bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scanning electron microscopy of intraocular lenses that had been implanted in dogs
Authors: Gilger Brian C. , Whitley R. David , McLaughlin Susan A. , Wright James C. , Boosinger Timothy R. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Scanning electron microscopy was used to evaluate changes on the surfaces of polymethylmethacrylate (pmma), silicone, and polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate (hema) intraocular lenses (iol) that had been implanted in the anterior chambers of the right eyes of 15 dogs. Five dogs received pmma iol; 5 dogs received silicone iol; and 5 dogs received hema iol. Twenty-eight days after surgery, the iol were removed and processed for scanning electron microscopy. Nonimplanted iol of each type were processed identically for comparison. Implanted pmma iol had significantly more debris and macrophages on their surfaces than did silicone iol or hema iol. Silicone iol had significantly less fibrin deposition than did pmma or hema iol. Silicone iol had surface defects attributable to handling by surgical instruments. Implanted hema iol had multiple pits that appeared to be caused by biodegradation.
Effect of intramuscularly administered polysulfated glycosaminoglycan on articular cartilage from equine joints injected with methylprednisolone acetate
Authors: Fubini S. L. , Boatwright C. E. , Todhunter R. J. , Lust G. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Intra-articularly administered, long-acting corticosteroids are a beneficial treatment for many equine joint disorders because they alleviate inflammation and signs of pain, but they also exert detrimental effects on the biochemical composition and morphologic features of articular cartilage. Chondroprotective drugs have been shown to mitigate some of the deleterious effects of intra-articularly administered corticosteroids on articular cartilage of laboratory animals. Twenty-one ponies were assigned at random to receive 1 of 3 treatments in the right middle carpal joint. Group-1 ponies (n = 8) had methylprednisolone acetate (mpa; 0.2 mg/kg of body weight) and saline solution administered intra-articularly and im, respectively. Group-2 ponies (n = 9) received mpa (0.2 mg/kg) and polysulfated glycosaminoglycan (gag; 2 mg/kg). Group-3 ponies (control; n = 4) had saline solution administered intra-articularly and im. The corticosteroid or saline solution was injected into the right middle carpal joint on day 1. The im administered polysulfated gag or saline solution was administered at the same time, then was repeated every 3 days for 20 days. Ponies were euthanatized 21 days after initial injection by overdose of pentobarbital sodium.
The cartilage of younger ponies was significantly (P < 0.05) more responsive to the proteoglycan-depleting effects of mpa. Ponies < 10 years old of groups 1 and 2 had significantly (P < 0.05) lower gag content in the articular cartilage than did control ponies. Systemic treatment with polysulfated gag did not result in a protective effect against proteoglycan loss from the articular cartilage. Twenty-one days after mpa injection, difference in [35S]sulfate incorporation into proteoglycan, between either mpa-treated group and the control group, was not significant. There was an approximate tenfold increase in keratan sulfate concentration in synovial fluid from mpa-treated joints, compared with control joints. Chondroprotective effect of polysulfated gag on the basis of keratan sulfate release from the articular cartilage into the synovial fluid was not observed. Methylprednisolone acetate caused a decrease in the fibronectin content of articular cartilage, but there was no effect of polysulfated gag on the fibronectin content of mpa-treated articular cartilage.
Increase of mannose residues, as Salmonella typhimurium-adhering factor, on the cecal mucosa of germ-free chickens infected with Eimeria tenella
Authors: Baba Eiichiroh , Tsukamoto Yasutaka , Fukata Tsuneo , Sasai Kazumi , Arakawa Akira 
Published: January 2024

Summary
To study increase of the Salmonella population in the cecum of chickens infected with Eimeria te-nella, changes in mannose residues on the cecal mucosa were investigated. Inhibition of S typhimurium adherence to the cecum by a 2% carbohydrate (d-mannose, d-galactose, l-fucose, α-methyl- d-glucoside) in phosphate-buffered saline solution was examined. Only d-mannose had inhibitory effects. Whereas d-galactose had somewhat enhancing effects on adherence of S typhimurium to the cecal mucosa of uninfected germ-free chickens. In infected and uninfected chickens, d-mannose inhibited adherence of Styphimurium. d-Mannose significantly (P< 0.05) increased adherence of Bacteroides sp. In infected and uninfected chickens, d-mannose did not have any effect on adherence of Clostridium perfringens and Bifidobacterium thermophilum. Under microscopic observation, only concanavalin A and Lens culinaris agglutinin, of 8 lectins examined, were recognized as lectin-positive staining lines or spots in the cecal mucosa, indicating presence of mannose residues on the cecal mucosa. In E tenella-infected chickens, lectin-positive staining was seen strongly on the coarse surface of damaged cells and at the bottom of the crypts. These results indicate that coccidial infection may induce increase of mannose residues on the intestinal surface and allow adhesion of more salmonellae to the intestine.
