bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detrusor pressure rise in a normal bladder
Authors: Wahl Edward F. , Churchill Bernard M. 
Published: October 2004

OBJECTIVETo determine the detrusor pressure rise of a normal bladder (Pcap,NL) when filled to capacity.PATIENTS AND METHODSTwenty‐four patients with an apparently normal bladder, i.e. with symptoms but whose cystometrogram (CMG) showed no pathology of any kind and a near‐normal pressure vs volume plot, were selected from 218 clinical CMGs. A straight line was fitted to the PV plot of these CMGs and then the Pcap,NL calculated, e.g. by a straight line extending to the point of the normal expected cystometric bladder capacity (Vcap.NL). Published data relative to Pcap,NL were evaluated and compared with the values obtained.RESULTSThe mean (range) Pcap,NL was 6 (4.5–7) cmH2O for patients with apparently normal bladders infused at the maximum physiological diuresis (MPD). This value was substantiated by three other studies of published values. The Pcap,NL was 6 cmH2O at infusion rates of 10% of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), 10 cmH2O at 20% of GFR and 7–15 cmH2O for 3–10 times the infusion rate of 10% of GFR.CONCLUSIONPcap,NL is independent of age, size and sex and, at constant infusion rates of ≈ MPD, will be 6. For infusion rates up to 35 mL/min, it is in the range of 6–15 cmH2O.
Transmitters contributing to the voiding contraction in female rats
Authors: Streng Tomi , Talo Antti , Andersson Karl‐Erik 
Published: October 2004

OBJECTIVESTo assess in detail the contribution of acetylcholine and ATP to the different phases of the voiding contraction, urine flow and rhabdosphincter electromyographic (RB‐EMG) activity in rats, using α,β‐methylene‐ATP (desensitizing purinoceptors) and atropine (blocking muscarinic receptors). These agents and possibly other transmitters contribute to bladder emptying in rats, but how they contribute to the different phases of the micturition cycle, including the intraluminal pressure high‐frequency oscillations (IPHFOs) is unclear.MATERIALS AND METHODSAdult anaesthetized female Sprague‐Dawley rats were used; intravesical pressure, RB‐EMG and urine flow from the distal urethra were recorded. After baseline recordings, α,β‐methylene‐ATP (0.5 mg/kg), atropine (1 mg/kg), or both, were injected intravenously.RESULTSα,β‐Methylene‐ATP significantly decreased the maximum bladder pressure during the first micturition phase, whereas atropine had little effect; the maximum bladder pressure during the second phase was also reduced. IPHFOs were apparent after both treatments. Atropine significantly reduced the maximum bladder pressure during the third phase. The maximum urinary flow rate was reduced by both α,β‐methylene‐ATP and atropine; after exposure to both agents together, urinary flow was markedly reduced or stopped, and overflow incontinence developed.CONCLUSIONSATP contributes mainly to the initial and acetylcholine to the later phases of the voiding cycle in the rat. Neither agent abolished the IPHFOs; even after blocking the receptors for one transmitter and in the presence of IPHFOs, the bladder can still empty. However, if both receptors are blocked, overflow incontinence develops, suggesting that even if further transmitters are taking part in the voiding contraction, their physiological significance is questionable.
Induction of proliferation and differentiation of cultured urothelial cells on acellular biomaterials
Authors: Ram‐Liebig Gouya , Meye Axel , Hakenberg Oliver W. , Haase Michael , Baretton Gustavo , Wirth Manfred P. 
Published: October 2004

OBJECTIVETo determine the optimum conditions for the proliferation of urothelial cells, leading to the confluent coverage of large surfaces of biocompatible membranes, and for their terminal differentiation.MATERIALS AND METHODSPorcine and human urothelial cells were cultured on different matrices under different growth conditions. Proliferative activity and the viability of cells were evaluated using fluorescent markers for nuclei and cytoplasm. Growth and differentiation were assessed by histological, histochemical and immunohistochemical methods.RESULTSUnder fibroblastic induction and supplementation of 5% fetal calf serum (FCS), urothelial cells showed more proliferation than in other conditions tested. Terminal differentiation of superficial cells was achieved by lowering the concentration of FCS to 1% at the air–liquid interface.CONCLUSIONSThe mitogenic effects of the extracellular matrix content of biological membranes and fibroblastic inductive factors are synergistic with each other, and can compensate for a low FCS concentration and the absence of other additives. Lowering the FCS concentration to 1% inhibits the proliferation of urothelial cells and permits their terminal differentiation.
Metamorphic evolution of calcsilicate granulites near Battye Glacier, northern Prince Charles Mountains, East Antarctica
Authors: STEPHENSON N. C. N. , COOK* N. D. J. 
Published: October 2004

