bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantification of consumption of corn pollen by the predator Coleomegilla maculata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) during anthesis in an Illinois cornfield
Authors: Lundgren Jonathan G. , Huber Alison , Wiedenmann Robert N. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract 1 Coleomegilla maculata DeGeer feeds on corn pollen in the field, but the degree to which this predator relies on corn pollen as part of its diet is not well understood. We quantified the amount of pollen consumed by C. maculata second, third and fourth instars and adults in the field.2 Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the digestion rate and duration of different stadia or stages using temperature regimens that reflected field conditions during anthesis. Coleomegilla maculata larvae and adults were collected from the field and the amount of pollen in their digestive tracts was determined gravimetrically. The rate of digestion, duration of each life stage and the field observations were used to estimate the amount of pollen consumed by second, third and fourth instars and adults.3 Our models estimate that larvae consume 0.66, 1.67 and 3.30 mg of pollen during the second, third and fourth stadia, respectively. Adults consumed an estimated 13.15 mg during anthesis.4 The relevance of our results to ecological risk assessment of transgenic insecticidal corn and predator life history strategies is discussed. The results presented here are a first attempt to quantify pollen consumption by a predator, and future areas of research are suggested.
Synthetic host volatiles increase efficacy of trap cropping for management of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say)
Authors: Martel J. W. , Alford A. R. , Dickens J. C. 
Published: January 2005

Abstract  1 The attractiveness of pitfall traps baited with a synthetic host volatile attractant to colonizing adult Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) was evaluated in a field setting.2 Significantly more postdiapause, colonizing adult L. decemlineata were captured in baited than unbaited pitfall traps.3 The potential for this synthetic kairomone to enhance the efficacy of trap cropping as a management tool was evaluated by comparing conventionally managed plots with like‐sized plots bordered by either attractant‐treated trap crop or untreated trap crop.4 More postdiapause, colonizing adults, egg masses and small larvae were present in attractant‐treated trap crops than in untreated trap crops.5 There were no significant differences in egg mass and small larvae densities between plots bordered by attractant‐treated trap crops and conventionally managed plots, but there were significantly fewer large larvae and adult beetles in conventionally managed plots.6 Plant canopy area of conventionally managed plots was significantly greater than in plots bordered by either type of trap crop.7 Yields for conventionally managed plots and plots bordered by attractant‐treated trap crops did not differ, and less insecticide (44%) was applied to plots bordered by attractant‐treated trap crops.
Plant growth promotion abilities and microscale bacterial dynamics in the rhizosphere of Lupin analysed by phytate utilization ability
Authors: Unno Yusuke , Okubo Kenzo , Wasaki Jun , Shinano Takuro , Osaki Mitsuru 
Published: January 2005

SummaryIn the rhizosphere, phosphorus (P) levels are low because of P uptake into the roots. Rhizobacteria live on carbon (C) exuded from roots, and may contribute to plant nutrition by liberating P from organic compounds such as phytates. We isolated over 300 phytate (Na‐inositol hexa‐phosphate; Na‐IHP)‐utilizing bacterial strains from the rhizosheath and the rhizoplane of Lupinus albus (L.). Almost all of the isolates were classified as Burkholderia based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Rhizosheath isolates cultured with Na‐IHP as the only source of C and P showed lower P uptake at the same extracellular phytase activity than rhizoplane strains, suggesting that bacteria from the rhizosheath utilized phytate as a C source. Many isolates also utilized insoluble phytate (Al‐IHP and/or Fe‐IHP). In co‐culture with Lotus japonicus seedlings, some isolates promoted plant growth significantly.
Serial analysis of V6 ribosomal sequence tags (SARST‐V6): a method for efficient, high‐throughput analysis of microbial community composition
Authors: Kysela David T. , Palacios Carmen , Sogin Mitchell L. 
Published: January 2005

