bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Comparative Study of Visual and Auditory Learning Style on Jigsaw Strategy in Students’ Reading Comprehension at Junior High School
Authors: Naibaho Heppy , Manik Sondang 
Published: October 2023

This study aimed to idenify (1) wether there was an effect of using Jigsaw Strategy on Students' reading Comprehension of visual and auditory Learning Style at SMP Negeri 3 Lintonghihuta. (2) whether there was different effect of using Jigsaw Strategy on Students' reading Comprehension of visual and auditory Learning Style at SMP Negeri 3 Lintonghihuta. The design of this study was mixed design quantitative comparation with quasi - experimental research that aimed to determine whether the relationship between the experimental group and comparison group in reading comprehension, the experimental group is the group that received the treatment. One class from the population was taken as samples by using a purposive-sampling technique. There were 32 students were taken as populations from class IX – 1. The class will be taught by Jigsaw strategy to know the reading comprehension achievement then compared between the auditory and visual learning style. The results of this study were (1) there was different post-test score between auditory and visual class where the visual class had higher score (71,25) than the auditory class (67,00) after being taught using jigsaw strategy. The result of the paired sample t-test showed that the values of sig (2-taieled) was 0,000 < 0,050 which means that there was significant different between the Pre-test and Post-test and it can be concluded that there was mean difference between the pre-test and the post-test of reading comprehension score of visual and auditory learning style after taught using jigsaw strategy.(2) Based on the ANCOVA test it was found that the value of level of significance of learning style was 0.120 and the value of level of Jigsaw strategy significance level was 0,162. It can be said that there was no significance effect of jigsaw strategy on students’ reading comprehension of auditory and visual and auditory Learning Style at SMP Negeri 3 Lintonghihuta.
The Effect of Taking English Club Extracurricular Activity on Student’s Writing and Speaking Ability
Authors: Simbolon Hernawan , Tampubolon Sahlan , Pasaribu Arsen 
Published: October 2023

The purpose of this study is to investigate the Effect of Taking English Club Extracurricular Activity on Student’s Writing and Speaking Ability at SMA St. Thomas 2Medan. The methodology of the research was Quantitative research. The technique of collecting the data are writing test and speaking test. The findings showed whether there were significant effects or not on students’ writing and speaking ability. The effect has been proved from the result of the pre-test and post-test. The researcher compared the result of the pre-test and post-test. If the result of the post-test was higher than the pre-test, it meant that English club extracurricular activity was affected. The writing result shows the difference between the mean score of the pre-test and post-test after conducting treatment where the mean score of students’ writing ability on the pre-test is 5,79 and the post-test is 8,47. After analysing the result of the pre-test and post-test by using a formula, it has gotten a percentage of about 46,28 % of students’ improvement. It indicates that applying English Club Extracurricular Activity is effective to be used in learning writing and in Speaking ability, the result shows the difference between the mean score of the pre-test and post-test after conducting treatment where the mean score of students’ speaking ability on the pre-test is 3,05 and the post-test is 4,76. After analysing the result of the pre-test and post-test by using a formula, it has gotten a percentage of about 56,06 % of students’ improvement. Based on the result of data analysis, the researcher concludes that applying English Club Extracurricular Activity is effective in improving the students’ writing and speaking skills
Paragraph Hamburgers Strategy in Writing a Report Text
Authors: Husda Azizah , Simorangkir Ribka , Zalukhu Christine Natalie , Marbun Armitha Miranda , Nababan Lorenzo Bindunose 
Published: October 2023

