bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An in vitro method for studying digestion in the pig
Authors: Löwgren W. , Graham H. , Åman P. 
Published: September 2005

1. An in vitro method, using duodenal and ileal digesta and faeces from pigs as inocula for the preparation of three incubation media for simulating the digestive processes in the pig, was proposed. The kinetics of degradation in these three media of three feed samples (pig-grower diet, sugar-beet pulp and wheat bran) with crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25) contents varying from 111 to 196 g/kg, starch contents from 10 to 446 g/kg and dietary fibre contents from 168 to 686 g/kg, were studied.2. The method was investigated by incubating the feeds in the three media for up to 96 h, and determining the rate and extent of disappearance of feed components.3. For each feed the 96 h dry matter disappearance was almost equal for all media, although the rate of disappearance varied considerably, with ileal digesta the most potent, particularly for the high-fibre feeds, and duodenal digesta the least. The patterns of disappearance of individual components were similar in all media, with the exception of crude protein which was apparently less degraded in ileal and especially faecal media.4. Results suggest that a combination of a short (6–12 h) and a long (48–72 h) in vitro incubation could be employed to simulate digestion in the small and large intestine respectively of the pig.
The effects of intake of lucerne (Medicago sativaL.) and orchard grass (Dactylis glomerataL.) hay on the motility of the forestomach and digesta flow at the abomaso-duodenal junction of the sheep
Authors: Malbert C. H. , Baumont R. 
Published: September 2005

1. The relations between food intake, reticulo-ruminal motility and abomasal digesta outflow were investigated in ewes receiving lucerne (Medicago sativa) v. orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata) hay. Abomasal digesta outflow was recorded continuously by means of an electromagnetic flowmeter probe inserted into a duodenal T-shape cannula and the motility using strain-gauge force transducers. Volumes and turnover rates of both rumen and abomasal liquid phases were measured by CrEDTA dilution.2. The voluntary intake of lucerne was higher (60%) than that of orchard grass hay, and paralleled by an increased abomasal outflow (65%) corresponding to an increased number of gushes of digesta through the flowmeter probe: 129/h instead of 78/h on orchard grass hay. Abomasal motor activity was enhanced (35%), and periods of regular spiking activity were seen passing along the duodenum at a higher velocity for the lucerne diet than for the orchard grass diet. The increased abomasal outflow with lucerne hay was associated with a higher reticulo-ruminal turnover rate, but not abomasal turnover rate. Abomasal, but not reticulo-ruminal volume, was increased (30%) when lucerne hay was fedad lib.3. The total number of reticulo-ruminal contractions was increased by 6.6% when the dry matter entering the duodenum was increased by 70.6%, suggesting the level of voluntary intake, rather than reticulo-ruminal motility, as a major factor governing abomasal outflow in sheep.4. More frequent passages of digesta, unrelated to duodenal contractions, were recorded in ewes receiving lucerne compared with orchard grass. Both a higher viscosity of the contents due to the addition of guar gum and the impairment of antroduodenal motility by 5-hydroxytryptophan were able to reduce the flow rate of orchard grass digesta, but did not affect the higher flow rate of lucerne digesta. The findings suggest that the high abomasal outflow in sheep fed on lucernead lib.is related to a low viscosity of the contents that are propelled, even in the case of antral contractions of low magnitude.
Distribution of bacteria in the rumen contents of dairy cows given a diet supplemented with soya-bean oil
Authors: Legay-Carmier Françoise , Bauchart D. 
Published: September 2005

