bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental studies of the relationship of processing to the crack growth of carbon‐black‐loaded SBR—cis‐polybutadiene compounds
Authors: Lee Biing‐Lin 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe crack growth of a highly carbon‐black‐loaded SBR—cis‐polybutadiene (BR) blend is investigated as a function of the distribution of carbon black in the individual rubber phases. The blend compound consists of SBR/BR/carbon black/oil = 60/40/85/60 by weight ratio and curatives. A new “old process” is devised to control the carbon black distribution in the individual rubber phases, that is, cross mixing the SBR and BR black master batches with different amounts of carbon black in the SBR and BR patches. The results show that crack growth is very sensitive to the carbon black distribution. A better crack growth resistance compound is seen containing proportionately more carbon black in the major rubber SBR phase. A simple analogy of rubber blends to the rubber‐modified thermoplastics is proposed to interpret these findings. The heat buildup of the blends is also affected by the carbon black distribution. A low heat buildup compound is observed in the system in which more carbon black is in the SBR batch, which is also a better crack growth resistance compound. It is not unexpected that the strength of rubbers decreases with increase of temperature, and so the rate of crack growth becomes faster as heat builds up.
The use of a microcomputer with a gel permeation chromatograph
Authors: Narasimhan Venkataraman , Telfer Angus R. , Huang Robert Y.‐M. , Burns Charles M. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractA description is given of the interfacing of an Apple II Plus “home” microcomputer to a Waters Model 200 Gel Permeation Chromatograph fitted with ultraviolet absorbance and differential refractive index detectors. Hardware design and the software required for data collection and data reduction are described. Flow charts are provided for the various data collection, analysis, and display programs used. Emphasis is placed on the flexibility that such a system offers to the computer programmer and the experimentalist.
The impact fracture toughness of plasticized cellulose acetate and the relationship with the secondary loss transition
Authors: Fong Clifford W. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe impact fracture toughness of plasticized cellulose acetate has been determined by linear elastic fracture mechanics over the temperature range 20–70°C. A major peak in fracture toughness at −10°C has been found to correspond to a secondary loss transition in the dynamic mechanical loss spectrum of plasticized cellulose acetate. At −10°C, the fracture toughness is directly proportional to the log of the maximum strain rate.
Catalysis of the reaction between isocyanates and protonic substrates. II. Kinetic study of the polyurea foaming process catalyzed by a series of amino compounds
Authors: Borsus J. M. , Merckaert P. , Jérôme R. , Teyssié Ph. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe catalytic activity of secondary and tertiary amines were determined in the reaction of phenyl isocyanate with water and aniline, respectively, in dioxane at 25°C. The polyurea formation is largely controlled by a base‐type catalysis. However, this general behavior can be perturbed by steric factors, and still more obvious deviations appear with protic catalysts reacting rapidly with the isocyanate. The resulting urea or urethane groups can display a significant activity in relation to the nature and the composition of the reaction medium. Very good quality foams can be obtained with these protic catalysts.
Viscoelastic properties of (cellulose oligo‐oxymethylene ether) acylates
Authors: Morooka Toshiro , Norimoto Misato , Yamada Tadashi , Shiraishi Nobuo 
Published: April 2003

AbstractFour kinds of (cellulose oligo‐oxymethylene ether) acylates from the acetate to the valerate were prepared by homogeneous reactions using a DMSO/PF cellulose solvent as the reaction medium. The temperature variations of dynamic modulus, loss modulus, and loss tangent for these polymers were measured. Three types of relaxation process were observed for all (cellulose oligo‐oxymethylene ether) acylates, and an additional relaxation process was detected for (cellulose oligo‐oxymethylene ether) butyrate and valerate. These processes were labelled α, β, γ, and δ in order of decreasing temperature at which they occurred. These α to δ processes were respectively attributed to: micro‐Brownian motion (α), motion of side chains (β), local mode motion involving oxymethylene groups (γ), and motion initiated by three or more methylene groups (δ).
