bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cytokeratin expression of apocrine and eccrine poromas with special reference to its expression in cuticular cells
Authors: Yamamoto Osamu , Hisaoka Masanori , Yasuda Hiroshi , Kasai Takahiko , Hashimoto Hiroshi 
Published: March 2003

Background: There are no immunohistochemical studies on cytokeratin (CK) expression in large series of cases of apocrine poroma. In addition, detailed immunohistochemical analysis of cuticular cells, a specific type of constituent cells of poromas, has not been reported.Methods: Using the avidin‐biotin method, we compared immunostaining patterns of eleven different anti‐CK antibodies in 12 cases of apocrine and 21 cases of eccrine poromas, and normal adult skin.Results: Poroid cells were exclusively positive for CK1/5/10/14, CK5/8 and CK14, which were expressed in the outer cells of normal dermal sweat ducts. Poroid cells were heterogeneously stained with anti‐CK7, CK8/18, CK10/11 and CK19 antibodies, which reacted in the inner cells of dermal ducts and in the secretory cells of sweat glands. The cuticular cells showed constant expression of CK1/5/10/14 and CK10/11, and various expression patterns of CK5/8, CK6, CK7, CK14, CK8/18, CK17, and CK19.Conclusions: Based on the keratin immunohistochemistry, the neoplastic cells in eccrine and apocrine poromas are considered to be closely related to the cells of dermal sweat ducts. Also the cuticular cells are considered to occupy an intermediate spectrum between the inner and outer cells of the dermal ducts. Although it is difficult to differentiate apocrine poroma from eccrine poroma by keratin expression patterns alone, the data obtained here can be helpful in differentiation of apocrine poroma from other hair follicle‐related neoplasms.
Angiocentric primary cutaneous T‐cell‐rich B‐cell lymphoma: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Gogstetter Darin , Brown Marc , Seab James , Scott Glynis 
Published: March 2003

Background: T‐cell‐rich B‐cell lymphoma (TCRBCL) is an uncommon B‐cell lymphoma, which is characterized histologically by a small number of neoplastic B cells surrounded by large numbers of nonneoplastic T cells. Diagnosis is frequently difficult because the neoplastic B‐cell population may be quite sparse, and immunohistochemical and molecular analysis to identify the B‐cell origin and clonality of the cells is necessary.Methods: In this report we present an additional case of primary cutaneous TCRBCL with immunohistochemical and gene rearrangement studies and review the literature of this unusual entity.Results: The patient was a 52‐year‐old woman who had a slowly growing cutaneous lymphoma which fulfills the strictest criteria initially proposed for a diagnosis of TCRBCL. This case has additional features of a prominent angiocentric/angioinvasive histology and dual clonality, showing both immunoglobulin heavy chain and T‐cell receptor gene rearrangements.Conclusions: Controversy surrounds the notion of TCRBCL as a distinct clinicopathological entity. There have only been 14 reported cases of TCRBCL with skin involvement in the literature and only seven of these cases have arisen in the skin. To better understand the histological and clinical characterisitcs of TCRBCL we have reviewed previously reported cases of TCRBCL with skin involvement, and contrast them with the present case.
Benign keratosis with a spectrum of follicular differentiation: a case series and investigation of a potential role of human papilloma virus
Authors: Somach Stephen C. , Morgan Michael B. 
Published: March 2003

Background: A variety of dermatopathologic entities are histologically defined by the presence of follicular differentiation. Follicular differentiation confined to the epidermis may follow induction from dermal mesenchymal proliferations, as in a nevus sebaceus of Jadassohn, or represent endogenous proliferations such as the tumor of the follicular infundibulum or trichilemmoma.Methods: We report on five cases of a histologically distinct form of benign keratosis showing variable follicular differentiation. Clinicopathologic correlation and analysis of a potential human papilloma virus pathogenesis was investigated.Results: Each of the cases arose on the trunk or extremities of three men and two women with a mean age at presentation of 66.6 years. All of the lesions showed variable follicular differentiation, with germinative basaloid cells, matrical cells with matrical keratinization, inner root sheath with trichohyalin granules, or glycogenated lower outer root sheath. Immunohistochemical staining for human papilloma virus was negative in each case.Conclusions: There exists a distinct entity, histologically defined as a keratosis with variable follicular differentiation, which has not been previously described. These lesions do not appear to be pathogenically related to human papilloma virus infection.
Human dermal pericytes express 3G5 ganglioside – A new approach for microvessel histology in the skin
Authors: Helmbold Peter , Wohlrab Johannes , Marsch Wolfgang CH. , Nayak Ramesh C. 
Published: March 2003

