bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correlation of Web usage and exam performance in a human anatomy and development course
Authors: Rizzolo Lawrence J. , Aden Marcus , Stewart William B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractCourse materials for a Human Anatomy and Development Course were placed on the World Wide Web (WWW). The materials included a lab manual, lecture notes and slides, faculty‐generated atlases, Web links, and examinations. The lab manual, lecture notes, and atlases were also provided as black‐and‐white hardcopy. The Office of Education assigned students a code name that allowed them to use the Web site and take exams anonymously. Student Web use was tracked and correlated with their performance on the final examination. Overall use patterns revealed that most students used the Web site to prepare for examinations, but not for daily studying. Old examinations were the most accessed documents; lecture notes were the least accessed. The access patterns of the students with top 20, middle 20 (closest to the mean), and bottom 20 scores on the final examination were compared. In general, there was little difference between the middle and top groups. Students in the bottom group used computer resources significantly less than the other groups. In a second analysis, the 10 students who used the Web site most frequently scored below the mean. The study suggests that interactive exercises will be heavily used, but that the preparation of all course materials for the WWW may not be an efficient use of institutional resources. Clin. Anat. 15:351–355, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Giving color to a new curriculum: Bodypaint as a tool in medical education
Authors: Op Den Akker J.W. , Bohnen A. , Oudegeest W.J. , Hillen B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe describe a new method, bodypainting, to enhance courses in living anatomy. This novel approach was fully integrated in a course that comprised gross anatomy, living anatomy, and physical examination of the major abdominal and thoracic organs. We designed a course in which the students familiarized themselves with the surface markings and subsequently painted the full organ at the site of its projection on the body surface. Based on our first experiences, we conclude that the course is a successful and enjoyable means of teaching various aspects of anatomy in relation to physical examination. This was confirmed by an evaluation among the first groups of students. Clin. Anat. 15:356–362, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphometric study of testis of Wistar rat after open‐ended vasectomy
Authors: Whyte J. , Cisneros A.I. , Rubio E. , Whyte A. , Mazo R. , Torres A. , Sarrat R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effects on the testis of open‐ended vasectomy in the Wistar rat have been assessed morphometrically and evaluated statistically at 1, 4, 12, and 24 weeks after operation, and compared to those in sham‐operated controls. The open‐ended technique, ie, without ligation of the epididymal end of the cut ductus deferens, allowed drainage of sperm into the spermatic cord. During the period of our study, it did not affect the structure of the testis; although the germinal epithelium, basement membrane, and the stroma and cells of the interstitial space all showed variations when compared to the control group, these were not statistically significant. Clin. Anat. 15:335–339, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coexistence of a pectoralis quartus muscle and an unusual axillary arch: Case report and review
Authors: Bonastre Victoria , Rodríguez‐Niedenführ Marc , Choi David , Sañudo José R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA pectoralis quartus muscle and an unusual axillary arch were found on the left side of a female cadaver. The axillary arch was a musculoaponeurotic complex continuous with the iliacal fibers of the latissimus dorsi. The muscular part, together with the tendon of pectoralis major, inserted into the lateral lip of the bicipital groove of the humerus, whereas the aponeurotic part was formed by a fibrous band that extended deep to the pectoralis major to insert into the coracoid process between the attachments of the coracobrachialis and pectoralis minor. The pectoralis quartus originated from the rectus sheath, and joined the inferior medial border of the fibrous band of the axillary arch, at the lateral edge of the pectoralis major. The axillary arch muscle crossed anteriorly the axillary vessels and the brachial plexus. The clinical importance of these muscles is reviewed. Clin. Anat. 15:366–370, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
α2‐Heremans Schmid glycoprotein, a putative inhibitor of tyrosine kinase, prevents glucose toxicity associated with cardiomyocyte dysfunction
