bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ON THE NATURE OF BACTEREMIA IN EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA IN THE DOG
Authors: Gregg Lucien A. , Robertson O. H. 
Published: June 2004

With the purpose of ascertaining the influence exerted by the pneumococcidal activity of the blood on the course of bacteremia occurring in experimental canine pneumococcal pneumonia, a study was made of the rates at which intravenously injected pneumococci disappeared from the circulation and the shed blood of diseased dogs. Preliminary studies on normal animals showed that blood containing hundreds of thousands of pneumococci per cc. immediately after injection usually became sterile or nearly so within an hour's time. Simultaneous observations carried out on the blood in vitro showed an analogous rapid disappearance of the microorganisms, although the effect was not quite as marked. Similar tests on non-bacteremic dogs with pneumonia revealed essentially the same ability of the body to dispose of large numbers of circulating pneumococci. The shed blood likewise exhibited marked bactericidal power.
The occurrence of bacteremia during pneumonia did not retard greatly the rate at which injected pneumococci disappeared from the circulation, as compared with the non-bacteremic state. After several hours the numbers of circulating microorganisms were approximately the same as prior to the intravenous injection. Blood in vitro often cleared as fully as it did in vivo over the same length of time.
Studies on the role played by humoral immune substances in the bactericidal action of the blood showed that while their presence was necessary for maximum killing power, and that bacteremic blood lacking humoral immune properties was rarely capable of self-sterilization in vitro, nevertheless such blood often retained considerable bactericidal potency as shown by its ability to reduce materially the numbers of pneumococci added to it. This phenomenon is discussed.
The marked pneumococcidal capacity of the blood exhibited by dogs with experimental pneumococcal pneumonia and its persistence during bacteremia suggest that this constitutes the principal mechanism for limiting the degree of blood invasion. The similarity of the findings in canine and human pneumococcal lobar pneumonia is pointed out.
SPERMINE OXIDASE: AN AMINE OXIDASE WITH SPECIFICITY FOR SPERMINE AND SPERMIDINE
Authors: Hirsch James G. 
Published: June 2004

Sheep serum and bovine serum contain an enzyme which brings about a rapid oxidative deamination of certain biological amines. This enzyme differs from previously described amine oxidases in several regards and especially in its substrate specificity. Studies thus far indicate that only spermine and the closely related compound spermidine serve as substrates for the enzyme in sheep serum. For this reason, the enzyme has been named spermine oxidase.
Spermine oxidase is active in a variety of fluids of various ionic strength and buffer composition. The reaction takes place between pH 6.0 and pH 8.0 with an optimal rate in the vicinity of neutrality.
Under certain conditions, the rate of oxygen consumption during the initial phase of the reaction is independent of the concentration of substrate. The diminution in rate observed during the latter phase of the enzymatic attack appears to be due to an alteration in the kinetics at low concentrations of substrate, or to competitive inhibition by a product of the reaction.
Carbonyl reagents almost completely block the action of spermine oxidase, while certain amines and the cyanide ion bring about partial inhibition. Thiol reagents and sequestering compounds do not alter the course of the oxidative process. In the presence of low concentrations of mercuric chloride, the sheep serum-spermine system consumes approximately twice as much oxygen as controls containing no mercuric ion. The mechanism by which the mercuric ion stimulates additional oxygen uptake is obscure.
EFFECT OF THE COMPOSITION OF THE GASEOUS AND AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENTS ON THE SURVIVAL OF TUBERCLE BACILLI IN VITRO
Authors: Dubos René J. 
Published: June 2004

Tubercle bacilli die much more rapidly under anaerobic than under aerobic conditions. Anaerobically, the rate of death is accelerated by increased CO2 pressure, and when certain metabolites (lactate for example) are present in the medium.
Death of the bacilli under certain conditions of anaerobiosis is accompanied by loss of ability to take the acid-fast stain and by progressive cellular disintegration.
These findings are discussed in relation to (a) the glycolytic equipment of tubercle bacilli, (b) their fate in tuberculous lesions.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF THE VIRUS-HOST RELATIONSHIP IN CHIMPANZEES AFTER INAPPARENT INFECTION WITH COXSACKIE VIRUSES
Authors: Kraft Lisbeth M. , Melnick Joseph L. 
Published: June 2004

