bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fasciola hepatica cathepsin L suppresses sheep lymphocyte proliferation in vitro and modulates surface CD4 expression on human and ovine T cells
Authors: Prowse Rhoda k. , Chaplin Paul , Robinson H. Clem , Spithill Terry W. 
Published: March 2003

Summary Fasciola hepatica infection has been shown to suppress sheep lymphocyte proliferation in vitro and this is at least partially attributable to excretory/secretory products (ES) released by F. hepatica parasites. We identified a suppressive component in ES by analysing the effect of ES fractions, separated by gel filtration, on the proliferation of sheep T cells in vitro. A major proportion of the suppressive activity in ES was shown to coelute with the cathepsin L proteases: E64, a cysteine protease inhibitor, blocked the suppressive activity of cathepsin L. In order to identify possible mechanisms by which cathepsin L could suppress T cell proliferation, the effect of ES and F. hepatica recombinant cathepsin L (rFhCatL) on the expression of 22 different sheep T cell surface markers was analysed by flow cytometry. Incubation of sheep T cells with ES or two rFhCatL signicantly reduced surface CD4 expression and this effect was prevented in the presence of E64. In similar experiments with human T lymphocytes, ES and rFhCatL were shown to down regulate surface CD4 expression. These results show that F. hepatica cathepsin L both suppresses sheep T cell proliferation and reduces surface CD4 expression on both human and ovine T cells.
The role of B cells in immunity against larval Strongyloides stercoralis in mice
Authors: Herbert De’broski R. , Nolan Thomas J. , Schad Gerhard A. , Abraham David 
Published: March 2003

SummaryThe objective of this study was to examine the role of B cells in primary and challenge infections of larval Strongyloides stercoralis in mice. Two strains of B‐cell deficient mice were used in these studies, µMT mice that lack all B cells and Xid mice that lack B‐1 cells. Primary immune responses in µMT mice were sufficient to eliminate all parasites within 1 week after infection. Immunized µMT and Xid mice, however, were unable to kill challenge parasites at 24 h post infection, the time that they were eliminated in immunized wild‐type mice. This was despite having a significant increase in interleukin‐5 secreting cells and high numbers of eosinophils in the microenvironment of the challenge larvae. In addition, immunized Xid mice did not generate parasite‐specific immunoglobulin (Ig)M but did develop a weak IgG response compared to wild‐type mice. These results demonstrate a dichotomy in the requirement of B cells in immunity to S. stercoralis. B cells are not required in the primary response, yet they are required in the secondary immune response. B‐1 cells are required for the secondary immune response and their role appears to be the production of IgM and not as a source of immunoregulatory molecules.
Transformation of two‐pyroxene hornblende granulite to garnet granulite involving simultaneous melting and fracturing of the lower crust, Fiordland, New Zealand
Authors: Daczko N. R. , Clarke G. L. , Klepeis K. A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractGranulite facies gabbroic and dioritic gneisses in the Pembroke Valley, Milford Sound, New Zealand, are cut by vertical and planar garnet reaction zones in rectilinear patterns. In gabbroic gneiss, narrow dykes of anorthositic leucosome are surrounded by fine‐grained garnet granulite that replaced the host two‐pyroxene hornblende granulite at conditions of 750 °C and 14 kbar. Major and trace element whole‐rock geochemical data indicate that recrystallization was mostly isochemical. The anorthositic veins cut contacts between gabbroic gneiss and dioritic gneiss, but change in morphology at the contacts, from the anorthositic vein surrounded by a garnet granulite reaction zone in the gabbroic gneiss, to zones with a septum of coarse‐grained garnet surrounded by anorthositic leucosome in the dioritic gneiss. The dioritic gneiss also contains isolated garnet grains enclosed by leucosome, and short planar trains of garnet grains linked by leucosome. Partial melting of the dioritic gneiss, mostly controlled by hornblende breakdown at water‐undersaturated conditions, is inferred to have generated the leucosomes. The form of the leucosomes is consistent with melt segregation and transport aided by fracture propagation; limited retrogression suggests considerable melt escape. Dyking and melt escape from the dioritic gneiss are inferred to have propagated fractures into the gabbroic gneiss. The migrating melt scavenged water from the surrounding gabbroic gneiss and induced the limited replacement by garnet granulite.
