bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical correlates and significance of separation anxiety in patients with bipolar disorder
Authors: Pini Stefano , Abelli Marianna , Mauri Mauro , Muti Matteo , Iazzetta Paolo , Banti Susanna , Cassano Giovanni B 
Published: July 2005

Objectives:  To evaluate frequency and severity of separation anxiety (SA) symptoms, as well as frequency of DSM‐IV diagnosis of childhood separation anxiety disorder (CSAD) and adult separation anxiety disorder (ASAD), in a group of patients with bipolar disorder (BD) when compared with patients with panic disorder (PD) or major depression (MDD) and to a control group of healthy individuals (HC).Methods:  Outpatients with, respectively, bipolar I disorder (BD), PD, MDD and a group of individuals with no psychiatric diagnoses (HC) were assessed for diagnosis by the SCID‐I and for SA by the Structured Clinical Interview for Separation Anxiety Symptoms (SCI‐SAS), the Separation Anxiety Symptoms Inventory (SASI) and the Adult Separation Anxiety Checklist (ASA‐CL).Results:  Thirty‐one patients with BD without comorbid PD (BD‐PD), 22 with BD with comorbid PD (BD + PD), 24 with PD, 20 with MDD and 15 HC were included in the analyses. As to childhood SA, the BD‐PD group had higher scores than PD group and HC. The BD + PD group had higher scores than the PD group, MDD group and HC. As to adulthood SA, the BD‐PD group had higher scores than HC on both SCI‐SAS and Adult Separation Anxiety Questionnaire (ASA‐27). The BD + PD had higher scores on both scales than BD‐PD, PD group, MDD group and HC. The PD group and MDD group had higher scores than HC on the ASA‐27. Adult SA symptoms were significantly associated with an earlier age at onset of BD.Conclusions:  This is the first study, to our knowledge, exploring the frequency and severity of SA symptoms during childhood and adulthood in a sample of bipolar patients in comparison to subjects with other anxiety and mood disorders. Our data appear to be preliminary grounds for investigating further the possibility that SA may deserve greater recognition in adults with BD.
Functional mu opioid receptors are expressed in cholinergic interneurons of the rat dorsal striatum: territorial specificity and diurnal variation
Authors: Jabourian Maritza , Venance Laurent , Bourgoin Sylvie , Ozon Sylvie , Pérez Sylvie , Godeheu Gérard , Glowinski Jacques , Kemel Marie‐Louise 
Published: July 2005

AbstractStriatal cholinergic interneurons play a crucial role in the control of movement as well as in motivational and learning aspects of behaviour. Neuropeptides regulate striatal cholinergic transmission and particularly activation of mu opioid receptor (MOR) inhibits acetylcholine (ACh) release in the dorsal striatum. In the present study we investigated whether this cholinergic transmission could be modulated by an enkephalin/MOR direct process. We show that mRNA and protein of MORs are expressed by cholinergic interneurons in the limbic/prefrontal territory but not by those in the sensorimotor territory of the dorsal striatum. These MORs are functional because potassium‐evoked release of ACh from striatal synaptosomes was dose‐dependently reduced by a selective MOR agonist, this effect being suppressed by a MOR antagonist. The MOR regulation of cholinergic interneurons presented a diurnal variation. (i) The percentage of cholinergic interneurons containing MORs that was 32% at the beginning of the light period (morning) increased to 80% in the afternoon. (ii) The MOR‐mediated inhibition of synaptosomal ACh release was higher in the afternoon than in the morning. (iii) While preproenkephalin mRNA levels remained stable, enkephalin tissue content was the lowest (−32%) in the afternoon when the spontaneous (+35%) and the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate‐evoked (+140%) releases of enkephalin (from microsuperfused slices) were the highest. Therefore, by acting on MORs present on cholinergic interneurons, endogenously released enkephalin reduces ACh release. This direct enkephalin/MOR regulation of cholinergic transmission that operates only in the limbic/prefrontal territory of the dorsal striatum might contribute to information processing in fronto‐cortico‐basal ganglia circuits.
