bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vector-Host-Pathogen Relationships: Transmission Dynamics of Tick-borne Infections
Authors: Mather Thomas N , Ginsberg Howard S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most, and perhaps all, of the tick-borne infections affecting man are zoonoses, that is, they are maintained to a large degree in natural cycles not involving humans. For the most part, we only become interested in those tick-transmitted zoonoses that affect humans or domestic animals, or that show potential for affecting man. However, if we look beyond disease severity or impact on health, it is apparent that the frequency of human infections caused by these zoonoses, or their epidemiologic potency, can vary considerably. Moreover, the intensity of transmission in natural cycles, or zoonotic potency (frequency of animal infections), may correlate directly, inversely, or not at all with a zoonosis’ epidemiologic potency. Even the same zoonosis, when maintained in a different ecological setting, can vary significantly in the number of infections produced, and so, the degree of infection risk to humans. For instance, in North America, Lyme borreliosis has become perhaps the single most important of these tick-transmitted zoonoses; the number of human infections recorded far outnumbering that of most other tick-borne diseases. However, vectors of this infection are only focally abundant with a relatively limited distribution. Many tick-borne infections, such as those caused by the spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsias, produce far fewer human infections, even in areas where their tick vectors are quite abundant. The vectors of this group of infections are generally more common and have a much broader distribution. Clearly then, transmission factors, and not just tick abundance, play a large part in determining the potency as well as the infection risk of a particular tick-borne zoonosis.
Modeling the Ecological Dynamics of Tick-borne Zoonoses
Authors: Kitron Uriel , Mannelli Alessandro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A model is a reconstruction of nature for the purpose of research or applications. Models serve as the basic units of theoretical investigations and provide the necessary link between theory and measurement. Successful models are applicable to the purpose of the study for which they were originally constructed but can not be assumed to be relevant to other purposes (Levins, 1968; King and Soskolne, 1988).
Lyme Disease/Lyme Borreliosis
Authors: Piesman Joseph , Gray Jeremy S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ticks have been implicated in the transmission of Lyme disease since 1909, when the Swedish dermatologist Afzelius (1910) first noticed that the pathognomonic skin lesion, erythema migrans, was associated with the bite of the tick Ixodes ricinus. A series of early discoveries in Europe (reviewed by Burgdorfer, 1986) suggested that an infectious agent transmitted by I. ricinus, most probably a spirochete, caused erythema migrans as well as neurological disease; symp toms resolved with penicillin treatment. This background proved crucial in implicating /. dammini as the vector of a “new” pathogen causing a unique cluster of erythema migrans and arthritis in Lyme, Connecticut, and surrounding communities (Steere et al., 1977, 1978; Steere and Malawista, 1979). Studies of Lyme disease ecology became possible when Burgdorfer et al. (1982) isolated the Lyme disease spirochete, subsequently named Borrelia burgdorferi, from I. dammini ticks. Since 1982, our knowledge of the natural history of Lyme disease has exploded. After a decade of research, it is satisfying to review how much we do know about transmission of B. burgdorferi and the biology of its tick vectors. It is more important, however, to identify the gaps in our knowledge of the spirochete, and its relationships with tick vectors and vertebrate reservoirs. These gaps currently impede our efforts to combat transmission of the Lyme disease spirochete. As we integrate our knowledge of Lyme disease ecology, it is important to remember how early observations in Europe led to the discovery of B. burgdorferi in North America. While certain aspects of Lyme disease ecology remain constant among different geographic areas, other aspects are more flexible, changing dramatically from area to area. Collating worldwide knowledge of Lyme disease ecology is an essential step in designing reliable strategies for the prevention of Lyme disease.
