bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Concept of Geometry
Authors: Semple J G , Kneebone G T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
OUR main purpose in this book is to construct and develop a systematic theory of projective geometry, and in order to make the system both rigorous and easily comprehensible we have chosen to build it on a purely algebraic foundation. In adopting such a course, however, we may run the risk of appearing to reduce our subject to an ingenious manipulation of symbols in accordance with certain arbitrarily prescribed rules. Although the axiomatic form is the proper one in which to present a mathematical theory, we must not lose sight of the fact that an abstract system can only be fully appreciated when seen in relation to a more concrete background; and this is the reason why we have prefaced the formal development of projective geometry with two introductory chapters of a more informal character. The present chapter is devoted to a rather general consideration of the nature of mathematics and, more specifically, of geometry, while Chapter II contains an outline of the intuitive treatment of projective geometry from which the axiomatic theory has gradually been disentangled by progressive abstraction.
Further Properties of Conics
Authors: Semple J G , Kneebone G T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN Chapter V we laid the foundations for a systematic treatment of the projective geometry of the conic, and showed also how the affine and euelidean properties of conics find a natural place in the scheme. In this chapter we shall develop the theory in greater detail, and it will be part of our purpose to prove a number of well-known geometrical properties of conics, such as, for example, Pascal’s Theorem. The reader should by this time be fully conversant with the relationship between the different geometries of the projective hierarchy, and he should be able from time to time to change his point of view without losing sight of the logical structure of the system as a whole. Our principal object of study, he will understand, is projective geometry over the complex field; but by considering only real points as actual and properly complex points as ideal, and by suitably restricting the class of allowable coordinate representations, we can treat affine or euelidean space as a specialization of complex projective space. Up to the present we have been careful to maintain a clear separation between the different kinds of space, but from now on we shall allow ourselves greater freedom, dealing for the most part with projective space, but permitting digressions into more special spaces whenever these seem appropriate or illuminating.
Linear Systems of Conics
Authors: Semple J G , Kneebone G T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If, now, we consider conics instead of lines, the situation is somewhat different. The totality of all conics in the plane is an 005 linear system, and it contains proper ∞r linear subsystems for every value of r from 1 to 4. We shall discuss in some detail the ∞ system or pencil of conics, and then we shall refer more briefly to the ∞ system or net.
Projective Geometry of Three Dimensions
Authors: Semple J G , Kneebone G T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IF we given the value 3 in the general definition at the beginning of Chapter III, we obtain formal definitions of three-dimensional projective space S3 and projective geometry of three dimensions. The projective properties of S3 can then all be deduced from the fundamental definition of a three-dimensional projective domain, for the most part by methods of linear algebra, but in the present chapter we do not propose to go into all the details of this development. Many of the subsidiary definitions and the enunciations and proofs of theorems are strictly analogous to those already given for S2 in Chapter IV, and the reader can easily supply them for himself. We shall accordingly pass quickly over this part of the theory, merely’ calling attention to certain features that arise for the first time when the number of dimensions attains the value 3.
The Quadric
Authors: Semple J G , Kneebone G T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
IN the projective plane the simplest locus that we can consider, apart from the straight line, is the conic locus, and we have already seen how to establish its projective properties. In three-dimensional projective space, on the other hand, where a point has three degrees of freedom, there are two essentially different kinds of locus to be considered; and we have two particular loci, each of which is in its way a proper space-analogue of the conic, namely the quadric surface and the twisted cubic curve.
Estimation Problems
Authors: Jeffreys Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the problems of the last chapter we were considering the probabilities that various observable events would occur, given certain laws and the values of all parameters included in these laws. The usual use of these results is that they provide the likelihood for different values of the parameters; then, taking the observed results as given, and using the principle of inverse probability, we can assess the relative probabilities of the different values of the parameters. A problem of estimation is one where we are given the form of the law, in which certain parameters can be treated as unknown, no special consideration needing to be given to any particular values, and we want the probability distributions of these parameters, given the observations.
Approximate Methods and Simplifications
Authors: Jeffreys Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Maximum likelihood. If a law containing parameters α, β, γ, … and a set of observations θ lead to the likelihood function L (α, β, γ, … ), and if the prior probability is (4.1)P(dαdβdγ…|H)∝f(α,β,γ…)dαdβdγ…,(1).
