bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence on agglomeration economies, diseconomies, and growth
Authors: Wheeler Christopher H. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractConventional urban economic analysis suggests that a local economy's size is closely related to a number of features, including levels of human capital and the availability of specialized inputs, which are likely to influence positively the rate at which it accumulates further economic activity. At the same time, urban theory also suggests that once cities reach a certain level of size, these agglomeration benefits begin to peter out, while diseconomies rise rapidly. Consequently, we should see an ‘inverted U‐shaped’ pattern of growth with respect to economic size—rates of growth first rise, then fall as size increases. This paper shows that, while such a pattern is largely absent from recent data on growth in metropolitan area population and employment, it emerges strikingly in county‐level data. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A structural model of aggregate US job flows: another look
Authors: Schmidt‐Dengler Philipp 
Published: February 2003

AbstractA recent article (Collard et al., 2002) published in this journal presented a structural model of aggregate job flows. Unrestricted estimation of the model yields parameter estimates that would imply an unemployment rate of 99%. Instead of solving this problem by fixing one of the parameters, as originally attempted by the authors, I add moments regarding the employment rate. The new results call for a re‐evaluation of the model. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of maternal serum hCG glycoform variants in the second trimester of pregnancies affected by Down syndrome using a lectin immunoassay
Authors: Talbot J. A. , Spencer K. , Abushoufa R. A. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractAimTo assess whether glycoform variants of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) are present in altered concentrations in the maternal serum in pregnancies affected by Down syndrome.MethodsIn a series of 50 cases of pregnancies complicated by Down syndrome and 278 unaffected pregnancies, we have examined maternal serum levels of hCG glycoforms (GlyhCG) in samples collected in the second trimester (14 to 21 weeks) using a sialic acid binding lectin immunoassay. We have compared these levels with those of other second trimester serum markers (Free β‐hCG, alpha fetaprotein (AFP) and Total hCG) and modelled detection rates and false positive rates of various biochemical markers in conjunction with maternal age using a maternal age standardized population.ResultsMaternal serum GlyhCG in cases of Down syndrome was significantly elevated (Median MoM 1.81) with 15 of 50 (30%) cases above the 95th centile for unaffected pregnancies. Free β‐hCG was also elevated (Median MoM 2.16) with 18 of 50 (36%) cases above the 95th centile. AFP levels were reduced (Median MoM 0.75) with 9 of 50 (18%) cases below the 5th centile. Total hCG levels whilst elevated (Median MoM 1.88) had only 15 of 50 (30%) cases above the 95th centile. Maternal serum GlyhCG levels showed significant correlation with total hCG and free β‐hCG (r = 0.6880 and 0.6922) in the Down group but not with AFP (r = 0.1237).When GlyhCG was combined together with AFP and maternal age, at a 5% false positive rate, the modelled detection rate was 53%, some 13% lower than when free β‐hCG was used and some 7% lower than when total hCG was used.ConclusionMaternal serum GlyhCG, as measured by the sialic acid–binding lectin immunoassay is unlikely to be of additional value when screening for Down syndrome in the second trimester. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of the thymus at echocardiography in fetuses at risk for 22q11.2 deletion
