bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro nutrient digestibility values of black soldier fly as a swine feed ingredient can be estimated by nitrogen concentrations
Authors: Kim H. , Ji S.Y. , Kim B.G. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objectives were to determine effects of growth stages (experiment 1) of black soldier fly (BSF; Hermetia illucens) and processing methods (experiment 2) on in vitro nutrient digestibility of BSF for pigs and to develop prediction equations for estimating in vitro nutrient utilization in BSF. In experiment 1, in vitro ileal disappearance (IVID) and in vitro total tract disappearance (IVTTD) of dry matter (DM) and nitrogen in BSF larva (15 d of age), BSF prepupa (d 17), and BSF adults (d 34) were determined. The IVID of DM and nitrogen in BSF larva was higher () than that in BSF prepupa and BSF adults. The IVTTD of DM in BSF larva and BSF prepupa was higher () than that in BSF adults. In experiment 2, the BSF larva employed in experiment 1 was processed using 4 different methods to obtain dried larva press liquid, dried larva press cake, partially defatted larvae meal (PDLM), and fully defatted larvae meal. The IVID of DM and nitrogen in PDLM was higher () than that in other 3 ingredients. The IVTTD of DM in dried larva press liquid and PDLM was higher () than that in dried larva press cake or fully defatted larvae meal. Based on the feed ingredients employed in experiments 1 and 2, quadratic and linear prediction equations were developed for IVID of DM (; ) and IVTTD of DM (; ), respectively, in BSF-derived ingredients using nitrogen as an independent variable. Overall, the nutrients in BSF larva at 15 d of age were better utilized compared with older growth stages, and the nutrients in PDLM were better utilized compared with other processing methods. Equations for IVID and IVTTD of DM were developed using nitrogen concentrations as an independent variable in BSF-derived ingredients for pigs.
Nursery diet exclusion during the development of Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) in restaurant food waste
Authors: dos Santos S.M. , da Silva F.G. , Bavosa H.R. , Martins I.P. , Nascimento J.C.S. , Lemes P.G. , Nogueira W.C.L. , da Costa D.V. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The black soldier fly (BSF) (Hermetia illucens) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) is a valuable commercial insect for its nutritional and productive aspects, ability to cycle organic waste, and use as protein in animal feed. Its rearing is done in two steps, the ‘nursery diet’, and the ‘rearing’ diet, but the nursery diet may increase costs and labour. The effect of the nursery diet time on larval performance, substrate reduction, and larval nutritional composition were evaluated to determine whether it is possible to remove this step from the BSF production process. Chicken feed was used as nursery diet and restaurant food waste for the rearing diet. The performance and chemical composition of BSF larvae with eggs inoculated directly into the restaurant food waste and incubated in the nursery diet were evaluated for six, eight, ten, and 12 days. Substrate reduction was higher for larvae raised without nursery diet. The final weight, growth rate, and number of live larvae were the same for larvae reared with or without nursery diet. Larvae reared without nursery diet had higher crude protein, lower dry matter, and ash content than larvae on nursery diet. The nursery diet did not improve most of the characteristics analysed, and the nutritional levels of the larvae. This may suggest that this step could be ignored when rearing BSF larvae on restaurant waste.
