bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Neusner Jacob 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The history of religion has progressed in our century to the point that, in its stage as natural history, we can interpret statements concerning reli gion or miracle, on the one side, and magic, on the other. But what about the difference between rationality or science or critical learning, on the one side, and magic, on the other? Various cultures recognize such a difference, but how do they know one from the other? And what do we learn about the intellectual world of those who see that distinction? Accordingly, we know a fair amount about the way the distinction works in the study of religious systems. Only in conversation among historians of religion, historians of ancient and medieval European and Middle Eastern societies, sociologists, specialists in ancient Near Eastern studies and in the histories of Judaism and Christianity and mysticism and a variety of other subjects hope to find answers to these questions.
Invisible Divinity and Visible Religion
Authors: Finney Paul Corby 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This epitaph, dedicated to the memory of a certain Claudius Callistus (nicknamed6 Hilarius and otherwise unknown), is one of a large group of Roman tituli that came to light in the early nineteenth-century excavations beneath Tenuta di Tor Marancia7 (Figure 6.23a), in deposits that belonged to the subterranean complex which today we recognize as the Domitilla catacomb. Callistus’ tablet has an unusual form: a circular marble slab, seventy-three centimeters in diameter with a pierced hole at the center for the pouring8 (profusio: GIL 5.4990; 10.107) of libations.
Introduction
Authors: Greenspahn Frederick E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Family relations play a central role in biblical literature, with sibling interaction the focus in many of its tales. Almost every major character in the Bible has at least one brother or sister who contributes to the story”s development in a material way. Princes kill their brothers to protect claims to the throne; mothers scheme in order to ensure a preferred son”s succession; sisters become rivals in determining marital relations. If mother-child relationships typify sustenance and those between fathers and sons epitomize the transmission of authority, it is in sibling interaction that biblical authors develop some of their most memorable plots.
An Unnatural Custom
Authors: Greenspahn Frederick E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The prevalence of senority-based imagery in the Bible and its repeated efforts to justify deviations from that norm make it impossible to accept its reports of the success of younger siblings as simply the natural outcome of Israelite law or custom. At the same time, however, this theme cannot be studied in isolation from actual practice. In fact, several scholars have suggested that it is a literary or theological protest against the preferential treatment accorded firstborns in Israel, whether in the realm of ritual or of law.2
Introduction
Authors: Dibattist Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Hardy is Victorian;’ wrote Eliot in the autumn of 1921, “Shaw is Edwardian. Shaw is therefore more interesting to us, for by reflecting on his mind we may form some plausible conjecture about the mind of the next age-about what, in retro¬spect, the ‘present’ generation will be found to have been;’! That Eliot once proposed to define his own generation in terms of Bernard Shaw’s mind certainly stands as one of the less recollected facts of modernist literary history. And that Hardy, Shaw, and Eliot all enjoyed professional lives simultaneously remains a quirk of chronology not yet fully inscribed in our understanding of the early years of the modern era. In ways obscured by the traditional focus on The Waste Land and Ulysses as modernist touchstones and Bloomsbury as an insular coterie, the paths of the “high moderns” crossed those of older generations and of modern writers not quite so high. Virginia Woolf could go to a concert in 1915 and find herself seated opposite Shaw (“grown a whitehaired benevolent old man;’ the thirty-three-year-old Woolf said of the fifty-nineyear-old Shaw), and Leonard Woolf in 1919 attended meetings with H. G. Wells, whose books his wife reviewed. When Anita Loos, whose witty best-seller Gentlemen Prefer Blondes enraptured Joyce, visited London in 1926, she was regaled by Arnold Bennett, Wells, and Galsworthy, and entertained by Lady Ottoline Morrell, who showed her a note from Lytton Strachey touting her as “the divine A.’
Remaking Marxist Criticism Partisan Review’s Eliotic Leftism, 1934-1936
Authors: Teres Harvey 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It has now been a quarter century since the publication of Fredric Jameson’s Marxism and Form (1971), arguably the most important volume of Marxist criticism published in the United States in the post war period. Brought out by Princeton University Press at a time when Marxist criticism had little influence among American critics, the book at first did not gain a wide audience. Only gradually, as the 1970s wore on, and it became one of the most important critical texts to a generation of young scholars politicized by the anti war, feminist, and minority movements of the 1960s. Jameson’s book inaugurated a new phase of Marxist criticism in this country, in which the orientation became Continental, the subject literary form rather than content, the mode theoretical, and the manner complex and technical, yet at its best lucid and urbane. The contributions of this criticism have been substantial: it has reconsidered and revised our understanding of nearly every major category of traditional Marxist thought, including class, causation, base and superstructure, production, ideology, and form; and it has expanded other categories such as culture, gender, and race. This has earned for Marxist and materialist criticism unprecedented stature within the academy. Compared with the last great heyday of Marxist criticism in the United States in the 1930s, the current efflorescence is already of greater duration, although threats from inside and especially outside the academy continue to make its existence controversial if not precarious.
