bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Baroque Era
Authors: ShrockP Dennis 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Baroque era began in the early years of the seventeenth century as a result of four circumstances: (1) a reaction against the overly dense textures of Renaissance polyphony, (2) a desire to emulate perceived attributes of Greek monody, (3) a shift from textures that were melodically linear and imitative to textures that were harmonically vertical and homophonic, and (4) an independent status of instruments in vocal music. None of these circumstances oc- curred suddenly, and all of them had their beginnings prior to the year 1600. For instance, lead- ers of the Protestant Reformation during the latter half of the sixteenth century desired music that was simple, direct, and accessible to the general uncultivated public, and the proponents of the Counter-Reformation leveled harsh criticism against Renaissance polyphony following the Council of Trent (1545–1563). Furthermore, interest in monody began in the 1580s with a group of Italian noblemen called the Florentine Camerata, vertical and homophonic textures became prevalent at the end of the sixteenth century as composers sought to write music that was un- cluttered texturally, and the accompaniment of vocal works with keyboard instruments became a necessity with the composition of vocal solos and with the increasing performance of music by solo ensembles. By the beginning of the seventeenth century these circumstances—criticisms, in- terests, and practices—became pervasive, and the combination of vertically conceived har- monies and independent instrumental writing created a new style of composition.
Rules of Thumb in Animals and Humans
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Simple heuristics correspond roughly to what behavioral biologists call rules of thumb. Our aim in this chapter is to relate research conducted by the Center for Adaptive Behavior and Cognition (ABC) to biological research on behavior. We seek to identify where behavioral biologists and ABC have used similar approaches or arrived at similar results but also to clarify exactly where the two schools disagree or diverge on tactics.
What’s in a Sample? A Manual for Building Cognitive Theories
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his Opticks, Isaac Newton (1704/1952) reported experiments with prisms to demonstrate that white light consists of spectral colors. Newton did not sample, nor was he interested in means or variances. In his view, good experimentation had nothing to do with sampling. Newton was not antagonistic to sampling, but he used it only when he thought it was appropriate, as in quality control. In his role as the master of the London Royal Mint, Newton conducted routine sampling inspections in order to determine whether the amount of gold in the coins was too little or too large.
Terrorism and War
Authors: Held Virginia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are different kinds of war: world wars, small wars, civil wars, revolutions, wars of liberation. There are also guerrilla campaigns, which may become wars. In discussions of terrorism, it is a serious mistake to suppose that all terrorism is alike. Terrorism has different forms, as does war.
In the United States, the Right has been asserting that to hold anything else than that all terrorism is the same is to undermine the “moral clarity” needed to pursue the war on terrorism. Further, U.S. neoconservatives, Christian fundamentalists, and the Israeli Right are especially intent on arguing that the terrorism carried out by Palestinians is the same as that conducted by Osama bin Laden and the Al Qaeda network.
The Media and Political Violence
Authors: Held Virginia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I review the meanings of “violence,” “political violence,” and “terrorism.” I then consider the responsibilities of the media, especially television, with respect to political violence, including questions such as how violence should be described and whether the media should cover terrorism. I argue that the media should contribute to decreasing political violence through better coverage of arguments for and against political dissidents’ and potential terrorists’ views and especially through more and better treatment of nonviolent means of infiuencing political processes. Since commercial pressures routinely confiict with media responsibility, I argue that society should liberate substantial amounts of culture from such pressures.
Moral Inquiry, Action, and Care
Authors: Held Virginia 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What can discussions such as those in this book indicate about the ways in which we ought to conduct moral inquiry? If we decide that the issues should be handled in accord with the moral requirements of political and legal relations among persons, we can turn to the moral theories developed for such relations. Discussions of violence show, I believe, that an adequate treatment of the relevant problems requires consideration of both their deontological and consequentialist aspects and more.
The Creative Action Theory of Creativity
Authors: Carruthers Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Thought is normally the precursor of action. We think first, and then we act. Most models of creative thought and creative activity make a similar assumption. They assume that creative activity is preceded by, and is causally dependent upon, creative thought. This chapter, in contrast, argues for the reverse. It develops a model according to which creative thought is always preceded by, and causally dependent upon, creatively generated action schemata. And it adduces a variety of considerations in support of such a model.
A Commentary on Demosthenes' Philippic I
Authors: Wooten Cecil 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Demosthenes ‘ Philippic I, delivered between 351 B.C. - 350 B.C., was the first speech by a prominent politician against the growing power of Philip II of Macedon. Along with the other Philippics of Demostheses, it is arguably one of the finest deliberative speeches from antiquity. The present volume provides the first commentary in English on the Philippics since 1907 and promises to encourage more study of this essential Greek orator. Aiming his commentary at advanced undergraduates and first-year graduate students, Cecil Wooten addresses rhetorical and stylistic matters, historical background, and grammatical problems. In addition to a full commentary on Philippic I , this volume includes essays that outline Philippics II and III, set them in their historical context, and emphasize the differences between these later speeches and the first.
