bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tobacco attributable deaths in South Africa
Authors: Sitas F , Urban M , Bradshaw D , Kielkowski D , Bah S , Peto R 
Published: November 2004

Background:In mid 1998, a question “Was the deceased a smoker five years ago?” was introduced on the newly revised South African death notification form.Design:A total of 16 230 new death notification forms from 1998 have been coded, and comparison of the prevalence of smoking among those who died of different causes was used to estimate, by case–control comparisons, tobacco attributed mortality in South Africa. Cases comprised deaths from causes known (from other studies) to be causally associated with smoking, and controls comprised deaths from medical conditions expected to be unrelated to smoking. Those who died from external causes, and from diseases strongly related to alcohol consumption, were excluded.Subjects:Reports were available from 5340 deceased adults (age 25+), whose smoking status was given by a family member.Results:Significantly increased risks were found for deaths from tuberculosis (odds ratio (OR) 1.61, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.23 to 2.11), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.9 to 3.4), lung cancer (OR 4.8, 95% CI 2.9 to 8.0), other upper aerodigestive cancer (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.9 to 4.9) and ischaemic heart disease (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2 to 2.3).Conclusion:If smokers had the same death rate as non-smokers, 58% of lung cancer deaths, 37% of COPD deaths, 20% of tuberculosis deaths, and 23% of vascular deaths would have been avoided. About 8% of all adult deaths in South Africa (more than 20 000 deaths a year) were caused by smoking.
Tobacco smoking using a waterpipe: a re-emerging strain in a global epidemic
Authors: Maziak W , Ward K D , Afifi Soweid R A , Eissenberg T 
Published: November 2004

Context:The global tobacco epidemic may kill 10 million people annually in the next 20–30 years, with 70% of these deaths occurring in developing countries. Current research, treatment, and policy efforts focus on cigarettes, while many people in developing regions (Asia, Indian subcontinent, Eastern Mediterranean) smoke tobacco using waterpipes. Waterpipes are increasing in popularity, and more must be learned about them so that we can understand their effects on public health, curtail their spread, and help their users quit.Objective:To conduct a comprehensive review regarding global waterpipe use, in order to identify current knowledge, guide scientific research, and promote public policy.Data sources:AMedlinesearch using as keywords “waterpipe”, “narghile”, “arghile”, “shisha”, “hookah”, “goza”, “hubble bubble” and variant spellings (for example, “hooka”; “hukka”) was conducted. Resources compiled recently by members of GLOBALink were used.Study selection:Every identified published study related to waterpipe use was included.Data synthesis:Research regarding waterpipe epidemiology and health effects is limited; no published studies address treatment efforts. Waterpipe use is increasing globally, particularly in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, where perceptions regarding health effects and traditional values may facilitate use among women and children. Waterpipe smoke contains harmful constituents and there is preliminary evidence linking waterpipe smoking to a variety of life threatening conditions, including pulmonary disease, coronary heart disease, and pregnancy related complications.Conclusions:More scientific documentation and careful analysis is required before the spread of waterpipe use and its health effects can be understood, and empirically guided treatment and public policy strategies can be implemented.
The wealth effects of smoking
Authors: Zagorsky J L 
Published: November 2004

Objective:To investigate the impact of smoking on the wealth of US young baby boomers.Methodology:The research analyses self reported responses of both smoking habits and wealth holdings from a nationally representative sample of US individuals born between 1957 to 1964 (n  =  8908). Data are from four waves (1984, 1992, 1994, 1998) of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort, a random survey of individuals conducted by the US Department of Labor using a stratified multistage area sample design.Results:Regression results show lower net worth is associated with smoking, after holding constant a variety of demographic factors. Respondents who were ever heavy smokers are associated with a reduction in net worth of over $8300 while light smokers are $2000 poorer compared to non-smokers. Beyond this reduction, each adult year of smoking is associated with a decrease in net worth of $410 or almost 4%.Conclusions:While a causal relation cannot be proven, smokers appear to pay for tobacco expenditures out of income that is saved by non-smokers. Hence, reductions in smoking will boost wealth, especially among the poor.
“The world’s most hostile environment”: how the tobacco industry circumvented Singapore’s advertising ban: Table 1
Authors: Assunta M , Chapman S 
Published: November 2004

