bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Localization of sarcoglycan, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, β‐dystroglycan, and dystrophin molecules in normal skeletal myofiber: Triple immunogold labeling electron microscopy
Authors: Wakayama Yoshihiro , Inoue Masahiko , Kojima Hiroko , Murahashi Makoto , Shibuya Seiji , Oniki Hiroaki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractIn order to investigate the mode of existence of the sarcoglycan complex, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), β‐dystroglycan, and dystrophin in the normal skeletal myofiber, we examined the ultrastructural localization and mutual spatial relationship of nNOS, β‐dystroglycan, dystrophin, and the individual components of the sarcoglycan complex by using triple immunogold labeling electron microscopy. Each molecule of α‐, β‐, γ‐ and δ‐sarcoglycans is located intracellularly or extracellularly near the muscle plasma membrane mostly in accordance with the sarcoglycan antigenic sites against which the antibodies were generated. The association of different two and/or three sarcoglycan molecules out of α‐, β‐, γ‐ and δ‐sarcoglycan molecules was frequently observed. Each molecule of nNOS, β‐dystroglycan, and dystrophin was ultrastructurally noted along the cell surface of normal skeletal myofibers. Moreover, the close relation of a sarcoglycan molecule with β‐dystroglycan and dystrophin, and the association of nNOS with dystrophin were also confirmed ultrastructurally. Thus, this study demonstrated that the constituting molecules of the sarcoglycan complex, nNOS, β‐dystroglycan, and dystrophin existed in the form of a cluster at the normal muscle plasma membrane. The association of nNOS with dystrophin and its associated glycoproteins may form a macromolecular signaling complex at the muscle plasma membrane. Microsc. Res. Tech. 55:154–163, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Relative length of longest paths and cycles in 3‐connected graphs
Authors: Li Rao , Saito Akira , Schelp R.H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFor a graph G, let p(G) denote the order of a longest path in G and c(G) the order of a longest cycle in G, respectively. We show that if G is a 3‐connected graph of order n such that $\textstyle{\sum^{4}_{i=1}\,{\rm deg}_{G}\,x_{i} \ge {3\over2}\,n + 1}$ for every independent set {x1, x2, x3, x4}, then G satisfies c(G) ≥ p(G) − 1. Using this result, we give several lower bounds to the circumference of a 3‐connected graph. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Graph Theory 37: 137–156, 2001
Consolidating the lessons of 50 years of ‘development’
Authors: Shepherd Andrew 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe World Development Report 2000/01 builds a complex picture of poverty, and a comprehensive approach to its reduction, which challenges the still dominant neo‐liberal paradigm. The significance of inequality in determining the outcomes of economic growth, of vulnerability and the need for an agenda of social security or social protection represent advances in the discourse of international agencies. The uniform and simplistic solutions of the past are dismissed with recognition of the fragility of markets and the problems of privatization. The diversity of poverty is met by emphasis on country strategies, which need to address the issues faced by the losers from the process of economic growth. Diversity has been identified — it now needs analysis. The comprehensive approach advocated should help to stabilize development thinking, to move away from the pendulum swings of policy fashion. The constraints to poverty reduction are under‐emphasised — resources to provide safety nets; the problems of preventing or resolving conflict, and the potential political resistance from elites unconvinced that poverty is their problem. Nevertheless, the report provides a basis for building a new international coalition against poverty, with the Bank as one among several agencies, a situation in which it will need to clarify its role. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SMART‐PET: Multimodality white matter imaging and display without loss of quantitative information
Authors: Juengling Freimut D. , Kassubek Jan , Högerle Stefan , Nitzsche Egbert U. , Moser Ernst 
Published: August 2002