Scientific Research as a Creative Enterprise
Authors: Schwartzkroin Philip A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In our society, there is a tendency to contrast the scientist and the artist—the one working strictly objectively (according to rules of logic), the other calling upon a more free spirit. To a certain degree, these caricatures are appropriate, but it is important to realize that it is never “all-or-none”—not for the scientist and not for the artist. And it is even more important to emphasize that science— especially high-quality research—is a creative enterprise. One can “do science” by following the rules, keeping on the blinders, and trudging forward, but that version of research is rather boring, not only for those who read about the results but also for those engaged in the process. Scientific research is not always strictly “scientific,” at least as we generally use this term. Research involves rules, but it also incorporates hunches, intuition, and serendipity.
Introduction
Authors: Bard Terry R , Lowenstein, Nancy A , Satin David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As the core faculty for the only Harvard Medical School elective course on interdisciplinary care of aged persons gathered to prepare for the spring 2003 semester, discussion arose about how our students could bene0t from a text that would include the scope of the course they were about to experience. This was not the 0rst time that this faculty had raised this concern. About 15 years before, the same question emerged from the core faculty teaching an earlier iteration of the course. The textbook that the faculty wrote to meet this need, Satin, Blakeney, Bottomley, Howe, and Smith (editors), The Clinical Care of the Aged Person: An Interdisciplinary Perspective (NY: Oxford University Press, 1994), marked the 0rst effort to explore the concept of truly interdisciplinary care, particularly from the clinical perspective. At that time, the field of geriatrics had achieved formal status as a clinical specialty in medicine and psychiatry; other clinical disciplines, too, began to offer specialized education. In addition, nonclinical professions were developing a special interest focus on aging. Interdisciplinary Care of the Aged Person remained a unique course offering within the Division of Aging at the Harvard Medical School. Its two-fold focus was on helping its students learn about and experience interdisci-plinary care as well as providing specifi c clinical information about aging as understood from experts in a variety of disciplines.
The Structure and Financing of the Health-Care System: Reality and Consequences
Authors: Branch Laurence G , Petrossi kathryn H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A health-care system has two basic components—the delivery of health and medical services to those who need them and the payment for those delivered services. The current health-care system in the United States is a by-product of several factors. First, access to and payment for health care in the United States has never been recognized of0cially as a right of citizenship and a responsibility of the government, as it has in virtually every other industrialized country. Therefore, health care in the United States is appropriately viewed as a consumer good/service in a capitalistic society. Second, health insurance, the dominant form of payment for health-care services, is generally a bene0t for the worker and his or her family as a result of participating in the labor force. Third, federal and state governments have legislated responsibility for access and payment for health care of those retired from the labor force (via Medicare, a responsibility of the federal government alone but limited), the poor (working or not, Medicaid, a joint responsibility of the federal and state governments), and children (Children’s Health Insurance Program [CHIP], a joint responsibility of the federal and state governments).
Elder Autonomy and Consumer-Directed Care
Authors: Sciegaj Mark 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The provision of health-care and long-term care services often raises a number of issues of elder autonomy. The sections that follow describe current theoretical models for understanding individual autonomy and the primary conLict that often occurs in providing elder care services between the elder’s preferences and the professional’s judgment. The chapter also covers the emergence and evolution of consumer-directed care models for older adults and people with disability.
Since the nineteenth century, individual autonomy has been a major theoretical concept in the Western philosophical literature. This literature defines autonomy as the individual’s ability for self-governance.
Long-Term Care
Authors: Fishman Len , Satin David G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Immediately before coming to Boston I was president of the American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging, which is the national organization that represents about 6000 nonprofit senior counseling and healthcare organizations around the country. Its headquarters are in Washington, D.C. And that’s where I first got to know the Hebrew Rehabilitation Center of Boston.
I’m going to give you a bit of an introduction. I’ll talk about our situation in the year 2000. I’m going to give you a kind of environmental scan of the demographics and trends as they looked to us around the year 2000. (Chapter 4 goes into the history and broad organization of health care for older adults.) And then I’m going to talk about what we did to accommodate to these conditions and what happened during the intervening period.
Policy Making and Policy Changing
Authors: Chelmow Theodore 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explains the context which governs social policy and our role as interdisciplinary workers to be agents of social change. Policies grow out of the experience of our daily lives, which includes individual perspectives and values, family experiences, cultural history, and economic forces.
