bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applying :Virtue Ethics
Authors: Hursthouse Rosalind , Lawrence Gavin , Quinn Warren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A standard criticism made of virtue ethics is that it does not tell us what we ought and ought not to do, that it cannot be applied to real moral issues such as abortion or euthanasia; in contrast to monistic (e.g. utilitarianism) or pluralistic rule-based ethical systems, which do. In this paper I want to explore this criticism, to see how virtue ethics fares in comparison with an “ethics of rules” and to try to uncover what basic disagreements there are—if any—between virtue ethicists and deontic ethicists as such.
Craft and Fineness in Plato’s Ion
Authors: Janaway Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Some have taken it that the aim of Plato’s Ion is to deny that there is a rhapsodic tekhnē at all—to establish ‘that the rhapsode is no expert and the rhapsode’s art no art’. Flashar goes further, saying that the concept of a rhapsodic tekhnē is contradictory. It has also been claimed, with the Ion as witness, that Plato ‘will not allow the poets a tekhnē, even of pure style’. Now clearly any interpretation of the Ion must acknowledge the point emphatically repeated throughout, that neither the rhapsode nor the poet succeeds in his or her activities ‘by tekhnē and knowledge’, but rather through an inspiration which can only be explained as coming from outside. And yet, as we shall see, in the course of the work Socrates apparently assumes that there is both a rhapsodic and a poetic tekhnē. The interpretation put forward by Flashar reconciles these points in the following way: Socrates assumes the craft-like nature of the rhapsode’s activity only to refute it. He traps Ion into an unsustainable claim to expert knowledge which will lead to absurdity. Part of the demonstration of that absurdity is the demonstration that not even poets, on whom rhapsodes depend for their supposed knowledge, have a genuine tekhnē at all.
White on Aristotelian Happiness
Authors: Crisp Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his ingenious article ‘Is Aristotelian Happiness a Good Life or the Best Life?; Stephen A. White argues that Aristotle endorses a ‘modest’ conception of happiness, according to which less than the very best is sufficient for a happy life (pp. I06–7). Professor White also claims that Aristotelian happiness can be improved upon through the addition of other goods.
Matter and Form: Unity, Persistence, and Identity
Authors: Charles David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this paper, I shall contrast two ways to interpret the relations between matter and form, potentiality and actuality in parts of Aristotle’s Metaphysics Z, H, and θ. I shall not argue that either of these approaches successfully resolves all the problems raised by Aristotle’s intricate discussion. Nor do I believe that together, at least in the formulations I shall consider, they exhaust all the relevant exegetical possibilities. My aim is simply to examine the distinctive ways in which they analyse some controversial texts and problematic issues in this complex and disputed area.
Explanation in Phaedo 99c 6-102A 8
Authors: Rowe Cristopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Three preliminary points, (i) As will emerge, I do not think that Socrates offers us a complete theory or method of explanation in this passage. Almost the limit of what he does is to propose an answer to the question ‘Why is x FV or ‘Why does x become F?’ which does not get us into the sorts of problems that another kind of answer does; though the fact that it has this feature is some sort of evidence for its being a true answer, it is not clear how informative it is supposed to be. It may seem to some (wrongly) to be almost wholly uninformative; it is certainly, on Socrates’ own admission, incomplete. It is, however, sufficient as it stands for Plato’s immediate purposes in the Pardo, and it seems to me that he is content to leave it like that, so that any attempt to squeeze the text for tantalizing extra juice is somewhat hopeful.
The Philosopher in Flight
Authors: Rue Rachel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the centre of the Theaetetusthere is a digression (1720177c). At least, it gives every appearance of being a digression, both in style and in substance. Most of the dialogue around it is governed by Socrates’ early question, ‘What is knowledge?’ During the course of the dialogue Theaetetus answers Socrates’ question with three definitions of knowledge. The main task of the dialogue is to examine and discuss each of his definitions. Each is interpreted, defended, attacked, and finally rejected.
Aristotle’s Account of the Socratic Elenchus
Authors: Bolton Robert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In his Topics and Sophistical Refutations Aristotle describes a method of enquiry and of proof which he calls ‘dialectic in the strict sense and peirastic’ (SE 34, i8339I). He claims not to be inventing this method but to be giving, for the first time, a descriptive codification of the rules for the proper practice of a method already widely in use (SE 34, i83is ff.). No close student of the Topics and Sophistical Refutations can doubt that the early Platonic dialogues, and thus the method practiced there by Socrates, served as one of Aristotle’s main sources of information about the method which he describes. Ample confirmation of this, if it be needed, will be provided in the course of the discussion here. If, however, Aristotle gives us a descriptive account of the rules of the method which Socrates uses, but hardly himself describes, then Aristotle’s account ought to be one of our main sources for understanding Socratic method. In particular, since Aristotle, in the Sophistical Refutations, describes at length the rules for the use of his method for the practice of elenchus this discussion ought to be one of our main aids for solving long-standing problems concerning the Socratic elenchus.
