bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Governmental Suasion: Refocusing the Lowi Policy Typology
Authors: Anderson John L. 
Published: April 2005

This paper argues that suasion should receive direct attention from political scientists who study public policy. Building on the work of Theodore Lowi and others, it is suggested that understanding politics as the result of the applicability of coercion misses important aspects of governmental activities. Suasion, unlike coercion, brings about certain forms of politics that are unique, quite unlike coercively based policies. Specifically, the author explores the advent of public health to discover how suasive policies affect politics.Above this race of men stands an immense and tutelary power, which takes upon itself alone to secure their gratifications, and to watch over their fate. That power is absolute, minute, regular, provident and mild.
From agriculture based on fossil fuel resources to agriculture based on biological interactions and matter cycling in agroecosystems
Authors: Shiyomi Masae 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe modern system of agriculture, which depends on the consumption of large quantities of fossil fuel, will be forced to change to a system in which matter cycling and the various interactions operating among organisms and between organisms and their environment are effectively used. Three key factors will necessitate this change: the depletion of readily available fossil fuel resources; the leveling‐off of the growth and yield response of crops in response to the increase in the use of fertilizers, agrochemicals and big machinery; and the degradation of the environment associated with the consumption of fossil fuels and derived agrochemicals. Therefore, it is essential to further promote the following two types of study: (i) the elucidation of the structure and use of complex biological interactions, and the cause‐and‐effect relationships among and between organisms in relation to their environment; and (ii) the effective use of matter cycling in agricultural ecosystems. Efficient use of biological interactions and matter cycling will reduce the dependence of agriculture on fossil fuel.
Forage production and animal husbandry in Korea
Authors: Seo Sung 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe livestock industry in Korea is primarily carries out feeding through the utilization of concentrates and rice straw. The amount of imported concentrate is estimated to be more than two thirds (about 11 million metric tons (MT) per year) of the total concentrates required, specifically corn. Recently, about 600 000 MT of forage was recorded to be imported per year. The main feature of grassland agriculture, including forage production, is the dependence on perennial grasses, legumes and high quality annual forage crops, such as corn, sorghum, sudangrass, rye, oats, barley, Italian ryegrass and forage rape, among others. In addition, proper land use and increased animal profitability is maintained through grassland agriculture.The important fields for forage production are upland, paddy land, grassland and forest areas. Rice straw is also one of the most important roughages in Korea. The aim of forage production in the past was to fulfil the domestic need of herbivores, but forage production in 21st century is geared towards international competitiveness in animal husbandry. The most important factor is to enhance forage sufficiency related to environment‐friendly livestock in Korea. Fortunately, there are many possibilities in forage production. A no forage‐sufficiency, no food‐sufficiency; no forage, no cattle concept is emphasized.
Perspectives on the grazing system in Japan
Authors: Sato Shusuke 
Published: April 2005

AbstractCattle were first imported from the continent during the Yayoi‐style culture stage around the first and second centuries before Christ. There were no fundamental changes in the rearing structure until the ratification of the agricultural basic law of 1961 that each farmer rears one or two cows for the purposes of farming labour and manure production. The grazing system seems to have been rare until 1960s. Though the total area of grassland and the total number of cattle increased drastically after the agricultural basic law, the feed composition gradually became biased to the concentrates imported and the grazing system is still not widely used. The new agricultural basic law of 1999 aims to increase the self‐sufficiency rate of the feed and promotes to establish a ‘Japanese‐Style Grazing System’. There are five types of new suitable places for grazing in Japan. These are the redundant rice paddy field, abandoned arable land, deserted fuelwood forest, abandoned public native grassland and forest in deep mountains. The grazing technologies are nearly completed in the former two types. There are, however, a lot of endangered plants and animals and pests in the latter three types. Additionally, most of the forest is designated as conservation forest. The grazing system there should be in harmony with the conservation of and protection from wild species. It is also important to develop the automatic monitoring and collecting system for cattle and to make animals able to forage effectively and to take care of their calves properly under the free‐ranging system. As the international competitive power of Japanese agriculture is rather low, it is necessary to form a new food system consisting of the animal production, local cultivators and the consumer and the taxpayer.
Appearance and development of tillers in herbage grass species 2. Timothy (Phleum pratense L.)
Authors: Emoto Taiji , Ikeda Hajime 
Published: April 2005