Calcsilicate granulites of probable Middle Proterozoic age (c.1000–1100 Ma) in the vicinity of Battye Glacier, northern Prince Charles Mountains, East Antarctica, contain prograde metamorphic assemblages comprising various combinations of wollastonite, scapolite, clinopyroxene, An‐rich plagioclase, calcite, quartz, titanite and, rarely, orthoclase, ilmenite, phlogopite and graphite. Comparison of the prograde assemblages with calculated and experimentally determined phase relations in the simple CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–CO2–H2O system suggests peak metamorphism at ≥835 °C in the presence (in wollastonite‐bearing assemblages at least) of a CO2‐bearing fluid (XCO≥0.3) at a probable pressure of 6–7 kbar.Well‐preserved retrograde reaction textures represent: (1) breakdown of scapolite to anorthite+calcite±quartz; (2) formation of grossular–andradite garnet and, locally, (3) epidote, both principally by reactions involving scapolite breakdown products and clinopyroxene; (4) local coupled replacement of clinopyroxene and ilmenite by hornblende and titanite, respectively; and finally (5) local sericitization of prograde and retrograde plagioclase. These retrograde reactions are interpreted to be the result of cooling and variable infiltration by H2O‐rich fluids, possibly derived from crystallizing pegmatitic intrusions and segregations that may be partial melts, which are common throughout the area.
Nimesulide and indomethacin induce apoptosis in head and neck cancer cells
Authors: Pelzmann Martina , Thurnher Dietmar , Gedlicka Claudia , Martinek Helga , Knerer Birgit 
Published: October 2004

Background:  Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are known to inhibit the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX). There are two isoforms of the enzyme. Recent investigations indicate that both isoforms, COX‐1 and COX‐2, are involved in carcinogenesis.Methods:  We investigated the effects of nimesulide, a COX‐2 selective and indomethacin, a non‐selective NSAID on the head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cell lines SCC‐9 and SCC‐25. Effects on cell numbers and apoptosis were assayed by cell counting, immunofluorescence and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). COX expression was examined by Western blotting.Results:  The investigated cell lines express COX‐1 and COX‐2. Nimesulide and indomethacin induce apoptosis and cause a reduction of cell number. Incubation with NSAIDs upregulated COX‐2 expression.Conclusion:  The results of our study on HNSCC cells together with data from different studies showing anti‐cancer activity of NSAIDs suggest that COX inhibitors could play a role in HNSCC treatment and prevention.
Crystal Structure of F-93 from
Sulfolobus
Spindle-Shaped Virus 1, a Winged-Helix DNA Binding Protein
Authors: Kraft Paul , Oeckinghaus Andrea , Kümmel Daniel , Gauss George H. , Gilmore John , Wiedenheft Blake , Young Mark , Lawrence C. Martin 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACT

Sulfolobus
spindle-shaped viruses (SSVs), or
Fuselloviridae
, are ubiquitous crenarchaeal viruses found in high-temperature acidic hot springs around the world (pH ≤4.0; temperature of ≥70°C). Because they are relatively easy to isolate, they represent the best studied of the crenarchaeal viruses. This is particularly true for the type virus, SSV1, which contains a double-stranded DNA genome of 15.5 kilobases, encoding 34 putative open reading frames. Interestingly, the genome shows little sequence similarity to organisms other than its SSV homologues. Together, sequence similarity and biochemical analyses have suggested functions for only 6 of the 34 open reading frames. Thus, even though SSV1 is the best-studied crenarchaeal virus, functions for most (28) of its open reading frames remain unknown. We have undertaken biochemical and structural studies for the gene product of open reading frame F-93. We find that F-93 exists as a homodimer in solution and that a tight dimer is also present in the 2.7-Å crystal structure. Further, the crystal structure reveals a fold that is homologous to the SlyA and MarR subfamilies of winged-helix DNA binding proteins. This strongly suggests that F-93 functions as a transcription factor that recognizes a (pseudo-)palindromic DNA target sequence.
Further Investigation of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Vif Function in Human Cells
Authors: Gaddis Nathan C. , Sheehy Ann M. , Ahmad K. Muneer , Swanson Chad M. , Bishop Kate N. , Beer Brigitte E. , Marx Preston A. , Gao Feng , Bibollet-Ruche Frederic , Hahn Beatrice H. , Malim Michael H. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACT

Primate lentivirus Vif proteins function by suppressing the antiviral activity of the cell-encoded apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme-catalytic polypeptide-like (APOBEC) proteins APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F. It has been hypothesized that species-specific susceptibilities of APOBEC proteins to Vif proteins may help govern the transmission of primate lentiviruses to new host species. Consistent with this view and with previous results, we report that the Vif proteins of several diverse simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) that are not known to infect humans are not effective inhibitors of human APOBEC3G or APOBEC3F when assessed in transient-transfection experiments. Unexpectedly, this lack of SIV Vif function did not prevent the replication of two
vif
-deficient SIVs (SIVtan and SIVmnd1; isolated from tantalus monkeys and mandrills, respectively) in a human T-cell line, HUT78, that expresses both APOBEC 3G and APOBEC3F, a finding which demonstrates that some SIVs are partially resistant to the antiretroviral effects of these enzymes irrespective of Vif function. Additional virus replication studies also revealed that the Vif protein of SIVtan is, in fact, active in human T cells, as it substantially enhanced the replication of its cognate virus and human immunodeficiency virus type 1. In sum, we now consider it improbable that species-specific restrictions to SIV Vif function can explain the lack of human infection with certain SIVs. Instead, our data reveal that the species-specific modulation of Vif function is more complex than previously envisioned and that additional (as-yet-unidentified) viral or host factors may be involved in regulating this dynamic interaction between host and pathogen.
Mink Epithelial Cell Killing by Pathogenic Murine Leukemia Viruses Involves Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
Authors: Nanua Suparna , Yoshimura Fayth K. 
Published: October 2004

ABSTRACT

We previously demonstrated that mink cells undergo apoptosis after MCF13 murine leukemia virus (MLV) infection. In this study, we observed that virus-infected mink epithelial cells had significantly larger amounts of steady-state levels of MCF13 MLV envelope precursor protein (gPr80

env

) than did
Mus dunni
fibroblasts, which are resistant to virus-induced cytopathicity. Infection of mink cells with the noncytopathic NZB-9 MLV did not result in the accumulation of gPr80

env

. MCF13 MLV infection of mink cells produced low cell surface expression of envelope glycoprotein and less efficient spread of infectious virus. Western blot analysis of mink epithelial cells infected with MCF13 MLV showed an increase in GRP78/BiP, which was not observed for either mink cells infected with NZB-9 MLV or
M. dunni
fibroblasts infected with MCF13 MLV. MCF13 MLV infection of mink cells also resulted in a significant upregulation of CHOP/GADD153. These results indicate that the accumulation of MCF13 MLV gPr80

env

triggers endoplasmic reticulum stress, which may mediate apoptosis in mink epithelial cells.
Synthesis of Some 1,4-Oxazepanes Fused with 1,6-Anhydro-β-D-hexopyranoses. 3,11,13-Trioxa-7-azatricyclo[8.2.1.02,8]tridecane Derivatives
Authors: Trtek Tomáš , Černý Miloslav , Trnka Tomáš , Buděšínský Miloš , Císařová Ivana 
Published: October 2004

