bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychiatric Formulation from Multiple Perspectives
Authors: Cohen Bruce J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We have interviewed a patient and have obtained a wide array of data: historical information, evidence of the patient’s interpersonal style of functioning, current symptoms and signs suggesting a possible superimposed illness. How do we use this data to formulate the case? The DSM-IV, being atheoretical, offers guidelines for description but not for explanation. Here is an example of one patient encountered in clinical practice: Chief complaint: A 14-year-old female is brought in for evaluation by her parents, who are concerned about her social withdrawal and lack of weight gain. After initial consultation, she is admitted to an inpatient eating disorders unit, where the following history is obtained. Psychiatric history: She has no previous psychiatric history. The present symptoms had their onset about 1 year prior to admission, when the patient received braces and her orthodontist recommended that she avoid eating candy. At that point she became more anxious about her diet and began to exclude a variety of foods. During the present school year, she has become interested in vegetarianism and has avoided any red meat or “fatty” foods. After she lost several pounds, friends initially complimented her on her appearance and she appeared to be happy about this. However, over the past few months, her parents have noted her to appear less happy than usual, more withdrawn, and more tired.
Personality Disorders
Authors: Cohen Bruce J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 3 introduced the concepts of personality and personality disorder. Unlike the term “disease,” the term “personality” doesn’t describe a condition that a person has. Rather, it describes what a person is. In defining personality disorder and demarcating this diagnosis from “normal” personality, one can use either a categorical approach (i.e., personality disorder is distinct from normal personality) or a dimensional approach (i.e., personality disorder differs from normal personality only in the degree to which it deviates from what is average in the population, similar to variations in height or weight). As might be expected for a group of disorders defined by variation along a dimensional continuum, the personality disorders are extremely common in the general population, with a prevalence of between 10% and 18% in various surveys. The prevalence is even higher in the clinical setting: 30%–50% of psychiatric outpatients have a personality disorder and 15% of inpatients are hospitalized primarily for problems attributable to personality disorder (with as many as half of the remaining inpatients having a comorbid personality disorder). Comorbid personality disorders are important to recognize, as they increase the likelihood that the other psychiatric illness will be more refractory to treatment.
Substance-Related Disorders
Authors: Cohen Bruce J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Substance-related disorders cost the United States in excess of $300 billion annually when one includes the costs of treatment, related health problems, absenteeism, lost productivity, drug-related crime and incarceration, and efforts at education and prevention. About 5.5 million Americans (2.7% of the population over age 12) clearly or probably need treatment for drug abuse and an additional 13 million Americans clearly or probably need treatment for alcohol abuse. Furthermore, substance-related disorders are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, particularly among men. Substance dependence (excluding nicotine) is responsible, directly or indirectly, for 40% of all hospital admissions and for 25% of all deaths; approximately 100,000 deaths per year result directly from the use of illicit drugs or alcohol. Two-thirds of these deaths occur in individuals who are dependent on heroin or cocaine, and nearly 40% of the deaths occur in individuals between the ages of 30 and 39. Finally, substance users exert a profound impact on the world around them. Substance intoxication is associated with about half of all highway fatalities, over half of all cases of domestic violence, and over half of all murders. These disorders also cause disinhibition and feelings of sadness and irritability, thereby contributing to many cases of attempted or completed suicide.
Dissociative Disorders
Authors: Cohen Bruce J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Human consciousness, the awareness of oneself and one’s environment, is an artificial construction. In a normal state of consciousness, the brain seamlessly integrates sensory perceptions, emotional states, current thoughts, and past memories. The essential feature of the various dissociative disorders is that these elements have become disrupted, dissociated, from each other. The distinctions between the different types of dissociative disorders are based on which particular aspect of subjective experience has become dissociated from the others. Dissociative amnesia is characterized by dissociation of memory. The affected individual demonstrates an inability to recall important biographical information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature. The memory deficit is too extensive to be explained by ordinary forget-fulness. Dissociative fugue is characterized by an even greater dissociation of memory, such that the individual dissociates not only key historical information but also his own sense of identity. Affected individuals may engage in sudden, unexpected travel away from their homes or customary places of work, accompanied by an inability to recall their past, confusion about their personal identity, or the assumption of a new identity.