AbstractThe persistence of timothy in grasslands was investigated in the present study. Seeds were sown in August and October 1999 and March 2000. Following transplantation in September and November 1999 and April 2000, plant length and dry matter weight of each organ were measured in every tiller every three months.The results were obtained under the limited conditions of uninterrupted growth of timothy plants in the sward. The seasonal changes in plant lengths of the first year of establishment differed with the sowing times. In the second year, the tillers were divided into two by means of seasonal changes in plant length: some tillers increasing rapidly during the growing season from spring to late spring and the others gradually from autumn to winter. In the second year, the seasonal changes in the total tiller numbers of differing sowing times showed almost the same pattern, and secondary and tertiary tillers alternating with the main culm and primary tiller predominated. The changes in dry matter weight of each organ, especially the changes of the haplocorms, corresponded with the alternations of generations of tillers. That is, the parental tillers provided nutrients to haplocorms until the main tillers bore ears and developed. The parental tillers suppressed the appearance of tillers of the next generation to avoid competition. The tillers of the next generation began to emerge after the parental tillers died. The mechanism of the harmonious alternation of tiller generations composed of several tiller order groups was inferred to be one of the factors allowing the persistence of the timothy sward.
Isolation of disease resistance gene analogs from Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.)
Authors: Ikeda Seishi 
Published: April 2005

AbstractLarge‐scale sequencing of disease resistance gene analogs (RGA) in Italian ryegrass was carried out using degenerate primers and a nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) strategy. A total of 24 000 PCR clones were subjected to single pass sequencing to enable similarity searches of public databases. As a result, 9344 clones showed significant levels of homology to either known resistance genes or RGA derived from other plant species. These clones were grouped into 115 clusters based on nucleotide sequence similarities and representative clones were selected from each cluster. Of 115 representative clones, 62 had a continuous open reading frame and were defined as potentially functional RGA from Italian ryegrass. Specific sequenced tag site (STS) primer sets were designed for these 62 clones and 50 RGA sequences were subsequently amplified from genomic DNA of Italian ryegrass in one step PCR. A subset of these STS primers could also amplify the expected size PCR products from genomic DNA of tall fescue and meadow fescue, both of which are forage crops closely relate to Italian ryegrass.
Génesis y desarrollo de las actitudes lingüísticas en contextos bilingües. Análisis de algunas variables del ámbito escolar y sociofamiliar
Authors: Huguet-Canalís Ángel 
Published: April 2005

Situados en los contextos bilingües asturiano y aragonés, y dadas las relaciones existentes entre actitudes generadas ante una determinada lengua y el nivel de competencia adquirido en la misma, el objetivo de nuestra investigación es doble: por una parte se pretende describir las actitudes ante las lenguas en presencia (asturiano y castellano en Asturias, y catalán y castellano en el Este de Aragón) y, por otra, estudiar las variables que pueden explicar su desarrollo. Para ello se adaptó un cuestionario de actitudes que había sido utilizado con éxito en otros ámbitos y se aplicó a una muestra de 231 escolares en el Principado de Asturias y de 163 escolares en Aragón, todos ellos en 2° curso de Educación Secundaria (ESO). Globalmente, en cada caso, los resultados evidencian unas actitudes favorables a las lenguas en presencia, pero éstas vienen determinadas por una influencia significativa de la asistencia o no a clases de asturiano en Asturias o de catalán en Aragón y, también, de la condición lingüística familiar de los sujetos.
Filtering high-throughput protein-protein interaction data using a combination of genomic features
Authors: Patil Ashwini , Nakamura Haruki 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Background
Protein-protein interaction data used in the creation or prediction of molecular networks is usually obtained from large scale or high-throughput experiments. This experimental data is liable to contain a large number of spurious interactions. Hence, there is a need to validate the interactions and filter out the incorrect data before using them in prediction studies.

