bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vaccines for birch pollen allergy based on genetically engineered hypoallergenic derivatives of the major birch pollen allergen, Bet v 1
Authors: Mahler V. , Vrtala S. , Kuss O. , Diepgen T. L. , Suck R. , Cromwell O. , Fiebig H. , Hartl A. , Thalhamer J. , Schuler G. , Kraft D. , Valenta R. 
Published: January 2004

SummaryBackground
We have recently engineered recombinant derivatives of the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 (rBet v 1 fragments and trimer) with strongly reduced allergenic activity.Objective
The aim of this study was the in vivo characterization of potential allergy vaccines based on Al(OH)3‐adsorbed genetically modified rBet v 1 derivatives in mice.Methods
BALB/c mice were immunized either with courses of nine injections of increasing doses of Al(OH)3‐adsorbed rBet v 1 wild‐type, rBet v 1 fragments, rBet v 1 trimer or Al(OH)3 alone in weekly intervals or with three high‐dose injections applied in intervals of 3 weeks. Humoral immune responses to rBet v 1 wild‐type and homologous plant allergens were measured by ELISA and Western blotting, and the ability of mouse antibodies to inhibit the binding of allergic patients IgE to Bet v 1 was studied by ELISA competition experiments.Results
In both schemes, hypoallergenic rBet v 1 derivatives induced low IgE but high IgG1 responses against rBet v 1 wild‐type. The IgG1 antibodies induced by genetically modified rBet v 1 derivatives cross‐reacted with natural Bet v 1 and its homologues from alder (Aln g 1) as well as hazel (Cor a 1) and strongly inhibited the binding of birch pollen allergic patients' IgE to Bet v 1 wild‐type.Conclusion
Genetically modified hypoallergenic rBet v 1 derivatives induce blocking antibodies in vivo. Their safety and efficacy for the treatment of birch pollen and associated plant allergies can now be evaluated in clinical immunotherapy studies.
Verbal short‐term memory in Down's syndrome: An articulatory loop deficit?
Authors: Vicari S. , Marotta L. , Carlesimo G. A. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBackground  Verbal short‐term memory, as measured by digit or word span, is generally impaired in individuals with Down's syndrome (DS) compared to mental age‐matched controls. Moving from the working memory model, the present authors investigated the hypothesis that impairment in some of the articulatory loop sub‐components is at the base of the deficient maintenance and recall of phonological representations in individuals with DS.Methods  Two experiments were carried out in a group of adolescents with DS and in typically developing children matched for mental age. In the first experiment, the authors explored the reliance of these subjects on the subvocal rehearsal mechanism during a word‐span task and the effects produced by varying the frequency of occurrence of the words on the extension of the word span. In the second experiment, they investigated the functioning of the phonological store component of the articulatory loop in more detail.Results  A reduced verbal span in DS was confirmed. Neither individuals with DS nor controls engaged in spontaneous subvocal rehearsal. Moreover, the data provide little support for defective functioning of the phonological store in DS.Conclusions  No evidence was found suggesting that a dysfunction of the articulatory loop and lexical‐semantic competence significantly contributed to verbal span reduction in subjects with DS. Alternative explanations of defective verbal short‐term memory in DS, such as a central executive system impairment, must be considered.
