bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using isotopomer path tracing to quantify metabolic fluxes in pathway models containing reversible reactions
Authors: Forbes Neil S. , Clark Douglas S. , Blanch Harvey W. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAs a more complete picture of the genetic and enzymatic composition of cells becomes available, there is a growing need to describe how cellular regulatory elements interact with the cellular environment to affect cell physiology. One means for describing intracellular regulatory mechanisms is concurrent measurement of multiple metabolic pathways and their interactions by metabolic flux analysis. Flux of carbon through a metabolic pathway responds to all cellular regulatory systems, including changes in enzyme and substrate concentrations, enzyme activation or inhibition, and ultimately genetic control. The extent to which metabolic flux analysis can describe cellular physiology depends on the number of pathways in the model and the quality of the data. Intracellular information is obtainable from isotopic tracer experiments, the most extensive being the determination of the isotopomer distribution, or specific labeling pattern, of intracellular metabolites. We present a rapid and novel solution method that determines the flux of carbon through complex pathway models using isotopomer data. This time‐consuming problem was solved with the introduction of isotopomer path tracing, which drastically reduces the number of isotopomer variables to the number of isotopomers observed experimentally. We propose a partitioned solution method that takes advantage of the nearly linear relationship between fluxes and isotopomers. Whereas the stoichiometric matrix and the isotopomer matrix are invertible, simulated annealing and the Newton‐Raphson method are used for the nonlinear components. Reversible reactions are described by a new parameter, the association factor, which scales hyperbolically with the rate of metabolite exchange. Automating the solution method permits a variety of models to be compared, thus enhancing the accuracy of results. A simplified example that contains all of the complexities of a comprehensive pathway model is presented. © John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 74: 196–211, 2001.
An analytical method for irinotecan (CPT‐11) and its metabolites using a high‐performance liquid chromatography: parallel detection with fluorescence and mass spectrometry
Authors: Sai Kimie , Kaniwa Naoko , Ozawa Shogo , Sawada Jun‐ichi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIrinotecan or 7‐ethyl‐10‐[4‐(1‐piperidino)‐1‐piperidino]carbonyloxycamptothecin (CPT‐11) is an anticancer pro‐drug used in the treatment of many types of cancer. We describe here the validation of an analytical method for CPT‐11 and its metabolites, including an active metabolite, 7‐ethyl‐10‐hydroxycamptothecin (SN‐38), its glucuronidated form, SN‐38G, and several cytochrome P450 3A‐mediated products such as 7‐ethyl‐10‐[4‐N‐(5‐aminopentanoic acid)‐1‐piperidino]carbonyloxycamptothecin (APC) using a high‐performance liquid chromatography connected to parallel fluorescence and mass spectrometry detection systems. This method is characterized as follows: (1) simple extraction of the analytes from biomaterials with perchloric acid/methanol; (2) sensitive quantitation of major metabolites (SN‐38G, SN‐38 and APC) with a fluorescence detector (FLD), where the limits of quantitation by FLD were 2.5 ng/mL for SN‐38G and APC, 5 ng/mL for CPT‐11 and 1 ng/mL for SN‐38, respectively; (3) parallel selective monitoring of the metabolites including minor metabolites with a mass selected detector (MSD). There was no observed interference by other drugs expected to be co‐administered. This method showed its usefulness by identifying a novel metabolite produced in human hepatic microsomes. The results indicate that this combination of FLD and MSD enables a highly selective analysis of CPT‐11 and its metabolites, and is useful for studies both in vivo and in vitro. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A rapid assay method for catechol‐O‐methyltransferase activity by flow injection analysis
Authors: Aoyama Nozomi , Tsunoda Makoto , Nakagomi Kazuya , Imai Kazuhiro 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA rapid assay employing flow injection analysis (FIA) to determine the activity of purified catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) from porcine liver is described. The method was based on the determination of normetanephrine, the 3‐O‐methyl metabolite of the substrate norepinephrine. Excess norepinephrine was removed from the incubation mixture by alumina extraction twice to allow normetanephrine to be subjected to flow injection analysis, coulometrical oxidation, fluorogenic reaction with ethylenediamine and fluorescence detection. Km and Vmax values for COMT obtained with the system were 503 µM and 4.51 nmol/min/mg protein, respectively. The method is suitable for screening of COMT inhibitors or activators, as a large number of samples, up to 200, can be processed in one working day. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Managing the environmental adaptation process in supplier–customer relationships
