bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Primeness
Authors: Williamson Timothy 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
A composite condition is one that consists of the conjunction of a purely internalist condition and a purely external condition; a condition that is not composite is prime. A general method of argument is provided for showing that many mental states, including knowing, are prime. A connection is made with the account of knowledge that Plato gives in the Meno. The primeness of mental states is shown to contribute to their value in the explanation of action by facilitating a kind of generality, which is made precise by use of the probabilistic notion of a correlation coefficient. The account is extended to the explanation of non‐mental events.
Anti‐Luminosity
Authors: Williamson Timothy 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
We are often conceived as cognitively at home with conditions that are luminous in roughly the sense that whenever they obtain we know or are in a position to know that they obtain; mental states such as feeling cold or pain are often thought to provide examples of luminous conditions. This chapter argues that there are no non‐trivial luminous conditions, and therefore that we suffer from a kind of cognitive homelessness. The argument involves consideration of gradual processes in which small changes are below our level of discrimination. It is related to, but not the same as, sorites paradoxes, for example about how many grains make a heap. The result provides the basis for an objection to the attempt that Michael Dummett has made to characterize linguistic meaning in terms of assertability rather than truth.
Margins and Iterations
Authors: Williamson Timothy 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The anti‐luminosity argument is used to refute the KK principle that if one knows and one knows that one knows, or at least is in a position to know that one knows. Further iterations of knowledge are shown to involve similar cognitive gaps. The underlying phenomenon is diagnosed in terms of the need for a margin for error in knowledge. It is related to a family of ideas such as safety, reliability, robustness, stability, and close or easy possibility. The account is extended to knowledge of what others know.
Evidential Probability
Authors: Williamson Timothy 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The chapter bases a theory of evidential probability on the equation of knowledge with evidence. It is a form of objective rather than subjective Bayesianism. Updating on new evidence is structured in a way that allows propositions to lose as well as gain probability (forgetting). The account is integrated with possible worlds models of epistemic logic. Since one does not always know what one knows, the accessibility relation is not an equivalence relation, which has the effect that prior probability can diverge from expected posterior probability.
Assertion
Authors: Williamson Timothy 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter argues that the speech act of assertion is fundamentally characterized by the rule that one should assert only what one knows to be the case. Accounts based on other rules such as that one should assert only what is true or what one reasonably believes are argued to give false predictions in various cases, such as assertions about lotteries. The connection between knowledge and assertion is shown not to be merely a matter of Grice's conversational implicature. The account is applied to the connection between assertion and proof in mathematics. The point of having such a speech act is explored through the analogy between knowledge and action.
Structural Unknowability
Authors: Williamson Timothy 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter explores the limits on what can be known that are revealed by an argument first published by Fitch, sometimes known as the Paradox of Knowability. The argument shows that if some truths are unknown then some truths are unknowable. This represents an important challenge to verificationism and anti‐realism. Objections to the argument by Edgington, Kvanvig, Melia, and others are considered and projected. Thus, knowledge turns out to have structural limits.
Truth, Rationality, and Pragmatism
Authors: Hookway Christopher 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Charles Peirce's pragmatist philosophy contains important ideas for understanding the nature of epistemic rationality and rational self‐control. After a discussion of his views about the different demands of theory and practice, the book explains his account of truth, before comparing it with the correspondence theory of truth and tracing its relations to his theory of indexical reference. This is followed by an investigation of his defence of a system of ‘scientific metaphysics’ and its role in rational inquiry. We then turn to a consideration of how his pragmatism and his account of rationality rest upon his acceptance of a modified version of the common‐sense philosophy. This theme in his thought leads him to emphasize the role of sentiments and emotions in epistemic evaluation, and this lies behind his distinctive views about doubt and about why we should not take scepticism seriously. The final two chapters of the book explore Peirce's argument for the reality of God and begin to address the question of how he thought his pragmatist philosophy could be proved.