Authors: Ren Jun , Davidoff Amy J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackgroundDiabetes leads to impaired glucose metabolism and insulin signaling in the heart, which may contribute to the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Insulin stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrates. A two‐fold increase in insulin‐stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation has been reported in diabetic myocardium. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of a putative inhibitor of tyrosine kinase phosphorylation, α2‐Heremans Schmid glycoprotein (AHSG), on the mechanical dysfunction under a simulated diabetic environment.MethodsIsolated ventricular myocytes from adult rats were maintained for 24 h in either normal glucose (NG, 5.5 mM) or high glucose (HG, 25.5 mM) medium with 10−7 M insulin, and in the absence or presence of AHSG (50 µg/ml). Contractile indices analyzed included: peak shortening (PS), time‐to‐PS (TPS), time‐to‐90% relengthening (TR90) and area underneath shortening and relengthening (Area/PS).ResultsMyocytes maintained in HG medium displayed reduced PS and prolonged TPS/TR90, with enhanced area, compared to the NG myocytes. Interestingly, these HG‐induced mechanical dysfunctions were abolished by AHSG. Removal of insulin from the culture medium did not affect the basal myocyte mechanics, but prevented AHSG from completely protecting against the HG‐induced mechanical defects (i.e. HG‐induced prolongation of TR90 and area were only partially attenuated by AHSG in the absence of insulin).ConclusionsThe present data support the notion of tyrosine phosphorylation in the pathogenesis of diabetic cardiomyopathy, and implicate the therapeutic value of tyrosine kinase phosphorylation inhibitors. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neurovascular disease, antioxidants and glycation in diabetes
Authors: Dickinson P. J. , Carrington A. L. , Frost G. S. , Boulton A. J. M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPeople with diabetes are ten to fifteen times more likely to have a lower limb amputation (LLA) than non‐diabetic individuals. Fifteen percent of people with diabetes will develop a foot ulcer during their lifetime, the rate of major amputation amongst diabetic individuals continues to rise, foot problems remain the commonest reason for diabetes‐related hospitalisation and recurrence rates in patients with previous foot ulcers are 50% or more. Hyperglycaemia‐induced oxidative stress has been shown to result in decreased nerve conduction velocity, and decreased endoneural blood flow—both precursors for neuropathy. Vitamin antioxidants have been shown to be effective therapy in experimental models in reducing free radical species and inhibiting the oxidative process in diabetes subjects. Little work has been published, however, regarding the dietary use of antioxidants from foods, and their specific effects on neurovascular disease and glycation within the diabetes population. Aetiological and prevention studies with dietary antioxidants from foods aimed at the complex nature of foot problems in diabetes are needed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of teacher expectations on student achievement in physical education classes: Pygmalion revisited
Authors: Trouilloud David O. , Sarrazin Philippe G. , Martinek Thomas J. , Guillet Emma 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe main purpose of this study was to explore the relation between teacher expectations and student achievement in physical education classes, in the light of three complementary hypotheses. Student achievement may confirm teacher expectations because these expectations create self‐fulfilling prophecies, create perceptual biases, or accurately predict, without influencing, student achievement (Jussim,1989). Another purpose was to examine the mediating role played by students' perceived ability in the teacher expectancy process. Study data were obtained from 173 students and 7 teachers. Path analysis revealed that teacher expectations have weak self‐fulfilling effects, strongly predicted student achievement mainly because they are accurate, and have no biasing effects on teacher judgements. Results also show evidence concerning the role of partial mediator of perceived student ability in the confirmation process of teacher expectations. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Relative effectiveness of differently framed health messages: the influence of ambivalence
Authors: Broemer Philip 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe present studies test the hypothesis that the degree of experienced ambivalence toward health behaviors moderates the impact of differently framed messages. In line with prospect theory, it is argued that positive frames can either involve attaining desirable outcomes or avoiding undesirable outcomes, and negative frames can either emphasize the presence of undesirable outcomes or the absence of desirable outcomes. The results of three studies are supportive of the hypothesis that highly ambivalent individuals are more persuaded by negatively framed messages whereas individuals low in ambivalence are more persuaded by positively framed messages. The greater persuasiveness of negatively framed messages at higher levels of ambivalence can be explained by a negativity bias involved in ambivalence. Several preventive behaviors such as eating a low‐fat diet or using condoms were addressed. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed in light of current theories on health behavior. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Moderator effects of attitudinal ambivalence on attitude–behaviour relationships
Authors: Conner Mark , Sparks Paul , Povey Rachel , James Rhiannon , Shepherd Richard , Armitage Christopher J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAttitudinal ambivalence is generally construed as existing when the same attitude object is evaluated simultaneously as both positive and negative. The present research examined the moderating role of attitudinal ambivalence (as assessed by split‐semantic differential measure) on the relationship between bipolar semantic differential measures of attitude and subsequent behaviour using moderated regression analysis. In Study 1, higher levels of attitudinal ambivalence were shown to result in weaker attitude–behaviour relationships for eating a low‐fat diet (N = 140) and eating 5 portions of fruit and vegetables per day (N = 142). Study 2 (N = 361) replicated this effect when also including a measure of past behaviour for eating a low‐fat diet. Implications for understanding the relationship between attitudes and behaviour are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Attachment styles in everyday social interaction
