bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of the likelihood ratio test to age estimation using the infant and child temporal bone
Authors: Weaver David S. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSeveral developmental changes in the skull of infants and children are well documented and have been used in the estimation of age at death of infants and children. This paper will present a feature of the infant and child temporal bone, the development of the tympanic plate (floor) of the external auditory meatus, which has recently proven useful in age estimation.Through the use of the Likelihood Ratio Test (Sprott, '73), a six‐stage developmental sequence for the tympanic plate has been evaluated. Analysis of the tympanic plate developmental sequence has produced the following age categories: fetal, newborn, six months, one to two and one‐half years.A general discussion of the basis and potential applications of the Likelihood Ratio Test for analysis of stages and other ordinal data is offered.
Computed tomography and biomechanical analysis of fossil long bones
Authors: Jungers William L. , Minns R. J. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractComputerized transverse axial scanning (computed tomography) is a relatively new radiographic technique designed to recover precise cross‐sectional images (tomograms) of 3‐dimensional objects. This highly sensitive process permits tissues of similar density to be separated and displayed unambiguously. These special features are, therefore, ideal for analyzing the cross‐sectional geometry of intact fossil long bones, even when they are highly mineralized and their medullary cavities are occluded by matrix. In order to demonstrate the utility of this method in assessing the complex relationship between fossil structure and probable function, geometrical and biomechanical properties of midshaft tomograms of femora and tibiae have been analyzed for a comparative primate sample consisting of Megaladapis edwardsi (an extinct giant prosimian from Madagascar), Indri indri (the largest extant prosimian), and Homo sapiens.
The effects of induced prenatal hypothyroidism on lamb mandibular third primary molars
Authors: Biggerstaff Robert H. , Rose Jerome C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIntrauterine thyroidectomies were performed on nine lambs on or about the ninety‐sixth postconception day. Seven other control and shamoperated lambs, and the cretin lambs were sacrificed immediately after birth. The mandibles were removed and sectioned at the midline. The right side molars were removed by dissection and caliper measured. The distal cusps of the third primary molars were sectioned, dehydrated, and embedded in Bio‐plastic. A slow speed diamond saw was used to section the plastic blocks and the embedded teeth. Subsequent grinding and polishing produced high quality 75 μm sections of the lamb molar cusps. No significant differences in tooth size or enamel thickness existed. Microscopic examinations show that parts of the cretin enamel were poorly calcified, an observation that was correlated to the intrauterine thyroidectomies. The data suggest that hypothyroidism alters ameloblastic activity during the secretory phase of enamel formation.
On the adaptive pattern of “Ramapithecus”
Authors: Greenfield Leonard Owen 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA reconstruction of the adaptive pattern of the Miocene hominoid “Ramapithecus,” supported by comparative data and morphological comparisons, is presented. It is based upon the completely known dentition, inferior portion of the face, and on the paleoecology and geographic distribution of “Ramapithecus” bearing deposits.The known adaptive and morphological patterns of the “Ramapithecus” species are almost indistinguishable from those of the contemporary species of Sivapithecus, which has taxonomic priority. The “Ramapithecus” species are therefore referred to Sivapithecus, a dryopithecine genus which apparently radiated throughout Eurasia and Africa during the Middle Miocene.
Telemetered electromyography of flexor digitorum profundus and flexor digitorum superficialis in Pan troglodytes and implications for interpretation of the O. H. 7 hand
Authors: Susman Randall L. , Stern Jr. Jack T. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe importance of knuckle‐walking in the locomotor repertoire of African apes raises the possibility that the long digital flexors may be specially adapted more to meet the demands of ground quadrupedalism than those of suspension. To investigate this possibility, the activities of the flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus were studied by means of telemetered electromyography in three chimpanzees. Results clearly indicate that the fasciculi of these muscles to digits bearing weight in knuckle‐walking are not called upon to contract in quadrupedal postures or in slow and moderately fast quadrupedal locomotion except to help clear the fingers from the ground as the forelimb begins its recovery stroke. At the most rapid speeds, a slight to moderate level of activity sometimes occurs in the latter half of stance phase. The long digital flexors display maximum and sustained activity during suspension. It is concluded that any role for these muscles in maintenance of stability at the metacarpophalangeal joints during knuckle‐walking must be predominantly passive. Prominent markings for insertions of these muscles in a fossil hand (such as O.H. 7) suggest use of the forelimb in suspensory climbing behaviors.