Authors: Canning Louise , Hanmer‐Lloyd Stuart 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper details the results and managerial implications from four case studies, which examine how the environmental adaptation process (EAP) is managed within business‐to‐business relationships. The research uses models of supplier–customer interaction and inter‐organization cooperation in order to explore inter‐firm relationships and the process of adaptation. The research findings show that either party might pursue adaptations and also establishes features of the process itself as well as identifying factors that can facilitate or hinder the introduction of environmental changes. Arriving at a satisfactory outcome to the adaptation process can be determined by individual company and relationship characteristics, as well as the behaviour and experience of those managers involved in the process. Guidelines for the management of the process of environmental adaptation are proposed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Dual innervation of the brachialis muscle
Authors: Mahakkanukrauh Pasuk , Somsarp Vichit 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA study of the innervation of the brachialis muscle was carried out on 45 male and 31 female Thai cadavers between the ages of 15 and 92 years (mean = 59 years). The dissections revealed that all brachialis muscles received innervation from the musculocutaneous nerve and that 81.6% were also innervated by a branch from the radial nerve. Among the brachialis muscles with a dual nerve supply, two patterns of branching from the radial nerve were observed: in one pattern the branch to the brachialis had a descending course (58%) and in the other pattern the nerve ascended or recurred (42%) to innervate the muscle. The radial nerve branch penetrated the inferolateral part of the brachialis muscle in 83% of cases (103/124) and its middle third in 17% of specimens (21/124). The basis for the dual innervation may result from fusion of two different embryonic muscular primordia: the ventral (flexor) and the dorsal (extensor) muscle masses. In contrast to a brachialis muscle innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve only, a muscle with dual innervation may be spared significant denervation by an anterior approach to the humerus through a longitudinally bisected muscle. In a dually innervated muscle, however, separation of the brachialis and brachioradialis muscles during surgery may put the radial nerve branch to the brachialis at risk. Clin. Anat. 2:206–209, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Exploiting the connection between PLS, Lanczos methods and conjugate gradients: alternative proofs of some properties of PLS
Authors: Phatak Aloke , de Hoog Frank 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe connection between partial least squares regression (PLS) and Lanczos methods for approximating the extremal eigenvalues of a symmetric matrix has long been known. Less well known, however, is that PLS is in fact identical to a common implementation of the conjugate gradient algorithm for solving the normal equations. In this paper we outline the connections between, on the one hand, PLS and, on the other, Lanczos methods and conjugate gradients. In addition to shedding more light on PLS, these connections allow us to provide alternative and somewhat simpler proofs of two of its well‐known properties: first, that it yields a shrinkage estimator; and second, that it ‘fits better’ than principal component regression. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparative resolution of the enantiomers of Tert‐leucine derivatives by simulated moving bed chromatography
Authors: Francotte Eric , Leutert Thomas , La Vecchia Luiggi , Ossola Flavio , Richert Paul , Schmidt Alfred 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe enantiomers of two different derivatives of tert‐leucine were separated by continuous chromatography on chiral stationary phases applying the simulated moving bed technique. About 1 kg of racemic N‐carbobenzoxy‐tert‐leucine was resolved on the cellulose‐based phase Chiralcel OD using a mixture of heptane/ethanol and 0.1% of trifluoroacetic acid modifier as the mobile phase, while 520 g of the N‐Boc‐tert‐leucine‐benzylester was resolved on the amylose‐based phase Chiralpak AD with a mixture of heptane/2‐propanol as the mobile phase. In both instances the corresponding enantiomers were obtained in high yield and high optical purity. Chirality 14:313–317, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Direct visual inspection for cervical cancer screening
