bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Career choice in nursing students: gendered constructs as psychological barriers
Authors: Muldoon Orla T. , Reilly Jacqueline 
Published: June 2003

Background.  Gendered views of nursing remain widespread. This study explores how such views may influence student nurses’ career aspirations.Method.  A group of preregistration student nurses completed a questionnaire distributed early in their first year of study of a 3 year Higher Diploma in Nursing. Data were gathered on career aspirations and the perceived gendered nature of a number of career options. Gender role orientation and occupational and academic self‐efficacy were also measured using the Bem Sex Role Inventory and an adaptation of the Betz and Hackett Self‐Efficacy Scale.Results.  The results document the relative popularity of each specialism within nursing and students’ perceptions of the gendered nature of each of the various nurse careers. Differences in these perceptions as related to gender and gender role identity are also outlined. Gender and gender role orientation were found to be predictive of sex‐typed career aspirations only.Conclusion.  The psychological barriers that exist for both men and women as they pursue careers in nursing need to be addressed if the current shortage of nursing personnel across the United Kingdom (UK) is to be solved.
Being professional and being human: one nurse's relationship with a psychiatric patient
Authors: Hem Marit Helene , Heggen Kristin 
Published: June 2003

Background. The theoretical foundations and professional ideals of psychiatric nursing contain inbuilt contradictions. One central ideal is that nurses should use themselves as therapeutic instruments. The expectation that nurses should have both a professional and a human function is examined in this study.Purpose.The purpose of this study was to find out how nurses experience and interpret the contradictory demands of being both fellow human being and health professional in their work with patients.Methods. An ethnographic research design including participant observation and narrative interviews with nurses working on an acute ward of a psychiatric hospital was used. The case of one nurse is analysed and discussed.Findings. The study shows that when nurses themselves are ‘therapeutic instruments’, tensions are created. Contradictory demands produce difficult role conflicts. Nurses vary in the ways in which they interact with patients. The study shows how the nurse's own vulnerability can be a constructive element in patient care. It also shows that although the nurse is aware of this, she is also critical of her performance, feeling that it falls short of accepted professional standards. Her colleagues reinforce these standards.Conclusion. The ideal that psychiatric nursing should be a balancing act between intimacy and distance, between human and professional ways of acting, appears to be too harmonious and narrow a one. The study suggests that there is potential for professional development if nurses are able to recognize their own vulnerability. Critical examination and discussion of conventionally accepted ideals can help develop our knowledge of the profession.
A novel tetrasaccharide, with a structure similar to the terminal sequence of an arabinogalactan‐protein, accumulates in rice anthers in a stage‐specific manner
Authors: Kawaguchi Kentaro , Shibuya Naoto , Ishii Tadashi 
Published: June 2003

SummaryAnalysis of free sugars in developing rice anthers by high‐performance anion‐exchange chromatography (HPAEC) showed that a very high concentration of a novel oligosaccharide accumulated specifically during microsporogenesis. Structural analysis of the purified oligosaccharide by methylation analysis, mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (MS/MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy revealed its structure to be β‐lAraf.(1→3)‐α‐l‐Araf‐(1→3)‐β‐d‐Galp‐(1→6)‐d‐Gal, which is closely related to a tetrasaccharide unit found in the glycan chain of a plant cell surface proteoglycan, the arabinogalactan‐protein (AGP). Chilling treatment (12°C, 4 days), which injures rice anthers during microsporogenesis, decreased the concentration of the tetrasaccharide, but the sucrose level increased. This effect was especially evident in a chilling‐sensitive mutant line, YM56‐1. These results suggest that this unique tetrasaccharide may play an important role in both the development of the rice anther and its response to chilling.
Sodium transport and HKT transporters: the rice model
Authors: Garciadeblás Blanca , Senn María E. , Bañuelos María A. , Rodríguez‐Navarro Alonso 
Published: June 2003