Authors: Kafetsios Konstantinos , Nezlek John B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFor seven days, participants described the important interactions they had using a variant of the Rochester Interaction Record and reported their attachment style using Bartholomew's four‐category system. A series of multilevel random coefficient analyses found that across all interactions securely attached participants, compared to those who were insecurely attached, found their interactions to be more intimate and more positive emotionally. Secure participants also felt that others were more responsive to them and their needs. Secure–insecure differences were most pronounced when secure and dismissive avoidant participants were compared. Differences between secure and fearful types were minimal. In contrast, differences in reactions to interactions with close and not close friends were more pronounced for fearful types than for secures, dismissing, or preoccupied types. These results highlight the importance of distinguishing fearful and dismissive avoidance. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards a direct collapse–load method of design for concrete frames subjected to severe ground motions
Authors: Griffith M. C. , Kawano A. , Warner R. F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMost current methods of design for concrete structures under earthquake loads rely on highly idealized ‘equivalent’ static representations of the seismic loads and linear‐elastic methods of structural analysis. With the continuing development of non‐linear methods of dynamic analysis for the overload behaviour and collapse of complete concrete structures, a more direct and more accurate design procedure becomes possible which considers conditions at system collapse. This paper describes an evaluation procedure that uses non‐linear dynamic collapse–load analysis together with global safety coefficients. A back‐calibration procedure for evaluating the global safety coefficients is also described. The aim of this paper is to open up discussion of alternative methods of design with improved accuracy which are necessary to move towards a direct collapse–load method of design. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Defining phases of bedload transport using piecewise regression
Authors: Ryan Sandra E. , Porth Laurie S. , Troendle C. A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractDifferences in the transport rate and size of bedload exist for varying levels of flow in coarse‐grained channels. For gravel‐bed rivers, at least two phases of bedload transport, with notably differing qualities, have been described in the literature. Phase I consists primarily of sand and small gravel moving at relatively low rates over a stable channel surface. Transport rates during Phase II are considerably greater than Phase I and more coarse grains are moved, including material from both the channel surface and subsurface. Transition from Phase I to Phase II indicates initiation and transport of grains comprising the coarse surface layer common in steep mountain channels. While the existence of different phases of transport is generally acknowledged, the threshold between them is often poorly defined. We present the results of the application of a piecewise regression analysis to data on bedload transport collected at 12 gravel‐bed channels in Colorado and Wyoming, USA. The piecewise regression recognizes the existence of different linear relationships over different ranges of discharge. The inflection, where the fitted functions intersect, is interpreted as the point of transition from Phase I to Phase II transport; this is termed breakpoint. A comparison of grain sizes moved during the two phases shows that coarse gravel is rarely trapped in the samplers during Phase I transport, indicating negligible movement of grains in this size range. Gravel larger than about D16 of the channel surface is more consistently trapped during Phase II transport. The persistence of coarse gravel in bedload samples provides good evidence that conditions suitable for coarse grain transport have been reached, even though the size of the sediment approaches the size limits of the sampler (76 mm in all cases). A relative breakpoint (Rbr) was defined by the ratio between the discharge at the breakpoint and the 1·5‐year flow (a surrogate for bankfull discharge) expressed as a percentage. The median value of Rbr was about 80 percent, suggesting that Phase II begins at about 80 percent of the bankfull discharge, though the observed values of Rbr ranged from about 60 to 100 percent. Variation in this value appears to be independent of drainage area, median grain size, sorting of bed materials, and channel gradient, at least for the range of parameters measured in 12 gravel‐bed channels. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sediment yield and storage variations in the Négron River catchment (south western Parisian Basin, France) during the Holocene period
