bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AUTONOMIC and RESPIRATORY RESPONSES TO MICROINJECTION OF ATP INTO THE INTERMEDIATE OR CAUDAL NUCLEUS TRACTUS SOLITARIUS IN THE WORKING HEART–BRAINSTEM PREPARATION OF THE RAT
Authors: Antunes Vagner R , Braga Valdir A , Machado Benedito H 
Published: April 2005

SUMMARY1. Activation of peripheral chemoreceptors with KCN in the working heart–brainstem preparation from young male Wistar rats (70–90 g) increases phrenic (PNA; +105 ± 18%) and thoracic (tSNA; +44 ± 6%) sympathetic nerve activity compared with baseline and reduces heart rate (HR; from 377 ± 27 to 83 ± 6 b.p.m.).2. Microinjections of increasing doses of ATP (1, 5, 25, 100 and 500 mmol/L;n = 7) into the intermediate nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) produced a dose‐dependent reduction in PNA (from −6 ± 3 to −82 ± 1%) and in HR (from −12 ± 4 to −179 ± 47 b.p.m.). Microinjections of ATP into the intermediate NTS also produced a reduction in tSNA (from −3 ± 3 to −26 ± 5%), which was not dose dependent.3. Microinjections of ATP into the caudal NTS (n = 5) produced a dose‐dependent increase in PNA (from 0.2 ± 3 to 115 ± 27%) and minor changes in HR and tSNA, which were not dose dependent.4. The data show that microinjection of ATP into distinct subregions of the NTS produces different respiratory and autonomic responses and suggest that ATP in the caudal NTS is involved in the respiratory but not in the sympathoexcitatory component of the chemoreflex.
A NEGLECTED ‘ACCESSORY’ VASOMOTOR PATHWAY: IMPLICATIONS FOR BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL
Authors: McAllen Robin M , Allen Andrew M , Bratton Bradford O 
Published: April 2005

SUMMARY1. Distinct from ‘regular’ sympathetic preganglionic neurons, there exists a population of ‘accessory’ preganglionic neurons. The latter are distinguishable by their unmyelinated axons and their different functional properties. They synapse on the same ganglion cells.2. Ongoing sympathetic activity is driven by ‘regular’ preganglionic neurons.3. ‘Accessory’ preganglionic neurons drive hexamethonium‐resistant ganglionic transmission: part of this is muscarinic and part not (possibly peptidergic or nitrergic).4. ‘Accessory’ preganglionic neurons supply cardiovascular (vasomotor, cardiac, adrenal), but apparently not other, sympathetic pathways.5. ‘Accessory’ preganglionic neurons are activated by arterial chemoreceptors.6. Brief activation of ‘accessory’ preganglionic neurons potentiates ongoing post‐ganglionic activity for tens of minutes by an action at the ganglion. This is probably by enabling previously subthreshold excitatory post‐synaptic potentials to trigger action potentials.7. Evidence is presented that microinjections of GABA into the rostral ventrolateral medulla activate the ‘accessory’ pathway while inhibiting the ‘regular’ pathway.8. A role for this ‘accessory’ pathway in the long‐term control of blood pressure in health and disease is predicted, but still untested.
The Economics of Anti‐Begging Regulations
Authors: Smith Patricia K. 
Published: April 2005

Abstract The Supreme Court has ruled that asking for money is a form of protected speech. However, it has also ruled that restrictions on the time, place, and manner of begging are constitutional. This paper examines 71 U.S. cities to determine what factors influence a city's propensity to enact anti‐begging regulations. The logistic regression results indicate that cities with higher welfare benefits are less likely to regulate begging. Cities with higher crime rates, higher proportions of disabled citizens, and higher proportions of college‐educated citizens, and cities that are more densely populated are more likely to regulate begging.While historians, ethnographers, and legal scholars have studied issues related to begging, economists generally have not. This paper uses the traditional economic model of rational choice to examine why some U.S. cities regulate begging and others do not.
Protective effects of etoricoxib, a selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase‐2, in experimental periodontitis in rats
Authors: Holzhausen Marinella , Spolidorio Denise M. Palomari , Muscará Marcelo Nicolás , Hebling Josimery , Spolidorio Luis Carlos 
Published: April 2005

