bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Highly repeated DNA sequences as phylogenetic markers among the galaginae
Authors: Crovella S. , Masters J. C. , Rumpler Y. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHighly repeated DNA sequences were investigated as potential phylogenetic indicators among five species of galagines. One lorisine, one cheirogaleid, and two lemurid species were also investigated as progressively more distant outgroups. The lorisids displayed strong conservatism with regard to these sequences, to the point where the galegine species proved difficult to differentiate. When restriction fragment differences were observed, the galagine species fell into two groups: one containing the greater galagos and G. alleni and the other comprising the lesser galagos. The sequences of the cheirogaleid Microcebus murinus were found to be highly species‐specific, bearing little resemblance to those of the galagines or the lemurids. Common sequences detected between M. murinus and G. senegalensis may be ancient sequences shared by all strepsirhines. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes in plasma concentrations of immunoreactive inhibin, progesterone, and bioactive gonadotrophin during pregnancy in the marmoset monkey
Authors: Webley G. E. , Marsden P. L. , Knight P. G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThis study describes the peripheral concentrations of immunoreactive (ir) inhibin, progesterone, and bioactive gonadotrophin during pregnancy in the marmoset monkey, a New World primate. Blood samples were taken every two weeks from six animals from ovulation to parturition. Plasma ir‐inhibin concentrations were measured by inhibin α‐subunit‐directed radioimmunoassay (RIA) and a recently developed two‐site immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) which is specific for inhibin αβ dimer. Concentrations of α‐inhibin increased (P < 0.001) during early pregnancy to reach a peak on week 12 of pregnancy and showed a positive correlation with bioassayable gonadotrophin concentrations (r = 0.5, n = 64; P < 0.001). The concentrations of both α‐inhibin and gonadotrophin showed no further peaks and declined (P < 0.001) to low levels prior to birth. Concentrations of dimeric inhibin were substantially lower than those measured by RIA and did not vary significantly during pregnancy. Progesterone concentrations remained at luteal‐phase levels during the first half of pregnancy and increased (P < 0.05) during the second half to reach maximum concentrations just prior to birth. The relationship between α‐inhibin, gonadotrophin, and progesterone suggests that the increase in α‐inhibin may be luteal in source and under the control of gonadotrophin. The absence of a second increase in α‐inhibin later in pregnancy and the finding that lategestation placenta contained very little α‐inhibin differs from observations in Old World primates studied and suggests that the placenta may not be a source of inhibin during pregnancy in the marmoset. The finding of high levels of α‐inhibin, but not dimeric inhibin, suggests that inhibin‐related molecules may have a role other than suppression of pituitary folliclestimulating hormone. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mangabey (Cercocebus albigena) population density, group size, and ranging: A twenty‐year comparison
Authors: Olupot William , Chapman Colin A. , Brown Charles H. , Waser Peter M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMangabey groups studied in the Kibale Forest Reserve, Uganda, in 1971 were studied again in 1991 using similar data collection protocols. The results were used to assess the effect of group size on activity budgets and travel costs, and to document the effects of habitat changes on mangabey density and demography. Larger mangabey groups traveled longer distances per day than smaller groups. Time budgets were less clearly influenced by group size. Mangabey population density increased over the 20 year period. This increase in population density paralleled habitat changes, particularly an increase in tree density, and was accompanied by increased use of regenerating forest. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Challenge of neotropical frugivory: Travel patterns of spider monkeys and bearded sakis
Authors: Norconk Marilyn A. , Kinzey Warren G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe compared travel patterns of two neotropical frugivores, Ateles paniscus (black spider monkeys) and Chiropotes satanas (bearded sakis), during a 6‐month study at Raleighvallen‐Voltzberg Nature Reserve in Surinam. Ateles were typically found in small foraging parties that changed in size and composition throughout the day. Chiropotes troops moved from one feeding area to the next, fragmenting “locally” when they entered an area with more than one feeding tree. Chiropotes moved through fewer half‐hectare quadrats before encountering a feeding tree, and were more likely to locate multiple trees per quadrat than were Ateles. Several investigators have suggested that fission‐fusion travel patterns (sensu Ateles and Pan) have the potential to reduce feeding competition among troop members. We suggest that even slight modifications in the size and composition of foraging parties, such as “local” temporary troop fragmentation, have the same effect, and may be common among frugivorous primates. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Population structure, demography, and dynamics of mountain baboons: An interim report
Authors: Henzi S. P. , Lycett J. E. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCounts of 61 baboon troops (Papio cynocephalus ursinus) at four localities in the Drakensberg mountains confirmed earlier reports of a small mean troop size. This troop size of 22.49 animals changed neither with latitude nor elevation. Data from two of the sites suggested that population density increases from south to north, while a working assumption of 2.5 animals/ km2 allowed us to set the population size at 7,540 animals, living in 335 troops. Both the adult sex ratio of 2.07 females/male and the immature/ adult female ratio of 1.17 were unaffected by troop size. Repeated counts from nine known troops revealed that the population is at equilibrium. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Measures of body size and growth in rhesus and squirrel monkeys subjected to long‐term dietary restriction
