bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The International Dispersal of Pensioners from Affluent Countries
Authors: Warnes Anthony M. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThis paper examines the distribution of the older beneficiaries of state social security programmes, with particular attention to the UK, the US and Australia. These data have not previously been analysed by a migration researcher, provide a partial source on international retirement moves, and make clear that several processes and types contribute to the international dispersal of a country's retirement population. They show that ‘return’ and ‘family‐joining’ migrations are the predominant form, and that their forms and destinations are changing. The British increasingly select European destinations at the expense of the formerly dominant destinations of Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa. The US continues to be a leading destination for British and German retirees. European data also show that ‘amenity‐seeking’ retirement moves from northern to Mediterranean countries have increased rapidly in recent decades and are growing faster than other types of retirement migration. Social security records also reveal new patterns of return migrations – the number of British pensioners in several Caribbean countries is increasing rapidly, and high shares of Australian overseas migrants are in Mediterranean countries such as Italy, Greece and Malta. Given the paucity of research on these emergent migration flows, the paper concludes by discussing both the prospects for their growth and research priorities. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A technique of object‐adaptive vertex‐based shape coding for MPEG‐4 videos
Authors: Lin Shinfeng D. , Lin Chien‐Chuang , Shie Shih‐Chieh 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe MPEG‐4 visual standard is the first international standard that allows the transmission of arbitrarily shaped video objects and provides technologies to view, access, and manipulate objects rather than pixels. It addresses the encoding of video objects by shape coding, motion estimation, and texture coding for interactivity, high compression, and scalability. Current binary shape‐coding techniques can be classified into two categories: bitmap based and contour based. O'Connell (1997) proposed an object‐adaptive vertex‐based shape‐coding method to improve the efficiency of shape coding. This method encodes the relative locations of a video object's vertices by adapting the representation to the dynamic range of the relative locations and by exploiting an octant‐based representation for each relative location. We propose an extension of O'Connell's method. Two relative locations of a video object's vertices are grouped and thexpairs andypairs of the locations are encoded, respectively. Simulation results demonstrate that our method outperforms O'Connell's method. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 11, 277–282, 2000
Understanding implementation in Early Head Start programs: Implications for policy and practice
Authors: Paulsell Diane , Kisker Ellen Eliason , Love John M. , Raikes Helen H. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe primary goal of the National Early Head Start Research and Evaluation Project is to assess program implementation and the quality of key child development services in the study's 17 research programs. The evaluation team developed rating scales based on the Head Start Program Performance Standards and a process for rating key program elements, then synthesized a large amount of information about program implementation and quality into a concise set of ratings. The team used these ratings to examine programs' progress over time, interpret program impacts, and provide feedback to programs and technical assistance providers on implementation strategies. In this article, we present the rating scales and methods developed for assessing implementation and quality, describe the levels of implementation and quality attained four years after programs were funded, and discuss implications for policy and practice. ©2002 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Riot control agents: pharmacology, toxicology, biochemistry and chemistry
