bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solar Hybrid System: Innovations in Cooking, Drying, and Power Generation
Authors: Modi V. V. , Sanchavat H. , Deshpande A. D. , Desai N. N. , Rajput J. C. , Parmar V. 
Published: February 2024

A hybrid system has been designed and developed which comprises the principle of solar thermal and photovoltaic. Flat plate collector and concentrating trough collector were incorporated under solar thermal technology. Solar thermal device which makes the most using infrared radiation out of solar spectrum. Black copper sheet at focal point of the solar trough served as a stand for cooking pan was able to gain direct as well as high intensity reflected solar radiation to expedite the cooking process. The electric unit of the system worked on the principle of photovoltaic effect. Main components of the hybrid system were collector housing, solar trough reflector, triangular shaped glazing surfaces, copper sheet to place cooking pots and dedicated insulation to prevent heat loss. The dual concept hybrid system was found exceptionally speedier as compared to traditional box type cooker. Results revealed that cooking pot attained maximum temperature of 104.50 C at 12.30 pm, which was sufficient for cooking nutritious food. The experiment was conducted in winter season on 18th January, 2018. Average thermal efficiency (ηtherm) was estimated as 35.1%, cooking power (P) was estimated 47.68 W and the overall heat loss coefficient was calculated 3.03 W/m2°C. Average cooking time found to be just 130 minutes which was otherwise more than 3 hrs in case of traditional box type cooker. Electric power which was stored in the battery can operate 5W dc bulb for 9 hours in single charging. It also could operate smart phone charger and a dc fan (12V, 4Ah) for 60 minutes each.
Investigating for Photocatalytic Activity of Hybrid TiO2/Reduced Graphene Oxide and Application in Reducing VOCs
Authors: Thanh Nguyen Thi Phuong , Danh Nguyen Thanh , Nguyen Tran Quang , Giang Huynh Van , Chi Tran Kim , Giang Le Thuy Thanh , Trung Tran Quang 
Published: February 2024

In this study, rGO/TiO2 hybrid nanostructures (rGO : reduced Graphene Oxide) have been successfully fabricated for the purpose of application in the treatment of volatile organic compound (VOCs) that harmful for the environment through the method of directly measuring the change in concentration of decomposed VOCs in real time under UV-excited conditions using a home-made measuring system. the results showed that hybrids TiO2 : rGONFs (reduced Graphene Oxide nano flake) samples with the weight ratio between two kind of material are 99%:1% and 98%:2% which reduced VOCs faster than 2 time intrinsic TiO2. The phenomenon of 2D materials involved in the hybrids lead to the fact that the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 had been significantly improved, this can be explained as follows: When heterogeneous hybrid was formed, because of the difference in energy levels of conduction band between two materials was negligible, heterojunction barrier is not too high this made the photogenerated electrons from TiO2 easily move through rGONFs under UV stimulation. This thing has significantly reduced the recombination of the generated carrier in TiO2 during irradiation, which lead to an increase in the lifetime of the carrier and make photocatalytic reaction of the assembly become more effective. Copyright © 2024 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Model of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Five‐Trial, Repeated Acquisition Inhibitory Avoidance in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat Pups
Authors: Fox Gerard B. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThere is no one definitive animal model or test for ADHD. However, behavioral symptoms of this disorder, such as inattentiveness, impulsivity, rate of learning, and hyperactivity, can be evaluated in animals. Unfortunately, many of the cognitive tests used to assess attention and impulsivity require considerable equipment, and financial and time resources. Additionally, many of the genetic animal models are difficult to obtain due to cost, intellectual property issues, or difficulties in breeding sufficient numbers. The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) is relatively easily obtained and exhibits many behavioral abnormalities analogous to those observed in ADHD. This unit describes a cost‐effective and relatively simple approach to modeling ADHD preclinically, by training juvenile SHR pups in a five‐trial repeated acquisition inhibitory avoidance model with components of attention and response inhibition. The model is suited to identifying compounds with stimulant and nonstimulant mechanisms of action, although the latter has yet to be verified conclusively in the clinic.
Hepatic Clearance and Drug Metabolism Using Isolated Perfused Rat Liver
Authors: Liu Yong , Weber Steven J. , Onua Emmanuel T. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe isolated perfused rat liver (IPRL) has been extensively used as an intact organ model for determination of hepatic clearance and metabolism of drugs. The IPRL model can also be applied to determine physiologically based pharmacokinetics. Since the IPRL model avoids neural and hormonal interferences and excludes influences from absorption processes and non‐hepatic elimination routes such as renal excretion and respiration, it provides a relatively clean hepatic system to study metabolism and pharmacokinetics. It is especially useful to model the hepatic uptake associated with plasma protein binding and transport. The viability of the liver can be evaluated based on the gross appearance, bile flow, perfusion pressure, lactate dehydrogenase release, and oxygen uptake. The protocol describes the surgical procedures for isolation of the rat liver, a hemoglobin‐free perfusion method, and application of this model for determination of hepatic uptake and clearance.
Multi‐Color FISH Techniques
Authors: Bayani Jane , Squire Jeremy 
Published: September 2004

