bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Screening of blood from potential organ and cornea donors for viruses
Authors: Miédougé Marcel , Chatelut Martine , Mansuy Jean‐Michel , Rostaing Lionel , Malecaze François , Sandres‐Sauné Karine , Boudet Francis , Puel Jacqueline , Abbal Michel , Izopet Jacques 
Published: August 2002

AbstractProspective nucleic acid tests were carried out for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) using the COBAS Amplicor HIV‐1 and HCV tests (Roche Diagnostics, Meylan, France) on potential organ (n = 113) and cornea (n = 368) donors in France to evaluate their performance and suitability for use as a complement to routine serological tests. Blood samples were collected from organ donors with preserved cardiac function after verification of cerebral death. Blood samples were collected from cornea donors post‐mortem within 48 hr after death. An internal control was added to the samples before extraction to monitor each individual polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The nucleic acid tests were always interpretable in organ donors and negative in all except in 2 anti‐HCV positive patients. One had an indeterminate HIV p24 antigen but was negative for HIV RNA. HIV and HCV RNA were not found in cornea donors with a negative serology but indeterminate molecular results were frequent in this group (17.6%). Cornea donors also gave significantly more (14.4%) indeterminate serological results than organ donors (1.8%) (P < 0.001). This was due to the poor quality of the blood samples collected post‐mortem. However, there was no correlation between indeterminate results of serological and molecular tests. There were 16/19 (84%) indeterminate serological results for HIV and 4/4 (100%) for HCV that were negative by PCR. Thus, nucleic acid tests could be useful for qualifying a donor whose serological results are indeterminate. The extraction procedures on post‐mortem specimens and/or blood collection must be changed to improve the performance of nucleic acid tests. J. Med. Virol. 66:571–575, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Incidence and prevalence of human group C rotavirus infections in Argentina
Authors: Castello Alejandro A. , Argüelles Marcelo H. , Villegas Guillermo A. , Olthoff Alicia , Glikmann Graciela 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe incidence of human group C rotavirus infections among children and adults in Buenos Aires was evaluated by enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) based on recombinant group C VP6 protein (Cowden strain). A total of 976 stool samples taken from patients (ages 6 months to 15 years) with acute diarrhea were tested for the presence of group C rotavirus. Among these, only 10 (1.02%) were group C rotavirus positive by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) confirmed by absorption with group C VP6 antibodies and by RT‐PCR for both VP6 and VP7 genes. The average age (5.86 years) was significantly superior to that in group A‐infected patients (1.63 years). Previous exposure to this virus was assessed by detecting specific IgG in sera taken from healthy individuals grouped by age. Of 844 sera tested, 425 (50.3%) were group C IgG positive by ELISA, confirmed by Western blot analysis. The rates of IgG positivity for group A and C rotaviruses during the first years of life indicated that infections with group C are frequent in older children (3–5 years), whereas group A infections are prevalent in infants and young children (6–18 months). This study shows that group C rotavirus infections in Argentine children occur later in life than group A and are relatively common in spite of the low detection rate of this virus. J. Med. Virol. 67:106–112, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
single‐cell cytokine analysis allows detection of cervical T‐cell responses against human papillomavirus type 16 L1 in women infected with genital HPV
Authors: Passmore Jo‐Ann S. , Burch Vanessa C. , Shephard Enid G. , Marais Dianne J. , Allan Bruce , Kay Patti , Rose Robert C. , Williamson Anna‐Lise 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSpecific types of human papillomavirus (HPV) are known to play a causal role in the development of cervical cancer, with human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV‐16) identified as the predominant type. Despite this, little is known about cervical immune responses to this pathogen. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of cervical cytobrush sampling and single‐cell cytokine staining to investigate cervical lymphocyte‐specific cytokine responses to HPV‐16 antigens. Of eighteen women recruited into the study, five were HPV DNA positive at the cervix (current exposure) and a further five had circulating antibodies to HPV‐16 (previous exposure). Cervical lymphocytes, isolated from the five HPV DNA‐positive women, two HPV DNA‐negative controls, and one woman with circulating HPV‐16 antibodies were assessed for HPV‐specific responses using intracellular staining for interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and interleukin‐4 (IL‐4). We demonstrate that both CD4+ and CD8+ cervical T lymphocytes, harvested from noninfected and infected subjects, produce these cytokines in response to nonspecific stimulation. However, antigen‐specific (HPV‐16 L1) IFN‐γ production by CD4+ and CD8+ cervical T lymphocytes is only detectable in women exposed currently or previously to HPV‐16. This is the first time that antigen‐specific cytokine responses of mucosal lymphocytes, obtained from a site of HPV infection, have been demonstrated. This finding clearly illustrates the use of intracellular cytokine staining for investigation of low precursor frequency single‐cell antigen‐specific responses in lymphocytes harvested from mucosal sites with HPV infection. J. Med. Virol. 67:234–240, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analytical modelling of multilayer structure electronic devices for electrothermal layout optimisation
Authors: Pesare Marcello , Giorgio Agostino , Perri Anna Gina 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn this paper, an analytical model for the electrothermal solution to the non‐linear 3‐D heat flow equation for multilayer structure electronic devices is proposed. Compared with previous models presented in literature, it is general and can be easily applied to a large variety of integrated devices, provided that their structure can be represented as an arbitrary number of superimposed layers with a 2‐D embedded thermal source, so as to include the effect of the package. The proposed method is independent of the specific physical properties of the layers, hence GaAs MESFETs and HEMTs as well as silicon and silicon‐on‐insulator MOSFETs and heterostructure LASERs can be analysed. Moreover, it takes into account the dependence of the thermal conductivity of all the layers on the temperature; the heat equation is solved coupled with the device current–voltage relation in order to give physical consistence to the experimental evidence that a temperature increase causes a degradation of the electrical performances and that the electrical power is not uniformly distributed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TLM‐based solutions of the Klein–Gordon equation (Part I)
Authors: O'Connor William J. , Clune Fergus J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe transmission line matrix (TLM) method has become well established as a numerical solution scheme for wave problems in electromagnetics and, to a lesser extent, in acoustics and mechanics. It has also been applied to diffusion/heat‐conduction problems. Here the technique is extended to solving the Klein–Gordon equation that arises in Quantum Mechanics and in the dynamics of an elastically anchored vibrating string. In Part I, two novel, TLM‐based algorithms are presented and verified. By considering them as solving a special case of the more general ‘forced’ wave equation, they illustrate how, with care, the TLM algorithm can be adapted to model a wide range of effects. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Huygens' principle in the transmission line matrix method (TLM). Global theory
Authors: Enders Peter 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHuygens' principle (HP) is understood as a universal principle governing not only the propagation of light, but also of acoustic waves, heat and matter diffusion, Schrödinger's matter waves, random walks, and many more. According to Hadamard's rigorous definition, HP comprehends the principle of action‐by‐proximity (cf. Faraday's field theory, etc.) and the superposition of secondary wavelets (Huygens' construction). This definition is reformulated for discrete spaces. The global aspect concerns the propagation of fields (e.g. wavefronts). Within TLM, the appropriate field propagator (Green's function) is the Johns matrix. The compatibility with HP explains the success of TLM in computing propagation, transport, and other evolution processes from a different point of view. A possible practical application of these results for computing eigenmodes is mentioned. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of excitatory synapses in cultured neurons dissociated from the cortices of rat embryos and rat pups at birth