1. Liquid-associated bacteria (LAB) were harvested from the liquid phase (LAB1) and from the solid phase of rumen contents after washing and manual shaking (LAB2). Solid-adherent bacteria (SAB) were recovered after washing and pummelling the total particles (SAB1). The distribution and the chemical composition of these three bacterial compartments were investigated in four dairy cows fitted with rumen fistulas. The animals received successively a diet consisting of one part hay and one part barley-based concentrate (diet C) and the same diet containing free soya-bean oil (79 g/kg dry matter (DM); diet So).2. The efficiency of removal of SABI from total particles of rumen digesta collected I h after feeding, was calculated from the diaminopimelic acid content in particles and of the corresponding detached bacteria. It was 24% on diet C and 18% on diet So (P< 0.05), using a combination of homogenizing and ‘stomaching’ treatments in saline (9 g sodium chloride/1) (reference treatment). For diets C and So respectively it was lowered by Tween in saline solution (1 g/l; 22.7 and 17.8 %, not significant), but was increased when using a previous chilling (6 h at 4°) of homogenized particles before stomaching in saline (28.8 and 24.7%,P< 0.05) and in Tween 80 in saline (1 g/l; 26.6 and 20.8%,P< 0.05).3. The extent of removal of SABI from the solid fraction of rumen digesta by the reference treatment decreased with decreasing particle size; it was at the highest for particles retained on 4 and 2 mm sieves (62.1–82.1 %) and still elevated for particles retained on 0.8, 0.4 and 0.1 mm sieves (41.3–57.9%). It was very much reduced for particles smaller than 0.1 mm (11.7–14.5 %), suggesting the occurrence of favourable conditions for the adhesion of SAB firmly resistant to removal (SAB2).4. The concentration of total SAB (SABI +SAB2) in particles collected l h after feeding was lower (P< 0.05) in diet C (190 g/kg DM) than in diet So (234 g/kg DM). Values averaged 595–645 g/kg DM for particles smaller than 0.1 mm, but only 61 and 81–98 g/kg DM for particles retained on 4 and 0.4 mm sieves, and on a 0.1 mm sieve respectively. No significant differences were noted between diets but the effect of particle size was highly significant (< 0.1 mmv.others).5. Postprandial variations of concentrations of total SAB on total particles exhibited a large increase I h after feeding in diet So (P< 0.05). Similar but amplified variations were observed for LAB in both diets (P< 0.05).6. Total bacterial mass amounted to 213 and 231 g DM/kg whole-rumen contents DM in diets C and So respectively 6 h after feeding. Mean percentages of total SAB (69.8), LAB1 (7.3) and LAB2 (22.9) in total rumen contents were not significantly modified by the lipid level of the diet.
The inhibition of nutrient digestion by wheat pentosans
Authors: Choct M. , Annison G. 
Published: September 2005

Two pentosan-rich fractions (water-extractable, WEP, and alkali-extractable, AEP) were isolated from a wheat milling by-product. When both WEP and AEP were added to a commercial-type broiler diet the apparent metabolizable energy (AME), nitrogen retention, feed utilization and growth of broilers were significantly (P < 0.001) depressed. These depressions were closely correlated (P < 0.001) to the level of pentosans in the diets. At the highest level of inclusion of pentosans (equivalent to 40 g arabinoxylans as AEP/kg) the ileal digestibilities of starch, protein and lipid were decreased by 14.6, 18.7 and 25.8% respectively.Anti-nutritive effects: Non-starch polysaccharides: Broiler diets
Elevation of feed intake in parasite-infected lambs by central administration of a cholecystokinin receptor antagonist
Authors: Dynes* Robyn A. , Poppi Dennis P. , Barrell Graham K. , Sykes Andrew R. 
Published: September 2005