AbstractTraditional FISH analysis has employed, at most, two colors of detection, a red‐fluorescing fluorochrome and a green‐fluorescing fluorochrome. The improvements in fluorescent imaging and development of heartier fluorochromes/dyes have enabled investigators to use several different DNA probes in one experiment. This may involve all or combinations of locus‐specific probes and chromosome paints. The value of such experiments lies in the investigator obtaining far more information from one specific cell at one time, rather then carrying out separate experiments on multiple specimens prepared from the same sample, then extrapolating results. The generic term for multi‐color FISH assays is M‐FISH, however, the technologies behind the manner in which the fluorochrome information is generated has spawned two different M‐FISH systems: spectral karyotyping (SKY) and M‐FISH. For both assays, the experimental procedures are identical: commercially available probes for all 24 (human) chromosomes are differentially labeled according to a labeling scheme and hybridized to metaphase spreads for 24 to 48 hr, followed by post‐hybridization washes and, if required, antibody detection. The difference lies in the imaging: spectral karyotyping identifies the differentiation of the chromosomes based on their spectral properties, whereas M‐FISH identifies the differentiation of the chromosomes based on that fluorochrome's presence or absence when visualized with specific filters. The resulting analysis for both methods is the same, revealing hidden translocations and insertions as well as the chromosomal components of marker chromosomes.
Altered decision‐making in multiple sclerosis: A sign of impaired emotional reactivity?
Authors: Kleeberg Jörg , Bruggimann Laure , Annoni Jean‐Marie , van Melle Guy , Bogousslavsky Julien , Schluep Myriam 
Published: October 2004

AbstractWe assessed decision‐making capacity and emotional reactivity in 20 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and in 16 healthy subjects using the Gambling Task (GT), a model of real‐life decision making, and the skin conductance response (SCR). Demographic, neurological, affective, and cognitive parameters were analyzed in MS patients for their effect on decision‐making performance. MS patients persisted longer (slope, −3.6%) than the comparison group (slope, −6.4%) in making disadvantageous choices as the GT progressed (p < 0.001), suggesting significant slower learning in MS. Patients with higher Expanded Disability Status Scale scores (EDSS >2.0) showed a different pattern of impairment in the learning process compared with patients with lower functional impairment (EDSS ≤2.0). This slower learning was associated with impaired emotional reactivity (anticipatory SCR 3.9 vs 6.1 microSiemens [μS] for patients vs the comparison group, p < 0.0001; post‐choice SCR 3.9 vs 6.2μS, p < 0.0001), but not with executive dysfunction. Impaired emotional dimensions of behavior (assessed using the Dysexecutive Questionnaire, p < 0.002) also correlated with slower learning. Given the considerable consequences that impaired decision making can have on daily life, we suggest that this factor may contribute to handicap and altered quality of life secondary to MS and is dependent on emotional experience. Ann Neurol 2004
Studies on poly(acrylic acid)/attapulgite superabsorbent composites. II. Swelling behaviors of superabsorbent composites in saline solutions and hydrophilic solvent–water mixtures
Authors: Li An , Wang Aiqin , Chen Jianmin 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe effect of the attapulgite content on the swelling for a series of poly(acrylic acid)/attapulgite superabsorbent composites in water was studied. The effects of the temperature and pH values on the water absorbency of the superabsorbent composites were investigated. The swelling behavior of the superabsorbent composites in various saline solutions was also investigated. The water absorbency in various salt solutions decreased with an increase in the ionic strength of the solutions. At a high ionic strength (>1 × 10−3M), the water absorbency in monovalent cationic solutions was higher than that in multivalent cation solutions. This dramatic reduction of the water absorbency in multivalent cationic solutions of high ionic strength may have been due to the complexing ability of the carboxylate groups inducing the formation of intramolecular and intermolecular complexes, which resulted in an increased crosslink density of the network. The swelling behavior of the superabsorbent composites in mixtures of water and hydrophilic solvents, including methanol, acetone, ethanol, and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), was also investigated. The water absorbency decreased with an increase in the concentration of any of the four organic solvents, and two transitions were observed in the superabsorbent composite/hydrophilic solvent–water mixture systems. The main transition for the four hydrophilic solvent–water mixtures was a collapse of the swollen gel (at 50–80% methanol, 30–80% acetone, 50–80% ethanol, and 50–80% DMSO). For the methanol–water system, the magnitudes of the first and second transitions for the poly(acrylic acid)/attapulgite superabsorbent composites containing lower proportions of attapulgite were larger than those for the superabsorbent composites with higher attapulgite contents. The effect of the mixture temperature on the water absorbency of the superabsorbent composites in 10 min was also reported. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 1869–1876, 2004
Emulsifier‐free emulsion polymerization of styrene
Authors: Sharifi‐Sanjani Naser , Soltan‐Dehghan Morteza , Naderi Nader , Ranji Ali 
Published: September 2004

