bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Sanchez-Graells Albert 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the book and provides the background for the emergence of the dual role of public procurement in the process of public sector digital transformation: gatekeeping and experimentation. The chapter summarizes main trends in the accelerating transition towards new modes of digital public governance, contextualizing the emerging roles of procurement in the broader global ‘race to AI’ and ‘race to AI regulation’. The chapter then focuses on emerging trends of digital technology regulation to stress how the European and British approaches converge around a model of light-touch risk-based self-regulation. The chapter stresses the regulatory implications of these approaches. It finishes by highlighting how ‘regulation by contract’ through public procurement fits within the broader model of light-touch risk-based self-regulation.
Revisiting the Promise
Authors: Sanchez-Graells Albert 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Mitigating the allure and ‘policy irresistibility’ of digital technologies requires reassessing their true potential benefits and, more importantly, the necessary enabling mechanisms, likely roadblocks, and new risks that come with them. This chapter takes a closer functional look at the technologies to generate a better understanding of the constraints on their contribution to improving procurement governance. It argues that such constraints should serve as a counterpoint to the hype that follows superficial or techno optimistic assessments, and help recentre policy agendas towards establishing proper foundations for digital adaptation in the long term. The chapter evidences the importance of data availability and quality across technologies. This leads to an analysis of the difficulties in generating an enabling big data architecture, despite efforts led by the European Commission, or the Open Contracting Partnership, for example. It argues that big data architecture will remain the main constraint on the implementation of digital technologies in the near future. Thinking further ahead, the chapter highlights the displacement, rather than avoidance or resolution, of governance risks that the adoption of digital technologies can generate. The chapter closes with a recapitulation of the feasibility boundary for digital procurement governance.
Conclusion
Authors: Sanchez-Graells Albert 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter brings together the main strands of analysis developed in the book, which has questioned whether procurement can act as an effective gatekeeper of the public interest in the process of public sector digitalization through ‘regulation by contract’. It summarizes how, focusing on the emerging experiences in the European Union and the United Kingdom, the book has tested this intuition or regulatory strategy against the basic requirements of effective regulation and gatekeeping: skills, independence, and effective enforcement tools. Both by reference to theoretical analysis and the detailed case study of procurement digitalization as a site of unregulated public sector technological experimentation, the chapter highlights how the book has shown that the intuition is misleading and cannot achieve the regulatory goals it seeks. It has demonstrated that ‘regulation by contract’ is a strategy incapable of closing the regulatory gap left by the absence of general legislation and rules controlling the accelerating process of public sector digitalization. The chapter closes by reiterating the ways in which the proposed alternative regulatory strategy would make a positive contribution to governing the transition towards new modes of digital public governance.
Serving the Meals
Authors: O’Brien Nanette 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3: ‘Serving the Meals: Gertrude Stein and Domesticity’ continues the thread between autobiographical modernist writing in a transatlantic context; it focuses on the more stylistically radical modernist work by Gertrude Stein. It argues that Stein unexpectedly aligns modernism with domesticity by presenting servants’ preparation of food as a fundamental metaphor for authorial creativity in France and America. Stein’s conservative political and social vision of ‘civilization’ as stressing historically traditional domestic roles and routine allows her to reframe the work of domestic servants as productive and even radical. Bound up with an imperial worldview and problematic as Stein’s politics were, Stein nevertheless ascribes traditionally marginalized figures such as German–American immigrant cooks in Three Lives and Vietnamese–French cooks in The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas and Everybody’s Autobiography with agency, adopting their language and cookery techniques in her other creative works.
Social Provisioning Puzzles
Authors: Hickey Sam , Sen Kunal 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
There is a growing appreciation that social provisioning in the global south is closely shaped by politics, particularly in terms of the level of public expenditure that governments are willing to commit to sectors such as education and health. However, much less is known about what drives elite commitment and state capacity to delivering higher-quality public services. This question is particularly acute in the case of education, where the important gains made in broadening access to children in low-income households have not been matched by a rise in the quality of education on offer, generating a learning crisis. Within the health sector, there have been major improvements on key indicators, including maternal mortality rates, but the rate of change has been very uneven across different countries. This chapter argues that the nature of elite commitment within the domain of education is shaped by the greater power of the coalitions and incentives aligned with access (or ‘schooling’) compared to those for quality (or learning), on the other, both at the national and the local levels. Importantly, dominant political settlements may perform worse here, given the problems with enabling local agency and policy learning in such contexts. Within the health domain, we identify two different pathways to the rapid reduction of maternal mortality rates: one involving a significant role for non-state actors, the other driven more by a dominant ruling coalition capable of institutionalizing a strong system of top-down performance management and local monitoring.
