bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anticipation and prediction
Authors: Berthoz Alain , Petit Jean-Luc , Macann Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapter we tried to justify our feelings about the need for a new philosophy of action designed to make possible a new physiology of action. At the very centre of this new concept we place anticipation and prediction. In fact, the projective dimension, widely recognized in the neurosciences today as essential to the functioning of the brain in living organisms, depends upon the existence of a multitude of anticipatory mechanisms. But this is not enough. For, having been discovered one after the other in the course of the history of physiology, these mechanisms have to be put back together again in a coherent vision, in the absence of which they would appear as so many pragmatic solutions to particular problems.
Communicating mathematics in the late seventeenth century: The Florentine cupola
Authors: Peiffer Jeanne 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The focus of this paper is on mathematical communication, on forms of exchange like correspondence, learned journals, and challenges. Towards the end of the seventeenth century, scientific information was conveyed mostly by letters, which were sometimes copied and more or less widely circulated, or even published in the new medium of learned journals. Learned journals may be defined by two aspects: miscellaneous content, which they share with letters, and periodicity of issue.
Classical Sculpture and the Culture of Collecting in Britain Since 1760
Authors: Coltman Viccy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is a book about classical sculptures in the early modern period, centuries after the decline and fall of Rome, when they began to be excavated, restored, and collected by British visitors in Italy in the second half of the eighteenth century. Viccy Coltman contrasts the precarious and competitive culture of eighteenth-century collecting, which integrated sculpture into the domestic interior back home in Britain, with the study and publication of individual specimens by classical archaeologists like Adolf Michaelis a century later. Her study is comprehensively illustrated with over 100 photographs.
The Elaboration and Diffusion of the Text of the Monumentum Ephesenum
Authors: Rowe G D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter treats three themes. The first is the elaboration of the text of the Monumentum—how it was written and by whom. The second theme is diffusion—how the text was transformed into the physical inscription. It has been universally accepted that Nero’s ad 58 edict to publish the laws for each uectigal led directly to the inscribing of the Monumentum (at an unknown date after ad 62), and the Monumentum has therefore been taken as concrete evidence for an active, reforming state. But is the link between the edict and the Monumentum secure? The third theme is the text itself—how it compares to the rest of the heterogeneous sources of Roman laws, and how its terminology and legal forms evolved over the perhaps nearly two centuries of its elaboration.
Social Organization and Conflict
Authors: Goulson Dave 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With their fat and furry appearance, their slow, meandering flight amongst flowers and their docile behaviour, it is easy to dismiss bumblebees as charming but dim. Examination of a nest might confirm this opinion; it is, in appearance, a ramshackle affair compared to that of the honeybee. The pupal cells, honey pots and larvae are haphazardly arranged. Housekeeping is poor—bees often defecate in and close to the nest, and the nest is often overrun with parasites and commensals. For these reasons, and because of the difficulties involved in findings bumblebee nests, researchers were slow to investigate the bumblebee social system. Bumblebee workers were considered to be generalists, each carrying out all tasks rather than dividing up the work in the efficient way that, for example, ants or honeybees do. Similarly, although the honeybee waggle dance has been known for many years, it was erroneously assumed that bumblebees did not communicate about sources of forage (Dornhaus and Chittka 1999). However, in recent years interest in the social life of the bumblebee has undergone a renaissance. Perhaps in part because some species can now be bred in the laboratory (or the nests bought from commercial suppliers), in the past 20 years bumblebees have been used for studies of diverse topics including queen–worker conflict, caste determination, polyandry and parasite resistance, and alloethism. This work is revealing that, despite their bumbling appearance, the social life of the bumblebee is every bit as complex as that of other eusocial insects.
The Sources
Authors: Shawcross Teresa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Chronicle of Morea contains very little explicit information regarding its sources. In this, it differs markedly from the other fourteenth-century history of Latin Greece to survive, the Istoria di Romania by Marino Sanudo Torsello, known to us in an Italian translation. Sanudo, who began composition of his Istoria between 1326 and 1328, and had substantially completed his task by 1336, not only repeatedly acknowledges his indebtedness to earlier historiography, peppering his work with assertions such as ‘as we can read in the writings of others, and principally in the Mirror of History and the Book of the Conquest of the Outremer (p.107), or ‘as I have found written at the Papal Court of Rome in a Chronicle of the Bishop of Torcello’ (p.151), but also sets out to reproduce excerpts from documents of the period (e.g. ‘as is apparent from the content of the treaty, which is as follows: We, Prince Guillaume of Achaia make known to all those who inspect the present document .. . ‘, p.117).
