bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of different scheduling policies on traffic class dependent routing in intersatellite link networks
Authors: Kandus Gorazd , Svigelj Ales , Mohorcic Mihael 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe provision of multimedia applications characterized by the integrated presentation of various data sources requires a network infrastructure providing broadband access, large available bandwidth in the core network, and traffic differentiation which supports efficient utilization of network resources and service level guarantees. In order to distinguish between different traffic classes and to optimize utilization of network resources to their respective requirements, an efficient routing procedure capable of differentiating traffic and adapting to highly dynamic conditions in a non‐geostationary ISL network needs to be implemented in combination with advanced fair scheduling policies in the outgoing queues. In this paper we analyze the performance of different scheduling policies in conjunction with adaptive routing procedures in the intersatellite link network of a packet‐switched non‐geostationary satellite system. In particular, different unfair (first come first served and priority) and fair (weighted round robin, deficit round robin and surplus round robin) scheduling policies are considered, in combination with single‐service routing and traffic class dependent routing procedures. The performance of different scenarios is assessed, by means of simulation, in terms of average packet delay and average data throughput. The simulation results indicate that differentiated treatment of traffic using traffic class dependent routing and fair scheduling policies provides a significant improvement in overall performance for all traffic classes, regardless of the traffic scenario considered. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The task force on advanced satellite mobile systems: structure, objectives and vision
Authors: Corazza Giovanni E. , King Geoff J. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThis paper describes the origins of the Advanced Satellite Mobile Systems Task Force (ASMS‐TF), its structure and its membership. The paper also discusses the overall vision of the Task Force for the short and for the long term, and the objectives which the Task Force is pursuing. What the Task Force has achieved so far in its existence is listed, together with its future plans and priorities. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solvolthermal Syntheses and Crystal Structures of Three Linear Trinuclear Schiff Base Complexes of Zinc(II) and Cadmium(II)
Authors: You Zhong‐Lu , Zhu Hai‐Liang , Liu Wei‐Sheng 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThree linear trinuclear Schiff base complexes, {Zn[Zn(CH3COO)(C17H16N2O2)]2} (1), {Zn[Zn(CH3COO)(C25H20N2O2)]2} (2), and {Cd[Cd(CH3COO)(C18H18N2O2)]2} (3), were synthesized for the first time under solvolthermal conditions. Their structures have been characterized by elemental analyses, X‐ray single crystal determinations, and infrared spectroscopy. There are three bridges across the M‐M atom pairs (M is Zn for 1 and 2, or Cd for 3) in each complex, involving two O atoms of a Schiff base ligand (N,N′‐bis(salicylidene)‐1, 3‐propanediaminate (SALPD2‐) for 1, N, N′‐bis(2‐hydroxy‐naphthalmethenylimino)‐1, 3‐propanediaminate (NAPTPD2‐) for 2, and N,N′‐bis‐(salicylidene)‐1,4‐butanediaminate (SALBD2‐) for 3), and an O‐C‐O moiety of a μ‐acetato group. In each of the complexes, the central M2+ ion is located on an inversion center and has a distorted octahedral coordination involving four bridging O atoms from two Schiff base ligands in the equatorial plane and one O atom from each bridging acetate group in the axial positions. The coordination around the terminal M2+ ions is irregular square pyramidal, with two O atoms and two N atoms of the Schiff base ligand in the basal plane and one O atom from an acetate group in the apical position. The acetate bridges linking the central and terminal M2+ ions are mutually trans. The M…M distances are 3.050(3) Å in 1, 3.139(2) Å in 2, and 3.287(6) Å in 3.
Two‐dimensional Anhydrous Cadmium(II) Phthalate
Authors: Tang Yun‐Zhi , Qian Shao‐Song , Wang Xi‐Sen , Zhao Hong , Huang Xue‐Feng , Li Yong‐Hua , Jiao Xing‐Cai , Xiong Ren‐Gen 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe in situ hydrolysis of phthalyl‐γ‐glutaminyl‐histidine with Cd(ClO4)2·6H2O in the presence of water and methanol affords a novel two‐dimensional cadmium coordination polymer, a new phase, anhydrous cadmium(II) phthalate, (1). The structure was determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. Crystal data: P21/c, a = 13.8168(14), b = 7.0351(7), c = 8.2054(8) Å, β = 105.540(2)°, V = 768.43(13) Å3, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0380, wR2 = 0.1111.
Novel Heterobimetallic Neodymium/Calcium 8‐Quinolinolate Complexes Prepared Directly From the Metals
Authors: Deacon Glen B. , Junk Peter C. , Leary Stuart G. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractReaction of 8‐hydroxyquinoline (HOQ) with calcium and neodymium metal (mole ratio 1.6:0.72:1.1) in the presence of mercury at 110 °C under vacuum in a durene flux yielded bis(8‐quinoli‐nolato‐κ:N, O(Nd))hexakis(μ‐(O)‐8‐quinolinolato‐κ:N(Nd), O(Nd, Ca))calcium(II) dineodymium(III) (NdCaNd) (1) ($P {\bar 1}$, a = 11.305(2), b = 12.468(3), c = 13.918(3) Å, α = 116.62(3), β = 95.46(3), γ = 109.59(3)°, V = 1580.6(6) Å3, R1 = 0.0718). The trimetallic was again obtained but as the solvate 1. (HOQ) from reaction between HOQ, Nd and Ca, (mole ratio 2.8:2:1) in a 1, 3, 5‐tri‐tert‐butylbenzene flux $P {\bar 1}$, a = 10.206(2), b = 12.256(3), c = 13.819(3) Å, α = 85.93(3), β = 89.94(3), γ = 81.36(3)°, V = 1704.5(6) Å3, R1 = 0.0592).
Die Kristallstrukturen der Dicaesium‐Dodekahalogeno‐closo‐Dodekaborate Cs2[B12X12] (X = Cl, Br, I) und ihrer Hydrate
Authors: Tiritiris Ioannis , Schleid Thomas 
Published: August 2004

