bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of an Instrumented RC Car to Enhance Understanding of Steering Characteristics in a Vehicle Dynamics Course
Authors: Weaver Jonathan M. , Henri Christine R. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
An instrumented RC car has been developed to enrich the learning experience of students taking a university course in vehicle dynamics. The involved course focuses on modeling and analysis of the dynamics of vehicles, focusing particularly on four-wheeled motor vehicles. The structure of the vehicle dynamics course is fairly traditional, with classroom lectures, homework assignments, and five quizzes. Historically, the course lacked much interaction with hardware to illustrate the principles being taught, except for some simple demonstrations. The course does include some hands-on demonstrations such as the effect of front vs rear wheel lockup and trailer instability, using toy cars and RC cars, respectively. Students also do some physical tests with cardboard models to understand cg location and static stability on a grade. Students experiment with the basics of understeer vs oversteer by running an RC car and wrapping either the front or rear tires with duct tape to modify the front or rear cornering stiffnesses, observing how the steering characteristics change in each case. In order to further enhance the hands-on aspects of the course, an RC car was instrumented with an onboard Arduino-based data collection and logging system. The system includes an optical counter to measure the vehicle speed (via driveshaft speed), a tri-axis accelerometer to measure all three principal accelerations (although the one of interest in this work is the vehicle’s lateral acceleration), and the steering servo position (indicative of steering angle). The system also includes an LCD display to show the system status and an SD card writer to allow the captured data to be written for subsequent analysis. During the most recent offering of the course, the instrumented RC car was used to demonstrate a constant steering angle handling test for the vehicle configured to exhibit understeer (US) (the behavior of the vehicle in its stock configuration) and oversteer (OS) (achieved by adding duct tape to the rear tires to increase the rear slip angle relative to the front slip angle, although the vehicle still exhibited US at low speeds before transitioning to OS at higher speeds). The students took part in the car’s operation and subsequent analysis of the data. For each handling configuration, they made a plot of the radius of curvature (computed from the speed and lateral acceleration) vs. lateral acceleration. The students observe that, as expected, the plot for the vehicle exhibiting US shows a negative slope, and the plot for the vehicle exhibiting OS shows a positive slope at higher speeds, after initially showing a negative slope at lower speeds. The paper discusses some background, instrumenting of the RC car, data collection, and data analysis. Additional demonstrations are planned for future offerings of the course, including a constant radius test and a constant speed test.
Integrated Product and Process Design for Robotic Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Pini Fabio , Dalpadulo Enrico , Leali Francesco 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Robotic Additive Manufacturing is an emerging trend thanks to effective advances compared to traditional machines based on Cartesian movements. Reduction of the volume of supports and the related “staircase effect” increased inaccuracy and surface roughness, large printing volumes, more flexibility on the printing strategy, and use of multiple materials are just some of the potential benefits returned by robotic additive manufacturing. Nevertheless, the selection of suitable strategies, planning of the printing trajectories and definition of the related code to drive the robot movements are still managed by different digital tools that make it challenging to identify the optimal process. This work describes a Design for Robotic Additive Manufacturing approach to support the development of the printing process driven by complex machines such as robotic arms. Based on an available computer-aided design platform, the digital replica of the robotic system is recreated, and additive process alternatives are applied to simulate the fabrication of an automotive part. A first assessment of the design integration by the approach suggested is evaluated by the simulation of fuse material deposition for a simplified version of the selected use case.
Heat Transfer in Tightly Packed Cylinder Arrays
Authors: Kovachev Martin , Sexsmith Cameron , Ricklick Mark 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Cylindrical arrays with a cross flow are commonly used for heat transfer augmentation within an internal channel. In most applications, the cylinders have a spacing of over 2 diameters (2D) between their center points in both the lateral and downstream directions. One option for battery thermal management in hybrid/electric aviation is to use cylindrical batteries packed in arrays with an applied cross flow. In the context of aviation, it is always important to maximize space and weight savings. Tightly packing these cylinder arrays with a spacing of under 2D in both directions would save on both of these. A variety of cases are computationally modeled to develop a relationship between changing spacings and their influence on the heat transfer on the cylinders. Results show that when looking at tightly packed spacings and matching the defined Reynolds number, heat transfer effectiveness stays roughly the same until extremely tightly packed cases. Since the spacings get tighter and the flow area gets smaller, this means the amount of heat transfer per a given area increases and so there some heat transfer benefit to packing the batteries tighter in addition to weight and spacing savings. This trend peaks at a spacing of 1.25D before dropping off.
