bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pilot study of neuraxial imaging by ultrasound in infants and children1
Authors: MARHOFER PETER , BÖSENBERG ADRIAN , SITZWOHL CHRISTIAN , WILLSCHKE HARALD , WANZEL OLIVER , KAPRAL STEPHAN 
Published: July 2005

SummaryBackground : Ultrasonography is becoming an important adjunct in regional anesthesia. Epidural anesthesia may pose significant challenges in infants and children because of difficulties in identifying the epidural space. In addition, epidural catheters are sometimes difficult to advance. The present study was performed to evaluate an optimal ultrasound technique for direct visualization of neuraxial structures in children.Methods : A total of 32 infants and children scheduled for minor surgery were prospectively included in a high‐resolution ultrasound study. Scans were performed using either a sector or linear probe and views from a longitudinal paramedian, median and transversal angle at lumbar and thoracic levels of the spinal cord were analyzed.Results : In all children investigated, the linear probe generated better images than the sector probe. Of the various scanning perspectives, the paramedian longitudinal approach offered the best views at both cord levels. Broken down by age groups, the best visibility was clearly obtained in neonates up to 3 months of age (P < 0.0001 Vs all other age groups). In older children, the quality of ultrasound decreased in an age‐dependent manner.Conclusions : Paramedian longitudinal scans with linear probes are the most favorable method of imaging neuraxial anatomy at lumbar and thoracic cord levels in infants and children, with the best results in neonates up to 3 months of age. Based on these results, and using real time imaging, a practical technique for ultrasound‐guided epidural anesthesia for neonates and infants at lumbar and thoracic levels of the spinal cord is planned.
INTEGRATED STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF cDNA MICROARRAY AND NIR SPECTROSCOPIC DATA APPLIED TO A HEMP DATASET
Authors: REIJMERS T. H. , MALIEPAARD C. , VAN DEN BROECK H. C. , KESSLER R. W. , TOONEN M. A. J. , VAN DER VOET H. 
Published: July 2005

Both cDNA microarray and spectroscopic data provide indirect information about the chemical compounds present in the biological tissue under consideration. In this paper simple univariate and bivariate measures are used to investigate correlations between both types of high dimensional analyses. A large dataset of 42 hemp samples on which 3456 cDNA clones and 351 NIR wavelengths have been measured, was analyzed using graphical representations. For this purpose we propose clustered correlation and clustered discrimination images. Large, tissue-related differences are seen to dominate the cDNA-NIR correlation structure but smaller, more difficult to detect, variety-related differences can be found at specific cDNA clone/NIR wavelength combinations.
Physically Distributed Learning: Adapting and Reinterpreting Physical Environments in the Development of Fraction Concepts
Authors: Martin Taylor , Schwartz Daniel L. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractFive studies examined how interacting with the physical environment can support the development of fraction concepts. Nine‐ and 10‐year‐old children worked on fraction problems they could not complete mentally. Experiments 1 and 2 showed that manipulating physical pieces facilitated children's ability to develop an interpretation of fractions. Experiment 3 demonstrated that when children understood a content area well, they used their interpretations to repurpose many environments to support problem solving, whereas when they needed to learn, they were prone to the structure of the environment. Experiments 4 and 5 examined transfer after children had learned by manipulating physical pieces. Children who learned by adapting relatively unstructured environments transferred to new materials better than children who learned with “well‐structured” environments that did not require equivalent adaptation. Together, the findings reveal that during physically distributed learning, the opportunity to adapt an environment permits the development of new interpretations that can advance learning.
On the Experiential Link Between Spatial and Temporal Language
Authors: Matlock Teenie , Ramscar Michael , Boroditsky Lera 
Published: July 2005

AbstractHow do we understand time and other entities we can neither touch nor see? One possibility is that we tap into our concrete, experiential knowledge, including our understanding of physical space and motion, to make sense of abstract domains such as time. To examine how pervasive an aspect of cognition this is, we investigated whether thought about a nonliteral type of motion called fictive motion (FM; as in The road runs along the coast) can influence thought about time. Our results suggest that FM uses the same structures evoked in understanding literal motion, and that these literal aspects of FM influence temporal reasoning.
Cultural Differences in Belief Bias Associated with Deductive Reasoning?
Authors: Unsworth Sara J. , Medin Douglas L. 
Published: July 2005