Authors: Weindruch Richard , Marriott Bernadette M. , Conway Joan , Knapka Joseph J. , Lane Mark A. , Cutler Richard G. , Roth George S. , Ingram Donald K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAlthough many studies have reported the robust effects of dietary restriction (DR) in retarding numerous aging processes in rodents, little is known about the outcomes of reducing caloric intake of a nutritious diet on aging in primates. Most primate studies have concerned the effects of malnutrition. We hypothesized that DR influences aging processes in primate species as it does in rodents. In the present study, 24 male rhesus (Macaca mulatta) monkeys (ages 0.6–5 years) and 25 male squirrel (Saimiri sp.) monkeys (ages 0.3–10 years) were provided diets formulated differently for each species but both fortified with vitamins and minerals (40% above recommended levels) as controls (approximating ad libitum levels) or experimentals (about 30% below the level of diet provided controls of comparable age and body weight). The results reported here concern the hypothesis that DR imposed during various developmental stages in these two primate species would affect morphometric parameters obtained at different occasions during the first 5 years of the study. Groups of older monkeys (rhesus: 18–25 years, n = 3; squirrel: 10–15 years, n = 4) were also included as controls for comparative purposes. Among groups of rhesus monkeys begun on DR prior to 6 years of age, growth in body weight and crown‐rump length was reduced about 10–20% beginning after 1 year on the diet, with estimated food intake being reduced about 30–35% over this period. Measures of skin‐fold thickness and various body circumference measures were also reduced in experimental groups of rhesus monkeys. In contrast, the DR regimen involving a different diet produced little impact on comparable measures in squirrel monkeys, with the estimated food intake being reduced only about 20–25% over this period. However evidence of divergence in some morphometric parameters in squirrel monkeys was beginning to emerge in young groups (<5 years(after 3 yers on the diet. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of activity patterns, social interactions, and exploratory behavior in infant tufted capuchins (Cebus apella)
Authors: Byrne Gayle , Suomi Stephen J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEarly organization of activity states was studied in 17 tufted capuchin (Cebus apella) infants from birth to 11 weeks of age. Development of exploration and interactions with mothers and other group members were studied in 14 of these infants up to the age of 1 year. Activity profiles changed from 3 to 8 weeks as infants began to move off mothers and explore their environments. From 2 to 6 months time with mothers decreased; time alone increased correspondingly. Time spent with other group members did not vary significantly over the first year. By 7–9 months capuchin infants spent more time alone or with other group members than with mothers, although weaning was still not completed by the end of the first year. Simple environmental exploration began in the 2nd month and reached stable levels by 4 months. Complex manipulation of food and objects first began at 3–4 months and increased to stable levels in the second half of the first year. Some preliminary differences were evident between infants living in indoor cages and those living in indoor/ outdoor runs. Infants in cages spent less time in dorsal contact with mothers, and less time in social play and proximity to other animals than those in runs. Instead, infants in cages spent more time alone and engaged in more manipulation of food. Some measures of social and exploratory behavior showed a high degree of variability which may be useful in exploring individual differences in infant temperament or reactivity. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Model life table for captive chimpanzees
Authors: Dyke Bennett , Gage Timothy B. , Alford Patricia L. , Swenson Brent , Williams‐Blangero Sarah 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMortality statistics from three captive populations of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) were combined to generate standard model life tables for each sex in this species. The model is compared to an estimate of survivorship of a group of wild animals, and is applied to an incomplete data set to illustrate how the model may be used to extend estimates of mortality statistics to missing older ages. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental changes in mother‐offspring grooming in Japanese macaques
Authors: Muroyama Yasuyuki 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA cross‐sectional analysis was made of developmental changes in mother‐offspring grooming in Japanese macaques, Macaca,. fuscata. When offspring were immature, time spent grooming by their mothers decreased with offspring age. Soliciting by offspring increased steadily with age, in contrast to their successful soliciting, which decreased gradually until early adolescence. This is in accord with the hypothesis that grooming is one form of post‐weaning maternal investment, which may entail behavioral conflict between mothers and immature offspring. On the other hand, mothers spent much more time for grooming of their adult female offspring than for their adolescent male and female offspring. It is argued that grooming by mothers may shift from a form of maternal investment in their offspring to a benefit to be exchanged reciprocally with them. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of a skilled model on the behavior of conspecific observers in tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)
Authors: Adams‐Curtis Leah , Fragaszy Dorothy M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractWe analyze how the presence of a skilled juvenile capuchin monkey interacting with a mechanical puzzle requiring sequential actions affected the behavior of group‐mates towards the puzzle. Using this study as an example, we suggest a methodological approach to the evaluation of social enhancement of activity and imitation. We suggest that this design could be useful in determining if social and demographic factors influence the occurrence of these phenomena. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vocal production in nonhuman primates: Acoustics, physiology, and functional constraints on “honest” advertisement
