bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is sustainable development based on agriculture attainable in Kenya? A multidisciplinary case study of Murang'a district
Authors: Ekbom A. , Knutsson P. , Ovuka M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractKenya's development seems trapped in a vicious circle caused by soil erosion, declining soil fertility, land fragmentation, fluctuating agricultural production, widespread poverty, corruption, ethnic tension, rapid population, urban growth and a declining economy. The development challenge is to reverse the negative effects of these processes and promote sustainable development. This paper, based on multidisciplinary work discusses whether sustainable development based on agriculture is attainable in Murang'a district in Kenya's Central Highlands. Firstly, it investigates some biophysical aspects of sustainable agriculture such as land use across time, soil nutrient status and yield, cultivated crops and soil productivity by analysing aerial photographs and soil samples and conducting interviews. It suggests that the area has gone through major biophysical changes. Second, it relates the farmers' attitude to promotion of sustainable development as carried out by the National Soil and Water Conservation Programme. It suggests that farmers carry ideas of corruption, often following ethnic lines that hampers efficient implementation of the extension advise. Finally, it identifies links behind rural‐urban migration by estimating households' probability of generating incomes outside the farm, typically in urban areas. Opportunistic farming, manifested by temporary reduction of farming on own land to satisfy immediate income needs, is very common among farmers.More needs to be done to promote agro‐based, small‐scale rural industries, improve agricultural management practices, facilitate appropriate credits, enhance marketing opportunities, ensure timely crop payments, and increase participation in decision making. It is important to realize that for farmers to embrace policies which promote agriculturely‐based sustainable development the policies ought to biophysically possible, socio‐politically acceptable and economically feasible. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fallow cultivation system and farmers' resource management in Niger, West Africa
Authors: Wezel A. , Haigis J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA survey was carried out in 136 farm‐households from seven villages in 1995 and 1996 to analyse the traditional fallow cultivation system in Niger. Farmers were asked to give information about land use on their fields, focusing on cropping and fallow periods as well as on cultivation changes compared to the past. In addition, they were interviewed about their management strategies to maintain or improve soil fertility.Millet‐based systems clearly dominate at all sites, either in pure form or intercropped with cowpea, groundnut, sorghum or roselle. At present, almost half of all farmers cultivate their fields on average up to 5 years until it is left fallow. About one‐third use their fields permanently. Most farmers use short fallow periods of 1 to 5 years. Moreover, there was a decrease in the cropping area left fallow, and the fallow period also decreased steadily in the past years. In the mid‐1970s the average fallow period was about 8 years, decreasing to 2.5 years in 1996. The actual fallow periods are too short to allow sufficient positive effects on soil fertility and farmers are aware of this problem. Consequently, farmers employ different fertilization techniques which aim at maintaining or restoring the soil nutrient pool of the fields while providing physical protection against wind and water erosion. Most farmers use animal manure to improve soil fertility and apply mulch from different sources, millet stalks and branches, for soil regeneration. Few farmers employ other strategies such as mineral fertilizer or planting pits.The farmers try to optimize the use of internal and external resources resulting in a mixture of different fertilization and soil protection methods. Internal resources play by far the most important role. Due to the generally limited resource availability farmers concentrate their management efforts on certain areas within each field or on selected fields only. This means a decreased crop production for the individual household and a higher risk of soil degradation because of soil mining or increased erosion risk on the field area where soil fertility management cannot be practised. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photo‐induced cytomorphologic changes in an advanced cancer phase I clinical trial
Authors: Santana‐Blank Luis A. , Rodríguez‐Santana Elizabeth , Vargas Fernando , Santana‐Rodríguez Karin E. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate whether the application of an Infrared Pulsed Laser Device (IPLD) photo‐induced significant cytomorphologic changes during the monitoring of advanced cancer patients participating in a phase I clinical trial.Materials and MethodsPatients were irradiated with an IPLD (904 nm pulsed at 3 MHz) under a one‐dose, one‐schedule, and one‐procedure design. Total daily dose consisted of a Radiant Exposure of 4.5 × 105 J/m2. Thirty‐one tissue samples from eleven patients with progressive solid neoplastic diseases (TNM IV, UICC) were obtained at three intervals: Time 0 (15–90 days pre‐treatment, n = 11); Time I (2–5 months post‐treatment; n = 11); Time II (6–12 months post‐treatment, n = 09). Three blinded pathologists evaluated samples; scores were determined by consensus. Data were evaluated by using the Wilcoxon matched‐pairs signed‐rank test and Spearman rank correlation coefficient. The level of statistical significance was α = 0.05.ResultsIncreased apoptosis (Time I, P < 0.003; Time II, P < 0.007), necrosis (Time I, NS; Time II, P < 0.01), cytoplasmic vacuoles (Time I, P < 0.03; Time II, P < 0.02), and nuclear vacuoles (Time I, NS; Time II, P < 0.01), reduced cell size (Time I, P < 0.007; Time II, P < 0.01) and intercellular adhesion (Time I, P < 0.01; Time II, P < 0.02) were present in neoplastic cells after IPLD treatment. No apparent changes were noted in non‐neoplastic cells. The Spearman rank correlation coefficient between apoptosis, necrosis, nuclear vacuoles, cytoplasmatic vacuoles, intercellular adhesion, and cell size was positive and highly significant (P < 0.006).ConclusionsAlthough further research is necessary, our preliminary results support the novel possibility that the IPLD photo‐induces chaotic dynamics that modulate complex physiologically reparative bioeffects. Lasers Surg. Med. 30:18–25, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
830‐nm irradiation increases the wound tensile strength in a diabetic murine model*
Authors: Stadler Istvan , Lanzafame Raymond J. , Evans Ryan , Narayan Vikram , Dailey Brian , Buehner Norene , Naim John O. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of low‐power laser irradiation on wound healing in genetic diabetes.Study Design/Materials and MethodsFemale C57BL/Ksj/db/db mice received 2 dorsal 1 cm full‐thickness incisions and laser irradiation (830 nm, 79 mW/cm2, 5.0 J/cm2/wound). Daily low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) occurred over 0–4 days, 3–7 days, or nonirradiated. On sacrifice at 11 or 23 days, wounds were excised, and tensile strengths were measured and standardized.ResultsNontreated diabetic wound tensile strength was 0.77 ± 0.22 g/mm2 and 1.51 ± 0.13 g/mm2 at 11 and 23 days. After LLLT, over 0–4 days tensile strength was 1.15 ± 0.14 g/mm2 and 2.45 ± 0.29 g/mm2 (P = 0.0019). Higher tensile strength at 23 days occurred in the 3‐ to 7‐day group (2.72 ± 0.56 g/mm2 LLLT vs. 1.51 ± 0.13 g/mm2 nontreated; P ≤ 0.01).ConclusionLow‐power laser irradiation at 830 nm significantly enhances cutaneous wound tensile strength in a murine diabetic model. Further investigation of the mechanism of LLLT in primary wound healing is warranted. Lasers Surg. Med. 28:220–226, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microleakage of composite fillings in Er,Cr:YSGG laser‐prepared class II cavities
Authors: Gutknecht Norbert , Apel Christian , Schäfer Christine , Lampert Friedrich 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectiveIf there is insufficient bonding to the enamel, the shrinkage of composites that occurs during polymerization can result in a gap between the filling material and the cavity wall. This gap permits the passage of bacteria or their metabolic products and also of various molecules and ions. This leads to hypersensitivity or secondary caries and is thus one of the causes of the failures encountered in composite restorations. The aim of this study was to examine the quality of the margins of composite fillings in Er,Cr:YSGG laser‐prepared cavities by means of dye penetration. The results were compared with those of restoration in conventionally prepared and conditioned cavities.Study Design/Materials and MethodsTo this end, 45 class II cavities in extracted molars were prepared. The teeth were divided into three groups. The first group served as a control group. The cavities were prepared in the classical manner by using a diamond, beveled and subsequently conditioned by the etching method. In group 2, the cavities were prepared and conditioned exclusively with the Er,Cr:YSGG laser. In group 3, laser preparation was supplemented by conditioning of the cavity with phosphoric acid.ResultsNo significant difference could be found between the classical preparation technique in combination with etching and the laser preparation method with supplementary etching (group 3). The degree of dye penetration was highest in the group undergoing laser‐prepared restoration without additional etching (group 2) (Wilcoxon test, P < 0.017).ConclusionsAlthough it was found in previous studies that there is no significant difference between bond strength of acid etched enamel and Er,Cr:YSGG laser etched enamel, the dye penetration rate differs. On the basis of the results of our study, the additional use of etching after Er,Cr:YSGG laser preparation is recommended as it is used in the classical cavity preparation technique. Lasers Surg. Med. 28:371–374, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Signal transduction pathways involved in low intensity He–Ne laser‐induced respiratory burst in bovine neutrophils: A potential mechanism of low intensity laser biostimulation
Authors: Duan Rui , Liu Timon Cheng‐Yi , Li Yan , Guo Hong , Yao Li‐Bo 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and Objective:Low intensity He–Ne laser irradiation has been reported to induce respiratory burst of neutrophils for a long time, but the mechanism remains obscure. We speculated that it is mediated by some signal transduction pathways.Study Design/Materials and Methods:The protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) inhibitor, genistein, the phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor, U‐73122, and the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor, calphostin C, were used to probe signal transduction pathways of respiratory burst of bovine neutrophils which were induced by He–Ne laser at a dose of 300 J/m2, respectively.Results:The inhibitor of PTKs can completely inhibit the He–Ne laser‐induced respiratory burst of neutrophils. PLC and PKC inhibitors can obviously reduce it, but not fully inhibit it.Conclusion:These results suggest that PTKs play a key role in the He–Ne laser‐induced respiratory burst of neutrophils and [PTK–PLC–PKC–NADPH oxidase] signal transduction pathways may be involved in this process. Lasers Surg. Med. 29:174–178, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of taxonomic and goal‐derived product categorization in, within, and across category judgments
