bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temporal craniometric changes from the Jomon to the Modern period in western Japan
Authors: Nakahashi Takahiro 
Published: August 2005

AbstractTemporal changes in morphometric features of human cranial remains from the late Jomon period (1500 B.C.–300 B.C.) to the Modern period (1900–1950 A.D.) in western Japan are examined. The results of univariate and multivariate analysis indicate that the Yayoi people (300 B.C.–300 A.D.), characterized by high faces and tall stature, show morphological discontinuity with the earlier Jomon people, who exhibit lower faces and shorter stature. This discontinuity contrasts with the relatively continuous changes among populations after the Yayoi. Comparing these changes with those documented in the Kanto region of eastern Japan indicates there are significant regional differences in the degree and rate of transformation in certain cranial features, especially facial height, between the two regions. Differences in cranial shape between the two regions become apparent during the Yayoi period and these differences tend to diminish thereafter. The most plausible explanation for these observed changes is the introduction of new genes, coinciding with the arrival of new immigrants from the Asian continent in the northern Kyushu‐Yamaguchi region at the beginning of the Yayoi period. Further testing of this hypothesis will be necessary before definitive conclusions can be reached regarding the appearance of modern Japanese. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New method of three‐dimensional analysis of bipedal locomotion for the study of displacements of the body and body‐parts centers of mass in man and non‐human primates: Evolutionary framework
Authors: Tardieu Christine , Aurengo André , Tardieu Bernard 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe current biomechanical interpretation of the chimpanzee's bipedal walking argues that larger lateral and vertical displacements of the body center of mass occur in the chimpanzee's “side‐to‐side” gait than in the human striding gait. The evolutionary hypothesis underlying this study is the following: during the evolution of human bipedalism one of the necessary changes could have been the progressive reduction of these displacements of the body center of mass. In order to quantitatively test this hypothesis, it is necessary to obtain simultaneously the trajectories of the centers of mass of the whole body and of the different body parts. To solve this problem, a new method of three‐dimensional analysis of walking, associated with a volumetric modelling of the body, has been developed based on finite‐element modelling. An orthogonal synchrophotographic device yielding four synchronous pictures of the walking subject allows a qualitative analysis of the photographic sequences together with the results of their quantitative analysis. This method was applied to an adult man, a 3‐year‐old girl and a 9‐year‐old male chimpanzee.Our results suggest that the trajectory of the body center of mass of the human is distinguished from that of the chimpanzee not by a lower movement amplitude but by the synchronization of the transverse and vertical displacements into two periodic curves in phase with one another. The non‐human primate uses its repertoire of arboreal movements in its bipedal terrestrial gait, provisionally referred to as a “rope‐walker” gait. We show that the interpretation of a “side‐to‐side” gait is not applicable to the chimpanzee. We argue that similarly this interpretation and the initial hypothesis presuppose a basic symmetric structure of the gait, in relation to the sagittal plane of progression, similar to the human one. This lateral symmetry of the right and left displacements of the center of gravity, in phase with the right and left single supports of walking, is probably a very derived feature of the human gait. We suggest that low lateral and vertical displacements of the body center of mass are not indicative of a progressive bipedal gait and we discuss the new evolutionary implications of our results. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nuclear DNA polymorphisms in a wild population of yellow baboons (Papio hamadryas cynocephalus) from Mikumi National Park, Tanzania
Authors: Rogers J. , Kidd K. K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractYellow baboons (Papio hamadryas cynocephalus) from Mikumi National Park, Tanzania were studied for polymorphisms in nuclear DNA. The study population consists of four social groups that inhabit overlapping home ranges and exchange males. As a result, these groups are considered to be members of a single interbreeding population. Human DNA clones were used as probes to screen five loci (AT3, REN, HEXB, VIM, and APOB) for restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP). A total of 14 polymorphisms, at least one at each locus, was detected in a panel of 27 baboons tested using six restriction enzymes for each locus. Eleven of these RFLP systems have average heterozygosity values greater than 0.40. This initial screening demonstrates that human DNA clones can be used to detect significant numbers of informative DNA polymorphisms in single‐copy nuclear genes of this species and suggests that the average proportion of nucleotides polymorphic across nuclear loci in this population may be between 1.0% and 1.3%. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gut morphology of Callithrix nigriceps and Saguinus labiatus from western Brazilian Amazonia
Authors: Ferrari Stephen F. , Lopes M. Aparecida , Krause E. Alexandra K. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractQuantitative data on the gut proportions of the recently‐described black‐headed marmoset (Callithrix nigriceps) from western Brazilian Amazonian are presented. Like other marmosets, C. nigriceps exhibits a relatively large caecum and colon associated with adaptations for gummivory. The degree of gut specialisation recorded is greater than that for any other platyrrhine for which quantitative data are available. Gum was found in the stomach contents of all four individuals examined, although the fruit/seeds of as many as seven different plant taxa were also encountered, in addition to insects of six different orders. Gut proportions of two Saguinus labiatus from the same region were typical of the more frugivorous tamarins, and stomach contents included only fruit and insects. Relative gut proportions of both species were closely similar to those of congeners from the same region. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mitochondrial DNA analysis in Tibet: Implications for the origin of the Tibetan population and its adaptation to high altitude
