bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hugo Grotius in Context: Van Heemskerck's Capture of the Santa Catarina and its Justification in De Jure Praedae (1604-1606)
Authors: Van Ittersum Martine Julia 
Published: March 2004

This article reconstructs Jacob van Heemskerck's second voyage to the East Indies and his capture of the Portuguese merchantman
Santa Catarina
on 25 February 1603. It incorporates important new archival evidence like Van Heemskerck's letter to the directors of the Dutch East India Company of 27 August 1603, and the original text of the verdict of the Amsterdam Admiralty Court, which confiscated the
Santa Catarina
on 4 September 1604. It has long been known that the Dutch jurist Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) wrote
De Jure Praedae
in defense of the ship's seizure and at the explicit request of the directors of the Dutch East India Company. Historians have failed to recognise, however, that Grotius' conceptualisation of natural rights and natural law in
De Jure Praedae
is based to a large extent on Van Heemskerck's own justification of privateering. A key notion of Grotius' rights theories - the individual's right to punish transgressors of the natural law in the absence of an independent and effective judge - follows logically from Van Heemskerck's reasoned decision to assault the
Santa Catarina
in revenge for Portuguese mistreatment of Dutch merchants in the East Indies. As shown by recent work in international relations theory - notably Edward Keene's
Beyond the Anarchical Society: Grotius, Colonialism and Order in World Politics
(Keene, 2002) - the natural law and natural rights theories that Grotius formulated in
De Jure Praedae
cannot be divorced from Dutch imperialism and colonialism in the early modern period.
Comparative expressed sequence hybridization studies of hairy cell leukemia show uniform expression profile and imprint of spleen signature
Authors: Vanhentenrijk Vera , De Wolf-Peeters Chris , Wlodarska Iwona 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Comparative expressed sequence hybridization (CESH) to chromosomes is a recently introduced technique that identifies chromosomal regions corresponding to a differential gene expression. This technique is analogous to comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) that detects genomic imbalances. We applied CESH for the study of hairy cell leukemia (HCL), a disorder with a largely unknown expression profile. Twelve HCL cases with spleen involvement were investigated by CESH and CGH. While the latter analysis identified only a few nonrecurrent genomic imbalances, CESH showed a consistent expression profile in all HCL cases. In addition, pairing normal spleen with normal lymph node, a “spleen signature” was established by CESH. This signature most likely reflects the expression profile of spleen-specific components, such as the sinusoidal lining cells from the red pulp and the marginal zone B cells from the white pulp. Imprint of the spleen signature was found in the HCL expression profile, suggesting that HCL may originate from a particular B-cell subset present in these splenic components. Besides pairing HCL with normal lymph node and spleen, we identified an “HCL signature” comprising several chromosome regions with altered expression. The most significantly underexpressed regions include 3p24, 3p21, 3q13.3-q22, 4p16, 11q23, 14q22-q24, 15q21-q22, 15q24-q25, and 17q22-q24; and 13q31 and Xq13.3-q21 were the most significantly overexpressed. These regions possibly harbor genes related to the biology and the pathogenesis of HCL. Their identification warrants further molecular investigations.