Stabilization and Control of Crates for Offshore Cranes
Authors: Rykkje Thorstein R. , Venge Mats , Pedersen Sjurd Sandvik , Wiers Henrik , Impelluso Thomas 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The loading of crates onto ships poses inherent dangers stemming from uncontrolled swinging motions. This paper proposes the application of gyroscopic stabilization to enhance safety protocols. First, this study explores the dangers associated with conventional crate loading methods. Then this paper explores the potential of gyroscopic technology to reduce the swinging motion of loaded crates. By resisting changes in orientation, gyroscopes have demonstrated efficacy in stabilizing objects in motion. This research further explores how gyroscopic mechanisms could be employed to facilitate controlled rotational movements of cargo, enabling precise manipulation for optimal stacking and alignment. Such advancements would represent a significant leap from traditional manual or impact-based methods, enhancing safety and operational efficiency in complex loading scenarios. The Moving Frame Method (MFM) was chosen as the foundation for the analysis. The MFM is an approach to machine dynamics. Founded on Lie Group Theory and associated algebra, Cartan’s notion of moving reference frames, and a compact notation, the MFM simplifies single and multi-body dynamics. This paper presents the analysis and simulation and discusses how the MFM empowers student exploration of advanced research and development. Ultimately, however, the project is one of design. This paper reports on various design possibilities that were considered prior to commencement of the analysis, simulation, and construction. This research contributes to the ongoing discourse on maritime cargo safety by providing a comprehensive analysis of the dangers associated with conventional loading practices, emphasizing the urgent need for improved safety measures, and proposing gyroscopic stabilization as a practical and effective solution. The findings underscore the potential of gyroscopic technology to revolutionize cargo loading procedures, fostering safer and more efficient cargo handling.
Blood Warming Device for Austere Location Blood Transfusion
Authors: Christopher Jason D. , Anderson Michael L. , Lee Matthew , Pinsenschaum Lydia , Henry Dylan , O’Bannon MeiLi , Brinkman Jared 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC) identified a need for a more effective fluid warmer in austere operational environments, including the back of vehicles, helicopters, or airplanes. Current technologies for portable fluid warmers often do not provide an adequate flow rate or do not heat the fluid to adequate temperatures when used in field settings. Consequences of insufficient blood warming can cause hypovolemic or hypothermic shock in the patient. The product was designed to take low temperature blood (approximately 4°C) and heat it to 37°C at a desired flow rate of 200 mL/min or greater. Such a design could be used in other austere environments as well as in developing nations, remote locations around the globe, or even one day in space. This paper covers the project scope, background research, existing products, concept development, prototyping, and testing. Preliminary results indicate it is possible to heat blood to the desired temperature, however the device as built was not able to achieve such warming, thus improvements for the future are provided.
A Comparative Analysis of Lane Keeping Assist and Lane Departure Warning Systems on Curved and Straight Roadways
Authors: Harrington Shawn , Takbhate Shubham Ramraja 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Comparative testing was conducted to evaluate the performance of Lane Keeping Assist (LKAS) and Lane Departure Warning (LDW) systems across three different vehicles, including a 2016 Ford F-150, 2014 Subaru Forester, and the Mobileye 6 series integrated and installed into a 2013 Mitsubishi Lancer. The LKAS and LDW systems were tested on both a curved rural roadway at approximately 40 miles per hour (mph) and a straight rural roadway at approximately 55–60 mph in Pennsylvania. Whenever possible, the vehicle’s Controller Area Network (CAN) bus data was analyzed using Vehicle Spy (VSPY) hardware and software and integrated with a VBOX 3i RTK DGPS data acquisition system. A road-facing nadir GoPro Hero8 action camera was synced with the VBOX data acquisition system and was mounted above the vehicle’s left front wheel to monitor testing. The video obtained from the GoPro Hero8 was compared with the data acquired from the CAN bus, instrument cluster, and/or driver interface to compare the performance of the LKAS/LDW systems on the Ford, Subaru, and Mitsubishi on both curved and straight roadways at different speeds.
