bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IMMUNOLOGIC RESPONSE OF NEONATAL AND OLDER RABBITS TO ANTIGENS OF RABBIT LEUCOCYTES
Authors: Harris T. N. , Harris Susanna , Farber Miriam B. 
Published: June 2004

The immunologic response of neonatal and of older rabbits to the tissue (transplantation) antigens of pooled rabbit leucocytes was studied, the test system being the suppression of formation of agglutinin to Shigella paradysenteriae by transferred lymph node cells which had been incubated with Shigella antigen.
In the active induction of the suppressive effect on the transferred cells it was found that neonatal rabbits reacted as vigorously as 1 kg rabbits to the prior injection of a given number of rabbit leucocytes pooled from prospective donors of lymph node cells. The suppressive effect was dose-related, and within the range of number of leucocytes used was similar for both age groups of recipients. An attempt to detect a difference in the response during the first few days after leucocyte injection, before the full suppressive effect is reached, failed to show any difference between rabbits of the two age groups.
Since it had been found possible to transfer the suppressive effect passively with sera obtained from older rabbits injected with rabbit leucocytes, attempts were made to do so with sera obtained from neonatal rabbits injected with similar numbers of pooled adult rabbit leucocytes. No consistent suppression of transferred lymph node cells was observed with sera from neonatal rabbits, even with relatively large amounts of such serum. In sera of rabbits which had been injected with rabbit leucocytes at the age of 4 to 6 weeks, suppressive antibody could be detected. When anti-rabbit-leucocyte serum obtained in adult rabbits was injected into neonatal and 1 kg recipients at a given volume per gram of animal weight the suppressive effect of the serum was of similar extent in the two groups of recipients.
In the adoptive transfer of the lymph node cell suppressive effect, by cells of lymph nodes draining the sites of injection of pooled rabbit leucocytes, it was found that the popliteal lymph node cells of neonatal rabbits were as effective as those of 1 kg rabbits. Splenic cells of neonatal rabbits were also effective, when an adequate number of rabbit leucocytes had been injected intravenously.
Thus, in conferring adoptive immunologic response, as in active immunization, the neonatal rabbits were as effective as the older rabbits in their response to homotransplantation antigens, in contrast to the considerable difference in concentration of the suppressive antibody in sera of neonatal and older rabbits injected with rabbit leucocytes.
FACTORS RELATING TO THE VIRULENCE OF STAPHYLOCOCCI
Authors: Koenig M. Glenn , Melly Marian Ann , Rogers David E. 
Published: June 2004

Antitoxic and antibacterial immunity have been clearly differentiated in the experimental mouse infection produced by the diffuse colonial variant of the Smith strain of Staphylococcus aureus.
Immunization with crude toxoid protected mice from otherwise lethal doses of alpha hemolysin, but did not alter mortality following intraperitoneal infection with living staphylococci. Conversely, animals immunized with heat killed vaccines were readily killed by culture supernates containing alpha hemolysin, but were strikingly protected from otherwise fatal intraperitoneal infection with viable staphylococci.
Protection was directly related to the ability of the immunizing substance to promote early intraperitoneal phagocytosis of the infecting inoculum. In these studies with the Smith diffuse variant, rapid intraperitoneal phagocytosis was induced by vaccination with whole cell bacterial vaccines but not by alpha hemolysin toxoid.
THE ANTIGENIC STRUCTURE OF THE POLYPEPTIDE CHAINS OF HUMAN γ-GLOBULIN
Authors: Olins D. E. , Edelman G. M. 
Published: June 2004

The antigenic properties of the polypeptide chains of human 7S γ-globulin have been related to two major non-cross-reacting antigenic determinants of the whole molecule. These determinants, called S and F, were obtained by hydrolysis of γ-globulin with papain. Antisera against whole γ-globulin and against S and F fragments were used in techniques of immune diffusion. Light (L) chains of γ-globulin showed reactions of partial identity with S fragments, and thus are antigenically deficient with respect to these fragments. Antisera directed against F determinants did not react with L chains but did react with heavy (H) polypeptide chain preparations. In addition, the major component of H chain fractions did not appear to contain determinants in common with the S fragments.
L chains of a γ-myeloma protein were shown to be antigenically deficient with respect to the whole myeloma molecule, and antigenically identical with the Bence-Jones protein of the same patient.
Correlation of these results with those of previous investigations have led to the conclusions that the S fragment which is known to contain the combining region of antibody molecules, consists in part of L chains or portions of L chains, and that the F fragment, which mediates several other functions of the whole molecule, is composed in part of portions of H chains.
THE PRODUCTION OF RUNT DISEASE IN RATS THYMECTOMIZED AT BIRTH
Authors: Aisenberg Alan C. , Wilkes Barbara , Waksman Byron H. 
Published: June 2004