Significance Tests: One New Parameter
Authors: Jeffreys Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
General discussion. In the problems of the last two chapters we were concerned with the estimation of the parameters in a law, the form of the law itself being given. We are now concerned with the more difficult question: in what circumstances do observations support a change of the form of the law itself? This question is really logically prior to the estimation of the parameters, since the estimation problem presupposes that the parameters arc relevant. On the other hand, many problems that arise in practice are genuinely estimation problems. For instance, the latitude and longitude of the epicentre and the time of occurrence are obviously relevant to the times of arrival of a pulse sent out by an earthquake.
Significance Tests: Various Complications
Authors: Jeffreys Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Combination of tests. The problems discussed in the last chapter are all similar in a set of respects. There is a clearly stated hypothesis q under discussion, and also an alternative q’ involving one additional adjustable parameter, the possible range of whose values is restricted by the values of quantities that have a meaning even if the new parameter is not introduced. We are in the position at the outset of having no evidence to indicate whether the new parameter is needed, beyond the bare fact that it has been suggested as worth investigating; but the mere fact that we are seriously considering the possibility that it is zero may be associated with a presumption that if it is not zero it is probably small. Subject to these conditions we have shown how, with enough relevant evidence, high probabilities may be attached on the evidence, in some cases to the proposition that the new parameter is needed, in others to the proposition that it is not. Now at the start of a particular investigation one or more of these conditions may not be satisfied, and we have to consider what corrections are needed if they are not.
Frequency Definitions and Direct Methods
Authors: Jeffreys Harold 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Most of current statistical theory, as it is stated, is made to appear to depend on one or other of various definitions of probability that claim to avoid the notion of degrees of reasonable belief. Their object is to reduce the number of postulates, a very laudable aim; if this notion could be avoided our first axiom would be unnecessary. My contention is that this axiom is necessary, and that in practice no statistician ever uses a frequency definition, but that all use the notion of degree of reasonable belief, usually without even noticing that they are using it and that by using it they arc contradicting the principles they have laid down at the outset. I do not offer this as a criticism of their results. Their practice, when they come to specific applications, is mostly very good; the fault is in the precepts.
Magnetic force and magnetic induction.
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have already (art. 385) determined the magnetic potential at a given point due to a magnet, the magnetization of which is given at every point of 1ts substance, and we have shewn that the mathematical result may be expressed either in terms of the actual magnetization of every element of the magnet, or in terms of an imaginary distribution of ‘ magnetic matter,’ partly condensed on the surface of the magnet and partly diffused throughout its substance.
Comparison of coils
Authors: Maxwell James Clerk 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have seen in art. 717 that in a sensitive galvanometer the coils should be of small radius, and should contain many windings of the wire. It would be extremely difficult to determine the electrical constants of such a coil by direct measurement of its form and dimensions, even if we could obtain access to every winding of the wire in order to measure it. But in fact the greater number of the windings are not only completely hidden by the outer windings, but we are uncertain whether the pressure of the outer windings may not have altered the form of the inner ones after the coiling of the wire.
Fibring Logics
Authors: Gabbay Dov M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Modern applications of logic, in mathematics, theoretical computer science, and linguistics, require combined systems involving many different logics working together. In this book the author offers a basic methodology for combining-or fibring-systems. This means that many existing complex systems can be broken down into simpler components, hence making them much easier to manipulate. Using this methodology the book discusses ways of obtaining a wide variety of multimodal, modal intuitionistic, modal substructural and fuzzy systems in a uniform way. It also covers self-fibred languages which allow formulae to apply to themselves. The book also studies sufficient conditions for transferring properties of the component logics into properties of the combined system.
Prologue
Authors: Schilthuizen Menno 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Archirrhinos haeckelii from the Pacific Hi-lay islands is a remarkable creature. To the casual observer, it might appear to be a sort of shrew with an exceptionally large nose. When seen in pursuit of prey, however, its uniqueness becomes apparent. Having caught a cockroach, the animal will quickly dive forwards on to its fleshy snout. The snout then spreads out to support the entire body, leaving all legs free for handling and crushing the prey.
A Chronic Case of Rhagoletis
Authors: Schilthuizen Menno 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Natural History Museum in London is one of the most impressive museums in the world. Its huge crenellated building, occupying the sunny side of Cromwell Road, houses an estimated 90 million specimens. In the public exhibits, not much of the vast collection is visible. Most of it is hidden behind oaken doors marked ‘STAFF ONLY’ or ‘NO ACCESS’. But the visitor who is fortunate enough to be allowed beyond those doors, leaving behind the noise of shouting &lt;lino-crazed schoolchildren and the hissing and puffing of pneumatic grasshoppers, enters the serene world of handwritten labels, formalin, and patient cataloguing.
