bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Libertarian Accounts of Free Will
Authors: Clarke Randolph 
Published: March 2005

AbstractLibertarian accounts of free will face objections that the indeterminism they require would leave behavior random, inexplicable, and beyond agents’ control. This book examines three main types of libertarian views—noncausal, event-causal, and agent-causal—to see how well they can meet such challenges. Noncausal accounts are found not to offer satisfactory views of action and reason-explanation. Event-causal and agent-causal accounts are defended against a number of objections. But if both free will and moral responsibility are incompatible with determinism, then there is no adequate account of free will.
Event‐Causal Accounts and the Problem of Explanation
Authors: Clarke Randolph 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis chapter begins an examination of event-causal libertarian accounts, which require nondeterministic event causation. This type of view offers satisfactory causal accounts of acting for reasons and reason-explanation. On two plausible accounts of contrastive explanation, even contrastive rational explanations are available for some nondeterministically caused actions. Libertarian views of Robert Kane and Robert Nozick are examined.
Marxism and the City?
Authors: Katznelson Ira 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThis introductory chapter starts by discussing the vast array of definitions and typologies of the city and the many specifications of the objects of urban studies (geography, sociology, politics, urban economics, etc.) that are symptomatic of uncertainty not only as to whether the social sciences possess the necessary tools to analyse cities, but also as to whether the city, both as an empirical and theoretical concept, constitutes a coherent entity. It is suggested that a critique is needed of the tradition in Western social theory that tries to apprehend the partial elements of the city within an approach that treats modernity in terms of differentiation, and that Marxism's claim that it can illuminate studies of the city is precisely because it uses wide‐spanning and comprehensive concepts and hypotheses about the shape of history. The next section of the chapter looks at the differences between Marxism and the differentiation approaches to cities in the company of Max Weber, whose analysis was grounded in the large‐scale processes that underpin urban development; it also discusses the views of some of his contemporaries. The final section examines the specific content of Marxist social theory/analysis that stresses social processes and relationships, and counterposes the differentiation problematic in the analysis of cities. It also discusses the urban omissions within Marxism, and work done later (in the late 1960s and early 1970s by Henri Lefebvre, Manuel Castells, and David Harvey) that reinvigorated the urban conversation within Marxism.
Working Classes Map the City
Authors: Katznelson Ira 
Published: March 2005

AbstractFor Marxism, the main issues of social theory within the industrial phase of capitalism focus on the formation of working classes, and this subject is best treated, in significant measure, as an urban one. The spatial requirements of industrial capitalism shaped nineteenth‐century cities – their patterns of growth, interconnections, built environments, and social geographies – and, in turn, the experience of such cities, and attempts to make sense of their properties, were decisive elements in the early histories of Western working classes. The cost to Marxism of its neglect of cities is especially pronounced with regard to these issues, and the new urban Marxism of the 1970s and 1980s has been important precisely because of its attempts to put an end to the tradition's urban and spatial elisions – what Marxist social theory badly requires but has never secured is the systematic inculcation of an urban–geographical imagination into the analysis of working‐class formation. This chapter sketches an example of such an effort, which entails three related steps: a specification of the structural determinants of city growth and development; a presentation of the spatial configurations characteristic of these new spaces; and a systematic, contingent, and comparative account of how the new working classes made sense of these spaces in the different Western countries. It does so by comparing and contrasting the cases of working‐class formation in nineteenth‐century England and the United States, although most of the discussion of spatial reorganization focuses on English cities.
Feminism
Authors: True Jacqui 
Published: March 2005

