bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Plan of Athena
Authors: Murnaghan Sheila 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Odyssey opens by dramatizing the Olympian negotiations behind its action, and the goddess Athena quickly emerges as the source and sponsor of the plot that follows. All of the gods except Poseidon are gathered in the halls of Zeus listening to his meditations on a story that is already concluded, the story of Agamemnon. Athena tactfully shifts Zeus' attention to the story that is on her mind, the still-unconcluded story of Odysseus.
The Sargasso Sea: Aspasia and the Discourse on Prostitutes in the Hellenistic, Roman, and Late Antique Periods
Authors: Henry Madeleine M 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Although Aspasia’s bios would surface spectacularly in Plutarch’s Life of Pericles, it is not possible to limn her biographical tradition clearly from the mid-fourth century B.c. onward. Aspasia is mentioned but cursorily in a few complete texts, and we cannot hope to fully understand how she was treated in the many fragmentary works that mention her. Cicero and Quintilian took her seriously as a logician, and Plutarch thought it worth reporting elements of her life relevant to Pericles. For others, Aspasia not only dominated Pericles, but was also the lovelorn Socrates’ “agony aunt.” There is much here for the student of high culture to disdain, but the persistence of treatments of Aspasia along the entire continuum of texts, patchy though these be, testifies to her power as an icon in this period of cultural ferment, fusion, and eclecticism.
Introduction
Authors: MacDonald Dennis Ronald 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Gregory’s editing reduced the Acts drastically. He deleted most speeches and entire episodes, often skewed the itinerary, and purged nearly every trace of its original sexual asceticism, nonviolence, and Platonism. Nevertheless, his Liber de miraculis now is the most valuable extant witness to the architecture of The Acts of Andrew as a whole. Beginning with Andrew sailing off to rescue Matthias from cannibals and ending, more than thirty episodes later, with a radically abbreviated account of Andrew’s death, Gregory’s epitome provides the most reliable evidence concerning the extent and sequence of the original Acts.
Satire as Poetry and the Impossibility of Metathesis in Horace’s Satires
Authors: Oberhelman Steven , Armstrong David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
So Horace’s comments are nearly always interpreted. But such a reading is valid only if the present text, and with it sections of the second literary satire that conclude the book, Satire 10, are taken at the surface layer of textuality. And one must be wary of accepting Horace’s words at face value.5 A close scrutiny is warranted in a poet whose “sense of irony and ambiguity”6 permeates his work, especially the satires; who was sensitive to the placement of words and their sounds as they affect textuality; who, most importantly, structured his poem, the hexameters and odes alike, into the organized unity of the scroll, the liber.7 In fact it will be demonstrated here that Horace is asserting in the above passage his right, as a satirist, to the rank of poets; that this passage gains important further meaning when read as part of the liber, that is, of Satires Book 1, and throws light on Horace’s literary critical ideas on res/verba and arslingenium-ideas for which Horace was greatly indebted to Philodemus and the Epicurean school.
Charge Collection Microscopy and Cathodoluminescence
Authors: Joy David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Charge collection imaging in the scanning electron microscope, often known by the acronym EBIC (electron beam-induced current), has become a widely used technique for the characterization of semiconductor materials and devices (Leamy, 1982; Holt and Joy, 1990). While there is a substantial literature on the use of EBIC methods to measure semiconductor parameters, such as the minority carrier diffusion length (Leamy, 1982), the majority of charge collected images are interpreted in a purely qualitative manner. Cathodoluminescence (C/L) imaging of semiconductor materials, which is in essence very similar to EBIC, has similarly been used mostly in a picture-taking rather than a data-producing mode. The problem is not that there are no good models to explain the image formation but rather that, in order to provide tractable analytical expressions for the calculation of contrast, it is invariably necessary to make significantly oversimplified assumptions about the interaction of the electron beam with the specimen. In this chapter, we demonstrate how the Monte Carlo models discussed earlier can be used to overcome these problems and make EBIC and C/L more useful techniques for microcharacterization. When an electron beam impinges on a semiconductor, some of the energy deposited by the beam is used to promote an electron from the filled valence band, across the band gap, to the empty or partially filled conduction band (Fig. 7.1). Since the valence band was initially full, the removal of an electron leaves behind a “hole” that has all the physical properties of an electron but carries a positive charge. For each electron promoted across the band gap, one hole is formed, so it is convenient to consider the two components together and talk of an electron-hole pair.
