bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strangers in Our Midst: In Search of Seven Pillars of Wisdom
Authors: Mazrui Ali A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The year 2004 marks the ninetieth anniversary of the out- break of World War I which resulted in the collapse of Islam’s last great imperial order. The story of Islam’s relationship with the Western world in the last one hundred years can be viewed as a transition from the final collapse of the Ottomans to the spectacular rise of the American empire.
The decision of the Young Turk Triumvirate to enter World War I on the side of Germany and Austria unleashed forces which were going to affect the Muslim world for the rest of the twentieth century and beyond.
The substance of sleep
Authors: Horne Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Apart from believing sleep to be some sort of recovery process, most early ideas looked only at how sleep might be brought about, rather than at what it really does. The two approaches can be quite different. For example, aperitifs and the smell and sight of food all promote eating but they do not explain why we eat. Even after a filling meal, these stimuli can tempt us to eat more, but this extra food is unnecessary for our well-being or waistlines! Most early civilisations thought sleep was due to something that built up in the brain during wakeful-ness and dissipated during sleep. Aristotle thought along these lines 2000 years ago, and proposed that sleep resulted from warm vapours rising from within the stomach:
Then
Authors: Horne Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nowadays, many of the older studies into human sleep loss, carried out even 30 years ago, are seen to be of only historical interest, dismissed for their antiquity and use of seemingly crude techniques and equipment. Nevertheless, despite the benefits of sophisticated computers in modern times, little has really changed in the outcome from these studies. They are all too easily forgotten—how wrong, because at least one nineteenth-century experiment still remains impressive enough to better many contemporary studies in its standard of science. Ironically, too many of today’s sleep scientists undertake what they consider to be cutting edge research, when the answers that they seek are to be found in dusty old tomes stored in library basements.
Brain waves
Authors: Horne Jim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We can feign sleep by lying still for several minutes but remaining awake with closed eyes, and even fool the actimeter into registering that we are asleep. Fortunately, there is more to sleep than an absence of body movement, and better ways of measuring sleep are available. Sleep is not only mainly for our cortex; of all the body’s organs, it is the brain, and especially the cortex, that show the clearest and most profound changes during sleep. That something special happens to the cortex in sleep ties in with the most obvious effect of sleep loss—sleepiness—which, of course, is caused by the brain. Changes shown by most, if not all, other body organs in sleep are just as likely to be seen in relaxed wakefulness and not exclusive to sleep.
chapter IV
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE following morning I was awoke by a tap at the door,and who should enter my room but the newly-engaged servant, Osman. “Effendi,” he said, “I have five horses for you to see. They are in a large yard close to the hotel. Splendid horses they are too. I am so industrious,” he added, “the Effendi will find this out for himself soon. I am not like other Turks-I like working; I have been running all over Constantinople after the horses, for I heard that the Effendi was in a hurry to start. When will he go and see the animals?” About half an hour later I accompanied the industrious man to a small plot of ground not far from Pera. It was surrounded by a high wall, and, judging from the number of loose stones which lay about, had once been a cemetery. But cemetery or not it was all the same to Osman, who had not the same reverence for the dead as the rest of his countrymen.
Codebreaker In The Far East
Authors: Stripp Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first book to detail British wartime successes in breaking Japanese codes. Other veterans of Bletchley Park (GCHQ) have described how they broke the German Enigma machine to produce Ultra intelligence, and how that helped to hasten victory. There have also been accounts of how the US broke the Purple cipher and a naval code, even before Pearl Harbour. The Book, however, chronicles the British achievement at Bletchley Park and in the Far East of breaking Japanese codes of dazzling variety in Burma three months before Hiroshima. This first-hand account shows the magnitude of the task: grappling with one of the world's most daunting languages, learning the skills of cryptanalysis, turning out decrypts against the clock, and weaving together all the strands of intelligence to help vanquish a dogged and resourceful enemy who had never known defeat - in perhaps the worst climate and terrain in the world. It is success story that conveys the sheer excitement of reading the enemy's mind, and contains some surprises: who would have expected Japanese signals to reveal not only what they were up to in Asia but also details of German jet aircraft, the latest U-boats, even Normandy beach defences?