Authors: Olajos Eugene J. , Salem Harry 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe desired effect of all riot control agents is the temporary disablement of individuals by way of intense irritation of the mucous membranes and skin. Generally, riot control agents can produce acute site‐specific toxicity where sensory irritation occurs. Early riot control agents, namely, chloroacetophenone (CN) and chlorodihydrophenarsazine (DM), have been replaced with ‘safer’ agents such aso‐chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) and oleoresin of capsicum (OC). Riot control agents are safe when used as intended: however, the widespread use of riot control agents raises questions and concerns regarding their health effects and safety. A large margin exists between dosages that produce harassment and dosages likely to cause adverse health effects for modern riot control agents such as CS and dibenz[b,f]1 : 4‐oxazepine (CR). Yet, despite the low toxicity of modern riot control agents, these compounds are not entirely without risk. The risk of toxicity increases with higher exposure levels and prolonged exposure durations. Ocular, pulmonary and dermal injury may occur on exposure to high levels of these substances, and exposure to riot control agents in enclosed spaces may produce significant toxic effects. Reported deaths are few involving riot control agents, and then only under conditions of prolonged exposure and high concentrations. Recently, concern has focused on the deaths resulting from law enforcement use of OC, a riot control agent generally regarded as safe because it is a natural product. As with other xenobiotics, not enough is known concerning the long‐term/chronic effects of riot control agents. Clearly, there is considerable need for additional research to define and delineate the biological and toxicological actions of riot control agents and to illuminate the full health consequences of these compounds as riot control agents. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of mercury vapor inhalation on reactive oxygen species and antioxidant enzymes in rat brain and kidney are minimal
Authors: Goering Peter L. , Morgan Daniel L. , Ali Syed F. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMetals are known to induce the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that initiate oxidative stress, an important mechanism of cell injury. The brain is particularly sensitive to oxidative attack because of its high level of unsaturated lipids and high rate of oxidative metabolism. The objective of this study was to determine if elemental mercury (Hg0) vapor inhalation increases ROS production and affects activities or levels of antioxidant‐related biomolecules in the rat brain and kidney. Adult female Sprague‐Dawley rats were exposed for 2 h per day for 11 consecutive days to Hg0 vapor (1, 2, and 4 mg Hg0 m−3). Brain regions (frontal cortex, cerebellum, brain stem) and kidney were assayed for total Hg, ROS and glutathione (GSH) levels, and for enzyme activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Marked exposure‐related increases (2500–5600‐fold) in total Hg were detected in the brain regions and in kidney. A statistically significant increase in ROS production (ca. 30% above controls) was observed only in the cortex of rats exposed to 1 mg m−3 Hg vapor, but no significant changes were apparent at other exposures. Although a trend towards increasing ROS production was observed in the kidney, these effects were not statistically significant. Mercury vapor exposure had no significant effects on GSH levels or GPx activity in the three brain regions, however, statistically significant decreases in GSH and GPx activity were detected in the kidneys of rats exposed to 2 mg m−3. Mercury exposure did not cause significant effects on SOD activity in the brain or kidney. The data indicate that oxidative stress and changes in GSH and activities of antioxidant enzymes do not play a major role in Hg0 vapor toxicity in brain and kidney. Published in 2002 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toxic effect of single and binary treatments of synthetic and plant‐derived molluscicides against Achatina fulica
Authors: Rao I. G. , Singh D. K. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe toxic effect of single and binary treatments of synthetic and plant‐derived molluscicides was studied against the harmful terrestrial snail Achatina fulica. In single treatments, among the synthetic molluscicides Snail Kill and cypermethrin were potent, whereas Cedrus deodara oil was more toxic among molluscicides of plant origin against A. fulica. In binary treatments, a combination of Cedrusdeodara + Alliumsativum was more toxic. The toxicities of these single and binary treatments of synthetic and plant‐derived molluscicides were dose and time dependent. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cell adhesion peptides alter smooth muscle cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, and matrix protein synthesis on modified surfaces and in polymer scaffolds