Thymectomy of Sprague-Dawley rats on the 3rd day of life failed to influence the time of onset, incidence, clinical, or histologic picture of runt disease produced by the intraperitoneal injection of adult Long-Evans spleen cells. The fact that severe immunologic impairment of the host by thymectomy does not modify runt disease was felt to be consistent with the current view that the if direction of the immunologic event in this syndrome is graft versus host.
Following the injection of 800 to 1000 million Long-Evans spleen cells into adult Sprague-Dawley rats, a severe illness comprised of dermatitis, gastrointestinal bleeding, arthritis, weight loss, and death ensued in 37 per cent of adults thymectomized neonatally and 13 per cent of normal controls. Histologic lesions were observed in 69 per cent of adequately thymectomized animals and 17 per cent of normal controls, and involved lymph nodes, spleen, liver, lungs, kidneys, joints, heart, and skin. The time of onset and the histologic and clinical pictures are consistent with the adult disease being a typical graft versus host reaction.
THE ROLE OF THE THYMUS IN DEVELOPMENT OF IMMUNOLOGIC CAPACITY IN RABBITS AND MICE
Authors: Good Robert A. , Dalmasso Agustin P. , Martinez Carlos , Archer Olga K. , Pierce James C. , Papermaster Ben W. 
Published: June 2004

In rabbits, complete thymectomy before the age of 5 days produced immunologic deficiency in the adult animals, as indicated by reduced antibody production to bovine serum albumin and bacteriophage T2. Homotransplantation immunity was unaffected, however.
In an inbred strain of mice, complete neonatal thymectomy resulted in complete inability of the 60-day-old animals to form antibody to bacteriophage T2.
Inbred mice, completely thymectomized at birth, had a deficient homograft response, indicated by acceptance of skin homografts from strains differing in both the weaker and stronger (H-2) histocompatibility antigens. Tumor transplants (mammary adenocarcinoma) were also successful across the H-2 genetic barrier in mice thymectomized at birth. Neonatal thymectomy also eliminated the Eichwald-Silmser phenomenon, rendering female mice capable of accepting isografts of male skin.
Transplantation immunity in mice was also affected by later thymectomy, at 30 days of age, in certain strain combinations involving weak histocompatibility differences.
Spleen and lymph node cells from mice thymectomized at birth or at 6 days of age, and sacrificed 2 months later, did not produce a graft versus host reaction in appropriate F1 hybrid recipients, indicating that such cells are immunologically inactive.
Neonatal thymectomy of F1 hybrid mice, and in one strain combination thymectomy at 40 days of age, produced animals with inordinate susceptibility to runt disease (homologous disease) following injection of parent strain spleen cells 35 days (neonatal surgery) and 10 days (surgery at 40 days) later.
Mice thymectomized at birth also showed growth failure and were short-lived.
Studies of newborn mice indicated that they have true lymphocytes only in the thymus, and lack such cells in the spleen, lymph nodes, and gut. In normal mice, adult lymphoid structure develops gradually, beginning during the 1st week of life and continuing for the next month. In contrast, mice thymectomized at birth do not develop mature lymphoid structure: the lymph nodes and spleens tend to be small and poorly organized, and show a quantitative deficiency in lymphoid cells.
It is our current working hypothesis that the thymus makes a major contribution toward the centrifugal distribution of lymphoid cells which, in turn, is essential to the full expression of immunologic capacity.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF THE ISOZYMES OF LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE IN RABBIT AND MAN
Authors: Vesell Elliot S. , Philip John , Bearn Alexander G. 
Published: June 2004