The role of cholecystokinin (CCK) in modulating feed intake depression in parasite-infected lambs was investigated using CCK receptor antagonists (L364–718 and loxiglumide). Four experiments were carried out using ewe lambs infected with 4000 Trichostrongylus colubriformis larvae/d or non-infected controls (n 8, live weight 25 kg). Animals were fed daily on a nutritionally complete pelleted diet and had free access to water. In the first experiment, infected and non-infected animals were injected subcutaneously with CCK antagonist (100 μg L364–718) or carrier alone as a single dose. In the second experiment, CCK antagonist (loxiglumide: 0, 5, 10 or 20mg/kg live weight) was injected into a jugular vein immediately before feeding. In the third experiment, animals were infused continuously with the CCK antagonist (loxiglumide; 10mg/kg per h) for 10 min before feeding and for the first 2 h of feeding. In the final experiment, lambs were fitted with an indwelling cerebral ventricular cannula and infused with a CCK antagonist (loxiglumide, 162μg/min), CCK agonist (CCK-8, 2.5 pmol/min), loxiglumide plus CCK-8 or sterile saline solution alone via the cannula for 30 min before feeding and for the first 60 min of feeding. In all the experiments short-term feed intake was recorded at 10 and 15 min intervals for the first and second hours of feeding respectively, then at hourly intervals for the remainder of the 8 h recording period. Peripheral injection with L364–718 or loxiglumide did not elevate feed intake in either the infected or non-infected animals. However, feed intake was increased (P < 0.05) in the short term by central infusion of loxiglumide, this effect being greater in the infected animals and apparently due to an elevation in intake during the second hour of feeding. CCK-8 depressed short term feed intake only in the infected animals (P < 0.05). Total daily feed consumption was not influenced by any of the pharmacological agents. The results indicate an involvement of central CCK receptors in regulation of feed intake depression following gastrointestinal parasitism of sheep and the possibility of a similar role in non-infected sheep. They do not support the singular importance of a peripheral action of CCK in determining satiety.Cholecystokinin: Loxiglumide: Feed intake: Gastrointestinal parasites
Proanthocyanidin Synthesis and Expression of Genes Encoding Leucoanthocyanidin Reductase and Anthocyanidin Reductase in Developing Grape Berries and Grapevine Leaves
Authors: Bogs Jochen , Downey Mark O. , Harvey John S. , Ashton Anthony R. , Tanner Gregory J. , Robinson Simon P. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PAs), also called condensed tannins, can protect plants against herbivores and are important quality components of many fruits. Two enzymes, leucoanthocyanidin reductase (LAR) and anthocyanidin reductase (ANR), can produce the flavan-3-ol monomers required for formation of PA polymers. We isolated and functionally characterized genes encoding both enzymes from grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. cv Shiraz). ANR was encoded by a single gene, but we found two highly related genes encoding LAR. We measured PA content and expression of genes encoding ANR, LAR, and leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase in grape berries during development and in grapevine leaves, which accumulated PA throughout leaf expansion. Grape flowers had high levels of PA, and accumulation continued in skin and seeds from fruit set until the onset of ripening. VvANR was expressed throughout early flower and berry development, with expression increasing after fertilization. It was expressed in berry skin and seeds until the onset of ripening, and in expanding leaves. The genes encoding LAR were expressed in developing fruit, particularly in seeds, but had low expression in leaves. The two LAR genes had different patterns of expression in skin and seeds. During grape ripening, PA levels decreased in both skin and seeds, and expression of genes encoding ANR and LAR were no longer detected. The results indicate that PA accumulation occurs early in grape development and is completed when ripening starts. Both ANR and LAR contribute to PA synthesis in fruit, and the tissue and temporal-specific regulation of the genes encoding ANR and LAR determines PA accumulation and composition during grape berry development.
In Vivo Regulatory Phosphorylation of Novel Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase Isoforms in Endosperm of Developing Castor Oil Seeds
Authors: Tripodi Karina E. , Turner William L. , Gennidakis Sam , Plaxton William C. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract
Our previous research characterized two phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylase (PEPC) isoforms (PEPC1 and PEPC2) from developing castor oil seeds (COS). The association of a shared 107-kD subunit (p107) with an immunologically unrelated bacterial PEPC-type 64-kD polypeptide (p64) leads to marked physical and kinetic differences between the PEPC1 p107 homotetramer and PEPC2 p107/p64 heterooctamer. Here, we describe the production of antiphosphorylation site-specific antibodies to the conserved p107 N-terminal serine-6 phosphorylation site. Immunoblotting established that the serine-6 of p107 is phosphorylated in COS PEPC1 and PEPC2. This phosphorylation was reversed in vitro following incubation of clarified COS extracts or purified PEPC1 or PEPC2 with mammalian protein phosphatase type 2A and is not involved in a potential PEPC1 and PEPC2 interconversion. Similar to other plant PEPCs examined to date, p107 phosphorylation increased PEPC1 activity at pH 7.3 by decreasing its Km(PEP) and sensitivity to l-malate inhibition, while enhancing glucose-6-P activation. By contrast, p107 phosphorylation increased PEPC2's Km(PEP) and sensitivity to malate, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid inhibition. Phosphorylation of p107 was promoted during COS development (coincident with a &gt;5-fold increase in the I50 [malate] value for total PEPC activity in desalted extracts) but disappeared during COS desiccation. The p107 of stage VII COS became fully dephosphorylated in planta 48 h following excision of COS pods or following 72 h of dark treatment of intact plants. The in vivo phosphorylation status of p107 appears to be modulated by photosynthate recently translocated from source leaves into developing COS.
An Indole-3-Acetic Acid Carboxyl Methyltransferase RegulatesArabidopsisLeaf Development
Authors: Qin Genji , Gu Hongya , Zhao Yunde , Ma Zhiqiang , Shi Guanglu , Yang Yue , Pichersky Eran , Chen Haodong , Liu Meihua , Chen Zhangliang , Qu Li-Jia 
Published: September 2005