Childhood Disorders
Authors: Cohen Bruce J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Evaluating children is inherently more difficult than evaluating adults since children often cannot fully examine their feelings and therefore are more prone to “demonstrate” psychiatric disturbances through problematic behavior. In assessing children, clinicians often must “work backwards,” inferring the presence of a clinical disorder on the basis of these behaviors. Often, clinicians must assemble data from multiple sources, supplementing history provided by the child with descriptions of the child’s behavior in other settings provided by parents and teachers. Ancillary studies such as intelligence testing, educational testing, and projective testing often play more important roles in child psychiatry than in adult psychiatry. Sometimes children only express how they are feeling indirectly, through their drawings or their free play. Clinicians therefore have to be able and willing to engage children by using language and behavior that is appropriate for their particular developmental level. Most of the adult psychiatric disorders can present during childhood, including the mood disorders, anxiety disorders, and schizophrenia. However, their phenomenology may differ in children since children aren’t simply “little adults.” For example, until recently, clinicians believed that neither major depressive disordernor bipolar disorder presented before adolescence. However, a variety of case series and prospective studies has demonstrated that these disorders do in fact occur during childhood and that they often respond to the same treatments employed in adults. In contrast, there are other disorders that almost exclusively first present during infancy, childhood, or adolescence. These disorders include mental retardation, learning disorders, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, and autism.
Must god’s commands conform to moral standards?
Authors: Rachels James 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In both the Jewish and Christian traditions, God is presented as a lawgiver who has created us, and the world we live in, for a purpose. That purpose is not completely understood, but much has been revealed through the prophets, the Holy Scriptures, and the church. These sources teach that, to guide us in righteous living, God has promulgated rules that we are to obey. He does not compel us to obey them. We were created as free agents, so we may choose to accept or to reject his commandments. But if we are to live as we should live, we must follow God’s laws. This, it is said, is the essence of morality. This line of thought has been elaborated by some theologians into a theory about the nature of right and wrong, known as the Divine Command Theory. Essentially, this theory says that “morally right” means “commanded by God,” and “morally wrong” means “forbidden by God.”From a theoretical point of view, this conception has a number of pleasing features. It immediately solves the old problem about the subjectivity/ objectivity of ethics. According to this theory, ethics is not merely a matter of personal feelings or social custom.
Is god omnipotent?
Authors: Geach Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It is fortunate for my purposes that English has the two words “almighty” and “omnipotent,” and that apart from any stipulation by me the words have rather different associations and suggestions. “Almighty” is the familiar word that comes in the creeds of the Church; “omnipotent” is at home rather in formal theological discussions and controversies, e.g., about miracles and about the problem of evil. . . . I shall use the word “almighty” to express God’s power over all things, and I shall take “omnipotence” to mean ability to do everything. I think we can in a measure understand what God’s almightiness implies, and I shall argue that almightiness so understood must be ascribed to God if we are to retain anything like Christian belief in God. The position as regards omnipotence, or as regards the statement “God can do everything,” seems to me to be very different. Of course even “God can do everything” may be understood simply as a way of magnifying God by contrast with the impotence of man. . . . I have no objection to such ways of speaking if they merely express a desire to give the best honour we can to God our Maker, whose Name only is excellent and whose praise is above heaven and earth.
Is God Obliged To Make Us Happy?
Authors: Schlesinger George N 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The world is full of suffering. God is either helpless to prevent it, in which case He is not all-powerful, or does not choose to prevent it, in which case He is not all-good. For generations this has been regarded as the most effective argument against the belief that an omnipotent and omnibenevolent being exists. Naturally, theists have tried their hardest to come up with an adequate reply. Among the numerous suggestions as to how to meet the atheistic challenge we find some that contain important religious ideas yet, unfortunately, do not mitigate the problem. Many of us have heard it said that (1) we must not take for granted all the joy and moral beauty in the world, which by far outstrips the amount of existing pain and moral ugliness; or that (2) all suffering ultimately brings about a greater good and hence is not to be regarded as evil. There is wisdom in these sayings, but they are irrelevant to the problem of evil. Multiply or divide the amount of pain in the world by a billion, and its incompatibility with divine goodness and omnipotence is not affected.
Why Does God Hide His Existence?
