bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sleep apnea in hypoxic and normal kittens
Authors: Baker Theodore L. , McGinty Dennis J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFrequency and characteristics of apneas were studied in 10‐, 20‐, and 40‐day old kittens during several days of exposure to 21%, 10%, or 7% oxygen atmospheres. Ninety‐seven percent of all apneas occurred during sleep or at transitions between sleep and waking states. Hypoxic kittens, compared to controls, had greatly decreased apnea frequency, but other characteristics of apneas did not differ significantly. Apneas in both control and hypoxic kittens were normal, stereotyped events and were not considered to represent pathological processes.Evaluation of events preceding apneas indicated that a majority of apneas followed augmented breaths and/or brief arousals. We suggest that apnea, heart rate changes during apnea, and frequently concurrent transitions in sleep‐waking state may be causally related to these pre‐apnea events. The results of this study and a parallel study of human infants suggest that below‐normal apnea frequency may indicate hypoxemia and may be associated with higher risk for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.
Developmental changes in visual orienting behavior to featural versus structural information in the human infant
Authors: Dineen John T. , Meyer William J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractTen male infants, 3–4 months old, and 10 male infants, 6–7 months old, were habituated to a visual stimulus composed of both specific featural and structural information. After habituation, orienting magnitude (dishabituation) to changes in feature with structure controlled versus changes in structure with feature controlled was used as a means of measuring the infant's processing capacity. Results indicate that younger and older infants were habituated over the habituation trials but that younger and older infants differed significantly in dishabituation to changes in structure and feature information. The present findings support the hypothesis that feature and structure information are both independently important to visual processing in the human infant.
Maternal behavior, pup vocalizations, and pup temperature changes following handling in mice of 2 inbred strains
Authors: Hennessy Michael B. , Li Julia , Lowe Edna L. , Levine Seymour 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA cross‐fostering design was used to examine maternal behavior, pup vocalizations, and pup temperature changes following an infantile handling procedure in C57BL/6J (C) and A/J (A) mice. In Experiment I, maternal behavior of C and A mothers after infantile handling differed in a number of ways irrespective of the strain of the foster pups. In addition, A pups were retrieved faster but licked less than were C pups by mothers of both strains. Handling appeared to increase the probability that strain differences would occur in that no differences between the lines, in either the behavior of the mothers or the capacity of the pups to elicit maternal behavior, were found during observations made just prior to daily handling. These observations also revealed that mothers of both strains treated same‐strain foster pups differently than they treated foster pups of another strain. In Experiment II, A pups were found to emit more ultrasound following handling than were C pups, suggesting that retrieval but not pup‐licking was stimulated by ultrasonic signals. Measurement of pup temperature during and following the handling procedure showed that (1) strain differences in ultrasonic signaling were not related to strain differences in the degree of hypothermia experienced by the pups; (2) recovery of body temperature following handling was slow for pups of both strains, and depended to some degree on the strain of the pup's foster mother; and (3) development of thermoregulation occurred more rapidly in C than A pups.
Recovery of the cortical evoked potential from auditory stimulation in children and adults
Authors: Surwillo Walter W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe recovery of cortical evoked potentials to auditory stimulation was studied in a group of 12 young adults and 12 children aged 9.0–13.3 years. Subjects listened to single clicks and to pairs of clicks in which the interstimulus intervals (ISI's) varied, taking on values of 50, 100, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 msec. Average evoked potentials (AEP's) based on 50 repetitions were obtained to single clicks by coherent averaging and to the 2nd click of the pairs by automatically subtracting the evoked potential to each single click from the evoked potential to the corresponding pair and coherently averaging the remainder. In children, peak latencies of the P1, N1, and P2 components of the AEP to the 2nd click of the pairs increased significantly with decreasing ISI; in adults, latencies similarly increased except in the case of the N1 component. These increases were significantly larger in children than in adults, indicating that cortical recovery is slower in children and suggesting that cortical excitability in children may be lower. Peak latencies of the P1, N1, and P2 components of the AEP to single clicks were significantly longer (16–21 msec) in the children.
