bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Philip Larkin: ‘Like Something Almost Being Said’
Authors: Ricks Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
‘The whole frame of the poem’, said Donne, ‘is a beating out of a piece of gold, but the last clause is as the impression of the stamp, and that is it that makes it current.’ Larkin ‘s endings are finely judged, and so he proved a just judge of a poet— Emily Dickinson—who, like Donne, inaugurated poems magnificently: ‘Only rarely, however, did she bring a poem to a successful conclusion: the amazing riches of originality offered by the index of her first lines is belied on the page ... Too often the poem expires in a teased—out and breathless obscurity. ‘I Larkin’s poems do not expire. ‘An Arundel Tomb’ ends its volume, The Whitsun Weddings, and ends consummately.
A Chronology And Calendar of Documents Relating to the London Book Trade 1641–1700
Authors: Mckenzie D F , Bell Maureen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Chronology and Calendar of Documents relating to the London Book Trade 1641-1700 presents abstracts of documents relating to the book trade and book production between 1641 and 1700. It brings together in one sequence edited abstracts of entries referring to named books, printers, and booksellers selected from the manuscripts of the Stationers' Company Court Books; all references to printing, publishing, bookselling, and the book trade occurring in major historical printed sources (Calendar of State Papers Domestic; the Journals of the Houses of Lords and Commons; Reports of the Royal Commission on Historical Manuscripts) ; and entries for contemporary pamphlets. The labour records of the printing and bookselling trades probably represent the fullest account of any work force in early modern England and the printed products of the trade survive in such great numbers that they enable us to examine them for evidence not only of who made and sold them but also of how they were made. These volumes constitute a reference work of importance not only for literature specialists, bibliographers, and historians of book production but also for economic, social, and political historians. Not only do they bring together records from a variety of separate printed sources, thereby making explicit their interconnections, but also they make accessible some less well-known manuscript sources, notably from the Stationers' Company archives. Most importantly the Chronology and Calendar extends the earlier work of Arber, Greg, and Jackson on the earlier seventeenth century. As a chronological sequence the volumes meet the need for a preliminary narrative history of the trade in the later seventeenth century; and the provision of title, name, and topic indexes renders this an indispensable reference tool for research into the social, political, and economic contexts of the book trade, its personnel, and its printed output.
Real Revolutionaries’: Politics and the Margins
Authors: Stevenson Randall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Like much else in the period’s theatre, some of the social ‘revolutions’ mentioned at the end of Chapter 10 were anticipated by John Osborne in Look Back in Anger (1956). Though more interested in issues of class, and a general lack of ‘good, brave causes’ in 1956, Jimmy Porter does acknowledge—grudgingly—that homosexuals ‘seem to have a cause…plenty of them do seem to have a revolutionary fire about them, which is more than you can say for the rest of us’ (I). This was a cause widely significant for the period’s drama, encouraged by strong and long-standing representation of the gay community in the theatre profession.
The Feminine Middlebrow Novel, 1920s to 1950s
Authors: Humble Nicola 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Middlebrow has always been a dirty word, used disparagingly since its coinage in the mid-1920s for the sort of literature thought to be too easy, insular and smug. Yet it was middlebrow fiction - largely written and read by women - that absolutely dominated the publishing market in the four decades from the 1920s to the 1950s. Neglected by subsequent critical fashion in favour of the work of literary elites, this literature has only recently begun to be reassessed. Aiming to rehabilitate the feminine middlebrow, Nicola Humble argues that the novels of writers such as Rosamund Lehmann, Elizabeth Taylor, Stella Gibbons, Nancy Mitford, and a host of others less well known, played a powerful role in establishing and consolidating, but also in resisting, new class and gender identities in this period of volatile change for both women and the middle classes. The work of over thirty novelists is covered, read alongside other discourses as diverse as cookery books, child-care manuals, and the reports of Mass Observation. Investigating the nature of the feminine middlebrow and its readers, the author considers its variously radical and conservative remakings of ideas of class, the home, the family and gender. Defining her period as running from the end of the first world war to the mid-1950s, she challenges the prevailing convention that sees the second world war as effecting a decisive ideological and cultural break, and offers a revision to the way we currently map the changing politics of femininity and the domestic in the twentieth century. The first work to insist on the centrality of the concept of the middlebrow in understanding the women's writing of this period, The Feminine Middlebrow Novel uncovers a literature simultaneously snobbish and bohemian, daring and conventional, marked by an ideological flexibility that is the product of its paradoxical allegiance to both domesticity and a radical sophistication.
Lemmatization and Headword Structure
Authors: Stein Gabriele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
We now come to the actual structure and presentation of Palsgrave’s word list, and, as we can see from the following examples, his lexicographical method of presentation differs greatly from modem practice in bilingual English-French dictionaries. These differences will first be described and then interpreted in the lexicographical context of Palsgrave’s time.
