bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of ethanol‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissues for proteomic applications
Authors: Ahram Mamoun , Flaig Michael J. , Gillespie John W. , Duray Paul H. , Linehan W. Marston , Ornstein David K. , Niu Shulan , Zhao Yingming , Petricoin Emanuel F. , Emmert‐Buck Michael R. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractWe previously reported that ethanol fixation and paraffin embedding of tissues produce excellent histomorphology and good preservation of macromolecules. Here, we present a detailed evaluation of ethanol‐fixed tissues for proteomic initiatives. When proteins were extracted from ethanol‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded prostate tissue, resolved by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐DE), and stained by standard methods, several hundred protein molecules could be detected and successfully analyzed by mass spectrometry. Protein profiles obtained from ethanol‐fixed tissues were highly similar to those observed from frozen tissues, in contrast to the poor protein recovery from formalin‐fixed material. The protein content of specific cells that were microdissected from ethanol‐fixed tissue sections using laser capture microdissection could also be successfully analyzed by 2‐DE. We observed that eosin staining of tissue sections had a detrimental effect on protein separation, whereas hematoxylin staining had minimal consequence. In order to illustrate the applicability of ethanol‐fixed tissues for proteomic discovery studies, we compared the protein profiles of patient‐matched, normal prostatic epithelial cells and invasive adenocarcinoma cells obtained from ethanol‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissues. A number of differentially expressed proteins was discovered and identified by mass spectrometry. Immunohistochemical analyses performed on ethanol‐fixed tissue sections were in agreement with the proteomic discovery findings. In light of these results, we conclude that ethanol‐fixed tissues can be successfully utilized for proteomic analyses.
Monocyte lipid rafts contain proteins implicated in vesicular trafficking and phagosome formation
Authors: Li Nan , Mak Allan , Richards Dawn P. , Naber Claudia , Keller Bernd O. , Li Liang , Shaw Andrew R. E. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractLipid rafts are membrane microdomains of unique lipid composition that segregate proteins with poorly understood consequences for membrane organization. Identification of raft associated proteins could therefore provide novel insight into raft‐dependent functions. Monocytes process antigens for presentation to T cells by ingesting pathogens into calcium‐dependent plasma membrane invaginations called “phagosomes” which develop by sequential fusion with the endoplasmic reticulum, early and late endosomes. We investigated the protein composition of Triton X‐100 insoluble low density membranes of the monocyte cell‐line THP‐1 by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time of flight and tandem mass spectrometry. The ganglioside GM1 colocalized on the plasma membrane with the raft markers flotillin 1 and 2, which were enriched in low buoyant density fractions containing 52 identifiable proteins, 28 of which have not been reported in rafts, and nine of which are associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Remarkably, 27 of the 52 proteins are components of phagosomes, including the ER protein calnexin which we demonstrate is phosphorylated on serine 562, a switch controlling calcium homeostasis. The presence of the early and late endosome trafficking proteins Rab‐1, and Rab‐7 together with the late endosome protein LIMPII, indicate lipid rafts are present throughout endosome maturation. Identification of vacuolar ATP synthase, and synaptosomal‐associated protein‐23, proteins implicated in membrane fusion, together with the cytoskeletal proteins actin, α‐actinin, and vimentin, and Rac 1, 2, and 3, regulators of cytoskeletal assembly, indicate monocyte lipid rafts contain the machinery to direct vesicular fusion and actin based vesicular migration throughout phagosome development.
Semi-classical Schrödinger equations with harmonic potential and nonlinear perturbation
Authors: Carles Rémi 
Published: April 2003

Solutions of semi-classical Schrödinger equation with isotropic harmonic potential focus periodically in time. We study the perturbation of this equation by a nonlinear term. If the scaling of this perturbation is critical, each focus crossing is described by a nonlinear scattering operator, which is therefore iterated as many times as the solution passes through a focus. The study of this nonlinear problem is made possible by the introduction of two operators well adapted to Schrödinger equations with harmonic potential, and by suitable Strichartz inequalities.