The Cooma Metamorphic Complex, a low‐P, high‐T (LPHT) regional aureole beneath the Murrumbidgee Batholith
Authors: Richards S. W. , Collins W. J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe Cooma Complex of the Lachlan Fold Belt, south‐eastern Australia, is characterised by a large (c. 10 km wide) low‐P, high‐T metamorphic aureole surrounding a small (3 × 6 km) granite pluton. The aureole extends northward to envelop the eastern lobe of the Murrumbidgee Batholith and progressively narrows to a kilometre wide hornfelsic aureole some 50 km north of Cooma. At its northern extremity, the batholith has intruded its own volcanic cover. These regional relations suggest that the Murrumbidgee Batholith is gently tilted to the north, with the Cooma Complex representing the aureole beneath the batholith.Two main deformation events, D3 and D5, affected the aureole. The inner, high‐grade migmatitic domain contains upright F5 folds defined by a composite, transposed S3/S0 fabric and S3/S0 concordant leucosomes. The folded stromatic migmatites define the western limb of a F5 synform, with its axis located in the batholith. Lenses and sheets of the Murrumbidgee Batholith intruded along S3 but also preserve S3 as a strong, solid‐state foliation. S3 and the granite sheets but are also folded by F5, outlining a fanning positive flower structure. These relations indicate that most of the batholith was emplaced before and during D3, but intrusion persisted until early syn‐D5.Formation of the Cooma Granodiorite occurred post‐D3 to early syn‐D5, after formation of the wide metamorphic aureole during early syn‐D3 to early syn‐D5. The Murrumbidgee Batholith was emplaced between pre‐D3 to early syn‐D5, synchronous with the formation of the Cooma Complex. The structural and metamorphic relations indicate that the Murrumbidgee Batholith was the ultimate heat source responsible for the Cooma Metamorphic Complex.D3 structures and metamorphic isograds are subparallel to the batholith margin for over 50 km. This concordance probably extends vertically, suggesting that the isograds also fan outward from the batholith margin. This implies an inverted metamorphic sequence focused on the Murrumbidgee Batholith, although the base has been almost completely removed by erosion in the Cooma Complex. The field evidence at Cooma, combined with previous thermal modelling results, suggest that extensive LPHT metamorphic terranes may represent regional metamorphic aureoles developed beneath high‐level granitic batholiths.
Mecoptera is paraphyletic: multiple genes and phylogeny of Mecoptera and Siphonaptera
Authors: Whiting Michael F. 
Published: March 2003

Phylogenetic relationships among members of the Mecoptera and Siphonaptera were inferred from DNA sequence data. Four loci (18S and 28S ribosomal DNA, cytochrome oxidase II and elongation factor‐1α) were sequenced for 69 taxa selected to represent major flea and mecopteran lineages. Phylogenetic analyses of these data support a paraphyletic Mecoptera with two major lineages: Nannochoristidae + (Siphonaptera + Boreidae) and Meropidae + ((Choristidae + Apteropanorpidae) (Panorpidae + (Panorpidae + Bittacidae))). The flea family Ctenophthalmidae is paraphyletic, and the Ceratophylloidea is monophyletic. Morphological evidence is discussed which is congruent with the placement of Siphonaptera as sister group to Boreidae.
Multiple myeloma with skin involvement
Authors: Güvenç B , Canataroǧlu A , Gümürdülü Y , Gümürdülü D , Paydaş S 
Published: March 2003

AbstractMultiple myeloma (MM) is a plasma cell dyscrasia seen in the elderly that constitutes 10% of all haematopoietic neoplasias. It is a systemic disorder affecting various organs, in particular the kidneys and bones. Skin involvement is not a common finding. This report presents a case of MM with skin involvement.
Adverse reactions to FMD vaccine
Authors: Yeruham Israel , Yadin Hagy , Haymovich Moshe , Perl Shmuel 
Published: March 2003

AbstractA case of adverse post‐vaccination allergic reactions, which occurred in a dairy cattle herd 8 days after the annual foot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) vaccination, is described. The dermatologic lesions observed in these cattle included: urticaria, exudative and necrotic dermatitis, along with oedema and vesicles on the teats. These reactions occurred in 11.3% of the heifers, in 10% of the first‐lactating cows and in 14.6% of the adult cows. The average loss of milk production for an affected cow on this farm was 21.5% per day, for seven consecutive days. The extent of the lesions was apparently related to concurrent diseases such as bovine virus diarrhea – mucosal disease complex (BVD–MD) and Johne’s disease and, to a lesser degree, correlated with the age or breed.