Eight chimpanzees were fed and/or inoculated with a single Coxsackie (C) virus or combinations of different ones. The responses in terms of complement-fixing (c-f) antibodies to 6 to 10 such viruses were measured throughout periods of 1 to 2 years. Although the animals usually responded with rises in homologous antibodies after the feeding or the inoculation of viruses of special immunological types, a variable number of heterologous c-f antibodies were observed to increase significantly at the same time.
When immune animals were challenged with homologous virus, they failed to become virus carriers again and no rises in neutralizing antibodies were detected. However, the challenge usually resulted in a boost in the titer of the homologous c-f antibody and often of heterotypic c-f antibodies. This was particularly striking in those chimpanzees in which the c-f antibody had fallen below a detectable level.
In contrast to this, the infection of chimpanzees with agents outside the Coxsackie family (poliomyelitis viruses and Egyptian strains of West Nile virus) failed to influence the level of Coxsackie antibodies even during the periods when c-f antibodies to these non-Coxsackie viruses were rapidly rising.
STUDIES ON RENAL JUXTAGLOMERULAR CELLS
Authors: Hartroft Phyllis Merritt , Hartroft W. Stanley 
Published: June 2004

Accumulation of granules in the juxtaglomerular cells occurred in rats which were maintained for 5 to 6 weeks on a diet low in sodium, chloride. Cytological evidence suggests that this was probably a storage phase of secretion following a decrease in the rate of liberation of the granules. Administration of DCA (desoxycorticosterone acetate) to salt-deficient rats did not alter this appearance of the juxtaglomerular cells.
Two per cent sodium chloride taken in the drinking water consumed for 4 weeks by similar animals caused degranulation of the juxtaglomerular cells. This effect was enhanced by DCA. DCA administered to animals on a normal salt intake produced a lesser degree of degranulation. Cytological changes in degranulated cells suggested that these represent a stage of hyperactivity in the secretory cycle produced by an increase in the rate of liberation of granules.
A hypothesis is suggested that the juxtaglomerular cells are involved in the hormonal regulation of sodium metabolism and/or blood pressure.
UREA EXCRETION IN HUMAN SWEAT AS A TRACER FOR MOVEMENT OF WATER WITHIN THE SECRETING GLAND
Authors: Schwartz Irving L. , Thaysen Jørn Hess , Dole Vincent P. 
Published: June 2004

Previous workers have found that the concentration of urea in human sweat exceeds the concentration of urea in plasma. This fact has been confirmed in the present work and extended by measurements of the concentrations of urea in the sweat and the corresponding concentrations of urea in the plasma over a range of 25- fold variation in the latter.
An analysis of the data showed that the ratio of the concentration of urea in sweat to the concentration of urea in plasma, S/P, was independent of the plasma concentration, independent of the absolute flux of urea or water, and independent of the calculated energy expenditure. Two experiments showed that the concentration of urea in sweat followed a rising concentration in plasma with a time lag of approximately 5 minutes; this fact indicates that the accumulation of urea in sweat is a continuous process which is in operation during the observed discharge.
These observations suggest that urea is carried into the gland in some precursor solution and subsequently raised to a higher concentration by the reabsorption from this solution of a constant fraction of the water.
STUDIES ON THE ACTIVATION OF SERUM PROTEASE BY AN ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY SYSTEM
Authors: Jemski Joseph V. , Flick John A. , Stinebring Warren R. 
Published: June 2004

The results obtained in this study indicate that serum protease is not activated by either a rabbit or guinea pig antiovalbumin-ovalbumin system, in vitro.
A precipitin reaction occurring in the presence of a serum protease precursor of three species (human, rabbit, and guinea pig) failed to activate the protease precursor. Furthermore, particulate material as preformed precipitates could not be shown to activate the protease of either human or rabbit serum or their euglobulin fractions.
The material presented seems to be further evidence against the postulated role of serum protease in immunologic systems.
IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF NEW TYPES OF HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE
Authors: Leidy Grace , Hahn Eros , Alexander Hattie E. 
Published: June 2004

