bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The bed nucleus‐amygdala continuum in human and monkey
Authors: Price Donald L. , Martin Lee J. , Powers Richard E. , Dellovade Tammy L. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe cytoarchitecture and distributions of seven neuropeptides were examined in the the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST), substantia innominata (SI), and central and medial nuclei of the amygdala of human and monkey to determine whether neurons of these regions form an anatomical continuum in primate brain. The BST and centromedial amygdala have common cyto‐ and chemo‐architectonic characteristics, and these regions are components of a distinct neuronal complex. This neuronal continuum extends dorsally, with the stria terminalis, from the BST and merges with the amygdala; it extends ventrally from the BST through the SI to the centromedial amygdala. The cytoarchitectonics of the BST‐amygdala complex are heterogeneous and compartmental. The BST is parcellated broadly into anterior, lateral, medial, ventral, supracapsular, and sublenticular divisions. The central and medial nuclei of the amygdala are also parcellated into several subdivisions. Neurons of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala are similar to neurons in the lateral and medial divisions of the BST, respectively. Neurons in the SI form cellular bridges between the BST and amygdala. The BST, SI, and amygdala share several neuropeptide transmitters, and patterns of peptide immunoreactivity parallel cytological findings. Specific chemoarchitectonic zones were delineated by perikaryal, peridendritic/perisomatic, axonal, and terminal immunoreactivities. The results of this investigation demonstrate that there is a neuronal continuity between the BST and amygdala and that the BST‐amygdala complex is prominent and discretely compartmental in forebrains of human and monkey.
Peptidergic and serotoninergic innervation of the rat dura mater
Authors: Keller Jeffrey T. , Marfurt Carl F. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe peptidergic and serotoninergic innervation of the rat dura mater was investigated by reacting dural wholemounts immunohistochemically with antibodies to calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), neuropeptide Y (NPY), vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), and serotonin (5‐HT). CGRP and SP innervations of the dura were robust and the patterns of distribution of these neuropeptides were essentially the same. The majority of the fibers were perivascular and distributed to branches of the anterior and middle meningeal arteries and to the superior sagittal and transverse sinuses. Other CGRP/SP fibers appeared to end “free” within the dural connective tissue. NPY‐immunoreactive fibers were extremely numerous and also distributed heavily to the branches of the meningeal arteries, the venous sinuses, and to the dural connective tissue. The pattern of NPY innervation resembled in many ways that of CGRP/SP; however, NPY innervation of the sinuses was greater and NPY perivascular fibers supplying the meningeal arteries formed more intimate contacts with the walls of the vessels. The pattern of VIP innervation was, in general, similar to that observed for the three previous neuropeptides; however, the overall density was considerably less. Small to moderate numbers of serotoninergic nerve fibers were observed in some, but not all, of the duras processed for 5‐HT. The latter fibers were almost exclusively perivascular in distribution. Dural mast cells were prominently stained in the 5‐HT preparations because of their serotonin content. Mast cells were also labeled in a nonspecific fashion in some of the tissues reacted immunohistochemically for neuropeptides; some of them were located in close apposition to passing nerve fibers.This study represents, to our knowledge, the first comprehensive work on the peptidergic and serotoninergic innervation of the mammalian dura mater. The results should increase our understanding of the roles that these fibers play in normal dural physiology and of their potential interactions in the pathogenesis of vascular headache.
