bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel Solvent-Free Reactions with Iodine: Solid–Solid and Solid–Vapor Reactions of 1-Aryl-4-(methylthio)-2-(p-tolylsulfonyl)-1,3-butadienes
Authors: Matsumoto Shoji , Kumazawa Kazuhisa , Ogura Katsuyuki 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Under “solvent-free” solid–solid and solid–vapor conditions, 1-aryl-4-(methylthio)-2-(p-tolylsulfonyl)-1,3-butadienes (1) react with iodine to form (p-tolylsulfonyl)naphthalene derivatives (2) in high yield. These conditions make the reaction tolerant to the kind of the aryl so that various derivatives of 2 were produced in high yield. The products (2) can be obtained in a nearly pure form by removing co-existing hydrogen iodide and dimethyl disulfide by evaporation. Thus, this process is environmentally benign, because no solvent and water need to get the pure product.
Regioselective Carboxylation of Phenols with Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Rahim Mohammad Abdur , Matsui Yoshihisa , Matsuyama Takanori , Kosugi Yoshio 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
A few novel methods were developed for the regioselective preparation of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (pHBA) and its amino derivative by means of the Kolbe–Schmitt reaction. Thus, the carboxylation of tetraalkylammonium phenoxide at 125 °C under the CO2 pressure of 5.0 MPa in the presence of K2CO3 gave pHBA in a maximum yield of 56% with the regioselectivity of 97–100%. The carboxylation of potassium phenoxide (PhOK) at 230 °C under the CO2 pressure of 0.5 MPa also gave pHBA regioselectively in a 39% yield, together with unaltered phenol (61%). Under such conditions, the potassium salt of salicylic acid (SA) once formed was transformed into pHBA. Heat treatment of the dipotassium salt of 13C labeled SA indicated that the transformation occurs via two pathways, i.e., the intramolecular rearrangement of the salicylate (66%) and the decarboxylation of the salicylate followed by the recarboxylation of the resulting PhOK (34%). Furthermore, the carboxylation of cesium m-aminophenoxide and 5-amino-1-naphthoxide with CO2 gave regioselectively 4-hydroxyanthranilic and 8-amino-4-hydroxy-1-naphthoic acids, respectively, in good yields. This is a simple one-pot reaction giving these industrially useful acids with good yields.
Crystal Structures of Protected Derivatives of α-Alkoxyglycines
Authors: Kawai Masao , Hosoda Kouji , Omori Yoshimasa , Yamamura Hatsuo , Miwa Yoshihisa , Taga Tooru 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
X-ray crysal structures of two α-alkoxyglycine derivatives, Cbz–Gly(OR)–OR (R = Me and Pri), were determined. The structural and chemical characteristics of Gly(OR) residues as unique β-oxa analogs of α-amino acids are discussed.
Water-based Dye-sensitized Solar Cells: Interfacial Activation of TiO2 Mesopores in Contact with Aqueous Electrolyte for Efficiency Development
Authors: Murakami Takurou N , Saito Haruhisa , Uegusa Sadao , Kawashima Norimichi , Miyasaka Tsutomu 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
Surface activation of TiO2 mesopores in contact with aqueous electrolytes was conducted by hydrophilic conversion and reaction of chemical adsorbents. Water-based dye-sensitized solar cell was fabricated as an environmentally benign device. The solar cell yielded high conversion efficiency up to 2.2%.
Promoting Effect of Cyclic Ethers in the Layered Silicate Synthesis
Authors: Kawai Akiko , Ikeda Takuji , Kiyozumi Yoshimichi , Mizukami Fujio 
Published: November 2003

Abstract
One of the layered silicates RUB-15, having TMA (Tetramethylammonium) ions between the layers, was rapidly synthesized by using cyclic ethers. The reaction with cyclic ethers was 6 times faster than that without cyclic ethers. The other organic solvent did not produce RUB-15 in 5 days. The effect of cyclic ethers is investigated by 29Si NMR.