Background:  The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of a potent selective cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) inhibitor, etoricoxib, on the prevention of alveolar bone loss in experimental periodontitis induced in rats.Methods:  Ninety Wistar rats were separated into three experimental groups. Cotton ligatures were placed at the gingival margin level of lower right first molars. The rats were randomly assigned to one of the following groups: control received a daily oral dose of 1 ml/kg of saline solution; Eto1 received 6 mg/kg of etoricoxib; Eto2 received 12 mg/kg of etoricoxib. Serum levels of etoricoxib and white blood cells were determined. Standardized digital radiographs were taken after death at 3, 5, 10, 18 and 30 days to measure the amount of bone loss at the mesial root surface of the first molar tooth in each rat.Results:  One‐way analysis of variance (anova) indicated that groups treated with both doses of etoricoxib had significantly (p < 0.05) less alveolar bone loss when compared to controls. Furthermore, etoricoxib treatment significantly inhibited the leukocytosis observed 3 days after the induction of periodontitis.Conclusion:  These data provide evidence that systemic therapy with etoricoxib can retard alveolar bone loss in a ligature‐induced periodontitis model in rats.
Marker of cemento‐periodontal ligament junction associated with periodontal regeneration
Authors: Hara Ryohko , Wato Masahiro , Tanaka Akio 
Published: April 2005

Objective:  The purpose of this study was to identify factors promoting formation of the cemento‐periodontal ligament junction.Background:  Regeneration of the cemento‐periodontal ligament junction is an important factor in recovery of the connective tissue attachment to the cementum and it is important to identify all specific substances that promote its formation. To clarify the substances involved in cemento‐periodontal ligament junction formation, we produced a monoclonal antibody (mAb) to human cemento‐periodontal ligament junction (designated as the anti‐TAP mAb) and examined its immunostaining properties and reactive antigen.Methods:  Hybridomas producing monoclonal antibody against human cemento‐periodontal ligament junction antigens were established by fusing P3U1 mouse myeloma cells with spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with homogenized human cemento‐periodontal ligament junction. The mAb, the anti‐TAP mAb for cemento‐periodontal ligament junction, was then isolated. The immunoglobulin class and light chain of the mAb were examined using an isotyping kit. Before immunostaining, antigen determination using an enzymatic method or heating was conducted. Human teeth, hard tissue‐forming lesions, and animal tissues were immunostained by the anti‐TAP mAb.Results:  The anti‐TAP mAb was positive in human cemento‐periodontal ligament junction and predentin but negative in all other human and animal tissues examined. In the cemento‐osseous lesions, the anti‐TAP mAb was positive in the peripheral area of the cementum and cementum‐like hard tissues and not in the bone and bone‐like tissues. The anti‐TAP mAb showed IgM (kappa) and recognized phosphoprotein.Conclusion:  The anti‐TAP mAb is potentially useful for developing new agents promoting cementogenesis and periodontal regeneration.
Variance components of gingival thickness
Authors: Müller H. P. , Könönen E. 
Published: April 2005

