bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strategy in the Periphery: The Role of External Linkages in Strategy Creation
Authors: Regnér Patrick 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Contemporary strategic management models appear to include two striking paradoxes. First, strategies are assumed to emanate from the centre of firms (most often referring to the upper echelons). However, in reality the centre often opposes strategy change and creation and peripheral sections play the active and primary role. An examination of successful strategies in several Swedish multinational corporations (MNCs) reveals that peripheral sections were decisive for the strategies, while the corporate centres opposed them. A case that illustrates this is the development of the blockbuster drug Losee by Astra (Johanson and Vahlne 1992). It was developed by a peripheral section of Astra against the will of corporate management. A second anomaly is that factors peripheral to and outside a company’s traditional industry and resource spheres often play a crucial role in the creation of new strategies.
Innovation in the Networked Firm: The Need to Develop New Types of Interface Competence
Authors: Jonsson Stefan 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
There are several reasons why outsourcing and being networked is beneficial to firms. This chapter investigates the relation between outsourcing, capability development, and innovation. Increased networking (expanded use of the external market) is assumed to be a result of outsourcing certain capabilities and thus introducing changes into the innovative system. It is argued that when the balance of internal to external sources of inputs to innovation changes, firms need to beware of and manage three interrelated issues: This chapter will first discuss the relationship between learning by doing, external capabilities, and innovations. Following this is a discussion of the potential effects of outsourcing on capability formation and how these effects can be mitigated. Lastly, there is a case-study illustrating these concepts and a discussion extending and generalizing the ideas.
Testing DHSY as a Restricted Conditional Model of a Trivariate Seasonally Cointegrated System
Authors: Ermini Luigi 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The UK consumption function has been analyzed in numerous studies, of which the model developed two decades ago by Davidson, Hendry, Srba and Yeo (1978), henceforth DHSY, is one of the best known and most successful (for a recent survey of these studies, see Muellbauer, 1994). Two main features of DHSY were the explicit modeling of the seasonal patterns present in the data. through fourth-differencing and the presence of an error-correction term, whose central role in the empirical success of DHSY would be better understood a decade later in light of the newly developed literature on cointegration (for example, Granger, 1986); particularly, in light of the Granger representation theorem which formalizes the link between cointegration and error-correction (Engle and Granger, 1987). The introduction of the error-correction term in DHSY was based on intuitive rather than formal arguments to explicitly model the presence of a self-regulating mechanism that would keep consumption and income aligned in the long run.
M-Testing Using Finite and Infinite Dimensional Parameter Estimators
Authors: White Halbert , Hong Yong Miao 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A prominent theme recurring throughout Clive Granger’s extensive body of work is his concern with the adequacy of econometric models. Granger (1990) gives this concern the status of an axiom in his general introduction to his volume Modelling Economic Series. In fact, it is his first axiom: Axiom A. Any model will only be an approximation to the generating mechanism, with there being a preference for the best available approximation.
Compromising Zero-Sum Morals
Authors: Blattberg Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
However they may differ otherwise, there are two central principles upon which pluralists of every persuasion can be said to agree, namely, that there is a plurality of sometimes incommensurable values in the world, and that these sometimes conflict. That is why, to pluralists, those who would attempt to reduce such values systematically in order to incorporate them within a neutral theory of morals or politics, whether formalist or consequentialist, will only end up distorting them. For when intrinsic, incommensurable values ‘collide’, as pluralists often put it, we have no choice but to try to reach the necessary compromises without theoretical guidance.
Towards the Patriotic Polity
Authors: Blattberg Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The differences in approach between the pluralist and the hermeneuticist as regards both the process and the product of practical reason lead, as might be expected, to differences as regards their overall attitudes to moral and political conflicts. Pluralists, as should be quite evident by now, feel quite negative about these things. To them, to face up to a genuine conflict between incommensurables is to recognize that one will not be able to escape without doing some moral wrong. And since politics is a realm which is riddled with such conflicts, many of which are especially significant due to the high stakes involved, pluralists will be found clearly echoing Max Weber’s pessimism in their portrayals of it.
