bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Explanation in Cognitive Science
Authors: Dodwell Peter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chapter 1 presented seven questions about explanation in psychology, questions about how cognitive science can contribute to the understanding of mind. Here they are again in summary form:
(1) What is the nature of psychological explanation?
(2) What is the relation between “commonsense” psychological explanations (as in folk psychology) and their scientific counterparts?
(3) If the relation in question 2 is ill-defined, can one demarcate more satisfactorily the field of scientific explanation of mind?
Genetically Coded Functions: The Importance of Definitions
Authors: Vogel Joseph Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are many metaphors for evolution. Darwin saw it as a branching bush, and the bush metaphor has enthralled evolutionists ever since. It seems a precise metaphor. Nevertheless, no metaphor is absolutely precise. All metaphors somehow constrict the phenomenon they attempt to illustrate. The branching bush is no different, it is just more subtle. The constriction is felt in economics. To the economist, evolution as a branching bush implies nothing for the cost-benefit analysis of development projects in the trop­ ics.1 And the bush is not alone. Other fundamental terms in biology also imply nothing. In this chapter, I will introduce a term that obviates cost­ benefit analysis and enables discussion of a market for the products of evolution. In the next chapter, the economic rationale for creating this market will be elaborated. But before racing ahead, I must first explain the terminology of biology and how that terminology fails economists.
The Rationale, Design, And Implementation Of The Gargantuan Database
Authors: Vogel Joseph Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Delineation of land is the creation of titles. Most of the dry surface of the Earth is delineated to some degree. The exact degree is predictable by a simple criterion of property-rights analysis: if the benefits are greater than the costs, then the land is delineated and a boundary emerges. The effect of delineation is a reduction in negotiation costs. Uncertain boundaries dampen the incentives to invest in land potentially under dispute. In such cases, ownership over the value added to the land may some day have to be negotiated. For example, no homeowner should enclose his yard without first surveying the property. On a grander scale, no government should permit land improvements near a border if the border itself is in dispute.1 One way to lower the negotiation costs of ownership is to use simple signals to delineate the land. The rivers of the United States are a good example. They separate the United States from other nations, states from states, cities from cities, and even boroughs within cities from other boroughs. For example, the Rio Grande separates the United States from Mexico; the Mississippi River separates all the states to its east from all the states to its west; the Delaware River separates Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, from Camden, New Jersey; and the East River separates the borough of Manhattan from the boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn in New York City.2 Habitats also have their boundaries. Sometimes the boundaries are visible barriers like oceans, mountains, and deserts. But usually the boundaries are less visible.
Subcortical Speech and Language Syndromes
Authors: Benson D Frank , Ardila Alfredo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aphasic syndromes outlined in Chapters 8 and 9 have been discussed in the literature for over a century. Each syndrome represents a well-established clinical entity but, as every clinician realizes, many real-world aphasic disturbances can not be clearly classified within one of the established symptom clusters. One long standing explanation for nonclassic aphasia cases simply rejected language localization schemes (Schuell, Jenkins, and Jimenez-Pabon, 1964; Wepman and Jones, 1964); another recognized that brain pathology produces many disorders in addition to language impairment and attempted to explain variations in language dis order symptom complexes through the nonlanguage effects of the associated lesions (Brown, 1968).
At least since the days of Wernicke, investigators who are sophisticated in neuroanatomical localization have accepted that aphasia can represent the product of damage to neural networks made up of both cortical and subcortical structures; but only in recent years has it been realized that language impairment could result from noncortical pathology—an entirely subcortical aphasia. Technological ad vances, particularly the use of CT and MR imaging have permitted far better delineation of subcortical pathology than was previously available. The previously hypothesized effects of subcortical damage on language have been rethought, and aphasic syndromes resulting from subcortical damage alone have been proposed (Crosson, 1985; Wallesch, 1985).
Alexia
Authors: Benson D Frank , Ardila Alfredo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Alexia refers to an acquired disturbance in reading, adequately defined as loss or impairment of the ability to comprehend written or printed language caused by brain damage.
One key consideration in defining alexia concerns the concept of loss. As defined above, alexia is limited to situations in which the ability to read was present and then was lost after brain damage; it is an acquired illiteracy. Many contemporary aphasiologists use the term alexia to designate all acquired reading impairments, but others reserve it for a total loss of reading ability, applying dyslexia to the more common condition of partially impaired reading comprehension. While this distinction is rational, it is a source of confusion as dyslexia is used by many investigators (pediatricians, psychologists, educators) to designate a form of abnormal language development, an inherent inability to acquire reading skills (Critchley, 1985). Dyslexia was formally defined in 1_968 by a committee of the World Federation of Neurology as “a disorder manifested by difficulty in learning to read despite conventional instruction, adequate intelligence, and sociocultural opportunity. It is dependent on fundamental cognitive disabilities which are frequently of constitutional origin.”