Sex differences in performance over 7 years on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Revised among adults with intellectual disability
Authors: Kittler P. , Krinsky‐McHale S. J. , Devenny D. A. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBackground  The aim of this study was to explore changes related to sex differences on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Revised (WISC‐R) subtest performance over a 7‐year interval in middle‐aged adults with intellectual disability (ID). Cognitive sex differences have been extensively studied in the general population, but there are few reports concerning individuals with ID. Sex differences are of current relevance to actively debated issues such as cognitive changes during menopause and risk for Alzheimer's disease. Given that hormonal effects on cognition have been observed in the general population, particularly in areas such as visuospatial processing, and individuals with Down's syndrome (DS) have been reported to be hormonally and reproductively atypical, we analysed our data to allow for the possibility of an aetiology‐specific profile of sex differences for these adults.Methods  The WISC‐R subtests were administered in a longitudinal study, as part of a more comprehensive test battery, at least twice within 7 years. Participants were 18 females with ID without DS [age at first test time (time 1): mean = 40.5; IQ: mean = 59.3], 10 males with ID without DS (age at time 1: mean = 42.4; IQ: mean = 59.4), 21 females with DS (age at time 1: mean = 37.9; IQ: mean = 51.6), and 21 males with DS (age at time 1: mean = 40.3; IQ: mean = 54.3). All participants were in the mild to moderate range of ID and were displaying no changes suggestive of early dementia.Results  Females, regardless of aetiology of ID, exhibited a robust superiority on the coding subtest, which parallels the widely reported difference among adults in the general population. Additionally, there was a decline in overall performance during the 7‐year study interval, particularly on the verbal subscale subtests, but there was no evidence of sex‐differentiated decline. There were also marginal sex by aetiology interactions on the object assembly and block design subtests, suggesting that males with unspecified ID might perform better than their female peers, but among adults with DS, females might do better than males.Conclusions  This study supports the presence of cognitive sex differences in the population with ID as indicated by female superiority on the WISC‐R coding subtest. Extending this observation to adults with ID has implications for explanations of female advantage on this task, which now have to account for its presence among individuals with a broader range of intellectual capabilities, more atypical developmental histories and more varied genotypes than previously considered. Trends towards sex by aetiology interactions on the two visuoconstructive subtests, while marginal, were sufficient to warrant continued consideration of the idea of a distinct profile of sex differences for adults with DS and to justify looking at the effects of sex separately within different aetiologies of ID.
Re‐injecting spontaneity and balance in family life: parents’ perspectives on recreation in families that include children with developmental disability
Authors: Mactavish J. B. , Schleien S. J. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractMethods Grounded in the naturalistic paradigm, a mixed‐method research design (survey questionnaire,n = 65; and interview,n = 16) was used to explore the nature and benefits of, and constraints to, family recreation in families that included children with developmental disability. Statistical analyses were conducted on the quantitative data, while key theme and constant comparative methods were used to analyse the qualitative data.Results These analyses revealed that family recreation most often involved small combinations of family members – usually mothers and their children – in physical recreation activities (e.g. swimming, walking, bike riding). Parents viewed these interactions as beneficial for enhancing family relationships and providing children, particularly those with a disability, opportunities for skill and self development within an accepting and supportive environment.Difficulties in coordinating family members schedules, finding activities to accommodate wide age and skill ranges, planning demands, and limitations in marketing and promotional materials were among the constraints most commonly identified in relation to the family as a whole and the children with developmental disability. Links to existing family and leisure research, family systems theory, and considerations for future research also are discussed.
Sentence memory of individuals with Down's syndrome and typically developing children
Authors: Seung H.‐K. , Chapman R. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractBackground  Individuals with Down's syndrome (DS) have an auditory short‐term memory span disproportionately shorter than the non‐verbal mental age (MA). This study evaluated the Baddeley model's claim that verbal short‐term memory deficits might arise from slower speaking rates (and thus less material rehearsed in a 2 s passive store) by using the sentence memory subtest of the Stanford‐Binet. Previous work had shown digit span recall speaking rate to be comparable to the examiner's slow rate (one syllable per second) for both DS and language‐matched participants.Method  Thirty individuals with DS were compared to two control groups [non‐verbal MA‐matched and mean length of utterance (MLU)‐matched] on the sentence span and speaking rate for the longest verbatim recalled sentence. Sentence stimuli were presented at a normal speaking rate.Results  The DS group had shorter sentence memory span than the MA‐matched group and a faster, rather than slower, speaking rate (syllables per second) than the MLU‐matched controls.Conclusions  Language production level accounted for a substantial portion of the variance in the sentence memory span in the DS group. Thus, language production skill, rather than speaking rate, predicts variability in verbal memory span.
