bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1, 2, 4‐Triazine N‐oxide Derivatives: Studies as Potential Hypoxic Cytotoxins. Part III
Authors: Cerecetto Hugo , González Mercedes , Risso Mariela , Saenz Patricia , Olea‐Azar Claudio , Bruno Ana M. , Azqueta Amaia , de Ceráin Adela López , Monge Antonio 
Published: April 2004

AbstractNew 5‐(2‐arylethenyl)‐1, 2, 4‐triazine N‐oxide and N, N′‐dioxide derivatives were synthesized in order to obtain compounds as selective hypoxic cell cytotoxins. The desired products were obtained when the 5‐methyl heterocycle reacted with the corresponding iminium electrophiles. The new compounds were tested for their cytotoxicity in oxia and hypoxia. Some of them proved to be less active in hypoxic conditions than Tirapazamine, 3‐aminobenzo[1, 2‐e]1, 2, 4‐triazine N1, N4‐dioxide. Derivative 11, 6‐methyl‐5‐[2‐(5‐nitrofuryl)ethenyl)‐1, 2, 4‐triazine N4‐oxide, was the most cytotoxic compound, but it was non‐selective. Some derivatives were studied as DNA‐binding agents in oxic conditions showing poor affinity for this biomolecule. This result showed that the cytotoxic activity in oxia is DNA damage not dependent. Electrochemical and ESR spectroscopy studies were performed in order to determine the ability of compounds to produce radicals and the relation of these in the mechanism of cytotoxicity.
Analysis of economic time series: effects of extremal observations on testing heteroscedastic components
Authors: Grossi Luigi , Laurini Fabrizio 
Published: April 2004

AbstractMacroeconomic and financial time series are often tested for the presence of non‐linearity effects. Sometimes, small patches of extremal observations may wrongly influence non‐linearity tests. In this paper, a robust analysis of the Lagrange multiplier (LM) test for GARCH components is suggested. With Monte‐Carlo simulation we show that extreme observations might cause over‐estimation of the number of GARCH components, with the main contribution consisting by introducing the forward search method into the GARCH model family. Using robust estimators of regression coefficients and graphical displays of results, the effect of influential observations on estimates can be efficiently monitored. Analysing macroeconomic and financial time series we show that identifying the order of a GARCH model can be unduly influenced by a few isolated large values, and extremal observations affectp‐values andt‐statistics in an unexpected manner. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling the process of incoming problem reports on released software products
Authors: Jongbloed Geurt , Verbaken Tonny 
Published: April 2004

