bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Acetaminophen Absorption in Healthy Unweaned Calves as an Indirect Measurement of the Oroduodenal Transit Rate of Liquid Meals
Authors: Schaer S. , Herrli‐Gygi M. , Kosmeas N. , Boschung H. , Steiner A. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryAbomasal emptying plays an important role in the incidence of digestive problems in calves. Our aim was to evaluate the acetaminophen absorption test (APAT) for characterization of the oroduodenal transit (ODT) of liquid meals in unweaned calves. Six healthy, unweaned Simmental × Red Holstein crossbred calves were involved in the project. The study was performed in three blocks at 3, 6 and 9 weeks of the calves’ age. Within blocks, APAT was performed twice at an interval of at least 24 h. Once per each block, liquid transit was carried out with non‐coagulating electrolyte solution (NES). The second test within a block was performed either while atropine sulphate was administered (block I), or by feeding a coagulating milk replacer (block II), or by administration of NES by ruminal tube (block III). Data were compared within and among blocks. Significant differences of several APAT traits were present for the different types of feeding, the different types of meals, the administration of atropine sulphate and the different ages of the calves. The emptying indexTmax/Cmaxwas suggested to be a valuable kinetic parameter for the characterization of ODT in these calves. We conclude that APAT represents a valid technique for characterization of ODT of liquid meals in healthy unweaned calves and may be a valuable tool for the evaluation of the reticular groove mechanism, the abomasal emptying and the absorption capacity of the duodenum.
Electromyographical, Ultrasonographical and Morphological Modifications in Semitendinous Muscle after Transposition as Ventral Perineal Muscle Flap
Authors: Mortari A. C. , Rahal S. C. , Resende L. A. L. , Dal‐pai‐silva M. , Mamprim M. J. , Corrêa M. A. , Antunes S. H. S. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe aim of this study was to evaluate modifications occurring in semitendinous muscle after transposition as a ventral perineal muscle flap using electromyography, ultrasonography, and morphological studies. Ten male crossbreed dogs of 3–4 year old were used. The left semitendinous muscle was cut close to the popliteus lymph node, rotated and sutured at the perineal region. The contralateral muscle was considered as control. Motor nerve conduction studies of both sciatic‐tibial nerves, and electromyographic and ultrasonographic examinations of both semitendinous muscles were performed before surgery and 15, 30, 60, and 90 days postoperatively. Semitendinous muscle samples were collected for morphological analysis 90 days after surgery. No alterations were observed in clinical gait examinations, or in goniometrical and electroneuromyographical studies in pelvic limbs after surgery. Electromyography demonstrated that the transposed muscle was able to contract, but atrophy was detected by ultrasonography and morphological analysis.
Short‐term Effects on Pro‐inflammatory Cytokine, Lactoferrin and CD14 mRNA Expression Levels in Bovine Immunoseparated Milk and Blood Cells Treated by LPS
Authors: Prgomet C. , Sarikaya H. , Bruckmaier R. M. , Pfaffl M. W. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryLeucocytes (WBC) are recruited from peripheral blood into milk as part of the inflammatory response, mediated through cytokines or interleukins (IL) synthesized by mammary tissue and the milk somatic cells (SC). The inflammatory response is related to the concentration of SC and the cytokines produced. To investigate and to compare the kinetics of cytokine production in SC and WBC during inflammation, cell culture models were established, where SC and WBC were cultured in parallel (n = 3). In addition, macrophages or monocytes were isolated from milk and blood with antibody‐coated magnetic beads and cultivated separately. Isolated cells were pure, unaltered and viable. Cultures were activated with 10 μg/ml lipopolysaccharide (LPS). After 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 8 h cells were harvested for RNA isolation. Cytokine [tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), IL‐1β, IL‐6] mRNA expression responses and transcriptional activity of CD14 and lactoferrin (LF) were quantified via a one‐step real‐time RT‐PCR. Significant cytokine mRNA increases were found in all four cell culture types and genes, with peaks after 1 and 2 h (TNFα > IL‐6 > IL‐1β). In WBC or monocytes higher LPS responses and longer persistence could be found than in corresponding milk cells (IL‐1β > IL‐6 > TNFα). SC and macrophages are less responsive to LPS stimulation than WBC or monocytes. The strength of the immune response in the blood system is much more prominent than in the mammary gland. This may be ascribed to the role of CD14 on the cytokine production of the investigated cells, or may be caused by the blood‐to‐milk diapedesis. The constitutive transcription of CD14 mRNA in WBC and monocytes was found to be 6 to 15 times higher than in adequate milk cells.