AbstractStarts by asking where women are in international society. While observing the absence of women from theories of international society, it argues that women are nonetheless present as actors in diplomatic encounters between and among states, and that gender relations have been an integral part of the evolution and expansion of international society. then proceeds to account for the conceptual exclusion of gender in the approaches of the English School of International Relations to international society. It reveals the gender bias behind two core assumptions of international society: i.e. that states are the major actors and that domestic politics are irrelevant in the workings of this interstate society. Ends by considering the future viability of the international society concept given its neglect of gender, arguing that, as a concept, international society risks irrelevance unless it can be revised to account fully for contemporary developments that significantly affect international norms and interstate behaviour.
Global Environmental Governance
Authors: Paterson Matthew 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe environment has emerged as a key issue in global politics since the early 1970s, and the issues that comprise the ‘environmental crisis’ are widely regarded to have had significant impacts on international politics. At the same time, the international society or English School of International Relations tradition has rarely had much explicit to say regarding the implications of environmental degradation for International Relations, although at a first look, it is a surprise that English School authors have not looked to environmental politics for sources of support for their arguments. This chapter attempts to elaborate how such an engagement between international environmental politics and the English School might develop. It begins with an elaboration of Hedley Bull's (1977) passage on the environment in The Anarchical Society, and then proceeds through a discussion of contemporary accounts of ‘global environmental governance’, in terms of programmatic reform, international regimes, multilevel governance, deterritorialization, and corporate governance and governance from below. The conclusion reached is that despite a superficial attraction, discussions of global environmental governance undermine the image of international society in English School accounts in two principal ways: first, they show that thinking about international society (its norms, the tensions and conversation between the three traditions in English School, and so on) is limited by the lack of understanding of the specifically capitalist character of the states‐system; and second, they show that the image given in Bull – that any alternatives to the states‐system tend to founder on the claim that states will not voluntarily cede their authority – is misplaced, for practices of global governance are emerging in the environmental field that operate outside the states‐system but where states have never given permission in the manner envisaged by Bull and others to be necessary.
Paraworlds and Confirmation
Authors: Wilson Catherine 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAddresses the question whether moral judgements can enjoy objectivity and whether posited moral rules can signify real obligations. It is argued that rules and judgements are interconvertible and, further, that a moral judgement reflects a hypothesis concerning a conduct rule of a fictional world. A brief examination of historical and contemporary examples of theoretical moral discourse reveals that moral theorists rely both on a reality constraint enforcing verisimilitude and an idealism characteristic in advancing prescriptive claims about how human beings ought to act. These observations provide the basis for a theory of confirmation for moral judgements that is independent of a commitment to moral realism and that is even consistent with some forms of relativism.
Some Problems with Infinity 6
Authors: Levi Isaac 
Published: March 2005

AbstractProblems with infinity where inductive expansion or contraction are concerned are discussed. Three special cases when thinking about infinity is required, are considered: problems where the task is to estimate the value of a real valued parameter believed to take values in some finite interval; problems where it must be determined which of a countable set of alternative hypotheses is true; and problems where the value of a real valued parameter on the real line must be estimated. In relation to the first, a condition of finite discriminability is introduced and made use of. In relation to the second, a rejection rule is formulated which requires that conditional probabilities on finite subsets of the ultimate partition be well defined, even though the unconditional probabilities for the finite subset are equal to zero; this rule is defended. The techniques involved in formulating this rule are employed in solving problems of the third type.
High‐grade dysplasia in Barrett's oesophagus: natural history and review of clinical practice
Authors: Thomas T. , Richards C. J. , De Caestecker J. S. , Robinson R. J. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryBackground:  Management of high‐grade dysplasia in Barrett's oesophagus is controversial: surgery carries an appreciable morbidity/mortality, high‐grade dysplasia may not progress to cancer and endoscopic ablation is an emerging option.Aim:  To review Barrett's oesophagus‐related high‐grade dysplasia management and outcome over a 10‐year period.Methods:  This was a retrospective case note review of 36 patients identified from a pathology database.Results:  There were 31 men of mean age 67 years. Endoscopic surveillance identified nine. Median follow‐up was 21 months. Seven patients had no further intervention because of age/comorbidity. The other 29 had repeat endoscopic biopsies, nine showing cancer (six oesophagectomized). Of the 20 remaining patients with persisting high‐grade dysplasia, eight had surgery (histology showed cancer in six), seven continued endoscopic surveillance (high‐grade dysplasia regressed in four) and five had ‘curative’ argon ablation. An intensive biopsy protocol was not followed in 55% of endoscopies. Prevalent cancers occurred in 44% with an annual incidence of 5% over 5 years. All cause mortality was 39% (14 of 36, eight of 14 from cancer).Conclusions:  Management of high‐grade dysplasia was not uniform. Unsuspected cancer was common in high‐grade dysplasia patients undergoing surgery but 13% regressed under surveillance. High‐grade dysplasia patients have a high mortality but 43% did not die from cancer.
Characterization and RH mapping of bovine microsatellites generated from a microdissected BTA20‐specific DNA library
Authors: Li G.‐H. , Liu W.‐S. , Takasuga A. , Watanabe T. , Carpio C. M. , Rink A. , Sugimoto Y. , Ponce de León F. A. , Beattie C. W. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryBovine chromosome 20 (BTA20) is associated with several quantitative trait loci (QTL) for meat tenderness, birth weight, milk yield and composition. Fine mapping of these QTL requires the development of additional informative markers to increase the resolution of the BTA20 genetic and physical maps. A BTA20‐specific library was constructed by means of microdissection and microcloning, and screened for dinucleotide repeats with (CA)16 and (GT)16 oligos. A total of 60 new microsatellites (MS) were developed and characterized for polymorphism using the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)/Meat Animal Research Center (MARC) bovine reference family, of which 53 markers were informative in this family. The number of alleles for these loci varied from 1 to 14, with an average of 6.5. Thirty‐three of these MSs, together with 105 markers previously mapped to BTA20, were scored on a 7000‐rad cattle‐hamster whole‐genome radiation hybrid panel (SUNbRH), resulting in a high‐resolution RH7000 rad map for BTA20.
Caring for a child with cancer: a longitudinal perspective
Authors: Svavarsdottir Erla Kolbrun 
Published: March 2005