Authors: Denny Lynette , Kuhn Louise , Pollack Amy , Wright Thomas C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe authors evaluated direct visual inspection of the cervix after the application of 5% acetic acid (DVI) as a cervical cancer screening test for use in low‐resource settings.METHODSFour tests were used to screen 2754 previously unscreened women: DVI with and without ×4.5 magnification and differentiating between all lesions and well‐circumscribed lesions; testing for high‐risk types of human papillomavirus DNA using the Hybrid Capture II assay, cervical cytology, and Cervicography™. Women with positive results on any of the four screening tests were referred for colposcopy and histologic sampling. All women were tested for N. gonorrhea, C. trachomatis, T. vaginalis, and human immunodeficiency virus 1.RESULTSHistologically confirmed carcinoma was diagnosed in 21 women (0.8%), high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) were diagnosed in 96 women (3.5%), and low‐grade SILs were diagnosed in 102 women (3.7%). The estimated sensitivity of DVI when performed without magnification for high‐grade SILs was 70%, with an estimated specificity of 79%. Magnification did not significantly improve sensitivity for high‐grade SILs (74% with magnification) but significantly reduced specificity (77%). Restricting the definition of a positive DVI test to a well‐defined acetowhite lesion reduced sensitivity and significantly improved specificity. Infection with T. vaginalis, N. gonorrhea, and C. trachomatis did not alter sensitivity or specificity.CONCLUSIONSThis study confirmed the utility of DVI as a primary screening test. Evaluation of the clinical effectiveness of screening with this low‐cost and simple test in low‐resource settings is necessary. Cancer 2002;94:1699–707. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10381
Serum activin A and inhibin A
Authors: Florio Pasquale , Severi Filiberto M. , Cobellis Luigi , Danero Secondo , Bomè Alice , Luisi Stefano , Petraglia Felice 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBACKGROUNDAlthough human placenta is a well established, rich source of proteins, hCG is the only measurement available to date in diagnosing the occurrence of the hydatidiform mole. Serum levels of a new placental protein, immunoreactive inhibin, were high in molar pregnancy, but the inhibin assay never became of clinical use, due to its low specificity and reliability. Since specific assays are now available for inhibin A, inhibin B, and activin A, the current study evaluated whether and which of these placental proteins is increased in presence of a molar pregnancy.METHODSSerum inhibin A, inhibin B, activin A, and hCG levels were assayed in: A) 6 women with molar pregnancies, before and after evacuation; B) 37 healthy pregnant women; and C) 22 healthy nonpregnant women.RESULTSWomen with partial hydatidiform moles had significantly higher serum levels of inhibin A (P < 0.001) and activin A (P < 0.001) than healthy pregnant women, several fold higher than the 95% confidence interval of control values. After evacuation, the levels of both inhibin A (P < 0.001) and activin A (P < 0.05) declined significantly to the levels of nonpregnant controls. Molar hCG concentrations were significantly higher than in normal pregnancy (P < 0.001), but some values within the 95% confidence interval of normal values. Despite a significant decrease (P < 0.05) after evacuation, hCG levels were still higher than in nonpregnant women.CONCLUSIONSThe present data strongly suggest that serum inhibin A and activin A measurement may be of value in diagnosis and short‐term follow‐up of molar pregnancy. Cancer 2002;94:2618–22. © 2002 American Cancer Society.DOI 10.1002/cncr.10524
Morphology and physiology of neurons in the ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus in rat brain slices
Authors: Zhao Min , Wu Shu Hui 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe ventral nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (VNLL) is a prominent neuronal group that lies within the auditory pathway connecting the auditory lower brainstem and midbrain. Previous physiologic studies showed that VNLL neurons respond mainly to contralaterally presented sounds and display various firing patterns. To understand better the role that VNLL neurons play in transmitting and processing of auditory information, we examined the morphology of VNLL neurons and their cellular physiology in young rat brain slices. We made whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings and labeled cells intracellularly with neurobiotin to investigate the relation between morphologic neuronal types, intrinsic membrane properties, and postsynaptic responses. VNLL neurons fell into two distinct morphologic groups, i.e., bushy cells and stellate cells, based on their dendritic patterns. Stellate cells were grouped further into stellate I, II, and elongate cells according to soma shape, dendritic branches, and orientation. Bushy cells showed