AbstractAuxin is central to many aspects of plant development; accordingly, plants have evolved several mechanisms to regulate auxin levels, including de novo auxin biosynthesis, degradation, and conjugation to sugars and amino acids. Here, we report the characterization of an Arabidopsis thaliana mutant, IAA carboxyl methyltransferase1-dominant (iamt1-D), which displayed dramatic hyponastic leaf phenotypes caused by increased expression levels of the IAMT1 gene. IAMT1 encodes an indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) carboxyl methyltransferase that converts IAA to methyl-IAA ester (MeIAA) in vitro, suggesting that methylation of IAA plays an important role in regulating plant development and auxin homeostasis. Whereas both exogenous IAA and MeIAA inhibited primary root and hypocotyl elongation, MeIAA was much more potent than IAA in a hypocotyl elongation assay, indicating that IAA activities could be effectively regulated by methylation. IAMT1 was spatially and temporally regulated during the development of both rosette and cauline leaves. Changing expression patterns and/or levels of IAMT1 often led to dramatic leaf curvature phenotypes. In iamt1-D, the decreased expression levels of TCP genes, which are known to regulate leaf curvature, may partially account for the curly leaf phenotype. The identification of IAMT1 and the elucidation of its role in Arabidopsis leaf development have broad implications for auxin-regulated developmental process.
Radiotelemetry reveals differences in individual movement patterns between outbreak and non‐outbreak Mormon cricket populations
Authors: Lorch Patrick D. , Sword Gregory A. , Gwynne Darryl T. , Anderson Gerald L. 
Published: September 2005

Abstract. 1. Outbreaks of insect pest populations are common and can have devastating effects on natural communities and on agriculture. Little is known about the causes of these outbreaks or the causes ofen massemigrations during outbreaks.2. Flightless Mormon crickets (Anabrus simplex) were the focus of this study. They are a katydid species that forms large, dense, mobile groups (migratory bands) during outbreak periods, eating vegetation in their path.3. Radiotelemetric methods were used to measure differences in movement rate and directionality in outbreak and non‐outbreak populations, testing the hypothesis that these populations differ in their travel rate and consistency of direction.4. Daily individual movement in outbreak populations differs substantially from non‐outbreak populations that are at much lower density. In addition to large differences in distances travelled (1.6 km as compared with 1 m) and rates of travel, there is evidence for collective movement among individual Mormon crickets travelling in migratory bands.5. These data suggest that the direction of group movement may be influenced by local environmental conditions such as wind direction and movement of nearby band members. This work forms the basis for ongoing work testing hypotheses about mass migrations in outbreak populations.
Metacommunity patterns of highly diverse stream midges: gradients, chequerboards, and nestedness, or is there only randomness?
Authors: Heino Jani 
Published: September 2005

Abstract. 1. Several non‐random patterns in the distribution of species have been observed, including Clementsian gradients, Gleasonian gradients, nestedness, chequerboards, and evenly spaced gradients. Few studies have examined these patterns simultaneously, although they have often been studied in isolation and contrasted with random distribution of species across sites.2. This study examined whether assemblages of chironomid midges exhibit any of the idealised distribution patterns as opposed to random distribution of species across sites within the metacommunity context in a boreal drainage system. Analyses were based on stream surveys conducted during three consecutive years. Analytical approaches included ordinations, cluster analysis, null models, and associated randomisation methods.3. Midge assemblages did not conform to Clementsian gradients, which was evidenced by the absence of clearly definable assemblage types with numerous species exclusive to each assemblage type. Rather, there were signs of continuous Gleasonian variability of assemblage composition, as well as significant nested subset patterns of species distribution.4. Midge assemblages showed only weak relationships with any of the measured environmental variables, and even these weak environmental relationships varied among years.5. Midge assemblages did not appear to be structured by competition. This finding was somewhat problematic, however, because the two indices measuring co‐occurrence provided rather different signs of distribution patterns. This was probably a consequence of how they actually measure co‐occurrence.6. Although midge assemblages did not show a perfect match with any of the idealised distribution patterns, they nevertheless showed a resemblance to the empirical patterns found previously for several plant and animal groups.
The Baroque, Modernity, and Postmodernity in Latin American Political Culture
Authors: Bilbao Luis Ochoa , Frankel Paul 
Published: September 2005

