bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cryopreservation of tissue engineered constructs for bone
Authors: Kofron Michelle D. , Opsitnick Natalie C. , Attawia Mohamed A. , Laurencin Cato T. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThe large‐scale clinical use of tissue engineered constructs will require provisions for its mass availability and accessibility. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the effects of low temperature (–196°C) on the tissue engineered biological system. Initial studies used samples of the osteoblast‐like cell line (SaOS‐2) adhered to a two‐dimensional poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) thin film (2D‐PLAGA) or a three‐dimensional poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) sintered microsphere matrix (3D‐PLAGA) designed for bone tissue engineering. Experimental samples were tested for their ability to maintain cell viability, following low temperature banking for one week, in solutions of the penetrating cryoprotective agents, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), ethylene glycol, and glycerol. Results indicated the DMSO solution yielded the greatest percent cell survival for SaOS‐2 cells adhered to both the 2D‐ and 3D‐PLAGA scaffolds; therefore, DMSO was used to cryopreserve mineralizing primary rabbit osteoblasts cells adhered to 2D‐PLAGA matrices for 35 days. Results indicated retention of the extracellular matrix architecture as no statistically significant difference in the pre‐ and post‐thaw mineralized structures was measured. Percent cell viability of the mineralized constructs following low temperature storage was approximately 50%. These are the first studies to address the issue of preservation techniques for tissue engineered constructs. The ability to successfully cryopreserve mineralized tissue engineered matrices for bone may offer an unlimited and readily available source of bone‐like materials for orthopaedic applications. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Electromyographic activity and strength during maximum isometric pronation and supination efforts in healthy adults
Authors: Gordon Karen D. , Pardo Richard D. , Johnson James A. , King Graham J. W. , Miller Thomas A. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThere exists a lack of quantitative data in the literature related to the torque produced during axial forearm rotation and the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the muscles involved. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the relative EMG activity of four forearm muscles during resisted forearm rotation. A custom‐built device capable of measuring torque in the absence of grip was employed. Fourteen healthy volunteers performed maximum isometric voluntary contractions in five positions of axial forearm rotation for both pronation and supination. EMG data were collected simultaneously from the supinator, biceps, pronator quadratus (deep and superficial heads), and pronator teres muscles using fine‐wire bipolar electrodes. Data were analyzed to determine the contributions of each muscle to pronation and supination torque over five positions of forearm rotation. In the absence of grip no significant difference was found between supination and pronation torque in neutral position. Supination torque generation was greater in the pronated forearm positions, and pronation torque was greater in the supinated positions (p < 0.05). A root‐mean‐square EMG analysis verified the major contributions of the pronator teres and both heads of the pronator quadratus muscle to pronation torque, and supinator and biceps to supination torque. The deep head of the pronator quadratus was active during both pronation and supination, lending support to the theory that it may act primarily as a dynamic distal radioulnar joint stabilizer. This information may be helpful in upper extremity modeling, surgical treatments, and rehabilitation strategies. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Erythromycin inhibits wear debris‐induced osteoclastogenesis by modulation of murine macrophage NF‐κB activity
Authors: Ren Weiping , Li Xiao Hua , Chen Ben D. , Wooley Paul H. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractActivation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐κkB) signaling in response to cell stimulation by wear debris may be critical in the pathogenesis of aseptic loosening. Erythromycin (EM), a macrolide antibiotic, has been shown to effectively suppress some types of inflammatory reactions. In this study, we examined the effect of EM on wear debris‐induced osteoclastic bone resorption in vitro. EM inhibited Ca+ release from neonatal calvaria co‐cultured with conditioned medium from mouse RAW264.7 macrophages activated by wear debris. Inhibition of Ca+ release was associated with a decreased number of tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)‐positive cells in cultured bones. To investigate the mechanism whereby EM inhibits bone‐resorption, RAW cells were incubated with wear debris in the presence EM. Real time RT‐CR analysis revealed that EM (5 μg/ml) significantly inhibited mRNA expression of NF‐κB, cathepsin K (CPK), IL‐1β and TNFα, but not RANK in RAW cells stimulated with wear debris. Furthermore, electrophoretic mobility‐shift assay showed that EM (0.2 μg‐5 μg/ml) could reduce DNA‐binding activity of NF‐κB in RAW cells stimulated with wear debris. The inhibition of inflammatory osteoclastogenesis by EM treatment was further confirmed by an osteoclast (OC) formation assay using primary cultures of mouse bone marrow progenitor cells stimulated with macrophage colony‐stimulating factor and RANK ligand (RANKL). EM treatment (5 μg/ml) resulted in more than 70% reduction in multinucleated OC formation and 50% reduction of TRAP+ cells by bone marrow progenitor cells. Our findings support that EM suppresses wear debris‐induced osteoclastic bone resorption by, at least, down‐regulation of NF‐κB signaling pathway. It appears that EM represents a potential therapeutic candidate for the treatment and prevention of aseptic loosening. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Pathology of lumbar nerve root compression Part 2: Morphological and immunohistochemical changes of dorsal root ganglion
Authors: Kobayashi Shigeru , Yoshizawa Hidezo , Yamada Shuuichi 