Aims.  This paper reports a study to evaluate caregiving demands among mothers and fathers of children with cancer, parents’ well‐being, and how the parents perceive the health status of their child over a period of 18 months.Background.  Cancer among children has psychological impact on all family members. Most previous research has focused on distress, coping patterns and social support, and less is known about how parents are dealing with the illness experience over time. No study was found that evaluated caregiving on a daily basis, or the impact of the cancer on wellbeing and perceptions of health within families.Methods.  Data were collected between 1999 and 2001. Parents of 26 Icelandic children under 18 years with cancer completed questionnaires about caregiving activities, general wellbeing and health perceptions. Descriptive statistics and Repeated Analyses of Variance were conducted at baseline, 12 and 18 months.Results.  The most time‐consuming and difficult caregiving activities for both mothers and fathers were giving emotional support to the child with cancer, and to other children in the family. Mothers also found it difficult and time‐consuming to manage behavioural problems and to structure and plan activities for the family. Fathers found it difficult to manage work and organize care for the child at the same time, and to give their partner emotional support. When evaluated over time, mothers’ caregiving demands differed statistically significantly from fathers’, and fathers’ caregiving demands and health perceptions changed statistically significantly over the 18 months of the study.Conclusion.  These findings underline the long‐term impact of children's cancer on their families. Interventions focusing on emotional support, parents’ wellbeing, and how families perceive the health of their child with cancer might benefit the family as a whole.
Cardiopulmonary bypass in humans – jejunal mucosal perfusion increases in parallel with well‐maintained microvascular hematocrit
Authors: Thorén A. , Nygren A. , Houltz E. , Ricksten S‐E. 
Published: March 2005

Background:  An imbalance between splanchnic oxygen supply and demand occurs during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in man, which might disrupt the intestinal mucosal barrier function. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of mild hypothermic CPB on intestinal mucosal perfusion in man undergoing cardiac surgery. Additionally we aimed to identify variables, which independently could predict changes of intestinal mucosal microcirculatory variables during CPB.Methods:  Jejunal mucosal perfusion (JMP), jejunal mucosal hematocrit (JMHt), red blood cell (RBC) velocity and arteriolar vasomotion using endoluminal jejunal laser Doppler flow metry were studied in eight cardiac surgical patients before and during CPB at a temperature of 34°C.Results:  Cardiopulmonary bypass and the accompanied hemodilution (25–30%) induced a 44% increase in JMP (P < 0.05) and a 42% increase in RBC velocity (P < 0.01), with no change in JMHt. The oscillation amplitude of JMP, at a fundamental frequency of 2.8 cycles min−1, increased with 175% (P < 0.05) during CPB. Splanchnic oxygen extraction increased by 64% during CPB (P < 0.05). Stepwise multiple regression analysis identified systemic hematocrit, arterial O2 and CO2 tension and splanchnic oxygen extraction as independent predictors of RBC velocity during CPB (R2 = 0.63, P < 0.001). The oscillation amplitude of JMP was predicted by RBC velocity and splanchnic oxygen extraction (R2 = 0.68, P < 0.0001).Conclusions:  The increase in RBC velocity and enhanced arteriolar vasomotion, as well as maintained jejunal mucosal hematocrit, are microcirculatory, compensatory mechanisms for the splanchic oxygen supply/demand mismatch seen during cardiopulmonary bypass in humans.
A survey of Ophiostoma species vectored by Hylastes ater to pine seedlings in New Zealand
Authors: Reay S. D. , Thwaites J. M. , Farrell R. L. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryEcological studies in New Zealand require consideration of the impact of exotic (introduced) organisms from disparate environments. A survey of Ophiostoma species isolated and identified from Pinus radiata stumps, the bark beetle Hylastes ater collected from these stumps and from P. radiata seedlings following sublethal damage by H. ater, was undertaken in 10 reforestation sites in New Zealand. Nine Ophiostoma species were isolated and identified in this survey. Ophiostoma galeiformis and Ophiostoma huntii were isolated most frequently from all the substrates sampled. Ophiostoma floccosum, Ophiostoma setosum, Leptographium procerum and Leptographium truncatum were also isolated from stumps, damaged seedlings and beetles. Ophiostoma quercus was only isolated from stumps and beetles and Ophiostoma ips only from beetles. A strong relationship between the severity of H. ater feeding damage, and the presence and number of species of Ophiostoma was found. Eight Ophiostoma species were transmitted by H. ater to P. radiata seedlings in laboratory transmission experiments. From the results of this field survey and the laboratory experiments we confirm that H. ater is a vector of Ophiostoma species to P. radiata seedlings in New Zealand.
Factors that influence special care nursery admissions to a district hospital in South‐western Sydney
Authors: Phung H , Bauman A , Tran M , Young L , McDonald J , Michell L , Hillman K 
Published: March 2005

