bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Semiquantitative assessment of myelination using magnetic resonance imaging in normal fetal brains
Authors: Abe Seiji , Takagi Kenjiro , Yamamoto Tatsuo , Okuhata Yoshitaka , Kato Toshinori 
Published: May 2004

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the development of myelination in normal fetuses quantitatively using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in relation to gestational age (GA).MethodsFetal MR images were obtained from 101 fetuses between 26 and 39 weeks of gestation with no neurological problems. Regions of interest were designated in frontal lobe, corona radiata, optic radiation, thalamus, pons, cerebellar vermis, and vitreous body. The signal intensity ratio (SIR) was calculated by the signal intensity of each of these designated areas to that of the vitreous body and analyzed in relation to GA.ResultsThe SIR of the frontal lobe did not vary significantly with GA. The SIR of the corona radiata and the optic radiation decreased significantly with GA (P < 0.05); after 34 weeks of gestation, they decreased sharply. The SIR of the thalamus, the pons, and the cerebellar vermis was significantly smaller than that of the cerebral white matter at 26 weeks of gestation (P < 0.05) and decreased significantly with GA (P < 0.05).ConclusionChanges in the SIR approximately corresponded to the time‐course of progression of myelination in the previous histopathological reports. Semiquantitative evaluation on MR images may allow prenatal diagnosis of a delay or deficit of myelination. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of two mutations for ataxia telangiectasia among the Druze community
Authors: Fares Fuad , Axelord Ran Sivan , David Miriam , Zelnik Nathanel , Hecht Yehudah , Khairaldeen Hasan , Lerner Aaron 
Published: May 2004

AbstractAtaxia telangiectasia (AT) is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by progressive cerebellar ataxia, immunodeficiency, susceptibility to lymphoreticular malignancies and cancer predisposition, hypersensitivity to ionic radiation and chromosomal instability. In this study, we report a founder effect of AT with two different mutations: 1339 C > T and 6672 del GG together with 6677 del TACG, found in four Israeli Druze clans originating from three different Druze centers in the Middle East (Lebanon, Syria and Jordan). The 1339 C > T mutation, which results in a stop codon at position 447 of the ATM protein, was observed in two unrelated clans originating from Lebanon and Jordan. The 6672 del GG/6677 del TACG mutation was observed in two unrelated clans originating from Syria and Lebanon. In the present study, simple and fast detection assays were developed for both mutations. The ability to identify AT carriers routinely provides a unique opportunity for prenatal diagnosis, genetic counseling as well as marriage guidance in the Druze community. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of autosomal dominant hereditary spastic paraplegia (SPG4) using direct mutation detection
Authors: Nielsen Jørgen E. , Koefoed Pernille , Kjaergaard Susanne , Jensen Lisa Neerup , Nørremølle Anne , Hasholt Lis 
Published: May 2004

