bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Planning the Trial
Authors: Murray David M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Planning a group-randomized trial is a complex process. Because it involves many of the same steps that are required to plan other types of research, the familiar resources for the design and conduct of clinical trials and observational studies will be of help to those who want to plan a group-randomized trial (e.g., Meinert, 1986; Kelsey et al., 1996; Schlesselman, 1982). This chapter will focus on the adaptations that must be made to accommodate group- randomized trials. It will review each of the major components of the planning process and outline the development of a formal proposal for the study.
The Virtues Of Liberalism: Christianity, Republicanism, and Ethics in Early American Political Discourse
Authors: Kloppenberg James T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Historians Sometimes Forget that Dante reserved a special place in the Inferno for sowers of discord. Having spent their lives tearing apart families, communities, and religions, such lost souls spend eternity with a demon who slices their bodies in two. Their wounds do slowly heal, Dante tells us, but no sooner has “the gashed flesh reunited its grain” than their bodies are again split by the fiend’s sharp sword. So it goes forever. A visitor from outside the circles of American colonial and early national history, observing the polemics in which partisans of competing interpretations carve each other up, might well wonder what students of American political culture have done to deserve a fate similar to the one Dante prescribed for schismatics.
Why History Matters To Political Theory
Authors: Kloppenberg James T 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
For Much Of The twentieth century, American philosophers and social scientists have thirsted for certainty. The natural sciences provided an attractive model for inquiry of all sorts, generating through systematic, rigorous research a reliable body of knowledge commanding respect and assent from specialists and non specialists alike. Not only were scientists sure of themselves and their findings but they also seemed capable of providing blueprints for social reform that promised results every bit as predictable as their laboratory experiments.
Introduction
Authors: Johnson Dale A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The idea for this project began at a time when more than one scholar had noted that the greatest gap in nineteenth-century English religious history was the absence of modern studies of Nonconformity. Amid the revival of interest in religious themes of the Victorian era and earlier, represented by such monumental efforts as Owen Chadwick’s two-volume The Victorian Church (1966, 1970), the lack of attention to specific issues confronting the Nonconformists seemed a curious omission, perhaps more explainable by twentieth-century realities than by nineteenth-century events. In the course of time some of these increasingly visible gaps have been filled by a combination of anthologies, surveys, and monographs, and the overall picture is not nearly so sparse as it once was. Still, there remain a number of unexplored or minimally explored topics and questions, and it is because of these that this particular project has continued. While this volume is not as comprehensive as some have called for, it does attempt to contribute toward a deeper understanding of this phenomenon through the exploration of several interrelated themes that have received insufficient attention. Perhaps it is possible that no single study of nineteenth-century Nonconformity will be adequate to the task or the need.1 Scholars are now more aware of the great variety of Nonconformist forms and practices—from Plymouth Brethren to Unitarians, from a growing sense of denominationalism to fiercely independent congregations, from conservative approaches to issues in theology and culture to radical engagements with “the modern mind”—and corresponding departures from traditional perspectives. Further, studies of individual denominations have given way first to investigations of Nonconformity’s impact in politics and then to a number of social and literary explorations, as well as to consideration of popular identification with the several denominational groupings.
Theology And The Task Of Reconstruction
Authors: Johnson Dale A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The theology of the Reformers and their immediate successors is be ginning to show the operation of the silent forces of decay. In many parts of Protestant Europe it is sinking into ruins; and everywhere the work of reconstruction is necessary, if the Protestantism of the next century is to have a theology at all. Reconstruction, we say, is necessary-not repair. The philosophical methods of the present century are new; its exegesis is new; and, although we believe that none of the great articles of the Evangelical creed will be finally rejected, theological systems must be rebuilt from their foundations.Why, again, do we hear so little today of certain once familiar explanations of the Atonement, with their crude analogies drawn from the police-court, and even from the pawn-shop? It is not simply that they have been banned by a truer exegesis; a keener moral sense has declared them inadequate and worse. Conscience is wholly within its rights in maintaining that no explanation of Christ’s saving work is tenable which is unworthy of the Father whom he has revealed.
Individuals Under Conditions of Maximum Adversity: The Holocaust
Authors: Levav ltzhak 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To our sorrow, human-made situations of extreme adversity have not been erased from the globe since the world discovered the atrocities perpetrated by the Nazi regime in Europe. Indeed, contemporary history has been dotted by frequent loathsome events; witness to this are the persecutions and tortures committed by oppressive military governments wherever they take root or by the atrocities committed of late by warring factions on each other and on civilians in such places as Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia (Basoglu, 199.3).
