bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SCALING PROPERTIES OF VALENCE-BOND-SOLIDS WITH A LINEAR STRUCTURE
Authors: ISKE P.L. , CASPERS W.J. 
Published: November 2004

In this work we will prove that the degeneracy of the ground state of linear Valence-Bond-Solids (VBS) structures is independent of the size of the lattice. We show that the ground states of VBS systems with different sizes can be mapped onto each other. In this letter we will develop a scenario to construct such an isomorphism and we will apply it to calculate the correlation length for two cases.
PREFERABLE ORIENTATION OF CRYSTALLINE THIN-FILM OF MODIFIED BNN SYSTEM
Authors: TSUKIOKA MASAYUKI , MASHIO TASUKU , SHIMAZU MASAJI , NAKAMURA TAKESHI 
Published: November 2004

Using rf-sputtering method, modified BNN ( Ba 2 NaNb 5 O 15) thin-films, which are highly aligned, were prepared on a polished surface of a stainless steel plate and on a polished silicon wafer. It was found that preferably aligned thin-films were successfully obtained only when modified Nb-rich BNN target was used. Preferable orientation of these thin-films was confirmed by X-ray diffraction measurement. In order to find the correlation between preferable orientation and separation from plasma center, X-ray measurement was carried out at several points on the thin-film sputtered on a long stainless steel substrate (5×100 mm ). The result indicated that preferable orientation was dominant near the position of plasma center. In order to distinguish whether the strong X-ray peak observed in the preferably aligned BNN thin-film is due to (200) peak of Nb 2 O 5 or (440) peak of BNN, X-ray measurements and the following quantitative analyses; fluorescent X-ray, ICP (Induced Coupled Radio Frequency Plasma) and an Atomic Absorption Method, were carried out for films sputtered from Nb-rich BNN target. The results reveal that the thin-films include considerable quantity of barium and sodium. This suggests that the highly aligned thin-film is composed of modified BNN and not Nb 2 O 5.
CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AND SUPERCONDUCTIVITY OF TlBa2Ca2Cu3O8.5
Authors: LIANG J.K. , ZHANG Y.L. , HUANG J.Q. , XIE S.S. , CHE G.C. , CHENG X.R. , NI Y.M. , JIA S.L. 
Published: November 2004

The crystal structure of TlBa 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O 8.5(Tc=112 K) has been determined by means of X-ray powder diffraction method. It belongs to primary tetragonal symmetry with lattice parameters: a=3.847 Å, c=15.89 Å. Its space group is [Formula: see text]. Each unit cell contains one chemical formular unit. The arrangements of ions in a unit cell are as follows: 1Tl cation occupies 1(b) equivalent point position. 2Ca and 2Ba cations occupy 2(h) equivalent point positions with respective atomic parameters z=0.100 and 0.320. 3Cu occupy 1(a) and 2(g) (z=0.200) equivalent point positions. 8.50 anions occupy 1(d), 2(f), 2(g) (z=0.325) and 4(i) (z=0.200) equivalent point positions respectively. (Occupation factor is 0.945.) The crystal structure of TlBa2Ca2Cu3O8.5 is quite similar to those of the other superconducting phases. All cations are distributed at positions of (0,0,z) and (1 /2,1 /2,z) alternatively. The oxygen deficient pseudo-perovskite unit Ba-Cu-Ca-Cu-Ca-Cu-Ba is separated by double Tl-O layers in the crystal structure of Tl 2 Ba 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O 10. However, the oxygen deficient pseudo-perovskite unit Ba-Cu-Ca-Cu-Ca-Cu-Ba is separated by single Tl-O layer in the crystal structure of TlBa 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O 8.5. The relations among the crystal structure of the superconducting phases as well as the relation between the crystal structure and superconductivity are discussed.
A SYSTEM FOR ON-LINE RECOGNITION OF CHINESE CHARACTERS
Authors: CHEN KEH-JIANN , LI KUO-CHUN , CHANG YEONG-LONG 
Published: November 2004

