bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of hormones and growth factors on the proliferation of adult cricket neural progenitor cells in vitro
Authors: Malaterre Jordane , Strambi Colette , Aouane Aïcha , Strambi Alain , Rougon Geneviève , Cayre Myriam 
Published: August 2003

AbstractIn the adult cricket brain, a cluster of neuroblasts produces new interneurons that integrate into the mushroom body (MB), the main associative structure for multisensory information of the insect brain. In previous study we showed the antagonist role of the two morphogenetic hormones, juvenile hormone (JH) and ecdysone, on the regulation of adult MB neurogenesis in vivo. In order to examine whether these hormones act directly on neural progenitor cells, we developed an organotypic culture of MB cortices. Cell proliferation was assessed by 5‐bromo, 2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation. We showed that JH increased mushroom body neuroblast (MBNb) proliferation, confirming the mitogenic effect of JH observed in vivo. By contrast, ecdysone did not affect the amount of BrdU‐labeled nuclei, suggesting that the inhibitory effect observed in vivo probably proceeded from an indirect pathway. We then examined the role of growth factors known to stimulate neural stem cell/progenitor cell proliferation in vertebrates. As shown by calcium imaging, MBNb only expressed functional receptors for insulin whereas mature interneurons responded to IGF‐I and bFGF. Both insulin (10 μg/mL) and IGF‐I (10 ng/mL) enhanced MB progenitor cell proliferation in culture, although the insulin effect was more pronounced. This effect was abolished when an inhibitor of polyamine biosynthesis was present in the medium, suggesting a link between polyamines and the insulin signaling pathway. By contrast, bFGF (20–200 ng/mL) failed to stimulate MBNb proliferation. Our results point to conserved and divergent mechanisms between vertebrates and invertebrates in the regulation of adult neural progenitor cell proliferation. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol, 56: 387–397, 2003
Sexually dimorphic neurocalcin expression in the developing zebra finch telencephalon
Authors: Veney Sean L. , Peabody Camilla , Smith George W. , Wade Juli 
Published: August 2003