Zonal dermal separation: a distinctive histopathological lesion associated with hyperelastosis cutis in a Quarter Horse
Authors: Brounts Sabrina H. , Rashmir‐Raven Ann M. , Black Sharon S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis case report describes a distinctive deep cutaneous lesion in a 1‐year‐old Quarter Horse filly with hyperelastosis cutis. The horse had a typical clinical presentation of hyperelastic skin associated with a 6‐month history of cutaneous wounds that developed following minor cutaneous trauma. Punch biopsies of skin from the affected horse were thinner than similar biopsies from an age‐ and breed‐matched control. Significant microscopic lesions were not seen in cutaneous punch biopsies stained with haematoxylin and eosin and Masson’s trichrome stains, but the ultrastructure of the dermis from the affected horse was characterized by variation in collagen fibre diameter and loose packing of collagen fibres within bundles. The horse was euthanized and necropsied, and full‐thickness sections of skin were collected and examined microscopically. Affected skin was of normal thickness; however, the deep dermis contained a distinctive horizontal linear zone in which separation of collagen bundles resulted in the formation of large empty cleft‐like spaces between the upper and lower regions of the deep dermis. We suggest the term ‘zonal dermal separation’ for this microscopic lesion. Incisional full‐thickness skin biopsies should be taken in suspected cases of equine hyperelastosis cutis because punch biopsies may not obtain enough deep dermis to adequately represent pathological change in the skin of horses with this disorder.
Skin mast cell histamine release following stem cell factor and high‐affinity immunoglobulin E receptor cross‐linking in dogs with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Hammerberg Bruce , Olivry Thierry , Orton Susan M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractStem cell factor (SCF) influences mast cell activation and inflammatory mediator release, and is elevated in tissues undergoing allergic inflammation. Wheal formation in response to the injection of SCF or anti‐immunoglobulin (Ig)E antibody injection was compared between normal (n = 10) and nonlesional atopic (n = 10) canine skin. In situ SCF secretion was compared between lesional and nonlesional skin using immunohistochemistry. Histamine release by skin cell suspensions after stimulation with SCF, concanavalin A (ConA) or rabbit anticanine IgE antibodies was compared between normal and atopic dogs. All dogs exhibited strong responses to intradermal SCF injection at 10 and 50 ng mL−1. Atopic dogs had significantly (P = 0.002) larger wheal responses to anti‐IgE than normal dogs; but there was no difference in numbers of skin mast cells bearing IgE as detected by immunohistochemistry. Only atopic dogs exhibited interstitial deposition of SCF in both lesional and nonlesional skin specimens. Median histamine release stimulated by SCF in the absence of IgE from lesional skin cells was higher in atopic than normal dogs (P = 0.04). These experiments suggest that dermal SCF secretion could potentiate histamine release following IgE receptor cross‐linking and thus, could be one of the explanations for the inherent mast cell hyperexcitability observed in canine atopic dermatitis.
Lateral root formation is blocked by a gain‐of‐function mutation in the SOLITARY‐ROOT/IAA14 gene of Arabidopsis
Authors: Fukaki Hidehiro , Tameda Satoshi , Masuda Haruka , Tasaka Masao 
Published: March 2003

SummaryLateral root development is a post‐embryonic organogenesis event that gives rise to most of the underground parts of higher plants. Auxin promotes lateral root formation, but the molecular mechanisms involved are still unknown. We have isolated a novel Arabidopsis mutant, solitary‐root (slr), which has reduced sensitivity to auxin. This dominant slr‐1 mutant completely lacks lateral roots, and this phenotype cannot be rescued by the application of exogenous auxin. Analysis with cell‐cycle and cell‐differentiation markers revealed that the slr‐1 mutation blocks cell divisions of pericycle cells in lateral root initiation. The slr‐1 mutant is also defective in root hair formation and in the gravitropic responses of its roots and hypocotyls. Map‐based positional cloning and isolation of an intragenic suppressor mutant revealed that SLR encodes IAA14, a member of the Aux/IAA protein family. Green fluorescent protein‐tagged mutant IAA14 protein was localized in the nucleus, and the gain‐of‐function slr‐1/iaa14 mutation decreased auxin‐inducible BA‐GUS gene expression in the root, suggesting that SLR/IAA14 acts as a transcriptional repressor. These observations indicate that SLR/IAA14 is a key regulator in auxin‐regulated growth and development, particularly in lateral root formation.