The Model of Stress: The Bereavement Reaction
Authors: Clayton Paula J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In their 1993 Handbook of Stress, Goldberger and Breznitz define stressors as external events or conditions that affect the organism. They then comment that the description of stressors and their impact on behavior is evolving, with more and more events being defined as stressors and more and more behaviors being related to them. This reminds me of Parkes’s summary of the stress literature in his 1972 book, Bereavement. He stated For many years researchers have studied and written about stress. The term has been used to characterize the effect of virtually any novel or unpleasant experience-from doing mental arithmetic to being involved in trench wanare, from being in an unfamiliar environment to having a limb crushed. Human beings and animals of all shapes and sizes have been tricked, confined, terrified, mutilated, shocked, puzzled, embarrassed, challenged, stumped, overwhelmed, confused, or poisoned in the \\7idest variety of experimental conditions in attempts to track down the consequences of this ubiquitous phenomenon. Numerous books and articles describe the results of these experiments. The outcome of all this work has not been negligible but it has been disappointing. Generalizations made in one setting fail to hold up in another.
The Value and Limitations of Stress Models in HIV/AIDS
Authors: Ouellette Suzanne C 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is not difficult to make the case that the concept of stress is a useful tool with which to perform research on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In the very first published considerations of the psychological and social dimensions of HIV/AIDS, authors employed stress concepts to do all of the following: simply depict the phenomena requiring attention (Cassens, 1985; Deuchar, 1984), systematically propose a formal research agenda (Coates et al., 1984; Martin & Vance, 1984), and formally call for a multifaceted approach to intervention (Christ et al., 1986; Holland & Trass, 1985). Stress concepts provided an effective way to make the point that society needed to recognize and respond to the epidemic through more than biomedical means; stress concepts served to represent the political, institutional, cultural, historical, and psychological realities of HIV/AIDS.
Exposure to “Fateful” Events: A Confounder in Assigning Causal Roles to Life Events
Authors: Robins Lee N , Robertson Judith 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Study of the relationships between life events and mental disorder is generally motivated by an interest in identifying adverse life events that serve as risk factors for mental disorders. Getting definitive evidence that life events are risk factors turns out to be difficult because, although it is easy to show that life events and mental disorders are related, it is difficult to decide which is cart and which is horse. The role of a life event as a consequence of disorder can be relatively clear when the employer who precipitated a job loss, the doctor who recommended hospitalization or the spouse who sued for divorce directly states that his or her action was a response to behavior that is known to be a symptom of the mental disorder. The comparable claim by an affected person or his or her relative that an event precipitated the illness is viewed with more suspicion because people are known to be motivated to search for explanations of their misfortunes.
Effects of Improving Achievement on Aggressive Behavior and of Improving Aggressive Behavior on Achievement Through Two Preventive Interventions: An Investigation of Causal Paths
Authors: Kellam Sheppard G , Mayer Lawrence S , Rebok George W , Hawkins Wesley E 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Early learning problems and aggressive behavior have problematic consequences extending far into the life course, and they have been found to be correlated early in children’s schooling (Jorm et al., 1986; Kellam et al., 1975; Maughn et al., 1985; Tremblay et al., 1992). However, the processes underlying the negative correlation between poor achievement and early aggressive behavior are not clear (Hinshaw, 1992). In this chapter, we report the results of experimentally testing whether improving one maladaptive response to classroom task demands produces change in the other in an effort to determine whether there is a functional and possibly etiological direction underlying their negative correlation.
The Evolution of a Manufacturing System at Toyota
Authors: Fujimoto Takahiro 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What is the true source of a firm's long-term competitive advantage in manufacturing? Through original field studies, historical research, and statistical analyses, this book shows how Toyota Motor Corporation, one of the world's largest automobile companies, built distinctive capabilities in production, product development, and supplier management. Fujimoto asserts that it is Toyota's evolutionary learning capability that gives the company its advantage and demonstrates how this learning is put to use in daily work.
The Charismatic Group
Authors: Galanter Marc 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
We tend to think of cults as anomalies, as if alien forces had swept their members-people who once seemed normal-into a netherworld beyond rea son or understanding. When a cult is first discussed on the news, it is often described as if it were a new illness, different from the ones that came before. Even so, there is a way of understanding these groups not by their external trappings but by the psychology and social structure they hold in common. Once viewed in this way, their beliefs and behavior become more understand able, and the patterns underlying their idiosyncrasies emerge. We may even see that they have some things in common with movements and groups regarded as socially beneficial, and that the people who join them are not so different from ourselves. Some are looking to belong, others for emotional or physical healing. The purpose of this book is to clarify the puzzling transformations of human nature that take place in cultic groups and to explain how people can become engaged in them, adopt their beliefs, and follow their rules. We will look at spiritually oriented healing groups in this respect, as well, in an effort to shed light on contemporary alternative medicine.