Florence Farr A “Transitional” Woman
Authors: Litz A Walton 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the letters written to Florence Farr by George Bernard Shaw and William Butler Yeats were first published in 1941, the Times Literary Supplement reviewer assumed that she was unknown to a younger generation who probably needed a footnote to identify Shaw’s “Mrs. P.C;’ as Mrs. Patrick Campbell. I Farr had been at the center of the “New Drama” of the 1890s, playing Rebecca West in the first English production of Rosmersholm, Blanche Sartorius in Shaw’s Widower’s House, and Louka (a part written for her) in Arms and the Man. In 1899 she took the role of Aleel, the poet, in the Dublin performance of Yeats’s play The Countess Cathleen. She also wrote, with Olivia Shakespear, two occult plays, The Beloved of Hathor and The Shrine of the Golden Hawk; published several novels and dramas of her own; and was in the early part of the century an active contributor to avant-garde journals such as The New Age and The Mint. But the TLS reviewer of 1942 was surely right in assuming that only an older generation would remember Florence Farr.
The Lowly Art of Murder Modernism and the Case of the Free Woman
Authors: Dibattista Maria 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When Graham Greene designated his dark detective thrillers as entertainments, he was, perhaps, being commercially shrewd in soliciting a certain kind of popular readership. He was also being aesthetically quite correct. Nowhere is the boundary line between high and low culture more finely drawn than at the crossover between “lit-erature” and detective fiction. Does anyone speak, except in provocation or misprision, of a detective novel? Crime thriller, detective story, murder mystery, yes, but even in common parlance, detective and novel keep their distance, even if they do not completely part company.
Evangelical Pietism in America
Authors: Rubin Julius H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
English Puritans suffered religious intolerance in the 1620s at the hands of William Laud and King Charles I. Laud delivered a sermon to Parliament in 1626 impugning Puritanism as an affront to church and state. He redoubled the persecution of nonconformist groups after his appointment as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1633. Many fled England, and after a brief sojourn in Holland, migrated to America, founding Massachusetts Bay and other New England settlements. As God’s faithful on a divinely appointed mission—an “errand into the wilderness”1—they came to American shores freed from Old World restrictions and contamination. Here, evangelical Pietism could be instituted in full measure. John Winthrop’s sermon, “A Modell of Christian Charity,” preached aboard the flagship Arabella, proclaimed that New England would be like a city on a hill, a model for all the world to see; a new Jerusalem forged in a national covenant with God, a church covenant uniting the regenerate to one another, and a covenant of grace between God and each believer.
Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Avery Dulles S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the European universities, dominated by post-Kantian philosophy, the Protestant theology faculties continued to pursue the liberal agenda at least until World War I. They combined a positivist approach to history with a voluntarist approach to faith. The church historian Adolfvon Harnack (1851–1930) popularized the system of Ritschl, notably in his lectures Das Wesen des Christentums. 1 Looking back to the historical Jesus as the norm, Harnack extolled the utter simplicity of Jesus’ message of love, while vehemently denying that the gospel is a theoretical system of doctrine. Jesus, he asserted, never spoke of any kind of creed except “to do the will of God, in the certainty that He [God] is the Father and the one who will recompense” (147). After a long period of degeneration, culminating in modern Roman Catholicism, Luther recovered the pure essence of the gospel as comprising two essential elements, the word of God and faith. By the word of God Luther meant, according to Harnack, “the message of the free grace of God in Christ” rather than the Bible or Church doctrine. Harnack understood Luther as teaching that faith is the inward experience that corresponds to God’s word, an experience of the certainty of grace (270).
Mid-Twentieth Century
Authors: Avery Dulles S J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
During the decades following World War I Protestantism developed a very rich the­ ology of faith springing out of contrasting elements in the Protestant tradition. This new phase is often called “dialectical theology” because of its reliance on antitheses and paradoxes in speaking about the divine. In different ways Karl Barth, Rudolf Bultmann, and Paul Tillich exemplify the dialectical movement.
Refining Dualism
Authors: Kirkpatrick Frank G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Realizing that language about God can be neither univocal !transferring meaning without qualification from one context to another against the background of shared ontological conditions), nor equivocal !having radically different meanings, completely unable to transfer meaning from one ontological context to another, since this would vitiate the purpose of having God as an ontologically transcendent principle of explanation), Thomists generally resort to a doctrine of analogy to give meaning to language about God. An analogous term is one that is neither univocal nor equivocal. It presumably conveys some nonliteral but nonequivocal meaning from one ontological context to another. “Whatever is said of God and creatures is said according as there is some relation of the creature to God as to its principle and cause, wherein all the perfections of things preexist excellently. Now this mode of community is a mean between pure equivocation and simple univocation. For in analogies the idea is not, as it is in univocals, one and the same; yet it is not totally diverse as in equivocals.”