Background: Pericytes cover the abluminal surface of microvessels and play an important role in capillary regulation and pathology. Studies on pericytes have been hindered by the lack of specific markers with which to facilitate microscopic identification of this cell type. Expression of the cell surface 3G5 ganglioside antigen has been reported in cultured retinal and cardiac pericytes. The objective of this study was to determine the usefulness of monoclonal antibody 3G5 as a pericyte marker in human skin.Methods: Cryosections of 21 skin biopsies were examined by direct fluorescence technique with anti‐3G5, anti‐von Willebrand factor, anti‐α‐smooth muscle actin or DNA fluorochrome.Results: In human dermis, 3G5 expression is limited to pericytes discriminating this cell type from all other cells including smooth muscle cells, myofibroblasts and myoepithelial cells. We found a pericyte: endothelial cell ratio of 1:12.4 (±7.1), and a difference of α‐smooth muscle actin expression between the subpapillary plexus and the microvessels of the Stratum reticulare.Conclusions: 3G5 mAB is an excellent and so far the only reported tool for identification of dermal pericytes by fluorescent light microscopy. Moreover, this is the first report of the application of 3G5 technique to the microvasculature in tissue sections at the light microscopic level.
The role of the urokinase‐type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor (CD87) in lipodermatosclerosis
Authors: Herouy Yared , Aizpurua Jon , Stetter Christoph , Dichmann Stefan , Idzko Marco , Hofmann Clemens , Gitsch Gerald , Vanscheidt Wolfgang , Schöpf Erwin , Norgauer Johannes 
Published: March 2003

Background: Lipodermatosclerosis refers to a sclerosing panniculitis and dermopathy of the lower extremities sometimes seen in association with venous ulceration. Matrix metalloproteinases are implicated in the pathogenesis of venous leg ulcers and the in vitro activation of recombinant MMP‐2 is controlled by the plasminogen activation system. To better understand the role of plasminogen activation in the pathogenesis of venous leg ulcers we investigated fibrinolytic factors and their inhibitors in tissue samples of lipodermatolsclerosis.Methods: The expression and the functional state of the urokinase‐type plasminogen activator (uPA), the tissue‐type plasminogen activator (tPA), the urokinase receptor (CD87), the plasminogen activator inhibitors‐1 and ‐2 (PAI‐1 and PAI‐2) were assayed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, Western blot, fibrin zymography and immunohistochemistry analyses in tissue samples of lipodermatosclerosis.Results: Our results provide direct evidence of elevated expression of uPA (p<0.01) and CD87 (p<0.01) mRNA and protein level in lipodermatosclerosis in comparison with healthy skin. By immunohistochemistry, elevated expression of uPA and CD87 could be detected. Fibrin zymography showed significantly elevated endogenous uPA activity (p<0.01) in liposclerotic lesions compared to healthy controls.Conclusion: Our findings indicate that elevated plasminogen activation in lipodermatosclerotic tissue may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of venous leg ulceration.
Expression of cutaneous lymphocyte‐associated antigen and TIA‐1 by lymphocytes in pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta and lymphomatoid papulosis: immunohistochemical study
Authors: Jang Kyoung‐Ae , Choi Jung‐Chul , Choi Jee‐Ho 
Published: March 2003