AbstractPolystyrene latex particles in an emulsifier‐free emulsion were prepared by purified styrene (St) as monomer and 2,2′‐azobis (2‐amidino propane) dihydrochloride (ABA, 2HCl) as initiator. The optimized condition of polymerization of styrene was obtained by using the various parameters such as different amounts of monomer (0.009, 0.051, and 0.071 mol styrene/mol Water), different amounts of initiator (6.02, 4.62, 2.41, and 1.00 weight percent of initiator relative to styrene), and pH (range 1–7). Quantitative and qualitative analyses of prepared polymer were performed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC), and 1H‐NMR and FT‐IR spectroscopy, that were used, respectively, to show the morphology of particles, the glass transition temperature (Tg), the average molecular weight, and the structure of the prepared polymer. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 1898–1904, 2004
Comparative studies of the properties of poly(methyl methacrylate)–clay nanocomposite materials prepared by in situ emulsion polymerization and solution dispersion
Authors: Yeh Jui‐Ming , Liou Shir‐Joe , Lai Mei‐Chun , Chang Yu‐Wen , Huang Cheng‐Yu , Chen Chen‐Ping , Jaw Jenn‐Huey , Tsai Tsung‐Yen , Yu Yuan‐Hsiang 
Published: September 2004

AbstractA series of polymer–clay nanocomposite (PCN) materials consisting of organic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and inorganic montmorillonite (MMT) clay platelets were prepared successfully by the effective dispersion of nanolayers of the MMT clay in the PMMA framework through both in situ emulsion polymerization and solution dispersion. The as‐prepared PCN materials obtained with both approaches were subsequently characterized with wide‐angle powder X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. For a comparison of the anticorrosion performance, a PCN material (e.g., 3 wt % clay loading) prepared by in situ emulsion polymerization, showing better dispersion of the clay platelets in the polymer matrix, exhibited better corrosion protection in the form of a coating on a cold‐rolled steel coupon than that prepared by solution dispersion, which showed a poor dispersion of the clay nanolayers according to a series of electrochemical corrosion measurements. Comparative studies of the optical clarity, molecular barrier properties, and thermal stability of samples prepared in both ways, as membranes and fine powders, were also performed with ultraviolet–visible transmission spectroscopy, molecular permeability analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 1936–1946, 2004
Binary and ternary blends of polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyamide 6,6: The effect of compatibilization on the morphology and rheology
Authors: Krache R. , Benachour D. , Pötschke P. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe effects of two compatibilizing agents, polystyrene–poly(ethylene butylene)–polystyrene copolymer (SEBS) and SEBS‐grafted maleic anhydride (SEBS‐g‐MAH), on the morphology of binary and ternary blends of polyethylene, polypropylene, and polyamide 6,6 were investigated with scanning electron microscopy and melt rheology measurements. The addition of the compatibilizers led to finer dispersions of the particles of the minor component and a decrease in their size; this induced a significant change in the blend morphology. The rheological measurements confirmed the increased interaction between the blend components, especially with SEBS‐g‐MAH as the compatibilizer. New covalent bonds could be expected to form through an amine–anhydride reaction. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 1976–1985, 2004
Effects of calcium carbonate, talc, mica, and glass‐fiber fillers on the ultrasonic weld strength of polypropylene
Authors: Sancaktar Erol , Walker Eric 
Published: September 2004