AbstractFor big software developing companies, it is important to know the amount of problems of a new software product that are expected to be reported in a period after the date of release, on a weekly basis. For each of a number of past releases, weekly data are present on the number of such reports. Based on the type of data that is present, we construct a stochastic model for the weekly number of problems to be reported. The (non‐parametric) maximum likelihood estimator for the crucial model parameter, the intensity of an inhomogeneous Poisson process, is defined. Moreover, the expectation maximization algorithm is described, which can be used to compute this estimate. The method is illustrated using simulated data. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Different embryo‐fetal toxicity effects for three VLA‐4 antagonists
Authors: Crofts F. , Pino M. , DeLise B. , Guittin P. , Barbellion S. , Brunel P. , Potdevin S. , Bergmann B. , Hofmann T. , Lerman S. , Clark R.L. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBACKGROUND: VLA‐4 (Very late antigen 4, integrin α4β1) plays an important role in cell‐cell interactions that are critical for development. Homozygous null knockouts of the α4subunit of VLA‐4 or VCAM‐1 (cell surface ligand to VLA‐4) in mice result in abnormal placental and cardiac development and embryo lethality. Objectives of the current study were to assess and compare the teratogenic potential of three VLA‐4 antagonists. METHODS: IVL745, HMR1031, and IVL984 were each evaluated by the subcutaneous route in standard embryo‐fetal developmental toxicity studies in rats and rabbits. IVL984 was also evaluated in mice. Fetuses were examined externally, viscerally, and skeletally. RESULTS: IVL745 did not cause significant maternal or fetal effects at doses up to 100 or 250 mg/kg/day in rats or rabbits, respectively. HMR1031 treatment resulted in marked maternal toxicity and slight fetal toxicity at the highest tested doses of 200 and 75 mg/kg/day in rats and rabbits, respectively. HMR1031 embryo‐fetal effects consisted of slightly lower body weight and crown‐rump length in rats and minor sternebral defects in rabbits. IVL984 treatment resulted in minimal maternal effects at doses up to 40, 15, and 100 mg/kg/day in rats, rabbits, and mice, respectively (excluding abortions in rabbits). However, marked developmental effects were observed at the lowest tested IVL984 doses, 1, 0.2, and 3 mg/kg/day in rats, rabbits, and mice, respectively. IVL984 embryo‐fetal effects consisted of increased total post‐implantation loss due to early resorptions and high incidences of cardiac malformations and skeletal malformations and/or variations. Notably, spiral septal defects were observed in up to 76% of rat fetuses and up to 58% of rabbit fetuses. CONCLUSIONS: Dramatic differences in teratogenic potential were observed: IVL745 was not teratogenic, HMR1031 caused slight embryo‐fetal effects at maternally‐toxic doses, and IVL984 was a potent teratogen at doses where direct maternal toxicity was limited to abortions in rabbits. Prominent effects of IVL984 included embryo lethality and cardiac malformations including spiral septal defects in three species. Birth Defects Res B 71:55–68, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Methanol exposure during gastrulation causes holoprosencephaly, facial dysgenesis, and cervical vertebral malformations in C57BL/6J mice
Authors: Rogers John M. , Brannen Kimberly C. , Barbee Brenda D. , Zucker Robert M. , Degitz Sigmund J. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBACKGROUND: Exposure of pregnant outbred CD‐1 mice to methanol during the period of gastrulation results in exencephaly, cleft palate, and cervical vertebra malformations [Rogers and Mole, Teratology 55: 364, 1997], while inbred C57BL/6J mice are sensitive to the teratogenicity of ethanol. C57BL/6J fetuses exhibit the holoprosencephaly spectrum of malformations after maternal exposure to ethanol during gastrulation, but the sensitivity of C57BL/6J mice to methanol‐induced teratogenesis has not been previously described. METHODS: Pregnant C57BL/6J mice were administered two i.p. injections totaling 3.4 or 4.9 g/kg methanol or distilled water four hrs apart on gestation day ‘GD’ 7. On GD 17, litters were examined for numbers of live, dead and resorbed conceptuses, fetuses were weighed as a litter and examined externally, and all fetuses were double stained for skeletal analysis. RESULTS:No maternal intoxication was apparent, but the high dosage level caused a transient deficit in maternal weight gain. The number of live fetuses per litter was reduced at both dosages of methanol, and fetal weight was lower in the high dosage group. Craniofacial defects were observed in 55.8% of fetuses in the low dosage group and 91.0% of fetuses in the high dosage group, including micro/anophthalmia, holoprosencephaly, facial clefts and gross facial angenesis. Skeletal malformations, particularly of the cervical vertebrae, were observed at both dosages of methanol, and were similar to those previously reported in the CD‐1 mouse following methanol exposure. CONCLUSIONS: The types of craniofacial malformations induced in the C57BL/6J mouse by methanol indicate that methanol and ethanol have common targets and may have common modes of action. Birth Defects Res B 71:80–88, 2004. Published 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cardiac abnormalities induced by zinc deficiency are associated with alterations in the expression of genes regulated by the zinc‐finger transcription factor GATA‐4
Authors: Duffy J.Y. , Overmann G.J. , Keen C.L. , Clegg M.S. , Daston G.P. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractZinc (Zn) deficiency during pregnancy results in a wide variety of developmental abnormalities. The objective of this study was to determine if expression of cardiac developmental genes regulated by Zn‐finger transcription factors could be modulated during dietary Zn deficiency. Rats were fed 0.5 (low Zn) or 90 (controls) µg Zn/g diet throughout pregnancy. Fetal development was examined and RNA isolated at gestation day (GD) 13 and 20. Cardiac abnormalities were detected at GD 20 in 82% of fetuses from dams fed low Zn diets compared with only 2% in controls. Cardiac developmental gene expression regulated by the Zn‐finger transcription factor, GATA‐4, was measured by quantitative reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). In GD 13 and 20 hearts, two genes critical for heart development, α‐myosin heavy chain (α‐MHC) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI), were down‐regulated in Zn‐deficient fetuses. Expression of α‐MHC was 66 and 40% lower at GD 13 and 20, respectively, in fetuses from dams fed low Zn diets compared with fetuses from control dams (p<0.05). Fetal cardiac TnI RNA levels were reduced 40 and 45% at GD 13 and 20 in the Zn‐deficient group compared with controls (p<0.05). Fetal cardiac transcript levels of GATA‐4 and MHox, a gene regulated by a helix‐loop‐helix transcription factor, whose expressions are not Zn‐dependent, were unaffected by diet. These data indicated that alterations in gene regulation might be an underlying mechanism of cardiac abnormalities. Dysfunction of other Zn‐dependent transcription factors may be an integral part of the extensive teratogenesis associated with Zn deficiency. Birth Defects Res B 71:102–109, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preface: Biom. J. Supplement 1/2004
Authors: Becher Heiko , Brenner Hermann , Brunner Edgar , Chang‐Claude Jenny , Edler Lutz , Giani Guido , Hense Hans‐Werne , Kauermann Göran , Kieser Meinhard , Kohlmann Thomas , Kurth Bärbel‐Maria , Mansmann Ulrich , Röhmel Joachim , Victor Norbert , Wichmann Heinz‐Erich 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThis special volume of the Biometrical Journal contains the Abstracts of the joint meeting of the German Region of the International Biometric Society (IBS‐DR) and the German Association of Epidemiology (Deutsche Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Epidemiologie, DAE) which takes place in Heidelberg, Germany, on March 16‐19, 2004. The meeting covers a wide range of topics from both fields. We, the program committee, hope that this abstract book will contribute to a further growth of both fields in Germany and to further collaborations between research groups on national and international level. We thank the Publisher, WILEY‐VCH, and in particular the Senior Publishing Editor, Dr. Hans‐Joachim Kraus, for the excellent collaboration, and Dr. Michael Löw and Isabel Lerch, Heidelberg, for the careful editing of the total volume.
Spectroscopic behavior of copper complexes of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs
Authors: Trinchero A. , Bonora S. , Tinti A. , Fini G. 
Published: April 2004