Palsgrave in Perspective
Authors: Stein Gabriele 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the preceding chapters we have closely studied Palsgrave’s vocabulists, their word lists, their headword structure, the French equivalents, the verb illustrations, and the interlemmatic relations. We have compared his linguistic descriptions and his lexicographical methods of presentation with earlier and contemporary works in order to show where he stays within lexicographical practice as it had developed by the early sixteenth century and where he goes beyond it. The insights gained are little short of startling. John Palsgrave was a teacher and a scholar who understood his mother tongue profoundly, who had a superb command of French, and beyond English and French a remarkable grasp of the nature of language and language pedagogy.
Sexual Identity: Reality or Construction?
Authors: Ruse Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Well, of course, this is a false dilemma. Because something is real, it does not mean that it cannot be a construct. Nor does its being a construct mean that it cannot be real. The Constitution of the USA is constructed, but it is more real to most Americans than are physical objects-certainly those beyond their borders. But simply settling the question this quickly would be a pity, because, as one moves towards the answer, sexuality raises some interesting problems. So, in a spirit of enquiry, I will pull back and start the discussion at the beginning. And, while I pride myself on not being one of those philosophers who think that all issues collapse into matters of language, it is the case that the topic of sexuality is plagued by confusing and sloppy overlapping terms, so that is a good place to start.
Fictional Identities
Authors: Cave Terence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Bernard Williams begins his essay in this volume with a quotation from a novel, Derek Parfit with one of his notorious science fiction examples. I begin more soberly with a fragment from the writings of Pascal (I have taken some liberties with the gender of the pronouns, for reasons which will be explained shortly): Imagine someone who goes to the window to look at people walking past. If I walk past, am I entitled to say that she went to the window to look at me? No; because she isn’t thinking of me in particular.
Interaction of Factors in Construal: Japanese Relative Clauses
Authors: Matsumoto Yoshiko 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The idea that syntax, semantics, and pragmatics are interdependent is clearly stated in Fillmore (1981): ‘I also believe that some syntactic facts require semantic and pragmatic explanations and that some semantic facts require pragmatic explanations. Put differently, interpreters sometimes use semantic and pragmatic information in making judgements about the syntactic structure of a sentence, and they sometimes use pragmatic facts in making semantic judgements’ (p. 144). In this spirit, the goal of this paper is to consider what various factors serve to determine the interpretation of the relative-clause construction in Japanese, and to examine how such factors interact.
Aristotle and the Uses of Logic
Authors: Striker Gisela 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Aristotle, as we all know, invented formal logic. Over the last fifty years or so, scholars have learned to recognize that what he presented in the first few chapters of the Prior Analytics (An. pr.) is the real thing-a system of formal logic, whether or not the inspiration for the discovery of the syllogism had anything to do with Platonic division. We no longer hear about the magical force of the middle term or the alleged demonstrative power of first figure syllogisms as opposed to, say, the superficial subtleties of Stoic logic. Although Aristotle’s syllogistic covers only a small part of the field of modern mathematical logic, what he offered contained all the elements of a formal deductive system. He introduces the system of syllogistic moods by defining its technical terms, stating and justifying the primitive rules, and then providing formally correct proofs of the derivative rules.
Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Luxembourg: The Total Coincidence of Nations and Speech Communities?
Authors: Barbour Stephen 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The area under consideration in this chapter corresponds very roughly indeed to the German-speaking area in Europe. More precisely, it corresponds to those states in which the majority of the population has German as its mother tongue. In the context of a discussion of language and nationalism, even an apparently simple statement like the last one requires extensive qualification. First of all, the states in question represent only those in which a majority of the population are native German-speakers; minorities of German-speakers can be found in numerous other states (see Chapters 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, and 12).
The Past, Present, and Future of the Debate about Tense
Authors: Poidevin Robin Le 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The first clear articulation of the central issue about tensed distinctions is to be found in John Ellis McTaggart’;s article Toe Unreality of Time’; (1908), and again in chapter 27 of The Nature of Existence (1927). Here is how he presents that issue in the later discussion: It might be the case that the distinction of positions in time into past, present, and future, is only a constant illusion of our minds, and that the real nature of time contains only the distinctions of the B series-—the distinction of earlier and later.
Freedom and the New Theory of Time
Authors: Oaklander L Nathan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although McTaggart’;s famous article on ‘Toe Unreality of Time’; initiated the contemporary debate between tensed and tenseless theories of time, it was not until the last two or three decades that the literature and interest in the issue blossomed. Undoubtedly, one of the reasons why the tenser-detenser debate in the philosophy of time has recently attracted so much attention is its connection with other important issues in philosophy.
