bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Capabilities, the Self, and Well-Being*
Authors: Pugno Maurizio 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Capability Approach (CA), as is well known, originates in and is developed by Sen’s numerous works (e.g. Sen 1985a, 1987, 1992, 1999a). Its main aim is twofold: to provide a method for the assessment and measurement of individual well-being, social arrangements, and designs of welfare policies; and to propose theoretical foundations for a paradigm of human development, where human beings form the “ends” of economic activity, rather than its means. The straightforward implication is that it provides the bases for urgent policy interventions.
Subjective Measures Of Agency*
Authors: Alkire Sabina 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Quite a few studies indicate that durable poverty reduction or enduring social change occurs when some poor persons, as well as others in their society, participate actively in development processes. Such is the strength of this finding that it has become a truism to advocate the “participation”and “empowerment” of persons in many dimensions—such as women’s empowerment in the market and at home, or the empowerment of local communities to hold school teachers accountable, or the inculcation of democratic practices such that communities and marginalized groups are able to articulate political demands and make their voices heard.
How do poor balance and muscle weakness contribute to falls?
Authors: Darowski Dr Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A large proportion of all falls occur because of the combination of impaired balance and weak muscles. Both of these factors become common with increasing age, and usually both are present when someone who has fallen is seen in the clinic. Trying to work out which is the major factor in any individual is often impossible, as they are inextricably linked.Muscle weakness Muscle weakness has many causes: any illness will cause muscle weakness painful joints cause loss of muscle around the joint, with weakness and a tendency for the joint to give way previous injury, surgery, or disability, especially in the legs prolonged immobility causes wasting and weakness? deconditioning—not using the muscles enough—is very common specific neurological conditions such as stroke and neuropathy lead to weakness
What is vertigo?
Authors: Darowski Dr Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The most common cause of vertigo among fallers is benign positional vertigo (BPV). This is the only cause of vertigo that can be cured easily. Vestibular neuronitis and Ménière’s disease are common causes in younger people. Other causes of vertigo are less common, and include strokes affecting the brainstem and cerebellum, migraine, tumours of the vestibular nerve, and other causes of damage to the vestibular system.The main feature distinguishing vertigo from giddiness is a feeling of sudden movement, particularly rotation. The sensation is described as being like that caused by spinning round and round and then stopping suddenly, or stepping off a roundabout that has been going round quickly. For most people this is an experience they remember from childhood, but many people find this sensation difficult to put into words.
Osteoporosis and falls
Authors: Darowski Dr Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The combination of falls and osteoporosis leads to fractures in later life.Osteoporosis is an abnormal thinning of the bone that leads to a susceptibility to fractures. Certain fractures are much more common with osteoporosis, when they are caused typically by low impact injuries: vertebral fracture (spine) fractured neck of femur (hip) wrist fractures pelvic fractures fractured neck of humerus (upper arm) fractured fibula (ankle) fractured fifth metatarsal (foot).Osteoporosis can be treated and its progression slowed.
Fear of falling
Authors: Darowski Dr Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
causes an enormous amount of disability and dependency on others? affects the family and carers? is a common reason for going into a care home? can be treated using exercise groups and cognitive behavioural therapy.In order to stay upright we have to devote a certain amount of our attention to the processes of standing up or walking. Most of the time this takes place subconsciously, but at times, when our balance is threatened by a trip or a stumble, we suddenly become very conscious of what we have to do to stay upright. For a moment, we become afraid of falling. Some people who feel unsteady when they stand become so scared of falling that the fear itself starts to have an effect on them. Many of these people have fallen before, and do not wish to repeat the experience. Roughly an equal number have not had any falls, but are nevertheless fearful of them.Fear of falling causes a burden of disability as great as that caused by the injuries that result from falls.Fear of falling, and of its consequences, need not be confined to the person at risk of falling.
What causes falls in care homes?
Authors: Darowski Dr Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Care home residents have the greatest risk of falling of anyone in the population. Falling at home is the main reason that people go into care homes. The risk of falling is highest in the first 2 weeks, and then steadily reduces. Falls prevention in care homes involves: training the staff about falls assessing the patient’s falls risk factors (especially medications) appropriate care plans use of alarms when appropriate eternal vigilance!Falls are very common in care homes. In addition, most people in care homes are confused to a greater or lesser extent. Care homes contain two groups of people—those who can get up and walk (however unsafely), and those who cannot. Those who are unable to get out of their bed or chair without help are at low risk of falling (other than out of their bed or chair, or when being transferred). It is the other group, who are mobile but unsafe and who usually have some degree of confusion, who are the people at the highest risk of falling in the whole population.
Why do people fall in hospital?
Authors: Darowski Dr Adam 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The risk factors for falls in hospital are well recognized. Risk assessment tools and appropriate care plans, and dealing with modifiable risk factors are the accepted approach. Bed rails (cot sides) are useful in the right cases. Formal risk assessment scores have been disappointing in their usefulness in different clinical settings. Hospitals are supposed to be places of safety. People in hospital are looked after by nurses, whose first duty is to ensure their safety. It is difficult for patients and their families to accept that falls occur in hospital but, despite taking all the precautions we can, some falls cannot be prevented.
Cholera: The Very Idea
Authors: Hamlin Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For years, when someone in our family got the “runs,” we referred to it as having cholera—thankful that it was not the real thing. For most in the modern world that real thing is a disease resulting from infection by the cholera microbe (up to 1993, Vibrio cholerae O1, in either its “classical” or its “El Tor” biotype). That deadly and spreading disease had begun to push northwest and southeast from Bengal in 1817 and has, most believe, spread from that nucleus repeatedly.
What is COPD?
Authors: Currie Graeme P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
COPD is a long-term condition that is associated with impaired lung function and lung damage. It usually becomes worse over time if cigarette smoking continues. It is relatively common and is thought to affect over 1 million individuals in the UK. COPD is uncommon in people below 35 years of age and most often becomes apparent in those over 65 years of age.
Conflict Transformation
Authors: Goetschel Laurent 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of ‘conflict transformation’ emerged in the late 1960s and early 1970s in the context of both early conflict research and, in the field of development research, ‘dependency-thinking’. The idea that conflicts are linked to deeper structures in society, at national and international level, was already present in the early work of peace researchers like Senghaas (1973) or Krippendorf (1973). They emphasized the relationship between smaller, national conflicts and larger conflicts embedded in the structure of world society and international economy. For Galtung (1996: 70–126) conflicts are due to contradictions in the structure of society. The incompatibility which arises between parties might be eliminated by transcending these contradictions, by compromise, by deepening or widening the conflict structure, or by associating or dissociating the actors.
Human Security
Authors: Krause Keith 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The concept of human security, today widely used by a wide range of governments, international organizations, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs), is the latest in a long series of attempts to broaden traditional conceptions of security. These include such ideas as global security, societal security, common security, comprehensive security, and cooperative security. Aside from being the most recent attempt to redefine the concept of security, the human security approach is significant for two reasons. First, unlike most other previous reformulations, it stands in tension with, or even opposition to, a state-centric conception of security. Second, policymakers have adopted the discourse of human security, and have used it to generate important and interesting foreign and security policy initiatives and to influence specific kinds of programmes and practices, especially in the context of post-conflict peacebuilding.
Assessing the Efficacy of UV-C Light for the Inactivation of Phytopythium and Phytophthora Species in Water: A Mathematical Modeling Approach Using an Ultraviolet Light-Emitting-Diode System
Authors: Ghimire Bhawana , Pendyala Brahmaiah , Patras Ankit , Baysal-Gurel Fulya 
Published: November 2023