Tick-borne Encephalitis Subgroup
Authors: Nuttall Patricia A , Labuda Milan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter aims to compare the ecological dynamics of important members of the tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) subgroup (Table 12.1), a distinct antigenic complex of the virus family Flaviviridae (Murphy et al., 1994). The TBE subgroup is one of the most intensely studied groups of tick-borne pathogens. Indeed, Hoogstraal (1966) commented that “Anyone with a broad general knowledge of research accomplishments ... in the (TBE) complex of viruses ... has an insight into practically every known factor in maintenance and dissemination of disease-causing agents transmissible between lower animal and man”.
h
Authors: Feather Leonard , Gitler Ira 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hackett, bobby (robert leo), tpt, crnt, gtr; b. Providence, RI, 1/31/15; d. Chatham, MA, 6/7/76. Son of a blacksmith, sixth of nine children. Son, Ernie Hackett, active as jazz dmr. in ’70s. Start. on uke., he left school at 14 and began pl. gtr., bjo., vln., w. local bands and in Syracuse. In 1933, pl. mainly crnt., was part of trio w. Pee Wee Russell and Teddy Roy, perf. in various Boston and Providence clubs. In ’36 took over lead. of Ted Marsh’s band at the Theatrical Club, Boston, w. Brad Gowans writing arrs. Though he was mainly infl. by Armstrong dur. this period, he eventually became more closely identified w. the lyrical style of Bix Beiderbecke. Went to NYC in ’37, pl. gtr. w. Joe Marsala, doubling on crnt; own band at Nick’s ’38–9; own bb at the Famous Door and on tour ’39; disbanded and join. Horace Heidt ’39–40; w. Glenn Miller on gtr., occ. crnt. ’41–2. In ’43, NBC staff; also tour. w. Katherine Dunham dancers ’43; w. Glen Gray ’44–6. ABC staff for several yrs. from ’46; frequent apps. at Nick’s; tour. East Coast w. own band early ’50s. In ’53–5 he earned wide recognition through a series of mood albums on Capitol led by Jackie Gleason, w. whom he also app. in person. TV shows w. Martha Wright; other broadcasts. Fr. ’56 to ’58, led a sxt. at the Henry Hudson Hotel and for brief tours and jazz fests., then led qt. in NYC clubs and on tours. Pl. w. B. Goodman ’62–3, incl. Mex.; worked frequently w. Tony Bennett in mid ’60s. Moved to Cape Cod ’69, where he was often feat. at Dunfey’s. Pl. w. Vic Dickenson in NYC and US tour ’70; in ’70s also feat. guest w. WGJB; tour. Eng. ’74; apps. at Michael’s Pub ’75. Hospitalized for two weeks in May ’76, he perf. on June 4 after his release, then died of a heart attack three days later. From his first days in NYC, Hackett was an important force in jazz. While he made his name as a crntst. and tptr., he remained a proficient gtrst. His melodic style has been praised by musicians of every description, and his beautifully burnished sound easily complemented a variety of jazz idioms. Fests: NJF w. Dickenson ’70; many apps. at NJF-NY; Colo. JP. TV: Just Jazz w. Dickenson; PBS ’71. Recs. as lead: Epic; Cap. CDs: Project 3; Jazz.; Hackett-Dickenson (Chiaro.); as lead. and sideman in The Commodore Story (Comm.); w. Armstrong; Miller; Teagarden (BB); Goodman; B. Holiday (Col.); Condon (Dec.; Stash; Sav; Jazz.; Comm.); Pee Wee Russell (Comm.); T. Wilson (Hep); Teddy Grace (Timel.); Gleason (Cap.).
o
Authors: Feather Leonard , Gitler Ira 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oatts, dick (richard dennis), alto, tnr saxes, cl, fl; b. Des Moines, IA, 4/2/53. Father, Jack, pioneered jazz educ. in Iowa; bro. Jim pl. w. Kenton, Thad Jones–Mel Lewis. Stud. w. fath., then for one yr. at Drake U. Pl. club dates fr. age 13. Freelanced in Minneapolis-St. Paul 1972–7 bef. moving to NYC. Pl. w. Thad Jones–Mel Lewis Orch. ’77–9; Mel Lewis Orch. and Qnt. ’79–90, then Vanguard Jazz Orch., Bob Brookmeyer ’81–4; Ray Mantilla ’82–6; Joe Haider ’82–91; Red Rodney ’86–90; Eddie Gomez ’87–91; Dial and Oatts w. Garry Dial since ’89; also pl. w. Tito Puente; Machito; Fred Hersch; Jack McDuff; Teo Macero; Joe Morello; Flora Purim. Taught at NYU ’81–4; Manh. Sch. of Mus. fr. ’91. Fav. arrs: Brookmeyer, Dial. Fests: Eur., Japan, So. Amer., etc. since ’77. TV: David Letterman. CDs: Steep.; Dial and Oatts (DMP); w. Mel Lewis (Tel.; M M); R. Rodney (Steep.; Den.); T. Talbert (Chart.); H. Meurkens; A. Farnham (Conc.); Bill Mays; Ted Rosenthal (JA); Gary Smulyan (CC); Vic Juris (Steep.); A Donelian (Sunny.); Stockholm Jo (Drag.).