SummarySerial analysis of ribosomal sequence tags (SARST) is a novel technique for characterizing microbial community composition. The SARST method captures sequence information from concatemers of short 16S rDNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplicons from complex populations of DNA. Here, we describe a similar method, serial analysis of V6 ribosomal sequence tags (SARST‐V6), which targets the V6 hypervariable  region  of  bacterial  16S  rRNA  genes. The SARST‐V6 technique exploits internal primer sequences to generate compatible restriction digest overhangs, thereby improving upon the efficiency of SARST. Serial analysis of V6 ribosomal sequence tags of bacterial community composition in hydrothermal marine sediments from Guaymas Basin resembled results of cloning and sequencing of single, full‐length PCR products from ribosomal RNA genes of the same microbial community. Both methods identified the same major bacterial groups, but only SARST‐V6 recovered thermodesulfobacteria and γ‐proteobacteria sequences, while only full‐length PCR product cloning recovered candidate division OP11 se‐quences. There were differences in the relative frequencies of some phylotypes. The disparities reflect differences in the amplicon pool obtained during initial amplification that may result from different primer affinities or DNA degradation. These results demonstrate the utility of SARST‐V6 in collecting taxonomically informative data for high‐throughput analysis of microbial communities.
Bioreductive deposition of palladium (0) nanoparticles onShewanella oneidensiswith catalytic activity towards reductive dechlorination of polychlorinated biphenyls
Authors: Windt Wim De , Aelterman Peter , Verstraete Willy 
Published: January 2005

SummaryMicrobial reduction of soluble Pd(II) by cells ofShewanella oneidensisMR‐1 and of an autoaggregating mutant (COAG) resulted in precipitation of palladium Pd(0) nanoparticles on the cell wall and inside the periplasmic space (bioPd). As a result of biosorption and subsequent bioreduction of Pd(II) with H2, formate, lactate, pyruvate or ethanol as electron donors, recoveries higher than 90% of Pd associated with biomass could be obtained. The bioPd(0) nanoparticles thus obtained had the ability to reductively dehalogenate polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners in aqueous and sediment matrices. Bioreduction was observed in assays with concentrations up to 1000 mg Pd(II) l−1with depletion of soluble Pd(II) of 77.4% and higher. More than 90% decrease of PCB 21 (2,3,4‐chloro biphenyl) coupled to formation of its dechlorination products PCB 5 (2,3‐chloro biphenyl) and PCB 1 (2‐chloro biphenyl) was obtained at a concentration of 1 mg l−1within 5 h at 28°C. Bioreductive precipitation of bioPd byS. oneidensiscells mixed with sediment samples contaminated with a mixture of PCB congeners, resulted in dechlorination of both highly and lightly chlorinated PCB congeners adsorbed to the contaminated sediment matrix within 48 h at 28°C. Fifty milligrams per litre of bioPd resulted in a catalytic activity that was comparable to 500 mg l−1commercial Pd(0) powder. The high reactivity of 50 mg l−1bioPd in the soil suspension was reflected in the reduction of the sum of seven most toxic PCBs to 27% of their initial concentration.
Detecting active methanogenic populations on rice roots using stable isotope probing
Authors: Lu Yahai , Lueders Tillmann , Friedrich Michael W. , Conrad Ralf 
Published: January 2005

SummaryMethane is formed on rice roots mainly by CO2 reduction. The present study aimed to identify the active methanogenic populations responsible for this process. Soil‐free rice roots were incubated anaerobically under an atmosphere of H2/13CO2 or N2/13CO2 with phosphate or carbonate (marble) as buffer medium. Nucleic acids were extracted and fractionated by caesium trifluoroacetate equilibrium density gradient centrifugation after 16‐day incubation. Community analyses were performed for gradient fractions using terminal restriction fragment polymorphism analysis (T‐RFLP) and sequencing of the 16S rRNA genes. In addition, rRNA was extracted and analysed at different time points to trace the community change during the 16‐day incubation. The Methanosarcinaceae and the yet‐uncultured archaeal lineage Rice Cluster‐I (RC‐I) were predominant in the root incubations when carbonate buffer and N2 headspace were used. The analysis of [13C]DNA showed that the relative 16S rRNA gene abundance of RC‐I increased whereas that of the Methanosarcinaceae decreased with increasing DNA buoyant density, indicating that members of RC‐I were more active than the Methanosarcinaceae. However, an unexpected finding was that RC‐I was suppressed in the presence of high H2 concentrations (80%, v/v), which during the early incubation period caused a lower CH4 production compared with that with N2 in the headspace. Eventually, however, CH4 production increased, probably because of the activity of Methanosarcinaceae, which became prevalent. Phosphate buffer appeared to inhibit the activity of the Methanosarcinaceae, resulting in lower CH4 production as compared with carbonate buffer. Under these conditions, Methanobacteriaceae were the prevalent methanogens. Our study suggests that the active methanogenic populations on rice roots change in correspondence to the presence of H2 (80%, v/v) and the type of buffer used in the system.
Succession of bacterial community structure and diversity in a paddy soil oxygen gradient
Authors: Noll Matthias , Matthies Diethart , Frenzel Peter , Derakshani Manigee , Liesack Werner 
Published: January 2005