In vitro antibacterial activity of cefoxitin and cefotetan and pharmacokinetics in dogs
Authors: Petersen Steven W. , Rosin Eberhard 
Published: January 2024

Summary
The susceptibility of 50 clinical Escherichia coli isolates to various antibacterials, including cefoxitin and cefotetan was ascertained, and the minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) of cefoxitin and cefotetan for each of these isolates was determined. The pharmacokinetics of cefoxitin and cefotetan after a single iv or sc injection (30 mg/kg of body weight) were determined in 4 dogs. Of the 50 E coliisolates, 98% were susceptible in vitro to cefotetan, 90% were susceptible to cefoxitin, and 88% were susceptible to gentamicin. The mic that would inhibit the growth of 90% of the E coliisolates (mic90) was 0.25 µg/ml for cefotetan and 4 µg/ml for cefoxitin. Plasma cefotetan concentrations remained above mic90 for (mean ± SD) 8.2 ± 1.72 8.2 ± 1.72 hours and 13.52 ± 0.28 hours after iv and sc administration, respectively. Plasma cefoxitin concentrations remained above mic90 for (mean ± SD) 5.37 ± 1.18 hours and 7.95 ± 0.71 hours after iv and sc administration, respectively. We concluded that cefotetan was superior to cefoxitin·was superior to cefoxitin in activity against E coli in vitro. We recommend that cefotetan be given at a dosage of 30 mg/kg, iv, every 8 hours, Or sc, every 12 hours.
Comparison of flunixin, prednisolone, dimethyl sulfoxide, and a lazaroid (U74389F) for treating endotoxemic neonatal calves
Authors: Semrad Susan D. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Saline (0.9% NaCl) solution, flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg), prednisolone sodium succinate (1.1 mg/ kg), U74389F (1.5 mg/kg), and dimethyl sulfoxide (0.5 g/kg) were each administered FV to 5 neonatal calves 15 minutes after the start of a 3-hour infusion of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (lps; 2 µg/kg/hr). Four additional calves were given a 3-hour IV infusion of saline solution alone. Only flunixin significantly suppressed eicosanoid production and mitigated clinical signs associated with endotoxemia. Prednisolone provided partial protection against lps-induced hypotension and lacticemia. Pronounced hypoglycemia and lacticemia were observed in U74389F-treated calves; LPS-induced hypotension and hypoglycemia were marked in dimethyl sulfoxide-treated calves.
Immune responses and protection against infection and abortion in cattle experimentally vaccinated with mutant strains of Brucella abortus
Authors: Cheville N. F. , Stevens M. G. , Jensen A. E. , Tatum F. M. , Halling S. M. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Twenty-four 10-month-old Polled Hereford heifers were inoculated sc with live cells of one of the following strains of Brucella abortus: S19Δ31K (n = 4), S19ΔSOD (n = 4), RB51 (n = 4), and strain 19 (n = 6); controls (n = 6) were given saline solution. Heifers given the deletion mutants S19Δ31K and S19ΔSOD, and those given strain 19 developed antibody responses to B abortus and cutaneous reactions to brucellin. Heifers given strain RB51 did not develop antibodies that reacted in the standard tube agglutination test, but sera reacted in tests, using an antibody dot-blot assay containing RB51 antigen. The S19Δ31K and S19ΔSOD strains of B abortus isolated from lymph node tissue after vaccination did not differ genetically from the master stock strain. All heifers were bred naturally at 16 to 17 months of age, and were challenge-exposed intraconjunctivally with virulent B abortus strain 2308 during the fifth month of pregnancy. All vaccinated heifers were protected (ie, none aborted and none had B abortus isolated from their tissues after parturition). Calves born from vaccinated dams were free of B abortus. Antibody responses in heifers after challenge exposure were an indicator of immunity. All 5 control heifers (nonvaccinated) developed serum antibodies after challenge exposure; 3 aborted, and 1 delivered a small, weak calf at 8.5 months of gestation. Thus, live mutant strains of B abortus can induce protective immunity when given at 10 months of age, and strain RB51 is a strong candidate for further testing.