AbstractObjectiveTo present a report on prenatal diagnosis using direct SPG4 gene analysis in a family with autosomal dominant hereditary spastic paraplegia (AD‐HSP).MethodsGenetic linkage and haplotype analysis were previously carried out with chromosome 2p markers. DNA was obtained from affected individuals, the affected father, the mother, and fetal DNA from an ongoing pregnancy by chorionic villus sampling (CVS) in the first trimester. The spastin gene (SPG4) was completely sequenced.ResultsA novel 832insGdelAA frameshift mutation, predicted to cause loss of functional protein, was identified in the affected father and in the fetal DNA.ConclusionsThis is the first report on direct prenatal diagnosis of chromosome 2p–linked AD‐HSP (SPG4). In addition, we report a novel SPG4‐combined small insertion/deletion mutation in exon 5, which may be the first SPG4 mutational hot spot. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of an isochromosome 5p in a fetus with increased nuchal translucency thickness and pulmonary atresia with hypoplastic right heart at 14 weeks
Authors: Paulick J. , Tennstedt C. , Schwabe M. , Körner H. , Bommer C. , Chaoui R. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWe report on a fetus presenting with increased nuchal translucency at 11 weeks' gestation, suggesting cystic hygroma. Chorion villous sampling was performed, and cytogenetic analysis revealed a supernumerary isochromosome 5p leading to tetrasomy 5p: 47,XX,+ i(5p)[7]/46,XX[5] after short‐term culture and 47,XX,+ i(5p)[20] after long‐term culture. Subsequent targeted sonographic follow‐up at 12 and 14 weeks revealed further increase of the NT to 6.4 mm and the additional presence of a congenital heart defect (pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum). Termination of pregnancy was performed, and the heart defect was confirmed. Isochromosome 5p was found in varying proportions in all examined organs. Only a few cases of mosaic tetrasomy 5p have been reported in the literature, and recent reports on prenatally detected isochromosome 5p showed a possible relationship to increased nuchal translucency in some cases and also a possible role of confined mosaicism in others. Whereas cases with confined mosaicism did not show suspicious signs on ultrasound, true mosaicism conversely showed increased nuchal thickness as well as structural abnormalities. This is the first report on the association of a cardiac defect with this chromosome aberration. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel PCR approach for prenatal detection of the common NEMO rearrangement in incontinentia pigmenti
Authors: Steffann Julie , Raclin Valérie , Smahi Asmae , Woffendin Hayley , Munnich Arnold , Kenwrick Sue J. , Grebille Anne‐Gaelle , Benachi Alexandra , Dumez Yves , Bonnefont Jean‐Paul , Hadj‐Rabia Smaïl 
Published: May 2004

AbstractObjectivesIncontinentia pigmenti (IP) is a rare X‐linked dominant genodermatosis that is usually lethal in males in the prenatal period. Largely 80% of cases are accounted for by a large‐scale deletion encompassing exons 4 to 10 of the NEMO gene. The aim of this work was to facilitate prenatal diagnosis of IP by devising a novel test for detection of the prevalent NEMO deletion.MethodsWe devised a sensitive and reproducible multiplex PCR test enabling simultaneous amplification of the deleted and wild‐type NEMO genes in IP female individuals.ResultsCombination of this DNA test, with Xq28 linkage analysis and X‐inactivation pattern study enabled us to offer an IP prenatal diagnosis in 15 of the 16 couples at a 50% risk to have an affected offspring.ConclusionA current approach to IP prenatal diagnosis is proposed on the basis of the previously mentioned molecular tools. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Speed‐up of radiation treatment planning using a workstation cluster
Authors: Sato Hiroyuki , Nakagawa Takafumi , Yoda Kiyoshi , Nakajima Katsuto , Sakamoto Hidenobu , Endo Masahiro 
Published: May 2004