Background: Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta (PLEVA) and lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) are benign self‐healing cutaneous eruptions that may be clinically and histologically similar. The purposes of this study were to evaluate immunohistological characteristics of PLEVA and LyP and to investigate whether Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) may be present in PLEVA and LyP.Methods: We performed an immunohistochemical staining in 12 cases of PLEVA and 8 cases of LyP using nine antibodies for CD3, CD4, CD8, CD30, CD45RO, CD56, CD79, cutaneous lymphocyte‐associated antigen (CLA), and TIA‐1. In situ hybridization was performed using fluorescein‐conjugated oligonucleotide probes for EBV early regions (EBER).Results: In PLEVA, immunohistochemical studies revealed that infiltrated lymphocytes consisted of mainly CD3‐positive (5+), CD8‐positive (4+∼5+), CLA‐positive (4+∼5+) T cells and partly CD79 positive (+∼2+) B cells. CD4‐positive T cells were less than 25%. In LyP, immunohistochemical studies revealed that infiltrated lymphocytes consisted of partly CD3‐positive (5+), CD8‐positive (2+∼3+), CLA‐positive (3+∼4+) T cells and partly CD79‐positive (2+∼3+) B cells. CD4‐positive T cells were less than 10%. CD8 and CLA were more strongly expressed in PLEVA than in LyP. CD30 was strongly expressed in LyP but not expressed in PLEVA. CD79 was more expressed in LyP than in PLEVA. TIA‐1 was not expressed in any cases. In situ hybridization using antisense EBER probe showed negative reaction in all cases.Conclusions: Immunohistochemical stains for CD8, CD30, CD79 and CLA may be valuable tools in the differential diagnosis between PLEVA and LyP. TIA‐1 was negative in LyP, which means cytotoxic cells may not be implicated in the pathogenesis of LyP. It was a contradictory result to the previous results. The absence of EBV in PLEVA and LyP suggests that this virus may not be operative in the pathogenesis of these diseases. These results suggest that LyP and PLEVA are separate disorders, thus accounting for their variable prognosis.
Primary giant cell tumor of soft tissue
Authors: Holst Valerie A. , Elenitsas Rosalie 
Published: March 2003

Background: Primary giant cell tumor of soft tissue, also known as soft tissue giant cell tumor of low malignant potential, is a rare soft tissue tumor located in both superficial and deep soft tissue. Histologically, these lesions bear a close resemblance to their bony counterparts, giant cell tumor of bone, with round to spindle‐shaped cells intimately admixed with uniformly scattered osteoclast‐like multinucleated giant cells. In 1989 in the dermatology literature, two malignant giant cell tumors of soft parts were described that filled the dermis and extended into the subcutaneous tissue.Methods: The authors report the rare occurrence of a giant cell tumor of soft tissue occurring primarily in the dermis that lacks overtly malignant features and clinically was thought to be an epidermal inclusion cyst.Results: Light microscopy revealed a non‐encapsulated cellular dermal tumor containing numerous osteoclast‐like giant cells. Cytologic atypia was minimal and the mitotic count averaged 2–3/10 HPF. The histologic differential diagnosis is also discussed.Conclusion: Giant cell tumor of soft tissue is a rare neoplasm of the skin, however, recognition of this tumor is important due to its behavior as a low‐grade malignancy.
Lichen striatus
Authors: Zhang Yiqiu , McNutt N. Scott 
Published: March 2003

Background: Lichen striatus (LS) is a papulosquamous disorder with a distinctive linear distribution. The linearity has been shown to correspond in many cases to the pattern of Blaschko’s lines. The etiology is unknown. LS can usually be identified by clinical history and histology of typical lesions. However, the histologic features are diverse and some have stated they are nonspecific.Methods: In an effort to identify those characteristic features, we have reviewed the routine slides in 37 cases for their diagnostic criteria. Ten cases were studied further by immunohistochemistry.Results: The patient’s ages ranged from 1.3 to 49 years with mean age of 17.5 years. A female‐to‐male ratio was 1.6 to 1. The lesions were predominantly distributed on the extremities in 26/34 cases. The consistent histologic features were: hyperkeratosis (29/37), parakeratosis (21/37) with a few necrotic keratinocytes (28/37) in the epidermis, mild spongiosis (29/37) with exocytosis of lymphocytes (33/37). The dermal infiltrate comprised mainly lymphocytes and macrophages. At the dermal‐epidermal junction, the infiltrate was either focal (20/37) or lichenoid (17/37) patterns. Superficial and deep perivascular lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate was present in most of the cases (33/37). Appendageal involvement (34/37) was in hair follicles (24/37) or eccrine glands or ducts (22/37) or both (12/37). Satellite cell necrosis may be seen (11/37). Colloid bodies were present in 16/37 of the cases. Immunohistochemistry showed that most of the small lymphocytes in the upper dermis and epidermis were positive for CD7. Most of the lymphocytes in the epidermis were positive for CD8. CD1a Langerhans’ cells were either decreased (5/10) or increased (3/10) or normal (2/10) in the epidermis.Conclusion: The histologic diagnosis of LS can be made on the basis of the combination of these histologic features in the appropriate clinical context. Multiple biopsies may be necessary to determine whether all of these features are present in a given case.
“Apocrine” poroma: review of the literature and case report
Authors: Kamiya Hideki , Oyama Zuiei , Kitajima Yasuo 
Published: March 2003