The purpose of this study was to determine whether employing the paragraph hamburger strategy on the students’ writing report text at SMK Immanuel Medan in the academic year 2022-2023. The writers used the quantitative method when carrying out this research. After doing this research, the writers got several findings. Significant changes are made to students writing abilities after they are trained by using the paragraph hamburger strategy to learn writing skills. The results of this study allow it to be said that applying the paragraph hamburger strategy could have a significant effect on the student’s writing skills. Using the paragraph hamburger Strategy gave a more effective result than using a conventional strategy. The average scores from intensive classes were higher than the average from regular classes. From this pretest, the average test result from the regular class was 63.86, and after doing that post-test, the mean scores were 73.18. Meanwhile, the pretest was completed by the intensive class, and the mean result was 66.00, and upon completion of the post-test, these mean scores were 82.80. The writers used the t- test to obtain the findings of this study. We might therefore say that the value was 5.64. After analyzing this data, the t-table was smaller than the t-t-test (1.67 > 5.64). That author displays a p-value of 0.05. The DF was 47. By seeing the data, the writers could conclude that the paragraph hamburger strategy could have a significant effect on the students’ report text in SMK Immanuel Medan. From this study, it might be said that Paragraph Hamburger had a big impact on the text written for a student report at SMK Immanuel Medan.
Audio-Visual as Media in Reading: Students’ Responses and Challenges
Authors: Loviasyuni Neng Eva , Bhuana Gartika Pandu 
Published: October 2023

Some experts believe that audio-visual media is beneficial in learning a second language, including English. It can increase not only students’ motivation to learn, but also their focus on the learned material. In reading, audio-visual media is considered effective in enhancing students’ comprehension. Most of the studies focus on the positive impact of using audio-visual media, but they have not yet investigated the obstacle that might be experienced by the students on its usage. Therefore, this study intends to examine the students’ obstacles of using audio-visual media in reading as well as their responses to its implementation. The qualitative method was applied. The data were gained through questionnaires and observation. The respondents were 37 ninth-grade students. The findings revealed that although the students responded positively to the use of audio-visual media in reading, they had issues with its implementation. The issues dealt with language and comprehension. In the term of language, the students found it hard to understand the meaning of some words. As a result, it impacted their comprehension. Thus, it is suggested for the teachers to first consider the students’ vocabulary mastery before using audio-visual media in teaching reading. If the students have a limited vocabulary, they can use a video that has familiar words known by the students.
Magical Thinking and Appearance-based Recusal
Authors: Pines Zygmont 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This article is a critical analysis of a fundamental judicial ethic, the appearance of impartiality, an increasingly important public issue that is poorly understood and woefully underexamined in jurisprudence and academic literature. The ethic is pivotal to the determination of judicial disqualification, a/k/a recusal, and the public's fragile trust in the rule of law.
The article explains how a mysterious metaphorical device, the “reasonable observer” (a descendant of the common law's “reasonable man”) has been subjectively applied in a confusing and inconsistent manner in judicial disqualification cases. The unexamined approach has unwittingly undermined the plain text and the mandatory ethical obligation of recusal (i.e., a judge must disqualify when his or her impartiality might reasonably be questioned).
The discussion: (a) analyzes the theoretical underpinnings of the reasonable person-observer analytical tool (“heuristic”); (b) explains how American jurisprudence has glibly transmogrified the appearance-recusal precept; (c) provides a unique and starkly contrasting analytical perspective demonstrating how select common law-based jurisdictions (Australia, Canada, Singapore, South Africa, United Kingdom) have painstakingly examined and applied the widely-recognized norm of appearance-based impartiality; and (d) synthesizes the preceding theoretical and jurisprudential information to support a proposal for a recalibrated metric and a pragmatic, clarifying heuristic. The article concludes with a model provision, in the form of a guiding “commentary,” that summarizes the essential aspects of the appearance of bias precept. The article provides an interpretative approach that attempts to be faithful to the letter and spirit of the foundational judicial ethic.
Berberine Improves Histopathological Changes of Allergic Airway Inflammation in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Zaidi Syeda Tahira , Malik Mahwash , Sarfraz Javeria , Chiragh Sadia 
Published: October 2023