The target of this recognition system is the set of handwritten Chinese characters input from tablet devices with stroke-sequence and stroke-count being free but within the constraint of normal writing. A formalism based upon an initial stroke-sequence decision tree and position matching has been developed for recognizing handwritten Chinese characters. This formalism has the advantages of using the features of strokes, stroke-sequence, and geometric relations but avoids the disadvantages caused by the instability of all of the above features. With extensive training, it can be proven that this formalism may provide a very promising result even in handling erroneous writing such as missing a stroke, wrong writing sequence etc.
MULTIFONT CHARACTER RECOGNITION FOR TYPESET DOCUMENTS
Authors: SHLIEN SEYMOUR 
Published: November 2004

An optical character reader for processing typeset documents must be able to handle proportional spacing, the presence of touching characters and a wide variety of type fonts. This paper describes the design of a multifont character recognizer which uses a binary decision tree to classify a character on the basis of 197 geometric features. The algorithm for designing the decision tree is based upon an entropy minimization procedure, and makes no assumptions on the distribution or independence of the binary features. The decision tree classifier provides confidence measures which may be used to reduce the substitution error rate at the expense of higher rejection rates. Methods of reducing the overall error rate by combining the decision tree classifier with other classifiers were examined. In particular, the paper evaluates the performance of a classifier using a combination of multiple decision trees, template matching and contextual post-processing. Error rates were highly sensitive to typeface and varied between 10 percent and 0.1 percent. Computer processing times for the various stages of the system are presented.
Negotiating Marriage: Questions of Morality and Legitimacy in the Ghanaian Pentecostal Diaspora
Authors: van Dijk Rijk 
Published: November 2004

AbstractAmong the many immigrant groups that have settled in the Netherlands, the recently arrived migrants from Ghana have been perceived by the Dutch state as especially problematic. Explicit measures have been taken to investigate marriages of Ghanaians, as these appeared to be an avenue by which many acquired access to the Dutch welfare state. While the Dutch government tightened its immigration policies, many Ghanaian Pentecostal churches were emerging in the Ghanaian immigrant communities. An important function of these churches is to officiate over marriages; marriages that are perceived as lawful and righteous in the eyes of the migrant community but nonetheless do not have any legal basis as far as the Dutch state is concerned. This contribution explores why the Ghanaian community attributes great moral significance to these marriages that are taking place within their Pentecostal churches. It investigates the changing meaning of the functions of Pentecostal churches in Ghana and in the Netherlands by distinguishing civil morality from civic responsibility. It seeks to explore how, in both contexts, legitimacy is created as well as contested in the face of prevailing state-civil society relations. Through this exploration, it will become clear why, in both situations, Pentecostalism is unlikely to develop into a civic religion in the full sense of the term.
The Occupation of Public Space through Religious and Political Events: How Senegalese Migrants Became a Part of Harlem, New York
Authors: Salzbrunn Monika 
Published: November 2004