Two new types of Hemophilus influenzae, Sab and Sad have been produced in vitro. Each exhibits the presence of the type specific polysaccharides of 2 types of E. influenzae within the same cell. In Sab the polysaccharides of types a and b have been demonstrated and in Sad those which characterize types a and d. The Sab and Sad traits are inherited.
Sab was produced by the action of DNA-containing extract isolated from type a on either type b cells or Rb cells (non-encapsulated non-type-specific cells derived from type b). Sad cells were formed as a result of the action of the DNA-containing extract isolated from type d on cells intermediate between Rab and Sab cells.
DNA-containing extracts isolated from Sab cells have induced the Sab trait in Rd cells with predictable regularity.
Evidence has been presented that the hereditary determinant of Sab cells is a new genetic substance with new functions. Therefore, the interaction of the DNA-containing substance from cells of one genetic type with living cells of a genetically different type has produced what appears to be a new individual which differs from each of the cells contributing the differing genetic traits but has at least one trait in common with each.
Sab cells derived presumably from a single cell show the appearance of type b cells sometime during the first 7 generations.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES OF PROSTATIC SECRETION
Authors: Huggins Charles , Sommer John Lambert 
Published: June 2004

The prostate of the dog was relocated permanently in the perineum where its size could be measured and correlated with the output of prostatic secretion during many months. The secretion of a submaxillary gland obtained through a fistula was utilized as an internal biologic standard of the effects of pilocarpine, the secretory stimulus employed, because the amount and route of administration of the alkaloid are critical factors in inducing secretion.
Prostatic secretion was found to be profoundly affected by androgenic and estrogenic compounds, in contrast to salivation. The curves of the secretory response of the prostate and submaxillary glands to pilocarpine proved to be similar and a mathematical formula has been constructed to represent them.
When testosterone propionate was administered in increasing quantities for periods of weeks at each level, the volume of the prostate increased in a series of flattened curves. This volume, under the conditions mentioned, was found to stand in a simple arithmetic relationship to the amount of testosterone propionate administered.
Moderate quantities of testosterone propionate masked the effects of small amounts of stilbestrol on the prostate. The reverse was also true and the critical amounts of these compounds were defined.
The amounts of stilbestrol were determined which lowered the quantity of prostatic secretion resulting from the simultaneous administration of moderate amounts of testosterone propionate in castrate dogs, the result being a level and flat secretory curve which was maintained for many weeks. We designate this effect the plateau phenomenon. When this amount of estrogen was continued, and the dosage of testosterone propionate greatly augmented, the prostatic secretion did not increase in volume. Very slight increases above the critical amount of stilbestrol, however, caused the secretory curve to fall to new and still lower levels though the secretion was never completely suppressed. The acid phosphatase content of the prostatic secretion in the regions of secretory plateaus was similar to that of castrate dogs injected with androgen alone. The plateau phenomenon is due to simultaneous physiologic action of androgenic and estrogenic compounds on the prostatic cells.
The depression of prostatic secretion resulting in the plateau phenomenon is due to both functional and structural changes in the prostatic epithelium. They are best explained on the assumption that differences in steroid threshold exist in groups of cells within the prostate, those of the anterior rim of the gland being least susceptible to estrogenic activity.
STUDIES ON THE PSITTACOSIS-LYMPHOGRANULOMA GROUP
Authors: Allen Emma G. , Girardi Anthony J. , Sigel M. Michael , Klein Morton 
Published: June 2004

The findings presented indicate that aureomycin could become associated with tissue of the chick embryo by both hematogenous distribution and direct adsorption.
Treatment of chick embryos infected with MP virus with 1 mg. of aureomycin by the allantoic route caused an inhibition of virus growth in the allantoic membrane.
The drug had no effect on "inert" virus, and appeared to have little effect on adsorption of virus to host tissue.
Complete inhibition of growth during the time interval corresponding to the first cycle of multiplication could be achieved only if the drug was administered within 6 to 8 hours after virus inoculation.
Partial inhibition of virus multiplication could be achieved even if the administration was delayed as late as 24 hours after infection.
In these experiments the chief role of the antibiotic appeared to be one of virustasis reflected in a prolongation of the latent period (non-infectious phase). The virus was able to resume its growth when a critical low level of the drug in the allantoic membrane was reached.
When infectivity titrations were carried out using various tissues and organs of treated and untreated embryos, it was found that no virus was detectable in the brains of treated embryos as late as 192 hours after inoculation of virus. This was in contrast with the findings in allantoic membranes and livers of such embryos; these organs showed virus at 120 and 144 hours, respectively. In untreated controls, virus appeared in membranes at 24 hours, in the liver at 48 hours, and in the brain at 72 hours.
STUDIES ON THE ANTIBODIES IN RABBIT ANTISERA RESPONSIBLE FOR SENSITIZATION OF HUMAN SKIN
Authors: Vaughan John H. , Kabat Elvin A. 
Published: June 2004

