bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular aspects of myotonic dystrophy: our current understanding
Authors: Monckton Darren G , Ashizawa Tetsuo 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy is a hereditary multisystemic disease characterized by myotonia, muscle weakness and atrophy, cataracts, cardiac abnormalities, excessive daytime sleepiness, neuropsychological deficits, and disorders of other systems such as the endocrine system, gastrointestinal tract, skin and bone (Harper 2001). Myotonic dystrophy is inherited from either mother or father to offspring of either sex, without a preference for affecting one sex more than the other and usually without skipping generations. This pattern of inheritance is known as autosomal dominant. However, unlike the majority of autosomal dominant diseases, myotonic dystrophy exhibits a phenomenon known as anticipation, which is defined as progressively younger onset of the disease with increasing severity in successive generations within a family.
Behavior scoring and adaptive control systems
Authors: Hopper M A , Lewis E M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Every credit grantor has in effect a set of strategies that specify how each aspect of the credit portfolio is to be managed. There is a strategy for handling delinquent accounts: for each stage of delinquency and account condition a specific action is called for. There is a strategy for credit limits, how they are to be set and how they are to be changed. There is a strategy for reissuing credit cards. There is a strategy for handling accounts that are over limit. There are even rules for the treatment of satisfactory accounts and these rules also constitute a strategy.
However, traditional credit strategies fail to take advantage of the power that is available in the data processing system and in modem statistical methods. In consequence, accounts that should, and could. be treated differently because they present different risks are treated alike, to the disadvantage of both the credit grantor and the customer. It is also usually the case that the automated billing systems normally produce reports on each credit portfolio as a whole and do not address the individual aspects of management ‘s strategies. For example, a report may show the total number of accounts that were delinquent on the last cycle and that are now current, but does not show how many delinquent accounts recovered following the application of each of several alternative collection strategies.
The use of affordability data-does it add real value?
Authors: Wilkinson George , Tingay Jon 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Affordability is a high profile issue. This is a case study of an unsecured personal loan operation that wanted to understand the impact of affordability data on decision-making. Four scorecards were built, including and excluding affordability information, to assess the real value that income and expenditure data adds. Ability to repay is often treated as a subjective me. Is that right for your business and is it responsible?
Regulators and industry practoners have, for some time, been debating the importance and means of assessing affordability in the credit-granting process. Indeed, the report published by the UK Government-inspired industry taskforce on tackling over indebtedness (July 2001) concluded that ‘Lenders should continue to invest in the development of more sophisticated scoring techniques to better identify overcommitment ... ‘. It went on to say that ‘Lenders who use data scoring should consider during the development of decision systems making use of all available data to assess ability to repay ‘.
Efficient frontier cut-off policies in credit portfolios
Authors: Oliver Robert M , Wells E 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Historically. account acquisition in scored retail credit and loan portfolios has focused on risk management in the sense of minimizing default losses. We believe that acquisition policies should focus on a broader set of business measures that explicitly recognize tradeoffs between conflicting objectives of losses, volume and profit. Typical business challenges are: ‘How do I maximize portfolio profit while keeping acceptance rate (volume. size) at acceptable levels? ‘ ‘How do I minimize the risk of large loss exposures for a given market share? ‘ In this chapter we are concerned with which combination of objectives are appropriate, but rather focus on the cut-off policies that allow us to capture a number of different portfolio objectives. When there are conflicting objectives we show that optimal policies yield meaningful tradeoffs between profit and market share. Some of the graphical solutions that we obtain are simple to derive and easy to understand without explicit mathematical formulations but even simple constraints may require formal use of non-linear programming techniques. We concentrate on models and insights that yield decision strategies and cut-off policies rather than the techniques for developing good predictors.
Inferring the inferred
Authors: Bennett Gaynor , Platts, Graham , Crossley Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Reject inference has an established role in the development of scorecards for credit applications. The performance of the rejects, had they been accepted, is inferred to be good or bad in order to obtain a complete picture of the population applying for credit. Once this is done, the scorecard to assess this population can then be developed. But consider the following problem. A company mails its customer base with an offer of additional finance facilities. The problem is: who should it mail to maximize response while minimizing risk, while also minimizing the number of responders who are rejected at application time to avoid jeopardizing the existing customer relationship? 1bis problem has three inferences required to tackle it completely. First, there is the classic inference at the point of application to infer which rejects, had they been accepted, would have been good (or bad). Second, there is the inference at the point of mailing to infer which customers, had they been previously mailed, would have responded-a response inference. But third, and most interesting, is the double inference of inferring which of the inferred responders would have subsequently been good, bad, or rejected-an inference on an inference!