Destruction
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Around the year 1865 most of the rongorongo inscriptions appear to have been destroyed. The three Catholic missionaries who arrived at Rapanui in 1866 evidently knew nothing of the artefacts’ existence until Bishop Tepano Jaussen of Tahiti drew their attention to the tablet “Echancree” (RR 3) in 1869 (seep. 22). The rongorongo were certainly no longer hanging “in all the houses”.
Growing European Interest
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 1871 Adolf Bastian (1826-1905), the “Father of German Ethnology” and first Director of Berlin’s celebrated Museum fur VÖlkerkunde, the same ethnologist who had excited Miklukho-Maklai’s interest in rongorongo, was still conducting his own investigation into the Rapanui script. Bastian had heard of Huxley’s suggestion at the meeting of the Ethnological Society in London that the Easter Island glyphs were only stamps for marking tapa. Yet he was convinced there had to be more to it than this: rongorongo was a primitive form of writing. What sort of writing could this be? he asked and noted (Bastian, 1872: 84): “That the Polynesian tablets do not constitute a phonetic script requires no explanation for whoever has a pair of healthy eyes in his head and is in any way versed in the relevant problems”. Because of the script’s uniqueness in Polynesia, Bastian felt it to be incumbent to seek corresponding analogies among other peoples, especially in the Americas.
Katherine Pease Routledge
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In 19rn Sir Hercules Read, Keeper of Ethnography at the British Museum and President of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, suggested to the remarkable husband-and-wife team of explorers William Scoresby Routledge and Katherine Pease Routledge, who had expressed to him an interest in seeing the Pacific, that they should set sail for Easter Island, then still largely anthropological terra incognita. The Routledges, of 9 Cadogan Mansions in fashionable Sloane Square, London, had already spent an amazing two years (1906-08) among Kikuyu villagers in Kenya and together had authored the well-received socio-anthropological study With a Prehistoric People: The AkikÚyu of British East Africa (London: Arnold, 19rn). Independently wealthy and university trained, the Routledges were immediately intrigued by Sir Hercules’s suggestion. Yet it was a daunting proposal. They first decided against it. Then they changed their minds. When they discovered no ship was available to take them to Easter Island, they had one built for them-a 90-foot, 126-tonne wooden schooner that they christened Mana, a pan-Polynesian word usually meaning “supernatural power”. Embarking for Easter Island on 28 February 1913, they herewith commenced one of the most extraordinary anthropological voyages of the early twentieth century.
Material Resources
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
From informants’ accounts and from the surviving rongorongo inscriptions one can gather that the script’s glyphs had been incised on wooden staffs, wooden tablets, wooden rei miro ceremonial pectorals, wooden Birdman statuettes, and a handful of other wooden objects. However, throughout Polynesia stone, not wood, was the most permanent material used as a medium and container of mana-adding sacred symbols to the stone increased and charged the objects with divine power (Handy, 192]: 179). Still, no authentic rongorongo inscriptions are known ever to have been incised in stone. If rongorongo was ever written on tapa-bark cloth, no evidence for this practice has survived. Rongorongo appears to be exclusively-apart from the tuhunga ta’s special rongorongo tattoosthe provenance of the master woodcarver. This suggests that rongorongo may have been regarded by the premissionary Rapanui as something apart from the traditional petroglyph complex with its conjectured rituals and tapu. Indeed, at the beginning of the nineteenth century the new custom of rongorongo may even have superseded the island’s ancient rock art tradition.
Naming the Rongorongo
Authors: Fischer Steven Roger 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“Beyond doubt certain legends are ascribed to particular tablets”, wrote Thomson (1891: 516), “all of which are named, and a reference to those names will recall the appropriate story from those who do not profess to understand the hieroglyphics”. Yet, as described above (p. 92), Thomson collected no original names for the two Washington tablets he acquired on the island. He or his editor at the Smithsonian merely selected arbitrary words from the texts of chants that Ure Va’e Iko sang to photographs of Bishop Jaussen’s tablets. Whereupon these arbitrarily selected words were then placed as “titles” under the wrong illustrations in Thomson’s published report. In this way, “Keiti” (RR 6) became “Apai” (ibid., plates 36-7); the “Small Washington” (RR 15) became “Atua Matariri” (plates 38--9); the “Large Washington” (RR 16) became “Eaha to Ran Ariiki Kete” (plates 40--1); “Echancree” (RR 3) became “Ka Ihi Uiga” (plates 42-3); and “Mamari” (RR 2) became “Ate-a-Renga-Hokan Iti Poheraa” (plates 44-5). None of these names historically belonged to the artefacts they here “identify”.
On the Aim of Belief
Authors: Velleman J David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One reason, first pointed out by Bernard Williams, is that belief ‘s aiming at the truth enables us to explain the difficulty of believing at will.1 The explanation is that believing a proposition at will would entail believing it without regard to whether it was true, and hence without the aim requisite to its being a belief. Another reason for taking an interest in the truth-directedness of belief is that it may explain the phenomenon that has generally come to be known as the normativity of content. It may even explain the phenomenon away.