The capacity of rabbit anti-egg albumin sera to sensitize human skin has been studied.
It has been shown that passive transfer by these sera is completely unrelated to the egg albumin-anti-egg albumin system, as demonstrated by a failure of passive transfer by some antisera containing ample anti-egg albumin and persistence of passive transfer in other antisera from which all anti-egg albumin had been removed by precipitation with homologous antigen. Three preparations of non-precipitating anti-egg albumin have been shown to have sensitizing capacities which bear no relation to their non-precipitating anti-egg albumin contents. From a portion of one of these the non-precipitating anti-egg albumin was removed without impairing its sensitizing ability, while in another portion obliteration of the sensitizing capacity was accomplished without reducing the anti-egg albumin.
Evidence is presented to show that there are at least two possible antibodies in anti-egg albumin sera which are capable of inducing skin sensitivity and that they are antibodies against egg white impurities in crystalline egg albumin other than anti-conalbumin, anti-ovomucoid, and anti-lysozyme.
The usefulness of a suitable quantitative precipitin technic for the analysis for antibodies against antigen impurities and for their selective absorption from sera is illustrated. The principle governing the procedure is described. The technic allows for the determination of a given trace antibody by working with such small concentrations of its purified specific antigen that whatever other antigen-antibody compounds are formed simultaneously with that to be determined will be below their solubility levels and consequently will not contribute appreciably to the precipitate.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF ANTITOXIN PRODUCED IN NORMAL AND ALLERGIC INDIVIDUALS HYPERIMMUNIZED WITH DIPHTHERIA TOXOID
Authors: Kuhns William J. 
Published: June 2004

The Arthus reaction was studied in guinea pigs passively immunized with human diphtheria antitoxin. Diphtheria toxoid was given intradermally 24 hours following the intravenous administration of antitoxin and the subsequent reactions were graded and measured.
The intensity of Arthus reactions was dependent upon the relative amounts of precipitating antitoxin and toxoid used. Severe lesions were caused by intravenous sensitization with 0.48 mg. precipitating antitoxin N and intradermal challenge with 0.05 or 0.17 toxoid N. Reactions of lesser intensity were caused by smaller amounts of antitoxin and toxoid.
The nature of the antibody used for sensitization was of importance in the severity of Arthus reactions. In contrast to the behavior of precipitating antitoxin, amounts of non-precipitating antitoxin equivalent to 0.48 mg. N did not cause severe Arthus reactions when 0.05 or 0.17 mg. toxoid N was given intradermally.
Precipitating antitoxic whole serum is altered by heating at 56°C. for 5 hours so that its precipitability is lost without any appreciable loss of antitoxic strength. This modified antitoxin produced Arthus reactions of only intermediate severity in guinea pigs sensitized with 0.48 mg. antitoxin N. When fractions of precipitating antitoxic serum were obtained using a cold ethanol technique described by Deutsch (16), a mixture of the purified γ2-globulin and the crude albumin fraction heated together at 56°C. for 5 hours behaved similarly to whole serum. However, γ2-globulin alone was not affected by the heating procedure, remained precipitable by toxoid, and was able to cause a severe Arthus reaction following sensitization with 0.48 mg. antitoxin N.
THE MECHANISM OF ACTION OF CORTISONE IN EXPERIMENTAL HYPERSENSITIVITY
Authors: Germuth Frederick G. 
Published: June 2004