1952: The Election of a Popular Hero
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In June 1950, the first armed confrontation of the Cold War began as North Korean troops crossed the thirty-eighth parallel dividing North and South Korea. The UN condemned the move and called on its members to help South Korea. Although an international contingent of troops was assembled under U.S. command, the majority of those sent came from the United States. As 1950 inoved into ‘51 and ‘52, and the Korean War, with its attendant cost in American lives, showed little prospect of ending soon, the mood of the nation soured.
Things at home were not going smoothly for the Truman Administration either. Wisconsin Republican Senator Joseph McCarthy was engaged in his own little war, a well-publicized search for Communists in government, and a Senate investigation into activities of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation revealed that members of the corporation had sub­ mitted to pressures from Democratic politicians in making loans. “Korea, Communism, and Corruption” were the millstones the Republicans were prepared to hang around Harry S. Truman’s neck in the primaries and general election of 1952, were he to run for a second complete term of office.
1956: The Reelection of a Popular Hero
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
By the end of Eisenhower’s first term, K1,C2 had been eliminated as potential issues. The war in Korea was over. Eisenhower’s cabinet, staff, associates, and administration were untarnished by scandal. And thirtysix days of televised hearings had discredited the Red-baiter, Joseph McCarthy, who had offended many civil libertarians.
The biggest national trauma of Eisenhower’s first term was his heart attack on September 24, 1955. Many speculated that he would not seek a second term, but on February 29, 1956, Eisenhower announced that he would run again. Again Richard Nixon was his running mate. In his acceptance speech, Eisenhower reminded the nation of the peace, prosperity, and progress it had enjoyed under his leadership; he promised to be guided in his second term as he had in his first by long-range principles, not short-range expediency.
1960: Competence, Catholicity, and the Candidates
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter is the story of how a millionaire senator from Massachusetts with an undistinguished record in the Congress effectively neutralized his opponent’s eight years of experience as vice-president and in the process established that he too understood what peace demanded. This chapter describes the campaign in which Catholicity was removed from the list of characteristics disqualifying one to serve as president of the U.S. Finally, it is the tale of how, until it was too late, Richard Nixon cast his own campaign in the image of Eisenhower’s past campaigns while failing to invite Ike to perform the role that might have ensured a Republican victory in 1960.
Say the word “president” and each of us conjures up an image. Until 1960, conventional wisdom had it that a president was tall, middle-aged, heterosexual, Caucasian, Protestant, and male. So, for example, labor informed Alben Barkley in 1952 that at 74 he was “too old”; Shirley Chisholm learned in 1972 that “The Presidency is for white males.”
1964: Goldwater vs. Goldwater
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If ever there was a campaign in which one candidate sought to win the election while the other was more interested in winning the point, the 1964 presidential race between Lyndon Johnson and Barry Goldwater was that contest. The Republican nominee’s emergence out of the right wing of his party is less significant than that his final position was no further to the center by the election’s end. Indeed, in what was one of the strangest campaigns in modern American history, Barry Goldwater attempted, in the two short months from Labor Day to November 4, to move the vast majority in the middle to where he stood rather than attempting to present his philosophy in terms palatable to the moderate middle.
Well before the serious campaign season had begun, turbulence both at home and abroad engulfed the country. Domestically, conflicts over civil rights had reached a series of flash points over the past year; abroad, the U.S. was championing a succession of unstable governments in South Vietnam while gradually escalating toward full-scale war.
Introduction
Authors: Tabb William K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
To the great trading nation, to the great manufacturing nation, no progress which any portion of the human race can make in knowledge, in taste for the convenience of life, or in the wealth by which those conveniences are produced, can be a matter of indifference. It is scarcely possible to calculate the benefits which we might derive from the diffusion of European civilization among the vast population of the East.
Competition, Culture, and the Economy
Authors: Tabb William K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“At times like this we naturally think about reinforcing the barricades to hold back the invader. But purely defensive measures might well make us even weaker. In trying to understand why this is so, we stumble across the key element. This war-and it is a war-is being fought not with dollars, or oil, or steel, or even with modern machines.
Capital Versus the Regions
Authors: Tabb William K 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the panegyrics celebrating Japanese postwar economic development in the West little attention was given to social cost, to the impacts of rapid growth on the environment in which Japanese live. There is also a tendency to see patterns of cooperation as going back centuries, providing a picture that elides the existence of contradictions and conflict. Examining the regional dimensions of postwar economic development gives pause to the easy characterizations of Japan’s role in the world economy and offers comparisons and contrasts with other national experiences of regional policy. This chapter tells the story of this relationship between industrial and regional development stressing the manner in which sacrifice and rewards have been distributed in spatial and class-distinct ways. The policymaking actors-politicians and bureaucrats, local residents and construction companies-are engaged in an elaborate, manysided process that decides the spatial distribution of costs and benefits and the pattern of spatial growth to be encouraged. The range of discourse is from the scandal-ridden world of national politics to the statesmanlike realm of national urban and regional policy.