Published: June 2003

AbstractStudy design: This study is to investigate the changes of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) induced by mechanical compression using in vivo model.Objectives: The effect of axonal flow disturbance induced by nerve root compression was determined in DRG.Summary of background data: The dorsal root ganglion should not be overlooked when considering the mechanism of low back pain and sciatica, so it is important to understand the morphologic and functional changes that occur in primary sensory neurons of the dorsal root ganglion as a result of nerve root compression. However, few studies have looked at changes of neurons within the dorsal root ganglion caused by disturbance of axonal flow and the axon reaction as a result of mechanical compression of the dorsal root through which the central branches of the primary sensory nerves pass.Methods: In mongrel dogs, the seventh lumbar nerve root was compressed for 24 h, one week, or three weeks using a clip with a pressure of 7.5 gf. Morphologic changes of the primary sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglion secondary to the axon reaction were examined by light and electron microscopy. Changes of immunostaining for substance P (SP), calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), and somatostatin (SOM) in the primary sensory neurons affected by central chromatolysis after nerve root compression were also examined.Results: Light microscopy showed central chromatolysis of neurons in the dorsal root ganglion from one week after the start of compression. Electron microscopy of the affected neurons revealed movement of the nucleus to the cell periphery and the loss of rough endo‐plasmic reticulum and mitochondria from the central region. Immunohistochemical studies showed a marked decrease of SP, CGRP, and SOM staining in small ganglion cells with central chromatolysis when compared with cells from control ganglia.Conclusion: It is important to be aware that in patients with nerve root compression due to lumbar disc herniation or lumbar canal stenosis, dysfunction is not confined to degeneration at the site of compression, but also extends to the primary sensory neurons within the dorsal root ganglion as a result of the axon reaction. Patients with sensory disturbance should therefore be fully informed of the fact that these symptoms will not resolve immediately after surgery. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Effect of shock‐wave therapy on patellar tendinopathy in a rabbit model
Authors: Hsu Robert Wen‐Wei , Hsu Wei‐Hsiu , Tai Ching‐Lung , Lee Kam‐Fai 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThis study investigated the effect of shock‐wave therapy (SWT) on collagenase induced tendinopathy in the rabbit patellar tendon. Eighteen rabbits were treated by ultrasonography‐guided injection of 0.025 ml collagenase into the patellar tendon in both knees. After tendinopathy was confirmed at 3 weeks post‐treatment by the histological examination, SWT was initiated to the right patellar tendon involving 1500 cycles at 0.29 mJ/mm2 in two separated weekly courses from 4 weeks post‐treatment. The rabbits were randomly divided into two groups, which were sacrificed at the 4th and 16th week after SWT, respectively. The histological examination, the mechanical and biochemical tests then were performed. The ultimate tensile load in the SWT tendon increased 7.03% at 4 week and 10.34% at 16 week after treatment as compared to the sham group. Hydroxyproline concentrations increased in the SWT tendons over both the 4 and 16 weeks after treatment. Moreover, the pyridinoline concentration increased at the 4th week but decreased at 16th week as compared to the sham group. The histological examination demonstrated increased blast‐like tenocyte at the 4th week, while more mature tenocyte with neovasculization at the 16th week. The result obtained here validates the effectiveness of the SWT in the established tendinopathy. SWT may increase collagen synthesis and collagen crosslink formation during early healing process. © 2003 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A method for controlling for a high placebo response rate in a comparison of venlafaxine XR and diazepam in the short-term treatment of patients with generalised anxiety disorder
Authors: Hackett David , Haudiquet Vincent , Salinas Eliseo 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThis randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study compared the efficacy of venlafaxine XR (75 or 150 mg/d) with diazepam (15 mg/d) over an 8-week treatment period in 540 non-depressed outpatients with generalised anxiety disorder (GAD). At week 8, significant improvements from baseline were observed in the venlafaxine XR, diazepam and placebo groups. Although these improvements were higher in the first two groups than in the placebo group for each of the primary efficacy variables (Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HAM-A) total, HAM-A psychic anxiety factor, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HAD) anxiety sub-scale and Clinical Global Impression (CGI) improvement), there were no statistically significant differences between groups. These non-positive results were thought to be due to the very high placebo response observed in some centres. To understand the variability of the study, a secondary preplanned analysis was performed. This involved sub-dividing the study centres according to their ability to detect a two-point mean difference between diazepam and placebo at week 8 on the HAM-A total score. Centres able to show such a difference were termed verum-sensitive. Improvements from baseline to week 8 in venlafaxine XR-treated patients from verum-sensitive centres were significantly greater than in placebo on each of the primary efficacy measures (P ≤ 0.05). This suggests that those centres able to detect an anxiolytic effect of diazepam were also able to detect an anxiolytic effect of venlafaxine XR. Significant differences in baseline demographics, rates of adverse event reporting and rates of patient discontinuations were noted between patients enrolled at verum-sensitive and verum-insensitive sites. These results reflect the importance of study centre selection in accurately determining efficacy in placebo-controlled trials.