Socratic Moral Realism: An Alternative Justification
Authors: Scaltsas Theodore 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
in his arresting article The Socratic Elenchus’ [SE], described by Donald Davidson as ‘a brilliant and provocative paper’,1 Gregory Vlastos advanced our understanding of the Socratic elenctic method in its relation to moral truth. Vlastos showed that although before the Gorgias Socrates does not discuss the truth-status of the conclusions of the elenchus, in the Gorgias Socrates claims that the elenchus proves beliefs to be true. Furthermore, Vlastos established that Socrates is treating his own belief system as the true one.
The Unity of the Phaedrus: A Reply to Heath
Authors: Rowe Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
malcolm heath (hereafter Meath’) seems to make the following main claims, (i) What Socrates says both at 263-4 and elsewhere in the Phaedrus about the proper organization of a written work (a) lays down only the broadest of criteria (e.g. 'that every text should have the right parts in the right order’),1 and (b) is consistent with the view that different principles are applicable to different kinds of writing. (2) Systematic attention begins to be paid to the concept of thematic unity only with the advent of the later Neoplatonists. (3) The Phaedrus in fact lacks thematic unity.
Two Systems in Aristotle
Authors: Graham Daniel W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
sooner or later every interpreter of Aristotle must face the question of how many Aristotles he is up against. For most of the history of Aristotle exegesis Aristotle was effectively divided up into two systems, the so-called Organon and everything else. The Organon was viewed as a pre-philosophical ‘instrument’ of philosophy which comprised Aristotle’s logic, and which could thus be detached from philosophy proper. On this view there were two systems but no development, for the systems existed side by side, dealing with different domains. In 1923 Werner Jaeger’s epoch-making hook Aristoteles divided Aristotle up into three stages, that of a young Platonist, a mature Aristotelian, and an old scientific researcher. Here were three consecutive systems joined by a biographical (but not a philosophical) development. Both these major theories have fallen on hard times because they do not seem to describe the facts accurately. Their demise has left our generation with a mixed interpretative heritage and no clear orientation. Most interpreters tend to subscribe to a Unitarian conception with occasional ad hoc references to doctrinal developments.
Hippolytus Retractatus: A Discussion of Catherine Osborne
Authors: Mueller Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
the Refutation of All Heresies [Refutatio] is composed from two texts. Its first book, edited by Diels in Doxographia Graeca (pp. 553-76) and probably best known to readers of Oxford Studies for its ‘Theophrastean’ accounts of the views of the ‘sons of Thales’ (Anaximander, Anaximenes, Anaxagoras, and Archelaus), exists in several manuscripts and was first printed in 1701 as a work of Origen. The extant remainder contains most of book 4 and all of the rest of the work, which originally contained ten books.2 It is probably best known to readers of Oxford Studies as the source of a number of important fragments of Heraclitus and Empedocles.
The More’ and ‘The Full’: on the Reconstruction of Parmenides’ Theory of Sensation in Theophrastus, De sensibus, 3-4
Authors: Laks André 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was above all the first part of Parmenides’ poem, the criticism of becoming in the name of the impossibility of non-being, which interested the ancients: thanks to Simplicius, we can follow virtually the whole argument retracing the conceptual constitution of the sphere of being, which the poem calls, in a celebrated phrase, ‘the unshakeable heart of persuasive truth’.
Aristotle’s Poetics in Avicenna’s Commentary
Authors: Kemal Salim 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Present-Day Western scholarship on Aristotle’s Poetics does not usually concern itself with medieval Arabic commentaries on that work. Although knowledge of this text was transmitted to Europe through Arabic translations and commentaries, later European scholars not only gained access to the Greek originals, thus making translations from Arabic redundant in part, but, also, under the influence of Aquinas, medieval European thinkers later came to reject the influence of Averroism and of the Arabic philosophical tradition.
Kahn on the Pre-Middle Platonic Dialogues
Authors: Mcpherran Mark L 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Professor Charles Kahn has recently argued that, contrary to the traditional consensus, the Gorgias is (in all probability) prior to the Protagoras in composition. But Kahn does not limit himself to a defence of this one chronological thesis. He also attempts to show how that thesis contributes to his broader project of offering a revisionist ordering and interpretation of the entire set of Plato's pre-middle dialogues (p. 69).