Objectives:  Distinct periodontal phenotypes have been identified by cluster analysis, which is an explorative method with very low external validity. The aim of the present study was to investigate variance components of facial gingival thickness in young adults with mild gingivitis.Material and methods:  Thirty‐three non‐smoking females, 18–23 years of age, with mild or moderate plaque‐induced gingivitis participated. Gingival thickness was measured at every tooth present by use of ultrasound technology to the next 0.1 mm with a lowest measurement of 0.5 mm. Periodontal probing depth and clinical attachment level were measured with a pressure‐controlled probe. Gingival bleeding index was assessed after probing on a 0–2 scale, where 1 was slight, and 2 was profuse bleeding on probing. The Silness‐Löe plaque index was recorded. Multilevel variance components and random intercept models were built.Results:  A 2‐level (subject, tooth) variance component model of gingival thickness without any explanatory variable revealed an intercept (mean) of 0.93 ± 0.02 mm. Subject variation of gingival thickness amounted to 4.2% of the total variance. Addition of tooth‐ and subject‐related covariates to the model revealed, after adjusting for tooth type, an association with periodontal probing depth (estimated coefficient 0.067 ± 0.025), and considerable association with average bleeding index (−0.395 ± 0.149) and plaque index (0.125 ± 0.048). Variation at the tooth level was drastically reduced; subject variation amounted to 5.2%.Conclusion:  Gingival thickness is mainly associated with tooth‐related variables. Bleeding tendency is higher if gingiva is thin. Subject variability related to periodontal phenotype may add to the total variance, however, to a very low extent.
Application of periodontal ligament cell sheet for periodontal regeneration: a pilot study in beagle dogs
Authors: Akizuki Tatsuya , Oda Shigeru , Komaki Motohiro , Tsuchioka Hiroaki , Kawakatsu Noriko , Kikuchi Akihiko , Yamato Masayuki , Okano Teruo , Ishikawa Isao 
Published: April 2005

Objective:  The ultimate goal of periodontal treatment is to regenerate the damaged periodontal support. Although periodontal ligament (PDL) cells are essential for periodontal regeneration, few studies have reported the transplantation of periodontal ligament cells to periodontal defects. We developed a new method to apply periodontal ligament cells as a sheet to the defect. The aim of this study was to investigate the periodontal healing after application of the periodontal ligament cell sheet in beagle dogs.Methods:  Autologous periodontal ligament cells were obtained from extracted premolars of each beagle dog. Periodontal ligament cell sheets were fabricated using a temperature‐responsive cell culture dish. Dehiscence defects were surgically created on the buccal surface of the mesial roots of bilateral mandibular first molars of each dog. In the experimental group (five defects), periodontal ligament cell sheet with reinforced hyaluronic acid carrier was applied to the defect. Only the hyaluronic acid carrier was applied to the contralateral side as a control (five defects). Eight weeks after surgery, the animals were sacrificed and decalcified specimens were prepared. Healing of the periodontal defects was evaluated histologically and histometrically.Results:  No clinical signs of inflammation or recession of gingiva were observed in both experimental and control groups. In the experimental group, periodontal tissue healing with bone, periodontal ligament and cementum formation was observed in three out of five defects. In the control group, such periodontal tissue formation was not observed except in one defect. Histometric analysis revealed that the formation of new cementum in the experimental group was significantly higher than that in the control group.Conclusion:  The periodontal ligament cell sheet has a potential to regenerate periodontal tissue and may become a novel regenerative therapy.
Characterization of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans isolated from young Chinese aggressive periodontitis patients
Authors: Leung W. Keung , Ngai Vincent K. S. , Yau Joyce Y. Y. , Cheung Becky P. K. , Tsang Paul W. K. , Corbet Esmonde F. 
Published: April 2005

Objective:  This study characterized Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans isolates from young Chinese aggressive periodontitis patients.Methods:  Subgingival plaque samples (two/subject) were collected from diseased subjects < 25 years old (n = 9, mean age 21.1 ± 1.6 years) and age‐matched periodontitis‐free controls (n = 47, mean age 22.0 ± 1.1 years). Selective and anaerobic culture were used. The serotype, leukotoxin gene (ltx) operon promoter and the cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) genes complex of the A. actinomycetemcomitans isolates were investigated. Effects of the isolates on non‐keratinizing periodontal ligament epithelial cells monolayer were studied.Results:  Diseased subjects had significantly higher full‐mouth bleeding score (p = 0.002) and total viable counts from plaque samples (7.2 × 106 vs. 2.1 × 105 CFU/paperpoint, p < 0.005). A. actinomycetemcomitans was isolated from 67%/56% or 6%/4% of diseased or controls subject/sites, respectively (p < 0.001). The proportion of A. actinomycetemcomitans isolatable from aggressive periodontitis or periodontitis‐free associated subgingival plaque was low (0.7% vs. 0.1%, p < 0.02). The serotype of the isolates was characterized. All isolates possessed 652‐like ltx gene promoter and all but one serotype c isolate from a diseased patient had intact cdtABC genes. That particular strain appeared to confer the least cellular damages on periodontal ligament epithelial monolayer compared to others.Conclusion:  This preliminary study confirmed the notion of increased prevalence and quantity of A. actinomycetemcomitans associated with aggressive periodontitis in young patients. The overall ltx promoter and cdt characteristics of the A. actinomycetemcomitans isolates, however, were similar among the diseased and control groups. A strain lacking the cdtABC gene appeared to be less damaging to a periodontal ligament epithelial cell model. Further studies therefore are warranted to clarify the pathogenic role and potentials of A. actinomycetemcomitans in aggressive periodontitis.
Low bone mineral density is two to three times more prevalent in non-athletic premenopausal women than in elite athletes: a comprehensive controlled study
Authors: Torstveit M K , Sundgot-Borgen J 
Published: April 2005

