bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Normative data for the Novaco Anger Scale from a non‐clinical sample and implications for clinical use
Authors: Jones J. P. , Thomas‐Peter B. A. , Trout A. 
Published: February 2003

Objectives. To provide non‐clinical normative data for the Novaco Anger Scale. To identify the ability of the scale to discriminate between clinical and non‐clinical populations.Design. Postal survey of individuals from a non‐clinical sample.Method. A non‐clinical sample of 212 NHS employees was sent a questionnaire pack, including the Novaco Anger Scale. A clinical sample of 58 outpatient angermanagement referrals was identified from a retrospective case‐note analysis.Results. Descriptive data are presented for both samples. t‐score conversions are provided, based on the non‐clinical data. Results from a discriminant function analysis demonstrated that the Novaco Anger Scale classified participants as clinical or non‐clinical with 94 accuracy.Conclusion. From this study it appears that the Novaco Anger Scale is able to discriminate between clinical and non‐clinical populations. These data offer further support to the validity of the Novaco Anger Scale and its use in clinical assessment.
A social categorization approach to distributive justice: Social identity as the link between relevance of inputs and need for justice
Authors: Wenzel Michael 
Published: February 2003

What are relevant inputs or criteria for judging entitlements in a given situation? As will be argued, an answer to this central problem of distributive justice must consider the perceiver's self‐definition and structuring of the social context, in terms of social categorizations. The construal of the primary category of potential recipients is particularly important as its prototypical dimensions are likely criteria for entitlement judgments. Its representation depends on the perceiver's salient identity.Two studies yielded support for this perspective. In Study 1, students regarded their psychology department's distinctive quality as more important for psychologists than an out‐group's quality. When highly identified, they perceived a psychologist who outperformed another on the in‐group quality to have a higher entitlement to a job. In Study 2, German participants regarded the European Union's (EU) denial of EU membership to Turkey as more just the more prototypically European they thought Germany was, in contrast to Turkey; and, in turn, they did so the more strongly they identified as Germans. The findings suggest that relevance of inputs and, thus, the justice motive are based on identity concerns.
A cross‐cultural study of the Need for Cognitive Closure Scale: Comparing its structure in Croatia, Italy, USA and The Netherlands
Authors: Mannetti Lucia , Pierro Antonio , Kruglanski Arie , Taris Toon , Bezinovic Petar 
Published: February 2003

This study was designed to compare the factor structure of Need for Closure Scale (NFCS) as it emerges from three European samples (Croatia, Italy and The Netherlands) to the structure emerging from a USA sample, and to test the invariance of the structure of the scale both across three European contexts and across European and US samples. This comparison was conducted to examine the generalizability of results obtained with the NFCS across cultures.The sample sizes employed in this study range from 201 (Croatia) to 418 (Italy) participants. First‐ and second‐order confirmatory factor analysis and multiple‐group measurement invariance tests were performed using the LISREL‐8 program (Jöreskog and Sörbom, 1993). The analyses revealed that the factor structure of the scale was invariant across all samples, and that the best fitting model was one with two latent second‐order factors, thus confirming results of previous studies (Kruglanski et al., 1997; Neuberg, Judice, & West, 1997).
Garnering the interest of others: Mediating the effects among physical attractiveness, self‐worth and dominance
Authors: Santor Darcy A. , Walker Jennifer 
Published: February 2003

Objectives. Evolutionary psychologists emphasize that self‐worth and well‐being are largely determined by the degree to which individuals garner and hold the interest of others. Personal attributes, such as physical attractiveness, are viewed as resources which serve as signals to others to pay attention to us.Design and method. This study examined (a) the degree to which participant appraisals (N= 75) of self‐worth were related to appraisals of how interested others were in them; and (b) the extent to which interest ratings account for the relation among self‐worth, dominance and attractiveness ratings.Results. The main findings of the present study showed (a) that the degree to which individuals derive self‐worth from various attributes was strongly related to the degree to which individuals believed others were interested in them; and (b) that the amount of interest one believes others show in them mediated the relation between physical attractiveness and social self‐worth.Conclusion. Results have a number of implications concerning the nature of self‐worth and the utility of psychological theories that emphasize evolutionary principles.
Asking applicants what they would do versus what they did do: A meta‐analytic comparison of situational and past behaviour employment interview questions
Authors: Taylor Paul J. , Small Bruce 
Published: February 2003