Secondary Electrons and Imaging
Authors: Joy David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Secondary electrons (SE), discovered by Austin and Starke in 1902, are defined as being those electrons emitted from the specimen that have energies between 0 and 50 eV. Because of their low energy, secondary electrons are readily deflected and collected by the application of an electrostatic or magnetic field; as a consequence, the great majority of all scanning electron microscope (SEM) images have been taken using the SE signal. Secondaries can be generated through a variety of interactions in the specimen (Wolff, 1954; Seiler, 1984), a typical event being a knock-on collision in which the incident electron imparts some fraction of its energy to a free electron in the specimen. This is followed by a cascade process in which these secondaries diffuse through the solid, multiplying and losing energy as they travel, until they either sink back into the sea of conduction electrons or reach the surface with sufficient energy to emerge as true SE. For SE with energies of a few tens of electron volts, the inelastic mean free path (MFP) is small, in the range 10 to 40 A, so each secondary typically travels only a short distance before sharing some of its energy in an inelastic event. However, for most materials, the inelastic MFP reaches a minimum at about 20 to 30 eV; for energies below that value, it increases rapidly, because there are no large cross-section inelastic scattering events through when energy can be transferred. The elastic MFP also falls with energy but becomes approximately constant at a few tens of angstroms for energies below about 30 eV. SE with energies below this value are therefore strongly elastically scattered even though inelastic scattering is insignificant. Consequently, as the cascade develops from some point below the surface of the irradiated specimen, only a finite fraction will actually reach the surface and escape to be collected. We can thus see that there is a region beneath the surface-the so-called SE escape depth, perhaps 50 to 150 A in extent-beyond which no SE generated can reach the surface and escape.
X-Ray Production and Microanalysis
Authors: Joy David C 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The process of fluorescent x-ray generation in a sample by electron beam irradiation makes it possible to perform a chemical microanalysis of small (micrometer size or less) regions of a specimen. However, in order to obtain quantitative data, it is necessary to be able to describe in considerable detail the distribution-both laterally and in depth-of the x-ray production. It was this need that led to the initial studies of Monte Carlo modeling by Bishop (1966). Although, it many cases, simple analytical models have subsequently been developed that allow many of the required results to be obtained with adequate accuracy, only Monte Carlo methods offer a general approach to the microanalysis of an arbitrary specimen. In this chapter we examine x-ray production, both characteristic and continuum (Bremsstrahlung), in thin foils and in bulk specimens using the Monte Carlo models previously developed.
The Trinity, Society, and Politics
Authors: Thompson John 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
“The trinity is our social programme.” “This statement is found in the 19th Century in the Orthodox theologian Nicolai Fedorov and also in the Anglican theologian F. D. Maurice and the Danish Lutheran Nicolai Gruntvig.” So writes Jiirgen Moltmann in an address given at the Conference of European Churches in Goslar, Germany, in 1982.1 Moltmann’s concern to relate the Trinity to society stems from his particular view of God as a union of three divine persons or distinct, but related subjects. The Trinity forms the social paradigm since it is a mutually loving, interacting, sustaining society. It is, as he puts it, “the exemplar of true human community, first in the church and also in society.”2 Moltmann believes that the concept of person, stemming largely from the Christian doctrine of God, has had a permanent effect upon Western political thought. It has had much less of an impact on the social aspects of life. This stems from the fact that God was conceived too much in a monotheistic way rather than as a God of trinitarian unity and community. Moltmann therefore sees the social view of the Trinity as being both a proper paradigm for society and a critique of a false idea of God.
Introduction
Authors: Costin Lela B , Karger Howard Jacob , Stoesz David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In her remarks before the American Medical Association on March 11, 1994, Donna Shalala, secretary of health and human services, condemned family violence and urged congressional passage of the Violence Against Women Act as a way to protect women against abuse. Budgeted at $1.8 billion over five years, the act would, among its many provisions, mandate the arrest of a suspected abuser, whether or not the victim pressed charges. “This country has to wake up to the very real consequences of this violence,” Shalala explained. “Domestic violence is terrorism-terrorism in the home-and that is what we should call it.” (The bill, part of the Omnibus Violent Crime Control and Prevention Act, was in fact passed by Congress and then signed into law by President Bill Clinton in September 1994.)
Child Abuse as a Social Problem: The Emergence of the Child Savers
Authors: Costin Lela B , Karger Howard Jacob , Stoesz David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The “discovery” of child abuse in the urban industrial world and organized attention to it occurred more than a century ago with the founding in 187 4 of the New York Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (SPCC), the first organization of its kind anywhere. The movement spread rapidly throughout American cities and into countries of Europe. By 1910 more than two hundred such Societies existed in the United States. By 1921, however, formal efforts to “rescue” children from “cruelty” at the hands of their parents or other caretakers had lost momentum, to be resumed only in the late 1950s and early 1960s. While the rediscovery of child abuse as a serious social problem triggered an avalanche of public and professional concern, little notice was taken of the legacy of child protection that was reflected in the experience of the early Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This chapter examines the moral and legal reform represented by the early child rescue movement, many of whose characteristics form the basis for today’s efforts to combat child abuse and neglect.