The use of untreated, recirculated irrigation water is a profitable practice, but it can harbor plant pathogens such as Phytophthora ( Pt) cinnamomi, Pt. nicotianae, Phytopythium ( Pp) vexans, and Pp. helicoides, posing disease risks in crop production. UV-C (240 to 290 nm) light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation was evaluated for inactivating the zoospores of oomycetes in water, providing potential for effective treatment. Zoospore suspensions were exposed to quantifiable UV-C doses under dynamic stirring, calculated by multiplying fluence rate (mW cm−2) and exposure time(s). UV-C irradiation effectively inactivated the tested pathogens following linear (logarithmic linear [ Pt. cinnamomi and Pt. nicotianae]) and nonlinear (Weibull and Weibull + tail [ Pp. vexans and Pp. helicoides]) kinetics as identified by parameters of goodness of model fit: high R2 and low root mean square error (RMSE) values. D10 values of Pt. cinnamomi and Pt. nicotianae calculated from the rate constants ( Kmax) of the log-linear models were 5.05 ± 0.38 mJ cm−2 ( R2 = 0.95, RMSE = 0.091, Kmax = 0.49 ± 0.03) and 4.73 ± 0.33 mJ cm−2 ( R2 = 0.96, RMSE = 0.091, Kmax = 0.49 ± 0.03), respectively. The Weibull + tail model best described the inactivation of Pp. vexans ( R2 = 0.97, RMSE = 0.099) and Pp. helicoides ( R2 = 0.96, RMSE = 0.083), and the δ and Nres values were determined to be 9.88 ± 0.12 and 2.06 ± 0.06 and 11.47 ± 0.38 and 2.45 ± 0.05, respectively. These study findings can be applied to develop water disinfection systems, either alone or in combination with other methods, for effective control of pathogens in irrigation systems. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
An Institutional Experience of a Tertiary Referral Center in Surgically Managing Patients With Gorlin Syndrome
Authors: Dany Mohammed , Walker Joanna , Miller Christopher J. , Giordano Cerrene N. 
Published: November 2023

BACKGROUND
The lifetime risk for basal carcinoma (BCC) is 90% in patients with Gorlin syndrome, also known as basal cell nevus syndrome. Compared with non-Gorlin patients, Gorlin patients often develop BCCs at a younger age and in greater numbers up to 500 BCCs in a lifetime.