AbstractPurposeTo improve analysis of cerebral white matter (WM) in fluoro‐deoxy‐glucose positron emission tomography (PET) images.Materials and MethodsA multimodality analysis technique (segmented MRI and registered Talairach‐transformed PET [SMART‐PET]) was used for quantitative assessment of WM metabolism. Data processing included Talairach transformation of three‐dimensional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and subsequent automated segmentation and coregistration to normalized PET images. Color model transformations were used for combined display: the hue saturation value color model was regarded as a three‐dimensional data matrix, integrating quantitative voxel data of both modalities. The technique was applied in normal subjects and in patients suffering from different WM diseases. Regional analysis was performed to classify metabolic impairment on a five‐point scale.ResultsUsing SMART‐PET, a considerable gain in image contrast for WM was achieved in all cases. In the normal subjects, WM metabolism was shown to be homogeneously unimpaired. Sum scores of regional analysis revealed metabolic WM changes in all patients. Extent of WM hypometabolism exceeded the extent of the lesions as delineated by MRI signal changes.ConclusionThe potential of the method for further elucidation of the role of WM diseases in brain dysfunction in patients is discussed. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2002;15:456‐461. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Texture detection of simulated microcalcification susceptibility effects in magnetic resonance imaging of breasts
Authors: James David , Clymer Bradley D. , Schmalbrock Petra 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe presence, size, structure and clustering characteristics of microcalcifications can indicate breast cancer. The magnetic susceptibility of microcalcifications differs from soft biological tissues, leading to directional blurring effects that can be detected by statistical image processing methods. A study of the ability of statistical texture analysis to detect simulated localized blurring in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of dense breast is presented. This method can detect localized blurring with sensitivity of 88.89% to 94.44%, specificity of 99.72% to 100%, positive predictive value of 73.91% to 100% and negative predictive value of 99.91% to 99.95%. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2001;13:876–881. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stable isotope dilution negative ion chemical ionization gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for the quantitative analysis of paroxetine in human plasma
Authors: Leis Hans Jörg , Windischhofer Werner , Raspotnig Günther , Fauler Günter 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA sensitive and specific method for the quantitative determination of paroxetine in human plasma is presented. After solvent extraction from plasma with hexane/ethyl acetate (1 : 1) at alkaline pH and derivatization to the pentafluorobenzyl carbamate derivative, paroxetine was measured by gas chromatography–negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. The carboxylate anion at m/z 372 was obtained at high relative abundance. [2H6]‐labeled paroxetine was used as an internal standard and its rapid and facile preparation from the unlabeled compound is described. Calibration graphs were linear within a range of 0.094–12.000 ng ml−1 using 1 ml of plasma and 0.469–60 ng ml−1 using 200 µl of plasma. Intra‐day precision was 1.47% (0.375 ng ml−1), 3.16% (3 ng ml−1) and 1.37% (9 ng ml−1) for the low‐level method, and 3.37% (1.875 ng ml−1), 2.72% (15 ng ml−1) and 2.22% (45 ng ml−1) for the high‐level method. Inter‐day precision was 1.65% (0.375 ng ml−1), 2.13% (3 ng ml−1) and 1.66% (9 ng ml−1) for the low‐level method, and 1.10% (1.875 ng ml−1), 1.56% (15 ng ml−1) and 1.90% (45 ng ml−1) for the high‐level method. At the limit of quantification (0.094 ng ml−1), intra‐day precision was 4.30% (low‐level method) and 2.56% (high‐level method), and inter‐day precision was 3.23% (low‐level method) and 3.00% (high‐level method). The method is rugged, rapid and robust and has been applied to the batch analysis of paroxetine during pharmacokinetic profiling of the drug. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of liquid chromatography mobile phase buffer contents on the ionization and fragmentation of analytes in liquid chromatographic/ionspray tandem mass spectrometric determination
Authors: Zhao Jamie J. , Yang Amy Y. , Rogers J. Douglas 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effects of liquid chromatography mobile phase buffer contents on the ionization and fragmentation of drug molecules in liquid chromatographic/ionspray tandem mass spectrometric (LC/MS/MS) determination were evaluated for simvastatin (SV) and its hydroxy acid (SVA). The objective was to improve further the sensitivity for SV by overcoming the unfavorable condition caused by the formation of multiple major adduct ions and multiple major fragment ions when using ammonium as LC mobile phase buffer. Mobile phases (70:30 acetonitrile–buffer, 2 mM, pH 4.5) with buffers made from ammonium, hydrazine or alkyl (methyl, ethyl, dimethyl or trimethyl)‐substituted ammonium acetate were evaluated. Q1 scan and product ion scan spectra were obtained for SV in each of the mobile phases under optimized conditions. The results showed that, with the alkylammonium buffers, the alkylammonium‐adducted SV was observed as the only major molecular ion, while the formation of other adduct ions ([M + H]+, [M + Na]+ and [M + K]+) was successfully suppressed. On the other hand, product ion spectra with a single major fragment ion were not observed for any of the alkylammonium‐adducted SVs. The affinity of the alkylammoniums to SV and the basicity of the alkylamines are believed to be factors influencing the formation and abundance of molecular and fragment ions, respectively. Methylammonium acetate provided the most favorable condition among all the buffers evaluated and improved the sensitivity several‐fold for SV in LC/MS/MS quantitation compared with that obtained using ammonium acetate buffer. Better precision for SV in both Q1 and SRM scans was observed when using methylammonium buffer compared with those using ammonium buffer. The mobile phase buffer contents did not seem to affect the ionization, fragmentation and chromatography of SVA. The results of this evaluation can be applied to similar situations with other organic molecules in ionspray LC/MS/MS determination. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Turn‐on transient dynamics of a semiconductor laser with optical feedback
Authors: Torre M. S. , Masoller C. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe study the effect of lateral carrier diffusion on the transient turn‐on of a semiconductor laser with optical feedback. The numerical simulations are based on the Lang–Kobayashi model, and on an extension of the model that includes lateral profiles for the carrier density and the optical field. For moderately strong feedback, intensity pulses characterize the dynamics of the turn‐on, with a repetition rate at the external cavity round‐trip time. We find that carrier diffusion has an important effect when the laser is biased close to the solitary threshold. For low carrier diffusion the intensity drops to a nearly zero value in between the pulses; for fast carrier diffusion, the spatial holes in the carrier profile burned by the intensity pulses are quickly replenished, and the intensity does not decay to a zero value in between the pulses. The results of our analysis show that the effect of diffusion is qualitatively well modelled by a non‐linear gain saturation coefficient different from zero in the space‐independent Lang–Kobayashi model. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Downregulation of a unique photoreceptor protein correlates with improper outer segment assembly
Authors: Wohabrebbi Amira , Umstot Edward S. , Iannaccone Alessandro , Desiderio Dominic M. , Jablonski Monica M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractA unique photoreceptor protein has been characterized. This protein, termed XAP‐1 antigen, is expressed by photoreceptors exclusively under conditions in which the outer segment membranes are properly assembled. When the retinal pigment epithelium is adherent to the underlying neural retina, the XAP‐1 antigen is localized to the plasma membrane that surrounds the inner and outer segments in the areas juxtaposed to the subretinal space. A similar labeling pattern is detected in retinal pigment epithelium‐deprived retinas in which assembly of nascent outer segments is supported by lactose. In retinas that undergo degeneration subsequent to the removal of the retinal pigment epithelium, the expression of this protein is completely downregulated. Immunohistochemical analyses and subcellular fractionation along with Western blot analysis, indicate that the XAP‐1 antigen is a membrane‐associated soluble protein. Mass spectrometric analysis indicates that the XAP‐1 antigen shares homology via 12 tryptic peptide masses with the gamma‐crystallin (lens structural protein) subclasses, although it does not immunolocalize to the same ocular structures as reported for the gamma‐crystallins. We propose that XAP‐1 antigen is a unique protein that is expressed extensively by healthy photoreceptor cells; the expression of the XAP‐1 antigen exclusively by photoreceptors with organized outer segments suggests that this protein may play a critical role in outer segment assembly. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Vibrational analysis of Ni(II)‐ and Cu(II)‐octamethylchlorin by polarized resonance Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Lipski Robert J. , Unger Esko , Dreybrodt Wolfgang , Militello Valeria , Leone Maurizio , Schweitzer‐Stenner Reinhard 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe measured the polarized resonance Raman spectra of Cu(II)‐2,2,7,8,12,13,17,18‐octamethylchlorin in CS2 at various excitation wavenumbers in a spectral region covering the Qy, Qx and Bx optical absorption bands. Additionally, we measured the FTIR‐Raman spectrum of the highly overcrowded spectral region between 1300 and 1450 cm−1. The spectral decomposition was carried out by a self‐consistent global fit to all spectra obtained. The thus identified Raman and IR lines were assigned by comparison with the resonance Raman spectra of Cu(II)‐octaethylporphyrin, by utilizing their depolarization ratio dispersions and by a