How were they broken?
Authors: Stripp Alan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The message which we left at the end of Chapter Nine has been picked up not only by the Rangoon operator for whom it was intended but also by one of the intercept stations described in Chapter Ten. The Allied operator has been standing by for the scheduled transmissions on the Meiktila-Rangoon frequencies which he has been assigned to cover, and he intercepts the signal. It now acquires further clerical prefixes, showing the frequencies, call-signs, day and time of interception, quality and strength of signal, and so forth, and is passed to the codebreaking unit. Here I have to watch my step. The British authorities naturally do not wish to reveal detailed codebreaking techniques that might enable potential enemies to break our codes, or to alert them to ways of tightening their crypto security so as to stop us breaking theirs. The question is how far the methods used between 1939 and 1945 are relevant to the days of the one-time pad and the powerful ‘number-cruncher’ computer. In the words of Sir Stuart Milner-Barry, who succeeded Gordon Welchman as head of Hut Six at Bletchley Park, the methods of 1939—45 ‘must seem to present-day cryptanalysts rather like fighting with bows and arrows’.
Spending the Day
Authors: Robinson Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Miss Guinness was a missionary. She was expected to weather inexpressible experiences in the course of her duty: ten hours by wheelbarrow was all in a day’s work. Mind you, other missionaries in this chapter did not have it quite so hard: Keturah Jeffreys was carried about Madagascar in a kind of cot (admittedly with her head somewhat lower than her feet for half the time), while Jane Moir relished being on the move in Tanzania for miles and days at a time—on foot.
The Volga Frozen—Navigation Stopped in the Caspian—The Russian Boundary Line in the East—Reports are rife in Russia—The Press is Gagged—General Milutin’s Regard for my Safety—Ignorance of Clerks at Railway Station— Cartridge Case—Insurgents in Herzegovina—Subscriptions—England bent upon Money-making—Austria Allied with England—The Baltic Provinces— The Russians’ Hatred of Austria and Germany—Bismarck’s Policy—Mr. Leslie, Her Majesty’s Consul in Moscow.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mr. Schuyler thought that the best way to go to Khiva would be by Astrakhan and the Caspian to Krasnovodsk, and from there across the steppes on horseback to Khiva. This, undoubtedly, would have been the shortest and easiest journey; but a paragraph which I read in a paper that afternoon showed me that this route was out of the question. The paragraph was to the effect that the accumulation of ice had already prevented navigation in the Caspian, and that the Volga was frozen.
Railway Officials—Unpunctuality of Trains—Frauds on the Railway Companies— Old Spirit of Serfdom—Socialistic and Nihilist Tendencies—The Emperor Alexander and the Religious Influence in Russia—The Ecclesiastical Hierarchy more powerful than the Tzar—Waiting-rooms at Riajsk—Superstition and Dirt—Sizeran.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On the track again, but this time alone in my compartment, till I was joined by an official whose business it was to inspect the line between Moscow and Riazan. His chief object was to find out if any unnecessary delays took place at the different stations on this railway, a number of complaints having been lately made about the unpunctuality of the trains. It was supposed to be the station-masters’ fault, and that these officials, being slack in the performance of their duty, were the main cause of the delay. “ I could easily find them out,” remarked the inspector, “ if it were not for the confounded telegraph, but that beats me. The rogues are all in collusion the one with the other, and as soon as ever they see me on the platform they telegraph the intelligence to their brethren down the line.”
Delayed by a Snowstorm—Tchin—Russian Curiosity—A Conservative Inspector —General Kryjinovsky—He tells me that I speak Russian—The Interest the Paternal Government takes in my Movements—Russia and China—A Newly- married Sleigh Driver—A Camel in Love.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The snow all this time was falling in a manner unknown to people in this country. It was piling itself up against the sleigh in such volumes that I foresaw, if we did not speedily reach the station, we should inevitably be buried alive. After about half an hour’s search the driver returned, and said to me, “ Oh, Lord God!—you are a misfortune. Let us turn back.” I replied, “ If you have lost the way, how can you turn back ? Besides, if you know the road, we are now halfway, so it is just as easy to go forward as to return.”
