bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. 
Published: June 2004

The results of the foregoing experiments show that the typhus virus, found in the blood of guinea pigs during the height of typical experimental typhus fever, does not survive at 37°C. in anaerobic media for as long a period as in the same media under aerobic conditions. In media from which oxygen is excluded, the viability period is 24 to 48 hours; in the same media having no barrier to atmospheric oxygen, the period is usually 5 days, in one instance, 3 days.
The dead virus fails to induce not only the typical experimental disease but also an immunity to further injections of typhus virus.
That the death of the virus is due to exclusion of oxygen from the medium, rather than to a change in the hydrogen ion concentration therein is inferred from the fact that media with varying hydrogen ion concentrations, such as broth (pH 7.4), horse serum (pH 7.8), and human ascitic fluid (pH 8.0) have the same comparative effect on the virus, when under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. That is, in all, the anaerobic state causes a shortening of the viability period of the typhus virus.
In the Smith-Noguchi tissue, ascitic fluid, sealed medium in which bacteria resembling Plotz' bacilli grow luxuriantly and remain viable for several weeks, the typhus virus does not increase in virulence, and even dies after 24 hours. This evidence supports the conclusion previously presented that the Bacillus typhi exanthematici of Plotz is not identical with the active agent of typhus virus.
THE ERYTHROPOIETIC ACTION OF GERMANIUM DIOXIDE
Authors: Hammett Frederick S. , Nowrey Joseph E. , Müller John H. 
Published: June 2004

Injections were made of a sterile 0.4 per cent solution of germanium dioxide into four lots of mature male and female albino rats. Exact conditions of control were maintained. To two lots there was administered in four doses at intervals of 4 days a total of 6.6 mg. of the oxide per kilo of body weight. To two lots there was given in three doses at like intervals a total of 45 mg. of the compound per kilo of body weight. In each lot there was one rat which served as a control and which did not receive any germanium. A preliminary period of observation was maintained as a further control during which two determinations of the erythrocyte and leucocyte counts of the blood were made 7 days apart on all the rats. Weekly counts were made on all the rats during the progress of the investigation which lasted for 4 weeks, during 3 of which the treated animals were under the influence of germanium. In the first group 11 days elapsed between the last injection and the last count. In the second group the interval was 14 days.
It was found that without exception all of the test rats responded to the germanium dioxide by a marked and sustained rise in the number of erythrocytes in the blood which ranged from 1 to nearly 5 millions.
These results are statistically valid.
There was an apparent tendency for the degree of effect to be related to the initial erythrocyte number, in that with a lower initial count there seemed to take place a greater rise, and vice versa.
There was no indication that the larger doses of germanium dioxide exerted a greater stimulating effect on the production of the resultant erythrocythemia than the smaller doses.
There is evidence that the effect is quick in making its appearance. The rise in the red cell count was found to occur within a week, and after but two injections of the oxide.
Indications were obtained that germanium dioxide tends to increase the coagulability of the blood.
Autopsy findings showed color changes in the liver and bone marrow.
We believe that germanium dioxide is an erythrocytogenic agent and we hope that fruitful results will come from its therapeutic application.
THE USE OF PHENOL RED AND BROM-CRESOL PURPLE AS INDICATORS IN THE BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF STOOLS
Authors: Chesney Alan M. 
Published: June 2004

1. Either phenol red or brom-cresol purple may be used as indicators in the preparation of lactose agar plates for the isolation of members of the typhoid-dysentery group of bacteria from stools. Of the two, brom-cresol purple gives sharper differentiation and is to be preferred.
2. These indicators exercise no restraining influence upon the growth of cultures of the typhoid bacillus or paratyphoid bacillus freshly isolated from the human body, or of laboratory cultures of Bacillus dysenteria.
3. Both indicators may be successfully employed with brilliant green in the isolation of the typhoid-paratyphoid group from stools without sacrificing the restraining activity of the brilliant green upon other bacteria.
THE TREATMENT OF ANOXEMIA IN PNEUMONIA IN AN OXYGEN CHAMBER
Authors: Stadie William C. 
Published: June 2004

