bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Congenital defects in guinea pigs: Fetal resorptions, abortions, and malformations following induced hyperthermia during early gestation
Authors: Edwards M. J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractHyperthermia was induced in guinea pigs for 1 hour daily on eight, four, or two occasions on days 4–32 of gestation. Maternal core temperature was elevated for about 90 minutes during and after each exposure and the mean maximum elevation was approximately 3.6°C above normal. There was little effect on gestation or fetal development of treatment during days 4–11 of pregnancy. Fetal resorption occurred following exposure on days 11–15 and abortion was common following exposure on days 15–18. Developmental abnormalities were noted in newborn offspring following heat treatment during days 11–32 and were most common after exposure on days 18–25. Microphthalmia and coloboma followed exposure during the earlier part of this period and micrencephaly during days 15–27. Cataract, exomphalos, talipes, abnormalities of bone development, incisor teeth, and digits of the forelimbs, and renal agenesis occurred in various frequencies particularly following exposure on days 18–25. Amyoplasia affecting muscles of the neck, forelimbs, thorax, and abdomen, which was associated with reduced size of the cervical and thoracic spinal cord, followed exposure on days 26–31. The techniques used to induce hyperthermia are described and possible adverse effects of hyperthermia on fetal development are discussed.
Evaluation of the prenatal effects of massive doses of insulin in rats
Authors: Ream John R. , Weingarten Peter L. , Pappas Arthur M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPregnant rats were injected intraperitoneally with large doses of insulin. Controls were given intraperitoneal saline. Rats allowed food ad libitum maintained lowered blood‐sugar levels and did not go into hypoglycemic shock; fasted rats died. Fifty‐four rats produced 532 fetuses, gross and microscopic examination of which revealed no skeletal or other abnormalities. Some implications are discussed.
The effect of trypan blue on expressivity of the brachyury gene, “T,” in mice
Authors: Hamburgh Dr. Max , Herz Ronald , Landa George 
Published: June 2005

AbstractMale mice heterozygous for the brachy gene (T/+) were mated to Swiss albino females. On day 8 of pregnancy the females were injected with 0.2 ml of 1% trypan blue solution. A control group consisted of Swiss albino females mated to +/+ males and injected with trypan blue on day 8 of gestation. Trypan blue produced taillessness in all heterozygous (T/+) offspring, while +/+ offspring had no major tail abnormalities.
Organ culture of limb buds from riboflavindeficient and normal rat embryos in normal and riboflavindeficient media
Authors: Shepard Thomas H. , Bass Glenda L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractEmbryonic limb cultures from control and riboflavin‐deficient galactoflavin‐treated rats were explanted on gestation day 12.5 and grown in vitro for seven days. The riboflavin‐deficient limb buds failed to grow in riboflavin‐deficient medium but exhibited near‐normal protein synthesis and increase in size in medium supplemented with riboflavin. The growth of control limb buds was not impaired by exposure to deficient medium. The conclusion is that the major mechanism for production of limb defects functions at a local cell level rather than these resulting from physiologic impairment of the embryo.
Teratogenic compounds in Veratrum californicum (Durand). IX. Structure‐activity relation
Authors: Keeler Richard F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe structures and configurations of three naturally occurring steroidal alkaloid teratogens from Veratrum californicum that induce cyclopia in sheep have been elucidated. The probable teratogenic structural requirements were examined in light of known structural and configurational information on active and nonactive compounds. Methods are proposed that will enable elucidation of the precise structural requirements for this teratogenic effect.
Epidemiological Observations on bovine viral diarrhea‐mucosal disease virus‐induced congenital cerebellar hypoplasia and ocular defects in calves
Authors: Kahrs Robert F. , Scott Fredric W. , de Lahunta Alexander 
Published: June 2005

AbstractCongenital cerebellar hypoplasia occurred in five calves in two New York State dairy herds in which bovine viral diarrhea‐mucosal disease occurred while the dams were pregnant. Clinical and serological evidence linked the virus infection with the anomalies. The dams of the calves were estimated to have been infected between days 102 and 183 of pregnancy.