Biology And Behavior
Authors: Galanter Marc 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The inclination to participate in local social groups is observed in the most diverse cultures, emerging no doubt from the advantages a community confers in meeting daily needs and contending with adversity. This inclination is in tensified, even caricatured, in the paramilitary groups that arise in nations racked by internecine conflicts, such as contemporary Northern Ireland and Lebanon. The intense commitment that participants in military groups can develop toward each other may entail extreme self-sacrifice, as in the human wave tactics involving young Iranian boys in the war with Iraq.
Trouble At The System’s Boundary
Authors: Galanter Marc 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter examines two examples of the disastrous outcomes that can take place in charismatic groups, and we will use the systems model to put the reported events into perspective. The first example is the Peoples Temple in Guyana, a cult that originated in a mainstream Protestant denomination but ended in the self-inflicted deaths of over nine hundred members. Although the events surrounding this episode are well documented, they still leave un certainty as to how a group of relatively stable people might have evolved to the point that they so flagrantly abrogated the innate human drive for self preservation.
The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies
Authors: Lewy Guenter 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Roaming the countryside in caravans, earning their living as musicians, peddlers, and fortune-tellers, the Gypsies and their elusive way of life represented an affront to Nazi ideas of social order, hard work, and racial purity. They were branded as “asocials”, harassed, and eventually herded into concentration camps where many thousands were killed. But until now the story of their persecution has either been overlooked or distorted. In The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies, Guenter Lewy draws upon thousands of documents—many never before used—from German and Austrian archives to provide the most comprehensive and accurate study available of the fate of the Gypsies under the Nazi regime. Lewy traces the escalating vilification of the Gypsies as the Nazis instigated a widespread crackdown on the “work-shy” and “itinerants”. But he shows that Nazi policy towards Gypsies was confused and changeable. At first, local officials persecuted gypsies, and those who behaved in gypsy-like fashion, for allegedly anti-social tendencies. Later, with the rise of race obsession, Gypsies were seen as a threat to German racial purity, though Himmler himself wavered, trying to save those he considered “pure Gypsies” descended from Aryan roots in India. Indeed, Lewy contradicts much existing scholarship in showing that, however much the Gypsies were persecuted, there was no general programme of extermination analogous to the “final solution” for the Jews. Exploring in heart-rending detail the fates of individual Gypsies and their families, The Nazi Persecution of the Gypsies makes an important addition to our understanding both of the history of this mysterious people and of all facets of the Nazi terror.
The Boundaries of Idealism
Authors: Davis David Brion 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
By the eve of the American Revolution there was a remarkable convergence of cultural and intellectual developments which at once undercut traditional rationalizations for slavery and offered new modes of sensibility for identifying with its victims. Negro slavery had been morally condemned by figures as diverse as John Woolman, Denis Diderot, and John Wesley; its legality had been publicly debated in Jamaica as well as in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
The Quaker Ethic and the Antislavery International
Authors: Davis David Brion 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Quakers, more than any other religious group, had long expressed misgivings over the possible sinfulness of buying and selling men. During the first half of the eighteenth century, however, they had been content to issue cautionary warnings about the African slave trade; to exhort Quaker masters to treat their black servants with Christian charity; and to ignore or disown the few deviants, like Benjamin Lay, who shrilly proclaimed that “all slave-keepers” were “apostates.” The Quaker commitment to bear collective testimony against slavery came surprisingly late and coincided with the publication of secular antislavery arguments from jurists, philosophers, moralists, and men of letters.1
Legal Rules And International Politics
Authors: Arend Anthony Clark 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As noted in the introduction to this book, one question that has occupied recent scholarship of international relations theorists has been the role that norms and institutions play in contemporary international politics. A great debate has ensued between structural realists and institutionalists of various varieties about whether normative concerns need to be considered in order to understand behavior in the international system. Do “rules,” “norms,” and “institutions” really “matter”? Or are normative questions essentially irrelevant to an accurate assessment of the world of international politics? Are norms merely epiphenomena!? Unfortunately, in much of this scholarly debate, there has been little explicit discussion of the role legal rules play in international behavior. This chapter seeks to focus specifically on that issue. What role do legal rules play in international politics? Even if an acceptable methodology for determining the existence of legal rules can be developed-as the previous chapter has attempted-do legal rules matter in international relations? Do they affect international politics in a significant way?1