Authors: Barrea Catherine , Yoo Shi‐Joon , Chitayat David , Valsangiacomo Emanuela , Winsor Elizabeth , Smallhorn Jeffrey F. , Hornberger Lisa K. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjectivesAn absent or hypoplastic thymus is common in patients with 22q11.2 deletion (del22q11.2). We sought to determine whether fetal echocardiography could identify absence of the thymus as a diagnostic tool in pregnancies at risk for fetal del22q11.2.MethodsWe evaluated the fetal thymus in 16 consecutive pregnancies at risk for fetal del22q11. Fourteen of the fetuses had a conotruncal cardiac lesion, one had a twin with a conotruncal lesion, and in one the mother had a diagnosis of del22q11.2. The fetal thymus assessment was performed by an individual who was not aware of the del22q11.2 status of the fetus.ResultsBy 2D imaging, the thymus was identified in the anterosuperior mediastinum as a subtle hypoechogenic area. In nine cases, the thymus was demonstrated prenatally and none had del22q11.2. However, in one case the thymus was only seen on follow‐up fetal echocardiography. In six cases, the thymus could not be identified and all six had del22q11.2. In one additional case, analyzed retrospectively, the thymus could not be assessed. The status of the thymus was confirmed on postnatal echocardiography or autopsy in 11 of the 15 cases assessed prenatally.ConclusionsOur study suggests that fetal echocardiography can assess the thymus in most cases at risk for del22q11.2. This information may be useful in counseling women/couples who decline amniocentesis or who are awaiting amniocentesis results. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
HLA‐G positive trophoblastic cells in transcervical samples and their isolation and analysis by laser microdissection and QF‐PCR
Authors: Bulmer Judith N. , Cioni Riccardo , Bussani Cecilia , Cirigliano Vincenzo , Sole Francesc , Costa Carlota , Garcia Pilar , Adinolfi Matteo 
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the frequency of cytotrophoblastic cells in endocervical samples collected by lavage at early stages of gestation using a specific anti‐HLA‐G McAb (G233). From a set of four selected samples, cells identified by immunostaining were collected by laser microdissection and then tested by quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (QF‐PCR) for the presence of paternally derived DNA markers, in order to establish their fetal origin.MethodsSyncytial fragments and cytotrophoblastic cells from 23 transcervical samples were identified by immunostaining with McAb G233 reacting against HLA‐G antigen and with antibodies against cytokeratin. Slides from the same samples were also tested by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), while selected samples were analysed by QF‐PCR.Slides from four samples retrieved from mothers with male fetuses were immunolabelled and then cytotrophoblastic cells, syncytial fragments and maternal epithelial cells were collected by laser microdissection and tested by QF‐PCR.ResultsAll endocervical samples retrieved from mothers with male fetuses were found to contain some cells with chromosome Y–specific signals when tested by FISH. Using McAb anti‐ HLA‐G, cytotrophoblastic cellular elements were detected in about 50% of the samples.From four samples, cellular elements identified by immunostaining as cytotrophoblast or syncytial fragments were collected by laser microdissection and shown to be of fetal origin when tested by QF‐PCR for the presence of fetal DNA markers.ConclusionsThese results confirm that, during an early phase of gestation, fetal cells are released in the lower uterine cavity and that they can be isolated and analysed for prenatal diagnosis of single gene defects and aneuploidies. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal diagnosis of mosaic ring chromosome 22 associated with cardiovascular abnormalities and intrauterine growth restriction
Authors: Chen Chih‐Ping , Chern Schu‐Rern , Chang Tung‐Yao , Lee Chen‐Chi , Chen Li‐Feng , Tzen Chin‐Yuan , Wang Wayseen , Lin Chen‐Ju , Yang Brian P. T. , Yang Lawrence S. T. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjectivesTo present the prenatal diagnosis and perinatal findings of mosaic ring chromosome 22.CaseAmniocentesis was performed at 18 gestational weeks because of an advanced maternal age. Cytogenetic analysis of the cultured amniotic fluid cells revealed mosaicism for ring chromosome 22, 45,XX,‐22[6]/46,XX,r(22)(p13q13.31)[15]. Abnormal fetal sonographic findings included small for gestational age, a ventricular septal defect, and truncus arteriosus. The pregnancy was terminated. Additional phenotypic findings included hypertelorism, epicanthal folds, and abnormal ears. Cytogenetic analysis of the cord blood lymphocytes revealed a complex mosaic karyotype, 45,XX,‐22[7]/46,XX,r(22)(p13q13.31)[82]/46,XX,idic r(22)(p13q13.31;p13q13.31)[11]. Cytogenetic analysis of the hepatocytes also revealed mosaic r(22) with mosaicism for idic r(22) and monosomy 22. The deletion of distal 22q and the duplication of 22q11.2 on idic r(22), and