Criterion‐related validities and inter‐rater reliabilities for structured employment interview studies using situational questions (e.g. “Assume that you were faced with the following situation … what would you do?”) were compared meta‐analytically with studies using past behaviour questions (e.g. “Can you think of a time when … what did you do?”). Validities and reliabilities were further analysed in terms of whether descriptively‐anchored rating scales were used to judge interviewees' answers, and validities for each question type were also assessed across three levels of job complexity.While both question formats yielded high validity estimates, studies using past behaviour questions, when used with discriptively anchored answer rating scales, yielded a substantially higher mean validity estimate than studies using the situational question format with descriptively‐anchored answer rating scales (.63 versus .47). Question type (situational versus past behaviour) was found to moderate interview validity, after controlling for whether studies used answer rating scales. No support was found for the hypothesis that situational questions are less valid for predicting job performance in high‐complexity jobs.Sample‐weighted mean inter‐rater reliabilities were similar for both situational and past behaviour questions, provided that descriptively‐anchored rating scales were used (.79 and .77, respectively), although they were slightly lower (.73) for past behaviour question studies lacking such rating scales.
Temporal factors in mental work: Effects of interrupted activities
Authors: Zijlstra Fred R. H. , Roe Robert A. , Leonora Anna B. , Krediet Irene 
Published: February 2003

Although interruptions are daily occurring events for most working people, little research has been done on the impacts of interruptions on workers and their performance. This study examines the effects of interruptions on task performance and its regulation, as well as on workers' psychological and psychophysiological state. Two parallel experiments were carried out in the Netherlands and in Russia, using a common conceptual framework and overlapping designs. Employees with relevant work experience carried out realistic text editing tasks in a simulated office environment, while the frequency and complexity of interruptions were experimentally manipulated.It was hypothesized that interruptions: (i) would cause a deterioration of performance; (ii) evoke strategies to partially compensate for this deterioration; (iii) affect subjects' emotions and well‐being negatively; and (iv) raise the level of effort and activation. It was also hypothesized that greater frequency and complexity of interruptions would enhance the expected effects.The hypotheses are only partially confirmed. The results show that, contrary to what was expected, interruptions cause people to perform the main task faster while maintaining the level of quality. Participants develop strategies enabling them to deal effectively with the interruptions, while actually over‐compensating the potential performance decline. Interruptions do have a negative impact on emotion and well‐being, and lead to an increase of effort expenditure, although not to an increase in activation. Thus the improved performance is achieved at the expense of higher psychological costs. Greater complexity evoked more favourable responses among the Dutch participants and more unfavourable ones among the Russian participants. These differences are interpreted in terms of the participants' professional background.The research demonstrates that the effects of interruptions reach beyond the execution of additional tasks and the change of work strategies. Interruptions appear to have an after‐effect, influencing the workers' subsequent readiness to perform. Detailed analysis of the activity in the interruption interval, focusing on cognitive processes during episodes of ‘change‐over’ and ‘resumption’ support this interpretation.
What is stalking? The match between legislation and public perception
Authors: Sheridan Lorraine , Davies Graham M. 
Published: February 2003

Purpose. To assess the match between anti‐stalking legislation and participants' own opinions of what constitutes stalking, and to test the ability of lay persons to interpret anti‐stalking statutes.Method. University students (N= 88) were presented with 20 transcripts of actual intrusive acts, as experienced by female members of the public. Participants were asked to rate the extent to which each represented a case of stalking, either on the basis of one of three sets of anti‐stalking legislation, or purely on the basis of their own opinions as to what constituted stalking.Results. Multivariate and univariate analyses of variance revealed that the three laws, and participants' own opinions, led to significant differences in whether a given transcript was labelled as stalking for 18 of the 20 transcripts. This reflected the way in which the different legislation chose to define stalking. Participants' intuitive ideas fitted most closely with ratings generated by the England and Wales Protection from Harassment Act 1997.Conclusions. Although problems of defining stalking in relation to public perception persist, the England and Wales Protection from Harassment Act 1997, which offers no final definition of stalking but concentrates upon the effects on the victim, may come closest to capturing the public perception of the crime. It was also concluded that lay persons were proficient in interpreting and applying three anti‐stalking laws of varying complexity.
Injecting risk behaviour among recently released prisoners in Edinburgh: The impact of in‐prison and community drug treatment services
Authors: Shewan David , Reid Margaret , MacPherson Sandy , Davies John B. , Greenwood Judy 
Published: February 2003