Graft copolymerization of glass fiber and its application
Authors: Hashimoto Koshiro , Fujisawa Takao , Kobayashi Masahiro , Yosomiya Ryutoku 
Published: April 2003

AbstractModified glass fibers, containing unsaturated hydrocarbon surface groups, were prepared by a hydrothermal treatment, with allylglycidylether in excess as reagent. Graft polymerization of the treated glass fiber with styrene and methylmethacrylate was carried out in sealed tubes, under nitrogen, using benzoyl peroxide (BPO) and cumene hydroperoxide (CHPO) as initiators. When BPO was used as the initiator, the grafting efficiency was extremely low, but the graft copolymerization behavior was similar to that of usual organic polymers. With CHPO, both grafting ratio and grafting efficiency were very high. Various properties of composite materials containing grafted glass cloth were studied. Flexural strength, flexural modulus, and interlaminar shear strength increased proportionally to the increase of the grafting ratio; the same values were decreased only in a small extent after the boiling test.
Preliminary experiment of surface hardening of polymers by glow discharge polymerization
Authors: Chen K. S. , Inagaki N. , Katsuura K. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractPolymers including polyethylene, polycarbonate, and polytetrafluoroethylene were modified by glow discharge polymerization to enhance surface hardness. The surface hardness of the polymer substrates could be improved by glow discharge polymerizations of silicon‐containing compounds. The mixture of tetramethylsilane (TMS) and oxygen was more effective than tetramethoxysilane to improve the surface hardness. The surface hardness improved by the glow discharge polymerization strongly depended on the nature of the polymer substrates to be modified. The adhesion between polymer films prepared from the TMS/O2 mixture by glow discharge polymerization and the polymer substrates was good.
A heat and mass transfer study—analysis of continuous processes for the coloration of polyester fabric. I. Heat transmission to the fabric system—fabric, fiber, and dye particles
Authors: Akaoui Sami E. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe three continuous processes (thermosol, high temperature steaming, and heat transfer printing) for the coloration of polyester and the involved equipment are briefly reviewed. A simple model for the transient heating of a body is developed, the model [eq.(22)] comprises a specific area of transfer parameter (As): area through which transport (of heat) takes place per unit mass of the body. This model is used in order to estimate the relative heating rates for the different geometrical approximations present in the fabric system: plate (fabric), cylinder (fiber), and sphere (dye particle). Results obtained from the more exact numerical analysis solution are used for investigating the limitations of the simple heat transfer model.
Dyeing process in a finite dyebath
Authors: Kumazawa Hidehiro , Sada Eizo , Ando Tetsuo 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe processes of adsorptive and reactive dyeings of polymer film in a finite bath were formulated on the basis of pore model concept. The influence of the bath ratio on the fractional uptake or fixation was numerically analyzed. The time of half‐dyeing is proportional to the bath ratio to the power of about 0.9 within the present computational conditions. This fact is in contrast to the finding that, in an infinite bath with the same dye concentration as the initial value in a finite bath, the time of half‐dyeing is inversely proportional to the dye concentration. The relation of the total uptake or fixation to the dimensionless dyeing time θ multiplied by γ0.9 is independent of the bath ratio within an error of 5% or 8%.
Graft polymers with macromonomers. I. Synthesis from methacrylate‐terminated polystyrene
Authors: Schulz G. O. , Milkovich R. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractPure graft polymers having uniform molecular weight polystyrene side chains were prepared by free radical copolymerization of methacrylate‐terminated polystyrene macromonomers (MA‐CROMER) with ethyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, or other suitable monomers. The MACROMER monomer was synthesized by living anionic polymerization under conditions that led to very narrow molecular weight distributions. Very effective end capping produced a material that was highly monofunctional. The graft copolymers were prepared by several techniques such as free radical solution polymerization, by aqueous suspension polymerization which produced beads, or by emulsion reactions which yielded stable latices. Polymerizations were reproducible. High conversion of the MACROMER monomer into pure graft polymers was achieved, and the product was contaminated with only a little homopolymer. The milled and molded phase‐separated graft polymers had optical clarity and physical properties characteristic of polystyrene‐reinforced triblock polymers. Compositions of 20‐30% polystyrene were thermoplastic elastomers with good recovery. When polystyrene contents were increased, the graft products were strong, flexible thermoplastics with well defined yield strengths and increased permanent set. Copolymers of polystyrene macromers with acrylonitrile or vinyl chloride produced transparent polystyrene homopolymer‐free graft polymer products having improved processing over polyacrylonitrile or poly(vinyl chloride) homopolymers.
