bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scientific Procedures for Design and Failure Analysis of Firearms Through Drop-Testing
Authors: Munsell William P. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Handguns are metal and plastic assemblies in which springs provide stored energy that is used to control and maintain the relative position of the internal components between intended trigger actuations. The hazard associated with a handgun inadvertently discharging due to inertial and impact forces has been recognized and addressed by designers since at least the 19th century [1–5]. Drop-testing is a prominent means of design verification and failure analysis used to evaluate handguns relative to this hazard. However, it is important to acknowledge that there is no consensus that limits the methods which may be used to develop scientifically valid data [6–12]. As with most scientific endeavors, each investigator is free to determine the parameters of their test, and their only obligation in that regard is to provide a complete description of the relevant parameters to subsequent investigators who wish to repeat their test. The relevant parameters for a drop-test are the height of the drop, the composition of the impact surface, the orientation of the gun at impact, the weight of the rounds in the magazine, the addition of any accessories, and the position of external safeties, if any.
36 drop tests were conducted with a handgun currently available in the market which was identified in U.S. Army testing as susceptible to drop-test failures: the early-design Sig Sauer P320 [13]. Another 30 drop tests were conducted with a fixture instrumented to evaluate the acceleration associated with the impact surfaces used in selected parameter sets [6–12]. This data, along with the kinetic energy associated with the designated drop heights, was used to compare the severity of drop-test regimes described by the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturer’s Institute (SAAMI), the National Institute of Justice (NIJ), the U.S. Army, Glock, the State of Massachusetts, the State of California, and two modified versions of the U.S. Army protocol. In addition, the arbitrary nature of the designated impact orientations relative to internal and external design features was evaluated. The data generated provides a baseline from which engineering and scientific investigators can determine appropriate parameters and methods to answer the specific questions before them.
The results show that the test parameters used by ANSI/SAAMI Z299.5-2016 provided the least rigorous test, applying low kinetic energy, the least dense impact surface, and in-plane gun impact orientations limited to 0, 90, 180, and 270 degrees. As a result, the SAAMI test failed to detect the known defect present in the SIG Sauer P320. Testing under a modified version of the U.S. Army protocol, however, successfully demonstrated the defect. Under this test regime, the Sig Sauer P320 exhibited failures in 57% of tests conducted with impact at muzzle orientations ranging from 139–154 degrees.
A Human-Centric Architecture for Assistive Cobot Workflow
Authors: Harada Yohmei , Sharma Manoj , Kitts Christopher 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Cobots have an ethos of sharing a common workspace with humans is crucial in a production environment as humans generally excel in tasks that lean towards dexterity, cognitive reasoning and decision making. These mutually-exclusive advantages paired with speed and precision of a robot in a shared workspace has potential to carry out tasks which are forsaken by traditional robots. In this paper we provide a multi-modal framework for an human enteric human-robot manipulation techniques where we describe gesture based robot programming and subsequently utilizing robot as a helper while human focuses on dexterous tasks.
Implementing Activity-Based Learning to Enhance Thermodynamics Education
Authors: Guo Qi , Xie Bei , Liu Qiu 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Thermodynamics, an entry-level engineering class, is critical for students pursuing engineering degrees across various engineering disciplines. Thermodynamics heavily relies on physics and calculus, containing abstract concepts that can be difficult for students to understand. Given the interdisciplinary nature of thermodynamics and because the course is shared among multiple engineering programs, it is essential to develop and implement innovative instructional methods. These methods can be shared among multiple engineering programs. The goal is to increase student motivation, persistence, and success in engineering and STEM fields.
This paper aims to demonstrate the implementation of novel activity-based learning strategies specifically tailored for thermodynamics teaching. The implementation of activity-based learning strategies in Thermodynamics classes shows positive outcomes through students’ exam grades and the students’ course evaluation surveys.
Prediction of Temperature Distribution Using Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) Finite Element Modelling of Plunging Stage During Additive Friction Stir Deposition
Authors: Raj Amit , Singh Abhishek , Jain Rahul , Sharma Shashank , Patra Anirban , Narasimhan Krishnaiyengar , Dahotre Narendra B. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
A friction-based additive manufacturing technique called Additive Friction Stir Deposition (AFSD) produces metallic solid objects with lower residual stresses, free from hot-cracking, less porosity, and other defects than traditional fusion-based additive manufacturing. In this work, the thermo-mechanical deformation behavior of the AFSD process during the plunging stage is studied using a Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) finite element simulation framework. The model considers the substrate as an aluminum alloy (AL6061-T6) and the rigid tool as an H13 steel. The study envisaged that the model is suitable for predicting the temperature distribution of the substrate material at any location. The model establishes a physics-based relation between thermal evolution and phenomenological parameters such as the rotational speed of the tool, frictional contact, and plastic dissipation during the AFSD process. The model accounts for the complex interaction between tool, substrate, and process parameters. The developed model provides significant insights for process optimization and control. The study is the first step towards modeling the complete AFSD process in a finite element model framework.