AbstractNorenzayan, Smith, Jun Kim, and Nisbett (2002) investigated cultural differences in the use of intuitive versus formal reasoning in 4 experiments. Our comment concerns the 4th experiment where Norenzayan et al. reported that, although there were no cultural differences in accuracy on abstract logical arguments, Koreans made more errors than U.S. undergraduates in judging the logical validity of concrete arguments. Norenzayan et al. concluded that Koreans are less likely than European Americans to decontextualize an argument's content from its logical structure, as Koreans were more likely to consider the believability of the conclusion when assessing an argument's validity (a belief bias). Notably, Korean participants were more conservative (less likely to say an argument is valid) than European American participants when assessing arguments. An analysis of the average of the hit and correct rejection rates in each of the conditions (abstract, concrete–believable, concrete–nonbelievable) revealed that, contrary to conclusions of Norenzayan et al., European Americans were no better than Koreans at determining the validity of concrete deductive arguments with conclusions varying in believability.
Bi(OTf)3-catalyzed Regioselective Ring Opening of Epoxides with Phenols: Facile Synthesis of 1,3-Diaryloxy-2-propanols
Authors: Kamal Ahmed , Ahmed Syed Kaleem , Sandbhor Mahendra , Ahmed Khan Mohammed Naseer , Arifuddin Mohammed 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Substituted aryl oxiranes undergo the facile ring opening with phenols in the presence of catalytic amount of bismuth(III) triflate to afford 1,3-diaryloxy-2-propanols in excellent yields under mild conditions. Bismuth(III) triflate is relatively non-toxic, easy to handle and inexpensive, which makes this procedure particularly attractive for large scale synthesis.
Formation of Ordered Mesostructured Silica by Vapor Infiltration of Tetraethoxysilane into Hexagonally Arranged Surfactant–Catalyst Nanocomposites
Authors: Tanaka Shunsuke , Maruo Takanori , Nishiyama Norikazu , Egashira Yasuyuki , Ueyama Korekazu 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
Hexagonally arranged surfactant–catalyst composites were treated only with tetraethoxysilane vapor, resulting in the formation of the silica mesostructures without phase transition.
The Use of TiCl4 Treatment to Enhance the Photocurrent in a TaON Photoelectrode under Visible Light Irradiation
Authors: Abe Ryu , Takata Tsuyoshi , Sugihara Hideki , Domen Kazunari 
Published: July 2005

Abstract
A porous TaON photoelectrode was prepared on a conducting glass support, and the photocurrent based on water oxidation was investigated under visible light irradiation. The photocurrent was significantly increased by TiCl4 treatment on the TaON electrode. The TiO2 necking that formed between the TaON particles possibly improved the electron transport within the porous electrode.
Patient Choice in Kidney Allocation: A Sequential Stochastic Assignment Model
Authors: Su Xuanming , Zenios Stefanos A. 
Published: July 2005

This paper investigates the effect of patient choice on kidney allocation using the following sequential stochastic assignment model. There are n transplant patients to be allocated n kidneys that will arrive sequentially. Each patient and each kidney has its own type, kidney types are random and revealed upon arrival, and the reward from allocating a kidney to a particular patient depends on both their types. Patients may choose to accept or decline any kidney offer. The objective is to determine a kidney allocation policy that maximizes total expected reward subject to the constraint that patients will only accept offers that maximize their own expected reward. A partition policy, in which the space of kidney types is divided into different domains (each corresponding to a different patient type) and in which each kidney is allocated to the patient type corresponding to its domain, is shown to be asymptotically optimal when patients must accept all kidney offers. To reflect patient choice, an incentive compatibility condition is derived to ensure that the offers made by the allocation policy are never declined. This condition is then used to derive a “second-best” partition policy. A numerical example, based on data from the US transplantation system, demonstrates that patient choice may introduce substantial inefficiencies, but the second-best policy recovers all the losses by minimizing the variability in the type of offers expected by each patient. Thus, policy makers should explicitly recognize the effect of patient choice when designing a kidney allocation system.
Patient Experience of Head and Neck Surgery With Free Flap Reconstruction
Authors: Dattilo Lillian W. , Russell Trinity I. , Warinner Chloe B. , Starmer Heather , Annino Donald J. , Goguen Laura A. , Sethi Rosh K. V. , Uppaluri Ravindra , Windon Melina J. , Bergmark Regan W. , Rettig Eleni M. 
Published: February 2024