Authors: Macaire Jean‐Jacques , Bellemlih Saïda , Di‐Giovanni Christian , De Luca Patrick , Visset Lionel , Bernard Jacques 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn the Négron River catchment area (162 km2), surface‐sediment stores are composed of periglacial calcareous ‘grèze’ (5 × 106t) and loess (21 × 106t), and Holocene alluvium (12·6 × 106t), peat (0·6 × 106t) and colluvium (18·5 × 106t). Seventy‐five per cent of the Holocene sediments is stored along the thalwegs. Present net sediment yield, calculated from solid discharge at the Négron outlet, is low (0·6 t km−2a−1) due to the dominance of carbonate rocks in the catchment. Mean sediment yield during the Holocene period is 7·0 t km−2a−1from alluvium stores and 7·6 t km−2a−1from colluvium stores. Thus, the gross sediment yield during the Holocene period is about 18·7 t km−2a−1and the sediment delivery ratio 3 per cent. The yield considerably varies from one sub‐basin to another (3·9 to 24·5 t km−2a−1) according to lithology: about 25 per cent and 50 per cent of initial stores of periglacial grèze and loess respectively were reworked during the Holocene period. Sediment yield has increased by a factor of 6 in the last 1000 years, due to the development of agriculture. The very high rate of sediment storage on the slope during that period (88 per cent of the yield) can be accounted for by the formation of cultivation steps (‘rideaux’). It is predicted that the current destruction of these steps will result in a sediment wave reaching the valley floors in the coming decades. Subboreal and Subatlantic sediments and pollen assemblages in the Taligny marsh, where one‐third of the alluvium is stored, show the predominant influence of human activity during these periods in the Négron catchment. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organizational responses to a changing aid environment: the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ)
Authors: Hill Peter S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAs a major European donor, German government development assistance faces a series of challenges. Recent political changes have raised expectations for demonstrable health outcomes as a result of German development assistance; there has been a deepened commitment to collaboration with other bilateral and multilateral donors; and partner countries are increasingly open to new approaches to development. German development assistance also reflects a new ethos of partnership and the shift to programmatic and sector based development approaches. At the same time, its particular organizational structure and administrative framework highlight the extent of structural and systems reforms required of donors by changing development relationships, and the tensions created in responding to these.This paper examines organizational changes within the German Agency for Technical Cooperation (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit) (GTZ), aimed at increasing its Regional, Sectoral, Managerial and Process competence as they affect health and related sectors. These include the decentralization of GTZ, the trend to integration of projects, the increasing focus on policy and health systems reform, increased inter‐sectoral collaboration, changes in recruitment and training, new perspectives in planning and evaluation and the introduction of a quality management programme. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patient based ‘burden‐of‐illness’ in Swedish primary health care. Applying the Johns Hopkins ACG case‐mix system in a retrospective study of electronic patient records
Authors: Carlsson L. , Börjesson U. , Edgren L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPatients from one municipality in Sweden utilizing primary health care (PHC) during 1998 and 1999 have been categorized into 81 groups. The groups show each patient's own case‐mix in terms of illness. Grouping was carried out using the case‐mix instrument adjusted clinical groups (ACG), developed by the School of Hygiene and Public Health at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, USA. The resulting pattern provided a more adequate reflection of the scope of primary care's task than that yielded by diagnoses alone. Changes over time in terms of illness patterns for a population could be described, analysed and assessed from medical and health economic perspectives. One of the conclusions from this study was that the ACG instrument is a relevant tool in describing the outcome of work by the primary health care centre. The ACG is of interest in the improvement of the quality of primary care in Sweden. The ACG should be a driving force in the development of health indices in both national and international comparisons, as a result of its focus on the health status of patients and populations instead of on diagnoses and diseases. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The limits to patient compliance with directly observed therapy for tuberculosis: a socio‐medical study in Pakistan
Authors: Meulemans H. , Mortelmans D. , Liefooghe R. , Mertens P. , Akbar Zaidi S. , Farooq Solangi M. , De Muynck A. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractComplying with the prescriptions of the directly observed therapy (DOT), one of the components of the Global Tuberculosis Programme of the WHO, is problematic for many patients. The factors leading to patient (non‐) compliance with DOT are placed in a structural equation model.The study is based on a survey carried out in one general hospital in the Punjab province of Pakistan, amongst all sputum positive pulmonary TB patients (n = 621) who arrived at the TB unit from September 1997 to October 1998.The tested sequence of manifest variables and latent constructs shows that the social stratification perspective has to be extended by the stigmatization perspective. The advantages of universally applying DOT will increase even further when the latter perspective is involved in the analysis of non‐compliance. There is a real danger that the patients reached by selective DOT will be stigmatized even more. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.