bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intra‐examiner reproducibility of 4 dental plaque indices
Authors: Matthijs S. , Sabzevar M. Moradi , Adriaens P. A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground, aims: The aim of the present study was to assess the intra‐examiner reproducibility for 2 established ordinal plaque indices and 2 newly proposed interval plaque indices.Method: 15 subjects received a professional tooth cleaning and interrupted all oral hygiene measures for 48 to 62 hours. Plaque accumulation was scored 2× for all canines, premolars and 1st and 2nd molars in the 1st and 3rd quadrants with the visual plaque index (VPI), the modified navy plaque index (mNPI), the axial plaque extension index (APEI) and the proximal plaque extension index (PPEI). 147 teeth (57 molars, 60 premolars, 30 canines) were scored.Results: No statistically significant differences were found for duplicate measurements with all indices, except for buccal and lingual VPI (p<0.05, Wilcoxon test) and for buccal APEI (p<0.01, t‐test). High correlations existed between all duplicate measurements with r‐values ranging from 0.76 to 0.94. For the VPI, 78% of buccal (κ=0.70) and 89% of lingual (κ=0.75) scores were identical, whereas this was the case for 88% of buccal (κ=0.81) and for 73% of lingual (κ=0.62) mNPI scores. For APEI and PPEI scores a linear regression was found with slopes ranging between 0.76 and 1.00. For these indices, the mean measurement error ranged between 0.4 and 9.1%. Results were comparable for VPI, mNPI and PPEI, whereas APEI appeared slightly less reproducible.Conclusion: In conclusion, a high intra‐examiner reproducibility was found for all plaque indices tested, both the ordinal and the interval indices.
Failure to detect an association with IL1 genotypes in European Caucasians with generalised early onset periodontitis
Authors: Hodge P. J. , Riggio M. P. , Kinane D. F. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectives: In order to elucidate the genetic background to EOP it is useful to investigate associations with genetic polymorphisms of immune response genes, whose products play a rôle in the inflammatory process. The aim of this study was to examine IL1A and IL1B genetic polymorphisms in unrelated European white Caucasian patients with generalised early‐onset periodontitis (GEOP).Material and methods: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the IL1A (−889) gene and IL1B (+3953) gene (56 patients, 56 controls) was carried out and PCR products subjected to restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis.Results: There were no significant differences between patients and controls for any of the genotype or allele frequencies investigated (p=1.0). Smoking status was also included as a covariate but this did not alter the results. Furthermore, expression of the composite genotype described by Kornman and coworkers was also investigated in these subjects. No significant differences were found between patients and controls whether smoking was included as a covariate or not.Conclusion: The lack of any association between the IL1 polymorphisms and GEOP, in the population presented here, brings into doubt the usefulness of these candidate genes as markers of susceptibility to this form of periodontitis.
Periodontal disease status of an indigenous population of Guatemala, Central America
Authors: Dowsett S. A. , Archila L. , Segreto V. A. , Eckert G. J. , Kowolik M. J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectives: This study was designed to determine the periodontal disease status of an indigenous Indian community of rural Central America (San Juan La Laguna, Guatemala), for comparison with results of similar studies in other populations, and with a view to performing future studies to address familial clustering of adult periodontitis.Methods & Results:An initial screen of 239 subjects aged 12–75 years from extended families suggested a high disease prevalence according to full‐mouth pocket probing depths (PPDs), with more than 75% of subjects with one or more pockets of PPD 5 mm. A more detailed study was performed in 125 unrelated subjects 18 years, recording full‐mouth PPDs and clinical attachment levels (CALs). The high prevalence of pocketing was confirmed and 90% of adults 35 years had at least one site with CAL 6 mm. However, extensive disease was restricted to a small minority, with only 10% of adults 35 years having 20% or more sites with CAL 6 mm.Conclusion: The study results highlight the importance of performing a detailed examination and appropriate analysis. In both studies, tooth retention was high (mean number of teeth recorded was 26.4 and 28.0 respectively), smoking unusual, and families large and localised to the village. This community thus affords several advantages over populations in developed countries when considering familial studies of adult periodontitis.