<p><strong>Background and Objective:</strong> Berberine has anti-inflammatory properties through pathways that are also involved in asthma. Therefore, it is postulated that it will be effective in reducing airway inflammation in the allergic asthmatic model. The objective of the current study was to observe the effects of berberine on the histopathology of lungs in sensitized Guinea pigs and compare the changes with that of the standard drug, dexamethasone.</p>
<p><strong>Methods:</strong> This experimental study was conducted at the Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lahore, Pakistan, from February 2016 to April 2016. Twenty-four healthy Guinea pigs were divided randomly into four groups: normal control, Ovalbumin (OVA ) group, OVA + berberine group, and OVA + dexa group. The last three groups were sensitized on days 0 and 14 and challenged on days 25, 26, and 27 with OVA. Berberine and dexamethasone were administered intraperitoneally to the respective groups before each challenge. The animals were then sacrificed on day 28 under anesthesia, lungs were dissected, and tissue samples were assessed microscopically for morphology and status of inflammation in each group. Data were analyzed by applying the Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance test followed by the Mann Whitney U test using SPSS 20.</p>
<p><strong>Results:</strong> The comparison of histopathological changes revealed that the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lung airways was significantly higher (p-value &le;0.01) in the OVA group as compared to the normal control group. Both OVA + berberine and OVA + dexa groups showed a reduction in total lung inflammation (p-value &le;0.01 vs. OVA group) equally. The effect of berberine on epithelial changes was nonsignificant (p-value 0.206 vs. OVA group), while dexamethasone showed significant improvement as compared to the OVA group (p-value 0.007). However, the difference between berberine and dexamethasone treatment was nonsignificant (p-value &le;0.05).</p>
<p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>It was concluded that berberine improved the histopathological score of lung inflammation in sensitized Guinea pigs, equivalent to that of dexamethasone, with lesser effects on epithelial changes.</p>
Socio-Demographic Factors are Linked to Oral Hygiene Index (CPITN Index) - A Study from Rural Setting in Southern Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Zafar Riwan , Akram Anam , Khan Nousheen , Batool Syed Midhat , Ali Muhammad , Rasheed Dil , Sajid Mustafa 
Published: October 2023

<p><strong>Background and Objective:</strong> Oral health is significantly impacted by an individual&rsquo;s social interactions and quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between oral health status and socio-demographic factors, in particular, monthly income and level of education, of a rural community in Pakistan.</p>
<p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional survey study was conducted among n = 380 people from the Jahangirabad community of Multan from July 2021 to September 2021. A validated questionnaire was designed to be filled by the subjects or the researchers in case of low literacy levels. Two qualified oro-dental examiners assessed all the subjects for their oral health status by using the community periodontal index of the treatment needs (CPITN index).</p>
<p><strong>Results: </strong>There were 209 males and 171 females. As regards the status of education, 27% of the subjects had no formal education, 21% of respondents were primary (5th grade) pass, 31.9% attended secondary school, 10.7% got higher secondary school education, whereas 9.4% of respondents had passed the college/university examination. The majority of the participants (46.7%) had income within the range of 10,000-20,000 Pakistani rupees per month, whereas only 12.8% of subjects reported earning more than Rs. 50,000 per month. No significant association was found between average monthly income and oral health status; however, the CPITN score and the higher level of education (high school and college/university) showed a significant association (p-value = 0.012).</p>
<p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Level of education, independent of socioeconomic status, is identified as a potential risk factor for poor oral health status among the rural community in Pakistan. Dental practitioners should consider enhancing timely screening and awareness campaigns, especially within this specific class of community, to improve oral health outcomes.</p>
Trend of Antimicrobial Resistance Among Salmonella Typhi Isolated from Pediatric Population Presenting at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Lahore
Authors: Rasheed Farhan , Jamil Iqra , Tehseen Tahira , Yar Ahmad , Ali Farhana , Ashraf Ameena 
Published: October 2023

