bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mortality in the UK industrial silica sand industry: 1. Assessment of exposure to respirable crystalline silica
Authors: Brown T P , Rushton L 
Published: June 2005

Aims:To develop a job-exposure matrix (JEM) from personal and static respirable crystalline silica (RCS) measurements in UK industrial silica sand workers.Methods:A total of 2429 personal and 583 static RCS dust samples were collected using cyclone samplers at seven UK quarries between 1978 and 2000. These data were combined, and analysis of variance using general linear models was used to evaluate the effect of quarry, job, and year on RCS concentrations, and facilitate the creation of five quarry and three time categories with similar exposure levels by comparing the least-square GM RCS concentrations.Results:The overall geometric mean (GM) RCS concentration was 0.09 mg/m3(geometric standard deviation 3.9). Silica flour and dry job categories tended to have the highest RCS exposure and 13.3% of all samples exceeded the UK maximum exposure level of 0.3 mg/m3. RCS levels generally decreased over time.Conclusions:Data have been collected and used to develop a JEM for UK industrial silica sand workers between 1978 and 2000. Although there were some limitations in the data and certain assumptions were made, the use of available data to estimate exposure quantitatively is an improvement over the use of qualitative and surrogate measures of exposure. The continual collection of dust measurements in the industry is essential to facilitate the exploration of exposure-response relations that may exist between silica and silicosis, lung cancer, and other diseases.
MOMENTUM TRANSFER OF UPPER EXTREMITY IN TENNIS ONE-HANDED BACKHAND DRIVE
Authors: WANG LIN-HWA , LIN HWAI-TING 
Published: June 2005

Study Design: Linear momentum and angular momentum in trunk and upper extremity segments in one-handed backhand drive were calculated.Objective: To investigate the characteristics and transfer of linear momentum and angular momentum from the trunk and upper extremity to racket during tennis one-handed backhand drive.Background: Backhand stroke is one of the most frequently used techniques in playing tennis. Very few studies have taken the point of view from the transfer linear and angular momentum of the trunk and upper extremity to racket during tennis one-handed backhand drive.Methods: Six right-handed elite male tennis players participated in this study. Mean age was 26 ± 2.71 years. Sixteen markers were attached on the selected anatomic landmarks unilaterally and three markers attached on the racket to define the coordinate system of the trunk, upper arm, forearm, hand, and racket.Results: Hand contributed the most force for the changes of both linear momentum (leading and vertical direction) and angular momentum (supination). Racket and hand had similar curves in the three directions, which shows the main control racket is from hand and obvious effect in one-handed backhand stroke performance.Conclusions: An understanding of kinetics of the backhand stroke is essential for understanding injury mechanisms and prevention.
BIOMECHANICAL STUDY ON A NEW TRAINING MACHINE AND METHOD FOR POWER AND STRENGTH
Authors: CHEN CHUAN-SHOW 
Published: June 2005

Strength and power are important in sports competition, and increasing ability of explosive muscle contraction force is key to winning for sports performance in events like jumping or throwing. In this study, Passive Repeated Plyometric (PRP) training method and the machine were designed. This machine allow one to training for top gear power with high frequency and without danger as compared with the conventional way of training like common way of plyomerics or using machine for isotonic muscle contraction. The PRP has it specific effects, which can be summarized as follow: 1. Motor driving PRP machine allow athlete training with high frequency, up to 300 rpm (0.2 Hz), especially for lower extremities to increase thrust force and force of body trunk. 2. PRP training method bring about the stretching reflex and elastic energy to recruit into a powerful muscle contraction. 3. This training machine formed a natural and powerful muscle contraction by stretching and shortening in a cycle of contraction, which is called stretching-shortening cycle or SSC. 4. Well-documented evidence from both theoretical and practical were achieved in 1998 Bangkok Asian game and the following Pusan2002 applying to track & field and basketball players.
COMPRESSIVE PROPERTIES OF TRABECULAR BONE RELATED TO MICROCT EVALUATED MORPHOMETRIC PARAMETERS: PRELIMINARY RESULTS
Authors: PERILLI EGON , BALEANI MASSIMILIANO , RAATJES WOUTER , BARUFFALDI FABIO , CAPPELLO ANGELO , TONI ALDO 
Published: June 2005