Teratogenic effects of direct injection of aqueous and protein‐bound trypan blue into the bloodstream of 3‐day chick embryos
Authors: Kaplan Stanley , Johnson E. Marshall 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTo test the direct teratogenic effects of trypan blue in chick embryos 1 μl of 0.1% dye (dissolved in isotonic saline or 9‐day chick embryonic serum) was injected into the vitelline veins at 72 hours of incubation. It was carried from the injection site into the embryonic circulation within seconds after injection. The types and sites of abnormalities produced were noted 1 day later. Of the various types of controls, 65% were normal, 18% died within 1 day of treatment, and 17% had abnormalities. None among the experimental specimens was normal, 62% died within 1 day of treatment, and 38% had abnormalities. In all groups the malformations consisted of hematomas of the head, caudal region or both. Trypan blue caused more deaths when administered in serum than in saline.
Attempts to isolate H‐1 virus from spontaneous human abortions: A negative report
Authors: Newman Stephen J. , McCallin Paul F. , Sever John L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractIn previous studies the H‐1 virus was reported to have been isolated from up to 20% of human tumors, placentas, and embryos. In the present investigation no H‐1 virus could be recovered from 50 spontaneous human abortions. None of the sera that were available from the gravid women had detectable hemagglutination‐inhibiting antibody to H‐1 or RV virus. The relation of H‐1 virus to human abortions and other human disease remains in question.
Postnatal effects on some behavioral and neural parameters in mice treated with β‐2‐thienylalanine in utero
Authors: Capobianco John O. , Beck Sidney L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractA genetically heterogeneous group of pregnant mice from a fourway outcross of C3H/HeH, CBA/Gr, A/Gr, and C57BL/Gr strains was treated by ip injections of 40, 60, or 70 mg of β‐2‐thienylalanine on each of days 10, 11, and 12 of gestation. Significant differences in brain and body weights were observed in their progeny at 23 days postnatal when compared with solvent‐treated controls. Brain weight of experimental animals was significantly decreased, whereas body weight was significantly increased. Experimental animals had a significantly higher frequency of sound‐induced seizures at 23 days than did untreated controls but not significantly higher than solvent‐treated controls.
Chromosomal breakage and teratogenesis
Authors: Roux C. , Emerit I. , Taillemite J. L. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe teratogenic and cytogenetic effects of three substances — thalidomide, rubidomycin, and trypan blue — were studied. For teratogenic studies fetuses were examined at the end of pregnancy. For cytogenetic studies chromosome‐breaking properties of the substances were first tested in vitro, on human blood cultures. Next, in vivo studies were performed (1) on the blood (rats) or bone marrow (rabbits) of treated pregnant females and (2) in embryos examined 2 hours after the last application of the substance tested. A significant increase of chromosomal anomalies was found in the embryos in the three experiments. The possible causal relation between the teratogenic and cytogenetic effects is discussed.
Spontaneous congenital limb malformations in nonhuman primates: A review of the literature
Authors: Morris Laura Newell 
Published: June 2005

AbstractOccurrence of split hand and foot anomaly in two male Macacamulatta at the Regional Primate Research Center, University of Washington, prompted a survey of the literature pertinent to limb abnormalities among nonhuman primates. In some primate populations the incidence of limb abnormalities is significantly higher than in human populations. The etiology of the abnormalities is uncertain and genetic and nongenetic factors may be responsible. Differential mortality and fertility rates are inconclusive; population and pedigreestudies are needed to determine their etiology and possible significance for understanding primate evolution.
Effects of 5 days of hypoxia on the blood of chick embryos
Authors: Ackerman Neil R. , Ramm Gordon M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractChick embryos of 2–14 days of age were incubated in 13% oxygen for 5 days. Experimental embryos demonstrated lowered red blood cell levels, enhanced mean erythrocyte volumes, greater percentages of immature red blood cell stages, and depressed embryonic weights and stages when compared with their controls. Generally, embryos older than 13 days at the termination of the hypoxic incubation were less affected by the low oxygen treatment than younger ones.