AbstractDuring the last twenty years, Senegalese migration has shifted from West African cities to France, from France to its European neighbour countries and finally towards the United States of America. Whereas the secular French state discourages religious display, especially within public space, the more community-oriented USA is far from opposed to religious expression in the public sphere. In this article, I analyze how Senegalese migrants who have grown up in secular states (Senegal and/or France) use American public space to demonstrate their political and religious identity through the organization of special events. Even though the migrants, notably the political and religious activists, take into consideration the cultural and political differences between their different places of residence, they follow continuous strategies across their translocal spaces. Special events like the Murid Parade in July or the Senegalese presidential election campaign in spring 2000 provide rich empirical data for the analysis of the complex interaction between Senegalese inside and outside their country, their translocal networks and their connections to the local situation in New York City. The latter includes the different inhabitants of Harlem and the local geographical setting, the representatives of the state and the politics of migration, as well as the Mayor and his political program. The recently opened House of Islam, founded by members of the Murid Sufi order in Harlem, shows how deeply the Senegalese in the US are already rooted. However, the annual religious event organized by the Murids is only one demonstration of identity politics. In order to illustrate the diversity of the community, I show how the events organized during the Senegalese presidential election campaign in 2000 in New York City take into consideration the complexity of the religious, political and economic identities of the American Senegalese.
Assessing ENSO Simulations and Predictions Using Adjoint Ocean State Estimation
Authors: Dommenget Dietmar , Stammer Detlef 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Simulations and seasonal forecasts of tropical Pacific SST and subsurface fields that are based on the global Consortium for Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) ocean-state estimation procedure are investigated. As compared to similar results from a traditional ENSO simulation and forecast procedure, the hindcast of the constrained ocean state is significantly closer to observed surface and subsurface conditions. The skill of the 12-month lead SST forecast in the equatorial Pacific is comparable in both approaches. The optimization appears to have better skill in the SST anomaly correlations, suggesting that the initial ocean conditions and forcing corrections calculated by the ocean-state estimation do have a positive impact on the predictive skill. However, the optimized forecast skill is currently limited by the low quality of the statistical atmosphere. Progress is expected from optimizing a coupled model over a longer time interval with the coupling statistics being part of the control vector.
The Formation of Concentric Vorticity Structures in Typhoons
Authors: Kuo H-C. , Lin L-Y. , Chang C-P. , Williams R. T. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
An important issue in the formation of concentric eyewalls in a tropical cyclone is the development of a symmetric structure from asymmetric convection. It is proposed herein, with the aid of a nondivergent barotropic model, that concentric vorticity structures result from the interaction between a small and strong inner vortex (the tropical cyclone core) and neighboring weak vortices (the vorticity induced by the moist convection outside the central vortex of a tropical cyclone). The results highlight the pivotal role of the vorticity strength of the inner core vortex in maintaining itself, and in stretching, organizing, and stabilizing the outer vorticity field. Specifically, the core vortex induces a differential rotation across the large and weak vortex to strain out the latter into a vorticity band surrounding the former. The straining out of a large, weak vortex into a concentric vorticity band can also result in the contraction of the outer tangential wind maximum. The stability of the outer band is related to the Fjørtoft sufficient condition for stability because the strong inner vortex can cause the wind at the inner edge to be stronger than the outer edge, which allows the vorticity band and therefore the concentric structure to be sustained. Moreover, the inner vortex must possess high vorticity not only to be maintained against any deformation field induced by the outer vortices but also to maintain a smaller enstrophy cascade and to resist the merger process into a monopole. The negative vorticity anomaly in the moat serves as a “shield” or a barrier to the farther inward mixing the outer vorticity field. The binary vortex experiments described in this paper suggest that the formation of a concentric vorticity structure requires 1) a very strong core vortex with a vorticity at least 6 times stronger than the neighboring vortices, 2) a large neighboring vorticity area that is larger than the core vortex, and 3) a separation distance between the neighboring vorticity field and the core vortex that is within 3 to 4 times the core vortex radius.
Quantifying Asymmetric Wave Breaking and Two-Way Transport
Authors: Nakamura Noboru 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Effective diffusivity calculated from a scalar field that obeys the advection–diffusion equation has proved useful for estimating the permeability of unsteady boundaries of air masses such as the edge of the stratospheric polar vortex and the extratropical tropopause. However, the method does not discriminate the direction of transport—whereas some material crosses the boundary from one side to the other, some material does so in the other direction—yet the extant method concerns only the net transport.
In this paper, the diagnostic is extended to allow partitioning of fluxes of mass and tracer into opposing directions. This is accomplished by discriminating the regions of “inward” and “outward” wave breaking with the local curvature of the tracer field. The utility of the new method is demonstrated for nonlinear Kelvin– Helmholtz instability and Rossby wave breaking in the stratosphere using a numerically generated tracer. The method successfully quantifies two-way transport and hence the direction of wave breaking—the predominantly equatorward breaking of Rossby waves in the extratropical middle stratosphere, for example. Isolated episodes of mixing are identified well, particularly by the mass flux that primarily arises from the tracer filaments.
Comparison of different transport schemes suggests that the results are reasonably robust under a varying subgrid representation of the model.
Coordination of a Water Molecule to a Square-pyramidal N2S3-type Co(III) Complex Directed to an Active Site of Nitrile Hydratase
Authors: Ozawa Tomohiro , Ikeda Tomohiro , Yano Takuma , Arii Hidekazu , Yamaguchi Syuhei , Funahashi Yasuhiro , Jitsukawa Koichiro , Masuda Hideki 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
A novel distorted square-pyramidal N2S3-type Co(III) complex with a vacant site was synthesized as an active center model of nitrile hydratases (NHases) and characterized by UV–vis and 1H NMR spectroscopic and X-ray analyses. The electronic absorption spectra were characteristic of a five-coordinate structure in organic solvents such as acetonitrile, while the complex in an aqueous solution gave different spectrum characteristic of a six-coordinate octahedron. These results suggest that the coordination of a water molecule is a key for the hydration of nitrile compound in the NHases.
Additional RNA–Protein Interactions Facilitate in vitro Selection by Ribosome Display
Authors: Inoue Atsushi , Sawata Shinya Y , Fujita Satoshi , Taira Kazunari 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
By introducing specific RNA–protein interaction into ribosome display method, further stabilization of RNA–ribosome–protein complex was achieved. The amount of mRNA of interest recovered after one round of selection correlates with the strength of RNA–protein interaction. This noncovalent but strong interaction should provide a simple and effective strategy for selections of functional proteins from large libraries.
Reductive Adsorption of Gold(III) by Crosslinked Lignophenol
Authors: Parajuli Durga , Inoue Katsutoshi , Kuriyama Masayuki , Funaoka Masamitsu , Makino Kenjiro 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
The adsorption behavior of a crosslinked lignophenol gel for various metal ions from chloride medium was investigated. The gel was found to be only effective for the adsorption of Au(III) from weak to strong acidic medium. The analysis of XRD-spectrum and SEM-images of the adsorbent after adsorption revealed the formation of elemental gold by the reduction of the Au(III) ion. Such a result is promising for the development of a recovery system for gold from various industrial wastes.
Heterosexual men and women with HIV test positive at a later stage of infection than homo- or bisexual men
Authors: Manavi K , McMillan A , Ogilvie M , Scott G 
Published: November 2004

