bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigations into the teratogenic potential of imperfect potatoes
Authors: Poswillo D. E. , Sopher D. , Mitchell S. J. , Coxon D. T. , Curtis R. F. , Price K. R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTo examine the hypothesis that spina bifida and anencephaly are related to the consumption of “blighted” potatoes, feeding trials were conducted in Wistar rats and marrnosets (Callithrix jacchus). Both species were fed “blighted” potato concentrate during early pregnancy. No abnormalities were observed in fetal rats, but cranial osseous defects were found in 4 of 11 fetal marmosets. Further trials were conducted in which concentrates of normal potato, tubers rejected by graders in the food industry; and potatoes infected with Erwinia carotovora were fed to pregnant marmosets under similar conditions. No gross abnormalities were found, but behavioral deficits were observed in 6 of 12 marmosets whose mothers had consumed “industry reject” concentrate. The level of glycoalkaloids was found to be high both in this material and in the original “blighted” potato concentrate. High levels of terpenoids did not appear to be associated with abnormality. Mercury levels were found to be within normal limits. Tests of all samples for cytochalasin activity showed it to be present only in the “blighted” Kerr's Pink concentrate. Analysis of Chloroform extracts of all test concentrates revealed some correlation between the “blighted” Kerr's Pink and the “industry reject” samples. A substance common only to these two groups was found, but its nature remains unidentified. The observation of behavioral defects highlights the need for parameters to test for teratogenic substances in food that may affect the differentiation or maturation of the cerebral cortex; such factors may have great social and political significance.
Are potatoes teratogenic for experimental animals?
Authors: Swinyard Chester A. , Chaube Shakuntala 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study was designed to test in experimental animals the hypothesis (Renwick, 1972) that human spina bifida and anencephalus are causally related to maternal consumption of blighted potatoes. Gavaging of pregnant rats with blighted potatoes on days 5–11 or daily ip injections of solanine or glycoalkaloids (5–10 mg/kg) extracted from B5141‐6 potatoes, given on days 5–12 or 7–17 of gestation, resuited in minor skeletal and renal tract abnormalities, but failed to produce neural‐tube defects. Daily injections (days 5–12) of 20 and 40 mg/kg of the glycoalkaloid caused 100% fetal and maternal mortality, respectively. Daily ip injections of 5 mg/kg of solanine into New Zealand White rabbits on days 0–8 of gestation produced abortion in one‐third of the treated animals, 23% resorptions, but no teratogenesis. Single yolk‐sac injections of 5–20 mg/kg of solanine into 20–22 h incubated white Leghorn eggs produced 63–90% mortality within 72 h without significant teratogenesis. Diced B5141‐6 potatoes containing an average of 260 mg of solanine per kg of tuber fed ad libitum to time‐mated rhesus monkeys for a period of 25 days postcopulation produced no maternal toxicity; on the other hand single injections of 40 mg/kg of the glycoalkaloid extract and two injections of 20 mg/kg of solanine killed adults within 48 h of treatment. At autopsy nasal, oral, and periorbital hemorrhage was present; there was accumulation of serosanguinous pleural and peritoneal fluids and mild hepatic and splenic congestion. Examples of human toxicity and mortality from consuming potatoes with a high solanine content are reviewed.
In vivo and in vitro studies of the cytogenetic effects of Cannabis sativa in rats and men
Authors: Martin Patricia A. , Thorburn Marigold J. , Bryant Sybil A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe cytogenetic effects of Cannabis sativa were studied in (a) embryonic rat fibroblasts and rat and human leucocytes exposed to 40–200 μg/ml of cannabis resin in vitro for 6–72 h, (b) embryonic rat cells and leucocytes from pregnant rats exposed to a teratogenic dosage of cannabis resin in vivo, and (c) leucocyte cultures from male Jamaican chronic cannabis smokers. The in vitro experiments showed depression of mitotic rate with increasing doses of cannabis resin. In both in vitro and in vivo studies the experimental groups showed no increase in the percentage of numerical or structural chromosome aberrations. It appears that the reported teratogenic effects of cannabis are not due to chromosome damage though they may be due to mitotic inhibition.
