bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Congenital lobar emphysema – the disappearing chest mass: antenatal ultrasound appearance
Authors: Quinton A. E. , Smoleniec J. S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractPrenatal diagnosis of congenital lobar emphysema is rarely reported in the literature. This case presents a fetus with an echogenic lung diagnosed at 18 weeks' gestation, that resolved completely during the pregnancy. This case is unique in that sonographic increased echogenicity was first noted at 18 weeks' gestation and had disappeared by 29 weeks' gestation. The diagnosis was made in the postnatal period as a result of follow up of the prenatal findings. This case reinforces the importance of continuing postnatal investigations of prenatal sonographic abnormalities even when they appear to have disappeared. A discussion of the causes of congenital lobar emphysema is presented. Copyright © 2001 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Bilateral congenital diaphragmatic hernia: diagnostic clues at fetal sonography
Authors: Song M. S. , Yoo S.‐J. , Smallhorn J. F. , Mullen J. B. M. , Ryan G. , Hornberger L. K. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBilateral congenital diaphragmatic hernia is a rare, life‐threatening malformation. We describe a case of bilateral Bochdalek hernia diagnosed prenatally. The sonographic clues to the diagnosis were anterior displacement of the heart with relatively minimal lateral shift. The definitive diagnosis was made by demonstrating the liver in the right thorax and bowel loop and stomach in the left thorax. Color and power Doppler demonstrated the hepatic vessels embracing both sides of the heart from behind. Copyright © 2001 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Retrospective prenatal diagnosis of scimitar syndrome aided by three‐dimensional power Doppler imaging
Authors: Michailidis G. D. , Simpson J. M. , Tulloh R. M. R. , Economides D. L. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractScimitar syndrome is a rare malformation of the arterial supply and venous drainage of the lung. We report the case of a fetus that presented with cardiac asymmetry and malposition of the fetal heart. Postnatally, scimitar syndrome was confirmed at cardiac catheterization. Retrospective reconstruction of three‐dimensional power Doppler volumes, obtained during fetal life, allowed direct visualization of the abnormal aortopulmonary collateral vessel. This had not been seen on conventional scans. This case demonstrates many of the strengths of three‐dimensional sonographic techniques for the delineation of complex vascular anatomy. It confirms that a prospective diagnosis of scimitar syndrome should be possible during fetal life. Copyright © 2001 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Evaluation of prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart diseases by ultrasound: experience from 20 European registries
Authors: Garne E. , Stoll C. , Clementi M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart diseases by ultrasound investigation in well‐defined European populations.DesignData from 20 registries of congenital malformations in 12 European countries were included. The prenatal ultrasound screening programs in the countries ranged from no routine screening to three ultrasound investigations per patient routinely performed.ResultsThere were 2454 cases with congenital heart disease with an overall prenatal detection rate of 25%. Termination of pregnancy was performed in 293 cases (12%). There was considerable variation in prenatal detection rate between regions, with the lowest detection rates being in countries without ultrasound screening (11%) and in Eastern European countries (Croatia, Lithuania and Ukraine; 8%). In Western European countries with ultrasound screening, detection rate ranged from 19–48%. There was a significant difference in prenatal detection rate and proportion of induced abortions between isolated congenital heart disease and congenital heart disease associated with chromosome anomalies, multiple malformations and syndromes (P < 0.0001). There were 1694 cases with isolated congenital heart disease of which 16% were diagnosed prenatally. Malformations affecting the size of the ventricles were detected prenatally in half of the cases.ConclusionsPrenatal detection rate of congenital heart disease varies significantly between countries even with the same screening recommendations. The presence of associated malformations significantly increases the prenatal detection rate. Copyright © 2001 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Prenatal diagnosis of mosaic trisomy 8 in a fetus with normal nuchal translucency thickness and reversed end‐diastolic ductus venosus flow
Authors: Campbell S. , Mavrides E. , Prefumo F. , Presti F. , Carvalho J. S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractWe report a case of the prenatal diagnosis of trisomy 8 in a fetus presenting with normal nuchal translucency of 0.8 mm and reversed end‐diastolic ductus venosus blood flow at a routine first‐trimester scan at 11 weeks of gestation. No structural abnormalities were detected by the ultrasound scan. Karyotyping by chorionic villus sampling led to the diagnosis of mosaic trisomy 8, which was confirmed by fluorescent in‐situ hybridization on fetal tissue samples. Copyright © 2001 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Fetal nuchal translucency and normal chromosomes: a long‐term follow‐up study
Authors: Hiippala A. , Eronen M. , Taipale P. , Salonen R. , Hiilesmaa V. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the impact of increased nuchal translucency observed during early pregnancy on the subsequent health of children with normal chromosomes, with special attention to cardiac anatomy and function.MethodsClinical examination and detailed cardiac evaluation were carried out in 50 chromosomally normal children at the age of 2.4–7.1 years who had had a nuchal translucency measurement of ≥ 3 mm at 13–15 weeks' gestation. The data of two babies who died of heart defects were also included.ResultsMajor cardiac defects were identified in four (8%) of the children. The growth of all children was within normal limits. One child had Noonan syndrome, one had a cleidocranial dysplasia and a third had a developmental delay together with an unrecognized syndrome. Webs in the neck region were noticed in two children, with no associated pathology.ConclusionsIn chromosomally normal fetuses with increased nuchal translucency, fetal echocardiography is necessary to identify major cardiac defects. In general, the parents can be reassured that, in the great majority, postnatal development is normal. Copyright © 2001 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Ultrasound evaluation of the fetal skull base throughout pregnancy
Authors: Degani S. , Leibovitz Z. , Shapiro I. , Gonen R. , Ohel G. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo construct nomograms for cranial base parameters of normal fetuses.Study designA cross‐sectional study of 386 normal singleton fetuses at 14–40 weeks' gestation. Measurements of the length and width of the sphenoid bone anteriorly and the otic cartilage posteriorly and of the angles between the ridges were obtained.ResultsNomograms of the length and width of sphenoid ridge and otic cartilage, and of the angles in the cranial fossae are presented. A linear growth function was observed between cranial base measurements (sphenoid ridge length, otic cartilage length, cranial base angles) and gestational age, femur length and biparietal diameter.ConclusionMeasurements of the length of cranial base ridges and the angles between them can be obtained easily in the second and third trimesters and might prove useful in the evaluation of pregnancies at high risk for associated fetal abnormalities. Copyright © 2002 ISUOG
Comparison of three‐dimensional, two‐dimensional and color Doppler ultrasound in predicting the presence of a nuchal cord at birth