Studies on the condition and structure of bone of the Saldanha fossil cranium
Authors: Tappen N. C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe external surface of the Saldanha cranium shows extensive exfoliation and cracking. In a few places remnants of the probable original bone surfaces can be observed. These are orange‐brown in color, contrasting with the nearly white color of exposed deeper layers, and are subdivided into small segments with pits in their centers. Causes of the color differences are uncertain but merit investigation. The surface cracking and exfoliation probably result from weathering before fossilization. This conclusion is based on the observation that the endocranial surfaces show no such effects, despite the scattering of the cranial fragments at the time of discovery. A depressed fracture in the frontal bone indicates a heavy blow at or shortly after the time of death. This blow probably created some of the fragments, but there are also incomplete fracture cracks which may have resulted from the blow. Unresolved taphonomic problems include the manner in which the cranium held together after decay of soft tissues allowed weathering, and the manner in which the fragments were subsequently scattered. Chips from the cranial vault indicate that the outer table was very thick, tending to support recent proposals that the specimen and associated fauna and tools are from a considerably earlier time period than originally believed. The surface damage to the brow ridges gives information on the structure of deeper layers. These are lacking orientation, supporting the hypothesis that hominid brow ridges are not primarily a response to masticatory forces, but may afford protection for the eyes.
Placental alkaline phosphatase: Population studies in Sardinia and data on the anthropological value of this genetic marker
Authors: Lucarelli P. , Scacchi R. , Corbo R. M. , Laconi G. , Nasi A. , Palmarino R. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe analysis of human placental alkaline phosphatase polymorphism in Sardinia has shown a further difference in the genetic structure of this population in comparison with the populations of Continental Italy and Western Europe. Ethnic and geographic variations in world distribution of placental alkaline phosphatase gene frequencies suggest the considerable anthropological value of this genetic marker.
On a new australopithecine partial endocast
Authors: Falk Dean 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA newly discovered right parietal/temporal/frontal fragment from an australopithecine natural endocast is described and compared to other australopithecine endocasts. This specimen shows that the central sulcus was arched, rather than straight as previously believed, and reveals frontal lobe convolutions not preserved in other australopithecine endocasts.
The statistical treatment of correlated bilateral traits in the analysis of cranial material
Authors: Green Richard F. , Suchey Judy Myers , Gokhale D. V. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAt present there is no standardized method to derive frequencies from bilateral non‐metric traits. In this paper the commonly used methods are evaluated in light of statistical considerations and degree of sample preservation. In particular, we explore the question of dependence between sides for the bilateral traits. Several workers have tested for bilateral trait correlation in incorrect ways, confusing tests for differences in side frequencies with tests for independence. An easy method to test for independence, using the chisquared test, is recommended. This test is used on 16 bilateral traits in a large sample of prehistoric crania from Central California and significant dependence is found for all 16 of these traits. We suggest the traditional method of deriving frequencies be used. Both sides of the cranium should be considered, dividing the number of times the trait occurs by the number of sides available for observation. This method can be used even in poorly preserved samples. Side to side correlation may be compensated for by modifying the constants subtracted in the mean measure of divergence and in the expression for the approximate variance of the mean measure of divergence when the samples are drawn from identical populations.