The Principality of Morea in Crisis: An Identity Compromised
Authors: Shawcross Teresa 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the course of the second half of the thirteenth century, the territorial integrity of the Principality of Morea was breached as a consequence of the successful pursuit by the Byzantines of a programme of re-conquest, causing relations between Latin settlers and native Greeks to come under pressure. During the same decades, the political autonomy of the Morea was compromised due to the acknowledgement of Angevin suzerainty. The claims of the ruling Villehardouin dynasty became less easy to substantiate, while the power and prestige of the aristocracy also suffered. Events appear to have reached a culmination by the 1320s. These circumstances may explain why it had become so important by the second quarter of the fourteenth century to articulate certain ideological assertions in written form. It is surely neither insignificant nor accidental that it was precisely at the time at which it faced its greatest threat that Moreot identity came to receive its most uncompromising expression. The Chronicle of Morea, as we shall see, both marked and sought to mask the dissolution of the Principality. This chapter examines the place and function of the genre of historiography in a period of political upheaval. By focusing on the perception of events by the Moreots themselves, it becomes possible to suggest a motivation for the creation of the original Chronicle. Following on from this, one can then address the issue of the elaboration of the versions in different languages. As we shall see, the textual metamorphosis of the work both reflected and sought to generate certain external realities. Of the different versions, each can be shown to occupy a particular social space, both as a product of a particular environment and as an agent at work in that environment.
Cowley’s Horatian Mice
Authors: Hopkins David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the large foot of a fair hollow tree, Close to plow’d ground, seated commodiously, His ancient and Hereditary House, There dwelt a good substantial Country-Mouse: Frugal, and grave, and careful of the main, Yet, one, who once did nobly entertain A City-Mouse, well coated, sleek, and gay, A Mouse of high degree, which lost his way, Wantonly walking forth to take the Air, And arriv’d early, and belighted, there, For a days lodging. The good hearty Hoast, (The ancient plenty of his hall to boast) Did all the stores produce that might excite, With various tasts, the Courtiers appetite. Fitches and Beans, Peason, and Oats, and Wheat, And a large Chesnut, the delicious meat Which Jove himself, were he a Mouse, would eat. And for a Haut goust there was mixt with these The swerd of Bacon and the coat of Cheese. The precious Reliques, which at Harvest, he Had gather’d from the Reapers luxury. Freely (said he) fall on, and never spare, The bounteous Gods will for to morrow care. And thus at ease on beds of straw they lay, And to their Genius sacrific’d the day.
The English Voices of Lucretius, from Lucy Hutchinson to John Mason Good
Authors: Hopkins David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter considers the ways in which writers from the mid-seventeenth to the late eighteenth century sought to give the Roman poet Lucretius an English poetic voice. Prominent attention will be paid to translations of the De Rerum Natura, in whole or part. But the chapter will also explore the ways in which specific passages from the De Rerum Natura, or the poem’s larger structures and rhetorics, were more obliquely recreated by English poets. The main focus is thus on specifically literary responses to Lucretius, rather than on the larger role of the De Rerum Natura in disseminating Epicurean ideas in England. But a distinction between ‘poetic’ and ‘philosophical’ re- sponses to Lucretius can never be absolute. English poets and critics regularly affirmed their admiration for Lucretius’ ‘poetry’, while de- ploring his ‘philosophy’. But is it possible to write convincing Lucretian poetry without displaying, or betraying, some sympathy for the Roman poet’s ideas? And can English poets, whatever their philosophical sympathies, convey anything of Lucretius’ poetic quality without being themselves poets of comparable stature?
Nature’s Laws and Man’s: Dryden’s ‘Cinyras and Myrrha’
Authors: Hopkins David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In turning from the ‘good natur’d Story’ of Baucis and Philemon from Book 8 of Ovid’s Metamorphoses to the more disturbing tale of Cinyras and Myrrha from Book 10, Dryden was engaging with an episode which he had long admired for its presentation of its heroine ‘in the violence of her passions’. The story is one of a sequence of tales narrated by Orpheus after the loss of his wife, Eurydice. Myrrha, daughter of Cinyras, King of Cyprus, is consumed with an incestuous passion for her father. So disturbed is she by her feelings that she resolves to commit suicide by hanging herself. She is discovered in the act by her nurse, who worms her secret out of her and then, after an initial expression of horror, offers to help Myrrha to consummate her desires. While Cinyras’ wife is away, officiating at the feast of Ceres, the nurse approaches him and offers him a mistress ‘of about the same age as his daughter’.