Tumor necrosis factor‐α gene polymorphisms in relation to periodontitis
Authors: Craandijk Jeroen , Van Krugten Michiel V. , Verweij Cor L. , Van Der Velden Ubele , Loos Bruno G. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground: Genetic polymorphisms for cytokines have been proposed as potential genetic markers for destructive periodontal disease. The present aim was to investigate 4 bi‐allelic polymorphisms in the TNF‐α gene in relation to susceptibility for and severity of periodontitis. The polymorphisms were all transitions from G to A, 3 in the promoter positions: −376, −308, −238; and one in the first intron at position +489.Methods: 90 periodontitis patients and 264 reference control subjects were genotyped and frequencies of genotypes and alleles were analyzed. Also genotype frequencies among severe and moderate periodontitis patients were explored, and the % of teeth with 50% bone loss and the % of teeth without any bone loss for patients with the A allele (A+ genotype) and patients without (A− genotype) were compared.Results: The distributions of genotypes and frequencies of A allele carriage rates for the 4 TNF‐α polymorphisms were not different between patients and reference controls; Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium criteria were fulfilled. Also the distribution of A+ and A− genotypes, alone or in combinations, were not different for severe periodontitis compared to moderate periodontitis patients. None of the A+ genotypes showed a significant different bone loss pattern compared to A− genotype patients. Smoking status of the patients did not influence the results.Conclusions: Genetic polymorphisms in the TNF‐α gene at positions −376, −308, −238 and +489 could not be identified as susceptibility or severity factors in periodontitis, irrespective of the smoking status of the patients.
Peripheral calcifying odontogenic cyst
Authors: Orsini Giovanna , Fioroni Massimiliano , Rubini Carrado , Piattelli Adriano 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground: Calcifying odontogenic cyst (COC) is a rare lesion representing about 1% of jaw cysts. It may occur in a central (intraosseous) or peripheral (extraosseous) location.Method: A case of peripheral COC located on the gingiva, appearing as a painless, circumscribed, pink nodule has been reported.Results: Peripheral, in contrast to central, COC tends to affect older patients. Peripheral COC is a less aggressive lesion than the central counterpart, and a simple excision biopsy is curative.Conclusion: The histological finding of a keratinized epithelium rich in ghost cells has helped in making the diagnosis.
Gingival recession in smokers and non‐smokers with minimal periodontal disease
Authors: Müller Hans‐Peter , Stadermann Sabine , Heinecke Achim 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground/aims: Smoking is a major risk factor for destructive periodontal disease. There is limited information with regard to effects of smoking in subjects with minimal periodontal destruction. The aim of the present investigation was to assess the development of gingival recession in young adult smokers and non‐smokers.Methods: 61 systemically healthy young adults, 19 to 30 years of age completed the final examination. 30 volunteers smoked at least 20 cigarettes per day, whereas 31 subjects were non‐smokers. Clinical periodontal conditions were assessed 4× within a time period of 6 months. Site‐specific analyses considering the correlated structure of data were performed.Results: At the outset, 50% of subjects presented with gingival recession at 1 or more sites. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of gingival recession between non‐smokers and smokers. Severe recession in excess of 2 mm affected about 23% non‐smokers but only 7% smokers. Some further gingival recession developed during the 6‐month observation period. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, the risk for recession development appeared not to be influenced by smoking status after adjusting for periodontal probing depth, recession at baseline, tooth brushing frequency, gender, jaw, tooth type and site.Conclusions: Present data did not support the hypothesis that smokers are at an increased risk for the development of gingival recession.