'You can't tell by looking': pilot study of a community-based intervention to detect asymptomatic sexually transmitted infections
Authors: Low N , Connell P , McKevitt C , Baggili Tamara , Tenant-Flowers Melinda , More Christine , Zuckerman Mark , Hamilton Michael , Jones Jef , Blake Mark , Sterne Jonathan A C 
Published: November 2003

Innovative and non-stigmatizing interventions are required to reduce ethnic inequalities in rates of sexually transmitted infections among young people. We therefore designed an intervention, 'You can't tell by looking,' which combined health promotion with testing for gonorrhoea and chlamydia using nucleic acid amplification technology and treatment and partner notification delivered in the non-clinical settings. One hundred and eighty-one participants were seen in 13 sessions in local further education colleges. Forty-three percent of participants were from Black Caribbean or Black Other ethnic groups and 39% were Black African: 125 of 181 participants were sexually active and 109 of these (87%) provided a urine specimen. 10/109 (9.2%, 95% confidence interval 4.5-16.2%) samples were confirmed positive for Chlamydia trachomatis and two were also positive for Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Only 7% of those tested found it embarrassing. The intervention was both feasible and acceptable to young people. It could be tested in a wider variety of non-clinical settings and evaluated in a cluster randomized trial.
The Role of Cholesterol and Statins in Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Miller Lisa J , Chacko Reni 
Published: November 2003

OBJECTIVE: To briefly discuss the impact of elevated total and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol levels, as well as the potential relationship of hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor (statin) use, on the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). DATA SOURCES: Biomedical literature was accessed through MEDLINE and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1966–June 2003). The authors independently reviewed literature for possible inclusion in this article. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION: Clinical studies were selected and reviewed from the data sources, with special emphasis on those dealing with statin use and AD. DATA SYNTHESIS: The impact of AD is significant, as it is rapidly becoming one of our country's most debilitating and costly diseases. Data from epidemiologic trials indicate that statins may have some protective effect against the development of AD. These trials also allude to theories regarding possible mechanisms of action for this use, data implicating possible superiority of one statin over another, and their lack in certain populations, specifically the very old elderly population. CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary evidence suggests that statins may offer a protective effect against the development of AD. However, review of the literature does not lend credence to the use of statins in the general nondemented population without hyperlipidemia. Potential confounding variables have not been considered in the majority of trials. Placebo-controlled clinical trials are ongoing and should yield more definitive results.
Ritodrine-Induced Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis in Pregnancy
Authors: Cobeta-García Juan C , García-Enguita Pilar , Pina-Latorre Miguel A , Lerin-Sánchez Francisco J , Rodilla-Calvelo Francisco 
Published: November 2003

OBJECTIVE: To report 2 cases of pregnant women who presented with leukocytoclastic vasculitis (LV) associated with the administration of ritodrine hydrochloride after undergoing genetic amniocentesis and to review the literature on LV. CASE SUMMARIES: Case 1. A 40-year-old pregnant woman was diagnosed with autoimmune hypothyroidism at week 12 of her third gestation. At week 14, she underwent a genetic amniocentesis and received oral prophylactic treatment with ritodrine for 10 days. At week 16, she presented with fever, epigastric abdominal pain, polyarthritis, microhematuria, and purpura. Skin biopsy showed LV. Case 2. A 34-year-old pregnant woman had developed polyarthralgias and polyarthritis after receiving ritodrine following genetic amniocentesis in her second gestation. She also underwent a genetic amniocentesis in her third gestation and received ritodrine. Five days later, she presented with fever, polyarthritis, and purpura. A skin biopsy demonstrated LV. The rest of her gestation was normal until week 33, when she developed oligohydramnios and a delay of intrauterine fetal growth. A cesarean section was then performed. After birth, the baby developed tachypnea, anemia, splenomegaly, edema, and renal failure; she died on her 15th day of life. DISCUSSION: Ritodrine hydrochloride is a β2-adrenergic agonist that is used in pregnant women as a tocolytic agent. In our 2 patients, there was a time relationship between the administration of ritodrine and the appearance of LV. In both cases, other causes of vasculitis were excluded in a reasonable way. As of November 4, 2003, only one other case has been found in the literature. An objective causality assessment revealed that the reactions to ritodrine were probable and possible, respectively, in our 2 cases. CONCLUSIONS: In pregnant women with autoimmune disease, ritodrine should be used with caution because of its ability to induce vasculitis.