OBJECTIVE
To review the options available for Gorlin patients and highlight existing knowledge gaps where future studies are indicated to optimize the care of this unique population.

METHODS
We review the current literature on managing patients with Gorlin syndrome from the lens of a dermatologic surgeon.

RESULTS
Although Mohs surgery is still the gold standard for large and aggressive BCCs, other less-invasive approaches may be considered for smaller, more numerous lesions. As dermatologic surgeons, we must be open to the full spectrum of surgical and nonsurgical options to individualize treatment and optimize patients' quality of life. Without maintaining a balance between optimal cure rate and volume management, Gorlin patients become at risk for surgical burn out and loss to follow-up.

CONCLUSION
Gorlin patients undergo numerous surgeries especially on the central face which can lead to disfigurement and reduce the quality of life. Identifying gaps in the current literature, continuing ongoing research, and eventually establishing appropriate guidelines that help to guide the formation of an individualized treatment plan is crucial in developing a balance between conservative and complex treatments for this population.
TREATMENT OF SERPIGINOUS CHOROIDITIS WITH SUBTENON TRIAMCINOLONE IN CONJUNCTION WITH SYSTEMIC STEROIDS: A CASE REPORT
Authors: Alapati Akhila N. , Abouodah Hythem , Ajlan Radwan S. 
Published: November 2023

Purpose:
To report two cases of serpiginous choroiditis which were treated with subtenon triamcinolone in conjunction with systemic steroids to control acute and chronic disease progression. Increased success of disease remission has been postulated for subtenon triamcinolone therapy in conjunction with systemic steroids.

Methods:
Retrospective chart review of two serpiginous choroiditis patients who presented at an eye center. Both patients received subtenon triamcinolone and systemic steroids. Visual acuity and disease course are reported.

Results:
Both cases of serpiginous choroiditis received subtenon triamcinolone on presentation and were hospitalized for IV corticosteroids and systemic workup. The first patient had been on oral corticosteroids before presentation. Both patients reported same-day visual improvement after subtenon triamcinolone was administered.

Conclusion:
These two case reports describe unique clinical scenarios in which subtenon triamcinolone was used in both the acute and chronic phases of serpiginous choroiditis. Local steroid therapy can be a useful adjunctive therapy when systemic steroids are delayed, contraindicated, or intolerable.
UNVEILING THE HIDDEN: EARLY MANIFESTATIONS OF EXTENSIVE MACULAR ATROPHY WITH PSEUDODRUSEN-LIKE APPEARANCE
Authors: Romano Francesco , Cozzi Mariano , Casati Stefano , Bosello Francesca , Zaffalon Chiara , Trinco Andrea , Pellegrini Marco , Invernizzi Alessandro , Staurenghi Giovanni , Salvetti Anna Paola 
Published: November 2023

Purpose:
To describe novel microperimetry and imaging findings in two patients affected by extensive macular atrophy with pseudodrusen-like appearance without signs of retinal pigment epithelium atrophy.

Methods:
Case series. Both patients underwent mesopic and dark-adapted two-color scotopic microperimetry, followed by multimodal imaging assessment including ultra-widefield photography, fundus autofluorescence, high-resolution optical coherence tomography, optical coherence tomography angiography, and high-magnification module.

Results:
Albeit normal visual acuity, both patients had a significant reduction of retinal sensitivity—especially under scotopic cyan conditions. One patient had macular pigment abnormalities, whereas the combination of blue and near-infrared autofluorescence modalities highlighted different patterns of pseudodrusen-like lesions.
Of notice, high-resolution optical coherence tomography revealed a marked separation between the retinal pigment epithelium and Bruch membrane, containing a hyperreflective material with two different reflectivities. Optical coherence tomography angiography excluded the presence of macular neovascularization and documented several choriocapillaris flow voids. High-magnification module images showed severe alteration of photoreceptors' mosaic in the perifovea.

Conclusion:
Our comprehensive assessment of two stage 1 extensive macular atrophy with pseudodrusen-like appearance patients revealed a predominant damage of perifoveal rods over areas of retinal pigment epithelium–Bruch membrane separation. These findings underscore the importance of basal laminar deposits in the initial stages of extensive macular atrophy with pseudodrusen-like appearance, contributing to a deeper understanding of its underlying mechanisms.
Outcomes and predictive factors in multifocal and extended depth of focus intraocular lens implantation
Authors: De la Paz Matthew , Tsai Linda M. 
Published: November 2023

Purpose of review
Options for addressing presbyopia with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation have become more varied and sophisticated. We reviewed recent literature on multifocal and extended depth of focus (EDOF) IOLs in order to provide insight on their respective advantages, with emphasis on the visual outcomes of each design.

