bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analytical Framework
Authors: Albala-Bertrand J M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The main purpose in presenting an explicit and fairly detailed analytical framework is to provide this subject with a badly needed conceptual structure so as to do away with the loose and often misleading jargon which permeates the field. At the same time, this introduces the lay reader to both the subject and our approach to it. The main features of the framework are: first, the integrative concept of disaster situation, which puts the analysis in the correct perspective; secondly, the distinction between direct and indirect impact effects, which is an essential foundation for a political-economy approach; thirdly, the distinction between endogenous and exogenous mechanisms of response, which is at the centre of our criticism of current views on disasters; and fourthly, the holist concept of systemic processes of response, which together with our logical areas of response makes quite a useful analytical tool.
Effects of Disaster Situations on Macroeconomic Variables
Authors: Albala-Bertrand J M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This chapter analyses the short- and medium-term effects of disaster situations on macroeconomic variables for a sample mainly of developing countries affected by large natural disasters between 1960 and 1979. Macroeconomic variables as measured by aggregate statistics per annum provide little insight into the particular economic processes from which they derive. Therefore, at this stage, we do not expect to show how such economic processes are affected by disaster situations but rather how these situations affect annual macro economic performance. In other words, the point here is both to establish some post-disaster performance rules for subsequent analysis and to estimate the wisdom of received opinions. The chapter concludes by showing that our findings are largely in opposition to accepted views.
Vulnerability
Authors: Albala-Bertrand J M 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The occurence and severity of effects resulting from disaster impacts depend on a variety of intermediations between impacts and effects (see especially Chapter 1, sects. 3.3 and 4.2). These intermediations are the main focus of vulnerability studies. Physical scientists tend to favour a technological approach to resistance to natural events whereas social scientists tend to give priority to societal processes to explain vulnerability. This original difference in outlook has become less absolute over time, but the mainstream approach is still essentially technological and metropolitan (Hewitt 1983, Dreze and Sen 1991). One important reason why this is so is because of the strong political content of the social outlook. This could disqualify international agencies from operating in most cases of disaster in the Third World. But these agencies largely ignore societal aspects because of their ‘modernizing’ development orientation. Development is regarded as a process of acculturation resulting from the destruction of inefficient or backward forms of production.
Rationality As Consistency
Authors: Walsh Vivian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Can one distil a concept of rationality from the idea of consistent choice or action? This, if it could be done, might be supposed to give economic theory a minimalist and formal concept of ration ality which would provide a firm axiomatic foundation. This approach has in fact been popular with economists and (even be fore the later axiomatic developments) can arguably be said to have inspired thinkers like Robbins, as well as Hicks and Allen.
Surplus, Class, And Conflict In Reproduction Models
Authors: Walsh Vivian 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In this chapter I wish to consider some properties of very simplified examples of reproduction models. Although these models are of present-day construction (and can be made very formal when presented in full dress) nevertheless their preoccupation with the generation and extraction of a net product or surplus, and with the accumulation of capital, make them strikingly similar to the work of the original eighteenth- and nineteenth-century classical politi cal economists.
Industry and Finance, 1923-1943: From Siamese Twin ship to Separation
Authors: Zamagni Vera 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
There are a variety of indices of industrial production available for the 20-year period of Fascism, 1923-43, with one often contradicting another, and it is virtually impossible to choose one as being more reliable than the others, as there are no recent studies covering this area. There are three series of overall figures for manufacturing industry, three for the gas and electricity industries, and one for the building industry: some of them do not, however, cover the entire period of Fascism. They are presented together in Table 9.1, and have enabled me to construct the following overall picture of developments.
Mapai, Mapam, and the Arab Problem in 1948
Authors: Morris Benny 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The first Israeli–Arab war, in 1948, resulted in the creation of the Palestinian refugee problem. In great measure, that problem was a product of Jewish military and political actions. To facilitate understanding of these actions, and the attitudes and policies that underlay them, it is worth examining the evolution of attitudes to ‘the Arab problem’ and to the emerging refugee problem in the political parties of the Yishuv in the course of 1948.
The focus of such an examination must inevitably be on the only two parties that counted for much in the decision-making processes during that war—Mapai (mifleget poalei eretz yisrael, the Land of Israel Workers Party) and Mapam (mifleget poalim meuhedet, the United Workers Party).