AbstractThe objective of this work was to study the differences in the ultrasonic weld strength of polypropylene compounds with different fillers. The fillers were calcium carbonate, talc, mica, and glass fibers. The welder parameters were varied to determine the optimum set. These welder parameters were the weld time, weld force, trigger force, and amplitude. The results indicated that the weld time had the greatest effect on the weld strength of each of the filled compounds. Unfilled polypropylene had the highest weld strength under the optimum welding conditions, which were used as the baseline welding conditions. For each given filler, the weld strength was reduced as the filler loading increased. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 1986–1998, 2004
Application of supercritical carbon dioxide in the preparation of biodegradable polylactide membranes
Authors: Xu Qun , Pang Maizhi , Peng Qi , Li Jianbo , Jiang Yu 
Published: October 2004

AbstractThe application of supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) has been attracting more and more attention, especially in the formation of polymer membranes. The membrane formation using SCCO2 is analogous to conventional immersion precipitation process by using organic nonsolvent. Polylactide (PLA) membranes were prepared by phase separation with SCCO2 as nonsolvent. Two kinds of solvents were used to study the effect of the solvent on the cross‐section structure of the PLA membrane and the compatibility between the solvent and SCCO2 was studied. The effect of the solvent and the preconditioning on the morphology of the PLA membrane was also investigated through scanning electron microscope, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, and polarizing microscopy. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 2158–2163, 2004
Water‐swellable hydrophobic porous copolymer resins based on divinylbenzene and acrylonitrile. I. Water‐swelling behavior
Authors: Tang Xiaoshan , Wei Jia , Yan Jun 
Published: September 2004

AbstractHydrophobic porous copolymer resins based on divinylbenzene (DVB) and acrylonitrile (AN) could be prepared as directly swellable in water by using purified DVB (98.8%) and technical DVB (79.3%) in the presence of 1,2‐dichloroethane as porogen. Compared with the resins based on DVB and methyl acrylate (MA/DVB resins), the AN/DVB resins thus obtained are water‐swellable over a wider range of copolymer compositions, and the swelling ability of the AN/DVB resins in water was further confirmed by investigating the water‐swelling behavior of the AN/DVB resins undergoing solvent treatment. The copolymer composition (AN and DVB contents) of the resins and the property of the porogen affect the water‐swellable behavior of the AN/DVB resins profoundly. The results in this paper provide additional evidence to support the hypothesis that the swelling ability of a hydrophobic porous copolymer in water originates from the existence of the inner stresses in the strained polymer network of the resins and the weak interaction between polymer and water that is negligible in the case of a conventional hydrophobic polymer. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 2041–2049, 2004
Defining Asian American and Pacific Islander‐serving institutions
Authors: Laanan Frankie Santos , Starobin Soko S. 
Published: September 2004

AbstractAsian American and Pacific Islanders (AAPIs) represent a diverse group of different ethnicities and cultures. This study examines how national data on race and ethnicity are reported and describes the characteristics of AAPIs in light of the “model minority” myth. In addition, this study examines a definition of Asian American and Pacific Islander‐Serving Institutions (AAPISIs) contained in legislation currently under consideration by the United States Congress.
Benzene‐Templated Hydrothermal Synthesis of Metal–Organic Frameworks with Selective Sorption Properties
Authors: Choi Eun‐Young , Park Kyungsoo , Yang Cheol‐Min , Kim Hyejin , Son Jung‐Ho , Lee Soon W. , Lee Young Hee , Min Dongwon , Kwon Young‐Uk 
Published: September 2004