Aristotle on Meaning and Essence
Authors: Charles David 
Published: October 2003

AbstractFocuses on two themes in Aristotle's philosophy and their interconnection. The first is his account of the meaning (or signification) of terms such as ‘man’, ‘fish’, and ‘eclipse’, which refer to kinds of objects or processes. The second is his theory of the essences of these kinds, what we refer to in defining them, and what makes them what they are. For Aristotle, the meaning of such terms is determined by a distinctive type of efficient causal connection between the kind and thoughts with which the terms are associated. However, although these terms signify existing kinds with essences, one who has the relevant thoughts need not know either that the kind exists or that, if it exists, it has an essence of a given type. In consequence, Aristotle's account of the essence of kinds has to be grounded in his metaphysics and not in his theory of the mastery of natural kind terms. Aristotle's essences are specified in our definitions of kinds because they determine the kind's distinctive nature and necessary properties. They simultaneously ground the identity of the kind and explain its necessary, but non‐essential, features. In these respects, Aristotelian essentialism, which plays a central role in his scientific and metaphysical writings, is distinct both from twentieth‐century attempts to revive essentialism (such as are to be found in the writings of Kripke and Putnam) and from the views criticized by anti‐essentialists (such as Locke and Quine). This book aims to set out and critically evaluate Aristotle's distinctive form of essentialism.
Meaning, Essence, and Necessity
Authors: Charles David 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAristotle's account of (1) the meaning of natural kind terms and (2) the essence of natural kinds is distinguished from that offered by Saul Kripke and Hilary Putnam. With regard to (1), Aristotle did not require that one who understands a natural kind term and goes on to discover the essence of the kind grasps at the outset that the kind exists or has an essence yet to be discovered. With regard to (2), Aristotle separates essences from necessary properties and connects essences with definition and explanation. (1) is discussed in Part I of the book (Chs. 2–6), (2) in Part II (Chs. 7–13). While the book contains detailed exegesis of Aristotle's text, it also includes a trail for readers mainly interested in grasping his overall philosophical picture (p. 3).
Posterior Analytics B.8–10: The Three‐Stage View
Authors: Charles David 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAristotle, in Posterior Analytics B.10, separates three stages in scientific enquiry: (1) knowledge of the signification of the relevant terms, (2) knowledge of the existence of the kind, and (3) knowledge of the essence of the kind. One can, in all relevant cases, achieve the first stage of enquiry without (as yet) achieving the second or third stages. So, knowledge of the signification of the relevant terms does not essentially involve knowledge of the existence of the kind in question.
Preparation for the Three‐Stage View
Authors: Charles David 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAristotle, in Posterior Analytics B.3–7, prepares for the three‐stage view by arguing that no one account can tell us both the essence of a kind and the signification of the term that names that kind. Here, he lays the foundation for the separation of two questions, which we would represent as follows: ‘What does “triangle” signify?’ and ‘What is the triangle?’ This distinction provides him with a way to address and resolve Meno's paradox of enquiry.
Definition and Demonstration: The Difficulties Raised inPosterior Analytics Β.3–7
Authors: Charles David 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAristotle argues in Posterior Analytics B.3–7 that accounts of definition unsupported by understanding of the explanatory structure of kinds are incapable of giving us knowledge of the nature of kinds. The formal or logical level of analysis needs to be supplemented by considerations drawn from a study of causes.
Towards a Unified Theory of Definition:Posterior AnalyticsΒ.13–15
Authors: Charles David 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAristotle, in the Posterior Analytics, connects his account of definition and explanation with the theory of division. The features that figure in the relevant explanation include those that distinguish the kind in its relevant genus. His account of differentiation into genera and species is strongly interconnected with his explanation‐involving account of definition.
Substance, Definition, and Essence
Authors: Charles David 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAristotle's approach to the definition of composite substances in the central books of the Metaphysics follows the explanation‐involving pattern set out in the Posterior Analytics. The definition of such substances draws on resources based in his account of teleological causation The relevant Forms provide the basis of answers to both the questions, ‘What is F?’ and ‘Why is F as it is?’. Neither question can be answered satisfactorily in isolation. Aristotle's explanation‐involving account of definition is seen to be at work throughout his discussion in the central books of Metaphysics.
Biology, Classification, and Essence
Authors: Charles David 
Published: October 2003

AbstractAristotle, in the Historia Animalium, follows (and modifies) the explanation‐involving approach to classification that he developed in the pattern of the Posterior Analytics. Thus, he draws in his theory of animal classification on his explanatory account of soul functions developed in De Anima. However, his project encounters a severe problem: he failed to uncover in his study of biological phenomena the unified, causally basic essences that his theory of definition required. I consider whether Aristotle can resolve this crisis while remaining true to the basic features of his Analytics paradigm.