Objective:To review how tobacco transnational companies conducted their business in the hostile environment of Singapore, attempting to counter some of the government’s tobacco control measures; to compare the Malaysian and the Singaporean governments’ stance on tobacco control and the direct bearing of this on the way the tobacco companies conduct their business.Methods:Systematic keyword and opportunistic website searches of formerly private internal industry documents.Results:The comprehensive prohibition on advertising did not prevent the companies from advertising cigarettes to Singaporeans. Both British American Tobacco and Philip Morris used Malaysian television to advertise into Singapore. To launch a new brand of cigarettes, Alpine, Philip Morris used a non-tobacco product, the Alpine wine cooler. Other creative strategies such as innovative packaging and display units at retailers were explored to overcome the restrictions. Philip Morris experimented with developing a prototype cigarette using aroma and sweetened tipping paper to target the young and health conscious. The industry sought to weaken the strong pack warnings. The industry distributed anti-smoking posters for youth to retailers but privately salivated over their market potential.
Breaking and re-entering: British American Tobacco in China 1979–2000
Authors: Lee K , Gilmore A B , Collin J 
Published: November 2004

Objectives:To analyse the strategy used by British American Tobacco (BAT) to re-enter the Chinese market from 1979 to 2000 after historically dominating the market before the 1950s.Design:Analysis of tobacco industry document files to date available only on-site at the Guildford Depository operated by BAT. An additional search of recent documents related to BAT, placed in the Minnesota Depository, was also carried out.Results:BAT has been committed to regaining its historically dominant position in China since the country reopened to foreign companies in 1979. Initially, BAT remained cautious relative to competitors in seeking joint ventures, finding market access hindered by bureaucratic complexity, restrictions on foreign investment and imports quotas, and later an advertising ban. Instead, the documents suggest BAT strongly relied on illegal imports to expand market presence of State Express 555 and other key brands. It was only when risks to contraband sales increased that the company made greater efforts to establish a legal presence in the country. Attempts to stress the long history of BAT in China and a proclaimed commitment to corporate social responsibility have been used to facilitate later negotiations.Conclusion:China has remained relatively closed to transnational tobacco companies (TTCs) during its transition to a market economy, maintaining a firm grip over foreign investment and imports. Nonetheless, BAT has circumvented such restrictions through illegal imports and exploitation of inconsistencies in the local enforcement of advertising bans. Governments need to understand and address the full range of market entry tactics by TTCs in order to ensure effective tobacco control.
Competing with kreteks: transnational tobacco companies, globalisation, and Indonesia
Authors: Lawrence S , Collin J 
Published: November 2004

Objective:To examine the strategies employed by transnational tobacco companies (TTCs) to compete more effectively compete with the dominant kretek manufacturers in Indonesia, and to consider implications of their failure.Methods:Systematic analysis of corporate documents obtained from British American Tobacco’s (BAT’s) Guildford depository and from industry and tobacco control websites document collections.Results:The limited progress of the TTCs in Indonesia is best explained by the distinctive political economy of its tobacco industry. Though effective when collaborating on regulatory issues of mutual interest, TTCs have been less able than kretek manufacturers to exercise political influence where their interests conflict. Global strategies of TTCs have undergone significant local adaptation in attempting to compete in this distinctive environment. While maintaining uniformity in core brand attributes, TTCs have sought to reconcile international imagery with local norms, particularly to appeal to women. BAT unsuccessfully attempted to develop clove based products that imitated the appeal of kreteks, withdrawn following concerns about exposing the company to charges of operating double standards.Conclusions:The documents presented highlight the complexity of the global tobacco industry. Tobacco control efforts need to address more effectively the ongoing impact of kreteks while recognising the distinctive threats posed by TTCs.
FROM PETRI NETS TO LINEAR LOGIC THROUGH CATEGORIES: A SURVEY
Authors: MARTÍ -OLIET NARCISO , MESEGUER JOSÉ 
Published: November 2004

