bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Individualism and collectivism revisited: a study of black and minority ethnic women
Authors: Healy Geraldine , Bradley Harriet , Mukherjee Nupur 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACTThis article seeks to add discussion of the intersection of gender and ethnicity to the debates on individualism and collectivism. In doing so, it challenges the prevailing view, in these debates, of the rise of individualism and the decline in collectivism. Through a study of black and minority ethnic women trade unionists, it shows how a differentiated workforce, rather than leading to individualism at work, may contribute to union renewal and inspire more creative forms of collectivism.
Electrophysiological evidence for delayed mismatch response in infants at‐risk for specific language impairment
Authors: Friedrich M. , Weber C. , Friederici A. D. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe present study investigated whether delayed auditory processing typically found in children with specific language impairment (SLI) can already be observed in the event‐related potentials of 2‐month‐old infants. Infants with and without a family history of SLI were tested in a passive auditory oddball paradigm with CV‐syllables differing in vowel duration. For the long syllable, a positive mismatch response occurred in the difference wave between deviant and standard. Its amplitude was higher in infants during quiet sleep than in awake infants, although its peak latency remained unaffected by alertness. Awake infants showed an adultlike mismatch negativity preceding the positivity. Risk for SLI was reflected in the latency of the positive mismatch response, which was delayed in infants with risk compared to infants without risk. This latency difference suggests that 2‐month‐old infants at risk for SLI are already affected in processing an auditory stimulus change of duration.
Effects of reward and stimulus modality on stimulus‐preceding negativity
Authors: Ohgami Yoshimi , Kotani Yasunori , Hiraku Shiho , Aihara Yasutsugu , Ishii Motonobu 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe present study aimed to investigate the effect of reward and stimulus modality of feedback stimuli on the stimulus‐preceding negativity. A time estimation task was performed, and (a) the motivational level (reward and no‐reward) and (b) the stimulus modality (auditory and visual) of feedback stimuli were manipulated. The results demonstrated that the stimulus‐preceding negativity was larger in the reward than in the no‐reward condition, especially at the right frontal and the left occipito‐temporal areas. Moreover, the stimulus‐preceding negativity prior to visual feedback stimuli was larger over the occipital areas than in the auditory condition. In contrast, at the prefrontal areas, the amplitude prior to auditory feedback stimuli was larger than in the visual condition. Our results revealed that the prefeedback stimulus‐preceding negativity was independently influenced by stimulus modality and motivation.
Sensitivity of medial frontal cortex to response and nonresponse conflict
Authors: West Robert , Bowry Ritvij , McConville Celine 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) holds a prominent place in models of the neural architecture supporting cognitive control and conflict processing. The findings of empirical and computational work lead to the prediction that the ACC is sensitive to response conflict and insensitive to nonresponse conflict. We tested this prediction in two experiments using event‐related brain potentials in combination with a task in which some trials included only nonresponse conflict and others included nonresponse and response conflict. A N450 associated with the activity of neural generators in the ACC and anterior frontal region was elicited on trials including only nonresponse and nonresponse and response conflict. This finding is inconsistent with the hypothesis that activation of the ACC is limited to response conflict and may identify one avenue of development in future applications of conflict theory.
Electrophysiological indices of orienting attention toward pain
Authors: Dowman Robert 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis study examined the effects of orienting on two pain‐related components of the sural nerve‐evoked somatosensory evoked potential: the NDP (80–230 ms), which is generated in part by the anterior cingulate cortex (ACCc), and SP6 (280–340 ms). NDP and SP6 amplitudes were larger when subjects oriented their attention away from an invalidly cued location and toward the sural nerve pain than when their attention remained focused on the pain. These results and our earlier studies suggest that the ACCc activity generating the NDP is involved in detecting transient painful stimuli. This activity is enhanced when the pain occurs outside the focus of attention, and it may signal other brain areas that attention should be oriented away from its current focus and toward the pain. SP6 appears to be a pain‐evoked P3a event‐related potential, with an anterior component involved in orienting attention away from some other task and toward the pain, and an posterior component involved in evaluating the pain.
Contrasting Approaches in Marital Counseling
Authors: Elderkin Bell John 
Published: August 2004