Recent findings
Increased patient age, spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) abnormalities, abnormal optical axis measurements, and better preoperative visual acuity have been implicated as predictors of worse postoperative vision or visual quality in multifocal IOLs. Despite differences in objective outcomes, patient-reported outcomes such as satisfaction are consistently similar between multifocal and EDOF IOLs. EDOFs may have slightly lower rates of spectacle independence than trifocals, but there is more support for their use in the setting of with other ocular conditions.

Summary
Multifocal and EDOF IOLs are both viable options for patients who wish to preserve near vision. Given their similar objective performance in many aspects, enabling patients to make informed decisions based on their expectations and visual requirements is critical to postoperative satisfaction. Evidence for advanced technology IOL implantation in pediatric patients remains inconclusive.
Colon polyps: updates in classification and management
Authors: Dornblaser David , Young Sigird , Shaukat Aasma 
Published: November 2023

Purpose of review
Colon polyps are potential precursors to colorectal cancer (CRC), which remains one of the most common causes of cancer-associated death. The proper identification and management of these colorectal polyps is an important quality measure for colonoscopy outcomes. Here, we review colon polyp epidemiology, their natural history, and updates in endoscopic classification and management.

Recent findings
Colon polyps that form from not only the adenoma, but also the serrated polyp pathway have significant risk for future progression to CRC. Therefore, correct identification and management of sessile serrated lesions can improve the quality of screening colonoscopy. Malignant polyp recognition continues to be heavily reliant on well established endoscopic classification systems and plays an important role in intraprocedural management decisions. Hot snare remains the gold standard for pedunculated polyp resection. Nonpedunculated noninvasive lesions can be effectively removed by large forceps if diminutive, but cold snare is preferred for colon polyps 3–20 mm in diameter. Larger lesions at least 20 mm require endoscopic mucosal resection. Polyps with the endoscopic appearance of submucosal invasion require surgical referral or advanced endoscopic resection in select cases. Advances in artificial intelligence may revolutionize endoscopic polyp classification and improve both patient and cost-related outcomes of colonoscopy.

Summary
Clinicians should be aware of the most recent updates in colon polyp classification and management to provide the best care to their patients initiating screening colonoscopy.
The many faces of the megakaryocytes and their biological implications
Authors: Guo Karen , Machlus Kellie R. , Camacho Virginia 
Published: November 2023

Purpose of review
Single-cell RNA sequencing studies have revealed transcriptional heterogeneity within the megakaryocytic lineage and the identified unique subsets. In this review, we discuss the functional and phenotypic plasticity of these subpopulations as well as the impacts on health and disease.

Recent findings
Megakaryocytes (MKs) can be transcriptionally categorized into platelet generating, niche supporting, immune, and cycling cells, which are distinguished by their unique gene expression patterns and cellular markers. Additionally, a significant population of these cells has been established to reside in the nonhematopoietic tissues and they display enhanced immune-related characteristics. Combined with the location in which the megakaryocytes exist, these cells can play unique roles dictated by their current environment and biological needs, including responding to changes in pathogen exposure.

Summary
Advances in megakaryocyte research has elucidated the existence of multiple subpopulations of MKs that serve different functions. These subpopulations implicate a greater potential for MKs to be regulators of health and suggest new avenues for treatments and therapies in related diseases.
Respiratory viral infections including COVID-19 in solid organ transplantation
Authors: Lo Carson K.L. , Kumar Deepali 
Published: November 2023

Purpose of review
Respiratory viral infections are prevalent and contribute to significant morbidity and mortality among solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. We review updates from literature on respiratory viruses, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in the SOT recipient.

Recent findings
With the wider availability and use of molecular diagnostic tests, our understanding of the epidemiology and impact of respiratory viruses in the SOT population continues to expand. While considerable attention has been given to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the advances in prevention and treatment strategies of SARS-CoV-2 offered valuable insights into the development of new therapeutic options for managing other respiratory viruses in both the general and SOT population.

Summary
Respiratory viruses can present with a diverse range of symptoms in SOT recipients, with potentially associated acute rejection and chronic lung allograft dysfunction in lung transplant recipients. The epidemiology, clinical presentations, diagnostic approaches, and treatment and preventive strategies for clinically significant RNA and DNA respiratory viruses in SOT recipients are reviewed. This review also covers novel antivirals, immunologic therapies, and vaccines in development for various community-acquired respiratory viruses.