Linear logic has been introduced by Girard as a logic of actions that seems well suited for concurrent computation. This paper surveys recent work on the applications of linear logic to concurrency, with special emphasis on Petri nets and on the use of categorical models. In particular, we present a synthesis of our previous work on the systematic correspondence between Petri nets, linear logic theories, and linear categories, and explain its relationships to work by many other authors. Throughout, we discuss the computational interpretation of the linear logic connectives and illustrate the ideas with examples. Categories play an important role in this survey. On the one hand, from a computational perspective, they are interpreted as concurrent systems whose objects are states, and whose morphisms are transitions; on the other hand, when a model-theoretic perspective is adopted, they provide a very flexible conceptual framework within which the relationships among quite different models already proposed for linear logic can be better understood; this framework also suggests the study of new models and an axiomatic treatment of classes of models. Our categorical semantics for linear logic is based on dualizing objects and permits a very simple presentation of ideas requiring a more complicated treatment in the language of *-autonomous categories.
ENVIRONMENTAL AND HUMAN HEALTH IMPACT OF COAL BURNING POWER STATIONS
Authors: Valkovic V. , Cereda E. , Menapece E. , Moschini G. , Valkovic O. 
Published: November 2004

Environmental and health impact of coal burning power plants due to particulate emission is considered. As a result of coal burning large number of toxic elements are released into the atmosphere. The quantity released depends on the particulate control system, furnance design, mineral content of the coal and existing emission control standards. The pathways of toxic elements from coal burning power plants to man as well as dose-response effects could be considered by the applications of PIXE and μ-PIXE as analytical techniques. It is demonstrated that, in addition to concentration levels, information on concentration profiles (surface enrichment) of elements on fly ash particles, having diameter of few micrometers or less is essential.
Porting a 3D-Turbulence Simulation to a Multi-Processor System
Authors: GEERTSEMA GERTIE , BURM HUGO 
Published: November 2004

The performance of several computers is examined using a 3D-turbulence simulation. Results are given for test runs using the original program as well as a partially optimized/vectorized version. Special attention is given to porting the code to a multiprocessor transputer system. The results of the simulations are presented in two ways: (1) energy versus lengthscales plotted at subsequent time steps, and (2) for each lenghtscale a color scale is used to represent the energy.
Monte Carlo Renormalization of the 3-D-Ising Model and the Analyticity of Block-Spin Transformations
Authors: SMIT T.S. , HERINGA J.R. , BLÖTE H.W.J. , COMPAGNER A. , FONK Y.T.J.C. , HOOGLAND A. 
Published: November 2004

We present a new analysis on Monte Carlo Renormalization Group (MCRG) results obtained earlier by means of the Delft Ising System Processor (DISP). The MCRG data involve a total of 57 coupling constants, 36 even and 21 odd. Simulations were carried out for simple cubic lattices with 643, 323 and 163 spins. The RG transformation is assumed to be analytic. A number of relations exist between correlation functions at different renormalization levels. Some of these involve the derivatives of the stability matrix. These correlation functions enable an analysis of the so-called regular part of the RG transformation. If the Hamiltonian of the original lattice only contains nearest-neighbour couplings then the regular contributions to the specific heat and the magnetic susceptibility can be easily determined. These contributions must depend only weakly on the initial lattice size, at least if the RG transformation is analytic. We investigated whether this is indeed true when the majority-rule is applied. New simulations involving higher-order correlations will enable us to study the analytic contributions in more detail.
SEMICLASSICAL AND QUANTUM WORMHOLES
Authors: WADA SUMIO 
Published: November 2004

Four-dimensional wormholes are classical solutions of Euclidean gravity which express the process for the creation of baby universes through the tunneling. But a problem is that they exist only in certain types of models. However, we should note that the semiclassical treatment of tunneling does not necessarily requires the existence of “physical” classical solutions. Solutions of classical equations of motion in unphysical regions sometimes represent relevant saddle points for the path integrals. We show that quantum mechanical wormholes proposed recently by Hawking and Page can be interpreted semiclassically in this way. We also discuss how the wormholes can be treated by the Wheeler-DeWitt equation. It is essential to choose an appropriate superspace for the wormholes.
TOPOLOGICAL LANDAU-GINZBURG MATTER FROM SP(N)K FUSION RINGS
Authors: BOURDEAU MICHELLE , MLAWER ELI J. , RIGGS HAROLD , SCHNITZER HOWARD J. 
Published: November 2004

