other types of milk or milk-based products. Streptococcus sp (84/165 samples) and Enterobacteriaceae (83/165 samples) were the predominant bacteria identified, followed by Staphylococcus sp (68/165 samples). Escherichia coli was the gram-negative species most commonly isolated (52/165 samples; 32%); however, none were strain O157. Salmonella sp or Mycoplasma sp were not isolated. Of 189 samples, 119 (63%) were positive when tested for β-lactams or tetracycline by use of 2 commercially available assays. In vitro, some bacteria were resistant to commonly used antibiotics.

Clinical Implications
Waste milk that has not been effectively treated (eg, pasteurization) to reduce microbial load prior to use as calf feed should be used with caution, because it may contain a high number of bacteria that may be pathogenic to cattle and human beings. Antibiotic residues that would constitute violative amounts and existence of multiple antibiotic resistant bacterial strains are concerns in calf health management and dairy food safety. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1029–1035)
Photoreceptor outer segments in aqueous humor from dogs with rhegmatogenous retinal detachments
Authors: Smith Patricia J. , Mames Robert N. , Samuelson Don A. , Lewis Patricia A. , Brooks Dennis E. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine whether photoreceptor outer segments can be found in aqueous humor from dogs with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD).

Design
Case series.

Animals
4 dogs with unilateral RRD, 2 dogs with bilateral RRD, 1 dog with unilateral non-RRD, and 1 dog with glaucoma without retinal detachment.

Procedure
Aqueous humor samples were fixed in 2% glutaraldehyde and examined by means of transmission electron microscopy.

Results
Outer segments were found in aqueous humor from 7 of 8 eyes with RRD but were not found in aqueous humor from dogs with non-RRD or glaucoma.

Clinical Implications
Photoreceptor outer segments may move into the anterior chamber of eyes with RRD. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1254–1256)
Intrinsic, management, and nutritional factors associated with equine motor neuron disease
Authors: de la Rúa-Domènech Ricardo , Mohammed Hussni O. , Cummings John F. , Divers Thomas J. , de Lahunta Alexander , Summers Brian A. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To identify intrinsic, management, nutritional, and environmental risk factors associated with equine motor neuron disease (EMND) and to determine whether epidemiologic evidence supports oxidative stress as a risk factor for developing EMND.

Design
Case-control study.

Animals
87 horses with EMND and 259 control horses.

Procedure
Information concerning each horse’s history of exposure to multiple environmental factors prior to developing EMND was obtained by means of a questionnaire or personal interview. Exposure histories of horses with EMND and control horses were compared, and the association of each risk factor with EMND was evaluated, using logistic regression analysis.

Results
Factors significantly associated with risk of developing EMND included age, breed of horse, duration of residence at the farm, not vaccinating against rabies, and certain feeding practices. Horses that were exercised on green pasture or in grass paddocks were less likely to develop EMND, compared with horses that were exercised in dirt paddocks. Feeding complete pelleted feed as the only source of concentrate or combined with sweet feed was associated with a significant increase in the risk of EMND. Supplementary feeding of vitamin and mineral mixtures not formulated to provide vitamin E or selenium was associated with increased risk of EMND. Horses with a history of cribbing or coprophagia were also at higher risk of developing EMND.

Clinical Implications
Several husbandry practices and intrinsic characteristics of horses appear to modify the risk of EMND. The relationship of specific nutritional factors to EMND supports the hypothesis that a deficiency of vitamin E contributes to the disease. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1261–1267)
Attitudes of veterinarians, animal control directors, and county prosecutors in Michigan regarding enforcement of state animal cruelty legislation
Authors: Stolt Laura B. , Johnson-Ifearulundu Yvette J. , Kaneene John B. 
Published: December 2023

Objectives
To determine attitudes of veterinarians, animal control directors, and county prosecutors in Michigan toward enforcement of state animal cruelty legislation and to identify factors associated with whether veterinarians would report suspected cases of animal cruelty.

Design
Survey.