During development of rabbit tissues, characteristic sequential alterations in the LDH isozyme pattern occur, and consist for liver and muscle in loss of the most rapidly migrating anodal bands, and increased activity in the cathodal bands and slower migrating anodal bands. In heart the reverse changes were observed. Comparison of the isozyme patterns observed in various fetal and adult human tissues suggests that these same sequential alterations probably occur.
A species-specific isozyme pattern is obtained in long term culture of rabbit, chick, and human cells. The alterations in tissue culture are characterized by a gradual redistribution of total LDH activity in which there is decreased intensity of rapidly migrating anodal bands. These sequential alterations are independent of the organ of origin. The number of bands observed in the starch gel is partly dependent upon the total activities applied.
Isozymes may provide a convenient method for determining the species of origin of cell lines in common use and for investigating the effects of various alterations in the in vitro environment on cells grown in tissue culture.
CLASSIFICATION OF MYELOMA PROTEINS, BENCE JONES PROTEINS, AND MACROGLOBULINS INTO TWO GROUPS ON THE BASIS OF COMMON ANTIGENIC CHARACTERS
Authors: Mannik Mart , Kunkel Henry G. 
Published: June 2004

Antisera to normal 7S γ-globulin and to Bence Jones proteins permit the grouping of myeloma proteins (gamma and beta 2A types), Bence Jones proteins, and the Waldenström type macroglobulins into two fundamental antigenic groups. The antigenic determinants responsible for this grouping are common to all these proteins which fall in the general category of immunoglobulins. Antisera to Bence Jones proteins were particularly useful for this classification since they failed to react with the proteins of the opposite group. These antisera also permit the grouping of normal 7S γ-globulin into two major types.
The Bence Jones proteins from individual patients were found to correspond in antigenic group to that of the serum myeloma protein. Studies with antisera to 7S γ-globulin and to Bence Jones proteins indicated that the Bence Jones proteins were antigenically identical to a portion of the corresponding multiple myeloma protein molecules.
THE STIMULATION OF NON-SPECIFIC HOST RESISTANCE TO INFECTION BY CHEMICALLY MODIFIED ENDOTOXIN
Authors: Sultzer Barnet M. , Freedman Henry H. 
Published: June 2004

An acetylated derivative prepared from Salmonella typhosa O-901 endotoxin has been found to retain the ability to stimulate non-specific host resistance to a variety of bacterial infections. Relative to the parent endotoxin, the derivative has been reduced in the gross in its pyrogenicity to rabbits and lethality to mice. With the use of this chemically modified preparation under a variety of conditions, the direct dissociation of the toxic properties of endotoxin from its protective capacity appears evident.
In young male mice, the endotoxin and its derivative produced a leucocytosis but no leucopenia. However, no direct correlation could be found with the level of the peripheral white blood cells and resistance to infection with Escherichia coli. Furthermore, under the conditions employed, passive transfer of early resistance to infection by serum or plasma was not detectable.
ACCESSORY PLASMA FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE BACTERICIDAL TEST FOR TYPE-SPECIFIC ANTIBODY TO GROUP A STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Stollerman Gene H. , Rytel Michael , Ortiz Jesse 
Published: June 2004

A study was made of the nature of the thermolabile plasma factors in human blood which promote the phagocytosis of Group A streptococci in vitro in the presence of optimal amounts of type-specific M antibody. The plasmas of individuals with strong opsonic activity (normal) were compared with those of some individuals whose opsonic activity was consistently weak (deficient).
A general relationship was established between encapsulation of streptococci and the opsonic requirement for thermolabile plasma factor(s). Marked differences in phagocytosis of Group A organisms by human bloods were demonstrated with encapsulated strains only. Human bloods deficient in the cofactor required for opsonization of encapsulated streptococci (coopsonin) showed a normal rate of phagocytosis against all other organisms and particles studied. Furthermore, coopsonin-deficient bloods contained normal levels of four components of complement, of properdin, of lysozyme, and of direct bactericidal activity against several species of Gram-negative organisms and of E. coli bacteriophage.
The independence of the streptococcal coopsonin from complement was also demonstrated by absorption of plasma with bentonite and with zymosan. Under appropriate conditions, the coopsonin was reduced without significant loss of complement.
The data support the concept that the capsule of the streptococcus imposes an opsonic requirement for a plasma factor(s) which is present in varying amounts in human bloods and which appears to be independent of the complement system. The possibility that it is accessory to the latter components has not been excluded.
THE EFFECT OF RHEUMATOID FACTORS AND OF ANTIGLOBULINS ON IMMUNE HEMOLYSIS IN VIVO
Authors: Kaplan Manuel E. , Jandl James H. 
Published: June 2004