s
Authors: Feather Leonard , Gitler Ira 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Saarsalu, lembit, tnr sax; b. Roosna-alliku, Estonia, 7/8/48. Played acdn., cl. Led own qt. 1978–81. Stud. cl. at Tallinn Music Sch., grad. 1975. Has pl. in Africa, Cuba, the Near East and all over Eur. Pl. and rec. in duo w. pnst. Leonid Vintskevich, rec. for Melodiya and app. w. Vintskevich in Moscow, Idaho, ’89, 90, and ’92 at Lionel Hampton JF. An adventurous and unconventional soloist. Favs: S. Getz, J. Coltrane, S. Rollins. TV: film, Old Melody ’81.
x, y
Authors: Feather Leonard , Gitler Ira 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Xiques, edward f. jr., bari, other saxes, fl, cl; b. Staten Island, NY, 10/9/39. Began on sop. sax. Pl. w. Jaki Byard, Herb Pomeroy while at Bost. U. 1957–62. Moved to NYC, taught mus. in N.Y. and N.J. schs. ’62–8. Pl. w. Buddy Morrow, Les and Larry Elgart, Tex Beneke, Duke Pearson, Herbie Mann, Donald Byrd, Chris Swansen ’60s; Woody Herman ’70; Thad Jones–Mel Lewis Orch. ’72–9; Bill Watrous ’74–5; Frank Foster ’77; B’way show Best Little Whorehouse in Texas ’78–82; Toshiko Akiyoshi–Lew Tabackin bb ’84–5; Liza Minnelli fr. ’87. Xiques has also taught at City Coll.; U.. of Bridgeport; Western Conn. State Coll. Favs: Charlie Parker, Johnny Hodges, Ornette Coleman, Joe Henderson. Fests: Eur., Asia w. W. Herman, Jones-Lewis. Film: A Tuesday Afternoon w. Swansen. CDs: Edex; w. Jones-Lewis (A&M).
Reverberations Of The Theories Of Alfarabi And Avicenna
Authors: Davidson Herbert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Avicenna’s philosophy was accessible to Moslem readers through the following channels: Avicenna’s straightforward philosophic works, notably the Shifa: and Najar; his Ishārāt, which rephrases his philosophic system in high-flown language; his Dānesh Nāmah, a summary of his philosophic system in Persian; allegorical tales he wrote in which human characters and also a bird personify the active intellect and the human intellect or souil; a lengthy restatement of his philosophy by Bāhmanyiir (d. 1065), one of his students the better known summary by Ghazali (1058-1111), entitled Maqā id al-Falāsifastill another, briefer summary by Shahrastāni (1086–1153); and the commentary of Tūsī (d. 1274) on the Ishārāt.
Averroes On The Material Intellect
Authors: Davidson Herbert A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle, as we have seen, posited an intellect in man which is “potential”; which “is what it is by virtue of becoming all things,” that is, by virtue of learning all thoughts; and which is a kind of “matter.”3 But nothing Aristotle said about what came to be known as the potential or material intellect reveals the kind of entity he supposed it to be, and one can only guess whether the question concerned him at all. The question of the nature of the potential human intellect did capture the attention of Alexander of Aphrodisias and Themistius, and they reached opposite conclusions. Alexander construed the human potential or material intellect as a mere disposition in the human organism, and Themistius construed it as a substance. The issue did not, however, carry any special import for Averroes’
Examining the Origins of Emerging Viruses
Authors: Morse Stephen S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sudden appearance of the AIDS epidemic in our midst demonstrates once again that infectious diseases can still be important causes of illness and death. HIV (human immunodeficiency virus, the AIDS virus) has been front-page news for so long that it is hard to remember that it first came to our notice just overadecade ago. Influenza, oneofour most familiar viruses, still periodically causes massive epidemics (the most massive are called pandemics because the entire world is usually affected), and another influenza pandemic is virtually inevitable. There have been several influenza pandemics in this century alone, the most severe being the notorious pandemic of 1918-1919 that resulted inover 25 million deaths worldwide. Lyme disease, although bacterial rather than viral, is another infectious disease recently emerged to prominence in the United States. From such regular experiences, it is easy to get the justifiable impression that we are being inundated by infectious diseases.