This context impacts the social policies, services, and ultimately the clients we serve. Dr. Margaret Lawrence, the first African American to attend the Columbia Psychoanalytic Institute and dedicated therapist to the families of Harlem, urged fellow practitioners to work from the following standpoint: “Know the long sweep of your own history . . . know the values embedded in your cultural perspective; know the inner workings of your own psyche . . .” (p. 2). The helper’s role “is not designed simply to maintain the status quo, to make impoverished people feel comfortable with their deprived state. When therapy is successful there will be social and cultural ripples, if not waves. Individual health inspires a changed view of old, unproductive conditions. There is a strong, if complicated, relationship between psychotherapy (insight) and social change” (p. 3).
Optimizing pharmacologic outcomes: Assessing and managing opioid side effects
Authors: Smith Howard S , McCleane Gary 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Common opioid side effects may include constipation, nausea and vomiting, sedation, and pruritus. Other adverse effects may include cognitive disturbances, perceptual distortions, delirium, myoclonus, urinary retention, headache and/or dizziness, fatigue, anorexia, dry mouth, sweating, decreased sexual desire (libido), abdominal discomfort/cramping/bloating, and infrequent respiratory depression. Opioid toxicity will be different between individuals. Individuals do not develop every potential adverse effect/toxicity and differ greatly as to the magnitude of various effects and how much distress is experienced. In general, tolerance develops to most side effects. There remains a dearth of high-quality evidence for the treatment of opioid side effects in populations both with and without cancer pain (McNicol et al., 2003).
Optimizing pharmacologic outcomes: Principles of opioid rotation
Authors: McCarberg Bill H , Smith Howard S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
With gradual escalation of the opioid dose in most patients, a favorable balance between analgesia and side effects can be achieved. However, some patients experience intolerable side effects before adequate analgesia is reached or, more rarely, do not benefit at all. Several strategies can be employed to reduce toxicity and improve pain control, including more aggressive treatment of side effects, use of coanalgesics or intravenous or anesthetic procedures, and use of nonpharmacologic interventions. An alternative approach is to change to another opioid in an attempt to allow titration to adequate pain control while limiting side effects.
Pre–opioid prescribing period
Authors: Smith Howard S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As noted in the previous chapter, the use of opioids for the management of persistent noncancer pain (PNCP) remains controversial, and many issues surround the use of long-term opioid therapy (LTOT) for this type of pain. Overall, the use of LTOT in patients with PNCP may provide many with significant analgesia and minimal side effects for many years. However, the use of LTOT in other patients may result in a less favorable outcome. Therefore, when making the decision to prescribe opioids for this type of pain, the following factors should be kept in mind: LTOT may not be optimal for all patients. LTOT does not provide good or excellent analgesia in all patients.
Background and Overview of the Book
Authors: Thornhill Randy , Gangestad Steven W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“I should say that the majority of women (happily for them) are not very much troubled with sexual feeling of any kind.” So wrote William Acton in 1857. Acton was an acclaimed expert on the topic—a physician and the leading sexologist of Victorian England. His book, Functions and Disorders of the Reproductive Organs in Youth, in Adult Age, and in Advanced Life, appeared in eight editions in the nineteenth century. He may well have expressed not only his own views but also those of generations of men who read his work. Just two years after the 0rst edition of Acton’s book was published, Darwin’s (1859) Origin of Species appeared, followed a dozen years later by The Descent of Man (1871). The latter book, in particular, elaborated Darwin’s theory of evolution driven by female choice, as pushed along by female sexual preferences, views that met widespread resistance. A main problem, skeptics surmised, was that the theory presumed that, over many generations, females agree about which male features they 0nd sexually attractive (Bajema, 1984).
The Evolution of Human Mating Systems and Parental Care
Authors: Thornhill Randy , Gangestad Steven W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In chapter 3, we, following others, argued that extended female sexuality typically functions to obtain male-delivered material assistance. As we also noted, no mammalian female known to biology matches the ampli0ed form of extended sexuality exhibited by women. Though women can possibly conceive on 5 or 6 days of their cycles in which ovulation occurs, with pronounced chances occurring just 2–3 days, women engage in and seek copulation throughout these cycles. Indeed, in aggregate data, human mating frequency varies very little across the cycle, aside from a drop at menstruation (see chapter 10). Furthermore, women of reproductive age often have nonovulatory cycles and mate frequently within these cycles. And human females may be sexually active during years of adolescence before establishing reliable ovulatory cycles. Indeed, human female adolescents appear to be more sexually motivated than adolescents in other primates in which adolescent females exhibit sexuality (see chapter 6). Finally, women are proceptive and receptive when pregnant. Naturally, if the male-assistance hypothesis of extended female sexuality applies speci0cally to women, women bene0t through male-delivered material assistance by mating during infertile times of their lives.