Authors: Fitch W. Tecumseh , Hauser Marc D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe physiological mechanisms and acoustic principles underlying sound production in primates are important for analyzing and synthesizing primate vocalizations, for determining the range of calls that are physically producible, and for understanding primate communication in the broader comparative context of what is known about communication in other vertebrates. In this paper we discuss what is known about vocal production in nonhuman primates, relying heavily on models from speech and musical acoustics. We first describe the role of the lungs and larynx in generating the sound source, and then discuss the effects of the supralaryngeal vocal tract in modifying this source. We conclude that more research is needed to resolve several important questions about the acoustics of primate calls, including the nature of the vocal tract's contribution to call production. Nonetheless, enough is known to explore the implications of call acoustics for the evolution of primate communication. In particular, we discuss how anatomy and physiology may provide constraints resulting in “honest” acoustic indicators of body size. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sex differences in infant integration in a semifree‐ranging group of Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus, L. 1758) at Salem, Germany
Authors: Timme Angelika 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSixteen multiparous Barbary macaque females with newborns were studied over a 16 month period within the context of their naturally formed group. Analysis of their social behavior revealed 1) triadic interactions involving focal females, their newborns, and other group members occurred mainly with other females; and 2) mothers with female newborns interacted mainly with females of their own matriline, while mothers with male newborns interacted mainly with nonmatriline females. Observed in two successive birth seasons, this pattern indicates that partners of maternal interactions chose each other according to the sex of the newborn.Measures of distance from the mother also reflected differences between infants of different sex. At about five months of age, female infants were observed close to their mothers significantly more often than males. This finding follows the pattern of a sex‐specific infant socialization process which integrates female infants into the network of their matrilines and male infants into the broader group. This sex‐specific integration pattern is interpreted as supporting female philopatry and male dispersal. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relationship of chimpanzee leaf‐swallowing to a tapeworm infection
Authors: Wrangham Richard W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractLeaf‐swallowing by chimpanzees Pan troglodytes has been hypothesized to control parasites, but it has not yet been shown to be associated with specific parasitic infections. This report takes advantage of a tapeworm infestation among wild chimpanzees to examine whether leaf‐swallowing was associated with the presence of tapeworms.Leaf‐swallowing was monitored over 6.5 years in two chimpanzee communities in Kibale National Park (Uganda). In one community, tape‐worms ?Bertiella studeri were found only during a seven‐month period, when they occurred in every month. During this period, leaf‐swallowing occurred at an unusually high rate, and dungs that contained tapeworm fragments tended to contain whole leaves. These data suggest that tape‐worm infections increased the rate at which chimpanzees swallowed whole leaves. However, this does not mean that tapeworms were necessarily controlled as a result. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Social status, behavior, and central serotonergic responsivity in female cynomolgus monkeys
Authors: Shively C. A. , Fontenot M. B. , Kaplan J. R. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe relationship between social status, behavioral characteristics, and central serotonergic function was examined in eight adult female cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis). The subjects were housed in four‐member social groups for 6 months. Social behavior was observed three times a week. The early follicular phase of the menstrual cycle was determined based on the occurrence of menses, and the prolactin response to acute administration of fenfluramine HCl during the early follicular phase was used as a measure of net brain serotonergic responsivity. Delta prolactin responses (the prolactin response to fenfluramine minus baseline concentrations) were lower in dominant than in subordinate females. Dominant females were more aggressive and less submissive than subordinates. Likewise, females with the lowest delta prolactin concentrations were more aggressive and less submissive than females that had relatively large increases in prolactin. Delta prolactin responses also correlated negatively with percent time eating and investigating in close proximity to penmates, and correlated positively with percent time scanning anxiously while alone. The same pattern of correlation was noted between social status and the aforementioned affiliative behaviors. It was concluded that high central serotonergic responsivity may be associated with low rates of aggression, high rates of submission, and subordinate social status in female cynomolgus monkeys. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pleistocene peopling of the Americas
Authors: Meltzer David J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOur species colonized North and South America last of all the major land masses, thereby ending the spread that began a million years earlier when ancestral members of the genus Homo first ventured out of Africa. But who were the first Americans? When did they arrive? Did they come in one migration or many? How quickly and by what adaptive strategies did they move across the environmentally diverse and trackless New World? How do they relate to contemporary native Americans? We have plenty of answers to these questions. Unfortunately, we can't agree which ones are right. This much is certain: the first Americans were Homo sapiens who came from northeast Asia via the Bering Straits (Fig. 1). They may have walked from Siberia to Alaska across Beringia, the land bridge formed when vast Pleistocene glaciers froze 5% of the world's water,1 lowering global sea levels and exposing the shallow continental shelf between Asia and America. These hunter‐gatherers were present throughout the Americas by 11,500 years ago, in time to witness the climatic and ecological changes, including the extinction of thirty‐five genera of megafauna, that signalled the end of the Pleistocene. Beyond those bare facts there is controversy. Here, then, is a brief summary of the state of the argument over the peopling of the Americas.