Reducing Burglary and Fear among Older People: An Evaluation of a Help the Aged and Homesafe Initiative in Plymouth
Authors: Mawby Rob 
Published: January 2004

Abstract Despite their low levels of risk, older people have been targeted by a number of crime reduction initiatives. This article describes an evaluation of one burglary reduction initiative in Plymouth that involved the local Plymouth Homesafe scheme and Help the Aged. The scheme clearly targeted the more vulnerable groups within the community, and clients were extremely positive about the service and its implementation. However, there was little evidence that they expressed lower levels of fear of crime than did older people in general. This leads to a discussion of different levels of vulnerability and the way different subcategories of client perceived and benefited from the scheme.
Governmentality by Network in English Primary Healthcare
Authors: Sheaff Rod , Marshall Martin , Rogers Anne , Roland Martin , Sibbald Bonnie , Pickard Susan 
Published: January 2004

AbstractIn England, the quality of clinical work is being regulated in new ways following recent developments in “clinical governance” policy and apparent failures in the previous system of medical self‐regulation. Using multiple case studies, this paper examines how these changes are affecting professional governmentality and discipline in general practice. Formal organizational structures play little role in clinical governance there. Clinical quality is managed largely through semi‐formal networks, relying on medical self‐surveillance. Compliance is achieved largely by discursive appeals to the legitimacy of clinical governance, but local GPs’ leaders also argue that governments might otherwise regulate medical practice more actively. As yet the effects of clinical governance activity on service delivery are slight. Professional self‐regulation is replacing permissive exception management with more collegial, directive methods.
Massive dolomitization of a Messinian reef in the Great Bahama Bank: a numerical modelling evaluation of Kohout geothermal convection
Authors: Caspard E. , Rudkiewicz J.‐L. , Eberli G. P. , Brosse E. , Renard M. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe hypothesis that Kohout thermal convection may have induced the massive dolomitization of the 60 m thick lowest more reefal unit in well Unda [top of Great Bahama Bank (GBB)] is evaluated through numerical modelling. A two‐dimensional (2‐D) section, including lithological and petrophysical data, together with datings for the sediments of the GBB, was used in the basin model TEMISPACK to reconstruct the history of the whole platform, with a focus on the reef unit.Simulations showed that during high sea‐level periods, Kohout convection is a valid mechanism in the settings of the GBB, although the convection cell remains flat in most cases because of high permeability anisotropy. This mechanism induces rapid fluid flow in the superficial as well as in the deeper parts of the platform, with velocities of at least two orders of magnitude higher than with compaction alone. Lithology appears as a strong control of fluid circulations at the margin scale through the permeability anisotropy, for which a critical value lies between values of 10 and 100. The reefal unit in Unda is part of a larger area determined by the lithologic distribution, in which flow velocities are significantly higher than in the rest of the platform. These velocities are high enough to bring the magnesium necessary to precipitate the observed amounts of dolomite, within durations in agreement with the available time of post‐reef deposition high sea level(s). However, neither fluid flow pattern nor flow velocities are able to explain the preferential massive dolomitization of the lower reef unit and the complete absence of dolomite in the upper one.
Gas breakthrough experiments on pelitic rocks: comparative study with N2, CO2 and CH4
Authors: Hildenbrand A. , Schlömer S. , Krooss B. M. , Littke R. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe capillary‐sealing efficiency of intermediate‐ to low‐permeable sedimentary rocks has been investigated by N2, CO2 and CH4 breakthrough experiments on initially fully water‐saturated rocks of different lithological compositions. Differential gas pressures up to 20 MPa were imposed across samples of 10–20 mm thickness, and the decline of the differential pressures was monitored over time. Absolute (single‐phase) permeability coefficients (kabs), determined by steady‐state fluid flow tests, ranged between 10−22 and 10−15 m2. Maximum effective permeabilities to the gas phase keff(max), measured after gas breakthrough at maximum gas saturation, extended from 10−26 to 10−18 m2. Because of re‐imbibition of water into the interconnected gas‐conducting pore system, the effective permeability to the gas phase decreases with decreasing differential (capillary) pressure. At the end of the breakthrough experiments, a residual pressure difference persists, indicating the shut‐off of the gas‐conducting pore system. These pressures, referred to as the ‘minimum capillary displacement pressures’ (Pd), ranged from 0.1 up to 6.7 MPa. Correlations were established between (i) absolute and effective permeability coefficients and (ii) effective or absolute permeability and capillary displacement pressure. Results indicate systematic differences in gas breakthrough behaviour of N2, CO2 and CH4, reflecting differences in wettability and interfacial tension. Additionally, a simple dynamic model for gas leakage through a capillary seal is presented, taking into account the variation of effective permeability as a function of buoyancy pressure exerted by a gas column underneath the seal.