Concealed Fertility
Authors: Thornhill Randy , Gangestad Steven W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to most authors, some female primates, often thought to be only women, possess concealed, cycle-related fertility, whereas most mammalian females do not (e.g., Alexander & Noonan, 1979; Andelman, 1987; Baker & Bellis, 1995; Beach, 1976; Burley, 1979; Campbell, 2002; Cartwright, 2000; Dixson, 1998; Marlowe, 2004; Strassmann, 1981; Symons, 1979; Turke, 1984). In its fullest form, female concealment of cycle-phase fertility has typically been thought to require three features. First, a concealing female does not “know,” that is, perceive, discriminate, or respond to, her own peak fertility in the estrous/menstrual cycle. Hence, she exhibits no variation in sexual motivation across the cycle. Second, and relatedly, female sexual behavior has become independent of variations in female reproductive-cycle hormonal inKuences. That is, endocrine changes across the cycle do not signi0cantly produce variation in female sexual motivation. Third, female morphological, behavioral, or olfactory signals of peak fertility in the estrous/menstrual cycle are greatly reduced or altogether absent. Hence, males cannot discriminate female peak fertility in the cycle.
Coevolutionary Processes: Men’s Counterstrategies and Women’s Responses to Them
Authors: Thornhill Randy , Gangestad Steven W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we discussed in chapter 7, biologists have long recognized that species may coevolve with other species in an antagonistic fashion; for example, the coevolution of predator– prey, host–pathogen, or competitors for the same food source. Through antagonistic coevolution, new adaptations in one species (e.g., traits in predators that increase their ability to capture prey) evoke selection on the other species (e.g., prey) to evolve counteradaptations (e.g., defenses)—which may then produce selective pressures on the 0rst species to counter those counteradaptations, and so on. Antagonistic coevolution of adaptation and counteradaptation can continue through long stretches of evolutionary time, resulting in persistent evolutionary change in both species. As we also discussed, just as genes within two species’ genomes can antagonistically coevolve in response to their interaction, genes within a single species can coevolve antagonistically. Sexually antagonistic coevolution is a prime example. (For a general discussion of intersexual conKict theory and evidence in nonhuman animals, see, in particular, Arnqvist & Rowe, 2005; Burt & Trivers, 2006; Chapman, Arnqvist, Bangham, & Rowe, 2003; Hammerstein & Parker, 1987; Holland & Rice, 1999; Parker, 1979a; Rice, 1996; Rice & Holland, 1997.)
Reflections
Authors: Thornhill Randy , Gangestad Steven W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What can we conclude about the evolution of human female sexuality? In this chapter, we reflect on this question and address it in broad strokes. All of our answers, we emphasize, are provisional. Their function is not to declare 0rm truths (even if, indeed, we would bet on many ultimately proving to be true). Rather, they offer frameworks that we hope can generate fruitful future research.
Beginnings
Authors: Weber Wendell W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We hear almost every day about the unwanted effects of prescription drugs and over-the-counter nostrums, of unsafe substances in foods, and of the perils of tobacco smoking and drinking alcohol. We cannot help but wonder why such effects occur in only a fraction of persons exposed, or why a drug that is therapeutic in one person may be ineffective, or even toxic, in another. This is the province of pharmacology. During the period in and around the 1950s, pharmacologists demonstrated, contrary to common belief, that adverse responses accompanying exposure to exogenous substances were closely tied to a person’s genetic makeup (Figure 1.1). When this concept was proposed, it was not entirely new because biologists had long understood that the capacity of organisms to respond differently to the environment was genetically determined. Even so, demonstrating that heredity exerted important effects on human drug responsiveness was an innovative step that cast doubt on the notion that the drug recipient was merely a passive bystander in this process.
Importance of Alkanes in Atmospheric Chemistry of the Urban, Regional, and Global Scales
Authors: Calvert Jack G , Derwent Richard G , Orlando John J , Tyndall Geoffrey S , Wallington Timothy J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The alkanes are a class of organic compounds that make up a major component of the trace-gas composition of the atmosphere. They take part in atmospheric chemical reactions on a range of scales from urban to global. Their participation in these atmospheric chemistry processes makes a substantial contribution to photochemical ozone formation on the urban and regional scales, controls the build-up of methane and ozone (the second and third most important greenhouse gases after carbon dioxide), and drives stratospheric ozone layer depletion (for halogen-substituted alkanes only).