Cleft palate lateral synechia syndrome without the lateral synechia (CP ± LS syndrome)
Authors: Preus M. , Fraser F. C. , Fuhrmann W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA syndrome with cleft palate and unusual facies is described in which cleft palate with or without lateral synechia is associated with a beaked nose, short philtrum, maxillary hypoplasia, downturned mouth with a “pouty” lower lip, broad cheeks, and a short or retroplaced chin. Evidence from a previously reported family suggests autosomal dominant inheritance with variable expressivity. Study of further cases will be needed to determine the range of expression of the syndrome.
Isolated cleft palate in A/J mice after transitory exposure to drinking‐water deprivation and low humidity in pregnancy
Authors: Brown Kenneth S. , Johnston Malcolm C. , Murphy Peter F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWhen pregnant A/J mice were deprived of drinking water and exposed to circulating dehumidified (dry) air for 72 h starting at gestation day 12, 39% of fetuses alive on day 17 had isolated cleft palate (CP), whereas treatment begun at day 11 gave 23% CP and at day 13 6% CP. A 48‐h exposure to dry air with deprivation of drinking water gave 7% CP. Deprivation of water alone for 72 h resulted in 12% CP and for 48 h gave 2% CP, not significantly above the 1% CP in controls. All treatments increased the fetal death rate but there was no evidence of an effect on the rate of cleft lip with or without cleft palate, a spontaneous defect in A/J mice. Extraembryonic membranes of day‐17 fetuses, after treatment from days 12–15, frequently showed strongly benzidine‐positivt pigment in the yolk‐sac cavity alongside the vitelline vessels. Only rarely vere small amounts of pigment observed in controls. It was thought to be old fetal blood. Fetal red cell and serum loss are discussed in relation to CP resulting from water deprivation and other teratogenic treatments.
Teratogenicity of methotrexate in mice
Authors: Skalko Richard G. , Gold Mark P. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe folic acid analogue methotrexate (MTX) was evaluated for its embryotoxic potential in ICR mice on day 10 (stage 18) of gestation. No malformations were produced at doses shown to be embryotoxic in humans, rats, rhesus monkeys, and rabbits (0.3–10 mg/kg), although a significant increase in resorption rate was observed in litters treated with 10 mg/kg. Doses between the LD10 and the LD50 (25 and 50 mg/kg) produced a parallel increase in intrauterine death and congenital defects.
Normal development of early human embryos: Observation of 90 specimens at Carnegie stages 7 to 13
Authors: Nishimura Hideo , Tanimura Takashi , Semba Reiji , Uwabe Chigako 
Published: June 2005

Abstract1. A systematic analysis of the relation between 2 parameters of developmental stage — clinically assessed embryonic age and growth — was made for 90 human embryos at Carnegie stages 7–13 from healthy pregnancies. 2. The data showed remarkable individual variation in the relation between age and developmental stage of embryos at stages 11–13. It appears that the mean age for these stages in our specimens was a few days greater than the corresponding age in the currently cited standards, although a definite conclusion must await further studies. 3. The relation between body length and developmental stages in our embryos was not different from the corresponding standards presented by previous investigators. The relation of the number of somites to developmental stage and greatest length in 13 embryos at stages 9–11 was approximately in accord with that reported for several corresponding embryos by other investigators. 4. The oldest age for embryos at each stage in our data may have practical use in denying a causal relation between the exposure of pregnant women to an exogenous agent at such a stage and the subsequent appearance of specific malformations in their progeny.
A 63‐mm human fetus with radial Aplasia, tibial polydactyly, rib and vertebral fusions, and right aortic arch
Authors: Yasuda Mineo , Poland Betty J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA female fetus of 63 mm crown‐rump length was examined. Aplasia of the left radius and thumb, preaxial polydactyly of the left foot, rib and vertebral fusions on the left side, right aortic arch, a small membranous ventricular septal defect, and a single umbilical artery were detected. The potential counseling value of detailed examination of small fetal specimens is stressed.