Sensory influences on homing of stunted rat pups
Authors: Fleischer Susan F. , Turkewitz Gerald , Finklestein Harris 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe effects of 2 methods of restricting food intake—large‐litter rearing and rotation between lactating and nonlactating females—on sensory factors involved in homing to the nest by rat pups were examined. Homing was observed in the unaltered home cage, when olfactory cues were altered and when visual cues were altered. Stunted animals homed less in the unaltered cage than did well‐nourished controls as a result of a maturational delay. Prior to eye opening, stunted animals showed greater disruption of homing when olfactory cues were altered and after eye opening they showed greater disruption when visual cues were altered. These effects could reflect decreased sensitivity, an inability to use alternate cues, or behavioral disruption by novel stimulation. Nonnutritional factors were also found to affect homing as the 2 well‐nourished groups differed in their behaviors. These differences appeared to be due to animals reared in small litters maturing more slowly than animals rotated between females.
Echolocation by young bats on their initial and subsequent flights
Authors: Gould Edwin , Cooley Brian , Barnick Peter 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis study documents developmental changes in the vocal reaction of bats to obstacles and describes the pulse patterns of young bats on their 1st and subsequent flights. The pulse repetition rate of young bats showed an increase just before the bats approached obstacles. This pattern differs from that of older bats. The distance at which the change in pulse repetition rate occurs is roughly twice as far from the obstacle in adults as it is in young bats. Even on their 1st flights young bats (25–29 days old) seemed to perform better than chance. This capability seems to be resistant to environmental manipulation during the preweaning period.
Subspecies differences in curiosity and general activity for developing squirrel monkeys
Authors: Roy M. Aaron , Hennig Charles W. , Hill Elizabeth M. , Walker Margaret L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractCuriosity and general activity characteristics in different squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus) phenotypes were assessed. Ten infant squirrel monkeys, representing 2 subspecies (Bolivian and Colombian) and both genders, were observed on 4 testing sessions during which novel and familiar objects were presented to each subject. No consistent object‐contact differences were found between subspecies or genders, but significant subspecies differences were found for the amount of time during each trial that the subjects climbed, remained stationary, vocalized, and showed abnormal behaviors. Familiar objects were handled most often. whereas novel objects that were shiny or yellow were moderately preferred.
Reactivity to light and development of classical cardiac conditioning in the kitten
Authors: Bloch Susan A. , Martinoya Carlos 
Published: January 2005

AbstractKittens studied from 7 days onwards revealed that the earliest age at which cardiac conditioning can be established is 30 days, after some 30 light‐electric shock associations. Older kittens showed both cardiac as well as motor conditioning. Animals younger than 21 days old had no well‐defined cardiac responses to the clearly nociceptive unconditioned stimulus so that no cardiac conditioning was established; neither did they show signs of motor conditioning. This failure could be due to immaturity of the cardiac‐emotional reactivity to nociceptive stimulation and immaturity of the neural structures involved in associative learning. Lack of reactivity to the light used as conditioned stimulus must be excluded because it already produced eye blink by 2 days of age. Moreover, a light‐dark preference test done during the 1st postnatal week showed that kittens are able to discriminate light from dark by 8 days of age.
Behavioral and adrenocortical reactivity in female mice following individual or group housing
Authors: Benton D. , Brain P. F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractFemale “TO” strain mice were individually or group‐housed for different durations (7–196 days). Behavioral reactivity was assessed for 3 days in an open field and an emergence test. Plasma samples were later collected after 5 min exposure to ethyl ether vapor; these generated “stress” corticosterone values. “Basal” corticosterone titers were obtained from similar untested and unanesthetized categories of mice. “Ether‐stress” values were obtained from a limited number of mice subjected to ether anesthesia but no behavioral testing. Neither the basal nor the stress adrenocortical activities of the 2 housing categories differed. Open‐field ambulation increased with longer durations of isolation, whereas for grouped mice it remained approximately constant. Individually housed mice had significantly lower defecation scores and longer emergence times than group‐housed mice. In sum, little support was provided for the view that isolation is stressful.
