bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Premiums for Malpractice Insurance
Authors: Sloan Frank A , Bovbjerg Randall R , Githens Penny B 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Rate making begins with claims data and ends with a market test. In between come actuarial science, business judgment, and regulation. How does the full process trans¬ late past claims experience into premium offered to physician insured to cover future losses? What factors most affect projections of losses and hence rates? To what extent do prospective investment earnings influence premiums? Is competition or regulation more important as a further influence on rates? Might they both contribute to insurance cycles in premiums and availability? This chapter explores such issues.
A Cuban Belle Epoque
Authors: Echevarria Roberto González 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Ask a Cuban fan about the origins of baseball on the island and he will tell you that the first game was played in Matanzas, at Palmar del Junco between a team from that city and the visiting Habana Base Ball Club, in 1874. Pressed as to how there could have been a game without previous developments, he will answer that the crew of an American ship, forced to remain in Matanzas Harbor for repairs, taught Cubans the rules of the sport. The young men from Havana had learned baseball in the United States, where they had been students. If the fan is somewhat knowledgeable, he will add that many baseball players in the early years fought in the War of Independence against Spain (1895-98) and that some gave their lives for the fatherland. A few fans may even know that one of those pioneers of Cuban baseball, Emilio Sabourin, was arrested by the Spanish authorities for conspiring against the colonial regime and sent to the feared political prison in Ceuta, northern Africa, where he died.
The Revival of the Cuban League
Authors: Echevarria Roberto González 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Abel Linares’ death in October 1930 left a vacuum in the promotional area of professional Cuban baseball that was filled mainly by Julio Blanco Herrera and Alejandro Pompez, aided by the likes of Tinti Molina and Emilio de Armas. Their operations, together with Colonel Jaime Marine’s Direcci6n General Nacional de Deportes, aided by a recovery of the Cuban economy from the middle thirties to the early forties, brought the Cuban League out of the doldrums into which it had sunk during the last years of Machado’s regime and the Depression. It was a very slow revival, culminating with wartime seasons that led to a revamping of the league, the move from La Tropical to the Gran Stadium, and the thrilling 1946-47 season.
Wake Up, America: Origins of Modern Patriotism
Authors: Fried Richard M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The coming of World War II reenergized patriotic activity as Americans fretted over the rise of jackbooted dictatorships abroad and the threat of “fifth-column” techniques of subversion at home. These fears stimulated efforts across the political spectrum to inculcate patriotism, animating liberals as well as conservatives. The New Deal moved many conservatives to warn that American liberties, too, might vanish. They accused FDR of straying down the “road to communism:’ In 1938 Martin Dies’s committee began to seek out unAmerican activities, which the Texas congressman ascribed mostly to Communists in New Deal agencies or CIO unions. FDR’s court packing scheme further piqued conservative fears. The 1937-39 sesquicentennial of the Constitution coincided with the war’s approach; that document became a rampart behind which both foes and adherents of FDR’s foreign policies rallied.1
Patriotic Gore
Authors: Fried Richard M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Lincoln Sesquicentennial and Civil War Centennial brought both closure to the commemorations of the 1950s and a shift in thematic content. Again, Robert N. Bellah’s distinction is apt. Earlier observances mostly paid homage to discoverers or liberators of the promised land, to America’s Old Testament or Mosaic age, while Lincoln and the Civil War evoked New Testament trials-”death, sacrifice, and rebirth:’ Like the earlier celebrations, these two anniversaries expressed the nation’s sense of its Cold War mission and its appointment with destiny.
The Paradoxes of Productivism
Authors: Nolan Mary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The German debate about Americanism and Fordism raged from 1924 and until the early 1930s, but Germany’s intense experiment in industrial restructuring lasted only from 1925 to 1929. German industry, especially those sectors most involved in the war economy, had introduced some organizational and technological changes between 1914 and 1918 and had transformed some products and production processes during the postwar conversion to a peacetime economy.1 But there was no sustained modern, ization then or in the subsequent chaotic years of inflation and hyper, inflation, which erased debts, lowered rents, reduced wages, and aided exports. Inflation thereby permitted full employment and profits without industrial restructuring and encouraged a “flight into real values,” regard, less of how technologically backward they were. Productive efficiency and technological modernity were neither economically rewarded nor socially valued. All that changed in 1924. The stabilization of the mark and the rene, gotiation of reparations made industrial restructuring not only politically possible, but also economically essential. The most precarious firms and ventures had collapsed, unemployment was soaring, and the full extent of Germany’s technological and organizational backwardness was exposed. In these changed economic circumstances employers attacked state social policy as economically intolerable, while workers saw all their postwar economic and social gains threatened.2 Labor and capital, engineers and economists, politicians and journalists all recognized that if Germany was to compete in a shrinking world market and pay reparations, and if industry was to make
The Progressive Attack on Freedom of Contract and Objective Causation
Authors: Horwitz Morton J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in Lochner v. New York (1905)1 brought Progressive Legal Thought into being. Lochner, which struck down a maximum hours law for bakers as an unconstitutional interference with freedom of contract, galvanized Progressive opinion and eventually led to a fundamental assault on the legal thought of the old order.