Ecology and Evolution of Host-Virus Associations
Authors: May Robert M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first question that ecologists ask of a virus, as they would ask of any other organism, is what is its basic reproductive rate, what is its fitness? What, on average, are the number of offspring, as it were, that each infected case produces? Viral, bacterial, and protozoan infections-microparasites-can be grouped together as infections in which it is usually necessary just to distinguish uninfected, infected, and immune people (Anderson and May, 1979), as opposed to what might be called macroparasites, such as most helminth infections, where one really has to deal with the number of worms in a given individual. For microparasites, which include most viruses, the basic reproductive rate (R0 in the mathematical notation I shall use) is essentially the average number of secondary infections produced when you put one infected host into a wholly susceptible population. It is important to know the basic reproductive rate, R0, because if Ro is greater than 1, then if you put a handful of infected people into a population, there will be an exponentiating chain of infection, until eventually it will be brought to a halt when some of the secondary candidates for infection have already experienced infection.
The High Rate of Retrovirus Variation Results in Rapid Evolution
Authors: Temin Howard M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The AIDS pandemic can be viewed as a paradigm of the emergence of new diseases and of apparently new pathogens. In discussing this pandemic, I first consider if the AIDS pandemic is unique, and then I describe what properties of viruses, especially retroviruses, give them the potential to give rise to apparently novel agents. I do not think that the AIDS pandemic is unique relative to other epidemics when those epidemics are considered from the perspective of their time rather than irt hindsight. In the past, major epidemics frequently occurred when there were new patterns of communication and transportation among separate populated areas and/ or new patterns of settlement. William McNeill, in his impressive book Plagues and Peoples (1976), describes the occurrence of major epidemics throughout history in terms of this hypothesis.
Are We Prepared for a Viral Epidemic Emergency?
Authors: Legters Llewellyn J , Brink, Linda H , Takafuji Ernest T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nybalo, Basangani, December 6, 1994-The impoverished nation of Changa in Sub Saharan Africa is once again a chaotic scene of death and devasta Uon. After a lull in the long battle between rebel factions in Changa and the ruling, Marxist government, tensions are again at a high point. Terrorism and destruction are common, as rebels battle for control of the countryside surrounding the capital city. Communities have been plundered and de molished. Hundreds of thousands of starving Changans are fleeing to the borders in search of food and shelter. The five-year civil war has killed an estimated 200,000 Changans and brought to a standstill the economy of this mineralrich nation. The government has been unable to cope with the large number of malnourished displaced persons, forcing the refugees to seek asylum in the adjacent countries of Basangani and Lubawe.
Surveillance Systems and Intergovernmental Cooperation
Authors: Henderson donald a 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The recent emergence of AIDS and dengue hemorrhagic infections, among others, are serving usefully to disturb our ill-founded com placency about infectious diseases. Such complacency has prevailed in this country throughout much of my career. Indeed, it is a matter of record that in 1969 the Surgeon General, in a speech given at Hopkins, assured his audience that in this country we had effectively probed most frontiers of knowledge in the infectious disease field, that the remaining problems in this country were marginal, and that attention should now turn to the chronic diseases. It is evident now, as it should have been then, that mutation and change are facts of nature, that the world is increasingly interdependent, and that human health and survival will be challenged, ad infinitum, by new and mutant microbes, with unpredictable pathophysiological manifestations. Moreover, as we see with the Hantaviruses and others, their manifestations may be the chronic diseases. How are we to detect these at an early date so as to be able to devise appropriate preventive and therapeutic modalities? What do we look for? What types of surveillance and reporting systems can one devise?
