bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Free Movement of Goods as a Possible ‘Community’ Limitation on Industrial Conflict
Authors: Orlandini Giovanni 
Published: December 2004

The aim of this essay is to underline the fact that the process of achieving single market integration is very likely to influence the regulation of industrial conflict. In this perspective, the Commission v France judgment is analysed, in which the ECJ—through a combined interpretation of Article 30 (now 28) and Article 5 (now 10) of the Treaty—states that a Member State is obliged to adopt all ‘appropriate measures’ to remove any ‘obstacles’ impeding the free circulation of goods caused by private persons. A new Regulation (n. 2679/98) has followed the ECJ decision, instituting a system of notification of such obstacles arising, or the threat of them, and the right of the Commission to demand a formal reply from a State on whether it has taken, or will be taking the necessary and proportionate measures.The analysis of the principles adopted by the ECJ and of the Regulation shows that, at Community level, pressure is exerted on States to prevent the exercise of collective action as effectively as possible, if this damages inter‐State trade. A transnational limit on industrial conflict thus emerges in the Community order, which may well affect the equilibria of national industrial relations in various ways.
Admission Preferences for Minority Students, Athletes, and Legacies at Elite Universities*
Authors: Espenshade Thomas J. , Chung Chang Y. , Walling Joan L. 
Published: December 2004

Objective. This study examines how preferences for different types of applicants exercised by admission offices at elite universities influence the number and composition of admitted students.Methods. Logistic regression analysis is used to link information on the admission decision for 124,374 applications to applicants' SAT scores, race, athletic ability, and legacy status, among other variables.Results. Elite universities give added weight in admission decisions to applicants who have SAT scores above 1500, are African American, or are recruited athletes. A smaller, but still important, preference is shown to Hispanic students and to children of alumni. The athlete admission “advantage” has been growing, while the underrepresented minority advantage has declined.Conclusions. Elite colleges and universities extend preferences to many types of students, yet affirmative action—the only preference given to underrepresented minority applicants—is the one surrounded by the most controversy.
Cellular microparticles: new players in the field of vascular disease?
Authors: Diamant M. , Tushuizen M. E. , Sturk A. , Nieuwland R. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractMicroparticles are small membrane vesicles that are released from cells upon activation or during apoptosis. Cellular microparticles in body fluids constitute a heterogeneous population, differing in cellular origin, numbers, size, antigenic composition and functional properties. Microparticles support coagulation by exposure of negatively charged phospholipids and sometimes tissue factor, the initiator of coagulation in vivo. Microparticles may transfer bioactive molecules to other cells or microparticles, thereby stimulating cells to produce cytokines, cell‐adhesion molecules, growth factors and tissue factor, and modulate endothelial functions. Microparticles derived from various cells, most notably platelets but also leucocytes, lymphocytes, erythrocytes and endothelial cells, are present in the circulation of healthy subjects. Rare hereditary syndromes with disturbances in membrane vesiculation leading to a decreased numbers of microparticles clinically present with a bleeding tendency. In contrast, elevated numbers of microparticles are encountered in patients with a great variety of diseases with vascular involvement and hypercoagulability, including disseminated intravascular coagulation, acute coronary syndromes, peripheral arterial disease, diabetes mellitus and systemic inflammatory disease. Finally, microparticles are a major component of human atherosclerotic plaques. In view of their functional properties, cell‐derived microparticles may be an important intermediate in the cascade of cellular and plasmatic dysfunctions underlying the process of atherogenesis.
Role of apoptosis and CD95‐receptor/ligand system in aspirin‐ and Helicobacter pylori‐induced cell death
Authors: Domhan S. , Stremmel W. , Rudi J. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackground  Helicobacter pylori and aspirin both induce gastric epithelial apoptosis. However, the apoptosis‐inducing mechanism of aspirin is still unknown.Material and methods  Apoptosis induction was measured in several gastric epithelial cell lines after incubation with either aspirin or H. pylori supernatant or with a combination of both. CD95 expression was assessed by FACS analysis and CD95L mRNA was measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.Results  It could be demonstrated that aspirin‐ and H. pylori supernatant‐induced apoptosis involves increased CD95 expression in three different gastric epithelial cell lines. The combined exposure of H. pylori supernatant and aspirin had synergistic effects on both apoptotic cell death and CD95 expression. Blockade of CD95 signalling with an antagonistic antibody was partially prevented from H. pylori‐ but not from aspirin‐induced apoptosis. Furthermore, CD95L expression was detected after treatment with H. pylori only.Conclusions  These data suggest that although aspirin‐mediated CD95 up‐regulation is not relevant for its direct apoptotic effect it may sensitize gastric epithelial cells for H. pylori‐induced apoptosis. Collectively our data demonstrate the relation of aspirin‐ and H. pylori‐induced apoptosis from a new perspective.
Seston capture byHydropsyche siltalaiand the accuracy of capture efficiency estimates
Authors: Brown Sarah A. , Ruxton Graeme D. , Pickup Roger W. , Humphries Stuart 
Published: December 2004