SummaryNa+ uptake in the roots of K+‐starved seedlings of barley, rice, and wheat was found to exhibit fast rate, low Km, and high sensitivity to K+. Sunflower plants responded in a similar manner but the uptake was not K+ sensitive. Ba2+ inhibited Na+ uptake, but not K+ uptake in rice roots. This demonstrated that Na+ and K+ uptake are mediated by different transporters, and that K+ blocked but was not transported by the Na+ transporter. The genome of rice cv. Nipponbare contains seven HKT genes, which may encode Na+ transporters, plus two HKT pseudogenes. Yeast expressions of OsHKT1 and OsHKT4 proved that they are Na+ transporters of high and low affinity, respectively, which are sensitive to K+ and Ba2+. Parallel experiments of K+ and Na+ uptake in yeast expressing the wheat or rice HKT1 transporters proved that they were very different; TaHKT1 transported K+ and Na+, and OsHKT1 only Na+. Transcript expressions in shoots of the OsHKT genes were fairly constant and insensitive to changes in the K+ and Na+ concentrations of the nutrient solution. In roots, the expressions were much lower than in shoots, except for OsHKT4 and OsHKT1 in K+‐starved plants. We propose that OsHKT transporters are involved in Na+ movements in rice, and that OsHKT1 specifically mediates Na+ uptake in rice roots when the plants are K+ deficient. The incidence of HKT ESTs in several plant species suggests that the rice model with many HKT genes applies to other plants.
Tumour development in Arabidopsis thaliana involves the Shaker‐like K+ channels AKT1 and AKT2/3
Authors: Deeken Rosalia , Ivashikina Natalya , Czirjak Tina , Philippar Katrin , Becker Dirk , Ache Peter , Hedrich Rainer 
Published: June 2003

SummaryAfter completion of the Arabidopsis genome‐sequencing programme, crown galls induced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens may become a model system to study plant tumour development. The molecular mechanisms of nutrient supply to support tumour growth and development are still unknown. In this study, we have identified a unique profile of Shaker‐like potassium channels in agrobacteria‐induced Arabidopsis tumours. Comparing the gene expression pattern of rapidly growing tumours with that of non‐infected tissues, we found the suppression of shoot in favour of root‐specific K+ channels. Among these, the upregulation of AKT1 and AtKC1 and the suppression of AKT2/3 and GORK were most pronounced. As a consequence, K+ uptake and accumulation were elevated in the tumour (163 mm) compared to control tissues (92 mm). Patch clamp studies on tumour protoplasts identified a population expressing the electrical properties of the AKT1 K+ channel. Furthermore, plants lacking a functional AKT1 or the AKT2/3 phloem K+ channel gene did not support tumour growth. This indicates that the delivery of potassium by AKT1 and the direction of assimilates, triggered by AKT2/3, are essential for tumour growth.
HFR1, a putative bHLH transcription factor, mediates both phytochrome A and cryptochrome signalling
Authors: Duek Paula D. , Fankhauser Christian 
Published: June 2003

SummaryPlants are very sensitive to their light environment. They use cryptochromes and phytochromes to scan the light spectrum. Those two families of photoreceptors mediate a number of similar physiological responses. The putative bHLH (basic Helix Loop Helix) transcription factor long hypocotyl in far‐red (HFR1) is important for a subset of phytochrome A (phyA)‐mediated light responses. Interestingly, hfr1 alleles also have reduced de‐etiolation responses, including hypocotyl growth, cotyledon opening and anthocyanin accumulation, when grown in blue light. This phenotype is particularly apparent under high fluence rates. The analysis of double mutants between hfr1 and different blue light photoreceptor mutants demonstrates that, in addition to its role in phyA signalling, HFR1 is a component of cryptochrome 1 (cry1)‐mediated light signalling. Moreover, HFR1 mRNA levels are high both in blue and in far‐red light but low in red light. These results identify HFR1 as a positively acting component of cry1 signalling and indicate that HFR1 integrates light signals from both phyA and cry1.
Benzophenone synthase and chalcone synthase from Hypericum androsaemum cell cultures: cDNA cloning, functional expression, and site‐directed mutagenesis of two polyketide synthases
Authors: Liu Benye , Falkenstein‐Paul Hildegard , Schmidt Werner , Beerhues Ludger 
Published: June 2003

