bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Condition index and growth rates of field caged Corbicula fluminea (Bivalvia) as biomarkers of pollution gradients in the Paraná river delta (Argentina)
Authors: Cataldo Daniel H. , Boltovskoy Demetrio , Stripeikis Jorge , Pose Mónica 
Published: October 2003

Abstract
In 1995-1996, Corbicula fluminea was collected at monthly intervals at two sites in the delta of the lower Paraná river (Argentina), at the confluence of the San Antonio and Vinculación rivers, and from the Paraná de las Palmas river close to its outlet into the Río de la Plata estuary. The San Antonio site is located in the vicinity of sources of industrial and sewage effluents, whereas the more remote Paraná de las Palmas river sampling location is considerably less polluted. Growth rates of caged individuals at the two sites also monitored during the same period, and Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn were measured monthly in the water and in tissue of animals. Throughout the year concentrations of all metals in water, as well as Pb and Zn in tissue, varied irregularly and their levels at the two sites were roughly similar; on the other hand, Cu and Cd in tissue of animals from the polluted site were consistently and significantly higher than in those from the remote site. Changes in the size-frequency of clams from Paraná de las Palmas river throughout the period surveyed clearly indicated a highly structured population with a single well defined reproduction period in October-November. In contrast, shell lengths at San Antonio changed very little throughout the 13 month period, with over 88% of the clams varying between 18 and 20 mm in length; no discernible cohorts were recorded. Growth rates of caged clams were very significantly lower at the polluted site, with the remote site latter yielding comparable values to those obtained from the remote site cohort analysis data. Highest growth rates (around 10 mm) were attained by the smallest (about 7-8 mm) clams reared in Paraná de las Palmas river waters, whereas 23 to 25 mm organisms maintained in San Antonio waters grew only 2 to 3 mm in the same period. Of the 57 animals which survived throughout the caging experiment, those below 10 mm at the outset increased, on average, 8.2 mm in length after 13 months, whereas clams less than10 mm in length grew only 4.2 mm. The condition index (i.e., dry tissue weight divided by shell length) of clams from San Antonio was consistently about 50% lower than that of clams from the Paraná de las Palmas river.It is concluded that delayed growth, poorer condition index, and the abnormal population structure at San Antonio are due to enhanced pollution in this area as compared with the Paraná de las Palmas river, and that all three traits constitute a more useful biomarker of contaminants.
Use of rare macroinvertebrate taxa and multiple-year data to detect low-level impacts in rivers
Authors: Turak E. , Koop K. 
Published: October 2003

Predictions from AUSRIVAS were used to compare macroinvertebrate data from samples collected over several years from two nearby river sites in the Hunter Valley Region in NSW, Australia. One of the sites was in agricultural land and the other one was in a National Park. Both sites had good water quality and a diverse range of macroinvertebrate habitats.
The AUSRIVAS output most commonly used for assessing river condition is the Observed/Expected (O/E50) value. Only relatively common taxa, ie those that have greater than 50% probability of occurrence are included in the calculation of O/E50 values. T-tests used to test differences between the mean O/E50 values for the individual samples showed no significant differences between the two sites. When similar analyses were performed on outputs calculated using rare taxa, significant differences were found between the two sites for the riffle habitat but not for the edge habitat.
Including the rare taxa in calculating AUSRIVAS outputs and utilising multiple-year outputs for assessing site condition may allow detection of impacts not detected by examining the commonly used outputs.
Long-term changes in functional properties and biodiversity of plankton in Lake Greifensee (Switzerland) in response to phosphorus reduction
Authors: Bürgi H. R. , Bührer H. , Keller B. 
Published: October 2003