Studies were undertaken in man and in the rat comparing the effects of rheumatoid factors and immune antiglobulins on red cells sensitized with incomplete antibodies.
The interaction of immune antiglobulins with sensitized red cells produced (a) agglutination in vitro and (b) an accelerated sequestration of the sensitized cells in vivo. In contrast, rheumatoid macroglobulins, although capable of agglutinating Rh-sensitized red cells in vitro, did not modify their destruction in vivo. The failure of rheumatoid factors to function as antiglobulins in vivo appears to reflect their non-reactivity with sensitized cells in whole serum.
It is suggested: (a) that the native (7S) gamma globulins of plasma competitively inhibit rheumatoid factors from reacting with fixed antibody in the blood stream; (b) that if these macroglobulins do indeed have pathogenetic activity, this may be limited to body fluids of low protein content.
STUDIES ON THE DIMENSIONS OF THE RABBIT ANTI-BENZYLPENICILLOYL ANTIBODY-COMBINING SITES
Authors: Levine Bernard B. 
Published: June 2004

Rabbit antisera prepared against conjugates of the benzylpenicilloyl (BPO) bifunctional haptenic group were analyzed to determine whether the antibodies are adapted to only a portion of the large BPO molecule, or to the entire molecule, and whether specificity extends to the lysine side chain and adjoining structures of the immunizing carrier protein.
No antibodies adapted to the phenylacetylamine portion of the BPO group could be detected in a pooled rabbit anti-BPO serum globulin fraction by PCA and quantitative precipitin analysis using several phenylacetylamine-protein conjugates as antigens. No antibodies adapted only to the thiazolidine carboxylic acid portion of the BPO molecule were detected in the anti-BPO globulin fraction using quantitative precipitin and hapten inhibition methods. At least the bulk of the anti-BPO antibodies was found to be adapted to the entire BPO haptenic group.
By quantitative hapten inhibition of precipitation of the anti-BPO globulin fraction, the anti-BPO antibodies were found to show specificity for a 6 carbon amide side chain corresponding to the lysine side chain through which BPO groups are bound predominantly to protein. The contribution of this 6 carbon chain to antibody-hapten binding was small; (–ΔF°) was calculated to be 460 calories per mole (average).
Rabbit anti-BPO antibodies prepared against BPO-rabbit serum albumin conjugates showed specificity also toward structures of the immunizing carrier protein, and possibly toward secondary or tertiary structural configurations. Penicilloyl conjugates of rabbit serum albumin precipitated from 3 individual rabbit antisera more anti-BPO antibodies than did penicilloyl conjugates of heterologous carriers (poly-L-lysine, human serum albumin, and human γ-globulin).
Anti-BPO antibodies demonstrated heterogeneity with regard to closeness of fit to the haptenic group, or with regard to the dimensions of the combining sites, or both.
It was concluded that at least a large part of anti-BPO antibodies are specifically adapted to a large antigenic unit comprised of the entire BPO group, the lysine side chain, and structural configurations of the immunizing carrier protein.
THE FATE OF BACTERIA WITHIN PHAGOCYTIC CELLS
Authors: Cohn Zanvil A. 
Published: June 2004

The intraleucocytic fate of a variety of P32- and C14-labeled bacteria has been studied in both polymorphonuclear leucocytes and macrophages. Both cell types brought about extensive degradation of bacterial lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. Intracellular breakdown was primarily dependant upon the composition of the ingested particle rather than on the type or source of the phagocyte. Evidence is presented for the reincorporation of bacterial constituents into leucocyte lipid. More than 50 per cent of the acid-soluble degradation products of P32-labeled bacteria appear as inorganic phosphate. Bacterial RNA is degraded more readily than DNA.
Following phagocytosis, labeled bacteria lose their pool of small molecular weight intermediates. This is followed by the degradation of acid-insoluble constituents. The majority of bacterial breakdown products are then excreted by the leucocyte and appear in the medium.
Heat-killed bacteria were more readily broken down than viable organisms. Only small amounts of C14-labeled bacteria were completely oxidized by leucocytic enzymes to C14O2.
Acid extracts of polymorphonuclear leucocyte granules, which were highly bactericidal, liberated the acid-soluble constituents of labeled bacteria but did not significantly degrade bacterial macromolecules.
MULTIPLE ENZYME CHANGES IN THE PLASMA OF NORMAL AND TUMOR-BEARING MICE FOLLOWING INFECTION WITH THE LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE AGENT
Authors: Notkins Abner Louis , Greenfield Robert E. , Marshall Diana , Bane Louisa 
Published: June 2004