Inappropriate Medication Use Among Frail Elderly Inpatients
Authors: Hanlon Joseph T , Artz Margaret B , Pieper Carl F , Lindblad Catherine I , Sloane Richard J , Ruby Christine M , Schmader Kenneth E 
Published: November 2003

BACKGROUND: Inappropriate prescribing in frail elderly inpatients has not received as much investigation as in frail elderly nursing home patients. OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and predictors of inappropriate prescribing for hospitalized frail elderly patients. METHODS: The study was conducted at 11 Veterans Affairs Medical Centers and involved a sample of 397 frail elderly inpatients. Inappropriate prescribing was measured by physician—pharmacist pair's consensus ratings for 10 criteria on the Medication Appropriateness Index (MAI). The MAI ratings generated a weighted score of 0–18 per medication (higher score = more inappropriate) and were summed across medications to achieve a patient score. RESULTS: Overall, 365 (91.9%) patients had ≥1 medications with ≥1 MAI criteria rated as inappropriate. The most common problems involved expensive drugs (70.0%), impractical directions (55.2%), and incorrect dosages (50.9%). The most common drug classes with appropriateness problems were gastric (50.6%), cardiovascular (47.6%), and central nervous system (23.9%). The mean ± SD MAI score per person was 8.9 ± 7.6. Stepwise ordinal logistic regression analyses revealed that both the number of prescription (adjusted OR 1.28; 95% CI 1.21 to 1.36) and nonprescription drugs (adjusted OR 1.17; 95% CI 1.06 to 1.29) were related to higher MAI scores. Analyses excluding the number of drugs revealed that the Charlson index (adjusted OR 1.62; 95% CI 1.12 to 2.35) and fair/poor self-rated health (adjusted OR 1.15; 95% CI 1.05 to 1.26) were related to higher MAI scores. CONCLUSIONS: Inappropriate drug prescribing is common for frail elderly veteran inpatients and is related to polypharmacy and specific health status characteristics.
Moderne Synthesemethoden: Kupfer‐vermittelte C(Aryl)‐O‐, C(Aryl)‐N‐ und C(Aryl)‐S‐Verknüpfungen
Authors: Ley Steven V. , Thomas Andrew W. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractKupfer‐vermittelte C(Aryl)‐N‐, C(Aryl)‐O‐ und C(Aryl)‐S‐ Verknüpfungen sind Kupplungsreaktionen mit einer großen Bandbreite an Substraten. In dieser Hinsicht ergänzt diese Methode die Palladium‐vermittelten Arylierungsreaktionen. Hier beschreiben wir neue Entwicklungen bei stöchiometrischen und katalytischen Varianten der Reaktionen mit Arylboronsäuren, Arylhalogeniden, Iodoniumsalzen, Siloxanen, Stannanen, Plumbanen, Bismutaten und Trifluoroboraten als Aryldonoren. Erst kürzlich wurden Arylboronsäuren als Reaktionspartner für die O‐ und N‐Arylierung eingeführt; dieser Klasse von Aryldonoren wird in diesem Aufsatz besondere Aufmerksamkeit gewidmet. Durch die Verwendung unterschiedlicher Kupferquellen und Basen sowie zusätzlicher Liganden und Additive konnten deutliche Verbesserungen erzielt werden. Mechanistische Untersuchungen sollen Aufschluss über die katalytisch aktiven Spezies geben und so zur Entwicklung milderer Methoden mit größerer Effizienz führen. Der Aufsatz umfasst die Literatur bis Ende April 2003.
Neue Substrate für Palladium‐katalysierte Kupplungsreaktionen von Aromaten
Authors: Zapf Alexander 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAromaten und Heteroaromaten sind allgegenwärtige Strukturelemente in Wirkstoffen und neuen Materialien. Die Funktionalisierung (“Veredelung”) von einfachen aromatischen Vorstufen ist deshalb nach wie vor von zentraler Bedeutung für die präparative Organische Chemie. In den letzten 20 Jahren haben vor allem Übergangsmetall‐katalysierte Kreuzkupplungen von Arylhalogeniden und ‐triflaten der Aromatenchemie neue Impulse gegeben, vor wenigen Jahren wurden auch erste technische Anwendungen realisiert. Seit kurzem ergänzen nun Carbonsäurederivate wie Anhydride und Ester das Substratspektrum derartiger Kupplungsreaktionen. Einige aktuelle Entwicklungen auf diesem Gebiet werden in diesem Aufsatz vorgestellt.