Extracellular Matrix Compositon of the Equine Superficial Digital Flexor Tendon: Relationship with Age and Anatomical Site
Authors: Lin Y. L. , Brama P. A. J. , Kiers G. H. , Van Weeren P. R. , DeGroot J. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe objectives of the present study were to test the hypotheses that: (1) the composition of the extracellular matrix of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) shows great functional similarities with articular cartilage, i.e. that significant differences exist in biochemical composition of differently loaded areas (which in the case of tendons may be more apparent as tendon shows more obvious differences than cartilage); and (2) that, as in articular cartilage, no substantial alterations in biochemical composition take place during ageing once adulthood has been attained. Tendon samples were taken from 60 adult slaughter horses from a central area at cross‐section in the mid‐metacarpal region and at the height of the proximal sesamoid bones (sesamoid region) of the SDFT. Contents of collagenous and non‐collagenous components were determined. None of the parameters were correlated with age in either region, except for a significant increase in pentosidine cross‐links with age in the sesamoid region. Between the two anatomical regions, there were significant differences in all variables, except for hydroxylysylpyridinoline cross‐links. It was concluded that in the equine SDFT, similar to articular cartilage, most molecular parameters are not influenced by age in mature horses, indicating a low remodelling rate. Tendon composition is clearly different between regions, apparently reflecting different specific modes of biomechanical loading at the points sampled.
A Clinico‐pathological Study on the Effect of Vincristine on Transmissible Venereal Tumour in Dogs
Authors: Nak D. , Nak Y. , Cangul I. T. , Tuna B. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryTransmissible venereal tumour (TVT) is a coitally transmitted neoplasm of dogs and is common among sexually active dogs, where sexual behaviour is not under control. Several treatment options are available for the treatment of the tumour, with chemotherapy being the most commonly employed. In this study, we investigated the clinical and cytological changes after weekly vincristine sulphate administration in 38 cases of naturally occurring TVT. Tumours totally regressed in 31 dogs after two to seven doses (mean 3.54 ± 1.01) of vincristine. One dog died after the fifth dose of vincristine, and in six dogs, an additional treatment with doxorubicin was needed. Masses were still present in four dogs and the histopathological examination revealed small nodules of granulation tissue in two dogs, while viable tumour cells were identified in the remaining two cases. No recurrences were observed in a follow‐up period of 7–49 months (mean 13.64 ± 9.66); in one dog, granulation tissue was detected in the surgery site after 2 months. Treatment success could easily be followed by the cytological changes. In conclusion, vincristine was found to be effective chemotherapeutic agent.
Pharmacokinetics, Urinary and Mammary Excretion of Ceftriaxone in Lactating Goats
Authors: Ismail M. M. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe pharmacokinetic properties of ceftriaxone were investigated in 10 goats following a single intravenous (i.v.) and intramuscular (i.m.) administration of 20 mg kg−1 body weight. After i.v. injection, ceftriaxone serum concentration–time curves were characteristic of a two‐compartment open model. The distribution and elimination half‐lives (t1/2α, t1/2β) were 0.12 and 1.44 h respectively. Following i.m. injection, peak serum concentration (Cmax) of 23.6 μg ml−1 was attained at 0.70 h. The absorption and elimination half‐lives (t1/2ab, t1/2el) were 0.138 and 1.65 h respectively. The systemic bioavailability of the i.m. administration (F %) was 85%. Following i.v. and i.m. administration, the drug was excreted in high concentrations in urine for 24 h post‐administration. The drug was detected at low concentrations in milk of lactating goats. A recommended dosage of 20 mg kg−1 injected i.m. every 12 h could be expected to provide a therapeutic serum concentration exceeding the minimal inhibitory concentrations for different susceptible pathogens.