Authors: Lin Yan‐Chiang , Huang Zu‐Han , Jan I‐Sam , Yeh Chia‐Chun , Wu Han‐Jay , Chou Yun‐Chia , Chang Yen‐Chung 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe studied the development of excitatory synapses in cultured neurons dissociated from the cortices of rat embryos at the 18th day of gestation (E18) and rat pups at birth (P0). Between 7 and 14 days in vitro (DIV), large increases in the amplitudes and frequencies of the spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) of both cultured E18 and P0 neurons were observed. The EPSCs of E18 neurons were mediated primarily by α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐iso‐xazole‐propionic acid (AMPA) receptors at 7 DIV and by both N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) and AMPA receptors at 14 DIV. Consistently, immunostaining indicated significant increases in the proportion of the clusters of NR1, an NMDA receptor subunit, which were associated with the accumulation of synaptophysin, a presynaptic marker, in cultured E18 neurons between 7 and 14 DIV. The proportion of NR1 clusters residing in synaptic regions and the proportion of synapses that colocalized with NR1 clusters in 7‐day‐old P0 neurons were not different statistically from those found in 7‐day‐old E18 neurons. However, cultured P0 neurons at 7 DIV displayed clear EPSCs mediated by NMDA receptors. Our results suggest that the targeting of NMDA receptors to synaptic regions lag behind the synaptic clustering of AMPA receptors during the in vitro development of cultured rat E18 cortical neurons. The results further suggest that the cortical neurons at P0 differ from those at E19 in certain cellular properties; as a result, the currents mediated by the synaptic NMDA receptors in 7‐day‐old P0 neurons are larger than those mediated by the synaptic NMDA receptors in 7‐day‐old E18 neurons. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Temperature and time interval for culture of postmortem neurons from adult rat cortex
Authors: Viel John J. , McManus Dennis Q. , Cady Craig , Evans M. Steven , Brewer Gregory J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFor a model of neurological disease and ischemia, we extended recent work to culture adult postmortem rat brain neurons. Frontal cortex sections were removed from adult rats immediately following sacrifice and at different postmortem intervals and with the brain at either 22°C or 4°C. Brain could be stored four times longer at 4°C between sacrifice and neuronal disaggregation to achieve the same 20% recovery of live cells from those plated compared to 22°C. Each milligram of rat frontal cortex was estimated by the optical disector method to contain 160,000 neurons. When cells were isolated as rapidly as possible, 9% of the neurons originally present in the brain were viable. Various postmortem intervals from 2 to 24 hr resulted in a reduction from 6% to 3% of the cells originally present. After 5 days in culture, viable neurons were 23–42% of those isolated. Neuron‐like cells that survived represented 40–75% of the viable cells, or 0.5–2.75% of those originally estimated to be present in the brain. Electrophysiology experiments show that cells isolated 0 and 24 hr postmortem had neuronal electrical properties, including an average resting membrane potential of –48 mV, voltage‐sensitive currents, and action potentials. Neuron‐like cells were immunoreactive for neuron‐specific enolase, neurofilament 200, glutamate, MAP2, and tau after 2 weeks in culture. These experiments show that neuron‐like cells can be reliably cultured from adult rat cortex up to 6 hr postmortem when stored at 22°C and up to 24 hr postmortem when stored at 4°C. These findings should encourage donation of human postmortem brain neurons for studies on ischemia, adult pharmacology, and neurological disease. J. Neurosci. Res. 64:311–321, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Up‐regulation of the peripheral‐type benzodiazepine receptor expression and [3H]PK11195 binding in gerbil hippocampus after transient forebrain ischemia
Authors: Rao Vemuganti L. Raghavendra , Bowen Kellie K. , Rao Adibhatla Muralikrishna , Dempsey Robert J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn mammalian CNS, the peripheral‐type benzodiazepine receptor (PTBR) is localized on the outer mitochondrial membrane within the astrocytes and microglia. The main function of PTBR is to transport cholesterol across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of neurosteroid biosynthesis. The present study evaluated the changes in the PTBR density, gene expression and immunoreactivity in gerbil hippocampus as a function of reperfusion time after transient forebrain ischemia. Between 3 to 7 days of reperfusion, there was a significant increase in the maximal binding site density (Bmax) of the PTBR antagonist [3H]PK11195 (by 94–156%; P < 0.01) and PTBR mRNA levels (by 1.8‐ to 2.9‐fold; P < 0.01). At 7 days of reperfusion, in the hippocampal CA1 (the brain region manifesting selective neuronal death), PTBR immunoreactivity increased significantly. Increased PTBR expression after transient forebrain ischemia may lead to increased neurosteroid biosynthesis, and thus may play a role in the ischemic pathophysiology. J. Neurosci. Res. 64:493–500, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Post‐monsoon sea surface temperature and convection anomalies over Indian and Pacific Oceans