An Empirical Research Study on Barriers, Facilitators, and Strategies to Promote Bystander Intervention in Intimate Image Abuse Contexts
Authors: Flynn Asher , Scott Adrian J. , Cama Elena 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Research suggests that support for, and intervention by, people who witness abusive behaviours can reduce the extent and impacts of those behaviours, problematic attitudes, and harms. Research also suggests that promoting bystander intervention when witnessing violence and discrimination may be an effective prevention tool. In this regard, bystanders could play a greater role in preventing intimate image abuse (IIA). This chapter builds on the existing bystander intervention theory and literature base to better understand bystander intervention in relation to IIA. Utilizing data from thirty-five in-person focus groups with 219 participants in four Australian States, this chapter explores barriers and facilitators to bystander intervention in IIA contexts, and how messaging could be improved to promote safe and effective bystander intervention. It was found that bystander intervention was affected by perceptions of safety and the potential risks of intervening; gender; perceptions of how the intervention would be perceived by the perpetrator and other bystanders; relationships; the age, physicality, and mental state of the perpetrator; and the presence of others. The chapter concludes by discussing what mechanisms participants identified as potential ways to improve bystander intervention when witnessing IIA.
Second Conversation
Authors: Pattison George 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Several weeks later, the narrator comes home to find Dostoevsky browsing his bookshelves. This leads to a discussion of Dickens and the portrayal of the death of children in literature, comparing Dickens’s The Old Curiosity Shop with Dostoevsky’s The Insulted and the Injured and The Brothers Karamazov. Discussion of Dostoevsky’s literary influences, including the respective roles of European and Russian literature, leads to considering the importance of the Bible for literature and in Dostoevsky’s life and novels. This in turn introduces the figure of Christ, with particular reference to Dostoevsky’s The Idiot and the story ‘The Grand Inquisitor’, addressing the question as to whether Dostoevsky’s Christ is too weak to save.
Waste Paper in Early Modern England
Authors: Reynolds Anna 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The ubiquity of waste paper in early modern England has long been misunderstood. Although references to waste paper in insults and modesty tropes are widespread, they are easily dismissed as nothing more than rhetorical flourishes. Working under the common misconception that paper would have been too valuable to ‘waste’ in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, these tropes are often read as scatological flights of fancy. Waste Paper in Early Modern England demonstrates that these commonplaces are in fact indicative of everyday, material experience—of an author’s, reader’s, housewife’s, or city-dweller’s immersion in an environment brimming with repurposed scraps and sheets—and that waste paper makes visible a radically different understanding of waste matter in the early modern period than in our own. More than a rhetorical aside, repurposed pages were both materially and figuratively useful. Drawing on a range of literary, pictorial, and bibliographical sources, Waste Paper in Early Modern England reveals how layers of meaning accreted around paper fragments in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and how, because of the widespread sensitivity to the life cycle of paper and books, wasted pages prompted meaningful imaginative work. The book’s five chapters recount how, in this period, the biography of waste paper provided a thing to think with concerning matter and temporality—a potent and flexible emblem for the troublesome passage of books and all other sorts of bodies through time.
Tackling Crises and Austerity
Authors: Barbera Carmela , Steccolini Ileana 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
At the time of writing, we are witnessing a new global crisis affecting our societies and economies. The Covid-19 Pandemic and the Ukrainian war are only the most recent of a long chain of shocks and crises. Others include 9/11 and several other terrorist attacks, the global financial crisis, refugee and immigration challenges, and a myriad of accelerating climate-change impacts. Individually, these have each caused major immediate disruptions; taken together, they have resulted in significant, and lasting, global effects on our societies and economies. Governments have been consistently on the frontline to tackle crises, although, at times, it appears their responses to them have been slow and inadequate. Given this, it seems appropriate that more emphasis should be placed on the resilience (that is, the capacity to deal with shocks and uncertainty) of governments in the face of such a context. Taking stock of past research on resilient approaches adopted by local governments in times of austerity, this chapter argues the need for such a resilient perspective. In particular, it puts emphasis on how governments can build on existing capacities, or invest in new ones, in order to anticipate and cope with difficult times in an attempt to ensure public-service provision functions effectively and efficiently despite the challenges. An aspect of the chapter explores the extent to which NPM can support (or hamper) the development of such capacities, as well as the role played by accounting in shaping them.
