bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CHANGES IN CARBON DIOXIDE TENSION AND HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION OF THE BLOOD FOLLOWING MULTIPLE PULMONARY EMBOLISM
Authors: Binger Carl A. L. , Moore Richmond L. 
Published: June 2004

1. The production of multiple emboli of the pulmonary capillaries and arterioles results in rapid and shallow breathing which may be associated with anoxemia, but is not dependent for its occurrence upon anoxemia.
2. Similarly there may occur an increase in the partial pressure of CO2 in the blood as well as an increase in hydrogen ion concentration.
3. These changes must be regarded as the result of the impaired pulmonary function.
4. They are not, however, the cause of the rapid and shallow respirations, since the abnormal type of breathing may occur without the attendant blood changes.
5. The characteristic type of response to increase in CO2 tension is an increased rather than a decreased depth of respiration.
STUDIES ON THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE VIRUS OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Boëez Louis 
Published: June 2004

A strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus was recovered from a cow at the height of the disease, and was propagated through at least 261 passages in the guinea pig. Considerably over 2000 animals proved susceptible to the virus, and the virus could be transferred at will back to cattle and hogs, and then again returned to guinea pigs. No natural immunity was discovered in guinea pigs. Secondary lesions were easily and regularly induced, thus making this strain particularly favorable to experimental purposes. In general, the guinea pig may therefore be regarded as the animal of choice for laboratory studies.
The guinea pig could be infected by different methods of injection in different sites, but constant and regular production of primary and secondary lesions—or generalization of the disease—followed intradermal "tunneling" in the manner described, combined with subcutaneous inoculation of the posterior hairless pads of full grown animals. As we have indicated, the virus was peculiarly epitheliotropic, which in turn gives support to the opinion that its portal of entry may be limited.
The active agent could purify itself of chance concomitant bacteria in the first passages, in a susceptible animal—a character possessed by filter-passing viruses in general.
The virus was active in dilutions of 1:10,000,000. This shows not only the minuteness of the active agent, but also the necessity for a change of technique from that employed with larger sized infectious agents. Apart from this, the dilution factor is important in interpreting mere preservation of the virus rather than multiplication, when only early successive subplants in culture experiments are positive. Furthermore, some samples of virus were not so active—a factor of twenty-five existed between the weakest and strongest samples among fifteen titrated. This indicates that comparative tests, as, for example, of survival in different media, should be made with the same specimen. In any case, the rate and energy of action of the virus were proportional to its concentration, thus differing from the behavior of certain enzymes.
The incitant is not sedimented by centrifugation. Non-centrifugability, a property of some other filter-passing, infectious agents, is not an indication of the fluid character of the virus, as we have already explained. In view of the evidence presented and other tests to be reported later, failure of deposition is related to the minute size of the incitant. The method of centrifugation has also failed to remove "virucidal bodies" in the meaning of Frosch and Dahmen.
STUDIES ON THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE VIRUS OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Boëz Louis 
Published: June 2004

Cataphoresis experiments show that the virus of foot-and-mouth disease carries, under ordinary conditions, an electropositive charge. Its isoelectric range is at the high point of pH = about 8. Although cultivable bacteria are, as a rule, electronegative, yet certain protozoa, such as trypanosomes and spirochetes are also electropositive. In respect to charge, then, the virus is different from ordinary bacteria, but there is nothing in this finding to indicate an inanimate character of the incitant. A knowledge of the charge, however, aids in the interpretation of certain filtration phenomena, and indirectly in delimiting the size of the virus. In addition, it serves to explain its remarkable resistance to certain chemicals—a subject to be dealt with in the next paper of this series. Finally, cataphoresis indicates the possible separation of the virus from protein particles.
Filtration experiments were made with different types of filters: Seitz, Berkefeld V and N, and Chamberland, of practically all sizes, collodion membranes, and Bechhold's ultrafilter. The results confirm the electropositive charge of the virus, as well as the minuteness of its size. Filtration was effected through the Seitz, Berkefeld, and Chamberland filters. In regard to the latter, the active agent passed through the L 11 only when its charge was shifted to negative: under ordinary conditions, carrying an electropositive charge, it failed to traverse this more dense wall, and was completely adsorbed in the oppositely charged barrier. Filtrations through electronegative collodion membranes, prepared in different ways and of varying thicknesses, resulted, as a rule, in failure, unless the thinnest and most permeable membranes were employed. But in these, the complication of microscopic holes was to be considered. Hence this method was regarded as impracticable. Success, however, was obtained with Bechhold's ultrafilter membranes of the most permeable type, and with these it was possible to measure relatively, by a system of "molecular" filtrations, the size of the incitant. This was found to be, in relation to other particles of like charge, between 20 and 100 mµ in diameter.
The filtration phenomena of the foot-and-mouth disease virus can be accounted for on the basis of the minute size of the particles of the incitant carrying an electropositive charge, and no evidence can be deduced therefrom that the virus is of a fluid character. For the relative size of the particles is constant and the invariability of the limits of measurement contradicts the notion that the incitant may be a "solute" varying in dimensions in different "solvents."
STUDIES ON IMMUNITY TO PNEUMOCOCCUS MUCOSUS (TYPE III)
Authors: Tillett William S. 
Published: June 2004