Background: “Apocrine” poroma has recently been proposed as a new term to designate a distinctive benign skin neoplasm with differentiation toward the folliculosebaceous‐apocrine unit.Case report: In support of alternative differentiation, a case of apocrine poroma is reported in a 73‐year‐old man. A nodule on the right upper abdomen, which was thought clinically to be seborrheic keratosis or basal cell epithelioma, was excised.Histology: Histologically, this neoplasm heterogeniously consisted of poroma‐like, sebaceous and follicular epithelial components. Since these components share the common embryologic origin of the folliculosebaceous‐apocrine unit, this histologic pattern indicates apocrine differentiation of the tumor.Conclusion: This is an additional case to support the term “apocrine” poroma as a diagnosis.
Scarring alopecia and the dermatopathologist
Authors: Sperling Leonard C. 
Published: March 2003

Background: The evaluation of patients with cicatricial alopecia is particularly challenging, and dermatopathologists receive little training in the interpretation of scalp biopsy specimens. Accurate interpretation of specimens from patients with hair disease requires both qualitative (morphology of follicles, inflammation, fibrosis, etc.) and quantitative (size, number, follicular phase) information. Much of this data can only be obtained from transverse sections. In most cases, good clinical/pathologic correlation is required, and so clinicians should be expected to provide demographic information as well as a brief description of the pattern of hair loss and a clinical differential diagnosis.Results: The criteria used to classify the various forms of cicatricial alopecia are relatively imprecise, and so classification is controversial and in a state of evolution. There are five fairly distinctive forms of cicatricial alopecia: 1) chronic, cutaneous lupus erythematosus (discoid LE); 2) lichen planopilaris; 3) dissecting cellulitis (perifolliculitis abscedens et suffodiens); 4) acne keloidalis; and 5) central, centrifugal scarring alopecia (follicular degeneration syndrome, folliculitis decalvans, pseudopelade). Not all patients with cicatricial alopecia can be confidently assigned to one of these five entities, and “cicatricial alopecia, unclassified” would be an appropriate label for such cases.Conclusion: The histologic features of five forms of cicatricial alopecia are reviewed. Dermatopathologists can utilize a “checklist” to catalog the diagnostic features of scalp biopsy specimens. In many, but not all, cases the information thus acquired will “match” the clinical and histologic characteristics of a form of cicatricial alopecia. However, because of histologic and clinical overlap between the forms of cicatricial alopecia, a definitive diagnosis cannot always be rendered.
EMLA® cream‐induced irritant contact dermatitis
Authors: Dong Huiting , Kerl Helmut , Cerroni Lorenzo 
Published: March 2003

Background:  The Eutectic Mixture of Local Anesthetics (EMLA® cream) is a topical anesthetic used for providing pain relief in patients undergoing superficial surgical procedures. Cutaneous side‐effects have been reported rarely.Case Report:  We present a case of irritant contact dermatitis induced by EMLA® cream in a 6‐year‐old boy with Wiskott‐Aldrich syndrome. Our patient showed clinically a well circumscribed patch corresponding to the site of application of the topical anesthetic. Histopathology showed confluent necrosis of keratinocytes in the upper epidermis, a mixed inflammatory infiltrate with priminent neutrophils in the upper dermis, and focal signs of interface changes including basal cell vacuolization and subepidermal cleft formation.Conclusions:  Graft‐vs.‐host‐disease (GVHD), necrolytic migratory erythema, dermatitis enteropathica and pellagra should be considered in the histopathologic differential diagnosis of acute contact dermatitis caused by EMLA®.
Human herpes virus‐like particles in pityriasis rosea lesions: an electron microscopy study
Authors: Drago F. , Malaguti F. , Ranieri E. , Losi E. , Rebora A. 
Published: March 2003