Making Globalization Good
Authors: HRH The Prince of Wales  
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Many of us have a sense of unease about current trends in global capitalism (GC) and global society. Inequalities and conflict seem endemic; much‐vaunted technological innovations seem unable to deliver structural change and development in many parts of the world; and ideological conflicts may be more intense than during the cold war. The central point of debate in this book is to identify and evaluate the moral challenges of what contributors refer to as ’responsible global capitalism (RGC)’. How can we develop a global economic architecture that is economically efficient, morally acceptable, geographically inclusive, and sustainable over time? If global capitalism––arguably the most efficient wealth‐creation system currently known to man––is to be both economically viable and socially acceptable, each of its four constituent institutions (markets, governments, supra‐national agencies and civil society) must not only be technically and administratively competent but also be buttressed and challenged by a strong ethical ethos. In this book, leading thinkers in international business and ethics (including academics, politicians and moralists) identify the pressing economic and moral issues that global capitalism must answer. Recognizing that solutions will not come from any one quarter, and that any serious discussion of a just and equitable system must embrace questions of ethics and faith, the book approaches the issues from a range of different disciplines and forums. It is arranged in three parts. Part I (5 chapters) presents the analytical framework underlying the volume's main themes. Part II (5 chapters) concentrates on the challenges, opportunities, and dilemmas posed by global capitalism. Part III (6 chapters) considers how the global society might better organize itself, and its constituent institutions to respond to the challenges of global capitalism in a way that helps embrace an agreed set of core values, while accepting the need for a degree of cultural diversity and tolerance in respect of the interpretation of these and the identification and practice of non‐core values.
Private Morality and Capitalism: Learning from the Past
Authors: Lal Deepak 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter traces the changing interface between societal and cultural values and capitalism as each has evolved since the later Middle Ages, asking to what extent can the past successes or failures of capitalism (in its various guises) be attributed to the moral ecology of the institutions underpinning and shaping it. It also asks what have been the ethical foundations of the great civilizations of the past, what part have social customs, cosmological beliefs, and religious authority played in this evolution, and what lessons can be drawn from the experiences of our forefathers. The last part of the chapter discusses of the role of post‐Westphalian states in influencing the moral content and structure of capitalism. During this discussion, the author offers some comparisons and contrasts between the actions taken by the liberal‐minded (Western) governments of the nineteenth century, and their more paternalistic modern counterparts.
Towards a New Paradigm of Development
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Building on his 1998 Prebisch lecture, presented at UNCTAD in Geneva, the author focuses on the form and content of a new (i.e. post Washington Consensus) paradigm of development, the role of national governments, civil society, and international agencies in helping to promote such development; and the ways in which the appropriate strategies, policies, and processes may best be conceived and delivered. The first main part of the chapter describes a broader vision for the future course of development, based on a transformation of society. The second explains that not only the Washington Consensus but also earlier development paradigms failed because they viewed development too narrowly; this section includes a brief outline of some of the key factors––including recent events in East Asia and the Russian Federation––that have helped in a realization of the inadequacies of the old approaches. The third section outlines what may be regarded as the key principles of a development strategy based on a holistic concept of development, and the fourth identifies the major components of such a development strategy. The chapter concludes with some general observations, focusing on the importance of a full and fair participation in the global economy in furthering development based on the new paradigm presented.
Transformation of Society: Implications for Globalization
Authors: Behrman Jack N. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter looks beyond the transformation of economic priorities to those of society (or societies) at large, asking what are the challenges and opportunities of global capitalism for wider societal aspirations and goals, and what are the implications for the attitudes and behaviour of individuals and communities. In the analysis he presents, Jack Behrman pays especial attention to those goals of society, such as good health and the absence of violent behaviour, that are not normally captured in the standard measures of economic welfare. He identifies and discusses seven criteria of acceptability of a new global order, and outlines the contribution of the different elements of society in promoting these in an equitable and sustainable way. Behrman believes that the extended geographical radius of capitalism demands a careful reappraisal of its moral foundations, and offers a blueprint of how such a transformation may be accomplished by a reconfiguration of values and responsibilities.
An Ethical Framework for the Global Market Economy
Authors: Küng Hans 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In this chapter, the theologian Hans Küng looks at the various attempts to formulate an acceptable cross‐cultural (multicultural) global ethic, which might be used both as an end in itself, and a basis for the motives and conduct of the institutions that fashion global capitalism. Such an ethic (notably that proposed by Küng himself and the Parliament of the World's Religions) is designed to identify and promote an agreed set of core human values and behavioural standards as agreed by the leading faith traditions, but might also be endorsed by non‐religious persons and institutions. Küng is aware of the difficulties in identifying and practising a universally acceptable moral code, but he considers that not only is the idea of such a code gaining increasing support, but it is also undergirding and guiding the strategies and policies of many global institutions, particularly global businesses.