Effect of reciprocal cross‐fostering on aggression of female mice toward lactating strangers
Authors: Haug Marc , Pallaud B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractReciprocal cross‐fostering of mice was carried out between an inbred strain (C57 BL/6) in which the female showed a particular form of aggression toward lactating female intruders, and a strain (C3H/He) which proved to lack totally this type of attack. In adulthood, cross‐fostered females of the 2 strains and their controls were submitted to a series of aggression tests. They encountered in the test situation either a strange lactating female of their own strain or one of the foster strain. No differences in aggression measures were found between cross‐fostered animals and controls, indicating that experiential factors (viz., cross‐fostering) were without effect.
Postparturitional reestablishment of pup cannibalism in female gerbils
Authors: Elwood Robert W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractNonbreeding female Mongolian gerbils readily cannibalize all accessible pups. Among breeding females this behavior ceases a few days prior to parturition. If the litter remains with the female, cannibalism of newborn test pups returns between 11 and 20 days postpartum. If the litter is removed a few hours after parturition, however, 40% of the females will cannibalize on Days 1–5 and 72% will cannibalize on Days 6–10 postpartum. Thus, the presence of a litter appears to suppress pup cannibalism. The evidence suggests that the replacement of a litter 6–10 days old with newborn pups can prolong the suppression of pup cannibalism.
Serotonin regulation of corticoid secretion in infant rats
Authors: Grota Lee J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe plasma corticosterone response to various doses of serotonin and 5‐hydroxytryptophan was studied in the 3‐day‐old rat. The maximum response to both drugs occurred 60 min after injection. Increased corticosterone concentration was observed at lower doses of serotonin than of 5‐hydroxytryptophan. The effects of serotonin injection on Days 1–7 after birth on the plasma corticosterone response to 3 min of novelty stimulation at weaning was also studied. Serotonin treatment resulted in reduced adrenocortical reactivity which was reduced further when fluoxetine was given prior to the serotonin. Shocking rat pups on Days 1–7 also reduced adrenocortical reactivity and fluoxetine prior to shock further reduced adrenocortical reactivity when administered twice per day.
Brightness effects on color pecking preferences in dark‐hatched domestic chicks
Authors: Fischer Gloria J. , Davis Stephen J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractColor pecking preferences in day‐old, dark‐hatched domestic chicks of 2 breeds were studied as a function of (1) target luminance (dim, medium, or bright) when testing was in darkness and in the light (Experiments I and II); (2) method of equilibrating target brightnesses (i.e., objectively or subjectively; Experients III and IV); and (3) ambient brightness (dim, medium, or bright; Experiment IV). White Leghorns were found to peck sooner and more often than New Hampshires. Under all conditions of target and ambient brightness, results revealed the previously reported bimodal (V‐shaped) color preference function with peak preferences in the blue‐violet and orange regions of the spectrum and minimal at green. The only brightness factor that affected the V‐shaped function was dark‐adapted vs light‐adapted viewing, that is, the chicks showed a slight shift away from red and/or a slightly more negative slope with light adaptation.
Effect of differential rearing on brain, liver and adrenal tissues
Authors: Uphouse Lynda L. , Brown Harold 
Published: January 2005

AbstractBrain, liver, and adrenal weights were measured in rats differentially reared from 28–60 days of age. Relative to the standard colony rats, enriched rats had heavier brains but lighter livers. Relative to the standard animals, impoverished rats had heavier adrenals. These results confirm differential rearing influences on organs other than the brain.
