bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organization of tyrosine‐hydroxylase immunopositive neurons in the brian of the crested newt, Triturus cristatus carnifex
Authors: Franzoni M. F. , Thibault J. , Fasolo A. , Martinoli M. G. , Scaranari F. , Calas A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe localization of neurons, fibers and terminals containing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)‐like immunrectivety was stuided in the brain of the crested newt by using an antiserum to rat phaechromocytoma tyrosine hydroxylase. Immunoreactive cells and fibers were found in the spinal cord, the medulla oblongate (lateral periventricular areas), and the aceustolateral area. In the tegmentum mesencephali, two bilaterl clusters of labelled cells were localized in the ventrolateral periventrilcular gray extending toward the caudal hypothalamus. In the hypothalamic tuberal lobes, the TH‐like reactive nurons, frequently of CSF‐contacting type, lined the dorsal wall lof the lateral linfundibular recesses. A thick network of TH‐like reactive nerve fibers and terminals was observed in the percascular zone of the median emience and in the adenohypophysial pars intermedia. A number of labelled cell bodies were also found in the dorsal thalamus (pars intercalaris diencephali), the paraventricular organ, and the ventral wall of the preoptic recess. In the telencephalon, immunoreactive innervatkion was indentified in the striatum, together with immunoposite cell bodies in the olfactory bulbs. The pattern of organization of TH‐immunoreactive sytems in the newt showed, except for some peculiarities (e.g., the labelled cell bodies in dorsal thalamus), close similarities to the arrangement typical of mammals.
GABA‐immunoreactive neurons in the rat cerebellum: A light and electron microscope study
Authors: Gabbott P. L. A. , Somogyi J. , Stewart M. G. , Hamori J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAn antibody raised against γ ‐ amino‐butyric acid (GABA) coupled to bovine serum albumin with glutaraldehyde (Hodgson et al: J. Histochem. Cytochem. 33:229–239, '85) was used to localise immunocytochemically the presumptive GABAergic neuronal elements in the cerebellar cortex of the adult rat.Employing the unlabelled antibody enzyme method with pre‐ and postembedding immunocytochemical procedures, the following cellular structures were observed to be GABA‐immunopositive in both the light and electron microscopes: the somata, dendrites, and axonal processes (including axon terminals) of stellate, basket, and Golgi neurons. In immunopositive neuronal somata and dendrites, the reaction product was found to be associated with all intracellular organelles and with the postsynaptic densities of synaptic junctions. Specific GABA‐like immunoreactivity was also seen around outer mitochondrial membranes, microtubules, and neurofilaments, and coating synaptic vesicles in presynaptic axon terminals.In the pre‐embedding procedure with dilutions of the antiserum between 1:1,000 and 1:2,000, the perikarya and dendrites of Purkinje cells were GABA‐immunonegative, whereas at an antiserum dilution of 1:500 the somata of Purkinje cells were mildly GABA‐immunoreactive. Purkinje cell axon terminals in the infra‐ and supraganglionic plexuses and in the deep cerebellar nuclei were always strongly immunopositive. Neuroglia were invariably GABA‐immunonegative, as were the dendrites, axons (parallel fibres), and somata of granule cells. Mossy fibre and climbing fibre afferents were also immunonegative.The pattern of immunoreactivity obtained with this antiserum directed against the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA was found to resemble closely the immunocytochemical distribution of GABA and of the GABA‐synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) as reported previously in other immunocytochemical investigations (Oertel et al. and Wu et al: Cytochemical Methods in Neuroanatomy. New York: A. R. Liss, '82; Seguela et al: Neuroscience 16:865–874, '85; Mugnaini and Oertel: GABA and Neuropeptides in the CNS. Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy. Vol. 4, Part I. Amsterdam: Elsevier, '85):.