Authors: Hanaoka U. , Yanagihara T. , Tanaka H. , Hata T. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectivesTo compare the use of two‐dimensional, color Doppler and three‐dimensional ultrasound for predicting the presence of a nuchal cord at birth.MethodsEighty‐five singleton pregnancies without nuchal cord and 35 with nuchal cord (30 with a single coil of cord, four with a double coil, and one in which the cord was coiled around the neck three times) were studied within 1 week before delivery using transabdominal three‐dimensional sonography. Two‐dimensional and color Doppler ultrasound were also conducted for comparison.ResultsTwo‐dimensional, color Doppler and three‐dimensional sonography identified in utero 24 (69%), 29 (83%) and 25 (71%), respectively, of the cases of nuchal cord found at birth. There were no significant differences in overall diagnostic indices of each diagnostic modality for detecting nuchal cord. However, the ability to view the nuchal cord (subjective assessment of the ease of visualization of nuchal cord) was better with three‐dimensional sonography than with two‐dimensional or color Doppler ultrasound.ConclusionsThree‐dimensional surface imaging does not provide more useful diagnostic information compared with two‐dimensional and color Doppler ultrasound for detecting nuchal cord in utero. Copyright © 2002 ISUOG
Reference values for ductus venosus Doppler flow measurements at 10–14 weeks of gestation
Authors: Prefumo F. , Risso D. , Venturini P. L. , De Biasio P. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectivesTo calculate reference ranges for ductus venosus Doppler measurements obtained transabdominally at 10–14 weeks of gestation.DesignTwo hundred and one normal fetuses with a crown–rump length (CRL) ranging from 38 to 88 mm were examined in a cross‐sectional study. The pulsatility index for veins (PIV), peak velocity during ventricular systole (S‐wave), lowest forward velocity during atrial contraction (A‐wave) and time‐averaged maximum velocity (TAMXV) were recorded from the ductus venosus. Flow velocity waveforms were also classified as normal or abnormal according to the presence (normal) or absence or reversal (abnormal) of frequencies during atrial contraction.ResultsThree of 201 fetuses showed an abnormal flow pattern (1.5%; 95% exact confidence interval, 0.3–4.3%). In the 198 fetuses with a normal flow pattern, the mean PIV ranged from 1.07 at a CRL of 38 mm to 1.00 at a CRL of 88 mm (r = −0.093; P = 0.19). A significant increase in mean blood flow velocity with increasing CRL was noted for the S‐wave (27.0 cm/s to 33.6 cm/s; r = 0.17; P = 0.02), the A‐wave (5.9 cm/s to 7.8 cm/s; r = 0.14; P = 0.04) and the TAMXV (19.4 cm/s to 25.3 cm/s; r = 0.19; P < 0.01). Crown–rump length‐specific reference ranges for each parameter were calculated using the method of scaled absolute residuals.ConclusionsAbnormal ductus venosus flow patterns could be observed in normal fetuses, even if they ocurred with a low prevalence. Reference values for Doppler measurements were established in fetuses with normal patterns of flow. Copyright © 2002 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Prenatal diagnosis of ventriculocoronary arterial fistula in a fetus with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and aortic atresia
Authors: Chaoui R. , Tennstedt C. , Göldner B. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractIn a fetus with a hypoplastic left heart syndrome detected at 26 weeks' gestation, a communication between the left ventricular cavity and the left coronary artery was detected using color Doppler. Bidirectional flow was demonstrated and the ventricle was shown to be filled via the fistula during diastole. After premature birth at 31 weeks and neonatal death, autopsy confirmed the findings. Because the association of a heart defect with ventriculocoronary communications worsens the neonatal prognosis, it should be ruled out in fetuses with hypoplastic left heart syndrome before parents are counseled. Copyright © 2002 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Hereditary subependymal heterotopia associated with mega cisterna magna: antenatal diagnosis with magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Bargalló N. , Puerto B. , De Juan C. , Martinez‐Crespo J. M. , Lourdes Olondo M. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBilateral nodular subependymal heterotopia has recently been identified as a hereditary disease linked to the X‐chromosome. The sonographic findings are very subtle and difficult to observe during the second trimester when the germinal matrix is at its largest. Fetal magnetic resonance imaging facilitates visualization of the periventricular area. We report a case of bilateral nodular heterotopia associated with mega cisterna magna diagnosed by ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging at 29 weeks' gestation. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain of the mother revealed similar findings to those observed in the fetus and neonate. This case confirms the association between mega cisterna magna and bilateral periventricular nodular heterotopia and demonstrates that neuroimaging studies of the mother can contribute to the fetal diagnosis. Copyright © 2002 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Intra‐ and interobserver reproducibility of ultrasound measurements of cervical length and width in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy
Authors: Valentin L. , Bergelin I. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectivesTo determine intra‐ and interobserver reproducibility of ultrasound measurements of cervical length and width in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy.DesignTwenty healthy women in the second or third trimester of pregnancy underwent transvaginal ultrasound examination of the cervix by two examiners. Three replicate meaurements of cervical length and width were taken by each observer for each woman. Intraobserver repeatability was expressed as the difference between the highest and lowest measurement value obtained by one observer, and as the repeatability coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficient. Interobserver reproducibility was expressed as the difference between the mean of the three measurements of each observer, limits of agreement, and interclass correlation coefficient. The repeatability coefficient/limits of agreement define the range within which 95% of the differences between two measurements by the same observer/two observers are likely to fall.ResultsIntra‐ and interobserver differences did not vary in any systematic way over the range of values measured. For cervical length measurements the repeatability coefficient was ± 5.4 mm for Observer 1 and ± 5.9 mm for Observer 2. The intraclass correlation coefficient for cervical length measurements was 0.93 for both observers. The corresponding coefficients for cervical width measurements were ± 3.9 mm and ± 7.3 mm, and 0.97 and 0.91. The interclass correlation coefficient for cervical length measurements was 0.76, the mean interobserver difference was 0.4 mm, and the limits of agreement were −10.0 mm to 10.8 mm. For cervical width measurements the interclass correlation coefficient was 0.74, the mean interobserver difference was −0.02 mm, and the limits of agreement were −12.4 mm to 12.4 mm. There was no systematic difference between the first, second and third cervical length measurements and no systematic bias between the two observers, and the results were not affected by which of the two examiners started the examination (three‐way analysis of variance). The same was true of cervical width measurements.ConclusionsOur results do not support the contention that the first measurement of cervical length is the longest. There is substantial intra‐ and interobserver variability in the results of measurements of cervical length and width, even when experienced observers perform the measurements under standardized conditions. It is important to consider the possibility of ‘measurement error’ when ultrasound measurements of cervical length and width are used in clinical practice to monitor women at high risk of delivering preterm or to screen for preterm birth. Copyright © 2002 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Split hand and foot malformation: ultrasound detection in the first trimester
Authors: Lapaire O. , Schiesser M. , Peukert R. , Holzgreve W. , Tercanli S. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe split hand split foot malformation is a rare disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern with variable expression. In our case it was detected early by ultrasound in the twelfth week of gestation. To our knowledge, this is the earliest finding by ultrasound of this malformation. The sonographic findings were bilateral split hands and split foot. No other associated malformation was observed. The pathological findings were consistent with the diagnosis of split hand split foot malformation. Prenatal diagnosis, the genetic background, and the differential diagnosis are discussed. Copyright © 2002 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
The evolution of the pectoral girdle
Authors: McGONNELL IMELDA M. 
Published: March 2003