This work describes the preliminary results of an ongoing study, that aims to obtain relationships between the experimentally determined mechanical properties of trabecular bone of the human femoral head and the morphometric parameters evaluated by microCT. Thirteen cylindrical samples of human trabecular bone were extracted from the femoral head of thirteen patients. They were examined by microCT and then mechanically tested in compression along the main axis observable in the trabeculae. After mechanical testing, the ash density of the samples was determined. Linear relationships were found between ash density and the bone volume fraction (R2 = 0.83), elastic modulus and bone volume fraction (R2 = 0.72), ultimate stress and bone volume fraction (R2 = 0.81), in agreement with what reported in literature. The described protocol will be used to investigate trabecular bone samples collected from patients with different pathologies.
ASSESSMENT OF THE BIOMECHANICAL COMPATIBILITY OF AN INTERSPINOUS IMPLANT FOR "DYNAMIC STABILIZATION" THROUGH THE FINITE ELEMENT METHOD
Authors: CONTRO R. , VENA P. , GASTALDI D. , FRANZOSO G. 
Published: June 2005

The paper addresses the biomechanical compatibility of an interspinous implant used for "dynamic stabilization" of a diseased intervertebral disc. A comparison between the behaviour of a titanium alloy ( Ti 6 Al 4 V ) implant and that of a superelastic alloy ( Ni - Ti ) implant has been carried out. The assessment of the biomechanical compatibility was achieved by means of the finite element method, in which suitably implemented constitutive laws for the materials have been used. The L4–L5 lumbar system in healthy state has been assumed as target for a biomechanically compatible implant. The L4–L5 system with the interspinous implant subjected to compressive force and bending moments has been simulated. A strength analysis for the bearing bone tissue in the posterior processes was also carried out. The results have shown that both implants were able to decrease the force on the apophyseal joints; however, the titanium-based implant exhibited a low biomechanical compatibility under extension-flexion in the sagittal plane; whereas the Ni - Ti exhibited a higher compatibility.
Chronogaster tessellata n. sp. (Nematoda: Chronogastridae) from Senegal
Authors: Mounport Danamou 
Published: June 2005