AbstractDifferential display RT‐PCR was used on RNA isolated from the zebra finch telencephalon to identify gene products potentially involved in its development, including the sexually dimorphic nuclei responsible for song learning and production. A cDNA identified only in juvenile females was cloned and sequenced. It shares homology with neurocalcin, a calcium binding protein. Northern blots indicated three neurocalcin species. A 10.6 kb transcript was present in males and most females throughout development and in adulthood. Smaller 6.2 and 3.3 kb species were detected almost exclusively in females and primarily between posthatching days 18–25. In situ hybridization, using a probe that identified all three mRNA species, indicated a broad distribution in the telencephalon of both sexes, with particularly high levels in the song nucleus RA. Across regions examined, neurocalcin expression was enhanced in females compared to males, probably reflecting the presence of the two smaller transcripts. However, within RA, neurocalcin expression was statistically equivalent between the sexes. These data indicate that calcium signaling via neurocalcin may be involved in telencephalic development, but suggest that sexually dimorphic expression of this gene exists on a level too general to specifically regulate masculine or feminine development of song control regions. Neurocalcin might: broadly influence functional differentiation, including areas that are not morphologically distinct between the sexes; be a benign consequence of general dimorphisms, such as those due to sex chromosomes; or involve a compensatory mechanism, which allows function of the juvenile female telencephalon to equal that of males, despite fundamental physiological differences. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 56: 372–386, 2003
Role for calcium in heat shock‐mediated synaptic thermoprotection in Drosophila larvae
Authors: Barclay J.W. , Robertson R.M. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractChemical synaptic transmission is the mechanism for fast, excitation‐coupled information transfer between neurons. Previous work in larval Drosophila has shown that transmission at synaptic boutons is protected by heat shock exposure from subsequent thermal stress through pre‐ and postsynaptic modifications. This protective effect has been, at least partially, ascribed to an up‐regulation in the inducible heat shock protein, hsp70. Effects of hsp70 are correlated with changes to intracellular calcium handling, and the dynamics of intracellular calcium regulate synaptic transmission. Consistent with such a relationship, synaptic plasticity increases at locust neuromuscular junctions following heat shock, suggesting an effect of heat shock on residual presynaptic calcium. Intracellular recording from single abdominal muscle fibers of Drosophila larvae showed that prior heat shock imparts thermoprotection by increasing the upper temperature limit for synaptic transmission. Heat shock exposure enhances short‐term synaptic plasticity and increases its thermosensitivity. Increasing extracellular calcium levels eliminates the physiological differences between control and heat shock preparations; excess calcium itself induces thermoprotection at elevated concentrations. These data support the hypothesis that stress‐induced neuroprotection at the nerve terminal acts, at least partially, through an alteration to the physiological effects of residual presynaptic calcium. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 56: 360–371, 2003
The influence of production systems on self‐reported arousal, sleepiness, physical exertion and fatigue—consequences of increasing mechanization
Authors: Persson Roger , Garde Anne Helene , Hansen Åse Marie , Ørbæk Palle , Ohlsson Kerstina 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe present study examined the capability of a real‐time assessment routine to sort out the individual impact of three production systems on psychological activation as measured by the Stress‐/Energy Inventory, Karolinska Sleepiness Scale, Borg's CR‐10 Perceived Exertion scale, and the Swedish Occupational Fatigue Inventory. Sixteen women between the ages of 26 and 57 years (mean 43 years) rotated in a counterbalanced order between three production systems: A, B and C. The systems produced the same goods but clearly differed in degree of automation and ergonomic demands. The results show that work at the most automated production system, C, on average generated lower energy index scores and higher sleepiness scores compared to the oldest system, A. Clear weekly and diurnal patterns were found for most rating measures. To conclude, the increasing automation of the production systems is reflected in psychological activation by dampening feelings of positively valued high activity states and increased sleepiness. The expressions of a weekly and diurnal psychological activation, indicates that the subjects are able to unwind both during the weekend and after work, and suggest that the present method is suitable for studying the immediate psychological adaptation to the social and physical work environment. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychosocial work environments and psychological strain among Korean factory workers
Authors: Park Kyoung‐Ok , Wilson Mark G. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThe purpose of the study was to examine what work factors were significantly different between a high strain group and a low strain group. The participants were 373 male factory workers at four manufacturing companies producing household appliances in Puchon, Korea. A self‐administered questionnaire was used to collect data on psychological strain, perceived job demands, relationships at work, job satisfaction, and demographic characteristics. All participants were classified to a high strain group (n = 163) or a low strain group (n = 210) in terms of their psychological strain scores. Satisfaction with work environments, relationships with coworkers, relationships with supervisors, marital status, workload, and overall job satisfaction were significantly associated with psychological strain. These six factors explained 27 per cent of variance of psychological strain. The high strain group was more likely to have low satisfaction with work environment, poor relationships with coworkers, poor relationships with supervisor, heavy workload, single marital status, and low global job satisfaction. The study found that relationships at work and job satisfaction were strong work factors affecting psychological strain. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vicarious traumatization: symptoms and predictors
Authors: Lerias Doukessa , Byrne Mitchell K. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractHaving to intervene in severe crises or bearing witness to human tragedy, can take its toll on the individual (Erickson, Vande Kemp, Gorsuch, Hoke & Foy, 2001; Lind, 2000; Lugris, 2000). These effects can include severe, debilitating anxiety that persists for months and sometimes even years following the event. Because these people are not directly involved in the event, their distress often goes undetected (Brady, Guy, Poelstra & Brokaw, 1999; Motta, Joseph, Rose, Suozzi & Leiderman, 1997). Support resources for people who are indirectly affected by a traumatic event are limited. To date, a history of previous trauma, previous psychological well‐being, social support, age, gender, educational achievement, socio‐economic status and styles of coping have been highlighted as mediating the effects of indirect exposure to a traumatic incident. Understanding this phenomenon and the mechanisms precipitating such distress is an important step in providing appropriate help for a large number of people indirectly affected by tragic events. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brief interventions for secondary trauma: review and recommendations
Authors: Phipps Andrew B. , Byrne Mitchell K. 
Published: August 2003