Passing on the Torch: Whewell’s Philosophy and the Principles of English University Education
Authors: Williams Perry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As Master of Trinity College, William Whewell was the most powerful person in the University of Cambridge at a time when university education was a major political issue. The industrialization and commercial expansion of the early nineteenth century had elevated new groups to rival the old established rulers of society: Dissenters challenged the Church of England, manufacturers challenged the landed gentry, radicals challenged the traditional politics of Whigs and Tories; and in these battles, the universities were disputed territory. People now thought of universities as having a national role, as institutions which might help to create (or preserve) the form of society they wanted to see; thus their struggle for different forms of society became also a struggle for different forms of university education. Whewell was a strong contender in this struggle, and this chapter will be about the form of education which he thought a university should supply, the role which he believed universities played in creating a nation’s future, and the effect on society he was trying to produce through his influence at the University of Cambridge.
Antithetical Knowledge
Authors: Fisch Menachem 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As we have seen, Whewell’s Philosophy of 1840 was the culmination of a process of intense philosophical deliberation that spanned the best part of the two decades prior to its publication. In its finished form the Philosophy did not recapitulate the process of its formation, but rather (and typical of the outcome of a Whewellian investigation) argued back down, in semi-deductive fashion, from what one might term axioms of the Fundamental Idea of antithetical knowledge, to a detailed account of the emergence, the structure, and the nature of truth of a well-formed inductive science. In the Philosophy Whewell had accomplished what he had initially set out to achieve, namely, an empirically grounded and unitary theory of the emergence of antithetically structured science. He had attempted to put the theory to test, in part at least, in the History (neglecting, however, to update the work in the light of subsequent philosophical findings) and seems to have been largely satisfied with the results. No doubt the Philosophy was put together all too hastily, and, as Todhunter complained,2 its overall set-up left much to be desired. Nevertheless, the two subsequent editions of the work and the long and varied list of Whewell’s successive philosophical writings left the basic system of the Philosophy virtually intact. Whewell evidently felt no need to further schematize or modify the Philosophy after 1840. In the third edition of 1858-60 the work was taken apart at its natural seams and was republished in the form of three separate works; a conceptual history of the sciences entitled The History of Scientific Ideas (1858); a critical history of the philosophy of science entitled On the Philosophy of Discovery (1860); and Whewell’s own philosophical system tellingly dubbed Novum OrganumRenovatum (1858). However, nothing of importance was changed or added to the original philosophical system.
The Puzzle
Authors: Gibbard Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why ponder our lives? At one extreme, the question is not a live one. We are a pondering species-and not each by himself; we are conversants. Silence is a discipline; too much is torment, as children learn in school. Sometimes we discuss earnestly, and in any case we banter and tease, quarrel and sulk. We gossip and tell stories, with verve if we can. Do these things engage us because they have point? Are they ways of working matters through with each other, or playing them through? Even when we are not pondering outright, we are caught up in equivalents.
Normative Psychology
Authors: Gibbard Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The analyses of the last chapter were incomplete. In that chapter, I analyzed two concepts central to ethical theory: a person’s being to blame for an act, and an act’s being wrong in the subjective sense. I put these analyses, though, in terms of another notion that I left unexplained-in terms of “accepting norms”. Not that I was entirely silent on the nature of norms; I did, after all, broach various claims. All norms, I suggested, are primarily norms of rationality: norms for what it “makes sense” to do, to believe, to feel, and the like. What it means to call something “rational” is to be understood in terms of what it is to think or believe it rational, and to think something rational is to accept norms that permit it. Missing, though, was any real attempt to explain what it means for a person to accept norms.
Natural Representation
Authors: Gibbard Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Part II of this book copes with two pieces of neglected business. The first is meanings; the second is emotions. Both emotions and meaningful thoughts are topics in psychology, and so both fit under one rubric: how to conceive aspects of the human psyche as parts of nature. In both discussions, nature is Darwinian. Beyond that, do not look for great thematic connections. First, then, to meaning, and start with a quick review.
Parochial Judgment
Authors: Gibbard Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A speaker who calls something ‘rational’ exerts a conversational pressure; he issues a conversational demand. He demands, in effect, that what he says be accepted. In the last chapter I introduced these conversational demands, and I explored them from the standpoint of the hearer. Should a hearer ever accede to such a demand? Some cases were unproblematical; sometimes the only authority claimed is con textual. In some cases, though, claims to authority go beyond all con textual rationale. The speaker relies on more than the norms the hearer already accepts. Even then, I argued, it may make sense to accede to the speaker’s demands-to a degree, and with discrimination. Even with a rational audience, conversational demands need not be quixotic.
Rationale and Warrant
Authors: Gibbard Allan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We press each other toward coherence, and these pressures help nudge us toward consensus. We are pressed in other ways too: We need cooperation and mutual restraint, and normative discussion helps us get them. In discussion we find human fellowship. We depend on normative discussion for a sense of meaning in life. We need stability in our views of life and our surroundings.