Résumé
Les solutions de l’équation de Schrödinger semi-classique avec potentiel harmonique isotrope focalisent périodiquement en temps. Nous étudions la perturbation de cette équation par un terme non linéaire. Pour une échelle critique de cette perturbation, chaque traversée de foyer est décrite par un opérateur de diffusion non linéaire, qui est par conséquent itéré autant de fois que la solution traverse une caustique. Cette étude est permise par l’usage de deux opérateurs qui s’avèrent bien adaptés à l’équation de Schrödinger avec potentiel harmonique, et par des estimations de Strichartz adéquates.
Symposium on explanations and social ontology 3: can we dispense with structural explanations of social facts?
Authors: Weber Erik , Van Bouwel Jeroen 
Published: April 2003

Some social scientists and philosophers (e.g., James Coleman and Jon Elster) claim that all social facts are best explained by means of a micro-explanation. They defend a micro-reductionism in the social sciences: to explain is to provide a mechanism on the individual level.The first aim of this paper is to challenge this view and defend the view that it has to be substituted for an explanatory pluralism with two components: (1) structural explanations of P-, O- and T-contrasts between social facts are more efficient than the competing micro-explanations; and (2) whether a plain social fact (as opposed to a contrast) is best explained in a micro-explanation or a structural explanation depends on the explanatory interest. The second aim of the paper is to show how this explanatory pluralism is compatible with ontological individualism.This paper is motivated by our conviction that explanatory pluralism as defended by Frank Jackson and Philip Pettit is on the right track, but must be further elaborated. We want to supplement their contribution, by (1) introducing the difference between explanations of facts and explanations of contrasts; (2) giving examples from the social sciences, instead of mainly from the natural sciences or common sense knowledge; and (3) emphasizing the pragmatic relevance of explanations on different levels –social, psychological, biological, etc. – which is insufficiently done by Jackson and Pettit.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT OF PRIORITY: “On the conditions for
mixtures of increasing failure rate distributions to have an
increasing failure rate”
Authors: Lynch James 
Published: April 2003

The above-mentioned article by James Lynch was published in
Probability in the Engineering and Informational Sciences
(1999), 13: 33–36.It has recently been brought to the author's attention that the
results in that paper were preceded and superseded by the results in
Thomas H. Savits' paper, “A multivariate IFR class,”
which appeared in the Journal of Applied Probability (1985),
22: 197–204. This acknowledgment is to correct this contretemps.
Highly Multilayered Urease Decomposes Highly Concentrated Urea
Authors: Kobayashi Satoshi , Yonezu Shinji , Kawakita Hidetaka , Saito Kyoichi , Sugita Kazuyuki , Tamada Masao , Sugo Takanobu , Lee William 
Published: April 2003

AbstractUrease was immobilized at a density of 1.2 g of urease per gram of a matrix via ion‐exchange binding of urease to an anion‐exchange polymer chain grafted onto a pore surface of a porous hollow‐fiber membrane and subsequent cross‐linking of urease with transglutaminase. Urea was hydrolyzed during the permeation of a urea solution, the concentration of which ranged from 2 to 8 M, through the pores of the resultant membrane with a thickness of approximately 1 mm. Quantitative hydrolysis of 4 M urea was achieved at a permeation rate lower than 1 mL/h, i.e., a residence time longer than 5.1 min, at ambient temperature. This performance is ascribed to convective transport of urea through the pores rimmed by the urease‐immobilized polymer chains at a high density. Urease was denatured in the presence of urea at concentrations higher than 6 M while hydrolyzing urea.
Aerobic Degradation of a Mixture of Azo Dyes in a Packed Bed Reactor Having Bacteria‐Coated Laterite Pebbles
Authors: Senan Resmi C. , Shaffiqu T. S. , Roy J. Jegan , Abraham T. Emilia 
Published: April 2003