Summary1. Suspension feeding by caseless caddisfly larvae (Trichoptera) constitutes a major pathway for energy flow, and strongly influences productivity, in streams and rivers.2. Consideration of the impact of these animals on lotic ecosystems has been strongly influenced by a single study investigating the efficiency of particle capture of nets built by one species of hydropsychid caddisfly.3. Using water sampling techniques at appropriate spatial scales, and taking greater consideration of local hydrodynamics than previously, we examined the size‐frequency distribution of particles captured by the nets ofHydropsyche siltalai. Our results confirm that capture nets are selective in terms of particle size, and in addition suggest that this selectivity is for particles likely to provide the most energy.4. By incorporating estimates of flow diversion around the nets of caseless caddisfly larvae, we show that capture efficiency (CE) is considerably higher than previously estimated, and conclude that more consideration of local hydrodynamics is needed to evaluate the efficiency of particle capture.5. We use our results to postulate a mechanistic explanation for a recent example of interspecific facilitation, whereby a reduction of near‐bed velocities seen in single species monocultures leads to increased capture rates and local depletion of seston within the region of reduced velocity.
Applying the developmental perspective in the psychiatric assessment and diagnosis of persons with intellectual disability: part I – assessment
Authors: Dosen A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackground  In generic psychiatry there has been increasing interest among scientists for the developmental perspective. However, professionals active in the mental health care of people with intellectual disability (ID) have not shown the same degree of interest. The author of this article, who has had a liberal amount of rewarding experiences with the developmental approach in the field of ID, considers the developmental perspective to be innovative and very useful in psychiatric assessment, diagnosis and treatment of this population. The aim of the article is to stimulate a wider application of the developmental perspective as well as to challenge a professional discussion on this issue.Methods  Basic assumptions of the developmental perspective are discussed and assessment tools and methods are described.Results  In a case vignette, the advantages of developmentally based assessment are emphasized. Emotional development and personality development are viewed as the developmental components that play an important role in adaptive and maladaptive behaviour as well as in the onset and presentation of psychopathology. It is clear that interpretative insight into the totality of the psychosocial aspects of these individuals cannot only be obtained by measuring the level of cognitive development. A wider frame of mind is needed for unambiguous psychiatric diagnostics. Therefore, a replacement of the three dimensional paradigm (bio–psycho–social) by a four dimensional one (bio–psycho–socio–developmental) for the assessment and diagnosis of persons with ID is proposed.
Applying the developmental perspective in the psychiatric assessment and diagnosis of persons with intellectual disability: part II – diagnosis
Authors: Dosen A. 
Published: December 2004