Sample Population
Questionnaires were sent to 1,146 Michigan Veterinary Medical Association member veterinarians, 139 animal control directors, and 83 county prosecutors in Michigan.

Results
740 (65%) veterinarians, 70 (50%) animal control directors, and 43 (52%) prosecutors responded. Six hundred forty six of 735 (88%) veterinarians reported having treated an animal that they believed had been a victim of animal cruelty, but only 192 of 719 (27%) had ever reported a case of animal cruelty, and only 217 of 734 (30%) had ever testified in an animal cruelty case. Logistic regression analysis of responses revealed that the only factor associated with whether veterinarians would report cases of suspected animal cruelty was the potential reactions of the involved clients to the accusation of animal cruelty. Veterinarians who rated reaction of the involved client as important, very important, or essential to their decision whether to report a case of animal cruelty were less likely to report such cases than were veterinarians who rated potential client reaction as somewhat important or unimportant.

Clinical Implications
Concern about potential client reaction was the most important factor in whether veterinarians would report cases of suspected animal cruelty. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1997;211:1521–1523)
Efficacy of cobalt 60 radiotherapy in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism
Authors: Goossens Marielle M. C. , Feldman Edward C. , Theon Alain P. , Koblik Philip D. 
Published: December 2023

ObjectiveTo determine efficacy of cobalt 60 radiotherapy in dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadreno-corticism (PDH) that have detectable tumors but no neurologic abnormalities.

Design
Case series.

Animals
6 dogs with PDH that had a detectable pituitary mass on magnetic resonance images.

Procedure
Radiation was delivered in 11 fractions during a 3.5-week period for a total dose of 44 Gy. Clinical signs were evaluated, a urinalysis and ACTH stimulation test were performed, and urine cortisol-to-creatinine ratio and plasma endogenous ACTH concentration were measured before, immediately after, and 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after radiotherapy. Magnetic resonance imaging was repeated 1 year after radiotherapy.

Results
Clinical signs of hyperadrenocorticism resolved in 3 dogs but recurred in 2 of the 3. Clinical condition of 2 dogs improved but did not return to normal. One dog did not improve. Results of ACTH stimulation tests and urine cortisol-to-creatinine ratios correlated with clinical signs. Plasma endogenous ACTH concentration transiently decreased in all 6 dogs. One year after radiotherapy, size of tumors was decreased by 25% in 2 dogs; in the other 4 dogs, tumors could no longer be detected. None of the dogs developed neurologic abnormalities. Adverse effects of radiotherapy were mild.

Clinical Implications
Radiotherapy did not result in adequate control of clinical signs of hyperadrenocorticism in 5 of 6 dogs, but size of pituitary tumors was dramatically reduced. Thus, it may be reasonable to recommend radiotherapy in dogs with PDH that have pituitary tumors for which greatest vertical height is 8 mm or more. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998; 212:374-376)
Physical and serologic examinations of foals at 30 and 45 days of age for early diagnosis of Rhodococcus equi infection on endemically infected farms
Authors: Higuchi Tohru , Taharaguchi Sadao , Hashikura Shingo , Hagiwara Shin-taroh , Gojo Chikara , Satoh Shinsuke , Yoshida Masato , Takai Shinji 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To evaluate results of physical and serologic examinations of foals at 30 and 45 days of age on 3 types of farms with various prevalences of clinical disease (endemic, sporadic, none) caused by Rhodococcus equi and to determine whether evaluations were helpful in early diagnosis and control of the disease.

Design
Prospective cohort study.

Animals
144 foals at 30 and 45 days of age.

Procedure
During a 2-year period, 36 foals on farms at which R equi infection was endemic, 71 foals on farms at which the disease was sporadically detected, and 37 foals on farms without the disease were examined by means of auscultation of lungs, serum biochemical and hematologic analyses, and determination of antibody titers against R equi, using ELISA. Transtracheal aspirates were obtained from 14 of 32 foals that had clinical signs of disease and 7 of 41 seropositive foals that did not have clinical signs of disease.