1. The use of an oxygen chamber in the treatment of pneumonia patients makes it possible to administer this gas for long periods of time under exactly known conditions. The medical and nursing care of the patient is greatly facilitated.
2. Prolonged inhalation of oxygen varying from 40 to 60 per cent appears to be without harm.
3. Oxygen administered to intensely anoxemic patients almost immediately clears up this anoxemia. Cyanosis disappears with the anoxemia.
4. The removal of patients from the high oxygen while they are still sick and while examination shows that there are still extensive edema and infiltration of the lung results in a return of the intense anoxemia.
5. It is sometimes impossible to clear up the anoxemia, even when as high as 60 per cent of oxygen is given, especially when there are considerable edema and infiltration of the lungs.
6. Five cases in which the prognosis was grave recovered. Three cases, one of tuberculosis, one with a Pneumococcus Type III infection, and a third with a pneumonia superimposed on a chronic pulmonary condition, died.
7. In all cases there appeared to be an improvement in the patient's condition. In one case, particularly, with an intense degree of anoxemia, the patient became moribund and pulseless. Following the administration of 60 per cent of oxygen there was a lowering of the heart rate from 160 to 120, the return of the pulse to the radial artery, the color became bright pink, and there was a remarkable change in the clinical condition.
8. The anoxemia of pneumonia is due, in large measure, to an impairment of the respiratory surface of the lungs. The greater the lung involvement the greater the anoxemia. Especially is this so when the pneumonic process extends throughout the lungs so that there are many patches of bronchopneumonia, with accompanying bronchitis and edema, as evidenced by the presence of râles throughout the lungs.
9. Rapid and shallow breathing of the degree observed in pneumonia is, as far as present evidence shows, of less importance in the production of anoxemia.
STUDIES ON X-RAY EFFECTS
Authors: Murphy James B. , Liu J. Heng , Sturm Ernest 
Published: June 2004

Lymphoid cells, prepared from the thymus and lymph glands of rats, when suspended in the serum of x-rayed rats and incubated for 2 hours, increase in number from 15 to 30 per cent, and mitotic figures are found among these cells in fairly large numbers. A like suspension of cells in normal serum undergoes rapid disintegration and in only one instance among a large number of films examined was a mitotic figure found.
The stimulative effect of the serum from x-rayed rats endures from 1 to 2 hours after the exposure but is not detectable in the serum taken 17 hours or later after the treatment. Serum x-rayed in vitro is devoid of stimulative action.
The lymphoid cells of rabbits and guinea pigs are so fragile as to make impossible the obtaining of counts accurate enough for experimental purposes. The serum of one species caused such rapid disintegration of the cells of another that it was impossible to determine the specificity of the reaction.
VENEREAL SPIROCHETOSIS IN AMERICAN RABBITS
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo 
Published: June 2004