AbstractChronogaster tessellata n. sp. is described from soil samples collected around roots of weed plants in the Saloum region, Senegal. It differs from all the species hitherto described by the presence of 40 longitudinal lines over the entire circumference of body giving the cuticle a tessellated appearance. The new species comes close to C. magnifica Andrássy, 1956 (20–24 longitudinal lines) but is less slender (a = 20–29.5 vs 29–44), with a shorter tail length (78–104 vs 114–147 μm), the radial tubules originating at 16.5–17.2 vs 19–21.5 μm posterior to base of mouth cavity. It can be separated from C. alata Gerlach, 1956 (18 longitudinal lines) by its shorter body length (0.63–0.77 vs 1.44 mm), smaller a and c′ ratios (20–29.5 vs 53 and 5.8–7.5 vs 17, respectively), and tail terminus with a mucro bearing four ventrally recurved prongs vs finely rounded in C. alata.
Distribution of Xiphinema pyrenaicum Dalmasso, 1969 with notes on X. aceri Chizhov, Tiev & Turkina, 1986 (Nematoda: Longidoridae)
Authors: Arias María , Escuer Miguel , Arcos Susana C. , Bello Antonio 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
A study of the distribution and morphometric characteristics of Xiphinema
pyrenaicum and X. aceri was done because of their presence and distribution
in Spain. More than 50 populations of X. pyrenaicum were studied and one
population of X. aceri, of which the latter included the four juvenile
stages not previously described. The study revealed both species to be
typical of Mediterranean environments, X. pyrenaicum being widespread in the
circum-mediterranean basin.
Feeding behaviour of the predatory nematodes Laimydorus baldus and Discolaimus major (Nematoda: Dorylaimida)
Authors: Bilgrami Anwar L. , Gaugler Randy 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Feeding activities of the predatory nematodes Laimydorus baldus and
Discolaimus major were studied under laboratory conditions in relation to
temperature (5–40°C), prey density (25–250 individuals), predator starvation
(0–12 days) and prey incubation (4–24 h) using the rice root nematode,
Hirschmanniella oryzae, as prey. Prey search duration, rate of predation,
and the number and duration of predators feeding and aggregating at feeding
sites were studied. Discolaimus major killed more prey, and fed and
aggregated longer than L. baldus. Predator activities at the feeding site
were optimal at 30°C. Predators starved for 6 days required the briefest
prey search duration, and remained aggregated at the feeding site for a
longer duration. Predators were increasingly efficient at search prey as
prey density increased. Prey search and feeding durations were shortest when
prey nematodes were incubated between 8–16 h. Predation rate was optimal
when prey were incubated for 16 h. Prey search and killing abilities of L.
baldus and D. major were governed by temperature, prey density, starvation
and prey incubation, and depended upon feeding duration, number of predators
feeding and aggregating at the feeding sites.
Benthic community patterns and the composition of feeding types and reproductive modes in freshwater nematodes
Authors: Michiels Iris C. , Traunspurger Walter 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
We characterised benthic invertebrate community composition in 11
oligotrophic, alpine lakes. Nematodes were the most abundant benthic taxa in
most lakes but community composition differed markedly. Several
relationships between the invertebrate taxa were found but there was no
strong evidence that competition or predation shaped the benthic community
structure. Most lakes were dominated by a few nematode species with
cosmopolitan distribution. Obligate and/or facultative parthenogenetic
species were most abundant. With increasing species richness, the overall
sex-ratio increased and the relative abundance of parthenogenetic species
decreased.
Questioning Paradigms: A Close Reading of 'Abd Al-Razzāq al-Baytār's Hilya in order to gain some new insights into the Damascene Salafiyya
Authors: Eich Thomas 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBy applying several methods of traditional source criticism to Baytār's Hilya it becomes possible to make this source "speak" and provide some information about its author. It becomes clear that unequal access to wealth and power at Damascus cannot be seen as the major driving force behind the formation of a group of intellectuals who represented the first stage of the formation of the Damascene salafiyya. Thus the so-called middle'ulamā' thesis has to be refuted. In addition it is shown that the dichotomy of "conservative" and "reformist" turuq did not exist in the mind of leading salafīs themselves. Hence, it also cannot be assumed that "reformist" salafīs were "naturally" attracted to "reformist" turuq.
Expression of HSP47 in Usual Interstitial Pneumonia and Nonspecific Interstitial Pneumonia
Authors: Kakugawa Tomoyuki , Mukae Hiroshi , Hayashi Tomayoshi , Ishii Hiroshi , Nakayama Seiko , Sakamoto Noriho , Yoshioka Sumako , Sugiyama Kanako , Mine Mariko , Mizuta Yohei , Kohno Shigeru 
Published: June 2005

Abstract

Background
Heat shock protein (HSP) 47, a collagen-specific molecular chaperone, is involved in the processing and/or secretion of procollagens, and its expression is increased in various fibrotic diseases. The aim of this study was to determine whether quantitative immunohistochemical evaluation of the expression levels of HSP47, type I procollagen and α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) allows the differentiation of idiopathic usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) from UIP associated with collagen vascular disease (CVD) and idiopathic nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP).