The current strategy of offering HIV testing to individuals with known risk has had no impact on the reduction in the number of patients diagnosed with immune suppression of infection. A prospective observational study to compare the baseline CD4+ T-cell counts in HIV-infected homosexual/bisexual men, intravenous drug users, heterosexual men and women diagnosed in GUM/RIDU and that of patients diagnosed during routine maternal screening for HIV between December 1999 and January 2003 was carried out at the Departments of Genitourinary Medicine (GUM), Regional Infectious Disease Unit (RIDU) and Obstetrics in Edinburgh. Late presentation was defined as positive HIV test with baseline CD4+ T-cell count of less than 200 cells/mL. During the study period, 189 patients tested in GUM/RIDU setting and 13 screened women were diagnosed with HIV infection. Thirty-four percent of the former and 38% of the latter group had CD4+ T-cell count of less than 200 cells/mL by the time of diagnosis. Heterosexual individuals contributed to 78% of HIV tests in the GUM/RIDU setting. Amongst the 78 HIV-infected heterosexual individuals diagnosed in GUM/RIDU 45% were late presenters. Significantly fewer homosexual men were late presenters. There was no difference between the proportion of late presenters amongst women screened at the antenatal (5/13) compared to heterosexual patients diagnosed in GUM/RIDU (35/78). A significant number of HIV infected heterosexual patients are late presenters in the HIV testing at GUM/RIDU. HIV screening programmes for heterosexual individuals in any medical encounter may reduce the number of late presenters.
Fast Cation Conduction and Anion Rotational Disorder in the High-Temperature Phase of Lithium Sodium Sulfate
Authors: Wilmer Dirk , Feldmann Harald , Lechner Ruep E. 
Published: November 2004