Locomotor behavior, body size, and comparative ecology of seven Surinam monkeys
Authors: Fleagle John G. , Mittermeier Russell A. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe locomotor behavior, of seven sympatric species of New World monkeys—Saguinus midas midas, Saimiri sciureus, Pithecia pithecia, Chiropotes satanas chiropotes, Cebus apella apella, Alouatta seniculus, and Ateles paniscus panisus—was studied at the Raleighvallen‐Voltzberg Nature Reserve in Central Surinam. This paper examines the way in which locomotor behavior is related to body size and to ecological parameters such as forest stratification, forest type, and diet.Locomotor behavior is clearly related to the size of the species; with increasing size, the amount of climbing increases and the amount of leaping decreases. In general, larger monkeys use larger arboreal supports; however, Saguinus midas midas uses relatively larger, and Ateles paniscus paniscus relatively smaller supports than expected from body size alone.Leaping is associated with use of the forest understory and with use of liane forest. Other types of locomotion are associated with main canopy use in a variety of forest types.There are no consistent associations between diet and either locomotor behavior or forest utilization; rather, monkeys with similar diets show locomotor and habitat differentiation.
Longitudinal study of anthropometric, skinfold, work, and motor characteristics of boys and girls, three to six years of age
Authors: Pařízková Jana , Adamec Aleš 
Published: August 2005

AbstractGroups of preschool children were followed longitudinally: boys, n = 36, from 3.48 up to 6.02 years and girls, n = 22, from 3.53 up to 6.03 years. Anthropometric dimensions, skinfold thicknesses, reaction of the cardiovascular system to a work load (modified step test), motor performance, and hand grip strength were measured. Boys had greater values for height, weight, length, and circumferential measures, with the exception of the thigh. Boys had also smaller skinfolds and better performances in 20 meter dash, broad jump, cricket ball throw, and grip strength compared to girls. All anthropometric dimensions increased with age, but these increase did not have the same character. Children became more linear in spite of relatively greater increase in total body weight. Chest and abdomen circumferences increased more in boys during the last year of the study. Skinfold thicknesses decreased significantly in boys, and stayed the same in girls. Motor performance and muscle strength also increased during the experimental period. Pulse rate at rest, during modified step test and recovery period decreased with age, and the economy of cardiac work improved significantly as indicated by step test index and/or cardiac efficiency index. The changes derived from longitudinal observations corresponded to previous results of cross‐sectional data.
A quantitative comparison of the hominoid thalamus: III. A motor substrate—the ventrolateral complex
Authors: Armstrong Este 
Published: August 2005

AbstractNuclear volumes, nerve cell densities, numbers of neurons, and volumes of nerve cell perikarya of the thalamic ventrolateral complex (VL), a neural substrate for movement, were measured in specimens from two gibbons, one gorilla, one chimpanzee, and three humans, and the values were compared. The human VL had about one‐and‐a‐half times as many neurons as did those of the great apes. The relative frequencies of the sizes of nerve cell perikarya differed slightly in the ventrolateral segment of VL; no differences were noted in the rest of VL. Compared with findings from other parts of the thalamus, the differences in the volumes of VL were greater than those found in the thalamic sensory nuclei, similar to those of rest of the thalamus, and less than those found in the whole brain. The increased number of neurons in human VL was similar to that of the somatosensory relay complex, but greater than those of the auditory and visual nuclei and less than those of the limbic and association nuclei. In human evolution, the numbers of neurons in the VL appeared to increase at a faster rate than did neurons of the pyramidal tract, whereas the motor cortex apparently increased at a rate greater than VL.
Blood groups and types, hemoglobin variants, and G‐6‐PD deficiency among Abu Dhabians in the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Kamel K. , Chandy R. , Mousa H. , Yunis D. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractSome erythrocyte genetic factors were studied in the indigenous population of Abu Dhabi, the capital of the United Arab Emirates, on the south‐eastern coast of the Arabian peninsula. Determinations carried out included blood groups and types ABO, MNS, Rho, KkJsa, FyaFyb, P1, Lea, Vela, hemoglobin variants, and screening for G‐6‐PD deficiency.Prevalence of most blood groups and types harmonized with that among neighboring Arabs and some Arabs elsewhere. The MS and NS gene complexes were noticeably high. African admixture was expressed by the presence of Jsa and Hb S and large numbers of Fy. G‐6‐PD deficiency was rather high.