Authors: Mann Brenda K. , West Jennifer L. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe effects of cell adhesion peptides (RGDS, KQAGDV, VAPG) on vascular smooth muscle cells grown on modified surfaces and in tissue‐engineering scaffolds were examined. Cells were more strongly adhered to surfaces modified with adhesive ligands than to control surfaces (no ligand or a nonadhesive ligand). Cell migration was higher on surfaces with 0.2 nmol/cm2 of adhesive ligand than on control surfaces, but it was lower on surfaces with 2.0 nmol/cm2 of adhesive ligand than it was on control surfaces. Further, cell proliferation was lower on adhesive surfaces than it was on control surfaces, and it decreased as the ligand density increased. Similarly, in the peptide‐grafted hydrogel scaffolds, cell proliferation was lower in scaffolds containing the adhesive peptides than it was in control scaffolds. After 7 days of culture, more collagen per cell was produced in control scaffolds than in scaffolds containing adhesive peptides. In addition, collagen production decreased in the scaffolds as the ligand concentration increased. While modification of a surface or scaffold material with adhesive ligands initially increases cell attachment, it may be necessary to optimize cell adhesion simultaneously with proliferation, migration, and matrix production. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., J Biomed Mater Res 60: 86–93, 2002
Perfusion culture of hepatocytes within galactose‐derivatized biodegradable poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) scaffolds prepared by gas foaming of effervescent salts
Authors: Park Tae Gwan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractGalactose, a specific ligand for asialoglycoprotein receptor in hepatocytes, was immobilized onto the internal surface of highly porous biodegradable poly(D,L‐lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) scaffolds prepared by gas foaming of effervescent salts. Rat hepatocytes seeded within the scaffolds were cultivated by using a continuous flow and perfusion reactor system. Flow rate of medium circulating through the closed loop bioreactor system was optimized to minimize the extent of cell washout from the scaffold/cell construct while satisfying the oxygen transport rate to the seeded hepatocytes. Using the flow culture system, the scaffolds immobilized with galactose onto its internal surface retained a greater number of hepatocytes than those with unmodified or immobilized with glucose due to specific interactions between seeded hepatocytes and galactose moieties exposed onto the surface of the scaffolds. The perfusion culture system based on galactose‐modified macroporous scaffolds, under optimal flow conditions, resulted in much higher albumin secretion rate, ∼70 pg/cell/day for 7 days, compared to that with glucose modified scaffolds used as a negative control. The enhanced functional activity of hepatocytes seeded within the galactoes modified scaffolds was likely caused by the formation of aggregated hepatocytes within the scaffolds. © 2001 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 59: 127–135, 2002
Surface modification of extrasynovial tendon by chemically modified hyaluronic acid coating
Authors: Momose Toshimitsu , Amadio Peter C. , Sun Yu‐Long , Zhao Chunfeng , Zobitz Mark E. , Harrington Jeffrey R. , An Kai‐Nan 
Published: August 2002

AbstractWe investigated a method for chemically binding hyaluronic acid (HA) to extrasynovial tendon and the effect of chemically modified HA on the gliding resistance of tendon. Canine peroneus longus (PL) tendons were immersed into one of three different solutions (saline, 1% HA, or 1% chemically modified HA) for 2 h. The gliding resistance of treated PL tendons was measured at 1, 5, 10, 20, 50, and 100 cycles in a saline bath. After treatment with unmodified HA and chemically modified HA, the gliding resistance of the PL tendons decreased significantly compared with the saline‐treated tendons (p < 0.05), and this effect of the two HA treatments persisted through 10 cycles. For cycles 20–100, the gliding resistance of PL tendons treated with chemically modified HA remained significantly lower than that of tendons treated either with saline or unmodified HA (p < 0.01). The effect of paratenon removal on gliding resistance was neither statistically significant for repetitions beyond 10 cycles, nor was it an independent predictor of gliding resistance, as the effect (higher resistance after paratenon removal) was mainly seen in the saline‐treated tendons. Chemically modified HA‐treated extrasynovial tendons may improve gliding of tendon graft and reduce adhesion postoperatively, compared with traditional grafts. © 2001 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 59: 219–224, 2002
Identification of transcription factor in the promoter region of rat regucalcin gene: Binding of nuclear factor I‐A1 to TTGGC motif
Authors: Misawa Hiroyuki , Yamaguchi Masayoshi 
Published: August 2002