Conclusion: Aim Higher
Authors: Blattberg Charles 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Why call it a ‘patriotic’ politics? One reason is that, by invoking the republican tradition of political liberty, we are reminded that politics should always strive to be true to the goods shared in common by all of a polity’s citizens. And if it is to do this, I have been arguing, a place needs to be granted to the reconciling kind of dialogue that is conversation as a means of responding to the conflicts on which politics is based. In neglecting this, and so leaving us with but a politics of negotiation and compromise, pluralists end up so distorting this political liberty that they can almost be said to deny it.
The Politics of ‘Pioneering’ in Anhui: Local Innovation, Provincial Support, and Central Auspices
Authors: Chung Jae Ho 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
An unresolved debate over the process of decollectivization concerns the role played by the state in general and by the central government in particular. One influential perspective characterizes the central government of the period concerned as a ‘passive state’ conducting benign neglect toward local innovations and deviations. This perspective attributes such passivity to the circumstances in which the central government was then placed. Facing a systemic crisis of shortage, falling productivity, lingering dangers of food riots, and plummeting regime legitimacy, the central, government had no other choice but gradually to relax its control over the egalitarian collective system of production, and work-point distribution.
Corporate Communication Orchestrated by a Sustainable Corporate Story
Authors: van Riel Cees B M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Communication enables an organization to begin a dialogue to create aware ness, understanding, and appreciation for the firm’s strategic goals, ideally resulting in the satisfaction of the interests of both the firm and its environment. Stakeholders will, in my view, be more receptive to corporate messages if the contents of organizational messages are coherent and appealing (contributing to the personal advantage of stakeholders, and above all not irritating them). I shall claim that communication will be more effective if organizations rely on a so-called sustainable corporate story as a source of inspiration for all internal and external communication programs. Stories are hard to imitate, and they promote consistency in all corporate messages.
State Succession In Respect Of Property, Archives And Debts
Authors: Arthur Watts 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Initiation of the topic: ‘Succession of States and Governments’ was included in the International Law Commission’s initial provisional list of14 topics suitable for codification (YBILC (1st session, 1949), p. 281). Following a request by the General Assembly (GA Res. 1686 (XVI), of 18 December 1961), the Commission initiated work on the subject in 1962 (YBILC (14th session, 1962), Vol. II, p. 190).
Rights And Duties Of States
Authors: Kcmg,Qc Sir Arthur Watts 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As international law developed in the second half of the nineteenth century and the first half of the twentieth it was thought useful, and perhaps even necessary, to consider whether there were some fundamental legal principles which were inherent in the relations of States as members of the international community The search for some hierarchical structure to the many particular rules of international law seemed to require no less. The idea grew that there were certain fundamental rights which were essential and self-evident attributes of Statehood, together with certain fundamental duties.
Definition Of Aggression
Authors: Kcmg,Qc Sir Arthur Watts 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Among the principal purposes of the United Nations is the maintenance of international peace and security, and to that end to take effective collective measures for inter alia the suppression of acts of aggression? From the earliest days of the United Nations the organization was preoccupied with the prohibition of aggression, which as a general proposition was repeatedly proclaimed in many United Nations texts, including several emanating from the International Law Commission.
Reservations To Treaties
Authors: Kcmg,Qc Sir Arthur Watts 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
At the outset of the Commissions current return visit to the problem of reservations to treaties, its Special Rapporteur (Pellet) “like his predecessors, believed that the question of reservations to treaties was probably one of the most difficult in the whole of public international law”. The problem is not only of theoretical difficulty, but also gives rise to numerous practical problems in the application of multilateral treaties, particularly for those acting as depositaries.
Where is the EU’s Human Rights Common Foreign Policy, and How is it Manifested in Multilateral Fora?
Authors: Clapham Andrew 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In preparing this chapter I mentioned to a number of acquaintances that I was writing on the ‘European Union’s Foreign Policy’. The responses were invariably ironic: ‘that’ll be a short paper’, ‘is there one?’, ‘so it’s a forward-looking paper?’, and so on. As I cast my net more widely I realized that governments, commentators, and nongovernmental organizations delight in pointing out the absence of a European Union foreign policy. This caused me to ask some fundamental questions: why is the current EU foreign policy so invisible—or even risible? Why does the European Union need a common foreign policy at all? What are the interests that the Union needs to protect? Why is unity prized over diversity? Is the imperative of speaking with one voice hampering effectiveness in international organizations? Where has the European Union’s common foreign policy enhanced the protection of human rights? And how can we strengthen these areas? These are some of the questions I hope to have tackled by the end of this chapter. But before embarking on this journey we need to explain some of the terms that we will be using.