A single European scorecard? Does data predict differently across Europe: An Experian Scorex investigation
Authors: Platts Graham , Howe Ian 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The direction of Europe and the pace and extent of integration across the European countries is the political debate of the decade.
Trade barriers and borders are coming down and Europe is moving towards a single European currency as the economies of Europe harmonize. But the question for our industry is whether credit granting in different countries is fundamentally different. Does data predict differently across Europe or is it similar? Could a scorecard built in one country work well in another country? Could there be a single European scorecard?
Small sample scoring
Authors: Lucas Alan , Powell Joanna 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Barclaycard ‘s principal tools for controlling credit risk are ‘Credit Scorecards ‘ and ‘Behaviour Scorecards ‘. These are linear models which predict the chance that a customer will continue to make regular repayments within, say, the next year. Usually these scorecards are built using large samples (e.g. 10,0(X) accounts).
Principles of planning health services
Authors: Melding Pamela S 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are so many directions to follow in planning health services for a population that Alice ‘s exchange with the Cheshire Cat in Lewis Carroll ‘s classic story may seem like an exemplar. Planning health services on a national, statewide, or regional basis has multiple considerations to be taken into account and can be an overwhelming task. There are many key stakeholders including politicians, policy-makers, planners, purchasers, providers, practitioners, patients, potential patients, and premium or taxpayers (James, 1995 ). Some of these key stakeholders have multiple investments; all have points of view, and values that they want to have considered, and too often these are diametrically opposed.
Psychogeriatric services: trends in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Draper Brian , Melding Pamela , Brodaty Henry 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although separate countries, Australia and New Zealand are linked by their location in the South Pacific, history, and in many respects, culture. The countries also share the same five-year training programme for psychiatrists run by the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists (RANZCP).
Psychogeriatric services: trends in Nigeria and South Africa
Authors: Baiyewu Olusegun , Potocnik Felix 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Nigeria has a predominantly young population, which has been estimated at 108.9 million, with 4.9 per cent aged 60 years and over (WHO, 2000). Psychogeriatric facilities are few, and those available are concentrated in the cities, especially in southern Nigeria. At present care of older people is primarily family care and there is limited public assistance. Older persons with dementia and other mental health disorders rarely seek help, because Nigerian caregivers see most of the symptoms as part of ageing (Hendrie et al., 1996; Sokoya and Baiyewu, 2003).
How To Structure A Six-Session Course Of Problem-Solving Treatment
Authors: Mynors-Wallis Dr Laurence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As explained in Chapter 3, problem-solving is a collaborative, structured, time-limited treatment which focuses on issues in the here and now rather than dwelling on problems of the past. The problem-solving process can be broken down into seven stages, the details of which have been set out already. The purpose of this chapter is to provide information for the therapist as to how to structure a six-session course of problem-solving treatment. Much of the information needed for the first problem-solving session is contained in Chapter 3. This chapter will discuss the context of the first session and provide practical resources to support the session. The chapter will then explain how the therapist should organize session two and the subsequent sessions.
Three Courses Of Problem-Solving Treatment
Authors: Mynors-Wallis Dr Laurence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In this chapter, three worked-through examples of problem-solving treatment will be set out. These provide illustrations as to how problem-solving treatment unfolds over the six sessions. In the first example, of Elizabeth, a narrative history is provided alongside examples of problem-solving worksheets. In the examples of Jenny and Bill, the sessions are documented as they are written up after therapy with a brief history and then a focus on events and progress, as documented in the problem-solving worksheets. All three courses illustrate how problems and solutions change during therapy.
Potential Problems With Problem-Solving Treatment
Authors: Mynors-Wallis Dr Laurence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although problem-solving treatment is a clear, organized, and structured treatment, the complexities of patients’ lives mean that it is not always easy to conceptualize their difficulties as clear, defined problems. Even when clear defined problems are set, it is not always easy to formulate achievable goals. The skill of the problem-solving therapist is to facilitate the problem-solving process as best they can. It will of course be the case, however, that some patients’ difficulties are too longstanding and entrenched to be helped by a six-session course of psychological treatment. The therapist needs to be aware of the limitations of problem-solving treatment and be realistic with the patient about the potential benefits that therapy can offer.