Some 1,4-oxazepanes based on 1,6-anhydro-β-D-hexopyranoses were prepared from 1,6:3,4-dianhydro-2-O-tosyl-β-D-galactopyranose (1). Cleavage of its oxirane ring with 3-chloropropanol gave 1,6-anhydro-4-O-(3-chloropropyl)-2-O-tosyl-β-D-glucopyranose (2), which was converted in three steps into 4-O-(3-aminopropyl)-1,6:2,3-dianhydro-β-D-mannopyranose (5). The latter compound underwent intramolecular cyclization to afford 3-amino-1,6-anhydro-3-deoxy-3-N,4-O-(propane-1,3-diyl)-β-D-altropyranose (6) that gave the corresponding quaternary ammonium salt 10 by N-methylation. Acid cleavage of the 1,6-anhydro bond in 7 gave the D-altrose derivative 3-acetamido-3-deoxy-3-N,4-O-(propane-1,3-diyl)-β-D-altropyranose (11).
High-resolution vacuum ultraviolet laser spectroscopy of the C 0+u ← X 0+g transition of Xe2
Authors: Wüest A , Hollenstein U , de Bruin K G , Merkt F 
Published: October 2004

Rotationally resolved (1 + 1′), resonance-enhanced, two-photon ionization spectra of the C 0+u ← X 0+g transition of several isotopomers of Xe2 have been recorded. Rotational constants have been determined for the v′ = 1426 levels of the C 0+u Rydberg state and the v′′ = 0 and 1 levels of the X 0+g ground state, and band origins have been determined with an absolute accuracy of 0.015 cm1 for the transitions to the v′ = 1426 levels of the C 0+u state of the 129Xe2, 129Xe132Xe, and 131Xe136Xe isotopomers. The equilibrium internuclear separation of the X 0+g ground state (Re = 4.3773(49) Å) was determined from the rotational constants of the v′′ = 0 and 1 levels. The analysis of the isotopic shifts of the band origins enabled the confirmation of the absolute numbering of the vibrational levels of the C 0+u state determined by Lipson et al. (R.H. Lipson, P.E. Larocque, and B.P. Stoicheff. J. Chem. Phys. 82, 4470 (1985)). A semiempirical interaction potential for the X 0+g ground state was derived in a nonlinear fitting procedure using the present spectroscopic results, the positions of the v′′ = 29 levels determined by Freeman et al. (D.E. Freeman, K. Yoshino, and Y. Tanaka. J. Chem. Phys. 61, 4880 (1974)) and experimental values for the second virial coefficient. The interaction potential is similar to previous semiempirical potentials but the dissociation energy (De = (196.1 ± 1.1) cm1) differs from the value of 183.1 cm1 determined in the latest ab initio calculation (P. Slavíček, R. Kalus, P. Paka, I. Odvárková, P. Hobza, and A. Malijevský. J. Chem. Phys. 119, 2102 (2003)). Key words: high-resolution vacuum ultraviolet laser spectroscopy, rare gas dimers and their cations, photoionisation, Xe2, rotationally resolved electronic spectrum.
Attosecond molecular spectroscopy  The one-electron H2+ system
Authors: Bandrauk André D , Nguyen Hong Shon 
Published: October 2004

Numerical solutions of the time-dependent Schrödinger equation for a 1-D model non-BornOppenheimer H2+ are used to illustrate the nonlinear, nonperturbative response of molecules to intense (I ≥ 1013 W/cm2), ultrashort (t < 10 fs) laser pulses. Molecular high-order harmonic generation (MHOHG) is shown to be an example of such response, and the resulting nonlinear photon emission spectrum is shown to lead to the synthesis of single attosecond (1018 s) pulses. Application of such ultrashort pulses to the H2+ system results in localized electron wave packets whose motion can be detected by asymmetry in the photoelectron spectrum generated by a subsequent probe attosecond pulse, thus leading to measurement of electron motion in molecules on an attosecond time scale. Key words: attosecond spectroscopy, attosecond photoionization.
CANONICAL QUANTIZATION OF NONLOCAL FIELD EQUATIONS
Authors: BARCI D.G. , OXMAN L.E. , ROCCA M. 
Published: October 2004

We consistently quantize a class of relativistic nonlocal field equations characterized by a nonlocal kinetic term in the Lagrangian. We solve the classical nonlocal equations of motion for a scalar field and evaluate the on-shell Hamiltonian. The quantization is realized by imposing Heisenberg’s equation, which leads to the commutator algebra obeyed by the Fourier components of the field. We show that the field operator carries, in general, a reducible representation of the Poincaré group. We also consider the Gupta-Bleuler quantization of a nonlocal gauge theory and analyze the propagators and the physical modes of the gauge field.
PAIRED ACCELERATED FRAMES
Authors: GERLACH ULRICH H. 
Published: October 2004