AbstractA microbial consortium capable of aerobic degradation of a mixture of azo dyes consisting of two isolated strains (RRL, TVM) and one known strain of Pseudomonas putida (MTCC 1194) was immobilized on laterite stones. The amount of bacterial biomass attached to the laterite stones was 8.64 g per 100 g of the stone on a dry weight basis. The packed bed reactor was filled with these stones and had a total capacity of 850 mL and a void volume of 210 mL. The feed consisted of an equal mixture of seven azo dyes both in water as well as in a simulated textile effluent, at a pH of 9.0 and a salinity of 900 mg/L. The dye concentrations of influent were 25, 50, and 100 μg/mL.The residence time was varied between 0.78 and 6.23 h. It was found that at the lowest residence time 23.55, 45.73, and 79.95 μg of dye was degraded per hour at an initial dye concentration of 25, 50, and 100 μg, respectively. The pH was reduced from 9.0 to 7.0. Simulated textile effluent containing 50 μg/mL dye was degraded by 61.7%. Analysis of degradation products by TLC and HPLC showed that the dye mixture was degraded to nontoxic smaller molecules. The bacteria‐coated pebbles were stable, there was no washout even after 2 months, and the reactor was found to be suitable for the aerobic degradation of azo dyes.
Cultivation of Microplantlets Derived from the Marine Red Alga Agardhiellasubulata in a Stirred Tank Photobioreactor
Authors: Huang Yao‐ming , Rorrer Gregory L. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractMacrophytic marine red algae are a diverse source of bioactive natural compounds. “Microplantlet” suspension cultures established from red algae are potential platforms for biosynthesis of these compounds, provided suitable bioreactor configurations for mass culture can be identified. The stirred tank bioreactor offers high rates of gas‐liquid mass transfer, which may facilitate the delivery of the CO2 in the aeration gas to the phototrophic microplantlet suspension culture. Therefore, the effects of impeller speed and CO2 delivery on the long‐term production of microplantlet biomass of the model red alga Agardhiella subulata was studied within a stirred tank photobioreactor equipped with a paddle blade impeller ( Di/ DT = 0.5). Nutrient medium replacement was required for sustained biomass production, and the biomass yield coefficient based on nitrate consumption was 1.08 ± 0.09 g dry biomass per mmol N consumed. Biomass production went through two exponential phases of growth, followed by a CO2 delivery limited growth phase. The CO2‐limited growth phase was observed only if the specific growth rate in the second exponential phase of growth was at least 0.03 day−1, the CO2 delivery rate was less than 0.258 mmol CO2 L−1 culture h−1, and the plantlet density was at least 10 g fresh mass L−1. Increasing the aeration gas CO2 partial pressure from 0.00035 to 0.0072 atm decreased the cultivation pH from 8.8 to 7.8, prolonged the second exponential phase of growth by increasing the CO2 delivery rate, and also increased the photosynthetic oxygen evolution rate. Impeller speeds ranging from 60 to 250 rpm, which generated average shear rates of 2–10 s−1, did not have a significant effect on biomass production rate. However, microplantlets cultivated in a stirred tank bioreactor ultimately assumed compact spherical shape, presumably to minimize exposure to hydrodynamic stress.
Improvement of Catechin Productivity in Suspension Cultures of Tea Callus Cells
Authors: Shibasaki‐Kitakawa Naomi , Takeishi Junna , Yonemoto Toshikuni 
Published: April 2003