Teaching Problem-Solving Treatment
Authors: Mynors-Wallis Dr Laurence 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This chapter sets out the structure of a two-day course to introduce problem-solving treatment to potential practitioners. The information in this chapter is based on courses which have been run for a range of professionals including GPs, nurses, medical students, and counsellors. The course does assume a knowledge of basic skills in delivering psychological treatments including confidentiality, time-keeping, and communication skills. The skills acquisition part of the course comprises five sessions, each of two hours’ duration. Additional components can be added according to the context or more time can be spent rehearsing and practising the key skills.
Experience with topiramate in patients with refractory migraine
Authors: Pascual J , Rio M Sanchez del , Mateos V , Lainez J M , Hernandez-Gallego J , Leira, R , Jimenez M D 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Migraine is a frequent condition affecting 18% of women and 6% of men in the United States. The American Migraine Study reported that 24% of migraine sufferers experience four or more migraine attacks every month. However, only 3-5% of migraine sufferers receive preventive therapy.1 Classes of agents used as preventives for migraine include beta-blockers, calcium-channel blockers, serotonin antagonists, antidepressants, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and antiepileptics. Many patients with migraine find the currently available preventives unsatisfactory, due to their limited efficacy and not infrequent adverse effects. Consequently, there is a need for better prophylactic options.2
Other Prophylactic Anti-Migraine Agents: Riboflavin, Feverfew, Magnesium, Botulinum Toxin, And Calcium Antagonists
Authors: Schoenen J , Clemente, L Di , Coppola G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are two major shortcomings with prophylactic therapies in migraine. The first is that the average efficacy rate of any prophylactic agent does not exceed 50%, the second that most prophylactic drugs are associated with uncomfortable and sometimes intolerable adverse effects. It is therefore of clinical interest that several treatments almost devoid of adverse effects are available for migraine pro phylaxis. These are riboflavin, feverfew, magnesium salts, and Botulinum toxin. Some of them are widely used in certain countries despite lacking scientific evidence of efficacy, others have been proven efficacious, but are not considered seriously or not used adequately in migraine. In this article, we will review published data for all these treatments and examine the case of certain calcium antagonists that remain controversial. We will focus for efficacy data on 50% responder rates in absolute and placebo-subtracted values and compare the data with those published in a recent trial for slow release propranolol 160 mg and for valproate, two mainstays of preventive anti-migraine treatment.
Treatment of chronic tension-type headache with mirtazapine
Authors: Kulaksizoglu I B , Cakir, S , Ertas M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Mirtazapine is a novel antidepressant which acts by enhancing noradrenergic and serotonergic neurotransmission via blockade of a-adrenoceptors. Evidence-based studies have shown that overall antidepressants may have an antinociceptive effect in chronic pain. These studies also strongly suggested that serotonergic-noradrenergic antidepressants may have a more consistent antinociceptive effect than the serotonergic antidepressants. In this clinical trial we examined the efficacy of mirtazapine, 30 mg/day, in the treatment of chronic tension-type headache comorbid with major depression in 22 patients by using Visual Analogue Scale(VAS), Hamilton Rating Scale of Depression(HAMD), and Clinical Global Impression Scale(CGI).
Promise study (PROphylaxis of Migraine with SEglor®)
Authors: Pradalier A , Lanteri-Minet N , Lucas, Ch , Geraud G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The objective of the trial was to evaluate the efficacy of Seglor® (dihydroergotamine) in migraine prophylaxis. It was a double-blind, randomized, multicentre, placebo-controlled and parallel group study conducted in GP practice and according to the IHS criteria. u An important patient management program was also implemented: the 113 investigators were specialized in clinical research and conscious of the importance of patient education, the patients were followed-up during 6 months with 7 visits, the compliance was measured by classical pill counts by the investigator and by electronic caps that registered each open of the bottle. The investigators and the patients were aware of the electronic measurement of the compliance.
Phosphodiesterases, cyclic nucleotides, and their role in migaine
Authors: Kruuse C , Beavo J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The signalling molecule nitric oxide (NO) has long been known to play a major part in pain mechanisms along with the neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related pep tide (CGRP). Both inhibitors of NO synthase (NOS) and CGRP receptor antagonists have within recent years proven effective in the treatment of migraine. NO is released from endothelial cells or neurons and works mainly by increasing intracellular concentrations of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in adjacent cells through activation of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC). CGRP is released from the sensory nerve fibres and seems mainly to exert its actions by increasing intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate ( cAMP). Since both pathways involve production of cyclic nucleotides, a crosstalk between cAMP and cGMP seems very likely and the intracellular enzymes regulating the degradation of these second messengers, cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDE), are interesting targets for investigating this interaction and for finding new principles of migraine treatment.