Thermal Stresses Analysis of Thermoelectric Materials Based on Turbojet Engine
Authors: Aljaghtham Mutabe 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Thermoelectrical generators (TEGs) require high-temperature differences across thermoelectrical (TE) materials to generate high TE output power. However, the increasing thermal gradient causes thermal stresses on TE materials, which might lead to thermal fatigue. In this study, finite element method-based simulation is presented to quantify the Von Mises stresses on annular TE legs attached to the exhaust pipe of the turbojet engine. The thermal stresses build up on TE elements as the heat transfer coefficient of hot gas flow increases. Therefore, the cascade TEG system is designed to overcome high temperatures that are subjected to TE legs. Besides the cascaded TE model, the unileg (n-n or p-p) cascade TEGs system is also designed to alleviate high thermal stress exposed on the TE materials. Silicon germanium is selected as TE material around the exhaust pipe, and skutterudite is chosen next to the cold side. The design of geometry parameters of annular TE modules is also optimized to decrease stresses. At a heat transfer coefficient of 50 W/m2.K, the results showed that the Von Mises stresses of silicon germanium and skutterudite are reduced by 22% and 15%, respectively, when the unileg TE cascade is used compared to an uncouple (conventional) TE cascade system.
CCD IK Implementation in Unity for Finding the Angles of Industrial Robots’ Links
Authors: Nutonen Karle , Kuts Vladimir , Otto Tauno 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The nature of the industry has undergone significant development over the past decade, moving towards digital production influenced by the concept of Industry 4.0. This development has been facilitated by the easy accessibility and relatively simple implementability of various technologies. Nearly all manufacturing processes are now robotized to increase and enhance productivity and quality. However, the process of robotization is complex, requiring consideration of various predetermined aspects, particularly concerning safety from a human perspective, where the process must be safe for humans. Nowadays, it is possible to employ simulation environments with digital avatars, providing a highly accurate digital replica of the real environment, taking into account various real-life physical dimensions. A major bottleneck in the design of the robotization process is achieving precise and realistic movement using inverse kinematics functionality. Analytical approaches are commonly used, necessitating the creation of specific mathematical formulas for each industrial robot model. They are applicable only when working with the given robot or similar industrial robots. This paper focuses on the CCD IK (Cycling Coordinate Descent Inverse Kinematics) implementation. This implementation aims to determine the correct angles of the robot’s joints based on the end-effector’s position in Cartesian space, also considering the end-effector’s rotation.
Investigating the Impact of Origami Structures on Side Collisions: Scaling and Material Optimization for Enhanced Safety in Electric Vehicles
Authors: Dang Aaron , Park Yong Seok 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This paper investigates the impact of origami structures on side collisions, with a focus on mitigating crash energy and intrusion. We specifically chose an existing electric vehicle due to the inherent risk of fires resulting from cell punctures caused by collisions, leading to internal short circuits. The fire from a crash can then propagate across the battery pack which poses a significant danger. To achieve our objectives, we modified the side structure of a 2014–2016 Tesla Model S P85D battery with origami designs and varied parameters such as size (scaling) and materials. All models were created in Solidworks while results were obtained using the ANSYS software (2023), following a validation process. To examine the influence of materials on the origami structure, we conducted tests using three different materials: Aluminum, Magnesium, and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS). Preliminary tests indicate that reducing the scale of the origami structure by 55% yields the lowest von-mises stress while scaling it up 10% provides the least total deformation. Furthermore, comparisons at 10% scale concluded that ABS exhibited the least total deformation and von-mises stress. Results from the side structure tests concluded that ABS experienced the least von-mises stress while aluminum performed the best in terms of total deformation. In addition, analysis linking material density to the model’s mass concluded that ABS reduces the kinetic energy and intrusion the most during a collision.
Multiscale Quasi-Static Finite Element Analysis of Commercial Lithium Primary Batteries
Authors: Knee Wesley , Ginga Nicholas J. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Accurate mechanical models of lithium batteries are important during their development to create safe and reliable designs, but computational challenges exist for models that include the entire battery geometry. The large overall diameter of batteries combined with contrastingly thin internal layers of anode, cathode, and separator films make exact finite element models computationally difficult. An existing method to simplify the battery geometry and improve computation times uses representative volume elements (RVE’s) for the thin internal layers. The use of RVE’s in battery models can provide accurate solutions of the overall mechanical deformation of batteries but lacks details regarding the mechanical behavior of the individual internal layers. In this study, the use of RVE’s is combined with a global-local finite element modeling approach in order to perform mechanical analysis on the entire battery while also providing detailed mechanical behavior of the individual layers. This modeling approach is demonstrated by subjecting cylindrical lithium primary cells to quasi-static compressive loading between parallel plates. This was performed using off-the-shelf consumer grade lithium primary batteries including a cylindrical AAA lithium primary battery and a 3V cylindrical subcomponent cell from a 9V lithium primary battery. In this study the global-local modeling approach utilizing RVE’s is developed including the mechanical properties for the RVE, global model geometry, and local model geometry. The RVE mechanical properties and overall global-local modeling approach using RVE’s developed here was also applied to an 18650 lithium battery form factor for validation and agrees with published results for the battery’s mechanical behavior.