H2O2 plays different roles in determining penetration failure in three diverse plant–fungal interactions
Authors: Mellersh Denny G. , Foulds Inge V. , Higgins Verna J. , Heath Michele C. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryFungal plant pathogens that attempt to penetrate and feed on living cells frequently trigger a localized plant defence response that results in fungal penetration failure. In the current study we demonstrate that breakdown products of the cell wall released by the localized application of hemicellulase elicit localized responses including, sequentially, extracellular H2O2 generation; accumulation of phenolic compounds; and cross‐linking of proteins in the cell wall. In a detailed time‐course study of three plant–fungus interactions that result in a high frequency of penetration failure, only one plant–fungus combination displayed a similar profile of responses to that induced by localized cell‐wall degradation. The additional generation of extracellular O2– in one interaction, and the absence of phenolic compounds in the cell wall in another, demonstrate that plant responses to the penetration process may be influenced by activities of the penetrating fungus. Significantly, H2O2 generation was the only response detected in all three plant–fungal combinations at the correct time and place to account for penetration failure, and in all three combinations the enzymatic removal of H2O2 resulted in increased penetration success. Pharmacological studies suggest that in two of the three interactions, H2O2 generation required cytoskeletal involvement but was independent of transcription or translation, although inhibition of the latter processes increased fungal penetration. In at least one of these two interactions, the data suggest that H2O2 generation and new gene expression act within the same penetration‐inhibiting pathway, possibly through the involvement of phenolic materials. However, enzymatic removal of H2O2 from the third interaction almost completely eliminated penetration failure, while interference with cytoplasmic processes had no effect, suggesting that H2O2 generation in this system did not require protoplast involvement and, alone, was necessary and sufficient to account for fungal penetration failure.
Fusion genetic analysis of jasmonate‐signalling mutants in Arabidopsis
Authors: Jensen Anders B. , Raventos Dora , Mundy John 
Published: March 2003

SummaryJasmonates induce plant‐defence responses and act to regulate defence‐related genes including positive feedback of the lipoxygenase 2 (LOX2) gene involved in jasmonate synthesis. To identify jasmonate‐signalling mutants, we used a fusion genetic strategy in which the firefly luciferase (FLUC) and Escherichia coliβ‐glucuronidase (GUS) reporters were expressed under control of the jasmonate‐responsive LOX2 promoter. Spatial and temporal patterns of reporter expression were determined initially, and revealed that JA‐responsive expression from the LOX2 promoter required de novo protein synthesis. Reporter activity was also induced by the protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine and antagonized by the protein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid. FLUC bio‐imaging, RNA gel‐blot analysis and progeny analyses identified three recessive mutants that underexpress the FLUC reporter, designated jue1, 2 and 3, as well as two recessive mutants, designated joe1 and 2, that overexpress the reporter. Genetic analysis indicated that reporter overexpression in the joe mutants requires COI. joe1 responded to MeJA with increased anthocyanin accumulation, while joe2 responded with decreased root growth inhibition. In addition, reporter induction and endogenous LOX2 expression by staurosporine was absent in joe2.
Retracted: Identification, subcellular localization and some properties of a cysteine‐rich suppressor of gene silencing encoded by peanut clump virus
Authors: Dunoyer Patrice , Pfeffer Sébastien , Fritsch Christiane , Hemmer Odile , Voinnet Olivier , Richards K. E. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryIn plants, post‐transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) is part of a defence mechanism against virus infection. Several plant viruses have been shown to encode proteins which can counteract PTGS. In this paper it is demonstrated that P15 of peanut clump pecluvirus (PCV) has anti‐PTGS activity. P15 is a small cysteine‐rich protein with no sequence similarity to previously described PTGS‐suppressor proteins which has several novel properties. It possesses four C‐terminal proximal heptad repeats that can potentially mediate a coiled‐coil interaction and is targeted to peroxisomes via a C‐terminal SKL motif. The coiled‐coil sequence is necessary for the anti‐PTGS activity of P15, but the peroxisomal localization signal is not, although it is required for efficient intercellular movement of the virus.