New targets II: discussion summary
Authors: Hill R G 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This last session of the seminar covered a large amount of pharmacological territory in a search for novel mechanisms that might be exploitable for the preventive treatment of migraine. The interesting data on the prophylactic effect of ACE blockade with lisinopril or candesartan illustrates that we still have much to learn. Of particular interest in this study was the efficacy of the ACE inhibitors in reducing the occurrence of all headaches, not just migraine. Clearly confirmatory studies are needed but as this is an extremely safe class of drug the prospects for further clinical use are attractive. In discussion, the issue of the well-described polymorphism in ACE was raised and it was encouraging to learn that a posthoc analysis is being performed to see if there is any correlation with the efficacy of treatment and the presence or absence of the polymorphism. Schouenen had perhaps the most challenging assignment in dealing with a spread of topics from Ca2+ channel blockers to riboflavin.
Using Complementary/ Alternative Medicine (CAM)
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
One way of managing a long-term illness that you may consider is to use complementary or alternative therapies. These are treatments that lie outside conventional medicine. The distinction between complementary and alternative can be somewhat blurred. Complementary therapies tend to be those that it is suggested are used alongside conventional medicine. Indeed, some doctors have trained in some of these treatments such as homeopathy and acupuncture. Alternative therapies (as the name suggests), on the other hand, are more likely to be suggested as an alternative to conventional treatment. These therapies can range from things that your doctor might be happy to recommend to some that are frankly bizarre and possibly dangerous.
Managing Pain
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Living with pain can be especially hard. Pain may be a constant background to your life, or it may be intermittent, perhaps made worse by activity. It can be a very lonely experience too; pain is not visible to other people, who can probably never understand just what it is like for you. Pain can be very tiring in itself, as well as interfering with your sleep. It can get in the way of things you want to do. We do not believe that ‘what can’t be cured must be endured’. We do believe that it can be managed. Anything that you can do to manage your pain—to reduce it or to lessen its impact—will be a help to your body and to your mind. There really are things that you can do that will help.
Managing Your Emotions
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Managing the emotions and feelings that go with a long-term illness is as important as managing the physical problems. Mind and body cannot be separated. Emotions and moods have a physical effect on the body, and what happens to the body, and how you react to it, has an effect on the mind. If you are ill, you are likely to have moments when you experience feelings of loss, envy, anger, frustration, worry and anxiety, fear or low spirits. You may find that stress makes you feel worse and that you do not cope with it as well as you once did. Old problems may still be with you, and you may notice them more now that you have less to distract you from them.
Getting Psychological Help
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
You are not alone if you have some emotional problems as well as physical ones; a large proportion of people with a long-term illness suffer in this way .Such problems might have been there before you became ill, or they could be a reaction to the difficulties, distress and losses associated with your illness. Getting help with your emotional problems could do a lot to improve your quality of life now. Such things as anxiety or depression can be very distressing and can add physical symptoms to those caused by your illness.
Caring and being cared for
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A long-term illness affects both the carer and the person being cared for. It can change both their lives. It may help to think of it as a new joint project that can bring positive as well as negative things to both of you. It is not always easy either caring or being cared for. Both sides can be dealing with loss, resentment (even if it is not expressed) and difficulties. A carer may have had to give up important areas of his or her life to allow them to care; the person cared for may have had to give up independence as well as carrying their burden of illness. So it is a particular type of relationship that needs special attention. Whilst the amount of care needed and the time involved will vary with the severity of the illness and the disability it causes, the dynamic is that one person needs care and the other person is giving it.
Your Relationship with Your Doctors
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
If you have a long-term illness, the relationship you have with your doctor is important. It is worth thinking about what you can do to foster this key partnership. You both bring things to it—you bring your expertise and your experience of your illness and perhaps detailed medical information, your doctor brings expert medical knowledge, perspective, and judgement based on wider experience of illness in general. Even if this relationship is not too good at the moment, it may be possible to improve it. Clear, calm communication can be the key. It is in your own interest to be tactful, polite and quietly assertive rather than aggressive.
Common renal problems
Authors: Marks Stephen , Trompeter Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to concentrate on the range of clinical renal problems that may present to a primary care physician. We will not concentrate on severe childhood renal disease as this is relatively rare and paediatric nephrologists and general paediatricians with an interest in nephrology manage these children. This chapter will deal with the initial management of children with renal disease.