bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A statistical framework for detection ofb-value anomalies in Italy
Authors: Lombardi Anna Maria 
Published: February 2024

SUMMARYThis study presents a new robust statistical framework, in which to measure relative differences, or deviations from a hypothetical reference value, of Gutenberg–Richter b-value. Moreover, it applies this method to recent seismicity in Italy, to find possible changes of earthquake magnitude distribution in time and space. The method uses bootstrap techniques, which have no prior assumptions about the distribution of data, keeping their basic features. Excluding Central Italy, no significative b-value variation is found, revealing that the frequency–magnitude distribution exponent is substantially stable or that data are not able to reveal hidden variations. Considering the small size of examined magnitude samples, we cannot definitively decide if the higher b-values in Central Italy, consistently founded by all applied tests, have a physical origin or result from a statistical bias. In any case, they indicate short-lived excursions which have a temporary nature and, therefore, cannot be associated solely to spatial variations in tectonic framework. Both the methodological issues and the results of the application to seismicity in Italy show that a correct assessing of b-value changes requests appropriate statistics, that accurately quantify the low accuracy and precision of b-value estimation for small magnitude samples.
Why do we use 100 mg of clofazimine in TB and NTM treatment?
Authors: van Ingen Jakko 
Published: February 2024

AbstractCurrent tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease guidelines recommend the use of clofazimine in a 100 mg once-daily dose. The rationale behind this exact dose is not provided.I performed a literature review to determine the reasoning behind the current dosing regimen. The current 100 mg once-daily dose of clofazimine stems from a deliberate attempt to find the minimum effective daily dose in leprosy treatment, driven by efficacy, economical and toxicity considerations.While this dose is safe, economical and practical, a higher dose with a loading phase may add relevant efficacy and treatment-shortening potential to both tuberculosis and non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease treatment. We need to revisit dose–response and maximum tolerated dose studies to get the best out of this drug, while continuing efforts to generate more active r-iminophenazine molecules that accumulate less in skin and intestinal tissues and have pharmacokinetic properties that do not require loading doses.
What is philosophy of education? Overlaps and contrasts between different conceptions
Authors: White John 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Various conceptions of philosophy of education have been mooted over the last sixty years. The paper looks at five of these, associated particularly with R. S. Peters, D. W. Hamlyn, David Bakhurst, Philip Kitcher, and Harvey Siegel. It shows differences and sometimes overlaps among these, to do with whether or not philosophy of education should be seen as a branch of philosophy, as central to philosophy as a whole, or as a form of applied philosophy. The paper puts most weight on the last of these while recognizing the importance of work on the enculturation of young human beings as exemplified in Hamlyn’s and Bakhurst’s writings.
The Dynamics of Generics
Authors: Kirkpatrick James Ravi 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
It is a familiar point that we can use generic sentences to express generalisations that are tolerant to exceptions and then go on to state those exceptions explicitly. It is a less familiar point that switching the order of the generics has deleterious effects on their felicity. For example, the sequences ‘Ravens are black, but albino ravens aren’t’ is perfectly felicitous and judged to be true, whereas its reverse ‘Albino ravens aren’t black, but ravens are’ is infelicitous and contradictory-sounding. This paper argues that such sequences pose a problem for extant theories of generics: while they have no trouble predicting the felicity of the first sequence of generics, they are unable to explain why reversing the order results in infelicity. I propose to account for these observations by adopting a dynamic semantic theory of generic sentences.
Characterization of the cryptic interspecific hybrid Lemna×mediterranea by an integrated approach provides new insights into duckweed diversity
Authors: Braglia Luca , Ceschin Simona , Iannelli M Adelaide , Bog Manuela , Fabriani Marco , Frugis Giovanna , Gavazzi Floriana , Gianì Silvia , Mariani Flaminia , Muzzi Maurizio , Pelella Emanuele , Morello Laura 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Lemnaceae taxonomy is challenged by the particular morphology of these tiny free-floating angiosperms. Although molecular taxonomy has helped clarify the phylogenetic history of this family, some inconsistency with morphological data leads to frequent misclassifications in the genus Lemna. Recently, the finding that Lemna japonica is an interspecific hybrid between Lemna minor and Lemna turionifera provided a clear explanation for one such taxonomic question. Here we demonstrated that L. minor is also capable of hybridizing with Lemna gibba, generating a cryptic but widespread taxon in the Mediterranean area. The nothotaxon Lemna ×mediterranea is described and compared with clones of the putative parental species L. minor and L. gibba. Genetic analysis by nuclear and plastid markers, as well as genome size measurement, revealed that two different cytotypes, diploid and triploid, originated by at least two independent hybridization events. Despite high overall similarity, morphometrical, physiological, and biochemical analyses showed an intermediate position of L. ×mediterranea between its parental species in most qualitative and quantitative characters, and also separation of the two hybrid cytotypes by some criteria. These data provide evidence that hybridization and polyploidization, driving forces of terrestrial plant evolution, contribute to duckweed genetic diversity and may have shaped the phylogenetic history of these mainly asexual, aquatic plants.