Effects of restriction of maternal uterine blood supply on postnatal conditioning of heart rate and behavioral development in dogs
Authors: Francisco David L. , Fitzgerald Robert D. , Lawson Maralee S. , Potter D. Mark , Metcalfe James 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAn examination was made of the heart rate responses during aversive classical conditioning of 5‐ to 6‐week‐old Labrador puppies exposed to restricted maternal uterine blood supply during gestation. The direction of the heart rate responses of the treated puppies was consistently decelerative, whereas nontreated controls showed both decelerations and accelerations. The absence of accelerative heart rate changes, combined with the observed depression of base level heart rate and attenuated emotional behavior in the experimental animals relative to controls suggests that uterine blood supply insufficiency may have impaired normal autonomic development in utero.
Alterations of maternal behaviors of female rats caring for malnourished pups
Authors: Fleischer Susan F. , Turkewitz Gerald 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe maternal care received by rat pups malnourished by being rotated between lactating females and nonlactating foster mothers was examined. During the 1st 2 weeks after birth there were no differences in maternal care, but during the 3rd week females caring for pups fed only 8 hr daily nursed more and built better nests than females caring for pups fed 16 or 24 hr. These differences in maternal care may interact with and diminish any effects of nutritional deprivation in the pups.
Short‐term juvenile crowding arrests the developmental formation of dendritic spines on tectal interneurons in jewel fish
Authors: Burgess J. Wesley , Coss Richard G. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractDevelopment of jewel fish tectal interneurons was measured as a function of crowded development. The number of dendritic spines on the apical dendrites of pyriform interneurons was counted in the stratum album centrale plexiform layer because previous research indicated that this was the region in which both social deprivation and acute juvenile crowding produced neuronal deficits. Results showed that 100‐ and 130‐day‐old uncrowded juveniles had spine densities equivalent to 160‐day‐old juveniles crowded at 15 fish/3.6 liter for 60 days. Thus, no spine formation occurred after the onset of crowding. Sibling 160‐day‐old juveniles reared in the uncrowded condition (1 fish/4.6 liter) had already acquired the normal complement of spines exhibited by 4‐year‐old adults reared at low density (1 fish/25 liter). These results show that acute crowding can arrest the normal course of neuronal development in juvenile jewel fish.
Right‐hand preference facilitated by rightward turning biases during infancy
Authors: Liederman Jacqueline , Coryell Jane 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA rightward turning bias is the earliest human behavioral asymmetry and may be a precursor of handedness. Head‐turning affects arm position as part of the Asymmetric Tonic Neck Reflex (ATNR). The hypothesis was tested that turning biases operate in coordination with the ATNR to promote handedness by measuring reflex behavior during turns in the preferred vs nonpreferred direction. Twenty infants were filmed during spontaneous movement and during the following factorial design: head turned left vs right; voluntarily vs passively; 30° vs 70°. The incidence, strength, and duration of the ATNR were least when the child turned toward his/her preferred side. When right‐preference children turned rightward, the occurrence of the ATNR was no better than chance. Thus, a child can orient toward the right hand with minimal intrusion of the ATNR upon limb position, perhaps promoting right‐handedness.
Jewel fish retain juvenile schooling pattern after crowded development
Authors: Coss Richard G. , Burgess J. Wesley 
Published: January 2005

AbstractJuvenile jewel fish were crowded between 100 and 160 days of age (15 fish/3.6 liters) in a double‐walled aquarium sharing water flow with uncrowded siblings (15 fish/69.4 liters). Photographs of schooling in a 73‐liter aquarium were made after 30 and 60 days of crowding. Distances maintained between each fish and its 1st–5th nearest neighbors and orientation angles between 1st nearest neighbors were measured. After 30 days, crowded juveniles maintained significant nonrandomly aggregated distances to their 1st–5th neighbors, spacing significantly closer than uncrowded siblings. After 60 days, crowded juveniles maintained both closer, nonrandom distances to 1st–5th neighbors and significantly more parallel orientation to 1st nearest neighbors. Thus, whereas uncrowded juveniles followed the normal developmental pattern of dispersion, crowded siblings retained juvenile spacing behavior.