RARβ isoform‐specific regulation of DARPP‐32 gene expression: an ectopic expression study in the developing rat telencephalon
Authors: Liao Wen‐Lin , Liu Fu‐Chin 
Published: July 2005

AbstractDopamine and adenosine 3′:5′‐monophosphate‐regulated phosphoprotein (DARPP‐32) is a key molecule for dopamine neurotransmission. The molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of DARPP‐32 in the developing brain remains elusive. Previous studies have shown that retinoids are capable of inducing DARPP‐32 in striatal cell culture, suggesting that retinoids are candidate molecules for controlling DARPP‐32 expression. In the present study, we first studied the expression profiles of retinoid receptors and their associated co‐factors in the developing rat telencephalon by RT‐PCR. The results showed that among the retinoid receptors, RARβ and RXRγ were nearly selectively expressed in the developing striatum. By contrast, the retinoid receptors associated transcriptional co‐factors, including the co‐repressors of N‐CoR and SMRT, and the co‐activators of SRC‐1 and P/CAF, were ubiquitously expressed in the developing telencephalon. In light of the previous findings that DARPP‐32 was inducible by retinoids in striatal culture, but not in cortical culture, we hypothesized that the striatum‐selective RARβ and RXRγ may mediate DARPP‐32 induction by retinoids. To test this hypothesis, we used the gain‐of‐function approach to ectopically express RARβ and RXRγ in the developing cerebral cortex that lacked these two retinoid receptors. Ectopic expression of RARβ1, but not RXRγ1, up‐regulated DARPP‐32 in the cortical explant culture. Notably, DARPP‐32 was up‐regulated only by the RARβ1 isoform, but not by other RARβ isoforms. Our study suggests that RARβ signaling may regulate DARPP‐32 gene expression by an isoform‐specific mechanism in developing telencephalic neurons. The molecular diversity of RARβ isoforms may underlie parts of the complex gene regulation by retinoids during neural development.
Slaughterhouse Rules: Animal Uniformity and Regulating for Food Safety in Meat Packing
Authors: Hennessy David A. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractMeat retailers express demand for a more uniform product, and technical innovations are allowing an increasingly uniform supply. Packers can promote uniformity through pre‐slaughter sorting, or earlier through contracts. Emphasizing effort on the packing line, we develop a model whereby packers gain from carcass handling efficiencies when animal uniformity increases. Whether optimally regulated or not, equilibrium food safety declines with increased uniformity. A line speed regulation can increase welfare in the presence of food safety externalities by reducing the opportunity cost of allocating effort toward promoting food safety. The regulation also reduces packer demand for more uniform animals.
On Solving the Multirotational Timber Harvesting Problem with Stochastic Prices: A Linear Complementarity Formulation
Authors: Insley Margaret , Rollins Kimberly 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis article develops a two‐factor real options model of the harvesting decision over infinite rotations assuming a known stochastic price process and using a rigorous Hamilton‐Jacobi‐Bellman methodology. The harvesting problem is formulated as a linear complementarity problem that is solved numerically using a fully implicit finite difference method. This approach is contrasted with the Markov decision process models commonly used in the literature. The model is used to estimate the value of a representative stand in Ontario's boreal forest, both when there is complete flexibility regarding harvesting time and when regulations dictate the harvesting date.
Forms of Scale Curves and Differential Inverse Demand Systems
Authors: Matsuda Toshinobu 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis article provides a new interpretation of the scale effects in differential inverse demand systems. A scale curve is defined as a curve that shows how the expenditure share of a good or service changes as the consumption level changes. It is shown that Brown, Lee, and Seale's synthetic model has the same scale effects as do the Box‐Cox scale curves. In this light, their model is not a mere composite but a model in its own right. An empirical illustration given for Japanese fresh food demand suggests that the underlying scale curves differ from both linear and loglinear forms.