The Challenge of Global Capitalism: The Perspective of Eastern Religions
Authors: Loy David R. 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
The moral ecology of global capitalism is examined from an Eastern religious––and particularly a Buddhist––perspective. David Loy first points out that Buddhism does not depend on a theistic revelation of values and behavioural norms in the way that Abrahamic religions do; rather, it should be thought of as a philosophy revealing the path each of us must walk in order to obtain a wisdom that realizes the true nature of the world, including the true nature of oneself. Such a credo is translated into a pragmatic and undogmatic attitude towards wealth creation, property, and social justice, and to global capitalism as an economic system––Buddhists judge the ’religion of the market’ (as Loy puts it) by the individual and social values it promotes; in this respect, it is found wanting, as all too often it endorses, and even encourages, self aggrandisement, merit‐seeking, and materialism, all of which are unwholesome traits according to Buddhist teaching. To achieve a more morally acceptable economic system, Loy recommends that greater emphasis should be placed on the value of such virtues as social responsibility, compassion, generosity, and wisdom, each of which, far from undermining the benefits of global capitalism, would help ensure a better quality of life for people and a healthier society. To achieve some of these goals, Loy accepts the necessity for top‐down regulatory measures and incentive systems by governments, but believes that, in the long run, only a wider acceptance and spontaneous upgrading by individuals and institutions of the values that Buddhists hold dear will help raise the moral profile of global capitalism.
The Business Community: Social Responsibility and Corporate Values
Authors: Davies Robert 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
This chapter looks at the ethical ingredients, strategies, and conduct of business institutions. This is an important subject, as a great deal of criticism has been, and is being, levelled against the social responsibilities and moral conduct of large enterprises (particularly multinational enterprises, MNEs); some of this, as Robert Davies acknowledges, is justified in respect of some firms, while some is not. This chapter attempts to set the record straight by acknowledging that MNEs do have a responsibility to all their stakeholders and to the community at large, and at the end of the day, judicial or ’proper’ selfishness pays off. He also addresses the social‐cum‐altruistic role of businesses and the business community, and gives several examples of recent businesses, both in the USA and the UK, which by their actions portray the unacceptable face of global capitalism. This is an open‐minded look at the demands being made on the business community by the various stakeholders in global capitalism, and acknowledges that business leaders need to play a more proactive and progressive role in fashioning corporate values and social responsibility, and upgrading these from the realm of business philanthropy.
Global Social Justice: The Moral Responsibilities of the Rich to the Poor
Authors: Williams Shirley 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
Shirley Williams looks more specifically at the moral issues surrounding the global distribution of resources, capabilities, and incomes. She is highly critical of some of the economic policies and political regimes of some of the rich countries, and demonstrates, from Indonesian and Russian examples, how Western governments and international agencies failed to recognize and give support to the institutional reforms necessary to ensure that their transition to a market‐based economic system would be successful. She emphasizes the need for a new and more holistic approach to economic development; indeed, she avers that global social justice demands it. Williams concludes by observing that the moral conscience of society is very much alive, and reminds us of the role of the churches and private individuals that helped initiate the Jubilee 2000 movement, which was geared towards lifting the burden of debt from some of the poorest countries in the world. However, she is clearly not satisfied that either national governments or supra‐national agencies are doing enough to ensure that global capitalism works to the benefit of all the peoples of the world––and particularly to those in the greatest need.
Introduction
Authors: Becht M. , Mayer C. 
Published: October 2003

AbstractThis chapter provides a classification of the pertinent corporate control arrangements in Europe and pulls together the results from an international study of data from the EU's Large Holdings Directive (88/627/EEC), which allows detailed analyses of the control of European corporations to be undertaken for the first time. It records high levels of concentration of control of corporations in many European countries with single blockholders frequently controlling more than 50% of corporate votes. In contrast, a majority of UK‐listed companies have no blockholder owning more than 10% of shares and a majority of US‐listed companies have no blockholder with more than 6% of shares. Distributions of voting blocks reveal that control is concentrated in forms in which regulation confers particular advantages—shareblocks are concentrated at levels at which there are significant control benefits. This suggests a relation between regulation and structure of ownership of companies that goes beyond existing ‘over‐’, ‘under‐’, or ‘optimal‐regulation’ theories.