The Decline and Rediscovery of Child Abuse 1920–1960
Authors: Costin Lela B , Karger Howard Jacob , Stoesz David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The halcyon days of America’s anticruelty-to-children movement gave way to a long period of dormancy in the early twentieth century. By the 1920s the cruelty movement had lost its momentum, changed its purpose, and become less visible. The social welfare literature from the early 1900s through the 1950s reflects a sharply diminished discussion of child abuse as a specific condition requiring intervention by community agents. This chapter (1) identifies and compares recurrent themes, salient issues, ambiguities, and strategies in the early-twentieth-century anti-child abuse organizations, (2) documents the basis for the schism that developed among them, allowing cruelty to children to become a muted issue for as long as four decades among child welfare professionals and those in other disciplines committed to children’s well-being, and ( 3) determines how the waning of a once vigorous movement and its long years of obscurity can be accounted for.
From the “Battered Child” Syndrome to the “Battered Psyche” Syndrome: Rediscovering Child Abuse in the 1960s and Beyond
Authors: Costin Lela B , Karger Howard Jacob , Stoesz David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Even as child abuse receded as a public concern, several institutional developments after the 1920s served to set the stage for its revival. Prominent among these were the major expansions of the American welfare state during the New Deal and, later, the War on Poverty. Indeed, as proponents of European-style welfare states moved to the forefront of discussions about American domestic policy, earlier attempts at child welfare—efforts by the New York SPCC to rescue children and by the Massachusetts SPCC to focus on prevention—were perceived as anachronisms, institutional artifacts in an era during which the state would assume responsibility for welfare. Three laws served to consolidate federal leadership in child welfare: the 1974 Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment, the 1980 Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act (PL 96-272), and the Family Preservation and Support initiative of the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993.
Restructuring Child Abuse Services: The Children’s Authority
Authors: Costin Lela B , Karger Howard Jacob , Stoesz David 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Plagued by underfunding and related problems—staff burnout, high turnover rates, large caseloads, poor working conditions, inadequately trained staff, and haphazard screening and investigative procedures—child protection has devolved into a virtual nonsystem. As earlier chapters have shown, the current disarray in services for abused and neglected children is not unlike the benign neglect that has preceded new initiatives in child welfare in the past. The current enthusiasm for family preservation mirrors the nation’s failure to attend to the needs of maltreated children earlier in the twentieth century. Then, as now, proponents of social programs cited the need for policies that supported vulnerable families, contending that adequate support for families would prevent the need for more intrusive and expensive intervention. Then, as now, faith in prevention waned with the chronicling of significant trauma inflicted upon children. In the 1960s, the discovery of the battered-child syndrome challenged the belief that the social and economic supports introduced during the New Deal and the War on Poverty would eventually reduce the incidence of child maltreatment; in the 1990s, data on child abuse and neglect and child homicide serve to dispel the myth that family preservation is the panacea for child abuse and neglect.
P
Authors: Ellis Peter Berresford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Palug’s Cat. [W] A speckled feline who swam ashore on Ynys Mon and ate 180 warriors. Cei fought with it and killed it. Paris. [W] King Paris of France, “from whom Paris takes its name,” appears in the story of Culhwch and Olwen as a friend of Arthur’s who helps in the quest. The claim is not so far-out, for there was a Belgae tribe called the Parisi who settled, or had a branch who settled, north of the Humber (Yorkshire). The area has produced some of the most spectacular Celtic chariot burials (designated the “Arras culture” by archaeologists). [See The Parisi, Herman Ramm, Duckworth, London, 1978.] The Parisi, or their Gaulish branch, gave their name to Paris.
V
Authors: Ellis Peter Berresford 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Vortigern. [W] Mentioned by Geoffrey of Monmouth, the name means “overlord” or “High King.” He is also known in Welsh tradition as Gwrtheyrn, meaning “supreme leader.” He is said to have been ruler of Britain in the fifth century and to have invited Jutish mercenaries under Hengist and Horsa into the island of Britain. Hengist and Horsa then turned on him and began to carve out kingdoms for themselves. This was the first appearance of the ancestors of the English in Britain. Because of this, he is regarded as the archtraitor in Celtic tradition.
The Triumph Of The Market
Authors: Blau Joel 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
In the last quarter of the twentieth century, the United States embarked on a great experiment. At work and in the national economy, Americans reembraced the market as the key to improving their standard of living. In the workplace, corporations deployed computer technology, revamped what nearly every worker did, and laid off millions of people-including nearly 4.2 million between 1993 and 1995 alone. In the national economy, a chastened federal government sought to become ever more marketlike: it downsized, deregulated, and dismantled. With less government and fewer social protections, most Americans tried simply to catch the new wave. Now that a bona fide market economy had been unleashed, surely it would bring prosperity to them, too.