AbstractIn treatment planning in a heavy particle cancer radiation facility which is utilized by multiple remote medical institutions, it is necessary to calculate accurately the three‐dimensional dose distribution within the body of the patient in order to achieve efficient treatment. However, this presents a problem, since a long processing time is needed, which degrades the efficiency of treatment planning. In order to handle this problem, the authors used a cluster system in which Alpha 21164A CPUs were connected over a 100 Mbit/s Ethernet to speed up the dose distribution calculation (Dose) and digital reconstructed X‐ray image regeneration (DRR) by parallel processing. Parallel calculation is performed by segmenting the calculation area. The communication time among processors is reduced by data compression, and the load is made uniform by assigning more than one area to a processor. As a result of evaluation experiments, calculations performed iteratively by varying parameters at the actual site of medical care were accelerated by using 10 processors, by a factor of 7 for Dose, and 9 for DRR. In other words, the speed was improved in proportion to the number of processors. This implies that processing which has required several tens of seconds can now be handled in 3 to 6 seconds, which is short enough for the user to wait before the terminal. The objective is to make the system usable by multiple remote medical institutions by refining system functions such as fault recovery in order to ensure its reliability as a calculation server. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(8): 96–106, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10277
A retrieval method of a double array in secondary storage
Authors: Fuketa Masao , Kashiwagi Yuichiro , Kashiji Shinkaku , Morita Kazuhiro , Aoe Jun‐ichi 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe trie method is widely used as a dictionary retrieval technique in natural language processing, and the double array method is extremely good in terms of high retrieval speed and compactness as a data structure for implementing the trie method. However, although placing the double array in main storage is effective for fast retrieval, the size of the double array increases as the number of storage keys increases. Therefore, in this paper, the authors propose a divided double array method that can execute retrieval efficiently even when using a small main storage area and can also further reduce the amount of storage by dividing the double array and storing it in secondary storage. However, a problem with this technique is that the number of accesses to secondary storage increases because the divided tries must be scanned. To deal with this problem, the authors proposed a technique that reduces the number of times the divided tries are scanned to maintain the fast access speed of the double array. They performed experiments for sets containing from 70,000 to 230,000 keys, and from the results, it was apparent that the number of accesses to secondary storage during retrieval for a single key was less than or equal to 2, and the storage capacity required for the divided tries was reduced by approximately 50% compared with the undivided trie. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(8): 72–81, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10481
Design and implementation of data sharing architecture for multifunctional robot development
Authors: Matsusaka Yosuke , Oku Kentaro , Kobayashi Tetsunori 
Published: May 2004

AbstractIn this paper, we designed and implemented an intermodule connection architecture, which is required for the development of modules for a multifunctional robot. The proposed and implemented architecture is a dual bus architecture characterized by the fact that a composite blackboard and publish/subscribe service for realizing flat relationships among modules and the dynamic switching of information flows by the modules themselves can be compatible with tight integration and a guarantee of scalability. Through an implementation of conversational tasks, which used speech, acoustic, and image information in an integrated manner, it is confirmed that a tightly integrated system can be developed in a short period. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 35(8): 54–65, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10585
A non‐parametric approach to the design and analysis of two‐dimensional dose‐finding trials
Authors: Ivanova Anastasia , Wang Kai 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThis paper investigates the design and analysis of dose‐finding trials with two agents. The set of doses for each agent is fixed in advance. The goal of the trial is to find the set of dose combinations with probability of toxicity closest to a pre‐specified value. For each of the two agents we assume that the probability of toxicity of an agent is non‐decreasing with dose when the dose of the other agent is fixed. Using this assumption we construct a new non‐parametric design that operates on a two‐dimensional grid of all possible dose combinations. A bivariate isotonic regression estimator of the maximum tolerated combinations is described. We conclude that the new design and the bivariate isotonic estimator are superior to the procedure where several independent dose‐finding trials are run. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SEFT: a search engine for text
Authors: de Kretser Owen , Moffat Alistair 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWe present a software tool called seft which balances the convenience of search tools such as grep with the functionality of full‐text index‐based information retrieval. Based on a novel retrieval heuristic which uses term locality as a guide to relevance, seft combines the freedom of natural language queries with the benefits of a ranked answer list and easy inspection of retrieval results. While not as fast as grep‐style tools, seft provides a valuable facility for impromptu personal information retrieval tasks. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Book reviews
Authors: Ridout M. S. 
Published: May 2004