Purpose. Research in the area of injecting risk behaviour among drug users in prison is increasing; this paper attempts to rectify the paucity of research on risk behaviour of prisoners after release. This study also assesses the impact of both in‐prison and community drug services on injecting risk behaviour after release.Methods. This longitudinal study looked at the risk behaviour of a cohort of ex‐prisoners in Edinburgh, Scotland. Two follow‐up interviews were carried out after release from prison, involving 56 and 40 participants respectively. This study built on an in‐prison evaluation of a drug reduction programme, and sufficient numbers were recruited to compare an intervention and a control group.Results. There was some evidence of an initial flurry of injecting risk behaviour among participants soon after release, with a minority reporting injecting after release from prison, but over time patterns of injecting were variable. There was a low incidence of sharing injecting equipment. Generally, and perhaps contrary to expectation, post‐release risk behaviour among the present sample was relatively low. Neither community‐based nor in‐prison drug treatment programmes were found to have a major effect on patterns of drug use.Conclusions. Caution should be observed when generalizing from the data obtained in this study. That said, focusing specifically on the period after release as a situational factor in increased injecting risk among drug users has indicated that more enduring local factors may be just as influential on levels of risk behaviour. Contact with neither in‐prison nor community drug services was predictive of lower risk behaviour.
Prediction of psychological distress in young offenders
Authors: Nieland Martin N. S. , McCluskie Caroline , Tait Erica 
Published: February 2003

Purpose. This study was designed to evaluate the extent to which, and how, anxiety and depression could be predicted among incarcerated male young offenders.Methods. In a two‐stage prospective study over 3 months, scores on new ‘Stress’ and ‘Coping’ scales designed specifically for present purposes using information given by the offenders themselves were, together with first stages scores on the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ‐R Short Scale; Eysenck & Eysenck, 1975), the Culture‐Free Self‐Esteem Inventory (CFSEI Second Edition; Battle, 1981), the Emotion Control Questionnaire (ECQ2; Roger & Najarian, 1989) and the Coping Styles, Questionnaire (CSQ; Roger, Jarvis, & Najarian, 1993) regressed on second stages scores on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS; Zigmond & Snaith, 1983).Results. HADS Anxiety scores were accounted for by scores on the new ‘Stress’ questionnaire, Aggression Control, and an interaction of ‘Stress’ scores with Rational coping. HADS Depression scores were accounted for by ‘Stress’ scores, EPQ Extraversion and an interaction of ‘Stress’, EPQ Extraversion and EPQ Liar scores. In addition, a three‐component interaction term comprising ‘Stress’, ‘Coping’ and EPQ Psychoticism scores predicted both anxiety and depression. The implications of this interaction are explored in detail.Conclusions. The results have important repercussions for the psychological well‐being of incarcerated young offenders, some of whom are vulnerable and possibly prone to parasuicidal behaviour. Fundamental changes in the young offender culture are a preferred option in mitigating the psychological effects of detention than the encouragement of coping behaviour which is not conducive with rehabilitation.
Content credibility of accounts derived from live and video presentations
Authors: Akehurst Lucy , Köhnken Günter , Höfer Eberhard 
Published: February 2003

Purpose. The present experiment examined the success rate of well‐trained raters in judging the truthfulness of witness statements. Statements from children aged 7‐8 years, children aged 10‐11 years and adults were rated for the presence of 15 of the 19 original Criteria‐Based Content Analysis (CBCA) criteria (Steller & Köhnken, 1989).Method. This experiment comprised a 3 (age of participant) × 3 (nature of account) design. One‐third of the participants took part in a photography session, one‐third watched a video recording of a peer taking part in a photography session, and one‐third were party to a verbal description regarding the photography session but neither participated in it themselves nor saw a video recording. The first two groups then gave truthful accounts of their experiences in a subsequent interview. However, the third group was asked, by the experimenter, to lie during the interview and to try to convince the interviewers that they also had taken part in a photography session.Results. The CBCA criteria discriminated between truthful accounts based on actual involvement and fabricated accounts. However, the criteria did not significantly discriminate between those truthful accounts based on watching a video recording and fabricated accounts. Interestingly, there was a significant difference between the truthful accounts based on participation and the truthful accounts based on observation. Further, CBCA was equally effective in discriminating between participative truthful accounts and fabricated accounts for all three age groups.Conclusions. CBCA was found to be a very useful tool in discriminating between truthful accounts based on direct experience of an event and fabricated accounts (overall hit rate, 70%). Also, CBCA was found to discriminate between truthful acounts based on actual experience and truthful accounts based on watching a video. This latter finding has implications for the real world when children and adults use information from television programmes and videos on which to base false allegations. Finally, CBCA was found to be equally effective for use with accounts from adults as well as children.
Deception detection based on repeated interrogations
Authors: Granhag Pär Anders , Strömwall Leif A. 
Published: February 2003