AbstractThe proposed curative properties of Cu‐based nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have led to the development of numerous Cu(II) complexes of NSAIDs with enhanced anti‐inflammatory activity. Crystalline complexes, Cu(II)–NSAID (ibuprofen, naproxen, tolmetin, and diclofenac), with a carboxylic function have been studied by means of infrared and Raman spectroscopy. All NSAIDs bind the metal through the carboxylate group. On the basis of the comparison between the wavenumber of the COO‐ group vibrations and Δν (νasimmCOO‐ – νsimmCOO‐) between Na salts and Cu(II) complexes, conclusions on the probable structure of the complexes have been drawn. The spectroscopic data support the formation of dimeric [Cu2L4(H2O)2] complexes in which the COO‐ group behaves as a bridging bidentate ligand. The low wavenumber region of the Raman spectrum provided information on Cu–O and Cu–Cu bonds in the complexes. Thermogravimetric results gave further support to the vibrational data. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers, 2004
Randomized clinical trial of low molecular weight heparin with thigh-length or knee-length antiembolism stockings for patients undergoing surgery
Authors: Howard A , Zaccagnini D , Ellis M , Williams A , Davies A H , Greenhalgh R M 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

Background
This was a randomized clinical trial to determine the efficacy and safety of a ‘blanket’ protocol of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and the best length of antiembolism stocking, for every patient requiring surgery under general anaesthesia.

Methods
Of 426 patients interviewed, 376 agreed to be randomized to receive one of three types of stocking: thigh-length Medi thrombexin® climax™ (Medi UK, Hereford, UK), knee-length thrombexin® climax™ and thigh-length Kendall T.E.D.™ (Tyco Healthcare UK, Redruth, UK). All patients received LMWH thromboprophylaxis. Duplex ultrasonography was used to assess the incidence of postoperative deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

Results
No postoperative DVT occurred in 85 patients at low or moderate risk. Nineteen DVTs occurred, all in the 291 high-risk patients: two with the Medi thigh-length stockings, 11 with the Medi knee-length stockings (odds ratio 0·18 (95 per cent confidence interval 0·04 to 0·82); P = 0·026) and six with the Kendall T.E.D.™ thigh-length stockings. No patient developed a pulmonary embolism. Stocking groups were similar for age, sex, thromboembolic risk, type of operation and compliance. One significant bleeding complication occurred.

Conclusion
A single protocol comprising LMWH and thigh-length stockings abolished DVT in low- and moderate-risk patients, and reduced the rate of DVT to 2 per cent in high-risk patients.
Assessment of respiratory symptoms with dual pH monitoring in patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
Authors: Kauer W K H , Stein H J , Möbius C , Siewert J R 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

Background
Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) is a commonly underestimated aetiological factor in patients with respiratory symptoms. In this study, acid reflux in healthy volunteers and patients with GORD with and without respiratory symptoms was investigated by dual pH monitoring.