Haifa’s Arabs: Displacement and Concentration, July 1948
Authors: Morris Benny 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Before 1948, Haifa had had a population of 140,000—about half Arab and half Jewish. During the first months of the war, thousands of prosperous and middle-class Arab families fled the city. Tens of thousands more fled Haifa during and immediately after the Haganah conquest of the city’s Arab neighbourhoods in April 1948. By July, only some 3,500 of the city’s original Arab inhabitants remained.
During that summer, Haifa’s remaining Arab inhabitants lived in political limbo. Although the city was part of Israel, by virtue of the United Nations General Assembly Partition Resolution of 29 November 1947 and in consequence of the Haganah’s victory of 21–2 April 1948, a lack of clarity prevailed because of the continued presence in the town and its environs—the triangle bounded by Atlit, Ramat David, and Kurdani—of substantial British forces in this last enclave of the Mandate.
The Case of Abu Ghosh and Beit Naqquba, Al Fureidis and Jisr Zarka in 1948—or Why Four Villages Remained
Authors: Morris Benny 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the course of December 1947–August 1949, the great majority of the Arabs living within the territory that in the first Israeli–Arab war became Israel went into exile and became refugees. Most of these refugees were created during the bitter fighting of April-June and July 1948. Those who remained behind, becoming Israel’s Arab minority, were concentrated almost exclusively in the areas that fell to Israeli forces towards the end of the war, in October-November, or were transferred to Israeli sovereignty through the Israel–Jordan General Armistice Agreement of April 1949, at war’s end—the central and upper Galilee, the northern Negev (beduins), and the western foothills of Samaria (Umm al Fahm and Wadi Ara, At Taiyiba Baqa al Gharbiya, Kafr Qasim).
The Transfer of Al Majdal’s Remainng Arabs to Gaza, 1950
Authors: Morris Benny 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The Arab town of Majdal, next to the site of the Second Millennium BC Philistine port of Ashkelon or Ascalon on the Mediterranean coast between Jaffa and Gaza, had a population of about 10,000 at the start of the 1948 war. By October, thousands more—refugees from other parts of Palestine—lived in its streets, groves, and public buildings. During Operation Yoav, which began on 15 October, the IDF repeatedly shelled and bombed the town and, on 4 November, conquered it. Majdal’s Egyptian army garrison, and much of the population, had fled the town already on 30 October.
The Family as a Political Issue
Authors: Gauthier Anne Hèléne 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The decline in family size is only one aspect of the deep transformation which the family has undergone since the 1960s. Increases in divorce, lone-parenthood, birth outside wedlock, pre-marital cohabitation, and in the proportion of economically active mothers, have changed the reality of families. The traditional breadwinner and housewife model is no longer dominant, and has been joined by a constellation of other models of families. For governments, these transformations have represented a major challenge. New legislation had to be adopted with regard to working mothers, lone-parents, and non-married cohabitants, and new measures had to be introduced in order to better support the new families.
Public and Private Intergenerational Transfers: Evidence and a Simple Model
Authors: Cremer Helmuth , Kessler Denis , Pestieau Pierre 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When observing the structure of intergenerational transfers, one cannot help being struck by their variety. A list of a few of the more important ones will illustrate the point: parents’ attention to their children, public education, mandatory public pensions, private annuities, bequests and donations in cash and kind, and filial attention to ageing parents. A taxonomy of these transfers could be established on the basis of three criteria: the direction of the transfers (upwards or downwards); the content of the transfer; and the sector through which the transfer is effected (private or public, i.e. through the family or the state). There are many unanswered questions concerning the structure of upward and downward transfers within families.
Stabilization: Finding a Way Back
Authors: Heymann Daniel , Leijonhufvud Axel 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Stabilization programmes have to fit the type of inflation they confront. If the inflation is moderate, policy-makers usually rely on a gradual correction of monetary policies to bring about the desired disinflation. This need not involve any major changes in other instruments. One attempts to minimize the disruption of the plans of individual agents. High inflations, in contrast, are attacked with far more comprehensive policy ‘packages’ that aim to force a sudden change in modes of behaviour that the inflation has induced. These programmes typically announce large-scale policy reforms with significant distributive consequences. They never lack for political drama, therefore.