Objective:To compare bone mineral density (BMD), investigate factors associated with BMD, and examine the prevalence of low BMD in athletes and non-athletic controls.Methods:The study included a questionnaire (part I), measurement of BMD (part II), and a clinical interview (part III). All Norwegian female athletes on national teams (n = 938) and an aged matched random sample of non-athletic controls (n = 900) were invited to participate. The questionnaire was completed by 88% of athletes and 70% of controls. A random sample of these athletes (n = 300) and controls (n = 300) was invited to participate in parts II and III. All parts were completed by 186 athletes (62%) and 145 controls (48%).Results:Mean (standard deviation) total body (TB) BMD was higher (p<0.001) in athletes (1.21 (0.09) g/cm2) than in controls (1.18 (0.08) g/cm2), and higher (p<0.001) in high impact (HI) sports athletes than in medium impact (MI) and low impact (LI) sports athletes. In athletes, body weight and impact loading sports were positively associated, and percent body fat and eating disorders were negatively associated with TB BMD. Body weight and weight bearing activities were positively associated and menstrual dysfunction was negatively associated with TB BMD in controls. A higher percentage of controls (28.3%) than athletes (10.7%) had low BMD (p<0.001).Conclusion:Female elite athletes have 3–20% higher BMD than non-athletic controls and HI sports athletes have 3–22% higher BMD compared with MI and LI sports athletes. Low BMD is two to three times more common in non-athletic premenopausal women than in elite athletes.
Development and initial validation of the Brunel lifestyle physical activity questionnaire
Authors: Karageorghis C I , Vencato M M , Chatzisarantis N L D , Carron A V 
Published: April 2005

Objectives:To develop a valid and reliable internet based lifestyle physical activity questionnaire suitable for use among the United Kingdom population.Methods:After a detailed content analysis and item generation using a panel of experts, an internet based measure of lifestyle physical activity behaviour was developed. Data were collected from 1369 subjects in total. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the two subscales of the Brunel lifestyle physical activity questionnaire among independent samples and by use of multisample analyses.Results:The confirmatory factor analysis showed the psychometric integrity of two subscales: planned physical activity and unplanned physical activity.Conclusion:The questionnaire is a valid and reliable instrument designed to provide an online behavioural assessment to be used in conjunction with a 12 week personalised fitness programme delivered through the internet.
High prevalence of jumper’s knee and sonographic changes in Swedish elite junior volleyball players compared to matched controls
Authors: Gisslèn K , Gyulai C , Söderman K , Alfredson H 
Published: April 2005