Modern Synthetic Methods for Copper‐Mediated C(aryl)O, C(aryl)N, and C(aryl)S Bond Formation
Authors: Ley Steven V. , Thomas Andrew W. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThe copper‐mediated C(aryl)N, C(aryl)O, and C(aryl)S bond formation is an important transformation and has been developed to include a wide range of substrates. This Review highlights the recent developments in the copper‐mediated (both stoichiometric and catalytic) reactions of aryl boronic acids, aryl halides, iodonium salts, siloxanes, stannanes, plumbanes, bismuthates, and trifluoroborate salts as aryl donors. In particular, the recent introduction of boronic acids as reaction partners in both O‐ and N‐arylation has been a significant discovery and will occupy centre‐stage in this review. Clear improvements can be obtained by the correct choice of copper source, base, ligands, and other additives. Mechanistic investigations should provide insight into the catalytically active species, which would aid in the development of milder, more‐efficient methods.
Nodes of topicality: Modeling user notions of on topic documents
Authors: Greisdorf Howard , O'Connor Brian 
Published: November 2003

AbstractTopicality, while demonstrably an empirically manageable variable of investigation, engenders aspects of cognitive complexity that may, or may not, be easily managed during user interactions with IR systems. If an item retrieved from an IR system is considered to be on topic by a user, the meaning of that judgment may imply other underlying criteria. What makes an item on topic for users is the subject of this investigation. Although topicality has served to generate a great deal of attention in the body of information science literature, the meaning of topicality to IR system users has suffered from a lack of full understanding in designing more effective approaches to information search and retrieval. This investigation takes an inductive approach to the deductive extraction of characteristics that describe and explain how items retrieved from interactions with IR systems can be considered as on topic.
Network influences on scholarly communication in developmental dyslexia: A longitudinal follow‐up
Authors: Perry Claudia A. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractAuthor cocitation analysis was used to explore ongoing changes in the intellectual structure of the hybrid problem area of developmental dyslexia for the period 1994–1998, and to address ambiguities in results raised by an earlier study of these researchers for the years 1976–1993. Results suggest that: (1) discrepancies between the structure of the sociometric (personal) and author cocitation networks reflect real differences, not temporal factors; (2) differences between cocitation patterns and reports in the literature, and corresponding delays in the visibility of emerging perspectives, are likely due to the “inertia” of aggregate cocitation data and/or by shifts by neuroscience‐vision researchers to publication in more prominent journals; (3) a sharp rise in link density for the neuroscience‐vision subgroup indicates increased cohesiveness and growing maturation for this emerging perspective; (4) shifts in subgroup membership, link density, patterns of coauthorship, and multiple factor loadings suggest possible convergence between other subgroups in the network and identify individuals who may play boundary‐spanning roles within the network; and (5) changing patterns of cocitation throughout the network suggest the increasing influence of studies relating to neurobiological mechanisms underlying dyslexia. The possible contributions of such boundary spanners in addressing the substantial information and communication challenges posed by the increased interdisciplinary character of scholarship in general, also are discussed.
Bibliographic index coverage of a multidisciplinary field
Authors: Walters William H. , Wilder Esther I. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractThis study examines the literature of a multidisciplinary field, later‐life migration, and evaluates the effectiveness of 12 bibliographic databases in indexing that literature. Five journals—three in social gerontology, one in rural sociology, and one in regional science—account for 40% of the papers published in this area. The disciplines that publish the most work on later‐life migration are not necessarily those that provide the best index coverage, however. Moreover, four multidisciplinary databases each provide better index coverage than any single‐subject index. The relatively low degree of overlap among the 12 databases suggests that scholars working on topics such as later‐life migration must continue to rely on a wide range of bibliographic tools, both disciplinary and multidisciplinary.
Bibliographic and Web citations: What is the difference?
Authors: Vaughan Liwen , Shaw Debora 
Published: November 2003

AbstractWeb citations have been proposed as comparable to, even replacements for, bibliographic citations, notably in assessing the academic impact of work in promotion and tenure decisions. We compared bibliographic and Web citations to articles in 46 journals in library and information science. For most journals (57%), Web citations correlated significantly with both bibliographic citations listed in the Social Sciences Citation Index and the ISI's Journal Impact Factor. Many of the Web citations represented intellectual impact, coming from other papers posted on the Web (30%) or from class readings lists (12%). Web citation counts were typically higher than bibliographic citation counts for the same article. Journals with more Web citations tended to have Web sites that provided tables of contents on the Web, while less cited journals did not have such publicity. The number of Web citations to journal articles increased from 1992 to 1997.