My Aim in this paper is to look at the therapist‐marital couple relationship as a social system, and from this perspective to outline some aspects of the difference between treating a husband or wife as an individual patient and treating them together as a marital couple.I will try to differentiate individual treatment and treatment of the marital pair on two dimensions: their respective use as sources of data about the marital relationship, for both therapy and research, and their potentialities for changing the marital interaction.
Ambiguous Loss and Disenfranchised Grief: The Impact of DNA Predictive Testing on the Family as a System
Authors: Sobel Susan , Cowan C. Brookes 
Published: August 2004

DNA predictive testing to diagnose the presence of hereditary disease in asymptomatic individuals has become increasingly available. Information provided by these tests has implications for all relatives. In an exploratory study we examined the impact, from the family's perspective, of predictive DNA testing for Huntington disease on the family as a system. Central to their stories was a sense of loss and grief that was perhaps unique to the testing situation. The description of these losses is presented in the context of ambiguous loss as defined by Boss, disenfranchised grief as presented by Doka, and anticipatory grief as addressed by Rolland. These theories suggest clinical interventions that can be used by healthcare professionals to help families adjust to the psychosocial consequences of testing.
Death too is in the egg.—Anne Sexton, All My Pretty Ones (1962, p.13)
Narratives About Their Children by Mothers Hospitalized on a Psychiatric Unit
Authors: SAVVIDOU IONNIA , BOZIKAS VASILIS P. , HATZIGELEKI SOPHIA , KARAVATOS ATHANASIOS 
Published: August 2004

The diagnosis of “mental illness” is accompanied by negative implications regarding a person's competence. Self‐and other‐descriptions about the “patient” are embedded within broader cultural and societal discourses, influencing his/her relationships. The parental role seems to be one of the most sensitive, especially for women. Mothers hospitalized in psychiatric units often have to separate themselves from their children either temporarily, during hospitalization, or permanently, after a loss of custody. However, many studies have shown that mothering remains important for them.We interviewed 20 women, inpatients on a psychiatric unit and mothers of 3.5‐18‐year‐old children, recording their narratives about their children and exploring their thoughts and understanding of the concepts of motherhood and mental illness. We also explored the way in which the mother‐child dyad interacted with the family and its social context.Most mothers had a consistent and coherent narrative about their children and they had certain expectations of them. The mother‐child bond was strong, even when the children had been removed from their mother's custody. However, mothers were facing great difficulties with their partner and with the broader family context. Also, the social discourses regarding mental illness, (e.g., violence and incapability for mothering), were extremely oppressive for these women. They felt that they were the victims of societal attitudes even before they became pregnant.These findings suggest the importance of listening to the voices of these women; acknowledging their competence in the therapeutic context; involving them with their families, and in legal and social contexts; and in planning supportive programs for them.
The Reaction Center H Subunit Is Not Required for High Levels of Light-Harvesting Complex 1 in
Rhodospirillum rubrum
Mutants
Authors: Lupo Domenico , Ghosh Robin 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACT

The gene (
puhA
) encoding the H subunit of the reaction center (RC) was deleted by site-directed interposon mutagenesis by using a kanamycin resistance cassette lacking transcriptional terminators to eliminate polar effects in both the wild-type strain
Rhodospirillum rubrum
S1 and the carotenoid-less strain
R. rubrum
G9. The
puhA
interposon mutants were incapable of photoheterotrophic growth but grew normally under aerobic chemoheterotrophic conditions. Absorption spectroscopy and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the RCs were absent. In minimal medium and also in modified medium containing succinate and fructose, the light-harvesting 1 complex (LH1) levels of the S1-derived mutants were about 70 to 100% of the wild-type levels in the same media. The correct assembly of LH1 in the membrane and the pigment-pigment interaction were confirmed by near-infrared circular dichroism spectroscopy. LH1 formation was almost absent when the carotenoid-less G9-derived
puhA
mutants were grown in standard minimal medium, suggesting that carotenoids may stabilize LH1. In the fructose-containing medium, however, the LH1 levels of the G9 mutants were 70 to 100% of the parental strain levels. Electron micrographs of thin sections of
R. rubrum
revealed photosynthetic membranes in all mutants grown in succinate-fructose medium. These studies indicate that the H subunit of the RC is necessary neither for maximal formation of LH1 nor for photosynthetic membrane formation but is essential for functional RC assembly.
Functional Characterization of an Aminotransferase Required for Pyoverdine Siderophore Biosynthesis in
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
PAO1
Authors: Vandenende Chris S. , Vlasschaert Matthew , Seah Stephen Y. K. 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACT

The fluorescent dihydroxyquinoline chromophore of the pyoverdine siderophore in
Pseudomonas
is a condensation product of
d
-tyrosine and
l
-2,4-diaminobutyrate. Both
pvdH
and
asd
(encoding aspartate β-semialdehyde dehydrogenase) knockout mutants of
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
PAO1 were unable to synthesize pyoverdine under iron-limiting conditions in the absence of
l
-2,4-diaminobutyrate in the culture media. The
pvdH
gene was subcloned, and the gene product was hyperexpressed and purified from
P. aeruginosa
PAO1. PvdH was found to catalyze an aminotransferase reaction, interconverting aspartate β-semialdehyde and
l
-2,4-diaminobutyrate. Steady-state kinetic analysis with a novel coupled assay established that the enzyme adopts a ping-pong kinetic mechanism and has the highest specificity for α-ketoglutarate. The specificity of the enzyme toward the smaller keto acid pyruvate is 41-fold lower. The enzyme has negligible activity toward other keto acids tested. Homologues of PvdH were present in the genomes of other
Pseudomonas
spp. These homologues were found in the DNA loci of the corresponding genomes that contain other pyoverdine synthesis genes. This suggests that there is a general mechanism of
l
-2,4-diaminobutyrate synthesis in
Pseudomonas
strains that produce the pyoverdine siderophore.
TheEnterococcus faecalis fsrTwo-Component System Controls Biofilm Development through Production of Gelatinase
Authors: Hancock Lynn E. , Perego Marta 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACTBacterial growth as a biofilm on solid surfaces is strongly associated with the development of human infections. Biofilms on native heart valves (infective endocarditis) is a life-threatening disease as a consequence of bacterial resistance to antimicrobials in such a state. Enterococci have emerged as a cause of endocarditis and nosocomial infections despite being normal commensals of the gastrointestinal and female genital tracts. We examined the role of two-component signal transduction systems in biofilm formation by theEnterococcus faecalisV583 clinical isolate and identified thefsrregulatory locus as the sole two-component system affecting this unique mode of bacterial growth. Insertion mutations in thefsroperon affected biofilm formation on two distinct abiotic surfaces. Inactivation of thefsr-controlled genegelEencoding the zinc-metalloprotease gelatinase was found to prevent biofilm formation, suggesting that this enzyme may present a unique target for therapeutic intervention in enterococcal endocarditis.
The Bvg Virulence Control System Regulates Biofilm Formation in
Bordetella bronchiseptica
Authors: Irie Yasuhiko , Mattoo Seema , Yuk Ming H. 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACT

Bordetella
species utilize the BvgAS (
Bordetella
virulence gene) two-component signal transduction system to sense the environment and regulate gene expression among at least three phases: a virulent Bvg
+
phase, a nonvirulent Bvg
−
phase, and an intermediate Bvg
i
phase. Genes expressed in the Bvg
+
phase encode known virulence factors, including adhesins such as filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) and fimbriae, as well as toxins such as the bifunctional adenylate cyclase/hemolysin (ACY). Previous studies showed that in the Bvg
i
phase, FHA and fimbriae continue to be expressed, but ACY expression is significantly downregulated. In this report, we determine that
Bordetella bronchiseptica
can form biofilms in vitro and that the generation of biofilm is maximal in the Bvg
i
phase. We show that FHA is required for maximal biofilm formation and that fimbriae may also contribute to this phenotype. However, expression of ACY inhibits biofilm formation, most likely via interactions with FHA. Therefore, the coordinated regulation of adhesins and ACY expression leads to maximal biofilm formation in the Bvg
i
phase in
B. bronchiseptica
.
Transposon-Mediated Linker Insertion Scanning Mutagenesis of the
Escherichia coli
McrA Endonuclease
Authors: Anton Brian P. , Raleigh Elisabeth A. 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACT

McrA is one of three functions that restrict modified foreign DNA in
Escherichia coli
K-12, affecting both methylated and hydroxymethylated substrates. We present here the first systematic analysis of the functional organization of McrA by using the GPS-LS insertion scanning system. We collected in-frame insertions of five amino acids at 46 independent locations and C-terminal truncations at 20 independent locations in the McrA protein. Each mutant was assayed for in vivo restriction of both methylated and hydroxymethylated bacteriophage (M.HpaII-modified λ and T4
gt
, respectively) and for induction of the
E. coli
SOS response in the presence of M.HpaII methylation, indicative of DNA damage. Our findings suggest the presence of an N-terminal DNA-binding domain and a C-terminal catalytic nuclease domain connected by a linker region largely tolerant of amino acid insertions. DNA damage inflicted by a functional C-terminal domain is required for restriction of phage T4
gt
. Disruption of the N-terminal domain abolishes restriction of both substrates. Surprisingly, truncation mutations that spare the N-terminal domain do not mediate DNA damage, as measured by SOS induction, but nevertheless partially restrict M.HpaII-modified λ in vivo. We suggest a common explanation for this “restriction without damage” and a similar observation seen in vivo with McrB, a component of another of the modified-DNA restriction functions. Briefly, we propose that unproductive site-specific binding of the protein to a vulnerable position in the λ genome disrupts the phage development program at an early stage. We also identified a single mutant, carrying an insertion in the N-terminal domain, which could fully restrict λ but did not restrict T4
gt
at all. This mutant may have a selective impairment in substrate recognition, distinguishing methylated from hydroxymethylated substrates. The study shows that the technically easy insertion scanning method can provide a rich source of functional information when coupled with effective phenotype tests.
The
vir
Gene of Bacteriophage MAV1 Confers Resistance to Phage Infection on
Mycoplasma arthritidis
Authors: Clapper Brenda , Tu Anh-Hue T. , Elgavish Ada , Dybvig Kevin 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACT

Lysogenization of
Mycoplasma arthritidis
with the MAV1 bacteriophage increases the virulence of the mycoplasma in rats. The MAV1
vir
gene is one of only two constitutively transcribed phage genes in the lysogen. We show here that Vir is a lipoprotein and is located on the outer surface of the cell membrane. To investigate whether Vir is a virulence factor, the
vir
gene was cloned into the transposon vector Tn
4001T
and inserted in the genome of the nonlysogen strain 158. The virulence of the resulting transformants was no different from that of the parent strain. Interestingly, all
vir
-containing transformants were resistant to infection by MAV1. Vir had no effect on MAV1 adsorption. We conclude that Vir is not a virulence factor but functions to exclude superinfecting phage, possibly by blocking the injection of phage DNA into the bacterial cytoplasm.
Mutations Altering the N-Terminal Receiver Domain of NRI (NtrC) That Prevent Dephosphorylation by the NRII-PII Complex inEscherichia coli
Authors: Pioszak Augen A. , Ninfa Alexander J. 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACTThe phosphorylated form of NRI is the transcriptional activator of nitrogen-regulated genes inEscherichia coli. NRI∼P displays a slow autophosphatase activity and is rapidly dephosphorylated by the complex of the NRII and PII signal transduction proteins. Here we describe the isolation of two mutations, causing the alterations ΔD10 and K104Q in the receiver domain of NRI, that were selected as conferring resistance to dephosphorylation by the NRII-PII complex. The mutations, which alter highly conserved residues near the D54 site of phosphorylation in the NRI receiver domain, resulted in elevated expression of nitrogen-regulated genes under nitrogen-rich conditions. The altered NRI receiver domains were phosphorylated by NRII in vitro but were defective in dephosphorylation. The ΔD10 receiver domain retained normal autophosphatase activity but was resistant to dephosphorylation by the NRII-PII complex. The K104Q receiver domain lacked both the autophosphatase activity and the ability to be dephosphorylated by the NRII-PII complex. The properties of these altered proteins are consistent with the hypothesis that the NRII-PII complex is not a true phosphatase but rather collaborates with NRI≈P to bring about its dephosphorylation.
Assembly Dynamics of FtsZ Rings in
Bacillus subtilis
and
Escherichia coli
and Effects of FtsZ-Regulating Proteins
Authors: Anderson David E. , Gueiros-Filho Frederico J. , Erickson Harold P. 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACT

FtsZ is the major cytoskeletal component of the bacterial cell division machinery. It forms a ring-shaped structure (the Z ring) that constricts as the bacterium divides. Previous in vivo experiments with green fluorescent protein-labeled FtsZ and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching have shown that the
Escherichia coli
Z ring is extremely dynamic, continually remodeling itself with a half time of 30 s, similar to microtubules in the mitotic spindle. In the present work, under different experimental conditions, we have found that the half time for fluorescence recovery of
E. coli
Z rings is even shorter (∼9 s). As before, the turnover appears to be coupled to GTP hydrolysis, since the mutant FtsZ84 protein, with reduced GTPase in vitro, showed an ∼3-fold longer half time. We have also extended the studies to
Bacillus subtilis
and found that this species exhibits equally rapid dynamics of the Z ring (half time, ∼8 s). Interestingly, null mutations of the FtsZ-regulating proteins ZapA, EzrA, and MinCD had only modest effects on the assembly dynamics. This suggests that these proteins do not directly regulate FtsZ subunit exchange in and out of polymers. In
B. subtilis
, only 30 to 35% of the FtsZ protein was in the Z ring, from which we conclude that a Z ring only 2 or 3 protofilaments thick can function for cell division.
A Novel
Acetivibrio cellulolyticus
Anchoring Scaffoldin That Bears Divergent Cohesins
Authors: Xu Qi , Barak Yoav , Kenig Rina , Shoham Yuval , Bayer Edward A. , Lamed Raphael 
Published: August 2004

ABSTRACT

Sequencing of a cellulosome-integrating gene cluster in
Acetivibrio cellulolyticus
was completed. The cluster contains four tandem scaffoldin genes (
scaA
,
scaB
,
scaC
, and
scaD
) bounded upstream and downstream, respectively, by a presumed cellobiose phosphorylase and a nucleotide methylase. The sequences and properties of
scaA
,
scaB
, and
scaC
were reported previously, and those of
scaD
are reported here. The
scaD
gene encodes an 852-residue polypeptide that includes a signal peptide, three cohesins, and a C-terminal S-layer homology (SLH) module. The calculated molecular weight of the mature ScaD is 88,960; a 67-residue linker segment separates cohesins 1 and 2, and two ∼30-residue linkers separate cohesin 2 from 3 and cohesin 3 from the SLH module. The presence of an SLH module in ScaD indicates its role as an anchoring protein. The first two ScaD cohesins can be classified as type II, similar to the four cohesins of ScaB. Surprisingly, the third ScaD cohesin belongs to the type I cohesins, like the seven ScaA cohesins. ScaD is the first scaffoldin to be described that contains divergent types of cohesins as integral parts of the polypeptide chain. The recognition properties among selected recombinant cohesins and dockerins from the different scaffoldins of the gene cluster were investigated by affinity blotting. The results indicated that the divergent types of ScaD cohesins also differ in their preference of dockerins. ScaD thus plays a dual role, both as a primary scaffoldin, capable of direct incorporation of a single dockerin-borne enzyme, and as a secondary scaffoldin that anchors the major primary scaffoldin, ScaA and its complement of enzymes to the cell surface.