1. Type III pneumococci fail in the majority of instances to stimulate the production of anti-S antibodies. (Type specific agglutinins, type specific precipitins, and antibodies affording type specific protection in mice.)
2. Type III pneumococci are effective in the stimulation of the production of anti-P antibodies (agglutinins for R strains of pneumococci and precipitins for pneumococcus nucleoprotein). These antibodies are ineffectual in the passive protection of mice.
INFLUENCE OF LIGHT ON THE GROWTH AND MALIGNANCY OF A TRANSPLANTABLE NEOPLASM OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise , Brown Wade H. 
Published: June 2004

Experiments are reported in which an environment of constant and continuous light with a wave-length of from 3022 to 5790 Ångström units, supplied by mercury arcs in crown glass, and of constant darkness, have influenced the course and character of a malignant disease of rabbits induced by a transplantable neoplasm.
Under the influence of constant light the level of malignancy was lower than in control animals living under ordinary conditions of diffused sunlight. Under the influence of constant darkness the level of malignancy was somewhat lower than in control animals but the effect of this environment was modified by the special character of the disease prevailing at this time. The incidence of bone metastases was unusually high, but it was greatly increased in the rabbits kept in constant darkness.
These observations furnish experimental evidence in support of the belief that there is a correlation between the external factor of light and the manifestations of an experimental malignant disease.
THE EFFECT OF GUM SHELLAC SOLUTION ON THE SURFACE TENSION OF RABBIT SERUM
Authors: Hayman J. M. 
Published: June 2004

Following the intravenous injection of a gum shellac solution which alters the peripheral blood picture there is an increase in the time-drop of the diluted serum. This is believed to indicate changes in the physicochemical state of the plasma.
This gum shellac solution behaves as a surface-active substance; its effect on the surface tension of serum is hindered by the du Noüy phenomenon of adsorption on serum molecules.
ETIOLOGY OF OROYA FEVER
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo 
Published: June 2004

Nine monkeys (Macacus rhesus) and a chimpanzee which had recently recovered from an infection with the Oroya strain of Bartonella bacilliformis were tested for immunity against the verruga strain of Bartonella bacilliformis as well as against the homologous strain. Complete immunity to both strains was demonstrated. The result establishes the identity of the strains and is in agreement with the result of comparative serological study.
The criteria of recovery include not only the subsidence of febrile reactions and local lesions but also a negative result of cultural tests of blood and lymphatic gland tissue.
Recovery may occur as early as 1 month after inoculation, but in most instances a period of 2 to 5 months is required for the completion of convalescence.
A STUDY OF PNEUMOCOCCI ISOLATED FROM HORSES UNDERGOING PNEUMOCOCCUS IMMUNIZATION
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus B. , Sickles G. M. 
Published: June 2004

It has been shown that the pneumococcus multiplying in the tissues of the immunized animal (horse) becomes attenuated: loses, in varying degrees, its virulence, capacity of capsule formation, susceptibility to phagocytosis, and type specificity. The antigenic activity as an immunizing agent and the production of "soluble specific substance" are also altered. In some instances, the typical pneumococcus characteristics may be quickly restored by one or two passages through a susceptible animal (mouse). In others, virulence is not recovered and the organism remains atypical.
Whether these changes are to be attributed to the specific action of immune bodies in the tissues, or are to be considered as the result of some biologic adaptive process to an adverse environment, has not been determined. Proof of the specific action of immune bodies is possibly open to question, whereas it is well known that virulence and with it some other characteristics are profoundly affected under unfavorable conditions in the absence of immune bodies, notably when the organism is grown at elevated temperatures or in certain unsuitable media.
These studies of pneumococci isolated from the infected immunized horse provide opportunities for further investigation of the significance of changes in virulence, type specificity, and formation of "soluble specific substances" in various forms of pneumococcus infection.
OXYGEN POISONING IN COLD BLOODED ANIMALS
Authors: Faulkner James M. , Binger Carl A. L. 
Published: June 2004