Quantification of gingival edema using a new 3‐D laser scanning method
Authors: Rosin M. , Splieth Ch. , Hessler M. , Gärtner Ch. , Kordaß B. , Kocher T. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectives: The aim of the study was to investigate the suitability of measuring volume differences in the gingival tissue for monitoring changes in the inflammatory status of the gingiva.Materials and Methods: Data for this investigation were obtained from a mouthrinse evaluation which was performed as a 4‐week, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, cross‐over study in which localised experimental gingivitis was induced. 24 volunteers were enrolled in the study. Only the data from the placebo period of each subject were used in the current investigation. During the plaque accumulation periods, plaque guards were worn during routine performance of oral hygiene measures to prevent any plaque removal from the experimental area (1st and 2nd premolars and molars in one upper quadrant). Clinical examinations with assessment of plaque and gingivitis were performed on days 0, 4, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 42. Volume differences in the gingival papillae were determined between day 0 and days 21, 28, and 42, and between days 28 and 42 by taking measurements from replicas of the respective clinical situations using a 3‐D laser scanner and reference‐free automated 3‐D superimposition software. Data were analysed with the Wilcoxon signed ranks test.Results: Plaque accumulation in the experimental area resulted in a highly significant increase (p<0.001) of inflammation of the gingival papillae. The mean (standard deviation) papillary GI at baseline was 0.23 (0.34) as compared to 1.22 (0.27) and 1.2 (0.31) on days 21 and 28, respectively. The mean increase in volume of all papillae as compared to baseline was 25,478 μm3 after 21 days and 24,210 μm3 after 28 days. After resuming a normal oral hygiene regimen, mean volume of the papillae decreased between days 28 and 42 by 19,250 μm3.Conclusion: With this novel method, gingival papillary edema can be quantified in vivo from replicas of the clinical situation.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of a pre‐brushing rinse in plaque removal: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Angelillo Italo F. , Nobile Carmelo G. A. , Pavia Maria 
Published: March 2003

AbstractObjectives: A meta‐analysis technique was used to pool data from studies to assess the effectiveness of the pre‐brushing rinse PLAX on existing plaque and gingivitis.Methods: Studies were identified using MEDLINE and other sources, and grouped according to whether PLAX was used in short‐ or long‐term treatment. The quality of trials was assessed by 2 independent readers. The DerSimonian and Laird random effects model was used. Meta‐analyses were performed according to duration and type of PLAX treatment. In “1‐day” studies, the effect of PLAX after rinsing and after rinsing and brushing was evaluated, whereas in longitudinal studies, this was done at several follow‐up times.Results: A total of 19 studies were included and mean quality scores ranged from 0.13 to 0.60, for the study protocol from 0.18 to 0.70 and for data analysis and presentation from 0.05 to 0.53. In “1‐day” studies, PLAX significantly reduced plaque after rinsing (difference=0.143; 95% CI=0.02–0.27;p=0.022), whereas no significant reduction was observed in post‐brushing measures. In “longitudinal” studies, plaque was significantly reduced at 1–2 (difference=0.168; 95% CI=0.09–0.24; p<0.0001), 3–4 (difference=0.179; 95% CI=0.01–0.35; p=0.043), 12 (difference=0.288; 95% CI=0.21–0.37; p<0.0001) and 24 (difference=0.377; 95% CI=0.19–0.57; p=0.0001) weeks. The meta‐analysis that evaluated gingivitis showed a significant reduction in inflammation with PLAX treatment at 12 (difference=0.209; 95% CI=0.17–0.25; p<0.0001) and 24 (difference=0.257; 95% CI=0.22–0.29; p<0.0001) weeks follow‐up.Conclusions: Although PLAX use appears to offer some benefit in plaque and gingivitis reduction, the clinical magnitude of the difference and the benefit on oral health are likely to be small.
Soft tissue reactions to plaque formation at implant abutments with different surface topography
Authors: Zitzmann N. U. , Abrahamsson I. , Berglundh T. , Lindhe J. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground: The mucosal attachment that forms to titanium implants, uncontaminated by bacterial plaque comprises, independent of the surface characteristics of the abutment, one barrier epithelium and one zone of connective tissue attachment. It was suggested that abutments with a rough surface may accumulate more plaque than abutments with a smooth surface and that such an enhanced rate of plaque build‐up may favor the development of inflammatory lesions in the periimplant mucosa.Objectives: The aim of the present experiment was to study some reactions of the periimplant mucosa to plaque accumulation on implant abutments designed with either a rough or a smooth external surface.Material and Methods: In five beagle dogs, four fixtures were placed and submerged in the premolar region. In a second stage procedure performed after 3 months, abutments with two different types of surface topography, one rough, acid‐etched (OA) and one smooth, turned abutment (TA), were installed in a random order. After 6 months of undisturbed plaque formation, the animals were sacrificed and biopsies obtained. Tissue samples were prepared for light microscopy and exposed to histometric and morphometric measurements.Results: Six months of plaque accumulation resulted in the establishment of an inflammatory lesion (pl‐ICT) in the connective tissue of the periimplant mucosa, the location, size and composition of which did not differ between OA and TA sites. In addition, most OA and TA sites harbored a second inflammatory cell infiltrate in the tissue lateral to the abutment/fixture junction (ab‐ICT). While pl‐ICT was dominated by plasma cells and lymphocytes, ab‐ICT contained a comparatively large number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes.Conclusion: The different surface characteristics of abutment made of c.p. titanium failed to influence plaque formation and the establishment of inflammatory cell lesions in the periimplant mucosa.