ImportanceMajor head and neck surgery with microvascular free tissue transfer reconstruction is complex, with considerable risk of morbidity. Little is known about patients’ experiences, including decision-making prior to, and regret following, free flap surgery.ObjectiveTo characterize patient experiences and decision regret of patients undergoing head and neck reconstructive free flap surgery.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis mixed-methods cohort study comprising semistructured interviews was conducted June to August 2021 at a single tertiary academic cancer center. Participants underwent head and neck reconstructive surgery with microvascular free tissue transfer (flap) more than 3 months before recruitment (range, 3 months to 4 years). Interview transcripts were qualitatively analyzed for themes. Participants also completed a Decision Regret Scale questionnaire.ExposureMicrovascular free flap surgery for head and neck reconstruction.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThematic analysis of interviews, decision regret score.ResultsSeventeen participants were interviewed. Median (IQR) age was 61 (52-70) years. Overall, 7 participants were women (49%), and 10 of 17 were men (59%). The most common free flap was fibula (8/17, 47%). Three major themes with 9 subthemes were identified: theme 1 was the tremendous effect of preoperative counseling on surgical decision-making and satisfaction, with subthemes including (1) importance of clinical care team counseling on decision to have surgery; (2) emotional context colors preoperative understanding and retention of information; (3) expectation-setting affects satisfaction with preoperative counseling; and (4) desire for diversified delivery of preoperative information. Theme 2 was coexisting and often conflicting priorities, including (1) desire to survive above all else, and (2) desire for quality of life. Theme 3 was perception of surgery as momentous and distressing, including (1) surgery as a traumatic event; (2) centrality of mental health, emotional resolve, and gratitude to enduring surgery and recovery; and (3) sense of accomplishment in recovery. On the Decision Regret Scale, most participants had no regret (n = 8, 47%) or mild regret (n = 5, 29%); 4 had moderate-to-severe regret (24%).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this mixed-methods cohort study, patient experiences surrounding major head and neck reconstructive free flap surgery were described. Opportunities to improve support for this complex and vulnerable population, and to mitigate decision regret, were identified.
Spectral performance evaluation of a second‐generation spectral detector CT
Authors: Liu Leening P. , Shapira Nadav , Halliburton Sandra S. , Meyer Sebastian , Perkins Amy , Litt Harold I. , Kauczor Hans Ulrich , Leiner Tim , Stiller Wolfram , Noël Peter B. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study was to characterize a second‐generation wide‐detector dual‐layer spectral computed tomography (CT) system for material quantification accuracy, acquisition parameter and patient size dependencies, and tissue characterization capabilities.MethodsA phantom with multiple tissue‐mimicking and material‐specific inserts was scanned with a dual‐layer spectral detector CT using different tube voltages, collimation widths, radiation dose levels, and size configurations. Accuracy of iodine density maps and virtual monoenergetic images (MonoE) were investigated. Additionally, differences between conventional and MonoE 70 keV images were calculated to evaluate acquisition parameter and patient size dependencies. To demonstrate material quantification and differentiation, liver‐mimicking inserts with adipose and iron were analyzed with a two‐base decomposition utilizing MonoE 50 and 150 keV, and root mean square error (RMSE) for adipose and iron content was reported.ResultsMeasured inserts exhibited quantitative accuracy across a wide range of MonoE levels. MonoE 70 keV images demonstrated reduced dependence compared to conventional images for phantom size (1 vs. 27 HU) and acquisition parameters, particularly tube voltage (4 vs. 37 HU). Iodine density quantification was successful with errors ranging from ‐0.58 to 0.44 mg/mL. Similarly, inserts with different amounts of adipose and iron were differentiated, and the small deviation in values within inserts corresponded to a RMSE of 3.49 ± 1.76% and 1.67 ± 0.84 mg/mL for adipose and iron content, respectively.ConclusionThe second‐generation dual‐layer CT enables acquisition of quantitatively accurate spectral data without compromises from differences in patient size and acquisition parameters.
Technical and clinical considerations of a physical liver phantom for CT radiomics analysis
Authors: Varghese Bino Abel , Cen Steven Yong , Jensen Kristin , Levy Joshua , Andersen Hilde Kjernlie , Schulz Anselm , Lei Xiaomeng , Duddalwar Vinay Anant , Goodenough David John 
Published: February 2024