Results
Prevalences of respiratory tract disease and seropositive conversion rates for 45-day-old foals on endemically and sporadically infected farms were significantly higher than on farms without the disease. Rhodococcus equi was isolated from tracheal aspirates of seropositive foals, even when clinical signs were not evident.

Clinical Implications
Physical and serologic examinations of foals at 30 and 45 days of age were useful for early diagnosis of R equi infection, especially for foals on farms at which the disease was endemic. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:976–981)
Analysis of prognostic indicators for dogs with pericardial effusion: 46 cases (1985-1996)
Authors: Dunning Dianne , Monnet Eric , Orton E. Christopher , Salman M. D. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine factors associated with disease-free interval and survival time for dogs with pericardial effusion.

Design
Retrospective study.

Animals
46 dogs.

Procedure
Signalment, history, results of physical examination, electrocardiography, echocardiography, and thoracic radiography; disease-free interval; and survival time were obtained from medical records or telephone conversations with owners and referring veterinarians.

Results
Dogs that had ascites at the time of the initial physical examination were significantly less likely, and dogs that had evidence of pulmonary metastases on thoracic radiographs or that had echocardiographic evidence of a right atrial mass were significantly more likely, to have died of pericardial effusion or the underlying cause of effusion than were dogs that did not. Median survival time was 15.3 months for dogs with idiopathic pericardial effusion, 16 days for dogs with hemangiosarcoma, and 13.6 months for dogs with mesothelioma. Dogs that had a nonspecific extracardiac mass and underwent pericardiectomy were significantly less likely to have had recurrence of signs than were dogs that did not. However, dogs with mesothelioma or hemangiosarcoma that underwent pericardiectomy did not have a significantly different risk of recurrence of signs or survival time, compared with dogs that did not.

Clinical Implications
Results suggest that pericardiectomy will not affect risk of recurrence or survival time in dogs with pericardial effusion secondary to hemangiosarcoma or mesothelioma. However, pericardiectomy is still needed to differentiate dogs with neoplastic pericardial effusion from dogs with idiopathic pericardial effusion. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212: 1276–1280)
Reliability of the hip distraction index in two-month-old German Shepherd Dogs
Authors: Smith Gail K. , Hill Christopher M. , Gregor Thomas P. , Olson Kim 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine whether distraction index (DI), a measure of passive hip joint laxity, at 2 months of age was predictive of DI at 4 or 12 months of age in German Shepherd Dogs.

Design
Prospective cohort study.

Animals
45 German Shepherd Dogs.

Procedure
DI was measured at 2, 4, and 12 months of age. At the same times, a standard ventrodorsal radiographic projection of the pelvis with the hip joints extended was obtained and examined for evidence of degenerative joint disease (DJD). To facilitate radiographic positioning, dogs were sedated or anesthetized.

Results
DI at 2 months of age was not significantly correlated with DI at 4 or 12 months of age. However, DI at 4 months of age was correlated with DI at 12 months of age. The proportion of dogs with DI ≥ 0.3 at 12 months of age that had radiographic evidence of DJD by 12 months of age (13/22; 59%) was significantly greater than the proportion of dogs with DI < 0.3 at 12 months of age that had radiographic evidence of DJD by 12 months of age (1/9; 11 %).

Clinical Implications
For German Shepherd Dogs, DI at 2 months of age was not sufficiently reliable to predict DI at 4 and 12 months of age; however, DI at 4 and 12 months of age were comparable. We recommend that, for German Shepherd Dogs, DI not be measured before 4 months of age and that particularly for breeding dogs, DI be remeasured after maturity to confirm DI obtained at earlier ages. Studies including other breeds of dogs should be done to determine the youngest reliable age to initiate hip joint screening. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:1560–1563)
Enterocolitis associated with Clostridium perfringens infection neonatal foals: 54 cases (1988–1997)
Authors: East Leslie M. , Savage Catherine J. , Traub-Dargatz Josie L. , Dickinson Charles E. , Ellis Robert P. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To identify clinical signs, physical examination findings, results of diagnostic tests, treatments administered, and clinical outcome of neonatal foals with enterocolitis associated with Clostridium perfringens infection.