Early Enteral Nutrition in Young Dogs Suffering from Haemorrhagic Gastroenteritis
Authors: Will K. , Nolte I. , Zentek J. 
Published: August 2005

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to investigate clinical and metabolic effects of combined parenteral and oral nutrition compared with parenteral nutrition in young dogs with haemorrhagic gastroenteritis in a prospective clinical study. Dogs with acute gastroenteritis received either parenteral nutrition (group PN,n = 9) or combined parenteral and early enteral nutrition (group EN,n = 10). Infusions were compounded from amino acids, lipids, glucose and electrolyte/glucose solutions [149 g/l glucose, 20 g/l triglycerides, 40 g/l amino acids and 4009 kJ metabolizable energy/l (957 kcal ME/l)], and supplemented with potassium, phosphate and trace elements. Group EN received additionally a hydrolysed diet (74 kJ/kg BW0.75on day 2 and 148 kJ/kg BW0.75on days 3 and 4). Glucose, triglycerides, protein, albumin, fibrinogen, urea, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, glutamate dehydrogenase and glutamate pyruvate transaminase were measured before and during the infusions, haematological traits only before the infusions. Statistics included two‐factorialanovaand subsequentt‐test or Wilcoxon test (P < 0.05). All dogs of group EN survived compared with seven of nine patients in group PN. Most dogs in the EN group vomited within half an hour after introduction of oral feeding on day 2 but tolerance for food increased on days 3 and 4. The general health status and faecal and blood parameters of the surviving dogs were similar (P > 0.05) between the groups. In all dogs leucocytes increased during the treatment period, haematocrit and haemoglobin levels declined. Infusions increased blood glucose and triglycerides (P < 0.05); however, no adverse signs were observed. Early enteral nutrition was possible after a short period of adaptation, however, vomiting can be a severe problem. The evaluation of clinical benefits of early enteral nutrition in young dogs with haemorrhagic gastroenteritis requires further investigations.
The MAP kinase pathway mediates transcytosis induced by TNF‐α in anin vitroblood–brain barrier model
Authors: Miller Florence , Fenart Laurence , Landry Valérie , Coisne Caroline , Cecchelli Roméo , Dehouck Marie‐Pierre , Buée‐Scherrer Valérie 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCerebral capillary endothelial cells constitute the blood–brain barrier (BBB). In these highly specialized cells, transcellular transports rarely occur, and the presence of tight junctions between them leads to a low paracellular permeability. In order to understand the functions of this barrier, anin vitromodel of the BBB has been developed and consists in a co‐culture of primary cerebral capillary endothelial cells and glial cells. When these endothelial cells are subjected to an inflammatory agent, such as tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α),in vitroBBB permeability is increased, as indicated by the increase in holotransferrin transcytosis. However, no significant change in the paracellular permeability is observed. In order to understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie these transcytosis processes, we investigated the implication of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signalling pathway, as TNF‐α is known to activate this kinase family. In the present study, an increase in the activation of p42–44 MAPK is observed after TNF‐α treatment. Holotransferrin transcytosis as well as p42–44 MAPK activation are inhibited after addition of a p42–44 MAPK pathway inhibitor (UO126) during TNF‐α challenge. These data suggest that the MAPK pathway is involved in the transcytosis regulation in endothelial cells from anin vitroBBB model.