<p><strong>Background and Objective:</strong> Typhoid fever caused by Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) is an important cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The emergence of resistance against the first and second line of drugs has limited the range of drug choices for its treatment. Therefore, the present study was designed to assess the status of drug resistance in S. typhi isolated from the blood samples of pediatric patients reporting at a leading tertiary care hospital in Lahore.</p>
<p><strong>Methods:</strong> This descriptive study was conducted at the Pathology Department of Allama Iqbal Medical College, Lahore, Pakistan, over a period of 2 years. A total of 1,306 blood samples were aseptically collected from the pediatric population of Jinnah Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan, after obtaining informed assent from the parents/guardians. The samples were transferred into a Bact/Alert blood culture bottle. After the detection of microbial growth by the Bact/Alert 3-D system, bacterial isolates were identified by standard microbiological procedures. VITEK 2 compact automated identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing instrument (bioMerieux) was used for the antimicrobial sensitivity testing. Data were entered and analyzed by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 21.0.</p>
<p><strong>Results:</strong> A total of 235 out of 1,306 (17.9%) blood culture samples yielded bacterial growth, among which 62.5% (n = 147) were S. typhi. Among 147 S. typhi isolates, 70.6% were multidrug resistant, while 63% were extensively drug resistant (XDR). Maximum resistance against first-line drugs observed was for ampicillin (79.4) and co-trimoxazole (67.2).</p>
<p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The emergence and spread of XDR S. typhi with a high level of resistance are quite alarming, leaving limited treatment options for the pediatric population. Moreover, increasing resistance to antibiotics demonstrates the quick waning of the efficacy of available first and second-line drugs in the treatment of typhoid fever.</p>
TUBERCULOSE LATENTE EM PACIENTES PSORIÁSICOS TRATADOS COM IMUNOBIOLÓGICOS DO ESTADO DA PARAÍBA
Authors: Paiva Melina Pereira Fernandes , Liberal Juan Demetrios Casado , De Brito Raphael Bastos Palitot , Regis Carlos Danilo Miranda , Leite Danilo Rangel Arruda , Da Costa Joanne Elizabeth Ferraz , de Sousa Gerlania Simplício , Nunes Emanuel Nascimento , Domingos Emmanuel Lawall , Palitot Esther Bastos 
Published: October 2023

Objetivo: Investigar a prevalência e os riscos para tuberculose (TB) em pacientes com psoríase em uso de imunobiológicos tratados em centro de referência na Paraíba. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com psoriásicos registrados no Centro de Referência de Psoríase de um Hospital Universitário em parceria com o Centro Especializado de Dispensação de Medicamentos Excepcionais, com idade ≥ 18 anos, tratados com imunobiológicos de setembro/2021 a agosto/2022. Resultados: A amostra de 185 pacientes, foram 94 (50.8%) mulheres, com média de idade de 51,8 ± 16,0 anos,147 (79.4%) eram da capital da Paraíba. A forma de psoríase mais prevalente foi do tipo Vulgar em placas, com 181 (45.9%) pacientes. Todos os pacientes estavam usando imunobiológicos, sendo o inibidor do fator de necrose tumoral o mais utilizado. Observou-se Teste de Mantoux reativo em 12 (6.5%) pacientes e fortemente reativo em 5 (2.7%), e alteração na radiografia de tórax em 6 pacientes. Os 17 pacientes com TB-latente foram tratados com isoniazida por 9 meses, e nenhum desenvolveu a TB-doença. Conclusão: Este estudo foi imperioso para conhecer o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes com psoríase em uso de imunobiológicos e que estão expostos a um risco maior em desenvolver a TB-doença.
بناء مقياس معرفي لمادة الاثقال لطلاب كليَة الترِبية البدَنية وعُلوم الرياضة بجامعة الموٌصل
Authors: سمير ذنون عمر , حسين محمد علي , حازم احمد احمد 
Published: October 2023

- بناء مقياس معرفي لمادة الاثقال بمادة الاثقال لطلاب السنه الدراسيه الاولى في كلية التربيه البدنيه وعُلوم الرياضه بجامعه الموٌصل .
- وضع مستويات معياريه لمقياس معرفي لمادة الاثقال لطلاب السنه الدراسيه الاولى في كلية التربيه البدنيه وعُلوم الرياضه بجامعه الموٌصل .
تم استخدام المنهج الوصفي بالأسلوب المسحي , وتكون مُجتمع البَحث من طلاب السنه الدراسيه الاولى في كليه التربيه البدنيه وعُلوم الرياضه بجامعه الموٌصل للعام الدراسي (2021-2022) , والبالغ عددهم (176) طالب موزعين على (6) شعب ، وتم بناء مقياس معرفي بمادة الاثقال، وتم اجراء التحليل الاحصائي لعبارات المقياس ، وتم التحقق من المعاملات العلمية للمقياس ، وتمت معالجة البيانات احصائياً باستخدام الوسائل الاحصائية التالية (المتوسط الحسابي، الانحراف المعياري، معامل السهولة والصعوبة ، معامل التمييز ، معامل الارتباط البسيط ، معادلة سبيرمان براون، معادلة كيودر- ريتشاردسون (20) ، اختبار (S - k) ، النسبة المئوية ، والمتوسط الفرضي للمقياس ، وتوصل الباحثون الى الاستنتاجات التالية :