AbstractRecent literature in the area of trauma has highlighted the potential for interventions to exacerbate the trauma reaction. The general rule of ‘do no harm’ should apply not only to professionals but volunteers alike. This paper reviews the literature on brief interventions for people who have been exposed to trauma at varying levels. The parameters of a single session intervention and the skill of volunteers are considered in recommending a protocol for intervention. We propose an ‘orienting’ framework to intervention that emphasizes support, normalization and self‐help strategies. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The construct validity of the ASSET stress measure
Authors: Johnson Sheena , Cooper Cary 
Published: August 2003

AbstractThis paper investigates the construct validity of the psychological well‐being subscale of the ASSET (An Organizational Stress Screening Tool) stress measure. The data is taken from a study looking at the stress experienced by the social workers and supporting administration workers within a social work department of a UK local authority. The results indicate that the scale has good convergent validity with an existing measure of minor psychiatric disorders, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ12). It is concluded that ASSET is a comprehensive stress measurement tool with clear benefits for both research and clinical and organizational practice surrounding the experience of work‐related stress. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Darwinian aesthetics: sexual selection and the biology of beauty
Authors: GRAMMER KARL , FINK BERNHARD , MØLLER ANDERS P. , THORNHILL RANDY 
Published: August 2003

ABSTRACTCurrent theoretical and empirical findings suggest that mate preferences are mainly cued on visual, vocal and chemical cues that reveal health including developmental health. Beautiful and irresistible features have evolved numerous times in plants and animals due to sexual selection, and such preferences and beauty standards provide evidence for the claim that human beauty and obsession with bodily beauty are mirrored in analogous traits and tendencies throughout the plant and animal kingdoms. Human beauty standards reflect our evolutionary distant and recent past and emphasize the role of health assessment in mate choice as reflected by analyses of the attractiveness of visual characters of the face and the body, but also of vocal and olfactory signals. Although beauty standards may vary between cultures and between times, we show in this review that the underlying selection pressures, which shaped the standards, are the same. Moreover we show that it is not the content of the standards that show evidence of convergence ‐ it is the rules or how we construct beauty ideals that have universalities across cultures. These findings have implications for medical, social and biological sciences.
Descent with modification: the unity underlying homology and homoplasy as seen through an analysis of development and evolution
Authors: HALL BRIAN K. 
Published: August 2003

ABSTRACTHomology is at the foundation of comparative studies in biology at all levels from genes to phenotypes. Homology similarity because of common descent and ancestry, homoplasy is similarity arrived at via independent evolution However, given that there is but one tree of life, all organisms, and therefore all features of organisms, share degree of relationship and similarity one to another. That sharing may be similarity or even identity of structure the sharing of a most recent common ancestor–as in the homology of the arms of humans and apes–or it reflect some (often small) degree of similarity, such as that between the wings of insects and the wings of groups whose shared ancestor lies deep within the evolutionary history of the Metazoa. It may reflect sharing entire developmental pathways, partial sharing, or divergent pathways. This review compares features classified homologous with the classes of features normally grouped as homoplastic, the latter being convergence, parallelism, reversals, rudiments, vestiges, and atavisms. On the one hand, developmental mechanisms may be conserved, when a complete structure does not form (rudiments, vestiges), or when a structure appears only in some individuals (atavisms). On the other hand, different developmental mechanisms can produce similar (homologous) features Joint examination of nearness of relationship and degree of shared development reveals a continuum within expanded category of homology, extending from homology → reversals → rudiments → vestiges → atavisms → parallelism, with convergence as the only class of homoplasy, an idea that turns out to be surprisingly old. realignment provides a glimmer of a way to bridge phylogenetic and developmental approaches to homology homoplasy, a bridge that should provide a key pillar for evolutionary developmental biology (evo‐devo). It will and in a practical sense cannot, alter how homoplastic features are identified in phylogenetic analyses. But rudiments, reversals, vestiges, atavisms and parallelism as closer to homology than to homoplasy should guide toward searching for the common elements underlying the formation of the phenotype (what some have called deep homology of genetic and/or cellular mechanisms), rather than discussing features in terms of shared independent evolution.
Intravenous clonidine prolongs bupivacaine spinal anesthesia
Authors: Rhee K. , Kang K. , Kim J. , Jeon Y. 
Published: August 2003