Effects of dietary defatted Periplaneta americana meal on the growth, antioxidant status, immunity, hepatic and intestinal health of Nile tilapia
Authors: Li Y.C. , Yang H.C. , Zhang J.M. , Wang G.J. , Gong W.B. , Tian J.J. , Li H.Y. , Zhang K. , Xia Y. , Li Z.F. , Xie J. , Yu E.M. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This study estimated the effects of replacing fish meal (FM) with defatted Periplaneta americana meal (PAM) on the growth, antioxidant status, immunity, and hepatic and intestinal health of juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Five diets were formulated by replacing 0% (PAM0), 25% (PAM25), 50% (PAM50), 75% (PAM75), and 100% (PAM100) of FM, and then fed to triplicate groups of 15 fish (10.58 ± 0.73 g) for 60 days. The results indicated that growth and feed utilisation were increased in the PAM25 group while decreased in the PAM100 group (). The PAM diets positively influenced serum biochemical parameters. Furthermore, the PAM25 diet enhanced the intestinal protease activity compared to the PAM0 diet (), ameliorating the hepatic and intestinal morphology. In terms of gene expression, PAM25 diet increased the expression levels of growth hormone and growth hormone receptor () compared to the PAM0 diet. The expression of antioxidant genes was enhanced in the liver and intestine in fish fed PAM25, PAM50, and/or PAM75 diets. The intestinal caspase-3 expression was downregulated (PAM25), while the caspase-9 expression was upregulated in the liver and intestine (PAM75 and PAM100) (). The PAM diets also decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory factor genes, including () (PAM25 and PAM50) in the liver and (PAM25) and interleukin-8 (PAM50) in the head kidney, and increased the expression of anti-inflammatory factor genes such as tumor necrosis factor-α (PAM25) in the liver and head kidney and interleukin-10 () (PAM25 and PAM50) in the head kidney (). Overall, these results demonstrated that about 31% replacement of FM (31.58% and 31.93%) with PAM resulted in the best growth performance; However, the FM replacement above 50% declined growth, antioxidant capability, immunity, and hepatic and intestinal health of Nile tilapia.
Heat stress has immediate and persistent effects on immunity and development of Tenebrio molitor
Authors: Herren P. , Hesketh H. , Dunn A.M. , Meyling N.V. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) is a promising insect species for mass-rearing for the production of feed and food. In mass-production systems, insects may be exposed to abiotic stressors such as heat stress as well as potentially lethal pathogens. To ensure mass-reared T. molitor populations are healthy and productive there is a need to understand both the risks, and potential benefits of heat stress, on the fitness of insects and their susceptibility to pathogens. In this study, we investigated the effects of a short (2 h) or a long (14 h) heat stress (38 °C) exposure on the susceptibility and the immune responses of T. molitor larvae exposed to a fungal pathogen (Metarhizium brunneum). Larvae were exposed to the pathogen either immediately or five days after the heat stress treatments. The development of heat stressed larvae and their offspring was also assessed. A short heat stress immediately before exposure to M. brunneum increased the survival probability of T. molitor larvae, which correlated with increased antibacterial activity in the hemolymph. The exposure of larvae to short, or long heat stresses five days before pathogen exposure did not affect their survival, despite a temporary lowered body mass gain of heat stressed larvae. However, heat stressed larvae showed decreased hemocyte concentrations when exposed to M. brunneum. We also found an increased body weight in larval offspring of females that had been exposed to a short heat stress as larvae themselves. These findings demonstrate the importance of understanding the effects of heat stress in the long-term. The beneficial effects of heat stress on pathogen susceptibility in T. molitor and the negative effects on body mass gain are only transient, whereas negative effects on immune response (hemocyte concentrations) persist over an extended period.
Changes in nutrient composition and gene expression in growing mealworms (Tenebrio molitor)
Authors: Lopez-Viso C. , Castellanos-Uribe M. , May T. , Brameld J. , Salter A. , Parr T. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Insects are of high interest as a sustainable source of nutrients to be included in the food production system. The larvae of Tenebrio molitor, commonly known as yellow mealworms (MW), have a high protein content, which means potential applications in the animal feed and human food sectors. However, previous reports have shown considerable variability in the nutrient composition of mealworms, which may in part, be due to harvesting at different developmental stages. A better understanding of the regulation of composition during development would potentially facilitate future attempts to manipulate nutrient content, perhaps through gene editing, to maximize commercial value. In the present study, mealworms were harvested at various time points within a 24 day period leading up to the start of pupation. At the earliest time points (between days −24 and −17), a 44% increase in fat content was seen, which was maintained throughout the rest of development. By day −12, protein content fell by 12%, a change that was also maintained. Throughout development there was a change in fatty acid composition, with a shift from oleic acid being the major fatty acid at day −24, to linoleic acid being predominant at later time points. In an attempt to better understand the genetic basis of these changes, an analysis of the transcriptome was undertaken. In the absence of a specific annotated genome for the mealworm, an Affymetrix GeneChip microarray for Drosophila was utilized. The hybridisation of RNA extracted from five developmental stages (larvae and pupae) showed differential gene expression; and some potential orthologs were identified which may be involved in regulating nutrient composition during development. However, we were unable to identify a significant proportion of the most highly regulated genes, highlighting the need for a fully annotated mealworm genome.