Umbilical vein entering the right atrium: Comments on a previously reported human case
Authors: Monie I. W. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractAn abnormal umbilical vein that terminated in the right atrium, which was described by Mende in 1826, is considered to be an example of persistence of the right umbilical vein in man. A similar abnormality has been found in rat fetuses following the administration of certain teratogens to females during pregnancy.
Urogenital abnormalities produced in rat fetuses with chlorcyclizine
Authors: Auerbach Carol , Barrow Mark V. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractChlorcyclizine was given to pregnant rats in daily doses of 60 or 80 mg/kg on days 12‐16 of gestation. The lower dose induced hydronephrosis and hydroureter in 37% of fetuses and undescended testes in 55% of the males whereas at the higher dose only 4% were hydronephrotic although 100% of the males were cryptorchid. Histological examination revealed the hydronephrosis and hydroureter to be secondary to either ureteral aplasia or persistence of the ureteropelvic membrane. The same membrane was observed in fetuses exposed to the higher dose although hydronephrosis was infrequent in these animals. Sections revealed dysplasia, tubular disorganization, and increased connective tissue in most kidneys from fetuses treated with the higher dose. A hypothesis to explain these findings is that the ureteropelvic membrane or atresia is present at both doses but urine production is reduced at the higher dose and thus no hydronephrosis results.
Distribution and metabolism of triamcinolone acetonide in mice sensitive to its teratogenic effects
Authors: Zimmerman Ernest F. , Bowen Donna 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSince glucocorticoids cause a high frequency of cleft palate in the A/J mouse strain the distribution of labeled triamcinolone acetonide and the presence of its metabolites in embryos and pregnant females were investigated. 3H‐Triamcmolone acetonide (5 mg/kg) was primarily excreted by the females through the enterohepatic circulation. Organic‐solvent extraction and subsequent thin‐layer chromatography revealed at least six metabolites, plus 38‐50% of unmetabolized drug, in maternal liver; however, only about 9% of unmetabolized steroid was present in bile. After 0.5 hr of administration of a dose of labeled triamcinolone acetonide causing 100% cleft palate practically all the radioactivity in embryos and placentas was unmetabolized drug, embryo concentration being 1 × 10−6 M. Thereafter, the concentration of drug in embryos and placentas fell markedly. It is concluded that triamcinolone acetonide and not its metabolites is the teratogenic agent.
Skeletal defects in embryonic chicks induced by administration of beta‐aminopropionitrile
Authors: Hall B. K. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTeratogenic skeletal defects were produced when beta‐amino‐propionitrile (BAPN) was injected onto the chorioallantoic membrane of 7‐day chick embryos at doses between 0.156 and 1.25 mg BAPN/embryo. The mandible became bent and buckled, the upper jaw shortened, and the tibia and fibula bent into an S‐shaped configuration. Apparently the weakened bone was unable to withstand normal growth pressures. Massive osteogenesis was initiated on the concave surface of the bent tibia forming an exostosis. The histology and histochemistry of these bones were described.
Isolated cleft palate in mice after transportation during gestation
Authors: Brown K. S. , Johnston M. C. , Niswander J. D. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSubjecting pregnant mice to a 48‐hour transportation process during the 5 days of gestation prior to embryonic palate closure increased the frequency of isolated cleft palate (CP) in the fetuses examined just before delivery. The increase in CP rate was dependent on the mouse strain and the time of gestation during which transportation was carried out. Fourteen litters of A/J mice shipped on day 13 had 27% CP and 15% when shipment was made as early as day 10. In 14 litters of DBA/2J shipped day 13 there was 3% CP whereas ten litters of C57BL/6J and five litters of CBA/J shipped on day 13 had no CP. In ten litters of C3H/J shipped on day 12 there was one CP and none in ten litters shipped on days 13 or 14. The rank of relative CP susceptibility in the strains was the same as that produced by cortisone injection. This relation is interpreted in terms of interaction between variable maternal blood corticosterone levels in response to “stress” and variable fetal teratologic responsiveness.