Kinetics of polymerization of styrene. The catalyst system Cu2Cl2 + AlEt3 in n‐hexane
Authors: Pandya M. V. , Deshpande D. D. , Desai N. M. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractStudies on polymerization of styrene by the heterogeneous catalyst system Cu2Cl2 + AlEt3 are reported. Kinetic studies carried out at an optimum catalyst composition [Al]/[Cu] = 0.8 and aging time of 4 h give a value of 55 kJ/mol for the activation energy. The rate law can be presented as R = K [cat] [mon]2. A radical mechanism is proposed on the basis of the effect of hydroquinone and ESR spectra. The mechanism of polymerization with this catalyst system is different than that of CuCl2 + AlEt2X (X = Br, Cl), which was reported earlier.
Effect of organic peroxides on initial coloring of poly(vinyl chloride)
Authors: Hagii Hidehiko , Arai Takeshi , Yamamoto Takashi 
Published: April 2003

AbstractSuspension polymerization of vinyl chloride was studied using five organic peroxides which show similar polyerization rates. Initial coloring of polymers obtained depended on the kinds of peroxides and the amount of peroxides used. Initial coloring of PVC had no relation to water solubility of the peroxides, but depended greatly on their susceptibility to hydroysis. Organic peroxides with susceptibility to hydrolysis remained low in the polymer, and yielded PVC showing preferable initial coloring.
Functionalized allyl resins. I. Photosensitivity of partially cinnamoylated allyl resins
Authors: Matsumoto Akira , Fukazawa Akeru , Oiwa Masayoshi 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe preparation of photosensitive allyl resins is described. The introduction of cinnamoyl groups into allyl resins is attempted for imparting successfully photosensitive functionality. Thus, the photosensitivity of cinnamoylated poly(allyl benzoate) was first examined in detail as a model photoreaction of cinnamoylated allyl resins. Cinnamoylated poly(diallyl phthalate) was then UV‐irradiated to yield crosslinked resin, and its photosensitivity was compared with that of other allyl resins. The highest photosensitivity was observed for cinnamoylated poly(diallyl phthalate), although the mobility of the main polymer chain was considered to be lowest; this may be ascribed to the function of phthaloyl groups as photosensitizers.
Amphiphilic graft copolymer latex membranes. VI. Poly(vinyl alcohol)–acrylonitrile–N‐hydroxyethyl acrylamide graft copolymer latex membranes
Authors: Hirabayashi Yoshiaki , Satoh Hiroyuki , Ogawa Hiroshi , Ohtsuka Yasuji 
Published: April 2003

AbstractPoly(vinyl alcohol)(PVA)–acrylonitrile(AN)–N‐hydroxyethyl acrylamide (HEAAm) graft copolymer latex membranes were prepared and properties of the membranes were compared with those of PVA–AN graft latex membranes and Cuprophane PT‐150. The physical constants of HEAAm were determined and the tautomerization between hydroxyethyl amide group and aminoethyl ester group upon pH changes was ascertained by infrared spectrum of poly(HEAAm) film. An increase in HEAAm content in the membrane enhanced permeabilities of solute in aqueous solutions in comparison with PVA–AN graft latex membranes, maintaining good mechanical properties in wet state. With pH variation, the permeability of the nonionic solute was unchanged, but that of the anionic solute in acidic condition was superior to that in basic condition, and the permeability of the cationic solute exhibited the opposite trend. The behavior of ionic solute were attributable to the effect of the tautomerization of the functional group in the membrane.