Glycine‐receptor immunoreactivity in retinal bipolar cells is postsynaptic to glycinergic and GABAergic amacrine cell synapses
Authors: Yazulla Stephen , Studholme Keith M. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractGlycinergic innervation of the synaptic terminals of mixed rod‐cone bipolar cells in the goldfish retina was investigated by electron microscopical immunocytochemistry with presynaptic and postsynaptic markers for glycinergic neurons: a monoclonal antibody (mAb 7A) against the 93 kDa subunit of the strychnine‐sensitive glycine receptor and polyclonal antisera against a glycine/BSA conjugate. Conventional “glycinergic” synaptic contacts, made by amacrine cell processes, accounted for 7–10% of the input to the bipolar cell terminals, whether determined by glycine receptor immunoreactivity (GlyR‐IR) or glycine‐IR. In addition to the conventional synapses, the large bipolar cell terminals in the proximal inner plexiform layer (type Mb) gave rise to spinules (spine‐like protrusions) that invaginated into presynaptic amacrine cell processes. Although 85% of the spinules were GlyR‐IR, no spinules were postsynaptic to glycine‐IR processes; yet 86% of the spinules were postsynaptic to GAD‐IR processes, suggesting that the GlyR‐IR spinules were postsynaptic to GABAergic terminals. Furthermore, a single amacrine cell process could make two synapses with an Mb terminal: a GlyR‐IR contact onto a spinule and a conventional synapse that was not GlyR‐IR. We suggest that glycinergic innervation of bipolar cell terminals involves conventional glycinergic synapses as well as an unconventional situation in which GABA and glycine may interact in as yet undetermined manner, perhaps by potentiatio.
Rod‐signal interneurons in the rabbit retina: 1. Rod bipolar cells
Authors: Young Heather M. , Vaney David I. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe cellular morphology and topographic distribution of the rod bipolar cells in the rabbit retina have been investigated by selective labelling with protein kinase C‐immunohistochemistry (Negishi et al., Neurosci. Lett. 94:247–252, 1988) and by Lucifer Yellow injection of microscopically identified cells in a superfused retinal preparation. The distribution of the rod bipolar cells parallels that of their input neurons, the rod photoreceptors, in that the rod bipolars reach maximum densities of 5,000–7,000 cells/mm2 on the inferior and superior flanks of the visual streak, dropping to slightly lower densities at the peak visual streak. The centre‐to‐periphery density gradient of the rod bipolars is about 2.5:1, and the density ratio of rods to rod bipolars shows little variation across the retina, ranging from 43:1 in superior retina to 58:1 in inferior retina. The dendritic field area of the rod bipolar cells increases from 600 μm2 on the visual streak to 1,200 μm2 in the far‐superior retina, with each point on the retina overlapped by 2.5–3.5 dendritic fields. The axonal field area of the rod bipolar cells increases from about 100 μm2 at the peak visual streak to about 250 μm2 at the retina edge, and the axonal field coverage ranges from 0.55 in the visual streak to about 0.8 in peripheral retina. Although there appear to be gaps in the local array of rod bipolar somata, these areas are covered by the axonal arbours of neighbouring rod bipolar cell.
Immunocytochemical localization of phosphatase inhibitor‐1 in rat brain
Authors: Gustafson Eric L. , Girault Jean‐Antoine , Hemmings Hugh C. , Nairn Angus C. , Greengard Paul 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe localization of phosphatase inhibitor‐1 was investigated in rat brain by use of immunocytochemistry. Studies were performed with an affinity purified IgG raised against purified rabbit skeletal muscle inhibitor‐1. In rat brain tissue homogenates, this antibody reacted only with a 29 kDa protein corresponding to inhibitor‐1. Immunocytochemical studies with this antibody revealed numerous immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers. The highest concentration of immunoreactive perikarya was observed in the caudate‐putamen and nucleus accumbens, and these appeared to be exclusively medium‐sized neurons. Other areas containing substantial populations of immunoreactive neurons included the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, lateral hypothalamus, horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca, dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation, habenula, superior colliculus, claustrum, endopiriform nuclei, and neocortex. The distribution of terminals containing inhibitor‐1 coincided with the distribution of terminal fields known to originate from the above regions. Thus, plexuses of immunoreactive axons were seen in the globus pallidus, substantia nigra pars reticulata, para ventricular hypothalamus, dorsal thalamus, CA3 region of the hippocampus, and interpeduncular nucleus. These results demonstrate that phosphatase inhibitor‐1, a cyclic AMP‐regulated inhibitor of phosphatase‐1, is differentially distributed in the rat CNS. Given the widespread role of protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in intracellular signal transduction, these results suggest that neurons containing high levels of inhibitor‐1 may share common, hitherto unrecognized, properties in terms of neurotransmitter regulation and/or responsivenes.