Authors: Murray Michael J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The sentiments expressed by Job in the above epigram are ones that have been expressed by the sophisticated atheist as well as the typical church-goer. Most of us, in fact, have wondered at one time or another why it is that God does not reveal Himself in some dramatic fashion if He actually exists. Yet, while this question is widely entertained, it has received surprisingly little attention in the philosophical literature. In addition to puzzling many theists, the fact of divine hiddenness has prompted some non-theists to challenge the theists to provide some explanation for God’s apparent silence. The problem they have raised can be roughly stated as follows: If, as most theists claim, belief in God is essential to ultimate human fulfillment, one would expect that God would provide us with unambiguous evidence for His existence. However, such evidence is not forthcoming. Therefore, it is unlikely that the theist’s God exists.
Is God Vain?
Authors: Talieferro Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An objection to theism which has received scant attention in the literature may be called the problem of divine vanity. It may be argued that Christian theism exults in a view of God as vain, egoistic, pompous. The problems of vanity arises in three general (broad) areas, creation, worship, and redemption. With respect to creation, God’s bringing into existence creatures in His likeness is akin to bringing into being selfportraits, which is hardly a humble undertaking. God appears to be a super Narcissus who delights in His own reflection. Worship seems inescapably egoistic. God has not only created images of Himself, but expects these images to worship Him, to recount many of His greatest deeds, to be abased before the Divine glory and adore Him. We are even commanded to worship none other than God. Similarly, in salvation history God insists upon being at the center stage. Creaturely moral failure is offensive to the Creator. But instead of creatures succeeding in effecting reconciliation, God Himself does so. God may have taken on human flesh to bring about redemption, but it is still God qua divine and human ego who is the principal saving agent. God wants to be the talk of the town.
Does God Suffer?
Authors: Wolterstodf Nicholas 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
My heart grew sombre with grief, and wherever I looked I saw only death. My own country became a torment and my own home a grotesque abode of misery. All that we had done together was now a grim ordeal without him. My eyes searched everywhere for him, but he was not there to be seen. I hated all the places we had known together, because he was not in them and they could no longer whisper to me, ‘Here he comes!’ as they would have done had he been alive but absent for a while. . . . My soul was a burden, bruised and bleeding. It was tired of the man who carried it, but I found no place to set it down to rest. (Augustine, Confessions IV, 4; IV, 7)1 It is in passages such as this, where he exposes to full view the grief which overwhelmed him upon the death of his dear friend from Tagaste, that Augustine is at his most appealing to us. . . . We are attracted both by the intensity of his love and grief, and by his willingness to expose that grief to his friends and the readers of his Confessions. To any who may have experienced torments similar to those Augustine here describes, the passage also has the mysteriously balming quality of expressing with delicate precision the grief they themselves have felt. All
Does God Change?
Authors: Hasker William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The claim that God is timelessly eternal, until recently a majority view among orthodox Christian theists, has suffered massive defections in recent years. Still, the doctrine of divine timelessness continues to enjoy acceptance among philosophers . . .and it may retain even more of its popularity among theologians. So it may be worthwhile to state briefly the reasons for preferring the view that God is temporal-that he lives and interacts with us through the changes of time. First of all, it is clear that the doctrine of divine timelessness is not taught in the Bible and does not reflect the way the biblical writers understood God. In spite of appeals by defenders of the doctrine to texts such as Exodus 3:14, John 8:58 and Peter 3:8, there simply is no trace in the Scripture of the elaborate metaphysical and conceptual apparatus that is required to make sense of divine timelessness.2 On the positive side, the biblical writers undeniably do present God as living, acting and reacting in time, as Nicholas Wolterstorff has powerfully argued. In the face of this, the defender of timelessness has to say either that the scriptural texts do not mean what they seem plainly to say or that what they say (and mean) is, strictly speaking, false: what they say may be adequate for the religious.