Changes in vasoactive intestinal peptide in gingival crevicular fluid in response to periodontal treatment
Authors: Linden Gerard J. , Mullally Brian H. , Burden Donald J. , Lamey Philip‐John , Shaw Christopher , Ardill Joy , Lundy Fionnuala T. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAims: To evaluate the role of the anti‐inflammatory neuropeptide vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in periodontal health and disease and to determine the effects of periodontal treatment, resulting in a return to periodontal health, on the levels of VIP in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF).Methods: At baseline, 10 subjects with periodontitis (nine females, one male, mean age 43.0, SD 7.3) started a course of non‐surgical periodontal treatment. Clinical indices were measured at one periodontitis and one clinically healthy site at an initial visit and at 8 weeks after the completion of treatment in each subject. A 30‐s sample of GCF was collected from each test site using perio paper strips. The volume of GCF was measured and each sample subsequently analysed for VIP by radioimmunoassay. One healthy site was sampled from each member of a control group (10 females, mean age 29.9, SD 8.2 years) with clinically healthy gingiva and no periodontitis.Results: The clinical condition of all periodontitis sites improved as a result of periodontal treatment. The levels of VIP (pg/30 s sample) in periodontitis‐affected sites fell significantly from 302.0 (SD 181.2) at the initial visit to 78.0 (54.4) after treatment, p = 0.007. The reduction in the concentration of VIP (pg/µL) in GCF from 524.3 (322.3) to 280.8 (280.2) was not statistically significant. The levels of VIP in clinically healthy sites fell from 115.5.5 (74.3) to 77.8 (32.3), n.s. and the concentration changed little from 883.8 (652.1) to 628.7 (323.3), n.s. There were substantially smaller amounts of VIP (25.8, SD 12.8) pg in healthy sites sampled from control subjects.Conclusions: VIP is present in GCF in greater quantities in periodontitis‐affected than clinically healthy sites. In addition, the reduction in inflammation resulting from effective periodontal treatment is associated with a reduction in the levels of VIP in gingival crevicular fluid.
The involvement of nervous and some inflammatory response mechanisms in the acute snuff‐induced gingival hyperaemia in humans
Authors: Mavropoulos Antonios , Aars Harald , Brodin Pål 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground and Aim: Tobacco users and especially cigarette smokers are at higher risk than non‐smokers for periodontal disease. The pathogenic mechanism has been proposed to be the vasoconstrictive properties of nicotine, with reduced gingival blood flow (GBF) as a contributing factor in the development of periodontal disease. However, in a previous study in humans, we found GBF to increase in response to acute exposure to snuff. The present study was designed to investigate whether the tobacco‐induced acute GBF increase is dependent on intact nervous conduction. We further investigated the effect of piroxicam (NSAID) and dexchlorpheniramin (DCPA) (antihistamine) on the snuff‐induced responses in the gingiva, to see if chemical mediators of inflammation also influenced the response.Material and methods: Laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) was used to measure gingival blood flow bilaterally in the buccal maxillary gingiva, in the forehead skin and in the thumb. Also arterial blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were monitored. Infraorbital nerve block anaesthesia (INB), superficial mucosal anaesthesia, 20 mg piroxicam or 2 mg DCPA were used in combination with snuff to study the vascular responses to 500 mg snuff (1% nicotine).Results: Snuff induced a rapid increase in GBF that was higher than the increase in BP, indicating an active vasodilatation. The snuff‐induced vasodilatation was partly blocked by INB and more so by superficial mucosal anaesthesia. Piroxicam and DCPA exerted diverse effects on vascular homeostasis but had no effect on the snuff‐induced vasodilatation in the gingiva. Conclusions: The results of this study confirm that snuff induces local gingival vasodilatation, and imply that this vasodilatation most likely is a summation of responses due to both autonomic and antidromic reflex mechanisms. We further discuss the possible involvement of the nervously mediated effects of tobacco and nicotine on vascular homeostasis and in tobacco‐associated periodontitis.