Induction of mania by rTMS: report of two cases
Authors: Sakkas Pavlos , Mihalopoulou Panajiota , Mourtzouhou Polyxeni , Psarros Costas , Masdrakis Vassilios , Politis Antonis , Christodoulou George N. 
Published: June 2003

AbstractThere is some evidence that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) may be effective in treating depression. Using an intensive methodology of rTMS in two drug-resistant patients, we observed a good antidepressant effect, but also, induction of manic symptoms.
Depression and anxiety in coronary artery bypass grafting patients
Authors: Rymaszewska Joanna , Kiejna Andrzej , Hadryś Tomasz 
Published: June 2003

AbstractPurposeHeart surgery is a factor triggering off specific emotional and physiological responses of a patient. In spite of positive somatic effects of surgery, depression and anxiety can persist or appear for the first time after the operation worsening the patient’s psychosocial functioning and quality of life. The aim of this study is to offer a prospective view on the incidence and course of self-reported depression and anxiety in coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) patients.Subject and methodsAfter informed consent, 53 patients who submitted to CABG were examined a few days before and after the operation and 3 months after CABG. They completed the Spielberger Anxiety Questionnaire and Beck Depression Inventory.ResultsApproximately 55% of the patients had high a level of anxiety preoperatively. Shortly after the surgery, 34% of patients and after 3 months 32% of them had clinically relevant level of anxiety. Thirty-two percent of patients before the surgery, 28% immediately after CABG and 26% at follow-up were depressed.ConclusionsHigh preoperative depression, state and trait anxiety scores appear to be predictors of postoperative psychological outcome. Preoperative assessment can identify patients at risk for clinical levels of postoperative anxiety and depression. Psychological preventive counseling and psychiatric intervention can reduce patients’ emotional distress, medical and economic costs.
Quality assurance of hydroacoustic surveys: the repeatability of fish-abundance and biomass estimates in lakes within and between hydroacoustic systems
Authors: Wanzenböck Josef , Mehner Thomas , Schulz Michael , Gassner Hubert , Winfield Ian J 
Published: June 2003

AbstractIn order to obtain information on the repeatability of hydroacoustic estimates of abundance and biomass of the fish stocks in Stechlinsee (Germany) and Irrsee (Austria), we performed synchronised surveys in three expert teams using either two identical 120 kHz SIMRAD EY500 echosounders (Stechlinsee) or one such machine and a 200 kHz BioSonics DT6000 (Irrsee). At Stechlinsee, where the fish stock is dominated by Coregonus albula, the night surveys with vertical beaming were made along 12 transects with two boats, one following the other at a distance of approximately 300 m. Fish-density estimates from the two units were highly correlated, but the slope of the regression differed from the expected value of 1. The regression relating biomass estimates of the two expert teams also revealed a close correlation with the slope not being significantly different from unity. This pattern could be explained by the fact that the differences in abundance were due to small targets differentially encountered by the two teams and contributing only marginally to total fish biomass. Nevertheless, we found that the results of a single hydroacoustic survey can be reproduced reliably by an independent team using similar equipment. The comparison between different machines at Irrsee, where the fish stock is dominated by Coregonus lavaretus, was done at night with the two echosounders mounted on the same boat and running simultaneously without interference. The abundance estimates correlated significantly but more weakly than in the Stechlinsee exercise, although the echosounding systems differed in many technical specifications. Correlation of biomass estimates was found to be robust, with the slope of the regression not significantly different from unity. Hence, we found that simultaneous surveys by two expert teams using split-beam systems from completely independent manufacturers, differing in sound frequency, beam width and shape, pulse length, ping rate, acquisition software, and post-processing software, produce directly comparable biomass estimates.
Non-linear effects in a 200-kHz sound beam and the consequences for target-strength measurement
Authors: Tichy F.E , Solli H , Klaveness H 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
When estimating target strength (TS), sound pressure in the beam where the target is located has to be measured accurately. Sound pressure is normally calculated from the source level, and transmission loss is based on geometric spreading and absorption loss. Additional losses caused by non-linear acoustic propagation may be important, especially in the case of high-power, high-frequency, and highly directive sources. ‘Non-linear loss’ from the fundamental frequency is due to energy from the fundamental harmonic being transferred into higher harmonics. This loss affects the beam pattern in ways that will depend on both power and range, since the non-linear loss depends, in turn, on sound pressure. We present the results of sound-pressure measurements and simulations from a 200-kHz transducer with a beam width of 7°. Sound pressure was measured at different ranges and power levels using a broadband hydrophone to detect some of the higher harmonic frequencies that occur in non-linear acoustic propagation. The TS of a solid copper sphere was measured using a standard echosounder with no correction for non-linear loss. Our study illustrates that this can be significant and that a corresponding correction needs to be considered when estimating TS.