Transient retinal axon collaterals to visual and somatosensory thalamus in neonatal hamsters
Authors: Langdon Ronald B. , Frost Douglas O. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractWe have studied the postnatal development of individual axons in the optic tract and thalamus of the Syrian hamster, concentrating attention on retinal ganglion cell axons that make a transient projection to the main somatosensory nucleus, the ventrobasal complex. We bulk‐filled axons with horseradish peroxidase in hemithalami maintained en bloc, in vitro. After processing and reaction with diaminobenzidine, we reconstructed individual axons from serial sections. In hamsters and other rodents, the optic tract is composed of superficial and internal components, either or both being possible sources of the retino‐ventrobasal projection. Both project to the midbrain, but in normal adults only the superficial optic tract maintains collaterals in the thalamus. We found that the axons of the internal component bear numerous transient thalamic collaterals on postnatal days 0, 1, and 2, and some of these extend into the ventrobasal complex. Axons in the superficial optic tract also bear collaterals on days 0 to 2, but these are confined to the superficial half of the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. Thus the transient retino‐ventrobasal projection comprises solely transient collaterals originating from axon trunks in the internal optic tract. On days 1 and 2, some collaterals from the superficial optic tract appear to have begun to arborize in the lateral geniculate nucleus. In contrast, collaterals from internal optic tract axons to the ventrobasal complex branch little if at all as they traverse the lateral geniculate nucleus, and at no time prior to their elimination do they develop an appreciable terminal arbor. These long collaterals often terminate in growth cones that include lamellopodia. Our HRP‐impregnation method also revealed some transient non‐retinofugal axons that pass medially from the ventral lateral geniculate nucleus to the ventrobasal complex but then return without terminating or branching. By day 4, they are absent, as are collaterals from the internal optic tract to the ventrobasal comple.
Immunolocalization studies of putative guidance molecules used by axons and growth cones of intersegmental interneurons in the chick embryo spinal cord
Authors: Shiga Takashi , Oppenheim Ronald W. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe earliest developing interneurons in the chick spinal cord can be divided into two groups: neurons in the ventral region whose axons pioneer the primitive longitudinal pathway (PL‐cells) and neurons whose axons project circumferentially (C‐cells) along the lateral marginal zone and join the ipsilateral or contralateral ventrolateral longitudinal pathways. To begin to examine the molecular cues for axonal pathway formation of these interneurons, we screened a variety of molecules from embryonic day (E) 2 to E6.5 [stage 14–30 of Hamburger and Hamilton (1951) J. Morphol. 88:49–92]. These include cell adhesion and related molecules (G4, F11, neurofascin, N‐cadherin, TAG‐1‐like molecule), extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules (laminin, fibronectin, heparan sulfate proteoglycan, laminin‐heparan sulfate proteoglycan complex, and collagen type IV), and receptors for ECM molecules (β1‐class integrin). PL‐cells first expressed neurofascin at stage 14+ before the onset of axonogenesis. When the PL‐cells began to extend their axons at stage 15, they expressed G4 and avian TAG‐1‐like molecules, as well as neurofascin, on both cell bodies and longitudinal axons. In the following stages, PL‐cells continued to strongly express neurofascin and G4 on their fasciculating axons, suggesting the involvement of these glycoproteins in growth and fasciculation. C‐cells began to express G4 and TAG‐1‐like molecules on cell bodies and axons at stage 15–16 shortly after axonal growth. In the following stages, C‐cells expressed several cell adhesion molecules differentially on their axonal segments. The proximal segment of C‐axons in the circumferential pathway strongly expressed a TAG‐1‐like molecule, whereas the distal segment in the longitudinal pathway strongly expressed G4 and neurofascin. The commissural axonal segment in the floor plate expressed TAG‐1‐like molecule, neurofascin, N‐cadherin, and β‐class integrin. The basement membrane around the spinal cord was enriched with ECM glycoproteins (laminin, fibronectin, heparan sulfate proteoglycan, and collagen type TV) during the stages examined (stage 15–27), and commissural C‐cell axons became strongly integrin positive in the floor plate where they contacted the basement membrane. These data indicate that interneurons may use multiple molecules during axonal pathway formation, depending on cell type, pathway position, and developmental stag.