Results
In this study, we use a combination of 3 genomic features – structurally known interacting Pfam domains, Gene Ontology annotations and sequence homology – as a means to assign reliability to the protein-protein interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae determined by high-throughput experiments. Using Bayesian network approaches, we show that protein-protein interactions from high-throughput data supported by one or more genomic features have a higher likelihood ratio and hence are more likely to be real interactions. Our method has a high sensitivity (90%) and good specificity (63%). We show that 56% of the interactions from high-throughput experiments in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have high reliability. We use the method to estimate the number of true interactions in the high-throughput protein-protein interaction data sets in Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster and Homo sapiens to be 27%, 18% and 68% respectively. Our results are available for searching and downloading at http://helix.protein.osaka-u.ac.jp/htp/.

Conclusion
A combination of genomic features that include sequence, structure and annotation information is a good predictor of true interactions in large and noisy high-throughput data sets. The method has a very high sensitivity and good specificity and can be used to assign a likelihood ratio, corresponding to the reliability, to each interaction.
Mitochondrial haplotype diversity in the tortoise species Testudo graeca from North Africa and the Middle East
Authors: van der Kuyl Antoinette C , Ballasina Donato LP , Zorgdrager Fokla 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Background
To help conservation programs of the endangered spur-thighed tortoise and to gain better insight into its systematics, genetic variation and evolution in the tortoise species Testudo graeca (Testudines: Testudinidae) was investigated by sequence analysis of a 394-nucleotide fragment of the mitochondrial 12S rRNA gene for 158 tortoise specimens belonging to the subspecies Testudo graeca graeca, Testudo graeca ibera, Testudo graeca terrestris, and a newly recognized subspecies Testudo graeca whitei. A 411-nucleotide fragment of the mitochondrial D-loop was additionally sequenced for a subset of 22 T. graeca, chosen because of their 12S gene haplotype and/or geographical origin.

Results
Haplotype networks generated by maximum-likelihood and neighbor-joining analyses of both the separate and the combined sequence data sets suggested the existence of two main clades of Testudo graeca, comprising Testudo graeca from northern Africa and Testudo graeca from the Turkey and the Middle East, respectively.

Conclusion
Mitochondrial DNA haplotyping suggests that the tortoise subspecies of T. g. graeca and T. g. ibera are genetically distinct, with a calculated divergence time in the early or middle Pleistocene. Other proposed subspecies could not clearly be recognized based upon their mt haplotypes and phylogenetic position, and were either part of the T. g. graeca or of the T. g. ibera clade, suggesting that genetic evidence for the existence of most of the 15 proposed subspecies of T. graeca is weak.
Molecular phylogeny and evolution of alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) genes in legumes
Authors: Fukuda Tatsuya , Yokoyama Jun , Nakamura Toru , Song In-Ja , Ito Takuro , Ochiai Toshinori , Kanno Akira , Kameya Toshiaki , Maki Masayuki 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Background
Nuclear genes determine the vast range of phenotypes that are responsible for the adaptive abilities of organisms in nature. Nevertheless, the evolutionary processes that generate the structures and functions of nuclear genes are only now be coming understood. The aim of our study is to isolate the alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) genes in two distantly related legumes, and use these sequences to examine the molecular evolutionary history of this nuclear gene.

Results
We isolated the expressed Adh genes from two species of legumes, Sophora flavescens Ait. and Wisteria floribunda DC., by a RT-PCR based approach and found a new Adh locus in addition to homologues of the Adh genes found previously in legumes. To examine the evolution of these genes, we compared the species and gene trees and found gene duplication of the Adh loci in the legumes occurred as an ancient event.