Introduction
Authors: Skorupski John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The outlines of ethics are neither clear nor distinct. Still, a comprehensive ethics could be expected to include an inquiry into ends of life and ideals of character and activity, and presumably an affirmation of some ends and ideals as the right or the better ones. At least this has always been a main incentive for ethical reflection. Morality must also be a main topic (including its connections to law). It is the most solid and definite shape within the ethical, even though it melts at the edges into the ends and ideals within which it is immersed. Yet, going by the ethical tradition, affirmation of specific moral duties and proposal of laws belongs more to moralists, jurists, and politicians than to moral philosophy. Since before Socrates moral philosophers have theorized about morality and law; they have also engaged in reflective criticism, often from the standpoint of some doctrine of ends or ideals. However, even those who think that morality could in principle be derived from some such doctrine, or from some other philosophical starting point, have in fact not usually engaged in extensive purported deductions of its detailed content.
The Minimalist Program and Optimality Theory: Derivations and Evaluations
Authors: Broekhuis Hans , Dekkers Joost 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Optimality Theory (OT) syntax is often considered to be an alternative to the Minimalist Program outlined in Chomsky (1995). This is by no means a necessary point of view. The very reason why OT syntax and the Minimalist Program are considered to be competitors may be invoked to reconcile the two approaches to syntax: OT deals with outputs, with representations, while the Minimalist Program is mainly concerned with derivations. In the present chapter, we will put forth reasons to assume that this complementarity should be exploited by combining the two frameworks.
A neurobiological approach to the development of ‘where’ and ‘what’ systems for spatial representation in human infants
Authors: Atkinson Janette 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Many different sub-systems have been considered under the heading of ‘spatial representation’. For example, Kritchevsky (1988), using specific spatial dysfunction from patients with brain damage, has delineated five categories: spatial perception (object localization, line orientation discrimination and spatial synthesis), spatial memory, spatial attention, mental rotation and spatial construction. He argues that clinical cases can manifest isolated dysfunction in one of these areas, which can sometimes be related to damage in specific brain modules. By analogy, development of brain modules for representing space can be inferred from the changing abilities on spatial tasks shown by infants and young children during development.
On Davidson’s Response to the Charge of Epiphenomenalism
Authors: Mclaughlin Brian P 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In recent years, Donald Davidson has been widely charged with commitment to epiphenomenalism. He responds to the charge in ‘Thinking Causes’, Chapter 1, above. In what follows, I will examine the charge and his responses to it. Davidson seems to find the charge puzzling. He has, he points out, long insisted that mental events cause physical events; and he has, he argues, espoused no views that commit him to denying this (see above, pp. 3–4). He reminds us, moreover, that much of his work in action theory is devoted to spelling out the role of mental events in the causation of actions (which he takes to be certain sorts of bodily movements, and, so, physical events) (above, p. 14).
Mental Events as Structuring Causes of Behaviour
Authors: Dretske Fred 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Causal explanations are context-sens1t1ve. What we pick out as the cause of E depends on our interests, our purposes, and our prior knowledge. Almost any event, £, depends on a great variety of other events in such a way as to make any one of them eligible, given the right context, for selection as the cause in a causal explanation of £.1 My purpose in this paper is not to dispute this doctrine, but rather, by assuming its validity, to describe a difference between two kinds of cause -what I call a triggering and a structuring cause—and to exhibit the usefulness of this distinction for understanding two ways of causally explaining the behaviour of systems. I will, finally, by way of illustration, suggest that the difference between psychological and biological explanations of animal behaviour is fundamentally a difference of this kind: psychological explanations provide structuring causes of behaviour, while biological explanations provide triggering causes of behaviour.
Understanding Humour and Understanding Music
Authors: Walton Kendall 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Anthony is an anthropologist doing field-work on Mars. He notices that Martians laugh on occasion. They emit from time to time, out of the opening in their bodies from which they speak, a kind of staccato melisma. (I shall not enquire into how Anthony identifies this behaviour as laughter.) Anthony does not understand why they laugh when they do; he does not see what is funny. So he sets about trying to find out. He takes careful notes on the circumstances in which they laugh and those in which they do not. When necessary, he arranges experiments, setting up various situations to see which ones elicit amusement from the natives. Eventually, Anthony is able to predict when Martians will laugh. He knows, for instance, that if Martha, or any other mature Martian from the upper socio-economic class, sees a yellow square shape moving horizontally from left to right across a movie screen, and if she has not seen such a phenomenon previously, she will break out in peals of hysterical laughter. For the sake of argument, let us make the enormously unrealistic assumption that Anthony’s predictions are perfect.