Methods
Thirty healthy volunteers and 43 patients with GORD underwent oesophageal manometry and dual pH monitoring with one probe in the proximal and one in the distal oesophagus. Nineteen of the 43 patients complained of respiratory symptoms.

Results
There were no differences in proximal probe measurements between volunteers and patients without respiratory symptoms. Patients with GORD and respiratory symptoms had a higher prevalence of abnormally high exposure to gastric juice and more reflux episodes in the proximal oesophagus compared with patients with GORD and no respiratory symptoms. Some 17 of 19 patients with GORD and respiratory symptoms showed deteriorated oesophageal body motility.

Conclusion
Dual pH monitoring is feasible and well tolerated, and provides an objective means of evaluating patients with GORD and respiratory symptoms. Prolonged exposure of the proximal oesophagus to gastric juice and disorders of oesophageal body motility seem to be responsible for the development of respiratory symptoms.
Advantages of laparoscopic stented choledochorrhaphy over T-tube placement
Authors: Isla A M , Griniatsos J , Karvounis E , Arbuckle J D 
Published: April 2004

Abstract

Background
Postoperative complications after laparoscopic choledochotomy are mainly related to the T tube. Both laparoscopic endobiliary stent placement with primary closure of the common bile duct (CBD) and primary closure of the CBD without drainage have been proposed as safe and effective alternatives to T-tube placement.

Methods
This was a retrospective analysis of data collected prospectively on 53 consecutive patients suffering from proven choledocholithiasis who underwent laparoscopic CBD exploration through a choledochotomy between January 1999 and January 2003. In the early period a T-tube was placed at the end of the procedure (n = 32). Biliary stent placement and primary CBD closure was performed from June 2001 (n = 21).

Results
There were no significant differences in epidemiological characteristics, preoperative factors or intraoperative findings between the groups. Seven patients developed complications, six in the T-tube group and one in the stent group. Univariate analysis revealed a significantly lower morbidity rate and shorter postoperative hospital stay in the stent group.

Conclusion
Placement of a biliary endoprosthesis after laparoscopic choledochotomy achieves biliary decompression, and avoids the complications of a T tube, leading to a shorter postoperative hospital stay. The method is a safe and effective alternative method of CBD drainage after laparoscopic choledochotomy.
Nosocomial infection
Authors: Leaper D 
Published: April 2004

Abstract
Patient Safety Leading Article Series, 2004. This leading article continues our series on the general topic of patient safety. In the last issue of BJS the dysfunctional professional relationship was highlighted and the way the airlines have tried to counter the associated risks. The present article examines patient risk from an entirely different viewpoint. Nosocomial infection has been with us ever since hospitals were invented but there are problems particular to the modern era. Professor David Leaper comments on today's risks.
DNA‐Computer — Superrechner der Zukunft?: Chemie und Informatik
Authors: Borchard‐Tuch Claudia 
Published: April 2004

AbstractSeit kurzem wird ein neuer Weg beschritten, sich die Eigenschaften natürlicher Informationssysteme zunutze zu machen. Man hat Computer entwickelt, deren informationsverarbeitende Bauelemente Desoxyribonukleinsäure (DNA) ist. Diese Computer ermöglichen eine dreidimensionale und parallele Verarbeitung von Informationen. Aufgrund der zahlreichen parallelen chemischen Reaktionen kann ein DNA‐Computer Probleme lösen, die elektronische Computer nicht bewältigen können. Welche Möglichkeiten in DNA‐Computern liegen, konnte mittlerweile gezeigt werden: Da ein DNA‐Computer ebenso gut wie eine universelle Turing‐Maschine funktioniert, beweist dies seine grundsätzliche Fähigkeit, jedes Computerprogramm auszuführen.
Funktionelle Lebensmittel: Mehr als ein Trend?
Authors: Kunz Clemens , Schulz Sabine 
Published: April 2004

AbstractLebensmittel sind dann funktionell, wenn sie einen über die normale Nährstoffzufuhr hinausgehenden Zusatznutzen aufweisen. Für präventive Maßnahmen scheinen insbesondere Carotinoide, Polyphenole und Phytosterole ein hohes Potential zu haben. Inwieweit hier jedoch isolierte Substanzen eingesetzt werden können, ist noch nicht ausreichend untersucht. Von größerer Bedeutung sind natürliche Lebensmittel, die garantieren, dass auch Inhaltsstoffe aufgenommen werden, von denen möglicherweise biologische Funktionen ausgehen, die wir heute noch gar nicht kennen.
Die Leiden des cand. chem. Donald Duck
Authors: Roth Klaus 
Published: April 2004