Disc Golf Materials Strength and Composition
Authors: Muse Matthew 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Injection molding, a manufacturing technique, involves the production of parts by injecting molten plastic into a mold where it then cools and solidifies into the mold shape. One such application of this method is the production of disc golf discs, where varying material characteristics are achieved using different polymer and elastomer plastic mixtures. These varied mixtures result in plastics with diverse physical and mechanical properties. This study investigates these properties for several commercially available discs through tensile testing per the ASTM D638 standard. Tensile samples were prepared by both laser cutting and die cutting purchased discs. To better understand the influence of plastic composition on mechanical properties, samples from each disc were analyzed by FTIR, CHN, ICP-OES, and TGA to elucidate their chemical make-up. Tensile test results showed discs with lower carbon/nitrogen content are much more brittle than plastics made with higher carbon/nitrogen mixtures. The brittle plastic also had little to no oxygen content and had more filler polyurethane material. Physical testing of the discs was also simulated by creating a launching mechanism to track the flights of new discs. The discs are then launched into a wall to create deterioration and wear. The materials are compared by how the flight properties change from this test procedure. This comprehensive study illustrates that injection molding plastics can be used to manufacture a broad spectrum of polymers, each exhibiting distinct material characteristics.
Enhancement of Pool Boiling Heat Transfer Through Induced Vibrations - A Cascaded Lattice Boltzmann Study
Authors: Das Sonali Priyadarshini , Bhattacharya Anandaroop 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
A numerical study on enhancement of pool boiling heat transfer by vertical heater vibration is conducted using cascaded lattice Boltzmann method (CLBM). A wide range of frequencies from 0–1000Hz was chosen for the study. The amplitude was varied from 0 to 3mm. The effect of variation of frequency and amplitude on the bubble dynamics and pool boiling heat transfer performance was studied. At a constant amplitude, it was observed that for a lower frequency range (f &lt; 100Hz), there exists an optimum frequency for which the non-dimensional surface superheat or the Jacob number (Ja) is the lowest for a given space-time-averaged heat flux (q”) and the Nusselt number (Nu) are the highest when compared to baseline scenario (non-vibrating heater). For the higher frequency range (f ≥ 100Hz), the trend is monotonous where Ja decreases or, q” and Nu increases with increase in the frequency, at a constant amplitude. The effect of amplitude variation on boiling heat transfer performance at a given frequency also differed for different frequency ranges. For the lower frequency range, the Nusselt number decreased with an increase in amplitude till a minimum value, after which it increased. In contrast, for the higher frequency range, Nu increased with an increase in amplitude till an optimum amplitude, after which it decreased. A maximum of 20.5% and 30.04% increment in q” and Nu were observed compared to a non-vibrating heater. A closer look at the effect of vibration on the bubble dynamics revealed that vibration, in general, leads to faster bubble nucleation and enhanced bubble departure frequency, though the level of impact depends on the combination of amplitude and frequency. A high amplitude and higher frequency promoted the continuous formation of vapor film, leading to transition to film boiling. In contrast, there was no continuous vapor film formation for low-amplitude and high-frequency combinations.
Ultrasonic Monitoring Roller Load Variation Induced by Roller Wear
Authors: Zhou Rui , Chen Li , Zhang Rongfeng , Geng Yu , Qi Shemiao , Liu Yi , Liu Heng 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Bearing roller load largely determines the service performance of rolling bearing. In the actual operation, the bearing will always wear. Once bearing wear occurs, it will change the bearing clearance, which will affect the bearing capability. Thus, the accurate roller load measurement can help predict the useful service life. At present, the commonly used method to measure the load of rolling element is strain gauge method, but it is difficult to apply in the field. In this paper, an ultrasonic method is used to measure the roller load variation during the change of clearance caused by roller wear. The reflected pulses were collected with a planar ultrasonic probe mounted on the bearing outer ring. One roller of the cylindrical roller bearing is replaced by that with a 30μm reduction in the diameter to simulate the reduction of bearing clearance caused by roller wear. The roller load for a complete revolution of the bearing is calculated. Comparing the measurements of normal and abnormal bearing, the results show that the ultrasonic technique can effectively monitor roller load variation when bearing clearance changed. The similar trend of the minimum reflection coefficient of the contact interface is also observed.