Conclusion
This is the first report revealing that some legume species have at least two Adh gene loci belonging to separate clades. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that these genes resulted from relatively ancient duplication events.
Contextualizing and assessing the social capital of seniors in congregate housing residences: study design and methods
Authors: Moore Spencer , Shiell Alan , Haines Valerie , Riley Therese , Collier Carrie 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

Background
This article discusses the study design and methods used to contextualize and assess the social capital of seniors living in congregate housing residences in Calgary, Alberta. The project is being funded as a pilot project under the Institute of Aging, Canadian Institutes for Health Research.

Design/Methods
Working with seniors living in 5 congregate housing residencies in Calgary, the project uses a mixed method approach to develop grounded measures of the social capital of seniors. The project integrates both qualitative and quantitative methods in a 3-phase research design: 1) qualitative, 2) quantitative, and 3) qualitative. Phase 1 uses gender-specific focus groups; phase 2 involves the administration of individual surveys that include a social network module; and phase 3 uses anamolous-case interviews. Not only does the study design allow us to develop grounded measures of social capital but it also permits us to test how well the three methods work separately, and how well they fit together to achieve project goals.
This article describes the selection of the study population, the multiple methods used in the research and a brief discussion of our conceptualization and measurement of social capital.
Wanted, an Anthrax vaccine: Dead or Alive?
Authors: Smith Kendall A 
Published: April 2005

AbstractIt has been more than 100 years since the realization that microbes are capable of causing disease. In that time, we have learned a great deal as to how each organism has adapted to the immune system so as to avoid elimination. As well, we have also learned an immense amount since Louis Pasteur first proposed that the solution to infectious diseases was to culture the microbes and attenuate their virulence, so as to use them as vaccines. From the optimism and promise of the 19thcentury and immunization as the ultimate answer to the invasion by the microbial world, to the scientific realities of the 21stcentury, it is of interest to retrace the steps of the earliest microbiologists cum immunologists, to realize how far we've come, as well as how far we yet have to go. This editorial focuses on the history of anthrax as a microbial disease, and the earliest efforts at producing a vaccine for its prevention.
Amphotropic murine leukaemia virus envelope protein is associated with cholesterol-rich microdomains
Authors: Beer Christiane , Pedersen Lene , Wirth Manfred 
Published: April 2005

Abstract

Background
Cholesterol-rich microdomains like lipid rafts were recently identified as regions within the plasma membrane, which play an important role in the assembly and budding of different viruses, e.g., measles virus and human immunodeficiency virus. For these viruses association of newly synthesized viral proteins with lipid rafts has been shown.

Results
Here we provide evidence for the association of the envelope protein (Env) of the 4070A isolate of amphotropic murine leukaemia virus (A-MLV) with lipid rafts. Using density gradient centrifugation and immunocytochemical analyses, we show that Env co-localizes with cholesterol, ganglioside GM1 and caveolin-1 in these specific regions of the plasma membrane.

Conclusions
These results show that a large amount of A-MLV Env is associated with lipid rafts and suggest that cholesterol-rich microdomains are used as portals for the exit of A-MLV.
Molecular Analysis of Familial Endometrial Carcinoma: A Manifestation of Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer or a Separate Syndrome?
Authors: Ollikainen Miina , Abdel-Rahman Wael M. , Moisio Anu-Liisa , Lindroos Annette , Kariola Reetta , Järvelä Irma , Pöyhönen Minna , Butzow Ralf , Peltomäki Päivi 
Published: April 2005