National Security and National Morale
Authors: Oakes Guy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The Berlin blockade of 1948 and 1949 was the first nightmare of post war American foreign policy planning. The Red Army, it seemed, was poised to overrun Western Europe. America’s European allies would be occupied or neutralized, subdued by Soviet power or seduced by Communist ideology. The United States would be forced to maintain a garrison state within its own borders, its economy ruined and its most sacred values destroyed. Although the Cold War did not begin with the Berlin crisis, the blockade was the first conflict with the Soviet Union that led American planners to fear that World War III could be imminent.
The Cold War Conception of Nuclear Reality
Authors: Oakes Guy 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
What would it really be like to experience a nuclear attack? More important, what could Americans be persuaded to believe about their prospects for survival? How should the theater of World War III-the United States under nuclear bombardment-be conceived? In the 1950s, civil defense planners addressed these questions by developing a conception of American society in a nuclear crisis. The assumption that Americans would be able to protect themselves in a nuclear attack presupposed an account of nuclear war that showed how survival by means of self-protection could be achieved. Civil defense planners provided what was needed: the Cold War conception of nu clear reality, an interpretation of American society under nuclear attack designed to sustain the view that the American people could make the best of the worst. Its purpose was to define the public perception of nuclear war by writing the future as history and telling the story of what would happen when Soviet nuclear weapons struck their ultimate target, the American home front. The story was intended not as an accurate picture of what the United States devastated by nuclear bombs would look like, but as a representation of an “ideal” nuclear world, a highly selective and stylized account designed to legitimate the strategy’ of deterrence.
Governing The Tongue
Authors: Kamensky Jane 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
Colonial New Englanders would have found our modern notions of free speech very strange indeed. Children today shrug off harsh words by chanting “sticks and stones may break my bones but names will never hurt me," but in the seventeenth century people felt differently. “A soft tongue breaketh the bone,” they often said. Governing the Tongue explains why the spoken word assumed such importance in the culture of early New England. Author Jane Kamensky re-examines such famous Puritan events as the Salem witch trials and the banishment of Anne Hutchinson to expose the ever-present fear of what the puritans called “sins of the tongue.” But even while dangerous or deviant speech was restricted, Kamensky points out, godly speech was continuously praised and promoted. Congregations were told that one should ones voice “like a trumpet” to God and “cry out and cease not.” By placing speech at the heart of familiar stories of Puritan New England, Kamensky develops new ideas about the relationship between speech and power both in Puritan New England and, by extension, in our world today.
Historians and Congregational Evangelism
Authors: Rohrer James R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
The American Revolution initiated a fundamental reorientation of Christianity in the United States. The egalitarian ideals of the revolutionary movement promoted dissatisfaction with traditional clerical authority and prompted Americans to seek greater freedom within their churches. “Let us be republicans indeed,” evangelist Elias Smith proclaimed to his followers in the early nineteenth century. “Venture to be as independent in things of religion,” Smith urged, “as those which respect the government in which you live.” The separation of church and state and the triumph of religious voluntarism was perhaps the clearest manifestation of this independent spirit. Republican citizens bristled at coercion of any kind—spiritual as well as political—and were quick to assert their “rights of conscience” against anyone who would restrict them. In such an environment heterodox beliefs and movements flourished, new sects enjoyed the freedom to proselytize and expand, and long-dominant communions struggled to retain the loyalty of their increasingly independent flocks. In Robert Wiebe’s words, the young republic experienced a “revolution in choices” in the religious as well as the secular realm, presenting clergymen of the established colonial churches with an unpleasant alternative: compete for popular favor or perish.
The Connecticut Missionary Society
Authors: Rohrer James R 
Published: November 2023

Abstract
When the General Association of Connecticut convened at the Congregational meetinghouse in Windham in June 1797, an atmosphere of expectancy pervaded the gathering. For several years evangelicals in both England and America had been praying fervently for a general revival of God’s people. Now, many New Light ministers believed, an awakening was at hand. From across the ocean came stirring news of wondrous missionary advances in Africa and the South Seas, while at home unusual “seriousness” seemed evident among many congregations throughout the state. New Divinity stalwart Charles Backus of Somers reported the commencement of “a great work” among his people, triggered, he believed, by a series of “sermons upon the inspiration of the scriptures.” In April word arrived of a “considerable awakening” in New York City, followed within weeks by missionary Seth Williston’s report of a marvelous outpouring of God’s Spirit in the Chenango settlements. These developments fired the imagination of New Lights and fueled millennial hopes that transformed the budding missionary movement.