Primary human CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells express functionally active receptors of neuromediators
Authors: Steidl Ulrich , Bork Simone , Schaub Sebastian , Selbach Oliver , Seres Janette , Aivado Manuel , Schroeder Thomas , Rohr Ulrich-Peter , Fenk Roland , Kliszewski Slawomir , Maercker Christian , Neubert Peter , Bornstein Stefan R. , Haas Helmut L. , Kobbe Guido , Tenen Daniel G. , Haas Rainer , Kronenwett Ralf 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Recently, overlapping molecular phenotypes of hematopoietic and neuropoietic cells were described in mice. Here, we examined primary human CD34+ hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells applying specialized cDNA arrays, real-time reverse-transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and fluorescent-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis focusing on genes involved in neurobiologic functions. We found expression of vesicle fusion and motility genes, ligand- and voltage-gated ion channels, receptor kinases and phosphatases, and, most interestingly, mRNA as well as protein expression of G protein–coupled receptors of neuromediators (corticotropin-releasing hormone 1 [CRH 1] and CRH 2 receptors, orexin/hypocretin 1 and 2 receptors, GABAB receptor, adenosine A2B receptor, opioid κ1 and μ1 receptors, and 5-HT 1F receptor). As shown by 2-color immunofluorescence, the protein expression of these receptors was higher in the more immature CD38dim than in the CD38bright subset within the CD34+ population, and completely absent in fully differentiated blood cells, suggesting that those receptors play a role in developmentally early CD34+ stem and progenitor cells. The intracellular concentration of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in CD34+ cells was diminished significantly upon stimulation of either CRH or orexin receptors, indicating that those are functionally active and coupled to inhibitory G proteins in human hematopoietic cells. In conclusion, these findings suggest a molecular interrelation of neuronal and hematopoietic signaling mechanisms in humans.
The Cyclo[(disilanylene)(butadiyne)]s [(i-Pr)2Si(i-Pr)2SiC≡CC≡C]n (n = 2–4)
Authors: Negishi Keisuke , Unno Masafumi , Matsumoto Hideyuki 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
The new type of the twelve- to twenty-four-membered rings [(i-Pr)2Si(i-Pr)2SiC≡CC≡C]n (1, n = 2; 2, n = 3; 3, n = 4) were synthesized and the molecular structures of 1 and 2 were analyzed by X-ray crystallography. The compounds show unusual electronic properties due to the interaction of the C≡C π orbitals with the Si–Si σ bonds.
Centile Charts II: Alternative Nonparametric Approach for Establishing Time-Specific Reference Centiles and Assessment of the Sample Size Required
Authors: Griffiths Jenny K , Iles Terence C , Koduah Martin , Nix Arthur B J 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Background: Reference intervals, and more generally centile estimates, are used to characterize a reference population for the purposes of interpreting an individual patient’s clinical measurement. We describe methods of calculating reference intervals where these centiles vary with a covariate, usually age or time.
Methods: The US Food and Drug Administration and the IFCC have made recommendations on two approaches: the parametric approach, which models the structural characteristics of the data set with a theoretical distribution, and the nonparametric approach, which makes no particular assumption about this structure. In this report we propose a nonparametric procedure that relies on the principles of regression and show how sample size determination can be assessed. We also show how the sample size calculation is influenced by the distribution of the times measured.
Results: We illustrated our method on three data sets and compared the results for our proposed nonparametric method with parametric estimates. We showed that the bias is reduced and that the nonparametric method is less likely to produce fluctuating profiles.
Conclusions: To achieve adequate precision the sample size needs to be larger than 120, as has often been recommended. If there is doubt about the parametric model, then threshold sample sizes may need to be as high as 500.
Simple Technique for Internal Control of Real-Time Amplification Assays
Authors: Burggraf Siegfried , Olgemöller Bernhard 
Published: March 2004

Abstract
Background: In real-time PCR assays, the most accurate way to identify false-negative results, e.g., those caused by PCR inhibitors, is to add to samples an internal control that will be coamplified with the target (e.g., pathogen) DNA. Current internal control procedures, however, which usually involve the introduction of a DNA fragment, are complex, time-consuming, and expensive.
Methods: Single-stranded oligonucleotides, which contain little more than primer and probe binding sites, were used as internal controls in real-time PCR assays. Mismatches were included in the probe-binding region of the internal control oligonucleotide (ICO) to prevent probe–control hybridization during the fluorescence acquisition step of the PCR. Amplified ICOs were detected by melting point analysis. ICOs could be added directly to the sample material before DNA extraction.
Results: To demonstrate the feasibility of the new approach, we designed ICOs for the LightCycler hybridization probe assays for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, hepatitis B virus, herpes simplex virus, and varicella zoster virus. In each case, the controls did not interfere with detection of the pathogen, but were clearly detectable during a subsequent melting point analysis.