Modified chlorinated polypropylene as a polymer fire retardant additive in polyhydrocarbons
Authors: Koutinas A. A. , Kalfoglou N. K. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractPartly modified chlorinated polypropylene (CPP) with dimethyl phosphonate side groups was prepared by reacting trimethyl phosphites and CPP at 115°C (Arbuzov type reaction). Products having different phosphorus and chlorine content were obtained, and the reduction of number‐average molecular weight M̄n with the extent of the degree of substitution was studied. The dimethyl phosphonate groups incorporated were studied by IR spectroscopy (POC at 9.6 μ and P → O at 8 μ). All products had a yellow color that may be attributed to double bond formation caused by a side dehydrochlorination reaction. Some differences of thermal stability were observed from the DSC and TGA thermograms, and no significant Tg value changes between phosphorylated products and CPP were indicated in the thermomechanical spectra. The flame retardancy of the phosphorylated products and the blends obtained by the addition of partly phosphorylated CPP to polyhydrocarbons such as polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polystyrene (PS) was studied using the oxygen index test. The flame retardancy of these blends was compared with the flammability of the same polyhydrocarbons containing CPP. From this comparison it is concluded that the partly phosphorylated CPP is more effective as a flame retardant additive for PE, PP, and PS than itself.
Polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate with poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers using Fe+2–H2O2 redox system
Authors: Hebeish A. , Shalaby S. , Waly A. , Bayazeed A. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractFe+2–H2O2 redox system initiated polymerization reactions of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) from aqueous solution with poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibers (PET) were investigated. The polymer add‐on is greatly influenced by H2O2 concentration, GMA concentration, as well as reaction time and temperature. Polymer add‐on was directly related to H2O2 concentration up to 30 meq/L and GMA concentration up to 4%. Further increase in concentrations of H2O2 and GMA resulted in lower polymer add‐on. Raising the reaction temperature from 65°C to 95°C caused a significant enhancement in the rate of polymerization, the latter follows the order 95 > 85 > 75 > 65°C. However, at 65°C, the polymerization reaction showed an induction period of about 120 min, in contrast with reactions at 75°C, 85°C, and 95°C, where no induction period was observed though the polymer add‐on was quite low at 75°C during the initial stages of the reaction. Using dimethylformamide (DMF) alone or mixed with water as polymerization medium offset the polymerization reaction. Incorporation of thioureadioxide in the polymerization system decreased the polymer add‐on significantly.
Behavior of chemically modified cottons towards thermal treatment. II. Cyanoethylated cotton
Authors: El‐Rafie M. H. , Khalil E. M. , Abdel‐Hafiz S. A. , Hebeish A. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractMill‐scoured and bleached cotton fabric, alkali‐treated cotton, and cyanoethylated cottons having 0.1%, 0.47%, 0.89%, and 1.25% nitrogen were subjected to thermal treatments. The latter were carried out at different temperatures for different durations of time. Chemical degradation of the substrates brought about by thermal treatments was assessed by copper number, carboxylic groups, nitrogen content, and degree of polymerization whereas deterioration was measured by tensile strength and elongation at break. It was found that: (a) alkali‐treated cotton undergoes higher degradation than cyanoethylated cottons; (b) cyanoethylated cottons are more susceptible to degradation than the original (mill‐scoured and bleached) cotton; (c) the magnitude of deterioration of the substrate is determined by the previous chemical treatments; and (d) with cyanoethylated cotton, the higher the cyanoethyl content (expressed as % nitrogen) the greater the DP and tensile strength.
Studies on suspension and emulsion. LX. Composite polymer emulsion film with temperature‐sensitive properties
Authors: Okubo Masayoshi , Seike Masahiro , Matsumoto Tsunetaka 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe mechanical and optical properties of film cast from poly(ethyl acrylate)/polystyrene composite emulsion prepared by seeded emulsion polymerization were changed drastically by heat treatment. Such temperature‐sensitive properties can be controlled by regulating the contents and the glass transition temperature of polymer. It was concluded that such a specific phenomenon is due to phase inversion in the heterogeneous structure of the film derived from the particle morphology determined by the polymerization recipe.