Heritable Variability and Variable Heritability in Developmental Psychopathology
Authors: Goldsmith H Hill , Gottesman Irving I 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Genes are among the acknowledged potential risk factors relevant to developmental psychopathology. In the areas of developmental psychopathology related to antisocial behavior, the roles of genetics are complex and controversial. The reader’s receptivity to the notion that genetic and other biological factors must be given their due as credible risk factors for various problematic outcomes in adolescence and adulthood involving antisocial behaviors will probably depend upon the reader’s professional discipline and past exposure to purveyors of this idea.
A Model of NeurobiologyEnvironment Interaction in Developmental Psychopathology
Authors: Depue Richard A , Collins Paul F , Luciana Monica 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although our research background is in psychopathology and, more recently, in the neurobiology of personality (Depue & Collins, in press; Depue, Luciana, Arbisi, Collins, & Leon, 1994; Luciana, Depue, Arbisi, & Leon, 1992) and its implications for personality disorders and for psychopathology (Depue & Collins, in press; Depue & Luciana, in press; Depue & Zald, 1993), we have only recently become interested in developmental psychopathology per se (Collins & Depue, 1992). Our novice status in the area may represent a deficit and a benefit simultaneously. On the negative side, we are no doubt less aware of the complexities and literature in the area of developmental psychopathology than other colleagues contributing to this volume.
Computers And Memory
Authors: Larrabee Glenn J , Crook Thomas H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter explores the use of computers in the neuropsychological evaluation and rehabilitation of memory disorders. We first consider general issues related to the use of computers in neuropsychology and then briefly discuss issues relevant specifically to memory assessment. Next we review various applications of computerized memory testing. Finally, we discuss the use of computers in memory rehabilitation and include specific examples.
Neuropsychological Characteristics of Huntington’s Disease
Authors: Brandt Jason , Butters Nelson 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a progressive disease of the brain that causes movement abnormalities (especially chorea and dystonia), cognitive deterioration, and affective disturbances. Symptoms typically begin around age 40, with wide variation (Bell, 1934; Heathfield and McKenzie, 1971; Folstein et al., 1987). As in many other neurodegenerative disorders, early onset of HD is associated with more severe disease and a more rapid course. Onset of the disease in childhood is marked by akinesia, rigidity, severe intellectual impairment, and shorter survival (Merritt et al., 1969; Conneally, 1984; Bryois, 1989). Late-onset disease usually presents with severe chorea but milder cognitive impairment, and has a more gradual decline (Myers et al., 1985, 1991). Symptoms of HD progress relentlessly, with patients becoming severely demented, motorically dilapidated, unable to care for themselves, and eventually bedridden. There is no cure for the illness, and the only treatments currently available are either purely palliative or purely experimental. Death occurs an average of 15 to 17 years after disease onset (Folstein, 1989). Huntington’s disease causes untold suffering for those afflicted and their loved ones.
The Neuropsychological Correlates of Acute and Chronic Hypoxemia
Authors: Rourke Sean B , Adams Kenneth M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The adult human brain-though it accounts for only 2% of a person’s total body weightconsumes approximately 20% to 25% of the total amount of oxygen inspired (Schneck, 1993). Whereas other organs and tissues in the human body can withstand deprivations of oxygen for extended periods of time, even subtle deviations in the oxygen supply to the brain can result in significant and enduring neurobehavioral sequelae. A complete deprivation of oxygen (i.e., anoxia) can occur following a cardiac arrest (Parkin et al., 1987; Bigler and Alfano, 1988; Schneck, 1993), cerebral vascular accident (Brown et al., 1986; Bornstein and Brown, 1991; Schneck, 1993), botched suicide by attempted hanging (Mosko et al., 1989; Medalia et al., 1991; Markowitsch, 1992), or toxic gas exposure (Bryer et al., 1988; Vieregge et al., 1989; Messier and Myers, 1991). If the anoxia continues for more than a few minutes, an anoxic/ischemic encephalopathy will likely ensue, frequently involving both neuropsychological impairments and neuroradiological abnormalities. Equally salient neurobehavioral effects may also occur, however, when the brain is supplied with a physiologically inadequate amount of oxygen (i.e., hypoxemia) over an extended period of time.
