bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reflections on the Interface of Bioethics, Public Policy, and Science
Authors: Shapiro Harold T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of ethical considerations in the formulation of public policies aimed at shaping the scientific agenda. specfically, new and controversial public policy issues will confront us in the twenty-first century as the result of developments on the frontiers of biomedical science. Some of the anxieties in the ethical arena generated by the rapid pace of these developments are likely to result in efforts to place constraints on the shape of the scientific agenda and the application of new knowledge.
The Problem Of The Elenchos
Authors: Benson Hugh H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In Plato’s Apology, Socrates maintains that his distinctive method is responsible for the informal and formal indictments leveled against him. We have seen that the Apology and the other early dialogues exhibit a structure of various aims of this method, whose centerpiece is the testing of the knowledge or expertise of individuals who have some claim to it. In the next two chapters I examine this distinctive method. In particular, I investigate how Socrates can and does test the knowledge or expertise of those individuals who have some claim to it. Since he takes himself to be testing the knowledge or expertise of these individuals, determining how he attempts to do so should go a long way toward uncovering the model of knowledge on which this method depends.
The ‘What Is F-Ness?’: Question And Socratic Definition
Authors: Benson Hugh H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The second distinctive feature of Socratic philosophy is his preoccupation with definition. Of the fourteen traditionally accepted early Platonic dialogues, five are almost entirely definitional: Euthyphro, Laches, Charmides, Hippias Major, and Republic I. The Lysis too might be included on this list, although this has been a matter of some dispute. The Protagoras and Gorgias exhibit some concern for definition (see, for example, Protagoras 312cI-4 and Gorgias 462a-463a, especially 462bro), but the search for a definition is abandoned fairly early on for another question and is clearly not their primary concern.The Protagoras ends (36oe-36rd), however, with the suggestion that abandoning the concern for definition may have been a mistake. Finally, the first third of the Meno, the Socratic portion of the dialogue, is a search for a definition.
Sleep and Epilepsy
Authors: Aldrich Michaels. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Epilepsy, present in about 1 in 200 persons, is characterized by intermittent disruption of brain function-seizures associated with bursts of abnormal brain electrical activity. The sometimes extraordinary features of epileptic seizures have intrigued physicians, philosophers, and writers for centuries, and the occurrence in many epileptics of seizures during sleep has been recognized since antiquity. Hippocrates described seizures during the night, and one of three main types of seizures recognized in the 1st and 2nd centuries AD was associated with sleepy states.
Production of Carrier Pairs in the Bulk
Authors: Pope Martin , Swenberg Charlese E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Up to now, consideration has been given to carrier production in the organic crystal by uni and bipolar injection. That is, carriers of either sign were produced as a result of the dissociation of an exciton at a surface or at an impurity molecule, or by thermal injection from an electrode into the crystal. The process of intrinsic carrier production or ionization, in which holes and electrons are formed simultaneously and in equal numbers by the deposition of at least the band gap energy, will now be discussed. There are several ways in which this ionization may be effected.
Electronic processes in fullerenes (C60)
Authors: Pope Martin , Swenberg Charlese E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1985, a remarkable discovery was made of a new allotropic form of carbon with the molecular formula C60 (Kroto et al. 1985). It is called buckminsterfullerene or fullerene, named after the famous architect R. Buckminster Fuller, who designed structures that resembled C60, which looks like a soccer ball. Although C60 is not a hydrocarbon, it behaves as a typical molecular solid like anthracene, which is an insulator, but it also forms compounds that are metallic and even superconducting. These properties make C60 a fascinating and important subject for study.
Deprivation and Desert
Authors: Morse Stephen J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Appalled by the inequalities of material opportunity and existence in the United States and by the strong statistical association between material deprivation and criminal behavior, many thoughtful scholars have sought a conceptually coherent theory that would mitigate or excuse the crimes of people who suffer deprivation. The plight of the deprived arouses sufficient sympathy to motivate the search to discover what justice appears to demand. Others who are equally sympathetic deny that deprivation per se excuses or mitigates moral responsibility for criminal conduct and reject the quest for an excuse as misguided or confused. This contribution seeks to add to the debate. The first section briefly sets forth the basic assumptions about criminal behavior, the criminal law, and responsibility that inform the analysis. Section 2 then offers a theory of responsibility that underlies section 3’s analysis of the responsibility of the deprived. Section 3 considers the leading theories that have been advanced to support mitigation or excuse for the criminal conduct of deprived defendants. It suggests that none supports the conclusion that deprivation per se should furnish an excuse.
Stuffed Animals & pickled Heads
Authors: Asma Stephen T 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The natural history museum is a place where the line between “high” and “low” culture effectively vanishes--where our awe of nature, our taste for the bizarre, and our thirst for knowledge all blend happily together. But as Stephen Asma shows in Stuffed Animals and Pickled Heads, there is more going on in these great institutions than just smart fun. Asma takes us on a wide-ranging tour of natural history museums in New York and Chicago, London and Paris, interviewing curators, scientists, and exhibit designers, and providing a wealth of fascinating observations. We learn how the first museums were little more than high-toned side shows, with such garish exhibits as the pickled head of Peter the Great’s lover. In contrast, today’s museums are hot-beds of serious science, funding major research in such fields as anthropology and archaeology. Asma also points out that these museums actively shape our perception of nature, and that these efforts are swayed as much by politics as by science. In countless exhibits, for instance, the idea of the traditional nuclear family is evident in displays of everything from extinct animals to grizzly bears (in nature, alas, the male bear is more likely to devour its young than to nurture them). Where else but at a natural history museum could you find a rex, a high-tech planetarium, a Native American totem pole, and flesh-eating beetles--all under one roof. And in Stuffed Animals and Pickled Heads, Stephen Asma reveals that what we don’t see--the scientific research that is going on backstage--is just as fascinating as the exhibits on display.
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Plan to Win
Authors: Koehn Cheryl , Palmer Taysha , Esdaile John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a painful, incurable connective-tissue disease that attacks the hands and feet as well as the joints and may lead to deformities and permanent disabilities. Rheumatoid Arthritis: Plan to Win offers an inspiring, scientifically based game plan for minimizing the effects of this chronic illness, and ultimately, achieving optimal health. Here is the definitive resource for practical strategies and emotional support, whether you need help controlling pain, are concerned about medication side-effects, or want to locate a reliable RA news source or support group on the Internet. Helpful chapters detail the latest therapies, special dietary and exercise needs of people with RA, how to deal with arthritis at home and in the workplace, prepare for surgery, pregnancy and childbirth, enjoy healthy sexuality, use the mind-body connection to control symptoms, make informed decisions about alternative medicine, and perhaps most important, how to build a healthcare team and maintain excellent communication and working relationships with that team. By using this book as a starting point and a 24/7 reference guide, people with RA will be better equipped to form an effective plan of action, making well-informed decisions about their health along the way, and greatly enhancing their ability to live happy, productive lives. Cheryl Koehn, who was an Olympic-calibre athlete when she developed RA, is a leading advocate and spokesperson for people with arthritis. Together with her co-authors, John Esdaile, MD, and science writer Taysha Palmer, Koehn provides a wealth of information and practical advice, assembled from thousands of research papers as well as from her personal experiences with this debilitating disease.
Quarter-Power Allometric Scaling in Vascular Plants: Functional Basis and Ecological Consequences
Authors: Enquist Brian J , West Geoffrey B , Brown James H 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although there are approximately 230,000 species [78], of vascular plants, all share essentially the same anatomical and physiological design. Vascular plants span well over 12 orders of magnitude in body size. A single Sequoia functions across this entire size range as it develops from seedling to adult tree. There is a rich empirical literature that provides many details of the anatomy and physiology of plants of differing sizes, growth forms, taxonomic groups, and environmental settings (e.g., Shinozaki et al. [99]; Yoda et al. [132]; Whittaker and Woodwell [128]; Shidei and Kira [98]; Cannell [11]; Niklas [74]). Nevertheless, there are few mechanistic models that attempt to link the relationships between whole plant architectural geometry, microscopic anatomy of the vascular system, and the physiological process of fluid flow, either within the different parts of a single plant or among plants that differ in size (see Niklas [74]; Tyree and Ewers [111]; Dewar et al. [21]). The only widely cited general model that integrates the salient features as a complete system for distributing resources from rootlet to leaf is the simplistic and often criticized “pipe model” [99].
Henry James among the Jews
Authors: Freedman Jonathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The truth of our little age is this: nowadays no one gives a damn about what Henry James knew. I dare say our “little age” not to denigrate (or not only to denigrate) but because we squat now over the remnant embers of the last diminishing decade of the dying twentieth century, possibly the rottenest of all centuries, and good riddance to it.... The victories over mass murder and mass delusion, are hardly permanent. “Never again” is a pointless slogan; old atrocities are models (they give permission) for new ones. The worst reproduces itself; the best is singular. Tyrants, it seems, can be spewed out by the dozens, and their atrocities by the thousands, as by a copy machine; but Kafka, tyranny’s symbolist, is like a fingerprint, or like handwriting, not duplicatable. This is what Henry James knew: that civilization is not bred out of machines, whether the machines are tanks or missiles, or whether they are laser copiers. Civilization, like art its handmaid (read: hand-made), is custom built.
Erikson on Development in Adulthood
Authors: Hoare Carol Hren 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Erik Erikson (1902–1994) was one of the most eminent and prolific psychologists of the 20th century. Over his long career he published a dozen books, including classics such as Childhood and Society; Identity, Youth, and Crisis; and Young Man Luther. He was awarded the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award in 1970 for his biography Ghandi’s Truth. It was also in 1970, when he retired from Harvard University, that Erikson began to rethink his earlier theories of development. He became increasingly occupied with the conflicts and challenges of adulthood—a shift from his earlier writings on the “identity crises” of adolescence. For the past twenty years, Carol Hoare has written extensively on various aspects of Erikson’s work. She has been aided by access to Erikson’s unpublished papers at Harvard, as well as cooperation with Joan Erikson, the psychologist’s wife and longtime collaborator. By reconstructing Erikson’s theory of adulthood from his unpublished papers, Hoare provides not only a much-needed revision of Erikson’s work, but also a glimpse into the mind of one of the 20th century’s most profound thinkers.
Stimulant Effects on Striatal and Cortical Dopamine Systems Involved in Reward Related Behavior and lmpulsivity
Authors: Taylor Jane R , Jentsch J David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has recently been described as a disorder of the active inhibition of impulsive behavior (see for review, Barkley, 1997). This hypothesis predicts that the relative inability of ADHD patients to per form well in academic and social situations is a consequence of increased stimulus control of behavior and reduced capacity for self-regulation at the cognitive level. Consequently, several researchers have suggested that dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex is fundamental to ADHD given the resemblance between ADHD patients and subjects with damage restricted to the frontal lobe.
Psychostimulant Actions on Dopamine and Limbic System Function: Relevance to the Pathophysiology and Treatment of ADH D
Authors: Grace Anthony A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Understanding the mechanism of action of psychostimulants must begin with a comprehension of their neurochemical action at the site of the nerve terminal in the central nervous system. It is the catecholamine terminal at which drugs such as methylphenidate have their primary site of action. Moreover, the action of psychostimulants on the dopamine (DA) neurotransmitter system is believed to mediate the rewarding properties of these drugs (Colle & Wise, 1988; Gratton et al., 1988; Olds, 1990). However, to understand the effects of such compounds on nor mal behavior and their therapeutic actions in disorders such as Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), psychostimulant effects must be placed in the context of multiple interacting systems.
Arousal- and Attention-Related Actions of the Locus Coeruleus-Noradrenergic System: Potential Target in the Therapeutic Actions of Amphetamine-Like Stimulants
Authors: Berridge Craig W 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The early demonstration of a neurotransmitter role of norepinephrine (NE) within the brain stimulated intense study of its functions over the subsequent decades. A majority of brain noradrenergic neurons are concentrated in the brainstem nucleus, locus coeruleus (LC). This nucleus gives rise to an extensive and regionally specialized noradrenergic innervation of the CNS. Importantly, the LC provides the sole source of NE to hippocampus and neocortex. Despite intense examination of the LC-noradrenergic (LC-NA) system, and substantial progress in our under standing of the neurobiology of this system, the behavioral functions supported by this neurotransmitter system remained largely enigmatic.
A Review of Rodent Models of ADHD
Authors: Ferguson Sherry A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Studies using animal models of ADHD provide some necessary inherent advantages over human studies. For example, socioeconomic status, parental behavior, and school environment are potential confounds in human studies of ADHD. As noted by Smith (1989), over- or under controlling for these confounding variables can diminish or magnify effects. Development of subjects in longitudinal studies cannot be hastened and such studies proceed slowly. There may be inter actions of ADHD with aging during the geriatric period, which would be extremely difficult for a longitudinal study to assess. Finally, human studies investigating the etiology of ADHD are often correlational in nature and thus cannot establish causal relationships.
Wisdom and the Improvement of the Understanding
Authors: Spinoza Baruch 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Born in Amsterdam to a Jewish family of Portuguese origin, Baruch Spinoza (1632–1677) received his first education in scriptural and Talmudic studies. Influenced by his reading of Maimonides, he turned to philosophy and immersed himself in Cartesian studies. As his views on the divine nature became increasingly unorthodox, he ceased being a practicing Jew and was excommunicated by the Jewish community in 1656. In 1663, he recast and revised Descartes’ Principles of Philosophy in a deductive form. The Theological-Political Treatise— which argued for the freedom of thought and speech as a support for civic peace and harmony—appeared anonymously in 1670. Deeply affected by the political turbulence marked by the murder of the DeWitt brothers, Spinoza determined to avoid being entangled in political and religious controversies. He declined a professorship in philosophy at the University of Heidelberg in 1673 on the grounds that he wanted to philosophize “in accordance with his own mind.” Earning his living as a lens grinder, he contributed to the optics of the times. Along with his unfinished Political Treatise and the Treatise on the Improvement of the Understanding, Spinoza’s major work, Ethics Demonstrated in Geometrical Order, was published posthumously, in 1677. Cast on the deductive model of Euclid’s Elements of Geometry—with definitions, postulates, and axioms—the book begins with a theological treatise on divine substance; it then turns to an argument for nonreductive mind-body identity, moves to an attack on the distinction between the will and the understanding, and to a psychological study of the correction of the passions. The book culminates with an argument that freedom and salvation are achieved through the intellectual love of God.
Signalers and Receivers
Authors: Greenfield Michael D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In most terrestrial and aquatic habitats, the vast majority of animals transmitting and receiving communicative signals are arthropods. This book presents the story of how this important group of animals use pheromones, sound, vibration, and light for sexual and social communication. Because of their small to minute body size most arthropods have problems sending and receiving acoustic and optical information, each of which have their own severe constraints. Because of these restraints they have developed chemical signaling which is not similarly limited by scale. Presenting the latest theoretical and experimental findings from studies of signaling, it suggests that close parallels between arthropods and vertebrates reflect a very limited number of solutions to problems in behavior that are available within the confines of physical laws.
The First Emergence: The Primordium— Why Is There Something Rather Than Nothing?
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For thousands of years each culture around the world has developed a creation scenario or series of scenarios that have developed into ontological and theological schemata explaining existence itself. While the encyclopaedia refers to these views as “myths and doctrines of creation,” they play an important role in the self-image and religion of each society. We may conclude that speculation about origins is an essential part of the human condition. There are a number of these origins to be explained: matter and energy, celestial objects, and living beings. We add the origin of mind to other beginnings, for in the present context it is important to know when and how mind entered the description of the universe.
The Emergence of Stars
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The condition of the universe after the uncoupling of photons and charged particles and the joining of electrons and nuclei can be described as a vast sea of hydrogen atoms, helium atoms, neutrinos, and photons, spreading out and developing (for presently ill-understood reasons) variations of density over a whole range of sizes. Within this space, filled with the simplest molecules, were molecular clouds held together by gravity because they were surrounded by zones of lower density. Under the infiuence of this universal and space-filling attractive force, the hydrogens and heliums moved closer together.
Science and Religion
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The dialog between science and religion has often been extremely simplistic. The epistemology of faith has led some theologians to a totally literal interpretation of Scripture, which opponents attempt to refute when it disagrees with the scientific view on issues such as age of the Earth. For some scientists, the fear of teleology had led to a cavalier assumption that each step along the history of life or even before represents an accident, so that the whole unfolding in time is a matter of chance. I contend that both views are wrong and make dialog virtually impossible.
The Task Ahead
Authors: Morowitz Harold J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This book has proceeded with two agendas: to study emergence by examining a number of examples, and to seek for the nature and operation of God in the emergent universe. We thus have reviewed in a very general way a series of major novelties from the Big Bang to the Spirit. At each stage we have sought for underlying interactions, laws, and ways in which actual outcomes have been selected to form the complex world of the possible.
The United Tastes
Authors: Fontijn Claire 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The third manuscript, F-Pn, Rés. Vm1114-115, revisits previous texts. Here the The Deum, set for instrumental and vocal trios in F-Pn, Rés. Vm1112, expands into a grand motet for chorus, soloists, and or-chestra and, like its predecessor, takes first position in the pair of larger works. Here Psalm , whose final couplet had appeared twice in Produzioni armoniche (nos.), receives a complete setting as the Exaudiat te, Dominus; the psalm’ s orchestration mirrors that of the first The Deum, with an instrumental trio matched in range to its vocal trio. Epitomizing early eighteenthcentury chamber music, such trios contain music for two treble-range instruments balanced by a fundamental bass.
The manuscript’ s dedication reveals its chronology as the composer’ s “terzo laboro,” offered to the entire royal family but especially to the king.
The Deum to pray God for the preservation of a monarch as great as Louis XIV and [of ] all his royal family. Accompanied by an Exaudiat. Composition of Antonia Bembo, Noble Venetian
Louis the great, the strong, the wise, the invincible, supreme Jove of the earth, monarch of monarchs: I make so bold as to dedicate the third product of my weak efforts to your sacred Majesty. A Te Deum to render thanks to the divine Majesty (and also to pray for the preservation of a prince so dear to your Majesty, and to all the court, as the Duke of Brittany) with the addition of an Exaudiat. Sire, [she] who gives as much as [she] can, gives what [she] owes, and strong passions are better expressed by devoted silence than by fluent eloquence. Nevertheless I venture to sign my name below with the most meek and profound respect.