Background:  Prolongation of spinal anesthesia by oral clonidine premedication has been known. We hypothesized that intravenous clonidine administered after the spinal block may prolong spinal anesthesia.Methods:  To assess the prolongation of spinal anesthesia by intravenous clonidine, we designed a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, prospective study. Patients scheduled for orthopedic surgery received 12 mg of 0.5% hyperbaric bupivacaine and were randomly divided into three groups (n = 26 in each group). In the clonidine 10‐min group, 3 µg kg−1 of clonidine was administered for 10 min immediately after the spinal block. In the clonidine 60‐min group, 3 µg kg−1 of clonidine was administered for 10 min, 50 min after the spinal block. The control group received normal saline. Sensory block was evaluated by pinprick and the duration was defined as the time for sensory block to regress to L1 dermatome. Duration of motor block was defined as the time required for the patient to flex his or her knee.Results:  The duration of sensory block was longer in both the clonidine 10‐min and clonidine 60‐min groups compared with the control group (196 ± 42 min, 179 ± 41 min vs. 125 ± 25 min, P < 0.05). The duration of motor block was longer in the clonidine 10‐min group than in the control group (153 ± 26 min vs. 131 ± 29 min, P < 0.05). The lowest heart rate and mean blood pressure were not different among groups.Conclusions:  Intravenous clonidine administration within 1 h after the spinal block prolonged bupivacaine spinal anesthesia for approximately 1 h without adverse effects.
Relaxing intraoperative natural sound blunts haemodynamic change at the emergence from propofol general anaesthesia and increases the acceptability of anaesthesia to the patient
Authors: Tsuchiya M. , Asada A. , Ryo K. , Noda K. , Hashino T. , Sato Y. , Sato E. F. , Inoue M. 
Published: August 2003

Background:  It is known that auditory input, such as comforting music or sound, blunts the human response to surgical stress in conscious patients under regional anaesthesia. As auditory perception has been demonstrated to remain active under general anaesthesia, playing comforting sounds to patients under general anaesthesia might also modulate the response of these patients to surgical stress.Methods:  Fifty‐nine patients scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy were anaesthetized with propofol general anaesthesia in combination with epidural anaesthesia. Natural sounds, chosen preoperatively by each patient as being comforting, were played to 29 patients using headphones during surgery (S group) and the remainder of the patients (n = 30) were fitted with dummy open‐type headphones (N group). We compared the haemodynamic change during anaesthesia and the acceptability of anaesthetic practice between the two groups in a randomized double‐blind design.Results:  There were no differences in haemodynamics between the S and N groups during surgery. During the emergence from anaesthesia, the mean blood pressure and heart rate gradually increased; both parameters were significantly higher in the N group than in the S group. Postoperatively, patients in the S group perceived the experience of anaesthesia as significantly more acceptable than did those in the N group.Conclusion:  These findings indicate that allowing patients comforting background sounds during general anaesthesia may blunt haemodynamic changes upon emergence from general anaesthesia and increase the acceptability of the experience of anaesthesia.
Tramadol encapsulated into polyhydroxybutyrate microspheres: in vitro release and epidural analgesic effect in rats
Authors: Salman M. A. , Sahin A. , Onur M. A. , Öge K. , Kassab A. , Aypar Ü. 
Published: August 2003

