bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Race and Restriction: Anti‐Asian Immigration Pressures in the Pacific North‐west of America during the Progressive Era, 1885–1924
Authors: Allerfeldt Kristofer 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThis article explores the role that the north‐western states of Washington and Oregon played in the anti‐Chinese and anti‐Japanese movements of the Progressive Era. In extending the investigation to include the agitation led by the Knights of Labor during the 1880s and the final exclusion of the Japanese in 1924, it will demonstrate that, although the methods employed by the two exclusionist movements may have varied, the sentiments were virtually interchangeable – a fact of which the Japanese became increasingly aware. By examining the anti‐Chinese violence of the mid‐1880s, and contrasting it with the relative quiet of the next decade, this study questions the view that such responses were purely based on the pressures of the labour market. It sets out to challenge the assumption that Oregon and Washington were simply adjuncts to California and that their pressures for restriction were little more than the result of the opportunistic demagoguery of a few local politicians.
Institutional Environments, Employer Practices, and States in Liberal Market Economies
Authors: Godard John 
Published: March 2003

This article draws on the new institutionalism in economics, sociology, and political studies in order to establish a foundation for analyzing how states shape employer human resource management and union relations. It then reviews and extends the available literature on this topic, establishing how, in addition to legal regulation, states help to shape the cognitive and normative rules that undergird employer decision processes, the social and economic environment within which employers act, and ultimately, the relations of authority constituting the employment relation itself and hence employer policy orientations. The article concludes with a discussion of the prospects for state policy initiatives in view of established employer paradigms, institutional logics, and state traditions, and identifies possibilities for further work in this area.A neoclassical world would be a jungle, and no society would be viable. Douglas North (1981:11)
The Moderating Effect of Raters’ Opportunities to Observe Ratees' Job Performance on the Validity of an Assessment Centre
Authors: Moser Klaus , Schuler Heinz , Funke Uwe 
Published: March 2003

Previous research has suggested that the quality of judgmental validation criteria may improve depending on the increase of opportunity for the rater to observe ratees’ job performances. This study investigated whether the validity of an assessment centre increases with opportunity to observe. Subjects were engineers and applied scientists from the Research and Development (R&D) units of seven German high‐technology companies.A total of 6 personality scales, 10 cognitive ability tests and 9 work samples was administered to 155 subjects. Performance appraisals were collected from their supervisors. Assessors were trained organizational psychologists who were not members of the participating organizations. A total score (‘assessment centre score’) was computed by averaging the 25 predictors after standardization of each predictor. The (uncorrected) validity of this assessment centre was r = 0.37. In addition, opportunity to observe (i.e. amount of time the performance rater was the ratee’s supervisor) emerged as a moderator: for example validities were r = 0.09 (opportunity to observe ≤ 2 years) and r = 0.50 (opportunity to observe> 2 years).
Management development within the construction industry: building on success?
Authors: Shipton Helen , Shackleton Viv 
Published: March 2003

This article explores the notion that the workplace is a learning environment, and that the line manager is a key player determining its effectiveness. The work discusses how performance management systems may be used to clarify expectations made of line managers with regard to employee development. The work, in addition, suggests that line manager people management expertise may be a factor inhibiting workplace development for subordinates, and makes a number of suggestions about how to prepare the line manager for effective employee development.Key issues are illustrated by reference to a case study example. The case demonstrates that a high profile management development programme within a major international organisation failed to meet all objectives because of the unwillingness of the line management team to participate in the development of subordinates back in the workplace.
International Best Practice, Enabling Frameworks and the Policy Process: A South African Case Study
Authors: Tomlinson Richard 
Published: March 2003