Associations between polymorphisms within the thymidylate synthase gene and spina bifida
Authors: Volcik Kelly A. , Shaw Gary M. , Zhu Huiping , Lammer Edward J. , Laurent Cecile , Finnell Richard H. 
Published: November 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDPolymorphisms within the thymidylate synthase (TS) gene that influence enzyme activity may affect plasma folate levels and, indirectly, plasma homocysteine concentrations. We investigated whether TS polymorphisms contribute to spina bifida (SB) risk, given that a reduction in the risk of SB has been linked to folate metabolism.METHODSGenomic DNA was extracted from newborn‐screening blood spots obtained from case infants with SB, and randomly selected, nonmalformed control infants. Genotype frequencies of two polymorphisms in the TS gene—a 28‐bp tandem repeat in the promoter enhancer region (TSER) and a 6‐bp deletion in the 3′UTR—were determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) methods. Additionally, all seven exons of the TS gene were sequenced to identify variations within the coding region of the gene.RESULTSWe found that the TSER 2/2 homozygous genotype was associated with a slightly increased risk for SB infants (odds ratio [OR] = 1.4 [0.8–2.4], p = 0.1). When the cohort was divided into separate ethnic groups, this risk increased by 4‐fold with the TSER 2/2 homozygous genotype (OR = 4.0 [1.8–8.8], p = 0.001), and by 3‐fold with the 3′UTR +/+ homozygous genotype (OR = 3.6 [1.3–10.1], p = 0.02) in non‐Hispanic white cases. The combined TSER,3′UTR (2/2,+/+) genotype showed a more than 4‐fold increased risk for SB within this specific ethnic group (OR = 4.7 [1.1–19.8], p = 0.04).CONCLUSIONSThis study is the first to evaluate how TS polymorphisms contribute to the risk of SB. The current findings indicate that polymorphisms in the untranslated regions of the TS gene are associated with 4‐fold or more increased risks of SB in non‐Hispanic whites, but not in Hispanic whites, African‐Americans, or Asian‐Americans. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Timetable for intestinal rotation in staged human embryos and fetuses
Authors: Kim Won Kyu , Kim Hyun , Ahn Dae Ho , Kim Myoung Hee , Park Hyoung Woo 
Published: November 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe existing data on intestinal rotation during human development are contradictory regarding the timing of major events, and as such an exact timetable for rotation of the intestine in humans is not yet available.METHODSWe studied the initial formation and rotation of the intestine by microdissection and histological observations in 72 human embryos and fetuses at two to 12 weeks postfertilization. The embryos were classified according to the Carnegie staging system.RESULTSThe primordium of the primitive gut was first observed as a yolk sac at stage 5. With the formation of the embryonic foldings, three divisions of the primitive gut (the foregut, midgut, and hindgut) were observed at stage 10. At stage 12, the primitive gut was located on the midline. At stage 15, a 90° counterclockwise rotation of the intestine began. At stage 16, herniation of the intestine into the umbilical cord was not evident in observations of the external form or a transversely sectioned embryo, but was evident in a sagittally sectioned embryo. There was another 90° counterclockwise rotation at stage 20. Reduction of the intestine was a rapid process, since it was still in the cord in fetuses of <40 mm crown–rump length (CRL), and was reduced above 40 mm in general during nine weeks of development. When the intestine returned to the abdominal cavity, the cecum was located in the right lower quadrant (the adult position).CONCLUSIONSWe have developed a standard timetable to describe the rotation of the intestine. The current results will be helpful in studies describing the pathogenesis of some developmental abnormalities in the intestine due to abnormal rotation. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fetal bilateral renal agenesis, phocomelia, and single umbilical artery associated with cocaine abuse in early pregnancy
Authors: Kashiwagi Maki , Chaoui Rabih , Stallmach Thomas , Hürlimann Sandra , Lauper Urs , Hebisch Gundula 
Published: November 2003

AbstractBACKGROUNDMaternal cocaine abuse in pregnancy is associated with complications such as intrauterine growth retardation, abruptio placentae, and preterm delivery.CASEWe report what is, to our knowledge, the first published observation of fetal bilateral renal agenesis associated with a vascular disruption syndrome comprising upper limb reduction defect and a single umbilical artery following maternal cocaine abuse in early pregnancy.CONCLUSIONSThis constellation in a fetus aborted at 18 weeks extends the spectrum of complications possibly associated with cocaine abuse in pregnancy. Birth Defects Research (Part A), 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.