the distal 22q deletion on r(22) were demonstrated by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis using 22q terminal probes at 22q13 and a DiGeorge syndrome critical region probe at 22q11.2. The breakpoint on distal 22q13 and the extent of the duplication of 22q on idic r(22) was determined by examining polymorphic markers specific for chromosome 22 using quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction assays. The chromosomal aberration was of maternal origin.ConclusionMolecular and FISH studies allow a better delineation of some prenatally detected aneuploidy syndromes and help elucidate the genetic pathogenesis. Fetuses having mosaic r(22) with a low level mosaicism for r(22) duplication/deletion may present cardiovascular abnormalities and intrauterine growth restriction on prenatal ultrasound. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The clinical application of spectral karyotyping (SKY™) in the analysis of prenatally diagnosed extra structurally abnormal chromosomes (ESACs)
Authors: Yaron Yuval , Carmon Erez , Goldstein Myriam , Voskoboinik Nadia , Ochshorn Yifat , Gelman‐Kohan Zully , Orr‐Urtreger Avi 
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjectiveThe prenatal detection of de novo extra structurally abnormal chromosomes (ESACs) presents a challenge because the associated risk for congenital anomaly ranges from 100% to practically none, depending on the chromosomal origin. Despite the use of standard cytogenetic techniques and even fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), the origin of some ESACs often remains elusive. Spectral karyotyping (SKY™) is a molecular cytogenetic technique based on the simultaneous analysis of all chromosomes using a unique probe mix that allows the rapid identification of all chromosomes in 24 colors. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of SKY in the characterization of prenatally diagnosed de novo ESACs.MethodsThis series includes five cases of de novo ESACs detected prenatally in routine amniocentesis samples performed for advanced maternal age. Cases of inherited ESACs or ESACs defined by standard cytogenetic techniques were excluded.ResultsSKY analysis yielded valuable information, particularly in cases of nonsatellited ESACs: a der(18) and a ring(Y). In a case of a unisatellited der(15), SKY corroborated data obtained by standard cytogenetic techniques and FISH. Finally, in two cases of small bisatellited chromosomes, SKY was noncontributory.ConclusionsWhile SKY may be a valuable tool in some cases, especially nonsatellited and ring ESACs, it does have limitations and should be used judiciously in conjunction with other cytogenetic techniques. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The variables affecting nuchal skin‐fold thickness in mid‐trimester
Authors: Lee P. R. , Won H. S. , Chung J. Y. , Shin H. J. , Kim A. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjectivesTo find out variables that have an effect on the measured values of nuchal skin‐fold thickness (NT) and to formulate a regression equation on the basis of those variables.MethodsThe data on gestational age (GA), cephalic index (CI), presentation (Pr, vertex or breech), and the presence or absence of nuchal cord (NC) were collected prospectively on 548 normal singleton fetuses between 16 and 24 weeks gestation, and independent correlation of those variables with NT was calculated by multiple regression analysis and a regression equation was produced.ResultsGA had positive correlation and CI had negative correlation with NT. The nuchal skin‐fold was thicker among fetuses with breech presentation rather than those with vertex presentation and increased in the presence of nuchal cord. We calculated the expected NT through these observations: for fetuses presenting vertex, NT = 5.608 + 0.243GA − 0.066CI + NC* and for breech, NT = 2.803 + 0.392GA − 0.066CI + NC*.ConclusionsThis is the first report, which takes GA, CI, Pr, and NC for correlation factors with NT as a whole. These equations and further studies on determining the cutoff values of the nuchal skin‐fold thickness may improve the sensitivity and specificity for the detection of Down syndrome and enable to minimize unnecessary invasive procedures such as amniocentesis or cordocentesis. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Refill compliance in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a predictor of switching to insulin therapy?