Design
Retrospective study.

Animals
54 neonatal foals.

Results
Most foals had acute onset of obtunded mentation, colic, or diarrhea and developed leukopenia, neutropenia, an abnormally high number of band neutrophils, toxic WBC, and hypoproteinemia within 24 hours after admission, despite high serum lgG concentrations (> 800 mg/dl). Abdominocentesis and abdominal radiography of some foals revealed exudative peritonitis and gaseous distention of the small and large intestine, respectively. Cytologic examination of feces revealed spores or gram-positive rods in 8 of 10 foals. The most common genotypes of C perfringens isolates were type A and C, alone or in combination. Treatment did not alter mortality rate for most foals that had a positive culture for C perfringens type C. Of 54 foals, 29 (54%) that had C perfringens-associated enterocolitis died. Foals that had a culture that yielded C perfringens had higher sepsis scores, IgG concentrations, and mortality rates, compared with the overall hospital population of neonatal foals.

Clinical Implications
Foals less than 7 days old that have enterocolitis associated with C perfringens infections, especially type C, have a guarded prognosis. Cytologic examination of feces to determine spore counts and detect rods may be a means for early identification of C perfringens infections. Polymerase chain reaction assays to determine genotype are important for designing preventive treatment regimens. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:1751–1756)
Alterations in acid-base balance and serum electrolyte concentrations in cattle: 632 cases (1984–1994)
Authors: Roussel Allen J. , Cohen Noah D. , Holland Patricia S. , Taliaoferro Lecreca , Green Robert , Benson Patricia , Navarre Christine B. , Hooper R. Neil 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine typical alterations in acid-base balance and serum electrolyte concentrations in cattle grouped on the basis of age, breed type, hydration status, clinical signs, and underlying disease.

Design
Retrospective study.

Animals
632 cattle.

Procedure
Information on blood pH, Pvo2, Pvco2, HCO3− concentration, and base excess (BE) as well as serum or plasma sodium, potassium, chloride, and total carbon dioxide concentrations was obtained. Values for calves (ie, cattle ≥ 1 month old) were compared with values for cattle ≥ 1 month old. Within each age-group, values were compared for cattle grouped on the basis of breed type, previous treatment, and hydration status. Proportions of cattle with various disorders for which values were within, greater than, or less than reference ranges were determined.

Results
BE, pH, and HCO3− concentration were significantly higher and Pvco2 and sodium, potassium, and chloride concentrations were significantly lower among cattle ≥ 1 month old than calves. Base excess and HCO3- concentration were significantly lower among dairy than beef calves. Sodium and potassium concentrations were significantly lower among dairy than beef cattle ≥ 1 month old. A higher proportion of cattle that did not survive had a high anion gap than cattle that did survive. Sodium, potassium, and chloride concentrations were significantly lower among dehydrated cattle than cattle that were not dehydrated.

Clinical Implications
Because certain alterations were consistently found in some groups of cattle, it may be possible to make reasonable predictions of alterations in acid-base balance and serum electrolyte concentrations when laboratory evaluations are not available. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:1769–1775)
Isolation of Salmonella serotypes from feces of pigs raised in a multiple-site production system
Authors: Davies Peter Robert , Bovee Frank Gerardus Elisabeth Maria , Funk Julie Ann , Morrow William Edward Morgan , Jones Frank T. , Deen John 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine the prevalence and serotypes of Salmonella organisms in feces of pigs raised in a modern, multiple-site production system.

Design
Cross-sectional study of prevalence.

Sample Population
Swine housed on 7 farms (1 gilt development farm, 2 breeding farms, 1 nursery farm, and 3 finishing farms) that formed a multiple-site production system.

Procedure
Fecal samples were obtained from 792 pigs (96 to 202/farm) and submitted for bacteriologic culture of Salmonella organisms.