Methods
We reviewed surgical lung biopsy specimens of 19 patients with idiopathic UIP, 7 with CVD-associated UIP and 16 with idiopathic NSIP and assigned a score for the expression of HSP47, type I procollagen and α-SMA in type II pneumocytes and/or lung fibroblasts (score 0 = no; 1 = weak; 2 = moderate; 3 = strong staining).

Results
The expression level of HSP47 in type II pneumocytes of idiopathic UIP was significantly higher than in CVD-associated UIP and idiopathic NSIP. The expression of HSP47 in fibroblasts was significantly higher in idiopathic UIP and idiopathic NSIP than in CVD-associated UIP. The expression of type I procollagen in type II pneumocytes was significantly higher in idiopathic UIP than in idiopathic NSIP. The expression of type I procollagen in fibroblasts was not different in the three groups, while the expression of α-SMA in fibroblasts was significantly higher in idiopathic UIP than in idiopathic NSIP.

Conclusion
Our results suggest the existence of different fibrotic pathways among these groups involved in the expression of HSP47 and type I procollagen.
Inhibition or knock out of Inducible nitric oxide synthase result in resistance to bleomycin-induced lung injury
Authors: Genovese Tiziana , Cuzzocrea Salvatore , Di Paola Rosanna , Failla Marco , Mazzon Emanuela , Sortino Maria Angela , Frasca Giuseppina , Gili Elisa , Crimi Nunzio , Caputi Achille P , Vancheri Carlo 
Published: June 2005

AbstractBackgroundIn the present study, by comparing the responses in wild-type mice (WT) and mice lacking (KO) the inducible (or type 2) nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), we investigated the role played by iNOS in the development of on the lung injury caused by bleomycin administration. When compared to bleomycin-treated iNOSWT mice, iNOSKO mice, which had received bleomycin, exhibited a reduced degree of the (i) lost of body weight, (ii) mortality rate, (iii) infiltration of the lung with polymorphonuclear neutrophils (MPO activity), (iv) edema formation, (v) histological evidence of lung injury, (vi) lung collagen deposition and (vii) lung Transforming Growth Factor beta1 (TGF-β1) expression.MethodsMice subjected to intratracheal administration of bleomycin developed a significant lung injury. Immunohistochemical analysis for nitrotyrosine revealed a positive staining in lungs from bleomycin-treated iNOSWT mice.ResultsThe intensity and degree of nitrotyrosine staining was markedly reduced in tissue section from bleomycin-iNOSKO mice. Treatment of iNOSWT mice with of GW274150, a novel, potent and selective inhibitor of iNOS activity (5 mg/kg i.p.) also significantly attenuated all of the above indicators of lung damage and inflammation.ConclusionTaken together, our results clearly demonstrate that iNOS plays an important role in the lung injury induced by bleomycin in the mice.
Visualization-based discovery and analysis of genomic aberrations in microarray data
Authors: Myers Chad L , Chen Xing , Troyanskaya Olga G 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Background
Chromosomal copy number changes (aneuploidies) play a key role in cancer progression and molecular evolution. These copy number changes can be studied using microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) or gene expression microarrays. However, accurate identification of amplified or deleted regions requires a combination of visual and computational analysis of these microarray data.

Results
We have developed ChARMView, a visualization and analysis system for guided discovery of chromosomal abnormalities from microarray data. Our system facilitates manual or automated discovery of aneuploidies through dynamic visualization and integrated statistical analysis. ChARMView can be used with array CGH and gene expression microarray data, and multiple experiments can be viewed and analyzed simultaneously.