The End of the Rollercoaster? Growth, Inequality and Poverty in Central Asia and the Caucasus
Authors: Falkingham Jane 
Published: July 2005

Abstract This paper examines the impact of a decade of transition on living standards and welfare in Central Asia and the Caucasus. Following independence in 1991 all countries suffered a sharp decline in GDP per capita, with levels in some countries falling to below a quarter of the pre‐transition level. Since then, all countries have experienced positive economic growth. The key questions are whether this growth has been accompanied by declines in inequality and poverty and, if so, how sustainable are these improvements. There is some evidence that recent growth has benefited the poor. However, at the start of the new century, an estimated 39 million people in Central Asia and the Caucasus were living in poverty, of whom over 14 million were living in extreme poverty. Moreover, there is evidence of growing inequalities in terms of access to health and education services, with implications for future human development. Continuing poor governance within the region represents a major barrier to future poverty reduction.
Education and Social Policy in Central Asia: The Next Stage of the Transition
Authors: Anderson Kathryn H. , Heyneman Stephen P. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThis paper discusses the challenges facing the education system of Central Asia and evaluates how these have been addressed in the market economy. We first review the evidence on the economic return to education and determine how the rewards to different levels of education changed during the transition. We then examine the trends in school enrolment and evaluate whether changes in supply or demand explain the enrolment trends we observe. Finally, we evaluate the efficiency of the delivery of education and whether market forces have improved the management of schools. We conclude with a summary of the economic and policy lessons derived thus far from the educational transition. The paper uses aggregate administrative data supplemented with survey data, primarily from the Kyrgyz Republic and Kazakhstan, on enrolment, completion, and expenditures.
Jobless or Working Poor in the Kyrgyz Labour Market: What Role for Social Policies?
Authors: Bernabè Sabine , Kolev Alexandre 
Published: July 2005

Abstract This paper attempts to identify the multiple aspects of vulnerability in the Kyrgyz labour market. Particular attention is devoted to the working poor and precarious workers. This analysis is undertaken using the Kyrgyz Poverty Monitoring Survey, which is the only survey to date that allows a comprehensive analysis of poverty and labour market outcomes in the Kyrgyz Republic. The period under investigation covers the years 1997 to 1998, for which data are available. The results point to the extreme vulnerability of individuals with less education and women, who cumulated a high risk of being unemployed, of remaining longer in unemployment, of being discouraged unemployed and, if employed, of being low‐paid or working in precarious jobs. Other groups facing a high risk of exclusion, both from and within employment, were people with disabilities, individuals living in rural or depressed areas, young people and internal migrants. The multiple aspects of vulnerability in the Kyrgyz labour market, in particular the large overlap between work and poverty, have important implications for the design of effective social policies.
Targeting Social Assistance in a Transition Economy: The Mahallas in Uzbekistan
Authors: Micklewright John , Marnie Sheila 
Published: July 2005

Abstract Falling output and living standards have pushed countries in transition from the socialist system to reconsider how best to target public resources on those in need. This paper investigates the workings of a new social assistance benefit in Uzbekistan, the largest of the former Soviet Central Asian republics, administered by community organizations, the Mahallas. Household survey data are used to assess the scheme's success in targeting on the most vulnerable households, using a variety of indicators including income, durable goods ownership, agricultural assets, employment status, and anthropometric status of children.
A simulation of the hydrothermal response to the Chesapeake Bay bolide impact
Authors: SANFORD W. E. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractGroundwater more saline than seawater has been discovered in the tsunami breccia of the Chesapeake Bay Impact Crater. One hypothesis for the origin of this brine is that it may be a liquid residual following steam separation in a hydrothermal system that evolved following the impact. Initial scoping calculations have demonstrated that it is feasible such a residual brine could have remained in the crater for the 35 million years since impact. Numerical simulations have been conducted using the code HYDROTHERM to test whether or not conditions were suitable in the millennia following the impact for the development of a steam phase in the hydrothermal system. Hydraulic and thermal parameters were estimated for the bedrock underlying the crater and the tsunami breccia that fills the crater. Simulations at three different breccia permeabilities suggest that the type of hydrothermal system that might have developed would have been very sensitive to the permeability. A relatively low breccia permeability (1 × 10−16 m2) results in a system partitioned into a shallow water phase and a deeper superheated steam phase. A moderate breccia permeability (1 × 10−15 m2) results in a system with regionally extensive multiphase conditions. A relatively high breccia permeability (1 × 10−14 m2) results in a system dominated by warm‐water convection cells. The permeability of the crater breccia could have had any of these values at given depths and times during the hydrothermal system evolution as the sediments compacted. The simulations were not able to take into account transient permeability conditions, or equations of state that account for the salt content of seawater. Results suggest, however, that it is likely that steam conditions existed at some time in the system following impact, providing additional evidence that is consistent with a hydrothermal origin for the crater brine.