AbstractHepatic nuclear protein has been reported to bind specifically to the TTGGC sequence of the rat regucalcin gene promoter region in stimulating the promoter activity (Misawa and Yamaguchi [2000] Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 279: 275–281). The present study was undertaken to identify transcription factor, which binds to TTGGC motif in the rat regucalcin gene promoter, using the yeast one‐hybrid system. The sequence between −525 and −504, which has been defined as a functional promoter element II‐b, was used as bait to screen a rat liver cDNA library. Two cDNA clones were identified as a nuclear factor I‐A1 (NF1‐A1). The results of gel mobility shift assay and mutation analysis using recombinant NF1‐A1 protein showed that this protein could specifically bind to TTGGC motif of the II‐b oligonucleotide in promoter region. The expression of NF1‐A1 mRNA was found in the liver, kidney, heart, spleen, and brain of rats. This study demonstrates that NF1‐A1 is a transcription factor in stimulating the rat regucalcin gene promoter activity. J. Cell. Biochem. 84: 795–802, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acrylamide disturbs the subcellular distribution of GABAA receptor in brain neurons
Authors: Ho Wen‐Hsin , Wang Seu‐Mei , Yin Hsiang‐Shu 
Published: August 2002

AbstractMechanisms underlying the action of acrylamide on neurons were studied by monitoring the expression of GABAA receptor (R) in cultured brain neurons derived from chicken embryos. In situ trypsinization of the neurons and 3H‐flunitrazepam binding assay were employed to examine the subcellular distribution of GABAAR. A 3‐h exposure of the cultured neurons to 10 mM of acrylamide raised reversibly the proportion of intracellular (trypsin‐resistant) 3H‐flunitrazepam binding sites by about 48% and decreased cell surface binding 24% from respective control values, without altering total cellular binding and the affinity of the ligand. Moreover, the acrylamide treatment induced more intense perikaryal immunostaining of GABAAR α subunit proteins than that in control neurons but did not change the total level of cellular α immunostain, in accordance with the binding data. In the cell bodies of acrylamide‐treated neurons, the level of neurofilament‐200 kDa proteins was similar to control, whereas the tubulin protein content was significantly lowered approximately 51% from control, as revealed by quantifying the immunostained cytoskeletal elements. In addition, electron microscopic observations found reductions in the numbers of microtubules and neurofilaments in the perikarya of acrylamide‐treated neurons. As exhibited by the 3H‐leucine and 3H‐monosaccharide incorporation experiments, the exposure to acrylamide inhibited the rate of general protein synthesis in the culture by 21%, while the rate of glycosylation remained unaltered. Furthermore, in situ hybridization analysis showed that acrylamide did not modify the expression of GABAAR α subunit mRNAs. Taken together, these data suggest that acrylamide may downregulate the microtubular system and disintegrate neurofilaments, and thereby block the intracellular transport of GABAAR, resulting in the accumulation of intracellular receptors. J. Cell. Biochem. 85: 561–571, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Release of cytokeratin‐18 and ‐19 fragments (TPS and CYFRA 21‐1) into the extracellular space during apoptosis
Authors: Sheard Michael A. , Vojtesek Borek , Simickova Marta , Valik Dalibor 
Published: August 2002

AbstractSerum fragments of cytokeratins‐18 and ‐19 (measured as TPS and CYFRA 21‐1, respectively) have traditionally been considered as markers of tumor proliferation, although the evidence is scarce for a causative relationship between proliferation and levels of TPS and CYFRA 21‐1. We examined whether apoptosis might produce TPS and CYFRA 21‐1 fragments. MCF‐7 breast cancer cells were treated with mitomycin C or agonistic anti‐CD95 antibody, and levels of TPS and CYFRA 21‐1 in tissue culture supernatants were compared with the frequency of cells exhibiting the following markers of cell death: intracellular cytokeratin‐18 cleavage, surface staining with annexin‐V, propidium iodide uptake, DNA fragmentation. Twenty‐four hours after inducing apoptosis, levels of TPS and CYFRA 21‐1 were elevated ≥ 4‐fold in culture supernatants. Elevations in TPS and CYFRA 21‐1 coincided with apoptosis measured by the first three cell death markers but preceded DNA fragmentation. These mitomycin C‐ and CD95‐mediated elevations were completely inhibited by co‐incubation with the caspase inhibitors Z‐VAD.fmk and Z‐IETD.fmk, respectively. We conclude that TPS and CYFRA 21‐1 can be abundantly released into the extracellular space during the intermediate stage of epithelial cell apoptosis. J. Cell. Biochem. 85: 670–677, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fibromodulin is expressed by both chondrocytes and osteoblasts during fetal bone development