AbstractDurch Reaktionen von Cs2[B12H12] mit den entsprechenden elementaren Halogenen (Cl2, Br2 bzw. I2) wurden die perhalogenierten Derivate Cs2[B12X12] (X = Cl ‐ I) erhalten. Beim Umkristallisieren aus wäßriger Lösung fielen dabei zunächst die Dihydrate (Cs2[B12X12] · 2 H2O) in Form von farblosen, polyederförmigen Einkristallen an, die sich unter Erhalt ihrer Kristallinität über die Monohydrate (Cs2[B12X12] · H2O) schließlich topotaktisch zu den wasserfreien Verbindungen (Cs2[B12X12]) dehydratisieren lassen. Mittels Röntgenbeugung an Einkristallen war es möglich, die ionischen Caesium‐Salze strukturell zu charakterisieren. Alle drei Halogenoborate sind isotyp und kristallisieren bei Raumtemperatur trigonal in der Raumgruppe $R {\bar 3}$ (Cs2[B12Cl12]: a = 959, 67(3) pm, c = 4564, 2(2) pm; Cs2[B12Br12]: a = 997, 92(3) pm, c = 4766, 4(3) pm; Cs2[B12I12]: a = 1047, 05(4) pm, c = 5018, 3(3) pm; Z = 6). Der Kristallstruktur liegt eine kubisch dichteste Kugelpackung aus zwei kristallographisch unabhängigen quasi‐ikosaedrischen [B12X12]2‐‐Anionen (Cs2[B12Cl12]: d(B‐B) = 178 ‐ 179 pm, d(B‐Cl) = 179 ‐ 180 pm; Cs2[B12Br12]: d(B‐B) = 176 ‐ 180 pm, d(B‐Br) = 195 ‐ 197 pm; Cs2[B12I12]: d(B‐B) = 177 ‐ 182 pm, d(B‐I) = 214 ‐ 217 pm) zugrunde. Durch geordnete Halbbesetzung der Tetraeder‐ und formale Vollbesetzung der Oktaederlücken einer jeden Zwischenschicht mit Cs+‐Kationen bildet sich eine Struktur aus, in der (Cs1)+ trigonal aplanar (CN = 9) von drei und (Cs2)+ tetraedrisch (CN = 12) von vier [B12X12]2‐‐Anionen umgeben wird. Dabei sind stets Ikosaeder‐Dreiecksflächen aus Halogenatomen koordinativ wirksam. In den prinzipiell isostrukturellen Mono‐ und Dihydraten wird die unvollständige Koordinationssphäre von (Cs1)+ durch ein bzw. zwei Wassermoleküle ergänzt. Mittels DTA/TG‐Untersuchungen im Bereich zwischen Raumtemperatur und 1200 °C konnte der thermische Abbau der Dicaesium‐Dodekahalogeno‐closo‐Dodekaborat‐Hydrate und ihrer Entwässerungsprodukte verfolgt werden. Zusätzlich wurden die Verbindungen auch mittels 11B‐NMR‐Spektroskopie in wäßriger Lösung charakterisiert.
Schwefelverbrückte Kupferkomplexe mit Farbstoffliganden
Authors: Fuhr Olaf , Fenske Dieter 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn einer dreistufigen Synthese wird der Farbstoff Et2N‐C6H4‐NN‐C6H4‐SSiMe3 (1) (azo‐SSiMe3) hergestellt, der mit Kupfer(I)chlorid unter Me3SiCl‐Abspaltung zu verschiedenen schwefelverbrückten Komplexen reagiert. In Abhängigkeit von der Anwesenheit unterschiedlicher Phosphanliganden werden die Verbindungen [Cu2(S‐azo)2(PEt3)3] (2), [Cu2(S‐azo)2(PnPr3)3] (3) und [Cu3(S‐azo)3(PPh3)4] (4) erhalten. Diese sowie auch der silylierte Farbstoff 1 konnten in einkristalliner Form isoliert und charakterisiert werden (1: Raumgruppe $P {\bar 1}$, a = 769, 2(2) pm, b = 943, 0(2) pm, c = 1419, 4(3) pm, α = 89, 09(3)°, β = 76, 40(3)°, γ = 87, 40(3)°, Z = 2; 2: Raumgruppe P21/c, a = 1142, 3(2) pm, b = 2233, 7(5) pm, c = 2391, 8(5) pm, β = 102, 84(3)°, Z = 4; 3: Raumgruppe P21/c, a = 1076, 0(2) pm, b = 1858, 4(4) pm, c = 3284, 1(7) pm, β = 95, 10(3)°, Z = 4; 4: Raumgruppe $P {\bar 1}$, a = 1353, 9(3) pm, b = 1615, 8(3) pm, c = 29966, 6(3) pm, α = 92, 24(3)°, β = 97, 48(3)°, γ = 98, 83(3)°, Z = 2). Die UV‐VIS‐Spektren von 1‐4 werden dominiert von der starken Absorption durch die Diethyamino‐azobenzol‐Gruppe. Im Vergleich zu 1 zeigen 2 und 3 eine starke, 4 eine etwas schwächere bathochrome Verschiebung des Absorptionsmaximums.
Kristallographische Gruppe‐Untergruppe‐Beziehungen und ihre Anwendung in der Kristallchemie
Authors: Müller Ulrich 
Published: August 2004