1. Exposure of frogs to atmospheres containing approximately 95 per cent of oxygen is without apparent effect on their state of well being, and produces no noticeable changes in the appearance of their web capillaries.
2. Turtles exposed to similar atmospheres are also apparently unaffected unless the oxygen be warmed to mammalian temperature.
3. At this temperature (37.5°C.) the turtles behave like mammals, showing loss of appetite, shortness of breath, death and, at autopsy, hemorrhagic extravasations in the lungs.
4. Young turtles are more resistant (or adaptable) to this change in environment than mature ones.
THE CULTIVATION OF LENS EPITHELIUM IN VITRO
Authors: Kirby Daniel B. 
Published: June 2004

1. Differentiation of the posterior cells of the lens vesicle into lens cortex has been observed in vitro.
2. It is possible to dissect out the lens of the 5 day embryo chick in such a manner as to free it from all extraneous cells.
3. Lens epithelium even at a very early stage is contained within a cuticula.
4. Lens epithelium under proper conditions will live, migrate, divide, and multiply in vitro in primary explants.
5. An unmixed strain of lens epithelium can be propagated from a primary explant by successive subcultures. This strain can be utilized for controlled experiments on the nutrition of the cells of the lens.
EXPERIMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Perla David 
Published: June 2004

1. After intraperitoneal inoculation of guinea pigs with tubercle bacilli, the microorganisms may appear in the feces and elimination may persist during 1 week. Subsequently during several weeks no tubercle bacilli can be recovered from the feces.
2. When tuberculosis is widely disseminated in the body of guinea pigs, tubercle bacilli are discharged with the feces.
3. Tubercle bacilli are occasionally eliminated in the bile of guinea pigs immediately after inoculation but are almost constantly found in the bile after several weeks when the disease is well established.
4. Tubercle bacilli are eliminated in the urine of experimentally infected guinea pigs only when infection is far advanced.
THE RESPONSE TO RESPIRATORY RESISTANCE
Authors: Moore Richmond L. , Binger Carl A. L. 
Published: June 2004

1. A study has been made of the effects of resistance to respiration in the inspiratory and expiratory phases.
2. Resistance to inspiration caused an increase in respiratory rate, a decrease in tidal air, and in most instances a severe limitation of the minute volume of pulmonary ventilation. Anoxemia and acidosis accompanied these changes.
3. When resistance was removed the respiratory rate continued to be rapid, but the tidal air and minute volume increased. As a result of this there was a fall in pCO2, a rise in pH, and in some cases a complete disappearance of anoxemia.
3. Resistance to expiration slowed the respiratory rate and produced a constant decrease in the minute volume of pulmonary ventilation. Anoxemia and carbon dioxide retention occurred, but were less pronounced than in the inspiratory experiments. Release of resistance to expiration resulted in a return of all functions to their normal, or approximately normal, levels.
4. A difference in the gross pulmonary pathology found at autopsy in these two types of experiments has been described, and an attempt has been made to correlate changes in function with changes in structure.
5. No direct evidence has been supplied for the liability to fatigue of the respiratory center.
STUDIES ON BACTERIAL ENZYMES
Authors: Fleming William L. , Neill James M. 
Published: June 2004

The carbohydrases (maltase, lactase, sucrase, raffinase, amylase) and lipase (tributyrinase) of the Welch bacillus retain their hydrolytic activities in sterile solutions of the bacterial cells. The demonstration of the carbohydrases and detection of their hexose products constitute experimental proof that Welch bacilli attack complex carbohydrates by way of a preliminary hydrolysis.
The result of experiments on the oxidation of the enzymes show that the inhibitory effect of air upon the initiation of growth of the living Welch bacillus does not include a comparable effect upon the activity of its hydrolyzing enzymes.
THE INFLUENCE OF OVARIECTOMY ON THE SPONTANEOUS OCCURRENCE OF MAMMARY CARCINOMAS IN MICE
Authors: Cori Carl F. 
Published: June 2004

1. Castration of female mice between 15 and 22 days of age entirely prevented the occurrence of spontaneous adenocarcinoma of the breast, while the non-breeding control mice of the same strain showed a tumor incidence of 78.5 per cent. 3 of the spayed animals developed a spontaneous spindle cell sarcoma. This indicates that the influence of the ovary on the development of breast carcinomas is a specific one, since ovariectomy does not lead to a resistance against other types of spontaneous tumors.
2. Castration between 2 and 6 months of age led to a marked reduction of the tumor incidence, but did not entirely prevent the occurrence of mammary tumors.
3. It is concluded that the spontaneous mammary carcinoma of the mouse is due to a hereditary organ disposition, which remains latent in the absence of ovarian function, but which becomes manifest when a certain amount of ovarian hormone, corresponding to 5 to 30 estrus cycles, has acted on the breast tissue.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING GROWTH REQUIREMENTS OF HEMOPHILIC BACILLI
Authors: Valentine Francis C. O. , Rivers Thomas M. 
Published: June 2004