Synthetic echograms generated from the relative frequency response
Authors: Korneliussen Rolf J , Ona Egil 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
Calibrated, digitized data from multi-frequency echo sounders have been used to generate new, synthetic echograms. The relative frequency response measured at four acoustic frequencies (18, 38, 120, and 200 kHz) is the main acoustic feature used to characterize the acoustic targets. Synthetic echograms are used to enhance and colour-code sample volumes with similar acoustic properties. The method is invaluable during scrutinizing, particularly in areas with many types of target. Several broad acoustic categories can be clearly distinguished, and detailed examples based on different fish species and zooplankton are demonstrated. The limitations of the method are described and discussed.
Tilt angle and target strength: target tracking of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) during trawling
Authors: McQuinn Ian H , Winger Paul D 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
Vertical orientation (tilt angle) is known to affect the target strength (TS) of ensonified fish and is a large component of the variability inherent in acoustic-biomass estimates. To measure the effects of changes in tilt angle on TS during diel vertical migrations, a concentration of migrating Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) was observed acoustically from a research vessel over several days. Single-target data were collected from a split-beam echosounder and were subsequently tracked, corrected for vessel orientation and movement, and analysed for 3-dimensional displacement (speed and direction). The results revealed a large variability in TS and several patterns of swimming behaviour from random to directed orientation and movement, with changes in both vertical and horizontal displacements and inferred orientation. These behavioural patterns and their affects on TS were analysed as a function of “time-since-sunset”. Regular diel orientation patterns were observed as cod rose from the ocean bottom in the evening, increasing their tilt angle, and descended at sunrise to regain the ocean floor. Standardized TS (B20) was found to be highly correlated with tilt angle. This relationship can be used to correct for the diel changes in the TS of these migrating cod as a function of the in situ-measured tilt angle and thus to improve the accuracy of acoustic-biomass estimation.
A comparative acoustic-abundance estimation of pelagic redfish (Sebastes mentella) from hull-mounted and deep-towed acoustic systems
Authors: Dalen John , Nedreaas Kjell , Pedersen Ronald 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
During an international acoustic survey on pelagic redfish (Sebastes mentella) in the Irminger Sea in June–July 2001, a deep-towed vehicle carrying a dual-frequency SIMRAD EK60 Mk1 echosounder was used experimentally to observe and estimate redfish abundance at depths greater than 500 m. Comparison was made with the hull-mounted SIMRAD EK500 echosounder. The deep-towed echosounder improved the spatial resolution of fish in scattering layers as well as the ability to scrutinize and interpret fish echoes. The signal-to-noise ratio was better than that of the hull-mounted system. The fish abundance measured by the deep-towed sounder was consistently high compared to the hull-mounted sounder, particularly, at greater depths. For redfish within the deep scattering layer (DSL), the abundance was, on average, 5% higher, increasing to 55% for redfish below the DSL. From these findings it is concluded that a deep-towed echosounder is superior to hull-mounted ones for estimating the abundance of fish swimming in deep water.
Application of in situ target-strength estimations in lakes: examples from rainbow-smelt surveys in Lakes Erie and Champlain
Authors: Rudstam L.G , Parker S.L , Einhouse D.W , Witzel L.D , Warner D.M , Stritzel J.L , Parrish D.L , Sullivan P.J 
Published: June 2003

Abstract
Acoustic abundance of fish depends directly on the target strength (TS) of the fish surveyed. We analyzed 70 and 120 kHz acoustic data from two lakes with abundant rainbow-smelt (Osmerus mordax) populations. Using repeated surveys through the summer growing season, we derived a relationship between TS (dB) and fish length L (cm) at 120 kHz (TS = 19.9 log10 L − 67.8). Values for 70 kHz were similar. In situ TS increased with fish density, indicating a bias from accepting multiple targets at high fish densities. Correcting for this bias increased estimates of smelt abundance by up to 18% in Lake Erie and up to 100% in Lake Champlain. Multiple modes in the TS distributions observed for older fish do not reflect different size groups, as the same modes can be observed from measurements from a single fish. Smelt released gas bubbles during the evening ascent, and these bubbles had TS (−60 to −58 dB) within the range of TS observed from the fish. Gas-bubble release occurred mostly during the migration. Conducting surveys after the ascent is completed will decrease bias associated with counting bubbles as fish.