Bioactivity of the edible part of Chicatana ant (Atta mexicana, Smith 1858) and its protein concentrate
Authors: Piña-Dominguez I.A. , Ruiz-May E. , Hernández-Rodriguez D. , Zepeda R.C. , Melgar-Lalanne G. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Chicatana is the reproductive ant (male and female) of Atta mexicana specie (Smith, 1958). The abdomen is separated from the whole animal and traditionally used as food and medicinal remedy in the Estate of Veracruz (Mexico). It is rich in proteins and chitin. The insect protein concentrates (PCO) may be a way to valorise the edible insects. This research aimed to analyse the antioxidant, hypoglycaemic and antimicrobial activity in their edible form and as a protein concentrate. The results showed a protein concentrate with 56.18 ± 14.20 g protein/100 g. The chitin content of the edible abdomen was 16.05 g/100 g of dry matter. The edible part of the ant and the protein concentrate resulted in high antioxidant activity and some hypoglycemic activity. However, no antimicrobial activity could be found in either sample. Thus, the abdomen of Chicatana ants consumed in Veracruz may be a functional protein-rich food with antioxidant activity.
Surface Air Temperature Variation over the Eastern Tibetan Plateau from 1979 to 2018: The Role of AMO and PDO
Authors: Deng Zhongren , Zhou Shunwu , Wu Ping , Sun Yang 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Using the observational and reanalysis datasets during the period of 1979–2018, this study examines the modulation effects of the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) and Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) on the interdecadal change in summer surface air temperature (SAT) over the eastern Tibetan Plateau (TP). The results show that the eastern TP has experienced a remarkable warming in boreal summer since 1997. In addition, the warming is associated with simultaneously enhanced westward water vapor transport and the northward shift of the subtropical westerly jet (SWJ) over the northeast of the TP. Further research indicates that both water vapor transport and the SWJ are modulated by the PDO and AMO on interdecadal time scales. Since the late 1990s, the PDO has changed from the positive to negative phase, while the AMO has changed from the negative to positive phase. The change in the out-of-phase combination of the PDO and AMO has resulted in a northward shift of the SWJ at 200 hPa near the northeast of the TP through the Rossby wave train originating from the northwestern Atlantic. In addition, the PDO and AMO could both affect the Rossby wave train. From the northwestern Atlantic to Eurasia, the wave train may be dominated by the PDO, while the wave train near the TP is dominated by the AMO. The anomalous anticyclone over the northeastern TP is part of the Rossby wave train, causing the northward shift of the SWJ, favoring the intrusion of the water vapor from the eastern China into the eastern TP, thus leading to the TP warming.

Significance Statement
It is understood that the Tibetan Plateau (TP) may be among the most sensitive regions to the global climate change. In addition, this region has warmed very rapidly in the latter half of the twentieth century. Based on the statistical analysis and dynamic diagnostics, the influences of interdecadal variations of atmospheric circulations on summer surface air temperature (SAT) over the eastern TP were analyzed for the years 1979 to 2018. We found that the eastern TP experienced an increase in summer SAT. In addition, the interdecadal change in SAT over the eastern TP is strongly affected by the water vapor transport and the subtropical westerly jet. Further analyses show that the PDO and AMO were the key factors influencing summer SAT over the eastern TP on the interdecadal time scales. The PDO and AMO could both affect the Rossby wave train. From the northwest Atlantic to Eurasia, the wave train may be dominated by the PDO, while the wave train near the TP is dominated by the AMO. In addition, the northwest Atlantic SSTs, which are dominated by the AMO, could also affect the SAT over the eastern TP by the Rossby wave train.
Perspectives toward Stochastic and Learned-by-Data Turbulence in Numerical Weather Prediction
Authors: Shapkalijevski Metodija M. 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The increased social need for more precise and reliable weather forecasts, especially when focusing on extreme weather events, pushes forward research and development in meteorology toward novel numerical weather prediction (NWP) systems that can provide simulations that resolve atmospheric processes on hectometric scales on demand. Such high-resolution NWP systems require a more detailed representation of the nonresolved processes, i.e., usage of scale-aware schemes for convection and three-dimensional turbulence (and radiation), which would additionally increase the computation needs. Therefore, developing and applying comprehensive, reliable, and computationally acceptable parameterizations in NWP systems is of urgent importance. All operationally used NWP systems are based on averaged Navier–Stokes equations, and thus require an approximation for the small-scale turbulent fluxes of momentum, energy, and matter in the system. The availability of high-fidelity data from turbulence experiments and direct numerical simulations has helped scientists in the past to construct and calibrate a range of turbulence closure approximations (from the relatively simple to more complex), some of which have been adopted and are in use in the current operational NWP systems. The significant development of learned-by-data (LBD) algorithms over the past decade (e.g., artificial intelligence) motivates engineers and researchers in fluid dynamics to explore alternatives for modeling turbulence by directly using turbulence data to quantify and reduce model uncertainties systematically. This review elaborates on the LBD approaches and their use in NWP currently, and also searches for novel data-informed turbulence models that can potentially be used and applied in NWP. Based on this literature analysis, the challenges and perspectives to do so are discussed.
The Development and Accuracy Assessment of Wet Bulb Globe Temperature Forecasts
Authors: Clark Jordan , Konrad Charles E. , Grundstein Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Heat is the leading cause of weather-related death in the United States. Wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) is a heat stress index commonly used among active populations for activity modification, such as outdoor workers and athletes. Despite widespread use globally, WBGT forecasts have been uncommon in the United States until recent years. This research assesses the accuracy of WBGT forecasts developed by NOAA’s Southeast Regional Climate Center (SERCC) and the Carolinas Integrated Sciences and Assessments (CISA). It also details efforts to refine the forecast by accounting for the impact of surface roughness on wind using satellite imagery. Comparisons are made between the SERCC/CISA WBGT forecast and a WBGT forecast modeled after NWS methods. Additionally, both of these forecasts are compared with in situ WBGT measurements (during the summers of 2019–21) and estimates from weather stations to assess forecast accuracy. The SERCC/CISA WBGT forecast was within 0.6°C of observations on average and showed less bias than the forecast based on NWS methods across North Carolina. Importantly, the SERCC/CISA WBGT forecast was more accurate for the most dangerous conditions (WBGT > 31°C), although this resulted in higher false alarms for these extreme conditions compared to the NWS method. In particular, this work improved the forecast for sites more sheltered from wind by better accounting for the influences of land cover on 2-m wind speed. Accurate forecasts are more challenging for sites with complex microclimates. Thus, appropriate caution is necessary when interpreting forecasts and onsite, real-time WBGT measurements remain critical.

Significance Statement
This research assesses the accuracy of wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) forecasts. WBGT is a heat stress index that accounts for impacts of air temperature, humidity, wind, and radiation. It is widely used in occupational, athletic, and military settings for heat stress assessment, yet WBGT forecasting in the United States is a relatively new development. These forecasts can be used by decision-makers to better plan activities. We found that WBGT forecasts by NOAA’s Southeast Regional Climate Center and Carolinas Integrated Sciences and Assessments were within 0.6°C of observations overall in North Carolina and less biased than forecasts based on methods used by the U.S. National Weather Service, which had larger, colder biases that present potential safety issues in planning.
Cognitive, Psychophysiological, and Perceptual Responses to a Repeated Military-Specific Load Carriage Treadmill Simulation
Authors: Vine Christopher A. J. , Runswick Oliver R. , Blacker Sam D. , Coakley Sarah L. , Siddall Andrew G. , Myers Stephen D. 
