bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid, High‐Yield Recovery of a Recombinant Digoxin Binding Single Chain Fv from Escherichia coli
Authors: Burks Elizabeth A. , Iverson Brent L. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractWe have isolated milligram quantities of active single chain antibody from the insoluble fraction of Escherichia coli cultures. The system relies on high‐level expression from a T7 RNA polymerase‐directed gene construct, 8 M urea to dissolve the desired protein out of the insoluble fraction, presumably inclusion bodies, isolation and concentration of the desired protein by nickel chelate [IDA‐Ni(II)] immobilized metal‐ion affinity chromatography (IMAC), and removal of urea from column fractions by dialysis directly into storage buffer. Routinely, about 50% of the protein loaded onto an IMAC column is recovered as single chain Fv at a concentration of approximately 0.7 mg/mL. As little as 3 days are required to obtain 10 mg of final product when starting with an overnight inoculum.
Diffusion Behavior of Ammonium in Xanthan Gum Solutions
Authors: Brito E. , Torres L. , Galindo E. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractAmmonium diffusivity in xanthan solutions drastically decreases as xanthan concentration increases. The DAP/DAW ratio was practically independent of pH and a weak function of the ionic strength. This diffusional behavior is a typical case of the diffusion of a small molecule in a non‐Newtonian macromolecular solution.
In Vitro Release Profiles of Eristostatin from Biodegradable Polymeric Microspheres: Protein Aggregation Problem
Authors: Lu Weiqi , Park Tae Gwan 
Published: March 2005

AbstractEristostatin, a low molecular weight polypeptide (MW 5725), was encapsulated within two biodegradable poly(lactic acid—glycolic acid) microspheres. In vitro release profiles from the microspheres exhibited fast initial release for up to several days, followed by very slow or no release. The later stage of the slow release was due to protein aggregation within the microspheres. A simple, noninvasive method to detect the protein aggregation within the microspheres has been developed: extraction of radiolabeled protein from the microspheres by a DC electric field into a polyacrylamide gel and subsequent exposure to a γ‐ray sensitive film. Direct application of the degrading microspheres onto the sample loading zone of sodium dodecyl sulfate—polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS—PAGE) could successfully extract the monomelic and oligomeric proteins into the autoradiogram of a gel slab, while unextractable protein aggregates within the microspheres could be directly visualized in their loading position.
Specificity of a Lipase in Ester Synthesis: Effect of Alcohol
Authors: Gandhi Neena N. , Sawant Sudhirprakash B. , Joshi Jyeshtharaj B. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractEster synthesis by the Mucor miehei lipase has been studied for various alcohol substrates: n‐propanol, n‐butanol, isoamyl alcohol, n‐hexanol, n‐octanol, 2‐ethylhex‐anol, n‐decanol, and lauryl alcohol. The effects of temperature, the nature of the acid, and immobilization of the lipase on its substrate specficity have been elucidated by carrying out esterifications at 29 and 50 °C with lauric and oleic acids and by using both the soluble and immobilized (resin‐adsorbed) forms of the lipase as catalysts. Higher synthesis rates were obtained with oleic acid than with lauric acid. A bimodal distribution pattern was observed for the reaction rate as a function of alcohol chain length. Two superimposed “bells” were obtained with maxima at C4 (butanol) and C10 (decanol) at 29 °C. Whereas immobilization of the lipase did not influence this substrate specificity, an increase in temperature to 50 °C caused a shift in the first peak from C4 to C6 (hexanol), while the second peak position was not affected. The minimum, in all cases, was found to be at C8 (octanol).
A Modified Growth Medium for Bacillus thuringiensis
Authors: Liu Wei ‐Ming , Bajpai Rakesh K. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractA published medium for the cultivation of Bacillus thuringiensis was modified for use in high‐density fed‐batch fermentations. This medium was diagnosed to have a complex nutrient limitation in batch and continuous cultivations. By selective additions of different medium constituents to a chemostat culture, it was established that the limitations were alleviated only by the addition of yeast extract or corn steep liquor; neither the addition of any salt nor that of individual amino acids influenced the culture behavior. In shake flask cultures, a reduction in glucose concentration and addition of corn steep liquor made the medium carbon‐limited; enrichment with corn steep liquor alone showed dual limitations. These modified media resulted in higher cell densities and showed an increase in the amounts as well as the potency of insecticidal protoxins.
A Simple Way to (±)‐Dihydroactinidiolide from β‐Ionone Related to the Enzymic Co‐oxidation of β‐Carotene in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Bosser Aurélie , Paplorey Etienne , Belin Jean‐Marc 
Published: March 2005