Ventral posterior visual area of the macaque: Visual topography and areal boundaries
Authors: Newsome William T. , Maunsell John H. R. , van Essen David C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractUsing both physiological and anatomical techniques, we have studied the topographic organization of extrastriate visual cortex on the ventral surface of the occipital lobe in macaque monkeys. Our results show that a topographically organized representation of the superior contralateral quadrant of the visual field lies immediately anterior to the ventral half of V2. This area is organized in a mirror symmetric fashion to ventral V2: it shares a horizontal meridian representation with V2 and a representation of the superior vertical meridian forms its anterior border. A well‐defined strip of callosal inputs runs along the vertical meridian representation, thereby providing a reliable anatomical marker for areal boundaries in ventral extrastriate cortex. We refer to this area as the ventral posterior area (VP) because it is, in all these respects, notably similar to VP in the owl monkey. Ventral V2 has strong reciprocal connections with VP, and the topography of the V2 projection agrees closely with the topography revealed in our physiological mapping experiments. The visual field representation in VP is strikingly anisotropic, with linear magnification factor being much larger along contours of constant polar angle than along contours of constant eccentricity.
A comparative light microscopic analysis of the sensory innervation of the mystacial pad. I. Innervation of vibrissal follicle‐sinus complexes
Authors: Rice Frank L. , Mance Ajuan , Munger Bryce L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThis comparative study was conducted (1) to provide a detailed, comprehensive description of the innervation to the follicle‐sinus complex (F‐SC) of mystacial vibrissae and (2) to determine if interspecies variability in the innervation of the F‐SCs may be related to differences in the structure or existence of barrels in the primary somatosensory (SI) cortex. Two silver techniques (Winkelmann on 100μm‐thick‐frozen sections and Sevier‐Munger on 8μ‐thick paraffin sections) were applied to comparable mystacial skin samples from adult hamsters, mice, rats, gerbils, rabbits, guinea pigs and cats.The basic structure and innervation of the F‐SCs is the same in all species. Six distinct populations of sensory receptors are identified at consistent locations: (1) Merkel endings in the epidermal rete ridge collar at the mouth of the follicle; (2) circularly disposed presumptive lanceolate, Ruffini, and free nerve endings (FNE) in the inner conical body; (3) longitudinal lanceolate endings in a dense palisade in the mesenchymal sheath at the level of the ring sinus; (4) Merkel endings in the external root sheath at the level of the ring sinus; (5) scattered corpuscular and FNEs (possibly lanceolate or Ruffini endings) in the cavernous sinus; and (6) a few FNEs in the dermal papilla. In each F‐SC, the first two locations are supplied by several superficial vibrissal nerves that arise from several small nerves that also innervate the skin between the vibrissae. These superficial nerves may innervate more than one F‐SC. The next three locations are supplied by a single large deep vibrissal nerve that is derived directly from a row fascicle of the infraorbital nerve. Each deep nerve innervates a single F‐SC. The source of the papilla innervation was not found.The ring sinus locations are consistently the most heavily innervated in all species. The number of axons in comparable deep vibrissal nerves is similar among the rodents, higher in the cat, and lower in the rabbit. Innervation of the inner conical body varies considerably, being dense in species that vigorously whisk their vibrissae (hamster, mouse, rat, and gerbil) and sparse or absent in species that minimally or never whisk (guinea pig, rabbit, and cat). Innervation to the cavernous sinus is aparse particularly in hamsters and gerbils. The innervation to the rete ridge is uniquely absent in the rabbit. In spite of these differences, there was no apparent correlation between the F‐SC innervation and the structure or absence of barrels. The function of the F‐SC receptors is considered based upon (1) the consistency of receptor distribution in relation to specific structural features of the F‐SCs, (2) interspecies differences in F‐SC innervation, and (3) physiological observations published by other investigators.