The effects of various levels of dietary protein on retinoic acid‐induced teratogenicity in rats
Authors: Nolen Granville A. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe teratogenic effects of single oral doses of 10 mg/kg retinoic acid given on day 9 of pregnancy was compared in rats fed 2.5, 5, 10, 20, or 30% dietary protein. Low levels of dietary protein alone did not affect reproduction and were not frankly teratogenic, but did retard skeletal ossification in fetuses of females fed 2.5% protein. Fetal growth was depressed in the groups fed 2.5, 5, or 10% protein. In rats treated with retinoic acid the resorption rate and the incidence of defective fetuses was increased by protein deficiencies. Serum analyses on gestation days 3, 9, and 21 revealed significantly lower BUN levels on days 9 and 21 in females fed 2.5 or 5% protein compared to those fed 20 or 30% protein, but the total proteins and albumin were not lower in these two groups until day 21. The administration of retinoic acid increased the level of protein in sera and livers and decreased the level of liver lipids in rats fed the lower levels of dietary protein, indicating that the retinoic acid increased protein synthesis.
The incidence of congenital malformations in a Chinese population: The Taipei collaborative study
Authors: Emanuel Irvin , Huang Shih‐Wen , Gutman Laura T. , Yu Fu‐Chi , Lin Chia‐Chin 
Published: June 2005

AbstractData are presented from an epidemiological survey of congenital malformations in 25,814 consecutive single and multiple births occurring in six hospitals in Taipei, Taiwan. All malformed babies were examined by at least one of four study physicians. The malformation rate was 13.23/1000 total single births, and ranged from 8.66 to 20.27/1000 births in the six hospitals. There also was significant interhospital variation in fetal death rate early neonatal death rate, and rate of multiple births. No significantly greater incidence of malformations in twins than nontwins was noted. Compared to other populations there were intermediate rates of anencephaly (1.17/1000 births), low rates of spina bifida (0.16/1000) and hydrocephalus (0.35/1000), and high rates of cleft lip with or without cleft palate (1.92/1000), radial polydactyly (1.02/1000), osteogenesis imperfecta (0.16/1000), and conjoined twins (1 in 6454 births). Methodological problems of incidence studies of congenital malformations are discussed.
Effects of methylmercury on prenatal development in mice
Authors: Spyker Joan M. , Smithberg Morris 
Published: June 2005

AbstractSingle doses (2, 4, or 8 mg/kg) of methylmercury dicyandiamide (MMD) were given ip to 129/SvS1 and A/J pregnant mice on days 6‐13 of gestation and fetuses were examined on day 15 or 18. Results indicated that MMD (1) retarded growth in both strains; (2) retarded stage of development in 129s; (3) was embryolethal and teratogenic (brain, palate, or facial defects) in 129s when administered on days 9‐13 but not on days 6‐8; (4) was not embryolethal in As; and (5) was teratogenic (palate and jaw defects) in As when injected on days 9‐13. All of the quantities measured were found to vary with day of treatment, dose, and strain.
The distribution of hydrocortisone‐14C, corticosterone‐14C, and deoxycorticosterone‐14C in pregnant mice
Authors: Waddell William J. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe distributions of the glucocorticoid hydrocortisone‐14C and the mineralocorticoid deoxycorticosterone‐14C were compared with that of the natural murine hormone corticosterone‐14C by whole‐body autoradiography in pregnant A/J mice at 12.5 days of gestation. The patterns of distribution were similar for the three compounds. At 3 h after injection the highest concentrations of radioactivity were in maternal liver, bile, intestinal contents, kidney, and urine and uterine luminal fluid. Radioactivity in embryos was less than that in most maternal tissues. Embryonic brain had a slightly higher content and the embryonic palatal buds no higher amount of radioactivity than other embryonic tissues. The intense accumulation in the uterine lumen after all of the compounds suggests a secretory mechanism by the yolk sac that is not specific for a particular steroid.
The teratogenic activity of α thalidomide analogue, EM12, in rabbits, rats, and monkeys
Authors: Schumacher Herbert J. , Terapane John , Jordan Robert L. , Wilson James G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractABSTRACT The teratogenic activity of a stable analogue of thalidomide, 2(2,6‐dioxopiperiden‐2‐yl)‐phthalimidine (EM12), has been compared in monkeys, rabbits, and rats. After oral administration of 25‐250 mg/kg, EM12 was teratogenic in monkeys and rabbits but only slightly so in rats. After iv injection of the compound dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide and water, teratogenic effects were observed both in offspring of rabbits and rats receiving doses of 10 mg/kg. The malformations observed in monkeys and rabbits were identical with those observed after thalidomide treatment, but those in rats were not the typical thalidomide‐type deformities.