Purpose Familial clustering of endometrial carcinoma (EC) may occur as part of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), a multiorgan cancer syndrome with mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency. Clustering of EC alone, termed as familial site-specific EC, may constitute a separate entity. Because its genetic basis is unknown, our purpose was to characterize such families molecularly. Materials and Methods Twenty-three families with site-specific EC were identified among 519 consecutive patients diagnosed with EC during 1986 to 1997. Tumor tissues were examined for MMR protein expression by immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis, and MMR genes pinpointed by IHC changes were screened for germline mutations by exon-by-exon sequencing, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, and direct tests for mutations common in the population. Results Among 33 ECs from 23 families, MLH1 protein was lost in seven tumors (21%), MSH2 together with MSH6 was lost in four tumors (12%), and MSH6 alone was lost in five tumors (15%). A truncating germline mutation in MSH6 (3261insC) was identified in one family and a likely pathogenic missense mutation in MSH2 (D603N) was identified in another family. Among the original 519 patients, nine (all with colon cancer in the family) were diagnosed with HNPCC at the outset—six with MLH1 and three with MSH2 mutations. Conclusion Our study gives a minimum overall frequency of 2.1% (11 of 519) for germline MMR defects ascertained through EC in the index patients. The fact that only two of 23 families with site-specific EC (8.7%) had germline mutations in MMR genes suggests another as yet unknown etiology in most families with site-specific EC.
Flavonoid galangin prevents smooth muscle fatigue of pig urinary bladder
Authors: Dambros Miriam , de Jongh Rik , van Koeveringe Gommert A , Bast Aalt , Heijnen C G M , van Kerrebroeck Philip E V 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the generation of free radicals plays a role in the development of bladder dysfunction. Flavonoids are a group of polyphenolic compounds with broad pharmacological activity. In the present study, the protective effects of the flavonoid galangin on the progressive decrease of bladder smooth muscle contractile responses during repetitive field stimulation (RFS; a model for muscular fatigue) were demonstrated. Pig detrusor strips were mounted for tension recording in organ baths and were subjected to RFS for 90 min at 32 Hz for 15 s every 5 min. The strips were then washed four times with fresh buffer and allowed a period of recovery for 90 min. The 90 min of RFS caused a progressive decrease in maximal contractile response to electrical field stimulation and to muscarinic agonist-induced contractions (34% and 46% decrease, respectively). Galangin (10−7m) prevented the decrease in contractile smooth muscle response of strips to electrical field stimulation during RFS compared with untreated tissues. The antioxidant activity of galangin was assessed by measuring its ability to inhibit the lipid peroxidation induced by iron and ascorbate in rat liver microsomes (IC50 1.7 + 0.12 times 10−6m). If the data are confirmed in-vivo, exogenously administered galangin may be a new approach in the prevention and/or treatment of bladder dysfunction.
Kinetic characterization of glycosidase activity from disaccharide conjugate to monosaccharide conjugate in Caco-2 cells
Authors: Mizuma Takashi , Fuseda Norihiko , Hayashi Masahiro 
Published: April 2005

Abstract
Glycosidase activity influences the intestinal absorption of glycosides. Our previous study in rats suggested that disaccharide conjugates might be prototypes for pre-prodrugs aiming at the Na+/ glucose co-transporter-mediated transport of prodrugs (drug glucoside) as a novel absorption pathway. One of the crucial factors is the formation of a glucoside drug from the disaccharide conjugate. Since there is a large species difference in metabolism, it is necessary to examine the cells and/or enzymes derived from human tissue to confirm this concept. In this paper, we kinetically characterized the glycosidase activity of disaccharide conjugates in Caco-2 cells. Disaccharide conjugates of p-nitrophenol (p-NP) (p-NP β-cellobioside, p-NP β-lactoside and p-NP β-maltoside) were hydrolysed to p-NP β-glucoside. β-glucosidase or β-galactosidase (lactase/phloridzin hydrolase, LPH) and α-glucosidase (sucrase-isomaltase) had different pH-dependent activities for disaccharide conjugates. At neutral pH, LPH has low affinity and low capacity, and sucrase-isomaltase has high affinity and high capacity, whereas at acid pH, LPH has high affinity and low capacity, and sucrase-isomaltase has low affinity and high capacity. The hydrolysis clearance calculated with Vmax/Km indicated that sucrase-isomaltase activity is much higher than LPH activity at either neutral or acid pH in Caco-2 cells. Since the hydrolysis rate of the disaccharide conjugate was highly dependent on the pH value and type of glycoside linkage, the appropriate selection of a glycoside form after consideration of these differences is the key to designing a sugar-conjugate prodrug.