bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
British Medicine: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries
Authors: Jonsen Albert R 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In eighteenth-century England, medicine was a learned and gentlemanly profession. The ethics of that profession was framed by courtesy, the behavior proper to gentlemen, taught in a torrent of popular literature on social manners that had begun with Thomas Elyot’s Book Named the Governor (1531). This literature combined advice about etiquette with reflections on moral virtue; some volumes reflected ethical sincerity and others, like Lord Chesterfield’ s Letters to His Son (1774), profound cynicism. Sincere or cynical, the writings presented the gentle man as the paragon of morality and gentlemanliness as the prime virtue.
The Democracy Worry
Authors: Farber Daniel A , Sherry Suzanna 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
While the early struggles over judicial power involved questions of federalism and nationhood, the modern attacks on the courts stem from concerns about popular sovereignty and separation of powers. Why should unelected, politically unaccountable federal judges be permitted to second-guess legislation enacted by representatives of the people? In this chapter we examine the sources of this discomfort with judicial review, rebut its most exaggerated form, and show how an overdrawn version of the democracy worry has warped much of modern constitutional theory. At the outset, we should make clear the scope of our argument. We do not mean to argue that the courts are as responsive to shifts in majority opinion, or even to sustained majority opinion on specific issues, as the president and Congress. But we think that there is too frequently a tendency to view judges as if they were self-appointed, all-powerful Platonic guardians, while viewing the democratic qualities of the other branches through rose-tinted spectacles.
How to Think About Discretion
Authors: Farber Daniel A , Sherry Suzanna 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
What have we learned so far? First, judicial review is not an anomaly. Rather, it is a key part of our system of government. Complaints about judicial review are really complaints about constitutionalism (the idea of enforceable constitutional limits on government) and the separation of powers (limitations on the power of the legislature). And second, efforts to eliminate judicial discretion by providing recipes for deciding cases, like originalism or textualism, are ultimately frustrated by the inherent limits on the clarity of the constitutional text and constitutional history. Such theories cannot overcome the inevitable patches of vagueness and ambiguity in the Constitution. Consequently, hard cases inevitably involve judicial leeway; this is simply part of the system. Hard cases, almost by definition, require creative, critical thinking, which is not going to be reducible to a formula.
Reason and Relevance
Authors: Farber Daniel A , Sherry Suzanna 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Reasoned justifications, based on relevant factors, are the bread and butter of judicial decision making. Or, as Sir Edward Coke put it several centuries ago, ‘Reason is the life of the law.’ True, the bottom line of any judicial decision is the outcome. Someone wins, someone loses; evidence is admitted or excluded; money is ordered to be paid or an injunction is issued requiring or prohibiting a certain action; the case is affirmed or reversed or sent back to a lower court. Sometimes a statute is held invalid or an executive decision nullified. And for many observers, especially nonlawyers, this bottom line may be all that matters. But in Anglo-American jurisprudence, the outcome is only a small portion of the decision actually issued by the court, and it is often not the most important part. At every level of the judiciary, but most prominently in appellate courts, judges write opinions explaining why they reached the result that they did. Judicial opinions are as varied as the judges who write them, but they all serve the same purpose: to present a reasoned elaboration of how the relevant legal analysis produces the particular outcome.
Respect for Precedent
Authors: Farber Daniel A , Sherry Suzanna 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If you open a random page of the U.S. Reports and read a constitutional decision, you will be struck by how much of the space is devoted to discussing the Court’s previous rulings. Indeed, the constitutional text may only be mentioned in a footnote, and discussion of original intent may or may not be present—but discussion of precedent is universal and generally thorough. Respect for precedent is also called stare decisis, which means roughly ‘adhering to what has been decided.’ Some critics decry reliance on precedent, but whatever one may think about it, it is clearly a key part of long-standing judicial practice in countries that follow the common law.
Explaining Precedent
Authors: Farber Daniel A , Sherry Suzanna 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we try to clarify how precedent functions in constitutional law. We begin by suggesting that respect for precedent actually extends beyond previous judicial decisions to include actions and statements by nonjudicial actors. We then explore the question of whether precedents (judicial or otherwise) should be read as establishing specific rules or as providing a source of evolving standards. Finally, we try to rebut the all-too-common belief that judges merely use precedents as after-the-fact rationales for outcomes, exemplified by Justice Scalia’s reference to common law judges as running backs who must dodge around precedents in order to reach the goal line.