AbstractBackground  The descriptive phenomenological categorical psychiatric diagnostic systems that are currently being used in the field of intellectual disability do not adequately provide for the special needs of persons with intellectual disability. Many relevant diagnostic questions are left unanswered or are only partially accounted for. This is particularly true for persons with low developmental levels.Method  A solution to these stumbling blocks is sought in enhancing the contemporary categorical diagnostic systems by also applying methods derived from the developmental perspective.Result  By taking the levels of emotional and personality development, in addition to other developmental aspects into account, the clinical picture becomes more comprehensible and explainable.Conclusion  The integrative diagnosis that results from this combined approach provides an insight into the processes that have led to the disorder and enriches one's understanding of the presentation form of the disorder. This diagnosis is process‐ rather than symptom‐oriented and is particularly useful with persons who have a low level of psychosocial development.
Signaling of phosphorus deficiency‐induced gene expression in white lupin requires sugar and phloem transport
Authors: Liu Junqi , Samac Deborah A. , Bucciarelli Bruna , Allan Deborah L. , Vance Carroll P. 
Published: December 2004

SummaryRoots of phosphorus (P)‐deficient white lupin exhibit striking changes in morphology and gene expression. In this report we provide further insight into genetic elements affecting transcription of P‐deficiency‐induced genes. Moreover, we also show that sugars and photosynthates are integrally related to P‐deficiency‐induced gene expression. White lupin phosphate transporter (LaPT1) and secreted acid phosphatase (LaSAP1) promoter‐reporter genes when transformed into alfalfa, a heterologous legume, showed significant induction in roots specifically in response to P‐deficiency. In addition, both promoters were active in nitrogen‐fixing root nodules but not in ineffective nodules indicating a link between P‐deficiency and factors related to nitrogen fixation/metabolism. As sugars play a role in signal transduction during nitrogen assimilation and are required for effective nitrogen fixation, we tested the relationship of sugars to P‐deficiency‐induced gene expression. Exogenous sucrose, glucose, and fructose stimulated LaPT1 and LaSAP1 transcript accumulation in dark‐grown P‐sufficient white lupin seedlings. Furthermore, in intact P‐deficient white lupin plants, LaPT1 and LaSAP1 expression in cluster roots was strikingly reduced in dark‐adapted plants with expression rapidly restored upon reexposure to light. Likewise, interruption of phloem supply to P‐deficient roots resulted in a rapid decline in LaPT1 and LaSAP1 transcript accumulation. Similar results were also obtained with a third lupin P‐deficiency‐induced gene encoding a putative multidrug and toxin efflux protein (LaMATE). Taken together, our data show that the regulation of P‐deficiency‐induced genes is conserved across plant species and sugars/photosynthates are crucial for P‐deficiency signal transduction.
Tobacco Mg protoporphyrin IX methyltransferase is involved in inverse activation of Mg porphyrin and protoheme synthesis
Authors: Alawady Ali E. , Grimm Bernhard 
Published: December 2004

SummaryProtoporphyrin, a metabolic intermediate of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis, is metabolized by Mg chelatase and ferrochelatase and is directed into the Mg‐branch for chlorophyll synthesis and in the Fe‐branch for protoheme synthesis respectively. Regulation of the enzyme activities at the beginning of this branchpoint ensures accurate partition of protoporphyrin, but is still not entirely understood. Transgenic tobacco plants were generated that express antisense or sense RNA for inhibited and excessive expression of Mg protoporphyrin methyltransferase (MgPMT) respectively. This enzyme accepts Mg protoporphyrin from Mg chelatase and catalyses the transfer of a methyl group to the carboxyl group of the C13‐propionate side chain. Low MgPMT activity is correlated with reduced Mg chelatase activity and a low synthesis rate of 5‐aminolevulinate, but with enhanced ferrochelatase activity. In contrast, high MgPMT activity leads to inverse activity profiles: high activities of Mg chelatase and for 5‐aminolevulinate synthesis, but reduced activity of ferrochelatase, indicating a direct influence of MgPMT in combination with Mg chelatase on the metabolic flux of ALA and the distribution of protoporphyrin into the branched pathway. The modified enzyme activities in tetrapyrrole biosynthesis in the transgenic plants can be explained with changes of certain corresponding mRNA contents: increased 5‐aminolevulinate synthesis and Mg chelatase activity correlate with enhanced transcript levels of the HemA, Gsa, and CHLH gene encoding glutamyl‐tRNA reductase, glutamate‐1‐semialdehyde aminotransferase and a Mg chelatase subunit respectively. It is proposed that reduced and increased MgPMT activity in chloroplasts is communicated to the cytoplasm for modulating transcriptional activities of regulatory enzymes of the pathway.
Chondrodysplasia punctata in siblings and maternal lupus erythematosus
Authors: Kozlowski K , Basel D , Beighton P 
Published: December 2004