an onset firing pattern and a nonlinear current–voltage relationship. All three subtypes of stellate cells had a linear current‐voltage relationship, but exhibited different firing patterns. Stellate I cells showed regular and onset‐pause firing patterns, whereas stellate II cells showed adapting and elongate cells showed burst firing patterns. Bushy cells and stellate cells responded to stimulation of the lateral lemniscus with excitatory and/or inhibitory synaptic potentials. These results suggest that the VNLL is a heterogeneous neuronal group and that it contains many channels for processing different kinds of auditory information. Neuronal morphology and intrinsic membrane properties contribute to the behavior of individual neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 433:255–271, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential expression of catecholamine synthetic enzymes in the caudal ventral pons
Authors: Goodchild Ann K. , Phillips Jacqueline K. , Lipski Janusz , Pilowsky Paul M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe analysis of colocalization of multiple catecholamine biosynthetic enzymes within the ventrolateral part of the medulla oblongata of the rat revealed distinct subpopulations of neurons within the C1 region (Phillips et al., J Comp Neurol 2001, 432:20–34). In extending this study to include the caudal pons, it was shown for the first time that the A5 cell group could be distinguished by the presence of immunoreactivity to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), aromatic l‐amino acid decarboxylase (AADC), and dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH). A novel cell group was also identified. The cells within this new group were immunoreactive to DBH but not TH, AADC, or phenylethanolamine N‐methyltransferase (PNMT) and will be referred to as the TH‐, DBH+ cell group. The TH‐, DBH+ neurons were not immunoreactive for either the dopamine or noradrenaline transporters, suggesting that these neurons do not take up these transmitters. A5 neurons were immunoreactive for the noradrenaline transporter but not the dopamine transporter (as previously shown). Retrograde tracing with cholera toxin B revealed that the TH‐, DBH+ neurons do not project to the thoracic spinal cord or to the rostral ventrolateral medulla, but A5 neurons do. A calbindin immunoreactive cell group is located in a region overlapping TH‐, DBH+ cell group. However, only a few neurons were immunoreactive for both markers. The physiological role of the TH‐, DBH+ cell group remains to be determined. J. Comp. Neurol. 438:457–467, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A fully coupled numerical model for two‐phase flow with contaminant transport and biodegradation kinetics
Authors: Gallo Claudio , Manzini Gianmarco 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA fully coupled numerical model is presented which describes biodegradation kinetics and NAPL‐aqueous two‐phase flow in porous media. The set of governing partial differential equations is split in two subsystems, the former one in terms of phase pressure and saturations, and the latter one in terms of contaminant concentration and bacterial population distribution. Non‐linear saturation dependence in Brooks–Corey relative permeability functions and capillary pressure effects are incorporated in a mixed‐hybrid finite element model. The non‐linear degradation kinetics à la Monod is taken into account as a source term in the finite‐volume discretization of the equation modelling contaminant transport. The global coupling is performed by using a nested block‐iteration technique. A set of numerical experiments demonstrates the effectiveness of the method. Sensitivity analysis results are also presented. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Further improvements to CIECAM97s
Authors: Hunt R. W. G. , Li C. J. , Juan L. Y. , Luo M. R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe modifications to the CIECAM97s color appearance model suggested by Fairchild5 are reviewed in light of some recent experimental results, and some suggestions are made for refining and extending these modifications. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 27, 164–170, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.10047
Ascitic fluid cytology of adenosarcoma of the ovary: A case report