Structural Investigation of an Additively Manufactured Stator of a Transverse Flux Machine
Authors: Knecht Simon , Schmid Martin , Reisch Isabell , Parspour Nejila , Albers Albert 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The transverse flux machine (TFM) offers potentials for use in applications, where a high torque density is necessary. Existing designs use either soft magnetic composites or electrical sheet as stator material to reduce eddy current losses. Additive manufacturing creates new design possibilities for stator core geometries. However, 3D-printed bulk iron brings with it high eddy current losses. Slits incorporated into the stator core can mitigate these losses. The slits however reduce the structural integrity of the stator core. In this work we investigate the actual mechanical behavior of the slitted stator core. We show that the stator cannot withstand the loads during operation. Additional measures, such as molding the stator and coil in epoxy resin, increase the structural integrity to a sufficient level. A polygonal shaft-hub connection is a promising alternative to the current keyed shaft-hub connection.
Predicting Microstructure-Property of Silica Aerogel Materials via Bayesian Convolutional Neural Networks Surrogate Model
Authors: Islam Md Azharul , Deighan Dwyer Scout , Faghihi Danial 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Deep neural networks have become essential for developing data-driven surrogate models of complex multiscale and multi-physics simulations. Trained with high-fidelity simulation data, these surrogate models enable computational predictions with significantly reduced time and resources compared to physics-based simulations. Surrogate models based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are emerging as powerful tools for learning the complex relationships between microstructural images and the corresponding macroscopic properties of materials, facilitating tasks once computationally prohibitive, such as optimal design and synthesizing materials with target properties. However, the common neural network training method, relying on maximum likelihood parameter estimation, limits CNNs’ ability to handle uncertainty due to sparse and limited high-fidelity data generated by physics-based simulations. This often leads to overfitting and overly confident predictions, compromising the reliability of CNNs, especially in high-consequence tasks such as model-based material design. This contribution proposes a Bayesian CNN for surrogate modeling by treating the network’s training as statistical inference to overcome the formidable challenge of uncertainty assessment in predictions provided by neural network-based models. We employ Variational Inference to introduce probability distributions over the CNN’s weights, ensuring accurate uncertainty estimation. The proposed Bayesian CNN surrogate model is applied to learn microstructure image-mechanical property relations in silica aerogel porous materials, known for its superior insulation properties but suffer from low mechanical strength. Training data is obtained from elastic deformation simulations of the solid phase in the porous materials governed by stochastic partial differential equations. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the Bayesian CNN in predicting the strain energy corresponding to a given microstructure image while considering confidence levels in predictions. The impact of training data points on prediction accuracy and reliability is also investigated using Bayesian CNN.
Assessment of Process Induced Welding Flaws in Structural Steel Members Using Phased Array Ultrasonic Nondestructive Testing
Authors: Williams Caleb , Lappin Elsie , Taheri Hossein 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Welding is indispensable in structural steel members due to its ability to create strong, durable, and versatile connections essential for constructing safe, efficient, and resilient infrastructure. Welded parts must be inspected to ensure they meet required quality and integrity standards. Quality assurance measures such as nondestructive testing (NDT) can be employed to verify the integrity of welds, providing confidence in the structural integrity of steel members. A range of nondestructive testing (NDT) techniques may be used for welding inspection which depends on several factors including geometry and configuration of the joints, material, thickness of the welded parts, and inspection environment. Among the variety of NDT methods, configurations of ultrasonic testing (UT) are identified as efficient techniques of inspection for welding. Despite the effectiveness of the traditional UT techniques, the accuracy and repeatability of them can be significantly improved via advanced phased array technology. In this study, phased array UT (PAUT) is used to evaluate the quality of the welding in steel samples which were fabricated in various welding processing conditions. Potential flaws have been identified and verified by material characterization procedures. Results show that the phased array ultrasonic testing can provide localized quality information of the weld and correlate to the mechanical properties (e.g., strength) of the part in welding region.
Exploring the Influence of Channel Diameter, Fill Ratio, and Adiabatic Length Variation on Long Oscillating Heat Pipes
Authors: Santana Marcos S. , Cabrera Anthony , Sperling Apryl E. , Kuo Jim , Bellardo John , Daimaru Takuro , Sunada Eric , Roberts Scott N. 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Oscillating heat pipes (OHPs) represent a promising advancement over traditional heat pipes, yet their operational boundaries, especially for long OHPs, remain insufficiently understood. This study investigates the impact of varying adiabatic length, channel diameter, and fill ratio on thermal performance, crucial for assessing their suitability for engineering applications like spacecraft thermal management. Three long OHPs, ranging from 451 mm to 770 mm in total length, were subjected to multiple performance tests, employing channel diameters of 1.1 mm and 1.9 mm, along with adiabatic lengths of 305 mm and 610 mm. The experimental setup involved mounting the OHPs onto a testbed, monitored by nine K-type thermocouples. The tests, conducted horizontally to eliminate gravity-assistance, revealed that thermal performance is significantly influenced by channel diameter, adiabatic length, and fill ratio. Notably, optimal performance was observed at a 50% fill ratio, while reductions in diameter hindered start-up at a 70% fill ratio and failed to start-up at 30% fill ratio. These findings highlight the limitations of long OHPs, which is crucial to determine the limits of their applicability and dimensional constraints.