Cortisone markedly suppressed the cardiovascular and renal lesions of serum sickness type hypersensitivity which ordinarily develop following the intravenous injection of bovine albumin. The inhibitory effect of cortisone on the allergic granulomatous lesions of the spleen was less striking; the lesions were less extensive, but the percentage of animals affected was unchanged.
Cortisone in the dosage employed had no effect on the elimination of antigen following its intravenous administration or on the appearance of circulating antibody. These findings indicate that inhibition of the lesions of serum sickness by cortisone does not depend on the suppression of antibody production. Therefore, it is inferred that cortisone somehow protects the animal from the damaging effects of antigen-antibody union.
CHRONIC SODIUM CHLORIDE TOXICITY IN THE ALBINO RAT
Authors: Meneely George R. , Tucker Robert G. , Darby William J. , Auerbach Stewart H. 
Published: June 2004

Sustained arterial hypertension developed in male, albino rats chronically fed diets rich in sodium chloride with demineralized drinking water available ad libitum. After 12 months of the experimental regimen a positive, linear correlation (r = 0.91) was found between the systolic blood pressure and the concentration of sodium chloride in the diet.
A syndrome of edema and renal failure was observed in 18 per cent of the group fed at the level of 7.0 to 9.8 per cent of sodium chloride. Significant histologic changes occurred in the kidneys and certain other organs in rats consuming rations containing these levels of NaCl.
The relative volume of the radiosodium space was increased in the rat by high dietary sodium chloride.
INFLAMMATION AND PROTEIN METABOLISM STUDIES OF CARBON-14-LABELED PROTEINS IN DOGS WITH STERILE ABSCESSES
Authors: Yuile C. L. , Lucas F. V. , Jones C. K. , Chapin S. J. , Whipple G. H. 
Published: June 2004

Carbon-14-labeled plasma proteins given by mouth to dogs with sterile abscesses undergo decreased absorption, presumably owing to impaired digestion of protein.
The turnover of plasma albumin is greatly accelerated but the globulins, excluding fibrinogen, show little change during the acute stage of the sterile inflammation.
Fibrinogen shows very rapid production and utilization during acute inflammation. Large amounts of C14 are incorporated in fibrinogen within a few hours after ingestion of the labeled material. The labeled fibrinogen largely disappears within 2 to 4 days after its production.
The appearance of C14 in new red cells from labeled protein or amino acid sources is reduced by inflammation—evidence of impaired synthesis.
The pus of the sterile abscess contains a good deal of C14 activity which at times is as much as that found in the liver. Pus cell C14 activity per milliliter is similar after injection of labeled plasma and ingestion of labeled plasma or lysine. However, the pus cell fraction contains 3 to 4 times more C14 activity per milliliter than does the supernatant fluid when the isotope is fed. In the supernatant fluid the activity is all within precipitable protein, much of which is probably derived from the blood plasma.
In spite of increased loss of C14 as CO2 in the expired air and in the pus, there is evidence of conservation of protein-building materials for maintenance of new plasma proteins and tissue proteins in the more active organs (e.g. liver)—a shift of protein C14 from the less active tissues (muscle and skin).
EXPERIMENTAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN CEBUS MONKEYS
Authors: Mann George V. , Andrus Stephen B. , McNally Ann , Stare Fredrick J. 
Published: June 2004

Atherosclerosis has been produced in Cebus monkeys by dietary means. This disease has been produced by feeding diets high in cholesterol and low in sulfur amino acids over periods of 18 to 30 weeks. Within 2 to 8 weeks this regimen caused the concentration of cholesterol in the serum to rise to 300 to 800 mg. per cent. The hypercholesterolemia could be largely prevented by feeding 1 gm. per day of dl-methionine or l-cystine as supplements to the diet. After the serum concentration had become elevated, it could be restored to normal by feeding 1 gm. of dl-methionine but only partially restored by 0.5 gm. of l-cystine daily.
The vascular lesions were in the ascending aorta but extended from the valves of the left ventricle to the proximal portions of the carotid and femoral arteries. Minimal lesions have been observed in the coronary arteries. The aortic lesions were chiefly characterized by the presence of lipid-laden phagocytes and increase in collagen and elastic fibers. The lipids were in part cholesterol derivatives. Visceral cholesterolosis was not associated with this disease.