Conclusions: A single-stranded oligonucleotide that mimics the target region of the pathogen but is clearly distinguishable from the target during melting point analysis can serve as a simple, cost-effective internal control for real-time amplification assays. Such control oligonucleotides are easy to design and inexpensive. A costly second probe system is not necessary. Moreover, the internally controlled assay uses only one fluorescence detection channel of the instrument, leaving the second channel free for multiplex applications.
HEAVY METALS AND ADSORBENTS EFFECTS ON ACTIVATED SLUDGE MICROORGANISMS
Authors: Ong S.A. , Lim P.E. , Seng C.E. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe sorption of Cu(II) and Cd(II) from synthetic solution by powdered activated carbon (PAC), biomass, rice husk (RH) and activated rice husk (ARH) were investigate under batch conditions. After activated by concentrated nitric acid for 15 hours at 60‐65 °C, the adsorption capacity for RH was increased. The adsorbents arranged in the increasing order of adsorption capacities to the Langmuir Q° parameter were biomass > PAC > ARH > RH. The addition of adsorbents in base mix solution had increased the specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) activated sludge microorganisms with and without the presence of metals. The increased of SOUR were due to the ability of PAC and RH in reducing the inhibitory effect of metals on microorganisms and provide a reaction site between activated sludge microorganisms and substrates.
Gas‐liquid displacement method for estimating membrane pore‐size distributions
Authors: Shao P. , Huang R. Y. M. , Feng X. , Anderson W. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA gas‐liquid displacement method is investigated for characterizing pore‐size distributions of microfiltration (MF) membranes. The complexities of using gas as displacing fluid are analyzed in terms of the gas transport regimes involved, showing that slip flow features gas transport in MF membranes, and Knudsen diffusion can be effectively suppressed by an appropriate selection of the pore‐filling liquid. A universal mathematical model for evaluating pore‐size distributions is developed based on the fundamental equation governing slip flow. An approximate model is also presented where only the Hagen‐Poiseuille regime is considered. The pore‐size distributions of two MF membranes are evaluated using the universal and the approximate models, respectively. It is found that the approximate model overestimates the probability of the larger pore (relative to the peak pore) and underestimates the probability of the smaller pore. It is recommended that the universal model be used if no priori analyses on gas transport regimes is carried out. 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50:557–565, 2004)
Experimentally‐validated micromixing‐based CFD model for fed‐batch stirred‐tank reactors
Authors: Akiti Otute , Armenante Piero M. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA model was developed to predict the final product distribution in fed‐batch, stirred‐tank reactors carrying out fast, parallel, chemical reactions, and the predictions were compared with experimental data. The following reaction system was chosen:

equation image
Comparison between the experimentally determined flow field inside the reactor, obtained with a laser‐doppler velocimeter (LDV), and the predictions from computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations was favorable. A model was developed to predict the yield, XS, of forming S from A, using CFD to describe the velocity distribution inside the reactor, two micromixing models to represent the interaction between turbulence effects and chemical reactions, and a multiphase model (Volume of Fluid (VOF) model) to track the reacting zone in a Lagrangian fashion. Model predictions for XS were compared with experimental data. The agreement between the experiments and the results of the simulations was good. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50:566–577, 2004
Carbon membranes for high temperature gas separations: Experiment and theory