Lake Greifensee, a dimictic lake situated near Zürich, Switzerland, has been monitored chemically and biologically since 1971, a period during which total phosphorus concentration changed dramatically. Based on analysis of cores of the lake sediment, this lake was oligotrophic 120 years ago. Due to a rapid increase in population in the catchment area to about 100,000 inhabitants, the phosphorus input from sewer systems eventually exceeded the tolerable P-load of 2.3 t y−1. In the early 1970s, this lake was hypertrophic (ca. 600 mg m−3 total phosphorus). Due to P-elimination in sewage treatment plants and a ban of P-containing detergents, phosphorus concentrations declined to less than 50 mg m−3 in spring 2000 (overturn value). Currently we observe growth-limiting phosphorus concentrations in the trophogenic layer from May to November. Therefore, primary productivity dropped from &gt;700 g C m−2 y−1 at the beginning of our investigations (1971) to approximately 400 g C m−2 y−1 in 2000, which is still in the eutrophic range. Ammonia concentrations in the hypolimnion decreased significantly over this period. However, anaerobic conditions still regularly occur in the hypolimnion during May/June.
Although total biomass values of phytoplankton or zooplankton did not show any correlation with the long-term decline of phosphorus concentrations, the composition of different systematic groups showed clear trends. During the period with Ptotal concentrations of &gt;250 mg m−3 phytoplankton biomass was dominated by chlorophytes and cryptomonads, with lesser amounts of diatoms and dinoflagellates. Cyanobacteria and chrysomonads were of minor importance. With declining P load cyanobacteria biomass increased while chlorophytes and dinoflagellates decreased. Chrysomonads and pennate diatoms attained substantial portions, Zooplankton community did not change markedly. Main fraction was contributed by the herbivorous crustaceans, about 20% of total zooplankton biomass was carnivorous.
Functional properties of phytoplankton showed closer relationship with P decline than biomass of systematic groups of algae. Under hypertrophic conditions r-strategists were dominant, especially during spring and early summer. K-strategists were more abundant under moderate eutrophic conditions in the second half of the year. Motility and buoyancy are very important in lakes with thin trophogenic layer (5 m in Lake Greifensee). Nonmotile plankton could survive during overturn (enhanced turbulence) and during clear water periods, whereas motile plankton groups dominated during thermal stratification.
The best criteria for measuring resilience of Lake Greifensee are species richness, biomass-based diversity and evenness indices of phytoplankton and the strength of coupling between different trophic levels. With declining phosphorus content, species richness and diversity indices of phytoplankton increased.
Imperilled subsurface waters in Australia: Biodiversity, threatening processes and conservation
Authors: Boulton A. J. , Humphreys W. F. , Eberhard S. M. 
Published: October 2003

Subsurface waters in Australia span massive aquifers to small cave streams and fluctuating hyporheic zones where stream water exchanges with groundwater. Groundwater resources have been exploited heavily, especially in the arid zone, and usage is predicted to increase. Ironically, preliminary surveys of some groundwater habitats in arid northwestern Australia indicate an extraordinarily diverse subsurface fauna with apparently highly localised distributions. Elsewhere in Australia, changes to river flows, gravel extraction, and poorly managed catchment land uses have altered the extent and ecological integrity of the hyporheic zone in most gravel and sand bed rivers. In many cave streams and karst aquifers, sedimentation, pollution and changes to the water table have caused extinction or reduction of the dependent biodiversity. Most of these subsurface habitats harbour ancient groups absent from surface waters (relictual stygofauna) and are ‘hotspots’ of unexpected aquatic biodiversity.
Unfortunately, our knowledge of the regional extent of this biodiversity and its functional significance is fragmentary. Current threats vary according to the subsurface habitat. For example, lowering of the water table in calcrete aquifers by water abstraction may jeopardise isolated, endemic relictual faunas in Australia's arid zone whereas in many gravel bed rivers, siltation threatens the biodiversity and filtration capacity of the hyporheic zone. Groundwaters in karst, especially cave streams and their dependent fauna, are vulnerable to impacts in their surface catchments but these linkages are seldom obvious. Recognition of the intimate linkages between groundwater and many surface ecosystems has led recently to policies aimed at protecting ‘Groundwater Dependent Ecosystems’ in Australia. However, such protection is hampered by our scant taxonomic and ecological knowledge of these ecosystems. Successful conservation and management of groundwaters and their dependent ecosystems rely on better public understanding of their unique fauna and ‘ecosystem services,’ further research on subsurface processes and taxonomy, and legislative protection of rare and threatened subterranean communities and species.
Effect of wind induced water movements on nutrients, chlorophyll-a, and primary production in Lake Tanganyika
Authors: Langenberg V. T. , Sarvala J. , Roijackers R. 
Published: October 2003

We determined the spatial and temporal distribution of major plant nutrients, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll-a and primary production, at three deep-water locations in Lake Tanganyika to infer patterns of water displacements and to interpret the impact of wind-generated changes in nutrients on the timing and magnitude of phytoplankton production.In the southern end of the lake, the onset of cooler, windier conditions during May–September caused stratification weakening, tilting of isotherms and upwelling of dissolved inorganic nitrogen and soluble reactive phosphorus from nutrient-rich deeper waters. These factors coincided with an increase in chlorophyll-a concentrations but not with clear evidence of increased primary production. An internal seiche at that time seemed associated with similar but less pronounced events at the other stations after cessation of the winds.We suggest that internal seiching can spread kinetic energy throughout the lake, triggering upward nutrient fluxes through mixing elsewhere. The response to water displacements in terms of nutrient supply to the epilimnion seems to be governed by differences in the strength of vertical temperature, and by nutrient and dissolved oxygen gradients. At the most northern station, these gradients were strongest and closest to each other and throughout the year primary production rates, phosphorus and chlorophyll-a concentrations in the euphotic zone appeared generally higher than at the other stations, probably also because of increased nutrient input from the Rusizi River.We emphasise that the intra- and interannual differences between the strength of lake stratification and wind regime are of major importance in determining the extent of upwelling events upwind as well as internal seiching strength and duration. That consequently affects the extent of internal nutrient loading throughout the lake and ultimately plays an important role in the lake trophic status.
Autotrophic picoplankton in Lake Baikal: Abundance, dynamics, and distribution
Authors: Belykh O. I. , Sorokovikova E. G. 
Published: October 2003