Asceticism
Authors: Wimbush Vincent L , Valantasis Richard , Byron Gay L , Love William S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From meditation and fasting to celibacy and anchoritism, the ascetic impulse has been an enduring and complex phenomenon throughout history. Offering a sweeping view of this elusive and controversial aspect of religious life and culture, Asceticism looks at the ascetic impulse from a unique vantage point. Cross-cultural, cross-religious, and multidisciplinary in nature, these essays provide a broad historical and comparative perspective on asceticism--a subject rarely studied outside the context of individual religious traditions. The work represents the input of more than forty preeminent scholars in a wide range of fields and disciplines, and analyzes asceticism from antiquity to the present in European, Near Eastern, African, Asian, and North American settings. Asceticism is organized around four major themes that cut across religious traditions: origins and meanings of asceticism, which explores the motivations and impulses behind ascetic behaviors; hermeneutics of asceticism, which looks at texts and rhetorics and their presuppositions; aesthetics of asceticism, which documents responses evoked by ascetic impulses and practices, as well as the arts of ascetic practices themselves; and politics of asceticism, which analyzes the power dynamics of asceticism, especially as regards gender, cultural, and ethnic differences. Critical responses to the major papers ensure the focus upon the themes and unify the discussion. Two general addresses on broad philosophical and historical-interpretive issues suggest the importance of the subject of asceticism for wide-ranging but serious cultural-critical discussions. An Appendix, Ascetica Miscellanea, includes six short papers on provocative topics not related to the four major themes, and a panel discussion on the practices and meanings of asceticism in contemporary religious life and culture. A selected bibliography and an index are also included. The only comprehensive reference work on asceticism with a multicultural, multireligious, and multidisciplinary perspective, Asceticism offers a model not only for an understanding of a most important dimension of religious life, but also for future interdisciplinary study in general.
Peculiar Conversions: Revival and Reaction in New Jersey and New York
Authors: Balmer Randall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On January 9, 1726, after the Sunday-morning service in New York City’s Dutch church, Dominie Gualtherus Du Bois detained his congregation for a few moments to address them on a matter of no small importance. “Inasmuch as under Divine Providence, we are all subjects of his Royal Majesty, George, the King of Great Britain, our most gracious Sovereign,” he began, “and inasmuch as we are living in a Province where the English language is the common language of the inhabitants: there cannot but be a general agreement by each and all of us that it is very necessary to be versed in this common language of the people, in order properly to carry on one’s temporal calling.” But having in effect acknowledged English suzerainty, Du Bois continued in a much different vein. All who “prefer the worship of the Dutch Reformed Church” and “the devout hearing of pious sermons in the Dutch language,” he said, also recognize the necessity “to be versed in the language in which God’s worship is conducted and exercised.” The dominie expressed regrets that, because of “a wretched carelessness of necessary things,” his congregation had “now for some years neglected to have their children receive instruction in the Netherlandish tongue.” Already, Du Bois claimed, their dilatoriness had resulted in a gradual attrition from the church among the younger generation (those, incidentally, most likely to have attended schools run by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel).
Ovid’s Metamorphoses
Authors: Fantham Elaine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Oxford Approaches to Classical Literature (Series Editors: Kathleen Coleman and Richard Rutherford) introduces individual works of Greek and Latin literature to readers who are approaching them for the first time. Each volume sets the work in its literary and historical context, and aims to offer a balanced and engaging assessment of its content, artistry, and purpose. A brief survey of the influence of the work upon subsequent generations is included to demonstrate its enduring relevance and power. All quotations from the original are translated into English. Ovid’s Metamorphoses have been seen as both the culmination of and a revolution in the classical epic tradition, transferring narrative interest from war to love and fantasy. This introduction considers how Ovid found and shaped his narrative from the creation of the world to his own sophisticated times, illustrating the cruelty of jealous gods, the pathos of human love, and the imaginative fantasy of flight, monsters, magic, and illusion. Elaine Fantham introduces the reader not only to this marvelous and complex narrative poem, but to the Greek and Roman traditions behind Ovid’s tales of transformation and a selection of the images and texts that it inspired.
Creation, Flood, and Fire
Authors: Fantham Elaine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
How does one kick-start a cosmogony? And what models did Ovid have for his representation of the beginning of the universe? Roman thought depended on Greek, and the Greek natural philosophers seem to have had three models for their conception of the birth of the cosmos: some represented it as a living organism, others as an artifact created by a divine being, and yet others in terms of a political or social entity. In fact, Plato combines the first and second models in the Timaeus, with “a god who took over all that was visible: seeing that it was not in a state of rest but in a state of discordant and disorderly motion, he brought it into order out of disorder” (Tim. 30a).
Fantasy, the Fabulous, and the Miraculous Metamorphoses of Nature
Authors: Fantham Elaine 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Ancient myth and modern science fiction have in common their special ingredients of the fabulous, the miraculous, and the monstrous. These three adjectives all have Latin roots and go back to classical ideas about the license of different genres to indulge in fantasy. Roman rhetoric, for example, distinguished true historical narratives and plausible comic narratives from fabulous stories that were neither true nor plausible, citing as an example of the latter Medea’s “huge winged dragons yoked to a car” from Ennius’s tragedy.