Conclusion
ChARMView is an effective and accurate visualization and analysis system for recognizing even small aneuploidies or subtle expression biases, identifying recurring aberrations in sets of experiments, and pinpointing functionally relevant copy number changes. ChARMView is freely available under the GNU GPL at http://function.princeton.edu/ChARMView.
Polymorphisms within the canine MLPH gene are associated with dilute coat color in dogs
Authors: Philipp Ute , Hamann Henning , Mecklenburg Lars , Nishino Seiji , Mignot Emmanuel , Günzel-Apel Anne-Rose , Schmutz Sheila M , Leeb Tosso 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Background
Pinschers and other dogs with coat color dilution show a characteristic pigmentation phenotype. The fur colors are a lighter shade, e.g. silvery grey (blue) instead of black and a sandy color (Isabella fawn) instead of red or brown. In some dogs the coat color dilution is sometimes accompanied by hair loss and recurrent skin inflammation, the so called color dilution alopecia (CDA) or black hair follicular dysplasia (BHFD). In humans and mice a comparable pigmentation phenotype without any documented hair loss is caused by mutations within the melanophilin gene (MLPH).

Results
We sequenced the canine MLPH gene and performed a mutation analysis of the MLPH exons in 6 Doberman Pinschers and 5 German Pinschers. A total of 48 sequence variations was identified within and between the breeds. Three families of dogs showed co-segregation for at least one polymorphism in an MLPH exon and the dilute phenotype. No single polymorphism was identified in the coding sequences or at splice sites that is likely to be causative for the dilute phenotype of all dogs examined. In 18 German Pinschers a mutation in exon 7 (R199H) was consistently associated with the dilute phenotype. However, as this mutation was present in homozygous state in four dogs of other breeds with wildtype pigmentation, it seems unlikely that this mutation is truly causative for coat color dilution. In Doberman Pinschers as well as in Large Munsterlanders with BHFD, a set of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) around exon 2 was identified that show a highly significant association to the dilute phenotype.

Conclusion
This study provides evidence that coat color dilution is caused by one or more mutations within or near the MLPH gene in several dog breeds. The data on polymorphisms that are strongly associated with the dilute phenotype will allow the genetic testing of Pinschers to facilitate the breeding of dogs with defined coat colors and to select against Large Munsterlanders carrying BHFD.
Evaluation of the similarity of gene expression data estimated with SAGE and Affymetrix GeneChips
Authors: van Ruissen Fred , Ruijter Jan M , Schaaf Gerben J , Asgharnegad Lida , Zwijnenburg Danny A , Kool Marcel , Baas Frank 
Published: June 2005

Abstract
Background
Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (SAGE) and microarrays have found awidespread application, but much ambiguity exists regarding the evaluation of these technologies. Cross-platform utilization of gene expression data from the SAGE and microarray technology could reduce the need for duplicate experiments and facilitate a more extensive exchange of data within the research community. This requires a measure for the correspondence of the different gene expression platforms. To date, a number of cross-platform evaluations (including a few studies using SAGE and Affymetrix GeneChips) have been conducted showing a variable, but overall low, concordance. This study evaluates these overall measures and introduces the between-ratio difference as a concordance measure pergene.

Results
In this study, gene expression measurements of Unigene clusters represented by both Affymetrix GeneChips HG-U133A and SAGE were compared using two independent RNA samples. After matching of the data sets the final comparison contains a small data set of 1094 unique Unigene clusters, which is unbiased with respect to expression level. Different overall correlation approaches, like Up/Down classification, contingency tables and correlation coefficients were used to compare both platforms. In addition, we introduce a novel approach to compare two platforms based on the calculation of differences between expression ratios observed in each platform for each individual transcript. This approach results in a concordance measure per gene (with statistical probability value), as opposed to the commonly used overall concordance measures between platforms.

Conclusion
We can conclude that intra-platform correlations are generally good, but that overall agreement between the two platforms is modest. This might be due to the binomially distributed sampling variation in SAGE tag counts, SAGE annotation errors and the intensity variation between probe sets of a single gene in Affymetrix GeneChips. We cannot identify or advice which platform performs better since both have their (dis)-advantages. Therefore it is strongly recommended to perform follow-up studies of interesting genes using additional techniques. The newly introduced between-ratio difference is a filtering-independent measure for between-platform concordance. Moreover, the between-ratio difference per gene can be used to detect transcripts with similar regulation on both platforms.