Authors: Gori Francesca , Schipani Ernestina , Demay Marie B. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractFibromodulin, a keratan‐sulfate proteoglycan, was first isolated in articular cartilage and tendons. We have identified fibromodulin as a gene regulated during BMP‐2‐induced differentiation of a mouse prechondroblastic cell line. Because expression of fibromodulin during endochondral bone formation has not been studied, we examined whether selected cells of the chondrocytic and osteoblastic lineage expressed fibromodulin. Fibromodulin mRNA was detected in conditionally immortalized murine bone marrow stromal cells, osteoblasts, and growth plate chondrocytes, as well as in primary murine calvarial osteoblasts. We, therefore, investigated the temporo‐spatial expression of fibromodulin in vivo during endochondral bone formation by in situ hybridization. Fibromodulin was first detected at 15.5 days post coitus (dpc) in the perichondrium and proliferating chondrocytes. Fibromodulin mRNA was also detected at 15.5 dpc in the bone collar and periosteum. At later time points fibromodulin was expressed in the primary spongiosa and the endosteum. To determine whether fibromodulin was expressed during intramembranous bone formation as well, in situ hybridization was performed on calvariae. Fibromodulin mRNA was present in calvarial osteoblasts from 15.5 dpc. These results demonstrate that fibromodulin is developmentally expressed in cartilage and bone cells during endochondral and intramembranous ossification. These findings suggest that this extracellular matrix protein plays a role in both endochondral and intramembranous bone formation. J. Cell. Biochem. 82: 46–57, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inducible expression of the α2‐macroglobulin signaling receptor in response to antigenic stimulation: A study of second messenger generation
Authors: Bhattacharjee Gourab , Misra Uma K. , Gawdi Govind , Cianciolo George , Pizzo Salvatore V. 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThioglycollate (TG)‐elicited murine, peritoneal macrophages express two receptors for activated forms of the proteinase inhibitor α2‐macroglobulin (α2M*)—namely, the low density lipoprotein receptor‐related protein (LRP) and the α2M signaling receptor (α2MSR). We now report that resident peritoneal macrophages express only 400 ± 50 α2MSR receptors/cell compared to 5000 ± 500 receptor/TG‐elicited macrophage. By contrast, LRP expression is only 2–2.5‐fold greater on elicited cells. The low level of α2MSR expression by resident cells is insufficient to trigger signal transduction in contrast to TG‐elicited cells which when exposed to α2M* demonstrate a rapid rise in inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate and a concomitant increase in cytosolic free Ca2+. We then studied a variety of preparations injected subcutaneously for their ability to upregulate α2MSR. Macroaggregated bovine serum albumin (macroBSA) injection upregulated α2MSR and triggered signaling responses by splenic macrophages. Nonaggregated BSA injection alone or in the presence of alum, by contrast, did not alter α2MSR expression. Recombivax (hepatitis B antigen adsorbed to alum) injection also upregulated α2MSR on splenic macrophages while the alum carrier had no effect. We conclude that macrophage α2M* receptors are inducible and their expression may be regulated, in part, by potential antigens. J. Cell. Biochem. 82: 260–270, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transfer of proα2(I) cDNA into cells of a murine model of human Osteogenesis Imperfecta restores synthesis of type I collagen comprised of α1(I) and α2(I) heterotrimers in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Niyibizi Christopher , Smith Patrick , Mi Zhibao , Phillips Charlotte L. , Robbins Paul 
Published: August 2002

AbstractThe oim mouse is a model of human Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) that has deficient synthesis of proα2(I) chains. Cells isolated from oim mice synthesize α1(I) collagen homotrimers that accumulate in tissues. To explore the feasibility of gene therapy for OI, a murine proα2(I) cDNA was inserted into an adenovirus vector and transferred into bone marrow stromal cells isolated from oim mice femurs. The murine cDNA under the control of the cytomegalovirus early promoter was expressed by the transduced cells. Analysis of the collagens synthesized by the transduced cells demonstrated that the cells synthesized stable type I collagen comprised of α1(I) and α2(I) heterotrimers in the correct ratio of 2:1. The collagen was efficiently secreted and also the cells retained the osteogenic potential as indicated by the expression of alkaline phosphatase activity when the transduced cells were treated with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2. Injection of the virus carrying the murine proα2(I) cDNA into oim skin demonstrated synthesis of type I collagen comprised of α1 and α2 chains at the injection site. These preliminary data demonstrate that collagen genes can be transferred into bone marrow stromal cells as well as fibroblasts in vivo and that the genes are efficiently expressed. These data encourage further studies in gene replacement for some forms of OI and use of bone marrow stromal cells as vehicles to deliver therapeutic genes to bone. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.