AbstractObjectiveThis study identifies key characteristics to help build a physical liver computed tomography (CT) phantom for radiomics harmonization; particularly, the higher‐order texture metrics.Materials and methodsCT scans of a radiomics phantom comprising of 18 novel 3D printed inserts with varying size, shape, and material combinations were acquired on a 64‐slice CT scanner (Brilliance 64, Philips Healthcare). The images were acquired at 120 kV, 250 mAs, CTDIvol of 16.36 mGy, 2 mm slice thickness, and iterative noise‐reduction reconstruction (iDose, Philips Healthcare, Andover, MA). Radiomics analysis was performed using the Cancer Imaging Phenomics Toolkit (CaPTk), following automated segmentation of 3D regions of interest (ROI) of the 18 inserts. The findings were compared to three additional ROI obtained of an anthropomorphic liver phantom, a patient liver CT scan, and a water phantom, at comparable imaging settings. Percentage difference in radiomic metrics values between phantom and tissue was used to assess the biological equivalency and <10% was used to claim equivalent.ResultsThe HU for all 18 ROI from the phantom ranged from −30 to 120 which is within clinically observed HU range of the liver, showing that our phantom material (T3‐6B) is representative of biological CT tissue densities (liver) with >50% radiomic features having <10% difference from liver tissue. Based on the assessment of the Neighborhood Gray Tone Difference Matrix (NGTDM) metrics it is evident that the water phantom ROI show extreme values compared to the ROIs from the phantom. This result may further reinforce the difference between a structureless quantity such as water HU values and tissue HU values found in liver.ConclusionThe 3‐D printed patterns of the constructed radiomics phantom cover a wide span of liver tissue textures seen in CT images. Using our results, texture metrics can be selectively harmonized to establish clinically relevant and reliable radiomics panels.
Pituitary neuroendocrine tumor: A neuropsychological comparison with intra‐axial tumor
Authors: Tang Hanlu , Fang Yehong , Bie Zhixu , Jia Heyuan , Wang Bo , Yang Zhijun , Yang Ruolin , Gao Zhixian , Wang Xingchao , Liu Pinan 
Published: February 2024

AbstractObjectiveDespite pituitary neuroendocrine tumor (PitNET) being extra‐axial tumors without direct damage to brain tissue, patients with PitNET exhibit neuropsychological impairments. However, it remains unclear whether there are neuropsychological differences between PitNET and intra‐axial tumors that directly destroy the brain parenchyma. This prospective study aims to clarify this distinction to inform decision‐making for intracranial tumors of diverse origins.MethodsA total of 146 patients with PitNET, 74 patients with glioma representing intra‐axial tumors, and 52 age‐, sex‐, and education‐matched healthy controls were recruited. All patients received standard treatment and postoperative rehabilitation. Clinical data were meticulously collected, and neuropsychological tests were administered to all participants both before and 3 months after surgery.ResultsBoth PitNET and glioma patients experience the dual burden of cognitive and affective deficits. However, the feature of these deficits differs substantially. In PitNET patients, the deficits are relatively mild and focal, whereas in glioma patients, they are severe and extensive. Specifically, PitNET patients exhibit deficits in memory, anxiety, and negative affect. In contrast, glioma patients display deficits in executive function, attention, anxiety, positive/negative affect, and empathy. Notably, except for persistent memory deficits, the majority of neuropsychological scores declines in PitNET patients are restorable and can reach improvement within a short period after standard surgical therapy and perioperative management. Conversely, glioma patients not only fail to show improvements but also demonstrate worsening in terms of general cognition and memory postoperatively.InterpretationAs an extra‐axial tumor, PitNET may exhibit distinctive cognitive and affective functioning compared to intra‐axial tumors, highlighting the need for specific treatment approaches for PitNET patients.
Self‐Generating Gold Nanocatalysts in Autologous Tumor Cells for Targeted Catalytic Immunotherapy
Authors: Zeng Fei , Pan Yongchun , Lu Qianglan , Luan Xiaowei , Qin Shurong , Liu Yuta , Liu Zhiyong , Yang Jingjing , He Bangshun , Song Yujun 
Published: February 2024