Defining Legal Realism
Authors: Horwitz Morton J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
From the beginning of the twentieth century, Classical Legal Thought found itself confronted by an increasingly powerful critique of its basic premises. In one legal field after another, Progressive thinkers challenged both the political and moral assumptions of the old order and the structures of legal doctrine and legal reason ing that were designed to represent those assumptions as neutral, natural, and necessary. What is the relationship between Legal Realism and this Progressive critique? Legal Realism was neither a coherent intellectual movement nor a consistent or systematic jurisprudence. It expressed more an intellectual mood than a clear body of tenets, more a set of sometimes contradictory tendencies than a rigorous set of methodologies or propositions about legal theory.
The Increasing Acceptance of Enterprise Principles
Authors: Blumberg Phillip I 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
“Piercing the veil jurisprudence,” however clumsy and unsatisfactory, has become an established feature of American law. It provides a minimum safety valve for the legal system, providing an escape from the rigid confines of entity law. Developed by an extension of established principles of equity jurisprudence in cases involving corporations controlled by individual shareholders, over the years it has been applied to corporate groups as well. The decisions provide a rich source of enterprise law. Such decisions have been joined by an impressive number of statutes, administrative regulations, and judicial decisions in allied areas, which provide a demonstration of the surprisingly wide dimensions that the growing application of enterprise principles is assuming in American law. This experience is occurring across a wide spectrum of American law, reaching far beyond the narrow limitations of traditional “piercing the veil jurisprudence.” It may well be termed the American law of corporate groups, consisting of the following:
European and British Commonwealth Experience with Enterprise Law
Authors: Blumberg Phillip I 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Reflecting their common Roman origins, the legal systems in Europe, as well as in the United States, are firmly grounded on entity law. The separate existence of the, orporation, with rights and responsibilities distinct from those of its shareholders, is deeply embedded in the legal order on both sides of the Atlantic. Similarly, in Europe as in the United States, the separate legal identity of the corporation is every where accompanied by th1! corollary principle of limited liability.
Legal Rights, Legal Responsibilities, and Recognition of the Legal Unit: Organizations
Authors: Blumberg Phillip I 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When the focus moves from individuals and physical objects to organizations, the law is confronted by a more complex problem. It must determine the legal distinction between the organization and its members. Of all organizations, it is the corporation that matured earliest and has had the most developed concept of organizational legal existence. Its jurisprudential roots go back to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.
Children’s Involvement in Research Participation Decisions: Psychological Considerations
Authors: Weithorn Lois A , Scherer David G 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The law has traditionally presumed that children are not capable of meaningful participation in important decisions affecting their own welfare. In the past few decades, however, the law’s absolute presumption that children, as a class, are incapable of critical decision making on matters affecting their own welfare has been challenged by policymakers, jurists, scholars, and researchers. At present, legal thinking on the subject is mixed.
Workers and Consolidation
Authors: Bernstein Iver 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
During the draft riots workers pushed aside the middle-and upper-class reformers of the Republican Party and sought to intervene in politics on their own terms. To explain how workers came to behave so assertively we must look for earlier evidences of this politicized style of class relations. Historians have provided scant clues. While many scholars have stressed the leading role played by the Republican middle classes in the national transformation of mid-nineteenth-century America, few have located wage earners within the context of that middle-class initiative. Further, one finds little mention of politicized struggles between workers and reformers in the literature on the 1850s labor movement. Instead the fifties have frequently been characterized as the scedtime of an apolitical and wage-conscious craft unionism. John R. Commons and his associates, Norman Ware, and other students of the mid-century labor movement pointed to the New York City strike wave of 1853-54 as the first expression of a “modern trade union ism” preoccupied with “pure and simple” economic issues and permanent unions. Wages and organization, and not politics, contended Commons and his followers, were the concern of the 1850s labor agitation in New York and other American cities.
and the United States
Authors: Oster Clinton V , Strong Johns , Zorn C Kurt 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
How does aviation safety in the United States compare with safety elsewhere in the world? Canada provides a good starting point for comparison since Canadian aviation is more like U.S. aviation than is any other country. Both countries offer similar flight environments in terms of the mix of flight lengths, equipment, and airports and airways. Both countries use similar methods in maintaining accident investigation and airline operations data, thereby allowing detailed comparisons.