Constraining the rate and extent of mantle serpentinization from seismic and petrological data: implications for chemosynthesis and tectonic processes
Authors: SKELTON A. , WHITMARSH R. , ARGHE F. , CRILL P. , KOYI H. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractWe used seismic velocity as a proxy for serpentinization of the mantle, which occurred beneath thinned but laterally continuous continental crust during continental break up, prior to opening of the Atlantic Ocean. The serpentinized sub‐continental mantle is now exhumed, beneath the Iberia Abyssal Plain and was accessed by scientific drilling on Ocean Drilling Program legs 149 and 173. Chromatographic modelling of kinetically limited transport of the serpentinization front yields a front displacement of 2197 ± 89 m, a time‐integrated fluid flux of 1098 ± 45 m3 m−2 and a Damköhler number of 6.0 ± 0.2. Whether either surface reaction or chemical transport limit the rate of reaction, we calculate timescales for serpentinization of approximately 105–106 years. This yields time‐average fluid flux rates for H2O, entering and reacting with the mantle, of 60–600 mol m−2 a−1 and for CH4, produced as a by‐product of oxidation of Fe++ to magnetite and exiting the mantle, of 0.55–5.5 mol m−2 a−1. This equates to a CH4‐flux of 0.18–1.8 Tg a−1 for coeval serpentinization of the mantle that was exhumed west of Iberia. This represents 0.03–0.3% of the present‐day annual CH4‐flux from all sources and a higher fraction of pre‐anthropogenic (lower) CH4 levels. CH4 released by serpentinization at or beneath the seafloor could provide substrate for biological chemosynthesis and/or promote gas‐hydrate formation. Finally, noting its volumetric extent and rapidity (<106 years), we interpret serpentinization to be a reckonable component of tectonic processes, contributing both diapiric and expansional forces and helping to ‘lubricate’ extensional processes. Given its anisotropic permeability, actively deforming serpentinite might impede melt migration which may be of interest, given the apparent lack of melt in some rifted margins.
Pressure distribution in a reservoir affected by capillarity and hydrodynamic drive: Griffin Field, North West Shelf, Australia
Authors: UNDERSCHULTZ J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe effects of capillarity in a multilayered reservoir with flow in the aquifer beneath have characteristic signatures on pressure–elevation plots. Such signatures are observed for the Griffin and Scindian/Chinook fields of the Carnarvon Basin North West Shelf of Australia. The Griffin and Scindian/Chinook fields have a highly permeable lower part to the reservoir, a less permeable upper part, and a low permeability top seal. In the Griffin Field there is a systematic tilt of the free‐water level in the direction of groundwater flow. Where the oil–water contact occurs in the less permeable part of the reservoir, it lies above the free‐water level due to capillarity. In addition to these observable hydrodynamic and capillary effects on hydrocarbon distribution, the multi‐well pressure analysis shows that the gas–oil contacts in the Scindian/Chinook fields occur at different elevations. For both the Griffin and Scindian/Chinook fields the oil pressure gradients from each well are non‐coincident despite continuous oil saturation, and the difference is not attributable to data error. Furthermore, the shift in oil pressure gradient has a geographical pattern seemingly linked to the hydrodynamics of the aquifer. The simplest explanation for all the observed pressure trends is an oil leg that is still in the process of equilibrating with the prevailing hydrodynamic regime.