SummaryCultivation‐independent techniques were applied to assess the succession and phylogenetic composition of bacterial communities in a vertical oxygen gradient in flooded, unplanted paddy soil microcosms. Microsensor measurements showed that within 6 h of flooding, oxygen was depleted from 200 µM at the floodwater‐soil interface to undetectable amounts at a depth of approximately 2 mm and below. The gradient was quite stable over time, although the oxygen depletion was less pronounced 84 days than 6 h after flooding. Community fingerprint patterns were obtained by terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T‐RFLP) analysis from the oxic, transition, and anoxic zones of triplicate soil microcosms at 0, 1 and 6 h, and 1, 2, 7, 21, 30, 42, 84, and 168 days after flooding. Correspondence analyses revealed that T‐RFLP patterns obtained using either community DNA or RNA were affected by time and oxygen zone, and that there was a significant interaction between the effects of time and oxygen zone. The temporal dynamics of bacterial populations were resolved more clearly using RNA than using DNA. At the RNA level, successional community dynamics were most pronounced from 1 h to 2 days and less pronounced from 2 to 21 days after flooding, for both oxic and anoxic zones. No effect of time or oxygen zone on the community dynamics was observed from 21 to 168 days after flooding. Dominant early successional populations were identified by cloning and comparative sequence analysis of environmental 16S rRNA and 16S rRNA genes as members of the Betaproteobacteria  (oxic  zone)  and  the  clostridial  cluster I (anoxic zone). Dominant late successional populations belonged to the Verrucomicrobia and Nitrospira (detected mainly in the oxic zone), and to the Myxococcales (detected mainly in the anoxic zone). In conclusion, the bacterial community developed through successional stages, leading at the RNA level to almost stable community patterns within 21 days after flooding. This principal finding, in combination with the phylogenetic identity of early‐ and late‐appearing populations, suggests that the community dynamics can be explained by the principles of r‐ and K‐selection.
Diversity and vertical distribution of cultured and uncultured Deltaproteobacteria in an intertidal mud flat of the Wadden Sea
Authors: Mußmann Marc , Ishii Kousuke , Rabus Ralf , Amann Rudolf 
Published: January 2005

SummaryThe diversity and distribution of Deltaproteobacteria in an intertidal mud flat of the German Wadden Sea was characterized by molecular biological techniques and cultivation. A 16S rRNA gene library generated with general primers (303 clones) suggested that sulfate‐reducing bacteria (SRB) related to Desulfobulbaceae and Desulfosarcina were abundant. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with probes targeting these groups was used to characterize their vertical distribution. The combination of FISH with catalysed reporter deposition (CARD–FISH) significantly enhanced the detection of selected subgroups of Deltaproteobacteria, particularly in deeper sediment layers. Up to 11% of all cells were assigned to SRB. Organisms related to Desulfosarcina and Desulfobulbaceae were the dominant SRB in the surface sediments. Two abundant subpopulations of Desulfosarcina‐related bacteria were identified by FISH. The SRB community differed between the sampling site and a sandy intertidal flat chosen as a reference. Enrichments and MPN cultures inoculated with surface sediment were monitored by FISH. Nine strains of Deltaproteobacteria were isolated. Four strains were related to Desulfobulbaceae, such as Desulfobacterium catecholicum and Desulfocapsa spp. A subgroup including clone sequences and strains related to D. catecholicum could be detected in situ by a specific FISH probe. The first physiological experiments suggested specific functional roles for the isolates. Two strains utilized environmentally relevant compounds in coastal areas such as catechol and nitrate. One strain related to Desulfocapsa spp. disproportionated thiosulfate and might thus contribute to the sulfur isotope fractionation at the study site. A Fe(III)‐reducing strain was obtained that affiliated with the Pelobacter–Desulphuromonas group. This group accounted for up to 6% of total cell numbers and even exceeded SRB numbers in upper sediment layers. These bacteria might substantially contribute to carbon mineralization via dissimilatory reduction of, e.g. Fe(III).
Molecular characterization of cyanobacterial diversity in a shallow eutrophic lake
Authors: Zwart Gabriel , Kamst‐van Agterveld Miranda P. , Van Der Werff‐Staverman Irene , Hagen Ferry , Hoogveld Hans L. , Gons Herman J. 
Published: January 2005