Background:Jumper’s knee is a common and troublesome condition among senior volleyball players, but its prevalence among elite junior players compared to matched non-sports active controls is not known.Objective:To clinically, and by sonography, examine the patellar tendons in elite junior volleyball players (15–19 years) at the Swedish National Centre for volleyball and in matched controls.Methods:The patellar tendons in the 57 students at the Swedish National Centre for high school volleyball and in 55 age, height, and weight matched not regularly sports active controls were evaluated clinically and by grey scale ultrasonography (US) and power Doppler (PD) sonography.Results:There were no significant differences in mean age, height, and weight between the volleyball players and the controls. In the volleyball group, jumper’s knee was diagnosed clinically and by US in 12 patellar tendons (10 male and two female). In 12/12 tendons, PD sonography demonstrated a neovascularisation in the area with structural tendon changes. In another 10 pain free tendons, there were structural tendon changes and neovessels. In the control group, no individual had a clinical diagnosis of jumper’s knee. US demonstrated structural tendon changes in 11 tendons, but there was no neovascularisation on PD sonography.Conclusions:A clinical diagnosis of jumper’s knee, together with structural tendon changes and neovascularisation visualised with sonography, was seen among Swedish elite junior volleyball players but not in matched not regularly sports active controls. Structural tendon change alone was seen in 10% of the control tendons.
Posterior sternoclavicular dislocation in a rugby player as a cause of silent vascular compromise: a case report
Authors: Mirza A H , Alam K , Ali A 
Published: April 2005

Background:Approximately 120 cases of posterior sternoclavicular joint (SCJ) dislocation have been documented in the medical literature since it was first described in 1824 by Sir Astley Cooper, a statistic which underlies its relative rarity. It is associated with high energy trauma, and although it may present innocently enough, it is a potentially life threatening injury.Case and Results:We describe a case in which there was no clinical evidence of complication, although CT imaging revealed complete obstruction of the brachiocephalic vein and impingement of the aorta. This required open reduction and a novel fixation technique was employed. The reduction was stable at 8 month follow up appointment as evidenced by CT scan.Conclusions:We acknowledge that this type of complication is well recognised but emphasise that it should not be managed complacently. A high index of suspicion is required to determine the presence of serious complications in this type of injury, which may manifest insidiously.
The Effect of the Emotion of Happiness on Allergic Skin Wheal Responses and Plasma Levels of Neuropeptides and Nerve Growth Factor in Patients with Allergic Rhinitis
Authors: Kimata Hajime 
Published: April 2005

<i>Objectives:</i> The effect of the emotion of happiness on allergic responses and plasma levels of neuropeptides and neurotrophins was studied in patients with allergic rhinitis. <i>Patients and Methods:</i> 27 patients with allergic rhinitis and 27 normal subjects who passed the entrance examination to university were studied. One day before, 1 h before and soon after the announcement of the results of the entrance examination, skin prick tests by Japanese cedar pollen, house dust mite and histamine were performed, and simultaneously plasma levels of substance P (SP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), nerve growth factor (NGF) and neurotrophin 3 (NT-3) were measured. <i>Results and Conclusion:</i> Happiness induced by passing the entrance examination to university reduced skin wheal responses induced by Japanese cedar pollen and house dust mite, while it had no effect on skin wheal responses induced by histamine in patients with allergic rhinitis. Happiness also reduced the plasma levels of SP, VIP and NGF, but not NT-3, in patients with allergic rhinitis. In contrast, happiness had no effect on skin wheal responses induced by histamine or plasma levels of SP; VIP, NGF or NT-3 in normal subjects. These results indicate that happiness may reduce allergen-induced wheal responses in association with a decrease in SP, VIP and NGF but not NT-3. This finding may be useful in elucidating the neuroimmunology and treatment of allergic rhinitis.
T/B lineage choice occurs prior to intrathymic Notch signaling
Authors: Harman Benjamin C. , Jenkinson William E. , Parnell Sonia M. , Rossi Simona W. , Jenkinson Eric J. , Anderson Graham 
Published: April 2005

AbstractCommitment of hemopoietic progenitors to the T-cell lineage is a crucial requirement for T-cell development, yet the timing and developmental cues regulating this process remain controversial. Here we have devised a technique to analyze the T-cell/B-cell lineage potential of precursors that have been recruited to the fetal mouse thymus but which have yet to contact the thymic epithelial microenvironment. We show that lymphoid progenitors arriving at the thymus are not bipotent T/B precursors, and provide evidence that intrathymic Notch signaling is not the mechanism determining T/B lineage choice in migrant precursors. Rather, we provide evidence that Notch signaling influences T/B lineage choice in lymphoid precursors through interactions with defined stromal components within the fetal liver. Collectively, our data redefine our understanding of the role and timing of Notch signaling in relation to lineage choices in lymphoid precursors.