Effects of chronic low‐dose exposure of rat fetuses to methylmercury hydroxide
Authors: Mottet N. Karle 
Published: June 2005

AbstractNear‐term fetal rats were examined for possible pathological changes produced by multiple low‐dose subcutaneous injections of methylmercury hydroxide during pregnancy. The near‐term maternal liver content of mercury served as an index of body content. At liver contents below 15 μg/g maternal and fetal mortality and fetal size were unaffected. The threshold of effect occurred at 15 μg/g maternal liver. From the threshold level to 75 μg/g (maternal toxic level) there was generally a dose‐response relation characterized by increasing maternal death, prenatal resorption, and fetal death, and decreasing fetal weight. Generalized fetal edema occurred at the maternal toxic dose level. No gross or microscopic malformations were found in the fetuses. Electron microscopy of samples of near‐term fetal lacrimal, submandibular, and parotid glands revealed no ultrastructural changes or necrosis. The development of behavioral characteristics in offspring of rats exposed to comparable levels of methylmercury was similar to the controls throughout 21 days of observation.
The effects of 5‐fluorouracil and 5‐fluorodeoxyuridine used alone and in combination with normal nucleic acid precursors on development of mice in lines selected for low and high expression of strong's luxoid gene
Authors: Forsthoefel Paulinus F. , Williams Mary Louise 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPregnant female mice selected for plus‐ and minus‐modifying genes of the limb‐skeleton effects of Strong's luxoid gene (1st) were injected ip on day 10 of gestation with 10 or 20 mg/kg 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) or 5‐fluorodeoxyuridine (5‐FUdR). The incidence and degree of expression of the effects (polydactyly, ectrodactyly, radial hemimelia, tibial hemimelia, pelvic girdle shifts, deformed caudal vertebrae) varied according to the teratogen and dose level. The addition of an equimolecular amount of thymidine, thymine, or uracil greatly potentiated the effects of 20 mg/kg 5‐FU, usually resulting in death of the embryos. The addition of an equimolecular amount of thymidine but not of thymine or uracil partly protected against the effects of 5‐FUdR. Both teratogens increased the expression of 1 st on the limb skeleton. The interactions of the teratogens with the major gene were inhibited by minus‐ and promoted by plus‐modifying genes of 1st. The effects of the teratogenic treatments may be mediated by cell death.
Occurrence of spontaneous hemorrhagic necrosis of the central nervous system in fetal hamsters
Authors: Keeler Richard F. , Young Stuart , Spendlove Rex S. , Douglas Dexter R. , Stallknecht Gilbert F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLesions of hamster fetal neuraxial tissues, characterized by multifocal and coalescent zones of hemorrhage, edema, and necrosis in the cerebral mantle, brainstem, and spinal cord, were observed in experiments designed to test the teratogenicity of potato preparations. Retrospective and prospective data indicated, however, that the potato preparations were not responsible but that the disease occurred spontaneously in the colony and was associated with direct breeding contact of virgin females with certain males. Observations suggest that an infectious agent may be responsible, but no agent was recovered. Immunofluorescence assay of inoculated cultures indicated that reovirus was not present in affected fetal tissues.
Teratogenesis of acetazolamide in the CBA/J and SWV strains of mice. II. Genetic control of the teratogenic response
Authors: Biddle Fred G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThree independently segregating loci appear to control the difference in response of CBA and SWV mouse embryos to the ectrodactyly‐inducing effect of acetazolamide. Response of the CBA embryo appears to depend on recessive genes for sensitivity being present in the homozygous condition at all 3 loci, and resistance to be conferred by the presence of a dominant allele at any one of the 3 loci. The genetic variability for the ectrodactyly response of the mouse is discussed in the light of the reported physiological factors necessary for acetazolamide‐induced ectrodactyly in the rat.