Hydrothermal activity associated with the Ries impact event, Germany
Authors: OSINSKI G. R. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractCombined field studies, optical and scanning electron microscopy, and electron microprobe studies of impactites from the Ries impact structure, Germany, have allowed a clearer picture of the hydrothermal system associated with the Ries impact event to be made. Hydrothermal alteration is concentrated within impact‐generated suevites in the interior of the crater (crater suevites) and around the periphery (surficial suevites), with minor alteration in the overlying sedimentary crater‐fill deposits. The major heat source for the Ries hydrothermal system was the suevite units themselves. Hydrothermal alteration of crater‐fill suevites is pervasive in nature and comprises several distinct alteration phases that vary with depth. An early phase of K‐metasomatism accompanied by minor albitization of crystalline basement clasts and minor chloritization, was followed by pervasive intermediate argillic alteration (predominantly montmorillonite, saponite, and illite) and zeolitization (predominantly analcite, erionite, and clinoptilolite). Hydrothermal fluids were typically weakly alkaline during the main stage of alteration. In contrast to the crater‐fill suevites, alteration within surficial suevites was typically restricted to montmorillonite and phillipsite deposition within cavities and fractures. The pervasive nature of the alteration within the crater‐fill suevites was likely due to the presence of an overlying crater lake; whereas alteration within surficial suevites typically occurred under undersaturated conditions with the main source of water being from precipitation. There are exceptional outcrops of more pervasively altered surficial suevites, which can be explained as locations where water pooled for longer periods of time. Hydrothermal fluids were likely a combination of meteoric waters that percolated down from the overlying crater lake and groundwaters that flowed in from the surrounding country rocks.
Fatty acid incorporation is decreased in astrocytes cultured from α‐synuclein gene‐ablated mice
Authors: Castagnet P. I. , Golovko M. Y. , Barceló‐Coblijn G. C. , Nussbaum R. L. , Murphy E. J. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractBecause α‐synuclein may function as a fatty acid binding protein, we measured fatty acid incorporation into astrocytes isolated from wild‐type and α‐synuclein gene‐ablated mice. α‐Synuclein deficiency decreased palmitic acid (16:0) incorporation 31% and arachidonic acid [20:4 (n‐6)] incorporation 39%, whereas 22:6 (n‐3) incorporation was unaffected. In neutral lipids, fatty acid targeting of 20:4 (n‐6) and 22:6 (n‐3) (docosahexaenoic acid) to the neutral lipid fraction was increased 1.7‐fold and 1.6‐fold, respectively, with an increase in each of the major neutral lipids. This was consistent with a 3.4‐ to 3.8‐fold increase in cholesteryl ester and triacylglycerol mass. In the phospholipid fraction, α‐synuclein deficiency decreased 16:0 esterification 39% and 20:4 (n‐6) esterification 43% and decreased the distribution of these fatty acids, including 22:6 (n‐3), into this lipid pool. α‐Synuclein gene‐ablation significantly decreased the trafficking of these fatty acids to phosphatidylinositol. This observation is consistent with changes in phospholipid fatty acid composition in the α‐synuclein‐deficient astrocytes, including decreased 22:6 (n‐3) content in the four major phospholipid classes. In summary, these studies demonstrate that α‐synuclein deficiency significantly disrupted astrocyte fatty acid uptake and trafficking, with a marked increase in fatty acid trafficking to cholesteryl esters and triacylglycerols and decreased trafficking to phospholipids, including phosphatidylinositol.
L3/Lhx8 is involved in the determination of cholinergic or GABAergic cell fate
Authors: Manabe T. , Tatsumi K. , Inoue M. , Matsuyoshi H. , Makinodan M. , Yokoyama S. , Wanaka A. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractThe LIM homeobox family of transcription factors is involved in many processes during the development of the mammalian central nerves system. L3, also called Lhx8 (L3/Lhx8), is a recently identified member of the LIM homeobox gene family and is selectively expressed in the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE). Our previous study demonstrated that L3/Lhx8‐null mice specifically lacked cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain. In this study, we reduced L3/Lhx8 function in the murine neuroblastoma cell line, Neuro2a (N2a), using L3/Lhx8‐targeted small interfering RNA (siRNA) produced by H1.2 promoter‐driven vector. The levels of cholinergic markers per cell were diminished without a reduction in the number of marker‐positive cells. Intriguingly, GABAergic marker expression and the number of GABAergic cells were dramatically increased in the differentiating L3/Lhx8‐knockdown N2a. These results suggest the possibility that L3/Lhx8 is involved in the determination of transmitter phenotypes (GABAergic or cholinergic cell fate) in a population of neurons during basal forebrain development.