Comparing the Whipstitch and Fibertag Tendon Suture Techniques: A Proposed Methodology
Authors: Clark Madeline , Kampert Haley , Clumpner Brandon , Nowicki Margaret , Donohue Michael , Colantonio Donald , Gee Shawn 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
The analysis of tendon repair suture techniques can help identify best practices for surgeons. Currently, a gap exists in the understanding of the biomechanics and failure of tendon repair utilizing a traditional Whipstitch method as compared to a suture construct that includes a suture scaffold augment (FiberTag, Arthrex, Inc, Naples, FL). The purpose of this study was to conduct biomechanical testing of both the Whipstitch and FiberTag suture technique to identify modes, locations, and loads of failure of each technique.
30 ten-centimeter bovine tendons with nine-millimeters diameter were prepared for this protocol. Tendons were assigned to one of two suture techniques: Whipstitch and the FiberTag technique. An Instron Test Instrument with a 5kN load cell was utilized for all iterations. Specimens were secured with a hook through the suture on one end and a clamp directly affixed to the tendon on the other end. Specimens were then cyclically preloaded with a fluctuating axial load at 1 Hz for 10 cycles. Specimens were then loaded with a fluctuating axial load of three distinct ranges at 1 Hz for 1,000 cycles, and then the specimen was loaded to failure at 2 mm/min. Tendons were split into 3 groups to test three cyclic loading protocols. Video was recorded for the entire duration of the tests to identify failure modes, failure location, and any trends applicable to surgical repair of tendons.
Linear models evaluated each suture method for its displacement due to cyclic loading and its load to failure due to a set rate of displacement.
After reviewing the data, Group 3 proved to be the most ideal methodology to compare the Whipstitch and FiberTag technique. Group 3 allowed both sutures to fail in the load to failure, and therefore ensured that both tendons could reach their maximum ultimate tensile strength. Group 3 is the preferred experimental procedure for continued research in this field.
Evaluation of Eutectic Freeze Crystallization (EFC) Performance of Reverse Osmosis Brine
Authors: Nemmour Amira , El Kadi Khadije , Islam MD , Janajreh Isam 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Eutectic freeze crystallization (EFC) is a sustainable and cost-effective method for the water treatment process that can produce both water and salts. Applying EFC on a multicomponent high-concentration brine solution results in a lower freezing point and eutectic temperature where pure water as ice can be separated from pure salts that precipitate at their eutectic crystallization points. This work presents a theoretical design of a Zero-liquid discharge (ZLD) crystallizer system using EFC technology. The development of an EFC process flowsheet (OLI ESP flowsheet) based on thermodynamic modeling is illustrated for a case study of reverse osmosis (RO) retentate from an industrial plant. The model enables the prediction of eutectic temperatures, the production rate of both ice and salts and their recoveries using mass balance calculations, and the evaluation of the major energy requirements. Based on the thermodynamic modeling results, two major salt hydrates form with ice. These sequentially, the Na2SO4.10H2O salt hydrate can be crystallized out at about −8 °C followed by the NaCl.2H2O hydrate forming at −24 °C. Additionally, preliminary results showed that the proposed design can achieve a water recovery of about 86 % with an energy consumption of 57 kWh/m3.
Experimental Investigation of the Influence of Restrictive and Dual Methods for Design for Manufacturing
Authors: Doellken Markus , Peters Julian , Matthiesen Sven 
Published: January 2025

Abstract
Research in context of conceptual design methods has presented a classification of restrictive and dual methods, which were primarily described by design for additive manufacturing (DfAM). However, there is a lack of extensive research to apply dual methods to other manufacturing processes. The authors experimentally investigate the influence of restrictive and dual methods in the context of design for sheet metal (DfSM). Within this work the experimental study examines this influence with 74 participants, of whom were 46 students and 28 design engineers. The participants were exposed to either a restrictive method or a dual method before working on a design task. The final design outcomes (concepts) obtained by the participants were evaluated with regard to (1) manufacturability, and (2) manufacturing effort. The results show that the dual method, in comparison to the restrictive method, tends to positively influence the manufacturability of the concepts of students. In addition, the dual method significantly improves the ability of design engineers to reduce manufacturing effort. This study revealed that dual methods could elevate the potential of design engineers to develop designs considering manufacturing. Therefore, we recommend extending dual methods for design for manufacturing (DfM) and applying them to various manufacturing processes other than DfAM and DfSM.