Abstract
Quasielastic neutron scattering and high-frequency (10 MHz to 60 GHz) conductivity measurements have been performed on the high-temperature phase of LiNaSO4, a typical representative of a group of simple inorganic salts exhibiting both fast-cation conduction and anion rotational disorder.
The quasielastic neutron spectra are composed of two Lorentzian contributions which are consistently attributed to cation diffusion and anion rotational motion. The narrower component is dominated by incoherent sodium scattering; it shows the characteristics of jump diffusion with a jump distance of 3.8 Å and residence times between 14 ps and 22 ps.
The broader quasielastic component reflects the anion dynamics with typical reorientation times of 2 ps. The reduced Q-dependent intensities are in good agreement with the model of isotropic diffusion. The quasielastic intensity in the low Q regime (Q < 1 Å−1) indicates the involvement of cations in the reorientational motion of the translationally fixed anions.
Analysis of the conductivity data in terms of diffusivities points to an unusual cation conduction mechanism: the Haven ratio, H
R = D
*/D
σ, turns out to be considerably larger than one. This behavior, rarely observed in a typical fast ion conductor, can be traced back to a charge correlation factor which is clearly smaller than unity, indicating that charge transport is less effective than tracer transport in this material.
Olive Mill Wastewater Treatment by a Pilot‐Scale Subsurface Horizontal Flow (SSF‐h) Constructed Wetland
Authors: del Bubba Massimo , Checchini Leonardo , Pifferi Chiara , Zanieri Laura , Lepri Luciano 
Published: November 2004

AbstractPerformances of a pilot‐scale reed bed for the olive mill wastewater (OMW) treatment were investigated, by monitoring influent and effluent pH, total suspended solids (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total phosphorus and polyphenols. In order to reduce the suspended matter concentration and to avoid clogging, OMW was pre‐treated by adding lime putty, calcium hydroxide and hydraulic lime. The best results were obtained with 2 g/L of hydraulic lime. Pre‐treated OMW was dosed in the reed bed at dilution ratios of 1/3 and 1/10 (v/v), pointing up that the latter only did not give rise to reed suffering and allowed to obtain good and durable removal efficiencies, above all for COD (74.1±17.6 %) and polyphenols (83.4±17.8 %). Recycling of the effluent was quite effective for the improvement of the wastewater quality, allowing a further removal of 26‐70 %, depending on the parameter taken into account. A post‐dosage study, carried out by feeding the reed bed with the effluent of an activated sludge plant, pointed up a rapid decreasing of the outlet concentrations of the investigated parameters to values compatible with Italian regulations concerning wastewater discharge in surface water. Polyphenols were the exception, being their outlet concentration at the end of post‐dosage study around 2 mg/L.
Kinetics of the OH Initiated Oxidation of Nitrogen Monoxide
Authors: Di Loreto Giovanni , d'Ottone Luca 
Published: November 2004

AbstractThe kinetics of the recombination reaction, OH+NO+(M) → Products have been investigated by the Pulsed Laser Photolysis‐Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLP‐LIF) technique in nitrogen and helium buffer gases at room temperature and as a function of pressure (30‐900 Torr). Our values for the absolute rate coefficient in nitrogen at room temperature are in excellent agreement with the JPL 2003 and with the current IUPAC 2003 recommendations. With the exception of a very old study by Overend, our rate constants in helium are the only ones to cover the range of pressures between 30 and 900 Torr.
Application of HS‐SPME and GC‐MS to Characterization of Volatile Compounds Emitted from Osmanthus Flowers
Authors: Deng Chunhui , Song Guoxin , Hu Yaoming 
Published: November 2004

AbstractHeadspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) combined with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) was developed for characterization of volatile compounds emitted from two varieties Osmanthus flowers of O. fragrans var. latifolius and O. fragrans var. thunbergii. The SPME parameters were studied, the optimum conditions of a 65 μm carbowax/divinylbenzene (CW/DVB), extraction temperature of 22 °C and extraction time of 10min were obtained and applied to extraction of the volatile emissions. Fourteen compounds released from both varieties of Osmanthus flowers were separated and identified by GC‐MS, which mainly included α‐linalool, β‐linalool, trans‐linalool oxide, cis‐linalool oxide, α‐lonone, β‐lonone, capraldehyde and decalactone. By comparing their peak areas, we found that the sums of the fourteen compounds from the two Osmanthus flowers were very close, while the relative contents of individual volatile compounds in the two emissions were very different. The relative content of α‐linalool and β‐linalool in O. fragrans var. latifolius were 39.46 % and 0.51 %, while in O. fragrans var. thunbergii were 9.53 % and 27.71 %. Due to their different relative contents, the two varieties of flower have different fragrances.