AbstractIn the suspension cultures of tea callus cells, C.sinensiscv. Yabukita, the effects of the culture conditions, such as culture period and light irradiation, on cell growth and catechin production were investigated. The production of flavonoids (catechins + proanthocyanidins) was promoted by inoculating the cells into the fresh medium at the culture period giving the maximum flavonoid content in the cells. The cultivation under light irradiation was repeated several times by inoculating the cells with the maximum flavonoid content. The flavonoid production was significantly increased without inhibiting the cell growth. We obtained the maximum flavonoid production, 1.5 g/dm3 medium, and the maximum content, 150 mg/(g of dry cell weight (DCW)). The latter value was larger than that in the leaves of the tea plant.
Cholesterol Oxidation Using Hollow Fiber Dialyzer Immobilized with Cholesterol Oxidase: Preparation and Properties
Authors: Lin Chi‐Chang , Yang Ming‐Chien 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe surface of polyacrylonitrile hollow fibers were hydrolyzed and covalently bonded with cholesterol oxidase (COD) via glutaraldehyde. The immobilized amount of the COD increased with the concentration of glutaraldehyde. However, COD immobilized with 10% glutaraldehyde had higher activity than with other concentrations. The stabilities of immobilized COD to pH and temperature were higher than those of native enzyme. The immobilized enzyme retained 80% of initial activity after 15 days when stored at 4 °C, which was longer than native COD. After being reused six times, the COD‐immobilized hollow fiber retained more than 80% of the activity.
Design of New Immobilized‐Stabilized Carboxypeptidase A Derivative for Production of Aromatic Free Hydrolysates of Proteins
Authors: Tardioli P. W. , Fernández‐Lafuente R. , Guisán J. M. , Giordano R. L. C. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThis paper presents stable carboxypeptidase A (CPA)‐glyoxyl derivatives, to be used in the controlled hydrolysis of proteins. They were produced after immobilizing‐stabilizing CPA on cross‐linked 6% agarose beads, activated with low and high concentrations of aldehyde groups, and different immobilization times. The CPA‐glyoxyl derivatives were compared to other agarose derivatives, prepared using glutaraldehyde as activation reactant. The most stabilized CPA‐glyoxyl derivative was produced using 48 h of immobilization time and high activation grade of the support. This derivative was approximately 260‐fold more stable than the soluble enzyme and presented approximately 42% of the activity of the soluble enzyme for the hydrolysis of long‐chain peptides (e.g., cheese whey proteins previously hydrolyzed with immobilized trypsin and chymotrypsin) and of the small substrate N‐benzoylglycyl‐l‐phenylalanine (hippuryl‐l‐Phe). These results were much better than those achieved using the conventional support, glutaraldehyde‐agarose. Amino acid analysis of the products of the acid hydrolysis of CPA (both soluble and immobilized) showed that approximately four lysine residues were linked on the glyoxyl agarose beads, suggesting the existence of an intense multipoint covalent attachment between the enzyme and the support. The maximum temperature of hydrolysis was increased from 50 °C (soluble enzyme) to 70 °C (most stable CPA‐glyoxyl derivative). The most stable CPA‐glyoxyl derivative could be efficiently used in the hydrolysis of long‐chain peptides at high temperature (e.g., 60 °C), being able to release 2‐fold more aromatic amino acids (Tyr, Phe, and Trp) than the soluble enzyme, under the same operational conditions. This new CPA derivative greatly increased the feasibility of using this protease in the production of protein hydrolysates that must be free of aromatic amino acids.
Potential Synergies and Challenges in Refining Cellulosic Biomass to Fuels, Chemicals, and Power
Authors: Wyman Charles E. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractLignocellulosic biomass such as agricultural and forestry residues and dedicated crops provides a low‐cost and uniquely sustainable resource for production of many organic fuels and chemicals that can reduce greenhouse gas emissions, enhance energy security, improve the economy, dispose of problematic solid wastes, and improve air quality. A technoeconomic analysis of biologically processing lignocellulosics to ethanol is adapted to project the cost of making sugar intermediates for producing a range of such products, and sugar costs are predicted to drop with plant size as a result of economies of scale that outweigh increased biomass transport costs for facilities processing less than about 10,000 dry tons per day. Criteria are then reviewed for identifying promising chemicals in addition to fuel ethanol to make from these low cost cellulosic sugars. It is found that the large market for ethanol makes it possible to achieve economies of scale that reduce sugar costs, and coproducing chemicals promises greater profit margins or lower production costs for a given return on investment. Additionally, power can be sold at low prices without a significant impact on the selling price of sugars. However, manufacture of multiple products introduces additional technical, marketing, risk, scale‐up, and other challenges that must be considered in refining of lignocellulosics.
High Production System of the Antibacterial Peptide PLG‐1
Authors: Gollop Natan , Toubia Didier , Shushan Galit Ben , Zakin Vered 
Published: April 2003

AbstractPropionibacterium thoenii P‐127 produces and releases to the growth medium antibacterial agents that can be used as natural preservatives. The concentrations of these antibacterial agents in the growth medium are very low, and their activity can be detected only in concentrated medium, even in a bioreactor. A simple and efficient system to produce propionicin PLG‐1 without the use of a bioreactor was investigated. Fermentation in screw‐cap bottles without shaking produced antibacterial activity similar to that of fermentation in plates, but in a shorter time. Sodium lactate medium (NaLa) was found to be the most supportive for PLG‐1 production compared to lactic acid bacteria media such as M‐17 or beet molasses/corn. The initial concentration of the carbon source, sodium lactate, agar concentration, and the initial pH of the medium affected the synthesis of PLG‐1. Additions of NaCl up to 1% showed no effect on the antibacterial agent production. The optimal conditions for production of the antibacterial agent were fermentation for 9 days in screw‐cap bottles in modified NaLa medium (M‐NaLa) containing 1% yeast extract, 1% tryptic soy broth, 0.9% lactic acid, and 0.6% agar, adjusted to pH of 9.
Mixed Culture Bioconversion of 16‐Dehydropregnenolone Acetate to Androsta‐1,4‐diene‐3,17‐dione: Optimization of Parameters
Authors: Banerjee Tushar , Shukla Aniruddha , Shinde Kirti , Patil Shridhar 
Published: April 2003