SummaryBenzophenone derivatives, such as polyprenylated benzoylphloroglucinols and xanthones, are biologically active secondary metabolites. The formation of their C13 skeleton is catalyzed by benzophenone synthase (BPS; EC 2.3.1.151) that has been cloned from cell cultures of Hypericum androsaemum. BPS is a novel member of the superfamily of plant polyketide synthases (PKSs), also termed type III PKSs, with 53–63% amino acid sequence identity. Heterologously expressed BPS was a homodimer with a subunit molecular mass of 42.8 kDa. Its preferred starter substrate was benzoyl‐CoA that was stepwise condensed with three malonyl‐CoAs to give 2,4,6‐trihydroxybenzophenone. BPS did not accept activated cinnamic acids as starter molecules. In contrast, recombinant chalcone synthase (CHS; EC 2.3.1.74) from the same cell cultures preferentially used 4‐coumaroyl‐CoA and also converted CoA esters of benzoic acids. The enzyme shared 60.1% amino acid sequence identity with BPS. In a phylogenetic tree, the two PKSs occurred in different clusters. One cluster was formed by CHSs including the one from H. androsaemum. BPS grouped together with the PKSs that functionally differ from CHS. Site‐directed mutagenesis of amino acids shaping the initiation/elongation cavity of CHS yielded a triple mutant (L263M/F265Y/S338G) that preferred benzoyl‐CoA over 4‐coumaroyl‐CoA.
Loss of actin cytoskeletal function and EDS1 activity, in combination, severely compromises non‐host resistance in Arabidopsis against wheat powdery mildew
Authors: Yun Byung‐Wook , Atkinson Helen A. , Gaborit Charlotte , Greenland Andy , Read Nick D. , Pallas Jacqueline A. , Loake Gary J. 
Published: June 2003