Oral myofibromatosis: an unusual cause of gingival overgrowth
Authors: Corson M. A. , Reed M. , Soames J. V. , Seymour R. A. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractBackground:  This case report describes a rare benign tumour, which presented as discrete areas of gingival hyperplasia affecting both the mandible and the maxilla.Method:  Surgical excision of the lesions was carried out under local anaesthetic. Histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of oral myofibromatosis.Results: The condition responded to surgical excision and appears to have limited growth potential. It affects a wide spectrum of ages and can be alarming due to rapid enlargement and ulceration, so careful diagnosis is important to avoid unnecessary aggressive treatment.
Root defects following air polishing
Authors: Petersilka G. J. , Bell M. , Mehl A. , Hickel R. , Flemmig T. F. 
Published: March 2003

AbstractAim: Air‐polishing devices (APDs) are highly effective in removing plaque and extrinsic staining. Their application on root surfaces, however, may result in clinically relevant substance removal, limiting the use in patients with periodontitis, where denuded root surfaces are frequently found. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to assess the influence of different working parameters on root damage and to identify those minimizing root damage.Material and methods: Defect depth and defect volume after instrumentation of roots with an APD (Dentsply Prophy‐Jet®) using conventional NaHCO3 powder at instrumentation times of 5, 10 and 20 s, combinations of low, medium and high powder and water settings, distances of 2, 4 and 6 mm, and angulations of 45° and 90° were quantified laseroptically. A total of 297 roots were instrumented and parameter combinations were performed in triplicate. The influence of each working parameter on substance loss was determined by multiple regression analysis.Results: Time had the greatest influence on defect volume and depth (β‐weights 0.6 and 0.57, respectively), when compared with powder setting (β‐weights 0.49 and 0.3) and water setting (β‐weights 0.28 and 0.3). Variations in distance affected defect depth (β‐weight 0.44), but not volume (β‐weight 0.04). No major differences were found at 45° and 90°. Various parameter combinations led to maximal defect depths of 473.5 ± 26.2 µm within 20 s.Conclusion: Root damage varies among combinations of working parameters. Using the APD with the assessed NaHCO3 powder, all parameter combinations led to substantial root damage. Thus, APDs using NaHCO3 may not be safely utilized on exposed root surfaces.
Enamel fluoride uptake from mouthrinse solutions with different NaF concentrations
Authors: Inaba Daisuke , Kawasaki Koji , Iijima Youichi , Taguchi Nobuhiro , Hayashida Hideaki , Yoshikawa Tadashi , Furugen Reiko , Fukumoto Emiko , Nishiyama Takashi , Tanaka Keiko , Takagi Okiuji 
Published: March 2003

Abstract –Objectives: The influence on enamel fluoride uptake of reducing the NaF concentration of a mouthrinse solution by half, from 0.05–0.025%, was examined in elementary school children.Methods: The participatory elementary school had employed school‐based fluoride mouthrinse with 0.05% NaF solution since 1983, and in 1993, the NaF content was lowered to 0.025%. Dental examination and enamel biopsy of maxillary central incisors were performed just before the NaF content reduction for children who had received the daily 0.05% NaF mouthrinse for 2–5 years since 6 years of age. During 1993–95, dental examination and enamel biopsy were undertaken for newly enrolled 6‐year‐old children, and the same subjects were re‐examined after 2 years. The same series of examinations were conducted for the control group, which consisted of children belonging to another elementary school without a fluoride program.Results: The enamel fluoride concentration of 8‐year‐old children who used the 0.025% NaF mouthrinse for 2 years was 1810 ± 535 ppm, reaching the same order as that in children who continued using the 0.05% NaF mouthrinse (1863 ± 1358 ppm), and was significantly higher than that of children without fluoride programs (1113 ± 303 ppm). There was no considerable increase of mean DMFT values due to the NaF content reduction.Conclusions: It was concluded that a daily 0.025% NaF mouthrinse provides the similar fluoride content for enamel as 0.05% NaF mouthrinse as long as the rinsing frequency is maintained.