Authors: Sznejer Gabriel A. , Efremenko Irena , Sheintuch Moshe 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe transport and separation of hydrogen and light alkanes are studied in a molecular‐sieve carbon membrane hollow‐fiber module at the temperature range of 25–400°C; nitrogen is used as a sweeping gas in the study of mixtures, and the fluxes of pure components are studied under a pressure gradient. The membrane selectivity, the ratio of hydrogen to hydrocarbon permeabilities, may reach 100 to 1,000 in propane, or in (normal or iso‐) butane mixtures with hydrogen, making the membrane an excellent candidate for a membrane dehydrogenation reactor. The permeabilities measured in pure‐component studies differ from those in mixtures. Specifically, counterdiffusion of nitrogen and C2 to C4 alkanes significantly inhibits the fluxes of both, whereas the hydrogen flux is only slightly diminished. To account for these results, molecular mechanics simulations are used to find the energetics of adsorption, diffusion, and desorption of individual gases in cylindrical nanopores modeled by carbon nanotubes. In pore sizes that are up to 2–3 times the dimension of the molecule, diffusion of the molecule inside the pore is nonactivated, whereas desorption is activated and typically is the rate limiting step; the molecular transport proceeds essentially by the single‐file diffusion mechanism. A rate expression for a single‐species transport in a molecular‐sieve carbon membrane is derived by a mean‐field approach. The pore‐size distribution calculated by comparing experimental and computed fluxes favorably compares with the measured distribution. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 596–610, 2004
New approach to refinery process simulation with adaptive composition representation
Authors: Briesen Heiko , Marquardt Wolfgang 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe established technique for simulation of refinery processes is the use of pseudocomponents. However, in order to increase the economical benefit of plant operation, it seems inevitable to include molecular information in petroleum mixtures characterization. This will lead to a strong increase of problem size. For this new class of models, there currently seems to be no special algorithms available. The classic pseudocomponent approach is compared with a newly developed solution strategy, which is explicitly developed to efficiently solve simulation problems with a high detail in composition representation. The new solution strategy is an adaptive multigrid method based on a wavelet–Galerkin discretization. With the wavelet–Galerkin discretization the model can easily be formulated on various levels of detail. In an iterative procedure the multigrid concept exploits these different formulations to construct correction‐term approximations to the true solution. The discretization of these correction‐term models is now done with a detail in composition representation that is determined by a residual‐based adaptation strategy. The proposed method has been implemented for a simple 9‐stage distillation column and tested for a variety of feed mixtures. In all investigated tests the proposed method proved to be superior to the conventional pseudocomponent approach in terms of accuracy and efficiency. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 633–645, 2004
Control of reversible reactions in supercritical water: I. alkylations
Authors: Sato Takafumi , Sekiguchi Gaku , Adschiri Tadafumi , Arai Kunio 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThe reaction rates of alkylation of phenol and that of dealkylation of alkylphenol were evaluated in sub‐ and supercritical water. Dehydration of 2‐propanol gave propene, and then alkylation with phenol, which produced 2‐isopropylphenol. Then 2‐propylphenol was formed by rearrangement of 2‐isopropylphenol. The alkylation rate was higher than the dealkylation rate, as water density increased and temperature decreased at 613–713 K and 0.3–0.6 g/cm3 of water density. At around 673 K, the order of magnitude of the alkylation and dealkylation rates reversed and become sensitive to the system temperature and density. These results demonstrate some of the specific features of supercritical water: the reaction rate of both forward and reverse reactions, such as alkylation and dealkylations, can be controlled through manipulation of temperature and density (pressure). © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 665–672, 2004
Skin‐layer formation on porous membrane by immobilized dextransucrase
Authors: Kawakita Hidetaka , Saito Kyoichi , Sugita Kazuyuki , Tamada Masao , Sugo Takanobu , Kawamoto Hiroshi 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA porous hollow‐fiber membrane with an average pore diameter of 360 nm and a porosity of 71% was used as a starting polymer. An epoxy‐group‐containing monomer, glycidyl methacrylate, was grafted onto the porous hollow‐fiber membrane by radiation‐induced graft polymerization. The produced epoxy group was quantitatively converted into a 2‐hydroxyethylamino group as an anion‐exchange group by reaction with ethanolamine. Dextransucrase solution was forced to permeate radially outward through the pore from the inside surface of the porous hollow‐fiber membrane to be immobilized by the grafted polymer chains based on an anion‐exchange interaction. Subsequently, sucrose solution as substrate was fed to the inside surface of the dextransucrase‐immobilized porous hollow‐fiber membrane. Dextran produced by the enzymatic reaction formed a skin layer on the inside surface of the membrane with a thickness of approximately 4 μm and an estimated pore diameter of 50 nm. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 696–700, 2004