The Margin of Safety
Authors: Oster Clinton V , Strong Johns , Zorn C Kurt 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As discussed in Chapter 2, the safety record of the U.S. passenger airline industry, as measured by both aircraft accident rates and passenger fatality rates, has continued to improve throughout the post-deregulation period. Even the PATCO strike in 1981, although it put considerable pressure on the air traffic control system, did not appear to have had an adverse impact on safety. Moreover, the safety improvement extends across all segments of the jet carrier industry as well as individual carriers.
Introduction: The Sociology of Architecture in Colonial Charleston
Authors: Coclanis Peter A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Indian, considered an infidel by his Christian interrogators, was not sworn. His name, he said, was Diacan. Yes, he told interpreter Antonio Camunas, he had seen the English settlement of San Jorge. According to the Indian, San Jorge consisted of about thirty small houses on one side of the river and four more on the other side. After adding a few details about his February visit to the settlement, Diacan ended his brief testimony. He did not sign the Spanish translation of his statement, prepared that same day by Juan Moreno y Segovia, because he could not write. Sergeant Major Don Manuel de Cendoya, Governor and Captain General of San Agustin, could write, however, and he signed the document on Diacan’s behalf. It was notarized four days later, on March 26, 1672, and packed up for shipment to Spain. It reached Seville, with a number of other papers from San Agustin, on October 11. With this testimony, the city of Charleston slipped humbly into the historical record. Neither Diacan nor Don Manuel de Cendoya could have foreseen, of course, what the four small houses “on the other side of the river” would later become. Both the leonine roar of the city at its apogee in 1820 and the wistful sighs that were heard there a century later were well beyond them.
Mise en Scène
Authors: Coclanis Peter A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
To travel through South Carolina’s early history is to endure, in Conrad’s words, “a weary pilgrimage amidst hints for nightmares.” In retrospect it is clear that the monstrous nature of that journey was related in no small way to the climate, the lands, and the waters of the area through which the red, white, and black actors passed. As Africa is said by Iberian historians to end at the Pyrenees, the tropics end only at the fall line. Moreover, if it is indeed true that Faulkner speaks for the South, his is not the only voice heard in South Carolina and he speaks sotto voce in the low country. Here, Fuentes, Roa Bastos, and Garcia Marquez speak more forcefully. For the low country is less Yoknapatawpha than Macondo. Though it is true that the past is never dead there, it is rather death than time that lingers, a vague but oppressive gloom, timeless, encompassing all to come, all that has passed.
Behavioral Anomalies and Paradoxes in Choices under Uncertainty
Authors: Kip Viscusi W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since World War II, expected utility theory has become the dominant economic paradigm for analyzing choices under uncertainty. This prominence in the economics literature has been coupled with an expanding body of research providing empirical tests of different components of the theory. A major theme of the work, much of which has consisted of experimental studies by psychologists, has been that expected utility theory does not provide a reliable predictive guide to behavior. These studies observe that individual choices are often inconsistent, violating one or more of the von Neumann-Morgenstern (1953) axioms. In addition, the Bayesian formulations of the model, such as those of Savage (1972) and Raiffa (1968), have been challenged because individuals’ probabilistic beliefs often do not conform with those hypothesized in the model.1 Some of these perceptional biases were the focus of the previous chapter.
Sources of Inconsistency in Societal Responses to Health Risks
Authors: Kip Viscusi W 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Society responds in extreme and often inconsistent ways to health risks. In many instances, the pattern observed is one of overreaction. The Tylenol tampering incidents of the early 1980s drastically reduced the national sales of this product even though the seven reported deaths were all in the Chicago area. Isolated terrorist incidents periodically choke off the consumer demand for European travel, and the Food and Drug Administration banned the sale of tens of millions of dollars of Chilean fruit based on evidence of low levels of cyanide that was possibly injected into two grapes. More generally, there is evidence that individuals respond in an alarmist manner to increases in the risks they face even though these increases may be rather small.
Introduction
Authors: Purcell Edward A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This is a study of what I call a social litigation system, by which I mean a coherent and dynamic set of patterns of claims-disputing behavior that arises from an identifiable combination of social and legal factors.1 The idea assumes that historical conditions regularly lead certain types of parties to dispute a relatively limited number of issues against one another in certain consistent ways and that most of the legally-related activity in any given period can be broken down into some number of different behavioral patterns that are recognizably “legal “ and at the same time markedly different.2 Social litigation systems are defined by prevailing historical conditions, the social characteristics of the parties, the types of issues that the parties are led regularly to dispute, and the special subsets of legal rules both substantive and procedural-that are particularly relevant and useful to their litigation strategies.