The autotrophic picoplankton of Lake Baikal was discovered more than 30 years ago; the productivity of the endemic member of the group, Synechocystis limnetica, is of particular interest. In the course of long-term investigations, the abundance of this species was established using the sedimentation technique. Maximum abundance was reached at 104 cells per ml in summer. In addition to estimating the distribution of this species throughout a defined lake area during the spring-summer period, the character of interrelations with large phytoplankton was revealed.
Baikalian autotrophic picoplankton was studied from 1997 to 2000 using epifluorecsence and scanning electron microscopy. The study of seasonal and annual dynamics of picoplankton abundance was conducted monthly at the monitoring station in southern Baikal. The spatial distribution of autotrophic picoplankton was observed in the period when Lake Baikal was free of ice; the lake area was defined by 50 stations. Microscopic examination of planktonic samples revealed that the phycoerythrin-rich cyanobacteria of genus Synechococcus generated the largest biomass of autotrophic picoplankton in Lake Baikal. Morphotype diversity of the representatives of genus Synechecoccus was revealed in the study: Synechococcus spp. of coccoid and ellipsoid forms were dominant by abundance. The coccoid and ellipsoid forms had diameters of 0.9 and 0.7 to 1.3 μm, respectively. The portion of picoplanktonic algae in the Baikalian picoplankton community is not high and does not exceed 10% in the summer time when growth is highest.
The autotrophic picoplankton abundance throughout the year in the 0–50 m layer varies by more than one hundred times. Maximal concentration of picocyanobacteria occurs in late July–August at 10 to 25 m depths where it reached 106 cells ml−1. The minimal concentration (103 cells ml−1) was observed in December at the same depths. A small peak of the picoplankton growth occurred in April of each year when the total numbers of picocyanobacteria increased 2 to 4 times after winter. In 1999 the peak rose to 105 cells ml−1 . During the investigation period the highest indices of autotrophic picoplankton numbers were observed in 1999 and the lowest in 1997. The spatial distribution of this group in the whole Baikal aquatorium was characteristically heterogeneous; its abundance varied by 2 to 10 times in different parts of the lake. The largest fluctuation occurred in August and the least in September. The maximum picoplankton abundance was observed in the epilimnion during the periods of thermal stratification. In the course of homothermy a comparably homogeneous distribution of picocyanobacteria was revealed up to 300 m depth, but the highest numbers were found in the upper 30 m layer.
Public Health Social Marketing: The Immunise Australia Program
Authors: Carroll Tom E. , Van Veen Laurie 
Published: October 2003

The case study presented here represents the application of social marketing theory and practice to increase the levels of full age-appropriate childhood immunization as part of the Immunise Australia Program. In 1995, an Australian Bureau of Statistics survey found that only 33% of Australian children up to 6 years of age were fully immunized according to the schedule being recommended at the time, and 52% were assessed as being fully immunized according to the previous schedule (ABS, 1996). In response to this situation, the Australian Government formulated the Immunise Australia Program. This program comprised a number of initiatives, including: ▪ improvements to immunization practice and service delivery; ▪ establishment of a National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance; ▪ negotiation with State and Territory Governments to introduce requirements for immunization prior to commencing school; ▪ financial incentives for doctors and parents/guardians; ▪ a national childhood immunization education campaign; and ▪ a specific Measles Control Campaign. While recognizing the key role played by structural and policy reform within the formulation and implementation of a social marketing strategy, this article focuses primarily on the community education components of this program.
Creditsmart© Research: A Study of Consumer Financial Knowledge and Implications for Social Marketing
Authors: Perry Vanessa Gail , Ards Sheila 
Published: October 2003

This paper describes a corporate-sponsored research effort whose goal was to help consumers obtain and maintain good credit through consumer education. Freddie Mac in collaboration with five historically Black colleges and universities (HBCUs) and three national nonprofit consumer organizations sponsored this initiative, known as CreditSmart©, which involves research, curriculum development, and outreach. In order to inform the curriculum and outreach, the authors evaluate the effectiveness of learning about finances through formal, informal, and experiential sources. They also examine whether there are ethnic or cultural differences in these effects. The proposed model of consumer financial knowledge was tested using the 1999 Consumer Credit Survey (CCS) data collected from approximately 12,000 consumers. This dataset includes a variety of questions about childhood experiences with money, financial knowledge, attitudes, and experiences, as well as assets, debts, and demographic characteristics. Findings suggest that formal training and childhood financial experiences are significant predictors of financial knowledge across the sample population as a whole, while informal, word-of-mouth sources have a significant additional impact among African-American consumers. Implications for social marketing and consumer education are discussed.
Branding Behavior: The Strategy behind the TruthSM Campaign
Authors: Evans W. Douglas , Wasserman Jeffrey , Bertolotti Elena , Martino Steven 
Published: October 2003