Salt causes ion disequilibrium‐induced programmed cell death in yeast and plants
Authors: Huh Gyung‐Hye , Damsz Barbara , Matsumoto Tracie K. , Reddy Muppala P. , Rus Ana M. , Ibeas José I. , Narasimhan Meena L. , Bressan Ray A. , Hasegawa Paul M. 
Published: March 2003

SummaryProgrammed cell death (PCD) is a fundamental cellular process conserved in metazoans, plants and yeast. Evidence is presented that salt induces PCD in yeast and plants because of an ionic, rather than osmotic, etiology. In yeast, NaCl inhibited growth and caused a time‐dependent reduction in viability that was preceded by DNA fragmentation. NaCl also induced the cytological hallmarks of lysigenous‐type PCD, including nuclear fragmentation, vacuolation and lysis. The human anti‐apoptotic protein Bcl‐2 increased salt tolerance of wild‐type yeast strain and calcineurin‐deficient yeast mutant (cnb1Δ) that is defective for ion homeostasis, but had no effect on the NaCl or sorbitol sensitivity of the osmotic hypersensitive hog1Δ mutant – results that further link PCD in the response to the ion disequilibrium under salt stress. Bcl‐2 suppression of cnb1Δ salt sensitivity was ENA1 (P‐type ATPase gene)‐dependent, due in part to transcriptional activation. Salt‐induced PCD (TUNEL staining and DNA laddering) in primary roots of both Arabidopsis thaliana wild type (Col‐1 gl1) and sos1 (salt overly sensitive) mutant seedlings correlated positively with treatment lethality. Wild‐type plants survived salt stress levels that were lethal to sos1 plants because secondary roots were produced from the shoot/root transition zone. PCD‐mediated elimination of the primary root in response to salt shock appears to be an adaptive mechanism that facilitates the production of roots more able to cope with a saline environment. Both salt‐sensitive mutants of yeast (cnb1Δ) and Arabidopsis (sos1) exhibit substantially more profound PCD symptoms, indicating that salt‐induced PCD is mediated by ion disequilibrium.
Outcome of fetal talipes following in utero sonographic diagnosis
Authors: Carroll S. G. M. , Lockyer H. , Andrews H. , Abdel‐Fattah S. , McMillan D. , Kyle P. M. , Soothill P. W. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectivesTo examine the association between fetal talipes and other defects, and outcome in relation to postnatal surgery.MethodsAll cases of talipes presenting to the fetal medicine unit between 1993 and 1998 and cases of isolated talipes presenting to the ultrasound department between 1991 and 1998 were examined. The infants were followed‐up to determine the number of cases that had structural or positional talipes and the number of cases requiring surgery.ResultsThere were 76 cases, 59 of which attended the fetal medicine unit and 17 the ultrasound department. Postnatal follow‐up details were available in 31 of the 40 live births. There were three neonates with unilateral talipes at birth who were thought to have bilateral talipes on prenatal ultrasound and one neonate had bilateral talipes at birth who had been thought to have unilateral talipes prenatally. In two (6.4%) neonates in whom talipes was not confirmed at birth the abnormality was diagnosed prenatally. Of the 29 neonates with confirmed talipes at birth, the defect was structural in 26 (90%) cases and positional in three. Surgery was necessary in 21 (72%) of the 29 cases and 18 (86%) of those undergoing surgery required only one operation. When live births with associated anomalies were excluded, there were 24 cases with confirmed isolated talipes and 18 (75%) required surgery.ConclusionsThis study provides long‐term outcome data which can be used to complement current prenatal counseling and shows that in cases of fetal talipes diagnosed prenatally, 90% have a structural rather than a positional deformity. For isolated talipes three quarters of children will require surgery and in the majority of cases only one operation on the foot is necessary. Parents should be made aware of the small possibility of a false‐positive diagnosis and discrepancy between the ultrasound and postnatal diagnoses of laterality. Copyright © 2001 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology