bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decision‐making models used by ‘graduate nurses’ managing patients’ medications
Authors: Manias Elizabeth , Aitken Robyn , Dunning Trisha 
Published: July 2004

Background. Nurses in a graduate programme in Australia are those who are in the first year of clinical practice following completion of a 3‐year undergraduate nursing degree. When working in an acute care setting, they need to make complex and ever‐changing decisions about patients’ medications in a clinical environment affected by multifaceted, contextual issues. It is important that comprehensive information about graduate nurses’ decision‐making processes and the contextual influences affecting these processes are obtained in order to prepare them to meet patients’ needs.Aim. The purpose of this paper is to report a study that sought to answer the following questions: What are the barriers that impede graduate nurses’ clinical judgement in their medication management activities? How do contextual issues impact on graduate nurses’ medication management activities? The decision‐making models considered were: hypothetico‐deductive reasoning, pattern recognition and intuition.Methods. Twelve graduate nurses who were involved in direct patient care in medical and surgical wards of a metropolitan teaching hospital located in Melbourne, Australia participated in the study. Participant observations were conducted with the graduate nurses during a 2‐hour period during the times when medications were being administered to patients. Graduate nurses were also interviewed to elicit further information about how they made decisions about patients’ medications.Results. The most common model used was hypothetico‐deductive reasoning, followed by pattern recognition and then intuition. The study showed that graduate nurses had a good understanding of how physical assessment affected whether medications should be administered or not. When negotiating treatment options, graduate nurses readily consulted with more experienced nursing colleagues and doctors.Study limitations. It is possible that graduate nurses demonstrated a raised awareness of managing patients’ medications as a consequence of being observed.Conclusions. The complexity of the clinical practice setting means that graduate nurses need to adapt rapidly to make sound and appropriate decisions about patient care.
Preventing sciatic nerve injury from intramuscular injections: literature review
Authors: Small Sandra P. 
Published: July 2004

Background.  Injury to the sciatic nerve (SN) is a serious complication of intramuscular injection.Aim.  The purpose of this paper was to identify factors associated with such iatrogenic injury in adults and measures that nurses may take to prevent it.Method.  A review of the English language literature was undertaken to identify applicable research studies and determine the information that currently is being disseminated on relevant injection procedure. Legal databases were also searched for pertinent court decisions.Discussion.  The evidence is that injury to the SN is associated with use of the dorsogluteal (DG) site for injection. The choice of site for injection must be based on good clinical judgment, using the best evidence available and individualized assessment of the client. There is wide agreement in the literature that the ventrogluteal site is preferable. If the DG site is chosen, the nurse must have a full appreciation of the anatomy of the site and proximate anatomic structures, be able to accurately identify anatomic landmarks and site boundaries, and administer the injection with meticulous technique. Not only may SN injury resulting from erroneous injection cause client discomfort, morbidity and lasting disability, but it also provides the basis for nursing negligence suits.Conclusion.  The research base for intramuscular injection is limited. Studies on various aspects of the procedure need to be carried out to provide support for clinical guidelines.
Health promotion and health education: advancing the concepts
Authors: Whitehead Dean 
Published: July 2004

Background. Health education and health promotion activities are a fundamental requirement for all health professionals. These two paradigms are closely related but are not inter‐dependent. Despite this, it is known that many nurses confuse the terms and use them interchangeably. With this in mind, it is necessary to re‐conceptualize the terms in an attempt to bring them to a current form of ‘maturity’.Aim. The aim of the paper is to provide an up‐to‐date analysis of health promotion and health education that serves as a conceptual and operational foundation for clinicians and researchers.Method. A concept analysis following the criterion‐based methods described by Morse and her colleagues was applied to the terms health education and health promotion, using generic and nursing‐related literature.Results. The conceptual literature on health education is consistent between generic and nursing‐related sources. On the contrary, earlier nursing literature on health promotion is now at odds with more recent socio‐political and community action models of health promotion, in that it focuses on individualistic and behavioural forms of ‘health promotion’. A significant proportion of later nursing‐related literature, however, suggests a maturing of the concept that brings it further in line with a socio‐political health promotion agenda.Conclusion. While the theoretical and conceptual literature surrounding health education has remained relatively constant and unchanged over the last decade or so, the same cannot be said for the health promotion literature. The evolving dominance of socio‐political action in health promotion has overtaken individualistic and behaviourally‐related forms. While the recent nursing literature addresses and acknowledges the place of socio‐political activity as the mainstay of health promotion interventions, this is largely from a theoretical stance and is not applied in practice.
Men nurses: a historical and feminist perspective
Authors: Evans Joan 
Published: July 2004

Background. The history of nursing is almost exclusively a history of women's accomplishments despite the fact that, as early as the fourth and fifth centuries, men have worked as nurses. This perpetuates the notion of men nurses as anomalies. It also provides insight into the gendered nature of nursing and nurses’ work within patriarchal culture.Aim. This paper examines the history of men in nursing in Canada, Britain and the United States of America, and offer insights into the ways in which gender relations and the ideological designation of nursing as women's work have excluded, limited and, conversely, advanced the careers of men nurses.Method. A search of the literature was carried out using CINAHL, PubMed and Sociological Abstracts databases. Search words included: male nurses, history, nursing, Canada, Britain, United Kingdom and USA.Discussion. Men's participation in nursing reveals that prevailing definitions of masculinity have acted as a powerful barrier to men crossing the gender divide and entering the profession. At extraordinary times such as war and acute nursing shortages, gender boundaries are negotiable. For those men who have crossed over into nursing, a gendered division of labour is evidenced by men nurses’ long‐standing association with mental health nursing and, more recently, with their disproportionate attainment of masculine‐congruent leadership and specialty positions.Conclusion. Failure to recognize men's participation in nursing leaves men nurses with little information about their professional background and historical position. It also maintains the invisibility of gender relations that have shaped the experience of men and women nurses alike. Such relations, understood within their broader social context, remain poorly understood and hence uninterrupted, to the detriment of nurses and the profession of nursing.
Hope during the first months after acute spinal cord injury
Authors: Lohne Vibeke , Severinsson Elisabeth 
Published: July 2004

Background.  According to the general literature on hope, individuals who are hopeful live more positive lives than those who experience hopelessness. Hope has been defined as a positive orientation toward future improvements, and is associated with health and well‐being.Aim.  This paper reports a study that explored patients’ experiences of hope following spinal cord injury.Method.  Data were collected by personal interviews (n = 10) at a rehabilitation institution in Norway. A phenomenological‐hermeneutic approach was used to extract the meaningful content of patients’ experiences. The analysis was performed as a spiral process that included a reading to gain a sense of the whole, followed by identification of meaningful parts and a comprehensive and understandable interpretation of the whole.Findings.  Two themes emerged: ‘images of the past and future’, and ‘balancing between inner emotional dichotomies’ that were, mainly, related to experiences of courage/uncertainty and patience/restlessness.Discussion.  All participants experienced hope. The substance of hope – being able to walk again and hoping for recovery – was a universal experience among participants and was comprehended in terms of positive expectations. The process of hope involved continuous ‘ups and downs’. Patients were in need of skilled nursing care to enable and foster hope during the first months following acute spinal cord injury.Conclusion.  In conclusion, patients hoped for recovery and every improvement stimulated hope. The process of hope was future‐oriented, characterized by dichotomies. Nurses need the skills to foster hope and enable recently injured patients to look beyond the immediate situation and direct their energies appropriately.
The Chordae Tendineae of the Heart in Chicken
Authors: Yildiz D. , Cavusoglu K. 
Published: July 2004

SummaryIn this study, the chordae tendineae of 10 adult chickens have been investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It has been observed that the diameter of the collagen fibrils on the left side of the heart was greater than those on the right side. The present study has determined that only perichordal and interchordal ligaments are present in the chicken. It was also observed that axial tendons were surrounded by perichordal membrane. Although no difference was evident among the apex of the chordae, differences were observed between the base and apex of the same chordae.
Light and Transmission Electron Microscopy of Immature Camelus Dromedarius Oocyte
Authors: Nili H. , Mesbah F. , Kafi M. , Nasr Esfahani M. H. 
Published: July 2004

SummaryIn order to provide a consistent system for laboratory production of embryos, the characteristics of immature camel oocyte must first be described. The objective of this study was to define ultrastructural features of immature camel oocyte. Ovaries were obtained from camels at a local abattoir, and then transported to the laboratory within 2 h. Camelus cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) were aspirated from 2–6 mm follicles using a 22‐gauge needle. Excellent and good quality COCs were selected and prepared for transmission electron microscopy study using a cavity slide. The fine structure of camel oocyte is morphologically similar to that of other mammalian oocytes. However, some minor differences exist between COC of camel and other mammalian species. Different size and shape of membrane‐bound vesicles, lipid droplet, mitochondria and cortical granules were distributed throughout the ooplasm. Discrete or in association with endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi complexes were observed in the periphery of the oocytes. The majority of the oocytes were in the germinal vesicle stage.
Histochemical Study on Neurodegeneration in the Olfactory Bulb after Transient Forebrain Ischaemia in the Mongolian Gerbil
Authors: Koh U. S. , Hwang I. K. , Lee J. C. , Lee H. Y. , Seong N. S. , Chung H. G. , Kim J. H. , Lee H. J. , Choi G. P. , Kang T.‐C. , Won M. H. 
Published: July 2004

SummaryIn the present study, we investigated the ischaemia‐related neurodegeneration in the main and accessory olfactory bulb (AOB) after 5 min transient forebrain ischaemia in the Mongolian gerbil using the acid fuchsin staining method. Between 5 and 15 days after ischaemia, acid fuchsin positive cells markedly increased in the external plexiform layer (EPL), mitral cell layer (ML) and glomerular layer (GL) of the main olfactory bulb (MOB), and in the mixed cell layer (MCL) and GL of the AOB. By 30 days after ischaemia reperfusion, acid fuchsin positive neurons were shrunken and showed low acidophilia in somata. Many necrotic vacuoles were found in the EPL and GL of the MOB 30 days after ischaemia. At this time, necrotic vacuoles were very few in the AOB. Therefore, our results suggest that the GL and EPL of the MOB are vulnerable to ischaemic damage at a later time after ischaemic insult, and that the AOB is more resistant to ischaemic damage as compared with the MOB.
Immunohistochemical Study on the Endocrine Cells in Gut of the Stomachless Teleost, Zacco platypus (Cyprinidae)
Authors: Ku S. K. , Lee J. H. , Lee H. S. 
Published: July 2004

SummaryThe regional distribution and relative frequency of neurohormonal peptides‐producing cells were demonstrated in the gut of the stomachless teleost, Zacco platypus (Temminck et Schegel), using 10 types of specific antisera raised against mammalian regulatory peptides. The gut of Z. platypus was divided into five portions from proximal to distal (segment I–V). Most of immunoreactive cells in the epithelial lining portion, between epithelial cells, were generally spherical or spindle shape having long cytoplasmic process that was reached via the lumen while cells round in shape were found in the basal portions of epithelial lining occasionally. Serotonin‐, somatostatin‐, glucagon‐, cholecystokinin (CCK)‐8 and pancreatic polypeptide (PP)‐immunoreactive cells were observed in this study. However, no chromogranin A‐, secretin‐, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)‐, substance P‐ and bombesin‐immunoreactive cells were found. Serotonin‐immunoreactive cells were demonstrated throughout the entire gut tract and occurred more frequently than other cells. Somatostatin‐immunoreactive cells were restricted to proximal segments of the gut (segment I–III) with rare frequencies, and glucagon‐immunoreactive cells were demonstrated in the proximal segments of the gut (segment I, II) with moderate to few occurences. CCK‐8‐immunoreactive cells were found throughout the whole intestinal tract except for most proximal segment (segment I) with moderate to few frequencies and PP‐immunoreactive cells were demonstrated in the proximal to middle segments, segment I–III, with a few, rare and rare frequencies, respectively.
Chronological Alterations of P2X3 Receptor Expression in the Trigeminal Ganglion after Ischaemic Insult in the Mongolian Gerbil
Authors: Hwang I. K. , Lee H. Y. , Yoo K. Y. , Seong N. S. , Chung H. G. , Kim J. H. , Lee H. J. , Lee W.‐H. , Kang T.‐C. , Won M. H. 
Published: July 2004

SummaryP2X receptors play a role in the transduction of sensory signals like pain. Few studies have been undertaken on altered P2X3 receptor (P2X3) expression in sensory neurones after peripheral nerve injury. In the present study, we investigated chronological alterations in P2X3 immunoreactivity and its protein content in the trigeminal ganglion after ischaemic insult in the Mongolian gerbil. In the sham‐operated group, P2X3‐immunoreactive neurones were found abundantly in small‐ and medium‐sized neurones. From 1 day after ischaemic insult, the number of P2X3‐immunoreactive neurones decreased significantly. At 5 days after ischaemic insult, P2X3 immunoreactivity was observed in few neurones, but its immunoreactivity was weak. However, the number of cresyl violet‐positive neurones was unchanged throughout this period in all groups. These results suggest that transient trigeminal ganglion ischaemia may provoke a decrease of P2X3 expression and its protein content, and that this down‐regulation of P2X3 may be related to the altered pain and thermal sensation without being associated with a transient ischaemic insult.
Endocrine‐Paracrine Cells of the Male Urogenital Apparatus: a Comparative Histochemical and Immunohistochemical Study in some Domestic Ungulates
Authors: Arrighi S. , Cremonesi F. , Bosi G. , Domeneghini C. 
Published: July 2004

SummarySpecimens of testis, excurrent duct including the male accessory glands and urethra, were studied in boars, bulls, horses and donkeys, in order to localize endocrine/paracrine cells. Silver impregnation methods were used to test the argentaffinity and/or argyrophilia of cells. Immunoreactivities to chromogranin A, 5‐hydroxytryptamine, somatostatin, [met]‐ and [leu]‐ enkephalins, gastrin‐releasing peptide, calcitonin gene‐related peptide, neuropeptide Y, substance P, vasoactive intestinal peptide, β‐endorphin antisera were tested by a streptavidin‐biotin method. In the testis, epididymis, ductus deferens and vesicular gland no endocrine cells were found in any of the animals studied. Chromogranin‐A, serotonin, somatostatin and enkephalins were present in endocrine/paracrine cells in the surface or glandular epithelia, whereas all other antisera gave negative results. In the prostatic complex and the urethral epithelium, the most consistent number of endocrine cells was serotonin‐immunoreactive. Few cells were also argentaffin and a very limited number of them showed argyrophily and chromogranin‐A immunoreactivity. Somatostatin‐and enkephalin‐immunoreactive cells were rare in the bull and boar, absent in stallions. This comparative study carried out on different species of domestic ungulates has shown deeply different immunophenotypes, even comparing species that are in a very close zoological relationship with one another, such as the horse and the donkey.
The Venous Drainage of the Heart in Porcupines (Hystrix cristata)
Authors: Atalar Ö. , Yilmaz S. , Di̇nç G. , Özdemi̇r D. 
Published: July 2004

SummaryThe venous drainage of the heart in porcupines (Hystrix cristata) was investigated. Each of the five adult porcupines (three males, two females) was injected with a coloured latex mixture via the V. cava caudalis for the demonstration of the cardiac veins. The dissection of the specimens revealed that the venous drainage of the heart in porcupines was made by the V. cordis magna, V. distalis ventriculi sinistri, V. proximalis ventriculi sinistri, V. cordis caudalis (the left marginal vein), V. cordis media and Vv. cordis dextrae. The cardiac veins were observed in a subepicardial course on the heart except for the R. interventricularis paraconalis. The R. interventricularis paraconalis showed an intramyocardial course until the middle of the sulcus interventricularis paraconalis, and a subepicardial course after this point. The V. cordis magna and V. distalis ventriculi sinistri opened to the sinus coronarius. The V. cordis caudalis and the V. cordis media drained into the V. cava caudalis. The venous drainage of the conus arteriosus was made by the left V. coni arteriosi opening to the R. interventricularis paraconalis, and by the right V. coni arteriosi which continued to the Vv. cordis dextrae.
Histochemical Skeletal Muscle Fibre Types in the Sheep
Authors: Peinado B. , Latorre R. , Váquez‐Autón J. M. , Poto A. , Ramírez G. , López‐Albors O. , Moreno F. , Gil F. 
Published: July 2004

SummaryIn this study, the differentiation of adult and postnatal muscle fibres in sheep longissimus thoracis muscle has been characterized. By using a variety of histochemical methods, we have investigated the m‐ATPase and metabolic activities of skeletal muscle fibres in adult sheep and lambs aged between 1 day and 3 months. Types I, IIA, IIB and IIC fibres were identified. The results showed that the interpretation of the fibre type composition depends on the methods used. The findings also revealed that the fibre types IIA and IIB can be separated histochemically in sheep by using the correct m‐ATPase technique, even at early stages of postnatal development, and that the origin of the four different fibres of the adult can be traced back to early postnatal stages.
A Morphometric Investigation on Breed‐Specific Features Affecting Sagittal Rotational and Lateral Bending Mobility in the Canine Cervical Spine (C3–C7)
Authors: Breit S. , Künzel W. 
Published: July 2004

SummaryVertebral and inter‐vertebral parameters obtained in large breeds (n = 74), small breeds (n = 35), and Dachshunds (n = 30) were compared to reveal potential differences in the range of motion of the cervical spine between these three groups of breeds. Body size normalized dimensions of vertebral and inter‐vertebral parameters and correlations between these indicate large canine breeds to have a tendency towards higher range of motion in sagittal rotation and lateral bending compared with Dachshunds and small breeds. Higher mobility in large breeds is based on significantly (P < 0.05) lower vertebral endplate heights and widths, shorter vertebral bodies and longer inter‐vertebral discs, wider but shorter cranial and caudal articular surfaces, larger differences in width between caudal and cranial joining facets (compared with Dachshunds from C3/4 to C6/7, compared with small breeds from C4/5 to C5/6), and larger differences in length between caudal and cranial joining facets. Large differences in width between caudal and cranial joining facets were associated with small distances between the most medial (C3/4 to C6/7) and lateral (C3/4 to C5/6) aspects of the articular surfaces as well as with small differences in length between caudal and cranial joining facets (C3/4 to C5/6). This suggests that from C3/4 to C5/6 a higher range of motion in lateral bending is coupled to a lower range of motion in sagittal rotation. The present findings contribute also to explain the higher incidence of degenerative lesions of the cervical spine in large dogs.
Variation in Vocal Performance in the Songs of a Wood‐Warbler: Evidence for the Function of Distinct Singing Modes
Authors: Beebee Martin D. 
Published: July 2004

AbstractMale North American wood‐warblers (family Parulidae) subdivide their song repertoires into two different categories, or modes, of singing (first and second category songs). These two modes are thought to be specialized for interacting with females and males, although the data are inconclusive. I conducted an acoustic analysis of the song types used by yellow warblers (Dendroica petechia) for type I (first category) and type II (second category) singing to ask whether there are consistent structural differences between them which could provide insight into how they might function as separate signals. I found that type I songs are performed closer to the upper boundary of a song performance limit, measured in terms of the difficulty of production, compared with type II songs. By contrast, the performance of specific song types did not depend on whether they were used for type I singing vs. type II singing by different males. In addition, type I songs had a greater amplitude increase across the first two syllables compared with type II songs. There was no relationship between the performance of type I or type II songs and male condition. These results suggest that wood‐warblers might subdivide their song repertoire into distinct categories to highlight the relative vocal performance of their songs.