HASTIE, T., TIBSHIRANI, R. and FRIEDMAN, J. The Elements of Statistical Learning: Data Mining, Inference, and Prediction.ATKINSON, A. and RIANI, M. Robust Diagnostic Regression Analysis.CHRISTENSEN, R. Advanced Linear Modelling, 2nd edition.MILLARD, S.P. and KRAUSE, A. (editors). Applied Statistics in the Pharmaceutical Industry with Case Studies using s‐PLUS.EVERITT, B. S. and DUNN, G. Applied Multivariate Data Analysis, 2nd edition.COX, T. F. and COX, M. A. A. Multidimensional Scaling, 2nd edition.FREUND, R. J. and LITTELL, R. C. SAS® System for Regression, 3rd edition.LIU, J. S. Monte Carlo Strategies in Scientific Computing.LUNNEBORG, C. E. Data Analysis by Resampling: Concepts and Applications.HOUGAARD, P. Analysis of Multivariate Survival Data.EGGERMONT, P. P. B. and LARICCIA, V. N. Maximum Penalized Likelihood Estimation, Volume 1: Density Estimation.KOT, M. Elements of Mathematical Ecology.Brief Reports by the EditorGRIMMETT, G. and STIRZAKER, D. Probability and Random Processes.GRIMMETT, G. and STIRZAKER, D. One Thousand Exercises in Probability.CONDRA, L. W. Reliability Improvement with Design of Experiments, 2nd edition.VOIT, E. O. Computational Analysis of Biochemical Systems.TITTERINGTON, D. M. and COX, D. R. (editors). Biometrika: One Hundred Years.
Sub‐cellular localization of Ni in the hyperaccumulator, Hybanthus floribundus (Lindley) F. Muell
Authors: BIDWELL S. D. , CRAWFORD S. A. , WOODROW I. E. , SOMMER‐KNUDSEN J. , MARSHALL A. T. 
Published: May 2004

ABSTRACTThe cellular and subcellular distribution of Ni within leaves of Hybanthus floribundus (Lindley) F. Muell, a hyperaccumulator of Ni, was investigated at relatively high spatial resolution using energy‐dispersive X‐ray microanalysis (EDAX). Elemental distribution maps showed that Ni was predominantly localized in the vacuoles of epidermal cells in the leaves. Quantification of Ni revealed concentrations up to 275 mmol kg−1 (embedded tissue) in some epidermal vacuoles. The accumulation of Ni in these cells was associated with a decrease in the concentration of Na and K. There was no indication that Ni was associated with P, S or Cl in the vacuoles. Ni was also concentrated on the outside of cell walls throughout the leaves, indicating that apoplastic compartmentation is also involved in Ni tolerance and accumulation in this plant.
Bipedal animals, and their differences from humans
Authors: Alexander R. McN. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractHumans, birds and (occasionally) apes walk bipedally. Humans, birds, many lizards and (at their highest speeds) cockroaches run bipedally. Kangaroos, some rodents and many birds hop bipedally, and jerboas and crows use a skipping gait. This paper deals only with walking and running bipeds. Chimpanzees walk with their knees bent and their backs sloping forward. Most birds walk and run with their backs and femurs sloping at small angles to the horizontal, and with their knees bent. These differences from humans make meaningful comparisons of stride length, duty factor, etc., difficult, even with the aid of dimensionless parameters that would take account of size differences, if dynamic similarity were preserved. Lizards and cockroaches use wide trackways. Humans exert a two‐peaked pattern of force on the ground when walking, and an essentially single‐peaked pattern when running. The patterns of force exerted by apes and birds are never as markedly two‐peaked as in fast human walking. Comparisons with quadrupedal mammals of the same body mass show that human walking is relatively economical of metabolic energy, and human running is expensive. Bipedal locomotion is remarkably economical for wading birds, and expensive for geese and penguins.
Acquisition of bipedalism: the Miocene hominoid record and modern analogues for bipedal protohominids
Authors: Nakatsukasa Masato 
Published: May 2004