Teratogenic drug screening. Present procedures and requirements
Authors: Tuchmann‐Duplessis H. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractThe basic principles of teratogenic drug testing are similar to those underlying the detection of toxic actions in adults. The greatest drawback in predicting from experimental data the effects of drugs on man lies in the different reactions among species. Consequently the selection of animal species for teratogenic drug testing is extensively discussed. Rodents should not be abandoned for drug testing as long it is not established that embryos of other animal species react more like human embryos. Drug testing also reveals that a large variety of mechanisms can be implicated in the production of developmental defects.
Correlation of chick embryo teratogenicity with the nicotinic activity of a series of tetrahydropyrimidines
Authors: Upshall D. G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractNicotine, anabasine, nornicotine, β‐nicotyrine, and 34 substituted 1,4,5,6‐tetrahydropyrimidines, 2‐imidazolines, and 4,5,6,7‐tetrahydro‐1, H‐l, 3‐diazepines were injected into the yolk sac of chick eggs on day 4 of incubation at a dose of 1 or 2.5 mg/egg. The embryopathic results were compared with toxicological and pharmacological data and chemical structure. Abnormalities were similar to those induced by nicotine and anabasine but only compounds with nicotinic activity, as measured on the chick spinalis muscle, were teratogenic. All but one of the teratogenic compounds were 2‐pyridylsubstituted, and in this series teratogenic and nicotinic potency decreased in the order 3′‐>4′‐>2′‐pyridyl. There was a highly significant negative correlation between spine length and nicotinic potency of the compounds.
Effects of hyperoxia on chick embryos injected with trypan blue
Authors: Hoffman David J. , Ramm Gordon M. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTen‐day chick embryos (1) received yolk‐sac injections of 0.1 ml of 1.5% trypan blue in sterile saline, (2) were placed into a hyperoxic environ‐ment of 45% oxygen, or (3) were exposed to trypan blue plus hyperoxia, and examined 5 h later. Hyperoxia virtually eliminated trypan blue‐induced mortality and caused considerable reduction in the appearance of hemorrhages. Blood pH and plasma glucose and potassium concentrations remained relatively stable, compared to embryos not subjected to hyperoxia. Embryonic wet weight, how‐ever, increased. It is suggested that hyperoxia functioned protectively by either (1) acting against electron transport inhibition or (2) permitting the normal passage of oxygen to lysosomes.
Congenital malformations of the central nervous system in rats produced by maternal zinc deficiency
Authors: Warkany Josef , Petering Harold G. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractTeratogenic effects of maternal zinc deficiency in rats have been observed, confirming previous reports. The deficient diet differed in several re‐spects from that used by Hurley and coworkers but the results were essentially the same. Special attention was given to malformations of the central nervous system and to tissue anomalies not recognizable by gross inspection of the fetuses.
The effects on mouse development of interactions of 5‐fluorouracil with Strong's luxoid gene and its plus and minus modifiers
Authors: Forsthoefel Paulinus F. 
Published: June 2005

AbstractPregnant females of five lines of mice selected for plus‐ and minus‐modifying genes of the limb‐skeleton effects of Strong's luxoid gene (lst) were each injected ip on days 8–11 of gestation with a single dose of 0.25, 0.50, or 0.75 mg of 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU). The incidence and degree of expression of effects (cleft palate, neural hernia, eye defects, radial and tibial hemimelia, polydactyly, ectrodactyly, tail kinks, etc) varied according to the day of injection, dose of 5‐FU, genotype of the embryo ( + / +, + lst, lst/lst), and residual genotype (plus‐ or minus‐modifying genes of lst). 5‐FU increased the expression of the effects of lst on the skeleton. This action of 5‐FU was inhibited by minus and promoted by plus‐modifying genes of lst. Thus, 5‐FU and 1st may affect skeleton development in similar ways.