Dryden and Ovid’s ‘Wit out of Season’: ‘The Twelfth Book of Ovid his Metamorphoses’ and ‘Ceyx and Alcyone’
Authors: Hopkins David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the oldest and most persistent of the charges which have been levelled against the Ovid of the Metamorphoses is that the poet trivializes his depictions of pain, anxiety, and suffering by prolixity, by a callous impassivity, and by displays of tastelessly inappropriate wit. Again and again in the poem acts of violence and destruction are treated by Ovid with fanciful playfulness, and characters in the extremity of distress are made to burst into puns, epigrams, or strings of obtrusive rhetorical figures. This habit, it is alleged, reveals Ovid’s essential frigidity and frivolousness, his lack of sensitivity to human suffering, and his ‘Alexandrian’ weakness for the display of his own verbal brilliance, whatever the demands of his subject.
Neural representation of spectral and temporal information in speech
Authors: Young Eric D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Speech is the most interesting and one of the most complex sounds dealt with by the auditory system. The neural representation of speech needs to capture those features of the signal on which the brain depends in language communication. Here, we describe the representation of speech in the auditory nerve and in a few sites in the central nervous system from the perspective of the neural coding of important aspects of the signal. The representation is tonotopic – meaning that the speech signal is decomposed by frequency and different frequency components are represented in different populations of neurones.
Basic auditory processes involved in the analysis of speech sounds
Authors: Moore Brian C J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews basic aspects of auditory processing that play a role in the perception of speech. The frequency selectivity of the auditory system, as measured using masking experiments, is described and used to derive the internal representation of the spectrum (the excitation pattern) of speech sounds. The perception of timbre, and distinctions in quality between vowels, are related to both static and dynamic aspects of the spectra of sounds. The perception of pitch and its role in speech perception is described.
Acoustic and auditory phonetics: the adaptive design of speech sound systems
Authors: Diehl Randy L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Speech perception is remarkably robust. This chapter examines how acoustic and auditory properties of vowels and consonants help to ensure intelligibility. First, the source-filter theory of speech production is briefly described, and the relationship between vocal-tract properties and formant patterns is demonstrated for some commonly occurring vowels. Next, two accounts of the structure of preferred sound inventories, quantal theory and dispersion theory, are described and some of their limitations are noted. Finally, it is suggested that certain aspects of quantal and dispersion theories can be unified in a principled way so as to achieve reasonable predictive accuracy.
Early language acquisition: phonetic and word learning, neural substrates, and a theoretical model
Authors: Kuhl Patricia K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Infants learn language(s) with apparent ease, and behavioral and brain studies are providing valuable information about the mechanisms that underlie this capacity. Noninvasive, safe brain technologies have now been proven feasible for use with children starting at birth. The past decade has produced an explosion in neuroscience research examining young children’s processing of language at the phonetic, word, and sentence levels, and studies have begun to explore how children develop bilingual language skills.
Functional imaging of the auditory processing applied to speech sounds
Authors: Patterson Roy D , Johnsrude Ingrid S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper, we describe domain-general auditory processes that we believe are prerequisite to the linguistic analysis of speech. We discuss biological evidence for these processes and how they might relate to processes that are specific to human speech and language. We begin with a brief review of (i) the anatomy of the auditory system and (ii) the essential properties of speech sounds. Section 4 describes the general auditory mechanisms that we believe are applied to all communication sounds, and how functional neuroimaging is being used to map the brain networks associated with domain-general auditory processing.
Things to think with: words and objects as material symbols
Authors: Roepstorff Andreas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This paper integrates archaeology, anthropology and functional brain imaging in an examination of the cognition of words and objects. Based on a review of recent brain imaging experiments, it is argued that in cognition and action, material symbols may be the link between internal representations and objects and words in the world. This principle is applied to the sapient paradox, the slow development of material innovation at the advent of the anatomically modern human. This translates the paradox into a long-term build-up of extended and distributed cognition supported by development in the complexity of material symbols.
Some concepts in topological spaces
Authors: Sutherland Wilson A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Just as in metric spaces, in topological spaces there are notions of closed sets, closure, interior, and boundary. In fact, this chapter supersedes the discussion of these concepts in metric spaces. Alternatively, one may view the latter as an introduction to this chapter. Certainly, many of the results about closed subsets in metric spaces generalize to similar results in topological spaces. It is a good idea to compare proofs; sometimes the proof in this more general context is actually simpler.