Neandertals: Images of ourselves
Authors: Trinkaus Erik , Shipman Pat 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDuring the last two decades, paleoanthropology has focused increasingly on the global issue of modern human origins, and a preeminent part of that process has concerned the fate of the Neandertals of the northwestern Old World. Not so long ago, working on the origins of modern humans was a niche cloaked in convenient obscurity. Many human paleontologists were content to largely ignore, and thus remained ignorant of, the hominid fossils of the later Pleistocene, an attitude parallel to that of Bordes regarding the Neolithic in comparison to the more glamorous Paleolithic; he referred to the former simply as, “C'est de la merde!” However, the Neandertais have become a topic guaranteed to attract attention, thus drawing in scholars who until recently disdained interest in such basically human fossil hominids. They are now willing to direct their students' and even their own research toward late archaic humans (such as Neandertals) and early modern humans in whatever portion of the Old World is most readily available.
Differential mortality and the Donner Party disaster
Authors: Grayson Donald K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe story of the Donner Party combines powerful American themes. The beginning of the tale is immersed in the romance of the western frontier and in the American dream of improving life by taking bold steps. The end of the tale, in contrast, is awash in death and cannibalism. No wonder Americans learn the story as children; no Grimm's fairy tale can match it. However, detailed analyses of the patterning of Donner Party deaths suggest that the story is even better read as a piece of biology than as a piece of history. Virtually all aspects of Donner Party mortality can now be explained by our knowledge of the factors that cause differential mortality in human societies. The differential fates of these emigrants show us natural selection in action.
Multiple dispersals and modern human origins
Authors: Lahr Marta Mirazon , Foley Robert 
Published: June 2005

AbstractDespite a massive endeavour, the problem of modern human origins not only remains unresolved, but is usually reduced to “Out of Africa” versus multiregional evolution. Not all would agree, but evidence for a single recent origin is accumulating. Here, we want to go beyond this debate and explore within the “Out of Africa” framework an issue that has not been fully addressed: the mechanism by which modern human diversity has developed. We believe there is no clear rubicon of modern Homo sapiens, and that multiple dispersals occurred from a morphologically variable population in Africa. Pre‐existing African diversity is thus crucial to the way human diversity developed outside Africa. The pattern of diversity—behavioural, linguistic, morphological and genetic—can be interpreted as the result of dispersals, colonisation, differentiation and subsequent dispersals overlaid on former population ranges. The first dispersals would have originated in Africa from where two different geographical routes were possible, one through Ethiopia/Arabia towards South Asia, and one through North Africa/Middle East towards Eurasia.
Stable isotope studies in human evolution
Authors: Schoeninger Margaret J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe discipline of human evolution usually involves the evaluation of changes in gross and molecular morphology or changes in artifact assemblages. In contrast, stable isotope analysis is an indirect line of investigation. Understanding the human evolutionary sequence requires information on nutritional, biobehavioral, and general ecology. These are the kinds of information that stable isotope analysis can provide. Such studies may not identify the mechanisms for change, but their application serves to elucidate the situations under which change occurred.
The adaptive legacy of human evolution: A search for the environment of evolutionary adaptedness
Authors: Foley Robert 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe growth of evolutionary psychology has led to renewed interest in what might be the significant evolutionary heritage of people living today, and in the extent to which humans are suited to a particular adaptive environment—the EEA. The EEA, though, is a new tool in the battery of evolutionary concepts, and it is important both that it is scrutinized for its utility, and that the actual reconstructions of the environments in which humans and hominids evolved are based on sound palaeobiological inference and an appropriate use of the phylogenetic context of primate evolution.