فاعلية المقياس الذي تم بناءه لقياس المعرفة بمادة رفع الاثقال لطلاب المرحلة الدراسيِة الأولى في كليَة الترِبية البدَنية وعُلوم الرياضة بجامعة الموٌصل .
طلاب المرحلة الاولى في كليَة الترِبية البدَنية وعُلوم الرياضة بجامعة الموٌصل يتمتعون بمستوى معرفي نظري ( جيد ) , في مستوى تحصيلهمُ الدِراسي .

تم وضع مستويات معياريه لعينه البَحث في مقياس المعرفه النظرية بمادة الاثقال .
psychological adjustment with swimming among students of some colleges of physical ‎education and sport sciences in Kurdistan region.‎
Authors: Nuri Nabi , Osman Ali 
Published: October 2023

The aim of the study is to:

Building a measure of psychological reassurance for students of some faculties of physical education and sports sciences in the Kurdistan region.
Identifying the relationship between psychological tranquility and psychological adjustment for students of some faculties of physical education and sports sciences in the Kurdistan Region.

To verify the objectives of the research, the researcher assumed the following: There is a statistically significant correlation between psychological reassurance and psychological adjustment for students of some faculties of physical education and sports sciences in the Kurdistan Region.
The researcher used the descriptive approach in the style of correlative studies, the research community was identified from the university students who numbered (247) representing some universities in the Kurdistan region of Iraq (Karmian, Salah al-Din, Sulaymaniyah, Koya, Halabja), distributed over (5) colleges. (160) students by random method and by lottery method as a construction sample and identify (20) exploratory samples and (50) students as a sample for application.
After presenting, analyzing and discussing the findings of the researcher, several conclusions were reached:
In light of the objectives of the research and the hypothesis and limits of the research sample, the method used and based on what the results of the statistical analysis in this study indicated, the researcher concluded from the following:
The effectiveness of the psychological reassurance scale that the researcher built during the scientific research procedures, which indicated the ability of the scale in measuring psychological reassurance among students of some faculties of physical education and sports sciences in the Kurdistan Region. With the presence of significant differences between the students of the research sample, there is a relationship and a moral correlation between psychological reassurance and psychological adjustment in the research sample
Construting the emotional suppression scale for handball players in Iraq
Authors: Radi Jasim 
Published: October 2023

The aim of the current research is to construting a measure of emotional suppression for advanced handball players, and the researcher adopted the descriptive approach using the survey method as it is the closest to solving the research problem The researcher built the emotional suppression scale based on the theories that explained emotional suppression, as the scale Construting sample amounted to (190) players The scale was applied to the players and the scientific bases were extracted from the validity of the statistical analysis of the items, such as the validity of the content and the validity of the structure by adopting the method of discriminating power for the paragraphs, internal consistency, and the validity of the factor analysis, as well as verifying the stability in two ways Half-segmentation, and Alpha Cronbach's coefficient, after performing the factor analysis, the researcher reached to derive (5) factors with the number of paragraphs (30) paragraphs distributed over the five factors, and the researcher recommended using the scale built by the researcher to measure the emotional suppression of advanced handball players
Governance of managing the financial budget in Iraq: Obstacles and reform mechanisms
Authors: Ali Abdul Raheem Kadhim  
Published: October 2023

The general budget is the link between the political system and the state's public finances. The political system is interesting in organizing and managing the governance, and the distribution of public authorities, and the relationship with individuals. As for public finance, it focuses on how to finance public services provided by the political authority to members of society. As political behavior affects the financial budget, the nature, size and type of Public revenues affect political behavior in them, so, the destabilized political behavior in post-2003 period that applying no principles of good governance that characterized successive Iraqi governments, resulted in negative effects in the public budget (waste of public money, poor level of Transparency and accountability, and the delay in approving the general budget), and in addition led to the loss of confirmed revenues with inflation in operating expenses.