AbstractThe well‐known fossil hominoid Proconsul from the Early Miocene of Kenya was a non‐specialized arboreal quadruped with strong pollicial/hallucial assisted grasping capability. It lacked most of the suspensory specializations acquired in living hominoids. Nacholapithecus, however, from the Middle Miocene of Kenya, although in part sharing with Proconsul the common primitive anatomical body design, was more specialized for orthograde climbing, ‘hoisting’ and bridging, with the glenoid fossae of the scapula probably being cranially orientated, the forelimbs proportionally large, and very long toes. Its tail loss suggests relatively slow movement, although tail loss may already have occurred in Proconsul. Nacholapithecus‐like positional behaviour might thus have been a basis for development of more suspensory specialized positional behaviour in later hominoids. Unfortunately, after 13 Ma, there is a gap in the hominoid postcranial record in Africa until 6 Ma. Due to this gap, a scenario for later locomotor evolution prior to the divergence of Homo and Pan cannot be determined with certainty. The time gap also causes difficulties when we seek to determine polarities of morphological traits in very early hominids. Interpretation of the form–function relationships of postcranial features in incipient hominids will be difficult because it is predicted that they had incorporated bipedalism only moderately into their total positional repertoires. However, Japanese macaques, which are trained in traditional bipedal performance, may provide useful hints about bipedal adaptation in the protohominids. Kinematic analyses revealed that these macaques walked bipedally with a longer stride and lower stride frequency than used by ordinary macaques, owing to a more extended posture of the hindlimb joints. The body centre of gravity rises during the single‐support phase of stance. Energetic studies of locomotion in these bipedal macaques revealed that energetic expenditure was 20–30% higher in bipedalism than in quadrupedalism, regardless of walking velocity.
Fossils, feet and the evolution of human bipedal locomotion
Authors: Harcourt‐Smith W. E. H. , Aiello L. C. 
Published: May 2004

AbstractWe review the evolution of human bipedal locomotion with a particular emphasis on the evolution of the foot. We begin in the early twentieth century and focus particularly on hypotheses of an ape‐like ancestor for humans and human bipedal locomotion put forward by a succession of Gregory, Keith, Morton and Schultz. We give consideration to Morton's (1935) synthesis of foot evolution, in which he argues that the foot of the common ancestor of modern humans and the African apes would be intermediate between the foot of Pan and Hylobates whereas the foot of a hypothetical early hominin would be intermediate between that of a gorilla and a modern human. From this base rooted in comparative anatomy of living primates we trace changing ideas about the evolution of human bipedalism as increasing amounts of postcranial fossil material were discovered. Attention is given to the work of John Napier and John Robinson who were pioneers in the interpretation of Plio‐Pleistocene hominin skeletons in the 1960s. This is the period when the wealth of evidence from the southern African australopithecine sites was beginning to be appreciated and Olduvai Gorge was revealing its first evidence for Homo habilis. In more recent years, the discovery of the Laetoli footprint trail, the AL 288‐1 (A. afarensis) skeleton, the wealth of postcranial material from Koobi Fora, the Nariokotome Homo ergaster skeleton, Little Foot (Stw 573) from Sterkfontein in South Africa, and more recently tantalizing material assigned to the new and very early taxa Orrorin tugenensis, Ardipithecus ramidus and Sahelanthropus tchadensis has fuelled debate and speculation. The varying interpretations based on this material, together with changing theoretical insights and analytical approaches, is discussed and assessed in the context of new three‐dimensional morphometric analyses of australopithecine and Homo foot bones, suggesting that there may have been greater diversity in human bipedalism in the earlier phases of our evolutionary history than previously suspected.
Transmission electron microscopy of fluorapatite–gelatine composite particles prepared using focused ion beam milling
Authors: VOLKERT C. A. , BUSCH S. , HEILAND B. , DEHM G. 
Published: May 2004

SummaryIn this paper, synthetic fluorapatite–gelatine composite particles are prepared for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies using two methods based on focused ion beam (FIB) milling. TEM studies on the FIB‐prepared specimens are compared with TEM observations on samples prepared using an ultramicrotome. The results show that ultramicrotome slicing causes significant cracking of the apatite, whereas the ion beam can be used to make high‐quality, crack‐free specimens with no apparent ion beam‐induced damage. The TEM observations on the FIB‐prepared samples confirm that the fluorapatite composite particles are composed of elongated, preferentially orientated grains and reveal that the grain boundaries contain many small interstices filled with an amorphous phase.