Of 50 rabbits, otherwise regarded as normal, three adult females and two adult males (10 per cent) have been found to have in their genitoperineal region certain papulosquamous, often ulcerating, lesions. A recently purchased group of twenty rabbits contained six females (30 per cent) with similar lesions. This condition runs a chronic course and is characterized by the presence of a spiral organism closely resembling Treponema pallidum.
The rabbit spirochete has the same morphological features as Treponema pallidum; it is possibly a trifle thicker and longer than the average pallidum. Long specimens measuring 30 µ are frequently encountered, and they show a tendency to form loosely entangled knots. A stellate arrangement of several organisms in a mass is frequently observed.
In the lesion of one rabbit there were two types of spirochete, one of the variety just described, the other a somewhat coarser organism, closely resembling Treponema calligyrum found in a human condyloma, but a trifle thinner and longer. This organism is perhaps merely a variant type of the rabbit spirochete.
The histological reactions are similar to, but considerably less cellular, than those occurring in typical primary syphilitic lesions. There is a marked hyperkeratosis and interpapillary infiltration not observed in scrotal chancre.
The disease is transmissible to normal rabbits, in which the usual papular lesions can be readily reproduced in the genitoperineal region. In the first passages the incubation period varied from 20 to 88 days; subsequently one of the strains produced a lesion in 20 days on the second, and in 5 days on the third passage. No typical orchitis or keratitis was produced in the rabbits of the present series, although in one of the original rabbits (No. 4) scaly, papular lesions have developed on the nose, lips, eyelid, and paws. Monkeys (Macacus rhesus) failed to show any lesions within a period of 4 months after inoculation.
In one instance transmission was accomplished through the mating of an infected female with a normal male.
The Wassermann reaction was uniformly negative in the five rabbits with spontaneous lesions and in eighteen rabbits experimentally infected.
Salvarsan had the same therapeutic effect on the lesions produced by the rabbit spirochete as on the experimental pallidum lesion of the rabbit.
The organism belongs to the genus Treponema, and may be designated Treponema cuniculi.
EXPERIMENTAL RICKETS IN RATS
Authors: Pappenheimer A. M. , McCann G. F. , Zucker T. F. ,   With the Collaboration of S. M. Seidlin, J. V. Lichtenstein, and M. Stanley-Brown.
Published: June 2004

1. Casein phosphorus does not completely prevent the development of rickets when substituted in Diet 84 in amount equivalent to a protective dose of basic potassium phosphate.
2. The protection given by lecithin is equivalent to its phosphorus content.
3. The protection given by yeast is at least proportional to its phosphorus content. An amount carrying sufficient vitamine B to promote growth, but insufficient to provide adequate phosphorus, does not prevent rickets.
4. Vitamine A, in the form of butter or butter fat to the amount of 10 per cent of the diet, neither prevents nor cures rickets.
5. The substitution of 10 per cent of egg albumin in Diet 84 improves the nutrition, but does not prevent rickets.
6. The addition of meat to Diet 84, thereby supplying an abundance of phosphorus, promotes normal growth and normal bone formation. A diet consisting solely of meat and flour is inadequate for proper growth, and leads to changes in the bones comparable with those observed on a diet low in calcium, but rich in phosphorus.
7. A diet has been found which contains the necessary food elements for approximately normal growth, and in which the only known deficiency is phosphorus. This leads regularly to the production of rickets.
STUDIES ON X-RAY EFFECTS
Authors: Nakahara Waro , Murphy James B. 
Published: June 2004

A study has been made of the biological effect of a small dose of soft x-rays given off by a special water-cooled tube with a window of thin glass, operated at ½ inch spark-gap and 11 milliamperes. Mice exposed for 1 minute show 2 days later in the blood an increase in the number of lymphocytes and in the lymphoid organs an increased number of mitotic figures. There occurs also a marked dilatation of the vessels of the suprarenals, particularly between the cortex and medulla. The latter condition did not appear until after 24 hours and was still present 14 days after the treatment. No change was detected in other organs.
Mice treated in this way showed a high degree of resistance to cancer transplants. The amount of resistance varied with the time of the inoculation after the treatment. The resistance was not increased before 3 days after and was at its highest point 10 days after the treatment.
SURFACE TENSION OF SERUM
Authors: du Noüy P. Lecomte 
Published: June 2004