Deliberation and Multiple Decision Makers
Authors: Farber Daniel A , Sherry Suzanna 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Precedent is not the only constraint on judicial discretion. Other aspects of the structure of the judiciary also play a role. Scholars worried about the counter majoritarian difficulty often focus primarily on two aspects of the judiciary: the way in which judges are appointed and the provisions for controlling or removing them. In the case of federal judges, the fact that judges are not elected, but instead are nominated by the president and confirmed by the Senate, gives rise to the counter majoritarian difficulty. The discussion thus often centers on the extent to which the appointment process incorporates popular will; the relative responsiveness of the judiciary and the popular branches to public opinion; congressional control over the jurisdiction of the federal courts; and the effectiveness of impeachment as a method of popular control of judges. State court judges, on the other hand, are usually elected and are often subject to popular recall or removal procedures. This both reduces concern and provides a standard against which the federal judiciary can be measured.
Incrementalism
Authors: Farber Daniel A , Sherry Suzanna 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Neither precedent nor principle nor reasoning dictates results. Judges must often make choices among plausible applications or extensions of existing doctrine. Those choices will be influenced by myriad factors, including the judge’s own policy preferences and views of the judicial role, the persuasiveness of the lawyers, the judge’s perception of public or legislative sentiment, and so on. These factors might sometimes counsel restraint and sometimes not. But one factor that influences judges always serves as a brake rather than as a goad: a preference for incremental rather than radical change.
Don’t Launch Your Lunch Anti-Nausea Therapy
Authors: Horton Charles N 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
One of the most dreaded, and unfortunately one of the most common, anesthetic complications is termed PONV: postoperative nausea and vomiting. Apart from being highly unpleasant, it can also be dangerous to the patient. Vomiting is associated with a sharp rise in both intracranial pressure (ICP) and intraocular pressure (IOP); this rise in IOP can jeopardize delicate surgical repairs to the eye, and a sharp ICP rise is likewise unwelcome after neurosurgery. It is therefore vital that we learn to control PONV as effectively as possible. Postoperative nausea and vomiting happens for a variety of reasons, not all directly related to the anesthesia or the surgery: almost all surgical patients receive opiates for post-op pain, and opiates themselves cause nausea in many patients.
Less Filling, Tastes Great A Few Anesthesia Controversies
Authors: Horton Charles N 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Many issues in anesthesia have no clear-cut answer. While we all want the same things—greater patient safety, more efﬁcient ORs, cost savings—there are differing points of view about how to achieve those goals. Here are the competing points of view on a selection of modern anesthetic questions, to help you get up to speed on what we’re trying to settle.
What If?—A Brief Guide to Various Situations
Authors: Horton Charles N 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
First off, how big a line are you trying to start? Even cases when you’ll eventually be using introducers can often be started safely with a 20 gauge; remember that all volatile anesthetics are vasodilators, and starting a big IV will be easier (to say nothing of less painful!) after the patient is asleep. Second, where are you trying to start the IV? We typically start at the hands and work our way proximally, so that the fluid path from a successful IV to the heart will be comprised entirely of intact veins. With that said, some patients have very poor veins in their hands; while the antecubital fossa (elbow) and upper arms are unpopular sites for IVs and poor choices for routine use, they can be extremely useful in getting “tough stick” patients to sleep.
You Call It a What? A Brief Glossary of Anesthesia Terms
Authors: Horton Charles N 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Some of the slang you see here is very colloquial; it is included so that you will understand it, but it is best to speak a little more formally—especially as you start your training. 14/16/18/20/22/24—IV lines, referred to by their gauge (size). The smaller the number, the bigger the IV: a 14 is much bigger than a 24. ABG—See arterial blood gas (analysis). A-line—Arterial line. Used for continuous blood pressure monitoring, blood gases, and frequent blood draws. Appy—Appendectomy.
soft surveillance, hard consent: The Law and Psychology of Engineering Consent
Authors: Kerr Ian , Barrigar Jennifer , Burkell, Jacquelyn , Black Katie 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
the only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others. His own good, either physical or moral, is not sufficient warrant. He cannot rightfully be compelled to do or forbear because it will be better for him to do so, because it will make him happier, because, in the opinion of others, to do so would be wise, or even right . . . The only part of the conduct of anyone, for which he is amenable to society, is that which concerns others. In the part, which merely concerns him, his independence is, of right, absolute. Over himself, over his own body and mind, the individual is sovereign. The harm principle privileges liberty over self-security. It is Mill’s antidote against a state-induced paternalism that would protect people from themselves by treating them as though their personal safety mattered more than their individual liberty. In this sense, one can understand Mill as saying that coercion can only be justified to prevent harm to unconsenting others, not to prevent harm to which the actors competently consent.