Teratogenic effects of the pyrimidine analogues 5‐lododeoxyuridine and cytosine arabinoside in late fetal mice and rats
Authors: Percy D. H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPregnant mice and rats were treated daily with 5‐iododeoxyuridine (IUDR) or cytosine arabinoside (CA) on 3 consecutive days, beginning on day 16 and 18 of pregnancy, respectively. Offspring were killed at 10 and 20 days of age and the cerebellum, eye, and kidney examined histologically. All offspring of mice treated with 400 mg/kg IUDR were stillborn or died within the first 48 h of life, and deaths occurred at other dosages in both species. In IUDR‐exposed mice and rats there was persistence of granule cells in the external granular layer, and scattered foci of microcystic tubular change in the renal cortices. In both species CA produced segmental cerebellar hypoplasia and focal microcystic renal cortical dysplasia. Retinal dysplasia occurred in rats exposed to 50 mg/kg. Lesions were concentrated in the central retina, corresponding with the stage of development at the time of administration of CA. The teratogenic effects of IUDR were minimal and were induced by dosages much higher than normally used in human medicine. On the other hand, lesions were more extensive in mice and rats exposed to CA. Thus, in addition to other known causes of congenital retinal dysplasia, defective development may be drug induced, in this case by the prenatal administration of CA.
Isolated absence of human carpal bones
Authors: Postacchini F. , Ippolito E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn unusual instance of congenital isolated absence of carpal bones, in a 38‐year‐old woman, characterized by total lack of the scaphoid, lunate, and pyramidal and a massive fusion of the distal carpal row is reported. This condition is thought to have been the result of an embryogenetic error exclusively involving the portion of the autopodic blastema from which the carpus originates.
The use of in vitro procedures in teratology
Authors: Kochhar D. M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe capabilities of investigators in the fields of teratology and toxicology are greatly enhanced by the use of tissue culture procedures in unraveling the mechanisms of drug action. Techniques currently available for the culture of postimplantation mammalian embryos permit evaluation of their metabolic responses to potential teratogens even when the length of time embryos survive and develop in culture is too short to allow a conventional teratologic survey of malformations. A simple procedure for culturing mouse embryos during early organogenetic stages is described in this report that will be of value to teratolegists; it avoids the requirements of special glassware and equipment by using ordinary capped test tubes which are rotated to maintain an efficient nutritional and gaseous environment. Some studies conducted with this procedure to monitor the metabolism of embryo during the first 24 h of culture are summarized. Another aspect of tissue culture, organ culture, provides further manipulative capability by which embryonic organs can be maintained for long periods of time during which they develop and differentiate to an extent that their morphological and biochemical responses to a teratogen can usually be made. Comparative effects of several teratogenic agents and the relative concentration of each that produces a similar degree of response are summarized. It is concluded that organs are more sensitive to teratogens in culture than they are in vivo, and that different teratogens possess enough specificity to isolate their simple growth‐retarding effect from the role they play in disturbing other specific developmental events.
The embryotoxicity of ytterbium chloride in golden hamsters
Authors: Gale Thomas F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTwo experiments were performed to assess the embryotoxicity of intravenously administered ytterbium chloride in golden hamsters: (1) 50, 75, 100, or 150 mg/kg ytterbium chloride were injected early on the 8th gestation day; (2) 100 mg/kg ytterbium chloride were administered at 4 different times during the critical period of organogenesis in this species (7th day, 4 PM; 8th day, 8 AM or 4 PM; 9th day, 8 AM). The pregnant females were killed on the 12th, 14th, or 15th gestation day and the frequency of resorptions was determined, and surviving offspring were studied for the presence of external and internal malformations as well as skeletal damage. Relatively few externally visible malformations and no significant internal malformations were produced. Damage to the skeletal system included fused and supernumerary ribs, and many different sites of poor ossification. Maximal susceptibility to these effects occurred on the 8th day.
Association of cleft lip and atrial septal defect in mice: A preliminary report
Authors: Fraser F. Clarke , Rosen Joel 
Published: June 2005

AbstractNewborn A/J and CL/Fr mice with congenital cleft lip usually have an atrial septal defect of the secundum type, often associated with cyanosis. Their littermates without cleft lip rarely have a septal defect. The atrial septal defect results from a delay in growth of the atrial septum primum.