Polis and Akropolis
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Greece came out of the Persian wars aware and confident, more so than at any other time in her history. The invasion had been sobering for the boastful Greeks. It taught them, for a while at least, the benefits of unity, creating legends of superhuman valor that would sustain generations of Greeks to come. A quickening of spirit and a consciousness of the human frame, what it is capable of physically and bound by morally, were now evident in everything the major cities produced- in art and building, drama and poetry.
The World at Large: Roman Concurrences
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
It was a time of peace, a happy time. The provinces were contented and, for the most part, quiet. The troublesome spirit of Jewish independence flared briefly, but their revolt was crushed in 135. Jerusalem, renamed Aelia Capitol ina after Hadrian's family name, was disciplined architecturally with a cross-axial scheme, a proper Roman forum, and the usual catalogue of theaters, circuses, and baths.
The Urbanization of Europe, 1100-1300
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Five archbishops, fourteen bishops, and the king and queen of France attended the consecration ceremonies for the new choir of St-Denis on 11 June 1144, but not the pope. He could not had he wanted to. Several months before, the people of Rome had rebelled against their bishop. They stormed the Capitol, the seat of the Church-appointed prefect and judges, and "wishing to restore the ancient dignity of the city," Bishop Otto of Freising reported, "set up the order of senators, which had lapsed for a long space of time." Church revenues were confiscated, the houses of cardinals looted, and their towers brought down.
Architectural Art and the Landscape of Industry, 1800-1850
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Classicism was still the leading creed, but it had by now given up all pretense to orthodoxy. A number of readings were current, but none conforming to strict canonical rules. Napoleon's fancy leaned toward the Roman Empire. (Fig. 23.1) A Greek revival, experimentally launched before 1800 in garden "fabricks" and res idential architecture, went public with ceremonial city gates and buildings like Downing College at Cambridge by William Wilkins, begun in 1806. (Fig. 23 .2) The archaeological savor of this Grecian style came from a spate of new publications, among them the later volumes of Stuart and Revett's Antiquities of Athens issued in 1787 and 1794, the team's Ionian Antiquities, and Wilkins' studies of Greek temples in Sicily and southern Italy which appeared in Antiquities of Magna Craecia (1807). At the same time the Greeks' war of independence against their Turkish masters, a popular cause in Western Europe since the first rising of 1769, enhanced the romantic appeal of the revival.
The Trials of Modernism
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The occasion was to be the 400th anniversary of Columbus' discovery of America. A commemorative fair had been in the planning for some time. After much wrangling among would-be host cities, the Congress had voted in favor of Chicago, and locally the undeveloped marshes of Jackson Park on the South Side had been settled on as the fair site. Daniel Burnham was appointed director of the project. This was to be the 15th, and largest, of those popular international exhibitions that started back in 1851 with the Great Exhibition of London. Chicago was determined to rise to the occasion.
Architecture and the State: Interwar Years
Authors: Kostof Spiro , Castillo Greg , Tobias Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Great War left behind a shattered world. The stable international economy built up in the preceding one hundred years, during which Europe had not known a major war, lay in shambles. Currencies fluctuated wildly. There was a return to protective tariffs and other tactics of self-seeking nationalism. And yet paradoxically, one could see in the dominant socialist mood the desire for universal brotherhood as the war-incited advance in communications dimmed borders and collapsed distances.
Offense or Faith: The Kierkegaardian Choice
Authors: mccracken David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In The Sickness unto Death, Anti-Climacus asks rhetorically how it can be explained that one never hears or reads a prayer “that in our day especially” would be appropriate. The prayer is this; God in heaven, I thank you for not requiring a person to comprehend Christianity, for if that were required, I would be the most miserable of all. The more I seek to comprehend it, the more incomprehensible it appears to me and the more I discover only the possibility of offense. Therefore I thank you for requiring only faith, and I pray that you will continue to increase it. (129n) His question about why this prayer is never heard cannot be answered except by saying what Anti-Clirnacus is not willing to say directly, namely, that Christendom has rejected Christianity. The implication is that one ought to hear or read such a prayer repeatedly, for it contains central truths and the dilemma that faces each individual: (I) Christianity is incomprehensible, it is not a part of the category of understanding; (2) the more one tries to understand it, the more one encounters the possibility of offense; and (3) the only alternative to offense, and the only requirement for Christianity, is faith.1 That, in a nutshell, is Kierkegaard’s position, and it is the dialectical dilemma that Kierkegaard’s “single individual” faces. But, alas, offense is never mentioned these days (Journals, 3: 3028).