Within 72 hours after injection of the LDH agent into normal mice, five (LDH, ICDH, MDH, PHI, and GOT) out of the seven plasma enzymes studied were elevated. This elevation persisted for the duration of the experiment. Alkaline phosphatase and aldolase were not elevated.
Plasma from mice bearing tumor SS-70429 and infected with the LDH agent showed 7 times more LDH, 8 times more ICDH, and 4 times more MDH activity than the plasma from mice with the same tumor but uninfected. The plasma aldolase activity from the infected tumor-bearing animal was approximately the same as that from the uninfected tumor-bearing animal. Somewhat similar results, but lower in magnitude, were found with mice bearing mammary carcinoma C3HBA.
The early rise in plasma enzyme activity (LDH, MDH, ICDH) prior to the actual appearance of the tumor was shown to be due not to the tumor, but to the LDH agent. Uninfected tumor-bearing mice showed a late increase in plasma enzyme activity which appeared to be related to tumor growth.
The findings reported above suggest that contamination with the LDH agent may have been responsible for much of the increased plasma enzyme activity previously attributed to the tumor.
STUDIES ON THE PATHOGENESIS OF FEVER
Authors: Bornstein Donald L. , Bredenberg Carl , Wood W. Barry 
Published: June 2004

Although the absolute febrile responses of trained individual rabbits injected intravenously with small to moderate doses of leucocytic pyrogen vary over an appreciable range, the relative responses of each rabbit to changes in dosage are satisfactorily reproducible.
The quantitative dose-response relationship is characterized by a hyperthermic ceiling at which the intensity of the febrile reaction is relatively constant over a wide dosage range. Only at lower dose levels, where the dose-response curve is reasonably steep, is the magnitude of the fever produced proportional to the amount of pyrogen injected.
When sufficiently large doses of LP are injected, the hyperthermic ceiling is exceeded. The fevers thus induced are biphasic in character and, in this way, resemble the usual response to bacterial endotoxin.
Similar biphasic fevers result from continuous infusions of relatively low concentrations of LP at a constant rate.
Repeated intermittent injections of moderate doses of LP likewise cause prolonged biphasic fevers, but, once the fever has become established, the reaction to each individual injection becomes markedly depressed.
When large doses of LP are injected at daily intervals, the characteristic biphasic response occurs only following the first injection. Thereafter a state of tolerance intervenes in which the late secondary rise in temperature fails to occur. This form of tolerance lasts as long as the daily injections are continued but subsides within a few days after the injections are stopped.
During the transient tolerance the rabbit's responsiveness to small doses of LP (in the sensitive range of the dose response curve) is depressed. In addition, the amount of endogenous pyrogen mobilized from the tissues by a large dose of LP is not as great as that generated in a normal rabbit.
The relations of these findings to biphasic fevers, tolerance, and the accuracy of the conventional method of pyrogen assay are briefly discussed.
ACQUIRED TOLERANCE TO SKIN HOMOGRAFTS IN MICE
Authors: Argyris Bertie F. 
Published: June 2004

Acquired tolerance to CBA skin homografts is lost in a large number of C3H mice neonatally injected with CBA spleen cells. The skin homografts persist for at least 2 months but then exhibit a chronic rejection pattern which may last up to 7 months. Histological analysis of the lymphoid tissues reveals the onset of an immune response in the axillary lymph nodes of many 4-month-old tolerant mice. This immune response which appears before external indications of graft rejection are evident, is manifested as an increase in number of germinal centers and plasma cells in the cortex and medulla, respectively. In older tolerant mice, an even larger proportion show these histological indications of immunological activity. During graft contraction and shortly after graft rejection, the immune response is still limited to the lymph nodes. After rejection of a second graft by post-tolerant mice, histological indications of an immune response are not only found in lymph nodes but also in spleen.
The data suggest the development of a host versus graft reaction in seemingly tolerant C3H mice, which increases in severity with the age of the animal. The results are discussed from the point of view that tolerance is dependent upon a critical balance between the immune potential of the host and the population of donor cells. As mice mature, their immune potential may increase. The resulting host versus graft reaction increases, culminating in the rejection of skin graft and donor lymphoid cells.