Born Again: Faith and Yearning in the Cloning Controversy
Authors: Zoloth Laurie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Two pieces from the January 1, 2000, edition of the New York Times set the stage for this chapter. In the first, William Safire poses a question that he thinks might reasonably be asked in the twenty-first century. Given recent discussions about the possibility for tissue and organ regeneration through the use of human stem cells, it may soon not be “nutty” to ask the question, “Why die?” In a similar vein, Sheryl Gay Stolberg writes about likely biological advances in cloning, stem cell research, and gene therapy that are changing how we think about reproduction. She quotes Gregory Stock, the director of the Program in Medicine, Technology and Society at UCLA. According to Stock, “in the not-too-distant future, it will be looked at as kind of foolhardy to have a child by normal conception.” Both Safire and Stolberg draw our attention to the mesmerizing quality of the future that reproductive technology appears to have opened. Ethicists, theologians, and moral philosophers find themselves in a public discourse marked by passionate interest in the immediate implications of this new science, in both the personal and the public sphere, and, not tangentially, the marketplace.1 The cloning experiment’s process was revealed only after the patients were obtained, and the details were given in the business section.
International Copyright
Authors: Goldstein Paul 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This book surveys and analyzes the principal legal doctrines affecting copyright practice around the world, in both transactional and litigation settings. It provides a step-by-step methodology for advising clients involved in exploiting creative works in or from foreign countries. Written by one of the most distinguished scholars of copyright both in the United States and abroad, this volume is a unique synthesis of copyright law and practice, taking into account the Berne Convention, the TRIPs Agreement, and the advent of the Internet. National copyright rules on protectible subject matter, ownership, term, and rights are covered in detail and compared from country to country, as are topics on moral rights and neighboring rights. Separate sections cover such important topics as territoriality, national treatment and choice of law, as well as the treaty and trade arrangements that underlie substantive copyright norms. International Copyright is an indispensable reference work for professionals involved with international intellectual property transactions or litigation. It is essential reading for scholars and for intellectual property practitioners worldwide, yet also uniquely accessible for an American readership.
Facing America
Authors: Samuels Shirley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Facing America investigates and explains the changing face of America during the Civil War. Drawing on the literature as well as the photographs and political cartoons of the period, Shirley Samuels also explores the body of the nation imagined both physically and metaphorically, arguing that the Civil War marks a dramatic shift from identifying the American nation as feminine to identifying it as masculine.
Facing West
Authors: Samuels Shirley 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To face the “West” as an opening term for the divisive national war within the “United States” presents a challenge to the North-South axis most often used to characterize the conflict. To use the term “facing” moves past punning and toward the concept of the interface, the space between. Such a paradoxically western orientation also asks about spatiality and the border. The West shows up here at once as imaginary and as geography, perhaps even, to adapt Benedict Anderson, as an imagined geography.
Brain Tumor Classification, Grading, and Epidemiology
Authors: Greenberg Harry S , Chandler William F , Sandler Howard M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Brain tumors grow within a rigid, inelastic bony skull. Benign, slowly growing, and malignant brain tumors may produce significant neurological symptoms and signs prior to treatment or cure. Although brain tumors rarely metastasize outside the central nervous system (CNS), disability and death occur with brain tumors when the intracranial contents exceed the intracranial space, causing herniation and compression of respiratory centers.
Surgery for Brain Tumors
Authors: Greenberg Harry S , Chandler William F , Sandler Howard M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The main guiding principle of intracranial tumor surgery is maximum resection with minimal or no harm to neural or supporting structures. A wide range of surgical approaches designed to provide access to tumors and minimize damage to the brain has been developed and refined over the decades. Modern computer-driven imaging has provided an entirely new way of localizing lesions, both before and during surgical procedures.
Malignant Astrocytoma
Authors: Greenberg Harry S , Chandler William F , Sandler Howard M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Malignant astrocytomas are devastating tumors that strike adults during their productive years of life, shorten life acutely, and often disable people physically and emotionally during that shortened life span. During the past 25 years, treatment advances for malignant gliomas have not kept pace with those for other central nervous system (CNS) or systemic neoplasms. Their heterogeneity and invasiveness provide particular problems for physicians treating patients with malignant astrocytoma.