Published: November 2023

Background Dismounted military operations require soldiers to complete cognitive tasks whilst undertaking demanding and repeated physical taskings. Objective To assess the effects of repeated fast load carriage bouts on cognitive performance, perceptual responses, and psychophysiological markers. Methods Twelve civilian males (age, 28 ± 8 y; stature, 186 ± 6 cm; body mass 84.3 ± 11.1 kg; V̇O2max, 51.5 ± 6.4 mL·kg−1·min−1) completed three ∼65-min bouts of a Fast Load Carriage Protocol (FLCP), each interspersed with a 65-min recovery period, carrying a representative combat load of 25 kg. During each FLCP, cognitive function was assessed using a Shoot/Don’t-Shoot Task (SDST) and a Military-Specific Auditory N-Back Task (MSANT), along with subjective ratings. Additional psychophysiological markers (heart rate variability, salivary cortisol, and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate concentrations) were also measured. Results A main effect of bout on MSANT combined score metric ( p < .001, Kendall’s W = 69.084) and for time on the accuracy-speed trade-off parameter of the SDST ( p = .025, Ѡ2 = .024) was evident. These likely changes in cognitive performance were coupled with subjective data indicating that participants perceived that they increased their mental effort to maintain cognitive performance (bout: p < .001, Ѡ2 = .045; time: p < .001, Ѡ2 = .232). Changes in HRV and salivary markers were also evident, likely tracking increased stress. Conclusion Despite the increase in physiological and psychological stress, cognitive performance was largely maintained; purportedly a result of increased mental effort. Application Given the likely increase in dual-task interference in the field environment compared with the laboratory, military commanders should seek approaches to manage cognitive load where possible, to maintain soldier performance.
The Seshemnofer Dilemma: Genealogy and Succession
Authors: Green Gemma F. P. 
Published: November 2023

The relationship between the owners of G 4940 and G 5080, whom Junker deemed to be Seshemnofer I and II, respectively, has long been questioned by Egyptologists. Some scholars consider Seshemnofer I to be the father of Seshemnofer II, while others refute this idea because the wife of Seshemnofer I did not have the same name as the mother of Seshemnofer II. Junker raised the possibility that Seshemnofer I was married more than once, and although there is no direct evidence for this, there may be some rather suggestive indirect evidence. Using wall scenes from the tombs of the Seshemnofer family, statuary and other inscriptional evidence, the idea that Seshemnofer I was married multiple times will be reconsidered. This study aims to provide more clarity on the relationship between Seshemnofer I and Seshemnofer II, and highlight the subtleties used by tomb owners to distinguish the different maternities of their children. [Formula: see text]
Occupational therapy upper limb splinting practice for clients with acquired brain injuries: A cross-sectional study from South Africa
Authors: van Wyk Megan Barbara , de Klerk Susan , Jacobs-Nzuzi Khuabi Lee-Ann Juliana 
Published: November 2023

Introduction: Acquired brain injuries (ABIs) form part of the caseload of occupational therapists treating adult clients with neurological conditions. One adjunct to treatment of the upper limb condition following ABI is splinting. Little is known about the occupational therapy splinting practices in this field. This study aimed to describe these practices within a South African context. Method: A quantitative, cross-sectional survey design was utilised. A convenience sample of occupational therapists from across South Africa completed a survey. The survey comprised of demographic factors; types of splints used; wear schedule regimens during the motor recovery phases and influencing factors. Data were analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Results: Fifty-two participants ( n = 115) completed the survey, representing a 45.2% response rate. Participants (52.9% ( n = 27) indicated that splints are provided to 25% of clients with ABI. Splints are used to maintain soft tissue length and to ensure correct biomechanical alignment. Conclusions: Splinting for clients with ABI in South Africa is used as a preventative and maintenance approach. Failing more high-level evidence to support the use of splints for clients with ABI, therapists should consider the client-, therapist- and environment-related factors when determining the suitability and appropriateness of splinting clients with ABI.