SummaryPlant immunity against the majority of the microbial pathogens is conveyed by a phenomenon known as non‐host resistance (NHR). This defence mechanism affords durable protection to plant species against given species of phytopathogens. We investigated the genetic basis of NHR in Arabidopsis against the wheat powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt). Both primary and appressorial germ tubes were produced from individual Bgt conidia on the surface of the Arabidopsis leaves. Attempted infection occasionally resulted in successful penetration, which led to the development of an abnormal unilateral haustorium. Inoculation of a series of Arabidopsis defence‐related mutants with Bgt resulted in the attenuation of reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI) production and salicylic acid (SA)‐dependent defence gene expression in eds1, pad4 and nahG plants, which are known to be defective in some aspects of host resistance. Furthermore, Bgt often developed bilateral haustoria in the mutant Arabidopsis lines that closely resembled those formed in wheat. A similar decrease in NHR was observed following treatment of the wild‐type Arabidopsis plants with cytochalasin E, an inhibitor of actin microfilament polymerisation. In eds1 mutants, inhibition of actin polymerisation severely compromised NHR in Arabidopsis against Bgt. This permitted completion of the Bgt infection cycle on these plants. Therefore, actin cytoskeletal function and EDS1 activity, in combination, are major contributors to NHR in Arabidopsis against wheat powdery mildew.
Pneumothorax in cats with a clinical diagnosis of feline asthma: 5 cases (1990–2000)
Authors: Cooper Edward S. , Syring Rebecca S. , King Lesley G. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractObjective:This paper characterizes the clinical findings in 5 cats with feline asthma complicated by concurrent pneumothorax.Design:Retrospective study. Medical records of cats with concurrent diagnoses of asthma and pneumothorax that were presented to the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania from 1990 to 2000 were reviewed.Results:Of 421 cases of feline asthma, 5 cats fulfilled the inclusion criteria (1.2%). All 5 had respiratory distress at presentation. One cat was panting, and the other 4 cats had respiratory rates of 28, 52, 58 and 120 breaths per minute (bpm), respectively (mean RR 65±39 bpm). Historical findings included untreated chronic cough (n=3), previously treated asthma (n=1), and no previous illness (n=1). Thoracocentesis was performed in 4/5 cats, and 3 of those cats required thoracostomy tubes. Four cats required immediate oxygen supplementation, and 1 of those cats required ventilation. All 5 cats had evidence of pneumothorax on initial radiographs. Follow‐up radiographs revealed partial or complete resolution of pneumothorax in 4 cats which were discharged alive with total hospitalization of 2–7 days, but were then lost to follow‐up. One cat was euthanized because it could not be weaned off mechanical ventilation, and necropsy confirmed end‐stage feline asthma and emphysema.Conclusion:Small airway obstruction can predispose asthma patients to increased alveolar pressure, emphysema, and spontaneous pneumothorax, which can lead to dyspnea in affected cats. The short‐term outcome in these cats was good despite the severity of dyspnea at presentation.
Current development and use of hemoglobin‐based oxygen‐carrying (HBOC) solutions
Authors: Day Thomas K. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractObjective:To review the human and veterinary literature on the current development and use of hemoglobin‐based oxygen‐carrying solutions.Human data synthesis:Hemoglobin‐based oxygen‐carrying (HBOC) solutions have been developed extensively over the last 3 decades. Early problems associated with pure hemoglobin and cytoskeleton residues have been resolved with chemical modification of the hemoglobin tetramer resulting in effective oxygen‐carrying molecules of either human or bovine origin. The limited availability of human red blood cells and concerns of disease transmission, the difficulty in mass production of genetically produced hemoglobin solutions (recombinant hemoglobin), and the wide availability of bovine blood have resulted in the development of bovine‐derived HBOC solutions. Research efforts have been directed toward determining the effects of HBOC solutions on tissue perfusion as the target uses of HBOC solutions in human medicine are the perioperative period, shock, and trauma fluid resuscitation. The most controversial issues regarding the cardiovascular effects of HBOC solutions surround increased vasoactivity. Some HBOC formulations have been removed from advanced clinical trials due to intense vasoactivity resulting in increased morbidity. There are currently 3 HBOC solutions in the latter stages of phase III clinical trials: Hemolink®,aHemopure®,band PolyHeme®.cThe hemoglobin source of Hemopure® is bovine, and the hemoglobin source for Hemolink® and Polyheme® is human.Veterinary data synthesis:The only HBOC solution that has gained approval from the FDA is the veterinary product Oxyglobin®.dOxyglobin® is 13 g/dL of ultrapurified, polymerized hemoglobin solution of bovine origin in a modified lactated Ringer's solution. There is a significant colloid effect and it also provides a plasma source of oxygen‐carrying capacity. The solution is stable at room temperature for 3 years; there is no special preparation required prior to use and no cross‐match is required prior to administration (contains no cell membranes). Veterinary publications on the use of Oxyglobin® include laboratory investigations in dogs, cats, and horses for use as a resuscitation fluid and for the treatment of anemia. Clinical use of Oxyglobin® in dogs, cats, birds, horses, and other mammalian species has been reported in several publications.Conclusion:The search for a safe, effective HBOC solution for use in human medicine is ongoing. Soon, there will be one or several products approved for use in the perioperative period and/or for the treatment of shock and trauma. The practice of veterinary emergency and critical care has been provided a unique opportunity to apply the use of an HBOC solution (Oxyglobin®) to various aspects of perfusion and oxygen‐carrying needs. Continued clinical experience and research is essential in understanding the use of HBOC solutions in veterinary medicine.
Indirect determination of nitric oxide in cats with cardiomyopathy and arterial thromboembolism
Authors: Freeman Lisa M. , McMichael Maureen A. , De Laforcade Armelle M. , Rozanski Elizabeth A. , Brown Donald J. , Rush John E. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractObjective: To determine nitric oxide concentration in cats with hypertrophic or intermediate forms of cardiomyopathy and arterial thromboembolism (ATE) compared to healthy controls and to determine the association between nitric oxide concentration and the presence of ATE, congestive heart failure (CHF), and echocardiographic measurements.Design: Case–control study.Setting: Veterinary teaching hospital.Animals: Client‐owned cats with cardiomyopathy, cardiomyopathy and ATE, and normal cats.Interventions: None.Measurements: All cats underwent 2‐dimensional and M‐mode echocardiography. Nitric oxide was assessed indirectly by measuring the concentration of plasma nitrite+nitrate (NN), end products of nitric oxide metabolism. Plasma arginine concentration and dietary arginine content were also assessed since arginine is a precursor for nitric oxide production.Main results: Twenty‐six cats with cardiomyopathy, 26 cats with cardiomyopathy and ATE, and 29 nor‐mal cats were enrolled. Compared with healthy controls, median NN concentration was significantly higher in cats with cardiomyopathy and cats with both cardiomyopathy and ATE. There was no difference between cats with cardiomyopathy alone and cats with cardiomyopathy and ATE. Nitrate+ nitrite concen‐tration in cats with cardiac disease was unrelated to the presence of CHF, plasma arginine concentration, or dietary arginine content. In cats with cardiac disease, the left atrial diameter, left ven‐tricular diameter in diastole, and age were negatively correlated with NN concentrations.Conclusions: Nitric oxide concentration is elevated in cats with cardiac disease, but the elevation appears to be independent of ATE and CHF.
Locomotion and Escape Modes in Rodents of the Monte Desert (Argentina)
Authors: Taraborelli Paula , Corbalán Valeria , Giannoni Stella 
Published: June 2003