Antigenic and genetic analysis of a recently isolated H1N1 swine influenza virus
Authors: Olsen Christopher W. , McGregor Martha W. , Cooley A. James , Schantz Brian , Hotze Brian , Hinshaw Virginia S. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Hemagglutinins (ha) of H1N1 swine influenza viruses isolated in the United States have remained antigenically and genetically conserved for many years. In contrast to such conservation, the ha of A/Swine/Nebraska/1/92 (Sw/Neb) could readily be distinguished from those of contemporary porcine viruses. Twenty-eight amino acid mutations differentiated the ha of Sw/Neb and A/Swine/Indiana/1726/88, the most recent H1N1 swine influenza virus for which ha sequence data were available. Among these differences were mutations at potential asparagine-linked glycosylation sites and charge changes at many residues. The Sw/Neb virus also could be differentiated from other swine influenza viruses in hemagglutination-inhibition assays with monoclonal antibodies to recent Hl swine ha. Nonetheless, overall sequence analysis of the ha and the nucleoprotein genes of Sw/Neb indicated that this virus was more closely related genetically to classic H1N1 swine influenza viruses than to H1N1 avian or human viruses. Infection of swine with Sw/Neb under experimental conditions induced clinical signs and lesions typical of swine influenza. However, affected swine in the field had high, persistent fevers, but relatively mild signs of respiratory tract disease. This study indicated that an antigenically and genetically novel variant of swine influenza virus was detected in the United States.
Use of random fragments of chromosomal DNA to highlight restriction site heterogeneity for fingerprinting isolates of Salmonella typhimurium from hospitalized animals
Authors: Hansen Lori M. , Jang Spencer S. , Hirsh Dwight C. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Random fragments of dna were obtained from a cosmid library of Salmonella agona genomic dna. From this library, 2 fragments were chosen and pooled to probe isolates of S typhimurium obtained during an episode of salmonellosis in a veterinary medical teaching hospital. Chromosomal dna from the Salmonella isolates was digested with restriction endonucleases, and was probed with the random fragments of chromosomal dna. This procedure resulted in a fingerprint pattern for each isolate. We found that the method permitted discrimination between isolates involved in the disease episode and S typhimurium obtained prior to the episode. We conclude that random fragments of chromosomal dna are useful for fingerprinting isolates of S typhimurium. Analysis of plasmid dna obtained from the isolates was not as useful. Some isolates found to be identical by restriction site analysis, had plasmids of different molecular weight. These results indicate that plasmid analysis may not be as useful a fingerprinting tool as previously reported.
Serologic and parasitologic responses of domestic chickens after oral inoculation with Toxoplasma gondii oocysts
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Ruff M. D. , Camargo M. E. , Shen S. K. , Wilkins G. L. , Kwok O. C. H. , Thulliez P. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Four-week-old chickens were inoculated orally with 1,000 or 100,000 oocysts of the ME-49 or GT- 1 strain of Toxoplasma gondii, and their antibody responses were measured, using the direct modified agglutination test, latex agglutination test, indirect hemagglutination test, elisa, and the Sabin-Feldman dye test. Antibodies against T gondii were detected by use of the modified agglutination test and elisa within 2 weeks of oocyst inoculation, and antibodies persisted until termination of the study by postinoculation day 68. The latex agglutination test was insensitive in detecting T gondii antibodies, and antibodies were not detected by use of the dye and indirect hemagglutination tests. Of tissues bioassayed in mice for tissue cysts by pepsin digestion of individual organs of chickens on postinoculation day 68, tissue cysts were found in the brain of all 5, heart of 3, and leg muscles of 2, but not in the liver and breast muscles. None of the birds developed clinical toxoplasmosis.