Learning From Data Protection Law At the Nexus of Copyright and Privacy
Authors: Cameron Alex 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter is a small part of a broader project1 aimed at formulating principles and rules to account for intellectual privacy—individuals’ freedom to access and enjoy creative works anonymously or in private—within the legal concept of copyright. The broader project argues that such principles and rules have heretofore been wanting in copyright, and that they are an essential component of copyright as a consistent and unified whole. This chapter contributes to the goals of the broader project in two specific ways. First, the section entitled “Intellectual Privacy under Strain” describes some of the challenges posed by the use of digital technologies in association with copyright works. Second, in the section entitled “Lessons from Data Protection Law,” this chapter considers whether data protection laws may stimulate important questions and provide guidance in governing digital copyright practices that involve monitoring individuals’ access to and use of creative works. This chapter concludes with a look ahead to further work to be done in the area.
What’s in a Name: Who Benefits From The Publication Ban In Sexual Assault Trials:
Authors: Doe Jane 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
According to Canadian law, a publication ban (also referred to as a media ban) is granted when a court official applies on a raped woman’s behalf. The ban prohibits, under the threat of criminal sanction, the public use of the woman’s name, likeness, or any other identifying information. If not stipulated otherwise, the pseudonym most often assigned to her is “Jane Doe.”
Using biometrics to revisualize the canada–u.s. Border
Authors: Magnet Shoshana 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Stretching between the two countries for more than 5000 miles, the boundary between the United States and Canada is described as the longest undefended border in the world. More than 200 million people cross the border annually, making it the world’s largest trading relationship. Bilateral trade between the two countries is valued at close to $680 billion Canadian dollars. More than $1.5 billion dollars is exchanged across the border on a daily basis.2 Extensive partnerships between the United States and Canada govern this border. From the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) to North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) military accords, the list of bilateral initiatives between the two countries is extensive. The author would like to thank Robert Smith, Celiany Rivera-Velazquez, Amy Hasinoff, Aisha Durham, Himika Bhattacharya, Helen Kang, Carolyn Randolph, Jillian Baez, Kent Ono, C. L. Cole, Paula Treichler, Ian Kerr, Jane Bailey, Daphne Gilbert, and the anonymous reviewers for their helpful suggestions.
For the Sake of Conscience: Some Evangelical Views of the State
Authors: Shah Timothy Samuel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Evangelicalism is not a church, sect, or denomination. It has no formal membership and no headquarters. It has no capital or sacred center, no Rome or Mecca. Evangelicals have no pope, no authoritative magisterium. Evangelicalism is, rather, a transdenominational Protestant movement whose defining characteristic is to insist that authentic Christianity requires more than formal ecclesial membership or adherence. Instead, authentic Christian faith demands a belief that the Bible enjoys an authority that trumps other sources of authority, such as reason or tradition; personal and inward acceptance of the gospel message that Christ has atoned for humanity’s sins on the cross and has thereby won eternal salvation for believers; and outward mission on the part of all believers, lay and clerical alike, to share the good news of salvation with others.
Religion and Ideology
Authors: Mcgeough Kevin M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The study of Roman religion has not prospered in modern scholarship. Although much has been written on this subject, not much of it is very good, and some scholars have gone so far as to say that there are no good books in English on Roman religion. One of the reasons for the lack of quality scholarship is that from the standpoint of classicists, Roman religion is greatly overshadowed by Greek religion. So whereas scholars have tended to look admiringly at Greek religion, with its many myths and sophisticated religious literature, they have looked upon Roman religion with scorn and disdain, often describing it as unimaginative and derivative. Roman religion is not usually considered a major contribution to the world’s intellectual heritage. But these kinds of claims are difficult to back up when one actually engages with the evidence of Roman religion. And it should be remembered that it was within this theological environment that Christianity originated and Judaism thrived. Many of the major religious institutions that are perceived to have originated in medieval times are, in fact, developments from Roman institions. There are some bright lights on the horizon of the study of Roman religion.
Major Controversies and Future Directions in the Study of Roman Civilization
Authors: Mcgeough Kevin M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As with all scholarly pursuits, the study of ancient Rome involves many people looking at the issue from many different perspectives. Often it is difficult to reach consensus on important issues in the scholarship of Roman civilization. And it must be remembered that academia is not a democratic pursuit. That is to say, just because a majority of scholars have one opinion does not mean that that opinion is correct. Reading this book should provide one enough of a background in the study of ancient Rome to be able to evaluate various scholarly opinions. What follows is a discussion of some of the major controversies in modern scholarly circles. It is by no means an exhaustive presentation; virtually every aspect of Roman civilization can be viewed from a different perspective! These are just a few of the major controversies.