Authors: Babu C. A. , Joseph P. V. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe have studied sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over the Indian and Pacific Oceans (domain 25 °S to 25 °N and 40 °E to 160 °W) during the three seasons following the Indian summer monsoon for wet monsoons and also for dry monsoons accompanied or not by El Niño. A dry monsoon is followed by positive SST anomalies in the longitude belt 40 to 120 °E, negative anomalies in 120 to 160 °E and again positive anomalies east of 160 °E. In dry monsoons accompanied by El Niño the anomalies have the same sign, but are much stronger. Wet monsoons have weak anomalies of opposite sign in all three of the longitude belts. Thus El Niño and a dry monsoon have the same types of association with the Indian and Pacific Ocean SSTs.In the sector 40 to 120 °E SST anomalies first appear over the western part of the Indian Ocean (June to September) followed by the same sign of anomalies over its eastern part and China Sea (October to March). By March after a dry monsoon or El Niño the Indian Ocean between 10 °N and 10 °S has a spatially large warm SST anomaly. Anomalies in deep convection tend to follow the SST anomalies, with warm SST anomalies producing positive convection anomalies around the seasonal location of the intertropical convergence zone. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Evaluation of broad scale vertical circulation and thermal indices in relation to the onset of Indian summer monsoon
Authors: Roy Bhowmik S. K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe onset of the Indian summer monsoon over Kerala for an individual year of delayed (1997), early (1999) and normal onset (2000) was examined in relation to the intensity of vertical circulation and thermal indices during the pre‐monsoon months (April and May). The study showed that in the delayed monsoon onset year (1997) negative anomalies of vertical zonal index dominated over the north Indian Ocean during pre‐monsoon months, particularly in April. In contrast, in the early onset year (1999) the positive anomalies of this index over the north Indian Ocean during the pre‐monsoon months were considerably stronger (April and May). However, the meridional vertical index did not show any appreciable difference. The gradient of the vertical thermal index anomalies over the Tibetan Plateau in the month of April was prominently stronger during the years of early and normal onset (1999 and 2000). The anomalies of geopotential height at 200 hPa over the Tibetan Plateau in the pre‐monsoon months were significantly lower in the year of delayed onset (1997). The precipitable water content was found to be another major feature, which grew rapidly over the equatorial belt of the Indian Ocean extending up to the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal during the two weeks prior to onset. Most of these features were observed very distinctly in the month of April, well before the monsoon onset, and promise to provide important predictive signals for the onset over Kerala. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Sedimentology, palaeoecology and geochronology of Marine Isotope Stage 5 deposits on the Shetland Islands, Scotland
Authors: Hall Adrian M. , Gordon John E. , Whittington Graeme , Duller Geoffrey A. T. , Heijnis Hendrik 
Published: August 2002

AbstractNew stratigraphical, palynological and dating evidence is presented for pre‐Late Devensian/Weichselian sediments at Fugla Ness and Sel Ayre, Shetland. The Fugla Ness Peat rests on till and formed during an interglacial that saw the development of maritime heaths, with scattered trees and shrubs, including Pinus and possibly Ilex. A decline into stadial conditions is marked by overlying periglacial breccia and till. The Sel Ayre Organic Sands and Gravels lie between periglacial breccias and beneath till and appear to record a changing interstadial environment in which trees were absent and the vegetation comprised largely heaths, with Bruckenthalia, and grasslands. The Fugla Ness Peat is dated to 110+40/−35 ka by uranium series disequilibrium, suggesting that it formed during the Ipswichian/Eemian Interglacial (Marine Isotope Substage 5e). Luminescence ages of ca. 98–105 ka on intercalated sands within the Sel Ayre Organic Sands and Gravels place these deposits in Marine Isotope Substage 5c (Brørup Interstadial). The two sites provide the first detailed record of Marine Isotope Stage 5 environments on Shetland. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Attenuation of surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy response in gold–platinum core‐shell nanoparticles