AbstractIn this paper, we report two metal–organic frameworks [Co3(ndc)3(bipyen)1.5]⋅H2O (1) and [Co2(ndc)2(bipyen)]⋅C6H6⋅H2O (2) (bipyen=trans‐1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethylene, H2ndc=2,6‐naphthalenedicarboxylic acid). These compounds were both synthesized from identical hydrothermal reaction conditions except that benzene was added to the reaction for 2. Crystal structures show that the two compounds have triply interpenetrated three‐dimensional frameworks and these frameworks have the same primary structure of a two‐dimensional network of interconnected [Co2(O2CR)4/2] (R=naphthalene group) paddle‐wheels and bridging bipyen ligands. Both compounds have guest water molecules and, in addition, 2 has guest benzene molecules. Structural transformations of the host accompanied guest removal, which can be monitored by powder X‐ray diffraction. N2 adsorption data of 2 show that there are two different types of pores corresponding to the benzene and water pores. Upon exposure to vapors of several organic molecules, the heat‐treated sample of 2 adsorbs benzene and cyclohexene, but does not adsorb toluene, (o‐, m‐, and p‐)xylenes, cycloheptatriene, or cyclohexane.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Alkyl Halides with Allylic and Benzylic Grignard Reagents and Their Application to Tandem Radical Cyclization/Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Ohmiya Hirohisa , Tsuji Takashi , Yorimitsu Hideki , Oshima Koichiro 
Published: September 2004

AbstractDetails of cobalt‐catalyzed cross‐coupling reactions of alkyl halides with allylic Grignard reagents are disclosed. A combination of cobalt(II) chloride and 1,2‐bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (DPPE) or 1,3‐bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (DPPP) is suitable as a precatalyst and allows secondary and tertiary alkyl halides—as well as primary ones—to be employed as coupling partners for allyl Grignard reagents. The reaction offers a facile synthesis of quaternary carbon centers, which has practically never been possible with palladium, nickel, and copper catalysts. Benzyl, methallyl, and crotyl Grignard reagents can all couple with alkyl halides. The benzylation definitely requires DPPE or DPPP as a ligand. The reaction mechanism should include the generation of an alkyl radical from the parent alkyl halide. The mechanism can be interpreted in terms of a tandem radical cyclization/cross‐coupling reaction. In addition, serendipitous tandem radical cyclization/cyclopropanation/carbonyl allylation of 5‐alkoxy‐6‐halo‐4‐oxa‐1‐hexene derivatives is also described. The intermediacy of a carbon‐centered radical results in the loss of the original stereochemistry of the parent alkyl halides, creating the potential for asymmetric cross‐coupling of racemic alkyl halides.
Highly Efficient and Mild Copper‐Catalyzed N‐ and C‐Arylations with Aryl Bromides and Iodides
Authors: Cristau Henri‐Jean , Cellier Pascal P. , Spindler Jean‐Francis , Taillefer Marc 
Published: September 2004

AbstractMild, efficient, copper‐catalyzed N‐arylation procedures for nitrogen heterocycles, amides, carbamates, and C‐arylation procedures for malonic acid derivatives have been developed that afford high yields of arylated products with excellent selectivity. The N‐arylation of imidazole with aryl bromides or iodides was found to be greatly accelerated by inexpensive, air‐stable catalyst systems, combining catalytic copper salts or oxides with a set of structurally simple chelating ligands. The reaction was shown to be compatible with a broad range of aryl halides, encompassing sterically hindered, electron‐poor, and electron‐rich ones, providing the arylated products under particularly mild conditions (50–82 °C). The lower limit in ligand and catalyst loading and the scope of Ullmann‐type condensations catalyzed by complexes bearing those ligands with respect to the nucleophile class have also been investigated. Chelating Schiff base Chxn‐Py‐Al (1 c) generates a remarkably general copper catalyst for N‐arylation of pyrrole, indole, 1,2,4‐triazole, amides, and carbamates; and C‐arylation of diethyl malonate, ethyl cyanoacetate, and malononitrile with aryl iodides under mild conditions (50–82 °C). The new method reported here is the most successful to date with regard to Ullmann‐type arylation of some of these nucleophiles.