Influence of anesthetic regimens on the perioperative catecholamine response associated with onychectomy in cats
Authors: Lin H. C. , Benson G. J. , Thurmon J. C. , Tranquilli W. J. , Olson W. A. , Bevill R. F. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Plasma catecholamine concentrations in response to onychectomy were examined in 27 cats receiving different anesthetic regimens. Each cat was anesthetized with a dissociative-tranquilizer combination, and onychectomy was performed on 1 forefoot. One week later, each cat was anesthetized with the same dissociative-tranquilizer combination plus either butorphanol or oxymorphone, and onychectomy was performed on the other forefoot. Four treatment groups were studied: tiletamine-zolazepam and tiletamine-zolazepam-butorphanol combinations were administered to group-1 cats, ketamine-acepromazine and ketamine-acepromazine-butorphanol combinations were administered to group-2 cats, tiletamine-zolazepam and tiletamine-zolazepam-oxymorphone combinations were administered to group-3 cats, and ketamine-acepromazine and ketamine-acepromazine-oxymorphone combinations were administered to group-4 cats. All drug combinations were administered im. Central venous blood samples were drawn for catecholamine analysis after injection of drug(s), after onychectomy, and 1, 2, and 4 hours after injection. Tiletamine-zolazepam alone or tiletamine-zolazepam-butorphanol prevented epinephrine release for 2 hours after injection of drug(s). Norepinephrine concentration increased significantly (P < 0.05) from baseline after onychectomy for tiletamine-zolazepam-butorphanol and at 4 hours for tiletamine-zolazepam and tiletamine-zolazepam-butorphanol. After onychectomy, there was no difference in epinephrine values between tiletamine-zolazepam and tiletamine-zolazepam-oxymorphone. Ketamine-acepromazine prevented increases in norepinephrine and epinephrine concentrations for up to 2 hours after surgery. Addition of butorphanol to ketamine-acepromazine decreased norepinephrine values immediately after onychectomy. Addition of oxymorphone to ketamine-acepromazine resulted in lower epinephrine values 4 hours after surgery.
Measurement of pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide and functional residual capacity during rebreathing in conscious Thoroughbreds
Authors: Aguilera-Tejéro Escolastico , Pascoe John R. , Amis Terrence C. , Kurpershoek Cornelis J. , Woliner Michael J. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
A rebreathing method for measurement of pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DlCO) and functional residual capacity (frc) was evaluated in conscious horses. Horses were manually ventilated through an endotracheal tube, using a custom-made syringe filled with a gas mixture containing 18-carbon monoxide (18CO) and helium (He). The 18CO and He concentrations were continuously monitored by use of a mass spectrometer connected to the rebreathing circuit. Values for DlCO and frc were calculated from changes in the concentration of these 2 gases. In 11 Thoroughbreds, mean (± sd) DlCO was 330.3 ± 56.9 ml•min−1•mm of Hg−1, and frc was 20.21 ± 3 35 L. Body weight normalization yielded mean (± sd) values of 0.652 ± 0.114 ml•min−1•mm of Hg−1•kg−1 for DlCO, and 39.9 ± 6.4 ml•kg−1 for frc.
Influence of hydration state on renal functions of dogs
Authors: Tabaru Hideki , Finco Delmar R. , Brown Scott Alan , Cooper Tanya 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Clinically normal dogs were evaluated in states of dehydration, euhydration, and after fluid administration to determine effects of hydration state on renal clearance values. Endogenous creatinine, exogenous creatinine, and [14C]inulin clearances, were determined to measure glomerular filtration rate (gfr); in some experiments p-aminohippurate clearance was determined to measure renal plasma flow.
Dehydration caused significant (P < 0.05) decrease in clearance values, compared with euhydration, and clearance values during euhydration were significantly (P < 0.05) less than values obtained after a single gavage with water (30 ml/kg of body weight).
Sustained administration of 3 fluid regimens was evaluated for effects on clearance values (treatment A = 30 ml of lactated Ringer’s solution/kg/h; treatment B = 30 ml of water/kg by gavage hourly; treatment C = 10 ml of glucose:lactated Ringer’s solution/kg/h). All regimens of fluid therapy caused significant P < 0.05), progressive increases in gfr, but treatment C resulted in the most stable gfr values. Increases in clearance values were associated with positive fluid balance; the rate of fluid administration was greater than the rate of urine formation.
Data from 285 gfr determinations on 85 dogs were evaluated retrospectively. For each determination, three 20-minute urine collections were made beginning 40 minutes after 30 ml of water/kg was given by gavage. Values between collections were significantly (P < 0.05) different, but varied by < 3%.
Comparison of methods for measurement of gfr indicated that endogenous creatinine clearance and [14C]inulin clearance were highly correlated (R2 = 0.82), but mean clearance values were markedly different (mean ± sem, 28.70 ± 0.01 and 37.07 ± 1.29 ml/min, respectively).