SummaryWe have studied the diversity of pelagic cyanobacteria in Lake Loosdrecht, the Netherlands, through recovery and analysis of small subunit ribosomal RNA gene sequences from lake samples and cyanobacterial isolates. We used an adapted protocol for specific amplification of cyanobacterial rDNA for denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis. This protocol enabled direct comparison of cyanobacterial community profiles with overall bacterial profiles. The theoretical amplification specificity of the primers was supported by sequence analysis of DNA from excised DGGE bands. Sequences recovered from these bands, in addition to sequences obtained by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and cloning from lake DNA as well as from cyanobacterial isolates from the lake, revealed a diverse consortium of  cyanobacteria,  among  which are  representatives  of the genera Aphanizomenon, Planktothrix, Microcystis and Synechococcus. One numerically important and persistent cyanobacterium in the lake, Prochlorothrix hollandica, appeared to co‐occur with an unknown but related species. However, the lake is dominated by filamentous species that originally have been termed ‘Oscillatoria limnetica‐like’. We show that this is a group of several related cyanobacteria, co‐occurring in the lake, which belong to the Limnothrix/Pseudanabaena group. The available variation among the coexisting strains of this group can explain the persistent dominance of the group under severe viral pressure.
COMPETITION, VARIETY AND THE GEOGRAPHY OF TECHNOLOGY EVOLUTION
Authors: ESSLETZBICHLER JÜRGEN , RIGBY DAVID 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTChange in evolutionary economics proceeds through the creative destruction of variety in firm characteristics. Firm routines, relational assets and the institutional environments in which firms operate shape the creation and destruction of variety. Despite the centrality of the concept of variety in evolutionary economics, analysis of the extent and the persistence of firm heterogeneity is rare. Notwithstanding the theoretical pronouncements of economic geographers who champion the difference that space makes, empirical investigation of firm variety over space is even rarer still. This paper attempts to remedy some of these empirical shortcomings exploring the spatial evolution of variety in techniques of production within three US manufacturing industries. The results suggest that technological variety exists and persists over time and that geography explains a significant portion of this variation.
CHANGES IN TRADITIONAL URBAN AREAS AND IMPACTS OF URBAN REDEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY OF THREE NEIGHBOURHOODS IN NANJING, CHINA
Authors: WU FULONG , HE SHENJING 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTSince market‐oriented economy reform, China has experienced significant changes in urban landscapes and the internal structure of cities. Recent studies have provided some insightful understanding into urban changes at a macro‐scale, e.g. social and spatial segregation, the division between rural migrants and urban households, changes in land uses. To a lesser extent, urban changes are understood at the microscopic level of the neighbourhood. Urban (re)development has created many new urban landscapes. Meanwhile, traditional old urban areas still constitute a significant proportion of Chinese cities, and normally contain large concentrations of marginal population. Possessing the particular characteristics of long developing history, high population density, and low housing quality, traditional urban areas have also experienced different changes in the post‐reform period. This study, based on a field survey of three traditional urban areas in Nanjing, attempts to reveal the built environmental and socio‐economic changes which can be partly attributed to different levels of urban redevelopment. More importantly, the study highlights the significance of neighbourhood‐based social interaction to marginal population. Against the backdrop of massive urban displacement and rapid redevelopment, it is argued that the effect of dismantling neighbourhoods could be detrimental to a sustainable urban society and the positive social objectives should be seriously considered in the process of urban redevelopment.
MAPPING OF THE HOLY LAND: CONTEMPORARY RELIGIOUS MAPPING
Authors: COLLINS‐KREINER NOGA , MANSFELD YOEL 
Published: January 2005