AbstractWas macht einen guten und erfolgreichen Wissenschaftler aus? Talent? Fleiß? Geduld? Glück? Zufall? Geld? Beziehungen? Wie viele von uns, sucht auch der legendäre Donald Duck nach der „Seele der Wissenschaft”︁.
Aufstieg und Niedergang des Galaliths
Authors: Krätz Otto 
Published: April 2004

AbstractHochschullehrer pflegen gegenüber ihren Studenten mit einem gewissen Ernst stets die eminente Nützlichkeit tiefer theoretisch‐chemischer Kenntnisse zu betonen. Bei historischen Betrachtungen muss man jedoch gelegentlich gestehen, dass die Entdecker eines einstmals wichtigen Produktes keinerlei wie auch immer geartete Kenntnisse chemischer Strukturen und schon gar nicht von Reaktionsmechanismen hatten. Besonders unangenehm ist, dass man als Chemiehistoriker dann auch noch zugeben muss, dass diese Entdecker zwar keine Ahnung hatten, dafür aber beträchtliches Geld verdienten. Offenbar galt zumindest früher in der Praxis: Theorie ist schön, eine gute Idee ist besser!
Möbius‐Aromaten
Authors: Groß Michael 
Published: April 2004

AbstractDas Möbius‐Band hat, wie Freunde mathematischer Kopfnüsse bereits wissen, nur eine Oberfläche und eine Kante. Man erhält es, indem man einen langen Papierstreifen zu einem Ring biegt, dann aber eines der Enden um 180 Grad dreht, bevor man beide zusammenklebt. Ähnliche Spielereien mit Papierstreifen brachten den Kieler Chemiker Rainer Herges auf die Idee, wie man ein molekulares Möbiusband herstellen und damit ein Jahrzehnte altes Problem lösen kann [1].
Wie die Stechmücken menschlichen Schweiß orten
Authors: Jacoby Petra 
Published: April 2004

AbstractDass Moskitos ihre Opfer mit Hilfe des Geruchssinns aufspüren, ist schon seit längerem bekannt. Jetzt liefert eine Studie Einblicke in den molekularen Mechanismus dieses Phänomens und könnte zur Entwicklung neuer Mittel gegen die Blutsauger beitragen.
Incidence of chemotherapy‐induced nausea and emesis after modern antiemetics
Authors: Grunberg Steven M. , Deuson Robert R. , Mavros Panagiotis , Geling Olga , Hansen Mogens , Cruciani Giorgio , Daniele Bruno , De Pouvourville Gerard , Rubenstein Edward B. , Daugaard Gedske 
Published: April 2004

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe authors determined the incidence of acute and delayed chemotherapy‐induced nausea and emesis (vomiting) (CINV) among patients receiving highly (HEC) or moderately (MEC) emetogenic chemotherapy. They also assessed whether physicians and nurses accurately recognized the incidence of acute and delayed CINV in their own practices.METHODSA prospective, observational study of adult patients receiving HEC or MEC for the first time was performed. Before patient enrollment, medical oncologists and oncology nurses estimated the incidence of acute (Day 1) and delayed (Days 2–5) CINV after first administration of HEC and MEC in their own practices. Eligible patients from their practices then completed a 6‐day diary including emetic episodes, nausea assessment, and antiemetic medication use. Observed incidence rates of acute and delayed CINV were compared with physician/nurse predictions.RESULTSTwenty‐four physicians and nurses and 298 eligible patients (67 receiving HEC and 231 receiving MEC) were recruited from 14 oncology practices in 6 countries. Greater than 35% of patients overall experienced acute nausea, whereas 13% experienced acute emesis. Delayed nausea and emesis were observed in 60% and 50% of HEC patients, respectively, and in 52% and 28% of MEC patients, respectively. Delayed symptoms appeared without acute symptoms after HEC (emesis, 38%; nausea, 33%) and MEC (emesis, 19%; nausea, 21%). Physicians and nurses accurately predicted the incidence of acute CINV but underestimated the incidence of delayed nausea and emesis after HEC by 21 and 28 percentage points, respectively, and delayed nausea after MEC by 28 percentage points. Greater than 75% of physicians and nurses underestimated the incidence of delayed CINV after both HEC and MEC.CONCLUSIONSPhysicians and nurses markedly underestimated the incidence of delayed nausea and emesis after both HEC and MEC. Delayed nausea and emesis, which may appear even in the absence of acute nausea and emesis, remain important targets for improved therapeutic intervention. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.