Civil Society's Democratic Potential
Authors: Bolleyer Nicole 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Which civil society organizations (CSOs) contribute to democracy, how, and why? Organized civil society including interest groups, political parties, and service-oriented associations is traditionally considered a cornerstone of democracy. Their potential to contribute to democracy is more often than not treated as a given. Nevertheless, individual CSOs’ readiness and ability to serve as venues for participation, vehicles of democratic representation, or indeed both at the same time have remained a matter of ongoing debate across different social science disciplines. Prominent notions such as ‘NGOization’ and ‘cartelization’ have problematized CSOs’ and parties’ increasing state dependency, professionalization, and bureaucratization, shifting organizational priorities away from societal values towards instrumentally driven self-maintenance, supposedly diminishing their contribution to democratic governance. This study argues that two contrasting governance templates—the ‘voluntary association’ and the ‘professionalized voluntary organization’—allow theorizing fundamental trade-offs shaping CSOs’ ability to simultaneously ‘perform’ on three dimensions central to their democratic contributions: participation, representation, and societal responsiveness. The study’s theoretical framework is examined through a mixed-methods design that combines the analysis of survey data across four European democracies (Germany, Norway, Switzerland, UK) with qualitative case studies of individual organizations’ long-term trajectories over several decades.
VAT in the Digital Era
Authors: Xu Yan 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the main theme of the book and the main points of individual chapters. It notes current practices and value-added tax (VAT) rules in the world’s three major economies (the European Union, the United States, and China), Australia (a front-runner in developing rules and measures to VAT challenges in the digital economy), Japan (a jurisdiction with a VAT system characterized by unique design features), and South Africa (a representative of developing jurisdictions with a modern VAT). The chapter reviews the role of international guidance in creating consistent application of the destination principle to cross-border supplies of services, lessons that can be learnt from regional and subnational state harmonization on VAT, and theoretical exploration and actual attempts from international income tax reforms to address the tax challenges of the digital economy. Drawing upon a comprehensive survey of the future of VATs and an examination of VAT administration relating to cross-border digital supplies, the chapter explores the prospects of international VAT harmonization in the digital era.
The Digital Economy Challenges to the Japanese Consumption Tax
Authors: Nishiyama Yumi , Krever Richard 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In its original form, the Japanese Consumption Tax relied on business accounts rather than tax invoices to compute input and output tax. The unique and simple single-rate model was replaced with a conventional tax invoice system in 2019 when it became a dual tax rate system and a hypothecated levy with revenues used exclusively for social welfare expenditures. Originally, no reverse-charge mechanism applied to cross-border B2B services, but recognition of the unfair advantage this created for foreign suppliers to entities not permitted to claim input tax credits led to the adoption of a reverse-charge mechanism in 2015. The system only applies to digital supplies, however. Separately, a foreign supplier registration system was adopted to require foreign B2C digital suppliers to remit tax to Japan. Reforms to address challenges from the sharing economy and imports of low-value goods purchased on foreign platforms remain to be addressed.
VAT and Digital Supplies
Authors: van Zyl Stephanus P 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The Taxation Laws Amendment Act 43 of 2014 (SA) introduced, for the first time, specific rules to bring cross-border sales in digital goods within the value-added tax (VAT) fold. Further amendments were introduced in 2019 by the Rates and Monetary Amounts and Amendment of Revenue Laws Act 21 of 2018 and the revised Regulations to the Value-Added Tax Act 89 of 1991, which came into effect on 1 April 2019. This chapter provides an overview of the South African VAT rules pertaining to cross-border digital supplies. The aim is to consider whether the South African approach to VAT and e-commerce complies with the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) framework for a neutral, equitable VAT system that is underpinned by the recommendations to harmonize VAT rules in respect of cross-border transactions of digital supplies.
Popes, Bishops, and Emperors between Rome and Constantinople
Authors: Ivanova Mirela 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 situates the Life of Methodios in an intellectual milieu. It demonstrates that the author of the text was using Byzantine materials, but that they did so while addressing a Latinate audience. Against the grain of scholarship, this chapter posits that this text is best situated within the corpus of Latin missionary hagiography. A nuanced study of ideas about missionary activity between Rome and the Carolingian Empire is able to explain specific narrative interventions made by the Life of Methodios into the events presented in the narrative of the Life of Cyril. Through this, it argues that the unification of the brothers and their relationship with the Slavs are best understood as answers to Frankish claims over the ecclesiastical hegemony of Moravia.