Postnatal development of afferent projections to the lateral suprasylvian visual area in the cat: An HRP study
Authors: Kato Nobuo , Kawaguchi Saburo , Miyata Hirofumi 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe postnatal development of thalamic and cortical projections to the medial bank of the lateral suprasylvian area was studied in the cat by using the retrograde and orthograde HRP methods. Both projections are already present at birth. In both newborn kittens and adult cats, the thalamic projections arise from the same nuclei. By far the heaviest thalamic projections originates from a relatively lateral portion of the lateral posterior nucleus (the presumed LP1)The cortical laminar distribution of the afferents arising from the presumed LP1 changes markedly with aging. In kittens younger than 1 week, the terminals are distributed densely in layer I and sparsely in layer IV. With age, the terminals in layer I become less dense while those in layer IV become denser. By 1 month of age, the terminal distribution is similar to that found in adult cats, in which the terminals are sparse in layer I and dense in depth‐‐‐particularly, in layer IV.The terminal distribution of the corticocortical projections from areas 17 and 18 also changes with aging. The terminals in kittens younger than 2 weeks are distributed in both superficial and deep cortical layers, whereas those in kittens older than 1 month and in an adult cat are distributed only in deep layers.
Immunohistochemical identification of noradrenaline‐ and adrenaline‐synthesizing neurons in the cat ventrolateral medulla
Authors: Ciriello John , Caverson Monica M. , Park Dong H. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe distribution and morphology of cell bodies containing the catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase (DBH) and phenylethanolamine N‐methyltransferase (PNMT) in the ventrolateral medulla (VLM) of the cat were studied immunohistochemically after intracisternal administration of colchicine. Perikarya immunoreactive to DBH were found throughout the VLM extending from approximately the spinomedullary junction to the level of the superior olivary nucleus. In the caudal VLM DBH neurons were found primarily in the region immediately dorsal to the lateral reticular nucleus (LRN), although a few scattered DBH neurons were also found near the ventral surface of the medulla in and around the parvicellular division of the LRN. These DBH neurons in the caudal VLM were generally fusiform, fusiform‐bipolar, or multipolar, with a mean somal area of 422 ± 32 μm2, and with two to four branching processes. In the rostral VLM DBH neurons formed three distinct groups: one group was found in the nucleus paragigantocellularis lateralis in the region just ventromedial to the retrofacial nucleus (RFN) near the ventrolateral surface of the medulla; the second group was found in the region dorsomedial to the rostral aspects of the nucleus ambiguus and the RFN, and the third group was found in the region along the lateral aspect of the superior olivary nucleus.Perikarya immunoreactive to the adrenaline‐synthesizing enzyme PNMT were localized to a more restricted region of the VLM that extended from approximately the rostral aspect of the caudal third of the inferior olivary complex (level of the obex) to the caudal pole of the facial nucleus. These PNMT neurons were fusiform or multipolar with a mean somal area of 273 ± 21 μm2, and with two to five branching processes. The location, size, shape, and numbers of PNMT‐immunoreactive neurons corresponded closely to the rostral groups of DBH neurons, with the exception of the group found along the lateral aspect of the superior olivary nucleus. These data indicate that noradrenaline‐synthesizing neurons are primarily found in the caudal VLM and in the region near the superior olivary nucleus, whereas catecholamine neurons in the rostral VLM between these two noradrenergic cell groups synthesize adrenaline. As the VLM has previously been shown to have direct connections with spinal cord, brainstem, and hypothalamic areas implicated in cardiovascular and neuroendocrine regulation, this suggests that DBH‐ and PNMT‐synthesizing neurons are components of neuronal circuits involved in these homeostatic mechanisms.
Cholinergic neurons of the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus: Efferent and afferent connections
Authors: Satoh K. , Fibiger H. C. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe ascending projections of cholinergic neurons in the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus (TLD) were investigated in the rat by using Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA‐L) and wheat germ agglutinin‐conjugated horseradish peroxidase (WGA‐HRP) anterograde tracing techniques. Two ascending pathways were identified after iontophoretic injections of PHA‐L into the TLD. A long projection system courses through the dorsomedial tegmentum, caudal diencephalon, medial forebrain bundle, and diagonal band. Different branches of this system innervate the midbrain (superior colliculus, interstitial magnocellular nucleus of the posterior commissure, and anterior pretectal nucleus), the diencephalon (lateral habenular nucleus, parafascicular, anteroventral, anterodorsal, mediodorsal, and intralaminar thalamic nuclei), and the telencephalon (lateral septum and medial prefrontal cortex). The second system is shorter and more diffuse and innervates the median raphe, interpeduncular, and lateral mammillary nuclei. Retrograde tracing with WGA‐HRP, combined with choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry, revealed that most of the TLD projections to the tectum, pretectum, thalamus, lateral septum, and medial prefrontal cortex are cholinergic.Afferents to the TLD were studied by anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques. Injection of tracers into the TLD retrogradely labelled neurons bilaterally in the midbrain reticular formation, the periaqueductal gray, the medial preoptic nucleus, the anterior hypothalamic nucleus, and the perifornical and lateral hypothalamic areas. Retrogradely labelled cells were also located bilaterally in the premammillary nucleus, paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, zona incerta, and lateral habenular nucleus. In the telencephalon, the nucleus of the diagonal band and the medial prefrontal cortex contained retrogradely labelled neurons ipsilateral to the TLD injection site. The projections of the medial prefrontal cortex, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and the lateral habenular nucleus to the TLD were confirmed in anterograde tracing studies.These findings indicate that the TLD gives rise to several ascending cholinergic projections that innervate diverse regions of the forebrain. Afferents to the TLD arise in hypothalamic and limbic forebrain regions, some of which appear to have reciprocal connections with the TLD. The latter include the lateral habenular nucleus and medial prefrontal cortex.
Organization of atriopeptin‐like immunoreactive neurons in the central nervous system of the rat
Authors: Standaert David G. , Needleman Philip , Saper Clifford B. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe atrial natriuretic peptide, atriopeptin, is a circulating hormone that plays an important role in the regulation of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. Several recent studies have shown that atriopeptin‐like immunoreactivity is present within the central nervous system as well as peripheral tissues. In the present report, we describe in detail the organization of atriopeptin‐like immunoreactive (APir) perikarya and fibers in the central nervous system of the rat. The most prominent collection of APir perikarya was found in the hypothalamus, adjacent to the anteroventral tip of the third ventricle. Additional groups of APir perikarya were observed along the wall of the third ventricle and in the paraventricular and arcuate nuclei. Separate, smaller groups with distinctive morphology were seen in the lateral hypothalamic area, in the supra‐mammillary, medial, and lateral mammillary nuclei, medial habenular nucleus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and the central nucleus of the amygdala. In the pons and brainstem, APir neurons were observed in the pedunculopontine and laterodorsal tegmental nuclei, as well as in the ventral tegmental area, Barrington's nucleus, the parabranchial nucleus, and the nucleus of the solitary tract. The densest terminal fields of APir fibers were found in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, the median eminence, and the interpeduncular nucleus.The presence of atriopeptin immunoreactivity within the central nervous system suggests that atriopeptin may function as a central neuromediator. Potential functions of this candidate neuromediator deduced from its anatomical distribution are discussed, including the possibility that atriopeptin may function as both a central neuromediator and a systemic hormone in the regulation of the cardiovascular system.
Quantitative cytoarchitectonics of the posterior cingulate cortex in primates
Authors: Zilles Karl , Armstrong Este , Schlaug Gottfried , Schleicher Axel 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe cytoarchitecture of four cortical areas within the posterior cingulate region and the differences among them are quantitatively analyzed in 17 primate species. The transition from allocortex (area 29) to isocortex (areas 30, 23, and 31) is characterized by shifts in laminar proportions and cellular densities. The molecular layer and inner main lamina (layers V and VI) occupy a smaller proportion of the cortex in iso‐ than in allocortex, while conversely, the outer main lamina (layers II and III) makes up a larger proportion of the cortex in iso‐ than in allocortex. Layer IV is relatively larger in area 31 than in area 23. The packing densities of cell bodies were determined by gray‐level index values. These values show that the isocortex has lower cell densities in the outer main lamina, but higher cell densities in the inner main layers. Furthermore, the granular layer of area 31 is more densely packed than it is in area 23. These results are discussed as structural correlates of a relative increase in the receptive and processing capacities of the isocortex over the adjacent allcortex.