Hyperspectral imaging reveals small-scale water gradients in apple leaves due to minimal cuticle perforation by Venturia inaequalis conidiophores
Authors: Oerke Erich-Christian , Steiner Ulrike 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Effects of Venturia inaequalis on water relations of apple leaves were studied under controlled conditions without limitation of water supply to elucidate their impact on the non-haustorial biotrophy of this pathogen. Leaf water relations, namely leaf water content and transpiration, were spatially resolved by hyperspectral imaging and thermography; non-imaging techniques—gravimetry, a pressure chamber, and porometry—were used for calibration and validation. Reduced stomatal transpiration 3–4 d after inoculation coincided with a transient increase of water potential. Perforation of the plant cuticle by protruding conidiophores subsequently increased cuticular transpiration even before visible symptoms occurred. With sufficient water supply, cuticular transpiration remained at elevated levels for several weeks. Infections did not affect the leaf water content before scab lesions became visible. Only hyperspectral imaging was suitable to demonstrate that a decreased leaf water content was strictly limited to sites of emerging conidiophores and that cuticle porosity increased with sporulation. Microscopy confirmed marginal cuticle injury; although perforated, it tightly surrounded the base of conidiophores throughout sporulation and restricted water loss. The role of sustained redirection of water flow to the pathogen’s hyphae in the subcuticular space above epidermal cells, to facilitate the acquisition and uptake of nutrients by V. inaequalis, is discussed
Scaling responses
Authors: Streiner David L. , Norman Geoffrey R. , Cairney John 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents various ways of presenting the response options to the respondent. It begins by discussing why dichotomous responses (e.g. yes/no, true/false) are often inadequate. Different alternatives are discussed, including direct estimation methods (e.g. visual analogue scales, adjectival scales, Likert scales), comparative methods (e.g. paired comparisons, Guttman scaling), and econometric methods. It reviews some of the issues that need to be considered in writing the response options, such as whether one should use a unipolar or bipolar scale, how many steps there should be, and whether all the response options need to be labelled. It also covers what statistical tests can legitimately be used with scales. Finally, it compares ratings with rankings, and introduces the method of multidimensional scaling.
From items to scales
Authors: Streiner David L. , Norman Geoffrey R. , Cairney John 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses various issues that are involved in combining individual items to form a single scale. The topics covered include whether or not to weight each of the items to reflect its supposed importance. Another consideration is whether items should be weighted differently for each person based on their salience or importance to that individual. Related to this is ‘implicit’ weighting, where various subscales of an instrument have differing numbers of items. The chapter then discusses various ways of transforming the final score in order to normalize them. Finally, it describes different methods of setting cut points based on the distribution and expert judgement.
Validity
Authors: Streiner David L. , Norman Geoffrey R. , Cairney John 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In order for a scale to be useful, the user must be able to draw accurate conclusions about the presence or absence of the attribute being measured. This is the domain of validity. What validity is and how it is assessed has changed greatly since the 1960s, although many who develop or validate scales are unaware of this. This chapter discusses what is meant by validity and how it is assessed. The major points are that: (1) validity is not a property of the test, but may change depending on the sample and the conditions under which the test is given, and (2) there are not different ‘types’ of validity—they are all various aspects of construct validity. The chapter also describes different types of studies that can establish construct validity.
Measuring change
Authors: Streiner David L. , Norman Geoffrey R. , Cairney John 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Although the goal of many clinical assessments and research studies is to measure how much people change between two occasions, the measurement of change is fraught with conceptual and methodological difficulties. One of the difficulties is that there are (at least) two different reasons to measure change: to determine if intervention had any effect, and to identify the correlates of change. These two goals work against each other, because the former requires there to be little difference in the amount of change among people in the same group, while the latter depends on inter-individual differences. The chapter also discusses various biases that exist when people are asked directly how much they think they have changed. This chapter addresses the issues of the relationship of change to the reliability of the scale, difficulties of measuring change in experimental and quasi-experimental studies, and new approaches to measuring change, such as growth curve analysis.
Item response theory
Authors: Streiner David L. , Norman Geoffrey R. , Cairney John 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Since the 1960s, there has been a revolution in the approach to scale development. Called item response theory (IRT), this approach challenges the notion that scales must be long in order to be reliable, and that psychometric properties of a scale derived from one group of people cannot be applied to different groups. This chapter provides an introduction to IRT, and discusses how it can be used to develop scales and to shorten existing scales that have been developed using the more traditional approach of classical test theory. IRT also can result in scales that have interval level properties, unlike those derived from classical test theory. Further, it allows people to be compared to one another, even though they may have completed different items, allowing for computerized adaptive testing. The chapter concludes by discussing the advantages and disadvantages of IRT.