The Foundations of the CAP: Agricultural Policy in Western Europe in the 1950s
Authors: Fennell Rosemary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
When the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) was devised it was regarded as a major and exciting innovation in the field of agricultural policy. In one sense this was true in that it represented the first successful attempt to create a single policy for an economic sector, implemented in a unified manner over the territory of a number of independent States, and which governed their relationships not only with each other but also with the rest of the world. Despite the novelty of the achievement, it should come as no surprise to find that the CAP was a child of its time and should be seen in the context of agricultural policy in Western Europe in the 1950s. The basic problems which had produced the main elements of post-war agricultural policy did not disappear or change with the advent of the CAP and, as a result, the aims of the new policy and the instruments used to achieve them remained much the same.
Income Levels: Perception of the Problem and Policy Responses
Authors: Fennell Rosemary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
In the review of agricultural policy in the 1950s in Chapter I, mention was made of the way in which concern with farmers’ incomes came to dominate policy objectives and instruments. In general, the ‘income problem’ was perceived as the situation in which per capita incomes in farming lagged behind those earned in other sectors of the economy. Thus attention was concentrated very largely on the return to labour rather than to the other factors of production. The analyses of the problem tended to be vague and the remedies put in place were usually not well targeted.
Statistical Evidence on Incomes
Authors: Fennell Rosemary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Chapter 4 outlined the various policy issues which have arisen down the years in relation to income. The point was made that the ‘income problem’ was perceived very largely in sectoral terms, i.e. that incomes in farming were not keeping pace with those in other activities. Far less attention was paid to differences within the agricultural sector itself. In the present chapter both the macro- and micro aspects of income are considered. The measurement of income in farming is by its very nature complicated and the choice of a particular measure is dependent on what one is attempting to demonstrate. Three types of statistics are used here: the Economic Accounts for Agriculture (EAA) which provide macro-data on the sector; the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN);I and the Total Income of Agricultural Households (TIAH). Only a small selection of the available data is used and whenever possible reliance has been placed on material which permits examination of income trends over time. In some cases this has meant the use of rather dated statistics. This does not lessen their validity as illustrations of issues which have existed over the lifetime of the CAP.
Broadening the Policy Horizon
Authors: Fennell Rosemary 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Earlier chapters have recorded the attempts made over the lifetime of the CAP to reshape it. To a large extent, these efforts concentrated on weakening the level of price and market support so as to discourage surplus production, periodic attempts to dispose of surpluses already accumulated, and the promotion of improvements to the structural framework within which farming takes place. An overriding conclusion must be that these efforts were always too little, too late, and that the dominance of price and market policy was never challenged once the Mansholt Plan of 1968 failed in its objective to reverse the importance of market and structural support. A further conclusion must be that the continued dominance of price support made it inevitable that the inequity of the distribution of the benefits of the policy by farm size, farm type, and region would remain.
Comment
Authors: Neusser Klaus 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
This paper is, and I think sees itself, as part of the research programme laid out by Lucas (1977) in his programmatic article ‘Understanding Business Cycles ‘. The programme underlies the belief that, although each business cycle is unique with respect to length, amplitude, and coherences, the recurrent fluctuations of aggregate variables in capitalist economies are essentially of the same character across time and across countries. This belief makes the business cycle a worthwhile object for economic research. In this respect the paper by Hassler, Lundvik, Soderlind, and Persson provides an excellent account of the Swedish case. The amount and quality of the data and the long time span of 130 years makes this paper extremely useful not only for those economists working in the real-business-cycle tradition but also for economists interested in business cycles in general.
The Financial System and Its Regulations
Authors: Ueda Kazuo 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
It is well known that much of Japan’s financial system and methods of financial administration took shape in the inter-war period or during the Second World War. The aims of this chapter are to review the various existing analyses on this subject, and to offer a number of viewpoints for a better and more consistent understanding of the system as a whole. One central theme of this chapter is an analysis of the mechanism for the provision of long-term capital. A system of long-term capital provision has been built up during the post-war period on a framework of funding from long-term credit banks and government financial institutions, with capital provision made to these institutions from the Trust Fund Bureau and other commercial banks.