Maximizing plant species inventory efficiency by means of remotely sensed spectral distances
Authors: Rocchini Duccio , Andreini Butini Sergio , Chiarucci Alessandro 
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACTAim  Inventorying plant species in an area based on randomly placed quadrats can be quite inefficient. The aim of this paper is to test whether plant species richness can be inventoried more efficiently by means of a spectrally‐based ordering of sites to be sampled.Location  The study area was a complex wetland ecosystem, the Lake Montepulciano Nature Reserve, central Italy. This is one of the most important wetland areas of central Italy because of the diverse plant communities and the seasonal avifauna.Methods  Field sampling, based on a random stratified sampling design, was performed in June 2002. Plant species composition was recorded within sampling units of 100 m2 (plots) and 1 ha (macroplots). A QuickBird multispectral image of the same date was acquired and corrected both geometrically and radiometrically. Species accumulation curves based on spectral information were obtained by ordering sites to be sampled according to a maximum spectral distance criterion (i.e. by ordering sampling units based on the maximum distances among them in a four‐dimensional spectral space derived from the remotely sensed data). Different distance measures based on mean and maximum spectral distances among sampling units were tested. The performance of the species accumulation curve derived by the spectrally‐based ordering of sampling units was tested against a rarefaction curve obtained from the mean of 10,000 accumulation curves based on randomly ordered sampling units.Results  The spectrally‐derived curve based on the maximum spectral distance among sampling units showed the most rapid accumulation of species, well above the rarefaction curve, at both the plot and the macroplot scales. Other ordering criteria of sampling units captured less richness over most of the species accumulation curves at both the spatial scales. The accumulation curves based on other measurements of distance were much closer to the random curve and did not show differences with respect to the species rarefaction curve based on random ordering of sampling units.Main conclusions  The present investigation demonstrated that spectral‐based ordering of sites to be sampled can lead to the maximization of the efficiency of plant species inventories, an activity usually driven by the ‘botanist's internal algorithm’ (intuition), without any formalized rule to drive field sampling. The proposed approach can reduce costs of plant species inventorying through a more efficient allotment of time and sampling.
Regional Cerebral Hemodynamics During Migraine and Cluster Headaches Measured by the 133Xe Inhalation Method
Authors: Sakai Fumihiko , Meyer John Stirling 
Published: August 2005

SYNOPSISMeasurements of noninvasive regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) were made by the 133Xe inhalation method in 71 patients with different types of headache and 32 age matched normal controls. Flow gray (Fg) was calculated by two compartmental analysis from the x‐ray subtracted gamma curves, and extracerebral flow indices (EFI) were calculated as an estimate of the percentage contribution by extracerebral tissues.During the headache phase, mean Fg in a group (N = 13) with classic and common migraine was significantly higher compared to a comparable group (N = 12) measured in the headache‐free interval. Serial measurement made during progression in the severity of the migraine headaches showed accompanying increases in the mean Fg as the headache worsened. In 24 patients with severe migraine studied 2‐48 hours after the headache subsided, the mean Fg values remained significantly increased during this immediate post‐headache interval compared with patients who were headache‐free for six days or longer. Serial measurements made during and after the headache showed progressive reduction of mean Fg values to normal within six days after the headache subsided. Marked cerebral dysauto‐regulation was present during the migraine headache and showed progressive recovery as the headache subsided. Reduction of the head pain by administration of codeine decreased hemispheric Fg values but did not change the high flows in the basilar artery territory. Conversely, administration of ergotamine did not change hemispheric Fg values but reduced rCBF in brain stem‐cerebellar regions. Significant regional reductions of Fg correlating with the neurological deficit was measured during the prodrome of classic migraine and during the headache and post‐headache intervals of complicated migraine. During cluster headaches, mean Fg values were also significantly increased and the extracerebral flow indices showed marked increases with highest values recorded at the site of the headache. It was concluded that cerebral hyperperfusion during migraine headaches is mainly due to post‐ischemic reactive hyperemia but may be compounded by functional hyperemia due to the head pain itself.
Systemic Non‐Organic Central Pain: A New Syndrome with Decentralization Supersensitivity
Authors: Sicuteri F. , Anselmi B. , Del Bianco P.L. 