The Battle for Forum Control, II: Joinder and the Limits of the System
Authors: Purcell Edward A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since 1806, when Chief Justice John Marshall wrote the Supreme Court ‘s opinion in Strawbridge v. Curtis,1 the federal courts had held that jurisdiction based on citizenship required “complete “ diversity between the adversary parties. Complete diversity meant that the citizenship of each of the plaintiffs in an action had to be different from the citizenship of each of the defendants; common citizenship between any plaintiff and any defendant destroyed diversity and deprived the federal court of jurisdiction.2 If a plaintiff could sue a resident and a nonresident defendant together, she could destroy complete diversity and thereby prevent removal.3
Removal and the Problems of Local Prejudice: Three Perspectives on the System
Authors: Purcell Edward A 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Individual plaintiffs and corporate defendants fought persistently and tenaciously over removal for a simple but compelling reason. The nature of the forum helped determine both the likelihood that plaintiffs might win and, if they did, the amounts they would receive. Even more important, in the far broader informal legal process, the nature of the forum substantially raised or lowered the litigation value of plaintiffs ‘ claims and therefore the amounts at which the parties would ultimately agree to settle their disputes. The reasons why forum selection had that impact were many, but two of them operated widely and forcefully. Social and institutional factors made the federal courts particularly burdensome forums for many individual plaintiffs, and in critical areas the federal common law provided corporations with highly favorable substantive law.
The Theory of Compound Individuality
Authors: Crittenden Jack 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Surprisingly, the increasing interest among communitarians, and among students of political theory in general, in notions of the self, the person, and individuality has not led them into psychology. Part of the explanation may be that psychologists themselves renewed their study of the self only after they had broken free of their preoccupation with and domination by behaviorism. Today, communitarians would find compatible positions in the theories of a new generation of social psychologists, the “social constructivists,”1 and liberals would find support in the “humanistic psychology” movement that emphasizes the importance to individuals of autono¬ mous choice.2
Political Participation: Self-development and Self-interest
Authors: Crittenden Jack 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the last chapter I examined the composition of compound individuality and saw that it represents a better way of “being.” It enables the person, for the first time, to be both independent and intimate, to be defined by personal autonomy and con¬ stitutive relationships. We also saw that social institutions play a significant role in fostering development to this new level of self, for the cognitive-linguistic struc¬ tures that are its foundation-formal operational thought-have unfolded widely throughout our cultures. So why in our culture is there a paucity of intimacy, of compound individuality? The principal reason is that our culture emphasizes auton¬ omy at the expense of constitutive relationships. Redressing that imbalance will require establishing conditions that actively foster compound individuality.
Socrates in a Pluralistic Tradition
Authors: Crittenden Jack 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Contemplating the Hegelian attempt to combine the fullness of moral autonomy with the restoration of constitutive community, Charles Taylor asked, “What is the underlying conception of man and society which can provide a pole of identification for us?” (1979a, p. 133) Individualism provides one pole--differentiation-by conceiving of man as independent and self-sufficient, whose goals and interests are individually conceived and are often thought to be of ultimate concern. In opposing liberal individualism, communitarians offer a time-tested alternative built of con¬ stitutive attachments and ends: One is known only by the communities from which one’s identity is derived. In this counterpoint they seek to bring autonomy into harmony with an orientation that is decidedly social and relational.
The Emergence of Romanticism in England
Authors: Riasanovsky Nicholas V 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
I wandered lonely as a cloud
That floats on high o’er vales and hills,
When all at once I saw a crowd,
A host, of golden daffodils;
Beside the lake, beneath the trees,
Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.
For oft, when on my couch I lie
In vacant or in pensive mood,
They flash upon that inward eye
Which is the bliss of solitude;
And then my heart with pleasure fills,
And dances with the daffodils.
The Members of the Household
Authors: Gottlieb Beatrice 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the most widely held opinions of Europeans and Americans today is that households used to be very different. The traditional household conjures up images of warmth, bustle, shared activities, diversity, and, above all, size. It is a picture that leans heavily on the depictions of households in nineteenth-century literature, a counterimage to the small, parent-child households of restricted activities we believe we are surrounded by today. Historians have come to learn that, for the centuries preceding the nineteenth, this picture is mistaken in a number of ways. It especially needs to be modified by an appreciation of the fact that everyone did not live in the same way.
-