Reflections on the Human Rights Role of the European Parliament
Authors: Bradley Kieran St C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The present chapter examines, for the most part, institutional aspects of the activity of the European Parliament in connection with human rights protection, rather than attempting to evaluate its positions on substantive issues, or its overall contribution in this area. In some respects, adopting a highly critical approach to the Parliament’s initiatives in favour of human rights might seem like taking a crowbar to a cloud. Though its activity, as demonstrated by Rack and Lausegger, is both considerable as to its volume and extensive as to its subject matter, the impact of its positions is not always easy, or even possible, to evaluate; while the evidence is necessarily anecdotal, a parliamentary resolution condemning violations of human rights in some far-flung corner of the globe, for example, may have effects which bear no discernable relation to the Union’s general influence in that region, as if in application of chaos theory to political behaviour.
Monetary institutions
Authors: Usher J A 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
As well as setting out criteria and a timetable for the achievement of economic and monetary union, Maastricht Treaty also created a new institutional structure for the second and third stages of that process, involving in the second stage the creation of the European Monetary Institute and in the third stage the developn1ent of a European Central Bank and of the European System of Central Banks.1 However, these new institutions should not be seen as a total break with the past; in many respects their functions represent the continuation and development of the activities of the institutions established under the EEC Treaty as originally drafted: the Monetary Committee (now the Economic and Financial Committee), the Committee of Governors of Central Banks, and the European Monetary Co-operation Fund.
Bills of Lading and Bailment on Terms
Authors: Treitel G Uenter 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
For much of the twentieth century, the courts have been occupied (from time to time) with the problem of the extent to which third parties can be affected by terms of bill of lading contracts, and, in particular, by exemption and limitation clauses in such contracts. One technique (among many) used to resolve this problem has been to argue that, even though there was no contract between the party claiming the protection of the clause and the injured party, there was a bailment relationship between them incorporating the clause. The aim of this essay is to discuss this technique in the light of Lord Goff’s recent contribution to its development; it is offered by way of a small tribute to this among his many other outstanding contributions to the development of English contract law.
Restitutionary and Contractual Claims
Authors: .Beatson J 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What happens when a fact situation prima facie gives rise to claims based on more than one branch of the law of obligations? Broadly speaking there are two alternatives. The first is to insist that one of these claims takes pre-cedence either as a matter of policy or because fundamentally the claim only has one basis and to require that a claimant pursue that alone. The second is to allow the claimant to choose and to advance the matter on the basis that is most advantageous to him. In recent years the position of overlapping claims in contract and tort and overlapping claims in tort and restitution has been considered.
The Myth of Phillips v Homfray
Authors: Swadling William 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In that part of the law of restitution called ‘Restitution for Wrongs’, where the cause of action is some wrongdoing on the part of the defendant, one case stands out as anomalous. It is the decision of the Court of Appeal in 1883 in Phillips v Homfray. The common perception of the majority judgment of Bowen and Cotton LJJ is that it is ‘anti-restitution’ in that it lays down an arbitrary and illogical requirement that only positive accretions to the defendant’s wealth can be made the subject of a restitutionary claim based on wrongdoing. Where the defendant’s wrong has resulted in a mere saving of expense, restitution will be denied. In other words, restitution for wrongs is only available for positive rather than negative enrichments.
Conditional Fee Arrangements
Authors: Ma Christopher Hodges 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
A conditional fee arrangement (CFA) allows the client to transfer some risk to his lawyer, whose level of remuneration is contingent on the outcome of the case. Where such arrangements are coupled with insurance policies, the client may reduce his risk almost to zero. Until the later 1990s, CFAs between lawyer and client were not enforceable in English law (and were both torts and crimes until abolition of the medieval offences of ‘maintenance’ and ‘champerty’ by the Criminal Law Act 1967), although speculative fees have long been known in Scotland but not extensively used. Maintenance is the giving of assistance or encouragement to one of the parties to litigation by a person who has neither interest in the litigation.