Laminar and synaptic organization of the projection from the thalamic nucleus centralis to primary visual cortex in the cat
Authors: Cunningham Emmett T. , Levay Simon 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe projection from the nucleus centralis (an intralaminar thalamic nucleus) to the primary visual cortex was examined with anterograde and retrograde tracing techniques. After large injections of horseradish peroxidase into areas 17 and 18 almost one‐half of the neurons in the nucleus centralis were retrogradely labeled. An injection of 3H‐proline into the nucleus centralis led to sparse anterograde labeling in layers 5 and 6 of areas 17 and 18. Large injections of peroxidase‐conjugated wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) into the nucleus centralis led to similar anterograde labeling of layers 5 and 6 and, in addition, to a band in layer 1. No retrogradely labeled cells were seen in areas 17 or 18. The WGA‐labeled terminals in area 17 were examined in the electron microscope: they formed type 1 (asymmetric) synapses on dendritic spines. These observations suggest that the afferents from the nucleus centralis primarily contact pyramidal cells that project to subcortical targets. The findings are consistent with physiological studies suggesting that the nucleus centralis is involved in the modulation of cortical outflow with varying levels of arousal.
Localization of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in type 3 cells and demonstration of their source to f2 terminals in the cat lateral geniculate nucleus: A golgi‐electron‐microscopic GABA‐immunocytochemical study
Authors: Montero V. M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractPostembedding immunocytochemistry with a γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) antiserum was done on semithin sections of cat lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) previously processed with the rapid‐Golgi and gold‐toning procedures, to determine which of the three main morphological types (1,2,3) of neurons in the A‐laminae show immunoreactivity and are, therefore, presumably GABAergic. Only type 3 cells were found to be GABA positive. These cells were characterized by small somata and few, scarcely branched dendrites bearing almost exclusively appendages with long slender stalks. Some of these cells have extensive filiform “axonlike” processes originating from different regions of dendrites and having appendages similar to those originating directly from dendrites. Many of these Golgi gold‐toned impregnated dendritic appendages of type 3 cells were analyzed in the electron microscope and were identified as typical F2 terminals by (1) their content of pleomorphic synaptic vesicles; (2) by being postsynaptic to retinal (RLP), cortical (RSD), and perigeniculate (F1) terminals; and (3) by being presynaptic to dendrites. In addition, since it was previously demonstrated that glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and GABA‐positive cells are not retrogradely labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) from the visual cortex, the present results, by showing that GABA‐positive cells have type 3 morphology, provide supporting evidence for the interneuronal nature of type 3 cells in cat LGN.
Ultrastructural features and hormone‐dependent sex differences of mormyrid electric organs
Authors: Bass Andrew H. , Denizot Jean‐Pierre , Marchaterre Margaret A. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe electric organ of mormyrid fishes is composed of action potentialgenerating cells called electrocytes that together produce a species‐typical electric organ discharge (EOD). The electrocytes of mormyrids are discshaped cells with distinct anterior and posterior faces, and a series of evaginations of one face that form a stalklike structure that is the site of innervation by spinal electromotoneurons (Bass: J. Comp. Neurol. 244:313–330, '86a). Here, we describe the major ultrastructural features of mormyrid electrocytes, which include surface invaginations along each face, myonuclei, myofilaments, and neuromuscularlike junctions formed by the axons of spinal electromotoneurons. The degree of surface invaginations along the anterior face is the most dramatic interspecific variable and is usually greater for species with the longer duration EODs. Among species with sexually dimorphic EODs, natural males, or females trated with gonadal steroid hormones, have longer‐duration EODs and thicker electrocytes with more surface invaginations along the anterior face. The results are discussed in relation to the action potential‐generating properties of the electrocyte's membranes.