The application of the ring method to the measurement of solutions of serum and of certain organic compounds has brought forth new facts, mainly the decrease of the surface tension of such solutions in function of time.
1. In serum diluted at such a low concentration as 1:1,000,000 in NaCl, physiological solution, the surface tension of the liquid is lowered by 3 or 4 dynes in 2 hours; at 1:100,000, by about 11 dynes (mean value) in 2 hours, and by 20 dynes in 24 hours; at 1:10,000 by about 13 to 16 dynes in 2 hours.
2. The drop in surface tension is much more rapid in the first 30 minutes and follows generally the law of adsorption in the surface layer in function of the time.
3. Stirring or shaking after the drop causes the surface tension to rise, but generally below its initial value.
4. The same phenomena occur when using sodium oleate, glycocholate, or saponin instead of serum.
5. For every serum, as well as for the substances mentioned above a maximum drop occurs in certain conditions at a given optimum concentration.
6. Not only are the substances which lower the surface tension adsorbed in the surface layer, in the case in which they are present with crystalloids, but also the crystalloids themselves, in contradiction to Gibbs' statement. This is plainly shown by the evaporation of such solutions in watch-glasses which, instead of a small group of sharp, large, well defined crystals at the bottom, leaves a white disc almost as large as the initial free surface itself, due to the liberation of the salt by the surface layer as it crawls down the concave surface of the glass.
7. In these conditions, solutions of serum are characterized by a very peculiar periodic and concentric distribution of the crystals, at a concentration of 1:100 only. The same ring-like aspect is observed with sodium oleate, glycocholate, and saponin, but not at the same concentration, as was to be expected, since serum is a solution in itself.
IMMUNOLOGICAL DISTINCTIONS OF TWO STRAINS OF THE MOUSE TYPHOID GROUP ISOLATED DURING TWO SPONTANEOUS OUTBREAKS AMONG THE SAME STOCK
Authors: Amoss Harold L. , Haselbauer Peter P. 
Published: June 2004

Two strains of the paratyphoid B-enteritidis group causing separate epidemics of mouse typhoid among 2,500 to 4,000 cancer breeding mice are found to be antigenically different. Mouse Typhoid I, isolated from the first outbreak, is related but not identical with two strains of enteritidis, while Mouse Typhoid II is related to but not identical with the human paratyphoid B strains.
In a separate paper in this series, Webster has identified Mouse Typhoid II strain with Bacillus pestis caviæ Smith and has suggested its close relation to the Bacillus aertrycke (mutton) group of Schütze.
INFECTIOUS MOTOR PARALYSIS IN YOUNG RABBITS
Authors: Wright J. Homer , Craighead Eugene M. 
Published: June 2004

1. The attempt to infect young rabbits and guinea pigs with material containing in all probability the virus of human infantile paralysis failed.
2. Failure to infect the primary animals almost of necessity brought failure with the secondary flea-bitten animals. It is, however barely conceivable that a non-infectious form of an organism might circulate in the blood of the primary animal and that this form, through development in an intermediate host, the flea, might become virulent for the secondary flea-bitten animal.
3. Incidentally, and presumably accidentally, a paralytic disease was observed in young rabbits associated with the presence of an organism showing certain definite characters. So far as we know this paralysis and the associated organism have not been previously described.
4. This organism is found widely distributed in the organs of the affected animals and can be demonstrated in the urine. The active destruction by the organism of the nerve cells of the spinal cord is particularly striking, and gives complete explanation for the paralysis observed clinically.
5. With the organism present in the urine the spread of the disease by contact can be easily understood.
6. The transfer of the infection from animal to animal by fleabites is possible but not probable.
7. The nature of the observed organisms is in doubt. They represent probably an intermediate stage in the life history of some protozoan parasite.
THE TETANUS BACILLUS AS AN INTESTINAL SAPROPHYTE IN MAN
Authors: Tenbroeck Carl , Bauer Johannes H. 
Published: June 2004

1. The only reliable method that can be used for the detection of tetanus bacilli is the culturing of the suspected material, the isolation of tetanus-like organisms and the demonstration that the pure cultures form a spasm-producing toxin that is neutralized by tetanus antitoxin.
2. Using this method we have demonstrated tetanus bacilli in 34.7 per cent of stools from 78 individuals in Peking.
3. The tetanus bacillus is growing in the digestive tract, for it is present in individuals who have been on a practically sterile diet for a month or more, and one individual may eliminate several million spores of tetanus bacilli in a single stool.
BLOOD DESTRUCTION DURING EXERCISE
Authors: Broun G. O. 
Published: June 2004