Chondrodysplasia punctata (CDP) was diagnosed clinically and radiographically in a male child born in Cape Town in 1991. His only sibling, a brother born in 2000 was similarly but more severely affected. The boys' mother had longstanding disseminated lupus erythematosus and epilepsy, for which she had been treated with chloraquine and other therapeutic agents during both pregnancies. The parents were non‐consanguineous, and the family history was unremarkable.In addition to these affected brothers, seven previous instances of the association of CDP and maternal lupus erythematosus (MLE) have been reported. On this basis, MLE must be regarded as yet another causative factor in CDP.
Maternal mutation 677C > T in the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene associated with severe brain injury in offspring
Authors: De Kremer R Dodelson , Grosso C 
Published: December 2004

A frequent polymorphism in the gene coding for 5,10‐methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase is the substitution 677C > T which produces a thermolabile and inefficient enzyme. Homozygosity for the 677C > T allele is the most important determinant of hyperhomocys‐teinemia, when folic acid intake is reduced. Most studies on the relationship between the 677C > T variant in the mother and defects in the offspring have focused on neural‐tube defects. This study is a retrospective case‐control investigation of hypoxic‐ischemic encephalopathy of the newborn (HIEN) with reference to the 677C > T polymorphism as a genetic risk for this condition.The prevalence of the 677C > T allele was studied in 11 children with HIEN, their respective mothers, and 85 healthy individuals. Plasma homocysteine levels after fasting and methionine loading were determined in both mothers and controls.Ten of 11 patients were evaluated using magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and all showed multicystic encephalomalacia and severe brain vasculopathy. Seven mothers were homozygous and four heterozygous for the 677C > T allele. Five of the children were homozygous and six heterozygous for this polymorphism. The variant allele frequency was higher in the group of mothers with affected children than in the controls and was associated with an increase in plasma homocysteine after methionine loading, in the group of mothers than in controls.The 677C > T mutation in mothers, either in a homozygous or heterozygous state, together with poor nutritional status (probable folate deficiency) may represent a risk factor for irreversible HIEN in the offspring.
Tube thoracostomy during allogeneic stem cell transplantation does not carry an increased risk for infections or bleeding
Authors: Barkan D , Nusair S , Resnick IB , Bitan M , Segel MJ , Or R , Ackerstein A , Samuel S , Breuer R , Shapira MY 
Published: December 2004

Abstract:  Background:  Candidates for stem cell transplantation may occasionally suffer from massive pleural effusions related to their disease and require tube thoracostomy. The additional risk of this procedure during allogeneic transplantation procedure is not known.Methods:  Four high‐risk patients transplanted in our institution during a 2‐yr period had chest drainage by tube thoracostomy. The characteristics of the fluid, the clinical course, and the outcome were assessed.Results:  A total of nine chest drains were inserted (range 1–5). No bleeding complications related to the procedure were noted. None of the patients developed any clinical signs of local infection at the tube insertion site or within the pleural fluid. All cultures taken from the drained fluid or from the insertion wound were negative.Conclusions:  Tube thoracostomy in itself does not seem to pose additional risks in the transplant procedure, despite all patients in this series being considered to be at high‐risk for complications.
The Affinity and Specificity of Ca2+‐Binding Sites of Cytochrome‐c Peroxidase from Paracoccus Denitrificans
Authors: Gilmour Raymond , Prazeres Susana , Mcginnity Dermot F. , Goodhew Celia F. , Moura José J. G. , Moura Isabel , Pettigrew Graham W. 
Published: December 2004