Analysis of Hamiltonian PDEs
Authors: Kuksin Sergei B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For the last 20–30 years, interest among mathematicians and physicists in infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian systems and Hamiltonian partial differential equations has been growing strongly, and many papers and a number of books have been written on integrable Hamiltonian PDEs. During the last decade though, the interest has shifted steadily towards non-integrable Hamiltonian PDEs. Here, not algebra but analysis and symplectic geometry are the appropriate analysing tools. The present book is the first one to use this approach to Hamiltonian PDEs and will be an invaluable source of information for postgraduate mathematics and physics students and researchers.
Linearized Lax-integrable equations
Authors: Kuksin Sergei B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If (5.1) is a Lax-integrable equation, then its £, A pair can be used to construct solutions of the linearized equation (5.2) as quadratic expressions of eigenfunctions of the £-operator and its adjoint. Below we present the construction, mostly following Krichever (1991).
Flows At Moderate Reynolds Number
Authors: Succi Sauro 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter we present the application of LBE to the problem of transitional flows at moderate Reynolds numbers. This is an important area of theoretical and applied fluid mechanics, one that relates mainly with the onset of nonlinear instabilities and their effects on the transport properties of the unsteady flow configuration. The regime of Reynolds numbers at which these instabilities take place is usually not too high, of the order of thousands, and consequently basically within reach of present day computer capabilities. Nonetheless, following the entire evolution of these highly dynamic transitional flows requires very long integrations with short time-steps which demand conspicuous computational power. Which is why, again, efficient numerical methods are in great demand. As we shall see, LBE has good credentials to meet this demand. 7.1 Moderate Reynolds flows in simple geometry Let us consider a rectangular channel of length L and height H . The fluid enters the channel from the left side (inlet) and flows steadily down the channel under the effect of a constant pressure drop ΔP = P i P o between the inlet and outlet section. At the top and bottom boundaries the flow speed vanishes (noslip boundary condition) as a result of the drag exerted by the rigid walls. This is how dissipation balances the momentum input from the pressure gradient. If the Reynolds number is small enough, typically below 2000 in a real pipe, occasional fluctuations are unable to break the one-dimensional symmetry of the flow so that the nonlinear terms of the Navier–Stokes equations, (∂buaub ), vanish identically and have no effect on the evolution of the flow.
Estimating the age of mutations using variation at linked markers
Authors: Reich David E , Goldstein David B 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We present a general method for estimating the dates of mutations using variation at linked microsatellite markers. Risch et al. ( 1995) take a similar approach to estimating the age of the mutation causing idiopathic torsion dystonia among Ashkenazic Jews, but they do not describe how to produce a confidence interval for the date. Here, we not only obtain a confidence interval for the date by assessing the degree of correlation among samples, but also describe how to use a Markov transition matrix approach to take full account of the complexities of the recombination process. Finally, we show how the method has been applied to a specific example: estimation of a date for a mutation that confers resistance to HIV-1 infection (Stephens et al. 1998).
Genes and personality
Authors: Little Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
I deliberately created a future history for Jean Battler and Jeanne Dream that does not tell us much about their personalities because I wanted to concentrate on other aspects of their lives but, of course, each would have had a distinct personality because possession of a personality is an inextricable feature of being a human—it would be as impossible to conceive of a human without a personality as it would be to think of two humans with absolutely identical personalities.
Pearson Type II Errors-in-Variables Models
Authors: Bolfarine Heleno , Gasco Loretta , Iglesias Pilar 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper, invariant error-in-variables models (EIVM) are studied. We show that considering special invariance assumptions about the observable variables is equivalent to replace the usual normal EIVM by special Pearson type II EIVM. The proximity between these two formulations is studied in the context of de Finetti type representation theorems, following results established in Diaconis et al. (1992) in conection with multivariate Pearson type II distributions.
Fixed-Lag Smoothing using Sequential Importance Sampling
Authors: Clapp Tim C , Godsill Simon J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper we present methods for fixed-lag smoothing using Sequential Importance sampling (SIS) for state space models with unknown parameters. Sequential processing using Monte Carlo simulation is an area of growing interest for many engineering and statistical applications where data arrive point by point rather than in a batch. The methods presented here are related to the particle filtering ideas seen in Gordon et al. (1993), Liu and Chen (1995), Berzuini et al. (1997), Pitt and Shephard (1999) and Doucet (1998). Techniques for fixed-lag simulation using either the filtering density or the smoothing density are developed. In addition we describe methods for regenerating parameters of the state-space model by sampling. We are concerned in particular with problems in Digital Communication systems where off-line or batch-based methods, such as Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC), are not well suited. The new techniques are demonstrated by application to a standard digital communications model and the performance of the various methods is compared.