In this article I analyse urban policies and policy processes that serve the needs of low–income groups in South Africa. I show how conceptions of international best practice and indicators of best practice have shaped the formulation of urban policy in the country, in particular, examining how the government has set out to address housing and municipal services backlogs. In addition, I demonstrate the key role of international development agencies and globe–hopping consulting firms and academics in helping to interpret how international best practice might be locally applied. These points are demonstrated with a case study of municipal services partnerships and the role played by the World Bank, the United States Agency for International Development and their consultants in bringing them into being. Lastly, I debate the potential for locally differentiated policies outside the realm of best practice.Cet article analyse les politiques urbaines et les processus politiques qui servent les besoins des groupes à faible revenu en Afrique du Sud. Il montre comment les idées de ‘meilleure pratique internationale‘ et les indicateurs normatifs afférents ont influencé la formulation de la politique urbaine dans le pays, notamment en examinant comment le gouvernement a cherchéà traiter les demandes en instance de logement et de services municipaux. De plus, il expose la contribution essentielle des agences de développement internationales et des sociétés de conseil et intellectuels globe–trotters quand il s’agit d’interpréter l’application locale d’une meilleure pratique internationale. Ces aspects sont démontrés par une étude de cas de partenariats de services municipaux, soulignant le rôle joué par la Banque mondiale et l’Agence am?ricaine pour le développement international et leurs consultants dans la mise en place de ces opérations. Enfin, l’article aborde le potentiel de politiques différenciées au plan local, hors du champ des meilleures pratiques.
The Labour Market Absorption of CIS Immigrants to Israel: 1989–1994
Authors: Beenstock Michael , Ben Menahem Yitzhak 
Published: March 2003

The labour market absorption in the 1990s of some 600,000 immigrants from the ex‐USSR has, on the whole, been a major success. The rate of unemployment among immigrants who came in 1990 has converged on the rate of unemployment for native Israelis. However, concern has been focused on the low rates of occupational retention and the waste of human capital that this implies. We use three micro data sets to investigate the absorption dynamics of CIS immigrants in the Israeli labour market in the 1990s.Our findings suggest that the employment absorption process is steady, if slow. The Labour Force Survey suggests that “academics” experience positive duration dependence during the first four years in Israel. Vocational training did not appear to promote employment absorption. However, Hebrew training has a beneficial effect on employment absorption. We caution against the interpretation of occupational mismatch as being identical with the waste of human capital. It takes a long time until owners of human capital can fully adapt it to their new milieu.
Resurgent Irish Immigration to the US in the 1980s and early 1990s: A Socio‐demographic Profile
Authors: Lobo A.P. , Salvo J.J. 
Published: March 2003

Irish immigration to the US has been motivated traditionally by a lack of employment opportunities at home. With the passage of the US Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, however, Irish immigrants were no longer explicitly favoured. Family reunification became the primary path of entry, which worked against the Irish who had lost their immediate generational link with US residents.During the severe Irish recession of 1980–85 a resurgence in Irish outflows resulted in a large undocumented Irish population in the US. Most of this population was later legalized as a result of special legislation that targeted the Irish. There have been concerns in Ireland that the outflow in the 1980s, unlike prior flows, included a high proportion of skilled persons, leading some to characterize the outflow as a “new wave”.This article uses US immigration data to assess how the occupational characteristics of recent Irish immigrants compare with prior immigrant cohorts and also examines how Irish immigrants are incorporated into the US economy.Recent Irish immigrants to the US spanned the occupational spectrum: accountants, engineers, nurses and other professionals found a booming job market in the most advanced sectors of the US economy, while less skilled immigrants found jobs in the informal economy. While the number of entering Irish professionals increased, flows of the less skilled increased even more dramatically, resulting in an overall decline in the occupational selectivity of Irish immigrants.The 1980–85 Irish recession has been followed by robust growth for more than a decade. Ireland is now experiencing a net inflow of persons, including many Irish professionals returning from the US. However, Ireland continues to experience a net outflow of the young and less skilled which may once again result in a large undocumented Irish presence in the US.
The Effect of Regional Inequalities on Migration: A Comparative Analysis of Israel and Japan
Authors: Portnov Boris A. 
Published: March 2003

This article posits three main questions:– Is there a general “mechanism” through which disparities in regional development affect patterns of cross‐district migration?– Which aspects of regional inequalities (climate, employment, housingavailability, etc.) have the most profound effect on rates and directionof inter‐area migration?– Which planning policies and strategies are conducive to increasing the migration attractiveness of peripheral development regions?In an attempt to answer these questions, the 1985‐1995 statistical data fortwo relatively small and densely populated countries – Israel and Japan – are used.A general model of the factors affecting cross‐district migration is suggested, and analysis‐of‐variance is used to explain the factors influencing rate of cross‐area migration in the two countries.Although these countries differ substantially in respect to population sizeand local development, they appear to exhibit considerable similarities ingeneral patterns of cross‐district migration.Since the late 1980s, the attractiveness of core regions in both countries has tended to decline, while that of peripheral areas appeared to grow. It is argued that this resemblance of migration patterns is related to a similarbalance of employment and housing availability in different geographicareas.
The Colour of Poverty: A Study of the Poverty of Ethnic and Immigrant Groups in Canada
Authors: Kazemipur Abdolmohammad , Halli Shiva S. 
Published: March 2003