The binding of Ca2+ to the dihaem cytochrome‐c. peroxidase from Paracoccus denitrificans was analysed by following perturbations in the visible and 1H‐NMR spectra of both haem groups. The enzyme contains at least two types of Ca2+‐binding site. Site I is occupied in the isolated enzyme, binds Ca2+ with a redox‐state‐independent Kd of 1.2 μM and accommodates neither Mg2+ nor Mn2+. Site II is unoccupied in dilute solutions of the isolated oxidised enzyme and binds Ca2+ cooperatively with a Kd of 0.52 mM. In the mixed valence form, the binding affinity increases to resemble that of site I. The cooperativity was shown by ‐Ca2+ binding to site II, the titration of haem methyl 1H‐NMR resonances, and a half‐of‐sites effect observed for modification of an essential histidine with diethylpyrocarbonate. These are all consistent with site II being situated at the interface between two monomers of a dimeric enzyme. Thus the equilibrium of binding to site II is a reflection of the equilibrium for dimerisation and conditions which shift that equilibrium towards the dimer, such as increased ionic strength or high protein concentration, also increase Ca2+ affinity.Binding of Ca2+ to site II is required for formation of the active high spin state at the peroxidatic haem.
Reversal of pancytopenia following kidney transplantation in a patient of primary hyperoxaluria with bone marrow involvement
Authors: SUD KAMAL , SWAMINATHAN SUNDARARAMAN , VARMA NEELAM , KOHLI HARBIR SINGH , JHA VIVEKANAND , GUPTA KRISHAN LAL , SAKHUJA VINAY 
Published: December 2004

SUMMARY:Combined liver and kidney transplantation is the ideal treatment for patients with end‐stage renal failure secondary to primary hyperoxaluria and systemic oxalosis, with a functioning liver providing replacement of the deficient enzyme and a functioning kidney providing the route of excretion for the oxalate crystals. Pancytopenia from bone marrow infiltration of oxalate crystals is a rare complication of primary hyperoxaluria, and its reversal following transplant has not been described. We report the first case of pancytopenia from marrow infiltration by oxalate crystals reversing following a successful kidney transplant alone. Although kidney alone transplants do not provide the best chance of survival or quality of life as compared to a combined kidney and liver transplant, a well functioning kidney transplant is able to take care of the systemic oxalate load and ameliorate, at least for a period of time, the systemic complications of oxalosis.
Managing Henoch–Schonlein purpura in children with fish oil and ACE inhibitor therapy
Authors: DIXIT MEHUL P , DIXIT NAZNIN M , SCOTT KATHERINE 
Published: December 2004

SUMMARY:Background:  Henoch–Schonlein purpura (HSP) is a vasculitic syndrome with palpable purpura and renal involvement. The treatment for HSP with persistent renal disease remains controversial. The kidney biopsy in HSP shows IgA deposits and fish‐oil therapy has proven to be promising in halting the progression of IgA nephropathy.Methods:  Five children with biopsy‐proven HSP with repeated episodes of haematuria and proteinuria were treated with fish oil  (1 g  orally  twice  daily).  In  three  of  the  five  patients  an  angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) was added for hypertension.Results:  The mean duration of follow up after starting fish‐oil therapy was 49.2 weeks. The protein excretion rate prior to starting fish oil was 1041 mg/day and on the last follow‐up visit the rate had decreased to 104 mg/day (P < 0.05). The average blood pressure (BP) prior to therapy was 135/82. On the last follow‐up visit the average BP off ACEI had decreased to 100/54 (P < 0.05). After a year of follow up serum creatinine and glomerular filtration rates have remained stable at 51.2 µmol/L and 128 mL/min/1.73 m2, respectively.Conclusion:  This is the first report of abatement of HSP with fish oil and ACEI in children. There is a need for randomized prospective trials to confirm this observation.
Research an exciting journey and a career statement: a means to an end, putting rurality on the nursing research agenda
Authors: Allen Sonia , Francis Karen , O'Connor Margaret 
Published: December 2004

Abstract Two issues were of importance to nurses in rural areas considering postgraduate studies. The first was the need for part‐time study and what this entails. The second was a request that there be no research component within the postgraduate courses they identified. It is this second issue that I wish to address. I was a nonbeliever in the merit of research studies being integrated into nursing specialist programs. Following a long career in rural clinical nursing and management I have come full circle and now acknowledge the need to understand the role to base practice evidence that is generated through empirical research.