Published: August 2005

SYNOPSISSome systemic painful syndromes are often unclassifiable because of their unconvincing clinical features and often labelled as hysterical, psychogenic or atypical manifestations of fibrositis or rheumatism. Some of these are grouped in a new syndrome called systemic "non‐organic central pain (NOCP)". The most salient features of systemic NOCP are: a) diffused pain subsequent to and accompanying idiopathic headache, b) characteristics of pain similar to, if less pronounced, than organic central pain of the thalamic syndrome and c) decentralization supersensitivity to monamines. Systemic NOCP was diagnosed in 14 patients admitted to the hospital for serious disabling systemic pains. In 7 of these, an impressive increase of vein sensitivity to noradrenaline, dopamine, tyramine, and even more so to 5‐HT (up to 1000 times), was detected. Because this supersensitivity involves different monamines, it should be considered a decentralization process. This decentralization supersensitivity is related to the mechanism of pain and is hypothesized as a non‐organic, biochemical, usually genetic impairment of the antinociceptive system. Migraine, tensional and other idiopathic headaches are more commonly considered expressions of NOCP. The clinical importance of NOCP is emphasized by its high neuroticizing capacity as is commonly seen in other chronic, recurrent pain disorders.
An Epidemiological Study of Headache In an Urban and a Rural Population In Northern Finland
Authors: Nikiforow Rita , Hokkanen E. 
Published: August 2005

SYNOPSISInformation on the prevalence of headache and its characteristic features and the factor provoking it was collected using a questionnaire similar to that introduced by Waters. The questionnaire was posted to every inhabitant over 15 years of age in a defined urban and a defined rural area in northern Finland. The reliability of the questionnaire was tested by neurological examination of a random sample of 200 persons. The response rate was 74.0% in the urban and 79.5% in the rural area, a total of 3067 questionnaires being returned. The prevalence of headache in the year preceeding the survey was 73.1% in women and 57.6% in men. This difference was significant. At the same time the prevalence was slightly higher in the urban than in the rural area. The percentage with headache was highest between 15 and 64 years of age in both the urban and the rural men and women, and declined sharply after 65 years of age. Only in men aged 15‐24 years was it significantly more common in the urban area. Education, social class and mode of employment did not influence the prevalence of headache once pensioners were excluded. Headache was slightly more common in urban self‐employed people and in urban employees, but equally common in urban and rural students, housewives and pensioners. It was significantly more common in married men and women. The percentage of women with headaches related to the menstrual period was low. The most common provoking factor was stress, the sauna‐bath ranking second. No correlation was found between smoking habits and headache in this survey.
Headache and Sex Hormone Therapy
Authors: Dennerstein Lorraine , Laby Betty , Burrows Graham D. , Hyman Graeme J. 
Published: August 2005

SYNOPSISA review of the literature suggested that falling levels of estrogen may trigger headaches for many women. A double blind controlled cross‐over study was carried out on 49 women, all of whom had undergone a surgical menopause. During the study each woman was randomly allocated each of the following drugs daily for three months: ethinyl estradiol 50 μg; d norgestrel 250 μg; combination of ethinyl estradiol 50 μg and d norgestrel 250 μg; and placebo. Women who reported they were headache free sufferers in the past had higher neuroticism and lower extraversion scores than others. Women who suffered headaches during a hormone free time interval had significantly higher plasma testosterone levels. An increase in the frequency of headaches occurred in association with a fall in estrogen content of the medication.
Vascular Headaches in Mixed Connective Tissue Disease
Authors: Bronshvag Michael M. , Prystowsky Stephen D. , Traviesa Daniel C. 
Published: August 2005

SYNOPSISA prospective study of 46 patients with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) revealed that 16 (35%) had recurrent, vascular headaches. Detailed neurologic evaluation of 12 headache patients available for further study revealed the following: 3 had lateralized, throbbing headaches; 9 had bilateral headaches; 8 patients experienced prodromal symptoms (7 had visual auras); and 3 experienced nausea or vomiting. Only 1 patient described headache as interfering with daily activities, and no patients were prostrated. Only 1 patient had frequently required narcotic (codeine) therapy, and none were employing ergot. Headache symptoms have persisted in 8 patients; 5 of these 8 suffer at least 1 headache per week. It appears that frequent vascular headache of mild to moderate severity is a relatively common symptom in MCTD.