Authors: Torroni Antonio , Miller Julie A. , Moore Lorna G. , Zamudio Stacy , Zhuang Jianguo , Droma Tarshi , Wallace Douglas C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractMitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) of 54 Tibetans residing at altitudes ranging from 3,000–4,500 m were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), examined by high‐resolution restriction endonuclease analysis, and compared with those previously described in 10 other Asian and Siberian populations. This comparison revealed that more than 50% of Asian mtDNAs belong to a unique mtDNA lineage which is found only among Mongoloids, suggesting that this lineage most likely originated in Asia at an early stage of the human colonization of that continent. Within the Tibetan mtDNAs, sets of additional linked polymorphic sites defined seven minor lineages of related mtDNA haplotypes (haplogroups). The frequency and distribution of these haplogroups in modern Asian populations are supportive of previous genetic evidence that Tibetans, although located in southern Asia, share common ancestral origins with northern Mongoloid populations. This analysis of Tibetan mtDNAs also suggests that mtDNA mutations are unlikely to play a major role in the adaptation of Tibetans to high altitudes. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth status of school‐age Mayan children in Belize, Central America
Authors: Crooks Deborah L. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis paper reports the growth status of a sample of Mopan Maya school children living in a rural village in Belize. These children exhibit a growth pattern typical of chronic undernutrition, in that a high percentage are stunted (66%), but virtually none are wasted by WHO criteria. The Belize Maya children are compared to four other Amerindian groups and found to be shorter and lighter than a semi‐urban group from Guatemala, but taller and heavier than three rural groups from Guatemala and Mexico. The Belize children exhibit the largest arm circumferences among all five groups. This pattern of growth is discussed in light of current ideas concerning the contribution of genetics vs. environment to childhood growth and population wellbeing. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanical and spatial determinants of Paranthropus facial form
Authors: McCollum Melanie A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIt is well documented in the anthropological literature that the distinctive morphology of the “robust” hominid facial skeleton reflects its dietary specialization. Rak (1983) has provided the most comprehensive evaluation of Paranthropus facial morphology and this important study concluded that bone strain generated during mastication was responsible for the scaling of measures of facial height and breadth. The present study evaluated Rak's analysis by examining the relationship between bizygomatic breadth and facial height in an ontogenetic series of Pan and Gorilla crania. Results of this analysis indicate that facial height and breadth dimensions were not mechanically scaled in the “robust” australopithecines. Structural analysis of African ape facial maturation was also used to examine alternative spatial methods of malar elongation in Paranthropus. It is concluded that the increased height of the malar region in these specimens is not related to either vertical expansion of the posterior facial skeleton or to expansion of the temporal fossa. Malar elongation is, however, consistent with a derived pattern of facial growth in crania possessing a thickened hard palate. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heterochrony and sexual dimorphism in the pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina)
Authors: German R. Z. , Hertweck D. W. , Sirianni J. E. , Swindler D. R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSomatic growth is not a simple linear process with a constant rate of growth. The most successful attempts to quantify growth as a function of age or size have employed nonlinear techniques. Sexual dimorphism of primate growth, weight vs. age, was examined using nonlinear models with Sirianni and Swindler's ([1985] Growth and Development of the Pigtailed Macaque, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press) growth data on the pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina). The best fit of several exponential growth models was the Gompertz curve:

Different multiple phase models were also fit, where each phase represents a distinct exponential component. The two‐phase models proved to be the best (R2 = .0.84 for females, 0.91 for males), suggesting that there are two growth spurts, one in infancy and one at puberty. The timing of the beginning and end of the first spurt is the same in males and females, but the rate, and value of the asymptote for this phase, is greater in males. The timing of the second spurt is earlier, and the rate of growth for this spurt is smaller in females than males. The sexual dimorphism in these species is not a simple rate change, but a complex interaction of timing and rate over the entire period of growth. It would be impossible to separate these entities with a linear, polynomial, or single‐phase model of the data. While these data and results complement much of the existing work on adult dimorphism, they also emphasize the vital role that ontogenetic data have in elucidating the underlying evolutionary mechanisms that generate sexual dimorphism. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pendular activity of human upper limbs during slow and normal walking
Authors: Webb David , Tuttle Russell H. , Baksh Michael 
Published: August 2005