We find and analyze the Landau-Ginzburg potentials whose critical points determine chiral rings which are exactly the fusion rings of SP (N)K WZW models. The quasihomogeneous part of the potential associated with SP (N)K is the same as the quasihomogeneous part of that associated with SU (N+1)K, showing that these potentials are different perturbations of the same Grassmannian potential. Twisted N=2 topological Landau-Ginzburg theories are derived from these superpotentials. The correlation functions, which are just the SP (N)K Verlinde dimensions, are expressed as fusion residues. We note that the SP (N)K and SP (K)N topological Landau-Ginzburg theories are identical, and that while the SU (N)K and SU (K)N topological Landau-Ginzburg models are not, they are simply related.
CHERN-SIMONS QUANTUM MECHANICS, SUPERSYMMETRY, AND SYMPLECTIC INVARIANTS
Authors: BLAU MATTHIAS 
Published: November 2004

We explain the relation between supersymmetry and equivariant cohomology, combining recent investigations of Chern-Simons quantum mechanics and path integrals on coadjoint orbits. We then construct a supersymmetric (topological) quantum mechanics model whose partition function — probing the cohomology of the symplectomorphism group — yields a symplectic invariant introduced by Weinstein. We demonstrate by explicit calculation that this provides another example where the Duistermaat-Heckman theorem (exactness of the semi-classical approximation) appears to hold in infinite dimensions, and make some suggestions concerning its role in (conformal) field theory.
QUADRONIUM: UNRAVELLING THE e+e− PUZZLE
Authors: GRIFFIN JAMES J. 
Published: November 2004

The development of the Quadronium scenario for the e+e− puzzle is reviewed. The Quadronium (strong binding) hypothesis leads to a two-stage (spontaneous creation)/(energy inflation) production process for Q0, which can yield decay lines as narrow in energy as those observed, and which suggests that Q0 may either be created free, or bound to an outgoing heavy ion. In turn, this bound/free dichotomy provides a template for analyzing the experimental facts, which yields a good semiquantitative description of the EPOS data. Remarkably, this description of the later stages of the process is independent of the internal structure of the decaying object, and yet provides predictions for much of the available data. Finally, the bound decays imply a new (and so far never studied) process of sharp annihilative positron emission (SAPosE), in which the electron is captured into a Bohr — Dirac orbit of the nuclear ion, and the positron emerges with a total energy equal to the energy of the decaying Q0 state plus the binding energy of the electron. These successes focus the attention on the underlying hypothesis: How can one prove definitively either that Q0 is or is not strongly bound?
LYAPUNOV EXPONENTS IN CHAOTIC SYSTEMS: THEIR IMPORTANCE AND THEIR EVALUATION USING OBSERVED DATA
Authors: ABARBANEL HENRY D. I. , BROWN REGGIE , KENNEL M. B. 
Published: November 2004

We review the idea of Lyapunov exponents for chaotic systems and discuss their evaluation from observed data alone. These exponents govern the growth or decrease of small perturbations to orbits of a dynamical system. They are critical to the predictability of models made from observations as well as known analytic models. The Lyapunov exponents are invariants of the dynamical system and are connected with the dimension of the system attractor and to the idea of information generation by the system dynamics. Lyapunov exponents are among the many ways we can classify observed nonlinear systems, and their appeal to physicists remains their clear interpretation in terms of system stability and predictability. We discuss the familiar global Lyapunov exponents which govern the evolution of perturbations for long times and local Lyapunov exponents which determine the predictability over a finite number of time steps.
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY IN THE HUBBARD MODEL WITH STRONG COULOMB REPULSION
Authors: IZYUMOV YU. A. , LETFULOV B. M. 
Published: November 2004