Kashgar—English Officers said to be Drilling the Inhabitants—Yak00b Bek’s Envoys—Perfidious Albion—Tashkent—Commerce with Bokhara—A Railway to Tashkent—Irghiz—A Wolf—Terekli—The Boundary Line— How far does Russia extend ?—Uncivil Inspector—Bottles Broken by the Frost—Passengers’ Necks—Tartar Sleigh Drivers—A Ruined Contractor— A Team of Camels—Head-over-heels in the Snow—The Kirghiz Horses— A Hundred Miles’ Ride—Two Hundred Miles in twenty-four hours (on two Horses)—Two extraordinary Marches
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A few stations further on I met an officer who asked very eagerly if I were going to Kashgar—he had found out, by inquiry from the inspector, who I was— and he afterwards assured me that there were thirty English officers in the above-mentioned Khanate engaged in drilling the inhabitants. He said that my compatriots had already organised a force of 10,000 men to resist the Russian advance, and declared that this information had come from Yakoob Bek’s envoys, who had been sent from Kashgar to Tashkent, and who had stated it to the Russians.
Villages Fortified—The Turkoman Raids exaggerated—A Retrospect—The Cossacks Invade Khiva—Urgentch—Peter the Great’s Idea about Khiva and India —Prince Bekovitch—Careful Preparations for the Expedition—Points Selected by the Shores of the Caspian—Forts St. George, Alexander, and Kras- novodsk—March across the Ust Urt—Destruction of the Russians—Expedition in 1859—Chikishlar Taken—Military Posts Established—Chikishlar Occupied in 1871—Russian Statement about the Shah’s Recognition of the Tzar’s Claim to Ashourade—Russians Established at Four Points in Turkoman Territory—The Adayefs—Forced Contributions—Taxes Raised 150 per Cent —Dissatisfaction—Letter from the Khan—Adayefs Overcome—The Khan’s Letters to the Emperor and to the Viceroy of the Caucasus—The Russian Chancellor’s perfect understanding with Mr. Gladstone’s Government—Count Schouvaloffs Statement to Lord Granville—Positive Assurances to Parliament about Khiva—The Force Employed by Kauffmann in his Advance upon Khiva—The different Columns —Difference of Opinion between Kryjinovsky and Kauffmann—Capture of Khiva—MarkosofFs Failure—War Indemnity— —Prince Gortschakoff’s Principles—Treatment of the Turkomans—General Kryjinovsky’s Statement about this Subject—Court Martial on Two Turkomans—Sentence of Death—Russian Treaty with Khiva—Khivan Territory given to Bokhara.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Presently we came to some kibitkas which were evidently constructed as a permanency. Wide ditches were dug around them, and high wattled palisades, which in every instance encircled the dwellings, showed us that the inmates feared attack. Indeed, from this spot until we crossed the Oxus, each village was fortified in some such a manner. Formerly the Kirghiz and Turkomans lived in a continual state of war. The Kirghiz made marauding expeditions into their neighbours territory, and carried off horses and cattle.
The Guide’s Kibitka—His Wife—His Brother-in-Law—Why not go to Khiva ?— Domestic Pressure—Eating a Horse—Letter to the Khan—The Moullah— Kapitan or Polkovnik—A Letter in Russian—Tchin—Horse-dealing—A Horse with One Eye—Canals from the Oxus—Jougouroo—The Grey Horse— A Purchase.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some men and women running out of one of the kibitkas and warmly greeting the guide, announced to me that we had reached his home at Kalenderhana. In a short time I found myself seated on a rug, an object of curiosity to many of the inhabitants, who had never before seen a man dressed in European costume. Every part of my attire was in turn inspected and commented upon, the women coming forward and feeling the texture of my coat and trousers, the large buttons being a source of great admiration.