1. 19 strains of non-hemolytic hemophilic bacilli were studied. 17 required the addition of V and X growth accessory factors to their media, 2 required the addition of only V.
2. Of 15 strains of hemolytic hemophilic bacilli examined, 10 were found to require the addition of only V to their media, 3 the addition of V and X in the form of yeast extract and hematin, and 2 the addition of accessory growth factors in the form of blood.
3. In media to which neither V nor X had been added true symbiosis was found to occur on growing B. hemoglobinophilus canis, requiring the addition of X, with B. parainfluenzæ, requiring the addition of V, or with hemolytic strains of bacilli, requiring the addition of only V.
FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE INFECTION OF MICE AFTER VACCINATION WITH TYPE II PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Neill James M. , Gaspari Emidio L. 
Published: June 2004

A group of mice was vaccinated against Type II pneumoccci and subsequently tested for immunity against different numbers of the live bacteria. The immunity tests were conducted within two zones of dosage. In the first zone where the doses were kept within reasonable limits (10–6 to 10–3 cc. of culture), the number of invading bacteria was without influence and the occurrence of infections was determined by the previous immunity response of the individual. In the second zone of dosage (where passive protection also fails), these relations were reversed, and invasion by overwhelming numbers of the bacteria invariably produced infection regardless of the previous immunity response of the individual.
These results present an extreme example of the importance of the immunity response of the individual as a factor always concerned in the effectiveness of vaccination.
STUDIES ON PATHOGENIC B. COLI FROM BOVINE SOURCES
Authors: Smith Theobald , Little Ralph B. 
Published: June 2004

The relatively young bouillon filtrates, 24 and 48 hours old, of certain strains of B. coli obtained directly from the ileum of scouring calves, were highly toxic for calves about 1 month old, as well as for older calves and cows when given into a vein. The symptoms, of panting followed by dyspneic and jerky respiration, indicate some at first obstructive action upon the alveolar and endothelial cells, followed by a greater permeability and eventual filling up of the air spaces with a serous, fibrinous, and hemorrhagic exudate. Similar effects are produced in other organs, such as liver and kidneys, if the toxin reaches them or is formed there by multiplying bacteria. There are no immediate or remote effects resembling those on calves following the intraperitoneal or the intracardiac injection of B. coli filtrates into guinea pigs even when the dose represents many multiples, per body weight, of the dangerous or even fatal calf dose.
The administration of the filtrate subcutaneously is without visible effect. Similarly, feeding large numbers of living bacilli produced no manifest disturbances.
In support of the hypothesis of a genetic relation between the group of B. coli and of paratyphoid, a similar but less severe effect was produced in a calf by the intravenous injection of a bouillon filtrate of a paratyphoid strain.
STUDIES IN EXPERIMENTAL EXTRACORPOREAL THROMBOSIS
Authors: Shionoya Takuji 
Published: June 2004

Thrombus formation has been studied in normal rabbits with an experimental method of establishing extracorporeal circulation. In the normal animal circulation in the extracorporeal loop usually ceases in from 6 to 10 minutes, or at most, in very large and vigorous animals, in 25 minutes.1 Cessation of the circulation is due most frequently to obstruction of the venous cannula (sometimes of the arterial cannula) by a mass of white thrombi and secondary fibrin formation around it. The site of the clot is determined somewhat by the swiftness of the blood stream.
In the collodion tube red mural thrombi are obtainable as a rule. They are flat and present a wide base resting on tiny white thrombi. After the complete obstruction of the circulation, the blood in the apparatus clots very rapidly. When the obstruction occurs very quickly either in the arterial or venous cannula, or when the blood stream is very slow, the clotting in the loop may occur before platelets are laid down in large numbers or before the formation of the white thrombi is evident.
Mixed thrombi are found in the jugular vein, and have their inception in the white thrombi, in the cannula or from the injured intima. They extend in the direction of the blood flow.
STUDIES ON PATHOGENIC B. COLI FROM BOVINE SOURCES
Authors: Smith Dorothea E. 
Published: June 2004

1. The soluble specific substance obtained from a capsulated strain of B. coli is not identical with any specific substance heretofore described. It is a carbohydrate, composed of 80 per cent of hexose, probably partly of dextro- and partly of levorotatory sugar, since the rotation of the hydrolysate is low. Glucuronic acid is probably present in the molecule.
2. Crude "residue" or specific substance obtained from the uncapsulated mutant was about 100 times less active with homologous serum than similar material from the capsulated strain. This supports the view that capsular substance and soluble specific substance are the same. In cases where there is a well marked capsule, the specific substance is probably produced in greater amount and located peripherally.
3. Capsular substance is probably significant for virulence when functioning as a morphological capsule. It is present in filtrates of young culture only in very small amounts.