abstractThe pectoral girdle articulates the forelimb with the axial skeleton in all vertebrates with paired anterior appendages. The structure of the pectoral girdle and its position along the axial skeleton has changed significantly during vertebrate evolution. These morphological changes have been well described, but there is little comparative embryology to indicate how these changes may have occurred. It is equally obscure how the muscles that connect the head with the pectoral girdle have maintained appropriate attachments even though these 2 structures have become separated. Here I review the changes in the pectoral girdle across different vertebrate taxa, indicating, where known, the developmental mechanisms underlying these changes. I also suggest how the muscular connections between the head and pectoral girdle have been maintained between these once adjacent bones, displaced during vertebrate evolution.
Derivation and spontaneous differentiation of human embryonic stem cells*
Authors: Amit Michal , Itskovitz‐Eldor Joseph 
Published: March 2003

AbstractEmbryonic stem (ES) cells are unique cells derived from the inner cell mass of the mammalian blastocyst. These cells are immortal and pluripotent, retain their developmental potential after prolonged culture, and can be continuously cultured in an undifferentiated state. Many in vitro differentiation systems have been developed for mouse ES cells, including reproducible methods for mouse ES cell differentiation into haematopoietic and neural precursors, cardiomyocytes, insulin‐secreting cells, endothelial cells and various other cell types. The derivation of new human ES cell lines provides the opportunity to develop unique models for developmental research and for cell therapies. In this review we consider the derivation and spontaneous differentiation of human ES cells.
Calcium‐sensing receptors and parathyroid hormone‐related protein in the caudal neurosecretory system of the flounder (Platichthys flesus)
Authors: Ingleton P. M. , Bendell L. A. , Flanagan J. A. , Teitsma C. , Balment R. J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractThe caudal neurosecretory system of the flounder (Platichthys flesus) has been examined by immunocytochemistry and in situ hybridization for the expression of parathyroid hormone‐related protein (PTHrP) and calcium‐sensing receptors (CaSR). The N‐terminus nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of flounder PTHrP were determined and used to prepare oligonucleotide probes and homologous antiserum. The Dahlgren cells of the posterior spinal cord and their axons contained PTHrP protein which was also detected around the capillaries of the urophysis. PTHrP gene expression was abundant in the Dahlgren perikarya and axons in the spinal cord, but it was absent from nerve endings in the urophysis. Calcium‐sensing receptor protein was present in the Dahlgren perikarya and axons, also with abundant gene expression, but there was neither protein nor mRNA in the urophysis. There were no apparent differences between freshwater‐ and seawater‐adapted fish in either CaSR or PTHrP expression in the caudal neurosecretory system. These observations suggest that Dahlgren cells produce PTHrP which may be released from axons abutting capillaries in the urophysis. However, the sensing of ionic calcium appears to be confined to the perikarya of the Dahlgren cells in the spinal cord neuropil, suggesting that they are responsive to calcium in the central nervous system rather than the general circulation.
Inhibition of murine placental and embryonic growth by the angiogenesis inhibitor TNP‐470
Authors: Rutland C. S. , Cooper S. , Mitchell C. A. 
Published: March 2003