AbstractWhen walking at normal and fast speeds, humans swing their upper limbs in alternation, each upper limb swinging in phase with the contralateral lower limb. However, at slow and very slow speeds, the upper limbs swing forward and back in unison, at twice the stride frequency of the lower limbs. The change from “single swinging” (in alternation) to “double swinging” (in unison) occurs consistently at a certain stride frequency for agiven individual, though different individuals may change at different stride frequencies. To explain this change in the way we use our upper limbs and individual variations in the occurrence of the change, the upper limb is modelled as a compound pendulum. Based on the kinematic properties of pendulums, we hypothesize that the stride frequency at which the change from “single swinging” to “double swinging” occurs will be at or slightly below the natural pendular frequency (NPF) of the upper limbs.Twenty‐seven subjects were measured and then filmed while walking at various speeds. The mathematically derived NPF of each subject's upper limbs was compared to the stride frequency at which the subject changed from “single swinging” to “double swinging.” The results of the study conform very closely to the hypothesis, even when the NPF is artificially altered by adding weights to the subjects' hands. These results indicate that the pendulum model of the upper limb will be useful in further investigations of the function of the upper limbs in human walking. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Subvertical grooves of interproximal facets in neandertal posterior teeth
Authors: Villa Giuliano , Giacobini Giacomo 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSubvertical grooves, located on the interproximal facets of most Neandertal posterior teeth, are less frequently noted on the teeth of other hominids, including modern humans. These grooves, 0.1–0.5 mm in width, are strictly localized within the facet area. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examination of grooves present on Neandertal teeth from Caverna delle Fate (Liguria, Italy) and Genay (Côte d'Or, France) demonstrated that they were produced during the life of these individuals. Characteristics of the groove surface suggest an erosion‐abrasion mechanism of formation.These grooves, which developed in parts of the dentition exposed to marked stress, originated in areas characterized by changes in the orientation of enamel prism bundles (i.e., Hunter‐Schreger bands). Observations carried out on modern human molars showed a subvertical disposition of these bands near interproximal ridges facilitating subvertical microfractures. Possible correlations between enamel structure, masticatory stress, and interproximal groove formation in Neandertals are discussed. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sex determination in Miocene catarrhine primates
Authors: Kelley Jay 
Published: August 2005

AbstractCanines of fossil hominoids and primitive catarrhines from several early, middle, and late Miocene sites were analyzed according to the shape indices described in Kelley (1995) and compared to those of males and females of extant great apes. In bivariate plots of the fossil canines utilizing the indices, 90% of the upper canines and 85% of the lower canines fell within or just outside the exclusively male or exclusively female territories delimited by the extant great apes. The remainder fell in the male‐female overlap zones. Sex assignments based on these distributions were nearly 100% concordant with classifications according to canine height, suggesting a high degree of accuracy. There were various taxon‐specific shifts in bivariate space among fossil genera, reflecting subtle differences in canine shape between taxa within the overall pattern of similarity to extant great apes as a whole. In many cases these shifts are matched by particular extant‐ape species and subspecies, while other fossil taxa have no exact analogue for canine shape among the extant great apes. However, the pattern of spatial segregation of canines identified as either male or female at each of the sites largely mirrors that of males and females within the extant‐ape sample, indicating that Miocene catarrhines shared with extant great apes a common pattern of shape differences between male and female canines, regardless of taxonspecific morphologies.These observations demonstrate that the canines of fossil catarrhines can be sexed with a high degree of confidence based solely on intrinsic features of shape. This will permit more reliable characterizations of morphological sexual dimorphism among fossil species. It is also argued that canine shape is a more reliable indicator of sex in fossil taxa than are canine/molar size ratios. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The status of host fish populations and fish species richness in European freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) streams
Authors: Geist Juergen , Porkka Markku , Kuehn Ralph 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe status of host fish populations and fish species richness was investigated at 36 sites of 20 extant freshwater pearl mussel populations, including the drainages of the Elbe, Danube, Rhine, Weser, Aulne, Kemijoki and Tuuloma in Germany, the Czech Republic, France and Finland, by carrying out comparative electrofishings.Brown trout (Salmo truttaf.fario) were found to be the available host fish for pearl mussels in all except one of the streams investigated with mean densities of 2861 ha−1(range 0–8710 ha−1) and a mean biomass of 119 kg ha−1(range 0–478 kg ha−1). Streams that had been frequently stocked with brown trout had higher trout biomass and densities of host fish than natural populations, but trout stocking had no positive effect in two of the streams investigated.Fish species richness ranged from 2 to 16 species per stream and showed a negative correlation with host fish biomass and host fish densities. Undisturbed oligotrophic pearl mussel headwater streams usually only yielded a low number of fish species. Habitat degradation can reduce competitiveness of specialized trout and result in an increased abundance of ubiquitous or atypical species.A link between the lack of juvenile pearl mussels and a lack of suitable host fish was only rarely observed. Functional pearl mussel populations with relatively high numbers of juveniles had significantly lower densities and biomass of host fish than pearl mussel populations without recent recruitment.This study suggests that 0+ host fish are not necessarily required to sustain functional pearl mussel populations. Low densities of host fish can be compensated by the higher glochidia carrying capacity of older host fish with limited previous contact with pearl mussel glochidia, by the long reproductive period of mussels, and by low mortality rates of juvenile mussels during their post‐parasitic phase.Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Status of galaxiid fishes in Tasmania, Australia: conservation listings, threats and management issues
Authors: Hardie Scott A. , Jackson Jean E. , Barmuta Leon A. , White Robert W.G. 