ABSTRACTOne hundred and one current maps of Israel were analysed for their modern mapping religious ele‐ments in respect of the Holy Land. The main issues of the study are which religious elements appear and their form of representation in the range of maps; the impressions that can be derived from the different maps; and the narratives that can be construed from this representation. The research methods applied were hermeneutics and semiotics. Narratives identified on the various maps were the ‘holy’ vs the ‘secular’ narrative, the ‘holy Christian’ narrative, the Jewish narrative, and the Muslim narrative. The Christian narrative proved the most dominant, while the Muslim narrative was rarely found in the maps, even in those with a ‘Palestinian’ narrative. Religious maps evinced a special carto‐graphic status because of their subjective nature and their attempt to combine contemporary reality with the tradition of maps of the ancient Holy Land. A ubiquitous finding was disregard for political issues, although the maps’ messages allow the map user to draw conclusions about ideology, images and conflicts. The semiotic method was found appropriate and suitable for reading the maps.
Surgical education in the balance: can the quality of clinically based learning be improved?
Authors: Brigley Stephen J. , Robbé Iain J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractA qualitative evaluation of basic surgical education at four Trust hospitals in England involved non‐participant observations and semistructured interviews of senior house officers (SHOs) in general surgery and orthopaedic surgery, and their surgeon educators (SEs). It found that the traditional notion of learning by apprenticeship still applied in the specialty of surgery. Many surgeons believed that changes in legislation, policies, strategies and service delivery were eroding opportunities for service‐based learning, with adverse long‐term effects on surgical education and standards. However, individual SEs, and one Trust in particular, provided evidence that the quality of learning in surgical practice can be improved.
Prolonged Protective Effect of Short Daily Hemodialysis against Dialysis-Induced Hypotension
Authors: Okada Kazuyoshi , Abe Masanori , Hagi Chihiro , Maruyama Takashi , Maruyama Noriaki , Ito Ken , Higuchi Terumi , Matsumoto Koichi , Takahashi Susumu 
Published: January 2005

<i>Background/Aims:</i> Short daily hemodialysis (HD) has a protective effect against dialysis-induced hypotension (DIH). We examined whether this effect extends beyond the treatment period. <i>Methods:</i> We analyzed clinical variables in 6 patients (5 with diabetes mellitus) who underwent conventional hemodialysis (CHD) for 4 h three times weekly for 12 weeks; then short daily HD for 2 h six times weekly for 12 weeks, and then 12 more weeks of CHD. All patients had been given vasopressors for severe DIH. <i>Results:</i> The severe DIH disappeared during the short daily HD. There were significant decreases in body weight (BW), cardiothoracic ratio (CTR), blood pressure (BP), normal saline solution (NSS) amount (62.8 ± 26.4 vs. 9.8 ± 7.4 ml/session, p < 0.05), frequency (0.60 ± 0.26 vs. 0.10 ± 0.07 infusions/session, p < 0.05) and postdialysis atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) (176.8 ± 56.4 vs. 104.8 ± 42.3 pg/ml, p < 0.05). Weekly ultrafiltration volume (6.3 ± 0.9 vs. 7.9 ± 0.7 l, p < 0.05) was significantly higher during the short daily HD period than during the first CHD period. The vasopressor treatment was therefore stopped or reduced in all patients during the short daily HD period. Because DIH recurred in the second CHD period despite a significant increase in BP, the vasopressor treatment was resumed in 5 patients. BW, CTR, NSS infusion amount and frequency, or postdialysis ANP did not differ significantly between the short daily HD and second CHD periods. <i>Conclusions:</i> The protective effect of short daily HD against DIH lasted more than 12 weeks after the treatment ended. We therefore conclude that temporary short daily HD is useful for preventing DIH.
The Universal Church of the Kingdom of God: A Brazilian Church Finds Success in Southern Africa
Authors: Freston Paul 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe Universal Church of the Kingdom of God, a Brazilian Pentecostal church which in little more than a decade has had considerable success in southern Africa, is analyzed as a new phenomenon in the region's religious world, bypassing the West and straddling existing ecclesiastical typologies. However, its success has been limited virtually to three countries in the region, and the reasons for its appeal in democratic South Africa and post-Marxist Mozambique and Angola are examined. In the Lusophone sphere, its Brazilian cultural heritage and media power have made it a powerful social force; and in the new South Africa (despite the strong contrast in race relations with its Brazilian homeland), it has found a country with similar levels of development and similar inequalities, within which it has been able to fill a niche in the local religious field newly emerged from apartheid, and to begin a process of South Africanization.