Gravigard Iud
Authors: Hodges Christopher 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This product liability case was solved in the earlier 1990sby the passing of time: the court unusually permitted time to pass rather than impose interventionist management techniques. Claimants’ concern was generated by media stories, particularly following a US jury decision, but over time it became dearer that scientific under standing had evolved from the possibility of supporting a case on general causation to a position where such a case was not supported. After an initial extended period in which the court was not called upon to manage the litigation, but a draft Master Statement of Claim was nevertheless produced in advance of investigation of individual cases, it was dear by the time that the court became involved that claimants were dropping out and that the number of those who wished to remain in the group should be clarified.
Myodil Litigation
Authors: Kelleher John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This product liability litigation ran in the first half of the 1990s. Although vigorously contested, it was marked by the level of co-operation between the plaintiffs and defendant on procedural matters and active, firm, and efficient management by the Court. Given the complexity of the medical issues, the resolution of the litigation was achieved relatively quickly. It was one of the few cases in which settlements were agreed and this result was largely facilitated By the management decisions taken during the litigation.
Lockton Litigation
Authors: Vigrass Christopher , Boddington Eleanor 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This litigation from 1992-6 was possibly the first major financial services multi party action. Procedurally, the case only became managed as a multi-party action after a period of some delayand lack of progress. These problems would almost certainly have been alleviated if a rule of court had been available to have been applied. Given that the case involved some 233 actions and nine firms representing plain tiffs, the case strongly illustrates the tactical importance of selection of issues, timing of discovery, and costs where there is an imbalance of financial resources between the parties. Six lead cases were selected as representative of different fact situations.
Tobacco Litigation: 1992-1999
Authors: Elvy Mark , Alexander Miles , Keevil Tom 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
This product liability case illustrates a number of the management issues of a multi patty action which were topical during the 1990s. First, the Court found that the case was lawyer-led and generated by advertising. Secondly, the plaintiffs’ lawyers’ assertions that the case would involve large numbers of plaintiffs, perhaps hundreds of thousands, did not materialize and the final cohort involved approximately fifty claimants. The Court declined to order a cut-off date for plaintiffs to join, but imposed a restriction on further plaintiffs joining the action without agreement or leave, making their entitlement to do so conditional upon the defendants being given notice and an explanation as to why the claim had not been begun previously. Thirdly, there was an extended period before proceedings were started, then a period during which a succession of claimants commenced proceedings in small numbers. Until the nature and number of the claims being put forward was clarified, the Court was unable to manage the litigation.
The Future of Law Summarized
Authors: Susskind Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Since early 1981, when I stumbled into the field as a legal undergraduate, I have been fascinated by the possibilities of using information technology in the law. I quickly became convinced that IT would radically transform modern legal systems; and well within my lifetime. Today, I am more certain than ever that a revolution in legal life is upon us. Indeed I believe that the practice of law and the administration of justice will be more radically affected in the coming 50 years by IT than by any other single factor of which we can be aware today. My plan of action in this chapter is to substantiate these rather sweeping claims. First of all, I offer my summary of the state of the law today. Then, I seek to show that the advent of the so-called information society will transform our legal system. Thereafter, I present a vision of what the effects of this transformation will be in practice. And, finally, I hazard a guess or two at the future of law and lawyers.
The Likely and the Possible
Authors: Susskind Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although it is always sensible to consult users when planning future applications of IT and to ask them what they want, a genuine difficulty encountered when the users in question are lawyers or judges is that they are often not fully conversant with what is commercially available or technically possible. Accordingly, the first phase in such a consultation process should be to immerse the users in likely technical developments and possible applications within the time frame of the planning process. Thus informed, the users are then better placed to draw up their shopping lists. With that in mind, my purpose in this chapter is to take out my crystal ball. My aim is to try to predict what are likely to be the most significant developments in IT over the next ten years or so; and thereafter to point to a wide range of possibilities to which these developments could give rise. I hope that these projections into the future will help lawyers and judges specify their IT requirements more easily.
An Introduction to Expert Systems in Law
Authors: Susskind Richard 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the 1980s, there was great excitement in the academic community about the potential of expert systems technology for the law. Today, I sometimes hear critics of the field argue that the work conducted during that period was misconceived and yielded no findings of relevance. In support of this conclusion, it is often suggested that there have been very few commercial successes in the field. I take a different view, as outlined in the Preface to this book. I believe that the early work—the failures and the successes—can guide us today in our work on legal knowledge management and online legal services. I accept that many of the enabling technologies that were investigated and prototyped in the 19980 s have not directly borne fruit although there have been several major successes in document assembly and regulatory diagnostics.