Background: In a previous study we detected virions with electron microscopy features of human herpes viruses in the supernatant of cocultured mononuclear cells from patients with acute pityriasis rosea. Because of their morphology and of polymerase chain reaction studies, we ascribed them to human herpes virus 7. Objective: To find such virions in the lesional skin of pityriasis rosea patients. Methods: Skin speciments from lesions of 21 patients with acute pityriasis rosea were examined by elecron microscopy. Results: In 15 (71%) patients, human herpes virus particles in various stages of morphogenesis were detected. Mature enveloped virions appeared as typical human herpes virus virions, measuring about 160–200 nm in diameter and containing an electrodense cylindrical core, a capsid, an envelope with typical spikes and a very distinct tegument layer between the capsid and the envelope. They were very similar to those we reported in the supernatant of co‐cultured circulating mononuclear cells from patients with pityriasis rosea. Conclusion: Our results confirm our previous findings and provides further evidence of a viral etiology for pityriasis rosea.
Actin‐binding protein fascin expression in skin neoplasia
Authors: Goncharuk Viktor N. , Ross Jeffrey S. , Carlson J. Andrew 
Published: March 2003

Background:  Fascin containing actin bundles provide mechanical support to cellular protrusions and stress fibers. In cancers, some malignant cells (e.g. subsets of breast and ovarian carcinomas) express fascin. In skin cancer, the role of fascin is unknown.Methods:  Cases of 61 keratocytic neoplasms, 35 melanocytic neoplasms, nine extramammary Paget's disease (four with adenocarcinoma) and five sarcomas (angiosarcoma and atypical fibroxanthoma) were examined by immunohistochemistry, using monoclonal antihuman fascin antibody, clone 55 k‐2 (Dako Corporation, Carpinteria, CA, USA).Results:  Fascin labeled all sarcomas and all keratinocytic neoplasms except for pagetoid pattern Bowen's disease. The regions of most intense fascin labeling were seen in the basal cells of infiltrative tumor margins. A minority of Merkel cell carcinomas exhibited weak or absent immunoreactivity. All melanocytic nevi except for some junctional nests of dysplastic melanocytic nevi expressed fascin. However, pagetoid cells of melanoma in situ and epithelioid cells of invasive melanoma weakly expressed or did not express fascin, whereas melanoma cells exhibiting spindle cell morphologies labeled intensely with fascin. Lastly, all cells of extramammary Paget's disease and most associated adenocarcinomas cells did not or were faintly labeled by fascin antibodies. Decreased or absent fascin expression was significantly associated with skin cancers with a high risk for metastasis (e.g. melanoma) vs. those with a low risk (e.g. basal cell carcinoma) (24% vs. 100% with > 50% immunoreactivity; p = 0.0001, chi‐squared test).Conclusion:  Fascin is expressed by skin tumors that locally infiltrate and replace surrounding tissues indicating a role for fascin in cell adhesion, cell motility and invasiveness. No or weak fascin expression is exhibited by cancers with pagetoid intraepidermal spread and by invasive tumors with a high risk of metastasis. Downregulation or loss of fascin's actin‐bundling properties, probably associated with disorganization of cell–cell and cell–matrix contacts, may be a crucial step in the progression from locally invasive to widely disseminating cancers.
Proliferating trichilemmal tumor with a malignant spindle cell component
Authors: Plumb Stephen J. , Stone Mary Seabury 
Published: March 2003

Background:  Proliferating trichilemmal tumors (PTTs) are uncommon exuberant growths of cells derived from the external root sheath. They tend to occur in older women, with a predilection for the scalp. Resection is usually curative. Spindle cell components arising within PTTs are exceedingly rare, with only three known cases previously reported. Of these three cases, one patient died from widespread metastasis.Methods:  Histological and immunohistochemical examinations were performed on a tumor from a 54‐year‐old man which, after exhibiting slow growth for 3 years, increased rapidly in size.Results: Microscopic examination revealed cystic lobules of squamous cells without a granular cell layer surrounding amorphous eosinophilic debris within the dermis. Also present was a poorly circumscribed focus of spindle cells with hyperchromasia, pleomorphism, giant cells, and abundant mitoses, including abnormal forms. Immunohistochemistry showed the spindle cells to stain positively for vimentin, but negatively for keratin, epithelial membrane antigen and S‐100 antibodies.Conclusion:  A malignant spindle cell component arising within a PTT is a rare neoplasm which has been associated with death from widespread metastasis.