Purpose. Suspects are often subjected to multiple interrogations. Research on deception has neglected this fact. To remedy this shortcoming this study was conducted focusing on how repeated interrogations affect deception detection performance. In addition, the previous finding that interrogators interacting face to face tend to be more credulous towards suspects than observers watching the same suspects on video was tested.Method. After seeing a staged event, 12 lying and 12 truth‐telling witnesses were interrogated three times over a period of 11 days. After the final interrogation the veracity of each witness was assessed by his or her interrogator and by six observers who had seen the interrogations on video. In all, 144 observers were used and all participants were undergraduate students.Results. The main findings were that (1) both interrogators and observers were poor at discerning truth‐tellers and liars; (2) observers who made veracity judgments after seeing one interrogation performed in line with observers who had seen three interrogations; (3) observers who assessed veracity after seeing one interrogation and then, again, after watching the additional two, significantly increased their performance; and (4) the interrogators showed a very pronounced truth bias.Conclusions. The results suggest that interrogators should be careful not to hold a too lenient attitude towards suspects. Importantly, the study also shows that the number of veracity assessments made is more related to deception detection performance than is the number of interrogations a judge presides over. The finding that lie‐catchers' performance is affected by both how sequential information is presented and integrated has important psycho‐legal implications.
Reconviction: A critique and comparison of two main data sources in England and Wales
Authors: Friendship Caroline , Thornton David , Erikson Matthew , Beech Anthony 
Published: February 2003

Purpose and method. Crime reduction is a central feature of the current Government Home policy. This incorporates a wide variety of initiatives from crime‐prevention strategies to offending‐behaviour programmes. One key performance indicator for assessing crime reduction is reconviction. This article critically analyses the two main sources of criminal history data held in England and Wales from which reconviction is determined: first, the Offenders Index (OI), which is accessible to independent researchers; and second, the National Identification Service (NIS), available for limited Home Office personnel. Criminal history data were compared for 134 sexual offenders using both sources of data.Results. Overall, there was a poor correlation for offence‐based criminal history summaries between the two data sources. Further analysis revealed that neither source appeared more reliable, with each source contributing unique and additional information. Sentencing occasion‐based summaries, however, showed a strong relationship between the two sources. Five‐year reconviction rates for the sample were highest using a combination OI and NIS data than reconviction rates using one source alone.Conclusions. There is no evidence in this study to suggest that the NIS is more reliable than OI. OI users are urged to use sentencing occasion summaries over offence‐based summaries for control group matching purposes as these data appear to be more consistent between the two sources. In the future, when researchers have access to both sources of data, it is recommended that they use a combination of data sets for assessing past criminal history and deriving risk of reconviction in order to provide a more complete picture. A sound knowledge of the limitations of the data source being used is essential for researchers.
Evolutionary theory and criminal behaviour
Authors: Quinsey Vernon L. 
Published: February 2003

Purpose. To provide an introduction to evolutionary psychology by describing some of its applications in the literature on the psychology of criminal and antisocial behaviour.Argument. Selectionist thinking is applied to five areas: the relationship of age and sex to crime, the inverse correlation between degree of kinship and homicide, paedophilia, persistent antisociality, and sexual coercion. In each of these areas, ultimate causes of behaviour are distinguished from proximal causes. Ultimate causes are produced by selective forces in ancestral environments and are responsible for species typical characteristics. Proximal causes, in contrast, are contemporaneous developmental, genetic, and environmental determinants of behaviour.Conclusions. The interplay between ultimate and proximal causation provides new ways of understanding old problems and is a fruitful source of research hypotheses. Evolutionary psychology can provide a powerful integrative perspective on criminal and antisocial behaviour.
Witness competency—Truthfulness and reliability assessment: The role of the psychologist
Authors: Munro Fiona M. , Carlin Michael T. 
Published: February 2003

Objectives. The primary objective is to report upon the assessments and procedures carried out in relation to an adult with learning difficulties whose competence as a witness in a criminal trial had been challenged.Design. The participant had been referred to the first author by the court for assessment in the course of a criminal trial.Method. The assessment instruments used were the WAIS‐R, GSS2, Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales (4th ed., Survey Version) and a set of structured questions devised for this particular participant. The functions being measured were intelligence, social function, suggestibility and the ability to accurately and truthfully report factual information.Case outcome. The participant's scores on the intelligence test brought her within the category of someone with learning difficulties, but she was found to have a high level of social functioning. She was highly suggestible, but she showed she could distinguish between false and truthful statements, despite negative feedback. The conclusion was that she would meet the requirements of a competent witness.Discussion. As a consequence of the procedures used in this case, it was decided that the approach of using a combination of standard psychometric testing and a series of structured questions was the most appropriate method of assessing witness competence.