Authors: Felcher E. Marla , Malaviya Prashant , Mcgill Ann L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractConsumers can face two types of judgment and choice situations: They may be considering products that are classified in a single product category, or products that may belong to several different product categories. This article compares these within‐ and across‐category judgments on the basis of the distinction between taxonomic and goal‐derived categorization. The first study examines how products that belong to taxonomic and goal‐derived categories are represented in memory. The findings support the view that taxonomic categories differ from goal‐derived categories in terms of the ease with which the features shared between members of the category are accessible and the type of features that are used to represent the members. In turn, these differences influence consumer beliefs, judgments, and choice sets when consumers make within‐ and across‐category product comparisons. A second study examines how consumers' familiarity with consumption situations influences the construction of choice sets. Results indicate that as familiarity with consumption situations increases, consumers construct more narrowly defined, within‐category choice sets, whereas in less‐familiar situations consumers construct broader, across‐category choice sets. The implication of these findings on marketing action is discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Time, consumption, and the older consumer: An interpretive study of the cognitively young
Authors: Szmigin Isabelle , Carrigan Marylyn 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis interpretive study of eight cognitively young older consumers explores how they perceive time, how they use their time, and how this affects their consumption activities. The authors review how time has been examined in consumer research and apply their findings to previous approaches to understanding time consumption. These cognitively young older consumers were found to be actively involved in the world, having a number of demands and obligations. They were still very much part of today's material world and had a strong future orientation. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Resistance of primary cultured mouse hepatic tumor cells to cellular senescence despite expression of p16Ink4a, p19Arf, p53, and p21Waf1/Cip1
Authors: Obata Masahiko , Imamura Emi , Yoshida Yukinori , Goto Junichi , Kishibe Kan , Yasuda Atsumi , Ogawa Katsuhiro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPrimary cultured mouse hepatic cells become senescent within a short period, although rare cells form colonies from which continuously proliferating cell lines can be established. In contrast, hepatic tumor (HT) cells show little senescence and higher colony‐forming capacity. To assess this difference, we investigated p16Ink4a/p19Arf/p53/p21Waf1/Cip1 expression in primary normal and HT cells, together with cell lines established from both. In primary normal cells, p16Ink4a/p19Arf were expressed only in association with senescence and disappeared at later stages of colony formation. In contrast, primary HT cells showed sustained p16Ink4a/p19Arf expression from the beginning. No p16Ink4a/p19Arf alterations, such as deletion, mutations, or hypermethylation, were detected in the primary HT cells, although most cell lines derived from either normal or HT cell colonies lost p16Ink4a or p19Arf expression owing to hypermethylation or homozygous deletion of p16Ink4a/p19Arf. On the other hand, primary normal and HT cells and most cell lines showed constitutively elevated expression of p53/p21Waf1/Cip1, with a further increment after ultraviolet ir‐radiation, indicating a functionally normal p53 pathway. These results indicate that primary HT cells are resistant to senescence despite retaining p16Ink4a/p19Arf/p53/p21Waf1/Cip1 expression and that loss of p16Ink4a/p19Arf function is associated only with establishment of the cell lines. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An evaluation of multi‐criteria methods in integrated assessment of climate policy
Authors: Bell Michelle L. , Hobbs Benjamin F. , Elliott Emily M. , Ellis Hugh , Robinson Zachary 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThose who conduct integrated assessments (IAs) are aware of the need to explicitly consider multiple criteria and uncertainties when evaluating policies for preventing global warming. MCDM methods are potentially useful for understanding tradeoffs and evaluating risks associated with climate policy alternatives. A difficulty facing potential MCDM users is the wide range of different techniques that have been proposed, each with distinct advantages. Methods differ in terms of validity, ease of use, and appropriateness to the problem. Alternative methods also can yield strikingly different rankings of alternatives. A workshop was held in which climate change experts and policy makers evaluated the usefulness of MCDM for IA. Participants applied several methods in the context of a hypothetical greenhouse gas policy decision. Methods compared include value and utility functions, goal programming, ELECTRE, fuzzy sets, stochastic dominance, min max regret, and several weight selection methods. Ranges, rather than point estimates, were provided for some questions to incorporate imprecision regarding weights. Additionally, several visualization methods for both deterministic and uncertain cases were used and evaluated. Analysis