AbstractIn a previous paper (Bosser and Belin, 1994), it was shown that the co‐oxidation of β‐carotene (BC) by xanthine oxidase in aqueous solutions at 37 °C led to β‐ionone, epoxy‐5,6‐β‐ionone, and dihydroactinidiolide (DHA). We explain in this article the pathways between the ionone derivatives, and the respective places of each volatile compound in the enzymatic bleaching of BC are discussed. We also propose a simple synthetic way to DHA from commercially available β‐ionone.
Enzymatic Saccharification of Soybean Hull‐Based Materials
Authors: Enayati Nader , Parulekar Satish J. 
Published: March 2005

AbstractThe feasibility of biodegradability of materials made from soy hulls is investigated in this study. A mixture of enzymes responsible for degradation of cellulose, hemicellulose, and starch, principal constituents of agrowastes, is employed for degradation of soy hulls and soy hull‐based materials. The effects of key parameters, such as initial concentrations of different enzymes, reactor temperature, method and speed of agitation, size of samples to be degraded, pH, and processing temperature on degradation of the polysaccharides, are investigated. The ease of biodegradability of soy hulls and processed soy hulls is demonstrated by the very high extents of degradation achieved.
Enhanced type I interferon signaling and recruitment of chemokine receptor CXCR3‐expressing lymphocytes into the skin following treatment with the TLR7‐agonist imiquimod
Authors: Wenzel Joerg , Uerlich Manfred , Haller Otto , Bieber Thomas , Tueting Thomas 
Published: March 2005

Introduction:  Imiquimod (Aldara™) is an immune response modifier approved for the topical treatment of external genital and perianal warts which can mediate regression of several cutaneous malignancies [basal cell carcinoma (BCC), Bowen's disease, actinic keratosis, and metastasis of malignant melanoma]. Recently, it was discovered that imiquimod acts through the toll‐like receptor (TLR) 7. We hypothesize that TLR7‐signaling strongly induces the production of interferon (IFN) α, which is able to enhance Th1‐mediated cellular antiviral and antitumor immunity.Patients and methods:  In the present study we analyzed the expression of MxA, a protein specifically induced by type I IFNs during topical imiquimod treatment in several patients suffering from different cutaneous malignancies (BCC, cutaneous metastasis of melanoma, and breast cancer), and characterized the inflammatory infiltrate, along with the expression of chemokine receptor CXCR3, by immunohistochemistry.Results:  Treatment with the TLR7‐agonist imiquimod induced a significant lesional lymphocytic inflammation, associated with strong expression of MxA, indicating the induction of type I IFN signaling. The extent of lesional MxA staining closely correlated with the number of infiltrating T lymphocytes and the expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR3, characteristic for Th1‐biased immune responses.Discussion:  Our in vivo results suggest an important role for TLR7‐induced production of type I IFN, which links innate and adaptive immunity and promotes specific Th1‐biased cellular immune response capable of eliminating cutaneous malignancies. MxA appears to be a valuable parameter to demonstrate IFN‐type I expression in imiquimod therapy.
Analysis of Recent Measurements of the Viscosity of Glasses
Authors: Fulcher Gordon S. 
Published: March 2005