Ways of Knowing and Community Research
Authors: Riger Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Community Psychology Has benefited greatly from adopting theories and methods developed by organizational psychology. Organizational psychologists use multiple perspectives when they analyze organizations: for example, structural theory, a human resources approach, political theories, and cultural analysis. For community psychologists, then, the organizational perspective contains a wealth of frameworks with which to look at community. Typically, we have adopted these frameworks to study advocacy, neighborhood organizations, and the experience of people who work in social service agencies. What we have in common with organizational psychologists (and others) is agreement on a basic paradigmatic assumption. To understand people, you must understand the settings in which they operate.
What’s Wrong with Empowerment
Authors: Riger Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Community Psychologists Have long emphasized the importance of context for understanding human behavior. Leaders in our field have persuasively argued that human actors play out their roles in particular environments that offer specific constraints and opportunities and that serve as stimuli for action. Yet, despite our awareness of context for those we study, we do not always apply that understanding to ourselves. My purpose here is to point out how our context—that is, the assumptions and values underlying the discipline of psychology in the United States—shape, sometimes without our awareness, how we define and study key ideas in our field.
The Impact of Welfare Reform on Men’s Violence against Women
Authors: Riger Stephanie 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Welfare “Reform” (or “recision,” as some critics call it) is perhaps the most important social policy change in our lifetimes, reversing more than sixty years of government support for the poor. The federal Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act of 1996 includes strict time limits on receiving public aid and rigid requirements for moving from welfare to work. These changes are likely to have a powerful impact on women who are battered by intimate partners. Advocates of battered women argue that welfare helps women escape violent relationships; consequently, restricting access to public aid may add to the difficulties of leaving abusers. New child support enforcement provisions that pressure men to acknowledge paternity may provoke them to retaliate against the mothers of their children. In addition, many abusive partners do not want women to become independent and will sabotage their employment or participation in job training programs. Accordingly, work participation requirements may inadvertently increase violence.
Tabernacles
Authors: Hamilton C Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A tabernacle was an important unifying element in maintaining the Mormon concept of Zion and the Saints’ requirements to bring it about. Its size and central position within the community reminded the Saints of their covenants and obligations. Tabernacles were specifically de signed to meet the congregational needs of a stake, a term used to describe a Mormon ecclesiastical unit roughly equivalent to a diocese.’ A stake is composed of wards, smaller ecclesiastical units roughly equivalent to parishes. A typical stake, in the nineteenth century, often en compassed an entire community and a number of outlying areas, including other towns, whereas a ward encompassed a single settlement or ecclesiastical subdivisions in cities where there were larger concentrations of church members.
Suicide
Authors: Shaffer David , Hicks Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although formal definitions of suicide are available, for epidemiologic purposes the most useful definition is an administrative one, i.e., whether or not death has been determined by a medical examiner, coroner or equivalent official to be a self-inflicted and intended death. The definition of attempted suicide, how ever, varies from study to study. In the work of the authors cited in this chapter, the definition requires that a behavior should have been self-initiated with the intent of causing death, but that, with or without outside intervention, death did not result. In some research on this topic, the terms “gestures” or “parasuicide” are found. These terms are used variably to define either very mild attempts, usually ingestions, or attempts in which the apparent intention was not to cause death, but rather to communicate in some fashion with an important other. In practice, it is difficult to gauge retrospectively the precise motivation of an individual patient. Most adolescents seen in the emergency room will say that they had intended to die, but will then minimize lethal intent when seen weeks or months later.
Economies of Morality and Power: Reading “Race” in Two Colonial Texts
Authors: Nelson Dana D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The historical record documents, if nothing more certain, a continual and dynamic dialogue over issues of “race” among the Anglo Europeans in colonial America. Current historical and social theory continue to reflect the disagreement of the historical record. Winthrop Jordan’s comments of 1968 regarding the inception of slavery still hold:
The American Indian as Humorist in Colonial Literature
Authors: Keuren Luise van 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If, at some distant time, our probings of outer space reach another planet sustaining flora, fauna, and an unknown race of people, the imagination of our earthly globe with be galvanized. Curiosity afire, writers of every description will hasten to record the story. One can scarcely imagine the media coverage The entrepreneurs among us might await word of deposits of oil, gold, diamonds, or uranium. For most of us, however, the richest vein of interest would be the people of this newfound planet. What extraordinary light such a new race might shed on the mystery of our own existence.