AbstractStammbäume von kristallographischen Gruppe‐Untergruppe‐Beziehungen eignen sich besonders gut, um Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen zwischen Kristallstrukturtypen aufzuzeigen. Ausgehend von einem Aristotyp, einem einfachen, hochsymmetrischen Strukturtyp, kommt man durch Verringerung der Raumgruppensymmetrie zu immer komplizierteren Varianten. Dabei ist es von Bedeutung, genau zu verfolgen, wie sich die besetzten Punktlagen von Raumgruppe zu Untergruppe entwickeln und welche Koordinatentransformationen und Ursprungsverschiebungen auftreten. Die dazu notwendige Information kann dem neuen Band A1 von International Tables for Crystallography entnommen werden. Anhand von Beispielen werden mögliche Fehlerquellen aufgezeigt. Wenn sich eine Punktlage in mehrere symmetrieunabhängige Punktlagen aufspaltet, sind Substitutionsderivate möglich. Spaltet sie nicht auf, dann muß sich ihre Punktlagensymmetrie verringern, was Verzerrungsvarianten ermöglicht. Solche sind von besonderer Bedeutung bei Phasenumwandlungen, auf die an den Beispielen K2[TeBr6], (NO)2[TiCl6] und SrCu2(BO3)2 eingegangen wird. Bei Phasenumwandlungen unter Symmetrieerniedrigung ist mit dem Auftreten von Mehrlingskristallen zu rechnen. Am Beispiel CaMnF5 wird gezeigt, wie dies zu Fehlern bei Kristallstrukturbestimmungen führen kann. Die Möglichkeiten zur Besetzung von Lücken in Kugelpackungen können systematisch verfolgt und berechnet werden, womit sich auch Kristallstrukturen vorhersagen lassen. Mitunter treten exotisch anmutende Indizes des Symmetrieabbaus auf, wie 13 bei CZr6I12 und 37 bei PtCl3. Molekülpackungen lassen sich ebenfalls systematisch erfassen, zum Beispiel bei den Modifikationen von P4S3. Tetraphenylphosphoniumsalze kristallisieren häufig in der Raumgruppe P4/n oder deren Untergruppen, wobei die pseudotetragonale Symmetrie auch bei monoklinen und triklinen Strukturen erkennbar bleibt.
Viruses adsorbed on musculoskeletal allografts are inactivated by terminal ethylene oxide disinfection
Authors: Moore Tillman M. , Gendler Eli , Gendler El 
Published: August 2004