Conclusions
Authors: Ivanova Mirela 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
The conclusion offers some summative remarks on the contribution of the book, and highlights that the constant reinvention of Slavonic in the Middle Ages did not result in the replacement of one narrative for another, but rather in the coexistence of multiple Cyrils and multiple iterations and ideas about the alphabet. As such, the conclusion notes that the history of Slavonic letters demonstrates that the more recent the invention, the more contested the alphabet. It finishes with a creative exercise, delving into one of the most recent episodes of Cyrillo-Methodian history, namely the papal visit of Pope Francis to Bulgaria and Macedonia in 2019, to demonstrate how the Slavonic alphabet continues to be reinvented in the present day.
Speculative Time
Authors: Crosthwaite Paul 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Speculative Time: American Literature in an Age of Crisis examines how a climate of financial and economic speculation and disaster shaped the literary culture of the United States in the early to mid-twentieth century. It argues that speculation’s risk-laden and crisis-prone temporalities had major impacts on writing in the period, as well as on important aspects of visual representation. The conceptions of time—and especially futurity—arising from the theory and practice of speculation provided crucial models for writers’ and other artists’ aesthetic, intellectual, and political concerns and strategies. The attractions and dangers of speculation were most spectacularly apparent in the period’s pivotal economic event: the Wall Street Crash of 1929. The book offers an innovative account of how the speculative boom and bust of the “Roaring Twenties” affected literary and cultural production in the United States. It situates the stock market gyrations of the 1920s and 1930s within a wider culture of speculation that was profoundly shaped by, but extended well beyond, the brokerages and trading floors of Wall Street. The early to mid-twentieth century was a “speculative time,” an age characterized by leaps of economic, political, intellectual, and literary speculation; and the notion of speculative time provides a means of understanding the period’s characteristic temporal modes and textures, as evident in work by figures including F. Scott Fitzgerald, John Dos Passos, Nathan Asch, William Faulkner, Federico García Lorca, James N. Rosenberg, Margaret Bourke-White, Archibald MacLeish, Christina Stead, Claude McKay, Richard Wright, and Ralph Ellison.
How Gloomy Is the Retirement Outlook for Millennials?
Authors: Johnson Richard W. , Smith Karen E. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractSocial, economic, demographic, and public policy shifts have made retirement security a pressing concern. Male labor force participation pre-age 55 has slumped, men’s median earnings have stagnated, marriage and homeownership rates are falling, debt levels remain high, and out-of-pocket spending on medical and long-term services and supports are rising. Other trends are more encouraging, such as women’s higher earnings, the rise in labor force participation at older ages, and improvements in educational attainment. The chapter uses a dynamic microsimulation model to project how various forces might play out over the next 30 years to shape the retirement security of US residents born in the 1980s. Projections show that median age-70 income will be higher for Millennials than for previous generations, but this cohort faces a higher risk of seeing falling living standards in retirement.
Older Workers, Retirement, and Macroeconomic Shocks
Authors: McEntarfer Erika 
Published: February 2024

AbstractOlder workers are a growing share of the US labor force, yet we know relatively little about how their participation is impacted by macroeconomic conditions. This chapter uses administrative data to identify how recessions impact transitions between career employment, partial-retirement, and retirement. It shows that transitions to either full or partial retirement increase during economic contractions. Retired workers are also less likely to return to the labor market in recessions, magnifying the impact on labor force participation of older workers. Flows into retirement were especially high at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, with an excess flow into retirement of 5 percent of older workers. The chapter finds that flows into retirement are generally more cyclically sensitive than returns to the labor market, suggesting many excess retirements are permanent.
Athenian Festival Culture and Allied Integration
Authors: Lazar Leah 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 argues that the political and fiscal negotiations analysed in the first two chapters relied on allied mobility to Athens, particularly in the context of Athenian festivals. Imperial diplomacy was only a part of a wide array of allied (likely elite) interactions—religious, cultural, honorific, social—in festival contexts, which seem to have been increasingly encouraged by the Athenians as the century progressed. Consequently, the chapter argues that analysis of how and why allies engaged in negotiated relationships with Athens must consider how individual representatives experienced their mobility and participation in Athenian festivals. The final part of the chapter considers how these allied individuals may have been agents of cultural change in their home communities, importing and adapting Athenian cultural forms in allied contexts.
Anticolonial Form
Authors: Reza Alexandra 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Anticolonial Form: Literary Journals at the End of Empire addresses the relationship between culture and politics in two journals published in Europe by African writers: Présence Africaine, launched in Paris in 1947, and Mensagem, published between 1948 and 1964 in Lisbon. Grounded in extensive archival work, the book argues for a comparative and transnational approach to postcolonial literary studies, for the significance of the literary journal as a key form in the development of African writing in French, Portuguese, and English, and for a historically and geographically contingent understanding of the relationships between literature, culture, and politics.