The vermiculate surface pattern in brow ridges of Australopithecines and other very ancient hominids
Authors: Tappen N. C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractA convoluted surface pattern of fine ridges, pits, and grooves characterized the brow ridges of Australopithecines and other very ancient fossil hominids. This vermiculate configuration terminated rather abruptly just below the fronto‐zygomatic suture in Australopithecines. It was resistant to oriented cracking from weathering or fractures, contrasting with the smooth but structurally oriented zygomatic bone adjacent to it. The pattern apparently developed as individuals matured. The vermiculate pattern seems to have been a feature of brow surface in hominids through much of their identifiable history, despite substantial changes in shape and size of the supraorbital region during human evolution. Limitations on the area of vermiculate surface in Australopithecines suggest that the pattern was associated in some yet undetermined manner with overlying soft tissues. This gives evidence on the cause and functional significance of the vermiculate pattern in Neandertal and modern crania. Problems of describing surfaces as “vermiculate” are raised by observation of elaborations of surface relief on two individuals.
Brachymesophalangia V in Hottentot and “Cape Colored” children in Namibia (South West Africa) and South Africa
Authors: Singer Ronald , Kimura Kunihiko , Gajisin Stanislav 
Published: August 2005

AbstractIn order to determine the incidence of Brachymesophalangia V, an inspectional and metrical analysis was made of radiographs of 67 Nama‐speaking Hottentots aged 2 to 17.5 years, and 210 Rehoboth Basters (in Namibia) and Cape Colored children (near Cape Town) aged 1.5 to 21 years. None of the children displayed cone‐shaped epiphysis or early union, and none showed Brachymesophalangia V. It was confirmed that the incidence of Brachymesophalangia V is considerably higher in Mongoloid populations than in Caucasoid or Negroid groups, including Hottentots.
Locomotion of the slow loris in a designed substrate context
Authors: Dykyj Daria 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThis report analyzes the locomotion of a slow loris, Nycticebus coucang, in a designed substrate context composed of dowels varying in: (1) thickness, including diameters of 42mm, 20mm, 10mm, and 7mm; (2) inclination, including horizontal, diagonal, and vertical; (3) density, with one‐half the cage more densely furnished with dowels than the other. Tabulation of frequencies of use of these different classes of substrate revealed preferences for thicker (20mm and 42mm) and more horizontally inclined surfaces, but not for either of the two sections of the cage. The data for the parameters of thickness and inclination agree with those obtained by Charles‐Dominique ('71) for free‐ranging Perodicticus, both sets contrasting with his data on substrate use by the sympatric Arctocebus. Locomotor performance, as judged by gait and segmental kinematic patterns, was, however, markedly different in the two sections, as well as on the wire wall of the cage. Analysis of these quantitative and qualitative data suggests that the interaction between the cheiridea and substrate parameters frequently determines the expression of other features of locomotor performance.
Anatomical distribution of subcutaneous fat and its description by multivariate methods: How valid are principal components?
Authors: Mueller William H. , Wohlleb James C. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractPrincipal components analyses of subcutaneous fat measurements covering arm, trunk, and leg areas of the body were performed on 44 samples varying in sex, age, and ethnicity of subjects; measurement technique; and number of sites studied. Three major components emerged, similar in all samples: A first component of obesity, a second component of anatomical fat distribution contrasting trunk and extremity fat, and a third distributional component contrasting leg and arm fat. These components did not appear to vary with age (school children to older adults), sex, ethnicity (Black‐White), technique (caliper, ultrasound, or X‐rays), or number of sites (five to 13). The three major components are similar to vectors of obesity and relative fat patterning reported earlier by anthroposcopic (Skerlj et al., 1953) and graphic (Garn, 1955) methods. One of the pattern components (trunk‐extremity) appears to correspond to a body build continuum associated with adult chronic diseases (Vague, 1956). The stability of these components among samples that differ in several characteristics suggests the validity of these components in describing aspects of body build of anthropological and epidemiological importance.