AbstractEmploying tumor whole cells for tumor immunotherapy is a promising tumor therapy proposed in the early stage, but its therapeutic efficacy is weakened by the methods of eliminating pathogenicity and the mass ratio of the effective antigen carried by itself. Here, by adding gold ion to live cancer cells in the microfluidic droplets, this work obtains dead tumor whole cells with NIR‐controlled catalytic ability whose pathogenicity is removed while plenary tumor antigens, major structure, and homing ability are reserved. The engineered tumor cell (Cell‐Au) with the addition of prodrug provides 1O2 in an O2‐free Russell mechanism, which serves better in a hypoxic tumor microenvironment. This tumor whole‐cell catalytic vaccine (TWCV) promotes the activation of dendritic cells and the transformation of macrophages into tumor suppressor phenotype. In 4T1 tumor‐bearing mice, the Cell‐Au‐based vaccine supports the polarization of cytotoxicity T cells, resulting in tumor eradication and long‐term animal survival. Compared with antigen vaccines or adoptive cell therapy which takes months to obtain, this TWCV can be prepared in just a few days with satisfactory immune activation and tumor therapeutic efficacy, which provides an alternative way for the preparation of personalized tumor vaccines across tumor types and gives immunotherapy a new path.
Freestanding Nanofiber‐Assembled Aptasensor for Precisely and Ultrafast Electrochemical Detection of Alzheimer's Disease Biomarkers
Authors: Liu Hui , Yuan Xueli , Liu Tao , Zhang Wei , Dong Heng , Chu Zhenyu 
Published: February 2024

AbstractAmyloid beta‐protein (AβAβ) is a main hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and a low amount of Aβ protein accumulation appears to be a potential marker for AD. Here, an electrochemical DNA biosensor based on polyamide/polyaniline carbon nanotubes (PA/PANI‐CNTs) is developed with the aim of diagnosing AD early using a simple, low‐cost, and accessible method to rapidly detect Aβ42 in human blood. Electrospun PA nanofibers served as the skeleton for the successive in situ deposition of PANI and CNTs, which contribute both high conductivity and abundant binding sites for the Aβ42 aptamers. After the aptamers are immobilized, this aptasensor exhibits precise and specific detection of Aβ42 in human blood within only 4 min with an extremely fast response rate, lower detection limit, and excellent linear detection range. These findings make a significant contribution to advancing the development of serum‐based detection techniques for Aβ42, thereby paving the way for improved diagnostic capabilities in the field of AD.
π–π Stacking Modulation via Polymer Adsorption for Elongated Exciton Diffusion in High‐Efficiency Thick‐Film Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Fu Zhen , Qiao Jia‐Wei , Cui Feng‐Zhe , Zhang Wen‐Qing , Wang Ling‐Hua , Lu Peng , Yin Hang , Du Xiao‐Yan , Qin Wei , Hao Xiao‐Tao 
Published: February 2024

AbstractDeveloping efficient organic solar cells (OSCs) with thick active layers is crucial for roll‐to‐roll printing. However, thicker layers often result in lower efficiency. This study tackles this challenge using a polymer adsorption strategy combined with a layer‐by‐layer approach. Incorporating insulator polystyrene (PS) into the PM6:L8‐BO system creates PM6+PS:L8‐BO blends, effectively suppressing trap states and extending exciton diffusion length in the mixed donor domain. Adding insulating polymers with benzene rings to the donor enhances π–π stacking of donors, boosting intermolecular interactions and electron wave function overlap. This results in more orderly molecular stacking, longer exciton lifetimes, and higher diffusion lengths. The promoted long‐range exciton diffusion leads to high power conversion efficiencies of 19.05% and 18.15% for PM6+PS:L8‐BO blend films with 100 and 300 nm thickness, respectively, as well as a respectable 16.00% for 500 nm. These insights guide material selection for better exciton diffusion, and offer a method for thick‐film OSC fabrication, promoting a prosperous future for practical OSC mass production.