Authors: Spoelstra José A. , Stolk Ronald P. , Heerdink Eibert R. , Klungel Olaf H. , Erkens Joëlle A. , Leufkens Hubert G. M. , Grobbee Diederick E. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractObjectiveTo assess whether switching to insulin therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is associated with medication refill compliance of oral hypoglycemic agents.Research Design and MethodsThe PHARMO Record Linkage System was used as data source for this study. Patients with newly treated type 2 diabetes mellitus were defined as subjects in whom oral hypoglycemic therapy was initiated between 1991 and 1998. We performed a matched case‐control study in this cohort. Cases were patients who switched to insulin therapy. Date of switching in the case was defined as the index date. Controls were subjects still on oral therapy on the index date, matched on duration of diabetes and calendar time. We measured the medication refill compliance in the year starting 18 months before the index date and calculated various compliance indices.ResultsIn total, 411 cases and 411 matched controls were identified. Cases suffered more often from more severe comorbidity and used a higher number of oral hypoglycemic agents and concomitant non‐diabetic drugs. The overall compliance rate did not differ significantly between cases and controls, the adjusted odds ratio (OR) was 1.3 (CI 95% 0.6–2.8). After performing multivariate logistic regression modeling, age at onset of diabetes, gender, comedication, combination therapy, and daily dosage frequency, were independently related to switching.ConclusionsWe were unable to confirm the hypothesis that noncompliance with treatment is more prevalent in patients with secondary failure. Other variables, like comorbidity and disease‐related factors seem to play a more important role in switching to insulin therapy. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prescriptions of systemic antibiotics for children in Germany aged between 0 and 6 years
Authors: Schindler Christoph , Krappweis Jutta , Morgenstern Ingolf , Kirch Wilhelm 
Published: February 2003

AbstractLimited information is available about systemic antibiotic use among children in Germany. We therefore assessed prescription patterns by office‐based physicians to analyse antibiotic consumption in early childhood. A total of 331 children < 6 years were eligible for inclusion. The number of antibiotic prescriptions, consumed daily doses, number of treatment courses, types of antibiotics and diagnoses for prescribing were determined. The prevalence of systemic antibiotic treatment was 42.9%. Antibiotic consumption was highest between 2 and 3 years of age (55.8%). The percentage of children receiving one, two or three courses of antibiotic treatment was 49.3, 28.2 and 16.2%, respectively. Acute otitis media (32.2%), upper respiratory tract infections (18.9%), tonsillitis (15.9%) and acute bronchitis (15.4%) were principal indications for treatment. Macrolides were most frequently prescribed (48.1%), followed by penicillin V (21.3%), broad‐spectrum penicillins (14.3%), sulfonamides (10.5%) and cephalosporins (5.8%). Antibiotics not recommended for particular indication were selected in 5–43% of cases. The considerable prescription of systemic antibiotics to children in many European countries is also the case in Germany. A noteworthy trend emerged for suboptimal prescribing with second‐line antibiotics. As such treatment may be associated with the development of bacterial resistance, improved guidelines for antibiotic treatment should be drawn up and enforced. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Current Awareness: Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety
Authors:   John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Published: February 2003

AbstractIn order to keep subscribers up‐to‐date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. Each bibliography is divided into 19 sections: 1 Books, Reviews & Symposia; 2 General; 3 Anti‐infective Agents; 4 Cardiovascular System Agents; 5 CNS Depressive Agents; 6 Non‐steroidal Anti‐inflammatory Agents; 7 CNS Agents; 8 Anti‐neoplastic Agents; 9 Haematological Agents; 10 Neuroregulator‐Blocking Agents; 11 Dermatological Agents; 12 Immunosuppressive Agents; 13 Autonomic Agents; 14 Respiratory System Agents; 15 Neuromuscular Agents; 16 Reproductive System Agents; 17 Gastrointestinal System Agents; 18 Anti‐inflammatory Agents ‐ Steroidal; 19 Others. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted.