AbstractIn 1987 it was anticipated that unsterilized tissues would transmit virus diseases such as hepatitis and HIV‐1 from infected donors so a freeze‐drying process for musculoskeletal tissue was developed to include terminal ethylene oxide (EO) exposure for 14 h. We found no studies of EO efficacy when viruses were associated with human allografts so we studied the antiviral effect of terminal EO disinfection using all but the final freeze‐drying phase of this clinical processing protocol (CPP). Specifically we looked at EO inactivation of HIV‐1, a human hepatitis B surrogate and test viruses known to be highly resistant to disinfecting agents, including irradiation. Freeze‐drying, ordinarily required after EO disinfection and part of the CPP, was not done. Suspensions of HIV‐1, Bovine viral diarrhea, Reovirus type 3, Duck hepatitis B, Poliomyelitis and Canine parvovirus were adsorbed on glass, demineralized bone powder, and preprocessed strips of femoral cortex, iliac wedges, cancellous blocks and patellar bone–tendon–bone preparations and subjected to EO disinfection. Test viruses were inactivated at the end of 7 h of EO disinfection, providing a safety factor in the CPP of at least 100%.Because allografts can transmit viruses, terminal EO disinfection should provide safer musculoskeletal allografts than non‐disinfected tissues or those irradiated with a standard irradiation dose. New spontaneously appearing viruses would probably be inactivated with this terminal EO disinfection but they and viral bioweapons will require individual validation to assure viral inactivation. © 2004 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published y Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Sagittal bowing of the distal femur in Chinese patients who require total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Tang W. M. , Chiu K. Y. , Kwan M. F. Y. , Ng T. P. , Yau W. P. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractPurposes: The importance of the femoral sagittal bowing on total knee arthroplasty is under‐recognized. The bowing could lead to potential errors in positioning of the femoral component if it is ignored. We aimed to document the femoral sagittal bowing at different segments of the Chinese femur and to discuss the implications of this sagittal bowing on total knee arthroplasty.Methods: One hundred lateral radiographs of the entire lower limbs of 85 Chinese patients admitted for total knee arthroplasty were digitized. The radii of curvature of the intramedullary canal of the proximal, middle and distal one‐third of the femora were measured.Results: The average age of the patients was 67.3 years. The radii of curvature of the proximal, middle and distal one‐third of the femora were 1081.6, 926.2 and 715.1 mm, respectively. The distal one‐third of the femora was significantly more bowed than the other parts of the femora (p < 0.001). The distal femoral bowing was more profound in rheumatoid patients and in those with a short femur.Conclusions: The lateral contour of the Chinese femur is like a hockey stick. This exaggerated sagittal bowing in the Chinese femur can affect the final sagittal position of the femoral component and has implications for the choice of implant design. In revision setting, a long and straight press‐fit stem might either endanger the anterior cortex or deflect the femoral component to an abnormally extended position. © 2004 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Spatial organization of types I and II collagen in the canine meniscus
Authors: Kambic Helen E. , McDevitt Cahir A. 
Published: August 2004