Comparative Analysis of Stresses and Deformation of a Common Construction Helmet With and Without a Deformation Zone Using Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Hand Bryson , Schonning Alexandra , Bevill Grant , Simsiriwong Jutima 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Construction helmets are one of the most common forms of personal protection utilized in the workforce. Within industries that they are required, construction helmets are commonly referred to as “hard hats.” The purpose of a construction helmet is to mitigate impact forces and repel objects away from the head. Furthermore, they are designed to reduce the risk of concussion, Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI.) and other forms of head injury.
The goal of this project is to test whether a deformation zone should be included in future construction helmet designs. Deformation zones are used as a method to absorb impact energy through intentionally deforming, thereby reducing the impact energy absorbed by the body. Deformation zones have been adopted into other forms of personal protective equipment such as sport helmets and bicycle helmets, which have seen positive results in impact testing. This project utilizes the MSA V-Gard Type 1, Class E helmet, which is commonly used in the workforce. The MSA V-Gard helmet is ideal for this project due to the ridge at the top of the helmet shell which allows for a deformation zone to be integrated into the helmet design. Two models were created: One model consists of the scanned helmet without a deformation zone, the second model consists of the scanned model with a deformation zone. The goal of this study is to determine whether the addition of a deformation zone to a construction helmet model will help to mitigate impact forces. The results from static loading of the two models show that the helmet with a deformation zone had greater displacement than that of the model without a deformation zone. This validates the need for future dynamic impact testing to determine whether this displacement of the helmet with a deformation zone will absorb more energy than the helmet model without a deformation zone. The implication of this study, as well as future studies, is that construction helmet designs that incorporate a deformation zone could improve the safety of the construction industry. The comparative analysis of the two helmet models focuses only on the effect of the geometric design of the two helmet shell models, not the effect of the webbing/suspension system.
Comparative Analysis of Wind Energy Harvesting Performance Using Multi-Stage Savonius Turbines With Non-Contact Magnetic Excitation
Authors: Alhumaid Saleh 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Small-scale energy harvesting technologies, particularly piezoelectric transducers, offer promising avenues for generating power from environmental sources. However, current research is mainly centered on optimizing piezoelectric materials and deformation mechanisms, neglecting the critical role of rotor blade design. A deeper investigation is presented here to improve rotor blade performance in increasing wind energy harvesting efficiency, especially at low wind speeds. This study presents an innovative wind energy harvester design featuring concentric rings with piezoelectric benders and strategically positioned magnetic plates. Experimental validation demonstrates successful power generation, with an average output of 524 microwatts. The optimized configuration utilizes piezoelectric benders with a diameter of 35 mm and a 6.5 mm distance between magnets, with Neodymium Magnets N42 employed as permanent materials. Notably, the prototype exhibits resilience and robustness, performing well under sustained wind speeds without damage. Comparative analysis of harvester performance using single and multi-stage Savonius turbines highlights the optimized configuration’s efficiency. Comprehensive laboratory investigations validate the rotor blade design’s efficacy, showcasing its potential to enhance small wind energy harvesting systems. By bridging current research gaps and showcasing promising experimental results, this work contributes to advancing sustainable energy solutions across various applications.
Comparative Analysis of Mechanical Behavior and Material Modeling in Additively Manufactured PEEK With Diamond TPMS Lattice Structures
Authors: Gide Kunal Manoj , Bagheri Shaghayegh 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
This study examines architectured lattices’ mechanical and morphological characteristics, leveraging additive manufacturing advancements and assessing various finite element analysis (FEA) models commonly used to predict their mechanical behavior. Various FEA material models, such as Arruda Boyce (AB), Yeoh Hyperelastic (YH), and Johnson Cook (JC), are compared to address limitations of classical models with respect to experimental verification under uniaxial compression testing of AM polyether ether ketone (PEEK) lattice samples. The study examines PEEK lattices with 50% porosity, produced via fused filament fabrication (FFF) employing triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) structures, highlighting diamond unit cell geometry. The data for the material model was calibrated using Mcalibration software. Employing nTopology software for modeling and Abaqus Standard 2023, for computational analysis, lattice structures undergo simulation under uniaxial compression. The study primarily examines elastic and yielding regions. Upon comparing computational results of each model with experimentally obtained mechanical properties, it became evident that AB model was the most accurate in predicting mechanical properties of diamond-based lattices. This research contributes to the proper selection of a material model for predicting the mechanical properties of TPMS-based lattices, thereby advancing the understanding of lattice structures’ mechanics and offering crucial insights for future innovations in advanced materials science.