Published: August 2005

Abstract
Fish of the family Galaxiidae are restricted to the southern hemisphere where they occupy a diverse array of habitats ranging from over 2000 m in elevation to sea level. Some species are diadromous and, hence, freshwater, estuarine and marine habitats are used during their life‐cycle; other species complete their entire life‐cycles in freshwater environments.
Tasmania has a diverse galaxiid fauna that accounts for 64% of native freshwater fish species found on the island. The Tasmanian galaxiid fauna is characterized by high species richness (5 genera and 16 species), endemism (11 species), restricted distributions, and non‐diadromous life histories (11 species).
The galaxiid fauna of Tasmania has significant conservation status with 69% of species considered ‘threatened’. The conservation status of the fauna is recognized at State, national and international levels.
The key threats to galaxiids in Tasmania are exotic species, hydrological manipulations, restricted distributions, general habitat degradation and exploitation of stocks.
Although work has recently been undertaken to conserve and manage Tasmanian galaxiid populations, the fauna is still thought to be imperilled. Knowledge gaps that need to be addressed include the biology and ecology of most species (e.g. reproductive biology, life histories, habitat use and requirements) and impacts of habitat manipulations, as well as mechanisms and impacts of interactions with exotic species. Techniques to monitor accurately the status of galaxiid species and their populations need to be developed and the coexistence of some galaxiids with introduced salmonids should also be examined.
Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Narcissism, confidence, and risk attitude
Authors: Campbell W. Keith , Goodie Adam S. , Foster Joshua D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe present research addresses whether narcissists are more overconfident than others and whether this overconfidence leads to deficits in decision making. In Study 1, narcissism predicted overconfidence. This was attributable to narcissists' greater confidence despite no greater accuracy. In Study 2, participants were offered fair bets on their answers. Narcissists lost significantly more points in this betting task than non‐narcissists, due both to their greater overconfidence and greater willingness to bet. Finally, in Study 3, narcissists' predictions of future performance were based on performance expectations rather than actual performance. This research extends the literature on betting on knowledge to the important personality dimension of narcissism. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Environmental considerations within manufacturing strategy: an international study
Authors: Crowe Déirdre , Brennan Louis 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis paper examines the relative importance of environmental management in four key areas of manufacturing strategy: competitive priorities, action programmes, performance improvement and improvement goals. Its overall position in manufacturing strategy is measured through the creation of an original index using data from the 2001 International Manufacturing Strategy Survey (IMSS). Results show that in a minority of firms environmental management is positively positioned. The index's relationships with indicators of innovation and performance in manufacturing are examined. Some significant results include capabilities in the areas of strategy formalization, strategic fit and ISO14001 certification. While results are specific to the IMSS context, implications may be drawn for resource‐based view of the firm research on the application of resources and capabilities. An implication for policy makers is that the development of capabilities for strategy formalization and implementation should be incorporated into environmental policy. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Tentative modelling of spray‐dry scrubbing of SO2
Authors: Karlsson Hans T. , Klingspor Jonas 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA 0.5 MW spray‐dry scrubbing FGD pilot plant was used in the study of spray dryer performance over a wide range of operating conditions. Experimental findings were compared with a spray dryer model. During operation with large excesses of lime, the SO2 absorption was limited by gas phase diffusion. At operation with a shortage of lime, the rate limiting step was the dissolution rate of lime. In addition, the flow regime in a spray dryer can be best described as well mixed. The SO2 level in the flue gas was found to exert no direct effect on the efficiency of SO2 removal. The observed effects are attributed solely to the changes in the drying process, due to the inter‐dependence of slurry composition and SO2 concentration.
Calculation of reactive extraction in countercurrent columns
Authors: Bart Hans Jörg , Bauer Andreas , Marr Rolf 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe kinetics of extraction processes with chemical reaction was studied experimentally on the system copper/Acorga PT 5050 and quantified according to meaningful kinetic models. These were coupled with other models describing the behaviour of dispersions in columns in order to permit a computer aided simultation of reactive extraction. Thus, a better prediction of column performance is achieved.