Acoustic chiasm III: Nature, distribution, and sources of afferents to the lateral superior olive in the cat
Authors: Glendenning K. K. , Masterton R. B. , Baker B. N. , Wenthold R. J. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe outcomes of seven experiments are reported, each directed to the nature and sources of the excitation and inhibition impinging on the lateral superior olive (LSO) in cats. In the first experiment, we used conventional 14C 2‐DG methods to determine the specificity, precision, and extent of symmetry in the stimulation reaching LSO from the ipsilateral and contralateral ears. In Experiment 2, we sought the presence of GABA and glycine receptors in LSO using conventional, in vitro receptor‐binding methods. On the basis of these results, we used in vitro high‐affinity uptake methods in Experiment 3 to seek evidence that some of the terminals as well as the receptors in LSO are glycinergic. In Experiment 4, we used immunocytochemical methods to show that the somata known to supply the contralateral projections to LSO, and their terminals in LSO, are each immunoreactive with an antibody directed to a glycine‐protein conjugate. In Experiment 5, we made use of a glycinergic neuron's avidity for transporting glycine retrogradely to label the likely sources of the glycinergic terminals in LSO. In Experiment 6, we used immunocytochemical methods to show that the spherical and globular cells of the ventral cochlear nucleus and terminals, in LSO and in MTB are glutamatergic and/or aspartergic. In Experiment 7, we used receptor binding methods to determine whether the glutamate/aspartate receptors in LSO are probably of the kainate or of the quisqualate typ.The results of the several experiments suggest that probably ghitamate‐quisqualate synapses mediate LSO's ipsilaterally driven excitatory responses and glycinergic synapses mediate its contralaterally driven inhibitory responses. The two types of input appear to be well matched in LSO's medial and middle limbs with glycinergic terminals mostly perisomatic and glutamatergic terminals mostly peridendritic. However, LSO's low frequency lateral limb appears to be somewhat different; it receives less stimulation from the contralateral ear. Instead, LSO's lateral limb may receive some of its glycinergic input directly from the ipsilateral ventral cochlear nucleus and/or indirectly via the juxtaposed lateral nucleus of the trapezoid body.
Myelo‐ and cytoarchitecture of the granular frontal cortex and surrounding regions in the strepsirhine primate Galago and the anthropoid primate Macaca
Authors: Preuss Todd M. , Goldman‐Rakic Patricia S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractAs the first part of a comparative investigation of primate frontal cortex, we compared the frontal architectonic organization of Galago, a small‐brained, strepsirhine (or “prosimian”) primate, to that of an anthropoid primate, Macaca, by using myelin‐ and Nissl‐stained material. We were able to distinguish many more areas in both taxa than have been recognized in most previous studies of the primate frontal lobe. In particular, we were able to subdivide many of the areas shown in the commonly cited architectonic map of Walker (J. Comp. Neurol. 73:59–86. 1940). Delineation of areas was greatly facilitated by the use of the Gallyas technique for staining myeli.The areal organization of much of frontal cortex (specifically, the premotor, orbital, and medial regions) appears to be very similar in Galago and Macaca. In these regions, we were able to recognize the same complement of areas in both taxa, with few exceptions. In the granular frontal cortex (GFC), by contrast, we were able to distinguish about twice as many areas in Macaca as in Galago. For most of the GFC areas of Galago, there are architectonically similar areas in Macaca; the areas shared by both taxa correspond mainly to the arcuate and superior areas of Macaca (i.e., the region encompassed by Walker's areas 45, 8A, and 8B). However, there are many additional, more rostral, areas in Macaca for which there are no obvious homologues in Galago. In particular, Galago lacks cortex resembling the distinctive, lightly myelinated cortex of the Macaca principal sulcus (Walker's area 46 and its subdivisions)Our results are difficult to reconcile with the view that frontal lobe organization varies little across taxa. Rather, they suggest that granular frontal cortex underwent considerable change during primate evolution, including the addition of new areas in anthropoids.