Corporate Governance
Authors: Okazaki Tetsuji 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Since the 1980s remarkable progress has been made in research into Japan’s corporate system, both within Japan and overseas. Developments in theoretical economics have contributed to this. Tools have been developed for handling the basic elements of corporate organizations such as information and incentives, and a recognized framework for the economic analysis of private-sector firms has been created. Firms are seen as ‘coalitional associations of various stakeholders, including management, employees, banks, shareholders and business affiliates’, or as ‘legal entities functioning as a focus of complex, long-term contractual relations between human resources, capital and business affiliates’ (Aoki 1984). The way the different stakeholders in the ‘coalitional association’ participate in the firm’s decision-making and benefit from its proceeds is what forms the firm’s individual features. In recent years increasing interest has been shown in the similarities and differences in corporate governance structure between different countries, and this too may be put down to these developments in the theoretical framework for the study of firms. This approach allows a better understanding of characteristics of Japanese firms that previously were recognized only as cultural peculiarities, and also provides a basis for international comparisons, so I would like to use it in this chapter.
The Evolution of the Civil Service before World War II
Authors: Muramatsu Michio , Pempel T J 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
The bureaucracy was one of the few Japanese institutions that did not undergo massive alterations during the Allied Occupation following World War IL As a consequence, there is far greater continuity between the postwar civil service and its prewar antecedents than is seen among other institutions. Furthermore, the prewar civil service played a major role in the overall economic planning and development of Japan as a modern nation. However, little scholarly work has been done to establish the continuities (and differences) between the prewar and postwar civil services or their specific roles in national economic advancement.
The Japanese Bureaucracy and Economic Development: Are There Lessons for Russia and the Reforming Socialist Economies?
Authors: Thornton Judith 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
If there is a single important lesson for economic development in the Japanese experience, it is that institutions matter. The changes we associate with economic modernization—technological innovation, structural change, accumulation of physical capital, acquisition of new skills—all are undertaken within the framework of a set of institutions that can impede or promote underlying economic processes. Institutions influence the costs and risks of committing resources to production. They determine who makes decisions, with what information, and subject to what incentives.
Government, Population, and Poverty: A Win-Win Tale
Authors: Birdsall Nancy 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Traditional concern that rapid population growth slows development in poor countries has been reinforced in recent years by a growing awareness of the fragility of the natural environment in poor countries and its apparent vulnerability to the stresses associated with increasing population size, whether in a growing or a stagnating economy. But reinforced concern has not led to any consensus about whether governments should intervene aggressively to reduce population growth rates. At least some careful analysts remain sceptical that rapid population growth in and of itself is a fundamental cause of either slower economic growth or of natural resource problems in developing countries.1 Others, even if confident that rapid population growth is a problem, worry that government intervention will threaten the sanctity of individual and family decision making in the sensitive arena of reproduction, and question whether the future and uncertain benefits of a smaller population would outweigh immediate welfare costs-in terms of human pain and suffering-of strong policies to reduce fertility. Such fundamental questioning is be hind the international opprobrium China has suffered because its birth control policies have brought such human pain.
Changing Gender Roles and Below-Replacement Fertility hi Japan
Authors: Tsuya Noriko O , Mason Karen Oppenheim 
Published: October 2023

Abstract
Like many industrialized countries, Japan has experienced two fertility transitions, the first an initial decline from historically high to replacement levels of childbearing, which occurred shortly after World War II, and the second a more recent decline from replacement to very low levels of fertility (total fertility rate (TFR) of 1.54 in 1990). In this chapter, we are concerned with explaining the second fertility transition. Why, despite the disturbing implications of very low fertility for Japan’s labour needs and problems of population ageing, are couples having so few babies in Japan? Recent demographic analysis has shown that, unlike fertility transitions in many countries in the West, Japan’s second fertility transition is almost entirely the product of nuptiality change and, in particular, of very low proportions of Japanese women marrying in their early to mid-twenties. An explanation of Japan’s second fertility transition must therefore focus on why so few women are marrying during their early adult years. One possibility is that changes in the structure of economic opportunities is leading young Japanese women to reject or postpone their assumption of traditional family roles. Another possibility, proposed by Richard Easterlin (1980), is that young men’s relative economic fortunes are declining, thereby leading them to postpone marriage. Yet another possibility is that the rise of so-called post-materialist values underlies low marriage rates, values that make marriage less attractive to both women and men. Our aim is to explore these explanations for recent declines in marriage to understand better what is driving Japan’s fertility to such low levels.