AbstractBioconversion of 16‐dehydropregnenolone acetate (16‐DPA) to androsta‐1,4‐diene‐3,17‐dione (ADD), an intermediate for the production of female sex hormones, by mixed culture of Pseudomonas diminuta MTCC 3361 and Comamonas acidovorans MTCC 3362 is reported. Various physicochemical parameters for the bioconversion of 16‐DPA to ADD have been optimized in shake flask cultures. Nutrient broth inoculated with actively growing co‐culture proved ideal for bacterial growth and bioconversion. A temperature range of 35–40 °C was most suitable; higher or lower temperatures adversely affected the bioconversion. Dimethylformamide below 2% concentration was the most suitable carrier solvent. Maximum conversion was recorded at 0.5 mg mL−1 16‐DPA. A pH of 5.0 yielded a peak conversion of 62 mol % in 120 h incubation period. Addition of 9α‐hydroxylase inhibitors failed to prevent further breakdown of ADD to nonsteroidal products. 16‐DPA conversion in a 5 L fermenter followed a similar trend.
Screening of Protein‐Ligand Interactions by Affinity Chromatography
Authors: García Carlos D. , Holman Steven C. , Henry Charles S. , Wilson W. William 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThis paper examines affinity chromatography (AC) as an alternative tool for the determination of protein‐ligand interactions for the particular case in which the ligand is the same protein. The methodology is less labor‐intensive and more sample‐efficient than traditional methods used to measure the second virial coefficient ( B22), a parameter commonly used to evaluate protein‐protein interactions. The chromatographic capacity factor ( k′) was studied for lysozyme and equine serum albumin for a wide range of experimental solution conditions such as crystallizing agent concentration, protein concentration and pH. Parallel experiments using AC to determine k′ and static light scattering (SLS) to determine B22 showed that the two parameters were highly correlated. Two different column volumes (∼1 and ∼0.1 mL) were tested and gave essentially the same values for k′, showing the feasibility of miniaturization.
Quantitative Comparison of Lactose and Glucose Utilization in Bifidobacteriumlongum Cultures
Authors: Kim Teak‐Bum , Song Su‐Han , Kang Su‐Cheol , Oh Deok‐Kun 
Published: April 2003

AbstractIn batch cultures, Bifidobacterium longum SH2 has a higher final cell concentration and greater substrate consumption when grown on lactose versus glucose. Continuous cultures were used to compare lactose and glucose utilization by B. longum quantitatively. In the continuous culture, the estimated maintenance coefficients ( m) were similar when on lactose and glucose; the maximum cell yield coefficient ( YX/Smax) was higher on lactose; and the specific consumption rate of lactose ( qS) was lower than that of glucose. Assuming that cell growth followed the Monod model, the maximum specific growth rates ( μmax) and saturation constants ( KS) in lactose and glucose media were determined using the Hanes‐Woolf plots. The respective values were 0.40 h−1 and 78 mg/L for lactose and 0.46 h−1 and 697 mg/L for glucose. The kinetic parameters of the continuous cultures showed that B. longum preferred lactose to glucose, although the specific consumption rate of glucose was higher than that of lactose.
The Impact of Test Outcome Certainty on Interest in Genetic Testing Among College Women
Authors: Paglierani Lisa M. , Kalkwarf Heidi J. , Rosenthal Susan L. , Huether Carl A. , Wenstrup Richard J. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractOsteoporosis and hemochromatosis are both late‐onset preventable diseases, but future genetic tests for these conditions are likely to differ in their predictive abilities. To determine whether interest in a specific genetic test for hemochromatosis would be higher than interest in a theoretical test for osteoporosis susceptibility, undergraduate women at the University of Cincinnati (N = 181) were surveyed regarding their interest in genetic testing for these conditions. The clinical features of the diseases and the limits of a genetic test for each were described. Sixty‐three percent of the total population was interested in genetic testing with a trend toward higher interest in the osteoporosis group. Disease familiarity, perceived disease severity, and perceived risk for disease appear to be more important predictors of genetic test acceptance than diagnostic specificity. Suggested implications for the development of population genetic screening tests are discussed.