Background:  Controlled release techniques are used to increase the duration of action and decrease the toxicity of drugs. Any controlled release form of tramadol in spinal or epidural blocks has not been studied previously. Tramadol was encapsulated into polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) microspheres and release kinetics was studied. The epidural analgesic effect of this solution in rats was also compared with free tramadol.Methods:  Controlled release of tramadol from PHB microspheres into 10 ml of phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.4 and 37 °C was studied in vitro. In vivo studies were performed in 40 rats. Epidural catheters were placed during general anaesthesia. Rats were randomly allocated into one of the four study groups to receive normal saline, 4 mg of tramadol, PHB microspheres without tramadol, or 4 mg of tramadol encapsulated into PHB microspheres. Analgesia was evaluated with tail flick tests performed at 52.5 ± 0.5 °C before injection and at intervals up to 30 h after injection. Catalepsy and loss of corneal reflexes were considered as signs of supraspinal toxicity.Results:  In vitro drug release was observed for more than 6 days. Epidural analgesic effects of tramadol released from PHB microspheres were observed for 21 h, whereas an equal dose of free tramadol was effective for less than 5 h. No signs of toxicity were observed.Conclusion:  Controlled release of tramadol from PHB microspheres is possible, and pain relief during epidural analgesia is prolonged by this drug formulation compared with free tramadol.
Automated responsiveness test and bispectral index monitoring during propofol and propofol/N2O sedation
Authors: Doufas A. G. , Bakhshandeh M. , Haugh G. S. , Bjorksten A. R. , Greif R. , Sessler D. I. 
Published: August 2003

Background:  Sedation practice, especially when non‐anaesthesia personnel are involved, requires efficient anaesthetic depth monitoring. Therefore, we used prediction probability (PK) to evaluate the performance of the bispectral index (BIS) of the EEG and automated responsiveness test (ART) to predict sedation depth and loss of subject's responsiveness during propofol sedation, with and without N2O.Methods:  Twenty volunteers were studied during propofol administration with (N2O) and without (Air) N2O. The protocol consisted of sequential 15‐min cycles. After a control period, propofol was infused to a target effect‐site concentration of 0.25 µg/ml (N2O) or 1.5 µg/ml (Air), which was subsequently increased by 0.25 or 0.5 µg/ml, respectively, until loss of responsiveness was detected by loss of response to command [observer's assessment of alertness/sedation (OAA/S) score ≤ 2].Results:  Deeply sedated patients did not respond to ART indicating that the sensitivity was 1.0 with or without N2O. The specificity of ART was 0.24 with Air and 0.98 with N2O. The BIS was better than ART in predicting OAA/S score (PK = 0.84 vs. 0.77) and loss of responsiveness (PK = 0.87 vs. 0.69) during the Air trial. Nitrous oxide decreased the performance of BIS in predicting OAA/S score (PK = 0.76), but increased the performance of ART to predict loss of responsiveness (PK = 0.85).Conclusion:  BIS and ART comparably predict sedation and loss of responsiveness. However, ART, because of its resistance to false‐normal responses, might prove to be more useful on an individual patient basis – especially in the presence of agents that impair BIS sensitivity.
Ephedrine in the cat lung vasculature
Authors: Fields A. M. , Richards T. A. , Ibrahim I. N. , Kaye A. D. 
Published: August 2003

Background:  Ephedrine is one of the most commonly used non‐catecholamine sympathomimetic agents. It is used in operating rooms and critical care settings worldwide. While it has many side effects, its ability to rapidly raise blood pressure makes it an ideal agent to maintain homeostasis as well as in emergency situations. While its effects are known to be mediated by an α‐mediated mechanism, the exact α subtype is unknown. In addition, no studies using ephedrine have been performed in the pulmonary vascular bed of the cat.Methods:  The effects of phentolamine, a non‐selective α‐receptor blocker, and prazosin, an α1‐selective antagonist, were investigated on pulmonary arterial responses to ephedrine, phenylepherine, norepinephrine, and U‐46619. Lobar arterial perfusion pressure was continuously monitored, electronically averaged, and recorded with constant flow in the isolated left lower lobe vascular bed of the cat.Results:  Phentolamine and prazosin significantly reduced vasoconstrictor pulmonary perfusion pressure increases induced by ephedrine.Conclusion:  Ephedrine has significant vasopressor activity in the pulmonary vascular bed of the cat meditated predominantly by α1 adrenergic receptor activation.