Has exercise an antifracture efficacy in women?
Authors: Karlsson Magnus 
Published: January 2004

Exercise in girls during growth seems to confer a high peak bone mineral density (BMD). Exercise in adulthood, in the peri‐ and postmenopausal period, and in old age prevents bone loss or increases BMD with a magnitude of minor biological significance. However, these changes must be regarded as beneficial compared to the age‐related bone loss, which inevitably will occur if no interventions are implemented. Prospective intervention studies also suggest that exercise improves muscle strength, coordination and balance, even in elderly women, all of which are improvements with a potential of reducing the number of falls. A randomised, controlled, prospective, blinded study (the only study design that tests a hypothesis) of exercise with fracture as end point is extremely difficult to conduct, due to the large sample sizes needed. At present, no such studies exist. Retrospective and prospective observational and case–control studies suggest that physical activity in women is associated with reduced fracture risk. This may be correct, but we must never forget that a consistently replicated sampling bias may produce the same outcome.The Achilles heel of exercise is the reduction or the cessation of physical activity, which commonly occurs among middle‐aged women when family and work demands reduce the time available for exercise. A higher BMD or improvement in muscle size and muscle strength achieved by exercise during adolescence seems to be eroded on retirement, leaving virtually no remaining benefits in old age, the period when fragility fractures begin to be a problem of increasing magnitude. However, recreational activities seem to maintain some of the musculo‐skeletal benefits, but to date we do not know the level of activity needed to retain these benefits. Dose–response relationships need to be quantified, as also the effects on bone size, shape and architecture. Another essential question that we must address is how many fewer fractures will be the result of a community‐based exercise campaign. Will efforts by the community to encourage a higher level of physical exercise, with the aim of reducing bone fractures, be cost‐effective? The higher level of proof, suggesting that exercise does reduce fragility fractures and thus reduces the total cost for the society, must come from well‐designed and well‐executed, prospective, randomised, controlled trials. The responsibility of executing these studies lies in the hands of both researchers and the community.
Blueschist and eclogite in tectonic melange, Port Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Och D. J. , Leitch E. C. , Caprarelli G. , Watanabe T. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractThe Rocky Beach Metamorphic Melange contains metre-scale phacoids of high-Plow-Tmetamorphic rocks embedded in chlorite-actinolite schist. The phacoids include eclogite, glaucophane schist and omphacitite and provide evidence for four episodes of metamorphism with mineral assemblages: M1= actinolite-glaucophane-titanite-apaite, M2= almandine-omphacite-lawsonite ±quartz, M3= phengite- glaucophane-K-feldspar-quartz, and M4= chlorite-actinolite-calcite-quartz-titanite-white mica ± albite ± talc. M1-M3occurred at a Neoproterozoic-Early Palaeozoic convergent plate boundary close to the eastern margin of Gondwana. Peak metamorphic conditions were attained during the static phase M2, with temperatures of ~560°C and pressures in excess of 1.8 GPa, equivalent to a depth of burial of at least 54 km.
Al-rich diopside in alluvial ruby and corundum-bearing xenoliths, Australian and SE Asian basalt fields
Authors: Sutherland F. L. , Coenraads R. R. , Schwarz D. , Raynor L. R. , Barron B. J. , Webb G. B. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractAlluvial rubies and sapphires are found in palaeodrainage deposits along the Cudgegong-Macquarie River system, central eastern New South Wales, Australia. A pink to red suite contains Cr (up to 0.6 wt.% Cr2O3) as the main chromophore, exceeding Fe (up to 0.5 wt.%Fe2O3). Corrosive etching suggests a prior xenocrystic Mesozoic-Cenozoic basaltic transport, while Cr2O3/Ga2O3 to Fe2O3/TiO2 ratios indicate an original metamorphic source. Syngenetic mineral inclusions include Al-rich diopside, meionite and anatase. The Al-rich diopside (‘fassaite’) contains extremely high Al2O3 (20–21 wt.%). A blue-green suite contains Fe (up to 0.8 wt.% Fe2O3) as a dominant chromophore, while a rare nepheline-anorthoclase composite inclusion supports a magmatic phonolitic origin. The Cudgegong- Macquarie ruby formation is compared with a garnet granulite origin proposed for Thailand rubies and a xenolith of corundum-bearing garnet granulite from Ruby Hill, Bingara, Australia. Clinopyroxenecorundum thermometry suggests the Cudgegong-Macquarie rubies formed at T >1000–1300ºC, a high equilibration T for proposed lithospheric granulites. These rubies form a distinctive suite compared to other rubies from Australian and SE Asian basalt fields, but have some similarities with eastern Thailand rubies.