Quantitative genetics of skeletal nonmetric traits in the rhesus macaques on Cayo Santiago. II. Phenotypic, genetic, and environmental correlations between traits
Authors: Cheverud James M. , Buikstra Jane E. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe general lack of phenotypic correlation among skeletal nonmetric traits has been interpreted as indicating a lack of genetic correlation among these traits. Nonmetric traits scored on animals in the skeletal collection of rhesus macaques from Cayo Santiago are used to calculate phenotypic, genetic, and environmental correlations between traits. The results show that even when phenotypic correlations are low, there may be large, significant genetic correlations among these traits. The genetic correlation pattern suggests that genes which affect nonmetric trait variation act primarily at a local level in the cranium, even though there are genes with pleiotropic effects on skeletal nonmetric traits throughout the cranium. Environmental and phenotypic correlations do not show this neighborhood pattern of correlation.
The ontogeny of premolar dental wear in Cercocebus albigena (cercopithecidae)
Authors: Kay Richard F. 
Published: August 2005

AbstractThe orientation of striated wear facets on primate teeth serves as a useful guide for reconstructing jaw movements during mastication. Most wear facets on the molars are formed during one of the two well‐documented movements, Phase I or Phase II, of the power stroke. Another jaw movement direction, “orthal retraction” (OR) has been proposed to account for a third set of facets occasionally present on the pointed tips of premolars and molars. Evidence advanced here indicates that OR facets on pointed anterior premolars (P3) of cercopithecoids are actually Phase I facets that have become reoriented as a result of a rotation of this tooth during its eruption. “Orthal retraction” probably does not exist as a discrete masticatory phase.
Possible “atavistic” structures in human aneuploids
Authors: Aziz M. Ashraf 
Published: August 2005

AbstractComprehensive dissections of aneuploid (trisomy 18 and 13) neonates have revealed numerous supernumerary muscles that, although present in rare individuals, do not regularly occur in the human. These supernumerary muscles include: “platysma occipitalis,” “rhomboideus occipitalis,” “deltopectoral” complex, “latissimocondyloideus,” “pectorodorsalis,” “chondrohumeralis,” and “peroneus digiti quinti”; a few muscles, e.g., palmaris longus and brevis are lacking altogether. One specimen exhibited a “linguofacial trunk” arising from the external carotid artery. The supernumerary muscles found in these aneuploid specimens are regularly found in monkeys and sometimes in the great apes. It is suggested that these supernumerary muscles may be “atavistic” structures. Problems in establishing homologies between these muscles among primates are discussed, and mechanisms leading to the development of these muscles in human aneuploids are proposed.
Association of relatively delayed emergence of mandibular molars with molar reduction and molar position
Authors: Anderson Donald L. , Popovich Frank 
Published: August 2005

AbstractAmong 234 children examined annually from age three to 20 years at the Burlington Growth Centre, there was statistically significant cooccurrence of early and late emergence sequences of the permanent first and second molars relative to the central incisors and second premolars in the same jaw and in both jaws. Alternatively, mandibular molar delay was not accompanied by corresponding maxillary molar delay, and the mandibular molars emerged later than the maxillary molars. This was strongly associated with Angle Class II malocclusion, indicating a relationship between relative time of emergence and relative position of opposing molars. Delay of the mandibular molar relative to the successional teeth or maxillary molars was associated with increased frequency of four cusped first and second molars and agenesis of third molars, indicating a tendency for co‐occurrence of delay in timing of molar emergence with reduction in structure of the molars. These relationships were evident even though emergences were affected by early loss of a deciduous second molar which increased M1I1 and M2P2 sequences by earlier emergence of M1 and delayed emergence of P2.