Viscosity of Simple Soda‐Silicate Glasses, 500° to 1400°CComparison of the results given by English with those of Washburn, Shelton and Libman, indicates a discrepancy in the absolute values of log10 viscosity amounting to 0.6, those of Washburn et al., being relatively too high. If correction for this is made, the isothermal curves of log10 viscosity as a function of soda content are smooth up to 50% Na2O, showing no inflection. The observations as a function of temperature T are all represented within accidental error by an equation of the type log10η=−A+B× 103/ (T−T0) where all three constants vary regularly with the composition.Change of Viscosity of Glass (6SiO2, 2Na2O) due to Molecular Substitution of CaO, MgO and Al2O3 for Na2OThe effect is clearly brought out by plotting (from the results of English) the change of log10n due to the substitution as a function of temperature. The curves each show a sharp bend at a temperature between 840° and 1050°C, which is designated the aggregation temperature Ta. If we divide these curves by the corresponding percentage substituted, we get curves for each oxide which are straight and parallel below the aggregation temperatures, the slopes (increase of change of log10n per 100°C) being −0.056 (CaO), −0.055 (MgO), −0.018 (Al2O3) per per cent oxide substituted. For substitution of 1/2 molecule the slopes are −0.325 (CaO), −0.23 (MgO) and −0.18 (Al2O3) per 100°. At the aggregation temperature the change of log10n per per cent is a minimum, 0.03 to 0.06 for CaO, 0.12 for MgO, 0.07 for Al2O3.Evidence of Aggregation in Glasses, from Viscosity Measurements. The sharp bends in the plots of change of log10n due to substitution of an oxide for Na2O, suggest the beginning of molecular aggregation at these temperatures. These aggregation temperatures are close to the devitrification temperatures, but the effect on the viscosity curves cannot be due to actual devitrification since it does not change with time. Taking the aggregation temperatures as equal to devitrification temperatures, additional isotherms are roughly sketched into the equilibrium triangle of the system Na2O─CaO─SiO2.Change of Viscosity of Glass (4SiO2, 2Na2O) due to Substitution of B2O3 for SiO2The change of log10n (from the results of English) is plotted as a function of temperature, and also the change of log10n per per cent B2O3. The curves are more complex than for the substitution for Na2O.
Serum levels of inflammatory cytokines at diagnosis correlate to the bcl‐6 and CD10 defined germinal centre (GC) phenotype and bcl‐2 expression in patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Pedersen Lars M. , Jürgensen Gitte W. , Johnsen Hans E. 
Published: March 2005

SummaryCirculating inflammatory cytokines have a prognostic impact independent of the information provided by the International Prognostic Index (IPI) in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). The present study characterized prognostic cytokines in relation to stage‐specific B‐cell differentiation antigens and bcl‐2 protein expression, assessed by immunohistochemistry in de novo DLBCL. Serum levels of interleukin 6 (IL‐6) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) were found to be significantly lower in patients with a germinal centre (GC) phenotype (co‐expression of bcl‐6 and CD10) compared with the non‐GC phenotype. IL‐6 and TNF‐α levels were significantly elevated in patients expressing bcl‐2 protein. Serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) were not associated with the GC phenotype. On the contrary, both VEGF and bFGF were strongly correlated to bcl‐2 expression. In survival analysis, IPI score remained the most important independent prognostic factor. However, IL‐6 and VEGF, combined with non‐GC phenotype and bcl‐2 positivity, respectively, had a similar independent prognostic power as the IPI. In conclusion, our data suggest that inflammatory cytokines are differently distributed in the GC and non‐GC phenotypes and correlate to bcl‐2 expression. Combining these biomarkers may add to the prognostic information given by clinical variables in the IPI alone.
Oral lichen planus in childhood: a report of three cases
Authors: PATEL S. , YEOMAN C. M. , MURPHY R. 
Published: March 2005

Summary.Lichen planus is a common mucocutaneous condition in which the occurrence of oral lesions has been cited as between 0·5 and 1·9% of the adult population. It is rare in childhood. Here we report three cases of children with intra oral lesions of lichen planus. Lichen planus, although reportedly rare in childhood, should be considered in the diagnosis of hyperkeratotic or erosive lesions of the oral mucosa in children.
Late onset vitiligo: A study of 182 patients
Authors: Dogra Sunil , Parsad Davinder , Handa Sanjeev , Kanwar Amrinder Jit 
Published: March 2005