The geometrical and quantum-mechanical basis for Davies’ and Unruh’s acceleration temperature is traced to a type of quantum-mechanical (“achronal”) spin. Its existence and definition are based on pairs of causally disjoint accelerated frames. For bosons the expected spin vector of monochromatic particles is given by the “Planckian power” and the “r.m.s. thermal fluctuation” spectra. Under space–time translation the spin direction precesses around that “Planckian” vector. By exhibiting the conserved achronal spin four-current, we extend the identification of achronal spin from single quanta to multiparticle systems. Total achronal spin conservation is also shown to hold, even in the presence of quadratic interactions. In addition, the Lorentz invariance of the acceleration temperature is made explicit by the introduction of pairs of “spherical” Rindler frames.
THE EFFECT OF SPATIAL CURVATURE ON CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM STRINGS
Authors: LARSEN A.L. , SÁNCHEZ N. 
Published: October 2004

We study the effects of spatial curvature on classical and quantum string dynamics. We find the general solution of the circular string motion in static Robertson–Walker space-times with closed or open sections. This is given closely and completely in terms of elliptic functions. The physical properties, string length, energy and pressure are computed and analyzed. We find the back-reaction effect of these strings on the space-time: the self-consistent solution to the Einstein equations is a spatially closed (K>0) space-time with a selected value of the curvature index K (the scale factor is normalized to unity). No self-consistent solutions with K≤0 exist. We semiclassically quantize the circular strings and find the mass m in each case. For K>0, the very massive strings, oscillating on the full hypersphere, have m2~Kn2(n∈N0)independent of α' and the level spacing grows with n, while the strings oscillating on one hemisphere (without crossing the equator) have m2α′~n and a finite number of states N~1/Kα′. For K<0, there are infinitely many string states with masses m log m ~ n, i.e. the level spacing grows slower than n. The stationary string solutions as well as the generic string fluctuations around the center of mass are also found and analyzed in closed form.
SMALL BUSINESS SUPPORT: DEALING WITH THE IMPEDIMENTS TO GROWTH
Authors: SIMS ROB , BREEN JOHN , ALI SHAMEEM 
Published: October 2004

There is much evidence in the literature that small business growth has long been regarded as critically important for the economy and for employment growth. This paper focuses initially on an analysis of the impediments to business growth identified from the survey responses of small businesses in the western metropolitan region of Melbourne. From the survey information 25 small businesses were then selected for case study analysis to further examine the nature of impediments to growth and to examine how innovative and successful small business operators dealt with these impediments. A number of common impediments were identified, especially problems accessing finance, getting the right employee skills and the low use of support services. Analysis of the case studies yielded some insights as to: ▪ how successful small business operators deal with such impediments or obstacles to their innovation and growth; ▪ the low level of awareness and expectations small business operators generally have of the support programmes and services currently available to them; ▪ the nature of support small businesses would like to have to overcome perceived impediments to growth; ▪ strategies needed to successfully engage small businesses in support initiatives and to encourage innovation and growth. The findings have significant implications for small business development initiatives, including the provision of management training and support for small business operators.
CAN OPPORTUNITY IDENTIFICATION BE TAUGHT?
Authors: SAKS NAOMI T. , GAGLIO CONNIE MARIE 
Published: October 2004

The perception of market opportunities is acknowledged as a major act in the entrepreneurial process that spurs economic progress and development. This distinctive behavior is also emerging as a central theoretical concern for the discipline. Given the acknowledged importance of opportunity identification, it follows that it should be a central topic in programs that aim to train future entrepreneurs. However, little is known about whether and how this issue is addressed in education. This study examines how entrepreneurship educator-practitioners from fourteen top masters-level entrepreneurship programs in the US conceptualize and teach the opportunity identification process. The results indicate remarkable consistency across programs regarding pedagogical content and approaches. The implications of such consistency for the future of entrepreneurship theory and practice are discussed.