The Tarantass—The Last Adieux—A Night in the Cold—The Cossacks : their Arms, Weight, &c.—How they Bivouac—The Ameer of Bokhara—The Sentry—His Punishment—Whipping the Camel Driver—The Kirghiz Postman—A Kirghiz Chapel—A Race back to Kasala—371 Miles in nine Days and two Hours—A Duel—Mutiny of the Uralsk Cossacks—The Tzarevitch—The Cross of St. George—A Reinforcement of 10,000 Men from Orenburg.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Our start the following morning was a curious sight to witness. First came the tarantass, an extraordinary vehicle peculiar to Russia. It resembled a hansom cab without the wheels, and the carriage then fastened in a brewers dray.
An Inquisitive Inspector—”Will England cede us Kashgar?”—The Fortress Afghan—”Are the English Christians?”—”Have you Images?”—”And yet you call yourselves Christians !”—The Bath in Uralsk—No one washed on a Friday—The Chief of the Police—A Murderer— His Punishment—The Ural Cossacks—Sizeran—Good-bye to Nazar.
Authors: Burnaby Frederick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I had made up my mind not to stop at Orenburg, but continue my journey straight to Uralsk, a large town on the Ural river, the capital of the district from which the Cossacks in Kasala had been so recently banished. Uralsk was off the main road to Sizeran, but by taking this route I should have the opportunity of seeing a new line of country.
General Introduction
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This volume in the Oxford Reader series is designed to make available in English a wide selection of texts written by fascist thinkers, ideologues, and propagandists both inside and outside Europe before and after the Second World War. To my knowledge it is the first ever attempt to produce a comprehensive anthology of fascist texts. Why should this be? One reason is the dubious nature of the exercise itself. To have a Reader in Ethics or Ecology raises no eyebrows, because both subjects are generally associated with potentially positive,
Alfredo Rocco, From the Old Italy to the New
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The outbreak of the Great War in the last days ofJu1y 1914 caught the Italian people in a phase of its spiritual life and its development as a nation which is still critical. Fifty years of unification have not eradicated the traces, inevitably profound. of hundreds of years in which it had fought no wars and remained disunited and servile. It was impossible that the struggle for the Risorgimento, which had lasted but a few decades and achieved success too easily, at the cost of too few true and great sacrifices, cou1d change overnight the spirit of a people that had not fought for fifteen hundred years, namely since the third century AD, when the Roman State was already recruiting its soldiers among barbarians because its degenerate citizens wou1d not deign to take up arms in its defence; a people which for thirteen centuries, namely since the fullof the Westem Empire, lived in a state ofgeneraldecay, because the Middle Ages, the age of individualism and of social and political dissolution, had not yet come to an end; a people which for four hundred years groaned under the weight of the most ignoble political serfdom and had become the laughing-stock. of Europe; which for two hundred years had not even had an intellectual life of its own, but thought with the brain and felt with the soul of foreigners.
Benito mussolini, San Sepulcro Fascism
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have 40 million inhabitants on an area of 287,000 square kilometres. This area is divided by the Apennines, which reduce even more the amount of our territory which can be put to use: in ten or twenty years our population will be 6o million and we only have one and a half million square kilometres of colonies, mostly desert, which could never absorb our population. But if we look around we see England which, with 47 million inhabitants, has a colonial empire of 55 million square kilometres.[... ] We want our place in the world because we have a right to have it.[... ] The meeting of 23 March commits Fascists to sabotaging with every means open to them the candidature of the neutralists”‘ of all parties.[... ] We do not know the date or the system which will be used, but within a year the paper battle of the elections will be fought.
gabriele d’annunzio andALCESTE de ambris, The Regency of Fiume as the Harbinger of the New Italy
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The seventh is made up of all those who are freelance professionals not covered in the previous categories. The eighth is constituted by industrial and agrarian co-operative societies of production, work, and consumption; and only the administrators of such societies can be members. The ninth incotporates all the people who work at sea. The tenth has no category, no title, no name. Its fulfilment is awaited like that of the tenth Muse. It is reserved for the mysterious forces of a people which labours and rises up. It is like a votive statue consecrated to the unknown genius, to the appearance of a man who is utterly new [novissimo], to the ideal transfigurations of works and days, to the total liberation of the spirit from soul-destroying exertion and the sweat ofblood.