AbstractModes of locomotion and escape tactics are attributes that affect the structure of animal communities, promoting exploitation of different microhabitats and the coexistence of different species. Bipedal locomotion is considered to be more effective than a quadrupedal gait in escaping attacks by predators because it allows for higher speed, a faster response to attack, sudden changes of direction and better detection of aerial raptors. The aim of this study was to determine the type of locomotion used at the moment of escape by three rodent species of the Monte desert –Eligmodontia typus, Akodon molinae and Graomys griseoflavus. The study was carried out in three plant communities of the Ñacuñán Reserve (Mendoza). All three species showed differences in both mode of escape and locomotory pattern. Graomys griseoflavus exhibited the highest proportion of escapes using quadrupedal saltation. The mode of locomotion employed by E. typus varied according to the type of plant communities it inhabited. Those occurring at open sites (Medanal community) exhibited a greater propensity to jump during escapes than those from more sheltered habitats (Algarrobal community). Akodon molinae relied primarily on a quadrupedal gait when fleeing from predators, which would explain its greater dependence on plant cover. Therefore, the morphological and behavioural characteristics of these species are related to their mode of locomotion and the strategies they employ to diminish the risk of predation.
Social Monogamy in the Big‐Clawed Snapping Shrimp,Alpheus heterochelis
Authors: Rahman Nasreen , Dunham David W. , Govind C. K. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractSocial monogamy has evolved independently in many taxa, and often involves biparental care of the young. Where it does not, mate guarding and shared territoriality have been invoked as causal factors. We evaluated mate guarding and shared resource defence (a common shelter) as factors that could have led to social monogamy in the snapping shrimp,Alpheus heterochelis. This species is found in male–female pairs that defend a common shelter together. Female receptivity lasts only for a few hours immediately after her periodic moult. Their monogamous pair bond may represent mate guarding or joint defence of a territory. Monogamy inA. heterochelisseems most importantly driven by the cryptic nature of the female's moult cycle. We found that males did not discriminate among females at different intermoult stages for pairing, nor did they modulate their defence of mate and shelter (vs. the risk in finding a new shelter and mate) according to female moult stage. This, together with the short period of female receptivity before her single copulation per cycle, make extended mate guarding the most efficient method for a male to secure a mating opportunity. Comparing eviction rates of paired and unpaired shelter residents by conspecific intruders provided no evidence of enhanced resource defence that would confer a selective advantage to a pair. Male presence during the moult is beneficial for the female, as searching for a male during her soft‐bodied receptive phase would put her at mortal risk. Our results show empirically for the first time that guarding may be beneficial, even if males are not able to assess the female's reproductive stage. This extends the theoretical framework for understanding the evolution of social monogamy in taxa without biparental care of young.
The Value of Immaculate Mates: Relationships between Plumage Quality and Breeding Success in Shelducks
Authors: Ferns Peter N. , Lang Alison 
Published: June 2003

AbstractImmaculateness, a novel measure of bird plumage quality, defined as the regularity of the borders of a coloured patch of feathers, and the uniformity of the colour within the patch, tends to decline as a result of feather wear and damage. If it declines more quickly amongst birds in poor condition, it has the potential to act as an honest signal of individual quality and therefore be subject to social and sexual selection. We scored plumage immaculateness in shelducks Tadorna tadorna, based on the absence of white feathers in the red‐brown chest band and the evenness of the band's border. We monitored body condition and plumage quality in birds at feeding sites in the Severn Estuary (UK) during the early breeding season when females were forming eggs, and later in the season when chicks arrived. Drakes had more immaculate chest bands than ducks. At preferred feeding sites, drakes were more immaculate, and birds of both sexes were in better body condition. Birds with more immaculate plumage tended to mate assortatively at preferred sites and were more likely to produce a brood that survived the journey to the feeding areas. Immaculateness could therefore be an honest signal of parental quality. Although our evidence is only correlational, we suggest that plumage immaculateness indicates the ability to establish and maintain control over the best breeding sites and feeding territories in the face of competition with other shelducks.