A fit mouse is a hoppy mouse: Jumping behavior in 15‐day‐old Mus musculus
Authors: Henderson Norman D. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAn analysis of a juvenile hopping response from an 8 × 8 diallel cross is used to demonstrate the experimental genetic approach for testing presumed adaptive fitness of behaviors in developing organisms. In accordance with predictions, the explosive jumping behavior exhibited by 15‐day mice is characterized by a pattern of genetic dominance toward high expression of the trait. Wild mice show even more vigorous responses, indicating that selection pressures maintaining high responding have been relaxed during domestication. These data suggest some applications and limitations of genetic methods for the study of behavioral evolution as related to development.
Auditory imprinting in domestic chicks during tonic immobility
Authors: Sigman Stephen E. , Prestrude Albert M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractIn the present study we attempted to determine whether the characteristic unresponsiveness of animals during tonic immobility is due to sensory or motor inhibition. Specifically, we exposed domestic chicks to an auditory imprinting stimulus during tonic immobility. Seventy‐five White Leghorn chicks were tested in 1 of 5 conditions: (1) immobilized and imprinted; (2) restrained but not immobilized, and imprinted; (3) imprinted only; (4) immobilized but not imprinted; and (5) neither immobilized nor imprinted. Chicks in the 1st 3 groups all imprinted to the same degree in that they did not differ in median run times in a straight alley with the imprinting stimulus. These results demonstrate that chicks do process auditory stimuli during tonic immobility and the reduced responsiveness observed during tonic immobility is due mainly to motor inhibition.
Behavioral correlates of physical and neuromotor maturity in adolescents from different environments
Authors: Waber Deborah P. , Bauermeister Martin , Cohen Carolyn , Ferber Richard , Wolff Peter H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe relationship between neuropsychological performance (sequencing and visuospatial processing) and neuromotor and physical maturity was investigated among ninety 14‐ and 15‐year‐old boys selected from 3 socioeconomic backgrounds: upper middle class, white collar, and blue collar. Sequencing was measured by the Stroop Word and Color Test and by stability of rhythmic finger tapping; visuospatial processing was measured by a locomotor mazes task. We had predicted that rate of maturation would be correlated positively with sequencing and negatively with visuospatial performance independent of socioeconomic background. The correlations between neuropsychological performance and maturational status were in the directions predicted, but the appearance of these relationships was not independent of socioeconomic status. In the upper middle class group, visuospatial processing was negatively related to physical maturity; in the white collar group, motor sequencing was positively related to physical maturity; and in the blue collar group, all the sequencing measures were positively related to neuromotor maturity.
A response adjustment procedure for assessing stimulus preference in preweanlings
Authors: Rose Guenter H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA nonlearned, response‐dependent testing technique entitled Response Adjustment Procedure (RAP) is introduced. The technique is designed to circumvent or reduce the use of a learning paradigm in very immature animals and utilizes age and species‐appropriate motor behavior. Initial data on the onset of light avoidance in rats are presented to illustrate the method.
Effect of brain growth stages on T‐maze acquisition in mice
Authors: DeLuca John , Bischoff Hank , Kelman Stanley , Lavooy Maria , Phillips Tamara , Posch Robert , Wolf Patricia , Hahn Martin 
Published: January 2005

AbstractRecently, it has been shown that brain growth is characterized by periods of especially large increases in growth, with “plateaus” in growth between these “spurt” periods. In humans, these spurts in brain growth are correlated with spurts in mind growth, collectively termed phrenoblysis. Brain growth spurts in rodents occur at 0–6, 8–12, and 17–23 days of age with plateaus in‐between. We examined two questions. First, are there differences in learning ability associated with spurts and plateaus in brain growth? Second, can learning during these stages be altered through genetic and environmental manipulations? We employed the high and low lines of the Fuller brain weight selection mice, which are known to have different developmental patterns, and early handling procedures, known to alter growth rates. The results showed that animals tested during a proposed brain growth spurt were superior to animals tested during a brain growth plateau in learning a shock‐escape T‐maze.