The Dissolution of the Problem of the Elenchus
Authors: Benson Hugh H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Socrates with whom I am concerned in this paper is the main character in Plato’s early dialogues.1 In these works Socrates converses by means of questions and answers with different interlocutors concerning the definitions of various moral concepts (e.g. virtue, justice, piety, and courage). Unfortunately, in these conversations Socrates is often ironic and the discussions frequently end inconclusively. In the past this has led many scholars to understand Socrates as merely a destructive critic, having no positive moral doctrines of his own.
The Subjecthood of Form: A Reply to Shields
Authors: Granger Herbert 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Central to my dispute’ with Shields,2 Frede, and Patzig over the subjecthood of form or soul is the ambiguity I find in τó&gt;ϵ τι. The subjecthood that they ascribe to form requires it to be what I called a ‘subject in sense (1)’, the mark of which is to be a τó&gt;ϵ τι or a ‘this’, in contrast with what I called ‘subject in sense (2)’, the matter of the composite substance, which provides the subject of the composite’s form. Paradigmatic instances of subject in sense (1) are an animal and a man, which are concrete, particular things, what count as composite substances of matter and form. In keeping with these paradigms, Shields, Frede, and Patzig take form or soul to be a subject in the same sense as the composite substance (however they may exactly construe ‘composite substance’), and they take form to be a subject of the same sort of properties as the composite, the first-order properties of, for example, colour, size, shape, and the like. I acknowledged Aristotle’s speaking of form as a ‘subject’ in Metaphysics Z and in H , but held that subjecthood becomes useless as a criterion in Aristotle’s search for substance in the primary sense.
Semantic Structure and Logical Form*
Authors: Evans Gareth 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
THE validity of some inferences is to be explained by reference to the meanings of the particular expressions occurring in them, while that of other inferences is due, rather, to the way in which the sentences are constructed out of their parts. The inference from ‘John knows that snow is white’ to ‘Snow is white’ is given as an example of the first type of inference; for it is said to be explained by providing an analysis of the semantical primitive ‘knows’.
The foundations of presocratic atomism
Authors: Hasper Pieter Sjoerd 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why should one believe in the existence of atoms? Nowadays we are inclined to think that only explanatory considerations could justify such a belief; atoms are entities posited in order to explain the phenomena, such as the qualities and changes of visible objects. Of course, such explanations are part and parcel of Presocratic atomism as well, for example where Democritus ascribes certain shapes and sizes to the atoms involved in fire, the soul, or the experience of a bitter taste. But we should not forget that the atomistic theory did not come into being as the result of years of empirical research or even as a bold leap of the scientific imagination. Rather, Democritus believed in atoms because he thought he had a meta physical argument for their existence—an argument which would take into account the impressive arguments of Elea without yielding their devastating conclusions. Thus the foundations of Presocratic atomism were laid.
Non-Reductive Arguments from Impossible Hypotheses in Boethius and Philoponus
Authors: Martin Christopher j. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Logjcjans in the twentieth century, like their predecessors in the twelfth, have argued with great heat over the proper account of conditional assertions, and in recent years relevantist logicians have proposed that the prevailing modal logic of the schools should be replaced with a logic which does not bring with it the so-called paradoxes of implication. In the twelfth century the debate proceeded in just the opposite direction as reJevantist theories were replaced by a general acceptance of the Parvipontanian account of the conditional as expressing what modal logicians now ca11 strict implication. Understood in this way, a conditional.is true just in case it is impossible for the conjunction of the antecedent and the contradictory of the consequent to be true.
Greek Philosophy from the Beginning to Plato
Authors: Kahn Charles h. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This is the first of ten volumes in the new Routledge History of Philosophy, of which eight have now appeared. In addition to an introductory overview by the editor, Christopher Taylor, the volume consists of twelve chapters by different authors: six on the Presocratics, four on Socrates and Plato, with an initial chapter on the historical and cultural background, and one exceptional chapter which covers the early history of mathematics down to Plato. The who)e series ‘is intended not only for the specialist but also for the general reader’ (viii). The contributors to this first volume have, on the whole, succeeded in making the exposition accessible for the non-specialist, while at the same time offering an interpretation sufficiently original and we U-documented to interest and challenge the experts.
The Chronological Organization of Memory: Common Psychological Foundations for Remembering and Timing
Authors: Brown Gordon D A , Chater Nick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Time and memory are related at several different levels, many of which are explored in the present volume. In this chapter we focus on recent psychological models of human timing and human memory, show that there has recently been a clear convergence between models in these two different areas, and explore reasons for this convergence. Thus, according to many current models, memories are chronologically organized, and similar cognitive mechanisms may underpin human memory and timing behaviour.