Parabolic Lies, Parabolic Truth
Authors: mccracken David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One of the most difficult problems concerning the understanding of parables is raised in the Gospels themselves by Jesus’s comment about parables in response to the disciples’ puzzlement over parables in general and over the parable of the sower in particular. In Mark’s Gospel, Jesus says to the disciples, “To you has been given the secret of the kingdom of God, but for those outside, everything comes in parables; in order that ‘they may indeed look, but not perceive, and may indeed listen, but not understand; so that they may not tum again and be forgiven’” (Mark 4:11-12; cf. Matt. 13:11, 13-15, Luke 8:10). Versions of this saying are repeated in all the synoptic Gospels, though Matthew “softens” (as Fitzmyer says in the Anchor Luke, 708) the “so that” (or “in order that”) by substituting “because” (or “the reason ... is that”).
Plot and Story in John
Authors: mccracken David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
According to John Drury, the Gospel of John marks an early but radical change in Christianity that is still with us: “With John an era of Christian historiography, of Christianity as popular narrative, ceases. A great age of Christian doctrine begins. Stories will yield to creeds” (Parables, 164). Stories did indeed yield to creeds, and it is even tempting to accuse John of promoting this shift, with his philosophical interest in the Logos and in Jesus as the Word, which may seem inimical to story. But John’s Gospel is the end of an era, not the beginning of the new era. It is story, not creed. True, John’s Gospel strikes the reader instantly as a different sort of story &om Matthew’s, Mark’s, or Luke’s. For one thing, it contains notably few parables, and I have in the second part of this book focused primarily, though not exclusively, on parables as scandalous encounters. But John’s Gospel, like the others, is nonetheless a narrative of offense. For John, like the synoptic writers, Jesus is an offense, and his offensiveness can be seen only in actions. For John, like the others, scandal lives in story-the story of the disciples, of the Jews and Gentiles who encounter Jesus, and of the reader who encounters Jesus’s story and life itself, which is John’s hero: “I am the life.”
Apogee And Dissolution The
Authors: Mitchell Richard P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The end of the war brought with it a release of tensions and lifted the lid from hostilities which had long raged beneath the controls of martial law. The death of the prime minister, Ahmad Mahir, was the initial expression of this fact. The impact of the war itself on Egypt’s economic, political, and social life had manifold consequences for both the momentum and the direction of the national movement. lssawi, in a few paragraphs, has summed up the most important features of post-war life in Egypt.
The Problem
Authors: Mitchell Richard P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The very active and often violent history of the Society should not obscure the fact that its ideas and non-political activity were to most members the most important part of their membership and, to even the most political of them, matters of vivid concern. While it spent much time doing battle with the government, it spent even more in the service of the multiple needs of its members, not the least of which were ‘ideological’. Hence we turn to the complex of notions which in combination produced what the Brothers called the fikra-ideology. We shall attempt to reproduce here a coherent statement of these notions which bore the membership along into an all-embracing and passionate commitment to the Society and its leaders, and which, at the same time, set it at odds with all organized authority in Egypt.
The Solution
Authors: Mitchell Richard P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The image of the world in which the Brothers lived was one vividly characterized by decay and humiliation: the corruption of the faith was serious enough, worse still, it resulted not only in the abuse and disregard of its teachings, but in their headlong replacement by foreign values brought by the invader and incompetently resisted by the political, intellectual, and spiritual leaders of the country. Egypt, wrote Banna to Faruq, is ‘at the crossroads’. It is facing in two directions: ‘the way of the West’ and ‘the way of Islam’. Advocates of both summon the nation to follow one or the other. The Muslim Brothers, true to the faith, plead that the nation be restored to Islam. Egypt’s role is unique, for just as Egyptian reform begins with Islam, so the regeneration of Islam must begin in Egypt, for the rebirth of ‘international Islam’, in both its ideal and historical sense, requires first a strong ‘Muslim state’ (dawla muslima).
Episcopal Distinctiveness: Fighting the Protestant Radicals,1832-1838
Authors: Butler Diana Hochstedt 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
On September 10, 1831, Charles Mcilvaine was elected unanimously to become the second bishop of the diocese of Ohio. Busy with parish duties and teaching a course on “Christian Evidences” at the University of the City of New York, the election genuinely surprised him. When the news arrived, Mcilvaine wrote in his diary: I can very freely commit the matter to the Lord. I would not remain here, if it be His will that I go to Ohio; I would not go to Ohio, ifit be His will that I remain here. My heart does not thirst for a bishopric. Its honour I could willingly forgo, its responsibility I am not sufficient to bear. Its duties are unspeakably holier than any spirit I could bring to them.