Ipsilateral cortical connections of granular frontal cortex in the strepsirhine primate Galago, with comparative comments on anthropoid primates
Authors: Preuss Todd M. , Goldman‐Rakic Patricia S. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractModern studies of granular frontal cortex (GFC) in large‐brained, anthropoid primates, such as Macaca, indicate that this region is comprised of many areal subdivisions. These areas vary in their architectonic appearance and each has a distinctive, diverse set of corticocortical connections. The great extent of the GFC region in anthropoids, and its high degree of areal parcellation, suggest that some GFC areas may be specializations of anthropoids, not found in other mammals. To investigate this possibility, we studied the corticocortical connections of GFC in the relatively small‐brained, strepsirhine primate Galago, with a series of eight tracer injections in the frontal cortex, and an additional eight injections of parietal and temporal cortex. Tracers used were wheat‐germ agglutinin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase and tritiated amino acid.Our results indicate that Galago GFC has strong, reciprocal connections with the parietal area‐7 complex and with higher‐order temporal areas; there are additional connections with extrastriate visual cortex, parahippocampal, and cingulate areas, and frontal cortex. Thus GFC has an extremely diverse array of cortical connections in Galago, as in Macaca. However, we also found that the pattern of parietofrontal connections is simpler in Galago than in Macaca. Specifically, parietal areas project to fewer discrete zones within the GFC of Galago, consistent with the view that these animals have fewer GFC areas than Macaca. In addition, Galago GFC possesses connections that specifically resemble those of Macaca arcuate cortex, but lacks connectional patterns that are characteristic of principals cortex. These results are in accord with our previous architectonic studies, which indicated that Galago does not possess homologues of principalis areas. We conclude that the arcuate areas are common elements of primate GFC organization, while the areas located within and adjacent to the principal sulcus are anthropoid specializations.
Origin of neuronal inputs to the region of the tuberomammillary nucleus of the rat brain
Authors: Ericson Hans , Blomqvist Anders , Köohler Christer 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThe origin of afferent connections of the hypothalamic tuberomammillary nucleus has been examined by using retrograde and anterograde tracing techniques. Retrogradely labeled neurons were found in about 70 cell groups of the forebrain and brainstem after injection of tracer into the ventral subgroup of the tuberomammillary nucleus. The majority of the labeled neurons were seen in the forebrain, with particularly large numbers in the infralimbic cortex, lateral septal nucleus, and preoptic region.The anterograde tracing experiments supported the general results of the retrograde tracing experiments. However, we did not observe any single cell group that selectively projected to the cell‐rich core of the nucleus. In general, only a few fibers entered the core, whereas many labeled fibers seemed to terminate immediately adjacent to the cell group. Thus the target for the afferents is not primarily the perikarya of the neurons of the tuberomammillary nucleus, but either dendrites radiating out from the nucleus or neurons not belonging to the tuberomammillary nucleus.The results of the present study demonstrate that the histaminergic tuberomammillary nucleus derives its main input from the limbic forebrain. Through their widespread projections, the histaminergic neurons may transmit information originating from the limbic system to most if not all parts of the brain.
Thyrotropin‐releasing hormone‐immunoreactive projections to the dorsal motor nucleus and the nucleus of the solitary tract of the rat
Authors: Lynn Richard B. , Kreider Margaret S. , Miselis Richard R. 
Published: January 2005

AbstractThyrotropin‐releasing hormone‐immunoreactive nerve terminals heavily innervate the dorsal motor nucleus and nucleus of the solitary tract, whereas cell bodies containing thyrotropin‐releasing hormone reside most densely in the hypothalamus and raphe nuclei. By using double‐labeling techniques accomplished by retrograde transport of Fluoro‐Gold following microinjection into the dorsal motor nucleus/nucleus of the solitary tract combined with immunohistochemistry for thyrotropin‐releasing hormone, it was demonstrated that thyrotropin‐releasing hormone‐immunoreactive neurons projecting to the dorsal motor nucleus/nucleus of the solitary tract reside in the nucleus raphe pallidus, nucleus raphe obscurus, and the parapyramidal region of the ventral medulla, but not in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. The parapyramidal region includes an area along the ventral surface of the caudal medulla, lateral to the pyramidal tract and inferior olivary nucleus and ventromedial to the lateral reticular nucleus. Varying the position of the Fluoro‐Gold injection site revealed a rostral to caudal topographic organization of these raphe and parapyramidal projections.