AbstractThis article offers a general view about the contemporary theoretical debate in Latin‐American concerning the idea of modernity. For some authors, modernity is part of Latin‐American history, and its ruts can be found in the baroque experience of the continent, for others, the consequences of modernity such as urbanization, industralization and hope in democracy shows the Latin America is in essence a modern territory, despite the academic difficulties to understand and visualize Latin‐American identity as an integral element of the concept of modernity.
A Metalloproteinase of
Coccidioides posadasii
Contributes to Evasion of Host Detection
Authors: Hung Chiung-Yu , Seshan Kalpathi R. , Yu Jieh-Juen , Schaller Ruth , Xue Jianmin , Basrur Venkatesha , Gardner Malcolm J. , Cole Garry T. 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACT

Coccidioides posadasii
is a fungal respiratory pathogen of humans that can cause disease in immunocompetent individuals. Coccidioidomycosis ranges from a mild to a severe infection. It is frequently characterized either as a persistent disease that requires months to resolve or as an essentially asymptomatic infection that can reactivate several years after the original insult. In this report we describe a mechanism by which the pathogen evades host detection during the pivotal reproductive (endosporulation) phase of the parasitic cycle. A metalloproteinase (Mep1) secreted during endospore differentiation digests an immunodominant cell surface antigen (SOWgp) and prevents host recognition of endospores during the phase of development when these fungal cells are most vulnerable to phagocytic cell defenses. C57BL/6 mice were immunized with recombinant SOWgp and then challenged with a mutant strain of
C. posadasii
in which the
MEP1
gene was disrupted. The animals showed a significant increase in percent survival compared to SOWgp-immune mice challenged with the parental strain. To explain these results, we proposed that retention of SOWgp on the surfaces of endospores of the mutant strain in the presence of high titers of antibody to the immunodominant antigen contributes to opsonization, increased phagocytosis, and killing of the fungal cells. In vitro studies of the interaction between a murine alveolar macrophage cell line and parasitic cells coated with SOWgp showed that the addition of anti-SOWgp antibody could enhance phagocytosis and killing of
Coccidioides
. We suggest that Mep1 plays a pivotal role as a pathogenicity determinant during coccidioidal infections and contributes to the ability of the pathogen to persist within the mammalian host.
Streptococcus iniae
Phosphoglucomutase Is a Virulence Factor and a Target for Vaccine Development
Authors: Buchanan John T. , Stannard Jason A. , Lauth Xavier , Ostland Vaughn E. , Powell Henry C. , Westerman Mark E. , Nizet Victor 
Published: September 2005

ABSTRACT

Streptococcus iniae
represents a major health and economic problem in fish species worldwide. Random Tn
917
mutagenesis and high-throughput screening in a hybrid striped bass (HSB) model of meningoencephalitis identified attenuated
S. iniae
mutants. The Tn
917
insertion in one mutant disrupted an
S. iniae
homologue of a phosphoglucomutase (
pgm
) gene. Electron microscopy revealed a decrease in capsule thickness and cell wall rigidity, with ΔPGM mutant cells reaching sizes ∼3-fold larger than those of the wild type (WT). The ΔPGM mutant was cleared more rapidly in HSB blood and was more sensitive to killing by cationic antimicrobial peptides including moronecidin from HSB. In vivo, the ΔPGM mutant was severely attenuated in HSB, as intraperitoneal challenge with 1,000 times the WT lethal dose produced only 2.5% mortality. Reintroduction of an intact copy of the
S. iniae pgm
gene on a plasmid vector restored antimicrobial peptide resistance and virulence to the ΔPGM mutant. In analysis of the aborted infectious process, we found that ΔPGM mutant organisms initially disseminated to the blood, brain, and spleen but were eliminated by 24 h without end organ damage. Ninety to 100% of fish injected with the ΔPGM mutant and later challenged with a lethal dose of WT
S. iniae
survived. We conclude that the
pgm
gene is required for virulence in
S. iniae
, playing a role in normal cell wall morphology, surface capsule expression, and resistance to innate immune clearance mechanisms. An
S. iniae
ΔPGM mutant is able to stimulate a protective immune response and may have value as a live attenuated vaccine for aquaculture.