Using “prosurfactants” to enhance rates of delivery of surfactants
Authors: Rosslee Craig A. , Khripin Constantine , Foley Theresa M. D. , Abbott Nicholas L. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA strategy for accelerating the rate of transport of surfactant within a system by delivering the surfactant as a precursor to the surface‐active state (“prosurfactant”) and subsequently transforming it to a functional form (surfactant) is reported. An increase in the overall rate of transport of a redox‐active surfactant across a polycarbonate membrane containing pores with a diameter of 10 nm is demonstrated. This redox‐active molecule, which is molecularly dispersed in aqueous solutions in its oxidized state (prosurfactant), but assembles into globular micellar aggregates (Rh = 5 nm) in its reduced state (surfactant), was rapidly transported across the membrane in its oxidized state to a concentration of 0.2 mM. Subsequent delivery of ascorbic acid (a reducing agent) by diffusion through the same membrane led to reduction of the oxidized precursor and formation of surfactant and micelles. The sequential delivery of the prosurfactant and then transforming agent resulted in a greater than sixfold increase in the overall rate of delivery of surfactant as compared to a procedure in which the surfactant was diffused across the membrane. These observations are compared to calculations based on hindered diffusion through cylindrical pores. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 708–714, 2004
Microwaves in soil remediation from VOCs. 2. Buildup of a dedicated device
Authors: Acierno Domenico , Barba Anna A. , d'Amore Matteo , Pinto Innocenzo M. , Fiumara Vincenzo 
Published: March 2004

AbstractThis work presents the design of a microwave opened applicator useful to perform the Microwave Induced Steam Distillation (MISD) process for soil remediation treatments. The prototype has been also realized and used to irradiate a 40 x 30 cm area with a given electromagnetic field distribution. Experiments carried out by in situ operations on a soil contaminated with VOC's are reported. Finally, the experimental data collected are described by a mathematical model previously proposed. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50:722–732, 2004
The Workers' Compensation System: Worker friend or foe?
Authors: Strunin Lee , Boden Leslie I. 
Published: March 2004

AbstractBackgroundThe workers' compensation system was designed to help injured workers who have substantial medical expenses and perhaps have lost a great deal of income. This study determines both similarities and differences in how workers experience their interactions with the workers' compensation systems in Florida and Wisconsin.MethodsEthnographic open‐ended interviews with 204 workers from Florida and 198 workers in Wisconsin were conducted. All the workers had back injuries in 1990 and were either paid workers' compensation temporary disability benefits for at least 4 weeks or received permanent disability benefits or compromise settlements.ResultsSome interactions with the workers' compensation system were positive. However, the majority of respondents in both states experienced their encounters with the workers' compensation system as cumbersome, frustrating, and demeaning.ConclusionsMistrust, stigmatization, payment delays, and refusal of insurer personnel to pay benefits contribute to workers' negative experiences with the workers' compensation system. These insurer behaviors raise the costs to injured workers of workers' compensation benefits and thus may reduce the propensity of eligible workers to apply for benefits. Am. J. Ind. Med. 45:338–345, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unilateral linear hyperpigmentation of the skin with ipsilateral sectorial hyperpigmentation of the retina
Authors: Meyer Carsten H. , Freyschmidt‐Paul Pia , Happle Rudolf , Kroll Peter 
Published: March 2004

AbstractA 32‐year‐old Caucasian man had a mosaic hyperpigmentation on his left arm, arranged in a pattern following the lines of Blaschko. In addition, a mosaic hyperpigmentation was noted in his left eye, in the form of grouped congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE). Such “bear tracks” are segmentally oriented, well‐demarcated, flat, hyperpigmented lesions originating with small dots at the optic disk and expanding towards the periphery. We hypothesize that these mosaic pigmentary lesions involving the skin and the eye on the same side of the body may have originated from an early postzygotic mutation and thus may be etiologically related. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.