Simplifying Complex Designs: Bayes Linear Experimental Design for Grouped Multivariate Exchangeable Systems
Authors: Shaw Simon C , Goldstein Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We adopt a Bayes linear approach to tackle design problems with many variables cross-classified in many ways. We investigate designs where we wish to sample individuals belonging to different groups, exploiting the powerful properties of the adjustment of second-order exchangeable vectors. The types of information we gain by sampling are identified with the orthogonal canonical directions. We show how we may express these directions in terms of the different factors of the model. This allows us to solve a series of lower dimensional problems, through which we may identify the different aspects of our adjusted beliefs with the different aspects of the choice of design, leading both to qualitative insights and quantitative guidance for the optimal choice of design.
Amygdala: role in modulation of memory storage
Authors: McGaugh James L , Ferry Barbara , Vazdarjanova Almira , Roozendaal Benno 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter reviews evidence from studies investigating the involvement of the amygdala in modulating the consolidation of long-term explicit/declarative memory. Extensive findings from animal experiments indicate that drugs of several classes, as well as the adrenal stress hormones adrenaline and corticosterone, modulate memory storage when administered post-training and that such effects critically involve activation of the basolateral amygdala (BLA). Lesions of the BLA block such modulatory influences on memory storage. Further, memory storage is modulated by post-training infusions of adrenergic and glucocorticoid agonists and antagonists administered selectively into the BLA. The memory-modulatory influences involve activation of [3-adrenoceptors within the BLA and subsequent activation of other brain regions through projections mediated, primarily if not exclusively, by the stria terminalis. As lesions of the BLA do not prevent the learning or retention of the tasks used in these experiments, it is clear that this brain region is not essential for the learning and is not a likely neural locus of the explicit/declarative memory of the training experiences. Rather, our findings suggest that the BLA modulates the consolidation of explicit/declarative memory in other brain regions and that such modulation serves to ensure that the significance of experiences influences their remembrance.
Modulation of long-term memory storage in humans by emotional arousal: adrenergic activation and the amygdala
Authors: Cahill Larry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anchored in an extensive literature involving infra-human subjects, a rapidly growing number of studies involving human subjects confirms the theory that the sympathetic nervous system and the amygdala are crucial for the modulation of long-term memory storage for emotionally arousing events. Several studies indicate adrenergic participation in memory for emotional events in humans. Amygdala participation is indicated by converging evidence from neuropsychological and brain imaging studies. Substantial evidence from both infra-human and human subject studies suggests that the degree of emotional arousal involved in a learning situation, rather than its pleasant/unpleasant nature, determines the degree of amygdala engagement in learning. Although evidence for amygdala participation in long-term memory storage for emotionally arousing events in humans is strong, evidence for its participation in memory retrieval, or for its participation in the production of emotion per se, currently is less clear. The chapter closes with a novel, testable proposal regarding a mechanism by which this system may modulate long-term memory storage.
Neurophysiology and functions of the primate amygdala, and the neural basis of emotion
Authors: Rolls Edmund T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Four main groups of neurons in the primate amygdala are described. One group responds to stimuli which are primary (unlearned) reinforcers, such as taste. Both rewarding and aversive tastes are represented neuronally in macaques and, correspondingly, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) investigations in humans show that the amygdala can be activated by both pleasant and unpleasant tastes.
Regulation
Authors: Sellers James R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The MgATPase activity of most myosins that have been studied is regulated. A notable exception to this is the myosin from vertebrate striated muscle and possibly some invertebrate striated muscles, such as that from the fast muscle of lobster ([1968), but see [1969)). In general, regulation of myosin is accomplished by either phosphorylation or, in the case of molluscan muscles, direct calcium binding to myosin. Phosphorylation might occur on regulatory light chains or on the heavy chain or both depending on the myosin. In some cases, these phosphorylations are regulatory in that they profoundly affect the actin-activated MgATPase activity of the myosin, in others they are modulatory and have only a small effect on the activity. In quite a few cases, the phosphorylations have no apparent effects on any biochemical process. Below, we will discuss the details of both the covalent regulation by phosphorylation and the noncovalent regulation by calcium binding. At the same time, we will discuss other known phosphorylations even if they have not been linked to a change in function.