Ethical considerations
Authors: Streiner David L. , Norman Geoffrey R. , Cairney John 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Although studies of the psychometric properties of scales do not have the same ethical challenges as those involving interventions, there are still areas that researchers need to be sensitive to. These include issues such as informed consent, especially with vulnerable populations, and deception. This chapter also discusses confidentiality, and when this can be breached for legal reasons. It returns to the issue of consequential validity and the ethical issues that may arise when minority or disadvantaged groups attain scores that are different from those of the majority population. This chapter discusses these and other ethical problems that may arise within the context of developing and validating scales.
Emergencies in Supportive and Palliative Care
Authors: Currow David , Clark Katherine , Kleinig Paul 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Supportive and palliative care continues to evolve rapidly because of the increasing understanding of the pathophysiology of bodies under stress and the ability to intervene with less catabolic stress or other harms. This opens new ways of providing palliation for what were previously intractable problems. As such, there is a need to understand the role of focused history taking, careful physical examination, and the prognosis of the person. From this, the most appropriate support can be considered which may, at times, include interventions to address the underlying cause of the symptom, not simply the symptom alone. This book helps to guide each step when sudden or unexpected changes occur in a person’s condition. The book helps to frame thinking about the overall health of the person, their comorbidities, and their life expectancy before this change. With careful evaluation, a patient-centred approach can help to optimize the person’s outcomes, in line with their (informed) wishes.
Haematological disorders
Authors: Currow David , Clark Katherine , Kleinig Paul 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Haematological disorders may be the basis of the person’s life-limiting illness, but often accompany other illnesses. Bleeding or the threat of bleeding, and clotting both cause problems and, understandably, generate anxiety. It is often a very overt sign of someone’s illness. Similarly, uncontrolled sepsis can cause a rapid and irreversible decline in a person’s condition unless it is detected early. As such, this requires a very high index of suspicion in order to deliver the best outcomes to the person.
Unrelenting Insulin Release: Sulfonylurea/Meglitinide Overdose
Authors: Sheneman Matthew , Murray Brian P. , Carpenter Joseph E. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Sulfonylureas are a group of medications whose primary function is to combat elevated blood glucose levels in persons with type II diabetes mellitus (DM II). Sulfonylureas do this by increasing the release of the hormone insulin from the pancreatic beta cells, thus counteracting the decreased sensitivity to insulin seen in DM II. Sulfonylureas are oral medications that in overdose or in the setting of acute kidney injury and impaired renal clearance can cause refractory and profound hypoglycemia, which paradoxically can be made worse by dextrose administration. The antidote octreotide can antagonize the action of sulfonylureas, limiting insulin release and helping to restore euglycemia.
Don’t Lose Your Ear Over Cardiac Glycosides: Cardiac Glycoside Toxicity Management
Authors: Howell Marshall , Fahmy Girgis , Kiernan Emily 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Digoxin is a cardioactive glycoside derived from the naturally occurring compound digitoxin, which is found in the foxglove plant. Digoxin functions via blockade of the myocardial Na+-K+-ATPase and by increasing vagal tone, leading to positive inotropic effects and slowed AV nodal conduction. At therapeutic levels, digoxin can rate control atrial fibrillation and alleviate symptoms of congestive heart failure. In acute or chronic toxicity, mild symptoms begin with GI distress but may progress to lethargy, confusion, weakness, and color vision changes. In severe toxicity, digoxin causes derangement of intra- and extracellular potassium, calcium, and magnesium concentrations resulting in myocardial desensitization and potential for fatal tachy- or bradyarrhythmias. Toxic patients may be hemodynamically unstable, and definitive treatment is prompt administration of digoxin-specific Fab fragments.
GABA-B, the Forgotten Receptor Overlooked No More: Baclofen Overdose and Withdrawal
Authors: Hoffmann Nicholas , Bernstein Jay 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Baclofen, beta-chlorophenyl-GABA (Lioresal, Gablofen, Kemstro, Lyvispah, Ozobax), is the only commonly prescribed GABA-B agonist, used for muscle spasticity and pain caused by cerebral palsy, traumatic or ischemic neurologic injuries, multiple sclerosis, or other neurodegenerative disorders. It is commonly administered orally but can also be delivered intrathecally via a surgically implanted pump in patients 4 years of age or older for cases refractory to oral therapy. GABA-B receptors are widely expressed in the nervous tissue of the brain and spinal cord, and baclofen binds receptors with primarily inhibitory effects. As in any acute intoxication or withdrawal that presents to the ED, early airway protection and aggressive supportive care, a broad differential diagnosis, and identification of possible complicating factors are key to prevent morbidity and mortality. Being aware of nonconvulsive status epilepticus, underlying intrathecal pump infections, and the potential for prolonged CNS depression that can mimic brain death must be considered in baclofen overdose.