The following changes have been demonstrated to take place in the blood of dogs during exercise.
1. An increase in the per cent of cells and hemoglobin in the blood of the jugular vein occurs early in the course of exercise. It probably results from a redistribution of red corpuscles, with an increase in their proportion in the peripheral blood.
2. As exercise is continued, there is a definite increase in plasma volume.
3. A coincident decrease both in the total cell volume and the pigment volume during prolonged exercise suggests that blood destruction then occurs.
SURFACE TENSION OF SERUM
Authors: du Noüy P. Lecomte 
Published: June 2004

1. The surface tension of pure serum, heated at 55°C., decreases progressively and regularly until the serum coagulates. A drop of 8.2 dynes was observed in 168 hours. The mean drop was 5.7 dynes in 120 hours and 4 dynes in 96 hours.
2. The initial surface tension of solutions of serum at the concentrations 10–1 up to 10–6 is practically not affected by heat, but the time-drop in 2 hours is modified.
3. Each serum seems to react in its own particular way as far as the time-drop is concerned. However, there is a general tendency for the solution to show an increase of time-drop at the concentrations 10–1, 10–2, 10–3 and 10–5, and a decrease at 10–4, when heated at 55°C. a decrease of the time-drop at the concentrations 10–1, 10–2 and 10–3, and an increase at 10–4 when heated at 100°C.
4. Nevertheless, only the changes observed below 10–3 are constant in sign, within 75 or 80 per cent of the cases. The concentration 10–4 seems to correspond to a state of greater instability. This confirms the hypothesis of the existence of a monomolecular layer at that concentration, which was assumed on the basis of the existence of a maximum drop at 10–4. Should this be true, and provided the principle of Gibbs could be transformed so as to be applicable to mixed solutions of colloids and crystalloids, an idea of the size, or at least of one of the dimensions of the molecules or group molecules composing the serum could probably be obtained.
5. 1 drop of the solutions at 1:10 evaporated on glass and examined under the microscope shows the marked differences brought about by heating at different temperatures.
INSUSCEPTIBILITY TO SENSITIZATION AND ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK
Authors: Longcope Warfield T. 
Published: June 2004

1. Attempts to produce anaphylactic shock in white rats by second intravenous or subdural injections of horse serum have failed.
2. It was impossible to demonstrate either by skin reactions or by the uterine reaction that white rats can be sensitized to horse serum.
3. It was not possible to sensitize guinea pigs passively with the serum of white rats presumably immunized to horse serum.
4. In spite of the fact that the white rat could not be made anaphylactic to horse serum, the tissues of the animal reacted with the horse serum to form precipitins in fair concentration and the antigen disappeared from the circulation soon after the precipitins reached their greatest concentration in the blood.
5. These experiments would indicate that in the white rat anaphylaxis and precipitin formation are independent and represent different types of immunological processes.
THE INTESTINAL FLORA IN MOUSE TYPHOID INFECTION
Authors: Webster Leslie T. 
Published: June 2004

The normal flora of laboratory mice at The Rockefeller Institute, fed on a bread and milk diet, was determined. Bacillus acidophilus and Bacillus bifidus outnumber the Bacillus coli, Bacillus acidi lactici, and Bacillus coli communior group about twenty-five to one. White and yellow cocci which may or may not liquefy gelatin are occasionally noted; spirochetal and vibrio forms and yeasts are usually seen in stained preparations. This flora does not change when mice are artificially infected per os with a strain of mouse typhoid bacilli (Bacillus pestis cavice) and is the same in the animals which resist the infection as in those which succumb.
Mice fed on a meat diet and showing a colon, Bacillus diffluens, and Bacillus welchii flora do not differ in susceptibility to mouse typhoid from the normal mice fed on bread and milk and showing the above acidophilus flora.