Exogenous creatinine clearance and [14C]inulin clearance were highly correlated (R2 = 0.95), and mean values were 40.54 ± 0.70 and 41.02 ± 0.70 ml/min respectively.
We conclude that: state of hydration has a marked effect on gfr; rate of fluid administration that exceeds rate of urine production results in progressive increases in gfr; a single water gavage of 30 ml/kg gives stable gfr values for three 20-minute collection periods, may avoid subclinical states of dehydration, and facilitates accurate urine collections; and endogenous creatinine clearance, as conducted in this study, does not accurately measure gfr.
Circulating concentration of dexamethasone in healthy dogs, dogs with hyperadrenocorticism, and dogs with nonadrenal illness during dexamethasone suppression testing
Authors: Kemppainen Robert J. , Peterson Mark E. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Concentration of dexamethasone was determined in plasma or serum samples from dogs after iv administration of a low dose (0.01 mg/kg of body weight) or high dose (0.1 mg/kg) of dexamethasone. On the basis of history, clinical signs of disease, and degree of cortisol suppression in response to dexamethasone, dogs were assigned to these groups: healthy dogs, dogs with nonadrenal illness, and dogs with hyperadrenocorticism. Four hours after administration of the low dose of dexamethasone, concentration of the steroid was reduced (P < 0.05) in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism, compared with healthy dogs, but not compared with values from dogs with nonadrenal illness. By 8 hours after dexamethasone administration, values were similar across groups. Dexamethasone concentration 4 and 8 hours after high-dose administration was similar between healthy dogs and dogs with hyperadrenocorticism. Concentration of dexamethasone 4 and 8 hours after its administration overlapped after the 2 doses. For example, in 11 of 66 dogs from all groups, concentration measured 4 hours after the low dose was greater than the minimal concentration determined in the 18 dogs given the high dose. These data indicate that dexamethasone metabolism may be altered in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism, and that individuals may have appreciable variability in dexamethasone clearance. Such variability provides a possible explanation for false-positive and false-negative results associated with dexamethasone suppression testing in dogs.
Effects of vena caval banding in experimentally induced multiple portosystemic shunts in dogs
Authors: Butler-Howe Lisa M. , Boothe Harry W. , Boothe Dawn M. , Laine Glen A. , Calvin James A. 
Published: January 2024

Summary
Effects of vena caval banding on portal venous and vena caval hemodynamics were examined in 6 control dogs and in 10 dogs that had undergone attenuation (banding) of the abdominal part of the caudal vena cava and had dimethylnitrosamine-induced multiple portosystemic shunts (pss). Additionally, indocyanine green (icg) extraction and clearance after infusion to steady state were used to calculate hepatic plasma flow in these dogs. Sixteen dogs were randomly assigned to 2 groups: control (n = 6) or diseased(n= 10). Diseased dogs were administered dimethylnitrosamine (2 mg/kg, po, twice weekly) until multiple pss developed, as assessed by results of clinical laboratory tests, ultrasonography, and hepatic scintigraphy. Shunts were confirmed visually at celiotomy and by contrast portography. Venous pressures (caudal vena caval, portal, and hepatic) were recorded before and after vena caval banding for up to 7 days in dogs from both groups. Peritoneal cavity pressures were recorded in all dogs after closure of the body wall. To determine icg extraction and clearance, a bolus injection of icg (0.5 mg/kg, iv) was administered, followed by steady-state infusion of 0.097 mg/min. Extractions and clearances of icg were measured, and from these, hepatic plasma flow rates were determined immediately before and after banding and at 6 hours, 48 hours, and 7 days after banding.
The gradient (caudal vena caval pressure within 1 to 2 mm of Hg of portal pressure) between caudal vena cava and portal venous pressures established at banding was maintained after the first hour in both groups. Caudal vena cava pressures established at banding were maintained throughout the study, with the exception of the first hour in diseased dogs. Extraction ratios were higher in control dogs at all times, except at 48 hours. Clearance was higher in control dogs at all times. Hepatic plasma flow did not differ between groups, except immediately after banding, when flow was greater in diseased dogs, and differences were not found over time in either group. This study indicated that vena caval banding in this model of experimentally induced multiple pss increases and maintains caudal vena cava pressure, relative to portal venous pressure (after the first hour) for 7 days, and that calculated hepatic plasma flow is not persistently improved by vena caval banding.