Is That Chest Pain a Heart Attack, or a Line of Cocaine? Managing Cocaine-Induced Chest Pain
Authors: Mansour Amir Jamal , Padmanabhan Pradeep , Assi Besher 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Cocaine is the second most commonly used illicit drug in the United States, only behind marijuana, with more than 5.5 million users. Cocaine exerts its effects via inhibition of monoamine reuptake at the synapse as well as sympathetic system activation. It is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis, vasospasm, and vasoconstriction of coronary arteries; worsens hypertension; and increases platelet aggregation, all of which can lead to chest pain and myocardial ischemia. The treatment of cocaine-associated chest pain is similar to patients with traditional cardiac risk factors other than the emphasis on the use of benzodiazepines, nitroprusside, and phentolamine as well as the avoidance of beta-blockers. Disposition of these patients can be challenging; recent literature has suggested better outcomes with observation for at least 9–12 hours along with serial troponins and ECGs to help guide decision-making in these patients.
The Shy Widow: Black Widow Envenomations
Authors: Eisenstat Matthew 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Latrodectus (black widow) envenomation, though rarely fatal, is a significant and painful event that emergency physicians should be knowledgeable about and comfortable with treating. Latrodectus species are ubiquitous in the United States and around the world. Bites may be difficult to detect and symptoms may be confused for other etiologies. Symptoms of envenomation include pain locally or systemically, muscle cramping, altered vital signs, nausea, vomiting, and more. Generally, treatment is supportive with pain medications; however, antivenom can be used in cases of refractory pain, hypertensive crisis, priapism, or pregnancy with evidence of fetal distress. Patients with symptoms of envenomation are likely to have resolution of their symptoms in 24–48 hours.
Cancer Caregiving and Meaning: Identity—Before and after Becoming a Cancer Caregiver
Authors: Applebaum Allison J. , Breitbart William S. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The second session of Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy for Cancer Caregivers focuses on the ways that the constructs of identity and meaning are connected. The main goal for Session 2 is to explore the topic of Caregiving and Meaning and the guiding theme, Identity—Before and after Becoming a Cancer Caregiver. Through an exploration of caregivers’ sense of identify before and after assuming the caregiving role, the session highlights the mutable and enduring aspects of identity in the context of caregiving. By the end of Session 2, caregivers will have an understanding of their authentic sense of identity, and the ways their identity has been shaped by caregiving.
Caregiver Workbook
Authors: Applebaum Allison J. , Breitbart William S. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The Meaning-Centered Psychotherapy for Cancer Caregivers (MCP-C) Caregiver Workbook is meant to be used by cancer caregivers engaging in the therapist-guided MCP-C sessions. The workbook provides caregivers with all the tools and handouts that are needed to get the most out of each of the seven sessions of MCP-C, including all seven experiential exercises, as well as handouts to facilitate work on the Self-Care and Legacy Projects. While the material included in the Caregiver Workbook can be helpful when used on its own by caregivers, it is most beneficial to use as a compliment to the sessions provided by MCP-C-trained therapists.
Identifying heavy stellar black holes at cosmological distances with next-generation gravitational-wave observatories
Authors: Fairhurst Stephen , Mills Cameron , Colpi Monica , Schneider Raffaella , Sesana Alberto , Trinca Alessandro , Valiante Rosa 
Published: February 2024

ABSTRACT
We investigate the detectability of single-event coalescing black hole binaries with total mass of $100\!-\!600{\, {\rm {M}}_{\odot }}$ at cosmological distances (5 ≲ z ≲ 20) with the next generation of terrestrial gravitational wave observatories, specifically Einstein Telescope and Cosmic Explorer. Our ability to observe these binaries is limited by the low-frequency performance of the detectors. Higher order multipoles of the gravitational wave signal are observable in these systems, and detection of such multipoles serves to both extend the mass range over which black hole binaries are observable and improve the recovery of their individual masses and redshift. For high-redshift systems of $\sim 200 {\, {\rm {M}}_{\odot }}$ we will be able to confidently infer that the redshift is at least z = 12, and for systems of $\sim 400 {\, {\rm {M}}_{\odot }}$ we can infer a minimum redshift of at least z = 8. We discuss the impact that these observations will have in narrowing uncertainties on the existence of the pair-instability mass gap, and their implications on the formation of the first stellar black holes that could be seeds for the growth of supermassive black holes powering high-z quasars.