Fluoronyböite from Jianchang (Su-Lu, China) and nyböite from Nybö (Nordfjord, Norway): a petrological and crystal-chemical comparison of these two high-pressure amphiboles
Authors: Oberti R. , Boiocchi M. , Smith D. C. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractFluoronyböite, ideally NaNa2(Al2Mg3)(Si7Al)O22F2, has been found in the Jianchang eclogite pod, Su-Lu coesite-eclogite province, China. It has been approved as a new mineral by the IMA. Single-crystal structure refinement and electron microprobe analysis were used for characterization: C2/m, with a = 9.666(4), b = 17.799(6), c = 5.311(2) Å, β = 104.10(3)º, V = 886.2(8) Å3, Z = 2, formula: A(Na0.78K0.06)Σ0.84B(Na1.53Ca0.47)Σ2.00C(Fe2+0.89Mg2.55Mn0.01Zn0.01Fe3+0.32Al1.21Ti0.01)Σ5.00T(Si7.14Al0.86)Σ8.00O22X(OH0.84F1.16)Σ2.00.Fluoronyböite formed during UHPM conditions, and is preserved in the retrograded kyanite-bearing eclogite sample DJ102 together with clinopyroxene (Jd70Ae20Di10), garnet (Alm60Prp21Grs17Sps02), and rutile. Lower-pressure minerals are also present (fluoro-alumino-magnesiotaramite, apatite, paragonite), and symplectitic rims were also developed around clinopyroxene crystals. Cation ordering and the structural and physical properties of fluoronyböite are reported and discussed with reference to those of F-free nyböite from the type locality at Nyböin Norway, for which some as yet unpublished mineral data are also reported. Relations between composition and petrogenetic conditions of these rare high-pressure amphiboles are discussed.
Delayed Saccades, but Not Delayed Manual Aiming Movements, Require Visual Attention Shifts
Authors: DEUBEL HEINER , SCHNEIDER WERNER X. 
Published: January 2004

AbstractSeveral studies have shown that during the preparation of a goal‐directed movement, perceptual selection (i.e., visual attention) and action selection (the selection of the movement target) are closely coupled. Here, we study attentional selection in situations in which delayed saccadic eye movements and delayed manual movements are prepared. A dual‐task paradigm was used which combined the movement preparation with a perceptual discrimination task. The results demonstrate a fundamental difference between the preparation of saccades and of manual reaching. For delayed saccades, attention is pinned to the saccade target until the onset of the response. This does not hold for manual reaching, however. Although fast reaching movements require attention, reaches delayed more than 300 ms after movement cue onset can be already performed “off‐line” that is, attention can be withdrawn from the movement target.
Grounded in the World: Developmental Origins of the Embodied Mind
Authors: Thelen Esther 
Published: January 2004

AbstractPiaget's (1952) question of how the adult mind emerges from the sensorimotor infant is still the framing issue for developmental psychology. Here I suggest that real‐life skill is better understood if the sensorimotor origins of cognition are not abandoned. Skilled people are not only better at both abstract and logical thinking but also at processing the world “online” and, most important, seamlessly and rapidly shifting between the two modes. I illustrate the tight coupling between action, perception, and cognition in early life and propose that this coupling remains but becomes more flexibly adaptive. Further, I show that the language of dynamics is appropriate to capture these mind‐body‐world interconnections.