Authors: Flynn Nolan T. , Gewirth Andrew A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractColloidal gold particles (11.2 nm) were coated with platinum overlayers, resulting in bimetallic particles with 1–8 mol% Pt. These particles were characterized using electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy and electrochemistry confirming the Au–Pt core‐shell structure. The UV–visible spectra showed only minimal red shifts with increasing Pt content. The Raman spectra, on the other hand, changed dramatically with slight increases in Pt, resulting in a loss of appreciable surface‐enhancement effects by 4 mol% Pt. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman scattering from bismuth triborate
Authors: Xia H. R. , Li L. X. , Teng B. , Zheng W. Q. , Lu G. W. , Jiang H. D. , Wang J. Y 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBismuth triborate, BiB3O6 (BiBO), a promising new material for effective frequency conversion, was synthesized by top‐seeded growth from the nearly stoichiometric melt at high temperature. The crystal space group is non‐centrosymmetric monoclinic C2 with Z = 2. The lattice constants were a = 7.116(2), b = 4.993(2) and c = 6.508(3) Å with β = 105.62(3)°. The atomic Wyckoff positions are Bi in 2a, B(1) in 2b and B(2) and O in 4c. Raman spectra show that the structural rigidity of the BiBO crystals can be mainly ascribed to B—O bond stretching and bending. The B(1)O4 units weaken the conjugated π‐orbit system. The BiBO crystal has a short ultraviolet absorption edge. Therefore, the two principal structural units, B(2)O3 and B(1)O4, and the bonding are of considerable interest. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differences in estrogen receptor status, HER2, and p53 comparing metachronous bilateral breast carcinoma
Authors: Matsuo Kaneyuki , Fukutomi Takashi , Tsuda Hitoshi , Akashi‐Tanaka Sadako , Shimizu Chikako , Hasegawa Tadashi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and Objectives:We analyzed the clinicopathologic characteristics and tumor biology of metachronous bilateral breast carcinoma with regard to p53, HER2 and hormone receptor status.Methods:A consecutive series of 54 female metachronous bilateral breast carcinoma patients treated at the National Cancer Center Hospital between 1980 and 1997 were the primary source of these retrospective data. Clinicopathologic background factors were analyzed, and immunohistochemical staining for p53, HER2, and hormone receptor status was carried out on paraffin‐embedded specimens.Results:There were no significant differences in clinical stage, p53 and HER2 expression levels between the first and second primary tumors. The positive rates for ER and PR were 48% (25 of 52) and 46% (25 of 54) for the first tumors, but only 19% (10 of 52) and 32% (17 of 54) for the second tumors (P = 0.004 for ER, P = 0.16 for PR), showing a significant loss of ER.Conclusions:Our findings indicate that p53 and HER2 expression levels in the second tumors might be the same as those of the first tumors in metachronous bilateral breast carcinoma; however, loss of ER was more frequently observed in the second primary tumors than in the first tumors. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001; 77:31–34. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intraoperative US staging of T in gastric cancer: Final results of a blind prospective study
Authors: de Manzoni Giovanni , Di Leo Alberto , Pedrazzani Corrado , Castaldini Gabriele , Borzellino Giuseppe , Veraldi Gianfranco , Cordiano Claudio 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundIn order to improve the accuracy in the assessment of depth of tumor invasion, we performed an ultrasound examination of the resected specimen intraoperatively just after removal by the surgeon (Intraoperative Ultrasonography (IUS). This prospective blind study reports the results obtained with the IUS in the staging of T in a group of 281 patients who underwent curative gastrectomy for gastric cancer.MethodsAfter the removal by the surgeon, the portion of the stomach harboring the tumor was submitted to ultrasonography with a linear 7.5 Mhz probe. An echo‐free standoff pad was placed between the probe and the organ; a second echo‐free standoff pad was interposed between the stomach and the support surface. The diagnosis of depth of invasion was based on the degree of disruption of the five‐layer sonographic structure of the gastric wall.ResultsThe IUS staging of T corresponded to the pathological diagnosis in 256 out of 281 cases (overall accuracy 91.1%). The sensitivity in the different classes of T was, respectively, 91.2 in T1m cases, 83.3 in the T1sm cases, 89.6 in the T2 cases, and 93.5% in the T3 cases.ConclusionThe IUS on the resected specimen has a high degree of accuracy in the assessment of depth of tumor invasion and seems to be an important advance in the clinical staging of gastric cancer. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001;78:158–161. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.