The elderly constitute a large and rapidly growing segment of the population; however, there is complete lack of information about the epidemiology of vitiligo in this age group. To study the clinical and epidemiological profile of vitiligo in the elderly, we retrospectively analyzed the data of patients with vitiligo having onset of disease after 50 years of age attending the pigmentary clinic of our center. Of the 182 patients, 87 (47.8%) were males and 95 (52.2%) were females. The mean age of onset of disease was 55 ± 2.3 years. Vitiligo vulgaris was the most common (83.5%) followed by focal (5.5%), segmental (4.4%), acrofacial (3.8%), mucosal (2.2%), and universal (0.5%).The most common site of onset was the head and neck (24.2%) followed by the upper limbs (23%), trunk (22%), lower limbs (17.6%), oral/genital mucosae (7.1%), and flexures (6%). Koebner's phenomenon was observed in 14.8% while leukotrichia was present in 47.3% of the patients. Halo nevi were observed in 3.8% of patients, and vitiligo was stable in 64.8%.Twenty‐nine (15.9%) patients had family history of vitiligo. Associated autoimmune autoimmune/endocrine disorders were present in 39 (21.4%) of the patients. Differences in disease characteristics compared with vitiligo in children and young adults are discussed.
Annotation: PANDAS: a model for human autoimmune disease
Authors: Swedo Susan E. , Grant Paul J. 
Published: March 2005

Background:  Pediatric Autoimmune Neuropsychiatric Disorders Associated with Streptococcus infections (PANDAS) is a recently recognized syndrome in which pre‐adolescent children have abrupt onsets of tics and/or obsessive‐compulsive symptoms, a recurring and remitting course of illness temporally related to streptococcal infections, and associated neurologic findings including adventitious movements, hyperactivity and emotional lability.Methods:  Inspired by observations of similar symptoms in children with Sydenham's chorea, a search was undertaken for clinical and laboratory evidence in support of the new syndrome.Results:  Consistent and predictable clinical findings have been described in a large case series. Magnetic resonance imaging has supported the postulated pathobiology of the syndrome with evidence of inflammatory changes in basal ganglia. Antibasal ganglia antibodies have been found in some acute cases, mimicking streptococcal antigen epitopes.Conclusions:  While PANDAS remains a controversial diagnostic concept, it has stimulated new research endeavors into the possible links between bacterial pathogens, autoimmune reactions, and neuropsychiatric symptoms.
FACTORS IN CANADA‐UNITED STATES REAL INCOME DIFFERENCES
Authors: Daly D. J. , Walters D. 
Published: March 2005

This paper is a part of a larger study of economic growth in Canada, following the methods developed by Edward Denison in his book The Sources of Economic Growth in the United States and the publication Why Growth Rates Differ. The new material in this paper relates to Canada and the Canadian/U.S. comparison, while the material on Northwest Europe is drawn from the Brookings study.The present paper sets out the results to date on the differences in real output per employed person between Canada and the United States for one year, 1960. At this stage in our research the results indicate that the level of real output per employed person in Canada was about 20 per cent lower than in the United States in that year. On the basis of historical output data, it would appear that this margin of difference in Canadian/U.S. product levels has persisted throughout the present century.The central part of this paper examines the significance of differences in factor inputs in Canada and the United States and their contribution to the difference in income. The level of inputs per employed person in Canada accounts for only about 2 percentage points of the income difference between Canada and the United States. These results indicate that the overwhelming part of the difference in output per employed person between the two countries reflects the differences in output in relation to total factor inputs, rather than the magnitude of other factor inputs used in combination with labour.This result is consistent with earlier studies by Denison and others which have indicated the crucial importance of output in relation to total factor inputs, both in output growth over time and intercountry comparisons of output level.The body of the paper can give only brief attention to the numerous conceptual and statistical questions that arise in such a wide‐ranging study, and the authors do not pretend to have tackled, let alone resolved, all of the wide range of problems related to this study. Nor do they claim any high degree of precision for the results, especially in the light of the statistical limitations of the basic data.
THE INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF CONSUMPTION LEVEL CARRIED OUT BY THE POLISH CENTRAL STATISTICAL OFFICE
Authors: Krzeczkowska Eugenia 
Published: March 2005