Research on immigrants' socio‐economic performances in Canada has produced mixed results. One reason for this has been the fact that many studies have used measures that rely on average performance of immigrants, and also treat immigrants as a homogeneous group. Also, some measures of economic performance are unnecessarily complicated.The present article argues that this practice masks the diversity of experiences that exist among immigrants. In particular, it is argued that indices based on average income do not adequately reveal the status of low income immigrants.Using poverty status as an indicator of economic performance, the study xamines and compares different groups of immigrants, in terms of their ethnic origin, period of immigration, age at immigration, and their geo‐graphical location in Canada.
The Impact of Long–term Visitor Migration on Projections of Australia’s Population
Authors: McDonald Peter , Kippen Rebecca 
Published: March 2003

In 1999 and 2000, net long–term visitor migration to Australia exceeded net permanent migration for the first time. A shift in Australia’s migration entry from permanent settlers to long–term visitors has many implications. This paper focuses on the longer–term demographic impacts of this change.In conventional projections of Australia’s population, particular levels of annual net overseas migration are assumed and there is an implicit assumption that these levels represent permanent migration. The question addressed in this paper is: if permanent residents and temporary residents of Australia are treated as two separate populations, does this change the outcomes of population projections?The paper uses a new projection model that divides the Australian population into these two components. Each population is projected separately with provision for movement from the visitor population to the permanent population. Visitors who do not convert to permanent residence are “tagged” with their expected year of departure and are taken out of the population in that year. They are also assumed to have a zero birth rate (because any births they have will leave with them).A conventional population projection based on 1999 levels of annual net overseas migration (88,000) results in an Australian population of around 25 million in 2050. In contrast, a “standard” projection, which is also based on 1999 migration levels, but considers permanent movements (50,000 net annually) and long–term visitor movements (125,000 annual arrivals) separately results in a population of 23 million by 2050.Other projections are carried out in which specified net migration targets are met through varying either the level of net permanent–resident migration, the level of long–term visitor arrivals, or the rate of conversion of long–term visitors to permanent residence.The central conclusion of the study is that dividing the Australian population into two parts, permanent residents and long–term visitors, and projecting them separately into the future makes a considerable difference to the results of population projections.
Steuerreform 2000 – Entlastungswirkungen und Investitionsanreize für Personenunternehmen gemessen an Alternativen
Authors: Börstinghaus Volker , Weinelt Andrea 
Published: March 2003

Abstract This paper outlines the tax reliefs and the investment incentives for partnerships that can be expected from the current tax reform in Germany. We therefore compare the enacted law with concepts that have been submitted by the socalled „Bruehler Commission“. After a brief description of the different alternatives our analysis continues with the calculation and evaluation of average and marginal tax rates for selected income groups. As a result it is argued that the alternative proposals lead to unequally distributed tax reliefs between different income groups and generate weaker investment incentives. Thus we support the enacted law.
Strategies for the Convivial City: A New Agenda for Education for the Built Environment
Authors: Miles Malcom 
Published: March 2003

The problem of urban sustainability will concern many disciplines during the first decade of the 21st century. One aspect of this will be an urgent reappraisal of notions of ‘the city’ in face of the crises of urban living represented in popular culture and substantiated by actuality; another, a search for alternative models of what urban professional practice, and urban settlement, might be, such as ‘action planning’ or ‘new genre public art’, or the Open City at Ritoque, Chile, or the village of New Qurna designed by Egyptian architect Hassan Fathy. A possible third aspect may be a multi‐disciplinary approach underpinned by critical attitudes to the professional ideologies of planners, architects, designers and artists.Urban forms are produced historically through processes of planning and design; a number of possible futures are thus open. Whilst the dominant conceptualisation of ‘the city’ reflects the dominant values and structures of power in a society, these values and structures, like the model of a city, are contestable. Education has, then, a responsibility to interrogate received notions of both urban form and the methodologies through which it is produced. This paper asks how education might construct design as a critical practice, how imagination might reconfigure notions of ‘the city’.
Risk Management in a Disaster Management Context
Authors: Salter John 
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses how the adoption of a systematic risk management framework can enhance disaster management. In the analysis of risk, a focus on the interactions between sources of risk and elements at risk, rather than a pre‐occupation with hazards, adds more value to management. Vulnerability is the crucial modifier of consequences and, as such, its analysis highlights critical areas and opportunities for developing effective intervention strategies.Risk communication processes based on community involvement need to underpin the development and application of evaluation criteria to determine which risk treatments will be implemented. Closing considerations reflect on how risk management may be used within public administration to re‐define emergency management service provision. The paper concludes that Emergency Risk Management provides a framework which, by focusing on managing community exposure to major risks, facilitates the identification and implementation of intervention options which address socially significant problems.
The influence of children's self‐report trait anxiety and depression on visual search for emotional faces
Authors: Hadwin Julie A. , Donnelly Nick , French Christopher C. , Richards Anne , Watts Antonia , Daley Dave 
Published: March 2003