Angiogenesis is critical for both placental and embryonic growth and development. TNP‐470 inhibits endothelial cell growth and migration in vitro and causes spontaneous abortion when a single dose of 30 mg/kg is administered at E1 or E7 (Klauber et al. Nature Medical3, 1997), however, its affect during the later stages of pregnancy is unknown.To determine the bioactivity and endothelial specificity of TNP‐470 we performed proliferation and apoptosis assays on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and a placental trophoblast cell line (SGHPL4) in vitro. TNP‐470 decreased proliferation in both the HUVEC (10 ng/mL − 100 µg/mL) and PL4 cells (100 µg/mL) in a dose dependent manner. No significant effect was seen on apoptosis.To assess the affect of TNP‐470 in vivo, pregnant mice were injected with TNP‐470 at doses of 0, 3 and 30 mg/kg body weight every other day between E10.5 and E18.5. An hour before culling at E18.5, 1 µCi/g body weight tritiated thymidine was administered (IP), in order to assess the proportion of cells in the S‐phase of the cell cycle. The viability and numbers of embryos was not compromised, however, at a dose of 30 mg/kg TNP‐470 maternal weight was significantly decreased at both E17.5 (P < 0.0495) and E18.5 (P < 0.0335).Placental and embryonic weights and dimensions were significantly reduced when TNP‐470 was administered (see Table), although morphometric studies showed that fractional proportions of each cell type comprising the placenta were unaffected. Preliminary studies of placentae from mice injected with 30 mg/kg TNP‐470 show a decrease in the numbers of labelled endothelial and trophoblast cells. Electron microscopic studies examining the effects of TNP‐470 on trophoblast invasion of the maternal blood space are in progress. All animal work was carried out with Home Office and Institutional approval and where necessary Schedule 1 methods were used for culling.