The American Legacy Foundation's truthSM campaign uses a branding strategy to change adolescent and young adults' attitudes and behavior and to encourage them to adopt a nonsmoking lifestyle. This strategy and its execution represent an evolution from previous antismoking social marketing efforts. It offers lessons not only for future antismoking campaigns, but also for social marketing aimed at preventing or controlling many other youth risk behaviors. The persuasive mechanisms by which truth's branding strategy works need to be understood within the context of existing social psychological theories of attitude and belief formation, as well as behavior change. Brand equity is a central measure of the truth campaign's strategy. We describe a new brand equity scale based on previous work in advertising research and present data from a campaign tracking survey. We conclude that the campaign has high brand equity among its target audience, 12- to 17-year-olds, and has changed important attitudes and beliefs related to smoking. Future research will investigate the relationships among brand equity, relevant intervening variables, and smoking behavior.
Is Social Marketing an Effective Tool to Reduce Health Disparities?
Authors: Williams Jerome D. , Kumanyika Shiriki K. 
Published: October 2003

The health status of people of color in the United States remains unconscionably low when contrasted with that of the U.S. majority population, largely due to factors that are modifiable. This paper addresses the issue of using social marketing to reduce health disparities, with a focus on improving dietary and physical activity behaviors and the environments that influence these behaviors. We emphasize the need for the social marketer to adopt a mindset that focuses on and values the perceptions and priorities of the target population and to view dietary and physical activity behaviors through a cultural lens. We highlight the importance of using frameworks such as the theory of reasoned action and the socio-ecological model to enhance the focus on salient personal and environmental variables for a given target population, and we discuss implications for social marketers, for example, in implementing segmentation and promotion strategies. Social marketers who attempt to facilitate changes in dietary and physical activity practices in minority communities face a daunting task. However, we are confident that such efforts are more likely to be successful if they build upon the culturally relevant concepts and key features of social marketing planning and implementation outlined in this paper. This article reflects issues that were raised during a presentation at the Charting the Course for Social Marketing to Promote Diet and Physical Activity Conference. As a result, we have confined this discussion to addressing those issues related to our presentation, namely assessing the effectiveness and appropriateness of social marketing as a tool to reduce health disparities. In addition, we have attempted to adhere to the objectives of the overall conference theme. Therefore, while we address some broader issues concerning the need to develop culturally appropriate social marketing programs, much of the discussion is directed toward and focuses on specific points raised at the conference.
Explicating Social Marketing: What is it, and What isn't It?
Authors: Maibach Edward W. 
Published: October 2003

This paper briefly describes social marketing for the purpose of differentiating it from other forms of public health practice for which it is often mistaken, and was commissioned to provide a starting point for a conference on the role of social marketing in promoting physical activity and nutrition. To that end, definitions of social marketing are presented, differences between social marketing and educational approaches to behavioral influence are examined, and a brief set of key concepts are suggested. A clear understanding of the two approaches is important in helping program managers decide when, and how best, to use each approach. This paper was commissioned so that conference attendees (Charting the Course for Social Marketing to Promote Diet and Physical Activity, UC Davis, 2002) would have a common point of reference - to debate, to modify, or possibly to accept - with regard to the definition of social marketing. Providing a point of reference was also intended to ensure a productive discussion throughout the conference.
Creativity Business Discipline = Higher Profits Faster from New Product Development
Authors: Stevens Greg , Burley James , Divine Richard 
Published: October 2003

A study was conducted of 69 analysts evaluating 267 early‐stage new product development (NPD) projects in a major global chemical company over a 10‐year time span. Positive correlations were found between profits resulting from NPD project analyses and the degree of creativity of the analysts evaluating those projects. Creativity can be reliably measured with standard psychological instruments, such as the MBTI® Creativity Index. Analysts with MBTI Creativity Indices above the median for the group studied identified opportunities providing 12 to 13 times more profit than those with MBTI Creativity Indices below the median, when both groups were rigorously trained and coached in “stage‐gate” business analysis methods.NPD requires breakthrough creativity because the first ideas for commercialization are almost never commercial until they have been substantially revised through a thought process involving branching. It is therefore most productive to preselect innovative, creative people for the early stages of NPD, and then teach this group the business discipline required in stage‐gate NPD processes.The results show that by utilizing these principles, both the overall speed and productivity of typical NPD processes can be increased approximately nine‐fold, or nearly an order of magnitude when compared to today's typical linear stage‐gate processes.