Results
Salmonellae were isolated from pigs on all 7 farms and from 95 of 792 (12%) fecal samples. Prevalence ranged from 3.4% at the gilt development farm to 18 and 22% at the breeding farms. Serotypes identified were Salmonella derby, S typhimurium var. Copenhagen, S heidelberg, S typhimurium, S mbandaka, S worthington, and S tennessee. No single serotype was not isolated from all the farms of the production system and the most prevalent serotypes at the 3 finishing farms (S typhimurium or S typhimurium var. Copenhagen) were not isolated from the breeding or nursery farms.

Clinical Implications
Upstream infection (pigs infected before arriving at finishing farms) appears to be an unimportant source of Salmonella infection of finished hogs in multiple-site systems. High prevalence of Salmonella shedding in breeding animals suggests that food products derived from culled breeding livestock may be an important source of foodborne disease. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;212:1925–1929)
Occupational factors and reproductive outcomes among a cohort of female veterinarians
Authors: Wilkins J. R. , Steele Larry L. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To estimate absolute and relative risks of preterm delivery (PTD) and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) births among a cohort of female veterinarians in relation to selected occupational factors, including clinical practice type (CPT).

Design
Retrospective cohort survey.

Sample Population
2,997 female graduates from US veterinary colleges between 1970 and 1980.

Procedure
Relevant health and occupational data were collected through a self-administered mail questionnaire with telephone follow-up of nonrespondents. Absolute and relative risks of PTD and SGA births were estimated in relation to maternal CPT at the time of conception and exposure to 13 occupational factors. Attempts were made to control confounding by use of multiple logistic regression analyses.

Results
Absolute and relative risks of PTD were highest for veterinarians employed in exclusively equine clinical practice. Although several increased, none of the CPT-specific relative risk estimates were significantly different from the null value of 1. Exposure-specific analyses indicated that occupational involvement with solvents among exclusively small animal practitioners was associated with the highest relative risk of PTD. A small number of SGA births limited information that could be obtained from these analyses. Overall absolute risks of PTD and SGA births among cohort members were much lower in comparison with the general female population.

Clinical Implications
Given the large number of women currently practicing and entering the profession of veterinary medicine, clinical tasks associated with potential reproductive hazards should be approached with heightened awareness and increased caution, especially activities that may involve exposure to solvents. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:61-67)
Determining factors for successful adoption of dogs from an animal shelter
Authors: Posage J. Michelle , Bartlett Paul C. , Thomas Daniel K. 
Published: December 2023

Objective
To determine whether certain characteristics of dogs offered for adoption are associated with successful adoption.

Design
Retrospective cohort study.

Animals
1,468 relinquished dogs offered for adoption at a local humane society.

Procedure
Data regarding dogs offered for adoption were obtained from surveys completed by previous owners. Data were analyzed by use of bivariate statistics and multivariable logistic regression.

Results
Of dogs offered for adoption, 1,073 were successfully adopted, 239 were not adopted, and 157 were returned to the shelter after adoption. Terrier, hound, toy, and nonsporting breeds were found to be significantly associated with successful adoption (P< 0.05, χ2 analysis). Certain coat colors (gold, gray, and white), small size, and history of an indoor environment were also significant predictors of successful adoption. The correlation coefficient (0.048) indicated that only a small percentage of variance in adoption success could be explained by the multiple logistic regression model.

Clinical Implications
Animal shelter managers with limited kennel capacity may wish to periodically use surveys to determine whether the type of dog being offered to the public reflects the type of dog the public will adopt. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998;213:478-482)
Ocular infections with dematiaceous fungi in two cats and a dog
Authors: Bernays Michael E. , Peiffer Robert L. 
Published: December 2023

Clinical signs and histologic findings associated with dematiaceous fungal infections of the ocular tissues can be variable.
Dematiaceous fungi should be considered in the differential diagnoses list of exogenous causes of ocular infections, such as endophthalmitis, orbital cellulitis, and keratitis.