1. The problems presented have arisen in practice when carrying out international comparisons of national income and its elements between the CMEA countries. Some rough conclusions are drawn from the nearly completed comparison of consumption level between Poland and Austria.2. The basic methodological principles of the comparison were similar to the methods used by the group of economists directed by Milton Gilbert and Irving Kravis in their comparison relating to Western European countries. However, a number of new problems have emerged in the course of our work which required practical and theoretical solutions.Some differences in theoretical approach between the Gilbert‐Kravis study and ours are discussed. Gilbert and Kravis based their comparison as far as possible on average prices of commodity groups or quantity data, and price indexes for representative goods were applied only as a practical necessity. On the contrary in our study we based our calculation mainly on representative goods and their price relation as this method, in our opinion, takes into account quality differences, which escape from the picture in the Gilbert‐Kravis method.3. Some special theoretical and practical problems of comparisons between countries having market economies and those with planned economies are presented in terms of the example of the comparison of consumption levels between Austria and Poland.Three groups of questions are pointed out: (1) the problem of the definition and boundaries of the aggregates compared; (2) the problem of differences in pricing in the groups of products and services compared, resulting from the social policy of the government concerned; and (3) the problem of differences arising from general price policies in the countries compared.4. At the end of the paper it is suggested that it would be useful to work out a “statistical information system”, which would make possible detailed comparisons of the volume of consumption among several countries and groups of countries without the need of conducting direct comparisons between each pair of countries.
COMPTABILITE NATIONALE A PRIX CONSTANTS ET A PRODUCTIVITE CONSTANTE
Authors: Courbis R. 
Published: March 2005

The problem of national accounting “at constant prices” is in fact a problem of comparability of time series, as changes in the price structure preclude any direct comparison of economic flows. If such accounts are established they will make it possible directly to compare the same flow at two different times in the economy as a whole, and this without leaving the influence of other flows out of account. This makes it possible both to synthesize and to undertake analytical comparisons. The accounts could then be used for the study of time series, for projections or for structural studies (e.g. the mechanisms underlying the changing pattern of income distrubution).The first part of this report sets out to study the main problems of compiling accounts at constant prices and to examine what conventions should be adopted.The second part of the report considers how productivity gains can be explicitly shown in the national accounts. The proposed study plan restores the symmetry between price and productivity. As in the accounts at constant prices, gap variables are introduced to measure productivity gains. These variables can be interpreted in terms of surplus; the concept of surplus used here, however, is not the one adopted for the accounts in constant prices, but its dual. Setting up an accounting system “at constant productivity” therefore makes it possible to complete the information provided by an accounting system “at constant prices.”These two systems can of course be integrated: this leads to the introduction of the concept of an accounting system “at constant prices and constant productivity.” Such an accounting system makes it possible to show, in the same accounting framework, the respective contributions of price changes and improved productivity to the gains realised by the different economic agents. It therefore gives a complete picture of “transfers” between the agents. At the same time, the data on price and productivity can be integrated with each other.
THE USE OF FLOW‐OF‐FUNDS ACCOUNTS IN MONETARY PLANNING IN YUGOSLAVIA
Authors: Dimitrijevic Dimitrue 
Published: March 2005

The increased role of monetary and other financial variables has required the introduction of a quantitative framework for monetary policy planning. This has been found in a planning procedure based on flow‐of‐funds accounts. The very comprehensive structure of these accounts is relied upon to provide to policy makers with quantitative indications as to policy goals and measures for their implementation, and at the same time, to ensure a consistent incorporation of monetary planning in general economic planning.There are annual and monthly plans. Annual planning involves two stages. The first is projection of flow‐of‐funds accounts on the basis of appropriate relationships, historical trends, institutional changes, economic policy targets, etc. The final result of this stage of planning is a projection of the Monetary Sector transactions as residuals, including changes in money supply and in short‐term credits as key projections. The second is decomposition of the Monetary Sector account into the Central Bank Sector and the Other Banks Sector, which makes possible a projection of measures for the implementation of projected changes in short‐term credits and money supply.Monthly planning has two objects: first, to check annual projections and, if necessary, to adjust them to actual developments; and second, to introduce seasonal components. Seasonal adjustment is made only for the Monetary Sector, its two subsectors, and credit policy measures. Monthly projections are made every month for three months in advance.