Authors: Hirakawa Eiichiro , Kobayashi Shoji , Miki Hiroshi , Haba Reiji , Saoo Kousuke , Yamakawa Keiko , Ohkura Isoharu , Kira Yoshimichi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractExtrauterine adenosarcoma is very rare and originates in the ovary, adnexa, or myometrium. Cytologic study of ascites is very important to determine clinical staging of malignant ovarian tumors and provide adequate therapy for recurrence. The cytomorphologic features of adenosarcoma have been only rarely described. A 77‐yr‐old woman visited a hospital with a complaint of lower abdominal pain for 1 mo. A tumor originating from the right adnexa in the pelvis, and involving the rectum, was found in surgery. In the ascitic fluid cytology, a few dispersed tumor cells with large cytoplasm and nuclei were oval‐shaped, with nuclear invagination. The chromatin was finely granular; one or two nucleoli were conspicuous. To our knowledge, this is the fifteenth reported case of adenosarcoma of the ovary, and there have been no prior reports describing the cytological features of ascitic fluid cells in adenosarcoma of the ovary. Diagn. Cytopathol. 24:343–346, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration cytology of small‐cell carcinoma of the parotid
Authors: Henke Andrew C. , Cooley Michele L. , Hughes Jonathan H. , Timmerman Timothy G. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSmall‐cell carcinomas arise uncommonly in extrapulmonary sites and are rare primary neoplasms in the salivary glands. We report on the aspiration cytology and immunohistochemical findings of a small‐cell carcinoma of the parotid gland in an 81‐yr‐old man. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2001;25:126–129. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Animal models of the anxiogenic effects of ethanol withdrawal
Authors: Gatch Michael B. , Lal Harbans 
Published: August 2002

AbstractAlthough anxiety is a major feature of ethanol withdrawal (EW) and much of treatment related to EW is focused on amelioration of the anxiety experienced during EW, less attention has been given to the anxiogenic effects of EW than to the convulsant effects. In this article, we review the animal literature on the anxiogenic effects of EW. Both GABAA and serotonin (5‐HT) receptors are important targets in the treatment of anxiety. The roles of each of these two receptors on the anxiogenic effects of EW as well as their potential interrelation are discussed. The contribution of other receptor systems to the modulation of these effects is reviewed. Additionally, males and females show very different levels of anxiety during EW and studies on the role of the HPA axis in mediating these effects are examined. Finally, potential directions for better treatments for EW are discussed. Drug Dev. Res. 54:95–115, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early mesodermal phenotypes in splotch suggest a role for Pax3 in the formation of epithelial somites
Authors: Schubert Frank R. , Tremblay Patrick , Mansouri Ahmed , Faisst Anja M. , Kammandel Birgitta , Lumsden Andrew , Gruss Peter , Dietrich Susanne 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe paired box containing transcription factor Pax3 is a crucial regulator of dermomyotome and muscle development. However, the allelic series of Pax3/Splotch mutants also displays characteristic vertebral column malformations, which do not result from defective dorsoventral somite pattern. Rather, vertebral column and sclerotomal phenotypes are reminiscent of the phenotypes observed in the segmentation/somitogenesis mutants rachiterata and pudgy. Moreover, rostrocaudal somite pattern and somitic boundaries are disturbed in Splotch as monitored by the expression of Uncx4.1 and Lunatic fringe. Alterations in EphA4, Dll1, and Uncx4.1 expression are evident already in the condensing paraxial mesoderm, correlating with the first phase of Pax3 expression before and during somite formation. This finding suggests an early function of Pax3 during the formation of epithelial somites. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A longitudinal study of the development of dieting among 7–17‐year‐old Swedish girls
Authors: Halvarsson Klara , Lunner Katarina , Westerberg Josefin , Anteson Frida , Sjödén Per‐Olow 
Published: August 2002

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the extent to which the prevalence of self‐reported dieting and the wish to be thinner changed in 7–15‐year‐old girls over a 3‐year period, and to explore potential differences between cohorts recruited in 1995 and 1999. In addition, changes in eating attitudes (Children’s Eating Attitudes Test [ChEAT]) were compared between 1995 and 1999.MethodA three‐wave longitudinal study including girls (n = 1,076–1,279) in five age groups (7, 9, 11, 13, 15, the Main Cohort) and an age‐matched cross‐sectional sample consisting of 1,759 girls (the Societal Cohort).ResultsA marked increase of the wish to be thinner was evident in the 10–14‐year‐old age range and significant increases in dieting attempts occurred mainly among 9–13‐year‐old girls. ChEAT scores were significantly higher among 11‐year‐olds in 1999 than in 1995. However, more 7‐year‐olds scored above the ChEAT cutoff (≥15) in 1995 compared with 1999.DiscussionThere was an increasing trend in the wish to be thinner and in dieting attempts among 9–14‐year‐olds. Attitudes and behaviors associated with disturbed eating had increased between 1995 and 1999 only among the 11‐year‐ olds. © 2002 John Wiley& Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 32–42, 2002.