Objectives: To explore the socio‐demographic factors and maternal characteristics that influence special care nursery (SCN) admission for infants of more than 34 weeks' gestation. Particularly, this paper aims (i) to estimate the incidence of SCN admission by various mothers' socio‐demographic factors; and (ii) to investigate the relationship between SCN admission and mothers' socio‐demographic and obstetric and gynaecological factors. Methods: This was a cohort study of 10 148 pregnant women who accessed the birthing unit within a public district hospital in south‐western Sydney in New South Wales, between 1998 and 2001. The main outcome measure was risk factors for SCN admission. Results: The incidence of SCN admission was 11.7%. Multivariate analysis revealed that the risk factors for SCN admission were diabetes, gestational diabetes, high parity, pregnancy induced hypertension, living in suburbs with low education and occupation index, and no private health insurance status. Conclusions: The results from this large population‐based study suggest that, apart from clinical/medical factors, admission to a special care nursery at a District Hospital was significantly affected by maternal insurance status and level of education and occupation.
Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in Malaysian children
Authors: Ariffin H , Lum SH , Cheok SA , Shekhar K , Ariffin WA , Chan LL , Lin HP 
Published: March 2005

Objectives:  To study the clinical presentation, therapy and outcome of children diagnosed with both primary and secondary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) at the University of Malaya Medical Centre. Methods:  All patients diagnosed with HLH between 1998 and 2004 were studied. Clinico‐pathological data of these patients were prospectively collected and analysed. Results:  Thirteen consecutive patients (eight boys) with a median age of 28 months were seen. All patients presented with high‐grade unremitting fever and almost all, with hepatosplenomegaly and cytopenias. Neurological manifestations, which ranged from irritability to seizures and coma, were seen in 10 (77%) patients. Other common presenting features include liver dysfunction (46%) and skin rash (38%). All patients were treated using the HLH‐94 protocol chemotherapy which consisted of a combination of etoposide, dexamethasone and cyclosporine. Complete response was seen in seven patients while two required bone marrow transplantation and one developed secondary acute myeloid leukaemia. Two patients died before treatment could be commenced. Overall mortality rate in our series was 46%. Conclusions:  Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is an uncommon disease with a high fatality rate. Due to its protean clinical manifestations, it may be underdiagnosed. Early detection and prompt institution of appropriate therapy is necessary to improve the outcome in affected patients.
Effective strategy to guide pathology test ordering in surgical patients
Authors: MacPherson Ross D , Reeve Simon A. , Stewart Tanya V. , Cunningham Anna E. S. , Craven Mary L. , Fox Greg , Schnitzler Margaret 
Published: March 2005

Background:  Ordering of pathology testing by junior medical staff is often a haphazard process with little regard to the appropriateness of test ordering. The aim of the present study was to reduce ordering of inappropriate pathology tests in surgical patients attending the pre‐admission clinic (PAC) through the introduction of a protocol‐based test ordering system and to create an environment where such improvement can be sustained.Methods:  This is a prospective study with a retrospective control group. Three cohorts of patients attending the PAC were included. Group I (n = 700) attended prior to the introduction of the test protocols (April−June 2002) and acted as a control group. Group II (n = 720) attended after the protocol introduction (April−June 2003), and group III (n = 763) attended during the subsequent 3‐month period from July to August 2003. The study examined the numbers of patients in each group who were ordered any of eight standard pathology tests. The average number of tests per patient, and cost of tests per patient were also ascertained.Results:  Following the introduction of pathology test protocols, the ordering of all but one of the eight tests was statistically significantly reduced. In particular, ordering of coagulation studies was reduced from 22.5% to 13.8% and electrolytes, urea and creatinine from 65.2% to 48.25% of patients (both P < 0.0001). Average number of tests performed per patient declined from 2.48 to 1.88, representing a savings of $10.33 per patient (a decrease from $42.22 to $31.89) and a projected annualized cost saving in excess of $26 000.Conclusions:  Provided that certain preliminary guidelines are followed, these protocols can reduce pathology test ordering in any pre‐admission Service.