AbstractThe meniscus of the knee joint is a fibrocartilage mainly composed of type I collagen and smaller amounts of type II collagen. The distribution of type II collagen in the canine meniscus and its spatial relationship to type I collagen was examined by immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy.Dorsal and coronal slices of the mid‐section of medial and lateral menisci from the knee joints of skeletally mature dogs were predigested with Streptomyces hyaluronate lyase and bacterial Protease enzyme XXIV. Monoclonal antibodies against type I collagen (CP17L) and type II collagen (II‐II6B3) and an anti‐type II collagen polyclonal antibody (AB759) were employed.The staining for type II collagen in the extracellular matrix of hyaline articular cartilage was diffuse without any identifiable spatial organization. In striking contrast, type II collagen in the fibrocartilage of the meniscus stained as an organized network. Type II collagen was distributed throughout the meniscus with the exception of the outer zone containing the blood vessels.Coronal and dorsal staining of the meniscus showed bundles of circumferential fibrils of type I that colocalized with type II collagen in specific sites. These bundles were enwrapped in a second organizational fibrillar system of types I and II collagen that also colocalized. Bundles of circumferential fibrils appeared in cross‐section in coronal sections as dots within the interstitial spaces framed by the network of types I and II collagen of the second system. Confocal overlays showed that types I and II collagens were superimposed, suggesting a close spatial proximity between the two collagens. The cells were confined to the types I and II collagen fibrils that enwrapped the bundles. A striking feature of the radial tie fibers was patches of type II collagen without colocalized type I collagen.Our study reveals a unique network of type II collagen in fibrocartilage of the meniscus that serves as a morphological distinction between fibro‐ and hyaline cartilage. © 2004 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Influence of High-dose Aprotinin on Anticoagulation, Heparin Requirement, and Celite- and Kaolin-Activated Clotting Time in Heparin-pretreated Patients Undergoing Open-Heart Surgery
Authors: Dietrich W. , Dilthey G. , Spannagl M. , Jochum M. , Braun S. L. , Richter J. A. 
Published: August 2004

Background
Aprotinin causes a prolongation of the celite-activated clotting time (CACT), but not of the kaolin-activated clotting time (KACT). Therefore, concern has been raised regarding the reliability of CACT to monitor anticoagulation in the presence of aprotinin. The current study was designed to test the efficacy of aprotinin to improve anticoagulation, and to investigate whether the prolongation of CACT reflects true anticoagulation or is an in vitro artifact. To elucidate this antithrombotic effect of aprotinin, this study was done in patients prone to reduced intraoperative heparin sensitivity.

Methods
In a prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial, 30 male patients scheduled for elective primary coronary revascularization and treated with heparin for at least 10 days preoperatively, received either high-dose aprotinin (group A) or placebo (group C). The CACT and KACT were determined, but only CACT was used to control anticoagulation with heparin. Parameters of coagulation that are indicators of thrombin generation and activity (F1+2 prothrombin fragments, thrombin-antithrombin III complex, and fibrin monomers), parameters of fibrinolysis (D-dimers), aprotinin, and heparin plasma concentrations were measured. Postoperative blood loss and allogeneic blood transfused were recorded.