Control (n = 130)
3 mg/kg TNP‐470 (n = 78)
30 mg/kg TNP‐470 (n = 113)

Placenta weight (g)
0.083 (0.022)
0.083 (0.024) ns
0.075 (0.014)*

Placenta depth (mm)
2.05 (0.44)
1.91 (0.52)*
2.01 (0.38) ns

Placenta length (mm)
8.19 (0.66)
7.46 (0.68)**
7.35 (1.46)**

Embryo weight (g)
1.21 (0.10)
0.99 (0.17)**
0.97 (0.13)**

Embryo crown‐rump length (mm)
22.0 (1.4)
19.6 (1.7)**
19.8 (1.3)**

Embryo abdominal anteroposterior diameter (mm)
7.8 (0.6)
6.4 (0.5)**
6.8 (0.7)**

Embryo abdominal transverse diameter (mm)
6.6 (0.6)
5.5 (0.7)**
5.8 (0.7)**

All values expressed as mean (SD). ** = statistically different (P < 0.0001). * = statistically different (P < 0.05). ns = no statistically significant difference.

This study demonstrates that the effects of TNP‐470 are not endothelial cell specific and that placental endothelial and trophoblast proliferation is affected both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore when TNP‐470 is administered at doses of 3 or 30 mg/kg in the latter half of murine pregnancy, the result is a highly reproducible model of intrauterine growth restriction.