Stabilization of gamma‐irradiated poly(vinyl chloride) by epoxy compounds. I. Radiation yield of hydrogen chloride and changes of epoxy group concentration in gamma‐irradiated PVC–stabilizer mixtures
Authors: Lerke G. , Lerke I. , Szymański W. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe GHCl values of γ‐irradiated PVC mixtures and the changes of the epoxy group concentration were studied after addition of various amounts of five epoxy stabilizers: diglycidyl ether of 2, 2‐bis(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl phenyl)propane (I), diglycidyl ether of 2, 2‐bis(4‐hydroxy‐3‐nitrophenyl)‐propane (II), styrene oxide (1, 2‐epoxy ethyl benzene) (IV), epoxidized ricinus oil (VI), and epoxidized soybean oil (Drapex 6.8.) (VII). It is stated that only about 50% of epoxy groups, declining in the system, take part in binding of HCl; the rest of these groups disappear as a consequence of other reactions. In connection with the data of the previous paper,1 the results presented indicate that the process of stabilization goes in two stages. In the first stage the process consists of the HCl capture by the epoxy groups; in the second stage, due to the remaining part of the stabilizer molecule, a protective effect occurs. This effect consists, for the stabilizers I, II, IV, of gaining the energy by the benzene ring and, for the stabilizers VI, VII, of a mechanical drawing of polymer chains, which makes the energy transfer more difficult. Having the greatest content of epoxy oxygen (about 10%), the styrene oxide (IV) stabilizes best.
Polymerization of acrylamide using the hydrogen peroxide–hydroxylamine couple
Authors: Kay Theresa A. , Rodriguez Ferdinand 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe large heat of polymerization for acrylamide makes the measurement of conversion by temperature rise in an adiabatic system quite convenient. The initial monomer concentration in the reaction medium ranged from 0.2 to 0.8 mol/kg while the concentration of the two initiator components was varied from 1 to 100 mmol/kg. The adiabatic reactor was an aluminum beaker with a thin internal organic liner. The reactor was insulated and shielded. Approximate reactor charge was 200g. Iron has a pronounced accelerating effect on the rate. The predominant reaction appears to be the iron‐catalyzed decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of small amounts of hydroxylamine hydrochloride. At hydroxylamine to peroxide ratios greater than about 1:2, there seems to be no further benefit from hydroxylamine additions. The activation energy is lowered by the addition of iron decreasing from 18.7 kcal/mol with no added iron to 4.5 kcal/mol when the system contains 1 ppm iron.
Effect of clay on vulcanization, network structure, and technical properties of natural rubber in the presence of silane coupling agents
Authors: Pal Pranab K. , Chakravarty S. N. , De S. K. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractThe presence of silane coupling agents do not cause a change in network structure in clay‐filled natural rubber vulcanizates, both in sulfur vulcanization and peroxide vulcanization systems. However, the improvement in technical properties in the presence of silane coupling agents is more in the peroxide vulcanization system and is accompanied by enhanced polymer—filler interactions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies have been made in order to understand the failure behavior.
Antioxidant effects during blade abrasion of natural rubber
Authors: Pulford C. T. R. 
Published: April 2003

AbstractA blade abrasion device similar to that developed by Champ, Southern, and Thomas has been used to determine the wear rates of everal simple carbon black‐filled natural rubber materials over a range of frictional loading at room temperature in air. The materials show two mechanisms of wear depending on the amount of frictional load applied. Smearing, the mechanochemical decomposition of the wearing surface leading to a tarlike wear product, occurs at low frictional loads and is replaced by particulate debris created by cohesive rupture at higher frictional loading. It was found that a representative alkyl/aryl paraphenylenediamine and hindered phenol antioxidant were only effective in reducing the rate of wear during smearing, when degradation processes are important. Furthermore, the reduction in wear rate during smearing was quite similar for these two antioxidants.