Results
Total heparin administered was 36,200 units (95% confidence interval: 31,400-41,000; group C) compared with 27,700 (25,500-29,800) units (group A; P < 0.05). Hemostatic activation during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was significantly reduced in group A compared with group C. After 60 min of CPB, all parameters were significantly different (P < 0.05) between the groups (group C vs. group A): F1+2 prothrombin fragments, 9.7 (8.9-11.7) ng/ml versus 7.5 (6.2-8.6) ng/ml; thrombin-anti-thrombin III complex (TAT), 53 (42-68) ng/ml versus 29 (23-38) ng/ml; and fibrin monomers, 23 (12-43) ng/ml versus 8 (3-17) ng/ml. Fibrinolysis was also attenuated; D-dimers at the end of operation were 656 (396-1,089) and 2,710 (1,811-4,055) ng/ml for groups A and C, respectively (P < 0.05). The CACT 5 min after the onset of CPB was 552 (485-627) versus 869 (793-955) s for groups C and A, respectively (P < 0.05), whereas the KACT showed no differences between the groups (569 [481-675] vs. 614 [541-697] s for groups C and A, respectively; P = NS). The 24-h blood loss was 1,496 (1,125-1,995) versus 597 (448-794) ml for groups C and A, respectively (P < 0.05).

Conclusions
Aprotinin treatment in combination with heparin leads to less thrombin generation during CPB. Aprotinin has anticoagulant properties. Celite-activated ACT is reliable for monitoring anticoagulation in the presence of aprotinin, because the prolonged CACT in the aprotinin group reflects improved anticoagulation. Kaolin-activated ACT does not reflect this effect of aprotinin.
Cardiorespiratory Effects of Positive End-expiratory Pressure during Progressive Tidal Volume Reduction (Permissive Hypercapnia) in Patients with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Ranieri V. Marco , Mascia Luciana , Fiore Tommaso , Bruno Francesco , Brienza Antonio , Giuliani Rocco 
Published: August 2004

Background
In patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), the ventilatory approach is based on tidal volume (VT) of 10-15 ml/kg and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). To avoid further pulmonary injury, decreasing VT and allowing PaCO2 to increase (permissive hypercapnia) has been suggested. Effects of 10 cmH2O of PEEP on respiratory mechanics, hemodynamics, and gas exchange were compared during mechanical ventilation with conventional (10-15 ml/kg) and low (5-8 ml/kg) VT.

Methods
Nine sedated and paralyzed patients were studied. VT was decreased gradually (50 ml every 20-30 min). Static volume-pressure (V-P) curves, hemodynamics, and gas exchange were measured.

Results
During mechanical ventilation with conventional VT, V-P curves on PEEP 0 (ZEEP) exhibited an upward convexity in six patients reflecting a progressive reduction in compliance with inflating volume, whereas PEEP resulted in a volume displacement along the flat part of this curve. After VT reduction, V-P curves in the same patients showed an upward concavity, reflecting progressive alveolar recruitment with inflating volume, and application of PEEP resulted in alveolar recruitment. The other three patients showed a V-P curve with an upward concavity; VT reduction increased this concavity, and application of PEEP induced greater alveolar recruitment than during conventional VT. With PEEP, cardiac index decreased by, respectively, 31% during conventional VT and 11% during low VT (P < 0.01); PaO2 increased by 32% and 71% (P < 0.01), respectively, whereas right-to-left venous admixture (Qs/Qt) decreased by 11% and 40%, respectively (P < 0.01). The greatest values of PaO2, static compliance, and oxygen delivery and the lowest values of Qs/Qt (best PEEP) were obtained during application of PEEP with low VT (P < 0.01).

Conclusions
Although PEEP induced alveolar hyperinflation in most patients during mechanical ventilation with conventional VT, at low VT, there appeared to be a significant alveolar collapse, and PEEP was able to expand these units, improving gas exchange and hemodynamics.