Within the Hubbard model with strong Coulomb interaction U ≫ t (the t-J model), the possibility is studied for the superconducting state to exist due to charge and spin fluctuations in a system. Within the generalized random phase approximation (GRPA) used earlier by the authors for the calculation of magnetic susceptibility, the effective interaction between electrons in the Cooper channel was calculated. The calculations were performed by the diagram technique for the Hubbard operators. In GRPA, the effective interaction takes into account all diagram sequences with fermion loops and spin Green functions. The effective interaction is expressed via dynamical magnetic and dielectric susceptibilities; therefore it is considerably enhanced near the boundaries of the paramagnetic phase's instability towards the appearance of magnetic order, or of a state with charge density wave. Equations for the strong coupling in a superconductor are derived for the normal Z and anomalous φ parts of the electron Green function, linearized in the order parameter φ. The superconducting transition temperature T c is calculated with various sets of parameters in the (t/U, n) plane, n being the electron concentration. It is shown that in the itinerant magnetism regime (n < nc), where there is no localized magnetic moments in the system, spin fluctuations in the vicinity of antiferromagnetic phase transition lead to electron coupling with d-type symmetry, in analogy to the case of weak Coulomb repulsion. In the localized magnetic moment regime (n > nc), a quasistatistical term appears in the magnetic susceptibility. This terms leads to the pair-breaking mechanism, acting analogously to magnetic impurities. The dynamical part of the susceptibility may result in pairing interaction; however, high values of T c can hardly be expected in this case because of the pair-breaking interaction with localized magnetic moments. In the "Hubbard 1" approximation, the critical concentration nc for band with symmetric density of states equals 2/3. For n > 0.88, CDW instability appears in the system. Near its boundary, charge fluctuations may lead to coupling interaction with trivial symmetry of the order parameter. However, the critical line of the CDW instability lies within the region of ferromagnetic phase, and superconductivity becomes suppressed due to spin splitting of the electron spectrum.
NUMBER-PHASE SQUEEZED STATES AND PHOTON FRACTIONING
Authors: D’ARIANO G.M. 
Published: November 2004

The number-phase squeezing mechanisms related to the multiphoton and photonfractioning procedures are analyzed. The main ingredients in these approaches are nonlinear multimode realizations of group-theoretical states and nonunitary subdynamics of the field modes. The states which are squeezed in the number of photons are suited to optical communications in local area networks; the states squeezed in the phase of the field optimize high-sensitive interferometry. Corresponding to the different kinds of squeezing and to the pertaining grouptheoretical states one has different types of amplifying devices with the same dynamical group of the states. In particular, two recently proposed devices – the photon-number amplifier (PNA) and the photon-number duplicator (PND) – attain both the multiphoton and photon-fractioning transformations. The PNA amplifies the field without degrading the direct-detection signal-to-noise ratio and thus can be used to produce number-squeezed states; the PND provides two copies of the same input number-state and, therefore, can connect two-mode states with one-mode states. Both the PNA and PND allow the realization of virtually lossless optical taps, which are essential in designing highly transparent local area networks. The PND can also be used in series with a conventional phase-insensitive amplifier to produce phase-squeezed states.
A MODEL FOR THE ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AN ER VALVE
Authors: WHITTLE M. , FIROOZIAN R. , PEEL D. J. , BULLOUGH W. A. 
Published: November 2004

We present a simple model which can account for the electrical response characteristics of an Electrorheological (ER) parallel plate valve restrictor. We find that a self-consistent electrical model which can describe the current response to transient and biased sine wave voltage exitations must incorporate the non-linear dependence of current on voltage found at steady state. In addition, the steady state current characteristics are a function of the fluid flow rate. This can be described analytically and included in the model. Analytical solutions show that non-linearity affects the detailed shape of the current response to large voltage inputs. The initial current response is well described by a numerical solution to the model differential equation using the experimental voltage as input. In the case of the relatively small fluctuations involved in the sine wave experiments, a linearised form of this model is found to be an adequate approximation. Parameters are obtained for the model which are, within a generous margin of error, independent of valve dimension.