Improving the quality of adverse drug reaction reporting by 4th‐year medical students
Authors: Rosebraugh Curtis J. , Tsong Yi , Zhou Feng , Chen Min , Corken Mackey Ann , Flowers Charlene , Toyer Denise , Flockhart David A. , Honig Peter K. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractPurposeEvaluate whether a 15‐minute lecture intervention will improve adverse drug reaction reporting quality on standard MedWatch forms.MethodsSeventy‐eight 4th‐year medical students were randomized to intervention ‘Group‐A’ or non‐intervention ‘Group‐B’ on the first day of a required five‐day clinical pharmacology rotation. Group‐A participants attended a 15‐minute lecture on completing a MedWatch form with quality information considered by the Food and Drug Administration as critical to adequate adverse drug reaction reporting. Group‐B participants did not attend this lecture. Both groups then watched a standardized patient interview of a recognizable adverse drug reaction and completed MedWatch forms. Four Safety Evaluators from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) rated student responses in a blinded fashion for the primary efficacy variable of Overall Impression and six informational domins using a standardized data quality analysis form that was developed within the Office of Postmarketing Drug Risk Assessment of the FDA.ResultsSeventy‐eight MedWatch forms were evaluated (Group‐A=40, Group‐B = 38). Overall MedWatch information quality scores for the intervention group were significantly higher than the non‐intervention group (p < 0.004).ConclusionsAs little as a 15‐minute intervention can significantly improve the quality of adverse drug reaction reporting by 4th‐year medical students. Academic medical centers should consider incorporating adverse drug reaction reporting curriculum into the clinical training of medical students. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
For the good of the patient: risks and benefits of medicines
Authors: Breckenridge Alasdair 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThe basis of regulation of medicines is an assessment of risk and benefit. As the process of drug development has evolved with the advances in scientific knowledge, new and more precise methods of measuring drug efficacy have been created. Pharmacovigilance must also change with as much emphasis being placed on demonstrating the safety of a medicine as on preventing harm. Communication of these issues to interested parties remains problematical with room for considerable improvement. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The use of anti‐asthmatic medications among pediatric patients in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Chi‐Yu , Chiu Hui‐Fen , Yeh Ming‐Kung , Chang Chih‐Ching , Yang Chun‐Yuh 
Published: February 2003

AbstractPurposeTo describe the use of anti‐asthma drugs in Taiwanese pediatric patients.MethodsUsing the data from the database of Bureau of National Health Insurance, we analyze the patterns and extent of medication use among asthma patients less than 18 years old. Drugs were classified according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) Classification system.ResultsData on a total of 290 467 children were included in the study. Overall, patients were treated more frequently with oral medications. 69.43 and 40.24% of patients were using oral β‐agonists (OBAs) and methylxanthines respectively. Monotherapy with OBAs was the most popular regimen, accounting for 13.70% of the total prescriptions studied. Only 6.70% of patients were taking inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs). During the studied period, users of ICSs were using an average of 1.65 canisters.ConclusionsThe current practices of asthma management in Taiwan fall short of the goals stated in international guidelines. Anti‐inflammatory agents were being underused in Taiwanese pediatric patients. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Drug‐induced renal function impairment: a population‐based survey
Authors: Monster Taco B. M. , de Jong Paul E. , de Jong‐van den Berg Lolkje T. W. ,   for the PREVEND Study Group
Published: February 2003

AbstractPurposeThe knowledge that drugs can affect renal function is mainly based on experimental studies or case reports. Thus, it has only been investigated in selected populations. Here we describe drug groups associated with altered renal function in the general population.MethodsTo study this, we used baseline data of 8592 subjects of a population‐based cohort. Hyper‐ and hypofiltration were defined as a filtration above or below the 90% confidence interval of age‐and‐sex‐corrected creatinine clearance. Drug use was measured in the year preceding the kidney function measurement.ResultsThe prevalence of hyperfiltration (4.6% in the general population) was higher among subjects using anti‐diabetics (11.7%), dermatological corticosteroids (5.9%) and sex hormones (5.8%), but lower in subjects using anti‐thrombotics (2.4%) and diuretics (2.1%). Hypofiltration (4.3% in the general population) was seen more often in users of beta blockers (6.2%), ACE inhibitors (7.1%), statins (7.2%), anti‐thrombitics (6.8%), trimethoprim (7.9%), vaccines (9.4%), NSAIDs (5.2%), anti‐ulcer agents (6.3%), laxatives (7.7%) and eyedrops (6.7%).ConclusionsSeveral drug groups found in this overview were to be expected, since patients with kidney diseases often use them (e.g. cardiovascular drugs). Several other drug groups were somewhat unexpected and deserve further attention. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
M. Bäckström, T. Mjörndal and R. Dahlqvist, ‘Spontaneous reporting of adverse drug reactions by nurses’. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety11(8): 647–650
Authors: Bäckström M. , Mjörndal T. , Dahlqvist R. 
Published: February 2003

AbstractThe original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 11(8): 647–650.