normal mode analysis. The latter was based on a modified transferable molecular mechanics force field of Ni(II)‐octaethylporphyrin [E. Unger, M. Beck, R.J. Lipski, W. Dreybrodt, C.J. Medforth, K.M. Smith and R. Schweitzer‐Stenner, J. Phys. Chem. B 103, 10229 (1999)]. A comparison of normal mode patterns obtained for Cu(II)‐octamethylchlorin and Cu(II)‐octaethylporphyrin revealed that some modes are significantly distorted by the reduction of the pyrrole ring, in accordance with results which Boldt et al. reported earlier for Ni(II)‐octaethylchlorin [N.J. Boldt, F.J. Donohoe, R.R. Birge and D.F. Bocian, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 109, 2284 (1987)]. In contrast to conclusions drawn from this study, however, the results of our vibrational analysis and several further lines of evidence suggest that the normal modes of corresponding chlorines and porphyrins are still comparable, because they display contributions from the same local coordinates. Thus, the classical normal mode classification developed for metalloporphyrins is also applicable to metallochlorins. Finally, we performed a preliminary analysis of the absorption spectrum and the resonance excitation profiles and depolarization ratio dispersions of some Raman lines. The results show that the electronic properties of Cu(II)‐octamethylchlorin can still be described in terms of Gouterman's four orbital model [M. Gouterman, J. Chem. Phys. 30, 1139 (1959)]. In regions of the Q bands, Raman scattering of A1 modes is determined by interferences between Franck– Condon coupling and interstate Herzberg– Teller coupling between Qx(Qy) and Bx(By) states. The B2 modes are resonance enhanced by Herzberg– Teller coupling between Qx and Qy and between Qx(Qy) and By(Bx). Franck– Condon coupling of A1 modes with large contributions from CαCm stretching vibrations is comparatively strong for Qx. This is interpreted as reflecting the expansion of the chlorin macrocycle by an electronic transition into this excited state. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of resonance Raman spectra of flavin‐3,4‐dihydroxybenzoate charge‐transfer complexes in three flavoenzymes
Authors: Zheng Yuangang , Massey Vincent , Schaller Andreas , Palfey Bruce A. , Carey Paul R. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractVarious flavoenzymes can form charge‐transfer (CT) complexes with their substrates or analogs. The CT bands are red‐shifted from the flavin absorption bands. In the present study, under the resonance Raman condition when 647.1 nm excitation was used, resonance Raman spectra were obtained for three CT complexes formed by 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid (protocatechuic acid, PCA) with the flavoenzymes old yellow enzyme I (OYE I), 12‐oxophytodienoate 10,11‐reductase (LeOPR I) and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase A (DHOD A). Many flavin ring modes were intensity‐enhanced under these conditions, although to varying degrees. However, the Raman intensity enhancements of the PCA modes were highly selective. Using phenolate binding to OYE I as a model system, and deuterium substitution in PCA, the enhanced modes were identified as benzene in‐plane ring modes containing contributions from C–H bending. The intensity enhancement for these modes is up to several thousand‐fold. The mechanism for the selective intensity enhancement is not understood. Although the CT absorption bands for PCA binding to OYE I, DHOD A and LeOPR I are very similar, the positions of the Raman modes of bound PCA and their response to deuterium substitution are distinct. This demonstrates that the Raman data can detect differences in the chemistry of the CT binding sites that are not apparent in the absorption spectral data. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancing effect of chemically reduced gold on surface Raman scattering for organic sulfides chemisorbed on iron
Authors: Lu Yun , Chen Jin , Li Fengting , Xue Gi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractChemically reduced gold particles on an organic sulfide‐covered plate can effectively enhance surface Raman scattering signals. This method was used to investigate the adsorption states of 4‐aminophenyl disulfide and benzyl disulfide attached to the iron surface by Fourier transform surface‐enhanced Raman scattering. The results indicate that these sulfide molecules can be chemisorbed perpendicularly and form a self‐assembled film dotted with ferric hydroxide on the iron surface. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigations of micro‐stress and phase transition in sol–gel‐derived multideposited coatings of barium titanate using Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Gupta S. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThin films of barium titanate (BaTiO3; BT) of various thicknesses (20, 60, 120, 160 and 200 nm) were deposited by a modified sol–gel route on M‐plane sapphire [Al2O3 : (1010)] substrates. Raman spectroscopy (RS) and x‐ray diffraction (XRD) were used to evaluate the stress and structural changes with respect to film thickness and establish a correlation. Raman bands and x‐ray peak intensities of 20 nm thick films were too weak to reveal any structural information. Structurally, all other films showed a polycrystalline nature and the average grain size increased with increasing thickness. From the changes in the lattice parameters and one of the Raman modes [B1 + E (TO)], an inverse relation between the compressive stress and film thickness was found at room temperature. Excellent agreement was found for stress values from both measurements. The ferroelectric to paraelectric phase transition (TC) was estimated from the temperature dependence of one of the lattice phonon (∼310 cm−1) wavenumber position (ω, cm−1) and linewidth (Γ, cm−1). This is one of the phonons belonging to the tetragonal phase. For thin films, these ‘order parameters’ did not show apparent anomaly and were qualitatively evaluated from the loss of intensity of this mode. The values of TC in thin films differ from those of the bulk counterpart. Almost an exponential decrease in the stress was observed with increasing thickness for the films due to the structural changes or lattice parameter relaxation. This behavior of TC is discussed using the conventional Landau–Devonshire theoretical formulation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Taking risk in joint ventures: whose throw of the dice?
Authors: Sulej Julian C. , Stewart Victoria , Keogh William 
Published: August 2002

Abstract
The development of key partnerships between innovative small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) and larger organizations is a primary strategic consideration. The level of risk involved can often mean that smaller firms are placed in highly vulnerable positions when attempting to develop a product, process or service.
Risk may be related to a wide range of influences including asymmetric resource allocation, the perception and framing of problems and the building of trust and commitment. The smaller organization may also have concerns that a larger partner would absorb their intellectual property.
Key considerations in determining perceived risk appear to be related to the shadow of the future, i.e. the balance of probabilities concerning investment and relative return combined with future expectations regarding any situation and its potential outcomes. The experience and individual agendas of managers and their influence on risk perception within such alliances are examined.
Future research using longitudinal studies to examine risk perception and evaluation in relation to strategic decision making is required.
Expression of cyclooxygenase‐2 in primary and remnant gastric carcinoma: Comparing it with p53 accumulation, Helicobacter pylori infection, and vascular endothelial growth factor expression
Authors: Kawabe Atsushi , Shimada Yutaka , Uchida Shigeki , Maeda Masato , Yamasaki Seiji , Kato Masayuki , Hashimoto Yosuke , Ohshio Gakuji , Matsumoto Masao , Imamura Masayuki 
Published: August 2002

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesCyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) expression may contribute to the synthesis of prostanoids, which have been related to carcinogenesis and tumor progression. It is well known that the gastric remnant is at greater risk of the development of gastric cancer than is the whole stomach; incidence rates for gastric cardia adenocarcinoma are rising in the United States and Europe. Our objective was to determine the involvement of COX‐2 in primary and remnant gastric cancer tissues as well as in adjacent noncancerous mucosa.MethodsWe investigated the expression of COX‐2 in 91 human gastric cancer tissue and adjacent noncancerous mucosa samples (40 remnant gastric cancer, 37 gastric cardia cancer, and 14 gastric corpus and antrum cancer), using immunohistochemistry. In addition, p53 expression, Helicobacter pylori infection, and vascular endothelial growth factor in the tissues were evaluated by immunohistochemical staining and compared with COX‐2 expression.ResultsThere were no significant differences in clinicopathological data in the gastric cancer tissues. There was a significant relation between the expression of COX‐2 and p53 in gastric cancer tissues (P = 0.0048). However, vascular endothelial growth factor expression and Helicobacter pylori infection showed no correlation with the expression of COX‐2. In the case of adjacent noncancerous mucosa, the positive rate of COX‐2 expression was significantly higher in the remnant gastric cancers (75.0%) than in the primary gastric cancers (25.5%) (P < 0.0001).ConclusionsThis information may help in the analysis of the carcinogenesis of gastric cancer; there is also a possibility that the COX‐2 selective inhibitor to the remnant gastric cancer has a chemopreventive effect. J. Surg. Oncol. 2002;80:79–88. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.