The role of β‐adrenergic activity in the production of cardiac and aortic arch anomalies in chick embryos
Authors: Hodach Richard J. , Hodach Albertina E. , Fallon John F. , Folts John D. , Bruyere Harold J. , Gilbert Enid F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe sympathomimetic amines isoproterenol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and phenylephrine are structural derivatives of β‐phenylethylamine and have proportionately different effects on α‐ and β‐adrenergic receptors. Chick embryos in ovo were each administered a single dose of one of these compounds at concentrations ranging from 0.4 × 10−9 to 20 × 10−9 mol/5 μl saline during Hamburger and Hamilton stages 20–27. In other experiments embryos were pretreated with the β‐antagonist propranolol and subsequently administered isoproterenol, 743 cardiovascular anomalies were produced. The production of cardiovascular anomalies was proportional to the degree of β‐adrenergic activity of each drug. The frequency of anomalies was significantly reduced by pretreatment with propranolol. At all concentrations tested the anomaly rate was greater in chick embryos receiving an experimental compound than in controls. The general types of anomalies included aortic arch defects, ventricular septal defect, double outlet right ventricle, aortic hypoplasia, and truncus arteriosus. These results demonstrate that activation of the β‐adrenergic receptor mechanism is directly related to the cardiovascular anomalies produced in the chick embryos.
Teratologic evaluation of Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol in mice, including a review of the literature
Authors: Fleischman Robert W. , Hayden David W. , Rosenkrantz Harris , Braude Monique C. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPregnant CD1 mice received 5, 15, 50 and 150 mg/kg/day of Δ9‐THC in sesame oil on days 6–15 of gestation orally by gavage and were killed about one day before expected delivery. Treatment had no effect on maternal weight gain, prenatal mortality rate, fetal weight, and the frequency of gross external, internal, and skeletal abnormalities.
Effects in mice of high and low environmental temperature on the maternal and fetal toxicity of 2‐sec‐butyl‐4,6‐dinitrophenol (dinoseb) and on disposition of [14C]‐dinoseb
Authors: Preache Maurline M. , Gibson James E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSwiss‐Webster female mice were treated with 2‐sec‐butyl‐4,6‐dinitrophenol (dinoseb) and maintained in an increased environmental temperature (32°C) for 24 h or a decreased temperature (0–6°C) tor 1.5–4 h. In two experiments animals maintained at low temperature were kept wet during the cold exposure, to enhance the reduction in body temperature, by rinsing them with water at approximately 30 min intervals. Results from nonpregnant females indicated that increased temperature lowered the LD50 for single injections of dinoseb from 20.2 to 14.1 mg/kg and that reduced temperature for 4 h had no effect on the LD50 A 24 h exposure to 32°C enhanced the effect of 3 daily dinoseb treatments of pregnant mice, it increased maternal mortality, decreased fetal body weight, and increased frequency of fetal anomalies. Fetal body weight and the frequency of malformations were the same in groups exposed to low temperature and maintained at room temperature. Disposition of [14C] dinoseb was also determined in nonpregnant mice exposed to temperatures of 0, 24, and 32°C. The periods of environmental temperature studied (3–24 h) had no effect on the rate of disappearance of dinoseb from plasma or other tissues examined.
Prenatal effects of ochratoxin a in hamsters
Authors: Hood Ronald D. , Naughton Michael J. , Hayes A. Wallace 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPregnant golden hamsters were injected ip with 2.5–20 mg/kg ochratoxin A on one of gestation days 7–10. The largest dosages when given on day 7, 8, or 9 increased prenatal mortality and on day 9 diminished fetal growth. Malformations, such as micrognathia, hydrocephalus, short tail, oligodactyly, syndactyly, cleft lip, micromelia, and heart defects occurred, but no skeletal malformations were noted. These results add to the prenatal effects of ochratoxin A previously reported in mouse, rat, and chicken embryos.
Tolbutamide treatment of pregnant mice: Repeated administration reduces fetal lethality
Authors: Belisle Robert J. , Long Sally Y. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPretreatment of pregnant BALB/c mice with several low doses of tolbutamidc protected against the fetolethal effects of a high dose. Pregnant mice were given single ip injections of 400 mg/kg in saline on day 13; 100 mg/kg/day on clays 10, 11, 12, and 13; or 100 mg/kg/day on days 10, 11, and 12 and 400 mg/kg on day 13. On day 16 the single‐treatment group had a significantly higher resorption rate than any other group. Fetolethality was not related to hypoglycemia. The protective effect of pretreatment may have been due to induction of maternal microsomal enzymes.