Background: This study presents two experiments that investigated the relationship between7‐ and 10‐year‐olds’ levels of self‐report trait anxiety and depression and their visual search for threatening (angry faces) and non‐threatening (happy and neutral faces) stimuli.Method: In both experiments a visual search paradigm was used to measure participants’ reaction times to detect the presence or absence of angry, happy or neutral schematic faces (Experiment 1) or cartoon drawings (Experiment 2). On target present trials, a target face was displayed alongside three, five or seven distractor items. On target absent trials all items were distractors.Results: Both experiments demonstrated that on target absent (but not present) trials, increased levels of anxiety produced significantly faster search times in the angry face condition, but not in the neutral condition. In Experiment 2 there was some trend towards significance between anxiety and searches for happy faces in absent trials. There were no effects of depression on search times in any condition.Conclusion: The results support previous work highlighting a specific link between anxiety and attention to threat in childhood.
Convergent and divergent effects of odors and emotions in depression
Authors: Pause Bettina M. , Raack Ninja , Sojka Bernfried , Göder Robert , Aldenhoff Josef B. , Ferstl Roman 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to investigate the similarities and differences in the olfactory and visual processing of emotional stimuli in healthy subjects and in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Twenty‐five inpatients were investigated after admission to the psychiatric clinic. Fifteen of them participated a second time, shortly before their discharge from the hospital. A group of healthy subjects, matched according to age and sex, served as a control. Chemsosensory event‐related potentials (CSERPs) were recorded using the constant flow method. In addition, event‐related potentials (ERPs), in response to colors and emotional slides, were obtained to control modality and emotion‐specific effects. The subjects' task was to discriminate the colors (red/yellow) and odors (phenyl‐ethylalcohol=rose/isobutyraldehyde=rotten butter) according to their quality and to judge the valence of the emotional slides (IAPS slides). The EEG was recorded from 32 scalp locations. At the beginning of the therapy, visual stimulus processing was attenuated in depressive subjects at a relatively late processing level (reduced amplitudes of the P3 and pSW in response to colors and emotional slides), whereas olfactory stimulus processing had already been affected at an early level (reduced amplitudes of the P2 and P3‐1 peaks in MDD patients). However, after successful medical treatment, ERPs did not differentiate between depressive patients and healthy controls. We discuss whether functional deviations within the primary olfactory cortex are responsible for the lower olfactory sensitivity, as well as for the altered emotional stimulus processing in MDD patients.
Order Imbalance on Ex‐Dividend Days
Authors: Jakob Keith , Ma Tongshu 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn this article we test an alternative to the tax‐based explanation for why prices decline on ex‐dividend days by an amount less than the dividend. We examine whether there is order imbalance on cum‐ and ex‐dividend days. We find that on ex‐dividend days, there are more buys than sells in the number of orders, but not in the number of shares ordered, and the imbalance in the number of orders is limited to small orders. We find that the difference between the dividend amount and the ex‐dividend‐day price drop is significantly related to the magnitude of the buy‐sell order imbalance. We find no order imbalance on cum‐dividend days in either the number of orders or the number of shares ordered.
Research Dissemination and Impact: Evidence from Web Site Downloads
Authors: Pinkowitz Lee 
Published: March 2003

ABSTRACTThe Journal of Finance Web site disseminates research expediently to a broad audience. Papers were downloaded 284,170 times from November 1997 to November 1999. The average paper receives 85 downloads per month and is available 10 months before publication. Articles are downloaded more than shorter papers. Lead articles are downloaded more than other articles because they are of greater interest, and they receive an endorsement as the lead. Downloads are positively correlated with citations and may be a useful measure of research impact. Finally, placing forthcoming articles online does not adversely affect subscriptions and may increase the SSCI impact factor.