The Hausdorff condition
Authors: Sutherland Wilson A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So far in this book, we have been marching relentlessly towards generality. In this chapter we take a small step backwards, admitting that for many, though not all, purposes topological spaces are rather too general, and it is good to impose an extra condition on our spaces. To motivate this condition, let us try to generalize the idea of convergence of a sequence of real numbers to topological spaces.
Sequential compactness
Authors: Sutherland Wilson A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We recall the form of Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem stated in Chapter 4: any bounded sequence of real numbers has at least one convergent subsequence. (You may have seen an equivalent form, which says that any bounded infinite subset of real numbers has at least one limit point; the sequence version is more relevant to our purposes.) The Bolzano– Weierstrass theorem is closely related to the one-dimensional Heine Borel theorem. For example, we have proved that a continuous real-valued function on a closed bounded interval [a, b] is bounded and attains its bounds using the Heine–Borel theorem (more precisely, the special case for [a, b]); equally well this can be proved using the Bolzano–theorem— in analysis textbooks it is often proved that way, for example see Theorems 4.3.1 and 4.3.2 of Hart (2001).
Quotient spaces and surfaces
Authors: Sutherland Wilson A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It would have been logical to discuss quotient spaces immediately after subspaces and products, but it is convenient before tackling them to have available some of our compactness results. Also, quotients are sometimes found more challenging than subspaces and products, although they are close to popular expositions of topology involving Mobius bands, dough-nuts, and such geometric objects. This chapter will give a basic account of quotient spaces, and at the same time consider a few standard surfaces. There are further results about quotients on the web site.
Uniform convergence
Authors: Sutherland Wilson A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We now move towards the third of a trio of important concepts: connectedness, compactness and completeness. We shall study completeness in the context of metric spaces. An important ingredient in establishing completeness for several of our metric spaces will be uniform convergence. In this chapter, we begin the study of uniform convergence in an elementary fashion; later in the chapter we express it in terms of convergence in function spaces.
Mediated amperometric enzyme electrodes
Authors: Allen H , Hill O , Sanghera Gurdial S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aim
The aim of this chapter is to outline the techniques involved, and the problems associated with, the design of redox-mediated amperometric enzyme electrodes. The practical aspects of the use of ferrocene and its derivatives as mediators for a variety of enzymes are discussed in detail with practical examples. In the final part of this chapter, the incorporation of redox proteins as mediators for amperometric enzyme electrodes is described and compared with non-biological mediators such as ferrocenes.
Immunoelectrodes
Authors: Foulds Nicola C , Frew Jane E , Green monika j. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The range of analyte concentrations encountered in clinical chemistry is extremely large-from greater than 10-3 M for species such as glucose and cholesterol to less than 10-9 M for certain drugs and hormones. It is for the detection of these low level analytes that the application of immunological techniques is essential. In these circumstances not only is there a requirement for a sensitive assay; it must also be highly specific. At such low levels of analyte even trace amounts of interferents can become significant. The rationale for attempting to combine the fields of immunology and electrochemistry in the design of analytical devices is that such systems should be sensitive due to the characteristics of the electrochemical detector whilst exhibiting the specificity inherent in the antigen -antibody interaction.
Antibody Deficiency Disorders
Authors: Kumararatne D S , Bignall A , Joyce, H J , Hazlewood M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Of the five classes of immunoglobulins, IgG, lgA, and IgM are the main components found in serum. Measurement of the serum levels of these immunoglobulins is essential for the diagnosis and monitoring of primary and secondary immunodeficiency states and lymphoid malignancies. Other indica tions for measuring serum immunoglobulin levels include: Monitoring of immunoglobulin replacement therapy. The assessment of all patients with paraproteinaemia (see Chapter 5). The monitoring of all patients on slow acting anti-rheumatic drug therapy, which occasionally produces hypogammaglobulinaemia. Elevated levels of polyclonal immunoglobulins may occur in a variety of conditions including rheumatic diseases, liver diseases and chronic infections.
Immunochemical investigations of lymphoid malignancies
Authors: Riches P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some haematological disorders, e.g. plasma cell tumours, lymphocytic leukaemias, and lymphomas, represent abnormal proliferations of cells of the lymphoid system. Laboratory criteria (such as cell phenotyping, genetic rearrangements or analysis of secreted products) indicate that most of these are monoclonal, i.e. originate from a single clone of cells. Any monoclonal proliferation of B-cells has the potential to secrete intact or fragmented immunoglobulin molecules which characteristically migrate as an abnormal discrete band on electrophoresis of serum or urine. The immunoglobulin band seen on electrophoresis is generally termed a paraprotein or monoclonal component; this is preferred to the term ‘M band’ which is sometimes used but can be confused with lgM paraprotein.