Growing Up Black in Mississippi
Authors: Lambert Frank 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Moses “Cap” Meredith drove his team of mules up the lane and stopped in front of the farmhouse. He had come for his cows, which had been grazing in the farmer’s field as they had each spring and summer for the past several years. Today was the day that he would pay the farmer for grazing rights, retrieve his cattle, and take them back to his own farm to fatten them for market. Stopping before the walkway that led to the front porch, Cap remained seated and shouted out the farmer’s name to make his presence known. There was no response. Cap knew that the farmer was at home, and, indeed, the man soon appeared at the doorway and hollered for Cap to come around back so they could talk. But Cap did not budge; he continued to sit in stony silence. Minutes stretched into an hour and then into three hours. The farmer was the first to tire of the stand-off, so he emerged from the house, and the two men conducted their business.
Valuing Multi-period Cash Flows
Authors: Guthrie Graeme 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In Chapter 3 we learned how to value a cash flow that would be received one period in the future. In practice we often need to value cash flows to be received many periods in the future. We also need to value assets that generate an entire sequence of cash flows spread over many future dates. Fortunately, the valuation method introduced in Chapter 3 is easily adapted for use in both of these situations, as we demonstrate in this chapter.
Combining Valuation and Decision Making
Authors: Guthrie Graeme 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
As we saw in Chapter 2, managers have the potential to influence the cash flow streams generated by the firms that they manage. We argued there that they should exercise this influence in ways that maximize the market value of their existing shareholders’ equity. In order to choose the best current actions, managers therefore need to know how their actions will affect their firms’ future cash flows. However, those future cash flows may themselves be affected by the managers’ future actions. Thus, in order to decide what to do now, managers need to know what they will do in the future. In order to know what they will do then, they need to know what they will do even further in the future. They do not need to commit unconditionally to a particular course of action immediately. Instead, it will usually be optimal to adopt a policy where future actions are conditional on certain events happening between now and then. For example, it might be optimal to abandon a project at some future date only if it has performed particulary poorly between now and then: if it has performed well, then it will not be abandoned. Our goal in this chapter is to extend the valuation approach in Chapter 4 so that it can be used to identify the complex dynamic policies that maximize the market value of a cash flow stream.
Options that do not Affect the State of a Project
Authors: Guthrie Graeme 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
At the end of 2003, GE Power Systems launched the LMS100 simple-cycle gas turbine (SCGT), designed for use in the power generation industry. The turbine is claimed to require approximately 7.5 million British thermal units (MMBtu) of natural gas to generate each megawatt hour (MWh) of electricity, a considerable improvement in fuel efficiency relative to other SCGTs (which typically require 10–11 MMBtu/MWh).
Über-compound Timing Options
Authors: Guthrie Graeme 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Semiconductor production is extremely capital intensive, with the cost of building a new fabrication plant often measured in billions of dollars. The semiconductor industry is characterized by rapid growth in demand and high volatility. Rapid growth and technological change force firms to make frequent investments if they wish to remain competitive, but the volatility makes these investments very risky. A firm building a fabrication plant must make many decisions. For example, when should it begin construction? Should it pay workers overtime in order to speed up construction? Should the firm build a larger facility than it will need for the foreseeable future, so that when the extra capacity is required it can be brought on stream quickly and cheaply? How should the firm respond if demand for the facility’s output changes dramatically during construction? All of these decisions involve creating and destroying real options. Unlike the situations considered in Chapters 7 and 8, the firm must decide what to do as well as when to do it.
Switching Options
Authors: Guthrie Graeme 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The US fertilizer industry has experienced some dramatic changes since the mid 1990s. Input prices have climbed to historically high levels and become highly volatile. Output prices have also increased, but profit margins have generally fallen and become more volatile than in the past. Many fertilizer producers have suspended production, with many plants being mothballed or shut permanently. The reduced domestic supply has been offset by a substantial increase in imported fertilizer. This is evident in Figure 10.1, which plots annual production (the light gray bars) and net imports (that is, consumption less production; the dark gray bars) of ammonia—a major feedstock for producing nitrogen fertilizer—in the US. Domestic production has fallen from 85% of consumption in 1995 to 58% in 2006. Natural gas is an important ingredient for producing ammonia, contributing 70–90% of the cost of production. Profitability of fertilizer production is therefore closely related to the spread between the prices of ammonia and natural gas. Figure 10.2 plots benchmark prices for fertilizers and wholesale natural gas: the US Gulf spot price for anhydrous ammonia (the solid curve, in dollars per ton) and the Henry Hub price for natural gas (the dashed curve, in dollars per million British thermal units (MMBtu)), respectively. The graph shows that although the prices of ammonia and natural gas move together, the price spread is very volatile. It was extremely high for most of the mid-1990s. Although the ammonia price rose.