Fascism in Power January 1925-April 1945
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is convenient to divide the two decades of Fascism in power into several phases. The formative years of the totalitarian regime (Section Bi) encompassed a stream of innovative constitutional and institutional measures. Aspects of the mythic rationale for these structural changes are glimpsed in excerpts from the lecture on the nature of Fascism by Giovanni Gentile (Text 20), an article on the religious spirit of Fascism incarnated in the Militia (Text 21), Mussolini's speech to commemorate victory in the First World War (Text 22), the celebration of the leader figure in a book by ex-ras and then secretary of the PNF, Augusto Turati (Text 23), an article by Mussolini in which he expresses his fears for the physical survival of the Italian and white race (Text 24), a statement by one of the regime's aesthetic ruralizers (Text 25), a pronouncement by an aesthetic modernizer (Text 26), a lecture on the role of the university under Fascism by Giuseppe Bottai, one of the regime's most zealous technocratic 'modernizers' (Text 27), and Mussolini's own summary of the achievements of the regime in its first five years (Text 28).
Two Marching Songs Of Fascist Soldiers Abroad
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
These two songs gi:ve aglimpse of the popular myths which rationalized the colonization of Abyssinia (bringing civilization to a barbarous people while simultaneously renewing the Roman legacy), and intervention on the side of Franco’s forces in the Spanish Civil War (fighting Communism to defend Christian civilization and bring about a Fascist Europe). Four hundred thousand Italian troops were sent to Ethiopia, which became ‘Italian’ on 9 May 1936, the war and subsequent colonization causing some 200,000 Ethiopian deaths (see Sbacchi 1989). Over 50,000 soldiers (of whom 4,000 died) were sent to Spain between January 1937 and mid-1938. By then European democracies and the League of Nations had fatally demonstrated their impotence to stop nationalist acts of military aggression directed against legal governments and other countries, and Fascist Italy and the Third Reich (which also actively supported Franco) were brothers-in-arms.
Edmondo Rossoni, The Autarkic Mentality and the New Fascist Order
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Free competition can be no more than a sham in a State like ours, which needs to know not only what is being produced, but also the conditions in which it is produced. The basic mechanisms of economic problems have to be seen clearly, and clear solutions must be imposed, because the economic struggle for bread or wealth, for a single cent or a million, inevitably gives rise to political struggles, something ruled out absolutely by the needs of the Fatherland and the inexorable will of Fascism.
German Fascism before the Nazi Seizure of Power
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The texts of Section Ai are a small sample of the many currents of ultra-nationalism which abounded under the Second Reich and the Weimar Republic, and whose prevalence provided a necessary (but not sufficient) condition for the rise of fully-fledged fascist movements, not least Nazism itself. In each case the diatribes against the rationalism, liberalism, and materialism of the modem world (though not against modernity as such), and the longing for a new order or Reich, is too elitist and remote from the arena of party-political activism to constitute fascism, though the dividing-line between this proto-fascism" and fascism is ultimately arbitrary.
Ernst Junger, The Emergence Of A New Type Of Human Being
Authors: Griffin Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is particularly noticeable that these carriers of a new fighting energy only manifest themselves in the last phases of war, and that their peculiar nature stands out just as the bulk of the armies trained according to the principles of the nineteenth century fall apart. They are to be found above all where the peculiarity of the age is expressed particularly clearly in the means of fighting used: in land battalions and air squadrons; in the shock troops in whom the regular infantry, broken up and worn down under the impact of machine warfare, acquires a new soul; in those parts of the navy which have been hardened by familiarity with engagements. Within the world of work, the type of human being who is called upon to achieve the highest form of development is one whose activity directly expresses the total character of work.