Neuropsychological Findings in HIV Infection and AIDS
Authors: Kelly Mark D , Grant Igor , Heaton Robert K , Marcotte Thomas D , Group The Hnrc 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a clinical syndrome that results from the progressive destruction of cellular immune function, was first described in 1981. The primary etiology of AIDS is infection with type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). The hallmark of HIV-1 infection is the progressive depletion of CD4+ helper T cells, which are extensively • involved in . coordinating the body’s immune response (Nair and Schwartz, 1994). Moreover, HIV commonly invades the central nervous system and is causally linked to a variety of neurological and neuropathological disorders (McArthur, 1994; Wiley and Achim, 1994; Wiley et al., 1994). The most severe manifestation of HIV infection in the brain is HIV-1-associated dementia (HAD). This infrequent neurobehavioral disorder is characterized by moderate to severe cognitive and psychomotor slowing, impaired concentration and attention, memory disturbances, and often motor incoordination and weakness (Navia et al., 1986a, b; Price and Brew, 1988; Kaemingk and Kaszniak, 1989).
The Phylogenetic Content of Avian Courtship Display and Song Evolution
Authors: Irwin Rebecca E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The stereotyped movements and vocalizations given by birds during courtship and aggressive interactions are traits that historically were thought to reflect phylogeny (e.g., Lorenz 1941, van Tets 1965) but which are currently only rarely studied phylogenetically. In this Chapter, my goal is to review those studies that allow evaluation of the phylogenetic content of visual displays and songs given during courtship and aggression. I review some of the more extensive studies of display phylogeny done by early ethologists, as well as the few more recent studies.
Piecewise-Linear Nyquist Map
Authors: Jonckheere Edmond A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Computing the crossover amounts to solving the Nyquist equation f(p) = 0 + jO. Assuming this equation is defined over the polyhedron D × Ω, the natural approach to implement an ad hoc solution in the realm of finite computation is to map the vertex set {ai} of the domain D × Ω to the complex plane, ai↦ bi= f (ai), and then work with the piecewise-linear extension of the vertex transformation ai↦bi. A typical feature of the resulting map is that the image of a simplex is a convex polygon, so that this piecewise-linear extension is not, in general, simplicial. However, an attractive feature of the piecewise-linear extension is that computation of the approximate crossover can be formulated as a linear program. Next, since the piecewise-linear extension lacks simplicial property, the standard fixup would be to compute a simplicial approximation to the piecewise-linear map. However, a conceptually more elegant approach is to make the piecewise-linear extension itself simplicial relative to refined subdivisions of both D × Ω and N. The reward is that crossover computation on a simplicial piecewise-linear map amounts to pure combinatorics, and the need for a linear program is obviated. It follows that, in a certain sense, simplicial approximation and linear programming are equivalent.
Spectral Sequence Of Nyquist Map
Authors: Jonckheere Edmond A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Spectral sequences provide a formalization of a fairly general successive approximation procedure to compute (co)homology groups. Spectral sequences also appear in a variety of algebraic problems. Indeed, many computational algebra problems are homology computations in disguise; for example, the algebraic system theory problem of computing the strongly reachable subspace can be recast as a homology computation and the corresponding spectral sequence appears to be the well-known geometric subspace recursion or, equivalently, Silverman’s dual structure algorithm (see [Kitapci, Jonckheere, and Silverman 1986]).
Homotopy Groups And Sequences
Authors: Jonckheere Edmond A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we “officially” start the homotopy theory of robust stabilization. “Officially” because the concept of homotopy has already pervaded the previous parts, and in particular because semisimplicial bundles and fibrations are traditionally considered to be part of homotopy theory. However, serious homotopy theory starts with the concept of homotopy groups, which are introduced in this chapter. Homotopy groups provide yet another algebraic picture of topological spaces, in addition to (co)homology groups. Probably the most important motivation for homotopy groups in robust stability is that they provide the natural value groups for the obstructions to extending the Nyquist map to higher-and-higher-dimensional skeleta of the polyhedron of uncertainty. Homotopy groups also yield exact sequences that play a role similar to homology exact sequences. In particular, in this chapter, we derive an exact homotopy sequence linking the homotopy groups of the uncertainty, the crossover, and the template of a robust stability problem.
Singularity Over Compact Differentiable Uncertainty Manifolds
Authors: Jonckheere Edmond A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, we begin investigating the differential topology of robust stability—that is, we exploit differentiability of both the manifold of uncertainty and the Nyquist map, for the class of problems they are indeed differentiable. In the previous parts, except possibly for Chapter 19, the uncertainty was assumed to be nothing more than a topological space and the Nyquist map was just continuous. With this minimum structure, the “algebraic” aspects of the topology of the problem dominate. Now, we are adding a differentiable component, resulting in the “differential topology” of robust stability.
Geometry Of Crossover
Authors: Jonckheere Edmond A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Parts I and II, the computation of the homology of the crossover was purely combinatorial-numeric. To be more specific, such computation presupposes the existence of a triangulation of D ×Ω as well as a test to chase those simplexes that contain some piece of crossover. From the way these simplexes are assembled, it is possible to compute the homology of the crossover without the need to “visualize” the situation; see [Donald and Chang 1991].