of method results and participant feedback through questionnaires and discussion provide the basis for conclusions regarding the use of MCDM methods for climate change policy and IA analyses. Hypotheses are examined concerning predictive and convergent validity of methods, existence of splitting bias among experts, perceived ability of methods to aid decision‐making, and whether expressing imprecision can change ranking results. Because participants gained from viewing a problem from several perspectives and results from different methods often significantly differed, it appears worthwhile to apply several MCDM methods to increase user confidence and insight. The participants themselves recommended such multimethod approaches for policymaking. Yet they preferred the freedom of unaided decision‐making most of all, challenging the MCDM community to create transparent methods that permit maximum user control. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When (not) to indulge in ‘puffery’: the role of consumer expectations and brand goodwill in determining advertised and actual product quality
Authors: Kopalle Praveen K. , Assunção João L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe analyze why some firms advertise product quality at a level different from the actual quality of a product. By considering the interacting effects of product quality and advertising, we develop a dynamic model of consumer expectations about product quality and the development of brand goodwill to determine the optimal values for the decision variables. The model parameters are determined based on prior literature and we use numerical techniques to arrive at the solution. We then derive conditions under which a firm will find it optimal to overstate or understate product quality. The results suggest that quality may be overstated in markets characterized by high price sensitivity, low quality sensitivity, low brand loyalty, and high source credibility, suggesting the need for vigilance on the part of consumers, upper level managers and regulatory authorities in such market conditions. This is important because current regulatory resources are insufficient to reduce deceptive advertising practices (Davis JJ. 1994. Ethics in advertising decision‐making: implications for reducing the incidence of deceptive advertising. Journal of Consumer Affairs 28: 380–402). Further, the law of deceptive advertising prohibits some advertising claims on the ground that they are likely to harm consumers or competitors (Preston IL, Richards JI. 1993. A role for consumer belief in FTC and Lanham Act deceptive advertising cases. American Business Law Journal 31: 1–29). Also, Nagler (1993. Rather bait than switch: deceptive advertising with bounded consumer rationality. Journal of Public Economics 51: 359–378) shows that deceptive advertising causes a net social welfare loss and a public policy effectively preventing deception will improve social welfare. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Late‐onset axial jerky dystonia due to the DYT1 deletion
Authors: Chinnery Patrick F. , Reading Paul J. , McCarthy Emma L. , Curtis Ann , Burn David J. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe describe a 71‐year‐old woman who presented to the neurology department late in life with a jerky axial dystonia due to the DYT1 GAG deletion. She recalled that her symptoms began 62 years prior to study and remained unchanged for 40 years, illustrating the broad phenotype of DYT1 idiopathic torsion dystonia. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.
Thalamic stimulation for midbrain tremor after partial hemangioma resection
Authors: Pahwa Rajesh , Lyons Kelly E. , Kempf Lucas , Wilkinson Steven B. , Koller William C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe describe a patient with disabling medication‐resistant midbrain tremor developed after partial hemangioma resection, who responded to deep brain stimulation of the thalamus. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society.
Long‐term mortality results of the randomized controlled study comparing bromocriptine to which levodopa was later added with levodopa alone in previously untreated patients with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Montastruc Jean‐Louis , Desboeuf Karine , Lapeyre‐Mestre Maryse , Senard Jean‐Michel , Rascol Olivier , Brefel‐Courbon Christine 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe present paper compares, in terms of mortality, two treatment regimens for Parkinson's disease (PD), i.e., bromocriptine later combined with levodopa versus levodopa only. Between 1982 and 1989, 60 PD patients (29 treated with levodopa alone [group D] and 31 receiving first bromocriptine followed by an association of bromocriptine + levodopa [group B/D]) were recruited. Data were updated in January 2000. Survival functions were estimated using Kaplan Meier product‐limit method and comparison between the two groups with the log‐rank test. Mortality was also compared with that of the general French population using standardized mortality ratios (SMRs). The mean duration of follow‐up was 10.3 ± 3.0 years. Seventeen patients died during the follow‐up: nine in the group B/D and eight in the group D. The probability of survival at 10 years was 79.0% [95% confidence interval [CI]: 71.4–86.6] in group B/D and 72.9% [95% CI: 63.3–82.6] in group D. In comparison with the general French population, SMRs were not statistically different from 1, in the whole sample of PD patients (1.21, 95 % CI [0.71–1.95]), in group D (0.98 [0.42–1.93]), or in group B/D (1.53 [0.70–2.92]). In this population, we were unable to find any favourable effect of an early use of bromocriptine on mortality in PD in comparison with levodopa alone. © 2001 Movement Disorder Society.